,transcriber's notes ,this text is derived from http3_/_/www4archive4org_/details_/catho licworld#jbpauluoft ,page numbers in this book are indicated by numbers enclosed in curly braces1 e4g4 #ii4 ,they have been located where page breaks occurred in the original book4 ,footnotes generally appear following the paragraph in which they are positioned4 ,if the paragraph is exceptionally long they will be placed within the paragraph immediately following their position4 ,between typesetting1 inking and scanning there are many illegible words4 ,i have reviewed the images carefully but some words are guesses4 ,question marks replace totally unknown letters4 ,although square brackets usually designate footnotes or transcriber's notes1 they do appear in the original text4 ,this text includes ,volume ,,ii2 ,number #g--,october #ahfe ,number #h--,november #ahfe ,number #i--;,december #ahfe ,number #aj--;,january #ahff ,number #aa--;,february #ahff ,number #ab--,march #ahff ,end ,transcriber's notes ,,the ,,catholic ,,world4 ,a ,a ,monthly ,eclectic ,magazine ,,of ,,general ,,literature ,,and ,,science4 ,,vol4 ,,ii4 ,,october1 #ahfe1 ,,to ,,march1 #ahff4 ,,new ,,york3 ,,lawrence ,,kehoe1 ,,publisher1 #g ,beekman ,street4 #ahff4 ,,contents4 ,adventure1 ,the1 #hdc4 ,anglican and ,greek ,church1 ,attempt at ,union between the1 #fe4 ,all-,hallow ,eve2 or1 ,the ,test of ,futurity1 #ga1 #aii1 #cgg1 #ejg1 #fig1 #hac4 ,ancient ,laws of ,ireland1 ,the1 #abi4 ,anglicanism and the ,greek ,schism1 #dbi4 ,ancient ,faculty of ,paris1 ,the1 #dif1 #fha4 ,bell ,gossip1 #cb4 ,birds1 ,migration of1 #eg4 ,bruges1 ,the ,capuchin of1 #bcg4 ,bossuet and ,leibnitz1 #dcc4 ,catholic ,congresses at ,malines and ,wrzburg1 #a1 #bba1 #cca1 #eai ,constance ,sherwood1 #cg1 #afj1 #cjd1 #ddd1 #fad1 #gei4 ,chinese ,characteristics1 #ajb4 ,catholic ,settlements ,in ,pennsylvania1 #ade4 ,capuchin of ,bruges4 ,the1 #bcg4 ,christmas ,carols1 ,a ,bundle of1 #cdi4 ,christendom1 ,formation of1 #hef4 ,calcutta and its ,vicinity1 ,a ,ride through1 #chf4 ,christmas ,eve3 or1 ,the ,bible1 #cig4 ,charles ,,ii4 and his ,son1 ,father ,james ,stuart1 #egg4 ,canton1 ,up and ,down1 #fef4 ,california and the ,church1 #gij4 ,charles ,,ii4's ,last ,attempt to ,emancipate ,the ,catholics1 #hbg4 ,duc d',ayen1 ,the ,daughters of the1 #beb4 ,epidemics1 ,past and ,present1 #dbj4 ,formation of ,christendom1 ,the1 #cef4 ,gallitzin1 ,rev4 ,demetrius ,augustin1 #ade4 ,gertrude1 ,saint1 ,thoughts on1 #djf4 ,genzano1 ,the ,inflorata of1 #fjh4 ,glastonbury ,abbey1 ,past and ,present1 #ffb4 ,handwriting1 #fie4 ,inside the ,eye1 #aai4 ,ireland before ,christianity1 #eda4 ,kingdom without a ,king1 #gje4 ,leibnitz and ,bossuet1 #dcc4 ,law and ,literature1 #efj4 ,malines and ,wrzburg1 ,catholic ,congresses in1 #a1 #bba1 #ccb1 #eai4 ,marie ,louise1 ,napoleon's ,marriage with1 #ab4 ,migrations of ,european ,birds1 #eg4 ,miscellany1 #acf1 #bgf1 #efc1 #gad1 #hec4 ,moricire1 ,general ,de ,la1 #bhi4 ,malta1 ,siege of1 #dhc4 ,mistaken ,identity1 #gjg4 ,mary1 ,queen of ,scots1 ,the ,two ,friends of1 #hac4 ,natural ,history of the ,tropics1 ,gleanings from1 #agh ,novel ,ticket-of-leave1 ,a1 #gjg4 ,pierre ,prvost's ,story1 #aaj4 ,pen1 ,slips of the1 #bgb4 ,paris1 ,the ,ancient ,faculty of1 #dif1 #fha4 ,pusey1 ,dr41 on the ,church of ,england1 #ecj4 ,positivism1 #gia4 ,plain-,work1 #gdj4 ,procter1 ,adelaide ,anne1 ,poems of1 #hcg4 ,rcamier1 ,madame1 and her ,friends1 #gi4 ,rome1 ,facts and ,fictions about1 #cbe4 ,religious ,statistics of the ,world1 #dia4 ,rhodes1 ,the ,colossus of1 #edd4 ,steam ,engine1 ,the ,inventor of1 #baa4 ,saturnine ,observations1 ,a ,few1 #bff4 ,slips of the ,pen1 #bgb4 ,saints of the ,desert1 #bge1 #dgf1 #dec1 #fee1 #hce4 ,saint ,catharine of ,siena1 ,public ,life of1 #edg4 ,saint ,patrick1 ,the ,birth place of1 #gdd4 ,true to the ,last1 #aaj4 ,the ,eye1 ,inside of1 #aai4 ,tropics1 ,gleanings from the ,natural ,history of1 #agh ,the ,clouds and the ,poor1 #bac ,the ,bible2 or1 ,christmas ,eve1 #cig4 ,the ,adventure1 #hdh4 ,world1 ,religious ,statistics of the1 #dia4 ------ ,,poetry4 ,an ,english ,maiden's ,love1 #bg4 ,better ,late than ,never1 #ded4 ,books1 #die4 ,children1 ,the1 #gj4 ,christmas ,carol1 ,a1 #dai1 #eei4 ,city ,aspirations1 #fhj4 ,dum ,spiro ,spero1 #aei4 ,falling ,stars1 #cdh4 ,inquietus1 #gjd ,kirkstall ,abbey1 #cf4 ,keviaar1 ,pilgrimage to1 #abg4 ,little ,things1 #hcf4 ,properzia ,rossi1 #bce4 ,patience1 #hab4 ,resigned1 #fed4 ,song of the ,year1 #dij4 ,saint ,elizabeth1 #ebi4 ,tender and ,true and ,tried1 #che4 ,the ,round of the ,waters1 #cif4 ,the ,better ,part1 #geg4 ,unshed ,tears1 #ghi4 ,winter ,signs1 #aih4 ------ iv ,,new ,,publications4 ,archbishop ,hughes's ,complete ,works1 #bhb4 ,american ,republic1 ,the1 #gad4 ,andrew ,johnson1 ,life of1 #hef4 ,banim's ,works1 #bhf4 ,baker1 ,rev4 ,f4 ,a41 ,memoir and ,sermons of1 #eff4 ,brownson's ,american ,republic1 #gad4 ,brincker1 ,hans1 #gai4 ,catholic ,anecdotes1 #bhg4 ,cobden1 ,richard1 ,career of1 #hfj4 ,complete ,works of ,archbishop ,hughes1 #bhb4 ,croppy1 ,the1 #hei4 ,darras' ,history of the ,church1 #adc4 ,de ,gurin1 ,eugnie1 ,journal of1 #gaf4 ,draper's ,civil ,policy of ,america1 #heh4 ,england1 ,froude's ,history of1 #fgf4 ,faith1 the ,victory1 ,bishop ,mc,gill's1 #ege4 ,hedge's ,reason in ,religion1 #dcj4 ,holmes1 ,oliver ,w41 ,humorous ,poems1 #egf4 ,lives of the ,popes1 #bhh4 ,mother ,juliana's ,sixteen ,revelations1 #bha4 ,metropolites1 ,the1 #bhg4 ,memoir and ,sermons of ,rev4 ,f4 ,a4 ,baker1 #eff4 ,manning's ,temporal ,mission of the ,holy ,ghost1 #efh4 ,merry ,christmas1 ,a ,cantata1 #gai4 ,monthly1 ,the1 #gai4 ,mozart1 ,letters of1 #hef4 ,newman's1 ,rev4 ,dr41 ,history of ,religious ,opinions1 #aci4 ,nicholas of the ,flue1 #gah4 ,remy ,st4 ,remy1 #bhg4 ,reason in ,religion1 #dcj4 ,sixteen ,revelations of ,mother ,juliana1 #bha4 ,sherman's ,great ,march1 ,story of1 #bhc4 ,saint ,john of the ,cross1 ,works of1 #dcb4 ,spelling ,book1 ,the ,practical ,dictation1 #egf4 ,spare ,hours1 #gah4 ,st4 ,teresa1 ,life of1 #hee4 ,thoreau's ,cape ,cod1 #bhc4 ,the ,old ,house by the ,boyne1 #bf4 ,the ,christian ,examiner1 #egc1 #gag4 ,united ,states ,cavalry1 ,history of1 #heh4 ,vade ,mecum1 ,the ,catholic's1 #hei4 ------ #a ,,the ,,catholic ,,world4 ,,vol4 ,,ii41 ,,no4 #g4--,,october1 #ahfe4 ------ ,translated from the ,german4 ,,malines ,,and ,w,,rzburg4 ,a ,,sketch ,,of ,,the ,,catholic ,,congresses ,,held ,,at ,,malines ,,and ,w,,rzburg ,,by ,,andrew ,,niedermasser4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,the ,catholic ,congresses in ,belgium are of more recent date than the general conventions of all ,catholic societies in ,germany4 ,the political commotions of #ahdh burst the chains which had fettered the ,german ,church1 and ushered in a period of renewed religious life and activity4 ,this new and glorious era was inaugurated by the council of twenty-six ,german bishops at ,wrzburg1 which lasted from ,oct #bb to ,nov4 #af1 #ahdh4 ,there it was that our prelates boldly seized the serpent of ,german revolution1 and in their hands the serpent was turned into a budding rod1 the stay alike of ,church and state4 ,since then sixteen years have rolled by2 sixteen general conventions have been held1 each of which gained for its participants the respect of the public4 ,powerful was the influence exerted by these meetings on the religious life of the laity1 as is shown both by the numerous and active associations that arose everywhere1 and by the general spirit of enterprise which they fostered4 ,by their means1 the spirit and principles of the ,church were made known to the ,catholic laity1 whose actions they were not slow to influence4 ,to these meetings may be traced1 directly or indirectly1 whatever good was accomplished within the past sixteen years in ,catholic ,germany2 every part of ,germany has felt their beneficial effects2 they were well suited to perform the task allotted them2 and have thus far at least attained the end for which they were called into existence4 ,these meetings were associations of laymen2 of laymen penetrated with the spirit of faith1 devoted to the ,church1 and fully convinced that in matters relating to the government of the ,church1 to the realization of the liberty and independence due to the ,church1 their only duty was to listen to the voice of their pastors1 and to follow devotedly the lead of a #b hierarchy they respected and revered4 ,though for the most part but one third of the members of the annual conventions were laymen1 the lay character of the conventions is still theoretically asserted1 and appears to some extent at least in practice1 inasmuch as the president of the convention is always a layman1 and the principal committee is mainly composed of laymen4 ,the preference is also given to lay orators4 ,the society of laymen submitted the constitution drafted and adopted at its first meeting1 held at ,mayence in #ahdh1 not only to the ,holy ,father1 but to all the bishops of ,germany1 who joyfully approved its sentiment1 and expressed their interest in the welfare of the society4 ,the same course is pursued to the present day2 each of the sixteen general conventions maintained the most intimate relations with the ,german bishops and the ,holy ,see4 ,in honor of the present pontiff1 ,pius ,,ix41 these associations at first adopted the name of ,piusvereine1 thus paying a just tribute of respect to the ,holy ,father4 ,for ,pius ,,ix41 during his long pontificate of almost twenty years1 has become the leading spirit of the age2 we live in the age of ,pius ,,ix4 ,it was he who brought into vogue modern ideas1 and he was the first to do justice to the wants of the age4 ,as the historian now speaks of the age of ,gregory ,,vii4 and ,innocent ,,iii41 so will the future historian write of the age of ,pius ,,ix4 ,the true sons of the nineteenth century are gathered to fight under the banners of the many ,catholic associations which1 founded for the purpose of putting to flight the threatening assaults of infidelity1 have spread during the pontificate of ,pius ,,ix4 over every portion of the globe4 ,in ,switzerland the original name of these societies is retained2 in ,germany1 owing to their branching out into numerous similar associations1 it has disappeared1 and we now speak of a general convention of the ,catholic associations in ,germany4 ,the first general convention took place toward the beginning of ,october1 #ahdh1 in the ancient electoral palace at ,mayence4 ,hundreds of noble spirits from every quarter of ,germany met here1 as if by magic2 the ,spirit of ,god had convened them4 ,meeting for the first time1 they felt at once that they were friends and brothers4 ,there was no discord1 no embarrassment1 for on all hearts rested a deep consciousness of the unity1 the power1 and the charity of their common faith4 ,whoever was present at this first gathering of the ,catholics of ,germany1 owned to himself that by no scene which he had previously witnessed had he been so profoundly impressed4 ,opposite the stand from which the speakers were to address the meeting sat ,bishop ,kaiser1 of ,mayence1 whilst most prominent among the orators of the occasion appeared his destined successor1 ,baron ,emmanuel von ,ketteler1 who was at that time pastor of the poor and insignificant parish of ,hopsten4 ,writing of him1 ,beda ,weber said3 ,his determined character is a fresh and living type of the ,german nation1 of its universality1 its history1 and its ,catholic spirit4 ,in his heart he bears the great and brave ,german race with all its countless virtues1 and hence springs the peculiar boldness of his words1 asserting that the revolution is but a means to rear the edifice of the ,german ,church1 an edifice destined to be far statelier than the cathedral of ,cologne4 ,his form was tall and powerful1 his features marked1 expressing at once his fearlessness1 his energy1 and his ,westphalian devotion to ,god and the ,church1 to the emperor and the nation4 ,the words of ,baron von ,ketteler acted irresistibly on all present1 for they were but the echo of their own sentiments4 ,such was the impression then produced by the man who is now looked upon by the ,catholics of ,germany as their standard-bearer4 ,the voice of ,beda ,weber too was heard on that occasion4 ,frankfort had not as yet become the scene of his #c labors as pastor1 for he was still professor at ,meran4 ,he was a member of the ,german parliament1 then holding its sessions at ,frankfort1 and like many other ,catholic fellow members had come to ,mayence for the purpose of assisting at the first general reunion of the ,catholic societies4 ,his eloquence likewise called forth immense enthusiasm4 ,strong and energetic1 sometimes pointed and unsparing1 a vigorous son of the mountains1 manly1 noble1 and respected1 he came forth at a most opportune moment from the solitude of his mountains and his cell1 in order to take part in the struggles of his age and become their historian4 ,a master at painting characters1 he has written unrivalled sketches of the ,german parliament and clergy4 ,equally successful as an orator1 a poet1 a historian1 and a contributor to periodical literature1 ,beda ,weber was distinguished no less by a childlike heart and a nice appreciation of the beautiful in nature and art1 than by manly force and an untiring zeal for what is true and good4 ,his deep and extensive learning has proved a useful weapon at all times4 ,his writings were read throughout ,germany1 and to the rising generation ,beda ,weber has been an efficient instructor and director4 ,dllinger of ,munich was also present2 he spoke for the twenty-three members of the ,german parliament1 maintaining that the concessions granted to ,catholics by that body would necessarily lead to the entire independence of the ,church and the liberty of education4 ,at a meeting of the ,rhenish-,westphalian societies1 held at ,cologne in ,may1 #ahdi1 the learned provost delivered another speech1 which was at that time considered one of the best1 most timely1 and most telling efforts of ,german eloquence4 ,dllinger's speech at the third general convention1 which took place at ,regensburg in ,october1 #ahdi1 was hailed as one of the few consoling signs of that gloomy period4 ,it was a masterpiece of oratory1 that brought conviction to all minds1 and which will prove a lasting monument of ,german eloquence4 ,the interest ,dllinger displayed in these conventions should not be forgotten4 ,he is entitled to our respect and gratitude for his aid in laying the foundations of the edifice2 its completion he might well leave to others4 ,the other members of the parliament that spoke at ,mayence were ,osterrath1 of ,dantzic2 von ,bally1 a ,silesian2 ,a4 ,reichensperger1 of ,cologne2 ,prof4 ,sepp1 of ,munich2 and ,prof4 ,knoodt1 of ,bonn4 ,one of the most impressive speakers was ,forster of ,breslau1 at that time canon of the ,metropolitan church of ,silesia1 now prince-bishop of one of the seven principal sees in the world4 ,germany looks upon him as her best pulpit orator4 ,listen to the words of one who heard ,forster at ,mayence3 ,the chords of his soul are so delicate that every breath calls forth a sound1 and as he must frequently encounter the storms of the world1 we may readily pardon the deep melancholy which tinges his words4 ,as he spoke1 his heart was weighed down by the troubles of the times1 and grief was pictured in his countenance1 for he saw no prospect of reconciliation between the conflicting elements4 ,he has no faith in a speedy settlement of the relations between ,church and state1 such a settlement as will allow freedom of action to the former4 ,to him the revolution appears to be a divine judgment1 punishing the clergy for their negligence1 and chastising the laity for their crimes4 ,his voice possesses a rich melody1 which speaks in powerful accents to the heart4 ,it sounds like the solemn chimes of a bell1 waking every mind to the convictions which burst forth from the depth of his soul4 ,he is an orator whose words seem like drops of honey1 and whose faith and devotion call forth our love and our gratitude4 ,the best known of the ,frankfort representatives were1 ,arndts1 of ,munich2 ,aulicke1 of ,berlin2 ,flir1 of #d ,landeck2 ,kutzen1 of ,breslau2 von ,linde1 of ,darmstadt2 ,herman ,mller1 of ,wrtzburg2 ,stlz of ,st4 ,florian2 ,thinnes1 of ,eichstdt2 and ,vogel1 of ,dillingen4 ,the noble ,baron ,henry von ,andlaw also assisted at the convention in ,mayence4 ,for sixteen years this chivalric and devoted defender of the ,church has furthered by every means in his power the success of the ,catholic conventions1 and his name will often appear in these pages4 ,chevalier ,francis ,joseph von ,buss1 of ,freiburg1 was president of the meeting at ,mayence4 ,buss is the founder of the ,catholic associations in ,germany2 to him above all others was due the success of the convention at ,mayence1 and he it was who laid down the principles on which are based the ,catholic societies throughout ,germany1 and which are the chief source of their efficacy4 ,in #ahdh ,buss was in the flower of his age1 fresh and vigorous in body and mind4 ,all ,germany was acquainted with his writings1 his exertions1 his sufferings1 and his struggles4 ,he was no novice on the battle-field1 for he had passed through a fiery ordeal1 and bore the marks of wounds inflicted both by his own passions and by the broken lances of his enemies4 ,naturally an agitator1 and an enthusiast for ideas1 bold1 quick1 and intrepid1 he united restless activity and unquenchable ardor with the most self-sacrificing devotion4 ,he is distinguished for extensive learning1 a powerful imagination1 and for the force and flow of his language4 ,so constant and untiring have been his exertions for the liberty and independence of the ,church1 that one who is no mean painter of men and character has lately styled him the ,bayard of the ,church in the nineteenth century4 ,the last time ,i saw and heard the ,chevalier von ,buss was in the convention held at ,frankfort in #ahfb4 ,his imposing figure1 his bold commanding eye1 his fiery patriotic heart1 his glowing fancy1 his powerful ringing voice1 all were unchanged4 ,his speeches exert the magic influence which belongs to an enthusiastic1 powerful1 and penetrating mind4 ,age has whitened his hair1 wrinkles furrow his noble features1 his life is on the wane4 ,a glance at ,catholic ,germany and the growth of the ,church during the past sixteen years1 will reflect a bright consoling radiance on the evening of his life4 ,we must still mention one of the founders and chief stays of the ,catholic general conventions1 and one who1 alas1 is no more4 ,i refer to ,dr4 ,maurice ,lieber1 attorney and counsellor at ,camberg in ,nassau1 one of the most active members at ,mayence in #ahdh2 he was elected president of the second general convention at ,breslau in #ahdi4 ,he was present at the first seven general meetings1 and at ,salzburg in #aheg filled the chair a second time4 ,at ,cologne1 in #aheh1 this honor would again have been conferred on him had he not declined4 ,maurice ,lieber seems by nature to have been designed to preside at these assemblies4 ,of a noble appearance1 he combined dignity with gentleness1 force and decision with moderation2 his remarks were always to the point4 ,an able and spirited writer and journalist1 he contributed in a great measure to make the public acquainted with the aim and object of the newly founded association4 ,he never grew weary of scattering good and fruitful seed1 and his writings as well as his speeches were life-inspiring1 strengthening1 purifying productions4 ,the name of ,maurice ,lieber will ever be honored4 ,beside the eminent men above mentioned1 those whose exertions aided in calling into existence the ,catholic general conventions in ,germany are ,lennig1 vicar-general at ,mayence1 ,prof4 ,riffel1 ,himioben1 now dead1 and lastly1 ,heinrich and ,moufang1 who have been present at almost every meeting4 ,so many illustrious names are connected with the foundation of the #e ,catholic congress in ,belgium that to do all justice will be extremely difficult4 ,the political and religions status of ,belgium is sufficiently well known4 ,in ,belgium there are but two parties2 the one espouses the cause of ,god1 the other supports that of ,antichrist4 ,these parties are on the point of laying aside entirely their political character and of opposing each other on religious grounds4 ,war is inevitable1 war to the knife2 either party must perish4 ,to be or not to be1 that is the question4 ,outnumbering the ,catholics in parliament1 the followers of ,antichrist eagerly use their superiority to trample their opponents in the dust and1 if possible1 annihilate them4 ,the people is the stronghold of the latter2 for the great majority of the ,belgians are ,catholics1 sincere1 fervent1 self-sacrificing ,catholics4 ,they yield support neither to the rationalists nor to the solidaires and affranchis4 ,day by day the influence of the ,catholic leaders increases2 they are whetting their swords1 and gathering recruits to fight for ,christ and his ,church4 ,the congress at ,malines is their rendezvous1 as it were4 ,even the first congress1 that of #ahfc1 exerted a magic influence2 the drowsy were aroused from their lethargy1 and the faint-hearted were inspired with confidence2 they saw their strength and felt it4 ,in that congress we see the beginning of a new epoch in the religious history of ,belgium4 ,the ,belgium congresses are imitations of the ,catholic conventions in ,germany4 ,a number of men used their best endeavors to bring about the congress of #ahfc1 and for this they deserve our respect and gratitude4 ,we shall mention but a few of the many4 ,dumortier will head our list4 ,he is one of the most powerful speakers in ,belgium1 a ready debater1 a valiant champion of the ,catholic cause1 whose delight it is to fight for his principles4 ,dumortier has the power of kindling in his hearers his own enthusiasm1 as he proved in #ahfc at ,aix-la-chapelle4 ,he has all the qualities of an agitator1 and these qualities were the cause of his success in bringing about the congress of #ahfc4 ,when indignant1 ,dumortier inspires awe2 his brow is clouded1 and like a hurricane he sweeps everything before him4 ,it is the anger of none but noble spirits that increases our affection for them4 ,once only ,i saw ,dumortier swell with just indignation1 and ,i seldom witnessed a spectacle more sublime4 ,ducpetiaux was the soul of the congresses at ,malines4 ,to singular talent for organization he joins a burning zeal for the interests of ,catholicity1 and to them he devotes every day and hour of his life4 ,no sacrifice is too great1 no labor too exhausting1 if it is needed to further the ,catholic cause4 ,as general secretary1 he is in communication with the leading men of ,catholic ,europe4 ,at his call ,catholics from every country flocked to ,malines4 ,ducpetiaux was the ruling mind of the congress1 for the president had intrusted him1 to a great extent1 with its management4 ,cautious1 subtle1 and quick1 he is prompt in action1 though no great speaker4 ,the most numerous assembly would be obedient to his nod4 ,ducpetiaux is no stranger to ,germany1 for he was among us at ,aix-la-chapelle in #ahfb1 and at ,wrzburg in #ahfd1 and the whole-souled remarks made by him on the latter occasion will long ring in our memory4 ,he is an international character1 a type of the nineteenth century4 ,by the interest a man takes in the movements and ideas of his age1 and by his intercourse with prominent characters1 we may easily estimate his influence4 ,to ,germany a general secretary like ,ducpetiaux would be of inestimable advantage4 ,viscount de ,kuckhove must not be passed over in silence4 ,a thorough well bred gentleman1 he is familiar with the nations and languages of #f ,europe4 ,he is a man of mind1 energy1 and prudence1 and of a dazzling appearance4 ,he seems the embodiment of elegance4 ,his speeches sparkle with delicate touches and are distinguished for refinement4 ,his voice is somewhat shrill and sharp1 but melodious withal4 ,in ,belgium the viscount ranks as an orator equal to ,dechamps and ,dumortier4 ,his favorite scheme1 to the promotion of which he gives his entire energies1 is the closest union among ,catholics of all countries4 ,at times he expresses this idea so forcibly that he is misunderstood1 but in itself the scheme is praiseworthy1 and has been more or less realized in the age of ,pius ,,ix4 ,baron von ,gerlache now demands our attention4 ,he was president of the congress both in #ahfc and in #ahfd4 ,if ,i were writing his biography1 how eventful a life would it be my lot to portray6 ,baron ,gerlache is identified with ,belgian history since #ahcj2 for more than forty years he has been acknowledged by the ,catholics in ,belgium as their head4 ,in #ahca he had no mean share in forming the ,belgian constitution1 a constitution based on political eclecticism1 which at that time satisfied all parties1 and which promised even-handed justice to all4 ,gerlache has ever been the loyal defender of this constitution2 ,belgium has not a more devoted son4 ,he is a historian and a statesman4 ,but the ,church too claims his affection1 the great and holy ,catholic ,church4 ,all ,belgium listens to his voice1 and his words sometimes become decrees4 ,he speaks with dignity and moderation1 with caution and prudence2 he is always guided by reason1 and never loses sight of facts4 ,his energies spent in the course of a life of seventy-two years1 he is no longer understood as well as formerly2 his voice has become too weak to address an assemblage of six thousand persons2 but there is in it something so solemn1 so moving1 that his hearers seem spell-bound4 ,his language is appropriate1 and at times approaches sublimity4 ,baron ,gerlache is as much the idol of the ,catholics of ,belgium as ,o',connell was of the ,irish2 he is as respected as ,joseph von ,grrres was in ,germany2 he is the ,godfrey de ,bouillon of the great ,belgian crusade of the nineteenth century4 ,great men seldom appear alone2 around them are grouped many minor characters1 well worthy of a niche in the temple of fame4 ,the most prominent of those who have fought side by side with ,baron von ,gerlache are the ,count de ,theux1 a veteran in political warfare1 generous1 able1 and experienced in the art of governing2 the ,baron della ,faille1 a man distinguished for the dignity of his demeanor and the nobility of his character2 his manners are captivating1 and his features bear the impress of calmness1 moderation1 and judgment2 the ,viscount ,bethune of ,ghent1 a venerable old man1 whose countenance beams with piety1 and who in the course of a long career has gathered a store of wisdom and experience2 ,general ,capiaumont1 a man immovable as a rock1 and full of chivalrous sentiments4 ,these venerable men were seated on each side of the ,president von ,gerlache4 ,but the other members are no less worthy of notice4 ,to hear and see such men produces a profound impression4 ,dechamps1 the mighty ,dechamps1 the lion of ,flanders and ,brabant1 must not be forgotten4 ,he stands at the head of the ,belgian statesmen1 brave as ,achilles1 the terror of the so-called liberals4 ,dechamps was one of the pearls of the last congress2 his mere appearance had a magic effect2 the few words he addressed to the assembly before its organization called forth a storm of applause2 he electrifies his hearers by his bold and sparkling ideas4 ,we must next call attention to ,joseph de ,hemptinne4 ,the owner of immense factories1 he employs thousands of laborers1 and freely devotes his fortune to the cause of the ,church4 ,he also contributed to the success of #g the congress of ,malines4 ,his employs owe him a debt of gratitude4 ,like a father1 he cares for their corporal and spiritual welfare1 accompanies them when going to assist at mass1 and with them he says the beads and receives the sacrament4 ,de ,hemptinne is entirely devoted to his country and his faith2 his countenance is a mirror that reflects a pure and guileless soul1 deeply imbued with religious feeling4 ,it has seldom been my good fortune to meet as amiable a man as ,joseph de ,hemptinne4 ,perin next demands our notice4 ,he fills a professorship at ,louvain1 and is well known to the public by his writings4 ,in the congress be was noted as an adroit business man4 ,possessing a refined mind1 stored with manifold attainments1 he exerts a peculiar1 ,i might almost say magic1 influence on those with whom he deals4 ,his fine piercing eye beams with knowledge1 not mere book learning1 but the knowledge of men1 whilst his noble forehead is stamped with the seal of uncommon intellectual power4 ,in his language as well as in his actions ,perin is extremely graceful2 he might not inaptly be styled the doctor elegantissimus4 ,count ,villermont of ,brussels is well known in ,germany1 and respected for his historical researches4 ,at ,malines he displayed extraordinarily activity4 ,true1 he seems to be no favorite of the graces--the warrior appears in all his actions4 ,on seeing him1 ,i imagined ,i beheld the colonel of one of ,tilly's ,walloon regiments4 ,this circumstance must surprise us all the more1 as the count is not only a diligent student of history and a generous supporter of the ,catholic press in ,belgium1 but also a man who takes a lively interest in every charitable undertaking and in the social amelioration of his country4 ,would to ,god that ,germany had many ,counts ,villermont6 ,monsignor de ,ram the rector magnificus of the university of ,louvain1 was the representative of ,belgian science at ,malines4 ,ever since its establishment1 he has been at the head of that institution1 which he has governed with a firm and steady hand4 ,he is the pride of ,belgium1 eminent1 perhaps the most eminent1 among all her sons4 ,his authority is most ample1 and to it we must probably trace the majestic calmness that distinguishes his whole being1 for to me de ,ram appears to be the personification of dignity4 ,at the proper moment1 however1 he knows how to display the volubility and affable manners of the ,roman prelate4 ,many illustrious ,belgian names might still be mentioned1 but we will speak of them in a more appropriate place4 ,the ,belgian congresses differ in some respects from the ,catholic conventions in ,germany1 for the latter are by no means so well attended as the former4 ,at the ,german meetings1 the number of members never exceeded fifteen hundred2 only six hundred representatives were present at the convention of ,frankfort in #ahfc1 whilst that of ,breslau in #ahdi mustered scarcely two hundred members4 ,in #ahfc four thousand1 and in #ahfd no less than five thousand1 were present at the ,malines congress4 ,the sight of this army1 full of fervor and of zeal to do battle for the faith1 involuntarily reminds us of the warriors who were marshalled under the banners of ,godfrey for the purpose of achieving the conquest of ,jerusalem and the ,holy ,land4 ,or it recalls to our mind the great council of ,clermont 7,nov41 #ajie71 at which the entire assembly1 hurried away by the eloquent appeals of ,urban ,,ii41 shouted with one accord ,deus lo volt1 ,god wills it1 and swore to deliver ,jerusalem from the tyranny of the ,moslems4 ,the members of the ,catholic congresses are the crusaders of the nineteenth century1 for in their own way they too battle for ,christendom against its enemies1 falsehood and malice4 ,belgium is a small kingdom1 ,malines the central point where all its railroads converge2 it is a ,catholic #h country1 boasting of a numerous clergy both secular and regular2 it is an international country1 the ,lombardy of the north4 ,its position has made it the connecting link between the ,romanic and ,teutonic races1 between the continent and ,england4 ,thus situated1 ,belgium is a rendezvous equally convenient for the ,german1 the ,frenchman1 and the ,briton4 ,moreover1 ,belgium has ever been the battle ground of ,germany and ,france3 where can be found a more suitable spot on which to decide the great struggle for the freedom of the ,church8 ,this explains sufficiently the numerous attendance of the ,belgium congress4 ,in addition to the foreign element1 the congress at ,malines calls forth the entire intellectual strength of ,belgium1 both lay and clerical ,no one remains at home2 all are brethren fighting for the same cause2 all wish to imbibe new vigor1 to gather new courage for the struggle1 for the congress acts like the spiritual exercises of a mission4 ,very different is the situation of ,germany4 ,much larger than ,belgium1 its most central point is at a considerable distance from its extremities4 ,beside1 the conventions do not even meet at the most convenient point1 but change their place of meeting every year4 ,suppose1 therefore1 the convention is held in some city on the ,french border1 say ,freiburg1 or ,treves1 or ,aix-la-chapelle1 this arrangement will render it very difficult for the delegates from the opposite extremity of the empire to attend1 the more so since it is not likely that the ,german railroad companies will reduce their fares to half price1 as was done by the ,belgium government roads4 ,lastly1 our language1 difficult in itself1 and especially so to the ,romanic races1 who are not distinguished for extensive philological learning1 will prevent many from attending our meetings4 ,for these reasons1 the ,german reunions are hardly an adequate representation of the ,church militant2 comparatively few can attend1 the majority must remain at home4 ,for the most part1 our conventions are chiefly composed of delegates from the district or diocese in which they are held4 ,nevertheless1 every ,german tribe has its representative1 and ,germany1 with its many tribes and states1 is by no means an inappropriate emblem of the ,european family of nations4 ,the hall of the ,petit ,seminaire at ,malines1 where the ,belgian congress meets1 is spacious and well fitted for its purpose2 it will seat six thousand persons4 ,nevertheless1 only such as have admission tickets1 which cannot be obtained except at extravagant prices1 can assist at the sessions4 ,the public in general are excluded1 and but few seats are reserved for ladies4 ,on the other hand1 the ,german convention1 which meets now in one city1 then in another1 desires and encourages1 above all things1 the attendance of the inhabitants of the city where it meets4 ,in every city it has scattered fruit-producing seed4 ,at one place1 the convention called into existence a society for the promotion of ,christian art2 at another1 an altar society1 a conference of ,st4 ,vincent de ,paul1 or a social club2 and in many cities it inspired new religious life and activity4 ,in fact1 if the city for some reason cannot assist at the meetings1 as was the case in ,wrzburg1 one of the most important ends of the convention is defeated4 ,the congress at ,malines is too numerous to travel from place to place2 moreover1 its meetings are not annual1 as are those of the ,german conventions4 ,the congress of ,malines1 like the ,german convention1 claims to be a congress of laymen4 ,but though here1 too1 the principal committee is mainly composed of laymen1 the assembly has almost lost its lay character4 ,among the laymen1 however1 who attend the ,belgian congress1 there are many excellent speakers1 in fact these are more numerous than in ,germany4 #i ,all the ,belgian bishops were present at ,malines4 ,whilst in ,germany but one or two bishops assist at the convention1 the daily meetings of the ,malines congress were attended by the primate of ,belgium1 ,cardinal ,sterex1 and the bishops of ,bruges1 ,namur1 ,ghent1 ,liege1 and ,doornik4 ,the bishops took part in the debates1 and in #ahfd the speech of ,monseigneur ,dupanloup was the event of the day1 whilst the congress of #ahfc had been distinguished by the presence of the illustrious archbishop of ,westminster1 ,cardinal ,wiseman4 ,whenever the bishops appeared1 they were welcomed with bursts of enthusiasm4 ,for a full week might be witnessed the most friendly intercourse between the bishops and the other members of the congress1 and thus the bonds of affectionate love already existing between the hierarchy1 the clergy1 and the laity were drawn still closer4 ,the nobility too of ,flanders and ,brabant1 nay of all ,belgium1 was well and worthily represented4 ,on the rolls of the ,malines congress we meet the most illustrious ,belgian names1 names pregnant with historic interest4 ,the ,german nobles1 on the contrary1 have thus far paid little attention to what is nearest and dearest to mankind1 the interests of humanity and religion4 ,true1 the ,rhenish-,westphalian nobility appeared in considerable numbers and displayed praiseworthy zeal at the conventions of ,aix-la-chapelle1 ,frankfort1 and ,wrzburg1 nevertheless there is still room for improvement4 ,thus far the ,bavarian and ,franconian nobles have taken no part in furthering the restoration of the ,church in ,germany1 and of the same indifference the ,austrian nobility were accused by ,count ,frederick von ,thun1 of ,vienna4 ,still1 what a blessing for the nobility if they devoted their influence to the service of the ,church6 ,the consequence would be the regeneration of the ,german nobility4 ,may ,god grant that the ,german nobles1 like those of ,belgium1 will join in cordially promoting our great and sacred cause4 ,leaders are not wanting1 men of talent1 energy1 and devotion1 such as the ,prince ,charles of ,lwenstein1 ,werthheim1 and ,prince ,charles of ,isenburg-,birstein4 ,the professors of the university at ,louvain were not only present at ,malines1 but worked with their usual energy and ability in the different sections of the congress4 ,they presented to the world the noble spectacle of laymen uniting learning with zeal for religion and devotion to the ,church1 a spectacle seldom witnessed in ,germany4 ,of the two thousand professors and fellows of the twenty-two ,german universities1 how many are there who1 untainted by pride and self-sufficiency1 call the ,church their mother8 ,it is the union of knowledge and piety that produces genuine men1 worthy of admiration1 and at ,malines such men were not scarce4 ,at ,malines the foreigners were well represented2 in the ,german conventions but few make their appearance4 ,twice did ,france send her chosen warriors to the congress--the first time in #ahfc1 led by ,montalembert1 at present the most brilliant defender of the ,church1 and again in #ahfd1 under the ,bishop of ,orleans1 called by some the ,bossuet of our day4 ,in ,august1 #ahfc1 the ,tuileries were anxiously occupied with the speeches held in the ,petit ,seminaire at ,malines1 for in ,france despotism has gagged free speech1 and there a congress of ,catholic ,europe is an impossibility2 the ,caesar's minions would tolerate no such assembly4 ,next to the ,french delegation1 the ,german1 led by ,a4 ,reichensperger1 of ,cologne1 was the most numerous4 ,there might also be seen a noble band of ,englishmen1 and their speaker1 ,father ,herman the convert1 seemed another ,st ,bernard preaching the crusade4 ,spain1 ,italy1 ,ireland1 ,hungary1 ,poland1 ,brazil1 the ,united ,states1 ,palestine1 the ,cape of ,good ,hope1 almost every country on the globe1 were represented at ,malines4 ,true1 the assembly was by no means #aj as large as the multitude that met in ,rome on ,june #h1 #ahfb1 when ,pius ,,ix4 saw gathered around him in ,st4 ,peter's church three hundred prelates1 thousands of priests1 and forty to fifty thousand laymen1 representing every nation of the earth4 ,still1 the congress at ,malines brings to recollection those immense gatherings of bygone times1 where princes and bishops1 nobles and priests1 met to provide for the welfare of the nations committed to their charge4 ,the ,malines congress is in its infancy1 still the general committee has displayed rare ability4 ,all business matters are intrusted to a few1 whilst in ,germany there is a great want of order1 owing partly to the inexperience of the local committees1 and partly to the scarcity of men versed in parliamentary proceedings4 ,at the ,mayence convention in #ahdh1 want of preparation might be excused2 the subsequent meeting had not the same claims on our indulgence4 ,the ,frankfort reunion in #ahfc attempted to remedy the evil and partly succeeded1 but until an efficient general committee be established1 many irregularities must be expected4 ,at ,malines the delegates are furnished with a programme of the questions to be discussed in the different sections2 at ,wrzburg1 on the contrary1 the convention seemed at first scarcely to know the purpose for which it had been convened4 ,in ,germany1 the bureau of direction is composed of three presidents and sundry honorary members and secretaries2 at ,malines it consists of fifty to sixty officers of the congress1 and the list of honorary vice-presidents is at times very formidable4 ,in ,belgium secret sessions are unknown1 whilst in ,germany it often happens that the most important proceedings are decided upon in secret session1 whereas the public meetings are mainly devoted to the delivery of brilliant speeches4 ,at ,malines the resolutions adopted by the different sections are passed upon in a short session1 seldom attended by more than one-fifth of all the delegates4 ,one evil at the ,belgium congress is the imperfect knowledge of the ,german character and of the religious status of ,germany4 ,as the ,romanic nations will never learn our language1 it remains for us to supply the deficiency4 ,we must go to ,malines1 and expound our views in ,french both in the sections and before the full congress4 ,a4 ,reichensperger pursued the proper course in the section of ,christian art4 ,with surpassing ability he defended the principles of the ,church1 triumphantly he came forth from the contest1 and many were prevailed upon to adopt his views4 ,no doubt men like ,reichensperger are not found every day1 nevertheless we might easily send one or two able representatives to every section of the congress4 ,if some one were to do for ,germany what ,cardinal ,wiseman did for ,england in #ahfc1 when he set forth in clear and forcible language the state of ,catholicity in that country1 he would deserve the everlasting gratitude of the ,romanic races4 ,leaving these considerations aside for the present1 one thing is certain1 we must profit by each other's wisdom and experience4 ,whatever may be the defects of the ,belgian congresses or of the ,german conventions1 they mark the beginning of a new era for ,belgium and ,germany4 ,for when in the spring of #ahdh the storm of revolution swept away dynasties built on diplomacy and police regulations1 the ,catholics1 quick to take advantage of the liberty granted them1 made use of the freedom of assembly1 of speech1 and of the press to defend the interests of religion and of the ,church4 ,to ,germany the liberty thus acquired for the ,church has proved a blessing4 ,this liberty1 attained after so many years of ,babylonian captivity1 acted so forcibly1 that many called the day on which the first general convention met a second ,pentecost1 revealing the spirit1 the force1 and the charity of ,catholicism4 ,we ,catholics have learned the language of freedom1 we #aa know the power of free speech4 ,next to the liberty of speech1 it is their publicity that gives a charm to these conventions4 ,whoever addresses these assemblies speaks before the whole ,church1 and his words are re-echoed in every country4 ,there the prince and the mechanic1 the master and the journeyman1 the refined gentleman and the child of nature1 all alike have the right to express their opinions4 ,they afford a general insight into the social and religions condition of our times1 disclosing at once their defects and their fair side4 ,how inspiring it is to see men1 thorough men1 with sound principles1 full of vital energy1 and of experience acquired in public life1 men of intellectual vigor and mental refinement6 ,hence arise great and manifold activity1 unity of sentiment1 and zeal for the weal of all1 in short1 feelings of true brotherly love4 ,great events arouse deep feelings1 and the glory of one casts its radiance over many4 ,there is something beautiful and grand in these ,catholic reunions4 ,they tend to awaken society to a consciousness of its nobler feelings and to spread ,catholic ideas2 they give strength and unity to the exertions of all who endeavor seriously to promote the interests of ,catholicity2 they are1 as it were1 a mirror that reflects an exact image of the life of the ,church4 ,before their influence narrow-mindedness withers2 we take an interest in men and things that had never before come within the scope of our mental vision1 and on our return from the congress to the ordinary pursuits of life1 we forget fossil notions and take up new ideas4 ,as we feel the heat of the sun after it has set1 so long after the adjournment of each convention do we feel its influence4 ,the eloquent words of the champion of their faith kindle in the hearts of ,catholic youth a glowing ardor which promises a bright and glorious future4 ,all are impressed with the conviction that it is only by unflinching bravery that victories are won4 ,as in nature1 says ,hergenrther1 individuals are subordinate to species1 species to genera1 and these again to a general unity of design1 thus in the ,catholic ,church all submit freely to the triple unity of faith1 of the sacraments1 and of government4 ,whether they come from the north or the south1 from beyond the ,channel or from the banks of the ,rhine1 from the ,scheldt or the ,danube1 from the ,march or the ,leitha1 all ,catholics of every country and every clime are brethren1 members of the same family1 all speak but one language1 the lips of all pronounce the same ,catholic prayer1 and all offer to their ,heavenly ,father the same august sacrifice4 ,every ,catholic convention is a symbol of this great1 this universal society4 ,and as in nature we admire the most astonishing variety1 and the wonderful display of thousands of hues and tints1 so in the ,church we behold a gathering of countless tribes and nations1 differing in their institutions1 their customs1 and in their application of the arts and sciences4 ,some of my readers1 perhaps1 are impatient of the praise here lavished on contemporaries4 ,fame1 it is true1 has ever dazzled mortal eyes1 but ,i am not now dealing with the miserable characters who consider fame as merchandise that can be bought and sold1 who are always panting for honied words1 and who never lose sight of themselves4 ,no2 ,i am in the presence of ,catholic men1 purified by ,catholic doctrine and discipline1 who hold fame to be vain trumpery4 ,claiming to be no infallible judge of men1 my aim has been to note down what ,i have seen and heard1 for ,i have been at no special pains to study the characters of those here mentioned4 -------- #ab ,from ,the ,month4 ,,napoleon',s ,,marriage ,,with ,,marie-,,louise4 ,there are many circumstances where even an excess of caution may not be injudicious1 and few things can be more important than to ascertain the veracity of historical facts4 ,therefore we would fain preface this second episode drawn from the memoirs of ,cardinal ,consalvi1 by pointing out the grounds on which their authenticity rests4 ,we pass over the editor himself1 ,monsieur ,crtineau-,joly1 to arrive at the account he gives of the manner in which these papers fell into his possession4 ,written for the most part by the cardinal during his exile at ,rheims1 they were hastily penned1 and carefully concealed from the ,french officials that surrounded him4 ,when dying1 ,cardinal ,consalvi intrusted these important documents to friends on whom he could rely4 ,they have since been transmitted as a sacred deposit from one fiduciary executor to another4 ,the last clause of his will relates to this matter1 and runs thus3 ,my fiduciary heir 7and those who shall succeed him in the administration of my property7 will take particular care of my writings3 on the conclave held at ,venice in #agii and #ahjj2 on the concordat of #ahja2 on the marriage of the ,emperor ,napoleon with the ,archduchess ,marie-,louise of ,austria2 on the different epochs of my life and ministry4 ,these five papers 7of which some are far advanced1 and ,i shall set about the others7 are not to be published till after the death of the principal personages named therein4 ,as the memoirs upon the conclave1 the concordat1 the marriage1 and my ministry relate more especially to the ,holy ,see and the pontifical government1 my fiduciary heir will be solicitous to present them to the reigning pontiff2 and he will beg the ,holy ,father to have these writings carefully preserved in the archives of the ,vatican4 ,they may serve the ,holy ,see more than once2 especially if the history of events therein related comes to be written1 or if there were some false account to refute4 ,as to the memoirs concerning the different epochs of my life1 the extinction of my family leaving no one whom they may interest1 these writings can remain in the hands of my fiduciary heir and his successors in the administration of my property 7or they might go with the others to the archives of the ,vatican if they are thought worth preserving74 ,my only desire is1 that if hereafter1 as will probably be the case1 the lives of the cardinals are continued1 these pages written by me may then be made known4 ,for ,i wish that nothing contrary to truth should be published concerning me2 being desirous to preserve a good reputation1 as is recommended by holy ,scripture4 ,with regard to the truth of the facts contained in my writings1 it suffices me to say3 ',deus scit quia non mentior4' 7,signed7 ,e4 ,card4 ,consalvi4 ,rome1 #ast ,august1 #ahbb4 ,in #aheh it was deemed that the time for publication had come4 ,monsieur ,crtineau-,joly was then staying at ,rome2 and the papers were confided to him for that purpose by those eminent personages who1 through gratitude or respect1 had accepted the deposit of ,consalvi's manuscripts4 ,accordingly1 a part did come out the following year1 and the remainder is now before the public4 ,the part which appeared first1 embodied in ,l',eglise ,romaine en face de la ,rvolution1 won for ,m4 ,crtineau-,joly in #ahfa a flattering brief from ,pope ,pius ,,ix41 which heads the third edition of the work4 #ac ,nine years had rolled on since the concordat4 ,ten months after the ,pope's presence had given solemnity to his coronation1 ,napoleon caused the ,french troops to occupy ,ancona2 ,pius ,,vii41 having refused to become virtually a ,french prefect1 was deprived of his temporal sovereignty1 and then at last dragged from his capital to be transferred a prisoner to ,florence1 ,grenoble1 and finally ,savona4 ,excommunication had been pronounced against those who perpetrated these deeds of violence4 ,meanwhile1 ,napoleon1 at the summit of earthly grandeur1 longed for an heir to whom he might transmit his vast dominions4 ,the repudiation of ,josephine offered some difficulty to his heart1 we believe2 but his strong will soon triumphed over that and every other obstacle4 ,proud ,austria stooped to court his preference4 ,napoleon1 disappointed in his wish for a ,russian alliance1 but in too much haste to wait negotiations1 let his choice fall with equal pleasure on a daughter of the house of ,hapsburg2 ,marie-,louise1 just then eighteen1 came a willing bride to share the splendors of the imperial throne4 ,to prepare for her reception1 a state comedy had been enacted at the ,tuileries1 when ,napoleon1 holding his good and well-beloved ,josephine by the hand1 read from a written paper his heroic determination to renounce her for the public weal4 ,poor ,josephine could not get on so well2 sobs choked her utterance when she essayed to read her paper in turn4 ,convulsive fainting-fits had followed when ,napoleon first broached in private the resolve he had taken1 and called upon her to aid it by consenting to become1 instead of his wife1 his best and dearest friend4 ,but all that was over now4 ,one only difficulty had arisen1 which even the imperious will of ,napoleon failed wholly to break4 ,it was the same that had ever thwarted him4 ,he could destroy all temporal barriers to his ambition2 but the spiritual element would rise up and protest4 ,how cut asunder the religious tie that linked him to ,josephine8 ,for the ,church's blessing had been given to their union ere the ,pope would consent to perform the ceremony of the coronation4 ,full well ,napoleon knew that he could with an iron hand put down clamor for the present2 but would that dispel the feeling in men's consciences8 would that suffice to establish the legitimacy of a future heir to the throne8 ,m4 ,thiers gives a curious account of the whole transaction4 ,cardinal ,fesch1 usually so pliant to all his nephew's wishes1 appears to have been the first to start the difficulty2 ,m4 ,cambars1 the chancellor1 transmitted his observations to ,napoleon4 ,the latter was highly indignant1 declaring that a ceremony which had taken place privately1 in the chapel of the ,tuileries1 without any witnesses1 and with the sole view of quieting ,josephine's scruples and those of the ,pope1 could not be binding4 ,finally1 however1 it was agreed to look at the marriage religiously as well as civilly1 and to dissolve both ties4 ,for both1 annulment was preferred to the ordinary form of divorce1 as more honorable for ,josephine2 and a defect in procedure or a great state reason were to constitute the grounds of dissolution4 ,it was resolved that no reference should be made to the ,pope in any way1 as his feelings toward ,napoleon under present circumstances could not be friendly4 ,the civil marriage had been easily dissolved by mutual consent of the parties and for public reasons1 as seen above1 when ,napoleon and ,josephine read their respective papers before the assembled council4 ,with the views just stated1 a committee of seven bishops was formed to pronounce on the religious tie4 ,they declared the marriage irregular2 as having taken place without witnesses1 and without sufficient consent of the parties concerned4 ,with regard to the absence of witnesses1 ,m4 ,thiers puts in a note3 ,it was through a false indication given #ad by a contemporary manuscript that ,i before mentioned ,,mm4 de ,talleyrand and ,berthier as having been present at the religious marriage privately celebrated at the ,tuileries on the eve of ,napoleon's coronation4 ,the author of this manuscript held the facts from the lips of the ,empress ,josephine1 and had been led into error4 ,official documents which ,i have since procured enable me to rectify this assertion4 ,what more likely than that ,josephine told the simple truth1 and that official papers were made to meet future contingencies8 ,if it had not been intended to annul the marriage by any means1 why was the certificate of it wrested from ,josephine8 ,agreeably to the decision of the bishops1 it was resolved to pursue the annulment of the marriage as defective in form before the diocesan officialty in the first instance1 and afterward before the metropolitan authority4 ,canonical proceedings were quietly instituted1 and witnesses summoned4 ,these witnesses were ,cardinal ,fesch1 ,,mm4 de ,talleyrand1 ,berthier1 and ,duroc4 ,the first was to testify as to the forms observed2 and the three others as to the nature of the consent given by both parties concerned4 ,cardinal ,fesch declared he had received dispensations from the ,pope authorizing the omission of certain forms1 and thus justified the absence of witnesses and of the parish cur4 ,,mm4 de ,talleyrand1 ,berthier1 and ,duroc affirmed having heard from ,napoleon several times that he only intended to allow a mere ceremony for the purpose of reassuring the ,pope's conscience and that of ,josephine2 but that his formal determination had ever been not to complete his union with the empress1 being unhappily convinced that he must one day renounce her for the good of his empire4 ,a strange conscience is here manifested by ,napoleon4 ,josephine does not appear to have been summoned to tell her tale4 ,after this inquiry1 the ecclesiastical authority recognized that there had not been sufficient consent2 but out of respect to the parties this ground of nullity was not specially insisted on4 ,the causes assigned for dissolving the marriage rested on the absence of all witnesses1 and of the parish cur4 ,the general dispensations granted to ,cardinal ,fesch were not considered to have superseded these necessities4 ,m4 ,thiers says on this point1 ,en consquence1 le mariage fut cass devant les deux jurisdictions diocsaine et mtropolitaine1 c'est dire1 en premire et en seconde instances1 avec le dcence convenable1 et la pleine observance du droit canonique6 ,napoleon tait donc libre4 ,m4 ,thiers makes no reference to the ,pope1 who surely must be supposed to have known whether the ceremony performed for the sole purpose of allaying his and ,josephine's scruples were perfectly valid by canon law4 ,it is not possible to admit that he could have insisted on the same1 and being present on the spot could yet have failed to ascertain beyond doubt the religious legality of the marriage2 more especially as he could have at once removed the obstacle by a dispensation4 ,this topic must have been mentioned between the ,pope and ,cardinal ,consalvi2 it is evident from the conduct of the latter that he and many other cardinals considered the marriage with ,josephine as binding in a religious point of view4 ,the character of ,consalvi precludes the possibility of supposing any petty motives for his opposition2 conscience alone could have dictated it4 ,evidently he yielded as far as he could2 and what he withheld from duty was with manifest peril to himself1 and1 humanly speaking1 even to the ,church1 whose interests were so dear to him4 ,as to the number of cardinals holding opposite views1 or at least acting as if they did1 the weakness of human nature1 alas1 and the selfishness of human interests1 too well explain that #ae circumstance4 ,grave historians and writers of genius do not always take sufficient account of conscience in their estimate of men and things1 and thence flow many errors4 ,those who are politicians also1 from their wide knowledge of human vices1 fall still more readily into this mistake4 ,thus ,napoleon probably never believed the ,pope to be in earnest1 of at least his mind could not hold such an idea long together4 ,to himself state policy was all1 or nearly all4 ,his negotiations with the ,holy ,see1 his appreciations of ,consalvi1 all bear the stamp of that starting-point2 to him it was a trial of strength in will1 or of skill in diplomacy3 he ignored conscience4 ,in the same way1 a mind eminently lucid as that of ,m4 ,thiers judges facts in a very different manner than he would do if he could see that with some minds conscience is the spring of action4 ,if this were not the case1 he could not1 while speaking of the ,pope with due respect1 pass over his motives so slightly2 nor would he construe as he does ,consalvi's conduct with regard to the marriage and that of the other black cardinals4 ,the opinions of such men deserved to raise a doubt in the mind of the historian1 and to lead to investigation that might have had other results4 ,we purposely lay stress on this matter because ,m4 ,thiers is popular with a large class of readers1 who justly admire his talent1 but who erroneously consider him a fair exponent on ecclesiastical affairs4 ,he does respect religion2 but evidently fails to apprehend the idea of men constantly swayed by duty and conscience2 whose judgments may err1 as all things human do1 but whose supernatural principle of action ever lives4 ,toward the close of ,january1 #ahaj1 the conclusion of a matrimonial alliance to take place between ,napoleon and the ,archduchess ,marie-,louise was made public in ,paris4 ,the ceremony was to be performed by proxy at ,vienna in the early part of ,march2 the ,archduke ,charles being chosen to represent ,napoleon on this occasion1 and ,berthier was the ambassador extraordinary named to ask formally the hand of the princess4 ,the subsequent ftes at ,paris were to vie in splendor with those given at ,vienna4 ,napoleon wished to surround himself with all the members of the ,sacred ,college2 a large number had already been summoned to ,paris soon after the ,pope's captivity2 they had been ordered to partake in the festivities of the capital1 and we regret to say that they complied4 ,rome1 it must not be forgotten1 was now called a ,french provincial town2 ,napoleon was progressing on to become the emperor of the ,west1 with the ,pope1 the spiritual father of ,christendom1 as his satellite4 ,the other cardinals in ,rome were called to ,paris4 ,some found pretexts for delaying obedience2 ,cardinals ,consalvi and di ,pietro replied that they could not think of leaving without the ,pope's permission1 but would immediately refer to him1 at the same time declining the pension offered in ,paris4 ,after the lapse of a few days an express order enjoined them to quit ,rome within twenty-four hours4 ,they alleged that no answer had yet arrived from the ,pope4 ,but at the expiration of the period fixed1 ,french soldiers visited their houses to carry them off by force4 ,yielding to violence they departed1 and reached ,paris together on the #bjth ,january1 #ahaj4 ,twenty-nine cardinals1 including ,fesch1 were then assembled in the ,french capital4 ,how they should act with regard to the new marriage became soon a subject of grave consultation for them4 ,consalvi and di ,pietro had not long arrived when it was publicly announced4 ,napoleon seemed disposed to treat them with courtesy4 ,consalvi had his audience six days after his arrival4 ,five other cardinals1 new comers also1 were presented at the same time4 ,they were ranged together on one side1 while the other cardinals remained opposite4 ,further on were the nobles1 ministers1 kings4 #af queens1 princes1 and princesses4 ,when the emperor appeared1 ,cardinal ,fesch stepped forward and began presenting the five4 ,cardinal ,pignatelli1 said he4 ,neapolitan1 replied the emperor1 and passed on4 ,cardinal di ,pietro1 continued ,fesch4 ,the emperor stopped a moment1 and said1 ,you have grown fat2 ,i remember having seen you here with the ,pope at my coronation4 ,cardinal ,saluzzo1 said ,fesch1 presenting the third4 ,neapolitan1 replied the emperor1 and walked on4 ,cardinal ,desping1 said ,fesch1 as the fourth saluted4 ,spanish1 replied the emperor4 ,from ,majorca1 cried ,desping1 in alarm4 ,but ,napoleon had already reached ,consalvi1 and ere ,cardinal ,fesch could say the name1 he exclaimed1 in the kindest tone1 and standing still1 ,oh1 ,cardinal ,consalvi2 how thin you have become6 ,i should hardly have recognized you4 ,sire1 replied ,consalvi1 years accumulate4 ,ten have passed since ,i had the honor of saluting your majesty4 ,that is true1 resumed ,napoleon2 it is now almost ten years since you came for the concordat4 ,we made that treaty in this very hall2 but what purpose has it served8 ,all has vanished in smoke4 ,rome would lose all4 ,it must be owned1 ,i was wrong to displace you from the ministry4 ,if you had continued in that post1 things would not have been carried so far4 ,listening only to the fear of having his actions misconstrued by the public1 ,consalvi instantly replied with energy1 ,sire1 if ,i had remained in that post1 ,i should have done my duty4 ,napoleon looked at him fixedly1 made no answer1 and then going backward and forward through the half-circle formed by the cardinals1 began a long monologue1 enumerating a number of grievances against the ,pope and against ,rome for not having adhered to his will by refusing to adopt the system offered4 ,at length1 being near ,consalvi1 he stopped1 and said a second time1 ,no1 if you had remained at your post1 things would not have gone so far4 ,again ,consalvi replied1 ,your majesty may believe that ,i should have done my duty4 ,napoleon gave the cardinal another fixed glance1 and then without reply recommenced his walks1 continuing his former discourse4 ,at last he stopped near ,cardinal di ,pietro1 and said for the third time1 ,if ,cardinal ,consalvi had remained secretary of state1 things would not have gone so far4 ,consalvi was at the other end of the little group of five1 and need not have answered2 but earnest to exonerate himself from all suspicion1 he advanced toward ,napoleon1 and seizing his arm1 exclaimed1 ,sire1 ,i have already assured your majesty that had ,i remained in that post1 ,i should certainly have done my duty4 ,the emperor no longer containing himself1 and with eyes steadily bent on ,consalvi1 burst forth into these words1 ,oh6 ,i repeat it1 your duty would not have allowed you to sacrifice spiritual to temporal things4 ,after this he turned his back on ,consalvi1 and going over to the cardinals opposite1 asked if they had heard his words4 ,then returning to the five1 he observed that the ,college of ,cardinals was now nearly complete in ,paris1 and that they would do well to see among themselves if there was anything to propose or regulate concerning ,church affairs4 ,let ,cardinal ,consalvi be of the committee1 added ,napoleon2 for if1 as ,i suppose1 he is ignorant of theology1 he knows well the science of politics4 ,at a second and third audience1 ,napoleon showed similar kindness to ,consalvi1 always asking after his health1 and remarking that he was getting fatter now4 ,the cardinal only answered by deep salutations4 ,principally through ,consalvi's influence1 the cardinals1 in a collective letter addressed to the emperor1 declined acting in any way while separated from their head1 the ,pope4 ,napoleon had angrily torn their letter to pieces2 but even this opposition to his will had not changed his courtesy #ag toward ,consalvi1 as seen above4 ,he was bent on creating a schism between them and the ,pope4 ,fesch1 his ready instrument1 proposed several steps as beneficial to religion1 but the majority of cardinals refused to do anything4 ,unlike many of his colleagues1 ,consalvi held aloof from all society4 ,beside the prohibition of the ,pope1 who at ,rome had forbidden the members of the ,sacred ,college to assist at festivities while the ,church was in mourning1 he considered it unworthy conduct for them to take part in amusements while their head remained in captivity1 or to seem to court one who had brought such calamities on the ,holy ,see4 ,while invited to discuss ecclesiastical matters in committee for presentation to the emperor1 the cardinals were not by any means requested to give an opinion on the new marriage4 ,but it became very necessary that they should have one as the time approached for the arrival of ,marie-,louise1 and for the celebration of the marriage ceremonies in ,paris4 ,she reached ,compigne on the #bgth of ,march4 ,napoleon1 to spare her the embarrassment of a public meeting1 had surprised her on the road1 and they entered the little town together4 ,a few days after they proceeded to ,st4 ,cloud4 ,four ceremonies were to take place4 ,first there was to be a grand presentation on the #cast of ,march1 at ,st4 ,cloud1 of all the bodies in the state1 the nobles and other dignitaries4 ,the next morning the civil marriage was to be celebrated also at ,st ,cloud4 ,the #b;d of ,april was fixed for the grand entrance of the sovereigns into ,paris1 and for the solemnity of the religious marriage in the chapel of the ,tuileries2 the following morning another presentation of the state bodies and the court was to take place before the emperor and the new empress seated on their thrones4 ,twenty-seven cardinals had taken counsel together2 for ,fesch1 as grand-almoner to the emperor1 was out of the question1 and ,caprara was dying4 ,they had decided1 after deliberate research1 that matrimonial cases between sovereigns belong exclusively to the cognizance of the ,holy ,see1 which either itself pronounces sentence at ,rome1 or else through the medium of the legates names local judges for instituting the affair4 ,according to ,consalvi's account1 the diocesan officialty of ,paris on this occasion refused at first to intervene1 on the ground of incompetency2 but the emperor caused competency to be declared by a committee of bishops assembled at ,paris1 and presided over by ,cardinal ,fesch4 ,the words1 however1 declared competent1 were not eventually inserted in the documents drawn up of the meeting2 it was pretended instead that access could not be had to the ,pope4 ,but this pretended impossibility could of course arise only from the will of ,napoleon4 ,consalvi assures us that the preamble used by the committee in the first instance ran thus3 ,the officialty1 being declared competent1 and without derogating from the right of the sovereign pontiff1 to whom access is for the moment forbidden1 proclaims null and void the marriage contracted with the ,empress ,josephine1 the reasons for such decision being stated in the sentence4 ,but when it was remarked how prejudicial this avowal would be1 the government made it disappear from among the acts of the ecclesiastical curia4 ,for it had been previously arranged that all papers relative to this affair should be submitted to government4 ,according to general report in ,paris1 some of the papers were burnt1 and others changed4 ,a person belonging to the officialty succeeded1 however1 in secretly saving a part1 and especially the beginning of the sentence1 which was as given above4 ,consalvi does not so much as name the validity or invalidity of the marriage2 the point to establish for him was that the right of cognizance #ah belonged solely to the ,holy ,see4 ,the incident he mentions of the papers destroyed has no other importance than as showing how conscience at first pronounced and how a strong hand silenced its expression4 ,thirteen cardinals resolved to brave any consequences rather than consent to a dereliction of duty2 for their oath1 when raised to the purple1 binds them to maintain at all hazards the rights of the ,church4 ,the names of these thirteen were3 ,cardinals ,mattei1 ,pignatelli1 della ,somaglia1 di ,pietro1 ,litta1 ,saluzzo1 ,ruffo ,scilla1 ,brancadoro1 ,galeffi1 ,scotti1 ,gabrielli1 ,opizzoni1 and ,consalvi4 ,the other fourteen held different shades of opinion1 and only agreed in deciding not to oppose the emperor4 ,the sole means by which the thirteen could protest1 under the circumstances1 was not to sanction the new marriage by appearing at the ceremonies4 ,this resolve was accordingly taken1 and the fourteen were apprised4 ,mattei1 the oldest cardinal among the thirteen1 called upon most of the fourteen to acquaint them with the resolution2 other members of the thirteen likewise spoke of it to their colleagues2 but no result was produced on the minds of the fourteen4 ,to the shame of the latter it must be said that they afterward untruly declared themselves ignorant of the line of conduct which the thirteen had intended to adopt4 ,consalvi positively asserts that such was not the case4 ,the thirteen spoke with the caution commanded by prudence on so delicate a matter1 not seeking ostensibly to prevent the others from following their own opinions1 and anxious to avoid giving any pretext for the accusation of exciting a feeling against the government4 ,but this reserve did not prevent them from clearly expressing their intention to uphold the rights of the ,pope and of the ,holy ,see by abstaining from all participation in the marriage ceremonies4 ,though called upon by duty to act in the way mentioned1 the thirteen cardinals naturally wished to avoid1 as much as possible1 wounding ,napoleon4 ,with this view ,mattei was deputed to seek an interview with ,fesch1 for the purpose of informing him what course they felt obliged to pursue4 ,at the same time ,mattei gave him to understand that all publicity might be avoided1 or any bad effect on the public obviated1 by addressing partial1 instead of general1 invitations to the cardinals4 ,this was to be done with regard to the senate and the legislative body1 and1 indeed1 the smallness of the enceinte offered a plausible pretext2 for it was impossible that all entitled to appear on the occasion could be present4 ,cardinal ,fesch evinced great surprise and anger1 endeavoring to reason ,mattei out of this view2 but finding it was of no use1 he promised to speak to the emperor1 who was then at ,compigne4 ,according to ,fesch's account1 ,napoleon flew into a violent passion on learning the decision come to by the thirteen2 but he declared that they would never dare to carry out their plot1 and utterly rejected the idea of not inviting all the members of the ,sacred ,college4 ,at the proper time a special invitation reached each cardinal4 ,there was no possibility of escape4 ,to feign illness or invent a pretext they rightly deemed would be unworthy4 ,nevertheless1 anxious as they were to avoid offence1 when they came to consider more closely the nature of the different ceremonies1 it was considered by some that they might1 without failing in duty1 assist at the two presentations that were to take place before and after the marriages4 ,consalvi was among those opposed to this view on grounds of honor at least2 but1 not to provoke any further schism in their ranks1 the minority yielded1 and this mode of proceeding was decided on4 ,both marriages were to be eschewed2 but they would assist at both presentations4 ,the cardinals hoped thus to prove that they did all #ai they possibly could to please ,napoleon consistently with their sense of duty4 ,it was also considered highly desirable to shield the fourteen from remark as much as could be1 for it was a grievous matter to right-minded men to see the honor and dignity of the ,sacred ,college thus abased4 ,accordingly1 on the evening fixed1 all the cardinals went to ,st ,cloud4 ,together with the other dignitaries1 they were in the grand gallery waiting the arrival of ,napoleon and his new empress1 when ,fouch1 the minister of police1 came up4 ,consalvi had been very intimate with him1 but having paid scarcely any visits since his return to ,paris1 from the motives stated above1 they had not hitherto met4 ,fouch drew him aside1 and asked with much cordiality and interest if it were true that several cardinals refused to be present at the emperor's marriage4 ,consalvi was silent at first1 not wishing to name any one in particular4 ,but when ,fouch insisted1 saying that1 as minister of police1 he knew of course all about it1 and only asked through politeness1 ,consalvi replied that he belonged to the number4 ,oh1 what do you say8 exclaimed ,fouch4 ,the emperor was speaking of it this morning1 and in his anger named you2 but ,i affirmed that it was not likely you should be of the set4 ,fouch then pointed out the dangerous consequences of such a proceeding1 saying that the non-intervention of the cardinals would seem to blame the state1 the emperor1 and even to attack the legitimacy of the future succession of the throne4 ,he tried to persuade ,consalvi to be present himself at leasts or if the whole thirteen would not come to the civil marriage1 to attend1 however1 the religious ceremony4 ,consalvi could not of course consent2 but he told the efforts they had made to avoid invitations for all1 and promised1 at ,fouch's request1 to repeat this conversation to the twelve4 ,their discourse was interrupted by the appearance of the emperor and empress4 ,napoleon came in holding ,marie-,louise by the hand1 and he pointed out each person to her by name as he drew near4 ,on approaching the members of the ,sacred ,college1 he exclaimed1 ,ah1 the cardinals6 and presented them1 one after the other1 with great courtesy1 naming each1 and mentioning some qualification4 ,thus ,consalvi was designated as he who arranged the concordat4 ,it was said afterward that ,napoleon's kindliness had been intended to win them over4 ,they all bowed in return1 without speaking4 ,when this ceremony was over1 the thirteen returned to ,paris and met at the house of ,cardinal ,mattei4 ,consalvi then related his conversation with ,fouch2 they saw clearly what there might be to apprehend1 but none wavered in the resolution taken4 ,the following day1 the civil marriage was celebrated at ,st ,cloud4 ,the thirteen cardinals abstained from appearing4 ,of the fourteen1 eleven were present3 one was ill1 and two1 seized with tardy misgiving1 said they were4 ,monday1 the #b;d of ,april1 had been fixed for the triumphal entrance of the sovereigns into ,paris1 and for the religious marriage in the chapel of the ,tuileries4 ,a successful representation of the arch of triumph was made2 afterward reproduced in the one at the top of the ,champs ,elyses4 ,napoleon passed under it1 with ,marie-,louise at his side1 in a carriage that afforded a fair view of both to the spectators4 ,arrived at the gate of the ,tuileries1 on the ,place de la ,concorde1 they alighted1 and he led her through the gardens till they arrived at the chapel of the palace1 prepared for the nuptial ceremony4 ,it was crowded densely1 and many more persons longed to enter1 but there were thirteen vacant seats6 ,it had been hoped that ,fouch's words would produce some effect1 and #bj that the thirteen cardinals might1 at least1 be induced to attend the religions marriage4 ,their seats had been left up to the last moment2 but as ,napoleon drew near1 they were hastily removed4 ,his eye1 however1 fell immediately on the group of cardinals1 always conspicuous from their red costume1 and as he marked the smallness of their number1 anger flashed from his countenance4 ,indeed1 only twelve cardinals1 including ,fesch1 were present ,one was really too ill to go1 and two others1 as before1 pretended sickness4 ,but1 as they wrote to this effect1 they were considered as absent from accident4 ,and they encouraged this version4 ,during both these days and nights1 the thirteen remained at home1 carefully abstaining1 as became their position1 from all semblance of participation in any rejoicings4 ,on the morrow was to take place the final ceremony of presentation to both sovereigns seated on their thrones4 ,all the cardinals went1 and1 according to injunction1 in full costume4 ,two hours passed waiting for the doors of the throne-room to be opened4 ,then the stream began to move toward the spot in the middle of the grand gallery that connects the ,tuileries with the ,louvre1 where ,napoleon and ,marie-,louise were seated on their respective thrones1 surrounded by the members of the imperial family and officers of state4 ,the crowd entered slowly1 one by one1 according to the rule of precedence prescribed1 and each individual1 stopping before the throne1 made a profound obeisance1 passing out afterward by the door of the saloon beyond4 ,in conformity with ,french etiquette at that time1 the senators were first introduced2 and ,fesch had the littleness to go in with them1 rather than with the ,sacred ,college4 ,after these followed the councillors of state and the legislative body1 and then came the turn of the cardinals4 ,but at this moment1 ,napoleon1 with imperious gesture1 beckoned an officer toward him1 and gave a hasty order to have all the cardinals who had not been present at the marriage immediately expelled from the ante-chamber1 as he should not condescend to receive them4 ,the messenger was precipitately quitting the hall1 when ,napoleon1 with rapid change of thought1 called him back1 and ordered that only ,cardinals ,opizzoni and ,consalvi should be turned out ,but the officer1 confused1 did not clearly seize this second order1 and imagining that the two cardinals named were to be more particularly designated1 acted accordingly4 ,the scene that followed may be conceived4 ,it rises up vividly4 ,the order for expulsion was as publicly intimated as it had been publicly given2 and scores of eager eyes turned on the thirteen culprits so ignominiously dismissed4 ,the report of what was coming got whispered from hall to hall1 and flew on to the numerous groups that thronged even the vestibule and staircase2 if the buzz ceased as the cardinals drew near1 it followed swiftly on their receding steps1 while they traversed each apartment4 ,friends began to tremble for their personal safety3 the bloody tragedy of ,vincennes rose up in remembrance to many an anxious heart4 ,their equipages had disappeared in the confusion of the day4 ,the ,parisian crowd were astounded that morning to mark thirteen rich scarlet dresses wending about in search of conveyances or homes4 ,within the palace1 meanwhile1 precedence1 contrary to custom1 had been given the ministers2 but after them the other cardinals were at length introduced4 ,as each1 in turn1 drew near the thrones1 and1 not feeling very pleasantly we may believe1 made his respectful salutation4 ,napoleon was giving way to a rapid flow of violent language4 ,sometimes he addressed the empress1 or sometimes those standing near4 ,the ,sacred ,college1 as a body1 came in for its share of abuse2 but two cardinals were special objects #ba of reproachful epithets4 ,he might spare the others1 said ,napoleon1 as obstinate theologians full of prejudice2 but ,cardinals ,consalvi and ,opizzoni he never could forgive4 ,opizzoni was ungrateful1 owing1 as he did1 to him 7,napoleon7 the archbishopric of ,bologna1 and the cardinal's hat2 but ,consalvi was the most guilty of all4 ,consalvi1 cried the emperor1 warming as he went on1 does not act from theological prejudice3 he is incapable of that2 but he hates me for having caused his fall from the ministry4 ,and this is now his revenge4 ,he is a deep politician1 and he seeks now to lay a subtle snare1 whereby hereafter to attack the legitimacy of a future heir to the throne4 ,marie-,louise1 accustomed to the stalely etiquette of ,austria1 must have been rather surprised at this outburst4 ,perhaps her own destiny1 as bride of that crowned soldier of fortune1 did not then look quite so brilliant to her4 ,it is easy to fancy courtiers around with their varied shades of amaze1 horror1 and fear at such delinquency1 and its consequences1 painted on their faces4 ,consalvi tells us in his memoir on the marriage1 and also in that of his private life1 that the fury of ,napoleon on the day of the religious ceremony had been so intense1 that on coming out from chapel he actually ordered three cardinals to be shot1 afterward confining the sentence to ,consalvi alone4 ,and the cardinal each time says that he probably owed his life to the intervention of ,fouch4 ,but in a note which ,m4 ,crtineau-,joly mentions as detached from the memoirs1 ,consalvi writes thus of ,napoleon3 ,in his fits of anger1--often more feigned than real1 especially at first1--he would threaten to have persons shot1 as he frequently did with regard to myself2 but ,i am persuaded that he never would have signed the order for execution4 ,more than once ,i have heard his devoted followers and intimate confidants relate that the murder of the ,duke d',enghien had been a surprise rather than a deliberate act of will4 ,i should not be astonished at the truth of this1 for it was a useless crime1 leaving only shame and remorse1 which ,bonaparte might easily have spared himself4 ,the contradiction in these passages is remarkable4 ,m4 ,crtineau-,joly does not give the date of the note1 so we are reduced to conjecture4 ,it seems likely to have been written at a later period1 when the downfall of ,napoleon would naturally call forth from ,consalvi the deepest charity and most lenient interpretations4 ,the two memoirs1 it will be remembered1 were penned during the cardinal's captivity at ,rheims4 ,the day after their expulsion1 those among the cardinals who were bishops had orders to resign their sees immediately1 under pain of imprisonment4 ,they signed the deed as required1 but with the proviso of the ,pope's consent4 ,at eight o'clock on the same evening each one received a short note from the minister of public worship1 enjoining him to wait on that functionary in an hour's time1 for the purpose of hearing the emperors' orders4 ,the whole thirteen met in the minister's ante-chamber1 and were introduced together to his cabinet4 ,fouch was with him1 and from a kindly intention1 says ,consalvi4 ,both seemed grieved at the business they had to transact4 ,as soon as ,fouch perceived ,consalvi1 he exclaimed1 ,ah1 cardinal1 ,i warned you the consequences would be terrible4 ,what pains me most is that you should be of the number4 ,consalvi thanked him for his sympathy1 but said he was prepared for all that might follow4 ,the thirteen were then made to sit down in a circle1 and the minister of public worship began a long discourse1 which could not much have benefitted the culprits1 as only three understood ,french4 ,the substance of it was that they had committed a #bb state crime1 and were guilty of treason1 having conspired against the emperor4 ,the proof of this lay in the secrecy they had observed toward him 7the minister7 and toward the other cardinals4 ,they ought to have spoken to him as their superior1 and he would have enlightened them with regard to their erroneous idea of the privative right belonging to the ,pope in matrimonial cases between sovereigns4 ,their crime1 he said1 might have the most serious consequences on the public tranquillity1 unless the emperor succeeded in obviating them1 for their mode of acting had tended to nothing less than to cast doubts on the legitimacy of the succession to the throne4 ,he concluded by declaring that the emperor1 judging the cardinals to be rebels guilty of conspiracy1 had ordered them to be informed3 #a4 ,that they were from that moment deprived of all their property1 ecclesiastical and patrimonial1 for the sequestration of which measures had been already taken4 #b4 ,that his majesty no longer considered them as cardinals1 and forbade them henceforth to wear any ensigns of that dignity4 #c4 ,that his majesty reserved to himself the right of afterward deciding with regard to their persons4 ,and the minister gave them to understand that a criminal action would be brought against some4 ,even going back as fully as we can to the ideas of the times1 there is something equally startling and absurd in the notion of a lay minister of state undertaking to enlighten princes of the church on matters of canon law1 coolly naming himself as their superior1 and treating them to a long homily on their duties and misdemeanors4 ,the same pretensions are doubtless reproduced in all revolutionary times2 but still the absurdity strikes us forcibly as we read this account4 ,consalvi replied that they were erroneously accused of conspiracy and rebellion--crimes unworthy of the purple1 and also of their individual characters4 ,no secret1 he said1 had been made of their opinion to the other cardinals1 though it had been expressed without seeking to gain proselytes4 ,if they had not communicated with the minister1 they had nevertheless spoken quite openly to ,cardinal ,fesch1 their own colleague and the emperor's uncle1 begging him to lay their determination1 founded solely on motives of conscience1 before ,napoleon4 ,consalvi also explained how they endeavored to avoid all the blame now laid to their charge by requesting partial invitations1 which request1 if complied with1 would have prevented their views from being made public4 ,the other two cardinals who could speak ,french likewise expressed themselves in similar terms4 ,both ministers appeared convinced1 and1 regretting the emperor had not himself heard their defence1 suggested that they should write it out for his perusal4 ,no difficulty was made in complying with this proposal4 ,the ministers then said that the cardinals must not1 however1 bring forward the real motive of their absence1 namely1 the ,pope's right1 as that was just what irritated ,napoleon2 but lay the cause to sickness1 or some excuse of that kind4 ,the cardinals declined taking this course1 as incompatible with their duty4 ,here we must remark that the whole scene appears to us got up to make them yield at last2 but ,consalvi1 ever charitable1 says not a word to that effect4 ,one of the ministers then tried to make out a draft of a letter for the emperor that should be satisfactory to both parties2 and one of the cardinals had the imprudence to copy these rough sketches1 for the purpose of comparing them and seeing afterward what could be done4 ,the minister insisted much on having the paper then and there drawn up1 as ,napoleon was going to travel1 and would leave ,paris immediately4 ,but ,consalvi1 pleading his colleagues' ignorance of the ,french language1 #bc succeeded at length in obtaining consent for them to retire together and deliberate among themselves4 ,it was eleven o'clock when they withdrew2 and some of the cardinals had the further imprudence to assure the ministers that the expressions used by the latter had been faithfully copied4 ,as soon as ,consalvi was alone with his colleagues and could speak freely1 he showed them the full meaning of the ,french terms suggested1 and the impropriety1 to say the least1 of using them4 ,all agreed to hold staunchly to their duty4 ,but now appeared the further difficulty1 created by having copied the ministers' words1 which it would thus be impossible to seem to forget4 ,fouch was to see ,napoleon soon after leaving them1 and would doubtless hasten to assure him that the cardinals were writing a letter conformable to his wishes4 ,thus ,napoleon1 prepared for submission1 would give way to tenfold anger on finding the reverse4 ,the letter was dictated by conscience alone1 but its expressions were as much as possible tempered by prudence4 ,every word was carefully weighed2 and five hours passed in drawing it up4 ,by its tenor1 they sought to exculpate themselves from all suspicion of revolt and treason1 saying that the real cause of their absence was because the ,pope was excluded from the matter2 that they had not pretended thereby to institute themselves judges1 or cast any doubts among the public either on the validly of the first marriage1 or the legitimacy of the children that might follow the second4 ,in conclusion1 they assured ,napoleon of their submission and obedience1 without making any request for the restoration of their property or their purple4 ,the thirteen signed by order of seniority in the cardinalate4 ,cardinal ,litta immediately conveyed this document to the minister of public worship1 who pronounced himself tolerably satisfied4 ,but ,napoleon quitted ,paris the next day sooner than had been anticipated1 and without giving the audience to the minister which had been agreed on4 ,consequently the latter could not give the letter then1 and he informed the cardinals that they must therefore conform to the orders already received4 ,accordingly they laid aside the ensigns of their dignity1 and hence arose the designation of black and red cardinals4 ,their property was immediately confiscated1 and their revenues1 contrary to custom1 were thrown into the public treasury4 ,after a short excursion in the ,netherlands1 ,napoleon returned to ,paris4 ,meanwhile the cardinals had put down their carriages1 and hired more modest abodes1 better suited to their fallen fortunes4 ,contradictory rumors were afloat abroad as to their fate4 ,two months and a half passed ere any change took place4 ,but on the #ajth of ,june each cardinal received a note from the minister of public worship1 appointing a time for him to call2 two cardinals being designated for each successive hour4 ,cardinals ,consalvi and ,brancadoro were those summoned for the first hour4 ,when they reached his cabinet1 the minister informed them that they were to set out for ,rheims in twenty-four hours1 and to remain there until further orders should be given4 ,passports were in readiness4 ,all the other cardinals successively received a similar sentence2 the only difference lay in the place of abode4 ,they were exiled by twos1 and care was taken to separate those supposed to be intimate4 ,the minister offered to each cardinal fifty louis for the expenses of his journey2 some accepted1 and others declined2 ,consalvi being among the latter4 ,soon after their arrival in the towns designated1 each cardinal had an intimation from the minister that a monthly pension of #bej;f4 would be duly paid4 ,consalvi refused to profit by this allowance1 and he thinks the others did the same4 ,on the #ajth of ,january1 #ahaa1 both he and his #bd companion received a note from the sub-prefect of ,rheims1 requesting them to call and give information on certain orders that had arrived from the supreme authority in ,paris4 ,the two cardinals went4 ,the sub-prefect then informed them that he was required to ask what sums they had received for their subsistence since their exile at ,rheims1 through what conveyance or persons1 from whom1 and to what amount ,consalvi was able to answer that he had not accepted a penny from any one4 ,but how then do you live1 since the government has seized all your property8 ,my banker at ,rome sends the necessary sums through his correspondent at ,paris4 ,under other circumstances ,i would have borrowed from my friends4 ,this measure of the government was caused by irritation on learning that charitable persons had united to make up a general fund every month for the support of the cardinals1 and it was wished to put a stop to the proceeding4 ,consalvi concludes the memoirs of his private life about this time1 expressing a fear that the business mentioned above will not end with the interrogatory1 but may bring about disastrous consequences4 ,he also says1 ,we live in exile2 foregoing all society1 as becomes our situation and that of the ,holy ,see and the sovereign pontiff our head4 ,the red cardinals1 ,i am told1 remain in ,paris1 and go much in the world1 but are not esteemed for their late conduct4 ,it is curious to contract with the preceding account the manner in which ,m4 ,thiers disposes of this same episode4 ,on the day of the emperor's marriage1 says that historian1 thirteen out of twenty-eight cardinals failed to be present at the ceremony4 ,the motive1 which they dared not assign1 but which it was desired to make the public understand1 was that1 without the ,pope1 ,napoleon could not divorce1 and thence1 the first marriage still subsisting1 the second was irregular4 ,this motive was unfounded1 since no divorce had taken place 7for in effect divorce being forbidden by the ,church could only have been pronounced by the ,pope71 but simply annulment of the marriage with ,josephine1 pronounced by the ordinary after all the degrees of ecclesiastical jurisdiction had been exhausted4 ,footnote #a ,footnote #a3 ,m4 ,thiers here falls into a grave error3 divorce being contrary to the law of ,god1 no ,pope can pronounce one4 ,the question was whether ,josephine were lawfully married or not4 ,in reality1 however1 this conduct of the thirteen cardinals1 acting in conformity with their head1 ,pope ,pius ,,vii41 though cut off from all communication with him1 was the protest of the ,church against temporal despotism in things spiritual4 ,the ,church was in chains1 but ,god had left her a living voice to proclaim her rights4 ,consalvi never for one instant quits his ground--the ,church's right of judgment--to give a shadow of personal opinion on the matter in question4 ,it is a fine spectacle also to see him with his few colleagues1 deserted by so many of their own body1 quietly discussing what degree of excommunication ,napoleon had incurred1 whether all contact was forbidden1 while they inhabited his very capital1 and knew well the stem nature of that inexorable will4 ,the black cardinals continued to inhabit their different places of exile until ,napoleon1 working on the weakness and the affections of the aged pontiff1 drew from him that semblance of a second concordat dated the #beth of ,january1 #ahac4 ,then1 restored to liberty1 they hastened to the feet of ,pius ,,vii42 and found him overwhelmed with grief at the concessions he had made1 at what he called his guilt4 ,truly he had but yielded in his feebleness to the unceasing persuasions of the red cardinals1 backed by ,napoleon's promises in favor of the ,church1 and to the charm exercised by that mighty genius when he stooped to court affection4 ,the proviso made that the new concordat1 to become binding1 should first be submitted to the ,sacred ,college assembled1 #be happily afforded the opportunity of annulling it4 ,that was fully and worthily done by the papal letter addressed to the emperor on the #bdth of ,march following4 ,when the course of events in ,europe brought about such a change in his own position1 ,napoleon1 still powerful notwithstanding1 began to wish for a reconciliation with the ,holy ,see4 ,on the #bc;d of ,january1 #ahaf1 ,pius ,,vii4 was allowed to set out for ,rome1 restored to his paternal sovereignty4 ,strangely1 however1 ,consalvi was not permitted to accompany him4 ,he received instead a note from the minister of public worship1 informing him that orders would shortly be transmitted concerning himself1 the execution of which admitted neither appeal nor yet delay4 ,and accordingly1 two days after the ,pope's departure1 a letter came from the ,duc de ,rovigo1 minister of police1 telling ,consalvi that he was condemned to another exile in the town of ,bziers1 and was to set out immediately for that destination in the strictest incognito1 and escorted during the whole journey by an officer of gendarmerie4 ,nothing more is said of this incident4 ,consalvi does not carry his memoirs beyond #ahab4 ,two notes found among his correspondence1 and signed by the functionaries above named1 reveal the orders for this second exile4 ,napoleon abdicated on the #dth of ,april1 #ahaf4 ,on the #aith of ,may1 in the same year1 ,pius ,,vii4 officially recalled ,consalvi to his office of secretary of state4 ,thus did ,providence terminate the struggle between the spiritual and temporal powers2 thus closed for ,consalvi the exile consequent on his opposition to the imperial marriage4 ,on the very day that restored ,consalvi to his councils1 ,pius ,,vii4 learned that all the nations of ,europe refused to receive within their territories the proscribed family of ,napoleon4 ,rome opened her gates4 ,madame ,mre1 as she was called1 the mother of ,napoleon1 wrote thus to ,consalvi1 #bgth ,may1 #ahah3 ,i wish and ,i ought to thank your eminence for all you have done in our favor since the burden of exile has fallen on my children and myself4 ,my brother1 ,cardinal ,fesch1 did not leave me ignorant of the generous way in which you received the request of mom grand et malheureux proscrit de ,st4 ,hlne4 ,he said that on learning the emperor's prayer1 so just and so ,christian1 you had hastened to interpose with the ,english government1 and to seek out priests both worthy and able4 ,i am truly the mother of sorrows2 and the only consolation left me is to know that the ,holy ,father forgets the past1 and remembers solely his affection for us1 which he testifies to all the members of my family4 ,my sons1 ,lucian and ,louis1 who are proud of your unchanging friendship toward them1 have been much touched likewise by all that the ,pope and your eminence have done1 unknown to us1 to preserve our tranquillity when menaced by the different powers of ,europe4 ,we find support and an asylum in the pontifical states only2 and our gratitude is as great as the benefit4 ,i beg your eminence to place the expression of it at the feet of the holy pontiff1 ,pius ,,vii4 ,i speak in the name of all my proscribed family and especially in the name of him now dying by inches on a desert rock4 ,his holiness and your eminence are the only persons in ,europe who endeavor to soften his misfortunes1 or who would abridge their duration4 ,i thank you both with a mother's heart1--and remain always1 eminence1 yours very devotedly and most gratefully1 ,madame4 ,another letter1 from the ex-king of ,holland1 father of the present emperor of the ,french1 addressed to ,cardinal ,consalvi1 still further demonstrates the charity shown by ,rome1 and suggests many reflections4 ,with these extracts from ,consalvi's #bf correspondence as a sequel1 we shall close our episode of the imperial marriage2 the circumstances they recall form a not uninstructive commentary on an event that seemed to place ,napoleon at such a high point of worldly greatness4 ,eminence1--,following the advice of the ,holy ,father and of your eminence1 ,i have seen ,mgr4 ,bernetti1 who is specially charged with the affair in question2 and he1 with his usual frankness1 explained the nature of the complaints made by foreign powers against the family of the ,emperor ,napoleon4 ,the great powers1 and principally ,england1 reproach us with always conspiring4 ,they accuse us of being mixed up1 implicitly or explicitly1 with all the plots in existence2 they even pretend that we abuse the hospitality granted us by the ,pope to foment divisions in the pontifical states1 and stir up hatred against the august person of the sovereign4 ,i was fortunately able to furnish ,mgr4 ,bernetti with proofs to the contrary2 and he will himself tell you the effect produced on his mind by my words4 ,if the emperor's family1 owing so much to ,pope ,pius ,,xii4 and to your eminence1 had conceived the detestable design of disturbing ,europe1 and if it had the means of so doing1 the gratitude that we all feel toward the ,holy ,see would evidently arrest us on such a course4 ,my mother1 brothers1 sisters1 and uncle owe too much respectful gratitude to the sovereign pontiff and to your eminence to draw down new disasters on this city1 where1 while proscribed by the whole of ,europe1 we have been received and sheltered with a paternal goodness rendered yet more touching by past injustice4 ,we are not conspiring against any one1 and still less against ,god's representative on earth4 ,we enjoy in ,rome all the rights of citizens2 and when my mother learned in what a ,christian manner the ,pope and your eminence were avenging the captivity of ,fontainebleau and the exile of ,rheims1 she could only bless you in the name of her grand et malheureux mort1 shedding sweet tears for the first time since the disasters of #ahad4 ,to conspire against our august and sole benefactor would be an infamy that has no name4 ,the family of ,bonaparte will never merit such a reproach4 ,i convinced ,mgr4 ,bernetti of it1 and he will himself be our surety with your eminence4 ,deign then to listen to his words1 and to grant us the continuance of your favor1 together with the protection of the ,holy ,father4--,in this hope1 ,i am1 eminence1 your very respectful and most devoted servant and friend1 ,l4 ,,de ,,saint-,,leu4 ,rome1 #cjth ,sept4 #ahba4 ------ #bg ,from ,once ,a ,week4 ,,an ,,english ,,maiden',s ,,love4 ,i read this incident when a mere girl in a very stupid old novel founded upon it1 which ,i never could succeed in meeting with again4 ,the preface stated that in some church in ,england there yet remained the monument of the knight with his noble one-armed wife beside him4 ,i should be glad if any of your readers could tell me where this monument is to be seen1 and the real names 7which ,i have forgotten7 of the knight and lady4 ',twas in the grand heroic days1 ,when ,coeur de ,lion reigned and fought2 ,an ,english knight ta'en in those frays ,to ,sultan ,saladin was brought4 ,the sultan sat upon his throne1 ,his courtiers stood around2 ,and emir1 prince1 and padisha ,bent lowly to the ground4 ,they served him upon bended knee-- ,to hear is to obey2-- ,for the fierce and cruel ,moslem race ,an iron hand must sway4 ,the monarch gazed on each stem face2 ,ye ,moslem chiefs are brave2 ,but ,i know a braver man than ye1 ,bring forth the ,christian slave6 ,the slave was brought1 and at a sign ,the scimitar waved high1 ,but the ,english captive gazed unmoved1 ,with calm unshrinking eye4 ,then spoke the sultan3 ,hugh de ,vere1 ,i've need of men like thee1 ,and thou shalt be the first man here1 ,in this land1 after me4 ,thou shalt have gold1 and gems1 and land1 ,palaces shall be thine4 ,and thou shalt wed a queenly bride1 ,and be a son of mine4 ,only forsake thy fathers' faith1 ,mah'med and ,god adore1 ,and forget thy love and fatherland4 ,which thou shalt see no more4 ,then ,hugh de ,vere obeisance made2-- ,since ,i must make reply1 ,i will not change my love or faith1 ,far liever would ,i die4 #bh ,i have a ,god who died for me4 ,his soldier ,i am sworn4 ,shall ,i1 whose shoulder bears the cross1 ,upon the cross bring scorn8 ,i have a love1 a gentle girl4 ,whom ,i love as my wife2 ,i cannot bear a ,moslem name4 ,nor wed a ,moslem wife4 ,bethink thee now1 the sultan said2 ,how knowest thou that the maid ,is not now wed1 since thy return ,hath been so long delayed8 ,fickle and false is woman's heart1 ,it changes like the sky2 ,the showers that fall so fast to-night ,to-morrow' sun will dry4 ,nor--trust me--e'er was maiden yet ,constant as is the dove1 ,who dies of grief for her lost mate1 ,and knows no second love4 ,then at the monarch's feet bowed low ,the saintly frres who came ,to ransom slaves1 bound by their vow1 ,for ,jesu's holy name4 ,and at his footstool wealth untold ,with lavish hands they pour3 ,his bride sends thee her gems and gold2 ,sir ,hugh de ,vere restore6 ,the sultan spoke3 ,the other knights ,and men may go with thee4 ,but not for gold or jewels bright ,shall ,hugh de ,vere go free4 ,i love him with a brother's love1 ,his love ,i hope to win4 ,and in this land raise him above ,all men save ,saladin4 ,what is a woman's love to mine8 ,a hundred slaves ,i'll give1 ,let him his ,christian faith resign1 ,and in my shadow live4 ,his lady-love sends pearls and gold1 ,she'd give them for a shawl1 ,but she must give a dearer thing ,before ,i yield my thrall4 #bi ,i'll try how ,christian maidens love-- ,this answer to her bear1 ',thy faith and fealty to prove1 ,give what is far more dear4 ',this is the ransom ,i demand1 ,no meaner thing ,i'll take1 ,thy own right arm and lily hand ,cut off for thy love's sake4 ,return1 good frres1 ,sir ,hugh then said1 ,to my betrothed bride1 ,and speak of me henceforth as dead1 ,since here ,i must abide4 ,for rather would ,i die this day ,beneath the paynim swords1 ,than ye should bear ,agnes de ,bray ,the sultan's cruel words4 ,for well ,i know her faithful heart ,both arm and life would give ,to ransom mine2--and will not prove ,her death1 that ,i may live4 ,then mournfully the ransom sent ,the good frres took once more4 ,and with the captives they had freed ,sailed to the ,english shore4 ,and ,earl de ,bray's castell they sought1 ,and to fair ,agnes told1 ,how that her lover could not be ,ransomed for gems or gold4 ,and that the cruel sultan asked1-- ,nor meaner thing would take1-- ,her own right arm and lily hand1 ,cut off for her love's sake4 ,a shudder ran through all who heard1 ,her mother shrieked aloud1 ,her father1 crimsoning1 clutched his sword1 ,and death to ,moslems vowed4 ,her little sister to her ran1 ,and clasped her tightly round3 ,sure1 sister1 such a wicked man ,cannot on earth be found8 ,but ,agnes smoothed the child's long hair ,and kissed her1 then spoke low1 ,that cruel is the ransom asked4 ,my dear ones1 well ,i know4 #cj ,but did not ,god for ransom give ,his own beloved ,son8 ,and do not churls and nobles give ,their lives for king and throne8 ,has not my lord and father bled ,by ,coeur de ,lion's side8 ,and would he bid his daughter shirk ,duty--whate'er betide8 ,am ,i not ,hugh de ,vere's betrothed1 ,fast pledged to be his wife8 ,do not ,i owe him fealty1 ,even though it cost my life8 ,what is my life8 ,long days and years ,in vain repining spent1 ,and orisons to ,god to end ,my dear love's banishment4 ,and he has heard4 ,at last my prayers ,have reached up to ,god's throne ,god gives me back my long lost one1 ,nor leaves me sad and lone4 ,only1 he asks a sacrifice1 ,a proof my love is pure3 ,for such great gain1 a little pain4 ,and shall ,i not endure8 99 99 99 99 99 ,once more the ,sultan ,saladin ,sat in his royal court1 ,at his right hand stood ,hugh de ,vere ,grave-eyed and full of thought4 ,a herald came4 ,sultan1 our lord1 ,the ,christians' holy men ,who come to ransom captive slaves1 ,an audience crave again4 ,the friars came1 and1 bowing low1 ,they placed before the throne ,a silver casket richly chased3 ,and spoke in solemn tone4 ,monarch1 to whom women are slaves1 ,toys of an idle hour1 ,learn in a nobler faith than thine ,love's purity and power4 ,the cruel ransom thou didst ask ,for ,hugh de ,vere here take1 ,his love's right arm and lily hand ,cut off for her love's sake4 #ca ,then ,hugh de ,vere1 beside himself1 ,the casket seized1 and said1 ,o cruel monks1 why told ye her8 ,i bade ye call me dead4 ,o fair sweet arm6 ,o dear white hand6 ,cut off for my poor sake6 ,and to his breast prest it and sobbed1 ,as if his heart would break4 ,but ,saladin the casket oped1 ,and lo6 embalmed there lay ,the fair white arm and lily hand ,sent by ,agnes de ,bray4 ,and as he gazed his tears flowed down1 ,his nobles also wept ,oh ,i would ere ,i such words had said ,i'd with my fathers slept6 ,the lily hand full reverently ,and like a saint's he kissed4 ,o gentle hand6 what noble heart ,thee owned1 ,i never wist4 ,i never dreamed that woman lived ,who would1 to save her lord1 ,thus freely give her own right arm ,and hand unto the sword4 ,mah'med and ,god witness for me1 ,i loved ,sir ,hugh de ,vere6 ,and thought if ,i this ransom asked ,i should retain him here4 ,fair arm1 fair hand1 and true brave love6 ,my kingdom ,i'd resign-- ,richer than any king of earth ,in such a love as thine6 ,take1 ,hugh de ,vere1 thy freedom1 won ,so nobly by thy love2 ,take gems1 and silks1 and gold1--all vain ,saladin's grief to prove4 ,tell her ,i yield my selfish love3 ,well may she claim thy life6 ,she who was such a noble love ,will be a noble wife6 ,unloose the sails1 make no delay1 ,depart ere close the day4 ,while ,i among my precious things ,thy ransom stow away4 ,that1 'mid my treasure placed1 it may ,to future ages prove ,how holy ,christians' plighted troth1 ,how pure their maidens' love6 #cb ,from ,chamber's ,journal4 ,,bell ,,gossip4 ,there are some competent artistic observers who contend that bells were the origin1 the cause1 the ruling motive1 of one of the most important parts of a ,christian church--perhaps the most important1 in regard to external appearance4 ,the ,rev4 ,j4 ,h4 ,sperling1 in a paper read recently before the ,architectural ,institute1 dwells at considerable length on the influence of the turret1 campanile1 or bell-tower in determining the character of a church4 ,as a means of summoning the faithful to mass 7there were no ,protestant churches1 because no ,protestants1 in those days71 or to bid them pray wherever they might be1 a bell was needed with a sound that would reach to a distance2 and this could only be insured by placing it in a tower at some elevation4 ,the ,gothic architects made everything contribute to the design of their cathedrals and churches2 and this elevation of the bell was just the thing to call forth their ingenuity4 ,they made the bell-tower one of the chief features in their design4 ,it was often entirely detached from the building1 and was known generally as the campanile4 ,examples of this are observable at ,canterbury and ,chichester cathedrals1 at ,beccles1 at ,ledbury1 and at ,west ,walton in ,norfolk4 ,salisbury cathedral had originally a campanile2 but modern wiseacres1 who thought they knew better than the men of old1 removed it4 ,the central towers of cathedrals and churches were intended as lanterns to let in light1 not as turrets to contain bells2 this was a later innovation4 ,many towers have been altered from their original purpose to convert them into bell-towers1 but injuriously--as at ,winchester and ,ely4 ,mr4 ,sperling1 as a matter of usefulness as well as of style1 advocates the detached or semi-detached campanile2 and recommends architects to direct their attention more frequently to this matter4 ,another way in which church bells manifest1 if not a scientific or artistic1 at least a historical value1 is in their connection with the saints of the ,catholic ,church2 they are still existing records of a very old ecclesiastical custom4 ,the bell of a church was frequently1 if not generally1 named after the patron saint of that church2 and if there were more bells than one1 the lowest in tone was named after the patron saint1 and the others after saints to whom altars1 shrines1 or chapels within the edifice were dedicated4 ,probably1 in such case1 each bell was appropriated to the service of its own particular saint2 for the use of many bells in a peal is comparatively modern4 ,at ,durham cathedral1 and at the church of ,st ,bartholomew the ,great near ,smithfield1 are 7or were recently7 examples of a family of bells receiving names bearing special relation to the particular fabric for which they were intended4 ,archaeologists claim for church bells a certain value in regard to the inscriptions which they nearly always bear1 and which serve as so many guide-posts directing to facts belonging to past ages4 ,each great bell-founder 7and many of them belonged to monastic institutions7 had his own particular style of ornamentation1 and his own favorite inscription1 monogram1 or epigraph4 ,sometimes it was only his own name2 sometimes a name and a date2 sometimes a pious ejaculation4 ,the towns of ,norwich1 ,lynn1 ,colchester1 ,salisbury1 etc41 had all celebrated families of bell-founders1 in the days when the later ,gothic cathedrals and churches were built4 #cc ,the earliest known dated bell is at ,fribourg1 bearing the year #abeh1 and the inscription3 ,o ,rex ,gloriae1 veni cum pace2 me resonante pia populo succurre ,maria4 ,the oldest in ,england is supposed to be that at ,duncton in ,sussex1 dated #acai4 ,london can boast one a little over four centuries old1 at ,all ,hallows ,staining1 ,mark ,lane4 ,the inscriptions on the bells1 in the days when saints patronized them1 were mostly in ,latin1 in most cases including the entreaty1 ,ora pro nobis 7,pray for us74 ,sometimes the mottoes adverted to the many uses which church bells subserved1 such as3 ,laudo ,deum verum1 plebem voco1 congrego clerum1 ,defunctos ploro1 pestem fugo1 festa decoro4 ,even this did not exhaust the list2 for we meet with an enumeration of nearly twenty purposes answered by church bells--some of which we should be little disposed to recognize in these scientific days of ours4 ,the following is not an actual motto on a bell1 but an elegy on the subject3 ,en ego ,campana1 nunquam denuntio vana1 ,laudo ,deum verum1 plebem voco1 congrego clerum4 ,defunctos plango1 vivos voco1 fulmina frango1 ,vox mea1 vox vitae1 voco vos1 ad sacra venite4 ,sanctos collaudo1 tonitrua fugo1 funera claudo1 ,funera plango1 fulgura frango1 ,sabbatha pango1 ,excito lentos1 dissipo ventos1 paco cruentos4 ,occasionally1 some of the more peculiar of these uses were expressed in ,english3 ,sometimes joy1 sometimes sorrow4 ,marriage to-day1 and ,death to-morrow4 ,they generally lose their point when they lose their ,latinity4 ,the mottoes on old bells1 other than those which were dictated by the reverential feeling of the middle ages1 comprise instances of vanity1 ignorance1 and silliness1 such as would hardly be expected in these matters4 ,sometimes a kind of moral aphorism is attempted1 with more or less success4 ,mankind1 like us1 too oft are found ,possessed of nought but empty sound4 ,when backward rung1 ,i tell of fire2 ,think how the world shall thus expire4 ,when souls are from their body torn1 ',tis not to die1 but to be born4 ,one1 very short1 bids us to ,embrace trew musick4 ,a bell-founder named ,pleasant used to put all kinds of punning mottoes on his bells suggested by his name4 ,some record the financial virtues of the persons who supplied the money for casting the bell3 ,i'm given here to make a peal1 ,and sound the praise of ,mary ,neale4 ,all ye who hear my solemn sound4 ,thank ,lady ,hopton's hundred pound4 ,robert ,forman collected the money for casting this bell3 ,i'll surely do my part as well4 ,the name of the founder is sometimes supplanted by that of the churchwarden1 or they may appear in companionship4 ,john ,martin of ,worcester he made wee1 ,be it known to all that do wee see4 ,john ,draper made1 as plainly doth appeare4 ,this bell was broake and cast againe wich tyme churchwardens were1 ,edward ,dixon for the one who stode close to his tacklin4 ,and he that was his partner then was ,alexander ,tacklyn4 ,the rhymster was evidently driven to his wits' end by the name of ,tacklyn4 ,some had a touch of loyalty in them3 ,god save the ,church1 ,our ,queen1 and ,realme1 ,and send us peace in ,xt4 ,the following are examples of a more or less childish class1 marvels to find perpetuated in hard metal3 ,my sound is good1 my shape is neat3 ,perkins made me all complete4 ,i am the first1 although but small1 ,i will be heard above you all4 ,i sound aloud from day to day3 ,my sound hath praise1 and well it may4 ,i ring to sermon with a lusty boom1 ,that all may come1 and none may stay at home4 ,pull on1 brave boys2 ,i am metal to the backbone1 ,i'll be hanged before ,i'll crack4 ,the letters of the inscription are not1 as some persons may suppose1 cut or engraved on the metal by hand3 they are formed in intaglio or sunk in the sand of the mould1 and thus appear in relief on the outside of the bell when cast4 ,what can be done in this way by that strange people the #cd ,chinese may be seen in the ,british ,museum2 we might search long enough to find an ,english bell equal in elaborate ornamentation to the ,chinese bell there deposited4 ,the musical tone of a bell unquestionably depends on the scientific principles of acoustics as applied to music4 ,the pitch of any one bell is determined conjointly by the size and the thickness4 ,of two bells equally large1 the thicker gives the higher note2 of two bells equally thick1 the smaller gives the higher note4 ,but then bell-founders look to the quality of the tone as well as to the pitch2 and on this point there is much divergence of opinion among them4 ,concerning the metal used1 some combination of copper and tin predominates in nearly all church bells2 generally from two to three times as much copper as tin4 ,small additions of other metals are occasionally made1 according to the theoretical views of the founder4 ,the popular belief that silver improves the tone of a bell1 is pronounced by ,mr4 ,sperling and ,mr4 ,denison to be a mistake2 if added in large quantity1 it would be as bad as so much lead2 if in small quantity1 it does neither good nor harm4 ,whether there is or is not really silver in two well-known bells1 called the ,acton ,nightingale and the ,silver ,bell of ,st ,john's ,college1 ,cambridge1 it is believed by these authorities that the sweetness of the tone is due to other causes4 ,a feeling of piety probably influenced the wealthy persons who1 in old days1 were wont to cast silver into the furnace containing the molten bell-metal4 ,mr4 ,sperling thinks that the old bells were1 as a rule1 better than the modern1 by having more substance in them--obtaining depth and fulness of tone by largeness in height and diameter1 rather than by diminishing the thickness at the part where the hammer or clapper strikes4 ,nothing is more easily starved than a church bell4 ,a long-waisted bell 7high in the sides7 is considered to give forth a more resonant tone than a shallow or low waist1 because there is more metal to act as a kind of sounding-board2 but a lower bell is easier to ring in a peal2 hence1 as ,sperling thinks1 a reason for the difference in the richness of tone in old and modern bells4 ,there are indications that the old founders sometimes tuned a set of bells in what is called the minor mode1 the source of much that is tender and plaintive in ,scotch and ,irish melodies2 but in our days they are always in the major mode4 ,where the ringing is done by clock-work1 the sounds of several bells constitute a chime--where by hand1 a peal--but in either case the actual tone or note of each bell is fixed beforehand4 ,it is by many persons believed that the quality of the tone is improved by age1 owing to some kind of molecular change in the metal2 this is known to be the case in some old organs1 and in instruments of the violin class1 in the metal of the one and the wood of the other2 and so far there is analogy to support the opinion4 ,for good peals of bells1 the founders generally prefer ,d or ,e as the note for the tenor or largest bell4 ,as to largeness in a bell1 its intention bears relation rather to loudness than to pitch1 as a means of throwing the sound to a great distance4 ,this is the reason for the mighty bells that we are told of--,st4 ,paul's weighing something like #ac1jjj lbs42 ,antwerp1 #af1jjj lbs42 ,oxford1 #ag1jjj lbs42 ,rome1 #ah1jjj lbs42 ,mechlin1 #bj1jjj lbs42 ,bruges1 #bc1jjj lbs42 ,york1 #bd1jjj lbs42 ,cologne1 #be1jjj lbs42 ,montreal1 #bi1jjj lbs42 ,erfurt1 #cj1jjj lbs42 ,big ,ben1 at the ,houses of ,parliament1 #ca1jjj lbs42 ,sens1 #cd1jjj lbs42 ,vienna1 #dj1jjj lbs42 ,novgorod1 #fi1jjj lbs42 ,pekin1 #aai1jjj lbs42 ,moscow1 #ada1jjj lbs42 and1 giant of all the giants1 another ,moscow bell weighing #aib tons1 or #dcj1jjj lbs4 ,our own ,big ,ben is more than twice as heavy as our own ,st4 ,paul's bell1 which used to be regarded as one of our wonders1 and its sound travels much further2 but whether its quality of tone is equal1 is a point on which opinions differ4 #ce ,the history of the two ,big ,bens must be more or less familiar to most of our readers--how that three chief commissioners of works1 and two architects1 and three bell-founders1 and two bell-doctors1 quarrelled year after year2 how that both the ,bens cracked1 and got into disgrace2 how that one of them recovered its voice again2 and how that we have paid the piper to the tune of something like four thousand pounds for the two ,big ,bens and the four smaller bells4 ,if a musical reader wishes to know1 he may be told that the four quarter-bells give out the notes ,b1 ,e1 ,f1 ,g1 and that ,big ,ben's tone is ,e1 an octave below the first ,e4 ,remember1 when ,big ,ben is heard six miles off1 it is half a minute behind time1 seeing that sound takes about half a minute to travel that distance4 ,as to bell-ringing1 the adepts insist upon it that this is a science2 and they give it the name of campanology4 ,we all know1 ever since we learnt about permutation and combination at school1 that if there are six1 eight1 ten1 or any number of distinct things1 we may arrange them in an enormous number of ways1 each way differing from every other4 ,the things in this case are bells of different tones2 and according to the order in which they are struck by the hammer or clapper so many changes may we produce4 ,out of the almost infinite number of these changes1 campanologists select certain groups which to their ear seem most musical and agreeable2 and these changes are known by the names of their proposers or inventors1 just as we speak of a work by a great artist4 ,it is not clearly known whether change-ringing began earlier than the seventeenth century2 but it is certain that the art is practised much more in ,england than in any other country4 ,there are peals from two or three to ten or twelve bells4 ,sixteen of twelve bells1 and fifty of ten bells1 are mentioned in the books as peals now existing in ,england4 ,the largest peals now in ,england are at ,bow church1 ,exeter1 and ,york1 each of ten bells2 at ,bow church and at ,york they vary from eight hundredweights to fifty-three hundredweights each2 at ,exeter from eight to sixty-seven hundredweights4 ,from these weights1 it must be evident that it is no small labor for men to pull such bells for several hours at a time4 ,just as the achievements of celebrated pedestrians and race-horses are placed upon record1 so are the fraternity proud to refer to the bell-ringing exploits of their crack pullers4 ,twenty-four changes per minute are frequently reached4 ,we are told that in #aghg1 #e1jdj changes were rung in three hours and a quarter2 and that on other occasions there were #f1hgf changes rung in four hours and a quarter1 #g1jjj in four hours1 #aj1jjh in six hours and three quarters1 #ad1bbd in eight hours and three quarters1 and 7the magnum opus7 #dj1cbj changes rung by thirteen men in twenty-seven hours1 working in relief gangs4 ,in one of the old churches1 ,north ,parret in ,somerset1 the belfry contains a set of rhyming rules1 purporting that a six-pence fine shall be imposed on the ringers for cursing or swearing1 for making a noise or telling idle stories1 for keeping on their hats1 for wearing spurs1 or for overturning the bell4 ,this overturning does sometimes occur1 even to the loss of life4 ,one ringer was killed about the time when his brother was drowned2 and the following delectable epitaph records the double catastrophe3 ,these #c youths were by misfortun serounded2 ,one died of his wound1 and the other was drownded4 ,whether bell-pinging is really a science1 or whether it is only an ingenious art1 as most people would prefer to call it1 certainly the technical terms are most profuse and puzzling4 ,let the reader make what he can out of the following1 taken at random from one of the books on the subject3 ,treble lead1 plain work1 course1 call word1 reverse method1 direct method1 double1 method1 balance1 hold up1 cut down1 following1 handstroke1 rounds1 #cf backstroke1 plain hunt1 touches1 course ends1 hunting up1 hunting down1 place making1 dodging1 double dodging1 ,bob doubles1 singles1 observation1 grandsire doubles1 slow course1 principle1 ,bob minor1 double ,bob minor1 treble ,bob1 superlative surprise1 wrong way1 ,bob triple1 tittums4 ,bob caller1 ,bob major1 double ,bob major1 treble ,bob major1 ,bob caters1 grandsire caters1 ,bob royals1 ,bob cinques1 ,bob maximus1 treble ,bob maximus4 ,bob certainly seems to be in the ascendant here4 ,when the reader has marvelled at these funny names1 let him try to understand the directions for ringing one particular set of changes3 ,call two ,bobs on #i1 ,o1 x2 bring them round4 ,or1 if the practitioner pleases1 he may call the tenth and eleventh to make the ninth's place2 the former will be a six before the course end comes up4 ,then a ,bob when the tenth and eleventh dodge together behind completes it4 ,in this course the bells will be only one course out of the tittums--which it is very satisfactory to hear4 ,once more2 and here we would ask whether the directions do not suggest the idea of a damsel going through a sort of country-dance with seven swains all rejoicing in the name of ,bob8 ,when the seventh has been quick1 call a ,bob when she dodges the right way behind1 which will make her quick again2 then1 if the sixth goes up before the seventh1 keep her behind with ,bobs1 until the seventh comes up to her2 but if the sixth does not go up before the seventh1 call her the right way behind again1 and the sixth is sure to be up before her the next time4 ,after a little more of these extraordinary evolutions--,if not out of course1 ,bob with the seventh down quick till the fourth comes home2 if out of course1 a single must be called when the seventh goes down quick1 to put them right4 ,but if it happens that the fourth is before the fifth comes home1 call when the seventh does her first whole term1 and down quick with a double4 ,and we hope that they lived happy ever afterward4 ------ ,from ,the ,month ,,kirkstall ,,abbey3 ,a ,,sonnet4 ,roll on by tower and arch1 autumnal river2 ,and ere about thy dusk yet gleaming tide ,the phantom of dead day hath ceased to glide1 ,whisper it to the reeds that round thee quiver-- ,yea1 whisper to those ivy-bowers that shiver ,hard by on gusty choir and cloister wide3 ,my bubbles break2 my weed-flowers seaward glide3 ,my freshness and my mission last for ever6 ,young moon1 from leaden tomb of cloud that soarest1 ,and whitenest those hoar elm-trees1 wrecks forlorn ,of olden ,airedale's hermit-haunted forest1 ,speak thus3 ,i died2 and lo1 ,i am reborn6 ,blind1 patient pile1 sleep on in radiance6 ,truth ,fails not2 and faith once more shall wake in endless youth4 ,,aubrey ,,de ,,vere4 ------ #cg ,from ,the ,month4 ,,constance ,,sherwood4 ,,an ,,autobiography ,,of ,,the ,,sixteenth ,,century4 ,,by ,,lady ,,georgiana ,,fullerton4 ,,chapter ,,xiii4 ,one day there was a great deal of company at ,mistress ,wells's house1 which was the only one ,i then haunted1 being as afore said1 somewhat sickened of society and diversions4 ,the conversation which was mostly ministered amongst such as visited there related to public affairs and foreign countries1 and not so much as in some other houses to private scandals and the tattle of the town4 ,the uncertainty ,i was in concerning my father's present abode and his known intent soon to cross over the sea from ,france worked in me a constant craving for news from abroad1 and also an apprehensive curiosity touching reports of the landing of seminary priests at any of the ,english ports4 ,some would often tarry at ,mr4 ,wells's house for a night who had lately come from ,rheims or ,paris1 and even ,rome1 or leastways received letters from such as resided in those distant parts4 ,and others ,i met there were persons who had friends at court2 and they often related anecdotes of the queen and the ministers1 and the lords and ladies of her household1 which it also greatly concerned me to hear of1 by reason of my dearest friend having embarked her whole freight of happiness in a frail vessel launched on that stormy sea of the court1 so full of shoals and quicksands1 whereby many a fair ship was daily chanced to be therein wrecked4 ,nothing notable of this kind had been mentioned on the day ,i speak of1 which1 howsoever1 proved a very notable one to me4 ,for after ,i had been in the house a short time there came there one not known1 and yet it should seem not wholly unknown to me2 for that ,i did discover in his shape and countenance something not unfamiliar1 albeit ,i could not call to mind that ,i had ever seen this gentleman before4 ,i asked his name of a young lady who sat near to me1 and she said she thought he should be the elder brother of ,mr4 ,hubert ,rookwood1 who was lodging in the house1 and that she heard he tabled there also since he had come to town1 and that he was a very commendable person1 above the common sort1 albeit not one of such great parts as his brother4 ,then ,i did instantly take note of the likeness between the brothers which had made the elder's face not strange to me1 as also perhaps that one sight of him ,i had at ,bedford some years before4 ,their visages were very like2 but their figures and mostly their countenances different4 ,i cannot say wherein that great differency did lie2 but methinks every one must have seen1 or rather felt it4 ,basil was the tallest and the handsomest of the twain4 ,i will not be so great a prodigal of time as to bestow it on commendations of his outward appearance whose inward excellences were his chiefest merit4 ,howsoever1 ,i be minded to set down in this place somewhat touching his appearance2 as it may so happen that some who read this history1 and who have known and loved ,basil in his old years1 should take as much pleasure in reading as ,i do in writing the description of his person1 and limning as it were the resemblance of him at a period in this history wherein the hitherto separate currents of his life and mine do meet1 like a noble river #ch and a poor stream1 for to flow onward in the same channel4 ,basil ,rookwood was of a tall stature1 and well-proportioned shape in all parts4 ,his hair of light brown1 very thickly set1 and of a sunny hue1 curled with a graceful wave4 ,his head had many becoming motions4 ,his mouth was well-made1 and his lips ruddy4 ,his forehead not very high1 in which was a notable dissemblance from his brother4 ,his nose raised and somewhat sharply cut4 ,his complexion clear and rosy2 his smile so full of cheer and kindliness that it infected others with mirthfulness4 ,he was very nimble and active in all his movements1 and well skilled in riding1 fencing1 and dancing4 ,i pray you who have known him in his late years1 can you in aught1 save in a never-altered sweetness mixing with the dignity of age1 trace in this picture a likeness to ,basil1 your ,basil and mine8 ,i care not1 in writing this plain showing of mine own life1 to use such disguises as are observed in love-stories1 whereby the reader is kept ignorant of that which is to follow until in due time the course of the tale doth unfold it4 ,no1 ,i may not write ,basil's name as that of a stranger4 ,not for the space of one page2 nay1 not with so much as one stroke of my pen can ,i dissemble the love which had its dawn on the day ,i have noted4 ,it was sudden in its beginnings1 yet steady in its progress4 ,it deepened and widened with the course of years1 even as a rivulet doth start with a lively force from its source1 and1 gathering strength as it flows1 grows into a broad and noble river4 ,it was ardent but not idolatrous2 sudden1 as ,i have said1 in its rise1 but not unconsidered4 ,it was founded on high esteem on the one side1 on the other an inexpressible tenderness and kindness4 ,religion1 honor1 and duty were the cements of this love4 ,no blind dotage2 but a deathless bond of true sympathy1 making that equal which in itself was unequal2 for1 if a vain world should have deemed that on the one side there did appear some greater brilliancy of parts than showed in the other1 all who could judge of true merit and sound wisdom must needs have allowed that in true merit ,basil was as greatly her superior whom he honored with his love1 as is a pure diamond to the showy setting which encases it4 ,hubert presented to me his brother1 who1 when he heard my name mentioned1 would not be contented till he had got speech of me2 and straightway1 after the first civilities had passed between us1 began to relate to me that he had been staying for a few days before coming to town at ,mr4 ,roper's house at ,richmond1 where ,i had often visited in the summer4 ,it so befel that ,i had left in the chamber where ,i slept some of my books1 on the margins of which were written such notes as ,i was wont to make whilst reading1 for so ,hubert had advised me1 and his counsel in this ,i found very profitable2 for this method teaches one to reflect on what he reads1 and to hold converse as it were with authors whose friendship and company he thus enjoys1 which is a source of contentment more sufficient and lasting than most other pleasures in this world4 ,basil chanced to inhabit this room1 and discovered on an odd by-shelf these volumes so disfigured1 or1 as he said1 so adorned2 and took such delight in the reading of them1 but mostly in the poor reflections an unknown pen had affixed to these pages1 that he rested not until he had learnt from ,mr4 ,roper the name of the writer4 ,when he found she was the young girl he had once seen at ,bedford1 he marvelled at the strong impulse he had toward her1 and pressed the venerable gentleman with so many questions relating to her that he feared he should have wearied him but his inquiries met with such gracious answers that he perceived ,mr4 ,roper to be as well pleased with the theme of his discourse as himself1 and as glad to set #ci forth her excellences 7,i be ashamed to write the words which should indeed imply the speaker to have been in his dotage1 but for the excuse of a too great kindness to an unworthy creature7 as he had to listen to them4 ,and here ,i must needs interrupt my narrative to admire that one who was no scholar1 yea1 no great reader at any time1 albeit endowed with excellent good sense and needful information1 should by means of books have been drawn to the first thoughts of her who was to enjoy his love which never was given to any other creature but herself4 ,but ,i pray you1 doth it not happen most often1 though it is scarce to be credited1 that dissemblance in certain matters doth attract in the way of love more than resemblance8 ,that short men do choose tall wives2 lovers of music women who have no ear to discern one tune from another2 scholars witless housewives2 retired men ambitious helpmates2 and gay ladies grave husbands8 ,this should seem to be the rule1 otherways the exception2 and a notable instance of the same ,i find in the first motions which did incline ,basil to a good opinion of my poor self4 ,but to return4 ,mistress ,sherwood1 quoth ,basil1 ,mr4 ,roper did not wholly praise you2 he recited your faults as well as your virtues4 ,i answered1 it did very much content me he should have done so1 for that then more credit should be given to his words in that wherein he did commend me1 since he was so true a friend as to note my defects4 ,but what1 quoth he1 archly smiling1 if the faults he named are such as pleased me as well as virtues8 ,then1 ,i replied1 methinks1 sir1 the fault should be rather in you than in her who doth commit them1 for she may be ignorant1 or else subject to some infirmity of temper2 but to commend faults should be a very dangerous error4 ,but will you hear1 quoth he1 your faults as ,mr4 ,roper recited them8 ,yea1 willingly1 ,i answered1 and mend them also if ,i can4 ,oh1 ,i pray you mend them not1 he cried4 ,at which ,i laughed1 and said he should be ashamed to give such wanton advice4 ,and then he3 ,mr4 ,roper declares you have so much inability to conceal your thoughts that albeit your lips should be forcibly closed1 your eyes would speak them so clearly that any one who listed should read them4 ,methinks1 ,i said1 willing to excuse myself like the lawyer in the gospel1 that should not be my fault1 who made not mine own eyes4 ,then he also says1 that you have so sharp an apprehension of wrongs done to others1 that if you hear of an injustice committed1 or some cruel treatment of any one1 you are so moved and troubled1 that he has known you on such occasions to shed tears1 which do not flow with a like ease for your own griefs4 ,do you cry mercy to this accusation1 ,mistress ,sherwood8 ,indeed1 ,i answered1 ,god knoweth ,i do1 and my ghostly father also4 ,for the strong passions of resentment touching the evil usage our ,catholics do meet with work in me so mightfully1 that ,i often am in doubt if ,i have sinned therein4 ,and concerning mine own griefs1 they have been but few as yet1 so that 'tis little praise ,i deserve for not overmuch resentment in instances wherein1 if others are afflicted1 ,i have much ado to restrain wrath4 ,ah1 he said1 methinks if you answer in so true and grave a manner my rude catechizing4 ,mistress ,sherwood1 ,i be not bold enough to continue the inventory of your faults4 ,i pray you do1 ,i answered2 for ,i felt in my soul an unusual liking for his conversation1 and the more so when1 leaving off jesting1 he said1 ,the last fault ,mr4 ,roper did charge you with was lack of prudence in matters wherein prudence is most needed in these days4 #dj ,alas6 ,i exclaimed2 for that also do ,i cry mercy2 but indeed1 ,master ,rookwood1 there is in these days so much cowardice and time-serving which doth style itself prudence1 that methinks it might sometimes happen that a right boldness should be called rashness4 ,raising my eyes to his1 ,i thought ,i saw them clouded by a misty dew2 and he replied1 ,yea1 ,mistress ,constance1 and if it is so1 ,i had sooner that myself and such as ,i have a friendship for should have to cry mercy on their death-beds for too much rashness in stemming the tide1 than for too much ease in yielding to it4 ,and now1 he added1 shall ,i repeat what ,mr4 ,roper related of your virtues8 ,no1 ,i answered1 smiling4 ,for if the faults he doth charge me with be so much smaller than the reality1 what hope have ,i that he should speak the truth in regard to my poor merits8 ,then some persons moving nearer to where we were sitting1 some general conversation ensued1 in which several took part2 and none so much to my liking as ,basil1 albeit others might possess more ready tongues and a more sparkling wit4 ,in all the years since ,i had left my home1 ,i had not found so much contentment in any one's society4 ,his mind and mine were like two instruments with various chords1 but one key-note1 which maintained them in admirable harmony4 ,the measure of our agreement stood rather in the drift of our desires and the scope of our approval1 than in any parity of tastes or resemblance of disposition4 ,acquaintanceship soon gave way to intimacy1 which bred a mutual friendship that in its turn was not slow to change into a warmer feeling4 ,we met very often4 ,it seemed so natural to him to affection me1 and to me to reciprocate his affection1 that if our love began not1 which methinks it did1 on that first day of meeting1 ,i know not when it had birth4 ,but if it be difficult precisely to note the earliest buddings of the sweet flower love1 it was easy to discern the moment when the bitter root of jealousy sprang up in ,hubert's heart4 ,he who had been suspicious of every person whose civilities ,i allowed of1 did not for some time appear to mislike the intimacy which had arisen betwixt his brother and me4 ,i ween from what he once said1 when on a later occasion anger loosened his tongue1 that he held him in some sort of contempt1 even as a fox would despise a nobler animal than himself4 ,his subtle wit disdained his plainness of speech4 ,his confiding temper he derided2 and he had methinks no apprehension that a she-wit1 as he was wont to call me1 should prove herself so witless as to prefer to one of his brilliant parts a man notable for his indifferency to book learning1 and to his smooth tongue and fine genius the honest words and unvarnished merits of his brother4 ,howsoever1 one day he either did himself notice some sort of particular kindness to exist between us1 or he was advertised thereof by some of the company we frequented1 and ,i saw him fix his eyes on us with so arrested a persistency1 and his frame waxed so rigid1 that methought ,lot's wife must have so gazed when she turned toward the doomed city4 ,i was more frighted at the dull lack of expression in his face than at a thousand frowns or even scowls4 ,his eyes were reft of their wonted fire2 the color had flown from his lips2 his always pale cheek was of a ghastly whiteness2 and his hand1 which was thrust in his bosom1 and his feet1 which seemed rooted to the ground1 were as motionless as those of a statue4 ,a shudder ran through me as he stood in this guise1 neither moving nor speaking1 at a small distance from me4 ,i rose and went away1 for his looks freezed me4 ,but the next time ,i met him this strangeness of behavior had vanished1 and ,i almost misdoubted the truth of what ,i had seen4 ,he was a daily witness1 for several succeeding weeks1 of what neither ,basil nor ,i #da cared much to conceal--the mutual confidence and increasing tenderness of affection1 which was visible in all our words and actions at that time1 which was one of greater contentment than can be expressed4 ,that summer was a rare one for fineness of the weather and its great store of sun-shiny days4 ,we had often pleasant divertisements in the neighborhood of ,london1 than which no city is more famous for the beauty of its near scenery4 ,one while we ascended the noble river ,thames as far as ,richmond1 ,england's ,arcadia1 whose smooth waters1 smiling meads1 and hills clad in richest verdure1 do equal whatsoever poets have ever sung or painters pictured4 ,another time we disported ourselves in the gardens of ,hampton1 where1 in the season of roses1 the insects weary their wings over the flower-beds--the thrifty bees with the weight of gathered honey--and the gay butterflies1 idlers as ourselves1 with perfume and pleasure4 ,or we went to ,greenwich ,park1 and underneath the spreading trees1 with ,england's pride of shipping in sight1 and barges passing to and fro on the broad stream as on a watery highway1 we whiled away the time in many joyous pastimes4 ,on an occasion of this sort it happened that both brothers went with us1 and we forecasted to spend the day at a house in the village of ,paddington1 about two miles from ,london1 where ,mr4 ,congleton's sister1 a lady of fortune1 resided4 ,it stood in a very fair garden1 the gate of which opened on the high road2 and after dinner we sat with some other company which had been invited to meet us under the large cedar trees which lined a broad gravel-walk leading from the house to the gate4 ,the day was very hot1 but now a cooling air had risen1 and the young people there assembled played at pastimes1 in which ,i was somewhat loth to join2 for jesting disputations and framing of questions and answers1 an amusement then greatly in fashion1 minded one of that fatal encounter betwixt ,martin ,tregony and ,thomas ,sherwood1 the end of which had been the death of the one and a fatal injury to the soul of the other4 ,hubert was urgent with me to join in the arguments proposed2 but ,i refused1 partly for the aforesaid reason1 and methinks1 also1 because ,i doubted that ,basil should acquit himself so admirably as his brother in these exercises of wit1 wherein the latter did indeed excel1 and ,i cared not to shine in a sport wherein he took no part4 ,so ,i set myself to listen to the disputants1 albeit with an absent mind2 for ,i had grown to be somewhat thoughtful of late1 and to forecast the future with such an admixture of hope and fear touching the issue of those passages of love ,i was engaged in1 that the trifles which entertained a disengaged mind lacked ability to divert me4 ,i ween ,polly1 if she had been then in ,london1 should have laughed at me for the symptoms ,i exhibited of what she styled the sighing malady4 ,a little while after the contest had begun1 a sound was heard at a distance as of a trampling on the road1 but not discernible as yet whether of men or horses' feet4 ,there was mixed with it cries of hooting and shouts1 which increased as this sort of procession 7for so it should seem to be7 approached4 ,all who were in the garden ran to the iron railing for to discover the cause4 ,from the houses on both sides the road persons came out and joined in the clamor4 ,as the crowd neared the gate where we stood1 the words1 ,papists--seditious priests--traitors1 were discernible1 mixed with oaths1 curses1 and such opprobrious epithets as my pen dares not write4 ,at the hearing of them the blood rushed to my head1 and my heart began to beat as if it should burst from the violence with which it throbbed2 for now the mob was close at hand1 and we could see the occasion of their yells and shoutings4 ,about a dozen persons were riding without bridle or spur or other furniture1 on lean and bare horses1 which were fastened #db one to the other's tails1 marching slowly in a long row1 each man's feet tied under his horse's belly and his arms bound hard and fast behind him4 ,a pursuivant rode in front and cried aloud that those coming behind him were certain papists1 foes to the gospel and enemies to the commonwealth1 for that they had been seized in the act of saying and hearing mass in disobedience to the laws4 ,and as he made this proclamation1 the rabble yelled and took up stones and mud to cast at the prisoners4 ,one man cried out1 ,four of them be vile priests4 ,o ye who read this1 have you taken heed how1 at some times in your lives1 in a less space than the wink of an eye1 thought has outrun sight8 ,so did mine with lightning speed apprehend lest my father should be one of these4 ,i scanned the faces of the prisoners as they passed1 but he was not amongst them2 however ,i recognized1 with a sharp pain1 the known countenance of the priest who had shriven my mother on her death-bed4 ,he looked pale and worn to a shadow1 and hardly able to sit on his horse4 ,i sunk down on my knees1 with my head against the railings1 feeling very sick4 ,then the gate opened1 and with a strange joy and trembling fear ,i saw ,basil push through the mob till he stood close to the horse's feet where the crowd had made a stoppage4 ,he knelt and took off his hat1 and the lips of the priests moved1 as they passed1 for to bless him4 ,murmurs rose from the rabble1 but he took no heed of them4 ,till the last horseman had gone by he stood with his head uncovered1 and then slowly returned1 none daring to touch him4 ,basil1 dear ,basil6 ,i cried1 and1 weeping1 gave him my hand4 ,it was the first time ,i had called him by his name4 ,methinks in that moment as secure a troth-plight was passed between us as if ten thousand bonds had sealed it4 ,when1 some time afterward1 we moved toward the house1 ,i saw ,hubert standing at the door with the same stony rigid look which had frighted me once before4 ,he said not one word as ,i passed him4 ,i have since heard that a lady1 endowed with more sharpness than prudence or kindness1 had thus addressed him on this occasion3 ,methinks1 ,master ,hubert ,rookwood1 that you did perform your part excellently well in that ingenious pastime which procured us so much good entertainment awhile ago2 but beshrew me if your brother did not exceed you in the scene we have just witnessed1 and if ,mistress ,sherwood's looks do not belie her1 she thought so too4 ,i ween his tragedy hath outdone your comedy4 ,then he 7well-nigh biting his lips through1 as the person who related it to me observed7 made answer3 ,if this young gentlewoman's taste be set on tragedy1 then will ,i promise her so much of it another day as should needs satisfy her4 ,this malicious lady misliked ,hubert1 by reason of his having denied her the praise of wit1 which had been reported to her by a third person4 ,she was minded to be revenged on him1 and so the shaft contained in her piercing jest had likewise hit those she willed not to injure4 ,it is not to be credited how many persons have been ruined in fortune1 driven into banishment1 yea1 delivered over to death1 by careless words uttered without so much as a thought of the evil which should ensue from them4 ,and now upon the next day ,basil was to leave ,london4 ,before he went he said he hoped not to be long absent1 and that ,mr4 ,congleton should receive a letter1 if it pleased ,god1 from his father2 which1 if it should be favorably received1 and ,i willed it not to be otherwise1 should cause our next meeting to be one of greater contentment than could be thought of4 ,i answered1 ,i should never wish otherwise than that we should meet with contentment1 or will anything that should hinder it4 ,which he said did greatly please him to hear1 and gave him a comfortable hope of a happy return4 #dc ,he conversed also with ,mistress ,ward touching the prisoners we had seen the day before1 and left some money with her in case she should find means to see and assist them1 which she strove to do with the diligence used by her in all such managements4 ,in a few days she discovered ,mr4 ,watson to be in ,bridewell1 also one ,mr4 ,richardson in the ,marshalsea1 and three laymen in the ,clink4 ,mr4 ,watson had a sister who was a ,protestant1 and by her means she succeeded in relieving his wants1 and dealt with the gaolers at the other prisons so as to convey some assistance to the poor men therein confined1 whose names she had found out4 ,one morning when ,i was at ,kate's house ,hubert came there2 and she1 the whole compass of whose thoughts was now circled in her nursery1 not minding the signs ,i made she should not leave us alone1 rose and said she must needs go and see if her babe was awake1 for ,hubert must see him1 and he should not go away without first he had beheld him walk with his new leading-strings1 which were the tastefullest in the world and fit for a king's son2 and that she doubted not we could find good enough entertainment in each other's company1 or in ,mr4 ,lacy's books1 which must be the wittiest ever written1 if she judged by her husband's fondness for them4 ,as soon as the door was shut on her1 ,hubert began to speak of his brother1 and to insinuate that my behavior to himself was changed since ,basil had come to ,london1 which ,i warmly denied4 ,if1 ,i said1 ,i have changed-- ,if1 he repeated1 stopping my speaking with an ironical and disdainful smile1 and throwing into that one little word as he uttered it more of meaning than it would seem possible it should express4 ,yes6 ,i continued1 angered at his defiant looks4 ,yes1 if my behavior to you has changed1 which1 ,i must confess1 in some respects it has1 the cause did lie in my uncle's commands1 laid on me before your brother's coming to ,london4 ,you know it1 ,master ,rookwood1 by the same token that you charged me with unkindness for not allowing of your visits1 and refusing to read ,italian with you1 some weeks before ever he arrived4 ,you have a very obedient disposition1 madam1 he answered in a scornful manner1 and ,i doubt not have attended with a like readiness to the behest to favor the elder brother's suit as to that which forbade the receiving of the younger brother's addresses4 ,i did not look upon you as a suitor1 ,i replied4 ,no6 he exclaimed1 and not as on a lover8 ,not as on one whose lips1 borrowing words from enamored poets twenty times in a day1 did avow his passion1 and was entertained on your side with so much good-nature and apparent contentment with this mode of disguised worship1 as should lead him to hope for a return of his affection8 ,but why question of that wherein my belief is unshaken8 ,i know you love me1 ,constance ,sherwood1 albeit you peradventure love more dearly my brother's heirship of ,euston and its wide acres4 ,your eyes deceived not1 nor did your flushing cheek dissemble1 when we read together those sweet tales and noble poems1 wherein are set forth the dear pains and tormenting joys of a mutual love4 ,no1 not if you did take your oath on it will ,i believe you love my brother6 ,what warrant have you1 sir1 ,i answered with burning cheek1 to minister such talk to one who1 from the moment she found you thought of marriage1 did plainly discountenance your suit8 ,you were content1 then1 madam1 to be worshipped as an idol1 he bitterly replied1 if only not sued for in marriage by a poor man4 ,my sin found me out then1 and the hard taunt awoke dormant pangs in my conscience for the pleasure ,i had taken and doubtless showed in the disguised professions of an undisguised admiration2 but anger yet prevailed1 #dd and ,i cried1 ,think you to advance your interest in my friendship1 sir1 by such language and reproaches as these8 ,do you love my brother8 he said again1 with an implied contempt which made me mad4 ,sir1 ,i answered1 ,i entertain for your brother so great a respect and esteem as one must needs feel toward one of so much virtue and goodness4 ,no contract exists between us2 nor has he made me the tender of his hand4 ,more than that it behoves you not to ask1 or me to answer4 ,ah6 the offer of marriage is then the condition of your regard1 and love is to follow1 not precede1 the settlements1 ,i' faith1 ladies are very prudent in these days2 and virtue and goodness the new names for fortune and lands4 ,beshrew me1 if ,i had not deemed you to be made of other metal than the common herd4 ,but whatever be the composition of your heart1 ,constance ,sherwood1 be it hard as the gold you set so much store on1 or1 like wax1 apt to receive each day some new impress1 ,i will have it2 yea1 and keep it for my own4 ,no rich fool shall steal it from me4 ,hubert ,rookwood1 ,i cried in anger1 dare not so to speak of one whose merit is as superior to thine as the sun outshines a torchlight4 ,ah6 he exclaimed1 turning pale with rage1 if ,i thought thou didst love him6 and clenched his hand with a terrible gesture1 and ground his teeth4 ,but 'tis impossible1 he added bitterly smiling4 ,as soon would ,i believe ,titania verily to doat on the ass's head as for thee to love ,basil6 ,oh6 ,i indignantly replied1 you do almost constrain me to avow that which no maiden should1 unasked1 confess4 ,do you think1 sir1 that learning and scholarship1 and the poor show of wit that lies in a ready tongue1 should outweigh honor1 courage1 and kindliness of heart8 ,think you that more respect should be paid to one who can speak1 and write also1 if you will1 fair sounding words1 than to him who in his daily doings shows forth such nobleness as others only inculcate1 and ,god only knoweth if ever they practise it8 ,lady6 he exclaimed1 ,i have served you long2 sustained torments in your presence2 endured griefs in your absence2 pining thoughts in the day1 and anguished dreams in the night2 jealousies often in times past1 and now-- ,he drew in his breath2 and then not so much speaking the word despair as with a smothered vehemence uttering it1 he concluded his vehement address4 ,i was so shaken by his speech that ,i remained silent3 for if ,i had spoken ,i must needs have wept4 ,holding my head with both hands1 and so shielding my eyes from the sight of his pale convulsed face1 ,i sat like one transfixed4 ,then he again3 ,these be not times1 ,mistress ,sherwood1 for women to act as you have done2 to lift a man's heart one while to an earthly heaven1 and then1 without so much as a thought1 to cast him into a hellish sea of woes4 ,these be the dealings which drive men to desperation2 to attempt things contrary to their own minds1 to religion1 and to honesty2 to courses once abhorred-- ,his violence wrung my heart then with so keen a remorse that ,i cried out1 ,i cry you mercy1 ,master ,rookwood1 if ,i have dealt thus with you2 indeed ,i thought not to do it4 ,i pray you forgive me1 if unwittingly1 albeit peradventure in a heedless manner1 ,i have done you so much wrong as your words do charge me with4 ,and then tears ,i could not stay began to flow2 and for awhile no talk ensued4 ,but after a little time he spoke in a voice so changed and dissimilar in manner1 that ,i looked up wholly amazed4 ,sweet ,constance1 he said1 ,i have played the fool in my customable fashion1 and by such pretended slanders of one ,i should rather incline to commend beyond his deserts1 if that were possible1 than to give him vile terms1 have sought--,i cry you #de mercy for it--to discover your sentiments1 and feigned a resentment and a passion which indeed has proved an excellent piece of acting1 if ,i judge by your tears4 ,i pray you pardon and forget my brotherly device4 ,if you love ,basil--as ,i misdoubt not he loves you--where shall a more suitable match be found1 or one which every one must needs so much approve8 ,marry1 sweet lady2 ,i will be his best man when he doth ride to church with you1 and cry ',amen' more loudly than the clerk4 ,so now dart no more vengeful lightnings from thine eyes1 sweet one2 and wipe away the pearly drops my unmannerly jesting hath caused to flow4 ,i would not ,basil had wedded a lady in love with his pelf1 not with himself4 ,i detest tricks1 ,i cried1 and such feigning as you do confess to4 ,i would ,i had not answered one word of your false discourse4 ,now ,i wept for vexation to have been so circumvented and befooled as to own some sort of love for a man who bad not yet openly addressed me4 ,and albeit reassured in some wise1 touching what my conscience had charged me with when ,i heard ,hubert's vehement reproaches1 ,i misdoubted his present sincerity4 ,he searched my face with a keen investigation1 for to detect1 ,i ween1 if ,i was most contented or displeased with his late words4 ,i resolved1 if he was false1 ,i would be true1 and leave not so much as a suspicion in his mind that ,i did or ever had cared for him4 ,but ,kate1 who should not have left us alone1 now returned1 when her absence would have been most profitable4 ,she had her babe in her aims1 and must needs call on ,hubert to praise its beauty and list to its sweet crowing4 ,in truth1 a more winsome1 gracious creature could not be seen2 and albeit ,i had made an inpatient gesture when she entered1 my arms soon eased hers of their fair burthen1 and ,i set to playing with the boy1 and ,hubert talking and laughing in such good cheer1 that ,i began to credit his passion had been feigning1 and his indifferency to be true1 which contented me not a little4 ,a few days afterward ,mr4 ,congleton received a letter1 in the evening1 when we were sitting in my aunt's room1 and a sudden fluttering in my heart whispered it should be from ,basil's father4 ,mine eyes affixed themselves on the cover1 which had fallen on the ground1 and then travelled to my uncle's face1 wherein was a smile which seemed to say1 ,this is no other than what ,i did expect4 ,he put it down on the table1 and his hand over it4 ,my aunt said he should tell us the news he had received1 to make us merry2 for that the fog had given her the vapors1 and she had need of some good entertainment4 ,news6 quoth he4 ,what news do you look for1 good wife8 ,it would not be news1 sir1 she answered1 if ,i expected it4 ,that is more sharp than true1 he replied4 ,there must needs come news of the queen of ,france's lying-in2 but ,i pray you how will it be8 ,shall she live and do well8 ,shall it be a prince or a princess8 ,prithee1 no disputings1 ,mr4 ,congleton1 she said4 ,we be not playing at questions and answers4 ,nay1 but thou dost mistake1 he cried out1 laughing4 ,methinks we have here in hand some game of that sort if ,i judge by this letter4 ,then my heart leapt1 ,i knew not how high or how tumultuously2 for ,i doubted not now but he had received the tidings ,i hoped for4 ,constance1 he said1 hast a mind to marry8 ,if it should please you1 sir1 ,i answered2 for my father charged me to obey you4 ,good1 quoth he4 ,i see thou art an obedient wench4 ,and thou wilt marry who ,i please8 ,nay1 sir2 ,i said not that4 ,oh1 oh6 quoth he4 ,thou wilt marry so as to please me1 and yet-- ,not so as to displease myself1 sir1 ,i answered4 ,come1 he said1 another question4 #df ,here is a gentleman of fortune and birth1 and excellent good character1 somewhat advanced in years indeed1 but the more like to make an indulgent husband1 and to be prudent in the management of his affairs1 hath heard so good a report from two young gentlemen1 his sons1 of thy abilities and proper behavior1 that he is minded to make thee a tender of marriage1 with so good a settlement on his estate in ,suffolk as must needs content any reasonable woman4 ,wilt have him1 ,conny8 ,who1 sir8 ,i asked1 waxing1 ,i ween1 as red as a field-poppy4 ,mr4 ,rookwood1 wench--,basil and ,hubert's father4 ,albeit ,i knew my uncle's trick of jesting1 my folly was so great just then1 hope and fear working in me1 that ,i was seized with fright1 and from crimson turned so white1 that he cried out3 ,content thee1 child6 content thee6 ',tis that tall strapping fellow ,basil must needs make thee an offer of his hand2 and by my troth1 wench1 ,i warrant thee thou wouldst go further and fare worse2 for the gentleman is honorably descended1 heir-apparent to an estate worth yearly1 to my knowledge1 three thousand pounds sterling1 well disposed in religion1 and of a personage without exception4 ,mr4 ,rookwood declares he is more contented with his son's choice than if he married ,mistress ,spencer1 or any other heiress2 and beshrew me1 if ,i be not contented also4 ,then he bent his head close to mine ear1 and whispered1 ,and so art thou1 methinks1 if those tell-tale eyes of thine should be credited4 ,yea1 yea1 hang down thy head1 and stammer ',as you please1 sir6' ,and never so much as a ,deo gratias for thy good fortune6 ,what thankless creatures women be6 ,i laughed and ran out of the room before mine aunt or ,mistress ,ward had disclosed their lips2 for ,i did long to be in mine own chamber alone1 and1 from the depths of a heart over full of1 yea overflowing with1 such joy as doth incline the knees to bend and the eyes to raise themselves to the ,giver of all good--he whom all other goodness doth only mirror and shadow forth--pour out a hymn of praise for the noble blessing ,i had received4 ,for1 ,i pray you1 after the gift of faith and grace for to know and love ,god1 is there aught on earth to be jewelled by a woman like to the affection of a good man2 or a more secure haven for her to anchor in amid the present billows of life1 except that of religion1 to which all be not called1 than an honorable contract of marriage1 wherein reason1 passion1 and duty do bind the soul in a triple cord of love8 ,and oh6 with what a painful tenderness ,i thought in that moving hour on mine own dear parents--my mother1 now so many years dead2 my father1 so parted from his poor child1 that in the most weighty concernment of her life--the disposal of her in marriage--his consent had to be presumed2 his authority1 for so he had with forecasting care ordained1 being left in other hands4 ,but albeit a shade of melancholy from such a retrospect as the mind is wont to take of the past1 when coming events do cast1 as it should seem1 a new light on what has preceded them1 ,i could not choose but see1 in this good which had happened to me1 a reward to him who had forsaken all things--lands1 home1 kindred1 yea his only child1 for ,christ's dear sake4 ,it minded me of my mother's words concerning me1 when she lay dying1 ,fear not for her4 ,i was somewhat loth to return to mine aunt's chamber1 and to appear in the presence of ,kate and ,polly1 who had come to visit their mother1 and1 by their saucy looks when ,i entered1 showed they were privy to the treaty in hand4 ,mine aunt said she had been thinking that she would not go to church when ,i was married1 but give me her blessing at home2 for she had never recovered from the chilling she had when ,kate was married1 and #dg had laid abed on ,polly' wedding-day1 which she liked better4 ,mistress ,ward had great contentment1 she said1 that ,i should have so good an husband4 ,kate was glad ,basil was not too fond of books1 for that scholars be not as conversable as agreeable husbands should be4 ,polly said1 for her part1 she thought the less wit a man had1 the better for his wife1 for she would then be the more like to have her own way4 ,but that being her opinion1 she did not wholly wish me joy2 for she had noticed ,basil to be a good thinker1 and a man of so much sense1 that he would not be ruled by a wife more than should be reasonable4 ,i was greatly pleased that she thus commended him1 who was not easily pleased1 and rather given to despise gentlemen than to praise them4 ,i kissed her1 and said ,i had always thought her the most sensible woman in the world4 ,she laughed1 and cried1 ,that was small commendation1 for that women were the foolishest creatures in the world1 and mostly such as were in love4 ,ah me6 ,the days which followed were full of sweet waiting and pleasant pining for the effects of the letter mine uncle wrote to ,mr4 ,rookwood1 and looking for one ,basil should write himself1 when licence for to address me had been yielded to him4 ,when it came1 how unforeseen1 how sad were the contents6 ,albeit love was expressed in every line1 sorrow did so cover its utterance1 that my heart overflowed through mine eyes1 and ,i could only sigh and weep that the beginning of so fair a day of joy should have set in clouds of so much grief4 ,basil's father was dead4 ,the day after he wrote that letter1 the cause of all our joy1 he fell sick and never bettered any more1 but the contrary3 time was allowed him to prepare his soul for death1 by all holy rites and ghostly comforts4 ,one of his sons was on each side of his bed when he died2 and ,basil closed his eyes4 ,,chapter ,,xiv4 ,basil came to ,london after the funeral1 and methought his sadness then did become him as much as his joyfulness heretofore4 ,his grief was answerable to the affection he had borne unto his father1 and to that gentlemen's most excellent deserts4 ,he informed ,mr4 ,congleton that in somewhat less than one year he should be of age1 and until then his wardship was committed to ,sir ,henry ,stafford4 ,it was agreed betwixt them1 that in respect of his deep mourning and the greater commodity his being of age would afford for the drawing up of settlements1 our marriage should be deferred until he returned from the continent in a year's time4 ,sir ,henry was exceeding urgent he should travel abroad for the bettering as he affirmed of his knowledge of foreign languages1 and acquirement of such useful information as should hereafter greatly benefit him2 but methinks1 from what ,basil said1 it was chiefly with the end that he should not be himself troubled during his term of guardianship with proceedings touching his ward's recusancy1 which was so open and manifest1 no persuasions dissuading him from it1 that he apprehended therefrom to meet with difficulties4 ,so with heavy hearts and some tears on both sides1 a short time after ,mr4 ,rookwood's death1 we did part1 but withal with so comfortable a hope of a happy future1 and so great a security of mutual affection1 that the pangs of separation were softened1 and a not unpleasing melancholy ensued4 ,we forecasted to hold converse by means of letters1 of which he made me promise ,i should leastways write two for his one2 for he argued1 as ,i always had a pen in my hand1 it should be no trouble to me to write down my thoughts as they arose1 but as for himself1 it would cost him much time and labor for to compose such a letter as it would content me to receive4 ,but herein he was too modest2 #dh for1 indeed1 in everything he wrote1 albeit short and mostly devoid of such flowers of the fancy as some are wont to scatter over their letters1 ,i was always excellently well pleased with his favors of this kind4 ,hubert remained in ,london for to commence his studies in a house of the law2 but when my engagement with his brother became known1 he left off haunting ,mr4 ,lacy's house1 and even ,mr4 ,wells's1 as heretofore4 ,his behavior was very mutable2 at one time exceedingly obliging1 and at another more strange and distant than it had yet been2 so that ,i did dread to meet him1 not knowing how to shape mine own conduct in his regard2 for if on the one hand ,i misliked to appear estranged from ,basil's brother1 yet if ,i dealt graciously toward him ,i feared to confirm his apprehension of some sort of unusual liking on my part toward himself4 ,one month1 or thereabouts1 after ,basil had gone to ,france1 ,lady ,surrey did invite me to stay with her at ,kenninghall1 which greatly delighted me1 for it was a very long time then since ,i had seen her4 ,the reports ,i heard of her lord's being a continual waiter on her majesty1 and always at court1 whereas she did not come to ,london so much as once in the year1 worked in me a very uneasy apprehension that she should not be as happy in her retirement as ,i should wish4 ,i long had desired to visit this dear lady1 but durst not be the first to speak of it4 ,also to one bred in the country from her infancy1 the long while ,i had spent in a city1 far from any sights or scents of nature1 had created in me a great desire for pure air and green fields1 of which the neighborhood of ,london had afforded only such scanty glimpses as served to whet1 not satisfy1 the taste for such-like pleasures4 ,so with much contentment ,i began my journey into ,norfolk1 which was the first ,i had taken since that long one from ,sherwood ,hall to ,london some years before4 ,a coach of my ,lord ,surrey's1 with two new pairs of horses1 was going from the ,charter-house to ,kenninghall1 and a chamber-woman of my lady's to be conveyed therein2 so for conveniency ,i travelled with her4 ,we slept two nights on the road 7for the horses were to rest often71 in very comfortable lodgings2 and about the middle of the third day we did arrive at ,kenninghall1 which is a place of so great magnitude and magnificence1 that to my surprised eyes it showed more like unto a palace1 yea1 a cluster of palaces1 than the residence of a private though illustrious nobleman4 ,the gardens which we passed along-side of1 the terraces adorned with majestic trees1 the woods at the back of the building1 which then wore a gaudy dress of crimson and golden hues1--made my heart leap for joy to be once more in the country4 ,but when we passed through the gateway1 and into one court and then another1 methought we left the country behind1 and entered some sort of city1 the buildings did so close around us on every side4 ,at last we stopped at a great door1 and many footmen stood about me1 and one led me through long galleries and a store of empty chambers2 ,i forecasting in my mind the while how far it should be to the gardens ,i had seen1 and if the birds could be heard to sing in this great house1 in which was so much fine tapestry1 and pictures in high-gilt frames1 that the eye was dazzled with their splendor4 ,a little pebbly brook or a tuft of daisies would then have pleased me more than these fine hangings1 and the grass than the smooth carpets in some of the rooms1 the like of which ,i had never yet seen4 ,but these discontented thoughts vanished quickly when my ,lady ,surrey appeared2 and ,i had nothing more to desire when ,i received her affectionate embrace1 and saw how joyful was her welcome4 ,methought1 too1 when she led me into the chamber wherein she said her time was chiefly spent1 that its rich adornment became her1 who had verily a queenly beauty1 and a #di presence so sweetly majestic that it alone was sufficient to call for a reverent respect from others even in her young years4 ,there was an admirable simplicity in her dress2 so that ,i likened her in my mind1 as she sat in that gilded room1 to a pare fair diamond enchased in a rich setting4 ,in the next chamber her gentlewoman and chambermaids were at work--some at frames1 and others making of clothes1 or else spinning2 and another door opened into her bed-chamber1 which was very large1 like unto a hall1 and the canopy of the bed so high and richly adorned that it should have beseemed a throne4 ,the tapestry on the wall1 bedight with fruits and flowers1 very daintily wrought1 so that nature itself hath not more fair hues than therein were to be seen4 ,when my lord is not at home1 ,i mislike this grand chamber1 and do lie here1 she said1 and showed me an inner closet2 which ,i perceived to be plainly furnished1 and in one corner of it1 which pleased me most for to see1 a crucifix hung against the wall1 over above a kneeling-stool4 ,seeing my eyes did rest on it1 she colored a little1 and said it had belonged to ,lady ,mounteagle1 who had gifted her with it on her death-bed2 upon which account she did greatly treasure the possession thereof4 ,i answered1 it did very much content me that she should set store on what had been her grandmother's1 for verily she was greatly indebted to that good lady for the care she had taken of her young years2 but methinks1 ,i added1 the likeness of your ,saviour which died for you should not need any other excuse for the prizing of it than what arises from its being what it is1 his own dear image4 ,she said she thought so too2 but that in the eyes of ,protestants she must needs allege some other reason for the keeping of a crucifix in her room than that good one1 which nevertheless in her own thinking she allowed of4 ,then she showed me mine own chamber1 which was very commodious and pleasantly situated1 not far from hers4 ,from the window was to be seen the town of ,norwich1 and an extensive plain intersected with trees2 and underneath the wall of the house a terrace lined with many fair shrubs and strips of flower-beds1 very pleasing to the eye1 but too far off for a more familiar enjoyment than the eyesight could afford4 ,when we had dined1 and ,i was sitting with my lady in her dainty sitting-room1 she at her tambour-frame1 and ,i with a piece of patch-work on my knees which ,i had brought from ,london1 she began forthwith to question me touching my intended marriage1 ,mr4 ,rookwood's death1 and ,basil's going abroad1 concerning which she had heard many reports4 ,i satisfied her thereon2 upon which she expressed great contentment that my prospects of happiness were so good2 for all which knew ,basil thought well on him1 she said2 and mostly his neighbors1 which have the chiefest occasions for to judge of a man's disposition4 ,and ,euston1 she thought1 should prove a very commendable residence1 albeit the house was small for so good an estate2 but capable1 she doubted not1 of improvements1 which my fine taste would bestow on it2 not indeed by spending large sums on outward show1 but by small adornments and delicate beautifying of a house and gardens1 such as women only do excel in2 the which kind of care ,mr4 ,rookwood's seat had lacked for many years4 ,she also said it pleased her much to think that ,basil and ,i should agree touching religion1 for there was little happiness to be had in marriage where consent doth not exist in so important a matter4 ,i answered1 that ,i was of that way of thinking also4 ,but then this consent must be veritable1 not extorted2 for in so weighty a point the least shadow of compulsion on the one side1 and feigning on the other1 do end by destroying happiness1 and virtue also1 which is more urgent4 ,she made no answer2 and ,i then asked her if she #ej liked ,kenninghall more than ,london1 and had found in a retired life the contentment she had hoped for4 ,she bent down her head over her work-frame1 so as partly to conceal her face2 but how beautiful what was to be seen of it appeared1 as she thus hid the rest1 her snowy neck supporting her small head1 and the shape of her oval cheek just visible beneath the dark tresses of jet-black hair6 ,when she raised that noble head methought it wore a look of becoming1 not unchristian1 pride1 or somewhat better than should be titled pride2 and her voice betokened more emotion than her visage betrayed when she said1 ,i am more contented1 ,constance1 to inhabit this my husband's chiefest house than to dwell in ,london or anywhere else4 ,where should a wife abide with so much pleasure as in a place where she may be sometimes visited by her lord1 even though she should not always be so happy as to enjoy his company8 ,my ,lord ,arundel hath often urged me to reside with him in ,london1 and pleaded the comfort my ,lady ,lumley and himself1 in his declining years1 should find in my filial care2 but ,god helping me--and ,i think in so doing ,i fulfill his will--naught shall tempt me to leave my husband's house till he doth himself compel me to it2 nor by resentment of his absence lose one day of his dear company ,i may yet enjoy4 ,o my dear lady1 ,i exclaimed1 and is it indeed thus with you8 ,doth my lord so forget your love and his duty as to forsake one he should cherish as his most dear treasure8 ,nay1 nay1 she hastily replied2 ,philip doth not forsake me2 a little neglectful he is 7this she said with a forced smile71 as all the queen's courtiers must needs be of their wives2 for she is so exacting1 that such as stand in her good graces cannot be stayers at home1 but ever waiters on her pleasure4 ,if ,philip doth only leave ,london or ,richmond for three or four days1 she doth suspect the cause of his absence2 her smiles are turned to frowns1 and his enemies immediately do take advantage of it4 ,i tried to stay in ,london one while this year1 after ,bess was married2 but he suffered so much in consequence from the loss of her good graces when she heard ,i was at the ,charter-house1 that ,i was compelled to return here4 ,and hath my lord been to see you since8 ,i eagerly asked4 ,once1 she answered2 for three short days4 ,o ,constance1 it was a brief1 and1 from its briefness1 an almost painful joy1 to see him in his own princely home1 and at the head of his table1 which he doth grace so nobly2 and when he went abroad saluted by every one with so much reverence1 that he should be taken to be a king when he is here2 and himself so contented with this show of love and homage1 that his face beamed with pleasant smiles2 and when he observed what my poor skill had effected in the management of his estates1 which do greatly suffer from the prodigalities of the court1 he commended me with so great kindness as to say he was not worthy of so good a wife4 ,i could not choose but say amen in mine own soul to this lord's true estimation of himself1 and of her1 one hair of whose head did1 in my thinking1 outweigh in merit his whole frame2 but composed my face lest she should too plainly read my resentment that the like of her should be so used by an ungrateful husband4 ,alas1 she continued1 this joy should be my constant portion if an enemy robbed me not of my just rights4 ',tis very hard to be hated by a queen1 and she so great and powerful that none in the compass of her realm can dare to resent her ill treatment4 ,i had a letter from my lord last week1 in which he says if it be possible he will soon visit me again2 but he doth add that he has so much confidence in my affection1 that he is sure ,i would not will him to risk that which may undo him1 if the queen should hear of it4 ',for1 ,nan1' he writes1 ',i resemble a man scrambling up unto a slippery rock1 who1 if he #ea gaineth not the topmost points1 must needs fall backward into a precipice2 for if ,i lose but an inch of her majesty's favor1 ,i am like to fall as my fathers have done1 and yet lower4 ,so be patient1 good ,nan1 and bide the time when ,i shall have so far ascended as to be in less danger of a rapid descent1 in which thine own fortunes would be involved4 ,she folded this letter1 which she had taken out of her bosom1 with a deep sigh1 and ,i doubt not with the same thought which was in mine own mind1 that the higher the ascent1 the greater doth prove the peril of an overthrow1 albeit to the climber's own view the further point doth seem the most secured4 ,she then said she would not often speak with me touching her troubles2 but we should try to forget absent husbands and lovers1 and enjoy so much pleasure in our mutual good company as was possible1 and go hawking also and riding on fine days1 and be as merry as the days were long4 ,and1 verily1 at times youthful spirits assumed the lead1 and like two wanton children we laughed sometimes with hearty cheer at some pleasantry in which my little wit but fanciful humor did evince itself for her amusement4 ,but the fair sky of these sunshiny hours was often overcast by sudden clouds2 and weighty thoughts1 ill assorting with soaring joylity1 wrought sad endings to merry beginnings4 ,i restrained the expression of mine own sorrow at my father's uncertain fate and ,basil's absence1 not to add to her heaviness2 but sometimes1 whilst playing in some sort the fool to make her smile1 which smiles so well became her1 a sharp aching of the heart caused me to fail in the effort2 which when she perceived1 her arm was straightway thrown round my neck1 and she would speak in this wise3 ,o sweet jester6 poor dissembler6 the heart will have its say1 albeit not aided by the utterance of the tongue4 ,believe me1 good ,constance1 ,i am not unmindful of thy griefs1 albeit somewhat silent concerning them1 as also mine own2 for that ,i eschew melancholy themes1 having a well-spring of sorrow in my bosom which doth too readily overflow if the sluices be once opened4 ,thus spake this sweet lady2 but her unconscious tongue1 following the current of her thoughts more frequently than she did credit1 dwelt on the theme of her absent husband2 and on whichever subject talk was ministered between us1 she was ingenious to procure it should end with some reference to this worshipped object4 ,but verily1 ,i never perceived her to express1 in speaking of that then unworthy husband1 but what1 if he had been present1 must needs have moved him to regret his negligent usage of an incomparable1 loving1 and virtuous wife1 than to any resentment of her complaints1 which were rather of others who diverted his affections from her than of him1 the prime cause of her grief4 ,one day that we walked in the pleasaunce1 she led the way to a seat which she said during her lord's last visit he had commended for the fair prospect it did command1 and said it should be called ,my ,lady's ,arbor4 ,he sent for the head-gardener1 quoth she1 and charged him to plant about it so many sweet flowers and gay shrubs as should make it in time a most dainty bower fit for a queen4 ,these last words did1 ,i ween1 unwittingly escape his lips1 and1 ,i fear me1 ,i was too shrewish2 for ,i exclaimed1 ',o no1 my lord2 ,i pray you let it rather be unfitted for a queen1 if so be you would have me to enjoy it6' ,he made no answer1 and his countenance was overcast and sad when he returned to the house4 ,i misdoubted my hasty speech had angered him2 but when his horse came to the door for to carry him away to ,london and the court1 he said very kindly1 as he embraced me1 ',farewell1 dear heart6 mine own good ,nan6' and in a letter he since wrote he inquired if his orders had been obeyed touching his sweet countess's pleasure-house4 #eb ,i always noticed ,lady ,surrey to be very eager for the coming of the messenger which brought letters from ,london mostly twice in the week1 and that in the untying of the strings which bound them her hand trembled so much that she often said1 ,prithee1 ,constance1 cut this knot4 ,my fingers be so cold ,i have not so much patience as should serve to the undoing thereof4 ,one morning ,i perceived she was more sad than usual after the coming of this messenger4 ,the cloud on her countenance chased away the joy ,i had at a letter from ,basil1 which was written from ,paris1 and wherein he said he had sent to ,rheims for to inquire if my father was yet there1 for in that case he should not so much fail in his duty as to omit seeking to see him2 and so get at once1 he trusted1 a father and a priest's blessing4 ,what ails you1 sweet lady8 ,i asked1 seeing her lips quiver and her eyes to fill with tears4 ,nothing should ail me1 she answered more bitterly than was her wont4 ,it should be1 methinks1 the part of a wife to rejoice in her husband's good fortune2 and here is one that doth write to me that my lord's favor with the queen is so great that nothing greater can be thought of3 so that some do say1 if he was not married he would be like to mount1 not only to the steps1 but on to the throne itself4 ,here should be grand news for to rejoice the heart of the ,countess of ,surrey4 ,prithee1 good wench1 why dost thou not wish thy poor friend joy8 ,i felt so much choler that any one should write to my lady in this fashion1 barbing with cruel malice1 or leastways careless lack of thought1 this wanton arrow1 that ,i exclaimed in a passion it should be a villain had thus written4 ,she smiled in a sad manner and answered3 ,alas1 an innocent villain ,i warrant the writer to be1 for the letter is from my ,bess1 who has heard others speak of that which she doth unwittingly repeat1 thinking it should be an honor to my lord1 and to me also1 that he should be spoken of in this wise4 ,but content thee2 'tis no great matter to hear that said again which ,i have had hints of before1 and am like to hear more of it1 maybe4 ,then hastily rising1 she prepared to go abroad2 and we went to a lodge in the park1 wherein she harbored a great store of poor children which lacked their parents2 and then to a barn she had fitted up for to afford a night's lodging to travellers2 and to tend sick people--albeit1 saving herself1 she had no one in her household at that time one half so skilful in this way as my ,lady l',estrange4 ,i ween this was the sole place wherein her thoughts were so much occupied that she did for a while forget her own troubles in curing those of others4 ,a woman had stopped there the past night1 who1 when we went in1 craved assistance from her for to carry her to her native village1 which was some fifteen miles north of ,norwich4 ,she was afraid1 she said1 for to go into the town2 for nowadays to be poor was to be a wicked person in men's eyes2 and a traveller without money was like to be whipt and put into the stocks for a vagabond1 which she should die of if it should happen to her1 who had been in the service of a countess1 and had not thought to see herself in such straits1 which she should never have been reduced to if her good lady had not been foully dealt with4 ,lady ,surrey1 wishing1 ,i ween1 by some sort of examination1 to detect the truth of her words1 inquired in whose service she had lived4 ,madam1 she answered1 ,i was kitchen maid in the ,countess of ,leicester's house1 and never left her service till she was murthered some years back by a black villain in her household1 moved by a villain yet more black than himself4 ,murthered6 my lady exclaimed4 ,it was bruited at the time that lady had died of a fall4 ,ay1 marry1 quoth the beggar1 #ec shaking her head1 ,i warrant you1 ladies1 that fall was compassed by more hands than two1 and more minds than one4 ,but it be not safe for to say so2 as ,mark ,hewitt could witness if he was not dead1 who was my sweetheart and a scullion at ,cumnor ,place1 and was poisoned in prison for that he offered to give evidence touching his lady's death which would have hanged some which deserved it better than he did--albeit he had helped to rob a coach in ,wales after he had been discharged1 as we all were1 from the old place4 ,oh1 if folks dared to tell all they do know1 some which ride at the queen's side should swing on a gibbet before this day twelvemonth4 ,lady ,surrey sat down by this woman2 and albeit ,i pulled her by the sleeve and whispered in her ear to come away--for methought her talk was not fitting for her to hear1 whose mind ran too much already on melancholy themes--she would not go1 and questioned this person very much touching the manner of ,lady ,leicester's life1 and what was reported concerning her death4 ,this recital was given in a homely but withal moving manner1 which lent a greater horror to it than more studied language should have done4 ,she said her lady bad been ill some time and never left her room2 but that one day1 when one of her lord's gentlemen had come from ,london1 and had been examining of the house with the steward for to order some repairing of the old walls and staircases1 and the mason had been sent for also late in the evening1 a so horrible shriek was heard from the part of the house wherein the countess's chamber was1 that it frighted every person in the place1 so that they did almost lose their senses2 but that she herself had run to the passage on which the lady's bed-chamber did open1 and saw some planking removed1 and many feet below the body of the countess lying quite still1 and by the appearance of her face perceived her to be gone4 ,and when the steward came to look also 7this the woman said1 lowering her voice1 with her hollow eyes fixed on ,lady ,surrey's countenance1 which did express fear and sorrow71 ,i'll warrant you1 my lady1 he did wear a murtherer's visage1 and ,i noticed that the corpse bled at his approach4 ,but methinketh if that earl which rides by the queen's side1 and treads the world under his feet1 had then been nigh1 the mangled form should have raised itself and the cold dead lips cried out1 ',thou art the man6' ,marry1 when poor folks do steal a horse1 or a sheep1 or shoot the fallow-deer in a nobleman's park1 they straightway do suffer and lose their life2 but if a lord which is a courtier shall one day choose to put his wife out of his way for the bettering of his fortunes1 even though it be by a foul murther1 no more ado is made than if he had shot a pigeon in his woods4 ,then changing her theme1 she asked ,lady ,surrey to dress a wound in her leg1 for that she did hear from some in that place that she often did use such kindness toward poor people4 ,without such assistance1 she said1 to walk the next day would be very painful4 ,my lady straightway began to loosen the bandages which covered the sore1 and inquired how long a time it should be since it had been dressed4 ,four days ago1 the beggar answered1 ,lady l',estrange had done her so much good as to salve the wound with a rare ointment which had greatly assuaged the pain1 until much walking had inflamed it anew4 ,we both did smile2 and my lady said she feared to show herself less skilful than her old pupil2 but if the beggar should be credited1 she did acquit herself indifferently well of her charitable task2 and the bounty she bestowed upon her afterward1 ,i doubt not1 did increase her patient's esteem of her ability4 ,but ,i did often wish that evening my lady had not heard this woman's tale1 for ,i perceived her to harp upon it with a very notable persistency2 and when ,i urged no credit should attach itself to her #ed report1 and it was most like to be untrue1 she affirmed that some similar surmises had been spoken of at the time of ,lady ,leicester's death2 and that ,lord ,sussex and ,lord ,arundel had once mentioned1 in her hearing1 that the gypsy was infamed for his wife's death1 albeit never openly accused thereof4 ,she had not taken much heed of their discourse at the time1 she said2 but now it came back into her mind with a singular distinctness1 and it was passing strange she should have heard from an eye-witness the details of this tragedy4 ,she should1 she thought1 write to her husband what the woman had related2 and then she changed her mind1 and said she would not4 ,all my pleadings to her that she should think no more thereon were vain4 ,she endeavored to speak of other subjects1 but still this one was uppermost in her thoughts4 ,once1 in the midst of an argument touching the uses of pageants1 which she maintained to be folly and idle waste1 but which ,i defended1 for that they sometimes served to exercise the wit and memory of such as contrive them1 carrying on the dispute in a lively fashion1 hoping thus to divert her mind1 she broke forth in these exclamations3 ,oh1 what baneful influences do exist in courts1 when men1 themselves honorable1 abhor not to company with such as be accused of foul crimes never disproved1 and if they will only stretch forth their blood-stained hands to help them to rise1 disdain not to clasp them6 ,then later1 when ,i had persuaded her to play on the guitar1 which she did excellently well1 she stopped before the air was ended to ask if ,i did know if ,lady ,leicester was a fair woman1 and if her husband was at any time enamored of her4 ,and when ,i was unable to resolve these questions1 she must needs begin to argue if it should be worse never to be loved1 or else to lose a husband's affection2 and then asked me1 if ,basil should alter in his liking of me1 which she did not hold to be possible1 except that men be so wayward and inconstant that the best do sometimes change1 if ,i should still be glad he had once loved me4 ,if he did so much alter1 ,i answered1 as no longer to care for me1 methinks ,i should at once cast him out of my heart2 for then it would not have been ,basil1 but a fancied being coined by mine own imaginings1 ,i should have doted on4 ,tut1 tut6 she cried2 thou art too proud4 ,if thou dost speak truly1 ,i misdoubt that to be love which could so easily discard its object4 ,for my part1 ,i replied1 somewhat nettled1 ,i think the highest sort of passion should be above suspecting change in him which doth inspire it1 or resenting a change which should procure it freedom from an unworthy thrall4 ,i ween1 she answered1 we do somewhat misconceive each one the other's meaning2 and moreover1 no parallel can exist between a wife's affection and a maiden's liking4 ,then she said she hoped the poor woman would stay another day1 so that she might speak with her again2 for she would fain learn from her what was ,lady ,leicester's behavior during her sorrowful years1 and the temper of her mind before her so sudden death4 ,indeed1 dear lady1 ,i urged1 what likelihood should there be that a serving-wench in her kitchen should be acquainted with a noble lady's thoughts8 ,i pray ,god1 my lady said1 our meanest servants do not read in our countenance1 yea in the manner of our common and indifferent actions1 the motions of our souls when we be in such trouble as should only be known to ,god and one true friend4 ,lady ,surrey sent in the morning for to inquire if the beggar was gone4 ,to my no small content she had departed before break of day4 ,some days afterward a messenger from ,london brought to my lady1 from ,arundel ,house1 a letter from my #ee ,lady ,lumley1 wherein she urged her to repair instantly to ,london1 for that the earl1 her grandfather1 was very grievously sick1 and desired for to see her4 ,my lady resolved to go that very day1 and straightway gave orders touching the manner of her journey1 and desired her coach to be made ready4 ,she proposed that the while she was absent ,i should pay a visit to ,lady l',estrange1 which ,i had promised for to do before ,i left ,norfolkshire2 and then1 quoth my lady1 if my good ,lord ,arundel doth improve in his health1 so that nothing shall detain me at ,london1 ,i will return to my banishment1 wherein my best comfort shall ever be thy company1 good ,constance4 ,but if peradventure my lord should will me to stay with him 7oh1 how her eyes did brighten6 and the fluttering of her heart could be perceived in her quick speech and the heaving of her bosom as she said these words71 ,i will then send one of my gentlewomen to fetch thee from ,lynn ,court to ,london2 and if that should happen1 why methinks our meeting may prove more merry than our parting4 ,she then dispatched a messenger on horseback to ,sir ,hammond l',estrange's house1 which did return in some hours with a very obliging answer2 for his lady did write that she almost hoped my ,lady ,surrey would be detained in ,london1 if so be it would not discontent her1 and so she should herself have the pleasure of my company for a longer time1 which was what she greatly desired4 ,for some miles1 when she started1 ,i rode with my lady in her coach1 and then mounted on a horse she had provided for my commodity1 and1 accompanied by two persons of her household1 went to ,sir ,hammond l',estrange's seat4 ,it stood in a bleak country without scarce so much as one tree in its neighborhood1 but a store of purple heath1 then in flower1 surrounding it on all sides4 ,as we approached unto it1 ,i for the first time beheld the sea4 ,the heath had minded me of ,cannock ,chase and my childhood4 ,i ween not what the sea caused me to think of2 only ,i know that the waves which ,i heard break on the shore had1 to my thinking1 a wonderful music1 so exceeding sweet and pleasant to mine ears that one only sound of it were able to bring1 so it did seem to me1 all the hearts of this world asleep4 ,yet although ,i listed thereunto with a quiet joy1 and mine eyes rested on those vasty depths with so much contentment1 as if perceiving therein some image of the eternity which doth await us1 the words which rose in my mind1 and which methinks my lips also framed1 were these of ,holy ,writ3 ,great as the sea is thy destruction4 ,if it be not that some good angel whispered them in mine ear for to temper1 by a sort of forecasting of what was soon to follow1 present gladness1 ,i know not what should have caused so great a dissimilarity between my then thinking and the words ,i did unwittingly utter4 ,lady l',estrange met me on the steps of her house1 which was small1 but such as became a gentleman of good fortune1 and lacking none of the commodities habitual to such country habitations4 ,the garden at the back of it was a true labyrinth of sweets2 and an orchard on one side of it1 and a wood of fir-trees beyond the wall1 shielded the shrubs which grew therein from the wild sea-blasts4 ,milicent was delighted for to show me every part of this her home4 ,the bettering of her fortunes had not wrought any change in the gentle humility of this young lady4 ,the attractive sweetness of her manner was the same1 albeit mistress of a house of her own4 ,she set no greater store on herself than she had done at the ,charter-house1 and paid her husband as much respect and timid obedience as she had ever done her mistress4 ,verily1 in his presence ,i soon perceived she scarce held her soul to be her own2 but studied his looks with so much diligence1 and framed each word she uttered to his liking with so much #ef ingenuity1 that ,i marvelled at the wit she showed therein1 which was not very apparent in other ways4 ,he was a tall man1 of haughty carriage and well-proportioned features4 ,his eyes were large and gray2 his nose of a hawkish shape2 his lips very thin4 ,i never in any face did notice the signs of so set a purpose or such unyielding lineaments as in this gentleman4 ,milicent told me he was pious1 liberal1 an active magistrate1 and an exceeding obliging and indulgent husband2 but methought her testimony on this score carried no great weight with it1 for that her meekness would read the most ordinary kindnesses as rare instances of goodness4 ,she seemed very contented with her lot2 and ,i heard from ,lady ,surrey's waiting-maid 7which she had sent with me from ,kenninghall7 that all the servants in her house esteemed her to be a most virtuous and patient lady2 and so charitable1 that all who knew her experience her bounty4 ,on the next day she showed me her garden1 her dairy1 poultry-yard1 and store-room2 and also the closet where she kept the salves and ointments for the dressing of wounds1 which she said she was every morning employed in for several hours4 ,i said1 if she would permit me1 ,i would try to learn this art under her direction1 for that nothing could be thought of more useful for such as lived in the country1 where such assistance was often needed4 ,then she asked me if ,i was like to live in the country1 which1 from my words1 she hoped should be the case2 and ,i told her1 if it pleased ,god1 in one year ,i would be married to ,mr4 ,rookwood1 of ,euston ,hall2 which she was greatly rejoiced to learn4 ,then1 as we walked under the trees1 talk ensued between us touching former days at the ,charter-house2 and when the sun was setting amidst gold and purple clouds1 and the wind blew freshly from the sea1 whilst the barking of ,sir ,hammond's dogs1 and the report of his gun as he discharged it behind the house1 minded me more than ever of old country scenes in past time1 my thoughts drew also future pictures of what mine own home should be1 and the joy with which ,i should meet ,basil1 when he returned from the field-sports in which he did so much delight4 ,and a year seemed a long time to wait for so much happiness as ,i foresaw should be ours when we were once married4 ,if ,lady l',estrange is so contented1 ,i thought1 whose husband is somewhat churlish and stem1 if his countenance and the reports of his neighbors are to be credited1 how much enjoyment in her home shall be the portion of my dear ,basil's wife6 than which a more sweet-tempered gentleman cannot be seen1 nor one endued with more admirable qualities of all sorts1 not to speak of youth and beauty1 which are perishable advantages1 but not without attractiveness4 ,mrs4 l',estrange1 an unmarried sister of ,sir ,hammond1 lived in the house1 and some neighbors which had been shooting with him came to supper4 ,the table was set with an abundance of good cheer2 and ,milicent sat at the head of it1 and used a sweet cordiality toward all her guests1 so that every one should seem welcome to her hospitality2 but ,i detected looks of apprehension in her face1 coupled with hasty glances toward her husband1 if any one did bring forward subjects of discourse which ,sir ,hammond had not first broached1 or did appear in any way to differ with him in what he himself advanced4 ,once when ,lord ,burleigh was mentioned1 one of the gentleman said somewhat in disparagement of this nobleman1 as if he should have been to blame in some of his dealings with the parliament1 which brought a dark cloud on ,sir ,hammond's brow4 ,upon which ,milicent1 the color coming into her cheeks1 and her voice trembling a little1 as she seemed to cast about her for some subject which should turn the current of this talk1 began to tell what a store of patients she had #eg seen that day1 and to describe them1 as if seeking to stop the mouths of the disputants4 ,one1 quoth she1 hath been three times to me this week to have his hands dressed1 and ,i be verily in doubt what his station should be4 ,he hath a notable appearance of good breeding1 albeit but poorly apparelled1 and his behavior and discourse should show him to be a gentleman4 ,the wounds of his hands were so grievously galled for want of proper dressing1 when he first came1 ,i feared they should mortify1 and the curing of them to exceed my poor skill4 ,the skin was rubbed off the whole palms1 as if scraped off by handling of ropes4 ,a more courageous patient could not be met with4 ,methought the dressing should have been very painful1 but he never so much as once did wince under it4 ,he is somewhat reserved in giving an account of the manner in which he came by those wounds1 and answered jestingly when ,i inquired thereof4 ,but to-morrow ,i will hear more on it1 for ,i charged him to come for one more dressing of his poor hands4 ,where doth this fellow lodge8 ,sir ,hammond asked across the table in a quick eager manner4 ,at ,master ,rugeley's house1 ,i have heard1 quoth his wife4 ,then his fist fell on the table so that it shook4 ,a lewd recusant1 by ,god6 he cried4 ,i'll be sworn this is the popish priest escaped out of ,wisbeach1 for whom ,i have this day received orders to make diligent search4 ,ah1 ah6 my lady hath trapped the ,jesuit fox4 ,i looked at ,milicent1 and she at me4 ,o my ,god1 what looks those were6 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 ------ ,from ,the ,popular ,science ,review4 ,,migrations ,,of ,,european ,,birds4 ,the migrations of animals--especially those of the feathered tribe--constitute one of the most interesting and improving studies that the admirer of nature can pursue4 ,when naturalists were less conversant with the movements of birds of passage1 and knew little of their habits and haunts1 it used to be a favorite mode of accounting for the regular disappearance of many species by attributing to them what is the case with certain animals1 namely1 a torpid condition during winter4 ,it was affirmed that certain birds spent the cold months at the bottom of lakes1 and gravely asserted by an authority of the last century that swallows sometimes assemble in numbers1 clinging to a reed till it breaks and sinks with them to the bottom2 that their immersion is preceded by a song or dirge1 which lasts more than a quarter of an hour2 that sometimes they lay hold of a straw with their bills1 and plunge down in society2 and that others form a large mass by clinging together by the feet1 and in this manner commit themselves to the deep4 ,irrespective of the ridiculous absurdity of such assertions1 and their want of corroborative evidence1 we have the recorded opinions of ,john ,hunter and ,professor ,owen as to the incompatibility of a bird's organism for such a mode of existence4 ,in all probability1 the statement may have in part arisen from the well-known circumstance that many birds of passage tarry in their summer retreats until caught by the cold of winter1 when individuals may be found benumbed and senseless2 #eh this is a common occurrence1 even with the swallows and other birds of northern ,india1 where in the cold months the temperature during night falls often to freezing1 whilst at midday it may range as high as #hj ,fahr4 in the shade4 ,i have also seen the green bee-eater and small warblers so mach affected by a temperature of #dj on the banks of the ,nile in ,nubia as to be scarcely able to fly from twig to twig4 ,the effects of severe winters on many of our indigenous as well as migratory birds have been frequently exemplified by the numbers found dead in sheltered situations1 and especially if the cold sets in early1 when comparatively few birds of passage escape2 for instance1 the corn-crake has been found in ,britain during the winter months2 we know of one individual that was picked up on ,christmas-day1 crouching among furze bushes1 almost insensible from cold4 ,the winter homes of ,european birds of passage comprehend southern ,europe1 lower ,egypt1 and the countries that lie between the desert and southern shores of the ,mediterranean1 including the elevated lands of ,tunis1 ,algeria1 and ,morocco1 which1 although differing in physical features and1 in some respects1 in climate1 are1 strictly speaking1 but an extension of ,europe1 for their flora and fauna are ,european4 ,it is only when the traveller crosses the ,sahara1 with its salt lakes and moving clouds of sand1 and gains the region of verdure beyond1 that he enters on a new zoological and botanical province4 ,it is curious and instructive to observe how well this statement accords with late geological discoveries4 ,from a series of ascertained facts the student of physical science is enabled to speculate on a time when equatorial ,africa was divided from the northern portion of the continent by a great sea1 of which the ,sahara formed the bed2 it extended from the ,gulf of ,cabes to ,senegambia in the west1 and was many hundred miles in breadth4 ,the ,mediterranean sea did not then exist2 therefore there was no great obstacle to the southern migrations of animals until they reached the shores of the great central ,african sea2 but as there was no desert in those days1 there would be no hot winds to temper the climates northward1 and consequently we should expect to find traces of more rigorous winters in central and southern ,europe2 and such have been clearly proven by certain evidences1 which were lucidly explained by ,sir ,charles ,lyell at the last meeting of the ,british ,association4 ,thus1 although we may wonder at the extraordinary intelligence which prompts the bird to cross the ,mediterranean1 we see at the same time that it is going to no foreign land1 where it will not meet friends to cheer it1 or food unsuited to its wants4 ,the two great causes which bring about the regular migrations of birds are either change of climate or failure of food--most often both combined4 ,any ordinary observer must have often remarked that the first effect of a decrease in temperature in autumn is the sudden disappearance of many winged and wingless insects1 on which many soft-billed birds of passage depend4 ,at that season swallows1 that seemed so full of life and vigor1 skimming over fields1 threading along the lanes1 or twittering from straw-built sheds1 are soon seen collecting in flocks1 and flitting about with a marked diminution in their activity--now huddling together on the eaves of houses1 or assembling in long lines on the telegraph wires2 another boreal blast1 not yet sufficient to turn the leaf1 sends the whole flock southward1 for they soon find that there is no use facing the north from whence the cold puffs are coming1 whilst by holding in the direction of the sun1 with the balmy southern winds occasionally beckoning them to advance1 they soon gain the object of their desires4 ,thus flocks may be seen pursuing their journey1 and picking up a livelihood and more companions as they speed their way over mountain1 moor1 field1 city1 or sea to #ei the sunny climes and eternal sunshine of southern ,europe and trans-,mediterranean lands4 ,the majority of migratory birds cross the latter sea during the vernal and autumnal equinoxes2 whilst a few1 such as certain finches and water birds1 make their appearance on the islands and southern shores throughout the winter2 the latter1 however1 are in a great measure dependent on the state of the weather1 and their numbers increase or decrease accordingly4 ,it is evident that such animals as the lapp1 lemming1 musk-ox1 or reindeer must push southward on the approach of winter4 ,their migrations are by no means unexpected2 nor would the mere land journey of birds create amazement when we know the real causes2 but to cross the great inland sea anywhere1 save at its entrance1 must be considered a great feat when performed by tiny warblers1 and birds not physically adapted for long flights2 for instance1 the willow warbler or the land-rail1 crossing the broadest parts of the ,mediterranean1 must traverse at least six hundred miles4 ,no doubt the heated winds from the desert exert a great influence in determining the route to be taken by migratory birds1 especially in the countries that come directly under their operation2 and at no seasons are their presence more apparent than during the spring and autumn2 for not only then do they blow their greatest violence1 but are also most keenly felt by contrast with the previous hot or cold months4 ,thus the winds that beckon the bird in autumn to come southward1 drive it back again to ,europe in spring4 ,much1 however1 depends on the constitutional powers of the individual species1 which vary greatly in members of the same family2 for instance1 the little chiffchaff often makes its appearance in ,england as early as the middle of ,march1 whilst its congener1 the willow warbler1 is seldom seen before the end of ,april2 the spotted fly-catcher and night-jar arrive toward the end of ,may1 and depart again early in ,september4 ,bird migrations may be said to be either complete or partial2 some birds totally abandon ,europe during winter1 and take up their residence in north ,africa2 others repair merely to the more genial climates of the south of ,europe2 whilst many remain1 but in diminished numbers1 throughout the year1 the majority resorting to milder temperatures4 ,for example1 the swallow tribe leave ,europe entirely2 the wagtails have their winter homes among the oases of the desert and on the banks of the ,nile1 whilst a few tarry in southern ,europe1 and with their brethren in spring push northward4 ,a good many stone-chats spend the winter in ,britain1 whilst the majority move southward2 not so with their close ally1 the whin-chat1 which disappears entirely during the cold season1 and1 with the migratory portion of the last-named species1 seeks the more genial climates of north ,africa4 ,thus1 in all probability1 there are individual stone-chats that have alternately braved the cold of the north and the more cheerful winter of the ,sahara2 for we cannot suppose that there is a set that invariably stop in the north1 and another that constancy leave at the approach of winter4 ,at all events1 here is displayed a flexibility of constitution often considered characteristic of man alone4 ,although the regular birds of passage maintain much exactitude with reference to their arrivals and departures1 others seem to err greatly when compelled by weather or other causes to trust to their own intelligence in guiding them from place to place2 even many migratory species far exceed the bounds of their usual resorts1 and certain individuals1 not known to be migratory1 have found their way across the whole continent of ,europe4 ,a good example of the latter is seen in the late irruption of ,pallas's sand-grouse from north-western ,asia1 so well illustrated by ,messrs4 ,moore and ,newton1 in the ,ibis4 ,the short-toed lark seldom #fj migrates beyond the northern shores of the ,mediterranean1 yet finds itself often in ,britain1 and caught either in gales1 or wandering unknowingly northward2 occasional individuals of the ,egyptian vulture from ,spain1 the ,griffon vulture and spotted eagle from the mountains of central ,europe1 and the spotted cuckoo from north ,africa4 ,moreover1 several ,american species have been recorded1 chiefly water birds1 which1 of course1 are better adapted to brave the dangers of the deep4 ,certain birds--to wit1 the redbreast1 song-thrush1 and black-bird--do not leave the north of ,europe1 whilst many of their brethren of ,italy and the neighboring countries make regular annual migrations to ,africa and the islands4 ,to account for this remarkable anomaly1 it will be observed that the robin of the south is far less omnivorous than its northern compeer1 and is not nearly so familiar in its habits--like the warblers1 it depends almost entirely on insect food2 consequently1 when that fails1 it has no alternative but to push southward1 and participating1 like other species1 in climatic effects1 it would doubtless follow a like route2 and much the same with the thrushes1 as they depend in a great measure on fruits for their winter subsistence4 ,when the grapes of the south are gathered1 having no holly-berries1 mountain ash1 or haws to draw on for their winter wants1 they would naturally disperse2 probably many fly northward as well2 for all the thrushes that cross the ,mediterranean during winter are but an infinitesimal part of what frequent ,italy and the south of ,europe in summer4 ,no doubt much depends on the nature of the locality1 whether favorable or otherwise2 and wherever a complete or only partial failure of food has taken place1 so accordingly will the species depart or remain4 ,moreover1 what has just been remarked in connection with the stone-chat1 might be applied again to the robins and thrushes of southern ,europe3 supposing one of either hatched in ,italy1 and after several years' migrations to the oasis of the desert1 should deviate on one occasion from its accustomed course and fly northward1 and spend the winter in northern ,europe1--with the example of the resident individuals before it1 no doubt the robin would soon pick up crumbs at the kitchen door1 and the thrushes crowd with their indigenous brethren on the holly-trees1 and1 becoming climatized1 remain in their adopted countries ever afterward4 ,although we have no direct proof that such occurrences actually take place1 there is nothing in the bird's constitution to preclude such a supposition2 and not only that1 but we know in the case of ,pallas's sand-grouse1 and many other accidental visitors1 that they have at once adapted themselves to the food afforded by the country1 although perfectly new to them4 ,how far such influences1 acting on generations and for long periods1 do effect the external appearances or internal structure of a species1 are points not yet clearly determined2 but doubtless1 as the geographical distribution and migrations of animals become better known1 so will many difficulties of that nature be cleared up4 ,of the vast hosts of birds that cross the ,mediterranean annually not a few perish on their way1 and their bodies are thrown up on the beach2 many arrive only to die1 as we can testify from our own observations along the shores of ,malta1 where we have picked up numerous warblers that had been either drowned on their passage or died on the rocks1 or had dashed themselves at night against the fortifications and light-houses4 ,the beacon blaze illures ,the bird of passage1 till he madly strikes ,against it1 and beats out his weary life4 ,the quail on its way to ,europe in spring1 or ,africa in autumn1 is often borne back by a strong head-wind to the country it had just left2 and we have repeatedly noticed that a strong sirocco in ,september scarcely ever fails in throwing abundance of quail #fa on the southeast coast of ,malta1 in the same way that a powerful gregale brings in many that had been bent on an opposite direction4 ,we now come to observe that extraordinary intelligence whereby swallows1 for instance1 are enabled year after year to return to the same nest4 ,taking into consideration the long absence1 the dangers and difficulties incident to the voyage1 it seems incredible that any animal not human can be capable1 after nearly eight months' sojourn in central ,africa1 to return in spring to a farm-yard in the midland counties of ,england2 and still more wondrous1 as recorded in ,yarrell's ,british ,birds1 that several swifts1 undeniably marked1 returned not only for three years in succession1 but one of the number was caught in the same locality at the expiration of seven years4 ,here1 then1 are displayed effects of memory and perception--in fine1 a wondrous manifestation of intellect1 which1 under the vague name of instinct1 has been applied1 we think too indiscriminately1 to such-like mental phenomena among the lower animals4 ,none of the eagles of ,europe seem to cross the great inland sea1 or perform regular migrations4 ,the osprey and peregrine falcon wander over the south of ,europe and north ,africa in increased numbers during the winter months4 ,flocks of honey-buzzards1 orange-legged falcons1 and lesser kestrels1 together with numbers of marsh harriers1 kestrels1 sparrow-hawks1 and in a less proportion the hobby1 merlin1 and ,montagu's and ,swainson's harriers1 follow the migratory birds to and from ,africa--some in hot pursuit of the warblers and quail1 which they feed on when they cannot procure more choice food4 ,thus flocks of hawks may be seen hovering over the fields in spring1 and along the southern shores of the ,mediterranean1 where the birds of passage are assembling before they commence their voyage northward1--all driven hence by the hot blasts of the desert1 which1 under such local names as harmattan1 sirocco1 kamsin1 simoom1 and samiel1 soon wither verdure1 and compel birds of passage to turn their faces northward1 and fly with all speed to more genial climes4 ,a naval officer informed us that one spring evening1 when a hundred miles off the coast of ,africa1 the rigging of his vessel was covered by small birds1 which were seen arriving in scattered flocks from the south2 among them were many hawks and a few small-sized owls1 possibly the ,scop's eared owl1 which migrates in great numbers at that season4 ,no sooner had the little birds settled down on the yards than the hawks commenced to prey on them1 and were seen actually devouring their captives within a few yards of the officers1 who attempted to put a stop to the slaughter by shooting the depredators1 but in vain2 they continued pursuing the unfortunate small birds from rope to yard-arm and around the vessel1 until night put an end to the scene1 when friend and foe went to roost1 and at break of day all sped their way northward4 ,the short-eared and ,scop's owls are migratory species2 both pass and repass the ,mediterranean in great numbers every spring and autumn1 not in flocks1 but singly2 the latter is much in request as an article of food1 and killed in several of the islands in large numbers2 during its passage through ,malta dozens of this handsome little owl may be seen in the poultry market4 ,as beetles1 moths1 and the larger insects constitute the favorite food of the ,scop's owl1 and bats enter largely into the fare of its short-eared congener1 it may be supposed neither can have much inducement to prolong its stay in ,europe after ,september4 ,the night-jar1 although late in arriving in the north of ,europe1 crosses the ,mediterranean in ,march2 the nocturnal habits of the bird1 by restricting its movements to night and twilight1 will account for its slow progress2 it is also much esteemed by the natives #fb of the south as an article of food4 ,none of the swallow tribe are more exact in their times of arrival and departure than the swifts1 which seem to proceed further southward than any of the others2 whether from sudden failure of food or change of climate1 or both1 it is seldom the black swift tarries on its way2 for1 not content with the climate of the southern shores of the great inland sea1 it pushes on with little delay to ,abyssinia1 ,nubia1 and even ,timbuctoo4 ,the ,alpine swift passes to and from ,europe in small numbers2 compared with the last-named species1 this is a hardy bird2 we have seen it and the house marten sporting around ,alpine glaciers at the latter end of ,august1 when there was a hoar frost every night1 and occasional heavy falls of snow2 many ,alpine swifts spend the entire year on the ,himalayan ranges4 ,the chimney1 house1 and sand swallows make their first appearance in spring1 and leave ,europe in the order here given2 none seem to pass the winter in any of the islands1 and on their arrival in ,africa move steadily southward to more genial regions4 ,the rock swallow and rufous swallow make regular migrations from ,asia ,minor to south-eastern ,europe1 few venturing westward of ,greece4 ,owing to the strong ,n4,e4 winds that prevail during the cold months1 and sweep along the ,mediterranean basin with great violence1 many birds are blown from one coast to another1 and turn up in districts in every way uncongenial to their habits and wants3 thus are recorded by ,c4 ,a4 ,wright1 ,esq41 in his admirable catalogue of ,birds observed in ,malta1 the appearance of the diminutive golden and fire-crested wrens among the woodless tracts of these bare islands2 supposing them to have come from the nearest point of ,sicily1 they must have flown at least fifty miles6 ,along the shores of the ,mediterranean the approach of spring is heralded by flocks of gaudy bee-eaters1 which may be seen advancing northward in scattered hosts emitting their characteristic call-note4 ,we have watched them approaching ,malta during the calm and delightful weather at that season1 when a few1 attracted by the verdure1 would break off from the rest and descend1 whilst the majority continued steering their course in a northerly direction4 ,luckless is the bird wanderer that makes a temporary resting-place of ,malta at any time1 especially on ,sunday1 for no sooner is an individual recognized than a dozen guns are put in requisition1 and soon the fair forms of the bee-eater1 oriole1 etc41 are seen stretched in rows on the benches of the poulterer4 ,the weird-like form of the hoopoe may constantly be seen drifting before a south wind in spring1 or hastening southward in ,august1 seldom in flocks1 but so numerous that on one occasion1 on a projecting rock in the island of ,gozo1 we saw in the course of half an hour no less than ten hoopoes arrive1 one after another4 ,none of the woodpeckers1 neither the creeper1 nuthatch1 nor the wren1 seem to migrate4 ,the warblers no doubt constitute by far the greatest minority of the birds of passage1 and may be said to be most punctual in their time of arrival and departure4 ,as with other groups1 many entirely abandon their summer or winter residences at the migratory seasons1 whilst others leave a few stragglers behind4 ,the sedge1 willow1 garden1 the chiffchaff1 whitethroat1 ,sardinian1 ,dartford1 subalpine1 ,vieillot's warblers1 and the blackcap annually cross and recross the ,mediterranean with undeviating regularity1 some in enormous numbers1 especially the garden warbler and whitethroat1 which being then plump and in good condition are in great request1 and constitute the ,italian's much relished beccafico4 ,the nightingale appears in considerable numbers and shares the same fate with the last-named species4 ,the two redstarts1 wheatear1 whin1 and stone-chats1 with the redbreast1 come and go to ,africa regularly1 leaving a few stragglers on the islands during winter1 which1 #fc however1 unite with their brethren from north ,africa in spring1 when all proceed to ,europe4 ,the blue-throated warbler repairs to ,egypt in winter1 from the south-eastern countries of ,europe and western ,asia4 ,a small migration takes place of the russet and eared wheat-ears annually to southern ,europe in summer1 and back again to the ,african deserts in autumn4 ,as the song thrush and blackbird are plentiful throughout the year along the ,atlas range1 it is probable few of them return in spring1 and whatever do cross in autumn and winter remain with the residents4 ,the golden oriole passes through ,malta regularly on its way northward1 and in small flocks returns to ,africa immediately after the harvest and fruit are collected in autumn4 ,the ring ousel is also migratory2 and although a few missal thrushes and redwings appear on the islands and southern shores during the cold season1 neither can strictly speaking be called birds of passage1 as their numbers seem entirely dependent on the state of the weather in ,europe and local gales4 ,the tree1 meadow1 red-throated and tawny pipits cross and recross regularly1 and often in large flocks4 ,the meadow pipit is another illustration of a bird which remains all the year in northern ,europe1 but is migratory in the southern parts4 ,as soon as the hot weather has fairly set in in ,africa1 flocks of the short-toed lark proceed to southern ,europe and distribute themselves over wastes2 like other desert-living birds1 it is very sensible of cold1 and accordingly quits ,europe before the regular migratory season4 ,the sky1 crested1 and ,calandral arks go southward late in ,october and the following month2 the two last-named are extremely abundant in north ,africa during winter4 ,the woodlark repairs to southern ,europe during the winter1 but a few also regularly push further southward1 and cross again in spring4 ,the pied wagtail and its northern variety1 called after the late ,mr4 ,yarrell1 repair to southern ,europe on the approach of winter1 and many also cross the great inland sea and proceed a long way into ,africa2 we found the former very common up the ,nile to the second cataract4 ,the grey wagtail1 although nowhere so common1 follows the same course and pushes northward at the same time with its congener in spring4 ,the yellow wagtails of ,europe have been so frequently confounded and misnamed1 that until the student has carefully examined specimens of each he will be almost sure to become confused4 ,there is1 first1 the yellow wagtail of the ,british islands1 called also ,ray's wagtail1 that migrates to the continent in winter1 but we opine not to southern ,europe2 this bird has been mistaken for the yellow wagtail of the continent1 first described by ,linnaeus4 ,enormous flocks of the last-named bird cross regularly to and from ,africa annually3 probably not a straggler remains in either country after the migratory seasons are over4 ,we have repeatedly noticed varieties of this wagtail with grey and black-colored heads1 which many naturalists consider as specific differences1 whilst others appear to class them under the head of a race or variety of the ,motacilla flava of ,linnaeus4 ,we are enabled so far to strengthen the latter opinion1 by the fact that in a large series of skins collected from flocks of yellow wagtails during their migrations across the ,mediterranean1 we could make out a gradual transition from the one state of plumage to the other1 and we frequently found the grey1 black1 and olive-headed 7or yellow wagtail proper7 all in one flock and constantly associating together1 and with the same call-note2 the only difference was the call-note in autumn in some was noticed to be harsher2 these1 however1 we ascertained to be birds of the year4 ,the rook is migratory in south-eastern ,europe1 and repairs to the delta of the ,nile in large flocks2 sometimes it is driven by stress of weather to the islands of the mid and western ,mediterranean4 #fd ,the northern portion of ,africa is a favorite resort for the starling in winter1 when flocks may be constantly seen all over the south of ,europe2 they quit1 however1 in spring and go northward4 ,the jay has been recorded as migratory1 and said to frequent north ,africa1 ,malta1 and ,egypt4 ,we cannot1 however1 find any authentic confirmation of this statement4 ,all the ,european flycatchers cross the ,mediterranean very punctually4 ,the spotted bird is by far the most numerous1 next the pied1 and in a much less proportion1 the white-necked flycatcher4 ,the first has a very extensive geographical range1 embracing the whole continent of ,africa and ,europe1 and breeds in great numbers even in ,north ,britain1 where we have seen large flocks in autumn pursuing their retrograde coarse southward4 ,the woodchat shrike seems to be the only representative of the family that regularly leaves ,europe in winter2 its red-backed congener has been said to migrate to north ,africa4 ,the finches are always late in migrating in autumn1 and leave north ,africa long before the other birds of passage2 at all times much depends on the severity of the weather1 their numbers increasing or diminishing accordingly4 ,no doubt1 like the thrushes and other species indigenous to temperate climes1 many individuals extend their range during the winter months1 not so much from failure of food1 as the cold weather allows them to wander over regions inimical to their constitutions and wants in summer2 from this cause and the state of the climate in north and mid ,europe1 together with the transporting power of gales1 may be attributed the pretty regular appearance of flocks of the following finches on the islands and southern shores of the great inland ocean4 ,the linnet is plentiful in ,egypt and north ,africa in winter2 small flocks of the chaffinch1 greenfinch1 goldfinch1 common buntings1 sirinfinch1 grosbeak1 and ortolan may be seen among the tamarisk and olive groves of north ,africa at the same season1 whilst a few solitary individuals of the crossbill1 scarlet grosbeak1 reed and meadow buntings1 cirl and bramble finches1 tree and rock sparrows1 find their way in winter to the islands and southern shores of the ,mediterranean4 ,the cuckoo and wryneck are among the foremost birds of passage that cross to and from ,africa1 and both seem to have much the same geographical distribution4 ,we have heard the cuckoo's welcome note among the carol trees of ,malta in ,march2 in the north of ,europe in ,may2 among the stunted birch trees on the confines of perpetual snow on the ,himalayan mountains in ,july2 and often recognized its handsome form among the orange groves on the torrid plains of ,india as late as ,november4 ,many wood and stock pigeons migrate to ,africa in winter2 their headquarters1 however1 would seem to be located in the south of ,europe2 not so with the turtle dove1 of which flocks of thousands may be seen steering their course southward in autumn and vice versa in spring2 very few1 if any1 remaining in ,europe or in ,africa at the termination of their migrations4 ,at these seasons they are caught in great numbers1 by means of clapnets and decoy birds4 ,the quail invariably flies within a few feet of the sea when crossing4 ,as soon as the cold weather has fairly set in along the shores of the ,mediterranean1 a partial migration of the following plovers takes place4 ,the ,norfolk plover disperses in winter over the islands1 and penetrates far south to central ,africa4 ,during ,november flights of golden plovers arrive on the northern exposures of the ,maltese islands2 also a few of the grey and a good many of the lapwing plovers1 all of which go to ,africa4 ,the dotterel1 with its two-winged allies1 and the ,kentish plover1 pursue much the same course1 perhaps if anything more of all these pass in autumn than recross in spring1 for the reason that several of the species are resident #fe in ,africa1 and extensively distributed over the entire continent4 ,the common heron and crane repair southward to the ,african lakes and rivers1 and may be seen during the winter months flying at great heights2 neither is attracted by the mere appearance of land1 whist the purple heron ,egret squacco1 night heron1 little bittern1 glossy ibis1 whimbrel1 common and slender-billed curlews1 fly at lower levels1 and tarry on the islands on their way4 ,the frosts of ,october and the following months drive across the inland sea myriads of greenshanks1 wood1 the common and little sandpipers1 stilts1 water-rails1 the common1 spotted ,baillons1 and little crakes1 and the coot4 ,in smaller numbers come black-tailed godwits1 common and jack-snipes1 common and spotted redshanks1 marsh and green sandpipers1 with ruffs1 the great snipe1 knot1 curlew sandpiper1 dunlin turnstone4 ,now and then the woodcock wanders across1 but as a rule its migration is mostly confined to the south of ,europe4 ,the ,adriatic gull extends its range over the western ,mediterranean in winter4 ,many northern gulls and terns1 to wit1 the herring1 lesser1 and black-backed gulls1 ,sandwich1 common1 the little1 the black1 the white-winged1 and the whiskered terns1 spread themselves over the sea1 and wander up the ,nile and to the lakes of north ,africa4 ,of the duck tribe nearly all go north in spring4 ,among others1 we have noticed the bean goose1 shoveller1 shelldrake1 mallard1 pintail1 gadwall1 widgeon1 teal1 gargany1 and castaneous ducks2 the red-breasted merganser1 and the cormorant2 the crested1 horned1 eared1 and little grebes4 ------ ,translated from ,etudes ,religieuses1 ,historiques et ,littraires1 par des ,pres de la ,compagnie de ,jsus4 ,,another ,,attempt ,,at ,,union ,,between ,,the ,,anglican ,,and ,,greek ,,churches4 ,it is remarkable with what perseverance ,protestants have ever labored to bring about a reconciliation and union between themselves and the schismatical churches of the ,east4 ,when one compares the terms between which it is desired to effect this union1 it is difficult to conceive of two which are more opposed1 and between which there is a more complete contrast4 ,protestants reject the authority both of tradition and of the hierarchy2 the veneration of saints1 images1 and relics2 outward ceremonial1 and all that which may be considered as composing the external side of religion4 ,the ,greeks1 on the contrary1 so far from rejecting these1 have rather exaggerated their importance4 ,it seems impossible that they should ever reach a uniformity of sentiment2 but yet the endeavor to effect it has been steadily persevered in4 ,as far back as #aeei ,melancthon tried to bring about an understanding with ,joseph ,,ii41 the patriarch of ,constantinople2 and on sending him the confession of ,augsburg1 he wrote1 with rather more cunning than fairness1 that the ,protestants had remained #ff faithful to the ,holy ,scriptures1 to the dogmatic decisions of holy councils1 and to the teaching of ,athanasius1 ,basil1 ,gregory1 ,epiphanius1 etc41 the fathers of the ,greek ,church2 that they rejected the errors of ,paul of ,samosata1 of the ,manichees1 and of all the heresiarchs condemned by the ,holy ,church1 as well as the superstitious practices introduced by ignorant monks into the ,latin ,church1 wherefore he besought the patriarch to give no heed to the evil reports which were in circulation against ,protestants4 ,it seems the patriarch was not to be caught by these plausible professions1 for he made no reply4 ,the ,protestants were not discouraged1 and fifteen years later a fresh attempt was made by the ,lutheran university of ,tbingen4 ,the ambassador of the ,german emperor at ,constantinople was a ,protestant1 and had brought with him a minister of his own denomination1 named ,gerlach4 ,it was he who carried on the negotiations between the university of ,tbingen and the ,patriarch ,jeremias4 ,the whole of this correspondence is before the public4 ,the patriarch refutes the ,protestant doctrines with great ability and clearness1 and concludes by requesting the professors of ,tbingen to trouble him no longer and to send him no more letters4 ,they were not to be discouraged by a trifle like this2 but write what they would1 the patriarch made them no further reply4 ,this negotiation began in #aegc and lasted until #aeha1 but nothing came of it4 ,fifty years after the ,lutherans had failed1 in their turn the ,calvinists made another effort1 which seemed to promise better success4 ,the ambassadors of ,holland1 ,england1 and ,sweden took the most active and energetic part in the matter4 ,the patriarch1 of ,constantinople1 ,cyril ,lucar1 himself a ,calvinist at heart1 so far from opposing their designs1 favored them with all his power4 ,success seemed certain4 ,after various vicissitudes ,cyril ,lucar died in #afch4 ,footnote #b ,a few weeks after his death the synod of ,constantinople pronounced sentence of censure upon his propositions1 and anathema upon himself4 ,in #afdb a second council was held under the ,patriarch ,parthenius1 who was very hostile both to ,rome and to ,catholics1 which confirmed the previous condemnation of ,cyril4 ,among others1 ,peter ,mogila1 metropolitan of ,kief1 signed this fresh censure4 ,last of all1 these condemnations of #afch and #afdb were confirmed by a council held at ,jerusalem in #afgb1 over which the ,patriarch ,dositheus presided4 ,footnote #b3 ,he was thrown into the ,bosphorus by the sultan1 at the request of his brother bishops4--,ed4 ,c4,w4 ,the creation of a bishopric at ,jerusalem may be regarded1 also1 as an attempt at reunion between the ,protestants and the schismatic churches of the ,east4 ,frederick ,william ,,iv41 king of ,prussia1 assisted by ,m4 de ,bunsen1 was the promoter of this idea1 but it was too ingenious and too complicated to be practical4 ,it proposed to labor for the conversion of the ,jews2 to prepare the way for the union of the schismatical churches of the ,east with1 the ,anglican2 and1 by means of the evangelical church of ,prussia1 to induce the various sects of ,protestantism to conform in matters of doctrine and discipline to the ,church of ,england4 ,the archbishop of ,canterbury favored the plan2 but1 as was to be expected1 there were many ,protestants who were very far from giving it their approbation4 ,as to the ,oriental ,christians1 they were exceedingly astonished1 as ,dr4 ,bowring humorously related before ,parliament1 at the arrival1 not only of a bishop 7un vescovo71 but of a lady-bishop 7una vescova7 and baby-bishops 7vescovini74 ,after an existence of twenty years1 no pretence is yet made that the bishopric of ,jerusalem has succeeded in effecting any reconciliation whatever with the ,oriental churches1 or that it has in any measure prepared the way for the uniting of #fg ,protestantism itself4 ,the ,anglican ,church is herself more divided than ever1 and demonstrates more conclusively from year to year how impossible it is for her to keep fast hold upon any creed whatever4 ,perhaps this manifestation of internal division and doctrinal anarchy may contribute somewhat to turn the eyes of ,anglicans toward the ancient and immovable ,church of the ,east4 ,however this may be1 we have before us in our own day a fresh attempt at reunion about which we must say a few words4 ,the facts are as follows3 ,three or four years ago ,dr4 ,troll1 ,footnote #c bishop of the ,episcopalian ,church in ,san ,francisco1 discovered that there were in his diocese some four hundred persons belonging to the ,greek ,church1 who1 while they recognized his authority up to a certain point1 yet refused to receive communion from his hands4 ,dr4 ,troll referred the matter to the convention of the ,episcopal ,church in the ,united ,states1 who appointed a committee to examine and report on the relation in which the two churches stood toward one another4 ,the ,church of ,england took part in the investigation1 and convocation met at ,canterbury in #ahfc1 appointing a commission whose duty it should be to have an understanding with the ,episcopal ,church in ,america and co-operate with her4 ,in the month of ,february1 #ahfe1 this commission presented their report before convocation at ,canterbury4 ,the ,american committee published a series of works designed to prepare the way for union by making known the dogmas and rites of the ,greco-,russian ,church4 ,the ,english commission formed an association whose object it was to make the ,oriental churches known to ,englishmen1 and in turn to make the ,anglican ,church understood by the ,christians of the ,east4 ,the ,anglican archbishop of ,dublin1 many other bishops of the same church1 and the archbishop of ,belgrade1 were among the patrons of this association4 ,footnote #c3 ,there is some mistake here4 ,dr4 ,kip is the ,protestant ,bishop of ,california4--,ed4 ,c4,w4 ,in #ahfd1 ,dr4 ,young of ,new ,york made a visit to ,russia1 where he put himself in communication with the more prominent members of the ,russian episcopate4 ,the ,episcopalian bishop of ,san ,francisco visited ,georgia1 ,servia1 and ,bulgaria1 and more recently ,nice1 where he frequented the ,russian chapel4 ,messrs4 ,popof and ,wassilief1 chaplains of the ,russian ambassadors at ,london and ,paris1 were present at the sittings of the ,english commission and took part in its deliberations4 ,by the very last news from ,america we are informed that divine service i4e41mass4--,ed4 was solemnly celebrated1 according to the ,oriental rite and in the ,sclavonic language1 in one of the principal ,episcopalian churches of ,new ,york city4 ,according to the ,american newspapers1 the celebrant was ,f4 ,agapius1 recently come to ,america1 having been appointed by the ,russian ,church to the spiritual charge of his co-religionists in the ,united ,states4 ,the ,union ,chrtienne1 ,paris paper1 informs us that ,father ,agapius ,honcharenko is a deacon of the ,russian ,church who was ordained priest by a bishop of the ,greek ,church1 which ordination was irregular2 and that ,f4 ,agapius acted without any authority from the ,russian ,church2 and lastly1 that he was associated with ,m4 ,alexander ,herzen at ,london and took part in the publication of the ,kolokol 7the ,clock74 ,this last fact is of a character to make a deep impression upon the members of the synod of ,st4 ,petersburg1 but it is not so clear that it exercised the same influence upon the mind of the ,americans4 ,the ,union ,chrtienne appears to think that when this valuable information about ,agapius ,honcharenko reaches ,new ,york1 the ,episcopal ,church will have nothing more to do with him4 ,this is possible1 but as yet it is mere conjecture4 ,however this may be1 this little incident is not calculated to #fh kindle in the synod of ,russia any great zeal for the proposed reunion4 ,the ,den 7,day71 a periodical in ,moscow1 has also an account of the celebration of this mass in ,new ,york1 in its fourteenth number1 #ahfe4 ,evidently the ,moscovite journal has none of the information as to this individual1 ,p4 ,honcharenko1 which was given by the ,union ,chrtienne2 but it makes up for this by the important fact that although this priest may have received no mission from the ,russian ,church1 he was endowed with at least equal power and authorization by the metropolitan of ,athens and the synod of the kingdom of ,greece1 which is easy of explanation1 since from ,athens he embarked for ,america4 ,the ,april number1 #ahfe1 of the ,otetchestrennyja ,sapiski1 or ,patriotic ,annals1 also speaks of the attempt at reunion1 and it repeats the conditions proposed by the theologians of the ,episcopal churches of ,england and ,america4 ,these conditions no doubt constitute matter of much interest1 but as we have not been able to procure this number of the ,st4 ,petersburg review1 we can say nothing about them4 ,on the whole1 up to the present time but one bishop of the ,oriental schismatic church has shown himself favorable to this project1 viz41 ,monsignor ,michel1 archbishop of ,belgrade1 or1 rather1 metropolitan of ,servia1 under which title he presides over the church in ,servia4 ,this prelate made his theological studies at ,kief1 has held the see of ,belgrade since #ahei1 and is not yet forty years of age4 ,those persons whose privilege it has been to have access to him1 represent him as a man of a high order of intelligence1 very pleasing and attractive in his personal appearance1 dignified in his manners1 and very exemplary in his life4 ,if one may rely upon the testimony of ,protestant travellers who have been in communication with him1 it would appear that he has shown himself very favorable to a reconciliation between the ,church of ,england and the schismatical churches of the ,east1 and that for his own part he would not hesitate to express in warm terms his gratitude to the ,protestants for their profitable investigations regarding the ,greek ,church4 ,in fine1 it is possible that ,monsignor ,michel might allow himself to be induced to take up again1 in an underhand way1 the scheme of ,cyril ,lucar4 ,this is no small undertaking4 ,before it is possible to blend these two churches into one1 a perfect understanding must be had on a great number of points which are of the highest importance4 ,it will suffice to mention such1 e4g41 as the mass1 the sacraments1 the procession of the ,holy ,ghost1 devotion to the ,blessed ,virgin and the saints1 and the honor to be paid to relics and images4 ,in addition to these must be settled the question as to the validity of the ,anglican orders4 ,as to ,monsignor ,michel personally1 he would have an additional difficulty to contend with4 ,everybody knows that the people of ,servia have very little sympathy with the people of ,england1 and they would undoubtedly manifest very little inclination to follow their metropolitan should he try to induce them to do so4 ,it must be admitted1 however1 that the endeavor to reunite the two churches has far more hope of success in the nineteenth than it had either in the sixteenth or seventeenth centuries4 ,on the one hand1 the teaching of the ,puseyites has spread widely among the ,anglican clergy4 ,men of distinction who have made their studies at ,oxford and ,cambridge are beginning more and more to suspect that apostolicity is an essential note of the church of ,jesus ,christ1 and that it is very difficult to discover this in a church which dates only from the time of ,henry ,,viii42 they are gradually giving up the principle of private judgment1 and are learning to appreciate more and more the value of tradition1 of the fathers1 and of the general councils of the ,church4 ,on the other hand1 adherence to #fi orthodoxy has1 in the ,east1 lost somewhat of its deep1 sincere1 and inflexible character4 ,some years since we had occasion to show1 in the pages of this review1 that in her theological teaching the ,russian ,church had been materially affected by ,protestant influence4 ,this is no longer so in our own day1 if we may judge by the public writings of the ,russian bishops1 and there has been a very general return to doctrines much more in harmony with the traditions of the churches of the ,east4 ,but at the same time one must admit that rationalism and infidelity have made fearful ravages in the ,east as well as in the ,west4 ,talk with young men from ,russia1 ,greece1 ,romania1 and ,servia who have made their studies in either ,russian or ,german universities1 who have attended the course of lectures given by professors from either ,athens or ,paris1 and you will see how feeble1 cold1 and wavering their faith has become4 ,the result has been a prevailing atmosphere1 both intellectual and moral1 which enervates the firmness of convictions1 and generates a certain laxity in one's hold on the teachings of the faith4 ,people have become more ready to conform to public opinion1 and ,i should be greatly surprised if an attempt similar to that made by ,cyril ,lucar should find in the ,east of to-day an equally universal and prompt condemnation4 ,moreover1 the working of ,protestant missions in the ,east has not been so completely unsuccessful as many persons are pleased to report ,as a general thing ,protestant missionaries are men of intelligence1 education1 and good breeding2 they make a thorough study of the country in which they reside2 they erect schools and printing presses1 and put in circulation a large number of books4 ,it is impossible to admit that all this can be absolutely without effect4 ,these schools and those books must be the germ of an influence which time cannot fail to develop4 ,i am very well assured that ,protestantism has very few attractions for the people of the ,east in any point of view1 least of all on the side of externals1 and that the difficulty of making ,protestants of the people of the ,east would be very great2 still1 one must not conclude from this that it would be impossible to bring about a certain kind of union2 that an arrangement might not be made which would introduce a different spirit into the schismatical churches of the ,east while they yet preserved their external form4 ,i grant you the liturgy of the ,east1 eminently dogmatical as it is1 would contrast most singularly with ,protestant notions2 but remember1 we are not now speaking of ,protestantism in its pure development1 but of the ,anglican phase of it1 and of ,anglicanism leavened by ,puseyism4 ,in conclusion1 ,i have no faith myself in this attempt2 but still a person would have a false idea of the state of the case who should regard the move as a purely fanciful one1 and one unworthy the attention of serious-minded men4 ,but1 now1 supposing this effort should be successful1 have we ,catholics any cause for alarm8 ,i think rather the contrary4 ,the ,church of ,england is as clearly wanting in apostolicity as the ,greek ,church is in catholicity4 ,the one has need to link herself on to the chain of past time2 the other to extend her boundaries1 that she may no longer feel herself to be enclosed within a part of the world2 that she may not have the appearance of identifying herself with only a few of the many races of men4 ,even admitting that by means of this alliance the ,english could congratulate themselves upon having won back their title to apostolicity1 and the ,greeks in turn theirs to catholicity1 the need of unity would be felt all the more1 which neither can ever attain to1 apart from that rock upon which our ,lord and ,saviour ,jesus ,christ has built his ,church1 and against which the gates of hell shall never prevail4 ,j4 ,,gagarin4 ,footnote #d ,footnote #d3 ,f4 ,gagarin is a ,russian prince1 a convert from the ,greek schism1 and a member of the ,society of ,jesus4--,ed4 ------ #gj ,from ,the ,sixpenny ,magazine4 ,,the ,,children4 ,when the lessons and tasks are all ended1 ,and the school for the day is dismissed1 ,the little ones gather around me ,to bid me good night1 and be kissed4 ,oh1 the little white arms that encircle ,my neck in their tender embrace2 ,oh1 the smiles that are halos of heaven1 ,shedding sunshine of love on my face4 ,and when they are gone1 ,i sit dreaming ,of my childhood--too lovely to last-- ,of joy that my heart will remember ,while it wakes to the pulse of the past3 ,ere the world and its wickedness made me ,a partner of sorrow and sin1 ,when the glory of ,god was about me1 ,and the glory of gladness within4 ,i ask not a life for the dear ones ,all radiant1 as others have done2 ,but that life may have just enough shadow ,to temper the glare of the sun2 ,i would pray ,god to guard them from evil2 ,but my prayer would bound back to myself3 ,ah1 a seraph may pray for a sinner4 ,but a sinner must pray for himself ,i shall leave the old house in the autumn1 ,to traverse its threshold no more2 ,ah6 how ,i shall sigh for the dear ones ,that meet me each morn at the door2 ,i shall miss the good-nights and the kisses1 ,and the gush of their innocent glee2 ,the group on the green1 and the flowers ,that are brought every morning for me4 ---------- #ga ,from ,the ,lamp4 ,,all-,,hallow ,,eve2 ,,or1 ,,the ,,test ,,of ,,futurity4 ,,by ,,robert ,,curtis4 ,,chapter ,,xiii4 ,the next morning ,winny presented herself at the breakfast-table1 looking more attractive and more tidily dressed1 her rich glossy hair better brushed and smoothed down more carefully than was usual at that hour of the day4 ,her daily custom1 like all other country girls who had household concerns to look after1 was not to tidy herself up until they had been completed4 ,she was not ignorant1 however1 of the great advantage which personal neatness added to beauty gave a young girl who had a cause to plead4 ,and although the man upon whom she might have to throw herself for mercy was her father1 she was not slow on this occasion to claim their advocacy for what they might be worth4 ,but she had also prayed to ,god to guide her in all her replies to the parent whom she was bound to honor and obey1 as well as to ,love4 ,she had not contented herself with having set out her own appearance to the best advantage1 but she had also set out the breakfast-table in the same way4 ,the old blue-and-white teapot had been left on the dresser1 and a dark-brown one1 with a figured plated lid1 taken out of the cupboard of ,sunday china4 ,two cups and saucers1 and plates to match1 with two real ivory-hafted knives laid beside them4 ,there was also some white broken sugar in a glass bowl1 which ,winny had won in a lottery at ,carrick-on-,shannon from a bazaar-man4 ,there was nothing extraordinary in all this for persons of their means1 though1 to tell the truth1 it was not the every-day paraphernalia of their breakfast-table4 ,winny had not been idle either in furnishing the plates with a piping hot potato-cake1 a thing of which her father was particularly fond1 and which she often gave him2 but this one had a few carraway-seeds through it1 and was supposed to be better than usual4 ,then she had a couple of slices of nice thin bacon fried with an egg1 which she knew he liked too4 ,all this was prepared1 and waiting for her father1 whose fatigue of the day before had caused him to sleep over-long4 ,while waiting for him1 it struck ,winny that he must think such preparations out of the common1 and perhaps done for a purpose4 ,upon reflection she was almost sorry she had not confined her embellishments to her own personal appearance1 and even that1 she began to feel1 might have been as well let alone also4 ,but she had little time now for reflection1 for she heard her father's step1 as he came down stairs4 ,she met him at the door1 opening it for him4 ,good morrow1 father1 she said2 how do you find yourself to-day8 ,i hope you rested well after your long walk yesterday4 ,after a while ,i did1 ,winny2 but the tea you made was very strong1 an' ,i didn't sleep for a long time after ,i went to bed4 ,well1 'a hair of the hound1' you know1 father dear4 ,i have a good cup for you now1 too2 it will not do you any harm in the morning when you have the whole day before you4 ,and ,i have a nice potato-cake for you1 for ,i know you like it4 ,troth ,i b'lieve you have1 ,winny2 an' ,i smell the carraways that ,i like4 ,but1 ,winny1 sure the ould blue teapot's not broken1 is it8 #gb ,no1 father2 but ,i was busy with the potato-cake this morning1 and had not time to wash it out last night1 so ,i took out number one to give it an airing2 and ,i put down the other things to match4 ,the portion of this excuse which was true was far greater than that which was not2 and ,winny1 who as a general rule was truthful1 was satisfied with it--and1 reader1 so must you be4 ,never mind1 ,winny1 you are mistress here1 an' ,i don't want any explanation2 it wasn't that made me spake2 but ,i'd be sorry th' ould blue teapot was bruck1 for we have it since afore you were well in your teens4 ,you're lookin' very well this mornin'1 ,winny agra4 ,hush1 father2 eat your cake1 and don't talk nonsense4 ,there's an egg that black ,poll laid this morning1 and here's some butter ,i finished not five minutes before you came in yesterday evening4 ,shall ,i give you some tea8 ,if you please1 ,winny dear4 ,and the old man looked at his daughter with undeniable admiration4 ,they then enjoyed a neat and comfortable breakfast1 which indeed neither of them seemed in a hurry to bring to an end4 ,the old man was constrained and silent1 and left all the talk to ,winny1 who1 it must be admitted1 never felt it more difficult to furnish conversation4 ,old ,ned looked at her once or twice intently1 as if wondering at her being much finer than usual2 and then he looked at the breakfast gear2 and the expression of his face was as if he suspected something4 ,these looks1 both at herself and the table1 did not escape ,winny's notice1 but she never met them1 always interrupting any exclamation which was likely to follow them with some question or remark of her own1 such as1 ,do you like that cake1 father8 ,that is the muil cow's butter2 ,i always keep her milk by itself1 and churn it in the small chum for you1 father2 you said you liked it4 ,here1 ,bully-dhu1 is a piece of cake for you4 ,with some such heterogeneous questions or remarks as these1 she managed to parry his looks1 or at all events the observations which were likely to follow them1 and direct for the moment--ah1 ,winny1 it was only for the moment6--his thoughts from whatever was upon them1 and which ,winny believed she knew right well4 ,but this suspense on both sides must come to an end4 ,old ,ned1 from his conversation with ,mick ,murdock1 had determined not to speak to his daughter until he knew ,tom had done so4 ,but ,winny did not know this1 and dreaded every moment a thunder-clap would come which she was herself preparing for her father1 and she was anxious1 if it was only for the sake of propriety1 to tell her story unprovoked4 ,the old man now stood up from the table1 saying he would be likely to be out all day1 as he was preparing to get down some wheat4 ,but ,winny1 when it came to the point1 could only stammer out in a feeble voice1 that she wanted to speak to him before he went4 ,now's your time1 ,winny dear1 for ,i have a great dale to do before dinner-time2 an' ,i must be off to the men4 ,father dear1 ,i may as well tell you at once--,i'm in trouble--about --about--about--,tom--,murdock4 ,and she threw her arms round his neck1 and laid her cheek upon his shoulder4 ,an' is that all1 mavourneen8 ,ah1 ,winny1 ,winny1 ,i knew it would come to this6--mavourneen macree1 ,i knew it would4 ,but there1 ,winny jewel1 don't be crying--don't be crying2 sure you know ,i'm not the man to cross your wishes2 no--no1 my own girl1 ,i'd neither oppose you nor force you for 'the world2 aren't you the only one ,i have on airth8 an' sure isn't your happiness mine1 ,winny dear8 ,there1 ,winny1 don't cry2 sure you may do as you like1 mavourneen macree1 you may4 ,winny knew that all this was uttered under a misconception1 and it gave her but little comfort4 ,there was #gc one part of it1 however1 she would not forget4 ,oh1 father1 she sobbed out upon his breast1 ,tom ,murdock has asked me to marry him4 ,and the tears rolled down her cheeks4 ,why then1 ,winny dear1 dhry up them tears2 sure ,i know they're on my account1 at the thoughts of partin' me2 but won't you be livin' at the doore with me while ,i last8 ,isn't it what ,i always hoped an' prayed for8--och1 ,winny1 ,winny1 but you're the lucky girl this day1 an' ,i'm the lucky man1 for it will add ten years to my life4 ,and he kissed her yielding lips over and over again4 ,but she did not speak2 while the big tears continued to course themselves down her pale but beautiful cheeks4 ,don't--don't1 ,winny asthore2 don't be crying on my account2 sure ,i may say we'll not have to part at all4 ,mick an' ,i have it all settled1 mavourneen2 he's to build you a grand new house where th' ould one stan's1 an' ,i'm to furnish it from top to toe2 and ,mick an' ,i will live here1 not three hundred yards from the pair of you4 ,oh1 ,winny1 ,winny1 but it's ,i is the happy man this day6 ,there1 don't be cryin'1 ,i tell you2 sure ,i would not gainsay you for the world2 and he kissed her again4 ,but still she did not speak4 ,there1 ,winny1 there2 don't be sobbin' an' cryin'1 ,i tell you4 ,why1 what's the matther with you1 ,winny mavrone8 ,oh1 father1 father1 it never can be6 she exclaimed in broken sobs1 and clinging to his neck closer than ever4 ,nonsense1 ,winny6 what's the matther1 ,i say8 why can't it be8 ,of course you did not refuse ,tom's offer8 ,i'd1 father--indeed ,i did4 ,i never can care for ,tom ,murdock2 father1 ,i could never be happy with that man4 ,don't ask me to marry him4 ,is the girl mad8 ,to be sure ,i will1 ,winny4 ,there's but the two of you in it an' with ,mick's farm an' mine joined1--the leases are all as one as 'free simple1'--you'd be as grand as many ladies an' gentlemen in the county2 and he disengaged himself from her arms1 and strode toward the door4 ,winny thought he was going2 but he had no notion of it at so unsettled a point4 ,she rushed between him and the door4 ,father1 don't go6 she cried2 for ,god's sake don't leave me that way6 ,winny1 it's what ,i'm greatly surprised at you1 so ,i am4 ,my whole life has been spent in puttin' together a dacent little fortun' for you2 ,i never had one on airth ,i loved but yourself an' your poor mother--,god rest her sowl6 ,i never spoke a cross word to you1 ,winny jewel1 since ,i followed her to the grave1 four days after you were born2 an' now1 in my old days1 when ,i haven't long to last1 you're goin' to break my heart1 an' shorten them same4 ,oh1 ,winny1 ,winny1 say it's only jokin' you are1 an' ,i'll forgive you1 cruel as it was4 ,no1 father1 ,i'm telling you the real truth2 people seldom joke with the tears running down their cheeks2 look at them1 father4 ,i know all you say is true2 and indeed it will break my own heart to oppose you1 if you do not yield4 ,but listen here1 father dear2 sure after all your love and kindness to me for the last eighteen or twenty years1 ,i may say1 you won't go now and spoil it all by crossing my happiness without any necessity for it4 ,tom put all the grandeur and wealth before me himself1 that the joining of the two farms and marrying him would bring to me4 ,but it is no use1 father2 ,i never liked that man1 and ,i never can4 ,oh1 don't ask me1 father asthore2 ,i'm contented and happy as ,i am4 ,winny1 ,i never found you out in a lie since you could first spake1 an' ,i'm sure you won't tell me one now4 ,listen to me1 ,winny4 ,tom ,murdock is a fine1 handsome young fellow1 an' #gd well to do in the world1 with a grand education1 an' fit to hould his own anywhere2 and ,i say he's any young girl's fancy1 or ought to be1 at any rate4 ,you an' he have been reared at the doore with each other4 ,what you are yourself1 ,winny asthore1 ,i need not say1 for every one that sees you knows it2 and well they may1 for sure you spake for yourself4 ,it seldom happens--indeed1 ,winny1 ,i never knew it--that a boy an' girl like you an' ,tom1 reared at the doore that way1 fail but what they take a likin' to each other4 ,it seems ,tom done his part1 both as to the likin' an' spakin'1 as he ought to do in both2 but you1 ,winny1 have done neither4 ,now1 ,winny1 ,i can't but think that's very strange1 an' ,i have but the one way to riddle it4 ,tell me now1 honestly and plainly1 is there any one that cum afore ,tom in his request8 ,answer me that1 ,winny8 ,i win1 father1 honestly and truly4 ,it is not that any one has come between me and ,tom that made me refuse him4 ,the very thing that you say1 of our being reared at the door with one another1 has made me dislike him4 ,i have seen too much of his ways1 and heard too many of his words1 ever to like him1 father2 there is no use in trying to make me1 for ,i never can4 ,but1 ,winny jewel1 you have hardly answered my question yet4 ,are you secretly promised1 ,winny1 to any other young man that you're afeard ,i wouldn't like8 that's the plain question4 ,the truth now1 ,winny1--the truth1 ,winny6 ,no1 father1 certainly not4 ,tom ,murdock is the only man that ever asked me4 ,was there ever anything betune you an' young ,lennon1 ,emon-a-knock1 as ,i have heard you call him myself8 ,never1 father2 ,emon never spoke to me upon such a subject1 and further than that1 he has paid me less compliments and spoken less to me upon any subject than fifty young men in the parish4 ,it so happened1 however1 that the name had hightened ,winny's color1 and her father1 looking at her with an admiring and affectionate smile1 said3 ,fifty1 ,winny6 well1 in throth1 ,i don't wonder at it1 or a hundred an' fifty1 if they were in the parish4 ,winny took advantage of his smile4 ,there1 father dear1 don't be angry with your poor colleen2 she'll do better than to marry riches with misery4 ,thank ,god1 and you1 father1 she will have more than enough without coveting ,tom ,murdock's share4 ,and she held up her beautiful lips1 and looked in the old man's face with eyes swimming in tears4 ,old ,ned had fought the battle badly1 and lost it4 ,he bent down his head to meet his daughter's caress1 and pressed her to his heart4 ,there1 ,winny mavourneen1 he exclaimed2 ,i have not loved you as the apple of my eye1 since your poor mother died1 for me to thwart you now4 ,you shall never marry ,tom ,murdock except with your own free will and consent1 asthore4 ,as you say1 ,winny dear1 we neither want nor covet his share4 ,but sure1 ,winny dear1 ,i thought you were for him all along4 ,oh1 thank you1 thank you a thousand times1 father dear2 that is so like you4 ,i knew you would not break your ,winny's heart4 ,but ,winny ,cavana was too honorable1 even toward the man she hated1 to tell her father of the conversation she had overheard between old ,murdock and his son at the gate4 ,she had gained her cause without that4 ,,chapter ,,xiv4 ,tom ,murdock had no fixed purpose in anywhere he went after ,winny ,cavana left him discomfited upon the road4 ,he wandered on past ,kate ,mulvey's1 on toward ,shanvilla1 but not with any hope or wish to come #ge across ,edward ,lennon4 ,his intentions of dealing with him were yet distant and undefined4 ,what naturally occupied his thoughts was the humiliation he felt at ,winny ,cavana having refused him4 ,although he had complained to his father that he did not think she was for him1 yet upon a due consideration of his personal appearance1 and his position in the country1 he felt persuaded in his own mind that his father was right1 and that nothing was required to secure success but to go boldly and straightforward to work4 ,tom had hinted to his father1 although the old man had not observed it1 or if so1 had taken no notice of it1 that there were more reasons than he was aware of for his wishing to secure ,winny ,cavana's ready money at all events2 and his exclamation when his father spoke of only the interest1 might have awakened him to the dread1 at least1 that there really was some cause1 with which he was unacquainted1 why he dwelt so much more on the subject of her fortune than the land4 ,the fact was so4 ,tom ,murdock was a worse young man than any one--except his immediate associates--was aware of4 ,in addition to his other accomplishments1 perhaps ,i should rather say his attributes1 he possessed a degree of worldly cunning which would have sufficed to keep any four ordinary young men out of trouble4 ,but he required it all1 for he had four times more villany--not to answer for1 for it was unknown1 but on his conscience--than any young man of like age in the parish4 ,one great keeper of a secret--for the time being1 at least--is plenty of money4 ,with plenty of money you can keep people in the dark1 or blind them with the brightness of the glare4 ,you can keep them in the country1 or you can send them out of it1 as circumstances require4 ,you can bribe people to be silent1 or to tell lies1 as you like4 ,but a villain who has not plenty of money cannot thrive long in his villany4 ,when his money fails1 his character oozes out1 until he becomes finally exposed4 ,tom ,murdock had practically learned some of the above truths by his experience in life1 short as it was1 better than anything he had learned at ,rathcash national school4 ,the later part of it was what he now feared1 but did not wish to learn4 ,tom could not have been in the habit of going to ,dublin1 to ,armagh1 and ,sligo 7no one knew in what capacity71 three or four times a year1 where he played cards and bet high1 without money of his own2 supposing even that his expenses of the road 7which was shrewdly suspected7 had been paid4 ,he could not have sent half-a-dozen young friends to ,america1 and compromised scores of actions ere they came before a court of law1 without money4 ,he could not have kept a brace of greyhounds1 and a race-mare1 at ,church's hotel in ,carrick-on-,shannon1 as ,mr4 ,marsden's1 without money2 and more money in all these cases1 from the secrecy which was required1 than almost the actual cost might involve4 ,there were other smaller matters1 too1 which increased the necessity for ,tom ,murdock to be always in possession of some ready cash4 ,this1 from his position as heir to ,rathcashmore1 and heir presumptive1 if not apparent1 to ,rathcash alongside of it1 he had as yet found no difficulty in procuring upon his own personal security2 and to do him justice1 he had hitherto avoided mixing up his father's name or responsibility in any of his borrowing transactions4 ,then there was the usurious interest which these money-lenders1 be they private or public1 charge upon loans1 to be added to ,tom's liabilities4 ,if he was pressed by ,paul1 he robbed ,peter to pay him2 and when 7after long forbearance7 he was pressed by ,peter1 he robbed ,paul back again4 ,upon all these and such-like occasions1 ,winny ,cavana's fortune1 which he said would be paid down1 was the promptest guarantee he could hold out for payment2 for #gf ultimately1 he said1 they could not lose1 as he must some day or other pop into the old chap's shoes1 and in the meantime he was paying the interest regularly4 ,winny ,cavana's instinct had not deceived her2 but had she known one-half as much as some of ,tom ,murdock's bosom friends could tell her1 she would have openly spurned him1 and not have treated his advances with even the forced consideration she had done4 ,he wandered on now toward ,shanvilla1 without1 as we have seen1 any fixed purpose4 ,personally humiliated as he had been by ,winny's refusal of him1 his thoughts dwelt more upon the fact that he could no longer reckon upon her fortune to pay off the tormenting debts which were every day pressing more heavily upon him2 for he could not but believe that her refusal of him would get abroad4 ,the ,peters had been robbed often enough1 and they would now let the ,pauls fight their battle the best way they could with ,tom ,murdock himself2 they were safe now1 and they would keep themselves so4 ,they had told ,tom this1--not that they doubted him1 but their money was now otherwise employed4 ,tom began to fear1 therefore1 that an exposure must soon break out4 ,how could he face his father1 too8 ,he would undoubtedly lay his failure to the score of his own impetuous and uncouth manner of seeking her favor2 for he had often charged him with both1 particularly toward ,winny ,cavana4 ,one or two of his creditors had given up even the pretence of being civil1 and had sworn they would go to his father for payment1 if not promptly settled with4 ,it was no great wonder if ,tom wandered through the country with no fixed purpose1 and finally arrived1 tired and ill-humored1 at his father's house4 ,the old man had missed him from about the place all the forenoon1 and had naturally set down his absence to the right cause4 ,he had been candid in his advice to his son1 to spake up bowldly1 and at wanst1 to ,winny2 and he was sincere in his belief that she would take him hoppin4 ,this day1 suspecting he was on the mission1 he had kep' himself starvin'1 and delayed the dinner for his return4 ,he had ordered ,nancy ,feehily to have a young roast goose1 an' a square of bacon1 an' greens1 for dinner agen misther ,tom cem home4 ,he anticipated grand chuckling over ,tom's success1 of which he made no more doubt than he did of his own existence4 ,at last1 ,tom a wochal1 you're cum1 he said1 as his son entered the door4 ,but where the sorra have you been8 ,i think ,winny's at home this betther nor two hours1 for ,i seen her going in4 ,well1 ,tom1 you devil6 didn't ,i tell you how it id be8--dhitidtch6 he added1 making an extraordinary noise with his tongue against the roof of his mouth1 and giving his son a poke in the ribs with his forefinger4 ,no1 but did not ,i tell you how it would be8 ,there1 father6 that bubble's burst1 and ,i'm sorry ,i ever made an onshiough of myself4 ,faix1 an'1 ,tom1 you must be an onshiough if that bubble burst1 unless it's what you blew it out yourself4 ,di ye mane to say you spoke to her plain1 as ,i tould you to do1 ,tom avic8 ,as plain as the palm of my hand1 father4 ,i put the whole thing before her in the kindest and fondest manner ever a man spoke4 ,i told her how my whole heart and soul was waiting for her this three or four years past--,god forgive me for the lie4 ,amen1 ,tom1 if it was one2 but maybe it wasn't1 man4 ,you're vexed now1 ,tom agra2 but it won't be so4 ,i tell you she only wants to see if you'll folly her up afther she giving you one refusal4 ,what did she say1 agra8 ,here ,nancy ,feehily brought in the roast goose and square of bacon1 with a dish of smoking ,brown's fancies #gg in their jackets1 and a check was given to the conversation4 ,the old man1 as he had said1 had kep' himself starvin'1 and ,tom could not keep himself from a like infirmity in his ramble through the country4 ,he was not one of those who permitted a mental annoyance to produce a physical spite in return2 he did not1 as they say1 cut his nose to vex his face1 nor quarrel with his bread and butter2 so1 between them1 they did ample justice to ,nancy ,feehily's abilities as a cook4 ,you don't mane to say she refused you1 ,tom8 said the old man1 after the girl had left1 and while he was waiting for his son to cut him another slice of bacon4 ,she did1 father2 but let me alone about her now3 ,i'll tell you no more until ,i make myself a rousing tumbler of punch after dinner4 ,she shall not take away my appetite1 at all events4 ,nor did she4 ,tom never ate a better dinner in his life1 and his father followed his example4 ,old ,mick had taken the hint1 and said no more upon the subject4 ,there was nothing but helping of goose1 and slices of bacon1 and cutting large smiling potatoes through the middle1 with a dangerous sound of the knife upon the cloth1 until the meal was ended4 ,then1 when the things had been removed1 and ,tom had made his rouser to his satisfaction1 and his father had done the same1 ,tom told him precisely what had taken place between him and ,winny ,cavana4 ,old ,murdock listened with an attentive stare until his son had told him all4 ,he then put out his tongue and made another extraordinary sound1 but very different from the one already alluded to2 and exclaimed1 ,bad luck to her impidence1 say ,i6 ,and ,i say amen1 father4 ,tell me1 ,tom1 do you think that fellow ,lennon is at the bottom of all this8 ,did you put that to her8 ,i did1 father1 and she was not a bit puzzled or flustrificated about him4 ,she spoke of him free and easy2 but she denied that there was ever a word between them but common civility4 ,an' maybe it's the thruth1 ,tom avic4 ,you'll find anyhow that she'll change her tune afther her father gets spakin' to her on the subject4 ,he'll be as stout as a bull1 ,tom2 ,i know he will4 ,he tould me he'd never give in1 and that he'd threaten to cut her fortun' off1 and make over his interest in the land to the church for charitable purposes1 if she tuck up the smallest notion of that pauper1--that scullion1 he called him4 ,don't be down about it1 ,tom4 ,they say that wan swallow makes no summer2 an' ,i say1 wan wild goose makes no winter4 ,my advice to you now1 ,tom1 is1 to wait a while2 don't be goin' out at all1 neither here nor there for some time4 ,i'll let on ,i don't know what can be the matther with you2 an' you'll see she'll come an' be hoppin' round you like a pet robin4 ,i hope you are right1 father1 but ,i don't think so2 ,i never saw a woman more determined in my life--she took her oath4 ,pshaw1 ,tom1 that's nothin'4 ,don't torment yourself about it now2 mark my words1 her father will soon bring her to her senses4 ,i do not much care whether he does or does not as to herself2 only for that six hundred pounds1 the most of which ,i want badly4 ,i would not envy any man that was tied to the like of her4 ,arra1 ,tom jewel1 what would you want wid the most of six hundred pounds2 sure if you got it itself1 you oughtn't to touch a penny of it4 ,tom had not intended to say what he had said2 it slipped out in his vexation4 ,but here his worldly cunning and self-possession came to his aid1 and he replied4 ,perhaps not1 indeed1 father2 but there is a spot of land not far off which will soon be in the market1 ,i hear1 and it would be no bad speculation to buy it4 ,i think it would pay six or seven per cent interest4 ,tom knew his father's weakness for #gh a bit of land1 and was ready enough4 ,oh1 that's a horse of another color1 ,tom4 ,arra1 where is it8 ,i didn't hear of it4 ,no matter now1 father4 ,i cannot get the money1 so let me alone about it4 ,i wish the d--l had the pair of them4 ,whist1 whist1 ,tom avic2 don't be talking in that way4 ,sure af it's a safe purchase for six per cent41 the money might be to be had4 ,thanks be to ,god1 we're not behouldin' to that hussey's dirty drib for money4 ,here a new light dawned upon ,tom4 ,might he not work a few hundreds out of his father in some way or other for this pretended purchase1 and then say that it would not be sold after all2 and that he had relodged the money1 or lost it1 or was robbed--or--or--something8 ,the thought was too vague as yet to take any satisfactory shape2 but the result upon his mind at the moment was1 that his father was too wide awake to be dealt with in that way4 ,well1 father1 he said1 ,i shall be guided by your advice in this business still1 although ,i have done no good by taking it to-day2 but listen to me now1 father4 ,an' welcome1 ,tom4 ,i like a young man to have a mind of his own1 an' to be able to strike out a good plan2 an' then1 if my experience isn't able to back it up1 why ,i spake plainly an' tell him what ,i think4 ,my opinion is1 father1 that ,i ought to go away out of this place altogether for a while4 ,you know ,i am not one that moping about the house and garden would answer at all4 ,i must be out and going about1 father1 or ,i'd lose my senses4 ,this was well put1 both in matter and manner1 and the closing words told with crowning effect4 ,tom had said nothing but the fact2 such were his disposition and habits that he had scarcely exaggerated the effects of a close confinement to the premises1 while of sound bodily health4 ,begorra1 ,tom1 what you say is the rale thruth2 ,what would you think of going down to your aunt in ,armagh for a start8 ,no use1 father1--no use2 ,i could be no better there than where ,i am4 ,dublin1 father1 or the continent1 for a month or six weeks1 might do me some good4 ,bedads1 ,tom1 that id take a power of money1 wouldn't it8 ,whether you might think so or not1 father1 would depend upon what you thought my health and happiness would be worth2 here ,i cannot and will not stay1 that is one sure thing4 ,well1 ,tom1 af she doesn't cum round in short1 afther her father opens out upon her1 we'll talk it over1 and see what you would want2 but my opinion is1 you won't have to make yourself scarce at all--mind my words4 ,here ,tom fell into such a silent train of thought1 that all further conversation was brought to an end4 ,old ,mick believed his son to be really unhappy about that impideut hussey2 and having made one or two ineffectual efforts to rouse him1 he left him to his meditations4 ,at the moment they were fixed upon a few of his father's closing words1 see what you'll want4 ,want--want6 he repeated to himself4 ,a dam' sight more than you'll fork out1 old cock4 ,old ,mick busied himself about the house1 fidgeting in and out of the room--upstairs and downstairs2 while ,tom was silently arranging more than one programme of matters which must come off if he would save himself from ruin and disgrace4 ,his father had ceased to come into the room2 indeed his step had not been heard through the house or on the stairs for some time1 and it was evident he had gone to bed4 ,but ,tom sat for a full hour longer1 with scarcely a change of position of even hand or foot4 ,at length1 with a sudden sort of snorting sigh1 he stood up1 stretched himself1 with a loud and weary moan1 and went to his room4 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 -------- #gi ,from ,the ,dublin ,review4 ,,madame ,r,,camier ,,and ,,her ,,friends4 ,souvenirs et ,correspondance tirs des ,papiers de ,madame ,rcamier1 ,paris3 ,michel ,lvy ,frres4 #ahei4 ,we took occasion in our number of last ,january to trace the fortunes of that distinguished lady who became consort of the greatest1 though not the best1 of the kings of ,france4 ,we saw her rise from obscurity to eminence1 without being giddy through her elevation2 resisting the fascinations of a licentious court2 imbibing celestial wisdom from hidden sources in proportion to the difficulties of her position2 exerting great influence without abusing the delicate trust2 and at length1 bowed with age1 retiring into the conventual seclusion of the establishment her piety had reared1 and there breathing her last amid the love and admiration1 the prayers and blessings1 of a thousand friends4 ,we have now another portrait to hang beside that of ,frances de ,maintenon--the portrait of one who in some respects resembled her2 who1 rising1 like her1 from an inferior condition1 was courted by an emperor1 and betrothed1 or all but betrothed1 to a royal prince2 withstood innumerable temptations at a period of boundless corruption2 conciliated the esteem and friendship of the best and wisest men1 and then glided into the vale of years through the peaceful shade of the ,abbaye-aux-,bois4 ,the first of these ladies was resplendent in talents1 the second in beauty2 the one excelled in tact1 the other in sweetness and grace2 the one in the sphere of politics and public life1 the other in the realm of letters and the private circle4 ,if ,madame de ,maintenon was the most admired1 ,madame ,rcamier was the most loved4 ,each appeared under a sort of disguise1 for one spoke and acted as if she were not the wife of her own husband1 and the other as if she were the wife of him who was her husband only in name4 ,both have had violent detractors2 both are best known by their letters2 and thus1 where they agreed and where they differed1 they remind us of each other4 ,of both ,france is proud1 and both1 as years pass on1 are rising into purer and brighter fame4 ,at the same time it can by no means be said of ,madame ,rcamier1 as it may most truly of ,madame de ,maintenon1 that religion was the one animating principle of her life2 yet the facts which we have to recount will show--not1 indeed1 that religion supplied her with the main ends of her existence1 but that it enabled her in a corrupt age to follow the objects of her choice in habitual submission to ,god's actual commandments4 ,julie ,bernard1 the subject of the present memoir1 was born at ,lyons1 on the #dth of ,december1 #aggg4 ,her father1 a notary of that city1 was remarkable for his handsome face and fine figure1 and ,madame ,bernard was a noted beauty4 ,she had a passion for show1 and during the long illness which ended in her death in #ahjg1 found her chief amusement in dress and ornaments4 ,when ,julie was seven years old1 her father was appointed to a lucrative post in ,paris1 and left his little daughter at ,villefranche1 under the care of an aunt4 ,here the first of her numberless admirers1 a boy of her own age1 made a deep impression on her susceptible mind1 and here1 too1 she received her earliest education in the convent of ,la ,dserte4 ,the memory of that hallowed spot1 its clouds of incense1 its processions in the garden1 its hymns and flowers1 abode with her1 #hj she said1 through life like a sweet dream1 and to the lessons there taught she ascribed her retention of the faith amid the host of sceptical opinions she encountered in after years4 ,it was not without regret and tears that she bade farewell to the abbess and sisters1 and turned her face toward ,paris and the attractions of her parents' home4 ,nothing but accomplishments were thought of to complete her education4 ,the brilliant capital was to supersede the ,dserte in her affections1 and her mother took great pains to make ,juliette as frivolous as herself4 ,her chief attention was given to music1 she was taught to play the harp and piano by the first artists1 and took lessons in singing from ,boeldieu4 ,this was a real gain1 though in a different way from that which was intended4 ,we shall see further on how the skill thus acquired was afterward employed in the service of religion1 and how the habit of playing pathetic airs and pieces soothed many a sad moment when she was old and blind4 ,her first contact with royalty was by accident4 ,her mother had taken her to see a grand banquet at ,versailles1 to which1 as in the days of ,louis ,,xiv41 the public were admitted as spectators4 ,juliette was very beautiful1 and the queen1 struck by her appearance1 sent one of her ladies to ask that she might retire with the royal family4 ,madame ,royale was just of the same age as ,juliette1 and the two children were measured together4 ,madame ,royale also was a beauty1 and not over-pleased1 it seems1 by this close comparison with a girl taken out of a crowd4 ,how little could either foresee the strange fortunes that awaited the other6 ,madame ,bernard1 with her love of display1 took a pride also in gathering clever men around her4 ,laharpe1 ,lemontey1 ,barrre1 and other members of the legislative assembly1 frequented her drawing-room1 and ,m4 ,jacques ,rcamier1 an eminent banker of ,paris1 and son of a merchant at ,lyons1 was a constant guest4 ,his character was easy and jovial2 he wrote capital letters1 spouted ,latin1 made plenty of money1 spent it fast1 and was often the dupe of his generosity and good humor4 ,he had always been kind to ,juliette1 and had given her heaps of playthings4 ,when1 therefore1 in #agic1 he asked her hand in marriage1 she consented without any repugnance1 though ,madame ,bernard explained to her the inconveniences which might arise from their disparity of age1 habits1 and tastes--,m4 ,rcamier being forty-two and ,juliette only fifteen4 ,the wedding took place2 but their union is a mystery which has never been solved with certainty4 ,to her nominal husband she was never anything but a daughter4 ,her niece1 ,madame ,lenormant1 says she can only attest the fact1 which was well known to all intimate friends1 but that she is not bound 7charge7 to explain it4 ,madame ,m----1 another biographer1 believes1 as did many beside1 that she was in reality ,m4 ,rcamier's daughter2 that1 living1 as every one did during the reign of terror1 in fear of the guillotine1 he wished to be able to leave her his fortune in case of his death1 and1 in the meantime1 to place her in a splendid position2 that ,madame ,rcamier1 made aware of her real parentage1 would of course be the last to reveal and publish her mother's shame2 and that this story1 carefully borne in mind1 explains all the anomalies of her life4 ,to this strange alliance1 however1 is due the formation of the most remarkable literary salon of the present age4 ,it represented more perfectly than any other those of the ,htel ,rambouillet and of ,madame de ,sabl in the seventeenth century2 of ,madame ,geoffrin1 ,madame d',houdetot1 and ,madame ,suard1 in the eighteenth2 ,footnote #e and it surpassed in solid attractions those of ,madame de ,stal at ,coppet1 and of ,madame d',albany of #ha ,florence1 of which it was the contemporary4 ,she was herself its life1 and diffused over it a charm no biographer can seize4 ,so young and fair1 so fascinating yet so innocent1 she riveted every gaze1 and attracted all hearts without yielding to any4 ,like the coloring of a landscape which changes every hour1 she defied description1 and found no adequate reflex save in the fond esteem and faithful memory of those who knew her4 ,yet her nearest and dearest friends felt that she was above them2 and it might be said of her1 as ,saint-,simon said of the ,duchess de ,bourgogne1 that she walked like a goddess on clouds4 ,her beauty made her popular1 and she was talked of everywhere2 for the ,parisians at this time1 like refined pagans1 affected the worship of beauty under every form4 ,she seemed1 therefore1 by general consent1 to have a natural mission to restore society1 which a series of revolutions had completely disorganized1 and her power of drawing people together and harmonizing what party politics had unstrung1 became more apparent every day4 ,by birth she belonged to the people1 by tastes and manners to the aristocracy1 and had thus a double hold over those who1 with republican principles1 were fast returning to early associations of rank and order4 ,footnote #e3 ,causeries du ,lundi1 par ,sainte-,beuve4 ,tome i1 pp4 #aad1 #aae4 ,it was a happy day when the churches were re-opened in ,paris1 and the soft swelling notes of the ,o ,salutaris ,hostia filled the crowded fanes once more4 ,it was as the paean of the faithful over the scattered army of unbelief4 ,madame ,rcamier was in request4 ,she held the plate for some charitable object at ,saint-,roch1 and collected the extraordinary sum of #bj1jjj;f4 ,the two gentlemen who attended her could scarcely cleave a way for her through the crowd4 ,people mounted on chairs1 on pillars1 and the altars of the side chapels1 to see her4 ,in these days1 dancing was her delight4 ,she was the first to enter the ball-room1 and the last to quit it4 ,but this did not last long4 ,she soon gave up the shawl-dance1 for which she was famous1 though nothing could be more correct and picturesque than the movements she executed while1 with a long scarf in her hands1 she made it by turns a sash1 a veil1 and a drapery--drooping1 fluctuating1 gliding1 attitudinizing1 with matchless taste4 ,her reign was absolute4 ,in the promenades of ,longchamps1 no carriage was watched like hers2 and every voice pronounced her the fairest4 ,twice only in her life did she meet ,bonaparte1 and to most persons in her position and at that period those moments would have proved fatal4 ,his eye was as keen for female charms as for weak points in the enemy's line4 ,he saw her first in #agig1 during a triumphal fte given at the ,luxembourg palace in his honor4 ,he had just returned from his marvellous campaign in ,italy and genius was reaping the laurels too seldom bestowed on solid worth4 ,madame ,rcamier was not insensible to his military prowess4 ,she stood up to observe his features more plainly1 and a long murmur of admiration filled the hall4 ,the young conqueror turned his head impatiently4 ,who dared to divide public attention with the hero of ,castiglione and ,rivoli8 ,he darted a harsh glance at his rival1 and she sank into her seat4 ,but the beautiful vision rested in his memory4 ,he saw her once again1 about two years later1 and spoke with her4 ,it was at a banquet given by his brother ,lucien1 then minister of the interior4 ,madame ,rcamier as usual was all in white1 with a necklace and bracelets of pearls4 ,the ,first ,consul paid her marked attention1 and his words1 though insignificant in themselves1 meant more than met the ear4 ,his manners1 however1 were simple and pleasing1 and he held a little girl of four years old1 his niece1 by the hand4 ,he chid ,madame ,rcamier for not sitting next him at dinner1 fixed his gaze on her during the music1 sent ,fouch to express to her his admiring regard1 and told her himself that he #hb should like to visit her at ,clichy4 ,but ,juliette1 though respectful1 was discreet4 ,time flowed on2 ,napoleon became emperor1 and from the giddy height of the imperial throne bethought him of the incomparable lady in white4 ,he had a double conquest to make4 ,her chteau was the resort of emigrant nobles who had returned to ,france1 and whose sympathies were all with the past4 ,to break up her circle1 to gain her over to his interests1 to enhance by her presence the splendor of his dissolute court1 were objects well worthy of his plotting1 ambitious1 and unscrupulous nature4 ,fouch was again employed as tempter4 ,he remonstrated with her on the species of opposition to the emperor's policy which was fostered in her salons1 but found her little disposed to make concessions1 or avow any liking for the despot4 ,his genius and exploits1 she admitted1 had dazzled her at first1 but her sentiments had entirely changed since her friends had been persecuted1 the ,duc d',enghein put to death1 and ,madame de ,stal driven into exile4 ,in spite of these frank avowals1 which were equally respectful and fearless1 ,fouch persisted in his design1 and in the park around ,madame ,rcamier's elegant retreat1 urged her1 in the emperor's name1 to accept the post of dame du palais to the empress4 ,his majesty had never yet found a woman worthy of him1 and it was impossible to say how deep might be his affection for one like her2 how wholesome an influence she might exert over him2 what services she might render to the oppressed of all classes2 and how much she might enlighten the emperor's religion6 ,madame ,murat1 to her shame1 seconded these proposals1 and expressed her earnest desire that ,madame ,rcamier should be attached to her household1 which was now put on the same footing as that of the empress4 ,to these reiterated advances1 ,madame ,rcamier returned the most decided refusal1 alleging1 by way of courtesy1 her love of independence as the cause4 ,at last1 foiled and irritated1 ,fouch--the ,mephistopheles of the piece--quitted ,clichy1 never to return4 ,the consular episode in ,madame ,rcamier's life has made us anticipate some important events4 ,we must return to the first years of her marriage4 ,it was in #agih that some negotiations between her husband and ,m4 ,necker1 the ex-minister of ,louis ,,xvi41 brought her in contact with that statesman's celebrated daughter1 ,madame de ,stal4 ,at their first interview a sympathy sprung up between the two ladies1 which ended in a lasting friendship4 ,madame ,rcamier lived in her friends1 and her circle was a host ever increasing1 for she always talked much and fondly of the friends of former years4 ,she could say1 like the ,cid1 five hundred of my friends4 ,yet she had her degrees of attachment4 ,they were1 to use the beautiful simile of ,hafiz1 like the pearls of a necklace1 and she the silken cord on which they lay4 ,the chief of this favored circle were four--,madame de ,stal among womankind1 and for the rest ,chateaubriand1 ,ballanche1 and ,montmorency4 ,m4 ,necker's htel in the ,rue du ,mont-,blanc having been purchased by ,m4 ,rcamier1 no cost was spared in its decoration4 ,it was a model of elegance1 and every object of furniture down to the minutest ornament was designed and executed expressly for it4 ,here the opulent husband was installed1 while the fair hostess held her court at the chteau of ,clichy4 ,m4 ,rcamier dined with her daily1 and in the evening returned to ,paris4 ,no political distinction prevailed in her assemblies1 but the restored emigrants were peculiarly welcome4 ,like ,madame de ,stal1 ,chateaubriand1 and almost all reflective persons in our age1 she thought monarchy had better be limited by a parliament than1 as ,talleyrand said1 by assassination4 ,yet revolutionary generals and military dukes gathered round her1 side by side with the ,duc de ,guignes1 ,adrien and #hc ,mathieu de ,montmorency1 and other representatives of the fallen aristocracy4 ,in her presence they forgot their difference at least for awhile1 and lost insensibly the asperity of party prejudice4 ,duc ,mathieu de ,montmorency was ,madame ,rcamier's senior by seventeen years4 ,he had served in ,america in the regiment of ,anvergne1 of which his father was colonel1 and on his return to ,france abandoned himself to all the pleasures and fashions of the world4 ,his residence in the land of ,penn and ,washington had imbued him with republican notions1 which he shared with a clique of young noblemen like himself4 ,such persons1 as is well known1 were among the earliest victims of the revolution they hurried on4 ,duc ,mathieu emigrated in #agib1 and soon afterward learned in ,switzerland that his brother1 the ,abb de ,laval1 whom he tenderly loved1 had been beheaded4 ,remorse filled his breast1 and drove him almost to madness4 ,he charged himself with his brother's death4 ,it was he who had proposed in the states general the abolition of the privileges of nobility1 approved the sequestration of church property1 and strengthened the hands of ,mirabeau and the power of that assembly which paved the way for regicide and the reign of terror4 ,madame de ,stal was his intimate friend4 ,she had shared his political enthusiasm1 and did all in her power to soothe him4 ,but religion alone could pour balm into his smarting wounds4 ,his conversion was complete and lasting4 ,the impetuous1 seductive1 and frivolous young man became known to all as a fervent and strict ,christian4 ,sainte-,beuve speaks of him as a saint4 ,extreme delicacy of language indicated the inward discipline he underwent2 while the warmth of his feelings and the solidity of his judgment inspired at the same time confidence and regard4 ,his friendship for ,madame de ,stal continued1 though their religious convictions differed1 and he was alive to the imperfections of her character4 ,he hoped one day to see her triumph over herself1 and his solicitude for ,madame ,rcamier was equal1 though in another way4 ,over her he watched continually like a loving parent4 ,he trembled lest she should at last fall a victim to the gay world which so much admired her1 and which she sought to please4 ,to shine without sinning is difficult indeed4 ,montmorency's letters prove the depth and purity of his affection4 ,his intimacy with his amiable amie lasted unbroken during seven-and-twenty years1 and ended only with his death4 ,montmorency's death was the fitting sequel of a holy and useful life4 ,it happened in #ahbf4 ,he had recently been elected one of the forty of the ,french ,academy1 and had also been appointed governor to the ,duc de ,bordeaux1 the grandson and heir of ,charles ,x4 ,he had gone to the church of ,st4 ,thomas d',aquin on ,good ,friday1 apparently in perfect health1 and was kneeling before the altar and the faithful cross on which the world's salvation hung1 when his head bowed lower1 and in a moment the bitterness of death was past4 ,laharpe was another distinguished man to be numbered among the lovers of ,madame ,rcamier's society4 ,he had known her from a child1 and when his exquisite taste in literature had obtained for him the title of the ,french with his regard was not lessened for one whose reputation was as flourishing as his own4 ,he passed weeks at ,clichy1 and when he reopened his course of lectures on ,french literature at the ,atheneum she had a place reserved for her near his chair4 ,the letters she received from him are equally affectionate and respectful4 ,he too had been converted through the excesses of that revolution which he had in the first instance encouraged4 ,after suffering imprisonment in #agid1 his ideas and conduct underwent a total change1 and he resolved to devote his pen for the rest of his days to the service of religion4 #hd ,the energy with which he denounced philosophers and demagogues drew upon him proscription1 and it was only by concealing himself that he escaped being transported4 ,of all revolutions1 that of ,france in the last century has1 by the horror it excited and the reaction it produced1 tended more than any other to consolidate monarchy1 discredit scepticism1 and promote the salvation of souls4 ,it is a beacon-fire kindled to warn nations of the rocks and shoals--the faults of rule and the crimes of misrule--by which society may suddenly be broken up and civilization retarded4 ,montmorency was a statesman1 ,laharpe a man of letters2 let us now turn to another friend of ,madame ,rcamier's1 who from a private soldier rose to be a king and leave a dynasty behind him4 ,this was ,bernadotte4 ,in #ahjb1 ,m4 ,bernard was postmaster-general1 and suspected of complicity in a royalist correspondence that menaced the government4 ,madame ,rcamier was one day entertaining a few guests at dinner1 and ,eliza ,bonaparte1 afterward ,grand ,duchess of ,tuscany1 was present by her own invitation4 ,on rising from table a note was placed in the hands of the hostess announcing the arrest and imprisonment of ,m4 ,bernard4 ,to whom should she have recourse at such a moment but to the ,first ,consul's sister8 ,she must see him1 she said1 that very evening4 ,would ,madame ,bacciocchi procure her an interview8 ,the princess was cold4 ,she would advise ,madame ,rcamier to see ,fouch first4 ,and where shall ,i find you again1 madam1 if ,i do not succeed8 asked ,madame ,rcamier4 ,at the ,thtre ,franais1 was the reply2 in my box with my sister4 ,nothing could be gained from ,fouch except the alarming information that the affair was a very serious one1 and that unless ,madame ,rcamier could see the ,first ,consul that night it would be too late4 ,in the utmost consternation she drove to the ,thtre to remind ,madame ,bacciochi of her promise4 ,my father is lost1 she said1 unless ,i can speak with the ,first ,consul to-night4 ,well1 wait till the tragedy is over1 replied the princess1 with an air of indifference1 and then ,i shall be at your service4 ,happily there was one in the box whose dark eyes1 fixed on the agonized daughter1 expressed clearly the interest he felt in her position4 ,he leant forward1 and explaining to the princess that ,madame ,rcamier appeared quite ill1 offered to conduct her to the chief of the government4 ,madame ,bacciocchi readily assented1 and gladly resigned the suppliant to ,bernadotte's charge4 ,again and again he promised to obtain that the proceedings against ,m4 ,bernard should be stopped1 and repaired immediately to the ,tuileries4 ,the same night he returned to ,madame ,rcamier1 who was counting the moments till he re-appeared4 ,his suit had been successful1 and he soon after procured the prisoner's release4 ,madame ,rcamier accompanied him to the ,temple on the day ,m4 ,bernard was delivered4 ,he was deprived of his post1 for1 though pardoned1 he had undoubtedly been guilty of a treasonable correspondence with the ,chouans4 ,this was the foundation of ,bernadotte's friendship with ,madame ,rcamier4 ,neither time1 he wrote to her1 when adopted by ,charles ,,xiii41 as his son and heir--neither time nor northern ice will ever cool my regard for you4 ,he had many noble qualities1 and did much for ,sweden4 ,we could forgive him for joining the coalition against ,france1 if he had not embraced ,lutheranism for the sake of a crown4 ,during the short peace of ,amiens1 in #ahjb1 ,madame ,rcamier visited ,england1 where she received the kindest attentions from the ,duchess of ,devonshire1 ,lord ,douglas1 the ,prince of ,wales1 and the ,duc d',orleans1 afterward king of the ,french4 ,those who can refer to the ,english newspapers of that year will find that #he all the movements of the beautiful stranger were regularly gazetted4 ,but where is ,madame de ,stal8 ,in the autumn of #ahjc she was exiled by ,bonaparte1 who feared her talents and disliked her politics4 ,as the daughter of ,necker and the friend of limited monarchy1 she was particularly obnoxious to one who represented both democracy and absolutism4 ,madame ,rcamier1 with her habitual generosity1 offered her an asylum at ,clichy1 which she accepted1 under the impression that her further removal from ,paris would not be insisted on4 ,junot1 afterward the ,duc d',abrantes1 their mutual friend1 interested himself in her behalf1 but without success4 ,her sentence of exile was confirmed2 she was not to approach within forty leagues of the capital4 ,so she wandered through ,germany1 and collected materials for her ,allemagne and ,dix annes d',exil4 ,at ,weimar she studied ,german literature under ,goethe1 ,wieland1 and ,schiller1 and in #ahje held her court at ,coppet in the ,canton de ,vaud4 ,here occurred1 as we shall presently see1 one of the most singular episodes in ,madame ,rcamier's life4 ,she1 with ,madame de ,stal in ,switzerland1 and ,madame d',albany in ,florence1 divided the empire of literary salons on the continent2 and each of these ladies felt in turn the weight of the despot of ,europe's sceptre4 ,footnote #f ,in #ahaj the writer of ,corinne became the guest of ,mathieu de ,montmorency1 near ,blois1 and within the prescribed distance from ,paris4 ,in the chteau of ,catherine de ,medici she collected round her a few friends1 who were fearless of annoyance and exile4 ,but her work on ,germany abounded with allusions to the imperial police4 ,the whole edition of ten thousand copies was seized1 and she received an order from the ,duc de ,rovigo to return immediately to ,switzerland ,madame ,rcamier1 faithful and courageous1 followed her1 though timid advisers prophesied that no good would come of such imprudence4 ,she stayed there only a day and a half1 and then pursued her way in haste to ,paris4 ,but the sentence of exile had already gone forth against her4 ,the calm and religious ,duke ,mathieu had just before expiated in like manner the crime of visiting the illustrious exile4 ,her book on ,germany did not contain a line directly against the emperor2 but it was enough that the authoress's heart beat with the pulses of rational freedom1 and the ,corsican's tyranny became minute in proportion to the territory over which it spread4 ,thus the ladies1 who so loved each other1 were not only exiled1 but separated4 ,rivers rolled and ,alps rose between them2 lest1 perchance1 they should combine their elegant and harmless pursuits4 ,footnote #f3 ,comtesse d',albany1 par ,m4 ,st4 ,rne ,taillandier1 p4 #bbi4 ,the limits allowed us in this article do not admit of our tracing the events of ,madame ,rcamier's life in strict chronological order1 and bringing out by degrees the character and history of her several friends4 ,each of them in turn will lead us away from the main thread of our story1 and we hope that our readers will follow us with indulgence when we are obliged to take it up again rather awkwardly4 ,we cannot do otherwise than mass together many things which had better be kept apart4 ,one day1 in the autumn of #ahjf1 ,monsieur ,rcamier brought some dismal news to ,clichy4 ,the financial condition of ,spain and her colonies1 combined with other untoward events1 had placed his bank in such jeopardy that1 unless the government could be induced to advance him #dj1jjj on good security1 he must stop payment within two days4 ,a large party had been invited to dinner2 and the hostess1 suppressing her emotions with extraordinary self-command1 did the honors of her house in a manner calculated to obviate alarm4 ,it was a golden opportunity for imperial vengeance1 and it was not lost4 ,all aid from the ,bank of ,france was #hf refused1 and the much-envied ,maison ,rcamier was made over1 with all its liabilities1 to the hands of its creditors4 ,so cruel a reverse was enough to try the fortitude of the most ,christian4 ,nor was ,madame ,rcamier found wanting in that heroic quality4 ,indeed1 there are few women who1 taken all in all1 would serve better to enforce ,eliza ,famham's ingenious arguments for the superiority of her sex4 ,footnote #g ,while her husband's spirit was almost broken under the blow1 she calmly1 if not cheerfully1 sold her last jewel1 and occupied a small apartment on the ground floor of her splendid mansion4 ,the rest of the house was let to ,prince ,pignatelli1 and ultimately sold4 ,the ,french have their faults--great faults2 what nation has not8--but let us do them the justice to say that in their friendships they are faithful4 ,the poor wife of the ruined banker was as much honored and courted by them in her adversity as she had been when surrounded with every luxury and every facility for hospitable entertainments4 ,let those who would form an idea of the sympathy expressed by her friends read that touching letter of ,madame de ,stal which ,chateaubriand has preserved4 ,footnote #h ,the opulent and gay1 the learned1 the brilliant1 the serious1 came in troops to that garden of the hotel in the ,rue du ,mont ,blanc1 where the unsullied and queenly rose was bending beneath the storm4 ,the jealous emperor1 at the head of his legions in ,germany1 heard of the interest she excited2 for ,junot1 just returned from ,paris1 could not refrain from reporting at length what he had seen4 ,but ,napoleon interrupted him with impatience1 saying1 ,the widow of a field-marshal of ,france1 killed on the battle-plain1 would not receive such honors6 ,and why should she8 ,is there no virtue but that of valor8 ,are there no conquests but those of the sword8 ,footnote #g3 ,woman and ,her ,era4 #b vols4 ,new ,york4 ,footnote #h3 ,in the ,mmoires d',outre-,tombe4 ,the trial which ,juliette bore so patiently was fatal to her mother4 ,madame ,bernard's health had long been declining2 laid on a couch1 and elegantly attired1 she received visits daily2 but her strength gave way altogether when her daughter fell from her high estate4 ,she little knew that ,madame ,rcamier was on the very point of having a royal prince for her suitor4 ,only three months after the failure of the bank ,madame ,bernard passed away1 deeply lamented by her loving daughter1 whom filial piety made blind or indulgent to her imperfections4 ,prince ,augustus of ,prussia was a nephew of ,frederick the ,great4 ,chivalrous1 brave1 and handsome1 he united very ardent feelings with candor1 loyalty1 and love1 of his country4 ,he had1 in ,october1 #ahjf1 been made prisoner at the battle of ,saalfeld1 where his brother1 ,prince ,louis1 had fallen fighting at his side4 ,the mourning he still wore added to his dignity1 and the society and scenery in the midst of which ,madame ,rcamier first met him1 deepened the charm of his presence and devoted attentions4 ,it was in #ahjg1 on the banks of the lake of ,geneva1 hallowed to the thoughtful mind by so many historic associations1 and encircled by all the gorgeous loveliness of which nature is so lavish in the valleys of the ,alps4 ,there in the chteau of ,madame de ,stal1 ,juliette listened during three months to his earnest conversation1 and heard him propose that she should be his bride4 ,her marriage with ,m4 ,rcamier presented no real difficulty2 it was a civil marriage only2 the peculiar case was one in which the ,catholic ,church admits of declaration of nullity2 and for which1 in ,protestant ,germany1 legal divorce could very easily be obtained4 ,madame de ,stal's imagination was kindled by this romantic incident1 and she did not fail to second the prince's suit4 ,juliette herself was fully alive to the honors that were proposed her4 ,it was no impoverished refugee that sought her hand4 ,though a prisoner #hg for the moment1 he would1 doubtless1 soon be set at liberty1 and he was as proud as any of his exalted rank4 ,yielding1 therefore1 to the sentiments he inspired1 ,madame ,rcamier wrote to her husband to ask his consent to a separation4 ,this he could not refuse2 but1 while granting it1 he seems to have appealed to her feelings with a degree of earnestness which profoundly touched her heart4 ,he had1 he said1 been her friend from childhood2 and1 if she must form another union1 he trusted it would not take place in ,paris1 nor even in ,france4 ,his letter turned the current of her desires4 ,she thought of his long kindness1 his age1 his misfortune1 and resolved not to abandon him4 ,religious considerations may also have weighed with her1 for ,prince ,augustus did not hold the true faith4 ,he had1 moreover1 two natural daughters1 the countesses of ,waldenburg1 and this circumstance also may have indisposed her to the match4 ,footnote #i ,he had1 as she once said1 many fancies4 ,would a morganatic marriage bind his wandering heart1 or could she endure the pain of being expatriated for ever8 ,they parted without any definite engagement1 but he repaired to ,berlin to obtain his family's consent4 ,madame ,rcamier returned to ,paris2 and1 though she declined the honor of his hand on the ground of her responding imperfectly to his affection1 she sent him her portrait1 which he treasured till the day of his death4 ,a ring which she also gave him was buried with him1 and they never ceased while on earth to correspond in terms of the warmest friendship4 ,in #ahae the prince entered ,paris with the victorious legions of allied ,europe1 having written to his friend from every city that he entered2 and in #ahbe they had their last interview in the ,abbaye-aux-,bois4 ,footnote #i3 ,madame ,rcamier1 by ,madame ,m---- ,we must now follow her into exile4 ,it was in the latter part of #ahaa that she took up her abode in the dreary town of ,chlons-sur-,marne1 which happened to be just as far from ,paris as she was required to live1 and no further4 ,the prefect was an amiable man1 and retained his post during forty years1 enjoying the confidence of each government in succession4 ,but that which alleviated most the dulness of ,chlons was its neighborhood to many beloved friends1 particularly ,montmorency4 ,in ,june1 #ahab1 however1 she quitted it for ,lyons1 being unwilling to compromise those who were most ready to console her in exile4 ,many a chteau round had claimed the happiness of entertaining her2 but to be kind to those who are suspected is always to draw suspicion on one's self4 ,renouncing many delights within her reach1 she had sought one of the purest in playing the organ in the parish church1 both during the week and on ,sundays at high mass and vespers4 ,she did the same at ,albano during her stay there in the ensuing year4 ,italy1 and above all ,rome1 attracts sooner or later whatever is most cultivated in mind and taste4 ,thither1 in #ahac1 ,madame ,rcamier turned her steps4 ,she was attended by her niece and her maid4 ,montmorency accompanied her as far as ,chambery1 and her carriage was well supplied with books1 which ,m4 ,ballanche had selected to beguile the tedium of the way4 ,this gentleman was the son of a printer at ,lyons1 and his genius became his fortune4 ,his prose writings were considered a model of style1 and ultimately obtained him a place in the ,french ,academy4 ,neglecting subjects of the day1 he uniformly indulged his fondness for abstract speculation1 and in several works ingeniously set forth his ideas on the progress of mankind through alternate periods of revival and decay4 ,footnote #aj ,he was profoundly ,christian at heart1 but coupled his belief in the fall and redemption with peculiar notions respecting human perfectibility4 ,footnote #aj3 ,institutions ,sociales1 #ahah4 ,palingnsis ,sociale4 #ahcj #hh ,his mind was dreamy1 his system mystical1 but he realized intensely the existence of things unseen1 and declared that he was more sure of the next world than of this present4 ,he mistrusted1 indeed1 the reality of material phenomena1 and rested in the thought of two1 and two only1 luminously self-evident beings1 himself and his creator4 ,but genius is a dangerous gift to the student of theology1 and perhaps ,ballanche would have been more sound if he had been less clever4 ,from the moment he saw ,madame ,rcamier1 he became ardently attached to her society4 ,her praise was his richest reward1 and the prospect of reading his essays and poems to her more than doubled the pleasure of composing them4 ,the first time he conversed with her a curious incident occurred4 ,after getting over the difficulty he experienced in talking on ordinary topics1 he had risen to a higher strain1 and expatiated in glowing language on philosophical and literary subjects1 till ,madame ,rcamier1 who had for some time been much incommoded by the smell of the detestable blacking with which his shoes had been cleaned1 was obliged to tell him timidly that she really could not bear it any longer4 ,m4 ,ballanche apologized humbly1 left the room1 and1 returning a minute later without his shoes1 took up the conversation where he had dropped it1 and was soon in the clouds again4 ,but his shoes were not his only drawback4 ,he was hideously ugly1 and that by a cruel mishap4 ,a charlatan1 like the one who practiced upon ,scarron1 had prescribed such violent remedies for his headaches that his jaw had become carious1 and a part of it was removed by trepanning4 ,a terrible inroad was made on one of his cheeks by this operation2 but his magnificent eyes and lofty forehead redeemed his uncomely traits1 and amid all his awkwardness and timidity his friends always discerned an expression of tenderness and often a kind of inspiration breathing from his face4 ,madame ,rcamier's talents were of a high order1 for she could appreciate those of others4 ,she soon forgot ,ballanche's shoes1 forgot his ungainly movements and ghastly deformity1 and fixed her gaze on that inner man which was all nobility and gentleness1 glowing with poetry1 and steeped in the dews of ,hermon4 ,let us leave him now at ,lyons2 we shall meet him again before long4 ,there was a vast and dreary city toward the south of ,italy which had once been called ,rome4 ,it was now the capital of the department of the ,tiber4 ,without the ,caesars or the ,pope1 it was ,rome no more4 ,no foreigners thronged its streets and fanes1 its prelates were scattered1 and its scanty inhabitants looked sullenly on the ,frank soldiers who turned its palaces and sanctuaries into barracks4 ,hither came ,madame ,rcamier1 and her apartment in the ,corso was soon hailed as an oasis in the wilderness4 ,all the strangers in the deserted capital1 and many of the ,romans1 paid their court to this queen of society2 and ,canova1 one of the few stars left in the twilight1 visited her every evening1 and wrote to her every morning4 ,he chiselled her bust as no hand but his could chisel it1 and seized ideal beauty while copying what was before him4 ,he called it ,beatrice1 and it was worthy of the name4 ,ballanche1 too1 came all the way from ,lyons to visit the universal favorite4 ,he travelled night and day1 and could remain at ,rome only one week4 ,the very evening of his arrival ,madame ,rcamier began to do the honors of the ,eternal ,city4 ,three carriages full of friends drove from her house to ,st4 ,peter's and the ,coliseum1 where they all alighted4 ,ballanche moved solemnly1 with his hands beside him1 overpowered by the grandeur of all around4 ,on a sudden his parfaite amie looked back4 ,he was not without his shoes this time1 but without his hat4 ,m4 ,ballanche1 she said1 where is your hat8 ,ah6 replied the philosopher1 ,i have left it at ,alexandria4 ,and so it was--so #hi little did his thoughts dwell on external life4 ,from ,rome the travellers proceeded to ,naples4 ,a cordial welcome awaited ,madame ,rcamier from ,caroline ,bonaparte1 whom she had known of old4 ,a page from the royal palace brought her a magnificent basket of fruit and flowers immediately on her arrival1 and she soon became the confidante of both king and queen4 ,joachim ,murat sat on a usurped throne1 and was reaping the bitter fruits of a false position4 ,duty bound him to ,napoleon1 interest to the allies4 ,first he was perfidious to his master1 next to his colleagues4 ,one day he entered his wife's saloon in great agitation1 and finding ,madame ,rcamier1 avowed to her that he had signed the coalition4 ,he then asked her opinion of his act1 taking it for granted that it would be favorable4 ,but1 though not an imperialist1 she was a ,frenchwoman4 ,sire6 she replied1 you are ,french1 and to ,france you should be faithful4 ,murat turned pale4 ,i am a traitor then1 he exclaimed1 and1 opening the window in haste1 pointed to the ,british fleet sailing into the bay4 ,then burying his face in his hands1 he sunk upon a sofa and wept4 ,the year after1 faithless alike to ,europe and to the empire1 a tempest cast him on the shore of ,pizzo1 and he was taken and shot like a brigand4 ,a dense crowd was collected in the ,piazza del ,popolo to see the entry of ,pius ,,vii41 after the ,apollyon of kingdoms had been sent to ,elba4 ,the ,roman nobles and gentleman headed the procession1 and their sons drew the pontiff's carriage4 ,in it he knelt1 with his hair unsilvered by age1 and his fine face expressing deep humility4 ,his hand was extended to bless his people1 but his head bowed before the almighty disposer of human events4 ,it was the triumph of a confessor rather than of a sovereign--of a principle1 not of a person4 ,never did such a rain of tears fall on the marble paving at ,st4 ,peter's as when at last he traversed the church and prostrated himself before the altar over the tomb of the apostles4 ,then the ,te ,deum rose and echoed through those gorgeous arches1 and ,madame ,rcamier was not insensible to the affecting scene4 ,before leaving ,rome the second time1 she paid a farewell visit to ,general ,miollis1 who had commanded the ,french forces4 ,he was extremely touched by this civility1 and received her in a villa he had bought1 and which still bears his name4 ,he was quite alone1 with an old soldier for his servant4 ,she was1 he said1 the only person who had called upon him since he had ceased to govern ,rome4 ,after three years' absence she returned to ,paris1 and1 still radiant with beauty and overflowing with gladness1 resumed her undisputed empire over polite society4 ,her husband had regained his lost ground1 and was again a prosperous banker1 while she possessed in her own right a fortune inherited from her mother4 ,the restoration of ,louis ,,xviii4 had changed the face of her salon and of society in general4 ,her friends were once more in power1 and those who had vexed her and them were banished or forgotten4 ,the ,duke of ,wellington often visited her1 and she presented him to ,queen ,hortense4 ,he shocked her1 however1 after the battle of ,waterloo1 by saying of ,napoleon1 ,i have well beaten him6 ,she had no love for the ex-emperor2 but ,france was her country1 and she could not exult over its defeat4 ,her niece declares that ,wellington was not free from intoxication with his success1 and that nothing but the indignant murmurs of the pit prevented him from entering the royal box with his aides-de-camp4 ,footnote #aa ,madame de ,stal died in #ahag1 and her friend1 ,mathieu de ,montmorency1 gathered up with piety and hope every indication of a religious spirit which she had left behind4 ,she never raised her eyes to heaven without thinking of him1 and she believed that #ij in his prayers his spirit answered hers4 ,footnote #ab ,prayer1 she wrote1 was the bond which united all religious beings in one1 and the life of the soul4 ,sin and suffering were inseparable1 and she had never done wrong without falling into trouble4 ,during the long sleepless nights of her last illness she repeated constantly the ,lord's prayer to calm her mind1 and she learned to enjoy the ,imitation of ,jesus ,christ4 ,footnote #aa3 ,souvenirs de ,madame ,rcamier1 vol4 i41 p4#bfh4 ,footnote #ab3 ,dix annes d',exil4 ,the void she left in ,madame ,rcamier's circle was filled by one whose writings were1 the talk and admiration of ,europe4 ,this was ,chateaubriand4 ,professor ,robertson has lately brought him very agreeably to our remembrance in his able and interesting lectures on modern history4 ,the ,duc de ,noailles1 that contemporary1 as he has been called1 of ,louis ,,xiv41 pronounced his eulogy when taking his place in the ,french ,academy1 and he has left us his biography in the most charming form in which that of any one can be read1 viz41 written by himself4 ,the portrait a man draws of himself in writing rarely deceives2 for the very attempt to falsify would betray the real character4 ,chateaubriand's vanity escapes him in his memoirs as frequently as it did in his conversation1 yet there cannot be a doubt that he had great qualities1 and has built himself an enduring name4 ,that extreme refinement of thought which is inseparable from genius makes him difficult to appreciate1 and the phases of society through which he passed were so conflicting as to be fatal to the consistency of almost all public men4 ,yet he was on the whole faithful through life to his first principles4 ,at one time he defended monarchy1 at another freedom1 pleading most eloquently for that which for the moment seemed most in danger4 ,he knew the value of their mutual support1 and1 like all who move on a double line1 he was often misunderstood4 ,born of an ancient and noble family1 he chose at the same time the profession of arts and arms4 ,the popular excesses of #agia drove him from ,paris1 and he embarked for ,america4 ,there1 in the immense forests and savannas of ,canada and the ,floridas1 often living among savages1 he stored up materials for his early romances1 and acquired that grandeur and depth of coloring in descriptions of natural scenery for which he is so remarkable4 ,he was near the tropics1 in the land of the fire-fly and hummingbird1 when he heard of the flight of ,louis ,,xvi4 and his arrest at ,varennes4 ,hastening back to rejoin the standard of his royal master1 he again took arms1 and was seriously wounded at the siege of ,thionville4 ,from ,jersey he was transported to ,london1 where he lived in extreme want1 taught ,french1 and translated for publishers4 ,here1 too1 he produced his first work1 which was tainted with the infidelity of the day4 ,the death of his pious mother recalled him to a better mind1 and awakened in him a train of thought which issued at length in the ,gnie du ,christianisme4 ,atala and ,ren1 likewise under the form of romance1 serving as episodes to his great work1 avenged the cause of religion1 and powerfully aided in producing a reaction in favor of ,christianity4 ,the ,first ,consul hailed the rising star1 and attached him as secretary to ,cardinal ,fesch's embassy at ,rome4 ,in #ahjd he had just been appointed to represent ,france in the republic of ,valais1 when he heard of the odious execution of the ,duc d',enghien1 and immediately sent in his resignation4 ,he could serve a ruler who had brought order out of chaos1 but not an assassin4 ,from that day he never ceased to be hostile to the empire4 ,after wandering1 as ,ampre did later1 along the classic shores of ,greece and the monuments of ,egypt1 and kissing the footprints of his ,redeemer on the mount of ,calvary1 he returned to ,france1 and in the ,valle-aux-,loups composed his prose poem1 the ,martyrs1 in #ia which1 as in ,fabiola and ,callista1 the glowing imagery of pagan art is blended with the ethical grandeur of the religion of ,christ4 ,a place was awarded him in the ,french ,academy1 which he was not permitted to take till the ,bourbons were restored4 ,their return filled him with joy1 and a pamphlet he had written against ,bonaparte was said by ,louis ,,xviii4 to have been worth an army to his cause4 ,on the escape of ,napoleon from ,elba he accompanied the king to ,ghent1 and1 on re-entering ,paris1 was raised to the peerage and made minister of state4 ,in #ahaf1 having published his ,monarchy according to the ,charter1 he lost the royal favor and his honorary title4 ,his work1 however1 continues to this day a textbook of ,french constitutional law4 ,footnote #ac ,footnote #ac3 ,robertson's ,lectures1 p4 #bia4 ,such was the statesman1 apologist1 philosopher1 and poet who1 in his forty-ninth year1 obtained an ascendancy over ,madame ,rcamier's imagination so complete that the religious ,montmorency trembled1 and the thoughtful ,ballanche dreamed some ill4 ,they thought1 too1 that her manners changed toward them1 but she soon restored their confidence4 ,it would be vain1 indeed1 to deny that her regard for ,chateaubriand caused her many anxious thoughts and secret tears1 particularly when1 after a few years1 he neglected her for the din of political debate and the society of beings less exalted and pure4 ,but this estrangement was only temporary1 and both before it and after it1 till he died1 her daily task was to soothe the irritability to which poets are said to be especially subject2 to amuse him herself1 as ,madame de ,maintenon amused ,louis ,,xiv42 and to surround him with those who1 for her sake as well as for his1 labored for the same charitable end4 ,another reverse befel her in #ahai4 ,m4 ,rcamier fouled again1 and #d1jjj1 which his wife had invested in his bank1 went with the rest4 ,trusting in the security of his position1 she had shortly before purchased a house in the ,rue d',anjou and furnished it handsomely4 ,there was a garden belonging to it1 and an alley of linden-trees1 where ,chateaubriand tells us he used to walk with ,madame ,rcamier4 ,but the house and garden were sold1 and the occupant removed to a small apartment in the quaint old ,abbaye-aux-,bois4 ,she placed her husband and ,m4 ,bernard with ,m4 ,bernard's aged friend in the neighborhood1 and dined with them1 her niece1 ,ballanche1 and ,paul ,david every day4 ,in the evening she received company1 and her cell soon became the fashion1 if not the rage4 ,it was an incommodious room1 with a brick floor1 on the third story4 ,the staircase was irregular2 and ,chateaubriand complains of being out of breath when he reached the top4 ,a piano1 a harp1 books1 a portrait of ,madame de ,stal1 and a view of ,coppet by moonlight1 adorned it4 ,flower-pots stood in the windows2 and in the green garden beneath nuns and boarders were seen walking to and fro4 ,the top of an acacia rose to a level with the eye1 tall spires stood out against the sky1 and the hills of ,svres bounded the distant horizon4 ,the setting sun used to gild the picture and pierce through the open casements4 ,birds nestled in the ,venetian blinds1 and the hum of the great city scarce broke the silence4 ,here ,madame ,rcamier received every morning a note from ,chateaubriand1 and here he came at three o'clock so regularly that the neighbors1 it is said1 used to set their watches by his approach4 ,few persons were allowed to meet him1 for he was singular and exclusive2 but1 when evening closed1 the lite of ,france and half the celebrities of ,europe found their way here by turns4 ,the ,duchess of ,devonshire and ,sir ,humphrey ,davy1 ,maria ,edgeworth1 ,humboldt1 ,villemain1 ,montalembert1 ,alexis de ,tocqueville1 and ,sainte-,beuve were frequent guests1 and so also was one who #ib deserves more special notice1 ,jean ,jacques ,ampre4 ,it was on the #ast of ,january1 #ahbj1 that his illustrious father presented him1 then in his twentieth year1 to the circle of friends who met at the ,abbaye-aux-,bois4 ,footnote #ad ,the enthusiasm with which he spoke1 the gentleness of his disposition1 the nobility of his sentiments1 and the brilliancy of his talents1 soon secured him a high place in ,madame ,rcamier's esteem4 ,he attached himself to her with an ardor that never cooled1 and that appeared quite natural to the elder guests who had long experienced her magical influence4 ,during the career of fame which he ran her counsels were his guide1 and her goodness his theme4 ,however deep his studies1 however distant his wanderings1 among the surges of the ,categat or the pyramids of the ,pharaohs1 his thoughts always reverted to her1 and letters full of respect and devotion proved how amiable was his character1 how observant and gifted his mind4 ,footnote #ad3 ,le ,correspondant1 ,mai1 #ahfd1 p4 #df4 ,in ,november1 #ahbc1 he and the faithful ,ballanche accompanied her to ,italy4 ,her niece1 whom she treated as a daughter1 was suffering from a pulmonary complaint1 and change was thought desirable for her4 ,chateaubriand's visits had grown less frequent4 ,a political rivalry also had sprung up between her dearest friends1 ,chateaubriand having1 in ,december1 #ahbb1 accepted the office of minister of foreign affairs vacant by the resignation of ,mathieu de ,montmorency4 ,they disdained alike riches and honors1 but each was bent on the triumph of a conviction1 and on linking his name with a public act4 ,many thorns beset her path in consequence of their disunion1 and absence for a time from ,france seemed to offer several advantages4 ,she fully possessed the confidence of ,madame de ,chateaubriand1 and all who knew the capricieux immorel1 as that lady called her husband1 were of opinion that by going to ,italy she might avoid many occasions of bitterness1 and recall him to a calmer and nobler frame4 ,nearly a month was passed in the journey from ,paris to ,rome4 ,the travellers paused in every town1 and explored its monuments1 churches1 and libraries4 ,during the halt at midday1 and again in the evening1 they talked over all they had seen1 and read aloud by turns4 ,ballanche and his young friend ,ampre discussed questions of history and philosophy1 and ,madame ,rcamier gave an air of elegance to an apartment in the meanest inn4 ,she had her own table-cloth to spread1 together with books and flowers2 and her presence alone1 so dignified1 so graceful1 invested every place with the charm of poetry4 ,ballanche and ,ampre projected a guide-book1 and thus the latter was unconsciously laying up stores for that graphic ,histoire ,romaine ,rome1 ,footnote #ae on which his reputation as an author mainly rests4 ,the year was just closing when they arrived in ,rome4 ,it was here that he met ,prince ,louis ,bonaparte1 the present emperor1 who was then a boy1 and here he had long and frequent conversations with ,prince ,napoleon1 his elder brother1 while ,queen ,hortense1 then called the ,duchess of ,saint-,leu1 was walking with ,madame ,rcamier in the ,coliseum1 or the campagna around the church of ,st4 ,john ,lateran or the tomb of ,cecilia ,metella4 ,rome was then the asylum of the ,bonapartes1 as it has ever been the home of the outcast and the consolation of the wretched4 ,the aspect was greatly changed since the former visit ,pius ,,vii4 had lately yielded up his saintly spirit to ,god1 and ,leo ,,xii4 sat on his throne4 ,the ftes and ceremonies that attended his elevation were all over except that of the pontifical blessing given from the balcony of ,st ,peter's4 ,madame ,rcamier took her place beside the ,duchess of ,devonshire in joint sovereignty over society at ,rome4 #ic ,the ,duc de ,laval1 ,montmorency's cousin1 who was then the ,french ambassador1 placed his house1 horses1 and servants at her disposal1 and began or ended every evening with her4 ,the duchess just mentioned was in her sixty-fourth year1 and preserved the traces of remarkable beauty4 ,her eyes were full of fire1 her skin was smooth and white4 ,she was tall1 erect1 queenly1 and thin as an apparition4 ,her skeleton hands and arms were like ivory1 and she covered them with bracelets and rings4 ,her manners were distinguished1 and she seemed at the same time very affectionate and rather sad4 ,footnote #ae3 ,published in the ,revue des ,deux ,mondes1 #ahff-fg4 ,the long friendship which subsisted between this ,english ,protestant lady and ,cardinal ,consalvi was not the least singular feature in her history4 ,her intimacy with ,adrien and ,mathieu de ,montmorency was such that they always called her the duchesse-cousine1 though they were not related to her at all4 ,the ,duc de ,laval1 whom she had known in ,england1 writes thus of her to ,madame ,rcamier1 in ,may1 #ahbc3 ,the duchess and ,i are agreed in admiring you4 ,she possesses some of your qualities1 and they have been the cause of her success though life4 ,she is of all women the most attaching4 ,she rules by gentleness1 and is always obeyed4 ,what she did in her youth in ,london1 that she now recommences here4 ,she has all ,rome at her disposal--ministers1 cardinals1 painters1 sculptors1 society1 all are at her feet4 ,her days1 however1 were dwindling to a close1 as were those also of ,cardinal ,consalvi4 ,just seven months after the decease of ,pius ,,vii4 that eminent statesman followed him to the tomb4 ,all ,rome went to see him laid in state--all except ,madame ,rcamier1 who1 full of the sorrow which the duchess would feel for his loss1 and imagining that she would only be pained by such idle curiosity1 drove to the solitude of the villa ,borghese4 ,on alighting from her carriage1 she saw the tall and elegant figure of the duchess in deep mourning1 and looking the picture of despair4 ,to her astonishment the latter proposed that they should go and see the lifeless cardinal4 ,it was1 indeed1 a solemn scene4 ,the chaplains had retired for a brief space to dine1 and the public were excluded4 ,the ladies only entered to take their last look of human greatness4 ,there he lay--the steady foe of the ,french revolution and the imperial despot1 the minister of two popes during five-and-thirty years1 the able and successful nuncio at the congress of ,vienna4 ,there he lay in the sleep of death1 with his purple round him1 and with his features still beautiful1 calm1 and severe4 ,madame ,rcamier and her niece fell on their knees1 praying fervently for the departed1 and still more so for the lonely friend beside them1 who had survived all the affections of her youth4 ,she did not long survive4 ,in ,march1 #ahbd1 she expired after a few days' illness4 ,no one had been allowed to approach her till the last moment and for this extraordinary exclusion different reasons are assigned4 ,madame ,rcamier and the ,duc de ,laval believed that it was through fear lest she should declare herself a ,catholic4 ,they were admitted just before the vital spark was extinguished1 and she died while they knelt beside her1 and ,madame ,rcamier held her wan hand1 and bathed it with tears4 ,after again visiting ,naples1 after excursions round the gulf1 and reading as she went the glowing descriptions of ,chateaubriand and de ,stal1 while the ardent ,ampre and the meditative ,ballanche supplied their living comments1 ,madame ,rcamier returned to spend her second winter in ,rome1 and enjoy the society of the ,duc de ,noailles and ,madame ,swetchine4 ,the duke was in his twenty-third year1 and she used to say that he was the last and youngest of those whom she called her real friends4 ,his subsequent history of ,madame de ,maintenon proves how just a claim he had to be so regarded4 #id ,madame ,swetchine1 when she arrived in ,rome1 was imbued with some prejudices against ,madame ,rcamier1 but they vanished at the first interview1 and the love that sprang up between them was of the holiest kind3 ,i feel the want of you 7she wrote in #ahbe7 as if we had passed a long time together1 as if we had old associations in common4 ,how strange that ,i should feel so impoverished by losing what a short time since ,i did not possess6 ,surely there is something of eternity in certain emotions4 ,there are souls--and ,i think yours and mine are among the number--which no sooner come in contact with each other than they throw off the conditions of their mortal existence1 and obey the laws of a higher and better world4 ,after an absence of eighteen months1 ,madame ,rcamier returned to ,paris4 ,it was in ,may1 #ahbe4 ,charles ,x4 was being consecrated at ,rheims1 and both ,chateaubriand and ,montmorency were there for the ceremony4 ,when the former received a line to inform him that the cell in the ,abbaye was again occupied1 he lost no time in paying his usual visit at the same hour as before4 ,madame ,rcamier's residence in ,italy had produced the desired effect on him4 ,his fitful mood was over4 ,not a word of explanation or reproach was heard1 and from that day to his death1 twenty-three years later1 the purest and most perfect harmony existed between them4 ,he had again fallen from power1 and had been rudely dismissed4 ,his only crime had been silence4 ,he would not advocate the reduction of interest on the public debt1 which appeared to him an act of injustice4 ,how many would be half ruined by the change from five to three per cent6 ,he abstained from voting4 ,de ,villle was incensed1 and a heartless note informed one of the greatest men in ,france that his services were no longer needed4 ,by a strange mishap he did not receive it at the right time1 went to the ,tuileries1 attended a levee1 and was going to take his place at a cabinet council1 when he was told that he was no longer admissible4 ,he had ordered his carriage for a later hour1 and was now obliged to walk back in his full court robes through the streets of ,paris4 ,he long and bitterly remembered this ungenerous treatment4 ,in his opposition to the ,villle ministry he displayed prodigious talent2 and in ,january1 #ahbh1 it gave place to that of ,martignae1 and he was himself appointed ambassador at ,rome4 ,among the letters he wrote during his embassy1 there is one very brief and touching1 addressed to the little ,greek ,canaris1 then educated in ,paris by the ,hellenic committee4 ,the emancipation of the ,christians of the ,east1 whether ,catholic or schismatic1 was an object dear to ,chateaubriand's heart1 as well as to the royalists in general4 ,the question was not embarrassed by those false views of freedom which make many who love it afraid to speak its praise lest they should seem to countenance its abuse4 ,my dear ,canaris1 he says1 ,i ought to have written to you long ago4 ,pardon me1 for ,i am full of business4 ,my advice to you is this3 ,love ,madame ,rcamier4 ,never forget that you were born in ,greece1 and that my country has shed its blood for the freedom of yours4 ,above all1 be a good ,christian2 that is1 an honest man submitting to the will of ,god4 ,thus1 my dear little friend1 you will keep your name on the list of those famous ,greeks of yore where your illustrious father has already inscribed it4 ,i embrace you4--,chateaubriand4 ,how delighted must the young ,athenian have been to carry this note to the ,abbaye-aux-,bois the next time he went to visit ,madame ,rcamier1 as he did on almost every holiday6 ,we have already spoken of ,mathieu de ,montmorency's singular death4 ,madame ,rcamier was one of the first to hear of it4 ,she hastened to sit beside the corpse of her revered friend1 and mingled her tears with those of his mother and widow4 ,the #ie latter1 who had always been attached to her1 now became her intimate companion1 and1 when she came to ,paris1 stayed at the ,abbaye expressly to be near her4 ,even ,chateaubriand1 who had been ,montmorency's political rival1 joined the train of mourners1 and composed a prayer on the occasion for ,madame ,rcamier's use4 ,it is somewhat inflated1 and breathes the language of a poet rather than of a ,christian4 ,it ends thus3 ,o miracle of goodness6 ,i shall find again in thy bosom the virtuous friend ,i have lost6 ,through thee and in thee ,i shall love him anew1 and my entire spirit will once more be united to that of my friend4 ,then our divine attachment will be shared through eternity4 ,these expressions are overstrained2 but they illustrate the character of ,madame ,rcamier's affection for her male friends4 ,of these ,chateaubriand became henceforward the chief1 and his letters to her from ,rome1 together with his subsequent intercourse with her in ,paris1 form the most important part of her remaining history4 ,everything was summed up in him1--diplomacy1 politics1 literature3 he was to her1 and not to her only1 their chief representative4 ,his correspondence1 as preserved by her niece1 is sparkling and pointed1 full of incident1 and especially interesting to those who remember ,rome during the last years of ,leo ,,xii4 and the pontificate of ,pius ,,viii4 ,three letters a week reached her while his embassy lasted1 and he has inserted several of them in his ,mmoires1 though not without dressing them up a little for posterity4 ,veneration and regard for her is their key-note4 ,mille tendres hommages1 he writes4 ,que je suis heureux de vous aimer6 ,but ,french politeness always sounds strange and fulsome when dissected in ,english4 ,in ,may1 #ahbi1 he obtained leave to return to ,paris for a time1 and he was welcomed at the ,abbaye by numerous admirers4 ,there he read aloud his ,moise1 in the presence of ,cousin1 ,villemain1 ,lamartine1 ,mrime1 and a host of literati beside4 ,there he expressed all his fears for the ancient dynasty under the guidance of ,prince ,polignac4 ,he had no personal feeling for the minister1 save that of friendship4 ,but he could discern the signs of the times4 ,he sought an audience of the king1 to warn him of the reefs on which he was being steered2 but he was no favorite with ,charles ,x41 and his request was refused4 ,yet he might1 if his counsels had been listened to1 have saved his master from exile and ,france from the revolution of ,july4 ,the crown was in his idea above all things except the law4 ,he would neither abandon the charter for the king1 nor the king for the charter4 ,the ordinances of ,july were subversive of the constitution1 but the moment they were recalled he was on the monarch's side4 ,it was too late to stem the tide of insurrection4 ,a ducal democrat was called to the throne4 ,his partisans and those of the dethroned sovereign did not usually mix in society2 but the salon in the ,abbaye was an exception to every rule4 ,there and at ,dieppe1 in the bathing season1 the royalists ,grenarde and ,chateaubriand constantly met ,ballanche1 ,ampre1 ,lacordaire1 and ,villemain1 who welcomed the new regime4 ,madame ,rcamier1 with admirable tact1 kept them in social harmony1 and her efforts in this direction were the more praiseworthy because she was not indifferent to their respective bias4 ,she had always loved the old dynasty1 both because of its hereditary rights and the glorious associations attached to it in history4 ,she lamented the shortsightedness of the ,polignac ministry2 but she lamented still more the accession of ,louis ,philippe1 which drove the greater part of her friends into the obscurity of private life4 ,in ,april1 #ahcj1 her husband died4 ,he was then in his eightieth year1 and during his last illness was removed to the ,abbaye1 that he might be surrounded by every sort of attention4 ,in taste1 character1 and understanding he differed from ,madame ,rcamier #if as widely as possible4 ,they had but one quality in common3 each was good and kind4 ,notwithstanding the singularity of their tie1 they lived together thirty-five years without any disagreement4 ,m4 ,bernard and his old friend ,simonard were also gone4 ,madame ,lenormant was married1 and though the family circle that used to dine at the ,abbaye was no more1 some faithful friends1 such as ,ballanche and ,paul ,david1 met daily at the widow's hospitable board4 ,the former of these was especially disappointed by the fall of the elder ,bourbon branch4 ,he had hoped to see its alliance with that moral1 political1 and social progress which was the dream of his existence4 ,elective monarchy now seemed to hold out better prospects of his palingnsie sociale4 ,the attitude assumed by ,chateaubriand at this period was such as to command general respect4 ,he attempted1 but in vain1 to procure the recognition of ,henry ,v41 and to place his rights under the protection of the ,duke of ,orleans4 ,then1 declining to take the oath of allegiance to ,louis ,philippe1 he retired from the peerage1 and gave up his pension4 ,the friends1 however1 from whom he differed were delighted to perceive that his cordiality with them in private was in no degree lessened4 ,but there was a circle within the circle that frequented the ,abbaye1 and it was in #ahcb that the ,duc de ,noailles became enrolled among the select few4 ,this was owing in part to the sympathy which existed between him and ,chateaubriand1 and the high estimate which the latter formed of his judgment4 ,neither was he so dazzled by the future of society as to forget or despise its past4 ,both found in the history of the kings of ,france the sources of all subsequent improvement4 ,the ,duc de ,noailles did not come alone to the ,abbaye4 ,his regard for ,madame ,rcamier was such that he brought with him every member of his family whom he thought most worthy of her acquaintance1 and invited her in turn and her friends to grace with their presence the fair domain of ,maintenon4 ,here1 surrounded by souvenirs of ,louis ,,xiv41 ,chateaubriand took notes for a chapter in his ,memoirs1 which was not inserted1 but given in manuscript to ,madame ,rcamier4 ,it fills seventeen pages1 and forms one of the most striking parts of the volume under review4 ,the writer recalls the delicious gardens he has visited in ,greece1 ,ithaca1 ,grenada1 ,rome1 and the ,east1 and compares them with the surroundings of the chteau of ,maintenon4 ,he touches on many salient points in the history of that remarkable lady who bought it in #afge1 and whose corpse had1 in his own day1 been dragged round the sacred enclosure of ,st4 ,cyr with a halter round the neck4 ,he then passes to the night spent in the chteau by ,charles ,x41 when the king1 driven from the seat of government1 dismissed his ,swiss ,guards1 and placed himself almost in the condition of a prisoner4 ,it was in ,madame ,rcamier's drawing-room that the auto-biography for which this description was intended was first published1 and that in the way so fashionable among the ancient ,romans and still common in ,france--by the author's reading it aloud to an assembly of friends4 ,thus ,statius read his ,thebais1 ,footnote #af thus ,alfieri his tragedies1 at ,rome4 ,the readings of the ,mmoires d'outre ,tombe spread over two years1 and his fame extended so fast that it was difficult to find room for those who craved admittance4 ,publishers1 also1 were eager to purchase the manuscript1 to be printed at the writer's death2 and some royalist friends availed themselves of this circumstance to obtain for him a pension for life4 ,the excitement attending the recitals relieved his ennui1 and literary labor helped to pay his debts4 ,the work itself1 though intensely interesting to all who heard it and felt personally interested in the events it recorded1 is too lengthy1 detailed1 peevish1 #ig and egotistic to add much to ,chateaubriand's fame4 ,any theme he handled was sure to call forth eloquence and genius2 but himself was the very worst subject he could choose1--the worst1 not1 perhaps1 for the entertainment of his readers1 but for the reputation of the writer4 ,footnote #af3 ,juvenal1 ,sat4 ,,vii41 #hb-hf4 ,in ,october1 #ahcf1 ,louis ,napoleon made his attempt at ,strasburg1 and having been arrested1 was brought to ,paris for trial4 ,his mother1 the ex-queen ,hortense1 fearing lest her presence there might only add to his danger1 paused at ,viry1 and allowed her devoted follower1 ,madame ,salvage1 to proceed4 ,this lady1 relying on ,madame ,rcamier's fidelity to her friends1 repaired immediately to the ,abbaye1 and1 with a portfolio of treasonable correspondence1 sought an asylum there4 ,on the morrow1 ,madame ,rcamier visited the queen1 or1 to speak more correctly1 the ,duchess of ,st4 ,leu1 at ,viry1 and found her in extreme distress4 ,her worst fears1 indeed1 were over4 ,the prince's life was spared1 but1 before his trial was concluded1 he was shipped off to ,new ,york4 ,the prospect of thus losing him afflicted the duchess greatly1 for she had a mortal malady1 and knew that her time on earth could not be long4 ,the next year1 in fact1 ,louis ,napoleon1 informed of her dangerous illness1 hastened to ,europe to see her once more4 ,in #ahdj he again asserted1 at ,boulogne1 his claim to the throne4 ,he was tried by the chamber of peers1 and ,madame ,rcamier1 though she had been obliged to appear and answer some questions before the juge d'instruction1 was not deterred by this annoyance from asking permission to visit the prisoner4 ,she saw him at the ,conciergerie1 not through attachment to his cause1 but for his departed mother's sake4 ,two years after1 when imprisoned in the fortress of ,ham1 he sent her his ,fragmens ,historiques4 ,in writing to her1 he said3 ,i have long wanted to thank you1 madam1 for the kind visit you paid me in the ,conciergerie1 and ,i am happy to have the opportunity now of expressing my gratitude4 4 4 4 4 ,you are so accustomed to delight those who approach you1 that you will not be surprised at the pleasure ,i have felt in receiving a proof of your sympathy1 and in learning that you feel for my misfortunes4 ,enclosed in this letter was another for ,chateaubriand1 much longer1 and highly creditable to the prince's talents and good taste4 ,in it he declared his intention of beguiling his prison hours by writing a history of ,charlemagne as soon as he should have collected the necessary materials4 ,the prominent place which that prince held in his thoughts is strikingly brought before us in the preface to his ,julius ,caesar4 ,in #ahdh1 when fortune smiled1 and he arrived in ,paris already elected deputy1 one of his first visits was to the ,abbaye-aux-,bois4 ,it was just after the death of ,chateaubriand1 and ,madame ,rcamier had not the pleasure of seeing him4 ,in another year1 she had entered into her rest1 and he was far on the turbulent way to an imperial throne4 ,we must not forget to mention among her friends one with whom we may be excused for having more sympathy than with ,napoleon ,,iii4 ,this was ,frederic ,ozanam4 ,he was born in #ahac1 and was still a student1 and in his twentieth year1 when first presented by ,ampre to ,madame ,rcamier4 ,chateaubriand was much struck by him1 and he was present at several readings of the ,mmoires4 ,but he came to the ,abbaye rarely1 and when his friend ,ampre asked him the reason1 he replied3 ,it is an assembly of persons too illustrious for my obscurity4 ,in seven years1 when ,i become professor1 ,i will avail myself of the kindness shown me4 ,with rare modesty1 the young man kept his word4 ,in seven years1 and no less1 he took his place in the renowned circle4 ,his talents were already appreciated1 and though timid and all but awkward1 his conversation often #ih broke through the restraints of habit1 and swept along its shining course as if he were surrounded by his pupils in the lecture-room4 ,every year added to his celebrity4 ,his character1 his philosophy1 his scholarship1 were all ,christian1 and his professional life was devoted to one end4 ,he vindicated the moral and literary attainments of the middle ages against modern detractors--against those who mean by the dark ages the ages about which they are in the dark4 ,he traced in all his works the history of letters in barbarous times1 and showed how1 through successive periods of decadence and renaissance1 the ,church has ever been carrying forward the civilization of mankind4 ,footnote #ag ,his publications have been edited by friends of whom he was worthy--,lacordaire and ,ampre2 and who would come to lay a votive wreath on ,madame ,rcamier's tomb1 without having one also for the grave of ,ozanam8 ,footnote #ag3 ,la ,civilisation au ,ve ,sicle1 etc4 ,the winter of #ahdj-da was a disastrous one for ,lyons and its neighborhood4 ,the swollen waters of the ,rhone and ,saone rising1 overflowed their banks1 and ravaged the surrounding country with resistless violence4 ,the government was not slow to relieve the sufferers1 and public as well as private charity poured in from every quarter4 ,madame ,rcamier felt deeply for her native city1 and resolved on making an extraordinary to aid it in its distress4 ,she organized a soire to which persons were to be admitted by tickets4 ,these were sold at twenty francs each1 but were generally paid tor at a higher rate4 ,lady ,byron gave a hundred for hers4 ,rachel recited ,esther2 ,garcia1 ,rubini1 and ,lablache sang2 the ,marquis de ,vrac placed his carriages at their disposal2 and the ,duc de ,noailles supplied refreshments1 footmen1 and his matre d'htel4 ,the ,russians residing in ,paris were especially active in disposing of tickets2 ,chateaubriand from eight o'clock to the end of the soire did the honors of the saloon by which the company entered4 ,reschid-,pacha sat on the steps of the musician's platform1 half buried beneath waves of silk and flowers4 ,the rooms were adorned with exquisite objects of art1 and #d1cij francs were received and transmitted to the mayor of ,lyons4 ,sixty poor families were selected by the curs to receive this bounty2 ,madame ,rcamier having requested that it might not be broken up into petty sums4 ,in the midst of the glittering throng that assembled in the old ,abbaye that evening1 it is said that she eclipsed them all in beauty and grace4 ,this may appear fabulous to many1 for she was then in her sixty-third year2 yet her niece would hardly assert it if it had not been the general opinion4 ,in #ahdb1 ,madame ,rcamier had the satisfaction of seeing ,ballanche take his place in the ,french ,academy4 ,his friends1 indeed1 were more elated on the occasion than the philosopher himself4 ,literary honors were little in his eyes compared with the exertion of a moral and philosophic influence4 ,his passion for machinery had nearly ruined him2 and his generosity was always beyond his narrow means4 ,like ,socrates in the basket1 he lived above the earth1 and the trivial concerns of daily life dried up the sap of his sublime speculations4 ,footnote #ah ,chateaubriand used to call him the hierophant2 for he had a small sect of followers whom he initiated in his mysticism4 ,footnote #ah3 ,aristophanes4 ,the ,clouds4 ,a cloud was gathering over his existence1 and over the gladness of all who frequented the ,abbaye4 ,since the year #ahci1 ,madame ,rcamier's health had been growing feebler1 and a cataract was perceived slowly forming on her eyes4 ,she bore the affliction with her usual calm1 and the fear of becoming less able to amuse ,chateaubriand was her chief distress4 ,when her blindness became confirmed1 her eyes were still brilliant2 and her ear being #ii fine1 she knew all who approached her by their voice4 ,the valet took care to set everything in her apartment in its fixed place1 so that she could move about without stumbling4 ,in this way she often dissembled her loss of sight1 and many who visited her came away with the impression that she saw pretty well4 ,long intercourse with ,chateaubriand had made her habits as methodical as his4 ,he still came to her daily at half-past two4 ,they took tea together1 and talked for an hour4 ,then the door opened to visitors1 and the good ,ballanche was always the first4 ,this would have been mere dissipation1 but for the more serious occupations of the morning4 ,she rose early1 had the papers read to her rapidly1 then the choicest of new works1 and afterward some standard author4 ,modern literature had always been her delight2 and it cheered her even in her darkness4 ,when she drove out1 it was generally with some charitable purpose2 for the time was passed for paying other visits4 ,never1 since ,montmorency had recommended it1 did she forget to read or hear read1 daily some work of piety2 and as age advanced and sorrow weighed more heavily1 she derived from the practice increasing solace and strength4 ,now came what ,ballanche called the dispersion1 from which afterward he dated his letters4 ,prince ,augustus of ,prussia died in #ahde1 and charged ,humboldt to execute his last commands with regard to her whom he had never ceased to respect and love4 ,her portrait1 by ,gerard1 which she had given him1 and her letters1 were returned when he could no longer treasure them4 ,his death affected her deeply2 for other flowers also were fading from life's garden1 and the winter of age was freezing everything but her affections4 ,from ,maintenon she passed into ,normandy with her niece and ,ampre1 who had just returned from ,egypt1 weary and sick with travel4 ,wherever she went1 the blind beauty of the first empire wanted no one claim to respectful and devoted attention4 ,by the use of belladonna1 she sometimes dilated the pupil1 and acquired for a few hours the sense of sight4 ,in this way she saw and admired ,ary ,scheffer's beautiful picture of ,st4 ,augustine1 which he brought from the exhibition to the ,abbaye-aux-,bois1 on purpose that ,chateaubriand and herself might inspect it4 ,but such brief enjoyment only made returning darkness more gloomy2 and an operation offered the best prospect of permanent relief4 ,meanwhile1 ,chateaubriand having broken his collar-bone in stepping from his carriage1 a delay occurred4 ,madame ,rcamier would not deprive herself of the pleasure of diverting him during his confinement to the house4 ,her friends often assembled under his roof2 and when he visited the ,abbaye again1 he was always carried into the roam by two domestics4 ,indeed1 he never walked any more4 ,nor in her case did the operation for cataract succeed1 for the patient did not enjoy that composure which was indispensable for a cure4 ,ballanche had been seized with pleurisy1 and was dangerously ill4 ,the blind lady to whom he had so long been devoted1 breaking through all her surgeon's instructions1 and braving the light she should have shunned1 crossed the street which separated her from the dying man1 and sat by his pillow to the last4 ,one who has often looked on death declares that she never saw it present so grand a spectacle as in ,ballanche4 ,all his philosophy was heightened into faith2 all his poetry was wrapt into devotion4 ,serenely trusting in the divine goodness1 he realized intensely the mysteries of the unseen world2 and1 with the holy viaticum on his lips1 quitted his earthly tabernacle with joy1 whilst she who watched at his side lost all hope of sight in her streaming tears4 ,ballanche's mortal remains lie in the vault of the ,rcamier family2 and his life has been written by ,ampre4 ,he and ,madame ,rcamier #ajj together selected the choicest passages from his works2 and beneath the shade of beech-trees1 amid the calm of nature1 her niece's daughters read aloud to her ,ballanche's long-treasured letters4 ,she would scarcely have survived her grief had not ,chateaubriand's infirmities still given a scope to her existence4 ,madame de ,chateaubriand died in the winter of #ahdf-g4 ,she abounded in charitable works1 and the poor loved her name4 ,the desolate widower proposed that ,madame ,rcamier should take her place4 ,he pressed his suit1 but she persisted in her refusal4 ,she thought the little variety caused by his daily visits to her essential for his comfort2 and that if she were always with him1 he would be less consoled4 ,what end1 she asked1 could marriage answer8 ,at our age there is no service ,i may not reasonably render you4 ,the world allows the purity of our attachment2 let it remain unaltered4 ,if we were younger1 ,i would not hesitate a moment to become your wife1 and so consecrate my life to you4 ,a second operation was performed1 with no better result than before4 ,the hope of being enabled to serve ,chateaubriand more effectually alone induced her to submit to it4 ,his end was fast approaching1 and society itself seemed about to be dissolved4 ,without were contests2 within were fears4 ,the revolution of ,february1 #ahdh1 undid the revolution of ,july1 #ahcj4 ,the streets of the capital flowed with blood1 and the roar of cannon in the insurrection of ,june shook the chamber of the expiring poet1 and brought tears to his eyes4 ,he heard with keen interest of the death of ,monseigneur ,affre1 the good shepherd who gave his life for his sheep4 ,the intrepid courage of that glorious martyr lent fresh nerve to his jaded spirit2 and though his brilliant intellect had for some time past lost its lustre1 his thoughts were perfectly collected to the last4 ,he was heard to mutter to himself the words he had written in #ahad3 ,no2 ,i will never believe that ,i write on the tomb of ,france4 ,the chill waters of the river of death could not extinguish the patriotism that burned in his breast4 ,the ,abb ,guerry1 his confessor and friend1 stood near him with the consolations of religion2 his nephew1 ,louis de ,chateaubriand1 and the superioress of the convent of ,marie-,therse1 which he and his wife had founded4 ,after receiving the blessed sacrament1 he never spoke again2 but his eyes followed ,madame ,rcamier with an expression of anguish whenever she left the room4 ,this was her crowning sorrow1 that she could not see the sufferer she sought to relieve4 ,when the worst was over1 the calm of despair spread over her face1 and a deathly paleness1 which nothing could remove4 ,she gratefully assented to everything which was proposed for her comfort2 but her sad smile proved how vain was the effort to restore her to gladness4 ,those affectionate beings alone who live on friendship can comprehend the extent of her desolation4 ,chateaubriand's obsequies were performed in the church of the ,missions trangres1 where a large concourse assembled1 notwithstanding the city and the state were still in the agony of a social crisis4 ,but his ashes were transferred to his own ,brittany1 where a solitary rock in the bay had long before been granted him by the municipality of ,st4 ,malo1 as a place of burial4 ,more than #ej1jjj persons were present at this strange and solemn interment4 ,they seemed to represent ,france mourning his loss4 ,the sea was covered with boats2 the roofs of the houses1 and the shores beneath1 were crowded with spectators2 banners floated from rock and tower2 while mournful canticles and booming cannon broke the stillness of the air4 ,the coffin was laid in a recess of the steep cliff1 and surmounted by a granite cross4 ,ampre was deputed by the ,french ,academy to pronounce his eulogy on the occasion2 and he concluded his report to that body in these #aja words3 ,it would seem that the genius of the incomparable painter had been stamped on this last magnificent spectacle2 and that to him alone among men it had been given to add1 even after death1 a splendid page to the immortal poem of his life4 ,on ,easter day in the following year ,madame ,rcamier was persuaded to remove from the ,abbaye-aux-,bois to the ,national ,library1 where her niece and nephew resided4 ,the cholera had broken out in the neighborhood of the ,abbaye2 and though she did not fear death1 she had a peculiar horror of that dreadful pestilence4 ,but her flight was vain2 the scourge pursued her1 and fell with sadden violence on her enfeebled frame4 ,the day before1 ,ampre and ,madame ,salvage had dined with her1 and on the morning of her seizure her niece's daughter ,juliette had been reading to her the memoirs of ,madame de ,motteville4 ,during twelve hours she suffered extreme torture1 but spoke with her confessor1 and received the sacrament of extreme unction4 ,continual vomiting prevented the administration of the eucharist4 ,ampre1 ,paul ,david1 the ,abb de ,cazals1 her relations and servants1 knelt around her bed to join in the prayers for the dying4 ,sobs and tears choked their voices1 and ,adieu1 adieu1 we shall meet again2 we shall see each other again1 were the only words her agony allowed her to utter4 ,madame ,rcamier breathed her last on the #aath of ,may1 #ahdi4 ,the terrible epidemic1 which generally leaves hideous traces behind1 spared her lifeless frame1 and left it like a beautiful piece of sculptured marble4 ,achille ,devria took a drawing of her as she lay in her cold sleep1 and his faithful sketch expresses at the same time suffering and repose4 ,such was the end of her who1 without the prestige of authorship1 was regarded by her contemporaries as one of the most remarkable women of her time4 ,we will not indulge in any exaggerated statement of her piety4 ,great numbers1 no doubt1 have attained to more interior perfection4 ,her ambition to please was undoubtedly a weakness4 ,religion did not make her what she was2 yet she would never have been what she was without it4 ,it was the ballast which steadied her when carrying crowded sail4 ,it was the polar star that directed her course amid conflicting currents and adverse storms4 ,it raised her standard of morality above that of many of her associates4 ,it taught her how to be devout without dissimulation1 a patroness of letters without pedantry1 a patriot and a royalist without national disdain or political animosity4 ,it made her charitable to the poor1 kind to the aged and sorrowful1 gracious and unassuming with all1 at the very time that the proudest of emperors invited her presence at his court1 and his brother ,lucien made her the idol of his verse4 ,its golden thread guided her aright through the intricate mazes of social life--through a matrimonial position equally strange and unreal--an engagement to a royal prince who was the foe of ,france--through friendships with ,bernadotte and ,murat on their thrones1 with the queens of ,holland and of ,naples when fallen1 and with the third ,napoleon when plotting to regain the sceptre of the first4 ,it so lifted her above intrigue and cabals that she could give her right hand to the disaffected ,general ,moreau and her left to the devoted ,junot--could be made the confidante of all parties without betraying the secrets of any4 ,it inclined her to be chary of giving advice1 but to make it1 when asked for1 tell always on the side of virtue4 ,it enabled her to exhort the sceptical with effect1 and dispose the philosophic to accept the faith4 ,footnote #ai ,footnote #ai3 ,see her letters to ,ampre in the ,correspondant1 #ahfd4 ,her autobiography has unfortunately been destroyed by her own direction1 because blindness would not allow her to revise it and cancel its #ajb defects4 ,but many fragments of it have been preserved1 and a thousand personal recollections1 collected from those who knew her1 have been wrought by her niece and other biographers into a lasting monument4 -------- ,from ,the ,fortnightly ,review ,,chinese ,,characteristics4 ,,by ,,sir ,,john ,,bowring4 ,i was gathering together some examples of the strange opinions held by the ,chinese as to outer nations1 when ,i fell upon a curious official document1 presented to the emperor by a great mandarin1 who occupies a very prominent place in the modern history of ,china1 ,keshen1 once viceroy of the two ,kwang4 ,his name brought immediately to my recollection1 by a very natural association1 that of my old acquaintance1 ,father ,huc1 whose contributions to our knowledge of ,china1 ,tartary1 and ,tibet are among the most original authentic1 and instructive that we possess4 ,it is a matter much to be regretted that only a small part of ,father ,huc's personal adventures has ever been communicated to the public4 ,i first met with him on one of the ,chusan islands1 dressed as a ,chinaman1 and living in every particular as the natives live--his food was rice--his drink was only tea4 ,he was recognized as the director and instructor of no less than five ,catholic communities4 ,i had heard of the existence of professors of the ,tien-choo 7heavenly master7 religion1 and1 going some way into the interior1 found the ,lazzarist doctor instructing the people4 ,he had an extraordinary mastery of the colloquial ,chinese2 spoke and wrote ,manchoo1 and was not unacquainted with the ,mongolian tongue4 ,i enjoyed his company as a fellow traveller1 having given him a passage in a vessel which was at my disposal1 and ,i fell in with him in five different and distant parts of ,china4 ,i have no doubt of the general veracity of his narrative1 of his sincere love of truth--perhaps not wholly separated from a certain credulity and fondness for the marvellous1 with which1 ,i have observed1 oriental travellers are not unfrequently imbued4 ,it would be interesting to learn how ,father ,huc got to ,peking1 lived for many years in the city and its neighborhood1 no one knowing or supposing him to be a foreigner--what were the arrangements by which1 departing on his mission to ,manchuria1 he managed to escape from the scrutinizing eye of the police1 at a period1 too1 when the determination to repel the intrusion of barbarian strangers was at its height4 ,of his interviews with ,keshen1 after the discovery of the objects of his journey1 and the determination of the mandarin envoy to drive him out of the country1 he gives many interesting particulars in his ,souvenirs1 but he does not mention that ,keshen1 who had been stripped at ,peking of some millions sterling1 the gatherings of profits and peculations in the high offices he had filled1 and who managed to amass a considerable sum of money in ,tibet1 confided his sayings in that country to the keeping of the ,lazzarist missionary2 and at the very time when the decree was issued for his banishment1 ,keshen obtained from him a promise that he would1 when he passed into the #ajc territory of ,china1 deliver over the silver to the parties whom ,keshen designated4 ,huc was a delightful companion2 he had no asperity2 on the contrary1 he was full of jokes and merriment4 ,courageous1 too1 when in the presence of danger1 his ready wit furnished him with every appliance necessary to his safety and protection4 ,his familiarity with ,chinese character was remarkable2 he knew when and where and how to domineer and command1 where it was safe to assume authority4 ,in ,china1 one of the common instruments of government is to send from the court secret spies1 whose persons are unknown1 and the object of whose mission is to report confidentially to the emperor on the shortcomings or misdoings of the great mandarins4 ,it was often ,huc's fortune to be thought one of these mysterious but redoubtable visitants1 and he turned the suspicion to excellent account4 ,the fact of his speaking ,manchoo1 and being well acquainted with ,tartar forms and usages1 very naturally strengthened the conclusion that it was most desirable to obtain his patronage and favorable opinion in the confidential communications to be made to the ,tartar dynasty4 ,no doubt many a functionary has trembled1 self-condemned1 in the presence of the missionary1 and has courted his indulgent judgment by those attentions which are supposed to conciliate4 ,bribes1 large and attractive1 representing the estimated value of the service to be rendered1 are constantly offered and frequently received by the traveller who is believed to have the ear of the supreme authority4 ,i have heard that from twenty to thirty thousand pounds sterling are sometimes collected in a district circuit1 the collection being made at the risk of either the bribed or the briber1 or of both1 each being necessarily at the mercy of the other in case of betrayal4 ,but1 at the same time1 ,father ,huc possessed all the arts of prostration and deference when the circumstances of the case required them4 ,there was1 however1 less of assumption in his lowliness than in his loftiness2 his was never a pride that aped humility4 ,the acting was when he played the part of a ruler4 ,he was altogether a natural man--unobtrusive1 but fluent in the presence of those interested--and who could fail to be interested in his strange adventures8 ,he never recovered the free use of his limbs after he returned to ,europe2 and died in ,france1 leaving much undone--the doing of which would have been most useful to his race4 ,one of the great grievances of which the ,chinese complained1 in the time of the ,east ,india ,company monopoly1 and down to the ,pottinger war1 was the oozing out of the silver in ,china for the payment of a poisonous drug to the outer barbarians4 ,it was1 however1 then the fact1 as it is the fact now1 that the poppy is widely cultivated1 and opium largely manufactured1 by the ,chinese themselves in several of the provinces of the empire4 ,it used to be the belief in ,china that there alone was the pure metal produced1 and that the coins brought from afar would in process of time be converted1 by natural process1 into base metal1 or something worse4 ,i recollect a person being charged with stealing his master's money2 he did not deny having had the custody of the dollars1 but swore they had been eaten by white ants4 ,keshen was directed to give his opinion to the emperor as to the quality of the silver brought to ,china by foreigners1 and these are his words3 ,the foreign money brought from these outer nations is all boiled and reduced by quicksilver4 ,if you wrap it up and lay it aside for several years without touching it1 it will be turned into moths and corroding insects1 and the silver cups made from it by these strangers will change into feathers4 ,after stating that the coins show their impurity when submitted to the crucible1 he adds3 ,yet we find that in ,kiangnan and by the course of the river ,hwac1 and #ajd all along the rivers to the south1 foreign dollars are used in trade and circulated most abundantly2 we even find them of more value than ,sycee silver2 this is really what ,i cannot understand6 ,truly it passeth all understanding if the premises of the mandarin be correct4 ,some one suggests that ,keshen had read in our sacred book of our treasures that moth and rust do corrupt 7,matt4 vi4 #ai71 and of the riches which make to themselves wings and fly away 7,prov4 xxiii4 #e74 ,as was said of old time1 ,an eye for an eye1 and a tooth for a tooth1 so the ,chinese still recognize the principle that the penalty to be paid for crime need not be visited on the criminal himself1 but that the substitution of an innocent for a guilty person to bear the award of the law may satisfy all the demands of justice4 ,in the embarrassments of the imperial treasury during the last war1 proclamations of the emperor frequently appeared in the ,peking ,gazette1 authorizing the commutation of the judicial sentences which inflicted personal punishment by the payment of sums of money1 to be estimated according to the gravity of the offence1 and the rank or opulence of the offender4 ,men are to be found as candidates for the scaffold when a large remuneration is offered for the sacrifice of life--to such a sacrifice posthumous honor is frequently attached--a family is rescued from poverty1 and enters on the possession of comparative wealth4 ,the ordinary price paid for a man's life is a hundred ounces of pure silver1 of the value of about #cc sterling4 ,in the ,buddhist code such an act of devotion and self-sacrifice ranks very high in the scale of merits1 and would ensure a splendid recompense in the awards of the tribunal which is1 after death1 to strike the balance of good and evil1 when every individual's mortal history is to be the subject of review4 ,some illustrations may not be unwelcome4 ,in the history of the intercourse of the ,east ,india ,company with the ,chinese1 it will be found that the authorities were never satisfied with the averment that the individual charged with offences could not be found2 they always insisted that some ,english subject could be found and delivered over to the penalties of the law4 ,they invariably took high ground2 asserted that the laws of ,china must be respected in ,china1 and that those laws provided a certain and always applicable punishment by which the demands of justice might and ought to be satisfied4 ,they turned a deaf ear to the representation that1 according to ,european law1 the individual who had committed a crime was the only proper person to be punished for that crime1 and considered it a sort of barbarian notion that any crime should be passed over without being followed by the appropriate penalty visiting somebody or other4 ,the theory fills the whole field of penal legislation4 ,households1 villages1 and even districts are made responsible for offences committed within their boundaries2 and it is not unusual for high functionaries to be called upon to suffer for misdeeds not their own1 which no vigilance could prevent and no sacrifices repair4 ,there ought1 say the sages1 to be no wrong without a remedy1 no sin without consequent suffering2 and it is better that an innocent man should now and then be sacrificed than that guilt should not necessarily and inevitably be followed by penal consequences4 ,there is every reason to believe that on one occasion1 to prevent the stoppage of trade1 which was the menaced consequence of non-obedience1 an innocent man was delivered over to the authorities 7but not by the ,british71 and executed at ,canton4 ,during the administration of ,sir ,john ,davis1 six ,englishmen were brutally murdered at ,kwan ,chuh ,kei1 a small village on the ,pearl river4 ,the ,english government insisted on the punishment of the murderers1 and six men were publicly beheaded4 ,it is quite certain they had nothing to do with #aje the crime2 they were brought gagged to the place of execution1 and ,english gentlemen1 under the instructions of the consul1 witnessed the decapitation2 but everybody was satisfied that the criminals were allowed to escape1 and that guiltless men were beheaded in their stead2 and ,lord ,palmerston most properly directed that no ,british authority should be present at such executions1 lest their presence might be deemed to imply approbation of the administration of justice in ,china4 ,it once occurred to me to have to make representations to the governor of ,kiangsoo in consequence of some ,chinese troops having fired upon the ,british settlement of ,shanghai4 ,no injury was done1 but the act was of a character which might have led to serious consequences4 ,an interview was asked1 and1 accompanied by the ,british admiral1 ,i went to the tent of the great mandarin4 ,on being introduced1 we found six soldiers kneeling by his side4 ,close at hand was an executioner1 and we saw as we passed the huge heavy swords which are employed by him in his wonted work4 ,it was quite right to complain1 said the mandarin2 it was quite fit those who had committed the outrage should be visited with the punishment4 ,inquiries had been made1 and it was very likely the men present were guilty2 at all events1 they had been in the neighborhood4 ,utter the word1 and their heads shall fall at your feet4 ,we informed his excellency that such abrupt and sudden action did not accord with our notions of justice1 and we requested that the men might be relieved of their terrors and released on the spot ,this was done1 and the governor1 who was also the military commander-in-chief1 merely told the trembling soldiers that they owed their lives to our clemency--a clemency they little anticipated from outside barbarians4 ,baron ,gros informed me that when the ,french embassy was going up the ,peiho--which1 by the way1 is not the real name of the river1 and only means a river in the north1 by which the ,tientsing stream is usually designated in the south--an outrage was committed on a ,french sailor by a ,chinaman1 who was arrested and condemned to death4 ,a deputation waited on the ambassador from the offender's native village1 bringing with them an old man whom they wished to be hanged instead of him who had committed the offence4 ,they represented that the condemned man was young1 that his mother was dependent upon his labor1 and would have no means of support if deprived of her son2 that it would be very hard if she were made the victim4 ,and1 moreover1 it could make no difference to his excellency 7the minister7 whether the old man or the young were executed4 ,the death of either would show that punishment would assuredly follow injuries done to the subjects of the great man's nation4 ,they were informed that ,european usages demanded that the criminal should suffer for the crime4 ,they returned next day to offer a better bargain to the ambassador4 ,they brought down two men to suffer in expiation of the offence of one4 ,surely two ,chinamen might be accepted for the wrong committed upon the stranger4 ,the mission1 of course1 failed2 the delegates departed sorely disappointed1 and greatly wondering at the strange notions which the red-haired outer men had of what is right and what is wrong4 ,there is a ,chinese aphorism1 ,puh t1 puh chaou 7,no blows1 no truth71 whose universal recognition will best illustrate the general character of the administration of justice4 ,torture is not employed on criminals alone in order to elicit confession1 but constantly to witnesses when their evidence does not suit the foregone conclusions of the judge1 who1 in very many cases1 is bribed beforehand1 and desirous that the statements made should be such as to warrant his predetermined verdict4 ,truth is a virtue little appreciated among ,orientals1 and especially among the ,chinese4 ,they are afraid #ajf of truth4 ,it gives the authorities accurate information as to their whereabouts which may involve them in difficulties4 ,they do not know what may have happened in a particular locality1 and therefore prefer saying where they were not than where they were1 in order to avoid compromising themselves by putting the runners upon a true scent4 ,then again1 habits of mendacity and a constant disregard of truth lead to inaccuracy of observation4 ,i remember a case in which three sets of witnesses gave three separate versions as to the time of the day on which an important event had occurred--that it was in bright daylight2 that it was in utter darkness2 that it was neither light nor dark2 and in that case ,i had reason to believe there was no intended perjury4 ,against perjury there is really no protection but in the dread of punishment4 ,we tried in ,hong ,kong different usages which were expected to give some security for obtaining the truth1 the whole truth1 and nothing but the truth4 ,cocks' heads were cut off by or in the presence of the witnesses1 and they pronounced denunciations and consented to have their blood shed if there was falsehood in their testimony4 ,sometimes an earthenware plate was broken1 and the parties offered themselves to be shattered and broken to bits as was the plate if they did not tell the truth4 ,others favored the writing of an aphorism of the sages on a piece of paper1 burning it at a lamp1 and requiring the witness to swear that as he hoped not to be burned and tormented he would say all that was true4 ,but every experiment failed4 ,oaths1 however enforced1 with whatever forms invested1 were discovered to be utterly worthless2 and it was wisely decided that the penalties of perjury should attach equally to the sworn and the unsworn man4 ,it occurred to me to consult a person of some eminence as to the possibility of administering any form of an oath which would be held binding4 ,he said that there was one temple within the city which was held sacred to truth1 and that promises made and contracts entered into within that particular sanctuary were deemed better guaranteed than any other4 ,but he said the place was inaccessible to ,europeans2 and he thought that nothing but the dread of punishment for falsehood gave any security1 and even that security was most insufficient1 for the elucidation of truth4 ,a case1 which it was my duty to investigate1 connected with the smuggling of ,british property1 came before the chief judge at ,canton4 ,i had come to a conclusion as to the guilt of certain parties1 which conclusion was different from that formed by the ,chinese official4 ,one day several ,chinamen were brought to me in a dreadfully mutilated state--their faces and arms covered with wounds and bruises inflicted by heavy blows of the bamboo4 ,it appeared their evidence confirmed the opinion ,i had formed1 and was altogether opposed to the theory of the mandarin1 and they were bastinadoed until they declared that all they had said was false1 and their testimony was made to accord with the views of the magistrate4 ,sentence was delayed2 new and irresistible evidence was brought forward--meanwhile1 perhaps1 the mandarin had been bribed2 but certain it is the witnesses were again summoned before him4 ,they were informed they must be punished for the lies they had told while under torture2 and ,i heard1 but ,i did not see the men a second time1 that they were again beaten until they declared that their first and not their last story was the true one2 the mandarin reporting that his early impressions had been removed on further investigation4 ,footnote #bj ,footnote #bj3 ,the ,emperor ,paul1 of ,russia1 once published a decree requiring that every one who passed in front of his palace should wear short breaches and silk stockings1 under penalty of a flogging4 ,in the cold weather people took care to avoid the neighborhood of the palace1 and went to their business by various circumambulations4 ,being annoyed at the absence of the multitude1 whom he was fond of looking at from the palace windows1 he published a second edict1 in which he ordered that any person wearing the before-enforced costume should receive the same sort of castigation4 ,it was said that an unfortunate foreigner1 who did not understand ,russian--and had he understood it1 might not have escaped the penalty--was flogged on two following days for disobeying the imperial mandate--for not wearing1 and for wearing1 the obligatory and the interdicted costumes4 #ajg ,i was once engaged in correspondence with the ,taeping chiefs1 while they were in possession of ,nanking4 ,the fact that they had printed and circulated a portion of the ,old ,testament in ,chinese created a wonderful interest in the religious world1 while the belief that they were banded together for the patriotic purpose of replacing an intrusive and oppressive dynasty by a national and liberal government1 led to much sympathy even beyond the field of missionary action4 ,i sent a ship of war to ,nanking in order to ascertain1 by direct intercourse with its traders1 the exact character of the insurrection4 ,they put forward the most monstrous pretensions4 ,one of the kings called himself ,the ,holy ,ghost1 the ,comforter--the third person of the ,trinity2 and demanded our recognition of his authority1 advising us that we knew his coming had been foretold in our own ,scriptures4 ,another claimed to be the ,uterine1 younger brother of ,jesus ,christ2 and gave an account of mutual invitations which had passed between them2 of the visits of the king to paradise1 where his heavenly brother had introduced him to his wives and family2 and he reported specially a personal intervention of ,jesus1 who came down to earth in order to settle the number of stripes which were to be given to a woman of the harem who had offended her master4 ,our people on landing were called ko-ko 7brothers7 by the insurgents1 who inquired whether we had brought them tribute1 and were willing to recognize the universal authority of the celestial king4 ,it was only on this condition that they would allow us to obtain the coal we desired to purchase for the use of the steamer--a condition of course not complied with2 so that the evidence of brotherhood was not of a very complete or satisfactory character4 ,in a very elaborate communication which ,i received from the ,taeping sovereigns1 they desired a personal description of ,god the ,father1 that they might compare our notions of the ,deity with their own--the color of his hair1 the size of his abdomen2 and inquired particularly whether we had any poetry--as they had--written with his own hand4 ,that there was1 and is1 in this extraordinary movement an element of well-warranted discontent and resistance to the exactions1 extortions1 and corruptions of the ,manchoo authorities cannot be doubted2 but1 strange to say1 not a single man of mark1 not one literary graduate1 not an individual either known to or possessing the confidence of the higher or the middle classes1 ever joined the rebellion4 ,lamentable as is the general ignorance of the ,chinese as to remote nations1 the ignorance exhibited by the ,taepings was the grossest of all4 ,it will be no wonder that the rebels1 most of whom came from the interior of ,china1 and had never had any communication with western nations1 should display such a want of knowledge1 when even books of authority give such confirmation as will be found in a popular geography1 written by a man who had visited the ,dutch archipelago1 and on his return gave to his countrymen the results of his observation and experience3 ,footnote #ba ,footnote #ba3 ,dr4 ,medhurst published a translation of this work of ,wang ,tac ,lai1 ,shanghai1 #ahdi4 ,european countries are originally on the outside verge of civilization1 and their being now assimilated to the villages of our inner land is entirely owing to the virtuous influences of our august government1 which transforms these distant and unknown regions by the innate force of its own majesty4 ,european nations are thus described3 ,the ,dutch share the sovereignty of ,europe with the ,english1 or 'red-haired nation1' and the ,french4 ,the ,english nation is poor but powerful2 and being situated at a most #ajh important point1 frequently attacks the others4 ,the ,hollanders are like the man who stopped his ears while stealing a bell4 ,measuring them by the rules of reason1 they scarcely possess one of the five cardinal virtues 7which1 according to the ,chinese1 are benevolence1 righteousness1 propriety1 wisdom1 and truth74 ,the great oppress the small1 being overbearing and covetous4 ,thus they have no benevolence4 ,husbands and wives separate with permission to marry again2 and before a man is dead a month his widow is permitted to go to another4 ,thus they have no rectitude4 ,they are extravagant and self-indulgent in the extreme1 and so bring themselves to the grave without speculating on having something to tranquillize and aid their posterity4 ,thus they have no wisdom4 ,of the single quality of sincerity1 however1 they possess a little4 ,the dispositions of the ,french are violent and boisterous4 ,their country is poor and contains but few merchants2 hence they seldom come to ,batavia4 ,whenever the ,dutch are insulted by the ,english1 they depend upon the ,french for assistance4 ,the kingdom of ,france is large and the population numerous1 so that the ,english are somewhat afraid of them4 ,the dependent countries of ,europe are intermixed and connected without end4 ,some of the places can be visited by ships when they become a little known2 and some are held in subjection by the ,dutch1 and governed by them4 ,the rest live in hollow trees and caves of the earth1 not knowing the use of fire1 and wander about naked or in strange and uncouth attire4 ,they cannot all be fully known1 nor are there any means of inquiring about them4 ,we have heard of such names as ,tingli 7,english71 ,po-ge 7,pegu87 ,wotsie 7,bussorah871 ,china 7which is not supposed to mean the celestial empire72 but have no opportunity of knowing anything of their manners and customs4 ,he says of ,mekka 7,mohia7 that its walls are extremely high1 and the whole ground splendid with silver and gold and beautiful gems1 guarded by a hundred genii1 so that the treasures1 cannot be taken away4 ,the true cultivators of virtue may ascend to ,mekka and worship the real ,buddha1 when1 after several years of fasting1 they return and receive the title of ,laou ,keun--doctor2 they can then bring down spirits1 subdue monsters1 drive away noxious influences1 and defeat demons4 ,he mentions a sea-dog on the loadstone sea 7tze-she-yang71 where there are so many magnets1 that if a vessel with iron nails gets into the neighborhood it is inevitably absorbed4 ,hence1 those who navigate it employ only bamboo pegs4 ,he reports the existence of a sea-horse 7hai ma7 at ,malacca1 which comes out of the ocean in pursuit of a mare4 ,the horse has a fine black skin1 a very long tail1 and can travel hundreds of miles a day2 but when on shore1 if he be allowed only to see a river1 off he goes to his native element2 nothing can control him4 ,he describes a sea-mare attached to the rocks at the bottom of the sea by a stalk from her navel many hundred yards long4 ,when discovered1 he1 says1 and this is no doubt true1 male and female appear together1 so that they are never solitary4 ,the ,dutch pay the fishermen liberally for catching a sea-mare1 but she never lives after separation from her root4 ,when caught1 the ,dutch1 who are 'envious people1' put them into spirits1 and preserve them4 ,i never saw1 he says1 the flying head1 but have heard of it1 and that it abounds in ,amboyna1 and resembles a native woman4 ,its eye has no pupil1 and it can see in the dark4 ,it flies about2 nothing but the head enters houses and eats human entrails2 but if it meet anything sour it cannot open its eyes4 ,drops from a piece of linen sprinkled upon it will be security against its mischief4 ,he says there is an animal somewhat like a man1 #aji but with a mouth from ear to ear4 ,its loud laughs indicate a storm its name is the hai-ki-shang1 or sea priest2 its appearance prognosticates evil4 ,he speaks of a race of men called wei tan1 dwelling among the hills1 with ugly faces and tattooed bodies1 who have tails five or six inches long1 at the end of which are several bristles1 about an inch or two in length4 ,these savages frequently engage themselves as sailors1 and come to ,batavia1 but as soon as they are discovered1 run away and conceal themselves1 and if examination be insisted on1 they change countenance and violently resist4 ,he gives a description of sundry ,european instruments2 calls the telescope a cunning invention of supernatural agents4 ,he recommends his countrymen not to believe that the large eggs 7no doubt ostriches7 sometimes brought to ,china are mares' eggs1 which he is sure they are not4 ,he thinks there may be fishes large enough to swallow ships1 as he himself saw a mortar capable of holding five pecks1 which he was told was the vertebral bone of a fish4 ,of ,manilla he gives a tolerably sensible account1 having1 as he says himself1 traded there4 ,he adds3 ,since the withdrawal of the ,english there has been general tranquillity1 peace1 and joy in the regions beyond sea4 ,he humbly conceives this is due to the instruction diffused by the sacred government of ,china1 which overawes insulated foreigners1 soaking into their flesh1 and moistening their marrow1 so that even the most distant submit themselves4 ,it is not an unusual practice for opulent ,chinamen from the interior to visit their friends at the ports opened to trade1 and to seek introductions to the merchant outer people who buy their silks1 teas1 and rhubarb1 and pay them dollars or opium in exchange4 ,as ,chinese habits1 ,chinese costumes1 and ,chinese opinions are all moulded to the same type--as all read the same language1 study the same books1 and have done so for a hundred generations--the contrast between ,european and ,chinese life is startling4 ,that a guest or visitor should be placed on the right hand1 shows that one of the first requirements of courtesy is unknown or disregarded2 that a lady with large feet should by possibility be of gentle birth1 no ,chinese woman of quality dares to believe2 that the magnetic needle should point to the north1 instead of the south1 shows a strange unacquaintance with elementary science2 but1 above all1 that civilized and adjacent nations should have written languages so imperfect that they cannot read the letters on the books of their neighbors1 is wholly unintelligible to a ,chinese literate4 ,i remember showing a picture of the ,crystal ,palace to a mandarin from the interior4 ,he at first denied that such a building could ever have been erected2 he was sure it was only a picture--a fancy2 he had never seen anything like it at ,peking4 ,was it possible there should be an emperor out of ,china with so beautiful a palace as this8 ,he was told this was the palace built by and for the people4 ,this was quite sufficient to convince him that we were practising upon his credulity2 and though ,chinese courtesy would not allow him to call us liars1 it was very clear he had come to the conclusion that we were nothing better4 ,they have manufacturers of false noses in ,china1 but none of false teeth4 ,there are practitioners who profess to cure the tooth-ache instantaneously1 and people worthy of credit have assured me they succeed in doing so4 ,the works of ,european dentists are among the most admired examples of the skill of foreigners4 ,a mandarin who was anxious to learn something about the making of teeth1 once produced to me a box fall of artificial noses of various sizes and colors1 with which he supplied the defects of his own2 he said he used one sort of nose before and another after his meals1 #aaj and insisted that ,chinese ingenuity was greater than our own4 ,what1 in process of time1 will be the action of western civilization on the furthest eastern regions--whether1 and in what shape1 we shall make returns for the instruction our forefathers received from thence--is a curious and interesting inquiry--more interesting from the vast extent of the regions before us4 ,the fire-engine is almost the only foreign mechanical power which has been popularized in ,china4 ,there is scarcely a watch or clock maker in the whole empire1 though opulent men generally carry two watches4 ,the rude ,chinese agricultural and manufacturing instruments have been nowhere supplanted by ,european improvements4 ,no steamship has been built by the ,chinese2 the only one ,i ever saw would not move after it was launched2 it was said a ,chinaman1 who had only served on an ,english steamer as stoker1 was required by the authorities to construct the vessel4 ,there is neither gold nor silver coinage2 the only currency being a base metal1 chien1 whose value is the fifth of a farthing4 ,the looms with which their beautiful silk stuffs are woven are of the most primitive character4 ,yet they have arts to us wholly unknown4 ,they give to copper the hardness and the sharpness of steel2 we cannot imitate some of their brightest colors4 ,they have lately sent us the only natural green which is permanent1 which has been known to them1 as printing1 wood engraving1 the use of the compass1 artillery practice1 and other great inventions1 from immemorial time4 ,paper was made from rags long anterior to the ,christian era1 and promissory notes were used at a still earlier period4 ,the ,chinese may be proud of a language and a literature which has existed for thirty centuries1 while in ,europe there is no literary language now written or spoken which would have been intelligible seven hundred years ago4 ,if1 then1 this singular people--more than a third of the whole human race--look down with some contempt on the outside races1 let them not be too harshly judged1 or too precipitately condemned4 -------- ,from ,the ,month4 ,,pierre ,,pr,,vost',s ,,story2 ,,or1 ,,true ,,to ,,the ,,last4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,in one of my summer rambles through the north of ,france1 ,i came across a little seaside village which possessed so many charms that it was the greatest difficulty in the world to tear myself away from it4 ,it was indeed a lovely spot4 ,the village1 situated on a noble cliff1 was enclosed almost in a semicircle of richly wooded hills1 which stretched1 as far as the eye could see1 into the very heart of noble ,normandy4 ,at your feet the glorious sea came dashing in to a shore over which great masses of bold rock were liberally scattered1 and round which the waves used to play in the summertime1 however little obstacle was afforded to their fury when fierce winds blew up a storm in the cruel winter-time4 ,but perhaps the most attractive feature of the place to me was a splendid river1 within a mile's walk of the village1 which was plentifully supplied with fish1 and afforded me many and #aaa many day's amusement1 and not a little excellent sport4 ,my time was pretty well my own1 and ,i had made up my mind for a tolerably long spell of idle enjoyment2 so1 under these circumstances1 it may not appear strange that ,i resolved to take up my quarters at----4 ,the inhabitants of the place were mostly poor fishermen1 who used to ply their trade nearly the whole of the week1 and by great good luck frequently got back to their wives and families toward its close4 ,a very pretty cottage1 with a bay-window commanding a splendid view of the sea1 took my fancy immensely1 and though it was rather a humble sort of place1 ,i determined if possible to make an impression on its possessors1 in order to secure two rooms for my use during my stay4 ,alphonsine was certainly not the most sweet-tempered woman ,i have ever met1 in fact rather the contrary2 at the same time ,i fully persuaded myself that a great many disagreeables would be counteracted by the possession of my much-coveted bay-window4 ,alphonsine evidently ruled the establishment with a rod of iron4 ,she was a tall1 thin1 ill-favored looking woman1 who was always prepared for a wrangle1 and who looked uncommonly sharp after her own interests4 ,however1 by paying pretty liberally and in advance1 ,i soon won her heart1 and flatter myself that it was by excellent generalship on my part that ,i contrived very soon to be entirely in her good books4 ,her hard face used sometimes actually to relax into a grim kind of smile in my presence1 and ,i fancied her harsh voice used almost imperceptibly to soften in addressing me4 ,beside1 she was accustomed to bustle about in a rough kind of way in order to get things straight and comfortable1 and ,i really think tried to do her best to make me feel at home4 ,what more could ,i want than this8 ,and then she had two delightful children1 a boy and a girl1 with whom ,i was very soon especially friendly1 and who tended to enliven me up a bit whenever ,i chanced to be at all dull4 ,the boy was about thirteen years old1 and his sister1 who looked a year or so younger1 was indeed a lovely child4 ,she was as fair as a lily1 and had that sweet expression of countenance which is so often found among the peasants in ,normandy2 her eyes were large and exquisitely blue1 and with all this she had a decided will of her own4 ,but then she was the daughter of ,alphonsine4 ,it was some little time before ,i made the acquaintance of the master of the establishment2 for he was always busy fishing1 and1 as ,i have said before1 the fishermen who lived in the village seldom got home before ,saturday evening1 and had to be off again either on ,sunday evening or by daybreak on ,monday4 ,however1 ,saturday soon came round1 and with it ,pierre ,prvost4 ,he was about five-and-thirty years old1 very dark and singularly handsome4 ,his hair1 which was thick1 fell about his head in ringlets2 he was short1 and had most expressive eyes4 ,i was not long in perceiving that he was in every way a great contrast to ,alphonsine4 ,his expression was sad1 and he seldom or never smiled2 and ,i noticed he seemed to shrink rather nervously from the piercing look with which he was very frequently favored by la belle ,alphonsine4 ,his sweet and handsome face soon disposed me favorably toward him1 notwithstanding that there were circumstances which occurred on our first acquaintance which would otherwise have tended to prejudice me entirely against him4 ,i was smoking a pipe and chatting quietly to ,alphonsine in the great chimney-corner on the evening ,i allude to1 when all at once the two children came tearing in from school with their books under their arms4 ,he is come6 cried they1 in their shrill treble voices4 ,we saw his boat just coming near the shore4 ,he will be on the sand almost in a #aab moment ,we may go and meet him1 may we not1 mother8 ,what's the use8 said she1 in rather a more disagreeable tone than usual4 ,i am sure he would much prefer to come alone4 ,beside1 ,i want you both4 ,go into the garden to get me something to make a salad of4 ,come now6 ,these last two words settled the matter1 and the children were soon off1 without another word about the expedition to the sea-shore4 ,that's strange1 thought ,i to myself2 ,i wonder if this ,pierre can be a bad father1 or at any rate a bad husband8 ,a few minutes afterward he came in4 ,as if to strengthen this bad impression of mine1 ,i noticed that ,alphonsine never moved when he entered1 and did not attempt to offer her hand or cheek to him4 ,she did not even welcome him with a smile4 ,no1 she contented herself with taking a slate down from the wall1 the pencil belonging to which was already in her hand3 ,how much8 said she1 coolly4 ,pierre ,prvost pulled out of his pocket a great leather purse1 and detailed1 day by day1 how much he had made by the sale of his fish4 ,after which1 he put down the money upon the corner of the table4 ,all this time the woman was eagerly dotting down the various sums on the slate4 ,then she gravely added them all up1 and determinedly counted out every sou4 ,by great good luck the figures tallied with the money4 ,then ,alphonsine shut up the money in a drawer1 and locked it very securely4 ,meanwhile ,pierre repocketed his leather purse1 which he had just emptied1 never attempting to grumble in the least1 and going through the task as methodically as possible4 ,i was quite wrong in forming so hasty an opinion1 thought ,i to myself1 as ,i witnessed this peculiar scene2 ,pierre is not such a bad fellow1 after all4 ,it was not long before the young ones made a second burst into the room1 making rather more noise than they did on the first occasion4 ,they were not long in scrambling on to ,pierre's knees1 and smothering him with kisses1 and it was all done so heartily1 with such warmth1 and so naturally1 that ,i could not help exclaiming to myself1 ,why1 he's a capital father1 after all6 ,but1 judge1 of my astonishment when ,i heard their pretty voices call out1 ,oh6 we're so glad to see you back again1 dear uncle ,pierre6 ,then he was their uncle1 after all1 and he was not married to ,alphonsine4 ,but was he her brother1 or merely a brother-in-law8 ,and yet she seemed so entirely to have the upper-hand over him4 ,it certainly was a very remarkable coincidence4 ,but what surprised me most of all was the fatherly affection that ,pierre ,prvost seemed to have for the two children4 ,he took them on his knees1 and played with them1 and appeared to make so much of them1 that ,i1 who was a silent spectator of this little scene1 became really quite interested4 ,this lasted for about five minutes1 and then all at once it seemed as if the old pain came over him1 for he turned quite sad again1 and turned deathly pale1 and ,i could see the tears starting to his eyes4 ,and then he got up1 and looking steadily into the young innocent faces of his nephew and niece1 said1 in an extremely soft voice1 ,go and play on the sand4 ,go along1 my pretty ones6 ,the poor children1 who seemed quite astonished at the sudden change in his demeanor1 hesitated for a moment4 ,however1 another beseeching look from their uncle1 and an angry word or so from ,alphonsine1 soon persuaded them what to do2 whereupon they set out very slowly for the sea-shore4 #aac ,they know perfectly well how little you care for them1 said ,alphonsine1 very bitterly2 and it would be just as well if you would not go out of your way to show it4 ,pierre made no answer4 ,he shut his eyes1 and put his hand to his heart as if to express the pain he was suffering4 ,then taking a spade from the corner1 ,i am going to work in the garden1 said be1 gently4 ,and then he went out1 looking very sorrowful4 ------ ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,things seemed to be taking quite a dramatic turn1 and ,i made up my mind to try hard and unravel the plot4 ,i followed ,pierre1 and having secured myself in a convenient hiding-place1 determined to watch4 ,he walked quietly on1 but soon stopped at a little vegetable garden1 quite at the end of the village4 ,at first he pretended to set to work vigorously1 but his eyes kept wandering to a little rose-covered cottage within a stone's-throw of the garden4 ,he soon left off working1 and leaning listlessly on his spade1 he kept his eyes firmly fixed on one of the windows1 which was almost covered with the luxuriant growth of roses and honeysuckle4 ,as the wind played fitfully with the curtain of green which darkened the window1 ,i fancied ,i recognized the shadow of a woman4 ,immovable as a statue1 ,pierre ,prvost remained where he was1 and though night drew on1 he did not leave his post till the heavens were bright with myriads of stars2 and then swinging his spade over his shoulder1 he began to retrace his steps to the village4 ,but1 just before he left the garden1 ,i thought ,i heard a bitter sigh borne on the wind from the cottage window4 ,the next day1 when ,i was coming away from early mass1 ,i saw ,pierre standing in the porch of the church4 ,the two children were clinging to one of his hands1 while the other1 still wet with holy water1 was gently extended to a young woman who was in the act of passing before him4 ,she was a lovely creature1 with golden hair1 large expressive blue eyes1 and a face like one of ,fra ,angelico's angels4 ,although she could not have been less than thirty years old1 she appeared to have all the lightness and vivacity of a girl of eighteen4 ,when their fingers met1 an almost imperceptible thrill seemed to affect them both1 and as they gazed into one another's faces they both turned deathly pale4 ,could it have been the shadow that ,i recognized through the roses the evening before8 ,the tide came up very early that evening1 and necessitated the departure of all the fishermen before night came on4 ,pierre ,prvost was one of the first to start1 but he went a long way round to get to the sea-shore1 and passed before the windows of the rose-covered cottage4 ,a flower fell at his feet4 ,he picked it up eagerly1 and kissing it passionately1 thrust it into his bosom and hastened away4 ,as the evening wore on1 and while the little boats were just fading away in the distance1 ,i watched again1 and distinctly saw a white handkerchief waving from the window of the pretty cottage4 ,i was naturally anxious to find out about this little romance1 and was continually puzzling my poor brains to discover the truth of the story4 ,there were hundreds of people ,i might have asked1 and1 of course1 ,alphonsine would have been only too happy to have enlightened me4 ,but ,i determined1 if possible1 to hear it all from ,pierre's own lips1 and accordingly made up my mind to stifle my idle curiosity4 #aad ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,pierre and ,i soon became firm friends1 and ,i persuaded him on one occasion to take me on one of his fishing expeditions4 ,it was a lovely night1 the heavens were ablaze with stars1 and the little boat tossed idly on the waves which scarcely rippled against its keel4 ,pierre's companions were asleep down in the cabin1 waiting for a breeze to spring up before they could throw in their nets4 ,as for myself1 ,i was smoking quietly on deck1 having my back against a coil of rope1 and revelling in the delicious quiet which reigned around1 when ,pierre joined me1 and having lighted his pipe1 sat down by my side1 and spoke1 as far as ,i can remember1 as follows3 ,i believe1 monsieur1 you are anxious to know why ,i am such a sad looking fellow8 ,perhaps you will laugh at me1 but that can't be helped4 ,i am sure you are sincere1 and wish me well1 and therefore ,i have no hesitation in opening my heart to you4 ,i love ,marie6 ,there is hardly any need1 perhaps1 to tell you that4 ,and yet this love is the foundation of all my sorrow4 ,but ,i firmly believe that the good ,god willed that we should love one another1 and so ,i am content4 ,ever since our earliest childhood we have gone through life hand in hand4 ,when we were little ones we always played together on the sand2 and there has hardly been a pang of sorrow or a feeling of joy which has not been felt by both alike4 ,i used to think once that we were one both in body and soul1 and there are old folks in the village who have said it over and over again4 ,we made our first communion on the same day1 and at the same hour1 side by side2 and these little matters are bonds of union indeed1 and are not easily forgotten4 ,when ,i first began to seek my bread on the sea1 she always offered up a little prayer for me at the cross in the village and she was ever the first to rush waist-deep into the sea to greet me on my return4 ,and then ,i used to carry her on my shoulders back again1 and kiss off the tears of joy which flowed down her pretty cheeks4 ,ah6 we were happy indeed in those childish days1 which are passed and gone4 ,why are we not always children8 ,and the years that followed were hardly less happy for either of us4 ,in the cold winter-time we were always side by side in the chimney-corner4 ,spring saw us wandering over the fresh meadows gathering the early violets4 ,we worked together in the harvest-field under the summer sun1 and went off nutting when the brown leaves told us of the approaching autumn4 ,and then came the time when we were both old enough to marry4 ,we had neither of us dreamed of such a thing1 and could not be persuaded that we were not still children4 ,we were quite happy enough without troubling our heads about marriage4 ,however1 others thought of it for us1 and good ,father ,hermann began to be anxious that we should make up our minds4 ,but the matter was not so easily settled1 and several obstacles soon presented themselves4 ,to begin with1 ,marie's mother was rich4 ,i was far from it1 and an orphan into the bargain4 ,i had been brought up by my brother ,victoire--a splendid fellow4 ,it was he who went with ,father ,hermann to ,marie's mother1 in order boldly to talk over our marriage1 which they were all so anxious about4 ,i had always made up my mind that ,marie should never marry any one who had not quite as much as herself1 replied she1 and that was her dear father's wish4 ,however1 ,i am sure you speak truly when you say that they both love one another very dearly4 ,let it be as you say4 ,the old lady had a kind warm heart ,as he said these last words1 ,pierre's voice thickened1 and ,i noticed a tear trickling down his honest brown face4 ,but my sailor was a #aae brave fellow1 and ,i had hardly time to shake him warmly by the hand before he had quite mastered his grief1 and was able to go on with his story4 ,marie and ,i were not the only happy ones then1 ,i can assure you4 ,victoire1 my brother4 ,father ,hermann1 the whole village in fact1 for we were both very popular1 rejoiced with us4 ,it was the week before the marriage4 ,of course ,i had not gone to sea4 ,victoire was also very anxious to remain2 however1 his wife persuaded him to go4 ,several in the village found fault with her for doing so1 on the pretext that working at a festal time was very bad luck2 but they had no right to say so4 ,victoire's children were very young1 and had to be provided for2 and so ,victoire went4 ,in the evening great black clouds darkened the sky4 ,we were evidently threatened with a dreadful storm4 ,but we were enjoying ourselves too much to think of storms or friends at sea4 ,all at once there was a vivid flash of lightning and then a peal of thunder1 which seemed to shake every cottage to its foundation4 ,and then came piercing cries3 ,a boat in distress1 and threatened with instant destruction6 ,it was ,victoire's boat6 ,i was on the shore in an instant ,what an awful storm6 ,never in my whole life had ,i seen its equal4 ,all that was in a man's power ,i did1 you may be quite sure4 ,three times ,i dashed madly into the waves1 only to be thrown back by the fury of the sea4 ,the last time ,i was all but lost myself4 ,however1 ,i was rescued and brought back to the shore1 bruised and insensible4 ,some thought me dead4 ,would that ,i had been1 and had out side by side with that other body stretched lifeless on the rocks6 ,it was ,victoire6 ,when ,i came to myself he was near me1 quite still1 and covered with blood2 but with just enough breath left to whisper in my ear3 ,pierre1 my boy1 be a brother to my wife1 a father to my children4 ,god bless you1 boy4 ,victoire1 answered ,i1 ,i swear it4 ,and then he died without a murmur4 ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,of course you will guess1 monsieur1 that this awful affair was the means of putting off our marriage4 ,marie and ,i neither of us complained1 but consoled ourselves with the reflection that all would soon be well4 ,i took up my position in my brother's house1 and warmly kissed my brother's children1 now mine4 ,alphonsine tried to show her gratitude as well as she could4 ,and so six months slipped away1 and the villagers began talking again about our marriage4 ,i don't know how it was1 but ,i began to feel very nervous and uneasy about the matter1 and ,i did not so much as dare broach the subject either to ,alphonsine or ,marie's mother4 ,in a little time the latter began the subject herself4 ,pierre1 said she1 you have adopted your brother's children1 have you not8 ,yes1 mother4 ,and his wife also8 ,yes2 ,i must take care of his wife quite as much as her children4 ,you have quite made up your mind8 ,perfectly4 ,am ,i to understand that you never mean to leave them8 ,i swore ,i would not to my brother before he died4 ,then there was a silence1 and my heart beat very quick4 ,listen1 ,pierre1 said the old woman2 don't think that ,i wish to deprive the widow or the orphans of one morsel of the sustenance you intend to set aside for them4 ,even if ,i did1 your good heart would hardly listen to me4 ,but you must understand that ,i know ,alphonsine4 #aaf ,my daughter can never live with ,alphonsine2 and ,alphonsine can never live with me4 ,never6 ,this last word seemed to open an abyss before my very feet4 ,i too knew ,alphonsine4 ,i too began now to understand that either of these arrangements would be perfectly impracticable4 ,mother1 ,i began-- ,i don't wish to hinder jour marriage1 replied the old lady1 very slowly2 ,i simply impose one condition4 ,you must be quite aware that in this matter my will must be law4 ,still ,i hesitated4 ,it will be for you then to decide your own fate1 added she2 and my daughter's as well4 ,i raised my head4 ,marie was there1 and our eyes met4 ,i must break my oath or lose her for ever4 ,it is absolute torture to recall those fearful moments4 ,my head seemed to swim round1 and when ,i tried to speak1 there was something in my throat which nearly choked me4 ,and still ,marie looked at me2 and oh1 how tenderly6 ,pierre1 said the old lady again1 you must answer2 will you remain alone with ,alphonsine1 or will you come here alone8 ,choose for yourself4 ,i looked at ,marie again1 and was on the point of exclaiming1 ,i must come here6 but the words again stuck in my throat1 and my tongue refused to speak4 ,and then ,i began to ease my conscience with the thought that ,i could still work for ,victoire's wife and children1 and tried to think they would be equally happy1 although ,i was not always with them4 ,but then ,i thought of that dreadful night1 and the storm1 and the pale face1 and the whisper in my ear came back again1 and ,i fancied ,i heard my brother say1 ,it was not that you promised me1 my brother2 it was not that6 ,at last the bitter words rose to my mouth1 and in a hollow voice ,i answered3 ,i must keep my oath6 ,and then1 like a drunken man1 ,i fell prostrate on the floor4 ,when ,i recovered she was near me still1 and her sweet voice whispered in my ear1 ,thank ,god1 ,pierre1 you are an honest man6 ,those words were my only comfort in the long dreary year which followed that fearful day4 ,i was never myself again4 ,i tried to rouse myself up1 and take some interest in my daily work1 and did my best to appear cheerful and contented at home1 but ,i was not the same man that ,i used to be4 ,the children were a great comfort to me when ,i was at home2 but the long hopeless days and the dark dreary nights were miserable enough1 ,god knows4 ,i seemed to dream away my life4 ,i thought it best to keep away from ,marie1 as a meeting would be painful to both4 ,and so we never met4 ,at last a report got about the village that ,marie was going to be married4 ,i could no longer keep away from her now1 and she1 too1 appeared anxious that we should meet4 ,in a very few days we were once more side by side4 ,there was no need of me to speak4 ,she read my question in my eyes3 of her own accord she answered3 ,yes1 ,pierre1 it is quite true4 ,but1 ,pierre1 added she in tears1 ,i am yours1 and must be yours for ever4 ,unless ,i can get you to say1 ,marry ,jacques1 ,i will remain single all my life4 ,but my mother begs me to get married2 and what can ,i do8 ,she is very old1 and very ill just now4 ,i feel ,i too have got a duty to fulfil4 ,i uttered a cry of despair4 ,pierre1 said ,marie1 still weeping1 you must know how dearly ,i love you4 ,my fate is that ,i must love you still4 ,but1 for all that1 ,pierre1 ,i cannot let my mother die4 ,i could not bear to hear her weep2 but what comfort could ,i give8 ,at last the devil entered into my heart1 #aag and ,i broke forth in bitter curses at my fate1 and what ,i chose to call her inconstancy4 ,i don't deserve this1 said ,marie very softly2 and ,i hardly expected that ,i should ever hear these words from your lips4 ,still1 ,i believe you love me1 after all4 ,i hope you will feel1 when you think over all that has passed1 that ,i am not heartless1 and that ,i deserve some answer to the question which my lips almost refuse to ask4 ,you will give me an answer1 ,i am sure1 by-and-by4 ,and then she left me1 half-mad as ,i was1 lying coiled up in a heap at the roadside4 ,during the next few days ,i did reflect4 ,if ,i could not marry ,marie myself1 had ,i any right to hinder her marriage with another8 ,was ,i justified in preparing for her a life of solitude1 and in depriving her of a mother's care8 ,and then1 again1 ,i began to perceive that no one was at all inclined to take my part in the village4 ,my popularity was fast declining1 since no one could look into my heart1 or could have the least idea what ,i had suffered1 or knew what had actually taken place4 ,i was pitied1 but considered very selfish4 ,i was continually told that ,marie's mother was ailing sadly1 and that she had deserved better treatment at my hands4 ,at last ,father ,hermann comforted me1 and benefitting by his good advice and by the help of our holy religion1 ,i began to be in a better frame of mind4 ,i made up my mind to give ,marie her freedom4 ,but ,i could not bear to see her again1 and so ,i wrote4 ,,chapter ,v4 ,the marriage between ,jaques and ,marie was soon arranged1 and soon the second festal day came round4 ,in the morning ,i put out to sea as usual2 but as the evening wore on1 ,i found ,i was under the influence of a spell and that it was quite impossible for me to remain where ,i was4 ,accordingly ,i returned2 and1 led on by the spell and attracted like a moth to the candle1 wended my way to the rejoicings1 in order that ,i might torture myself for the lost time4 ,i have heard of the agonies of the rack1 of the thumb-screw1 of saints being boiled in oil and crucified1 and many other dreadful horrors2 but ,i very much doubt if any martyr ever suffered the agony that ,i did that night4 ,it was in the dusk of the evening1 and ,marie was just finishing a song1 while all were resting from the dances which had followed one another in quick succession4 ,she was just singing the last verse1 in which my name was accidentally introduced1 when a sailor who was just behind me struck a match in order to light his pipe4 ,the light exposed me to the view of the whole company4 ,directly ,marie saw me1 she uttered a piercing cry and fainted away4 ,i rushed toward her1 not thinking what ,i was doing4 ,but ,jaques was at her side before me4 ,instead1 however1 of showing the least jealousy or putting himself in a passion1 he grasped me warmly by the hand1 and then looked tenderly at ,marie1 who now began to revive4 ,never fear1 and keep up a good heart1 said he1 in a strange kind of voice4 ,you would never guess what he did1 and perhaps will hardly believe when ,i tell you4 ,ordinarily a very temperate1 steady man1 he astonished the company by giving out that he intended to throw a little life into the fte4 ,on this he ordered wine and cider1 and lastly a plentiful supply of brandy4 ,in a very little time he was helplessly drunk1 or at least pretended to be so4 ,as the evening wore on1 he got from bad to worse1 insulted and quarrelled with the men1 and fairly disgusted the women4 ,the village was in an uproar1 and there was not a soul who did not speak in strong terms of the disgraceful conduct of ,jaques4 ,at the earnest entreaty of the worthy #aah fellow we kept our counsel1 and accordingly the new marriage was at once broken off4 ,the rest of my story you know almost as well as ,i do myself4 ,you see my life from day to day4 ,you can picture to yourself my sorrow and my unhappy position4 ,you can see how little she has changed4 ,and yet we can never be more to one another than we are now4 ,never4 ,never6 ,we are married1 and yet we are not4 ,we are separated1 alas1 here on earth1 but we must be united in heaven4 ,think of the years that have passed1 and think how happy we might have been1 and what a thread there was between our present existence and the life we long to lead4 ,god's will be done6 ,poor ,pierre here let his head fall into his hands1 and wept in silence4 ,how could ,i comfort the poor fellow8 ,it was not the kind of grief that needed consolation1 and so ,i let him weep on4 ,all at once a breeze sprung up and filled the sails4 ,pierre immediately roused himself1 but soon relapsed into his accustomed calm quiet manner4 ,both the other sailors now came on deck1 the nets were thrown over1 and the business of the night began4 ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,three years afterward1 by the merest accident in the world1 ,i happened to return to my favorite little village4 ,there was evidently some excitement going on1 and as ,i chanced to recognize my old friend ,father ,hermann1 ,i went up and renewed our acquaintance4 ,what is the matter8 said he2 why you do not mean to say you don't know8 ,not in the least4 ,why your old friend ,alphonsine has been dead six months4 ,i really don't see why the worthy inhabitants of the village should rejoice at that1 said ,i4 ,a great obstacle has been removed1 said the father2 don't you remember8 ,of course2 and what has followed8 ,the marriage of ,pierre ,prvost and ,marie6 ,i was not long in accompanying ,father ,hermann to the cottage in which my old friends were receiving the warm congratulations of their friends and neighbors4 ,they recognized me at once1 and insisted that ,i should be present at the entertainment which was to follow in the course of the day4 ,of course ,i accepted the invitation4 ,i never remember having enjoyed myself so much1 and am quite certain that ,i spoke from my heart when ,i proposed1 in my very best ,french1 the healths of la belle ,marie and ,pierre ,prvost4 ------ #aai ,from ,the ,popular ,science ,review4 ,,inside ,,the ,,eye3 ,,the ,,ophthalmoscope ,,and ,,its' ,,uses4 ,,by ,,ernest ,,hart1 ,,ophthalmic ,,surgeon4 ,there are few spectacles more affecting--and there were few more hopelessly distressing--than that which many have seen1 of the blind man1 with eyes unaltered in their human aspect of beauty1 searching vainly to penetrate the unchangeable darkness of a noonday1 bright to others1 and replete with the splendor of light and color4 ,there have always been many of these sufferers from a disease which claims the most profound sympathy1 and which seemed bitterly to reproach our science that it could not timely penetrate the mystery of that obscure chamber which lies behind the iris1 and had found no means for enabling us to see through the clear but darkened space of the pupil4 ,that reproach1 at least1 exists in part no longer4 ,since some few years now we have learnt how to explain the obscurity of the interior of the eye1 and by what optical contrivances we can overcome this darkness and look into the depths of the ocular globe2 thus inspecting with ease1 and quite painlessly to the individual1 the lenses and humors of the eye1 the nerve of sight and its transparent retinal expansion1 and even the vascular tissue which lies behind and surrounds this4 ,this is a great triumph of physical science1 and it is no barren triumph4 ,the insight which we gain into the host of affections of the refracting media and deep membranes of the eye has given to our diagnosis and therapeutical treatment of the most obscure forms of disease leading to blindness1 a certainty and precision to which we were formerly strangers4 ,the optical instrument by which we are able to effect this inspection is known by the fitting title of the ,ophthalmoscope 7,greek text the eye2 ,greek text1 ,i survey74 ,with this instrument1 the manner of using it1 and its valuable applications1 ,i am necessarily professionally much occupied in daily work2 and as the editor of the ,popular ,science ,review has requested me to give some plain account of the matter1 ,i will endeavor to afford an untechnical statement of what the ophthalmoscope is1 and what are some of the most useful results which have been obtained by its use4 ,let me first remind the general reader that in the human eye1 behind the pupillary aperture of the colored iris1 which presents to the unaided eye of the observer the mere aspect of black darkness1 lies1 first1 a clear bi-convex lens2 and behind this1 filling the eye1 and giving to it the character of a solid ball1 a transparent globular mass1 known as the vitreous body1 or humor4 ,it is into a depression in the front of this that the aforesaid lens is fitted1 so that the whole space of the eye behind the iris is filled by the lens and vitreous body4 ,the optic nerve1 or nerve of sight1 which pierces the tunics of the eye at the back and near the centre1 spreads out and forms an expanded tunic of nerve-structure which enwraps the vitreous body as far as its most forward edge1 where the colored iris descends in front of it4 ,enwrapping again this nerve-tunic or retina is a vestment1 chiefly made of blood-vessels1 connected by fine tissue and thickly coated with black pigment1 having its own optical uses4 ,this second outer pigmented vascular tunic is the choroid4 ,this again is enclosed within the external strong fibrous membrane1 which includes and protects all the sclerotic membrane #abj 7,greek text1 hard74 ,these are the two humors and three tunics of the eye which can to a greater or less extent be examined during life by the aid of the ophthalmoscope4 ,they can all be more or less investigated in the living eye by the aid of the ophthalmoscope1 because by the aid of this instrument we are able to see through the pupillary space4 ,if one considers what is the reason of the apparent darkness of the pupillary aperture and the chambers of the eye behind it1 it is not difficult to gain an idea of the means by which this optical condition may be altered so as to enable us to see where all seem to the unaided vision obscure4 ,illustration3 ,doctor looking through ophthalmoscope4 #aba ,this darkness of the pupillary aperture is attributable partly to obvious causes1 such as the natural contraction of the pupil or iris which occurs under light--this contraction limiting the number of rays which can enter the eye4 ,then that black pigment which lines the iris absorbs a great deal of light2 and thus1 as in the case of albinos1 whose eyes are deficient in pigment1 or where the pupil is dilated1 either through disease or by artificial agents1 these obstacles for seeing into the living eye are removed4 ,but still the main difficulties are not cleared away2 and if you take for example an albino animal1 such as one of those beautiful little white-furred rabbits1 whose rosy eyes look like fiery opals edged with swan's down1 and dilate the pupils with atropine1 it is still not possible to see clearly the details of the structure within and at the back of the eye4 ,this is by reason of the structure of the eye as an optical instrument1 and because the rays of light in entering and in emerging from it undergo refraction1 according to definite laws4 ,the light which penetrates the eye traverses the transparent retina1 producing the impression necessary for sight1 and is partly absorbed by the black pigment of the choroid2 but a great number of the rays are reflected2 for here there is no exception to the general rule that some of the rays of light falling upon any substance are always reflected4 ,these rays1 in returning1 are refracted through the vitreous body and lens1 just as they were in entering the eye1 with the object then of causing them so to converge as to produce upon the retina a clear and definite image of whatever external object they started from4 ,similarly1 then1 on their emergence they are refracted chiefly by the lens and cornea1 so as to form an image in the outer air1 the emergent rays coinciding in their path with that which they took when entering1 and the image formed in the air being conjugated with the retinal image2 being formed1 therefore1 on the same side1 varying with the position of the lens and object1 and the accommodation of the eye4 ,thus1 then1 to perceive this aerial image1 derived from the retinal reflection1 the eye of the observer needs to be placed in the axis of the converging rays2 but since this is also the axis of the entering rays1 he will of necessity in that position cut off those rays altogether of the light proceeding1 say1 from a lamp1 or the source of light opposite to the eye to be illuminated4 ,the problem to be solved consists1 then1 in the simple illumination of the eye to be observed by a source of light so arranged that the observer can be placed in the axis of the rays entering and emerging without intercepting those rays4 ,this may be most conveniently effected by placing the source of light aside of the eye to be observed1 and observing through a pierced concave mirror1 which reflects that light into the eye4 ,we can then1 by looking through the central aperture of this mirror1 place ourself in the path of the entering and emerging rays4 ,the mirror becomes the source of light to the observed eye2 the rays which it flashed into the eye emerge #abb in part1 and return along the same path1 forming the aerial image at a distance and under circumstances regulated by the optical conditions of the eye observed1 and within view of the observer who is looking through the mirror4 ,a very simple diagram will suffice to explain this3 r a is the circle of diffusion of the retina1 and the lines indicate how the reflected rays will pass through the media of the eye1 and form at r' a' real enlarged but inverted image of the fundus of the eye4 ,this will be placed at the distance of distinct vision of the subject1 and has relation to the accommodation of the eye4 ,illustration3 ,diagram of preceding discussion4 ,as these are variable quantities1 the practice of ophthalmoscopy demands a little address1 which habit quickly gives4 ,it is for want of understanding this1 and from impatience of these preliminary difficulties1 that many have been discouraged at the outset1 and have abandoned unwisely the attempt to learn the use of the ophthalmoscope4 ,the image obtained in the way mentioned is not so distinct as to give that full perception of details which is necessary for scientific and medical purposes4 ,a more defined image is obtained by interposing1 for example1 a bi-convex lens on the path of the luminous rays emerging from the eye observed4 ,the effect of holding such a lens of short focus before the observed eye whilst examining it with a concave ophthalmoscopic mirror is to cause the rays emerging from the eye to undergo a further refraction1 and to modify the actual image which they form1 producing one which is smaller1 more defined1 but still inverted4 ,this is the most simple and one of the most satisfactory methods of exploring the eye with the ophthalmoscope4 ,it is that of the most general and easy application1 and ,i will1 therefore1 add a few words to explain how it may most conveniently be practised4 ,we will suppose that it is the human eye which is to be examined4 ,the room is to be made dark2 the person to be seated2 a light--the white flame of an oil-lamp or an ,argand gas-burner--to be placed near his head1 on the side1 and at the level of the eye to be observed4 ,the observer takes then the concave mirror in the hand of the side toward the lamp1 and placing it against the front of his eye1 so that the upper edge rests against his eyebrow1 brings his head to the level of that of the person seated1 looks through the central perforation at the eye to be observed1 and by a little careful change in the direction of the mirror casts1 by its aid1 upon the eye examined the light of the lamp4 ,he will now perceive that the pupillary aperture is illuminated1 and1 no longer black1 shines with a silvery or reddened light4 ,he takes now the bi-convex lens of short focus in the hand hitherto free1 and places it in front of the examined eye1 and at such a distance as to make the focus of the lens coincide with the pupil of that eye --distance varying from two to three inches4 ,he himself will usually need to be at a distance from twelve to eighteen inches4 ,this is for normal eyes4 ,the slight movements backward and forward necessary to adjust these distances correctly1 are effected very easily and precisely after practice2 but at first it is a little difficult to avoid changing the direction of the mirror while thus slightly advancing or retiring the head2 and this is a point on which it is well to give a warning1 for it is a frequent source of discouragement to beginners1 who find that at every movement they interfere with the illumination of the eye1 and so suffer from a series of little failures at the outset4 ,the first thing1 in fact1 that every one sees amounts to a little more than a red1 luminous disc2 those who begin by seeing nothing more1 therefore1 need not to be discouraged2 a little patience and time will enable them to see what more practised persons describe4 ,the eye to be examined may be more fully observed by dilating the pupil #abc with atropine--a drop of a solution1 one grain to a pint of water1 or one of the atropized gelatines prepared for me by ,savory and ,moore1 each of which contains one hundred thousandth of a grain of atropine1 and will maintain dilation during several hours4 ,this acts also perfectly well with rabbits or cats4 ,illustration3 ,doctor examining patient4 ,the first thing seen is the red reflection of the choroidal vessels showing through the transparent retina2 and when the eye observed is directed upward and inward1 we see the usually circular disc of the optic nerve1 encircled by a double ring1 cream-colored1 or very faintly roseate or grey1 and surrounded by the red choroid4 ,the two rings are the apertures in the choroid and sclerotic1 of which the former is the smaller4 ,from out this disc we see springing the retinal artery and retinal veins1 sometimes centric1 at others excentric1 in their passage4 ,the artery is easily recognized as being somewhat smaller in calibre1 and of a lighter red4 ,the artery usually divides into a superior and inferior branch1 each of which subdivides forthwith into two secondary branches1 and these again continue to subdivide1 dichotomously1 running forward to the anterior limits of the retina4 ,the veins1 which are somewhat larger and deeper colored1 usually pierce the disc of the optic nerve in two trunks4 ,pulsation may occasionally be detected in the veins by watching carefully their color1 which seems to change at each impulse just where they pass over the edge of the optic disc and bend to pierce the nerve4 ,fuller details of the ophthalmoscopic appearances of healthy eyes1 both human and animal1 will be found in ,zander's treatise1 excellently edited and translated by ,mr4 ,r4 ,b4 ,carter1 of ,stroud4 ,in the healthy eye the aqueous humor1 lens1 and vitreous humor are clear1 and do not in any way obstruct the passage of the light4 ,it is otherwise in disease2 and this brings us to the discussion of some of the practical applications of the ophthalmoscope4 ,here1 perhaps1 ,i may be permitted to quote some of the #abd paragraphs of a paper which ,i read lately on the subject before the ,hanveian ,society3 ,illustration3 ,interior of eye4 ,taking up the diagnosis of the various forms of disease any of which would have been held to constitute the condition known as amaurosis1 it may be noted1 first of all1 that even in the hands of the novice ophthalmoscopic examination supersedes those chapters in ophthalmology which were formerly devoted to the means of distinguishing between incipient cataract and amaurosis4 ,in the past1 and even at present1 with those surgeons who are content to treat deep-seated diseases of the eye by guessing at their nature1 and have not adopted the systematic use of the ophthalmoscope into their practice1 the functional annoyances which commonly occur at the outset of the formation of lenticular cataract1 have been1 and are1 fertile sources of deception4 ,the patient complains of frontal pain1 of confused vision1 stars of light1 and some other vague symptoms which characterize the outset alike of many forms of deep-seated disease of the eye1 and of the fatty degeneration of the lens which commonly gives rise to lenticular cataract1 probably from coincident swelling of the lens4 ,an error arising from this source has many times condemned the unfortunate subject of a commencing cataract to the severe treatment thought appropriate to the unhappy class of amaurotics4 ,the kind of alteration in the lens1 imperceptible by any other means than the ophthalmoscope1 is the slightly opaque striation of the substance of the lens sometimes seen in an early stage4 ,these opaque striae may occupy either the anterior or the posterior segment of the lens1 and spring from the centre of the crystalline or converge toward the centre from the circumference4 ,in order to see the latter1 the pupil must be fully dilated with atropine2 as1 indeed1 for the purposes of complete ophthalmoscopic examination it always needs to be2 and then1 just as the greatest expert cannot discover them except by ophthalmoscopic illumination1 so1 neither with its aid1 can they be passed over with ordinary care4 ,in order to be quite sure in any delicate case1 it is well to lower the light a little1 and use only a feebly illuminating power1 as a very strong light may overpower a #abe commencing opacity1 and render us unable to detect the striae4 ,this practical caution applies equally to all other conditions of opacity in the transparent media4 ,in two cases1 lately1 ,i have been able to set at rest doubts of this kind1 which happened to be in the persons of medical men1 who were much disquieted by the symptoms--one a member of this society4 ,in a third case ,i have recently detected incipient cataract 7peripheric striae7 in a gentleman supposed to be suffering from commencing glaucoma4 ,it is of frequent occurrence to find the capsule of the lens stained with black spots2 these are stains left by the uveal pigment1 and occur usually after an attack of iritis1 when the iris has been in contact with the lens4 ,when the iris has been adherent1 a complete ring of pigment may often be seen on the surface of the lens4 ,a day's experience at any ophthalmic clinique can mostly show examples of this condition2 but it is only when these deposits are numerous1 and in the central line of vision1 that they become troublesome4 ,they are then met with as the sequences of severe choroido-iritis1 and usually coincide with further mischief in the vitreous and choroid4 ,the vitreous1 under the influence most commonly of choroiditis1 and usually syphilitic choroiditis1 presents alterations of the most striking character for ophthalmoscopic observation4 ,the patients who offer these changes complain usually of considerable dimness of sight1 which on examination is found to include both diminution in the acuteness of visual perception1 and restriction in the field of vision1 or extent of any object seen at once4 ,the great source of trouble to them is1 that when they lift the eye or move the head1 black corpuscles1 or streaks1 or webs float before their eyes1 and obscure the object at which they are looking2 and when the eyes are kept still1 these fall again and disappear4 ,examine now the eyes of such an one1 and you will see that the phenomena described are due to the existence of actual shreds1 corpuscles1 or webs of fibrous and albuminous exudation1 which float in the vitreous1 and at each motion of the eye rise in clouds and obscure the fundus1 so that you can barely see it1 or perhaps not at all4 ,these conditions1 ,i say1 are mostly specific1 but not invariably4 ,they are sometimes the result of scrofula1 and probably of other forms of choroiditis4 ,here1 then1 are a large number of cases in which the ophthalmoscope transports us at once from the regions of the known to the unknown4 ,there are other classes of cases equally striking4 ,let me take illustrative examples4 ,two persons apply for advice1 complaining that the sight has been gradually growing more and more dim1 perhaps in one eye1--it may be in both4 ,the progress of the disease has been insidious and nearly painless4 ,the eyes are to all external appearance healthy1 except probably that in both patients the pupils are partially dilated and sluggish4 ,the ophthalmoscope helps us to solve the problem4 ,the one is a case1 it may be1 of slow atrophy of the optic nerve1 proceeding from central disease of the brain--from pressure on the optic tracts of nerve within the skull1 or from defective nutrition following losses of blood4 ,we find the nerve glistening white and slightly cupped1 the arteries small1 the fundus otherwise healthy4 ,in the other we recognize at once1 in the fulness of the veins1 their pulsation1 and the marked excavation of the optic disc1 the indications of excessive tension of the eyeball and undue pressure of the nerve4 ,the first requires careful constitutional treatment and a long course of studied hygiene and medication2 the second calls for direct and immediate interference1 with the view of relieving the intra-ocular pressure4 ,in the diagnosis of this great class of glaucomatous disease of the eye--disease #abf characterized of loss of vision1 sometimes slow and sometimes rapid1 but always characterized by definite ophthalmoscopic signs3 cupping of the disc1 pulsation1 fullness of the veins1 and it may be more or less haziness of the transparent media--ophthalmoscopy has rendered a most brilliant and inestimable service4 ,prior to the introduction of the use of this instrument the disease was of an unknown pathology2 its results were fatal to vision1 but there were no means of diagnosing the conditions attending the earlier stages1 and blindness followed almost certainly and inevitably4 ,the investigation of the disease has brought us a remedy in the excision of a portion of the iris--a practice introduced by ,von ,grfe1 of ,berlin1 and of which the success is in suitable cases most gratifying4 ,another series of examples may be chosen to illustrate the application of ophthalmoscopy4 ,i avoid giving details here1 but it is perhaps right to say that these are not fanciful sketches1 but notices of cases in my experience and taken from my note-books of practice4 ,two persons are asking for advice as to the management of their eyes for short-sightedness4 ,are both to receive the same advice8 ,the ophthalmoscope alone can furnish positive data4 ,with this we may discover a staphylomatous condition of the back of the eye1 a bright excentric margin around the optic disc and edge with black pigment4 ,examining it closely1 we may find that this pigmented edge gives evidence of progressive inflammation at the back of the eye1 and extending to continuous and increasing atrophy and retrocession of the coats of the eye4 ,this person is in danger of becoming rapidly made short-sighted or of losing sight altogether4 ,we must prohibit the use of concave glasses for a certain length of time1 and must adopt active and effectual measures for subduing the atrophic inflammation4 ,in the other patient the ophthalmoscope may show us but little stretching or waste1 and that not progressive1 and will enable us then to calm his fears1 to prescribe appropriate glasses1 and to dismiss him to his occupation with ease of mind and safety4 ,so with sudden lose of sight from intra-ocular haemorrhage1 the ophthalmoscope gives us information which could never have been guessed at without it1 and guides us1 not only to the local knowledge1 but to the constitutional information essential for cure4 ,there are certain conditions of the eye which may warn any one that it is desirable that the condition of the vision ought to be investigated by the ophthalmoscope4 ,rapidly increasing short-sightedness is one of the most marked1 and when this becomes associated with weakness of sight and loss of acuteness in the perception of small objects1 the warning is very urgent4 ,a diminution in the field of vision is another important indication of internal changes in the eye1 of which only the ophthalmoscope can detect the true nature4 ,it would be difficult1 perhaps1 to say whether more mischief is done and more suffering is caused by the total neglect of such symptoms or by their ignorant palliation by the aid of common spectacles1 chosen empirically1 because they facilitate vision for the time4 ,the great use of the ophthalmoscope1 then1 is this3 that it arms us with an instrument of precision1 by which we can determine the precise local condition of the parts of the eye in which the function of sight is resident and through which it is regulated4 ,if it cannot do all that we might ask1 it is because the sense of sight is in truth a cerebral function1 of which the eye is only an instrument2 and in dealing with cerebral affections of the sight1 it can indeed give us information which without it we should lack1 but it leaves still to be desired more intimate acquaintance with first causes1 which at present we can only discuss inferentially4 ,to the amateur in science1 and to the lover of nature1 it discloses an exquisite spectacle1 unknown till now1 that carries #abg observation into the inner chambers of the living eye1 and displays its wonders and its beauties4 ,the observation is perfectly painless1 and may easily be effected3 rabbits1 for example1 submit to it with great calmness and composure1 and at the ,college of ,physicians' soire last year1 a little pet white rabbit of mine sat up calmly in a box which ,i had made for the purpose1 and was examined1 by the aid of a modification which ,i devised of ,liebreich's demonstrating ophthalmoscope1 by many score of observers4 ,mine has the advantage of being adapted for use even amid a blaze of light1 and it cannot easily be disarranged2 two qualities valuable in an instrument for demonstration4 ---------- ,from ,the ,lamp4 ,,the ,,pilgrimage ,,to ,,kevlaar4 ,,from ,,the ,,german4 ,the mother stood at the window4 ,the son he lay in bed2 ,here's a procession1 ,wilhelm2 ,wilt not look out8 she said4 ,i am so ill1 my mother1 ,in the world ,i have no part2 ,i think upon dead ,gretchen1 ,and a death-pang rends my heart4 ,rise up2 we will to ,kevlaar2 ,will staff and rosary take2 ,god's ,mother there will cure thee1-- ,thy sick heart whole will make4 ,the ,church's banner fluttered1 ,the ,church's hymns arose2 ,and unto fair ,cln city ,the long procession goes4 ,the mother joined the pilgrims1 ,her sick son leadeth she2 ,and both sing in the chorus1 ,gelobt seyst du1 ,marie6 ,footnote #bb ,footnote #bb3 ,praised be thou1 ,mary6 ,,ii4 ,the holy ,mother in ,kevlaar ,to-day is well arrayed1-- ,to-day hath much to busy her4 ,for many sick ask her aid4 #abh ,and many sick people bring her ,such offerings as are meet2 ,many waxen limbs they bring her1 ,many waxen hands and feet4 ,and who a wax hand bringeth1 ,his hand is healed that day2 ,and who a wax foot bringeth1 ,with sound feet goes away4 ,many went there on crutches ,who now on the rope can spring2 ,many play now on the viol ,whose hands could not touch a string4 ,the mother she took a waxen light4 ,and shaped therefrom a heart2 ,take that to the ,mother of ,christ1 she said1 ,and she will heal thy smart4 ,he sighed1 and took the waxen heart1 ,and went to the church in woe2 ,the tears from his eyes fell streaming1 ,the words from his heart came low4 ,thou that art highly blessed1 ,thou ,mother of ,christ6 said he2 ,thou that art queen of heaven1 ,i bring my griefs to thee4 ,i dwell in ,cln with my mother2 ,in ,cln upon the ,rhine1 ,where so many hundred chapels ,and so many churches shine4 ,and near unto us dwelt ,gretchen2 ,but dead is ,gretchen now4 ,marie1 ,i bring a waxen heart1-- ,my heart's despair heal thou4 ,heal thou my sore heart-sickness2 ,so ,i will sing to thee ,early and late with fervent love1 ,gelobt seyst du1 ,marie6 #abi ,,iii4 ,the sick son and the mother ,in one chamber slept that night2 ,and the holy ,mother of ,jesus ,gild in with footsteps light ,she bowed her over the sick man's bed1 ,and one there hand did lay ,upon his throbbing bosom1 ,then smiled and passed away4 ,it seemed a dream to the mother1 ,and she had yet seen more ,but that her sleep was broken1 ,for the dogs howled at the door4 ,upon his bed extended ,her son lay1 and was dead2 ,and o'er his thin pale visage streamed ,the morning's lovely red4 ,her hands the mother folded4 ,yet not a tear wept she2 ,but sang in low devotion1 ,gelobt seyst du1 ,marie6 ,,mary ,,howitt4 ------ ,from ,the ,reader4 ,,the ,,ancient ,,laws ,,of ,,ireland4 ,ancient ,laws of ,ireland4 ,vol4 ,i4 ,printed for ,her ,majesty's ,stationery ,office4 7,london3 ,longman4 ,dublin3 ,thorn47 ,this is a curious book1 throwing some glimmerings of light upon a very remote and obscure period of ,irish history4 ,in #aheb a government commission1 called the ,brehon ,law ,commission1 was issued to the ,lord ,chancellor of ,ireland1 ,lord ,rosse1 ,dean ,graves1 ,dr4 ,petrie1 and others1 appointing them to carry into effect the selection1 transcription1 and translation of certain documents in the ,gaelic tongue containing portions of the ancient laws of ,ireland1 and the preparation of the same for publication4 ,in pursuance of this1 the commissioners employed ,dr4 ,o',donovan and ,professor ,o',curry1 two ,gaelic scholars of high distinction1 to transcribe and translate various law tracts in the ,irish language in the library of ,trinity ,college1 ,dublin1 of the ,royal ,irish ,academy1 of the ,british ,museum1 and in the ,bodleian ,library at ,oxford4 ,the transcriptions occupy more than #e1jjj manuscript pages1 including all the law tracts which it was thought necessary to publish1 and have nearly all been translated2 but the two chosen scholars did not live to complete and revise their translations4 ,the portion now published was prepared for the press by ,w4 ,neilson1 ,hancock1 ,,ll4,d41 first in conjunction with ,dr4 ,o',donovan1 and1 after his death1 with the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,o',mahony1 professor of ,irish in the university of ,dublin4 ,it is a volume of some #cjj pages1 the ,irish on one page and the translation opposite1 containing the first part of the ,senchus ,mor 7we are not told how much is to follow71 treating of the law of distress or distraint1 with an ,irish introduction1 and various ,irish glosses and commentaries on the text4 ,the title ,senchus ,mor 7pronounced ,shanchus ,mr7 for which seven or #acj eight different derivations are suggested1 appears to mean the great old laws1 or the great old decisions4 ,the chief manuscripts of it which are known to exist are three in ,trinity ,college1 ,dublin1 and one in the ,harleian collection in the ,british ,museum1 and the earliest of these is assigned to circa ,a4,d4 #acjj4 ,but quotations from the ,senchus ,mor are found in ,cormac's ,glossary1 the greater part of which was probably composed in the ninth or tenth century1 and the date of the original compilation is put by good judges1 on various evidence1 at ,a4,d4 #dch to #dda4 ,it is1 in short1 a codification and revision1 under the direction of ,st4 ,patrick1 of the judgments of the pagan ,brehons4 ,three kings1 three poets1 and three ,christian missionaries 7of whom ,patrick was one7 were combined in this work1 and the code then established remained the national law of ,ireland for nearly twelve centuries4 ,the pagan laws embodied in this revised code were in force during a period of unknown antiquity1 prior to the introduction of ,christianity to the island4 ,the ,senchus ,mor has been selected by the commissioners for early publication as being one of the oldest and one of the most important portions of the ancient laws of ,ireland which have been preserved4 ,it exhibits the remarkable modification which these laws of pagan origin underwent1 in the fifth century1 on the conversion of the ,irish to ,christianity4 ,this modification was ascribed so entirely to the influence of ,st4 ,patrick that the ,senchus ,mor is described as having been called in after times ',cain ,patraic1' or ,patrick's law4 ,the ,senchus ,mor was so much revered1 that the ,irish judges1 called ,brehons1 were not authorized to abrogate anything contained in it4 ,the original text1 of high antiquity1 has been made the subject of glosses and commentaries of more recent date2 and the ,senchus ,mor would appear to have maintained its authority among the native ,irish until the beginning of the seventeenth century1 or for a period of #a1bjj years4 ,the ,english law1 introduced by ,king ,henry the ,second in the twelfth century1 for many years scarcely prevailed beyond the narrow limits of the ,english pale 7comprising the present counties of ,louth1 ,meath1 ,westmeath1 ,kildare1 ,dublin1 and ,wicklow74 ,throughout the rest of ,ireland the ,brehons still administered their ancient laws amongst the native ,irish1 who were practically excluded from the privileges of the ,english law4 ,the ,anglo-,irish1 too1 adopted the ,irish laws to such an extent that efforts were made to prevent their doing so by enactments first passed at the parliament of ,kilkenny in the fortieth year of ,king ,edward ,,iii4 7#acfg71 and subsequently renewed by ,stat4 ,henry ,,vii41 c4 #h1 in #adie4 ,so late as the twenty-fourth and twenty-fifth years of the reign of ,king ,henry ,,viii4 7#aecd7 ,george ,cromer1 archbishop of ,armagh and primate of ,ireland1 obtained a formal pardon for having used the ,brehon laws4 ,in the reign of ,queen ,mary1 #aeed1 the ,earl of ,kildare obtained an eric of #cdj cows for the death of his foster-brother1 ,robert ,nugent1 under the ,brehon law4 ,the authority of the ,brehon laws continued until the power of the ,irish chieftains was finally broken in the reign of ,queen ,elizabeth1 and all the ,irish were received into the king's immediate protection by the proclamation of ,james ,i4 ,this proclamation1 followed as it was by the complete division of ,ireland into counties1 and the administration of the ,english laws throughout the entire country1 terminated at once the necessity for1 and the authority of1 the ancient ,irish laws4 ,the wars of ,cromwell1 the policy pursued by ,king ,charles ,,ii4 at the restoration1 and the results of the revolution of #afhh1 prevented any revival of the ,irish laws2 and before the end of the seventeenth century the whole race of judges 7,brehons7 and professors 7,ollamhs7 of the ,irish laws appears to have become extinct4 #aca ,portions of the text of the ,senchus ,mor1 as we now have it1 are held by ,gaelic scholars to be in the language of the fifth century1 in what was called the ,brla ,feini dialect2 other portions translated from that ancient form into ,gaelic of the thirteenth century4 ,various ancient ,irish glosses and commentaries accompany the text1 and also an introduction of high antiquity1 giving an account of the origin of the ,senchus ,mor4 ,patrick came to ,erin to baptize and to disseminate religion among the ,gaeidhil--i4e41 in the ninth year of1 the reign of ,theodosius1 and in the fourth year of the reign of ,laeghair pronounced ,layorie or ,layrie1 son of ,niall2 king of ,erin4 ,the combination of the ,roman pagan laws with ,christian doctrine in the ,theodosian code received imperial sanction in ,a4,d4 #dch1 and was at once adopted both in the eastern and western empires4 ,st4 ,patrick1 ,dr4 ,hancock remarks1 a ,roman citizen1 a native of a ,roman province1 and an eminent ,christian missionary1 would be certain to obtain early intelligence of the great reform of the laws of the empire and of the great triumph of the ,christian church4 ,having now been six years in ,erin1 and established his influence there1 he attempted successfully a similar reform in that remote island1 and the composition of the ,senchus ,mor was accordingly commenced in that same year1 #dch1 and completed in about four years4 ,in ancient ,irish books the name of the place where they were composed is usually mentioned4 ,the introduction to the ,senchus ,mor contains this information1 but is very peculiar in representing the book as having been composed at different places in different seasons of the year3 ',it was ,teamhair in the summer and in the autumn1 on account of its cleanness and pleasantness during these seasons2 and ,rath-guthaird was the place during the winter and the spring1 on account of the nearness of its fire-wood and water1 and on account of its warmth in the time of winter's cold4' ,teamhair1 now ,tara1 was1 at the time the ,senchus ,mor was composed1 the residence of ,king ,laeghair1 the monarch of ,erin1 and of his chief poet ,dubhthach ,mac ua ,lugair1 who took such a leading part in the work4 ,teamhair ceased to be the residence of the kings of ,ireland after the death of ,king ,dermot1 in ,a4,d4 #efe1 about a century and a quarter after the ,senchus ,mor was composed4 ,remains are1 after the lapse of nearly #a1djj years1 to be still found1 the most remarkable of their kind in ,ireland1 which attest the ancient importance of the place4 ,in the introduction a curious account is given of ,st4 ,patrick's manner of dealing with the existing professors of the sciences1 and his admission of the claim of inspiration on behalf of his pagan predecessors4 ,patrick requested of the men of ,erin to come to one place to hold a conference with him4 ,when they came to the conference the gospel of ,christ was preached to them all2 and when the men of ,erin heard of the killing of the living and the resuscitation of the dead1 and all the power of ,patrick since his arrival in ,erin1 and when they saw ,laeghair with his ,druids overcome by the great signs and miracles wrought in the presence of the men in ,erin1 they bowed down1 in obedience to the will of ,god and ,patrick4 ,then ,laeghair said3 ',it is necessary for you1 ,o men of ,erin1 that every other law should be settled and arranged by us1 as well as this4' ',it is better to do so1' said ,patrick4 ,it was then that all the professors of the sciences in ,erin were assembled and each of them exhibited his art before ,patrick1 in the presence of every chief in ,erin4 ,it was then that ,dubhthach was ordered to exhibit the judgments and all the poetry of ,erin1 and every law which prevailed among the men of ,erin1 through the law of nature1 and #acb the law of the seers1 and in the judgments of the island of ,erin1 and in the poets4 ,they had foretold that the bright word of blessing would come--i4e41 the law of the letter2 for it was the ,holy ,spirit that spoke and prophesied through the mouths of the just men who were formerly in the island of ,erin1 as he had prophesied through the mouths of the chief prophets and noble fathers in the patriarchal law2 for the law of nature had prevailed where the written law did not reach4 ,now the judgments of true nature which the ,holy ,ghost had spoken through the mouths of the ,brehons and just poets of the men of ,erin1 from the first occupation of this island down to the reception of the faith1 were all exhibited by ,dubhthach to ,patrick4 ,what did not clash with the ,word of ,god in the written law and in the ,new ,testament1 and with the consciences of the believers1 was confirmed in the laws of the ,brehons by ,patrick and by the ecclesiastics and the chieftains of ,erin2 for the law of nature had been quite right1 except the faith and its obligations1 and the harmony of the church and the people4 ,and this is the ,senchus ,mor4 ,nine persons were appointed to arrange this book--viz41 ,patrick1 and ,benen1 and ,cairnech1 three bishops2 ,laeghair1 and ,corc1 and ,dair1 three kings2 ,rosa--i4e41 ,mac-,trechim1 and ,dubhthach--i4e41 a doctor of the ,brla ,feini1 and ,fergus--i4e41 a poet4 ,nofis1 therefore1 is the name of this book which they arranged--i4e41 the knowledge of nine persons--and we have the proof of this above4 ,and in one of the ancient commentaries on the introduction we are told3 ,before the coming of ,patrick there had been remarkable revelations4 ,when the ,brehons deviated from the truth of nature1 there appeared blotches upon their cheeks2 as first of all on the right cheek of ,sen ,mac ,aige1 whenever he pronounced a false judgment1 but they disappeared again when he had passed a true judgment1 etc4 ,connla never passed a false judgment1 through the grace of the ,holy ,ghost1 which was upon him4 ,sencha ,mac ,col ,cluin was not wont to pass judgment until he had pondered upon it in his breast the night before4 ,when ,fachtna1 his son1 had passed a false judgment1 if1 in the time of fruit1 all the fruit of the territory in which it happened fell off in one night1 etc42 if in time of milk1 the cows refused their calves2 but if he passed a true judgment the fruit was perfect on the trees2 hence he received the name of ,fachtna ,tulbrethach4 ,sencha ,mac ,aililla never pronounced a false judgment without getting three permanent blotches on his face for each judgment4 ,fitliel had the truth of nature1 so that he pronounced no false judgment4 ,morann never pronounced a judgment without having a chain around his neck4 ',when he pronounced a false judgment the chain tightened around his neck4 ,if he passed a true one it expanded down upon him4 ,corc and ,dair were territorial chieftains1 or minor kings4 ,laeghair1 son of ,niall of the ,nine ,hostages1 was monarch of ,erin2 his reign commenced ,a4,d4 #dbh1 four years before the arrival of ,patrick1 and ended with his life in #deh1 one year after the foundation of ,armagh by that great ,christian missionary4 ,laeghair is usually called the first ,christian king of ,ireland1 but it seems more likely from the evidence we have that he himself did not become a ,christian1 although he acknowledged the merit of ,st4 ,patrick1 and gave him permission to preach and baptize1 on condition that the peace of the kingdom should not be disturbed4 ,travellers in our time1 by mail-steamers from ,holyhead and the ,island of ,druids1 may some of them not know that ,kingstown is a name given1 but a few years ago1 to ,dunleary--that is1 the fortress of ,king ,laeghair1 when ,george ,,iv41 by graciously landing there1 supplanted the #acc memory of the ancient king4 ,dubhthach1 ,fergus1 and ,rossa1 or ,rosa1 were eminent poets and learned men2 they exhibited from memory what their predecessors had sung--for much of the ancient law was preserved in the form of verse1 and ,dubhthach1 royal poet of ,erin1 at the compilation of the ,senchus ,mor1 put a thread of poetry round it for ,patrick4 ,many parts of the work as we have it are in verse4 ,the subject of that part of the ,senchus ,mor which is contained in the volume before us is the ,law of ,distress--that is1 the legal rules under which distraint was to be made of persons1 cattle1 or goods1 in a great variety of cases4 ,to a general reader1 the legal verbosity and trivial repetitions make the book hard to read2 but imbedded in it1 so to speak1 are many curious little fragments of a very remote and obscure social system1 and some of these we shall proceed to set before our readers4 ,fines in cases of death1 bodily hurt1 insult1 or injury of whatever kind were arranged according to the dignity of the parties concerned4 ,the honor-price is the same for a king1 a bishop1 a chief law-professor1 and a chief poet who can compose a quatrain extemporaneously4 ,at a feast1 his own proper kind of food is assigned to persons of different rank--as1 for example1 the haunch for the king1 bishop1 and literary doctor2 a leg for the young chief2 a steak for the queen2 the heads for the charioteers2 and a croichet unknown part for a king opposed in his government4 ,should a person have property1 it shall not increase his honor-price1 unless he do good with it4 ,a king with a personal blemish was allowed with difficulty1 if at all4 ,in case of distress by or on a person of distinction1 fasting was a necessary legal form--the creditor had to fast upon his debtor until a pledge was given for the claim4 ,something very similar to this curious process is found in the ancient ,hindoo laws1 and appears to be practised in ,india to the present day1 under the name of dherna1 ,according to ,sir ,william ,jones1 the creditor sat at the debtor's door1 abstaining from food1 till1 for fear of becoming accountable for the man's death1 the debtor paid him4 ,as to the ,irish mode of fasting upon a debtor of the chieftain grade1 exact particulars are not given2 but it would seem that on presentation of the claim of distraint at the residence of the debtor the fasting began1 and if the debtor did not pay or give a pledge1 but allowed his creditor to go on fasting 7it is not said for how long71 he became liable to double the debt1 and other penalties4 ,if one of inferior grade comes to sue one of the chieftain grade1 he must be accompanied1 on his part1 by one of the chieftain grade4 ,among articles enumerated as coming under various rather puzzling rules and exemptions in cases of distraint1 we find1 weapons for battle2 a racehorse2 a harp-comb1 and other requisites for music2 toys for the children--viz41 hurlets1 balls1 and hoops1 and also little dogs and cats2 the eight parts which constitute a mill2 the fork and cauldron2 the kneading-trough and sieve2 the bed-furniture-- i4e41 plaids and bolsters2 the reflector or mirror2 the chess-board2 the seven valuable articles of the house of the chieftain--viz41 cauldron1 vat1 goblet1 mug1 reins1 horse-bridle1 and pin2 the cattle-bells1 the griddle1 the branch-light of each person's house2 the lap-dog of a queen1 the watch-dog1 the hunting hound2 implements of weaving and of spinning4 ,fines and penalties were provided1 among other cases1 for withholding the food-tribute from a king or chief2 for the deficiency of a feast2 for neglecting the due clearing of roads in war1 or in winter1 or at time of a fair2 for neglecting the due preparation of a fair-green2 for neglecting any persons or things cast ashore by the sea 7in this case the territory was liable72 #acd for neglecting the common net of the tribe2 for breaking the laws of rivers and fishing2 for neglecting the due maintenance and medical treatment of the sick2 for not helping in the erection of the common fort of the tribe2 for not blessing a completed work4 ,this last is a curious offence4 ,it was customary1 we read in a note to p4 #acb1 for workmen1 on completing any work1 and delivering it to their employer1 to give it their blessing4 ,this was the 'abarta1' and if this blessing was omitted1 the workman was subject to a fine1 or loss of a portion of his fee1 equal to a seventh part of his allowance of food while employed--the food to which a workman was entitled being settled by the law in proportion to the rank of the art or trade which he professed4 ,and it would appear that the first person who saw it finished and neglected the blessing was also fined4 ,to the present day1 among ,irish peasants1 it is thought a marked omission if1 in transferring or praising1 or even taking notice of1 any possession1 especially if it be a living creature1 one neglects to say ,god bless it6 or ,i wish you luck with it6 or some such good word2 and where you see any work going on1 it is right to say1 ,god bless the work6 ,distress was levied on defaulters for share in building the common bridge of the tribe2 for beef to nourish the chief during the time that he is making laws2 for the cow from every tribe1 sent on demand1 when the king is on the frontier of a territory with a host4 ,now1 the custom is that this cow is taken from some one man of them for the whole number4 ,they make good that cow to him only4 ,also for the victualling of a fort2 for guarding and feeding captives2 for the maintenance of a fool1 or of a madwoman1 or of an aged person1 or of a child4 ,five cows is the fine for neglecting to provide for the maintenance of the fool who has land1 and power of amusing2 and his having these is the cause of the smallness of the fine4 ,ten cows is the fine for neglecting to provide for the maintenance of every madwoman2 and the reason that the fine is greater than that of the fool is1 for the madwoman is not a minstrel1 and has not land4 ,if the fool has not land1 or has not power of amusing1 the fine for neglecting to provide for his maintenance is equal to that of the madwoman who can do no work4 ,a 'cumhal' of eight cows is the fine for neglecting to maintain any family senior who has land after his eighty-eighth year4 ,as to each man of unknown age after his ninetieth year1 his land shall pass from the family who have not maintained him to an extern family who have maintained him4 ,as to every senior of a family and man of unknown age without land1 a 'cumhal' of five 'seds' is the fine for not maintaining him4 ,there are fines for evil words1 false reports1 slander1 nicknames1 and satire4 ,the poets were supposed to have the power of turning a man's hair gray by force of satire1 or even of killing him4 ,there are also fines for failure of hosting1 the head of every family of the lay grades is to go into the battle2 every one who has a shield to shelter him1 and who is fit for battle1 is to go upon the plundering excursion4 ,three services of attack are enumerated--on pirates1 aggressors1 and wolves2 and three services of defence--to secure promontories hills81 lonely passes1 and boundaries4 ,distress of three days for using thy horse1 thy boat1 thy basket1 thy cart1 thy chariot1 for wear of thy vessel1 thy vat1 thy great cauldron1 thy cauldron2 for 'dire'-fine in respect of thy house1 for stripping thy herb-garden1 for stealing thy pigs1 thy sheep2 for wearing down thy hatchet1 thy wood-axe2 for consuming the things cast upon thy beach by the sea1 for injuring thy meeting-hill1 for digging thy silver mine1 for robbing thy bee-hive1 for the fury of thy fire1 for the crop of thy sea marsh1 for the 'dire'-fine in respect to thy corn-rick1 thy turf1 thy ripe #ace corn1 thy ferns1 thy furze1 thy rushes1 if without permission2 for slighting thy law1 for slighting thy inter-territorial law1 for enforcing thy ',urradhus' law2 in the case of good fosterage1 in the case of bad fosterage1 the fosterage fee in the case over fosterage for cradle clothes2 for recovering the dues of the common tillage land1 for recovering the dues of joint fosterage1 for recovering the dues of lawful relationship1 for unlawful tying1 over-fettering of horses1 breaking a fence to let cows into the grass2 breaking it before calves to let them to the cows4 ,the restitution of the milk is in one day4 ,there are also fines for quarrelling in a fort2 for disturbing the meetinghill2 for stripping the slain2 for refusing a woman the longed-for morsel2 for scaring the timid1 with a mask or otherwise2 for causing a person to blush2 for carrying a boy on your back into a house so as to strike his head2 for love-charms and bed-witchcraft2 for neglect in marriage2 for setting the charmed morsel for a dog--i4e41 to prove it2 for failure as to the safety of a hostage2 for withholding his fees from the ,brehon4 ,for mutilation and for murder1 the eric-fine and honor-price varied according to circumstances4 ,distress of five days' stay is for not erecting the tomb of thy chief2 for false boasting of a dead woman2 for satirizing her after her death2 for causing to wither any kind of tree2 for the eric-fine for an oath of secret murder4 ,in certain cases1 persons were exempted from distress for a longer or shorter period4 ,for example3 ,a man upon whom the test of the cauldron is enjoined--i4e41 to go to a testing cauldron--and he shall have exemption until he returns2 a man whose wife is in labor2 a man who collects the food-tribute of a chief4 ,the bodies and bones of the dead are protected by penalties4 ,there is a fixed fine and honor-price for carrying away the remains of a bishop out of his tomb 7as relics872 also breaking bones in a churchyard1 to take the marrow out of them for sorcerers4 ,the bone of a king drowned in the stream1 or of a hermit condemned to the sea and the wind1 belongs to the people of the land where it happens to be cast1 until the tribe of the deceased pay for its redemption4 ,there are penalties for lookers-on at an ill deed2 and these are divided into three classes3 a looker-on of full fine is one who instigates1 and accompanies1 and escorts1 and exults2 of half fine1 one who does not instigate1 but does the other acts2 of quarter-fine1 one who accompanies only1 and does not prohibit1 and does not save4 ,clerics1 women1 and boys are exempt4 ,one is accountable 7in different degrees7 for one's own crime1 the crime of a near kinsman1 the crime of a middle kinsman1 and the crime of a kinsman in general4 ,there are four who have an interest in every one who sues or is sued--the tribe of the father1 the tribe of the mother1 the chief1 the church2 also the tribe of the foster-father4 ,every tribe is liable after the absconding of a member of it1 after warning1 after notice1 and after lawful waiting4 ,the notes to this volume are few and unimportant1 and further elucidations on many points are much to be desired4 ,the printing of the original ,gaelic along with the translation must add greatly to the cost of the work1 but the value of the text to philologers may perhaps make this worth while4 ,only we hope that this laudable and interesting undertaking1 of the publication of the ancient laws and institutes of ,ireland1 will not1 like other ,irish schemes that could be named1 make a costly and elaborate beginning1 and then1 exhausting its means in the outset1 break down altogether4 ,this first volume gives us a strong desire to see the proposed plan carried into #acf completion without undue delay4 ,it would appear that all the heavy part of the literary work of it is already done4 ------ ,,miscellany4 ,the ,transparency of the ,sea4 --,at a late meeting of the ,french ,academy of ,science1 ,m4 ,cialdi and ,father ,secchi sent the result of some observations they have made ,on the ,transparency of the ,sea4 ,the experiments were made at the end of ,april1 on board a vessel1 near ,civita ,vecchia1 from six to twelve miles from land1 and at depths varying from #ij to #cjj metres1 the sea being perfectly clear and tranquil4 ,discs of different diameters and colors attached to wires being plunged horizontally under water1 showed that the maximum depth at which the largest 7a white disc #c-a_/d metres in diameter7 could be seen was #db-a_/b metres1 the sun being elevated #fj-a_/d above the horizon4 ,with a vertical sun the depth of visibility shall be #de metres4 ,the color of the disc appeared at first a light green1 then a clear blue1 which became darker as it was lowered1 until it could no longer be distinguished from the surrounding medium4 ,discs of a yellow or sandy color disappeared at less than half the depth of the white discs--that is to say1 between #ag and #bd metres4 ,the height of the sun and the clearness of the sky greatly influence the depth at which objects may be seen4 ,viewing the light reflected from a submerged white disc through a spectroscope1 the red and yellow colors were found to be rapidly absorbed4 ,as it was sunk deeper in the sea a portion of the green became absorbed1 the other colors remaining unaltered4 ,the authors remark that this luminous absorption of the more refrangible rays is what would be expected from the calorific opacity and the actinic transparency of water4 ,from the foregoing results1 they doubt whether the bottom of the sea has ever been seen at a depth of #ajj metres1 as it is more probable that the mud and sand brought up by waves has been mistaken for such3 the fact that the bottom of the sea is a worse reflector than the white disc1 strengthens this supposition4 ,irish ,limestone ,caverns4--,at a late meeting of the ,cork ,cuvierian ,society1 ,professor ,harkness1 so well known for his investigations of ,scottish rocks1 announced the discovery of the bones of mammals in a limestone quarry at ,middleton1 ,county ,cork4 ,the rock consists of the ordinary limestone of the district1 in one part much fissured1 and under this fissured portion there is a mass of brown clay1 the thickness of which cannot be determined1 as its base is not seen4 ,this reddish-brown clay under the limestone is the deposit which furnishes the fossil bones1 and which1 doubtless1 fills the space which was once a natural grotto4 ,beside the bones1 which are in a fragmentary condition1 there are also present teeth and antlers4 ,the latter are much broken1 and do not afford sufficient character to enable the species to be accurately determined4 ,they seem1 however1 to belong to two forms1 one of which had the beam and branches smooth and sub-compressed1 features which indicate the antlers of the reindeer2 and the other with the horns rounded and rough1 a form of surface which marks the antlers of the common stag4 ,of these antlers two portions which appear to belong to the reindeer have been cut while in the fresh state2 and the faces of the cuts being almost smooth1 this cutting appears to have been effected by a fine regular-edged instrument rather than1 by a serrated tool4 ,the leg bones which appear in this clay have all been broken1 for the most part longitudinally1 except the carpal and tarsal1 and other small bones of the extremities4 ,this longitudinal fracturing of the long bones of the leg is not known to occur in any mammalian remains which belong to a period previous to that where we have evidence of the existence of #acg the human race2 and these broken bones afford evidence of the occurrence of man1 who1 for the purpose of obtaining the marrow1 divided them in the direction most available for this object4 ,beside the evidence afforded by the cut antlers and longitudinally divided bones1 there are other circumstances indicating the occurrence of man in connection with these remains2 one of these is the presence of charred wood1 which is equally disseminated through the clay with the bones and teeth4 ,this charred wood is the remains of the ancient fires by means of which former human beings cooked their food4 ,is there an ,open ,arctic ,sea8--,sir ,roderick ,murchison1 who answers this question in the affirmative1 gives the following arguments in support of his opinion3--7#a47 ,the fact has been well ascertained by ,scoresby and others1 that every portion of the floating pack-ice north of ,spitzbergen is made up of frozen sea-water only1 without a trace of terrestrial icebergs like those which float down ,baffin's ,bay1 or those which1 carrying blocks of stone and dbris1 float northward from the land around the ,south ,pole4 7#b47 ,the northern shores of ,siberia tell the same tale2 for in their vast expanse the absence of icebergs1 or erratic blocks1 or anything which could have been derived from great or lofty masses of land1 has been wen ascertained4 7#c47 ,as a geologist1 ,sir ,r4 ,murchison could point out that this absence of erratic blocks in northern ,siberia has existed from that remote glacial period when much larger tracts of northern ,europe were occupied by glaciers than at the present day4 7#d47 ,the traveller ,middendorf found the extreme northern promontory of ,siberia1 ,taimyr1 clad with fir trees1 while the immense tract of country to the south of it was destitute of trees1 showing a milder climate at that point of ,siberia nearest the pole4 ,food as a ,means of ,preventing ,disease1--,it seems not at all improbable that1 as has been shown by ,liebig in the case of plants1 most of those diseases which we at present attribute to the presence of some morbid substance in the blood1 are produced in the first instance by the absence of some of the proper constituents of the blood4 ,the blood when abnormally composed will allow vegetable and other growths to take place in it1 thus producing painful symptoms2 but if it contained its suitable components1 it is most probable that it would be then enabled to resist the development of the materials we refer to4 ,in the case of the potato disease1 there can hardly be a doubt that the sap becomes deteriorated1 owing to the absence of the proper proportion of potash1 prior to the development of the odium which commits such ravages4 ,the idea which we have given has not had many advocates in this country1 and we are glad to find that ,mr4 ,erasmus ,wilson has in some measure lent his support to the theory4 ,although ,mr4 ,wilson does not go as deeply into the question as we should wish1 still he shows that food may well be employed not only in preventing but in curing disease4 ,if1 he says1 it be admitted that food is the source of the elements of which the body is composed1 what kind of body can be expected in the case of a deficient supply of food1 whether that deficiency proceed from actual want1 or from some perverse theory of refinement1 founded on a false conception of the nature and objects of food1 and ignorance of its direct convertibility into the flesh and blood of man8 ,we think ,mr4 ,wilson is too determined a supporter of flesh-eating tastes4 ,if he had his way1 he would convert man into a decidedly carnivorous animal1 and we do not think that either experience or an appeal to the anatomy of the human masticatory and digestive organs would bear out his views4--,vide ,on ,food as a ,means of ,prevention of ,disease4 ,are the ,flint ,implements from the ,drift ,authentic8--,a pamphlet has appeared from the pen of ,mr4 ,nicholas ,whitley1 of the ,royal ,institution of ,cornwall1 in which it is attempted to be proved that the so-called flint implements are not the result of workmanship4 ,the ,popular ,science ,review gives the following abstract of ,mr4 ,whitley's argument3 7#a47 ,the implements are all of flint4 ,the tools employed by men of the recognized archaeological stone age are made of stones of various kinds1 of which there are examples of serpentine1 granular greenstone1 indurated claystone1 trap greenstone1 claystone1 quartz1 syenite1 chest1 etc4 ,why1 therefore1 #ach should the only weapon in the drift deposit be manufactured from flint solely8 7#b47 ,the implements are all of one class--axes4 ,were they then a race of carpenters8 ,man is a cooking animal2 and if ten thousand axes have been found1 surely one seething-pot or drinking-cup ought to have turned up4 ,he needs shelter1 but no remnant of his clothing or hut has been found4 ,almost everywhere where there are chalk flints we find axes1 and nothing but axes4 7#c47 ,there is a gradation in form from the very rough fracture of the flint to the perfect almond-shaped implement4 ,let the most enthusiastic believer in their authenticity examine carefully the one thousand implements in the ,abbeville museum1 and he would probably reject two-thirds as bearing no evidence of the work of man4 ,but it would be impossible for him to say where nature ended and art began4 7#d47 ,some of the implements are admirable illustrations of the form produced by the natural fracture of the egg-shaped flint nodule4 7#e47 ,it is supposed that these weapons were used for cutting down timber and scooping out canoes4 ,but it should be remembered that the gravels in which they are found were formed during a severe ,arctic climate1 in which no tree but a stunted birch could have grown1 certainly none large enough to form a canoe4 7#f47 ,their number4 ,the implements are found by thousands in small areas1 and in numbers quite out of proportion to the thinly scattered population that must have 7if at all7 then existed4 ,the ,sponge ,fishery4--,the main industry of the island of ,crete is the sponge fishery which is pursued on its coasts4 ,it is chiefly carried on by companionships of from twenty to thirty boats1 for mutual support and protection4 ,the mode of operation preparatory to a dive is very peculiar and interesting4 ,the diver whose turn it is takes his seat on the deck of the vessel1 at either the bow or stern1 and placing by his side a large flat slab of marble1 weighing about #be lbs41 to which is attached a rope of the proper length and thickness 7#a-a_/b inch71 he then strips1 and is left by his companions to prepare himself4 ,this seems to consist in devoting a certain time to clearing the passages of his lungs by expectoration1 and highly inflating them afterward2 thus oxidizing his blood very highly by a repetition of deep inspirations4 ,the operation lasts from five to ten minutes1 or more1 according to the depth2 and during it the operator is never interfered with by his companions1 and seldom speaks or is spoken to2 he is simply watched by two of them1 but at a little distance1 and they never venture to urge him or distract him in any way during the process4 ,when from some sensation1 known only to himself1 after these repeated long-drawn and heavy inspirations1 he deems the fitting moment to have arrived1 he seizes the slab of marble1 and1 after crossing himself and uttering a prayer1 plunges with it like a returning dolphin into the sea1 and rapidly descends4 ,the stone is always held during the descent directly in front of the head1 at arm's-length1 and so as to offer as little resistance as possible2 and1 by varying its inclination1 it acts likewise as a rudder1 causing the descent to be more or less vertical1 as desired by the diver4 ,as soon as he reaches the bottom he places the stone under his arm to keep himself down1 and then walks about upon the rock1 or crawls under its ledges1 stuffing the sponges into a netted bag with a hooped mouth1 which is strung round his neck to receive them2 but he holds firmly to the stone or rope all the while1 as his safeguard for returning and for making the known signal at the time he desires it4 ,the hauling up is thus effected3 ,the assistant who has hold of the rope awaiting the signal1 first reaches down with both hands as low as he can1 and there grasping the rope1 with a great bodily effort raises it up to nearly arm's-length over his head2 the second assistant is then prepared to make his grasp as low down as he can reach1 and does the same2 and so the two alternately1 and by a fathom or more at a time1 and with great rapidity1 bring the anxious diver to the surface4 ,a heavy blow from his nostrils to expel the water and exhausted air indicates to his comrades that he is conscious and breathes1 a word or two is then spoken by one of his companions to encourage him if he seems much distressed1 as is often the case2 and the hearing of the voice is said by them to be a great support at the moment of their greatest state of exhaustion4 ,a few seconds' rest at the surface1 and then the diver returns into the boat to recover1 generally putting #aci on an under-garment or jacket1 to assist the restoration of the animal heat he has lost1 and to prevent the loss of more by the too rapid evaporation of the water from his body4--,travels in ,crete4 ,the ,sun's ,spots4--,father ,secchi writes from ,rome1 under date of ,aug4 #h1 to the ,reader as follows3 ,i thank you for the interest you take in the observations of the sun4 ,the last large spot has been very interesting for science1 and ,i hope to be able to publish all the drawings we have made of it by projection4 ,meanwhile ,i send you two of them1 photographed on a large scale4 ,you will see in the printed article which ,i send you1 that ,i have been able to see the prominences and depressions produced by the spot at the edge of the sun2 not only myself but also ,m4 ,tacchini4 ,i regret that the shortness of time does not allow me to copy the drawings made on that occasion1 but ,i send a copy of them to ,mr4 ,de la ,rue1 and you will see them4 ,as to the willow-leaves and rice-grains question1 ,i think1 as you say1 we are all right and all wrong4 ,i will state clearly what ,i see4 ,on first placing the eye to the telescope1 and in very good moments of definition1 the surface of the sun appears certainly to me made up of many oblong bodies1 which ,i think are the willow-leaves of ,mr4 ,nasmyth2 their orientation is in every direction1 but they take a converging direction in the neighborhood of the spots1 where they form the tongues1 currents1 and such like4 ,but this view is1 as ,i said1 rather difficult to obtain1 and many times ,i have looked for it quite without success4 ,is this a defect of vision1 or caused by the sun's changements8 ,if by willow-leaves other things than these are understood1 ,i have not seen them4 ,m4 ,airy seems to understand other things1 and then ,i am quite at a loss4 ,this1 therefore1 is a matter very problematic1 and to be better studied4 ,by projection on a large scale in some beautiful moments of definition1 these oblong bodies on the general surface of the sun have been seen by my assistant also2 but generally they are not visible1 but the sun appears like clouds4 ,as to the mobility of the solar surface1 you can judge from the two photographs that ,i send you2 they have been made only at an interval of twenty-four hours4 ,i think we assisted at the outbreaking of the spot1 and at its arrangement from a great confusion of movements into a regular transformation of an ordinary group of spots4 ,the appearance which ,i have seen is quite like that which takes place when a great movement is excited in a stream of running water1 which finally resolves itself into some vortices which take their course independently4 ,the movement of these spots even alone is capable of demonstrating materially what ,mr4 ,carrington has found with great labor--that there is in the sun a real drift of matter1 since without this it would be impossible to explain how the spot has been increased in two days to a length twice as great as its breadth1 this remaining almost constant4 ,but more of this in a particular memoir4 ,,new ,,publications4 ,,history ,,of ,,my ,,religious ,,opinions4 ,by ,john ,henry ,newman1 ,d4,d41 of the ,oratory of ,st4 ,philip ,neri4 ,london3 ,longman1 ,green1 ,longman1 ,roberts ,green4 #ahfe4 #hvo41 pp4 #cgi4 ,under this title1 ,dr4 ,newman has republished the charming autobiography which originally appeared as an answer to the calumnies of ,charles ,kingsley1 and was entitled ,apologia pro ,vita ,sua1 republished in a neat and attractive manner by the ,appletons4 ,we earnestly recommend all our readers1 whether they be ,catholics or not1 who have not procured and read the ,apologia1 to do so without delay1 if they wish to give themselves a rich intellectual treat4 ,the ,american edition is decidedly to be preferred1 on account #adj of the complete history it furnishes of the controversy with ,mr4 ,kingsley which led to the composition of the book4 ,in ,england1 this controversy is already well-known to the entire religious and literary world1 and may be supposed by this time to have lost its interest4 ,dr4 ,newman's autobiography will never lose its interest and value while the ,english language remains2 and for this reason1 it was no doubt a wise thought in the author to prepare it for posterity in a form wherein the local and personal controversy which occasioned its being written should no longer be connected with its proper subject-matter4 ,no doubt1 too1 the author felt some reluctance to perpetuate1 in close connection with his own personal history1 the memory of the severe castigation which he administered to his opponent4 ,this is honorable to his delicate and charitable sentiments4 ,at the same time1 the castigation was necessary1 it was just1 it was not one whit too severe1 and we owe a debt of gratitude to ,dr4 ,newman for having applied the terrible lash which he possesses1 but which he employs so seldom and usually so lightly1 in this case with all his strength to the shoulders of a delinquent4 ,there is a certain small class of writers in the ,english ,church1 some of whom are ,puseyites1 others more or less broad in their views1 who violate all the laws of honorable and courteous warfare in their attacks on the ,catholic ,church4 ,they take the line of charging fraud1 forgery1 lying1 and utterly unprincipled and wicked motives and maxims upon the hierarchy1 priesthood1 and other advocates of the ,catholic cause4 ,one of the first and foremost of these was ,mr4 ,meyrick1 of ,oxford1 the author of a disingenuous work against ,catholic morals1 and one of ,mr4 ,kingsley's defenders4 ,this work of ,mr4 ,meyrick's was republished in this country with a more offensive preface1 by the ,rev4 ,a4 ,c4 ,coxe1 now the bishop of ,western ,new ,york1 a person who has abjured all regard to the rules of common civility1 both in his public writings and speeches concerning the ,catholic clergy1 and also in his private demeanor when he has happened to be thrown into contact with them personally4 ,this class of writers adopt what ,dr4 ,newman happily styles a mode of warfare which consists in poisoning the wells4 ,that is1 they seek to forestall all debate on the merits of the ,catholic question1 by accusing the advocates of the ,catholic side of being liars by principle and on system2 infamous persons1 who have no claim to decent treatment or even to a hearing4 ,there is but one course to be taken with opponents of this sort4 ,argument1 explanation1 courtesy1 are alike thrown away upon them4 ,they must be treated like guerrillas1 and summary justice must be done up on them1 as the only means of self-defence1 and as a salutary example to others4 ,they must be taught that they cannot have free license to calumniate and vituperate the ,catholic ,church or its members with impunity4 ,how effectually this lesson was read to them by ,dr4 ,newman1 is shown by the hearty applause which his book received from all ,england1 the evidence of which may be seen in the review of it which appeared in the principal ,english periodicals4 ,we wish to be understood that the language we have used above has no application to any but a few offending individuals1 whose spirit and manner are even more severely condemned by a large class of the non-,catholic public than by ,catholics themselves4 ,it is very gratifying to observe the respectful1 moderate1 and courteous tone which many of the most illustrious of the recent advocates of the ,protestant side maintain toward the ,church of ,rome and her distinguished and worthy members4 ,copying after ,leibniz1 the greatest genius which the ,protestant confession can boast of1 we have1 among others1 ,guizot1 ,ranke1 ,dr4 ,pusey1 ,palmer2 and in this country1 ,william ,r4 ,alger1 who1 albeit he has inadvertently repeated some of the current misstatements of ,catholic doctrine1 has always shown a fairness and generosity of spirit and a readiness to correct mistakes which make him conspicuous among our honorable opponents4 ,in this species of candor and courtesy the most eminent writers of the continent are still far before the most of those in ,england and ,america4 ,dr4 ,newman himself and his compeers in the early ,oxford movement1 even in their strongest and most pronounced expressions of opinion against ,rome and against various form of dissent1 furnished the most perfect specimens of the truly ,christian and gentlemanly style of polemics which ,english literature had yet #ada seen4 ,never was there a man who kept his intellect and his varied gifts as a writer more completely under the discipline of a strict conscience1 one who was more scrupulously just and fair1 truthful and frank1 yet guarded and cautious1 than ,john ,henry ,newman4 ,he has the soul of knightly chivalry in him2 religious1 fearless1 modest1 and compassionate2 loyal to the death to every sacred obligation1 and scorning a mean or deceitful act more than common men do treason and perjury4 ,such a man ought to have been secure of honorable treatment2 and yet he has not been spared in the strife of tongues2 and if he has at last triumphed over calumny1 it has only been by overpowering his enemies with the superior weight of his armor and strength of his arm1 and not because his holy retirement and spotless name have been respected4 ,however1 after long years1 during whose lapse the ,english people have disdained and slighted the man of genius and the pure ,christian who is one of the greatest ornaments of their literature1 on account of their intense hostility to his religion1 their love of fair play1 and admiration for intellectual greatness and prowess1 has gained a signal victory1 and we give them due credit for it4 ,the demand for the ,apologia on its first publication in successive numbers was so great that the ,longmans were unable to keep up with it4 ,that it has not been unappreciated also in this country is proved by the fact that four editions of the ,american reprint have been exhausted4 ,of the book itself1 it is almost superfluous to speak at this late day4 ,it will bear to be read and re-read1 and the repeated perusal1 instead of wearying1 only brings out new charms and occasions an increasing delight4 ,we have read and admired ,dr4 ,newman's writings for more than twenty years1 but have never so fully appreciated the wonderful subtlety and vigor of his intellect as we have done since reading his last book4 ,it is like the keen1 bright1 dexterously wielded1 and irresistible scimeter of ,saladin4 ,at his conversion ,anglicanism lost a champion far more capable than any other of coping with its stoutest antagonists1 and the ,catholic ,church gained over the most formidable of her foes who wields an ,english pen4 ,even as now reproduced by himself1 as a mere history of the past1 his method of defending the ,church of ,england against ,rome appears to us so much more subtle and plausible1 and adroitly managed1 not through any designed artifice on his part1 but from the acuteness with which his mind detects all the most defensible points of his own position and the most assailable ones of the opposite1 than that of any other writer1 that we instinctively say1 no man but ,john ,henry ,newman could fully refute himself4 ,each successive post at which he pauses in his gradual approach to the ,catholic ,church seems as defensible as the others which he has abandoned as untenable4 ,at his very last halting place1 he has the air of a man who is about to defend himself there to the last1 and is not to be driven further4 ,indeed1 he was not driven by any mind more powerful than his own2 for although the arguments of ,cardinal ,wiseman had considerable weight with him1 neither he nor any other ,catholic writer really answered the difficulties which were in his own mind1 or fully refuted1 in a manner consonant to his intellectual convictions1 the plausible arguments by which he justified to himself and recommended to others a continuance in the ,anglican communion4 ,he was driven only by his innate love of truth1 his conscientiousness1 his logical fidelity to his own first principles1 and the grace of ,god4 ,humanly speaking1 his conversion was one of the most unlikely events which has ever taken place4 ,ten years before it occurred he was at an immense distance from the ,catholic ,church1 and advancing toward it by a most circuitous route1 with the greatest apparent1 reluctance4 ,we rise from the perusal of his own record of his journey with a sentiment of astonishment that he ever reached his destination4 ,when we remember the light in which ,dr4 ,newman was regarded by his own school in the days of his leadership at ,oxford1 it appears to us that the estimate formed of him was both singularly just and singularly incorrect4 ,it was just in one way1 inasmuch as1 whatever his modesty may suggest to the contrary1 he was more than any other man the leader of the movement4 ,it was incorrect1 inasmuch as a far greater originative force in causing this movement and a far greater comprehension of its principles were attributed to him than he or any other man possessed4 ,the #adb movement itself created its own agents1 and bore them on with a power infinitely greater than they possessed of themselves4 ,dr4 ,newman was a master to inferior and more backward scholars2 but was himself only a scholar1 who began with the first and simplest rudiments of ,catholicity4 ,his merit consisted in this1 that while many paused at various stages of elementary and partial knowledge1 he pushed on to the mastery of final results and completed his curriculum4 ,considering what he had to learn1 and that he had in great measure to be his own teacher1 the space of ten years was really a short rather than a long period for the process4 ,the history of this process constitutes the direct object and the principal value and charm of the ,apologia1 and the ,history of ,my ,religious ,opinions4 ,the mind of the author is1 however1 one of those full streams that overflows its bounds1 and whose obiter dicta are frequently the richest and most precious of its effusions4 ,there are several passages in this work falling within the scope of this remark4 ,we can only call attention to two1 without quoting them4 ,one is found on pp4 #bff-bgc of the ,american edition of the ,apologia1 and relates to the doctrine of original sin4 ,another1 on pp4 #bge-bia1 concerns the question of the relations between faith and science and reason and authority4 ,in the very act of giving a reason for avoiding the discussion of these questions1 the author has given in a short compass1 one of the most admirable disquisitions we have ever read4 ,there is no passage in all his writings which exhibits better the fine discrimination of his thought1 and the perspicuity and beauty of his style1 and in both these respects it is a specimen of the most perfect logical and rhetorical art4 ,we feel bound1 however1 to enter one caveat against a part of ,dr4 ,newman's philosophy1 which we regard not so much as being a positive error as a defect1 and which has been quite distinctly brought out by the ,westminster ,review1 as a part of his defence of ,catholicity which presents a weak side to the infidel4 ,this defect is one originating in the philosophy which has prevailed in ,england1 and in which ,dr4 ,newman was educated2 one which has always been conspicuous in the writers of the ,oxford school1 and which appears to us to leave a great hiatus in their theology4 ,this defect may be described1 though it is not defined1 as the doctrine probability1 ,we have no hesitation in agreeing with ,dr4 ,newman in the maxim1 that in most matters probability is the guide of life4 ,we have heretofore thought1 however1 that he extended this principle into the domain of natural and revealed religion so far as to agree with those writers who consider their fundamental verities as being merely more probable than their logical contradictories4 ,after carefully weighing his words1 we have come to the conclusion that he does not use the word in this sense1 when he speaks of the great truths of religion4 ,that is1 he does not admit that there is any real probability1 though a lesser one1 in the infidel negations1 but only a metaphysical possibility4 ,he allows of a moral certainty which admits of no prudent doubt to the contrary1 but does not reach to a metaphysical certainty4 ,here again we agree with him partially1 and if we understand rightly the ecclesiastical decisions on the point1 we think his doctrine is one that has official sanction4 ,that is1 we regard1 with him1 the evidence of revealed religion and of the authority of the ,catholic ,church1 as apprehended by the light of our natural intelligence in that act which theologians call the preamble to faith1 as being in the order of probability and incapable of generating more than a moral certainty4 ,that certitude of belief which excludes possibility of error1 we regard as an effect of the gift of faith imparting a supernatural firmness to the intellectual assent4 ,we dissent from ,dr4 ,newman1 when he extends this doctrine to our ultimate belief in ,god1 and we think it necessary1 in order to give a firm basis even to a true probability1 that we should affirm the absolute intuition of that idea of ,god1 from which we are able to deduce his attributes2 and1 moreover1 affirm also the perfect metaphysical demonstrability of all these attributes as expressed in the ,christian conception of ,god4 ,we dislike very much any form of expression which implies that we believe in ,god on a probability1 which is tantamount to saying that it is probable there is a ,god4 ,even if we say that the being of ,god is morally certain1 we still leave it possible that there is no ,god4 ,if we deduce #adc the being of ,god from the ultimate principle of the certainty of our own existence1 we make our self-consciousness1 our reason1 the laws of our own being1 the standard of right and truth which we establish within ourselves1 more certain1 and to us more ultimate than ,god4 ,we become our own centre and stand-point1 our own ultimate judge1 a light and a law to ourselves1 really subsisting in an intellectual independence of ,god4 ,this is ceding1 in our view1 to the pure infidel rationalist all the ground he wants1 which is simply liberty for every one to speculate about the cause of all things1 and their procession to the ultimate end1 as he lists4 ,it is true he will do it without our leave1 whatever our way of stating ,christian truth2 but if we admit1 or do not clearly repudiate1 his first principles1 he will point out a logical defect in our argument1 and show that we are inconsistent2 and then the philosophical proof of ,christianity1 which consists in demonstrating the conception of ,god from first principles intuitively certain1 and showing that none of the ,christian doctrines which we received from testimony are incompatible with these first principles1 will1 in our hands1 be defectively managed4 ,it is proper to state1 however1 that ,dr4 ,newman does not propose anything dogmatically on this important question1 but rather indicates that he has not yet obtained a solution which satisfies him4 ,a ,,general ,,history ,,of ,,the ,,catholic ,,church2 ,,from ,,the ,,commencement ,,of ,,the ,,christian ,,era ,,until ,,the ,,present ,,time4 ,by ,m4 l',abb ,j4 ,e4 ,darras2 ,first ,american from the last ,french edition4 ,with an ,introduction and ,notes by the most ,rev4 ,m4 ,j4 ,spalding1 ,d4,d41 ,archbishop of ,baltimore4 ,vol4 ,i4 #hvo41 pp4 #fge4 ,new ,york3 ,p4 ,o',shea4 ,the appearance of this volume realizes very fully all we were led to expect from its prospectus4 ,the first impression made upon us by its exterior dress is that this is an attractive and readable book2 two qualities of a work on history which1 whatever be the learning1 accuracy1 and completeness displayed in its more intimate perusal1 are not to be despised4 ,we are glad to meet with a life of the ,church which does not look like a catalogue of dried and dead specimens for a scientific museum4 ,the majority of the volumes which issue from the press now-a-days like a literary flood1 owe their success a vast deal more to their beautiful typography1 chaste binding1 and other general attractive features1 than to the solid merit of their contents4 ,as there are certain orators whose appearance alone captivates their auditory1 and excites in us a curiosity to hear what fine things such a fine-looking man has to say1 so there are books which feel well to the touch1 look good to the eyes1 and prejudice one's judgment in their favor4 ,we will listen to a stupid-looking speaker1 or read a commonplace featured book1 on the testimony of their friends1 provided they give us strong recommendations2 but a speaker of a commanding presence and a winning air1 or a book that is well gotten up1 we think worthy of notice at the first introduction4 ,it is difficult to write an interesting history4 ,simple facts of the past stated in dry statistical style1 like the reports of an insane asylum or a poor-house1 are about as interesting as they1 and appear to the general reader to be of about equal importance4 ,we may be thought weak in judgment to say it1 but we should like to read history for the same reason we like to read the last novel by ,dickens1 in which the author wields his magic pen to paint life-pictures of the events of the world before our mind1 and compels us to be living witnesses of the past in the realm of imagination4 ,to insure a deep interest and a lasting impression all the faculties of the mind should be engaged4 ,our imagination must not be told to step out of doors or go to sleep whilst our memory takes an inventory of facts consigned to its storehouse by a historian4 ,the senses of sight and of taste are given to man that he may be guided in supplying his stomach with the proper quantum and quality of the food it craves4 ,what these senses are to the stomach1 the imagination is to the mind1 and if it have no hand in the choice of mental food there cannot help but be an indigestion2 the brain1 indeed1 holding the crude mass1 but unable to make any use of it4 ,we may sum up in a few sentences the application these remarks may have to the history before us4 ,the volume #add comes to us with uncut edges4 ,let the reader open it at random4 ,he finds before him a fair page1 printed in large cool type1 with broad generous margins1 looking as a page ought to look1 like a goodly field of wheat or corn1 and not like a stiff1 prim1 pinched1 and gravelled parterre4 ,let him read down one page1 and he will surely bring his paper-cutter into requisition and follow the author to the beginning of the next paragraph4 ,he will find the style1 if we mistake not1 like one of those charming1 shady1 winding1 country roads1 which always entice you to go just as far as the next turning2 an agreeable contrast to the ordinary page of history1 which to us is so like a grievous paved military road in ,france1 straight enough1 wide enough1 and direct enough1 but lamentably monotonous1 dry1 dusty1 and tiresome4 ,there is a little stiffness and dull regularity about the division of the subject-matter2 but this is inevitable to any history of a long period1 and may be regarded as the signboards and finger-posts on the road1 making up in convenience what they detract from the romance4 ,as to the character of the work of ,m4 ,darras as a history--as one in which we can learn the actual life of our mother1 the ,church2 one which we can quote with confidence in public1 and not be obliged to contradict to its back as it stands on our shelves2 one which we can give to our friends1 of all classes and opinions1 as a good1 reliable1 and respectable ,church history--we are content to take it as such upon the warm approbation it has received at the hands of the ,holy ,father1 the use that is made of it in colleges and seminaries in ,europe1 the approval it has obtained from the ,rt4 ,rev4 bishops there and in the ,united ,states1 and the good opinion universally expressed concerning it by scholars whose critical judgment is worthy of reliance4 ,certainly we have no ,church history equal to it in the ,english language1 and we bid this translated ,french one welcome1 and hope it may receive an hospitable reception amongst us4 ,the dissertation on the perpetuity of the ,church1 and the immortality of the ,papacy1 from the pen of the ,most ,rev4 ,archbishop ,spalding1 which embellishes this edition under the form of an introduction1 is both appropriate and well deserving of perusal4 ,the learned prelate puts us at once on reading acquaintance with the work of ,m4 ,darras1 and enkindles in us the desire to know more of the eventful course of the existence of ,holy ,church4 ,,books ,,received4 ,,cape ,,cod4 ,by ,henry ,d4 ,thoreau4 ,boston3 ,ticknor and ,fields4 #ahfe4 #abmo41 pp4 #beb4 ,,complete ,,works ,,of ,,the ,,most ,,rev4 ,,john ,,hughes1 ,d4,d41 late ,archbishop of ,new ,york4 ,comprising his ,sermons1 ,letters1 ,lectures1 ,speeches1 etc4 ,carefully compiled from the best sources1 and edited by ,lawrence ,kehoe4 ,two vols4 #hvo41 pp4 #fgj and #haj4 ,new ,york3 ,lawrence ,kehoe4 ,,pastoral ,,letter ,,of ,,the ,,most ,,ret4 ,j4 ,b4 ,,purcell1 ,d4,d41 ,archbishop of ,cincinnati1 to the ,clergy and ,laity of the archdiocese1 on the late ,encyclical ,letter of his ,holiness ,pius ,,ix4 promulgating the ,jubilee of #ahfe1 with the ,bull of ,pius ,,ix4 authorizing the ,jubilee of #ahdf4 ,printed at the ,cincinnati ,catholic ,telegraph ,office4 ,,natural ,,history4 ,a ,manual of ,zoology for ,schools1 ,colleges1 and the ,general ,reader1 by ,sanborn ,tenney1 ,a4,m4 ,illustrated4 ,new ,york3 ,charles ,scribner ,co4 #abmo41 pp4 #edj4 ,from ,d4 ,j4 ,sadlier and ,co41 ,new ,york1 we have received the following3 ,,banim',s ,,complete ,,works4 ,,parts #a1 #b1 #c1 ,,and #d2 ,,the ,,old ,,house ,,by ,,the ,,boyne1 by ,mrs4 ,sadlier2 ,,catholic ,,anecdotes4 ,part #a4 ,translated from the ,french by ,mrs4 ,sadlier2 ,,the ,,lives ,,of ,,the ,,popes1 from the ,french of ,chevalier d',artaud1 ,parts #a and #b2 ,,caecilia1 a ,roman ,drama1 and ,,the ,,secret1 a ,drama1 by ,mrs4 ,j4 ,sadlier4 ------ #ade ,,the ,,catholic ,,world4 ,,vol1 ,,ii41 ,,no4 #h4--,,november1 #ahfe1 ,from ,revue ,gnrale1 ,bruxelles4 ,,rev4 ,,demetrius ,,augustin ,,gallitzin1 ,,and ,,the ,,catholic ,,settlements ,,in ,,pennsylvania4 ,the events of which the ,united ,states have1 during late years1 been the theatre of action1 have revived in the recollection of the editors of the ,historisch-politische ,bltter of ,munich the name of ,loretto1 a small and unpretending town of ,pennsylvania1 the founder of which was ,prince ,demetrius ,angustin ,gallitzin1 the son of the remarkable woman of whom ,germany has a right to be proud4 ,the occasion has suggested to them a biographical sketch1 which1 full of interest and appositeness1 will unquestionably be read in ,belgium and ,france with as much avidity as in ,germany4 ,twenty years have elapsed since ,prince ,gallitzin1 who had exchanged the luxuries of princely courts for the poverty of those who herald the glad tidings1 slept in the ,lord1 after forty years of apostleship in the wild regions of the ,alleghany mountains4 ,the work set up by the pious missionary yet remains1 marked by all the elements of thrifty life1 and the little oasis will long continue to be what it was at its origin--the cradle of a ,christian civilization1 which will go on spreading its blessings to the remotest boundaries1 still retaining the unobtrusive modesty which moved its founder's thought4 ,indeed1 had the matter rested with ,gallitzin's own wishes1 his very name would have passed into vague tradition in those extended regions4 ,it might even have slept in oblivion2 for the prince1 so careful was he to avoid anything that could attract the attentions of the world1 lived and exercised his holy ministry for many years under the borrowed name of ,schmidt4 ,in ,father ,lemcke1 however1 and fortunately too1 a canon of the abbey of the ,benedictines of ,st4 ,vincent in ,pennsylvania1 was found a man who1 better than any other1 had it in his power to preserve the reminiscences of the noble missionary1 and accurately to depict for us the traits of his manly character4 ,not only did the biographer of the prince know him personally1 but he was also his friend1 his confidant1 his confessor1 and his co-laborer in the missions4 ,after ,gallitzin's death1 ,father ,lemcke came into possession of his papers1 letters1 and memoranda1 which supplied him with desirable data on the period of life preceding their ministerial connection4 ,he1 and he alone1 therefore1 was in a condition to write a true biography of the prince1 and he deemed it a duty to #adf rescue from oblivion the memory of this distinguished man4 ,in connection with this subject1 ,father ,lemcke indulges in a judicious remark3 ,the life of ,gallitzin1 says he1 is so intimately inwoven with the events which occurred during his own times1 that it holds out to future generations an interest like to that which is offered to us in the life of a ,bonifacius or of an ,ansgarius1 by reason of the facts which have characterized the epochs in which they lived4 ,gallitzin belonged to the phalanx of missionaries who1 in the ,united ,states1 scattered the seeds of spiritual life4 ,when the prince stepped on the soil of that vast territory1 there was but one prelate1 ,rt4 ,rev4 ,john ,carroll of ,baltimore1 the first bishop of the ,united ,states1 who1 from the circumstances of the ,church1 had been obliged to seek ,europe for his episcopal consecration4 ,footnote #bc ,he had been but two years installed--from #agij--;and had but uncertain and broken intercourse with his flock4 ,his surroundings1 restricted in numbers1 but devoted to the holy cause1 were mainly composed of1 ,french priests4 ,in this infant church ,gallitzin was the second priest consecrated by the ,bishop of ,baltimore1 and missioned1 as a true pioneer of civilization1 to carry the cross through the untouched forests of the ,new ,world1 ,there is an unvarying likeness in all great undertakings2 yet it required but a short time--a relatively short time--considerably to increase the number of those men who had devoted themselves to the task4 ,in contrast with the bishop1 who1 in the course of five years1 could ordain and rely on two priests only to feed the flock of the ,lord1 ,the ,catholic ,almanac of the day exhibits to us1 for the ,united ,states1 seven archbishops1 thirty-six bishops1 and four apostolic vicars1 with the ministry of two thousand priests1 with the addition of convents of various orders1 of seminaries1 of colleges1 of numberless benevolent institutions1 with over #d1jjj1jjj of ,catholics living under the protection of the laws1 in the practice and enjoyment of their faith4 ,footnote #bc3 ,there are new details on this distinguished man in a recently published work3 ,die ,katholische ,kirche in den ,vereinigten ,staatm von ,nord ,amerika1 etc41 etc4 ,regensburg4 #ahfd4 ,the ,germans delight in recalling to mind that one of those who helped to lay the foundations of the ,church in ,north ,america was the offspring of a princely house of the ,fatherland4 ,gallitzin was a ,german on the maternal side2 and the noble parent could well claim both the spiritual and natural motherhood of her son1 the latter of which was1 perhaps1 glory enough4 ,how magnificent a mission was that of ,princess ,amelia ,gallitzin6 ,while gathering around her circle the choice spirits which seemed destined to keep bright the torch of faith in ,germany1 and its living convictions in the midst of a superficial society without belief and without its guiding lights1 the princess was rearing for the ,new ,world a son who was about to turn aside from a career which his birth and his wealth justly reserved for him1 and take up the arduous and thankless labors of the apostleship4 ,this very son it was who1 through the work of faith1 was destined to be the founder and civilizer of a now flourishing colony4 ,strangely enough1 nothing in young ,gallitzin gave earnest of such a vocation4 ,his almost feminine nature had marked him for a timid1 shrinking child2 but what was still worse1 and a source of deep anxiety to his mother1 to this was added a lack of decision1 which seemed so deeply rooted in him that not even the iron will of the princess could1 during the course of many years1 draw out any perceptible results4 ,we have a letter of the princess of the date of #agij1 two years before the departure of ,demetrius for ,america1 in which she reiterates on this ground her former complainings1 her exhortations1 and her admonitions4 ,it is proper1 however1 to advert that the incipient #adg method of training pursued by the princess herself was not free from defect2 for1 daring the nonage of her son1 she herself wavered and hesitated between various systems of philosophy--a course which necessarily must have drawn her into many an error4 ,there was1 therefore1 a defectiveness in the main foundation of the training of young ,gallitzin1 who was reared in a sort of religious indifferentism4 ,but a complete revulsion took place when1 after leaving ,mnster1 the princess was led to rest her convictions1 not on this or the other system of philosophy1 but on the rock of ,christian faith--when1 from her relations with such men as ,furstenberg and ,overberg1 she herself had gained a greater degree of firmness and steadfastness4 ,this reacted on the education of the son1 in the greater decision and authority exerted by the mother2 and it was not without fit intention that ,demetrius1 in the sacrament of confirmation1 received the surname of ,angustin4 ,born on the #bb;d of ,december1 #aggj1 at the ,hague1 where his father1 a favorite of the ,empress ,catherine1 was accredited as ambassador of ,russia1 young ,gallitzin saw before him the opening of a career bound to lead to the highest dignities of either military or administrative service4 ,nothing1 therefore1 was spared in giving him a complete education1 according to the requirements of the world4 ,this education1 developed and closed under his mother's eyes1 must be perfected by travel2 but whither to direct it was a question of moment4 ,the aristocratic banks of the ,rhine were ravaged by the revolutions and war had converted ,europe into a vast battle-field4 ,it opportunely happened1 at that time1 that a young priest1 by the name of ,brodius1 whom the princess had known through the family of the ,droste1 and who had been admitted to her circle1 was about crossing the ,atlantic as a missionary to ,america4 ,the princess had had occasions to value the rare endowments of this priest1 and knew how justly her confidence in him could extend4 ,she therefore proposed to him the companionship of her son in a journey which seemed to her to be the only practicable one warranted by the times4 ,the princess1 fortunately1 met with no opposition on the part of the prince1 her husband4 ,an admirer of ,washington1 and still more so of the philosophic ,jefferson1 he readily agreed that his son should devote a couple of years to a visit to the ,united ,states1 so as to judge for himself of the institutions all that country4 ,he earnestly charged him to be introduced to these two great men2 while the princess on her part armed him with a letter of recommendation to the ,right ,reverend ,bishop ,carroll4 ,in ,august1 #agib1 when twenty-two years of age1 young ,gallitzin took ship at ,rotterdam on his way to ,america4 ,no one could1 certainly1 have then stirred him with the idea that the land of ,america was marked out as a theatre for the evolutions of his existence4 ,was there a presentiment in that parting hour which1 he could not know1 was to mark an eternal farewell8 ,was it a last return of the original indecision of character which made him linger at the roadstead to which his mother had accompanied him8 ,no one can now tell2 but what we can say is that when1 on the crests of the foaming billows1 he caught sight of the yawl which was to carry him on board1 his heart failed him1 and he turned back to retrace his steps4 ,then did his mother turn back to him and1 with a look of disappointment1 ,dimitri1 said she1 ,i blush for thee--and1 grasping his arm1 she urged him on to the boat4 ,in a moment1 and how no one could tell1 the young prince was engulfed in the waves4 ,as quick as thought the practised hands of the sailors fished him up from the waters1 and wafted him to the vessel that was to bear him away4 ,such was his farewell to ,europe2 but this sea baptism had regenerated him into a new man1 as1 at a later period1 he told the story to his biographer4 #adh ,on the whole1 a noted change had taken place in young ,gallitzin4 ,in him every weakness and every irresolution had disappeared1 and made room for a firmness1 a determination1 and an inflexibility which1 to his family1 became a source of greatest astonishment4 ,two months had hardly passed by in the intimacies of life with the ,bishop of ,baltimore1 when he already felt1 within himself1 what soon became a clearly defined resolve4 ,with the close of the year #agib he wrote to ,mnster that he had devoted himself1 body and soul1 to the service of ,god and to the salvation of souls in ,america4 ,he wrote that this resolution had been determined by the urgent call for laborers in the vineyard of the ,lord2 for in the country in which he was then sojourning1 his priests had to travel over a hundred and fifty miles of territory1 and more1 to bring to the faithful the word and the means of salvation4 ,these were the first news of him received in ,mnster1 and they were disseminated with the rapidity of lightning4 ,from all sides sprang up objections1 doubts1 and remonstrances against the scheme of the young prince and the boldness of his undertaking4 ,his mother1 however1 who had at first been alarmed and steeped in agony at the idea of such a vocation1 soon reasserted her unerring judgment1 and looked into the matter with her wonted greatness of soul4 ,from the moment that1 from letters of distinguished persons1 and especially from those of the ,bishop of ,baltimore1 as well as from those of her son1 she became satisfied that his was a real and substantial calling1 she felt perfectly secure1 and all human considerations vanished from her sight4 ,she therefore wrote to ,dimitri that if1 after having tried himself1 he was sure that he had really obeyed his vocation1 she willingly accepted the reproaches and troubles which could not fail to shower upon him2 and that1 for herself1 she could not desire a consummation dearer to her heart--a greater reward--than to see the child of her affections a minister at the altar of ,god4 ,and1 indeed1 not light was the burden of reproaches and afflictions which she had to bear for the love of that son--especially on the part of her husband1 it was anything but light4 ,her letters to ,overberg more than amply inform us on that subject ,gallitzin1 however1 seemed to have left his ,european friends to the indulgence of their astonishment4 ,heedless of his former social relations1 in firmness and resoluteness he trod the path which he had marked for himself1 and prosecuted his theological studies with such fervency that his superiors1 in view of his failing health1 deemed it their duty to interpose4 ,after two years of study1 however1 he became a sub-deacon1 and1 on the sixteenth of ,march1 #agie1 he was ordained to the priesthood4 ,there was no lack of labor1 however1 in the vineyard of the ,lord1 and the young ,levite1 the second one who came out of the first ,catholic seminary in ,north ,america1 was immediately put to work4 ,at ,port ,tobacco1 on the ,potomac1 ,gallitzin entered his apostolical career4 ,his fervor1 no doubt1 carried him too far into those proverbially malarial regions2 for1 stricken down by a spell of fever1 he was ordered by his bishop to return to ,baltimore1 where ,gallitzin was subsequently directed to ascend the pulpit and preach to the ,german population which had settled that portion of the state of ,maryland4 ,the democratic spirit of ,american manners1 which1 with its innumerable abuses1 had permeated even religions existence itself1 was diametrically opposed to the just conceptions of the priesthood and of the organization of the ,church which ,gallitzin had formed in his mind4 ,for the primitive morals of which he was then in quest he turned to the unsettled portions of ,pennsylvania4 ,i went there1 he tells us at a later period1 to avoid the trustees and all the irregularities which they beget4 ,for success1 ,i had #adi no other warrant than the building of something new1 that could escape the routine of inveterate custom4 ,had ,i settled where the hand had already been put to the plough1 my work would have been endangered1 for it had been soon assailed by the spirit of ,protestantism4 ,in the apostolic trips which frequently took him into the then far ,west1 on the table lands of the ,alleghany range1 near ,huntington1 where the waters of the ,ohio fork away from those of the ,susquehanna1 ,gallitzin had alighted on a settlement made up of a few ,catholic families4 ,in the midst of this ,catholic nucleus he resolved to establish a permanent colony1 which he destined in his mind as the centre of his missions4 ,several poor ,maryland families1 whose affections he had won1 resolved to follow him2 and1 with the consent of his bishop1 he took up his line of march with them in the summer of #agii1 and travelled from ,maryland with his face turned to the ranges of the ,alleghany mountains4 ,and a rough and trying journey it was2--hewing their way through primitive forests1 burdened at the same time with all their worldly goods4 ,so soon as the small caravan had reached its new home1 ,gallitzin took possession of this1 as it were1 conquered land2 and1 without loss of time1 all the settlers addressed themselves to the work before them1 and worked so zealously that1 before the end of the year1 they had already erected a church4 ,the following is ,father ,lemcke's account of the humble origin of this establishment3 ,out of the clearings of these untrodden forests rose up two buildings1 constructed out of the trunks of roughly hewn trees2 of these1 one was intended for a church--the other1 a presbytery for their pastor4 ,on ,christmas eve of the year #agii1 there was not a winking eye in the little colony4 ,and well there might not be6 ,the new church1 decked with pine and laurel and ivy leaves1 and blazing with such lights as the scant means of the faithful could afford1 was awaiting its consecration to the worship of ,god6 ,there ,gallitzin offered up the first mass1 to the great edification of his flock1 that1 although made up of ,catholics1 had never witnessed such a solemnity1 and to the great astonishment of a few ,indians1 who1 wrapped up in the pursuit of the chase1 had never1 in their life1 dreamed of such a pageantry4 ,thus it was that1 on a spot in which1 scarcely a year previous1 silence had reigned over vast solitudes1 a prince1 thenceforward cut off from every other country1 had opened a new one to pilgrims from all nations1 and that1 from the wastes1 which echoed no sounds but the howlings of the wild beast1 welled up the divine song which spoke3 ',glory to ,god in the highest1 and peace1 on earth1 to men of good will6' ,the cost of this spiritual and material colonization was at first individually borne by ,gallitzin4 ,captain ,mc,guire1 an ,irishman1 one of the early settlers of the country1 had acquired #djj acres of land1 which he intended for the ,church4 ,these he conveyed to ,gallitzin1 who divided into small tracts the lands1 which he had purchased with his own means1 and distributed them among the poorer members of his colony1 on condition of reimbursement1 by instalments1 at long periods--a condition1 however1 which1 in a majority of cases1 never was complied with4 ,the wilderness soon put on a new aspect4 ,the settlers followed the impulses of the indefatigable missionary1 who kept steadfastly in view the improvement of his work4 ,his first care was to set up a grist-mill2 then arose numerous out-buildings2 additional lands were purchased1 and in a short time the colony was notably enlarged4 ,in carrying out his work1 ,gallitzin received material assistance from ,europe4 ,in its origin1 sums of money were regularly remitted to him by his mother2 for he kept up a correspondence1 which his devotion to her made #aej dear to his heart ,in these relations his father took little1 if any1 interest1 as the determination of his son--his only son--had proved to him a source of bitter disappointment4 ,still he anxiously desired to see him return to ,europe4 ,so engrossed1 however1 was the young missionary by his work1 that such a trip seemed next to an impossibility4 ,several years had thus glided by1 when the idea of visiting ,europe earnestly engaged his mind4 ,in the month of ,june1 #ahjc1 he wrote to his mother1 in apology for a long silence2 telling her that he is seriously contemplating seeing her once more1 but that he is trammelled in his desire by the want of a priest to take his place2--indeed1 that his work has so grown under his hands1 that he doubts whether he will ever again be privileged to clasp his mother in his arms4 ,i may not think of it1 he adds2 my heart is fraught with affection for you1 and it seems to me that ,i should absolutely see you once more1 so as to borrow courage to follow the path which is marked out for me in this perverse world4 ,the letters from ,overberg are witnesses of the tears shed by the mother1 so anxious again to look upon her son1 as well as of the unmurmuring mournfulness of her resignation4 ,the announcement of his father's death again brought up the subject of his visit to ,europe4 ,indeed1 his presence was required in the settlement of his inheritance2 but now1 as before1 the joy of once more treading his native soil1 and the happiness of embracing his mother1 had to yield to what he considered his duty to his infant colony4 ,the just and plausible reasons which he alleges to his mother for his course1 allow us at the same time fairly to appreciate the extent of his work1 and the hopes built upon its success4 ,hence he suggests the consideration due to those families that his advice had influenced1 for the greater honor of religion1 to follow him in the wilderness2--the money obligations1 contracted with various friends1 who had trusted him with large sums to speed the development of his scheme1 and whose confidence1 therefore1 might be seriously wronged by his departure2--the interests of so many others1 who had committed all their worldly hopes into his hands and whom his absence might leave an easy prey to heartless speculators2--and1 finally1 the pending questions1 started by the scheme of erecting into a county the territory to which the lands of the colony belonged4 ,all these motives1 to which others were added1 were sufficiently weighty to press on the conscience of ,demetrius the duty ,of remaining at his post4 ,this final resolution his mother learned with the firmness of ,christian heroism4 ,she wrote to the prince3 ,whatever sorrow may have panged my motherly heart at the idea of renouncing a hope that a while seemed within reach1 ,i owe it to truth to tell thee that thy letter has afforded me the greatest consolation that ,i can look for upon earth4 ,it is a touching picture to behold1 in the sequel1 this zealous mother continuing her interest in the mission founded by the prince1 and providing for its success in keeping with the inspirations of her heart4 ,thus it was that1 through the channel of the ,bishop of ,baltimore1 she transmitted to her son a bill of exchange for a considerable amount1 a box of books--a treasure in those days--rosaries for the settlers1 linen for himself and friends1 garments1 and even baby-clothes1 for the poorer members of the settlement1 sacerdotal vestments1 embroidered by the princess herself1 by her daughter1 and by ,countess de ,stolberg1 and1 lastly1 a magnificent present1 which the missionary during his life valued beyond all price1 and with which1 in accordance with his wishes1 he was laid to slumber in the tomb4 ,in the meantime ,gallitzin's colony1 settled in the midst of those wild wastes1 had expanded and become a town1 to which he gave the name of ,loretto1 the beginning of which are #aea thus described by our missionary's successor3 ,the colony was composed of individuals who generally purchased considerable tracts1 varying from one to four hundred acres in extent1 which they cleared and converted to cultivation4 ,in proportion as the population increased1 they gradually emerged from the savagery of the earlier periods1 and soon experienced the wants of a growing civilization4 ,the indication of those wants suggested to ,gallitzin's mind the necessity of converting the humble settlement into a town4 ,mechanics1 of every useful trade1 rapidly gathered around the nucleus--blacksmiths1 millers1 carpenters1 shoemakers1 with even storekeepers1 and ,loretto soon assumed the position which its founder had designed4 ,here1 then1 stands the town2 but1 with its new dignity1 came a host of vexations4 ,it marked for ,gallitzin a period of struggle against every imaginable difficulty1 which brought his firmness to the sorest trials1 and which indeed might have jeoparded the very existence of his work4 ,in fact1 the means of reducing1 under the control of a single hand1 the heterogeneous components of such a colony was no easy problem to be solved4 ,gallitzin efforts to bring it under a normal organization had to meet many an antagonizing element1 whilst the peculiar ,american spirit1 which had even then permeated those solitudes1 reared up obstacles to his scheme4 ,gallitzin1 however1 proved unshakable1 and exhibited an unbending energy of character4 ,at one time there was an actual crisis in the prospects of the colony4 ,a member of the community1 with a fair allotment of the goods of this world1 with the excitable ,american brain and a marked tendency to speculation1 suddenly conceived the idea to set up a competition with the growing colony and to lay the foundations of a rival one in the neighborhood4 ,he went to work accordingly1 and1 with the assistance of a few ,irishmen1 actually laid the foundations of village1 which he named ,munster1 after one of the provinces of ,ireland4 ,this rival of ,loretto immediately became the headquarters of the propagators of light1 in other words1 of those who had little relish for the zeal of ,gallitzin and the inconvenient discipline of the ,church4 ,satisfied not only with putting the prosperity of ,loretto in evident peril1 the seceders also assailed the character of ,gallitzin1 and through these means derived an unexpected help4 ,it happened fitly for their purposes that at the time two ,german vagabonds--one a priest of most questionable character1 and the other a nobleman1 whom the crime of forgery had driven from the ,old ,world--presented themselves to ,gallitzin1 and anything but pleased1 no doubt1 with the welcome which they received1 resolved to swell the party of malcontents4 ,with cunning malice1 they soon disseminated reports injurious to their countryman1 gave a pretended substance to unfounded suspicions1 feeding the animosities of the common herd4 ,the fact1 also1 of ,gallitzin's having assumed a borrowed name was a means of shaking the settlers and sowing distrust in their minds4 ,things went on from bad to worse1 and a catastrophe seemed to be imminent1 when came the upshot1 so much the more ludicrous because the less expected4 ,the ,gordian knot1 after the expeditious ,american fashion1 was cut by an ,alexander who rejoiced in the name of ,john ,wakeland4 ,he was an ,irishman1 a giant in stature and strength1 famed in the settlement as a wolf and bear killer2 and in reality one of the kindest men in the world1 and one of the hardest to stir from his natural proprieties4 ,these miserable intrigues and base machinations aroused his indignation1 and he immediately came to the conclusion to put an end to them by the interposition of the logic of the strong hand4 ,the agitators had concocted a plan1 which was devised to extort from ,gallitzin some sort of an assent1 and the #aeb prince could hardly have escaped their intended violence had he not sought sanctuary in the chapel of ,loretto4 ,but the mob had merely adjourned their intended excesses2 and they were preparing for extreme means to achieve their ends when ,john ,wakeland1 brandishing a sturdy hickory in the midst of the infatuated mob1 declared that1 he would settle1 on the spot1 any one who durst threaten the good priest4 ,there was a magical spell in the hickory4 ,the timidly good men1 who there1 as everywhere else1 had shrunk into a circle of impassive inaction1 feeling the influence of a sturdy support1 borrowed courage from the hour2 and had it not been for the interference of ,gallitzin1 his detractors1 to use an ,american phrase1 would have had 'a rough time of it' ,from that moment1 a complete revulsion of feeling took place in behalf of the missionary2 while the bishop succeeded in ultimately restoring order and peace in the little parish4 ,he carefully inquired into all the facts1 and then addressed to the parishioners a letter which was posted at the church door1 and recalled the faithful to the regular order of things4 ,difficulties1 however1 of another kind1 and of a more serious import1 waited on ,gallitzin4 ,from the death of his father1 he had been suddenly cut off from the pecuniary assistance which he had periodically received from ,europe4 ,he himself1 as a ,catholic priest1 had been1 by the laws of ,russia1 excluded from his paternal heritage2 while his mother1 who had exhausted her means in litigations1 was compelled to forego the assistance which1 from time to time1 she had extended to her son4 ,in satisfying his boundless charities1 and in the achievements of his plans1 the founder of ,loretto had somewhat relied on this inheritance1 which thus passed away from his hands4 ,this disappointment1 therefore1 brought upon him a new burden of anxiety and cares4 ,destitution and poverty might have been easily borne by him2 but he could not make up his mind to give up the idea of founding an imposing ,catholic colony--to abandon the undertaking which he had initiated--to be compelled to relinquish lands which had been reclaimed by so much toil and so much care--and1 especially1 to face impatient creditors1 who might accuse him of thoughtlessly going into debt1 and from such an accusation justify their expression of contempt4 ,as a crowning development to all of these tribulations1 the ,european mail brought to ,gallitzin the news of his beloved mother's death4 ,on the #agth of ,april1 #ahjf1 in the city of ,mnster1 the excellent princess had closed her eyes for ever1 comforting her disappointment that she had not been permitted to see her son on earth by the hope that she would surely meet him in heaven4 ,the narrative of the last moments of the ,princess ,gallitzin1 received1 by the stout-hearted missionary1 through the letters of his sister1 of ,overberg1 and of ,count de ,stolberg1 supplied a fund of inexpressible comfort2 but from that hour the temporal claims and requirements of his position bore terribly on his endurance4 ,it required unheard-of efforts to save his undertaking from the burden of indebtedness1 and if1 at the hour of his death1 he quit-claimed the property of the ,church and left it free from all and every charge1 the blessed consummation came with the sunset of life only1 and that1 too1 after miracles of constant energy4 ,and here1 especially1 looms up the secondary phase of ,gallitzin's character1 which had not escaped his father's more searching eye4 ,in fact1 and in answer to a letter of his wife1 in which she bitterly complained of the inertness of their son1 then sixteen years of age1 he wrote to her that deep waters run still2 that1 to his mind1 she misconceives the disposition of ,demetrius1 and that he is ever running against wind and tide4 ,and indeed1 to struggle against the torrent of time and of events was the whole work of his life4 ,and against this torrent he heaved up the bulk of #aec his writings that have come down to us4 ,it is easy to conceive that it required no common reason to induce a man of his temper of mind to write4 ,we have the motive of this reason in the fact that a ,presbyterian preacher of ,huntington had thought fit to assail and calumniate the ,catholic ,church as an institution dangerous to the country and to its liberties4 ,gallitzin immediately took up the pen in answer1 and the necessities of the controversy turned him into a polemica writer4 ,there are in ,america1 no less than in other countries1 fanatical sectarians who follow their congenial instincts in sounding the alarm-cry whenever the ,catholic ,church marks out new limits of lawful conquest4 ,in this instance1 the state was declared to be in peril2 but ,gallitzin lost no time in confounding the slanderers of ,catholicity by the publication of his ,defense of ,catholic ,principles1 which appeared in ,pittsburgh in the year #ahaf4 ,this work1 written in ,english--for the author wielded the ,english with as much facility as he did the ,german language1 his mother tongue--was1 on both shores of the ocean1 greeted with success4 ,father ,lemcke made a ,german translation of the ,defense of ,catholic ,principles1 of which two editions were published in ,ireland and four in the ,united ,states1 ranking in popularity with ',cobbett's ,history of the ,reformation1' to which it bears a resemblance in putting a probing finger on the plague-spot of ,protestantism4 ,the start being once made1 ,gallitzin followed up his first work with other publications of an entirely practical character1 directed against certain prevalent moral diseases of the day1 which mark an epoch in the monography of ,american ideas4 ,gallitzin was perfectly familiar with the mode of treatment of the feverish exuberance of ,american notions1 and he handled them with all the cautious skill of a prudent practitioner4 ,everything which he published on these matters1 both in elucidation of his views and as a muniment against the evils which he denounced1 is written in the winning and popular style which was familiar to his pen4 ,hence his works were crowned with success1 even amongst the higher classes of society4 ,gallitzin's publications1 says his biographer1 exerted an immense influence in the period when he lived1 but especially so among the humbler members of the community1 for whom they were destined4 ,they were found1 and they may still be found1 in the form of unpretending pamphlets1 in the hotels and steamboats of the ,west1 for he had them printed at his own expense and distributed as the ,protestant colporteurs disseminate their ,bibles and tracts4 ,the curiosity of the readers enlarged their circulation everywhere2 and ,i myself have found them as perfectly thumbed as any spelling-book in spots where ,i never dreamed of meeting with them4 ,in the meantime1 ,gallitzin1 who had hitherto labored under the protecting shadow of his humility1 had begun to attract the attention of the ,american world around him4 ,the manner in which he had marked his entrance in social life--not so much by the power of genius as by that integrity of character which commanded the respect of public opinion--had carried his reputation far beyond the limits of the frontiers1 and secured for him an esteem1 the proofs of which came back to him in numerous testimonials gathering from all sides4 ,it was at this time that he published various pamphlets signed with his real name3 ,demetrius ,augustin ,gallitzin1 ,catholic curate of ,loretto4 ,it was natural1 when the question of creating a new bishopric came up1 that all eyes should turn to such a man as ,gallitzin4 ,there was a desire1 therefore1 more than once expressed to see him called to the episcopal chair2 but he persistently repelled the intended dignity1 and exerted his every power to counteract the efforts of #aed those who were anxious to have it conferred upon him4 ,he asked for one favor only--that of remaining at ,loretto2 and1 with this view1 he consented to accept the functions of vicar-general to the ,bishop of ,philadelphia1 which had been recently raised into a diocese4 ,since the earlier period when ,gallitzin entered on the discharge of the holy ministry1 those regions had witnessed a great development of the ,catholic faith4 ,from all sides arose new parishes1 while the field of labor went on enlarging under the tireless zeal of our missionary4 ,it may be safely affirmed1 says his biographer1 that during the protracted years through which he administered to the district of country which now constitutes the sees of ,pittsburg and ,erie1 he filled the place and discharged the duties of a bishop4 ,in order to form a correct judgment as to the importance of his labors1 we must go back1 in imagination1 to the exordium of the ,catholic ,church in those countries1 where the pastors were cut off from all sustaining advice--from all diocesan organization--and where elements the most discrepant1 and prejudices the most stubborn1 were found in daily conflict4 ,how many difficulties1 therefore1 to be encountered and overcome in the discrimination1 in certain cases1 between falsehood and truth6 ,what prudence of action was required6 ,how many and delicate problems presented to the decisions of a tender conscience6 ,gallitzin1 however1 was the man for the situation4 ,the writings1 says his friend1 which his charge as vicar-general had compelled him from time to time to publish1 bear witness not only to his vigilance and zeal1 but also to the great charity which characterized the performance of his duties4 ,his was a peculiar solicitude for the persecuted and the oppressed1 because he knew from experience how readily1 in ,america1 they may be made the sport of falsehood1 of malevolence1 and of that thirst of revenge which exists everywhere4 ,hence the not inconsiderable number of persons1 both ecclesiastics and laymen1 who looked up to him for protection1 and who might1 but for its interpositions1 have been for ever lost4 ,his benevolent bearing won for him the confidence of the other priests who1 like himself1 had consecrated their lives to the salvation of souls4 ,the pastor who from among them became at a later period the archbishop of ,baltimore1 having been in #ahcj appointed coadjutor and administrator to the diocese of ,philadelphia1 immediately wrote to ,gallitzin--whom he styled the propagandist of the faith--to ask the assistance of his experience and of his prayers1 and to advise him that he not only confirmed his existing powers1 but that he also authorized him to use1 without the necessity of any previous application1 those with which1 as coadjutor1 he was himself invested4 ,these two men were bound till death by the closest ties of friendship4 ,all of ,gallitzin's actions were stamped with the characteristics of candor and uprightness4 ,should the honor of the ,church1 or the dignity of her priesthood1 be called into question1 he knew no such word as compromise4 ,he shrank from familiarity with that species of half education of which presumption is a leading feature2 and ever1 and everywhere1 stood unshaken in his love and assertion of truth--a persistency which1 on more than one occasion1 called down upon him the imputation of an aristocratic and domineering spirit4 ,those1 however1 who1 admitted to the closer intimacies of his life1 were best qualified to judge1 soon became convinced of the futility of the charge4 ,if there were any note of distinction about him1 it was to be traced in the loftiness of his conceptions2 for he had long cast off all princely frippery2 and the privileged society in which he especially delighted was that of the poor and the lowly1 with whom he would kindly converse after possessing himself of their wishes and needs4 #aee ,in the circuit of his missions1 it was his pleasure to pass by the dwellings of opulence and seek the hospitalities of the humble cottage4 ,there would the prince sit down to rest1 surrounded by joyous children1 distributing pictures among them and sharing in their humble fare4 ,such was ,gallitzin1 shepherd of souls1 polemic and vicar-general1 at ,loretto1 whence the peaceful work of ,christian civilization went on quietly progressing and gradually enlarging the circle of its benefits4 ,years had thus passed on1 and the pioneer could already mark the slanting shadows of declining life1 when a young missionary came over from ,europe to share in his toils4 ,this was ,father ,lemcke1 a ,benedictine1 who1 after having been his assistant1 became his successor4 ,gallitzin was then sixty-four years of age4 ,father ,lemcke has left us a picturesque account of his first meeting with the venerable missionary4 ,he had set out from ,philadelphia1 and after several days of rough traveling reached ,mnster1 where an ,irish family gave him hospitality4 ,from that village he procured a guide1 and at this point of his narrative we find him with an ,irish lad piloting him to ,loretto4 ,as we had gone1 says he1 a couple of miles through the woods1 ,i caught sight of a sled1 drawn by a pair of vigorous horses2 and in the sled a half recumbent traveler1 on every lineament of whose face could be read a character of distinction4 ,he was outwardly dressed in a sort of threadbare overcoat2 and1 on his head1 a peasant's hat1 so worn and dilapidated that no one would have rescued it from the garbage of the streets4 ,it occurred to me that some accident had happened to the old gentleman1 and that he was compelled to resort to this singular mode of conveyance ,whilst ,i was taxing my brains for a satisfactory solution of the problem1 ,tom1 my guide1 who was trotting ahead1 turned round and1 pointing to the old man1 said3 ,here comes the priest ,i immediately coaxed up my nag to the sled4 ,are you1 really1 the pastor of ,loretto8 said ,i4 ,i am1 sir4 ,prince ,gallitzin8 ,at your service1 sir1 he said with a laugh4 ,you are probably astonished--he continued1 after ,i had handed him a letter from the ,bishop of ,philadelphia--at the strangeness of my equipage8 ,but there's no help for it4 ,you have no doubt already found out that in these countries you need not dream of a carriage-road4 ,you could not drive ten yards without danger of an overturn4 ,i am prevented1 since a fall which ,i have had1 from riding on horseback1 and it would be impossible for me now to travel on foot ,beside1 ,i carry along everything required for the celebration of holy mass4 ,i am now going to a spot where ,i have a mission1 and where the holy sacrifice has been announced for to-day4 ,go to ,loretto and make yourself at home1 until my return to night2 unless1 indeed1 you should prefer to accompany me4 ,you may be interested in the visit4 ,father ,lemcke accordingly followed ,gallitzin1 and after a ride of several miles they reached a sort of a hamlet1 where there stood a good ,pennsylvania farm1 in which all the ,catholics of the vicarage had gathered as on a festive day4 ,the cabin had been transformed into a chapel1 and the good people were there1 crowding2 some standing1 others kneeling under the projecting shed2 and others again1 in small huts or under the foliage of the grand old trees1 were awaiting the appointed hour4 ,all had their prayer-books in their hands4 ,at a sign from ,gallitzin1 ,father ,lemcke proceeded within to receive the confessions of the faithful2 after which the prince celebrated mass1 preached1 and administered the sacrament of baptism4 ,for his pious and good people it was a very festive day4 ,the dinner which followed1 and in which all shared1 was a repast marked by the cheerfulness and the charity of the agapae of the primitive ,christians4 #aef ,by nightfall both priests had reached ,loretto4 ,on ,the ,sunday following1 ,gallitzin introduced his assistant to his ,german parishioners1 and then1 with a quizzical smile1 invited him1 without any further ceremony1 to ascend the pulpit4 ,father ,lemcke had to undergo the ordeal1 and it proved not to his disfavor4 ,he had naturally supposed that the same roof which sheltered ,gallitzin would also protect him4 ,the old priest1 however1 could not see things in that light2 and a few days after1 he took him to ,ebensburg1 the principal county town1 and there installed him as the pastor of the parish4 ,each of the two missionaries who had thus halved the goodly work still had a respectable circuit to perform4 ,there were stations fifty and even seventy miles apart1 and over this immense extent of territory1 which now constitutes the ,pittsburg and ,erie bishoprics1 there were1 with them1 but three or four priests to attend to the work of the ,lord4 ,to ,gallitzin was reserved the deep gratification of witnessing the branching off1 from ,loretto1 of various ,catholic parishes1 which were formed in the very manner in which ,loretto had been4 ,twelve miles north of the primitive colony1 up to the head-waters of the ,susquehanna1 where lay cheap and rich lands1 some of the more prosperous members of his parish purchased tracts for themselves and their families1 and there laid the grounds of a settlement1 to which they gave the name of ,st4 ,joseph1 borrowed from the invocation of the church which ,gallitzin had consecrated on that spot4 ,it is now known on the maps as ,carrollton4 ,among the early settlers and the heads of families were sturdy ,john ,wakeland1 whom the reader may not have forgotten1 and his six sons1 as tall and as stalwart as himself1 and all1 like him1 devoted to the ,catholic faith4 ,on the very road to ,loretto1 and before the death of the prince1 sprang up a rural parish under the name of ,st4 ,augustin4 ,another was formed with the appellation of ,gallitzin--after the death of the missionary1 be it understood2 for his humility during his lifetime never could have consented to this endowment4 ,in #ahcf1 ,father ,lemcke fixed his residence at ,st ,joseph--urged somewhat to this course by ,gallitzin1 whose favorite idea had1 for some time1 been to witness on that spot the rise and growth of another ,loretto4 ,the old priest1 growing into closer intimacy with the younger missionary1 periodically came in his sled to ,st4 ,joseph1 rejoicing to behold a second edition of what he himself had created thirty years before4 ,so thoroughly had he become linked to this new friend from far-off ,europe1 that he never but reluctantly parted from him1 and even shed bitter tears on once hearing that the bishop contemplated changing ,father ,lemcke's residence4 ,thus was it given to ,gallitzin1 in the decline of life1 to behold trackless forests converted into fruitful fields4 ,the transient cares and annoyances of life had disappeared1 and a numerous ,catholic population grew around him in the joys of contented toil4 ,the early settlers who with him had shared the sweat and borne the burden of the day1 had long bidden farewell to their humbler log-cabins4 ,well appointed farms1 substantial barns1 commodious dwellings1 surrounded by beautiful gardens and smiling meadows1 wooed the eye as the rewarding product of their privations and their toils4 ,in #ahci the old missionary's health began to fail4 ,the load of years much less than the thousand hardships inseparably connected with the devotions of apostolic life1 weighed heavily on a frame attenuated indeed1 but still erect and resisting4 ,yet the burden went on pressing still--the body gradually bent--the step unsteady--the divine fire which always kindled still animated him2 but the voice would refuse the assistance of its sounds1 and the close of his sermons turn into a peroration of silent #aeg tears a thousand times more eloquent then his spoken words4 ,and yet1 with all these warnings1 he rejected every suggestion of precaution and care of himself4 ,to this he would answer1 in his own energetic language1 that as the days had gone by when1 by martyrdom1 it was possible for us to testify to ,god's glory upon earth1 it was our duty1 like the toil-worn ox1 to remain hitched to the plough in the field of the ,lord4 ,and the event harmonized with his wish4 ,on ,easter ,sunday1 #ahdj1 ,gallitzin1 being then seventy years of age1 had early in the morning taken his seat in the confessional4 ,after the discharge of its duties1 he had braced up the remnants of his strength to ascend the altar for holy sacrifice4 ,he was1 however1 compelled to forego the sermon of the day to betake himself to his bed1 from which he was destined never again to rise4 ,the attentive care of ,dr4 ,rodriguez1 his intimate friend1 prolonged his existence for a few weeks2 but it was soon ascertained that the noble missionary was fast sinking under exhausted energies4 ,with the rapidity of lightning1 the sad news was carried abroad4 ,from far and near1 old and young gathered around his dwelling1 once more to receive the blessing of the man whom they revered4 ,so great was the affluence of the people1 that in order to secure a few quiet moments for the glorious veteran of faith1 absorbed in the last meditations and prayers of earth1 it became necessary to warn away the increasing throng of visitors--and this without his knowledge2 for it was his wish to receive every one of them1 and to each to speak the last farewell which welled up from his loving heart4 ,yet some did come for whom no such words passed his lips1 which on the contrary moved in utterances of reproof and blame4 ,among others came in one of the parishioners1 to whom the dying pastor had been particularly kind4 ,he1 however1 had proved ungrateful1 and had1 indeed1 been a cause of much annoyance to the missionary by habits of drunkenness and other excesses of an unregulated life4 ,as he entered the room1 the venerable pastor turned to him with a reproachful look and shook his head4 ,this silent sermonizing produced a deeper impression than had any previous admonition of ,gallitzin4 ,the self-accusing culprit fell upon his knees1 melted to tears1 confessed his errors1 and promised thenceforward to amend4 ,the evidence of his sincerity is found in the statement of ,gallitzin's successor1 who informs us that he stoutly held to his promise4 ,the last scene of this eventful life closed on the sixth of ,may1 when the missionary prince left this world1 accompanied by the prayers of his parishioners gathered around him2 for every apartment of the house1 and every portion of the chapel attached to it1 was literally thronged by a wailing1 weeping1 and praying community4 ,this supreme hour revealed the depth and the sincerity of the love which dwelt in every heart for this man of ,god4 ,on the day of his burial1 whole populations swarmed from every point--from distances ranging fifty and sixty miles--to pay to the good father a last tribute of that affectionate respect which had attended him through life4 ,the most respectable men of the parish contended for the honor of bearing his body to the cemetery4 ,in the body of the church1 it was a perfect contest among the congregation to look for the last time on the feature of him who was thenceforward for ever lost to earth4 ,those who were lucky enough1 through the pressure of the crowd1 to reach the coffin1 kissed in tearful love the icy hands of the missionary2 while the attendants were compelled to resort to force in order to close the coffin for the final rites of the ,church4 ,it were no easy task1 without reference to the work of his biographer--an ocular witness of ,gallitzin's labors--to convey a just conception of their bearing and extent ,when1 he says1 we come to consider the #aeh theatre on which ,gallitzin inaugurated his immense labors in so obscure and modest a manner1 we realize the amount of substantial good that can be achieved by an apostolic missionary in ,america when1 like ,gallitzin1 he conceives the practical sense of things and leads them on to their crowning development with the zeal and perseverance which marked his course4 ,the small county of ,cambria1 in ,pennsylvania1 created in #ahjg1 which is indebted to ,gallitzin for a majority of its settlers1 is everywhere1 and with every reason1 characterized as the ,catholic county4 ,indeed1 when the traveller on business1 or the tourist for pleasure1 strikes this point from other districts of ,pennsylvania more controlled by ,protestant influences1 it seems to him that he has passed from a comparative desert into a smiling oasis4 ,this may be easily understood4 ,for all their journeyings for whole days1 over counties twice and thrice more opulent than this little ,catholic county1 there is no indication to tell them what religion is there professed4 ,not till they have pressed the soil of ,cambria county do they feel that they are in a truly ,christian land1 as they catch sight of ten ,catholic churches and three monasteries--all of which cropped out of ,loretto under ,gallitzin's creative and fostering hands4 ,from all these results we can frame an accurate judgment of the prince's career1 which was but one continuous struggle--a glorious struggle1 teeming with usefulness4 ,when ,gallitzin opened his mission1 the vicar of ,christ was persecuted and proscribed4 ,a prisoner1 torn away from his spiritual family1 ,pius ,,vi4 heard the voices of a philosophic world applauding his abduction1 as1 ten years later1 it applauded the violence inflicted on the person of ,pius ,,vii4 ,it was just at that dark period which overshadowed the ,holy ,see that the ,church inaugurated her peaceful labors in the ,united ,states1 and1 at the end of ten years1 had marked her beneficent influences by a progress so rapid that its result could not escape the eye of even the least observant4 ,while ,europe was organizing a settled persecution of the papal power1 the ,church in ,america was growing up and expanding in influence4 ,her very adversaries were compelled to bear even reluctant witness to her triumphs4 ,in one of the meetings of a ,bible society some years ago4 ,lord ,barclay exhibited a summary1 in which he lamented the spread of ,catholicity in a country in which he said that in the year #agij there was not even a bishop4 ,strange1 he said1 that while1 in ,europe1 the power of the see of ,rome is overthrown1 the ,pope is a prisoner1 and ,rome is declared to be the second city of the ,french empire--strange1 ,i say1 that1 at this very moment1 the power of the ,pope should be rooted in ,america in this still stranger manner4 ,ay6 strange indeed1 my ,lord ,barclay2 but in no way strange for those who know that martyrdom is the life of the ,church1 and that she woos triumph in persecution4 ,gallitzin's life is a living1 convincing proof of her triumphs and her hopes4 ------ #aei ,from ,the ,sixpenny ,magazine4 ,,dum ,,spiro ,,spero4 7,,an ,,apologue47 ,my soul was restless1 and ,i sought ,the elf's wild haunt1 and breath'd sweet airs3 ,i track'd the river's devious route3-- ,in vain6--my heart was vext with cares4 ,i wandered from the noble park1 ,the trimly gay parterre to view2 ,thence pluck'd a rose1 without one mark ,to rob it of its faultless hue2 ,and1 home returning1 quaintly placed ,my trophy in a tiny tray ,of antique silver curious traced2 ,then1 charg'd with odor1 turn'd away4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i enter'd yestermorn the room ,where1 all forgotten1 dwelt my flower ,unhappy fate6 that tender bloom ,fell1 fainting for the genial shower4 ,vanish'd all vigor had2 and now-- ,the perfume fled--the tints grown dull-- ,it had been sin1 ,i did allow1 ,for this so choice a bud to pull4 ,then1 with sore heart1 ,i brought a stream ,of clearest water to its cup4 ,what wonder if new life 'gan gleam1 ,and care restored what hope gave up8 ,lo6 leaf by leaf was slowly raised1 ,till olden flashes came at length3 ,each plaintive petal oped1 and gazed4 ,and thank'd me with its growing strength4 99 99 99 99 99 ,our hearts are like thee1 little ,rose2 ,they quicken what time love-beams shine2 ,but under dismal clouds of woes ,how can they choose but droop and pine8 ,if sympathy with lute attend ,to lull with some resistless psalm1 ,misfortune's darts can never rend3 ,friends soothe1 hope cheers1 and heaven anoints with balm6 ------ #afj ,from ,the ,month4 ,,constance ,,sherwood4 ,,an ,,autobiography ,,of ,,the ,,sixteenth ,,century ,,by ,,lady ,,georgiana ,,fullerton4 ,,chapter ,,xv4 ,then methought was witnessed 7,i speak of the time when ,sir ,hammond l',estrange made the savage speech which caused his lady and me to exchange affrighted looks7 a rare instance of the true womanly courage which doth sometimes lie at the core of a timid heart4 ,the meek wife1 which dared not so much as to lift up her eyes to her lord if he did only frown1 or to oppose his will in any trifling matter2 whose color ,i had seen fly from her cheek if he raised his voice1 albeit not in anger against herself1 now in the presence of those at table1 with a face as pale as ashes1 but a steady voice1 and eyes fixed on him1 thus addressed her husband3 ,sir1 since we married ,i have never opposed your will1 or in anything ,i wot of offended you1 or ever would if ,i could help it4 ,do not1 therefore1 displeasure me so much1 ,i beseech you1 in this grave instance1 as to make me an instrument in the capture4 ,and ,god knoweth what should follow of one which came to me for help1 and to whom the service ,i rendered him would prove the means of his ruin if you persist therein4 ,go to1 madam1 go to1 cries ,sir ,hammond2 your business doth lie with poor people1 mine with criminals4 ,go your way1 and intrude not yourself in weightier matters than belong to your sex4 ,sir1 she answers1 braving his frowning looks1 albeit her limbs began to tremble1 ,i humbly crave your patience2 but ,i will not leave you1 neither desist from my suit1 except thereunto compelled by force4 ,i would to ,god my tongue had been plucked out rather than that it should utter words which should betray to prison1 yea1 perhaps to death1 the poor man whose wounds ,i tended4 ,the cloud on ,sir ,hammond's brow waxed darker as she spoke4 ,he glanced at me1 and methinks perceived my countenance to be as much disturbed as his lady's4 ,a sudden thought1 ,i ween1 then passed through his mind2 and with a terrible oath he swore that he misliked this strenuous urging in favor of a vile popish priest1 and yet more the manner of this intercession4 ,heaven shield1 madam1 he cried1 you have not companied with recusants so as to become infected with a lack of zeal for the ,protestant religion6 ,the color returned for a moment to ,lady l',estrange's cheeks as she answered3 ,sir1 ,i have never1 from the time my mother did teach me my prayers1 been of any other way of thinking than that wherein she then instructed me1 or so much as allowed myself one thought contrary to true ,protestant religion2 or ever lent an ear1 and with ,god's help never will1 to what papists do advance2 but nevertheless1 if this priest do fall into any grievous trouble through my speeches1 ,i shall be a most unhappy woman all my life4 ,and then the poor soul1 rising from her seat1 went round to her husband's side1 and1 kneeling1 sought to take his hands1 beseeching him in such moving and piteous terms to change his purpose as ,i could see did visibly affect some present4 ,but ,i also noticed in ,sir ,hammond's face so resolved an intent as if nothing in earth or heaven should alter it4 ,a drowning wretch #afa would as soon have moved a rock to advance toward him as she succeeded in swerving his will by her entreaties4 ,a sudden thought inspired me to approach her where she had sunk down on her knees at her husband's feet1 he seeking angrily to push her away4 ,i took her by the hand and said3 ,i pray you1 dear lady1 come with me4 ,these be indeed matters wherein1 as ,sir ,hammond saith1 women's words do not avail4 ,both looked at me surprised2 and she1 loosing her hold of him1 suffered me to lead her away4 ,we went into the parlor1 ,mrs4 l',estrange following us4 ,but as ,i did try to whisper in her ear that ,i desired to speak with her alone1 the bell in the dining-room began to ring violently2 upon which she shuddered and cried out3 ,let me go back to him1 ,mistress ,sherwood4 ,i'll warrant you he is about to send for the constables2 but beshrew me if ,i die not first at his feet2 for if this man should be hung1 peace will be a stranger to me all my life4 ,mistress l',estrange essayed to comfort her2 but failing therein1 said she was very foolish to be so discomposed at what was no fault of hers1 and she should think no more thereon1 for in her condition to fret should be dangerous2 and if people would be priests and papists none could help if they should suffer for it4 ,and then she left the parlor somewhat ruffled1 like good people sometimes feel when they perceive their words to have no effect4 ,when we were alone1 ,lady l',estrange1 ,i said1 where is ,master ,rugeley's house8 ,one mile1 or thereabouts1 across the heath1 she answered4 ,and the way to it direct8 ,i asked4 ,yea1 by the footpath1 she replied2 but much longer by the high road4 ,i went to the window and opened the shutter and the lattice also4 ,the moon was shining very brightly4 ,is it that cottage near to the wood8 ,i inquired1 pointing to a thatched roof nigh unto the darksome line of trees against the sky4 ,yea1 she answered1 how near it doth seem seen in this light6 ,constance1 what think you to do8 she exclaimed1 when ,i went to her cupboard and took out the keys she had showed me that morning opened the doors of the kitchen garden and the orchard4 ,did you not say1 ,i answered1 that the gentleman now in so great peril did lodge with ,master ,rugeley8 ,would you go there8 she said1 looking aghast4 ,not alone2 you durst not do it6 ,twenty times over1 ,i answered1 for to save a man's life1 and he--he a-- ,but there ,i stopped2 for it was her fellow-creature she desired to save4 ,her heart bled not like mine for the flock which should be left without a shepherd2 and albeit our fears were the same1 we felt not alike4 ,i went into the hall1 and she pursued me--one-half striving to stay me from my purpose1 one-half urging me to fulfil it2 yet retracting her words as soon as uttered4 ,when ,i issue from the door of the orchard unto the heath1 ,i said1 the while wrapping round me a cloak with a hood to it1 and pursue the path in front1 by what token may ,i find ,master ,rugeley's house if the moon should be obscured8 ,where two roads do meet1 she said1 at the edge of the heath1 a tall oak doth stand near to a gate2 a few steps to the right should then lead to it4 ,but verily1 ,mistress ,constance1 ,i be frightened to let you go2 and oh1 ,i do fear my husbands's anger4 ,would you1 then1 have a man die by your means8 ,i asked1 thinking for to cure one terror by another1 as indeed it did2 for she cried1 ,nay1 ,i will speed you on your way1 good ,constance2 and show so brave a face during your absence as ,god shall help me to do2 yea1 and open the door for you myself1 if my husband should kill me for it6 #afb ,then she took the keys in her hand1 and glided like unto a pale ghost before me through the passage into the hall1 so noiselessly that ,i should have doubted if aught of flesh and blood could have moved so lightly1 and undid the bars of the back door without so much as a sound4 ,then she would fetch some thick shoes for me to wear1 which ,i did entreat her not to stay me for2 but nothing else would content the poor soul1 and1 as she had the keys in her hand1 ,i was forced to wait her return with so much impatience as may be guessed4 ,i heard the voices of the gentlemen still carousing after supper2 and then a servant's below in the hall1 who said the constables had been sent for1 and a warrant issued for the apprehension of a black papist at ,master ,rugeley's4 ,then ,milicent returned1 and whilst ,i put on the shoes she had brought1 and she was tying with trembling fingers the hood of my cloak1 the rustling of ,mrs4 l',estrange's silk gown was heard on the stair above our heads1 from whence we were like to be seen2 and1 fear awakening contrivance1 ,i said aloud1 ,oh1 what a rare pastime it should be to dress as a ghost1 and frighten the good lady your sister-in-law6 ,i pray you get me some white powder to pale my face4 ,methinks we need some kind of sport to drive away too much thinking on that dismal business in hand4 ,the steps over our head sounded more hurried1 and we heard the door of the parlor close with a bang1 and the lattice also violently shut4 ,now1 ,i whispered1 give me the keys1 good ,lady l',estrange1 and go to your sister yourself4 ,say ,i was ashamed to have been overheard to plan so rank a piece of folly 7and verily you will be speaking no other than the truth71 and that you expect ,i shall not so much as show my face in the parlor this evening2 and lock also my chamber-door1 that none may for a surety know me for to be absent4 ,yea1 answered the poor lady1 with so deep a sigh as seemed to rend her heart2 but1 ,god forgive me1 ,i never did think to hide anything from my husband6 ,and who shall tell me if ,i be doing right or wrong8 ,i could not stay1 though ,i grieved for her2 and the sound of her voice haunted me as ,i went through the garden1 and then the orchard1 unto the common1 locking the doors behind me4 ,when this was done1 ,i did breathe somewhat more freely1 and began to run along the straight path amidst the heath4 ,i wot not if my speed was great--the time seemed long2 yet methinks ,i did not slacken my pace once1 but rather increased it1 till1 perceiving the oak1 and near it the gate ,lady l',estrange had mentioned1 ,i stopped to consider where to turn2 and after ,i had walked a little to the right ,i saw a cottage and a light gleaming inside4 ,then my heart beat very fast2 and when ,i knocked at the door ,i felt scarce able to stand4 ,i did so three times1 and no answer came4 ,then ,i cried as loudly as ,i could1 ,master ,rugeley1 ,i beseech you open the door4 ,i heard some one stirring within1 but no one came4 ,then ,i again cried out1 ,oh1 for our ,blessed ,lady's sake1 some one come4 ,at last the lattice opened1 and a man's head appeared4 ,who are you8 he said1 in a low voice4 ,a friend1 ,i answered1 in a whisper2 a ,catholic4 ,are yon ,master ,rugeley8 ,yea1 he answered4 ,oh1 then1 if ,mr4 ,tunstall is here1 hide him quickly1 or send him away4 ,i am a friend of ,lady l',estrange's and staying in her house4 ,sir ,hammond hath received tidings that a priest is in this neighborhood1 and a warrant is issued for to apprehend him4 ,his lady unwittingly1 and sorely troubled she is thereat1 showed by her speeches touching your guest1 that he is like to be ,mr4 ,tunstall2 and the constables will soon be here4 ,thank you1 he replied whom ,i was addressing2 but ,mr4 ,tunstall is not the name of my friend4 ,then ,i feared he did take me for a spy1 and ,i cried out1 greatly moved1 ,as ,i do hope to go to heaven one #afc day1 and not to hell1 ,master ,rugeley1 ,i speak the truth1 and my warning is an urgent one4 ,then ,i heard some one within the house1 who said1 ,open the door1 ,master ,rugeley4 ,i should know that voice4 ,let the speaker in4 ,methought ,i1 too1 knew the voice of the person who thus spoke4 ,the door was opened1 and ,i entered a room dimly lighted by one candle4 ,oh1 for ,god's sake1 ,i cried1 if a priest is here1 hide him forthwith4 ,are you a ,catholic1 my child8 ,i looked up to the person who put this question to me1 and gave a sudden cry1 ,i know not whether of terror or joy2 for great as was the change which the lapse of years1 and great inward and outward changes1 had wrought in his aspect1 ,i saw it was my father4 ,i am ,constance1 ,i cried2 ,constance ,sherwood6 ,oh1 my dear father6 and then fell at his feet weeping4 ,after an instant's1 astonishment and fixed gazing on my face1 he recognized me1 who was1 ,i doubt not1 more changed than himself1 and received me with a great paternal kindness and the tenderest greeting imaginable1 yet tempered with reserve and so much of restraint as should befit one who1 for ,christ's sake1 had dissevered himself from the joys1 albeit not from the affections1 of the natural heart4 ,oh1 my good child1 my own dear ,constance1 he said2 hath ,god in his bounty given thy poor father a miraculous sight of thee before his death1 or art thou come verily in flesh and blood to warn him of his danger8 ,my dear and honored father1 ,i replied1 time presses2 peril is indeed at hand1 if you and ,mr4 ,tunstall are the same person4 ,the wounds in my hands1 he answered1 must prove me such1 albeit now healed by the care of that good ,samaritan1 ,lady l',estrange4 ,but prithee1 my good child1 whence comest thou8 ,alas6 ,i said2 and yet not alas1 if ,god should be so good to me as by my means to save you1 ,i am ,sir ,hammond's guest1 being a friend of his lady's4 ,i came there yesterday4 ,oh1 my good child1 ,i thought not to have seen thee in these thy grown-up years4 ,master ,rugeley1 he added1 turning to his host1 this is the little girl ,i forsook four years ago1 for to obtain the hundredfold our ,lord doth promise4 ,my very dear father1 ,i said1 joy is swallowed up in fear4 ,god help me1 ,i came to warn a stranger 7if so be any priest in these times should be a stranger to a ,catholic71 and ,i find you4 ,oh1 but ,i am mightfully pleased1 quoth he1 to see thee1 my child1 even in this wise1 and to hear thee speak like a true daughter of ,holy ,church4 ,and ,lady l',estrange is then thy friend8 ,yea1 my dear father2 but for ,god and our lady's sake hide yourself4 ,i warrant yon the constables may soon be here4 ,master ,rugeley1 where can he be concealed1 or whither fly1 and ,i with him8 ,nay1 prithee not so fast1 quoth he4 ,flight would be useless2 and in the matter of hiding1 one should be more easily concealed than two2 beside that1 the hollow of a tree1 which ,master ,rugeley will1 ,i ween1 appoint me for a bed-chamber to-night1 should hardly lodge us both with comfort4 ,oh1 sir1 said ,rugeley1 do not tarry4 ,for thy sake1 no2 not for more than one minute1 ,thomas2 but ere ,i part from this wench1 two questions ,i must needs ask her4 ,then he drew me aside and inquired what facilities ,i continued to have in ,london for the exercise of ,catholic religion1 and if ,i was punctual in the discharge of my spiritual duties4 ,when ,i had satisfied him thereon1 he asked if the report was true which he heard from a prisoner for recusancy in ,wisbeach ,castle1 concerning my troth-plight with ,mr4 ,rookwood4 ,yea1 ,i said1 it is true1 if so be you now do add your consent to it4 #afd ,he answered he should do so with all his heart1 for he knew him to be a good ,catholic and a virtuous gentleman2 and as we might lack the opportunity to receive his blessing later1 he should now give it unto me for both his most dear children4 ,which he did1 laying his hand on my head with many fervent benisons1 couched in such words as these1 that he prayed for us to be stayed up with the shore of ,god's grace in this world2 and after this transitory life should end1 to ascend to him1 and appear pure and unspotted before his glorious seat4 ,then he asked me if it was ,lady l',estrange who had detected him2 whereupon ,i briefly related to him what had occurred1 and how sore her grief was therein4 ,god bless her1 he answered2 and tell her ,i do thank her and pray for her with all mime heart4 ,and more he would have added1 but ,master ,rugeley opened the door impatiently4 ,so1 after kissing once more my father's hand1 ,i went away1 compelled thereunto by fears for his safety1 if he should not at once conceal himself4 ,looking back1 ,i saw him and his guide disappear in the thicket1 and then1 as ,i walked on toward ,lynn ,court1 it did almost seem to me as if the whole of that brief but pregnant interview should have been a dream2 nor could ,i verily persuade myself that it was not a half habitant of another world ,i had seen and spoken with rather than mine own father2 and in first thinking on it ,i scarcely did fully apprehend the danger he was in1 so as to feel as much pain as ,i did later1 when the joy and astonishment of that unexpected meeting had given way to terrifying thoughts4 ,ever and anon ,i turned round to gaze on the dark wood wherein his hopes of safety did lie1 and once ,i knelt down on the roadside to pray that the night should be also dark and shield his escape4 ,but still the sense of fear was dulled1 and woke not until the sound of horses' feet on the road struck on my ear1 and ,i saw a party of men riding across the common4 ,the light in the cottage was extinguished1 but the cruel moon shone out then more brightly than heretofore4 ,now ,i felt so sick and faint that ,i feared to sink down on the path1 and hurried through the orchard-door and the garden to the house4 ,when ,i had unlocked the back door and stood in the hall where a lately kindled fire made a ruddy light to glow1 ,i tried again to think ,i had been dreaming1 like one in a nightmare strives to shake off an oppressive fancy4 ,i could not remain alone1 and composed my countenance for to enter the parlor1 when the door thereof opened and ,mrs4 l',estrange came out1 who1 when she perceived me standing before her1 gave a start1 but recovering herself1 said1 good-naturedly3 ,marry1 if this be not the ghost we have been looking for2 now ashamed1 ,i ween1 to show itself4 ,i hope1 ,mistress ,sherwood1 you do not haunt quiet folks in their beds at night2 for ,i do1 ,i warn you1 mislike living ghosts1 and should be disposed to throw a jug of water at the head of such a one4 ,and laughing1 she took my hand in a kind manner1 which when she did1 almost a cry broke from her3 ,how now1 ,milicent6 she is as cold as a stone figure4 ,where has she been chilling herself8 ,milicent pressed forward and led me to my chamber1 wherein a fire had been lighted1 and would make me drink a hot posset4 ,but when ,i thought of the cold hollow of a tree wherein my father was enclosed1 if it pleased ,god no worse mishap had befallen him1 little of it could ,i force myself to swallow1 for now tears had come to my relief1 and concealing my face in the pillow of the bed whereon for weariness ,i had stretched myself1 ,i wept very bitterly4 ,is that poor man gone from ,rugeley's house8 ,milicent whispered4 ,alas6 she knew not who that poor man was to me1 nor with what anguish ,i answered3 ,he is not in the #afe cottage1 ,i hope2 but ,god only knoweth if his pursuers shall not discover him4 ,the thought of what would then follow overcame me1 and ,i hid my face with mine hands4 ,oh1 ,constance1 she exclaimed1 was this poor man known to thee1 that thy grief is so great1 whose conscience doth not reproach thee as mine doeth8 ,i held out my hand to her without unshading my face with the other1 and said3 ,dear ,milicent6 thou shouldst not sorrow so mach for thine own part in this sore trial4 ,it was not thy fault4 ,he said so4 ,he blest thee1 and prays for thee4 ,uncomforted by my words1 she cried again1 what she had so often exclaimed that night1 ,if this man should die1 my happiness is over4 ,then once more she asked me if ,i know this priest1 and ,i was froward with her 7,god forgive me1 for the suspense and fear overthrew better feelings for a moment71 and ,i cried1 angrily1 ,who saith he is a priest8 ,who can prove it8 ,think you so8 she said joyfully2 then all should be right4 ,and once more1 with some misdoubting1 ,i ween1 that ,i concealed somewhat from her1 she inquired touching my knowledge of this stranger4 ,then ,i spoke harshly1 and bade her leave me1 for ,i had sorrow enough without her intermeddling with it2 but then grieving for her1 and also afraid to be left alone1 ,i denied my words1 and prayed her to stay1 which she did1 but did not speak much again4 ,the silence of the night seemed so deep as if the rustling of a leaf could be noticed2 only now and then the voices of the gentlemen below1 and some loud talking and laughter from some of them was discernible through the closed doors4 ,once ,lady l',estrange said3 ,they be sitting up very late2 ,i suppose till the constables return4 ,oh1 when will that be8 ,the great clock in the hall then struck twelve2 and soon after1 starting up1 ,i cried1 ,what should be that noise8 ,i do hear nothing1 she answered1 trembling as a leaf4 ,hush1 ,i replied1 and going to the window1 opened the lattice4 ,the sound in the road on the other side of the house was now plain4 ,on that we looked on naught was to be seen save trees and grass1 with the ghastly moonlight shining on them4 ,a loud opening and shutting of doors and much stir now took place within the house1 and1 moved by the same impulse1 we both went out into the passage and half way down the stairs4 ,milicent was first4 ,suddenly she turned round1 and falling down on her knees1 with a stifled exclamation1 she hid her face against me1 whisperings ,he is taken6 ,we seemed both turned to stone4 ,o ye which have gone through a like trial1 judge ye2 and you who have never been in such straits1 imagine what a daughter should feel who1 after long years' absence1 beholdeth a beloved father for one instant1 and in the next1 under the same roof where she is a guest1 sees him brought in a prisoner and in jeopardy of his life4 ,every word which was uttered we could hear where we sat crouching1 fearful to advance--she not daring to look on the man she had ruined1 and ,i on the countenance of a dear parent1 lest the sight of me should distract him from his defence1 if that could be called such which he was called on to make4 ,they asked him touching his name1 if it was ,tunstall4 ,he answered he was known by that name4 ,then followed the murtherous question1 if he was a ,romish priest8 ,to which he at once assented4 ,then said ,sir ,hammond3 ,how did you presume1 sir1 to return into ,england contrary to the laws8 ,sir1 he answered1 as ,i was lawfully ordained a priest by a ,catholic bishop1 by authority derived from the see of ,rome 7one person here exclaimed1 ,oh1 audacious papist6 his #aff tongue should be cat out2 but ,sir ,hammond imposed silence71 so likewise1 he continued1 am ,i lawfully sent to preach the word of ,god1 and to administer the sacraments to my ,catholic countrymen4 ,as the mission of priests lawfully ordained is from ,christ1 who did send his apostles even as his ,father sent him1 ,i do humbly conceive no human laws can justly hinder my return to ,england1 or make it criminal2 for this should be to prefer the ordinances of man to the commands of the supreme legislator1 which is ,christ himself4 ,loud murmurs were here raised by some present1 which ,sir ,hammond again silencing1 he then inquired if he would take the oath of allegiance to the queen8 ,he answered 7my straining ears taking note of every word he uttered7 that he would gladly pay most willing obedience to her majesty in all civil matters2 but the oath of allegiance1 as it was worded1 he could not take1 or hold her majesty to possess any supremacy in spiritual matters4 ,he was beginning to state the reasons thereof1 but was not suffered to proceed1 for ,sir ,hammond1 interrupting him1 said he was an escaped prisoner1 and by his own confession condemned1 so he should straightway commit him to the gaol in ,norwich4 ,then ,i lost my senses almost1 and seizing ,lady l',estrange's arm1 ,i cried1 ,save him6 he is mine own father1 ,mr4 ,sherwood6 ,she uttered a sort of cry1 and said1 ,oh1 ,i have feared this1 since ,i saw his face6 and running forward1 ,i following her1 affrighted at what should happen1 she called out1 ,it shall not be6 ,he shall not do it6 and with a face as white as any smock1 runs to her husband1 and perceiving the constables to be putting chains on my father's hands and feet1 which ,i likewise beheld with what feelings you who read this may think1 she falls on her knees and gasps out these words in such a mournful tone1 that ,i shuddered to hear her1 ,oh1 sir6 if this man leaves this house a chained prisoner1 ,i shall never be the like of my-self again4 ,there shall be no more joy for me in life4 ,and then faints right away1 and ,sir ,hammond carries her in his arms out of the hall4 ,mine eyes the while met my father's2 who smiled on me with kind cheer1 but signed for me to keep away4 ,i stretched my arms toward him1 and with his chained hand he contrived yet once more for to bless me2 then was hurried out of my sight4 ,far more time than ,i ever did perceive or could remember the length of ,i remained in that now deserted hall1 motionless1 alone1 near to the dying embers1 the darkness still increasing1 too much confused to recall at once the comforts which sacred thoughts do yield in such mishaps1 only able to clasp my hand and utter broken sentences of prayer1 such as ,god1 ha' mercy on us1 and the like2 till about the middle of the night1 ,sir ,hammond comes down the stairs1 with a lamp in his hand1 and a strange look in his face4 ,mistress ,sherwood1 he says1 come to my lady4 ,she is very ill1 and hath been in labor for some time4 ,she doth nothing but call for you1 and rave about that accursed priest she will have it she hath murthered4 ,come and feign to her he hath escaped4 ,o ,god6 ,i cried1 my words may fall on her ear1 ,sir ,hammond1 but my face cannot deceive her4 ,he looked at me amazed and angry4 ,what meaneth this passion of grief8 ,what is this old man to you1 that his misfortune should thus disorder you8 ,and as ,i could not stay my weeping1 he asked in a scornful manner1 ,do papists so dote on their priests as to die of sorrow when they get their deserts8 ,this insulting speech did so goad me1 that1 unable to restrain myself1 ,i exclaimed1 ,sir ,hammond1 he whom you have sent to a dungeon1 and perhaps to death also 7,god pardon you for it671 is my true father6--the best parent and the noblest gentleman that ever breathed1 which for many years ,i had not seen2 and here under your roof1 myself your guest1 ,i #afg have beheld him loaded with chains1 and dared not to speak for fear to injure him yet further1 which ,i pray ,god ,i have not now done1 moved thereunto by your cruel scoffs4 ,your father6 he said amazed2 ,mr4 ,sherwood6 ,these cursed feignings do work strange mishaps4 ,but he did own himself a priest4 ,before ,i had time to answer1 a serving woman ran into the hall1 crying out1 ,oh1 sir1 ,i pray you come to my lady4 ,she is much worse2 and the nurse says1 if her mind is not eased she is like to die before the child is born4 ,oh1 ,milicent6 sweet ,milicent6 ,i cried1 wringing my hands2 and when ,i looked at that unhappy husband's face1 anger vanished and pity took its place4 ,he turned to me with an imploring countenance as if he should wish to say1 ,none but you can save her4 ,i prayed to ,our ,lady1 who stood and fainted not beneath the ,rood1 to get me strength for to do my part in that sick chamber whither ,i signed to him to lead the way4 ,god will help me1 ,i whispered in his ear1 to comfort her4 ,god bless you6 he answered in a hoarse voice1 and opened the door of the room in which his sweet lady was sitting in her bed1 with a wild look in her pale blue eyes1 which seemed to start out of her head4 ,sir1 ,i heard her say1 as he approached1 what hath befallen the poor man you would not dismiss8 ,i took a light in my hand1 so that she should see my face1 and smiled on her with such good cheer1 as ,god in his mercy gave me strength to do even amidst the two-fold anguish of that moment4 ,then she threw her arms convulsively round my neck1 and her pale lips gasped the same question as before4 ,i bent over her1 and said1 ,trouble yourself no longer1 dear lady1 touching this prisoner4 ,he is safe 7in ,god's keeping1 ,i added1 internally74 ,he is where he is carefully tended 7by ,god's angels1 ,i mentally subjoined72 he hath no occasion to be afraid 7for ,god is his strength71 and ,i warrant you is as peaceful as his nearest friends should wish him to be4 ,is this the truth8 she murmured in my ear4 ,yea1 ,i said1 the truth1 the very truth1 and kissed her flushed cheek4 ,then feeing like to faint1 ,i went away1 ,sir ,hammond leading me to my chamber1 for ,i could scarce stand4 ,god bless you6 he again said1 when he left me1 and ,i think he was weeping4 ,i fell into a heavy1 albeit troubled1 sleep1 and when ,i awoke it was broad daylight4 ,when the waiting-maid came in1 she told me ,lady l',estrange had been delivered of a dead child and ,sir ,hammond was almost beside himself with grief4 ,my lady's mind had wandered ever since2 but she was more tranquil than in the night4 ,soon after he sent to ask if he could see me1 and ,i went down to him into the parlor4 ,a more changed man1 in a few hours1 ,i ween1 could not be seen1 than this poor gentleman4 ,he spoke not of his lady2 but briefly told me he had sent in the night a messenger on horseback to ,norwich1 with a letter to the governor of the gaol1 praying him to show as much consideration1 and allow so much liberty as should consist with prudence1 to the prisoner in his custody1 sent by him a few hours before1 for that he had discovered him not to be one of the common sort1 nor a lewd person1 albeit by his own confession amenable to the laws1 and escaped from another prison4 ,then he added1 that if ,i wished to go to ,norwich1 and visit this prisoner1 he would give me a letter to the governor1 and one to a lady1 who would conveniently harbor me for a while in that city1 and his coach should take me there1 or he would lend me a horse and a servant to attend me4 ,i answered1 ,i should be glad to go1 and then said somewhat of his lady1 hoping she should now do well4 ,he made no reply for a moment1 and then only said1 ,god knoweth6 she is not like herself at the present4 ,the words she had so mournfully #afh spoken the day before came into my mind1 ,i shall never be like myself again1 and there shall be no more joy in this house4 ,and1 methinks1 they did haunt him also4 ,i sat for some time by her bedside that day4 ,she seemed not ill at ease1 but there was something changed in her aspect1 and her words when she spoke had no sense or connection4 ,and here ,i will set down1 before ,i relate the events which followed my brief sojourn under their roof1 what ,i have heard touching the sequel of ,sir ,hammond and his wife's lives4 ,in that perilous and sorely troubled childbirth understanding was alienated1 and the art of the best physicians in ,england could never restore it4 ,she was not frantic2 but had such a pretty deliration1 that in her ravings there was oftentimes more attractiveness than in many sane persons' conversation4 ,they mostly ran on pious themes1 and she was wont to sing psalms1 and talk of heaven1 and that she hoped to see ,god there2 and in many things she showed her old ability1 such as fine embroidery and the making of preserves4 ,one day her waiting-woman asked her to dress a person's wounds1 which did greatly need it1 and she set herself to do it in her accustomed manner2 but at the sight of the wounds1 she was seized with convulsions1 and became violently delirious1 so that ,sir ,hammond sharply reprehended the imprudent attendant1 and forbade the like to be ever proposed to her again4 ,he gave himself up to live retired with her1 and ceased to be a magistrate1 nor ever1 that ,i could hear of1 took any part again in the persecution of ,catholics4 ,the distemper which had estranged her mind in all things else1 had left her love and obedience entire to her husband2 and he entertained a more visible fondness1 and evinced a greater respect for her after she was distempered than he had ever done in the early days of their marriage4 ,methinks1 the gentleness of her heart1 and delicacy of her conscience1 which till that misfortune had never1 ,i ween1 been burdened by any1 even the least1 self-reproach1 and the lack of strength in her mind to endure an unusual stress1 made the stroke of that accidental harm done to another through her means too heavy for her sufferance1 and1 as the poet saith1 unsettled reason on her throne4 ,for mine own part1 but let others consider of it as they list1 ,i think that had she been a ,catholic by early training and distinct belief1 as verily ,i hope she was in rightful intention1 albeit unconsciously to herself 7as ,i make no doubt many are in these days1 wherein persons are growing up with no knowledge of religion except what ,protestant parents do instill into them71 that she would have had a greater courage for to bear this singular trial2 which to a feeling natural heart did prove unbearable1 but which to one accustomed to look on suffering as not the greatest of evils1 and to hold such as are borne for conscience sake as great and glorious1 would not have been so overwhelming4 ,but herein ,i write1 methinks1 mine own condemnation1 for that in the anguish of filial grief ,i failed to point out to her during those cruel moments of suspense that which in retrospection ,i do so clearly see4 ,and so1 may ,god accept the blighting of her young life1 and the many sufferings of mine which ,i have still to record1 as pawns of his intended mercies to both her and to me in his everlasting kingdom6 ,when ,i was about to set out for ,norwich1 late in the afternoon of that same day1 ,sir ,hammond's messenger returned from thence with a letter from the governor of the gaol2 wherein he wrote that the prisoner he had sent the night before was to proceed to ,london in a few hours with some other priests and recusants which the government had ordered to be conveyed thither and committed to divers prisons4 ,he added1 that he had complied with ,sir ,hammond's request1 and shown so much favor to ,mr4 ,tunstall as to transfer him1 as soon as he #afi received his letter1 from the common dungeon to a private cell1 and to allow him to speak with another ,catholic prisoner who had desired to see him4 ,upon this ,i prayed ,sir ,hammond to forward me on my journey to ,london1 as now ,i desired nothing so much as to go there forthwith2 which he did with no small alacrity and good disposition4 ,then1 with so much speed as was possible1 and so much suffering from the lapse of each hour that it seemed to me the journey should never end1 ,i proceeded to what was now the object of my most impatient pinings--the place where ,i should bear tidings of my father1 and1 if it should be possible1 minister assistance to him in his great straits4 ,at last ,i reached ,holborn2 and1 to the no small amazement of my uncle1 ,mrs4 ,ward1 and ,muriel1 revealed to them who ,mr4 ,tunstall was1 whose arrival at the prison of ,bridewell ,mrs4 ,ward had had notice of that morning1 when she had been to visit ,mr4 ,watson1 which she had contrived to do for some time past in the manner ,i will soon relate4 ,,chapter ,,xvi4 ,one of the first persons ,i saw in ,london was ,hubert ,rookwood1 who1 when he heard 7for being ,basil's brother ,i would not conceal it from him7 that my father was in prison at ,bridewell1 expressed so much concern therein and resentment of my grief1 that ,i was thereby moved to more kindly feelings toward him than ,i had of late entertained4 ,he said that in the houses of the law which he frequented he had made friends which he hoped would intercede in his behalf1 and therein obtain1 if not his release1 yet so much alleviation of the hardships of a common prison as should render his condition more tolerable1 and that he would lose no time in seeking to move them thereunto2 but that our chief hope would lie in ,sir ,francis ,walsingham1 who1 albeit much opposed to papists1 had always showed himself willing to assist his friends of that way of thinking1 and often procured for them some relief1 which indeed none had more experienced than ,mr4 ,congleton himself4 ,hubert commended the secrecy which had been observed touching my father's real name2 for if he should be publicly known to be possessed of lands and related to noble families1 it should be harder for any one to get him released than an obscure person2 but nevertheless he craved license to intimate so much of the truth to ,sir ,francis as should appear convenient1 for he had always observed that gentlemen are more compassionate to those of their own rank than to others of meaner birth4 ,mr4 ,congleton prayed him to use his own discretion therein1 and said he should acquaint no one himself of it except his very good friend the ,portuguese ambassador1 who1 if all other resources failed1 might yet obtain of the queen herself some mitigation of his sentence4 ,thereupon followed some days of weary watching and waiting1 in which my only comfort was ,mistress ,ward1 who1 by means of the gaoler's wife1 who had obliged her in the like manner before1 did get access from time to time to ,mr4 ,watson1 and brought him necessaries4 ,from him she discovered that the prisoner in the nearest cell to his own was the so-called ,mr4 ,tunstall1 and that by knocks against the wall1 ingeniously numbered so as to express the letters of the alphabet1 as one for a1 two for b1 and so to the end thereof1 they did communicate4 ,so she straightway began to practice this management2 but time allowed not of many speeches to pass between them4 ,yet in this way he sent me his blessing1 and that he was of very good cheer2 but that none should try for to visit him1 for he had only one fear1 which was to bring others into trouble2 and1 for himself1 he was much beholden to her majesty1 which had provided him with a quiet lodging and time to look to his soul's welfare2 #agj which evidence of his cheerful and pious spirit comforted me not a little4 ,then that dear friend which had brought me this good comfort spoke of ,mr4 ,watson1 and said she desired to procure his escape from prison more than that of any other person in the same plight1 not excepting my father4 ,for1 good ,constance1 quoth she1 when a man is blest with a stout heart and cheerful mind1 except it be for the sake of others1 ,i pray you what kind of service do you think we render him by delaying the victory he is about to gain1 and peradventure depriving him of the long-desired crown of martyrdom8 ,but this good ,mr4 ,watson1 who as you well know was a zealous priest and pious missioner1 nevertheless1 some time after his apprehension and confinement in ,bridewell1 by force of torments and other miseries of that place1 was prevailed upon to deny his faith so far as to go once to the ,protestant service--not dragged there by force as some have been1 but compelled thereunto by fear of intolerable sufferings1 and was then set at liberty4 ,but the poor man did not thus better his condition2 for the torments of his mind1 looking on himself as an apostate and traitor to the ,church1 he found to be more insupportable than any sufferings his gaolers put upon him4 ,so1 after some miserable weeks1 he went to one of the prisons where some other priests were confined for to seek comfort and counsel from them2 and1 having confessed his fault with great and sincere sorrow1 he received absolution1 and straightway repaired to that church in ,bridewell wherein he had in a manner denied his faith1 and before all the people at that time therein assembled1 declared himself a ,catholic1 and willing to go to prison and to death sooner than to join again in ,protestant worship4 ,whereupon he was laid hold of1 dragged to prison1 and thrown into a dungeon so low and so straight that he could neither stand up in it nor lay himself down at his full length to sleep4 ,they loaded him with irons1 and kept him one whole month on bread and water2 nor would suffer any one to come near him to comfort or speak with him4 ,alas6 ,i cried1 and is this1 then1 the place where my father is confined8' ,no11 she answered2 after the space of a month ,mr4 ,watson was translated to a lodging at the top of the house1 wherein the prisoners are leastways able to stretch their limbs and to see the light2 but he having been before prevailed on to yield against his conscience touching that point of going to ,protestant worship1 no peace is left to him by his persecutors1 which never cease to urge on him some sort of conformity to their religion4 ,and1 ,constance1 when a man hath once been weak1 what security can there be1 albeit ,i deny not hope1 that he shall always after stand firm8 ,but by what means1 ,i eagerly asked1 'do you forecast to procure his escape8 ,i have permission1 she answered1 to bring him necessaries1 which ,i do in a basket1 on condition that ,i be searched at going in and coming out1 for to make sure ,i convey not any letter unto him or from him2 and this was so strictly observed the first month that they must needs break open the loaves or pies ,i take to him lest any paper should be conveyed inside4 ,but they begin now to weary of this strict search1 and do not care at ways to hearken when ,i speak with him2 so he could tell me the last time ,i did visit him that he had found a way by which if he had but a cord long enough for his purpose1 he could let himself down from the top of the house1 and so make his escape in the night4 ,oh1 ,i cried1 dear ,mistress ,ward1 but this is a perilous venture1 to aid a prisoner's escape4 ,one which a daughter might run for her father1 oh1 how willingly1 but for a stranger-- ,a stranger6 she answered4 ,is he a stranger for whom ,christ died1 and whose precious soul is in danger4 #aga even if not a priest2 and being so1 is he not entitled to more than common reverence1 chiefly in these days when ,god's servants minister to us in the midst of such great straits to both soul and body8' ,i cry ,god mercy1 ,i said2 ,i did term him a stranger who gave ghostly comfort to my dear mother on her death-bed2 but oh1 dear ,mistress ,ward1 ,i thought on your peril1 who1 he knoweth1 hath been as a mother to me for these many years4 ,and then-if you are resolved to run this danger1 should it not be possible to save my father also by the same means8 ,two cords should not be more difficult to convey1 methinks1 than one1 and the peril not greater4 ,if ,i could speak with him1 she replied1 it would not be impossible4 ,i will tell ,muriel to make two instead of one of these cords1 which she doth twine in some way she learnt from a ,frenchman1 so strong as1 albeit slight1 to have the strength of a cable4 ,but without we do procure two men with a boat for to fetch the prisoners when they descend1 'tis little use to make the attempt4 ,and it be easier1 ,i warrant thee1 ,constance1 to run one's self into a manifest danger than to entice others to the like4 ,should it be safe1 ,i asked1 to speak thereon to ,hubert ,rookwood8 ,he did exhibit this morning much zeal in my father's behalf1 and promised to move ,sir ,francis ,walsingham to procure his release4 ,how is he disposed touching religion8 she asked1 in a doubtful manner4 ,alas6 ,i answered1 there is a secrecy in his nature which in more ways than one doth prove unvestigable1 leastways to me2 but when he comes this evening ,i will sound him thereon4 ,would his brother were in ,london6 ,then we should not lack counsel and aid in this matter4 ,we do sorely need both1 she answered2 for your good uncle1 than which a better man never lived1 wanes feeble in body1 and hence easily overcome by the fears such enterprises involve4 ,mr4 ,wells is not in ,london at this tune1 or he should have been a very palladium of strength in this necessity4 ,hubert ,rookwood hath1 ,i think1 a good head4 ,what we do want is a brave heart1 ,i replied1 thinking on ,basil4 ,but wits also1 she said4 ,basil hath them too1 ,i answered1 forgetting that only in mine own thinking had he been named4 ,yea1 she cried1 who doth doubt it8 but1 alas6 he is not here4 ,then ,i prayed her not to be too rash in the prosecution of her design4 ,touching my father1 ,i said1 ,i have yet some hope of his release2 and as long as any remaineth1 flight should be methinks a too desperate attempt to be thought of4 ,yea1 she answered1 in most cases it would be so4 ,but ,mr4 ,watson's disposition she perceived to be such as would meet a present danger and death itself1 she thought1 with courage1 but not of that stamp which could endure prolonged fears or infliction of torments4 ,since my coming to ,london ,i had been too much engaged in these weighty cares to go abroad2 but on that day ,i resolved1 if it were possible1 to see my ,lady ,surrey4 ,a report had reached me that the breach between her and her husband had so much deepened that a separation had ensued1 which if true1 ,i1 which knew her as well almost as mine own self1 could judge what her grief must be4 ,i was also moved to this endeavor by the hope that if my ,lord ,arundel was not too sick to be spoken with1 she should perhaps obtain some help through his means for that dear prisoner whose captivity did weigh so heavily on my heart4 ,so1 with a servant to attend on me1 ,i went through the city to the ,chapter-house1 and with a misgiving mind heard from the porter that ,lady ,surrey lodged not there1 but at ,arundel ,house1 whither she had removed soon after her coming to ,london4 #agb ,methought that in the telling of it this man exhibited a sorrowful countenance2 but not choosing to question one of his sort on so weighty a matter1 ,i went on to ,arundel ,house1 where1 after some delay1 ,i succeeded in gaining admittance to ,lady ,surrey's chamber1 whose manner1 when she first saw me1 lacked the warmth which ,i was used to in her greetings4 ,there seemed some fear in her lest ,i should speak unadvisedly that which she would be loth to hear2 and her strangeness and reserve methinks arose from reluctance to have the wound in her heart probed1--too sore a one1 ,i ween1 even for the tender handling of a friend4 ,i inquired of her if my ,lord ,arundel's health had improved4 ,she said he was better1 and like soon to be as well as could be hoped for now-a-days1 when his infirmities had much increased4 ,then you will return to ,kenninghall8 ,i said1 letting my speech outrun discretion4 ,no1 she replied2 ,i purpose never more to leave my ,lord ,arundel or my ,lady ,lumley as long as they do live1 which ,i pray ,god may be many years4 ,and then she sat without speaking1 biting her lips and wringing the kerchief she held in her hands1 as if to keep her grief from outbursting4 ,i dared not to comment on her resolve1 for ,i foresaw that the least word which should express some partaking of her sorrow1 or any question relating to it1 would let loose a torrent weakly stayed by a mightful effort1 not like to be of long avail4 ,so ,i spoke of mine own troubles1 and the events which had occasioned my sudden departure from ,lynn ,court4 ,she had heard of ,lady l',estrange's mishap1 and that the following day ,i had journeyed to ,london2 but naught of the causes thereof1 or of the apprehension of any priest by ,sir ,hammond's orders4 ,which1 when she learnt the manner of this misfortune1 and the poor lady's share therein1 and that it was my father she had thus unwittingly discovered1 her countenance softened1 and throwing her arms round my neck1 she bitterly wept1 which at that moment methinks did her more good than anything else4 ,oh1 mine own good ,constance1 she said1 ,i doubt not nature riseth many passionate workings in your soul at this time2 but1 my dear wench1 when good men are in trouble our grief for them should be as noble as their virtues4 ,bethink thee what a worst sorrow it should be to have a vile father1 one that thou must needs love1--for who can tear out of his heart affection strong as life8--and he should then prove unworthy4 ,believe me1 ,constance1 ,god gives to each1 even in this world1 a portion of their deserts4 ,such griefs as thy present one ,i take to be rare instances of his favor4 ,other sorts of trials are meet for cowardly souls which refuse to set their lips to a chalice of suffering1 and presently find themselves submerged in a sea of woes4 ,but can ,i help thee1 sweet one8 ,is there aught ,i can do to lighten thy affliction8 ,hast thou license for to see thy father8 ,no1 dear lady1 ,i answered2 and his name being concealed1 ,i may not petition as his daughter for this permission2 but if my ,lord ,arundel should be so good a lord to me as to obtain leave for me to visit this prisoner1 without revealing his name and condition1 he should do me the greatest benefit in the world4 ,i will move him thereunto1 my lady said4 ,but he who had formerly no equal in the queen's favor1 and to whom she doth partly owe her crown1 is now in his sickness and old age of so little account in her eyes1 that trifling favors are often denied him to whom she would once have said3 ',ask of me what thou wilt1 and ,i will give it unto thee4' ,but what my poor endeavors can effect through him or others shall not be lacking in this thy need4 ,but ,i am not in that condition ,i was once like to have enjoyed4 ,then with her eyes cast on the ground she seemed for to doubt if she should #agc speak plainly1 or still shut up her grief in silence4 ,as ,i sat painfully expecting her next words1 the door opened1 and two ladies were announced1 which she whispered in mine ear she would fain not have admitted at that time1 but that ,lord ,arundel's desire did oblige her to entertain them4 ,one was ,mistress ,bellamy1 and the other her daughter1 ,mistress ,frances1 a young gentlewoman of great beauty and very lively parts1 which ,i had once before seen at ,lady ,ingoldsby's house4 ,she was her parents' sole daughter1 and so idolized by them that they seemed to live only to minister to her fancies4 ,lord ,arundel was much bounden to this family by ancient ties of friendship1 which made him urgent with his granddaughter that she should admit them to her privacy4 ,i admired in this instance how suddenly those which have been used to exercise such self-command as high breeding doth teach can school their exterior to seem at ease1 and even of good cheer1 when most ill at ease interiorly1 and with hearts very heavy4 ,lady ,surrey greeted these visitors with as much courtesy1 and listened to their discourse with as much civility and smiles when called for1 as if no burthensome thoughts did then oppress her4 ,many and various themes were touched upon in the random talk which ensued4 ,first1 that wonted one of the queen's marriage1 which some opined should verily now take place with ,monsieur d',alenon2 for that since his stealthy visits to ,england1 she did wear in her bosom a brooch of jewels in a frog's shape4 ,ay1 quoth ,mistress ,frances1 that stolen visit which awoke the ire of the poor soul ,stubbs1 who styled it 'an unmanlike1 unprincelike1 ,french kind of wooing1' and endeth his book of ',the ,gaping ,gulph' in a loyal rage3 ',here is1 therefore1 an imp of the crown of ,france1 to marry the crowned nymph of ,england1'--a nymph indeed well stricken in years4 ,my brother was standing by when ,stubbs' hand was cut off2 for nothing else would content that sweet royal nymph1 albeit the lawyers stoutly contended the statute under which he suffered to be null and void4 ,as soon as his right hand is off1 the man takes his hat off with the left1 and cries ',god bless the queen6' ,here is a wonder1 ,i exclaimed2 ,i pray you1 what is the art this queen doth possess by which she holdeth the hearts of her subjects in so great thrall1 albeit so cruel to them which do offend her8 ,lady ,harrington hath told me her majesty's own opinion thereon1 said ,mrs4 ,bellamy2 for one day she did ask her in a merry sort1 ',how she kept her husband's good-will and love8' ,to which she made reply that she persuaded her husband of her affection1 and in so doing did command his4 ,upon which the queen cries out1 ',go to1 go to1 ,mistress ,moll6 you are wisely bent1 ,i find4 ,after such sort do ,i keep the good wills of all my husbands1 my good people2 for if they did not rest assured of some special love toward them1 they would not readily yield me such good obedience4' ,tut1 tut6 cried ,mistress ,frances2 all be not such fools as ,john ,stubbs2 and she knoweth how to take rebukes from such as she doth not dare to offend4 ,by the same token that ,sir ,philip ,sydney hath written to dissuade her from this ,french match1 and likewise ,sir ,francis ,walsingham1 which last did hint at her advancing years2 and her highness never so much as thought of striking off their hands4 ,but ,i warrant you a rebellion shall arise if this queen doth issue such prohibitions as she hath lately done4 ,of what sort8 asked ,lady ,surrey4 ,first1 to forbid1 ,mrs4 ,bellamy said1 any new building to be raised within three thousand paces of the gates of ,london on pain of imprisonment1 and sundry other penalties2 or for more than one family to inhabit in one house4 ,for her majesty holds it #agd should be an impossible thing to govern or maintain order in a city larger than this ,london at the present time4 ,mistress ,frances declared this law to be more tolerable than the one against the size of ladies' ruffs1 which were forsooth not to exceed a certain measure2 and officers appointed for to stand at the comers of streets and to clip such as overpassed the permitted dimensions1 which sooner than submit to she should die4 ,lady ,surrey smiled1 and said she should have judged so from the size of her fine ruff4 ,but her majesty is impartial1 quoth ,mrs4 ,bellamy2 for the gentlemen's rapiers are served in the same manner4 ,and verily this law hath nearly procured a war with ,france2 for in ,smithfield ,lane some clownish constables stayed ,m4 de ,castelnau1 and laid hands on his sword for to shorten it to the required length4 ,i leave you to judge4 ,lady ,surrey1 of this ambassador's fury4 ,sir ,henry ,seymour1 who was tidying the air in ,smithfield at the time1 perceived him standing with the drawn weapon in his hand1 threatening to kill whosoever should approach him1 and destruction on this realm of ,england if the officers should dare to touch his sword again2 and this with such frenzy of speech in ,french mixed with ,english none could understand1 that ,god knoweth what should have ensued if ,sir ,henry had not interfered4 ,her majesty was forced to make an apology to this mounseer for that her officers had ignorantly attempted to clip the sword of her good brother's envoy4 ,why doth she not clip1 ,mistress ,frances said1 if such be her present humor1 the orange manes of her gray ,dutch horses1 which are the frightfullest things in the world8 ,tis said1 quoth ,mrs4 ,bellamy1 that a new ,french embassy is soon expected1 with the dauphin of ,auvergne at its head4 ,yea1 cried her daughter1 and four handsome ,english noblemen to meet them at the ,tower stairs1 and conduct them to the new banqueting-house at ,westminster1--my ,lord ,surrey1 ,lord ,windsor1 ,sir ,philip ,sydney1 and ,sir ,fulke ,greville4 ,methinks this should be a very fine sight1 if rain doth not fall to spoil it4 ,i saw my ,lady ,surrey's countenance change when her husband was mentioned2 and ,mrs4 ,bellamy looked at her daughter forasmuch as to check her thoughtless speeches1 which caused this young lady to glance round the room1 seeking1 as it seemed1 for some other topic of conversation4 ,methinks ,i should not have preserved so lively a recollection of the circumstances of this visit if some dismal tidings which reached me afterward touching this gentlewoman1 then so thoughtless and innocent1 had not revived in me the memory of her gay prattle1 bright unabashed eyes1 and audacious dealing with subjects so weighty and dangerous1 that any one less bold should have feared to handle them4 ,after the pause which ensued on the mention of ,lord ,surrey's name1 she took for her text what had been said touching the prohibitions lately issued concerning ruffs and rapiers1 and began to mock at her majesty's favorites2 yea1 and to mimic her majesty herself with so much humor that her well-acted satire must have needs constrained any one to laugh4 ,then1 not contented with these dangerous jests1 she talked such direct treason against her highness as to say she hoped to see her dethroned1 and a fair ,catholic sovereign to reign in her stead1 who would be less shrewish to young and handsome ladies4 ,then her mother cried her1 for mercy's sake1 to restrain her mad speech1 which would serve one day to bring them all into trouble1 for all she meant it in jest4 ,marry1 good mother1 she answered1 not in jest at all2 for ,i do verily hold myself bound to no allegiance to this queen1 and would gladly see her get her deserts4 ,then ,lady ,surrey prayed her not to speak so rashly2 but methought in #age her heart1 and somewhat ,i could perceive of this in her eyes1 she misliked not wholly this young lady's words1 who then spoke of religion2 and oh1 how zealous therein she did appear1 how boldly affirmed 7craving ,lady ,surrey's pardon1 albeit she would warrant1 she said1 there was no need to do so1 her ladyship she had heard being half a papist herself7 that she had as lief be racked twenty times over and die also1 or her face to be so disfigured that none should call her ever after anything but a fright--which martyrdom she held would exceed any yet thought of--than so much as hold her tongue concerning her faith1 or stay from telling her majesty to her face1 if she should have the chance to get speech with her1 that she was a foul heretic1 and some other truths beside1 which but once to utter in her presence1 come of it what would1 should be a delicious pleasure4 ,then she railed at the ,catholics which blessed the queen before they suffered for their religion1 proving them wrong with ingenious reasons and fallacious arguments mixed with pleasantries not wholly becoming such grave themes4 ,but it should have seemed as reasonable to be angry with a child babbling at random of life and death in the midst of its play1 as with this creature1 the lightest of heart1 the fairest in face1 the most winsome in manner1 and most careless of danger1 that ever did set sail on life's stream4 ,oh1 how all this rose before me again1 when ,i heard1 two years afterward1 that for her bold recusancy--alas6 more bold1 as the sequel proved1 than deep1 more passionate than fervent--this only cherished daughter1 this innocent maiden1 the mirror of whose fame no breath had sullied1 and on whose name no shadow had rested1 was torn by the pursuivants from her parents' home1 and cast into a prison with companions at the very aspect of which virtue did shudder4 ,and the unvaliant courage1 the weak bravery1 of this indulged and wayward young lady had no strength wherewith to resist the surging tides of adversity4 ,no voice of parent1 friend1 or ghostly father reached her in that abode of despair4 ,no visible angel visited her1 but a fiend in human form haunted her dungeon4 ,liberty and pleasure he offered in exchange for virtue1 honor1 and faith4 ,she fell2 sudden and great was that fall4 ,there is a man the name of which hath blenched the cheeks and riven the hearts of ,catholics1 one who hath caused many amongst them to lose their lands and to part from their homes1 to die on gibbets and their limbs to be torn asunder--one ,richard ,topcliffe4 ,but1 methinks1 of all the voices which shall be raised for to accuse him at ,christ's judgment-seat1 the loudest will be ,frances ,bellamy's4 ,her ruin was his work2 one of those works which1 when a man is dead1 do follow him2 whither1 ,god knoweth6 ,oh1 you who saw her1 as ,i did1 in her young and innocent years1 can you read this without shuddering8 ,can you think on it without weeping8 ,as her fall was sudden1 so was the change it wrought4 ,with it vanished affections1 hopes1 womanly feelings1 memory of the past2 nay1 methinks therein ,i err4 ,memory did yet abide1 but linked with hatred2 ,satan's memory of heaven4 ,from depths to depths she hath sunk1 and is now wedded to a mean wretch1 the gaoler of her old prison4 ,so rank a hatred hath grown in her against recusants and mostly priests1 that it rages like a madness in her soul1 which thirsts for their blood4 ,some months back1 about the time ,i did begin to write this history1 news reached me that she had sold the life of that meek saint1 that sweet poet1 ,father ,southwell1 of which even an enemy1 ,lord ,mountjoy1 did say1 when he had seen him suffer1 ,i pray ,god1 where that man's soul now is1 mine may one day be4 ,her father had concealed him in that house where she had dwelt in her innocent days4 ,none but the family knew the secret of its hiding-place4 #agfso will be ready in ,ireland ,she did reveal it1 and took gold for her wages6 ,what shall be that woman's death-bed8 ,what trace doth remain on her soul of what was once a share in the divine nature8 ,may one of ,god's ministers be nigh unto her in that hour for to bid her not despair6 ,if ,judas had repented1 ,jesus would have pardoned him4 ,peradventure1 misery without hope of relief overthrew her brain4 ,i do pray for her always4 ',tis a vain thought perhaps1 but ,i sometimes wish ,i might1 though ,i see not how to compass it1 yet once speak with her before she or ,i die4 ,methinks ,i could say such words as should touch some old chord in her dead heart4 ,god knoweth6 ,that day ,i write of1 little did ,i ween what her end would be4 ,but yet it feared me to hear one so young and of so frail an aspect speak so boastfully2 and it seemed even then to my inexperienced mind1 that my ,lady ,surrey1 who had so humbly erewhile accused herself of cowardice and lamented her weakness1 should be in a safer plight1 albeit as yet unreconciled4 ,the visit ,i have described had lasted some time1 when a servant came with a message to her ladyship from ,mr4 ,hubert ,rookwood1 who craved to be admitted on an urgent matter4 ,she glanced at me somewhat surprised1 upon which ,i made her a sign that she should condescend to his request2 for ,i supposed he had seen ,sir ,francis ,walsingham1 and was in haste to confer with me touching that interview2 and she ordered him to be admitted4 ,mrs4 ,bellamy and her daughter rose to go soon after his entrance2 and whilst ,lady ,surrey conducted them to the door he asked me if her ladyship was privy to the matter in hand4 ,when ,i had satisfied him thereof1 he related what had passed in an interview he had with ,sir ,francis1 whom he found ill-disposed at first to stir in the matter1 for he said his frequent remonstrances in favor of recusants had been like to bring him into odium with some of the more zealous ,protestants1 and that he must needs1 in every case of that sort1 prove it to be his sole object to bring such persons more surely1 albeit slowly1 by means of toleration1 to a rightful conformity2 and that with regard to priests he was very loth to interfere4 ,i was compelled1 quoth ,hubert1 to use such arguments as fell in with the scope of his discourse1 and to flatter him with the hope of good results in that which he most desired1 if he would procure ,mr4 ,sherwood's release1 which ,i doubt not he hath power to effect4 ,and in the end he consented to lend his aid therein1 on condition he should prove on his side so far conformable as to suffer a minister to visit and confer with him touching religion1 which would then be a pretext for his release1 as if it were supposed he was well disposed toward ,protestant religion1 and a man more like to embrace the truth when at liberty than if driven to it by stress of confinement4 ,then he would procure1 he added1 an order for his passage to ,france1 if he promised not to return1 except he should be willing to obey the laws4 ,i fear me much1 ,i answered1 my father will not accept these terms which ,sir ,francis doth offer4 ,methinks he will consider they do involve some lack of the open profession of his faith4 ,it would be madness for one in his plight to refuse them1 ,hubert exclaimed1 and appealed thereon to ,lady ,surrey1 who said she did indeed think as he did1 for it was not like any better could be obtained4 ,it pained me he should refer to her1 who from conformity to the times could not well conceive how tender a ,catholic conscience should feel at the least approach to dissembling on this point4 ,wherein1 he continued1 is the harm for to confer with a minister1 or how can it be construed into a denial of a man's faith to listen to his arguments1 unless1 indeed1 he feels himself to be in danger of being shaken by them8 ,you very well know1 ,i exclaimed #agg with some warmth1 that not to be my meaning1 or what ,i suppose his should be4 ,our priests do constantly crave for public disputations touching religion1 albeit they eschew secret ones1 which their adversaries make a pretext of to spread reports of their inability to defend their faith1 or willingness to abandon it4 ,but heaven forbid ,i should anyways prejudge this question2 and if with a safe conscience--and with no other ,i am assured will he do it--my father doth subscribe to this condition1 then ,god be praised for it6 ,but you will move him to it1 ,mistress ,constance8 he said4 ,if ,i am so happy1 ,i answered1 as to get speech with him1 verily ,i will entreat him not to throw away his life1 so precious to others1 if so be he can save it without detriment to his conscience4 ,conscience6 ,hubert exclaimed1 methinks that word is often misapplied in these days4 ,how so8 ,i asked1 investigating his countenance1 for ,i misdoubted his meaning4 ,lady ,surrey likewise seemed desirous to hear what he should say on that matter4 ,conscience1 he answered1 should make persons1 and mostly women1 careful how they injure others1 and cause heedless suffering1 by a too great stiffness in refusing conformity to the outward practices which the laws of the country enforce1 when it affects not the weightier points of faith1 which ,god forbid any ,catholic should deny4 ,there is often as much of pride as of virtue in such rash obstinacy touching small yieldings as doth involve the ruin of a family1 separation of parents and children1 and more evils than can be thought of4 ,hubert1 ,i said1 fixing mine eyes on him with a searching look he cared not1 ,i ween1 to meet1 for he cast his on a paper he had in his hand1 and raised them not while ,i spoke1 'sit is by such reasonings first1 and then by such small yieldings as you commend1 that some have been led two or three times in their lives1 yea1 oftener perhaps1 to profess different religions1 and to take such contradictory oaths as have been by turns prescribed to them under different sovereigns1 and ,god each time called on to witness their perjuries1 whereby truth and falsehood in matters of faith shall come in time to be words without any meaning4 ,then he3 ,you do misapprehend me1 ,mistress ,constance1 if you think ,i would counsel a man to utter a falsehood1 or feign to believe that which in his heart he thinketh to be false4 ,but1 in heaven's name1 ,i pray you1 what harm will your father do if he listens to a minister's discourse1 and suffers it to be set forth he doth ponder thereon1 and in the meantime escapes to ,france8 whereas1 if he refuses the loophole now offered to him1 he causeth not to himself alone1 but to you and his other friends1 more pain and sorrow than can be thought of1 and deprives the ,church of one of her servants1 when her need of them is greatest4 ,i made no reply to this last speech2 for albeit ,i thought my father would not accede to these terms1 ,i did not so far trust mine own judgment thereon as to predict with certainty what his answer should be4 ,and then ,hubert said he had an order from ,sir ,francis that would admit me on the morrow to see my father2 and he offered to go with me1 and ,mistress ,ward too1 if ,i listed1 to present it1 albeit ,i alone should enter his cell4 ,i thanked him1 and fixed the time of our going4 ,when he had left us1 ,lady ,surrey commended his zeal1 and also his moderate spirit1 which did charitably allow1 she said1 for such as conformed to the times for the sake of others which their reconcilement would very much injure4 ,before ,i could reply she changed this discourse1 and1 putting her hands on my shoulders and kissing my forehead1 said1 ,my ,lady ,lumley hath heard so much from her poor niece of one #agh ,mistress ,constance ,sherwood1 that she doth greatly wish to see this young gentlewoman and very resolved papist4 ,and then taking me by the arm she led me to that lady's chamber1 where ,i had as kind a welcome as ever ,i received from any one from her ladyship1 who said her dear ,nan's friends should be always as dear to her as her own1 and added many fine commendations greatly exceeding my deserts4 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 ------ ,from ,the ,london ,quarterly ,review4 ,,gleanings ,,from ,,the ,,natural ,,history ,,of ,,the ,,tropics4 ,,art4 ,,vi4--#a4 ,a ,narrative ,of ,travels on the ,amazon and ,rio ,negro1 etc4,by ,alfred ,r4 ,wallace4 ,london3 #ahec4 #b4 ,himalayan ,journals2 or1 ,notes of a ,naturalist in ,bengal1 the ,sikkim1 and ,nepal ,himalayas4 ,by ,joseph ,d4 ,hooker1 ,m4,d41 ,r4,n41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,london3 #ahed4 #c4 ,three ,visits to ,madagascar during the ,years#ahec1 #ahed1 #ahef1 with ,notices of the ,natural ,history of the ,country1 etc4 ,by the ,rev4 ,w4 ,ellis1 ,f4,h4,s4 ,london3 #ahei4 #d4 ,the ,tropical ,world3 ,a ,popular ,scientific ,account of the ,natural ,history of the ,animal and ,vegetable ,kingdoms4,by ,dr4 ,g4 ,hartwig4 ,london3 #ahfc4 #e4 ,the ,naturalist on the ,river ,amazons3 ,a ,record of ,adventures1 ,habits of ,animals1 etc41 during eleven ,years of ,travel4 ,by ,henry ,walter ,bates4 ,london3 #ahfc4 ,the naturalist will never have to complain1 with ,alexander1 that he has no more worlds to conquer1 so inexhaustible is the wide field of nature1 and so numerous are the vast areas which as yet have never at all1 or only partially1 been explored by travellers4 ,what may not be in store for some future adventurer in little known regions2 what new and wonderful forms of animals and plants may not reward the zealous traveller1 when no less than eight thousand species of animals new to science have been discovered by ,mr4 ,bates during his eleven years' residence on the ,amazons8 ,nor is it alone new forms of animated nature that await the enterprise of the naturalist2 a whole mine of valuable material1 the working of which is attended with the greatest pleasure1 lies before him in the discovery of new facts with regard to the habits1 structure1 and local distribution of animals and plants4 ,it is almost impossible to exaggerate the importance to the philosophic naturalist of such studies in these days of thought and progress4 ,the collector of natural curiosities may be content with the possession of a miscellaneous lot of objects1 but the man of science pursues his investigations with a view of discovering1 if possible1 some of those wonderful laws which govern the organic world1 some of the footprints of the ,creator in the production of the countless forms of animal and vegetable life with which this beautiful world abounds4 ,we purpose in this article to bring before the reader's notice a few gleanings from the natural history of the tropics1 merely surmising that we shall linger with more than ordinary pleasure over the productions of tropical #agi ,south ,america1 of which ,mr4 ,bates has charmingly and most instructively written in his recently published work1 whose title is given at the head of this article2 we shall pause to admire1 with ,dr4 ,hooker1 some of the productions of the mighty ,himalayan mountains2 and we may also visit ,madagascar in company with so trustworthy a traveller as ,mr4 ,ellis4 ,the ancients1 before the time of ,alexander's ,indian expedition1 were unacquainted with any tropical forms of plants1 and great was their astonishment when they first beheld them3 ,gigantic forms of plants and animals1 as ,humboldt says1 filled the imagination with exciting imagery4 ,writers from whose severe and scientific style any degree of inspiration is elsewhere entirely absent1 become poetical when describing the habits of the elephant1--the height of the trees1 'to the summit of which an arrow cannot reach1 and whose leaves are broader then the shields of infantry1'--the bamboo1 a light1 feathery1 arborescent grass1 of which single joints 7internodia7 served as four-oared boats1--and the ,indian fig-tree1 whose pendant branches take root around the parent stem1 which attains a diameter of twenty-eight feet1 'forming1' as ,onesicritus expresses himself with great truth to nature1 'a leafy canopy similar to a many-pillared tent4' ,footnote #bd ,footnote #bd3 ,cosmos1 vol4 ii41 p4 #aee4 ,sabine's translation ,it is not possible for language to describe the glory of the forests of the ,amazon1 and yet the silence and gloom of the ,brazilian forests1 so often mentioned by travellers1 are striking realities4 ,let us read ,mr4 ,bates's impressions of the interior of a primeval forest3 ,the silence and gloom1 he says1 are realities1 and the impression deepens on a longer acquaintance4 ,the few sounds of birds are of that pensive and mysterious character which intensifies the feeling of solitude rather than imparts a sense of life and cheerfulness4 ,sometimes in the midst of the stillness a sudden yell or scream will startle one2 this comes from some defenceless fruit-eating animal which is pounced upon by a tiger-cat or stealthy boa-constrictor4 ,morning and evening the howling monkeys make a most fearful and harrowing noise1 under which it is difficult to keep up one's buoyancy of spirit4 ,the feeling of inhospitable wildness which the forest is calculated to inspire is increased tenfold under this fearful uproar4 ,often even in the still hours of mid-day a sudden crash will be heard resounding afar through the wilderness1 as some great bough or entire tree falls to the ground4 ,there are beside many sounds which it is impossible to account for4 ,i found the natives generally as much at a loss in this respect as myself4 ,sometimes a sound is heard like the clang of an iron bar against a hard hollow tree1 or a piercing cry rends the air2 these are not repeated1 and the succeeding silence tends to heighten the unpleasant impression which they make on the mind4 ,with the natives it is always the curupira1 the wild man1 or spirit of the forest1 which produces all noises they are unable to explain4 ,mr4 ,bates has some exceedingly interesting observations on the tendency of animals and plants of the ,brazilian forests to become climbers4 ,speaking of a swampy forest of ,par he says3 ,the leafy crowns of the trees1 scarcely two of which could be seen together of the same kind1 were now far away above us1 in another world as it were4 ,we could only see at times1 where there was a break above1 the tracery of the foliage against the clear blue sky4 ,sometimes the leaves were palmate1 at others finely cut or feathery like the leaves of mimosae4 ,below1 the tree trunks were everywhere linked together by sipos2 the woody1 flexible stems of climbing and creeping trees1 whose foliage is far away above1 mingled with that of the latter #ahj independent trees4 ,some were twisted in strands like cables1 others had thick stems contorted in every variety of shape1 entwining snake-like round the tree-trunks1 or forming gigantic loops and coils among the larger branches2 others again were of zigzag shape or indented like the steps of a staircase1 sweeping from the ground to a giddy height4 ,of these climbing plants he adds3 ,it interested me much afterward to find these climbing trees do not form any particular family or genus4 ,there is no order of plants whose especial habit is to climb1 but species of many of the most diverse families1 the bulk of whose members are not climbers1 seem to have been driven by circumstances to adopt this habit4 ,the orders ,leguminosae1 ,guttifenae1 ,bignoniaceae1 ,moraceae1 and others1 furnish the greater number4 ,there is even a climbing genus of palms 7,desmoncus71 the species of which are called in the ,tup language ,jacitra4 ,these have slender1 thickly-spined1 and flexuous stems1 which twine about the latter trees from one to the other1 and grow to an incredible length4 ,the leaves1 which have the ordinary pinnate shape characteristic of the family1 are emitted from the stems at long intervals1 instead of being collected into a dense crown1 and have at their tips a number of long recurved spines4 ,these structures are excellent contrivances to enable the trees to secure themselves by in climbing1 but they are a great nuisance to the traveller1 for they sometimes hang over the pathway and catch the hat or clothes1 dragging off the one or tearing the other as he passes4 ,the number and variety of climbing trees in the ,amazon forests are interesting1 taken in connection with the fact of the very general tendency of the animals also to become climbers4 ,of this tendency amongst animals ,mr4 ,bates thus writes3 ,all the ,amazonian1 and in fact all ,south ,american monkeys1 are climbers4 ,there is no group answering to the baboons of the old world1 which live on the ground4 ,the gallinaceous birds of the country1 the representatives of the fowls and pheasants of ,asia and ,africa1 are all adapted by the position of the toes to perch on trees1 and it is only on trees1 at a great height1 that they are to be seen4 ,a genus of ,plantigrade ,carnivora1 allied to the bears 7,cercoleptes71 found only in the ,amazonian forests1 is entirely arboreal1 and has a long flexible tail like that of certain monkeys4 ,many other similar instances could be enumerated1 but ,i will mention only the ,geodephaga1 or carnivorous ground beetles1 a great proportion of whose genera and species in these forest regions are1 by the structure of their feet1 fitted to live exclusively on the branches and leaves of trees4 ,strange to the ,european must be the appearance of the numerous woody lianas1 or air-roots of the parasitic plants of the family ,araceae of which the well-known cuckoo-pint1 or ,arum maculatum1 of this country is a non-epiphytous member1 which sit on the branches of the trees above1 and hang down straight as plumb-lines1 some singly1 others in leashes2 some reaching half-way to the ground1 others touching it1 and taking root in the ground4 ,here1 too1 in these forests of ,par1 beside palms of various species1 some twenty to thirty feet high1 others small and delicate1 with stems no thicker than a finger1 of the genus ,bactris1 producing bunches of fruit with grape-like juice1 masses of a species of banana 7,urania ,amizonica71 a beautiful plant with leaves like broad sword-blades1 eight feet long1 and one foot broad1 add fresh interest to the scene4 ,these leaves rise straight upward alternately from the top of a stem five or six feet high4 ,various kinds of ,marants1 a family of plants rich in amylaceous qualities 7of which the ,maranta arundinacea1 though not an ,american plant1 yields the best arrowroot of commerce71 clothe the ground1 conspicuous for their #aha broad glossy leaves4 ,ferns of beautiful and varied forms decorate the tree-trunks1 together with the large fleshy heart-shaped leaves of the ,pothos plant4 ,gigantic grasses1 such as bamboos1 form arches over the pathways4 ,the appearance of this part of the forest was strange in the extreme1 description can convey no adequate idea of it4 ,the reader who has visited ,kew1 may form some notion by conceiving a vegetation like that in the great palm-house spread over a large tract of swampy ground1 but he must fancy it mingled with large exogenous trees1 similar to our oaks and elms1 covered with creepers and parasites1 and figure to himself the ground encumbered with fallen and rotting trunks1 branches1 and leaves1 the whole illuminated by a glowing vertical sun1 and reeking with moisture6 ,amid these swampy shades numerous butterflies delight to flit4 ,an entomologist in ,england is proud1 indeed1 when he succeeds in capturing the beautiful and scarce ,camberwell beauty 7,vanessa antiopa7 or the splendid purple emperor 7,apatura iris71 but these fine species do not exceed three inches in expanse of wing1 while the glossy blue-and-black ,morpho ,achilles measure six inches or more4 ,the velvety black ,papiloio ,sesostris1 with a large silky green patch on its wings1 and other species of this genus1 are almost exclusively inhabitants of the moist shades of the forest4 ,the beautiful ,epicalea ancea1 one of the most richly colored of the whole tribe of butterflies1 being black1 decorated with broad stripes of pale blue and orange1 delights to settle on the broad leaves of the ,uraniae and other similar plants4 ,but like many other natural beauties1 it is difficult to gain possession of1 darting off with lightning speed when approached4 ,mr4 ,bates tells us that it is the males only of the different species which are brilliantly colored1 the females being plainer and often so utterly unlike their partners that they are generally held to be different species until proved to be the same4 ,the observations of this admirable naturalist on other points in the history of the butterflies of the ,amazons1 are highly important and deeply interesting4 ,we must recur to this subject by-and-by4 ,we cannot yet tear ourselves away from these forests of ,par4 ,we can well understand the intense interest with which ,mr4 ,bates visited these different scenes month after month1 in different seasons1 so as to obtain something like a fair notion of their animal and vegetable productions4 ,it is enough to make a naturalist's mouth water for a week together to think of the many successful strolls which ,mr4 ,bates took amid the shades of these forests4 ,for several months1 he tells us1 he used to visit this district two or three days every week1 and never failed to obtain some species new to him of bird1 reptile1 or insect3 ,this district1 he says1 seemed to be an epitome of all that the humid portions of the ,par forest could produce4 ,this endless diversity1 the coolness of the air1 the varied and strange forms of vegetation1 the entire freedom from mosquitoes and other pests1 and even the solemn gloom and silence1 combined to make my rambles through it always pleasant as well as profitable4 ,such places are paradises to a naturalist1 and if he be of a contemplative turn there is no situation more favorable for his indulging the tendency4 ,there is something in a tropical forest akin to the ocean in its effects on the mind--man feels so completely his insignificance there and the vastness of nature4 ,a naturalist cannot help reflecting on the vegetable forces manifested on so grand a scale around him4 ,mr4 ,wallace and ,mr4 ,bates are well-known advocates of ,mr4 ,darwin's theory of natural selection4 ,the former gentleman was ,mr4 ,bates's companion in travel for four years1 and he has published a very interesting account of his voyage on his return to ,england4 ,whatever differences of opinion there may be with respect to #ahb the celebrated work which ,mr4 ,darwin gave to the world four or five years ago1 unbiassed and thoughtful naturalists must recognize the force with which the author supports many of his arguments1 and the fairness with which he encounters every difficulty4 ,the competition displayed by organized beings is strikingly manifested in the ,brazilian forests4 ,so unmistakable is this fact1 that ,burmeister1 a ,german traveller1 was painfully impressed with the contemplation of the emulation and spirit of restless selfishness which the vegetation of a tropical forest displayed4 ,he thought the softness1 earnestness1 and repose of ,european woodland scenery were far more pleasing1 and that these formed one of the causes of the superior moral character of ,european nations2 a curious question1 which we leave to the consideration of moral philosophers4 ,the emulation displayed by the plants and trees of the forests of ,par is thus spoken of by ,mr4 ,bates3 ,in these tropical forests each plant and tree seems to be striving to outvie its fellow1 struggling upward toward light and air--branch1 and leaf1 and stem--regardless of its neighbors4 ,parasitic plants are seen fastening with firm grip on others1 making use of them with reckless indifference as instruments for their own advancement4 ,live and let live is clearly not the maxim taught in these wildernesses4 ,there is one kind of parasitic tree very common near ,par which exhibits this feature in a very prominent manner4 ,it is called the ,sip ,matador1 or the ,murderer ,liana4 ,it belongs to the fig order1 and has been described by ,von ,martins in the ',atlas to ,spix and ,martius's ,travels4' ,i observed many specimens4 ,the base of its stem would be unable to bear the weight of the upper growth2 it is obliged1 therefore1 to support itself on a tree of another species4 ,in this it is not essentially different from other climbing trees and plants1 but the way the matador sets about it is peculiar1 and produces certainly a disagreeable impression4 ,it springs up close to the tree on which it intends to fix itself1 and the wood of its stem grows by spreading itself like a plastic mould over one side of the trunk of its supporter4 ,it then puts forth from each side an arm-like branch1 which grows rapidly1 and looks as though a stream of sap were flowing and hardening as it went4 ,this adheres closely to the trunk of the victim1 and the two arms meet on the opposite side and blend together4 ,these arms are put forth at somewhat regular intervals in mounting upward1 and the victim when its strangler is full grown becomes tightly clasped by a number of inflexible rings4 ,these rings gradually grow larger as the murderer flourishes1 rearing its crown of foliage to the sky mingled with that of its neighbor1 and in course of time they kill it by stopping the flow of its sap4 ,the strange spectacle then remains of the selfish parasite clasping in its arms the lifeless and decaying body of its victim1 which had been a help to its own growth4 ,its ends have been served--it has flowered and fruited1 reproduced and disseminated its kind2 and now when the dead trunk moulders away1 its own end approaches2 its support is gone1 and itself also falls4 ,the strangling properties of some of the fig-tree family are indeed very remarkable1 and may be witnessed not only in ,south ,america1 but in ,india1 ,ceylon1 and ,australia4 ,frazer observed several kinds of ,ficus1 more than #aej feet high1 embracing huge ironbark trees in the forests at ,moreton ,bay4 ,the ,ficus repens1 according to ,sir ,emerson ,tennent1 is often to be seen clambering over rocks1 like ivy1 turning through heaps of stones1 or ascending some tall tree to the height of thirty or forty feet1 while the thickness of its own stem does not exceed a quarter of an inch4 ,the small plants of this family1 of which the ,murdering ,liana is one species1 grow and reproduce their kind from seeds #ahc deposited in the ground2 but the huge representatives of the family1 such as the banyan-tree1 whose ,bended twigs take root1 and daughters grow ,about the mother tree2 and the ,peepul1 or sacred ,bo-tree of the ,buddhists 7,ficus religiosa71 originate from seeds carried by birds to upper portions of some palm or other tree4 ,fig-trees1 as ,sir ,e4 ,tennent has remarked1 are the ,thugs of the vegetable world2 for1 though not necessarily epiphytic1 it may be said that1 in point of fact1 no single plant comes to perfection or acquires even partial development without the destruction of some other on which to fix itself as its supporter4 ,the mode of growth of these trees is well described by the excellent writer just mentioned1 and we shall make use of his own language3 ,the family generally make their first appearance as slender roots hanging from the crown or trunk of some other tree1 generally a palm1 among the moist bases of whose leaves the seed carried thither by some bird which had fed upon the fig begins to germinate4 ,this root1 branching as it descends1 envelops the trunk of the supporting tree with a net-work of wood1 and at length1 penetrating the ground1 attains the dimensions of a stem4 ,but1 unlike a stem1 it throws out no buds or flowers2 the true stem1 with its branches1 its foliage1 and fruit1 springs upward from the crown of the tree whence the root is seen descending2 and from it issue the pendulous rootlets1 which on reaching the earth fix themselves firmly1 and form the marvellous growth for which the banyan is so celebrated4 ,in the depth of this grove the original tree is incarcerated till1 literally strangled by the folds and weight of its resistless companion1 it dies and leaves the fig in undisturbed possession of its place4 ,footnote #be ,footnote #be3 ,ceylon1 i41 p4 #ie ,but not trees alone do these vegetable garrotters embrace in their fatal grasp1 ancient monuments are also destroyed by these formidable assailants4 ,sir ,e4 ,tennent has given an engraving of a fig-tree on the ruins at ,pollanarrua1 in ,ceylon1 which had fixed itself on the walls---a curious sight1 indeed--its roots streaming downward over the ruins as if they had once been fluid1 following every sinuosity of the building and terraces till they reach the earth4 ,an extremely interesting series of drawings is now to be seen in the ,linnean ,society's room at ,burlington ,house1 illustrating the mode of growth of another strangling or murdering tree1 of ,new ,zealand1 belonging to an entirely different order from that to which the figs belong 7,urticaceae71 namely1 to one of the ,myrtaceae4 ,the association of garrotting habits with those of the stinging nettle family is apt enough1 we may be inclined to think2 but it is rather disappointing to meet with these disagreeable peculiarities in the case of the myrtle group2 but such is the fact3 the ,rata1 or ,metrosideros robusta--as we believe is the species---climbs to the summits of mighty trees of the forest of ,wangaroa1 and kills them in its iron grasp4 ,but1 notwithstanding these unpleasant impressions which the reckless energy of the vegetation might produce in the traveller's mind1 there is plenty in tropical nature to counteract them3 ,there is the incomparable beauty and variety of the foliage1 the vivid color1 the richness and exuberance everywhere displayed1 which make the richest woodland scenery in northern ,europe a sterile desert in comparison4 ,but it is especially the enjoyment of life manifested by individual existences which compensates for the destruction and pain caused by the inevitable competition4 ,although this competition is nowhere more active1 and the dangers to which each individual is exposed nowhere more numerous1 yet nowhere is this enjoyment more vividly displayed4 ,mr4 ,bates mentions a peculiar feature in some of the colossal trees which here and there monopolize a large #ahd space in the forests4 ,the height of some of these giants he estimates at from #ahj to #bjj feet1 whose vast dome of foliage rises above the other forest trees as a domed cathedral does above the other buildings in a city4 ,in most of the large trees of different species is to be seen a growth of buttress-shaped projections around the lower part of their stems4 ,the spaces between these buttresses--which are generally thin walls of wood--form spacious chambers1 and may be compared to stalls in a stable2 some of them are large enough to hold half-a-dozen persons4 ,what are these buttresses1 how do they originate1 and what is their use8 ,we have already seen how great is the competition amongst the trees of a primeval forest1 and how every square inch is eagerly battled for by the number of competitors4 ,in consequence of this it is obvious that lateral growth of roots in the earth is a difficult matter4 ,necessity being the mother of invention1 the roots1 unable to expand laterally1 raise themselves ridge-like out of the earth1 growing gradually upward as the increasing height of the tree required augmented support4 ,a beautiful compensation1 truly1 and full of deep interest6 ,as ,londoners add upper stories to their houses where competition has rendered lateral additions impossible1 so these gigantic trees1 in order to sustain the massive crown and trunk1 strengthen their roots by upper additions4 ,one of the most striking features in tropical scenery is the suddenness with which the leaves and blossoms spring into full beauty4 ,some mornings a single tree would appear in flower amidst what was the preceding evening a uniform green mass of forest1--a dome of blossom suddenly created as if by magic4 ,in the early mornings1 soon after dawn1 the sky is always without a cloud1 the thermometer marking #gb or #gc ,fahr4 ,now all nature is fresh1 and the birds in the full enjoyment of their existence1 the shrill yelping of the toucans being frequently heard from their abode amongst the wild fruit-trees of the forest2 flocks of parrots appear in distinct relief against the blue sky1 always two by two1 chattering to each other1 the pairs being separated by regular intervals1 too high1 however1 to reveal the bright colors of their plumage4 ,the greatest heat of the day is about two o'clock1 by which time1 the thermometer being #ib or #ic ,fahr41 every voice of bird or mammal is hushed2 only in the trees is heard at intervals the harsh whirr of a cicada4 ,the leaves1 which were so fresh and moist in early morning1 now become lax and drooping1 and the flowers shed their petals4 ,the ,indian and mulatto inhabitants sleep in their hammocks1 or sit on mats in the shade1 too languid even to talk4 ,mr4 ,bates has given a graphic picture of tropical nature at the approach of rain3 ,first1 the cool sea-breeze which commenced to blow about ten o'clock1 and which had increased in force with the increasing power of the sun1 would flag and finally die away4 ,the heat and electric tension of the atmosphere would then become almost insupportable4 ,languor and uneasiness would seize on every one2 even the denizens of the forest betraying it by their motions4 ,white clouds would appear in the east and gather into cumuli1 with an increasing blackness along their lower portions4 ,the whole eastern horizon would become almost suddenly black1 and this would spread upward1 the sun at length becoming obscured4 ,then the rush of a mighty wind is heard through the forest1 swaying the tree-tops2 a vivid flash of lightning bursts forth1 then a crash of thunder1 and down streams the deluging rain4 ,such storms soon cease1 leaving bluish-black motionless clouds in the sky until night4 ,meanwhile all nature is refreshed2 but heaps of flower petals and fallen leaves are seen under the trees4 ,toward evening life revives again1 and the ringing uproar is resumed from bush and tree4 #ahe ,the following morning the son again rises in a cloudless sky1 and so the cycle is completed2 spring1 summer1 and autumn1 as it were1 in one tropical day4 ,with regard to animal life in the ,amazonian forests1 it appears that there is a great variety of mammals1 birds1 and reptiles1 but they are very shy1 and widely scattered4 ,brazil is poor in terrestrial animals1 and the species are of small size4 ,the huntsman would be disappointed who expected to find here flocks of animals similar to the buffalo herds of ,north ,america1 or the swarms of antelopes and herds of ponderous pachyderms of southern ,africa4 ,it has already been observed that the mammals of ,brazil are1 for the most part1 arboreal in their habits2 this is especially the case with the monkeys1 or ,cebidae1 a family of quadrumamous animals peculiar to the new world4 ,the reader may observe the habits of some species of this group in the monkey-house of the ,zoological ,society's ,gardens in ,regent's ,park4 ,the strong muscular tail1 with its naked palm under the tip1 which many of the ,cebidae possess1 renders them peculiarly well adapted to a forest life4 ,mr4 ,bates states that thirty-eight species of this family of monkey inhabit the ,amazon region1 and considers the ,coaits1 or spider-monkeys1 as the extreme development of the ,american type of apes4 ,the flesh of one species of ,coaits is much esteemed as an article of food by the natives in some parts of the country4 ,the ,indians1 we are told1 are very fund of ,coaits as pets4 ,some of our readers are doubtless acquainted with the name of ,madame ,maria ,sibylla ,merian1 a ,german lady who was born about the middle of the seventeenth century4 ,she was much devoted to the study of natural history1 and travelled to ,surinam for the purpose of making drawings of its animal productions2 many of these drawings are now in the ,british ,museum4 ,this estimable lady1 amongst other curiosities of natural history1 affirmed the two following ones3--#a4 ,the lantern-fly 7,fulgora lanternaria7 emits so strong a light from its body as to enable a person in the night-time to read a newspaper by it4 #b4 ,the large spider 7,mygale7 enters the nests of the little humming-birds1 and destroys the inmates4 ,it would occupy too much time to tell of the mass of evidence which was adduced in denial of these recorded facts1 but1 suffice it to say that ,madame ,merian was set down as an arch-heretic and inventor1 and that no credit was attached to her statements4 ,with regard to the first-named heresy1 the opinion of modern zoologists is1 that there is nothing at all improbable in the circumstance of the ,fulgora emitting a strong light1 as luminous properties are known to exist in other insects1 but that the fact has been rather over-colored by the imagination of the worthy lady4 ,as to the second question1 about the bird-destroying propensities of the ,mygale1 let us hear the testimony of so thoroughly trustworthy a witness as ,mr4 ,bates3 ,in the course of our walk 7between the ,tocantins and ,cameta7 ,i chanced to verify a fact relating to the habits of a large hairy spider of the genus ,mygale1 in a manner worth recording4 ,the species was ,m4 avicularia1 or one very closely allied to it2 the individual was nearly two inches in length of body1 but the legs expanded seven inches1 and the entire body and legs were covered with coarse grey and reddish hairs4 ,i was attracted by a movement of the monster on a tree-trunk2 it was close beneath a deep crevice in the tree1 across which was stretched a dense white web4 ,the lower part of the web was broken1 and two small birds1 finches1 were entangled in the pieces2 they were about the size of the ,english siskin1 and ,i judged the two to be male and female4 ,one of them was quite dead1 the other lay under the body of the spider not quite dead1 and was smeared with the filthy liquor or #ahf saliva exuded by the monster4 ,i drove away the spider and took the birds1 but the second one soon died4 ,the fact of species of ,mygale sallying forth at night1 mounting trees1 and sucking the eggs and young of humming-birds1 has been recorded long ago by ,madame ,merian and ,palisot de ,beauvois2 but1 in the absence of any confirmation1 it has come to be discredited4 ,from the way the fact has been related it would appear that it had been merely derived from the report of natives1 and had not been witnessed by the narrators4 ,count ,langsdorff1 in his ',expedition into the ,interior of ,brazil1' states that he totally disbelieved the story4 ,i found the circumstances to be quite a novelty to the residents here about4 ,the ,mygales are quite common insects2 some species make their cells under stones1 others form artistical tunnels in the earth1 and some build their dens in the thatch of houses4 ,the natives call them ,aranhas carangueijeiras1 or crab spiders4 ,the hairs with which they are clothed come off when touched1 and cause a peculiar and almost maddening irritation4 ,the first specimen that ,i killed and prepared was handled incautiously1 and ,i suffered terribly for three days afterward4 ,i think this is not owing to any poisonous quality residing in the hairs1 but to their being short and hard1 and thus getting into the fine creases of the skin4 ,some ,mygales are of immense size4 ,one day ,i saw the children belonging to an ,indian who collected for me with one of these monsters secured by a cord round its waist1 by which they were leading it about the house as they would a dog4 ,the name of ant has only to be mentioned1 and the strange habits of the various species immediately suggest themselves to the mind of the naturalist1 who is always interested in1 and amply repaid by1 watching these insects with the closest scrutiny4 ,brazil abounds in ants1 one species of which1 the ,dinoponera grandis1 is an inch and a quarter in length2 but by far the most interesting to the naturalist1 as well as one of the most destructive to the cultivated trees of the country1 is the leaf-carrying ant 7,a,ecodoma cephalotes74 ,in some districts1 we are told1 it is so abundant that agriculture is almost impossible1 and everywhere complaints are heard of the terrible pest4 ,this insect derives its specific name of cephalotes from the extraordinary size of the heads belonging to two of the orders1 which1 with a third kind1 constitute the colony4 ,the formicarian establishment consists of3 #a4 ,worker minors2 #b4 ,worker majors2 #c4 ,subterranean workers4 ,the first-named kind alone does the real active work4 ,the two last contain the individuals with the enormous heads2 their functions are not clearly ascertained4 ,in color they are a pale reddish-brown1 and the thorax of the true worker1 which is the smallest of the orders1 is armed with three pairs of sharp spines2 the head is provided with a pair of similar spines proceeding from the cheeks behind4 ,this ant1 known by the native name of ,saba1 has long been celebrated for its habit of clipping off and carrying away1 large quantities of leaves3 ,when employed in this work1 ,mr4 ,bates says1 their processions look like a multitude of animated leaves on the march4 ,in some places ,i found an accumulation of such leaves1 all circular pieces1 about the size of a sixpence1 lying on the pathway1 unattended by the ants1 and at some distance from any colony4 ,such heaps are always found to be removed when the place is revisited next day4 ,in course of time ,i had plenty of opportunities of seeing them at work4 ,they mount the tree in multitudes1 the individuals being all worker minors4 ,each one places itself on the surface of a leaf1 and cuts with its sharp scissor-like jaws1 and by a sharp jerk detaches the piece4 ,sometimes they let the leaf drop to the ground1 where a little heap accumulates until carried off by another relay of workers2 but generally each marches off #ahg with the piece it has operated upon and as all take the same road to their colony1 the path they follow becomes in a short time smooth and bare1 looking like the impression of a cart-wheel through the herbage4 ,the ,saba ant is peculiar to tropical ,america1 and1 though it is injurious to the wild native trees of the country1 it seems to have a preference to the coffee and orange trees and other imported plants4 ,the leaves which the ,saba cuts and carries away are used to thatch the domes which cover the entrances to their subterranean dwellings1 thereby protecting from the deluging rains the young broods in the nests beneath4 ,the insects proceed according to a most orderly method1 the heavily-laden workers1 each carrying its segment of leaf vertically1 the lower edge secured in its mandibles1 troop up1 and cast their burdens on the hillock2 another body of laborers place the leaves in position1 covering them with a layer of earthy granules1 which are brought one by one from the soil beneath4 ,the labors of this curious insect are immense1 and no obstacles stop their excavations4 ,an allied species of ,rio de ,janeiro worked a tunnel under the bed of the river ,parabyba1 at a place where it is as broad as the ,thames at ,london ,bridge4 ,these ants are sad rogues1 being household plunderers and robbers of the farinha1 or mandioca meal1 of the poor inhabitants of ,brazil2 and ,mr4 ,bates was obliged to lay trains of gunpowder along their line of march to blow them up1 which in the end resulted in scaring the burglars away4 ,we have already alluded to the massive heads possessed by the major and subterranean kinds of neuters1 and stated that the work is done by the worker minor or small-headed kind4 ,with regard to the function of the large-headed worker major1 ,mr4 ,bates was unable to satisfy himself3 ,they are not the soldiers or defenders of the working portion of the community1 like the armed class in the termites1 or white ants1 for they never fight4 ,the species has no sting1 and does not display active resistance when interfered with4 ,i once imagined they exercised a sort of superintendence over the others2 but this function is entirely unnecessary in a community where all work with a precision and regularity resembling the subordinate parts of a piece of machinery4 ,i came to the conclusion1 at last1 that they have no very precisely defined function4 ,they cannot1 however1 be entirely useless to the community1 for the sustenance of an idle class of such bulky individuals would be too heavy a charge for the species to sustain4 ,i think they serve in some sort as passive instruments of protection to the real workers4 ,their enormously large1 hard1 and indestructible heads may be of use in protecting them against the attacks of insectivorous animals4 ,they would be1 on this view1 a kind of pices de rsistance serving as a foil against onslaughts made on the main body of workers4 ,but the third order1 the subterranean kind1 we are told1 is the most curious of all3 ,if the top of a small1 fresh hillock1 one in which the thatching process is going on1 be taken off1 a broad cylindrical shaft is disclosed1 at a depth about two feet from the surface4 ,if this be probed with a stick1 which may be done to the extent of three or four feet without touching bottom1 a small number of colossal fellows will slowly begin to make their way up the smooth sides of the mine4 ,their heads are of the same size as those of the other class 7worker major72 but the front is clothed with hairs instead of being polished1 and they have in the middle of the forehead a twin ocellus1 or simple eye1 of quite different structure from the ordinary compound eyes on the side of the head4 ,this frontal eye is totally wanting in the other workers1 and is not known in any other kind of ant4 ,the apparition of these strange creatures from #ahh the cavernous depths of the mine reminded one1 when ,i first observed them1 of the ,cyclopes of ,homeric fable4 ,they were not very pugnacious1 as ,i feared they would be1 and ,i had no difficulty in securing a few with my fingers4 ,i never saw them under any circumstances than those here related1 and what their special functions may be ,i cannot divine4 ,the naturalist traveller1 in the midst of much that interests and delights him1 has to put up with a great deal that is annoying1 and ,mr4 ,bates proved no exception to the rule4 ,the first few nights when at ,carip1 he was much troubled with bats2 the room where he slept had not been occupied for several months1 and the roof was open to the tiles and rafters3 ,on one night1 he says1 ,i was aroused about midnight by the rushing noise made by vast hosts of bats sweeping about the room4 ,the air was alive with them2 they had put out the lamp1 and when ,i relighted it1 the place appeared blackened with the impish multitudes that were whirling round and round4 ,after ,i had lain about well with a stick for a few minutes they disappeared amongst the tiles1 but when all was still again they returned1 and once more extinguished the light4 ,i took no further notice of them and went to sleep4 ,the next night several got into my hammock2 ,i seized them as they were crawling over me1 and dashed them against the wall4 ,the next morning ,i found a wound1 evidently caused by a bat1 on my hip4 ,bats remind us of the vampire1 a native of ,south ,america1 concerning whose blood-sucking properties so much discussion has been from time to time raised4 ,the vampire bat was very common at ,ega2 it is the largest of the ,south ,american species4 ,of this bat ,mr4 ,bates writes3 ,nothing in animal physiognomy can be more hideous than the countenance of this creature when viewed from the front2 the large leathery ears standing out from the sides and top of the head1 the erect1 spear-shaped appendage on the tip of the nose1 the grin1 and glistening black eyes1 all combining to make up a figure that reminds one of some mocking imp of fable4 ,no wonder that imaginative people have inferred diabolical instincts on the part of so ugly an animal4 ,the vampire1 however1 is the most harmless of all bats1 and its inoffensive character is well known to residents on the banks of the ,amazon4 ,that much fable has attached itself to the history of this curious creature we are perfectly convinced1 and that its blood-sucking peculiarities have been grossly exaggerated we must allow4 ,when this bat has been said to perform the operation of drawing blood by inserting its aculeated tongue ,footnote #bf into the vein of a sleeping person with so much dexterity as not to be felt1 at the same time fanning the air with its large wings1 and thus producing a sensation so delightfully cool that the sleep is rendered still more profound1 it is clear that the mythical element exists to a great extent in the narrative2 but our author's assertion that the vampire is the most harmless of all bats does not tally with the statements of other naturalists of considerable note4 ,mr4 ,wallace says he saw the effects of the vampire's operations on a young horse1 and that the first morning after its arrival the poor animal presented a most pitiable appearance1 large streams of clotted blood running down from several wounds on its back and sides3 ,footnote #bf3 ,an ,expression used by ,mr4 ,wood in his ,zography4' ,it is enough to remark that no known bat has an aculeated4 ,the appearance1 ,mr4 ,wallace adds1 was1 however1 ,i dare say1 worse than reality1 as the bats have the skill to bleed without giving pain1 and it is quite possible the horse1 like a patient under the influence of chloroform1 may have known nothing of the matter4 ,the danger is in the attacks being repeated every night till the loss of blood becomes serious4 ,to prevent this1 red peppers are usually rubbed #ahi on the parts wounded and on all likely places2 and this will partly check the sanguinivorous appetite of the bats1 but not entirely1 as in spite of this application the poor animal was again bitten the next night in fresh places4 ,footnote #bg ,footnote #bg3 ,travels on the ,amazon1 p4 #dd4 ,both ,mr4 ,darwin and ,mr4 ,waterton1 if we remember rightly1 have borne similar testimony in favor of the opinion that the vampire does suck blood4 ,a servant of the former gentleman1 when near ,coquimbo1 in ,chili1 observed something attached to the withers of one of his horses1 which was restless1 and on putting his hand upon the place he secured a vampire bat4 ,mr4 ,waterton1 however1 could not induce the vampires to bite him1 notwithstanding the now veteran naturalist ,footnote #bh slept many months in an open loft which the vampires frequented2 but an ,indian boy who slept near him had his toes often tapped1 while fowls were destroyed1 and even an unfortunate donkey was much persecuted1 looking1 as ,mr4 ,waterton says1 like misery steeped in vinegar4 ,footnote #bh3 ,since this article was in type this excellent naturalist and kind-hearted gentleman has passed away from amongst us4 ,while at ,villa ,nova1 on the lower ,amazons1 our naturalist was subjected to another annoyance1 in the shape of ticks4 ,the tracts thereabouts swarmed with caraptos1 ugly ticks1 belonging to the genus ,ixodes1 which mount to the tops of the blades of grass1 and attach themselves to the clothes of passers-by4 ,they are a great annoyance4 ,it occupied me a full hour to pick them off my flesh after my diurnal ramble4 ,mr4 ,bates's stay at ,ega1 on the upper ,amazons1 and his expeditions in search of scarlet-faced monkeys1 owl-faced night-apes1 marmosets1 curl-crested toucans1 blind ants1 and hundreds of other interesting animals1 must have been particularly enjoyable1 if we except the presence of an abominable gad-fly1 which fixes on the flesh of man as breeding-places for its grub1 and causes painful tumors4 ,ega was a fine field for a natural history collector1 and ,mr4 ,bates ticketed with the name of this town more than #c1jjj new species of animals4 ,it is an old and a true saying that you can have too much of a good thing4 ,a ,london alderman would soon grumble had he to dine every day on turtle only4 ,the great fresh-water turtle of the ,amazons grows in the upper river to an immense size1 a full-grown one measuring nearly three feet in length by two in breadth1 and is a load for the strongest ,indian4 4 4 4 4 ,the flesh is very tender1 palatable1 and wholesome2 but it is very cloying4 ,every one ends sooner or later by becoming thoroughly surfeited4 ,our traveller adds that he became so sick of turtle in the course of two years that he could not bear the smell of it1 although at the same time nothing else was to be had1 and he was suffering actual hunger4 ,the pools about ,ega abound in turtles and alligators1 and the ,indians capture a great number of the former animals by means of sharp steel-pointed arrows1 fitted into a peg which enters the tip of the shaft4 ,this peg is fastened to the arrow-shaft by means of a piece of twine2 and when the missile--which the people hurl with astonishing skill--pierces the carapace1 the peg drops out and the struck turtle dives to the bottom1 the detached shaft floating on the surface serving to guide the sportsman to his game4 ,so clever are the natives in the use of the bow and arrow1 that they do not wait till the turtle comes to the surface to breathe1 but shoot at the back of the animal as it moves under the water1 and hardly ever fail to pierce the submerged shell4 ,one of the most curious and interesting facts in natural history is the assimilation in many animals of form and color to other objects1 animate or inanimate4 ,thus the caterpillars termed1 from their mode of progression1 geometric bear so close a resemblance to the twigs of the trees or bushes upon which they rest that it is no easy thing to distinguish them at a #aij glance2 the buff-tip moth1 when at rest1 looks just like a broken bit of lichen-covered branch1 the colored tips of the wings resembling a section of the wood4 ,the beautiful ,australian parakeets1 known as the ,batcherrygar parrots1 look so much like the leaves of ,eucalpyti1 or gum-trees1 on which they repose1 that1 though numbers may be perched upon a branch1 they are hardly to be seen so long as they keep quiet4 ,some ,south ,american beetles 7of the family ,cassidae7 closely resemble glittering drops of dew2 some kinds of spiders mimic flower-buds1 and station themselves motionless in the axils of leaves and other parts of plants to wait for their victims4 ,insects belonging to the genera of ,mantis1 ,locusta1 and ,phasma1 often show a wonderful resemblance to leaves or sticks4 ,examples of mimetic analogy may also be found amongst birds2 but perhaps the most remarkable cases of imitation are to be found among the butterflies of the valley of the ,amazon recently made known to us by ,mr4 ,bates4 ,there is a family of butterflies named ,heliconidae1 of a slow flight and feeble structure1 very numerous in this ,south ,american region1 notwithstanding that the districts ,abound with insectivorous birds4 ,now1 ,mr4 ,bates has observed that where large numbers of this family are found they are always accompanied by species of a totally distinct family which closely resemble them in size1 form1 color1 and markings4 ,so close is the resemblance that ,mr4 ,bates often found it impossible to distinguish members of one family from those of the other when the insects were on the wing2 and he observed1 moreover1 that when a local variety of a species of the ,heliconidae occurred1 there was found also a butterfly of another family imitating that local variety4 ,there is no difficulty at all in distinguishing the imitators from the imitated1 for the latter have all a family likeness1 while the former depart from the normal form and likeness of the families to which they respectively belong4 ,what is the meaning of this curious fact8 ,it is this3 the ,heliconidae1 or imitated butterflies1 are not persecuted by birds1 dragon-flies1 lizards1 or other insectivorous enemies1 while the members of the imitating families are subject to much persecution4 ,the butterflies imitated are said to owe their immunity from persecution to their offensive odor1 while no such fortunate character belongs to the imitating insects4 ,but how1 we naturally ask1 has this change of color and form been effected8 ,mr4 ,darwin and ,mr4 ,bates explain it on the principle of natural selection4 ,let us suppose that a member of the persecuted family gave birth to a variety--and there is a tendency in all animals to produce varieties--exhibiting a very slight resemblance to some species of ,heliconidae4 ,this individual1 in consequence of this slight resemblance1 would have a better chance of living and producing young than those of its relatives which bear no resemblance whatever to the unmolested family4 ,some of the offspring of this slightly favored variety would very probably show more marked resemblance to the unpersecuted butterflies2 and thus the likeness between insects of totally distinct groups would in course of time be1 according to the law of inheritance1 quite complete4 ,this is the explanation which ,mr4 ,bates gives of this natural phenomenon4 ,the phenomenon itself is an undoubted one2 whether it is or is not satisfactorily accounted for1 cannot at present be determined2 we must wait for further investigation4 ,we had intended to speak of some of the ,south ,american palms1 those wondrous and valuable productions of tropical countries1 the ,india-rubber trees1 and other vegetable productions of the ,amazons1 but we must linger no longer with the excellent naturalist from whose volumes we have derived so much pleasure4 ,mr4 ,bates has written a book full of interest1 with the spirit of a real lover of nature and with the pen of a philosopher4 #aia ,leaving1 then1 the new world1 let us cast a glance1 in company with one of the greatest botanists of the day1 at what we may call the tropical features of the ,sikkim ,himalayas4 ,though this region is not strictly speaking within the tropics1 yet the vegetation at the base is of a tropical character4 ,in this wonderful district the naturalist is able to wander through every zone of vegetation1 from the dense deep-green dripping forests at the base of the ,himalaya1 formed of giant trees1 as the ,duabanga and ,terminalia1 with ,cedrela and ,gordonia ,wallichii1 mingled with innumerable shrubs and herbs1 to the lichens and mosses of the regions of perpetual snow4 ,the tropical vegetation of the ,sikkim extends from ,siligoree1 a station on the verge of the ,terai1 that low malarious belt which skirts the base of the ,himalaya from the ,sutlej to ,brahma-,koond1 in ,upper ,assam4 ,every feature1 writes ,dr4 ,hooker1 botanical1 geological1 and zoological1 is new on entering this district4 ,the change is sudden and immediate3 sea and shore are hardly more conspicuously different2 nor from the edge of the ,terai to the limit of perpetual snow is any botanical region more clearly marked than this which is the commencement of ,himalayan vegetation4 ,the banks of the numerous tortuous streams are richly clothed with vines and climbing convolvuluses1 with various kinds of ,cucurbitaceae and ,bignoniaceae4 ,the district of the ,terai is very pestilential1 and1 though fatal to ,europeans1 is inhabited by a race called the ,mechis with impunity4 ,as our traveller proceeded to the little bungalow of ,punkabaree1 about #a1hjj feet in elevation1 the bushy timber of the ,terai was found to be replaced by giant forests1 with large bamboos cresting the hills1 numerous epiphytical orchids and ferns1 with ,hoya1 ,seitamineae1 and similar types of the hottest and dampest climates4 ,all around ,punkabaree the hills rise steeply #e1jjj or #f1jjj feet2 from the road at and a little above the bungalow the view is described by ,dr4 ,hooker as superb and very instructive3 ,behind 7or north7 the ,himalaya rise in steep confused masses4 ,below1 the hill on which ,i stood1 and the ranges as far as the eye can reach east and west1 throw spurs on the plains of ,india4 ,these are very thickly wooded1 and enclose broad1 dead-flat1 hot1 or damp valleys1 apparently covered with a dense forest4 ,secondary spurs of clay and gravel1 like that immediately below ,punkabaree1 rest on the bases of the mountains and seem to form an intermediate neutral ground between flat and mountainous ,india4 ,the ,terai district forms a very irregular belt1 scantily clothed1 and intersected by innumerable rivulets from the hills1 which unite and divide again on the flat1 till1 emerging from the region of many trees1 they enter the plains1 following devious courses1 which glisten like silver threads4 ,the whole horizon is bounded by the sea-like expanse of the plains1 which stretch away into the region of sunshine and fine weather1 as one boundless flat4 ,in the distance the courses of the ,teesta and ,cosi1 the great drainers of the snowy ,himalayas1 and the recipients of innumerable smaller rills1 are with difficulty traced at this the dry season4 ,the ocean-like appearance of this southern view is even more conspicuous in the heavens than on the land1 the clouds arranging themselves after a singularly sea-scape fashion4 ,endless strata run in parallel ribbons over the extreme horizon2 above these scattered cumuli1 also in horizontal lines1 are dotted against a clear grey sky1 which gradually1 as the eye is lifted1 passes into a deep cloudless blue vault1 continuously clear to the zenith2 there the cumuli1 in white fleecy masses1 again appear2 till1 in the northern celestial hemisphere1 they thicken and assume the leaden hue of nimbi1 discharging their moisture on the dark forest-clad hills around4 ,the breezes are south-easterly1 bringing that #aib vapor from the ,indian ocean which is rarefied and suspended aloft over the heated plains1 but condensed into a drizzle when it strikes the cooler flanks of the hills1 and into heavy rain when it meets their still colder summits4 ,upon what a gigantic scale does nature here operate6 ,vapors raised from an ocean whose nearest shore is more than #djj miles distant are safely transported without the loss of one drop of water1 to support the rank luxuriance of this far distant region4 ,this and other offices fulfilled1 the waste waters are returned by the ,cosi and ,teesta to the ocean1 and again exhaled1 exported1 expended1 recollected1 and returned4 ,many travellers complain of the annoyance caused to them by leeches4 ,legions of these pests abound in the water-courses and dense jungles of the ,sikkim1 and though their bite is painless1 it is followed by considerable effusion of blood4 ,they puncture through thick worsted stockings1 and even trousers2 and when full roll in the form of a little soft ball into the bottom of the shoe1 where their presence is hardly felt in walking4 ,a thousand feet higher1 above the bungalow of ,punkabaree1 the vegetation is very rich1 the prevalent timber being of enormous size1 and scaled by climbing ,leguminosae1 as ,bauhinias and ,robinias1 which sometimes sheathe the trunks or span the forest with huge cables1 joining tree to tree4 ,their trunks are also clothed with orchids2 and still more beautifully with pothos1 peppers1 vines1 and convolvuli4 ,the beauty of the drapery of the pothos leaves 7,scindapsus7 is pre-eminent1 whether for the graceful folds the foliage assumes or for the liveliness of its color4 ,of the more conspicuous smaller trees the wild banana is the most abundant2 its crown of very beautiful foliage contrasting with the smaller-leaved plants amongst which it nestles2 next comes a screwpine 7,pandanus7 with a straight stem and a tuft of leaves1 each eight or ten feet long1 waving on all sides4 ,araliaceae1 with smooth or armed slender trunks1 and ,mappa-like ,euphorbiaceae spread their long petioles horizontally forth1 each terminated with an ample leaf some feet in diameter4 ,bamboo abounds everywhere2 its dense tufts of culms1 #ajj feet and upward high1 are as thick as a man's thigh at the base4 ,twenty or thirty species of ferns 7including a tree fern7 were luxuriant and handsome4 ,foliaceous lichens and a few mosses appeared at #b1jjj feet4 ,such is the vegetation of the roads through the tropical forests of ,outer ,himalaya4 ,as we ascend about #b1jjj feet higher1 we find many plants of the temperate zone mingling with the tropical vegetation1 amongst which a very ,english-looking bramble1 bearing a good yellow fruit1 is the first to mark the change2 next1 mighty oaks with large lamellated cups and magnificent foliage succeed1 till along the ridge of the mountain to ,kursiong1 at an elevation of about #d1hjj feet1 the change in the flora is complete4 ,here the vegetation recalls to mind home impressions3 the oak flowering1 the birch bursting into leaf1 the violet1 ,chrysosplenium1 ,stellaria and ,arum1 ,vaccinium1 wild strawberry1 maple1 geranium1 bramble4 ,a colder wind blew here2 mosses and lichens carpeted the banks and roadsides2 the birds and insects were very different from those below1 and everything proclaimed the marked change in the vegetation4 ,and yet even at this elevation we meet with forms of tropical plants1 pothos1 bananas1 palms1 figs1 pepper1 numbers of epiphytal orchids1 and similar genuine tropical genera4 ,the hill-station of ,darjiling1 the well-known sanitarium1 where the health of ,europeans is recruited by a temperate climate1 is about #cgj miles to the north of ,calcutta4 ,the ridge varies in height from #f1ejj to #g1ejj feet above the level of the sea1 #h1jjj feet being the elevation at which the mean temperature most nearly coincides with that of ,london1 viz41 #ej4 #aic ,the forests around ,darjiling are composed principally of magnolias1 oaks1 laurels1 with birch1 alder1 maple1 holly4 ,dr4 ,hooker draws especial attention to the absence of ,leguminosae1 the most prominent botanical feature in the vegetation of the region1 which1 he says1 is too high for the tropical tribes of the warmer elevation1 too low for the ,alpines1 and probably too moist for those of temperate regions2 cool1 equable1 humid climates being generally unfavorable to the above-named order4 ,the supremacy of this temperate region consists in the infinite number of forest trees1 in the absence 7in the usual proportion1 at any rate7 of such common orders as ,compositae1 ,leguminosae1 ,cruciferae and ,ranunculaceae1 and of grasses amongst ,monocotyledons1 and in the predominance of the rarer and more local families1 as those of rhododendron1 camellia1 magnolia1 ivy1 cornel1 honeysuckle1 hydrangea1 begonia1 and epiphytic orchids4 ,we regret that want of space prevents us dwelling longer on the scenes of tropical ,himalaya1 so graphically described by ,dr4 ,hooker4 ,we will conclude this imperfect sketch with our traveller's description of the scenery along the banks of the great ,rungeet1 #f1jjj feet below ,darjiling3 ,leaving the forest1 the path led along the river bank and over the great masses of rock which strewed its course4 ,the beautiful ,india-rubber fig was common4 4 4 4 ,on the forest skirts1 ,hoya1 parasitical ,orchidiae1 and ferns abounded2 the ,chaulmoogra1 whose fruit is used to intoxicate fish1 was very common1 as was an immense mulberry-tree1 that yields a milky juice and produces a long1 green1 sweet fruit4 ,large fish1 chiefly cyprinoid1 were abundant in the beautifully clear water of the river4 ,but by far the most striking feature consisted in the amazing quantity of superb butterflies1 large tropical swallow-tails1 black1 with scarlet or yellow eyes on their wings4 ,they were seen everywhere1 sailing majestically through the still1 hot air1 or fluttering from one scorching rock to another1 and especially loving to settle on the damp sand of the river2 where they sat by thousands1 with erect wings1 balancing themselves with a rocking motion1 as their heavy sails inclined them to one side or the other1 resembling a crowded fleet of yachts on a calm day4 ,such an entomological display cannot be surpassed4 ,cicindelae and the great ,cicadeae were everywhere lighting on the ground1 when they uttered a short sharp creaking sound1 and anon disappeared as if by magic4 ,beautiful whip-snakes were gleaming in the sun2 they hold on by a few coils of the tall round a twig1 the greater part of their body stretched out horizontally1 occasionally retracting and darting an unerring aim at some insect4 ,the narrowness of the gorge1 and the excessive steepness of the bounding hills1 prevented any view except of the opposite mountain-face1 which was one dense forest1 in which the wild banana was conspicuous4 ,one of the most remarkable botanical discoveries of modern days is that of a very curious and anomalous genus of plants1 named by ,dr4 ,hooker ,welwitschia in honor of its discoverer4 ,dr4 ,frederic ,welwitsch1 who first noticed this singular plant in a letter to ,sir ,william ,hooker1 dated ,august1 #ahfj4 ,i have been assured1 says ,dr4 ,hooker in his valuable memoir of this plant1 by those who remember it1 that since the discovery of the ,rafflesia ,arnoldii1 no vegetable production has excited so great an interest as the subject of the present memoir4 ,we well remember this singular plant1 having seen a specimen in the ,kew ,herbarium soon after its arrival in this country4 ,the following is ,dr4 ,hooker's account of its appearance and prominent characters3 ,the ,welwitschia is a woody plant1 said to attain a century in duration1 with an obconic trunk about two feet long1 of which a few inches rise #aid above the soil1 presenting the appearance of a flat1 two-lobed depressed mass1 sometimes 7according to ,dr4 ,welwitsch7 attaining fourteen feet in circumference 767 and looking like a round table4 ,when full grown1 it is dark brown1 hard1 and cracked over the whole surface 7much like the burnt crust of a loaf of bread72 the lower portion forms a stout tap-root1 buried in the soil and branching downward at the end4 ,from deep grooves in the circumference of the depressed mass two enormous leaves are given off1 each six feet long when full grown1 one corresponding to each lobe4 ,these are quite flat1 linear1 very leathery1 and split to the base into innumerable thongs that lie curling upon the surface of the soil4 ,its discoverer describes these same two leaves as being present from the earliest condition of the plant1 and assures me that they are in fact developed from the two cotyledons of the seed1 and are persistent1 being replaced by no others4 ,from the circumference of the tabular mass1 above but close to the insertion of the leaves1 spring stout dichotomously branched cymes1 nearly a foot high1 bearing small erect scarlet cones1 which eventually become oblong and attain the size of those of the common spruce fir4 ,the scales of the cones are very closely imbricated1 and contain when young and still very small solitary flowers1 which in some cases are hermaphrodite 7structurally but not functionally71 in others female4 ,after describing these flowers in botanical terms4 ,dr4 ,hooker adds1 ,the mature cone is tetragonous1 and contains a broadly winged scale4 ,its discoverer observes that the whole plant exudes a resin1 and that it is called 'tumbo' by the natives4 ,it inhabits the elevated sandy plateau near ,cape ,negro 7lat #ad #dj' ,s4 to #bc ,s47 on the south-west coast of ,africa4 ,dr4 ,hooker regards the ,welwitschia as the only perennial flowering-plant which at no period has other vegetative organs than those proper to the embryo itself1--the main axis being represented by the radicle1 which becomes a gigantic caulicle and develops a root from its base1 and inflorescences from its plumulary end1 and the leaves being the two cotyledons in a very highly developed and specialized condition4 ,footnote #bi ,footnote #bi3 ,transactions of the ,linnean ,society1 vol4 xxiv41 part i4 ,few countries present more objects of interest to the naturalist than the island of ,madagascar1 amongst the botanical treasures of which island the water yam or lace-leaf 7,ouviranidra fenestralis7 claims especial notice4 ,this beautiful and singular plant1 which belongs to the natural order ,naiadaceae1 was first made known to the scientific world by du ,petit ,thouars in #ahbb4 ,horticulturists are indebted to ,mr4 ,ellis1 the well-known author of ,polynesian ,researches1 for the introduction of this singular plant into ,england1 specimens of which may be seen in the ,royal ,gardens at ,kew and elsewhere3 ,this plant1 says ,mr4 ,ellis1 is not only extremely curious1 but also very valuable to the natives1 who1 at certain seasons of the year1 gather it as an article of food--the fleshy root when cooked yielding a farinaceous substance resembling the yam4 ,hence its native name1 ouvirandrano1 literally1 yam of the water2--ouvi in the ,malagasy and ,polynesian languages signifying yam1 and rano in the former and some of the latter signifying water4 ,the ouvirandra is not only a rare and curious1 but a singularly beautiful plant1 both in structure and color4 ,from the several crowns of the branching root1 growing often a foot or more deep in the water1 a number of graceful leaves1 nine or ten inches long and two or three inches wide1 spread out horizontally just beneath the surface of the water4 ,the flower-stalks rise from the centre of the leaves1 and the branching or forked flower is curious2 but the structure of the leaf is peculiarly so1 and seems like a living fibrous skeleton rather than an entire leaf4 ,the #aie longitudinal fibres extend in curved lined along its entire length1 and are united by thread-like fibres or veins1 crossing them at right angles from side to side1 at a short distance from each other4 ,the whole leaf looks as if composed of fine tendrils1 wrought after a most regular pattern1 so as to resemble a piece of bright-green lace or open needlework4 ,each leaf rises from the crown on the root like a short delicate-looking pale green or yellow fibre2 gradually unfolding its feathery-looking sides and increasing its size as it spreads beneath the water4 ,the leaves in their several stages of growth pass through almost every gradation of color1 from a pale yellow to a dark olive-green1 becoming brown or even black before they finally decay2 air-bubbles of considerable size frequently appearing under the full-formed and healthy leaves4 ,it is scarcely possible to imagine any object of the kind more attractive and beautiful than a full-grown specimen of this plant1 with its dark green leaves forming the limit of a circle two or three feet in diameter1 and in the transparent water within that circle presenting leaves in every stage of development1 both as to color and size4 ,nor is it the least curious to notice that these slender and fragile structures1 apparently not more substantial than the gossamer and flexible as a feather1 still possess a tenacity and wiriness which allow the delicate leaf to be raised by the hand to the surface of the water without injury4 ,no natural order of plants has created or continues to create a greater degree of interest amongst travellers and botanists than the ,orchidaceae1 of which more than three thousand species have been described2 the anomalous structure of their reproductory parts1 the singularity in form of the floral envelopes1 the grotesque resemblance which many kinds bear to some object or other of the animal world1 the rarity1 beauty1 and delicious fragrance of some forms--all combine to render these plants of great value and interest4 ,as inhabitants of hot and damp localities1 orchids are in general epiphytes1 as in the ,brazilian forests1 in the lower portions of the ,himalayan mountains1 and in the islands of the ,indian archipelago2 when they occur in temperate regions they are terrestrial in their mode of growth2 in extremely dry or cold climates1 orchidaceous plants are unknown4 ,two rare and beautiful epiphytal orchids1 the ,angraecum sesquipedale and ,a4 superbum1 were obtained by ,mr4 ,ellis in ,madagascar and ,mauritius1 and introduced into this country4 ,of the former1 the largest flowered of all the orchids1 ,dr4 ,lindley has given the following description3 ,the plant forms a stem about eighteen inches high1 covered with long leathery leaves in two ranks1 like ,venda tricolor and its allies2 but they have a much more beautiful appearance1 owing to a drooping habit1 and a delicate bloom which clothes their surface4 ,from the axils of the uppermost of these leaves appear short stiff flower-stalks1 each bearing three and sometimes five flowers1 extending seven inches in breadth and the same in height4 ,they are furnished with a firm1 curved1 tapering1 tail-like spur1 about fourteen inches long4 ,when first open1 the flower is slightly tinged with green except the tip1 which is almost pure white2 after a short time the green disappears1 and the whole surface acquires the softest waxy texture and perfect whiteness4 ,in this condition they remain1 preserving all their delicate beauty1 for more than five weeks4 ,even before they expand1 the greenish buds1 which are three inches long1 have a very noble appearance4 ,to the scientific naturalist few subjects are more full of deep interest than the question of the geographical distribution of animals4 ,dr4 ,sclater1 the active secretary of the ,zoological ,society of ,london1 has contributed an instructive paper1 ,on the ,mammals of ,madagascar1 to the second1 number #aif of the ,quarterly ,journal of ,science1 from which we gather the following facts3 ,as a general rule1 it is found that the faunae and florae of such countries as are most nearly contiguous do most nearly resemble one another1 while1 on the other hand1 those tracts of land which are furthest asunder are inhabited by most different forms of animal and vegetable life4 ,now1 ,madagascar1 with the ,mascarene islands1 is a strange exception to the rule2 for the forms of mammalia which are found in these islands are very different from the forms which occur in the contiguous coast of ,africa1 although the channel between ,madagascar and the continent is in one place not more than #bjj miles3 ,the numerous mammals of the orders ,ruminantia1 ,pachydermata1 and ,proboscidea1 so characteristic of the ,ethiopian fauna1 are entirely absent from ,madagascar4 ,the same is the case with the larger species of carnivora which are found throughout the ,african continent1 but do not extend into ,madagascar4 ,again1 the highly organized types of ,quadrumana which prevail in the forests of the mainland are utterly wanting in the neighboring island2 their place being there occupied by several genera of the inferior family of ,lemurs1 ,dr4 ,sclater shows that this anomaly is not confined to the orders already enumerated1 but that similar irregularities prevail to a greater or lesser extent in every part of the mammalian series1 and that1 in short1 the anomalies presented to us of the forms of life prevalent in the island of ,madagascar are so striking that claims have been put forward in its favor to be considered as a distinct primary geographical region of the earth4 ,dr4 ,sclater also draws attention to the very curious fact1 quite unparalleled1 as far as is hitherto known1 in any other fauna1 that nearly two-thirds of the whole number of known species of the mammals of this island are members of one peculiar group of ,quadrumana4 ,the family of ,lemuridae contains no less than eight generic types1 all different from those found in ,africa and ,india1 although this group is also represented in ,africa by the abnormal form ,perodicticus1 and in ,india by ,nycticebus and ,loris1 two allied genera4 ,the celebrated ,aye ,aye 7,chiromys ,madagascariensis71 a specimen of which anomalous animal is at present in the new monkey-house in the ,zoological ,society's ,gardens1 ,regent's ,park1 is considered by ,prof4 ,owen to be more nearly allied to some of the ,african ,galagos than to any other form of animal4 ,of insectivora1 the genera ,centetes1 ,ericulus1 and ,echinogale1 small animals resembling hedge-hogs in outward appearance1 are thought to be most nearly allied to an ,american genus4 ,from the anomalies in the mammalian fauna of this island4 ,dr4 ,sclater arrives at the following deductions1 which1 however1 as they are based upon the hypothesis of the derivative origin of species1 cannot at present be deemed altogether conclusive3 #a4 ,madagascar has never been connected with ,africa1 as it at present exists4 ,this would seem probable from the absence of certain all-pervading ,ethiopian types in ,madagascar1 such as ,antelope1 ,hippopotamus ,felis1 etc4 ,but1 on the other hand1 the presence of ,lemurs in ,africa renders it certain that ,africa as it at present exists1 contains land that once formed part of ,madagascar4 #b4 ,madagascar and the ,mascarene islands 7which are universally acknowledged to belong to the same category7 must have remained for a long epoch separated from every other part of the globe1 in order to have acquired the many peculiarities now exhibited in their mammal fauna--e4g41 ,lemur1 ,chiromys1 ,eupleres1 ,centetes1 etc4--to be elaborated by the gradual modification of pre-existing forms4 #c4 ,some land-connection must have existed in former ages between ,madagascar and ,india1 whereon the original stock1 whence the present ,lemuridae of ,africa1 ,madagascar1 and ,india1 are descended1 flourished4 #aig #d4 ,it must be likewise allowed that some sort of connection must also have existed between ,madagascar and land which now forms part of the new world--in order to permit the derivation of the ,centetinae from a common stock with the ,solenodon1 and to account for the fact that the ,lemuridae1 as a body1 are certainly more nearly allied to the weaker forms of ,american monkeys than to any of the ,simiidae of the old world4 ,the anomalies of the mammal fauna of ,madagascar can best be explained by supposing that1 anterior to the existence of ,africa in its present shape1 a large continent occupied parts of the ,atlantic and ,indian oceans1 stretching out toward 7what is now7 ,america on the west1 and to ,india and its islands on the east2 that this continent was broken up into islands1 of which some became amalgamated with the present continent of ,africa1 and some possibly with what is now ,asia--and that in ,madagascar and the ,mascarene islands we have existing relics of this great continent4 ,we fain would have lingered on the natural products of this interesting island1 to drink of the refreshing liquid furnished by the traveller-tree1 and to admire the sago palms and other vegetable forms1 but space forbids our dwelling longer on the natural productions of the tropics4 ,footnote #cj ,we could have spoken of the aspects of tropical nature as it appears in ,borneo1 ,java1 ,sumatra1 and other islands of the ,pacific ocean1 but we must stop4 ,we ought not1 however1 to conclude these gleanings without a brief notice of ,dr4 ,hartwig's popular book1 whose title we have placed at the head of this article4 ,there are those who look with contempt on popular science of all kinds1 and regard with undisguised aversion such compilations as the one before us4 ,we do not share these feelings in the least degree2 on the contrary1 we welcome most heartily such introductions to the study of natural history4 ,true1 they may be sometimes of little scientific value1 but they are very useful stepping-stones to something more solid4 ,they are more especially intended for the young1 but those of mature years may derive much profit by a perusal of many of these works1 and even the naturalist may read them with pleasure and instruction4 ,the numerous beautifully illustrated and carefully compiled works on natural history1 such as the book before us1 together with ,the ,sea and its ,living ,wonders1 by the same writer1 with ,routledge's admirable ,natural ,history1 and several of the ,christian ,knowledge ,society's publications1 which have appeared within the last few years1 are an encouraging sign of the growing interest which the rising generation takes in the study of the great ,creator's works1 and we heartily wish them ,god-speed4 ,footnote #cj3 ,in our own territory of the ,seychelles ,islands1 #d to #e ,s41 #cjj miles ,n4 ,e4 of the great island ,just alluded to1 we see one of the strangest of vegetable productions1 the double cocoa-nut1 or ,lodoicea1 which was fully described by ,mr4 ,ward in the ,journal of the ,linnean ,society1 #ahfd3 ,the shortest period before the tree puts forth its buds is #cj years1 and #ajj years must elapse before it attains its full growth4 ,one plant in the garden at ,government ,house1 planted #ae years ago1 is quite in its infancy1 about #af feet in height1 but with no stem yet visible1 the long leaves shooting from1 the earth like the ,traveler's ,palm 7,urania specioea71 and much resembling it in shape1 but much larger4 ,unlike the cocoa-nut trees1 which bend to every gale and are never quite straight1 the coco-de-mer trees are as upright as iron pillars4 ,at the ago of #cj the trees first put forth blossoms4 ,the female tree alone produces the nut1 and is #f feet shorter than the male1 which attains a height of #ajj feet4 ,from fructification to full maturity a period of nearly #aj years elapses4 ,but the remarkable point is the arrangement of the roots1 unlike any other tree4 ,the base of the trunk is of a bulbous form1 and this bulb fits into a natural bowl or socket about #b-a_/b feet in diameter and #a-a_/b foot in depth1 narrowing to the bottom4 ,this bowl is pierced with hundreds of small oval holes about the size of thimbles1 with hollow tubes corresponding on the outside1 through which the roots penetrate the ground on all sides1 never1 however1 becoming attached to the bowl1 their partial elasticity affording an almost imperceptible1 but very necessary play to the parent stem when struggling against the force of violent gales4 ,this bowl is of the same substance as the shell of the nut1 only much thicker4 ,as far as can be ascertained1 it never rots or wears out4 ,it has been found quite perfect and entire in every respect #fj years after the tree has been cut down4 ,at ,curiense many sockets are still remaining which are known to have belonged to trees cut down by the first settlers in the ,island 7#agdb74 ,one of these sockets is to be seen in the ,museum of woods at ,kew4 -------- #aih ,from ,chamber's ,journal4 ,,winter ,,signs4 ,links upon the forehead come-- ,strokes alike of time and grief1 ,branches from the heart beneath ,that will never bear a leaf4 ,come the summer1 come the spring1 ,still they keep their wintry hue2 ,deepening1 stretching o'er the brow4 ,shadows lift them into view4 ,straight and crooked1 right and left4 ,on the strong and on the weak-- ,upward to the hoary head4 ,downward to the hollow cheek4 ,shadows from the life within1 ,tarrying ere they pass away1 ,plant these stems of sorrow there1 ,growing in the night and day4 ,light that fills the eye afresh ,from some inward moving grace1 ,casting from it1 as a sun4 ,quiet rays upon the face-- ,makes these ruts of time appear ,winding1 widening in their space1 ,drawing loving eyes and thoughts ,all their history to trace4 ,whilst upheaved by a smile1 ,radiant in the breast of light1 ,these eternal scores of grief ,tell of many an inner night4 ,stories come up from their roots4 ,half unfolded in their course1 ,showing how a hundred pangs ,long ago became their source4 -------- #aii ,from ,the ,lamp4 ,,all-,,hallow ,,eve2 ,,or1 ,,the ,,test ,,of ,,futurity4 ,,by ,,robert ,,curtis4 ,,chapter ,,xv4 ,any help which old ,murdock was in the habit of getting from his son upon the farm1 and it was at no time of much value1 either in labor or advice1 had latterly dwindled down to a mere careless questioning as to how matters were going on1 and his father began to fear that he was beginning to go to the bad4 ,poor old man1 how little of the truth he knew6 ,there was now always something cranky and unpleasant in ,tom's manner4 ,he was often from home for days together1 and1 when at home1 often out at night until very late2 and if questioned in the kindest manner by his father upon the subject1 his answers were snappish and unsatisfactory4 ,poor old ,mick--deluded ,mick--laid down both his wanderings and his crankiness to the score of his love for ,winny ,cavana1 and the uncertainty of his suit4 ,from one or two encouraging and cheery expressions his father had addressed to him1 ,tom knew this to be the view his father had taken of his case1 and he was quite willing to indulge the delusion4 ,now that matters had come to an open rupture between him and ,winny--for notwithstanding his father's hopes1 he had none--it was convenient for him that his father should continue of the same mind--nay1 more1 his father himself had suggested a step1 which1 if he could manage with his usual ability1 might turn to his profit1 and relieve to a certain extent some of the perplexities by which he was beset4 ,old ,mick had spent a long and fatiguing day1 not merely in his peregrinations through the farm1 but from anxiety and watching1 having observed ,winny go out earlier than usual1 and seeing that ,tom soon after had followed her down the road4 ,he was rather surprised in about an hour afterward to see ,winny return alone1 and at not having seen ,tom for nearly two hours later in the day1 when he returned cross and disappointed1 as we have seen4 ,the untoward circumstances1 detailed in the conversation after dinner with his son1 had not the same depressing effects upon the old man as upon ,tom2 for he really believed that they were not only not past cure1 but according to his notions of how such matters generally went on1 that they were on a fair road to success4 ,he therefore enjoyed a night's sound sleep1 while ,tom lay tossing and tumbling1 and planning and scheming1--and occasionally cursing ,edward ,lennon1 whom he could not persuade himself was not1 as his father said1 at the bottom of all this4 ,it was near morning1 therefore1 before he had fretted himself to sleep4 ,early the next day old ,mick determined to ascertain the actual state of facts4 ,he was up betimes1 and having seen what was necessary to be done for the day upon the farm1 he set the operations going1 and returned to breakfast4 ,tom had not yet stirred2 and as ,nancy had told the old masther that she heered him struggling with the bed-clothes1 an' talkin' to himself until nearly morning1 he would not allow her to call him1 but went to breakfast by himself1 telling her to have a fresh pot of tay1 an' a dacent breakfast for him when he got up4 ,poor fellow1 he said to himself1 ,i did not think that girl had so firm a hoult of him4 #bjj ,old ,mick's anticipations of how matters really stood1 and his confidence in ,ned ,cavana's firmness1 were doomed to be shaken1 if not altogether disappointed4 ,old ,ned saw him hanging about the borders with a watchful look directed toward his house4 ,he took it for granted that ,tom had mentioned something of what had occurred to him1 and he knew at once what he was lingering about for4 ,ned had undoubtedly led old ,murdock to suppose that he would be as stout as a bull with ,winny about marrying his son2 but when ,ned had spoken thus sternly upon the subject1 he had not anticipated any opposition upon ,winny's part to the match4 ,he did not see how she could object1 nor did he see why4 ,mick had imbibed some slight idea of the kind from what ,tom had told him2 but ,ned had combated this idea with great decision1 and some sternness2 more by way of showing his neighbor how he could exercise his parental authority1 than from any great dread that he would ever be called on to assert it4 ,but ,ned ,cavana knew not the nature ,class his own heart4 ,he had miscalculated the extent of his love for ,winny1 or the influence her affectionate and devoted life could exercise over that love1 in a case where such a dispute might come between them4 ,thus we have seen him yield to that influence almost without argument1 and certainly without a harsh or angry word4 ,when it came to the point that he had to confront her tears1 where was the fury with which he met old ,murdock's insinuations and suggestions8--where the threats of cutting her off1 not with but without a shilling1 and leaving it all to the ,church8--where the steady determination with which he had resolved to bring her to her senses8--all1 all lost in the affectionate smile which beamed upon her pleading love4 ,ned ,cavana knew now that old ,murdock was on the watch for him4 ,he believed that ,tom had told him what had taken place between him and ,winny2 and although he did not dread any alteration in his promise to his daughter1 he felt that he could deal more stoutly with old ,murdock with the recollection of ,winny's tears fresh on her cheeks1 than if the matter were to lie over for any time4 ,he therefore strolled through the farmyard1 and out on the lane we have already spoken of1 and turned down toward the fields at the back of his garden4 ,this movement was not1 of course1 unnoticed by the man who was on the watch for some such1 and accordingly he sloped down toward the gate1 at which he and his son had held the conversation--a conversation which had confirmed ,winny in her preconceived opinion of ,tom ,murdock's character and motives4 ,the two old men thus met once again at the same spot at which the reader first saw them together4 ,i'm glad you cum out1 ,ned1 said ,murdock1 for ,i was watin to see you1 to tell you about ,tom4 ,he done his part yesterda' illegant1 an' you may spake to the little girl now as soon as you plaise4 ,i have spoken to her1 ,mick4 ,she tould me all about it herself1 last night4 ,well1 she didn't resave ,tom at all the way he thought she would1 nor the way she led him to think she would1 aidher4 ,i hope she tould the thruth to you1 ,ned1 and didn't make b'lief to be shy an' resarved1 as she did to ,tom4 ,poor boy1 he's greatly down about it4 ,she did2 she tould me the whole thruth1 ,mick avic1 and it's all no use2 she won't marry ,tom--that's the long an' the short of it4 ,why1 then1 she mightn't be cosherin wid him the way she was1 ,ned1 and ladin the poor young boy asthray as to her intintions when she brought him to the point4 ,my little girl never done anything of the kind1 ,mick2 she'd scorn to do it4 ,well1 no matther2 she done it now1 ,ned2 and as for ,tom1 he's the #bja very boy that i'd nather humbug a little girl1 nor allow her to humbug him4 ,did you spake stout to her1 ,ned8 ,i said all that was necessary1 ,mick awochal3 but ,i seen it was no use1 an' ,i wouldn't disthress the crathur4 ,disthress the crathur1 aniow6 ,athen may be it's what you don't much care how that poor boy 'ithin there is disthressed through her mains4 ,as for that1 ,mick1 it needn't1 nor it won't1 disthress ,tom a bit4 ,there's many a fine girl in the parish that i'd answer ,tom betther nor my little girl2 and when ,i find that she's not for him1 ,mick awochal1 ,i tell you ,i won't disthress the colleen by harsh mains1 so say no more about it4 ,athen1 ,ned1 ,i think you tuck it aisy enugh afther all you tould me d'other day2 you'd do this1 an' you'd do that1 an' you'd cut her off wid a shillin'1 an' you'd bring her to her senses1 an' what wouldn't you do1 ,ned8 ,i tould you to be studdy1 or she'd cum over you wid her pillaver2 and ,i tell you now what ,i tould you then1 that it is all through the mains of that pauper ,lennon she has done this--a purty scauhawn for her to be wastin' your mains an' your hard earnin's upon4 ,arrah1 ,ned1 ,i wondher you haven't more sense than to be deludhered by that beggarman out of your little girl an' your money4 ,no1 ,mick1 young ,lennon has nothing to say to it2 if he never was born1 ,winny wouldn't marry ,tom4 ,i would not misbelieve ,winny on her word1 let alone her oath2 an' she tould me she tuck her oath to ,tom that she'd never marry him4 ,he taxed her wid young ,lennon1 an' so did ,i2 an' she declared1 an' ,i believe her there too1 ,mick1 that there never was a word between them on such a subject2 an' let there be no more now between us4 ,it can't be helped4 ,but ,i will not disthress my little girl by spakin' to her any more about ,tom4 ,oh1 very well1 ,ned2 that'll do4 ,but1 be the book1 ,tom's not the boy that'll let himself be med a fool of by any one2 an' ,i'm the very fellow that is able an' willin' to back him up in it4 ,athen what do you mane1 ,mick8--for the devil a wan of me can undherstan' that threat1 af it beant the law you mane1 an' sure the gandher in the yard beyant id have more sense than to think iv that4 ,my little girl never held out the smallest cumhither upon ,tom2 but1 instead iv that1 she tells me that she always med scarse iv herself wheen he was to the fore4 ,so af it be law you mane1 ,mick1 you may do your worst4 ,no1 it isn't the law ,i mane1 ,ned4 ,law is dear at best1 an' twiste as dear at worst2 but ,i mane to say that ,i'll back up poor ,tom 'ithin there1 that's brakin' his heart about ,winny2 an' if you have any regard for her1 you'll do the same thing2 an' you'll see we'll bring the thing round1 as we ought2 that's what ,i mane4 ,the girl can't deny but what she med much iv ,tom1 until that other spalpeen cum across her4 ,tom's no fool1 an' knows what a girl mains very well4 ,she does deny it1 ,mick1 an' so she can4 ,but there's no use1 ,i tell you1 in sayin' any more about it4 ,i can see plane an' aisy enough that ,winny isn't for him4 ,i tould her ,i wouldn't strive to force her likin' or dislikin'1 an' ,i won't2 so just tell ,tom that the girl is in earnest4 ,she tould him so herself1 an' you may tell him the same thing4 ,he can't think so much about her1 ,mick1 as you let on1 for there never was any courting betune them from first to last4 ,i'll spake to you no more about it1 ,mick1 an' you needn't spake to me4 ,with this final resolve1 ,ned turned his back completely round upon his neighbor1 and walked with a hasty but firm step into the house4 #bjb ,old ,mick stood for some moments looking after him in a state of perplexed surprise4 ,he had some fears1 though they were not very great1 that ,winny's influence over her father was sufficiently strong to determine him according to her wishes1 if she was really averse to a match with his son2 but this latter was a point upon which he had scarcely any fears at all2 except such as were suggested by the hints his son himself had thrown out about young ,lennon4 ,upon this part of the case he had spoken to ,ned in such a way as to make him determined to be very strict and decided in his opposition to any leaning on his daughter's part in that quarter4 ,old ,mick1 as he stood and looked1 was perplexed on both these parts of the case4 ,if he believed that ,winny ,cavana had really and decidedly refused to marry his son1 he could only do so upon the supposition that young ,lennon was the mainspring of the whole movement4 ,and1 again1 to suppose she had preferred a secret colloguing with that pauper1 behind her father's back1 to an open and straight-forward match with a rich young man1 and what he called a handsomer man than ever ,lennon was1 or ever would be1 and with her father's full consent1 was what he could not bring himself to believe of any sensible girl4 ,but this he did believe1 that if that young whelp was really not at the bottom of ,winny's refusal1 a marriage with his son1 be it brought about by what means it could1 would end in a reconciliation1 not only of ,winny to so great a match1 but of old ,ned1 as a necessary consequence1 to his daughter's acquiescence4 ,with these thoughts1 and counter-thoughts1 he too turned toward his house1 where he found ,tom just going to his breakfast1 in no very good humor with the past1 the present1 or the future4 ,his father bid him the time of day1 and said he had to look after a cow that was on for cavin'1 an' that he'd be back by the time he had done his breakfast4 ,this was a mere piece of consideration upon old ,mick's part4 ,loss of appetite and uneasiness of manner in a handsome young man of two-and-twenty is unhesitatingly set down by the old crones of a parish to his being in love1 and they are seldom at a loss to supply the colleen dhass to whom these symptoms are attributable4 ,in ,tom's case1 however1 there were other matters than love which were accountable for the miserable attempt at breakfast he had made1 notwithstanding the elaborate preparations ,nancy ,feehily had made to tempt him4 ,his father was surprised to find him so soon following him to the fields4 ,but ,tom1 knowing his father's energy of action when a matter was on his mind1 suspected he had not been to that hour of the day without managing an interview with old ,cavana1 and was on the fidgets to know what passed4 ,but love--as love--had nothing whatever to say to his want of relish for so good a breakfast as had been set before him4 ,he met his father returning toward the house1 not far from the celebrated gate already so often mentioned in this story4 ,the spot where they now met was a little more favorable for a conference than the gate in question1 for1 unlike it1 there was no private bower for eavesdroppers to secrete themselves in4 ,well1 father1 said ,tom1 breaking into the subject at once1 have you seen the old fogie about ,winny8 ,i have1 ,tom1 an' matthers is worse nor ,i thought4 ,she has cum round him most complately2 for the present anyhow4 ,i told you how it would be1 father1 and be d--6 ,whist1 ,tom1 don't be talking that way2 there's wan thing ,i'm afther being purty sure of1 an' that is1 that that spalpeen has nothin' to say to it4 ,it's all perverseness just for a while1 an' she'll cum round afther a bit4 ,well1 father4 ,i'll cut my stick for that bit1 be it long or short2 so tell me1 what can you do for me about money8 ,you know if she was never in the place1 it's nothing to keep me here stravaging about the road4 ,thrue for you1 ,tom avic4 ,it isn't easy1 however1 layin' a man's #bjc hand upon what you'd want wid you for a start2 but sure my credit is good in the bank1 an' sure ,i'll put my name upon a bill-stamp for you for twenty or thirty pounds4 ,take my advice an' don't go past your aunt's in ,armagh4 ,tom1 she's an illigant fine woman1 an' will resave you wid a ceade mille a faltha1 an' revive you out an' out afore you put a month over you4 ,there's not a man in ,armagh has a betther thrade than her husband1 ,bill ,wilson the carpenter--cabinet-maker1 ,i b'lieve they call him--an' b'lieve my words1 she'll make the most of her brother's son4 ,who knows1 ,tom avic8 ,arrah1 maybe you'd do betther down there nor at home4 ,any way ,winny won't be gone afore you come back1 an' if we can't manage wan thing maybe we would another--thig um1 thee8 ,well1 ,i hope so2 but1 father1 ,i'll be off before ,sunday1 and this is ,wednesday4 ,you'll have lashins of time1 ,tom2 but the sorra wan but ,i'll be very lonely2 for although1 ,tom1 you do be wandhering from home by day1 and stopping out late sometimes by night1 sure ,i know you're not far off1 an' ,i always hear you lettin' yourself in betune night an' mornin'4 ,though ,caesar doesn't bark at you1 ,i hear him whinin' an' shufflin' when you're coming to the back doore8 ,no matter about that now1 father2 ,i suppose ,i can get the money tomorrow or after1 and start for my aunt's8 ,any minute1 ,tom4 ,i'm never without a bill-stamp in the house in regard of the fairs4 ,come in1 and ,i'll dhraw it out at wanst1 an' ,i'll engage they'll give you the money on it at the bank2 don't be the laste taste aleared of that1 ,tom4 ,whether ,tom then intended to be guided by his father's advice1 and not go past his aunt's in ,armagh1 it is not easy to say2 but at all events he let on that he would not do so4 ,when he got his heels loose1 with a trifle of cash in his pocket1 he could turn his steps in any direction he wished4 ,they then returned to the house1 and old ,mick1 putting on his spectacles1 opened a table-drawer in the parlor1 where he kept his writing materials1 accounts1 receipts1 etc4 ,after some discussion1 which had well-nigh ended in an argument1 as to whether the amount should be twenty or thirty pounds1 a bill was ultimately drawn by the son upon the father for the former sum1 at three months4 ,tom had1 other reasons than the mere increase of ten pounds in the amount1 for wishing to have the word thirty instead of twenty written in the bill2 however1 he could not screw more than the latter sum out of the old man1 which he said was ample to take him to his aunt's in ,armagh1 where he'd get lashins an' lavins of the best of everything4 ,tom knew that for this purpose it would be ample1 and therefore failed to bring forward any arguments to sustain his view as to the necessity of making it thirty2 but as it was he himself who wrote it out1 he patted the blotting-paper over it in great haste--a matter which was not1 of course1 observed by the old man1 nor if it had been would he have supposed there was anything unusual1 much less for a purpose1 in the act4 ,the father having read it carefully over1 and seeing that it was all correct1 wrote his name with some dignity of manner across the bill4 ,this portion of the writing ,tom took care to let dry without any blotting at all1 for he held it to the fire instead4 ,neither did the old man observe this unusual course1 the manifest mode being to have used the blotting-paper1 as in the first instance4 ,the matter being now thus far perfected1 ,tom asked his father if he could have ,blackberry--one of the farm horses--to go into ,c4 ,o4 ,s4 early next morning4 ,an' welcome1 ,tom1 if he was worth a hundred pounds1 said the old man1 locking the drawer4 #bjd ,,chapter ,,xvi4 ,tom spent the remainder of that day very quietly1 most of it in his own room4 ,his first employment1 whatever it may have been1 was over an old portfolio1 where he kept his own writing materials4 ,what were the chief subjects of his caligraphy is not known4 ,perhaps love-letters to such of his numerous enamoratas as could read may have formed a portion1 nor is it impossible but the police might have given a trifle to have laid their hands upon some others4 ,neither were likely to see the light1 however1 as ,tom ,murdock kept that old portfolio carefully locked up in his box4 ,the next morning at an unusually early hour for him ,tom proceeded upon ,blackberry1 fully caparisoned with the best saddle and bridle in the place1 to ,c4 ,o4 ,s42 where1 after ten o'clock1 he found no difficulty in procuring cash upon his father's acceptance4 ,now1 although in the first instance ,tom had no notion of stopping at his aunt's in ,armagh1 or perhaps of going there at all1 upon reflection he changed his mind altogether upon the subject4 ,he had some congenial spirits there beside his aunt--spirits with whom he occasionally had had personal communication as well as more frequent epistolary correspondence4 ,beyond ,armagh1 therefore1 upon second thoughts1 he resolved not to go upon this occasion4 ,as to any depression of spirits on account of ,winny ,cavana1 he had none1 except the loss of her fortune1 which would have stood to him so well in his present circumstances4 ,and here he remembered that his father had told him the interest of that same was all he could have touched1 and even that at only three per cent42 so that for the mere present he had done as well1 if not better4 ,what he had drawn out of the bank upon his father's credit1 would settle the two harassing and intricate cases1 which two different attorneys1 on the part of those whom he had most grievously wronged1 had threatened to expose in a court of law4 ,he would have some over--he took care of that--to take him to ,armagh and back1 where he could not manage this time to go at the expense of the fund4 ,he did not purpose1 however1 to stop very long at his aunt's4 ,he would tell ,winny when he came back that her refusal of him had driven him away--he knew nor cared not whither2 but that he found it impossible to live without sometimes seeing her1 if it was only from his own door to hers3 yes1 he would follow that business up the moment he returned4 ,in the meantime it might not be without some good effect his being absent for a short time4 ,such were the thoughts and plans with which ,tom1 after he had settled with the attorneys1 left his poor old father1 we may say completely alone2 for after the rather sharp words which had taken place between the two old men1 he could hardly continue his customary visits1 or half-casual1 half-projected meetings with ,ned ,cavana1 by their respective mearings4 ,hitherto in this respect1 more than in actual visits1 the intercourse between these two old men had been habitual1 indeed it may be said of daily occurrence1 mutually watched for4 ,if one saw the other overlooking his men1 either sowing or reaping1 or planting or digging1 according to the time of the year1 the habit almost amounted to a rule1 that1 whichever saw the other first1 quit his own men1 and sloped over toward his neighbor to have a look at what was going on1 and having there exhausted the pros and cons of whatever the work might be1 a general chat was kept up and the visit returned on the spot4 ,now1 however1 matters were to a great extent changed4 ,this untoward circumstance between ,tom ,murdock and ,winny ,cavana1 together with the subsequent conversation upon the subject between the fathers1 rendered this friendly #bje intercourse impossible4 ,from all his son had told him1 old ,mick thought ,winny ,cavana had treated him badly1 and he considered that old ,ned had gone back of his word to himself4 ,he was a plucky1 proud old cock1 and his advice to ,tom would be to see it out with the pair of them1 without any pillaver4 ,what he meant by seeing it out he hardly knew himself1 for he had repudiated the law in a most decided manner when taxed with it by ,ned4 ,what1 then1 could he mean by seeing it out8 ,perhaps ,tom would not require his advice upon the subject4 ,from this day forth1 however1 old ,mick was not the man he used to be4 ,a man at his age1 however well he may have worn--ay1 even to have obtained the name of an evergreen--generally does so having his mind at ease as well as his body in health--the one begets the other2 and so an old man thrives1 and often looks as well at seventy as he did at sixty4 ,but these old evergreens sometimes begin to fail suddenly if the cold wind of disappointment blows roughly upon their hitherto happy hearts2 and ,tom ,murdock was not three weeks away1 when the remarks of the people returning from the chapel1 respecting old ,mick1 were that they never saw a man so gone in the time4 ,and the fact was so4 ,old ,mick ,murdock had been all his life a cheerful1 chatty man1 one with whom it was a comfort to be a piece of the road home4 ,moreover1 he had always been erect in person1 with a pair of cheeks like a scarlet ,crofton apple--not the occasional smooth flush of delicacy1 but the constant hard rough tint of health4 ,there were many young men in the parish whom a walk alongside of old ,mick ,murdock for a couple of miles would put out of breath1 while you would not see a heave1 however slight1 out of old ,mick's chest4 ,look on him now3 he has not a word to throw to a dog1 as the saying has it2 he is beginning to stoop in his gait1 and more than once already he has struck his heel against the ground in walking4 ,as yet it is not a drag1 and those indications of a break-up in his constitution are comparatively slight4 ,ere long1 however1 you will see him with a stick1 and you will be hardly able to recognize him as the ,mick ,murdock of a few months before4 ,tom1 as we have seen1 having settled with the attorneys1 started for his aunt's2 where1 as his father had predicted1 he was received with open arms1 and a joyful clapping of hands and a ceade mille a faltha4 ,oh1 then1 ,tom1 avic macree1 but it's you that's welcome2 an' shure ,i needn't ax you how you are4 ,oh1 but it's you that's grown the fine young man since ,i seen you last4 ,an' let me see--how long ago is that now1 ,tom agra8 ,it'll be four years coming ,easthre ,sunda' next since ,i was down in ,rathcashmore4 ,an' how is ,mick a wochal8 an' how's herself1 ,tom1 the 'colleen dhass' you know8 ,and she gave him a poke with her finger between the ribs4 ,ah1 ,tom avic1 yon needn't look so shy2 shure ,i know all about it1 an' why wouldn't ,i8 ,it'll be an illigant match for the pair iv ye2 as good for the wan as for the other--coming ,shraft1 ,tom1 eh8 ,in troth ,winny will be a comfort to you1 as well as a creedit2 that's what she will1 won't she1 ,tom8 ,let me alone now1 aunt2 ,i'm tired after the journey2 and it's not of her ,i'm thinking4 ,see that now--arra na bocklish1 ,tom1 don't be afther telling me that2 shure didn't ,mick himself write to me two or three times to let me know how matthers was going on1 and the grand party he gev on ,hallow-,eve1 and the fun ye all had1 and how you danced wid her a'most the whole night4 ,nonsense1 aunt6 ,did he tell you how anybody else danced8 ,no1 the sorra word he said about any wan that was there1 barrin' yourself an' herself4 ,well1 never heed her now4 ,i'll #bjf tell you more about her to-morrow or next day1 and maybe ask your advice upon the subject at the same time4 ,their conversation was here interrupted1 as ,tom thought very opportunely1 by the entrance of ,bill ,wilson1 whose welcome for his wife's nephew was as hearty1 in a manner1 as that which he had received from herself4 ,the conversation1 of course1 now became general2 and ,bill ,wilron1 although he had never been out of ,armagh1 seemed to have everybody down about ,tom's country pat by heart1 for he asked for them all by name1 not forgetting1 although he left her to the last1 to ask for ,winny ,cavana4 ,it was evident to ,tom1 from his manner1 that he was up to the project in that quarter2 and as evident that1 like his aunt1 he knew nothing of how matters up to this had turned out1 or how they were likely to end4 ,he answered his uncle's questions1 however1 with reasonable self-possession2 and his aunt1 having perceived from his last observation to herself that there was a screw loose1 turned the conversation very naturally to the subject of ,tom's physical probabilities1 saying1 ,athen1 ,tom jewel1 maybe it's what you're hungry1 an' would like to take something to eat afore dinner2 shure an' shure it's the first question ,i ought to have asked you4 ,no1 aunt1 ,i thank you kindly1 ,i'll take nothing until your dinner2 there's a friend of mine lives in the skirts of the town2 ,i want to see him1 and ,i'll be back in less than an hour4 ,a friend of yours1 ,tom8 athen shure if he is1 he ought to be a friend of ours2 who is he1 ,tom a wochal8 ,oh1 no1 aunt1 you never heard of him4 ,he's a boy ,i have a message to from1 a friend in the country4 ,why1 then1 ,tom1 you'll be wanting to know the way in this strange place1 an' shure ,i'll send the girl wid you to show you4 ,shure how could you know1 an' you never in ,armagh afore8 ,no1 aunt1 ,i say1 ,i have a tongue in my head1 and ,i'm not an onshiough4 ,i'll find him out without taking your girl from her business4 ,athen1 ,tom jewel1 whoever bought you for an onshiough would lay out his money badly1 ,i'm thinking2 an' although you were never in this big city afore1 the devil a bit afeared ,i am but you'll find your way1 an' well have lashins iv everything that's good for you1 and a ceade mille a faltha when you come back4 ,tom then left them1 bidding them a temporary good-bye4 ,he he did not think it at all necessary to enlighten his aunt to the fact that he had paid periodical visits to ,armagh from time to time1 and had on these occasions passed her very door4 ,but these visits were of short duration1 and have been only hinted at4 ,they were sufficient1 however1 to familiarize him with the portions of the city to which he now directed his steps4 ,but as we are not aware of the precise spot to which he went1 nor acquainted with those whose society he sought1 we shall not follow him4 ,his aunt1 after he had left1 was in no degree sparing in her praise of him to her husband1 who had never seen him before1 but who indorsed every word she said with the greatest promptitude and good-humor1 as far as he could see4 ,bill ,wilson was no fool4 ,he gave his wife's nephew a hearty and a sincere welcome1 and he knew it would be an ungracious thing not to acquiesce in all that she said to his advantage2 but it was an indiscreet slip to add the words as far as he could see4 ,it implied a caution on his part which did not say much for the confidence he ought to have felt in his wife's opinion1 and went merely to corroborate her praises of his personal appearance4 ,as far as you can see1' ,bill6 ,well1 indeed1 that far you can find no fault at all1 at all2 that's shure an' sartin4 ,where would you find the likes iv him1 as far as that same goes1 ,william ,wilson8--not in ,armagh1 let me tell you4 ,i ax you did you #bjg ever see a finer head iv hair1 or a finer pair iv ejes in a man's head1 or a handsomer nose1 or a purtier mouth8 ,an' the whiskers1 ,bill6--ah1 them's the dark whiskers from ,slieve-dhu2 none of your moss-colored whiskers that you see about here1 ,bill4 ,look at the hoith iv him6 ,he's no leprahaun1 ,bill ,wilson2 an' ,i say if you go out an' walk the town for three hours1 you'll not meet the likes iv him till you come back again to where he is himself'4 ,faix1 an' ,i won't try that1 ,mary1 for ,i believe every word you're afther sayin'4 ,but1 shure1 ,i didn't mane to make ,little of the young man at all4 ,you said 'as far as you could see1' ,bill2 an' shure we all know how far that is4 ,but amn't ,i tellin' you what is beyant your sight1--what he is to the backbone1 for larnin'1 an' everythin' that's good1 manly1 an' honest8 ,there now1 ,bill1 ,i hope you don't misdoubt me1--'as far as you can see1' indeed6 ,well1 ,mary1 ,i meant nothing against him by that2 indeed ,i believe1 and ,i am shure1 he's as good as he's handsome4 ,but ,i must go out now to the workshop to look after the men4 ,let me know when he comes back4 ,tom was not so long away as he had intended4 ,the person whom he went to look for was not at home1 and he returned to his aunt at once4 ,he had not many acquaintances in ,armagh1 and they were such as might be better pleased with a visit after dark than so early in the day4 ,before the dinner was prepared1 ,tom had another chat with his aunt1 and1 as a matter of course1 she could not altogether avoid the subject of ,winny ,cavana4 ,she had been given to understand by her brother that a successful courtship was carrying on between ,tom and her4 ,but the humor in which ,tom had received her first quizzing upon the subject at once told that intelligent lady of the loose screw on some side of the question4 ,upon so important a matter1 a married woman1 and own aunt to such a fine young man1 one of the parties concerned1 ,mrs4 ,wilson could not permit herself to remain ignorant4 ,her direct questions in the first instance1 and her dexterous cross-examination afterward1 showed ,tom the folly of hoping to evade a full confession of his having been refused2 and it may be believed that he set forth in no small degree how ill-treated he had been by the said ,winny ,cavana and her father4 ,his aunt consoled him1 so far as she could1 with hopes that matters might not be so bad as he apprehended2 reminding him at the same time of the extent of the sea1 and the number of good fishes which must still be in it uncaught4 ,that shrewd woman could also perceive1 from ,tom's manner1 under his confession1 as well as his first ill-humor1 that the loss of ,winny ,cavana's fortune1 and the reversion of her fat farm1 were more matters of regret to him than the loss of herself4 ,and why not8 she thought1 under the impression of ,winny's ill-treatment of such a fine han'som' young fellow as her nephew4 ,shure1 couldn't he have his pick an' choice of any girl in that1 or in any other parish2 ay1 or among her acquaintances in ,armagh1 for that matter8 ,but as for young ,lennon6 she was sartin shure ,winny couldn't be such a born idgiot as to make much of the likes of him where ,tom was to the fore4 ,she thus encouraged her nephew1 taking much the same view of his case as old ,mick had done1 and giving him pretty much the same advice-- not to dhraw back at all1 but to persavare an' get a hoult in her by hook or by crook1 an' thrust to a reconciliation aftherwards4 ,he might take her word for it1 it was more make b'lief than anything else4 ,don't give it up1 ,tom2 them sort of girls like persavarince2 ,i know ,i did1 a wochal1 in my time4 ,what's on her mind is1 #bjh that it's afther her money you are1 an' ,not hersel'4 ,the devil a much she's out there1 aunt2 but ,i wish ,i could make her think otherwise4 ,lissen here1 ,tom2 'a council's no command1' they say1 an' my advice is this4 ,let on when you go back that you could get an illigant fine girl in ,armagh wid twiste her fortune2 but that nothing would tempt you to forsake your own little girl at home1 that was a piece iv your heart since ye were both the hoith of a creepeen2 do you see8 an' ,i'll back you up in it4 ,tell her she may bestow her fortune upon ,kate ,mulvey or any one she likes2 that herself is all you want4 ,you know she won't do that when it comes to the point4 ,not a bad plan1 aunt4 ,but sure ,i should let on to my father1 and to every one in the neighborhood2 and they'll be asking me who she is1 and about her father and her mother1 and all about her2 and ,i should have answers ready1 if ,i mean the thing to look like the truth4 ,an' won't ,i give you all that as pat as ,a1 ,b1 ,c8 ,don't ,i know the very girl that'll answer to a ,t1 ,tom8 ,why then1 aunt dear1 mightn't you bring me across her in earnest8 ,faix1 an' ,i could not1 ,tom1 for a very good reason--that ,i'm not acquainted wid her1 except to see her sometimes2 an' ,i know her name1 an' who she is1 an' her father's name1 an' how he med his money4 ,they're as proud as paycocks1 ,i can tell you2 an nayther the wan nor the other would look the same side iv the street wid the likes iv us1 ,tom2 but they don't know that at ,rathcash2 an' shure1 if ,winny thries to find out about them1 she'll find that you're tellin' the truth as far as the names an' money goes1 an ,i'll let on to be as thick as two pickpockets wid them4 ,tom was silent4 ,the closing words of his aunt's speech made him wish that he could pick some of their pockets of about a hundred pounds4 ,the plan1 however1 seemed a good one1 and had the effect of putting ,tom ,murdock into good humor2 and when ,bill ,wilson joined them at dinner ,tom was so agreeable and chatty1 that ,bill thought his wife1 although she was ,tom's aunt1 had not said a word too much for him2 and he regretted more than ever that he had used the words so far as he could see4 ,he anticipated--nay1 he dreaded--that they would be brought up to him again that night with greater force than ever4 ,,chapter ,,xvii4 ,the most part of ready cash1 whatever the sum may have been1 which ,tom had received at the bank1 having been1 as he called it1 swallowed up by them cormorants1 the attorneys1 he had1 after all1 but a trifling balance in his pocket4 ,he was determined1 therefore1 to live quietly for some time at his aunt's upon the lashins and lavins1 taking her advice1 and arranging with her his plan of operations upon his return to ,rathcashmore4 ,and his aunt's advice1 in a prudent and worldly point of view1 was not to be controverted1 if anything could tend toward the attainment of his object2 that was the question4 ,it was impossible1 however1 that ,tom could rest altogether satisfied with the company of his aunt and her husband1 and three or four children between ten and seventeen years of age2 particularly as the eldest of his cousins was a long-necked boy with big1 stuck-out ears1 who worked in his father's shop1 instead of a graceful girl with dark hair and fine eyes1 whose domestic duties must keep her in the house as her mother's assistant1 or perhaps enable her1 when she could be spared1 to guide him through the principal parts of the town1 of which he would have feigned the most profound ignorance4 ,but the eldest child just past seventeen1 as we have seen4 #bji happened to be a boy1 not a girl1 and ,tom did not consider this the best arrangement that could be wished4 ,in consequence1 he sometimes spent an evening from home1 with one or other1 or perhaps with all the congenial spirits with whom1 as a delegate--for the truth may be confessed--from another county1 he could claim brotherhood4 ,on this occasion1 however1 he was not on official business in ,armagh2 and whatever intercourse took place between them was of a purely social nature4 ,tom was not altogether such a mauvais sujet as perhaps the reader has set him down in his own mind to be1 from the inuendos which have been thrown out respecting him1 as well as the actual portions of his character which have made themselves manifest4 ,it must be confessed--nay1 ,i believe it has been admitted not many lines above--that he was a ,ribbonman2 and although that includes all that is murderous and wicked1 when a necessity arises1 yet in the absence of such necessity a ,ribbonman may not be altogether void of certain good points in his character4 ,it is the frightful obligation which he labors under that makes a villain of him1 should circumstances require the aid of his iniquity4 ,apart from this1 and from what is termed an agrarian grievance1 a ,ribbonman may not be a bad family-man1 although the training he undergoes in ,the ,lodge is ill calculated to nourish his domestic sympathies4 ,tom had now been upward of a month enjoying the hospitality of his aunt2 and notwithstanding that she had done all in her power to entertain him1 and make much of him1 he was beginning to tire of the eternal smoke and flags1 and stacks of chimneys1 which were always the same to the eye3 no bright blast of sun1 no sudden dark cloud1 made any difference in them2 there they were1 always the same dark color1 no matter what light shone upon them4 ,no wonder1 then1 ,tom ,murdock began once more to long for the fresh breeze that blew about the wild hills of ,rathcashmore1 the green fields of his father's farm1 and the purple heather of ,slieve-dhu1 with the white rocks of ,slieve-bawn by her side4 ,absence too had done more really to touch ,tom's heart with respect to ,winny ,cavana than to wean him from the saucy slut1 as he had called her in pique on his departure4 ,he had come across1--this is the ,irish mode of expressing1 had been introduced1--through his aunt's assistance1 several of what she called illigant fine girls1 nieces of her husband's and others1 and his heart confessed that none of them were a patch upon ,winny ,cavana1 after all4 ,he thus became fidgety1 and began to speak of returning home4 ,of course the aunt opposed her hospitality to such a step1 for the present at least3 ,just as we were beginning to enjoy you1 ,tom avic1 said she2 and of course her husband made a show of joining her1 although he knew there had been more beer drunk in the house in the last month than in the six preceding ones2 neither did the cold meat turn out to half the account4 ,he knew this by his pocket1 not by his knowledge of the cookery4 ,tom1 however1 made no promise of further sojourn than to put the following ,sunday over him1 and it was now ,thursday4 ,but the next morning's post hurried matters4 ,it brought him a letter from his father1 which prevented his aunt from pressing his stay beyond the following day1 when it was finally settled by ,tom that he would start for home4 ,it ran thus1 as is the common mode of introducing a letter in a novel or story3 ,,dear ,,tom1--,this comes to you hoppin' to find you in good health1 which ,i am sorry to say it does not lave me at present2 but thank ,god for all his mercies4 ,i was very lonesum entirely afther you left me2 an the more1 dear ,tom1 as ,i had not my ould neighbor ,ned ,cavana to spake to1 as used to be the case afore that #baj young chisel of a daughter of his cam round him to brake wid us4 ,she's there still1 seemingly as proud as ever2 but she'll be taken down a peg wan of these days1 mark my words4 ,i have wan piece of good news for you1 ,tom avic2 an' that is1 that young ,lennon never darkened their doore since you went2 and more be token1 she never spoke a word to him on ,sunda's after mass1 but went straight home with her father from the chapel4 ,this ,i seen myself2 for although ,i have been very daunny since you left me1 ,i med bowld wid myself not to lose prayers any ,sunda' wet or dhry1 for no other purpose but to watch herself an' that chap4 ,so1 dear ,tom1 you needn't be afeared of him4 ,i think1 indeed2 ,i seen him going down the road the three ,sunda's wid ,kate ,mulvey2 so ,i think ,winny tould the truth to her father about him4 ,dear ,tom1 ,i have not been well at all at all for the last three weeks1 an' ,i am not able to be out all day as ,i used to be1 an' ,i hardly know how matthers are goin' on upon the farm4 ,i see old ,ned a'most every day from the doore or the garden1 where ,i sometimes go out when it's fine2 ,i see him wandherin' about his farm as brisk an' as hard as ever4 ,i think nothin' would give that man a brash4 ,dear ,tom1 ,i did not like writin' to you to say ,i was lonesum or unwell until you had taken a turn out of yourself at your aunt's2 but ,i am not gettin' betther1 an' ,i think the sight iv you would do me good4 ,tell your aunt to let you cum home to me now4 ,indeed1 dear ,tom1 ,i'm too long alone2 an' havin' no wan to spake to makes me fret1 though ,i wouldn't interfere wid you for a while afther you went4 ,if ould ,ned ,cavana was the man ,i tuck him to be1 he wouldn't let the few words that cum betune us keep him away from me all this time1 an' ,i not well2 but he never put to me1 nor from me1 since you left1 nor ,i to him4 ,dear ,tom1 cum back to me as soon as you can1 an' maybe we'll get the betther of him an' ,winny1 afther all4 ,hopin' your aunt1 an' the childer1 an' ,bill himself1 is all in good health1 ,i remain your father till death1 ,michael ,murdock4 ,tom1 as ,i have hinted1 was not without his good points1 and1 as he read over the above letter from his poor lonely father1 his heart smote him for having been so long away1 and where1 to tell the truth to himself1 he had no great fun or pleasure4 ,his conscience1 moreover1 accused him of one glaring act of ingratitude and villany1 he might call it1 toward the poor old man4 ,there was something tender and self-sacrificing in the letter1 yet it was not without a complaining tone all through1 that brought all ,tom's better feelings uppermost in his heart2 and he resolved to start for home early the next morning4 ,he now felt that he had business at home1 which at one time he had never contemplated taking the smallest trouble about1 beside keeping his poor old father better company than he had hitherto done4 ,yet1 with all this softening of his disposition1 he was never more determined to carry out his object with respect to ,winny ,cavana1 by fair means---or by foul6 ,what his father had said about young ,lennon gave him hopes that1 in the end1 a scheme which he had planned for the latter might not be necessary4 ,tom knew there could be no use in writing to his father to say he would so soon be home with him4 ,the nearest post-town was seven miles from ,rathcashmore2 and although any person going in had orders to call at the post-office1 and bring out all letters for the neighbors of both the ,rathcashes1 yet were he to write now1 his letter was sure to lie there for some days1 and he would undoubtedly be home before its receipt4 ,thus he argued1 and therefore endeavored to content himself with the resolution he had formed to make no delay2 and whatever his traps may have been1 they were got together and locked in his box at once4 #baa ,he had engaged to meet a particular friend on the following evening1 ,friday1 partly on business previous to returning to his own part the country4 ,but he would now anticipate this visit by going there at once1 so as to enable him to leave for home early next morning4 ,he hoped to find his father better than his letter might lead him to suppose2 and he had no doubt his presence and society1 which he was determined should be more constant and sympathizing than heretofore1 would serve to cheer him4 ,nothing1 then1 which his aunt could say1 and certainly nothing which her husband had added to what she did say1 had any effect toward altering ,tom's resolution to start for home on the following morning4 ,by this means he hoped to reach his father on the evening of the second day1--railways had not been then established in any part of ,ireland1 not even the ,dublin and ,kingstown line1--and he would save the poor old man from the lonesome necessity of going to church on ,sunday1 be it wet or dry4 ,he carried out his determination without check or hindrance1 and arrived at the end of the lane leading up to ,rathcashmore house soon after dusk in the evening of ,saturday4 ,he travelled by car from ,c--k2 and the horse being neither too spirited1 nor too fresh1 after his journey1 stood quietly on the road1 with his head down1 and his off fore-leg in the first position1 until the driver returned1 having left ,tom ,murdock's box above at the house4 ,the meeting between old ,mick and his son was as tender and affectionate on the old man's part as could well be1 and as much so on ,tom's as could well be expected4 ,old ,mick had some secret anticipations--presentiment1 perhaps1 ,i should have called it--that they would never part again in this world1 until they parted for the last time4 ,daily he felt an increasing weakness of limb1 weariness of mind1 which whispered to his heart that that parting was not far distant4 ,his son's arrival1 however1 had the effect which he had promised to himself4 ,he seemed to improve both in spirits and in health4 ,if he had not thrown away the stick1--which the reader was forewarned he would adopt1--he made more use of it cutting at the kippeens1 and whatever else came in his way1 than as a help to his progress4 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 ------ ,from ,the ,st4 ,james' ,magazine4 ,,the ,,inventor ,,of ,,the ,,steam-,,engine4 ,in #ahbh the learned ,arago1 a ,frenchman1 published a remarkable work on the history of the steam-engine4 ,it contains much information that had hitherto been little known on the scientific labor and discoveries of ,salomon de ,caus4 ,he cites the work of the latter1 entitled ,les ,raisons des ,forces ,mouvantes1 which was first published at ,frankfort in #afae1 and reprinted at ,paris in #afbd2 and ,m4 ,arago draws from it the conclusion that ,salomon de ,caus was the original inventor of the steam-engine4 ,six years after this notice of the life and labor of the ,french engineer1 there appeared in ,le ,muse des ,familles a letter from ,marion ,delorme1 supposed to have been written on the #c;d of ,february1 #afda1 to her lover ,cinq-,mars1 in which she tells him that she is doing the honors of ,paris to an ,english lord1 the ,marquis of ,worcester1 and showing him all #bab the curiosities of that city4 ,she goes on to say that among other institutions she had taken milord to ,bictre1 where a madman was confined for insisting on a wonderful discovery he had made on the application of steam from boiling water2 that the superintendent of the asylum had shown a book to the marquis written on the subject by this lunatic2 and that after reading a few pages the ,english nobleman begged for an interview with ,salomon de ,caus1 from which he returned in a grave and pensive mood1 declaring that this man was one of the greatest geniuses of his age4 ,such is the substance of the letter of ,marion ,delorme2 and the editor of ,le ,muse des ,familles adds that the ,marquis of ,worcester appropriated the discovery to himself1 and recorded it in his work entitled ,century of ,inventions1 thus causing himself to be looked upon by his countrymen as the inventor of the steam-engine4 ,the anecdote became very popular1 and was copied into standard works1 represented in engravings1 etc41 etc4 ,at length some incredulous authors examined more closely into the matter1 and found that not only had ,salomon de ,caus never been confined in a lunatic asylum1 but that he had held the appointment of engineer and architect to ,louis ,,xiii4 up to his death in #afcj1 while ,marion ,delorme is asserted to have visited ,bictre in #afda6 ,on tracing this mystification to its source1 we find that ,m4 ,henri ,berthoud1 a literary man of some repute1 and a constant contributor to ,le ,muse des ,familles1 confesses that the letter imputed to ,marion ,delorme was in fact written by himself6 ,but the most curious part of the story is that the world refused to believe in ,m4 ,berthoud's confession1 so great a hold had the anecdote taken on the public mind2 and a ,paris newspaper went so far even as to declare that the original autograph of this letter was to be seen in a library in ,normandy1 in which province ,salomon de ,caus was born4 ,m4 ,berthoud wrote again denying its existence1 and offered a million to any one who would produce the letter4 ,from that time the affair was no more spoken of1 and ,salomon de ,caus was allowed to remain in undisputed possession of his fame1 as having been the first to point out the use of steam in his work1 ,les ,raisons des ,forces ,mouvantes4 ,he had previously been employed as engineer to ,henry1 ,prince of ,wales1 son of ,james ,i41 and he published a volume in folio1 in ,london1 ,la perspective avec les ,raisons des ,ombres et ,miroirs4 ,in his dedication of another work to the queen of ,england1 #aeth of ,september1 #afad1 we find some allusion made to the construction of hydraulic machines4 ,on his return to ,france he1 as before said1 was appointed engineer to ,louis ,,xiii41 and was doubtless patronized by ,cardinal ,richelieu1 that great promoter of the arts and letters4 ,the writings of ,salomon de ,caus were held in much estimation among learned men during the whole of the seventeenth century4 ,he had1 however1 been anticipated in the discovery of steam for the propelling of large bodies1 for on the #agth of ,april1 #aedc1 the ,spaniard1 ,don ,blasco de ,garay1 launched a steam-vessel at ,barcelona1 in presence of the ,emperor ,charles ,v4 ,it was an old ship of #bjj tons1 called the ,santissima ,trinidad1 which had been fitted up for the experiment1 and which moved at the rate of ten miles an hour4 ,the inventor of this first steamer was merely looked upon as an enthusiast1 whose imagination had run mad2 and his only encouragement was a donation of #bjj1jjj maravedis from his sovereign1 but the emperor no more dreamt of using the discovery than did ,napoleon ,i41 three centuries later1 when the ingenious ,fulton suggested to him the application of steam to navigation4 ,it is well known that ,fulton was not even permitted to make an essay of this new #bac propelling force before the ,french emperor4 ,so then1 we must date the fact of the introduction of steam navigation as far back as #aedc2 anterior to the discovery of ,salomon de ,caus in #afae2 to the ,marquis of ,worcester in #affc2 to ,captain ,savary in #afic2 to ,dr4 ,papin in #afif2 and to ,fulton and others1 who all lay claim to the original idea4 ,but perhaps we may be wrong in denying originality to these men1 for we have no proof that either of them had any knowledge of the discoveries of his predecessor4 ,it was only on the #ahth of ,march1 #ahaf1 that the first steam-vessel appeared in ,france1 making her entrance into the seaport of ,havre2 she was the ,eliza1 which had left ,newhaven1 in ,england1 on the previous day4 ------ ,from ,the ,fortnightly ,review4 ,,the ,,clouds ,,and ,,the ,,poor4 ,no one can write upon the clouds without some reference to ,mr4 ,ruskin's labors4 ,few will forget the four chapters in the first volume of ,modern ,painters1 dealing first with men's apathy for those forms of beauty which daily flit around us1 and ending with the magnificent contrast between ,turner and ,claude1 showing with what difference they had rendered the calm of the mist and the shock of the tempest1 the crimson of the dawn and the fire of sunset ,we are1 indeed1 all of us too apathetic1 and the summer and the winter clouds are alike unheeded by us4 ,and yet our grey ,english clouds have impressed themselves upon even our language and our daily speech4 ,our word sky has nothing in common with the ciel of the ,french and the cielo of the ,italians1 which through the ,latin coelum refer to the clear blue chasm of the air4 ,our sky is connected with the ,old-,english seua1 and literally means the place of shadows4 ,our welkin is connected with wolcen1 a cloud1 and is derived from a root which points to the incessant1 rolling1 billowy motion of the clouds4 ,but if we have failed to notice the clouds and their beauty1 others have not failed4 ,men1 seeing their power1 feeling their blessings1 have worshipped them4 ,upon them our ,scandinavian ancestors built their creeds1 and from them created their gods and goddesses4 ,the beauty and the delicacy of the early ,aryan mythology is interwoven with the storm-cloud1 which alike inspires the story of the ,odyssey and solves the mystery of ,o,edipus4 ,mr4 ,ruskin has already quoted from ,aristophanes4 ,we could wish that he had supplemented the ,athenian poet1 who gives merely the latter sensuous mythological view of the clouds1 with passages from the fathers1 who so deeply penetrated into both their beauty and their moral aspect4 ,with them the clouds appear no longer puissant goddesses1 daughters of ,father ,ocean1 thronging in troops from ,maeotis and ,mimas1 their golden pitchers filled with the waters of the ,nile4 ,their fleecy forms told them of him who giveth snow like wool1 and scattereth the hoar frost like ashes1 of him who maketh the clouds his chariots1 and rideth on the wings of the wind4 ,they could not feel the whirlwind's blast without remembering that it had borne ,elijah heavenward1 nor hear the thunder without remembering the thunder and lightning which clothed ,god on ,sinai1 #bad nor watch the evening rack without remembering that the clouds1 such perhaps as they were gazing at1 had received their ,master out of his disciples' sight1 and that again from them he should descend at his second coming4 ,in these days of atmospheric laws1 of measurements of rainfalls1 and weather forecasts1 we cannot by the utmost effort of the imagination place ourselves in their position4 ,to them1 as to the first ,christians1 heaven was directly above their heads1 divided from the earth only by the screen of clouds4 ,they must have regarded those white ethereal shadows1 those dark rolling masses1 in much the same way as the early sacred painters1--peopled each flake with cherubs and angels1 and heard the air rustle with wings4 ,be this as it may4 ,even if religion inspired them with such thoughts1 they certainly were not insensible to the beauty which daily blossoms in the sky4 ,there is1 cries ,st4 ,chrysostom1 a meadow on the earth and a meadow1 too1 in the sky4 ,there are the various flowers of the stars1 the rose below1 the rainbow above4 ,footnote #ca ,look up to heaven1 he says1 and see how much more beautiful it is than the roof of palaces4 ,the pavement of the palace above is much more grand than the roof below4 ,footnote #cb ,his writings are full of metaphors drawn from the sky and the clouds4 ,he speaks of snow-storms of miracles1 and thick-falling showers of cares1 and cries1 ,when ,god doth comfort1 though sorrows come upon thee by thousands like snow-flakes1 thou shalt be above them all4 ,he reproaches men for looking down like swine to the earth1 and not up to the sky1 ,footnote #cc which he declares is the fairest of roofs1 guiding them by its beauty to their ,maker4 ,footnote #cd ,and filled with that democratic spirit which so burns in all his writings1 he cries to the poor man1 ,seest thou this heaven here1 how beautiful1 how vast it is1 how it is placed on high8 ,this beauty the rich man enjoyeth not more than thou1 nor is it in his power to thrust thee aside1 and make it all his own2 for as it was made for him1 so it was1 too1 for thee4 4 4 4 4 4 ,do not all enjoy it equally--rich and poor8 4 4 4 4 4 ,yea1 rather1 if ,i must speak somewhat marvellously1 we poor enjoy it more than they4 4 4 4 4 ,the poor more than any enjoy the luxury of the elements4 ,footnote #ce ,footnote #ca3 ,homilies on the ,statues4 ,the ,oxford ,translation4 ,footnote #cb3 ,homilies on #a ,thessalonians iv4 #ab4 ,footnote #cc3 ,homilles on ,st4 ,matthew4 ,part ,,ii4 ,footnote #cd3 ,homilles on ,st4 ,john4 ,part ,,ii4 ,footnote #ce3 ,homilles on #b ,corinthians4 ,the passage is full of the deepest interest4 ,mr4 ,ruskin has shown us with what mixed feelings the ,greeks loved the clouds1 and how the mediaevalist feared them4 ,it would be well to know how they have been and are still viewed in ,england by the lower classes4 ,for1 as we before said1 the upper classes care little about the clouds4 ,the ,greek text 7changeful days7 of ,england pass by unnoticed1 except to fill up a gap in a conversation4 ,st4 ,swithin is our national saint1 but we are not enthusiastic devotees4 ,only when a picnic or a cricket match is involved do we trouble ourselves about the clouds4 ,then the barometer is studied1 and the weathercock becomes an object of interest4 ,in short1 only when our pleasures are at stake do we care whether the day is wet or fine4 ,on the other hand1 life with the poor1 man depends on the weather4 ,three continuous wet days in ,london throw no less than twenty thousand people out of employment4 ,fine weather is the poor man's bread-winner1 his comforter1 his physician4 ,he may therefore be pardoned if1 with ,ulysses1 he in the first place regards it from an economical point of view4 ,thus the laborers in the north midland counties speak of showery weather as rich weather1--that is1 not only enriching the crops1 but themselves4 ,on the contrary1 as producing a different effect on their calling1 the sailors on the north-east #bae coast speak of such weather as shabby weather1 and call rain--useless to them--dirt4 ,this indeed must be the case4 ,in the lowest as in the earliest stages of society1 this utilitarian spirit--not necessarily base1 but co-existent with even a passionate love of beauty--must prevail4 ,the laborer whose day's wage depends on the clouds1 and the fisherman whose meal rests with the winds1 will naturally first think of them as subservient to the needs of life4 ,badly clothed1 and ill-fed1 they cannot possibly appreciate ,mr4 ,kingsley's admiration of the east wind4 ,the fisherman only knows it as producing a dearth of fish4 ,to the midland peasant it is his red wind1--just as ,virgil spoke of nigerrimus ,auster1 and as the ,greeks called the north wind the black wind1 still the bise of the ,mediterranean4 ,in the east of ,england the nightingale is not the bird of song1 not ,ben ,jonson's dear good angel of the spring1 but the barley-bird1 because it arrives when the barley is sown4 ,for1 on the whole1 barley is more important to the peasant than song1 and therefore the bird is thus called4 ,nevertheless the song may be highly prized1 but it is still secondary4 ,thus we stumble upon a curious explanation of the utilitarian spirit observed in ,homer and the earliest painters4 ,and the terms of our country-people throw a plain light upon the ,homeric epithets fruitful 7,greek text71 and loamy 7,greek text71 applied to the earth2 and the phrases of our fishermen curiously illustrate the terms barren 7,greek text71 and teeming with fish 7,greek text71 as applied to the sea4 ,society in the same or parallel stage ever gives the same utterance4 ,the reality1 too1 of the elements1 as ,lear and ,jacques would say1 touches the poor to the quick4 ,hence in the north they simply call rain waters1 just in the same way as the ,greeks used ,greek text whilst in the midland counties they nearly as often say it is wetting as it is raining4 ,their proverbs1 too1 smack of the fierceness of men who have struggled with the storm4 ,so the ,anglian countryman sings of the first three days of ,march1 ,first comes ,david1 then comes ,chad4 ,then comes ,winnol blowing like mad4 ,their vocabulary1 too1 teems with words expressive of every shade and variety of weather4 ,our skies and clouds have entered far more into the composition of popular phrases than we are commonly aware4 ,such trivial expressions as being under a cloud1 laying up for a rainy day1 unconsciously reflect the character of our weather4 ,its power overshadows even the altar and the grave in the common rhyme3 ,happy the bride whom the sun shines on4 ,happy the dead whom the rain rains on4 ,and the rhyme at one time really exercised a spell4 ,you find it used by lovers amongst our ,elizabethan dramatists1 who so faithfully reflected the spirit of the day4 ,thus1 in ,webster's ,duchess of ,malfy1 ,ferdinand cries to the duchess about her lover3 ,let not the sun ,shine on him till he's dead4 ,act iii4 ,sc4 #b ,but the poor possess an abundance of such expressions4 ,and as life is real to them1 so their sayings are quickened with reality4 ,thus1 to be born in a frost is in ,yorkshire an euphemism for being foolish4 ,in the same county1 to obtain anything under the wind means to obtain it secretly4 ,in ,norfolk the ploughman says there is a good steward when the wind-frost blows4 ,just consider1 too1 the richness of their vocabulary of weather-terms1 and the observation which it implies4 ,take ,yorkshire alone1 and there we shall find dag1 douk1 pell1 pelse1 rouk1 rag1 sops1 all standing for different kinds and degrees of rain and showers4 ,there the white winter-mist is the hag the hoar-frost the rind1 the snow-flakes clarts of snow1 and the summer heat-mist the gossamer1 as ,wedgwood #baf notices1 the ,marien fden of ,germany4 ,go into the eastern counties1 and the dialect is as rich4 ,the sea-mist is the sea-fret and the sea-roke4 ,the heavy rain1 which soaks into the earth1 is the ground-rain4 ,the light rain is the smur in ,suffolk1 the brange in ,essex1 and the dag in ,norfolk1 from which last word the various corruptions water-dogs and sun-dogs are formed4 ,passing1 however1 from words1 let us note a few of the weather-rhymes and weather-proverbs which show what accurate observers necessity has made our peasants4 ,there is not a village where the local phenomena of mists and clouds are not preserved in some rhyme4 ,from ,cumberland to ,devonshire the land echoes with these weather-saws4 ,in the former county we have-- ,if ,skiddaw hath a cap1 ,criffel wots full well of that4 ,in the latter1 the rhyme--this time really a rhyme--runs3 ,when ,haldon wears a hat1 ,let ,kenton beware of a skat4 ,the ,warwickshire and ,worcestershire peasants in the ,vale of ,evesham repeat a similar couplet about their own ,bredon1 and the ,leicestershire and ,lincolnshire churls about their ,belvoir4 ,weather-rhymes lie treasured up throughout the midland counties about ,the green-blue mackerel sky1 ,never holds three days dry2 in the northern counties about mony haws1 mony snaws1 and in the eastern of the near bur1 rain fur4' ,in ,england we1 too1 can rhyme about la journe du plerin4 ,for centuries the village poet has sung of mare's tails and hen-scrattins1 and the great ,noah's ,ark cloud1 and the weather-head1 of the changes of the moon1 how ,saturday change1 and ,sunday full1 ,never did good1 nor never wull4 ,for the peasant in his rude fashion is a meteorologist and has studied the ways of the clouds1 water wagons1 as in some counties he calls them4 ,from him ,aratus might have filled another ,diosemeia1 and ,virgil improved his first ,greorgic4 ,our ,elizabethan dramatists have borrowed some of their most life-like touches from the peasant's weather-lore4 ,thus ,cunningham1 in ,beaumont and ,fletcher's ,wit at ,several ,weapons1 says of wrangling3 ,it never comes but1 like a storm of hail1 ',tis sure to bring fine weather in the tail on't4 ,act4 iii41 ,sc4 #a4 ,and ,webster1 borrowing from the sailor1 makes ,silvio say of the cardinal that he ,lifts up hit nose like a fool porpoise before storm4 ,duchess of ,malfy1 ,act1 iii41 ,sc4 #c4 ,shakespeare borrows from both peasant and sailor4 ,his finest descriptions of cloud scenery1 as we shall show1 are based upon popular phrases4 ,two of his most beautiful similes illustrate the villager's weather lore4 ,thus ,lucrece is described3 ,and round about her tear-distrained eye4 ,blue circles streamed like rainbows in the sky4 ,those water-galls in her dim element1 ,foretell new storms to those already spent4 ,and again1 in ,all's ,well that ,ends ,well1 the countess says to ,helena3 ,what's the matter ,that this distempered messenger of wet1 ,the many-colored ,iris1 rounds thine eye8 ,act4 i41 ,sc4 #c4 ,and the peasant's rhymes and sayings undoubtedly contain some germs of truth1 or they could never have so long held their ground4 ,admiral ,fitzroy1 in his ,weather ,book1 has rightly given a collection of such saws1 though it might with advantage be greatly enlarged4 ,science has before now been forestalled by some bold guess of the vulgar4 ,and often has some happy intuition outstripped the slow labor of the inductive process4 ,but with the ,english peasant a sense of the beautiful accompanies that of the useful4 ,living ever out of doors1 he names his clouds after natural objects4 ,he thus gives a #bag reality to them which is unknown to scientific nomenclature4 ,the lamb storms of ,derbyshire1 and the pewit storms in ,yorkskire1 significantly mark the time of year when the lambs are yeaned in the cloughs1 and the pewits return to the moors to breed4 ,his symbolism is always true4 ,the peasant in the eastern counties talks of bulfinch skies to express the lovely warm vermilion tints of sunset clouds4 ,tennyson's daffodil sky is not truer1 nor ,homer's ,greek text more poetical4 ,in ,devonshire the peasan has his lamb's-wool sky the tenuia lanae vellera of ,virgil4 ,in parts of the midland counties he has his sheep clouds the schffchen am himmel of the ,german1 the same clouds which the ,norfolk peasant boy has described with so perfect a touch3 ,detached in ranges through the air1 ,spotless as snow1 and countless as they're fair4 ,scattered immensely wide from east to west1 ,the beauteous semblance of a flock at rest4 ,the ,derbyshire countryman knows the hard stratified masses of cloud 7cumulo-strati7 by the happy name of rock clouds and the great white rolling avalanches 7cumuli7 as snow packs and wool packs the former being rounder than the latter1 which lie in folds pressed and packed upon one another4 ,further living amongst hills and mountains1 watching them1 as ,wordsworth says1 grow at night1 enlarging with the darkness1 he finely calls the great hill at the entrance to ,dovedale1 ,thorpe ,cloud4 ,he had seen it apparently shift and move with the changes of light and atmosphere1 and he could only liken it to a cloud4 ,perhaps1 even at times1 some faint glimmering might flit across his mind of the instability of the hills1 and the rack to him thus became a symbol of the world's unsubstantial pageant4 ,the midland counties peasant1 too1 employs such old-world phrases as the sun is wading when it is straggling through a heavy scud1 and the sun is sitting when her dark side is turned toward the earth4 ,the poets themselves may be in vain searched for a finer expression than the first4 ,the beginning of ,sidney's sonnet1 which ,wordsworth has adopted1 ,with how sad steps1 ,o moon1 thou climb'st the sky1 and ,milton's description1 ,as if her head she bow'd ,stooping through a fleecy cloud1 are somewhat parallel4 ,but the peasant's expression is equally fine4 ,most readers of ,modern ,painters will remember ,mr4 ,ruskin's vivid description of what he so well calls the helmet cloud1 which rests on the peaks of mountains4 ,but long before ,mr4 ,ruskin wrote1 the ,westmoreland and ,cumberland dalesman named the cloud that at times floats round the tor of ,cross ,fell by the still better names helm cloud and helm bar4 ,we could indeed wish that ,mr4 ,ruskin had more deeply studied peasant life and peasant habits4 ,the meaning of the clouds in ,turners ,salisbury and ,stonehenge would have then been more thoroughly appreciated4 ,fine and poetical as is ,mr4 ,ruskin's interpretation1 yet we venture to think that he misses the truth when1 in this case1 he refers ,turner's inspiration to ,greek sources4 ,to those who have lived near the ,plain1 and have mixed with the shepherds1 the meaning and the symbolism come far nearer home1 and more closely touch the heart4 ,turner was here no ,greek1 except as all men who love beauty are ,greeks4 ,here he was1 at all events1 intensely ,english4 ,sprung like so many great poets and painters from the lower class1 he could sympathize with the shepherds of the ,plain4 ,to them1 as to the shepherd in the ,iliad1 standing on the hill-top facing the sea1 shepherding their flocks1 far away from any village1 on the vast treeless down1 the clouds become a constant source of fear or joy4 ,their hearts gladden as the light white clouds roll up from the ,english ,channel1 and then1 as they say1 purl round and retreat4 #bah ,in spring and summer they joyfully hail the water dogs1 the gossamer of the ,yorkshire peasant1 which herald the fine weather4 ,they1 above all other ,english peasants1 solitary on that wide plain1 watch with fear the sun-galls1 ,shakespeare's water-galls1 as the broken bits and patches of rainbows are called1 hanging glorious1 but wrathful1 in the far horizon4 ,they mark with dread the messengers and water streamers1 and at night1 too1 anxiously note the amber wheel-cloud round the moon4 ,with all this1 like a true poet1 ,turner sympathized4 ,he entered into the reality of shepherd life upon the ,plain2 its joys and its dangers4 ,in one picture1 therefore1 he has given us the rain-clouds showering their blessings upon man1 and in the other revealed the dread fatalistic power that ever darkens the background of life4 ,but we must leave the peasant1 and turn to the fisherman4 ,more even than the peasant1 he naturally regards the weather in its effects upon his calling4 ,the rain with him--we are speaking more especially now of the ,north ,country fisherman--is dirt1 and a rainy sky a dirty sky4 ,the water-galls of the ,salisbury shepherd1 from which ,shakespeare took those most exquisite similes1 have with him lost their beauty1 and are changed into sea-devils1 evil prophets of tempest4 ,the flying clouds1 that herald the storm1 are with him the flying devil and his imps4 ,he realizes the danger1 and therefore christens the clouds with rough names4 ,he too1 like the peasant1 is learned in weather-lore1 and keeps an almanac of weather-rhymes in his memory4 ,in such fishing villages as ,staithes and ,runswick1 on the north-east ,yorkshire coast1 a large collection might easily be formed4 ,they partake of the roughness and the truthfulness of the inhabitants4 ,such jingles as3 ,when wind comes before rain ,then let your topsails remain3 ,but if the wind follows rain4 ,then you may close reef again1 are certainly more accurate in sense than rhythm4 ,again1 the couplet3 ,when the sun crosses line1 and wind's in the east4 ,it will hand 7hold7 that way meast1 first quarter at least1 contains a warning not always to be despised4 ,the riddle of the brough1 that amber halo of clouds seen sometimes round the moon1 which the shepherds of ,salisbury ,plain call the wheel1 and the midland peasants the burr1 is solved by the rhyming adage3 ,a far off brough ,means a near hand rough4 ,but we must not be too critical1 and demand both sense and rhythm4 ,it is something if in poetry we obtain truth4 ,at all events1 the ,yorkshire fishermen's rhymes are quite as good as a great many of those in which ,apollo formerly conveyed his prophecies to mankind4 ,and we think that ,admiral ,fitzroy might have profitably added some of them to his collection4 ,many a time have we seen at some little fishing village the fishermen all detained by some breeder1 or flyer1 whose meaning their eyes alone could read4 ,if the threatened storm has not visited the coast1 yet the heavy sea tumbling in without a breath of air has shown that the gale has broken not far distant4 ,still mistakes arise4 ,life is constantly sacrificed4 ,but the glory and the pride of science is1 that1 whilst serving the sublimest ends1 it still helps the humblest4 ,we may be unable to control the elements4 ,but we shall triumph over the law by obeying the law4 ,the day will come when the notion of chance will be altogether eliminated1 and the law by which the clouds are governed recognized4 ,and in the blessings of science all men are partakers4 ,alike shall the fisherman steer his craft with a firmer faith in the essential goodness of all things1 and the hand of the artist gain strength and his eye see a #bai deeper beauty when each knows that the clouds are as regular in their movements as the stars4 ,of course men living by the sea1 daily watching the clouds1 life itself hanging upon a knowledge1 however uncertain1 of the meaning of their color and their shapes1 have naturally named them in a rude fashion4 ,landsmen1 who only now and then gaze at the clouds1 are apt to regard them as ever changing4 ,but not a wisp flies in the highest air1 not a creeper rises out of the sea1 whose shapes are not moulded by a definite law4 ,day by day the same forms repeat themselves with unceasing regularity4 ,the clouds might be mapped out like the land and sea over which they fly4 ,more than half a century has passed since ,howard first gave them names4 ,after him ,forster wrote1 and like him illustrated his theory with diagrams of the principal cloud-forms4 ,and now ,admiral ,fitzroy has so improved upon their nomenclature1 that there is not a cloud that cannot be scientifically named and defined4 ,but our sailors and fishermen have long ago known these facts4 ,not a stray waif of film flecks the heavens which they have not christened4 ,they know all kinds and shapes1 from the crow-nests1 those tiny white spots 7cirriti7 dotting the sky1 up to the glorious ,queen ,anne's feather1 waving far away into the horizon its soft downy plume1 rippled and barred by the wind4 ,thus to take a few examples4 ,the ,north ,yorkshire fisherman has his dyer's neif1 a small dark purple cloud1 so called from its supposed resemblance to the black grained fist 7neif7 of a dyer4 ,some three thousand years ago1 ,elijah's servant1 on ,mount ,carmel1 cried that he saw a little cloud rising out of the sea like a man's hand4 ,and still on the ,yorkshire coast the fisherman utters the same language1 and knows that cloud still as the forerunner of storm and rain4 ,quite as striking1 too1 is the way in which his names of clouds throw a light upon ,shakespeare4 ,all readers will remember the passage between ,hamlet and ,polonins1 ending with ,very like a whale2 a phrase which has passed into a proverb for anything very improbable4 ,and no actor can utter it on the stage without producing a peal of laughter4 ,yet the proverb and the laughter are equally inappropriate4 ,the names of the clouds in the passage are all real names4 ,the dromedary cloud1 or1 as ,shakespeare calls it1 the camel cloud1 is well known to sailors4 ,it is a species of cumulus1 a white1 packed1 humped cloud1 and when seen in the southern hemisphere is said to foretell heat2 but1 in the northern1 cold4 ,it is also called the hunchback cloud4 ,see1 there's the hunchback2 look at its pads1 ,north ,country fishermen will say4 ,the weasel-cloud also is known1 though not so well1 and is more often called the hog-cloud and the wind-bog1 from its being the forerunner of wind4 ,but the whale-cloud is as well known to sailors1 especially those employed in the ,greenland trade1 as the bridge-cloud1 or feather-cloud1 or any other well recognized form4 ,we shall hae a bit o' a puff1 lads4 ,see that sea-devil2 and yonder's a regular finner to the norrard1 have we heard ,north ,sea captains say4 ,a finner1 it should be explained1 is a small whale4 ,if ever there was a realist1 ,shakespeare was4 ,he drew direct from nature4 ,but1 like a true artist1 he knew how to mould and shape mere barren naturalism by the vitalizing power of the imagination4 ,in its white heat he fused all things4 ,and so1 noting the common names of clouds as daily used in conversation by sailors and fishermen and seafaring folk1 he could rise from the satire of ,hamlet to the high pathetic pitch of ,antony's speech3 ,sometime we see a cloud that's dragonish2 ,a vapor1 sometime1 like a bear or lion1 ,a towered citadel1 a pendent rock1 ,a forked mountain1 or blue promontory4 ,with trees upon't1 that nod into the world1 ,and mock our eyes with air4 ,thou hast these signs2 ,they are black vesper's pageants4 ,eros4 ,ay1 my lord4 ,antony4 ,that which is now a horse1 even with a thought ,the rack dislimns2 and makes it indistinct ,as water is in water4 ,eros4 ,it does1 my lord4 ,antony4 ,my good knave1 ,eros1 now thy captain is ,even such a body4 ,anthony and ,cleopatra1 ,act iv1 ,sc4 #ab4 #bbj ,here the whole scene is colored by the imagination and ennobled by human pathos1 such as no other man ever possessed4 ,but the basis of the thought is the simplest naturalism1 such as other men had seen and observed a thousand times before4 ,the ,flying ,dragon is mentioned as far back as the latter part of the sixteenth century by ,hyll in his ,contemplation of ,mysteries1 where the first rude ideas of weather forecasts may be found4 ,the pendent rock and forked mountain are nothing more than the rock-clouds of the ,derbyshire peasant1 concerning which a local rhyme runs3 ,when clouds appear like rocks and towers1 ,the earth's refreshed by fragrant showers4 ,we must not1 however1 lose sight of our ,north ,country fisherman4 ,if to him the sky is at times black with terror1 yet it is also splendid with beauty4 ,in fine weather it is his garden1 the heavenly meadow1 as ,st4 ,chrysostom would say1 blossomed over with flakes and garlands of cloud-bloom1 white and peach-colored4 ,he has his names for them1 his crow buds1 and his cherry flowers1 and the great tree cloud with its purple branches4 ,it is1 too1 his fairyland full of loveliest shapes flying and wandering here and there1 pigeons1 as he calls those white detached winged flyers1 flying fish1 streamers1 and pencilled plumes4 ,thus far of the peasant and the sailor4 ,they certainly more than any one else recognize the terror and the beauty of cloud scenery4 ,the well-to-do man knows the clouds only as they affect his pleasures4 ,life is not dependent upon them1 and he therefore misses that true enjoyment which springs from reality4 ,on the whole1 he thinks with the ,epicurean that rain ought to fall by night1 whilst his wife sighs for ,italy and blue skies4 ,but let us1 on the contrary1 love the grey cloud1 and rather hold with that fine old skipper1 who1 after enduring six months of unbroken weather in the ,bay of ,naples1 cried out on seeing a cloud1 ,turn out1 boys1 turn out2 here's weather as is weather2 none of your everlasting blue sky4 ,let us rather love the storm-rack that beats against our island4 ,this it is that gives the color to the cheeks of our maidens2 this that has moulded our features1 and deepened the lines of our faces1 and hardened the national character4 ,let us be thankful1 with ,mr4 ,raskin1 that nowhere can the swiftness of the rain-cloud be seen as in ,england1 nowhere in such perfection as among the ,derbyshire hills2 nowhere the keenness of the storm be felt as on a ,yorkshire wold4 ,footnote #cf ,but in these days even the power of the elements is threatened4 ,we have seen in ,derbyshire1 when the west wind blows1 the cloughs filled1 not with troops of clouds dashing slantwise up the valleys1 but choked with dull rolling ,lancashire smoke2 seen1 under this canopy of fog1 the snow on the ,edges turn yellow and brown4 ,one by one1 too1 the blast furnaces are burning up the ,yorkshire moors4 ,and instead of white wreaths of clouds crowning the wolds1 a pillar of fire lights them up by night1 and a cloud of smoke darkens them by day4 ,footnote #cf3 ,modern ,painter1 vol v41 part vii41 chap4 iv41 #ad4 ,luckily the sea-coast still remains unpolluted4 ,and if any one really wishes to study the clouds1 let him go to the ,north ,yorkshire and ,northumberland coasts in winter4 ,then will he understand something of their majesty and power2 then will he see the true purple wind-tints1 see the sky a wilderness full of strange weird creatures--wild hogs1 those purple hump-backed clouds running one after another in a line1 and the ,flying ,devil and his imps marshalling the storm1 which is banking up out of the ,german ocean2 see1 too1 the ,norway bishop rise--a man's figure clothed #bba in white1 with outstretched arms1 under whose ban many a fisherman from ,staithes and ,runswick has sunk2 see the figure melt and disappear in a mist of sleet and snow and hail2 and then1 last of all1 see the weather-gleam1 when all objects loom against the one pale rift of sky1 as ships loom in an east wind4 ,these sights have never been painted1 and never can4 ,even ,turner cannot give them4 ,for who can give that which is the greatest pleasure in watching the clouds1 the feeling of change8 ,yon cannot paint the movement of the rack1 as the vapor shifts from form to form1 now a mountain1 now a dragon1 now a fish1 each change answering to the changes of the spirit4 ,only the poets can paint the clouds and their lessons--only ,shelley and ,shakespeare4 ,but put away even ,shakespeare himself4 ,love them1 study them from nature4 ,and1 as ,st4 ,chrysostom says1 the poor man1 more than any one else1 enjoys the luxury of the elements4 ,the lawyer may hold cujus solum ejus ad coelum2 but he who most enjoys the clouds1 as with all things else1 is their real possessor4 ,and the artist and the poor man1 though they may not have a rood of ground to call their own1 here reign over an empire4 ------ ,translated from the ,german4 ,,malines ,,and ,w,,rzburg4 ,a ,,sketch ,,of ,,the ,,catholic ,,congresses ,,held ,,at ,,malines ,,and ,w,,rzburg4 ,,by ,,andrew ,,niedermasser4 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,art4 ,the ,catholic reunions1 both in ,belgium and in ,germany1 have taken a special interest in ,christian art2 for religion is at once the source and the end of true art4 ,religion1 says ,lasaulx1 is the soul of every useful measure1 the vivifying principle in the life of nations1 the permanent basis of true philanthropy4 ,in its infancy1 as well as during its most flourishing periods1 at all times and among all nations1 art has ever been the handmaid of religion4 ,what is the last and highest aim of architecture8 ,the erection of churches4 ,how has sculpture won its noblest triumphs8 ,in pagan antiquity1 by representations of the heathen deities2 since the dawn of ,christianity1 by presenting to the admiration of the world statues of our ,saviour and his saints4 ,in like manner the noblest subjects of painting have been furnished by religion1 and by history1 both sacred and profane4 ,and do we not meet with the same phenomenon in music and religions poetry8 ,hence we may safely conclude that art is the barometer of a nation's civilization1 and above all of its religious status4 ,a people animated with a lively faith will not hesitate to manifest it outwardly1 sparing neither trouble nor expense1 and art affords the most suitable means of giving expression to its feelings4 ,if1 on the other hand1 art is neglected by a nation1 it is a certain sign that its mental and spiritual condition is abnormal2 that it must be under the influence of some disturbing agency4 ,art1 in its relations to religion and the ,church1 is one of the subjects that have claimed the attention of the ,catholic congresses2 they discussed the principles of religious architecture1 painting1 sculpture1 and of church music2 they considered the subject of decorating the sanctuaries of religion in all its branches1 and examined the highest and most important problems of art4 ,art1 as cultivated during the first #bbb ages of ,christianity and during the middle ages1 is a subject complete in itself1 for we can trace its use1 its progress1 and decay1 as well as the development of the ideas which gave it life4 ,between ,christian and pagan art there is no doubt a connecting link2 in fact1 we may safely assert that in this respect1 no less than in all others1 there is a great unbroken chain that unites the present age with antiquity4 ,still1 no one can deny that there is a great and immense difference between ,christian nations and those of antiquity4 ,for1 since the birth of ,christianity1 we may trace in history a new1 active1 and all-pervading principle4 ,what the greatest minds of the pagan world scarcely suspected1 has become the common property of all nations and of all men4 ,christianity is built on foundations very different from those on which rested the cumbrous fabric of paganism4 ,it has impressed an original character on art1 in every branch of which it has produced results of undoubted excellence1 worthy of our admiration4 ,christian art suffers not by comparison with the masterpieces of antiquity4 ,narrow-minded and prejudiced persons only will maintain that the ,greeks alone excelled in the arts4 ,the independence and excellence of ,christian art1 compared with that of classic ,greece and ,rome1 is by no means generally admitted2 for many are unwilling to allow to the ,church the credit1 which it may justly claim1 of promoting and patronizing the arts4 ,during the last century art has lacked its proper basis--truth1 for art is founded on truth4 ,but since nations have been led astray by the erroneous idea that art was revived at ,florence1 and thence spread over all ,europe1 it has lost its independence1 confined itself to mere imitations of the ,greeks and ,romans1 and gradually decayed more and more4 ,in the history of art no period appears darker than the so-called age of renaissance1 and since then ,christian art has been either misunderstood or entirely despised4 ,not long ago the masterpieces of ,gothic architecture were looked upon as barbarous2 paintings on wood which had for ages graced the ,european temples were removed1 broken to pieces1 and burnt1 and alters of the most elaborate workmanship were treated as mere rubbish4 ,to level to the ground the noble cathedrals of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries was considered a service to art4 ,and this was done1 not by the ignorant1 but by the protectors of learning2 nay1 by artists themselves1 who were foremost in the work of destruction4 ,a ,french architect published an essay to prove that it would advance the interests of art to turn the cathedral of ,spires into a warehouse4 ,on the cathedrals of ,cologne and ,strasbourg1 also1 ,french architects1 living at the beginning of the nineteenth century1 had pronounced sentence of condemnation4 ,no later than #ahbe1 when ,charles ,x4 was crowned in the cathedral of ,rheims1 the heads of two hundred statues were struck off1 through fear that the statues might be thrown down on occasion of the royal salute4 ,no one seems to have thought of fastening the images2 in fact1 why should they trouble themselves about the workmanship of barbarians8 ,during the revolution of #aghi1 the ,french had unfortunately acquired too much skill in smashing the statues that crowned their grandest cathedrals4 ,during the period of which we speak1 how false was the appreciation of what is beautiful in art6 ,to man's proud spirit it is humiliating1 indeed1 to know his own weakness2 to know that for years he may remain in the darkness of error1 without having the strength to burst the chains that fetter him4 ,at the beginning of the present century more correct ideas on this subject were entertained and spread by several eminent ,german artists1 and for the last thirty years justice has been done to the claims of the middle ages4 ,actively co-operating with this #bbc movement1 the ,catholic conventions of ,germany and ,belgium have achieved many desirable results4 ,at ,malines1 in #ahfd1 the section for ,christian art was very numerously attended2 more than a hundred archaeologists and artists from every country in ,europe had there met to take part in lively and interesting debates on ,christian art1 whilst seventy musicians1 professionals1 and amateurs held their sessions in another part of the building4 ,several years ago1 ,i was present at the general meeting of the ,german architects at ,frankfort1 but ,i own that in interest their discussions fell far below those to which ,i listened at ,malines4 ,in #aheg1 at the general reunion of the ,christian art associations in ,germany1 which met at ,regensburg1 several hundred commissioners were present1 and on that occasion were displayed the same enthusiasm1 the same freshness and interest1 which distinguished the discussions at ,malines4 ,but this zeal has long died out2 the ,christian art associations of ,germany never met again2 and at ,wrzburg1 ,frankfort1 and ,aix-la-,chapelle1 the ,catholic conventions scarcely deigned to notice ,christian art4 ,the chairman of the section for ,christian art at ,malines was ,viscount du ,bus de ,ghisignies4 ,the viscount's appearance is noble and striking2 he seems to have been born to command4 ,in the heat of the combat du ,bus never loses his self-possession2 his clear and steady eye watches the battle2 not a word escapes his notice2 fair and unprejudiced1 he deals out equal justice to all4 ,if the opinions of a speaker clash with his own1 he twirls his martial moustache with more than ordinary vigor2 but he allows to every one the rights he may justly claim4 ,as chairman1 his duties are not unattended with difficulty4 ,romans and ,teutons1 ,frenchman and ,britons1 ,dutchmen and ,belgians1 meet alternately in friendly strife2 many a blow is exchanged1 principle clashes with principle1 and deeply-seated prejudices are uprooted4 ,convinced that the harmony of mind1 as that of sounds1 is the product of contrast1 du ,bus acted in accordance with his convictions and nobly fulfilled the task assigned him4 ,the debates of his section were more animated and more instructive than those of any other4 ,at the right of du ,bus sat the vice-president of the section4 ,professor ,cartuyvels1 of ,louvain1 a man well-versed in parliamentary usage1 in which he was excelled by no one except1 perhaps1 by ,a4 ,reichensperger4 ,a young clergyman from ,brabant1 ,cartuyvels displays a master mind2 equally skilled in aesthetics and in the philosophy and history of art1 the value of these acquirements is enhanced by his knowledge of the liturgy1 of canon law1 and of holy writ4 ,he is thoroughly acquainted with the works of the great masters of ,germany and ,italy4 ,his words proclaim the enthusiasm with which he devotes all the faculties of his soul to the service of ,christian art4 ,always prepared to speak1 he boldly upholds the principles which he deems correct4 ,he defends them with ardor and confidence of success1 and he seldom fails to carry his point2 few are able to cope with him4 ,it was a glorious sight to see ,a4 ,reichensperger and ,cartuyvels engaged in discussion2 for ,sublimest beauty comes to light ,when powerful extremes unite6 ,james ,weale was a representative of ,england and ,english art at ,malines4 ,for many years ,weale has made ,bruges his home1 and exerted considerable influence on ,belgian art2 nevertheless1 he is a thorough ,englishman4 ,he is a convert and a disciple of ,canon ,oakley4 ,by becoming a ,catholic1 as is often the case in ,england1 ,weale incurred pecuniary losses2 but this sacrifice has only purified and strengthened his love for the ,church4 ,the trials he has undergone have unveiled the heroic qualities of his heart ,the greater number of ,english converts 7and this no one who has had #bbd the happiness of personal acquaintance with them will dispute7 are men distinguished for their great learning and affable manners1 and ,weale is no exception to this rule4 ,his principles of art are rigorous1 ,i had almost said exclusive1 but he is convinced of their correctness4 ,in his views he is unique and definite2 he propounds them with uncommon clearness and precision4 ,when opposing false principles1 he is not very choice in his expressions1 generally preferring the strongest4 ,weale is the uncompromising enemy of all sham and equivocation4 ,in the domain of art fails attainments are immense4 ,he knows ,england1 the ,netherlands1 ,germany1 ,france1 and ,italy4 ,his quick eye instantly discovers the merits of a painting4 ,that the clergy may become familiar with every branch of ,christian art1 is his most ardent desire4 ,at ,bruges ,weale publishes ,le ,beffroi1 an archaeological journal2 he would have been the most suitable candidate for the newly founded chair of archaeology at ,louvain4 ,having spoken of ,weale1 we are now led to notice his friend ,bethune1 of ,ghent4 ,he is a painter1 but confines himself chiefly to painting on glass4 ,brought up in the school of the celebrated ,english architect1 ,welby ,pugin1 who1 though only forty years of age when he died1 in #aheb1 had already built more than two hundred churches and chapels1 his figures are distinguished by purity of style2 he carries out in practice the theories of ,weale4 ,however1 he does not by any means reject everything modern1 but judiciously seeks to combine the beauties of the modern with those of the ancient style of art4 ,bethune is remarkable both for his piety and his learning1 and this accounts for the charm and instructiveness of his conversation4 ,he admires ,germany and ,german art1 without being blind to its defects2 on the contrary1 his criticisms on the best productions of modern ,german painting are severe1 not to say harsh4 ,his paintings on glass are in marked contrast to the productions of the ,munich school4 ,he does not delight in great historical paintings on glass1 which tend to make us forget that we are looking at a window1 but seeks to attain unity of design by subordinating his picture to the plan of the architect4 ,in the debates at ,malines1 ,bethune did not take so prominent a part as ,weale4 ,another active member of the section of ,christian art was ,bethune's brother1 ,canon ,f4 ,a4 ,l4 ,bethune1 professor of archaeology in the seminary at ,bruges4 ,among the ,french members1 ,lavedan deserves to be mentioned in the first instance4 ,he is a well-known ,french journalist1 who seems to have a great taste for the fine arts4 ,with untiring ardor he spoke on every question discussed1 and1 in spite of being somewhat prolix1 his remarks were always listened to with pleasure4 ,although noted rather for wit and polite literature than for depth of learning1 he was master of the situation1 and to unhorse him was not an easy task4 ,he pleaded eloquently for the establishment of a permanent art exhibition4 ,whilst ,lavedan1 like ,weale1 applies himself to the theory of art1 ,jaumot1 like ,bethune1 is a practical artist4 ,of the few artists that ,france can boast of1 ,jaumot is one of the best2 but he was not permitted to exhibit his cartoons1 and has not met with the encouragement so indispensable to the artist ,jaumot complainant of this at ,malines1 and maintained that the ,belgian clergy are much better acquainted with the principles of ,christian art than the clergy of ,france4 ,the ,abbe ,carion attracted attention by his profound knowledge of archaeology2 all his remarks proved that he understands thoroughly the subject he treated1 though he does not present his ideas in so pleasing a manner as others4 ,any seminary may justly be proud of such professors as ,messrs4 ,carion1 ,bethune1 and ,cartuyvels4 ,no one contributed more to the merriment of the assembly than ,van ,schendel1 of ,antwerp1 #bbe an old painter1 who delights in sketches of ,dutch family life4 ,he railed at everything1 and at times he became quite sarcastic4 ,to find fault seemed to be his sole purpose2 whether justly or not1 was of little consequence4 ,he succeeded most admirably in boring the chairman4 ,van ,schendel seems to dislike the ,french language1 for he always preferred to speak ,dutch4 ,i might speak of many more1 but ,i shall only mention ,delbig1 a ,german painter1 residing at ,liege2 ,alfred ,geelhand1 ,leon de ,monge1 ,martin1 ,isard1 ,mommaerts1 of ,brussels2 ,bordeau2 de ,fleury1 an enthusiastic admirer of ,flandrin1 the great ,french painter2 ,van de ,necker1 the ,abb ,huguet1 and the ,abb ,van ,drival4 ,i cannot forbear speaking of ,a4 ,reichensperger1 of ,cologne4 ,for almost a quarter of a century ,reichensperger has been the champion of ,christian art1 not only in ,germany1 where he is looked upon as the foremost defender of ,german art during the middle ages1 but also in ,france and ,england4 ,in ,cologne he had been at the head of the society for completing the cathedral4 ,in the ,prussian chambers at ,berlin he has always exerted himself in favor of true art4 ,he was president of the general meeting of the ,christian art unions1 held at ,regensburg in #aheg1 and distinguished himself as an orator at the congress of artists that assembled at ,antwerp some years ago4 ,he was also present at ,malines1 and his presence was of great advantage to the ,romanic delegates4 ,reichensperger is delighted to meet with opposition2 nay1 he calls it forth1 for without it he appears dissatisfied4 ,in fact1 a debate is impossible without opposition4 ,at ,malines1 it is true1 opponents were not wanting1 but he vanquished them all4 ,manfully upholding his ,german principles1 he convinced many of their correctness4 ,reichensperger has often earned applause1 he has been the hero of many a parliamentary triumph1 during the twelve years that he has been considered one of the five best speakers in the ,prussian parliament1 but in the ,petit ,seminaire at ,malines he gained his most brilliant successes4 ,his ,french may not at all times be classical2 but his pointed expressions charmed his ,french audience4 ,his style is not florid1 but his speeches sparkle with wit1 humor1 and sarcasm4 ,his ready logic completely astounded his adversaries4 ,all his remarks called forth thundering applause1 which finally grew so noisy that the chairman of the first section1 ,les ,o,euvres ,religieuses deemed it necessary to interfere and request a little more moderation4 ,but what was the subject of all these learned deliberations8 ,many questions were discussed1 and variety constituted one of the principal charms of the proceedings1 ,a,ethetics were treated in the first place2 the learned speakers philosophized concerning the ideas of truth1 of goodness1 and of beauty4 ,one hundred and two years have rolled by since ,baumgarten1 the father of aesthetics1 died4 ,in #agej and #ageh he published the two volumes of his celebrated work entitled ,a,esthetica4 ,for more than a hundred years1 therefore1 aesthetics have been cultivated with more or less zeal1 but with very little success2 the science seems to stagnate because the principles on which it is based are unsound4 ,hence most books on aesthetics are loathed4 ,the best among the recent works on this subject was written by ,lasaulx2 but a philosophy of art1 from a ,catholic point of view1 we do not yet possess1 for ,dursch's ,a,esthetics has many defects4 ,jacobs' ,art and the ,church might1 if completed1 have supplied a want long felt4 ,the discussions on the beautiful led to no important results4 ,of more practical consequence was the resolution condemning ,french pictures4 ,mommaerts made an attempt to establish in ,brussels a society whose object was to be the diffusion of pictures artistically unobjectionable4 ,at ,paris ,meniolle1 assisted by ,german artists1 #bbf intends to do the same for ,france1 where hitherto ,schulgen1 of ,dsseldorf1 has1 so to say1 held a monopoly4 ,i hope that both projects may be successful1 and escape the fate of many similar enterprises1 which are nipped in the bud4 ,in all likelihood no similar society will do so much good1 and extend its influence so far1 as the ,dsseldorf association for the diffusion of good pictures4 ,much time was spent in discussing the establishment of museums like those of ,sydenham and ,kensington1 near ,london1 and in listening to speeches on fresco paintings1 on the stations of the cross1 on exhibitions of works of art1 and on the encouragement of artists4 ,on motion of ,weale1 a resolution was adopted to found a ,belgian national museum at ,louvain1 and ,reichensperger prevailed on the assembly to pledge itself to further the completion of ,st4 ,rombaut's cathedral at ,malines4 ,let this suffice4 ,the musicians would complain1 perhaps1 were we to pass them unnoticed4 ,at the request of the general committee at ,brussels1 ,canon ,devroye and ,chevalier ,h4 ,van ,elewyk had prepared eight theses for discussion4 ,these propositions treat of choral music1 of the education of organists1 of the influence of religious music1 of the establishment of societies for the promotion of church music1 and the like4 ,it was proposed to found a musical academy1 in which a special department for religious music is to be established4 ,canon ,devroye presided2 his interesting remarks were always listened to with pleasure4 ,dr4 ,paul ,alberdingk-,thijm1 of ,amsterdam1 formerly of ,louvain1 was vice-president4 ,he is well acquainted with ,gregorian music and church music in general--of ,german music also2 even of our most common popular songs he has a thorough practical knowledge2 many of our ,german songs he renders with exquisite taste4 ,we shall see more of him hereafter4 ,verooitte1 of ,paris1 was chosen to be honorary vice-president4 ,he is well known in ,france4 ,he founded the academy for religious music in ,paris1 which has been in successful operation for some time1 and has contributed materially to raise the character of religious music in that country4 ,chevalier ,van ,elewyk has done all in his power to establish in ,louvain a society for the promotion of church music1 and his exertions were not in vain4 ,a society having the same object in view was formed at ,amsterdam4 ,at ,malines there were also several organ-builders1 whose practical advice was of great advantage to the musical section2 the foremost among them were ,cavaill-,coll1 of ,paris2 ,mercklin1 of ,brussels2 and ,loret1 of ,malines4 ,one of the most remarkable personages at the congress was ,f4 ,hermann1 prior of the ,carmelites in ,london4 ,f4 ,hermann ,cohen1 the pianist is a native of ,hamburg1 and greatly esteemed by the ,catholics of ,germany4 ,the manner of his conversion was most wonderful and in many of its features resembled that of ,alphonsus ,ratisbonne4 ,whenever ,i saw ,f4 ,hermann1 in his fine ,carmelite habit1 ,i thought of another great musician1 ,liszt1 whom ,i had seen and admired at ,rome1 and of the ,franciscan1 ,f4 ,singer1 who invented the wonderful instrument to the tones of which ,i had the pleasure of listening at the general convention held at ,salzburg in #aheg4 ,true1 ,f4 ,hermann is not only an eminent musician--,god has gifted him with many other endowments2 as an orator1 especially1 he is overpowering1 able to move the most unfeeling4 ,another monk1 a fine and imposing figure and a master of religious music1 the ,franciscan friar ,egidius1 of ,jerusalem1 offered very valuable advice4 ,friar ,julian1 of ,brussels1 who has supplied three nations with organists1 took an active part in the debates4 ,beside these ,i shall mention1 ,arthur de la ,croix1 of ,tournay1 who has written several works on religious music2 the ,abb ,loth1 of ,rouen1 who deserves honorable mention as one of #bbg the most zealous promoters of church music2 ,lemmens1 editor of ,l',organiste ,catholique2 ,emile ,laminne1 of ,tongres1 who most eloquently insists on the cultivation of music in seminaries1 and on the appointment of a special committee for music in every diocese4 ,f4 ,faa di ,bruno1 of ,st4 ,peter's1 in ,london1 spoke on oratorios2 the ,abb ,deschutter1 of ,antwerp1 on sacred music at concerts1 ,edmund ,duval presented a paper on the accompaniment of plain chant4 ,l',abb de ,mayer1 ,prof4 ,deyoght1 and ,hafkenscheid1 of ,amsterdam1 also made important suggestions4 ,on motion of ,dr4 ,paul ,alberdingk-,thijm1 the most eminent authorities on sacred music were appointed corresponding members4 ,the following were elected3 ,meluzzi1 musical director at ,st4 ,peter's1 ,rome2 ,dandini1 secretary of the academy of ,st4 ,cecilia at ,rome2 ,don ,hilarion ,eslava1 of ,madrid2 the ,duke de ,san ,clemente1 of ,florence2 ,john ,lambert1 of ,london2 ,tornan1 archaeologist at ,paris2 ,charles ,verooitte1 of ,paris2 the ,abb ,loth1 of ,rome2 ,friar ,egidius1 of ,jerusalem2 ,f4 ,hermann1 of ,london2 ,t4 ,j4 ,alberdingk-,thijm1 publisher at ,amsterdam2 and ,f4 ,stein1 pastor of ,st4 ,ursula's1 ,cologne4 ,hitherto very little has been done for the reformation of church music2 in ,germany1 as elsewhere1 there still exist many reasons for complaining4 ,nevertheless1 the ,gregorian chant is no more antiquated than the ceremonies of the ,church1 her liturgy1 her liturgical language1 or the vestments used at her offices4 ,who is there that does not admire the melody of the sacred hymns1 their perfect form1 their solemnity1 and their dignity8 ,moreover1 the plain chant demands no violent exertion on the part of the singer4 ,the voice is strained neither by difficult figures nor by unnatural intervals1 nor does it require the same compass as the modern music4 ,unlike instrumental music1 choral music does not stun the hearer by its noisy effect1 so unbecoming divine service4 ,nor has sufficient attention been paid to several other points2 to the more thorough study of the liturgy1 and of the sacred hymns of the ,church1 and to the cultivation of popular music4 ,lastly1 we must briefly notice the exhibition connected with the congress of ,malines4 ,it was very interesting1 and formed a pleasing feature of the first and particularly of the second congress4 ,those who contributed most towards its success were1 ,james ,weale1 of ,bruges1 ,bethune1 of ,ghent1 ,canon de ,bleser1 and ,abb ,deloigne4 ,many weeks of patient research1 under the most favorable circumstances1 would not enable us to meet with so many specimens of mediaeval art2 in fact1 the collection was of great importance to the student of archaeology4 ,the works of living masters1 too1 were on exhibition1 and many of them called forth our especial interest and admiration4 ,they proved conclusively that the attempts recently made to restore ,christian art to its pristine purity have not been altogether fruitless4 ,in many places our artisans have again begun to study the medieval art1 and many of them rival in the excellence of their productions the masters of the middle ages4 ,how beautiful were many pieces of bronze statuary1 of jewelry1 and of embroidery1 that we found at ,malines6 ,the bronze chandeliers1 candelabra1 and desks sent by ,hart1 of ,london1 surpassed in purity of style and beauty the best works of the old ,belgian masters4 ,the ,romanic and ,gothic ciboria1 chalices1 remonstrances1 chandeliers1 reliquaries1 censers1 crosses1 croziers1 and the like1 contributed by such artists as ,bourdon de ,bruyne1 of ,ghent1 ,martin ,vogeno1 of ,aix-la-,chapelle1 ,hellner1 of ,kempen-on-the-,rhine1 rivalled the most admired productions of the middle ages2 the three artists above-mentioned fully deserved the prizes awarded them by the congress4 ,among the sculptors whose statuary graced the exhibition1 well-merited praise was bestowed on de ,broeck and ,van ,wint1 of ,antwerp1 and #bbh ,pieckerey1 of ,bruges4 ,the paintings on glass1 also1 exhibited by ,westlake1 of ,london1 met with general approbation4 ,the committee which awarded the premiums consisted of ,voisin1 of ,tournay2 von ,bock1 of ,aix-la-,chapelle2 ,van ,drival1 of ,arras2 ,felix ,bethune and ,john ,bethune1 of ,ghent2 ,cartuyvels1 of ,liege2 ,weale1 of ,bruges2 and ,helbeig1 of ,liege4 ,lambotte1 of ,liege1 ,reinhold ,aasters1 of ,aix-la-,chapelle1 ,john ,goyers1 of ,malines1 and several others had sent samples of workmanship in gold4 ,the silk embroideries of ,von ,lambrechts-,martin1 of ,louvain1 attracted considerable attention1 as did also the sculptures of ,champigneulle1 of ,metz1 and of ,phyffers1 a ,belgian sculptor living in ,london4 ,many other names ,i have forgotten2 but on the whole the ,english and ,germans excelled the ,french and ,belgians4 ,j4,f4 ,casaretto1 of ,crefeld1 had brought to ,malines a number of vestments1 banners1 chasubles1 copes1 etc1 and displayed them to advantage at the ,hotel ,liederkercke4 ,they attracted the notice of the ,belgian bishops no less than of the foreign clergy1 and their excellence was acknowledged by all1 especially by ,bishop ,dupanloup1 of ,orleans4 ,in ,germany1 for the last twelve years1 ,casaretto has enjoyed the patronage of the bishops and clergy4 ,though there were at ,malines many excellent samples of workmanship1 there was also much that did not soar above mediocrity1 and much that fell beneath it4 ,even many experienced artisans are guilty of gross mistakes2 some goldsmiths1 for instance1 manufacture patens entirely unfit for use4 ,the paten should be perfectly smooth and even1 without any ornament4 ,in ,malines there were many chalices whose feet were so made that it would be next to impossible to hold them firmly without injuring the hand of the celebrant4 ,in many of the remonstrances and other sacred vessels1 also1 serious defects were noticeable1 a proof that there is still room for improvement4 ,to attain a proper degree of perfection1 there should be a closer union of the mechanical and the fine arts and of both with science4 ,let our artisans be acquainted with the principles of art1 let them be thoroughly instructed in the rules laid down by the ,church for the guidance of the artist1 let them come into closer contact with men of science2 in fine1 let them1 thus instructed1 be penetrated by the spirit of faith1 purified and ennobled thereby1 and they will certainly produce workmanship worthy of our admiration4 ,on this subject many useful suggestions were made by ,cardinal ,wiseman in #ahfc1 in his well-known lecture on the ,connection between ,science and ,art4 ,the results of the debates of the section on art were1 as we stated above1 the establishment of a professorship of ecclesiastical archaeology at ,louvain and the foundation of a national museum at the same place4 ,considering the many reasons as eloquently urged in its favor1 we doubt not that active and immediate measures will be taken for the completion of the cathedral of ,malines4 ,on the success of the ,german artists at the ,malines exhibition we lay the more stress because1 at the same time1 ,ittenbach1 of ,dsseldorf1 surpassed all his competitors at the ,antwerp exhibition of paintings1 and the historical painter1 ,edward ,steinle1 of ,frankfort-on-the-,main1 by his cartoons1 exhibited at ,brussels1 gained new triumphs for true ,christian art4 ,to the latter fact1 ,gffers and ,swerts1 the best ,belgian painters1 cheerfully bore witness4 ,in the debates at ,malines the superiority of ,german art was repeatedly acknowledged by representatives of all nations4 ,to return to our fatherland4 ,at the head of the movement for the regeneration of art in ,germany1 which distinguished the first half of the nineteenth century was a ,catholic prince1 ,king ,louis ,i4 of ,bavaria4 ,it was he1 also1 who1 partly by renovating the cathedrals of ,regensburg1 ,bamberg1 and ,spires1 and partly by erecting so #bbi many beautiful temples at ,munich1 rescued ,christian art from the disrepute into which it had fallen4 ,rarely has so much been done for art in so short a time as in ,bavaria under ,louis ,i42 few monarchs have been more liberal patrons of every department of art4 ,many are of opinion that ,king ,louis' protection should have been confined to ,german art1 but his great soul scorned such narrow-minded ideas1 and he extended his care to ancient classical art4 ,foremost among those who1 since #ahdb1 strove to regenerate ,christian art in its purely ,german form was ,king ,louis' friend1 ,cardinal ,geissel1 of ,cologne4 ,the association for completing the cathedral of ,cologne called forth great artistic activity2 in that famous edifice was seen the symbol of the ,catholic ,church in ,germany1 and of the final return of all ,germany to the one true faith4 ,to their exertions we must ascribe the advancement of ,christian art previous to the meeting of the first ,catholic general convention4 ,these conventions have always upheld the claims of ,christian art4 ,at ,linz1 in #ahej1 was founded the ,christian ,art ,union of ,germany4 ,in a few years this society spread over every part of our country4 ,the ,rhenish art unions were the most active1 and exercised considerable influence on those of southwestern ,germany2 the latter1 however1 have proved more lasting and have accomplished more important results4 ,when once fairly established1 the ,christian art union held several general meetings1 the first of which took place at ,cologne in ,september1 #ahef4 ,the beginning was insignificant1 for scarcely a hundred delegates assembled1 and many of these hailed from the ,rhenish provinces4 ,in spite of this drawback1 the transactions were far more interesting than those of many so-called historical associations1 that busied themselves with ,celtic1 ,roman1 and ,german antiquities4 ,nay1 considering the merit of the speeches delivered1 they compare favorably with those of the ,german architectural society4 ,a still more brilliant future1 however1 was in store for the ,christian art union4 ,in #aheg1 the second general meeting was held at ,regensburg1 at which the number of archaeologists and artists amounted to several hundred4 ,for three days they assembled in the splendid church of ,st4 ,ulric1 discussed some most important questions1 and listened to several brilliant speeches4 ,the treasures of mediaeval art1 sent from every part of the diocese of ,regensburg1 formed a magnificent collection1 for1 among all the cities of ,germany1 ,regensburg is one of the richest in monuments of mediaeval times1 whilst its cathedral is one of the finest in the world4 ,a4 ,reichensperger1 the chairman1 enforced strict order in debate2 next to him sat ,dr4 ,f4 ,streber1 professor at ,munich4 ,as a successful student of numismatics1 his fame was ,european2 in fact he was a man of superior learning4 ,his best work is his ,history of ,christian ,art1 which was not published previous to his death1 but whose excellence no one will undervalue4 ,if an illustrated edition were published1 it would supplant all other class-books on the same subject1 and be a sure guide and basis of all future researches4 ,and no wonder1 for no man had a clearer and more general knowledge of everything relating to the history of art than ,streber4 ,we hope soon to see this history grace every collection of the ,catholic classics of ,germany4 ,another eminent member of the assembly was ,dr4 ,zarbl1 canon of the cathedral at ,munich4 ,an eloquent speaker1 a writer who recounted his travels in an interesting manner1 and a zealous pastor of souls1 the canon was a patron of ,christian art1 and intimately acquainted with its literature4 ,his residence resembled a museum of mediaeval curiosities4 ,he was president of the ,regensburg art union1 and well was he fitted to fulfil his duties4 ,when he walked up the aisles of his cathedral1 his appearance was majestic #bcj ,his words were impressive and his actions cautious and well considered4 ,overtopping most men1 and inspiring all with respect1 strangers looked up to him with a feeling akin to awe1 whilst to those who knew him he was a kind and esteemed friend4 ,canon ,zarbl departed this life long ago1 to receive the reward of his virtues4 ,a ,benedictine of the abbey at ,metten1 on the ,danube1 a man whose memory is cherished by thousands of his pupils1 ,f4 ,ildephonsus ,lehner1 was the soul of the ,regensburg art union in #aheg4 ,as director of the seminary he labored successfully to imbue his students with an ardent love of ,christian art1 the principles of which he had mastered at an early age4 ,this he effected not so much by aesthetic3 theories as by practical instruction4 ,at ,metten he founded a museum of mediaeval art1 he formed a school which was frequented by many talented young men1 and assisted by several friends he founded the ,regensburg diocesan art union1 and encouraged artistic literature4 ,foremost among his disciples is ,george ,dengler1 of ,regensburg1 who bids fair to attain considerable eminence in architecture4 ,at the ,wrzburg general convention1 in #ahfd1 ,f4 ,ildephonsus was chosen chairman of the section of ,christian art1 and in an eloquent address he urged the ,german clergy to study the ,catholic liturgy and the regulations of the ,church regarding ,christian art4 ,we must not forget to mention ,g4 ,jacob4 ,he was associated for a long time with ,dr4 ,amberger1 one of the first theologians of the present age1 and ,grillmaier1 the most pious priest that ,i have ever met with1 in the direction of the seminary at ,regensburg1 where he was professor of the history of art4 ,at the suggestion of the ,regent ,dirschedl1 of ,regensburg1 and of ,f4 ,ildephonsus1 ,jacob wrote his work on art in the service of the ,church1 which was published at the time of the ,regensburg congress4 ,it is a truly admirable work1 especially as a manual for theologians and priests4 ,in a few weeks it spread all over ,germany1 and during the last seven years nothing has been written equal to it in its kind4 ,the publication of ,streber's ,history of ,art and a new edition of ,jacob's ,handbook would be of great service to the ,german clergy1 and would greatly promote the study of ,christian art4 ,sighart1 of ,freising1 who had just published his ,albertus ,magnus1 also spoke at ,regensburg4 ,he is the most distinguished of the many writers on the history of art of whom ,bavaria justly boasts2 twelve years have elapsed since he began the long series of his valuable works by his history of the cathedral of ,freising4 ,his ,history of ,plastic ,art in ,bavaria1 published in #ahfc1 was the crowning effort of his genius and labors4 ,no other ,german country can boast of so complete and perfect a history4 ,he also called into existence a museum of mediaeval art1 and brought to the notice of the learned all the artistic treasures of the archdiocese4 ,his example has been imitated in several ,bavarian dioceses4 ,himioben1 of ,mayence1 was the representative of the art union founded by him in that diocese4 ,in fact ,himioben was one of the firmest stays of the ,catholic association in ,mayence1 and a prominent orator at all the general conventions4 ,his appearance was striking1 and predisposed all in his favor4 ,his sparkling eyes1 his fine flowing hair1 his noble figure1 his sonorous voice1 and his youthful ardor and enthusiasm1 made him the favorite of all who had the pleasure of listening to him4 ,i have seen the seed germinate1 and the flowers bud2 you will see them in full bloom1 and reap the fruit4 ,such were his words to a younger friend in the fall of #ahfj1 and well do they express his ideas concerning the regeneration of religious life in the nineteenth century4 ,himioben used all his influence in favor of renovating the cathedral of ,mayence1 though he did not live to see the repairs completed4 ,would that he had witnessed #bca the twentieth of ,november1 #ahfd1 when the ,catholic cause acquired new strength by the confederation of the ,rhenish cities6 ,stein1 of ,cologne1 spoke on church music2 ,professor ,reischl1 of ,regensburg1 on hymnology2 ,dr4 ,durch1 of ,rottweil1 on aesthetics2 whilst ,wiest urged the renovation of the cathedral at ,ulm4 ,but ,i cannot mention all who addressed the assembly at ,regensburg4 ,but though there were many and distinguished orators at ,regensburg1 the palm of superior success belongs to a musician1 ,j4 ,mettenleiter1 who edited the ,musica ,divina in connection with ,canon ,proske1 and who at ,regensburg gave a practical proof of what true church music is4 ,all were transported by the magical power of harmony4 ,regensburg possesses the best school of church music in ,germany1 and the choir of its cathedral rivals that of the ,sistine chapel4 ,besides ,mettenleiter and ,proske1 we must mention ,schrems1 ,wesselack1 and ,witt4 ,the zeal displayed at ,regensburg was short-lived2 the ,german art union never met again in general convention4 ,since #aheh it has again become a mere section of the general conventions of the ,catholic societies in ,germany4 ,at the ,munich convention1 in #ahfa1 considerable interest was taken in ,christian art2 but at ,aix-la-,chapelle1 ,frankfort1 and ,wrzburg it had few any friends4 ,at ,aix-la-,chapelle1 ,professor ,hutmacher was chairman of the section of art1 at ,frankfort ,prof4 ,steinle1 whilst at ,wrzburg the most active members were ,f4 ,ildephonsus and ,dean ,schwarz1 of ,bhmenkirch1 in ,wirtemberg4 ,but though much has been done for ,christian art by the establishment of art unions and their general meetings1 it has likewise been promoted in many other ways4 ,the members of the ,catholic art unions not only devoted themselves to the study of art1 but also encouraged others to make researches on this subject1 and it is but just to add that during the past twelve years much has been accomplished that deserves unqualified praise4 ,to the ,bozen art union we owe the ,history of the ,development of ,religious ,architecture in the ,tyrol1 the second part of which was published a year ago by ,karl ,atz4 ,the ,linz art union1 after commissioning ,florian ,wiener to write directions for researches on religious monuments1 is now preparing a history of art in the diocese of ,linz4 ,many years ago ,giefers rendered a similar service to ,paderborn1 ,schwarz and ,laib to ,rottenburg1 and ,reichensperger to the ,rhenish dioceses4 ,besides establishing the ,diocesan museum1 the richest collection of this kind in ,germany1 the ,cologne art union founded the ,journal of ,christian ,art4 ,the ,regensburg union published the work of ,jacob mentioned above1 and distributed it among its members4 ,sighart made researches in the archdiocese of ,munich2 whilst ,adalbert ,grimm1 of ,augsburg1 wrote a history of his native diocese4 ,great services were rendered to ,eichstdt by ,maitzl1 to ,bamberg by ,kotschenreuter1 to ,wrzburg by ,wieland1 to ,limburg on the ,lahn by ,ibach1 to ,spires by ,remling and ,molitor1 and to ,mnster by ,zeke4 ,by the advice of ,prof4 ,alzog1 the ,freiburg union commenced in #ahfb the publication of an art journal4 ,to the ,rottenburg art union we are indebted for an important work on altars1 by ,dean ,schwarz and ,pastor ,laib4 ,one of the most active societies is that of ,luxemburg1 which has published an art journal since #ahfa4 ,these researches were based on those of the historical associations and on some valuable essays1 some of which had been written long before4 ,almost every cathedral in ,germany can boast of its historian4 ,thus ,geissel wrote the history of the ,imperial cathedral 7#ahbf-h72 ,wetter and ,werner that of the cathedral at ,mayence 7#ahce72 ,boissere that of the ,cologne cathedral 7#ahba-c72 and ,giefers that of the cathedral at ,paderborn4 ,to ,perger we owe a sketch of ,st4 ,stephen's at #bcb ,vienna2 to ,himmelstein1 one of the ,cathedral at ,wrzburg2 whilst ,grimm and ,allioli published an incomplete sketch of the cathedral at ,augsburg1 and the histories of the ,hildesheim1 ,xanten1 and ,freising cathedrals were written by ,kratz1 ,zehe1 and ,sighart4 ,one of the most instructive works lately published is ,schreegraf's history of the cathedral at ,regensburg1 in three volumes4 ,every diocese in ,germany has not yet done its duty1 and much can and should still be done by the ,german clergy4 ,let us not think lightly of these laborious researches2 their usefulness and importance to science will one day be made evident to all4 ,catholics and ,protestants must aid alike in gathering the voluminous materials1 which must be placed at the disposition of him whom ,god will call to write a national history of ,german art4 ,the labors of these societies have already enabled several prominent men to undertake more extensive works1 among which ,i will mention ,sighart's ,history of ,art in ,bavaria1 ,lbke's ,history of ,art in ,westphalia1 ,heideloff-,lorenz' ,suabian ,art during the ,middle ,ages1 ,heider-,eitelberger's ,mediaeval ,monuments of the ,austrian ,empire1 ,haas' ,history of ,styrian ,art1 ,ernst aus dem ',werth's ,monuments of the ,lower ,rhine1 and ,hassler's ,ancient ,monuments of ,wirtemberg4 ,a year ago1 ,lotz published an excellent work1 in two volumes1 entitled1 ,art-,topography of ,germany1 whilst ,otte's ,history of ,german ,architecture is on the point of appearing4 ,schnaase1 too1 in his ,history of ,art has profited by the labors of the ,catholic art unions1 and the same may be said of ,mller-,klunzinger and ,nagler1 of ,munich1 in their cyclopedias of art4 ,let us not grow languid in our investigations concerning ,german art during the middle ages1 until the last monument has been discovered and the last inscription deciphered4 ,many years must elapse before we shall arrive at this point4 ,when1 in his wanderings throughout ,europe1 ,bhmer1 the author of the great work on imperial decrees1 found an undiscovered document1 his joy was indescribable4 ,equally great was the delight of the editors of the ,monumenta ,germaniae when they brought to light some annals that were supposed to have perished4 ,the same pleasure awaits any one who has the good fortune of discovering a ,roman basilica1 a remarkable arch1 or any other important monument2 who deciphers and explains an old inscription1 and adds to the stock of our knowledge4 ,as appears from what has been said above1 the religions art unions also established journals and museums4 ,the chief of the periodicals is the ,journal of ,christian ,art1 edited1 since #ahea1 by ,baudri4 ,among the contributors to this publication1 which does not meet with the patronage it deserves1 are ,a4 ,reichensperger1 ,ernst ,weyden1 of ,cologne1 the learned ,dr4 van ,endert1 ,canon von ,bock1 of ,aix-la-,chapelle1 and1 occasionally1 ,mnzenberger1 of ,dsseldorf4 ,baudri's journal is to ,germany what ,j4,n4 ,alberdingk-,thijm's ,de dietsche ,warande is to ,holland1 what ,james ,weale's ,le ,beffroi is to ,belgium1 and what ,didron's ,annales are to ,france4 ,the claims of church music are put forth by the ,caecilia1 published in ,luxemburg by ,oberhoffer4 ,pastor ,ortlieb1 whose premature death we mourn1 made a similar attempt1 but failed4 ,in fine1 the organ of the altar societies is ,der ,kirchenschmuck1 a monthly publication1 published in ,stuttgart by ,schwarz and ,laib4 ,these altar societies may now be found in every part of ,germany1 and their silent influence is great4 ,some societies1 those of ,vienna and ,pesth1 for instance1 number thousands of members4 ,the ,brussels and ,paris societies1 beside attending to their own wants1 work for foreign missions4 ,the most recent of these societies is the one founded in ,november1 #ahfd1 at ,frankfort-on-the-,main1 as the ,diocesan society of ,limburg4 ,the ladies of ,germany have furnished splendid #bcc pieces of embroidery in the form of sacred vestments4 ,i cannot speak of altar societies without mentioning ,kreuser1 of ,cologne4 ,kreuser1 with his hoary hair and his mighty snuff-box--a man full of sparkling wit and endless humor--is known to all of us1 for up to #ahfa we never missed him at the general conventions4 ,since the ,munich convention1 however1 we have not seen him2 he was absent at ,aix-la-,chapelle1 at ,frankfort1 and at ,wrzburg1 and we know not the reason of his absence4 ,to speak concisely is very difficult1 and few speakers from the ,rhenish provinces can boast of this virtue2 still1 most ,germans1 and especially the ,german ladies1 listened with pleasure to old ,kreuser2 and no wonder1 for ,kreuser never failed to do justice to the ladies of ,germany4 ,when ,kreuser spoke in a city1 his speech was followed immediately by the establishment of an altar society4 ,he carried everything by storm1 and the impression made by his speeches was not merely transient1 but produced lasting fruits4 ,kreuser is a poet1 also1 a happy improvisatore1 able to cope with the most daring rhymster4 ,he is one of the best read men in ,germany1 and deserves our gratitude for his exertions in the cause of ,christian art4 ,twenty years have rolled by since he published his ,letters on the ,cologne ,cathedral1 and during the last twelve years his work on architecture has been studied again and again4 ,that ,kreuser's style is deficient in grace and harmony we will not dispute1 still much benefit may be derived from the perusal of his works4 ,francis von ,bock1 also1 deserves our notice4 ,he is the author of a ,history of the ,liturgic ,vestments1 in two vols41 illustrated with two hundred colored engravings4 ,boldly he demands the use of appropriate workmanship2 fearlessly measures swords with every opponent1 and often his impetuosity is crowned with success4 ,to him ,casaretto1 of ,crefeld1 is indebted for valuable suggestions4 ,he was also one of the founders of the school of art under the direction of the ,sisters of the ,infant ,jesus1 at ,aix-la-,chapelle4 ,dr4 von ,bock has visited every country in ,europe1 ,turkey excepted1 which he intends shortly to visit for the purpose of continuing his researches4 ,where can be found an ancient vestment whose texture he did not scrutinize1 and a piece of which he has not begged for still closer examination8 ,at ,gran1 at ,malines1 in ,bohemia1 in ,sicily1 at ,rome1 at ,paris1 at ,vienna--everywhere ,dr4 von ,bock has left traces of his unwearying activity4 ,the ,rhenish goldsmiths owe him a debt of gratitude4 ,he has written papers on the church at ,kaiserswerth1 on the ,benedictine church at ,munchen-,gladbach1 on ,cologne1 and on the relics at ,gran and ,aix-la-,chapelle4 ,his principal work is on the ,insignia of the ,holy ,roman ,empire4 ,it is a magnificently illustrated specimen of typography1 equal in every respect to any similar work published in ,england or ,france4 ,at ,malines every one spoke loudly in its praise1 and in #ahfd the author received from the ,emperor ,francis ,joseph the ,cross of the ,iron ,crown4 ,von ,bock's style reminds me of the chimes ,i have heard in ,holland2 it consists in a constant repetition of the same pleasing melody4 ,von ,bock stands in odd contrast to ,dean ,schwarz1 of ,bhmenkirch1 the able editor of the ,kirchenschmuck4 ,he is the personification of repose and dignity1 a deep thinker1 and a first-class archaeologist4 ,for many years he has wielded great influence with the clergy4 ,whilst the altar societies are displaying greater activity every day1 the ,christian art unions1 it is said1 are daily becoming less zealous4 ,in some places1 no doubt1 this is true2 but in many dioceses they have been changing into associations for furthering the completion of the diocesan cathedral4 ,to mention but a few instances1 this was the case in ,regensburg4 ,since his accession to the episcopal see #bcd ,bishop ,ignatius von ,senestrey applied himself with energy to the completion of his cathedral4 ,king ,louis ,i4 having furnished the means1 we have no doubt that in a few years architect ,denzinger will finish the two towers4 ,at ,mayence1 likewise1 everything is being done for the completion and decoration of the cathedral4 ,the work has been intrusted to the skill of ,metternich1 and ,director ,veit1 assisted by ,lasinsky ,settegast and ,hermann1 is frescoing the walls and the vaults4 ,since the fall of the partition between the sanctuary and the nave in the ,cologne cathedral1 and since the great festival of ,october #aeth1 #ahfh1 the building has been steadily progressing1 and the cathedral lottery promises to furnish the means for completing the towers within seven years4 ,schmidt has added a new pyramid to ,st4 ,stephen's cathedral in ,vienna1 which has now the highest spire in the world4 ,after rivalling the ,english architect ,welby ,pugin by planning almost two hundred churches and chapels1 ,statz is now building a cathedral at ,linz4 ,archbishop ,gregory von ,scheer has given a new appearance to the metropolitan ,church of ,our ,lady at ,munich1 whilst the bishop of ,passau1 ,henry von ,hofsttter1 has proved his devotion to the interests of art by renovating many churches in his diocese4 ,among all the ,german prelates none have built more churches than ,cardinal ,geissel1 of ,cologne1 and ,bishop ,mller1 of ,mnster4 ,is it not an encouraging sign that we are completing the immense edifices of the middle ages8 ,is it not a proof of vital energy that the ,catholics of all countries are building the grandest churches in the most correct style8 ,as architectural science progresses1 a like advance must take place in mechanics1 and1 notwithstanding many blunders1 every branch of art is daily more and more perfected4 ,not many years hence all our temples will be completed and adorned with the splendor becoming the divine service4 ,let every one do his duty1 fulfilling the task allotted him by divine ,providence4 ,let us conclude our rapid survey by calling to mind the men who have begun and directed this movement4 ,among the ,germans1 ,joseph von ,grres1 ,f4 von ,schlegel1 and ,sulpitius ,boissere will head our list4 ,france justly boasts of de ,caumont1 ,didron1 ,montalembert1 ,viollet le ,duc1 ,cahier1 and the ,abb ,martin4 ,oudin must not be forgotten1 nor ,bossi1 the historian of the catacombs4 ,the merits of ,seroux d',agincourt1 ,waagen1 ,guilhabaud1 ,schnaase1 ,kugler1 ,passavant1 ,stieglitz1 ,geyer1 ,kallenbach1 ,forster1 ,moller1 ,heideloff1 ,otte1 ,springer1 ,hefner-,alteneck1 ,krieg von ,hochfelden1 von ,quast1 ,jacob ,schmitt1 and many others known to every votary of art4 ,to us is assigned the task of reaping the fruits of their labors4 -------- #bce ,from ,the ,st4 ,james ,magazine4 ,,properzia ,,rossi4 ,properzia ,rossi1 a female artist1 celebrated for her misfortunes1 though more for her proficiency in sculpture1 painting1 and music1 died of a broken heart1 just as ,pope ,clement ,,vii4 had invited her to ,rome1 to show his admiration for her masterpiece in the church of ,san ,petronio at ,bologna4 ,too late--oh1 far too late6 ,praise comes in vain ,to lull the fever'd agonies of pain4 ,i am no more the artist idly proud1 ,but the gaunt mortal waiting for a shroud4 ,no more the songstress1 whose impassioned lay ,o'er taste and feeling held unrivalled sway2 ,but a weak woman1 desolate and worn1 ,her pulses throbbing1 and her heart-strings torn1 ,looking above--sad1 humbled1 and alone-- ,where mercy dwells with ,jesus on his throne-- ,ay1 fondly hoping for one smile of light ,from the meek ,man of sorrows and of might1 ,who from sin's thrall is powerful to save1 ,died on the cross1 and triumphed o'er the grave6 ,what though the light of genius fired mine eye1 ,that radiant meteor leaves us when we die1 ,and conscience whispers that the gifts of heaven ,were of misused4 ,i thirst to be forgiven4 ,panting ,i turn from streams once deeply quaff'd4 ,and crave the ,rock's sole vivifying draught6 ,ay1 as ,i kneel and supplicate for grace1 ,i veil in lowliness my tear-bathed face2 ,implore for pardon with intense distress1 ,and spurn the gauds of earthly happiness6 ,oh1 what avails it that aerial forms4 ,and colors vivid as the bow of storms4 ,hang o'er my fancy with bewitching spell8 ,say1 have ,i used these varied talents well8 ,oh1 what avails it that my hands would mould ,beautiful models from the marble cold8 ,have the rich sculptures in the hallow'd fane ,brought one soil'd spirit to her ,god again8-- ,recall'd a virtuous feeling to the heart1 ,and by religion consecrated art8 ,have the fair features and bright hues ,i wove' ,in one dark breast illumed the spark of love8 ,or lured the soul from sin's deceptious toys ,to pure devotion's memorable joys8 ,oh1 have the gifts of music and of song ,soothed one sad being of the human throng8-- ,angelic thoughts--submissive1 hopeful1 kind-- ,breathed o'er a mournful or a shattered mind8 ,and has my genius1 with a potent sway1 ,gilded the road to heaven--that straight and narrow way8 #bcf ,god has been very bounteous2 he has given ,much to enhance the blessedness of heaven4 ,the threefold cords ,footnote #cg of talismanic power ,were meant to yield employment for the hour-- ,life's potent hour of labor1 want1 and pain-- ,brief as the ,april drops of sunny rain2 ,and yet by mercy recompensed above1 ,if well improved in hope1 and faith1 and love4 ,but conscience whispers1 and in these dark days ,that voice grows louder as my strength decays1-- ,of wasted talents1 of forgotten crime1 ,and of a judgment awfully sublime6 ,of duties unfulfill'd1 of gifts misspent4 ,of future pangs1 of fitting punishment6 ,footnote #cg3 ,music1 painting1 and sculpture4 ,i muse no longer on the present--no-- ,my life is with the future or the past1 ,and both are mingling in a magic flow1 ,like turbid waters in a fountain cast4 ,the past---oh1 whether fair1 or dark1 or both1 ,is but a picture mirror'd on the wave4 ,the moral sicknesses--guile1 anger1 sloth-- ,arise as spectres from a yawning grave2 ,what boots it that misfortune paled my cheek4 ,that penury and pain obscured my way8 ,sorrow is voiceless2 'tis remorse that speaks ,in awful tones of merited decay1 ,and of the worm that dieth not--the vale ,of never-ending1 still-beginning death4 ,methinks ,i hear the harsh1 continuous wail1 ,the sobs and catchings of convulsive breath4 ,guilt unatoned for--thoughts and words of sin-- ,how do they rise up1 burning as on glass6 ,the evil pent the wishful heart within ,asking for vengeance6 ,o the hideous mass ,of wickedness heap'd up1 long1 long conceal'd6 ,but now as by a lightning flash reveal'd4 ,woe6 woe6 the ,eternal ,judge's fiery dart ,hath pierced the labyrinthine cells within1 ,where underneath the pulses of my heart ,dwells the mysterious form of crouching sin4 ,thoughts1 baneful wishes1--ay1 as well as deeds1 ,against me in strong phalanx are array'd4 ,in vain these tears--in vain this bosom bleeds3 ,i look upon myself1 and am dismay'd1 ,powerless1 and weak1 and agonized ,i cry1-- ,and hear the words1 ,lost sinner1 thou must die6 ,clouds roll around me1 and from an abyss1 ,drear1 dark1 profound1 behold a hideous form6 ,closer and closer serpents coiling hiss1 ,and thunders boom along a sky of storm4 #bcg ,there is no deed to offer thee of good1 ,thou mocking fiend6 laugh on without restraint6 ,i seem as borne along a sulphurous flood1 ,too meteorically wild to paint4 ,the couch heaves under me1 my sight is gone1-- ,i am with the accuser1 and alone6 ,alone6 alone6 ,o tell me not 'tis so4 ,that ,i must grapple powerless with the foe4 ,jesus1 thou ,lamb of ,god1 arise6 arise6 ,arrest these doubts1 these daring blasphemies4 ,it was for sinners thou didst shed thy blood1 ,for guilty mortals1 not for angels' good4 ,listen6 attend6 a sinner asks for aid1-- ,for me that blood was spilt1 for me thou wast betrayed4 ,as when a night of storms has sped away4 ,and robed in florid hues appears the day1 ,stealingly1 gently lighting up the skies ,with gleams1 as from a seraph's smiling eyes1 ,thus o'er my spirit breeds a gracious calm1 ,o'er my deep wounds is poured a healing balm4 ,methinks the mild ,redeemer stands above1 ,and pleads his righteousness1 his cross1 his love2 ,while angels' voices wafted straight from heaven ,proclaim1 ,thy ,savior calls6 thou art forgiven6 ------ ,from ,the ,hibernian ,magazine4 ,,the ,,capuchin ,,of ,,bruges4 ,three monks sat by a bogwood fire-- ,bare were their crowns1 and their garments grey1 ,close sat they by that bogwood fire4 ,watching the wicket till break of day4 ,ballad ,poetry4 ,saving the color of their garments1 which1 instead of grey1 were of a dark brown1 and the omission of any allusion to their long flowing beards1 the above lines convey as accurate an idea as any words could of the parties that occupied the spacious guest-chamber of the ,capuchin convent of ,bruges on the last night of ,october1 #agjh4 ,seated round the capacious hearth1 on which1 without aid of grate1 cheerfully blazed a pile of dark gnarled logs dug up from the fens1 which1 in the days of ,caesar1 were shaded by the dense forests of ,flanders1 three lay-brothers of the order kept watch for any wayfarer that might require hospitality or information on the evening in question4 ,their convent stood--and a portion of it still stands--at the southern extremity of the town1 close beside the present railway station4 ,but ,bruges was not1 a century and a half ago1 what it is today4 ,war1 and the recent decline of its ancient commerce1 rendered it1 at #bch the period of which we write1 anything but a safe or attractive locality for either tourist or commercial traveller to visit4 ,there was no ,hotel de ,flandre1 or ,fleur de ,bl1 or even ,singe d',or1' for the weary itinerant to seek refreshment or lodging4 ,neither were there gens-d'armes in the streets1 nor affable shopkeepers in their gas-lit magasins1 as at present1 to whom the benighted stranger might apply for information regarding the locality in which his friends resided4 ,the convents and monasteries1 however1 with which ,belgium was then1 as now1 studded1 were ever open to the traveller1 be his rank or condition what it might1 and pre-eminent for their hospitality were the ,capuchin fathers4 ,the night was a wild one2 and the dying blasts of ,october seemed bent on a vigorous struggle ere they expired4 ,what an awful storm6 exclaimed ,brother ,anselm1 rising to secure the huge oak window shutters that seemed1 as if in terror1 every moment ready to start from their strong iron fastenings4 ,god preserve us ,i but 'tis fearful1 replied one of his companions4 ,brother ,bonaventure1 and what dreadful lightning6 ,peal after peal of thunder resounded through the spacious hall and adjoining corridors2 and then1 again1 came the wind beating the rain1 in torrents1 against door and casement1 and completely drowning the chimes of the ,carillon1 though the market-place1 where the belfry stood1 was close beside them4 ,still not a word escaped their third companion1 ,brother ,francis1 a venerable old man who sat nearer than his younger brethren to the ample fireplace4 ,he continued silently reciting ,ave after ,ave on the beads of the large rosary attached to his girdle1 and seemed1 in the excess of his devotion1 utterly unconscious of the storm that howled without4 ,a loud knocking at the outer gate followed quickly by the ringing of the stranger's bell1 at length announced the arrival of some guest4 ,in an instant1 the old man let his beads fall to their accustomed place by his side--for the rule of ,st4 ,francis gave charity toward the neighbor a first place among its spiritual observances--and hastened1 as eagerly as his younger brothers1 to admit the poor traveller1 who must be sore distrait1 on such an awful night4 ,lighting a lantern1 they proceeded through the court to the outer porch1 and drawing back the slide that covered a small grated aperture in the wicket1 demanded who the wayfarer might be4 ,the gleam of the lamp fell upon the uniforms of two military men1 who seemed engaged in supporting a third between them1 while their horses stood neighing in terror1 and pawing the ground beside them4 ,in a second the gate was unbarred1 and three of ,vendme's troopers entered the court-yard2 two of them still supporting their comrade1 who had been badly wounded in a skirmish with ,marlborough's troops1 near ,audenarde1 that morning4 ,leaving ,anselm with the two other soldiers to look after the horses1 brothers ,francis and ,bonaventure led the wounded man into the convent4 ,he seemed weak and faint2 but the cheerful blase of the fire1 and the refreshment speedily administered by the good brothers1 soon restored him somewhat1 though he still suffered acutely from his wound1 and was utterly unable to stand without the aid of support4 ,for the first time ,brother ,francis broke silence4 ,from the moment he caught a distinct view of the stranger's face1 as he sat in the light of the fire1 his gaze seemed riveted upon him2 and an observer might have noticed the old man's lip quiver and his face grow paler1 might have even observed a tear steal down his cheek1 as he continued for a while to gaze in silence on the pallid features of the young soldier4 ,at length he addressed him1 not in ,french or #bci ,flemish1 but in a language which to ,brother ,bonaventure was foreign4 ,the stranger's face brightened at the sound of his own tongue1 and he readily made answer to the few hurried questions put him by the old monk4 ,their conversation was of very brief duration2 but its result seemed astounding4 ,for when ,anselm returned with the soldiers1 he found ,bonaventure and the stranger chafing the old man's temples as he lay in a swoon on the bench before them4 ,to their inquiries as to the cause of this strange occurrence1 ,anselm could give no definite answer4 ,all he knew was1 that although he could not understand what passed between ,brother ,francis and their comrade1 the conversation seemed to produce a wonderful effect on the former4 ,he trembled from head to foot1 and then smiled1 and seemed about to grasp the stranger in his arms1 when he suddenly fell back on the bench as they now saw him4 ,the young soldier--he was almost a boy1 and strikingly handsome--was equally puzzled4 ,brother ,francis had merely asked him if he were ,irish2 and when he answered ,yes2--if his name was ,herbert1 and if it was ,gerald ,herbert1 and if his father and grandfather were ,irish2--and when he replied that his name was ,gerald ,walter ,herbert1 and that his grandfather was not ,irish1 but ,english1 the old man muttered something which he could not catch1 and fainted4 ,that was all he could tell them2 but what that had to do with ,brother ,francis's fit still remained a mystery4 ,for a considerable time the aged monk lay senseless and almost motionless1 the only symptoms of animation he presented being those afforded by the convulsive throbbing of his heart1 and an occasional deep-drawn sigh4 ,his brothers seemed deeply afflicted1 and sought by every means in their power to restore him2 for ,francis1 though few knew anything of his history1 was1 notwithstanding1 the favorite of the whole community4 ,toward midnight the old man revived1 and his first inquiry was for the young soldier4 ,he now embraced him1 and1 as he pressed him again and again to his heart1 with tears and blessings called him his son1 his dear child4 ,brothers ,anselm and ,bonaventure looked at each other in mute astonishment4 ,they feared that their dear old friend1 the patriarch of the lay-brothers1 was losing his reason4 ,they knew that1 for thirty years at least1 he had been an inmate of the cloister1 while the party whom he thus lovingly called his son could at furthest number twenty birthdays1 if indeed he could count so many4 ,still greater1 however1 was their surprise1 when1 on a closer scrutiny1 they could not fail to observe a market family likeness between their aged brother and the individual on whom all his affections seemed now centred4 ,but this was no time for the indulgence of curiosity4 ,the two troopers1 drenched and travel-stained1 must be attended to1 and the wound of their comrade looked after4 ,fortunately their convent numbered among its inmates one of the best leeches in all ,west ,flanders4 ,he had been already summoned to the aid of ,brother ,francis1 and now that he no longer required his services1 he directed his attention to the other invalid1 whose case seemed the less urgent of the two4 ,in a short time his skilful hand extracted a spent ball from the sufferer's knee1 and1 by the application of a soothing poultice1 restored him to comparative ease4 ,nor were ,brothers ,anselm and ,bonaventure idle meanwhile4 ,piles of well-buttered tartines made of wholemeal bread baked in the convent1 with plentiful dishes of rashers and omelets1 and a flagon or two of foaming ,louvain beer1 soon covered the table4 ,cold meats1 too1 of various kinds1 were served up in abundance2 and the two dragoons were soon busily engaged in satisfying appetites good at all times1 but now considerably sharpened by a hard ride and a long fast4 #bdj ,it was the first peaceful meal they enjoyed since the ,duke of ,burgundy got command2 and they blessed their stars for having been selected to escort young ,herbert to the rear4 ,having completed the bandaging of his wound1 and administered such medicine as he deemed best calculated to make up for his patient's loss of blood1 the infirmarian led him to the chamber prepared for his reception2 and ,brother ,francis begged to be allowed to take charge of him4 ,his request was granted1 but on the sole condition that no conversation of an exciting nature should take place between him and the invalid till such time as all feverish and inflammatory symptoms had subsided4 ,day after day1 and night after night1 the old man watched1 in strict silence1 beside the stranger's couch2 and all were in amazement at such assiduity and attention on the part of one who1 as long as any remembered him1 seemed utterly detached from all earthly affections4 ,they even saw him mingle tears with his prayers1 as he knelt beside the pillow of the sleeper4 ,it was whispered that the guardian knew something about the matter2 for he1 too1 now came frequently1 and looked with evident interest on the invalid4 ,no one else ventured to speak to ,brother ,francis on the subject1 for though generally kind and gentle1 and communicative as a child1 there were times when he became sad and reserved--and this seemed one of them4 ,ten days passed on1 and the invalid made such rapid progress that the infirmarian and his staff pronounced him quite out of danger1 in no further need of medical treatment1 and only requiring the aid of the cook to recover completely his wonted vigor4 ,the interdict was now removed1 and ,brother ,francis seemed happy4 ,he could1 henceforth1 speak as he pleased to his young protg4 ,the latter felt equally delighted2 for he felt1 he knew not why1 a sort of unaccountable attachment--it was certainly more than mere gratitude--toward the old man growing daily stronger and stronger within him4 ,and then ,brother ,francis called him my son--but perhaps1 as an old man1 that was the name by which he addressed all youngsters4 ,at all events1 he loved the old monk as a child loves a father1 and always felt sad when the duties of his rule obliged his venerable friend to leave him for a time4 ,and so you tell me you have no recollection of your father8 said ,brother ,francis1 with a sigh1 as they sat together one evening--it was the eve of ,st4 ,martin--in the same apartment where we first introduced them to our readers4 ,none whatever1 replied his companion2 he left ,france as a volunteer with d',usson's division1 and was killed at ,limerick when ,i was but three years old4 ,so ,i often heard my mother say4 ,the speaker did not remark the shudder that ran through the old man's frame at mention of ,limerick2 but only paid attention to his next question1 which rapidly followed4 ,and your father's father8 ,was1 as ,i have already said1 an ,englishman--but he1 too1 died in the wars long ago4 ,they say he fell in ,spain4 ,the old man could no longer restrain his feelings4 ,bursting into tears1 and clasping his young companion to his bosom1 as he had done on the night of their first meeting1 he said3 ,no1 my child--your grandfather1 ,walter ,herbert1 is not dead1 but yet survives to give you that blessing which your own poor father could not bestow on you with his parting breath--he stands before you4 ,it was a touching scene to witness--that old ,capuchin monk1 with his long white beard1 and coarse dark gown1 and leathern cincture1 and bare sandalled feet1 locked in the fond embrace of the young soldier of the ,brigade1 on that eve of ,st4 ,martin1 in the old convent of ,bruges6 ,we do not mean to intrude on the sacred #bda privacy of domestic feeling1 but leaving parent and child to commune with each other in the fulness of their hearts1 will1 with our readers' kind permission1 assume1 for the nonce1 the province of the ,senachie1 and briefly relate as much of their history as we have ourselves learned1 ,outre ,mer--and is still oftentimes related on long winter evenings by the brothers who have succeeded--literally stepped into the sandals of--,brother ,francis and his comrades4 ,,the ,,capuchin',s ,,story4 ,walter ,herbert1 or1 as he was called in religion1 ,brother ,francis1 was the only child of an ancient family in ,nottinghamshire4 ,entering the army at an early age1 he found himself stationed with his regiment in ,limerick1 when the army of the ,confederates sat down before that city in the summer of sixteen hundred and forty-two4 ,he was then in his twentieth year4 ,forming part of ,courtenay's company1 when the city opened its gates to ,garret ,barry and ,lord ,muskerry1 he retired with his commander to ,king ,john's castle1 where1 though closely besieged1 they resolutely held out till ,st4 ,john's eve1 when ,conrtenay was obliged to capitulate4 ,in the course of the attack on the castle1 a mine was sprung by the besieging party1 and a turret1 in which ,herbert was stationed1 fell to the ground with a terrific crash4 ,for weeks he lay delirious2 and when at length he awoke to consciousness1 he found himself the occupant of a handsomely-fitted chamber looking out on the church of ,st4 ,nicholas4 ,his host was a middle-aged1 gentlemanly-looking person1 of grave yet affable manners4 ,he was a widower1 and his household consisted of himself1 an aged housekeeper1 two sons1 and an only daughter4 ,the latter--,eily ,o',brien--was the sick man's principal nurse1 and no ,sister of ,mercy could have bestowed more care on a suffering invalid than she did on ,walter ,herbert--stranger though he was to her creed and her country4 ,from lengthened and almost continual intercourse1 a feeling of mutual affection sprang up between the young people4 ,gratitude on the one hand1 and sympathy for the sufferings of the handsome young officer on the other1 heightened this feelings till it grew into deep and lasting love4 ,like ,desdemona1 she loved him for the dangers he had passed2 and he loved her that she did pity them4 ,but an insurmountable obstacle to their union lay in their difference of religion4 ,herbert was a ,protestant2 and old ,connor ,o',brien would never hear of any child of his being united to one of that creed which1 in its struggle for ascendency1 he believed to be the cause of so much suffering to his country1 even though no other impediment whatever existed4 ,a private marriage was thus their only alternative1 and to this1 in an evil hour1 poor ,eily consented4 ,months rolled on--months of bliss to ,walter and ,eily--but their separation was at hand4 ,important letters called ,herbert away1 almost at a moment's notice4 ,he hoped1 however1 that his absence would be of no lengthened duration1 and that he would soon return to publicly claim his own ,eily as his wife4 ,but alas6 his hopes were doomed to sad and bitter disappointment4 ,on his arrival in ,england1 he found the entire country in arms2 and as it became impossible to remain neutral1 or return to ,ireland1 he was forced to join the newly-formed corps just raised in his native county by ,henry ,ireton1 his father's landlord4 ,once under military discipline there was no retreating2 and though all his thoughts were turned to ,ireland1 he was doomed to maddening suspense regarding her who alone made ,ireland dear to him4 ,all communication between the two countries was now suspended4 ,at ,edgehill and ,newbury he retreated before the king's troops--and at ,marston ,moor and ,naseby had a share in defeating them4 ,but victory or defeat was alike void of #bdb interest to him4 ,it was even with indifference he heard of his promotion for having saved his general's life at ,naseby4 ,the sole engrossing thought of his existence was how to get back to ,limerick4 ,that long-sought for opportunity at last arrived2 but when it did1 it scarcely brought joy to ,herbert4 ,he was ordered to join in the invading ,parliamentary force2 and1 when he called to mind the fierce fanatics who were to be his fellow-soldiers1 love made him tremble for the ,irishry4 ,the fourteenth of ,june saw him on the battle-field of ,naseby--the following autumn found him sailing up the ,shannon--and1 ere the close of the year1 he was gazing on the steeple of ,st4 ,mary's and the towers of ,limerick from the battlements of ,bunratty1 which had fallen into the hands of the ,parliamentarians4 ,he fancied he could even see the very house in which he had spent so many happy days4 ,but beyond fancy he could not go4 ,to reach the city was utterly impossible4 ,all he could learn1 from an ,abbey fisherman whom they had taken prisoner1 was that ,connor ,o',brien was still alive1 and that his daughter was married and had a beautiful little boy4 ,who her husband was his informant could not say2 but he thought he was an officer in ,earl ,glamorgan's army4 ,herbert1 however1 well knew who he was1 and he would have risked worlds to have sent back his prisoner in safety1 with even one line to ,limerick4 ,but ,lord ,inchiquin's troops were too vigilant to allow of any communication with the city4 ,even this intelligence1 scanty though it was1 afforded him some consolation4 ,he knew his wife was safe1 and unable any longer to endure the ,tantalus-like position in which he was placed1 he found means of returning again to ,england4 ,his next and last visit to ,ireland was in the summer of sixteen hundred and fifty4 ,he was then pretty high in command1 and had hopes1 as he sat down with ,waller's army of investment before ,limerick1 in the ,july of that year1 that should he be only able to effect an entrance into the town1 his authority would be sufficient to protect whomsoever he pleased4 ,but the year passed away1 and still the city held out4 ,and1 had he but his wife and child without its walls1 he would have counselled its burghers to hold out even still more manfully1 for he well knew the iron heart and bloody hand of the execrable ,hardress ,waller4 ,the spring of the next year found him still before ,limerick2 and could he but communicate with any of its gallant defenders1 his hatred of treachery would have urged him to expose to them the perfidy of one of their own whom they had raised to the rank of colonel4 ,this wretch was named ,fennell2 and1 for his treason in selling the passes of the ,shannon at ,killaloe1 their commander-in-chief ,cromwell had promised him and his descendants many a fair acre in ,tipperary4 ,by this pass ,ireton and his myrmidons crossed the river into ,clare2 and with them passed ,walter ,herbert4 ,still his heart was full of hope of saving all he held dear in the leaguered city4 ,spring passed away1 and summer again came2 and still the assailing host made no progress toward the capture of the town which ,ireton and his father-in-law regarded as the key of all the ,munster territories4 ,in the burning heat of ,july1 while pestilence daily thinned the ranks of the besieged1 an assault was ordered on the almost defenceless keep that guarded the northern extremity of the salmon weir1 and ,herbert was reluctantly obliged to form one of the storming party4 ,his immediate senior in command was a person named ,tuthill--one of those heartless hypocrites who could preach and pray while his brutal soldiery were massacring the wives and children of the brave men whom the chances of war made his victims4 ,the fort was carried by overwhelming numbers2 and ,herbert was doomed to witness1 with horror1 the butchery of the surviving defenders1 mercilessly #bdc ordered by ,tuthill--an order which he unhappily had no power of countermanding1 but in the execution of which he took no part4 ,still the city held out1 though the leaguer sickness was rapidly decimating its brave garrison4 ,the north fortress of ,thomond bridge was next carried by assault--but to no purpose4 ,the townsmen succeeded in breaking down two of its arches1 and thus cutting off all approach to the city in that quarter1 and in resisting the sortie three hundred of their assailants perished4 ,winter was now fast approaching1 and the plague extending from the city1 in which fifty of its victims were now daily interred1 commenced to thin the ranks of the besiegers themselves4 ,ireton had serious thoughts of raising the siege1 and he would1 beyond all question1 have done so1 were it not for treachery4 ,fennell1 the traitor of ,killaloe1 was again at work--this time1 unfortunately1 within the very walls of the city itself4 ,a truce of some days was agreed on2 and ,herbert was one of those appointed to treat with the townsmen4 ,the deputies met on neutral ground1 midway between the city and camp1 and within range of the rival batteries4 ,his heart was now full of greater hopes than ever4 ,could he but meet with any member of ,eily's family1 he hoped that his love for her would induce them to listen to his counsels4 ,but fate1 it would seem1 had leagued all chances against him4 ,had he met them1 he meant to put them on their guard against ,fennell's treachery1 and1 without absolutely breaking trust1 give them such a key to ,ireton's fears and readiness to make concessions as would1 he hoped1 lead to an honorable capitulation1 and prevent the bloodshed which1 from the shattered state of the town walls1 and the additional element of treachery within those walls1 he now judged to be inevitable1 unless they came to terms with ,ireton4 ,but not one of them appeared2 for the traitor had laid his plans deeply1 and succeeded in diverting them and the clerical party1 to which they faithfully adhered1 from anything like a compromise4 ,he wished that the sole merit and reward of surrendering the city should be his own4 ,and he succeeded4 ,the conference ended fruitlessly2 and ,herbert returned to the camp well-nigh broken-hearted4 ,the plague continued its ravages meanwhile2 and1 day after day1 within the city1 the dying were brought by their relatives to the tomb of ,cornelius ,o',dea1 where many1 it was believed1 were restored to health through the intercession of that saintly prelate1 who lay buried in the cathedral4 ,its effects were visibly traced in the ranks of the besieging ,army4 ,still ,ireton1 relying on treason within1 pressed on the siege4 ,by a bridge of pontoons he succeeded in connecting the ,thomond side of the river with the ,king's ,island1 where he now planted a formidable battery1 to play on the eastern side of the city4 ,herbert had fortunately escaped witnessing the horrors of ,drogheda and ,wexford2 but a sight almost as appalling now met his eyes4 ,in the smoke of the cannonade crowds of plague-stricken victims--principally women and children--ventured outside the city walls to catch one pure breath of air from the ,shannon1 on the ,island bank1--and there lie down and die4 ,but when this was discovered1 the heartless ,waller forbade even this short respite from suffering4 ,by his orders1 those unhappy beings1 who could have no share in protracting the siege1 were mercilessly dogged back by the soldiery into the plague-reeking city-- and such as refused to return were1 by the same pitiless mandate1 hanged ,footnote #ch within sight of their fellow-townsmen6 ,footnote #ch3 ,historical ,the daily sight of this revolting butchery was sickening to the noble heart and refined feelings of ,herbert4 ,but suffering for him had not yet reached its climax4 ,as he was seated in his tent1 one evening toward the #bdd close of ,october1 fatigued after a long foraging excursion to the ,meelick mountains1 and musing sadly on the fate of her who was almost within sight of him1 and yet whom1 by what seemed to him an almost supernatural combination of adverse circumstances1 he had not seen for years1 his attention was arrested by the cries of a female who seemed struggling with her captors4 ,his manhood was aroused by such an outrage--committed almost in his very presence--and he rose at once to rescue the victim from her assailants4 ,but1 horror of horrors6 at the very door of his tent1 and in the grasp of an armed ruffian1 lay the fainting and all but inanimate form of his wife6 ,to fell the wretch1 and clasp the beloved object to his bosom1 was but the work of a second4 ,but1 oh6 how sorrow and sickness had changed that once beautiful face1 and wasted that once symmetrical form4 ,death had already clutched her in his bony gripe1 and selected her for his own4 ,his kiss was upon her lips1 for they were livid and plague-stained4 ,and her beautiful blue eyes6 how they now wandered with the wild look of a maniac4 ,all that remained of the beautiful ,eily he once knew were the long fair ringlets that now fell down in dishevelled masses on her heaving bosom4 ,the sight almost drove him mad4 ,in vain he clasped her to his heart1 and called her by the dear fond name of wife4 ,she knew him not1 yet1 when she spoke1 her ravings were all about him2 and he often wondered afterward how his brain stood the shock1 when1 without knowing him1 she still called on him1 her own dear1 dear ,walter1 to save her1 to take her away from those terrible men--at least to come to her--for1 to come to him1 she had left her poor old father and little ,gerald behind4 ,wholly occupied with his wife1 ,herbert paid no attention to the sergeant's guard that stood at the tent door under arms4 ,when at length he perceived them1 he flew into a phrenzy of passion1 asking them how they dared stand thus in his presence8--and ended by ordering the catiffs who could thus treat a woman to get out of his sight presently4 ,but the orderly remained unmoved4 ,were his hands free at the moment1 ,herbert would have unquestionably run him through for presuming to disobey his orders1 such was the irritated state of his feelings4 ,but he could not leave the shrinking1 still unconscious being that clung to him for support4 ,stamping his foot in a rage1 he demanded what he wanted1 or why he regained there8 ,pris'ner1 sir1 was the sergeant's laconic reply1 as he mechanically touched his hat4 ,what prisoner8 ,the woman1 sir4 ,heavens and earth6 do you mean to drive me mad1 man8 and the soldier recoiled for an instant at the voice and look of his officer4 ,can't help it1 sir--gen'ral's orders4 ,woman came to the camp three times1 sir--supposed to be a spy1 and ordered to be hanged4 ,hanged6 ,in a second his burthen was laid on the camp-bed1 and the sergeant laid prostrate by a blow that would have almost felled an ox4 ,the guard now interposed2 and from them he learned that the party in question had been several times seen to leave the city1 in defiance of ,sir ,hardress ,waller's orders4 ,twice already she had been flogged back1 but she came out again1 that day1 at noon1 and was by the general's orders sentenced to execution4 ,the soldier added that an old rebel ,footnote #ci calling himself her father1 when he heard of the sentence1 offered himself in her stead2 but ,sir ,hardress ordered him to be instantly flogged back4 ,she was to have been hanged1 he continued1 at sunset1 but she broke loose from them and ran toward his tent as he had seen4 ,footnote #ci3 ,a ,fact4 ,vide ,ferrar's ,history of ,limerick1 page #fd4 ,touch not a hair of her head1 on your peril1 exclaimed ,herbert as the #bde corporal concluded1 and kissing the pallid lips of his wife1 he rushed out of the tent to seek the general1 just as returning consciousness revealed to ,eily the name of her deliverer4 ,walter1 my own dear husband4 ,oh6 come back1 don't leave me1 were the last words he heard as he flew toward the tent of the commander-in-chief1 more like a maniac than anything else4 ,by the bones of ,st4 ,pancras1 he's either mad1 or she is1 said a tall weaver from ,lambeth1 who wore the badge of a lance-corporal4 ,ay is he1 and sore wrathful to boot1 replied his rear-rank man1 with a grin--he was a butcher from ,newgate4 ,but we are the sufferers1 and shall1 ,i fear1 be late for supper4 ,the gallows1 however1 is ready to hand1 thank ,god1 and we shall make short work of it when the captain returns4 ,the name of ,god on the lips of such a miscreant1 and on such an occasion1 makes us almost shudder4 ,but1 reader1 these were ,cromwellian times1 and such were ,cromwellian customs4 ,herbert found ,ireton and his second in command seated at the supper table--and hell could not have unchained two such incarnate demons on that same evening4 ,the object of his visit was soon explained4 ,but it seemed only to supply subject of mirth to his superior officers4 ,pooh1 pooh6 man1 said the commander-in-chief1 you are1 ,i fear1 grown quite a papist1 too soft-hearted entirely4 ,i wonder how you would act had you been at the battue in ,drogheda or ,wexford8 and ,ireton sipped his hock with a devilish leer4 ,but1 general1 she is my wife1 gasped ,herbert4 ,folly1 man6 rejoined ,waller2 no faith to be kept with heretics1 you know1 and all these ,irish are such4 ,you will easily find another1 ,i trow you1 when we sack the city one of these fine days4 ,herbert heeded not the coarse jest of the speaker1 but1 turning to the general1 implored him to torn a serious ear to a matter on which the happiness of his life depended4 ,but ,ireton seemed inclined to laugh it off as an excellent joke4 ,driven to desperation1 the brave soldier1 who never before feared or supplicated any man1 sank on his knees1 and with tears of agony besought him to cancel ,waller's iniquitous sentence4 ,he even asked him to do so in memory of the act by which1 at the risk of his own life1 he saved his at ,naseby4 ,and ,ireton seemed almost inclined to relent1 and hope began to brighten in the heart of the suppliant1 when a whisper from ,waller to the general blasted them for ever4 ,he had himself in person given the order for execution1 and his callous heart was too obdurate to feel compunction even for a bad act4 ,summoning an orderly1 he gave him some instructions in an undertone2 and ,herbert was directed by his commander-in-chief to make his report of the progress of the trenches under his command in the ,king's ,island4 ,this was but a feint to turn his attention from the main object of his visit4 ,his report was1 however1 quickly made1 and as there was no other pretext for detaining him he arose to depart4 ,there was something more then fiendish in the laugh of ,hardress ,waller as he wished him safe home1 and a good night's rest4 ,that night1 a heart-broken man knelt beneath the gibbet erected on the green sward in front of ,king ,john's castle4 ,for him all earthly happiness was now over2 and there1 in the presence of the pale moon that looked silently on his sorrow1 that cold ,october night1 he vowed eternal fealty to his wife in heaven1 eternal hatred to her murderers4 ,there was a strange admixture of reverence and irreligion1 of love and hatred1 in his feelings and sentiments1 no doubt2 but the camp of ,cromwell was but an indifferent school for the culture of ,christian ethics4 ,beside1 his brain was1 for the time1 astray from sorrow and outraged feeling2 he followed but #bdf the dictates of human passion unrestrained by either reason or religion4 ,his heart and his hopes were already buried in the grade that was soon to close over the remains of his first and only love2 and1 from that night out1 though his life was a long and a chequered one1 he was never known to smile1 till he became an inmate of the monastery where we found him at the commencement of our narrative4 ,the remainder of the siege was a blank chapter in his life4 ,by nature a soldier1 he got through his duties fearlessly but mechanically1 without the slightest feeling of interest in any enterprise in which he had a share4 ,to him defeat or victory was a matter of utter indifference2 and it was in this mood he entered the fallen city1 as the sun was sinking1 on the #bgth of ,october1 #afea1 and took up his quarters with ,ireton1 in the old ,dutch-gabled house which is still standing1 and adjoins the ,tholsel in ,mary street4 ,it is more than probable that his reason would have altogether succumbed beneath the terrible shock it had sustained1 were it not for some new incidents that now occurred to awaken it for a time to activity4 ,by sunrise on the #bith1 the ,cromwellian garrison beat to arms4 ,it was the signal for the assemblage of the ,irish troops in the old cathedral of ,st4 ,mary's1 where1 in accordance with the third article of capitulation1 they were to lay down their arms4 ,it was not ,fennell's fault that they escaped the fate of the soldiers and women of ,drogheda and ,wexford4 ,he had done his work of treachery well2 and we cannot venture to say what his feelings were when he beheld his brave but ill-fated countrymen assembled round the altar to deposit at its rails the weapons they had so long and so gallantly wielded in the cause of one who was afterward to despoil their children of their lawful heritage1 and sanction its appropriation by the murderers of his father4 ,ah6 no ,irishman can ever forget the ingratitude of the second ,charles4 ,but ,walter ,herbert thought little of the ceremony gone through that morning in the old church of the ,o',briens till all was over4 ,as the disarmed garrison marched down the long aisle of the cathedral many of them dropped dead--it might have been of the plague1 or it might have been of a broken heart4 ,among the dead were two whose faces he had not looked on for years--,terence and ,donat ,o',brien1 his wife's brothers4 ,the sight awakened a new thought within him--that of his child whom he had not yet seen--and but few moments elapsed ere he was standing in front of the old corner house opposite the church of ,st4 ,nicholas4 ,but its appearance was sadly changed since last he saw it4 ,gable and chimney bore evident marks of the enemy's cannon1 while all around wore an air of desolation and sorrow4 ,he looked up into one well-remembered window1 but no fragrant geraniums were now there1 as of old2 no lark carolled the cheering song he so often listened to1 with pleasure1 some nine years before2 balcony1 and shutter1 and curtain had disappeared4 ,the whole house seemed in mourning4 ,even his knock rang through the house as through a sepulchre--so he thought4 ,twice he repeated it2 and1 at length1 an aged head peered cautiously through a dormer window1 and asked who was there4 ,his answer quickly brought down the old domestic2 but a flood of tears was her only welcome1 as she opened the door and admitted him ,she had been the nurse of ,eily and her brothers in childhood1 and partly his own in sickness2 and was now the survivor of all her old heart loved2 of all1 save one1 a blue-eyed1 curly-headed boy1 who now hid behind her1 evidently scared at the presence of a visitor in that desolate dwelling4 ,a few words of greeting on the part of old ,winny or ,winifred assured him that he was known and welcome2 and a few words of fondness addressed to the child soon restored his confidence4 ,he was even1 ere long1 seated #bdg contentedly on his father's knee1 playing with sword-buckle--for that fair-headed1 blue-eyed boy was the only child of ,eily ,o',brien and ,walter ,herbert4 ,and as he gazed with pride on his beautiful boy1 new hope and a new sense of duty sprang up within him4 ,he felt that there was even yet something to live for4 ,to protect that half-orphan child and his sorrowing grandsire would from that moment be the sole duty of his life1 the sole solace of existence2 and to this he pledged himself in ,eily's little room1 to which he ascended with his youthful companion1 who1 at his nurse's bidding1 now called him father1 and twined his little hands round his neck as he kissed him4 ,the sudden roll of drums at length announced to him that it was time to depart1 and fondly embracing his child once more1 he hurried out of the house4 ,he would never have left it did he then but know that in so doing he was bidding his boy farewell for ever4 ,the beating to arms announced the commencement of the mock trial of two dozen individuals1 whom ,ireton had already virtually sentenced to death1 by excluding them from the protection guaranteed to the remaining citizens in the terms of capitulation4 ,how readily would ,herbert have saved every one of them1 but his vote was only effective in one case1 that of the gallant ,hugh ,o',neil1 the city governor4 ,the rest were condemned1 by a majority1 to die2 and it was not without a tear he beheld that long file of brave and resolute men led forth to the scaffold4 ,priest and layman1 soldier and citizen1 were alike sacrificed1 and for no crime save that of loving and defending their native land4 ,and what ,englishman1 thought he1 would not readily be guilty of the same offence8 ,all passed silently from the death-chamber2 all1 save one1 a venerable man1 who1 with ,father ,woulfe1 was arrested in the lazar-house while administering the last sacraments of the ,church to its plague-stricken inmates1 soon to be deprived of all spiritual ministry4 ,herbert thought he recognized him1 as he stood erect and fearless in the council-hall1 and with hand pointed toward heaven1 summoning ,ireton to meet him1 ere a month1 at its judgment bar4 ,he had certainly seen him before1 but dressed in white serge1 and not1 as now1 in purple4 ,nay1 if he remembered rightly1 he had been ,eily's confessor1 and1 with the parish clergyman's permission1 had married them privately in the church of ,st4 ,saviour1 having first obtained a promise1 freely granted by ,herbert1 that the children of that union1 if such there were1 should be brought up in the religion of the mother4 ,what would he not have done to preserve the live life8 of that venerable1 heavenly-looking man6 ,the last of ,ireton's victims was one whose presence among the condemned he witnessed with astonishment4 ,he had seen him closeted for hours with that same ,ireton2 and knew him to have been promised lands and money for certain services to be rendered to the general4 ,but treachery was met with treachery2 and ,fennell1 the traitor1 ended his days on the same scaffold with ,terence ,o',brien1 the bishop and martyr4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,the last guard was relieved on the day of execution--it was the eve of ,all-,hallows--and the clock of the town-hall was just chiming midnight as ,herbert1 who was the officer of the night1 commenced his rounds4 ,as he passed along1 in silence and alone1 by the ,dean's ,close1 on his way to the castle barracks1 he was suddenly stopped1 at the head of an arched passage1 over which an oil lamp feebly flickered1 by an individual closely wrapped up in a large1 dark frieze over-coat4 ,to draw his sword was his first impulse2 but a single glance at that wan face1 whose gaze was sadly fixed upon him1 changed his purpose in an instant4 ,and1 though armed to the teeth1 he trembled in presence of that defenceless old man1 and stood in silence before him4 #bdh ,don't you know me1 ,walter8 said the stranger4 ,alas6 too well1 was his reply4 ,but can ,i hope that you will ever forgive me8 ,my creed tells tells me to forgive even my--but ,i believe you never meant to be such--and the old man extended his hand to ,herbert4 ,they stood alone--with no eye upon them save that of the all-seeing ,one1 and1 in his presence1 ,walter fell on his knees1 protesting his purity of intention1 and asking the old man's blessing4 ,and ,conner ,o',brien1 for it was he1 with head uncovered1 blessed the stranger for the first time1 and1 raising him up1 clasped him to his bosom as his son--the husband of his darling ,eily1 now sleeping with her mother in ,killely4 ,herbert was about to respond1 with a fervent assurance of his undying love and devotion to her1 when the old man stopped him short1 and1 drawing him into the recess of the bow way1 asked him if he might now rely on his friendship and protection4 ,henceforth1 as ,god is my witness1 earnestly replied ,herbert1 your interest and mine are but one4 ,good6 returned his companion4 ,then1 when occasion presents itself1 you will procure a pass for myself and a friend in whose safety ,i feel the deepest interest4 ,for my own life ,i care not1 as ,i have no one save you and my grandson now remaining to care for4 ,then the old man1 despite his resolution1 sobbed aloud4 ,but my friend1 he continued1 after a few moments1 cannot yet be spared4 ,we cannot afford to lose him1 and it is solely on his account--though he knows nothing of my project--that ,i have waited here to meet you4 ,after some further brief conversation1 they parted with a fond embrace --the old man to his friend1 and ,walter to the barracks4 ,when his watch was ended1 he lay down to enjoy1 for the first time during many months1 a peaceful slumber of several hours4 ,the #ast of ,november1 #afea1 dawned brightly on the old city of ,luimneach1 and its now shattered fortifications--brightly on the brown heath of the ,meelick mountains--brightly on the waving woods of ,cratloe--brightly on the rapids at the salmon weir1 and on the snowy sails of the ,english transports at anchor in the pool--brightly on the gory head of ,terence ,o',brien1 ,bishop of ,emly1 impaled on the center tower of the city--brightly1 too1 on his murderer1 ,henry ,ireton1 as he reviewed the body of troops destined for the siege of ,carrigaholt ,castle2 for ,god maketh his sun to rise upon the good and bad4 ,ere the sun set the vanguard of that body had left the ,cratloe hills far behind them1 on their march westward2 and ,herbert was second in command of the first division4 ,he was well mounted1 and with him rode two peasants thoroughly acquainted with the country1 and destined to serve him as guides4 ,of late his soldiers remarked that he had grown unusually silent and morose1 and few of them cared to intrude on him uninvited4 ,thus it happened that1 during the march1 he rode considerably in advance1 though always within sight of his detachment1 with no other companions than the two guides4 ,with one of them he seemed well acquainted1 and the soldiers remarked that he conversed freely with him on the road4 ,the other seemed to speak but seldom1 and then only to his brother guide4 ,this1 however1 was no matter of surprise1 as it was supposed he spoke in ,irish1 a language almost utterly unknown to the ,english commander4 ,and such1 in reality1 was the fact4 ,whether he understood ,english or not1 he spoke in his native tongue to ,o',brien1 who1 as the reader may have guessed1 was ,herbert's other guide on the evening in question4 ,as they approached ,ennis the old man seemed much excited1 alleging1 as his reason1 that he feared being recognized2 but it was not difficult to perceive that his #bdi anxiety was more for his companion than himself4 ,they succeeded1 however1 in reaching their destination1 and encamped near ,kilfiehera to await the arrival of the main body from ,kilrush4 ,under pretext of exploring the wild coast of ,kilkee and ,farahee1 ,herbert left the camp at sunrise1 attended solely by the two individuals who had been his companions on the march from ,limerick4 ,he returned alone1 however1 in the evening1 and rumor went abroad that he had been deserted by his guides amid the wild recesses of the coast4 ,this new piece of treachery on the part of the ,irishry1 after being warmly denounced round the ,cromwellian camp-fires that night1 was forwarded next morning to ,limerick1 to be faithfully chronicled1 with many other facts of like authenticity1 in ,ludlow's ,memoirs4 ,herbert was too much overjoyed at the escape of his father-in-law and the friend in whom he seemed so deeply interested1 to give himself any concern about the camp-fire gossip1 or ,ludlow's version of the matter4 ,the next week found him again in ,limerick4 ,sudden news of the alarming illness of the general had reached the camp1 and the expedition to the west was1 for the time1 abandoned4 ,herbert found his new post a trying one--to keep watch and ward with ,hardress ,waller1 one of his wife's murderers1 beside the dying bed of another4 ,waller was ,ireton's confidant1 the ready instrument of all his infamy2 and ,herbert was selected by the general to attend him as the only surviving officer attached to his own regiment since it was first raised in ,nottingham1 the native county of both4 ,to escape from his post was impossible4 ,nothing short of suicide could free him from it2 and the thought of his little son1 if no higher motive1 prevented him from putting an end to his existence4 ,night after night was he doomed to sit by the bed-side of the dying man and listen to the wild ravings of remorse and blasphemy that1 almost every moment escaped his plague-stained lips4 ,he would start up betimes1 and1 with the frantic look of a maniac1 call for his sword to ward off the fiends that seemed to mock his tortures2 and then he would sink back exhausted1 still wildly raving of ,charles ,stuart1 and ,terence ,o',brien1 the ,lord's anointed1 as he now called them1 whom he had murdered4 ,nay1 he would clutch ,herbert's hand1 and1 with tears1 implore his forgiveness4 ,but ,hardress ,waller stood there too1 and a look from him would again rouse the murder-fiend within him4 ,all feeling of compunction would then pass away2 and grim despair again lay hold of him4 ,oh6 it was a fearful sight--that death-bed of despairing remorse4 ,it never left ,herbert's memory1 and was the commencement of that change that ultimately converted the ,puritan soldier into a ,christian monk4 ,ireton died in his house in ,mary street on the #bfth of ,november1 #afea1 still raging and raving1 says the chronicler1 ,footnote #dj of the unfortunate prelate1 whose unjust condemnation he imagined hurried on his death4 ,herbert was of the party appointed to guard the remains to ,england1 and1 before setting out1 hastened to his father-in-law's house to bring his child with him4 ,but1 alas6 he found it empty1 and not the slightest trace of ,winny or the boy4 ,nor could any one tell him what had become of either4 ,with a bursting heart1 he set out with the funeral cortege to ,cork1 and thence to ,bristol1 resolved never more to draw sword in ,cromwell's cause4 ,arrived in ,london1 he delivered up his charge1 and at once quitted the kingdom1 without waiting for the lying in state at ,somerset ,house1 or final interment in ,westminster ,abbey1 of ,ireton's plague-stricken corpse4 ,though pledged never again to serve in the ranks of the monsters whose atrocities in ,ireland made him so often blush for his native country1 he could not yet entirely wean #bej himself away from his old profession4 ,after a few months passed in idleness and ennui on the continent1 during which he vainly tried to forget the loss of his wife and child1 he entered the ,earl of ,bristol's regiment as a volunteer1 and faithfully maintained the cause of ,king ,charles till his restoration4 ,it was when forming part of his body-guard at ,lord ,tara's residence in ,bruges1 where the exiled monarch occasionally resided1 that he first met with the ,capuchin fathers1 and was by them received into the ,catholic ,church4 ,with the king he returned to ,england1 but only to have all his sad recollections awakened by meeting once more with his old enemies1 ,waller and ,ireton4 ,footnote #dj3 ,burke1 ,hibernia ,dominicana4 ,ireton6 some astonished reader will exclaim4 ,why1 surely1 we buried him years ago1 and are not expected1 we presume1 to believe in ghosts in this enlightened nineteenth century of ours4 ,and yet we must repeat what we have written4 ,on his return to ,london1 ,walter ,herbert again stood face to with ,waller and ,ireton--the former1 with a smile of hypocritical adulation1 welcoming the return of him whose father he had aided in murdering--the latter1 a hideous spectacle1 first dangling on a gallows at ,tyburn1 and then grimly staring at the by-passers--if those sightless sockets could be said to stare--from the highest spike on ,westminster ,hall4 ,it was a shocking sight to ,herbert--that ghastly skeleton and that ghastly head--and recalled to his memory1 with sadness and horror1 another but far different head which1 ten years before1 he saw set up1 pallid and blood-stained1 on the castled tower of ,limerick4 ,god is very just1 thought he1 as he passed on1 with a shudder4 ,on his return to ,england ,herbert found himself friendless4 ,all his relatives had died1 or perished on the battle-field1 during the civil wars1 and of his child there was still no trace4 ,all he could learn was that he had been sent to his grandfather1 then resident on the continent2 but where the grandfather resided1 there was no means of ascertaining4 ,tired of ,england1 and the cruelties and perfidies he daily saw endorsed by the sign-manual of one who1 he imagined1 should have learned toleration and honor in the school of affliction--in hopes also of meeting with his child--he quitted his native land for ever1 and joined the ranks of the ,duke of ,lorraine1 the old ally and friend of his former commander1 the ,earl of ,bristol4 ,with him and ,sir ,george ,hamilton he fought the battles of ,spain for nigh fifteen years2 and his last achievement in her service was one of the brightest on record4 ,with a few resolute companions he held his ground for two entire days in the shattered citadel of ,cambrai1 though the battery to which they returned shot for shot was under the personal inspection of ,louis ,,xiv4 and the renowned hunchback ,luxemburg4 ,the bursting of a shell laid him senseless1 and when1 after a long and painful illness1 he was again restored to health1 he resolved1 in thanksgiving1 to devote the remainder of his days to the exclusive service of ,god1 in the convent where he first learned to know him4 ,during the recital of the foregoing narrative1 which1 for brevity's sake1 we have given consecutively1 and in our own words1 ,brother ,francis was frequently interrupted by his youthful auditor1 as new light was thrown by him on events in his family history which1 till then1 he had never heard satisfactorily cleared up4 ,he had already learned from his mother that his grandfather had been an ,english officer1 supposed to have fallen in ,cromwell's wars1 though a vague report reached the family that he was seen in ,spain after ,cromwell's death4 ,of his grandmother1 he only heard that she died young1 and that her father resided for a considerable time in ,brussels1 with his grandson1 whom1 at his death1 he confided to the care of none guardian of ,st4 ,antoine's at ,louvain1 who was his brother-in-law1 and who had brought the boy1 when a mere child1 from ,ireland4 #bea ,he further learned that1 after the completion of his studies1 and contrary to the wish of his uncle1 who intended him for the ecclesiastical state1 his father embraced the profession of arms1 and1 shortly after his marriage1 embarked with the ,french troops sent by ,king ,louis to ,ireland4 ,he fell at the siege of ,limerick1 and his widow died of a broken heart soon after the intelligence of her husband's death reached her4 ,he was himself then but a boy1 and was placed by his mother's relatives at the ,benedictine college of ,douai1 whence he passed1 in due time1 like his father1 to the ranks1 and was then serving1 as we have already seen1 in the ,duke of ,vendme's anny4 ,but you did not say who the other person was that accompanied you on the march from ,limerick to ,carrigaholt1 or what became of him or his companion1 resumed the young soldier1 when he had concluded4 ,that remains to this day a mystery to me1 replied his grandfather1 for ,i never saw either after we parted that evening4 ,i left them on a lofty isolated rock off the coast of ,clare1 to which they were conveyed1 as the surest place of safety1 by a few poor fishermen1 then dwelling in a ruined keep on the verge of the cliff's1 which1 if ,i remember rightly1 they called ,dunlicky4 ,had ,i much curiosity ,i might have possibly learned the stranger's name1 but ,i never inquired1 and probably1 as ,i did not1 my father-in-law never told me4 ,certain it is that he must have been a person of high distinction1 as all addressed him with marked respect1 ,i might almost say reverence1 and seemed most devoted to him1 though1 as far as ,i could see1 he possessed no earthly means of remunerating them--nothing1 in fact1 save the half-military1 half-rustic garments in which he was clad4 ,and as they left him and his companion in one of the two small huts that served as a shelter in stormy weather for the few wild-looking sheep that browsed on the island1 they promised soon to return with such necessaries as he might require during his stay among them4 ,on returning to the canoe that brought us from the mainland1 ,i remembered that ,i heard something fall from the stranger as he stepped ashore on a ledge of the island4 ,in my hurry at the moment ,i paid no attention to the circumstance2 and it was only on our arrival at the foot of the cliff on which the old castle stood1 that ,i found the object which he had dropped lying in the bottom of the boat4 ,hoping soon to be able to restore it to its owner1 ,i took it with me1 and ever since it has remained in my possession2 for ,i need scarcely say1 after all you have heard1 that an opportunity of restoring it never since presented itself4 ,i still retain it1 with the father guardian's permission1 in hopes of one day discovering its lawful claimant4 ,here ,brother ,francis drew from the folds of his garment a small ebony crucifix1 inlaid with pearl1 and richly set in gold1 and1 reverently kissing it1 handed it to his companion4 ,the latter1 after carefully examining it1 read the following inscription1 beautifully engraved in text characters round the rim-- ,j4 ,b4 ,,rinuc4 ,,leg4 ,,ap4 ,r4,r4,d4,d4 ,,edm ,,do4 ,o',,dwyer ,,ep ,o4 ,,luim ,i4 ,m4,,dcxlvi4 ,still the history and after fate of the owner of the crucifix remained a mystery to them4 ,perhaps some reader of the foregoing pages may be able to throw some light on the subject1 if not for their benefit1 at least for ours4 ,little more remains to be told of ,brother ,francis4 ,in his ninetieth year he died peacefully in the midst of the brotherhood with whom so many years of his life had been happily spent--and his eyes were closed in death by the hands of ,eily ,o',brien's grandchild1 young ,gerald ,herbert1 who had likewise joined the order1 and given up the camp and its turmoil1 and the world and its deceit1 to don the cowl of ,st4 ,francis1 and spend the rest of his days with the humble1 hospitable ,capuchins of ,bruges4 ---- #beb ,from ,the ,month4 ,,the ,,daughters ,,of ,,the ,,duc ,d',,ayen4 ,the stirring events1 political and military1 which followed on the outbreak of the great ,french revolution1 giving a shock to every institution1 secular and religious1 and leaving their mark on the history of every civilized country1 affected also1 to an unexampled degree1 the fortunes of families and individuals throughout ,europe4 ,the troubles that overwhelmed the thrones of kings1 and seemed to threaten the ,church herself with destruction1 penetrated even to the very lowest classes of society4 ,the great were ruined as well as their princes2 the wealthy and noble were proscribed and exiled2 new families arose as well as new dynasties2 and if the cottage was spared persecution1 it did not escape the conscription1 while in many cases its inmates died on the guillotine by the side of the tenants of the neighboring palace4 ,by this great and universal convulsion hearts and characters were tried to the utmost2 and if many in every class sank under the ordeal which called for courage1 patience1 and prudence1 and other virtues in the heroic degree1 it is no less true that many others1 who seemed to have been born for a life of quiet and ordinary duty1 for unbroken and uneventful happiness1 displayed unexpected strength of character1 great qualities of heart and mind1 and revealed graces of the highest order under the blows of affliction4 ,we are in some respects fortunate in living just at the distance we do from a period like this2 for it has not yet passed into the region of pure history1 in which we can feel no practical concern2 and yet time enough has elapsed since its close for us to reap a part at least of the rich inheritance that it has left behind it of memoirs and correspondence relating to those who played an actual part in its scenes4 ,it was crowded with lives that deserve to be written1 full of interest and instruction4 ,let us confine ourselves to ,france alone4 ,that country produced a number of most remarkable men1 brought to the surface1 as it were1 by the breaking up of the great fountains of her national life1 who1 for bad or for good1 played the chief part in the political changes which so powerfully affect ,europe to the present day1 or1 as the soldiers of a new era of military glory1 bore her flag in triumph into every capital on the continent4 ,these men figured in events which write themselves sooner than any other on the pages of history2 and every one1 therefore1 has heard of the names and exploits of the emperor and his marshal4 ,more noble and heroic1 more beneficial1 and more truly glorious to their country1 were the lives of hundreds--men and women-- who took a part in the great outburst of fresh religious activity which followed upon the restoration of freedom to ,catholicism1 of whose piety1 charity1 and devotion the present ,church of ,france is the fruit and the monument4 ,a great deal remains to be done as to the biography and history of this great religious restoration1 in many respects already equalling1 in others even outshining1 the earlier glories of the ,french ,church1 for a moment submerged by the revolution4 ,lastly1 there is another department also in which literary labor will be well repaid--the history of the sufferers in the revolution1 whether ecclesiastics or secular1 whether they perished on the guillotine1 were transported to ,cayenne1 or claimed as emigrants the hospitality of ,england and other ,european countries4 #bec ,many of these emigrants were persons who had never known what it was to have a whim ungratified2 who had lived all their lives amidst the frivolous dissipation of the highest society in ,paris1 infected as it was with the withering influences of ,voltairianism2 and who had shared in the illusive enthusiasm with which the earlier steps of the revolution had been welcomed4 ,exile1 poverty1 forced inaction1 obscurity1 and the utter want of all that had before been the occupation of their lives1 came upon them as a far more severe1 because more wearing and protracted1 trial than if they had had to bear the short agony of the massacres or the revolutionary tribunal4 ,yet1 under an ordeal such as this1 great and wonderful virtues often unfolded themselves1 which bore witness to the sound religious training that so many of them had received1 of which their patience and courage were the natural fruits4 ,in this way their history furnishes us with many characters of wonderful interest2 and the effect of it is not only to enlist our sympathies for individuals1 but to give us also a higher idea of the upper classes in ,france than is generally derived from the annals of that dreadful period4 ,i have been led to these remarks by reading a little volume lately published in ,paris1 under the title ,anne ,paule ,dominique de ,noailles1 ,marquise de ,montagu1 ,there may1 perhaps1 be many more such memoirs3 this1 at all events1 though written without pretension or ambition1 certainly gives the history of a very beautiful character1 drawn out by continual misfortune1 and it contains incident enough to furnish the plots of three or four romances4 ,although it deals chiefly with the history of ,madame de ,montagu1 it gives us incidentally the outline both of the lives and characters of her sisters4 ,there are also1 of course1 other subordinate figures in the picture2 and the author has shown great skill in giving us a very graphic account of each in a few words or lines4 ,i shall proceed1 without further prologue or apology1 to use the materials furnished by this volume for a short sketch of ,madame de ,montagu and her sisters4 ,these ladles were the daughters of the ,duc and ,duchesse d',ayen4 ,the duke was the eldest son of the last ,marchal de ,noailles2 his wife was the daughter of ,m4 d',aguesseau1 son of the chancellor of that name4 ,they had five daughters1 called1 as the custom was1 ,mdlle4 de ,noailles1 ,mdlle4 d',ayen1 ,mdlle4 d',epernon1 ,mdlle4 de ,maintenon1 and ,mdlle4 de ,monclar4 ,the eldest married her cousin1 the ,viscount de ,noailles2 the second became ,madame de la ,fayette1 wife of the celebrated marquis2 ,mdlle4 d',epernon was twice married1 but died young1 and we shall have no occasion to mention her name again2 ,mdlle4 de ,maintenon is the principal subject of the volume we have before us1 having married the ,marquis de ,montagu2 ,mdlle4 de ,monclar became ,madame de ,grammont4 ,the sisters probably owed more to their mother than to any one else in the world1 and were formed by her2 a short notice of her is1 therefore1 the natural introduction to their history4 ,many who have been acquainted with the effects of the influence of the ,french emigrants who came to ,england at the time of the revolution have remarked that some of the most devout and religious among them must have had a certain tinge of strictness and rigor about them which betrayed the distant influence of ,jansenism1 even over those who were in no sort of way its disciples4 ,this may be seen even in some of their ascetical works4 ,the ,duchesse d',ayen seems either to have been brought up in this school1 or to have taken up its teaching from something in her own character congenial to it4 ,as was natural in a granddaughter of d',aguesseau1 she loved order and prudence with hereditary instinct1 and was1 moreover1 acquainted with suffering2 her piety was most genuine1 and as wife and mother none could surpass her4 ,the #bed due was a man of the world1 a thorough gentleman1 with all the dilettante learning that befitted his high station4 ,he had passed through several brilliant campaigns1 was a member of the ,academy of ,sciences1 and shone even in ,paris in the art of conversation4 ,his time was mostly spent at court1 or in gay circles away from home2 but when he did return the most delicate attentions were lavished on his wife2 and she1 on her side1 had taught their five children to greet his visits with love equal to their respect4 ,and in truth1 though their father's quick temper inspired the girls with some natural fear1 his many amiable qualities could not fail to call forth their deepest affection4 ,madame d',ayen they dearly loved4 ,the free unbroken intercourse which is natural to ,english homes was not in accordance with the rules of those stately ,parisian families1 but the first act of the day was to go and salute their mother2 next1 they were sure to meet her going to or returning from mass1 when they were taking their morning walk2 afterward1 they all dined together at three1 and then came the pleasant hours spent in her bedroom1 while she instructed and amused them by turns in gentle maternal converse4 ,they had other instructors ,i but she really formed their minds4 ,a bright worldly future opened before these young girls1 with their good birth1 high connections1 and splendid fortune4 ,who would have dreamed of coming storms8 ,but the pious mother did not wait for misfortune to teach them companionship with sorrow2 they began when children to visit the suffering1 and two poor people of the parish stood sponsors for ,mdlle4 de ,maintenon at the baptismal font4 ,she was born in #agff1 and the parish church was ,st4 ,roch2 opposite stood the family hotel1 with its spacious gardens reaching up to the ,tuileries4 ,after their marriages the sisters became brilliant stars in ,parisian society1 and the tenderest union ever reigned between them4 ,the eldest1 ,madame de ,noailles1 was admired by every one for her sweetness and grace1 being commonly called either that angel1 or the heavenly viscountess4 ,even the family confessor1 the saintly ,abb ,edgworth1 writing of her after her death to ,madame de ,montagu1 says1 ,the fate of that angelic soul1 which ,i knew so intimately on earth1 can inspire no uneasiness4 ,for my part1 ,i acknowledge in all simplicity that she seems now to return me ten-fold all the good ,i formerly wished her4 ,the mere remembrance of her strengthens me1 and would keep me from loving earth1 could it still offer any enjoyment4 ,the sisters vied with each other in love and veneration for their mother and ,madame de ,noailles especially had the happiness of being scarcely ever separated from her4 ,the young wife1 however1 espoused with ardor her husband's political opinions2 and he was much more liberal in his views than the ,duchesse d',ayen4 ,like many other nobles of the time1 both about court and in the provinces1 ,m4 de ,noailles hailed with enthusiasm the first dawn of the revolution1 believing it would bring about a new era for ,france1 a grand national reform4 ,madame d',ayen1 on the contrary1 looked on events with some mistrust2 her experience1 her natural prudence and cautious character1 made her more anxious1 more inclined to circumspection4 ,even after the ,bastille had been taken1 and when so many families began to emigrate1 ,m4 de ,noailles1 like his brother-in-law ,m4 de la ,fayette1 continued to hope4 ,the events of #agib1 however1 induced him to seek refuge in ,england4 ,the ,duc d',ayen had taken refuge in ,switzerland2 but when he heard of the attack on the ,tuileries in ,june1 #agib1 he flew to the aid of the king and the royal family1 considering that though his post of captain of the royal guard had been abolished1 the danger of ,louis had created it anew4 ,he was with that #bee small band of devoted adherents who would have defended the king on the fatal #ajth of ,august--the last day of the real monarchy--when ,louis' heart failed him1 and he took refuge in the assembly4 ,the ,duc d',ayen managed again to get away into ,switzerland2 the other members of his family1 quitting their splendid hotel1 hid themselves in a wretched dwelling of the nearest feubourg4 ,madame de ,noailles was to have joined her husband in ,london1 where they intended shortly to embark for ,america2 but she lingered with her mother1 first to assist her grandfather1 the ,marshal de ,noailles1 in his dying moments1 and next to console his aged widow1 now well-nigh reduced to second childhood4 ,the result was captivity and death for all time4 ,madame de ,noailles' virtue shone forth with lustre throughout these trying hours1 and it is as a meek victim of the revolution that she especially deserves remembrance4 ,at first the three ladies were simply detained as suspected in their own hotel1 during the winter of '#ic2 but in ,april following they were transferred as prisoners to the ,luxembourg4 ,there they found in a room below them their relatives1 the ,marchal de ,mouchy and his wife1 who had already suffered a detention of five months4 ,not far off was a cousin1 the ,duchesse d',orlans1 widow of ,philippe ,egalit1 lately executed4 ,these were sad recognitions1 few or no prisoners being ever set at liberty1 though many went through the mockery of a trial4 ,soon after ,madame d',ayen's arrival1 ,m4 and ,madame de ,mouchy were guillotined4 ,from the first she and her daughter prepared for death4 ,both did all they could to alleviate the suffering around them4 ,madame d',ayen gave up her bed to the ,duchesse d',orlans1 who was very ill1 and treated with even exceptional cruelty4 ,madame de ,noailles shared her mother's attendance on this lady1 and on several others4 ,she made the beds for all their relatives1 helped them to dress1 and washed up the dishes2 in short1 waited upon the whole party as if she had been accustomed all her life to servile occupations4 ,with true virtue1 she even showed no repugnance at anything1 but preserved throughout her usual sweet serenity of temper4 ,her consolation was to mount up twice a week to an upper story1 under pretence of breathing the fresh air1 but in reality to obtain a view from the window of her children in the garden beneath4 ,she had contrived to keep up some correspondence outside1 and they came at the stated hour1 under the care of their tutor4 ,occasionally she managed to receive notes from him1 or to send him one4 ,an extract from the last she wrote1 and when she felt an eternal separation impending1 shows the strength of her piety3 ,god sustains me1 and will1 ,i am convinced1 to the end4 ,farewell6 ,be assured that my gratitude toward you will accompany me above4 ,but for you1 what would have been my children's fate8 ,farewell1 ,alexis1 ,alfred1 ,euphemia6 ,bear ,god in your hearts every day of your lives2 attach yourselves steadfastly to him2 pray for your father1 and for his true happiness2 remember your mother also1 and that her sole desire has been for your eternal welfare4 ,i hope to be re-united with you in the bosom of ,god1 and in that hope give my last blessing to you all4 ,these words show a soul which could not be ill prepared for death4 ,when hastily summoned one day to leave the ,luxembourg for the ,conciergerie1 a certain road to execution1 both ,madame de ,noailles and her mother were quite ready4 ,madame d',ayen had the ,imitation open at that beautiful chapter on the cross4 ,hastily writing on a scrap of paper--,courage1 my children1 and pray--she put it in as a mark1 and begged the ,duchesse d',orlans1 if her life were spared1 to give it to them4 ,this commission was faithfully executed1 and the little book still exists1 showing #bef traces of ,madame d',ayen's last tears as she named her daughters4 ,the poor old marchale scarcely knew what was going on1 but followed mechanically4 ,the ,conciergerie was crowded1 and afforded small accommodation for new-comers4 ,madame de ,noailles thought it useless to sleep that night4 ,when her mother pressed her to lie down a little1 she said1 ,why seek repose on the brink of eternity8 ,early next morning all three were astir1 and persuaded each other to break their fast1 for no dinner had been provided on the previous evening4 ,madame de ,noailles insisted on dressing both her mother and grandmother1 whispering1 ,have good courage1 mamma2 there is only one hour more6 ,but nearly the whole day passed in terrible expectation4 ,not till five in the afternoon came the open carts that were to carry forty condemned prisoners to the ,barrire du ,trne for execution4 ,long previous to detention1 ,madame de ,noailles had secured1 in case of danger1 the services of a good priest--,pre ,carrichon1 of the ,oratory4 ,news of their coming fate reached him1 and1 faithful to his promise1 despite the personal risk1 he arrived at the prison door in time4 ,the first cart filled and passed out4 ,it contained eight ladies1 of whom the last was the old marchale4 ,in the second were ,madame d',ayen and her daughter2 after whom six men took their places4 ,the account given by ,pre ,carrichon of this closing scene is our last view of ,madame de ,noailles1 and tallies with what has gone before4 ,serene and gentle1 her thoughts appeared wrapt in ,god4 ,pre ,carrichon tried to make himself seen as the cart came out4 ,evidently ,madame de ,noailles was looking for some one2 but her glance did not rest on him4 ,having made a great circuit1 he posted himself in a conspicuous place at the opening of a bridge4 ,again ,madame de ,noailles anxiously scanned the crowd around1 and again without discerning the face she sought4 ,pre ,carrichon was tempted to give up the effort in despair4 ,priestly charity prevailed1 however1 and he hastened forward to the ,rue ,st4 ,antoine4 ,a violent storm had come on2 thunder and lightning raged1 the wind blew furiously4 ,the poor victims were drenched2 the ladies' hair streamed about their faces1 and their hands1 closely tied behind each1 could give no relief4 ,what with the jolting and wind1 they could hardly keep their seats on those narrow planks4 ,the savage curiosity of the populace yielded to the violence of the storm2 the crowd dispersed2 windows and doors closed4 ,pre ,carrichon ventured nearer the cart1 amid the very escort of soldiers intent on guarding themselves from the storm4 ,suddenly ,madame de ,noailles' countenance lighted up with her own sweet smile2 her eyes were thankfully raised to heaven1 and then she leaned forward1 whispering to her mother4 ,she had seen him1 ,pre ,carrichon felt sure of it4 ,a grateful smile stole over the duchess's face also4 ,pre ,carrichon continued walking beside the cart2 his heart raised in prayer2 the mute confession was made1 the silent absolution given4 ,solemn1 touching scene6--those two heads1 one so fair1 reverentially bent down with looks of mingled contrition and hope2 the priest fulfilling his errand of mercy2 and the storm raging on4 ,at length the carts stopped4 ,the executioner and his assistants came forward1 one carelessly twirling a rose between his lips4 ,the guillotine fell on the marchale2 afterward on ,madame d',ayen2 and ,madame de ,noailles suffered next4 ,up to the last moment both mother and daughter employed themselves in exhorting their companions to ,christian repentance4 ,the vicomtesse devoted herself especially to a young man whom she had overheard blaspheming4 ,one foot was already on the bloody ladder1 when1 turning round a last time1 she #beg murmured1 with imploring accents1 ,i conjure you1 say--,forgive me6 ,their own sweet countenances spoke only of heaven4 ,so beautiful were these deaths1 that1 despite the horrors of the scene1 ,pre ,carrichon could but raise his full heart in praise and thanksgiving to ,god4 ,thus lived and died the eldest of these five sisters4 ,the second1 ,madame de la ,fayette1 is a beautiful character2 so enthusiastic in spirit1 so warm and generous in heart4 ,endowed with good natural powers1 her mind had been highly cultivated1 she could reason well1 and possessed a ripe judgment4 ,prompt and decided on great occasions1 she was then energetic enough in carrying out her resolutions2 but by a strange contradiction of nature1 doubts often assailed her in little matters1 and she would hang back1 uncertain what course to pursue4 ,ardent in her piety1 she was yet tormented with scruples2 and unfortunately ,madame d',ayen had so far condescended to these as to allow her daughter not to make her first communion till after marriage4 ,naturally enough1 at that late period the great act was accomplished with much mental suffering4 ,madame de ,montagu said with truth that this beloved sister was not sufficiently interior1 and thirsted too eagerly after the consolations of human affections2 but for sincerity1 faith1 zeal1 and submission to the divine will ,madame de la ,fayette was most admirable4 ,her greatest quality was self-sacrifice1 unshrinking devotion to those she loved--the virtue of a wife and a mother4 ,m4 de la ,fayette attests that he owed to her unalloyed happiness during a wedded union of thirty-four years4 ,gentle1 tender1 virtuous1 and high-souled1 this incomparable woman has been the charm and pride of my existence4 ,she too was imprisoned1 but was afterward released4 ,her first thought was to join her husband1 a captive at ,olmutz4 ,other duties detained her for a while2 but the ultimate object was kept steadily1 though silently1 in view4 ,madame de la ,fayette sent her young son out of ,france across the ,atlantic1 confiding him to ,washington's protection2 then she hastened to look after her daughters in ,auvergne1 and settle money accounts there4 ,happily1 she was able to buy back ,chavaniac1 the property of an old aunt who had brought up her husband4 ,business concluded1 she sought for ,madame de ,grammont2 the two sisters had not met since the tragic death of their relatives4 ,madame de ,noailles' orphan children were living with their aunt4 ,tearing herself from them1 ,madame de la ,fayette--who could only obtain a passport for ,america--then went round by sea to ,altona1 in ,denmark1 where her other sister1 ,madame de ,montagu1 and many ,french exiles1 had fixed their residence for a while4 ,this also was a meeting in which bitter pain was mingled with joy4 ,did you see them8 were the only words ,madame de ,montagu could sob forth1 after a long1 mute caress4 ,alas6 ,i had not that happiness1 replied ,madame de la ,fayette1 whose filial heart was choking with the same remembrances4 ,proper measures having been taken for obtaining an audience of the emperor1 ,madame de la ,fayette announced her intention of proceeding to ,vienna forthwith1 that she might solicit permission to share her husband's captivity4 ,the simple words in which she mentioned her generous purpose thrilled through the little circle2 vain attempts were made to dissuade her from it2 she gently1 but firmly1 persisted4 ,her sister could best understand the feelings that guided her1 and that she did so was expressed by silent repeated pressures of her hand4 ,madame de la ,fayette--accompanied by her two girls1 aged thirteen and fifteen--reached ,vienna under an assumed name4 ,the emperor granted her request1 and she hastened joyfully to ,olmutz4 ,such was her enthusiasm at sight of the gloomy fortress in which her husband was confined1 that she began repeating ,tobias' beautiful canticle 7c4 xiii471 and entered with it on her lips4 #beh ,it was the #aeth of ,october1 #agie4 ,m4 de la ,fayette had already been a close prisoner for three years2 during the last eighteen months especially he had received no tidings of what was going on in the world without4 ,a vague rumor of excesses committed in ,france had indeed reached his unbroken solitude1 but not the name of one victim2 he knew nothing of the fate of his wife and children4 ,now1 without one word of preparation1 the door of his cell was unlocked2 figures darkened the threshold4 ,could it be8 ,his heroic wife and their two children6 ,yes2 they had come to share the hardships of his prison life4 ,the emperor of ,austria had spoken to ,madame de la ,fayette of her husband's place of confinement in a manner which showed her afterward that he was quite ignorant of the rigorous treatment to which the prisoner was subjected4 ,two little cells1 with a wretched bed and a table and chair in each1 formed the sole accommodation4 ,as for eating1 there was one pewter spoon1 no such luxury as knife or fork being allowed4 ,pens1 paper1 and ink were only forthcoming on rare occasions1 and then the open letter had to be written under the eye of an official4 ,madame de la ,fayette endured all these annoyances for two years2 and truly the abnegation of her young daughters during this long period is nearly as admirable as her own4 ,the girls employed themselves very usefully in concocting new articles of clothing out of old materials4 ,madame de la ,fayette1 like her husband1 soon began to suffer from such close confinement2 but when1 after eleven months' illness1 she applied for leave to go and consult a physician at ,vienna for a few days only1 the answer was that1 once outside the fortress1 she would never be re-admitted4 ,the prison doctor could only exchange conversation in ,latin with her husband1 and neither of them appear to have been adepts in that language2 moreover1 his hurried visit was obliged to take place in the presence of an officer4 ,friends wearied both ,france and foreign powers with solicitations for the release of ,general de la ,fayette4 ,fox painted the miseries endured at ,olmutz in eloquent terms before a ,british ,house of ,commons2 but it was not until ,october1 #agig1 that the prison gates opened at length1 through ,bonaparte's intervention4 ,the name she bore often proved detrimental to her1 but ,madame de la ,fayette gloried in it4 ,with ,robespierre's fall all prisoners in ,france were set at liberty4 ,general de la ,fayette1 however1 was accused of having betrayed the revolution because he had refused to become privy to its crimes1 and his wife was therefore detained4 ,interrogated by ,legendre1 who told her how much he detested the very name of la ,fayette1 she boldly expressed her readiness to defend him and it against whatsoever accuser4 ,legendre remanded her to prison for insolence4 ,this devoted love for husband and children did not suffice to fill her heart4 ,it was burning also with other affections4 ,to ,madame de la ,fayette we owe a touching life of the ,duchesse d',ayen1 written while at ,olmutz1 on the margin of a stray volume of ,buffon1 with a broken toothpick for her pen and a piece of ,chinese ink4 ,when told of the tragic fate that had overtaken her relatives1 she could not believe it at first2 especially it seemed impossible that men could have been so barbarous to her angelic sister4 ,on recovering a little from this overwhelming sorrow1 she wrote to her children3 ,i thank ,god for having preserved to me life and reason1 and do not regret your absence at such a moment4 ,he kept me from revolt against him2 but ,i could not long have borne the semblance of any human consolation4 ,to follow in the track of such dear footsteps would have sweetened the last pangs for me4 #bei ,in the prisons of the revolution her sole thought was how to relieve the wants and sufferings of those around4 ,with her cousin1 the ,duchesse de ,duras1 at ,plessis1 she was constantly interceding for the sick and poor among their fellow captives1 and this at a time when a chance word sufficed for death1 as sixty victims chosen by caprice or at hazard were regularly dragged forth each day for execution4 ,her spirit never forsook her under trying circumstances1 and she often showed wonderful presence of mind4 ,once she pleaded her own cause before the tribunal of ,puy1 and on several occasions harangued the people4 ,her language at these times was always nobly firm1 and sometimes proud even to haughtiness4 ,in a letter addressed to ,brissot1 after asking for liberty1 or at least the favor of remaining a prisoner on parole1 which the whole village of ,chavaniac volunteered to guarantee1 she concludes by saying1 ,i consent to owe you this service4 ,her letters to the two ministers1 ,roland and ,servan1 or to foreign princes on behalf of her husband1 are no less elevated in tone4 ,she never stoops to flatter4 ,no wonder that she exercised a species of fascination over all those who approached her2 with whatever feelings the acquaintance began1 it was impossible to know and not to love her4 ,in all her sorrows1 ardent faith sustained her4 ,when danger again threatened at ,paris1 she writes to ,madame de ,montagu3 ,we mast abandon ourselves wholly to ,god in this critical hour4 ,let us live like ,abraham1 ready to start whenever ,god calls1 and to go wheresoever he appoints4 ,when she felt her end approaching1 once more she repeated aloud that canticle of ,tobias1 singing which she had1 years before1 entered the fortress of ,olmutz4 ,true in death to her character through life1 her heart was inflamed with celestial desires1 and still overflowing with human affection4 ,drawing all her loved ones round her1 she gave them a last blessing1 and gently expired1 holding her husband's hands within her own4 ,of four daughters of the ,duc d',ayen1 ,madame de ,grammont was the least attractive4 ,her person was small1 her appearance stiff1 her features marked2 there was nothing soft about her look or manner4 ,her virtue was of a stern kind2 she had schooled herself into a certain absence of feeling1 neither right nor lovable2 but fortunately her actions often contradicted her professions4 ,thus her kindness never failed1 and her charity to the poor was boundless4 ,there was a contradiction too between what she said and what she wrote--her speeches are always more or less stern1 while her letters frequently betray deep affection2 like a person who speaks from principle1 but dares to let herself out on paper1 sure of restraining emotion when necessary4 ,sacrifice was the prominent feature of her piety2 duty dictated her every sentiment4 ,eight out of her nine children she saw carried to their graves in youth1 and each time she could say with composure1 ,the ,lord hath given and the ,lord hath taken away2 blessed be the name of the ,lord4 ,writing to ,madame de ,montagu about a daughter whose end was approaching1 she uses these words3 ,as life ebbs away1 her peace and self-possession are perfect4 4 4 4 4 4 ,i do not despair of helping her passage into the bosom of ,god after having erst borne her in my own2 and it is sweet to make her repeat1 ',i was cast into thy arms1 ,o ,lord1 from the beginning3 thou art my ,god1 even from my mother's womb4' ,it was not in her character to disclose the struggle of natural feeling that was going on in her heart at the time that she was writing words like these4 ,once ,madame de ,grammont writes to her sister3 ,the expectation1 experience1 and long continuance of misfortune have at length made me impassible4 ,and ,i1 adds ,madame de ,montagu1 commenting on the word in #bfj her journal1 am still a reed shaken by every breath4 ,the two phrases aptly characterize each sister4 ,in #ahdh1 ,madame de ,grammont1 who had been an eye-witness of the two preceding revolutions1 was quite surprised at the fears entertained by those around her4 ,but1 grandmamma1 said a member of her family1 if the guillotine were set up again as in the reign of terror1 surely you would feel some uneasiness8 ,poor child6 replied the old lady1 that has nothing to do with the question4 ,must we not all die8 ,the important thing is to be well prepared2 the mode of death is a mere detail4 ,and thus unmoved she lived on to the age of eighty-five--that is1 till the year #ahec--;having survived all her sisters4 ,though her husband had been banished for some time1 she never emigrated2 and sixty-seven years of her life were passed in retirement at their chteau of ,villersexel4 ,there she was much beloved1 being a true mother to all the poor4 ,her sisters also were warmly attached to her4 ,madame de ,montagu held her in such veneration1 that though a little the older of the two1 she always kept a journal for ,madame de ,grammont to read1 that she might point out her faults and help her to amend4 ,she called ,madame de ,grammont her second conscience and the province in which she resided the kingdom of ,virtue1 with ,peace 7,villersexel7 for its capital4 ,madame de ,grammont felt their mother's loss1 in her way1 as deeply as the rest4 ,perhaps1 too1 this heavy trial laid the foundation of her remarkable firmness2 for there are some strong natures that cannot bend through fear of breaking4 ,when able afterward to communicate with ,madame de ,montagu1 she writes3 ,since the immolation of those dear victims1 the cross is my sole place of refuge4 ,with you1 and all those we love in this world and the other1 ,i cast myself into ,gods's arms4 ,there let all disquietude cease2 there let our minds and hearts rest for ever2 thence let us derive strength to perform our allotted task here below4 ,her father had entreated ,madame de ,grammont to consult her personal safety in those perilous times by joining himself and ,madame de ,montagu in ,switzerland4 ,she declined1 because her husband was only just recovering from a dangerous illness1 and also through fear of compromising his family4 ,indeed1 so much was circumspection necessary1 that her letters were written on cambric handkerchiefs1 which ,madame de ,grammont took the further precaution of sewing inside her messenger's waistcoat lining4 ,madame de ,montagu affords a strong contrast to ,madame de ,grammont4 ,she went through life thrilling at every step2 full of tears that often gushed for joy1 but oftenest welled up from deep fountains of sorrow2 heroic in faith1 like the others1 but quivering and writhing beneath each new load of anguish4 ,she never grew accustomed to suffering1 and yet ,god tried her well2 but he could not weary her love for himself4 ,and thus1 while human affections were ever causing sharp pain1 divine love gave her strength to bear it without asking her to overcome them4 ,such was her character1 which grace supported without changing4 ,madame de ,montagu was admired in the world1 but never cared for triumphs of any kind4 ,her sole wish was to please ,god and her home circle1 and do good to her fellow-creatures4 ,we may believe that the pauper sponsors who held her at ,st4 ,roch watched over their charge through life4 ,for well and zealously1 though full of natural shrinkings1 did ,madame de ,montagu perform her part on the busy stage4 ,her timidity was put to its first great trial when1 at sixteen1 she had to undergo her first introduction to her intended husband1 on whom she dared not raise her eyes1 to see whether her parents' choice suited her1 in appearance at least1 until he fortunately turned away to look at a picture4 ,next #bfa came the further suffering of receiving congratulatory visits from all ,paris1 during which the poor bride elect was seated bolt upright1 pale and trembling1 beside her mother1 and between two goodly rows of members of either family1 ranged along both sides of the apartment4 ,at church on the wedding-day she regained her composure1 because all else was forgotten in the earnest prayer breathed that she might well perform her new duties4 ,almost immediately the young wife had to sacrifice her greatest pleasure1 that of seeing her mother and sisters frequently4 ,m4 de ,montagu was obliged to join his regiment1 and she was left under the tutelage of her father-in-law1 a kind and clever man1 but eccentric and full of vagaries4 ,to please him she did everything not wrong1 commencing that petty series of daily yieldings1 insignificant to careless eyes1 but so meritorious because so difficult4 ,this is woman's battlefield1 obscure but high2 and in this path ,madame de ,montagu always walked1 perfectly ignorant that her simplicity was in any way extraordinary4 ,the good she did by example1 and without any words1 was immense2 only near relatives and intimate friends could perceive it4 ,one of these1 ,m4 de ,mun1 used to say that she was the only dvote he ever knew who made him wish to be saved4 ,so far could she condescend even to the pleasures of others1 that in exile1 after all her sorrows1 she danced at a rustic ball4 ,and to a nature like hers1 such griefs as she had known were undying even in their keenness4 ,one of her characteristic traits was that she never forgot an anniversary3 everything that had happened to herself and to those dear to her was treasured up1 and recalled as the days came round4 ,if it was an occasion of gladness1 it was celebrated in public2 but her life was more crowded with the memories of sorrow1 and these she kept for the quiet of her own room4 ,we should occupy a larger space than that which is at our disposal were we to try to follow ,madame de ,montagu through the various stages of her exile from ,france4 ,she first came to ,england1 settling at ,richmond2 then she went with her husband to ,aix-la-,chapelle1 whence the success of the revolutionary armies drove them again to ,england4 ,they stayed at ,margate for a while2 then the declaration of war between ,england and ,france brought out an order for the migrs not to live on the coast1 and ,richmond received them once more4 ,economy1 however1 forced them to seek a cheaper abode at ,brussels4 ,afterward this place of refuge became unsafe1 and ,madame de ,montagu was forced to separate from her husband1 and accept the hospitality of an aunt1 ,madame de ,tess--a philosophe old lady1 who had been a friend of ,voltaire's1 but who1 as one of her grandnieces said of her1 tout en se croyant incrdule1 ne laissait pas de faire un grand signe de croix derrire ses rideaux chaque fois qu'elle prenait une mdecine4 ,madame de ,tess lived at ,lowemberg1 in ,switzerland2 her character is charmingly hit off in the memoir before us2 she would have delighted ,mr4 ,thackeray4 ,but the presence of ,madame de ,montagu brought persecution upon her kind relation1 who took the characteristic resolution of selling her property and going elsewhere4 ,she took her niece and family first to ,erfurt1 then to ,altona1 where many ,french migrs were assembled4 ,her plan was to find a quiet spot beyond the ,elbe1 where she could live in peace and carry on her farming operations2 for her great delight was to manage everything herself1 and to supply all the needs of her household from her own resources4 ,they were a long time in finding a place that would suit ,madame de ,tess4 ,at length an estate named ,wittmold was found1 on the banks of the lake of ,ploen2 and here the exiles found rest for some time4 ,the best elements of ,madame de ,montagu's beautiful character were developed under the hardships and #bfb sufferings of this life of poverty and continued apprehension4 ,she had1 of course1 never known even the idea of want before she left ,france4 ,when she left ,paris1 she so little expected to have to manage for herself1 that it was only in consequence of ,madame de ,grammont's imperturbable prudence that she made any provision for the future4 ,they had to part in secret1 as it was dangerous to let the servants know of the intended flight of ,monsieur and ,madame de ,montagu4 ,in the suppressed agitation of the moment1 ,madame de ,grammont was characteristically thoughtful4 ,she asked her sister whether she was sure she had her jewels4 ,why take them8 we are not going to a fte4 ,raison de plus2 c'est parceque vous n'allez pas une fte1 qu'il faut les emporter4 ,the advice was afterward found to have been indeed important2 but even the sale of her jewels only supported ,madame de ,montagu for a time4 ,in the course of her long exile1 she never made herself a very perfect manager4 ,she tried to study domestic economy2 but she proved a greater proficient in not spending on herself than in learning how to manage household affairs on small means4 ,still her superintendence of the farm produced good results1 from the zeal with which it inspired the workpeople4 ,however low her funds1 she always visited the sick and poor1 managing to procure them some relief2 she also worked unceasingly at objects for sale4 ,throughout life she never knew idleness1 devoting fixed hours to prayer1 reading1 the instruction of her children1 and works of charity4 ,as years went on1 she more and more begrudged the hours often forcibly given in social life to frivolous conversation4 ,her pleasure was to employ each moment usefully in some home duty2 but this could not always be the case during exile1 especially when residing with her kind but worldly aunt1 ,madame de ,tess4 ,at this period it was that she organized her oeuvre des migrs2 a stupendous work1 if we consider that there were #dj1jjj persons to assist1 and #af1jjj1jjj francs the moderate sum estimated as requisite for carrying it out with success4 ,unfortunately the details in figures of this work have been lost2 for ,madame de ,montagu carefully noted down every fraction received1 from what quarter it came1 and how expended4 ,but we know that the correspondence alone cost annually about #ejj francs during the four years it existed--that is1 from #agif to #ahjj4 ,she collected money in ,germany1 ,denmark1 ,switzerland1 ,france1 the ,netherlands1 and ,england2 and beside distributing pecuniary assistance1 solicited employment for persons of all ages and sexes4 ,she had children to get into schools1 young women to place as governesses1 drawings and needlework to sell1 etc4 ,all this was done without quitting her quiet home on the borders of ,lake ,ploen1 or giving up one domestic occupation4 ,when pressed for time she sat up at night4 ,winter only increased her zeal4 ,the colder it is1 said she1 the warmer my heart grows4 ,indeed1 she ended by selling for this work the mourning worn for her mother and sister1 which she had kept as a relic2 at another time she also sold her prayer-book for the same object4 ,but she never would take from this fund for members of her own family2 she preferred working for them1 not from pride1 but through delicacy4 ,for another charity she once cut off her beautiful hair and sold it1 receiving eighty francs4 ,it is curious to remark that this gentle woman nevertheless had her own firm opinions1 even on politics2 and though never obtruding1 still constantly held them4 ,one is surprised to find also that these opinions were not often identical with the views held by those she most respected and loved4 ,in #agij1 ,m4 de ,beaune1 her father-in-law1 alarmed at the turn affairs were taking1 wished to emigrate with all his family4 ,his idea was to draw ,frenchmen together on neutral #bfc ground1 to place their families in safety1 and having gained the support of foreign powers1 to return with a good army for the protection of the king and the party of order in the state4 ,madame de ,montagu fully shared these views2 but her husband at this time disapproved of emigration1 considering it the greatest mistake that could be committed by the king's friends4 ,he hoped to arrive at an understanding between the liberal party and the droite1 so as to save both the monarchy and liberty4 ,his two elder brothers-in-law1 ,,mm4 de ,noailles and la ,fayette1 went far beyond these views4 ,without wishing to overturn royalty1 their dream was to see it based on republican principles4 ,so indignant did this render ,m4 de ,beaune1 that he broke with them entirely1 and wished ,madame de ,montagu to give up seeing her two sisters1 who naturally embraced their husbands' opinions4 ,she could by no means understand that persons were to be proscribed because of their political opinions2 but1 not to irritate ,m4 de ,beaune farther1 she would not receive ,madame de la ,fayette1 who offered to pay her a visit at ,plauzat in ,auvergne1 and went instead to meet her privately at a neighbouring inn4 ,meanwhile ,m4 de ,montagu had yielded to his father's wishes1 and at the end of #agia resolved to emigrate2 his choice1 however1 fell on ,england rather than ,coblentz1 where ,m4 de ,beaune then was4 ,madame de ,montagu was to accompany her husband4 ,ere leaving ,plauzat she had the happiness of seeing her mother again1 but could not summon up courage to tell her of her own approaching departure for ,england4 ,both mother and daughter looked on public matters exactly in the same way2 there was great similarity between them as to judgment2 but the duchesse was not impulsive1 like ,madame de ,montagu4 ,they parted most tenderly1 with a presentiment of coming evil2 but little did either dream that the guillotine was to separate them for ever4 ,then commenced for ,madame de ,montagu the miseries and heart-burnings of exile4 ,twice she visited ,england1 spending some time at ,richmond and ,margate4 ,griefs began to accumulate2 she lost a child for the third time2 ,marat was lording it over ,paris2 ,m4 de ,montagu in disgust again quitted ,france1 and went to serve under his father's orders on the banks of the ,rhine2 the massacres of ,september took place1 followed by the fatal battle of ,jemappes4 ,the migrs were henceforth banished4 ,then the king and queen fell victims to the revolution2 ,savenay destroyed the last hopes of the ,vendeans4 ,in addition to all these public sorrows1 and to the pressure of poverty1 ,madame de ,montagu lost another child1 her fourth2 it seemed as if all her children were born but to die4 ,all her life she suffered from great delicacy of constitution1 and this natural tendency was further increased by her extreme sensibility4 ,just after losing a child for the first time1 and while she was praying1 bathed in tears1 beside its dead body1 a messenger came to tell her that ,madame de ,grammont had just given birth to her first infant4 ,madame de ,montagu1 drying up all traces of her own sorrow1 immediately hastened off to congratulate the young mother2 but she had scarcely left her sister's room when she fainted in the adjoining apartment4 ,a severe illness followed1 the precursor of many others2 indeed1 it may be said that her whole life was passed amid moral and physical suffering4 ,death was ever busy in her family4 ,she lost her only son ,attale1 a fine young man1 just when he had attained his twenty-eighth year2 and in this case sorrow was aggravated by the circumstance of his dying through accident--a gun went off in his hand4 ,no fears1 however1 were entertained at first4 ,madame de ,montagu herself was only recovering by slow degrees from #bfd a dangerous malady2 a sudden and fatal termination had occurred for her son1 and she knew it not4 ,they dared not tell her4 ,but the next day1 being ,trinity ,sunday1 ,madame de ,grammont suggested that she should receive holy communion1 though still in bed3 the priest1 in presenting the sacred host1 invited her to meditate on the passion1 and especially on the sentiments of the ,blessed ,virgin at the foot of the cross1 where her son died4 ,madame de ,montagu immediately understood him4 ,her husband then brought to her bedside the young widow and three orphan girls4 ,attale's mother wept in silence1 at length ejaculating3 ,thy decree1 ,o ,lord1 has thus ordained1 and ,i submit4 ,but strike no more1 for ,i am ready to faint beneath the weight of my cross4 ,but she reproached herself afterward for this4 ,often before had she endured the mother's agony2 but this was the hardest blow of all4 ,and ,madame de ,montagu lived on to see many loved ones go before her2 father1 and husband1 and several other relations preceded her to the tomb2 for she lingered till #ahci4 ,among them was ,m4 de la ,fayette1 who died in #ahcd1 having survived his wife twenty-seven years4 ,madame de ,montagu and all the members of her family requested to be buried at ,picpus4 ,this spot was hallowed to them by sacred memories1 for there reposed above thirteen hundred victims of the revolution4 ,its continued existence as a cemetery was due to the pious labors of ,madame d',ayen's daughters4 ,in the days of terror1 a pit had been dug outside the ,barrire du ,trne1 and all the persons immolated in that quarter of ,paris were promiscuously thrown into it4 ,the savage mode of proceeding has been related4 ,as each head fell from the guillotine1 it was cast1 together with the body1 still dressed1 into a large barrel painted red4 ,each night after the executions were over1 these barrels were taken to ,picpus1 and their contents indiscriminately emptied into the pit4 ,the ground had formerly belonged to an ,augustinian convent4 ,there1 it could not be doubted1 lay the remains of ,madame d',ayen and her daughter4 ,madame de ,montagu and ,madame de la ,fayette1 on their return to ,france1 ardently wished to raise a monument to their memory2 but on discovering the immense number of victims interred together1 it seemed more desirable that the undertaking should be of a less private nature4 ,by their joint efforts1 many families of other victims were attracted to the pious enterprise2 souls devoted to prayer gathered round2 the old convent and church of ,picpus rose from their ruins4 ,a cemetery was constructed round that gloomy pit1 where not even a name had been scrawled to recall the memory of those who slept below4 ,madame d',ayen's three daughters could at least enjoy the sad consolation of praying near their mother's tomb4 ,all the sisters had bitterly1 keenly1 felt the cruel stroke that deprived them of three such near relatives1 and in such a painful manner2 but none suffered more enduringly than ,madame de ,montagu4 ,she was staying with ,madame de ,tess1 in ,switzerland4 ,news had reached her of the execution of her grand-aunt and uncle1 ,m4 and ,madame de ,monchy2 but she was completely ignorant of what had become of her mother and sister4 ,fears1 however1 were rife4 ,one day she set out to meet her father1 whom she had not seen for some time2 and he was so changed1 that1 perceiving him on the way1 she only recognized him from his voice4 ,each alighted1 and his first question was to ask whether she had heard the news2 but1 seeing her excessive emotion1 he hastened to assure her of his own perfect ignorance4 ,she felt a calamity impending1 but dared not press for information in the presence of a third person4 ,they drove to an inn2 and when father and daughter were alone together1 he1 after some preparation1 informed her that he had just lost his mother4 #bfe ,a deadly paleness overspread her countenance2 confused and dizzy1 she exclaimed with clasped hands1 ,and ,i--1 ,i am uneasy about your mother and sister1 answered ,m4 d',ayen1 cautiously4 ,but she was not to be deceived4 ,his looks belied his words4 ,that was the hour of bitterest anguish in ,madame de ,montagu's life4 ,cries and tears gave no relief4 ,again and again she saw the scene re-enacted4 ,reason trembled1 but still she strove to pray and be resigned4 ,remembering her mother's pious practice in times of sorrow1 she also recited the magnificat2 then1 with beautiful feeling1 in the midst of her own anguish1 she knelt down and prayed1 all shuddering1 for those that made them suffer4 ,but nature struggled still2 and days passed ere she recovered sufficient composure to be left alone4 ,when all the details reached her1 strong religious feeling transformed the dungeon1 the cart1 the scaffold into so many steps by which the martyrs had ascended up to heaven4 ,the love unceasingly manifested by the three sisters for their martyred relatives is very touching4 ,they were first reunited at ,vianen1 near ,utrecht1 in #agii4 ,the ostensible object was to settle the division of property rendered necessary by their mother's death2 but in reality they were much more occupied in calling up sweet memories of her and of their beloved sister4 ,madame de la ,fayette was then about forty years of age2 ,madame de ,montagu had reached her thirty-second year2 and ,madame de ,grammont was rather more than a twelvemonth younger4 ,they remained a month together1 their husbands and families being also on the spot4 ,not a little suffering was caused by cold and hunger1 for their united purses could still only produce insufficient means2 fuel was wanting1 and they had scanty fare4 ,the three1 however1 would sit up at night to enjoy each other's society1 wrapping their mantles round them to keep out the cold1 and sharing one wretched chaufferette4 ,they spoke very low1 so as not to disturbed husbands and children sleeping in the adjoining rooms4 ,one great subject of conversation was to point out their mutual defects--a ,christian habit acquired under ,madame d',ayen's training1 and surprisingly brought into play again under such circumstances4 ,madame de ,grammont remarked that events were graven in letters of fire in ,madame de ,montagu's countenance1 and characteristically advised her to become more calm4 ,she also took the opportunity of teaching her how to meditate--a service which the elder sister gratefully acknowledges in her diary4 ,madame de ,montagu observed with admiration ,madame de ,grammont's recollected demeanor at mass1 which they attended almost daily1 saying she looked like an angel1 absolutely annihilated in the presence of ,god4 ,as for me1 ,i feel overwhelmed at my poverty beside her4 ,indeed1 the two sisters vied in humility with each other4 ,madame de ,grammont having once said1 ,you excite me to virtue and attract me to prayer1 ,madame de ,montagu quickly replied1 ,then ,i am like the horses in this country2 for one sees wretched-looking animals along the canals drawing large boats after them4 ,but the chief theme at night was ever their mother4 ,madame de ,montagu was accustomed to unite herself with the dear victims in special prayer every day at the sorrowful hour1 and the other two now undertook the same practice4 ,they also composed beautiful litanies in remembrance of them during their stay at ,vianen4 ,madame de ,grammont held the pen1 writing sometimes her own inspiration1 and sometimes what her sisters dictated4 ,they called these prayers ,litany of our ,mothers4 ,one of the most interesting episodes in the life of ,madame de ,montagu was her intimacy with the celebrated ,count ,stolberg1 whose conversion to ,catholicism seems to have been mainly attributable to the influence of her character4 ,she came across him during her residence at ,ploen and ,wittmold4 #bff ,he was at that time at the head of the government of the ,duke of ,oldenburg2 and he assisted her with all his power in her charitable labors for the relief of the ,french emigrants4 ,the acquaintance between them sprung up in #agif4 ,count ,stolberg1 with his wife and sister1--the only one of the three who did not afterward become ,catholic1--had already begun to see something of the inconsistencies and deficiencies of ,lutheranism4 ,they were calm1 thoughtful1 upright souls2 grave1 severe1 and simple1 after the best type of the ,german character4 ,they often conversed on and discussed religious matters among themselves2 but they were very ignorant about the ,catholic ,church and its doctrines4 ,madame de ,montagu taught them more about ,catholicism1 without speaking on the subject directly1 than a whole library of controversial theology4 ,fragile in health1 sensitive to excess1 overflowing with sympathy and tenderness1 tried by long and varied suffering1 and strengthened1 elevated1 and spiritualized by the cross1 without having been hardened or made impassible1--her whole character showed a force and power and greatness that was obviously not its own4 ,such persons have an irresistible attractiveness2 and they speak with a strange silent eloquence to intelligent hearts in favor of the religion which can produce and sustain them4 ,madame de ,montagu was not a person to introduce controversial topics2 but she won upon her new friends gradually1 and at last they could not help telling her so1 after listening to the account they had begged her to give of her own and her sisters' sufferings4 ,after a time their hearts strongly turned to ,catholicism2 but intellectual difficulties remained on the mind of ,stolberg1 which were not set at rest till #ahjj1 after he had been engaged in a correspondence with ,m4 de la ,luzerne and ,m4 ,asseline1 to whom ,madame de ,montagu and her sisters had introduced him4 ,the ,french prelates did their part2 but the illustrious convert must ever be considered as in truth the spiritual child of ,madame de ,montagu4 ------ ,from ,all the ,year ,round ,a ,,few ,,saturnine ,,observations4 ,here is a gentleman at our doors1 ,mr4 ,r4 ,a4 ,proctor1 who has written a book upon that planet ,saturn1 and he asks us to stroll out in his company1 and have a look at the old gentleman4 ,it is a long journey to ,saturn1 for his little place is nine and a half times further from the sun than ours1 and his is not a little place in comparison with our own tenement1 because ,saturn ,house is seven hundred and thirty-five times bigger than ,earth ,lodge4 ,the people of ,earth ,lodge made ,saturn's acquaintance very long ago2 nobody remembers how long4 ,venus and ,jupiter being brilliant in company1 may have obtruded themselves first upon attention in the evening parties of the stars1 and ,mars1 with his red face and his quick movement1 couldn't remain long unobserved4 ,saturn1 dull1 slow1 yellow-faced1 might crawl over the floor of heaven like a gouty and bilious nabob1 and be overlooked for a very little while1 but somebody would soon ask1 ,who is that sad-faced fellow with the leaden complexion1 who sometimes seems to be standing still or going backward8 ,he was the more noticeable1 because #bfg those evening parties in the sky differ from like parties on earth in one very remarkable respect as to the behavior of the company4 ,we hear talk of dancing stars1 and the music of the spheres1 but1 in fact1 except a few1 all keep their places1 with groups as unchanging as those of the guests in the old fabled banquet1 whom the sight of the head of ,medusa turned to stone4 ,only they wink1 as the stone guests probably could not4 ,in and out among this company of fixtures move but a few privileged stars1 as our sister the moon and our neighbors the planets4 ,these alone thread the maze of the company of statues1 dancing round their sun1 who happens to be one of the fixed company1 to the old tune of ,sun in the middle and can't get out4 ,some of the planets run close1 and some run in a wide round1 some dance round briskly1 and some slip slowly along4 ,once round is a year1 and ,saturn1 dancing in a wide round outside ours1 so that in each round he has about nine times as far to go1 moves at a pace about three times slower than ours4 ,his year1 therefore1 is some twenty-seven times longer2 in fact1 a year in the ,house of ,saturn is as much as twenty-nine years five months and sixteen days in our part of the world4 ,what1 therefore1 we should consider to be an old man of eighty-eight would pass with ,saturn for a three-year-old4 ,a hundred and fifty years ago1 ,bishop ,wilkins did not see why some of his posterity should not find out a conveyance to the moon1 and1 if there be inhabitants1 have commerce with them4 ,the first twenty miles1 he said1 is all the difficulty2 and why1 he asked1 writing before balloons had been discovered1 may we not get over that8 ,no doubt there are difficulties4 ,the journey1 if made at the rate of a thousand miles a day1 would take half a year2 and there would be much trouble from the want of inns upon the road4 ,nevertheless1 heaviness being a condition of closeness and gravitation to the earth1 if one lose but the first twenty miles1 that difficulty of our weight would soon begin to vanish1 and a man--clear of the influence of gravitation--might presently stand as firmly in the open air as he now does upon the ground4 ,if stand1 why not go8 ,with our weight gone from us1 walking will be light exercise1 cause little fatigue1 and need little nourishment4 ,as to nourishment1 perhaps none may be needed1 as none is needed by those creatures who1 in a long sleep1 withdraw themselves from the heavy wear and tear of life4 ,to this purpose1 says ,bishop ,wilkins1 ,mendoca reckons up divers strange relations4 ,as that of ,epimenides1 who is storied to have slept seventy-five years4 ,and another of a rustic in ,germany1 who1 being accidentally covered with a hayrick1 slept there for all autumn and the winter following1 without any nourishment4 ,though1 to be sure1 the condition of a man free of all weight is imperfectly suggested by the man who had a hayrick laid atop of him4 ,but what then8 ,why may not smells nourish us as we walk moonward upon space1 after escape from all the friction and the sense of burden gravitation brings8 ,plutarch and ,pliny1 and divers other ancients1 tell us of a nation in ,india that lived only upon pleasing odors2 and ,democritus was able for divers days together to feed himself with the mere smell of hot bread4 ,or1 if our stomachs must be filled1 may there not be truth in the old ,platonic principle1 that there is in some part of the world a place where men might be plentifully nourished by the air they breathe1 which cannot be so likely to be true of any other place as of the ethereal air above this8 ,we have heard of some creatures1 and of the serpent1 that they feed only upon one element1 namely1 earth4 ,albertus ,magnus speaks of a man who lived seven weeks together upon the mere drinking of water4 ,rondoletius affirms that his wife did keep a fish in a glass of water without any food for three years1 in which space it was constantly augmented1 till at first it could #bfh not come out of the place at which it was put in1 and at length was too big for the glass itself1 though that were of large capacity4 ,so may it be with man in the ethereal air4 ,onions will shoot out and grow as they hang in common air4 ,birds of paradise1 having no legs1 live constantly in and upon air1 laying their eggs on one another's backs1 and sitting on each other while they hatch them4 ,and1 if none of these possibilities be admitted1 why1 we can take our provision with us4 ,once up the twenty miles1 we could carry any quantity of it the rest of the way1 for a ship-load would be lighter than a feather4 ,sleep1 probably1 with nothing to fatigue us1 we should no longer require2 but if we did1 we cannot desire a softer bed than the air1 where we may repose ourselves firmly and safely as in our chambers4 ,as for that difficulty of the first twenty miles1 it is not impossible to make a flying chariot and give it motion through the air4 ,if possible1 it can be made large enough to carry men and stores1 for size is nothing if the motive faculty be answerable thereto--the great ship swims as well as the small cork1 and an eagle flies in the air as well as a little gnat4 ,indeed1 we might have regular ,great ,eastern packets plying between ,london and ,no ,gravitation ,point1 to which they might take up houses1 cattle1 and all stores found necessary to the gradual construction of a town upon the borders of the over-ether route to any of the planets4 ,stations could be established1 if necessary1 along the routes to the moon1 ,mars1 ,venus1 ,saturn1 and the rest of the new places of resort2 some ,london society could create and endow a new ,bishop of ,jupiter2 and daring travellers would bring us home their journals of a ,day in ,saturn1 or ,ten ,weeks in ,mars1 while sportsmen might make parties for the hippogriff shooting in ,mercury1 or bag chimeras on the mountains of the moon4 ,well1 in whatever way we may get there1 we are off now for a stroll to ,saturn1 with ,mr4 ,r4 ,a4 ,proctor for comrade and cicerone1 but turning a deaf ear to him whenever1 as often occurs1 he is too learned for us1 and asks us to let ,n ,p' ,p ,n' represent the northern half of ,saturn's orbit 7viewed in perspective71 n ,e n' ,e' the earth's orbit1 and ,n p p' p ,n' the projection of ,saturn's orbit on the plane of the earth's orbit4 ,let ,n ,s ,n' be the line of ,saturn's nodes on this plane1 and let ,s ,p' be at right angles to ,n ,s1 ,n'1 so that when at ,p' ,saturn is at his greatest distance from the ecliptic on the northern side4 ,when of such things we are asked to let them be1 we let them be1 and are1 in the denseness of our ignorance1 only too glad to be allowed1 not to say asked1 to do so4 ,we attend only1 like most of our neighbors1 to what is easy to us4 ,sun is gold1 and moon is silver2 ,mars is iron4 ,mercury quicksilver1 which we1 in fact1 rather like still to call ,mercury1 thinking nothing at all of the imprisoned god with the winged heels when we ask how is the mercury in the thermometer4 ,jove is tin2 yes1 by ,jove1 tin is the chief among the gods1 says little ,swizzles1 who1 by a miracle1 remembers one thing that he learnt at school--,jove's chieftainship among the heathen deities4 ,venus is copper1 for the ,cyprian is ,cuprian2 and as for ,saturn1 he is lead4 ,a miserable old fellow they made ,saturn out in the days of the star-decipherers4 ,mine1 ,chaucer makes ,saturn say1 is the drowning in wan waters1 the dark prison1 the strangling and hanging1 murmur of discontent1 and the rebellion of churls4 ,i am the poisoner and the house-breaker1 ,i topple down the high halls1 and make towers fall upon their builders1 earth upon its miners4 ,i sent the temple roof down upon ,samson4 ,i give you all your treasons1 and your cold diseases1 and your pestilences4 ,this is the sort of estimation in which our forefathers held the respectable old gentleman we are now going out to see4 #bfi ,when ,galileo's eyes went out toward ,saturn through his largest telescope--which1 great as were the discoveries it made1 was clumsier and weaker than the sort of telescope now to be got for a few shillings at any optician's shop--he noticed a peculiarity in the appearance of ,saturn which caused him to suppose that ,saturn consisted of three stars in contact with one another4 ,a year and a half later he looked again1 and there was the planet round and single as the disc of ,mars or ,jupiter4 ,he cleaned his glasses1 looked to his telescope1 and looked again to the perplexing planet4 ,triform it was not4 ,is it possible1 he asked1 that some mocking demon has deluded me8 ,afterward the perplexity increased4 ,the two lesser orbs reappeared1 and grew and varied in form strangely3 finally they lost their globular appearance altogether1 and seemed each to have two mighty arms stretched toward and encompassing the planet4 ,a drawing in one of his manuscripts would suggest that ,galileo discovered the key to the mystery1 for it shows ,saturn as a globe resting upon a ring4 ,but this drawing is thought to be a later addition to the manuscript4 ,it was only after many perplexities of others1 about half a century later1 that ,huygens1 in the year sixteen fifty-nine1 announced to his contemporaries that ,saturn is girdled about by a thin1 flat ring1 inclined to the ecliptic1 and not touching the body of the planet4 ,he showed that all variations in the appearance of the ring are due to the varying inclinations of its plane toward us1 and that1 being very thin1 it becomes invisible when its edge is turned to the spectator or the sun4 ,he found the diameter of the ring to be as nine to four to the diameter of ,saturn's body1 and its breadth about equal to the breadth of vacant space between it and the surface of the planet4 ,the same observer1 ,huygens1 four years earlier1 discovered one of ,saturn's satellites4 ,had he looked for more1 he could have found them4 ,but six was the number of known planets1 five had been the number of known satellites1 our moon and the four moons of ,jupiter1 which ,galileo had discovered2 one moon more made the number of the planets and of the satellites to be alike1 six1 and this arrangement was assumed to be exact and final4 ,but in sixteen seventy-one another satellite of ,saturn was discovered by ,cassini1 who observed that it disappears regularly during one-half of its seventy-nine days' journey round its principal4 ,whence it is inferred that this moon has one of its sides less capable than the other of reflecting light1 and that it turns round on its own axis once during its seventy-nine days' journey2 ,saturn itself spinning once round on its axis in as short a time as ten hours and a half4 ,cassini afterward discovered three more satellites1 and called his four the ,sideria ,lodoicea1 ,ludovickian ,stars1 in honor of his patron1 ,louis the ,fourteenth4 ,huygens had discovered1 also1 belts on ,saturn's disc4 ,various lesser observations on rings1 belts1 and moons of ,saturn continued to be made until the time of the elder ,herschel1 who1 at the close of the last century1 discovered two more satellites1 established the relation of the belts to the rotation of the planet1 and developed1 after ten years' careful watching1 his faith in the double character of its ring4 ,there is not1 perhaps1 said this great and sound astronomer1 another object in the heavens that presents us with such a variety of extraordinary phenomena as the planet ,saturn3 a magnificent globe encompassed by a stupendous double ring2 attended by seven satellites2 ornamented with equatorial belts2 compressed at the poles2 turning on its axis2 mutually eclipsing its rings and satellites1 and eclipsed by them2 the most distant of the rings also turning on its axis1 and the same taking place with the furthest of the satellites2 all the parts of the system of ,saturn occasionally reflecting light to each other--the rings and moons #bgj illuminating the nights of the ,saturnian1 the globe and moons enlightening the dark parts of the rings1 and the planet and rings throwing back the sun's beams upon the moons when they are deprived of them at the time of their conjunctions4 ,during the present century1 other observers have detected more divisions of the ring1 one separating the outer ring into two rings of equal breadth seems to be permanent4 ,it is to be seen only by the best telescopes1 under the most favorable conditions4 ,many other and lesser indications of division have also at different times been observed4 ,seventeen years ago an eighth satellite of ,saturn was discovered by ,mr4 ,bond in ,america1 and by ,mr4 ,lassell in ,england4 ,two years later1 that is to say1 in ,november1 eighteen fifty1 a third ring of singular appearance was discovered inside the two others by ,mr4 ,bond1 and1 a few days later1 but independently1 by ,mr4 ,dawes and by ,mr4 ,lassell in ,england4 ,it is not bright like the others1 but dusky1 almost purple1 and it is transparent1 not even distorting the outline of the body of the planet seen through it4 ,this ring was very easily seen by good telescopes1 and presently became visible through telescopes of only four-inch aperture4 ,in ,herschel's time it was so dim that it was figured as a belt upon the body of the planet4 ,now it is not only distinct1 but it has been increasing in width since the time of its discovery4 ,these were not all the marvels4 ,one of the chief of the wonders since discovered was a faint overlapping light1 differing much in color from the ordinary light of the ring1 which light1 a year and a half ago1 ,mr4 ,wray saw distinctly stretched on either side from the dark shade on the ball overlapping the fine line of light by the edge of the ring to the extent of about one-third of its length1 and so as to give the impression that it was the dusky ring1 very much thicker than the bright rings1 and1 seen edgewise1 projected on the sky4 ,well may we be told by our guide1 ,mr4 ,proctor1 that no object in the heavens presents so beautiful an appearance as ,saturn1 viewed with an instrument of adequate power4 ,the golden disc1 faintly striped with silver-tinted belts2 the circling rings1 with their various shades of brilliancy and color2 and the perfect symmetry of the system as it sweeps across the dark background of the field of view1 combine to form a picture as charming as it is sublime and impressive4 ,but what does it all mean8 ,what is the use of this strange furniture in the ,house of ,saturn1 which is like nothing else among the known things of the universe8 ,maupertuis thought that ,saturn's ring was a comet's tail cut off by the attraction of the planet as it passed1 and compelled to circle round it thenceforth and for ever4 ,buffon thought the ring was the equatorial region of the planet which had been thrown off and left revolving while the globe to which it had belonged contracted to its present size4 ,other theories also went upon the assumption that the rings are solid4 ,but if they are solid1 how is it that they exhibit traces of varying division and reunion1 and what are we to think of certain mottled or dusky stripes concentric with the rings1 which stripes1 appearing1 to indicate that the ring where they occur is semi-transparent1 also are not permanent8 ,then1 again1 what are we to think of the growth within the last seventy years of the transparent dark ring which does not1 as even air would1 refract the image of that which is seen through it1 and that is becoming more opaque every year8 ,then1 again1 how is it that the immense width of the rings has been steadily increasing by the approach of their inner edge to the body of the planet8 ,the bright ring1 once twenty-three thousand miles wide1 was five thousand miles wider in ,herschel's time1 and has now a width of twenty-eight thousand three hundred on a surface of more than twelve thousand millions of #bga square miles1 while the thickness is only a hundred miles or less4 ,eight years ago1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,clerk ,maxwell obtained the ,adams prize of the ,university of ,cambridge for an essay upon ,saturn's rings1 which showed that if they were solid there would be necessary to stability an appearance altogether different from that of the actual system4 ,but if not solid1 are they fluid1 are they a great isolated ocean poised in the ,saturnian mid air8 ,if there were such an ocean1 it is shown that it would be exposed to influences forming waves that would be broken up into fluid satellites4 ,but possibly the rings are formed of flights of disconnected satellites1 so small and so closely packed that1 at the immense distance to which ,saturn is removed1 they appear to form a continuous mass1 while the dark inner mass may have been recently formed of satellites drawn by disturbing attractions or collisions out of the bright outer ring1 and so thinly scattered that they give to us only a sense of darkness without obscuring1 and of course without refracting1 the surface before which they spin4 ,this is1 in our guide's opinion1 the true solution of the problem1 and to the bulging of ,saturn's equator1 which determines the line of superior attraction1 he ascribes the thinness of the system of satellites1 in which each is compelled to travel near the plane of the great planet's equator4 ,whatever be the truth about these vast provisions for the wants of ,saturn1 surely there must be living inhabitants there to whose needs they are wisely adapted4 ,travel among the other planets would have its inconveniences to us of the earth4 ,light walking as it might be across the fields of ether1 we should have half our weight given to us again in ,mars or ,mercury1 while in ,jupiter our weight would be doubled1 and we should drag our limbs with pain4 ,in ,saturn1 owing to the compression of the vast light globe and its rapid rotation1 a man who weighs twelve stone at the equator weighs fourteen stone at the pole4 ,though vast in size1 the density of the planet is small1 for which reason we should not find ourselves very much heavier by change of ground from earth to ,saturn4 ,we should be cold1 for ,saturn gets only a ninetieth part of the earth's allowance of light and heat4 ,but then there is no lack of blanket in the ,house of ,saturn1 for there is a thick atmosphere to keep the warmth in the old gentleman's body and to lengthen the ,saturnian twilights4 ,as for the abatement of light1 we know how much light yet remains to us when less than a ninetieth part of the sun escapes eclipse4 ,we see in its brightness1 as a star1 though a pale one1 the reflection of the sunshine ,saturn gets1 which if but a ninetieth part of our share1 yet leaves the sun of ,saturn able to give five hundred and sixty times more light than our own brightest moonshine4 ,and then what long summers6 ,the day in ,saturn is only ten and a half hours long1 so that the nights are short1 and there are twenty-four thousand six hundred and eighteen and a half of its own days to the ,saturnian year4 ,but the long winters6 ,and the ,saturnian winter has its gloom increased by eclipses of the sun's light by the rings4 ,at ,saturn's equator these eclipses occur near the equinoxes and last but a little while1 but in the regions corresponding to our temperate zone they are of long duration4 ,apart from eclipse1 the rings lighten for ,saturn the short summer nights1 and lie perhaps as a halo under the sun during the short winter days4 ------ #bgb ,from ,chamber's ,journal4 ,,slips ,,of ,,the ,,pen4 ,when ,mrs4 ,caxton innocently made her wiser-half the father of an anachronism1 that worthy scholar was much troubled in consequence4 ,his anachronism was a living one1 or he might have comforted himself by reflecting that greater authors than he had stood in the same paternal predicament4 ,our old ,english dramatists took tremendous liberties this way1 never allowing considerations of time and place to stand in the way of any allusion likely to tell with their audience4 ,shakespeare would have been slow to appreciate a modern manager's anxiety for archaeological fidelity4 ,his ,greeks and ,romans talk about cannons and pistols1 and his ,italian clowns are thorough cockneys1 familiar with every nook and corner of ,london4 ,and so it is with other caterers for the stage4 ,nat ,lee talks about cards in his tragedy of ,hannibal2 ,otway makes ,spartan notables carouse and drink deep2 ,mrs4 ,cowley's ,lacedaemonian king speaks of the night's still ,sabbath2 ,d',urfey's ancient ,britons are familiar with ,puritans and packet-boats2 and ,rymer 7though he set himself up for a critic7 supplies a stage direction for the representative of his ,saxon heroine to pull off her patches1 when her lover desires her to lay aside her ornaments4 ,when ,colman read ,inkle and ,yarico to ,dr4 ,moseley1 the latter exclaimed3 ,it won't do4 ,stuff6 ,nonsense6--,why8 asked the alarmed dramatist4--,why1 you say in the finale3 ',come let us dance and sing4 ,while all ,barbadoes' bells shall ring6' ,it won't do2 there is but one bell in the island6 ,this mistake was excusable enough2 but when ,milton described ,a green mantling vine1 ,that crawls along the side of yon small hill1 he must certainly have forgotten he had laid the scene of ,comus in ,north ,wales4 ,ernest ,jones1 describing a battle in his poem1 ,the ,lost ,army1 says3 ,delay and doubt did more that hour ,than bayonet-charge or carnage shower2 and some lines further on pictures his hero ,all worn with wounds1 when day was low4 ,with severed sword and shattered shield2 thus making his battle rather a trial of the respective powers of ancient and modern weapons than a conflict between equally-armed foes4 ,mr4 ,thackeray perpetrates a nice little anachronism in ,the ,newcomes1 when he makes ,clive1 in a letter dated #ahc-1 quoting an ,academy exhibition critique1 ask3 ,why have we no picture of the sovereign and her august consort from ,smee's brush8--the author1 in his anxiety to compliment the artist1 forgetting that there was no consort till #ahdj4 ,a bull in a china-shop is scarcely more out of place than a bull in a serious poem1 but accidents will happen to the most regular of writers4 ,thus ,milton's pen slipped when he wrote3 ,the sea-girt isles ,that like to rich and various gems inlay ,the unadorned bosom of the deep2 a quotation reminding us that the favorite citation1 ,beauty when unadorned1 adorned the most1 is but a splendid bull1 beautiful for its #bgc boldness4 ,thomson was an adept at making pretty bulls2 here is another3 ,he saw her charming1 but he saw not half ,the charms her downcast modesty concealed2 as if it were possible to see some of them1 although they were concealed4 ,pope1 correct ,pope1 actually tell us3 ,young ,mars in his boundless mind4 ,a work t' outlast immortal ,rome designed4 ,the author of ,the ,spanish ,rogue makes a silent noise invade the ear of his hero4 ,general ,taylor immortalized himself by perpetrating one of the grandest bulls on record1 in which he attained what a certain literary professor calls a perfection hardly to be surpassed4 ,in his presidential address he announced to the ,american ,congress that the ,united ,states were at peace with all the world1 and continued to cherish relations of amity with the rest of mankind4 ,much simpler was the blunder of an ,english officer1 during the ,indian mutiny1 who informed the public1 through the ,times1 that1 thanks to the prompt measures of ,colonel ,edwardes1 the ,sepoys at ,fort ,machison were all unarmed and taken aback1 and1 being called upon1 laid down their arms4 ,there was nothing very astonishing in an ,irish newspaper stating that ,robespierre left no children behind him1 except a brother1 who was killed at the same time2 but it was startling to have an ,english journal assure us that her majesty ,queen ,victoria was the last person to wear another man's crown4 ,a single ill-chosen word often suffices1 by the suggestion of incongruous ideas1 to render what should be sublime utterly ridiculous4 ,one can hardly believe that a poet like ,dryden could write3 ,my soul is packing up1 and just on wing1 ,such a line would have come with better grace from the author of ,the ,courageous ,turk1 a play containing the following curious passage3 ,how now1 ye heavens6 grow you ,so proud1 that you must needs put on curled locks1 ,and clothe yourself in perwigs of fire4 ,nearly equalled in absurdity by this from ,nat ,lee's ,o,edipus3 ,each trembling ghost shall rise1 ,and leave their grisly king without a waiter4 ,when the news of ,captain ,cook's death at ,owhyhee came to ,england1 the poetasters1 of course1 hastened to improve the occasion1 and one of the results of their enthusiasm was a monody commencing3 ,minerva in heaven disconsolate mourned ,the loss of her ,cook2 an opening sufficient to upset the gravity of the great navigator's dearest friend4 ,addison lays it down as a maxim1 that when a nation abounds in physicians it grows thin of people4 ,fillibuster ,henninpen seems to have agreed with the essayist1 or he would hardly have informed ,general ,walker1 in one of his dispatches1 that ,doctors ,rice and ,wolfe died of the cholera1 and ,dr4 ,lindley sickened1 after which the health of the camp visibly improved4 ,intentionally or not1 the stout-hearted soldier suggests that the best way of getting rid of the cholera is to make short work of the doctors4 ,among the obituary notices in a weekly paper1 not many months ago1 there appeared the name of a certain publican1 with the following eulogium appended to it3 ,he was greatly esteemed for his strict probity and steady conduct through life1 he having been a subscriber to the ',sunday ,times' from its first number4 ,this is a worthy pendant to ,miss ,hawkins's story of the undertaker writing to the corporation of ,london1 ,i am desired to inform the ,court of ,aldermen1 ,mr4 ,alderman ,gill died last night1 by order of ,mrs4 ,gill2 and not far short1 in point of absurdity1 is ,madame ,tussand's announcement of the exhibition of the effigy of the notorious ,palmer1 who was executed at ,stafford with two hundred other celebrities4 #bgd ,the modern fashion of naming florists' flowers must be held responsible for the very dubious paragraph we extract from a gardening paper3 ,mrs4 ,legge will be looked after2 she may not be so certain as some1 but she was nevertheless very fine in the early part of the season4 ,lady ,popham is useful1 one of the old-fashioned build1 not quite round in the outline1 but makes up well4 ,thackeray seems to have had an intense dislike to the trouble of revision1 for his popular works1 especially those published periodically1 abound in trivial mistakes1 arising from haste1 forgetfulness1 and want of care4 ,the novelist mortally wounds an old lady with a candle instead of a candlestick1 and afterwards attributes her death to a stone staircase4 ,newcome senior is colonel and major at one and the same time2 ,jack ,belsize is ,jack on one page and ,charles on another2 ,mrs4 ,raymond ,gray1 introduced as ,emily1 is suddenly rechristencd ,fanny2 and ,philip ,fermor on one occasion becomes transformed into the author's old hero1 ,clive4 ,with respect to the last-mentioned gentleman1 author and artist seem to have differed1 for while ,mr4 ,thackeray jests about ,clive's beautiful whiskers and handsome moustaches1 ,mr4 ,doyle persists to the end in denying young ,newcome's possession of those tokens of manhood4 ,it is not often that an author is satirical upon his own productions2 but ,charles ,dickens has contrived to be so4 ,describing the old inns of the ,borough1 in his ,pickwick ,papers1 he says they are queer places1 with galleries1 passages1 and staircases wide enough and antiquated enough to furnish materials for a hundred ghost-stories1 supposing we should ever be reduced to the lamentable necessity of inventing any4 ,how little could ,boz have anticipated certain charming ,christmas books witching the world a few years later6 ,so1 also1 ,american ,notes1 ,mr4 ,jefferson ,brick1 and the transatlantic ,eden lay unsuspected in the future1 when he made ,old ,wellor suggest ,mr4 ,pickwick's absconding to ,america till ,dodson ,fogg were hung1 and then returning to his native land and writing a book about the ',merrikens as 'ill pay all his expenses and more1 if he blows 'em up enough6 ------ ,from ,the ,month4 ,,saints ,,of ,,the ,,desert4 ,,by ,,the ,,rev4 ,j4 ,h4 ,,newman1 ,d4,d4 #a4 ,abbot ,antony said3 ,the days are coming when men will go mad2 and1 when they meet a man who has kept his senses1 they will rise up against him1 saying1 ,you are mad1 because you are not like us4 #b4 ,while ,arsenius was still employed in the imperial court1 he asked of ,god to lead him in the way by which he might be saved4 ,then a voice came to him3 ,arsenius1 flee the company of men1 and thou art in that saving way4 #c4 ,abbot ,agatho said3 ,unless a man begin with the observance of the ,precepts1 he will not make progress in any one virtue4 #bge #d4 ,abbot ,ammonas said3 ,such be thy thought as that of malefactors in prison4 ,for they are ever asking1 ,where is the judge8 and when is he coming8 and they bewail themselves at the prospect4 #e4 ,holy ,epiphanius said3 ,to sinners who repent ,god remits even the principal2 but from the just he exacts interest4 #f4 ,abbot ,sylvanus had an ecstacy3 and1 coming to himself1 he wept bitterly4 ,what is it1 my father8 said a novice to him4 ,he made answer3 ,because ,i was carried up to the judgment1 ,o my son1 and ,i saw many of our kind going off to punishment1 and many a secular passing into the kingdom4 #g4 ,an old man said3 ,if you see a youngster mounting up to heaven at his own will1 catch him by the foot1 and fling him to the earth2 for such a flight doth not profit4 #h4 ,abbot ,antony fell on a time into weariness and gloom of spirit2 and he cried out1 ,lord1 ,i wish to be saved2 but my searchings of mind will not let me4 ,and1 looking round1 he saw some one like himself1 sitting and working1 then rising and praying1 then sitting and rope-making again4 ,and he heard the angel say3 ,work and pray2 pray and work2 and thou shalt be saved4 #i4 ,arsenius1 when he was now in solitude1 prayed as before3 ,lord1 lead me along1 the way of salvation4 ,and again he heard a voice1 which said3 ,flight1 silence1 quiet2 these are the three sources of sinlessness4 #aj4 ,which of all our duties1 asked the brethren1 is the greatest labor8 ,agatho answered3 ,prayer2 for as soon as we begin1 the devils try to stop us1 since it is their great enemy4 ,rest comes after every other toil1 but prayer is a struggle up to the last breath4 #aa4 ,abbot ,theodore said3 ,other virtue there is none like this1 to make naught of no one4 #ab4 ,abbot ,sylvanus said3 ,woe to the man whose reputation is greater than his work4 #ac4 ,holy ,epiphanius said3 ,a great safeguard against sin is the reading of the ,scriptures2 and it is a precipice and deep gulf to be ignorant of the ,scriptures4 #ad4 ,once a monk was told1 ,thy father is dead4 ,he answered3 ,blaspheme not2 my ,father is immortal4 ------ #bgf ,,miscellany4 ,the ,dead ,sea4--,the level of the ,dead ,sea is at last finally settled by the party of ,royal ,engineers1 under ,captain ,wilson1 who were sent by the ,ordance ,survey for the purpose of surveying ,jerusalem and levelling the ,dead ,sea4 ,the results of the survey are being prepared for publication4 ,the levelling from the ,mediterranean to the ,dead ,sea was performed with the greatest possible accuracy4 ,the depression of the surface of the ,dead ,sea on the #abth of ,march1 #ahfe1 was found to be #a1bib feet1 but from the line of drift-wood observed along the border of the ,dead ,sea it was found that the level of the water at some periods of the year stands two feet six inches higher1 which would make the least depression #a1bhi4e feet4 ,captain ,wilson also learnt from inquiry among the ,bedouins1 and from ,european residents in ,palestine1 that during the early summer the level of the ,dead ,sea is lower by at least six feet2 this would make the greatest depression to be as near as possible #a1bih feet4 ,most of the previous observations for determining the relative level of the two seas gave most discordant results4 ,the ,dead ,sea was found by one to be #gaj feet above the level of the ,mediterranean1 by another to be on the same level1 by another to be #gaj feet lower1 and by another to be #a1ddf feet lower2 but the most recent before that now given1 by the ,duc de ,luynes and ,lieutenant ,vignes of the ,french navy1 agrees with the present result in a very remarkable manner4 ,eozoon in ,ireland1--,the fossil ,rhizopod is not confined to the ,canadian rocks4 ,mr4 ,w4 ,a4 ,sanford has discovered ,eozoon in the green marble rocks of ,connemara in ,ireland4 ,his assertion that it is to be found in these deposits at first excited very grave doubts as to the accuracy of his observations4 ,since his first announcement of the discovery1 his specimens have been examined by the distinguished co-editor of the ,geological ,magazine 7,mr4 ,h4 ,woodward71 and this gentleman fully confirms ,mr4 ,sanford's opinion4 ,in the specimens prepared from ,connemara marble1 the various-formed chambers--the shell of varying thickness--either very thin1 and traversed by fine tubuli1 the silicate filling which resembles white velvet-pile1 or thick1 and traversed by brush-like threads1 are both present4 ,although the specimens were not so carefully prepared as those mounted for ,dr4 ,carpenter1 still the structure was so plainly perceptible as to render the diagnosis incontrovertible4 ,the ,mont ,cenis ,tunnel4--,the following particulars of the state of the works at ,mont ,cenis will be read with interest4 ,we owe them to a recent report of ,m4 ,sommeiller1 the engineer in charge4 ,the length of the tunnel from ,bardonnche to ,modena is #ab1bbj metres1 and1 at the end of #ahjd1 #b1cbb metres had been pierced on the ,bardonnche side1 whilst the work had advanced #a1gfc metres from the ,modena end1 making in all #d1jhe metres--nearly a third of the whole distance4 ,from the #ast of ,january to the #ajth of ,june of the present year the progress of the work has been considerably augmented1 upwards of #fed metres having been accomplished4 ,the excavation is now1 however1 retarded by a mass of granite1 which lessens the work of the machinery by one-third4 ,the presence of this impediment was almost exactly predicted by ,,mm4 ,elie de ,beaumont and ,sismonda1 who stated1 as a result of their survey1 that granitic rocks would be met with at a distance of #a1ejj or #b1jjj metres from the mouth of the tunnel on the ,italian side4 ,lightning4--,m4 ,boudin has recently laid before the ,academy of ,sciences a return of the deaths which have been caused by the action of lightning in ,france during the period #ahce-fc4 ,during these thirty years #b1bch persons were struck dead4 ,among #hhj victims during #ahed-fc1 there were but #bdh of the female sex2 and in several instances the lightning1 falling among groups of persons of both sexes1 especially struck those of the male sex1 and more or less spared the females4 ,in a great number of cases flocks of more than #ajj animals1 #bgg cattle1 hogs1 or sheep1 have been killed1 while the shepherds or herdsmen in their midst have remained uninjured4 ,in #ahec1 of #cd persons killed in the fields1 #ae1 or nearly half1 were struck under trees2 and of #ajg killed between #ahda-ec1 #ba had taken shelter under trees4 ,reckoning1 then1 at only #be per cent1 the proportion struck under trees1 we find that of #f1gad struck in ,france nearly #a1gjj might have escaped the accidents which occurred to them by avoiding trees during storms4 ,more about the ,nile--,another source of the ,nile has been discovered by the adventurous ,mr4 ,baker1 whose name has been frequently mentioned of late among geographers4 ,but this so-called source is a lake only1 the ,luta ,nzige1 about two hundred and sixty miles long1 and of proportionate breadth1 which lies between the lake discovered by ,captain ,speke and the heretofore explored course of the ,nile4 ,the great river flows from one to the other1 forming on the way the ,karuma waterfall1 one hundred and twenty feet in height1 in which particular it represents the ,niagara ,fall between lakes ,erie and ,ontario4 ,but it seems right to remark that the true source of the ,nile has not yet been discovered1 and that it must be looked for at the head of one of the streams which flow into the upper lake--the ,victoria ,nyanza of ,speke4 ,that the two lakes are reservoirs which keep the ,nile always flowing1 may be accepted as fact2 but to describe them as sources is a misuse of terms4 ,if ,dr4 ,livingstone1 in his new exploration1 should get into the hill-country above the ,victoria ,nyanza1 we might hope to hear that the real source1 the fountain-head1 of the ,nile had been discovered4 ,it is worthy of remark that these lakes of the ,nile are laid down and described in old books on the geography of ,africa4 ,ptolemy mentions them2 and they are represented in some of the oldest ,arabian and ,portuguese maps4 ,it is well known to scholars that the ,emperor ,nero sent two officers expressly to search for the head of the ,nile4 ,i myself writes ,seneca1 have heard the two centurions narrate that after they had accomplished a long journey1 being furnished with assistance by the king of ,ethiopia1 and being recommended by him to the neighboring kings1 they penetrated into far distant regions1 and came to immense lakes1 the termination of which neither the inhabitants knew nor could any one hope to do so1 because aquatic plants were so densely interwoven in the waters4 ,this description holds good to the present day2 and it is thought that certain rocks seen by the centurions mark the site of the ,karuma ,falls4 ,mr4 ,baker describes his voyage down the ,luta ,nzige as extremely beautiful1 the mountains frequently rising abruptly from the water1 while numerous cataracts rush down their furrowed sides4 4 4 4 4 4 ,the water is deep1 sweet1 and transparent1 and1 except at the outlet of the river1 the shores are free from reeds4 ,mallegga1 on the west coast of the lake1 is a large and powerful country1 governed by a king named ,kajoro1 who possesses boats sufficiently large to cross the lake4 ,about ten miles from the junction1 he writes1 the channel contracted to about two hundred and fifty yards in width1 with little perceptible stream1 very deep1 and banked as usual with high reeds1 the country on either side undulating and wooded4 ,at about twenty miles from ,magungo1 my voyage suddenly terminated2 a stupendous waterfall1 of about one hundred and twenty feet perpendicular height1 stopped all further progress4 ,above the great fall1 the river is suddenly confined between rocky hills1 and it races through a gap1 contracted from a grand stream of perhaps two hundred yards width to a channel not exceeding fifty yards4 ,through this gap it rushes with amazing rapidity1 and plunges at one leap into a deep basin below4 ,the ,burning ,well at ,broseley4--,mr4 ,john ,randall1 ,f4,g4,s41 writes to the ,geological ,magazine anent this extinct petroleum spring4 ,the so-called burning well has ceased to exist for nearly a century4 ,it was fed by a spring1 and petroleum and naphtha also found their way from rents in the rock into the water of the well4 ,springs of petroleum on a much larger scale are met with in the neighborhood1 and the yield of them was formerly much greater than at present4 ,many hogsheads from one of these were exported some years ago under the name of ,betton's ,british ,oil1 ,the rocks were tapped by driving a level through one of the sandstone rocks of the coal #bgh measures2 but these are now drained2 and very little is found to flow from them4 ,the ,origin of the ,salt in the ,dead ,sea4--,one of our most distinguished explorers of the ,holy ,land attributes the intensely saline character of the ,dead ,sea to the hill of ,jebell ,usdum4 ,this is a huge ridge of salt1 about a mile wide1 and running ,n4,e4 and ,s4,w4 for a distance of three miles and a half1 then due ,n4 and ,s4 for four miles further4 ,it is situated near the southern extremity of the ,dead ,sea1 and renders that portion of it much more salt than the northern portion4 ,further1 ,mr4 ,tristram thinks that it is the proximate cause of the saltness of the ,dead ,sea1 the drainage to which has been dissolving away portions of salt1 and carrying it to the ,dead ,sea1 ever since the elevation of the ridge of ,akabah separated the latter from the ,red ,sea1 or since the desiccation of the ocean1 which existed to the ,eocene period1 presuming 7which seems most probable7 that the fissures of the ,ghor were of submarine origin1 and that the valley itself was during the ,tertiary period the northernmost of a series of ,african lakes1 of which the ,red ,sea was the next4--,geological ,magazine4 ,iron ,implements in ,crannogues4--,in a letter addressed to the ,london ,reader1 by ,mr4 ,george ,henry ,kinahan1 some important points relative to the antiquity of iron1 and the necessity for seeking for traces of this metal1 have been dwelt upon4 ,while investigating one of the largest crannogues or artificial islands in ,loughrea1 ,county ,galway1 ,ireland1 he found only stone implements1 with the exception of a rude knife1 which appeared to be of some sort of bronze4 ,but he observed facts which would seem to indicate that iron implements had been in use among the inhabitants of the crannogues4 ,these facts are as follows3 #ast1 ,all the stakes that were drawn had been pointed by a sharp cutting instrument1 as were evidenced by the clean cuts4 #b;d1 ,pieces of deer's horn that were found had been divided by a very fine saw1 as was proved by the absence of marks of graining on the surface of the sections4 #c;d1 ,on some of the bones there were farrows1 evidently made by sharpening fish-hooks or some pointed implement on them4 #dth1 ,in various places nests of peroxide of iron were observed1 as if an iron instrument had once been there1 but had been corroded away in course of time4 ,mr4 ,kinahan draws particular attention to the circumstances that few metals corrode as fast as iron1 and that1 while stone and bronze would last for ages1 iron would disappear1 owing to corrosion1 in a comparatively short space of time4 ,the ,gibraltar ,cave ,fossils4--,mr4 ,busk in his paper on this subject says3 ,the rock in which the caverns of ,gibraltar were found is limestone1 and extends for about three miles from north to south1 at an elevation varying from #a1djj to #a1bjj feet4 ,it is geologically divided into three nearly equal portions by cleavages which separate the higher parts of the rock on the north and south from the central and lower part4 ,at the southern face of the rock there is comparatively low ground1 the ,windmill ,hill being about #djj feet above the level of the sea2 but the strata there are inclined in an opposite direction to the great mass of what is termed the ,rock of ,gibraltar4 ,in the ,windmill rock the caverns have been found1 and in these latter a great quantity of bones was discovered4 ,the bones1 which were mingled with pottery1 flint implements1 and charcoal1 appear to have been deposited at different periods1 and were found at various depths1 the lowest being fourteen feet below the floor of the cavern4 ,those in the lowest layer consisted of the bones of mammals1 several of which were of extinct species4 ,they were imbedded in ferruginous earth partially fossilized1 and were covered with stalagmite--no human bones were with them4 ,above this layer were deposited the remains of about thirty human skeletons1 with fragments of pottery1 flint implements1 particles of charcoal1 and a bronze fishing-hook4 ,some of the pottery had been turned in a lathe1 and bore evidence of classic art4 ,in another cavern1 discovered under the foundation of the military prison1 the remains of two isolated skeletons were also found4 ,only one skull had been discovered there1 and that had been sent to ,mr4 ,busk1 who remarked that the lower jaw transmitted with the cranium did not belong to it1 showing that there must have been another skull #bgi in the cavern1 though no trace of it had been found4 ,there was nothing in the form of the skull to distinguish it from the ordinary ,european type2 but the bones of the leg were remarkably compressed2 for which appearance it was difficult to account4 ,since ,mr4 ,busk's attention had been drawn to this character1 he had observed a similar compression in the leg-bones of other human skeletons which were known to be of great antiquity4 ,whether this conformation was to be regarded as a race-character1 or was produced by special occupation or habit1 ,mr4 ,busk would not venture an opinion upon4--,social ,science ,review4 ,sun's ,photosphere4--,from a strict examination of the sun-pictures obtained at ,kew1 near ,london1 and from ,mr4 ,carrington's maps1 ,mr4 ,de la ,rue and assistants hare arrived at the conclusion that the sun-spots are cavernous1 and lie below the general level of the luminous surface1 whilst1 on the contrary1 the faculae are elevated above the latter4 ,the reason that the faculae appear brighter is1 that on account of their height above the solar surface1 they are less dimmed by passing through its atmosphere4 ,they further conclude that the sun's luminous surface is of the nature of cloud1 and that the spots are influenced by the planet ,venus4 ,they find that the faculae retain nearly the same appearance for days together1 and consider them to be small particles of solid or liquid matter in suspension1 and composed of the same cloudy matter as the luminous surface of the sun4 ,they notice that in the majority of cases the faculae appear to the left of the spots1 as if they had been abstracted from them1 and1 rising to a greater elevation where the velocity of rotation is greater1 are consequently left behind4 ,they remark that all the spots which are seen on the solar surface about the same time show a resemblance to each other2 for instance1 if one spot increases to the central line or past it1 another will do the same2 if one spot diminishes from its first appearance1 another will do the same2 if one spot breaks out on the right half2 another will do the same4 ,it appears from ,mr4 ,carrington's and all the ,kew pictures1 that the influence of ,venus is exerted in such a manner that as the spots approach the neighborhood of this planet by rotation they decrease2 but as the solar surface passes away in the same manner1 this influence causes it to break out into spots on the opposite side4 ,the question is also proposed1 whether the falling behind of the faculae may not be the physical reaction of the motion of the spots detected by ,mr4 ,carrington1 the current passing upward and carrying the luminous matter falling behind1 whilst the current coming down from a colder region moves forward1 carrying the spot with it1 and accounting for its deficient luminosity4--,social ,science ,review4 ,the ,arctic ,expedition--,the ,open ,polar ,sea again--,last month we published an extract in which it was stated as the belief of the writer that there was an open ,arctic sea4 ,here is another opinion which we find in the ,london ,reader of a late date3 ,we have received from the ,royal ,swedish ,academy of ,sciences a map of ,spitzbergen1 with explanatory remarks in illustration 7by ,n4 ,duner and ,a4 ,e4 ,nordenskild74 ,this beautiful map is the result of the two last expeditions undertaken to explore that group of islands4 ,it is based upon astronomical observations1 made at about eighty different places on the shores of ,spitzbergen1 with prism-circles by ,pistor and ,martins1 mercury horizons and good chronometers by ,frodsham and ,kessels4 ,the observations were calculated by ,professors ,d4 ,g4 ,lindhagen and ,duner4 ,the latitude and longitude of seventy-nine different points are given--the longitude of ,sabine's ,observatory1 determined as #aa #dj' #hj1 being taken as the starting point of the longitudes4 ,the value of such a map is at once apparent4 ,all the highest mountains were ascended during the expedition1 and the height of twenty-eight peaks is given2 the highest being ,lindstrm's ,mount of #h1hjj ,english feet4 ,the permanent snow-line commences at about #a1ejj feet4 ,the whole interior country forms an even ice plateau1 here and there interrupted by rocks4 ,there are many good harbors1 and on this map the places are marked where the explorers anchored4 ,fish1 fowl1 and reindeer are to be met with in great numbers4 ,we quote from the memoir as bearing upon one of the most interesting questions of the day4 ',during the last years the idea has been vindicated that the ,polar #bhj basin is composed of an open sea1 only here and there covered with drift ice4 ,the learned geographer1 ,dr4 ,petermann1 has even asserted that it would be as easy to sail from ,amsterdam ,island 7#gj #dg'7 to the ,pole1 as from ,troms to ,amsterdam ,island4 ,this view is in itself so contrary to all experience that it scarcely merits refutation1 but as different prominent ,english ,arctic navigators seem inclined to adopt the same view1 in spite of the experience gained by their own numerous ,arctic expeditions1 we will here give some of the most important reasons against this supposition4 ,all who for a long period have navigated the northern seas1 whalers and ,spitzbergen hunters1 have come to the conclusion that the ,polar basin is so completely filled with ice that one cannot advance with vessels1 and all the attempts that have been made to proceed toward the north have been quite without success4 ,passing by older voyagers1 ,torell and ,nordenskild ascended1 during the expedition in #ahfa1 on the #bc;d of ,july1 a high top on ,northeast ,land1 ,sntoppen 7#hj #bc' ,l471 without being able1 from that height1 to see trace of open water to the north of the ,seven ,islands4 ,a few days later1 when the ice between ,northeast ,land and the ,seven ,islands was separated a little1 they could push forward as far as to ,parry's ,island1 though they1 even from the highest tops on these islands 7#a1ijj feet1 #hj #dj' ,l471 could see nothing but ice northward4 ,from the top of ,white mountain1 at the bottom of ,wijde ,jans ,water 7#c1jjj feet71 we could1 on the #bb;d of ,august1 #ahfd1 not see anything but ice between ,giles ,land and ,spitzbergen4 ,some vessels that had the same year attempted to sail round ,northeast ,land were shut up by ice1 and had to be abandoned by their crews4 ,before leaving the ships1 an attempt was made to sail north1 in order to return this way to ,amsterdam ,island1 but they were soon met by impenetrable fields of ice4 ,notwithstanding a high prize has been offered for the reaching of high degrees of latitude1 none of the whalers1 who else sail boldly wherever the hope of gain allures them1 have considered it possible to win this prize4 ,we have had opportunities of speaking to most of the masters of vessels sailing to ,spitzbergen4 ,all experience hitherto acquired seems thus to prove that the ,polar basin1 when not covered with compact1 unbroken ice1 is filled with closely-packed1 unnavigable drift-ice1 in which1 during certain very favorable years1 some larger apertures may be formed1 which apertures1 however1 do not extend very far to the north4 ,older narratives1 by ,dutch whalers1 who are said to have reached #hf or #hg nay1 even #hi-a_/b must therefore be received with the greatest diffidence1 if not looked upon as pure fictions1 and the prospect of being able to advance with vessels from ,spitzbergen to the ,pole is1 no doubt1 extremely slight4 ,it would be particularly unwise to choose the spring for such an attempt1 and the passage east of ,spitzbergen4 ,at that time and by that passage it would be difficult1 if not impossible1 to reach even #gh of latitude4 ,whereas1 on the west side1 one can every year depend on reaching the #hjth degree of latitude1 and in favorable years it might be possible1 in ,september or ,october1 to sail even a couple of degrees higher4' ------ #bha ,,new ,,publications4 ,,sixteen ,,revelations ,,of ,,divine ,,love1 made to a devout servant of our ,lord1 called ,mother ,juliana1 an anchorite of ,norwich1 who lived in the days of ,king ,edward the ,third4 #abmo41 pp4 #bad4 ,boston3 ,ticknor ,fields4 ,we ,catholics of the ,united ,states have good reason to congratulate ourselves upon the appearance of this work4 ,the selection of such a work for republication is proof of good judgment in the ,boston publishers1 while certainly nothing can be more elegant and tasteful than the getting up4 ,mother ,juliana lived in the city of ,norwich1 ,england2 and1 as we are notified by the famous ,father ,cressy1 who first published and edited her ,revelations1 she wrote during the reign of ,edward the ,third1 and about three years before his death4 ,she was an anchoret or recluse1 a religious woman who1 like ,st4 ,bees and many others in ,england and elsewhere1 lived alone1 shut up by herself1 in contemplation and prayer4 ,it is to us a great mystery that these ,revelations1 so excellent in themselves1 and edited once by such a man1 should be so little known in our day1 and should owe their reproduction once more in ,english literature to ,protestant curiosity and not to ,catholic piety4 ,we know of nothing of the same kind which can compare with them4 ,there is an odor of supernatural sweetness about them1 and a depth of contemplative thought1 a freshness moreover and originality1 which has never impressed us before when reading books of revelations4 ,critical authors have sometimes complained of works of this nature that much in them of what seems elevated or profound is evidently derived1 at second hand1 from the speculations of theologians1 and especially of the philosophical schoolmen2 while other things1 supposed to have been seen in vision1 are the reproduction of early histories1 once popular1 but proved to be apocryphal and destitute of all authority4 ,nothing of the kind can be said of these revelations of ,mother ,juliana4 ,they sometimes touch upon questions most profound and difficult1 but in the simplest and most inartificial manner1 and there is not the slightest appearance of reproducing what she had read elsewhere4 ,every thought bears the stamp of originality and freshness4 ,all is drawn from the same deep well of contemplation4 ,all comes from her own mind1 whether that mind be divinely illuminated or not4 ,there is not the least semblance of searching after what is wonderful1 or calculate to strike an undisciplined and curious imagination4 ,for our own part1 we cannot resist the impression that the beautiful and holy light which beams upon these pages is a divine illumination1 is something supernatural4 ,when we say supernatural1 this does not necessarily infer anything strictly miraculous1 or revelation in the highest sense of the word 7supernaturally attested1 as well as supernaturally given74 ,we mean simply to say that there is apparent a certain unction and power of spiritual vision which betokens an extraordinary gift of divine love and light1 to which her natural power1 unaided1 could never reach4 ,in reading this book one is impressed in the same way as when reading the ,holy ,scriptures or ,thomas ,kempis4 ,there is a natural beauty of style and thought1 but that is not all4 ,there is inspiration1 too4 ,it is like a far-reaching landscape in a fair day1 where the distant hills are not fairly distinguishable from the sky1 and the beauty of earth is mingled with the beauty of heaven4 ,we have room to give just one example1 which we select as showing1 in a few lines1 the general characteristics of piety1 sweetness1 simplicity1 and beauty which everywhere pervade this little book3 ,he is our clothing1 that for love wrappeth us1 and windeth us1 halseth us1 and all becloseth us1 hangeth about us for tender love1 that he maie never leave us4 ,and so in this sight ,i saw that he is all thing that is good1 as to my understanding4 ,and in this he shewed a little thing1 the quantitie of a hasel-nutt1 lying in the palme of my hand1 as me seemed2 and it was as found as a ball4 ,i looked thereon #bhb with the eie of my understanding1 and thought1 ,what may this be8' and it was answered generallie thus4 ',it is all that is made4' ,i marvelled how it might last3 for methought it might sodenlie have fallen to naught for litleness4 ,and ,i was answered in my understanding1 ',it lasteth and ever shall3 for ,god loveth it1 ,and so hath all thing being by the love of ,god4' ,,complete ,,works ,,of ,,the ,,most ,,rev4 ,,john ,,hughes1 ,d4,d41 ,,archbishop ,,of ,,new ,,york4 ,comprising his ,sermons1 ,letters1 ,lectures1 ,speeches1 etc4 ,carefully compiled from the best sources1 and edited by ,lawrence ,kehoe4 #b vols4 #hvo41 pp4 #fjh and #haj4 ,new ,york3 ,lawrence ,kehoe1 ,no4 #g ,beekman street4 ,in opening these two capacious volumes1 one of the first things that strikes us is the great number of excellent pieces from the pen of the late ,archbishop of ,new ,york which are now entirely forgotten by the general public4 ,there never was an author more careless of his fame than ,dr4 ,hughes4 ,he cast his writings upon the world1 and gave no thought to them afterward ,he was not even at the pains of keeping single copies of his own publications4 ,so it has happened that many of his best productions have not only been long out of print1 but have never even been heard of except by a few of the writer's special friends1 or some of our oldest and best read ,catholic citizens4 ,we make no doubt that the collection for which the ,catholic public is so much indebted to the zeal and industry of ,mr4 ,kehoe1 will cause considerable surprise among those who supposed themselves to be well acquainted with ,archbishop ,hughes's literary labors4 ,how many persons1 for instance1 have ever heard or remember anything of a tract of some thirty or forty pages called ,an ,answer to ,nine ,objections1 which ,father ,hughes published when he was first a priest8 ,or of his controversies with ,dr4 ,delancey1 the late ,protestant ,episcopal bishop of western ,new ,york1 and ,dr4 ,onderdonk1 ,p4 ,e4 bishop of ,pennsylvania8 ,or of his letters on ,infallibility1 written while he was in ,philadelphia8 ,or his once famous series of letters on the ,importance of being in ,communion with the ,catholic ,church8 ,and yet some of these deserve to rank among the most important and valuable productions of his pen4 ,our readers will find them all in ,mr4 ,kehoe's volumes1 and many other pieces with them which possess a more than ordinary interest4 ,there is a long letter here to the ,leopoldine ,society of ,vienna1 in which ,dr4 ,hughes exposes in a very graphic and masterly manner the condition of the ,irish emigrants in this country3 to the best of our belief it has never been published before4 ,there is a touching and beautiful narrative1 extracted from the ,annals of the ,propagation of the ,faith for #ahdj of the conversion of the ,dodge ,family in western ,new ,york4 ,there is a description of a storm at sea1 written during the bishop's voyage to ,europe in #ahci4 ,and the second volume closes with a ,christmas ,vesper ,hymn1 which has often been printed before1 and even set to music1 but will doubtless be new to many people4 ,we have mentioned these portions of ,mr4 ,kehoe's collection1 not only because they are less known than the archbishop's great controversies2 but because every true friend of the lamented prelate's fame ought to desire them to be far better known than they are4 ,archbishop ,hughes was one of the kindest1 tenderest-hearted men that ever lived2 and any one who should judge him by the severe1 caustic tone of his letters to ,breckinridge1 for example1 or his speeches on the school question1 would gravely mistake his character4 ,most of the pieces that we have named1 and some others as well1 show him in his true and most amiable light4 ,the first volume is occupied principally by the archbishop's various letters and speeches on the ,school ,question2 his letters to ,david ,hale1 ,mayor ,harper1 and ,colonel ,stone3 ,letters on the ,importance of being in ,communion with the ,catholic ,church2 ,kirwan ,unmasked2 and a number of miscellaneous lectures and sermons4 ,the second contains a number of letters1 sermons1 etc41 on the ,temporal ,power of the ,pope2 various lectures2 over thirty miscellaneous sermons2 the ,church ,property ,controversy with ,senator ,brooks and others2 and a great deal of miscellaneous matter1 including the archbishop's speeches at banquets etc41 during his last visit to ,europe4 ,bishop ,bayley's admirable lecture on #bhc the ,life and ,times of ,archbishop ,hughes is given in full1 by way of introduction to the second volume4 ,mr4 ,kehoe's collection is the most important contribution to the history of the ,church in the ,united ,states that has been made for many a year4 ,archbishop ,hughes not only played an important part in the ecclesiastical history of his time and country1 but he may be said without much exaggeration to have made that history4 ,his writings are destined to hold a permanent place in ,american ,catholic literature by the side of those of ,bishop ,england1 while from their subjects1 as well as the comparatively cheap form in which they are now presented to us1 they will no doubt be more popular than those of the illustrious ,bishop of ,charleston4 ,,cape ,,cod4 ,by ,henry ,d4 ,thoreau4 ,boston3 ,ticknor ,fields4 #ahfe4 #abmo41 pp4 #bec4 ,this is a readable book1 notwithstanding some of its critics have put it down as dry4 ,the keen observations1 and quaint remarks sprinkled all over its pages1 keep its reader in good humor chapter after chapter until the book is read4 ,thoreau's books are healthy1 and deserve to be read1 especially by our young men4 ,this is true of the general tone of his writings4 ,occasionally1 however1 there is a slight vein of skepticism running through them4 ,but he has less of this than his contemporaries4 ,thoreau had deep religious feeling1 but he found no expression for it in the religious denominations around him4 ,had he lived in the fifth century he would have been a father of the desert4 ,as it is1 he gives you the natural side of life and things exclusively1 but with freshness and originality4 ,the sturdy integrity of the man1 the fixed determination of seeing life and things with his own eyes1 and his resolve to have his own say about them1 is what characterizes all his writings1 and what makes them valuable where popular opinion sways4 ,as a sample of his talent for description1 read the following pen-drawing of a wrecker3 ,we soon met one of these wreckers1--a regular ,cape ,cod man1 with a bleached and weather-beaten face1 within whose wrinkles ,i distinguished no particular feature4 ,it was like an old sail endowed with life--a hanging cliff of weather-beaten flesh--like one of the clay boulders which occurred in that sand-bank4 ,he had on a hat which had seen salt water1 and a coat of many pieces and colors1 though it was mainly the color of the beach1 as if it had been sanded4 ,his variegated back--for his coat had many patches1 even between the shoulders--was a rich study to us1 when we had passed him and looked around4 ,it might have been dishonorable for him to have so many scars behind1 it is true1 if he had not had many more1 and more serious ones1 in front4 ,he looked as if he sometimes saw a doughnut1 but never descended to comfort2 too grave to laugh1 too tough to cry2 as in different as a clam1--like a sea-clam with hat on1 and legs1 that was out walking the strand4 ,he may have been one of the ,pilgrims--,peregrine ,white1 at least--who has kept on the back side of the ,cape and let the centuries go by4 ,he was looking for wrecks1 old logs1 water-logged and covered with barnacles1 or bits of boards and joists--even chips1 which he drew out of reach of the tides and stacked up to dry4 ,when the log was too large to carry far1 he cut it up where the last wave had left it1 or1 rolling it a few feet1 appropriated it by sticking two sticks into the ground crosswise above it4 ,some rotten trunk1 which in ,maine encumbers the ground1 and is1 perchance1 thrown into the water on purpose1 is here thus carefully picked up1 split and dried1 and husbanded4 ,before winter the wrecker painfully carries these things up the bank on his shoulders by a long diagonal slanting path made with a hoe in the sand1 if there is no hollow at hand4 ,you may see his hooked pike-staff always lying on the bank1 ready for use4 ,he is the true monarch of the beach1 whose 'right there is none to dispute1' and he is as much identified with it as a beach bird4 ,,the ,,story ,,of ,,the ,,great ,,march4 ,from the ,diary of a ,staff ,officer4 ,by ,brevet ,major ,george ,ward ,nichols1 ,aid-de-camp to ,general ,sherman4 ,with a ,map and ,illustrations4 #abmo41 pp4 #cid4 ,new ,york3 ,harper ,brothers4 ,the advance of ,general ,sherman1 with #gj1jjj men1 through the heart of the seceded states1 will ever be memorable in the annals of ,american history as the greatest achievement of modern times4 ,from the time of his departure from ,atlanta1 ,ga41 until the purpose on which he started was accomplished in the surrender of ,gen4 ,johnston1 near ,raleigh1 ,n4,c41 his #bhd movements attracted the attention1 and called forth the criticism1 of unmilitary as well as military men in ,europe and ,america4 ,many were the prophecies uttered of his total failure1 but the able captain who conceived the plan and to whose care it was intrusted1 carried the expedition successfully through4 ,of this march most of our readers have read more or less1 in the daily papers4 ,these statements have oftentimes been very incorrect and vague1 from the excitement and hurry of the correspondents in getting them up4 ,the handsome volume before us1 however1 is a clear and concise narrative of that great march1 noted down from day to day by a member of ,general ,sherman's staff4 ,the author in this sketch gives us a true narrative of the entire march1 and account of the interview between ,sherman and ,johnston4 ,his style is plain and unaffected1 but occasionally a little inflated4 ,this1 however1 is pardonable1 for he is very brief1 and brevity1 the poet says1 is the soul of wit4 ,he wastes but few words in saying his say1 and has evidently taken much pains in getting his statements in as small space as possible4 ,the book is embellished with a fine map of the march1 and several appropriate wood-cuts4 ,it also contains ,general ,sherman's official reports of the campaign1 and statement before the ,congressional committee on the conduct of the war--valuable documents in themselves4 ,we copy the following extracts from the chapter personal to ,general ,sherman3 ,late in the summer of #ahfd1 ,i was relieved from detached service in the west1 and ordered to report to the general commanding the military division of the ,mississippi4 ,i found ,general ,sherman at ,atlanta1 seated in the parlor of his headquarters1 surrounded by several of his generals1 and shall never forget the kindness with which he received me when he heard that ,i was a stranger in the western army2 he said1 ,very well2 ,i will retain you on my staff4 ,the expression of gentleness1 sympathy1 and consideration which accompanied this brief announcement1 made an impression upon me which will be fully understood by any officer who has had the fortune to be suddenly ordered to a strange and distant field of duty1 where anxiety and embarrassment awaited him4 ,the incident is introduced here because it gives the key-note to a striking feature in the character of ,general ,sherman4 ,a striking evidence of his sense of justice and his unselfishness may be seen in his refusal to accept the commission of a major-general in the regular army which was offered him previous to the fall of ,atlanta4 ,in his letter declining the honor1 he said3 ',these positions of so much trust and honor should be held open till the close of the war4 ,they should not be hastily given4 ,important campaigns are in operation4 ,at the end1 let those who prove their capacity in merit be the ones appointed for these high honors4' ,general ,sherman's memory is marvellous4 ,the simplest incidents of friendly intercourse1 the details of his campaigns1 citations of events1 dates1 names1 faces1 remain fresh in his mind4 ,a soldier who may have addressed him long years ago in the swamps of ,florida2 some heroic deed of an officer at ,shiloh2 a barn or a hill-side in ,georgia2 a chance expression of your own which you may have forgotten2 minutest description of the plan of the campaign2 whatever he has seen1 heard1 or read1 he remembers with astonishing accuracy4 ,napoleon had a similar trait4 ,he is also remarkably observant1 especially of the conduct and character of the officers of the army4 ,he sees what many persons suppose it is impossible for his eye to reach4 ,in an army of #gj1jjj men1 it might be reasonably imagined that the commanding general is too far removed from the great mass to know or be known by them2 but when it is remembered that ,sherman has marched during this campaign alternately with one and another corps1 it ceases to be a matter of surprise that he is thoroughly acquainted with the character of the different organizations4 ,in truth1 nothing escapes that vigilant and piercing eye1 from the greatest to the minutest detail of the command4 ,general ,sherman is sociable in the best sense of the word4 ,when the responsibilities of the hour are cast aside--and he throws them off with the utmost facility--he enters into the spirit of a merry-making with all the zest and appreciation of the jolliest of the party4 ,he has a keen sense of wit and humor2 and not unfrequently he is the centre and life of the occasion4 ,he converses freely1 yet he is reticent to the last degree1 knowing how to keep his own counsel1 and never betraying his purpose4 ,he is cautious and often suspicious2 yet no man ever accused him of deceit or dishonesty either in word or deed4 ,his unmeasured scorn and contempt are visited upon pretense1 new philanthropy1 arrogance1 self-conceit1 or boasting2 but he never fails to recognize and pay a hearty tribute to unpretentious merit1 courage1 capacity1 ,christian manliness and simplicity4 ,he is not prodigal of promises1 but his word once given is #bhe sacred as holy writ4 ,general ,sherman is terribly in earnest in his method of conducting war1 but he is neither vindictive nor implacable4 ,he once said to a ,methodist preacher in ,georgia who had1 by voice and example1 helped to plunge the nation into war3 ',you1 sir1 and such as you1 had the power to resist this mad rebellion2 but you chose to strike down the best government ever created1 and for no good reason whatsoever4 ,you are suffering the consequence1 and have no great reason to complain4' ,yet there is a depth of tenderness akin to the love of woman behind that face1 which is furrowed with the lines of anxiety and care1 and those eyes1 which dart keen and suspicious glances4 ,little children cling to the general's knees and nestle in his arms with intuitive faith and affection4 ,during our sojourn in ,savannah his headquarters and private room became the play-ground of hosts of little ones1 upon whom the door was never closed no matter what business was pending4 ,general ,sherman's integrity seemed to pervade every trait in his character4 ,his intense dislike of the men who have been interested in the war only to make money out of it1 is well known4 ,from the first instant of the rebellion pecuniary considerations were cast aside by the general1 and he has given himself wholly to the service of his country4 ,he knows the value of money1 but he can say with honorable pride that the atmosphere of integrity and honesty about him withers and destroys the lust of gain4 ,not even the taint of suspicion in this regard has ever been cast upon him nor upon the officers associated with him4 ,in person1 ,general ,sherman is nearly six feet in height1 with a wiry1 muscular1 and not ungraceful frame4 ,his age is only forty-seven years1 but his face is furrowed with deep lines1 indicating care and profound thought4 ,with surprising rapidity1 however1 these strong lines disappear when he talks with children and women4 ,his eyes are of a dark brown color1 and sharp and quick in expression4 ,his forehead is broad and fair1 sloping gently at the top of the head1 which is covered with thick and light brown hair1 closely trimmed4 ,his beard and moustache1 of a sandy hue1 are also closely cut4 ,his constitution is iron4 ,exposure to cold1 rain1 or burning heat seems to produce no effect upon his powers of endurance and strength4 ,under the most harassing conditions ,i have never seen him exhibit any symptoms of fatigue4 ,in the field he retires early1 but at midnight he may be found pacing in front of his tent1 or sitting by the camp fire smoking a cigar4 ,his sleep must be light and unrestful1 for the gallopping of a courier's horse down the road instantly wakes him1 as well as a voice or a movement in his tent4 ,he falls asleep as easily and as quickly as a little child--by the road-aide1 upon the wet ground or the hard floor1 or when a battle rages near him4 ,his mien is never clumsy or commonplace2 and when mounted upon review he appears in every way the great captain that he is4 ,when sounds of musketry or cannonading reach his ears1 the general is extremely restless until he has been satisfied as to the origin1 location1 and probable results of the fight in progress4 ,at such moments he lights a fresh cigar1 and smokes while walking to and fro2 stopping now and then to listen to the increasing rattle of musketry2 then muttering ',forward1' will mount old ',sam1' a horribly fast-walking horse1 which is as indifferent to shot and shell as his master1 and starts off in the direction of the fire4 ,one afternoon during the ,atlanta campaign the general paid a visit to ,general ,hooker1 who had pitched his headquarters in a place almost as much exposed to the fire of the enemy as any that could have been found along the line4 ,the two generals seated themselves comfortably1 with their feet planted against the trees1 watching the operations immediately in front and in full view of the rebels4 ,very soon a rebel shell passed them1 shrieking overhead1 clearing the crockery from the dinner-table with amazing rapidity1 and frightening the cook ,sambo1 who afterward excused himself on the ground that his mate had been killed the night before by one of 'them things4' ,another shell quickly followed1 demolishing a chair which had just been vacated by an officer4 ,meanwhile the rifle bullets were singing and 'fiezing' about in a reckless way1 chipping the bark from the trees1 and cutting their leaves and branches4 ,still the two generals sat1 discussing military questions1 with the utmost indifference until the sun went down2 while the staff officers1 not seeing any fun in the business1 carried on their own conversation as companionably as could reasonably be expected in a spot where the protecting trees were five to ten feet apart4 ,the general's habits of life are simple4 ,primitive almost as first principles1 his greatest sacrifice will be made when he resigns campaigning for a more civilized life4 ,he has a keen sense of the beauty of nature1 and never is happier than when his camp is pitched in some forest of lofty pines1 where the wind sings through the tree-tops in melodious measure1 and the feet are buried in the soft carpeting of spindles4 ,he is the last one to complain when the table-fare is reduced #bhf to beef and 'hard tack1' and1 in truth1 he rather enjoys poverty of food as one of the conditions of a soldier's life4 ,i remember that he apologized to our guest1 the secretary of war1 one day at ,savannah1 because certain luxuries1 such as canned fruits and jellies1 had found their way to his table4 ',this1' he remarked1 'is the consequence of coming into houses and cities4 ,the only place to live1 ,mr4 ,secretary1 is out of doors in the woods4' ,general ,sherman's patriotism is a vital force4 ,he has given himself and all that he has to the national cause4 ,personal considerations1 ,i am sure1 have never influenced him4 ,doubtless he is ambitious1 but it is impossible to discern any selfish or unworthy motive1 either in his word or deeds4 ,i do not believe it possible for a man more absolutely to subordinate himself and his personal interests to the great cause than he4 ,his patriotism is as pure as the faith of a child2 and1 before it1 family and social influences are powerless4 ,his relatives are the last persons to receive from his hand preferment or promotion4 ,in answer to the request of one nearly allied to him that he would give his son a position on his staff1 the general's reply was curt and unmistakable3 ',let him enter the ranks as a soldier1 and carry a musket a few years6' ,in no instance is it possible for the general to favor the advancement of soldiers upon mere political grounds2 bravery and capacity are the considerations which weigh with him4 ,when a paper is handed to him for endorsement1 accompanied by questions relative to promotion1 he leaves the selection of the candidate to army or corps commanders1 reserving his own opinion until the proper time4 ,he has had as great responsibilities to meet as any man of the age1 but there has never yet been an instance when he was not equal to the occasion1 even to the acceptance of a new truth4 ,few men have so harmoniously united common sense and genius as ,general ,sherman4 ,,the ,,old ,,house ,,by ,,the ,,boyne4 ,by ,mrs4 ,j4 ,sadlier4 #abmo41 pp4 #cge4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,j4 ,sadlier ,co4 #ahfe4 ,another new story by ,mrs4 ,sadlier6 ,why1 it is only the other day1 the reader will naturally exclaim1 ,i read one also from her pen4 ,but such is the fact4 ,the ,old ,house by the ,boyne is1 however1 her latest production1 and well does it sustain her reputation as one of our best living ,irish novelists at home or abroad4 ,mrs4 ,sadlier is thoroughly ,irish in her stories1 and her sole object in them all is the elevation and edification of her countrymen and countrywomen on this side the ,atlantic4 ,a most praise-worthy object1 and one which must in the end bring forth good fruit4 ,the low and the vulgar1 which the ,english novelists1 and we are sorry to say some ,irish writers also1 take particular pains to bring forward as the leading characters in their works1 find no place in ,mrs4 ,sadlier's books4 ,all that is good and generous in the ,irish character is given its true value1 and when necessity compels her to describe the ruffian1 she does so in such a manner as to make the reader abhor his actions1 and not as other writers have done--make him a sort of a hero1 as if his crime was the rule and not the exception4 ,her descriptions of ,irish manners1 customs1 and characteristics can always be relied upon as correct1 for she has made the ,irish character her constant study1 and beside1 she feels for the miseries and misfortunes of that unfortunate but generous and kind-hearted people4 ,mrs4 ,sadlier has done much for the ,catholic literature of ,america4 ,her works1 original and translated1 put together1 make a large library in themselves1 and every year sees additions to them4 ,we trust she will be spared a good longtime yet1 to aid by her prolific pen the good cause in this country4 ,,the ,,peep ,o' ,,day2 or1 ,john ,doe1and ,crohoore of the ,billhook4 ,by the ,o',hara ,family4 ,a new edition1 with ,introduction and ,notes4 ,by ,michael ,banim1 the survivor of ,the ,o',hara ,family4 ,nos4 #a1 #b1 #c1 and #d4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,j4 ,sadlier4 #ahfe4 ,these are the first four parts of ,the ,works of the ,brothers ,banim1 known as ,the ,o',hara ,family1 now publishing in numbers by the ,sadliers4 ,the ,banims were1 without an exception1 the most powerful ,irish novelists of the present century4 ,their style of writing was altogether different from that of ,griffin1 who was their superior in describing some phases of ,irish life4 ,all through ,griffin's writings can be found that deep religious feeling which he never for a moment lost sight of4 ,the ,banims1 although ,catholics1 launch #bhg out more boldly into the world of passion and folly1 and give us more dramatic scenes2 more of reality than the gentle ,griffin could possibly allow his pen to write4 ,for this reason we look upon ,banim's works as bolder and more vivid pictures of ,irish life1 as it existed forty years ago1 than ,griffin's4 ,griffin's are sounder and safer reading1 for no word ever escaped his pen that could not be uttered in any society4 ,the present editor1 ,mr4 ,michael ,banim1 says in the preface to the first volume that my brother and myself were joint producers of the stories now about to be republished4 ,this being the case1 it will1 ,i trust1 be conceded that the editorship has not been intrusted1 by the publisher1 to unfit hands4 ,it is my intention1 as each volume appears1 in condensed shape1 to state in how far ,i have been concerned therewith4 ,it is my intention also1 as we go on1 to append notes here and there4 ,it will be my endeavor to make these notations as little cumbrous as possible1 and to throw into them whatever of anecdote or historical reference may appear to me interesting to the reader4 ,so far the notes are highly interesting4 ,we only wish the publishers had given us the work in volumes1 just as it appears in ,dublin1 instead of in numbers4 ,we do not like to read a story by piecemeal1 hence our objection to the publication of novels in monthly or semi-monthly parts4 ,when the whole is completed and published in bound volumes1 these writings will be a valuable addition to our literature4 ,,remy ,,st4 ,,remy2 or1 ,the ,boy in ,blue4 ,by ,mrs4 ,c4 ,h4 ,gildersleeve4 #abmo41 pp4 #ceb4 ,new ,york3 ,james ,o',kane4 #ahfe4 ,another story of the late rebellion4 ,and we may make up our mind to be overloaded with stories of this description for at least the next ten years4 ,the ,boy in ,blue is the latest we have seen1 and is an indifferent one enough4 ,there are plots sufficient in the book for two or three good stories1 but they are badly managed1 and the various parts of the story clumsily put together4 ,the ,boy in ,blue proves to be a girl1 who thus unsexed herself for the double purpose of thwarting the vengeance of a rejected lover1 whom she refused to marry because he was disloyal1 and of being near a loyal lover whom she afterward married4 ,the scene opens in ,massachusetts1 jumps abruptly to the army of the ,potomac1 and from there to that of the ,cumberland1 where the principal events occur4 ,the characters are nearly all ,east ,tennesseeans1 and are made to figure in the story without any regard to time or place4 ,the book is one we cannot recommend2 for none of the characters are any better than the law allows them to be4 ,the heroine is no model for any virtuous modest girl2 for no woman of correct training or good morals could dress herself in the habiliments of the opposite sex4 ,if the authoress cannot write a better story than this one1 she had better give her time and attention to something else than novel writing4 ,it is not her forte4 ,,catholic ,,anecdotes2 ,,or1 ,,the ,,catechism ,,in ,,examples4 ,the ,apostles' ,creed1 etc4 ,translated from the ,french by ,mrs4 ,j4 ,sadlier4 #abmo41 pp4 #bcf4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,j ,sadlier4 #ahfe4 ,an excellent little book1 and should meet with a general circulation4 ,the present volume contains anecdotes on the different articles of the ,creed1 and is to be followed1 we believe1 by two more on the other portions of the ,catechism4 ,the translation is well made1 and the book is very neatly got up4 ,we earnestly recommend it to our readers as a book worthy of universal circulation4 ,,the ,,metropolites2 ,,or1 ,,know ,,thy ,,neighbor4 ,a ,novel1 by ,robert ,st4 ,clar4 #abmo41 pp4 #ege4 ,the ,american ,news ,company4 #ahfe4 ,here is a formidable volume describing fashionable society in ,new ,york4 ,the parentage of the leading character in the story is at first unknown1 but is supposed to be the son of some ,german emigrant who was shipwrecked and drowned off the coast4 ,he was brought up by a ,german woman1 and passed through all phases of ,new ,york life1 from being a bootblack and newsboy1 to find himself an office boy with a lawyer1 who1 seeing in him talent1 sent him to college and paid for his education4 ,nathan ,p4 ,trenk is the cognomen by which this person is designated #bhh in the story4 ,the author seems to have taken every good quality possessed by different men and placed them all in the person of his beloved ,nathan4 ,his hero far exceeds in perfection the gods of the ancients4 ,he speaks ,french like a ,frenchman2 ,german like a ,german2 ,spanish like a ,spaniard2 ,english of course1 and we are led to infer that if he chose he could converse in the language of ,timbuctoo1 ,malay1 or in the ,sanscrit4 ,in fact1 he excelled in all things--was perfect in dancing1 music1 tragedy1 yachting1 and the law4 ,he is made to possess nearly all these qualities before he was even sent to school66 ,he was also better looking than any of his comrades--a perfect ,apollo4 ,one gets tired of this hero called ,nathan1 and cannot help asking1 with the poet1 ,how one small head could hold it all4 ,as a story1 ,the ,metropolites is a failure4 ,there are many good passages in it2 but it is too inflated in style1 too absurd and impossible in its scope and plot1 and too pretentious1 to suit the merest tyro in light literature4 ,it ends too abruptly--in fact1 the story is not finished2 for only one or two of the characters are disposed of1 and you are left to imagine what became of the author's beau ideal of a man--,nathan4 ,but there is no danger of such a question troubling the reader1 for it is very few will have the patience to wade through its pages to the end4 ,if there be any such1 we pity them4 ,,the ,,american ,,republic4 ,its ,constitution1 ,tendencies1 and ,destiny4 ,by ,o4 ,a4 ,brownson1 ,,ll4,d4 ,new ,york3 ,p4 ,o',shea4 ,we have seen some of the advance sheets of ,dr4 ,brownson's forthcoming work with this title4 ,the book will be out in the course of this month4 ,it will make a very handsome octavo volume of nearly #ejj pages1 elegantly printed4 ,it appears from what we have seen of it to have been written with great care1 and to be a profoundly philosophical work on the principles of government1 and especially on the constitution of the ,united ,states4 ,,natural ,,history4 ,a ,manual of ,zoology for ,schools1 ,colleges1 and the ,general ,reader4 ,by ,sanborn ,tenney1 ,a4,m4 ,illustrated4 #hvo41 pp4 #edj4 ,new ,york3 ,charles ,scribner ,co4 #ahfe4 ,this is an excellent manual for schools and colleges2 beautifully illustrated2 well printed on fine paper1 from large type2 nicely bound2 and is altogether a fine book4 ,,the ,,lives ,,op ,,the ,,popes4 ,by ,chevalier d',artaud4 ,translated from the ,french4 ,edited by ,rev4 ,dr4 ,nelligan4 ,nos4 #a and #b1 pp4 #if4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,j4 ,sadlier ,co4 #ahfe4 ,this is1 we believe1 the first attempt to give the ,lives of the ,popes in ,english4 ,the ,french work from which this is a translation has been looked upon as a very reliable one4 ,this work is one that was much needed in this country1 and will no doubt have a decided success4 ,,books ,,received4 ,from ,p4 ,o',shea1 ,new ,york4 ,nos4 #ac and #ad of the ,,general ,,history ,,of ,,the ,,church1 by ,m4 l',abb ,j4 ,e4 ,darras4 ,from ,p4 ,donahoe1 ,boston4 ,,parra ,,sastha2 or1 ,the ,history of ,paddy ,go-,easy1 by ,william ,carleton4 ,from ,ticknor ,fields1 ,boston4 ,,lyrics ,,of ,,life1 by ,robert ,browning4 ,from ,charles ,scribner1 ,new ,york4 ,froude's ,history of ,england4 ,vols4 ,,iii4 and ,,iv4 ------ #bhi ,,the ,,catholic ,,world4 ,,vol1 ,,ii41 ,,no4 #i4--;,,december1 #ahfe1 ---- ,from ,le ,correspondant ,,general ,,de ,,la ,,morici,,re4 ,i4 ,it is the sad destiny of those who outlive their generation to be called upon to speak over the graves of friends1 companions1 and chiefs who have the happiness of being the first to depart4 ,forced to envy those who precede them their lot1 they readily yield to the temptation of beguiling their regrets by recalling their memory2 and while thus essaying to lighten their own griefs1 they think1 perhaps not justly1 that they have something of which to remind forgetful contemporaries1 or which they may teach an indifferent posterity4 ,the lite of the men who date from the early years of the century begin already to be decimated by death1 and this death which strikes them with a premature blow1 while in the full possession of the gifts which ,god had lavished on them1 has often been preceded by a disgrace or a retreat so prolonged that we naturally regard them as having long since entered into history4 ,their stern and melancholy fate1 aggravated by the inconstancy of their country1 may at least serve to lengthen the perspective from which our eye contemplates them4 ,what can less resemble the times in which we live than those early and splendid years of the parliamentary royalty in which ,lon de la ,moricire was first revealed to ,france and to glory8 ,a whole powerful generation1 delivered from military despotism and the imperial censorship1 enfranchised1 brought up1 or completed by the free and loyal rgime of the ,restoration1 was then in full sap and full bloom4 ,a constellation of rare men1 men of original powers and popular renown1 appeared at the head of all the great departments of the national intelligence1 and fulfilled the first condition of the life of a people that are free and master of their destiny4 ,the nation was governed or represented by its most eminent men4 ,all its living forces1 all its real wants1 all its legitimate interests1 were represented by men of an incontestable superiority4 ,the names of ,casimir ,perier1 ,royer-,collard1 ,mol1 ,berryer1 ,guizot1 ,thiers1 ,broglie1 ,fitz ,james1 ,villemain1 ,cousin1 ,dufaure1 gave to the contests of the tribune and to the country itself an clat never surpassed1 not even in #aghi4 ,lamartine1 ,victor ,hugo1 and ,alfred de ,musset stamped poetry with a character as original as ineffaceable4 ,ary ,scheffer1 #bij ,delaroche1 ,delacroix1 ,meyerbeer1 in the arts2 ,cuvier1 ,biot1 ,thnard1 ,arago1 ,cauchy1 in the sciences2 ,augustin ,thierry1 ,michelet1 ,tocqueville1 in history and political philosophy1 opened new paths1 into which rushed the ardent and high-spirited youth of the nation4 ,lacordaire and ,ravignan made radiate from the ,christian pulpit a halo of eloquence and popularity unknown since ,bossuet4 ,perhaps this fertile opening of political1 intellectual1 and moral life did not encounter an analogous development in the military life2 perhaps this purely civil glory extinguished the necessary attraction of the glory of arms4 ,to this doubt1 the army of ,africa takes upon itself to reply4 ,in the ranks of that army new men1 predestined to glory1 began forthwith to appear4 ,each year1 each day1 augmented their renown4 ,the true soldiers of free and liberal ,france were found4 ,we learned to greet in that army a new line of soldiers1 as chivalric1 as formidable1 as brave1 as the bravest among their fathers1 and adorned with virtues but too often wanting in our soldiers in former times --modest and austere virtues1 civic virtues1 which were the honor1 and in the hour of danger the salvation1 of their country4 ,the illustrious ,changarnier is the only one of that glorious phalanx that can receive here below the homage of our loyal gratitude4 ,of his noble companions1 some1 like ,damesme1 ,ngrier1 ,duvivier1 ,bra1 gave themselves to be killed in the streets of ,paris in #ahdh1 so that ,france might remain a civilized country2 others1 and the most illustrious1 ,cavaignac1 ,bedeau1 ,la ,moricire1 have died one by one1 obscurely and prematurely1 rendered by implacable destiny useless to the country they had saved4 ,this oppresses the heart1 and certainly does no honor to our times4 ,among all those valiant knights1 the youngest1 the most sympathetic1 the most brilliant1 and the most rapidly popular1 was this same ,la ,moricire1 who has just been torn from us by death while still so full of fire1 light1 and life1 of strength and faith1 of physical and moral strength1 of faith in ,god and in the future of ,france4 ,although few to-day know1 or1 having known1 remember1 that the future conqueror of ,abd-el-,kader1 a simple lieutenant of engineers at the taking of ,algiers by ,marshal ,bourmont1 faithful to the traditions of his royalist race1 accompanied to the coast almost alone that disgraced and proscribed conqueror1 and then returned to take his rank in the army where he was to conquer the most brilliant renown1 without suspecting1 assuredly1 that he himself would one day experience injustice1 ingratitude1 proscription1 exile1 and forgetfulness4 ,footnote #da ,but all the world knows that the name of ,la ,moricire1 as that of ,changarnier1 is inseparably connected with the most dramatic episode of our ,african history--the two expeditions against ,constantine4 ,the pencil of ,horace ,vernet has made us all familiar with those prodigious exploits2 he has made live again for us the immovable intrepidity of ,changarnier1 inclosed in the square battalion that saved the army on occasion of the first retreat1 and then the impetuous daring of ,la ,moricire at the head of his ,zouaves1 the red fez on his head1 the white burnous on his shoulder1 rushing the first up to the breach1 where he was soon to disappear in the cloud of smoke and dust1 in the midst of a fearful explosion1 to be found again1 his eyes almost destroyed1 under a formless group of soldiers blackened with powder1 their garments charred1 and their flesh burnt4 ,footnote #db ,from that day he was married to fame4 ,all ,france felt what has been so well rendered by ,tocqueville in a private letter dated ,november1 #ahhg3 ,i am even more interested in ,la ,moricire than ,i can #bia explain4 ,he carries me away in spite of myself2 and when ,i read the account of his storming of ,constantine1 ,i seem to see him arrive first at the summit of the breach1 and my soul for the moment is with him4 ,i love him also1 ,i believe1 for ,france2 for ,i cannot help believing that there is a great general in that little man4 ,footnote #dc ,footnote #da3 ,i must be permitted to refer for all the details of the military career of ,general de la ,moricire to the article of ,m4 de in ,le ,correspondant for ,april1 #ahfj4 ,footnote #db3 ,les ,zouaves et les ,chasseurs pied1by his ,royal ,highness the ,duke d',aumale1 #ahee4 ,histoire de la ,conqute d',alger1by ,alfred ,nettement4 ,footnote #dc3 ,tocqueville1 born the #bith of ,july1 #ahje1 was nearly of the same age with ,la ,moricire1 who was born the #fth of ,february1 #ahjf4 ,before being colleagues in the ,chamber of ,deputies and in the ministry1 they had1 still young1 met in #ahbh at ,versailles1 where ,tocqueville was a judge auditor1 and where he received a visit from ,la ,moricire1 then hardly out of the ,polytechnic ,school4 ,in a letter of that date which is found in the precious collection published by ,m4 ,gustave de ,beaumont1 ,tocqueville traces a portrait of the future hero which remained a striking likeness to his last days3 ,i must say that ,i have been charmed with him personally2 ,i thought ,i saw in him all the features of a truly remarkable man4 ,i who am habituated to live among men profuse in words with little meaning1 was wholly surprised at the craving for clear and distinct understanding with which he seemed to be constantly tormented4 ,the sang-froid with which he stopped me to demand an account of one idea before proceeding to another1 which several times a little disconcerted me1 and his manner of speaking of only what he perfectly understands1 have given me an opinion of him superior to almost any that ,i have ever formed of any man at first sight4 ,incorporated with the ,zouaves from the foundation of the corps in #ahcj1 it was he who1 in gaining with them all his grades up to that of colonel1 created the ,european reputation of that unequalled troop1 at the same time that by his vigilant activity in the ,arab bureaus1 he preluded his remarkable faculties as an organizer and administrator4 ,major-general at thirty-four1 lieutenant-general at thirty-seven1 governor-general of ,algeria ad interim at thirty-nine1 he never quitted ,algeria till he had rendered it for ever ,french by forcing ,abd-el-,kader to surrender his sword to the ,duke d',aumale1 a young and meritorious prince1 whose own rising glory was soon to set unexpectedly in the sad night of exile4 ,he quitted ,algeria in the beginning of #ahdh1 and bore with him a reputation whose brightness was dimmed by not a shade or a breath4 ,his courage1 his rare strategic ability1 the number and splendor of his victories1 were enhanced by the most rigid integrity and at the same time by a humanity and a generosity all the more meritorious from the pain it must have cost his impetuous nature to exercise it in favor of barbarous enemies who massacred and mutilated our soldiers who were taken prisoners4 ,footnote #dd ,footnote #dd3 ,in leaving the shores on which he had landed young and obscure1 and which he quitted illustrious without appearing old1 he bore with him a recollection more precious than the fame of his heroic deeds2 his glory was without a stain1 his hands1 always burning for the combat1 were sullied by no abuse of victory4 ,when the irritation against an enemy that massacred our soldier prisoners was at its height4 ,la ,moricire1 pursuing one day a tribe that was in insurrection notwithstanding their oaths1 and having driven them to the sea1 he suddenly halted his columns and suspended his vengeance4 ,what fear had seized his intrepid soul8 ,he himself tells us3 ',in the disposition of mind in which our soldiers then were1 that vengeance might have been too severe6' ,beautiful and touching words1 which reveal the man in the warrior1 and attest a fear of excess in the bosom of a courage that paused at no obstacles4--,le ,general de la ,moricire1 by ,viscount de ,meaux1 p4 #aa4 ,he re-entered ,france1 already invested with a sort of legendary halo1 and was everywhere recognized as the true type of disinterested heroism1 intelligent boldness1 moral dignity1 independence a little haughty1 and liberal instincts1 which become the armies of ,france1 at least such as they were then4 ,race apart1 these ,africans1 as brilliant as original in the military history of ,europe1 as foreign to the brutal manners of the soldier of fortune led by ,gustavus ,adolphus and ,frederic ,,ii4 as to the savage and cruel pride of the lieutenants of ,napoleon1 showed themselves always the citizens of a free country1 the missionaries of civilization1 as well as the first soldiers in the world4 ,but military glory did not suffice for ,la ,moricire4 ,sensible to an attraction then all powerful1 he aspired to enter political life1 and as soon as he was initiated into it he relished it1 and devoted himself to it with that passion which he carried into everything he undertook4 ,in #ahdf he solicited and obtained the suffrages of his fellow-citizens4 ,elected to the ,chamber of ,deputies1 he took his place with the moderate opposition4 ,by a privilege rarely accorded1 it was given him to conquer at once1 on this new and #bib difficult battle-field1 a distinction and an authority almost as fully acknowledged and as legitimate as that which he had gained on the theatre of his exploits in ,algeria4 ,la ,moricire was born with the gift of eloquence--that gift which is the first condition neither of the love of liberty nor of the exercise of power1 but which is seldom separated from either in countries and times which permit free discussion4 ,he united the three qualities1 very rare1 which the prince of contemporary orators1 ,m4 ,thiers1 exacts of those who aspire to govern--knowledge of public affairs1 ability to expose them lucidly and in order1 and the weight of character necessary to defend them4 ,but1 against the ordinary rule1 his eloquence was not at all the result of labor4 ,with him the orator was not slowly disengaged1 as with the most illustrious1 step by step1 in a continuous progress toward perfection2 he revealed himself at once as a bold and successful improvisator1 who1 on a chosen ground1 had nothing to fear from anybody4 ,he jeered those who passed for eloquent without having his extemporary facility4 ,you ,academicians1 said he1 must always retire to make the toilet of your speech1 and are never ready when you are wanted4 ,as for him1 he was always ready1 and it was a real pleasure to hear him1 and to see him spring to the tribune1 to mount it as if it were his horse1 stride it1 so to speak1 and master it at a single word1 with the ease of the perfect horseman--then broach the most complicated questions1 provoke the most formidable adversaries1 even ,m4 ,thiers himself1 overcome the tumult1 regain and fix the distracted attention1 instruct and charm even those whom he failed to convince4 ,his eye sparkling1 his head aloft1 his voice thrown out by jerks1 he seemed always in speaking to be sounding a charge4 ,he managed figures1 metaphors1 arguments1 with as much celerity1 dash1 and freedom as his ,zouaves4 ,supple and impetuous1 bounding as the panther1 he turned around his adversary1 as if seeking his vulnerable point1 before springing upon and prostrating him4 ,rarely did he descend from the tribune without having moved his auditory1 enlightened a question1 corrected a misapprehension1 repaired a defeat1 prepared or justified a victory4 ,never was the celebrated word of ,cato on the ,gauls1 ,rem militarem agere et argute loqui1 more exactly verified4 ,under this relation1 as under so many others1 he was the most ,french of the ,frenchmen of our age4 ,this double superiority was manifested with an clat as sudden as complete in the midst of the frightful dangers of the revolution of ,february1 #ahdh4 ,named minister by a last effort of expiring legality1 he presented himself with his accustomed intrepidity before the insurgent populace4 ,the populace mistook and outraged him3 dragged from his horse1 wounded with the thrusts of a bayonet1 he with difficulty escaped with his glorious life from the cowardly assassins4 ,when the ,provisional ,government issued from the mob1 he would neither serve it nor combat it4 ,but he promised to accept the ,republic1 and to be loyal to it1 if it would preserve the army4 ,that army was about to become1 in the hands of the ,national ,assembly and under the orders of the ,african generals1 the last bulwark of ,european civilization4 ,when the terrible days of ,june came to show the depth of the abyss excavated by ,february1 ,la ,moricire was then by the side of his friend ,cavaignac1 who1 become his chief1 after having been his lieutenant1 and retained himself from personally engaging in the struggle by his duties as head of the executive1 hastened to confide to him the principal part in repressing the most terrible insurrection that ever broke out in the most revolutionary city in the world4 ,those who were there--those who breathed the inflamed atmosphere of those solemn and terrible days1 run through those narrow streets incumbered with barricades and heaps of the #bic slain1 and where flowed literally streams of blood1 those deserted quays and blocked-up quarters1 whose silence was broken only by the sublime horror of the cannonade--those who were obliged to deliberate through three days and two nights amidst the roar of that cannonade1 while came alternately messages of death and bulletins of the most sad but most necessary victories--those alone can know by what means and at what cost their country could really be saved1 without violating the laws of justice1 honor1 or humanity4 ,those who were not there will never form a conception either of the extent of the danger or of the yawning gulf in which he came so near being swallowed up1 nor of the mixture of determined energy and invincible patience needed to vanquish those misguided but intrepid masses inured to war1 and desperate1 and whose blows too large a number of former military officers directed against the inexperience of the ,gard ,mobile or the hesitation of the troops that had just entered ,paris4 ,la ,moricire1 more than any other1 was the man for the occasion4 ,his fiery temperament protected him from that patriotic sadness which overcast the countenance of ,general ,cavaignac all through the bloody crisis which must raise him to supreme power4 ,in exposing himself as at ,constantine1 for a longer time1 and to still greater danger than at ,constantine1 in rushing himself the first against the barricades1 defended by adversaries far more formidable than ,arabs or ,kabyles2 in prolonging the struggle with a revolution madder than that of the insurgents4 ,la ,moricire finally succeeded in wresting ,paris from the insurrection4 ,the confidence with which he inspired the troops1 the high spirits and gaiety1 the heroic recklessness which he mingled with his indomitable resolution1 triumphed over every obstacle1 and decided the victory4 ,thanks to that victory1 and to that alone1 ,france was drawn from the abyss and saved from barbarism4 ,hence1 on his return from the fearful struggle1 he was greeted only with a unanimous shout of enthusiasm and gratitude4 ,cavaignac hastened to set his seal to the general acclamation by associating him to his government as minister of war4 ,there was then a short period of confidence1 of union1 of calm1 and of relative security4 ,those days must have been sweet to the two friends placed at the head of the country which they had just saved1 and which gave them freely the gratitude which they had so richly merited4 ,their union1 intimate and loyal1 cordial and frank1 contributed often to the charm and well-being of that bright interval4 ,it received an official and touching consecration during the discussion of the constitution1 on the occasion of the articles relative to the public force4 ,it was a beautiful scene4 ,an imprudent member1 apropos of the promotion1 a little irregular1 of the future ,marshal ,bosquet1 accused the minister of war of acting from private friendship1 and spoke of those whom chance and fortune had placed at the head of the army4 ,la ,moricire remained calm under the insult1 but ,cavaignac1 seated by his side on the ministerial bench1 was indignant1 and1 ascending the tribune1 and addressing the aggressor1 said3 ,there is one thing that astonishes me2 it is that you1 sir1 who were there1 on the soil of ,africa1 as well as me1--that you could see no other motive for the elevation of that man but chance and fortune4 ,as for me1 if ,i am surprised1 it is to see him in the second rank1 while ,i am in the first4 ,a noble word1 and worthy of the noblest antiquity1 such as could sometimes1 by the side of others by no means felicitous1 fall from the lips of the proud and loyal ,cavaignac1 then still the idol of the fickle enthusiasm of conservative ,france1 and which was so soon to leave him only the right to say1 with not less of modest dignity1 ,i have not fallen from power2 ,i have descended from it4 ,la ,moricire was then at the #bid apogee of a fortune which nobody was disposed to regard as excessive or usurped4 ,at the age of forty he was everywhere known1 was invested with universal popularity1 and was the second man of ,france4 ,the superiority he had won on the battle-fields of ,africa and at the much more formidable barricades in the streets of ,paris1 he maintained and exercised in the councils of his country and on the uncertain and perilous soil of the tribune4 ,footnote #de ,even when individuals were not of his opinion1 which was often the case with his friends of the evening as with those of the morrow1 they regretted or were astonished not to agree with him2 they ceased not to admire him1 and were drawn toward him4 ,it was known1 it was felt1 that however the passions of the moment might mislead him1 the miserable instincts of envy1 servility1 selfishness1 mean ambition1 or thirst for wealth1 could never find a place in his robust and manly heart4 ,we loved him even when we were forced to oppose him4 ,beside1 we knew not yet how much better and further on many essential points he saw1 in his transports and gruffness1 than many others more calm or more experienced1 and who were1 though in a different manner1 as much deceived as he4 ,footnote #de3 ,never has been pushed farther the intelligence1 and the power of labor1 with the passion or struggle under all the forms which create public life4'--,discours du ,gnral ,trochu sur la tombe de la ,moricire ,saint-,philibert de ,grand-,lieu4 ,moreover1 in the public life of free nations and great assemblies1 if the clashing of opinions and the collision of self-loves give birth to noisy or passionate dissents1 they are rarely deep or lasting4 ,this is evident from what is seen every day and has been for a long time in ,england4 ,one is not forced there to brood in silence and darkness over animosities which their very impotence renders incurable4 ,often1 on the contrary1 in that open-day life1 friendships the most serious1 and alliances the most sincere1 succeed to misunderstandings or transports which with well-born souls cannot survive the action of time and the lights of experience1 when people are agreed on the great conditions of liberty1 dignity1 probity1 and honor1 without which all is null of itself4 ,but more than this1 ,la ,moricire1 a short time before getting power1 gave to what was then called the conservative reaction a pledge the best fitted of all to make us forget the dissensions which had separated him from us4 ,it was he who directed the first steps of the ,roman expedition1 and imprinted on it from the outset its real character1 that of defending the ,pope1 and assuring the liberty and the security of the visible head of the ,church4 ,to him is due the honor of initiating that expedition1 of which twelve years later he must write the sorrowful epilogue with the blood of the young martyrs of ,castelfidardo4 ,to him and to the assemblies belongs the glorious responsibility of that grand act of ,french politics1 which has been too often thrown at us as a crime1 by the ,caesarian democracy1 hoping to gain the right to give to others an homage not their due4 ,even afterwards1 when the substitution of ,prince ,louis ,napoleon for ,general ,cavaignac had removed him from office1 when the dismissal of his friends1 ,odillon-,barrot1 ,tocqueville1 and ,dufour1 had involved his resignation of his embassy to ,russia1 which he had accepted at their request--when1 in fine1 the conservative party met him often among its most active opponents1 before dividing and turning against itself4 ,la ,moricire preserved in the eyes of all a position apart and a marked ascendency4 ,in the present he had no peer1 and the future1 whatever might happen1 seemed to reserve to him a place always eminent1 and always preponderant in the destinies of ,france and of ,europe4 #bie ,,ii4 ,in one day1 or1 rather1 in one night1 all this present and all this future crumbled4 ,la ,moricire1 at the age of forty-five1 falling from the most enviable position a ,french soldier could occupy1 without its being possible to reproach him with the shadow of a crime or even of a fault1 saw for ever closed to him all access to either of the two careers in which he had won so much glory1 and in which he walked as the peer1 or the superior1 of all his contemporaries4 ,his military and public life was closed4 ,the most brilliant of our soldiers succumbed to a military revolution4 ,the statesman and the tribune1 so in love with popular sympathies1 was swept away by a movement sanctioned by a popularity none could dispute4 ,he was broken when the law was broken with the assent of the people2 he was broken for having remained faithful to an opinion which had for it constitutional right and the inviolability of oaths2 broken much less by the unmerciful demands of victory than by the forgetfulness and abandonment of ,france2 broken for not having comprehended that ,france had wholly changed her gait and her tendencies1 and no longer held anything which she had pretended to hold and to love ever since #ahad4 ,he must then1 in his turn1 undergo those prodigies of inconstancy and ingratitude with which the contemporary public delights to visit princes when they are liberal1 and superior men when they are honest4 ,no cup of bitterness was spared him3 ,i mean bitternesses of the mind and the heart1 the most poignant and the most unbearable of all2 and ,i speak not for him alone1 but also for his valiant and unfortunate companions in glory and in exile4 ,in the first years of his exile he met1 outside of his family and his wife1 little sympathy in that ,belgium where ,catholics especially were almost all under the fascination of the conqueror4 ,at that period of life when we have the full consciousness of our strength and our resources1 when the employment of the gifts received from ,god is a prime necessity1 he saw himself condemned to forego not only the exercise of power and the management of great affairs to which he had become accustomed1 but all public life1 and1 indeed1 all active life4 ,in vain he repeated the device of his generous rival and friend ,changarnier1 ,happiness is gone1 but honor remains2 in vain he spoke and wrote with ,count de ,maistre after ,tilsit1 ,europe is ,bonaparte's1 but my heart is mine2 he was forced to experience a long while the mortal tediousness of the dead calm after the salutary and quickening excitements of the storm1 and to sink into a wearisome idleness1 the mother1 as ,fouquet says to ,pignerol1 of despair4 ,he had to bear the laceration of impatience1 that mortal despite1 that sterility of walks and books for a man of his condition1 that lassitude of a life deprived of all occupation1 that fatigue of doing nothing of which the bare thought made ,saint-,simon shudder1 and held him fast in the ante-chamber of ,louis ,,xiv4 ,but there was for him a more cruel trial still1 a thousand times more bitter1 of which neither ,fouquet nor ,saint-,simon had the remotest conception4 ,france was on the point of making war1 a great war2 and these valiant guards1 these great war-chiefs1 are not to be there6 ,from ,africa are drawn the battalions they formed1 which they commanded1 and so often led to victory4 ,these battalions are now to march under other chiefs to new victories4 ,themselves so long first and alone1 on whom the eyes of ,france and of ,europe were so long accustomed to be fixed--themselves all glowing with military ardor1 full of vigor and patriotism--having never failed their country1 honor1 or justice1 are now condemned to inaction1 to forgetfulness1 to nothingness2 noted subalterns rise and seize the first rank in the eyes of the world6--who can tell1 who can conceive1 the anguish1 the torture of these men1 so illustrious1 so intrepid1 and1 be it not forgotten1 so innocent1 so irreproachable before the country and the army8 #bif ,the ,epoque tells us to-day that a word1 a single word1 had sufficed to recall them to ,france1 and to commands in the ,crimea1 the baton of the marshal1 and all the augmented splendor and prosperity which victory brings in its train4 ,nothing is known of it4 ,always is it a fact that this word1 whether it would have been listened to or not1 was not spoken1 and since it was not1 it no doubt ought not to have been spoken4 ,what1 moreover1 was that marshal's baton so cruelly stolen from those who had so well earned it8 ,those grades1 decorations1 gildings1 and salaries1 the vulgar food of vulgar souls1 were they what attracted1 what inflamed1 these heroic souls8 ,no1 a thousand times no4 ,it was danger2 it was devotedness1 enthusiasm1 action1 the service of ,france1 the love of country1 the love of the noble flag which they had borne aloft for twenty years2 the glorious brotherhood of arms with so many good soldiers and brave officers1 their own offspring1 so to speak2 the burning desire1 a thousand times legitimate1 of adding new laurels to those already won2 in a word1 it was ,,honor--and it was precisely honor that condemned them to silence1 to inaction1 to death--the real death and the only death they had ever dreaded4 ,never did ,calderon1 the great ,spanish poet1 in those famous dramas of his which always turn on the imperious exigencies1 the merciless refinements1 the torturing delicacies of honor1 imagine a situation more striking1 a trial more acute1 a narrower pass1 or a yoke more crushing4 ,the trial was submitted to1 the pass was traversed1 the yoke was borne to the end4 ,all we cannot say1 and what we do say is nothing by the side of the suffering we have seen1 felt1 known1 and shared4 ,perhaps a day will come when these tortures of the soul will be comprehended and rewarded with the admiration which is their due4 ,but who knows8 ,to hope that1 it is necessary to believe in the justice of history1 and who knows if there will be again any history worthy of the name8 ,we may well doubt it1 when we mark what is passing around us in an age which for a long time boasts of having regenerated history1 and when we see liberals make the panegyric of the #ajth of ,august1 ,christians applaud the ,revocation of the ,edict of ,nantes1 and writers in high credit with their several parties undertake to rehabilitate the reign of terror1 the ,inquisition1 and the ,roman empire4 ,nothing was wanting1 we have said1 to the evil fortune of our friend4 ,after years of exile in ,belgium1 his only son fell ill in ,france4 ,and while were debated with the desolate father the conditions of his return1 the son1 the only hope of his family1 died4 ,when at length he was permitted to return1 it was too late2 he received not the last sigh of his child4 ,he was inconsolable4 ,they restore me my country1 he said2 but who will restore me my child8 ,it was no longer his country1 such as he had known it1 that was restored to him--the country1 above all1 by which he had been so well known1 so proudly boasted1 and so admired4 ,the real exile is not in being torn from our native country1 but in remaining in it and finding no longer that which made it specially dear to us4 ,la ,moricire perceived it only too soon4 ,but he comprehended the difference alike of time and men1 and conformed with an intelligent and manly resignation1 which held in nothing from his adhesion1 and which took nothing from the energy of his convictions or the dignity of his attitude4 ,for the rest1 he had brought back with him from the land of his exile neither the illusions of the emigr1 blind animosities1 nor mean or noisy bitterness4 ,and yet he was not at the end of his cross4 ,there remained to him a last human good1 a last plank saved from shipwreck6--his old popularity among #big his contemporaries1 and the companions in that shipwreck1 near his old political friends1 in the bosom of the party which he had not only served and defended1 but1 above all1 had honored and protected with his glory4 ,that popularity he risked totally in the most abandoned1 the most contested1 and the most vilipended cause in the world4 ,he risked all1 and he lost6 ,a priest whom he had known as a soldier in ,africa1 under the flag of ,france1 before becoming his relation and his friend1 offered him1 in the name of ,pius ,,ix41 an opportunity of braving new perils1 with the certainty of being vanquished in the desperate struggle4 ,he ran thither4 ,forthwith a long and loud howl of insult and derision rose from the bosom of the whole so-called ,european democracy4 ,he was dragged to the gemoniae--both he and the young warriors that followed in his footsteps4 ,a hideous clamor arose from the lowest depths of human baseness1 from the ,thames to the ,arno1 and pursued with invectives1 railleries1 and calumnies the devoted band and their heroic chief4 ,the vapid calumniators of disinterested virtue spoke all at once1 and spoke alone2 ,france and ,europe justified them4 ,new ,italy blushed in her turn to find herself approached by men bold enough to dare to fight and die under the colors of a pontiff and a father4 ,she asked and obtained freedom to crush them4 ,but she essayed to kill them with falsehood before attacking them with the sword1 and by falsehoods such as the world had not heard since the imperial trap set at ,bayonne in #ahjh4 ,a ,cialdini dares call1 in an order of the day to his army1 ,la ,moricire and his companions mercenaries thirsting for gold and pillage1 and ,king ,victor ,emmanuel announces to the ,emperor of the ,french that he is marching his troops into the ,marches and ,umbria to re-establish order there in relation to the temporal authority of the ,pope1 and1 if it should be necessary1 to give battle to the revolution on the ,neapolitan territory4 ,footnote #df ,eight days after the troops of the king pounced1 ten to one1 on the little army of ,la ,moricire4 ,the obscure burgh of ,castelfidardo is immortalized by that butchery4 ,pimodan perished there by a death worthy of his chief1 who sought refuge in ,ancona1 and capitulate when his last gun was dismounted4 ,this ,french general--and what a general6--gave up his sword to the ,piedmontese6 ,his young companions1 prisoners like himself1 passed over ,italy in the midst of insults and outrages4 ,la ,moricire1 himself released as soon as the work of spoliation was consummated1 returned to ,france1 where he met the scoffs and jeers of those who insulted his departure4 ,footnote #df3 ,circular of ,m4 ,thouvenel1 ,minister of ,foreign ,affairs1 #ahth ,october1 #ahfj4 ,the ,national ,opinion1 a worthy ,moniteur of ,piedmont1 adds in its number for ,sept4 #ad1 #ahfj3 ,victor ,emmanuel proposes precisely to protect the ,holy ,father and his temporal authority against the enthusiasm of the volunteers4 ,from that moment all was accomplished or marching toward the end foreseen and determined4 ,the darkest forebodings1 the saddest predictions1 are verified4 ,christian ,france is resigned1 and ,europe has habituated herself to what five years ago appeared to be the nec plus ultra of impossible iniquity4 ,people have even come to regard confining the spoliation within its present limits as a benefit which1 if assured1 would make a ,te ,deum break forth from the whole ,catholic world1 asleep or deceived4 ,la ,moricire had seen and suffered all this1 and it was only the last phase of a disgrace which lasted fifteen years without relaxation and without revenge4 ,as his life1 rent asunder1 drew toward its end1 by an insolent freak of fortune1 by a contrast and a coincidence the strange mystery of which will astonish the future1 ,abd-el-,kader arrives in ,france to be received there as a sovereign6 ,the conqueror and the conquered1 it is said1 met in the street3 ,la ,moricire on foot1 confounded with the #bih multitude2 ,abd-el-,kader with all the pomp of his official train1 and the grand cordon of the ,legion of ,honor on his breast4 ,they exchanged a single look4 ,after which1 the prisoner of #ahdg is found sufficiently avenged on the prisoner of the #b;d of ,december2 pursuing his course with loud din1 caressed1 feasted1 toasted by courtiers1 functionaries1 and freemasons1 presented to the universitarian youth as the type of modern civilization and the religion of large souls1 ,abd-el-,kader quitted triumphantly the soil of ,france1 to return with his wives1 who accompanied him1 to his palace in the ,east2 ,la ,moricire entered his house to die there1 and he did die there1 all alone1 forgotten by the multitude1 unknown by the rising generation1 and buried in the silence of the flatterers and satellites of fortune4 ,the death of this great servant of ,france is announced by the official journal among the ,miscellaneous ,facts1 after an article on conducting water into ,paris6 ,at the decline of day his coffin1 in being directed toward a village cemetery1 traverses obscurely the streets of that ,babylon which he had saved1 really saved1 from barbarism--those very streets lately ploughed by the pompous cortge of a marshal of ,france1 named grand master of freemasonry by an imperial decree4 ,whilst the ,cialdinis1 the ,fantis1 and so many authors and fomentors of the guet-apens of ,castelfidardo1 so many other violators of the law of nations and of their sworn faith1 survive and triumph1 rolling in opulence and prosperity4 ,la ,moricire1 for having been faithful to law1 to honor1 and to religion1 is extinguished and disappears1 vanquished1 ignored1 forgotten4 ,i have said that ,i suspect the judgments of history1 because history is almost always the servant or the priestess of ,success2 but its recitals are always instructive1 and ,i consent that it be questioned to ascertain if it furnish many instances of a destiny more tragic4 ,,iii4 ,but after having touched the bottom of the abyss1 the soul rises to contemplate and adore the grandeur and glory of adversity4 ,la ,moricire1 we know and confess it1 triumphant and satisfied1 marshal of ,france1 conqueror at ,alma or ,magenta1 hailed by the curiosity of the eager multitude1 fat and heavy by prosperity1 had not risen above the throng of successful generals1 had attained no other glory than military glory1 with which ,france in all times has been smitten1 and in all times been saturated4 ,his image1 placed in its rank in the galleries of ,versailles1 in the midst of so many others1 would have awakened in the souls of the visitors only a transient and commonplace emotion2 but ,la ,moricire1 betrayed by fortune1 disgraced1 proscribed1 insulted2 ,la ,moricire1 conqueror of anarchy and victim of the dictatorship2 ,la ,moricire1 condemned by his sense of honor to the punishment of an obscure idleness2 ,la ,moricire1 beaten at ,castelfidardo and a captive at ,ancona2 ,la ,moricire1 submitting to the wrongs of fate with a modesty and a gravity wholly ,christian1 then dying all alone1 but standing with the crucifix in his hand--is a personage of another stamp1 and rises at once from the ranks of the herd to the loftiest height of human admiration4 ,this is a glory apart1 which re-youths the soul1 which stimulates and purifies it1 and which it would not exchange for any other4 ,this is a spectacle such as history too rarely offers1 such as we ,frenchmen1 we ,catholics1 too docile worshippers of force and fortune1 have special need of4 ,yes1 this glory is enviable1 and in reality the most enviable of all glories4 ,in vain nature rebels1 reason and faith unite to proclaim it4 ,we are all moved by the recollection of ,catinat1 old1 retired1 and resigned in his retreat1 and recalling there1 as says ,saint-,simon1 by his simplicity1 his frugality1 his contempt of the world1 his peace of mind1 and the uniformity of #bii his conduct1 the memory of those great men who1 after triumphs the best merited1 returned tranquilly to their plough1 always loving their country1 and little affected by the ingratitude of ,rome1 which they had so well served4 ,but ,catinat1 really unfortunate2 ,catinat1 a prisoner1 exiled1 disgraced2 ,catinat1 removed at the flower of his age from the command of armies1 had been much greater still1 and1 as our ,la ,moricire have recalled ,st4 ,louis in chains4 ,the ancients said that the good man struggling with adversity is the most worthy1 if not alone worthy1 of the favor of ,god4 ,christianity adds1 that it is a sight the most necessary and salutary to the heart of man4 ,la ,moricire was chosen among us to give this high lesson in all its majesty and in all its beauty4 ,he has shown that double character of docility under trial1 and of empire over misfortune1 which makes great men and great saints4 ,it was because there was in him the stuff of a great ,christian4 ,trials and exile rapidly developed in his soul the germs of faith which early domestic education had planted1 and which pure and noble examples near him led him to admire and cherish4 ,by his marriage with the granddaughter of the ,marchioness of ,montagu1 he entered a family in which calamities the most atrocious and the most unexpected1 borne with superhuman energy1 had left in the soul only a sublime serenity1 and compassion greater still for the executioners than for the martyrs4 ,inflamed by the recitals of a mother-in-law who continued to the last his most devoted and enthusiastic friend1 he had the first thought of a publication destined to count among the treasures of our history1 and of which he himself dictated the first draft4 ,footnote #dg ,in learning to appreciate the action of ,christian virtue on the most touching victims of the ,reign of ,terror as on the obscure duties of domestic life1 he was conducted further and higher still4 ,a study1 an active study1 ardent and profound1 of the doctrines and results of religion1 became henceforth his principal occupation1 and he continued it with unwearied perseverance to his last moments4 ,once a ,christian in practice as well as in belief1 he would be so openly1 and no more recoil before human respect and the disdains of infidelity than before the ,arabs or the barricades4 ,he was seen at the foot of the ,christian pulpit1 following the words of the preacher with deep attention1 and the lively gesticulation habitual to him1 marking on his nobly chiselled features an expressive assent and sometimes an impatient contradiction1 as if he felt that he must in his turn mount the tribune and reply4 ,one day1 at ,brussels1 a former colleague and friend1 who had known him quite different from what he was now1 found him bending over his maps1 tracing the progress of our army in the ,crimea4 ,to hold them unrolled he took the books which he now generally1 and which were the ,catechism1 his mass-book1 the ,imitation of ,jesus ,christ1 and a volume of ,pre ,gratry4 ,at sight of these four witnesses of a preoccupation so novel1 the visitor could not dissemble his surprise4 ,yes1 indeed1 said the general1 ,i use these1 ,i occupy myself with that4 ,i do not wish1 like you1 to remain with my feet dangling in the air1 between heaven and earth1 between light and darkness4 ,i wish to know whither ,i go1 and by what ,i am to hold4 ,i make no mystery of it4 ,footnote #dg3 ,anne ,dominique de ,noailles1 ,marquise de ,montagu4 ,rouen1 #ahei4 ,it ,may be well to remind the ,american reader that the ,marquise de ,montagu1 grandmother of ,general ,la ,moricire's wife1 was a sister of ,madame ,lafayette1 who so heroically shared the prison of ,olmntz with her husband1 and whoso faith and purity gave a superhuman strength and energy to her noble character4--,,the ,,translator4 ,this public courage against the enemies of the faith availed him from ,god the unhoped for and incomparable gift of magnanimous patience1 which he needed to enable him to accept and bear his trials1 and to offer to ,god all the goods of his glorious life1 which he had sacrificed4 ,the progress of #cjj that great soul1 becoming every day more obvious1 was manifested especially by his resignation in presence of the heavy cross which was inflicted on him4 ,we welcome the cross at a distance1 says ,fnelon1 but shrink from it when close by4 ,it was not so with ,la ,moricire4 ,he had seldom welcomed the cross when afar1 but when it came home to him1 he embraced it1 raised it up1 and bore it even to the tomb1 with a supernatural generosity1 serenity1 and simplicity4 ,the crucifying experience which1 according to ,fnelon1 is always needed to detach us from ourselves and the world1 found in him no revolt1 no fainting1 no feebleness4 ,he entered this new career and walked in it to the end with the vehement and obstinate resolution of a man of war determined to become a man of ,god4 ,a great genius has said it concerns the honor of the human species that souls born to suffer should know how to suffer well4 ,la ,moricire was not born to suffer2 he was born to combat1 to command1 to conquer1 and to dazzle2 nevertheless1 when life became to him only one long suffering1 he learned how to suffer well1 to suffer as a ,christian1 as a soldier of ,christ1 as the conqueror of evil--to suffer not during fifteen days or fifteen months1 but through fifteen years1 till death came to relieve him from his post4 ,all of us who have known and visited him in this second and sorrowful phase of his existence1 owe to him great and valuable lessons1 which his memory and the stern example of his death must render for ever sacred to us4 ,doubtless1 the acts of the saints1 the examples of the heroes of the ,christian life1 their trials and their triumphs1 transmitted by historians or commentators to their spiritual posterity1 are much2 but they are nothing1 or next to nothing1 in the real presence1 if ,i may so speak1 of a man marked with the seal of election1 of a confessor1 not merely of the faith1 but of virtue1 patience1 resignation1 and ,christian abnegation4 ,what history1 what preaching1 could avail so much as a clasp of that valiant hand1 an accent of that vibrating voice1 a look of that lion's eye1 coming to the support of a truth recognized1 asserted1 and practised by a soul of that temper8 ,no2 the flame of that beautiful eye1 so limpid and so proud1 will never be forgotten by any who have once seen it1 whether touched with the surprise of generous indignation or softened by sympathy and the desire to persuade2 and that flame1 always living in our memory1 will continue to illumine for us the mysteries of life and suffering4 ,besides1 no exterior metamorphosis accompanied the deep and salutary change in his interior4 ,such as he was seen on the field of battle1 or in the assemblies of which he was a member1 in the most brilliant and the most agitated portion of his career1 such he was in the solitude and obscurity of his new life4 ,he was as vehement and as dazzling as ever1 with all his fire and all his charm1 with his exuberance of life1 youth1 originality1 enthusiasm1 which seemed always anxious to overflow on all and on everything around him4 ,only sourness1 wrath1 irritation even the most legitimate1 seemed swallowed up in one master passion1 the passion for good--seeking and accepting the will of ,god1 in the love of souls4 ,nothing in him was worn-out or enfeebled1 but all was pacified1 reduced to order1 animated with a higher and purer inspiration4 ,the touching forgetfulness of his human glory1 humanly buried1 rendered him only the more dear and the more sacred to his friends4 ,these friends were still numerous2 and friends1 relations1 old comrades1 old colleagues1 we were all proud of him1 all under his charm as soon as he reappeared1 for too brief moments1 amongst us4 ,nothing1 indeed1 could be more natural1 for ,i cannot too often repeat that he preserved in his private relations all his old fascination1 and all his old #cja attractiveness4 ,essentially ,french1 with all the good and generous instincts of our country2 essentially modern1 also1 in the turn of his mind1 his ideas1 and his convictions1 having nothing stern1 morose1 or superannuated in his religion1 and willing to place at the service of the old law1 and the old faith1 all the resources of modern civilization1 which none better knew or more justly appreciated2 in fine1 he remained a liberal in spite of so many disappointments1 so many defections1 and so many mad crimes committed in the name of liberty--a liberal certainly more moderate and more practical than in the days of his youth1 but liberal altogether a soldier1 as affirms to us one of those valiant knights who fought with him at ,castelfidardo4 ,he thought with the new generation1 and held liberty a thing so beautiful and so good that he was willing to accept it frankly and cordially whatever the hand that offered it4 ,as the price of his suffering1 ,god granted him the conversion of his soul4 ,as the price of his conversion1 it was given him to fix for a last time the eyes of ,europe and of posterity on himself1 by a struggle as unequal as generous1 in the service of a cause as legitimate as abandoned4 ,all has been said both before and since his death on the epic grandeur and the ,christian heroism of the sacrifice he made for the ,papacy1 so basely betrayed4 ,it was1 as repeated over and over again1 not the sacrifice of his life1 which he had a hundred times exposed with joy on the field of battle1 but the sacrifice of his name1 his reputation1 his military glory1 the victories he had won4 ,se et ante actos triumphos devovit1 according to the truly ,roman device of the medal offered him by the magistracy of ,rome4 ,he marched1 says ,general ,trochu1 with weakness against force1 a signal and rare honor which remains attached to his name in the judgment of all honest men of all creeds and of all countries4 ,let us endeavor to define clearly what it was1 aside from the justice of the sovereign and the sanctity of the right he went to defend1 that marks his devotion with a character of exceptional grandeur and purity1 which places him--dare ,i say it8--almost above ,lescure and ,larochejaquelein4 ,he was not young1 obscure1 and inexperienced1 as were those heroes so pure2 he was not attracted by novelty1 the irresistible charm of the unknown1 the chances of the struggle1 or the fortune of battle2 he was vanquished in advance1 and he knew it2 he marched in cool blood to an inevitable defeat1 and a defeat not simply material4 ,to yield to that sublime seduction of a duty which can end only in a catastrophe1 he was obliged to break with most of his political friends4 ,he knew perfectly to what he exposed himself2 he knew thoroughly the cosmopolitan power and implacable fury of the party which he was sure to stir up against him4 ,he knew that clerical unpopularity is that which is the hardest to efface1 and the last that is pardoned4 ,he knew it1 and as formerly before the breach of ,constantine1 he threw himself1 head lowered1 against it4 ,he had the noble courage to be unpopular1 and so became unpopular even to heroism4 ,taking the man such as we have known him1 with his character1 his age1 and his antecedents1 ,i fear not to affirm that in no epoch has ,christian chivalry ever conceived anything more difficult1 more meritorious1 more worthy of eternal memory4 ,thus in what must be his check1 ,god granted him here below a glory as rare as refined and imperishable4 ,he counts in the first ranks of those who are the seconds for ,god in the great duel between good and evil--men predestined to be sponsors for the good1 for honor and justice4 ,footnote #dh ,footnote #dh3 ,mgr4 ,dupanloup ,oraison funbre du morts de ,castelfidardo4 ,a handful of young men1 miserably scanty in numbers1 alone responded to an appeal of so magnificent1 so seductive an example2 and of all the symptoms #cjb of the decadence or transformation of ,european society1 there is none more alarming1 more humiliating1 than that very paucity of their numbers4 ,their small number honors them1 but accuses us1 said1 with too much truth1 a brave man1 who died at the very moment he was going to join them4 ,but this small number sufficed for what ,la ,moricire sought1 and for all that he regarded as possible4 ,it sufficed to represent the honor of ,catholic ,france in the midst of the cowardly abandonment of ,europe4 ,above all1 it sufficed to strip the lying mask from ,piedmontese usurpation1 and to spot with blood the hypocritical hands about to be placed on the shoulder and the white tunic of the ,vicar of ,jesus ,christ4 ,this done1 nothing remained for ,la ,moricire but to die as he has died4 ,death came suddenly1 but it did not take him unprepared4 ,it found him on foot1 vigilant1 decided1 invincible1 as when1 in the times of his youth1 he looked it every day in its face4 ,it found him armed with a force and a faith it found not in him then4 ,in seeing it approach he unhooked his crucifix as he formerly unhooked his sword4 ,the word is from a bishop and it will remain3 ,she was sweet toward death1 as she had been sweet toward life1 said ,bossuet of his ,henrietta of ,england4 ,he would have said of our hero1 that he was strong against death1 as he had been strong against life4 ,he would have greeted with his immortal accents that death of the soldier which was also1 and above all1 the death of a saint4 ,what more admirable or more complete6 ,that last night after a day divided between private and public prayer1 and the study of the history of the ,church in which he will have a page--a page how resplendent6 ,footnote #di ,that word only to call a priest--that only cry to procure the grace of absolution--those rapid moments passed while standing in solitude1 the crucifix in his hand--and1 in fine1 the supreme moment which finds him in full adoration on his knees before his ,god6--can there be conceived a life more generously1 more ,christianly finished1 a death more happy in its suddenness8 ,behold him saved from tasting1 drop by drop1 the bitterness of separation from his family--his noble wife1 always so worthy of him1 and whom ,god had given for his companion and his light1 and his daughters1 whom he adored with the tenderness and passionate anxiety of an old soldier4 ,behold him transported at once from his obscure and wearisome idleness into eternal activity1 into a splendor and a glory which no one can henceforth take from him6 ,what a triumphant exit from his exile here below6 ,what a triumphant entry into the heavenly country1 the army of the elect1 of the confessors of the faith1 the chevaliers of ,christ6 ,te martyrum candidatus laudat exercitus4 ,footnote #di3 ,it is well known that on ,sunday1 the eve of his death1 he assisted for the last time at the ,benediction of the ,blessed ,sacrament1 in the village church of ,plouzel4 ,he remained there kneeling through the whole office4 ,on his return he read l',histoire de l',eglise1 by the ,abb ,darras4 ,it was his last reading4 ,the volume was open1 near his bed1 when he rose to call a domestic to go for the parish priest1 who barely arrived in time to receive his last sigh4 ,how he now loves and esteems those fifteen years of human disgrace1 during which divine grace invaded his soul1 and led him through thorns and the cross1 scoffs1 jeers1 disasters1 bitterness1 anguish1 to the ,christian coronation of his career6 ,i will go1 said the ,bishop of ,orleans1 in speaking of the graves of the young soldiers of ,la ,moricire1 immolated under his eyes in his last battle1--,i will go there1 to cast a look toward heaven and demand the triumph of justice and eternal honor on the earth2 ,i will go there to relieve my heart from its sadness and to strengthen my soul in its faintings4 ,i will learn from them to keep burning within me zeal for the ,church and zeal for souls1--to devote myself to the struggle of truth and justice1 even to the last whisper of my voice and my last sigh4 ,and we will go1 and the great and dear bishop will come with us2--we #cjc will go and ask1 and learn all that we lack1 near that grave opened on the barren heath in ,bretagne1 at the foot of an unrecognized cross1 where lie the remains of the immortal chief of those victims--of him who1 as ,duguesclin1 ,duguesclin his countryman1 had well deserved to sleep among the kings at ,saint-,denis4 ,so long as there shall be a ,christian ,france1 that distant and solitary tomb will appear to the soul clothed with a solemn grandeur and a touching majesty4 ,far from the intoxications of the battle-field1 far from the theatre of his struggles and his successes1 under that mound of earth which will cover to the day of judgment that brave heart and that victorious arm1--there1 there with love it will go to invoke that great soul1 betrayed by fortune and magnified by sacrifice4 ,it is there that it will admire without reserve the warrior1 the statesman1 who preserved unstained his honor--the honor of the soldier1 of the citizen1 and of the ,christian4 ,it is there that it will be needful to go to learn the emptiness of human hopes1 and at the same time that there is even in this world true greatness and real virtue4 ,that grave will tell us how necessary it is to despise iniquitous victories1 and to serve in the army of justice against the army of fortune2 to protest against enervating indolence1 against servile compliances1 against the idolatry of ,success2 to place above the poor tinsel of a false greatness fidelity to convictions deserted1 to the torn flag of liberty denied1 to friends persecuted1 to the proscribed1 and to the vanquished4 ,that tomb will teach us1 in the confusion and instability of the present1 to preserve before all things integrity of character1 which makes all the power and all the value of the man here below4 ,but from that tomb will come forth at the same time a harder and a more necessary lesson still4 ,it will teach us how to be gentle and strong in adversity2 to find calm and joy in suffering2 to bear it without depression and without sourness2 to consent1 where need is1 to be only a useless servant1 and to gain thus eternal life4 ,yes1 all this will be revealed by the grave of him who will not be forgotten1 because he united in his life things too often separated2 because he was not only a great captain1 a great servant of his country1 a faithful soldier of liberty1 an honest man1 a great citizen1 but also a great ,christian1 an humble and brave ,christian1 who loved his soul1 and has saved it4 ,,ch4 ,,de ,,montalembert4 ------ #cjd ,from ,the ,month4 ,,constance ,,sherwood4 ,,an ,,autobiography ,,of ,,the ,,sixteenth ,,century4 ,,by ,,lady ,,georgiana ,,fullerton4 ,,chapter ,,xvii4 ,when ,i had been a short time in my ,lady ,lumley's chamber1 my ,lord ,arundel sent for his granddaughter1 who was wont1 she told me1 at that hour to write letters for him2 and ,i stayed alone with her ladyship1 who1 as soon as ,lady ,surrey left us1 thus broke forth in her praise3 ,hath any one1 think you4 ,mistress ,sherwood1 ever pictured or imagined a creature more noble1 more toward in disposition1 more virtuous in all her actions1 of greater courage in adversity or patience under ill-usage than this one1 which ,god hath sent to this house to cheer two lonely hearts1 whilst her own is well-nigh broken8 ,oh1 my ,lady ,lumley6 ,i exclaimed1 ,i fear some new misfortune hath befallen this dear lady1 who is indeed so rare a piece of goodness that none can exceed in describing her deserts4 ,hitherto she hath condescended to impart her sorrows to her poor friend2 but to-day she shut up her griefs in her own bosom1 albeit ,i could read unspoken suffering in every lineament of her sweet countenance4 ,god forgive me1 her ladyship replied1 if in speaking of her wrongs ,i should entertain over-resentful feelings toward her ungracious husband1 whom once ,i did love as a mother1 and very loth hath my heart been to condemn him2 but now1 if it were not that ,i myself received him in my arms what time he was born1 whose life was the cause of my sweet young sister's death1 ,i should doubt he could be her son4 ,what fresh injury1 ,i timidly asked1 hath driven ,lady ,surrey from her house8 ,her house no longer1 quoth ,lady ,lumley4 ,she hath no house1 no home1 no husband worthy of the name1 and only an old man nigh unto the grave1 alas6 and a poor feeble woman such as ,i am to raise a voice in her behalf1 who is spurned by one who should have loved and cherished her1 as twice before ,god's altar he vowed to do4 ,oh1 cried the poor lady1 weeping1 she hath borne all things else with a sweet fortitude which angels looking down on her must needs have wondered at4 ,she would ever be excusing this faithless husband with many pretty wiles and loving subterfuges1 making1 sweet sophist1 the worst appear the better reason4 ',men must needs be pardoned1' she would say1 when my good father waxed wroth at his ill-usage of her1 'for such outward neglect as many practice in these days toward their wives1 for that it was the fashion at the court to appear unhusbandly2 but if women would be patient1 she would warrant them their love should be requited at last4' ,and when news came that ,phil had sold an estate for to purchase--,god save the mark6--a circlet of black pearls for the queen2 and ,lord ,arundel swore he should leave him none of his lands but what by act of parliament he was compelled to do1 she smiled winsomely1 and said3 ',yea1 my lord1 ,i pray you1 let my dear ,phil be a poor man as his father wished him to be1 and then1 if it please ,god1 we may live in a cottage and be happy4' ,and so turned away his anger by soft words1 for he #cje laughed and answered3 ',heaven help thee4 ,nan6 but ,i fear that cottage must needs be ,arundel ,castle1 for my hands are so tied therein that thy knavish husband cannot fail to inherit it4 ,and beshrew me if ,i would either rob thee of it1 mine own good ,nan1 or its old walls of thy sweet presence when ,i shall be dead4' ,and so she always pleaded for him1 and never lost heart until 4 4 4 ,oh1 ,mistress ,sherwood1 ,i shall never forget the day when her uncle1 ,francis ,dacre--wisely or unwisely ,i know not1 but surely meaning well--gave her to read in this house1 where she was spending a day1 a letter which had fallen into his hands1 ,i wot not how1 in the which ,philip--,god forgive him6--expressed some kind of doubt if he was truly married to her or not4 ,some wily wretch had1 ,i ween1 whispered to him1 in an evil hour1 this accursed thought4 ,when she saw this misdoubt written in his hand she straightway fell down in a swoon1 which recovering from1 the first thing she did was to ask for her cloak and hat1 and would have walked alone to her house if ,i had not stayed her almost by force1 until ,lord ,arundel's coach could be got ready for her4 ,in less than two hours she returned with so wan and death-like a countenance that it frighted me to see her1 and for some time she would not speak of what had passed between her lord and herself2 only she asked for to stay always in this house1 if it should please her grandfather1 and not to part from us any more4 ,at the which speech ,i could but kiss her1 and with many tears protest that this should be the joyfullest news in the world to ,lord ,arundel and to me1 and what he would most desire1 if it were not for her grief1 which1 like an ill wind1 yet did blow us this good4 ',yea1' she answered1 with the deepest sigh which can be thought of1 'a cold1 withering blast which driveth me from the shelter which should be mine6 ,i have heard it said that when ,cardinal ,wolsey lay a-dying he cried1 ,it were well with me now if ,i had served my ,god with the like zeal with which ,i have served my king1 or some words of that sort4 ,oh1 my ,lady ,lumley6' the poor child exclaimed1 'if ,i had not loved ,philip more than ,god and his ,church1 methinks ,i should not thus be cast off6' ',cast off1' ,i cried2 'and has my graceless nephew1 then1 been so wicked8' ',oh1 he is changed1' she answered--'he is changed4 ,in his eyes1 in his voice1 ,i found not ,philip's looks1 nor ,philip's tones4 ,nought but harshness and impatience to dismiss me4 ,the queen1 he said1 was coming to rest at his house on her way to the city1 and he lacked leisure to listen to my complaints4 ,then ,i felt grief and anger rise in my breast with such vehemency that ,i charged him1 maybe too suddenly1 with the doubt he had expressed in his letter to my ,lord ,oxford4 ,his face flushed deeply2 but drawing up haughtily1 as one aggrieved1 he said the manner of our marrying had been so unusual that there were some1 and those persons well qualified to judge1 who misdoubted if there did not exist a flaw in its validity4 ,that he should himself be loth to think so1 but that to seek at that moment to prove the contrary1 when his fortunes hung on a thread1 would be to ruin him4' ,there she paused1 and clasped her hands together as if scarce able to proceed2 but soon raising her head1 she related in a passionate manner how her heart had then swelled well-nigh to bursting1 pride and tenderness restraining the utterance of such resentful thoughts as rose in her when she remembered his father's last letter1 wherein he said his chief prop and stay in his fallen estate should be the wife he had bestowed on him2 of her own lands sold for the supply of his prodigal courtiership2 of her long patience and pleading for him to others2 and this his present treatment of her1 which no wife could brook1 even if of mean birth and virtue1 much loss one his equal in condition1 as well dowered as any in the land1 #cjf and as faithful and tender to him as he did prove untoward to her4 ,but none of these reproaches passed her lips2 for it was an impossible thing to her1 she said1 to urge her own deserts1 or so much as mention the fortune she had brought him4 ,only twice she repeated1 ',ruin your fortunes1 my lord6 ruin your fortunes6 ,god help me1 ,i had thought rather to mend them6' ,and then1 when he tried to answer her in some sort of evading fashion1 as if unsaying1 and yet not wholly denying his former speech1 she broke forth 7and in the relation of this scene the passion of her grief renewed itself7 in vehement adjurations1 which seemed somewhat to move him1 not to be so unjust to her or to himself as to leave that in uncertainty which so nearly touched both their honors2 and if the thought of a mutual love once existing between them1 and a firm bond of marriage relied on with unshaken security1 and his father's dying blessing on it1 and the humble duty she had shown him from the time she had borne his name1 sufficed not to resolve him thereunto1 yet for the sake of justice to one fatherless and brotherless as herself1 she charged him without delay to make that clear which1 left uncertain1 concerned her more nearly than fortune or state1 and without which no1 not one day1 would she abide in his house4 ,then the sweet soul said she hoped1 from his not ungracious silence and the working of his features1 which visibly revealed an inward struggle1 that his next words should have been of comfort to her2 but when she had drawn nigh to him1 and1 taking his hand1 called him by his name with so much of reproachful endearment as could be expressed in the utterance of it1 a gentleman broke into the room crying out3 ',my lord1 my lord1 the trumpets do sound6 ,the queen's coach is in sight4' ,upon which1 she said that1 with a muttered oath1 he started up and almost thrust her from him1 saying1 ',for ,god's sake1 be gone6' ,and by a back-door1' she added1 ',i went out of mine own house into the street1 where ,i had left my ,lord ,arundel's coach1 and crept into it1 very faint and giddy1 the while the queen's coach did enter the court with gay banners waving1 and striking-up of music1 and the people crying out1 ,god bless the queen6 ,i cry ,god mercy for it1' she said1 'but ,i could not say amen4' ,now she is resolved1 my ,lady ,lumley continued1 never to set her foot again in any of her husband's houses1 except he doth himself entreat her to it1 and makes that matter clear touching his belief in the validity of their marriage2 and methinks she is right therein4 ,my ,lord ,arundel hath written to remonstrate with his grandson touching his ill-usage of his lady1 and hath also addressed her majesty thereupon4 ,but all the comment she did make on his letter1 ,i have been told1 was this3 ',that she had heard my ,lord ,arundel was in his dotage2 and verily she did now hold it to be so1 for that she had never received a more foolish letter2 and she did pity the old white horse1 which was now only fit to be turned out to grass2' and other biting jests1 which1 when a sovereign doth utter them1 carry with them a rare poignancy4 ,then my ,lady ,lumley wiped her eyes1 and bade me to be of good cheer1 and not to grieve overmuch for ,lady ,surrey's troubles 7but all the while her own tears continued to flow71 for that she had so noble and religious a disposition1 with germs of so much virtue in it1 that she thought her to be one of those souls whom ,almighty ,god draws to himself by means of such trials as would sink common natures2 and that she had already marked how1 in much prayer1 ever-increasing good works1 and reading of books which treat of wholesome doctrine and instruction1 she presently recalled the teachings of her childhood1 and took occasion1 when any ,catholics came to the house1 to converse with them touching religion4 ,then1 with many kind expressions1 she dismissed me2 and on the stairs1 as ,i went out1 ,i met #cjg ,lady ,surrey1 who noticed mine eyes to be red with weeping1 and1 embracing me1 said3 ,i ween ,lady ,lumley hath been no hider of my griefs1 good ,constance1 and1 i' faith1 ,i am obliged to her if she hath told thee that which ,i would fain not speak of1 even to thee1 dear wench4 ,there are sorrows best borne in silence2 and since the last days we talked together mine have grown to be of that sort4 ,and so farewell for to-day1 and may ,god comfort thee in thy nobler troubles1 and send his angels to thine aid4 ,when ,i returned to ,holborn1 ,mistress ,ward met me with the news that she had been to the prison1 and heard that ,mr4 ,watson was to be strenuously examined on an approaching day--and it is well known what that doth signify--touching the names of the persons which had harbored him since his coming to ,england4 ,and albeit he was now purposed steadily to endure extreme torments sooner than to deny his faith or injure others1 she did so much apprehend the weakness of nature should betray him1 that her resolve was taken to attempt the next day1 or rather on the following night1 to further his escape4 ,but how1 she asked1 could my father be dealt with in time touching that matter8 ,i told her ,i was to see him on the morrow1 by means of an order from ,sir ,francis ,walsingham1 and should then lay before him the issues offered unto his election4 ,she said she was very much contented to hear it2 and added1 she must now secure boatmen to assist in the escape who should be reliable ,catholic men2 and if in this she did succeed1 she feared not to fail in her design4 ,at the hour ,i had fixed upon with ,hubert1 on the next day1 he came to carry me to the prison at ,bridewell4 ,mistress ,ward prevailed on ,mr4 ,congleton to go thither with us1 for she was loth to be seen there in company with known persons1 and added privily in mine ear1 ,the more so at a time when it may happen ,i should get into trouble touching the matter ,i have in hand4 ,when we reached the place1 ,hubert presented to the gaoler ,sir ,francis's letter1 which was also signed by the governor1 and ,i was forthwith conducted to my father's cell4 ,when ,i entered it1 and advanced toward that dear prisoner1 ,i dared not in the man's presence to show either the joy or grief ,i felt at that meeting1 but stood by his side like one deprived of the power of speech1 and only struggling to restrain my tears4 ,i feared we should not have been left alone1 and then this interview should have proved of little use or comfort2 but after setting for me a chair1 which he had sent for--for there was only one small bench in the cell--this officer withdrew1 and locked the door on me and that dear parent1 whose face was very white and wan1 but who spoke in as cheerful and kind a manner as can be thought of1 albeit taxing me with wilfulness for that ,i had not complied with his behest that none should come to visit him4 ,i would not have the chair which had been sent for me--for ,i did hold it to be an unbecoming thing for a daughter to sit down in her father's presence 7and he a priest71 who had only a poor bench to rest his limbs on--but placed myself on the ground at his feet2 which at first he misliked1 but afterward said it should be as ,i pleased4 ,then1 after some affectionate speeches1 wherein his great goodness toward me was shown1 and my answers to them1 which disburthened my heart of some of the weight which oppressed it1 as did likewise the shedding of a few tears on his hand1 which was clasped in mine1 ,i spoke1 in case time should press1 of ,sir ,francis's offer1 and the condition thereunto attached1 which ,i did with a trembling voice1 and yet such indifferent tones as ,i could affect1 as if showing no leaning to one way of thinking or the other1 touching his acceptance of these terms4 ,in the brief time which did elapse between my speaking and his reply1 methinks ,i had an equal fear lest he should #cjh assent or dissent therein--filial love mightfully prompting me to desire his acceptance of this means of deliverance1 yet coupled with an apprehension that in that case he should stand one degree less high in the favor of ,god and the eyes of men4 ,but ,i was angered with myself that ,i should have mine own thoughts therein1 or in any way form a judgment forestalling his1 which peradventure would see no evil in this concession2 and forecasting also the consequences which should ensue if he refused1 ,i resolved to move him thereunto by some such words as these3 ,my dearly beloved father1 if it be possible1 ,i pray you yield this small matter to those that seek to save your life4 ,let the minister come to satisfy ,sir ,francis1 and all shall be well1 yea1 without your speaking one word1 or by so much as one look assenting to his arguments4 ,i dared not to meet his eyes1 which he fixed on me1 but kept kissing his hand whilst he said3 ,daughter ,constance1 labor not to move me in this matter2 for far above all other things ,i may have to suffer1 nothing would touch me so near1 or be so grievous to me1 as to see you1 my well-beloved child1 try to persuade me unto that which in respect of my soul ,i will never consent to4 ,for1 ,i pray you1 first as regards religion1 can ,i suffer any to think1 albeit ,i should give no cause for it but silence1 that my faith is in any wise shaken1 which peradventure would prove a stumbling-block to others8 or1 touching truth and honesty1 shall ,i accept life and freedom on some such supposition as that ,i am like to change my religion1 when ,i should as soon think to cast myself into hell of mine own free will as to deny one point of ,catholic belief8 ,no1 no1 mine own good child2 'tis a narrow path which doth lead to heaven1 and maybe it shall prove exceeding narrow for me ere ,i reach its end1 and not over easy to the feet or pleasant to the eye2 but ,god defend ,i should by so much as one hair's-breadth overpass a narrowness which tendeth to so good a conclusion2 and verily1 to be short1 my good child1 tender my thanks to ,sir ,francis ,walsingham--who ,i doubt not meaneth excellently well by me--and to young ,master ,rookwood1 who hath dealt with him therein2 but tell them ,i am very well pleased with my present abode as long as it shall please ,god to keep me in this world2 and when he willeth me to leave it1 believe me1 daughter ,constance1 the quickest road to heaven shall be the most pleasing to me4 ,his manner was so resolved that ,i urged him no further1 and only heaved a deep sigh4 ,then he said1 kindly3 ,come1 mine own good child1 give me so much comfort as to let me hear that thou art of the same way of thinking in this matter as thy unworthy but very resolved father4 ,my dear father1 ,i replied1 methinks ,i never loved you so well1 or honored you one half so much as now1 when you have cast off all human consolation1 yea1 and a certain hope of deliverance1 rather than give occasion to the enemies of our faith to boast they had prevailed on you1 in ever so small a matter1 to falter in the open profession thereof2 and ,i pray ,god1 if ever ,i should be in a like plight1 ,i may not prove myself to be otherwise than your true child in spirit as in nature4 ,as to what shall now follow your refusal1 it lieth in ,god's hands1 and ,i know he can deliver you1 if he doth will it1 from this great peril you are in4 ,there's my brave wench1 quoth he then1 laying his scarred hand on my head2 thy mother had a prophetic spirit1 ,i ween1 when she said of thee when yet a puling girl1 ',as her days1 so shall her strength be4' ,verily ,god is very good1 who hath granted us these moments of peaceful converse in a place where we had once little thought for to meet4 ,as ,i looked upon him1 sitting on a poor bench in that comfortless cell1 his noble fair visage oldened by hardships and toils rather than years1 his eyes so full of peace1 yea of contentment1 that #cji joy seemed to beam in them1 ,i thought of the words of ,holy ,writ1 which do foretell which shall be said hereafter of the just by such as have afflicted them and taken away their labors3 ,there are they whom we had some time in derision and for a parable of reproach4 ,we fools esteemed their life madness and their end without honor4 ,behold1 how they are numbered with the children of ,god1 and their lot amongst the saints4 ,at that time a knock against the wall was heard1 and my father set his ear against it1 counting the number of such knocks2 for it was ,mr4 ,watson1 he said1 beginning to converse with him in their wonted fashion4 ,i will tell him ,i am engaged1 quoth he1 in his turn tapping in the same manner4 ,but peradventure he hath somewhat to communicate1 ,i said4 ,no1 he answered1 for in that case he would have knocked three times at first1 for on this signal we have agreed4 ,smiling1 he added1 ,we do confess to each other in this way4 ',tis somewhat tedious1 ,i do admit2 but thanks be to ,god we lack not leisure here for such duties4 ,then ,i briefly told him of ,mistress ,ward's intent to procure ,mr4 ,watson's escape4 ,ay1 he said1 ,i am privy to it1 and ,i do pray ,god it may succeed4 ,it should be to me the greatest joy in the world to hear that good man was set free1 or made free by any good means4 ,then1 ,i added1 will you not join in the attempt1 if so be she can convey to you a cord8 and the same boat should carry you both off4 ,nay1 he replied2 for more reasons than one ,i am resolved against that in mine own case which in ,mr4 ,watson's ,i do commend4 ,this enterprise must needs bring that good woman1 ,mrs4 ,ward1 into some sort of danger1 which she doth well to run for his sake1 and which he doth not wrong to consent unto1 she being of a willing mind to encounter it4 ,for if the extremity of torture should extort the admissions they do seek from him1 many should then grievously suffer1 and mostly his own soul4 ,but ,i have that trust in ,god1 who hath given me in all my late perils what nature had verily not furnished me with1 an undaunted spirit to meet sufferings with somewhat more than fortitude1 with a very great joy such as his grace can only bestow1 that he will continue to do so1 whatever straits ,i do find myself in2 and being so minded1 ,i am resolved not again by mine own doing to put mine own and others' lives in jeopardy2 but to take what he shall send in the ordinary course of things1 throwing all my care on him1 without whose knowledge and will not so much as one hair of our heads doth fall to the ground4 ,but ,i am glad to be privy to the matter in hand for ,mr4 ,watson1 so as to pray for him this day and night1 and also for that noble soul who doth show herself so true a ,christian in her care for his weal and salvation4 ,then1 changing to other themes1 he inquired of me at some length touching the passages of my life since he had parted with me1 and my dispositions touching the state of life ,i was about to embrace1 concerning which he gave me the most profitable instructions which can be thought of1 and rules of virtue1 which1 albeit imperfectly observed1 have proved of so great and wholesome guidance to my inexperienced years that ,i do stand more indebted to him for this fine advice1 there given me1 than for all other benefits besides4 ,he then spoke of ,edmund ,genings1 who1 by a special dispensation of the ,pope1 had lately been ordained priest1 being but twenty-three years of age1 and said the preparation he had made for receiving this holy order was very great1 and the impression the greatness of the charge made upon his mind so strong1 that it produced a wonderful effect in his very body1 affecting for a time his health4 ,he was infirmarian at ,rheims1 and labored among the sick students1 a very model of piety and #caj humility2 but vivamus in spe was still1 as heretofore1 his motto1 and that hope in which he lived was to be sent upon the ,english mission4 ,these1 my father said1 were the last tidings he had heard of him4 ,his mother he did believe was dead1 and his younger brother had left ,la ,rochelle and was in ,paris1 leading a more gay life than was desirable4 ,and now ,i pray you1 mine own dear honored father1 ,i said1 favor me1 ,i beseech you1 with a recital of your own haps since you landed in ,england1 and ,i ceased to receive letters from you4 ,he condescended to my request1 in the words which do follow3 ,well1 my good child1 ,i arrived in this country one year and five months back1 having by earnest suit and no small difficulty obtained from my superiors to be sent on the ,english mission2 for by reason of the weakness of my health1 and some use ,i was of in the college1 owing to my acquaintanceship with the ,french and the ,english languages1 ,dr4 ,allen was loth to permit my departure4 ,i crossed the seas in a small merchant-vessel1 and landed at ,lynn4 ,the port-officers searched me to the skin1 and found nothing on me2 but one ,sledd1 an informer1 which had met me in an inn at ,honfleur1 where ,i had lodged for some days before sailing for ,england1 had taken my marks very precisely2 and arriving in ,london some time before ,i landed in ,norfolk1 having been stayed by contrary winds in my longer passage1 he there presented my name and marks2 upon which the queen's council sent to the searchers of the ports4 ,these found the said marks very apparent in me2 but for the avoiding of charges1 the mayor of the place1 one ,mr4 ,alcock1 and ,rawlins the searcher1 requested a gentleman which had landed at the same time with me1 and who called himself ,haward1 to carry me as a prisoner to the lord-lieutenant of the county4 ,he agreed very easily thereunto2 but as soon as we were out of the town1 ',i cannot1' says this gentleman1 'in conscience1 nor will not1 being myself a ,catholic1 deliver you1 a ,catholic priest1 prisoner to the lord-lieutenant4 ,but we will go straight to ,norwich1 and when we come there1 shift for yourself1 as ,i will do for myself4' ,coming to ,norwich1 ,i went immediately to one of the gaols1 and conferred with a ,catholic1 a friend of mine1 which by chance ,i found out to be there imprisoned for recusancy4 ,i recounted to him the order of my apprehension and escape2 and he told me that in conscience ,i could not make that escape1 and persuaded me ,i ought to yield myself prisoner2 whereupon ,i went to my friend ,haward1 whom1 through the aforesaid ,catholic prisoner1 ,i found to be no other than ,dr4 ,ely1 a professor of canon and civil law at ,douay4 ,i requested him to deliver to me the mayor's letter to the lord-lieutenant4 ',why1 what will you do with it8' said he4 ',i will go1' ,i said1 'and carry it to him1 and yield myself a prisoner2 for ,i am not satisfied ,i can make this escape in conscience1 having had a contrary opinion thereon4' ,and ,i told him what that prisoner ,i had just seen had urged4 ',why1' said ,haward1 'this counsel which hath been given you proceedeth1 ,i confess1 from a zealous mind2 but ,i doubt whether it carrieth with it the weight of knowledge4 ,you shall not have the letter1 nor you may not in conscience yield yourself to the persecutors1 having so good means offered to escape their cruelty4' ,but as ,i still persisted in my demand1 ',well1' said ,mr4 ,haward1 'seeing you will not be turned by me from this opinion1 let us go first and consult with such a man1' and he named one newly come over1 who was concealed at the house of a ,catholic not very far off4 ,this was a man of singular wit aid learning1 and of such rare virtues that ,i honored and reverenced him greatly1 which ,mr4 ,haward perceiving1 he said1 with a smile1 ',if he be of your opinion1 you shall have the letter1 and go in ,god's name6' ,when we came #caa to him1 he utterly disliked of my intention1 and dissuaded me from what he said was a fond cogitation4 ,so being assuaged1 ,i went quietly about my business1 and travelled for the space of more than a year from one ,catholic house to another in ,norfolk and ,suffolk1 ministering the sacraments to recusants1 and reconciling many to the ,church1 which1 from fear or lack of instruction or spiritual counsel1 or only indifferency1 had conformed to the times4 ,methinks1 daughter ,constance1 for one such year a man should be willing to lay down a thousand lives1 albeit1 or rather because1 as ,st4 ,paul saith1 he be 'in journeyings often1 in perils from his own nation1 in perils from false brethren' 7oh1 how true and applicable do these words prove to the ,catholics of this land671 'in perils in the city1 in perils of the wilderness1 in perils of the sea4' ,and if it pleases ,god now to send me labors of another sort1 so that ,i may be in prisons frequently1 in stripes above measure1 and1 finally1 in death itself1 his true servant1--oh1 believe me1 my good child1 the right fair house ,i once had1 with its library and garden and orchard1 and everything so handsome about us1 and the company of thy sweet mother1 and thy winsome childish looks of love1 never gave me so much heartfelt joy and comfort as the new similitude ,i experience1 and greater ,i hope to come1 to my loved and only ,master's sufferings and death6 ,at this time of his recital my tears flowed abundantly2 but with an imparted sweetness1 which1 like a reflected light1 shone from his soul on mine4 ,but to stay my weeping he changed his tone1 and said with good cheer3 ,come now1 my wench1 ,i will presently make thee merry by the recital of a strait in which ,i once found myself1 and which maketh me to laugh to think on it1 albeit at the time1 ,i warrant thee1 it was like to prove no laughable matter4 ,it happened that year ,i speak of that ,i was once secretly sent for by a courtlike gentleman of good wealth that had lived in much bravery1 and was then sick and lying in great pain4 ,he had fallen into a vehement agitation and deep study of the life to come2 and thereupon called for a priest--for in mind and opinion he was ,catholic--that he might learn from him to die well4 ,according to the custom of the ,church1 ,i did admonish him1 among other things1 that if he had any way hurt or injured any man1 or unjustly possessed other men's goods1 he should go about by-and-by to make restitution according to his ability4 ,he agreed to do so1 and called to mind that he had taken away something from a certain ,calvinist1 under pretence of law indeed1 but not under any good assurance for a ,catholic conscience to trust to4 ,therefore1 he took order for restitution to be made1 and died4 ,the widow1 his wife1 was very anxious to accomplish her husband's will2 but being afraid to commit the matter to any one1 her perplexed mind was entangled in briers of doubtfulness4 ,she one day declared her grief unto me1 and beseeched me1 for ,god's sake1 to help her with my counsel and travail4 ,so1 seeing her distress1 ,i proffered to put myself in any peril that might befall in the doing of this thing2 but1 indeed1 persuaded myself that no man would be so perverse as of a benefit to desire revengement4 ,therefore committing the matter to ,god1 ,i mounted on horseback1 and away ,i went on my journey4 ,when ,i came to the town where the man did dwell to whom the money was to be delivered1 ,i set up my horse in the next inn1 that ,i might be readier at hand to scape immediately after my business was despatched4 ,i then went to the creditor's house1 and called the man forth alone1 taking him by the hand and leading him aside from the company of others4 ,then ,i declared to him that ,i had money for him1 which ,i would deliver into his hands with this condition1 that he inquired no further either who sent or who brought it unto him1 or what #cab the cause and matter was1 but only receive the money and use it as his own4 ,the old fellow promised fair1 and with a good will gave his word faithfully so to do1 and with many thanks sent me away4 ,with all the speed ,i was able to make1 ,i hastened to mine host's house1 for to catch hold of my horse and fly away4 ,but forthwith the deceitful old fellow betrayed me1 and sent men after to apprehend me1 not supposing me this time to be a priest1 but making the surmise against me that forsooth ,i was not a man but a devil1 which had brought money of mine own making to bewitch him4 ,all the people of the town1 when they heard the rumor1 confirmed the argument1 with this proof among others1 that ,i had a black horse1 and gave orders for to watch the animal diligently1 whether he did eat hay as other horses1 or no4 ,as for me1 they put a horse-lock about my leg1 shut me up close in a strong chamber1 and appointed a fellow to be with me continually1 night and day1 which should watch if ,i did put off my boots at any time1 and if my feet were like horses' feet1 or that ,i was cloven-footed1 or had feet slit and forked as beasts have2 for this they affirmed to be a special mark whereby to know the devil when he lieth lurking under the shape and likeness of a man4 ,then the people assembled about the house in great numbers1 and proffered money largely that they might see this monster with their own eyes2 for by this time they were persuaded that ,i was indeed an ill spirit1 or the very devil4 ',for what man was ever heard of1' said they1 'which1 if he had the mind1 understanding1 and sense of a man1 would1 of his own voluntary will1 and without any respect or consideration at all1 give or proffer such a sum of money to a man utterly unknown8' ,god knowcth what should have ensued if some hours later it had not chanced that ,sir ,henry ,stafford did ride into the town1 and1 seeing a great concourse of people at the door of the inn1 he stopped to inquire into the cause2 which when it was related to him1 he said he was a magistrate1 and should himself examine1 face to face1 this limb of ,satan4 ,so ,i was taken before him into the parlor2 and being alone with him1 and knowing him to be well-disposed in religion1 albeit conforming to the times1 ,i explained in a general manner what sort of an errand had brought me to that place4 ,methinks he guessed me to be a priest1 although he said nothing thereon1 but only licensed me to depart and go away whither ,i would1 himself letting me out of the house through a back-door4 ,i have heard since that he harangued the people from the balcony1 and told them1 that whilst he was examining me a strong smell of sulphur had come into the chamber1 and a pack of devils carried me off through the window into the air2 and he doubted not ,i had by that time returned to mine own lodging in hell4 ,which he did1 ,i knew1 for to prevent their pursuing me and using such violence as he might not have had means to hinder4 ,it was not1 then1 ,i asked1 on this occasion you were apprehended and taken to ,wisbeach8 ,no1 he answered2 nor indeed can ,i be said to have been apprehended at all1 for it happened in this wise that ,i became a prisoner4 ,i was one day in ,norwich1 whither ,i had gone to baptize a child1 and1 as ,providence would have it1 met with ,haward1 by whose means ,i had been set at liberty one year before4 ,after ordinary salutations1 he said to me1 ',mr4 ,tunstall' 7for by that name only he knew me71 'the host of the inn where you were taken last year says ,i have undone him1 by suffering the prisoner ,i had promised to deliver to escape2 for he having been my surety with the mayor1 he is threatened with eight months' imprisonment1 or the payment of a large fine4 ,he hath come to this town for to seek me1 and hath seized upon me on this charge2 so that ,i be only at liberty for six hours1 for ,i #cac promised that ,i would bring you to him by four o'clock 7a ,catholic merchant yielding him security thereof71 or else that ,i should deliver him my body again4 ',i am content1' he said1 'so that ,i have one of you two4' ,so either you1 ,mr4 ,tunstall1 or ,i1 must needs go to prison4 ,you know my state and condition1 and may guess how ,i shall be treated1 if once ,i appear under my right name before them4 ,you know1 also1 your own state4 ,now1 it is in your choice whether of us shall go2 for one must go2 there is no remedy2 and to force you ,i will not1 for ,i had rather sustain any punishment whatsoever4' ',now ,god be blessed1' ,i cried1 'that he hath thrown me in your way at this time1 for ,i should never while ,i lived have been without scruple if you had gone to prison in my stead4 ,nothing grieveth me in this but that ,i have not finished off some business ,i had in this town touching a person in some distress of mind4' ',why1' said ,haward1 'it is but ten o'clock yet2 you may despatch your business by four of the clock1 and then you may go to the sign of the ,star and inquire for one ,mr4 ,andrews1 the lord-lieutenant's deputy1 and to him you may surrender yourself4' ',so ,i will1' ,i said2 and so we parted4 ,at four of the clock ,i surrendered myself1 and was straightway despatched to ,wisbeach ,castle1 where ,i remained for three months4 ,a message reached me there that a ,catholic which had led a very wicked life1 and was lying on his death-bed1 was almost beside himself for that he could get no priest to come to him4 ,the person which delivered this advertisement left some ropes with me1 by which means ,i escaped out of the window into the moat with such damage to my hands that ,i was like to lose the use of them1 and perhaps of my life1 if these wounds had mortified before good ,lady l',estrange dressed them4 ,but ,i reached the poor sinner1 which had proved the occasion of my escaping1 in time for to give him absolution1 and from ,mr4 ,rugeley's house visited many ,catholics in that neighborhood4 ,the rest is well known to thee1 my good child4 4 4 4 ,as he was speaking these words the door of the cell opened1 and the gaoler advertised me ,i could tarry no longer2 so1 with many blessings1 my dear father dismissed me1 and ,i went home with ,mr4 ,congleton and ,hubert1 who anxiously inquired what his answer had been to the proposal ,i had carried to him4 ,a most resolved denial of the conditions attached to it1 ,i said1 joined to many grateful acknowledgments to ,sir ,francis and to you also for your efforts in his favor4 ',tis madness6 he exclaimed4 ,yea1 ,i answered1 such madness as the heathen governor did charge ,st4 ,paul with4 ,and so no more passed between us whilst we rode back to ,holborn4 ,mr4 ,congleton put questions to me touching my father's health and his looks1--if he seemed of good cheer1 and spoke merrily as he used to do2 and then we all continued silent4 ,when we arrived at ,ely ,place1 ,hubert refused to come into the house1 but detained me on the outward steps1 as if desirous to converse with me alone4 ,thinking ,i had spoken to him in the coach in an abrupt manner which savored of ingratitude1 ,i said more gently1 ,i am very much beholden to you1 ,hubert1 for your well-meaning toward my father4 ,i would fain continue to help you1 he answered in an agitated voice4 ,constance1 he exclaimed1 after a pause1 your father is in a very dangerous plight4 ,i know it1 said ,i1 quickly2 but ,i know1 too1 he is resolved and content to die rather than swerve an inch from his duty to ,god and his ,church4 ,but1 quoth he then1 do you wish to save him8 ,i looked at him amazed4 ,wish it6 ,god knoweth that to see him in safety ,i would have my hand cut off1--yea1 and my head also4 #cad ,what1 and rob him of his expectant crown--the martyr's palm1 and all the rest of it8 he said1 with a perceptible sneer4 ,hubert6 ,i passionately exclaimed1 you are investigable to me2 you chill my soul with your half-uttered sentences and uncertain meanings6 ,once1 ,i remember1 you could speak nobly1--yea1 and feel so too1 as much as any one4 ,heaven shield you be not wholly changed6 ,changed6 quoth he1 in a low voice1 ,i am changed2 and then abruptly altering his manner1 and leaving me in doubt as to the change he did intend to speak of1 he pressed me to take no measures touching my father's release till he had spoken with me again2 for he said if his real name became known1 or others dealt in the matter1 all hope on ,sir ,francis's side should be at an end4 ,he then asked me if ,i had heard of ,basil lately4 ,i told him of the letter ,i had had from him at ,kenninghall some weeks back4 ,he said a report had reached him that he had landed at ,dover and was coming to ,london2 but he hoped it was not true1 for that ,sir ,henry ,stafford was very urgent he should continue abroad till the expiration of his wardship4 ,i said1 ,if he was returned1 it must surely be for some sufficient cause1 but that ,i had heard nothing thereof1 and had no reason to expect it4 ,but you would know it1 ,i presume1 if he was in ,london8 he urged4 ,i misliked his manner1 which always put me in mind of one in the dark1 which feeleth his way as he advances1 and goeth not straight to the point4 ,is ,basil in ,england8 ,i inquired1 fixing mine eyes on him1 and with a flutter at my heart from the thought that it should be possible4 ,i heard he was1 he answered in a careless tone2 but ,i think it not to be true4 ,if he should come whilst this matter is in hand1 ,i do conjure you1 ,constance1 if you value your father's existence and ,basil's also1 let him not into this secret4 ,wherefore not8 ,i quickly answered4 ,why should one meet to be trusted1 and by me above all other persons in the world1 be kept ignorant of what so nearly doth touch me8 ,because1 he said1 there is a rashness in his nature which will assuredly cause him to run headlong into danger if not forcibly withheld from the occasions of it4 ,i have seen no tokens of such rashness as you speak of in him1 ,i replied2 only of a boldness such as well becomes a ,christian and a gentleman4 ,constance ,sherwood6 ,hubert exclaimed1 and seized hold of my hand with a vehemency which caused me to start1 ,i do entreat you1 yea1 on my bended knees1 if needs be1 ,i will beseech you to beware of that indomitable and resolved spirit which sets at defiance restraint1 prudence1 pity even2 which leads you to brave your friends1 spurn wholesome counsel1 rush headlong into perils which ,i forewarn you do hang thickly about your path4 ,if ,i can conjure them1 ,i care not by what means1 ,i will do so2 but for the sake of all you do hold dear1 curb your natural impetuosity1 which may prove the undoing of those you most desire to serve4 ,there was a plausibility in this speech1 and in mine own knowledge of myself some sort of a confirmation of what he did charge me with1 which inclined me somewhat to diffide of mine own judgment in this matter1 and not to turn a wholly deaf ear to his advertisement4 ,he had the most persuasive tongue in the world1 and a rare art at representing things under whatever aspect he chose4 ,he dealt so cunningly therein with me that day1 and used so many ingenious arguments1 that ,i said ,i should be very careful how ,i disclosed anything to ,basil or any one else touching my father's imprisonment1 who ,mr4 ,tunstall was1 and my near concern in his fate2 but would give no promise thereupon3 so he was forced to content himself with as much as he could obtain1 and #cae withdrew himself for that day1 he said2 but promised to return on the morrow4 ,,chapter ,,xviii4 ,when at last ,i entered the house ,i sought ,mistress ,ward2 for ,i desired to hear what assistance she had procured for the escape of the prisoners1 and to inform her of my father's resolved purpose not himself to attempt this flight1 albeit commending her for moving ,mr4 ,watson to it and assisting him therein4 ,not finding her in the parlor1 nor in her bed-chamber1 ,i opened the door of my aunt's room1 who was now very weak1 and yet more so in mind than in body4 ,she was lying with her eyes shut1 and ,mistress ,ward standing by her bedside4 ,i marked her intent gaze on the aged1 placid face of the poor lady1 and one tear ,i saw roll down her cheek4 ,then she stooped to kiss her forehead4 ,a noise ,i made with the handle of the door caused her to turn round1 and hastening toward me1 she took me by the hand and led me to her chamber1 where ,muriel was folding some biscuits and cakes in paper and stowing them in a basket4 ,the thought came to me of the first day ,i had arrived in ,london1 and the comfort ,i had found in this room1 when all except her were strangers to me in that house4 ,she sat down betwixt ,muriel and me1 and smiling1 said3 ,now1 mine own dear children1 for such my heart holds you both to be1 and ever will whilst ,i live1 ,i am come here for to tell you that ,i purpose not to return to this house to-night1 nor can ,i foresee when1 if ever1 ,i shall be free to do so4 ,o1 what dismal news6 ,i exclaimed1 and more sad than ,i did expect4 ,muriel said nothing1 but lifting her hand to her lips kissed it4 ,you both know1 she continued1 that in order to save one in cruel risk and temptation of apostasy1 and others perhaps1 also1 whom his possible speaking should imperil1 ,i be about to put myself in some kind of danger1 who of all persons in the world possess the best right to do so1 as having neither parents1 or husband1 or children1 or any on earth who depend on my care4 ,yea1 it is true1 she added1 fixing her eyes on ,muriel's composed1 but oh how sorrowful1 countenance1 none dependent on my care1 albeit some very dear to me1 and which hang on me1 and ,i on them1 in the way of fond affection4 ,god knoweth my heart1 and that it is very closely and tenderly entwined about each one in this house4 ,good ,mr4 ,congleton and your dear mother1 who hath clung to me so long1 though ,i thank ,god not so much of late by reason of the weakening of her mind1 which hath ceased greatly to notice changes about her1 and you1 ,constance1 my good child1 since your coming hither a little lass commended to my keeping4 4 4 4 4 ,there she stopped2 and ,i felt she could not name ,muriel1 or then so much as look on her2 for if ever two souls were bound together by an unperishable bond of affection1 begun on earth to last in heaven1 theirs were so united4 ,i ween ,muriel was already acquainted with her purpose1 for she asked no questions thereon2 whereas ,i exclaimed1 ,i do very well know1 good ,mistress ,ward1 what perils you do run in this charitable enterprise2 but wherefore1 ,i pray you1 this final manner of parting8 ,god's providence may shield you from harm in this passage1 and1 indeed1 human probability should lead us to hope for your safety if becoming precautions be observed4 ,then why1 ,i say1 this certain farewell8 ,because1 she answered1 whatever comes of this night's enterprise1 ,i return not to this house4 ,and wherefore not8 ,i cried2 this is indeed a cruel resolve1 a hard misfortune4 ,heretofore1 she answered1 ,i had noways offended against the laws of the country1 except in respect #caf of recusancy1 wherein all here are alike involved2 but by mine act tonight ,i do expose myself to so serious a charge 7conscience obliging me to prefer the law of divine charity to that of human authority71 that ,i may at any time and without the least hope of mercy be exposed to detection and apprehension2 and so am resolved not to draw down sorrow and obloquy on the gray hairs of my closest friends and on your young years such perils as ,i do willingly in mine own person incur1 but would not have others to be involved in4 ,therefore ,i will lodge1 leastwise for a time1 with one who feareth not any more than ,i do persecution1 who hath no ties and little or nothing on earth to lose1 and if she had would willingly yield it a thousand times over for to save a soul for whom ,christ died4 ,nor will ,i have you privy1 my dear children1 to the place of mine abode1 that if questioned on it you may with truth aver yourselves to be ignorant thereof4 ,and now1 she said1 turning to me1 is ,mr4 ,sherwood willing for to try to escape by the same means as ,mr4 ,watson8 for methinks ,i have found a way to convey to him a cord1 and1 by means of the management he knoweth of instructions how to use it4 ,nay1 ,i answered1 he will not himself avail himself of this means1 albeit he is much rejoiced you have it in hand for ,mr4 ,watson's deliverance from his tormentors2 and he doth pray fervently for it to succeed4 ,everything promiseth well1 she replied4 ,i dealt this day with an honest ,catholic boatman1 a servant of ,mr4 ,hodgson1 who is willing to assist in it4 ,two men are needed for to row the boat with so much speed as shall be necessary to carry it quickly beyond reach of pursuers4 ,he knoweth none of his own craft which should be reliable or else disposed to risk the enterprise2 but he says at a house of resort for ,catholics which he doth frequent1 he chanced to fall in with a young gentleman1 lately landed from ,france1 whom he doth make sure will lend his aid in it4 ,as dextrous a man1 he saith1 to handle an oar1 and of as courageous a spirit1 as can be found in ,england4 ,as soon as she had uttered these words1 ,i thought of what ,hubert had said touching a report of ,basil being in ,london and of his rashness in plunging into dangers2 a cold shiver ran through me4 ,did he tell you this gentleman's name8 ,i asked4 ,no1 she answered1 he would not mention it2 but only that he was one who could be trusted with the lives of ten thousand persons1 and so zealous a ,catholic he would any day risk his life to do some good service to a priest4 ,and hath this boatman promised1 ,i inquired1 to wait for ,mr4 ,watson and convey him away8 ,yea1 most strictly1 she answered1 at twelve o'clock of the night he and his companion shall approach a boat to the side of some scaffolding which lieth under the wall of the prison2 and when the clock of the tower striketh1 ,mr4 ,watson shall open his window1 the bars of which he hath found it possible to remove1 and by means of the cord1 which is of the length he measured should be necessary1 he will let himself down on the planks1 whence he can step into the boat1 and be carried to a place of concealment in a close part of the city till it shall be convenient for him to cross the sea to ,france4 ,must you go8 ,i said1 seeing her rise1 and feeling a dull hard heaviness at my heart which did well-nigh impede my utterance4 ,i was not willing to let her know the fear ,i had conceived2 of what use should it be1 ,i inwardly argued1 to disturb her in the discharge of her perilous task by a surmise which might prove groundless2 and1 indeed1 were it certainly true1 could she1 nay1 would she1 alter her intent1 or could ,i so much as ask her to do it8 ,whilst1 with ,muriel's assistance1 she concluded the packing of her basket1 wherein the weighty cord was concealed in an ingenious #cag manner1 ,i stood by watching the doing of it1 fearing to see her depart1 yet unable to think of any means by which to delay that which ,i could not1 even if ,i had willed it1 prevent4 ,when the last contents were placed in the basket1 and ,muriel was pressing down the lid1 ,i said3 ,do you1 peradventure1 know the name of the inn where you said that gentleman doth tarry which the boatman spake of8 ,no1 she replied2 nor so much as where the good boatman himself lodgeth4 ,i met with him at ,mr4 ,hodgson's house1 and there made this agreement4 ,but if1 ,i said1 it should happen by any reason that ,mr4 ,watson changed his mind1 how should you1 then1 inform him of it8 ,in that case1 she answered1 he would hang a white kerchief outside his window1 by which they should be advertised to withdraw themselves4 ,and now1 she added1 ,i have always been of the way of thinking that farewells should be brief2 and ',god speed you1' and ',god bless you1' enough for those which do hope1 if it shall please ,god1 on earth1 but for a surety in heaven1 to meet again4 ,so1 kissing us both somewhat hurriedly1 she took up her basket on her arm1 and said she should send a messenger on the morrow for her clothes2 at which ,muriel1 for the first time1 shed some tears1 which was an instance of what ,i have often noticed1 that grief1 howsoever heavy1 doth not always overflow in the eyes unless some familiar words or homely circumstance doth substantiate the verity of a sorrow known indeed1 but not wholly apparent till its common effects be seen4 ,then we two sat awhile alone in that empty chamber--empty of her which for so long years had tenanted it to our no small comfort and benefit4 ,when the light waned1 ,muriel lit a candle1 and said she must go for to attend on her mother1 for that duty did now devolve chiefly on her2 and ,i could see in her sad but composed face the conquering peace which doth exceed all human consolation4 ,for mine own part1 ,i was so unhinged by doubtful suspense that ,i lacked ability to employ my mind in reading or my fingers in stitch-work2 and so descended for relief into the garden1 where ,i wandered to and fro like an uneasy ghost1 seeking rest but finding none4 ,the dried shaking leaves made a light noise in falling1 which caused me each time to think ,i heard a footstep behind me4 ,and despite the increasing darkness1 after ,i had paced up and down for near unto an hour1 some one verily did come walking along the alley where ,i was1 seeking to overtake me4 ,turning round ,i perceived it to be mine own dear aged friend1 ,mr4 ,roper4 ,oh1 what great comfort ,i experienced in the sight of this good man6 ,how eager was my greeting of him6 ,how full my heart as ,i poured into his ear the narrative of the passages which had befallen me since we had met6 ,of the most weighty he knew somewhat2 but nothing of the last haunting fear ,i had lest my dear ,basil should be in ,london1 and this very night engaged in the perilous attempt to carry off ,mr4 ,watson4 ,when ,i told him of it1 he started and exclaimed3 ,god defend it6 but quickly corrected himself and cried1 ,god's mercy1 that my first feeling should have led me to think rather of ,basil's safety than of the fine spirit he showed in all instances where a good action had to be done1 or a service rendered to those in affliction4 ,indeed1 ,mr4 ,roper1 ,i said1 as he led me back to the house and into the solitary parlor 7where my uncle now seldom came1 but remained sitting alone in his library1 chiefly engaged in praying and reading71 ,i do condemn mine own weakness in this1 and pray ,god to give me strength for what may come upon us2 but ,i do promise you 'tis no easy matter to carry always so high a heart that it shall not sink with human fears and griefs in such passages as these4 #cah ,my dear1 the good man answered1 ,god knoweth 'tis no easy matter to attain to the courage you speak of4 ,i have myself seen the sweetest1 the lovingest1 and the most brave creature which ever did breathe give marks of extraordinary sorrow when her father1 that generous martyr of ,christ1 was to die4 ,i pray you tell me1 ,i answered1 what her behavior was like in that trial2 for to converse on such themes doth allay somewhat the torment of suspense1 and ,i may learn lessons from her example1 who1 you say1 joined to natural weakness so courageous a spirit in like straits4 ,upon which he1 willing to divert and yet not violently change the current of my thoughts1 spake as followeth3 ,on the day when ,sir ,thomas ,more came from ,westminster to the ,tower-ward1 my wife1 desirous to see her father1 whom she thought she should never see in this world after1 and also to have his final blessing1 gave attendance about the wharf where she knew he should pass before he could enter into the ,tower4 ,as soon as she saw him1 after his blessing upon her knees reverently received1 hastening toward him without care or consideration of herself1 passing in amongst the throng and company of the guard1 she ran to him and took him about the neck and kissed him2 who1 well liking her most natural and dear daughterly affection toward him1 gave her his fatherly blessing and godly words of comfort beside2 from whom1 after she was departed1 not satisfied with the former sight of him1 and like one that had forgotten herself1 being all ravished with the entire love of her father1 suddenly turned back again1 ran to him as before1 took him about the neck1 and divers times kissed him lovingly1 till at last1 with a full and heavy heart1 she was fain to depart from him2 the beholding thereof was to many that were present so lamentable1 and mostly so to me1 that for very sorrow we could not forbear to weep with her4 ,the wife of ,john ,harris1 ,sir ,thomas's secretary1 was moved to such a transport of grief1 that she suddenly flew to his neck and kissed him1 as he had reclined his head on his daughter's shoulder2 and he who1 in the midst of the greatest straits1 had ever a merry manner of speaking1 cried1 ',this is kind1 albeit rather unpolitely done4' ,and the day he suffered1 ,i asked1 what was this good daughter's behavior8 ,she went1 quoth he1 to the different churches1 and distributed abundant alms to the poor4 ,when she had given all her money away1 she withdrew to pray in a certain church1 where she on a sudden did remember she had no linen in which to wrap up her father's body4 ,she had heard that the remains of the ,bishop of ,rochester had been thrown into the ground1 without priest1 cross1 lights1 or shroud1 for the dread of the king had prevented his relations from attempting to bury him4 ,but ,margaret resolved her father's body should not meet with such unchristian treatment4 ,her maid advised her to buy some linen in the next shop1 albeit having given away all her money to the poor1 there was no likelihood she should get credit from strangers4 ,she ventured1 howsoever1 and having agreed about the price1 she put her hand in her pocket1 which she knew was empty1 to show she forgot the money1 and ask credit under that pretence4 ,but to her surprise1 she found in her purse the exact price of the linen1 neither more or less2 and so buried the martyr of ,christ with honor1 nor was there any one so inhuman found as to hinder her4 ,mr4 ,roper1 ,i said1 when he had ended his recital1 methinks this angelic lady's trial was most hard3 but how much harder should it yet have been if you1 her husband1 had been in a like peril at that time as her father8 #cai ,a half kind of melancholy1 half smiling look came into the good old man's face as he answered3 ,her father was ,sir ,thomas ,more1 and he so worthy of a daughter's passionate love1 and the affection betwixt them so entire and absolute1 compounded of filial love on her part1 unmitigated reverence1 and unrestrained confidence1 that there was left in her heart no great space for wifely doating4 ,but to be moderately affectioned by such a woman1 and to stand next in her esteem to her incomparable father1 was of greater honor and worth to her unworthy husband1 than should have been the undivided1 yea idolatrous1 love of one not so perfect as herself4 ,after a pause1 during which his thoughts1 ,i ween1 reverted to the past1 and mine investigated mine own soul1 ,i said to ,mr4 ,roper3 ,think you1 sir1 that love to be idolatrous which is indeed so absolute that it should be no difficulty to die for him who doth inspire it2 which would prefer a prison in his company1 howsoever dark and loathsome 7yea consider it a very paradise71 to the beautifullest palace in the world1 which without him would seem nothing but a vile dungeon2 which should with a good-will suffer all the torments in the world for to see the object of its affection enjoy good men's esteem on earth1 and a noble place in heaven2 but which should be1 nevertheless1 founded and so wholly built up on a high estimate of his virtues2 on the quality he holdeth of ,god's servant2 on the likeness of ,christ stamped on his soul1 and each day exemplified in his manner of living1 that albeit to lose his love or his company in this world should be like the uprooting of all happiness and turning the brightness of noonday to the darkness of the night1 it should a thousand times rather endure this mishap than that the least shade or approach of a stain should alter the unsullied opinion till then held of his perfections8 ,mr4 ,roper smiled1 and said that was a too weighty question to answer at once2 for he should be loth to condemn or yet altogether to absolve from some degree of overweeningness such an affection as ,i described1 which did seem indeed to savor somewhat of excess2 but yet if noble in its uses and held in subjection to the higher claims of the ,creator1 whose perfections the creature doth at best only imperfectly mirror1 it might be commendable and a means of attaining ourselves to the like virtues we doated on in another4 ,as he did utter these words a servant came into the parlor1 and whispered in mine ear3 ,master ,basil ,rookwood is outside the door1 and craves-- ,i suffered him not to finish his speech1 but bounded into the hall1 where ,basil was indeed standing with a traveller's cloak on him1 and a slouched hat over his face4 ,after such a greeting as may be conceived 7alas1 all greetings then did seem to combine strange admixtures of joy and pain671 ,i led him into the parlor1 where ,mr4 ,roper in his turn received him with fatherly words of kindness mixed with amazement at his return4 ,and whence1 he exclaimed1 so sudden a coming1 my good ,basil8 ,verily1 you do appear to have descended from the skies6 ,basil looked at me and replied3 ,i heard in ,paris1 ,mr4 ,roper1 that a gentleman in whom ,i do take a very lively interest1 one ,mr4 ,tunstall1 was in prison at ,london2 and ,i bethought me ,i could be of some service to him by coming over at this time4 ,o ,basil1 ,i cried1 do you then know he is my father8 ,yea1 he joyfully answered1 and ,i am right glad you do know it also1 for then there is no occasion for any feigning1 which1 albeit ,i deny it not to be sometimes useful and necessary1 doth so ill agree with my bluntness1 that it keepeth me in constant fear of stumbling in my speech4 ,i was in a manner forced to come over secretly2 because if ,sir ,henry ,stafford1 who willeth me to remain abroad till ,i have #cbj got out of my wardship1 should hear of my being in ,london1 and gain scent of the object of my coming1 he should have dealt in all sorts of ways to send me out of it4 ,but1 prithee1 dearest love1 is ,mrs4 ,ward in this house8 ,alas6 ,i said1 she is gone hence4 ,her mind is set on a very dangerous enterprise4 ,i know it1 he saith 7at which word my heart began to sink72 but1 verily1 ,i see not much danger to be in it2 and methinks if we do succeed in carrying off your good father and that other priest to-night in the ingenious manner she hath devised1 it will be the best night's work done by good heads1 good arms1 and good oars which can be thought of4 ,oh1 then1 ,i exclaimed1 it is even as ,i feared1 and you1 ,basil1 have engaged in this rash enterprise4 ,o woe the day you came to ,london1 and met with that boatman6 ,constance1 he said reproachfully1 should it be a woful day to thee the one on which1 even at some great risk1 which ,i deny doth exist in this instance1 ,i should aid in thy father's rescue8 ,oh1 but1 my dear ,basil1 ,i cried1 he doth altogether refuse to stir in this matter4 ,i have had speech with him to-day1 and he will by no means attempt to escape again from prison4 ,he hath done it once for the sake of a soul in jeopardy2 but only to save his life1 he is resolved not to involve others in peril of theirs4 ,and oh1 how confirmed he would be in his purpose if he knew who it was who doth throw himself into so great a risk6 ,i' faith1 ,i cannot and will not suffer it6 ,i exclaimed impetuously1 for the sudden joy of his presence1 the sight of his beloved countenance1 lighted up with an inexpressible look of love and kindness1 more beautiful than my poor words can describe1 worked in me a rebellion against the thought of more suffering1 further parting1 greater fears than ,i had hitherto sustained4 ,he said1 ,he could wish my father had been otherwise disposed1 for to have aided in his escape should have been to him the greatest joy he could think of2 but that having promised likewise to assist in ,mr4 ,watson's flight1 he would never fail to do so1 if he was to die for it4 ',tis very easy1 ,i cried1 to speak of dying1 ,basil1 nor do ,i doubt that to one of your courage and faith the doing of it should have nothing very terrible in it4 ,but ,i pray you remember that that life1 which you make so little account of1 is not now yours alone to dispose of as you list4 ,mine1 dear ,basil1 is wrapped up with it2 for if ,i lose you1 ,i care not to live1 or what becomes of me1 any more4 ,mr4 ,roper said he should think on it well before he made this venture2 for1 as ,i had truly urged1 ,i had a right over him now1 and he should not dispose of himself as one wholly free might do4 ,dear sir1 quoth he in answer1 my sweet ,constance and you also might perhaps have prevailed with me some hours ago to forego this intention1 before ,i had given a promise to ,mr4 ,hodgson's boatman1 and through him to ,mistress ,ward and ,mr4 ,watson2 ,i should then have been free to refuse my assistance if ,i had listed2 and albeit methinks in so doing ,i should have played a pitiful part1 none could justly have condemned me4 ,but ,i am assured neither her great heart nor your honorable spirit would desire me so much as to place in doubt the fulfilment of a promise wherein the safety of a man1 and he one of ,god's priests1 is concerned4 ,i pray thee1 sweetheart1 say thou wouldst not have me do it4 ,alas6 this was the second time that day my poor heart had been called upon to raise itself higher than nature can afford to reach4 ,but the present struggle was harder than the first4 ,my father had long been to me as a distant angel1 severed from my daily life and any future hope in this world4 ,his was an expectant martyrdom1 an exile from his true home1 a daily #cba dying on earth1 tending but to one desired end4 ,nature could be more easily reconciled in the one case than in the other to thoughts of parting4 ,basil was my all1 my second self1 my sole treasure1--the prop on which rested youth's hopes1 earth's joys1 life's sole comfort2 and chance 7as it seemed1 and men would have called it71 not a determined seeking1 had thrust on him this danger1 and ,i must needs see him plunged into it1 and not so much as say a word to stay him or prevent it4 4 4 4 4 ,i was striving to constrain my lips to utter the words my rebelling heart disavowed1 and he kneeling before me1 with his dear eyes fixed on mine1 awaiting my consent1 when a loud noise of laughter in the hall caused us both to start up1 and then the door was thrown open1 and ,kate and ,polly ran into the room so gaily attired1 the one in a yellow and the other in a crimson gown bedecked with lace and jewels1 that nothing finer could be seen4 ,lackaday6 ,polly cried1 when she perceived ,basil2 who have we here8 ,i scarce can credit mine eyes6 ,why1 ,sir ,lover1 methought you were in ,france4 ,by what magic come you here8 ,mr4 ,roper1 your humble servant4 ',tis like you did not expect so much good company to-night1 ,con1 for you have but one poor candle or two to light up this dingy room1 and ,i fear there will not be light enough for these gentlemen to see our fine dresses1 which we do wear for the first time at ,mrs4 ,yates's house this evening4 ,i thought you were both in the country1 ,i said1 striving to disguise how much their coming did discompose me4 ,methinks1 answered ,polly1 laughing1 your wish was father to that thought1 ,con1 and that you desired to have the company of this fine gentleman to yourself alone1 and ,mr4 ,roper's also1 and no one else for to disturb you4 ,but1 in good sooth1 we were both at ,mr4 ,benham's seat in ,berkshire when we heard of this good entertainment at so great a friend's house1 and so prevailed on our lords and governors for to hire a coach and bring us to ,london for one night4 ,we lie at ,kate's house1 and she and ,i have supped on a cold capon and a veal pie we brought with us1 and ,sir ,ralph and ,mr4 ,lacy do sup at a tavern in the ,strand1 and shall fetch us here when it shall be convenient to them to carry us to this grand ball1 which ,i would not have missed1 no1 not for all the world4 ,so ,i pray you let us be merry till they do come1 and pass the time pleasantly4 ,ay1 said ,kate1 in a lamentable voice1 you would force me to dress and go abroad1 when ,i would sooner be at home2 for ,john's stomach is disordered1 and baby doth cut her teeth1 and he pulled at my ribbons and said ,i should not leave him2 and beshrew me if ,i would have done so1 but for your overpersuading me4 ,but you are always so absolute6 ,i wonder you love not more to stay at home1 ,polly4 ,basil smiled with a better heart than ,i could do1 and said he would promise her ,john should sleep never the less well for her absence1 and she should find baby's tooth through on the morrow2 and sitting down by her side1 talked to her of her children with a kindliness which never did forsake him4 ,mr4 ,roper set himself to converse with ,polly2 ,i ween for to shield me from the torrent of her words1 which1 as ,i sat between them1 seemed to buzz in mine ear without any meaning2 and yet ,i must needs have heard them1 for to this day ,i remember what they talked of2--that ,polly said1 ,have you seen the ingenious poesy which the queen's saucy godson1 the merry wit ,harrington1 left behind her cushion on ,wednesday1 and now 'tis in every one's hands8 ,not in mine1 quoth ,mr4 ,roper2 so1 if your memory doth serve you1 ,lady ,ingoldsby1 will you rehearse it8 which she did as follows2 and albeit ,i only did hear those lines #cbb that once1 they still remain in my mind3 ,for ever dear1 for ever dreaded prince1 ,you read a verse of mine a little since1 ,and so pronounced each word and every letter1 ,your gracious reading graced my verse the better2 ,sith then your highness doth by gift exceeding ,make what you read the better for your reading1 ,let my poor muse your pains thus far importune1 ,like as you read my verse--so read my fortune6 ,tis an artful and witty petition1 ,mr4 ,roper observed2 but ,i have been told her majesty mislikes the poet's satirical writings1 and chiefly the metamorphosis of ,ajax4 ,she signified1 ,polly answered1 some outward displeasure at it1 but ,robert ,markham affirms she likes well the marrow of the book1 and is minded to take the author to her favor1 but sweareth she believes he will make epigrams on her and all her court4 ,howsoever1 ,i do allow she conceived much disquiet on being told he had aimed a shaft at ,leicester4 ,by the way1 but you1 cousin ,constance1 should best know the truth thereon 7this she said turning to me71 'tis said that ,lord ,arundel is exceeding sick again1 and like to die very soon4 ,indeed his physicians are of opinion1 so report speaketh1 that he will not last many days now1 for as often as he hath rallied before4 ,yesterday1 ,i said1 when ,i saw ,lady ,surrey1 he was no worse than usual4 ,oh1 have you heard1 ,polly cried1 running from one theme to another1 as was her wont1 that ,leicester is about to marry ,lettice ,knollys1 my ,lady ,essex8 ',tis impossible1 ,basil exclaimed1 who was now listening to her speeches1 for ,kate had finished her discourse touching her ,johnny's disease in his stomach4 ,the cause thereof1 she said1 both herself thought1 and all in ,mr4 ,benham's house did judge to have been1 the taking in the morning a confection of barley sodden with water and sugar1 and made exceeding thick with bread4 ,this breakfast lost him both his dinner and supper1 and surely the better half of his sleep2 but ,god be thanked1 she hoped now the worst was past1 and that the dear urchin would shortly be as merry and well-disposed as afore he left ,london4 ,basil said he hoped so too2 and in a pause which ensued1 he heard ,polly speak of ,lord ,leicester's intended marriage1 which seemed to move him to some sort of indignation1 the cause of which ,i only learnt many years later2 for that when ,lady ,douglas ,howard's cause came before the ,star-,chamber1 in his present majesty's reign1 he told me he had been privy1 through information received in ,france1 of her secret marriage with that lord4 ',tis not impossible1 ,polly retorted1 by the same token that the new favorite1 young ,robert ,devereux1 maketh no concealment of it1 and calleth my ,lord ,leicester his father elect4 ,but ,i pray you1 what is impossible in these days8 ,oh1 ,i think they are the most whimsical1 entertaining days which the world hath ever known2 and the merriest1 if people have a will to make them so4 ,oh1 ,polly1 ,i cried1 unable to restrain myself1 ,i pray ,god you may never find cause to change your mind thereon4 ,yea1 amen to that prayer1 quoth she2 ,i'll promise you1 my grave little coz1 that ,i have no mind to be sad till ,i grow old--and there be yet some years to come before that shall befall me4 ,when ,mistress ,helen ,ingoldsby shall reach to the height of my shoulder1 then1 methinks1 ,i may begin to take heed unto my ways4 ,what think you the little wench said to me yesterday8 ',what times is it we do conform to1 mother8 dinner-times or bed-times8' ,she should have been answered1 ',the devil's times1' ,basil muttered2 and ,kate told ,polly she should be ashamed to speak in her father's house of the conformity she practised when others were suffering for their religion4 #cbc ,and1 methought1 albeit ,i had scarcely endured the jesting which had preceded it1 ,i could less bear any talk of religion1 least-ways of that kind1 just then4 ,but1 in sooth1 the constraint ,i suffered almost overpassed my strength4 ,there appeared no hope of their going1 and they fell into an eager discourse concerning the bear-baiting they had been to see in ,berkshire1 and a great sort of ban-dogs1 which had been tied in an outer court1 let loose on thirteen bears that were baited in the inner2 and my dear ,basil1 who doth delight in all kinds of sports1 listened eagerly to the description they gave of this diversion4 ,oh1 how ,i counted the minutes6 what a pressure weighted my heart6 how the sound of their voices pained mine ears6 how long an hour seemed6 and yet too short for my desires1 for ,i feared the time must soon come when ,basil should go1 and lamented that these unthinking women's tarrying should rob me of all possibility to talk with him alone4 ,howsoever1 when ,mr4 ,roper rose to depart1 ,i followed him into the hall and waited near the door for ,basil1 who was bidding farewell to ,kate and ,polly4 ,i heard him beseech them to do him so much favor as not to mention they had seen him2 for that he had not informed ,sir ,henry ,stafford of his coming over from ,france1 which if he heard of it otherwise than from himself1 it should peradventure offend him4 ,they laughed1 and promised to be as silent as graves thereon2 and ,polly said he had learnt ,french fashions she perceived1 and taken lessons in wooing from mounseer2 but she hoped his stealthy visit should in the end prove more conformable to his desires than mounseer's had done4 ,at last they let him go2 and ,mr4 ,roper1 who had waited for him1 wrung his hand1 and the manner of his doing it made my eyes overflow4 ,i turned my face away1 but ,basil caught both my hands in his and said1 ,be of good cheer1 sweetheart4 ,i have not words wherewith to express how much ,i love thee1 but ,god knoweth it is very dearly4 ,o ,basil6 mine own dear ,basil1 ,i murmured1 laying my forehead on his coat-sleeve1 and could not then utter another word4 ,ere ,i lifted it again1 the hall-door opened1 and who1 ,i pray you1 should ,i then see 7with more affright1 ,i confess1 than was reasonable7 but ,hubert8 ,my voice shook as he said to ,basil1 whose back was turned from the door1 ,here is your brother4 ,ah1 ,hubert6 he exclaimed2 ,i be glad to see thee6 and held out his hand to him with a frank smile1 which the other took1 but in the doing of it a deadly paleness spread over his face4 ,i have no leisure to tarry so much as one minute1 ,basil said2 but this sweet lady will tell thee what weighty reasons ,i have for presently remaining concealed2 and so farewell1 my dear love1 and farewell1 my good brother4 ,be1 ,i pray you1 my bedes-woman this night1 ,constance2 and you too1 ,hubert1--if you do yet say your prayers like a good ,christian1 which ,i pray ,god you do1--mind you say an ave for me before you sleep4 ,when the door closed on him ,i sunk down on a chair1 and hid my face with my hands4 ,you have not told him anything8 ,hubert whispered2 and ,i1 ,god help you1 ,hubert6 he hath come to ,london for this very matter1 and hath already1 ,i fear1 albeit not in any way that shall advantage my father1 yet in seeking to assist him1 run himself into danger of death1 or leastways banishment4 ,as ,i said this mine eyes raised themselves toward him2 and ,i would they had not1 for ,i saw in his visage an expression ,i have tried these many years to forget1 but which sometimes even now comes back to me painfully4 ,i told you so1 he answered4 ,he hath an invariable aptness to miss his aim1 and to hurt himself by the shafts he looseth4 ,what plan hath he now formed1 and what shall come of it8 #cbd ,but1 somewhat recovered from my surprise1 ,i bethought myself it should not be prudent1 albeit ,i grieved to think so1 to let him know what sort of enterprise it was ,basil had in hand2 so ,i did evade his question1 which indeed he did not show himself very careful to have answered4 ,he said he was yet dealing with ,sir ,francis ,walsingham1 and had hopes of success touching my father's liberation1 and so prayed me not to yield to despondency2 but it would take time to bring matters to a successful issue1 and patience was greatly needed1 and likewise prudence toward that end4 ,he requested me very urgently to take no other steps for the present in his behalf1 which might ruin all4 ,and above all things not to suffer ,basil to come forward in it1 for that he had made himself obnoxious to ,sir ,francis by speeches which he had used1 and which some one had reported to him1 touching ,lady ,ridley's compliance with his 7,sir ,francis's7 request that she should have a minister in her house for to read ,protestant prayers to her household1 albeit herself1 being bedridden1 did not attend2 and if he should now stir in this matter1 all hope would be at an end4 ,so he left me1 and ,i returned to the parlor1 and ,kate and ,polly declared my behavior to them not to be over and above civil2 but they supposed when folks were in love1 they had a warrant to treat their friends as they pleased4 ,then finding me very dull and heavy1 ,i ween1 they bethought themselves at the last of going to visit their mother in her bed1 and paying their respects to their father1 whom they found asleep in his chair1 his prayer-book1 with which he was engaged most of the day1 lying open by his side4 ,polly kissed his forehead1 and then the picture of our ,blessed ,lady in the first page of this much-used volume2 which sudden acts of hers comforted me not a little4 ,muriel came out of her mother's chamber to greet them1 but would not suffer them to see her at this unexpected time1 for that the least change in her customable habits disordered her2 and then whispered to me that she had often asked for ,mistress ,ward1 and complained of her absence4 ,at the last ,sir ,ralph came1 but not ,mr4 ,lacy1 who he said was tired with his long ride1 and had gone home to bed4 ,thereupon ,kate began to weep2 for she said she would not go without him to this fine ball1 for it was an unbecoming thing for a woman to be seen abroad when her husband was at home1 and a thing she had not yet done1 nor did intend to do4 ,but that it was a very hard thing she should have been at the pains to dress herself so handsomely1 and not so much as one person to see her in this fine suit2 and she wished she had not been so foolish as to be persuaded to it1 and that ,polly was very much to blame therein4 ,at the which1 ,i' faith1 ,i think so too1 ,polly exclaimed2 and ,i wish you had stayed in the country1 my dear4 ,kate's pitiful visage and whineful complaint moved me1 in my then apprehensive humor1 to an unmerry but not to be resisted fit of laughter1 which she did very much resent2 but ,i must have laughed or died1 and yet it made me angry to hear her utter such lamentations who had no true cause for displeasure4 ,when they were gone1--she1 still shedding tears1 in a chair ,sir ,ralph sent for to convey her to ,gray's ,inn ,lane1 and he and ,polly in their coach to ,mrs4 ,yates's1--the relief ,i had from their absence proved so great that at first it did seem to ease my heart4 ,i went slowly up to mine own chamber1 and stood there a while at the casement looking at the quiet sky above and the unquiet city beneath it1 and chiefly in the distant direction where ,i knew the prison to be1 picturing to myself my father in his bare cell4 ,mistress ,ward regaining her obscure lodging1 ,mr4 ,watson's dangerous descent1 and mostly the boat which ,basil was to row1--that boat freighted with so perilous a burthen4 ,these scenes seemed to rise before mine eyes as ,i remained motionless1 straining #cbe their sight to pierce the darkness of the night and of the fog which hung over the town4 ,when the clock struck twelve1 a shiver ran through me1 for ,i thought of the like striking at ,lynn ,court1 and what had followed4 ,upon which ,i betook myself to my prayers1 and thinking on ,basil1 said1 ,speak for him1 ,o ,blessed ,virgin ,mary6 ,entreat for him1 ,o ye apostles6 ,make intercession for him1 all ye martyrs6 ,pray for him1 all ye confessors and all ye company of heaven1 that my prayers for him may take effect before our ,lord ,jesus ,christ6 ,then my head waxed heavy with sleep1 and ,i sank on the cushion of my kneeling-stool4 ,i wot not for how many hours ,i slumbered in this wise2 but ,i know ,i had some terrible dreams4 ,when ,i awoke it was daylight4 ,a load knocking at the door of the house had aroused me4 ,before ,i had well bethought me where ,i was1 ,muriel's white face appeared at my door4 ,the pursuivants1 she said1 were come to seek for ,mistress ,ward4 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 ------ ,from ,the ,literary ,workman4 ,,facts ,,and ,,fictions ,,about ,,rome4 ,,by ,,the ,,very ,,rev4 ,,dr4 ,,northcote4 ,,the ,,roman ,,people4 ,it is a relief to turn from the dull1 stupid1 false witness of our own countrymen to the more lively but not less malicious falsehoods of the clever ,frenchman1 ,monsieur ,about4 ,he deserves a higher rank1 too1 in the scale of truthfulness as well as of talent than either ,mr4 ,fullom or ,dean ,alford2 but on this very account he is the more dangerous enemy4 ,he handles his pen well1 and he has the fatal gift of insinuating the poison he wishes to administer in the minutest quantities1 but with consummate skill4 ,often it is contained in a single word or phrase1 dropped apparently at random4 ,sometimes you can hardly point out a single statement that is really false1 yet a certain tone and flavor pervades the whole which you feel to be unjust1 and which is all the more injurious because of its extreme subtlety and the difficulty of providing an antidote4 ,an air of moderation is thus imparted to his book1 which1 if we may judge by its rarity1 it is not easy to maintain when writing upon this subject ,he does not paint either the ,pope or his people all black1 but sees much to commend both in the system and the results of the government4 ,indeed1 some of his descriptions are1 in our judgment1 as just as they are graphic4 ,take1 for example1 the following description of the lower orders of the ,roman people1 the genuine plebs3 ,the noble strangers who do ,rome in their carriages are but slightly acquainted with the little world of which ,i am going to speak1 or more probably form a very false judgment about them4 ,they remember to have been worried to death by blustering facchini 7porters7 and followed by indefatigable beggars4 ,they saw nothing but hands open to receive2 they heard nothing but harsh voices screaming forth a petition for alms4 ,behind this curtain of mendacity are concealed nearly a hundred thousand persons who are poor without being idle1 and who labor hard for a scanty supply of #cbf daily bread4 ,the gardeners and vine-dressers who cultivate part of the environs of ,rome2 workmen1 artizans1 servants1 coachmen1 studio models1 peddlers1 honest vagabonds who wait for their supper on some miracle of ,providence or some lucky chance in the lottery1 compose the majority of the population4 ,they manage to struggle through the winter1 when visitors sow manna over the land2 in summer they starve4 ,many are too proud to ask for an alms1 not one of them is rich enough to refuse it1 if offered4 ,ignorant and curious2 simple1 yet subtle2 sensitive to excess1 yet without much dignity2 extremely prudent in the main1 yet capable of the most outrageous pieces of imprudence2 going to extremes both in devotedness and in hate2 easy to move1 difficult to convince2 more susceptible of feelings than of ideas2 sober by habit1 terrible when intoxicated2 sincere in practices of devotion the moat outr1 but as ready to quarrel with the saints as with men2 persuaded that they have but little to hope for in this life2 comforted from time to time by the prospect of a better1 they live in a state of quiet1 grumbling resignation under a paternal government which gives them bread when there is bread to give4 ,the inequalities of rank1 which are more conspicuous in ,rome than in ,paris 7871 do not move them to hatred4 ,they are satisfied with the mediocrity of their lot1 and congratulate themselves that there are rich men in the world1 that so the poor may have benefactors4 ,no people are less capable of managing themselves1 so that they are easily led by the first who presents himself4 ,they have borne a part in all the ,roman revolutions1 and many have acquitted themselves manfully in the fight without having the least idea what it was about4 ,they trusted so little to the republic that1 in the absence of all the authorities1 when the ,holy ,father and the ,sacred ,college had taken refuge at ,gaeta1 thirty poor families quartered themselves in ,cardinal ,antonelli's palace1 without breaking a single pane of glass4 ,the restoration of the ,pope1 under the protection of a foreign army1 was no matter of astonishment to them2 they had expected it as a happy event which would restore public tranquillity4 ,they live at peace with our soldiers1 when the latter do nothing against the peace or honor of their households2 and the occupation of their city by a foreign army does not trouble them1 except when they are personally inconvenienced by it4 ,they are not afraid to plunge a dagger into the breast of a conqueror1 but ,i will answer for their never celebrating any ,sicilian ,vespers4 ,they pride themselves on their descent in a direct line from the ,romans of great ,rome2 and these harmless pretensions seem to me to have a very tolerable foundation4 ,like their ancestors1 they eat largely of bread1 and are very greedy after sights2 they treat their wives simply as women1 not leaving a single farthing at their disposal1 but spending it all on themselves2 every one of them is the client of some client of a patrician4 ,they are well-built1 strong1 and able to deal such a blow as would astonish a buffalo2 but there is not one of them who is not on the lookout for some means of living without work4 ,excellent workmen when they haven't a farthing1 impossible to be got hold of as soon as they have a crown in their pockets2 good1 honest1 kindly1 and simple-hearted folks1 but thoroughly convinced of their superiority to the rest of mankind4 ,economical to the last degree1 and living on dry peas1 until they can find some splendid occasion for spending all their savings in a day2 they gather sous by sous1 two or three pounds in the course of the year1 to hire the balcony of some prince at the carnival1 or to show themselves in a carriage at the feast del ,divin ',amore1 ,it is thus the ,roman populace forget both the future and the past in ,saturnalia4 ,the hereditary want of forethought which possesses #cbg them may be explained by the irregularity of their resources1 the periodical return of festas which exempt them from labor1 and the impossibility of raising themselves to any higher condition1 save by the intervention of a miracle4 ,they are deficient in many virtues1 and1 amongst others1 in refinement1 which formed no part of the inheritance to which they have succeeded4 ,that in which they certainly are not deficient is dignity and self-respect4 ,they never demean themselves to low1 coarse jokes1 or vulgar debauchery4 ,you will never see them insult a gentleman in the streets1 unprovoked1 or speak an offensive word to a woman4 ,that class of degraded beings which we call the canaille is absolutely unknown here2 the ignoble is not a ,roman commodity4 ,here is another testimony of a similar kind1 from the same pen1 to the character of one particular class of the ,roman people1 the ,trastevirni1 or people who dwell on the northern side of the ,tiber4 ,m4 ,about invites his readers to accompany him to one of the osterie or public houses of the quarter where blacksmiths1 and shoemakers1 and weavers1 and hackney-coachmen1 etc1 together with their wives and daughters1 resort on ,sunday1 to enjoy a better dinner and a more generous flask of wine than they can afford themselves during the week4 ,the entrance is not inviting1 and there are not many foreigners1 or ,english gentlemen either1 who would like to venture1 as a mere matter of curiosity1 and without any pressing necessity1 into the corresponding establishments of either ,france or ,england4 ,m4 ,about is well aware of this1 so he encourages his readers1 bidding them fear nothing2 you shall dine well1 he says1 and nobody shall dine upon you4 ,you shall see men here strong as bulls and quite as irascible2 men who think as little of giving a blow as you or ,i of drinking a glass of water1 and who never strike without having a knife in their hands4 ,the police will be nowhere near to protect us2 they are always out of the way4 ,beside1 if you were to offend one of these jolly fellows1 he would kill you1 though you were in the very arms of the police4 ,nevertheless you may come and go in the midst of them1 spend lots of money1 pay in gold1 make your purse jingle in the hearing of all1 and go home after midnight through the darkest streets1 without any one dreaming of making an attempt on your purse4 ,more than this3 we shall be politely received1 and they will put themselves out of the way to make room for us4 ,they will not stare at us1 as though we were wild beasts2 they will even obligingly gratify our curiosity1 if it is not impertinent ,we need not fear that wine will excite them to pick a quarrel with us2 but woe betide us if we have the misfortune to provoke them4 ,they are not aggressive when they are in liquor1 but they are very sensitive4 ,they forgive no offence1 even an involuntary one1 if it has exposed them to the raillery of their companions4 ,when you see a woman with her husband1 or a girl with her father1 put a bridle on your eyes4 ,it is often dangerous even to cast a furtive glance on a ,trasteverina2 and ,i have known more than one instance in which the offender has paid the penalty with his life4 ,i dare say some of our readers are a little disappointed at the sketch of the character of the ,roman people which we have given on the authority of ,m4 ,about4 ,they would rather have heard us say they were all good and pious and edifying members of society and of the ,church4 ,indeed we have known some zealous souls who expected to find ,rome a sort of monastery on a large scale1 where worldly passions and mortal sins were never heard of1 except among the hardened and rebellious few2 and even the imperfections of ordinary mortals were rarely met with1 and assumed some character of special enormity4 ,rome seems to have the gift which1 from the ,catholic point of view1 #cbh we should naturally expect it to have1 viz41 of stirring the affection of men's hearts in their lowest depths more powerfully than in any other place in the world4 ,as our divine ,master himself was set for the ruin as well as for the resurrection of many in ,israel1 and for a sign which should be contradicted1 so the capital of his ,church upon earth--the seat of his vicegerent--that city where his interests take precedence of every earthly consideration1 and the world is made to wait upon the ,church1 not the ,church upon the world1 inspires the strongest possible sentiment of love or of hatred into the minds of all2 and where these feelings are strong1 it is hard to keep the exact balance of impartial truthfulness4 ,what we love intensely1 we naturally like to picture to ourselves as faultless and perfect2 and even if we cannot do this--if we are conscious of defects and faults1 which cannot be denied1 we still wish to conceal them as long as possible from others4 ,what bitter hatred and prejudice can do in the way of blinding men's eyes and closing men's ears1 we have already seen in the melancholy examples of ,messrs4 ,alford and ,co42 nor should we have far to seek if we desired to present our readers with specimens of exaggerated praise dictated by the partiality of affection4 ,most of us have probably met with generous enthusiasts1 who did not hesitate to prefer ,rome to ,england1 under any conceivable aspect1 secular as well as religious1 and who would think it as much a point of honor to defend the character of the ,roman soldiers for bravery1 the ,roman police for activity1 the ,roman scavengers for efficiency1 and the ,roman people for industry and honesty1 as of the ,roman clergy for integrity of faith and purity of morals1 and the ,roman government for justice tempered with clemency4 ,such persons are very amiable friends1 but somewhat embarrassing allies2 and writers1 very inferior to ,m4 ,about1 have no difficulty in destroying their well-meant but ill-planned system of defence4 ,m4 ,about himself is much too wise to fall into this blunder of unmitigated extravagance1 from his side of the question2 and we have been glad1 therefore1 to avail ourselves of his clever and spirited sketches to lay before our readers what we really believe to be a very tolerable estimate of the true state of the case4 ,it is certainly no article of the faith to believe the ,romans to be impeccable1 or the ,roman character in itself to be the ideal of human perfection2 and we hope our devotion to the ,holy ,see will not be called in question for the avowal4 ,we have already quoted the testimony of a ,protestant traveller1 who acknowledges the strongly-marked character of religion which stamps the whole city of ,rome2 but this1 of course1 is not incompatible with the existence of much that is evil1 against which this religious element is always contending4 ,we will add yet one more passage from ,about1 which concerns the general character of the country people1 rather than of the inhabitants of the metropolis4 ,we have spent several months1 at various times1 in more than one ,italian village1 and have been greatly edified by the simplicity and piety of the people4 ,they were guiltless1 for the most part1 of any political knowledge even as to the affairs of their own country2 and as to any other country beside their own1 it was as far removed from their ordinary range of thoughts as ,mars1 ,venus1 and ,saturn still are from the thoughts of our own peasantry4 ,they rose early and worked hard2 still1 as ,m4 ,about is obliged to acknowledge1 one cannot say of them--as of the ,irish1 for example1 says ,m4 ,about--that they are miserable4 ,they are poor1 and that is all4 ,the fact that their religion1 their schooling1 and their medical attendance costs them nothing1 compensates to a certain degree for the heavy taxation they suffer in other ways4 ,their labor in the fields keeps them alive till old age4 ,they pass their life in earning their livelihood4 #cbi ,the existence of this class resembles a vicious circle4 ,no doubt it does to those whose view of things is limited to this world1 and who cannot recognize any end or reward of the suffering of this life beyond it4 ,but the ,romans1 as he himself acknowledges1 know how to die4 ,this is a trait in their character which justice obliges us to recognize4 ,they die as they eat1 or drink1 or sleep--quite naturally1 simply1 and as a matter of course4 ,this resignation is to be explained by their hopes of a life of happiness in an ideal world hereafter1 and by the continual admonitions of a religion which teaches that all men must die4 ,in other words1 the ,roman peasantry believe the ,gospel2 and so they accept with patience the primeval burden laid upon fallen man--,in the sweat of thy face shalt thou eat bread till thou return to the earth1 out of which thou wast taken4 ,and for this they earn the contemptuous pity of the enlightened ,frenchman4 ,we accept his testimony1 whilst we disclaim his commentary and detest his spirit4 ,we think he speaks truly when he seizes on this characteristic of the ,roman popular mind--familiarity with the idea of death4 ,we know of no people to whom this and other truths of the faith seem to be more habitually present4 ,it gives a color and a tone to their ordinary conversation1 even where it does not bring forth fruits of sanctity4 ,we have ourselves heard of a ,roman lady reconciling herself to a marriage which was proposed to her1 and which in some respects was not inviting1 simply by a consideration of the piety of the intended bridegroom2 but this consideration found expression in a truly ,roman way1 quite in keeping with what ,m4 ,about has observed about them4 ,he is not lively1 ,i know1 said the lady1 nor handsome1 nor clever1 but he is pious1 and will make a good end4 ,and in a charming little book lately published 7,sanctity in ,home ,life7 we see another ,italian lady1 the ,countess ,medolago1 confiding to a friend her only idea of her future husband much in the same spirit3 ,all that ,i know is that he is pious and very fond of the ,jesuits4 ,,the ,,politics ,,of ,,the ,,roman ,,people4 ,the facts we have adduced1 the pictures we have drawn--or rather which ,m4 ,about1 a bitter enemy of the ,papal power1 has drawn--of the condition of the ,roman people1 ought1 one would think1 to have great weight with those who have any real care for the well-being of a nation4 ,a man must be firmly wedded indeed to some political crotchet1 who is ready to risk the loss of such advantages as these in exchange for the realization of his dreams4 ,but in truth it is the hatred of ,catholicism1 rather than the love of any political principle1 which lies at the root of most of the declamation we hear against the abuses of the ,papal government4 ,why is it else that those gentlemen who profess so lively a concern that the political liberties of three millions of ,italians should suffer some abridgment for the sake of upholding the ,father of ,christendom in the independent exercise of his spiritual power1 are yet able to bear with the utmost equanimity the sight of real cruelty and oppression inflicted upon ten millions of ,christians in ,european ,turkey8 ,the balance of political power among the different ,european governments is of more value in their eyes than the spiritual supremacy of the ,pope2 peace1 commerce1 and wealth depend on the one1 only virtue and religion on the other4 ,but let us come now to the political question1 and see how it really stands4 ,it has been often and truly said1 that the temporal sovereignty of the ,pope rests on more legitimate foundations than any other ,european sovereignty of the day4 ,long possession1 to be measured not by generations but by centuries2 donations from other powers2 the free choice of the people1 all combine to impart to the chair of ,peter a dignity and a solidity which does not belong to any other throne4 #ccj ,and if it be objected that1 however this may have been in times past1 yet now1 at least1 the consent of the people is wanting1 without which the modern creed of nations will not allow any power to be secure1 we must answer1 what has been proved to demonstration1 and what every one at all conversant with the facts of the case well knows to be true3 that it is not in ,rome and among ,romans that plots have been hatched against the ,pontifical government2 a portion of the people1 the discontented1 of whom there must ever be some under every government1 have only lent themselves to the execution of plots conceived and planned in the secret societies or clubs1 or even the ministerial chambers1 of ,turin and ,genoa4 ,strangers have always been at the head of every ,roman revolution1 adventurers who find their fortunes in troubled waters1 or fanatical politicians1 who cannot endure that any one should be happy1 excepting according to their own receipt4 ,so long as ,english politicians encourage agitation by their presence in the country and frequent communications with disaffected parties in it1 or by lending their names and their houses as the medium of correspondence or of banking transactions between the conspirators1 or by delivering sensational speeches in the house2 so long will the ,roman mind be more or less agitated2 so long as ,piedmont can send her emissaries into all the towns and villages1 distributing money as the reward of acquiescence in her schemes1 conspirators1 even among the ,romans themselves1 will not be wanting2 but if all these things could be removed1 and the question were left to the settlement of the people themselves1 we should have no fear of the result4 ,whenever the ,popes have been driven out of ,rome1 the people have hailed their return with universal acclamations of joy1 and already we are told the short experience of the blessings of ,piedmontese rule which the ,legations have enjoyed has sufficed to make them regret the change4 ,the increase of taxes and the military conscription are a price higher than they are willing to pay for the name of liberty under the yoke of ,victor ,emmanuel4 ,we believe that the following account of the political creed of the great majority of the ,pope's subjects is as accurate as it is moderate4 ,we are indebted for it to a ,french ecclesiastic1 who has most gratefully followed ,m4 ,about through all his misstatements1 and published a complete refutation of them4 ,he tells us that most ,romans are of opinion that people may be happy or miserable under any form of government1 according to the way in which it is administered2 that a government of some kind there must be2 or disorder would be universal2 and that the ,pope being at the head of the ,roman government1 is the cause of many advantages3 it attracts princes and other wealthy foreigners to ,rome2 sometimes seventy1 eighty1 or even ninety thousand strangers at a time2 it saves them from the scourge of war2 the operations of commerce1 if not so extensive as in some other capitals1 are at least more secure and stable2 there is no financial crisis or panic in the money market returning at periodical intervals1 and spreading ruin and desolation through innumerable families2 industry and good conduct1 crowned by success in business1 open the way to the possession of estates and titles2 the ranks of the privileged class itself1 so to call it--the clergy--are open to all comers2 the great majority of lucrative offices about the court1 prelacies1 bishoprics1 judgeships1 etc41 are given to members of the middle class1 no less than three-fourths of the cardinals 7including ,cardinal ,antonelli himself7 having been chosen from among them2 that ninety-nine out of every hundred holding office under government are laymen2 that not more than #ajj priests altogether are employed in the administration of secular affairs2 and that among officials of the same rank1 a layman always receives higher pay than an ecclesiastic2 that even in #cca offices which1 as having to deal with matters of religion1 might seem fairly to belong to ecclesiastics alone1 two-thirds of the posts are filled by laymen1 and the salaries are divided in about the same proportion2 that the ,popes1 haying no families of their own1 are always spending their private fortunes on public works for the good of the country1 or on the rebuilding and decoration of churches1 to the great encouragement of the fine arts1 and the support of innumerable families2 or1 finally1 on schools and hospitals1 and other works of charity4 ,they know1 too1 that1 thanks to this liberality1 the education of their children need cost them nothing2 that schools of all kinds are more numerous 7in proportion to the population7 in ,rome than in any other ,european capital1 and these not only schools of primary instruction for the children of the poor1 containing about #ag1jjj scholars1 of both sexes1 but also for the middle and upper classes1 #c1jjj of whom receive here an education fitted to qualify them for any profession they may prefer1 quite gratuitously4 ,this we believe to be a very fair account of the state of feeling on political matters among the majority of the ,roman people2 and if it is not satisfactory to our modern liberals1 because it ignores all their bright theories and is content to forego the blessings of representative governments and triennial parliaments1 we cannot help it4 ,we think there is an intimate conviction in most ,roman minds that ,god's honor and glory1 and man's truest happiness1 are more earnestly sought for and more fully attained in that city than elsewhere2 and that this conviction both does1 and ought to1 reconcile them to any political disadvantages which such a state of things may entail1 as ,mons4 ,veuillot has well said4 ,elsewhere1 man is considered primarily as a power2 in ,rome1 he is primarily a soul4 ,at ,rome1 the public manners1 following more nearly the august guidance of the ,church1 have more frequently and more closely than elsewhere approached the divine ideal of the gospel4 ,i know what cruel ravages have been wrought by long and wicked agitations1 begun and fostered from without2 ,i know that every people has its dregs1 its populace2 but ,i know also that at ,rome this very populace is not without faith1 and ,i know1 too1 what solid ,christian virtues adorn the true ,roman hearth4 ,rarely or never do twenty years roll by without ,rome giving to the world one of those heroes who devote themselves to the love of ,god and of souls with the triumphant energy of sanctity4 ,blest and encouraged by the ,popes1 these chosen ones have always left disciples to prolong1 as it were1 their own existence1 and works which have not perished4 ,and the enlightened ,christian conscience1 despising the empty boasts of ignorant pride1 will always assign the first place among nations to that which best preserves the faith and produces the greatest number of saints4 ,we are well aware that this test of national greatness would find no favor in the ears of an ,english ,parliament1 but we are foolish enough to think that there may be truth in it for all that4 #ccb ,translated from the ,german4 ,,malines ,,and ,w,,rzburg4 ,a ,,sketch ,,of ,,the ,,catholic ,,congresses ,,held ,,at ,,malines ,,and ,w,,rzburg4 ,,by ,,andrew ,,niedermasser4 ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,science ,,and ,,the ,,press4 ,in the ,belgian congress the section of science and the press does not treat of the same subjects that occupy the attention of that section in the ,catholic conventions in ,germany4 ,at ,malines ,christian instruction and education are the principal questions debated2 in ,germany1 on the other hand1 the university question is the chief subject of discussion2 at ,malines it is slimly attended2 at ,wrzburg1 ,frankfort1 etc41 on the contrary1 there was a crowded attendance1 and the proceedings were of the most interesting character4 ,at ,malines forty-five ,catholic journalists met and passed important resolutions2 at ,wrzburg1 more than sixty representatives of ,german science held a separate conference and drew up an address to the ,holy ,father4 ,even the meeting of literati held at ,munich may be called the offspring of the ,catholic general conventions4 ,at ,munich1 in #ahfa1 ,professor ,michaelis proposed a scheme planned by ,dllinger for a meeting of the ,german savans1 which was rejected4 ,hereupon the project was somewhat changed and a separate meeting held at ,munich4 ,its results are well known4 ,the principal debaters in this section of the ,malines congress were the genial and venerable ,count de ,villeneuve1 ,lenormant the daring traveller1 ,lecheoni1 ,soudan1 ,lger1 du ,clisieux1 ,ducpetiaux1 ,chopinet1 ,soenens1 ,baeten1 and ,decoster4 ,the presiding officer was ,namche1 of ,louvain1 who1 together with de ,ram1 ,lanny1 ,delcour1 ,lafort1 and ,perin worthily represented the university at ,louvain4 ,his neighbor was van der ,haeghen1 of ,brussels1 a writer whose name is well known1 not only in ,belgium but in foreign countries4 ,though an excellent linguist1 he deems it his first duty to refute historical misstatements and to expose without mercy the errors of modern ,protestant historians4 ,as ,onno ,klopp unsparingly demolishes ,german scribblers1 so van der ,haeghen puts down the ,belgian dabblers in history4 ,he is intimately acquainted with ,german literature4 ,the subjects that occupied the attention of the section were popular instruction1 the classics as a means of mental training1 the establishment of professorships on social questions and discipline4 ,on popular instruction ,monseigneur ,dupanloup delivered a discourse1 which was the event of the congress1 and which has since been read by all ,europe4 ,count ,desbassayns de ,richemout1 of ,paris1 an orator favorably known in ,germany as the spirited advocate of a ,catholic university1 spoke on the mental activity of society4 ,in the ,romanic world the name of ,dupanloup acts like a charm4 ,if a charity sermon is to be held1 which is to move and electrify ,paris and all ,france1 the ,bishop of ,orleans is called upon4 ,in #ahfb1 when it became necessary to give a new impetus to the ,catholic cause in the ,east1 ,dupanloup was summoned to ,rome to #ccc call the nations of the earth to a sense of their duties2 thousands rushed to hear him preach at the church of ,st4 ,andrea del ,galle4 ,at ,malines he met with the same success4 ,when ,dupanloup speaks every listener glows with ,catholic zeal1 that becomes more and more intense as he proceeds and finally bursts forth in a fiery enthusiasm1 whose influence reaches far and wide4 ,such was the spectacle witnessed at ,rome1 and repeated at ,paris and ,malines4 ,one of the brightest ornaments of the ,french hierarchy1 ,dupanloup on every occasion expresses the opinions of ,catholic ,france with irresistible force4 ,no wonder1 then1 that even the emperor fears the bishop's eloquence4 ,his writings are read by all1 and admired for their classic style4 ,as an orator1 he enchants the ,french and ,belgians2 on the ,germans1 however1 he exerts a less powerful influence2 they prefer ,montalembert1 ,f4 ,hermann1 or ,f4 ,felix4 ,his discourse at ,malines was not1 properly speaking1 a discourse1 but a familiar conversation1 grand and splendid in diction1 and full of brilliant turns and telling jeux de mots4 ,the remarks made by ,dupanloup on ,august #cj1 when returning thanks for his enthusiastic reception1 were a masterpiece of eloquence1 which will never be forgotten by those who listened to him4 ,the ,bishop of ,orleans is a man of the people4 ,i do not know much2 but what ,i know best and love best is the people4 ,if ,dupanloup's speech was the brightest gem of the congress in #ahfd1 ,montalembert1 in his speech on ,religious ,liberty1 eclipsed all his competitors in #ahfc4 ,montalembert's discourse lasted five hours1 two hours longer than ,dupanloup's speech4 ,montalembert and ,dupanloup are the most prominent representatives of ,catholic ,france4 ,called by ,god to battle for his ,church1 both are leading millions of soldiers arrayed under the banner of ,christ to victory and triumphs4 ,montalembert1 the athlete of the tribune1 hailed by ,pius ,,ix4 himself as one of the bravest of the ,christian host1 cherishes for the ,church an ardent1 pure1 and holy love4 ,this love may sometimes carry him too far4 ,at ,malines1 in #ahfc1 he laid down many propositions not approved by the congress4 ,the ,cardinal of ,malines1 however1 and the ,bishop of ,orleans1 charitably threw a veil over every thing objectionable1 thus resolving into perfect harmony everything discordant4 ,dupanloup evidently thought of his friend ,montalembert when1 in his remarks on ,august #cj1 #ahfd1 he uttered the words3 ,let us not confound opinions and principles1 vital questions and domestic difficulties2 among us let there be no differences1 no disunion1 no imprudence4 ,count ,richemont1 of ,paris1 is a true nobleman in appearance and bearing2 his black beard adds new beauty to his handsome face and sparkling eyes4 ,his gestures are appropriate and graceful4 ,he speaks very rapidly1 however1 swallowing many words1 so that we ,germans did not understand him well2 in fact1 we read his speech with more pleasure than we listened to it4 ,a more favorable impression was made by ,viscount ,anatole ,lemercier1 of ,paris1 a man of agreeable manners1 a true ,parisian1 full of wit and humor1 a graceful speaker1 who will be heard with pleasure by any assembly4 ,but1 great as are ,lemercier's merits1 he has a dangerous rival in ,henry de ,riancey1 who unites in himself every quality required to become a general favorite4 ,among the ,french journalists he is one of the ablest4 ,in his opinions he steers a middle course between the extreme views of ,montalembert and ,veuillot1 or ,barrier1 ,faconet and ,chantrel1 the oracles of the ,monde2 and ,l',union1 the journal of which he is the editor1 occupies an intermediate position between ,le ,monde and ,le ,correspondant ,but de ,riancey's labors are not confined to his editorial sanctum2 he cherishes holy poverty1 is untiring in the practice of ,christian charity1 and justly deserves #ccd the title of ,father of the ,poor4 ,these holy practices give an unction to his words1 and throw a halo around his person which he does not even suspect1 but which gains for him the hearts of all that see or hear of him4 ,his speeches in the section of ,christian economy excited great interest1 and when speaking on matters connected with the ,catholic faith he reminded us of the fathers of the ,church4 ,his discourse before the general meeting of the congress1 ,sept4 #ab1 #ahfd1 was a gem4 ,he spoke as a soldier of ,christ1 as an heroic defender of the ,church1 showing at once that he was a veteran1 who had often struggled for the triumph of principle4 ,the future does not inspire de ,riancey with anxiety or fear2 he is full of hope and confidence1 believing that he lives in an age destined to accomplish great things4 ,he is not discouraged by the superior power of his opponents1 for he bears in mind ,christ's promise to his ,church4 ,when speaking1 a pleasant smile rests on de ,riancey's lips1 and his features reflect the cheerful calmness of his soul4 ,his friendly eyes charm his listeners1 who regret to see them fixed on his manuscript1 for de ,riancey reads his speeches4 ,if the applause of the assembly become too long and noisy1 the speaker's face beams with satisfaction1 and he gracefully passes his hand through his hair4 ,de ,riancey fascinates the hearts of all his hearers4 ,it is hard to say which of the many eminent ,french orators at ,malines possesses most claims to our preference4 ,who is the greatest orator1 ,count ,montalembert or ,bishop ,dupanloup1 de ,riancey or ,pre ,felix1 ,viscount ,lemercier1 ,count ,richemont1 ,viscount de ,melan1 ,lassere1 or ,lenormant8 ,each of them has excellences peculiar to himself that claim our admiration4 ,in like manner1 among the great ,italian masters1 ,michael ,angelo is first in grandeur of style and conception2 ,titian is distinguished for the grace of his figures2 ,correggio for their angelic purity2 whilst ,raphael merits the palm for fertility of invention1 correctness of expression1 and variety4 ,pre ,felix1 we have already stated1 pleased the ,germans more than ,bishop ,dupanloup4 ,his concluding discourse1 delivered in ,st ,rombaut's cathedral at ,malines1 ,sept #c1 #ahfd1 was a philosophical review of ecclesiastical history2 the grandeur of its conception well befitted the importance of the occasion4 ,in appearance1 ,f4 ,felix is not so majestic as ,f4 de ,ravignan1 nor has he so powerful and sonorous a voice as his predecessor4 ,his discourses betray less enthusiastic love of liberty than those of ,f4 ,lacordaire1 but still he is at present the orator of the day1 no less than de ,ravignan and ,lacordaire were some years ago4 ,f4 ,lacordaire1 the ,dominican1 addressed his words to thousands of young men1 who1 carried away by the political and literary revolutions of #ahcj1 were frantic with ideas of liberty1 who were attracted and tormented by the infinite1 and panting for vague1 undefined ideals4 ,this yearning ,lacordaire strove to satisfy1 by pointing out to them that ,christ and his ,church were the realization of their indefinite ideals1 and by teaching them to sanctify liberty by devotion and sacrifice4 ,the vast schemes of #ahcj were not carried out1 and their ideals were not realized4 ,french society felt the vanity of its aspirations1 and was seized by a deadly lethargy1 a kind of despair1 as if it had suffered shipwreck4 ,like so many flaming meteors ,f4 de ,ravignan's conferences suddenly shed a stream of light on the universal gloom4 ,how majestic was his appearance1 how sublime his language1 how ardent his faith1 and how holy his life6 ,all ,france listened to the ,jesuit1 and seemed spell-bound4 ,irreligion was banished from thousands of hearts1 and thousands returned to the practice of their religious duties and were saved4 ,the spirit of the age took another direction2 men busied themselves exclusively with their #cce material interests1 and they thought only of money1 of steam1 of machinery and other branches of industry4 ,for many years progress has been the watchword--material progress--which has brought about all these wonders of modern times1 which is due to human energy alone1 and which1 for this very reason1 deifies itself in its pride and threatens ,christianity with destruction4 ,to combat these false notions1 ,god raised up ,f4 ,felix4 ,he devoted his attention to the popular idol1 progress1 but he dealt with it in his own way4 ,in ,lent1 #ahef1 he began1 in the church of ,notre ,dame1 in ,paris1 his famous conferences on ,progress by ,means of ,christianity4 ,archbishop ,sibour had blessed the orator and his subject4 ,his success was astounding1 and henceforth ,f4 ,felix will hold an honorable place among ,french pulpit orators4 ,f4 ,felix is about fifty-five years of age2 he has an intelligent countenance1 a noble1 manly brow1 betokening a deep1 penetrating mind1 and a firm will4 ,since #ahef his voice has improved1 having gained both in compass and in sweetness4 ,it is clear and piercing1 completely filling the immense church of ,our ,lady at ,paris4 ,the two discourses delivered by ,f4 ,felix at ,malines 7,sept4 #b and #c1 #ahfd7 are perhaps his most finished productions4 ,he did not call forth any momentary burst of enthusiasm1 but produced a lasting impression1 that will console and strengthen us in the struggle of life4 ,the university question1 which has been so prominent in ,germany1 was not discussed at ,malines4 ,the ,belgians have had for thirty years a ,catholic university at ,louvain1 which they support at a great expense1 and for the maintenance of which they constantly struggle4 ,the ,english speak of establishing a ,catholic college at ,oxford4 ,canon ,oakley1 a learned ,english convert1 is working zealously to realize the plan1 and if ,newman will agree to take the helm1 the enterprise will prosper4 ,we hope the project will succeed1 for ,english ,catholics will not send their sons to the ,catholic university at ,dublin1 which does not flourish1 and numbers only some two hundred students4 ,in ,holland a ,catholic university is not even thought of4 ,the interests of the ,catholic press were not neglected at ,malines4 ,belgium has done much to raise its character1 as was shown by ,count de ,theux4 ,since the congress of #ahfc the ,belgian journals--especially the ,journal de ,bruxelles--have steadily progressed4 ,in ,belgium1 small as it is1 there are fifty ,catholic periodicals1 some ,french and some ,flemish4 ,the ,journal de ,bruxelles already rivals the ,paris ,monde1 and both are far in advance of any ,german journal4 ,at ,malines the members of the press form a section of their own1 in which the principal papers are represented by their directors1 editors1 or correspondents4 ,the staff of the ,correspondant was represented by ,count ,francis de ,champagny1 ,viscount ,anatole ,lemercier1 and by ,francis ,lenormant1 the favorite of the ,parisians4 ,le ,monde1 too1 had sent its delegates2 prominent among these was ,hermann ,kuhn1 the ,berlin correspondent1 who contributes valuable articles on ,catholic ,germany4 ,he appeared for the ,mayence ,journal also4 ,we are already acquainted with de ,riancey1 the editor of ,l',union4 ,the director of ,la ,patrie1 published in ,bruges1 ,neut1 was president of the section4 ,although ,i earnestly desired to form the personal acquaintance of ,m4 ,neut1 circumstances prevented it2 but he appeared to be the leading spirit of the section4 ,affable and obliging1 lively and ardent1 he is a flowing speaker1 well fitted to take the lead1 and a bold1 uncompromising ,catholic1 without a trace of fogyism4 ,to see him is to love him4 ,he is a man of great practical ability1 and writes a popular style resembling that of ,ernest ,zander1 of ,munich4 ,like ,zander he has grown grey in journalism4 ,the vice-presidents of the section were ,count ,celestin de ,martini1 #ccf director of the ,journal de ,bruxelles2 ,leon ,lavedan1 who writes for the ,gazette de ,france2 and ,lasserre1 editor of the ,contemporain1 well known in ,germany as a controversial writer4 ,lebrocquoi1 editor of ,la ,voix du ,luxembourg1 acted as secretary4 ,digard of ,paris took an active part in the discussions of the section4 ,spain was represented by ,enrique de ,villaroya and ,eduardo ,maria de ,villarrazza2 ,portugal by ,don ,almeida4 ,the ,abb de ,chelen and ,f4 ,terwecoren also deserve mention4 ,verspeyen1 editor of ,le ,bien ,public1 at ,ghent1 is one of the youngest and most spirited journalists in ,belgium4 ,he is a good speaker1 very sarcastic and impressive4 ,on his recommendation ,casoni1 of ,bologna1 who has been shamefully persecuted by the ,sardinians1 received a heavy subsidy from the ,malines congress4 ,lemmens1 a very clever man1 is associated with ,verspeyen in the editorship of ,le ,bien ,public1 which compares with the ,journal de ,bruxelles in the same way as ,le ,monde and the ,weekly ,register compare with ,le ,correspondant and ,the ,home and ,foreign ,review4 ,de ,haulleville1 formerly editor of the ,universel1 and at present connected with the ,correspondant1 is one of the best ,belgian writers4 ,he is not only a journalist1 but also a thorough historian1 well versed in ,german literature4 ,i must not forget to mention ,demarteau1 the editor of the ,liege ,journal2 ,a4 ,coomans1 an able speaker1 who represented the ,antwerp ,journal1 and ,frappier1 the editor of ,l',ami de l',ordre4 ,among the ,english journalists the most prominent were ,simpson1 a friend of ,sir ,john ,acton1 who wrote for the ,rambler and ,home and ,foreign ,review1 and ,wigley1 editor of the ,weekly ,register1 who writes for the ,monde also1 a worthy rival of ,coquille1 ,faconet1 ,leon ,pags1 ,kuhn1 ,la ,tour1 d',aignan1 and ,h4 ,vrignault4 ,among the periodicals that had sent representatives to ,malines were3 ,l',ouvrier1 ,le ,messager de la ,charit1 ,la ,revue ,chrtinne1 ,le ,journal des ,villes et des ,campagnes1 ,el ,diario of ,barcelona1 ,la ,regeneracion of ,madrid1 ,l',union of ,valencia1 ,el ,register ,catolico of ,barcelona1 ,la ,belgique1 ,la ,paix1 ,les ,prcis ,historiques1 ,le ,courrier de ,bruxelles1 ,le ,moniteur de ,louvain1 ,l',escaut1 ,le ,courrier de la ,sambre1 ,l',union de ,charleroy1 ,le ,nouvelliste de ,verviers1 ,le ,journal de ,hainaut1 ,l',impartial de ,soignies1 ,la ,gazette de ,vivelles1 and several others4 ,the assembly consisted of forty-five journalists1 and their proceedings made a favorable impression4 ,the gentlemen of the press knew why they had met4 ,it was resolved to hold every year a general convention of ,catholic journalists and to establish at ,brussels an international telegraphic bureau for ,catholic journals1 because most of the bureaus now existing are in the hands of ,jews1 who frequently forge untruthful telegrams4 ,the meeting tended to foster mutual good feeling among the representatives of the different journals1 and resolutions were passed to secure unity of action in the ,catholic press4 ,the managers of the ,correspondant strove to obtain the patronage of the ,malines congress by distributing a list of contributors4 ,in fact1 its staff comprises some of the most able ,catholic journalists1 and we deem it proper to give1 the names of ,bishop ,dupanloup1 the ,duke d',ayen1 the ,prince de ,broglie1 the ,count ,montalembert1 the ,count ,falloux1 the ,count de ,carn1 the ,count de ,champagny1 ,viscount ,lemercier1 ,viscount de ,melun1 ,vicar-,general ,meignan1 ,prof4 ,perreyve1 ,f4 ,gratry1 ,villemain1 de ,laprade1 ,augustine ,cochin1 ,foisset1 ,leonce de ,lavergne1 ,wallon1 ,n4 de ,pontmartin1 ,lenormant1 de ,chaillard1 ,amede ,achard1 ,marmier1 and de ,haulleville4 ,no doubt it would be difficult to find a greater array of talent4 ,the ,correspondant appears once a month1 making six large volumes per year4 #ccg ,i had been present at a meeting of journalists connected with the second general congress of the larger ,german states held at ,frankfort in ,october1 #ahfd4 ,twenty-seven representatives of the ,german press attended4 ,many resolutions were passed1 but not one of them was carried out2 nay1 the third general congress of the larger ,german states never convened4 ,the journalists of the minor ,german states1 also1 met at ,eisenach on ,may #bb1 #ahfd4 ,thirty-four members were present1 and resolved to meet at stated periods in order to consult about the interests of the ,german press4 ,a committee of delegates from seven journals was appointed1 whose headquarters was to be at ,frankfort-on-the-,main until the next general meeting in #ahfe4 ,from the transaction of these assemblies1 it has become evident that journalism in ,germany is still in its infancy4 ,the ,german journalists cannot compare with those of other countries4 ,they form no class of their own2 they lack self-respect and esprit de corps2 in short1 they are1 without exception1 in a lamentable state of dependence1 for they are not wealthy nor do they receive becoming remuneration4 ,in ,belgium the press is better organized2 it is not oppressed by taxation1 and this is the reason why ,brussels alone can boast of sixty-seven periodicals4 ,in ,belgium #aj to #ab francs will procure a well-written daily paper1 far surpassing our ,german journals4 ,the ,belgian journalists whom ,i met at ,malines despise the ,catholic press in ,germany4 ,they reproach us with not doing our duty1 and sneer at us for being duped by ,jewish writers4 ,journalism is an important profession1 whose members should be conscientious and honorable men4 ,the journalist addresses his language to an audience far more numerous than the professor's1 and at present his influence is1 so to say1 unlimited2 he reaches every part of educated society and sways public opinion4 ,he is called to be the standard-bearer of liberty and truth4 ,he must1 therefore1 implant sound principles in the popular mind1 and1 standing above the reach of paltry prejudice1 unite in himself a high degree of intelligence and true devotion to the eternal laws of the ,church4 ,such are the qualities which a journalist should possess4 ,without independence1 dignity1 and moral freedom he cannot do justice to the task imposed on him by ,god4 ,impavidum ferient ruinae4 ,in ,england1 ,america1 and ,belgium1 the press wields a powerful influence2 it has become sovereign1 and is necessary to the nation's life4 ,science feels that unless it is diffused it is powerless1 and that the school-room is too narrow a field2 hence it is that men of learning make use of the press4 ,in ,catholic ,germany1 on the contrary1 there are still districts where the journalist is looked upon with a jealous eye1 and where it is deemed preferable to read papers written by ,jews and literary gipsies4 ,let the ,church be free1 let her unfold fully her immense power1 let her extend her influence to every grade and station of society1 and things will assume a more promising aspect4 ,let the ,church be again respected1 let her word be heeded in the palace no less than in the hut1 let homage be paid to her in the courts of justice and in institutions of learning1 at the university no less than at the village school1 and a new and golden era will dawn upon us4 ,these words1 first addressed to the ,german nation by its bishops1 have been repeated again and again by the ,catholic general conventions4 ,the ,church has a right to watch over popular education and schools1 but1 as ,moufang says1 she has an equally undeniable title to direct the education of those who are destined to be the leaders of the people4 ,the ,church is the mother of universities1 but1 alas6 most of her daughters have forsaken her4 ,germany possesses eighteen ,protestant universities1 but she cannot boast #cch of an equal number of ,catholic institutions4 ,the ,church has been robbed of her educational establishments in the same way in which she has been deprived of her monasteries and other possessions4 ,of the twenty-two ,german universities six only are ,catholic4 ,at the mixed universities ,catholics are by no means on a footing of equality with ,protestants1 and a professor or a fellow who is a staunch ,catholic will almost certainly fall into disgrace4 ,the ,protestant professors number ten to one2 a great grievance1 no doubt4 ,even previous to #ahdh1 far-sighted men were penetrated with the necessity of establishing a purely ,catholic university4 ,but since the emphatic approval of the scheme by the episcopal council of ,wrzburg1 in #ahdh1 the ,catholic conventions have displayed a lively interest in the plan and have done all in their power to further its realization4 ,at ,regensburg 7#ahdi71 ,mayence 7#ahea71 ,mnster 7#aheb71 ,vienna 7#ahec71 and ,linz 7#ahef71 it received the fullest consideration4 ,the convention of ,linz recommended in the warmest terms the restoration of the university of ,salzburg4 ,this recommendation was repeated by the ,salzburg convention in #aheg1 which requested the prince-archbishop of ,salzburg1 ,baron von ,farnoczky1 to undertake this affair1 so important to ,germany4 ,at ,salzburg the debates on this question were very stormy1 because ,innsbruck claimed the preference4 ,in fact1 the university of ,innsbruck has been much better attended of late years4 ,but the most decisive steps in this regard were taken by the convention of ,aix-la-,chapelle4 ,prof4 ,mller1 of ,louvain1 delivered an eloquent discourse on the establishment of the ,louvain university6 ,in glowing words he represented to the assembly how1 on the opening of the first course of lectures at ,malines1 in #ahcd1 but eighty-six students followed the course1 how the number of students increased in #ahhe to #bfa and the following year to #cfj1 whilst at the present day the three state universities together number #hjj students less than ,louvain alone6 ,he spoke of the generosity of the ,belgians1 of their yearly subscriptions1 and of their collections1 to which even the poorest contribute their mite4 ,he reminded them that the ,louvain professors are among the most distinguished for mental activity1 and that they form men of principle1 who honorably fulfil the designs of ,god upon them4 ,and is it impossible for the great ,catholic ,german nation to do what four millions of ,belgians have accomplished8 ,follow the example thus set you2 ,german laymen1 raise your voices1 and shrink not before difficulties or obstacles4 ,impossible--the word is unworthy of ,germans6 ,by this speech of the noble ,mller the assembly was aroused1 and its members were ready to undergo every sacrifice in order to realize their plans4 ,on the following day1 when the convention had met in secret session1 ,theising1 of ,warendorf1 brought up the university question1 and a debate followed1 in which ,baron von ,andlaw1 of ,freiburg1 ,schulte1 of ,prague1 ,count ,brandis1 of ,austria1 ,thissen1 of ,frankfort1 ,mller1 of ,louvain1 and ,heinrich1 of ,mayence1 participated4 ,it was at first proposed to appoint a committee1 which was to exert itself energetically in favor of the project4 ,councillor ,phillips1 ,baron ,felix von ,loe1 ,count ,brandis1 ,baron ,henry von ,andlaw1 ,chevalier ,joseph von ,buss1 and ,baron ,wilderich von ,ketteler1 were appointed members of the committee and their nomination received with applause4 ,the motion also provided for the collection of the money necessary to establish the university4 ,a wordy discourse followed1 but no definite conclusion was arrived at1 when ,baron von ,andlaw struck the right chord4 ,i will give #ejj for the establishment of a ,catholic university1 he exclaimed4 ,i will give #ejj more1 cried ,councillor ,phillips of ,vienna1 ,i subscribe #cjj1 said #cci ,zander1 of ,munich4 ,count ,richemont1 of ,paris1 next ascended the tribune1 addressed a few enthusiastic words to the assembly1 and subscribed #ejj4 ,he was rapidly followed by ,counts ,spee1 ,loe1 ,schaasberg1 ,stolberg1 ,hoensbroich1 ,brandis1 and many other nobles from the ,rhenish provinces and ,westphalia1 who came forward with generous contributions4 ,prof4 ,schulte1 of ,prague1 and ,canon ,moufang each subscribed a thousand florins4 ,dumortier1 of ,brussels1 ,prisac1 of ,aix-la-,chapelle1 ,martens1 of ,pelplin1 ,thymus1 ,bachem1 and ,pastor ,becker also gave solid proofs of their interest in the enterprise4 ,in a short time the subscriptions amounted to #g1jjj1 and at ,wrzburg1 in #ahfd1 #cj1jjj had already been subscribed4 ,the scene at ,aix-la-,chapelle was more imposing than any other that marked the sixteen general conventions of the ,catholic societies in ,germany4 ,joy and enthusiasm were depicted on every countenance1 and hope filled every breast4 ,the whole of ,catholic ,germany shared in these feelings2 for there was now substantial reason for believing in the ultimate success of the university scheme4 ,true1 subscriptions did not continue to pour in so rapidly as at ,aix-la-,chapelle1 and the nobility of southern ,germany1 in particular1 were very remiss in performing their duty4 ,to collect #g1jjj1jjj is no easy task1 especially as the ,german clergy have been deprived of almost all their possessions1 whilst the mass of the people show little zeal for the undertaking4 ,still the agitation of this question has been productive of great good to ,catholicity in ,germany1 for it has inspired all of us with redoubled zeal and energy4 ,the ,catholics have begun to claim their just rights and to insist upon them till they are granted4 ,as the ,rhenish ,westphalian nobility have demanded the restoration of the old ,catholic university of ,mnster1 so in ,bavaria1 where there is a purely ,protestant university1 the ,catholics should urge the establishment of a ,catholic one1 for it is our first duty1 as was remarked by ,schulte at ,aix-la-,chapelle in #ahfb1 and by ,moufang at ,wrzburg in #ahfd1 to insist that universities which were founded by ,catholics should retain their original character4 ,in mixed universities1 the ,catholic professors will1 henceforth1 strain every nerve to secure true equality4 ,where this equality is trampled under foot1 they will protest and demand their rights4 ,the professors will be supported by the ,catholic students1 who were ably represented at ,frankfort and ,wrzburg by ,anschtz and ,baron ,dr4 von ,hertling4 ,do not the ,catholics outnumber the ,protestants in ,germany8 ,no one knew ,germany and its tribes better than ,frederick ,bhmer1 of ,frankfort1 and he always maintained that the ,catholics can boast of as many able men as the ,protestants1 and that southern ,germany1 far from being inferior1 surpasses the northern races in mental abilities4 ,to carry out the programme laid down above will require our best energies1 but we must1 moreover1 found a new university a purely ,catholic and free institution1 untrammelled by state dictation1 and entirely under the direction of the ,church4 ,to do this the bishops1 the nobles1 and the clergy must use their best endeavors2 but the professors1 too1 must do their share1 and not look on with cold indifference1 as is the case with most of them4 ,if the state encroaches unceasingly on the rights of the ,church in the realms of science1 and if its tyranny persistently oppresses the most able votaries of science because they are ,catholics1 why should we not rely on ourselves1 and seek strength in union8 ,there is neither truce nor rest for us until we are not only equal but superior to our opponents in every branch of science4 ,since its organization1 two years ago1 the university committee has done all in its power to promote the good cause4 ,one of the most zealous members is the young ,prince ,charles1 of #cdj ,lwenstein-,werthheim1 who has been substituted for the deceased ,count ,brandis4 ,canon ,moufang1 of ,mayence1 spoke on the university question at ,wrzburg in #ahfd4 ,of all the members of the convention he was best fitted to do justice to the subject4 ,since #ahdh ,dr4 ,moufang has been present at almost every one of the sixteen general conventions1 and whatever good has been accomplished by them he has promoted and encouraged4 ,connected with most of the ,catholic movements of our age1 he understands the feelings of his ,catholic countrymen and knows how to give forcible and opportune expression to them2 at times his words are irresistible1 like the mountain torrent4 ,at ,munich he delivered a discourse on the ,holy ,father and his difficulties2 in ,aix-la-,chapelle he thundered against the want of principle and of true manliness which distinguishes our times2 at ,frankfort he ridiculed anti-,catholic prejudices1 and at ,wrzburg he convinced his hearers of the necessity of a ,catholic university4 ,but the school question1 also1 and the relations between capital and labor1 he has lately treated in an admirable manner4 ,il faut tre de son temps1 is ,moufang's motto1 and hence he is one of the representative men of public opinion in ,catholic ,germany1 and when he combats the enemies of the ,church the advantage is always on his side4 ,on the nineteenth of ,december1 #ahfd1 ,dr4 ,moufang celebrated the twenty-fifth anniversary of his ordination4 ,hundreds of priests from the dioceses of ,mayence1 ,limburg1 and ,freiburg were present on this solemn occasion1 which they will cherish for ever in their memory4 ,dr4 ,moufang's name immediately suggests that of ,canon ,heinrich4 ,they are a par nobile fratrum in literature as well as in public life1 emulating the example of ,raess and ,weiss and of ,augustus and ,peter ,reichensperger4 ,at the age of thirty1 after promoting the organization of the first general convention at ,mayence1 ,dr4 ,heinrich was appointed secretary of the national council held at ,wrzburg in #ahdh4 ,since #ahdh he distinguished himself at almost all the general conventions by his activity and the zeal he displayed in furthering every ,catholic enterprise4 ,he is equally active in the committees1 in the secret and in the open sessions4 ,he is not only a favorite speaker1 but also a skilful controversialist and a journalist of no mean ability4 ,he published the best reply to ,renan1 and as a theologian and jurist he is able to cope with any adversary4 ,prof4 ,haffner is the worthy colleague of ,moufang and ,heinrich4 ,he cultivates the science which ,aristotle and ,plato pronounced the sublimest of all sciences--philosophy4 ,but ,haffner is a philosopher who is intelligible even to ordinary mortals2 he makes a practical use of his knowledge1 and is a favorite at the ,rhenish clubs4 ,in fact1 there is no reason why he should not be so4 ,his speeches are instructive1 sublime in conception1 and well written4 ,the details are well arranged and he has due regard for literary perspective4 ,his incomparable humor is unmixed with biting sarcasm1 and his figures are exquisitely beautiful4 ,haffner's speeches are perfect gems4 ,long may you live1 noble son of ,suabia6 ,the ,mayence delegates form an attractive group1 and they all work right earnestly for the success of the conventions4 ,beside those already noticed1 ,i shall mention ,dr4 ,hirschel1 canon of the cathedral1 who presided at the first general meeting of the ,christian art unions at ,cologne in #ahef2 ,monsignore ,count ,max von ,galen1 who delivered an elegant discourse on the ,blessed ,virgin at ,aix-la-,chapelle2 ,professors ,holzammer and ,hundhausen1 profound scholars2 ,frederic ,schneidier1 president of the young men's associations in the diocese of ,mayence2 and ,falk1 president of the social clubs or casinos4 #cda ,councillor ,phillips1 of ,vienna1 is generally chosen chairman of the section of science and the press4 ,richly does he deserve this distinction1 for ,phillips is an ornament to ,german literature1 and his work on canon law is a monumentum aere perennius which will be numbered among the ,german classics4 ,on the ,catholic press1 too1 ,phillips has conferred a great benefit1 for1 in conjunction with ,jareke and ,joseph von ,grres1 he founded the ,historico-,political ,journal1 of ,munich1 which he edited for a long time1 assisted by ,guido ,grres4 ,being sent as a delegate to the ,frankfort ,parliament1 ,phillips was numbered among the men of the stone house2 that is to say1 he belonged to the ,catholic party1 and became the associate of ,dllinger1 ,lasaulx1 ,sepp1 ,frser1 ,geritz1 ,dieringer1 ,von ,bally1 and others who took an active part in the debate on the relations between church and state4 ,since #ahfb ,phillips has been chairman of the committee on the establishment of the ,catholic university4 ,the speeches of the learned professor were remarkable for the force of their arguments and the clearness of their ideas4 ,his committee reports are to the point1 and he presides with tact and ability4 ,privy ,councillor ,ringseis delivered telling speeches at ,aix-la-,chapelle and ,munich2 at ,frankfort and ,wrzburg he did not make his appearance1 being already too much bowed down by age4 ,ringseis was born in #aghe4 ,in the literary world he occupies a prominent position2 but he has always been more successful as an orator than as a writer4 ,his appearance is inspiring1 his words enthusiastic4 ,the simplicity of his heart1 his pleasing cordiality1 and the unchanging freshness of his intellect1 endear him to all with whom he comes in contact2 yet he is one of the men who have bravely weathered all the storms of our age4 ,he resembles an oak that proudly withstands every hurricane4 ,baron von ,moy was president of the ,wrzburg convention4 ,from #ahcb to #ahcg he lectured on constitutional and international laws1 and from #ahcg he was for ten years professor at ,munich1 at a time when the fame of the ,munich university attracted hundreds of young men to the ,bavarian capital1 when all ,germany knew that there was a great ,catholic university at ,munich1 and when1 in the words of ,moufang1 ,grres1 ,ringseis1 ,dllinger1 ,mhler1 ,slee1 ,phillips1 ,moy1 ,windischmann1 and their colleagues1 formed the central group of ,catholic ,munich4 ,baron von ,moy presided at ,wrzburg with much tact and success4 ,age has already made its inroads1 but his voice is still rich and agreeable4 ,he is untainted by the ungenial formality of our ,german professors4 ,in him solid piety is coupled with affability1 cordiality1 and benevolence1 and adorned by true ,catholic cheerfulness4 ,the ,catholic professors1 on the whole1 have taken little interest in these conventions1 because the majority of them are unacquainted with real life4 ,there are exceptions1 however1 such as those mentioned above4 ,schulte1 of ,prague1 also1 has displayed a laudable zeal in every convention until #ahfb4 ,he favors true progress1 and earnestly wishes the ,catholics not only to rival but surpass the ,protestants in every respect4 ,sometimes he is a little too exacting in his demands2 his expressions are rather strong1 and his strictures on abuses are not sufficiently tempered with moderation4 ,schulte is no visionary1 for he is thoroughly acquainted with the state of the ,church1 but he is carried away by a burning zeal1 a kind of holy anger4 ,hermann ,mller1 professor at the ,wrzburg university1 a jurist and philologer1 and formerly well known as a journalist1 was the most handsome member of the ,wrzburg convention1 and his magnificent beard attracted universal attention4 ,the university was likewise represented by ,professors ,contzen and ,ludwig and by ,dr4 ,wirsing4 ,long continued study has left its traces on the features of ,prof4 ,vering1 of ,heidelberg1 but it has not #cdb hardened his heart against the claims of the ,catholic cause4 ,at ,wrzburg sixty-three professors and authors signed an address and sent it to the ,holy ,father4 ,in it they declare their readiness to submit unconditionally to the decision of the ,holy ,see regarding the meeting of the ,german literati4 ,i cannot refrain from saying a few words on this meeting1 especially as it may be said to have originated in the general conventions4 ,in fact1 the sensation caused by the ,wrzburg meeting has by no means subsided4 ,i have lying before me ,dllinger's ,discourse on the ,past and ,present of ,catholic ,theology1 and criticisms on it by the ,mayence ,katholik1 the ,paris ,monde1 and the ,civilt ,cattolica2 also ,prof4 ,hergenrther's speech at ,wrzburg on meetings of ,european scholars1 the pamphlet of ,prof4 ,michelis1 of ,braunsberg1 and a cutting reply in the ,november number of ,der ,katholik4 ,to these ,i may add the papal brief to the ,archbishop of ,munich 7,december #ba1 #ahfc71 the despatch of ,cardinal ,antonelli to the nuncio at ,munich 7,july #e1 #ahfd71 and the letter of the ,holy ,father to ,professors ,hergenrther and ,denzinger1 dated ,october #bj1 #ahfd4 ,i fear the matter will take a disagreeable turn1 and that our learned professors will bring themselves into difficulty4 ,no doubt there is much truth in ,hergenrther's reflections on his colleagues3 ,all our learned men are not as prudent as they should be2 they have not sufficient tact1 and are wanting in knowledge of the actual state of things2 many a professor in his sanctum acquires ideas wholly at variance with real life4 ,the ,catholic general conventions will not alter their character in order to busy themselves with purely scientific concerns2 in short1 it cannot become a congress of learned men1 nor a substitute for such a congress4 ,fully persuaded of this fact1 ,prof4 ,denzinger declared1 in the most explicit terms1 that the meeting of the ,german literati was independent of the sixteenth general convention1 which was nowise responsible for its doings4 ,moreover1 it is a fact to be borne in mind1 that the ,holy ,see has not forbidden such meetings1 that the ,german bishops do not wish them to be interfered with1 and that no ,catholic party1 as ,michelis says1 has intrigued to prevent them4 ,if1 in spite of all this1 the matter does not prosper1 the learned men alone are to blame4 ,it seems to be extremely difficult to prevent dissensions among men who devote themselves to different branches of science1 to unite in the bonds of friendship and concord the disciples of the speculative1 the historical1 and the practical sciences4 ,if ,i belonged to the class of men of which ,i am speaking1 ,i would express my opinions more fully4 ,why did not the illustrious theologians of ,tbingen deign to come to ,munich in #ahfc8 ,why is there so slim an attendance of ,german professors at the ,catholic congresses8 ,why do the representatives of sciences so intimately connected remain estranged from each other8 ,a closer union would bring about renewed activity1 prejudices would be dispelled1 the jealous reserve with which we now meet on every side would give way to a more healthy state of things1 and youthful genius would be encouraged by the conviction that they are stayed and supported by men of experience and acknowledged merit4 ,will the congress of #ahfc remain a fragment1 as the general meeting of the art unions in #aheg8 ,we hope not4 ,the best rejoinder to all that has been said on such meetings would be a general ,european congress of all learned ,catholics1 at ,brussels1 ,greneva1 or ,frankfort--attended by ,dllinger1 ,phillips1 and ,alzog1 as the representatives of ,germany2 by ,perin1 ,delcour1 and de ,ram2 by ,newman1 ,oakley1 ,acton1 and ,robertson2 by ,meignan1 ,montalembert1 and ,rio1 and by the ,italians ,nardi1 ,cantu1 and ,casoni4 ,the union between the civilized nations of ,europe is becoming #cdc closer day by day2 will our scholars alone remain stationary and isolated8 ,if they follow this course1 the day of retribution will soon arrive4 ,foremost among the promoters of scientific progress1 during the second half of the nineteenth century1 stands a ,catholic prince1 ,king ,maximilian ,,ii4 of ,bavaria4 ,history tells of few princes who have so liberally patronized men of science4 ,with royal munificence he has founded and endowed institutions of learning and fostered scientific enterprise4 ,he will always be praised as one of the most generous patrons of ,german science1 and in the history of literature and science will occupy an honorable position4 ,unfortunately1 however1 the ideas of the noble prince were not realized by the men he protected4 ,he lived to be sorely disappointed1 and to discover that he had bestowed his benefits on men unworthy of his confidence4 ,dllinger1 without mentioning the king's mistakes1 has done full justice to his merits4 ,dllinger himself holds a princely rank in the ,european republic of letters4 ,with skilful hand he is rearing the immense edifice of a universal ,church history4 ,the corner-stone is already laid and the foundation completed4 ,may ,god give life and vigor to the architect1 that he may finish his vast undertaking4 ,since his famous lectures at the ,odeon at ,munich1 delivered before a mixed audience in ,april1 #ahfa1 ,dllinger has fixed the attention of men holding the most contrary opinions both in and out of the ,church4 ,of late1 many have been disappointed in ,dllinger1 though without any reason2 they have given a false meaning to his words--misinterpreted his intentions4 ,true1 he speaks with a boldness to which all cannot immediately accustom themselves1 for he is a thorough enemy of all mental reservation in theology4 ,he stands on an eminence1 surveying not only our own times but the whole extent of sacred and profane history1 and combines a correct estimate of the necessities of the age with a fervent love of ,christ and his ,church4 ,hergenrther1 our revered professor1 is in many respects the scientific complement of ,dllinger4 ,if ,dllinger at times goes too far1 ,hergenrther knows how to explain1 to correct1 and to limit his expressions2 this he has done several times of late4 ,hergenrther is a man of great learning1 acquired by continued mental activity2 but he is likewise well acquainted with the ideas of the present age4 ,his speech at the ,wrzburg convention was a masterpiece1 full of clear and well-defined ideas4 ,his most active colleague in the ,wrzburg committee was ,professor ,hettinger4 ,he is perhaps the most eminent of living controversialists4 ,he teaches apologetics1 which forms the transition from philosophy to theology4 ,hettinger takes a large and philosophical1 but at the same time truly ,christian and ,catholic1 view of the world4 ,every grand and beautiful idea1 both ancient and modern1 he has made his own2 he has analyzed every philosophical system1 separating truth from falsehood1 and has gathered every sound principle scattered over the wide range of philosophical literature4 ,his controversial works deserve to be ranked among the classics of the nineteenth century4 ,his discourses are listened to with pleasure1 whether he speaks from the pulpit1 the professor's desk1 or the tribune4 ,at ,frankfort and ,wrzburg he spoke in a masterly style4 ,denzinger presided at the ,wrzburg conference which sent an address to the ,holy ,father4 ,he is a deep theologian1 well versed in all philosophical systems4 ,his mind is admirably trained1 his character settled and determined1 and in learning1 notwithstanding the frailty of his body1 he has attained an eminence to which few can aspire4 ,self-possessed in debate1 sure and cautious in his remarks1 a deep thinker1 he exhorted all to forbearance1 and gave universal satisfaction4 #cdd ,the ,wrzburg professors do honor to every assembly of scholars and to every ,catholic convention4 ,abbot ,haneberg1 of ,munich1 perhaps the most venerable of our ,german monks1 bishop elect of ,treves1 a linguist who speaks fifteen languages1 a first-rate teacher1 who will ever be remembered by his many disciples as one of the best pulpit orators in ,germany1 was a zealous advocate of the ,munich congress of literati4 ,the circular was signed by ,haneberg1 ,dllinger1 and ,prof4 ,alzog1 of ,freiburg4 ,alzog's manual of ecclesiastical history is the text-book1 not only in ,hildesheim and ,freiburg1 but in almost every seminary in ,europe4 ,the work resembles one of the beautiful mosaics so much admired in ,st4 ,peter's at ,rome1 and has been of great use4 ,alzog was present at the ,frankfort conventions4 ,prof4 ,reusch1 of ,bonn1 is one of our best commentators4 ,he has rendered the ,catholics of ,germany a great service in translating the works of the ,english cardinal1 for ,wiseman's writings are read by the whole ,church4 ,about a hundred years ago all ,germany perused the productions of the ,english free-thinking deists1 ,shaftesbury1 ,locke1 ,morgan1 ,woolston1 and ,toland2 at present all read the works of ,wiseman1 ,faber1 ,newman1 ,marshall1 ,dalgairn1 and ,manning4 ,toward the close of the last century1 ,voltaire1 ,rousseau1 d',alembert1 ,diderot1 and the other infamous encyclopaedists furnished the educated portion of ,germany with intellectual food2 now we eagerly study the writings of ,dupanloup1 ,montalembert1 ,l4 ,veuillot1 ,sgur1 ,f4 ,gratry1 and ,nicolas4 ,true1 ,renan too and ,le ,maudit have their admirers1 but the admirable replies of ,dupanloup1 ,felix1 ,freppel1 ,lasserre1 ,veuillot1 ,sgur1 ,pressens1 ,parisis1 ,scherer1 ,coquerel1 ,lamy1 and ,nicolas1 have likewise found an extensive circle of readers4 ,catholic controversy has never flourished more than at present1 when hundreds of able writers plead the cause of ,christ and of his vicar on earth4 ,professor ,vosen1 of ,cologne1 is another eminent controversialist2 he is a skilful debater1 and possesses a thorough knowledge of parliamentary rules and of the social condition of ,germany4 ,his utterance is rapid1 but he uses no superfluous verbiage1 and every sentence is clear and well brought out4 ,prof4 ,reinkens1 of ,breslau1 and ,floss1 of ,bonn1 were members of the executive committee at the ,munich convention of scholars4 ,not long ago he dedicated to us his biography of ,hilary of ,poitiers1 a work that may be classed with ,mhler's ,athanasius4 ,prof4 ,reischl1 of ,regensburg1 repeatedly a member of different committees at the general conventions1 and an excellent teacher1 whose memory will ever be cherished by his students1 is on the point of finishing1 in the course of the present year1 his laborious translation of the ,holy ,scriptures4 ,for twelve years he has labored unceasingly1 and the work is the golden fruit of his labors1 and will outlive many generations4 ,we may justly place ,reischl's translation of the ,bible among our ,catholic classics1 such as ,mhler's ,symbolism1 ,dllinger's ,paganism and ,judaism1 ,hefele's ,history of the ,councils1 ,phillips' ,canon ,law1 ,hettinger's ,apologetics1 ,amberger's ,pastoral ,theology1 ,dieringer's ,book of ,epistles1 ,lasaulx's ,philosophy of the ,fine ,arts1 ,stckl's ,philosophy of the ,middle ,ages1 ,kleutgen's ,theology of the ,past1 ,the ,legends of ,alban ,stolz1 etc4 ,most of these have appeared since #ahdh1 or rather within the last twelve years1 and are the precursors of a great ,catholic literary period1 for which every preparation seems to be already made4 ,that our writers are improving in beauty of style no observer can fail to notice2 as a proof1 ,i need only mention the names of ,haffner1 ,molitor1 ,redwitz1 and ,hahn-,hahn4 ,i cannot pass unnoticed #cde ,stolberg's ,history of the ,church1 ,danberger's ,history of the ,middle ,ages1 ,gfrrer's great work on ,gregory ,,vii4 and his times1 and the works of ,frederick von ,hurter4 ,sepp's ,jerusalem1 also1 is a work of undoubted merit4 ,professor ,sepp delivered some brilliant speeches at the first ,catholic general conventions4 ,his last book is a telling refutation of ,renan and other modern infidels who deny the divinity of ,christ1 and deserves to be ranked with the writings of ,heinrich1 ,haneberg1 ,deutinger1 ,s4 ,brunner1 ,wriesinger1 ,michelis1 ,daumer1 and ,hahn-,hahn on the same subject4 ,michelis1 of ,braunsberg1 shows some of ,tertullian's violence2 nay1 sometimes he becomes personal in debate1 owing to his passionate temper and his somewhat peevish character4 ,these qualities are coupled with an ardent love of his religion and his country1 and manly honor and straightforwardness4 ,his speech at ,frankfort1 in #ahfb1 was well-timed and called forth immense enthusiasm4 ,michelis bears a close resemblance to ,prof4 ,remirding1 of ,fulda1 who has lately acquired a great reputation as a dogmatic theologian4 ,remirding has for a long time been a teacher in ,england1 and is thoroughly acquainted with ,english affairs4 ,to him we may apply the adage3 ,still waters run deep4 ,he is silent1 uncommunicative1 and fond of thought4 ,his bright eyes beam with intelligence1 gentleness1 and benevolence4 ,prof4 ,janssen held his maiden speech at the convention of ,frankfort1 in #ahfc2 it was very successful4 ,janssen is a disciple of ,bhmer1 and he1 as well as ,ficker1 of ,innsbruck1 and ,arnold1 of ,marburg1 is a worthy successor of that great historian4 ,he is well fitted to write a satisfactory history of ,germany1 for ,giesebrecht's ,history of the ,german ,emperors fails to do justice to the ,church during the middle ages4 ,there is no longer any lack of ,catholic historians in ,germany1 and the labors of ,protestant writers have rendered the task easy for them4 ,among our ,catholic historians ,i shall mention ,onno ,klopp1 of ,hanover2 ,hoefler1 of ,prague2 ,bader1 ,huber1 ,hergenrther1 of ,wrzburg2 ,marx1 of ,treves2 ,dudik1 ,gindely1 ,kampfschulte1 of ,bonn2 ,niehus1 ,rump1 and ,hlskamp1 of ,mnster2 ,c4 ,will1 of ,nuremberg2 ,lmmer1 of ,breslau1 who has lately been appointed professor of theology2 ,remkens1 of ,breslau2 ,alexander ,kaufmann1 of ,werthheim2 ,cornelius1 ,friedrich1 and ,pichlcr1 of ,munich2 ,roth von ,schreckenstein1 ,watterich1 ,dominicus1 ,ossenbeck1 ,ennen1 ,remling1 ,junckmann1 ,kiesel1 ,bumller1 ,weiss1 ,kerker1 and ,alberdingk-,thijm4 ,these gentlemen should try to meet very often1 for by seeing ourselves reflected in others we learn to know ourselves4 ,bhmer1 ,pertz1 ,chmel1 and ,theiner have laid the foundations of historical research2 on their disciples devolves the task of continuing the building1 and of completing it according to the intentions of their masters4 ,my subject is carrying me away1 and ,i am passing the limits ,i had marked for myself4 ,how many other names connected with the ,munich reunion of scholars1 or the last ,catholic congress1 should ,i notice in order to do justice to all6 ,professors ,reithmayer1 ,reitter1 and ,stadlbauer1 of ,munich2 ,mayer1 of ,wrzburg2 the learned ,benedictines1 ,rupert ,mettermller1 of ,metten1 ,gallus ,morel1 of ,einsiedeln1 ,boniface ,gams1 of ,munich2 ,professors ,schegg1 of ,freising1 ,hhnlein1 of ,wrzburg2 ,zobl1 of ,brixen1 ,uhrig and ,schmid1 of ,dillingen1 ,engermann1 of ,regensburg1 ,scheeben1 of ,cologne1 ,oischinger and ,strodl1 of ,munich1 ,hagemann1 of ,hildesheim1 ,pfahler1 of ,eichstadt1 ,kraus1 of ,regensburg1 ,brandner and ,schoepf1 of ,salzburg1 ,nirschl and ,greil1 of ,passau2 among our rising scholars1 ,messrs4 ,constantine von ,schaetzler1 of ,freiburg1 ,langen1 of ,bonn1 ,wongerath1 ,silbernagel1 ,friedrich1 ,pichler1 and ,wirthmller1 of ,munich1 ,hitz1 ,kaiser1 ,kagerer1 ,j4 #cdf ,m4 ,schneider1 ,j4 ,danziger1 ,bach1 ,h4 ,hayd1 ,pfeifer1 ,kaufmann1 of ,munich1 and ,thinnel1 of ,neisse2 among the clergy1 ,dr4 ,westermayer1 a celebrated preacher2 ,schmid1 of ,amberg1 ,dr4 ,gmelch1 of ,lichtenstein1 ,dr4 ,clos1 of ,feldaffing1 ,dr4 ,zinler1 of ,gablingen1 ,wick1 of ,breslau1 ,dr4 ,zailler2 and finally1 ,canons ,rampf and ,herb1 of ,munich1 ,w4 ,mayer1 of ,regensburg1 ,dx1 of ,wrzburg1 ,freund1 of ,passau1 ,werner1 of ,st4 ,plten1 ,provost ,ernst1 of ,eichstdt1 ,canon ,eberhard1 of ,regensburg1 ,lierheimer1 of ,munich1 and a host of others4 ,truly ,providence has blessed ,germany with many great intellects1 and a glorious period seems to have begun for ,catholic literature4 ,our leading men should be animated with a fervent love of their faith1 and true patriotism2 thus they will be enabled to take a truly ,christian view of the world4 ,i cannot refrain from saying a few words on the representatives of the ,german press4 ,dr4 ,ernest ,zander1 of ,munich1 is the spokesman of the ,german journalists at the general conventions4 ,zander has now been connected for twenty-seven years with the press1 but he is still quite hearty and ready to do battle1 and the subscribers of ,der ,volksbote read his spicy articles with undiminished pleasure4 ,although a poor speaker1 his appearance is always greeted with applause1 and at the close of his remarks there is no end of cheering4 ,he calls things by their proper names1 spares nobody1 and has an inexhaustible fund of wit and humor4 ,his numerous decorations1 his bushy eyebrows1 his twinkling eyes1 and his sarcastic smile1 make his remarks doubly interesting4 ,on matters connected with the ,catholic press1 there are no authorities more reliable than ,zander and ,jrg1 of ,munich1 ,sausen1 of ,mayence1 and ,sebastian ,brunner1 of ,vienna4 ,j4 ,b4 von ,pfeilschifter1 of ,darmstadt1 is older than the gentlemen above mentioned2 in fact1 he is the oldest ,catholic journalist in ,germany4 ,pfeilschifter1 says ,maurice ,brhl1 combines varied learning and extensive reading with the experience of many years4 ,since #ahae he has been actively engaged as a journalist1 and for a long time he was the only champion of lawful authority and political order1 and for this reason he was continually scoffed at and slandered by his revolutionary colleagues4 ,zander has a worthy rival in ,bachem1 of ,cologne4 ,properly speaking1 ,bachem is a publisher1 but he is likewise a very able editor4 ,at the conventions he is the most business-like representative of the press1 and seems to know more about journalism than the editors4 ,in #ahfe ,bachem's paper will probably number #f1jjj subscribers1 which is a very respectable circulation4 ,his journal is one of the most influential ,rhenish papers1 and very ably edited4 ,if papers of equal merit were published at ,mayence1 ,carlsruhe1 ,stuttgart1 ,augsburg1 ,munich1 ,innsbruck1 ,vienna1 ,prague1 ,breslau1 and ,mnster1 our political press would satisfy every reasonable demand4 ,francis ,hlskamp1 of ,mnster1 is one of the youngest among our ,german journalists1 but he has outstripped many older men1 for he was the first to give a decisive impetus to the ,catholic press4 ,three years ago ,hlskamp and his friend1 ,hermann ,rump1 founded the ,literary ,index4 ,now1 in ,december1 #ahfd1 the ,index can boast of #f1jjj subscribers and #cj1jjj readers4 ,all the other ,german literary papers together1 ,protestant as well as ,catholic1 do not equal the ,index in circulation4 ,success like this is unheard of in ,germany1 and proves that for the ,catholics the time of inaction is past4 ,hlskamp is not only a critic1 but also well-versed in philology1 exegesis1 and ecclesiastical history4 ,in poetry1 too1 he has made some creditable essays1 and at ,frankfort1 in #ahfc1 he proved conclusively that he is a promising #cdg speaker4 ,long may this energetic son of ,westphalia's red soil live and flourish6 ,among the most regular members of the ,catholic conventions is ,dr4 ,louis ,lang1 of ,munich1 who has distinguished himself by his ability as secretary4 ,the ,catholic press also owes him a debt of gratitude4 ,he has greatly enlarged and improved the ,munich ,sonntagsblatt and secured for it the services of the best writers in ,germany1 succeeding1 by these means1 in making it rival the ,heimgarten and the ,sonntagsfreude4 ,the ,josephsblatt1 a monthly published by ,lang1 has already a circulation of #dj1jjj subscribers1 and bids fair to number #ajj1jjj by the end of #ahfe4 ,our illustrated papers1 too1 have improved wonderfully since #ahfb2 therefore let us not despair1 but trust in ,god4 ,at our ,catholic conventions there were no meetings of journalists exclusively4 ,but there were many complaints of the inefficiency of the press1 and the journalists were severely blamed4 ,nor is the press so numerously represented as at ,malines1 and the journalists present are not so independent as the members of the ,belgian1 ,english1 and ,french press1 who are fully conscious of the importance of their position4 ,among the journalists whose acquaintance ,i formed at the ,catholic conventions1 the most distinguished are ,dr4 ,max ,huttler1 of ,augsburg1 a man who has the welfare of the ,catholic press deeply at heart2 ,hoyssack1 of ,vienna1 ,dr4 ,krebs1 of ,cologne1 ,dr4 ,stumpf1 of ,coblentz1 ,hermann ,kuhn1 of ,berlin1 ,daumer1 of ,wrzburg1 ,planer1 of ,landshut1 ,dr4 ,frankl1 of ,gran in ,hungary1 ,dr4 von ,mayer1 of ,hungary1 ,aichinger1 of ,pondorf1 ,riedinger and ,hllmayer1 of ,spires1 ,stamminger1 the enterprising editor of the ,chilianeum at ,wrzburg1 ,thren1 of ,cologne1 and a number of others4 ,it is but proper to give at least a passing notice to the latest offspring of the ,catholic conventions1 the ,society for the ,publication of ,catholic ,pamphlets4 ,it was founded at ,wrzburg1 but the seat of the executive committee is at ,frankfort4 ,on motion of ,heinrich and ,thissen1 of ,frankfort1 it was recommend by the ,catholic convention at ,wrzburg4 ,previous to the ,wrzburg convention1 ,thissen had already made some attempts at ,frankfort4 ,the scheme was well received in ,germany4 ,already the number of subscribers amounts to #b1jjj and at the end of #ahfe it will probably reach #be1jjj4 ,canon ,thissen has been one of the leading spirits at every convention which he attended4 ,he has an artful way of suggesting ideas and gaining for them the favor of the assembly2 to carry them out1 however1 he needs the help of others4 ,a thorough master of parliamentary tactics1 he is a capital manager1 and in debate he may safely trust to the inspiration of the moment4 ,his brother1 ,a4 ,thissen1 of ,aix-la-,chapelle1 is well suited to be the secretary of our conventions4 #cdh ,from ,the ,month4 ,,falling ,,stars4 7,,from ,,the ,,german47 ,oh1 know'st thou what betideth ,when from the heavens afar4 ,like fiery arrow1 glideth ,an earthward-falling star8 ,yon glorious myriads1 streaming ,their quiet influence down1 ,are little angels gleaming ,like jewels in a crown4 ,untiring1 never sleeping1 ,god's sentinels they stand2 ,where sounds of joy and weeping ,rise up on every hand4 ,if darkling here and dreary1 ,one patient cheek grow pale2 ,if in the conflict weary ,one trusting spirit fail2 ,if to the throne ascendeth ,one supplicating cry1-- ,then heavenly mercy sendeth ,an angel from on high4 ,soft to the chamber stealing1 ,it beams in radiance mild4 ,and rocks each troubled feeling ,to slumber like a child4 ,this1 this is what betideth ,when from the heavens afar4 ,like fiery arrow1 glideth ,an earthward-falling star4 -------- #cdi ,from ,once a ,week4 ,a ,,bundle ,,of ,,christmas ,,carols4 ,carols1 as the name implies1 are joyous songs for festive occasions1 at one period accompanied with dancing4 ,in an old vocabulary of ,a4,d4 #addj1 ,caral is defined as ,a ,songe2 in ,john ,palsgrave's work of ,a4,d4 #aecj1 as ,chanson de ,nol2whilst in ,anglo-,saxon times the word appears to have been rendered ,kyrriole1 a chanting at the ,nativity4 ,the earliest carol in ,english1 known under that name1 is the production of ,dame ,berners1 prioress of ,st ,alban's in the fourteenth century1 entitled ,a ,carolle of ,huntynge4 ,this is printed on the last leaf of ,wynkyn de ,worde's collection of ,christmas carols1 ,a4,d4 #aeba1 and the first verse modernized runs thus3 ,as ,i came by a green forest side1 ,i met with a forester that bade me abide1 ,whey go bet1 hey go bet1 hey go how4 ,we shall have sport and game enow4 ,milton uses the word carol to express a devotional hymn3 ,a quire ,of squadron'd angels hear his carol sang4 ,and that distinguished light of the ,english ,church1 ,bishop ,jeremy ,taylor1 speaks of the angels' song on the morning of the ,nativity as the first ,christmas carol3 ,as soon as these blessed choristers had sung their ,christmas carol1 and taught the ,church a hymn to put into her offices for ever1 etc4 ,according to ,durandus1 it was customary in early days for bishops to sing with their clergy in the episcopal houses on the feast of the ,nativity4 ,in ,natali praelati cum suis clericis ludant1 vel in domibus episcopalibus4 ,these merry ecclesiastics sung undoubtedly ,christmas carols4 ,but carols1 like everything else1 must be divided into two sorts1 religious and secular--the carols in prayse of ,christe and the merry songs for the festive board or fireside4 ,these may be broken up into further varieties1 thus3 ,,religious ,scriptural1 ,legendary1 ,lullaby4 ,,secular ,convivial or festive4 ,wassail1 ,boar's head1 ,in praise of holly and ivy4 ,of the variety called ,legendary1 ,i propose now to speak4 ,these are1 as a rule1 the most popular of all carols1 deriving mainly1 as ,i said before1 their origin1 and many of their expressions1 from the ancient mysteries4 ,in the old plays songs are frequently introduced which resemble1 in a very striking manner1 what are commonly called carols4 ,the following song of the shepherds occurs in one of the ,coventry pageants3 ,as ,i rode out this endenes ,footnote #ej night1 ,of three ,jolly shepherds ,i saw a sight1' ,and all about their fold a star shone bright2 ,they sang terli1 terlow1 ,so merrily the shepherds their pipes can blow4 ,footnote #ej3 ,last ,the last lines actually form the chorus of one of the carols in the fifteenth-century manuscript formerly in the possession of ,mr4 ,wright3 ,about the field they piped full right1 ,even about the midst of the night2 ,adown from heaven they saw come a light1 ,tyrle1 tyrle1 ,so merrily the shepherds began to blow4 ,again1 in ,ludus ,coventriae3 ,joy to ,god that sitteth in heaven1 ,and peace to man on earth ground2 ,a child is born beneath the levyn1 ,through him many folk should be unbound4 ,a sixteenth-century carol commences3 ,salvation overflows the land4 ,wherefore all faithful thus may sing1 ,glory to ,god most high ,and peace on the earth continually1 ,and onto men rejoicing4 #cej ,in the ,coventry ,plays again we find3 ,of a maid a child should be born1 ,on a tree he should be torn1 ,deliver folks that are forlorn4 ,a genuine carol of the sixteenth century supplies us with the following3 ,jesu1 of a maid thou wouldst be born4 ,to save mankind that was forlorn1 ,and all for our sins4 ,and one of the reign of ,henry ,,vi43 ,thy sweet ,son that thou hast borne1 ,to save mankind that was forlorn4 ,his head is wreathed in a thorn4 ,his blissful body is all to-torn4 ,the ,cherry-,tree ,carol1 formerly a great favorite throughout ,england1 recollections of which yet linger amongst the country-folk1 is in many instances a literal copy from the ,coventry ,mysteries4 ,i give the popular version of the ,cherry-,tree ,carol3 ,joseph was an old man4 ,and an old man was he4 ,when he wedded ,mary ,in the laud of ,galilee4 ,joseph and ,mary ,walked through an orchard good4 ,where were cherries and berries ,as red as any blood4 99 99 99 99 99 ,o then bespake ,mary ,with words both meek and mild1 ',gather me some cherries1 ,joseph1 ,they ran so in my mind4' ,st4 ,joseph refuses with words most unkind to grant her request1 apparently unaware that his spouse is about to become the mother of the ,son of ,god4 ,the unborn ,saviour1 however1 directs the ,blessed ,virgin to ',go to the tree1 ,mary1 ,and it shall bow to thee1 ,and the highest branch of all ,shall bow down to ,mary's knee4' 99 99 99 99 99 ,then bowed down the highest tree ,unto his mother's hand3 ,then she cried4 ',see1 ,joseph4 ,i have cherries at command4' ,o eat your cherries1 ,mary1 ,o eat your cherries now1 ,o eat your cherries1 ,mary1 ,that grow upon the bough4' ,another version gives the following reply of ,s4 ,joseph3 ,o then bespake ,joseph4 ',i have done ,mary wrong4 ,but cheer up1 my dearest4 ,and be not cast down4' ,i give a portion of the rest of the carol1 some of the verses being remarkably touching and beautiful3 ,as ,joseph was a-walking1 ,he heard an angel sing1 ',this night shall be born ,our ,heavenly ,king4 ,he neither shall be born ,in honsen nor in hall1 ,nor in the place of paradise4 ,but in an ox's stall4 ,he neither shall be clothed ,in purple nor in pall1 ,but all in fair linen ,as were babies all4 ,he neither shall be rocked ,in silver nor in gold1 ,but in a wooden cradle4 ,that rocks on the mould4 ,he neither shall be christened ,in white wine nor in red4 ,but with the spring water ,with which we were christened4' ,in the fifteenth pageant of the ,coventry ,mysteries the following lines occur3 ,mary1 ,ah1 my sweet husband1 would you tell to me ,what tree is yon1 standing on yon hill8 ,joseph1 ,forsooth4 ,mary1 it is yclept a cherry tree4 ,in time of year you might feed you thereon your fill4 ,mar4 ,turn again1 husband1 and behold yon tree4 ,how that it bloometh now so sweetly4 ,jos4 ,come on1 ,mary1 that we were a yon city4 ,or else we may be blamed1 ,i tell you lightly4 ,mar4 ,now1 my spouse1 ,i pray you to behold ,how the cherries 7are7 grown upon yon tree2 ,for to have thereof right fain ,i would4 ,and it please you to labor so much for me4 ,jos4 ,your desire to fulfil ,i shall assay sekerly1 ,how to pluck you of these cherries1 it is a work wild4 ,for the tree is so high1 ,it would not be lightly 7easy74 99 99 99 99 99 ,mar4 ,now1 good ,lord1 ,i pray thee1 grant me this boon1 ,to have of these cherries1 and it be your will2 ,now ,i thank ,god this tree boweiht to me down1 ,i may now gather enow1 and eat my fill4 #cea ,jos4 ,now ,i know well1 ,i have offended my ,god in trinity4 ,speaking to my spouse these unkind words4 ,for now ,i believe well it may none other be1 ,but that my spouse beareth the ,king's ,son of ,bliss4 ,it is interesting to note the way in which the more modern composition retains all the incidents and traditions of the mediaeval mystery4 ,our popular carol speaks of ,st4 ,joseph as an old man1 and an old man was he1 while the mystery represents him as saying 7p4 x471 ,i am an old man1 and ,i am so aged and so old4,the tree is the same1 there is the same desire of the ,virgin ,mother to taste the fruit1 the same refusal and bitter retort of her husband1 the bowing-down of the tree1 and the regret of ,st4 ,joseph for his unkindness4 ,mr4 ,hone was not ashamed to say of the ,cherry-,tree ,carol3 ,the admiration of my earliest days for some lines in it still remains1 nor can ,i help thinking that the reader will see somewhat of cause for it4 ,the following example is still given on almost every broadside annually printed3 it is called ,the ,three ,ships4 ,i ought perhaps first to state that the ,three ,ships are supposed to signify the mystery of the ,holy ,trinity1 the ,incarnation being1 as the ,speculum ,vitae ,christi hath it1 the high work of all the ,holy ,trinity1 though it be that only the ,person of the ,son was incarnate and became man3 ,i saw three ships come sailing in1 ,on ,christmas day1 on ,christmas day3 ,i saw three ships come sailing in ,on ,christmas day in the morning4 ,and what was in those ships all three1 ,on ,christmas day8 etc41 ,and what was in1 etc41 ,on ,christmas day in the morning8 ,our ,saviour ,christ and our ,lady1 etc44 ,on ,christmas day in the morning4 ,pray whither sailed those ships all three8 etc41 ,on ,christmas day in the morning4 ,o1 they sailed into ,bethlehem1 etc44 ,on ,christmas day in the morning2 ,and all the bells on earth shall ring1 etc41 ,on ,christmas day in the morning4 ,and all the angels in heaven shall sing1 etc1 ,on ,christmas day ,in the morning4 ,and all the souls on earth shall sing1 etc41 ,on ,christmas day in the morning4 ,then let us all rejoice amain1 etc44 ,on ,christmas day in the morning4 ,another rude and rather amusing version is sometimes given of this carol1 called ,the ,sunny ,bank3 ,as ,i sat on a sunny bank1 ,a sunny bank1 a sunny bank4 ,as ,i sat on a sunny bank1 ,on ,christmas day in the morning1 ,i spied three ships come sailing by1 etc44 ,on ,christmas day1 etc42 ,and who should be with those three ships8 ,on ,christmas day1 etc41 ,but ,joseph and his fair lady1 etc41 ,on ,christmas day1 etc4 ,oh1 he did whistle1 and she did sing1 ,and all the bells on earth did ring4 ,for joy that our ,saviour they did bring ,on ,christmas day in the morning4 ,an old ,dutch carol1 given by ,hoffman1 commences3 ,there comes a vessel laden4 ,and on its highest gunwale ,mary holds the rudder1 ,the angel steers it on4 ,and thus explains the mission of the ship3 ,in one unbroken course ,there comes that ship to land3 ,it brings to us rich gifts1 ,forgiveness is sent to us4 ,this translation is taken from ,mr4 ,sandys' book on ,christmas-tide4 ,about the sixteenth century a similar carol was sung at ,yule1 which is given by ,ritson3 ,there comes a ship far sailing then1 ,saint ,michael was the steersman2 ,saint ,john sat in the horn3 ,our ,lord harped1 our ,lady sang1 ,and all the bells of heaven they rang ,on ,christ's ,sunday at morn4 ,another specimen ,i take from a ,birmingham collection2 it is called ,the ,seven ,virgins4 ,this is given also by ,mr4 ,sylvester from the original old broadside4 ,it is singular1 however1 that his old copy should include a line which he confesses to be a modern interpolation6 ,all under the leaves1 and the leaves of life1 ,i met with virgins seven4 ,and one of them was ,mary mild4 ,our ,lord's mother in heaven4 ,o1 what are you seeking1 you seven pretty maids4 ,all under the leaves of life8 #ceb ',we're seeking for no leaves1 ,thomas1 ,but for a friend of thine4 ,we're seeking for sweet ,jesus ,christ1 ,to be our heavenly guide4' ',go down1 go down to yonder town1 ,and sit in the gallery1 ,and there you'll see sweet ,jesus ,christ ,nailed to a yew tree4' ,and they went down to yonder town ,as fast as foot could fall1 ,and many a bitter and grievous tear ,from our ,lady's eyes did fall4 ',o1 peace1 mother1 ,o1 peace1 mother1 ,your weeping doth me grieve1 ,i must suffer this1 he said4 ,for ,adam and for ,eve4 99 99 99 99 99 ',o mother1 take you ,john ,evangelist ,to be your favorite son1 ,and he will comfort you sometimes4 ,mother1 as ,i have done4' 99 99 99 99 99 ,then he laid his head on his right shoulder4 ,seeing death it struck him nigh1 ',the ,holy ,ghost be with your soul1 ,i die1 mother4 ,i die4' ,many of my readers will recollect the famous carol of ,the ,seven ,joys1 still croaked out in the streets of ,london and elsewhere about ,christmas time4 ,very similar carols to this exist of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries1 one of which ,i select from ,mr4 ,wright's manuscript4 ,i have1 as in all other cases1 modernized the orthography3 ,,of ,,the ,,five ,,joys ,,of ,,our ,,lady4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the first ,joy that came to thee ,was when the angel greeted thee4 ,and said1 ',mary1 full of charity1 ,ave1 plena gratia4' ,the second joy that was full good ,when ,god's ,son took flesh and blood4 ,without sorrow and changing of mood1 ',enixa es puerpera4' ,the third joy was full of might1 ,when ,god's ,son on rood was put4 ,dead and buried1 and laid in sight1 ',surrexit die tertia4' ,the fourth joy was on ,holy ,thursday1 ,when ,god to heaven took his way1 ,god and man withouten nay4 ',ascendit supra sidera4' ,the fifth joy is for to come4 ,at the dreadful day of doom1 ,when he shall deem us all and some ',ad coeli palatia4' 99 99 99 99 99 ,the following carol for ,st4 ,stephen's day is from a manuscript of the time of ,king ,henry ,,vi4 ,the reader will be amused to find the great proto-martyr here introduced as a servant of ,king ,herod1 and intrusted with the task of bringing in the boar's head1 a famous dish1 and the first mess at ,christmas and other high festivals4 ,there was evidently some honor attached to this office1 for ,holinshed tells us that ,king ,henry ,,ii41 in #aagj1 on the day of his son's coronation1 served him as sewer1 bringing up the boar's head1 according to the manner2 and in #afjg1 at ,st4 ,john's ,college1 ,oxford1 the first mess was carried by the tallest and lustiest of all the guard4 ,saint ,stephen was a clerk in ,king ,herod's hall4 ,and served him of bread and doth as ever king befall4 ,stephen out of kitchen came1 with boar's head in hand4 ,he saw a star was fair and bright1 over ,bethlem stand4 ,he cast adown the boar's head1 and went into the hall1 ,s4 ,stephen4 ,i forsake thee1 ,king ,herod1 and thy works all1 ,i forsake thee1 ,king ,herod1 and thy works all1 ,there is a child in ,bethlehem born1 is better than we all4 ,herod4 ,what aileth thee1 ,stephen8 ,what is thee befall8 ,lacketh thee either meat or drink in ,king ,herod's hall8 ,s4 ,stephen4 ,lacketh me neither meat nor drink in ,king ,herod's hall4 ,there is a child in ,bethlehem born1 is better than we all4 99 99 99 99 99 ,herod4 ,that is all so sooth1 ,stephen1 all so sooth1 ,i wit1 ,as this capon crow shall lyeth here in my dish4 ,that word was no soon said1 that word in that hall4 ,the capon crew ,christus natus est among the lords all4 99 99 99 99 99 ,this brings us to the more modern legendary carol of ,the ,carnal a bird and the ,crane1 in which the same incident occurs of the bird crowing in the dish3 ,as ,i passed by a river side4 ,and there as ,i did rein run1 ,in argument ,i chanced to near ,a carnal and a crane4 ,the carnal said unto the crane1 ',if all the world should turn1 ,before we had the ,father1 ,but now we have the ,son4' ',from whence does the ,son come8 ,from where and from what place8 ,he said1 ',in a manger1 ,between an ox and ass4' 99 99 99 99 99 ',where is the golden cradle ,that ,christ was rocked in8 ,where are the silken sheets ,that ,jesus was wrapt in8' ',a manger was the cradle ,that ,christ was rocked in2 ,the provender the asses left ,so sweetly he slept on4' #cec ,there was a star in the west land1 ,,so bright it did appear ,into ,king ,herod's chamber4 ,and where ,king ,herod were4 ,the wise men soon espied it1 ,and told the king on high1 ',a princely babe was born that night1 ,no king could e'er destroy4' ',if this be true1' ,king ,herod said1 ',as thou tellest unto me4 ,this roasted cock that lies in the dish1 ,shall crow full fences three4' ,the cock soon freshly feathered was1 ,by the work of ,god's own hand1 ,and then three fences crowed he ,in the dish where he did stand4 ,herod then gives orders for the general massacre of the young children1 and the ,saviour1 with ,joseph and his mother1 travel into ,egypt amongst the fierce wild beasts4 ,the blessed ,virgin being weary1 must needs sit down to rest1 and her son desires her to see how the wild beasts come and worship him3 ,first came the lovely lion1 ,which ,jesu's grace did spring4 ,and of the wild beasts in the field ,the lion shall be the king4 ,the ,holy ,family continuing their flight1 pass by a husbandman just while his seed was sown3 ,the husbandman fell on his knees1 ,even before his face2 ',long time thou hast been look'd for1 ,but now thou'rt come at last4' 99 99 99 99 99 ',the truth1 man1 thou hast spoken1 ,of it thou mayst be sure4 ,for ,i most lose my precious blood ,for thee and thousands more4 ',if any one should come this way1 ,and inquire for me alone4 ,tell them that ,jesus passed by1 ,as thou thy seed did sow4' ,king ,herod comes afterward with his train1 and furiously asks of the husbandman whether our ,saviour has passed by2 the husbandman replies that ',jesus passed by this way ,when my seed was sown4 ,but now ,i have it reapen1 ,and some laid on my wain4 ,ready to fetch and carry ,into my barn again4' ,herod1 supposing that it must be full three quarters of a year since the seed was sown1 turned back1 and further he proceeded into the ,holy ,land4 ,a manuscript of the fifteenth century1 preserved in the ,british ,museum1 contains a representation of the flight into ,egypt1 in which the above legend is introduced4 ,the city of ,bethlehem stands in the background1 and on the right1 in the distance1 a field of corn and a reaper1 who is in conversation with a soldier by his side4 ,a curious ,scotch tradition states that when ,herod and his soldiers made their inquiry of the husbandman1 a little black beetle lifted up his head1 and exclaimed1 ,the ,son of ,man passed here last night4 ,black beetles are probably not more popular here than in ,scotland1 but ,highlanders1 whenever they find the dastardly insect1 kill it1 repeating the words1 ,beetle1 beetle1 last night4 ,the ,holy ,well is a very favorite carol with the broadside printers2 ,i have seen it side by side with a very lively legendary production1 ,flyaway ,carol3 ,there good old ,wesley1 and a throng ,of saints and martyrs too1 ,unite and praise their ,saviour's name4 ,and there ,i long to goo4 ,fly away6 ,fly away6 ,while yet it's called to-day6 ,the ,magi or three ,kings of ,cologne form the subject of many an old carol4 ,the names of these famous men are supposed to have been1 ,kasper or ,gaspar1 ,king of ,tarsus1 young and beardless2 ,melchior1 ,king of ,nubia1 old1 with long beard and grey hair2 and ,balthazar1 ,king of ,saba1 a negro4 ,their offerings were1 as is well known1 symbolical2 to use the words of the ,anglo-,saxon ,hymnary1 translated by the recorder of ,sarum3 ,incense to ,god1 and myrrh to grace his tomb1 ,for tribute to their ,king1 a golden store2 ,one they revere1 three with three offerings come1 ,and three adore4 ,from an old commentary on the gospel of ,st4 ,matthew1 we gather some curious matter relating to the history of the ,three ,wise ,men4 ,a certain nation dwelling close to the ocean1 in the extreme east1 possessed a writing1 inscribed with the name of ,seth1 concerning the star which was to appear3 #ced ,twelve of the more learned men of that country 99 99 99 has disposed themselves to watch for that star2 and when any of them died1 his son or one of his kindred 99 99 was appointed in his place4 ,these1 therefore1 year by year1 after the threshing out of the corn1 ascended into a certain high mountain1 called ,mons victorialis1 having in it a certain cave in the rock1 most grateful and pleasant1 with fountains and choice trees1 into which1 ascending and bathing themselves1 they prayed and praised ,god in silence three days4 ,and thus they did1 generation after generation1 watching ever1 lest peradventure that star of beatitude should arise upon themselves1 until it appeared descending on the mountain1 having within itself1 as it were1 the form of a man-child1 and above it the similitude of a cross2 and it spake to them1 and taught them1 and commanded them that they should go into ,judaea4 ,and journeying thither for the space of two years1 neither food nor drink failed in their vessels4 ,other old accounts state that their journey occupied twelve days only3 they took neither rest nor refreshment2 it seemed to them indeed as one day2 the nearer they approached to ,christ's dwelling1 the brighter the star shone4 ,footnote #ea ,footnote #ea3 ,early ,christian ,legends4 ,illustration3 ,drawing described below4 ,there appears to have been no decided opinion or tradition as to the form of the star2 it is shown thus by ,albert ,durer1 in an old book which ,i have by me of #aeai3 it is drawn with eight points1 the lowest one being much longer than the others2 in another book1 #aeif1 ,i find it represented as a star of six points2 in some old pictures it is shown as a sort of comet1 and it is described to have been as an eagle flying and beating the air with his wings1 having within the form and likeness of the ,holy ,child4 ,in ,dives and ,pauper1 printed in #adif1 we gather the following account of it3 ,dives4 ,what manner of star was it then8 ,pauper4 ,some clerks tell that it was an angel in the likeness of a star1 for the kings had no knowledge of angels1 but took all heed to the star4 ,some say that it was the same child that lay in the ox-stall which appeared to the kings in the likeness of a star1 and so drew them and led them to himself in ,bethlehem4 ,i wish it were possible to give here a quaint illustration of the journey of the ,three ,wise ,men1 from a sheet of carols printed in #ahbj1 which forms one of the wood-cuts procured with no little difficulty from the publisher by ,mr4 ,hone1 and is but little known4 ,the history of the ,magi is even traced further2 after their return to their own country they were baptized by ,st4 ,thomas the ,apostle1 became missionaries with him1 and were1 it is said by some1 martyred4 ,their journeyings did not1 however1 end with their deaths--their bodies were translated to ,constantinople1 thence to ,milan1 and afterward to ,cologne1 where they are still preserved in the cathedral1 and their history recorded in a series of frescoes4 ,their shrine at ,cologne was once exceedingly rich and magnificent1 but during the excitement of the first ,french revolution many of the jewels which adorned the monument were sold and replaced by paste or glass counterfeits4 ,the following description of their tomb ,i gather from ,mr4 ,fyfe's book on ,christmas3 ,the coffin is stated to have two partitions1 the lower having a half1 and the upper a whole1 roofing4 ,the former compartment contains the bones of the three kings1 whose separate heads appear aloft through the aperture in the half-roofing2 and on this roofing are inscribed the names ,gaspar1 ,melchior1 ,balthazar1 encrusted in rubies4 #cee ,the heads are adorned with crowns weighing six pounds apiece1 of gold1 diamonds1 and pearls4 ,it is asserted 7but doubted7 that the tomb and its contents are of the value of #bdj1jjj4 ,from the offerings of the three kings arose the practice of ,christmas gifts1 and the festival of the ,epiphany has always been observed in remembrance of their visit to ,bethlehem2 it has also been the custom from earliest times for our sovereigns to offer the three mystic gifts of gold1 myrrh1 and incense at the altar on the day of the ,epiphany1 which custom is still observed at the ,chapel ,royal1 the royal oblations being received by the dean or his deputy in a bag of crimson and gold4 ,the ,epiphany is also a scarlet day at the universities4 ,after this long roundabout discourse1 ,i am almost afraid to weary my readers with a second edition of the wanderings of the ,wise ,men1 but ,i must rely upon their generous forbearance2 the accompanying carol is from a manuscript of the time of ,king ,henry ,,vii43 ,now is ,christmas i-come1 ,father and ,son together in ,one1 ,holy ,ghost1 as ,ye be ,one1 ,in fere-a3 ,god send us all a good new year-a4 ,there came iij kings from ,galilee ,into ,bethlehem that fair city ,to seek him that ever should be1 ,by right-a1 ,lord1 and ,king1 and ,knight-a4 ,at they came forth with their offering1 ,they met with ,herod that moody king1 ,this tide-a1 ,and this to them he said-a4 ,her4 ,of whence be ye1 you kings iij8 ,mag4 ,of the ,east1 as ye may see1 ,to seek him that ever should be1 ,by right-a4 ,lord1 and ,king1 and ,knight-a4 ,her4 ,when you at this child have been1 ,come home again by me1 ,tell me the sights that you have seen1 ,i pray you1 ,go no other way-a4 99 99 99 99 ,the ,father of heaven an angel down sent1 ,to these iij kings that made present ,this tide-a4 ,and this to them he said-a1 ,my ,lord hath warned you every one ,by ,herod ,king you go not home ,for an you do1 he will you slay1 ,and strew-a1 ,and hurt you wonderly-a4 ,forth then went these kings iij ,till they came home to their countree4 ,glad and blithe they were all iij1 ,of the sights that they had seen4 ,by dene-a4 ,the company was clean-a4 99 99 99 99 ,i will conclude with a modern specimen of a legendary carol written by the ,rev4 ,dr4 ,neale1 and published in ,novello's shilling collection4 ,the story of ,st4 ,wenceslaus1 the good ,king of ,bohemia1 is given by ,bishop ,jeremy ,taylor in his ,life of ,christ3 ',one winter night1 going to his devotions in a remote church1 barefooted in the snow1 99 99 his servant ,podavius1 who waited on his master's piety1 and endeavored to imitate his affections1 began to faint through the violence of the snow and cold1 till the king commanded him to follow him1 and set his feet in the same footsteps which his feet should mark for him2 the servant did so1 and either fancied a cure1 or found one1 for he followed his prince1 helped forward with shame and zeal to his imitation1 and by the forming footsteps for him in the snow4 ,good ,king ,wenceslaus look'd out4 ,on the ,feast of ,stephen2 ,when the snow lay round about4 ,deep and crisp and even3 ,brightly shone the moon that night1 ,though the frost was cruel1 ,when a poor man came in sight1 ,gath'ring winter fuel4 ',hither1 page1 and stand by me4 ,while thou know'st it telling1 ,yonder peasant who is he8 ,where and what his dwelling8 ',sire1 he lives a good league hence ,underneath the mountain2 ,right against the forest fence1 ,by ,saint ,agnes' fountain4' ',bring me flesh and bring me wine4 ,bring me pine logs hither2 ,thou and ,i will see him dine1 ,when we bear them thither4' ,page and monarch forth they went4 ,forth they went together3 ,through the rude wind's wild lament1 ,and the bitter weather4 ',sire1 the night is darker now4 ,and the wind blows stronger4 ,fails my heart1 ,i know not how1 ,i can go no longer4' ',mark my footsteps1 good my page2 ,tread thou in them boldly2 ,thou shalt find the winter's rage ,freeze thy blood less coldly4' ,in his master's steps he trod4 ,where the snow lay dinted2 ,heat was in the very sod ,which the saint had printed4 ,therefore1 ,christian men--be sure-- ,wealth or rank possessing1 ,ye who now will bless the poor1 ,shall yourselves find blessing4 ------ #cef ,from ,the ,dublin ,review4 ,,the ,,formation ,,of ,,christendom4 ,the ,formation of ,christendom4 ,part ,first4 ,by ,t4 ,w4 ,,allies4 ,london3 ,longmans4 ,it is somewhat paradoxical1 but strictly true1 to say that the greatest and most important revolution which ever took place upon earth is that to which least attention has hitherto been paid1 and concerning which least is known--the substitution of ,christendom for the heathen world4 ,before our own day no historian1 no philosopher of modern times has felt any interest in this vast theme1 and whatever information with regard to it is attainable must be sought in the fragmentary remains of ancient writers1 or in works very recently published on the continent4 ,in the volume before us ,mr4 ,allies has taken ground not yet occupied by any ,english author4 ,he has availed himself of two works--,dllinger's ,christenthum und ,kirche and ,champagny's ,histories--and he acknowledges in the most liberal and loyal manner his obligation to them2 but1 in the main1 he has been left to find his way for himself1 and no man could well be more highly qualified for the task1 whether by the gifts of nature or by the acquirements of many years4 ,we infer from the work itself that his attention was immediately turned to the subject by his appointment as professor of the ,philosophy of ,history in the ,catholic university of ,dublin1 under the rectorship of ,dr4 ,newman4 ,the duties of his post obliged him to weigh the question1 what is the philosophy of history8 and the inaugural lecture with which the volume before us commences1 although it gives no formal definition of the phrase 7which is to be regretted71 supplies abundant considerations by the aid of which we may arrive at it4 ,history1 in its origin1 was far more akin to poetry than to philosophy1 and even when it passes into prose it is in the half-legendary form1 which makes the narrative of ,herodotus and of the annalists of the middle ages so charming to all readers4 ,they are ballads without metre4 ,next came that style of which ,thucydides is the model1 and which ,mr4 ,allies calls political history4 ,its limit is the nation1 and it deals with all that interests the nation4 ,great1 indeed1 is the charm where the writer can describe with the pencil of a poet and analyze with the mental grasp of a philosopher4 ,such is the double merit of ,thucydides4 ,and so it has happened that the deepest students of human nature have searched for two thousand years the records of a war wherein the territory of the chief belligerents was not larger than a modern ,english or ,irish county4 ,what should we say if a quarrel between ,kent and ,essex1 between ,cork and ,kerry1 had kept the world at gaze ever since8 ,yet ,attica and ,laconia were no larger4 ,and yet it needed something more than territorial greatness in the states of which he wrote to enable even ,thucydides himself to realize the idea of a philosophical history4 ,for the five hundred years which followed the ,peloponnesian war brought to maturity the greatest empire which has ever existed among men1 and although1 at the close of that period1 one of the ablest and most thoughtful of writers devoted himself especially to its history1 yet1 says our author1 ,i do not know that in reading the pages of ,polybius1 of ,livy1 or even of ,tacitus1 we are conscious of a wider grasp of thought1 a more enlarged experience of political interests1 a higher idea of #ceg man1 and of all that concerns his personal and public life1 than in those of ,thucydides4 ,great1 indeed1 was the genius of those ancient historians1 magnificent were the two languages which they made their instruments--languages very different in their capacity1 but both of them superior in originality1 beauty1 and expressiveness to any which have fallen to the lot of modern nations4 ,it may be that the marbles of ,pentelicus and ,carrara insure good sculptors4 ,in the narrative--that is1 the poetic and pictorial part of history--they have equal merit4 ,their history is a drama in which the actors and the events speak for themselves4 ,what was wanting was the bearing of events on each other1 the apprehension of great first principles--the generalization of facts4 ,and this no mere lapse of time could give4 ,it is wanting in the works of the greatest ancient masters4 ,it is found in moderns in all other respects immeasurably their inferiors4 ,what1 then1 had happened in the interval8 ,christianity had happened--,christendom had been formed4 ',there was a voice in the world greater1 more potent1 thrilling1 and universal1 than the last cry of the old society1 ,civis sum ,romanus1 and this voice was ,sum ,christianus4 ,from the time of the great sacrifice it was impossible to sever the history of man's temporal destiny from that of his eternal2 and when the virtue of that sacrifice had thoroughly leavened the nations1 history is found to assume a larger basis1 to have lost its partial and national cast1 to have grown with the growth of man1 and to demand for its completeness a perfect alliance with philosophy4 ,thus1 then1 the philosophy of history is the comparison and arrangement of its great events by one whose mind is stored with the facts which it records1 and who at the same time possesses the great first principles which qualify him to judge of it4 ,we may1 therefore1 lay it down as an absolute rule1 that without ,christianity no really philosophical history could have been written4 ,not unnaturally1 then1 the first example of the philosophy of history was given by a man whose mind1 if not the greatest ever informed by ,christianity1 was at least among a very few in the first class1 was moreover so thoroughly penetrated by ,christian principles1 that to review the events of the world in any other aspect1 or through any other medium1 would have been to him as impossible as to examine in detail without the light of the sun the expanse of plains and hills1 rivers and forests1 which lay under him as he stood on some predominant mountain peak4 ,god1 the ,almighty ,creator--,god incarnate1 who had once lived and suffered on earth1 and now reigned on high until he should put all enemies under his feet1 and who was coming again to judge the world which he had redeemed--the ,church founded by him to enlighten and govern all generations throughout all nations1 and in which dwelt the infallible guidance of ,god the ,holy ,ghost--the evil spirits1 powerless against the divine presence in the ,church1 but irresistible by mere human power--the saints1 no longer seen by man1 but whose intercession influenced and moulded all the events of his life1--all these were ever before the mind of ,st4 ,augustine1 not merely as articles of faith which he confessed1 but as practical realities4 ,to trace the events of the world without continually referring to all these1 would have been to him not merely irreligious1 but as unreal1 unmeaning1 and fallacious as it would be to a natural philosopher of our own day to investigate the phenomena of the material world without taking into consideration the attraction of the earth and the resistance of the air4 ,this should be noticed1 because we have all met men who1 while professing to believe most1 if not all1 of these things1 would consider it bad taste to introduce such considerations into any practical affair4 ,they are1 in short1 part of that very #ceh remarkable phenomenon1 the ,sunday religion of a respectable ,english gentleman1 which he holds as an inseparable part of his respectability1 but which is well understood to have no bearing at all upon the business of the week4 ,living as ,st4 ,augustine did at the crisis at which the civilization of the ancient world was finally breaking up1 his eye was cast back in review over the whole gorgeous line of ancient history1 which swept by him like a ,roman triumph4 ,egypt1 ,assyria1 ,greece1 ,rome1 each had its day2 the last and greatest of them all he saw tottering to its fall4 ,but far more important than this comprehensive survey1 which the circumstances of his times made natural to so great an intellect1 was his possession of fixed and certain principles1 the truth of which he knew beyond the possibility of doubt1 and which were wide enough to solve every question which the history of the world brought before him4 ,great men there had been before him1 but the deeper their thoughts1 the more had they found that the world itself and their own position in it were but a hopeless enigma without an answer1 a cypher without a key4 ,a flood of light had been poured upon the piercing mental eye of ,st4 ,augustine when the waters of baptism fell from the hand of the holy ,ambrose upon his outward frame4 ,every part of the ,old ,testament history glowed before him1 as when from behind a cloud which covers all the earth the light of the sun falls concentrated upon some mountain-peak2 and the man who reverences and ponders as divine that inspired history has learned to read the inner meaning of the whole history of the world as no one else can4 ,in every age1 no doubt1 ,almighty ,god rules and directs in justice and mercy the world which he has created2 but in general he hides himself behind an impenetrable veil4 ,clouds and darkness are round about him1 justice and judgment the establishment of his throne4 ,to many an ordinary spectator1 the world seems only the theatre of man's labor and suffering4 ,he passes through it as he might through one of the arsenals of ancient ,greece or ,rome1 where indeed great works were wrought1 but where the hand of the workman was always as visible as the result produced4 ,a more thoughtful man might see proofs of some unknown power1 just as in an arsenal of our day works1 compared to which the fabled labors of giants and cyclops were as child's play1 are hourly performed by the stroke of huge hammers welding vast masses of glowing metal1 while nothing is seen to cause or explain their motion4 ,all this is understood by one who has once been allowed to see at work the engine itself which sets all in motion4 ,so does the ,old ,testament history unveil to the eye of faith the hidden causes1 not only of the ,jewish history1 but of the great events of secular history4 ,all that seemed before only results without cause1 is seen to be fully accounted for2 not that we can always understand the ends which the ,almighty ,worker designs to accomplish1 or the means by which he is accomplishing them1 but everywhere faith sees the operation of ,almighty power directed by infinite wisdom and love1 and1 while able to understand much1 it is willing to await in reverent adoration the development of that which as yet is beyond its comprehension4 ,it sees that the history of other nations is distinguished from that of the children of ,israel1 not so much by the character of the events which it records 7for the extraordinary manifestations of divine power were chiefly confined to a few special periods71 as to the principle and spirit in which it has been written1 and that secular history viewed by eyes supernaturally enlightened assumes the same appearance4 ,in fact1 it is not difficult to write a history of the reigns of ,david and ,solomon and their successors down to the fall of the ,hebrew monarchy which sounds very much like that of any other ,oriental kingdom4 ,the #cei thing has been done of late years1 both in ,germany and in ,england4 ,it was by this that ,dean ,milman1 many years ago1 so greatly shocked the more religious portion of ,english readers4 ,nor were they shocked without cause2 for his was a history of the ,jews from which1 as far as possible1 ,almighty ,god was left out1 while the characteristic of the inspired narrative is1 that it is a record not so much of the doings of men as of the great acts of ,god by man and among men4 ,only ,dean ,milman was more consistent than those who condemned him4 ,he was right in perceiving that the greater part of the history of the ,jews is not materially different from that of other nations4 ,but he went on to infer that1 therefore1 we may leave ,god out of sight in judging of ,jewish history1 as we do in that of other nations1 instead of learning from the example of the ,jews that in every age ,god is as certainly working among every nation4 ,that by which he offended religious ,protestants was the application of their own ordinary principles to the one history in which they had been taught from childhood to see and acknowledge with exceptional reverence the working of ,almighty ,god in the affairs of the world4 ,this it is which gives its peculiar character to many of the chronicles of the middle ages4 ,it is impossible not to feel that the writers see no broad distinction between the history of the nations and times of which they are writing and that of the ancient people of ,god4 ,and hence in their annals we have far more of the philosophy of history1 in the true sense of the word1 than was possible to any ancient author4 ,for with all their ignorance of physical causes1 which led them into many mistakes1 their main principles were both true and vitally important1 and were wholly unknown to ,thucydides and ,tacitus4 ,but the circumstances of their times made it impossible that they should survey the extensive range of facts which lies before a modern historian4 ,in many instances1 also1 they were led by the imperfect state of physical science to attribute to a supernatural interference of ,god in the world things which we are now able to refer to natural causes4 ,that ,god has before now interfered with the course of nature which he has established in the world1 and may whenever he pleases so interfere again1 these were to them first principles4 ,and so far they reasoned truly and justly1 although their imperfect acquaintance with other branches of human knowledge sometimes led them to apply amiss their true principle4 ,their minds were so much accustomed to dwell upon the thought of ,god1 and upon his acts in the world1 that they were always prepared to see and hear him everywhere1 and in every event4 ,when they heard of any event supposed to be supernatural1 they might be awestruck and impressed1 but could not be said to be surprised2 and hence1 no doubt1 they sometimes accepted as supernatural events which1 if examined by a shrewd man who starts with the first principle that nothing supernatural can really have taken place1 could have been otherwise explained4 ,beside1 their comparative unacquaintance with physical science led them into errors in accounting for and even in observing those which they themselves did not imagine to be supernatural4 ,but their first principles were true4 ,and the modern who assumes1 whether explicitly or implicitly1 that the course of the world is modified and governed only by the passions and deeds of man1 is in his first principles fundamentally wrong4 ,they fell into accidental error2 he cannot be more than accidentally right4 ,our author says3 ,in the middle ages1 and notably in the thirteenth century1 there were minds which have left us imperishable memorials of themselves1 and which would have taken the largest and most philosophical view of history had the materials existed ready to their hand4 #cfj ,conceive1 for instance1 a history from the luminous mind of ,st4 ,thomas with the stores of modern knowledge at his command4 ,but the invention of printing1 one of the turning points of the human race1 was first to take place1 and then on that soil of the middle ages1 so long prepared and fertilized by so patient a toil1 a mighty harvest was to spring up4 ,among the first-fruits of labors so often depreciated by those who have profited by them1 and in the land of children who despise their sires1 we find the proper alliance of philosophy with history4 ,then at length the province of the historian is seen to consist1 not merely in the just1 accurate1 and lively narrative of facts1 but in the exhibition of cause and effect4 ',what do we now expect in history8' says ,m4 de ,barante2 and he replies1 ',solid instruction and complete knowledge of things2 moral lessons1 political counsels2 comparison with the present1 and the general knowledge of facts4' ,even in the age of ,tacitus1 the most philosophic of ancient historians1 no individual ability could secure all such powers 7p4 #ab74 ,thus philosophical history is one of the results of ,christianity4 ,professor ,max ,mller makes a similar remark with regard to his own favorite study of ethnology4 ,before the day of ,pentecost1 he says1 no man1 not even the greatest minds1 ever thought of tracing the genealogy of nations by their languages1 because they did not know the unity of the human race4 ,the unity of mankind is naturally connected in the order of ideas with the unity of ,god4 ,those who worshipped many gods1 and believed that each race and nation had its own tutelary divinity1 not unnaturally regarded each nation as a separate race4 ,so far was this feeling carried by the most civilized races of the old world1 that they thought it a profanation that the worship of the gods of one race should be offered by a priest not sprung from that race4 ,the most moderate and popular of the ,roman patricians rejected the demand of the plebs to be admitted to the highest offices of the state1 not as politically dangerous1 but as profane4 ,the ,roman consul1 in virtue of his office1 was the priest of the ,capitoline ,jove1 to whom1 on certain solemn occasions1 he had to offer sacrifice4 ,it would be a pollution that a plebeian1 not sprung from any of the tribes of ,romulus1 should presume to offer that sacrifice4 ,in fact1 the consulship would hardly have been thrown open to the plebs until the long continued habit of intermarriage had welded the two portions of the ,roman people so completely into one that the plebeian began1 at last1 to be regarded as of the same blood with the ,furii1 the ,cornelii1 and the ,julii4 ,the first measure by which the tribunes commenced their attack upon the exclusive privilege of the great houses was wisely chosen2 it was the ,canuleian law1 by which marriages between the two orders were made legal and valid4 ,before that1 patricians and plebeians were two nations living in one city1 and1 according to the universal opinion of the ancient world1 this implied that they had different gods1 different priests1 a different ritual1 and different temples4 ,but the day of ,pentecost blended all nations into a new unity--the unity of the body of ,christ2 and its first effect was1 that the preachers of the new law proclaimed everywhere1 that ,god had made of one blood all nations of men1 to dwell upon the face of the whole earth4 ,the professor points out what curiously completes the analogy between the two cases1 that while ,christianity1 by collecting into one church all the nations of the world1 and by teaching their original unity1 naturally suggested the idea that all their different languages had some common origin1 any satisfactory investigation of the subject was long delayed by the unfounded notion that the ,hebrew must needs be the root from which they all sprang4 ,thus1 in both cases1 the germ of studies1 whose development was delayed for ages by the #cfa imperfection of human knowledge1 appears to have been contained in the revelation of the gospel of ,christ4 ,it is important to bring these considerations into prominence1 because the knowledge which would never have existed without ,christianity1 is1 in many cases1 retained by men who forget or deny the faith to which they are indebted for it4 ,our author draws comparison between ,tacitus and ,gibbon 7page #ad73 ,the world of thought in which we live is1 after all1 formed by ,christianity4 ,modern ,europe is a relic of ,christendom1 the virtue of which is not gone out of it4 ,gregory ,,vii4 and ,innocent ,,iii4 have ruled over generations which have ignored them2 have given breadth to minds which condemned their benefactors as guilty of narrow priestcraft1 and derided the work of those benefactors as an exploded theory4 ,let us take an example in what is1 morally1 perhaps the worst and most shocking period of the last three centuries--the thirty years preceding the great ,french revolution4 ,we shall see that at this time even minds which had rejected1 with all the firmness of a reprobate will1 the regenerating influence of ,christianity1 could not emancipate themselves from the virtue of the atmosphere which they had breathed4 ,they are immeasurably greater than they would have been in pagan times1 by the force of that faith which they misrepresented and repudiated4 ,to prove the truth of my words1 compare for a moment the great artist who drew ,tiberius and ,domitian and the ,roman empire in the first century with him who wrote of its decline and fall in the second and succeeding centuries4 ,how far wider a grasp of thought1 how far more manifold an experience1 combined with philosophic purposes1 in ,gibbon than in ,tacitus4 ,he has a standard within him by which he can measure the nations as they come in long procession before him4 ,in that vast and wondrous drama of the ,antonines and ,constantine ,athanasius and ,leo1 ,justinian and ,charlemagne1 ,mahomet1 ,zenghis ,khan1 and ,timour1 ,jerusalem and ,mecca1 ,rome and ,constantinople1 what stores of thought are laid up--what a train of philosophic induction exhibited6 ,how much larger is this world become than that which trembled at ,caesar6 ,the very apostate profits by the light which has shone on ,thabor1 and the blood which has flowed on ,calvary4 ,he is a greater historian than his heathen predecessor because he lives in a society to which the ,god whom he has abandoned has disclosed the depth of its being1 the laws of its course1 the importance of its present1 the price of its futurity4 ,a very little thought will show that1 constituted as man's nature is1 this could not have been otherwise4 ,man differs from the inferior animals in that he is richly endowed with faculties which1 until they have been developed by education1 he can never use1 and appreciates and embraces truths1 when they have been set before him1 which he could never have discovered unassisted4 ,this is the most obvious distinction between reason and instinct4 ,the caterpillar1 hatched from an egg dropped by a parent whom it never saw1 knows at once what food and what habits are necessary for its new life4 ,weeks pass away1 and its first skin begins to die2 but 7as if it had been fully instructed in what has to be done7 it draws its body out of it as from a glove1 and comes forth in a new one4 ,a few weeks later it forsakes the food which has hitherto been necessary for its life1 and buries itself in the earth1 which up to that very day would have been certain death4 ,there a mysterious change passes upon it1 and it lies as if dead till the time for another change approaches4 ,it then gradually works its way to the surface1 and comes out a butterfly or a moth4 ,it is now indifferent to the plants which in its former state were necessary to its existence1 but yet it chooses those plants on which to deposit its eggs4 #cfb ,we are so apt to delude ourselves with the notion that we understand everything to which we give a name1 that ninety-nine people out of a hundred seem to think they account for this marvelous power of the inferior animals to act exactly right under circumstances so strangely changed1 by calling it instinct4 ,but1 in truth1 why or how the creature does what it does1 we no more know when we have called it instinct than we did before4 ,all we can suppose is that as the ,creator has left none of his creatures destitute of the kind and degree of knowledge necessary to enable it to discharge its appointed office in creation1 the appetites and desires of the insect are modified from time to time in the different stages of its existence so that they impel it exactly to the course necessary for it to take1 with much greater certainty than if it understood what the result was to be4 ,how different is the case of man4 ,not only is he a free agent1 and therefore to be guided by reason1 not by mere propensity1 but neither reason nor speech1 nor indeed life itself1 could be preserved or made of any use except by means of training and education received from others4 ,a man left to shift for himself like the animal whose changes we have been tracing1 would die at each state of his existence for want of some one to teach him what must be done for his preservation4 ,this same training is equally necessary for his physical1 intellectual1 moral1 and spiritual life4 ,but he is so constituted that the different things needful for him to know for each of these purposes approve themselves to him as soon as they are presented to his mind from without1 and the things which thus approve themselves1 although he could never have discovered them1 we truly call natural to man1 because no external teaching would have made him capable of learning them unless the faculty had been as much a part of his original constitution as the unreasoning desires which we call instinct are part of the constitution of brutes4 ,and therefore1 when once developed by education1 they remain a part of the man1 even when he casts away from him those teachers by whom they were developed4 ,nero would never have learnt the use of speech if he had not caught it from his mother2 yet when he used it to order her murder he did not lose what she had taught him1 because it was a part of his nature4 ,and so of higher powers1 the result of a superior training4 ,principles which men would never have known without ,christian training are retained when ,christianity itself is rejected1 because they are a part of the spiritual endowment given to man by his ,creator1 although without training he would never have been able to develop them4 ,his rejection of ,christianity results from an evil will4 ,the parts of ,christian teaching against which that will does not rebel he calls and believes to be the lessons of his natural reason1 although the experience of the greatest and wisest heathen shows that his unassisted natural faculties never would have discovered them4 ,nor is this true only of individuals4 ,nations trained for many generations in ,christian faith have before now fallen away from ,christianity4 ,but it does not seem that they are able to reduce themselves to the level of heathen nations in their moral standard1 their perception and appreciation of good and evil1 justice and wrong1 or of the nature and destinies of the human race4 ,in some respects they are morally much worse than heathen4 ,but it does not appear that in these points they can sink so low1 because their nature1 fallen though it be1 approves and accepts some of the truths taught it by ,christianity4 ,hence1 in order to judge what man can or cannot do without the revelation of ,god in ,jesus ,christ1 we must examine him in nations to which the faith has never been given1 rather than in those which have rejected it4 ,unhappily1 there are at this moment parts of ,europe in which the belief in the supernatural #cfc seems wanting4 ,an intelligent correspondent of the ,times a year ago described such a state of things as existing in parts of northern ,germany and ,scandinavia4 ,the population believes nothing1 and practises no religion4 ,public worship is deserted1 not because the people have devised any new heresy of their own as to the manner in which man should approach ,god1 but because they have ceased to trouble themselves about the matter at all4 ,lutheranism is dead and gone2 but nothing has been substituted for it4 ,the intelligent ,protestant writer was surprised to find a population thus wholly without religion orderly and well-behaved1 hard-working1 and by no means forgetful of social duties4 ,the phenomenon is1 no doubt1 remarkable2 but it is by no means without example4 ,many parishes 7we fear considerable districts7 in ,france are substantially in the same state4 ,the peasantry are sober1 industrious1 and orderly to a degree unknown in ,england4 ,they reap the temporal fruits of these good qualities in a general prosperity equally unknown here4 ,they are saving to a degree almost incredible1 so that it is a matter of ordinary experience that a peasant who began life with nothing except his bodily strength1 leaves behind him several hundreds1 not unfrequently some thousands1 of pounds sterling4 ,but in this same district whole villages are so absolutely without religion1 that1 although there is not one person for many miles who calls himself a ,protestant1 the churches are almost absolutely deserted1 and the curs 7generally good and zealous men7 are reduced almost to inactivity by absolute despair4 ,some give themselves up to prayer1 seeing nothing else that they can do2 some will say that they are not wholly without encouragement1 because1 after fifteen or twenty years of labor1 they have succeeded in bringing four or five persons to seek the benefit of the sacraments out of a population of as many hundreds1 among whom when they came there was not one such person to be found4 ,footnote #eb ,footnote #eb3 ,it should be observed that the morality said to exist in those parts of ,france which have so nearly lost the faith is not ,catholic morality3 in fact1 the population in those districts is decreasing1 and that 7it is universally admitted7 from immorality4 ,it should also be remember that there is a most marked contrast between these districts and those ,lutheran districts of which the ,times spoke3 ,in the latter1 ,lutheranism has died out of itself4 ,in the worst districts of ,france1 the ,catholic religion has not died out1 but has been displaced by a systematic infidel education inflicted on the people by a godless government4 ,lastly1 even where things are the worst1 there are a few in each generation who1 in the midst of a godless population1 turn out saints1 really worthy of that name4 ,it is seldom that a mission is preached in any village without some such being rescued from the corrupt mass around them4 ,nothing1 in fact1 can more strongly mark the contrast between the ,catholic religion and ,lutheranism4 ,the subject is far too large to be discussed here1 but we have suggested these considerations to avoid misconceptions of our meaning4 ,appalling as is this state of things1 the natural virtues 7such as they are7 of populations which have thus lost faith are themselves the remains of ,christianity4 ,history gives us no trace of any people in such a state except those who have once been ,christians4 ,for instance1 in all others1 however civilized1 slavery has been established both by law and practice2 no one of them has been without divorce2 infanticide has been allowed and practised4 ,nowhere has the unity of man's nature been acknowledged1 and1 what follows from that1 the duties owing to him as man1 not merely as fellow countryman4 ,and hence1 nowhere has there existed what we call the law of nations1 a rule which limits the conduct of men1 not only toward those of other nations1 but1 what is much more1 toward those with whom they are in a state of war1 or whom they have conquered4 ,in the most civilized times of ancient ,greece and ,rome no rights were recognized in such foreigners4 ,all these things are the legitimate progeny of ,christianity1 and of ,christianity alone1 although they are now accepted as natural principles by nations by whom1 but for the gospel of ,christ1 they would never have been heard of4 #cfd ,we have enlarged upon this point because1 not only in what he says of ,gibbon1 but in many parts of his subsequent chapters1 ,mr4 ,allies attributes to the influence of ,christianity things which a superficial observer may attribute rather to some general progress in the world toward a higher civilization4 ,we shall see instances of this as we proceed4 ,we are satisfied that the objection is utterly unfounded4 ,we see no reason to believe that without ,christianity any higher or better civilization than that of ,rome under ,augustus and ,athens under ,pericles would ever have been attained4 ,that those who lived under that state1 so far from expecting any progress1 believed that the world was getting worse and worse1 and that there remained no hope of improvement1 nor any principles from which it could possibly arise1 is most certain4 ,nor do we believe that those who thus judged of the natural tendency of the world were mistaken1 although by a stupendous interference of the ,creator with the course of nature an improvement actually took place4 ,the philosophy of history then sifts and arranges the facts which it records1 and judges of them by fixed and eternal principles of right and wrong2 drawing from the past lessons of wisdom and virtue for the future4 ,it will approach nearer and nearer to perfection as the range of facts investigated becomes wider1 and as the principles by which they are judged are more absolutely true1 and applied more correctly1 more practically1 and more universally4 ,hence1 it would never have existed without ,christianity1 and although in ,christian nations it is found in men partially or wholly unworthy of the ,christian name1 but who retain many ideas and principles derived from ,christianity alone1 yet even in them it is exercised imperfectly in proportion as they are less and less ,christian4 ,mr4 ,allies thus compares ,tacitus and ,st4 ,augustine3 ,the atmosphere of ,tacitus and the lurid glare of his ,rome compared with ,st4 ,augustine's world are like the shades in which ,achilles deplored the loss of life contrasted with a landscape bathed in the morning light of a southern sun4 ,yet how much more of material misery was there in the time of ,st4 ,augustine than in the time of ,tacitus6 ,in spite of the excesses in which the emperors might indulge within the walls of their palace or of ,rome1 the fair fabric of civilization filled the whole ,roman world1 the great empire was in peace1 and its multitude of nations were brethren4 ,countries which now form great kingdoms of themselves1 were then tranquil members of one body politic4 ,men could travel the coasts of ,italy1 ,gaul1 ,spain1 ,africa1 ,syria1 ,asia ,minor1 and ,greece1 round to ,italy again1 and find a rich smiling land covered by prosperous cities1 enjoying the same laws and institutions1 and possessed in peace by its children4 ,in ,st4 ,augustine's time all had been changed2 on many of these coasts a ruthless1 uncivilized1 unbelieving1 or misbelieving enemy had descended4 ,through the whole empire there was a feeling of insecurity1 a cry of helplessness1 and a trembling at what was to come4 ,yet in the pages of the two writers the contrast is in the inverse ratio4 ,in the pagan1 everything seems borne on by an iron fate1 which tramples upon the free will of man1 and overwhelms the virtuous before the wicked4 ,in the ,christian1 order shines in the midst of destruction1 and mercy dispenses the severest humiliations4 ,it was the symbol of the coming age4 ,and so that great picture of the doctor1 saint1 and philosopher laid hold of the minds of men during those centuries of violence which followed1 and in which peace and justice1 so far from embracing each other1 seemed to have deserted the earth4 ,and in modern times a great genius has seized upon it1 and developed it in the discourse on universal history4 ,bossuet is worthy to receive the torch from ,st4 ,augustine4 ,scarcely could a more majestic voice1 or a more #cfe philosophic spirit1 set forth the double succession of empire and of religion1 or exhibit the tissue wrought by ,divine ,providence1 human free will1 and the permitted power of evil4 ,after this estimate of ,st4 ,augustine1 he speaks of ,a living author--at once statesman1 orator1 philosopher1 and historian of the higest rank--who has given us1 on a less extensive scale1 a philosophy of history in its most finished and amiable form4 ,the very attempt on the part of ,m4 ,guizot to draw out a picture of civilization during fourteen hundred years1 and to depict1 amongst that immense and ever-changing period1 the course of society in so many countries1 indicates no ordinary power2 and the partial fulfilment of the design may be said to have elevated the philosophy of history into a science4 ,in this work may be found the moat important rules of the science accurately stated2 but the work itself is the best example of philosophic method and artistic execution1 united to illustrate a complex subject4 ,a careful study of original authorities1 a patient induction of facts1 a cautious generalization1 the philosophic eye to detect analogies1 the painter's power to group results1 and1 above all1 a unity of conception which no multiplicity of details can embarrass2 these are some of the main qualifications for a philosophy of history which ,i should deduce from these works4 ,yet1 while the action of ,providence and that of human free will are carefully and beautifully brought out1 while both may be said to be points of predilection with the author1 he has not alluded1 so far as ,i am aware1 to the great evil spirit and his personal operation4 ,strong as he is1 he has been apparently too weak to bear the scoff of modern infidelity--he believes in the devil--unless1 indeed1 the cause of this lies deeper1 and belongs to his philosophy2 for if there be one subject out of which eclecticism can pick nothing to its taste1 it would be the permitted operation of the great fallen spirit4 ,nor will the warmest admiration of his genius be mistaken for a concurrence in all his judgments4 ,i presume not to say how far such an author is sometimes1 in spite of himself1 unjust1 from the point of view at which he draws his picture4 ,whether1 and how far1 he be an eclectic philosopher1 let others decide4 ,it would be grievous to feel it true of such a mind2 for it is the original sin of that philosophy to make the universe rotate round itself4 ,great is its complacency in its own conclusions1 but there runs through them one mistake--to fancy itself in the place of ,god 7p4 #ca74 ,those who have ever made the attempt to analyze in a few lines the genius of a great writer will best be able to estimate the combination of keen intellect1 patient thought1 and scrupulous candor in this criticism4 ,we must not deny ourselves one more quotation3 ,st4 ,augustine1 ,bossuet1 ,guizot1 ,balmez1 ,schlegel3 ,i have taken these names not to exhaust but to illustrate the subject4 ,here we have the ancient and the modern society1 ,africa and ,france1 ,spain and ,germany1 and the ,christian mind in each1 thrown upon the facts of history4 ,they point out1 ,i think1 sufficiently a common result4 ,but amid the founders of a new science1 who shall represent our own country8 ,can ,i hesitate1 or can ,i venture1 in this place and company i4e41 before the ,catholic ,university of ,dublin1 in the chair of which this lecture was delivered1 to mention the hand which has directed the scattered rays of light from so many sources on the wild children of ,central ,asia1 and produced the ,turk before us in his untameable ferocity--the outcast of the human race1 before whom earth herself ceases to be a mother--by whom man's blood has ever been shed like water1 woman's honor counted as the vilest of things1 nature's most sacred laws publicly and avowedly outraged1--has produced him before us for the abhorrence of mankind1 the infamy of nations8 ,to sketch the intrinsic #cff character of barbarism and civilization1 and out of common historical details1 travel1 and observation to show the ineffaceable stamp of race and tribe1 reproducing itself through the long series of ages1 surely expresses the idea which we mean by the philosophy of history 7p4 #ch74 ,we have given a disproportionate space to this inaugural lecture1 both for its intrinsic importance and because it gives a shadow of the whole plan of ,mr4 ,allies's work1 both that part which lies before us and that which remains to be published2 for the volume before us is only a portion1 perhaps about a fourth1 of the author's design4 ,in the six lectures which it contains1 he gives us an estimate1 first1 of the physical and political condition of the ,roman empire in its palmy days2 then1 of the force by which it pleased ,god to constitute the new creation in the midst of it4 ,in the last four lectures he compares the vital principles of these two vast social organizations--the heathen and the ,christian--first in a representative man of each class1 then in the effects produced upon society at large by the influence of each2 then in the primary relation of man to woman in marriage2 and1 lastly1 in the virginal state2 although under this last head there can hardly be said to be a comparison1 as heathen society has simply nothing to set against that wonderful creation of ,christianity--holy virginity4 ,we know not where we have met any painting of the ,roman empire so striking as that contained in the first lecture4 ,of the multitude of ,englishmen who read more or less of the classical ,latin authors1 a very small proportion have ever paid any attention to the ,roman empire1 as it is displayed by ,tacitus and ,juvenal4 ,this is the natural result of the grace and eloquence of ,livy and ,cicero1 much rather than of any strong preference for republican institutions4 ,indeed it is impossible not to be struck with the vast influence which ,roman republicanism exercises in ,france compared with ,england4 ,nor is it difficult to account for this4 ,france1 except to a limited degree under the monarchy of ,july1 has never enjoyed constitutional liberty4 ,the ,frenchman1 therefore1 who dreams of liberty at all1 places his dreamland in a ,roman republic4 ,boys who in ,england would rant about ,john ,hampden are found in ,france ranting about ,junius ,brutus4 ,for what the ,englishman means when he talks about liberty is ,english liberty2 the ,frenchman means the ,roman republic4 ,so much has this been the case1 that even in ,america the war of independence began1 not in any aspiration after a republic1 but for the rights of ,english subjects4 ,the sword had been drawn for a year before the colonies claimed independence1 and very shortly before ,washington had declared that there was no thought of separation1 only of ,english liberty4 ,what proves that these were not mere words was1 that even after independence had been achieved1 the leaders1 who met in congress1 agreed almost to a man in expressing their preference for an ,english constitution1 if circumstances had placed it within their reach4 ,all the world knows that ,france became a republic chiefly because ,rome in her palmy days had been so called2 nay1 to this hour all the terms adopted by the revolutionary party have been borrowed from classical times4 ,such was the term citizen1 so appropriate to a people whose boast was that they were free of a city which had conquered the world1 so absurd as denoting the members of a great nation in which not even centuries of extreme centralization have prevented political rights from being exercised by each man in his own province4 ,such1 again1 was that inundation of pagan names which the revolutionary times substituted for those of the saints1 and which are still characteristic of ,france--,camille1 ,emile1 ,antonine1 and even ,brute and ,timoleon4 ,this we take to be one great reason why many sensible #cfg persons in ,france are so greatly afraid of classical studies in schools and colleges4 ,they say that they turn the heads of boys1 especially ,french boys4 ,it is highly characteristic of the man1 that the officers of the ,house of ,commons1 who made forcible entry into the house of ,sir ,francis ,burdett when he was committed by order of the ,house1 found him reading with his little son1 not ,plutarch's life of ,brutus or ,cato1 as would assuredly have been the case with a ,frenchman1 but ,magna ,charta4 ,he was not less theatrical1 but he was a thoroughly ,english actor4 ,and yet we strongly suspect that out of a hundred boys who leave a classical school more than ninety believe that ,roman history ends with ,augustus4 ,the university no doubt1 gives a somewhat more extended view4 ,but even there ,tacitus is usually about the limit4 ,we wonder how far this feeling was carried before ,gibbon published the ,decline and ,fall4 ,hence we especially value the wonderful picture of the empire painted by our author4 ,it was in fact a federation of civilized states under an absolute monarch2 the municipal liberties were left so entire that ,niebuhr mentions ,italian cities1 in the immediate neighborhood of ,rome itself1 which retained all through the times of the empire and the middle ages1 down to the wars of the ,french revolution1 the same municipal institutions under which ,rome had found them4 ,they were swept away by that faithful lover of despotism1 ,napoleon ,i41 to make way for the uniform system of a prfet and sousprfet in each district4 ,it is more important to bear this in mind because1 as the revolutionists aped the manners and names of the ,roman republic without understanding them1 the imperialists of ,france are apt to assume that they faithfully represent the ,roman empire4 ,now the one striking characteristic of the ,french empire is that it raises yearly #ajj1jjj military conscripts1 beside the naval conscription1 the police1 and the very firemen1 all of whom are carefully drilled as soldiers4 ,how was it under ,augustus8 ,it is hard to conceive adequately what a spectator called 'the immense majesty of the ,roman peace' 7,pliny1 ',nat4 ,hist1' xxvii4 #a74 ,where now in ,europe1 impatient and uneasy1 a group of half-friendly nations jealously watches each other's progress and power1 and the acquisition of a province threatens a general war1 ,rome maintained1 from generation to generation1 in tranquil sway1 an empire of which ,gaul1 ,spain1 ,britain1 and ,north ,africa1 ,switzerland1 and the greater part of ,austria1 ,turkey in ,europe1 ,asia ,minor1 ,syria1 and ,egypt formed but single limbs1 members of her mighty body4 ,her roads1 which spread like a network over this immense territory1 from their common centre1 the golden milestone of the ,forum1 under the palace of her emperors1 did but express the unity of that spirit with which she ruled the earth her subject1 levelling the mountains and filling up the valleys for the march of her armies1 the caravans of her merchandise1 and the even sweep of her legislation4 ,a moderate fleet of #f1jjj sailors at ,misenum1 and another at ,ravenna1 a flotilla at ,forum ,julii1 and another in the ,black sea1 of half that force1 preserved the whole ,mediterranean from piracy2 and every nation bordering on its shores could freely interchange the productions of their industry4 ,two smaller armaments of twenty-four vessels each on the ,rhine and the ,danube secured the empire from northern incursion4 ,in the time of ,tiberius a force of twenty-five legions and fourteen cohorts1 making #aga1ejj men1 with about an equal number of auxiliary troops1 that is1 in all1 an army of #cdj1jjj1 sufficed1 not so much to preserve internal order1 which rested upon other and surer ground1 but to guard the frontiers of a vast population1 amounting1 as is calculated1 #cfh to #abj1jjj1jjj1 and inhabiting the very fairest regions of the earth1 of which the great ,mediterranean sea was a sort of central and domestic lake4 ,but this army itself1 thus moderate in number1 was not1 as a rule1 stationed in cities1 but in fixed quarters on the frontiers1 as a guard against external foes4 ,thus1 for instance1 the whole interior of ,gaul possessed a garrison of but #a1bjj men--that ,gaul which1 in the year #ahfj1 in a time of peace1 thought necessary for internal tranquillity and external rank and security to have #fbf1jjj men in arms4 ,footnote #ec ,again1 ,asia ,minor had no military force2 that most beautiful region of the earth teemed with princely cities1 enjoying the civilization of a thousand years1 and all the treasures of art and industry1 in undisturbed repose4 ,and within its unquestioned boundaries1 the spirit1 moreover1 of ,roman rule was far other than that of a military despotism1 or of a bureaucracy and a police pressing with ever watchful suspicion on every spring of civil life4 ,the principle of its government was not that no population could be faithful which was not kept in leading-strings1 but rather to leave cities and corporations to manage their own affairs themselves4 ,thus its march was firm and strong1 but for this very reason devoid alike of fickleness and haste4 ,footnote #ec3 ,surely the author should have added the ,belgian army 7fixed by the laws of #ahec at #ajj1jjj71 and that part of the ,prussian1 etc41 which is raised west of the ,rhine1 in comparing the military force of ancient ,gaul with that of the same district in our day4 ,it might have been added1 that1 as a general rule1 the army which guarded each portion was composed of the natives of the country in which they were stationed4 ,roman citizens they were1 no doubt1 but citizens of provincial extraction1 and posted to guard on behalf of ,rome the very country which their fathers1 sometimes but a very few generations back1 had defended against her4 ,footnote #ed ,this is a policy the generosity of which ,france dares not at this day imitate1 even in her oldest provinces4 ,to say nothing of the ,british army in ,ireland1 the ,breton conscripts are still sent to serve at ,lyons and ,paris4 ,footnote #ed3 ,champagny1 ,rome1 and ,judea4 ,the extracts we have given will doubtless lead every reader to study for himself ,mr4 ,allies's descriptions of ,rome1 and the life of the ,thermae1 and of the colonies1 everywhere reproducing the life of ,rome4 ,every page breathes with the matured thought of a mind of remarkable natural acuteness1 and stored with refined scholarship4 ,there is nothing of beauty or majesty in that magnificent old world which he does not seem to have witnessed and mused over4 ,it is hardly possible to realize all this greatness without being tempted to repine in the remembrance whither it was all hastening--that the peace of the ,roman world was but the torrent's smoothness ere it dash below2 its magnificence only the feast of ,baltassar in that last night of the splendor of ,babylon1 when the ,medes and ,persians were already under her walls1 and the river had been turned away from its course through her quays1 and a way left open for the rush of the destroyer into her streets and palaces4 ,already the mysterious impulse had been given which1 during so many centuries1 drove down horde after horde of barbarians from the wild north-east1 to overflow the favored lands that surrounded the ,mediterranean4 ,in the early days of ,roman history the ,gauls had rushed on1 sweeping away those earlier races whose remains we are now exploring in the shallows of the ,swiss lakes1 and whose descendants are probably to be found in the ,basques1 and in some of those degraded castes which1 in spite of the welding power of the ,church1 left proscribed remnants in ,france and elsewhere until the great revolution4 ,that mighty wave burst upon the rock of the ,capitol1 threatened for a moment utterly to overwhelmed it1 and then fell broken at its feet4 ,but it is not by repelling one wave1 however formidable1 that a rising tide is turned back4 ,in the day of ,rome's #cfi utmost power her very foundations were shaken by the torrent of the ,cimbri and ,teutones4 ,they1 too1 were broken against the steel-clad legions of ,marius1 and fell off like spray on the earth4 ,but the tide was still advancing4 ,what need to trace its successive inroads8 ,every reader of ,gibbon remembers how the time came at last when the very site where ,rome had stood had been so often swept by it1 that of all its greatness there remained nothing more than the sea leaves of some castle of shingles and sand1 after a few waves have passed over it4 ,quench'd is the golden statue's ray2 ,the breath of heaven hath swept away ,what toiling earth hath piled2 ,scattering wise heart and crafty hand1 ,as breezes strew on ocean's strand ,the fabrics of a child6 ,there even came a time when for many weeks the very ruins of ancient ,rome were absolutely deserted1 and trodden neither by man nor beast4 ,no wonder that the world stood by afar off weeping and mourning over the utter destruction of all that the earth had ever known of greatness and glory4 ,so the sentence had been passed1 in the day of her greatest glory1 by the prophetic voice of the angel1 who cried with a strong voice3 ,fallen--fallen1 is ,babylon the great1 and is become the habitation of devils and the hold of every unclean spirit1 and of every unclean and hateful bird4 ,and the kings of the earth shall weep and bewail themselves over her1 when they shall see the smoke of the burning2 standing afar off for fear of her torments1 saying1 ,alas6 alas6 that great city ,babylon1 that mighty city2 for in one hour is thy judgment come4 ,and the merchants of the earth shall weep and mourn over her1 and shall stand afar off from her for fear of her torments1 weeping and mourning1 and saying1 ,alas6 alas6 that great city which was clothed in fine linen1 and purple1 and scarlet1 and was gilt with gold and precious stones and pearls4 ,for in one hour are so great riches come to nought4 7,apocalypse1 chap1 xviii47 ,it was not the ruin of one city1 however glorious1 but the sweeping away of all the accumulated glories of the civilization of the whole civilized world1 during more than a thousand years4 ,all had been embodied in imperial ,rome4 ,in the words of our author-- ,the empire of ,augustus inherited the whole civilization of the ancient world4 ,whatever political or social knowledge1 whatever moral or intellectual truth1 whatever useful or elegant arts1 'the enterprising race of ,japhet' had acquired1 preserved1 and accumulated in the long course of centuries since the beginning of history had descended without a break to ,rome1 with the dominion of all the countries washed by the ,mediterranean4 ,for her the wisdom of ,egypt and of all the ,east had been stored up4 ,for her ,pythagoras and ,thales1 ,socrates1 ,plato1 and ,aristotle1 and all the schools beside of ,grecian philosophy suggested by these names1 had thought4 ,for her ,zoreaster1 as well as ,solon and ,lycurgus1 legislated4 ,for her ,alexander conquered1 the races which he subdued forming but a portion of her empire4 ,every city1 in the ears of whose youth the poems of ,homer were familiar as household words1 owned her sway4 ,the magistrates1 from the ,northern sea to the confines of ,arabia1 issued their decrees in the language of empire--the ,latin tongue2 while1 as men of letters1 they spoke and wrote in ,greek4 ,for her ,carthage had risen1 founded colonies1 discovered distant coasts1 set up a world-wide trade1 and then fallen1 leaving her the empire of ,africa and the west1 with the lessons of a long experience4 ,not only so1 but likewise ,spain1 ,gaul1 and all the frontier provinces1 from the ,alps to the mouth of the ,danube1 spent in her service their strength and skill2 supplied her armies with their bravest youths2 gave to her senate and her knights their choicest minds4 ,the vigor of #cgj new and the culture of long-polished races were alike employed in the vast fabric of her power4 ,every science and art1 all human experience and discovery1 had poured their treasure in one stream into the bosom of that society1 which1 after forty-four years of undisputed rule1 ,augustus had consolidated into a new system of government1 and bequeathed to the charge of ,tiberius 7p4 #da74 ,no wonder the ancient world had assured itself that1 as nothing greater1 nothing wiser1 nothing more glorious than ,rome could ever arise upon earth1 so its greatness1 wisdom1 and glory could never be superseded4 ,it was the eternal city4 ,it was for ever to give laws to the world4 ,the contemporary poets could imagine no stronger expression of an eternity1 than that of a duration while ,rome itself should last4 ,yet was it at that very time that the eyes of a fisherman of the lake of ,tiberias were opened to see the angel coming down from heaven with power and great glory1 from whose mighty cry over the fall of ,babylon we have already quoted some words4 ,no wonder when the time came that his prophecy was fulfilled1 the world stood by weeping and mourning1 not over the fall of a single city 7such as ,scipio ,africanus had forecast as he watched the smoke of old ,carthage rising up to heaven71 but over the ruin of the civilization of the whole world4 ,no wonder that1 even in our own age1 those whose hearts have so far sunk back to the level of heathenism as to value only material prosperity and worldly greatness1 still re-echo the cry-- ,alas6 the eternal city1 and alas6 ,the trebly hundred triumphs1 and the day ,when ,brutus made the dagger's edge surpass ,the conqueror's sword in bearing fame away4 ,alas6 for earth1 for never shall we see ,that brightness in her eye she wore when ,rome was free4 ,but the voice of divine wisdom was far different3 ,rejoice over her1 thou heaven1 and ye holy apostles and prophets1 for ,god hath judged your judgment upon her4 ,and a mighty angel took up a stone1 as it were a great millstone1 and cast it into the sea1 saying1 ',with such violence as this shall ,babylon1 that great city1 be thrown down1 and shall be found no more at all2 and the voice of harpers1 and of musicians1 and of them that play on the pipe and on the trumpet1 shall no more be heard at all in thee2 and no craftsman1 of any art whatsoever1 shall be found any more at all in thee2 and the sound of the mill shall be heard no more at all in thee2 and the light of the lamp shall shine no more in thee2 and the voice of the bridegroom and the bride shall be heard no more at all in thee2 for thy merchants were the great men of the earth1 for all nations have been deceived by thine enchantments4' ,and in her was found the blood of prophets1 and of saints1 and of all that were slain upon the earth4 ,thus total1 according to the prophecy1 was to be the destruction of the wealth1 civilization1 greatness1 and glory of the ancient heathen world1 gathered together in ,rome1 that in the utter sweeping away of that one city all might perish together4 ,how fully the words were accomplished we know by the lamentation of the whole world over ,babylon1 the echoes of which still ring in our ears4 ,but to us ,christians it rather belongs to weigh the words which follow without any break in the sacred text 7although the division of the chapters leads many readers to overlook the close connection74 ,after these things ,i heard1 as it were1 the voice of much people in heaven1 saying1 ',alleluia4 ,salvation1 and glory1 and power is to our ,god4 ,for just and true are his judgments1 who hath judged the great harlot which corrupted the earth with her fornications1 and he hath avenged the blood of his servants at her hands4' ,and again they said1 ',alleluia4 ,and her smoke ascendeth for ever and ever4' ,here is the answer to that cry of the angel1 ,rejoice over her1 thou heaven1 and ye apostles and prophets4 #cga ,were any comment needed upon such prophecies--any explanation of the sentence passed upon a civilization so great1 so ancient1 so widely extended1 and so refined--anything to reconcile us to the utter destruction of so much that was fair and mighty1 we may find it in the latter half of the lecture before us4 ,not that our author is insensible to the marvellous beauty of that glow with which classical literature causes the figures of those days to shine before us4 ,that would be impossible for a man of his studies4 ,he says3 ,is not the very language of ,cicero and ,virgil an expression of this lordly1 yet peaceful rule2 this even1 undisturbed majesty1 which holds the world together like the regularity of the seasons1 like the alternations of light and darkness1 like the all-pervading warmth of the sun8 ,if every language reflects the character of the race which speaks it1 surely we discern in the very strain of ,virgil the closing of the gates of war1 the settling of the nations down to the arts of peace1 the reign of law and order1 the amity and concord of races1 the weak protected1 the strong ruled3 in a word1 ',romanos rerum dominos1 gentemque togatam4' ,neither1 need it hardly be said1 has he set the hideous pollutions of that civilization fully before us3 that is rendered impossible by its very hideousness4 ,let those who recoil from the horrors of what he has said--but a faint outline of the miserable truth1 though traced with singular artistic form and beauty--bear in mind the while the words of the inspired prophecy1 ,all nations have drunk of the wine of her fornication1 and the kings of the earth have committed fornication with her--,her sins have reached unto heaven1 and the ,lord shall reward her iniquities--,in her was found the blood of prophets1 and saints1 and of all that were slain upon the earth4 ,the crimes1 as well as the civilization of a thousand years1 were accumulated at ,rome1 and both were swept away together by that overwhelming flood of fierce barbarians4 ,little were it worthy of ,christians to mourn over a civilization into whose very heart-strings such unutterable pollution was intertwined2 especially as it was removed1 not like ,babylon of old1 to leave behind it nothing but desolation1 but to make room for that kingdom of ,god which was to be enthroned upon its ruins2 for such was the purpose of ,god1 that the very centre of ,christendom1 the very seat of the throne of ,christ upon earth1 on which he would visibly sit in the person of his ,vicar1 was there to be established1 whence the throne of the ,caesars and the golden house of ,nero had been swept away in headlong ruin4 ,i saw a new heaven and a new earth1 for the first heaven and the first earth was gone4 ,and ,i heard a great voice from the throne saying1 ',behold the tabernacle of ,god with men1 and he will dwell with them4 ,and they shall be his people1 and ,god himself shall be their ,god4 ,and ,god shall wipe away all tears from their eyes4' ,and he that sat on the throne said1 ',behold1 ,i make all things new4' ,the full accomplishment of these words we expect1 in faith and hope1 when death shall be no more1 nor mourning1 nor crying1 nor sorrow shall be any more2 for the former things are passed away2 yet1 surely1 whatever more glorious accomplishment is yet to come1 it were blindness not to see how far they are already fulfilled in the substitution of ,christendom for the civilized pagan world1 the setting up the throne of the ,vicar of ,christ upon the ruins of the palace of the ,caesars4 ,first among the causes of that hideous accumulated mixture of blood and filth in which heathen civilization was drowned1 ,mr4 ,allies most justly places the institution of slavery as it was at ,rome1 because by this the springs of human life were tainted4 ,it is certain that during all the long years of the duration of the ,roman #cgb empire1 there was among its heathen population no one human being1 who lived beyond the earliest childhood1 who was not polluted1 and whose very soul was not scarred and branded1 by the marks of that hideous moral pestilence4 ,we say its heathen population1 because great as must have been the evil it wrought upon ordinary ,christians1 we doubt not that there were those who gathered honey out of corruption1 and whose justice1 charity1 and purity came out from that furnace of temptation with a brightness which nothing but the most fiery trial could have given to them4 ,from slavery the whole of ,roman society received its form4 ,our author most truly says1 ,the spirit of slavery is never limited to the slave2 it saturates the atmosphere which the freeman breathes together with the slave2 passes into his nature1 and corrupts it4 ,this miserable truth can never be too often impressed upon men1 because1 unhappily1 there are still advocates of slavery who think that they apologize for it if they can prove1 as they think1 that the slave is happy4 ,as well might they argue that the introduction of the plague into ,london would be no calamity1 if the man who brought it in upon him entered the city dancing and shouting4 ,in ancient ,italy slaves replaced the hardy rustics1 that prisca gens mortalium who1 though doubtless far less virtuous than they appeared in the fevered dreams of men sick of the vices of ,rome in the last days of the republic1 were still among the best specimens of heathen life4 ,wherever slavery extends1 labor becomes dishonorable as the badge of servitude1 a few masters languish in bloated luxury1 but the nation itself grows constantly poorer1 as an ever-increasing proportion of its population has to be maintained in indolence4 ,at ,rome slaves were the only domestic servants1 and after a time the only manufacturers4 ,and yet even this is nothing compared to the evils of a state of society in which the great majority of women as well as of men are the absolute property of their masters4 ,horrible as was this state of things1 it offered so many gratifications to the corrupt natures of those whose hands held the power of the world1 and without whose consent it could not be abolished1 that it would have seemed to any one who had ever witnessed the life of a wealthy ,roman noble no less than madness to imagine that any man would ever willingly surrender them4 ,as a matter of fact1 so far was this state of society from holding out any hope of its own amendment1 whether sudden or gradual1 that1 as our author remarks-- ,of all the minds which have left a record of themselves1 from ,cicero to ,tacitus1 there is not one who does not look upon the world's course as a rapid descent4 ,they feel an immense moral corruption breaking in on all sides1 which wealth1 convenience of life1 and prosperity only enhance4 ,they have no hope for humanity1 for they have no faith in it1 nor in any power encompassing and directing it4 ,faithless and hopeless they were2 but whatever this world could give they had in abundance3 ,in the time of heathenism the world of sense which surrounded man flattered and caressed all his natural powers1 and solicited an answer from them2 and in return he flung himself greedily upon that world1 and tried to exhaust its treasures4 ,glory1 wealth1 and pleasure intoxicated his heart with their dreams2 he crowned himself with the earth's flowers1 and drank in the air's perfume2 and in one object or another1 in one after another1 he sought enjoyment and satisfaction4 ,the world had nothing more to give him2 nor will the latest growth of civilization surpass the profusion with which the earth poured forth its gifts to those who consented to seek on the earth alone their home and their reward2 though1 indeed1 they were the few1 to whom the many were sacrificed4 ,the ,roman noble1 with the pleasures of a vanquished world at his feet1 #cgc with men and women from the fairest climes of the earth to do his bidding--men who1 though slaves1 had learnt all the arts and letters of ,greece1 and were ready to use them for the benefit of their lords2 and women1 the most beautiful and accomplished of their sex1 who were yet the property of these same lords--the ,roman noble1 as to material and even intellectual enjoyment1 stood on a vantage-ground which never again man can hope to occupy1 however-- ',through the ages an increasing purpose runs1 ,and the thoughts of men are widen'd with the process of the suns4' ,caesar and ,pompey1 ,lucullus and ,hortensius1 and the fellows of their order1 were orators1 statesmen1 jurists1 and legislators1 generals1 men of literature1 and luxurious nobles at the same time2 and they were this because they could use the minds as well as the bodies of others at their pleasure4 ,not in this direction was an advance possible 7p4 #aei74 ,our author draws with great skill and vigor a picture of the moral society of the heathen world1 and of the beliefs upon which the practice of the heathen rested4 ,into these we have no room to follow him4 ,at the end of this lecture he shows what sights they were which met the eyes of a stranger coming from the east in the days of ,nero--an execution in which four hundred men1 women1 and children were marched through the streets of ,rome to the cross1 because their master had been killed by one of his slaves4 ,in all such cases the ,roman law required that every slave in the house1 however innocent1 however young or however old--man1 woman1 or child--should be put to death4 ,thence the stranger passed to a scene of debauchery such as the world has never imagined1 in the gardens close to the ,pantheon4 ,this stranger-- ,why has he come to ,rome1 and what is he doing there8 ,poor1 unknown1 a foreigner in dress1 language1 and demeanor1 he is come from a distant province1 small in extent1 but the most despised and the most disliked of ,rome's hundred provinces1 to found in ,rome itself a society1 and one1 too1 far more extensive than this great ,roman empire1 since it is to embrace all nations2 far more lasting1 since it is to endure for ever4 ,he is come to found a society1 by means of which all that he sees around him1 from the emperor to the slave1 shall be changed 7p4 #aja74 ,what madness can have inspired such a hope1 or what miracle1 real or simulated1 could fulfil it8 ,and that1 not in the golden age of pastoral simplicity1 in which men looked for wonders with an uncritical eye1 but amid the dregs of ,romulus1 when all the world seemed to have fallen together into the sere and yellow leaf4 ,he has two things within him1 for want of which society was perishing and man unhappy3 a certain knowledge of ,god as the ,creator1 ,ruler1 ,judge1 and ,rewarder of men2 and of man's soul made after the image and likeness of this ,god4 ,this ,god he has seen1 touched1 and handled upon earth2 has been an eye-witness of his majesty1 has received his message1 and bears his commission4 ,but whence had this despised foreigner received the double knowledge of ,god and of the soul1 so miserably lost 7as we have seen7 to this brilliant ,roman civilization8 ,in the latter years of ,augustus1 when the foundations of the imperial rule had been laid1 and the structure mainly raised by his practical wisdom1 there had dwelt a poor family in a small town of evil repute1 not far from the lake of the remote province where this fisherman plied his trade4 ,it consisted of an elderly man1 a youthful wife1 and one young child4 ,the man gained his livelihood as a carpenter1 and the child worked with him4 ,complete obscurity rested upon this household till the child grew to the age of thirty years 7p4 #ajd74 ,then follows in few words the history of his life1 death1 and resurrection4 ,these things the fisherman had #cgd seen1 and in this was the power which was to substitute a new life for the corrupt civilization of a world4 ,the details of the comparison which follows we may leave to be considered when the work is continued4 ,they are drawn out with great spirit1 thoughtfulness1 and artistic beauty4 ,for the comparison of the two systems in an individual1 ,mr4 ,allies selects on the one side ,cicero1 on the other ,st4 ,augustine4 ,an able reviewer has maintained that ,marcus ,aurelius was the person to compare with ,st ,augustine4 ,mr4 ,allies has given his reasons for not selecting either ,marcus ,aurelius or ,epictetus in the defective religious system of both4 ,there were1 however1 other grounds which seem to us even stronger4 ,to test what heathenism can do1 it was necessary that the example selected should1 as a chemist would say1 present not a trace of any other influence4 ,now this was impossible in the days of ,epictetus or ,aurelius4 ,christianity had then been taught and professed publicly and without restraint for many years1 with only occasional bursts of persecution since ,nero first declared war upon it4 ,its theology1 indeed1 was fully known only to the faithful1 but its moral code was publicly professed4 ,the ,christian teachers came before the people as philosophers4 ,it is absolutely certain that all the great ,stoics1 and especially the emperor1 must often and often have heard of the great moral and religious principles laid down by the ,christian teachers1 however imperfect was his knowledge of their religious practices4 ,but we have already had occasion to remark that men are driven1 whether they will or no1 to approve and admit these great principles when they are only publicly stated and maintained1 although certain not to have discovered them by their unassisted reason4 ,we cannot1 therefore1 but regard the religious and moral maxims of the later ,stoics as an imperfect reflection of the full light of ,christianity1 like the moonlight illuminating without warming1 but still taking such hold of the minds which have once embraced them1 that they could never be forgotten4 ,the life and practice of the imperial philosopher1 we have every reason to believe1 was1 for a man without the faith and the sacraments1 wonderfully high4 ,far be it from us to depreciate it1 for whatever there was in it that was really good we know resulted from that grace which is given even beyond the bounds of the ,church4 ,but our knowledge of details is most meagre1 while ,cicero we know probably more familiarly than any great man in whose intimacy we hare not lived4 ,the thoughts and speculations which approved themselves to the deliberate judgment of ,marcus ,aurelius1 these we know1 and in many respects they are wonderful4 ,of his life we know little more than he chose publicly to exhibit to his subjects4 ,the failings of ,cicero were petty and degrading2 but if he had been firmly seated on the throne of the ,caesars1 and if we had possessed no more exact details of his life than we do of the life of ,marcus ,aurelius1 we much doubt whether we should have been aware of them4 ,merivale says3 ,the high standard by which we claim to judge him is in itself the fullest acknowledgment of his transcendent merits2 for1 undoubtedly1 had he not placed himself on a higher level than the statesmen and sages of his day1 we should pass over many of his weaknesses in silence1 and allow his pretensions to our regard to pass almost unchallenged4 ,but we demand a nearer approach to the perfection of human wisdom and virtue in one who sought to approve himself as the greatest of their teachers4 ,he was condemned indeed by his heathen countrymen1 but their censure was rather of his greatness than his goodness1 and they would probably have been even more severe had he attained what he did not even aim at --,christian humility4 ,considering these things1 and especially that ,cicero belonged almost to #cge the last generation1 which was wholly uninfluenced by the reflected light of ,christianity and in which1 therefore1 we can to a considerable degree measure the real effects of heathen philosophy1 we venture to think that ,mr4 ,allies has judged well in comparing him as the model heathen with ,st4 ,augustine as the model ,christian4 ,the comparison is drawn with a masterly hand4 ,on the whole1 however1 we incline to think that the two last lectures are of the greatest practical value1 especially at the present crisis4 ,the salt by which ,christianity acts upon the world seems to be martyrdom and holy virginity4 ,both of them have been always in operation since the days of ,john the ,baptist4 ,but there are periods of comparative stillness in which martyrdom is hardly seen1 or at least only at the outposts of the ,christian host4 ,at such times1 it is by holy virginity that the ,church acts most directly and most powerfully upon the world4 ,this was the case in the ,roman empire as soon as persecution relaxed4 ,our author says3 ,a great ,christian writer ,st4 ,chrysostom1 who stood between the old pagan world and the new society which was taking its place1 and who was equally familiar with both1 made1 near the end of the fourth century1 the following observation3 ',the ,greeks had some few men1 though it was but few1 among them1 who1 by the force of philosophy1 came to despise riches2 and some1 too1 who could control the irascible part of man2 but the flower of virginity was nowhere to be found among them4 ,here they always gave precedence to us1 confessing that to succeed in such a thing was to be superior to nature and more than man4 ,hence their profound admiration for the whole ,christian people4 ,the ,christian host derived its chief lustre from this portion of its ranks4' ,and1 again1 he notes the existence1 in his time1 of three different sentiments respecting this institution4 ',the ,jews1' he says1 'turn with abhorrence from the beauty of virginity2 which indeed is no wonder1 since they treated with dishonor the very ,son of the ,virgin himself4 ,the ,greeks1 however1 admire it1 and look up to it with astonishment1 but the ,church of ,god alone cultivates it4' ,after fifteen hundred years we find the said sentiments in three great classes of the world4 ,the pagan nations1 among whom ,catholic missionaries go forth1 reproduce the admiration of ,greek and ,latin pagans2 they reverence that which they have not strength to follow1 and are often drawn by its exhibition into the fold4 ,but there are nations who likewise reproduce the ,jewish abhorrence of the virginal life4 ,and as the ,jews worshipped the unity of the ,godhead1 like the ,christians1 and so seemed to be far nearer to them than pagan idolaters1 and yet turned with loathing from this product of ,christian life1 so those nations might seem1 from the large portions of ,christian doctrine which they still hold1 to be nearer to ,christianity than the ,hindoo and the ,chinese2 and yet their contempt and dislike for the virginal life and its wonderful institutions seems to tell another tale4 ,but now1 as fifteen hundred years ago1 whether those outside admire or abhor1 the ,church alone cultivates the virginal life4 ,now1 as then1 it is her glory and her strength1 the mark of her ,lord1 and the standard of his power1 the most special sign of his presence and operation4 ',if1' says the same writer1 'you take away its seemliness and its continuity of devotion1 you cut the very sinews of the virginal estate2 so when it is possessed together with the best conduct of life1 you have in it the root and support of all good things3 just as a most fruitful soil nurtures a root1 so a good conduct bears the fruits of virginity4 ,or1 to speak with greater truth1 the crucified life is at once both its root and its fruit' 7p4 #chb74 ,we must conclude by expressing our deliberate conviction that no study #cgf can be more important at the present day than that of the change from heathen civilization to ,christendom1 the means by which it was brought about1 and the effects which it produced4 ,for in our day1 most eminently1 the ,protestant falling away is producing its fruits in restoring throughout all ,europe more and more of the special characteristics of heathen society4 ,we have not room at present to offer any proofs of this1 but we would beg every reader to observe for himself1 and we are confident that his experience will confirm what we say4 ,nor is it only ,catholics that are aware of this tendency4 ,a thoughtful writer in the ,saturday ,review1 six months back1 devoted a whole article to trace the points of resemblance between an educated ,english ,protestant of our day and a heathen of cultivated mind4 ,those who feel disposed at once to regard the idea as an insult are probably judging of heathen civilization by ,nero and ,domitian4 ,mr4 ,allies's book will at least dispel this delusion4 ,in fact1 it is only too obvious that there is1 even in our own day1 no want of plausibility in what is at the bottom only revived heathenism2 and in consequence of this remarkable resemblance1 nothing could be more strictly practical at the present moment than any studies which show us the old heathen civilization as it really was1 in its attractive as well as its repulsive qualities4 ------ ,from ,the ,month4 ,,saints ,,op ,,the ,,desert4 ,,by ,,the ,,rev4 ,j4 ,h4 ,,newman1 ,d4,d4 #a4 ,abbot ,antony said3 ,without temptation there is no entrance possible into the kingdom4 ,take away temptations1 and no one is in the saving way4 #b4 ,some one asked blessed ,arsenius1 ,how is it that we1 with all our education and accomplishments1 are so empty1 and these ,egyptian peasants are so full8 ,he made answer3 ,we have the world's outward training1 from which nothing is learned2 but theirs is a personal travail1 and virtue is its fruit4 #c4 ,it was heard by some that ,abbot ,agatho possessed the gift of discrimination4 ,therefore1 to make trial of his temper1 they said to him1 ,we are told that you are sensual and haughty4 ,he answered3 ,that is just it4 ,they said again1 ,are you not that ,agatho who has such a foul tongue8 ,he answered3 ,i am he4 ,then they said1 ,are you not ,agatho the heretic8 ,he made answer3 ,no4 ,then they asked him why he had been patient of so much1 yet would not put up with this last4 ,he answered3 ,by those ,i was but casting on me evil2 but by this ,i should be severing me from ,god4 #d4 ,holy ,epiphanius was asked why the commandments are ten1 and the beatitudes nine4 ,he answered3 ,the commandments are as many as the plagues of ,egypt2 but the beatitudes are a triple image of the ,holy ,trinity4 #e4 ,it was told to ,abbot ,theodore1 that a certain brother had returned to the world4 ,he answered3 ,marvel not at this1 but marvel rather that any one comes out of it4 #f4 ,the ,abbot ,sisoi said3 ,seek ,god1 and not his dwelling-place4 #g4 ,it is told of a certain senior1 that he wished to have a cucumber4 ,when he had got it1 he hung it up in his sight1 and would not touch it1 lest appetite should have the mastery of him4 ,thus he did penance for his wish4 ------ #cgg ,from ,the ,lamp4 ,,all-,,hallow ,,eve2 ,,or1 ,,the ,,test ,,of ,,futurity4 ,,by ,,robert ,,curtis4 ,,chapter ,,xviii4 ,new ,year's ,day is always a holiday4 ,and well it is for the girls and boys of a parish1 of a district1 of a county1 ay1 of all ,ireland1 if it should rise upon them in the glowing beauty of a cloudless sun4 ,then1 indeed1 the girls are drest in all their best4 ,many a new bright ribbon has been purchased on the previous market-day1 and many a twist and turn the congregation side of their bonnets has had4 ,a bow of new ribbon1 blue or red1 according to their complexion--for these country girls are no more fools in such a matter than their betters--has been held first to this side of their bonnet1 then to that2 then the long ends have been brought across the top this way1 then that way1 temporarily fastened with pins in the first instance1 until it is held at arm's-length1 with the head a little to one side1 to test the final position4 ,their petticoats have been swelled out by numbers1 not by crinoline1 which as yet was unknown1 even to the higher orders4 ,but be this as it may1 the girls of the townlands of ,rathcash1 ,rathcashmore1 and ,shanvilla made no contemptible turn-out upon the ,new ,year's day after ,tom ,murdock had returned from ,armagh4 ,the boys1 too1 were equally grand1 according to their style of dress4 ,some lanky1 thin-shanked fellows in loose trousers and high-low boots2 while the well-formed fellows1 with plump calves and fine ankles1 turned out in their new corderoy breeches1 woolen stockings1 and pumps4 ,i have confined myself to their lower proportions1 as in most cases the coats and rests were much of the same make1 though perhaps different in color and material1 while the well-brushed ,caroline hat was common to all4 ,conspicuous amongst the girls in the district in which our story sojourns1 were1 as a matter of course1 ,winny ,cavana and ,kate ,mulvey1 with some others of their neighbors who have not been mentioned1 and who need not be4 ,winny1 since the little episode respecting her refusal of ,tom ,murdock1 and his subsequent departure1 had led a very quiet1 meditative life4 ,she could not help remarking to herself1 however1 that she had somehow or other become still more intimate with ,kate ,mulvey than she had used to be2 but for this she could not account--though1 perhaps1 the reader can4 ,she had always been upon terms of intimacy with ,kate2 had frequently called there1 when time would permit1 and sat for half an hour1 or sometimes an hour1 chatting1 which was always reciprocated by ,kate1 whose time was more on her own hands4 ,in what then consisted the increase of intimacy can hardly be said4 ,perhaps it merely existed in ,winny's own wish that it should be so1 and the fact that one and the other1 on such occasions1 now always threw a cloak round her shoulders and accompanied her friend a piece of the way home4 ,sometimes1 when the day was tempting1 a decided walk would be proposed1 and then the bonnet was added to the cloak4 ,what formed the burden of their conversation in these chats1 which to a close observer might be said latterly to have assumed a confidential appearance1 must be so evident to the reader's capacity1 that no mystery need be observed on the subject4 ,to say the #cgh least1 ,emon-a-knock came in for a share of it1 and1 as a matter of almost necessity1 ,tom ,murdock was not altogether left out4 ,kate ,mulvey1 after the claircissement with ,winny1 believed she could do her friend some good without doing herself any harm1 a principle on which alone most people will act4 ,with this view she took an early opportunity to hint something to ,emon of the result of the interview between herself and ,winny1 and although she did it in a very casual1 and at the same time a clever1 manner1 she began to fear that so far as her friend's case was concerned1 she had done more harm than good4 ,the fact of ,tom ,murdock's proposal and rejection subsequent to the interview adverted to1 had not become public amongst the neighbors2 and before ,winny had an opportunity of telling it to ,kate1 ,emon had left his father's house1 to seek employment in the north4 ,it is not unlikely that he was tempted to this step by something which had fallen from ,kate ,mulvey respecting ,winny and ,tom ,murdock1 although the whole cat had not yet got out of the bag4 ,hitherto poor ,emon's heart had been kept pretty whole1 through what he considered a well-founded belief that ,winny ,cavana1 almost as a matter of course1 must prefer her handsome1 rich neighbor to a struggling laboring man like him4 ,tom1 he knew1 she saw almost every day1 while at best she only saw him for a few minutes on ,sundays after chapel4 ,emon knew the meaning of the word propinquity very well1 and he knew as well the danger of it4 ,he knew1 too1 that if there were no such odds against him1 he could scarcely dare aspire to the hand of the rich heiress of ,rathcash4 ,he knew the disposition of old ,ned ,cavana too well to believe that he would ever consent to a poor devil like him coming to coort his daughter4 ,he believed so thoroughly that all these things were against him1 that he had hitherto successfully crushed every rising hope within his breast4 ,he had schooled himself to look upon a match between ,tom ,murdock and ,winny ,cavana as a matter so natural1 that it would be nothing less than an act of madness to endeavor to counteract it4 ,what ,kate ,mulvey1 however1 had let slip had aroused a slumbering angel in his soul4 ,he was not wrong1 then1 after all1 in a secret belief that this girl did not like ,tom ,murdock over-much4 ,upon what he had founded that belief he could no more have explained--even to himself--than he could have dragged the moon down from heaven2 but he did believe it2 he even combatted it as a fatal delusion1 and yet it was true4 ,but how did this mend the matter as regarded himself8 ,not in the slightest degree1 except so far as that the man he most dreaded1 and had most reason to dread1 was no longer an acknowledged rival to his heart4 ,hopes he still had none4 ,but ,emon-a-knock was now in commotion4 ,the angel was awake1 and his heart trembled at a possibility which despair had hitherto hidden from his thoughts4 ,for some time past he had not only not avoided a casual meeting with ,winny1 but delighted in them with a safe1 if not altogether a happy1 indifference4 ,he looked upon her as almost betrothed to ,tom ,murdock2 circumstances and reports were so dovetailed into one another1 and so like the truth4 ,although there was really no difference in rank between him and ,winny1 except what her father's well-earned wealth justified the assumption of1 his position as a daily laborer kept him aloof from an intimacy of which those in circumstances more like her own could boast2 and poor ,emon felt that it was a matter for boast4 ,thus had he hitherto refrained from attempting to woo that bright particular star1 and his heart was comparatively safe4 ,but now--ay1 now--what was he to do8 ,fly1 ,fly said he2 ,i'll go seek for employment in the north4 #cgi ,to ,america1 ,india1 ,australia--anywhere6 ,kate ,mulvey may have meant it as kindness2 but it would have been more kind to have let me alone4 ,this horrible knowledge of that one fact will break my heart4 ,and ,emon-a-knock did fly4 ,but it was no use4 ,there were many reasons quite unconnected with ,winny ,cavana which rendered a more speedy return than he had intended unavoidable4 ,a stranger beyond the precincts of his own pariah1 he found it impossible to procure permanent employment amongst those who were better known1 and who belonged to the place--a great consideration in the minds of the ,irish1 high and low4 ,the bare necessaries of life1 too1 were more expensive in the north than about his own home2 and for the few days' employment which he got1 he could scarcely support himself1 while his father and family would feel the loss of his share of the earnings at home4 ,no2 these two separate establishments would never do4 ,he could gain nothing by it but the gnawing certainty of never seeing1 even at a distance1 her in whom he now began to feel that his heart delighted4 ,besides1 he could manage to avoid her altogether by going to his own chapel2 yes1 he felt it a duty he owed to his father not to let him fight life's battle alone1 and--he returned4 ,we question whether this duty to his father was his sole motive2 and we shall see whether he did not subsequently consider it a duty to prefer the good preaching of ,father ,roche1 of ,rathcash1 to the somewhat indifferent discourses of good ,father ,farrell in his own chapel4 ,emon had not been more than ten days or a fortnight away1 and he was now following the usual routine1 of a day idle and a day working1 which had marked his life before he went4 ,but we were talking of a ,new ,year's day1 and it will be far spent if we do not return to it at once1 and so we shall lose the thread of our story4 ,the day1 as we had wished a few pages back1 had risen in all the beauty of a cloudless sun4 ,there had been a slight frost the night before1 but as these slight frosts seldom bring rain until the third morning1 the country people were quite satisfied that the promise of a fine day on this occasion would not be broken4 ,the chapel-bells of ,rathcash and ,shanvilla might be heard sounding their dear and cheerful call to their respective parishioners that the hour of worship had drawn near1 and the well-dressed1 happy congregation might be seen in strings along the road and across the pathways through the fields1 in their gayest costume1 laughing and chatting with an unbounded confidence in the faithfulness of the sky4 ,tom ,murdock1 the reader knows1 had returned1 but he had not as yet seen ,winny ,cavana4 ,one ,sunday had intervened2 but upon his father's advice he had refrained from going for that wan ,sunda' to chapel4 ,neither1 on the same advice1 had he gone near old ,ned's house4 ,the old man--that is1 old ,murdock--had endeavored to spread a report that his son ,tom was engaged to be married to a very rich girl in ,armagh4 ,he took his own views of all matters1 whether critical or simple1 and had his own way of what he called managing them4 ,he was not very wrong in some of his ideas1 but he sometimes endeavored to carry them out too persistently1 after anybody else would have seen their inutility4 ,on this ,new ,year's day1 too1 he had hinted something about his son's not going to mass1 but ,tom would not be controlled1 and quickly shut up' that is the fashionable phrase now-a-days--the old man upon the subject4 ,his opinion1 and he did not care to hide it1 was1 that he did not see why he should be made a mope of by ,winny ,cavana1 or any other conceited piece of goods like her4 ,his father's pride came to his aid in this instance1 and he gave way4 ,rathcash chapel was a crowded place of worship that day4 ,amongst #chj the congregation1 as a matter of coarse1 were ,winny ,cavana and ,kate ,mulvey1 both conspicuous by their beauty and solemnity4 ,tom ,murdock1 too1 was there2 doubtless he was handsome1 and he was solemn also1 but his solemnity was of a different description4 ,it was that generated by disappointment1 with a dream of villany in perspective4 ,tom was not a coward1 even under the nervous influence of rejected love4 ,physically1 he was not one in the matters of everyday life2 and morally1 he wanted rectitude to be one when he ought4 ,he therefore resolved to meet ,winny ,cavana1 as she came out of chapel1 as much as possible as if nothing had happened1 and to endeavor to improve the acquaintance as opportunity might permit4 ,he purposed to himself to walk home with her1 and determined1 if possible1 that at least a friendly intercourse should not be interrupted between them4 ,emon-a-knock had steadily kept his resolution1 notwithstanding our doubts1 and had not gone to ,rathcash chapel for the last four or five ,sundays2 he was even beginning to think that ,father ,farrell1 after all1 was not quite so much below ,father ,roche as a preacher4 ,at length there was a rustling of dresses and a shuffling of feet upon the floor1 which proclaimed that divine worship had ended2 and the congregation began to pour out of ,rathcash chapel--men in their dark coats and ,caroline hats1 and women in their best bonnets and cloaks4 ,tom ,murdock was out almost one of the first1 and sauntered about1 greeting some of the more distant neighbors whom he had not seen since his return4 ,at length ,winny and ,kate made their appearance4 ,winny would have hurried on1 but ,kate stepped short1 until ,tom had time to observe their approach4 ,he came forward with more cowardice in his heart than he had ever felt before1 and ,winny's reception of him was not calculated to reassure him4 ,kate was next him1 and held out her hand promptly and warmly4 ,winny could scarcely refuse to hold out hers2 but there was neither promptness nor warmth in her manner4 ,an awkward silence ensued on both sides1 until ,kate1 with more anxiety on her own behalf than tact or consideration on her friend's1 broke in with half a score of inquiries1 very kindly put1 as to his health--the very long time he was away--how the neighbors all missed him so much--what he had been doing--how he left his aunt--how he liked ,armagh1 etc1 ending with a hope that he had come home to remain4 ,winny was glad she had so good a spokeswoman with her1 and did not offer a single observation in her aid4 ,to say the truth1 there was neither need nor opportunity2 for ,kate seemed perfectly able1 and not unwilling1 to monopolize the conversation4 ,tom endeavored to be sprightly and at his ease1 but made some observations far from applicable to the subjects upon which his loquacious companion had addressed him4 ,he had hoped that when they came to the end of the lane turning up to their houses1 that ,kate ,mulvey would have gone toward her own home1 and that he must then have had a word with ,winny alone2 but the manner in which she hastened her step past the turn1 saying1 ,kate2 you know we are engaged to have a walk 'our lone' today1 showed him that no amelioration of her feelings had taken place toward him2 and without saying more than ,well1 this is my way1 he turned and left them4 ,bully-dhu was standing near the end of ,winny's house1 looking from him2 and as he recognized his mistress on the road1 commenced to wag his huge tail1 as if asking permission to accompany them4 ,call him1 ,winny1 said ,kate2 he may be of use to us2 and1 at all events1 he will be company1 and she laid a strong emphasis upon the last word4 ,winny complied1 and called the dog as loud #cha as she could4 ,poor ,bully wanted but the wind of the word1 and tore down the lane with his mouth wide open1 and his tail describing large circles in the air4 ,he had well-nigh knocked down ,tom ,murdock as he passed1 but he did not mind that2 and bounding out upon the road1 cut such capers round ,winny as were seldom seen1 keeping up at the same time a sort of growling bark1 until the enthusiasm of his joy at the permission had subsided4 ,,chapter ,,xix4 ,winny and ,kate had agreed to take a long walk after mass on the day in question4 ,this was not a mere trick of ,winny's to get rid of ,tom ,murdock4 ,certainly they had not agreed that it should be their lone2 this was as chance might have it2 and it was a gratuitous addition of ,winny's1 as calculated to attain her object2 and we have seen how promptly she succeeded4 ,the day was fine1 and they now wandered along the road1 so engaged in chat that they scarcely knew how far they were from home4 ,they had turned down a cross-road before they came to ,shanvilla1 the little village where ,emon-a-knock lived4 ,kate would have gone on straight1 but ,winny could not be induced to do so4 ,kate had her own reasons for wishing to go on1 while ,winny had hers for being determined not2 so they turned down the road to their left1 intending1 as they had ,bully-dhu with them1 to come home through the mountain-pass by ,boher-na-milthiogue4 ,they had chat enough for the whole road4 ,prayers had been over early1 although it was second mass2 and the country people generally dine later on a holiday than usual4 ,it gives the boys and girls more time to meet and chat and part1 and in some instances to make new acquaintances4 ,but whether it had been agreed upon or not1 ,winny and ,kate appeared likely to have their walk alone upon this occasion2 and as neither of them could choose their company1 they were not sorry to find the road they had chosen less frequented than the one they had left4 ,bully-dhu scampered through the fields at each side of them1 and sometimes on a long distance in front1 occasionally running back to a turn to see if they were coming4 ,they were now beyond two miles from home1 and two-and-a-half more would have completed the circle they had intended to take2 but they were destined to return by the same way they came1 and in no comfortable or happy plight4 ,they were descending a gentle hill when1 at some distance below them1 they perceived a number of young men engaged playing at what they call long bullets4 ,they would instinctively have turned back1 not wishing1 unattended as they were except by ,bully-dhu1 to run the gauntlet of so many young men upon the roadside1 most of whom must be strangers2 but the said ,bully-dhu had been enjoying himself considerably in advance1 and they called and called to no purpose4 ,they could not whistle2 and if ,bully heard them call1 he did not heed them4 ,he had seen a large brindled mastiff coming toward him from the crowd with his back up1 and a growl of defiance which he could not mistake4 ,bully was no coward at any time2 but on this occasion his courage was more than manifest1 being1 as he considered1 in sole charge of his mistress and her friend4 ,he was not certain but his antagonist's attack might be directed as much against them as against himself2 and he stood upon the defensive1 with his back up also1 the hairs of which1 from behind his ears to the butt of his tail1 bristled like quills upon the fretful porcupine4 ,an encounter was now inevitable4 ,the mastiff had shown a determination that nothing but a death-struggle should be the result1 and rushed with open mouth and a roar of confident superiority upon his #chb weaker rival4 ,it was no even match2 nothing but poor ,bully-dhu's indomitable courage and activity could enable him to stand a single combat with his antagonist for five minutes4 ,the first snarling and growling on both sides had now subsided1 and they were locked in each other's arms in a silent rolling struggle for life or death4 ,a dog-fight of even the most minor description has charms for a crowd of youngsters2 and of course the long bullets were left to take care of themselves1 and all the players1 as well as the spectators1 now ran up the road to witness this contest1 which was1 indeed1 far from a minor concern4 ,poor ,winny had screamed when she saw her dog first rolled by so furious and1 as she saw at once1 so superior a foe4 ,she would have rushed forward but that ,kate restrained her1 as both dangerous and useless4 ,she therefore threw herself against the bank of the ditch by the roadside1 continuing to call out for ,god's sake for somebody to save her poor dog4 ,was there no person there who knew her1 and would save him8 ,the crowd had by this time formed a ring round the infuriated animals4 ,some there were who would have been obedient to ,winny's call for help2 but the case at present admitted of no relief4 ,notwithstanding poor ,bully-dhu's pluck and courage1 he had still the worst of it2 in fact1 his was altogether a battle of defence1 while that of the mastiff was one of ferocious attack4 ,he had seized ,bully in the first instance at an advantage by the side of the neck under the ear1 meeting his teeth through the skin1 while the blood flowed freely from the wound1 coloring the mud of the road a dark crimson round where they fought1 and nearly choking the mastiff himself1 as he was occasionally rolled under in the strife4 ,now they were upon their hind-legs again1 wrestling like two stout boys for a fall2 now ,bully was down1 and the mastiff rolled his head from side to side1 tightening his grip1 while the bloody froth besmeared himself and his victim1 as he might now almost be called4 ,some men at this point1 more humane than the rest1 took hold of the mastiff by the tail1 while others struck him on the nose with a stick4 ,they might as well have struck the rocks love ,slieve-dhu or ,slieve-bawn4 ,the mastiff was determined upon death1 and death he seemed likely to have4 ,his master was there1 and seemed anxious to separate them4 ,he even permitted him to be struck on the nose1 claiming the privilege only of choosing the thickness of the stick4 ,he's loosening1 boys6 said one fellow2 he's tired of that hoult1 an' can do no more with it2 stan' back1 boys1 an' give the black dog fair play1 he's not bet yet2 he never got a grip iv th' other dog yet2 give him fair play1 boys1 an' he'll do good business yet4 ,there6 ,tiger's out iv him now1 and the black dog has him2 be gorra1 he's a game dog any way1 boys6 ,i dunna who owns him4 ,this man seemed to be an expert in dog-fighting4 ,tiger had got tired of the hold he had had1 and1 considering a fresh grip would be better1 not by any means influenced by the blows he had received on the nose1 had given way2 believing1 ,i do suppose1 that he had already so mastered his antagonist1 that he could seize him again at pleasure4 ,but he had reckoned without his host4 ,bully-dhu took advantage of the relief to turn on him1 and seized him pretty much in the same way he had been seized himself1 and with quite as much ferocity and determination4 ,hie fight did not now seem so unequal2 they had grip for grip1 and there was a general cry amongst the crowd to let them see it out4 ,indeed1 there appeared to be no alternative1 for they had both resisted every exertion to separate them4 ,it's no use1 boys1 said the expert2 you might cut them in pieces1 an' they wouldn't quit1 except to get a better hoult2 if you want to part them1 hold them by the tails1 an' watch for #chc the loosening of wan or th' other1 an' then drag them away4 ,stan' back1 boys1 said another4 ,the black dog's not bet yet2 stan' back1 ,i say6 ,bully-dhu had made a great rally of it4 ,it was now evident that he would have made a much better fight from the first1 if he had not been seized at an advantage which prevented him from turning his head to seize his foe in return4 ,they had been by this time nearly twenty minutes in deadly conflict2 and the mastiff's superior strength and size began now to tell fearfully against poor ,bully-dhu4 ,he had shaken himself completely out of ,bully1 and made a fresh grip1 not far from the first1 but still nearer the throat4 ,the matter seemed now coming to a close1 and the result no longer doubtful4 ,every one saw that if something could not be done to disengage ,tiger from that last grip1 the black dog must speedily be killed4 ,here ,winny1 who heard the verdict from the crowd1 could be restrained no longer1 and rushed forward praying for some one1 for them all1 to try and save her dog4 ,they all declared it was a pity2 that he was a grand dog1 but no match for the mastiff4 ,some recommended one thing1 some another4 ,tiger was squeezed1 and struck on the nose2 a stick was forced into his mouth1 with a hope of opening his teeth and loosening his hold2 but it was all useless1 and poor ,winny gave up all for lost1 in a fit of sobbing and despair4 ,here a man1 who had not originally been of the party1 was seen running at full speed down the hill4 ,it was ,emon-a-knock1 who at this juncture had come accidentally upon the top of the hill immediately above them1 and at once recognizing some of the party on the road1 rushed forward to the rescue4 ,he cast but a glance at the dogs4 ,he knew them both1 and how utterly hopeless a contest it must be for ,bully-dhu4 ,like an arrow from a bow1 he flew to a cabin hard by1 and seizing a half-lighted sod of turf from the fire1 he returned to the scene4 ,now1 boys1 he cried1 hold them fast by the tails and hind-legs1 and ,i'll soon separate them4 ,two men seized them--,tiger's own master was one4 ,although there were many young men there who would have looked on with savage pleasure at an even fight between two well-matched dogs1 even to the death1 there was not one who could wish to stand by and see a noble dog killed without a chance by a superior foe1 and they all hailed ,emon-a-knock1 from his confident and decisive manner1 as a timely deliverer4 ,the dogs having been drawn by two strong men to their full length1 but still fastened by the deadly grip of the mastiff on ,bully-dhu's throat1 ,emon blew the coal1 and applied it to ,tiger's jaw4 ,this was too much for him4 ,he could understand squeezes1 and even blows on the nose and head1 or perhaps in the excitement he never felt them2 but the lighted coal he could not stand1 and yielding at once to the pain1 he let go his hold4 ,the dogs were then dragged away to a distance2 ,emon-a-knock carrying poor ,bully-dhu in his arms1 more dead than alive1 to where ,winny sat distracted on the roadside4 ,o ,emon6 he's dead or dying6' she cried1 as the exhausted animal lay gasping by her side4 ,he's neither6 almost roared ,emon2 have you a fippenny-bit1 ,winny1 or ,kate8 if ,i had one myself1 ,i wouldn't ask you4 ,yes1 yes1 exclaimed ,winny1 taking an old bead-purse from her pocket1 and giving him one4 ,she knew not what it was for1 but her confidence in ,emon's judgment was unbounded1 and her heart felt some relief when it was not a needle and thread he asked for4 ,here1 said ,emon to a gossoon1 who stood looking at the dog1 be off like a hare to ,biddy ,muldoon's for a naggin of whiskey1 and you may have the change for yourself1 if you're back in less than no time2 make her put it in a bottle1 not a cup1 that you may #chd run the whole way without spilling it4 ,the boy started off1 not very unlike--either in pace or appearance--to the animal he was desired to resemble1 for he had a cap made of one of their skins4 ,emon-a-knock1 although a very steady1 temperate young man1 was not altogether so much above his compeers in the district as not to know where a dhrop was kept1 which1 to the uninitiated 7,english1 of course71 means a sheebeen house4 ,perhaps1 to them1 ,i am only explaining one thing by another which equally requires explanation4 ,during the interval of the boy's absence1 ,emon-a-knock was examining the wounds in poor ,bully-dhu's neck and throat4 ,the dog still lay gasping1 and occasionally scrubbling with his fore-legs1 and kicking with his hind1 while ,winny reiterated her belief that he was dying4 ,emon now contradicted her rather flatly4 ,he knew she would excuse the rudeness from the hope which it held forth4 ,there will be nothing on him to signify indeed1 ,winny1 after a little1 he said kindly1 feeling that he had been harsh but a moment before2 see1 he is not even torn2 only cut in four places4 ,in four places6 ,o ,emon1 in four8 ,yes2 but they are only where the other dog's teeth entered1 and came through2 see1 they are only holes2 the dog is quite exhausted1 but will soon come round4 ,come here1 ,winny1 and feel him yourself4 ,winny stretched over1 and ,emon took her hand to guide it to the spots where her poor dog had been wounded4 ,poor ,bully looked up at her1 and feebly endeavored to wag his tail1 and ,winny smiled and wept together4 ,emon was a very long time explaining to her precisely where the wounds were1 and how they must have been inflicted2 and he found it necessary to hold her hand the whole time4 ,whether ,winny1 in the confusion of her grief1 knew that he did so1 nobody but herself can tell4 ,three or four persons who knew ,winny had kindly come up to see how the dog was1 and the expert amongst them1 with so much confidence that he was going to set him on his legs at once4 ,but ,emon had taken special charge of him1 and would not suffer so premature an experiment1 nor the interference of any other doctor4 ,but here comes the gossoon with the whiskey1 like a hare indeed1 across the fields1 and his middle finger stuck in the neck of the bottle by way of a cork4 ,emon took it from him1 and claiming the assistance of the expert1 whom he had just now repudiated1 for a few moments to hold his head1 he placed the neck of the bottle in ,bully-dhu's mouth4 ,he poured the least taste in life down his throat1 and with his hand washed his jaws and tongue copiously with the spirits4 ,with a sort of yelp poor ,bully made a struggle and a plunge1 and rose to his feet4 ,winny held out her hand to him1 and he staggered over toward her1 looking up in her face1 and wagging his tail4 ,i told you so1 said ,emon2 get me a handful of salt4 ,the same cabin which had supplied the live coal was applied to by the gossoon 7who kept the change71 and it was quickly brought4 ,emon then rubbed some into the wounds1 in spite of ,winny's remonstrances as to the pain1 and the dog's own unequivocal objections to the process4 ,matters were now really on the mend4 ,bully-dhu shook himself1 looking after the crowd with a growl2 and even ,winny had no doubt that ,emon's prescriptions had been necessary and successful4 ,the sooner you get home now with him1 ,winny1 the better1 said ,emon4 ,you are not going to leave us1 ,emon8 said ,winny1 doubtingly4 #che ,certainly not1 he replied2 the poor dog is still very weak1 and may require rest1 if not help1 by the way4 ,he then took a red cotton handkerchief from his pocket1 and tying it loosely round the dog's neck1 he held the other end of it in his hand1 and they all set out together for ,rathcash4 ,the handkerchief1 ,emon said1 would both keep the air from the wounds1 and help to sustain the dog on his legs4 ,but he may have had some idea in his mind that it would also serve as an excuse for his accompanying them to the very furthest point possible on their road home4 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 ------ ,from ,london ,society4 ,,tender ,,and ,,true ,,and ,,tried4 ,tender and true4 ,you kept faith with me1 ,as ,i kept faith with you2-- ,though over us both ,since we plighted troth ,long years have rolled3-- ,but our love could hold ,through troubles and trials manifold1 ,my darling tender and true6 ,tender and true1 ,in your eyes ,i gazed1 ,and my heart was safe1 ,i knew6 ,your trusting smile ,was pure of guile1 ,and ,i read in sooth ,on your brow's fair youth ,the earnest of loyal trust and truth1 ,my darling tender and true6 ,tender and true4 ,all my own at last6 ,my blessing for all life through-- ,in death as life ,my one loved wife-- ,mine--mine at last1 ,all troubles past-- ,and the future all happiness1 deep and vast4 ,my darling tender and true6 -------- #chf ,translated from ,etudes ,religieuses1 ,historiques1 et ,littraires1 par des ,pres de la ,compagnie de ,jsus4 ,a ,,ride ,,through ,,calcutta ,,and ,,its ,,vicinity4 ,,letter ,,from ,a ,,father ,,of ,,the ,,province ,,of ,,belgium1 ,,missionary ,,at ,,calcutta4 ,you ask me for a little information concerning this country and our ordinary life in this climate4 ,i am entirely at your disposal for this whole afternoon1 if you will come and join me at the college of ,st4 ,francis ,xavier1 ,no4 #aj ,park street1 ,calcutta4 ,it is warm there4 ,the thermometer ,i have just consulted stands #cg centigrades in the shade4 ,look where you may from my windows1 you see nothing but white houses which1 turned toward the four winds of heaven1 have no other shade but that of their cornice2 and a little further on1 in an old cemetery1 some fifty obelisks lit up on their four faces1 so vertical is our sun6 ,hence1 though lightly clad--a white calico soutane1 without buttons1 a white girdle1 white pantaloons1 and white shoe--we still feel enough of the tropical heat of the dog-star4 ,happily1 we have the breeze1 which1 although it does not lower the thermometer any1 refreshes us considerably4 ,but it does not always blow2 and when it stops1 the floor is watered with drops of perspiration as big as two-franc pieces4 ,those who would then make up for the breeze have themselves ponka-ed4 ,ponka-ed8 what is that8 ,to understand it1 you will enter ,father ,stochman's abode4 ,he is seated all in white1 at his desk1 in the middle of a large room2 over his bald head1 at a little less than a metre1 is hung a large white triangle1 three metres long horizontally1 and one metre in height2 a cord is fastened to it there1 passes into the hollow of a pulley fixed to the wall1 and terminates at a crouching ,indian1 clad in his dusky skin and a strip of stuff around his loins4 ,this human machine has no other occupation than to pull the cord which balances continually over ,father ,stochman's head the other rectangular machine that ,i have described to you1 which is called a ponka4 ,now1 do not suppose that ,father ,stochman is a ,sybarite4 ,there are ponkas here everywhere3 in the parlor1 in the refectory1 and many persons have themselves ponkaed in their bed the whole night long4 ,these instruments are not in use in ,catholic churches1 but every parishioner1 male and female1 continually uses the fan1 which by extension is likewise called a ponka4 ,other countries1 other customs2 a ponka is here more necessary than a coat2 whereas1 on the other hand1 there is not a single chimney in the whole house4 ,no chimney1 you will say2 do you1 then1 eat your rice quite raw8 ,to that question ,i have two answers2 first1 the kitchen1 with us as with our neighbors1 is not in the house1 but in the compound--that is to say1 in the vast inclosure that surrounds the dwelling4 ,then ,i will furthermore observe1 that even in the kitchen there is no chimney4 ,these black ,indians1 who are our cooks1 are accustomed to make fire without troubling themselves about the smoke1 which escapes wherever it can1 through the windows1 through the crevices1 anywhere and everywhere4 ,if you were1 like me1 philosopher enough to eat whatever comes before you1 ,i would introduce you into that kitchen2 but ,i think you would not care to enter that dingy #chg hole1 lest you should for ever lose your appetite4 ,let us leave the ,indians in their den1 and go sit down under the ponka in the refectory4 ,to-day they will serve us with mutton and fowl2 to-morrow with fowl and mutton2 now and then with fowl only4 ,as regards vegetables1 yon shall see them successively of all kinds2 but1 if you take my advice1 you will not touch them2 they have no other taste than that of stagnant water4 ,beside the morning repast and the dinner1 which is at half-past three o'clock1 we have two other meals a day4 ,one at noon1 under the name of tiffin1 is composed1 in the maximum1 of a glass of beer1 a crust of bread1 and some fruit2 for some amongst us1 it is reduced to but one of those three things2 for many others1 and myself in particular1 to nothing at all4 ,the other repast1 at eight in the evening1 consists of a cup of coffee1 with or without bread4 ,and now let us quit this abode of misery1 no more to return4 ,come and see my chamber4 ,it has no ponka1 but four windows1 open day and night2 two to the south1 where the sun does not enter1 and two to the east1 where the ,persians forbid him access in the morning4 ,my bed is a species of large sofa1 upon which there is a nondescript article1 that is neither a pattiass nor a mattrass4 ,it is a flat sack1 eight or nine inches thick1 and stuffed with hair2 over it two linen sheets 7a luxury here1 where most people use but one7 and a pillow as hard as the mattrass4 ,but best of all are the four posts supporting a horizontal rectangle from which is hung the mosquito net4 ,the mosquito net is used here all the year round4 ,it is a piece of net fastened below the mattrass4 ,behind1 that frail rampart1 if happily there be no rent in it anywhere1 you enjoy the pleasure of hearing the mosquitoes buzzing about powerless and exasperated4 ,in ,december and ,january1 there are clouds of them2 but1 hearing them1 you appreciate that verse of ,tibullus3 ,quam juvat immites ventos audire cubantem6 ,what is a mosquito8 ,it is the cousin-german of your gnats in ,europe1 generally a little smaller1 but quite the same in form2 it sings and stings like them2 only its sting is a little more painful1 and is followed by a larger and more lasting tumor4 ,nothing can secure you against its attacks2 it can dart its sting even through a double covering of linen4 ,these insects are not my only room-mates4 ,there are now1 in addition thereto1 some millions of red and black ants1 hundreds of which ,i every day crush1 but all in vain2 there are lizards1 which are not dumb as in ,europe1 but give utterance1 now and then1 to a short song4 ,these lizards apply themselves to hunt the insects1 so that ,i am very careful not to hunt themselves4 ,in my chamber1 moreover1 there are horrible beetles--large insects of a dark brown color1 four or five inches long1 which have the privilege of inspiring universal disgust4 ,to love them1 one should be as poetical as ,m4 ,victor ,hugo1 who had an affection for the toad1 poor meek-eyed monger4 ,there are little white fishes1 insects that do not live in water1 but are particularly abundant during rainy weather4 ,these fishes1 little as they are1 contrive to make large holes in cloth and in stuffs4 ,during the night ,i sometimes hear rats and mice prowling around2 the mosquito net protects me from their assaults4 ,as for bats1 owls1 and other such nocturnal visitors1 ,i do not think they ever come in through our open windows4 ,birds of prey are very numerous here1 and wherever ,i am in my chamber1 ,i know not how many are watching me from the top of the adjacent buildings4 ,crows are another species of bird as interesting as they are dreary4 ,they inhabit the riversides where the ,indians throw their dead2 two1 three1 or more of them are often seen in the water1 looking as though they were sailing on some invisible bark2 that bark is a dead body1 which they slice amongst them as they #chh go4 ,sometimes the jackals1 along the river1 dispute this horrible prey with them1 and you might see these animals1 at some distance from the city1 trotting along with human limbs across their mouth4 ,in the city1 the crows live on offal of all kinds2 they are often found assembled round kitchen doors2 during our meals there are always twenty or thirty of them before our refectory4 ,there they seem to beg for crusts of bread1 bones1 etc1 and willingly receive whatever is thrown to them4 ,the kites1 less numerous and less bold1 but much more voracious1 mount guard with them1 and often fly away with what the poor crows had picked up from the ground4 ,in revenge1 it is really a pleasure to see a kite gnaw a bone which he has thus purloined4 ,if he does not take care to perform that operation high up in the air1 he is invariably flanked by two crows1 one of which keeps constantly pulling him behind to make him angry1 whilst the other avails himself of this artifice to peck at the bone in the very claws of the kite4 ,after a while1 the crows change parts1 and each in his turn becomes the assailant4 ,i perceive at this moment in our court another bird1 less common than the two preceding species1 but still not at all rare4 ,the name it usually bears here is that of adjutant2 in other places the much more picturesque name of philosopher is given to it4 ,in order to form an idea of it1 give an ordinary heron the size of a small ostrich2 the bill is ten inches wide and from fifty to sixty long2 the claws and the legs1 white and thin1 are more than three feet high2 the neck almost always bent1 and forming a crop1 has a development of from sixty to seventy inches4 ,between these two extremities place a big white body with large wings of a dark-gray color1 and you shall have pretty nearly the adjutant or philosopher4 ,apropos to the description of my domicile1 ,i have been led to give you a course of natural history2 let us go on to something else4 ,there is no other curiosity in my chamber1 if it be not the two partitions which1 with the walls of the house1 form the inclosure4 ,these partitions are but two yards in height1 whilst the ceiling is more than five2 they are generally arranged in this way1 so as to give a free passage to the breeze4 ,in descending1 let us take a look at the bathing rooms1 about a dozen in number1 in which there is not a single bath1 but large vases of baked clay1 always full of water1 and small copper vases1 that contain about a quart4 ,you stand on the pavement1 and1 dipping the small vase into the larger one1 pour the contents of it fifty times or so on your head4 ,this is called taking a bath4 ,it is said to be very wholesome2 every one in this country takes their daily bath--except me1 who have no time2 so every one has been more or less sick1 except me1 for the same reason4 ,before going out1 a word on the pupils of our college4 ,they are two hundred and twenty1 the great majority of whom are ,catholics4 ,most of the names have an ,english aspect2 but you will also hear ,portuguese1 ,french1 and ,armenian names1 borne respectively by white1 black1 bronze1 and brown skins4 ,english is the common language2 the ,french pupils themselves speak it more fluently than their mother tongue1 and most of them know only as much of ,bengalese and ,hindostanese as is necessary to make themselves understood by their ,indian domestics4 ,the costumes are varied enough2 but as for the ,indians1 one may say that white1 and especially white calico1 constitutes their wardrobe1 notwithstanding that some dark or pale colors are seen here and there4 ,let us set out4 ,here are our young people coming in for recreation1 and ,i would spare your ears one of my daily torments4 ,it were impossible to find on the ,european continent people more destitute of all musical judgment than our pupils4 ,it is not taste they want1 but good taste4 ,several of them have an instrument like the #chi accordeon which is called the concertina4 ,they have the courage to spend all their recreations1 for three months and more1 playing always the same air4 ,i have thus heard ,god save the ,queen thousands of times4 ,once would have sufficed to disgust you with it for ever2 you may just imagine what liking ,i have for it4 ,but it is time to go for our walk4 ,the ,english took a very simple way of making ,calcutta4 ,they marked out a broad circular road1 to fix its boundary4 ,three ,hindoo villages1 ,fort ,william1 and some ,european factories1 were inclosed within it2 time has done the rest4 ,within the inclosure1 the construction of the houses is subject to police regulations2 straw roofs are prohibited1 tiles required1 etc2 all that annoys the ,hindoo1 who likes better to take up his quarters on the other side of the circular road2 and in this way the suburbs are formed4 ,the ,european city1 on its side1 has grown larger every day4 ,five years ago1 our college was at the very extremity of the city2 now1 it is nearly in the centre2 the new houses have occupied all the free space1 and1 in some places even go beyond the circular road4 ,a year and a half since1 a group of ,hindoo huts1 situate about one hundred paces from the college1 disappeared to make place for a public tank1 which furnishes us with water4 ,the transformation is slow1 but sure4 ,so much for ,english tact2 they have made ,calcutta a palatial city1 and such its name implies--the city of palaces4 ,it is1 moreover1 an immense city2 the streets are of fabulous length1 thanks to the mode of construction employed here4 ,i believe1 indeed1 that if ,paris were built on the same system1 it would extend itself as far as the natural frontiers4 ,in those long streets circulates a numerous and very mixed population1 as in all great maritime places4 ,if you please1 we will busy ourselves to-day with the ,indians only4 ,we distinguish them here into two great classes2 the ,mohammedans and the ,hindoos4 ,they are easily recognized in the streets4 ,the ,mohammedans wear a beard2 they have usually on their head a cap a little larger than that of the priests in ,belgium1 but which1 having only one seam forming an edge1 is a little less spherical4 ,the rich have caps embroidered with gold and silver1 often very costly2 the poor make theirs of two pieces of grayish-white calico4 ,as for the women1 ,i know not by what sign to recognize them1 unless1 perhaps1 by the seams of a portion of their garments4 ,for the rest1 no ,indian woman1 poor or rich1 appears in the streets4 ,the ,hindoos1 all idolaters1 wear no beard on their chin1 but only moustaches and sometimes whiskers4 ,in case of mourning for the death of a parent1 they shave all1 and even the hair from the fore part of the skull4 ,the rest of the hair is generally drawn back and gathered in a knot4 ,the men go almost always bareheaded2 sometimes they make themselves a turban of a large piece of calico gracefully enough wound around4 ,the rich dress in muslin2 unbelievers wear leather shoes1 ,footnote #ee the others wooden sandals4 ,the poor have a cord around their loins1 which the rich replace by a silver chain1 that they never leave off4 ,one or more keys are usually attached to it4 ,between this cord and the skin they thrust the edge of a piece of calico as long and as wide as a bed-sheet1 and which goes first round and half round the legs2 the men pass between their legs what remains of the sheet and fasten the end of it to the cord or to the silver chain2 the women throw this same remainder of the stuff over one shoulder and the head1 so as to cover the chest4 ,all go barefoot2 many men have necklaces1 the women wear on their ankles two large rings of copper or silver2 they have1 beside1 a profusion of necklaces1 bracelets1 rings in the ears and even in the #cij nostrils4 ,this costume forms their essential and ordinary apparel4 ,footnote #ee3 ,leather is an abomination to a devout ,hindoo4 ,from the month of ,november till the month of ,march1 the ,indians have a season which they call winter4 ,at #bj they are cold1 at #ae they shiver1 at #ab or #ac they are frozen4 ,you should see1 in the morning1 the masons1 carpenters1 and other workmen1 residing usually in the country1 coming into town all muffled up in one or two extra bed-sheets1 their mouth and nose completely hidden1 and looking so much like being cold1 that after some years the ,europeans themselves 7sad effect of bad example67 end by persuading themselves that it is cold here in winter1 and even catch a little cold here and there4 ,the domestics also try then to obtain some cast-off garments1 in which they wrap themselves up without any regard for aesthetics4 ,the porter of the college1 who may be recognized by his red skull-cap and small white band worn as a shoulder-belt1 characteristic of the caste of ,brahmins1 asked ,father ,stochman last year for one of his old soutanes4 ,a little bera 7servant7 strutted about the other day in his master's old paletot4 ,the master is thirty-five1 the bera seven4 ,the meteurs 7room sweepers1 etc7 cover themselves with everything3 packing-linen1 palliasses1 etc41 etc4 ,the bossartchi 7cooks7 are the best off in winter2 they keep themselves warm with their masters' wood4 ,now that you have my ,indians more or less dressed1 let us see how they act4 ,the best way to do that will be to go in a palanquin from our college to the railroad station4 ,if we arrive in time for the train1 we shall make a little excursion as far as ,serampore or even to ,chandernagor4 ,here is the palanquin that is waiting for us at the door3 it is a wooden box1 about four feet long2 two poles a little bent1 and fastened one before1 the other behind1 seem to be the continuation of the axle of the parallelepiped 7excuse the word3 ,i teach geometry74 ,two individuals1 clothed just so far as it is absolutely necessary1 place themselves under the front pole1 so as to lay it one over his right shoulder1 the other over his left shoulder2 they press one against the other1 because union makes strength4 ,two other ,indians similar to these do as much for the back pole2 the palanquin is raised4 ,i slide the doors sideways1 seat myself on the edge1 and with all the elegance given by gymnastic habit ,i dart in backwards4 ,the bottom is a sort of mattrass1 on which one lies down at full length3 the shoulders are then supported by a back-cushion1 the feet are in front2 you cry ,djas6 and the four palki-bera start off4 ,usually1 to mark the way1 the most intelligent of the bearers throws out phrases of four or six syllables1 in a very monotonous tone quite unknown in ,europe2 the other answers1 repeating the phrase in the same tone4 ,in town1 they go at the rate of at least six miles an hour2 in longer journeys they go more slowly4 ,i have already made a journey of five leagues twice in this kind of box4 ,the first was poetical enough4 ,it was more than fifty leagues from ,calcutta4 ,we were three ,europeans2 a very light ,frenchman 7not in body1 but in mind71 an ,irishman1 and myself4 ,the ,frenchman had a considerable sum about him1 and the country being in his opinion somewhat dangerous1 he had brought to the starting station arms of every kind4 ,i had with me in my palanquin a double-barrelled carabine1 a case of ammunition1 and a large hunting-knife4 ,to prevent any one from robbing me of all this1 ,i partly lay down on the carabine1 made a pillow of the case1 and slept with the sheath of my knife in one hand and the handle in the other4 ,the ,irishman1 travelling on horseback1 with pistols1 served us as a scout2 but his pistols did not prevent him from being struck on the face and arms by the greatest brigand in ,india3 ,i mean the sun4 ,he had his skin red for several days4 ,for us1 who were shaded in our palanquins1 we had1 of #cia course1 no adventure2 were it not that ,i dreamed sometimes of brigands and the ,black ,forest1 crossing a vast desert plain1 all white with light4 ,so1 when we came back the same way a fortnight after1 we took with us no other fire-arms than a box of matches and cigars4 ,but this is a digression2 let us continue our journey4 ,daina pro6 7turn to the right74 ,it is not the ordinary way2 but instead of passing by the broad ,european thoroughfare1 ,park street1 we shall turn aside into the dark and winding passages of an ,indian bazaar4 ,a bazaar is a multitude of lanes1 exclusively composed of miserable huts1 and blocked up with all sorts of merchandise4 ,you rarely meet any one there but men2 the shop-girl and the young lady of the store are equally unknown here2 but in it is found every form of misery4 ,see there below that beggar of eighteen or twenty years1 scarce half covered1 and without even a rudiment1 a shadow1 of an arm4 ,he is long and thin1 but appears to be in good health4 ,a ,french physician told me that1 very probably1 his parents cut off his arms when he was a child to secure him a livelihood4 ,whilst we are looking at him1 a gigantic hand is thrust trough the opposite door of the palanquin4 ,the fingers are as big as the arms of a two-year old child2 they are long in proportion4 ,that hand is soliciting alms4 ,we raise ourselves up a little to see this needy giant1 and our eyes fall on a wretched1 emaciated ,indian2 the rest of his body can weigh but little more than his two hands1 for the left is like unto the right4 ,this case of hypertrophy is1 ,i think1 isolated here2 but another very common one1 which is met in every street1 is ,elephantiasis1 hypertrophy of the legs4 ,the unhappy creatures attacked by this malady have1 from the knee to the end of the foot1 one1 or sometimes two1 elephant's legs1 cylindrical1 enormous1 and seeming to draw to them the nourishment of all the rest of the body4 ,but here we are at the ,medan1 ,this is the name given to that immense esplanade on which stands ,fort ,william1 and which bounds the governor's palace1 the city hall1 the ,protestant cathedral1 the prison1 the lunatic asylum1 etc4 ,let us cross it in our palanquin1 coasting along the river1 and we shall soon reach the vicinity of the station4 ,there we find ourselves besieged by the couli 7a sort of porter7 of every age4 ,they claim the honor of carrying our travelling-bag fifty paces for a pais--about four centimes4 ,since we are there1 before going any further1 let us say a word of the couli4 ,some are in the service of the rich and of ,europeans1 others are for hire in the streets4 ,the first are always men2 amongst the second1 there are many children3 there are few of them very strong4 ,indeed1 as a general rule1 one ,european has the strength of several ,bengalese4 ,both carry everything on their head1 in a great hemispherical basket2 there it is that they place the traveller's luggage or the provisions bought in the bazaar4 ,a couli brought me one day two little birds which an ,irishman had shot for me1 and sent them to me from his residence1 three leagues from ,calcutta4 ,the birds were in the large basket4 ,on receiving them ,i wrote a few lines of thanks2 the couli put the note in his basket4 ,here is another anecdote1 for the truth of which ,i can certify4 ,m4 ,moyne1 a ,frenchman settled in ,chandernagor1 had ordered his couli to convey some very heavy materials1 of ,i know not what kind4 ,he saw the poor devil bent under the burden1 and as the journey was to be of several days' duration1 he went to his carpenter and had him construct a wheelbarrow4 ,that done1 he comes back quite pleased with his good work1 and1 wheeling the barrow himself to the couli1 gives it to him1 shows him how to use it1 and goes his ways satisfied that he has caused that man to make one step toward civilization4 ,the pleasure he experiences at this #cib reflection induces him to turn round to enjoy his work4 ,he turns1 therefore1 and sees the couli walking along1 the barrow and the burden all on his head6 ,we have met by the way a great number of ,mohammedans1 carrying on their back an enormous leather flask1 and dripping wet4 ,these are the bisthi1 water-carriers4 ,every house has its own2 for people here waste a great deal of water1 and there are neither wells nor cisterns4 ,the bisthi go and fill their leather flasks at the river or at the public reservoirs1 which are to be found in almost all the large streets1 and come and empty it into pitchers of the dimensions of a hogshead4 ,it is filtered for drinking2 for other uses it is merely left to settle4 ,those other individuals1 a little cleaner1 who carry on their head large bundles of linen1 are dbi1 or washers4 ,they wash the linen by soaking it in water1 and then striking it with their whole strength against a plank or a stone4 ,happily1 notwithstanding the ,american war1 calico is not very dear here4 ,you understand that in such a mode of washing it is roughly handled1 and wears out before it is old4 ,but why not teach the dbi to wash in another way8 ,remember ,m4 ,moyne's wheelbarrow1 when you ask that question6 ,mercy on us6 whilst we are chatting so about the couli1 the bisthi1 and the dbi1 we are missing the train4 ,since it is gone1 we shall do as others do who are left behind3 we shall take a ,hinghi1 an ,indian bark1 long1 curved1 and without a keel4 ,we shall find four or five ,mohammedan mendji 7boatmen71 one of whom steers with a long oar2 the others row with bamboos as thick as one's arm1 and terminated by small flat boards4 ,just as we enter1 the crew are finishing their common prayer1 in which1 with many protestations and gesticulations1 they thank ,god and the ,prophet for having helped them to speed well heretofore1 and asking them to help them the same for the future4 ,allah6 ,allah6 mendji row strong2 if we arrive in time1 you shall have two annas 7#cj centimes74 ,what is this floating three paces from here8 ,the body of a man lying on his back4 ,and yonder8 ,a woman's corpse4 ,and further off8 ,the carcass of a horse4 ,the crows1 the kites1 the vultures1 are much interested in it4 ,but we are landing4 ,the passengers on board the steamboat are not all landed yet4 ,you see there perhaps forty1 fifty ,european dresses1 and hundreds of ,indian4 ,in the second-class car1 which we enter1 we shall see ,indians in muslin1 who are named babou 7or townspeople7 through politeness4 ,they are clerks in the ,calcutta offices2 they reside several leagues from here1 come every day to town1 and return home by the railroad4 ,the compact mass of the poor are penned up in wretched third-class cars4 ,the bell rings1 the whistle blows1 we are off4 ,thirteen miles north of ,calcutta in the third station1 the first important one2 we stop two minutes4 ,let us go down2 we are at ,serampore1 an old ,danish colony sold to ,england4 ,we shall content ourselves there with a visit to the ,hindoo gods1 and we shall have enough to do if we see them all4 ,there are1 ,i think1 more than fifty temples4 ,here is one that is no larger than one of the little wayside chapels we often see at home4 ,at the further end1 on a scaffold1 is a god quite black1 almost of human form1 holding his two hands as though he were playing the flute4 ,no flute is there1 however4 ,the god has the cut of a ,french conscript2 at his feet there is a little woman a foot high1 and a little god half a foot1 an exact copy of the large one4 ,the priest has observed us1 and here he comes to speak to us4 ,he is clad like the poorest of the ,hindoos4 ,what is your god's name8 ,answer unintelligible4 ,who are those two little personages8 ,his wife and son4 ,what does that god do8 ,he eats4 ,indeed8 ,oh yes1 sahib1 he eats much4 ,if you will give him some rice or flour he will be very thankful #cic to you1 and it will be of great spiritual advantage to you4 ,oh6 oh6 but if we give him rice1 will he eat it before us8 ,oh6 of course not4 ,he does not eat in company4 ,i place the rice before him2 ,i close the door carefully1 and go away2 when ,i come back some time after to open the door1 he has it all eaten up4 ,thereupon we begin to laugh2 the priest smiles1 too1 and we move away4 ,you meet under almost every large tree four or five of these gods1 or even a greater number4 ,over them the ,indians hang cocoa-nuts1 full of a water which escapes drop by drop1 from a little hole bored in the bottom4 ,it is thus that they keep their gods cool4 ,you often see a regular series of little temples1 built one after the other1 on the same base4 ,usually1 there are six on one side1 six on the other4 ,in the centre of each of them there is a black stone1 fairly representing an anvil covered with a hat4 ,that stone is a god4 ,a great number of them are sold in ,calcutta at from ten to twelve rupees a piece 7twenty-five or thirty francs74 ,but here is a temple of ,kali1 the terrible goddess of destruction1 in honor of whom the sect of ,togs has devoted itself to murder for ages long4 ,they say there are still ,togs who kill for killing's sake1 especially in ,bengal4 ,the goddess is standing2 she is almost black2 has four arms armed with daggers and death's-heads2 around her neck is a double necklace1 which hangs to the ground1 composed of hundreds of little figures also representing death's-heads4 ,the best of it is that her tongue hangs down midway on her chest4 ,to pull the tongue is a sign of astonishment in ,bengal4 ,now ,kali1 returning one day from the war1 with her chaplet of skulls round her neck1 met a man1 whom she naturally killed first and foremost4 ,that is the dead body that lies under her feet4 ,she asked the name of the individual1 and was much surprised to find that she had killed her husband4 ,then she pulled her tongue1 the best thing she could do4 ,having no other husband to kill1 and even deprived recently of human sacrifices by the ,english government4 ,kali has enormous quantities of black kids sacrificed to her4 ,i often see flocks of several hundreds of them coming into town2 the votaries of ,kali have their heads cut off at a celebrated temple we have here in ,calcutta4 ,for you must know1 ,calcutta signifies temple of ,kali6 ,i went one day to see these sacrifices4 ,the temple is a small affair2 but all around a great number of other gods1 attracted1 doubtless1 by the scent of blood1 come to establish their dwelling4 ,let us go on4 ,that great straw shed which you see yonder covers an enormous car1 having a great number of very heavy wheels4 ,many a man those wheels have crushed4 ,it is the car of ,juggernaut1 that devil to whose festivals the ,english government sent ,european soldiers only a few years since2 not to maintain order1 but to take part in the procession4 ,djaghernatt 7the ,indian name of this idol7 remains with ,bolaraham and ,soubdhra1 his brother and sister1 in a temple opposite the straw shed4 ,a great number of the ,indian gods have a taste for moving about2 hence those kiosks that you see everywhere1 and which serve them as resting-places4 ,the prettiest is the shade of a banyan-tree1 with about a hundred stems1 a whole wood in itself4 ,but we must leave the ,hindoo gods2 we have barely time to pay a short visit to ,chandernagor4 ,let us take the railroad again1 and go on some minutes' ride further4 ,another time we shall1 if you choose1 come by water1 ascending the ,hoogly to twenty-one miles north of ,calcutta4 ,there1 on the right bank of the broad river1 is a strip of land two miles in length by one in breadth1 where some sixty persons live in ,european style1 with some thousands of ,bengalese1 who live in ,indian fashion2 it is the ,french colony4 ,the ,indian employs cry with all #cid their might ,chan'nagore6 ,chan'nagore6 ,let us get down1 and out of the terminus1 and when we have crossed that ditch1 ten paces before us1 we shall be in ,france4 ,as the centre of the ,european habitations is a quarter of an hour's walk from this point1 we throw ourselves here into a four-seated carriage1 and thread our way through roads wretchedly out of repair1 at the risk of upsetting an hundred times1 or of getting sea-sick by the way4 ,i have often passed that place in company with ,frenchmen2 we endeavored to feel an impression1 by humming ,vera les rives de ,france1 etc4 ,footnote #ef ,footnote #ef3 ,toward the shores of ,france1 etc4 ,one day when ,i was making ready to brave those perilous roads in company with two ,irishmen1 there came into our carriage a large gentleman1 whose weight would have been formidable to us1 had ,i not managed to balance his pounds by my kilogrammes4 ,footnote #eg ,by his appearance ,i took him for a ,briton1 and1 therefore1 took no pains to enter into conversation4 ,but after a little1 one of my ,irishmen1 annoyed by the jolting of the carriage1 said to me in ,english3 ,faith6 these ,frenchmen needn't boast of the way they keep these roads of theirs4 ,at this remark1 you should have seen my stout gentleman leap1 and with a menacing air reply to my interlocutor3 ,i warn you to say nothing here against the ,french4 ,i am a ,frenchman4 ,footnote #eg3 ,a kilogramme is equal to #b lb4 #c oz4 and #d drms4 ,this was said in ,english4 ,i had not yet opened my mouth4 ,i thought ,i would appease my irascible fat man by speaking to him in his own tongue4 ,come1 come1 said ,i1 no one here has any intention of laughing at the ,french4 ,my man instantly drew in his horns1 stammering three or four syllables which ,i could not understand4 ,magical effect of the mother tongue6 thought ,i2 and ten yards further on1 in order to perfect a good understanding between us1 ,i began again to address him in ,french on any subject that presented itself4 ,he looked at me with mouth and eyes open4 ,supposing that he had not heard what ,i said1 ,i repeated it4 ,he was then forced to confess that he did not know a word of ,french2 that he was an ,irishman1 an old soldier4 ,in short1 he was an original1 well known in the country by his eccentricity1 and styling himself the hero of #acb fights4 ,now retired from the service1 he is writing his exploits in a little diary full of fun and humor4 ,he detests ,england1 loves ,france in general1 and attacks all ,frenchmen in particular4 ,once at his ease1 after his candid confession1 he took to chatting1 and talked so much and so well that we forgot the jolting of the carriage1 and even the lofty and magnificent trees that1 fringe the road4 ,after some winding about1 and after passing a great number of ,indian huts1 and meeting hundreds of ,hindoos loaded each with a great pitcher of water1 here we are at last in a street4 ,rue de ,paris1 if you please3 long and dirty1 and ill aired2 nothing remarkable2 let us pass on4 ,rue ,neuve1in ruins4 ,rue des ,grands ,escaliers1 so narrow that the slightest staircase before a door would block it up completely4 ,let us go on1 turn to the left1 and here we are at the river side4 ,here all is large and wide--quay1 river1 houses1 gardens4 ,without stopping now1 let us go on immediately to the end of the quay1 where we shall rest and refresh ourselves in a friendly house4 ,it deserves that name in three ways1 for1 #ast1 it was formerly the house of ,god1 an ancient chapel of the ,franciscans4 ,an old plank yet to be seen there still bears the following inscription in ,french1 nowise remarkable for good orthography3 ,this church is dedicated to ,st4 ,francis of ,assissium4 #bnd1 ,it belongs to the venerable pastor1 ,father ,chroutre1 who is now our neighbor at ,bailloul4 ,and1 #crd1 ,it is occupied by ,m4 ,moyne of ,lyons1 one #cie of our old pupils1 of whom ,i have already spoken to you4 ,he stands on the threshold1 and receives us with open arms4 ,the ,franciscans were formerly pastors at ,chandernagor2 this chapel served as parish church2 their convent is now converted into a hotel4 ,from one of its windows there is a magnificent and extensive view1 thanks to the river and the level character of the ground4 ,that square tower to the left is the guard-house2 for there is here a ,french army1 composed of thirty ,indians1 commanded by a ,european lieutenant4 ,they pretend1 but erroneously1 that these thirty soldiers have but twenty uniforms amongst them1 and that often1 when the guard is relieved1 the new comers enter1 not only into the functions1 but also into the clothes1 of their comrades4 ,it is a calumny of perfidious ,albion2 my information is certain4 ,i have it from the general-in-chief4 ,close by is the police station4 ,with their white tunics1 their red pantaloons1 these ,indian policemen have very much the look of altar-boys4 ,this fine house to the left is the house of the administrator1 or1 as he is styled by courtesy1 the governor4 ,let us go in4 ,we shall see this governor1 a fat little man1 born in the colonies4 ,he will speak a little on everything1 but especially on honor and the happiness1 to him so rare1 of receiving a visit from a man of learning4 ,it is very unlucky that his lady has the influenza at this moment2 for she is an astronomer1 and had ever so many questions to ask me whatever day ,i should have accepted their invitation4 ,another time will do as well4 ,the governor himself is a horticulturist2 he has his garden kept in perfect order by ,indian convicts1 who drag the cannon ball along his walks4 ,footnote #eh ,footnote #eh3 ,a military punishment4--,,trans4 ,the sun is setting2 let us go home4 ,we shall see in the streets of ,calcutta what is seen there every evening2 dogs1 fireworks1 and marriages4 ,the ,bengal dog is a wretched and cowardly animal1 long muzzled1 red-haired2 he barks little1 but howls incessantly4 ,be very sure that he will assail us persistently in the lanes1 as we pass now in the evening1 distance being our only security against him4 ,there are also in the country1 and even in the city1 a great number of paria dogs1 that prowl around1 especially by night2 a species of wild beasts2 not very dangerous1 however1 because of their cowardice4 ,it is said that dogs of ,european race gradually degenerate here4 ,those rockets that you see going up from all points of the horizon are a daily amusement in which the ,bengalese take much delight4 ,there is scarcely ever a fire-work worth seeing2 but there is fire1 smoke1 and crackers1 and that suffices4 ,sometimes they send up little paper balloons1 with a ball of lighted camphor1 which burns a good quarter of an hour4 ,but look yonder3 is not that a fire8 ,a bright light flashes on the tree-tops and on the ,european houses4 ,no1 it is not a fire2 it is a marriage4 ,the procession is turning the comer of the street2 a score of ,indians carry each on his head a plank1 on which some fifty candles are burning2 others carry resinous wood burning on the top of a long pole2 in the centre of the procession trumpets1 drums1 large and small1 pots and saucepans1 produce a frightful din1 each musician having no other rule than that of making the greatest possible noise4 ,behind the orchestra come one or two open palanquins containing the brides1 around whom blue lights are lit from time to time4 ,i defy you to form any correct idea of this cortge1 and especially of the music4 ,they go about thus from street to street for several hours2 then they will eat rice to satiety1 gorge themselves with ,indian pastry1 and to-morrow will not have a single sou4 ,we see that from our terrace several times in the week1 and1 at certain seasons1 every day4 #cif ,if ,i am not mistaken1 ,i have said nothing yet of the character of these poor ,indians4 ,in this respect some reserve is necessary4 ,i hear it said that there is very little resemblance between ,bengal1 ,maduras1 the ,bombay territory1 the ,punjaub1 etc4 ,as for the ,bengalese1 all agree in regarding them as the most degraded2 they are effeminate1 idle1 and cowardly by temperament2 liars and thieves by education4 ,they often dispute amongst themselves1 but never fight4 ,that cowardice encourages many ,englishmen1 who beat them at random when they have nothing else to do4 ,my idea is that1 unless miracles of grace be wrought for them1 it is scarcely possible to make true ,christians of these poor people4 ,the only means of establishing ,christianity amongst the race would be to buy their children1 and bring them up1 away from all contact with the others4 ,there are ,christians amongst them1 who are oftenest found as cooks or kansama amongst the ,europeans2 but they know not the first rudiments of their religion1 go to church only on ,good ,friday and ,all ,souls' ,day1 and are generally admitted to be worse than the pagan servants4 ,our day is now ended4 ,if you are fatigued1 come and rest yourself on the college roof1 constructed as a platform1 like those of all the other houses in the country4 ,there1 evening and morning1 but only then1 the heat is bearable4 ,i sometimes go and sit there to think of my friends4 ,i look back into the past1 forget the present1 and1 as ,i do everywhere else1 laugh at what worldlings call the future4 ,the future is heaven4 ,it seems to me that ,i am nearer to it here than in ,europe4 ,may ,god grant us grace to gain it one day or another6 ,t4 ,,carbonnnelle4 ---------- ,,the ,,round ,,of ,,the ,,waters4 ,,by ,,robt4 ,w4 ,,weir ,all thy works praise thee1 ,o ,lord4 ,up1 up on the mountains1 high up near the sky4 ,where the earth gathers moisture from clouds passing by2 ,where the first drops of rain patter down full of glee1 ,as they join hand in hand on their way to the sea2 ,there the rills1 like young children1 go prattling along4 ,full of life1 full of joy1 full of motion and song2 ,and1 swelling the brooks1 with glad voices they raise1 ,to him who made all things1 their tribute of praise4 ,then1 as they dance onward1 half hidden in spray1 ,like bands of young nymphs dress'd in bridal array1 ,with shouts of wild laughter they leap the deep linn4 ,where the broad flowing river at once takes them in4 ,now calm their rude mirth as they matronly glide1 ,bearing onward rich freight to the blue briny tide4 ,where the mist of the mountains once more joins the sea ,with its incense1 ,o ,lord1 ever heaving to thee4 ------ #cig ,translated from the ,german ,,the ,,bible2 ,,or1 ,,christmas ,,eve1 ,christmas ,eve had come4 ,the bells of the high towers in majestic and solemn tones were reminding the faithful that the advent of the ,lord was near4 ,here and there through the gathering darkness already glimmered a solitary taper1 casting a feeble light upon the streets1 where a throng of people1 large and small1 young and old1 were moving to and fro with joyful activity1 impatiently awaiting the hour when the treasures and splendor of the ,christmas market should be opened to them4 ,good mothers were engaged in quietly and secretly baking the cakes and adorning the ,christmas-tree for the children1 and shared beforehand in the delights and surprises of the little ones1 while others1 who had perhaps chosen the best part1 were preparing themselves in still devotion and pious meditation for the great festival4 ,the young student of theology1 ,ernest ,kuhn1 was sitting in his little upper chamber1 watching1 with eyes full of deep affection and sympathy1 his dear mother1 who1 after a confinement to her bed of several weeks1 had been refreshed for the first time by a peaceful sleep4 ,his countenance was lighted up with an expression of great interior joy1 for on this day the physician had announced to him that his mother had safely passed through a perilous crisis1 and that1 with care1 a speedy recovery might be expected4 ,but he turned his eyes from his dear mother and looked upon the bare walls1 which gave a speaking proof of the poverty of the inmates1 then a cloud of sadness passed over his countenance1 his young breast heaved heavily1 as if oppressed by a weight of sorrow4 ,the house-rent was due1 the fire-wood was reduced to a few sticks1 hardly enough to last two days1 his little sister needed a new dress1 his mother good strengthening nourishment1 the apothecary's bill was to be paid1 and where were the means to be found8 ,heavily and slowly he rose from his seat1 as if standing would lighten his burdens1 and cast his eyes thoughtfully around the apartment4 ,the tables and chairs1 he said to himself in an under-tone1 are gone not to come back1 the pictures too are sold1 and the clock also2 and now it is your turn1 ,o my books6 ,it cannot be helped2 ,i have spared you for a long1 long time4 ,at these words he stood before the book-case and gazed on the few but good books by which he had so often been instructed and counselled1 and which had remained with him in joy and in sorrow4 ,each of them was dear to him1 associated with some dear remembrance either of joy or sorrow4 ,sad and wavering1 he looked at them again and again1 as if he could never part from them4 ,at last1 after long hesitation1 he took down from the shelf a large bound volume2 it was a ,bible adorned with beautiful copper-plate engravings4 ,i can best spare you1 he said sadly1 for ,i have two more in ,greek and in ,latin2 ,i shall meet with the most ready sale and get the most money for you4 ,my grandfather who is in heaven will forgive me this2 ,i have other remembrances of him2 ,agnes will grieve and weep greatly for the beautiful ,bible1 but ,i think ,i can easily quiet her1 and ,i can also give my mother a satisfactory explanation4 #cih ,he cast a sorrowful glance at the beautiful book which had afforded him so much enjoyment in his boyhood1 and which was so much dearer to him as a memorial of his pious grandfather1 long since dead1 whom he held in great veneration4 ,then he thought of earlier and better times1 of the present1 so full of trouble1 and of the blessed future1 and his heart was heavy and his youthful breast heaved painfully4 ,then his eye fell as if by chance upon the open ,bible1 and he read3 ,blessed are they that mourn1 for they shall be comforted4 ,and he humbly kissed the consoling words1 and a tear of sorrow but also of the firmest trust flowed down his cheek1 and he turned his true and weeping eyes to heaven as if he would ask pardon of his ,father for his faint-heartedness4 ,he remembered how ,god had heard his earnest prayer1 and restored his dear mother1 how often he had helped him1 and his heart became lighter1 and hope once more began to dawn upon him4 ,,ii4 ,suddenly the door opened1 and his little sister ,agnes1 a child seven years old1 ran in1 joyfully holding up her little writing-book4 ,look here1 dear ,ernest1 she eagerly exclaimed1 only see how beautifully ,i have written to-day6 ,that great ,a is very nice4 ,softly1 softly1 you noisy little girl1 said her brother1 putting his hand over her mouth2 you will wake up mother6 ,agnes hastened on tip-toe to her mother's bedside1 softly kissed her white hand1 and said beseechingly1 as she watched her slumber1 ,do not scold1 dear brother1 mother is sleeping so good6 ,ernest smiled and told her that while he attended to some necessary business she must stay with their mother1 and be very quiet and silent that she might not wake her2 but that if she did awake she was to give her the warm broth upon the stove1 and that the bread and butter for herself was on the window ledge4 ,now be very quiet1 he added1 for you know what the doctor said4 ,the little girl assured him that he might trust her1 but1 added she1 coaxingly1 ,when you come back1 may ,i not go with dame ,margaret to the ,christmas market8 ,that you shall1 promised her brother4 ,but ,agnes clung to him1 and full of pious simplicity1 whispered in his ear3 ,if you meet the ,christ-child in the street1 tell him he must not forget me1 but must look in here4 ,the brother embraced the little girl with a sad smile1 and casting an affectionate glance upon his mother1 left the room4 ,,iii4 ,ernest had only to turn the corner of the little street to find the shop of ,hss1 the antiquary1 who had before bought many a book of him1 and to whom he intended to offer the ,bible4 ,with a beating heart 7for ,hss was a rough1 purse-proud man7 ,ernest entered the shop1 which was crowded with books1 maps1 and pictures4 ,he greeted the antiquary1 who was busy writing1 in a friendly manner1 but there was a pretty long pause before he took any notice of him4 ,ah6 it is you1 ,master ,studious1 he exclaimed1 raising his cap in a stately manner1 what good thing brings you to me8 ,something beautiful and good indeed1 replied ,ernest ,see here1 you must buy this of me4 ,always buying1 said the antiquary2 when will you begin to buy of me8 ,i don't like to deal with you4 ,look at your pictures1 that ,i bought of you three weeks ago1 and for which ,i paid more than they were worth on account of your destitute condition2 no one will buy them of me2 my good nature played me a trick that time4 ,it shall not happen again1 ,master ,studious4 ,how can you say this1 ,mr4 ,hss8 #cii replied ,ernest1 greatly disgusted2 did you not have them for a trifle1 and was not ,i present eight days since when you refused double of what you gave for them1 when it was offered you8 ,you heard wrong1 replied the antiquary1 displeased and ashamed1 let me see your articles4 ,with evident pleasure he turned over the leaves of the book1 and looked at the beautiful and delicately executed engravings4 ,not so bad1 thought he4 ,it is a pity that ,i have already more than enough of such trash1 as you can see for yourself if you will look at those shelves4 ,i will take it1 however1 on account of my regard for you and your mother1 if you don't set your mark too high4 ,only give me1 begged ,ernest1 the fourth part of what it first cost4 ,and what was that8 ,six florins1 ,mr4 ,hoss4 ,you are sharp indeed1 young master6 ,six florins in these hard times6 ,such are our young people now-a-days1 grumbled the old man4 ,only look at the beautiful pictures1 so skilfully and clearly engraved2 ,i am sure it would bring you double and treble the price you give for it4 ,what do you know of all this1 ,master ,studious8 ,i will give you three florins and not a penny more1 and this only out of pure kindness4 ,if you have that1 give me more1 earnestly pleaded the young man2 think of my mother's sickness and our poverty4 ,is it my fault that your mother is poor and sick8 sneered the miser2 why have you not made yourself rich if poverty is so disagreeable to you8 ,take your book1 or the three florins1 whichever you please4 ,master ,studious2 only be quick1 for ,i have something else to do beside listening to your whining4 ,it was as if a two-edged sword had pierced the heart of the deeply distressed young man4 ,he suddenly seized the book2 then he thought of his sick mother1 and their extreme need at home1 and he strongly checked the rising words of his just anger4 ,take the book1 then1 he said1 with a look and tone in which the indignation of his deeply wounded spirit spoke forth--take it1 but you have not dealt with me as a ,christian should deal with a ,christian2 may ,god be more merciful to you in your dying hour than you are now to me4 ,and with these words he hastened from the shop1 and he heard a scornful laugh behind him4 ,,iv4 ,he went forth into the street with burning sorrow rankling in his wounded breast4 ,the ,december air blew sharp and cold over his glowing cheeks--he felt it not4 ,people were talking loud and merrily as they moved up and down the lighted streets1 but he heard them not4 ,sunk in despondency1 he stood motionless in the night air1 leaning against the corner of a house4 ,never before had he been so wretched4 ,his spirit was stirred by an indescribable feeling of bitterness1 which threatened to destroy the happiness of his life4 ,in mild solemn tones the bells sounded anew1 and awakened in his soul the remembrance of him who brought1 and is ever bringing to us all1 redemption1 help1 and consolation2 he called to mind the words of ,christ which he a short time before had read1 and which had so wonderfully cheered him2 he thought of the resolution he had this day formed1 of his dear mother1 of whose entire recovery he had now so lively a hope4 ,then he took courage1 walked down the street1 and went to the shop of the apothecary ,kremer4 ,v4 ,the apothecary1 a kind1 cordial-hearted man1 greeted ,ernest in a friendly way as he entered with a ,god be with you4 ,master ,theologus4 ,you want the medicine for your #djj mother8 ,here it is2 and how is the good woman8 ,thanks be to ,god1 replied ,ernest joyfully1 she is out of danger2 but dear ,herr ,kremer1 added he in an under-tone1 ',i cannot pay you this time2 oh6 be so good as to bear with me a little longer4 ,have ,i ever asked anything of you8 said the apothecary2 do not trouble yourself4 ,i am right glad that your mother is better2 ,i knew she would recover4 ,but you yourself look so pale and weak6 what has happened to you8 ,then ,ernest1 encouraged by the kindness of the cordial-hearted man1 related to him how scornfully and hardly the antiquary had dealt with him4 ,yes1 yes1 said the apothecary angrily1 that is the way with this covetous man2 ,i have known him from his youth2 it was his pleasure as a schoolboy to torment us1 and1 whenever he could1 to cheat us4 ,but do not let this disturb you2 sit down at the table out yonder near the stove1 he continued kindly2 after this vexation a drop of wine will not harm you4 ,saying this he opened a cupboard1 took down a bottle of wine and a tart1 and with good-natured haste filled the glass4 ,ernest hardly knew what all this meant4 ,oh1 sir1 he exclaimed1 greatly surprised1 how have ,i merited such great kindness8 ,you are a brave son1 and have acted honorably toward your mother1 and for that ,i esteem you highly2 so drink1 drink6 insisted the kind old man4 ,i wish my mother was here in my place1 said the good son2 the wine would do her good4 ,do not let that trouble you1 answered the apothecary1 deeply moved2 your mother shall not be forgotten1 and your little sister shall not go without her share2 and now eat and drink to your heart's desire4 ,the kindness of the cordial-hearted old man made ,ernest's meal a happy one2 new life flamed through his veins with the wine1 his cares began to lessen1 and he felt himself wonderfully refreshed4 ,for a long time he had not been so light-hearted4 ,meanwhile the old man1 whose joy was heartfelt at seeing how much the young student relished his little repast1 had taken down a second bottle of wine from the cupboard1 and had made up a parcel of bonbons and candy for his little sister4 ,the wine1 said he to ,ernest1 is for your mother1 and this parcel for your little sister4 ,how can ,i repay you for all your kindness to us8 asked ,ernest1 overpowered with joy and gratitude4 ,oh6 that is of no importance1 answered the apothecary laughing2 it is ,christmas eve1 when the ,lord visits all his children1 and you have been a very good child4 ,may ,god reward you for the love you have shown us1 said ,ernest with emotion2 my mother and ,i have nothing but thanks and prayers to return you4 ,give me the last1 dear young man1 answered the apothecary1 and invite me to your first4 ,remember me to your mother1 and freely ask me for whatever you need4 ,farewell4 ,with a heart full of gratitude ,ernest pressed die offered hand of the old man to his heart1 took the presents and hastened home4 ,,vi4 ,cheered and warmed1 refreshed in body and spirit1 he entirely forgot the hard-hearted antiquary4 ,he entertained himself as he went along with the pleasing surprise he should give his mother and sister1 when they saw the good things he brought them1 and raising his eyes to heaven in gratitude he exclaimed1 ,father1 there are some good men still6 ,when he reached home he found his mother still asleep1 his little sister trying to darn his old socks1 but1 as yet wholly unpractised in the art of patching1 she #dja more than once pricked her little fingers till they bled4 ,is it you1 dear brother8 she asked affectionately4 ,mother has not waked yet2 ,i have been very good and still4 ,for this the little ,christ-child has given me something for you1 said her brother1 as he came toward her smiling2 he sends you his kind greeting1 and tells you to study well1 never forget to pray1 and love him always6 ,agnes quickly opened the parcel1 and1 surprised and delighted1 beheld the bonbons1 the sugared almonds1 and the gingerbread4 ,a flush of joy lighted up her pretty features1 and for some time she could not find words to speak4 ,oh1 brother1 only see how good the ,christ-child is6 ,yes1 yes1 ,i will indeed love him1 and study and pray hard1 that our ,heavenly ,father and the good infant ,jesus may be pleased with me4 ,her brother smiled1 moved by her pious joy1 but just at this moment dame ,margaret1 their good old neighbor1 came in1 who had shown every kindness and attention to ,ernest's mother during her illness4 ,with joy he told her the happy news of her recovery2 the delighted little ,agnes spread out her sugar-plums and gingerbread1 and cordially invited her to take some4 ,but ,margaret thought her teeth were not good enough4 ,but come1 said she1 when you are ready we will go to the ,christmas market4 ,may ,i go1 brother8 asked ,agnes4 ,yes1 indeed you may1 only come home in time1 said he2 'and be so good1 dame ,margaret1 as to keep watch upon the little girl4 ,have no fear1 ,master ,ernest1 she replied1 for you know ,i love her as if she were my own child4 ,,vii4 ,dame ,margaret took her way along the street leading to the ,christmas market--holding the ,agnes by hand1 who every now and then urged her to make greater haste4 ,from the deep blue sky the stars poured down their pale silver light upon the dazzling fresh-fallen snow4 ,crowds of people were hurrying up and down1 talking merrily1 or1 divided into groups1 stood gazing eagerly and curiously upon the bright display of the fair4 ,bright lights were burning in the stands and shops of the tradesmen1 displaying all their treasures to the astonished eye4 ,here peeped out the pleasant1 friendly faces of dolls with waxen heads1 dressed after the newest fashion in little hoods or ,florence hats1 while others stood more retired1 like ladies and gentlemen1 splendidly wrapped in cloaks and furs1 as if they feared the cold4 ,a varied medley of hussars in rich embroidered uniform hung there2 huntsmen with1 rifle and pouch1 chimney-sweeps and ,tyrolese1 hermits and friars1 ,greeks near their mortal enemies the ,turks1 and ,moors1 standing peacefully side by side4 ,the plashing fish swam round in a glass panel1 whilst close by stood a dark oak-wood case1 in which leaden bears and stags were seized by hounds and hunters of the same metal4 ,elsewhere was a whole regiment of bearded grenadiers1 arranged in stiff array1 with ,turkish music4 ,a frightful fortress1 with paper walls and wooden cannon1 frowned next a kitchen where was to be seen the pretty sight of cook1 hearth1 pans1 spits1 plates1 etc4 ,here sweetmeats1 choice pastry1 tarts1 chocolate1 almonds1 gingerbread1 etc41 excited in many a dainty palate long desire and hard temptation4 ,golden apples gleamed forth from dark leaves1 nuts rattled in silver bowls1 while in another place low cribs1 with water1 mountain1 and valley1 herds and herdsmen1 with angels in the air and on the earth1 sweetly represented the new-born child lying in the cradle1 carefully watched by ,mary and ,joseph4 ,little ,agnes gazed with delighted eyes upon all this splendor1 and often laid her tender hand upon her youthful breast1 as if to repress its longings #djb and sounds escaped her lips which only too plainly expressed the joy of her heart4 ,but at length dame ,margaret thought it was time to go home4 ,do let us first go to find ,herr ,hss1 begged ,agnes1 his crib is always the prettiest1 and laughing good-naturedly she drew the obliging ,margaret along with her to the antiquary4 ,they found him occupied in attending upon an elderly lady4 ,did ,agnes see aright8 ,did her eyes deceive her8 ,yes1 yes1 she suddenly exclaimed in great distress1 it is my ,bible1 my dear picture-book6 and in a moment she released herself from ,margaret and ran up to the lady4 ,oh1 dear lady1 cried she1 eagerly1 do not buy it2 you cannot1 you must not buy it2 that book belongs to me6 ,the lady looked at the little girl in great astonishment4 ,what are you dreaming of1 you silly little thing8 grumbled the antiquary1 vexed at the unwelcome interruption4 ,it is mine2 ,i bought it1 and at a high price4 ,that cannot be1 dear sir1 earnestly protested the little girl4 ,i beg you give me back my picture-book2 ,i will give you all the money ,i have1 and saying this she drew out her little purse1 which contained1 alas6 only four pennies1 her little savings4 ,take it1 said she1 only give me my picture-book4 ,oh6 you little sharper1 said the antiquary jeeringly1 that would be a great profit2 ,i have paid more florins for it than you have pennies4 ,i beg you1 for heaven's sake1 sobbed ,agnes1 with folded hands and tears streaming from her blue eyes4 ,i tell you1 upon my honor1 it belongs to me2 only see1 there is my name on the title-page1 which my brother wrote there in ,latin letters4 ,the lady turned the leaf over and read aloud1 ,frederic ,schein6 ,frederic ,schein8 exclaimed suddenly a loud voice1 with evident emotion1 and a slender1 manly figure wrapped in a cloak1 from beneath which glistened a richly embroidered huntsman's uniform1 pressed through the circle which curiosity had formed around ,agnes and the antiquary4 ,frederic ,schein8 again he exclaimed1 and looked greatly agitated upon the book4 ,permit me1 noble lady8 he asked1 and hastily seized the offered ,bible4 ,good heavens6 my suspicions were right1 it is my father's ,bible6 and suddenly turning to the little girl3 ,what is thy family and baptismal name8 ,agnes ,kuhn1 answered ,agnes1 greatly terrified4 ,is your mother's name ,sophia8 he asked urgently and eagerly4 ,yes1 answered the child1 my mother's name is ,sophia1 and my brother's ,ernest4 ,thanks be to ,god1 a thousand thanks6 fervently exclaimed the tall man1 with deep emotion1 and ardently pressed ,agnes to his heart4 ,agnes1 he cried1 ,i am your uncle2 your mother is my sister4 ,oh6 take me to her4 ,agnes1 looking at him with astonishment1 asked3 ,are you my uncle ,frank1 of whom my mother has so often told me8 ,oh6 if you are my uncle ,frank1 said she coaxingly1 do buy the ,bible for me6 and then ,i will take you to my mother4 ,her uncle kissed the little girl1 and gave her the book4 ,i will take the book1 sir1 said he1 at any price2 and the antiquary made him a very low bow4 ,when the bargain was concluded1 the tall huntsman moved quickly through the circle of astonished spectators1 leading the little ,agnes1 who joyfully pressed the precious picture-book to her heart4 ,margaret followed1 lost in astonishment4 ,,viii4 ,while these things were taking place at the fair1 and ,agnes unexpectedly had found the ,bible and her uncle1 ,ernest sat by the bedside of his mother1 enjoying her slumber1 which was to him the sweet pledge of #djc her recovery4 ,before him lay open the histories of ,holy ,writ1 and with deep emotion he was reading what the ,lord in his infinite love and mercy had done for sinful men1 and how he had sent them his only begotten ,son to redeem and console them1 whose birth-day was now to be joyfully celebrated throughout ,christendom4 ,he had just looked at the fire in the stove1 and poured fresh oil into the expiring lamp1 when his mother awoke1 and cast a kind1 affectionate glance upon her good son4 ,oh1 mother1 cried he joyfully1 what a good sleep you have had2 you have been asleep seven whole hours6 ,yes1 ,i have slept soundly1 answered she1 and find myself greatly strengthened4 ,but what has become of ,agnes8 ,i let her go with dame ,margaret to the ,christmas fair2 it is almost time for her to come back4 ,ah6 it grieves me to the heart1 sighed his mother1 that ,i cannot give you both a little ,christmas gift1 as ,i used to do4 ,don't be distressed on that account1 dear mother1 said ,ernest1 soothingly2 you are out of danger1 and that is the most beautiful and best ,christmas gift that could be bestowed on us4 ,but the ,christ-child has not forgotten us1 and he handed his mother the bottle of wine and the biscuit4 ,where in all the world did this come from8 asked his astonished mother4 ,ernest now related how he had sold the ,bible to the antiquary 7whose unkind treatment he concealed from his mother lest it should disturb her7 for three florins1 and how he had called on the apothecary1 who had so hospitably received him1 so kindly remembered his mother and little sister1 and had promised not only a larger credit1 but every kind of aid4 ,his mother could not find words to praise and thank their benefactor4 ,when ,ernest wrapped up the biscuit again as his mother directed1 he remarked upon the cover the hand-writing and name of the apothecary1 and had the curiosity to open the whole paper4 ,who can describe his surprise and emotion when he found the wrapper was a receipt in full1 signed by the apothecary1 for the eight florins and thirty pence due to him for medicines delivered4 ,god bless our noble benefactor6 prayed his mother with folded hands4 ,but ,ernest shouted1 ,mother1 we are now relieved of a great care6 ,,ix4 ,dame ,margaret just then entered with an unusually quick step1 and with a countenance evidently announcing good tidings1 but without little ,agnes4 ,where have you left my ,agnes8 inquired the mother anxiously4 ,do not trouble yourself about her2 she will soon come1 and not alone either4 ,she is bringing an old acquaintance of yours with her6 ,an old1 dear acquaintance8 ,yes1 and from your native place1 too4 ,from my native place8 asked the mother eagerly4 ,he declares that he is very nearly related to you2 and he does look very much like you4 ,how does he look8 asked the mother urgently4 ,he is tall and slender1 with black eyes and black hair1 and a scar over his brow2 he looks to me like a huntsman4 ,great ,god6 is it possible8 can it be my brother8 ,yes1 it is he1 cried the huntsman1 as he entered and offered his hand to his astonished sister4 ,from the arms of his sister he hastened to embrace his manly nephew1 while the joyful ,agnes1 with the ,bible in her arms1 now ran up to her mother1 now #djd to her uncle1 and then to her brother1 who beheld the book with astonishment1 and began faintly to suspect what happened4 ,when the first tempest of delight had subsided1 and given place to a more quiet though not less deep joy1 question crowded upon question1 and answer upon answer4 ,the uncle first related how after the marriage of his sister he had entered into the service of the ,count of ,maxenstein as upper game-keeper2 how he had often tried to obtain intelligence of his dear sister2 twice had taken a journey himself to their native place1 and could learn nothing of her2 how he had searched all the newspapers2 and at length1 when all means and efforts had failed1 how be sorrowfully gave up the hope of ever seeing her again4 ,then he told her how he had come to this place on business for the count1 his master2 had visited the ,christmas fair and the stall of the antiquary1 and had there unexpectedly found his father's ,bible and ,agnes1 and through them his sister and nephew4 ,then affectionately clasping ,ernest by the hand he begged his sister to relate her history4 ,my history1 she replied1 is short1 and yet varied with many sorrows that the ,lord has laid upon me4 ,you knew that my husband left his native place to seek a better living in ,eichstadt4 ,but in this he was deceived4 ,then1 in spite of my entreaties1 he entered the ,french service as surgeon1 and came to ,saarlouis1 where his regiment lay in garrison4 ,soon after his arrival a malignant fever broke out among the soldiers1 which carried away great numbers1 and among them my husband4 ,god give him his kingdom1 said she drying her tears4 ,his death was the more dreadful for me1 because ,i was alone in a foreign land without friends or help1 and had but just risen from my bed after the birth of ,agnes4 ,in my need ,i wrote several letters to you and to our relatives at ,settenberg1 but received no answer4 ,at first ,i thought this was caused by irregularities of the post-route1 which was everywhere embarrassed by the disturbances of the war2 but ,i soon learned1 to my great sorrow1 that our ,settenberg had been sacked and burned by the ,french4 ,imagine1 my dear brother1 my condition6 ,what a happiness for me that1 some months after the death of my husband1 an old aunt of his made me the offer to go to her1 and she would support me as well as she was able4 ,i was not terrified by the length of the way1 and received from her a cordial welcome4 ,but1 alas6 this happiness was not long to last4 ,my good aunt died1 leaving me her heir1 but she had other relations who disputed the will1 and1 after a law-suit of three years' continuance1 an agreement was made by which most of the property fell into the hands of the judges and lawyers4 ,hardly a fourth part of it remained after the costs were paid4 ,i had nothing now but care and trouble2 but ,i ever found a firm support in my dear ,ernest4 ,may ,god reward him6 ,but now1 dear brother1 now1 if ,i only have you1 again all care will be over4 ,and the good woman1 deeply affected1 pressed his hand4 ,oh1 my dear ones6 cried he1 after listening to his sister's narrative with lively sympathy1 let us all thank our ,heavenly ,father that he has to-day brought us all together again1 in so wonderful a manner1 by means of this book2 for ,i had already determined to leave this place in the morning4 ,ernest related how hard it had been for him to part with the precious book1 how he had been encouraged by the passage in ,matthew1 what mean treatment he had met with from the antiquary1 and how he had almost made up his mind to take back the book with him4 ,little ,agnes1 on her side1 thought it had been no very easy matter to bring dame ,margaret to the antiquary1 and she had gone through trouble and #dje terror enough until the ,christ-child sent my uncle4 ,he pressed the little one to his heart1 but she seized him fast by the hand1 and coaxingly begging him1 said3 ,now uncle1 you never will go away2 you will stay with us8 ,how could ,i leave you so soon1 my dear ones1 just as ,i have found you again8 ,no1 no1 we will never separate2 we will always remain together1 cried the uncle4 ,you must go with me to ,peinegg1 sister1 where ,i am head-forester2 it is a beautiful and splendid place there1 and ,i have everything in abundance4 ,with you and my children ,i would go to the ends of the earth1 said she cheerfully4 ,then ,ernest1 upon a hint from his mother1 brought out the bottle of wine and the biscuit1 and offered them to his uncle4 ,a slight meal1 prepared in haste by dame ,margaret1 seasoned with cheerful conversation1 enlivened the evening1 to which ,ernest and his mother had looked forward only a few hours before with such pain and anxiety4 ,joy and deep satisfaction lighted every countenance1 but the mother said with deep feeling3 ,blessed are they that mourn1 for they shall be comforted4 ,amen1 responded the uncle1 devoutly raising his eyes to heaven4 ,ernest and ,agnes wept tears of joy and gratitude4 ,x4 ,it was not long before their mother was entirely recovered and accompanied her beloved brother to ,peinegg1 where he arranged everything in a manner to make her life agreeable4 ,it may easily be imagined that the ,bible was not forgotten4 ,every ,christmas evening was passed with far more festivity and joy than the evening which united again the long separated4 ,at the end of two years ,ernest celebrated his first mass at ,peinegg4 ,the good apothecary was invited to be present1 and esteemed this day as the happiest of his life4 ,sixteen years after1 ,ernest was established as parish priest at ,peinegg1 where he still exercises his holy office with extraordinary zeal4 ------ ,from ,the ,month4 ,,thoughts ,,on ,,st4 ,,gertrude4 ,,by ,,aubrey ,,de ,,vere4 ,when a voice from the thirteenth century comes to us amid the din of the nineteenth1 it is difficult for those interested in the cause of human progress not to feel their attention strongly challenged4 ,such a voice appeals to us in a work which has now first appeared in an ,english version4 ,footnote #ei ,footnote #ei3 ,the ,life and ,revelations of ,st4 ,gertrude1 ,virgin and ,abbess4 ,by a ,religious of the ,order of ,poor ,clares4 ,we owe it to a religious of the order of ,poor ,clares2 a daughter of ,st4 ,francis thus paying to ,st4 ,benedict a portion of that debt which all the religious orders of the ,west owe to their great patriarch4 ,the book possesses a profound interest1 and that of a character wholly apart from polemics4 ,the thirteenth century1 the noblest of those included in the ages of faith1 was a troubled time2 but high as the contentions of rival princes and feudal chiefs swelled1 we have here a proof that ,birds of calm sat brooding on the charmd wave4 ,not less quieting is the influence of #djf such records in our own time4 ,they make their way--music being more penetrating than mere sound--amid the storm of industrialism and its million wheels4 ,controversialists may here forget their strifes1 and listen to the annals of that interior and spiritual life which is built up in peace and without the sound of the builder's hammer1 much less of sword or axe4 ,there is here no necessary or direct contest between rival forms of belief4 ,monasteries have been pulled down and sold in ,catholic as well as in ,protestant countries2 and in the latter also are to be found men whose highest aspiration is to rebuild them1 and restore the calm strength and sacred labors which they once protected4 ,such books are not so much a protest against any age as the assertion of those great and universal principles of truth and peace which can alone enable each successive age to correct its errors1 supply its defects1 and turn its special opportunities to account4 ,it is not in a literary point of view that they interest us chiefly1 although they include not a little which reminds us of ,dante1 and reveal to us one of the chief sources from which the great ,christian poet drew his inspiration4 ,their interest is mainly human4 ,they show us what the human being can reach1 and by what personal influences1 never more potent than when their touch is softest1 society1 in its rougher no less than in its milder periods1 is capable of being moulded4 ,the ,revelations of ,st4 ,gertrude were first translated into ,latin1 as is affirmed1 by ,lamberto ,luscorino in #acij4 ,this work was1 however1 apparently never published2 and the first ,latin version by which they became generally known was that put forth under the name of ,insinuationes ,divinae ,pietatis1 by ,lanspergius1 who wrote at the close of the fifteenth and the beginning of the sixteenth century4 ,the work has appeared in several of the modern languages2 but the ,french translation1 by which it has hitherto been chiefly known among us1 has many inaccuracies4 ,the present ,english translation has been carefully made from the ,latin of ,lanspergius and the original is frequently quoted in the foot-notes4 ,the ,insinuationes consist of five books4 ,of these the second only came from the hand of the saint1 the rest being compiled by a religious of her monastery1 partly from personal knowledge and partly from the papers of ,st4 ,gertrude4 ,two works by the saint1 her ,prayers and her ,exercises1 have lately appeared in an ,english version4 ,st4 ,gertrude was born at ,eisleben1 in the county of ,mansfield1 on the #fth of ,january1 #abfc1 just sixty-nine years after the birth of ,st4 ,clare1 the great ,italian saint from whose convent at ,assisi so many others had already sprung in all parts of ,europe1 and whose name had already become a living power in ,germany and ,poland1 as well as in the sunny south4 ,footnote #fj ,st4 ,gertrude was descended from an illustrious house1 that of the ,counts of ,lackenborn4 ,when but five years old she exchanged her paternal home for the ,benedictine ,abbey of ,rodersdorf1 where she was soon after joined by her sister1 afterward the far-famed ,st4 ,mechtilde4 ,when about twenty-six she first began to be visited by those visions which never afterward ceased for any considerable time4 ,at thirty she was chosen abbess2 and for forty years she ruled a sisterhood whom she loved as her children4 ,the year after she became abbess she removed with her charge to another but neighboring convent1 that of ,heldelfs4 ,no other change took place in her outward lot4 ,her life lay within4 ,as her present biographer remarks1 she lived at home with her ,spouse4 ,footnote #fj3 ,an interesting life of this saint and of her earlier companions has lately been published in ,english3 ,st4 ,clare1 ,st4 ,colette1 and the ,poor ,clares3 by a ,religions of the ,order of ,poor ,clares4 ,j4 ,f4 ,fowler1 ,dublin4 ,the visions of ,st4 ,gertrude are an endless parable of spiritual truths1 as well as a record of wonderful graces4 ,from the days when our divine ,lord himself taught from the hillside and #djg the anchored ship1 it has been largely through parables that divine lore has been communicated to man4 ,religious and symbolic art is a parable of truths that can only be expressed in types4 ,the legends through which the earlier ages continue to swell the feebler veins of later times with the pure freshness of the ,church's youth are for the most part facts which buried themselves deep in human sympathies and recollections1 because in them the particular shadowed forth the universal4 ,it is the same thing in philosophy itself2 and that ,philosophia ,prima which1 as ,bacon tells us1 discerns a common law in things as remote as sounds are from colors1 and thus traces the same footsteps of nature in the most widely separated regions of her domain1 finds constantly in the visible and familiar a parable of the invisible and unknown4 ,the very essence of poetry also consists in this1 that not only in its metaphors and figures1 but in its whole spirit1 it is a parable1 imparting to material objects at once their most beautiful expression and that one which reveals their spiritual meaning4 ,so long as the imagination is a part of human intellect1 it must have a place in all that interprets between the natural and the spiritual worlds4 ,the following characteristic passage1 while it shows that ,st4 ,gertrude made no confusion between allegory and vision1 yet suggests to us that so poetical a mind might1 under peculiar circumstances1 be more easily favored with visions than another3 ,whilst thou didst act so lovingly toward me1 and didst not cease to draw my soul from vanity to thyself1 it happened on a certain day1 between the festival of the resurrection and the ascension1 that ,i went into court before prime1 and seated myself near the fountain2 and ,i began to consider the beauty of the place1 which charmed me on account of the clear and flowing stream1 the verdure of the trees which surrounded it1 and the flights of the birds1 and particularly of the doves--above all1 the sweet calm--apart from all1 considering within myself what would make this place most useful to me1 ,i thought it would be the friendship of a wise and intimate companion1 who would sweeten my solitude or render it useful to others2 when thou1 my ,lord and my ,god1 who art a torrent of inestimable pleasures1 after having inspired me with the first impulse of this desire1 thou didst will also to be the end of it2 inspiring me with the thought that if by my continual gratitude ,i return thy graces to thee1 as a stream returns to its source2 if1 increasing in the love of virtue1 ,i put forth1 like the trees1 the flowers of good works2 furthermore1 if1 despising the things of earth1 ,i fly upward1 freely1 like the birds1 and thus free my senses from the distraction of exterior things1 my soul would then be empty1 and my heart would be an agreeable abode for thee 7p4 #gf74 ,if in this passage we see how the natural yearning for sympathy and companionship may rise into the heavenly aspirations from which mere nature would divert the heart1 we find in the following one a type of that compensation which is made to unreserved loyalty4 ,the religion of the incarnation gives back1 in a human as well as a divine form1 all that human instincts had renounced4 ,it was on that most sacred night in which the sweet dew of divine grace fell on all the world1 and the heavens dropped sweetness1 that my soul1 exposed like a mystic fleece in the court of the sanctuary1 having received in meditation this celestial rain1 was prepared to assist at this divine birth1 in which a ,virgin brought forth a ,son1 true ,god and man1 even as a star produces its ray4 ,in this night1 ,i say1 my soul beheld before it suddenly a delicate child1 but just born1 in whom were concealed the greatest gifts of perfection4 ,i imagined that ,i received this precious deposit in my bosom 7p4 #he74 ,one of the chief tests as to the divine origin of visions consists in their tending toward humility2 for those #djh which come from a human or worse than human source tend to pride4 ,the humility of ,st4 ,gertrude was profound as the purity of which humility is the guardian was spotless4 ,one day1 after ,i had washed my hands1 and was standing at the table with the community1 perplexed in mind1 considering the brightness of the sun1 which was in its full strength1 ,i said within myself1 ',if the ,lord who has created the sun1 and whose beauty is said to be the admiration of the sun and moon2 if he who is a consuming fire is as truly in me as he shows himself frequently before me1 how is it possible that my heart continues like ice1 and that ,i lead so evil a life8' 7p4 #ajf74 ,there can be no stronger argument in favor of the supernatural origin of ,st4 ,gertrude's visions than their subjects4 ,the highest of her flights1 far from carrying her beyond the limits of sound belief1 or substituting the fanciful for the fruitful1 but bears her deeper into the heart of the great ,christian verities4 ,she soars to heaven to find there1 in a resplendent form1 the simplest of those truths which are our food upon earth4 ,as the glorified bodies of the blessed will be the same bodies which they wore during their earthly pilgrimage1 so the doctrines1 sun-clad1 in her ,revelations are still but the primary articles of the ,creed4 ,her special gift was that of realization3 what others admitted1 she believed2 what others believed1 she saw4 ,it was thus that she felt the co-presence of the supernatural with the natural1 the kingdom of spirit not to her being a future world1 but a wider circle clasping a smaller one4 ,from this feeling followed her intense appreciation of the fact that all earthly things have immediate effect on high4 ,if a prayer is said on earth1 she sees the scepter in the hand of the heavenly ,king blossom with another flower2 if a sacrament is worthily received1 the glory on his face flashes lightning round all the armies of the blessed4 ,that such things should be seen by us may well seem wonderful2 that they should exist can appear strange to no one who realizes the statement1 that when a sinner repents there is joy among the angels in heaven4 ,a vision1 from which we learn the belief of one of ,god's humblest creatures that something was lost to his honor by her compulsory absence from choir1 but that he was more than compensated for the loss by the holy patience with which she submitted to illness 7p4 #ahj71 is not more wonderful than the fact that ,god's glory should be our constant aim1 or that ,god should have joy in those that love him4 ,the marvel is1 that the saint was always believing what we profess to believe4 ,she lived in an everlasting jubilee of divine and human love3 it was always to her what a beaming firmament might be to one who for the first time had walked up out of a cave4 ,she was ever seeing in visible types the tokens of a transcendent union between ,god and man --a deification1 so to speak1 of man in heaven4 ,is this more wonderful than the words that bow the foreheads and bend the knees of the faithful1 ,he was made man8 ,if such things be true1 the wonder is1 not that a few saints realize them1 living accordingly in contemplation and in acts of love1 but that a whole world should stand upon such truths as its sole ground of hope1 and yet practically ignore them4 ,neither in ordinary ,christian literature nor in the ordinary ,christian life do we find what might have been anticipated eighteen centuries ago by those who then first received the doctrines of the incarnation and the communion of saints4 ,how many have written as if ,christianity were merely a regulative principle1 introduced to correct the aberrations of natural instincts6 ,yet even under the old dispensation the sacred thirst of the creature for the ,creator was confessed3 ,as longeth the hart for the water-springs1 so longeth my soul after thee1 ,o ,lord4 ,the royal son of the #dji great ,psalmist had sang in the ,book of ,canticles the love of the ,creator for the creature4 ,what might not have been expected from ,christian times6 ,how much is not actually found in all those ,christian writings the inspiration of which1 in the highest sense of the word1 is de fide6 ,how supernatural at once and familiar is that divine and human relationship set forth by our ,lord in his parables6 ,what closeness of union6 what omnipotence of prayer6 ,some perhaps might say1 ,if our ,lord were visibly on earth as he was during the thirty-three years1 then indeed the closeness of intercourse between him and his own would be transcendent4 ,but the exact contrary is the fact4 ,the closest intercourse is in the spirit1 and apart from all that is sensual2 the sense is a hindrance to it4 ,so long as he was visibly with them1 the affection of the apostles themselves for their ,lord was too material to be capable of its utmost closeness4 ,even earthly affections are perfected by absence1 and crowned by death4 ,till they are purified by the immortalizing fire of suffering1 sense clings to the best of them more than we know2 not by necessity corrupting them1 but limiting1 dulling1 depressing1 and depriving them of penetration and buoyancy4 ,while he was with them1 the apostles sometimes could not understand their ,master's teaching--where to the ,christian now it seems plain--and replied to it by the words1 ,be it far from thee6 ,when the feast of ,pentecost was come1 they loved him so that they did not fear to die for him2 but they no longer so loved him as to see in him but the restorer of a visible ,israel1 and to lament his death4 ,but this ,pentecost has continued ever since in the ,christian ,church6 ,what1 then1 was to be expected except a fulfilment of the earlier promises3 ,i will pour out my spirit upon all flesh2 and as a natural consequence of perfected love1 the development of the spiritual sight3 ,your sons and your daughters shall prophesy2 your old men shall dream dreams1 and your young men shall see visions 7,joel ii4 #bh78 ,such was the condition of that renewed world for which the apostles wrote1 and to which they promised the spiritual gift and the hidden life4 ,more plainly than the ,jewish king they proclaimed that the union between the ,creator and the creature was no dream1 but that the servants of sense and pride were dreamers2 and1 in words like a musical echo from the canticle of ,canticles1 they affirmed that between ,christ and his ,church there exists a union1 the nearest type of which is to be found in the bridal bond4 ,this was the doctrine that made the world in which ,st4 ,gertrude lived4 ,the clear-sighted will see that the charges brought against her and her ,church are charges brought against the ,bible no less4 ,but all is not said when it is affirmed that the ascetics1 like the apostles1 enjoyed a closer union with their ,lord in his spirit because he had withdrawn his visible presence from the earth4 ,sense may separate those whom it seems to unite2 but there is a nearness notwithstanding1 which has no such paradoxical effect4 ,no one can even approach the subject of the visions of the saints unless he duly appreciates the real presence1 not only as a doctrine1 but in its practical effects4 ,the saints had a closeness to their ,lord denied to the ,jewish prophets4 ,he was absent as regards visibility2 but he was present in the blessed eucharist4 ,if the absence made the love more reverential1 the presence made it more vivid4 ,a large proportion of the visions of the saints were connected with the blessed sacrament4 ,in it the veil was not lifted2 but the veiled nearness quickened that love which perfects faith4 ,to sense all remained dark2 but the spirit was no longer enthralled by sense1 and it conversed with its deliverer4 ,there are those who could not be happy if they did not believe that the #daj world abounds in persona nobler than themselves4 ,there are others who are affluent but in cavils4 ,the visions of saints must1 according to them1 be illusory1 because they are not demonstrably divine6 ,but are the ordinary graces of ,christians distinguished from illusions by demonstration8 ,is penitence1 or humility1 or simplicity demonstrable8 ,do we believe that nothing is an object of prayer1 or an occasion for thanksgiving1 till it is proved to be such8 ,those who know that religion has its vast theological region of certainty know also that there exists an outward region in which1 though credulity is an evil1 yet needless contentiousness is the note of a petty mind4 ,or the visions must be fabulous1 because the caviller does not understand the mode of spiritual operation to which they are referable6 ,but how much do we know as to the separate or joint action of our bodily1 intellectual1 and moral powers8 ,we believe in results2 but we understand little of processes4 ,the only visions received as de fide are those recorded in the ,holy ,scriptures4 ,do we know by what process even these came to exist8 ,were they external manifestations1 such as1 if shown to two persons1 must have worn for both the same semblance2 or may they have had an existence only within the mind of the seer8 ,is not the real question this--whether or not they had a divine origin2 not whether he who sent them worked on the mind from without1 or stimulated its action from within8 ,in this case the visions of some event--such as the crucifixion--possessed by two different saints1 might not have been the less authentic although different from each other in some particulars4 ,who can say to what extent habitual grace may not determine the action of the imaginative faculty1 as of other faculties1 so as to produce vision in one man while it produces prudence or wisdom in another8 ,that grace acts on the mind as well as on the heart no one will deny1 since some of the gifts of the ,holy ,ghost are of an intellectual order1 and it is through spiritual discernment that we understand religious truth4 ,it seems1 indeed1 but natural to suppose that grace should operate on the imagination1 and thus counterwork the seductions by which an evil power assails that faculty--a form of temptation often1 but not consistently1 insisted on by those who scoff at visions4 ,if this be granted1 then1 as we can neither measure the different degrees in which grace is granted1 and increased by co-operation1 nor ascertain the intellectual shape and proportions of those to whom it is accorded1 who can affect to determine to what extent that grace may not suffice1 in some cases1 to produce vision1 even when accorded mainly for other purposes8 ,but this is not all4 ,the imagination does not act by itself2 the other faculties work along with it2 by them also the vision is shaped in part2 and as they are developed1 directed1 and harmonized in a large measure by grace1 in the same degree the vision must1 even when not miraculous1 be affected by a supernatural influence4 ,once more3 ,god works upon us through his providence as well as through his grace2 and the color of our thoughts is constantly the result of some external trifle1 apparently accidental4 ,a dream is modified by a momentary sound2 and a conclusion may be shaped not without aid from a flying gleam or the shadow of a cloud4 ,our thoughts are fearfully and wonderfully made1 partly for us and partly by us1 and through influences internal and external1 which we trace but in part4 ,we can draw a line between the visions which command our acceptance and those which only invite it2 but in dealing with the latter class1 it seems impossible to determine priori how far they may or may not be accounted supernatural4 ,it will depend upon their evidence1 their consequences1 their character1 and the character of those to whom they belonged4 #daa ,but1 the caviller will object1 unassisted genius has visions of its own4 ,what then8 ,does that circumstance discredit all visions that claim to be supernatural8 ,far from it2 the visions of genius are elevated by virtue4 ,they are not only purified thus1 but edged with insight and enriched with wisdom4 ,has virtue1 then1 nothing of the supernatural8 or would ,dante have seen as much if1 instead of following her voice1 he had followed that of the siren8 ,again1 simplicity of character1 and what ,holy ,scripture calls the single eye1 have a close affinity with genius2 for which reason the poor possess many characteristics of it denied to the rich--its honest apprehension of great ideas1 for instance1 and the inspiration of good sense2 its power of realizing the essential and of ignoring the accidental2 its freshness in impressions and loyalty in sentiment4 ,but simplicity is a divine gift4 ,above all1 faith communicates often what resembles genius to persons who would otherwise1 perhaps1 have narrow minds and wavering hearts4 ,it appears1 then1 that the whole of our moral and spiritual being--which is of course under supernatural influence--admits of such a development as is favorable to genius1 and may eminently promote that natural vision which belongs to it4 ,education and life may do the same4 ,what disperses the faculties over a vast field of heterogeneous knowledge saps genius2 what gives unity to the being strengthens it4 ,it evaporates in vanity2 it is deepened by humility4 ,society dissipates its energies and chills them2 solitude concentrates and heats them4 ,indulgence relaxes it2 severity invigorates it4 ,it is dazzled by the importunate sunshine of the present2 its eyes grow wider in the twilight of the past and the future4 ,all the circumstances1 exterior and interior1 that favor genius are thus indirectly connected with grace or with providence4 ,what1 then1 is not to be thought in a case like that of ,st4 ,gertrude1 in which we find1 not genius trained on toward sanctity1 but sanctity enriched with genius8 ,it is1 however1 to be remembered that we in no degree disparage the claim to a divine character possessed by ,st4 ,gertrude's visions in admitting that some of them may not claim that character4 ,in one favored with such high gifts1 it is not unphilosophical to suppose that the natural qualities1 as well as supernatural graces1 which lend themselves to visions would probably exist in a marked decree4 ,we have no reason1 indeed1 to conclude that the ,hebrew prophets1 to whom visions were sent by ,god1 never possessed1 when not thus honored1 anything that resembled them--anything beyond what belongs to ordinary men4 ,they1 too1 may have had unrecorded visions of a lower type1 in which the loftiest of their thoughts and deepest of their experiences became visible to them2 and if so1 they had probably something ancillary to vision in their natural faculties and habits1 independently of their supernatural gifts4 ,among the peculiar natural characteristics of ,st4 ,gertrude may be reckoned an extraordinary literalness of mind1 strangely ignited with a generalizing power4 ,she had a value for everything as it was1 as well as for the idea it included4 ,there was a minuteness as well as a largeness about her4 ,these qualities probably belonged to that pellucid simplicity which kept her all her life like a child4 ,this childlike instinct would of itself have constantly stimulated her colloquies with him who was the end of all her thoughts4 ,in the spiritual as in the intellectual life1 the powers seem augmented through this dramatic process1 as though fecundated from sources not their own4 ,the thoughts thus originated seem to come half from the mind with which the colloquy is held1 and half from native resources4 ,let us now pass to another cavil4 ,devotions such as those of ,st4 ,gertrude have sometimes been censured because they are full of love4 ,there #dab is here a strange confusion4 ,most justly might dislike be felt for devotions in which love is not supplemented by a proportionate veneration4 ,among the dissenting bodies devotions of this sort are to be found1 though we should be sorry rudely to criticise what implies religious affection1 and is a recoil from coldness4 ,the fault is not wholly theirs4 ,an age may be so characterized that it cannot be fervent1 even in its prayers1 without being earthly2 but such an age is not religious1 and may not judge those that were4 ,in them reverence and love are inseparable4 ,god reigns in man's heart through love and fear4 ,true devotion must1 therefore1 have at once its fervid affection and its holy awe4 ,thus much will be conceded4 ,it does not require much penetration to perceive also that the more it habitually possesses of awe1 the more it admits of love4 ,if the expression of divine resembles that of human affection1 this results by necessity from the poverty of language4 ,those who object to the use of the word worship in connection with ,god's saints as well as with ,god 7though of course used in a different sense7 see nothing to surprise them in the circumstance that the terms love and honor possess equally this double application4 ,yet when expressions of real and zealous love are addressed to ,almighty ,god1 they are sometimes no less scandalized than when worship 7that is1 honor and veneration7 is addressed in a subordinate sense to the saints6 ,in both cases alike they labor under misconceptions which may easily be removed4 ,to abolish the resemblance between the expression of divine and human affections1 it would be necessary to break down the whole of that glorious constitution of life by which human ties1 far from being either arbitrary things or but animal relations improved upon1 are types of divine ties4 ,the fatherhood in heaven is admitted to be the antetype of human parentage2 and the adoptive brotherhood with ,christ1 the second ,adam1 to be the antetype of the natural brotherhood4 ,can any other principle prevail in the case of that tie which is the fountain whence the other domestic charities flow8 ,not in the judgment of those who believe1 with ,st4 ,paul1 that marriage is a type of that union which subsists between him and his ,church4 ,if there be an analogy between divine and human ties1 so there must be between the love that goes along with them and the blessedness that is inseparable from love4 ,in such cavils as we have referred to there is a latent error that belonged to the earliest times4 ,the caviller assumes that an element of corruption must needs exist in religious affections which betray any analogy to human affections1 whereas it is but a ,manichean philosophy which affirms the necessary existence of corruption in the human relations themselves4 ,human relations are not corrupt in themselves either before or since the fall2 but human beings are corrupt and weak1 and do but little justice to those relations4 ,praise1 both in heaven and on earth1 is held out to us in ,holy ,scripture as one of the rewards of virtue4 ,it may not be the less true1 on that account1 that few orators have listened to the acclamations that follow a successful speech without some alloy of self-love4 ,possessions are allowable2 it may be1 notwithstanding1 that few have had all things as though they had nothing4 ,it is not in the human relations that the evil exists 7for they retain the brightness left on them by the hand that created them71 but in those who abuse them by excessive dependence on them1 or by disproportion4 ,it is mainly a question of due subordination4 ,where the higher part of our being is ruled by the lower1 or where the lower works apart from and in contempt of the higher1 there evil exists4 ,where the opposite takes place--where a flame enkindled in heaven feeds first upon the spiritual heights of our being and descends by due degrees through the #dac imagination and the affections--there the whole of our being works in a restored unity1 and there proportionately the senses are glorified by the soul4 ,this has ever been the teaching of that ,church which encircles the whole of human life with its girdle of sacraments4 ,it has naturally come to be forgotten in those communities which admit the legal substitution of divorce1 and polygamy for the sanctity and inviolability of ,christian marriage4 ,that those who do not understand the relation of human to divine ties should not understand the devotions of saints is far from strange4 ,the expressions of the saints are bold because they are innocent4 ,they have no part in that association of ideas which takes refuge in prudery4 ,the language of ,st4 ,gertrude is that of one on whose brow the fillet had dropped when she was a child1 and who had neither had any experience of earthly love nor wished for any4 ,it is indeed the excellence of the domestic ties that they are indirect channels of communication with heaven4 ,but in her case the communication was direct and immediate--a clear flame rising straight from the altar of perpetual sacrifice4 ,the beautiful ascent of affections from grade to grade along the scale of life had in her been superseded by a yet diviner self-devotion4 ,she had not built upon the things that are lawful within due measure1 but upon those counsels the rewards of which are immeasurable4 ,she had reaped immortal love in the fields of mortification4 ,she had begun where others end4 ,she had found the union of peace with joy4 ,had there been added to this whatever is best in the domestic ties1 it could to her have been but a rehearsal1 in a lower though blameless form1 of affections which she had already known in that highest form in which alone they are capable of being realized in heaven4 ,expressions associated with human affections are to be found in ,st4 ,gertrude's devotions1 because she had human affections4 ,in the monastic renunciation the inmost essence of them is retained2 for that essence1 apart from its outward accidents1 is spiritual4 ,what is the meaning of the incarnation1 if ,god is not to be loved as man8 ,to what purpose1 without this1 the helpless childhood1 the fields through which he moved1 the parables so homely1 the miracles of healing1 the access given to sinners1 the tears by the grave of him whom he was about to restore to life1 the hunger and the weariness1 the reproach for sympathy withheld8 ,these domestic memories of the ,church are intended to give the higher direction to human affections before they have strayed into the lower1 in order that the lower may receive their interpretation from the higher4 ,nothing is more wonderful than to see the natural passing into the supernatural in actual life2 nothing more instructive than to see this in devotions4 ,it is not the presence of a human element in them1 but the absence of a divine element1 that should be deplored4 ,the natural may be shunned where the supernatural is not realized4 ,it can only be realized through love2 and love is perfected through self-sacrifice1 the strength and science of the saints4 ,it is easy to distinguish between devotions that are really too familiar and those of the saints4 ,the latter1 as has been remarked1 are as full of awe as of love4 ,their familiarity implies the absence of a servile fear2 but everywhere that filial fear1 the seat of which is in the conscience1 reveals itself4 ,again1 if they regard our ,lord in his character of lover of souls1 they regard him proportionately in his other characters1 as brother and as friend1 as master and as ,lord1 as creator and as judge4 ,the manhood in ,christ is ever leading the heart on to his divinity2 and the incarnation1 as a picture of the divine character1 is the strongest preacher of ,theism4 ,again1 the love that reveals itself in them has no pettiness1 no narrowness2 it exults in the thought of that great army of the elect1 each member of #dad which is equally the object of the divine love1 as a single drop reflects the firmament no less than the ocean of which it is a part4 ,once more3 in such devotions the thirst after the divine purity is as strongly marked as that for the divine tenderness2 and death is ever welcome1 that ,god may be seen in the spirit4 ,but in these devotions1 it is said1 we trace the yearnings of a woman's heart4 ,and why not8 ,with what else is woman to love ,god8 ,may not the devotion of a child be childlike1 and of a man be manly8 ,why are female affections alone to strain themselves into the unnatural1 instead of advancing to the supernatural8 ,in such sneers there is as little philosophy as charity4 ,the whole structure of our being--together not only with all its experiences1 but with all its capacities--is that which1 yielding to divine grace1 constitutes the mould in which our devotion is cast4 ,it is not religion alone1 but everything--art1 science1 whatever we take in--that is colored by whatever is special to the faculties or the dispositions of the recipient4 ,religion is the only thing that holds its own in spite of such modification4 ,it does so on account of its absolute simpleness4 ,but it does much more than hold its own4 ,it is enriched4 ,religion is as manifold as it is simple4 ,the faculties and instincts of the mere isolated individual are too narrow to allow of his fully accepting the gifts which it extends to us4 ,but fortunately our incapacities balance each other2 the characteristics of religion least appreciated by one being often those which will most come home to another4 ,not only individuals but nations and ages1 both by what they have in common and by what they have of unlike1 unconsciously help to make up the general store4 ,christianity has become in one sense to each of us what it was to an ,kempis as well as what it was to an ,aquinas2 and why not also to what it was to a ,gertrude or a ,theresa8 ,all things subserve this vast scheme4 ,how much we are enriched by those different aspects of religion presented to us by the chief authentic architectures6 ,in the ,gothic1 which is mystic1 suggestive1 infinite1 it is chiefly the spirituality of religion that is affirmed4 ,in the ,roman basilica1 orderly and massive1 it is the law that is insisted on4 ,in the ,byzantine style1 precious marble and beaming gold1 and every device of rich color and fair form1 preach the inexhaustibility of ,christian charity and the beauty of the ,eden it restores4 ,these aspects of religion are all in harmony with each other4 ,the mind that embraces them is not endeavoring to blend contradictions into a common confusion1 but to reunite great ideas in the unity from which they started4 ,still more is the manifold vastness of religion illustrated by those diversities of the religious sentiment which result from diversities in the human character4 ,all modern civilization rests on reverence for woman1 both in her virginal and maternal character2 the ,mother of ,god1 from whom that reverence sprang1 being in both these relations alike its great type4 ,in the restored1 as in the first humanity1 there is an ,eve as well as an ,adam2 and it has been well remarked1 that among the indirect benefits derived from this provision is the circumstance that there thus exists a double cord1 by which the two great divisions of the human family are drawn to the contemplation of that true humanity4 ,from the beginning woman found herself at home in ,christianity2 it was to her a native country1 in which she fulfilled her happiest destinies1 as paganism had been a foreign land1 where she lived in bondage and degradation4 ,in the days of martyrdom the virgins took their place beside the youths amid the wild beasts at the ,coliseum4 ,in the days of contemplative monasticism the convents of the nuns1 no less than those of the monks1 lifted their snowy standards on high1 and1 by the image of purity which they had there exalted1 rendered intelligible the #dae ,christian idea of marriage--thus refreshing with ethereal breath those charities of hut and hearth which flourished in the valleys far down4 ,in those convents1 too1 the scholastic volume1 and the psalm sustained by day and night1 proved that the serious belonged to woman as well as the soft and bright4 ,since the devastations of later times womanhood has won a yet more conspicuous crown4 ,through the active orders religion has measured her strength with a world which boasts that at last it is alive and stirring4 ,by nuns the sick have been nursed1 the aged tended1 the orphan reared1 the rude instructed1 the savage reclaimed1 the revolutionary leader withstood1 the revolutionary mob reduced to a sane mind4 ,there are no better priests than those of ,france2 yet they tell us that it has been in no small part through the ,sisters of ,charity that religion has been restored in their land4 ,in how many an ,english alley is not the convent the last hope of purity and faith8 ,on how many an ,irish waste does not the last crust come from it8 ,the part of woman in ,christianity might have been anticipated4 ,for it she is strengthened even by all that makes her weak elsewhere4 ,in the ,christian scheme the law of strength is found in the words1 ,when ,i am weak1 then ,i am strong4 ,it is a creaturely1 not self-asserting strength2 it is not godlike1 but consists in dependence on ,god4 ,in proportion as self is obliterated1 a ,divine ,presence takes its place1 which could otherwise no more inhabit there than the music which belongs to the hollow shell could proceed from the solid rock4 ,to woman1 who in all the conditions of life occupies the place of the secondary or satellite1 the attainment of this selflessness is perhaps more easy than to man4 ,obedience is the natural precursor of faith2 and to those whose hands are clean the clearer vision is granted4 ,moreover1 religion is mainly of the heart2 and in woman the heart occupies a larger relative place than in man4 ,paganism1 with the instinct of a clown1 addressed but what was superficial in womanhood1 and elicited but what was alluring and ignoble4 ,christianity addressed it at its depths1 and elicited the true1 the tender1 and the spiritual4 ,the one flattered1 but with a coarse caress2 the other controlled1 but with a touch of air-like softness4 ,in pagan times woman was a chaplet of faded flowers on a festive board2 in ,christian1 it became a sealed fountain1 by which every flower1 from the violet to the amaranth1 might grow4 ,even the chosen people had forgotten her claims2--but from the beginning it was not so4 ,christianity reaffirmed them2 it could do no less4 ,it addresses distinctively what is feminine in man1 as well as what is manly4 ,it challenges1 at its first entrance1 the passive1 the susceptive1 the recipient in our nature2 and it ignores1 as it is ignored by1 the self-asserting and the self-included4 ,that which ,christianity claims for woman is but the readjustment of a balance which1 when all merit was measured by the test of bodily or intellectual strength1 had no longer preserved its impartiality4 ,milton's line1 ,he for ,god only3 she for ,god in him1 is more in harmony with the ,mohammedan1 or at least the ,oriental1 than with the ,christian scheme of thought4 ,it is as represented both by its stronger and its gentler half1 that man's race pays its true tribute to the great ,creator4 ,the modern poet gives us his ideal of man in the form of a prophecy3 ,yet in the long years liker must they grow3 ,the man he more of woman--she of man4 ,footnote #fa ,footnote #fa3 ,tennyson's ,princess4 ,singularly enough1 this ideal of humanity was fulfilled long since in the conventual life4 ,the true nun has left behind the weakness of her #daf sex4 ,the acceptance of her vocation1 implying the renunciation of the tried for the untried1 the seen for the unseen1 is the highest known form of courage-- ,a soft and tender heroine ,vowed to severer discipline4 ,footnote #fb ,footnote #fb3 ,wordsworth's ,ode to ,enterprise1 ,her vow is irrevocable2 and thus free-will1 the infinite in our nature1 stands finally pledged to the better part4 ,in her life of mortification1 and her indifference to worldly opinion1 she reaches the utmost to which fortitude may aspire2 yet she perfects in herself also the characteristic virtues of woman--love1 humility1 obedience4 ,the true monk also1 while more of a man than other men1 includes more of the virtues that belong least often to man4 ,it is pre-eminently the soul within him that has received its utmost development1 and become the expression of his being4 ,the highest ideal of the antique world1 mens sana in corpore sano1 implied1 not the subordination of the body to the mind1 and of both to the soul1 but the equal development of the former two1 the soul being left wholly out of account4 ,such a formula1 it is true1 rises above that of the mere ,epicurean1 who subordinates the mind to the body1 and makes pleasure the chief good4 ,it leaves1 however1 no place for the spiritual4 ,by the change which ,christianity introduced1 virtues which paganism overlooked or despised became the predominant elements in man's being4 ,purity1 patience1 and humility bear to ,christian morals a relation analogous to that which faith1 hope1 and charity bear to theology4 ,the former1 like the latter1 triad of virtues will ever present to the rationalist the character of mysticism1 because they rest upon mysteries--that is1 upon realities out of our sight1 and hidden in the divine character4 ,the earthly basis upon which they are sometimes placed by defenders that belong to the utilitarian school is as incapable of supporting them as the film of ice that covers a lake would be of supporting the mountains close by4 ,these are ,christian virtues exclusively1 and it was to perfect them that the convents which nurtured saints were called into existence4 ,we know the hideous picture of monastic life with which a morbid imagination sometimes amuses or frightens itself4 ,let us frankly contrast with it the true ideal of a monastic saint4 ,no ideal1 of course1 is fully realized2 but still it is only when the ideal is understood that the actual character is appreciated4 ,the monastic life is founded on the evangelical counsels1 the portion of practical ,christianity most plainly peculiar to the ,christian system4 ,it is obedience1 but the obedience of love4 ,it is fear1 but the fear of offending1 far more than the fear of the penalty4 ,it is dependence glorified4 ,it is based on what is feminine as well as on what is masculine in our nature2 on a being which has become recipient in a sacred passiveness4 ,it lives by faith1 which comes by hearing2 and its attitude of mind is like that indicated by the sweet and serious1 but submitted1 face of one who listens to far-off music or a whisper close by4 ,in the stillness of devout contemplation the soul1 unhardened and unwrinkled1 spreads itself forth like a vine-leaf to the beam of truth and the dews of grace4 ,in this perfected ,christian character we find1 together with the strength of the stem1 the flexibility of the tendril and the freshness of the shoot4 ,for the same reason we find the consummate flower of sanctity--a ,bernard or a ,francis--and with the flower the fruit1 and the seed which has sown ,christianity in all lands2 for monks have ever been the great missionaries4 ,the soul of the monk who has done most for man has thus most included the womanly as well as the manly type of excellence4 ,it has unity and devotedness4 ,it has that purity which is not only #dag consistent with fervor1 but in part proceeds from it4 ,it shrinks not only from the forbidden1 but from the disproportionate1 the startling1 and the abrupt4 ,it is humble1 and does not stray as far as its limit4 ,it regards sin1 not as a wild beast chained1 but as a plague1 and thinks that it cannot escape too far beyond the infection4 ,it has a modesty which modulates every movement of the being4 ,it has spontaneity1 and finds itself at home among little things4 ,it is cheerful and genial1 with a momentary birth of good thoughts1 wishes1 and deeds1 that ascend like angels to ,god1 and are only visible to angels4 ,nor is this all4 ,it is in the conventual life that the third type of human character--that of the child--is found in conjunction with the other two4 ,in the world even the partial preservation of the child in the man is one of the rare marks of genius4 ,in the cloister the union is common4 ,where the character is thus integrated by harmoniously blending the three human types--viz41 man1 woman1 and child--then man has reached his best1 and done most to reverse the fall4 ,it is among those who have most bravely taken the second ,adam for their example that this primal image is most nearly restored4 ,we see it in such books as the ,imitation1 and the ,confessions of ,st4 ,augustine4 ,we see it in the old pictures of the saints1 where the venerable and the strong1 the gracious and the lovely1 the meek and the winning1 are so subtly blended by the pencil of an ,angelico or a ,perugino4 ,we see it within many a modern cloister4 ,it has its place1 to the discerning eye1 among the evidences of religion4 ,in the north the world now finds it more difficult than in the south to appreciate such a character as ,st4 ,gertrude4 ,if it is sceptical as to visions and raptures1 still more is it scandalized by austerities and mortification4 ,the temperament of the south tends too generally to pleasure2 but the great natures of the south1 perhaps for that reason1 renounce the senses with a loftier strength4 ,they throw themselves frankly on asceticism1 leaving beneath them all that is soft1 like the ,italian mountains which frown from their marble ridges over the valleys of oranges and lemons4 ,the same ardor which so often leads astray1 ministers1 when it chooses the soul for its residence1 to great deeds1 as fire does to the labors of material science4 ,in the north1 including the land of ,st4 ,gertrude1 many of the virtues are themselves out of sympathy with the highest virtue4 ,men can there admire strength and industry2 but they too often believe in no strength that is not visible1 no industry that is not material4 ,mortification is to them unintelligible4 ,action they can admire2 in suffering they see but a sad necessity1 like the old ,greeks1 to whom all pain was an intrusion and a scandal4 ,christianity first revealed the might of endurance4 ,it was not the triumph over ,satan at the temptation that restored man's race2 though ,milton1 not without a deep1 unintended significance1 selected that victory as the subject of his ,paradise ,regained4 ,it was not preaching1 nor miracle1 but ,calvary4 ,externally1 endurance is passive2 internally1 it is the highest form of action--the action in which there is no self-will1 the energy that is one with humility4 ,the moment the ,church began to live she began to endure4 ,the apostles became ascetics1 keeping the body under1 and proclaiming that between spirit and flesh1 between watching and sloth1 between fast and feast1 there was not peace but war4 ,while the fiery penance of persecution lasted1 it was easy to have all things as though one had nothing4 ,there then was always a barrier against which virtue might push in its ceaseless desire to advance1 and to discipline her strength by trial4 ,when the three centuries of trial were over1 monasticism rose4 ,in it again was found a place for mortification-- for that detachment which is #dah attachment to ,god1 and that exercise which makes ,christians athletes4 ,there silence matured divine love1 and stillness generated strength4 ,there was found the might of a spiritual motive2 and a fulcrum was thus supplied like that by which ,archimedes boasted that his lever could move the world4 ,it is difficult to contemplate such a character as that of ,st4 ,gertrude without straying from her to a kindred subject--that wonderful monastic life1 with its rapturous visions and its as constant mortifications1 to which we owe such characters4 ,without the cloister we should have had no ,gertrudes2 and without the mortification of the cloister the ceaseless chant and the incense would have degenerated into spiritual luxuries4 ,it is time for us to return1 and ask a practical question3 ,what was this ,st4 ,gertrude1 who found so fair a place among the wonders of the thirteenth century1 and whom in the nineteenth so few hear of or understand8 ,what was she even at the lowest1 and such as the uninitiated might recognize8 ,she was a being for whom nature had done all nature could do4 ,she was a noble-minded woman1 pure at once and passionate1 more queenly and more truly at home in the poverty of her convent than she could have been in her father's palace4 ,secondly1 she was a woman of extraordinary genius and force of character4 ,thirdly1 she was one who1 the child of an age when the dialectics of old ,greece were laid on the altar of revealed truth1 dwelt habitually in that region of thought which1 in the days of antiquity1 was inhabited by none1 and occasionally approached but by the most aspiring votaries of the ,platonic philosophy4 ,this was the human instrumentality which sovereign grace took to itself1 as the musician selects some fair-grained tree out of which to shape his lyre4 ,there was in her no contradictory past to retrieve4 ,without a jar1 and almost without consciousness1 she passed with a movement of swanlike softness out of innocence into holiness4 ,some have fought their way to goodness1 as others have to earthly greatness1 and won the crown1 though not without many a scar4 ,but she was born in the purple1 and all her thoughts and feelings had ever walked with princely dignity and vestal grace1 as in the court of the great ,king4 ,her path was arduous2 but it stretched from good to better1 not from bad to good4 ,she did not graduate in the garden of ,epicurus1 nor amid the groves of ,academus1 nor amid the revel of that ,greek society in which the glitter of the highest intelligence played above the rottenness of the most corrupt life4 ,she had always lived by faith4 ,the spiritual world had been hers before the natural one1 and had interpreted it4 ,man's supernatural end had ever for her presented the clue to his destinies1 and revealed the meaning of his earthly affections4 ,among these last she had made no sojourn4 ,she had prolonged not the time1 but done on earth what all aspire to do in heaven3 she had risen above human ties1 in order to possess them in their largest manifestations4 ,the faith affirmed that we are to have all things in ,god1 and in ,god she resolved to have them4 ,her heart rose as by a heavenward gravitation to the centre of all love4 ,a creature1 and knowing herself to be no more1 her aspiration was to belong wholly to her ,creator4 ,to her the incarnation meant the union of the human race1 and of the human soul1 with ,god4 ,her devotions are the endless love-songs of this high bridal4 ,they passed from her heart spontaneously1 like the song of the bird2 and they remain for ever the triumphant hymeneal chant of a clear1 loving1 intelligential spirit1 which had renounced all things for him1 and had found all things in him for whom all spirits are made4 #daidbj ,from ,the ,lamp4 ,a ,,christmas ,,carol4 ,,by ,,bessie ,,rayner ,,parkes4 ,christmas comes1 ,christmas comes4 ,blessing wheresoe'er he roams2 ,and he calls the little children ,cluster'd in a thousand homes4 ,stand you still1 my little children1 ,for a moment while ,i sing1 ,wreath'd together in a ring1 ,with your tiny hands embracing ,in a snowy interlacing4 ,and your rich curls dropping down-- ,golden1 black1 and auburn-brown-- ,over bluest little eyes2 ,toss them back in sweet surprise ,while my pretty song ,i sing4 ,i have apples1 ,i have cakes1 ,icicles1 and snowy flakes4 ,hanging on each naked bough2 ,sugar strawberries and cherries1 ,mistletoe and holly-berries1 ,nail'd above the glorious show4 ,i have presents rich and rare4 ,beauties which ,i do not spare1 ,for my little children dear2 ,at my steps the casements lighten1 ,sourest human faces brighten4 ,and the carols--music strange-- ,float in their melodious change ,on the night-wind cold and drear4 ,listen now1 my little children3 ,all these things ,i give to you1 ,and you love me1 dearly love me 7,witness'd in your welcome true74 ,why do ,i thus yearly scatter4 ,with retreating of the sun4 ,sweetmeats1 holiday1 and fun8 ,there must be something much the matter ,where my wine-streams do not run4 ,once ,i was no more than might be ,any season of the year2 ,no kind tapers shone to light me ,on my way advancing here2 ,no small children rush'd to meet me1 ,happy human smiles to greet me4 ,true1 it was a while ago2 ,but ,i mind me it was so1 ,then believe me1 children dear4 ,till one foggy cold ,december1 ,eighteen hoary centuries past 7,thereabouts as ,i remember71 ,came a voice upon the blast4 ,and a strange star in the heaven2 ,one said that unto us was given ,a ,saviour and a ,brother kind2 ,the star upon my head shed down ,of golden beams this living crown4 ,the birthday gift of ,jesus ,christ1 ,whereby my glory might be known4 ,you all keep your little birthdays2 ,keep likewise your fathers'1 mothers'1 ,little sisters'1 little brothers'2 ,to commemorate this birth1 ,sings aloud the exulting earth6 ,every age and all professions1 ,in all distance--parted nations1 ,meet together at this time ,in spirit1 while the church-bells chime4 ,little children1 dance and play1-- ,we will join1--but likewise pray ,at morning1 thinking of the day ,i have told you ,i remember ,in a bleak and cold ,december1 ,long ago and far away4 ------ ,from ,the ,popular ,science ,review4 ,,epidemics1 ,,past ,,and ,,present-- ,,their ,,origin ,,and ,,distribution4 ,epidemics1 derived from the two ,greek words ,greek text1 among1 and ,greek text1 people are those diseases which for a time prevail widely among the people of any country or locality1 and then1 for a longer or shorter period1 either entirely1 or for the most part1 disappear4 ,there are few diseases to which the human race is liable that may not1 under favorable circumstances1 take on the epidemic form4 ,for example1 diseases of the organs of respiration are very apt to become epidemic in seasons characterized by extreme coldness or dampness of the atmosphere1 or by great and sudden alternations of temperature4 ,in a strict sense1 however1 the term #dba epidemics is not usually employed in reference to the diseases of individual organs of the body1 but is restricted to those derangements of the entire system depending upon the absorption of some poison1 or the action of some influence1 from without4 ,in the latter class of maladies the individual organs may become diseased1 and the derangement of their functions may modify the symptoms resulting from the primary poison or influence2 but then the local diseases are the secondary result of the general disorder of the constitution1 and not the source and origin of all the mischief4 ,some epidemic diseases possess the power of self-propagation2 that is to say1 the poison or influence may be communicated by infected persons to persons in health1 and the disease is then said to be contagious1 ,footnote #fc while others are entirely destitute of any such property4 ,scarlet-fever and small-pox are familiar examples of the former class2 ague and influenza of the latter4 ,footnote #fc3 ,the terms contagion and contagious are here used in their widest signification1 and are applied in this essay to all diseases capable of propagation by infected individuals to persons in health4 ,it is still a vexed question whether a disease that is capable of self-propagation can ever be generated de novo4 ,it is maintained1 on the one hand1 that such an occurrence is as impossible as the spontaneous generation of plants or animals2 while1 on the other hand1 it is argued that the poison of certain diseases capable of self-propagation may1 under certain favorable conditions1 be produced independently of any pre-existing cases of the disease4 ,the comparison of a fever-poison with a spore or ovum is an ingenious1 but a most delusive1 argument4 ,an epidemic disease springing up in a locality where it was before unknown1 and where it is impossible to trace its introduction from without1 is said to be not more extraordinary than the development of fungi in a putrid fluid4 ,the argument1 however1 is founded on a pure assumption1 for there is not a tittle of evidence to show that a fever-poison is of the nature of a spore or ovum4 ,air saturated with the poisons of various contagious diseases has been condensed and submitted to the highest powers of the microscope1 but nothing approaching to a small-pox spore1 or a typhus ovum1 has yet been discovered4 ,it is true that certain contagious diseases1 such as scarlet-fever and smallpox1 can in most instances be traced to contagion2 but1 with regard to others1 such as typhoid or enteric fever1 it is in most instances utterly impossible to account for the first cases in any outbreak on the theory of contagion1 while1 at the same time1 there is direct evidence that the contagious power of the disease is extremely4 ,the question is no doubt beset with many difficulties1 and constitutes one of the most intricate problems in medical science4 ,it is one1 however1 which can never be solved by entering on the discussion with a preconceived theory as to the close analogy1 if not identity1 of a fever-poison with an animal or vegetable ovum1 nor by assuming that the laws which regulate the propagation of one contagious disease are equally applicable to all4 ,nature's facts are too often interpreted by human laws1 rather than by the laws of nature4 ,in the case before us1 the natural history of each disease must be studied independently1 and our ideas as to its origin and mode of propagation must be founded on the evidence furnished by that study alone1 and irrespective of the laws which seem to regulate the origin and propagation of other diseases with which it has no connection whatever1 except in the human mind4 ,at the present moment1 when the subject of epidemics is attracting so much attention1 it may be interesting to call attention to the more important diseases comprised under that head1 and to point out some of the main facts connected with their origin and distribution4 #dbb ,the principal epidemic diseases1 then1 are3 small-pox1 scarlet-fever1 measles1 typhus1 relapsing fever1 ,oriental plague1 yellow fever1 diarrhoea1 typhoid or enteric fever1 cholera1 dysentery1 ague and remittent fevers1 influenza1 the sweating sickness1 and the dancing mania4 #a4 ,small-pox the most loathsome of all diseases1 is believed to have prevailed in ,india and ,china from time immemorial4 ,about the middle of the sixth century it is supposed to have been conveyed by trading vessels from ,india to ,arabia1 and the ,arabian army at the siege of ,mecca1 in the year #efi1 was the first victim of its fury4 ,from ,arabia it was imported into ,europe by the ,saracens1 and there is evidence of its existence in ,britain before the ninth century4 ,before the introduction of vaccination1 small-pox was one of the chief causes of mortality in all the countries where it prevailed1 and even now it occupies a prominent place in our mortuary returns4 ,during the twenty-four years #ahch-fa1 #abe1ceb of the population of ,england and ,wales1 and #ba1cfi of the population of ,london1 died of small-pox2 or1 in other words1 one in seventy-five of the total deaths in ,england and ,wales1 and one in sixty-three of the total deaths in ,london1 were due to this disease4 ,small-pox is not confined to any race or quarter of the globe4 ,at the present day its appearance can1 in the great majority of instances1 be traced to contagion4 ,it is evident1 however1 that it must at one time have had an origin1 and it is reasonable to infer that what happened once may happen again4 ,small-pox is known to attack many of the lower animals as well as man1 and there are grounds for believing that it originated among the former1 and by them was communicated to the human species4 ,a careful study of epizootics--our ignorance of which has been disclosed by the present cattle plague --may ultimately reveal the mode of origin of the poison of small-pox4 ,the disease varies greatly in its prevalence at different times4 ,in other words1 it is sometimes epidemic1 at others not4 ,some of these epidemics are local2 others are widely extended4 ,all exhibit a gradual rise1 culmination1 and decline1 the decline being always less rapid than the advance4 ,it is difficult to account for the occurrence of these epidemics4 ,they are independent of hygienic defects1 season1 temperature1 or any meteorological conditions of which we are cognizant4 ,they are probably due to causes tending to depress the general health of the population1 and so to predispose it to the action of the poison4 ,for nearly two centuries it has been a common observation that epidemics of small-pox have co-existed with epidemics of other contagious diseases4 ,the gradual accumulation also in a district of unprotected persons1 owing to the neglect of vaccination1 will also predispose to the occurrence of an epidemic1 after the introduction of the poison4 ,in fact1 to the neglect1 or careless performance1 of vaccination1 is entirely due the occurrence of epidemics of small-pox at the present day4 #b4 ,scarlet ,fever4--,the early history of scarlet fever is obscure1 for the disease was long confounded with measles and small-pox1 but it is generally supposed that1 like small-pox1 it came originally from ,africa1 and was imported into ,europe by the ,saracens4 ,it has been known to prevail in ,britain for the last two centuries2 but although it is only of late years1 from the reports of the ,registrar-,general1 that we have been able to form an accurate idea of the extent of its prevalence1 there can be no doubt that it has increased greatly during the present century1 and that it now occupies that pre-eminence among the causes of mortality in childhood which was formerly held by small-pox4 ,during twenty-four years 7#ahch to #ahfa inclusive7 #cge1jji of the population of ,england and ,wales1 and #eh1ffc of the inhabitants of ,london1 died of scarlet fever1 or about one in every twenty-four deaths that occurred in ,england during the period in question #dbc was due to this disease4 ,the mortality from scarlet fever1 in fact1 exceeds the mortality from small-pox and measles taken together4 ,scarlet fever is known to prevail over the whole of the continents of ,europe and ,america1 but it is nowhere so common as in ,britain4 ,in ,france it is a rarer disease than either measles or small-pox4 ,in ,india it is said never to occur4 ,in most instances it is not difficult to trace the occurrence of scarlet fever to contagion2 and from the remarkable indestructibility of the poison and its tendency to adhere to clothes1 furniture1 and even to the walls of houses1 there can be little doubt that the disease has a similar origin in many instances1 where the mode of transmission of the poison cannot be traced4 ,how the poison first originated is yet a mystery2 but there is some probability in the view1 which has many able advocates1 that it originated in horses or cattle1 and by them was communicated to man4 ,if this be so1 it is reasonable to hope that investigations as to the occurrence of the disease in the lower animals may lead to a discovery productive of as great benefits to the human race as vaccination4 ,at intervals of a few years scarlet fever spreads as an epidemic3 but its ordinary prevalence1 in this country is greater than is generally imagined4 ,the causes of these epidemic outbursts are unknown4 ,many circumscribed outbreaks can no doubt be traced to the importation of the poison into a population of persons unprotected by a previous attack2 but why the poison should be introduced into numerous localities at one time1 and not at others1 is difficult to determine4 ,it is tolerably certain1 however1 that at all times the prevalence of the disease is independent of overcrowding1 bad drainage1 or of any appreciable hygienic or meteorological conditions4 #c4 ,measles was long confounded with scarlet fever1 and1 like it1 is supposed to have been originally imported from the ,east4 ,during twenty-four years 7#ahch-ahfa7 this disease destroyed #ca1eie of the population of ,london1 and #aha1hfh persons in ,england and ,wales4 ,it is known to occur in all parts of the world1 and is highly contagious4 ,there is no evidence that any hygienic defects or meteorological conditions can generate the poison of measles4 ,hildenbrand1 a great authority1 thought it might arise where numbers of men and cattle were confined together in close1 unventilated buildings2 and in later times ,american and ,irish physicians have described a disease corresponding in every respect with the measles1 which appeared to arise from sleeping on old musty straw1 or from the inoculation of the fungi of wheat straw4 ,measles in ,england is much less of an epidemic disease than either small-pox or scarlet fever4 ,the number of deaths which it causes in years when it is most prevalent1 is rarely much more than double what it causes in years when it is at least prevalent4 ,although often most fatal in winter1 there is no proof that its prevalence is influenced by season4 #d4 ,typhus ,fever has been well known for upward of three centuries1 and there are grounds for believing that from remote ages it has prevailed in most parts of the world under favorable conditions4 ,it is impossible to estimate the precise extent of its prevalence1 inasmuch as many other diseases are included under the designation typhus1 in the reports of the ,registrar-,general2 but it is the acknowledged scourge of the poor inhabitants of our large towns4 ,there is no evidence that typhus1 such as we see it in this country1 has as yet been observed in ,australia1 ,new ,zealand1 ,asia1 ,africa1 or the tropical parts of ,america4 ,even in ,britain it is confined1 for the most part1 to the large towns1 and to the poorest and most densely crowded parts of them4 ,it is a disease almost unknown among the better classes1 except in the case of clergymen and doctors who visit the infected poor4 #dbd ,it is undoubtedly contagious2 but in a spacious dwelling with a free ventilation1 it almost ceases to be so4 ,there is also ample evidence that the poison may be generated de novo2 and the circumstances under which this occurs are overcrowding1 with defective ventilation and destitution4 ,hence it is that the disease was formerly so apt to show itself in prisons and ships1 and that1 even at the present day1 it is so common an attendant on warfare and so prevalent in the wretched hovels of the poor4 ,this was the disease that before the days of ,howard was never absent from our prisons and hospitals1 and that decimated the armies of the first ,napoleon and of the allies in the ,crimea4 ,if1 says an able writer on fever in the last century1 any person will take the trouble to stand in the sun1 and look at his own shadow on a white plastered wall1 he will easily perceive that his whole body is a smoking dunghill1 with a vapor exhaling from every part of it4 ,this vapor is subtle1 acrid1 and offensive to the smell2 if retained in the body1 it becomes morbid2 but if re-absorbed1 highly deleterious4 ,if a number of persons1 therefore1 are long confined in any close place not properly ventilated1 so as to inspire and swallow with their spittle the vapors of each other1 they must soon feel its bad effects4 ,bad provisions and gloomy thoughts will add to their misery1 and soon breed the seminium of a pestilential fever1 dangerous not only to themselves1 but also to every person who visits them or even communicates with them at second-hand4 ,hence it is so frequently bred in gaols1 hospitals1 ships1 camps1 and besieged towns4 ,a seminium once produced is easily spread by contagion4 ,but if overcrowding produces typhus1 why is it that the disease prevails in the epidemic form1 and then in a great measure disappears8 ,the explanation is in this way4 ,all the great epidemics of typhus have occurred during seasons of famine or of unusual destitution4 ,one of the most common consequences of general destitution is the congregation of several families in one house1 in consequence of their inability to pay their rents1 and of the concentration in the large towns of many of the inhabitants of country districts4 ,famine pre-disposes to typhus by weakening the constitution2 and it also tends to produce it1 in so far as it causes an unusual degree of overcrowding4 ,it has been the custom with many writers to refer epidemics of typhus to some subtle epidemic influence2 and thus1 where a failure of the crops has been followed by typhus1 both of these disasters have been ascribed to a common atmospheric cause4 ,but of such atmospheric influences1 capable of producing typhus1 we know nothing2 their very existence is doubtful1 and the employment of the term has too often had the effect of cloaking human ignorance1 or of stifling the search after truth4 ,if typhus be due to any epidemic influence1 why does this influence select large towns and spare the country districts8 why does it fall upon large towns in exact proportion to the degree of privation and overcrowding among the poor8 in large towns1 why does it indict the crowded dwellings of the poor and spare the habitations of the rich8 and why did the varying prevalence of typhus among the ,french and ,english troops in the ,crimea correspond1 exactly to the varying degree of overcrowding in either army8 ,moreover1 famine artificially induced by warfare1 by commercial failures1 by strikes1 or by any cause that throws large bodies of men out of employment1 is equally efficacious in originating epidemics of typhus1 as famine from failure of the crops4 #e4 ,relapsing ,fever is so called from the fact that after a week's illness there is an interval of good health for a week1 followed by a second attack4 ,it is contagious1 and is epidemic in a stricter sense than even typhus4 ,although sometimes more prevalent in this country than any other fever1 it may disappear for so many years that #dbe on its return it has more than once been thought to be a new malady4 ,for upwards of ten years not a case of it has been observed in ,britain1 but it has constitute the chief component of many of the greatest epidemics of fever which has devastated this country and ,ireland1 and it was one of the diseases composing the ,russian ,plague1 which in the spring of the present year caused such unnecessary alarm in this country4 ,it usually prevails in the epidemic form in conjunction with typhus1 and it is connected in its origin more directly with protracted starvation and the use of unwholesome food than even the latter disease4 ,hence1 in this country1 it is familiarly known as ,famine ,fever1 and in ,germany as ,hungerpest4 #f4 ,oriental ,plague is still met with in ,egypt and in other eastern countries2 but in the middle ages it frequently overran the whole of ,europe and invaded ,england1 and1 from the extent of its ravages1 it was known as the ,black ,death1 and the ,great ,mortality4 ,the ,great ,plague of ,london1 of #affe1 is a familiar fact in history4 ,since then the disease has not been met with in this country4 ,but ,british typhus is merely a modified form of ,oriental plague1 or1 in other words1 plague is merely typhus complicated with numerous abscesses beneath the skin4 ,cases of typhus are occasionally met with in this country1 corresponding in every respect with true plague4 ,both diseases appear under similar circumstances1 but those which generate plague are of a more aggravated character than those which suffice to produce typhus4 ,the disappearance of plague from ,london1 notwithstanding our vastly increased communications with ,egypt1 has been chiefly due to the better construction of our dwellings since the ,great ,fire of #afff4 ,it is probable1 says an able writer on the plague1 that if this country has been so long forsaken by the plague as almost to have forgotten1 or at least to be unwilling to own1 its natural offspring1 it has been because the parent has been disgusted with the circumstances under which that hateful birth was brought to light1 has removed the filth from her doors in which it was matured1 and has adopted a system of cleanliness fatal to its nourishment at home4 ,but if ever this favored country1 now grown wise by experience1 should relapse into former errors1 and recur to her odious habits1 as in past ages1 it is not to be doubted that a mutual recognition will take place1 and she will again be visited by her abandoned child1 who has been wandering a fugitive among kindred associates1 sometimes in the mud cots of ,egypt1 sometimes in the crowded tents of ,barbary1 and sometimes in the filthy kaisarias of ,aleppo4 #g4 ,yellow ,fever is a contagious fever with a limited geographical range4 ,its geographical limits1 as regards the new world1 are from about #dc ,n4 lat4 to #ce ,s4 lat2 and in the old world from #dd ,n4 to #h or #i ,s4 lat4 ,it is a common disease on board our ships stationed in the ,west ,indies and off the west coast of ,africa4 ,as in the case of typhus1 overcrowded and defective ventilation are the main causes which favor its origin and propagation1 and1 indeed1 it is still a subject for investigation whether yellow fever may not be typhus modified by climate and other circumstances4 ,one of the most recent and best authorities ,footnote #fd on the disease thus writes3 ,overcrowding in the between-decks of steamships seems to be the principal cause of the extreme fatality of the disease in the navy4 ,what in this respect is true of typhus may with equal force be said of yellow fever4 ,there is no such powerful adjuvant to the virulence of the poison1 and to its power of propagation1 as an unrenewed atmosphere1 loaded with human exhalations4 ,footnote #fd3 ,dr4 ,gavin ,milroy1 ,president of the ,epidemiological ,society4 #h4 ,diarrhoea is always more or less prevalent in this country during the summer and autumn4 ,there is no #dbf reason to believe that epidemic diarrhoea is contagious1 but there is a direct ratio between its prevalence and the temperature of the atmosphere and the absence of ozone4 ,as the temperature rises the cases increase in number1 and as it falls they diminish1 and the disease is always most prevalent in very hot seasons4 ,diarrhoea may be due to many different causes1 but its epidemic prevalence in autumn is chiefly accounted for by the absorption into the system of the products of putrefaction of organic matter1 either in the form of gaseous effluvia or through the vehicle of drinking-water4 #i4 ,typhoid or ,enteric ,fever is very commonly confounded with typhus1 with which1 however1 so far as its origin is concerned1 it has nothing in common4 ,it is not1 like typhus1 confined to the poor1 but it prevails among rich and poor alike2 and1 indeed1 there are some reasons for believing that the rich and well-fed are more prone to be attacked by it than the destitute4 ,it is the fever by which ,count ,cavonr1 several members of the royal family of ,portugal1 and our own ,prince ,consort1 came to their untimely end4 ,it differs also from typhus in the circumstances that its origin and propagation are quite independent of overcrowding with defective ventilation1 and are so intimately connected with bad drainage that by some physicians the fever is now designated pythogenic1 or fever born of putridity4 ,it is asserted by some writers that the poison of enteric fever is never generated in obstructed drains1 but that the drains are merely the vehicle of transmission of the poison from an infected person4 ,but if this were so1 enteric fever must needs be a most contagious disease1 whereas all experience goes to show that it rarely spreads1 even under the most favorable circumstances4 ,the disease1 in fact1 is so slightly contagious that many excellent observers have doubted if it be so at all4 ,it is probable that certain meteorological conditions1 such as a high temperature1 a defective supply of ozone1 or a peculiar electrical state1 may be necessary for the production of the poison of enteric fever2 and thus1 nuisances which are offensive to the senses may exist for a long time without producing the disease4 ,the necessity of a high temperature is undoubted1 and is itself a strong alignment against the view which makes drains merely the vehicle of transmission of the poison4 ,it is well known that enteric fever1 like ordinary diarrhoea1 becomes epidemic in this country every autumn1 and almost disappears in spring1 while the autumnal epidemics are always greatest in seasons remarkable for their high temperature4 ,enteric fever is much later in commencing and in attaining the acme of its autumnal prevalence than diarrhoea1 showing that a longer duration of hot weather is necessary for its production2 but1 when once produced1 a more protracted duration of cold weather seems necessary for its destruction4 #aj4 ,cholera4--,epidemic cholera is generally described as having originated at ,jessore1 in the delta of the ,ganges1 in the year #ahag1 and as having spread thence over ,hindostan1 and ultimately to ,europe4 ,since #ahag ,europe has been visited by three great epidemics of cholera1 viz43 in #ahcb1 in #ahdh-i1 and in #ahed2 and at the present moment it is threatened with a fourth4 ,during the past autumn the disease has appeared at ,ancona and ,marseilles1 and at many other places in the basin of the ,mediterranean4 ,in ,england and ,wales cholera destroyed #ec1bgc lives in #ahdi1 and #bj1jig in #ahed4 ,although the great epidemics of cholera have appeared to take their origin in ,india1 and gradually to have spread to ,europe1 following often the lines of human intercourse1 the evidence in favor of its being a very contagious malady is small4 ,the attendants on the sick are rarely attacked2 and1 on the other hand1 the disease has often appeared in isolated localities1 where it was impossible to believe that it was imported4 ,it is a remarkable #dbg circumstance1 also1 that some of the greatest epidemics which have occurred in ,india1 as that of #ahfa1 have shown no tendency to travel to ,europe1 notwithstanding the constant communication that exists4 ,even on the supposition1 then1 that cholera is of necessity imported from ,india1 there must be something as yet unknown to us that favors its transmission at one time and not at another4 ,but it is very doubtful if the disease is imported in the manner generally believed4 ,unequivocal cases of ,asiatic cholera have been met with almost every year in the intervals of the great epidemics2 and1 as ,dr4 ,farr has observed1 it is highly probable that true cholera has always existed in ,england4 ,the researches of the late ,dr4 ,snow render it highly probable that the disease often arises from drinking water impregnated with the fermenting excreta of persons suffering from the disease2 and if this be so1 from what we know of other diseases1 it is not unreasonable to infer that1 in certain conditions of the atmosphere1 the poison of cholera may be generated during the fermentation of the excreta of healthy persons4 ,it can readily be conceived how the necessary meteorological conditions might originate in the ,east and gradually extend to this country1 and thus lead to the supposition that the disease has been propagated by a specific poison4 #aa4 ,dysentery4--,epidemics of dysentery are confined to tropical countries1 and need not occupy much attention at present4 ,atmospheric states which unduly or suddenly depress the temperature of the surface of the body are the most common exciting causes4 ,they are most apt to take effect in the case of persons whose constitutions have been weakened by long exposure to extreme heat1 to malaria1 or to other debilitating causes4 ,there is no positive evidence that dysentery is contagious4 #ab4 ,agues and ,remittent ,fevers are now but little known1 and scarcely ever fatal1 in this country4 ,many years ago1 however1 they were among the most common and the most fatal diseases of ,britain4 ,james ,i4 and ,oliver ,cromwell both died of ague in ,london4 ,the disappearance of ague has been in direct relation to the drainage and cultivation of the soil1 and this remark applies not only to ,england1 but to all parts of the globe4 ,the fens of ,lincolnshire and ,cambridge are almost the only parts of ,england where agues arc now known2 but in many countries1 and particularly in the tropics1 where the vegetation is very rank1 they are still the most common of all diseases4 ,agues are not contagious1 but result from the malaria given off during the evaporation from marshy uncultivated land4 ,these malaria may be wafted to a considerable distance by the wind4 ,a high temperature and rank vegetation seem to favor their production and to increase their virulence4 #ac4 ,influenza4--,severe and widespread epidemics of influenza have been observed in various parts of the world1 from time immemorial4 ,in the present century the disease has been epidemic in this country in #ahjc1 #ahca1 #ahcc1 #ahcg1 and #ahdg4 ,on each occasion it has been particularly fatal in aged and debilitated persons1 and it has often been followed by an increased prevalence of other epidemic diseases4 ,influenza is not contagious1 but depends on some unknown condition of the atmosphere4 ,sudden alternations of temperature have been thought to favor its origin4 #ad4 ,the ,sweating ,sickness4--,this remarkable and very fatal disease is happily now unknown in this country2 but in the middle ages many great epidemics of it were observed1 and nowhere were they more common than in ,england4 ,many of the epidemics were in fact confined to ,england4 ,there are records of five distinct visitations of the disease during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries1 viz41 in #adhe1 #aejf1 #aeag1 #aebi1 and #aeea4 ,the disease attacked all classes alike1 and #dbh was often fatal within a few hours4 ,from the accounts handed down to us it is impossible to form any accurate idea as to the causes of its origin and extension2 but the prevalent opinion at the time seems to have been that it was due in the first instance to atmospheric influences4 #ae4 ,the ,dancing ,mania4--,the present brief summary of the principal epidemic diseases would not be complete without alluding to the dancing mania of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries4 ,the effects of the ,black ,death of the fourteenth century had not yet subsided1 and the graves of millions of its victims were scarcely closed1 when we are told by ,hecker a strange delusion arose in ,germany1 which took possession of the minds of men1 and1 in spite of the divinity of our nature1 hurried away body and soul into the magic circle of the wildest superstition4 ,it was a convulsion which in the most extraordinary manner infuriated the human frame1 and excited the astonishment of contemporaries for more than two centuries1 since which time it has never reappeared4 ,it was called the dance of ,st4 ,john or of ,st4 ,vitus1 on account of the ,bacchantic leaps by which it was characterized1 and which gave to those affected1 whist performing their wild dance1 and screaming and foaming with fury1 all the appearance of persons possessed4 ,it was propagated by the sight of the sufferers1 like a demoniacal epidemic1 over the whole of ,germany and the neighboring countries4 ,while dancing1 the infected persons were insensible to external impressions1 but were haunted by visions1 their fancies conjuring up spirits whose names they shrieked out4 ,some asserted that they felt as if immersed in a stream of blood1 which obliged them to leap so high2 while others saw the heavens open1 and the ,saviour enthroned with the ,virgin ,mary4 ,the accounts of the dancing mania collected by ,hecker at first sight seem almost fabulous1 but cease to be so when we recollect the practices of certain modern religious sects and the accounts of the so-called revivals in the middle of the nineteenth century4 ,from the preceding summary1 it is obvious that epidemic diseases vary greatly in their nature4 #a4 ,first we have diseases1 such as small-pox1 scarlet fever1 and measles1 which at the present day can only be traced to contagion1 and some of which probably took their origin in the lower animals4 #b4 ,there are diseases1 such as typhus1 relapsing fever1 enteric fever1 and probably also plague1 yellow fever1 and cholera1 which are capable of propagation by contagion in varying degrees1 but which may also originate from the neglect of sanitary laws1 aided by certain meteorological conditions4 #c4 ,a third class1 including agues1 remittent fevers1 and diarrhoea are not at all contagious1 but arise from malarious exhalations4 #d4 ,a fourth class1 including influenza1 dysentery1 and1 perhaps1 the sweating sickness1 are also not contagious1 and1 arise from certain atmospheric conditions4 #e4 ,the dancing mania differed from all other epidemic diseases in being purely mental1 and in depending on the mere sight of a disagreeable nervous malady4 ------ #dbi ,translated from ,etudes ,religieuses1 ,historiques1 et ,littraires1 par des ,pres de la ,compagnie de ,jsus4 ,,anglicanism ,,and ,,the ,,greek ,,schism4 ,in a previous number we made our readers acquainted with a certain project of union between the ,anglican and the ,russo-,greek ,churches4 ,footnote #fe ,the ,russian as well as the ,english journals have since spoken much of this project1 and seemed to think that it was on the eve of ending4 ,there is one difference1 however1 to be observed in the language held by the organs of the two countries4 ,the ,russian journals gave us to understand that the ,anglicans would renounce the ,protestant doctrines which form a prominent portion of their belief1 to adopt purely and simply the orthodox faith such as it is expressed in the symbolical books of the ,eastern ,church4 ,the ,anglicans did not place themselves in the same point of view4 ,they would not change belief2 they admitted that both sides should remain as they now are1 but that there would be intercommunion between the two ,churches2 that is to say1 that the ,anglicans should be allowed to participate in the sacraments of the ,greek ,church1 and reciprocally4 ,footnote #fe3 ,etudes ,may1 #ahfe4 ,vide ,,catholic ,,world1 ,vol4 ,i41 ,no4 #g1 ,october1 #ahfe4 ,a certain ,mr4 ,denton1 rector of one of the largest ,anglican parishes in ,london1 was especially animated by these thoughts4 ,he went to ,servia and asked ,mgr4 ,michael1 metropolitan of ,belgrave1 to admit him to communion in his quality of priest of the ,church of ,england4 ,mgr4 ,michael refused2 but ,mr4 ,denton1 nowise discouraged1 betook himself to travelling all over ,servia1 and at last found an archimandrite who appeared to be more accommodating than the metropolitan4 ,after having communicated in this way in the ,servian ,church1 the ,rev4 ,mr4 ,denton returns to ,england triumphantly announcing that the intercommunion was an accomplished fact4 ,great rejoicings there were1 to be sure1 in the little coterie4 ,there could be no doubt1 whatever1 that all was happily arranged4 ,but behold1 ,mgr4 ,michael1 informed of what had taken place1 removed the archimandrite and struck him with ecclesiastical censures4 ,the joy that had prevailed in ,mr4 ,denton's camp was changed to mourning4 ,on the other hand1 the ,anglicans who form no part of the coterie1 enjoy exceedingly the reverend gentleman's discomfiture4 ,as for us1 we are well pleased to see that ,mgr4 ,michael does not seem disposed to follow the footsteps of ,cyril ,lucar4 ,but another check was reserved for the famous project4 ,the archpriest ,joseph ,wassilief1 chaplain to the ,russian embassy in ,paris1 after having shown himself rather favorable to the contemplated union1 has just laid down1 with as much wisdom as firmness1 the conditions of the proposed treaty4 ,however much explanations may be avoided1 they will forcibly recur1 sooner or later1 he justly observes in the ,christian ,union1 #bdth ,september1 #ahfe4 ,and1 resting on this principle1 he passes in review the three questions of the procession of the ,holy ,ghost1 the invocation of saints1 and prayer for the dead2 he then shows that it is not possible to establish intercommunion between the two ,churches until they have come to an agreement on all these points2 ,among other things1 he shows that the ,church has always1 been careful #dcj to preserve the entire deposit of doctrine1 and that she has not permitted herself to establish a difference between what is fundamental and what is secondary4 ,he concludes with these wise words3 ,charitable in our explanations1 we are bound to be very candid one with the other4 ,if rigorous discussions on all points of divergence appear to retard the final agreement1 they secure its solidity and duration2 whilst reservations1 though accelerating the agreement1 would leave therein a germ of weakness and instability4 ,we attach the more importance to this declaration because the authority of the archpriest ,joseph ,wassilief is enhanced by the consideration shown him by the synod4 ,latterly there was a vacancy in the ranks of that assembly1 which forms the supreme council of the ,russian ,church4 ,there was question of replacing the chaplain-general of the armies by land and sea4 ,three names were proposed to the sovereign's choice3 that of ,m4 ,wassilief was one of the three4 ,he has not been appointed2 but1 in proposing him1 the synod sufficiently testified that it would have wished to see him seated in its midst1 raised to the highest dignity to which1 in ,russia1 a member of the secular clergy can pretend4 ,after the energetic act of the metropolitan of ,belgrade and the words of the archpriest ,wassilief1 it remains for us to quote the ,levant ,herald an ,english and ,protestant journal published at ,constantinople4 ,in its number of the #bjth ,september1 #ahfe1 that paper endeavors to make the ,anglican clergy understand that they flatter themselves with a delusive hope if they believe in the possibility of a union1 or even of an alliance1 between the two communions4 ,it results from all we have just said that if the ,anglo-,americans have entertained the project of ,protestantizing the ,greek ,church1 they must perceive that the enterprise is more arduous than they had supposed4 ,the ,russians1 on their side1 must see that it is not so easy to make the ,anglican ,church enter into the bosom of theirs4 ,as to establishing the intercommunion between the two churches without having come to an agreement on questions of faith1 it is a dream which the archpriest ,wassilief must have dispelled once and for ever4 ------ ,,new ,,publications4 ,,reason ,,in ,,religion4 ,by ,frederic ,henry ,hedge4 ,boston3 ,walker1 ,fuller ,company1 #bde ,washington ,st4 #ahfc4 pp4 #deh4 ,the author of this work1 who is a professor in ,harvard ,university1 enjoys a deservedly high reputation as an accomplished scholar and writer1 and is looked upon by numbers of intelligent and thoughtful persons1 especially in ,massachusetts1 as their most revered and trusted guide in religious matters4 ,on that account whatever he writes is worthy of consideration4 ,in the work before us he has not attempted a systematic treatise on the topic indicated in his title1 but has thrown together a series of essays touching on it and its kindred topics1 indicating difficulties more than aiming at solving them1 and suggesting a method by which anxious minds may separate a certain modicum of belief which is practically certain and safe from that which is doubtful1 and wait patiently until they can get more truth by the slow progress of science4 ,any one who looks in this work for metaphysical solutions which are satisfactory or plausible of the great theological problems will be disappointed4 ,the author sees too clearly the want of sufficient data1 and the want of a sufficient criterion in his system1 to attempt to dogmatize much4 ,we think this #dca course more sensible and honest than the opposite4 ,at the same time1 it lays open the defects of his system2 but so much the better1 and so much the more hope of getting at the truth4 ,he cannot satisfy1 however1 either the consistent rationalist or the consistent believer in revelation4 ,on the rationalistic side he has received a severe criticism from the ,christian ,examiner4 ,to a ,catholic the positively theological part of his work has but little interest4 ,some incidental topics are handled with considerable acuteness and ability1 as1 for instance1 the quality of sin and evil1 the relation between spirit and matter1 the compensations of providence1 etc4 ,the impartial testimony of such a bold and subtle critic as the author in favor of certain facts and doctrines--e4g41 miracles1 the resurrection1 future punishment1 etc41 is of value4 ,there are half truths1 incidental thoughts1 scintillations of light1 through the book1 which show how much the author's merits are his own1 and his defects those of the system he was trained in4 ,the style in which he writes has many most admirable and peculiar qualities1 fitting it to be the vehicle of the highest kind of thought4 ,nevertheless1 although we do not question the author's scholarship in his own proper field of study1 what he says of specially ,catholic questions and matters appears to us commonplace1 superficial1 and sometimes quite gratuitously introduced4 ,through a want of care in studying up the ,catholic question1 he has made one or two quite remarkable mistakes4 ,one of these is in speaking of the synod of ,valentia as if it were a general council4 ,another is the statement that ,pope ,hildebrand 7,st4 ,gregory ,,vii47 has not been canonized4 ,these remarks are by the way1 for we are not attempting to follow ,dr4 ,hedge over the area covered by his essays for the purpose of controverting his positions4 ,the real point of interest it a work like this is the author's thesis respecting the source and criterion of religious truth4 ,if we differ here1 there is very little use in discussing the particular conclusions or inferences we draw respecting doctrine4 ,while the difference continues1 it is better to keep the discussion upon it2 if we ever come to an agreement1 it will be comparatively easy to proceed with the discussion of specific doctrines4 ,although ,dr4 ,hedge does not proceed by a formal analytic method1 yet he has a thesis1 and states it intelligibly in his chapter on ,the ,cause of ,reason the ,cause of ,faith4 ,in philosophy he is a ,kantian1 and in theology he adopts the system condemned in the late encyclical of ,pius ,,ix4 under the name of moderate rationalism4 ,according to him1 we cannot get the idea of ,god1 or of spiritual truths1 from pure reason4 ,all we know of these truths comes from revelation1 and the truths of revelation are subject to the critical judgment of reason1 which cannot originate1 but can approve or reject1 conceptions of spiritual truth4 ,there are two rather serious objections to this theory4 ,the first is1 that it destroys reason by denying to it either the original intuition of ,god1 or the capacity of acquiring the idea of ,god by reflection2 without which it has no capacity of apprehending or judging of the conception of ,god proposed to it by revelation4 ,the second is1 that it destroys revelation1 making it identical with the conscience or moral sense2 that is1 individual and subjective4 ,what is this revelation or inspiration in the spiritual nature of an individual8 ,is it his reason or intelligence elevated and illuminated8 ,that cannot be2 for then reason and revelation are identical1 and the proposition that we know nothing of spiritual truths by reason would be subverted4 ,what then is it8 ,we can conceive of nothing in the spiritual nature of man which is not reducible to intelligence or will4 ,it must be will1 then4 ,but will is a blind faculty4 ,it is a maxim of philosophy1 ,nil volitum1 nisi prius cognitum4 ,the will cannot choose the supreme good unless the intelligence furnishes it the idea of the supreme good4 ,you cannot have a revelation without first establishing sound rationalism as a basis4 ,reason may be indebted for distinct conceptions even of those truths which it is able to demonstrate to an exterior instruction given immediately by ,almighty ,god through inspiration4 ,but it must have the original idea or intuition in itself which is explicated by this instruction and is its ultimate criterion of truth4 ,if by revelation is understood merely the outward assistance given to the mind to develop its own idea and attain the full perfection of reason1 there is no sense in distinguishing revelation from #dcb philosophy1 science1 or the light of reason itself1 since all alike come from ,god4 ,a revelation1 properly so called1 is a manifestation of truths above the sphere of reason--truths which reason cannot demonstrate from their intrinsic contents4 ,in this case1 reason can only apprehend the evidence of the fact that they are revealed1 that they are not contrary to any truths already known1 and that they have certain analogies with truths perceived by reason4 ,but they must be accepted as positively and absolutely true only on the authority of revelation4 ,you must therefore be a pure rationalist1 and maintain that we have no knowledge of any truth beyond that which the educated intelligence of man evolves from its own primitive and ultimate idea2 or you must accept revelation in the ,catholic sense1 as proposed by an extrinsic authority4 ,dr4 ,hedge gives us no basis for either science or faith4 ,there cannot be a basis for faith without one for science2 and give us a basis sufficient for science1 we will demonstrate from it the truth of revelation4 ,we conclude by quoting one or two remarkable passages1 which show that the author instinctively thinks more soundly and justly than his theory will logically sustain him in doing3 ,the mass of mankind must receive their religion at second-hand1 and receive it on historical authority1 as they receive the greater part of all their knowledge4 ,we want a teacher conscious of ,god's inpresence1 claiming attention as a voice out of the heavens4 ,we want a doctrine which shall announce itself with divine authority2 not a system of moral philosophy1 but the word and kingdom of ,god4 ,without this stamp of divine legitimacy1 without the witness and signature of the ,eternal1 ,christianity would want that which alone gives it-weight with the mass of mankind1 and the place it now holds in human things4 7pp4 #fd1 #bdb47 ,well spoken6 spoken like a philosopher1 like a ,christian1 like a ,catholic6 ,apply now ,kant's and ,dr4 ,hedge's principle of practical reason4 ,they say1 ,mankind feel the need of a ,god1 therefore there is and has always been a ,god4 ,so we say1 ,mankind feel and always did feel the necessity of an infallible church1 of a distinct1 positive1 dogmatic faith4 ,therefore they exist1 and always did exist4 ,only in the ,catholic ,church are these wants realized2 therefore the ,catholic ,church is the true ,church of ,god4 ,,the ,,complete ,,works ,,of ,,st4 ,,john ,,of ,,the ,,cross1 ,,etc4 ,edited by the ,oblate ,fathers of ,st4 ,charles4 ,london3 ,longmans ,company4 #ahfd4 ,this is the most superb work on spiritual subjects in our ,english ,catholic literature4 ,mr4 ,lewis has made his translation in such a manner as to merit the highest encomium from the late ,cardinal ,wiseman1 who has written the preface to the edition4 ,the paper1 typography1 and mechanical execution are in the highest style of ,english typographical art4 ,the fathers of ,st4 ,charles deserve the thanks of the entire ,english-speaking ,catholic and literary world for this costly and noble enterprise which they have achieved4 ,it is needless to say that the works of ,st4 ,john of the ,cross are among the highest specimens of genius and spiritual wisdom to be found in the ,spanish language or any other4 ,st4 ,john was a poet of the first order1 and an equally great philosopher4 ,in this view alone his works are worthy of profound study4 ,the base of his doctrine is the deepest philosophy1 and its summit is ever varied and enlightened by the glow of poetic fervor4 ,it is philosophy and poetry1 however1 elevated1 purified1 and hallowed by sacred inspiration1 and derived not merely from human but from divine contemplation4 ,as a book for spiritual reading and direction1 it is most proper for a certain class of minds only1 who have difficulties and inward necessities for which they cannot find the requisite aid in the ordinary books of instruction4 ,it is also the best guide for those who have the direction of persons of this character4 ,we learn that the ,messrs4 ,appleton have in press1 and will soon publish ,the ,temporal ,mission of the ,holy ,ghost1 by the ,most ,rev4 ,h4 ,e4 ,manning1 ,archbishop of ,westminster1 which has just been issued by the ,longmans1 of ,london4 ---------- #dcc ,,the ,,catholic ,,world4 ,,vol4 ,,ii41 ,,no4 #aj--;,,january1 #ahff4 ---- ,translated from ,le ,correspondant ,,leibnitz ,,and ,,bossuet4 ,footnote #ff ,footnote #ff3 ,oeuvres de ,leibnitz1 publies pour la prmire fois d'aprs les ,manuscrits's1 avec des notes et une introduction1 par ,a4 ,foucher de ,carcil4 ,paris3 ,firmin-,didot4 ,tomes4 ,i4 et ,,ii4 ,every friend of letters must greet with sincere pleasure the literary enterprise of ,m4 de ,careil in undertaking a complete edition of the writings of ,leibnitz1 a large part of which has hitherto remained unpublished and even unknown1 and especially to make that great genius live anew for us in all his fulness and integrity4 ,no greater literary undertaking ever seduced the imagination of a young erudite1 is better fitted to attract the sympathy of the ,european republic1 or more difficult of execution4 ,for it was precisely the peculiarity of ,leibnitz that1 while he labored to embrace with a firmness of grasp never equalled the whole of moral and physical nature1 all things real1 ideal1 or possible1 in one and the same system1 he uniformly abstained from giving1 in his writings1 to that system its full and entire development4 ,possessing the amplest and most complete mind that ever lived1 he took no care to give to any of his works the seal of completeness and perfection4 ,the inventor of so many methods1 mathematical and metaphysical1 he never arranged his ideas in a methodical order4 ,he leads his readers1 with a rapid and firm step1 through a labyrinth of abstract conceptions and boundless erudition1 but he suffers no hand but his own to hold the guiding thread4 ,he has left us numerous tracts and fragments of great value indeed1 but no work that reveals the unity of his system1 and gives us a summary of his doctrines4 ,there is no summa of the ,leibnitzian science and philosophy4 ,we might say that1 by a sort of coquetry1 while he sought to know and explain everything in nature1 he took care that the secret of his own heart should not for a moment escape him4 ,hence it becomes important to bring together and arrange in their natural order his scattered members1 so as to give them the cohesion they lack1 to combine his several personages1 the philosopher1 the moralist1 the geometrician1 the naturalist1 the erudite1 the diplomatist1 and the courtier1 in one living being1 and present the giant armed at all points as he came forth from the hands of his ,maker4 ,hence also the difficulty #dcd of the task4 ,it requires to accomplish it the universality of tastes1 if not of faculties1 possessed by the model to be reconstructed4 ,it presents one of those cases in which to reproduce nature it is almost necessary to equal nature1 and to resuscitate is hardly less difficult than to create4 ,only a ,cuvier is able to collect and put in their place the gigantic bones and powerful fins of ,leviathan4 ,ab ,jove principium4 ,m4 de ,careil begins with theology4 ,these two volumes placed at the head of his edition are taken up with writings some of which had already been printed1 others had remained in manuscript1 but all subjected to a careful revision and enriched by learned notes1 which pertain exclusively to matters of religion4 ,if the ancient classification1 which gave to theology the precedence of all other matters1 had not every claim to our respect1 we might1 perhaps1 permit ourselves to find fault with this arrangement of the works of ,leibnitz1 which will cause1 ,i am sure1 some surprise to the learned public4 ,his theological writings were his first neither in the order of time nor in the order of merit4 ,he did not open his brilliant career with religious discussions1 nor was it by them that he was chiefly distinguished1 or left his deepest trace4 ,he made in theology1 no discoveries as fruitful as the infinitesimal calculus1 and gave it no problems that have fetched so many and so distant echoes as his theories of optimism and monadology4 ,why1 then1 open the series with those writings which did not begin it1 and which do not give us its summary1 and give the precedence to works1 merely accessory and of doubtful value1 over so many others which earlier1 more constantly1 and more gloriously occupied his laborious life8 ,there is still another objection to this distribution of matters which ,m4 de ,careil has made4 ,the theological writings of ,leibnitz consist almost exclusively in his correspondence1 and are parts of the negotiation for the reunion of the different ,christian communions of which1 for a brief time1 he was the medium4 ,correspondences are admirable means of gaining an insight into the private and personal character of men whose public life and works are already known1 but taken by themselves they are always obscure and difficult to be understood4 ,the reason is1 that people who correspond are usually mutual acquaintances1 and understand each other by a hint or half a word4 ,they are familiar with contemporary events1 and waste no time in narrating them1 or in explaining what each already knows4 ,facts and ideas are treated by simple allusions1 intelligible enough to the correspondents1 but unintelligible to a posterity that lacks their information4 ,the correspondence of ,leibnitz1 which ,m4 de ,careil publishes1 is far from being free from this grave inconvenience4 ,leibnitz appears in it in the maturity of his age1 and the full splendor of his renown4 ,he speaks with the authority of a philosopher in full credit1 and of a counsellor enjoying the confidence of an important ,german court4 ,his correspondents treat him with the respect due to an acknowledged celebrity1 and even a power4 ,in the course of the discussion he is carrying on he introduces many of his well known metaphysical principles1 but briefly1 as ideas familiar to those whom he addresses1 and less for the purpose of teaching than of recalling them to the memory4 ,his manner of writing1 of rushing1 so to speak1 in medias res1 takes the inexperienced reader by surprise1 and appears to conform to the adventurous habits of dramatic art much more than to the sound rules of erudition1 which proceeds slowly1 with measured step1 marking in advance the place where it is to plant its foot4 ,few among us are sufficiently acquainted with the facts in detail of the life of ,leibnitz1 or know well enough the secret of his opinions1 to be able to render an account to #dce ourselves of the part we see him--a lay-citizen--playing among emperors1 kings1 princes1 and prelates1 or the relation that subsists between his system of monads and scholastic theology4 ,hence it often happens that we neither know who is speaking1 nor of what he is speaking4 ,this frequently causes us an embarrassment to which ,m4 de ,careil is himself too much a stranger to be able sufficiently to compassionate it4 ,he has lived ten years with ,leibnitz in the ,library of ,hanover1 his habitual residence1 and he knows every lineament of the face of his hero1 and--not the least of his merits--deciphers at a glance his formless and most illegible scrawl4 ,we are not1 therefore1 astonished that in his learned introductions and his notes1 full of matter1 he makes no account of difficulties which we in our ignorance are utterly unable to overcome4 ,but we are convinced that the knowledge the editor has acquired by his invaluable labors would have been far more available to his readers if he had condensed it into a detailed biography1 such as he only could write1 than as he gives it1 scattered at the beginning of each volume1 or in a note at the foot of each page4 ,an historical notice1 comprising the history of the intellect as well as of the life of ,leibnitz1 an exposition of ideas as well as of facts1 and the arrangement of the didactic works according to the order of their subjects and their importance1 followed by the fragments and correspondence1 the order adopted by nearly all collectors of great polygraphs1 would1 it seems to us1 have been much better1 and simply the dictate of reason and experience4 ,introduced by ,m4 de ,careil into the monument he erects not by the front1 through the peristyle1 but by a low1 side door1 we run at least great risk of not seizing the whole in its proportions4 ,i confess that ,i have also a personal reason for regretting the arrangement adopted by ,m4 de ,careil4 ,i had occasion formerly1 among the sins of my youth1 to examine1 with very little preparatory study ,i admit1 and in documents by no means so abundant and so exact as those which are now placed within our reach1 the negotiations pursued by ,leibnitz for the union of ,christian communions1 which take up the whole of these two volumes4 ,from that examination1 along with that of a small tract naturally attached to it1 ,i came1 on the religious opinions of the great philosopher1 to certain conclusions which ,i set forth in the #cb;d number of the first series of this periodical1 which ,m4 de ,careil1 even then deeply engaged in this study of ,leibnitz1 has felt it his duty1 in a discussion marked by great urbanity1 to combat4 ,it is my misfortune to persist in those conclusions1 and more strenuously than ever in consequence of the new light which seems to me to be furnished by this publication1 and to which ,i cannot dispense myself from briefly recurring4 ,in so doing ,i fear that ,i shall appear to some readers to have sought or to have accepted too readily an occasion for resuming a discussion of little importance1 and which probably few except myself remember4 ,m4 de ,careil1 ,i hope1 will do me the justice to acquit me of a thought so puerile4 ,nobody would have been more eager than myself to admire1 in the picture he presents us1 the figures which naturally occupy the foreground2 but if the eye is forced to pause at first on some insignificant detail1 it perhaps is not a defect of taste in the spectator2 may it not be a defect of skill in the artist8 ,i4 ,these reserves made1 we proceed to examine1 with some care1 the changes rendered necessary1 by this new and complete edition1 in the opinion previously adopted by the biographers of ,leibnitz in regard to the religious negotiation of which he was for a moment the accredited medium1 and in which we find mingled the great name of ,bossuet4 ,several important #dcf points are much modified by the documents now brought to light for the first time4 ,we learn1 in the outset1 that the negotiation for the union of the ,protestant communions with the ,holy ,see was far more important than is commonly thought1 and was continued for a much longer time4 ,the earliest documents in relation to it published by ,m4 de ,careil date from #afga1 whilst the previous editors of ,leibnitz and ,bossuet suppose that the first overtures were made only in the year #afij1 a difference of twenty years2 and it appears from these documents1 hitherto perfectly unknown1 that it was precisely during those twenty years that success came the nearest being obtained1 and that the highest influences were employed to obtain it4 ,during this period1 from #afgj to #afij1 the ,catholic revival of the seventeenth century was at its apogee1 and nearly all the ,german sovereigns were animated by a strong desire to effect the religious pacification of their subjects4 ,the wounds caused by the ,thirty ,years' ,war were hardly closed by the peace of ,westphalia1 and every one felt the mortal blow which religious dissension had struck to the ,germanic power by breaking the old unity of the empire4 ,beside1 all eyes were turned toward ,france1 where religion and royalty seemed to move on together in perfect harmony1 and displayed an unequalled splendor4 ,france1 under her young monarch1 ,louis ,,xiv41 was at once the object of envy and of dread2 and the re-establishment of religious unity in ,germany1 torn by mutually hostile communions1 seemed to the sovereign princes the only means of resembling ,france1 and at the same time of resisting her power4 ,when1 therefore1 ,rogas ,spinola1 confessor to the empress1 the wife of ,leopold ,i41 at first ,bishop of ,tina1 afterward of ,neustadt1 a man of mild temperament and sound sense1 became the intermediary agent of the general desire for peace1 and after having sounded the leading ,protestant theologians1 went to ,rome to ascertain the extent of the concessions to which the maternal authority of the ,church could consent1 he was warmly supported not only by his own sovereign1 the emperor1 but also by fourteen other reigning sovereigns of ,germany1 some of them ,catholic and others ,protestant4 ,such was the strange religious confusion in the ,german ,states that in more than one the sovereign was ,catholic and the nation ,protestant1 or the sovereign was ,protestant and the nation ,catholic4 ,in the former condition was the ,elector of ,hanover1 ,john ,frederic of ,brunswick1 of whom ,leibnitz was librarian and private secretary4 ,this prince could not fail to enter with zeal into a plan which promised to fill up the gulf between him and his ,protestant subjects4 ,if the propositions of which ,spinola was the bearer were warmly supported in ,germany1 they were no less warmly supported at ,rome4 ,the interest which the chief of the ,church could not fail to take in the re-establishment of ,catholic unity1 was greatly enhanced at the time by the special need which that wise and prudent pontiff1 ,innocent ,,xi41 felt of creating in ,europe allies for the ,holy ,see against the offensive pretensions of ,france4 ,at ,rome as in ,germany ,louis ,,xiv4 was the target and the bugbear4 ,that most ,christian king1 who consented to protect the faith in his own kingdom on the condition of tacitly subjecting it to his royal will1 took strange liberties1 as everybody knows1 with the common ,father of the faithful4 ,innocent ,,xi41 almost besieged in his palace by the arms of ,france1 and seeing his bulls handed over1 by magistrates sitting on fleurs de lis1 to the common hangman to be publicly burned1 was strongly tempted to seek in converted schismatics1 and in prodigal sons returning to the fold1 a support against the arrogant pretensions of the elder son of the ,church4 #dcg ,spinola1 therefore1 was everywhere well received4 ,rome listened to him1 entered into his views1 even annotated the bases of the negotiation he was charged to transmit1 and for several years the winds on both sides of the ,alps blew in favor of peace4 ,leibnitz1 holding relations with both ,spinola and the principal ,protestant doctors1 serving as the medium of intercommunication between them1 and frequently taking his pen to give precision to their respective views1 was already the king-bolt of the negotiation1 and very early in its prosecution4 ,bossuet's name began to be mentioned4 ,the controversies of this great prelate with the ,french ,protestants1 his writings1 strongly marked by a doctrine at once so firm and enlightened1 and which placed ,catholic truth on so broad and so solid a foundation1 were more than once used to smooth the way to reunion1 either by solving difficulties or by reconciling differences4 ,twice he was even directly solicited to give his advice1 and to put his own hand to the work2 but he gave vague and embarrassed answers1 and refused to accept the overtures made to him4 ,wherefore8 ,is it necessary to think1 as ,m4 ,foucher de ,careil leaves it to be understood1 that the ,king of ,france viewed with an evil eye a reunion not likely to turn to his profit1 or to strengthen his influence1 and that as on other occasions the submission1 a little blind1 of the subject to his sovereign1 arrested with ,bossuet the accomplishment1 ,i will not say of the duty1 but of the desire of the ,catholic bishop8 ,such was the first phase of this remarkable negotiation1 related1 or more properly exhumed1 with details very curious and perfectly new4 ,the characters1 the parts1 the motives1 of the various actors in the scene are fairly set forth and analyzed by ,m4 de ,careil1 and we congratulate him on having added a new and piquant page to the diplomatic history of the seventeenth century4 ,a single gap1 however1 very important and very easy to fill he has left1 which renders his exposition a little obscure and uncertain4 ,we nowhere find the text of the propositions1 the instruments1 to speak the language of cabinets1 which made during twenty years the bases of the negotiation4 ,they were in great number1 ,m4 de ,careil informs us1 drawn up under different circumstances1 and by different authors4 ,the ,protestant theologians assembled at ,hanover1 and especially the most illustrious of them1 ,gerard ,molanus1 abbot of ,lockum1 drew up1 collectively or individually1 complete plans or methods1 as they called them1 of reunion1 in which they expressed at the same time their views and their wishes1 the sacrifices which they believed their communions would consent to make1 and those which they expected from ,rome in return for the re-establishment of unity4 ,the ,bishop of ,neustadt1 on his part1 produced several compositions of the same kind1 the titles of which1 as given by ,m4 de ,careil1 are1 ,regulae circa ,christianorum omnium eccesiasticam reunionem--,media conciliatoria incitantia1 praestanda ad conciliationem4 ,and1 in fine1 under the name of ,propositiones novellorum discretiorum et praecipuorum1 he himself made a methodical abstract1 in twenty-five propositions1 or heads of chapters1 of the views and wishes of ,protestants1 a capital document1 which was discussed and corrected at ,rome in a congregation of cardinals1 and sent back to ,germany with an approbatory brief of ,his ,holiness4 ,leibnitz had it under his eye1 and copied it with his own hand at ,vienna1 carefully marking the corrections and additions made by the ,sacred ,college1 and we understand ,m4 ,foucher de ,careil to have had personal knowledge of the copy taken by ,leibnitz4 ,it is difficult1 therefore1 to explain why ,m4 de ,careil has thought it necessary to subject our curiosity to the veritable punishment of ,tantalus by simply mentioning the existence of a document of such great importance #dch without reproducing it4 ,that he should believe it his duty not to swell his volume--though the previous editors of ,leibnitz and ,bossuet did it--by inserting the private lucubrations of ,protestant theologians1 we can1 in rigor1 comprehend1 but not approve4 ,as in almost all the letters he has published1 especially those of ,molanus1 these writings are discussed and commented on1 it would1 we think1 have much facilitated the clear understanding of the subject1 to have given at least the more important of them in extenso4 ,but after all1 the reformed doctors the most accredited spoke only in their own private names1 for themselves alone1 without any authority to bind their contemporary co-religionists1 and a fortiori without any authority to bind their ,protestant posterity4 ,little imports it to know what ,molanus or any other ,protestant in #afhj thought of the points in controversy between the ,church and the ,reformation4 ,but an act of the ,court of ,rome1 discussed in a congregation1 and clothed with the pontifical sign-manual--an official decision defining the maximum of concessions either as to language or practice which the ,church could make to her separated children in order to bring them back to her bosom1 ,protestant propositions in their origin1 indeed1 but1 as says ,m4 de ,careil--in a note written1 ,i know not wherefore1 in ,italian--accommodate secundo il gusto di ,roma7modified to suit the taste of ,rome71 is a document of a value very different1 and yields in historical interest only to its dogmatic importance4 ,it would be a document to place by the side of the most celebrated ,professions of faith1 and even above them1 and to present1 along with the excellent ,exposition by ,bossuet1 to all those troubled souls1 so numerous in ,protestant communions1 who discern the truth only through the mists of prejudice1 or misconceive it when stated to them in terms the real sense of which has for them been distorted or perverted from their childhood4 ,what ,leibnitz in various places1 and ,m4 de ,careil after him1 show us of the propositions submitted to ,rome1 increases not a little our desire to know precisely what she replied to them4 ,it seems from all that is told us1 that the process or method of affecting reunion uniformly1 or very nearly so1 indicated by the ,protestant doctors1 was to place in two distinct categories the several points of difference which separate the ,protestant communions from the ,catholic ,church2 then place in the first category all the questions on which agreement may be hoped either by way of accommodation1 if matters of simple disciplinary usage1 if susceptible of modification2 or by way of explanation1 if points of dogmatic dispute turning on words rather than on ideas4 ,on all these1 agreement being easy1 it should be immediately effected and proclaimed4 ,in the second category must be placed all disputed questions too important1 or on which minds are too embittered1 to admit of their settlement by previous explanation4 ,these must not be treated immediately1 but be left in suspense1 and reserved for discussion and final settlement in a future council4 ,meanwhile the ,protestant doctors1 pastors1 ministers1 and their flocks must be received into the ,roman communion on the simple declaration that they acknowledge the infallibility of the ,church in matters of dogma1 and the promise1 beforehand1 that when she has freely decided with certainty1 clearness1 precision1 and without ambiguity or equivocation1 the several points reserved for adjudication1 they will accept her decisions and offer no resistance to her decrees4 ,such was the method proposed1 which ,leibnitz calls by turns the method of mutual tolerance1 abstraction1 suspension1and to which he reverts so frequently1 and on which he insists with so much complaisance1 under so many forms1 and in so many different writings1 that it is hardly possible not to regard him as its inventor4 ,in his #dci view1 this method has the merit of cutting off with a single stroke the interminable debates in which the sixteenth century was consumed1 and of making the peace of nations no longer depend on the quibbling spirit of theologians4 ,we shall soon briefly examine whether this abridgment of controversies might not have the inconvenience of leaving out the truth1 or of spurning it aside2 but for the moment we would simply remark that the method suggested or eagerly adopted by ,leibnitz involved1 with him1 a grave consequence1 so obvious that nobody can mistake it4 ,the questions proposed to be placed in the second category1 or the points of controversy too important to be treated in advance1 and to be reserved for discussion and settlement in a council to be convoked and held after reunion1 had every one of them already been examined1 one by one1 discussed1 and determined without appeal1 in the celebrated assembly whose fame still filled all ,europe1 and whose decrees were read from the pulpits of more than half of ,christendom4 ,during twenty-five years1 athwart the intrigues of courts1 the ravages of war1 and even the unchained plagues of heaven1 three times interrupted1 but as often resumed1 the whole cause of the ,reformation1 dogmas and discipline1 had been presented and argued at ,trent4 ,judgment was there rendered on all the counts in the indictment1 and the ,reformation was henceforth res judicata4 ,consequently1 to propose to reserve and open anew for discussion1 were it only the least point of doctrine1 was to forfeit the whole work of ,trent1 and to declare that great assembly illegal and all its decrees vacated4 ,the ,protestant proposition amounted1 then1 simply to this3 ,annul the ,council of ,trent1 and convoke a new council in which ,protestants en masse will have the right to sit6 ,under what form was such a proposition presented to ,rome8 ,what impression on ,rome did it make8 ,was there really found a ,catholic bishop to support it8 ,was it really discussed in a ,congregation of ,cardinals8 ,was it really included in the list of propositions admitted to discussion by the ,papal brief whose existence is enigmatically revealed to us8 ,if we understand certain phrases of ,m4 de ,careil1 all these questions must be answered in the affirmative4 ,he himself firmly believes that this project was accepted by the ,bishop of ,neustadt2 he even believes that it was not discouraged at ,rome2 and that1 the suspension of the ,council of ,trent was counted among the concessions which the bishop returned from ,rome authorized to lead the ,protestants1 who had charged him with their interests1 to hope would be granted4 ,it is certainly very embarrassing for us to question an assertion by ,m4 de ,careil1 who seems to speak with the documents before him1 while we1 in the darkness in which he leaves us1 can reason only from conjecture4 ,we can only express our deep surprise1 and ask him1 if he is quite sure of having carefully read what he relates1 or duly reflected on what he asserts8 ,what1 the ,court of ,rome authorized a bishop to promise ,protestants1 in its name1 the suspension of the ,council of ,trent6 ,rome1 with a stroke of the pen1 pledged herself to permit the destruction of the work to which she had1 during four glorious pontificates1 devoted the persistent perseverance which she owed to the ,holy ,ghost1 and all the traditional resources of her policy--the work which1 in reaffirming the immovable foundations of the ,christian faith1 had at the same time drawn tighter1 to the profit of the ,holy ,see1 the loosened bonds of the hierarchy6 ,rome exposed herself to see effaced1 on the one hand1 those dogmatic decrees in which the magnificence of the language rivals the depth of the ideas1 and which have taken rank in the admiration of the world by the side of the ,nicaean symbol1 and on the other1 those canons of discipline for which she had #ddj maintained with the great ,catholic powers a persistent struggle from which nothing could divert her1 no1 not even the fear of seeing ,france follow in the footsteps of ,england6 ,and for what this condescension8 ,for a negotiation of doubtful success1 and the success of which1 were it certain1 would have restored to her communion only ,germany1 leaving outside of ,catholic unity the ,protestant centres of ,london1 ,geneva1 and ,amsterdam6 ,moreover1 under what form would such a concession be made8 ,by a confidential act1 by a secret power given to an obscure agent6 ,the ,council of ,trent would have been thus disavowed in the shade by one ,congregation of ,cardinals1 whilst another1 instituted expressly to give it vigor1 continued1 as it does still at ,rome itself1 to comment and develop it in public1 and while at the foot of all altars the decisions of that great council received the solemn adhesion of all those whom the episcopal investiture raised to the rank of judges of the faith6 ,m4 de ,careil must not think us too difficult1 if we hesitate to admit on his bare word1 or even on that of ,leibnitz1 the reality of so strange a fact4 ,leibnitz was a party interested1 and very deeply interested1 in the success of a project for which he had a paternal affection1 and his testimony is here too open to suspicion of at least involuntary illusion for us to receive it as conclusive proof4 ,leibnitz1 beside1 whatever was his intimacy with the ,bishop of ,neustadt1 doubtless did not know thoroughly the confidential instructions of the plenipotentiary with whom he negotiated4 ,the slightest affirmation of the bishop himself would have incomparably more weight with us1 but that prelate1 from whom ,m4 de ,careil publishes several documents1 so far from ever mentioning any such engagement1 takes special care1 on the contrary1 to avoid giving any personal opinion of his own on any of the plans presented to him4 ,he takes care to remark to ,leibnitz1 in a special letter1 that in the whole matter he acts only as a simple reporter1 guards himself from supporting any proposition made to him1 and simply promises the ,protestant theologians to labor to secure a favorable reception to any overtures they might make consistent with ,catholic principles4 ,ego1 says he1 nullibi causae susceptae agam doctorem1 sed simplicem apud utramque partem solicitatorum4 4 4 ,nihil aliud polliceor quam quod 4 4 ego theologicam et tam favorabilem ac principia nostra patiantur1 approbationem procurare laborabo4 ,such a promise1 which lends itself indeed to everything1 engages assuredly to nothing1 and if it in some measure explains the hopes which ,leibnitz cherished1 it is far from sufficing to remove our doubts4 ,till a contrary proof--and ,i mean by a contrary proof an authentic and official document1 not such or such an allusion1 or it is said1 collected at random from a private correspondence--,i shall continue to believe that the suspension of the ,council of ,trent1 all though making an essential part1 and constituting1 as it were1 the keystone of the ,protestant plan of pacification1 was never conceded in principle at ,rome1 probably was never entertained2 that ,bishop ,spinola was never authorized to treat on that basis1 and that if he did not wholly refuse to converse on that point1 it was in order not to discourage benevolent dispositions which he judged it wise to manage4 ,he also may have hoped that when the ,protestants had taken the great step of admitting the infallibility of ,catholic authority1 they would be led easily1 by means of some historical explanations1 to agree that the aid of the ,holy ,ghost did not fail the sessions of ,trent1 any more than any of the grand assizes of the ,christian ,church4 ,if ,i am deceived in this negative conclusion1 nothing would have been more easy for ,m4 de ,careil than to prevent my error by a more complete publication4 ,the sequel of events will show why ,i attach so much importance to the #dda establishment of the truth on this point4 ,let us resume1 therefore1 with ,m4 de ,careil the thread of the narrative4 ,in spite of the general desire in #afgj to effect an understanding between ,protestants and ,catholics1 and perhaps because of the ardor of that desire1 all parties avoided explaining themselves fully on delicate points1 and the negotiation and the irnique1 as ,m4 de ,careil calls it1 dragged itself along and reached no result4 ,twenty years after it continued still1 languishing1 indeed1 but not abandoned4 ,the ,bishop of ,neustadt was still living1 hoping1 laboring1 and travelling constantly1 intent on effecting peace2 the ,protestant doctors continued to pile up notes upon notes1 and blackened any quantity of paper2 but if in the theological world the affair remained on foot1 though not advancing1 in the political world the favor which had sustained it was singularly cooled4 ,the spirit of resistance to the preponderating influence of ,louis ,,xiv41 more determined than ever1 had suddenly changed its course1 and sought no longer its support in ,catholicity1 but1 on the contrary1 in the most advanced party of the ,reformation1 which suddenly raised up a champion of ,european independence4 ,the ,protestant chief of a petty maritime republic1 elevated by a daring movement to the throne of a great monarchy--the grandson of ,william the ,taciturn1 became master of the heritage of the ,stuarts1 rallied around his standard all the hopes of national freedom and all the animosities caused by oppression4 ,beside1 from the fatal edict of #afhe1 which brutally thrust out of ,france a whole peaceable people1 brought up under the shelter of the laws in the ignorance of an hereditary error1 the armies1 the councils1 and the large industrial towns of all ,europe became gorged with ,french exiles1 who united in the same execration ,louis ,,xiv4 and the ,church in which they saw only the bloody image of her implacable minister4 ,on this stormy sea of excited passion and intense hatred the humble project of union1 which ,spinola and ,leibnitz had so much difficulty in keeping afloat in calm weather1 had little chance of surviving4 ,the princes abandoned it as no longer serving their political interests4 ,but other auxiliaries1 however1 offered themselves1 endowed with less power indeed1 but hardly less brilliancy4 ,these were no other than great ladies1 delighting in the commerce of the learned1 and retaining in their convents or the interior paths of piety the habits of a cultivated education1 and sometimes pretensions to political ability4 ,in the seventeenth century1 especially in ,france after the ,fronde1 it is well known that theology often became the refuge of those high-born beauties whom scruples or repentance kept aloof from the pleasures of the court1 whilst the jealous despotism of the sovereign would no longer permit them to make a figure on the theatre of public affairs4 ,several of these elegant1 noble1 and even royal lady-theologians were attracted by the report of the negotiation in which ,leibnitz took part1 and perhaps by the renown of that negotiator himself1 and in the hope either of aiding in dressing the wounds of ,europe1 or at least of securing so precious a conquest in the net of faith1 opened communications and displayed in their correspondence with him those severe graces of which their piety had not despoiled them4 ,the ,abbess of ,maubuisson2 ,louise ,hollandine1 sister of the palatiness1 ,anne of ,gonzaga2 that celebrated princess herself2 the sprightly ,madame de ,brinon1 for a long time the confidant of ,madame de ,maintenon at ,saint-,cyr1 but whose enterprising spirit could not be anywhere contented with a subordinate part2 in fine1 the queen of the ,prcieuses1 ,mademoiselle ,scudry1 who neglected no opportunity of shining in an epistolary correspondence1 and who was by no means sorry to show that her merit could surpass the limits of the ,carte de him1 such are the #ddb unexpected figures which ,m4 de ,careil makes pass before us1 and in painting them he borrows some colors from the palette of the great philosopher of our days1 ,m4 ,cousin1 who has devoted himself to the good fame of the ladies of the seventeenth century4 ,in the train of the ladies appear the literary gentlemen of their society1 accustomed to make with them1 in courteous jousts1 the assaults of wit4 ,as the friend of ,madame de ,brinon1 for instance1 we see intervene the historian of the ,french ,academy1 the best pen of the royal cabinet1 the celebrated ,pellisson4 ,all these epistles1 very numerous1 in which the variety of tone relieves the monotony of subject1 form the most agreeable part of the new publication--too agreeable1 indeed1 for seriousness is sadly wanting1 and more still in ,leibnitz himself than in his graceful correspondents4 ,a tone of subtle badinage1 a mistimed display of literary and philosophical erudition1 the pleasure of discussing without care to conclude1 are1 unhappily1 but too apparent in everything that emanates from his pen during this second period4 ,we might say that he took pleasure in prolonging a situation which procured him advances so flattering1 and in which1 without pledging himself to any one1 he could let himself be lulled by sweet compliments from the most beautiful mouths in the world4 ,however that might be1 this slumber1 sustained by such sweet words1 was all at once rudely broken4 ,madame de ,brinon1 the most active brain of the feminine congress1 seeing that after all they talked much and said nothing1 and that1 by a supple and undulating argumentation1 ,leibnitz always escaped at the decisive moment1 and retarded more than he advanced a solution1 formed the project of calling to her aid a more vigorous athlete1 who could grapple with him body to body4 ,she addressed herself to ,bossuet1 and this time the ,bishop of ,meaux found more leisure and more freedom of action4 ,the political situation had changed4 ,coming out from that cold distrust in which he intrenched himself in the beginning1 he requested to have communicated to him the documents of the negotiation1 especially the writings of ,molanus1 and made it his duty to give his own views of the matter4 ,the entrance of this great man upon the scene1 a long time announced1 a long time expected1 and who appeared1 as in certain tragedies1 as the hero of the third act1 has1 in ,m4 de ,careil's publication1 all the effect of a theatrical surprise4 ,no sooner1 in fact1 has he opened his mouth1 than a puff of his stiff1 strong speech tumbles down the frail scaffolding on which ,leibnitz had placed his hopes of the peace of ,christendom4 ,placing his finger at once on the weak spot in the system1 he has no difficulty in showing that1 however disguised1 the real proposition returns always to the demand that the ,church shall suffer to be called in question points already adjudicated1 and tolerate doubt where she has already defined the faith4 ,now1 if such condescension is possible in the order of human decrees1 which1 providing for local and transitory interests1 may and ought to yield to differences of time and place1 it would be absurd to suppose it possible in the order of eternal truths1 proclaimed by an authority conceded to be infallible4 ,infallibility carries with it immutability as a necessary consequence4 ,the mirror of an unalterable truth can reflect only a single image2 the echo can repeat only a single sound4 ,comment1 explain1 as much as you please1 clothe the old faith with new forms if you will1 smooth the paths which conduct to it by removing all offensive terms which are a stumbling-block to the weak1 save self-love the humiliation of a position disavowed by treating error as a misunderstanding which is now enlightened1 even charity exacts in this respect all that dignity permits2 but to alter1 attenuate1 or #ddc merely to debate the truth transmitted can in no sense be permitted without killing with the same blow both the ,church and the truth1 without either denying the truth or that the ,church has always been its interpreter4 ,such was the reasoning1 perfectly simple1 and the principle of the infallibility of the ,church once admitted1 unanswerable1 which ,bossuet with his well known majesty1 and from the height of his episcopal dignity1 urged in reply to the method supported by ,leibnitz4 ,was ,leibnitz taken by surprise8 ,had he seriously thought of becoming a ,catholic without submitting in the process to this consequence8 ,such a defect of logic in a rival of ,newton is not supposable4 ,but he was neither accustomed to be treated so loftily1 nor in a humor to march so directly to the point4 ,a cry of astonishment and despite involuntarily escaped him1 sharp complaints of the haughtiness of ,m4 de ,meaux1 of the tone of superiority which eloquence and authority give to great men1and bitter denunciations of the exclusive spirit and obstinacy of theologians1 betray this sentiment1 very natural1 and as it would seem even in some measure contagious1 for ,m4 de ,careil1 now and then making himself one with his hero1 suffers himself to be gained by it4 ,all good ,catholic as he would be1 he himself also in his two introductions regrets that the conciliating spirit and eclectic methods of ,leibnitz were not accepted4 ,conciliation is an excellent thing1 and pleases me much1 some say1 pleases me too much1 and ,i have been more than once accused of carrying in religious matters my love for it a little too far2 but there are limits fixed in the very nature of things1 and which a little common sense will always1 ,i hope1 prevent me from transgressing4 ,who says ,church1 says permanence in the truths of faith2 and who says ,catholics1 says a union of men who think alike of those truths4 ,now what1 stripped of all ambiguity of language1 would have been the practical effect of the proposition of ,leibnitz1 if it had been carried into execution8 ,the points of doctrine 7and what points6 the most important not only for faith but also for reason1 affecting the basis as the supreme destiny of the soul7 touching the accord of grace and free will1 the conditions of eternal salvation1 the mysterious operations of the sacraments1 taught in the ,christian pulpit from the very cradle of ,christian antiquity1 and for more than a hundred years clothed in new and more precise forms1 would have been at a single dash erased from the catechism and suspended in doubt till the uncertain action of a future council6 ,the ,church would have suffered an interrogation point to be placed indefinitely before affirmations which she had only the day before imposed on the faithful under sanction of an anathema6 ,meanwhile1 the faithful1 divided on the very foundations of their belief1 would have met before the same altar to repeat the same prayers while understanding them in contradictory senses1 and to receive the same sacraments while holding entirely different views of their value and efficacy6 ,what in this strange interim would have become of the dignity and stability of ,catholic doctrine8 ,and what were the utility of an external and nominal union which could only cover a real internal difference8 ,to sustain himself1 if not his firm and piercing genius1 in an illusion which held him captive and would not relax its grasp1 ,leibnitz had two1 only two1 arguments in his repertory2 but he had the art to make them take so many different forms1 and to make with these two arms so many passes and counter-passes of logic and erudition1 that more than an entire volume is taken up by ,m4 de ,careil with the writings which contain them1 and which may be read even now without other fatigue than that produced by their continual dazzle4 ,faithful to our task of reporter1 we must strip these two arguments of the brilliant garments with which his luxurious #ddd eloquence adorns them4 ,divested of their flesh1 so to speak1 stripped naked1 and subjected to the treatment to which the scholastics subject all arguments to ascertain their value1 these two arguments are very simple and easily comprehended4 ,in the first place1 they consist in denying the antiquity1 and therefore the authority1 of the ,council of ,trent4 ,leibnitz in this respect only repeats the allegations of all ,protestant doctors1 and which were old even in his time4 ,the number of prelates present at that assembly was relatively small1 and were taken almost exclusively from the churches of ,spain and ,italy1 and as several ,catholic sovereigns refused to publish the council in their respective states1 because some of its disciplinary canons appeared to strike at their temporal rights1 there had been no opportunity to heal its original defect by the assent of the ,church dispersed4 ,in the second place1 granting that the ,council of ,trent had the character and authority which are questioned1 it was in good faith and in the sincerity of their hearts that ,protestants refused to acknowledge them4 ,they in whose names ,leibnitz was charged to negotiate gave manifest proofs of that good faith in adhering beforehand to the decision of a future council1 and consequently in rendering full homage to the principle of ecclesiastical authority4 ,now error1 if sincere1 is not heresy1 and has only its appearance4 ,it is only voluntary1 deliberate1 and obstinate rebellion that makes the heretic4 ,a man who submits in advance to the authority of truth1 and waits only a knowledge of it to arrange himself under its banner1 counts from that moment among those to whom the ,church may open her maternal bosom4 ,these few sentences embrace--every attentive reader will be convinced of it--the substance of the whole argumentation1 extended by ,leibnitz1 enriched and enlivened by a thousand piquant expressions1 through many years1 in a series of more than a hundred letters4 ,it needs fewer words still1 after ,bossuet1 to expose in its poverty and nakedness the ground-work concealed by the richness and splendor of the ornaments4 ,what mattered it1 in reality1 to examine whether the ,council of ,trent in its origin or at any moment of its duration had united a full representation of the universal ,church8 ,to what good to seek if it had received in its text and in every part official promulgation by the political power in each sovereign state8 ,one fact was certain1 and that was enough4 ,at the time when ,leibnitz was writing1 the doctrine defined by the ,fathers of ,trent on all the points controverted between ,catholics and ,protestants was1 without a single exception1 the law in all the churches of the ,catholic world4 ,from the basilica of ,michael ,angelo to the humblest village church1 under the purple as under the serge soutane1 every pontiff1 every cardinal1 every bishop1 every parish priest1 in the confessional as in the pulpit1 scrupulously conformed to its language4 ,if the consent of the ,church is not recognizable by such signs1 by what signs could it be recognized8 ,only they whom ,trent condemned persisted in withholding their adhesion to its decrees4 ,but ,arius protested also against ,nicaea1 and it has never depended on a few voices raised by spite or chagrin to disturb the harmony of symbols with which the concert of nations makes resound the vaults of the universal ,church4 ,what1 again1 avails it to allege the good faith1 the involuntary ignorance1 of ,protestants in resisting the ,council of ,trent8 ,that good faith1 if real1 may excuse them in the eyes of ,god1 who reads the heart2 it opens not the doors of the visible ,church1 which can admit to her external communion only those who make an explicit profession of her doctrine4 ,where1 in fact1 should we be1 what chimera would be the authority of the #dde ,church1 and in what smoke would vanish the obedience of the faithful1 if every man could at pleasure retrench this or that article from the ,credo1 under the pretext that he could not in his conscience recognize in it the marks of divine revelation8 ,certainly it is obstinacy in error that makes the heretic1 for a just ,god can punish only the adhesion of the will to error4 ,so in that terrible and solemn day which will rend the veil which covers the inmost human conscience1 not only of those in separated ,christian communions1 but even those in the darkness of paganism and idolatry1 many souls may be discovered who for their constant fidelity to the feeble gleams of light vouchsafed them1 will have deserved to have applied to them the merits of the sacrifice of the ,son of ,god4 ,more than one ,queen of ,saba will come up from the desert to accuse the children of ,abraham of a want of faith1 and in that supreme moment the ,church will recognize more than one ,enfant qu'en sol sein elle n'a point port4 7,child which she has not brought forth47 ,but it is given to no one to anticipate that hour of mystery and revelation1 and so long as here below1 and knowing one another only by words and external acts1 it is1 by our beliefs that we must1 at least externally1 as to the body1 if not to the soul1 separate ourselves4 ,sole certain guide to salvation1 sole confidant of the mysteries of grace1 the ,church damns not in advance all those whom she excludes1 any more than she saves all those whom she admits2 but she can relinquish to nobody a single one of the articles of faith1 nor knowingly allow a single farthing to be subtracted from the deposit confided to her keeping4 ,against these two fixed points1 imperturbably sustained by the hand of ,bossuet1 the inexhaustible dialectics of ,leibnitz1 always repulsed1 ever returning anew to the charge1 beats and breaks1 without relaxation1 precisely as the waves of the ocean against the rock4 ,the contrast between the flexibility of one of the adversaries and the immobility of the other is about all the interest that1 in the midst of continual repetitions1 is offered by this interminable debate4 ,we subjoin1 however1 to conclude our analysis1 the recital of two inventions of doubtful loyalty imagined by ,leibnitz to give the change to his adversary1 and which out of respect for the memory of so great a man we will call not artifices1 but with ,m4 ,foucher de ,careil simply expedients4 ,the first consisted in passing over the head of ,bossuet1 in order to crush him with the heavy hand of his sovereign1 ,louis ,,xiv4 ,europe knew1 or at least believed that it knew1 both ,bossuet and ,louis ,,xiv4 ,it knew that the one suffered from temperament1 and the other from principle1 hardly any limit to the royal authority4 ,the susceptibility of the monarch and the conscience of the subject being of one accord1 ,leibnitz thought that by disquieting the monarch he could easily bring the subject to reason4 ,so in a note1 ably and skilfully drawn up1 addressed to the ,duke of ,brunswick1 who was to send it to the ,french king1 he represented that the work of peace at the point reached was arrested by an obstacle in reality more political than religious2 that the ,council of ,trent1 which was the real stumbling-block1 interested ,rome in her struggle with the temporal powers far more than in her controversies with heresy4 ,hence an intervention of the royal authority to remove that obstacle1 so far from being an invasion of the domain of faith1 would be only a very proper act defensive of the legitimate attributes of the temporal authority1 only a continuation and a consequence of the struggle against ultramontane pretensions instituted and sustained by all the parliaments of ,france1 and for the clergy something like a supplementary article to the declaration of #afhb4 ,let the king make felt in this languishing #ddf negotiation that hand which nothing in ,europe can resist4 ,let him pronounce one of those sovereign words which have so often fetched an echo even in the sanctuary1 or let him simply join to the theologians and bishops1 too submissive by their quality to the spiritual authority1 an ordinary representative of the regalian rights--a lawyer1 a statesman1 or a magistrate1 and all will speedily return to order1 and march rapidly toward a solution4 ,numerous adulations of the wisdom of the king1 and even of his theological knowledge1 followed by honeyed insinuations against the ,bishop of ,meaux1 terminate this singular appeal to the secular arm1 the discovery of which will hardly count among the titles to glory of philosophy1 and which1 moreover1 was no more successful than estimable4 ,the king1 old1 weary of those religious discussions which were the plague of his reign1 and even to his last days the chastisement of his intolerable despotism1 communicated the note to ,bossuet without comment1 perhaps even without having paid it the least attention4 ,bossuet1 strong in the solidity of his arguments1 declared himself perfectly willing to receive such lay associate as should be chosen1 and ,leibnitz1 having no reason after that to desire what ,bossuet so little dreaded1 the proposition fell through1 and left no trace4 ,the other snare was not less adroit1 but more innocent4 ,in his attachment to his favorite plan1 ,leibnitz could not persuade himself that it could possibly be resisted by any reasons drawn from conscience alone4 ,the party taken1 the point of honor1 scholastic obstinacy1 were1 it seemed to him1 the principal reasons for rejecting his plan4 ,it was with ,catholics a matter of vanity not to yield to demands made by ,protestants4 ,but what they refused from the hand of a stranger1 they would1 perhaps1 accept more willingly from the hand of a friend1 a member of their own communion4 ,a pious fraud would relieve the plan of all suspicion of heresy4 ,a consultation1 for example1 of a supposed ,catholic doctor1 who should show himself favorable to it1 would1 perhaps1 be all that was required to disarm prejudice1 and the flag would pass the merchandise4 ,the great philosopher1 therefore1 set himself at work4 ,assuming the paternal tone and authoritative air of a ,catholic priest1 taking care that no expression smacking of heresy should escape his lips1 playing a part1 so to say1 with all the gravity in the world1 and1 without a single smile1 produced in eight or ten pages that little document which he entitled ,judicium ,doctoris ,catholici1 and which1 proceeding from principles in appearance the most ,catholic1 and advancing in ways the most orthodox1 arrived at the foot of the ,council of ,trent itself1 to mine in silence its very foundation4 ,if ,m4 de ,careil had not this time conscientiously printed the entire text of this discovery1 we should find it very hard to believe that a mind so great could descend to such a puerile game1 and of which we seek in vain the fruit he evidently hoped4 ,with whom1 then1 did ,leibnitz imagine he had to do8 ,do people disguise their ideas1 as they counterfeit their voices8 ,is the ,church a citadel so poorly guarded that one can enter it by stratagem1 by simply turning his cockade or dissembling his uniform8 ,took he ,bossuet for an imbecile sentinel who could be imposed upon by passports so evidently forged8 ,for the honor of ,leibnitz and of philosophy we would pass over in silence this crotchet of misplaced gaiety1 if ,m4 de ,careil did not force us to pause on it for a moment longer before including1 by attaching to it an undue importance1 by pretending to see in it the solution of a literary problem1 which we formerly made a subject of some observations4 ,a few words will dispose of this incident1 which beside is not wholly foreign to the principal object of our present reflections4 #ddg ,beyond the controversy with ,bossuet1 which1 during the lifetime of ,leibnitz1 made1 in fact1 very little noise1 and the partial publication of which was already ancient1 there exists1 as is known1 wholly in the handwriting of that great man1 a small work on religious questions1 which remained unknown up to his death and even for a long time after1 and which was discovered and published only at the beginning of the present century4 ,when this little work1 baptized1 ,i know not by whom1 ,systema ,theologicum1 for the first time saw the light1 it was perceived1 not without surprise1 that on all the points1 even those on which in his known writings ,leibnitz was the furthest removed from the doctrines of the ,church1 his conclusions conformed to the purest ,catholic teaching4 ,from that arose a great discussion among the learned1 all astonished1 some agreeably1 some disagreeably1 to find in ,leibnitz this posthumous and unexpected evidence of orthodoxy4 ,commentaries1 conjectures1 explanations1 were called forth in abundance1 often ingenious1 but rarely impartial1 each writer interpreting the tract after his own manner--,protestants anxious to keep ,leibnitz in their ranks1 and ,catholics intent on conquering him for theirs4 ,i myself hazarded some conjectures on the subject1 but timidly1 as was proper on such a matter1 and without much expectation of making them prevail1 the first to acknowledge their insufficiency1 and persuaded that the existence of the ,systema ,theologicum1 like the birth-place of ,homer1 and the name of the author of the ,imitatione ,christi1 would remain a sort of biblical quadrature of the circle1 destined to supply for ever to the learned a subject of discussion1 and to students a thesis4 ,if we believe ,m4 de ,careil1 the mystery is now unveiled2 the new discovery explains the old2 the ,judicium ,doctoris ,catholici is the key to the ,systema ,theologicum1 of which it is substantially only a rough sketch1 and the first edition4 ,in the one as in the other1 ,catholicity is only a borrowed vestment1 momentarily worn by ,leibnitz to disguise his uniform of a negotiator4 ,it was a ruse not of war but of diplomacy4 ,on the plan of pacification the success of which he was bent on securing1 ,leibnitz1 in order to beguile the malevolent1 by a premeditated design impressed pressed on it the ,catholic seal instead of the ,protestant stamp4 ,he was no more a ,catholic when he wrote the ,systema ,theologicum than he was when he prepared1 to deceive the vigilant eye of ,bossuet1 the ,judicium ,doctoris ,catholici2 he only wished to appear one in order to secure a full hearing for the conditions on which he could become a ,catholic4 ,footnote #fg ,footnote #fg3 ,a similar view1 in some respects1 to this is taken and urged with much plausibility by ,dr4 ,guhrauer ,in his ,german work which formed the basis of ,j4 ,m4 ,mackie's ,life of ,godfrey ,william von ,leibnitz1 published at ,boston by ,gould1 ,kendall ,lincoln1 #ahde2 and the refutation of it1 indirectly given by the ,prince de ,broglie in the text1 is by no means unwelcome4--,,the ,,translator4 ,the natural consequence of such a supposition has been for ,m4 de ,careil to make the ,systema ,theologicum figure by the side of the ,judicium ,doctoris1at such a date as he judged the most convenient1 for example1 among the documents of the negotiation of which he was drawing up a statement 7procs verbal74 ,but since one of these documents was1 in his view1 only the detailed reproduction of the other1 it seems to us he should have placed them in face of each other1 so as to facilitate their comparison4 ,we regret that he has not so placed them1 for we are convinced that even he himself1 in re-reading them in connection for the press1 would have had no difficulty in perceiving that the assimilation imagined has not the least foundation in fact4 ,although signed by the same hand1 the two documents1 which he would confound1 do not in any manner whatever bear witness to the same state of mind1 or to having been both designed to aid a common object4 ,everything in them differs1 not merely in tone1 which in one is #ddh grave and full of emotion1 subtle and light in the other1 but1 above all1 in the plan and very substance of the argument4 ,the ,judicium is a series of arguments1 very brief1 which tend directly to a foregone conclusion1 namely1 the pacification of the schism1 and as the means of effecting it1 the suspension of the ,council of ,trent4 ,not an idea1 not a word1 that does not tend directly to this conclusion1 nor the slightest effort to dissemble it4 ,it is a skilful1 but adroit pleading against the ,council of ,trent4 ,the ,systema1 on the contrary1 is a detailed exposition1 often eloquent1 of the entire ,catholic faith1 point by point1 dogma after dogma1 of those which ,protestants reject as well as of those which they admit with the ,church4 ,and what authority does this dogmatic exposition appeal to as its support8 ,the oftenest is to the ,council of ,trent itself1 openly invoked1 on the ground that the voice of the universal ,church is the invariable rule of faith4 ,the ,council of ,trent in every line is called holy1 venerable1 and sometimes even the ,council1 by way of eminence4 ,after this1 what place would ,m4 de ,careil give to this writing in a negotiation1 the precise object of which was to efface that council from the memory of the faithful1 and the annals of the ,church8 ,a singular pleasure assuredly ,leibnitz must have found in belying himself1 in playing a ridiculous farce1 and of doubtful morality1 only to end in yielding to his opponent the ground disputed between them6 ,till ,m4 de ,careil responds to this difficulty1 to which we had previously invited his attention1 we must continue to guard ourselves against confounding works so dissimilar in their tone1 design1 and substance as the ,judicium and the ,systema1 and continue also to see in the one only a pastime without value1 which ought not to have occupied even the waste moments of a great man1 and still less cause the loss of that time so well filled by his editor2 and in the other1 on the contrary1 the expression of a sincere conviction1 very proper to throw light on the nature of the beliefs of the soul that conceived it4 ,it is of the state of that soul1 and of those beliefs1 that it remains for us to say a few words1 by attempting to enlighten the confused impressions produced by the voluminous papers of which we have just finished the analysis4 ,,ii4 ,three things1 ,i think1 must have struck those who have had the patience to follow me in this long exposition3 #a4 ,the singularly narrow ground on which ,leibnitz consented to place the negotiation2 #b4 ,this perseverance in pursuing it2 #c4 ,this resistance to bringing it to a conclusion4 ,cantoned in very narrow quarters1 he maintained himself there with obstinacy1 reanimating the combat whenever it slackened1 but escaping from every solution whenever it approached4 ,they1 for example1 who1 attracted by the antithesis of the two great names1 should imagine that they were about to hear debated between the last of the ,fathers and the ancestor of modern philosophy the great question everywhere agitated in the sixteenth century1 and on which the future of society depends--they who should expect to see a mortal struggle in the listed field between a champion of free inquiry and a representative of authority1 would1 ,i fear1 be greatly disappointed4 ,not a word of the mutual relations of faith and reason1 of the rights of private judgment1 or of the principle of authority1 is1 ,i think1 met with in the whole twelve hundred pages comprised in these two volumes2 and for the very simple reason1 that the terms to which the discussion was restricted raised no question of the sort between the two opponents4 ,faithful to the constant traditions of the ,church1 and imbued with the rules of the ,cartesian method1 ,bossuet contested none of the prerogatives of #ddi reason in the order of our natural powers2 ,christian by profession1 ,leibnitz recognized in faith the right to reveal and to impose on man knowledge superior to nature--pretending to become and even to be a ,catholic in potentia and in voto1 ,leibnitz declared himself ready to seek the rule of faith1 not in the mute text of a book1 but in the living voice of an organized ,church1 and this ,church he distinctly acknowledged to be in the hierarchy of pastors whose head is the ,roman ,pontiff4 ,consequently there was and could be no debate either on the existence or the composition1 the mode of action or the seat1 of the ecclesiastical authority4 ,there was between them only a simple and humble question of fact--of history4 ,certainly the ,church has the plenary right to be heard and obeyed when she speaks2 but did she speak in the ,council of ,trent8 ,the contest ,leibnitz sustained went no further than this1 and rose no higher4 ,persons in our day1 curious in theology and metaphysics1 those who take an interest in reconciling free will with grace1 or the foreknowledge of ,god1 those who like to carry either the torch of dogma or the scalpel of analysis into the very depths of the soul1 will find very little satisfaction in reading them4 ,none of the psychological or moral problems raised by the ,reformation1 and with which it had troubled men's minds1 and filled the schools with the serf-will of ,luther1 nor the foreordination of ,calvin1 nor the subtle distinctions in regard to the intrinsic nature of moral evil and the effects of original sin1 obtained from ,leibnitz1 from first to last1 even so much as a simple allusion4 ,on the concurrence of the divine action and that of the human will in the work of moral progress and the hope of eternal salvation1 he thought and spoke as the ,church4 ,his criticisms affect the form of the ,council of ,trent rather than the substance of its decisions4 ,it is the competency of the court to which he pleads1 rather than its decrees4 ,aside from the canon of the ,scriptures1 which1 for the ,old ,testament1 he would restrict to the ,hebrew books properly so-called1 and exclude therefrom the books in ,greek transmitted only by the ,septuagint1 ,i am aware of no dogmatic point1 defined at ,trent1 which creates with him any serious difficulty4 ,and even on this subject of the canonicity of the sacred books1 he has nothing that resembles that audacious criticism to which ,richard ,simon1 in the seventeenth century1 opened the way1 and which1 a very few years after1 all ,germany was to rush into and level and broaden4 ,it was not the criticism of our days1 which pretends to an imprescriptible right over the entire text of the ,scriptures1 and to serve as the ground of all certainty1 moral and philosophical4 ,the criticism of ,leibnitz takes not such lofty airs4 ,it is restricted to some accessory parts of the ,old ,testament1 and presumes not to go beyond4 ,and when ,bossuet1 adopting a method familiar to logicians 7though not always prudently employed71 would push it to the extreme1 to absurdity even1 and prove that its principles logically carried out would ruin entirely the ,holy ,scriptures1 ,leibnitz recoils1 frightened at the last word of his own logic4 ,leibnitz1 having never been accused of a narrow or timid mind1 of any lack of boldness in his principles or of force in deducing from them their logical consequences1 it is necessary to believe that if he avoided the debate between the ,reformation and the ,church under its grander aspects1 it was solely because he was separated from ,catholic beliefs only by the narrow trench which he himself has traced1 and because his own ,protestantism1 so to speak1 was neither longer nor broader4 ,certainly he can be very little of a ,protestant who acknowledges all the councils less one alone1 and even all the decrees of that one save a single exception--who speaks as a ,catholic of the ,church1 of tradition1 of the priesthood1 and of the sacraments4 ,that to these sentiments1 so near to those of a ,catholic1 #dej ,leibnitz joined the sincere desire to take the final step2 that1 having reached the threshold1 he was strongly pressed to cross it1 we must believe1 in order not only not to throw doubt on his often repeated protestations1 which have every appearance of being made in good faith1 but to account for his perseverance1 meritoriously displayed on more than one occasion to sustain or revive1 against all hope1 the flickering flame of the languishing negotiation4 ,neither the growing coldness of the powers of the earth1 who after having started it abandoned it midway1 nor the haughtiness of ,bossuet1 a little contemptuous1 which exposed without any mercy the vanity of his projects1 succeeded in discouraging him4 ,he was proof against all disgusts2 he knocked at every door1 and the crooked methods he adopted to open or turn them1 not according to the rules of loyal warfare1 attest at least an ardent desire to enter the place4 ,yet1 in spite of this agreement on principles1 this heartfelt desire for union1 and the feeble distance which remained for him to traverse to become a ,catholic1 ,leibnitz never in his life traversed it4 ,the end of the discussion found him just where he was at its beginning1 always debating1 never advancing4 ,when the reasoning of ,bossuet became urgent and victorious 7and it will be admitted that with the choice of ground1 and the advantages conceded him1 one needs not to be a ,bossuet to conquer7--whenever it took a turn ad hominem1 and passed from the general interests of ,protestantism to the particular duties of individual conscience--whenever the question was no longer of concluding a treaty of peace between two hostile powers1 but of articulating the submission of a believer1 ,leibnitz drew back1 and escaped4 ,the tone becomes sharp and sour1 recriminations are mingled with reasoning1 subterfuges retract the concessions4 ,broad and easy in regard to principles1 he haggles at consequences4 ,what are we to think of that alternation1 of those constant advances followed by as constant retreats8 ,what was the after-thought back of the exterior motives of that intermittent resistance8 ,for no one can be persuaded that a man of a serious character1 and a mind which stops not at trifles1 admitting in the outset the necessity and the right of an infallible authority in matters of faith1 could remain a ,protestant1 that is1 a rebel to that acknowledged authority1 because the bishops1 united at ,trent1 admitted ,ecclesiasticus and ,macchabees into the canon of the ,scriptures4 ,the moral problem being curious and complex1 every one has a right to offer his own solution4 ,i formerly1 in this periodical1 offered mine1 and ,i shall hold to it till a better and a more satisfactory solution is discovered4 ,in my judgment1 all is explained1 if we suppose that ,leibnitz became a ,catholic in intellect and by study1 yet remained a ,protestant by force of habit1 interest1 and self-love4 ,the first part is not even a supposition1 but a fact4 ,for1 waiving the disputed value of the ,systema ,theologicum1 the documents which we have before us contain alone avowals amply sufficient to prove it4 ,when one admits the concurrence of free will and the divine will in the work of salvation1 the mysterious virtue and efficacy of the sacraments1 the transubstantiation of the elements in the eucharist--when one recognizes the sacred character of the priesthood1 the ,primacy by divine right of the bishops of ,rome1 and1 above all1 the infallibility of the ,church 7and ,leibnitz accords all this to ,bossuet1 always by implication1 and often under the form of explicit concession71 one is willingly or unwillingly a ,catholic1 or at least has lost all right not to be one4 ,in such a case the defect is in the will1 not the intellect4 ,let nothing be said here of invincible ignorance1 for never was there ignorance more vincible1 more completely conquered1 subjected1 drowned in floods of light1 than in the case of ,leibnitz4 #dea ,remains1 then1 only the second part of the hypothesis1 which ,i confess is less clearly demonstrated1 as well as less charitable2 but it perfectly meets the facts in the case1 and perhaps1 when the first part is once conceded1 it1 better than any other explanation1 saves the dignity and loyalty of ,leibnitz4 ,if it was true1 as we hold1 that ,leibnitz1 agreeing with the ,church in all the fundamental principles of the ,catholic faith1 was retained outside of her communion by the fear of losing the high position which he had gained in the ranks of ,protestants and with their princes1 nothing more simple than that1 to satisfy at the same time his conscience and his interests1 he should labor earnestly and perseveringly to effect a reconciliation of his party and his protectors with the ,church4 ,if it was true that he felt himself bound by strong and respectable ties which attach men to the monuments1 and to the forms of worship1 which received their first vows and dictated their first prayers1 it is very natural that he should hesitate to go alone1 to take his seat in churches unknown to his childhood1 and that he should1 instead1 seek at first to reconstruct the broken down altars of the temples of the middle ages which had seen his birth4 ,if finally the proud weakness attached to the royalty of science as to every other royalty1 made him dread to change the part of an accredited doctor of one party for that of a penitent and neophyte of another1 who can be astonished that1 to spare himself the painful transition1 he should wish to pass out with arms1 baggage1 and all the honors of war1 instead of submitting to conditions1 and enter into the ,church with head erect1 followed by a retinue of nations1 and have therefore a right to as much gratitude as he gave of submission8 ,the persistence of ,leibnitz in a forlorn negotiation finds in this at least a probable explanation4 ,his insistence on points of little importance is less easy to understand4 ,these points1 of which he knew well what to think1 are those without which1 according to his knowledge of the ,protestant courts and schools1 no peace was possible either to be concluded or even proposed4 ,he knew how completely and irrevocably ,protestant princes and doctors were pledged by their word and their self-love 7amour-propre7 against the ,council of ,trent1 from which they fancied they had been unjustly excluded4 ,many of them were on the point of reaching by their own reason and study dogmatic conclusions analogous to those of ,trent2 but the date and seal of that council affixed to any formulary presented for their signature made them instinctively recoil4 ,it was in their name much more than in his own1 or rather to manage their pretensions much more than to tranquillize his own conscience1 as he allows us in more than one place to perceive1 that he insisted with invincible obstinacy that this obstacle to peace must be removed4 ,he acted as a negotiator who follows his instructions and speaks for others1 much more than as a doctor who decides1 or a philosopher who discusses1 on his own account4 ,in the new council whose convocation he called for1 he thought all low in himself1 the dogmas of ,trent1 after an apparent discussion1 would be re-established on the more solid basis of a more general agreement1 and not having that quick sense of the dignity of the ,church which belongs only to her children1 he felt no repugnance to the adoption of expedients borrowed from political prudence1 and wholly out of place in the ,church of ,god4 ,thus may be resolved1 it seems to me1 in the most simple manner in the world1 the apparent contradictions in the conduct of ,leibnitz1 and be discovered the secret of his obstinacy in protracting a fruitless discussion1 instead of either candidly breaking it off or boldly bringing it to its logical conclusion4 ,he had postponed the day of his personal conversion to the day constantly hoped1 constantly announced as near1 of a general reconciliation4 #deb ,it would have cost him too much to move before that day came2 but it cost him hardly less to own to himself that come it would not4 ,hence1 with him1 a prolonged state of indecision1 which1 as human life is short1 and death always takes us by surprise1 had naturally no termination but that of his life itself4 ,we in this have1 ,i think1 explained that other problem presented by the ,systema ,theologicum4 ,if we have rightly seized his state of mind1 nothing was more natural than that we should find among the papers of ,leibnitz a profession of ,catholic faith1 and there can be nothing astonishing in the fact that it remained unfinished and unpublished4 ,from the moment in which the doctrines contained in that tract became his real belief1 it was very natural that he should reduce them to writing1 and1 from the moment when he had subjected the publication of his conversion to a condition always hoped for1 but never realized1 it was more natural still that he should keep the writing by him as the witness of the fact of his conversion4 ,at what point of his life1 therefore1 did he confide to paper the interior state of his mind8 ,it is impossible1 but at the same time wholly unimportant1 to determine4 ,probably it was in one of those moments of sincerity and recollection in which the soul1 detaching herself from all worldly considerations1 places herself face to face with the problems of her eternal destiny2 or1 indeed1 may have been at a time when1 in the vein of hope1 and believing that he was on the eve of concluding ecclesiastical peace1 he wished to draw up before-hand1 in readiness for the event1 its manifesto and programme4 ,little imports it4 ,as soon as he thought as a ,catholic1 there were a thousand circumstances in his life in which he must have spoken and written as he thought4 ,the moment in which he would have expressed himself with the least frankness was most likely that in which1 being made the plenipotentiary of the ,protestants1 and charged to treat for them1 he felt it his duty to put forth in their name pretensions to which in his own heart he attached no importance4 ,leibnitz the negotiator must necessarily have been more difficult1 and set a higher price on his submission1 than ,leibnitz the philosopher1 so that1 in opposition to the assertion of ,m4 de ,careil1 his sincere work would be the ,systema ,theologicum3 his diplomatic work would be the correspondence of which we have made the analysis4 ,the advantage of ,bossuet in the debate is that in his case no such questions can be raised1 and no such subtle distinctions be called for4 ,bossuet the bishop and ,bossuet the diplomatist are one and the same person1 and speak one and the same language4 ,knowing perfectly whence he starts1 whither he can go1 what he is permitted to abandon1 and what he must hold fast2 very liberal in the part which he gives to reason1 very precise in what he asserts in the name of authority2 marking with a steady hand the limits of what can be changed in the ,church1 and what is as immutable as she herself1 he has no occasion1 when he has once laid down his principles1 to withdraw any concession1 or to shrink from any logical consequence2 possessing an erudition less varied1 an argumentative ability less flexible than that of ,leibnitz1 ,bossuet1 in his letters1 carries the day by his rectitude and precision4 ,we say1 however1 and without wrong to the great prelate1 that his cause was too nearly gained in advance4 ,all the principles are conceded him in the outset1 and the slightest logical pressure suffices to force out the necessary conclusions4 ,leibnitz found at times his hand heavy1 and complained of it2 but he himself armed that powerful hand with the instrument which it set at work1 without management indeed1 but also without forcing its action4 ,this privileged situation1 which gives to ,bossuet his preponderance in the struggle1 takes1 however1 from that struggle a large part of the interest which otherwise it might have had for #dec us1 and deprives us of the instruction that might have been derived from it4 ,we assuredly have little chance of seeing pitted against each other combatants of their stature1 and less still1 if it be possible1 of seeing a debate carried on under like conditions4 ,there is no longer a ,bossuet in the ,church2 but still less1 perhaps1 are there ,protestants and philosophers who1 like ,leibnitz1 recognize infallibility in principle1 and the inspiration of three-fourths of the canon of ,scripture4 ,that kind of enemies is gone1 and left no heirs4 ,those whom we now encounter make to our forces a less stiff resistance4 ,the very image and shadow of authority have disappeared from the ,protestantism of our age1 each day more and more dissipated in the thousand shades of private judgment4 ,with unbounded free inquiry and unbridled criticism1 controversy can no longer find a starting-point in any dogma or in any text1 and1 in fact1 has ceased to be possible4 ,the enemy escapes by the want of a body to be grappled with4 ,happily1 another sort of combat can be waged1 another sort of victory be hoped for4 ,doctrines1 remote from one another1 to be disputed in their principles1 may still be compared in their effects4 ,it is henceforth by their respective fruits1 rather than by arguments1 by their respective action on society and on souls1 that1 before an uncertain public1 must be judged the principle of authority in matters of faith and that of private judgment4 ,on this new soil1 as on that of pure intelligence1 ,god permits the efforts of man to concur in the triumph of his cause4 ,if he wills1 then1 for the honor of his ,church1 to raise up ,bossuets to take his cause in hand1 there ought to be1 for the honor of her nature1 ,leibnitzes to meet them1 and measure themselves with them4 ,,prince ,,albert ,,de ,,broglie4 -------- ,from ,the ,month4 ,,saints ,,of ,,the ,,desert4 ,,by ,,the ,,rev4 ,j4 ,h4 ,,newman1 ,d4,d4 #a4 ,abbot ,antony said3 ,i saw the nets of the enemy lying spread out over the earth2 and ,i cried out1 ,alas1 who shall escape these8 ,and a voice answered1 ,humility4 #b4 ,it is told of ,blessed ,arsenius1 that on ,saturday evening he turned his back on the setting sun1 and1 stretching out his arms toward heaven1 did not cease to pray till the sun rose before his face in the morning4 #c4 ,abbot ,agatho was zealous to fulfil every duty4 ,if he crossed a ferry1 he was the first to take an oar4 ,if he had a visit from his brethren1 his hand was first1 after prayer1 to set out the table4 ,for he was full of divine love4 #d4 ,the novice of ,abbot ,sisoi often had to say to him1 ,rise1 father2 let us eat4 ,he used to make answer1 ,are you sure we did not eat just now1 my son8 ,the novice replied1 ,quite sure1 my father4 ,then the old man said1 ,well1 if we did not eat1 come1 let us eat4 #e4 ,a president came to see ,abbot ,simon2 and some clerks1 who got to him first1 said to him1 ,now1 father1 get ready6 ,here comes the president for your blessing2 he has heard a great deal about you4 ,i will get ready1 said the abbot4 ,so he took some bread and cheese1 and began munching at the door of his cell4 ,so this is your solitary6 said the president1 and went away again4 ------ #ded ,from ,st4 ,james's ,magazine4 ',,tis ,,better ,,late ,,than ,,never4 ,has sorrow cast thy spirit down1 ,and crush'd thy hopes ,elysian8 ,be not disheartened by her frown4 ,nor heedless of thy mission4 ,but go forth gaily on thy way-- ,the bonds of care dissever1 ,and pluck the roses while you may2 ',tis better late than never6 ,doth love consume with pensive woe ,thy heart whence hope has fleeted-- ,as sunbeams melt away the snow ,they never could have heated8 ,come1 wreathe thy brow with laurel-leaf-- ,be wise as well as clever1 ,and learn a nobler lore than grief2 ',tis better late than never6 ,for life's a stand-up fight1 ,i ween4 ,with poverty and labor1 ,and many a hero there has been ,who never drew a sabre4 ,so buckle bravely to the strife4 ,how perilous soever4 ,and win some glory for thy life2 ',tis better late than never6 ,or hast thou1 worn in folly's wars1 ,forgot the land that bloometh ,beyond the cedars and the stars4 ,where sorrow never cometh8 ,oh1 do not for a phantom fly ,from ,paradise for ever1 ,but turn thy trusting eyes on high2 ',tis better late than never6 ,,great ,,lord ,,of ,,heaven6 ,,creation',s ,,king6 ,whose vineyard open lies1 ,thou deemest not a worthless thing ,man's tardy sacrifice2 ,still sanctify the work we've wrought1 ,and every fond endeavor4 ,this blessed creed thyself hast taught-- ',,tis ,,better ,,late ,,than ,,never6 -------- #dee ,from ,the ,month4 ,,constance ,,sherwood3 ,,an ,,autobiography ,,of ,,the ,,sixteenth ,,century4 ,,by ,,lady ,,georgiana ,,fullerton4 ,,chapter ,,xix4 ,my first thought1 when ,muriel had announced to me the coming of the pursuivants in search of ,mistress ,ward1 was to thank ,god she was beyond their reach1 and with so much prudence had left us in ignorance of her abode4 ,then making haste to dress--for ,i apprehended these officers should visit every chamber in the house--,i quickly repaired to my aunt's room1 who was persuaded by ,muriel that they had sent for to take an inventory of the furniture1 which she said was a very commendable thing to do1 but she wished they had waited until such time as she had had her breakfast4 ,by an especial mercy1 it so happened that these officers--or1 leastways1 two out of three of them--were quiet1 well-disposed men1 who exercised their office with as much mildness as could be hoped for1 and rather diminished by their behavior than in any way increased the hardships of this invasion of domestic privacy4 ,we were all in turns questioned touching ,mistress ,ward's abode except my aunt1 whose mental infirmity was pleaded for to exempt her from this ordeal4 ,the one officer who was churlish said1 ,if the lady's mind be unsound1 'tis most like she will let the cat out of the bag1 and would have forced questions on her2 but the others forcibly restrained him from it1 and likewise from openly insulting us1 when we denied all knowledge of the place she had resorted to4 ,howsoever1 he vented his displeasure in scornful looks and cutting speeches4 ,they carried away sundry prayer-books1 and notably the ,spiritual ,combat1 which ,mrs4 ,engerfield had gifted me with1 when ,i slept at her house at ,northampton1 the loss of which grieved me not a little1 but yet not so much as it would have done at another time1 for my thoughts were then wholly set on discovering who had betrayed ,mistress ,ward's intervention1 and what had been ,mr4 ,watson's fate1 and if ,basil also had been implicated4 ,i addressed myself to the most seemly of the three men1 and asked him what her offence had been4 ,she assisted1 he answered1 in the escape of a prisoner from ,bridewell4 ,in what manner8 ,i said1 with so much of indifferency as ,i could assume4 ,by the smuggling of a rope into his cell1 he answered1 which was found yet hanging unto his window1 and which none other than that pestilent woman could have furnished him with4 ,alas6 this was what ,i feared would happen1 when she first formed this project2 but she had assured us ,mr4 ,watson would let himself down1 holding the two ends of the cord in his hands1 and so would be enabled to carry it away with him after he had got down1 and so it would never be discovered by what means he had made his escape4 ,and this prisoner hath then escaped8 ,i said1 in a careless manner4 ,marry1 out of one cage1 he answered2 but ,i'll warrant you he is by this time lodged in a more safe dungeon1 and with such bracelets on his hands and feet as shall not suffer him again to cheat the gallows4 ,i dared not question him further2 #def and finding nothing more to their purpose1 the pursuivants retired4 ,when ,mr4 ,congleton1 ,muriel1 and ,i afterward met in the parlor1 none of us seemed disposed to speak4 ,there be times when grief is loquacious1 but others when the weight of apprehension doth check speech4 ,at last ,i broke this silence by such words as ,what should now be done8 and ,how can we learn what hath occurred8 ,then ,mr4 ,congleton turned toward me1 and with much gravity and unusual vehemency1 ,constance1 quoth he1 when ,margaret ,ward resolved on this bold action1 which in the eyes of some savored of rashness1 ,i warned her to count the cost before undertaking it1 for that it was replete with many dangers1 and none should embark in it which was not prepared to meet with a terrible death4 ,she told me thereupon that for many past years her chief desire had been to end her life by such a death1 if it should be for the sake of religion1 and that the day she should be sentenced to it would prove the joyfullest she had yet known4 ,this she said in an inflamed manner1 and ,i question not but it was her true thinking4 ,i do not gainsay the merit of this pining1 though ,i could wish her virtue had been of a commoner sort4 ,but such being her aim1 her choice1 and desire1 ,i am not of opinion that ,i should now disturb the peace of my wife's helpless days or mine own either 7who have not1 ,i cry ,god mercy for it1 the same wish to suffer the pains reserved to recusants1 albeit ,i hope in him he would give me strength1 to do so if conscience required it71 not to speak of you and ,muriel and my other daughters1 for the sake of unavailing efforts in her so desperate case1 who hath made her own bed 7and ,i deny it not to be a glorious one7 and1 as she hath made it1 must lie on it4 ,so ,i will betake myself to prayer for her1 which she said was the whole scope of the favor she desired from her friends1 if she fell into trouble1 and dreaded nothing so much as any other dealings in her behalf2 and if ,mr4 ,roper1 or ,brian ,lacy1 or young ,rookwood1 have any means by which to send her money for her convenience in prison1 ,i will give it2 but other measures ,i will not take1 nor by any open show of interest in her fate draw down suspicions on us as parties and abettors in her so-called treason4 ,neither of us replied to this speech2 and after that our short meal was ended1 ,muriel went to her mother's chamber1 and ,i set myself to consider what ,i should do2 for to sit and wait in this terrible ignorance of what had happened seemed an impossible thing4 ,so taking my maid with me1 albeit it rained a little1 ,i walked to ,kate's house1 and found she and her husband had left it an hour before for to return to ,mr4 ,benham's seat4 ,polly and ,sir ,ralph1 who slept there also1 were yet abed1 and had given orders1 the servant said1 not to be disturbed4 ,so ,i turned sorrowfully from the door1 doubting whither to apply myself2 for ,mr4 ,roper lived at ,richmond1 and ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,wells were abroad4 ,i thought to go to ,mr4 ,hodgson1 whose boatman had drawn ,basil into this enterprise1 and was standing forecasting which way to turn1 when all of a sudden who should ,i see but ,basil himself coming down the lane toward me6 ,i tried to go for to meet him1 but my legs failed me1 and ,i was forced to lean against my maid till he came up to us and drew my arm in his4 ,then ,i felt strong again1 and bidding her to go home1 walked a little way with him4 ,the first words he said were3 ,mr4 ,watson is safe1 but hath broke his leg and his arm4 ,know you aught of ,mistress ,ward8 ,there is a warrant out against her1 ,i answered1 and told him of the pursuivants coming to seek for her at our house4 ,god shield1 he said1 she be not apprehended6 for sentence of death would then be certainly passed upon her4 #deg ,oh1 ,basil1 ,i exclaimed1 why was the cord left8 ,ah1 the devil would have it1 he began2 but chiding himself1 lifted off his hat1 and said1 ,almighty ,god did so permit it to happen that this mishap occurred4 ,but ,i see1 he subjoined1 you are not fit to walk or stand1 sweetheart4 ,come into ,mr4 ,wells's house4 ,albeit they are not at home1 we may go and sit in the parlor2 and it may be more prudent ,i should not be seen abroad to-day4 ,i pray ,god ,mr4 ,watson and ,i will sail to-night for ,calais4 ,so we rang the bell at the door of ,mr4 ,wells's house2 and his housekeeper1 who opened it1 smiled when she saw ,basil1 for he was a great favorite with her1 as1 indeed1 methinks he always was with all kinds of people4 ,she showed us into ,mr4 ,wells's study1 which she said was the most comfortable room and best aired in the house1 for that1 for the sake of the books1 she did often light a fire in it2 and nothing would serve her but she must do so now4 ,and then she asked if we had breakfasted1 and ,basil said i' faith he had not1 and should be very glad of somewhat to eat1 if she would fetch it for him4 ,so when the fire was kindled--and methought it never would burn1 the wood was so damp--she went away for a little while1 and he then told me the haps of the past night4 ,tom ,price 7,hodgson's boatman7 and ,i1 he said1 rowed his boat close onto the shore1 near to the prison1 and laid there under the cover of some penthouses which stood betwixt the river and the prison's wall4 ,when the clock struck twelve1 ,i promise you my heart began to beat as any girl's1 ,i was so frightened lest ,mr4 ,watson should not have received the cord1 or that his courage should fail4 ,howsoever1 in less than one minute ,i thought ,i perceived something moving about one of the windows1 and then a body appeared sitting at first on the ledge1 but afterward it turned itself round1 and1 facing the wall1 sank down slowly1 hanging on by a cord4 ,oh1 ,basil6 ,i exclaimed1 could you keep on looking8 ,yea1 he answered2 as if mine eyes should start out of my head4 ,he came down slowly1 helping himself1 ,i ween1 with his feet against the wall2 but when he got to about twenty or thirty feet1 ,i guess it to have been1 from the roof of the shed1 he stopped of a sudden1 and hung motionless4 ',he is out of breath1' ,i said to ,tom4 ',or the rope proves too short1' quoth he4 ,we watched him for a moment4 ,he swung to and fro1 then rested again1 his feet against the wall4 ',beshrew me1 but ,i will climb on to that roof myself1 and get nigh to him1' ,i whispered to ,tom1 and was springing out of the boat1 when we heard a noise more loud than can be thought of4 ',i'll warrant you he hath fallen on the planks1' quoth ,tom4 ',marry1 but we will pick him up then1' quoth ,i2 and found myself soon on the edge of the roof1 which was broken in at one place1 and1 looking down1 ,i thought ,i saw him lying on the ground4 ,i cried as loud as ,i durst1 ',mr4 ,watson1 be you there8 ,hist6 ,are you hurt8 ,speak if you can4' ,methinks he was stunned by the fall1 for he did not answer2 so there remained nothing left to do but to leap myself through the opening into the shed1 where ,i found him with his eyes shut1 and moaning4 ,but when ,i spake to him he came to himself1 'and tried to rise1 but could not stand1 one of his legs being much hurt4 ',climb on to my back1 reverend sir1' ,i said 'and with ,god's help we shall get out4' ,howsoever1 the way out did not appear manifest1 and mostly with another beside one's self to carry4 ,but glancing round the inside of the shed1 ,i perceived a door1 the fastening of which1 when ,i shook it1 roughly enough ,i promise you1 gave way2 and the boat lay1 ,god be praised1 close to it outside4 ,i gave one look up to the prison1 and saw lights flashing in some of the windows4 ',they be astir1' ,i said to ,tom4 ',hist6 lend a hand1 man1 and take the reverend gentleman from off my back and into #deh the boat4' ,mr4 ,watson uttered a groan4 ,he most have suffered cruel pain2 for1 as we since found1 his leg and also his arm were broken1 and he looked more dead than alive4 ,we began to row as fast as we could2 but now he1 coming to himself1 feels in his coat1 and cries out3 ',oh1 kind sirs--the cord1 the cord6 ,stop1 ,i pray you2 stop1 turn back4' ',not for the world1' ,i cried1 'reverend sir4' ,then he1 in a lamentable voice3 ',oh1 if you turn not back and bring away the cord1 the poor gentlewoman which did give it unto me must needs fall into sore trouble4 ,oh1 for ,god's sake1 turn back6' ,i gave a hasty glance at the prison1 where increasing stir of lights was visible1 and resolved that to return should be certain ruin to ourselves and to him for whom ,mistress ,ward had risked her life1 and little or no hope in it for her1 as it was not possible there should be time to get the cord and then escape1 which with best speed now could with difficulty be effected4 ,so ,i turned a deaf ear to ,mr4 ,watson's pleadings1 with an assured conscience she should have wished no otherwise herself2 and by ,god's mercy we made such way before they could put out a boat1 landing unseen beyond the next bridge1 that we could secretly convey him to the house of a ,catholic not far from the river on the other side1 where he doth lie concealed4 ,i promise you1 sweetheart1 we did row hard4 ,albeit ,i strove very much last year when ,i won the boat-match at ,richmond1 by my troth it was but child's play to last night's racing4 ,poor ,mr4 ,watson fainted before we landed1 and neither of us dared venture to stop from pulling for to assist him4 ,but1 ,god be praised1 he is now in a good bed2 and ,i fetched for him at daybreak a leech ,i know in the ,borough1 who hath set his broken limbs2 and to-night if the weather be not foul1 when it gets dark1 we will convey him in a boat to a vessel at the river's mouth1 which ,i have retained for to take us to ,calais4 ,but ,i would ,mistress ,ward was on board of it also4 ,oh1 ,basil1 ,i exclaimed1 if we can discover where she doth lodge1 it would not then be impossible4 ,if we had forecasted this yesterday1 she would be saved4 ,yet she had perhaps refused to tell us4 ,most like she would1 he answered2 but if you do hit by any means upon her abode to-day1 forthwith despatch a trusty messenger unto me at ,mr4 ,hodgson's1 and ,i promise you1 sweetheart1 she shall1 will she nill she1 if ,i have to use force for it1 be carried away to ,france1 and stowed with a good madame ,i know at ,calais4 ,the housekeeper then came in with bread and meat and beer1 which my dear ,basil did very gladly partake of1 for he had eat nothing since the day before1 and was greatly in want of food4 ,i waited on him1 forestalling housewifely duties1 with so great a contentment in this quiet hour spent in his company that nothing could surpass it4 ,the fire now burned brightly2 and whilst he ate1 we talked of the time when we should be married and live at ,euston1 so retired from the busy world without as should be most safe and peaceful in these troublesome times1 even as in that silent house we were for a short time shut out from the noisy city1 the sounds of which reached without disturbing us4 ,oh how welcome was that little interval of peace which we then enjoyed6 ,i ween we were both very tired2 and when the good housekeeper came in for to fetch away his plate he had fallen asleep1 with his head resting on his hands2 and ,i was likewise dozing in a high-backed chair opposite to him4 ,the noise she made awoke me1 but not him1 who slept most soundly4 ,she smiled1 and in a motherly manner moved him to a more comfortable position1 and said she would lay a wager on it he had not been abed at all that night4 #dei ,well1 ,i'll warrant you to be a good guesser1 ,mistress ,mason1 ,i answered4 ,and if you did but know what a hard and a good work he hath been engaged in1 methinks you would never tarry in his praise4 ,ah1 ,mistress ,sherwood1 she replied1 ,i have known ,master ,basil these many years2 and a more noble1 kindly1 generous heart never1 ,i ween1 did beat in a man's bosom4 ,he very often came here with his father and his brother when both were striplings2 and ,master ,hubert was the sharpest and some said the most well-behaved of the twain4 ,but beshrew me if ,i liked not better ,master ,basil1 albeit he was sometimes very troublesome1 but not techey or rude as some boys be4 ,i remember it well how ,i laughed one day when these young masters--methinks this one was no more than five years and the other four--were at play together in this room1 and ,basil had a new jerkin on1 and colored hose for the first time4 ,hubert wore a kirtle1 which displeasured him1 for he said folks should take him to be a wench4 ,so he comes to me1 half-crying1 and says1 ',why hath ,baz that fine new suit and me not the same8' ',because1 little sir1 he is the eldest1' ,i said4 ',ah1' quoth the shrewd imp1 'the next time ,i be born methinketh ,i will push ,baz aside and be the eldest4' ,if ,i should live one hundred years ,i shall never forget it1 the little urchin looked so resolved and spiteful4 ,i smiled somewhat sadly1 ,i ween1 but with better cheer when she related how tender a heart ,basil had from his infant years toward the poor1 taking off his clothes for to give them to the beggars he met1 and one day1 she said1 praying very hard ,mrs4 ,wells for to harbor a strolling man which had complained he had no lodging4 ',mistress1' quoth he1 'you have many chambers in your house1 and he hath not so much as a bed to lie in tonight2' and would not be contented till she had charged a servant to get the fellow a lodging4 ,and me he once abused very roundly in his older years for the same cause4 ,there was one ,jack ,morris1 an old man which worked sometimes in ,mr4 ,wells's stable1 but did lie at a cottage out of the town4 ,and one day in winter1 when it snowed1 ,master ,basil would have me make this fellow sleep in the house1 because he was sick1 he said1 and he would give him his own bed and lie himself on straw in the stable2 and went into so great a passion when ,i said he should not do so1 for that he was a mean person and could not lie in a gentleman's chamber1 that my young master cries out1 ',have a care4 ,mistress ,mason1 ,i do not come in the night and shake you out of your own bed1 for to give you a taste of the cold floor1 which yet is not1 ,i promise you1 so cold as the street into which you would turn this poor diseased man4' ,and then he fell to coaxing of me till ,i consented for to send a mattress and a warm rug to the stable for this pestilent old man1 who ,i warrant you was not so sick as he did assume to be1 but had sufficient cunning for to cozen ,master ,basil out of his money4 ,lord bless the lad6 ,i have seen him run out with his dinner in his hand1 if he did but see a ragged urchin in the streets1 and gift him with it2 and then would slug lustily about the house--methinks ,i do hear him now-- ',dinner1 ,o dinner's a rare good thing ,alike for a beggar1 alike for a king4' ,basil opened then his eyes and stared about him4 ,why1 ,mistress ,mason1 he cried1 beshrew me if you are not rehearsing a rare piece of poesy6--the only one ,i ever did indite4 ,at the which speech we all laughed2 but our merriment was short2 for time had sped faster than we thought1 and ,basil said he must needs return to the ,borough to forecast with ,mr4 ,hodgson and ,tom ,price means to convey ,mr4 ,watson to the ship1 which was out at sea nigh unto the shore1 and a boat must be had to carry them there1 and withal such appliances procured as should ease his broken limbs4 ,is there not danger ,i asked1 in moving him so soon8 #dfj ,yea1 he said1 but a less fearful danger than in long tarrying in this country4 ,this was too true to be gainsayed2 and so thanking the good housekeeper we left the house1 which had seemed for those few hours like onto a harbor from a stormy sea1 wherein both our barks1 shattered by the waves1 had refitted in peace4 ,farewell1 ,basil1 ,i mournfully said2 ,god knoweth for how long4 ,not for very long1 he answered4 ,in three months ,i shall have crept out of my wardship4 ,then1 if it please ,god1 ,i will return1 and so deal with your good uncle that we shall soon after that be married4 ,yea1 ,i answered1 if so be that my father is then in safety4 ,he said he meant not otherwise1 but that he had great confidence it should then be so4 ,when at last we parted he went down ,holborn ,hill very fast1 and ,i slowly to ,ely ,place1 many times stopping for to catch one more sight of him in the crowd1 which howsoever soon hid him from me4 ,when ,i arrived at home ,i found ,muriel in great affliction1 for news had reached her that ,mistress ,ward had been apprehended and thrown into prison4 ,methinks we had both looked for no other issue than this1 which she had herself most desired2 but nevertheless1 when the certainty thereof was confirmed to us1 it should almost have seemed as if we were but ill-prepared for it4 ,the hope ,i had conceived a short time before that she should escape in the same vessel with ,basil and ,mr4 ,watson1 made me less resigned to this mishap than ,i should have been had no means of safety been at hand1 and the sword1 as it were1 hanging over her head from day to day4 ,the messenger which had brought this evil news being warranted reliable by a letter from ,mr4 ,hodgson1 ,i intrusted him with a few lines to ,basil1 in which ,i informed him not to stay his departure on her account1 who was now within the walls of the prison which ,mr4 ,watson had escaped from1 and that her best comfort now should be to know he was beyond reach of his pursuers4 ,the rest of the day was spent in great heaviness of spirit4 ,mr4 ,congleton sent a servant to ,mr4 ,roper for to request him to come to ,london1 and wrote likewise to ,mr4 ,lacy for to return to his house in town1 and confer with some ,catholics touching ,mistress ,ward's imprisonment4 ,muriel's eyes thanked him1 but ,i ween she had no hope therein and did resign herself to await the worst tidings4 ,her mother's unceasing asking for her1 whose plight she dared not so much as hint at in her presence1 did greatly aggravate her sufferings4 ,i have often thought ,muriel did then undergo a martyrdom of the heart as sharp in its kind as that which ,mistress ,ward endured in prison1 if the reports which did reach us were true4 ,but more of that anon4 ,the eventful day1 which had opened with so much of fear and sorrow1 had yet in store other haps1 which ,i must now relate4 ,about four of the clock ,hubert came to ,ely ,place1 and found me alone in the parlor1 my fingers busied with some stitching1 my thoughts having wandered far away1 where ,i pictured to myself the mouth of the river1 the receding tide1 the little vessel which was to carry ,basil away once more to a foreign land1 with its sails flapping in the wind2 and boats passing to and fro1 plying on the fair bosom of the broad river1 and not leaving so much as a trace of their passage4 ,and his boat with its freight more precious than gold--the rescued life bought at a great price--methought ,i saw it glide in the dark amidst those hundred other boats unobserved 7so ,i hoped71 unstayed on its course4 ,methought that so little bark should be a type of some lives which carry with them1 unwatched1 undiscerned1 a purpose1 which doth freight them on their way to eternity--somewhat hidden1 somewhat close to their hearts1 somewhat engaging their whole strength2 and all the #dfa while they seem to be doing the like of what others do2 and ,god only knoweth how different shall be the end6 ,ah1 ,hubert1 ,i exclaimed when the door opened1 is it you8 ,methinks in these days ,i see no one come into this house but a fear or a hope doth seize me4 ,what bringeth you8 or hath nothing occurred8 ,something may occur this day1 he answered1 if you do but will it to be so1 ,constance4 ,what8 ,i asked eagerly2 what may occur8 ,your father's deliverance1 he said4 ,oh1 ,hubert1 ,i cried1 it is not possible6 ,go to6 he said in a resolved manner4 ,don your most becoming suit1 and follow my directions in all ways4 ,lady ,ingoldsby1 ,i thank ,god1 hath not left ,london1 and will be here anon to carry you to ,sir ,francis ,walsingham's house1 where her familiar friend1 ,lady ,sydney1 doth now abide during ,sir ,philip's absence4 ,you shall thus get speech with ,sir ,francis2 and if you do behave with diffidency1 and beware of the violence of your nature and exorbitancy of your tongue1 checking needless speeches1 and answering his questions with as many words as courtesy doth command1 and as few as civility doth permit1 ,i doubt not but you may obtain your father's release in the form of a sentence of banishment2 for he is not ill-disposed thereunto1 having received notice that his health is sinking under the hardships of his confinement1 and his strength so impaired that1 once beyond seas1 he is not like to adventure himself again in this country4 ,alas6 ,i cried1 mine eyes had discerned in his shrunken form and hollow cheeks tokens of such a decay as you speak of2 and ,i pray ,god ,mr4 ,secretary may deal mercifully with him before it shall be too late4 ,i'll warrant you1 he replied1 that if you do rightly deal with him1 he win sign an order which shall release this very night your father from prison1 and send him safe beyond seas before the week is ended4 ,think you so8 ,i said1 my heart beating with an uncertain kind of hope mixed with doubting4 ,i am assured of it1 ,hubert confidently replied4 ,i must ask my uncle's advice1 doubtfully said1 before ,i go with ,polly4 ,a contemptuous smile curled his lip4 ,yea1 he said1 ,be directed in these weighty matters1 ,i do advise you1 by your aunt also1 and the saintly ,muriel1 and twenty hundred others beside1 if you list2 and the while this last chance shall escape1 and your father be doomed to death4 ,i have done my part1 ,god knoweth4 ,if he perish1 his blood will not be on my head2 but mark my words1 if he be not presently released1 he will appear before the council in two days1 and the oath be tendered to him1 which you best know if he will take1 and his refusal without fail will send him to the scaffold4 ,god defend1 ,i exclaimed1 greatly moved1 ,i should delay to do that which may yet save him4 ,i will go1 ,hubert4 ,but ,i pray you1 who are familiar with ,sir ,francis1 what means should be best for to move him to compassion8 ,is there a soft corner in his heart which a woman's tears can touch8 ,i will kneel to him if needful1 yea1 kiss his feet--mind him of his own fair daughter4 ,lady ,sydney1 which1 if he was in prison1 and my father held his fate in his hands1 would doubtless sue to him with the like ardor1 yea1 the like agony of spirit1 for mercy4 ,oh1 tell me1 ,hubert1 what to say which shall drive the edge of pity into his soul4 ,silence will take effect in this case sooner than the most moving speeches1 he answered4 ,steel your soul to it1 whatever he may say4 ,your tears1 your eyes1 will1 ,i warrant you1 plead more mightfully than your words4 ,he is as obliging to the softer but predominant parts of the world as he is #dfb serviceable to the more severe4 ,to him men's faces speak as much as their tongues1 and their countenances are indexes of their hearts4 ,judge if yours1 the liveliest piece of eloquence which ever displayed itself in a fair visage1 shall fail to express that which passionate words1 missing their aim1 would of a surety ill convey4 ,and mind you1 ,mistress ,constance1 this man is of extreme ability in the school of policy1 and albeit inclined to recusants with the view of winning them over by means of kindness1 yet an extreme hater of the ,pope and ,church of ,rome1 and moreover very jealous to be considered as such2 so if he do intend to show you favor in this matter1 make your reckoning that he will urge you to conformity with many strenuous exhortations1 which1 if you remain silent1 no harm shall ensue to yourself or others4 ,and not to mine own soul1 ,hubert8 ,i mournfully cried4 ,methinks my father and ,basil would not counsel silence in such a case4 ,god in heaven give me patience6 he exclaimed4 ,is it a woman's calling1 ,i pray you1 to preach8 ,when the apostles were dismissed by the judges1 and charged no longer to teach the ,christian faith1 went they not forth in silence1 restraining their tongues then1 albeit not their actions when once at liberty8 ,methinks modesty alone should forbid one of your years from dangerous retorts1 which1 like a two-edged sword1 wound alike friend and foe4 ,i had no courage left to withstand the promptings of mine own heart and his urgency4 ,god forgive me1 ,i cried1 if ,i fail in aught wherein truth or honesty are concerned4 ,he knoweth ,i would do right1 and yet save my father's life4 ,then falling on my knees1 unmindful of his presence1 ,i prayed with an intense vehemency1 which overcame all restraint1 that my tongue might be guided aright when ,i should be in his presence who under ,god did hold my father's life in his hands4 ,but hearing ,polly's voice in the hall1 ,i started up1 and noticed ,hubert leaning his head on his hand1 seemingly more pitifully moved than was his wont4 ,when she came in1 he met her1 and said3 ,lady ,ingoldsby1 ,i pray you see that ,mistress ,constance doth so attire herself as shall heighten her natural attractions2 for1 beshrew me1 if grave ,mr4 ,secretary hath not1 as well as other men1 more pity for a fair face than a plain one2 and albeit hers is always fair1 nature doth nevertheless borrow additional charms from art4 ,tut1 tut1 quoth ,polly4 ,she is a perfect fright in that hat1 and her ruff hideth all her neck1 than which no swan hath a whiter2 and ,i pray you what a farthingale is that6 ,methinks it savors of the fashions of the late queen's reign4 ,come1 ,con1 cheer up1 and let us to thy chamber4 ,i'll warrant you1 ,master ,rookwood1 she will be twice as winsome when ,i have exercised my skill on her attire4 ,so she led me away1 and ,i suffered her to dress mine hair herself and choose such ornaments as she did deem most becoming4 ,albeit she laughed and jested all the while1 methinks the kindness of her heart showed through this apparent gaiety2 and when her task was done1 and she kissed my forehead1 ,i threw my arms round her neck and wept4 ,nay1 nay6 she cried2 no tears1 coz--they do serve but to swell the eyelids and paint the nose of a reddish hue2 and shaping her own visage into a counterfeit of mine1 she set me laughing against my will1 and drew me by the hand down the stairs and into the parlor4 ,how now1 sir8 she cried to ,hubert ,think you ,i have indifferently well performed the task you set me8 ,most excellently well1 he answered1 and handed us to her coach1 which was to carry us to ,seething ,lane4 ,when we were seated in it1 she told #dfc me ,hubert had disclosed to her the secret of my father's plight1 and that she was more concerned than she could well express at so great a mishap1 but nevertheless entertained a comfortable hope this day should presently see the end of our troubles4 ,howsoever1 she did know but half of the trouble ,i was in1 weighty as was the part she was privy to4 ,hubert1 she told me1 had dealt with a marvellous great zeal and ability in this matter1 and proved himself so good a negotiator that she doubted not ,sir ,francis himself must needs have appreciated his ingenuity4 ,that young gentleman1 she added1 will never spoil his own market by lack of timely boldness or opportune bashfulness4 ,my ,lady ,arundel related to me last night at ,mrs4 ,yates's what passed on ,monday at the banquet-hall at ,whitehall4 ,hath he told you his hap on that occasion8 ,no1 ,i answered4 ,i pray you1 ,polly1 what befel him there8' ,well1 her majesty was at dinner1 and ,master ,hubert comes there to see the fashion of the court4 ,his handsome features and well-set shape attract the queen's notice4 ,with a kind of an affected frown she asks ,lady ,arundel what he is4 ,she answers she knows him not4 ,howsoever1 an inquiry is made from one to another who the youth should be1 till at length it is told the queen he is young ,rookwood of ,euston1 in ,suffolk1 and a ward of ,sir ,henry ,stafford's4 ,mistaking him then for ,basil8 ,i said4 ,then she3 ,i think so2 but howsoever this inquisition with the eye of her majesty fixed upon him 7as she is wont to fix it1 and thereby to daunt such as she doth make the mark of her gazing71 stirred the blood of our young gentleman1 ,lady ,arundel said1 insomuch that a deep color rose in his pale cheek and straightway left it again2 which the queen observing1 she called him unto her1 and gave him her hand to kiss1 encouraging him with gracious words and looks2 and then diverting her speech to the lords and ladies1 said that she no sooner observed him than she did note there was in him good blood1 and she ventured to affirm good brains also2 and then said to him1 ',fail not to come to court1 sir1 and ,i will bethink myself to do you good4' ,now ,i warrant you1 coz1 this piece of a scholar lacked not the wit to use this his hap in the furtherance of his and your suit to ,sir ,francis1 whom he adores as his saint1 and courts as his ,maecenas4 ,this recital of ,polly's worked a tumultuous conflict in my soul2 for verily it strengthened hope touching my father's release2 but methinks any other channel of such hope should have been more welcome4 ,a jealousy1 an unsubstantial fear1 an uneasy misdoubt oppressed this rising hope4 ,i feared for ,hubert the dawn of such favor as was shown to him by her whose regal hand doth hold a magnet which hath oftentimes caused ,catholics to make shipwreck of their souls4 ,and then truth doth compel me to confess my weakness4 ,albeit ,god knoweth ,i desired not for my true and noble sweetheart her majesty's gracious smiles1 or a higher fortune than ,providence hath by inheritance bestowed on him1 a vain humane feeling worked in me some sort of displeasure that his younger brother should stand in the queen's presence as the supposed head of the house of ,rookwood1 and no more mention made of him than if he had been outlawed or dead4 ,not that ,i had then reason to lay this error to ,hubert's door1 for verily naught in ,polly's words did warrant such a suspicion2 but my heart was sore1 and my spirits chafed with apprehensions4 ,god forgive me if ,i then did unjustly accuse him1 and1 in the retrospect of this passage in his life1 do suffer subsequent events to cast backward shadows on it1 whereby ,i may wrong him who did render to me 7,i write it with a softened--yea1 ,god is my witness--a truly loving1 albeit sorrowing1 heart7 a great service in a needful time4 ,oh1 ,hubert1 ,hubert6 my heart acheth for #dfd thee4 ,methinks ,god will show thee great mercy yet1 but1 ,i fear me1 by such means only as ,i do tremble to think of4 ,,chapter ,,xx4 ,when we reached ,seething ,lane1 ,polly bade me be of good heart1 for that ,lady ,sydney was a very affable and debonnaire lady1 and ,sir ,francis a person of toward and gentle manners1 and exceedingly polite to women4 ,we were conducted to a neat parlor1 where my ,lady ,sydney was awaiting us4 ,a more fair and accomplished lady is not1 ,i ween1 to be found in ,england or any other country1 than this daughter of a great statesman1 and wife at that time of ,sir ,philip ,sydney1 as she hath since been of my ,lords ,essex and ,st4 ,albans4 ,methinks the matchless gentleman1 noble knight1 and sweet writer1 her first husband1 who did marry her portionless1 not like as is the fashion with so many in our days carrying his love in his purse1 must have needs drawn from the fair model in his own house the lovely pictures of beauteous women he did portray in his ,arcadia4 ,she greeted us with so much heartfelt politeness1 and so tempered gay discoursing with sundry marks of delicate feeling1 indicative1 albeit not expressive1 of a sense of my then trouble1 that1 albeit a stranger1 methinks her reserved compassion and ingenious encouragements served to tranquillize my discomposed mind more than ,polly's efforts toward the same end4 ,she told us ,lord ,arundel had died that morning2 which tidings turned my thoughts awhile to ,lady ,surrey1 with many cogitations as to the issue of this event in her regard4 ,after a short space of time1 a step neared the door1 and ,lady ,sydney smiled and said1 ,here is my father4 ,i had two or three times seen ,sir ,francis ,walsingham in public assemblies1 but his features were nevertheless not familiar to me4 ,now1 after he had saluted ,polly and me1 and made inquiry touching our relatives1 while he conversed with her on indifferent topics1 ,i scanned his face with such careful industry as if in it ,i should read the issue of my dear father's fate4 ,methinks ,i never beheld so unreadable a countenance1 or one which bore the impress of so refined a penetration1 so piercing an inquisitiveness1 so keen a research into others' thoughts1 with so close a concealment of his own4 ,i have since heard what his son-in-law did write of him1 that he impoverished himself by the purchase of dear intelligence2 that1 as if master of some invisible spring1 all the secrets of ,christendom met in his closet1 and he had even a key to unlock the ,pope's cabinet4 ,his mottoes are said to be video et taceo1 and that knowledge can never be bought at too high a price4 ,and verily methinks they were writ in his face1 in his quick-turning eyes1 his thin1 compressed lips1 and his soft but resolved accents1 minding one of steel cased in velvet4 ',tis reported he can read any letter without breaking the seal4 ,for mine own part1 ,i am of opinion he can see through parchment1 yea1 peradventure1 through stone walls1 when bent on some discovery4 ,after a few minutes he turned to me with a gracious smile1 and said he was very glad to hear that ,i was a young gentlewoman of great prudence1 and well disposed in all respects1 and that he doubted not that1 if her majesty should by his means show me any favor1 ,i should requite it with such gratitude as should appear in all my future conduct4 ,god knoweth1 ,i stammered1 mine eyes filling with tears1 ,i would be grateful to you1 sir1 if it should please you to move her majesty to grant my prayer1 and to her highness for the doing of it4 ,and how would you show such gratitude1 fair ,mistress ,constance8 he said1 smiling in an encouraging manner4 #dfe ,by such humble duty1 ,i answered1 as a poor obscure creature can pay to her betters4 ,and ,i hope1 also1 he said1 that such dutifulness will involve no unpleasing effort1 no painful constraint on your inclinations2 for ,i am assured her majesty will never desire from you anything but what will well accord with your advantage in this world and in the next4 ,these words caused me some kind of uneasiness2 but as they called for no answer1 ,i took refuge in silence2 only methinks my face1 which he did seem carefully to study1 betrayed anxiety4 ,providence1 ,sir ,francis then said1 doth oftentimes marvellously dispose events4 ,what a rare instance of its gracious workings should be seen in your case1 ,mistress ,constance1 if what your heart doth secretly incline to should become a part of that dutifulness which you do intend to practice in future6 ,before ,i had clearly apprehended the sense of his words1 ,lady ,sydney said to ,polly3 ,my father hath greatly commended to ,sir ,philip and me a young gentleman which ,i understand4 ,lady ,ingoldsby1 to be a friend of yours1 ,mr4 ,hubert ,rookwood1 of ,euston4 ,he says the gracefulness of his person1 his excellent parts1 his strong and subtle capacity1 do excellently fit him to learn the discipline and garb of the times and court4 ,ay1 then quoth ,sir ,francis1 he hath as large a portion of gifts and endowments as ,i have ever noticed in one of his age1 and ,i'll warrant he proves no mere vegetable of the court1 springing up at night and sinking at noon4 ,polly did warmly assent to these praises of ,hubert1 for whom she had always entertained a great liking2 but she merrily said he was not gay enough for her1 which abhorred melancholy as cats do water4 ,oh1 fair lady1 quoth ,sir ,francis1 ,god defend we should be melancholy2 verily 'tis fitting we should be sometimes serious1 for while we laugh all things are serious round about us4 ,the whole creation is serious in serving ,god and us4 ,the holy ,scriptures bring to our ears the most serious things in the world4 ,all that are in heaven and hell are serious4 ,then how should we be always gay8 ,polly said--for when had she not1 ,i pray you1 somewhat to say8--that certain things in nature had a propensity to gaiety which naught could quell1 and instanced birds and streamlets1 which never cease to sing and babble as long as they do live or flow4 ,and to be serious1 she thought1 would kill her4 ,the while this talk was ministered between them1 my ,lady ,sydney1 on a sign from her father1 ,i ween1 took my hand in hers1 and offered to show me the garden2 for the heat of the room1 she said1 was like to give me the headache4 ,upon which ,i rose1 and followed her into a court planted with trees1 and then on to an alley of planes strewed with gravel4 ,as we entered it ,i perceived several persons walking toward us4 ,when the first thought came into my mind who should be the tall personage in the centre1 of hair and complexion fair1 and of so stately and majestic deportment1 ,i marvel my limbs gave not way1 but my head swam and a mist obscured mine eyes4 ,methinks1 as one dreaming1 ,i heard ,lady ,sydney say1 ,the queen1 ,mistress ,sherwood2 kneel down1 and kiss her majesty's hand4 ,oh1 in the brief moment of time when my lips pressed that thin1 white1 jewelled hand1 what multiplied thoughts1 resentful memories1 trembling awe1 and instinctive1 homage to royal greatness1 met in my soul1 and worked confusion in my brain6 ,ah1 mine own good ,sydney1 ,i heard her majesty exclaim2 is this the young gentlewoman your wise father did speak of at ,greenwich yesterday8 ,the daughter of one ,sherwood now in prison for popish contumacy8 #dff ,even so1 said ,lady ,sydney2 and your sacred majesty hath it now in her power to show ,the quality of mercy is not strained--' ',but droppeth as the gentle rain from heaven ,upon the place beneath1' interrupted the queen1 taking the words out of her mouth4 ,we be not ignorant of those lines4 ,will ,shakespeare hath it1 ',tis mightiest in the mightiest2 it becomes ,the throned monarch better than his crown4' ,and i' faith we differ not from him1 for verily mercy is our habit and the propension of our soul2 but1 by ,god1 the malice and ingratitude of recusant traitors doth so increase1 with manifold dangers to our person and state1 that mercy to them doth turn into treason against ourselves1 injury to religion1 and an offence to ,god4 ,rise1 her majesty then said to me2 and as ,i stood before her1 the color1 ,i ween1 deepening in my cheeks1 ,thou hast a fair face1 wench1 she cried2 and if ,i remember aright good ,mr4 ,secretary's words1 hast used it to such purpose that a young gentleman we have of late taken into our favor is somewhat excessive in his doting on it4 ,go to1 go to2 thou couldst go further and fare worse4 ,we ourselves are averse to marriage2 but if a woman must needs have a husband 7and that deep blushing betokeneth methinks thy bent thereon71 she should set her heart wisely1 and govern it discreetly4 ,alas1 madam6 ,i cried1 'tis not of marriage ,i now do think2 but1 on my knees 7and falling again at her feet1 ,i clasped them1 with tears71 of my father's release2 ,i do crave your majesty's mercy4 ,content thee1 wench2 content thee4 ,mr4 ,secretary hath obtained from us the order for that foolish man's banishment from our realm4 ,oh1 madam6 ,i cried1 ,god bless you6 ,then my heart did smite me ,i should with so great vehemency bless her who1 albeit in this nearest instance pitiful to me1 did so relentlessly deal with others2 and ,i bethought me of ,mistress ,ward1 and the ill-usage she was like to meet with4 ,and her words touching ,hubert1 and silence concerning ,basil1 weighed like lead on my soul2 yet ,i taxed myself with folly therein1 for verily at this time the less he was thought of the greater should be his safety4 ,sir ,francis had now approached the queen1 and ,i did hear her commend to him his garden1 which she said was very neat and trim1 and the pattern of it most quaint and fanciful4 ,polly did also kiss her hand1 and ,sir ,walter ,raleigh and ,sir ,christopher ,hatton1 which accompanied her majesty1 whilst she talked with ,sir ,francis1 conversed with ,lady ,sydney4 ,i ween my ,lord ,leicester and many other noblemen and gentlemen were also in her train1 but mine eyes took scant note of what passed before them2 the queen herself was the only object ,i could contemplate1 so marvellous did it seem ,i should thus have approached her1 and had so much of her notice as she did bestow on me that day4 ,and here ,i cannot choose but marvel how strangely our hearts are made4 ,how favors to ourselves do alter the current of our feelings2 how a near approach to those which at a distance we do think of with unmitigated enmity1 doth soften even just resentments2 and what a singular fascination doth lie in royalty for to win unto itself a reverence which doth obliterate memories which in common instances should never lose their sting4 ,the queen's barge1 which had moored at the river-side of ,sir ,francis's garden1 was soon filled again with the goodly party it had set down2 and as it went up the stream1 and ,i stood gazing on it1 methought the whole scene had been a dream4 ,lady ,sydney and ,polly moved ,sir ,francis to repeat the assurance her majesty had given me touching the commutation of my father's imprisonment into an order of banishment4 ,he satisfied me thereon1 and did promise to procure for me permission to see #dfg him once more before his departure2 which interview did take place on the next day2 and when ,i observed the increased paleness of his face and feebleness of his gait1 the pain of bidding that dear parent farewell equalled not the joy ,i felt in the hope that liberty and the care of those good friends to whose society he would now return1 should prolong and cheer the remaining days of his life4 ,methinks there was some sadness in him that the issue he had so resolutely prepared for1 and confidently looked to1 should be changed to one so different1 and that only by means of death would he have desired to leave the ,english mission2 but he meekly bowed his will to that of ,god1 and said in an humble manner he was not worthy of so exalted an end as he had hoped for1 and he refused not to live if so be he might yet serve ,god in obscure and unnoticed ways4 ,when ,i returned home after this comfortable1 albeit very sad1 parting1 ,i was too weary in body and in mind for to do aught but lie down for a while on a settle1 and revolve in my mind the changes which had taken place around me4 ,hubert came for a brief time that evening2 and methinks he had heard from ,polly the haps at ,seething ,lane4 ,he strove for to move me to speak of the queen1 and to tell him the very words she had uttered4 ,the eager sparkling of his eyes1 the ill-repressed smilingness of his countenance1 the manner of his questioning1 worked in me a secret anger1 which caused the thanks ,i gave him for his successful dealings in my father's behalf to come more coldly from mine heart than they should otherwise have done1 albeit ,i strove to frame them in such kind terms as were befitting the great service he had rendered us4 ,but to disguise my thoughts my tongue at last refused1 and ,i burst forth3 ,but1 for all that ,i do thank you1 ,hubert1 yea1 and am for ever indebted to you1 which you will never have reason1 from my conduct and exceedingly kind sisterly love1 to doubt3 bear with me1 ,i pray you1 when ,i say 7albeit you may think me a very foolish creature7 that ,i wish you not joy1 but rather for your sake do lament1 the new favor you do stand in with the queen4 ,o ,hubert1 bethink you1 ere you set your foot on the first step of that slippery ladder1 court favor1 that no man can serve two masters4 ,marry1 he answered in a light manner1 by that same token or text1 papists can then not serve the queen and also the ,pope6 ,there be nothing which so chilleth or else cutteth the heart as a jesting retort to a fervent speech4 ,i hid my face on my arm to hide some tears4 ,constance1 he softly said1 seeing me moved1 do you weep for me8 ,yea1 ,i murmured2 ,god knoweth what these new friendships and this dangerous favor shall work in you contrary to conscience1 truth1 and virtue4 ,oh6 heaven shield ,basil's brother should be a favorite of the queen6 ,talk not of ,basil1 he fiercely cried1 ,i warrant you the day may be at hand when his fate shall hang on my favor with those who can make and mar a man1 or ruin and mend his fortunes1 as they will1 by one stroke of a pen6 ,yea1 ,i replied2 ,i doubt not his fortune is at their mercy4 ,his soul1 ,god be praised1 their arts cannot reach4 ,constance1 he then said1 fixedly gazing on me1 if you only love me1 there is no ambition too noble1 no heights of virtue too exalted1 no sacrifices too entire1 but ,i will aim at1 aspire to1 resolve on1 at your bidding4 ,love you6 ,i said1 raising mine eyes to his1 somewhat scornfully ,i fear1 albeit not meaning it1 if ,i judge by his sudden passion4 ,god defend1 he cried1 ,i do not arrive at hating you with as great fervency as ,i have1 yea1 as even yet ,i do love you6 ,o ,constance1 if ,i should one day be what ,i do yet abhor to think #dfh of1 the guilt thereof shall lie with you if there be justice on ,earth or in heaven6 ,i shook my head1 and laying my hand on his1 sadly answered3 ,i choose not to bandy words with you1 ,hubert1 or charge you with what1 if ,i spoke the truth1 would be too keen and resentful reproaches for your unbrotherly manner of dealing with ,basil and me2 for it would ill become the close of this day1 on which ,i do owe you1 under ,god1 my dear father's life1 to upbraid where ,i would fain only from my heart yield thanks4 ,i pray you1 let us part in peace4 ,my strength is well-nigh spent and my head acheth sorely4 ,he knelt down by my side1 and whispered1 ,one word more before ,i go4 ,you do hold in your keeping ,basil's fate and mine4 ,i will not forsake the hope that alone keepeth me from desperation4 ,hush6 say not the word which would change me from a friend to a foe1 from a ,catholic to an apostate1 from a man to a fiend4 ,i have gone well-nigh into the gate of hell2 a slender thread yet holds me back2 snap it not in twain4 ,i spoke not1 for verily my tongue clove to the roof of my mouth1 and a fainting sensation of a sudden came over me4 ,i felt his lips pressed on my hand1 and then he left me2 and that night ,i felt very ill1 and for nigh unto a fortnight could by no means leave my bed4 ,one morning1 being somewhat easier1 ,i sat up in a high-backed chair1 in what had once been our school-room2 and when ,muriel1 who had been a most diligent nurse to me in that sickness1 came to visit me1 ,i pressed her for to tell me truly if she had heard aught of ,basil or of ,mistress ,ward2 for every day when ,i had questioned her thereon she had denied all knowledge of their haps1 which now began to work in me a suspicion she did conceal from me some misfortune1 which doubt1 ,i told her1 was more grievous to me than to be informed what had befallen them2 and so constrained her to admit that1 albeit of ,basil she had in truth no tidings1 which she judged to be favorable to our hopes1 of ,mistress ,ward she had heard1 in the first instance1 a report1 eight or ten days before1 that she had been hung up by the hands and cruelly scourged2 which torments she was said by the jailors1 which ,mr4 ,lacy had spoken with1 to have borne with exceeding great courage1 saying they were the preludes of martyrdom1 with which1 by the grace of ,god1 she hoped she should be honored4 ,then ,mr4 ,roper and ,mr4 ,wells1 who was now returned to ,london1 had brought tidings the evening before that on the preceding day she had been brought to the bar1 where1 being asked by the judges if she was guilty of that treachery to the queen and to the laws of the realm of furnishing the means by which a traitor of a priest had escaped from justice1 she answered with a cheerful countenance in the affirmative2 and that she never in her life had done anything of which she less repented than of the delivering that innocent lamb from the wolves which should have devoured him4 ,oh1 ,muriel1 ,i cried1 cannot you see her dear resolved face and the lighting up of her eyes1 and the quick fashion of her speech1 when she said this8 ,i do picture her to myself1 ,muriel answered in a low voice1 at all hours of the day1 and marvel at mine own quietness therein4 ,but ,i doubt not her prayers do win for me the grace of resignation4 ,they sought to oblige her to confess where ,mr4 ,watson was1 but in vain2 and therefore they proceeded to pronounce sentence upon her4 ,but withal telling her that the queen was merciful1 and that if she would ask pardon of her majesty1 and would promise to go to church1 she should be set at liberty2 otherwise that she must look for nothing but certain death4 ,i drew a deep breath then1 and said1 ,the issue is1 then1 not doubtful4 ,she answered1 ,muriel said1 that #dfi as to the queen1 she had never offended her majesty2 that as to what she had done in favoring ,mr4 ,watson's escape1 she believed the queen herself1 if she had the bowels of a woman1 would have done as mach if she had known the ill-treatment he underwent2 and as to going to church1 she had for many years been convinced that it was not lawful for her so to do1 and that she found no reason now for to change her mind1 and would not act against her conscience2 and therefore they might proceed to the execution of the sentence pronounced against her2 for that death for such a cause would be very welcome1 and that she was willing to lay down not one life only1 but many1 if she had them1 rather than act against her religion4 ,and she is then condemned to death without any hope8 ,i said4 ,muriel remained silent4 ,oh1 ,muriel6 ,i cried2 it is not done8 it is not over8 ,she wiped one tear that trickled down her cheek1 and said1 ,yesterday she suffered at ,tyburn with a wonderful constancy and alacrity4 ,i hid my face in my hands2 for the sight of the familiar room1 of the chair in which she was sitting what time she took leave of us1 of a little picture pinned to the wall1 which she had gifted me with1 moved me too much4 ,but when ,i closed mine eyes1 there arose remembrances of my journeying with her2 of my foolish speeches touching robbers2 of her motherly reproofs of my so great confidence1 and comfort in her guidance2 and ,i was fain to seek comfort from her who should have needed it rather than me1 but who indeed had it straight from heaven1 and thereby could impart some share of it to others4 ,muriel1 ,i said1 resting my tired head on her bosom1 the day you say she suffered1 ,i now mind me1 ,i was most ill1 and you tended me as cheerfully as if you had no grief4 ,oh1 'tis no common grief1 she answered1 no casting-down sorrow1 her end doth cause me2 rather some kind of holy jealousy1 some over-eager pining to follow her4 ,a waiting-woman then came in1 and ,i saw her give a letter to ,muriel1 who ,i noticed did strive to hide it from me4 ,but ,i detected it in her hand1 and cried1 ',tis from ,basil2 how hath it come8 and took it from her2 but trembling so much1 my fingers could scarce untie the strings1 for ,i was yet very unwell from my sickness4 ,mr4 ,hodgson hath sent it1 quoth ,muriel2 ,god yield it be good news6 ,then my eyes fell on the loved writing1 and read what doth follow3 ,,dear ,,heart ,,and ,,sweet ,,wife soon to be--,god be praised1 we are now safe in port at ,calais1 but have not lacked dangers in our voyage4 ,but all is well1 ,i ween1 that doth end well2 and ,i do begin my letter with the tokens of that good ending that mine own sweet love should have no fears1 only much thankfulness to ,god1 whilst she doth read of the perils we have escaped4 ,we carried ,mr4 ,watson--,tom and ,i and two others--into the boat1 on the evening of the day when ,i last saw you1 and made for the ,dutch vessel out at sea near the rivers mouth4 ,the light was waning1 but not yet so far gone but that objects were discernible2 and we had not rowed a very long time before we heard a splashing of oars behind us1 and turning round what should we see but one of the ,queen's barges1 and by the floating pennon at the stem discerned her majesty to be on board6 ,we hastily turned our boat1 and ,i my back toward the bank2 threw a cloak over ,mr4 ,watson1 who1 by reason of his broken limbs1 was lying on a mattress at the bottom of it2 and ,tom and the others feigned to be fishing4 ,when the royal barge passed by1 some one did shout1 railing at us for that we did fish in the dark1 and a storm coming up the river2 and verily it did of a sudden begin to blow very strong4 ,sundry small craft were coming from the sea into the river for shelter2 and as they did meet as1 expressed marvel we #dgj should adventure forth1 jeering us for our thinking to catch fish and a storm menacing4 ,none of us1 albeit good rowers1 were much skilled in the mariner's art2 but we commended ourselves to ,god and went onward all the night2 and when the morning was breaking1 to our unspeakable comfort1 we discovered the ,dutch vessel but a few strokes distant at anchor1 when1 as we bethought ourselves nearly in safety1 a huge rolling wave 7for now the weather had waxed exceedingly rough7 upset our boat4 ,o ,muriel1 ,i exclaimed1 that night ,i tossed about in a high fever1 and saw ,basil come dripping wet at the foot of my bed3 ,i warrant you 'twas second sight4 ,read on1 read on1 ,muriel said2 nor delude yourself touching visions4 ,tom1 the other boatman1 and ,i1 being good swimmers1 soon regained the boat1 the which floated keel upwards1 whereon we climbed1 but well-nigh demented were we to find ,mr4 ,watson could nowhere be seen4 ,in desperation ,i plunged again into the sea1 swimming at hazard1 with difficulty buffeting the waves2 when nearly spent ,i descried the good priest1 and seized him in a most unmannerly fashion by the collar1 and dragging him along1 made shift to regain the floating keel2 and ,tom1 climbing to the top1 waved high his kerchief1 hoping to be seen by the ,dutchman1 who by good hap did espy our signal4 ,soon had we the joy to see a boat lowered and advance toward us4 ,with much difficulty it neared us1 by reason of the fury of the waves2 but1 ,god be thanked1 it did at last reach us2 and ,mr4 ,watson1 insensible and motionless1 was hoisted therein1 and soon in safety conveyed on board the vessel4 ,i much feared for his life2 for1 ,i pray you1 was such a cold1 long bath1 succeeding to a painful exposed night1 meet medicine for broken limbs1 and the fever which doth accompany such hurts8 ,i wot not2 but yet1 ,god be praised1 he is now in the hospital of a monastery in this town1 well tended and cared for1 and the leeches do assure me like to do well4 ,thou mayest think1 sweetheart1 that after seeing him safely stowed in that good lodgment1 ,i waited not for to change my clothes or break my fast1 before ,i went to the church2 and on my knees blessed the ,almighty for his protection1 and hung a thank-offering on to our ,lady's image2 for ,i warrant you1 when ,i was fishing for ,mr4 ,watson in that raging sea1 ,i missed not to put up ,hail ,marys as fast as ,i could think them1 for beshrew me if ,i had breath to spare for to utter4 ,i do now pen this letter at my good friend ,mr4 ,wells's brother's1 and ,tom will take it with him to ,london1 and ,mr4 ,hodgson convey it to thee4 ,thy affectionate and humble obedient 7albeit intending to lord it over thee some coming day7 servant and lover1 ,,basil ,,rookwood4 ,oh1 how the days do creep till ,i be out of my wardship6 ,methinks ,i do feel somewhat like ,mrs4 ,helen ,ingoldsby1 who doth hate patience1 she saith1 by reason that it doth always keep her waiting4 ,i would not be patient1 sweet one1 ,i fear1 if impatience would carry me quicker to thy dear side4 ,well1 said ,muriel1 sweetly smiling when ,i had finished reading this comfortable letter1 the twain which we have accompanied this past fortnight with our thoughts and prayers have both1 ,god be praised1 escaped from a raging sea into a safe harbor1 albeit not of the same sort--the one earthly1 the other heavenly4 ,oh1 but ,i am very glad1 dear ,constance1 thou art spared a greater trial than hath yet touched thee6 and so pure a joy beamed in her eyes1 that methought no one more truly fulfilled that bidding1 to rejoice with such as rejoice1 as well as to weep with such as weep4 ,this letter of my dear ,basil hastened my recovery2 and three days later1 having received an invitation thereunto1 ,i went to visit the ,countess of ,surrey1 now also of ,arundel1 at ,arundel ,house4 ,the trouble she was in by #dga reason of her grandfather's death1 and of my ,lady ,lumley's1 who had preceded her father to the grave1 exceeded anything she had yet endured4 ,the earl her husband continued the same hard usage toward her1 and never so much as came to visit her at that time of her affliction1 but remained in ,norfolk1 attending to his sports of hunting and the like4 ,howsoever1 as he had satisfied her uncles1 ,mr4 ,francis and ,mr4 ,leonard ,dacre1 ,mr4 ,james ,labourn1 and also ,lord ,montague1 and his own sister ,lady ,margaret ,sackville1 and likewise ,lord ,thomas and ,lord ,william ,howard1 his brothers1 that he put not in any doubt1 albeit words to that effect had once escaped him1 the validity of his marriage1 she1 with great wisdom and patience1 and prudence very commendable in one of her years1 being destitute of any fitting place to dwell in1 resolved to return to his house in ,london4 ,at the which at first he seemed not a little displeased1 but yet took no measures for to drive her from it4 ,and in the ordering of the household and care of his property manifested the same zeal1 and obtained the same good results1 as she had procured whilst she lived at ,kenninghall4 ,methought she had waxed older by some years1 not weeks1 since ,i had seen her1 so staid and composed had become the fashion of her speech and of her carriage4 ,she conversed with me on mine own troubles and comforts1 and the various and opposite haps which had befallen me2 which ,i told her served to strengthen in me my early thinking1 that sorrows are oftentimes so intermixed with joys that our lives do more resemble variable ,april days than the cloudless skies of ,june1 or the dark climate of winter4 ,whilst we did thus discourse1 mine eyes fell on a quaint piece of work in silk and silver1 which was lying on a table1 as if lately unfolded4 ,lady ,arundel smiled in a somewhat sad fashion1 and said3 ,i warrant thou art curious1 ,constance1 to examine that piece of embroidery2 and verily as regards the hands which hath worked it1 and the kind intent with which it was wrought1 a more notable one should not easily be found4 ,look at it1 and see if thou canst read the ingenious meaning of it4 ,this was the design therein executed with exceeding great neatness and beauty3 there was a tree framed1 whereon two turtle-doves sat1 on either side one1 with this difference1 that by that on the right hand there were two or three green leaves remaining1 by the other none at all--the tree on that side being wholly bare4 ,over the top of the tree were these words1 wrought in silver3 ,amoris sorte pares4 ,at the bottom of the tree1 on the side where the first turtle-dove did sit by the green leaves1 these words were also embroidered3 ,haec ademptum1 with an anchor under them4 ,on the other side1 under the other dove1 were these words1 in like manner wrought3 ,illa peremptum1 with pieces of broken board underneath4 ,see you what this doth mean8 the countess asked4 ,nay1 ,i answered2 my wit is herein at fault4 ,you will1 she said1 when you know whence this gift comes to me4 ,methought1 save by a few near to me in blood1 or by marriage connected1 and one or two friends--thou1 my ,constance1 being the chiefest--,i was unknown to all the world2 but a sad royal heart having had notice1 in the midst of its own sore griefs1 how the earl my husband doth1 through evil counsel1 absent and estrange himself from me1 partly to comfort1 and partly to show her love to one she once thought should be her daughter-in-law1 for a token thereof she sent me this gift1 contrived by her own thinking1 and wrought with her own hands4 ,those two doves do represent herself and me4 ,on my side an anchor and a few green leaves 7symbols of hope71 show ,i may yet flourish1 because my lord is alive2 though1 by reason of his absence and unkindness1 ,i mourn as a #dgb lone turtle-dove4 ,but the bare boughs and broken boards on her side signify that her hopes are wholly wrecked by the death of the duke1 for whom she doth mourn without hope of comfort or redress4 ,the pathetic manner in which ,lady ,arundel made this speech moved me almost to tears4 ,if ,philip1 she said1 doth visit me again at any time1 ,i will hang up this ingenious conceit where he should see it4 ,methinks it will recall to him the past1 and move him to show me kindness4 ,help me1 ,constance1 she said after a pause1 for to compose such an answer as my needle can express1 which shall convey to this royal prisoner both thanks1 and somewhat of hope also1 albeit not of the sort she doth disclaim4' ,i mused for a while1 and then with a pencil drew a pattern of a like tree to that of the ,scottish queen's design2 and the dove which did typify the ,countess of ,arundel ,i did represent fastened to the branch1 whereon she sat and mourned1 by many strings wound round her heart1 and tied to the anchor of an earthly hope1 whereas the one which was the symbol of the forlorn royal captive did spread her wings toward the sky1 unfettered by the shattered relics strewn at her feet4 ,lady ,arundel put her arm round my neck1 and said she liked well this design2 and bade me for to pray for her1 that the invisible strings1 which verily did restrain in her heavenward motions1 should not always keep her from soaring thither where only true joys are to be found4 ,during some succeeding weeks ,i often visited her1 and we wrought together at the same frame in the working of this design1 which she had set on hand by a cunning artificer from the rough pattern ,i had drawn4 ,much talk the while was ministered between us touching religion1 which did more and more engage her thoughts2 ,mr4 ,bayley1 a ,catholic gentleman who belonged to the earl her husband1 and whom she did at that time employ to carry relief to sick and poor persons1 helping her greatly therein1 being well instructed himself1 and haunting such priests as did reside secretly in ,london at that time4 ,about the period when ,basil was expected to return1 my health was again much affected1 not so sharply as before1 but a weakness and fading of strength did show the effects of such sufferings as ,i had endured4 ,hubert's behavior did tend at that time for to keep me in great uneasiness4 ,when he came to the house1 albeit he spake but seldom to me1 if we ever were alone he gave sundry hints of a persistent hope and a possible desperation1 mingled with vague threats1 which disturbed me more than can be thought of4 ,methinks ,kate1 ,polly1 and ,muriel held council touching my health2 and thence arose a very welcome proposal1 from my ,lady ,tregony1 that ,i should visit her at her seat in ,norfolk1 close on the borders of ,suffolk1 whither she had retired since ,thomas ,sherwood's death4 ,polly1 who had a good head and a good heart albeit too light a mind1 forecasted the comfort it should be to ,basil and me1 when he returned1 to be so near neighbors until we were married 7which could not be before some months after he came of age71 that we could meet every day2 ,lady ,tregony's seat being only three miles distant from ,euston4 ,they wrote to him thereon2 and when his answer came1 the joy he expressed was such that nothing could be greater4 ,and on a fair day in the spring1 when the blossoms of the pear and apple-trees were showing on the bare branches1 even as my hopes of coming joys did bud afresh after long pangs of separation1 ,i rode from ,london1 by slow journeys1 to ,banham ,hall1 and amidst the sweet silence of rural scenes1 quiet fields1 and a small but convenient house1 where ,i was greeted with maternal kindness by one in whom age retained the warmth of heart of youth1 ,i did regain so much strength and good looks1 that when1 one day1 a #dgc horsemen1 when ,i least thought of it1 rode to the door1 and ,i turned white and red in turns1 speechless with delight1 perceiving it to be ,basil1 he took me by both hands1 looked into my face and cried3 ,hang the leeches6 ,suffolk air was all thou didst need1 for all they did so fright me4 ,norfolk air1 ,i pray you1 quoth my ,lady ,tregony1 smiling4 ,nay1 nay1 quoth ,basil4 ,it doth blow over the border from ,suffolk4 ,happiness1 leastways1 bloweth thence1 ,i whispered4 ,yea1 he answered2 for he was not one for to make long speeches4 ,but1 ah me6 the sight of him was a cure to all mine ailments4 ,,chapter ,,xxi4 ,it is not to be credited with how great an admixture of pleasure and pain ,i do set myself to my daily task of writing1 for the thought of those spring and summer months spent in ,lady ,tregony's house doth stir up old feelings1 the sweetness of which hath yet some bitterness in it1 which ,i would fain separate from the memories of that happy time4 ,basil had taken up his abode at ,euston1 whither ,i so often went and whence he so often came1 that methinks we could both have told 7for mine own part ,i can yet do it1 even after the lapse of so many years7 the shape of each tree1 the rising of each bank1 the every winding of the fair river ,ouse betwixt one house and the other4 ,yea1 when ,i now sit down on the shore1 gazing on the far-off sea1 bethinking myself it doth break on the coast of ,england1 ,i sometimes newly draw on memory's tablet that old large house1 the biggest in all ,suffolk1 albeit homely in its exterior and interior plainness1 which sitteth in a green hollow between two graceful swelling hills4 ,its opposite meadows starred in the spring-tide with so many daisies and buttercups that the grass scantily showeth amidst these gay intruders2 the ascending walk1 a mile in length1 with four rows of ash-trees on each side1 the tender green of which in those early ,april days mocked the sober tints of the darksome tufts of fir2 and the noble deer underneath the old oaks1 carrying in a stately manner their horned heads1 and darting along the glades with so swift a course that the eye could scarce follow them4 ,but mostly the little wooden bridge where1 when ,basil did fish1 ,i was wont to sit and watch the sport1 ,i said1 but verily him1 of whose sight ,i was somewhat covetous after his long absence4 ,and ,i mind me that one day when we were thus seated1 he on the margin of the stream and ,i leaning against the bridge1 we held an argument touching country diversions1 which began in this wise3 ,methinks1 ,i said1 of all disports fishing hath this advantage1 that if one faileth in the success he looketh for1 he hath at least a wholesome walk1 a sweet air1 a fragrant savor of the mead flowers4 ,he seeth the young swans1 herons1 ducks1 and many other fowls with their broods1 which is surely better than the noise of hounds1 the blast of horns1 and the cries the hunters make4 ,and if it be in part used for the increasing of the body's health and the solace of the mind1 it can also be advantageously employed for the health of the soul1 for it is not needful in this diversion to have a great many persons with you1 and this solitude doth favor thought and the serving of ,god by sometimes repeating devout prayers4 ,to this ,basil replied3 ,that as there be many men1 there be also many minds2 and1 for his part1 when the woods and fields and skies seemed in all one loud cry and confusion with the earning of the hounds1 the gallopping of the horses1 the hallowing of the huntsmen1 and the excellent echo resounding from the hills and valleys1 he did not think there could be a #dgd more delectable pastime or a more tuneable sound by any degree than this1 and specially in that place which is formed so meet for the purpose4 ,and if he should wish anything1 it would be that it had been the time of year for it1 and for me to ride by his side on a sweet misty mornings to hear this goodly music and to be recreated with this excellent diversion4 ,and for the matter of prayers1 he added1 smiling1 ,i warrant thee1 sweet preacher1 that as wholesome cogitations touching ,almighty ,god and his goodness1 and brief inward thanking of him for good limbs and an easy heart1 have come into my mind on a horse's back with a brave westerly wind blowing about my head1 as in the quiet sitting by a stream listing to the fowls singing4 ,oh1 but ,basil1 ,i rejoined1 there are more virtues to be practised by an angler than by a hunter4 ,how prove you that1 sweetheart8 he asked4 ,then ,i3 ,well1 he must be of a well-settled and constant belief to enjoy the benefit of his expectation4 ,he must be full of love to his neighbor1 that he neither give offence in any particular1 nor be guilty of any general destruction2 then he must be exceeding patient1 not chafing in losing the prey when it is almost in hand1 or in breaking his tools1 but with pleased sufferance1 as ,i have witnessed in thyself1 amend errors and think mischances instructions to better carefulness4 ,he must be also full of humble thoughts1 not disdaining to kneel1 lie down1 or wet his fingers when occasion commands4 ,then must he be prudent1 apprehending the reasons why the fish will not bite2 and of a thankful nature1 showing a large gratefulness for the least satisfaction4 ,tut1 tut1 ,basil replied1 laughing2 thinkest thou no patience be needful when the dogs do lose the scent1 or your horse refuseth to take a gate2 no prudence to forecast which way to turn when the issue be doubtful2 no humility to brook a fall with twenty fellows passing by a-jeering of you2 no thankfulness your head be not broken2 no love of your neighbor for to abstain in the heat of the chase from treading down his corn1 or for to make amends when it be done8 ,go to1 go to1 sweetheart2 thou art a dextrous pleader1 but hast failed to prove thy point4 ,methinks there doth exist greater temptations for to swear or to quarrel in hunting than in fishing1 and1 if resisted1 more excellent virtues then observed4 ,one day last year1 when ,i was in ,cheshire1 ,sir ,peter ,lee of ,lime did invite me to hunt the stag1 and there being a great stag in chase and many gentlemen hot in the pursuit1 the stag took soil1 and divers1 whereof ,i was one1 alighted and stood with sword drawn to have a cut at him4 ,oh1 the poor stag6 ,i cried2 ,i do always sorely grieve for him4 ,well1 he continued1 the stags there be wonderfully fierce and dangerous1 which made us youths more eager to be at him4 ,but he escaped us all2 and it was my misfortune to be hindered in my coming near him1 the way being slippery1 by a fall which gave occasion to some which did not know me to speak as if ,i had failed for fear2 which being told me1 ,i followed the gentleman who first spoke it1 intending for to pick a quarrel with him1 and1 peradventure1 measure my sword with his1 so be his denial and repentance did not appear4 ,but1 ,i thank ,god1 afore ,i reached him my purpose had changed1 and in its stead ,i turned back to pursue the stag1 and happened to be the only horseman in when the dogs set him up at bay2 and approaching near him1 he broke through the dogs and ran at me1 and took my horse's side with his horns4 ,then ,i quitted my horse1 and of a sudden getting behind him1 got on his back and cut his throat with my sword4 ,alack6 ,i cried1 ,i do mislike these bloody pastimes1 and love not to think of the violent death of any living creature4 #dge ,well1 dear heart1 he answered1 ,i will not make thee sad again by the mention of the killing of so much as a rat1 if it displeaseth thee4 ,but truly ,i mislike not to think of that day1 for ,i warrant thee1 in turning back from the pursuit of that injurious gentleman1 somewhat more of virtue did exist than it hath been my hap often to practice4 ,for1 look you1 sweet one1 to some it doth cause no pain to forgive an injury which toucheth not their honor1 or to plunge into the sea to fish out a drowning man2 but to be styled a coward1 and yet to act as a ,christian man should do1 not seeking for to be revenged1 why1 methinks1 there should be a little merit in it4 ,yea1 ,i said1 much in every way2 but truly1 sir1 if your thinking is just that easy virtue is little or no virtue1 ,i shall be the least virtuous wife in the world4 ,upon this he laughed so loud that ,i told him he would fright all the fishes away4 ,i' faith1 let them go if they list1 he cried1 and cast away his rod4 ,then coming to where ,i was sitting1 he invited me to walk with him alongside the stream1 and then asked me for to explain my last speech4 ,why1 ,basil1 ,i said1 what1 ,i pray you1 should be the duty of a virtuous wife but to love her husband8 ,so then he1 catching my meaning1 smiled and replied1 ,if that duty shall prove easy to thy affectionate heart1 ,i doubt not but others will arise which shall call for the exercise of more difficult virtue4 ,when we came to a sweet nook1 where the shade made it too dark for grass to grow1 and only moss yielded a soil carpet for the feet1 we sat down on a shelving slope of broken stones1 and ,i exclaimed1 ,oh1 ,basil1 methinks we shall be too happy in this fair place2 and ,i do tax myself presently with hardness of heart1 that in thy company1 and the forecasting of a blissful time to come1 ,i lose the sense of recent sorrows4 ,god doth yield thee this comfort1 he answered1 for to refresh thy body and strengthen thy soul1 which have both been verily sorely afflicted of late4 ,i ween he doth send us breathing-times with this merciful intent4 ,by such discourses as these we entertained ourselves at sundry times2 but some of the sweetest hours we spent were occupied in planning the future manner of our lives1 the good we should strive to do amongst our poor neighbors1 and the sweet exercise of ,catholic religion we should observe4 ,foreseeing the frequent concealing of priests in his house1 ,basil sent one day for a young carpenter1 one ,master ,owen1 who hath since been so noted for the contriving of hiding-places in all the recusants' houses in ,england2 and verily what ,i noticed in him during the days he was at work at ,euston did agree with the great repute of sanctity he hath since obtained4 ,his so small stature1 his trick of silence1 his exceeding recollected and composed manner filled me with admiration2 and ,basil told me nothing would serve him1 the morning he arrived1 when he found a priest was in the house1 but to go to shrift and holy communion1 which was his practice1 before ever he set to work at his good business4 ,i took much pleasure in watching his progress4 ,he scooped out a cell in the walls of the gallery1 contriving a door such as ,i remembered at ,sherwood ,hall1 which none could see to open unless they did know of the spring4 ,all the time he was laboring thereat1 ,i could discern him to be praying2 and when he wot not any to be near him1 sang hymns in a loud and exceeding sweet voice4 ,i have never observed in any one a more religious behavior than in this youth1 who1 by his subtle and ingenious art1 hath saved the lives of many priests1 and procured mass to be said in houses where none should have durst for to say or hear it if a refuge of this kind did not exist1 wherein a man may lie ensconced for years1 and none can find him1 if he come not forth himself4 #dgf ,when he was gone1 other sort of workmen were called in1 for to make more habitable and convenient a portion of this large house4 ,for in this the entire consenting of our minds did appear1 that neither of us desired for to spend money on showy improvements1 or to inhabit ten chambers when five should suffice4 ,what one proposed1 the other always liked well2 and if in tastes we did sometimes differ1 yet no disagreement ensued4 ,for1 albeit ,basil cared not as much as ,i did for the good ordering of the library1 his indulgent kindness did nevertheless incline him to favor me with a promise that one hundred fair1 commendable books should be added to those his good father had collected4 ,he said that ,hubert should aid us to choose these goodly volumes1 holy treatises1 and histories in ,french and ,english1 if it liked me1 and poetry also4 ,one pleasant chamber he did laughingly appoint for to be the scholar's room1 in the which he should never so much as show his face1 but ,hubert and ,i read and write1 if we listed1 our very heads off4 ,the ancient chapel was now a hall2 and1 save some carving on the walls which could not be recovered1 no traces did remain of its old use4 ,but at the top-most part of the house1 at the head of a narrow staircase1 was a chamber wherein mass was sometimes said2 and since ,basil's return1 he had procured that each ,saturday a priest should come and spend the night with him1 for the convenience of all the neighboring ,catholics who resorted there for to go to their duty4 ,lady ,tregony and her household--which were mostly ,catholic1 but had not the same commodities in her house1 where to conceal any one was more hard1 for that it stood almost in the village of ,fakenham1 and all comers and goers proved visible to the inhabitants--did repair on ,sundays1 at break of day1 to ,euston4 ,how sweet were those rides in the fair morning light1 the dew bespangling every herb and tree1 and the wild flowers filling the air with their fresh fragrance6 ,the pale primroses1 the azure harebell1 the wood-anemone1 and the dark-blue hyacinth--what dainty nosegays they furnished us with for our ,blessed ,lady's altar6 of which the fairest image ,i ever beheld stood in the little secret chapel at ,euston4 ,basil did much affection this image of ,blessed ,mary2 for as far back as he could remember he had been used to say his prayers before it2 and when his mother died1 he being only seven years of age1 he knelt before this so lively representation of ,god's ,mother1 beseeching of her to be a mother to him also2 which prayer methinks verily did take effect1 his life having been marked by singular tokens of her maternal care4 ,in the ,holy ,week1 which fell that year in the second week of ,april1 he procured the aid of three priests1 and had all the ceremonies performed which do appertain to that sacred season4 ,on ,wednesday1 toward evening began ,tenebrae1 with the mysterious candlestick of fifteen lights1 fourteen of them representing1 by the extinguishing of them1 the disciples which forsook ,christ2 the fifteenth on the top1 which was not put out1 his dear ,mother1 who from the crib to the cross1 was not severed from him4 ,on ,thursday we decked the sepulchre wherein the ,blessed ,sacrament reposed with flowers and all such jewels as we possessed1 and namely with a very fair diamond cross which ,basil had gifted me with1 and reverently attended it day and night4 ,god defend1 ,i said to ,basil1 when the sepulchre was removed1 ,i should retain for vain uses what was lent to our ,lord yester eve6 and straightway hung on the cross to our ,lady's neck4 ,on ,friday we all crept to the crucifix1 and kissing1 bathed it with our tears4 ,on ,saturday every fire was extinguished in the house1 and kindled again with hallowed fire4 ,then ensued the benediction of the paschal candle1 and the rest of the divine ceremonies1 till mass4 ,at mass1 as soon as the priest pronounced ,gloria in excelsis1 a cloth1 contrived by ,lady ,tregony and me1 #dgg and which veiled the altar1 made resplendent with lights and flowers1 was suddenly snatched away1 and many little bells we had prepared for that purpose rung1 in imitation of what was done in ,england in ,catholic times1 and now in foreign countries4 ,on ,easter ,sunday1 after mass1 a benediction was given to divers sorts of meat1 and1 in remembrance of the ,lamb sacrificed two days before1 a great proportion of lamb4 ,nigh one hundred recusants had repaired to ,euston that day for their paschal communion4 ,basil did invite them all to break ,lent's neck with us1 in honor of ,christ's joyful resurrection2 and many blessings were showered that day1 ,i ween1 on ,master ,rookwood1 and for his sake1 ,i ween1 on ,mistress ,sherwood also4 ,the sun did shine that ,easter morning with more than usual brightness4 ,the common people do say it danceth for joy at this glorious tide4 ,for my part1 methought it had a rare youthful brilliancy1 more cheering than hot1 more lightsome than dazzling4 ,all nature seemed to rejoice that ,christ was risen2 and pastoral art had devised arches of flowers and gay wreaths hanging from pole to pole and gladdening every thicket4 ,verily1 if the sun danced in the sky1 my poor heart danced in my bosom4 ,at ,basil's wishing1 anticipating future duties1 ,i went to the kitchen for to order the tansy-cakes which were to be prizes at the hand-ball playing on the next day4 ,like a foolish creature1 ,i was ready to smile at every jest1 howsoever trifling2 and when ,basil put in his head at the door and cried1 ,prithee1 let each one that eateth of tansy-cake to-morrow1 which signifieth bitter herbs1 take also of bacon1 to show he is no ,jew1 the wenches and ,i did laugh till the tears ran down our cheeks4 ,ah me6 when the heart doth overflow with joy 'tis marvellous how the least word maketh merriment4 ,one day late in ,april ,i rode with ,basil for to see some hawking1 which verily is a pleasure for high and mounting spirits2 howsoever1 ,i wore not the dress which the ladies in this country do use on such occasions1 for ,i have always thought it an unbecoming thing for women to array themselves in male attire1 or ride in fashion like a man1 and ,basil is of my thinking thereon4 ,it was a dear1 calm1 sun-shiny evening1 about an hour before the sun doth usually mask himself1 that we went to the river4 ,there we dismounted and1 for the first time1 ,i did behold this noble pastime4 ,for is it not rare to consider how a wild bird should be so brought to hand and so well managed as to make us such pleasure in the air2 but most of all to forego her native liberty and feeding1 and return to her servitude and diet8 ,and what a lesson do they read to us when our wanton wills and thoughts take no heed of reason and conscience's voices luring us back to duty's perch4 ,when we had stood a brief time watching for a mallard1 ,basil perceived one and whistled off his falcon4 ,she flew from him as if she would never have turned her head again1 yet upon a shout came in4 ,then by degrees1 little by little1 flying about and about1 she mounted so high as if she had made the moon the place of her flight1 but presently came down like a stone at the sound of his lure4 ,i waxed very eager in the noticing of these haps1 and was well content to be an eye-witness of this sport4 ,methought it should be a very pleasant thing to be ,basil's companion in it1 and wear a dainty glove and a gentle tasel on my fist which should never cast off but at my bidding1 and when ,i let it fly would return at my call4 ,and this thought minded me of a faithful love never diverted from its resting-place save by heavenward aspirations alternating betwixt earthly duties and ghostly soarings4 ,but oh1 what a tragedy was enacted in the air when ,basil1 having detected by a little white feather in its tail a cock in a brake1 cast off a tasel gentle1 who never ceased his circular motion till he had recovered his place4 ,then suddenly #dgh upon the flushing of the cock he came down1 and missing of it in that down-come1 lo what working there was on both sides6 ,the cock mounting as if he would have pierced the skies2 the hawk flying a contrary way until he had made the wind his friend2 what speed the cock made to save himself6 ,what hasty pursuit the hawk made of the fugitive6 after long flying killing of it1 but alack in killing of it killing himself6 ,ah1 a fatal ending to a fatal strife6 exclaimed a known voice close unto mine ear1 a melodious one1 albeit now harsh to my hearing4 ,mine eyes were dazzled with gazing upward1 and ,i confusedly discerned two gentlemen standing near me1 one of which ,i knew to be ,hubert4 ,i gave him my hand1 and then ,basil turning round and beholding him and his companion1 came up to them with a joyful greeting3 ,oh1 ,sir ,henry1 he exclaimed1 ,i be truly glad to see you2 and you1 ,hubert1 what a welcome surprise is this6 ,then he introduced me to ,sir ,henry ,jemingham2 for he it was who1 bowing in a courteous fashion1 addressed to me such compliments as gentlemen are wont to pay to ladies at the outset of their acquaintanceship4 ,these visitors had left their horses a few paces off1 and then ,sir ,henry explained that ,hubert had been abiding with him at his seat for a few days1 and that certain law-business in which ,basil was concerned as well as his brother1 and himself also1 as having been for one year his guardian1 did necessitate a meeting wherein these matters should be brought to a close4 ,so1 quoth he then1 ,master ,basil1 ,i proposed we should invade your solitude in place of withdrawing you from it1 which methought of the two evils should be the least1 seeing what attractions do detain you at ,euston at this time4 ,i foolishly dared not look at ,hubert when ,sir ,henry made this speech1 and ,basil with hearty cheer thanked him for his obliging conduct and the great honor he did him for to visit him in this amicable manner4 ,then he craved his permission for to accompany me to ,lady ,tregony's house1 trusting1 he said1 to ,hubert to conduct him to ,euston1 and to perform there all hospitable duties during the short time he should be absent himself4 ,nay1 nay1 quoth ,sir ,henry1 but1 with your license1 ,master ,basil1 we will ride with you and this lady to ,banham ,hall4 ,methinks1 seeing you are such near neighbors1 that ,mistress ,sherwood lacketh not opportunities to enjoy your company1 and that you should not deprive me of the pleasure of a short conversation with her whilst ,hubert and you entertain yourselves for the nonce in the best way you can4 ,basil smiled1 and said it contented him very much that ,sir ,henry should enjoy my conversation1 which he hoped in future should make amends to his friends for his own deficiencies4 ,so we all mounted our horses1 and ,sir ,henry rode alongside of me1 and ,basil and ,hubert behind us2 for only two could hold abreast in the narrow lane which led to ,fakenham4 ,a chill had fallen on my heart since ,hubert's arrival1 which ,i can only liken to the sudden overcasting of a bright sun-shiny day by a dark1 cold cloud4 ,at first ,sir ,henry entered into discourse with me touching hawking1 which he talked of in a merry fashion1 drawing many similitudes betwixt falconers and lovers1 which he said were the likest people in the world4 ,for1 ,i pray you1 said he are not hawks to the one what his mistress is to the other8 the objects of his care1 admiration1 labor1 and all4 ,they be indeed his idols4 ,to them he consecrates his amorous ditties1 and courts each one in a peculiar dialect4 ,oh1 believe me1 ,mistress ,sherwood1 that lady may style herself fortunate in love who shall meet with so much thought1 affection1 and solicitude from a lover or a husband as his birds do from a good ostringen4 #dgi ,then diverting his speech to other topics1 he told me it was bruited that the queen did intend to make a progress in the eastern counties that summer1 and that her majesty should be entertained in a very splendid manner at ,kenninghall by my ,lord ,arundel and also at his house in ,norwich4 ,it doth much grieve me to hear it1 ,i answered4 ,then he3 ,wherefore1 ,mistress ,sherwood8 ,because1 ,i said1 ,lord ,arundel hath already greatly impaired his fortune and spent larger sums than can be thought of in the like prodigal courtly expenses1 and also lost a good part of the lands which his grandfather and my ,lady ,lumley would have bequeathed to him if he had not turned spendthrift and so greatly displeased them4 ,but and if it be so1 quoth he again1 wherefore doth this young nobleman's imprudence displeasure you1 ,mistress ,sherwood8 ,i answered1 ,by reason of the pain which his follies do cause to his sweet lady1 which for many years hath been more of a friend to my poor self1 than unequal rank and1 if possible1 still more unequal merit should warrant4 ,then ,i marvel not1 replied ,sir ,henry1 at your resentment of her husband's folly1 for by all ,i have ever seen or heard of this lady she doth show herself to be the pattern of a wife1 the model of high-born ladies2 and 'tis said that albeit so young1 there doth exist in her so much merit and dignity that some noblemen confess that when they come into her presence they dare not swear1 as at other times they are wont to do before the best of the kingdom4 ,but ,i have heard1 and am verily inclined to believe it1 that he is much changed in his dispositions toward his lady2 though pride1 it may be1 or shame at his ill-usage of her1 or fear that it should seem that1 now his favor with the queen doth visibly decline1 he should turn to her whom1 when fortune smiled upon him1 he did keep aloof from1 seeking her only when clouds gather round him1 do hinder him from showing these new inclinations4 ,how much he would err1 ,i exclaimed1 and wrong his noble wife if he misdoubted her heart in such a case6 ,methinks most women would be ready to forgive one they loved when misfortune threatened them1 but she beyond all others1 who never at any time allowed jealousy or natural resentments to draw away her love from him to whom she hath vowed it4 ,but is ,lord ,arundel then indeed in less favor with her majesty8 ,and how doth this surmise agree with the report of her visit to ,kenninghall8 ,ah1 ,mistress ,sherwood1 he answered1 declines in the human body often do call for desperate remedies1 and the like are often required when they occur in court favor4 ',tis a dangerous expedient to spend two or three thousands of pounds in one or two days for the entertainment of the queen and the court2 but if1 on the report of her intended progress1 one of such high rank as ,lord ,arundel had failed to place his house at her disposal1 his own disgrace and his enemies' triumph should have speedily ensued4 ,i pray ,god my ,lord ,burleigh do not think on ,cottessy6 ,egad1 ,i would as lief pay down at once one year's income as to be so uncertainly mulcted4 ,i warrant you ,lord ,arundel shall have need to sell an estate to pay for the honor her majesty will do him4 ,he hath a spirit will not stop half-way in anything he doth pursue4 ,then think you1 sir1 ,i said1 he will be one day as noted for his virtues as now for his faults8 ,sir ,henry smiled as he answered1 ,if ,philip ,howard doth set himself one day to serve ,god1 ,i promise you his zeal therein will far exceed what he hath shown in the devil's service4 ,i pray you prove a true prophet1 sir1 ,i said2 and1 as we now had reached the door of ,lady ,tregony's house1 ,i took leave of this courteous gentlemen1 and hastily turned toward #dhj ,basil--with an uneasy desire to set him on his guard to use some reserve in his speeches with ,hubert1 but withal at a loss how to frame a brief warning1 or to speak without being overheard4 ,howsoever1 ,i drew him a little aside1 and whispered1 ,prithee1 be silent touching ,owen's work1 even to ,hubert4 ,he looked at me so much astonished1 and methought with so great a look of pain1 that my heart smote me4 ,we exchanged a brief farewell2 and when they had all ridden away1 ,i felt sad4 ,our partings were wont to be more protracted2 for he would most times ask me to walk back with him to the gate1 and then made it an excuse that it should be unmannerly not to see me home1 and so three or four times we used to walk to and fro1 till at last ,i did laughingly shut the door on him1 and refused to open it again4 ,but1 ah me6 that evening the chill ,i spoke of had fallen on our simple joys like a blight on a fair landscape4 ,on the next day two missives came to me from ,euston1 sent by private hand1 but not by the same messenger4 ,i leave the reader to judge what ,i felt in reading these proofs of the dispositions of two brothers1 so alike in features1 so different in soul4 ,this was ,basil's letter3 ,,mine ,,own ,,dear ,,heart-- ,the business which hath brought ,sir ,henry and ,hubert here will1 ,i be frightened1 hold me engaged all to-morrow4 ,but1 before ,i sleep1 ,i must needs write thee 7poor penman as ,i be7 how much it misliketh me to see in thee an ill opinion of mine only and dear brother1 and such suspicion as verily no one should entertain of a friend1 but much less of one so near in blood4 ,i do yield thee that he is not as zealous as ,i could wish in devout practices1 and something too fond of worldly pleasures2 but ,god is my witness1 ,i should as soon think of doubting mine own existence as his fidelity to his religion1 or his kindness to myself4 ,so1 prithee1 dear love1 pain me not again by the utterance of such injurious words to ,hubert as that ,i should not trust him with any secrets howsoever weighty1 or should observe any manner of restraint in communicating with him touching common dangers and interests4 ,methinks he is very sad at this time1 and that the sight of his paternal home hath made him melancholy4 ,verily1 his lot hath in it none of the brightness which doth attend mine1 and ,i would we could anyways make him a partaker in the happiness we do enjoy4 ,i pray ,god he may help me to effect this1 by the forwarding of any wish he hath at heart2 but he was always of a very reserved habit of mind1 and not prone to speak of his own concernments4 ,forgive1 sweetheart1 this loving reproof1 from thy most loving friend and servant1 ,,basil ,,rookwood4 ,hubert's was as followeth3 ,,madam--,my presumption toward you hath doubtless been a sin calling for severe punishment2 but ,i pray you leave not the cause of it unremembered4 ,the doubtful mind you once showed in my regard1 and of which the last time ,i saw you some marks methought did yet appear1 should be my excuse if ,i have erred in a persistency of love1 which most women would less deserve indeed1 but would more appreciate than you have done4 ,if this day no token doth reach me of your changed mind1 be it so4 ,i depart hence as changed as you do remain unchanged4 ,it may be for mine own weal1 albeit passion deems of it otherwise1 if you finally reject me whom once you did look upon with so great favor1 that the very thought of it works in me a revived tenderness as should be mine own undoing if it prevailed1 for this country hath laws which are not broken in vain1 and faithful loyal service is differently requited than traitorous and obstinate malignity4 ,i shall be the greater for lacking your love1 proud lady2 but to have it ,i would forego all a sovereign can bestow--all that ambition can desire4 ,these1 then1 are my last words4 ,if we meet not to-day1 ,god #dha knoweth with what sentiments we shall one day meet1 when justice hath overtaken you1 and love in me hath turned to hatred6 ,,hubert ,,rookwood4 ,ay1 ,i bitterly exclaimed1 laying the two letters side by side before me1 one endeth with love1 the other with hate4 ,the one showeth the noble fruits of true affection1 the other the bitter end of selfish passion4 ,then ,i mused if ,i should send ,basil1 or show him later ,hubert's letter1 clearing myself of any injustice toward him1 but destroying likewise for ever his virtuous confidence his brother's honor4 ,a short struggle with myself ensued1 but ,i soon resolved1 for the present at least1 on silence4 ,if danger did seem to threaten ,basil1 which his knowledge of his brother's baseness could avert1 then ,i must needs speak2 but ,god defend ,i should without constraint pour a poisoned drop into the dear fount of his undoubting soul4 ,passion may die away1 hatred may cease1 repentance arise2 but the evil done by the revealing of another's sin worketh endless wrong to the doer and the hearer4 ,the day on which ,i received these two letters did seem the longest ,i had ever known4 ,on the next ,basil came to ,banham ,hall1 and told me his guests were gone4 ,a load seemed lifted from my heart ,but1 albeit we resumed our wonted manner of life1 and the same mutual kindness and accustomed duties and pleasures filled our days1 ,i felt less secure in my happiness1 less thoughtless of the world without1 more subject to sudden sinkings of heart in the midst of greatest merriment1 than before ,hubert's visit4 ,in the early part of ,june1 ,mr4 ,congleton wrote in answer to ,basil's eager pressings that he would fix the day of our marriage1 that he was of opinion a better one could not be found than that of our ,lady's ,visitation1 on the #b;d of ,july1 and that1 if it pleased ,god1 he should then take the first journey he had made for five-and-twenty years2 for nothing would serve ,lady ,tregony but that the wedding should take place in her house1 where a priest would marry us in secret at break of day1 and then we should ride to the parish church at ,euston for the public ceremony4 ,he should1 he added1 carry ,muriel with him1 howsoever reluctant she should be to leave ,london2 but he promised us this should be a welcome piece of constraint1 for that she longed to see me again more than can be told4 ,verily1 pleasant letters reached me that week2 for my father wrote he was in better health1 and in great peace and contentment of mind at ,rheims1 albeit somewhat sad1 when he saw younger and more fortunate men 7for so he styled them7 depart for the ,english mission2 and by a cypher we had agreed on he gave me to understand ,edmund ,genings was of that number4 ,and ,lady ,arundel1 to whom ,i had reported the conversation ,i had with ,sir ,henry ,jemingham1 sent me an answer which ,i will here transcribe3 ,,my ,,well-,,beloved ,,constance --,you do rightly read my heart1 and the hope you express in my regard1 with so tender a friendship and solicitous desire for my happiness1 hath indeed a better foundation than idle surmises4 ,it hath truly pleased ,god that ,philip's disposition toward me should change2 and albeit this change is not as yet openly manifested1 he nevertheless doth oftentimes visit me1 and testifies much regret for his past neglect of one whom he doth now confess to be his truest friend1 his greatest lover1 and best comfort4 ,o mine own dear friend6 my life has known many strange accidents1 but none greater or more strange than this1 that my so long indifferent husband should turn into a secret lover who doth haunt me by stealth1 and looking on me with new eyes1 appears to conceive so much admiration for my worthless beauty1 and to find such pleasure in my poor company1 that it would seem as if a new face and person had been given to me wherewith #dhb to inspire him with this love for her to whom he doth owe it4 ,oh1 ,i promise thee this husbandly wooing liketh me well1 and methinks ,i would not at once disclose to the world this new kindness he doth show me and revival of conjugal affection1 but rather hug it and cherish it like a secret treasure until it doth take such deep root that nothing can again separate his heart from me4 ,his fears touching the queen's ill-conception of him increase1 and his enemies do wax more powerful each day4 ,the world hath become full of uneasiness to him4 ,methinks he would gladly break with it2 but like to one who walketh on a narrow plank1 with a precipice on each side of him1 his safety lieth only in advancing4 ,the report is true--,i would it were false--of the queen's progress1 and her intended visit to ,kenninghall4 ,i fear another fair estate in the north must needs pay the cost thereof2 but avoidance is impossible4 ,i am about to remove from ,london to ,arundel ,castle1 where my lord doth will me for the present to reside4 ,the sea-breezes on that coast1 and the mild air of ,sussex1 he thinks should improve my health1 which doth at this time require care4 ,touching religion1 ,i have two or three times let fall words which implied an increased inclination to ,catholic religion4 ,each time his countenance did very much alter1 and assumed a painful expression4 ,i fear he is as greatly opposed to it as heretofore4 ,but if once resolved on what conscience doth prescribe1 with ,god's help1 ,i hope that neither new-found joys nor future fears shall stay me from obeying its voice4 ,and so thou art to be married come the early days of ,july6 ,i' faith thy ,basil and thou have1 like a pair of doves1 cooed long enough1 ,i ween1 amidst the tall trees of ,euston2 which1 if you are to be believed1 should be the most delectable place in the whole world4 ,and yet some have told me it is but a huge plain building1 and the country about it1 except for its luxuriant trees1 of no notable beauty4 ,the sunshine of thine own heart sheddeth1 ,i ween1 a radiancy on the plain walls and the unadorned gardens greater than nature or art can bestow4 ,i cry thee mercy for this malicious surmise1 and give thee license1 when ,i shall write in the same strain touching my lord's castle at ,arundel to flout me in a like manner4 ,some do disdainfully style it a huge old fortress2 others a very grand and noble pile4 ,if that good befalleth me that he doth visit me there1 then ,i doubt not but it will be to me the cheerfullest place in existence4 ,thy loving servant to command1 ,,ann ,,arundel ,,and ,,surrey4 ,this letter came to my hand at ,whitsuntide1 when the village folks were enacting a pastoral1 the only merit of which did lie in the innocent glee of the performers4 ,the sheep-shearing feast1 a very pretty festival1 ensued a few days later4 ,a fat lamb was provided1 and the maidens of the town permitted to run after it1 and she which took hold of it declared the lady of the lamb4 ',tis then the custom to kill and carry it on a long pole before the lady and her companions to the green1 attended with music and morisco dances4 ,but this year ,i ransomed the lamb1 and had it crowned with blue corn-flowers and poppies1 and led to a small paddock1 where for some time ,i visited and fed it every day4 ,poor little lamb6 like me1 it had one short happy time that summer4 ,in the evening ,i went with the lasses to the banks of the ,ouse1 and scattered on the dimpling stream1 as is their wont at the lamb-ale1 a thousand odorous flowers--new-born roses1 the fleur-de-luce1 sweet-williams1 and yellow coxcombs1 the small-flowered lady's-slipper1 the prince's-feather and the clustered bell-flower1 the sweet-basil 7the saucy wenches smiled when they furnished me with a bunch thereof71 and a great store of midsummer daisies4 ,when1 with due observance1 ,i threw on the water a handful of these golden-tufted and #dhc silver-crowned flowerets1 ,i thought of ,master ,chaucer's lines3 ,above all the flowers in the mead ,these love ,i most--these flowers white and red4 ,and in ,french called la belle ,marguerite4 ,o commendable flower1 and most in mind6 ,o flower and gracious excellence6 ,o amiable ,marguerite4 ,the great store of winsome and graciously-named flowers used that day set me to plan a fair garden1 wherein each month should yield in its turn to the altar of our secret chapel a pure incense of nature's own furnishing4 ,basil was helping me thereto1 and my ,lady ,tregony smiling at my quaint devices1 when ,mr4 ,cobham1 a cousin of her ladyship1 arrived1 bringing with him news of the queen's progress1 which quickly diverted us from other thoughts1 and caused my pencil to stand idle in mine hand4 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 ---------- ,from ,the ,sixpenny ,magazine4 ,,the ,,siege ,,of ,,malta4 ,when ,solymon1 sultan of ,turkey1 had resolved to extirpate the ,knights of ,malta1 pursuant to his ultimate design of taking vengeance on ,philip ,,ii4 of ,spain for the loss which he had suffered in the reduction of the 7as he supposed7 impregnable ,penon de ,valez1 and for the hostility which the ,spaniards had visited upon the ,morescoes1 to which may be added the incentive of radical religious differences1 for the depredations which those famous warriors had visited upon his commerce1 he gave the command of his fleet to ,piali1 and that of his land forces to ,mustapha4 ,having equipped all of the ships in his empire1 to which were united the corsairs of ,hascem and ,dragut1 viceroys of ,algiers and ,tripoli1 he ordered them to repair to the siege of ,malta4 ,the ,christian powers on the ,mediterranean1 having heard of his extensive preparations1 were in doubt as to the destination of the ,turkish fleet2 but it appearing from the report of spies that it was bound for ,malta1 the grand master called immediately upon the ,catholic king1 the ,pope1 and the other ,christian princes for their aid in withstanding their common enemy1 the infidels4 ,these powers were under no small obligation to the ,knights1 who had made it a part of the faith which they held in unity with these powers1 to destroy them upon every occasion which presented the opportunity4 ,but1 to their disgrace1 these powers discovered an ungrateful hesitancy in responding to this demand1 save ,philip1 and even he1 the historian relates1 was actuated by motives not wholly engendered by a sense of honor1 and whose tardiness was well-nigh fatal to the cause which he professed to zealously espouse1 and upon which the ,knights of ,malta relied for success4 ,about the middle of ,may1 three hundred years ago1 the ,turkish fleet arrived in sight of ,malta1 with a strength of upward of #dj1jjj1 composed chiefly of janissaries and serapis1 the bravest troops of the ,ottoman empire4 ,john de la ,valette1 the master-spirit of the defence1 commands our highest admiration for his intrepid efforts in inspiring every aspect with the buoyancy of hope4 ,the troops at his disposal to stay this tide of destruction1 which set so furiously against his little sea-washed isle1 amounted to only #gjj knights and #h1ejj soldiers1 which flattered ,solymon into the egregious error that it was an easy conquest to #dhd ,his janissaries and serapis1 who1 under their distinguished commanders1 were accustomed to victory4 ,the ,turks landed at some distance from ,il ,borgo1 and1 unresisted1 devastated the defenceless territory2 but they now drew near a goal which was calculated to deceive those who entertained the fantasy that an easy victory waited them4 ,mustapha1 in view of the ,spanish forces daily expected to relieve the enemy1 counselled an immediate attack upon ,st4 ,elmo4 ,this was a fort deriving much of its strength1 as well as importance1 from its natural advantages4 ,it was situated on a narrow neck of land which was washed on either side by important harbors2 it was accessible only over a road which was either bare rock or thinly covered with gravel1 and1 in the rear1 communications with ,il ,borgo were protected by the forts ,st4 ,angelo and ,st4 ,michael4 ,the basha1 to secure himself a safer approach to ,st4 ,elmo1 caused to be erected a parapet of heavy timber1 covered toward the fort with a mixture of earth1 straw1 and rushes1 to receive the enemy's missiles4 ,here he planted his heaviest guns and prepared for the siege4 ,the governor of ,st4 ,elmo delegated a member of the fort to convey intelligence to ,la ,valette1 the grand master1 that the place could not sustain an action for a great length of time2 the messenger represented1 in exaggerated coloring1 the information that the fort could not withstand the siege for more than a week4 ,la ,valette1 in his reply1 administered a rebuke1 although convinced that it could not1 with its limited capacity for sustaining troops1 remain long in the possession of the order2 but he was none the less impressed with the policy of holding it1 even at a great sacrifice1 till the arrival of the ,viceroy of ,sicily1 who had been instructed by the ,king of ,spain to represent the kingdom1 in response to the call of the grand master4 ,he concluded1 in view of the necessities of the case1 to head in person a body of reinforcements2 but being dissuaded by the importunities of the ,knights1 he consented to intrust its charge to ,de ,medran1 in whom he placed implicit confidence4 ,stung by the rebuke1 and encouraged by their new accessions1 the garrison sallied forth upon the offensive1 dealing consternation to the unwarned foe2 but having recovered from their surprise1 the ,turks turned upon their assailants1 who were discomfited by a perverse wind which blew the smoke so as to obscure the enemy1 and drove them within the walls4 ,when the smoke cleared away1 what was the dismay of the ,knights to discover that the ,turks had planted a battery in such juxtaposition as to compromise much the security of the fort4 ,it was1 unquestionably1 a doubtful advantage which the ,christians obtained by quitting their works1 as they now found it necessary for a greater vigilance to be called into action4 ,the tireless infidels having discovered a gun-port but a few feet from the ground1 well-nigh made themselves masters of the cavaliers by means of ladders4 ,but after slaughtering many ,christians1 the garrison1 aroused from sleep and inspired by their sense of danger1 compelled1 by the fury of their assault1 the ,turks to retire into the ravelin4 ,the conflict was now renewed upon the part of the janissaries1 and the contest raged with unabated vigor from daylight till noon1 when the besiegers were forced to withdraw4 ,about a hundred and twenty soldiers and ,knights were killed1 at a cost of nearly three thousand to the enemy4 ,the situation of the fort was now grown critical4 ,mustapha held the ravelin1 and1 conscious of its significance to the foe1 whose attempts to regain it were strenuous1 filled up the ranks as fast as the desperate struggles thinned them4 ,la ,valette sent reinforcements2 still the infidels persevered in battering breaches in the walls4 ,fearing lest ,mustapha would attempt to effect his purpose by #dhe storming1 the faltering ,knights applied a second time to the grand master1 recommending a desertion of the works4 ,la ,valette1 in opposition to the majority of his council1 held1 though regretting the fate which awaited his brothers in the order1 that the place must not be evacuated1 and called upon the defenders to execute their vow1 if necessary1 which bound them to sacrifice their lives for the welfare and perpetuity of the order4 ,he also determined to follow soon his reply in person1 and fall in the common cause of ,christianity4 ,such was the grand master who withstood1 alone and unsupported1 as we might say1 the whole infidel forces1 and who declared his fealty to the cause in so determined a manner--a manner not weakened by faltering acts--as to inspire courage into the most craven heart4 ,some murmured at this response1 and fifty-three of the malcontents addressed him a letter1 in which they expressed the purpose that1 unless on the next night he sent boats to take them away1 they would seek sudden death without the shelter of the fort4 ,to this letter he replied by sending three commissioners to examine the tenability of the works1 and explaining to the disaffected soldiery their paramount duty to the organization1 and the futility of sacrificing their lives to no good end1 which were now so needful to sustain the defence against the enemies of their holy faith4 ,two of these commissioners concurred in pronouncing it untenable1 but the third1 ,constantine ,gastriot1 esteemed the fort far from being reduced4 ,to guarantee his good faith he offered to attempt its defence with what soldiers the dangerous post would voluntarily command4 ,la ,valette gladly accepted the offer1 and1 with consummate address1 informed the hitherto clamorous ,knights that they might now obtain their discharge2 that he would relieve them by another garrison2 and also promising them facilities for transportation to ,,ii ,borgo4 ,you my brethren1 concluded he1 may be in greater safety here1 and ,i shall then feel less anxiety for the preservation of the fort4 ,conscious of the infamy that would await them upon their return1 and stung by the latent expression of the letter1 they resolved to only quit the fort when called to face the enemy4 ,the grand master1 to try their feelings1 intimated that willing troops were preferable to those who were mutinous4 ,this answer greatly affected the ,knights1 and they humbled themselves still more till ,la ,valette gladly receded from his rigor4 ,having now consecrated themselves for the immolation1 and more troops having come to their relief1 operations were resumed4 ,an invention productive of great mischief to the enemy was resorted to by the fertile genius of the besieged4 ,hoops were constructed of very combustible material1 and ignited and thrown among the ,turks as they were crowding to the assault4 ,these were calculated to clasp a few of them together1 and1 in confusion1 to render relief impossible1 and a horrid death probable4 ,for a month the engagement was daily renewed1 and ,mustapha was as frequently repulsed4 ,on the #afth of ,july1 intent upon a grand1 overwhelming assault1 the ,turkish fleet was drawn up near the fort1 supported by #d1jjj musketeers and archers in the earthworks4 ,the ,turks attempted to rush in at the breaches1 now filled up with the invincible ,christian soldiery4 ,but the immense number of the former defeated the end they sought by so great a force4 ,the cannon belched forth a broad-sweeping desolation among the assailants for six hours2 the enemy were terrified almost beyond control of the officers1 till1 at length1 ,mustapha was mortified in having1 without gaining any advantage by the slaughter which his command had sustained1 to recall them4 ,mustapha despairing1 after this sanguinary resistance to his arms1 of subduing the garrison so long as communication was kept open with the town1 by which the attenuated ranks were #dhf supplied with fresh troops1 resolved1 as his surest resort1 to extend his works across the neck and connect with the harbor in the rear4 ,this work was executed with much difficulty and loss4 ,at this time ,dragut1 the most accomplished naval officer of the ,ottoman empire1 was killed4 ,great as was this loss1 ,mustapha did not hesitate1 but seemed with every new adversity to strengthen in his purpose of encompassing the ,christians with ruin4 ,having rendered1 by this precautionary expedient1 the reception of supplies from the town impossible1 he again renewed the assault4 ,the four spirited attacks which were made upon the #cast of ,july were repulsed by the ,knights and soldiers1 displaying1 in the words of our author 7,watson71 a degree of prowess and fortitude which almost exceeds belief1 and is beyond the power of description4 ,intelligence having been conveyed to the grand master of the perilous situation of the fortress1 troops were despatched to the rescue2 but they were forced to return1 leaving the little garrison weak but determined1 faced with certain destruction1 yet prepared to meet it heroically4 ,it commands our deepest admiration to see1 even through the film of distance1 that little band1 undaunted1 cooped up within that fiery furnace awaiting that doom which was drawing nearer and nearer1 and which heralded its dreadful approach with a pageantry at once terrible and sublime2 to see them with the blazing canopy showering death down upon their uncovered heads2 to see them1 having only to regret their former cowardice1 adding to their already resplendent laurels4 ,a prouder moment does not come to the historian--a moment more replete with the fulness of joy than can ever be known to the fictionist1 as he lingers with enchanted pen upon such scenes2 and yet1 when followed by those which are revolting to our more refined sense of enlightenment1 he painfully discharges his duty4 ,having spent the night which witnessed the blasting of every hope of relief in prayer1 they bade each other affectionate adieus1 and repaired to their death posts4 ,to throw themselves upon the mercy of a foe which indeed knew no mercy1 was not for a moment entertained by those who were wedded to the ,catholic ,church4 ,the wounded and disabled1 at their request1 were placed where sure death might meet them4 ,st4 ,elmo was attacked upon the #bc;d of ,july1 #aeje1 which day saw the infidel flag flaunting triumphantly over its ramparts1 so soon to be struck in disgrace and be replaced by the standard of ,st4 ,john4 ,the resistance which its handful of defenders made provoked rather the rage of the ,turks than incited their admiration1 and1 after an unparalleled struggle of four hours1 nothing was left but the broken walls to urge resistance to the overwhelming foe4 ,supremely grand was the terrific display which its heights commanded amidst the fiercest of the strife6 ,a multitude of swaying human beings1 actuated by a maddened revenge1 hurtling one against the other1 stretching away1 whilst those more closely drawn to its sides were in numbers joined in fiery chains1 and in the embrace of their blazing bonds expired with the wildest shrieks of agony6 ,st4 ,elmo1 wrapped in fire1 arrayed in its funereal pall of lowering smoke1 became the prey of the ,turks4 ,mustapha surveyed the scene of his dear-bought victory with feelings no doubt adverse to those which flattered him upon his arrival4 ,brutal1 indeed1 were the means by which he sought to carry consternation to ,il ,borgo2 all that had been found yet alive were ripped open1 and1 with the holy symbol of their faith gashed upon their bodies1 they were thrown into the harbor1 and winds and tides invoked to beat these messengers to the gates1 to inform the town of the fall of ,st4 ,elmo4 ,but a period awaited the siege of ,malta which reflected more disgrace upon ,mustapha than one hundred victories could efface4 ,la ,valette looked out upon the harbor now filled with the floating bodies1 #dhg horribly gashed1 of the gallant defenders of ,st ,elmo1 but no one could read his reflections as he viewed those dead-freighted waves depositing their burden upon the beach2 no matter what his acts may have been when suggested by such an inspiration1 for they were no index by which to read his heart4 ,we are informed by the historian that he dissembled his true feelings that the ,knights and soldiers might not see in him a cowardly exemplar4 ,but it is not impossible that the grand master looked unmoved upon those whose dress and sacred wounds alone betrayed them to have been bound to him by the endearing ties of the order4 ,his retaliation1 however1 is not in accordance with our finer conceptions of right1 but who will question the justness of war-expedients8 ,la ,valette was the master-spirit of the defence1 and he evinced himself not unworthy his station4 ,for had he been less decided1 and succumbed to the importunities of his subordinates1 indeed the siege of ,malta would have been of short duration2 no ,spanish forces that would have been sent could have retrieved the advantages that would have been lost by a cowardly precipitation4 ,and thus to him may we ascribe the glory of the long masterly defence which kept an enemy1 thirsting for ,christian blood1 at bay1 and which made an ultimate recovery practicable2 which1 indeed1 made the ,turkish triumph but preparatory to an indelible disgrace4 ,la ,valette's emotions of sorrow soon hardened1 and he ordered his captives to be decapitated and their heads shot from the cannon's mouth into the enemy's camp4 ,the significance of this act1 in part1 may justify its commission1 though it would be more in harmony with our ideal to believe him incapable of perpetrating such an offence4 ,the object which ,mustapha aimed to accomplish in forwarding those ghastly dead to ,il ,borgo was to intimidate the place into submission2 the return which ,la ,valette made was designed to bespeak an unwavering disposition1 and to hurl defiance in the face of the infidels4 ,mustapha1 incensed at the undaunted response made to his white flag1 and the message sent back by his ,christian slave1 that they hoped soon to bury him and his janissaries in the only ditch which they could consistently surrender1 immediately invested the town and re-commenced the carnage4 ,subsequent to the fall of ,st4 ,elmo1 the basha had been strengthened by the arrival of ,hascem with the bravoes of ,alters1 amounting to #b1ejj choice troops4 ,il ,borgo and ,st4 ,michael were now continuously under fire2 but1 to expedite his purposes1 ,mustapha adopted the suggestion of ,piali1 to make the ,christian slaves draw their shipping across the neck upon which stood ,st4 ,elmo1 into the harbor1 that there might be a simultaneous charge from both land and ,naval forces4 ,this hardship was rendered necessary because the grand master had caused a heavy chain to be swung across the mouth of the harbor1 to which impediment were added the resources of ,st4 ,angelo1 which commanded its entrance4 ,having mastered this difficulty1 ,mustapha consented to the pompous demands of ,hascem to intrust to him the assault of ,st4 ,michael1 promising to support him if necessary4 ,hascem shared his command with ,candelissa1 an experienced corsair1 who was to sustain the attack by sea4 ,with much display ,candelissa proceeded to perform his part4 ,meeting with unexpected resistance in the staccato which had been erected to perplex his landing1 he suffered great loss from the fort1 which did not delay in improving so cardinal an advantage1 ,he resolved to abandon this and attempt the intrenchments under the care of ,gulmaran2 the ,christians reserved their fire until it might be spent effectively1 and1 at their first discharge1 cut down #djj of the assailants4 ,candelissa pushed vigorously on whilst ,gulmaran was reloading1 and gained the shore2 the latter1 having prepared #dhh for such an emergency1 now threw from his cannon grapeshot1 which did overwhelming execution1 and ,candelissa1 seeing with dismay his wavering troops1 ordered his boats to be put off a little from the shore4 ,the ,algerines1 seeing no avenue of escape1 were conscious that through success alone could they secure their safety4 ,they therefore marched forward with maddened resolution upon the earthworks4 ,before their irresistible charge the ,knights fell back in confusion4 ,but stung with shame upon seeing the infidel colors planted upon their works1 they rushed to the rescue1 having been reinforced2 the ardor of their charge struck terror to the hearts of the assailants1 and ,candelissa was among the first that fled4 ,of #d1jjj only a fifth escaped4 ,the ,christians continued firing upon the boats1 sinking many1 and covering the waters with wrecks4 ,amidst this vast devastation1 dying and dead bodies were mingled in the wildest confusion4 ,this defeat was decided1 and ,candelissa's untimely exultation1 which characterized his reparation to the contest1 was of a marked contrast to his inglorious return as his craft ploughed their way through the thickly strewn waters4 ,the ,knights were in nowise discouraged in this sudden turn in the fortunes of the day4 ,in the meantime the attack was also going on by land4 ,hascem had well-nigh expiated in disgrace his taunting threat2 having led his troops to the charge1 he was confounded with the confusion which the fearful havoc wrought among the ranks4 ,being driven back1 he renewed the assault in the face of the belching cannon roaring defiance to his arms in vindication of the sanctity of invaded rights1 but to no purpose4 ,his mortification was extreme in being compelled by the intrepid garrison to sound a retreat4 ,the basha now advanced with his janissaries1 and the united forces compelled the ,knights to retire from the beach1 where1 with undaunted spirits1 they had proceeded to meet the fresh troops4 ,but they did not yield without the most strenuous exertions1 and the invaders had paid a dear price for the dreadful spot4 ,though exhausted by fatigue1 their determination knew no abatement1 and they awaited within the breach the renewal of the conflict4 ,their hopes were now reinspired by the addition of those forces which had contributed so largely to the discomfit of ,candelissa4 ,the janissaries1 unable to withstand their onslaught1 were forced to retire amidst the showering missiles and cheers of the gallant ,christians4 ,mustapha1 enraged beyond control by the obstinate defence1 employed one-half of his troops under ,piali against the town1 and with the remainder resolved to reduce the fort at any cost4 ,to secure every chance of success he raised more batteries1 dug new trenches1 sprung mines1 and prepared in every way possible to facilitate his design4 ,but upon every hand did the valiant ,christians1 animated by the presence of the grand master1 baffle his arms4 ,mustapha's principal engineer constructed a machine1 upon the efficacy of which they entertained high hopes2 it was a huge cask1 firmly made1 and filled with powder1 chains1 bullets1 and everything calculated to work mischief which the place could command4 ,this was projected into the midst of the ,christians1 who1 ere it exploded1 managed to roll it back upon its artificers1 which did fearful execution among them4 ,whilst yet the ,turks were paralyzed by the effect of its report1 the ,knights rushed out and engaged them hand to hand4 ,many of the infidels were killed1 and the remainder made good their escape4 ,but ,piali was not idle4 ,though coping with superior strength1 he was more successful against ,il ,borgo than his rival against ,st4 ,michael4 ,he had gained great advantages1 and1 as night terminated his operations1 he prepared the minds of his intimates for the glorious entry which he proposed to make on the morrow4 ,he had1 by a piece of stratagem in calling off the #dhi attention of the garrison by a furious assault1 managed in another and important position to erect a platform of earth and stones4 ,it was upon this that night closed his work1 and which inflamed within his breast lively hopes of speedily terminating the siege1 and of reaping new laurels4 ,a council of the ,knights was now held1 and an abandonment of the works advised by the principal part2 but ,la ,valette was inexorable1 and defeated every such proposition by his superior wisdom4 ,he employed all available hands in digging trenches during the night1 and by a master-stroke gained possession of the cavalier which had so excited the exultation of the ,turkish basha4 ,he detailed a select body of troops to steal along the foot of the wall1 and who1 when arrived at the spot designated1 raised a loud shout and rushed upon the guard2 these1 supposing that the whole garrison were upon them1 precipitately fled4 ,the ,christians were not slow in securing this advantage beyond any hope of recovery which the ,turks might entertain4 ,the delay of the ,spanish troops was inexplicable to ,la ,valette1 who attributed it to the treachery of the ,viceroy of ,sicily1 but which historians impute to the infidelity of ,philip4 ,now1 the grand master was aware that their only hope was to hold out till they brought relief2 and the bashas were fearful lest they should arrive after so long a delay at this very opportune moment4 ,piali1 receiving intelligence that the ,spanish forces were to be landed at ,st4 ,angelo1 lay in wait there1 after interposing every obstacle practicable to impede their progress4 ,resolved to urge every possible resistance1 the infidels awaited the ,spanish sail1 and were ill prepared for the tidings which came1 to the effect that they were already landed in another part of the island4 ,thus was accomplished by the duplicity of the ,catholic king a result which was not anticipated2 his object in landing his forces at the extreme of the island was to shield1 as far as possible1 his subjects from the rigors of the siege4 ,but ,mustapha no sooner learned of their approach than he withdrew all of the ,turkish forces into the shipping4 ,in his haste he had deserted ,st4 ,elmo1 manned with his best cannon4 ,ere long he was informed by a deserter that he had thus disgracefully fled before a force of #f1jjj poorly officered ,spaniards1 the same being only little more than one-third of his own numbers4 ,his rage knew no bounds4 ,from this indelible disgrace he knew his only escape was to disembark and retrieve his fallen fortunes2 but his command was shared by those whose personal considerations and jealousies prevented them from extending any sympathy to him4 ,la ,valette improved the interim in taking every precaution to prevent the fort from again falling into the hands of the ,turks4 ,the grand master was now looked upon as the one to whom too much credit could not be given1 and whose orders were obeyed with cheering alacrity by all who were able in any way to assist4 ,a stronger affection was generated toward him1 to which his merits entitled him1 as the most fitting reward which the ,knights could return4 ,mustapha having convened a council of his principal officers1 they determined with little dissent to land and renew the siege4 ,the soldiery1 greatly disheartened at their late reverses1 were very reluctant to obey1 and frequently force was resorted to to compel them4 ,but it must have been patent to the commanders that thus1 being forced to use compulsory means1 they could not expect them to effect what willing and eager troops could easily accomplish4 ,mustapha was unable to stay the current of flying soldiers1 and was hurled along with it2 twice was he jostled from his horse1 and was with difficulty rescued from being captured4 ,such was the overwhelming defeat visited upon ,mustapha's command1 who1 we doubt not1 would have welcomed even captivity rather than face the sultan1 whose arms he had #dij thus signally disgraced4 ,what the reflections were that this destiny animated in his mind1 we are left to infer--a destiny so different from what he anticipated for the thousands who were to destroy the ,knights of ,malta1 only as an insignificant incident collateral to the brilliant career which awaited them at the hands of the larger ,christian powers4 ,when he saw the mere skeleton of his army returning1 he might well be impressed with the vanity of human calculations4 ,the siege of ,malta continued four months1 and it1 amid the general destruction1 worked no little benefit to the ,knights of ,malta4 ,this success created joy throughout ,christendom1 which was expressed in the most gratifying manner4 ,if they were left to fight their battles alone1 it was only to achieve the greater glory4 ,and thus ended the famous siege of ,malta1 whose valorous defence is unparalleled in the records of history4 ------ ,from ,the ,literary ,workman4 ,a ,,song ,,of ,,the ,,year4 ,solemnly comes thy last hour1 ,old ,year1 ,mercy and love were thy dower1 ,old ,year2 ,though with thy gifts came the sigh or tear4 ,parting1 we'll bless thee1 ,old ,year1 ,old ,year4 ,with thy best gifts in thy hand1 ,old ,year6 ,dying while blessing the land1 ,old ,year6 ,welcoming ,christians again1 again4 ,joyous ,old ,year1 how we loved thee1 then6 ,softly thou com'st in the night1 ,new ,year6 ,robed all in pure virgin white1 ,new ,year6 ,deeds all unknown of shall fill thy days4 ,songs now unheard of will sound thy praise4 ,meeting1 we fear thee almost1 ,new ,year1 ,welcome might sound like a boast1 ,new ,year ,when thou art old1 like the year just past1 ,then let us bless thee1 ,new ,year1 at last4 #dia ,translated from the ,civilt ,cattolica4 ,,the ,,religious ,,statistics ,,of ,,the ,,world4 #a4 ,,number ,,of ,,catholics ,,in ,,five ,,divisions ,,of ,,the ,,world4 #b4 ,,classification ,,of ,,the ,,inhabitants ,,of ,,the ,,earth ,,after ,,the ,,different ,,religions4 #c4 ,,progress ,,of ,,catholicity ,,in ,,great ,,britain4 #d4 ,,in ,,holland4 #e4 ,,in ,,the ,,united ,,states4 #f4 ,,missions ,,of ,,asia4 #g4 ,,italian ,,missionaries4 ,i4 ,let us1 at first1 take a comprehensive view of the number of ,catholics scattered over the globe4 ,in this very year some writers have limited their number to one hundred and fifty millions1 with the remark that the figure is rather above a real census4 ,mr4 ,balbi1 a writer of fame in statistics and in geography1 gave1 as far back as #ahbg1 in his work published in ,paris1 his own estimate of the various populations of the world1 classifying them under the heading of ,religions ,professed2 and1 according to his calculations1 he allotted to the ,catholic ,church only one hundred and thirty nine millions7#aci1jjj1jjj71 his figures exceeding those of many geographers who had preceded him4 ,the eleven millions by some authors allowed this day to the ,catholic denomination1 are rather a restitution than an augmentation4 ,the former reckoning was a mistake1 and new statistics1 when accurately put together1 have exhibited a far larger number both of inhabitants and of ,catholics4 ,but we still take this restitution as very inadequate4 ,from an accurate investigation of the matter1 we aver that the minimum of ,catholics1 over the world1 amounts to two hundred millions 7#bjj1jjj1jjj74 ,to afford the reader the means of testing the accuracy of our opinion1 we shall here give the number of ,catholics found in the different states of every part of the world4 ,we have taken for our guide official statistics1 either civil or ecclesiastical1 whenever we could obtain them1 or1 otherwise1 statements of modern geographers and of most trustworthy national writers4 ,we have only omitted such fractions which were under five hundred 7#ejj72 but when they were above the half thousandth we have set them down at one thousand4 ,thereby1 in a computation1 which cannot be but approximate1 omissions will counterbalance the additions1 and the final result will not undergo any material change4 ,let it1 moreover1 be borne in mind that we have not been actuated by any desire to attain large figures4 ,we have only aimed at fixing the surest1 or1 at least1 the most probable amount4 ,thus1 for example1 we have accepted only six hundred and ninety thousand 7#fij1jjj7 ,catholics for the ,portuguese possessions in ,africa1 although national authors1 by no means exaggerating1 have reckoned them at two millions4 ,with such preamble1 here is the result of our investigations3 ,transcriber's note3 ,view these tables with a fixed pitch font4 ,,number ,,of ,,catholics4 ,i4 ,,europe4 ,papal ,states #ijj1jjj ,two ,sicilies #i1ejj1jjj ,tuscany #a1ijj1jjj ,sardinian ,states and ,lombardy #g1gjj1jjj ,modena #ffj1jjj ,parma #efj1jjj ,monaco and ,san-,marino #aj1jjj ,spain #ag1jjj1jjj ,portugal #d1cjj1jjj ,andorra #ab1jjj ,switzerland #a1abj1jjj ,great ,britain #g1ejj1jjj ,france #cf1jjj1jjj ,carried forward #hi1dfb1jjj #dib ,brought forward #hi1dfb1jjj ,belgium #d1hjj1jjj ,netherlands #a1cjj1jjj ,austrian ,empire #cj1jjj1jjj ,bavaria #c1ejj1jjj ,prussia #g1jjj1jjj ,baden #ifj1jjj ,brunswick #f1jjj ,bremen #e1jjj ,frankfort #ab1jjj ,hamburg #h1jjj ,grand ,duchy of ,heese #bdj1jjj ,hesse ,electoral #bjj1jjj ,wrtemberg #ehj1jjj ,mecklenburg-,schwerin ,mecklenburg-,strelitz #d1jjj ,nassau #bbf1jjj ,oldenburg #hf1jjj ,lesser ,duchies of ,sachsen-,weimar1 ,sachsen-,coburg1 ,sachsen-,altenburg1 etc4 #fj1jjj ,lubeck #c1jjj ,hanover #bef1jjj ,luxemburg #bji1jjj ,saxony #fe1jjj ,denmark #e1jjj ,sweden and ,norway #g1jjj ,poland #d1jjj1jjj ,russia #c1jjj1jjj ,european ,turkey and ,montenegro #a1jjj1jjj ,greece #ajj1jjj ,catholic population in ,europe #adg1aid1jjj ,h4 ,,asia ,,and ,,oceania4 ,asiatic ,turkey #fjj1jjj ,moldavia and ,wallachia #acj1jjj ,asiatic ,russia #ajj1jjj ,british ,india #a1ajj1jjj ,netherland ,india #be1jjj ,french ,india #agj1jjj ,portuguese ,india1 ,islands1 and ,macao #edf1jjj ,spanish ,india and ,philippine ,islands #d1gej1jjj ,persia #abj1jjj ,anam #fjj1jjj ,siam #be1jjj ,china #a1jjj1jjj ,new ,holland #cjj1jjj ,tasmania #dj1jjj ,new ,zealand #fj1jjj ,new ,caledonia and adjoining islands #gj1jjj ,sandwich ,islands #hj1jjj ,catholic population in ,asia and ,oceania #i1fff1jjj ,,iii4 ,,africa4 ,egypt #agb1jjj ,abyssinia #b1jjj1jjj ,tripoli1 ,tunis1 and ,morocco #cj1jjj ,spanish ,possessions #be1jjj ,canaries #bfj1jjj ,portuguese ,possessions #fij1jjj ,madeira and islands #bfj1jjj ,continental ,french ,possessions #bej1jjj ,reunion and other islands #ahj1jjj ,continental ,british ,possessions #cj1jjj ,mauritius and other islands #aej1jjj ,liberia #d1jjj ,madagascar #aj1jjj ,gallas #aj1jjj ,catholic population in ,africa #d1jga1jjj ,,iv4 ,,america4 ,united ,states #e1jjj1jjj ,mexico #h1ejj1jjj ,guatemala #a1bjj1jjj ,san ,salvador #gjj1jjj ,honduras #djj1jjj ,nicaragua #ejj1jjj ,costa ,rica ,panama #bjj1jjj ,new ,granada #c1jjj1jjj ,venezuela #b1jjj1jjj ,ecuador #a1ejj1jjj ,bolivia #b1bjj1jjj ,peru #b1hjj1jjj ,chili #a1hjj1jjj ,argentine ,republic #a1ejj1jjj ,paraguay #a1fjj1jjj ,uruguay #cfj1jjj ,brazil #c1ejj1jjj ,british ,guiana #fj1jjj ,netherland ,guiana and ,islands #dj1jjj ,french ,guiana and ,islands #cje1jjj ,jamaica1 ,trinidad1 and other ,british ,isles #aej1jjj ,spanish ,islands #b1bfj1jjj ,danish ,islands #cd1jjj ,canada and ,british ,possessions #a1efj1jjj ,hayti #hjj1jjj ,catholic population in ,america #df1igj1jjj ,,recapitulation4 ,i4 ,catholic population in ,europe #adg1aid1jjj ,,ii4 ,catholic population ,in ,asia and ,oceania #i1fff1jjj ,,iii4 ,catholic population in ,africa #d1jga1jjj ,,iv4 ,catholic population in ,america #df1icj1jjj ,catholic population in the four parts of the globe #bjg1hja1jjj ,thus we reach the sum of nearly two hundred and eight millions2 nor do we fear exaggeration in the number4 ,but were even some one reluctant to accept our results1 such attenuating doubts could never diminish our total beyond eight millions4 ,thus when we asserted that there are two hundred millions of ,catholics in the world1 we gave a figure far under our calculations1 in order to place it above all doubt4 ,,ii4 ,we will now exhibit1 in very simple tables1 the grand division of the inhabitants of the world1 according to the different religious creeds3 ,christianity #cdd1jjj1jjj ,catholic ,church #bjh1jjj1jjj ,eastern ,churches1 schismatic or heretical #gj1jjj1jjj ,protestantism #ff1jjj1jjj ,total #cdd1jjj1jjj #dic ,judaism #d1jjj1jjj ,islamism #ajj1jjj1jjj ,brahminism #fj1jjj1jjj ,buddhism #ahj1jjj1jjj ,worship of ,confucius1 ,sinto1 of ,spirits1 etc4 #aeb1jjj1jjj ,total of inhabitants of the world #hdj1jjj1jjj ,these results are not from data as certain as those which we were enabled to obtain for the ,catholic ,church2 yet they are founded on great probability4 ,there is a remarkable increase in all1 owing to the fact that more reliable researches have given a larger number of inhabitants on the globe4 ,let us now compare our own results with those of the most celebrated geographers4 ,malte-,brun wrote in #ahaj1 ,pinkerton and ,balbi in #ahbg1 and yet1 although so near to one another1 they are not of one accord as to the inhabitants of the earth1 and consequently they do not agree in their divisions4 ,more recent geographers admit a number far larger than that allowed by ,balbi1 and seem to hesitate between eight hundred and a thousand millions4 ,we are of opinion that the grand total cannot1 with any good reason1 be reckoned beyond eight hundred and forty millions 7#hdj1jjj1jjj72 at the same time it cannot be set at any figure much below it4 ,the following figures represent millions3 ,malte-,brun4 ,pinkerton4 ,balbi4 ,civ4 ,catt's4 ,christianity #bbh #bce #bfj #cdd ,judaism #e #e #d #d ,islamism #aaj #abj #if #ajj ,brahminism #fj #fj #fj #fj ,buddhism #aej #ajh #agj #ahj ,other creeds #ajj #ajj #adg #aeb ,total #fec #gjj #gcg #hdj ,,iii4 ,a glance at some particular countries will show how much the ,catholic ,church has gained in numbers and influence within a few years4 ,let us begin from two ,protestant countries in ,europe4 ,the ,catholic ,directory1 annually issued in ,england for the last hundred years1 will1 by comparing a few data1 exhibit the progress of ,catholicity in ,great ,britain's most ,protestant sections--we mean ,england and ,scotland4 ,we limit ourselves to the official returns given within the last nine years4 ,we mass them in two tables1 which will place our assertion upon the strongest basis of truth4 ,the first will show that in these two kingdoms1 so totally averse to ,catholicity--nay1 intensely hostile to it--,england and ,scotland1 the number of clergymen has increased1 within twenty-five years1 at the rate of #acg per centum2 that of churches #cj2 religious houses for men #bbb1 for women #aje4 ,the second table will give the same numbers1 but divided in the various dioceses1 in varied ratio indeed1 but everywhere with the same tokens of increase3 ,,general ,,statistics ,,of ,,england ,,and ,,scotland4 ,years ,clergymen ,churches ,relig ,men ,relig ,women ,colleges ,chapels #ahef #aadb #hdi #ag #ia #ab #aheg #aafb #hid #bc #ajf #aa #aheh #abjd #ijb #bg #aji #aa #ahei #abbb #ibf #cd #aaj #aa #ahfj #abcf #iej #cg #abc #ab #ahfa #acdb #iic #dg #aee #ab #ahfb #achh #ajai #ej #afb #ab #ahfc #adag #ajfe #ee #agg #ab #ahfd #adde #ajih #ef #ahf #ab ,but if we draw our figures from earlier dates1 the comparison will be even more striking4 ,behold the result within the last twenty-five years3 #ahci #faj #eac #j #ag #aj #ahdi #hig #fab #ac #da #aj #ahfd #adde #ajih #ef #ahf #ab ,limiting our researches only to ,england1 we find the increase within eight years1 between #ahef and #ahfd1 stated in the official returns of the several dioceses1 at the following rates3 ,churches ,clergyman ,convents ,monasteries ,dioceses #ahef #ahfd #ahef #ahfd #ahef #ahfd #ahef #ahfd ,westminster #ef #aag #abi #bad #e #ae #ah #ca ,beverly #ge #ij #ic #aaf #c #f #g #ai ,birmingham #if #ajj #acb #ada #c #c #ai #bg ,clifton4 #cg #di #ej #fb #b #c #e #ac ,hexham #fc #ha #gb #ii -- #a #d #aa ,liverpool #id #aaj #aff #aie #b #e #ab #be ,newport #ce #db #bi #dg -- #c #c #f ,northampton #cj #cf #be #ca -- -- #b #e ,nottingham #db #eb #dg #ei #c #e #e #e ,plymouth #bf #ce #bh #cd -- -- #c #h ,salford #dg #gj #gb #ajg #a #e #i #ad ,shrewsbury #ec #ei #eb #ga #a #c #c #g ,southwark #gi #ajj #ij #adg #c #i #aj #ae ,total #gcj #ida #ihe #acba #bc #eh #ajj #ahg -#gcj -#ihe -#bc -#ajj ,increase #baa #ccf #ce #hg #did ,,iv4 ,let us now step over to the ,continent1 and investigate the increase of ,catholicity in a province where ,protestantism has had it all its own way since the beginning of the ,reformation--we allude to ,holland4 ,to understand the progressive development of ,catholicity in the ,low ,countries1 we need only compare the figures of two years1 with an interval of half a century intervening between them3 ,years ,catholic population ,parishes ,clergyman ,churches #ahfd #a1cjj1jjj #ida #agbe #igf #ahad #hej1jjj #had #abaf #hih ,increase in #ej years #dej1jjj #abg #caj #gh ,the amount expended in repairing the old and building new churches is reckoned1 during this lapse of time1 at thirty millions of ,dutch florins1 a little more than sixty-four millions of francs over #ah1efj1jjj--;,ed4 ,,cw4 ,all that government has contributed of its own toward this sum amounts only to two millions of florins4 ,in the above sum of thirty millions no account is taken of what has been expended in churches and chapels belonging to religious communities1 or for convents1 hospitals1 charitable institutions1 orphan asylums1 and the like4 ,add to this what has been contributed for the endowments of those places1 and the original sum of sixty-four millions of francs becomes well-nigh double its amount4 ,v4 ,but nowhere has the ,catholic ,church increased so prosperously1 within the last fifty years1 as in the ,united ,states of ,america4 ,above two thousand churches and chapels built2 an increase of one thousand and eight hundred clergymen2 one hundred and sixty schools established1 for the ,catholic training of #ah1jjj boys and #cd1fjj girls4 ,moreover1 there existed in #aheg sixty-six asylums1 with #d1ifc orphans of both sexes2 twenty-six hospitals1 with three thousand beds2 four insane asylums1 with eighty-two patients1 beside many other charitable institutions1 all established and supported by the private charity of ,catholics4 ,here we copy a comparative table from the ,metropolitan ,catholic ,almanac of #aheg3 ,year ,dioceses ,vicariates ,bishops ,clergyman ,churches ,ecclesiastic ,colleges ,schools ,apostolic ,stations ,institutions for ,girls #ahjh #a -- #b #fh #hj #b #a #b #ahcj #aa -- #aj #bcb #bcj #i #f #bj #ahdj #af -- #ag #dhb #hab #ac #i #dg #ahej #bg -- #bg #ajha #aegh #bi #ag #ia #ahed #da #b #ci #aegd #bdeh #cd #bj #aab #aheg #da #b #ci #ahgb #bhhb #ce #bi #acd #ahfa #dc #c #de #bcag #cgie #di -- -- ,ed4 ,cath4 ,world ,,vi4 ,canon ,joseph ,ortalda1 in a work of great value1 ,footnote #fh the result of much labor and accurate investigations1 supplies us with two very interesting documents4 ,one is a ,synoptic ,table of the missions in ,asia1 exhibiting both the number of ,catholics in each mission and that of missionaries employed in them2 a number1 by the way1 generally very inadequate1 especially when we take into consideration the vast territories over which every mission is extended4 ,footnote #fh3 ,italian ,apostolic ,missionaries in the ,foreign ,missions1 over the ,four ,parts of the ,world4 ,turin3 ,g4 ,marietti1 #ahfd4 ,ortalda's intent is to prove before the ,senate of the ,kingdom of ,piedmont how the suppression of religious orders would be injurious to the ,church and to civilization1 whilst from their bosoms go forth so many missionaries to all parts of the world4 ,,apostolic ,,vicarates ,,missionaries ,,catholics ,aleppo #be #hj1jjj ,asia ,minor #gj #ajj1jjj ,china and adjacent kingdoms3 ,xensi #af #cj1jjj ,xansi #ab #bj1jjj ,hu-p1 in the ,hu-quang1 native missionaries1 #ad #aa #ae1hfe ,hu-nan1 in the ,hu-quang #g #aj1jjj ,sut-chuen1 ,north-west vicariate #ae #bc1jjj ,sut-chuen1 ,eastern ,vicariate #ab #ag1jjj ,sut-chuen1 ,southern ,vicariate #ad #bj1jjj ,konein-kon #g #aj1jjj ,lassa #e #g1jjj ,jun-nan #f #h1jjj ,to-chien #ad #cj1jjj ,nankin #cf #gc1jjj ,pekin1 ,western ,vicariate #ag #cj1jjj ,pekin1 ,southwestern ,vicariate #ae #bf1fjj ,pekin1 ,eastern ,vicariate #ab #ac1jjj ,tse-,kiang #f #e1jjj ,kiang-si #h #aj1jjj ,lenotung #i #aa1jjj ,mongolia #h #aj1jjj ,xan-tung #aa #ab1jjj ,ho-nan #f #e1jjj ,siam1 ,western ,vicariate #ab #aj1jjj ,siam1 ,eastern ,vicariate #bj #cj1jjj ,cochin1 ,eastern ,vicariate #bi #cb1jjj ,cochin1 ,northern ,vicariate #ba #be1jjj ,cochin1 ,western ,vicariate #ai #cj1jjj ,camboge1 and the people of ,laos #aj #ae1jjj ,tonchin1 ,eastern ,vicariate #ac #ed1jjj ,tonchin1 ,western ,vicariate #he #ace1jjj ,tonchin1 ,southern ,vicariate #di #hj1jjj ,tonchin1 ,central ,vicariate #fb #aej1jjj ,corea #ab #ae1jjj ,east ,indies3 ,japan #aj #ab1jfj ,ava and ,pegu #aa #h1jjj ,bombay1 ,south ,mission #bj #ae1jjj ,bombay1 ,north ,mission #ae #ac1jjj ,bengal1 ,western ,vicariate 7,calcutta7 #ab #ae1jjj ,bengal1 ,eastern ,vicariate #f #i1jjj ,ceylon--,colombo #ah #hd1ijj ,ceylon--,safnapatam #ag #fj1jjj ,madras #ah #dd1hhj ,hyderbad #g #d1jjj ,visagapatam #ae #g1acj ,pondicherry #ec #ajj1jjj ,mayssour #af #ag1aaj ,coimbatour #aa #ag1bjj ,sardhana #ab #ae1jjj ,agra #be #bj1jjj ,patna #aj #d1jjj ,verapolis--native priests1 ,latin rite #bh1 ,syriac #cdj #g #ccj1jjj ,canara1 or ,mangalor-- ,native priests #bd #g #dj1jjj ,quilon--,native priests #ag #h #ej1jjj ,madura #cg #adj1jjj ,,apostolic ,,delegations ,persia1 ,mesopotamia1 ,kurdistan1 and ,armenia ,minor #cj #be1jjj ,syria--,holy ,land alone counts #ed #bh1ihf ,,apostolic ,,prefectures ,aden1 in ,arabia #c #a1cjj ,hong-,kong1 in ,china #g #ejjj ,hai-noou1 ,quan-tong1 ,quan-si1 ,china #ca #dj1jjj ,for the ,french colonies in ,india #ab #g1jjj ,for the ,dutch colonies in ,india and ,oceania #g #a1jjj ,laboan and adjacent places #f #c1jjj #die ,,vii4 ,the chief object of ,ortalda's work is to show how many missionaries ,italy gives to the ,catholic ,church4 ,he gives the name1 the grade in the hierarchy1 and the residence of each1 adding such items of information as will aid him in the object he has in view4 ,we draw from his laborious work the following table1 which1 by way of conclusion1 gives the final result of all his researches3 ,italian ,apostolic ,missionaries in ,foreign ,missions over the ,whole ,world4 ,,missionaries ,europe ,asia ,africa ,america ,oceania ,total ,bishops #ad #ba #d #b -- #da ,secular priests #cc #de #aa #fe #h #afb ,benedictines #g #i -- #e #c #bd ,minor ,conventuals #i #b -- #b -- #ac ,minor ,observants #ca #aae #cj #ahd #h #cfh ,minor ,capuchins #cfi #ajh #ce #acj #e #ddg ,minor ,reformed #fj #eh #bi #fg #a #bae ,dominicans #bb #aa -- #a -- #cd ,carmelites -- #ci -- -- -- #ci ,augustinians #a -- -- #a -- #b ,jesuits #ajf #aah #df #bjg #ac #dij ,lazarists #h #bb #i #ab -- #ea ,alcantarines -- -- -- #a -- #a ,barnabites #bd #ab #c #aj #h #eg ,friars of ,st4 ,bonaventure #e #f -- -- -- #aa ,redemptorists -- -- -- -- #c #c ,servite -- -- -- -- #a #a ,oblates -- #af -- -- -- #af ,pallottines 7of ,a4 ,pallotta7 #b -- -- -- -- #b ,rosminians #af -- -- #d -- #bj ,from the ,seminary of ,milan #d #bb -- -- #c #bi ,from the seminary of ,brignole ,sale #ag #f -- #e -- #bc #ebi #faj #afg #fif #ec #bjee ---------- ,,books4 ,welcome1 my books1 my golden store6 ,your leaves my eyes1 my hands explore2 ,with you my sweetest hours have flown-- ,my best of life with you alone4 ,when none in the wide world could cheer1 ,your wisdom dried the bitter tear2 ,when summer skies were fresh and blue1 ,none could rejoice with me like you4 ,what living voice may speak among ,your silent and time-hallowed throng8 ,for you1 the best of every age1 ,i quit the world's degenerate stage4 ,translation from ,ranzan4 ------ #dif ,from ,the ,month4 ,,the ,,ancient ,,faculty ,,of ,,paris4 ,at the corner of the ,rue de la ,bcherie and the old ,rue des ,rats1 now known by the more dignified appellation of the ,rue de l',htel ,colbert1 may still be seen1 unless the unsparing hand of modern improvement has very recently swept it away along with so many other memorials of the past1 a dirty1 dilapidated building topped by a round tower1 which you might take for some old pigeon-house4 ,the half-obliterated inscription upon an escutcheon on one of the facades of the edifice indicates1 however1 some heretofore high and venerable destination--,urbi et orbi salus4 ,if curiosity lead you to penetrate into the interior of this dismal edifice1 you find yourself1 after mounting a damp staircase1 in a great circular hall1 divided into four irregular compartments4 ,above some empty niches hollowed in the thickness of the wall runs a wide cornice1 the now-defaced sculptures of which represent alternately the cock--,esculapius's bird and emblem of vigilance--and the pelican nourishing its young1 the type of self-sacrifice--watchfulness and unselfish charity1 the two great duties incumbent on the professor of the healing art4 ,you stand1 in fact1 in the midst of the ancient amphitheatre of the ,faculty of ,medicine4 ,there studied1 and there1 in their turn1 taught1 the great anatomists of the seventeenth century1 ,bartholin1 ,riolan1 ,pecquet1 ,littre1 ,winslow4 ,this building was an old adjunct to a large and handsome hotel belonging to the medical body1 containing their chapel1 library1 laboratory1 a vast hall for solemn disputations1 with minor saloons for the daily lectures1 etc41 with the addition of a large court and botanical garden4 ,it was abandoned long before the ,revolution1 and not a trace of all this corporate glory of the medical faculty now remains4 ,the quarter of ,paris in which it stood1 known formerly as the ,latin quarter1 long preserved a peculiar stamp and physiognomy4 ,here were the colleges of ,st4 ,michel1 of ,normandy and ,picardy1 of ,laon1 ,presles1 ,beauvais1 ,cornouailles1 and that long succession of churches1 convents1 colleges1 and high toppling houses1 filled with a studious youth1 which formerly crowded the ,rue ,st4 ,jacques and the ,rue de la ,harpe4 ,all these and many other sanctuaries of religion and of science1 so intimately connected in the middle ages1 clustered around the faculty4 ,here1 in fact1 was the centre of the university of ,paris1 whose origin is lost in the obscurity investing the early mediaeval period4 ,the methodical classification under the head of faculties of the different studies pursued at that celebrated institution dates1 however1 from the close of the twelfth century4 ,these faculties formed independent companies1 attached to their common mother1 the university1 like branches to the parent stem4 ,disregarding all apocryphal pretensions to antiquity1 we cannot assign an earlier date for the formation of the medical body into an independent corporation than the year #abfg4 ,about that time we find the faculty in possession of its statutes1 keeping registers and affixing to documents its massive silver seal4 ,the term ,faculty of ,medicine1 it must be observed1 is modern4 ,the title ,physicorum ,facultas1 or ,facultas in ,physica1 was long preserved4 ,whatever we may think of the empirical practice and dogmatic character of the medical art in those times1 we cannot but see in this an #dig indication that natural science was even then the recognized basis of medicine4 ,we have here1 if not a principle clearly understood and habitually followed1 at least an intuition and a kind of programme of the future4 ,a memorial of the old designation survives in our own country in the title of physician1 while in the land where it originated it has been discontinued4 ,born in the cloister1 medicine long retained an ecclesiastical character4 ,most of the doctors in early times were canons2 and those who were neither priests nor even clerks were still bound to celibacy2 a regulation which remained in force long after councils had decreed the incompatibility of the exercise of the medical profession with the ecclesiastical state4 ,the general assemblies of the faculty were held sometimes round the font of ,notre ,dame1 sometimes at ,st4 ,genevive des ,ardents1 sometimes at the ,priory of ,st4 ,eloi2 while1 for the ordinary purposes of instruction1 it shared fraternally with the faculty of theology the alternate use of some common room with a shake-down of straw in the ,quartier ,st4 ,jacques4 ,but by-and-bye riches began to pour in1 chiefly through the means of the legacies of members of the medical corps or other well-wishers2 and1 thanks to the liberality of ,jacques ,desparts1 physician to ,charles ,v,il41 the corporation of doctors was finally installed in the abode we have just described4 ,to the general worth and respectability of the body in the fifteenth century we have the testimony of ,cardinal d',estoutteville1 who1 in #adeb1 was deputed by the ,pope to reorganize the university of ,paris1 and who found less to reform in the faculty of medicine than in any other department4 ,indeed1 no change of much importance was introduced1 with the exception of the revocation of the law of celibacy1 which the cardinal pronounced to be both impious and unreasonable4 ,independence of spirit and great reverence for its own traditions were characteristic of the medical body from its earliest beginnings4 ,it loved to describe itself as veteris disciplinae retentissima4 ,in those days men gloried in their respect for antiquity4 ,in common with all the different bodies which composed the university of ,paris1 the medical corporation possessed great privileges--exemption from all taxation1 direct or indirect1 from all public burdens1 from all onerous services or obligations4 ,when we sum up all the advantages enjoyed by this and other favored bodies and classes in the middle ages1 the reflection naturally suggests itself--what must have been the condition of the poor1 who possessed no privileges and bore all the financial burdens8 ,in the days1 however1 when standing armies in the pay of government had no existence1 when the king himself was a rich proprietor with large personal domains1 when national debt and its interest were things unheard of1 the ordinary imposts1 as distinguished from all arbitrary and accidental exactions1 were1 of course1 very much lighter than those of modern times4 ,liberty in those days assumed the form of privilege2 and its spirit was nursed and kept alive within the bosom of these self-ruling corporations1 and in none more remarkably than in that of medicine4 ,the esprit de corps naturally existed with peculiar strength in a body not merely organized for purposes of instruction1 but exercising a liberal profession1 of which it had the monopoly4 ,footnote #fi ,hence a minute internal legislation imposed upon all its members1 and willingly accepted in view of the interests of the body4 ,its alumni were aspirants to a life-long membership2 whereas with us the medical man's dependence upon the faculty virtually ceases the day he takes his doctor's degree4 ,he has nothing more to ask or to receive from it2 his affair is now with the public2 #dih and the sense of brotherhood with his colleagues in the profession is lost1 it is to be feared1 not unfrequently in a feeling of rivalry4 ,but it was otherwise in the olden time4 ,the day which now sends forth the full-fledged doctor to his independent career drew the tie closer which bound him to his order1 in which then only he began to take his solemn place4 ,the honor and the interest of each member thus became common property1 and unworthy conduct was punished by summary exclusion from the body4 ,footnote #fi3 ,it is probably this peculiarity which caused the medical to be considered as pre-eminently the faculty4 ,its practice brought it into intimate contact with the world at large2 and this has also doubtless led to the exclusive retention1 in this instance1 of a designation common in its origin to other departments of learning4 ,unfortunately this esprit de corps had its bad as well as its good results4 ,it produced a certain narrowness of mind1 a love of routine1 and no slight attachment to professional jargon4 ,it is not that the faculty was actually the enemy of all progress1 but progress must come from itself4 ,as no association of men1 however1 can enjoy a monopoly of genius1 useful and brilliant discoveries emanating from other quarters had to encounter the hostility of the chartered body4 ,this spirit was exemplified in its animosity toward surgery1 long a separate profession1 in its prejudice against the doctrine of the circulation of the blood1 because an ,english discovery2 against antimony1 because it originated with the rival ,montpelier school2 against quinine1 because it came from ,america4 ,to these subjects we may hereafter recur2 in the meantime we note them as instances of medical bigotry1 which exposed the profession to just ridicule1 but which has drawn down upon it censure and disesteem of perhaps a somewhat too sweeping character4 ,it would be unfair to judge the ancient faculty solely from its exhibitions of foolish pedantry and blind prejudice2 and it is our object on the present occasion to give a slight sketch of its constitution and internal government1 such as may enable the reader to form a juster and more impartial view both of its faults and of its substantial merits4 ,indeed1 without some solid titles to general esteem1 it would seem improbable that the faculty should have attained to the high position which we find it occupying in the seventeenth century4 ,one accidental cause1 no doubt1 of the importance of the doctors during the whole period which we are considering was their small relative number4 ,from a computation made by a modern member of the medical profession in ,france1 ,footnote #gj to whom we are indebted for our facts1 the average number of doctors in the capital from the year #afdj to the year #afgj did not exceed #aaj4 ,compared with the population of ,paris1 which is reckoned at #edj1jjj souls1 this gives one doctor for every #d1ijj of the inhabitants4 ,the medical corps is now #a1hcj strong1 while the population has risen only to #a1gdj1jjj4 ,great as is this increase of population1 greater1 we see1 proportionally has been that of the medical practitioners1 who are at present as #a to #idj4 ,if sickness was as prevalent in the seventeenth century as it is now1 and recourse to physic and physicking as frequent1 we can imagine that the faculty must have necessarily occupied a distinguished position4 ,many offices now undertaken by public institutions or by government devolved1 also1 at that time on the faculty1 which to the best of its ability supplied the want of sanitary regulations1 and exercised a kind of medical police1 including the supervision of articles of diet4 ,all this must have helped to swell their importance4 ,a large proportion of the doctors received during this selected period of thirty years were ,parisians2 and nothing is more common than the perpetuity of the profession in certain families4 ,this circumstance must have combined with the corporate reverence for their traditions to intensify their attachment to a received system1 and to strengthen that spirit of union which is a source of power4 ,the respect which the lower bench paid to the upper1 and the young to the ancient #dii--;and by young we mean young in their degree1 not in years--must have contributed toward the same result4 ,it required ten years of doctorate to qualify a man to take his place amongst this venerable class2 and the statutes are prolix on the subject of the respect due to the ancients from their juniors on the bench2 a respect which was to be marked by every external act of deference4 ,footnote #gj3 ,maurice ,raynaud1 ,docteur en ,mdecine1 ,docteur s ,lettres4 ,les ,mdecins au temps de ,molire4--,moeurs1 ,institutions1 ,doctrines4 ,paris1 #ahfb4 ,didler4 ,but the first and great tie which bound all the members together was religion4 ,to profess the ,catholic faith was long an essential condition of admission to the examinations4 ,the faculty gave an energetic proof in #afcg of the importance it attached to this fundamental rule1 when it withstood the pressing solicitations of the king's brother1 the ,duke of ,orleans2 in favor of a certain ,brunier1 the son of his own physician and a ,protestant1 although the prince condescended to address a flattering letter to the dean of the faculty1 signing himself ,votre bon ami1 ,gaston1 and although his request was backed by a royal injunction4 ,the sovereign must needs bow to the authority of the statutes1 respectfully but firmly urged in contravention of his regal pleasure4 ,yet this would seem to have been a closing effort1 for in #afdh we find four ,protestant doctors on the lists4 ,every year there was a solemn mass on ,st4 ,luke's day1 at which all the members were bound to be present1 and which even at the commencement of the seventeenth century was still sung by the doctors of the faculty4 ,after mass the statutes were publicly read4 ,there was a like obligation1 with a penalty for its neglect1 to attend an annual mass for deceased doctors1 and another for benefactors1 as also to accompany the bodies of their brethren to the grave4 ,the head of the corporation was the dean4 ,his powers were extensive1 and the honor paid to him unbounded4 ,he was the guardian of the discipline and statutes of the faculty1 vindex disciplinae et custos legum2 he was at once its foremost champion and its highest dignitary4 ,he was also its historian1 entering in its great registers all facts interesting to the corporation which occurred during the course of his administration4 ,the account of each diaconate is headed thus3 ,illustration3 ,latin ,cross ,in ,nomine ,omnipotentis ,dei1 ,patris1 et ,filii1 et ,spiritus ,sancti4 ,incipit commentarius rerum in decanatu 4 4 4 gestarum4 ,amongst other topics judged worthy of registration is a necrologic notice of members deceased during the period4 ,take as a specimen1 which marks at the same time the high estimation in which the diaconate was held1 the account given of ,merlet's death in #affc4 ,he was the ancient of the company1 and had been remarkable for the zeal he exercised in its behalf4 ,the then dean1 the illustrious ,antoine ,morand1 pays the venerable doctor a visit just before he expires2 and the dying man breaks out in a kind of ,nunc dimittis--,now ,i can die contented1 since it has been given me to behold once more the dean of the faculty4 ,valot1 the king's physician1 who had come to see the patient1 expresses in language of much reverence his hope that ,merlet may still live to illustrate the supreme dignity in which he stands amongst them4 ,the patriarch with his last breath energetically refuses such excessive honors4 ,he confesses that he holds a high rank as ancient of the school1 but not the highest4 ,to the dean alone1 he says1 belongs supreme honor4 ,sublime words1 observes ,morand in his funeral notice3 veritable song of the dying swan1 proceeding from a man truly wise and endowed with all perfection6 ,may he rest in the peace of the ,lord4 ,of course1 it is a dean who is speaking4 ,the charge was indeed a weighty one1 both externally and internally2 for in spite of general respect1 the medical corporation1 like most privileged bodies1 had active enemies4 ,every two years a fresh election took place on the first ,saturday after ,all ,saints'4 ,the dean deposed the insignia of his dignity and gave a report of the state of affairs to #ejj the assembled doctors1 who1 as usual on all solemn occasions1 had previously attended mass4 ,all their names were then placed in two urns2 one containing those of the ancients1 the other those of the juniors4 ,the dean shook the urns1 and drawing three names from the first and two from the second1 proclaimed them aloud4 ,the five doctors thus chosen by lot as electors1 and1 as such1 themselves ineligible1 swore to nominate the worthiest1 and retired to the chapel to implore the divine aid4 ,they then elected by a majority of their number three doctors1 two ancients and one junior4 ,amidst solemn silence1 the dean once more drew the lot1 and the name which came forth was proclaimed dean for the next two years4 ,the professors1 who for long years were but two in number1 were also chosen biennially1 and by a similar combination of lot and election4 ,some good must have arisen from the liability under which every practitioner of the medical art lay of being called on to teach it4 ,another not unwise regulation was that which1 reversing the order observed in the case of the dean1 placed in the professional urn two junior names against one ancient4 ,long practice of teaching is apt to wear out the powers of the most able4 ,considering the times1 the elements of instruction were abundantly supplied4 ,the bachelors were not permitted to do more than comment upon and expound the ancients1 and their programme was furnished to them4 ,the professors took the higher and more original branches2 they alone could dogmatize from the great pulpit of the amphitheatre 7ex superiore cathedr74 ,the teaching embraced1 according to the quaint phraseology of the day3 #a4 natural things1 viz41 anatomy and physiology2 #b4 non-natural things--hygiene and dietetics2 #c4 things contrary to nature--pathology and therapeutics4 ,in the year #afcd a course of lectures on surgery1 delivered in ,latin1 and exclusively for the medical students1 was added--a practical course of surgery in ,french already existed for the barber apprentices2 and the faculty began to perceive that if they would keep their supremacy over the barber-surgeons1 it would be as well to know as much as their disciples4 ,the oath taken by the professors is remarkable1 especially the exordium3 ,we swear and solemnly promise to give our lessons in long gowns with wide sleeves1 having the square cap on our heads1 and the scarlet scarf on our shoulders4 ,this we see was their first duty4 ,their second engagement was to give their lessons uninterruptedly1 and never by deputy1 save in case of urgent necessity2 each lecture to last an hour at least1 and to be delivered daily1 except in vacation time1 which extended from the vigil of ,st4 ,peter and ,st4 ,paul1 the #bhth of ,june1 to that of the exaltation of the cross1 the #acth of ,september1 and on festival days1 which were pretty numerous1 including also certain other solemnities1 as well as the vigils of the greater feasts1 when the schools were closed1 causa confessionis1 as the statutes have it4 ,practical instruction was much more meagre than the oral1 but this is hardly to be imputed as a fault4 ,anatomy cannot be learned except by dissection1 and no bodies but those of criminals were procurable4 ,the faculty had to look to crime to help on its progress in this study4 ,when an execution took place1 the dean received formal notice1 and convoked the doctors and students on the occasion to make an anatomy1 as it was called4 ,when the faculty was at peace with the surgeons1 the latter were favored with an invitation4 ,by a strange prejudice1 theory and practice1 as we have noticed1 were kept distinct4 ,the learned professor would have demeaned himself by becoming an operator1 while the acting surgeon was condemned to be a mere intelligent machine1 and was formally interdicted from being initiated in the higher mysteries of the profession4 ,it was a barber who generally filled this inferior office1 and he not unfrequently would display more knowledge than his masters2 for which #eja offense he was sure to be severely reprimanded4 ,doctor non sinat dissectorem divagari1 sed contineat in officio dissecandi--,let not the doctor suffer the dissector to stray beyond his province1 but keep him to his duty of dissecting4 ,this is one of the rules laid down in the statutes4 ,he was to work on and hold his tongue4 ,but not only was the barber condemned to silence--a hard sentence1 some will say1 on one of his loquacious profession--but he was to receive no pay4 ,for remuneration he was to look to his brethren of the razor4 ,there were more facilities for the study of botany than for any other practical branch of the medical science4 ,beside the garden in the ,rue de la ,bcherie1 the doctors had afterward the use of the ,jardin ,royal founded by ,richelieu2 and these advantages do not seem to have been by any means neglected4 ,clinical instruction was peculiarly defective4 ,absorbed by erudition1 philosophy1 and the interminable disquisitions of the schools1 our medical forefathers seem to have forgotten that experimental knowledge can be obtained only by the bedside of the sick4 ,most of the students had never seen a single patient before they reached the honors of the baccalaureate4 ,after this they attached themselves to some doctor1 whom they followed on his rounds1 in order to learn the application of what they had theoretically mastered1 and were by him introduced to his clients1 much as was the practice in the days of ancient ,rome4 ,the poor sufferer's room was thus not unfrequently turned into a pedantic lecture-hall4 ,we instinctively recall to mind ,molire's two ,diafoiruses1 father and son1 stationing themselves each on one side of the unhappy patient1 and discoursing in pompous medical phraseology of the character of his pulse and of the humors of his body4 ,footnote #ga ,the practical and1 as such1 the most important department of medical science received1 it must be confessed1 the least attention4 ,all the prizes1 whether of honor or emolument1 which the future held out1 tended to concentrate zeal and emulation on dialectics4 ,it seemed as if the medical art were designed for the benefit of the doctors rather than the doctored1 and that it was of more importance to be able to descant learnedly upon a malady than to cure it4 ,to figure advantageously at one of those solemn public sittings of the medical body1 which were often graced with the presence of members of the high aristocracy and of the magisterial body2 to be able to deliver a brilliant harangue1 and confound an opponent by a well-timed and well-chosen quotation--such was the highest ambition of the student4 ,to preside with distinction over the discussion of a thesis--such was the battle-field on which the doctor hoped to win his laurels4 ,if he acquitted himself with applause1 he had gained a victory which raised him higher in his own esteem1 and in that of the world at large1 than the most successful practice of his profession could possibly do4 ,the first two articles of the statutes contain this spirit in a condensed form1 and may be regarded as the abridged decalogue of the faculty1 summing up their duty toward ,god and toward man3 #a4 the divine offices shall be celebrated with the customary forms1 and in the usual places1 at the same hours and on the same days as heretofore2 #b4 the medical students shall frequently attend public disputations and dissertations4 ,footnote #ga3 ,duriuscule repoussant1 et mme un peu capricant4 ,l'intemprie de son parenchyme splnique et l'tat de ses mats cholidoques4 ,the process through which the student had to pass in order to make his way to his degree of licentiate was a trying ordeal4 ,the examination for the bachelor's degree1 after a few previous solemnities1 including the usual attention first to religion1 next to dress and formal state1 lasted a week1 during which the candidate might be questioned not only by the regular examiners on the usual round of the natural1 the non-natural1 and the unnatural1 but by any doctor present1 each having the right to propose a certain number of questions4 ,in conclusion1 the aspirant #ejb had to comment on some aphorism of ,hippocrates4 ,when the examiners gave in their report1 votes were taken1 and a favorable majority1 secured to the aspirant his degree4 ,the new bachelors swore to keep the honorable secrets1 and observe all the practices1 customs1 and statutes of the faculty2 to pay homage to the dean and to all the masters2 to aid the faculty against all opponents and all illicit practitioners1 and to submit to the punishments which it might inflict2 to assist in gown at all the masses ordered by the faculty1 coming in at least before the epistle1 and remaining till the end2 and1 finally1 to assist at all the academic exercises and disputations of the schools during two years1 where they were to maintain some theses on medicine or hygiene1 observing good order and decorum in conducting their argument4 ,their great ordeal was now to come4 ,one is amazed to read of the succession of tilts they had to run in the intellectual tourney of these two probationary years2 how from ,st4 ,martin to the ,carnival they had to maintain1 always in full dress and before a large assembly1 their quodlibetary ,footnote #gb theses of physiology or medicine2 how from ,ash-,wednesday to vacation time it was the turn of the ,cardinal theses1 so called from their institution by ,cardinal d',estoutteville4 ,these chiefly related to hygienic questions4 ,it is from among these latter that most of those puerile and absurd queries have been extracted which have drawn down so much ridicule on the faculty4 ,it is scarcely possible to imagine that such questions as the following can have been intended for serious discussion3 ,are heroes the children of heroes8 ,are they bilious8 ,is it good to get drunk once a month8 ,is woman an imperfect work of nature8 ,is sneezing a natural act8 ,it is only fair1 however1 to remember that by far the greater number of the subjects proposed were of a very different character1 and such as might profitably be considered at the present day4 ,but if the frequent occurrence of these intellectual jousts was trying to the combatant1 their interminable length was perfectly appalling4 ,from six o'clock to eight he had to stand a preliminary skirmish with the bachelors4 ,for the next three hours he had to encounter nine doctors1 who successively entered the lists1 each bringing his fresh vigor to bear on the exhausted candidate4 ,the sitting ended with a general assault1 in which all present had liberty to take a share and overwhelm the poor bachelor with a very hail-storm of interrogatories1 to which he had to reply single-handed4 ,during the ,cardinal theses the debate was still hotter and more prolonged4 ,from five in the morning till midday1 the candidate was plied with questions by the bachelors1 all ready to pounce upon him at the slightest flaw in his argument or the merest slip of his tongue4 ,as a climax of cruelty1 during the quodlibetary examinations he was bound to furnish his persecutors with refreshment in an adjoining apartment1 of which he alone was forbidden to partake4 ,the sound of the great clock striking twelve must have been a joyful reprieve to the athlete in the ring2 the wonder is that any constitution could stand the probationary two years during which this process was energetically kept up4 ,footnote #gb3 ,so called because selected at pleasure4 ,at the close of this period the candidates were subjected to private examination before the doctors1 in order to ascertain their practical capacity and personal qualifications for exercising the medical art4 ,great strictness prevailed on all points which nearly concerned the honor and interests of the faculty2 and if the candidate had ever practiced any manual art1 including surgery1 he was bound on oath to renounce it for the future4 ,then followed a separate private examination by each individual doctor as to a thousand personal details affecting the competence of the applicant4 ,a secret scrutiny then decided on the admissibility1 not as yet the admission1 of #ejc the candidates to the honors and privileges of actual members of the faculty4 ,the spirit of the old days was preserved even in the seventeenth century1 and the licentiates had to receive ecclesiastical sanction and a quasi-ordination4 ,they proceeded accordingly in procession to the house of the chancellor of the academy1 to whom they were presented by the dean1 who1 on their request1 fixed a day for their reception4 ,this form was one of the most cherished traditions of the university4 ,gallican as was the spirit of that body1 it gloried in tracing its privileges and constitution to the ,holy ,see2 a cheap homage1 which entailed no inconvenience1 and of which at times it knew how to avail itself in its contests with the king and the parliament4 ,the chancellor1 who was a canon of the metropolitan see of ,paris1 had long enjoyed sovereign jurisdiction over the schools2 and although in the seventeenth century his power was purely nominal1 no one disputed his right upon this occasion to represent the sovereign ,pontiff1 the supreme teacher of the ,catholic world4 ,other curious ceremonies attended the solemn admittal to the licentiate4 ,all the high functionaries of state1 and other important personages1 were invited to attend the schools on an appointed day1 in order to learn from the paranymph the names and titles of the medical practitioners whom the faculty were about to present to the city--nay1 to the whole world3 ,quos1 quales1 et quot medicos urbi1 alque adeo universo orbi1 medicorum collegium isto biennio sit suppeditaturum4 ,the paranymph1 as is well known1 was1 among the ,greeks1 the friend of the bridegroom1 who accompanied him in his chariot when he went to fetch home the bride4 ,now it was held that the new licentiate was about to espouse the faculty1 much as the ,doge of ,venice married the sea4 ,the friend of the spouse1 the paranymph1 was in fact the dean1 who presented the young spouses to the chancellor with a complimentary address4 ,that dignitary invited the assembly to repair on a fixed day to the great archiepiscopal hall1 which upon this occasion was thrown open to all the notabilities of the capital1 who attended to add honor to the solemnity4 ,then the list of the candidates was read out in their order of merit1 as previously decided after a strict inquiry by the doctors4 ,they immediately fell on their knees1 bareheaded1 in an attitude of deep recollection1 to receive the apostolic benediction given by the chancellor in these terms3 ,auctoritate ,sanctae ,sedis ,apostolicae1 qua fungor in hoc parte1 do tibi licentium legendi1 interpretandi1 et faciendi medicinam hic et ubique terrarum1 in nomine ,patris1 et ,filii1 et ,spiritus ,sancti4 ,a question was then proposed by this dignitary to the licentiate first in the order of merit1 who was bound to give proof of his competency by solving it on the spot4 ,as the chancellor was not a doctor1 and as the assembly was miscellaneous1 this query was usually religious or literary1 and1 to judge from the recorded questions1 rather curious and subtle than profitable4 ,the whole assembly forthwith repaired in a body to the cathedral to thank our ,blessed ,lady for the happy conclusion of a work begun under her auspices4 ,with his hand stretched over the altar of the martyrs1 the chancellor murmured a short prayer1 the purport of which was calculated to remind the newly-elected that1 belonging henceforth as they did specially to the ,church1 they ought to be prepared to sacrifice themselves in all things1 even to their very life3 usque ad effusionem sanguinis4 ,it depended entirely upon the licentiates themselves whether or no they were ultimately decorated with the doctor's cap1 which conferred the full privileges at once of the medical corporation and of the university to which it belonged2 and although a few1 from modesty or other causes1 declined to aim at this honor1 with by far the greater number it was the consequence and complement of the licentiate4 ,the degree of licentiate introduced the recipient to the public2 #ejd that of doctor admitted him into the very sanctuary of the faculty4 ,accordingly it was conferred1 not less ceremoniously1 but more privately4 ,it was1 so to say1 a family affair4 ,although1 as we have said1 there was no further examination respecting medical competency1 another minute inquiry was made into the life and morals of the applicant1 which was followed1 if the scrutiny proved satisfactory1 by a preparatory act called the ,vesperie1 because it took place in the afternoon4 ,at this sitting1 the president addressed the candidate in a solemn discourse1 intended to impress him with a high sense of the dignity of the healing art1 and of the maxims of honor and probity which ought to guide its professors4 ,the ordeal of questions was not altogether closed2 for we find the president proposing a query1 and entering into a discussion with the candidate1 who had thus still something to undergo before he passed on from the class of the questioned to the more enviable rank of the questioners4 ,upon the great day1 the doctor in posse1 preceded by the mace-bearers and bachelors1 with the president on his left1 and followed by the doctors in esse selected to argue with him1 proceeded to the hall of the great school4 ,the grand apparitor then addressed him thus3 ,sir candidate for the doctorate1 before you are initiated1 you have to take three oaths1--,domine doctorande1 antequam incipias1 habes tria juramenta4 ,the three oaths were3 #a4 to observe the rights1 statutes1 laws1 and venerable customs of the faculty2 #b4 to assist the day following the feast of ,st4 ,luke at the mass for deceased doctors2 #c4 to combat with all his strength against the illicit practitioners of medicine1 whatever might be their rank or their condition in life4 ,will you swear to observe these things8--,vis ista jurare8--asked the grand apparitor2 and the candidate replied with that memorable ,juro 7,i swear7 which was ,molire's last word4 ,footnote #gc ,the president1 after a brief address1 turned toward him with the doctorial square cap in his hand1 and making with it the sign of the cross in the air1 placed it on the head of the candidate1 to which he then administered a slight blow with two of his fingers1 and forthwith bestowed upon him the accolade4 ,the recipient was now duly dubbed doctor4 ,he made immediate use of his new powers by asking a question of one of the doctors present4 ,the president had then a tilt with the doctor who had presided at the ,vesperie1 and the sitting was closed by the new doctor's delivering a discourse of thanksgiving to ,god1 to the faculty1 and to his friends and relations present4 ,the statutes enjoin that this speech should be elegant4 ,we may conceive that the notion of elegance entertained by the faculty differed considerably from that which the word suggests to our minds4 ,on the ,st4 ,martin's ,day following the recently-chosen doctor did the honors of his new grade by presiding over a quodlibetary thesis4 ,this was a sort of bye-day1 being out of course4 ,it was called the acte pastillaire1 in allusion probably to the sugary wafers presented to the dean stamped with his likeness1 or to the bonbons1 of which there was a general distribution on the occasion4 ,the next day the new doctor was entered on the registers1 and took his place on the junior bench for ten years4 ,footnote #gc3 ,the great comic dramatist played the part of ,argan on the first representation of his play of the ,malade ,imaginaire1 now always performed on the anniversary of his death4 ,he had probably long had within him the seeds of a mortal complaint2 and after pronouncing the word ,juro in his character of ,bachelor of ,medicine taking his degree1 which is the object of the famous ceremonial ballet succeeding the comedy1 he was seized with a suffocating attack1 and left the playhouse only to expire shortly afterward4 ,every one must be struck with the close resemblance which the famous ceremony in ,molire's ,malade ,imaginaire bears to those scholastic solemnities4 ,who1 indeed1 would now remember these antiquated customs of an age from which we are drifting more rapidly in habits of thought and #eje in manners than even the stream of time is carrying us1 if the comic dramatist had not conferred upon them the immortality of ridicule8 ,yet it may well be questioned if it were not for ,molire's ludicrous picture1 from which we have formed our notions and judgment of the old faculty1 whether1 did we now for the first time discover in some old forgotten document the record of these proceedings1 our impression might not be widely different2 whether we might not see as much in them to command our respect as to provoke us to laughter4 ,old-fashioned ways--that is1 ways which no longer reflect the ideas and feelings of the day--always lend themselves specially to ridicule4 ,in ,molire's time society was beginning to divest itself of its mediaeval garb1 and men's minds were being formed1 not always to their advantage1 on a new type4 ,the old type1 however1 was so strongly impressed on the medical corporation--in which the traditionary spirit was peculiarly powerful--that the garb1 which1 as we know1 follows rather than precedes a change1 still sat naturally on the venerable body of doctors4 ,so entirely was this the case1 that where1 as individuals1 they were more or less under the influence of the ,spirit of the day1 in their professional capacity they had as it were a second self1 clinging tenaciously in all that concerned the faculty to ancient ideas and forms4 ,of this combination the well-known ,guy ,patin1 to whom we may hereafter have occasion to allude1 was a curious example4 ,it is difficult to look upon men performing acts1 to them most serious1 however absurd in our eyes1 as purely ridiculous4 ,assuredly they have their respectable side4 ,neither is it easy to believe that all these good doctors1 indefatigable as we have seen them1 and enthusiastically devoted as they were to their calling1 were all such pedantic idiots as ,molire has painted them4 ,it is a well-known fact that the inimitable piece of buffoonery to which we have alluded was concocted in the salon of ,madame de la ,sablire1 a noted rendezvous of the beaux esprits of the day4 ,molire furnished the canvas and laid-in the colors of the first painting2 but his witty friends had each some lively touch to contribute4 ,it is probable that two or three of the medical profession--men who were more or less sceptical as to the perfection of every saying and doing of the faculty1 and with whom ,molire is known to have lived in habits of intimacy--were present at these meetings1 and supplied many of the technical expressions4 ,it does not follow that these physicians were actuated by any spite against their order1 any more than ,cervantes hated chivalry1 to which1 while quizzing its eccentricities and exaggerations1 he unwittingly gave a fatal blow4 ,one remark forcibly suggests itself1 when we consider the hyperbolical praise which the medical body so liberally administered to itself1 and with which ,molire has made us familiar in passages of his comedies which can scarcely be considered as caricatures4 ,we are apt severely to censure as grossly servile and almost idolatrous the flattery with which the men of letters and courtiers of ,louis ,,xiv4's reign dosed the monarch4 ,but some abatement must be made of this harsh judgment when we find the reception of an obscure bachelor to his degree made the occasion of a prodigal expenditure of the most exaggerated metaphors4 ,he is a new star1 a pharos destined to shed its light on the latest posterity2 he is the compendium of all virtue1 talent1 and glory2 he equals1 if he does not surpass1 all the heroes of antiquity4 ,and if such were the eulogies bestowed on a successful candidate for the honors of the faculty1 what was the laudation reserved for the faculty itself1 the source of all this splendor8 ,hyperbole went mad4 ,we find1 for instance1 an orator taking as his text1 ,the physician is like to ,god4 ,he sets forth this resemblance in the attributes of power1 beneficence1 mercy3 physicians are #ejf the ministers and the colleagues of ,god4 ,but this is not enough4 ,the orator kindles as he proceeds3 all comes from ,god2 ergo1 evil as well as good4 ,but from you1 medical gentlemen1 he exclaims1 comes nothing but good4 ,doubtless ,god is just in afflicting us1 and has his reasons4 ,but still evil is evil1 and medicine is always salutary4 7,rather a bold assertion67 ,the conclusion is1 that we should owe more to the physician than to ,god1 seeing that1 while the ,lord wounds1 the physician heals1 did we not after all owe to him the physician himself4 ,one lost trait to complete this sketch of the old customs of the faculty4 ,molire has hinted at it in the closing line of the exordium of his comic president3 ,salus1 honos1 et argentum1 ,atque bonum appetitum4 ,the culinary and gastronomic side of the medical physiognomy is not the least curious4 ,brillat-,savarin1 who has made a classified catalogue of gourmands1 places physicians under the head of gourmands by virtue of their profession4 ,it is1 he says1 in the nature of things4 ,everything contributes to make them gluttons4 ,the hopes and the gratitude of patients combine to pamper them4 ,they are crammed like pigeons1 and at the end of six months have become irretrievable gourmands4 ,there seem to be reasonable grounds for this accusation4 ,in what may be called the heroic age of the faculty--the palmy days of medical ceremonial1 which had already begun to decline in ,molire's time1 although the ancient forms were in the main preserved--corporation repasts were frequent4 ,after every examination the doctors dined2 after every thesis they dined--on this latter occasion at the expense of the successful candidate4 ,on ,st4 ,luke's ,day they dined2 and again when the accounts were given in1 and when a dean was elected4 ,when a chair of botany was erected2 a botanic banquet ensued as a matter of course4 ,but it would be too tedious to enumerate all these feastings1 since almost everything furnished the pretext for an entertainment4 ,at one time1 the faculty even officially appointed two of their number to taste the wines before their repasts4 ,under the pretence of hygienic considerations1 questions appertaining to what may be styled transcendental cookery were of frequent occurrence2 and it was gravely debated whether salad ought to be eaten at the first course1 and potatoes at the second2 whether it were good to eat nuts after fish1 cheese after meat1 etc4 ,we will conclude with some reflections of a more pleasing character as to the spirit which animated the old faculty4 ,some of its statutes are memorials of the virtuous principles which1 in spite of all absurdities of form1 were held in honor by their body4 ,for instance1 the doctors were enjoined to cultivate friendship with one another4 ,they were never to visit a patient without an express invitation4 ,the juniors were always to rise before the ancients1 and the ancients were to protect the juniors1 and treat them with kindness4 ,the secrets of the sick were sacred2 and no one was to reveal what he had seen1 heard1 or so much as suspected in a patient's house4 ,gravity1 mildness1 and decorum were to reign in their assemblies1 where each was to speak in his proper order and without interrupting others4 ,disorderly behavior1 recriminations1 and abusive language are to be banished for ever from the faculty4 ,these regulations are admirable2 and at any rate bear witness to the sound views of the body of whose collective wisdom they were the expression4 ,indeed the great strength of the faculty resided in its attachment to its salutary moral laws4 ,mere formalism would never have possessed such vitality and endurance4 ,when we penetrate into the life of this old society1 we meet with a tone of genuine uprightness1 manliness1 and candor quite refreshing to the mind4 ,we may add that #ejg most of the great liberal professions--the bar1 the magistracy1 and the educational bodies of the seventeenth century--make the same favorable impression upon us4 ,they exhibit the bourgeoisie of the day in a respectable light1 as manifesting in no ordinary degree the qualities of probity1 disinterestedness1 and the family spirit1 with all the sober virtues and homely charities which appertain to it4 ,we naturally know less of the life of the students2 but it was probably moulded upon that of their elders and superiors4 ,even ,molire's pompous ,thomas ,diafoirus1 with whose rejection by ,anglique for the handsome1 rich1 and agreeable ,clante the reader of course heartily sympathizes1 is by no means a contemptible personage2 and when divested of his priggish solemnity1 and of all those ludicrous accidental qualities which go to make up the caricature1 it cannot be denied that he is a well-principled1 sober1 and industrious youth4 ,it is1 therefore1 no unreasonable conclusion to draw1 that such was the general character of the body of aspirants to the honors of the venerable doctorate4 ------ ,from ,the ,lamp4 ,,all-,,hallow ,,eve2 ,,or1 ,,the ,,test ,,of ,,futurity4 ,,by ,,robert ,,curtis4 ,,chapter ,,xx4 ,for many hundred yards total silence prevailed among our pedestrians4 ,even ,kate ,mulvey seemed at a loss what first to say1 or whether she ought to be the first to say anything4 ,winny1 seeing that her poor dog was getting on famously1 was rather pleased1 since the thing did happen1 that it had been brought to so satisfactory an end after all2 and by whom8 ,her poor dog might have been killed1 and would1 undoubtedly1 but for ,emon-a-knock's fortunate arrival at the last moment1 and his prompt and successful assistance4 ,there was poor ,bully-dhu now1 walking to all appearances almost as well as ever1 and tied up in his handkerchief4 ,she was glad that the road had become by this time comparatively deserted1 for she was timid and frightened1 she knew not why4 ,perhaps she was afraid she might meet her father4 ,she was thinking with herself1 too1 how far ,emon would come with them1 and who they might meet who knew them1 before he turned back4 ,emon-a-knock's heart was wishing ,kate ,mulvey at ,altha ,brashia1 but his head was not sorry that she was one of the party1 for common-sense still kept his heart in subjection4 ,thus it was that silence prevailed for some time4 ,bully-dhu was the first to break it4 ,whether it was that the whiskey had got into his head1 or1 as the present fashion would say1 that he was screwed1 ,i know not2 but he felt so much better1 and had so far recovered his strength and spirits1 that he had almost pulled the handkerchief from ,emon's hand1 and cut an awkward sort of a rigadoon round ,winny1 barking1 and looking up triumphantly in her face4 ,could it have been that while the others had been thinking of these other things1 he had been deluding himself with the notion that he had been the victor in the battle8 ,poor fellow1 said ,winny1 patting him on the head1 ,i do think there's nothing very bad the matter with you #ejh after all4 ,emon1 ,i am beginning to believe you4 ,i hope you will always believe me1 ,winny ,cavana1 was his reply1 and he again sunk into silence4 ,she could not think why he called her ,cavana1 and yet her color rose2 ,i believe that is the way your experienced novelists would express it in such a case4 ,a longer silence now ensued4 ,none of the three appeared inclined to talk--,emon less than either4 ,kate ,mulvey1 who had always plenty to say for herself1 seemed completely dumb--foundered1 ,i was going to add1 but ,i find the word will do as well1 perhaps better1 in its purity4 ,but1 notwithstanding their silence1 they were shortening the road to ,rathcash4 ,winny was framing some pretty little speech of thanks to ,emon for the trouble he had taken1 and for his kindness2 but she had so often botched it to her own mind1 that she determined to leave it to chance at the moment of parting4 ,kate had no such excuse for her silence1 and yet she was not without one1 which to herself quite justified it4 ,some few desultory remarks1 however1 were made from time to time1 followed by the still awkward pause1 until they had now arrived at the turn in sight of ,kate ,mulvey's house4 ,emon was determined to go the whole way to the end of the lane turning up to ,winny ,cavana's4 ,he had not sought this day's happiness2 he had studiously avoided such a chance2 but circumstances had so far controlled him1 that he could not accuse himself of wilful imprudence4 ,emon knew very well that if a fair opportunity occurred1 he would in all probability betray himself in an unequivocal manner to ,winny1 and he dreaded the result4 ,up to the present he was on friendly and familiar terms with her2 but once the word was spoken1 he feared a barrier would be placed between them1 which might put an end to even this calm source of happiness4 ,that he loved ,winny with a disinterested but devoted love1 he knew too well4 ,how far he might hope that she would ever look upon his love with favor1 he had never yet ventured to feel his way2 and yet his heart told him there was something about herself1 which1 if unbiassed by circumstances1 might bid him not despair4 ,but her rich old father1 who had set his heart upon a marriage for his daughter with ,tom ,murdock1 and a union of the farms1 he knew would never consent4 ,neither did he believe that ,winny herself would decline so grand a match when it came to the point4 ,emon had argued all these matters over and over again in his mind2 and the fatal certainty of disappointment1 added to a prudent determination to avoid her society as much as possible1 had enabled him hitherto to keep his heart under some control4 ,kate ,mulvey1 though book-sworn by ,winny1 if she did not exactly repeat any of the confidential chat she had with her friend about ,tom ,murdock and himself1 felt no hesitation in letting slip to ,emon1 for whom she had a very great regard1 a hint or two just casually1 as if by accident1 that ,tom ,murdock was no great favorite of ,winny ,cavana's--that the neighbors were all astray in giving them to one another--that if she knew what two and two made1 it would all end in smoke2 and such little gossiping observations4 ,not by way of telling ,emon1 but just as if in the mere exuberance of her own love of chat4 ,but they had the desired effect1 now that ,emon was likely to have an opportunity of a few words with ,winny alone1 for ,kate was evidently preparing to turn up to her own house when they came to the little gate4 ,emon had heard1 even in his rank of life1 the aristocratic expression that faint heart never won fair lady2 and a secret sort of self-esteem prompted him to make the most of the fortuitous circumstances which he had not sought for1 and which he therefore argued ,providence might have thrown #eji in his way1 ,what can she do1 thought he1 but reject my love8 ,i shall know the worst then2 and ,i can make a start of it4 ,i'm too long hanging about here like a fool2 a dumb priest never got a parish2 and barring his acres and his cash--if he has any--,i'm a better man than ever he was1 or ever will be4 ,these were his thoughts as they approached the gate1 and his heart began to tremble as ,kate ,mulvey said3 ,winny1 dear1 ,i must part with you here4 ,i saw my father at the door4 ,he came to it two or three times while we were coming up the road2 and he made a sign to me to go in4 ,i'm sure and certain he's half-starved for his dinner1 waiting for me6 ,well1 ,kitty1 ,i suppose ,i can't expect you to starve him out-and-out1 and ,i'll bid you good-bye4 ,i'm all as one as at home now1 ,i may say4 ,emon--,i--won't bring you any further4 ,you're not bringing me1 ,winny2 ,i'm going of my own free will4 ,indeed1 ,emon1 you have been very kind1 and ,i'm entirely obliged to you for all your trouble2 but ,i won't ask you to come any further now4 ,kate's father just then came to the door again2 and she1 thinking that matters had gone far enough between ,emon and her friend in her presence1 bid them a final good-bye1 and turned up to her father1 who still stood at the door1 and who really did appear to be starving1 if one could judge by the position of his hands and the face he made4 ,the moment had now arrived when ,emon must meet his fate1 or call himself a coward and a poltroon for the remainder of his natural life1 be it long or short4 ,he chose the least degrading and the most hopeful alternative--to meet his fate4 ,as ,winny held out her hand to him1 and asked him to let out the dog1 he said3 ,no1 ,winny2 ,i'll give him up to you at the end of the lane2 but not sooner4 ,winny saw that remonstrance would be no use4 ,she did not wish to quarrel with ,emon1 and she knew that at all events that was no time or place to do so4 ,they had not advanced many yards alone1 when ,winny stopped again1 as if irresolute between her wishes and her fears4 ,she had not yet spoken unkindly to ,emon1 and she had tact enough to know that the first unkind word would bring out the whole matter1 which she dreaded1 in a flood from his heart1 and which she doubted her own power to withstand4 ,emon1 she said1 indeed ,i will not let you come any further--don't be angry4 ,winny1 you said first you would not ask me1 and now you say you will not let me4 ,winny ,cavana1 are you ashamed of any one about ,rathcash1 or ,rathcashmore1 seeing you walking with ,emon-a-knock8 ,you are very unjust and very unkind1 ,emon1 to say any such thing4 ,i never was ashamed to be seen walking with you2 and ,i'm certain sure the day will never come when you will give me reason to be ashamed of you1 ,emon-a-knock2--there now1 ,i seldom put the two last words to your name1 except when ,i wish to be kind4 ,but there is a difference between shame and fear1 ,emon4 ,then you are afraid1 ,winny8 ,yes1 ,emon1 but it is only of my father--take that with you now1 and be satisfied1 but don't fret me by persevering further4 ,let the dog go--and good-bye4 ,all this time she was counting the pebbles on the road with her eyes4 ,no1 ,winny1 ,i'll not fret you willingly2 but here or there it is all the same1 and the truth must come out4 ,winny1 you have been the woodbine that has twined itself and blossomed round my heart for many a long day4 ,don't wither it1 ,winny dear1 but say ,i may water and nourish it with the dew #eaj of your love2 and he would have taken her hand4 ,not here1 ,emon1 she said1 releasing it2 are you mad8 ,don't you see we're in sight of the houses8 and gracious only knows who may be watching us6 ,untie your handkerchief and give be the dog4 ,for goodness sake1 ,emon dear1 don't come any further4 ,no1 ,winny1 ,i'd die before ,i'd fret you4 ,here's the dog1 handkerchief and all3 keep it as a token that ,i may hope4 ,indeed1 ,emon1 ,i cannot--don't ask me4 ,emon's heart fell1 and he stooped to untie the handkerchief in despair1 if not in chagrin1 at ,winny's last words4 ,but ,bully-dhu appeared to know what his mistress ought to have done better than she did herself4 ,it was either that1 or ,emon's hand shook so1 that when endeavoring to untie the knot1 the dog got loose1 handkerchief and all1 and1 turning to his mistress1 began to bark and jump up on her1 with joy that he had gained his liberty1 and was so near home4 ,winny became frightened lest ,bully-dhu's barks might bring notice upon them1 and she endeavored to moderate his ecstacy1 yet she felt a sort of secret delight that she was in for the handkerchief in spite of herself4 ,she was determined1 therefore1 not to send poor ,emon-a-knock away totally dejected4 ,there1 ,emon dear2 for ,god's sake1 ,i say again1 be off home4 ,i'll keep it in memory of the day that you saved my poor dog from destruction--there now1 will that do8 and she held out her hand4 ,it is enough1 ,winny dear4 ,this has been the happiest day of my life4 ,may ,i hope it has only been the first of a long life like it8 ,now1 ,emon1 don't talk nonsense1 but be off home1 if you have any wit --good-bye2 and this time she gave him her hand and let it lie in his4 ,god bless you1 ,winny dearest1 ,i oughtn't to be too hard on you4 ,sure you have raised my heart up into heaven already1 and there is something now worth living for4 ,and he turned away with a quick and steady step4 ,she called me 'dear' twice1 he soliloquized1 after he thought she had fairly turned round4 ,but ,winny had heard him1 and as she took the handkerchief from ,bully-dhu's neck1 she patted him upon the head1 saying1 ,and you are a dear good fellow1 and ,i'm very fond of you4 ,emon heard every part of this little speech except the first word1 and ,winny managed it to perfection2 for though she had used the word and in connection with what she had heard ,emon say1 she was too cunning to let him hear that one small word1 which would have calmed his beating heart2 and the rest she would fain have it appear had been said to the dog1 for which purpose she accompanied the words with those pats upon his head4 ,she spoke somewhat louder1 however1 than was necessary1 if ,bully-dhu was alone intended to hear her4 ,emon saw the transaction1 and heard some of the words--only some4 ,but they were sufficient to make him envy the dog1 as he watched them going up the lane1 and into the house4 ,it might be a nice point1 in the higher ranks of life1 to determine whether1 in a breach of promise case1 the above passages could be relied on as unequivocal evidence on either side of a promise2 or whether a young lover would be justified in believing that his suit had been successful upon no other foundation than what had then taken place4 ,but in the rank of life in which ,winny ,cavana and ,edward ,lennon moved1 it was as good between them as if they had been book-sworn--and they both knew it4 ,before ,winny went to her bed that night she had washed and ironed the handkerchief1 and she kept it ever after in her pocket1 folded up in a piece of newspaper4 ,it had no mark #eaa upon it when she got it1 but she was not afraid1 after some time1 to work the letters ,e4 ,a4 ,k4 in the comer1 as no one was ever to see it but herself1 not even ,kate ,mulvey4 ,old ,ned ,cavana1 after returning from prayers1 determined to rest himself for some time before taking a tour of the farm1 and lay down upon an old black sofa in the parlor4 ,there is no shame in the truth that an old man of his age soon fell fast asleep4 ,the servant-girl looked in once or twice to tell him that the spotted heifer had cut her leg jumping over a wall1 as ,jamesy ,doyle was turning her out of the wheat2 but she knew it would not signify2 and not wishing1 or perhaps not venturing1 to disturb him1 she quietly shut the door again4 ,he slept so long1 that he was only just getting the spotted heifer's leg stuped in the farm-yard while the scene already described was passing between ,winny and young ,lennon upon the road4 ,were it not for that same heifer's leg he would doubtless have been standing at the window watching his daughter's return4 ,upon such fortuitous accidents do lovers' chances sometimes hang6 ,this was what ,winny in her ignorance of her father's employment had dreaded2 and hence alone her anxiety that ,emon should be off home1 if he had any wit4 ,on this point she found1 however1 that all was right when she entered4 ,her father was just coming in from the farm-yard1 very thankful that it was no worse2 a frame of mind which we would recommend all persons to cultivate under untoward circumstances of any kind4 ,of course ,winny told her father of the mishap about poor ,bully-dhu's battle2 she nothing extenuated1 nor set down aught in malice1 but told the thing accurately as it had occurred2 and did not even hide that young ,lennon--she did not call him ,emon-a-knock--had ultimately rescued the poor dog from destruction4 ,she did not think it necessary to say how far he had accompanied them on their way home4 ,he's a smart young fellow1 that ,lennon is1 an' ,i'm for ever obliged to him1 ,winny1 for that same turn4 ,there would be no livin' here but for ,bully-dhu4 ,i believe it was ,emon himself gev him to us1 when he was a pup4 ,it was1 father2 and a very fine dog he turned out4 ,the sorra-betther1 ,winny4 ,if it wasn't for him1 as ,i say1 betune the fox an' the rogues1 we wouldn't have a goose or a turkey1 or a duck1 or a cock1 or a hen1 or so much as a chikin1 in the place1 nor so much1 iv coorse1 as a fresh egg for our breakfast4 ,poor ,bully1 ,i hope he's not hurt1 ,winny2 and he stooped down to examine him4 ,no1 no1 he cried1 not much2 but ,i'm sure he's thirsty4 ,here1 ,biddy1 get ,bully a dish of bonnia-rommer1 and be sure you make him up a good mess afther dinner4 ,that ,emon-a-knock1 as they call him1 is a thundering fine young man2 it's a pity the poor fellow is a pauper1 ,i may say4 ,no1 father1 he's not a pauper1 and never will be2 he's well able to earn his living4 ,i know that1 ,winny1 for he often worked here2 an' there's not a man in the three parishes laves an honester day's work behind him4 ,and does not spend it foolishly1 father4 ,if you were to see how nicely he was dressed to-day2 and--beside all the help he gives his father and mother4 ,she was about to add a remark that work was just then very slack1 as it was the dead time of the year1 but that there was always something to be done about the farm2 but second thoughts checked the words as they were rising to her lips2 and second thoughts1 they say1 are best4 ,old ,ned here turned the conversation by wondering was the dinner near ready4 ,winny was not a little surprised1 and a good deal delighted1 to hear her father talk so familiarly and so kindly #eab of ,emon4 ,there never was a time when her father's kind word of him was of more value to her heart4 ,perhaps it would be an unjust implication of hypocrisy on the old man's part to suggest that he might have only been pumping ,winny on the subject4 ,she felt1 however1 that she had gone far enough for the present in the expression of her opinion1 and was not sorry when a touch of the faire gurtha put her father in mind of the dinner4 ,we1 who1 of course1 can see much further than any of our dramatis personae1and who are privileged to be behind the scenes1 could tell ,winny ,cavana--but that we would not wish to fret her--that ,tom ,murdock was looking on from his own window at the whole scene between her and young ,lennon on the road2 and that from that moment1 although he could not hear a word that was said1 he understood the whole thing1 and was generating plans of vengeance and destruction against one or both4 ,,chapter ,,xxi4 ,matters were now lying quiet4 ,they were like a line ball at billiards which cannot be played at1 and there was nothing to go out for by any of the players in this double match4 ,but occasionally something comes off1 in even the most remote locality1 which creates some previous excitement1 and forms the subject of conversation in all ranks4 ,sometimes a steeple-chase1 five-sovereigns stakes1 with fifty or a hundred added1 forms a speculation for the rich2 with a farmer's class-race for twenty pounds1 without any stakes1 for horses bona fide the property1 etc4 ,a great cricket-match once came off not very far from the locality of our story1 when ,major ,w--n lived at ,mount ,campbell1 between the officers of the garrison at ,boyle and a local club4 ,we belonged to the major's province of constabulary at the time1 and1 as members1 were privileged to take part therein4 ,the thing was rather new in that part of the world at the time1 but had been well advertised in the newspapers for the rich1 and through the police for the poor2 and the consequence was--the weather being very fine--that a concourse of not less than a thousand persons were assembled to witness the game4 ,there can be little doubt that some of the younger portion1 at least1 of our dramatis personae in this tale were spectators upon the occasion4 ,it was within their county1 and not an unreasonable distance from the homes we are now writing of4 ,january and ,february had now passed by in the calm monotony of nothing to excite the inhabitants of the ,rathcashes4 ,valentine's ,day1 indeed1 had created a slight stir amongst some of the girls who had bachelors1 or thought they had2 and many a message was given to those going into ,c4,o4,s41 to be sure and ask at the post-office for a letter for me1 and for me1 and for me4 ,a few1 very few indeed1 got valentines1 and many1 very many1 did not4 ,it was now ,march1 and even this little anxiety of heart had subsided on the part of the girls2 some from self-satisfaction at what they got1 and others from disappointment at what they did not4 ,during this time ,tom ,murdock had seen ,winny ,cavana occasionally4 ,it would be quite impossible1 with one common lane to both houses1 and those houses not more than three hundred yards apart1 that any plan of ,winny's1 less than total seclusion1 could have prevented their sometimes coming across one another2 and total seclusion was a thing that ,winny ,cavana would not subject herself to on account of any man that ever stepped in shoe-leather4 ,what had she to him1 or to be afraid of him for8 ,let him mind his own business and she'd mind hers4 ,but for one half hour she'd never shut herself up #eac on his account4 ,let him let her alone4 ,tom ,murdock was not without a certain degree of knowledge of the female heart1 nor of a certain amount of tact to come round one1 in the least objectionable way2 at all events1 so as not to foster any difference which might have taken place4 ,he did not appear to seek her society1 nor did he seek to avoid it4 ,when they met1 which was really always by accident1 he was civil1 and sufficiently attentive to show that he harbored no ill-will against her1 and respected her enough to make it worth his while not to break with her4 ,he was now certain of a walk home with her on ,sundays from mass4 ,on these occasions her father was generally with her1 but this ,tom considered rather to be wished for than otherwise1 as he could not venture1 even if alone1 to renew the forbidden subject4 ,but he knew the father had approved of his suit1 and his wish was now to establish a constant civility and kindness of manner1 which would keep him at least on his side1 if it did not help by its quietness to make ,winny herself think better of him4 ,what had passed between ,winny and ,emon was not likely in a human heart to keep up the constrained indifference which that young man had burdened himself with toward her4 ,he had1 therefore1 upon two or three ,sundays ventured again to go to the chapel of ,rathcash4 ,it is not very easy to account for1 or to explain how such minor matters fall out1 or whether they are instinctively arranged impromptu2 but upon each occasion of ,emon having re-appeared at ,rathcash chapel1 ,tom ,murdock's walk home with ,winny was spoiled2 more particularly if it so happened that her father did not go to prayers4 ,emon-a-knock was never devoid of a considerable portion of self-esteem and respect4 ,though but a daily laborer1 his conduct and character were such as to have gained for him the favorable opinion and the good word of every one who knew him2 and apart from the innate goodness of his disposition1 he would not lose the high position he had attained in the hearts of his neighbors for the consideration of any of those equivocal pleasures generally enjoyed by young men of his class4 ,he felt that he could look old ,ned ,cavana or old ,mick ,murdock straight in the face1 rich as they were4 ,he felt quite ,tom ,murdock's equal in everything1 mentally and physically4 ,in riches alone he could not compare with him1 but these1 he thanked ,god1 belonged to neither mind nor body4 ,thus far satisfied with himself1 he always stopped to have a few words with ,winny1 when chance--which he sometimes coaxed to be propitious-- threw him in her way4 ,even from ,rathcash on ,sundays he felt entitled now1 perhaps more than ever1 to join her as far as his own way home lay along with hers1 and this although her father was along with her4 ,if ,tom ,murdock had joined them1 which was only natural1 living where he did1 ,emon was more determined than ever to be of the party1 chatting to them all1 ,tom included2 thus showing that he was neither afraid of them nor ashamed of himself4 ,the first ,sunday after the dog-fight was the first that ,emon had gone to the chapel of ,rathcash for a pretty long time4 ,but1 as a matter of course1 he must go there on that day to inquire for poor ,bully-dhu1 and to ascertain if ,winny ,cavana had recovered her fright and fatigue4 ,we have seen that ,winny had told her father sufficient of the transaction of poor ,bully's mishap to make it almost a matter of necessity that he should allude to it to ,emon1 if it were merely to thank him for the trouble he had taken in saving the dog4 ,when ,winny heard the words her father had used1 she thought them cold--the trouble he had taken6 her heart suggested that he might have said1 and said truly1 the risk he had run4 ,but1 ,winny1 there had really been no risk2 and recollect that you had #ead used the very same word trouble to ,emon yourself1 when you knew no more of his mind than your father does now4 ,tom had walked with them on this occasion1 and old ,ned's civility to that whelp--a name he had not forgotten--helped to sour his temper more than anything which had passed between ,winny ,cavana and him4 ,but all these things he was obliged to bear1 and he bore them well1 upon the-long-lane-that-has-no-turning system4 ,but now a cause of anticipated excitement began to be spoken of in the neighborhood2 how1 or why1 or by whom the matter had been set on foot1 was a thing not known1 and of no consequence at the time4 ,yet ,tom ,murdock was at the bottom of it--and for a purpose4 ,there existed not far from about the centre of the locality of our story a large flat common1 where flocks of geese picked the short grass in winter1 and over which the peewit curled with a short circular flap1 and a timid little hoarse scream1 in the month of ,may4 ,it consisted of about sixty acres of hard1 level1 whitish sod1 admirably adapted for short races1 athletic sports1 and manly exercises of every kind4 ,it formed a sort of amphitheatre1 surrounded by low green hills1 affording ample space and opportunity for hundreds1 ay thousands1 of spectators to witness any sport which might be inaugurated upon the level space below4 ,upon one or two occasions1 but not latterly1 hurling-matches had come off upon ,glanveigh ,common4 ,at one time these hurling-matches were very common in ,ireland1 and were considered a fair test of the prowess of the young men of different parishes4 ,many minor matches had come off from time to time1 but they were of a mixed nature1 got up for the most part upon the spot1 and had not been spoken of beforehand--they were mere impromptus amongst the younger lads of the neighborhood4 ,the love of the game1 however1 had not died out even amongst those of riper years2 and there were very many men1 young and old1 whose hurls were laid up upon lofts1 and who could still handle them in a manner with which few parts of ,ireland could compare4 ,amongst those ,tom ,murdock was pre-eminent4 ,he had successfully led the last great match1 when not more than twenty years of age1 between the parishes of ,rathcash and ,shanvilla1 against a champion called ,big ,m',dermott1 who led for the latter parish4 ,he was considered the best man in the province to handle a hurl1 and his men were good2 but ,tom ,murdock and the boys of ,rathcash had beaten them back three times from the very jaws of the goal1 and finally conquered4 ,but ,shanvilla formally announced that they would seek an early opportunity to retrieve their character4 ,the following ,patrick's ,day would be three years since they had lost it4 ,tom ,murdock thought this a good opportunity to forward a portion of his plans4 ,a committee was formed of the best men in ,rathcash parish to send a challenge to the men of ,shanvilla to hurl another match on ,glanveigh ,common upon ,patrick's ,day4 ,tom ,murdock himself was not on the committee2 he had too much tact for that4 ,big ,m',dermott had emigrated1 leaving a younger brother behind him--a good man1 no doubt2 but as the ,shanvilla boys had been latterly bragging of ,emon-a-knock as their best man1 ,tom had no doubt that the challenge would be accepted1 and that young ,lennon1 as a matter of course1 would be chosen as their champion4 ,had he doubted this last circumstance1 he might not have cared to originate the match at all4 ,he had not forgotten the poker-and-tongs jig about four months before4 ,his humiliation on that occasion had sunk deeper into his heart than any person who witnessed it was aware of2 and although never afterward adverted to1 had still to be avenged4 ,if1 then1 at the head of his hundred men1 he could beat back young ,lennon with an equal number twice out of thrice before the assembled parishes1 it would in #eae some degree wash out the humiliation of his defeat in the dance4 ,upon the acceptance of this challenge not only the character of the ,shanvilla boys depended1 but their pride and confidence in ,emon-a-knock as their best man4 ,at once1 upon the posting of the challenge1 with the names of the committee1 upon the chapel-gate of ,rathcash1 a counter-committee was formed for ,shanvilla1 and1 taking a leaf from their opponents' book1 their best man's name was left out4 ,but he at the same time accepted the leadership of the party1 which was unanimously placed upon him4 ,thus far matters had tended to the private exultation of ,tom ,murdock1 who was determined to make ,patrick's ,day a day of disgrace to his rival1 for since the scene he had witnessed with the dog and the handkerchief he could no longer doubt the fact4 ,the whole population of the parishes were sure to be assembled1 and ,winny ,cavana1 of course1 amongst the rest4 ,what a triumph to degrade him in her eyes before his friends and hers6 ,surely he would put forth all his energies to attain so glorious a result4 ,he would show before the assembled multitude that1 physically at least1 that whelp was no match for ,tom ,murdock--his defeat ,pat the poker-and-tongs jig was a mere mischance4 ,the preliminaries were now finally settled for this1 the greatest hurling-match which for many years had come off1 or was likely to come off1 in the province4 ,rathcash had been victorious on the last great occasion of the kind1 just three years before1 when ,tom ,murdock had led the parish1 as a mere stripling1 against ,big ,m',dermott and his men4 ,the additional three years had now given more manliness to ,tom's heart1 in one sense at least1 and a greater development to the muscle and sinew of his frame than he could boast of on that occasion4 ,he was an inch1 or an inch and a half1 over ,emon-a-knock in height1 upwards of a stone-weight heavier1 and nearly two years his senior in age4 ,his men were on an average as good men1 and as well accustomed to the use of the hurl1 as those of ,shanvilla--their hurls were as well seasoned and as sound1 and their pluck was proverbially high4 ,what wonder1 then1 if ,tom ,murdock anticipated a certain1 if not an easy1 victory8 ,as hurling1 however1 has gone very much out of fashion since those days1 and is now seldom seen--never1 indeed1 in the glorious strength of two populous parishes pitted against each other--it may be well for those who have never seen or perhaps heard of it1 to close this chapter with a short description of it4 ,a large flat field or common1 the larger the better1 is selected for the performance4 ,two large blocks of stone are placed about fifteen or twenty feet apart toward either end of the field4 ,one pair of these stones forms the goal of one party1 and the other pair that of their opponents4 ,they are about four hundred yards distant from each other1 and are generally whitewashed1 that they may the more easily catch the attention of the players4 ,a ball1 somewhat larger than a cricket-ball1 but pretty much of the same nature1 is produced by each party1 which will be more fully explained by-and-bye4 ,the hurlers assemble1 ranged in two opposing parties in the centre between the goals4 ,the hurls are admirably calculated for the kind of work they are intended to perform--viz41 to puck the ball toward the respective goals4 ,but they would be very formidable weapons should a fight arise between the contending parties4 ,this1 ere now1 we regret to say1 has not unfrequently been the case--leading sometimes to bloodshed1 and on1 a few occasions to manslaughter1 if not to murder4 ,the hurl is invariably made of a piece of well-seasoned ash4 ,it is between three and four feet long1 having a flat surface of about four inches broad and an inch thick1 turned at the lower end4 ,many and close searches in those days have been made through the woods4 #eaf and in cartmaker's shops1 for pieces of ash with the necessary turn1 grown by nature in the wood2 but failing this fortunate chance1 the object was pretty well effected by a process of steaming1 and the application of cramps1 until the desired shape was attained4 ,but these were never considered as good as those grown designedly by nature for the purpose4 ,the contending parties being drawn up1 as we have said1 in the centre of the ground1 the respective leaders step forward and shake hands1 like two pugilists1 to show that there is no malice4 ,although this act of the leaders is supposed to guarantee the good feeling of the men as well1 yet the example is generally followed by such of the opposing players as are near each other4 ,a toss then takes place1 as to which side shall sky their ball4 ,these balls are closely inspected by the leaders of the opposite parties1 and pronounced upon before the game begins4 ,there is no choice of goals1 as the parties generally set them up at the end of the field next the parish they belong to4 ,whichever side wins the toss then skies their ball1 the leader throwing it from his hand to the full height of his power1 and the game is on4 ,but after this no hand1 under any circumstances1 is permitted to touch the ball2 an apparently unnecessary rule1 for it would be a mad act to attempt it1 as in all probability the hand would be smashed to pieces4 ,the game then is1 to puck the ball through the opponents' goal4 ,two goal-masters are stationed at either goal1 belonging one to each party1 and they must be men of well-known experience as such4 ,their principal business is to see that the ball is put fairly between the stones2 but they are not prohibited from using their hurls in the final struggle at the spot1 the one to assist1 the other to obstruct1 as the state of their party may required4 ,sometimes a game is nearly won1 when a fortunate young fellow on the losing side slips the ball from the crowd to the open1 where one of his party curls it into the air with the flat of his hurl1 and the whole assembly--for there is always one--hears the puck it gets1 sending it half-way toward the other goal4 ,the rush to it then is tremendous by both sides1 and another crowded clashing of hurls takes place4 ,when the ball is fairly put through the goal of one party by the other1 the game is won1 and the shouts of the victors and their friends are deafening4 ,,chapter ,,xxii4 ,a hurling match in those days was no light matter1 particularly when it was on so extensive a scale as that which we are about to describe--between two large parishes4 ,they were supposed1 and intended to be1 amicable tests of the prowess and activity of the young men at a healthy game of recreation1 as the cricket-matches of the present day are that of the athletic aristocracy of the land4 ,in all these great matches1 numbers of men1 women1 and children used to collect to look on1 and cheer as the success of the game swayed one way or the other2 and as most of the players were unmarried men1 it is not to be wondered at if there were many young women amongst the crowd1 with their hearts swaying accordingly4 ,it had been decided by the committees upon the occasion of this great match1 that a sort of distinguishing dress--they would not1 of course1 call it uniform--should be worn by the men4 ,to hurl in coats of any kind had never in this or any other parish match been thought of4 ,the committee left the choice of the distinguishing colors to the respective leaders1 recommending1 however1 that the same manner should be adopted of exhibiting it4 ,it was agreed that sleeves of different colors should be worn over the shirt sleeves1 with a broad piece of ribbon tied at the throat to match4 ,tom ,murdock had chosen green for his party1 and not only that1 but #eag with a determination to make himself popular1 and to throw his rival as far as possible into the background1 had purchased a sufficient quantity of calico and ribbon to supply his men gratis with sleeves and neck-ties4 ,poor ,emon-a-knock could not afford this liberality1 and he felt the object with which it had been puffed and paraded on the other side for a whole week previous4 ,he was not afraid1 however1 that his men would think the less of him on that account4 ,they knew he was only a laboring man1 depending upon his day's wages2 and many of those who would wield the hurl by his side upon the #agth of ,march were well-to-do sons of comfortable farmers4 ,many1 no doubt1 were laboring boys like himself1 and many servant-boys to the farming class4 ,a deputation of ,shanvillas had waited on ,emon-a-knock to ascertain his choice of a color for their sleeves and ribbon4 ,he thought for a few moments1 and then taking a red pocket-handkerchief from his box he said1 ,boys1 this is the only color ,i can think of4 ,it is as good as any4 ,i don't like it1 ,emon1 said ,m',dermott1 the next best man in the parish4 ,why so1 ,phil8 said another4 ,well1 ,i hardly know why4 ,it is too much the color of blood4 ,i'd rather have white4 ,don't be superstitious1 ,phil a-wochal1 said ,emon2 white is a cowardly color all over the world1 and red is the best contrast we can have to their color4 ,so be it1 said ,phil4 ,so be it1 re-echoed the rest of the deputation2 sure1 ,emon has a right to the choice4 ,lend us the handkerchief1 that we may match it as near as possible4 ,and welcome1 boys2 here it is2 but take good care of it for me1 as it is the only one ,i have now4 ,the deputation did not know1 but the readers do1 that he had given the fellow to it--off the same piece--to ,winny ,cavana with the dog4 ,hence his emphasis upon the last word4 ,no time was lost by the deputation when they left ,emon4 ,they had scarcely got out of hearing1 when ,phil ,m',dermott said1 ,boys1 you all know that ,tom ,murdock has bestowed his men with a pair of sleeves1 and half a yard of ribbon each4 ,now if he was as well liked as he lets on1 he needn't have done that2 and in my opinion he done it by way of casting a slur upon our man's poverty4 ,tom ,murdock can afford a hundred yards of green calico and fifty yards of tuppenny ribbon very well2--at least he ought to be able to do so4 ,now ,i vote that amongst the best of us we bestow our man with a pair of silk sleeves1 and a silk cap and ribbon1 for the battle4 ,there's my tenpenny-bit toward it4 ,an' ,i second that vote1 boys2 there's mine1 said another4 ,aisy1 boys1 an' listen to me1 broke in a young ,solon1 who formed one of the deputation4 ,there's none of us that wouldn't give a tenpenny bit1 if it was the last he had1 to do what you say1 ,phil2 but the whole thing--sleeves1 ribbon1 and cap--won't cost more than a couple of crowns2 an' many's the one of the ,shanvilla boys would like to have part in it4 ,i vote all them that can afford it may give a fippenny-bit apiece1 an' say nothing about it to the boys that can't afford it4 ,if we do1 there isn't a man of them but what id want to put in his penny2 and ,i know ,emon would not like that4 ,it wouldn't sound well1 an' might be laughed at by that rich chap1 ,murdock4 ,here's my fippenny1 ,phil4 ,there was much good sense in this4 ,it met not only the approbation of the whole deputation1 but the pockets of some1 and was unanimously adopted4 ,the necessary amount of money was made up before an hour's time2 and a smart fellow--the very ,solon who had spoken1 and who was as smart of limb as he was of mind--was despatched forthwith to ,c4,o4,s4 for three yards of silk and two yards of ribbon1 to match as nearly as possible #eah ,emon-a-knock's handkerchief1 which was secured in the crown of his cap4 ,the very next afternoon--for ,shanvilla did not sleep on its resolve-- there was no lion in the street for them2--the same deputation walked up to ,emon's house at dinner-hour1 when they knew he would be at home4 ,he had just finished1 and was on his way out1 to continue a job of planting a few gets of early potatoes on the hill behind the house1 when he met them near the door4 ,m',dermott carried a paper parcel in his hand4 ,well1 boys1 said ,emon1 what's the matter now8 ,i thought we settled everything yesterday morning4 ,you did1 ,emon a-wochal2 but we had a trifle to do after we left you4 ,i hope you done nothing about your own sleeves as yet4 ,no1 ,phil1 ,i did not2 but never fear1 ,i'll be up to time4 ,but ,i don't wish to change the color1 if that's what brought you4 ,the sorra change ,emon2 it is almost too late for that now4 ,but some of the boys heerd that ,tom ,murdock is givin' his men1 every man of 'em1 sleeves an' ribbon for this match4 ,we don't expect the likes from you1 ,emon2 and we don't mind that fellow's puffery and pride4 ,we think it better that the ,shanvilla boys should present their leader with one pair of sleeves than that he should give a hundred pairs to them4 ,we have them here1 ,emon a-wochal2 an' there isn't a boy in the parish of ,shanvilla1 or a man1 woman1 or child1 that won't cheer to see you win in them4 ,an' maybe some one in the parish of ,rathcash1 whispered ,solon to ,phil4 ,here ,phil ,m',dermott untied his parcel and exhibited the sleeves1 finished off in the best style by his sister ,peggy4 ,what would fit ,phil would fit ,emon2 and she was at no loss upon that point4 ,here they are1 made and all1 ,emon4 ,peggy made them on my fit2 and we wish you luck to win in them4 ,faix1 if you don't1 it won't be your fault nor ours4 ,here's your hankicher2 you see there isn't the differ of a milthiogue's wing in the two colors4 ,perhaps it was the proximity to ,boher-na-milthiogue that had suggested the comparison4 ,indeed1 boys1 ,i'm entirely obliged to you1 and ,i don't think we can fail of success4 ,it shall not be my fault if we do1 and ,i'm certain it won't be yours4 ,but ,i'm sorry-- ,bidh a hurst1 ,emon2 don't say wan word1 or ,i'll choke you4 ,but thry them on4 ,emon's coat was forthwith slipped off his back and thrown upon the end of a turf-stack hard by1 and ,phil ,m',dermott drew the sleeves upon his arms1 and tied them artistically over his shoulders4 ,dam' the wan1 ,emon1 but they were med for you6 said ,phil1 smoothing them down toward the wrists4 ,divil a word of lie in that1 any way1 ,phil1 said ,solon4 ,tell us something we don't know4 ,well1 ,i may tell them that you have too much wit in your head to have any room for sense1 replied ,m',dermott1 seemingly a little annoyed at the remark4 ,solon grinned and drew in his horns4 ,they are1 indeed1 the very thing1 said ,emon1 turning his head from one to the other and admiring them4 ,he could have wished1 however1 that it had been a ,rathcash girl who had made them instead of ,peggy ,m',dermott4 ,but ,i cannot have everything my own way1 sighed he to himself4 ,m',dermott then quietly removed ,emon's hat with one hand1 while with the other he slily placed die silk cap jauntily upon his head4 ,there was a general murmur of approbation at the effect1 in which ,emon himself could not choose but join4 ,he felt that he was looking the thing4 ,after a sufficient time had been allowed for the admiration and verdict of the committee as to their fit and appearance1 ,phil ,m',dermott took them #eai off again1 and1 folding them up carefully in the paper1 handed it to ,emon1 wishing him on his own part1 and that of the whole parish1 health to wear and win in them on ,patrick's ,day-- ,every man of as will have our own colors ready the day before1 he added4 ,emon then thanked them heartily1 and turned into the house1 to show them to his father1 and the deputation returned to their homes4 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 ------ ,translated from the ,german4 ,,malines ,,and ,w,,rzburg4 ,,sketch ,,of ,,the ,,catholic ,,congresses ,,held ,,at ,,malines ,,and ,w,,rzburg4 ,,by ,,andrew ,,niedermasser4 ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,,charity ,himioben1 in a speech delivered at the convention of ,salzburg1 ,september #bd1 #aheg1 spoke as follows3 ,all grumblers and pessimists should strive to understand that we live in a great age--great because it is destined to witness the triumph of the truth4 ,i feel that it is a great age1 and ,i thank ,god for the happiness of living in the nineteenth century4 ,except the age of the apostles and that of ,constantine1 no period in the history of the ,church can compare with the present4 ,notwithstanding my frequent and intimate intercourse with some of the most extreme pessimists in ,germany1 ,i own ,i am convinced of the correctness of ,himioben's opinion4 ,the first and principal reason of this conviction is the heroic achievements of ,christian charity1 of which every part of the globe has been the scene in our days4 ,where such deeds are done as those which we have witnessed and heard of so often1 ,god's kingdom on earth must flourish4 ,the rays of ,christian charity illuminate the whole world4 ,we cannot deny that the century beginning with the year #agfd and closing in #ahfd has been an age of spoliation for the ,church4 ,the suppression of the ,society of ,jesus by ,king ,joseph ,emmanuel1 of ,portugal1 in #agei1 was followed by a similar measure in ,france in ,november1 #agfd4 ,on ,april #c1 #agfg1 the ,spanish1 and on the #bjth of ,november1 #agfg1 the ,neapolitan1 ,jesuits met with the same fate4 ,joseph ,,ii4 of ,austria1 who was chosen ,emperor of ,germany in #agfd1 suppressed #gjj monasteries in his hereditary dominions1 whilst the champions of the ,french ,revolution were still more ruthless in the work of destruction4 ,in ,germany most of the ,church property was secularized1 under circumstances of great cruelty1 in #ahjc4 ,on ,may #bh1 #ahbd1 the ,king of ,portugal decreed the suppression of all religious orders in his kingdom4 ,in #ahce the ,spanish government confiscated the property of #ijj monasteries1 and a royal decree1 dated ,march #i1 #ahcf1 pronounced the same doom on all the remaining religious houses in ,spain4 ,since #ahfj the ,sardinians have suppressed at least #hjj convents1 and the remaining ,church property will doubtless fare in the same manner1 for the rapacity of these sacrilegious robbers is never appeased4 ,on the #bhth ,november1 #ahfd1 the ,czar of ,russia ordered #abe of the #aee ,polish convents to be #ebj closed1 and the monks were treated with great cruelty4 ,truly this age of enlightenment can boast of glorious exploits4 ,sacrilegious robbery has been the order of the day throughout ,europe1 and civilized governments have trampled under foot rights that have been sanctioned during many successive ages4 ,but their efforts have proved abortive1 for the ,church flourishes more and more1 and develops new seeds of life4 ,the religious orders and congregations of the nineteenth century rival in purity1 austerity1 and holy zeal the monks of the most prosperous ages of the ,church1 and devoted disciples of ,christian charity are countless as the stars of the firmament1 whilst their activity cannot fail to elicit the admiration of every impartial witness4 ,charity has engaged1 in a particular manner1 the attention of the ,catholic re-unions2 it is their proper province--even more so than science and art4 ,it is the culminating point of their activity2 for what is religion but practical love of ,god and our neighbor8 ,art is the proper object of our fancy2 science1 of our intellect2 and charity1 of the will--and free will is the distinguishing characteristic of the human soul4 ,art requires facility2 science1 thought2 but charity supposes action1 the real living act which always turns the balance4 ,truth must not only be proved1 but felt2 science and art are the necessary fruits of true religion2 science is not the light1 but is to give testimony of the light4 ,the object of art is the beautiful2 of science1 the true2 and of charity1 the good2 but the beautiful1 the true1 and the good are the three highest categories--the indispensable conditions of intellectual activity--the connecting links between the intellect and ,god1 who is the fountain-head and prototype of all being1 as well as the last end of human investigation and aspirations4 ,if it is true that the intellect can find repose only in the unity of three relations1 and that we meet with the emblem of the ,trinity in all places1 then ,i know not where this trinity finds a more perfect expression than in art1 science1 and charity4 ,whoever has comprehended these three1 has grasped everything of which man is capable1 and an assembly of men who occupy themselves with art1 science1 and charity is at all times of great importance1 for it bears a truly universal character4 ,let not the reader expect that ,i will enter into all the details of the proceedings of the general conventions concerning the subject of ,christian charity4 ,to do this would require a book even more voluminous than ,bishop ,dupanloup's work on ,christian charity4 ,at ,malines alone how many great and weighty questions were discussed by the first and second sections 7,o,euvres ,religieuses and ,economic ,chrtienne71 not to speak of the fifth section1 which treated of similar subjects4 ,we shall mention a few of the questions proposed4 ,what1 it was asked1 can a layman do to preserve the people in the faith of their ancestors1 to induce them to observe the laws of ,god and the ,church1 and to teach them to resist strenuously every attack of infidelity8 ,it was recommended to establish in every city conferences of men1 and to explain for them the principal truths of our faith4 ,it was further agreed that1 during ,lent1 the people should have an opportunity of following some spiritual exercises and thus refreshing their souls4 ,good books1 likewise1 are to be furnished to the poor at a moderate price4 ,the assembly next debated what measures should be taken to revive pilgrimages not only to ,rome and ,jerusalem1 but also to the places of pilgrimage existing in every country-- shrines with the history of which the people should be made familiar4 ,then followed a discussion on the prevention of abuses1 so that every pilgrimage may preserve its religious and edifying character4 ,it was decided to foster all societies whose object is the assembling1 edification1 and instruction of apprentices and journeymen4 ,how1 #eba it was asked1 are the meetings in the evenings to be carried on8 how the religious exercises on ,sundays8 how are sick members to be visited8 etc4 ,the ,malines congress also declared that it is the duty of the state to fix by law the age at which children may be allowed to work in factories and mines2 to procure healthy dwellings for the workmen2 to determine the duration of a day's work2 and to see that males and females work in separate apartments4 ,the congress sought to impress on owners of factories the obligation devolving on them to take care of the children of their employees1 to provide for their laborers when sick1 not to force women suckling infants to work--in short1 to treat their employees in a ,christian manner4 ,jean ,dollfus1 of ,mhlhausen1 and ,lowell in ,america1 were proposed as models worthy of imitation4 ,amietus ,digard and ,audigaime1 of ,paris1 placed at the disposition of the central committee the results of their long experience4 ,de ,riancey1 of ,paris1 was the zealous advocate of the ,patronage1 which he wishes to be founded on charity and freedom1 and to spread over every country4 ,it was urgently recommended to establish clubs for journeymen in ,romanic countries4 ,count ,lemercier and ,marbeau1 of ,paris1 submitted to the consideration of the central committee an elaborate paper on the amelioration of the social condition of the laboring classes1 insisting particularly on the necessity of providing them with suitable dwellings2 this paper proved of great value in preparing the programme4 ,the debate on the best way of checking the habits of intemperance which are now unfortunately becoming so general among all classes of the laborers1 was unusually interesting4 ,during the present century no one has done more to attain this desirable end than ,father ,matthew in ,ireland1 who has probably thereby conferred even greater benefits on his countrymen than the great ,o',connell4 ,nor were the prisoners neglected at ,malines2 the congress declared itself in favor of solitary confinement1 and at the same time recommended most earnestly societies for aiding discharged convicts4 ,in short1 these men were occupied with all that might prove beneficial to their neighbor4 ,among the most prominent speakers in the second section were de ,riancey1 ,count ,lemercier1 ,perin1 ,jacobs1 of ,antwerp1 ,dogne1 ,lenormant1 ,digard1 ,beslay1 ,jean ,casier1 ,f4 de ,robiano1 ,count ,legrelle1 de ,richecourt1 de ,gendt1 ,vandenest1 and especially ,viscount de ,melun1 who1 together with ,marbeau and ,baudon1 is the leading spirit of every charitable undertaking in ,paris4 ,in the first section1 of which1 as before mentioned1 ,count ,villermont was chairman1 the proceedings were very animated1 nay1 at times solemn and grand2 the most active members were de ,hemptinne1 of ,ghent1 the jurist ,wauters1 of ,ghent1 ,lamy1 of ,louvain1 de ,haulleville1 of ,brussels1 ,o',reilly1 of ,ireland1 the ,bollandist fathers ,gay1 ,boone1 and de ,buck1 ,lemmens1 ,abel ,le ,tellier1 ,count ,edgar du ,val de ,beaulieu1 ,abb ,kestens1 of ,louvain1 ,abb ,gandre1 ,abb ,geslin1 of ,kersolon in ,france1 editor of ,l',ouvrier1 ,f4 ,van ,caloen1 ,f4 ,antoine1 ,demulliez1 ,terwecoren1 ,abb ,gaultier1 of ,brussels1 ,fassin1 of ,verviers1 ,chevalier ,van ,troyen1 ,bosaerts1 ,verspeyen1 ,abb ,battaille1 de ,caulincourt1 ,paga ,sartundur1 of ,madrid1 ,malengi1 ,peeters ,beckers1 de la ,royre1 ,viscount d',authenaisse1 ,devaux1 ,putsaert1 and some others whose names have escaped my memory--all of them edifying ,christians1 men of strong and sound intellect1 seeing the realities of life1 and of feeling hearts1 sympathizing with the joys and loves of their fellow-men1 and taking cognizance of their necessities4 ,they will long be remembered and blessed by the posterity of those to whose spiritual and corporeal wants they have attended4 ,the religious orders1 which in modern times have been so often mocked at and slandered1 found many warm #ebb defenders at ,malines4 ,baron von ,gerlache devoted the most brilliant passage of his opening speech to their defence4 ,woeste1 a lawyer of ,brussels1 delivered a masterly discourse on religious communities before a full meeting of the congress4 ,many speakers touched on the same theme1 and ,count ,villermont made it the special order of the day4 ,this subject was exhausted by the able speeches of de la ,royre1 ,verspeyen1 ,o',reilly1 ,count du ,val de ,beaulieu1 ,viscount d',authenaisse1 ,lamy1 ,viscount de ,kerckhove1 ,ducpetiaux1 and others4 ,the ,wrzburg general convention passed a resolution in favor of religious orders1 and at ,frankfort the ,broschrenverein will shortly publish a pamphlet on this subject4 ,the ,malines congress also resolved to encourage popular works on the origin1 the nature1 and the spread of religious orders1 and to give a fair exposition of the manifold benefits they have conferred on mankind4 ,it was also recommended to publish the lives of the founders of these societies1 to give an account of their history in schools and other educational institutions1 and1 by means of the pulpit and the press1 to make known as widely as possible the principles of religious orders4 ,in this way the members of these societies will be compensated to some extent for the countless slanders and calumnies which are continually heaped on them4 ,the laymen present at ,malines pledged themselves to pass no opportunity of rendering them a service1 and defending their rights2 of showing them reverence1 and of spreading more and more their communities4 ,for the sake of completeness1 ,i shall mention the names of a few who spoke at ,malines in the fifth section1 ,religious ,liberty1 where many important questions were discussed4 ,it is impossible to enter into details concerning all1 for who can be present in five places at the same time8 ,beside1 there were assembled at ,malines and ,wrzburg more than #g1jjj delegates1 so that ,i cannot give even the names of all4 ,in a grand painting the artist does not represent all his figures in full2 he contents himself with giving us an outline of their features4 ,dechamps and ,neut1 men of great merit and able to control the most animated debate1 presided in this section4 ,dumortier1 of ,brussels1 and ,coomans1 of ,antwerp1 both veteran members of the ,belgian parliament1 managed admirably the details of business4 ,senator ,della ,faille and ,count de ,thenx1 as well as ,cardinal ,sterex1 made many valuable suggestions from the rich fund of their experience4 ,the young and able jurist1 ,woeste1 of ,brussels1 ,digard1 of ,paris1 and the journalist ,lasserre were the most active members of this section4 ,here1 too1 spoke ,don ,almeida1 of ,portugal1 an orator sweet and strong as the wines of his native country1 and one of the most handsome men in the congress4 ,here1 also1 we renew our acquaintance with ,ducpetiaux1 ,dogne1 of ,villers1 ,verspeyen1 ,geslin1 of ,kersolon1 and ,abb ,gandre4 ,to these names we may add those of ,don ,ignatio ,montes de ,oca1 grand almoner of the ,emperor of ,mexico1 ,abb ,pacquet1 professor of the ,university of ,quebec1 in ,canada1 ,canon ,rousseau1 ,jalheau1 ,stoffelt1 ,collinet1 ,landrien1 de ,smedt1 ,baron von ,montreuil1 ,chevalier ,schouteste1 ,nellaroya1 ,wigley1 of ,london1 ,ch4 ,thellier1 of ,poncheville1 and ,abb ,huybrechts4 ,abb ,mullois1 of ,paris1 is well known in ,germany4 ,in this section we also noticed ,generals de ,capiaumont1 ,baron ,grindl1 and ,lamoy1 whose remarks were always received with applause4 ,le ,camus1 of ,paris1 represented the ,society for the ,diffusion of ,good ,books1 founded in #ahfb by ,viscount de ,melun4 ,more than #ab1jjj good books have already been distributed4 ,the executive committee consists of eighteen members1 who are assisted in their charitable labors by another committee of fifty4 ,and now we shall bid farewell to ,malines4 #ebc ,the ,german conventions have called into existence many charitable institutions4 ,foremost among these is the ,society of ,st4 ,boniface1 founded at ,regensburg in #ahdi4 ,even long before1 ,count ,joseph von ,stolberg had visited every part of the ,german empire to enlist the sympathies of high and low for the noble object of this society1 and had thus prepared the way for its establishment4 ,at ,regensburg he was elected president1 and thus crowned his labors4 ,since its institution the society has founded #fg missionary parishes1 #aad chapels1 and #ih schools for about #ajj1jjj ,catholics in northern ,europe4 ,forty-two of these stations are entirely maintained by the association1 whilst most of the remaining ones receive considerable pecuniary assistance4 ,much1 however1 remains to be done2 many stations will go to ruin unless speedy aid is afforded them4 ,all ,catholic ,germany must contribute1 by its exertions1 its prayers1 and its sacrifices1 to bring to a successful issue the greatest of our national undertakings1 the reunion of all ,germany in the one true faith4 ,an annual report of the results achieved by this society is presented to the general conventions4 ,at ,wrzburg ,canon ,bieling spoke in the name of ,bishop ,conrad ,martin1 of ,paderborn1 who by his great work has created an immense sensation among the ,german ,protestants4 ,great exertions are making to spread the society of ,st4 ,boniface2 may they prove successful4 ,at ,wrzburg the ,hungarian ,society of ,st4 ,ladislaus was represented by ,canon ,kubinszky1 and the ,bavarian ,missionary ,society by ,monsignore ,baron von ,overkamp4 ,i must next speak of the ,st ,joseph's ,society4 ,it was founded at ,aix-la-,chapelle for the purpose of enabling the ,german ,catholics living at ,paris1 ,london1 ,havre1 and ,lyons to secure places of divine worship4 ,canon ,prisac1 of ,aix-la-,chapelle1 is the business manager of the society1 and is assisted in his labors by ,laurent ,lingens and others4 ,during the first two years of its existence the society accomplished very little4 ,the missionaries of the poor ,catholic ,germans in the great emporiums of ,england and ,france have already been three times in our midst4 ,for years the pastor of the ,germans in ,london1 ,rev4 ,arthur ,dillon ,purcell1 has done everything in his power to establish the ,german mission in that city on a sure basis1 and his efforts have at last been crowned with success4 ,although an ,englishman by birth1 he speaks our mother tongue very fluently and without fault4 ,his speeches will not inspire enthusiasm1 but will convince and obtain their end4 ,at ,aix-la-,chapelle1 in #ahfb1 the ,german mission in ,london was represented by ,adler1 missionary priest of the diocese of ,wrzburg1 and at ,frankfort1 in #ahfc1 by ,bddinghaus1 of ,mnster4 ,the ,jesuit father ,modeste has thrice urged the claims of the ,germans in ,paris4 ,he is a native of ,lorraine1 and1 therefore1 speaks ,french and ,german equally well4 ,his speeches are carefully prepared1 and produce a great sensation1 for they are addressed not only to the mind but also to the heart4 ,the ,lazarist ,mllijans1 a native of ,cologne1 spoke for the ,german mission in the ,quartier ,st4 ,marceau1 which has been committed to his care4 ,abb ,braun1 who has done much for the ,germans in ,paris1 was likewise present at the ,wrzburg meeting4 ,father ,lambert1 of ,havre1 a pious and devoted priest1 privately represented to us the misery of the ,german emigrants in the ,french seaport4 ,but of what use are these cries for help1 unless we are willing to make some sacrifice8 ,will not twenty-five million ,german ,catholics do something for their poor forlorn brethren8 ,in the third place1 ,i must mention the journeymen associations4 ,there are at present more than #djj of these in ,germany1 and a few in ,switzerland and ,belgium4 ,of late1 similar #ebd societies have been established at ,bucharest1 ,rome1 ,paris1 ,london1 ,st4 ,louis1 ,cincinnati1 and ,milwaukee4 ,the prefects of the society at ,cologne1 ,vienna1 and ,munich have lately received special marks of esteem from the ,holy ,father in recognition of their services1 whilst the ,emperor ,francis ,joseph has honored the ,vienna association by his presence1 and the young ,king of ,bavaria1 ,louis ,,ii41 has accepted the protectorship of all the ,bavarian associations4 ,the second general convention at ,mayence earnestly recommended these societies1 but ,kolping of ,cologne was the instrument chosen by ,god to undertake and carry out the great work4 ,of ,kolping it may truly be said that he has the welfare of mankind at heart1 and thousands will bless his name4 ,in his own way1 he is one of the foremost social reformers of the nineteenth century4 ,at ,wrzburg he convened many of the prefects from every part of ,germany1 and secured the future of the societies by the introduction of the religious element4 ,kolping is not only a powerful speaker1 but also a journalist1 and one of the most popular writers in ,germany4 ,gruscha1 of ,vienna1 has often taken ,kolping's place at the general conventions4 ,as an orator1 ,gruscha seems to exert a magic power over his hearers1 and it is useless to combat his views1 for he carries everything before him4 ,gruscha is general-prefect of all the journeymen associations in ,austria4 ,alban ,stolz1 the founder of the ,freiburg association1 has spared no pains to promote ,kolping's undertaking4 ,he is the most eminent and successful popular writer in ,germany4 ,his pamphlets attract universal attention1 and his almanacs are read by thousands4 ,stolz does not approve of everything done by the ,catholic conventions1 still he has been present at several of them2 for instance1 at ,aix-la-,chapelle and ,frankfort4 ,mller1 of ,berlin1 is one of the most energetic prefects2 he succeeded in founding for the ,catholics at ,berlin a splendid club-house4 ,he publishes an able religious weekly1 and an excellent almanac1 founds new missions every day1 and does all in his power to extend the kingdom of ,christ in the north of ,germany4 ,he is a talented and interesting speaker1 although his style is not very harmonious or elegant4 ,george ,mayr1 of ,munich1 general-prefect of more than a hundred associations in ,bavaria1 and a general favorite1 has built1 probably1 the finest club-house in ,germany4 ,the most zealous promoter of this enterprise was ,dr4 ,louis ,merz1 of ,munich1 who spared neither labor nor sacrifice whenever there was question of furthering the interests of the ,church3 his memory is enshrined in the hearts of all his friends4 ,the memorial submitted by ,kolping to the ,german bishops was signed by the following diocesan prefects3 ,beckert1 of ,wrzburg1 ,pohholzer1 of ,augsburg1 ,j4 ,weizenhofer1 of ,eichstdt1 ,benkcr1 of ,bamberg1 ,schaeffer1 of ,treves1 ,g4 ,arminger1 of ,linz1 ,b4 ,hlbrigl1 of ,st4 ,plten1 ,max ,jger1 of ,freiburg1 ,f4 ,riedinger1 of ,spires1 ,f4 ,nacke1 of ,paderborn1 and the prefects1 ,jos4 ,mayr1 of ,innsbruck1 ,f4 ,hpperger1 of ,agram1 and ,c4 ,ziegler1 of ,rottenburg4 ,to mention more names would be tedious1 but ,i hope and trust that ,god will reward in a special manner the prefects of these societies4 ,for the last few years the social question has occupied the attention of the ,catholic conventions1 and ,rossbach1 of ,wrzburg1 ,vosen1 of ,cologne1 and ,schren1 of ,aix-la-,chapelle1 have delivered interesting discourses on this subject4 ,the reading-room associations and social clubs or casinos next demand a notice4 ,we are justly proud of possessing four hundred ,catholic journeymen associations1 but we will have more reason to boast when there will be in ,germany two or three hundred casinos1 all united together by the closest ties1 and particularly when we will again possess several purely ,catholic universities1 and when our #ebe scholars and educated men will form reunions such as that established by five hundred students of ,louvain in ,belgium previous to the congress of #ahfd4 ,adams1 a lawyer of ,coblenz1 has1 so to say1 identified himself with these clubs4 ,the affairs of the casino in his own native city are conducted by him with extraordinary skill1 and to his exertions chiefly the ,rhenish ,casino ,union1 which will be shortly joined by many cities in the ,rhenish countries1 owes its existence4 ,adams is an able and pleasing speaker1 full of confidence in the future and in the power of sound principles4 ,may ,adams become to the social clubs in ,germany what ,kolping is to the journeymen associations4 ,falk1 of ,mayence1 has accomplished very much for the social club of his native city4 ,to him belongs the credit of securing for the ,mayence ,reading-room ,association the celebrated ,frankfurter ,hof4 ,on the twentieth of ,november1 #ahfd1 when the casino of the ,frankfurter ,hof was solemnly inaugurated1 ,president ,falk delivered his most successful speech1 for ,falk1 although a mechanic1 is an orator by no means to be despised by the enemies of the ,church4 ,his words are like the blows of a hammer1 and his voice sounds like the rolling thunder4 ,falk's speeches are not distinguished by any artistic merit1 but there is something in them which calls forth immense applause1 and he generally leaves the tribune amidst deafening cheers4 ,in ,belgium more than twenty casinos have been established since #ahfc4 ,at the beginning of #ahfe1 ,germany could boast of almost fifty similar associations4 ,let us spare no exertions to promote the welfare of these clubs1 and we will soon have a league of ,catholic gentlemen extending not only from the ,danube to the ,rhine1 but from the ,adriatic to the ,german ocean4 ,we must also devote a few words to the ,society of ,st4 ,vincent de ,paul4 ,among its most energetic members are ,lawyer ,lingens1 of ,aix-la-,chapelle1 one of the most regular and active ,members of the ,german conventions1 and ,von ,brentano1 a merchant of ,augsburg1 who is a very eloquent speaker4 ,i must not forget to mention ,baudon of ,paris1 general-president of all the societies of ,st4 ,vincent de ,paul in ,france2 ,legentil also and ,meniolle1 of ,paris1 deserve to be noticed4 ,the energetic and pious ,capuchin1 ,father ,theodosius of ,chur1 in ,switzerland1 a powerful man of immense stature1 will close this array of the champions of charity4 ,he has made many attempts to solve the social question from a ,christian point of view1 and has displayed incomparable ingenuity in alleviating the miseries of his fellow-men4 ,he has founded congregations1 built convents1 for them1 and established seminaries and colleges which are model institutions2 but1 above all1 he has brought the blessing of ,god on the ,swiss factories1 and has introduced contentment and happiness among the working classes4 ,his success in prevailing upon the ,swiss capitalists to conduct their factories upon ,catholic principles is certainly one of the sublimest triumphs of ,christian charity4 ,the congregation of the ,sisters of the ,holy ,cross1 founded by ,father ,theodosius about twelve years ago in ,chur-,ingenbohl1 numbers already #aab houses1 spread over ,switzerland1 ,bohemia1 ,austria1 ,sigmaringen1 and ,baden4 ,among the most prominent ,catholics of ,switzerland are ,sigwart ,mller1 of ,uri1 the venerable ,councillor ,haudt1 of ,lucerne1 ,charles von ,schmid1 of ,bdstein1 the leader of the ,catholics in ,aargau1 ,von ,moos1 of ,lucerne1 ,engineer ,mller1 of ,altorf1 ,dean ,schlumpf1 of ,zug1 ,canon ,fiala1 of ,solothurn1 an excellent archaeologist1 ,canons ,winkler and ,tanner1 of ,lucerne1 both eminent theologians1 ,p1 ,segesser1 of ,lucerne1 ,canon ,keller1 of ,st4 ,gall1 ,james ,baumgartner1 the #ebf ablest ,swiss statesman1 ,f4 ,gallus-,morel1 of ,einsiedeln1 the journalists ,schleineger in ,aargau1 ,reding and ,eberle in ,schwyz1 the historian ,kopp1 of ,lucerne1 ,muelinen1 and ,burgener1 the learned ,dr4 ,schmeitzl1 pastor in ,glarus1 ,director ,greith1 of ,st4 ,gall1 the painter ,deschwander1 and the publisher ,benzigcr4 ,count ,theodore von ,scheerer is the leading spirit of the ,catholic societies in ,switzerland1 and admirably fitted to be the president of the general conventions of the ,swiss ,piusverein4 ',mermillod1 of ,geneva1 who for the past eighteen years has incessantly toiled in the vineyard of the ,lord1 has lately been appointed bishop by ,pope ,pius ,,ix4 ,bishop ,marilley1 of ,lausanne1 is a modern confessor of the ,church1 whilst ,bishop ,greith1 of ,st4 ,gall1 is an eminent scholar4 ,,chapter ,v4 ,,conclusion4 ,not all the doings of the ,catholic conventions deserve our approbation1 nor is all that is said there worthy of praise4 ,at the sixteen general conventions held since #ahdh1 many absurd and trifling measures have been proposed4 ,silence is a virtue unknown to many delegates1 and conciseness is a quality not to be found in the remarks of many a speaker4 ,these gentlemen should remember the wise old saw1 ,ne quid nimis1 especially when about to address an assembly4 ,braggadocio should be mercilessly put down4 ,some persons there are who every year regale the convention with the self-same concretions2 others speak when there is no occasion whatever for opening their mouths2 whilst others again are unacquainted with parliamentary rules1 and cannot clothe their ideas in suitable language4 ,many a speaker has been carried away by his enthusiasm1 and exposed himself to ridicule2 others were mercilessly hooted from the tribune2 whilst not a few delivered productions which bore a strange resemblance to an ignis fatuus or an over-done beefsteak4 ,at ,malines many words were wasted in mutual compliments1 and there was a tendency in several of the orators to court applause by piquant and exaggerated expressions4 ,we must expect that among several thousand delegates there will be many insignificant men1 whose chief merit consists in opening now and then the floodgates of their trashy eloquence4 ,were ,i to permit myself to indulge in malicious remarks1 ,i might enumerate a long list of singular characters1 who were living examples of the faults in question4 ,for these and other reasons the duties of the presiding officer at the general conventions are by no means easy1 still1 thus far there has been no want of able presidents1 and many of them were chosen from among the nobility4 ,the following gentlemen were honored with this office3 ,chevalier von ,buss2 ,count ,joseph von ,stolberg2 ,baron von ,andlaff1 who presided both at ,linz and at ,munich2 ,baron ,wilderich von ,ketteler1 who was chosen chairman at ,mnster and at ,frankfort2 ,maurice ,lieber1 who was elected president at ,breslau and at ,salzburg2 ,chevalier von ,hartmann presided at ,mayence2 ,count ,o',donnell1 of ,vienna1 at ,linz and at ,prague2 ,count ,brandis1 at ,aix-la-,chapelle and ,freiburg2 ,councillor ,zell at ,vienna2 ,a4 ,reichensperger at ,cologne2 and ,baron von ,moy at ,wrzburg4 ,germany may justly be proud of these men--men of agreeable manners1 distinguished not only by their social position but also by their literary taste and nobility of character1 each of whom can boast of an honorable career4 ,it may not be inappropriate to mention in this place some of the noblemen who graced by their presence the ,catholic conventions4 ,prominent among these were ,don ,miguel1 duke of ,braganza1 and the young prince1 ,don ,miguel1 ,prince ,charles of ,loewenstein-,werthheim1 and ,prince ,charles of #ebg ,isenburg2 ,count von ,hompesch1 of ,rurich1 ,count ,augustus von ,spee1 of ,heltorf1 ,count ,schaesberg1 ,baron ,felix von ,le1 of ,missen1 ,count ,hoensbroich1 and ,baron von ,halberg-,broich1 of ,aix-la-,chapelle1 represented the ,rhenish nobility2 whilst ,westphalia was represented by ,count von ,vischering1 the ,counts ,max and ,ferdinand von ,galen1 the ,barons von ,schorlemer1 the ,count von ,stolberg1 ,baron von ,twickel1 ,baron von ,ketteler1 ,baron von ,hereman1 ,baron von ,oer1 ,baron von ,drffel1 and others4 ,of the ,austrian nobles ,i shall mention ,count von ,migazzi1 ,baron von ,mayerhofer1 a field-marshal of the empire1 ,count ,adolphus ,lewis von ,barth-,barthenheim1 ,count ,maurice von ,fries1 ,count ,henry von ,hoyos-,sprenzenstein4 ,count ,henry von ,o',donnell1 ,chevalier von ,hartmann1 ,baron von ,stillfried1 of ,salzburg1 a very zealous and energetic man1 and ,count ,frederick von ,thun4 ,count von ,thun was chosen vice-president at ,wrzburg1 and delivered a speech4 ,tall and of a commanding figure1 a thorough-bred nobleman1 a diplomat well acquainted with the ways of the world1 a man of refined manners1 a ,catholic distinguished by his living faith and his ardent love for the ,church1 as well as by his intimate knowledge of every shade of religious life1 ,count ,thun appeared as the representative of the ,austrian nobility1 which1 for the most part1 is still animated by truly ,catholic sentiments1 and of the mighty empire1 as a delegate from imperial ,vienna1 where ,catholicity is daily acquiring new vigor1 and as the bearer of an illustrious name1 which reminds every ,catholic of the concordat between ,francis ,joseph and the ,pope1 which has been so beneficial to the ,church in its results4 ,among the ,german ,church dignitaries ,dr4 ,baudri1 coadjutor-bishop of ,cologne1 is especially distinguished by his zeal for the success of the conventions1 many of which he has opened by a glowing discourse4 ,archbishop ,gregory and ,bishop ,ignatius1 of ,regensburg1 spoke at ,munich1 and ,bishop ,wedekind1 of ,hildestein1 at ,aix-la-,chapelle4 ,the apostolic words of ,bishop von ,stahl will always ring in the memory of his hearers4 ,the ,bishop of ,limburg1 ,peter ,joseph ,blum1 was represented at ,frankfort by his vicar-general1 ,dr4 ,klein4 ,dr4 ,gtz1 dean of the cathedral at ,wrzburg1 deserves great praise for his efficient arrangements at the last general convention4 ,i may still notice ,buchegger1 vicar-general at ,freiburg1 ,canon ,broix1 of ,cologne1 ,krabbe1 dean of the cathedral at ,mnster1 ,dean ,schiedemayr1 of ,linz1 ,canon ,wiery1 of ,salzburg1 ,canon ,freund1 of ,passau1 ,schmitt1 vicar-general at ,bamberg1 ,abbot ,mislin1 of ,groswardein1 ,provost ,pelldram1 of ,berlin1 ,canon ,henry ,szajbely1 of ,gran1 ,abbot ,michael von ,fogarasy1 of ,grosswardein1 ,canon ,michael ,kubinsky1 of ,kalocza1 ,canon ,dr4 ,molitor1 of ,spires1 ,canon ,dr4 ,malkmus1 of ,fulda1 ,provost ,nbel1 of ,soest1 ,dr4 ,stadler1 dean of the ,augsburg cathedral1 ,provost ,kalliski1 of ,gnesen1 ,canon ,bchinger1 of ,gratz1 ,strehle1 of ,freiburg1 ,dr4 ,husle1 of ,vienna1 and ,mller1 of ,munich4 ,the general conventions were also attended by ,bishop ,mermillot1 of ,geneva1 one of the best pulpit orators in ,europe1 and by the ,roman prelate1 ,monsignore ,nardi1 who is able to speak in four languages4 ,the ,catholic congresses were marked by several grand and imposing scenes4 ,it was a glorious sight to behold #e1jjj men1 from every part of the known world1 walk in procession to the cathedral of ,st4 ,rombau at ,malines1 but it was no less edifying to see hundreds of delegates making a pilgrimage from ,salzburg to ,maria ,plain1 and paying their devotions to the ,mother of ,god4 ,we can never forget the dedication of the column erected in honor of the ,blessed ,virgin1 which took place at ,cologne on the #hth of ,september1 #aheh1 in presence of the whole congress4 ,the enthusiastic welcome extended to the ,bishop of ,orleans at ,malines defies all description1 but the reception of the ,hungarian prelates by the ,viennese convention 7,sept4 #ba1 #bb1 #ahec7 was still more solemn4 ,by #ebh his speech delivered on the evening of ,sept #b1 #ahfd1 ,father ,felix produced a profound impression4 ,dllinger1 too1 at the ,munich convention in #ahfa1 called forth a storm of applause by his well-known declarations4 ,unique in its kind was the scene in the ,kaiser-saal at ,aix-la-,chapelle already described4 ,when1 after the discourse of ,father ,felix on ,sept #b1 #ahfd1 the ,redemptorist father ,dechamps1 and the ,carmelite1 ,f4 ,hermann1 weeping tears of joy1 thankfully embraced the ,jesuit1 and a ,belgian bishop1 joining the group1 shook hands with the three religious1 no heart remained unmoved4 ,at ,wrzburg1 also1 on the #adth ,sept41 #ahfd1 a solemn1 touching scene took place1 which joined in bonds of the sincerest friendship the ,catholic ,hungarians and ,germans4 ,von ,majer1 a ,hungarian lawyer and land-owner1 had charmed all of us2 his manly and chivalrous appearance1 the romantic costume of his country1 and his able speech1 did not fail to produce an overpowering effect2 ,vice-,president ,adams expressed the opinion of the assembly1 and then followed cheer upon cheer for the noble ,hungarian4 ,now and then there appears a speaker who possesses the talent of a demagogue1 and causes a great though transient sensation4 ,a ,tyrolese1 ,greuter1 now a member of the ,austrian ,reichsrath1 is an orator whom ,i delight to hear2 he spoke at ,salzburg and ,aix-la-,chapelle4 ,at ,wrzburg1 likewise1 a speaker of the same class1 ,brummel1 a lawyer of ,baden1 addressed the assembly4 ,i transcribe an account of his speech1 which ,i wrote at the time4 ,after ,f4 ,modeste had left the tribune1 amid thundering applause1 a tall1 stately figure1 betraying at once the military career of the speaker1 took the floor4 ,the hero who now confronts us fought at the side of ,pimodan and ,la ,moricire for the ,holy ,father2 distinguished himself at ,castelfidardo2 took part in the defence of ,ancona2 and for six months was held a captive by the ,piedmontese4 ,it is ,brummel1 of ,baden4 ,his voice sounds like the clarion's shrill tones summoning an army to battle4 ,his speech is a violent attack on the shameful abuses existing in ,baden4 ,he combines force of expression with warmth of feeling1 unflinching bravery1 and a burning hatred of everything base1 with a childlike love for the ,church and the truth4 ,he was the ,tancred in the crusade against the self-styled saviors of the people of ,baden1 and nobly did battle for the venerable and much persecuted ,archbishop of ,freiburg1 ,hermann von ,vicari4 ,having thus concluded these unpretending sketches1 those of my readers who have been disappointed will indulgently consider that it was written to assist a ,catholic congregation to build a church4 ,but thus to extend the divine worship is more pleasing to the ,almighty than to write a good book4 ------ #ebi ,from ,the ,literary ,workman4 ,,st4 ,,elizabeth4 ,inasmuch as you have done it to one of the least of these my brethren1 you have done it to me4 ,a shrill and joyous summons ,at ,wartburg's postern rang4 ,and lightly from his panting steed ,the princely ,landgrave sprang4 ,comes forth his stately mother ,to meet him in her pride1 ,but the quick glance of ,louis seeks ,the sweet face of his bride4 ,then scornful spoke the ,landgravine1 ,fair son1 thy lady sweet ,hath cares too urgent thus in haste ,thy coming step to greet4 ,upon thy couch so stately1 ,within thy chamber fair1 ,a vile and loathsome leper ,she tends with pious care4 ,a wrathful man was ,louis1 ,yet not a word he said1 ,but up the castle's echoing stair ,in quivering haste he sped-- ,within her silent chamber1 ,as o'er the couch she hung1 ,her lord's returning bugle ,had all unheeded rung4 ,in silent ecstacy she knelt1 ,her heart so hushed in prayer4 ,it thrilled not at his longed-for step1 ,now echoing on the stair4 ,with hasty hand young ,louis tore ,the coverlid aside-- ,the lifeless form before him lay ,of ,jesus crucified1 ,bleeding and pale1 as in the hour ,when for our sins he died4 ,see1 mother1 see the ,leper ,she brings to be our guest1 ,whom only she prefers to me-- ,may his dear name be blest ,elizabeth1 sweet sister4 ,still bring such guests to me2 ,sinful and all unworthy ,i am of him and thee2 ,yet train me in thy patient love ,his guest in heaven to be4 ---- #ecj ,from ,the ,month4 ,,dr4 ,,pusey ,,on ,,the ,,church ,,of ,,england4 ,it is just twenty years since the great movement in the ,anglican ,church1 which took its rise and its name from the ,university of ,oxford and the ,tracts for the ,times1 was broken1 as it were1 into two streams of very different direction by the submission of ,mr4 ,newman to the ,catholic ,church4 ,it happens that the circumstances of the last year and a half have brought the history of the movement prominently before the world2 and they have occasioned an interesting set of publications from men of eminent position1 whose names were at the time hardly less watchwords than at present4 ,no one of the few most conspicuous ,oxford leaders of thought who belonged in any sense to the ,tractarian party has yet been removed by death4 ,dr4 ,pusey is still at ,christ ,church1 ,mr4 ,keble still at ,hursley2 but ,mr4 ,newman has become the founder of the ,english ,oratory of ,st4 ,philip ,neri1 and ,archdeacon ,manning is the present ,catholic archbishop of ,westminster4 ,these four names were more than any others in the mouths of the adherents of the ,oxford movement twenty years ago4 ,archdeacon ,wilberforce lived in the country1 and had1 we believe1 hardly begun to publish that series of theological treatises which soon after made his name second to none in the ,anglican ,church as a writer on doctrine3 ,isaac ,williams1 loved and venerated by all who knew him1 had left ,trinity and was occupied on his ,commentary on the ,gospels without taking any further part in the movement3 the influence of ,charles ,marriott was hardly felt except by his immediate acquaintance4 ,there were of course others whose position--such as that of ,mr4 ,oakeley and ,mr4 ,dodsworth in ,london --gave them much influence in particular places2 but1 speaking broadly1 and without reference to the actual connection of individuals with the ,tracts--in which1 we think1 ,archdeacon ,manning took no part at all--the four names we have just mentioned might be said to constitute the ,high-,church ,quadrilateral4 ,it must be remembered1 moreover1 that among the ,anglicans1 whose church had at that time not even so much liberty to speak in convocation as has since been allowed to it1 and whose bishops were probably unanimous in nothing except in suspicion of ,tractarianism1 personal influence went for far more than is ever the case among ,catholics4 ,whether they liked it or not1 the position and responsibilities of party leaders were thrust upon the persons we have named2 veneration and confidence haunted them1 and their words were made into oracles4 ,a little later than the time of which we are speaking1 an enthusiastic admirer--now a colonial bishop--dedicated a volume of sermons to the three first1 under the name of the three valiant men of ,david's band1 who had broken through the ranks of the enemy to fetch water from the well of ,bethlehem1 the fountain of ancient doctrine2 one of the three1 he plaintively added in his dedication1 was taken prisoner by the enemy in the attempt6 ,this was after the submission of ,dr4 ,newman4 ,recent circumstances1 as we have said1 have drawn from three of these four distinguished persons declarations of opinion and feeling with regard to the ,anglican establishment which it may well be worth while to place #eca side by side4 ,the first in point ,of time was ,dr4 ,newman1 in his celebrated ,apologia pro ,vita su1 in the appendix to which he had occasion to speak his mind about ,anglicanism4 ,the passage will be fresh in the memories of most of our readers2 and it has been preserved as part of a note in the second edition of the ,apologia lately published by ,dr4 ,newman as the ,history of my ,religions ,opinions4 ,it contains1 as a passage from ,dr4 ,newman was sure to do1 most that can be said for or against the establishment in the happiest words3 ,when ,i looked back upon the poor ,anglican ,church after becoming acquainted with ,catholicism1 for which ,i had labored so hard1 and upon all that appertained to it1 and thought of our various attempts to dress it up doctrinally and aesthetically1 it seemed to me to be the veriest of nonentities4 ,he then says that1 looked at as a human institution1 it is great3 ,i recognize in the ,anglican establishment a time-honored institution1 of noble historical memories--a monument of ancient wisdom1 a momentous arm of political strength1 a great national organ1 a source of vast popular advantage1 and1 to a certain point1 a witness and teacher of religious truth3 4 4 4 4 but that it is something sacred2 that it is an oracle of revealed doctrine2 that it can claim a share in ,st4 ,ignatius and ,st ,cyprian2 that it can take the rank1 contest the teaching1 and stop the path of the ,church of ,st4 ,peter2 that it can call itself 'the ,bride of the ,lamb'--this is the view which simply disappeared from my mind on my conversion1 and which it would be almost a miracle to reproduce4 ,i went by1 and1 lo6 it was gone2 ,i sought it1 but its place could nowhere be found1 and nothing can bring it back to me4 ,and as to its possession of an episcopal succession from the time of the apostles--well1 it may have it2 and if the ,holy ,see ever so decide1 ,i will believe it1 as being the decision of a higher judgment than my own2 but for myself1 ,i must have ,st4 ,philip's gift1 who saw the sacerdotal character on the forehead of a gaily-attired youngster1 before ,i can by my own wit acquiesce in it2 for antiquarian arguments are altogether unequal to the urgency of visible facts4 ,dr4 ,newman then expresses his sense of the benefits he received by being born an ,anglican1 not a ,dissenter1 and so having been baptized and sent to ,oxford3 ,and as ,i have received so much good from the ,anglican establishment itself1 can ,i have the heart1 or rather the want of charity1 considering that it does for so many others what it has done for me1 to wish to see it overthrown8 ,i have no such wish while it is what it is1 and while we are so small a body4 ,not for its own sake1 but for the sake of the many congregations to which it ministers1 ,i will do nothing against it4 ,while ,catholics are so weak in ,england1 it is doing our work2 and though it does us harm in a measure1 the balance is in our favor 7p4 #cdb74 ,here is a plain1 definite view about the establishment--giving it certainly not less than its full meed of praise as a human institution1 and acknowledging benefits providentially received in it with all the warmth of a most affectionate heart1 which never lets a single touching memory fade away4 ,but its claim to a divine origin and supernatural character is set aside as a palpably absurd one4 ,without questioning whether it be heretical or schismatical or both1 ,dr4 ,newman declares that he cannot even believe its orders to be valid unless the ,holy ,see declares them so to be4 ,but ,dr4 ,newman does not wish for the destruction of the establishment until the ,catholic ministry is numerous enough to supply its place as the teacher of the mass of the population--an office at present discharged by ,anglicans1 not indeed adequately1 not without many shortcomings and some errors1 but still better #ecb than might be the case if no such institution existed4 ,in expressing his own views about the establishment1 ,dr4 ,manning was obliged in the course of last year to speak at greater length1 and to explain more in detail the ,catholic doctrine with regard to baptized persons involuntarily outside the pale of the visible ,church4 ,the occasion of his declaration was the judgment of the ,privy ,council on the case of the ,essays and ,reviews4 ,this last of the series of similar decisions of the same tribunal1 the ultimate court of appeal for ,anglicans in matters of doctrine1 naturally gave an opportunity for reviewing the gradual retirement of the ,high-,church party from the bold ground which they had taken up in #ahej1 at the time of the ,gorham case4 ,the facts only required to be pointed out2 the mere narrative spoke more forcibly than any possible commentary4 ,history1 either political or ecclesiastical1 scarcely contains such another example of a set of high-minded and earnest men having so ostentatiously to shrink from their implied pledges1 and belie their most solemn declarations4 ,immediately after the ,gorham decision the leaders of the ,high-,church party published a series of resolutions1 the purport of which was that the ,church of ,england would be eventually committed to heresy unless she openly and expressly rejected the erroneous doctrine sanctioned by the decision4 ,the consequences were drawn out1 involving the loss on the part of the ,church of ,england of the office and authority to witness and teach as a member of the universal church2 and it was said that she would thus become formally separated from the ,catholic body1 and be no longer able to assure to her members the grace of the sacraments and the remission of sins4 ,dr4 ,manning's task was therefore easy2 here were men who had pledged themselves in this way in #ahej1 and1 as far as in them lay1 pledged the party of which they were leaders4 ,what were they doing in the ,church of ,england in #ahfd1 after fourteen years in which she had not only not cleared herself from the ,gorham judgment1 but acquiesced in it8 ,she had spoken in convocation on a number of subjects1 never on this2 she had moreover seen a controversy on the ,lord's ,supper within her pale1 the issue of which was thought a triumph to the ,high-,church party--not because it proscribed the heretical doctrine held by the larger number of clergy in the ,church1 but because it just shielded their own doctrine from being proscribed in turn2 finally1 the ,essays and ,reviews had appeared1 and their writers also had been protected from proscription by the crown in council4 ,dr4 ,manning might well say that it seemed as if ,providence had been mercifully striving to open men's eyes to the position of the ,church of ,england4 ,on the ground taken by the resolutionists of #ahej1 she had forfeited whatever claim she ever had to allegiance over and over again4 ,this is hard truth2 but it was not urged by ,dr4 ,manning in a hard way1 nor with the intention of taunting with their inconsistencies men of whom he has always spoken with respect and affection4 ,the only important matter1 after all1 is1 whether the ,high-,church party1 whose opinions were expressed by the resolutions lately referred to1 have in reality receded from their former ground4 ,this is a very serious question2 because1 unless it can be answered in the negative1 it involves an abandonment on their part1 not of this or that particular doctrine1 but of the whole ,catholic idea of a church4 ,the resolutions of #ahej proceeded on the hypothesis that a church that tolerated heresy became itself guilty of it2 and that the ,church of ,england was responsible for the acts of the courts to which she submitted without protest4 ,from a ,catholic point of view1 a very grave change must have come over a set of men who held this principle1 if they afterward contented themselves with a church that tolerates heresy on #ecc the ground that it also tolerates orthodoxy2 that its prayers are orthodox1 that its formularies admit of an orthodox sense4 ,yet it seems quite impossible to draw from the declarations of ,dr4 ,pusey and others anything but an acknowledgment that such a change has taken place4 ,it is not therefore a question as to their view of the present effect of the ,gorham decision or any other1 but as to their view of the character of the ,church in which they hope to be saved4 ,dr4 ,manning's pamphlet was noticed by ,dr4 ,pusey1 in a preface placed by him before a legal statement as to the immediate effect of ,lord ,westbury's decision in the case of the ,essays and ,reviews4 ,this preface1 like many of ,dr4 ,pusey's brochures1 was marked by considerable strength of language against those whom he was assailing1 and contained distinct threats that he and his friends might set up a free church if their demands for a reconstitution of the court of appeal were disregarded4 ,it was implied that the chancellor had acted from the pure love of the heresy1 and the desire of throwing open to unbelief an article of faith against which rationalism rebels1 at the price of breaking off churches of the colonies from the ,mother ,church 7no colonial churches are named71 and familiarizing devoted minds among us at home to thoughts of organic severance from the ,church whose discipline is fettered by such a tribunal2 and so on4 ,the ,church of ,england has necessarily more tenacity than the ,scotch establishment4 ,for1 having a divine original origin81 it is an organic body1 and knows more of the value of intercommunion1 not indeed as a condition absolutely necessary1 but as the natural fruit of divine unity4 ,it is then the more remarkable when members of the ,church of ,england begin to speak 7as they have7 of a free church4 ,our extension in the colonies1 which has so enlarged the ,church and its episcopate1 makes such a rent possible1 even though not one bishop in ,england should join it4 ,and 'if ever there should be a rent in the ,church of ,england1' said one1 'the rent in ,scotland would be nothing to it4' ,at the end of the preface1 men were urged to league together as in the days of the ,anti-,corn-,law agitation3 no candidate was to receive support at the next election who would not pledge himself to do his best to bring about a change in the court of appeal4 ,and a note was appended1 suggesting that no church should be offered for consecration1 no sums given for the building of churches1 which by consecration should become the property of the present ,church of ,england1 no sums given for endowment in perpetuity1 until the present heresy-legalizing court shall be modified4 ,it must surely have occurred to ,dr4 ,pusey1 as it did to so many of his readers1 that this threatening language accorded very ill with another passage in his pamphlet1 in which he avowed his retirement from the threats he had joined in making in #ahej4 ,no fair-minded man can doubt that the resolutions to which we have alluded implied a threat of secession from ,anglicanism1 unless the ,church of ,england cleared herself from the ,gorham decision4 ,unless she cleared herself1 the resolutionists declared she would eventually be bound4 ,dr4 ,pusey in explanation says that he wished the word to be ultimately4 ,we can see no great difference between the two4 ,he then 7p4 #ag1 note7 says that the resolutions were modified so as to be made acceptable to him2 all the more1 we suppose1 is he responsible for their wording1 having signed them4 ,he also says that the difference between the line of action adopted by the different persons who signed them is to be accounted for by the fact that some of them thought that the judgment1 in itself1 committed the ,church of ,england2 others1 that it did not4 ,surely men must be judged by their words4 ,we may think as we please of the conduct of those who afterward left #ecd the ,church of ,england1 or of those who remained in it2 but it cannot be doubted that1 as far as these resolutions are concerned1 the former acted consistently1 the ,latter inconsistently1 with them4 ,moreover1 in the page we are quoting1 ,dr4 ,pusey seems to us to retire altogether from his position1 without saying so openly4 ,he tells us that when he signed the resolutions1 not having a parochial cure1 and worshipping mostly in a cathedral where baptism did not enter into the service1 ,i felt the value of the baptismal office as a witness to truth rather than as a teacher of it4 ,since that time he has come to realize more distinctly the value of the ,prayer-book1 speaking1 as it does1 to the hearts of the people in their own tongue1 in teaching and impressing on the people the doctrines which it embodies4 ,this seems to us to imply1 that as long as the formularies used in public offices speak an orthodox language1 the ,church may in other ways be committed to heresy without losing her character4 ,on the same ground1 as long as the words of consecration are used in the ,lord's ,supper1 any doctrine whatever may be taught concerning it4 ,at all events1 this is all that ,dr4 ,pusey says as to his adherence to or disavowal of the resolutions of #ahej4 ,he cannot be surprised if his threats in #ahfd have been taken as worth no more than his declarations fourteen years ago--if the politicians on whose will the decision of these questions depends have found out that the bark of the ,high-,church leaders is worse than their bite4 ,hi motus animorum1 atque haec certamina tanta ,pulveris exigui jactu compressa quiescunt4 ,so long as the ,bible is read and the ,prayer-book used1 they will impress on the people the doctrines which they embody2 and the ,essayists and ,reviewers and ,dr4 ,colenso will labor so entirely in vain to pervert them1 that no court at all will be necessary to punish the propagators of false doctrines4 ,at all events1 it may fairly be presumed that the threats about a free church are worth just as much1 and no more1 as the threats about secession4 ,but our immediate subject is the course of the controversy about the ,anglican establishment4 ,some expressions in ,dr4 ,pusey's preface1 in which he said that some ,catholics seemed to be in an ecstasy at this victory of ,satan 7the decision of the ,privy ,council as to the ,essays and ,reviews7 appear to have suggested attacks on ,dr4 ,manning with reference to his ,crown in ,council1 in which he was said to have rejoiced in the troubles of his former friends1 and to be merry over the miseries of the ,church of ,england4 ,the same kind of charge has often been made against ,catholics1 especially converts2 and it is in the nature of things that it should be made4 ,every trouble in the ,church of ,england of the kind of which we are speaking1 while it weakens it as a teacher of fragments of ,catholic truth1 weakens also its hold on the minds of many who have hitherto been in the habit of making it the object of that allegiance and that obedience which the instincts of every ,christian heart urge it to pay to the one mother of the children of ,god4 ,so far1 therefore1 as the ,gorham case or the ,denison case1 or the question of the ,essays and ,reviews and the ,colenso decision1 tend to expose the true and simply human character of the institution that calls itself the ,church of ,england1 so far1 many good and loyal souls are set free from a delusion1 and their affections transferred to their right and legitimate object4 ,this1 in the case of individuals1 is a matter of rejoicing4 ,on the other hand1 on the grounds stated so clearly by ,dr4 ,newman1 it is no matter of rejoicing that a body which has to teach so large a number of baptized souls all that they will ever know of ,catholic truth should have the truths that it yet retains diminished in number and in certainty1 and should lose all power of preserving them from corruption4 #ece ,dr4 ,manning's letter to ,dr4 ,pusey contains a clear and calm statement of the doctrines on which the feelings of ,catholics toward bodies like the ,church of ,england are based4 ,dr4 ,pusey had declared that he knew that a very earnest body of ,roman ,catholics rejoice in all the workings of ,god the ,holy ,ghost in the ,church of ,england1 and had contrasted them with others who are in ecstasy at the victory of ,satan4 ,it became necessary therefore to state in what sense a ,catholic can admit that the ,holy ,ghost works in the ,church of ,england4 ,no ,catholic1 then1 by denying utterly and entirely anything like the character of a church to the ,church of ,england1 denies thereby the workings of the ,holy ,ghost or the operations of grace among those who are its members2 nor when these operations are affirmed and rejoiced in is any affirmation thereby made that the ,church of ,england is in any sense whatever a church at all4 ,dr4 ,manning states in full the reasons why we affirm the workings of the ,holy ,ghost among the ,english people2 and these parts of his pamphlet--indeed1 the whole of it--are extremely valuable1 as a clear statement of truths which it is very difficult to get ,englishmen generally to understand1 on account of their prevalent ignorance or misconception of the doctrine of grace4 ,the truths in question1 we need hardly say1 enable ,catholics to rejoice heartily in the effects of grace among the ,dissenters1 not less than among ,anglicans4 ,dr4 ,manning has a few pages also on the specific truths that have been preserved by ,anglicanism1 and the fear with which he regards the process of undermining the ,christianity of ,england which is going on4 ,he also explains how naturally he rejoices at conversions1 which are to him the bringing of souls from the imperfect to the perfect knowledge of the truth2 and sums up by an argument to prove that the ,anglican establishment1 instead of being1 as ,dr4 ,pusey had called it1 the great bulwark against infidelity in this land1 is in reality responsible for that infidelity2 as having been the source of the present spiritual anarchy in ,england2 as having weakened even those truths which it retains by detaching them from others and from the divine voice of the ,church1 which is the guarantee of their immortality2 and as being a source of unbelief by the denial of the truths it has rejected and also of the perpetual and ever-present assistance of the ,holy ,ghost to preserve the ,church from error4 ,we may add1 having quoted ,dr4 ,newman on the subject of ,anglican orders1 that ,dr4 ,manning speaks with equal clearness as to their entire invalidity4 ,dr4 ,pusey's controversial appearances are generally rather late in the day3 the method of his mind is inductive1 and he rejoices above all things in the accumulation of a vast amount of materials1 which he does not always succeed in clearly arranging or lucidly epitomizing4 ,he has taken a year to answer ,dr4 ,manning's short pamphlet of less than fifty pages1 or rather a part of it4 ,the volume teems with undigested learning2 and a very large share of it is taken up with a long postscript and a set of notes4 ,it will not be our business at present to do more than state concisely in what the answer to ,dr4 ,manning consists1 and endeavor to draw out from the pages of ,dr4 ,pusey what his idea is of the ,anglican ,church1 and what his own position in her4 ,there is nothing in direct answer to ,dr4 ,manning's explanation of the doctrine as to the working of the ,holy ,ghost outside the visible ,church--an explanation which of course places the ,anglican ,church on the same ground with the ,dissenting sects4 ,the satisfactory answer to this would of course be some proof that the ,anglicans have orders and sacraments1 and that grace is given through them1 not merely to the dispositions of the individual who receives it4 ,dr4 ,pusey1 of coarse1 maintains the #ecf validity of ,anglican orders1 but he adds nothing to the controversy1 except the remark that the form of consecration used in the case of ,parker was taken from that used in the case of ,chichele a century before4 ,as the controversy does not turn solely upon the form used in ,parker's consecration1 the fact adduced by ,dr4 ,pusey has little to do with it4 ,footnote #gd ,footnote #gd3 ,practically speaking1 it is surely a matter of surprise that so few ,anglicans should have interested themselves in ascertaining what is thought about their orders by others than themselves4 ,no portion of the ,catholic ,church 7as they consider it7 has ever been persuaded to acknowledge them in any way4 ,it is of course their business to obtain their acceptance1 not ours to disprove them2 all the more1 as so very large a number of those who have borne these orders have never believed in their sacramental character4 ,dr4 ,pusey says 7p4 #bgh71 ,i do not believe that ,god maintains the faith where there is not the reality4 ,he is speaking directly of the real presence4 ,by how large a proportion of the bishops and clergy and laity of the ,church of ,england since the ,reformation has it been believed1 even with all the force of the old ,catholic traditions to maintain it8 ,and as to the priesthood and its correlative1 the sacrifice1 a strong argument1 on ,dr4 ,pusey's own ground1 against their existence in ,anglicanism1 might be found in the fact that all practical belief in them has so completely died out in the mass of the people4 ,if there had been the reality1 there would have been the faith2 and so it is with ,eastern heretics and schismatics4 ,with regard to the other point1 it is of course impossible1 or very difficult1 to prove the connection between the effect of a supposed means of grace and that supposed means itself1 independent of the subjective dispositions and belief of the recipient4 ,dr4 ,pusey has no proofs which would not equally show that any one who thought himself a priest was one1 and that any one who thought he received a sacrament from him would receive it4 ,but the statement of ,dr4 ,manning on which ,dr4 ,pusey fastens more particularly is that which accuses the ,anglican establishment of being the cause and spring of the prevailing unbelief4 ,dr4 ,pusey remarks first that there is plenty of unbelief everywhere4 ,that is true2 and everywhere it can be traced to some cause2 the charge is1 that the ,reformation has produced it in ,england1 which was free from it before4 ,dr4 ,manning's first proof--that ,anglicanism rejects much ,christian truth--is met by a statement of the amount of truth which both communions hold4 ,in this part of his argument ,dr4 ,pusey seems to us to avoid the real question at issue4 ,dr4 ,manning speaks of the formularies of the ,church of ,england1 no doubt1 as well as of her practical teaching1 such as it has been for the last three hundred years1 and such as it is throughout the length and breadth of ,england at this day4 ,but in a question as to the amount of truth with which she claims to be the great bulwark against infidelity1 it is obvious that her formularies must be judged according to the sense commonly attached to them1 and according to the interpretation of them supplied by the ordinary teaching of her clergy4 ,every one knows that various senses have been applied to the ,anglican formularies2 and it was the object of the celebrated ,no4 #ij of the ,tracts for the ,times to prove that1 in some cases1 it was the intention of the compilers of the articles to allow men of various schools to sign them4 ,still1 it is going far beyond this to put forward the so-called ,catholic interpretation of the formularies as the sense of the ,church of ,england4 ,it would be untrue even if we consider the matter as a simply literary question2 much more is it in the highest degree unfair to put forward this interpretation in a controversy which turns upon what actually has been and is taught by her4 ,if a foreigner--as unacquainted with the real teaching of ,anglicanism as ,dr4 ,pusey is with that of ,catholicism--were to take up this book and believe what he finds in it1 he would1 we venture to say1 derive a totally false impression of the doctrine of the ,english ,church as it lies on the face of her formularies1 and as it has always been understood and acted upon by nine-tenths of her clergy and people4 ,he would find an assurance that she holds the three creeds1 which would give him to understand that she interpreted them in the same sense as the ,catholic ,church4 #ecg ,he would learn with surprise that there is no difference between ,anglicans and ,catholics on justification4 ,there is not one statement in the elaborate chapters on justification in the ,council of ,trent which any of us could fail in receiving1 says ,dr4 ,pusey4 ,he would find that ,dr4 ,manning had quite falsely said that the ,church of ,england sustains a belief in two sacraments1 but formally propagates unbelief in the other five4 ,in fact1 that the ,church of ,england holds all seven to be sacraments1 with only a difference in dignity4 ,still more to his astonishment1 he would read that the ,church of ,england does not1 in particular1 object to extreme unction2 she only objects to the later abuse of it1 which is not the ,catholic practicer--namely1 the custom of not administering it except to the dying4 ,then1 if some one told him that the ,church of ,england has discontinued the practice altogether1 and that any one would be called a simple papist who attempted to introduce it in any way1 he might naturally be inclined to find fault with the treacherous guide who had so misled him4 ,it is the same with other points4 ,dr4 ,pusey tells us that the ,church of ,england does not deny the infallibility of general councils or of the ,church4 ,his reasoning on this last head is so good a specimen of his method1 that we may dwell on it for a moment4 ,one of the articles teaches1 that as the other churches have erred1 so also the ,church of ,rome hath erred --even in matters of faith4 ,dr4 ,manning sums this up1 very naturally1 as a statement that all churches have erred4 ,the article1 says ,dr4 ,pusey1 was a puzzle to me when young4 ,he supposed1 it seems1 that the condemnation must have been meant to fall on doctrinal decrees4 ,the two clauses1 being put antithetically1 must correspond4 ,on further information1 ,i found that there were no canons of ,jerusalem1 ,alexandria1 and ,antioch that were intended2 then it followed--the same principle of the correspondence of the two clauses--that neither were canons of the ,church of ,rome spoken of4 ,the article moreover does not say that the ,church of ,rome is in error in the present1 but hath erred in time past4 ,it is strange to see so much ingenuity wasted in a hopeless cause4 ,dr4 ,pusey remembers perfectly that the attempt to put forward the interpretations for which he contends1 not as the sense or teaching of the ,church of ,england1 but as a sense of her articles barely tolerated by her in certain individuals of ,catholic opinions whom she wished to retain1 as others1 in her service1 was met many years ago by an outcry such as has not been heard in our day in ,england1 save in the case of the ,catholic hierarchy4 ,and yet he thinks it fair and just to argue as if the ,church of ,england not only allowed such interpretations1 but as if the views which they embody were her regular teaching1 so that she has a right to claim that she has put forward boldly in face of the infidelity around her those portions of ,christian truth to which they relate4 ,her people then are1 and always have been1 really taught that there are seven sacraments1 that there is a real presence on the altar1 that there is a eucharistic sacrifice1 that the ,church is infallible1 and so on4 ,and as he speaks of her ministers being vowed to banish and drive away strange doctrine1 his position implies that any heresy which might contradict these great ,catholic truths could not be permitted within her pale4 ,and now1 suppose he was taken at his word2 suppose1 in consequence of this so-called ,eirenicon1 negotiations were opened and emissaries sent from ,rome to the bishops and convocation of the ,english ,church to treat of reunion4 ,what would be the first step of the ,anglican authorities1 those who really have a right to speak for their communion1 and who would be backed by the great body of the clergy and laity in the country8 ,it would certainly be to repudiate the false face put upon their teaching by ,dr4 ,pusey1 and to #ech declare that their ,church had always been1 and meant to be1 thoroughly and simply ,protestant on the points at issue4 ,if1 therefore1 ,dr4 ,pusey cannot answer ,dr4 ,manning's charge except by attributing to the ,church of ,england the ordinary and regular teaching1 as against infidelity1 of doctrines which she practically disclaims--even if it be allowed that she does not formally proscribe them--it is clear that he thinks little better of that ordinary and regular teaching as it is in fact than ,dr4 ,manning himself4 ,his book is in reality more a long excuse of himself and others for remaining in her than anything else4 ,this is quite a different question4 ,she may tolerate ,catholic opinions in her ministers1 and ,catholic interpretations of her articles4 ,her defenders have then to give an account of what sort of church it is which can compromise truth by purposely ambiguous formularies1 and allow side by side in her pulpits men who must consider each other as heretics4 ,but ,dr4 ,manning's question relates to her actual teaching as a bulwark against infidelity2 and ,dr4 ,pusey knows very well that for every clergyman who teaches more sacraments than two1 or the eucharistic sacrifice1 there are twenty who deny them4 ,perhaps the most elaborate part of ,dr4 ,pusey's volume is that in which he endeavors to prove that the unity of the visible church need not be visible1 and that it is sufficiently secured by orders and sacraments1 through its union with ,christ1 as head1 by the sacraments1 and the indwelling of ,god the ,holy ,ghost4 ,he naively asks1 ,how can we be said to deny the indissoluble unity of the ,church when we cannot approach communion without repeating the ,nicene ,creed8 ,certainly1 few people could ever be convicted of false doctrine if the repetition of the creed in public service was enough to absolve them4 ,in this part of the work1 however1 ,dr4 ,pusey more than ever leaves out of sight the real nature of the charge which he has undertaken to answer--the charge of having denied the indissoluble unity of the ,church1 its visible head1 and its perpetual voice4 ,the question is1 whether these truths can be considered as a part of the system which the ,church of ,england teaches and defends4 ,here1 of course1 there is more divergence as to the doctrine between the two controversialists2 and ,dr4 ,pusey answers only by a theory of his own4 ,but in fact1 even if he fairly represents ,anglicanism1 he cannot escape the charge1 as to the unity of the ,church1 any more than that as to its infallibility4 ,he really maintains that for all practical purposes the ,church was infallible up to the division of ,east and ,west--we meet in his pages that phrase of which his friends are so fond1 the ,holy ,undivided ,church4 ,now it is difficult to find what infallible teacher ,dr4 ,pusey acknowledges2 to what he would submit a conclusion1 we will say1 as to the ,immaculate ,conception1 which he has drawn by his own reason from his study of ,scripture or the fathers4 ,his position may be understood from the following passage3 ,this1 ,i understand1 is a favorite formula with ,dr4 ,manning--',by whom does ,god the ,holy ,ghost speak8 ,by the ,roman ,church8 or by the ,eastern8 or by the ,anglican8' ,i have been wont to say1 by all concurrently1 in so far as they teach the same faith which was from the beginning1 which is the great body of all their teaching2 and1 if need require1 they could at this day declare concurrently any truth1 if it should appear that it had not as yet been sufficiently defined1 against some fresh heresy which should emerge 7p4 #hd74 ,the faith of ,christians is therefore proposed to them by an authority on which they are bound to receive it2 but that authority has in the first place to be tested by ,christians themselves1 who must decide by their own reason--for they can have no other guide--whether in any particular point the three churches teach the same faith which was from the beginning4 #eci ,further this authority cannot speak at all precisely on those points as to which ,christians must most desire its guidance--those points on which these three churches differ4 ,dr4 ,pusey speaks of his reciting the ,nicene ,creed4 ,on what authority does he believe that the ,holy ,ghost proceeds from the ,father and the ,son8 ,he may think that the ,eastern faith comes to much the same thing as the ,western2 but that is a conclusion of his own reason4 ,and we must leave to our readers to make out for themselves the way in which he tries to show that the churches could still act concurrently1 if the occasion were to arise2 especially in the very obvious and1 according to the ,anglican teaching1 perfectly possible case1 that one of these three churches themselves should be the victim of the new heresy1 which1 according to him1 would constitute the occasion for a new definition4 ,footnote #ge ,footnote #ge3 ,we are not1 of course1 answering ,dr4 ,pusey's book2 but we cannot help quoting a single passage from the treatise ,on the ,temporal ,mission of the ,holy ,ghost1 lately published by his grace the ,archbishop of ,westminster1 which simply destroys the whole theory on which ,dr4 ,pusey reasons4 ,few things of the kind can be more refreshing than to turn from the pages of ,dr4 ,pusey to the clear1 bright1 simple1 and precise statements of ,dr4 ,manning4 ,it is like breathing pure country air after groping about in a ,london fog2 and the fanciful and unsubstantial images that bewilder the readers of the ,eirenicon vanish like so much mist and vapor as the majestic outlines of the ,church1 as sketched by the archbishop1 take possession of the mind4 ,no one who reads this book will need any other answer to that of ,dr4 ,pusey4 ,on the point before us the archbishop says3 ,there are some who appeal from the voice of the living ,church to antiquity1 professing to believe that while the ,church was united was infallible2 that when it became divided it ceased to speak infallibly2 and that the only certain rule or faith is to believe that which the ,church held and taught while yet it was united1 and therefore infallible4 ,such reasoners fail to observe that since the supposed division and cessation of the infallible voice there remains no divine certainty as to what was then infallibly taught4 ,to affirm that this or that doctrine was taught then where it is now disputed1 is to beg the question4 ,the infallible ,church of the first six centuries--that is1 before the division--was infallible to those who lived in those ages1 but is not infallible to us4 ,it spoke to them2 to us it is silent4 ,the infallibility does not reach to us2 for the ,church of the last twelve hundred years is by the hypothesis fallible1 and may therefore err in delivering to us what was taught before the division4 ,and it is certain that either the ,east or the ,west1 as it is called1 must err in this1 for they contradict each other as to the faith before the division4 ,i do not speak of the protests of later separations1 because no one can invest them with an infallibility which they not only disclaim for themselves1 but deny anywhere to exists 7pp4 #gd1 #ge74 ,it is clear that1 according to ,dr4 ,pusey1 we must ascertain what the ,undivided ,church taught for ourselves1 and then receive it on her authority4 ,far more than this in reality2 for we are to find out for ourselves negative conclusions as well as positive4 ,there is what he speaks of as a vast practical system in the ,catholic ,church1 the honor paid to our ,blessed ,lady1 and other things of that kind1 which penetrate the daily life and the ordinary thoughts of the great mass of her children4 ,on this ,dr4 ,pusey sits in judgment1 and declares it to be alien to the teaching of the ,undivided ,church1 because he does not find it himself in the fathers4 ,we do not see that he places his objections to it on the authority of his own ,church4 ,this leads us to our question1 what1 to him1 is ,anglicanism8 ,is he content to be its dutiful child1 to catch its genuine spirit1 to echo without further question its definitions1 to rest and be thankful with whatever it may give him8 ,we believe that no one who has ever known anything about the subject has suspected ,dr4 ,pusey of any intention to secede from the ,anglican ,church3 this makes it all the more strange that he should give it so wavering and niggardly an allegiance4 ,other people openly avow that they simply put up with it as a convenient lodging-place for men of no particular opinions2 it exacts little1 leaves them pretty much alone1 and yet furnishes them handsomely with the outward paraphernalia of a church4 ,like the ,roman ,senate in the old story about ,tiberius1 it admits the gods of all nations easily into its ,pantheon4 ,one set of opinions alone it objects to1 because they are so exclusive6 ,except in that case1 its courts always shield the persecuted4 ,mr4 ,gorham is attacked for a heresy1 and they shield him2 ,mr4 ,denison for a truth1 and they absolve him2 even the ,essays and ,reviews do not deprive their authors of this comprehensive protection4 ,its toleration gives1 as a statesman expressed it1 general #edj satisfaction4 ,who can refuse to be loyal1 when the yoke is so light8 ,quod si nec nomen1 nec me tua forma teneret1 ,posset servitiam mite tenere tuum2 and so ,dr4 ,pusey himself seems to feel1 save in those moods of rebelliousness which now and then come over him4 ,we have seen how he once almost pledged himself to secede if the ,gorham judgment was not disavowed4 ,he was too old then to be excused on the plea of youthful impetuosity2 at all events1 the fit passed away3 the baptismal service contents him4 ,we have seen the threats he threw out more than a year ago about a free church if the court of appeal were not modified3 that mood too has passed away4 ,his present book speaks in the most contented manner3 ,essay and ,reviewism a passing storm1 is the title that runs along the top of one of his pages2 and he speaks of the bright promise of the year of ingathering which the ,lord has blessed6 ,he has forgotten his despair of last year1 and boldly proposes to the ,catholic ,church terms on which reunion may be made1--terms1 we venture to say1 which would be rejected at once by every authority of the ,church of ,england itself4 ,still1 with all this1 we do not see in his book any indication that1 except as to the validity of ,anglican orders1 he really thinks much better of ,anglicanism than ,dr4 ,manning or ,dr4 ,newman4 ,its authority is nothing to him2 and they1 on the other hand1 do not deny that1 though a mere human institution1 it teaches many truths which might otherwise be untaught4 ,he is ready to leave it if it accepts heresy2 but it seems that what is heresy1 and what is its acceptance1 must be left to himself to decide4 ,this is the language of one party in a contract or a compromise to another2 not that of a pupil to a teacher1 a child to a parent--above all1 not that of a ,catholic to his ,church4 ,he does not aver that the ,church of ,england is the best possible bulwark against infidelity1 but only as a matter of fact1 that it is at this moment1 under ,god's providence1 a real and chief bulwark against it4 ,he complains of ,dr4 ,manning's statement that she rejects much ,christian truth in a way that looks very much as if he thought she rejected some and he only defends her even then by putting an entirely strange face upon her4 ,he hoists a false flag1 and fights for her under it4 ,we are unwilling to speak personally of an amiable and excellent man2 but ,dr4 ,pusey1 if there are few exactly like him1 is still in his way a representative man2 and his work shows thus the position of many others beside himself4 ,it is obvious that he is really in the ,church of ,england because he has nowhere else to go4 ,he is loyal to her1 not because he loves and admires her1 but because he thinks he can find no other resting-place4 ,deeply versed in the ,scriptures1 especially of the ,old ,testament1 and with a large acquaintance with some of the fathers1 he has studied them under that fatal disadvantage which consists in the entire ignorance of the living system in which the authors whom he has read lived and breathed4 ,the fathers especially1 if they are studied without a knowledge of the ever-living ,church1 are certain to be misunderstood and to convey inadequate ideas of their own practice and belief4 ,the ,church alone explains and completes their testimony4 ,it is exactly the everyday life1 the things and customs and ideas that are too familiar to be chronicled1 that must ever be unknown to those who have a merely literary knowledge of any system or any set of men4 ,the strange thing is that any reasonable man should suppose it to be otherwise4 ,dr4 ,pusey1 if we may judge from the opening of his postscript1 really seems to think that if ,st4 ,augustine were to arrive to-morrow in ,london1 he would go to worship in ,st4 ,paul's or ,westminster ,abbey1 rather than at ,moorfields or ,warwick ,street--,st4 ,augustine1 who1 in a well-known passage1 #eda has pointed out the unfailing mark which the common sense of mankind has fixed upon the true ,church by the simple popular use of the name ,catholic6 ,the result of ,dr4 ,pusey's thought and study may be summed up in two simple heads4 ,the first is an attitude of mind utterly and entirely alien from that which is the first condition of the relation of a ,catholic to the ,church4 ,he has never been taught by a church1 guided by a church1 moulded by a church2 he is self-educated and self-reliant2 he has made his own teacher for himself1 and has never sat at the feet of any other1 except of the author of a book of which he was himself the interpreter4 ,speaking of the possibility of secession in his own case1 he tells us1 ,i have always felt that ,i could have gone in on no other way than that of closing my eyes and accepting whatever was put before me 7p4 #ih74 ,what a revolution that would be6 ,this attitude of simple1 uncriticising1 ungrudging docility and obedience1 is a thing which to him is a perfect novelty4 ,it is one thing to take our faith from an abstraction of our own brain2 quite another to receive it from a living reality1 outside and independent of ourselves4 ,this is the first thing that strikes us in men like ,dr4 ,pusey1 as their minds are reflected in books such as that before us4 ,the second is an amount of misconception1 misunderstanding1 and positive ignorance of the ,catholic system1 which would be simply unintelligible did we not consider the great disadvantages under which any one in his position must have studied it4 ,he is not one of the more rabid school of ,anglican controversialists2 his character and habits of mind are quite alien from wilful misrepresentation and conscious unfairness4 ,and yet there is hardly a fair statement in his book on matters which belong to ,catholicism2 and there are many most provoking misstatements1 as well as many most ludicrous and childish blunders4 ,the book presents an easy victory to any moderately-informed ,catholic theologian who may take the trouble to refute it4 ,this has not been our purpose at present4 ,we have been content with pointing out that his defence of ,anglicanism really condemns it1 because it implies that he cannot defend it without misrepresenting it4 ,in a future article we may deal with him as a controversialist1 and point out1 by way of specimen1 some few of the mistakes into which he has fallen in his attack on the ,catholic ,church4 ------ ,from ,the ,literary ,workman4 ,,ireland ,,before ,,christianity4 ,the ignorance of true ,irish history that prevails1 and the absurdity of the things given as facts to a large mass of moderately educated people1 is painfully surprising4 ,for instance1 it is generally believed among a great number of people1 and it is taught to them in books1 that ,ireland was a land of desolate bogs1 and forests filled with wolves1 and inhabited by lawless savages1 till converted to a sort of ,christianity by the ,english1 of which ,christianity the remarkable part was that it had nothing to do with the ,pope4 ,many people believe ,st4 ,patrick to have been an ,englishman2 others think he was a ,welshman1 and a few bold spirits of the present day declare that they can prove him to have been an excellent ,protestant4 ,savages1 bogs1 wolves1 and desolation1 having been taken #edb compassion upon by the ,english1 they subjugated the people1 taught them1 gave them laws1 and in the reign of ,henry ,,ii4 of ,england attached ,ireland to the ,british crown1 when that country began to have a history4 ,before that date1 that is1 before the twelfth century1 for ,henry ,,ii4 ascended the throne in #aaed1 ,ireland had had no history worth remembering or worth noting4 ,this is a short summary of the chief points of the ,protestant belief on that matter4 ,and although true knowledge concerning many things has struck root and spread amazingly of late years1 there is so much still to learn about ,ireland1 and the history of that country is at once so interesting and so edifying1 that ,papers on ,irish ,history are offered to the readers of the ,workman with a conviction that they will find a welcome both in that country and in ,england4 ,in looking back to the earliest years of the history of ,ireland1 our instructor is tradition4 ,it is a very curious thing1 however1 to see that the old tales1 which have passed with many for poetic fables1 have assumed in these days a remarkable importance1 because in so many instances science is proving tradition to be truth4 ,speaking of ,ireland1 ,camden says3 ,if what the ,irish historians relate be true1 this island was not without reason called ,agygia or most ancient1 by ,plutarch4 ,for they begin their histories from the remotest period of antiquity1 so that compared with them all other nations are of modern date1 and but in a kind of infancy4 ,they tell us that one ,caesarea1 granddaughter to ,noah1 lived here before the flood1 and that afterward came ,bartholanus 7,partholanus71 a ,scythian1 #cjj years after the flood1 and waged fierce war with the giants4 ,long after this1 ,nemethus1 the ,scythian1 landed1 and was presently driven off by the giants4 ,afterward1 ,dela1 with some ,greeks1 made themselves masters of the island2 then ,gaothelus with his wife ,scota1 daughter of ,pharaoh1 arrived here1 and called the island from her ,scotia1 and from him ,gaothela1 and this at the time of the ,israelites' departure out of ,egypt4 ,a few ages after1 ,hiberus and ,hermione 7or as the ,irish called them1 ,ever and ,erimon71 sons of ,milesius1 king of ,spain1 led some colonies into this island1 which had been depopulated by a plague4 ,these stories ,i neither mean to affirm nor refute1 making all due allowance for antiquity4 ,then ,camden gives his own opinion in these words3 ,that this island was originally inhabited upon the general dispersion of mankind1 ,i have not the least doubt4 ,and at this date1 no one who may be quoted as understanding the subject1 has any doubt of the immense antiquity of the ,irish2 an antiquity which1 in fact1 defies calculation4 ,but it is in some measure proved by the discovery in ,ireland of those weapons which are the earliest weapons of defence used by man4 ,they are flints chipped into a shape like the head of a spear4 ,they were used before men knew how to use metal2 and they belong to that earliest time which geologists have called by the name of the stone age4 ,geologists have divided the early ages into three3 the stone1 the bronze1 and the iron period4 ,in the stone age1 ,ireland had a people1 and the celts1 or flint stones chipped into a form like a spear head1 were their weapons4 ,the debated point of whether or not ,ireland was peopled from ,england1 is one which is of little interest4 ,there was a time in the history of man when people could have walked over from ,france to ,england1 and when ,ireland was joined to ,wales4 ,strange as this may read to some persons1 it is less strange than the greater instance of1 for example1 ,australia being found peopled1 and yet parted from the rest of the world by a great sea4 ,the people of ,australia had not gone there in vessels4 ,they had got there by land2 and whether1 by the gradual work of time1 during which the land sunk1 and the sea #edc flowed in over it1 and by this means gave islands to the world1 or whether by enormous convulsions rocks shivered1 and the land was rent apart and sunk1 as between us and ,france1 where the chasm may be said to be filled in by the water that makes the ,straits of ,dover--however it was done1 whether suddenly or not1 the researches of modern science have settled that these things occurred1 and that the people who were our forefathers in this manner were separated from each other4 ,accepting this theory as a truth1 it is idle to ask whether ,ireland was peopled from this country or not4 ,but in the presence of such a theory1 no person can any longer laugh at ,ireland's traditional antiquity2 it is more reasonable to accept it1 and to allow that they have proved their ancient and hereditary intelligence by preserving history4 ,and this theory of the manner in which islands were divided from continents is1 in fact1 constantly proving itself before our eyes4 ,not to go out of ,england1 we may see the progress of such a change now in ,lincolnshire4 ,the reason why the great embankments against the sea are necessary there1 and have become more than ever necessary of late years1 is1 that the land is sinking2 and but for the preventions that science and labor effect1 a part of ,lincolnshire would become an island4 ,there are now a few words to be said about the name ,scotia1 as applied to ,ireland4 ,the ,romans called all the far western people ,scots1 or ,scythians4 ,it meant a people who sailed--a maritime people--they learnt the word in these countries1 for it is ,teutonic1 or northern ,celtic2 and we use the word ourselves when we speak of a boat scudding over the waves4 ,that the people from ,spain came to ,ireland1 and that the existing ,irish are their descendants1 is not disputed4 ,hiberus and ,hermione1 called by the ,irish ,ever and ,erimon1 left their names in ,hibernia1 from the ,spanish for one brother1 and in the ,irish ,erin for the other4 ,but yet ,hibernia is a comparatively modern name2 and ,ireland is the ancient ,scotia1 called ,ierne by the ,roman poet ,claudian and other ,roman writers1 and ,ivvorna by ,diodoms ,siculus1 and many beside4 ,one word more about the rude flint weapon called everywhere a celt4 ,it took its name undoubtedly from the people who used it4 ,it was the weapon of the northern or ,celtic nations4 ,when ,celts are found they indicate to us the existence of the men who used them1 and their state of civilization4 ,wherever they are found they are called by this name1 and their name is derived from the northern people4 ,ireland has always been considered a most healthy country1 and in ,campbell's ,philosophical ,survey of ,ireland1 ,dr4 ,rutty tells us1 ,the bogs are not injurious to health1 and agues are very unfrequent here4 ,and again1 these bogs are not1 as may be supposed from their blackness1 masses of putrefaction1 but1 on the contrary1 are of such a texture as to resist putrefaction above any other substance we know of4 ,of such assertions we have now constant proof1 and the durability of the beautiful and often highly polished ornaments made out of ,irish bogwood is too well known to dwell upon4 ,the people seem to have been1 in very early times1 great feeders of sheep1 cattle1 and pigs4 ,but the richness of the soil of this beautiful island yields to the labor of the scientific former great gain4 ,very curious speculations have arisen as to the gold that has been found in ,ireland4 ,it remains a mystery4 ,mr4 ,o',connor1 in his dissertations on the history of ,ireland1 says1 that1 soon after the arrival of the ,scots from ,spain1 we read of ,uchadan of ,cuala1 who rendered himself famous by his skill in the fabrication of metals4 ,this places the civilization of ,ireland very far back2 and taken together with the early renown of the ,irish in music1 puts them at once in a #edd position of their own4 ,when a people are musicians and workers in gold1 ,silver1 and other metals1 they have advanced a good way in what is meant by the word civilization4 ,their music is described as being of the most affecting and tender kind2 and they seem to have met together1 as afterward at ,tara1 for such accomplished recreations before anything of that kind would have been understood in ,england4 ,it will be interesting to give1 from ,gough's ,additions to ,camden's account of ,ireland1 some notes of the buried gold that has been found3 ,in the bog near ,cullen1 in the county of ,tipperary1 in #agcb1 a laborer found a piece of worked gold1 a little less than half the size of a small egg4 ,it weighed #c ozs4 #d dwts4 and #g grs4 ,in #agci1 a boy found a circular plate of beaten gold1 about eight inches in diameter1 which1 lapped up in the form of a triangle1 enclosed three ingots of gold1 which they say could not weigh less than a pound2 for the boy no sooner brought them home than his mother1 a poor widow1 gave them to a merchant1 on whose land she had a cabin1 as brass to make weights4 ,this is one of the great many instances in which large pieces of gold were sold as brass4 ,gold was found in these lumps1 and in thin plates1 as follows3 #agdb4 ,a child found on the brink of a hole a thin plate of gold4 #agdg4 ,a girl found in the turf-dust a thin plate of gold1 rolled on another1 which when extended was #ad inches long1 and a quarter of an inch broad2 of which a fellow standing by took about half from her2 what he left weighed #f dwts4 #ac grs4 ,soon after1 an apprentice girl found #a oz4 #e dwts4 of the same kind1 rolled after the same manner1 in a sod of turf as she made the fire4 ,vessels of a yellow metal1 as the people said1 were frequently found in this bog4 ,they used to sell them for brass4 ,one was four-sided1 and #h inches high1 with a handle on each side2 the sisters who possessed it sold it to a tinker1 who mended a pot and gave thirteenpence for it4 ,the page of ,irish history which the sight of these vessels1 and the consideration of their shape and workmanship1 might have revealed1 has been1 doubtless1 lost with them in the melting pot4 ------ ,from ,the ,st4 ,james ,magazine4 ,,the ,,colossus ,,of ,,rhodes4 ,in the elementary works for the instruction of young people we find every day frequent mention of the ,colossus of ,rhodes4 ,the statue is always represented with gigantic limbs1 each leg resting on the enormous rocks which face both sides of the entrance to the principal port of the island of ,rhodes1 and ships in full sail pass easily1 it is said1 between its legs2 for ,pliny the ancient tells us that its height was seventy cubits4 ,this colossus was reckoned among the seven wonders of the world1 the six others being1 as is well known1 the suspended gardens of ,babylon1 devised by ,nitocris1 wife of ,nebuchadnezzar2 the pyramids of ,egypt2 the statue of ,jupiter ,olympicus2 the mausoleum of ,halicarnassus2 the temple of ,diana at ,ephesus2 and the pharos of ,alexandria1 erected in the year of ,rome #dgj1 and completely destroyed by an earthquake ,a4,d4 #acjc4 #ede ,nowhere has any authority been found for the assertion that the ,colossus of ,rhodes spanned the entrance to the island1 and admitted the passage of vessels in fall sail between its wide-stretched limbs4 ,no old drawing even of that epoch exists1 when the statue was yet supposed to be standing2 several modern engravings may be seen1 but they are mere works of the imagination1 executed to gratify the curiosity of amateur antiquarians1 or to feed the naive credulity of the ignorant4 ,a century ago1 the ,comte de ,cayius1 a distinguished ,french archaeologist1 found fault with his countrymen for admitting this fiction into the schoolbooks ,footnote #gf for young people2 but he sought in vain to trace its origin4 ,footnote #gf3 ,memoires de l',acadmie des ,inscriptions1 t4 xxiv41 p4 #cfi ,vigenre1 in his ,tableaux de ,philostrate1 is supposed to have been the first who ventured to make an imaginary drawing of the colossus4 ,he was followed by ,bergier and ,chevreau1 ,footnote #gg the latter adding a lamp to the hand of the statue4 ,footnote #gg3 ,histoire du ,monde1 iv41 p4 #cai4 ,the greater number of ,french dictionaries1 ,rollin1 in his ,ancient ,history1 and even some encyclopaedic dictionaries1 have adopted the fiction of their predecessors4 ,a fictitious ,greek manuscript1 quoted by the mythologist ,dachoul1 ,footnote #gh further adorns the colossus by giving him a sword and lance1 and by hanging a mirror round his neck4 ,footnote #gh3 ,religion des ,anciens ,romains1 p4 #baa4 ,the ,comte ,ghoisel-,grouffier1 in his picturesque ,journey through ,greece1 published about the year #aghj1 declares the colossus with the outstretched legs to be fabulous4 ,he says3 ,this fable has for years enjoyed the privilege so readily accorded to error4 ,it is commonly received1 and discarded only by the few who have made ancient history their study4 ,most people have accepted1 without investigation1 an assertion which is unsupported by any authority from ancient authors4 ,nevertheless1 the ,belgian1 ,colonel ,rottiers1 and the ,english geologist1 ,hamilton1 ,footnote #gi do not yield to this respectable authority1 but endeavor to place the site of the statue at the entrance to one of the smaller harbors of the island1 scarcely forty feet wide4 ,rottier goes still further1 and gives a superb engraving of the colossus under the form of an ,apollo1 the bow and quiver on his shoulders1 his forehead encircled by rays of light1 and holding a beacon flame above his head4 ,footnote #gi3 ,researches in ,asia ,minor1 etc4 ,london1 #ahdb4 ,polybius is the first among the ancient writers who mentions the ,colossus of ,rhodes1 in enumerating the donations received by the inhabitants of the island after the fearful earthquake they experienced in #bbb or #bbd b4c4 ,we quote the passage3 ,the ,rhodians have benefited by the catastrophe which befel them1 owing to which not only the huge colossus1 but also a number of houses and a portion of the surrounding walls1 were demolished4 ,then follows a list of the rich gifts they received from all parts4 ,among the benefactors ,polybius mentions the three kings1 ,ptolemy ,,iii4 of ,egypt1 ,antigone ,doson1 of ,macedonia1 and ,seleucus1 of ,syria1 father of ,antiochus4 ,the ancient ,pliny records that the colossus1 after having stood for sixty-six years1 was overthrown by an earthquake1 and that it took the artist ,chars de ,lindos1 to whom the ,rhodians had intrusted its construction1 twelve years to complete his task4 ,the tendency in art to produce grand effects by colossal works became perceptible twenty-five year's before ,phidias2 for we find that #dfc years before ,christ the inhabitants of ,syracuse caused a huge statue to be erected to ,jupiter ,eleutherius1 after the death of the tyrant ,thrasybulus4 ,this tendency was an indication of the decline of art1 traceable during and after the period of ,alexander the ,great4 ,but to return to the colossus4 ,one ,philo-,byzantius wrote a short treatise on the seven wonders of the ancient world1 about #aej years ,b4,c4 ,footnote #hj ,in it he #edf gives an explanation of the construction of the colossus1 but nowhere speaks of the extended legs1 under which vessels in full sail entered the port4 ,on the contrary1 he mentions one sole pedestal1 which was of white marble4 ,moreover1 the statue was said to be #aje feet in height1 and the harbor entrance1 according to modern researches1 was #cej feet wide2 it could not1 therefore1 possibly reach across this space4 ,lastly1 if the statue had stood at the entrance of the port1 the earthquake must have overthrown it into the sea2 whereas ,strabo and ,pliny tell us that its fragments remained for a considerable time imbedded in the earth1 and attracted much attention by their wonderful size and dimensions4 ,footnote #hj3 ,it was reprinted with a ,latin translation1 by ,j4 ,c4 ,orelli1 at ,leipzic1 in #ahaf4 ,strabo also mentions the colossus as one of the seven wonders of the world4 ,now this is the real truth concerning the colossus3 ,toward the year #cje ,b4,c41 ,demetrius ,poliorcetes laid siege to ,rhodes1 and the inhabitants defended themselves with so much bravery that1 after a whole year of struggle and endurance1 they forced the enemy to retire from the island4 ,the ,rhodians1 by whom the sun-god 7,helios7 was worshipped as their patron 7having emerged from the waves of the ,a,egean ,sea71 inspired by sentiments of devotion1 and excited by fervent gratitude for so signal a proof of the divine favor1 commanded ,chars de ,lindos to erect a colossal statue to the honor of their deity4 ,an inscription explained that the expenses of its construction were defrayed out of the sale of the materials of war left by ,demetrius on his retreat from the island of ,rhodes4 ,this statue was erected on an open space of ground near the great harbor1 and near the spot where the pacha's seraglio now actually stands2 and its fragments for many years after its destruction were seen and admired by travellers4 ,this explanation is still further supported by the fact1 that a chapel built on this ground in the time of the ,knights of ,rhodes is named ,fanum ,sancti ,joannis ,colossensis4 ,we have seen that ,strabo1 who wrote and travelled during the reigns of the first two ,roman emperors1 was the earliest author after ,polybius who mentioned the fall of the ,colossus of ,rhodes1 and that very concisely4 ,pliny enters into somewhat fuller details1 and speaks of the dimensions of the mutilated limbs4 ,even while prostrate1 says he1 this statue excited the greatest admiration4 ,few men could span one of its thumbs with his arms2 and each of its fingers was as large as an ordinary full-sized statue4 ,its broken limbs appeared to strangers like caverns1 in the interior of which enormous blocks of stone were seen4 ,from this time we find no further mention whatever of these fragments2 but it is curious that toward the end of the second century several writers speak of a colossal statue at ,rhodes as still existing4 ,it is possible that one was again constructed1 but of smaller dimensions4 ,indeed1 ,leo ,allazzi tells us that the ,colossus of ,rhodes was reconstructed and completed under the ,emperor ,vespasian2 but later ,greek authors give us nothing in support of this opinion4 ,a long time after the fall of the ,roman empire the island of ,rhodes was conquered by the general-in-chief of the ,caliph ,othman1 in the seventh century of the ,christian era2 and then mention is once more made of a colossus in metal4 ,this last memorial of a glorious past was not respected by the conqueror1 says the ,byzantine history4 ,the general took down the colossus which stood erect on the island1 and transported the metal into ,syria1 and sold it to a ,jew1 who loaded #ihj camels with the materials of his purchase4 ,we should refer any who may be curious for further details on the ,colossus of ,rhodes to a remarkable work on the subject by ,carl ,ferdinand ,lders1 in which the fiction of the gigantic outstretched limbs is completely disposed of2 but with such an array of learned accessories1 more germanico1 that few will perhaps read it throughout4 ------ #edg ,from ,the ,month4 ,,public ,,life ,,of ,,st4 ,,catharine ,,of ,,siena4 ,no one can expect to find the history of the ,church free from vicissitude2 as it has its bright and glorious periods1 so also it has its times of gloom and darkness1 when a superficial observer might almost interpret the disastrous character of the more salient facts that meet his eye1 as the evidence of a suspension of the vital activity and healthy vigor of the whole body4 ,but the life of the ,church is essentially internal1 and depends on the free action of divine grace1 penetrating and animating the whole community--an action that is perpetually kept up by the most common and unobtrusive ministrations of sacramental strength1 which are going on in full frequency and efficacy1 while the political fortunes of the hierarchy1 or of the supreme power1 are crushed by oppression or persecution2 or even while scandals are seen in high places--when bishops become courtiers1 when cardinals are truckling to kings and emperors1 and popes are in captivity or exile4 ,and it often happens that these dark times are most prolific of the noblest fruits of the interior life2 and that at such seasons the choicest treasures of the ,church--the souls on whom great and special graces have been bestowed--are providentially brought out into unusual prominence1 so as to exercise great influence and give a character to the period1 or a direction to some of its most important transactions4 ,even if it be not so1 at all events we have only to go a little below the surface in order to find plentiful indications of the rich veins that are contained in no soil but one4 ,thus1 in ,italy1 at the time in which this paper treats1 there were a number of saintly souls1 whose names have since taken rank in the calendar of the ,church4 ,the secular historian sees little more than a set of quarrelsome states1 restless in their mutual discord and aggressive ambition1 and distracted1 ever and anon1 by the most furious domestic strife1 which would slake itself with nothing but blood4 ,st4 ,andrew ,corsini once showed his audience1 as he was preaching in the ,piazza of ,fiesole1 looking down on ,florence1 an immense flight of hawks1 kites1 and other ravenous birds1 battling with one another over the city4 ,they represented1 he told them1 the number of evil spirits that were engaged in stirring up the inhabitants to intestine discord4 ,florence was not worse1 but rather better1 and more thoroughly ,catholic1 than its neighbors2 yet when we take up such a life1 for instance1 as that of ,st4 ,giovanni ,colombini1 of ,siena1 the founder of the ,gesuati1 we find ourselves at once in an atmosphere of calm and fresh simplicity1 of happy peace1 fervent devotion1 and loving faith2 and it is only by the chance mention of public calamities--the sufferings of the peasants1 whose fruit-trees had been cut down by the ,german company' of marauders1 and the like--that we are reminded of the ,italy of the day1 with its endless disturbances and hopeless insecurity4 ,we have not merely the beautiful picture of ,giovanni himself1 and his immediate followers and friends2 of his good wife1 for instance1 who begged him to read her pious book while she kept him waiting a few minutes for his dinner1 and who1 though he had at first thrown it on the floor in a fit of impatient anger1 could not persuade him to leave it1 when all was ready1 till he had read to the end the story of ,st4 ,mary of #edh ,egypt4 ,she had prayed that he might be more given to almsgiving than he was1 and then had to complain that she had prayed for a shower1 not for a deluge1 when he began to give away everything in the house2 and she had to yield at last to his saintly fervor1 and release him altogether from the obligations of the married life4 ,it is not only ,francesco ,vincenti1 the other rich and noble gentleman of ,siena1 who caught up the example of ,giovanni1 began to give great alms1 dress shabbily1 and serve the poor1 and at last joined him in giving up the world altogether1 and placing himself under religious obedience2 or ,giovanni's cousin ,catarina1 the first of the nuns whom he established1 whom he could not persuade to embrace the state of poverty1 though she had given up the idea of marriage1 till he called her to a little window in the wall between their two houses1 one night1 as she was going up to bed with her lamp lit1 and talked to her in so heavenly a strain that her heart was perfectly changed2 and when she turned to go away at last1 she found that she had been listening all night1 and the morning rays were streaming through the shutters1 though1 as he bade her observe1 the little stock of oil in her lamp was unconsumed4 ,these might be accidents of piety and simple faith in particular families2 but we cannot so account for the great number of followers that enlisted themselves under ,giovanni--so many1 that the worthy magistrates of ,siena thought fit for a time to banish him and his companions from the city1 lest every one should join them2 nor for the ready and enthusiastic welcome that he met with wherever he went throughout ,tuscany1 the joy with which his preaching was received1 and the rapid fruit that it produced4 ,the beautiful account of him and his early followers1 written in the century after his death by ,feo ,belcari1 is full of details and anecdotes that seem to prove the powerful hold that faith and religion retained upon the mass of the population in those seemingly black and miserable days4 ,the mere number of his followers1 as we have said1 is an evidence of this1 the proofs to which the novices were put were very severe indeed2 yet when ,urban ,v4 came from ,france to ,italy1 ,giovanni went to meet him at ,corneto with a company of seventy1 all of whom had joined him within two years4 ,the same conclusion is forced upon us when we take up the life or the letters of the still more famous child of the same fair city1 ,st4 ,catharine of ,siena1 of whose public influence we hope to give presently some short account4 ,the family of religious disciples whom she collected around her in the course of her short life1 from all ranks and classes1 could never have been furnished save by a population thoroughly penetrated with religious feeling1 and familiar with the loftiest principles of faith4 ,her own home1 too1 is a charming picture4 ,there is the good pious father1 a man simple and without guile1 as ,father ,raymond tells us1 fearing ,god1 and keeping free from vice2 a man so moderate in speech1 that for no occasion whatever1 of disturbance or trouble that was given him1 did unbecoming words escape his lips2 rather1 when others of his family felt bitterly1 and he heard them break out into angry words1 he set himself at once1 with a joyous countenance1 to comfort them1 saying1 ,ah1 ,god give you good luck6 don't fret yourself1 or say things like that1 which don't befit us4 ,he let himself be injured and brought to the brink of ruin by a false charge1 and yet would never allow any one in his presence to speak against his accuser1 leaving his cause entirely to ,god2 and in due time all was wonderfully set right4 ,his large family of children were brought up with so much modesty1 and with so great a hatred of anything licentious1 though only in word1 that one of the daughters1 whom he had given in marriage to a young man who had lost his parents when a child1 and learnt bad language from the chance companions he had picked up1 made herself ill with #edi grieving over her husband's bad habit in this respect1 and could never be well or happy till he had given it up4 ,we hear less of the rest of the family4 ,catharine was one of twenty-five children2 but though they opposed for a while her resolution not to marry1 and tried to make her give up her excessive penances1 they seem to have been good1 fervent ,christians2 and her mother1 with her natural love for her child1 struggling against the sacrifice of giving her up entirely to the service of ,god1 is delightful in her simplicity1 and her character gives a charming air of truthfulness and reality to the whole picture4 ,but there is no reason for supposing that the family of the good ,jacomo and ,lapa were far above the level of their neighbors in virtue and piety1 except in the instance of the one chosen soul whose wonderful graces and history have alone saved them from being altogether forgotten1 like the mass of their daily companions in the streets and the churches of ,siena4 ,what we are told of them reveals that which escapes the notice of the superficial historian--the daily life of a ,catholic people1 however politically unsettled1 and subject to violent outbreaks natural to its hot temperament and passionate disposition--though the character of the ,siennese was said to be comparatively gentle and sweet--still thoroughly leavened and penetrated by the faith that had been handed down through an unbroken succession of generations1 since the city's first martyr consecrated its soil by his blood4 ,such1 in general1 was the population of ,italy1 and1 of course1 of great parts of ,europe1 at that time2 and such a population constitutes a resource1 as it were1 for the ,church1 that it must take1 it would seem1 many generations thoroughly to corrupt or to destroy4 ,from the depths of such a people springs ordinarily the ever-fresh crop of eminent saints1 who form the chief glories and supports of the ,church in their successive generations2 and the wide extent to which the principles of ,christian faith and practice influence the mass from which they themselves rise1 makes it possible for them to gather followers around them1 to touch the springs of public action and thought1 and to exercise the wonderful influence upon the men of their day which is so strange an enigma to the uncatholic historian4 ,footnote #ha ,footnote #ha3 ,thus ,dr4 ,milman 7,latin ,christianity1 t4 v41 p4 #hia-b7 is fairly upset by what he calls a most extraordinary letter of ,st ,catharine4 ,it is that in which she relates her assistance of ,nicola ,tuldo1 when under sentence of death and on the scaffold4 ,he adds at the end of his note3 ,st4 ,catharine had the stigmata4 ,and this woman interposed between popes1 princes1 and republics4 ,we may see1 perhaps1 whether she interposed1 or was entreated to do so2 whether her influence was sought by herself1 or forced on her by others4 ,the singularly beautiful life of ,st4 ,catharine of ,siena1 written by her friend and confessor1 ,raymond of ,capua1 gives us as perfect an account as we could wish to have of the personal and1 as it were1 private history of the saint1 and sets her character before us in the freshest colors1 like a picture of ,fra ,angelico4 ,but it is deficient in that very part of her life to which it is our purpose more particularly to attend4 ,the public influence exercised by ,st4 ,catharine was fresh in the recollection of those for whom ,fr4 ,raymond wrote3 they wished to be told the antecedents1 as it were1 of a person whom they had seen brought forward by ,providence in so remarkable a manner to support the papacy in an hour of severe trial4 ,a complete life of ,st4 ,catharine would have to include a great many points which have been omitted by ,raymond2 and much that he has mentioned or alluded to would have to be fixed more accurately as to time and place4 ,nor could any one hope to draw up such a work with success without the fullest acquaintance with the ample collection of her letters4 ,it is from these last that many most important features of her public life would have to be drawn4 ,footnote #hb ,we owe them1 probably1 to #eej the care with which her disciples or secretaries copied them before they were sent1 for it is hardly likely that they could have been otherwise recovered from the persons to whom they were addressed4 ,footnote #hb3 ,one of the best sketches of ,st ,catharine's action on public matters with which we are acquainted is contained in the introduction to ,m4 ,caltier's recent translation of her letters into ,french4 ,the ,histoire de ,ste4 ,catharine1 published many years ago by ,m4 ,chavin de ,malan1 contains a great deal of extraneous matter1 and does not scene to as to use the letters as they might have been used4 ,m4 ,christophe1 in his ,histoire de la ,papaut pendant le ,xl,ve ,sicle1 falls entirely in giving sufficient importance to the saint4 ,there is a good ,italian ,storia di ,sta4 ,catarina da ,siena1 by ,fr4 ,capecelatro1 an ,oratorian1 published a few years ago1 in which much use is made of the admirable notes of ,fr4 ,buramacchi to ,gilgli's edition of the letters4 ,it is not easy to say at what precise time the public action of ,catharine began4 ,she was in the twenty-fourth year of her age at the time of the death of ,urban ,v4 ,she had already passed1 for about four years1 from that life of prayer1 mortification1 and contemplation with which her saintly career had begun1 to one of greater intercourse with others2 and she had already brought about some very wonderful conversions1 of which ,fr4 ,raymond has given us an account4 ,she had in several cases been successful in obtaining reconciliations between families hostile to one another through the hereditary feuds and traditions of revenge which have always had so baneful an effect on ,italian society2 but it does not appear that she had had any personal intercourse with ,urban ,v41 or any of the great prelates or princes of the time2 and perhaps her fame had not travelled far beyond the frontiers of ,tuscany4 ,giacomo ,orsini1 who passed through ,siena in the year following the death of ,urban to receive the dignity of cardinal from ,gregory ,,xi41 may have made her acquaintance in her native town1 and carried the report of her wonderful sanctity to the court of ,avignon4 ,the next year1 #acgb1 we find her already in correspondence with important persons4 ,war had again broken out between the ,holy ,see and the restless ,barnabo ,visconti4 ,barnabo had usurped the dominion of ,reggio1 a fief of the ,church1 and had proceeded to other excesses1 such as to force ,gregory ,,xi4 to excommunicate him in #acga4 ,war was now declared2 but it was at first favorable to the ,milanese tyrant4 ,a league was then organized against him1 in which the emperor1 the ,king of ,hungary1 and the ,count of ,savoy took part4 ,john ,hawkwood1 moreover1 with his famous ,english lances1 was engaged on the ,pontifical side4 ,the success was now chiefly on the side of the league1 and ,visconti once more betook himself to intrigues and negotiations at ,avignon1 where he obtained a truce in #acgd4 ,we find ,st4 ,catharine writing1 in #acgb1 to two great ,french prelates1 the ,cardinal ,pierre d',estaing1 who had just been appointed legate at ,bologna2 and the ,abbot of ,marmontier1 a relation of the ,pope1 who was sent at the same time to govern ,peragia and discharge the office of nuncio in ,tuscany4 ,her letters to the cardinal seem to show that she was already known to him4 ,the first contains little but spiritual exhortation1 though there is a hint at the end to the saints favorite subject at this time1 the crusade against the infidels4 ,in the second she speaks strongly for peace among ,christians4 ,the letter to the abbot--who afterward became a cardinal1 and died on the schismatical side--is evidently an answer to a letter from him1 asking advice for himself and also for the ,pope4 ,st4 ,catharine urges him to prevail on the ,holy ,father to put down the nepotism that prevailed among high ecclesiastics1 to discourage the luxurious worldliness of the prelates1 and to choose good and virtuous men as cardinals4 ,a little later we find her writing to the truculent ,barnabo himself1 the man who made papal legates eat the missives of excommunication which they were charged to deliver to him--who declared that he was ,pope in his own dominions1 and dressed up a mad priest in mock vestments to excommunicate the ,pope in return1 and made the monasteries under his rule take charge of his hounds4 ,this letter1 again1 was in answer to a message brought to ,siena from ,barnabo by #eea one of his servants4 ,catharine sets before him the crime he has been guilty of in going to war with the ,pope1 and exhorts him to make amends for it by taking part in the crusade4 ,the letter seems to have been written after the peace granted to ,visconti in #acgd4 ,the same date1 or perhaps an earlier one1 seems to belong to a long letter of the saint to ,beatrice della ,scala1 the wife of ,barnabo1 in which that lady is urged to become more religious herself1 and thus to influence her husband1 especially to peace and obedience toward the ,holy ,father4 ,this letter1 also1 is in answer to a message4 ,catharine's life became still more active than before about this time4 ,she was sent for to ,florence by the general of her order1 and seems to have gone about to several other cities1 such as ,pisa and ,lucca1 and to have exercised great influence everywhere4 ,her presence had before this begun to attract crowds wherever she went3 they came to speak to her1 to consult her about the affairs of their souls or their family troubles2 and her burning words wrought numberless conversions4 ,the ,b4 ,raymond1 speaking of this part of her life1 tells us in his simple way1 ,if all the limbs of my body were turned into so many tongues1 they would not be enough to relate the fruit of souls which this virgin plant1 that the heavenly ,father hath planted1 did produce4 ,i have sometimes seen a thousand persons or more1 men and women1 come at the same time1 as if drawn by the sound of some unseen trumpet1 from the mountains or from the villages in the territory of ,siena1 to see or to hear ,catharine4 ,these persons--,i don't say at her words1 but even at the mere sight of her--were suddenly struck with compunction for their misdeeds1 bewailed their sins1 and ran to the confessors1 of whom ,i was one2 and so great was the contrition with which they made their confessions1 that no one could doubt that a great abundance of grace had descended from heaven upon their hearts4 ,this happened not once or twice only1 but very often4 ,for this reason ,pope ,gregory ,,xi41 of happy memory1 who was both consoled and rejoiced at this great fruit in souls1 granted letters apostolic to me and to my two companions1 giving us power to absolve all those who came to see ,catharine and to confess their sins1 in all the cases for which the bishops of the dioceses had faculties4 ,and that truth1 that neither deceives nor can be deceived1 knows well that many came to find us out who were laden with great sins1 and who had never before made confession1 or never received as it ought to be received the sacrament of penance4 ,we--that is1 my companions and myself--often remained fasting till evening1 and were too few to hear all those who wished to confess2 and indeed1 to declare my own imperfection1 and the influence of this holy virgin1 so great was the throng of people wishing to confess that many times ,i found myself quite worn out and wearied by the excess of fatigue4 ,but ,catharine went on praying incessantly2 and when the holy prey was won1 she rejoiced fully in the ,lord1 as one who had won a victory1 ordering her other sons and daughters to wait upon us1 who were tending the nets that she had spread4 ,no pen can express the abundance of the joy in her mind1 nor even the signs of gladness that she gave1 which indeed gave us so much internal delight as to make us forget the recollection of any sadness whatever we had to undergo4 ,footnote #hc ,footnote #hc3 ,legenda1 ii4 ch41 #g4 ,gregory ,,xi4 seems before his election to have been well acquainted with ,st4 ,bridget1 for he was the cardinal through whom she had wished to communicate to ,urban ,v4 the message that she had received to deliver to him4 ,he kept up a correspondence with her as long as she lived1 and received some tremendous warnings from her about the return of the ,holy ,see to ,rome4 ,at the time of which #eeb we are speaking1 #acgd1 in the fifth year of his reign1 he sent ,st4 ,bridget's confessor to ,catharine to recommend himself to her prayers4 ,this may have been the opening of the intercourse between them4 ,of the fourteen letters to ,gregory that remain to us1 none seem to bear an earlier date than #acgf4 ,footnote #hd ,it does not appear certain1 therefore1 whether she had any direct influence upon the ,pope's desire to set on foot a new crusade1 which he urged on with much vigor about the time of the peace granted to ,visconti4 ,but it was one of ,st4 ,catharine's three darling projects2 the other two being the reform of the prelacy and the restoration of the papacy to ,rome4 ,the fact that her confessor and friend1 ,fr4 ,raymond1 was appointed to preach the crusade seems to imply that she had been in communication with ,gregory upon the subject4 ,we have already said that she proposed to ,barnabo himself to take the cross4 ,the idea of sending all the turbulent spirits in ,europe to fight against the ,turks was not a new one2 ,urban ,v4 had proposed it to the companies who ravaged ,france and even insulted him by exacting a ransom for ,avignon2 but the freebooters naturally preferred the less dangerous1 though less glorious1 life that they were living in ,france4 ,they were at last persuaded to enlist against ,peter the ,cruel4 ,in ,st4 ,catharine's time there was a proposal of the same kind1 with regard to the bands in ,italy1 whom we shall presently see the instruments of the greatest possible mischief to that unhappy country4 ,we have a letter from her to ,sir ,john ,hawkwood1 from which it appears that he and his followers had actually ,engaged to serve in the crusade4 ,other letters on the subject of the same expedition show that she was now in a position to address herself with effect to the sovereigns of great states4 ,she writes at this time to ,queen ,joanna of ,naples1 and to the queen-mother of ,hungary1 in hopes of her assistance in persuading her son1 ,king ,louis4 ,but if the peace with ,barnabo had made the crusade once more possible1 fresh troubles soon ensued in ,italy which prevented it1 and which occasioned the still greater prominence of ,st4 ,catharine as an earnest advocate of peace4 ,footnote #hd3 ,four of these letters 7#g-aj7 were written while ,catharine was at ,avignon1 and were only to be found in ,latin among the papers of ,b4 ,raymond1 who was1 it appears1 interpreter between the saint and the ,pope1 who did not understand her ,tuscan dialect4 ,m4 ,chavin de ,malan 7ii41 #cfi7 conjectures that the first three of them may be summaries of conversations that passed at ,avignon1 taken down afterward by ,b4 ,raymond4 ,but internal evidence is against this supposition2 and it is not at all unlikely1 as the opposition to her influence was so strong1 that the ,pope preferred that she should communicate with him by letter4 ,the disturbances were not1 this time1 the work of the ,visconti4 ,barnabo turned them to his own advantage1 but he was not their author4 ,historians concur in attributing a feeling of general discontent with the internal administration and external policy of the pontifical government in ,italy to the conduct of the ,french legates4 ,we find very strong charges against them2 for example1 in the chronicle of ,st4 ,antoninus1 written in the following century2 but it may be questioned whether he did more than repeat what he found in other ,florentine writers2 and1 in this case1 the testimony of a ,florentine is hardly to be admitted without suspicion4 ,but it is very likely that many of the charges of tyranny1 ambition1 extortion1 and luxury are not unfounded4 ,still1 the internal administration of the ,states of the ,church had been settled by ,albornoz1 and his system might have carried the government through without an outbreak1 even under the trial of administrators quite unworthy to succeed him1 had it not been for the suspicions that arose1 in cities external to the pontifical territory1 that its governors aimed at the subjugation of their neighbors4 ,it thus seemed to become their interest not only to defend themselves1 but to anticipate the danger by raising revolts in the ,states of the ,church4 ,it is quite clear that ,gregory ,,xi4 had no such design #eec himself1 and that he would not have tolerated it in his subordinates4 ,neither are the acts of the latter such as cannot be explained on other grounds4 ,but what is clear to us at a distance was not necessarily so clear to the contemporaries of ,st4 ,catharine4 ,certain measures of the legate at ,bologna1 and of the governor of ,perugia1 had an unfortunate look4 ,in the first place1 it seems that the diplomacy of that time did not insist1 in the case of a confederacy of a number of powers against a common enemy1 that peace should not be made by one member of the league without the consent of the remainder4 ,the peace with ,barnabo had been made1 it appears1 without the concurrence of ,florence1 ,pisa1 ,siena1 and the other allies of the ,pope4 ,another cause of soreness was a measure adopted about the same time by the ,cardinal ,legate of ,bologna1 which pressed hardly upon ,tuscany4 ,the last two years had been years of great scarcity in that part of ,italy1 and he now forbade the exportation of grain from the ,legation4 ,he was no doubt afraid of relieving his neighbors at the risk of suffering himself4 ,but there was more to come4 ,sir ,john ,hawkwood and his followers had to be discharged on account of the peace2 they were no sooner dismissed than they invaded the ,florentine territory1 attempted to make themselves masters of ,prato1 and ravaged the country up to the gates of ,florence itself4 ,thus soldiers1 only a few days before in the pay of the ,holy ,see1 were attacking one of its allies with fire and sword4 ,it looked very like an attempt to enslave ,tuscany4 ,at the same time ,siena had a complaint of the same sort against the abbot of ,montmajor at ,perugia4 ,the powerful family of the ,salimbeni were at that time in exile from ,siena1 the last revolution of which city had put the supreme power into the hands of the popular party4 ,the pontifical governor of ,perugia leagued himself with the exiles1 and thus appeared to be aiming at the destruction of the liberties of ,siena4 ,ergo omnis furiis surrexit ,etruria justis4,nothing had indeed been done which did not admit of explanation2 ,and1 if his legates had really been guilty of aggression1 ,gregory ,,xi4 could1 have readily disavowed them4 ,indeed1 he ordered the edict against the exportation of grain from the ,romagna to be revoked2 in which1 however1 the cardinal at ,bologna refused to obey him4 ,but this conciliatory order came too late4 ,under such provocation men1 and especially ,italians1 would not wait for explanations4 ,they were jealous of their liberties1 and they hated the idea of foreign domination2 the representatives of the pontifical government at the time were foreigners to them1 and seemed to be seeking to enslave them4 ,florence flew to arms3 she had been long devoted to the ,holy ,see2 now she gave herself over to the rule of the faction within her1 who had ever been the minority1 because they were the enemies of the ,pope2 and these men1 feeling themselves still in reality the weaker party1 lost no time in plunging into the most frantic excesses1 that they might alienate their country from the ,holy ,father beyond hope of reconciliation1 and wreak their own vengeance on their personal enemies so fully as to leave them no chance of again recovering their power4 ,hawkwood was soon disposed of2 he was bought off for a large sum4 ,the movement in ,florence became a revolution1 with all its accompaniments of blood1 spoliation1 and terror4 ,the inquisitors were massacred1 the prisons destroyed2 the prior of the ,carthusians1 who presented himself as papal envoy with overtures of reconciliation1 was torn to pieces1 and his flesh thrown to the dogs4 ,the clergy were withdrawn from the jurisdiction of the ,pope2 the nomination of benefices assumed by the magistrates of the republic4 ,these1 however1 were all changed2 a committee of eight1 a sort of ,comit du ,salut ,publique--called1 in derision1 the ,eight ,saints--seized the helm of government2 it was a #eed complete reign of terror4 ,but they were not content with turning ,florence against the ,pope2 they sent envoys throughout the whole of ,tuscany and ,umbria1 inviting all the cities to join in league against the pontifical government1 and bearing with them red banners inscribed with the word ,libertas4 ,the conduct of the ,french governors had but too well prepared the subjects of the ,pope for these invitations4 ,citta di ,castello led the way2 ,perugia1 ,narni1 ,viterbo1 ,montefiascone followed2 before the end of #acge nearly the whole of the pontifical territory1 the ,patrimony1 the ,duchy of ,spoleto1 and the ,march of ,ancona1 were in open revolt4 ,all that ,albornoz had done for the ,holy ,see seemed to have been done in vain4 ,bologna1 almost alone1 remained faithful2 but even there the government of the legate was very insecure4 ,it was felt at ,avignon that something was now to be dealt with very different even from a war against the ,visconti4 ,some companies of ,bretons were then ravaging or ransoming cities in the south of ,france1 under two famous captains of the day1 ,jean de ,malestroit and ,silvestre de ,bude2 they were enlisted under the flag of the ,church1 and prepared to descend on ,italy4 ,but ,gregory ,,xi4 determined to try the method of conciliation before letting them loose4 ,he sent envoys to ,florence1 who offered terms to which no prudent person could make objection4 ,perugia and ,citta di ,castello were to be free1 but the ,florentines were to cease in their revolutionary propaganda in the ,states of the ,church1 and particularly in ,bologna4 ,the eight saints had all that was reasonable and good in ,florence against them1 and they dared not openly refuse to entertain terms such as these4 ,but they sent secret instructions to their commander in the field while the negotiations were being carried on2 he marched on ,bologna1 raised the people in revolt1 and made the legate a prisoner4 ,they succeeded in their ulterior object3 the ,papal envoys left ,florence without concluding any peace4 ,after this fresh provocation1 nothing remained for the ,pope but to attack the ,florentines with every weapon at his disposal4 ,the ,breton companies were ordered to march1 under the general command of the ,cardinal ,robert of ,geneva1 a man1 it seems1 with more of the soldier than the priest about him1 who was to be1 within three years from the time that he began his expedition1 the first of the miserable line of ,antipopes who opposed themselves to the legitimate successors of ,gregory ,,xi4 ,his present campaign was distinguished chiefly by two events1 neither of which cast credit on the pontifical cause3 a treaty he made with ,visconti 7who had before allied himself with the ,florentines71 by which the ,guelfic party in the north of ,italy were sacrificed to the enmity of the tyrant2 and the awful sack and massacre of ,cesena by the ,breton troops4 ,but the ,pope used spiritual weapons also against offenders like the ,florentines2 and in their case the temporal consequences of the solemn excommunication under which they fell made themselves far more swiftly and keenly felt than in that of a great seigneur like ,barnabo4 ,their merchants and agents were in every country of ,europe3 the sentence of the ,pope exposed them everywhere to confiscation1 imprisonment1 and slavery2 their commerce was ruined1 and it is said that the immediate loss to the city amounted to three million florins4 ,at all events1 early in the year #acgf1 and but a few weeks aftr they had chosen not to avail themselves of the moderate overtures made by the ,papal envoys1 the ,florentines began to desire peace4 ,it is probable that there had always been but a narrow majority in favor of the violent measures of which we have spoken2 now1 the great misfortunes of the state made even its revolutionary rulers look about them for a mediator1 for their first attempt at negotiation had proved a failure4 ,they had sent two #eee ambassadors to ,avignon2 but instead of apologizing for their undeniable aggressions1 they laid all the blame on the pontifical delegates1 and were dismissed by ,gregory with a confirmation of their sentence4 ,a mediator1 therefore1 was necessary2 and instead of asking the kind offices of the emperor1 or the king of ,france1 or some other of the sovereigns of ,europe1 they determined to seek the help of ,catharine of ,siena4 ,catharine had been in the midst of the tumult1 doing what she could to maintain peace4 ,it seems that ,gregory ,,xi4 had begged her to go to ,lucca1 where she was held in great veneration1 to keep that city from joining the league against the ,church4 ,she had also exerted her influence at ,pisa1 and seems to have succeeded in both places1 though with some difficulty4 ,from ,pisa she wrote the first of her series of letters to the ,pope4 ,she was still there when the magistrates of ,florence invited her to undertake their cause4 ,she visited the city1 conversed with the principal men of all parties1 and it was agreed that they should send another and a humbler embassy to ,avignon1 on condition that she should precede the envoys1 and endeavor to soften the heart of the ,holy ,father toward his rebellious children4 ,she was already sending letters to ,avignon imploring peace1 and urging the ,pope to return to ,rome1 and to raise the standard of the crusaders1 in order to unite all discordant elements by directing them to a common object4 ,she had sent her most intimate confidant and confessor1 ,father ,raymond1 to plead the cause of the ,florentines2 and soon followed him herself1 accompanied by a number of her disciples1 arriving at ,avignon about the middle of ,june1 #acgf4 ,as is so often the case in the lives of the chosen instruments of ,providence1 ,catharine was to do a great work at ,avignon1 but not the work for which she apparently went there4 ,she was received by the ,pope with the greatest kindness and distinction2 she was even intrusted by him with full powers to make peace with the ,florentines4 ,but ,gregory ,,xi4 knew the men with whom he was dealing better than she4 ,the government of ,florence was still in the hands of the eight2 they did not really desire peace1 at least on any terms that the ,pope could grant them4 ,they had yielded to the vast majority of their fellow-citizens in seeming to wish for what would be in reality the end of their own power4 ,the envoys delayed their journey to ,avignon3 when they did arrive1 and ,catharine proposed to use the full powers the ,pops had given her1 they replied that they had no authority to treat with her2 nor were they more honest in their dealings with the ,pope himself4 ,the time1 then1 for the particular task that ,catharine had undertaken was not yet come2 but she was at ,avignon now1 at the side of ,gregory ,,xi41 and she was to decide him to a step far more important than the granting a peace to ,florence4 ,the character of ,gregory ,,xi4 is so constantly represented in the same colors by historians of every grade1 that it would seem almost rash to suppose that they could all have been mistaken in the picture4 ,it has a softness and beauty about it that are extremely touching1 when viewed in the light of his many misfortunes and early death1 overshadowed as it was by the threats of the still greater troubles from which it saved him4 ,he had been marked out for high ecclesiastical dignity from the very first1 and was but eighteen when his uncle1 ,clement ,,vi41 made him cardinal4 ,his career after his elevation justified his premature advancement2 he made himself famous for learning1 and even more so for his tender piety and the unsullied purity of his life4 ,his humility and sweetness won all hearts3 perhaps the more because his frail health1 his pale countenance1 and evident delicacy of constitution1 gave a kind of plaintive charm to his very #eef appearance4 ,though he was barely forty years of age at the death of ,urban ,v41 he had been elected ,pope after the conclave had lasted but a single night4 ,he had refused at first1 but at last had been forced to accept the crown of ,st4 ,peter as a matter of duty4 ,he was then only in deacon's orders4 ,no one has ever questioned the purity of his aims1 or even the rightness of his views and the soundness of his judgment4 ,we have already said1 with regard to one great paramount question of the time1 that he had secretly vowed to take back the papacy to ,rome1 if he ever should be elected pope4 ,but1 inheriting as he did the traditions of ,clement ,,vi41 surrounded in ,france by noble and powerful relatives1 and by cardinals almost exclusively his fellow-countrymen1 and with health and constitution that were almost sure to be ruined at once by the air of ,rome1 everything seemed to forbid him to make the effort that was required4 ,the earlier years of his reign had passed away1 not indeed without many thoughts and even declarations on the subject1 but without any steps being taken to put the design in execution4 ,in #acgd he had announced his intention of visiting ,rome to the emperor2 in the following ,january he had written in the same sense to ,edward ,,iii4 and to other kings of ,europe4 ,but that summer and autumn saw the outbreak at ,florence1 and the great revolution that arrayed almost the whole of the ,ecclesiastical ,states in rebellion against the ,church2 and the advocates of the ,french residence of the papacy must have thought themselves safe now that ,italy had risen against ,gregory4 ,he was not1 like ,urban ,v41 a pope elected from outside the ,college of ,cardinals1 with little sympathy and but few ties with them4 ,he was of one of the great ,limousin families1 the nephew of the most brilliant of the ,avignon popes1 surrounded by powerful relatives1 all of whom were interested in keeping him where he was4 ,the quiet security of ,provence suited him1 and he was one of those gentle characters1 not wanting in ordinary firmness and decision1 which still are more fitted for tranquil times than for days of disturbance1 and are more capable of suffering and of patience than of initiating bold measures and breasting the waves of a great emergency4 ,family and personal influence had much weight with him2 not from any active ambition or spirit of nepotism1 so much as that it had become at ,avignon a matter almost of course that many of the splendid prizes in the gift of the ,popes should be bestowed on their relatives4 ,he himself owed his position originally to that custom4 ,at a time when reform was much needed in the prelacy1 and many abuses and scandals existed which required to be sternly rebuked and punished1 he could see what was wanting more easily than carry it out with a severity alien to his nature4 ,he was influenced by the atmosphere around him4 ,in the same way1 notwithstanding his own strong inclination to grant peace on any terms to the ,florentines1 he seems to have yielded as to his actual policy to the more violent and relentless counsels of the ,french cardinals1 headed by ,robert of ,geneva1 who led the ,breton companies over the ,alps4 ,it might well have been thought that such a pontiff would not now act against the advice and the wishes of all around him1 and that the actual state of ,italy would be enough to make him adjourn indefinitely his promised journey to ,rome4 ,to such a character it is sometimes everything to have support and companionship--the mind and the voice of another1 however inferior1 that seem to give body and life to thoughts and designs not new indeed1 but which seemed before to belong rather to the world of dreams and imaginations than of possible realities2 to change wishes and longings into practical resolutions2 to chase away phantom difficulties1 and nerve the will to efforts and sacrifices which the conscience #eeg has long prompted4 ,with all of us our own ideas and designs seem sometimes to date their real existence from the moment that we found they were shared by some one else4 ,in the case of ,gregory ,,xi41 he seems1 before the arrival of ,catharine at ,avignon1 to have been almost alone in his wish to return to ,italy2 and he had already seen something of ,st4 ,bridget1 and learnt from intercourse with her what the personal influence of great sanctity might be4 ,catharine at once won his perfect confidence1 and her presence gave him the courage to follow out the course which he had long felt to be the right one4 ,it is this which makes it historically true that she had so great a part in the final return of the ,holy ,see from ,avignon4 ,it is easy to find reasons why ,gregory should have returned2 it is easy to show that there was danger that an attempt might be made by the ,romans to give their city a bishop of their own creation2 or1 on the other hand1 that ,gregory had intended to take the step long before he took it4 ,if these things are alleged to show that the influence of ,st4 ,catharine has been exaggerated by her historians1 they are beside the point4 ,her providential mission at ,avignon was not to put new considerations before the mind of ,gregory1 but to strengthen his will to act upon considerations already familiar to him4 ,the esteem in which the ,pope held her was not only manifested by the reception he gave her1 and by his inviting her even to speak in public as to what she thought to be required for the best interests of the ,church2 it also shielded and defended her from the dislike with which her unwelcome presence was viewed by many a magnificent prelate and many a brilliant official of the court of ,avignon4 ,the reforms that she spoke of as so necessary1 and the return to ,rome that she recommended1 were equally distasteful to them4 ,three of the most learned prelates asked leave of the ,pope to visit her1 and began to catechise her most severely both as to her presumption in coming as the envoy of ,florence1 and as to her preternatural gifts of prayer and her extraordinary mode of life4 ,but they left her overwhelmingly convinced of her sanctity and wonderful gifts4 ,the fine ladies about the court--the sisters1 nieces1 and relations of the ,pope and the cardinals--looked on her with instinctive dread4 ,some of them even tried to patronize and make her the fashion2 but she either exhorted them plainly to conversion1 or turned from them with that stern silence with which her ,master received the overtures of the blood-stained paramour of ,herodias4 ,one of them--a niece of the ,pope-- knelt beside her in apparent devotion1 as she was rapt in prayer before communion1 and plunged a needle or bodkin into her bare foot1 to see whether she could feel it4 ,when her state of abstraction ceased1 ,catharine could hardly walk1 and her sandal was full of congealed blood4 ,the ,french king heard of her influence with the ,pope1 and sent his brother1 the ,duke of ,anjou1 to dissuade ,gregory from listening to her2 but ,catharine won the respect and admiration of the duke1 prevailed on him to offer himself for the crusade1 and suggested him to the ,pope as its captain-in-chief4 ,then an attempt was made to influence ,gregory by means of the deference that he paid to the advice of saintly souls4 ,a forged letter was sent him--as it appears1 in the name of the holy ,peter of ,aragon--telling him that if he went to ,italy he would be poisoned4 ,catharine showed him that the letter was not such as a servant of ,god would write1 and that poison could be given him in ,france as well as in ,italy4 ,after all1 the ,pope still hesitated2 he made preparations and issued orders1 but it was with slowness and reluctance2 and at any time a change might come over the state of affairs in ,italy that might be the occasion of indefinite delay4 ,one day again he asked her opinion4 ,she said she was a poor weak woman2 how should she #eeh give advice to the sovereign ,pontiff8 ,i do not ask you to counsel me1 he replied1 but to tell me what is the will of ,god4 ,again she excused herself2 and ,gregory again urged her1 commanding her at last1 by virtue of her obedience1 to tell him what she knew of ,god's will as to the matter4 ,she bowed her head--,who knows the will of ,god better than your holiness1 who have promised him by vow to return to ,rome8 ,gregory had never revealed his vow to living soul2 and from that moment his determination was taken4 ,still the opposition was great and powerful4 ,the cardinals urged him with the example of an excellent ,pope1 ,clement ,,iv41 who had never done anything without the approval of the ,sacred ,college4 ,catharine met their arguments1 she even went so far as to urge the ,pope to depart secretly1 so obstinate and so influential was the party that wished to retain him in ,france4 ,at length1 on ,september #ac1 #acgf1 amid the remonstrances of his family and the tears of his aged father1 as well as the sullen complaints of the whole court1 ,gregory ,,xi4 left ,avignon4 ,catharine had remained to the last1 and then went on foot with her companions to ,genoa1 whither the ,pope was to pass by sea4 ,it seemed as if every kind of influence that could beat down his courage was to be allowed to work upon the failing heart of ,gregory4 ,everything that could be turned into a bad omen was carefully noted4 ,his horse refused to let him mount2 then it became so restive that another had to be brought4 ,as he passed by ,novis1 ,orgon1 and ,aix to ,marseilles1 everywhere the inhabitants were in tears and gloom4 ,marseilles itself1 when he came to embark1 was the scene of a grand explosion of grief4 ,then there came the terrors of a dangerous voyage1 from the extremely severe weather encountered by the fleet4 ,the grand master of the ,knights of ,st4 ,john himself took the helm of the galley in which the ,pope sailed--a weather-beaten veteran1 accustomed to perils of all sorts1 who had to exert all his skill under the storm that came on as they made across toward ,genoa4 ,they were obliged to put into ,villafranca for some days4 ,it was not till the #ahth of ,october1 sixteen days after leaving ,marseilles1 that ,genoa was reached4 ,here the ,pope was met by bad news from ,rome and from ,florence2 the ,florentines1 alarmed at his approach1 were preparing for the most desperate hostilities2 the ,romans seemed quite unwilling to put the government of the city into his hands4 ,a consistory was held 7the greater number of the cardinals were with the ,pope71 and the resolution was adopted not to proceed further with the journey4 ,all seemed lost2 but ,catharine with her company was in ,genoa4 ,the ,pope sought her out--it is said1 by night2 and from her calm and fervent words gained fresh strength and courage to pursue his journey to the end4 ,footnote #he ,footnote #he3 ,see ,capecelatro1 ,storia di ,santa ,catarina1 lib4 v41 p4 #bbb1 #b;d ed4 ,so1 after ten days spent at ,genoa1 the fleet once more put to sea1 to be driven again into ,porto ,fino1 where the feast of ,all ,saints was kept4 ,it arrived at ,leghorn on the #gth of ,november1 and there again lingered ten or eleven days4 ,as far as ,piombino all went well4 ,when the galleys left that port1 another storm--the most violent of all they had met with--arose1 and drove them back shattered and disabled2 three cardinals were seriously ill1 one of whom died at ,pisa a few days later4 ,at last ,corneto was reached on ,december #f1 more than two months after the departure from ,marseilles4 ,gregory remained there for several weeks to regain his strength1 and then sailed up the ,tiber1 landing near the basilica of ,st4 ,paul on ,january #ag1 #acgg1 the day before the feast of the ,roman ,chair of ,st ,peter4 ,his entrance was a triumph that seemed to promise him every security for peace and tranquillity2 and the joy and devotion of the ,romans may #eei have taken away for the moment the mournful feelings with which he had turned his back on ,france4 ,thus1 a year and a half after the revolution at ,florence1 which1 had caused so rapid and widespread a defection among the cities of the ,pontifical ,states1 and seemed to threaten the very existence of the temporal power of the ,church1 these very events1 which might have seemed likely to furnish reason for the prolonged exile of the papacy1 brought about1 under the providence of ,god1 the fulfilment of the resolution to return to ,rome which the ,pope had so long delayed to accomplish4 ,the instrument of the deliverance of the ,holy ,see from its dangerous position was the envoy of its rebellious children1 the humble maiden from ,siena4 ------ ,a ,,christmas ,,carol4 ,,by ,,aubrey ,,de ,,vere4 ,primeval night had repossess'd ,her empire in the fields of peace2 ,calm lay the kine on earth's dark breast2 ,the earth lay calm in heaven's embrace4 ,that hour1 where shepherds kept their flocks1 ,from ,god a glory sudden fell2 ,the splendor smote the trees and rocks4 ,and lay like dew along the dell4 ,god's angel close beside them stood3 ,fear naught1 that angel said1 and then1 ,behold1 ,i bring you tidings good3 ,the ,saviour ,christ is born to men4 ,and straightway round him myriads sang ,loud song again1 and yet again1 ,till all the hollow valley rang ,glory to ,god1 and peace to men4 ,the shepherds went and wondering eyed1 ,in ,bethlehem born1 the heavenly stranger4 ,mary and ,joseph knelt beside3 ,the ,babe was cradled in the manger6 ------ #efj ,from ,the ,st4 ,james ,magazine4 ,,law ,,and ,,literature4 ,notwithstanding the seeming incongruity1 there subsists a very intimate connection between law and literature4 ,to the legal profession1 more than any other1 we are indebted for the magnitude and splendor of our literature4 ,nor is it only with one or two branches or divisions of literature that the connection exists4 ,on the contrary1 there is scarcely a single department in which the legal profession is not represented4 ,history1 biography1 philosophy1 metaphysics1 poetry1 the drama1 fiction1 oratory1 criticism1 and even theology1 have all been contributed to by men who at one time or other were connected with the legal profession4 ,nor is the literature which has emanated from that source of a superficial or evanescent nature4 ,much of it has passed away1 and is now almost unknown2 but a great deal still remains1 forming some of the best and most endurable of our classics4 ,and these contributions have been--and still are being--made in spite of the opposition and discountenance of the legal profession itself4 ,there is an opinion very prevalent among the public generally1 and the legal profession in particular1 that the study of literature is at variance and inconsistent with the study of law2 that the more the former is indulged in1 the more the latter will decline4 ,in support of this opinion we are told that very few men have distinguished themselves in both avocations2 that men of great literary attainments have seldom risen to eminence in the legal profession4 ,that is1 no doubt1 true2 but ,i attribute it to a very different cause4 ,i consider that the study of literature must have a beneficial effect upon a lawyer1 provided that it is made subservient to the business of his profession4 ,the duties which lawyers are called upon to discharge are many and various1 and consequently a vast deal of general knowledge is indispensable to the formation of a really good lawyer4 ,it is not sufficient that he is well versed in legal principles and precedents4 ,without these he cannot succeed in his profession2 but they are not the only requisites4 ,there are many cases in which legal principle and precedent are only of secondary importance4 ,it is when he is called upon to deal with such cases that the lawyer feels the advantages of varied information4 ,if he is ignorant of almost everything but law1 he must be painfully aware of his utter incompetence to do justice to his client4 ,he is compelled to grope his way like a man in the dark2 he wanders at random1 stumbling over everything that lies in his path1 and ends1 it may be1 by falling into a ditch from which he vainly attempts to extricate himself--every attempt only causing him to sink deeper--and is at last compelled to call for help4 ,but it is different with the man who1 in addition to his legal knowledge1 is possessed of much general and varied information4 ,he can always see his way1 and1 if assistance is necessary1 he knows where to seek for1 and seldom fails in obtaining it4 ,it is only to a lawyer of this latter stamp that any man with his eyes open would intrust the care of interests which involved other than strictly legal questions4 ,now if it be true that a large amount of general knowledge is necessary to the formation of a really good lawyer1 then it must be admitted that the study #efa of literature is an indispensable part of his professional education4 ,the arts and sciences are all represented in literature2 and it is only in the study of literature that the requisite general information can be gained4 ,the error appears to me to consist in confounding the term literature with amusing literature4 ,this confusion of terms is very common2 but it is also very absurd4 ,when ,i speak of literature1 ,i use the word in its most comprehensive sense2 and if ,i were to be understood as meaning solely amusing literature1 my meaning would be grossly perverted4 ,there is no ground for accepting a limited interpretation unless the term used is expressly qualified4 ,ease1 fluency1 and polish1 not only in speaking1 but also in writing1 are likewise indispensable to a lawyer1 particularly in the higher walks of the profession4 ,in order to attain these requisites1 conciseness1 concentration1 and arrangement of thought must be diligently studied4 ,there is nothing which tends more to the acquirement of such qualities than the careful examination of them as displayed in the writings and speeches of others1 and the frequent expression of our own thoughts1 both in writing and in speech4 ,law treatises1 it need scarcely be said1 are not conspicuous as models of either ease1 fluency1 or polish2 and therefore the lawyer who aspires to these accomplishments must seek elsewhere for his models4 ,in this respect1 also1 the study of literature is beneficial to the lawyer2 and if attentive reading be accompanied with frequent careful writing and speaking1 he cannot fail ultimately to gain the objects of his desire4 ,if the members of the legal profession would bestow more pains than they do to the acquisition of a good style of writing and speaking1 the advantages which would accrue to them would greatly outweigh all the trouble incurred4 ,i have seen letters and even pleadings written1 and heard speeches delivered1 by men of eminence in the legal profession1 which displayed either the grossest carelessness or the most lamentable ignorance of the rules1 not only of composition1 but also of grammar2 and such as would have been almost inexcusable in a schoolboy4 ,it is a common notion that elegance is not required1 and is out of place in law papers and in letters4 ,i for one cannot agree in that opinion4 ,an elegant style is always desirable4 ,it is preposterous to assert--as many people do--that attention to style begets a habit of neglecting the substance for the sake of the shadow4 ,on the contrary1 an elegant style adds to the effect both of speech and writing2 and therefore it ought to be cultivated by every lawyer4 ,so much for the general objection that the study of literature is incompatible with the study of law4 ,i think ,i have said quite sufficient to show that it ought to form a part of the education of every lawyer4 ,but with reference to the proof of the assertion1 that men of distinguished literary attainments have seldom risen to eminence in the legal profession1 ,i could name many men who have rendered themselves conspicuous for their literary abilities1 and1 at the same time1 gained the highest honors of their profession4 ,yet ,i admit that overwhelming evidence of a contrary nature might easily be adduced2 but ,i do not admit the reason to be that the one profession is incompatible with the other4 ,i maintain the reverse4 ,the reason why comparatively few lawyers have risen to eminence1 both in literature and in law1 appears to me to be simply this1 that whenever their literary leanings became known1 the opportunity was denied them of distinguishing themselves in their profession2 the consequence of which was that they abandoned the study of law altogether1 and betook themselves to the more agreeable and less laborious occupation of literature4 ,and it must also be borne in mind that law is not always studied with the view of engaging in its practice2 but often with the #efb sole purpose of gaining admission to the bar for the sake of its social advantages1 or with the aim of acquiring such a knowledge as will be useful in legislative discussion4 ,i now proceed to consider the causes which lead to the intimate connection between law and literature4 ,i do not think they are difficult of explanation4 ,speaking generally1 it may be said that the lawyers who have distinguished themselves in literature have been for the most part members of the bar4 ,comparatively few have been members of the other branches of the profession4 ,in ,england intending barristers must be students of an inn of court for three years1 ,footnote #hf during which time they are not permitted to engage in any business4 ,in ,scotland1 too1 every applicant for admission into the faculty of advocates must have graduated either in arts or in laws2 or undergo an examination in ,latin1 ,greek 7or in his option1 in lieu of ,greek1 two of the following languages1 viz41 ,french1 ,german1 ,italian1 and ,spanish71 ethical and metaphysical philosophy1 and logic or 7in his option7 mathematics1 beside an examination in the civil law and the law of ,scotland2 and one year must be passed without an occupation4 ,having been called to the bar1 a few years generally elapse before much business is intrusted to them1 and often it never comes at all4 ,during all this time something must be done--,an occupation of some kind must be found either for pleasure or to kill time2 or it may be to earn a means of subsistence4 ,literature--to which their previous training inclines them--is the only employment which is available2 and accordingly literature is resorted to4 ,a taste for letters is thus fostered4 ,its gratification has a twofold advantage1 it affords both pleasure and profit4 ,it becomes a habit1 and is indulged in on every available occasion4 ,there is always plenty of leisure1 at least for many1 years1 and that leisure is devoted to literature4 ,the employment is so seductive that in many cases its legal votaries are drawn away from their regular studies--which unfortunately often happen not to be profitable in a pecuniary sense-- and adopt literature as a profession4 ,even lawyers with a large practice can occasionally find time for indulging in literary pursuits4 ,during vacation they have plenty of leisure1 and as they are accustomed to constant hard work in session1 they experience a want and a craving whenever the have nothing to do1 and this they endeavor to satisfy by devoting themselves to literature4 ,many of the most eminent men at the bar occupy the greater portion of their spare time in literary studies4 ,footnote #hf3 ,now1 before being admitted as students they must have passed a public examination at an university1 or undergo an examination in ,latin1 ,english language1 and ,english history4 ,the practice of law eminently qualifies a man for attaining distinction in literature4 ,it engenders rapidity of thought1 systematic arrangement of arguments and ideas1 and facility of expression4 ,lawyers in the enjoyment of any considerable practice are almost constantly called upon to form their opinion and give it expression1 apparently without time for even the most superficial reflection4 ,continual exercise renders these easy to them4 ,in setting forth their arguments both in written and in oral pleadings they are trained to habits of carefulness and close reasoning2 because they know very well that any inconsistencies or false reasoning will at once be discovered by the judges whom they are addressing1 or by the opposite counsel4 ,what would impose upon a jury1 or upon an ordinary reader or listener1 will not impose either upon the judges or opposing counsel4 ,they are thus led to say what they wish to say in the clearest manner1 and in the way which is most likely to succeed in gaining the object in view4 ,as they are compelled to avoid false reasoning and inconsistencies themselves1 so they are ever on the outlook for them on the part of #efc an opponent--it becomes1 in fact1 a habit4 ,again1 the various duties which they are called upon to discharge enable them to pass from one subject to another with ease and readiness1 and compel them to acquire a vast amount of general information which is carefully stored up for future use4 ,the habits thus engendered and constantly exercised1 either in written pleading or in oral debate1 are easily transferred to literature when that is indulged in4 ,as perspicuity1 arrangement1 and close reasoning are the very qualities which lead to literary success1 and as these are more exercised and consequently more perfect among lawyers than among any other class of men1 the reason why they occupy such an eminent position in literature is easily understood4 ,there are two departments of literature to which the foregoing observations are applicable only to a limited extent--poetry and fiction4 ,in many respects poetry and fiction are analogous3 and the old adage1 ,poeta nascitur1 non fit1 may1 therefore1 with almost equal propriety1 be applied to the writer of fiction4 ,however true it may be that the poet is born1 there can be no doubt that the development of the poetic faculty is quite as much a matter of hard study and practice as the development of any other inborn faculty4 ,the study of law is the opposite of poetical2 but this very antagonism begets in the lawyer1 by comparison1 a keener relish for and appreciation of poetry1 when he turns to it in his hours of leisure4 ,and if he is gifted with the faculty divine1 the delight taken in its cultivation will be greater1 because it is to him a relief from the dry details of his ordinary pursuits4 ,he sees1 too1 so much of human life--of character and passion--in the course of his professional career1 that he is enabled to delineate with truth1 with strict adherence to reality1 the feelings and emotions which he attempts to exhibit in the creatures of his imagination4 ,these1 combined with the habits of continuity of thought and forcible expression engendered by his professional studies1 must contribute in no slight degree to his success as a poet or novelist4 ,i do not mean to say that any lawyer may write a good novel or poem if he will only apply himself to the task4 ,all ,i assert is that if he is gifted with the poetic faculty1 his professional studies1 when properly attended to1 will contribute materially to his success as a poet or novelist4 ------ ,,miscellany4 ,fossil ,wood in ,flint4--,an interesting specimen of this kind1 which is in the ,oxford collection1 has lately been described and figured in a paper by ,professor ,phillips4 ,the nodule of flint1 which1 when broken across1 disclosed the contained wood1 was of an elongated oval form1 and had the uneven and knotted surface which frequently indicates aggregation on a sponge4 ,the fractured surface showed partial change of color by watery action from without1 and many variations of tint within1 arising from some original differences in the composition of the mass4 ,the color was1 on the whole1 somewhat lighter than is common in flints of the ,upper ,chalk4 ,examined with a lens1 it showed traces of spicula and other organic bodies2 but it was impossible to trace through the mass a distinct spongy structure4 ,the wood lay in the centre1 and the figure of the flint was1 in a general sense1 conformed to it1 and embraced it equally on all sides4 ,there was a certain distinctness of color in the flint #efd where it lay in contact with the wood4 ,the wood was a fragment worn and rounded in some of the prominent parts1 and looked like a small portion of a pine branch which had been exposed to rough treatment1 so as to present a wasted surface deprived of the bark4 ,it was entirely siliceous1 and exhibited its vegetable structure most perfectly4 ,traversing the woody fibres were several short1 tubular masses swollen at the end1 and marked more or less plainly with transverse rings4 ,these ,professor ,phillips supposed to be flint moulds of cavities left by boring shells1 probably ,teredinidae4 ,it would appear that these animals must have begun their operations in a young state on the wood1 when it was reduced to its present form and size2 for the moulds which remain in their holes appear to be quite small at the surface1 and to expand internally4 ,the writer of the paper becomes absolutely poetical in his speculations upon the remnant of extinct vegetation which he described4 ,he writes3 ,far away from the ,cretaceous ,sea of ,albion1 among the mountains previously uplifted in the ,west1 from which had flowed the great river of the ,wealden1 we see a forest of coniferous trees4 ,whirled and broken to fragments by the rushing stream which received their decaying stems1 the ruins of the forest reach the sea1 and some few pieces float far from the shore beyond the area of deposited mud and drifted sand4 ,attacked by xylophagous mollusks1 and sinking to the ocean bed1 one1 at least1 serves as the nucleus for organic growth and accretion4 ,professor ,phillips does not here refer to ordinary accretion2 he conceives of the block as first surrounded by organic matter1 and then1 when buried in the cretaceous deposit1 serving as a centre of attraction for siliceous solutions1 such as have more than filled to solidity the tissues of sponges4--,popular ,science ,review4 ,the ,removal of ,neuralgic ,pain4--,it has lately been stated in some of the ,french journals that ,dr4 ,caminiti1 of ,messina1 has discovered a remedy for certain forms of neuralgia4 ,a patient of his had long been suffering from trifacial neuralgia2 she could not bear to look at luminous objects1 her eyes were constantly watering1 and she was in constant pain4 ,blisters1 preparations of belladonna1 and hydrochlorate of morphine1 friction with tincture of aconite1 pills of acetate of morphine and camphor1 subcarbonate of iron1 etc41 had been employed with but partial success1 or none whatever4 ,at length ,dr4 ,caminiti1 attributing the obstinacy of the affection to the variations of temperature so frequent in ,sicily1 adopted the expedient of covering all the painful parts with a coating of collodion containing a certain proportion of hydrochlorate of morphine4 ,this treatment was perfectly successful2 the relief was instantaneous and permanent1 and the coating fell off in the course of one or two days4 ,the ,maltese ,fossil ,elephant4--,the curious pigmy pachyderm whose remains were some time ago discovered in the ,maltese bone-caves1 has been indefatigably investigated by its original discoverer1 ,dr4 ,leith ,adams4 ,this gentleman has recently met with further relics of the fossil elephant in several new localities4 ,he met with its teeth in great quantities in a cavern near ,crendi4 ,in a gap1 evidently at one time the bed of a torrent1 he has discovered the teeth and bones of thirty more individuals4 ,the skeletons are met with jammed between large blocks of stone in a way which shows clearly that the carcases must have been hurled into their present situations by violent floods or freshets4 ,dr4 ,adams has now almost completed the skeleton of this wonderful little representative of an order which1 till this discovery was recorded1 had been commonly termed gigantic4 ,dr4 ,adams concludes1 from his numerous inquiries1 that the ,maltese elephant did not exceed the height of a small pony4 ,the ,volcanic ,district of ,chili4--,some short time since1 ,m4 ,pissis1 the great explorer of ,south ,american geology1 transmitted to ,m4 ,elie de ,beaumont an elaborate description of the volcanic regions of ,chili4 ,he found the volcano of ,chillans again in a state of eruption4 ,this is a very rare circumstance in the volcanoes of the ,andes1 where the eruptions generally succeed each other only at very long intervals4 ,the present eruption1 which is much more extensive than the last one1 commenced toward the end of last ,november1 at a new point1 situated about #bjj metres below the summit of the grand cone1 the new cone having toward the end of ,january attained a height of fifty #efe metres4 ,the lava1 escaping by two apertures near the summit1 had already reached the vast glacier surrounding this massive volcano4 ,the grand cone1 which was covered with snow during the eruption1 had the appearance of being completely bare1 yet the snow had not been melted1 but was covered with a great quantity of projected substances1 which formed a layer over the snow of many decimetres in thickness4 ,the alternation of glaciers with layers of scoriae are frequently met with in the volcanic cones of the ,andes2 wherever natural clefts occur1 a great number of these layers may be seen successively superposed4 ,the volcano of ,antuco1 visited last year1 had been in eruption on a small scale in #ahfc4 ,as no solid bodies were being projected at the time of his visit1 ,m4 ,pissis was enabled to examine the interior of the crater1 and1 favored by a strong westerly wind1 to observe it without being annoyed by the acid vapors which escape in abundance4 ,the principal column of vapor proceeded from an aperture nearly circular1 being recognized as that through which the lava had escaped4 ,its diameter was only from four to five feet4 ,transferring ,photographs to ,metal for ,printing--,some months since we called attention to some very promising experiments in this direction1 conducted by ,mr4 ,woodbury1 of ,manchester4 ,these have resulted in a process recently patented1 which is likely to assume a very important position in the arts4 ,mr4 ,fox ,talbot has the merit of first pointing out the facta upon which it is based4 ,this gentleman1 to whom photographers too often forget how much they owe1 discovered in connection with one of his photo-engraving processes that gelatine when dissolved in hot water1 if mixed with bichromate of potash or ammonia1 dried1 and exposed to the action of light1 would become insoluble--a result due to the decomposition of the alkaline bichromate and the liberation of chromic acid4 ,it will at once1 therefore1 be seen that a coat of the bichromated gelatine on a glass or metal plate placed under a negative and exposed to light1 would1 when subjected to the action of hot water1 be dissolved away in some parts1 and in other parts unaffected1 thus producing a photographic positive in relief4 ,acting on these facts1 ,mr4 ,woodbury takes the image in relief so produced1 and either by mechanical pressure with some soft metal1 such as type metal1 or by the usual process of electrotyping1 produces an intaglio impression therefrom4 ,a properly prepared ink1 formed with gelatine and some black or other colored pigment1 is then passed over the plate1 with which the impression is filled up even to the surface4 ,of course the gradations of relief in the bichromatic gelatine print form gradations of depth in the metal intaglio1 in which again the ink1 being transparent1 forms gradations of blackness proportioned to its varying thicknesses4 ,when this ink is transferred to paper1 delivered as a jelly is from its mold1 the delicate tints1 the deepest shadows1 and the intermediate gradations of the photographic negative are faithfully reproduced4 ,in preparing the relievo1 two ounces of gelatine are dissolved in six of water1 and to this is added three-quarters of an ounce of lump sugar4 ,four ounces of a solution containing sixty grains of bichromate of ammonia to the ounce being added to this1 the whole is then1 while quite warm1 strained4 ,a plate of glass is next covered with a sheet of talc temporarily fixed by a few drops of water2 the talc is coated with the above1 and being sensitive to light1 is placed in the dark to set4 ,this done1 the coated talc is removed1 a negative laid over the talc1 and exposed to light in the usual way1 the only change being that of causing the light to pass through a glass condenser and fall on it in a parallel direction4 ,the hot water is then applied as above stated4 ,in order to insure perfect flatness while the cast is being taken1 the talc side of the film should be again fastened to a plate of glass with ,canada balsam4 ,mr4 ,woodbury calculates that with three or four presses going1 these mechanically printed photographs could be produced at the rate of #abj per hour4 ,apart from ordinary purposes1 the process can be applied to glass for transparencies2 to china for burning in with enamel colors2 to the production1 at a cheaper rate1 of porcelain transparencies1 etc41 etc4 ,at present the prints exhibited are said to lack clearness2 and the high relief of the extreme darks is also objected to4--,popular ,science ,review4 #eff ,,new ,,publications4 ,,memoir ,,and ,,sermons ,,of ,,the ,,rev4 ,,francis ,a4 ,,baker1 ,priest of the ,congregation of ,st4 ,paul4 ,edited by the ,rev4 ,a4 ,f4 ,hewit4 ,crown octavo1 #ejd pp4 ,new ,york3 ,lawrence ,kehoe4 ,now and then1 in our way through this world1 we encounter persons of a peculiar character1 so placidly gentle in their manners1 so unworldly in all their ways1 that they do not seem fairly to belong to this world at all4 ,not that they are melancholy1 reserved1 and unsocial4 ,on the contrary1 they play their own part in society thoroughly and well2 so well1 indeed1 so thoroughly do they harmonize in every circle where they may be thrown1 so little they display of that roughness and rudeness1 that froward importunity1 that obstinate self-will1 self-conceit1 and self-devotion which are so common among us1 although we acknowledge them as blemishes upon our nature--in fine1 so much more perfectly do they wear the garment of humanity than we ourselves1 and so easily1 that they seem like better creatures from a better world1 mingling among us like good angels sent hither to exhibit before our eyes the perfect type of a true manhood4 ,of course1 all men have their temptations and imperfections1 but the ordinary life of some rare men is such as we have described2 so they appear before the world1 and so they live in the memories of their friends4 ,so will ,father ,baker long live in many memories4 ,that joyous face1 that sweet smile1 that gentle voice1 that soft step1 have passed away4 ,one may visit the ,paulists still in their convent1 and a thousand attractions lead us there1 but we shall miss ,father ,baker4 ,so quietly1 so easily1 so naturally he dropped into his place--and everyplace was his that charity1 and courtesy1 and ,christian zeal found open--no one could appreciate how much he did1 what large areas he occupied on this scene of life1 until he was taken away4 ,who will now make up the loss to his brethren8 ,who will take his place in the missions8 ,who will comfort and sustain that long line of penitents8 ,who will guide the feet of those converts8 ,who will supply in the churches that silver voice1 now soft as the flute1 now thrilling like the trumpet1 that roused us and warned us1 that pierced our hearts betimes as with a sword1 and yet so kindly that we would not wish to escape unwounded8 ,our sorrow for such a loss can find no refuge but in resignation4 ,the ,lord gave1 ,and the ,lord has taken away4 ,blessed be the name of the ,lord4 ,in this volume of memoirs ,f4 ,hewit has undertaken a far greater task than merely to respond to the fond recollection of friends1 or to pay a tribute to the memory of a good priest4 ,he has made a most valuable contribution to the ,catholic literature of this country4 ,one of the most pregnant periods in the history of our ,american ,church is that during which ,father ,baker was either a student or a ,protestant preacher4 ,that aspiration toward ,catholicism called ,puseyism 7although1 in truth1 ,dr4 ,pusey was not its chief ruling and guiding spirit7 which swelled in the hearts of so many members of the ,church of ,england1 so called1 who struggled for a reformation1 or restoration1 until their great water-logged craft1 timbered1 and tinkered1 and coppered by so many sovereigns and parliaments1 shook and trembled in every joint1 and which finally burst forth in a flood of conversions to the ,catholic ,church--that memorable movement gave birth to a parallel agitation here1 and with the same results4 ,in no part of the country perhaps1 ,new ,york excepted1 was the storm greater than in the diocese of ,baltimore1 where ,father ,baker and his biographer then resided4 ,in these memoirs we see graphically portrayed the rising1 the swelling1 and the various fluctuations of that storm4 ,all this belongs to ,catholic history1 and ,catholics ought to know it4 ,episcopalians are glad to forget those days1 and no writer of theirs will dare to recall the stirring scenes which displayed their own religion in its poverty and helplessness1 and drove so many gallant but tempest-weary souls into the haven of the true ,church4 ,those1 however1 who like ,father ,hewit participated in this revival of true faith1 and had the courage to follow the truth which it #efg unfolded1 have no reason to be ashamed of the history1 and he gives it in life-like colors4 ,this part of his task is charmingly done4 ,we have here descriptions of ,baltimore and its churches1 both ,anglican and ,catholic2 early rambles of the author with ,father ,baker through the city1 when a secret impulse led them so often to visit the ,catholic sanctuaries1 especially that quiet little ,sulpician church of ,st4 ,mary's--sweet and holy spot it is indeed2 the amusing efforts of the ,protestant bishop and his disciples to ape ,catholicism1 at least in its exterior dress1 with their long cassocks1 crosses1 their profound bows before naked altars draped in broadcloth or velvet1 like drawing-room tables2 the very natural wrath of the ,low-,churchmen--all this is placed before us very naturally1 and with a life-like simplicity4 ,our biographer has had1 moreover1 the good judgment to recognize what great questions are involved in the life of a convert such as ,father ,baker1 and he takes them up directly and boldly4 ,the pretensions of ,anglicanism to be a branch of the universal ,church1 and a representative to the world of ,catholicism1 are exposed with a straightforward1 nervous logic which leaves poor donkey little room to sport the lion's skin4 ,perhaps the most interesting portion of these valuable memoirs is that which contains a series of letters1 written by ,father ,baker to an intimate friend1 during the last ten years before his conversion4 ,there are chasms in this correspondence1 but they are well filled up by the explanations of his biographer4 ,we have here a glimpse of his inner life1 and a chart is given us1 imperfect1 of course1 but deeply interesting1 of that pathway by which he was led to the ,church4 ,it commences with the pleasing delusions of a young ,puseyite who looked upon his own insulated communion as the great ,church ,catholic1 and his little table within the chancel as an altar of sacrifice1 and his cross1 and candlesticks1 and other clandestine playthings1 as legitimate heirlooms of ,anglican devotion4 ,thus he writes3 ,your brother told me of his intended repairs in his church4 ,i am delighted to hear it4 ,it will not be long1 ,i hope1 before such is the universal arrangement of our churches4 ,only one thing will be lacking 7if he has a cross71 the candlesticks4 ,i have come to the conclusion that we have a perfect right to them1 for they will come in by the ,church common-law1 as the surplice did 7p4 #ga74 ,by-and-bye comes a change4 ,the workings of a mind and heart struggling with doubt and disquietude1 weary of a hollow and unreal system1 weaned from all worldly hopes1 detaching itself from all earthly ties1 and striving after truth and after ,god1 become more and more manifest1 until at last1 after seven long years1 the result is reached4 ,the result is announced in the following brief and startling communication to his friend3 ,,baltimore1 ,april #e1 #aheh4 ,,my ,,dear ,,dwight3 ,the decision is made4 ,i have resigned my parish1 and am about to place myself under instruction preparatory to my being received into the ,catholic ,church4 ,i can write no more at present4 ,may ,god help you4 ,your affectionate friend1 ,,francis ,a4 ,,baker4 ,three years after this1 namely1 in the summer of #ahef1 commenced ,father ,baker's career as a ,catholic priest and missionary1 which continued until his death4 ,during this time his active life was bound up with that of his associates1 first in the ,redemptorist order1 and then in the new congregation of ,st4 ,paul1 formed by himself and his fellow-missionaries4 ,his biographer1 therefore1 furnishes us a description of those protracted spiritual exercises called ,missions1 with a brief history of their introduction into this country4 ,then follows an account of those missions in which ,father ,baker took part1 or rather it is a portfolio of pictures in which the more serious labors of the mission are shadowed in the perspective1 while gay groups of various kinds and colors are made to figure in the foreground4 ,father ,hewit has given himself a great latitude1 accommodating himself to the literary tastes of our day1 and his readers will certainly thank him for it4 ,when these missionary campaigns were actually going on1 it was hard toil all the year round1 and little play2 but in retracing their course with us our author avoids the dry details1 which would involve much repetition1 and recalls in preference the sunshiny hours of relaxation1 and the pleasing incidents which befel them on their way and relieved their labors4 ,turning away1 therefore1 boldly from the regular highway of biography1 we are conducted hither and #efh thither in a professional ramble around the ,united ,states4 ,follow my leader is the word1 and down the lanes we go1 and over the fences1 and into the green fields4 ,now we find ourselves in ,savannah1 chatting with the old negro preacher as he sits in the sun1 on a little stool1 holding his cow by a rope around her horns1 while she nibbles the grass that grows along the streets4 ,now we are gazing on the gentleman hermit of ,edgefield1 in rags1 and bare-footed1 fasting on bread and water1 and reading the ,fathers of the ,desert1 ,brownson's ,review1 and other ascetical books good for hermits4 ,now1 again1 we mingle with a motley company on a coasting steamer1 while the philosopher and the spiritualist are discussing the question1 ,can ,god annihilate space8 ,the next moment we are at ,st4 ,augustine1 in the casemates of the old fort or castle of ,st4 ,marco1 and take a look at the narrow loop-hole through which1 after a course of rigid fasting1 the ,seminole chief ,wild ,cat was enabled to escape to his home in the everglades4 ,presently we follow ,father ,baker and his comrades to ,charleston1 where1 then1 all was peace1 ,sumter solitary and silent1 untenanted by a single soldier4 ,soon1 again1 we are in ,new ,york1 then in ,new ,jersey1 then among the coal mines of ,pennsylvania1 and then 7seriously and not profanely be it said7 we go to ,halifax4 ,kalamazoo1 ,covington1 ,quebec1 ,st4 ,louis1 are visited in their turn1 and a host of other places huddled together in that small area to which these wandering apostles restrict their labors4 ,we like this seven-year trip with ,father ,baker and the ,paulists1 and we like the free1 off-hand1 and original way in which ,f4 ,hewit curries us through it1 with all his digressions4 ,these digressions may be sins against the rules of biographical composition1 but if so they are capital ones4 ,the last fifteen pages of the memoirs contain the story of ,father ,baker's sickness and death2 a sad story1 indeed1 but sadly sweet to those who knew him well4 ,their eyes will be watered with tears as they read it1 but happy tears1 such drops as form the rainbow when the sun smiles on the summer shower4 ,there was a light from heaven on the death-bed of ,father ,baker that is stronger than our grief4 ,the volume contains twenty-nine sermons of ,father ,baker1 chiefly parochial discourses1 with a few others selected from those he was accustomed to preach on the missions4 ,it is unnecessary for us to make any comment on these4 ,his eloquence and his style are well known4 ,he was a model preacher1 as well as a model ,christian and a model priest4 ,the art of sacred eloquence is little understood among us1 and therefore we hail this contribution to it with enthusiasm4 ,it will show the young pulpit orator how the ,word of ,god will admit of legitimate ornament1 which is neither derived from the theatre1 the lecture-room1 nor the political rostrum4 ,we never listened to a preacher of whom it can be more appropriately said3 ,how beautiful upon the mountains are the feet of him that bringeth good tidings1 and that preacheth salvation4 ,this work is well printed on super-fine paper and handsomely bound4 ,we have no doubt that the numerous friends of ,father ,baker will be glad to obtain this delightful memoir of his life and labors4 ,,the ,,temporal ,,mission ,,of ,,the ,,holy ,,ghost4 ,by ,henry ,edward ,manning1 ,d4,d41 ,archbishop of ,westminster4 ,new ,york3 ,d4 ,appleton ,co4 ,the ,messrs4 ,appleton have again rendered a great service to the reading public1 especially the ,catholic portion of it1 by republishing a standard work in ,english ,catholic literature4 ,the author of this work1 ,archbishop ,manning1 was formerly a dignified clergyman of the ,established ,church of ,england1 and one of the leaders of the ,oxford movement4 ,he was the ,archdeacon of ,chichester1 a position in the ,english ,church next in rank to the episcopate1 and conferring a quasi-episcopal dignity and jurisdiction4 ,he is said to have possessed in the highest degree the confidence of the ,english government1 and to have been the person most frequently consulted concerning political measures relating to the interests of the ecclesiastical establishment4 ,the ,london ,weekly ,register states1 on what it claims to be authentic information1 that he was marked for promotion to the episcopal bench4 ,but1 far beyond the distinction conferred on him by hierarchical position1 was the influence which he wielded by the simple force of his intellectual and moral superiority4 ,his writings1 especially a treatise #efi on ,the ,unity of the ,church1 raised him to the first rank as an advocate of the principles of the ,high-,church party4 ,in the first stage of the ,oxford movement1 he was considered a more safe and judicious advocate of its principles than ,dr4 ,pusey and ,mr4 ,newman1 and his name and opinions had more weight with the bishops and the superior clergy on account of the calm1 moderate1 and thoroughly ecclesiastical spirit and tone of his character and writings4 ,after ,mr4 ,newman's conversion1 ,archdeacon ,manning succeeded in a great measure to his vacant throne1 and held it for about six years4 ,he led the second great movement from ,oxford to ,rome1 and his conversion1 which occurred in #ahea1 made nearly as great a sensation1 on both sides of the ,atlantic1 as that of ,mr4 ,newman had done in #ahde4 ,six months after his reception into the ,catholic ,church he was ordained priest4 ,some time after he joined the ,oblates of ,st4 ,charles1 a religious congregation founded by ,st4 ,charles ,borromeo1 and established a house in ,london1 of which he was appointed the superior4 ,he received also the appointment of provost of the ,cathedral of ,westminster and was decorated by the ,holy ,father with the title of a ,roman prelate4 ,during the thirteen years of his priesthood he has been most actively and zealously employed in laboring for the advancement of the ,catholic faith1 chiefly by preaching1 writing books1 and privately instructing converts from the educated classes1 in which latter work he has been remarkably successful4 ,it is probably for this reason that1 in spite of his remarkable amenity of mind and character1 and the extreme courtesy and gentleness which characterize his controversial writings1 he has been regarded and spoken of by the ,english in so hostile a manner1 and that his appointment to the see of ,westminster seemed to awaken a feeling of resentment4 ,the mind and character of ,archbishop ,manning are sure1 however1 to command1 in the long run1 the respect of all classes of men1 however widely they may differ from him in their theological opinions2 and although certain ,english susceptibilities may have been unpleasantly irritated by his elevation1 yet the general verdict will agree that the ,holy ,father has placed a most worthy successor in the vacant chair of the illustrious ,cardinal ,wiseman4 ,in the book before us the author treats of the office of the ,holy ,ghost1 as sent by the ,father and the ,son in the temporal order2 that is1 in the order established in time1 through which the principal operation ab extra of the ,blessed ,trinity is accomplished1 viz41 the redemption of the human race4 ,in a very interesting introduction he takes occasion to explain in part the motives of his conversion1 by pointing out the connection between the ,catholic doctrines which he held as an ,anglican and their complements in the full system of ,catholicism4 ,in the body of the work he discusses the office of the ,holy ,ghost in relation to the ,church1 to ,reason1 to ,holy ,scripture1 and to the ,divine ,tradition of the ,faith4 ,this includes a very wide scope of doctrine1 embracing revelation1 the medium through which revealed truths are proposed1 explicated1 and defined2 the formation of ,christian theology and philosophy2 the relation of faith to science1 and the whole subject of the inspiration and interpretation of ,scripture4 ,if we may be allowed to express a modest opinion on the subject1 we should say1 that the principal merit of ,dr4 ,manning1 as a theological writer1 lies in his ability to unfold the analogy of faith1 and expose the inter-communion1 so to speak1 of the great truths of natural and revealed religion with one another4 ,he shows pre-eminently in his writings that gift which is denominated in theology the gift of intelligence2 that is1 the gift by which the mind penetrates the interior essence of the doctrines of faith1 and their interior relations4 ,his exposition is in the highest degree luminous1 and his style corresponds in this regard to his thought1 so that his treatment of the great doctrines declared by the ,church appears like a statement of self-evident propositions1 or a geometrical demonstration in which the problem is proved by simply describing the figure4 ,we have never read anything which has given us more satisfaction than his statement of the four grand fundamental propositions on which the entire fabric of the ,catholic doctrine rests4 ,it appears to our mind that in his statement of the nature of the evidence by which reason apprehends the #egj being of ,god1 and the credibility of revelation1 and afterward the real meaning and contents of the revelation1 he has marked out the outlines of a sound and correct philosophy of religion1 which is so much needed1 and without which the antagonists of revelation cannot be adequately refuted on rational principles4 ,we desire to quote one sentence1 short but pregnant1 in illustration of our meaning4 ,after stating that he always uses the word rationalism in an ill sense1 he proceeds to say3 ,by rationalism1 ,i do not mean the use of the reason in testing the evidence of a revelation alleged to be divine4 ,again1 by rationalism ,i do not mean the perception of the harmony of the divine revelation with the human reason4 ,it is no part of reason to believe that which is contrary to reason1 and it is not rationalism to reject it4 ,as reason is a divine gift equally with revelation--the one in nature1 the other in grace--discord between them is impossible1 and harmony an intrinsic necessity4 ,to recognize this harmony is a normal and vital operation of the reason under the guidance of faith2 and the grace of faith elicits an eminent act of the reason1 its highest and noblest exercise in the fullest expansion of its powers4 7,introd41 p4 #d47 ,the eliciting of this eminent act of the reason to the utmost possible extent is at present the great desideratum in theology4 ,it involves the exhibition of the intrinsic harmony between faith and science2 that is1 of the conformity of revelation1 not only as to its extrinsic motives of credibility1 but also as to the intrinsic credibility of its doctrines to reason4 ,it appears to us that ,dr4 ,manning appreciates the first half of the desideratum more perfectly than the second2 and that1 in regard to the second1 he appreciates more completely what is necessary to convince ,anglicans and ,orthodox ,protestants than what is requisite for rationalists1 with whom the chief contest has to be carried on4 ,the main drift of his reasonings goes to establish1 in an admirable manner1 that ,christianity is credible1 and that ,catholicism is identical with ,christianity4 ,orthodox ,protestants already believe the first1 and whatever difficulties they may have on the subject are easily answered by a lucid statement of the grand external proofs of that which they have been educated to accept as a first principle4 ,of the second1 they can be convinced by the exposition of the analogy and harmony of the special ,catholic dogmas which they have not been taught with those they already believe4 ,difficulties raised on the side of human science against the intrinsic credibility of revelation1 they can easily dismiss by reverting to their first principle of the well-established verity of divine revelation1 as resting on extrinsic evidence4 ,establish in their minds the infallible authority of the ,church1 and they are content to receive a doctrinal exposition of all that she teaches which is made by way of deduction from revealed principles1 without seeking for a reconciliation of this exposition with the deductions of purely rational principles4 ,this is no doubt a very sound and ,christian method1 and it were to be wished that all would be willing to follow it4 ,experience has shown1 however1 that those who have been brought up in the more advanced and rationalistic ,protestantism1 are with difficulty induced to adopt it4 ,they exact an answer to the difficulties and objections lying in their minds against the intrinsic reasonableness of revealed doctrines1 before they will attend to their extrinsic evidence4 ,the exposition of this intrinsic conformity between revealed and rational principles forms for them a part of the requisite moral demonstration of the credibility of the ,christian revelation4 ,nor is it altogether without reason that they require this4 ,they are obliged to learn a great deal which a ,high-,church ,anglican has already received from his early education4 ,they have the same incapacity of apprehending correctly the most fundamental ,catholic verities which the ,anglican has of apprehending certain specific dogmas4 ,both must have these misapprehensions removed in the same way1 only it is a shorter and more restricted process for the one than for the other4 ,the account given by our illustrious author of his own interior history shows that the extrinsic proof of the claims of the ,roman ,church to supremacy over all portions of the ,christian fold did not convince him before they were illuminated by the discovery of the intrinsic relation between this supremacy and the essential spiritual unity of the ,church in #ega ,christ4 ,his mind demanded an apprehension of the rationale of strict1 external1 organized unity of administration under one ecclesiastical head4 ,it was enough for him that this rationale was made evident from revealed principles1 because he already possessed these principles as a part of his intellectual life4 ,those who have lost in great measure the ,christian tradition1 or who have never had1 must find the rationale further back in their reason4 ,a ,jew1 for instance1 apprehends the doctrines of the ,trinity and the ,incarnation as follows3 ,god is divided into three portions1 one of which became inclosed in human flesh4 ,a ,unitarian will apprehend these doctrines1 and others1 such as original sin1 atonement1 etc41 in some form almost equally repugnant to reason4 ,many ,protestants apprehend the doctrine of the real presence to be that ,god is made a piece of bread1 or that a piece of bread is made ,god4 ,it is evident1 according to the rule laid down by ,dr4 ,manning in the passage above cited1 that it is impossible for the human mind to assent to such irrational propositions on any extrinsic authority4 ,even supposing that a person admits the proofs of divine revelation and the authority of the ,church to be irrefragable1 he cannot submit to either while he believes that they require him to assent to such absurdities4 ,hence the necessity of exhibiting the ,catholic dogmas in their analogy to the truths of reason1 as a part of the evidence of their credibility4 ,a large portion of nominal ,christians are so completely imbued with rationalistic and sceptical notions1 and so full of misconceptions of ,catholic ideas1 that they are persuaded of the validity of a thousand objections derived from reason1 science1 history1 etc41 against the ,catholic religion4 ,they cannot be reached by a line of argument which lays the principal stress on the extrinsic proof of the ,christian revelation proposed by the ,catholic ,church1 and rules out their objections and difficulties by the principle of the obedience due to legitimate authority4 ,it seems to us1 for this reason1 requisite to make every effort to exhibit the interior conformity between faith and reason1 theology and science1 and to prove that faith is really an eminent act of reason4 ,all ,catholics must agree in this general statement1 for all the advocates of the ,catholic religion have from the beginning of ,christian literature aimed at this result4 ,in regard to the method of doing it1 however1 there is some diversity of opinion4 ,dr4 ,newman1 for instance1 regards the progress of theological science as a movement from below upward1 and from the circumference to the centre4 ,that is1 science is elaborated by the reflection of individual minds1 especially the gifted and learned1 on the dogmas of faith1 under the supervision and subject to the judgment of authority4 ,dr4 ,manning1 if we understand him correctly1 regards the movement as one which proceeds in a reverse order2 he represents the ,church as proceeding in a more direct1 positive1 and magisterial manner2 not by collecting the accumulated1 elaborated1 and clarified products of study1 thought1 reasoning1 and meditation1 and giving them her implied or express approbation1 but by continually giving forth utterances of inspired wisdom received from a divine source4 ,he apprehends that in adopting the other view1 there is danger or subordinating the ,ecclesia ,docens to the ,ecclesia ,discens1 and making reason a critic on divine revelation4 ,those who adopt the latter view have a tendency to elevate theological opinions and arguments which have gamed a wide acceptance to a species of authority binding on the mind and conscience1 and limiting the freedom of investigation4 ,they desire that all arguments on doctrine should follow the traditional track and merely emulate and elucidate what has been already taught by the great doctors of theology4 ,they extend the sphere of authority and infallibility to the utmost possible limits1 and many of them seek to extend the protecting aegis of the ,church over philosophical systems4 ,those who adopt the other may often err in an opposite extreme4 ,yet1 we think1 they have a principle which is justified by sound reasons1 and by the actual history of the formation of doctrine and theology in the ,church4 ,that principle is stated by ,mhler in these words3 ,for a time even a conception of a dogma1 or an opinion1 may be tolerably general1 without1 however1 becoming an integral portion of a dogma1 or a dogma itself4 ,there are here eternally changing individual forms of an universal principle which may serve 4 4 4 for mastering that universal principle by way of reflection #egb and speculation4 7,symb4 ,introd41 p4 #aa1 ,london ,edit47 ,on this principle1 they seek continually to scrutinize more deeply the inner essence of dogmatic truths1 and to investigate its relation and conformity to the principles and deductions of philosophy and science4 ,we think history shows that this is the way in which theology has actually advanced1 and the ,catholic ,church herself attained more and more to that reflective consciousness of her own dogmas by which she is enabled to enunciate from time to time her solemn definitions4 ,st4 ,thomas made an immense advance1 beyond ,st4 ,augustine and the other fathers4 ,the great ,jesuit theologians1 ,bellarmine1 ,suarez1 and ,molina1 struck out a new and bold path in theology4 ,take1 for instance1 the great doctrines of original sin1 predestination1 and efficacious grace4 ,the conception of these dogmas1 and the scientific explication of their contents1 has been greatly modified in the process of time1 and chiefly through the influence of a few original thinkers4 ,these have generally met with a strong opposition from the established schools of theology1 and the most strenuous efforts have been made to decry them as unorthodox and to procure their condemnation by authority4 ,the names of ,catharini1 ,sfondrati1 and ,molina will serve as a sufficient illustration4 ,yet1 their method of stating ,christian doctrine on important points has gained a great predominance in the ,church1 and the supreme authority has frequently intervened1 not to enforce these opinions1 but to protect those who hold and advocate them from censure4 ,not only theologians1 but even teachers of natural science1 have brought about great changes in current theological opinions4 ,for instance1 ,galileo1 and those who followed him1 have1 by the force of scientific demonstration1 compelled theologians to modify their interpretation of ,scripture where it speaks of natural phenomena4 ,geology has caused a similar general change of the method of interpreting the ,scriptural accounts1 of the creation and the deluge4 ,the old ,swiss proverb is verified in the perpetual effort to discover the harmony between faith and science3 ,god gives us plenty of nuts to crack1 but does not crack them for us4 ,one of these hard nuts1 not yet cracked1 is the question concerning the extent of the influence of inspiration in preserving the sacred writers from error in matters of purely human knowledge4 ,the well-known opinion of ,holden on this subject1 it appears to us1 is a little too summarily condemned by our learned author4 ,the opinions of ,bellarmine and ,lessius were severely censured in their time1 but nevertheless are now acknowledged to be tenable and probable4 ,we think the opinion of ,holden deserves at least a very thorough examination and discussion before it is put under the ban4 ,dr4 ,manning admits that it is evident that ,holy ,scripture does not contain a revelation of what are called physical sciences1 and that no system of chronology is laid down in the sacred books 7p4 #afe1 ,eng4 ,ed47 ,nevertheless the sacred writers speak of physical phenomena and of chronological dates4 ,the ,holy ,spirit allowed them to speak of the former in accordance with their own and the common opinion even1 when that was erroneous4 ,he has allowed their statements respecting the latter to fall into such inextricable confusion1 through accidental or intentional alterations either in the ,hebrew or ,greek text1 that we cannot tell with certainty what they intended to record on the subject4 ,does not this show that revelation was not intended to teach chronology8 ,and if it was not1 how does it militate against the ,catholic doctrine of inspiration to maintain that the sacred writers were originally left to follow the best human authority they could find in chronology as well as in science8 ,if the end of revelation did not require that an infallible system of dates should be preserved in the sacred text1 why should it have been given at first8 ,why are minor historical facts1 relating to the numbers who fell in particular battles1 etc41 within the cope of infallibility any more than matters of science and chronology8 ,it appears to us1 that until some authoritative decision is made1 this question is open to discussion1 and the opinion of ,holden tenable without prejudice to orthodoxy4 ,very probably the distinguished author meant to express simply his judgment as to what is the sounder view of inspiration1 without denying that the other is within the limits of orthodoxy4 ,however this may be1 this is the only instance in which there is any appearance of #egc severity toward those whose theological opinions on matters extra fidem differ from his own4 ,it were to be wished that some other writers1 who are disposed to censure their brethren severely and throw suspicion upon their loyalty to the ,church1 on account of theological differences1 would imitate the admirable model placed before them by the illustrious chief of the ,english hierarchy4 ,we commend to their attention the following extract from the ,london ,weekly ,register1 which is a portion of an excellent and well written review of' ,dr4 ,pusey's ,eirenicon4 ,when severely pressed by an able antagonist1 one frequently finds himself driven to defend the ,catholic cause upon the common1 certain ground where all ,catholics stand together1 and to sink domestic controversies4 ,this is very well2 but the same language ought to be used toward opponents in these domestic controversies1 when they are discussed inter nos1 which is used respecting them when we are fighting the exterior enemy4 ,if one takes certain ground because it is available against non-,catholics1 he ought to allow other ,catholics to stand upon that ground at all times in peace without having his fidelity to the ,church called in question4 ,we give the quotations now1 without further comment1 and leave the intelligent reader to make his own reflections on them3 ,the greater part of the remainder of the volume is taken up with proving what most ,catholics would be ready to admit1 that many exaggerated things have been said by ,catholic writers of name concerning the ,pope's personal infallibility1 on the prerogatives of the ,blessed ,virgin1 and on many other subjects4 ,no doubt1 viewed from without1 there is much matter for perplexity in this whole subject4 ,we know that many persons1 now ,catholics1 have been kept back from seeing the ,church's claims on their absolute allegiance1 because of the hold these exaggerated statements had obtained on their imagination1 and the repugnance they felt to the aspect of doctrine thus presented4 ,this1 we think1 has arisen partly from their having attributed to such statements an authority which they did not possess1 and from their not distinguishing between matters of faith and matters of pious opinion4 4 4 4 4 ,catholics1 on the other hand1 4 4 know that the ,church1 while requiring unitas in necesaariis1 is most free in conceding libertas in dubiis2 4 4 4 does not aim at creating a dead and soulless level of uniformity1 but tolerates great liberty of opinion in matters of opinion1 etc4 ,even though we might ourselves hold that what are commonly called the ,ultramontane opinions are the more logical1 the legitimate deduction from ,scripture1 the true development of patristic teaching2 and however much we might wish for a union of all ,christians on this basis1 we should nevertheless hold most strongly1 until otherwise taught1 that a reunion on the principles of ,bossuet would be better than perpetuated schism4 ,archbishop ,manning's work will1 of course1 take its place in our standard ,catholic literature1 and we earnestly recommend it to all our readers4 ,,the ,,christian ,,examiner4 ,vol lxxix4 ,we observe by a notice appended to its last number1 for ,november1 #ahfe1 that this long-established periodical has been transferred from ,boston to ,new ,york1 and will hereafter be conducted under the editorship of the ,rev4 ,henry ,w4 ,bellows1 ,d4,d4 ,this is a significant fact1 but precisely what it signifies time only can reveal to the uninitiated4 ,so far as we can conjecture its significance1 the change of location and editorship bodes a change in its prevailing tone and spirit4 ,it is1 however1 announced that the former editors will co-operate with the new one in the conduct of the ,review1 which leads us to suppose that the different schools of ,unitarians will be allowed fair scope for expressing their views in its pages4 ,those who are acquainted with the writings of ,dr4 ,bellows may fairly expect that if he devotes his time and energies to the task of contributing articles on the great topics which are just now occupying the attention of ,unitarians1 there will be a great improvement in the general spirit and tendency of the ,review4 ,it will become less extreme in its rationalism1 and more positively ,christian4 ,dr4 ,bellows has come the nearest to ,catholic doctrine in some of the fundamental points of religion of any rationalist with whose writings we have happened to meet4 ,we shall look with #egd interest for the result of the movement which has placed this powerful medium for influencing minds and shaping the course of events in the sphere to which he belongs under his control4 ,meanwhile1 we have some criticisms to make on certain portions of the number which closes the ,boston series of ,the ,examiner4 ,the first article contains a critique upon ,mill's ,examination of the ,philosophy of ,hamilton4 ,we are delighted to have that overrated and inconsistent disseminator of sceptical principles1 ,sir ,william ,hamilton1 demolished1 no matter who does it4 ,one of his pupils1 ,mr4 ,calderwood1 has attacked him on the side of positive philosophy1 showing his sceptical tendencies4 ,mr4 ,mill has countermined him by a more subtle scepticism than his own1 and has shown the baselessness of the positive and dogmatic portion of his philosophy4 ,very good6 ,the most dangerous of all errors is semi-scepticism4 ,it defends all that it retains of philosophical and theological truth in such an illogical manner that it brings it into doubt and discredit with logical thinkers4 ,it covers up its scepticism so adroitly that the unwary are deceived and poisoned by it unawares4 ,let the contradiction between its two elements be shown1 let both be pushed to their legitimate consequences1 and a great advantage is gained4 ,those who push through the sceptical principle1 like ,mr4 ,mill1 bring it to such a patent absurdity1 that every right-thinking mind will reject it at once4 ,those who take the other side1 are forced upon a better and more solid basis for both science and faith4 ,the reviewer of ,mr4 ,mill seems to have given himself up completely to his sway1 and to be unable to do more than echo his thoughts4 ,he gives up transcendentalism1 the grand philosophy of ,boston and ,cambridge which was to supersede old-fashioned ,christianity and inaugurate a new epoch1 as an exploded and obsolete system4 ,this formidable iron-clad has blown up and gone under1 like the famous ,merrimac2 and it appears that ,dr4 ,brownson need not have levelled his artillery against her1 but might have waited patiently for her own magazine to be set fire to by her crew4 ,we are no longer even sure that two and two do not make five1 or that two parallel lines cannot inclose a space6 ,the writer anxiously endeavors to show that in spite of this ,mr4 ,mill will still allow him to believe in a ,god1 and in the difference between right and wrong4 ,let him1 however1 if he will persist in believing something1 do it with trembling4 ,for1 if two and two might1 for anything we know1 make five1 one might possibly become equal to nothing1 and then some day we may all find ourselves annihilated4 ,mr4 ,mill's mine can be countermined as easily as ,sir ,william ,hamilton's2 for1 when once the perception of absolute and necessary truth is questioned1 there is no stopping short of nihilism4 ,the article on ,dr4 ,newman's ,apologia is well written1 and shows a candid and respectful appreciation of the intellectual and moral greatness of the illustrious convert4 ,the author1 however1 makes a sweeping1 wholesale charge of having adopted a system of equivocation1 chicanery1 and sophistry upon the ,jesuits1 and the whole ,catholic ,church1 which has nothing to sustain it but an on dit4 ,the charge is false4 ,but apart from that1 in saying it the writer struck a foul blow1 unworthy of an honorable critic4 ,here is a great question1 on which men's minds are divided1 and on which there are most weighty and important testimonies to be examined4 ,the writer does not profess to enter the lists for the discussion of it1 but merely to criticise the particular statements of ,dr4 ,newman4 ,if he had anything to say about it1 he should have taken up ,dr4 ,newman's statements and arguments1 and made some rejoinder4 ,it is always a sign that a man is either weak or disingenuous1 when he throws a wholesale assertion of the general badness of your cause in your face1 because you have successfully defended it in respect to one particular item4 ,it is also very schoolboyish to repeat continually the stale generalities that one has read in his books or in the newspapers about the ,jesuits4 ,cannot our antagonists invint some other little bit of truth8 ,we are tired of hearing this one so often4 ,the writer fairly admits that if any other guide to truth is necessary1 beside the individual reason1 that guide must be the ,catholic ,church4 ,there is no alternative except to follow your own light1 or be a ,roman ,catholic4 ,every man1 he thinks1 has for himself a light1 which is infallible for himself #ege alone1 and only for the time being4 ,we would like to ask him whether this is a certain1 necessary1 and universal truth1 true for all times1 and every individual8 ,is it so8 ,then by the same process which proves it to be so1 you can establish a complete system of universal truths1 and among them the universal or ,catholic principles of the ,catholic ,church4 ,we admit the infallible light of reason1 excluding his limitations1 which are ipso facto destroyed if he answers our question in the affirmative4 ,if in the negative1 the assertion he has made is true only for himself1 as a kind of provisional arrangement--a sort of dark lantern borrowed for the evening4 ,it is quite probable that by-and-bye the sun may rise1 and the dim rays of his lantern blend with its brighter beams4 ,the infallible light within may tell him that he needs the revelation of ,god1 and the instruction of the ,catholic ,church4 ,decidedly the most valuable article in the number is the one on ,english ,schools and ,colleges4 ,it is evidently written by one who is perfectly familiar with the ,english system of education1 and contains many valuable hints and suggestions for the improvement of our own colleges4 ,we recommend all those who are engaged in the higher branches of instruction to procure and read it2 and1 indeed1 the author would do them a great service by publishing it separately as a pamphlet1 with such additions as he might think suitable to enhance its value4 ,,our ,,faith1 ,,the ,,victory2 ,,or1 ,a ,,comprehensive ,,view ,,of ,,the ,,principal ,,doctrines ,,of ,,the ,,christian ,,religion4 ,by ,rt4 ,rev4 ,john ,mc,gill1 ,d4,d41 ,bishop of ,richmond4 ,baltimore3 ,kelly ,piet4 #ahfe4 ,this new edition of a work already noticed in our pages is well printed1 and1 if the paper were of somewhat finer quality and the binding a little better1 would be a very handsome volume4 ,the extravagant price of paper at present is a very fair excuse for the first defect1 although we cannot help regretting that a work of such high merit and permanent value should not be brought out in a style completely worthy of it4 ,if our copy is a fair specimen1 however1 there is no excuse for the binding1 which1 though handsome enough1 is so loosely and carelessly executed as to endanger already some of the leaves falling out4 ,we recommend our ,catholic publishers to show a little more of the enterprise and thoroughness requisite in first-class houses4 ,mr4 ,o',shea has given them a good example in ,dr4 ,brownson's ,american ,republic1 which we trust will not be without a good effect4 ,we again recommend this admirable work to our readers as one of the best in the ,english language on the great topics of which it treats4 ,,the ,,american ,,republic3 ,its ,constitution1 ,tendencies1 and ,destiny4 ,by ,o4 ,a4 ,brownson1 ,,ll4,d4 #hvo4 ,new ,york3 ,p4 ,o',shea4 pp4 #dce4 #ahff4 ,this is a work brought out in a very superior style of typography which does great credit to the enterprise of the young publisher1 ,mr4 ,o',shea1 and is worthy of its great subject and its equally great author4 ,we have only had time to read the preface1 which breathes the exalted philosophical wisdom1 the noble1 magnanimous spirit1 and the pure ,christian faith of the illustrious ,catholic publicist and ,american patriot who wrote it4 ,a more extended notice of the work itself will appear in our next number4 ,,history ,,of ,,england ,,from ,,the ,,fall ,,of ,,wolsey ,,to ,,the ,,death ,,op ,,elizabeth4 ,by ,james ,anthony ,froude1 ,m4,a41 late ,fellow of ,exeter ,college1 ,oxford4 ,vols4 ,,iii4 and ,,iv41 #hvo4 ,new ,york3 ,charles ,scribner ,company4 ,the fourth volume of ,mr4 ,froude's work ends with the death of his hero1 ,henry ,,viii4 ,the portion of the history embraced in the instalment now before us includes1 therefore1 many picturesque incidents1 which the author narrates with his most charming and brilliant pen1 and with that quick eye for dramatic effect which lends such a fascination to his style4 ,in a notice of the first and second volumes we expressed with sufficient clearness our judgment of ,mr4 ,froude's faults and merits1 and we see no reason to modify our previous statements4 ,he professes to have originally approached his subject without prejudice or any purpose of running counter #egf to the commonly received opinions of the world2 but he does not deny that he has come to take a very different view of ,henry and his times from that accepted by the rest of mankind4 ,he has this advantage over his critics--that1 as he makes use of state papers and other manuscript records which are not accessible to the world at large1 it is not always possible to test the correctness of his quotations or the justness of his inferences from official documents4 ,we can only say that in the few instances in which it has been in our power to follow him in his researches1 we have learned to distrust not only his accuracy but his honesty4 ,we must wait until some other and dispassionate historian shall have explored the same fields before we can detect all his misrepresentations and rectify all his errors4 ,,humorous ,,poems4 ,by ,oliver ,wendell ,holmes1 with illustrations by ,sol4 ,eytinge1 ,jr4 ,boston3 ,ticknor ,fields4 #ahfe4 ,a cheap but neat edition1 bound in pamphlet form1 forming one of a series of ,companion ,poets for the ,people1 illustrated4 ,dr4 ,holmes is our ,thomas ,hood1 in some respects more to our taste than his ,english compeer4 ,his humorous poems1 though steeped in the double distilled oil of wit1 have no poison in them1 and are wholesome and delicious1 when taken laughing in small doses4 ,,the ,,practical ,,dictation ,,spelling-,,book1 in which the spelling1 pronunciation1 meaning1 and application of almost all the irregular words in the ,english language are taught in a manner adapted to the comprehension of youth4 ,for the use of schools4 ,by ,edward ,mulvany4 ,new ,york3 ,p4 ,o',shea4 ,the plan of this book is excellent1 and will1 we have no doubt1 be generally adopted in our schools4 ,it has evidently been compiled with much care and attention4 ,the scholar that masters its various sections will not be apt to make those ridiculous mistakes in spelling and writing which are so prevalent m the community4 ,in the next edition the typographical errors ought to be attended to4 ,the present one contains too many such errors4 ,,literary ,,intelligence4 ,messrs4 ,murphy ,co41 ,baltimore1 announce for publication at an early day the following works3 ,a new improved and enlarged edition of ,archbishop ,spalding's ,miscellanea2 a new edition of ,the ,evidences of ,catholicity1 by the same author2 ,the ,apostleship of ,prayer1 a translation from the ,french of the ,rev4 ,h4 ,ramire1 ,s4,j42 ,the ,manual of the ,apostleship of ,prayer2 new editions of ,ellen ,middleton1 ,lady ,bird and ,grantly ,manor1 by ,lady ,fullerton2 and of ,pauline ,seward4 ,p4 ,o',shea1 ,new ,york1 announces3 ,the ,life of ,st4 ,anthony of ,padua2 ,the ,life and ,miracles of ,st4 ,philomena2 ,the ,christian's ,daily ,guide1 a new prayer-book2 the second volume of ,darras' ,history of the ,church4 ,p4 ,donahoe1 ,boston1 announces the publication of a new illustrated magazine for the young folk4 ,it is to be called ,spare ,hours1 and is to appear early in ,december4 ,there is room for such a publication1 and we hope it will prove a success1 and that ,mr4 ,donahoe will make it equal to anything of the kind published in this country4 ,a good magazine for the young has been a want long felt4 ,the subscription price is two dollars per year4 ,,books ,,received4 ,from ,,the ,,american ,,news ,,company1 ,new ,york3 ,aurora ,floyd1 by ,m4 ,e4 ,braddon4 #abmo41 pp #cgb4 ,the ,ordeal for ,wives4 ,a novel1 by the author of ,the ,morals of ,mayfair4 #abmo41 pp4 #ddh4 ,rebel ,brag and ,british ,bluster3 ,a record of unfulfilled prophecies1 baffled schemes1 disappointed hopes1 etc41 etc4 ,by ,owls-,glass4 ,paper1 pp4 #aaa4 ,we have also received a neat little pamphlet1 of twenty-four pages1 entitled3 ,notes on ,willson's ,readers1 by ,s4 ,s4 ,haldeman4 ,from the ,hon4 ,wm4 ,h4 ,seward1 ,secretary of ,state1 ,washington3 ,diplomatic ,correspondence for #ahfd4 ,parts #c and #d4 ,from ,,charles ,,scribner1 ,new ,york3 ,plain ,talks on ,familiar ,subjects1 a series of popular lectures4 ,by ,j4 ,g4 ,holland4 #abmo41 pp4 #hce4 ,from ,p4 ,o',,shea1 ,new ,york3 ,numbers #ad1 #ae1 and #af of ,darras' ,history of the ,church4 ,from ,d4 ,j4 ,,sadlier ,,co41 ,new ,york3 ,parts #e1 #f1 and #g of ,d',artaud's ,lives of the ,popes4 -------- #egg ,,the ,,catholic ,,world4 ,,vol4 ,,ii41 ,,no4 #aa4--;,,february1 #ahff4 ,translated from ,etudes ,religieuses1 ,historiques et ,littraires1 par des ,pres de la ,compagnie de ,jsus4 ,,charles ,,ii4 ,,and ,,his ,,son1 ,,father ,,james ,,stuart4 ,of all the ,stuarts who reigned over ,great ,britain only one1 if historians can be trusted1 abandoned ,anglicanism and became a child of the ,catholic ,church4 ,it is true that to the name of ,james ,,ii4 that of his elder brother1 ,charles ,,ii41 has sometimes been added2 but the general opinion is that ,charles had no religion whatever1 and scoffed at all creeds alike4 ,documents1 however1 which have lately been brought to light1 enable us to prove that both the sons of ,charles ,i4 abandoned ,protestantism1 and that in their persons ,catholicism occupied for more than an twenty years the throne of ,henry ,,viii4 ,to understand how the religion of ,charles ,,ii4 could remain so long an historical enigma1 we must recall to mind the peculiar circumstances in which he was placed4 ,surrounded by fanatical sectaries1 who yielded him a kind of insubordinate obedience1 and kept him in continual fear of the axe by which his unfortunate father had suffered1 he felt constrained to observe in public the forms of worship which he had solemnly renounced before the altar4 ,and to this we must add another reason4 ,far from reforming the disorders of a licentious youth1 he prolonged his excesses to the very eve of death1 and his unbridled passions tended to extinguish in his naturally weak and timid soul all the energy alike of the man and of the ,christian4 ,so1 though a ,catholic at heart1 ,charles never had the courage during his whole reign to avow his sentiments4 ,some thought him a zealous ,presbyterian2 others1 a devoted ,anglican4 ,those who knew him better declared he was nothing but a bad ,protestant1 and for that declaration they had more reason than they supposed4 ,there is no question that he died in the bosom of the ,church2 but that he had returned to it long before he died is a fact which has only lately #egh been established4 ,after lying for two hundred years among the dusty archives of a religious order in ,rome1 a remarkable correspondence has been brought to light between the sixth successor of ,henry ,,viii4 and ,father ,paul ,oliva1 the general of the ,jesuits4 ,the occasion of this singular interchange of letters between ,whitehall and ,rome was the presence in the ,jesuit house1 in the last named city1 of a young novice whom all the fathers1 even the general himself1 believed to be a ,french gentleman4 ,charles informed ,father ,oliva who this young man was4 ,by the right of paternal authority he demanded that ,james ,stuart1 the eldest of his natural sons1 should be sent back to him4 ,he wished to keep him for some time about his person1 and by his assistance to instruct himself more thoroughly in the ,catholic faith1 and so finish the work which he had long ago commenced4 ,after reading these letters1 and penetrating the hidden thoughts and mental tortures of the conscience-stricken king1 who knows his duty1 and fears1 yet wishes1 to fulfil it2 a crowned slave1 bearing beneath his royal robes a yoke of iron1 and sighing in vain for liberty to believe and worship after the dictates of his heart1 we cannot resist the conclusion that ,charles ,,ii4 was neither a deist nor a waverer2 he was a ,catholic--a timid and a bad one1 if you will but firm in his convictions4 ,but1 you may say1 a conversion such as this is not much for the ,church to brag of4 ,here you have a prince born a heretic1 and becoming a ,catholic so quietly that his people know nothing about it4 ,the ,church declares that faith without works is dead4 ,well1 it is true that ,charles's life was in perpetual discord with his faith4 ,we certainly do not propose our neophyte as a model penitent2 it is enough if the reasons which led to his conversion afford his countrymen another proof of the divine origin of ,catholicism4 ,it is surely a startling circumstance that this slave to voluptuousness should turn his back upon the easy-going ,anglican ,church1 so complacent even to the monstrous passions of ,henry ,,viii41 and choose the most inflexible of all ,christian communions1 the one which preferred losing her hold upon the glorious and powerful ,island of ,saints to conniving at adultery2 which defended the innocent ,catharine of ,aragon against her ferocious spouse1 and might1 one hundred and forty years later1 have protected ,catharine of ,portugal also had a royal caprice again attempted to displace a virtuous queen in order to raise a vicious favorite to the throne of ,england4 ,this monarch1 timid by nature1 and surrounded by sanguinary fanatics1 knew that the bare accusation of popery would be enough to stir up his whole kingdom against him2 yet he did not hesitate to become a papist--he upon whom the laws conferred the title1 so much coveted by his predecessors1 of supreme head of the ,established ,church4 ,do we not see in this a signal triumph of ,god over man1 of truth over falsehood8 ,should it be asked why this correspondence has remained so long unpublished1 we answer that it was by its nature strictly confidential4 ,so long1 too1 as the ,stuarts maintained their pretensions to the ,english crown the publication of such letters would have seriously compromised them4 ,then came the suppression of the society1 after which it would appear that all trace of the correspondence was lost1 until it was recently brought to light by the learned ,father ,boero4 ,footnote #hg ,the original letters form part of a collection of autograph manuscripts of ,charles ,,ii41 ,father ,paul ,oliva1 ,christina of ,sweden1 ,james ,,ii41 the queen-mother1 ,henrietta of ,france1 ,catharine of ,braganza1 and other celebrated persons of the time4 ,the letters of ,charles are impressed with the ,royal seal4 ,footnote #hg3 ,istoria della conversione alla ,chi88 ,cattolica di ,carlo ,,ii41 ,re d',inghilterra1 caveta da 888trure autentiche ed originali4 #egi ,,ii4 ,it is easy enough to mention circumstances which would naturally have prepossessed ,charles in favor of the ,church4 ,in the first place1 he was indebted for his life1 after the defeat of ,worcester1 almost entirely to ,catholics1 who at great risk to themselves concealed him from the soldiers of ,cromwell and enabled him to escape to ,france4 ,in ,paris he must have seen many things to influence his religious sentiments4 ,the most profound impression1 however1 was made upon him by the venerable ,m4 ,olier1 the founder of ,st4 ,sulpice4 ,god opened to him1 says his biographer1 the ,abb ,faillon1 the ,english monarch's heart4 ,in the new conferences which he had with this prince1 he showed him the beauty and truth of the ,catholic religion with so much grace1 force1 and energy that ,charles ,,ii4 was constrained to acknowledge afterward to one of his friends that although many distinguished persons had spoken to him about these matters1 there was none of them who had enlightened him so much as ,m4 ,olier2 that in his words he recognized and felt an extraordinary virtue2 in fine1 that he had fully satisfied him4 ,there can be little doubt that ,m4 ,olier had persuaded the king to abjure his errors and to take the first step toward a return into the bosom of the ,church2 that is to say1 by sending a secret abjuration to the ,pope1 who1 as has been said above1 required nothing more4 ,for1 in the first place1 it was rumored all through ,france and ,england that ,charles had sent to the ,pope a secret abjuration2 and beside1 ,m4 de ,bretonvilliers1 after mentioning that his majesty recognized and felt an extraordinary virtue in his conversations with ,m4 ,olier on the truth of the ,catholic religion1 adds these significant words3 ',at present1 ,i can say no more4' ,this reticence naturally leads us to infer that ,charles had taken some step toward becoming a ,catholic which it was not then prudent to make known4 ,,iii4 ,two years after his restoration to the throne1 and under the influence1 probably1 of the queen-mother and the queen-consort1 he resolved to open with the ,holy ,see a negotiation which he hoped might lead to the restoration of the ,english people to religious unity4 ,it was necessary to proceed with the greatest caution4 ,he chose for his envoy ,sir ,richard ,bellings--the same to whom he afterward intrusted the most secret and delicate of his missions to the court of ,louis ,,xiv4 ,sir ,richard set out for ,italy under pretext of attending to affairs of his own2 and as soon as he could do so safely1 he quietly went to ,rome4 ,his first business was to ask for a cardinal's hat for ,louis ,stuart1 duke of ,richmond and ,lennox1 better known under the name of the ,abb d',aubigny4 ,he was a near relative of the king's1 and had been summoned from ,paris to fulfil the functions of grand almoner to ,queen ,catharine4 ,charles wished to place under his charge the affairs of the ,church in ,great ,britain4 ,a memoir on this subject was drawn up for ,bellings by ,lord ,chancellor ,clarendon1 and copied by ,clarendon's son4 ,it is dated ,october #be1 #affb4 ,each leaf is authenticated by the royal signature4 ,a minute of the instructions given by ,charles to his ambassador is preserved at ,rome4 ,it can only have been drawn up by ,sir ,richard himself3 #a4 ,his majesty solicits this promotion for the advantage of his kingdom1 and in order to give the ,catholic party an authorized chief1 intimately united with the sovereign by the ties of blood1 and upon whom he can depend securely under all circumstances4 ,the king1 to quote his own words1 sees in the elevation of the ,abb d',aubigny to the cardinalship an essential condition to the good understanding which ought to exist between #ehj the ,pope and his majesty2 he deems this a measure of the last importance for the welfare of his ,roman ,catholic subjects throughout his dominions4' #b4 ,the cardinal once appointed1 his majesty engages to support him in the style which his dignity and his relationship to the sovereign demand4 ,the ,holy ,father summoned a secret congregation of cardinals to consider the matter1 and also appointed a council of theologians1 who were instructed to draw up their opinion in a careful report4 ,in this document we find a careful resume of the ,benefits which the ,catholics of ,england have received from his ,britannic majesty4' ,they approved of the proposed appointment2 but unfortunately the ,abb d',aubigny was given to the errors of the ,port ,royalists1 and the ,pope felt compelled to refuse ,charles's request4 ,he refused1 however1 with so much delicacy1 and gave such good reasons for the refusal1 that the king1 instead of breaking off intercourse with the ,holy ,see1 as he had threatened to do1 ordered ,bellings to proceed to the second object of his mission4 ,this was nothing less than the conversion of the king and the reconciliation of his realms to the ,roman ,church4 ,,iv4 ,sir ,richard was instructed to treat directly with the ,holy ,father1 and the number of counsellors whom the ,pope might call to his assistance was to be strictly limited4 ,on the side of the ,english there is every reason to believe that nobody was in the secret except the king1 the two queens1 the envoy1 and the person--whoever he may have been--who drew up the document which we shall presently have occasion to quote4 ,clarendon certainly knew nothing about it2 he was ready to assist in the promotion of d',aubigny2 but he was a stern enemy of the ,catholics1 and even before ,sir ,richard's return we find him opposing in parliament a proposal of his sovereign's for granting liberty of conscience to dissenters4 ,there is no doubt that ,charles ,,ii4 himself made known to the ,holy ,father his intention of becoming a ,catholic and re-establishing ,catholicism as an authorized form of worship in his kingdom4 ,there is1 moreover1 no doubt that ,pope ,alexander ,,vii4 replied to him4 ,this is all that we can now affirm with certainty2 and we should not have known even this if the king had not mentioned it incidentally in one of his letters to ,father ,paul ,oliva4 ,the absence of these two letters is much to be regretted2 but we have fortunately at hand a document of still greater value4 ,this is the profession of faith presented in the name of the ,english monarch as the basis of a concordat3 ,proposition on the part of ,charles ,,ii41 king of ,great ,britain1 for the much-to-be-desired reunion of his three kingdoms of ,england1 ,scotland1 and ,ireland with the apostolic and ,roman see4 ,his majesty1 the king1 and all who aspire to the unity of the ,catholic ,church1 will accept the profession of faith drawn up by ,pope ,pius ,,iv4 after the decisions of the ,council of ,trent1 and with it all the other decrees respecting faith or discipline enacted either by the aforesaid council or by any other general council1 as well as the decisions of the last two pontiffs in the affair of ,jansenius2 reserving to himself1 however1 as is done in ,france and some other places1 certain special rights and certain customs which usage has sanctioned in our own particular ,church4 ,these various decrees are to be understood with the restrictions which other oecumenical councils have1 prudently no doubt and after mature consideration1 imposed upon them1 as the aforesaid profession of faith proves4 ,whence it follows that1 except within these limits1 nothing may henceforth be imposed upon or prescribed to either the king or any of his ,catholic subjects2 and #eha that it shall not be imputed to them as a crime or a favoring of heresy should they have occasion to declare their mind upon matters of this sort4 ,under these conditions his majesty is ready to break at once with all ,protestant societies and all sects separated from the ,roman ,church1 and to withdraw from their communion4 ,he declares his detestation in particular of the schism and deplorable heresies originated by ,luther1 ,zwingle1 ,calvin1 ,memnon1 ,socinus1 ,browin1 and other equally perverse sectaries4 ,better than any one else1 he knows by sad experience in his own kingdom what a deluge of calamities1 what revolutions1 what a ,babel-confusion this pretended ,reformation 7which might better be called a deformation7 has entailed in politics as well as in religion2 so much so that these three kingdoms1 and especially ,england1 are1 in both secular and sacred affairs1 nothing but a theatre of frightful disturbances1 which hold the entire world chained with attention and dismay4 ,this profession of faith is followed by twenty-four notes or declarations1 in which the king indicates more in detail the course which he proposes to follow in his difficult task of religious restoration4 ,the reconciliation with ,rome once effected1 he would grant the ,protestants complete toleration4 ,the hierarchy should be re-established as it was in the time of ,henry ,,viii41 before the schism4 ,parishes should be established and seminaries founded4 ,the king also described in what manner he would arrange for the introduction of the ,roman liturgy1 the preaching of the divine word1 the teaching of the catechism1 the administration of the sacraments1 the celebration of provincial synods1 and the admission of the religious orders of both sexes into ,great ,britain2 he spoke of the festivals1 beside ,sunday1 which it would be possible to make days of obligation1 and of the precautions which ought to be adopted in bringing the people back to the veneration of the saints and their relics4 ,it may be suggested that ,charles was not sincere2 but it is difficult to understand what he could have hoped to gain by these representations1 made in strictest confidence to the ,pope1 if he did not really intend to return to the bosom of the ,church and hope to bring his people with him4 ,lingard says that he used to feign an inclination toward ,catholicism1 in view of the subsidies which he received from the king of ,france2 but we must remember that at this time it was ,louis who made all the overtures and evinced all the eagerness for an alliance between the two countries1 and that ,charles held back4 ,louis ,,xiv4 was ready to pay almost any price for his neighbor's friendship1 and ,charles was under no necessity of periling his crown and arousing all the fanaticism of his subjects in order to obtain what ,louis was so ready to give him4 ,just about the time of the departure of ,sir ,richard ,bellings for ,italy ,charles made an attempt to obtain from parliament an act of indulgence in favor of the ,presbyterians1 ,independents1 and ,roman ,catholics4 ,he met with the most violent resistance1 even from his own ministers4 ,far from carrying this equitable measure1 he soon found himself compelled1 by the clamors of parliament1 to issue a proclamation ordering all ,catholic priests to leave the country under penalty of death4 ,disheartened by this ignominious defeat1 he seems to have rushed more madly than ever into debaucheries1 and stifled the voice of conscience until a providential incident1 in #affh1 aroused his better feelings4 ,v4 ,about the month of ,april1 #affh1 the king received a piece of news which awakened in his heart at once remorse and hope4 ,a natural son whom he loved tenderly--a young man of great #ehb intelligence and acquirements--had abjured ,protestantism and consecrated himself to ,god's service in the ,society of ,jesus4 ,this personage1 who was destined to play a part in ,charles's conversion as important as it was mysterious1 is not unknown to our readers alone3 no memoir of the time makes any mention of him4 ,we must go back a little way to find out who he was4 ,the son of ,lucy ,walters1 the intriguing and factious ,duke of ,monmouth1 born in #afdi1 is generally regarded as the first fruit of ,charles's illicit amours2 but this is a mistake4 ,it was not in the ,netherlands1 nor in ,paris1 but in the isle of ,jersey1 that the heir to the ,english crown began the career of licentiousness which ultimately proved so disastrous to his reign4 ,this little island1 rich and populous1 had always remained faithful to the royal house2 and it was probably with the hope of obtaining succor for the royal cause that ,charles1 while ,prince of ,wales1 went there in #afdg4 ,but unfortunately he encountered1 under the roof of one of the most illustrious1 families of ,great ,britain1 a temptation which extinguished all his warlike ardor4 ,the young soldier reposed in the gardens of ,armida1 and gave not a thought to the terrible morrow which might follow his careless sleep4 ,footnote #hh ,footnote #hh3 ,in the multiplicity of more important events1 ,english historians have lost site of this abortive ,jersey expedition2 but if they do not confirm1 they at least do not contradict our statement4 ,after the battle of ,naseby1 ,prince ,charles fled to the ,scilly ,isles and afterward to ,jersey4 ,the next three years he passed chiefly at the ,hague4 ,he does not reappear in history until #afdh1 when he made a fruitless demonstration with a royalist fleet at the mouth of the ,thames4 ,in the meanwhile he used to pay occasional visits to his mother at ,paris1 and what more likely than at her instigation he should have made a trip to ,jersey in the hope of doing something for his father8 ,the child born of this connection1 who afterward was called ,james ,stuart1 was taken1 in infancy1 we know not by what name1 to the continent4 ,he was educated by the best masters in ,france and ,holland1 and as he grew up manifested great quickness of intellect1 together with the most estimable qualities of the heart4 ,charles was proud of him and loved him2 but when he came to the throne he durst not publicly recognize him4 ,he was afraid of his parliament and afraid of the factions which encompassed him4 ,beside1 the child's mother was still living1 and no doubt had obtained from the monarch a promise not to compromise the honor of her noble family by acknowledging the son until there should no longer be any danger of her being suspected as the mother4 ,so1 when the young man1 then about eighteen years of age1 was summoned to ,london in #affe1 he was commanded to present himself under the name of ,jacques de la ,cloche du ,bourg de ,jersey2 and though he received from his father the most unequivocal marks of affection1 he soon grew tired of his false position1 and begged permission to return to the continent and resume his studies4 ,charles reluctantly consented4 ,he gave his son at parting a document written in ,french with his own hand and impressed with the royal seal1 which is still preserved at the ,ges in ,rome4 ,it runs thus3 ,charles1 par la grce de ,dieu ,roy d',angleterre1 de ,france1 d',ecosse et d',hibernie1 confessons et tenons pour nostre fils naturel le sieur ,jacques ,stuart qui1 par nostre ordre et commandement a vescu en ,france et auttres pays jusques mil six cent soixante cinq o nous avons daign prendre soin de ,luy4 ,depuis1 la mme anne1 s'tant treuv ,londres de nostre volont expresse et pour raison4 ,luy avons command de vivre sous auttre nom encore1 savoir1 de la ,cloche du ,bourg de ,jarzais4 ,footnote #hi ,auquel1 pour raisons importantes qui regardent la paix du ,royaume que nous avons toujours recherche1 deffendons de parler qu' aprs nostre mort i4e41 of the secret of his birth4 ,en ce temps1 ,luy soit lors permis de prsenter au parlement cette nostre #ehc dclaration que1 de plein gr et avec quit1 nous ,luy donnons sa requeste1 et en sa langue1 pour lui oster occasion de la monstrer qui que ce soit pour en avoir l'interpretation4--,a ,wthall1 le #bg de septembre #affe4 ,escry et sign de nostre main1 et cachet du cachet ordinaire de nos lettres sans auttre faon4 ,l4 ,s4 ,,charles4 ,footnote #hi3 ,charles wrote indifferently ,jarzais1 ,jersais1 or ,jers 7,,translation47 ,we ,charles1 by the grace of ,god king of ,england1 ,france1 ,scotland1 and ,ireland1 acknowledge and hold as our natural son ,sir ,james ,stuart1 who by our order and commandment has lived up to the year #affe in ,france and other countries1 where we have seen fit to take care of him4 ,thence after1 on the same year1 he resided in ,london by our express will and for good reasons1 we having commanded him to live under a new name1 to wit1 ,la ,cloche du ,bourg de ,jarzais4 ,whom1 however1 for important reasons touching the peace of the realm1 whereof we are ever regardful1 we forbid to speak concerning the secret of does birth until after our death4 ,at that time be it then permitted him to present to parliament this our declaration1 which of our own free will and in justice we grant him at his request and in his language1 in order to remove all occasion of his exhibiting it to any one whatsoever for its better interpretation4 ,at ,whitehall1 the #bgth of ,september1 #affe4 ,written and signed by our hand and sealed with the ordinary seal of our letters1 without other fashion4 ,l4 ,s4 ,,charles ,with this acknowledgment of parentage1 the young man returned to the ,netherlands2 but he soon reflected that in the event of his father's death the document was not likely to be of much service to him1 for it mentioned no provision for his support4 ,the ,english ,parliament would be very apt1 on one pretext or another1 to refuse him any sum whatever4 ,so he prevailed upon ,charles to give him another paper1 assigning to him #ejj a year1 subject to the good pleasure of the next successor to the crown and of the ,parliament4 ,coupled with this legacy were the conditions that ,james should live in ,london and remain faithful to the ,anglican ,church4 ,this document1 dated ,feb4 #g1 #affg1 is also preserved at the ,ges3 ,charles1 by the grace of ,god king of ,england1 ,france1 ,scotland1 and ,ireland4 ,the ,sieur ,james ,stuart1 whom we have heretofore recognized as our natural son1 living under the name of ,la ,cloche--having represented to us that1 should he survive our death1 he would be without means of support1 if not recognized by parliament1 beside other difficulties which might occur in this affair2 for this reason1 bending to his entreaties1 we have seen good to assign him and to leave him from our domain1 if such be the good pleasure of our successor to the crown and of our parliament1 the sum of #ejj sterling per annum4 ,which legacy it will not be lawful for him to enjoy1 except in so far as he shall reside in ,london1 living according to the religion of his fathers and the ,anglican liturgy4 ,at ,whitehall1 the #gth ,feb4 #affg4 ,written and sealed by our proper hand4 ,l4 ,s4 ,,charles ,when the king imposed the second condition he little imagined that his son was already on the point of abandoning the ,established ,church2 but so it was2 and on the #bith of the next ,july he was received into the ,catholic communion at ,hamburg4 ,very soon afterward he determined to enter the ,society of ,jesus2 but there was one great obstacle in the way4 ,he could not be received without telling the secret of his birth1 for illegitimacy was an impediment from which it was necessary to obtain a dispensation4 ,and if he told it1 with no other #ehd proof to show than the two papers just cited1 which it would be impossible for an ,italian ,jesuit to verify1 who would believe him8 ,in this perplexity he had recourse to the ex-queen ,christina of ,sweden1 who was then at ,hamburg4 ,there was a dash of romance in the story which pleased the eccentric princess2 she was well acquainted personally with ,charles ,,ii41 and having obtained from him a confirmation of all that ,james ,stuart had told her1 she gave the young man a letter which secured a ready belief for the account that he gave of himself at ,rome4 ,this letter1 written in ,latin1 is also among the documents lately discovered at the ,ges3 ,james ,stuart1 who was born in the isle of ,jersey1 and of his own free will assumed the name of ,la ,cloche du ,bourg1 is the natural son of ,charles ,,ii41 king of ,england1 and so much has been secretly confirmed to us by his ,britannic majesty4 ,renouncing the sect of ,calvin1 to which his birth and education had up to this time attached him1 he joined the ,holy ,roman ,church at ,hamburg ,july #bi1 #affg4 ,in faith of which1 contrary to our custom1 we have written by our own hand this declaration1 to the end that ,james ,stuart can1 in an extraordinary circumstance1 open his conscience entirely to his confessor and receive from him the necessary counsels for the salvation of his soul4 ,l4 ,s4 ,,christina ,,alexandra4 ,james ,stuart was accordingly received into the ,society in ,april1 #affh1 under the name of ,jacques de la ,cloche4 ,the inventory of his personal effects1 to which the novice1 according to custom1 affixed his signature on entering1 gives us a curious idea of the wardrobe of a king's son4 ,here it is3 ,one hat2 one ecclesiastical habit and mantle2 one pair of breeches and a waistcoat of black cloth2 one vest trimmed with yellow fur2 a sword-belt of green leather2 white silk stockings2 two shirts and one undershirt2 one pair of linen drawers1 etc4 ,,vi4 ,it was on the #aath day of ,april1 #affh1 that ,james ,stuart commenced his religious life4 ,on the #bc;d of ,april1 #affh1 the ,marquis de ,ravigny1 the ,french ambassador at ,london1 sent to the court of ,st4 ,germain an account of a conversation he had just had with ,charles ,,ii4 ,the ,king of ,england had said to him3 ,i am very desirous of effecting a strong union with ,france1 but ,i must have help2 for there are many people about me who are not of that way of thinking4 ,as to myself1 ,i have always been so disposed1 as you know better than anybody444 ,charles1 after having repeated these words several times1 had added more than once--,leave it to me4 ,i will speak with you about it before many days4 ,m4 de ,ravigny1 whose efforts toward the political unity of the two cabinets had1 up to this time1 been without result1 received the overture with apparent coldness4 ,louis ,,xiv4 was equally incredulous1 and ,m4 de ,lionne replied to the representative of ,france in ,england in these terms3 ,the king is of the opinion that your response was exceedingly judicious1 when the ,king of ,great ,britain signified his desire of making a strong alliance with him1 and hinted to you to make advances4 ,his majesty has already made so many1 and has been so poorly responded to1 when requested to enter into the matter1 that the prudence and dignity of his majesty forbid his committing himself further4 4 4 4 ,charles waited to receive the propositions of the court of ,st4 ,germain2 but the court of ,st4 ,germain was dumb4 ,driven to declare himself1 therefore1 he renewed the assurances he had already given1 and the letter of the ,french ambassador1 bearing date of ,may #ba1 #affh1 describes the interview1 and closes with these significant words3 ,it looks as though this will #ehe come to something2 for this reason ,i most humbly beg your majesty to send further instructions4 ,thus1 only a few days after the humble novice of the ,quirinal had assumed the robes of his order1 ,charles and ,louis were busily engaged in cementing that family pact which broke the ,triple ,alliance1 and delayed1 for many years1 the formation of that formidable coalition under which ,france finally succumbed4 ,are we too bold in suspecting something more than a simple coincidence in the simultaneousness of these two events8 ,hume1 in his ,history of the ,house of ,stuart1 attributes the action of the ,english monarch to his admiration for the gaiety1 wit1 and elegance of the ,french court4 ,let those who will1 accept this frivolous explanation6 ,the curious conjuncture of dates1 together with a vast assemblage of other facts looking in the same direction1 have convinced us that the true motive of this sudden change was the religions convictions of the king4 ,the conscience of ,charles had long been troubled4 ,even before assuming the crown1 he had resolved to introduce larger religious liberty into the realm4 ,baffled in all his attempts1 completely1 disconcerted1 he learns one day that his eldest son--a mind thoroughly serious and earnest--had separated himself utterly from the errors of ,protestantism1 and had deliberately devoted himself to a life of prayer1 of silence1 and of mortification4 ,then ,charles took heart1 and convinced that he could not attain his object without the help of ,france1 he resolutely set aside all the obstacles of national sentiment1 and entered at once upon the completion of the compact4 ,while this was pending1 the ,british sovereign was employed1 for the three months which followed the entrance of his son upon the novitiate of the ,jesuits1 in strengthening himself against the insurrections and the civil war to which his conversion was certain to give rise4 ,it is not1 however1 by political precautions alone that heresy is made to yield to the true faith4 ,there must also be the discreet theologian1 the wise master1 the spiritual guide--assistance difficult to avail one's self of when ,anglican intolerance watches menacingly at the gates of all the royal palaces6 ,such a guide1 such an instrument of the divine pity1 the prince felt that he possessed to-day in the novice of ,st4 ,andr4 ,resuming the dress of a gentleman1 ,james ,stuart1 known by nobody at court1 might readily obtain access to the king without exciting suspicion4 ,to him ,charles would joyfully become a disciple1 joyfully become a penitent2 from him he could receive the necessary religious instruction and absolution for his sins4 ,in concert with the two queens1 he therefore decided to write to the father-general of the ,jesuits and request the immediate return of the novice to ,england4 ,the prince wrote to ,rome five autograph letters1 all in ,french2 four to ,p4 ,oliva1 one to his son4 ,the different envelopes have perfectly preserved the stamp of the royal seal4 ,it is for the reader now to determine whether the author of these pages--so truthful1 so ingenuous--was1 as has been a thousand times asserted1 only an accomplished cheat4 ,it is for the reader to declare whether the brother of ,james ,,ii4 merits those odious epithets of deist and atheist with which ,protestantism has so freely bespattered him1 doubtless in recompense for the scorn and aversion which ,charles always felt in his deepest heart for the ,establishment of ,henry ,,viii4 ,scarcely five months had elapsed since ,james ,stuart began to practise the rules of ,st4 ,ignatius1 when a stranger placed in the hands of ,paul ,oliva1 father-general of the order1 the following letter3 ,,to ,,the ,,reverend ,,father-,,general ,,of ,,the ,,jesuit ,,fathers3 ,,reverend ,,father1--,we write this to your reverence as to a person whom we believe to be most prudent and judicious1 inasmuch as the #ehf principal charge which you have of an institute so famous will not permit us to think otherwise4 ,we address you in ,french1 a language common to all persons of quality1 wherewith we believe that your reverence is not unacquainted1 preferring this language to bad ,latin1 in which we could with difficulty write so as to be understood2 it being our principal aim in this that no ,englishman may intrude himself as a translator--a thing which would otherwise be exceedingly prejudicial to us1 for the reason that we wish this letter to be a secret between you and us4 ,and to commence1 your reverence ought to know that for a long time1 amid the embarrassments of the crown1 we had prayed ,god to grant us the opportunity of finding at least one person in our realm in whom we could confide touching the affair of our salvation without giving our court grounds for suspecting that we are ,catholic4 ,and although there have been here a multitude of priests1 both in the service of the queen 7a portion of whom have dwelt in our palace of ,st4 ,james and at ,somerset ,house7 and also scattered throughout our whole city of ,london2 nevertheless we could not avail ourselves of any because of the suspicion we should give to our court by conversation with such people1 who1 whatever disguises of clothing they may assume1 are always known for what they are4 ,yet despite so many difficulties1 it seems as if the providence of ,god had provided for and seconded our desires1 by causing to be born to us in the ,catholic religion a son to whom alone we could confide ourselves in an affair so delicate4 ,and although many persons1 perhaps better versed than himself in the mysteries of the ,catholic religion1 might be found for our service in this exigency2 nevertheless we could not make use of others as well as of him1 who would be always capable of administering to us in secret the sacraments of the confession and of the communion which we desire to receive as soon as possible4 ,this our son is a young gentleman whom we know you have received with you at ,rome under the name of the ,sieur ,la ,cloche de ,jersay1 for whom we have always had a peculiar tenderness1 as much because he was born to us when we were scarcely sixteen or seventeen years old1 of a young lady of the highest rank in our realm 7rather from the frailty of our early youth than from a bad heart71 as also because of the excellent nature we have ever remarked in him and of that eminence in learning wherein he has advanced through our means4 ,for this makes us all the more esteem his conversion to the ,catholic religion1 since we know that he has been led to it through judgment1 reason1 and knowledge4 ,many important reasons touching the peace of our realm have prevented us1 up to the present time1 from publicly recognizing him as our son2 but this will be for a brief time only1 because we presently design to make a kind of public recognition of him ere many years1 having1 however1 provided him1 in #affe1 with the necessary assurances1 in case we should come to die1 so that he may make use of them in due time and place4 ,and as he is not known here in anywise1 saving by the queens--this affair having been managed with great secresy--we could in all safety converse with him1 and exercise in secret the mysteries of the ,catholic religion1 without exciting in any one of our court the suspicion that we are ,catholic1 which we could not do with any other missionary2 in addition to the confidence that we should have in opening to him our conscience in all freedom and sincerity as to a part of ourselves4 ,thus we see that1 although he was born in our tender youth against the ordinances of ,god1 the same ,god has seen fit to preserve him for our salvation1 since it pertains to himself alone to know how to bring good out of evil4 ,we believe that the need we have #ehg of him has been sufficiently explained to your reverence1 and if your reverence write us1 you will intrust your letters to our son alone1 when he comes to us4 ,for although we do not doubt but that you would find secret ways enough to do it1 nevertheless you would disoblige us excessively by intrusting your letters to anybody but to this our son1 for many considerable reasons whereof your reverence can conjecture apart1 but especially from the mischief which it would bring upon us1 as we were subjected to great hazard on account of our receiving a letter which we had from ,rome in reply to one we had written to the deceased ,pope2 and although it was presented to us with all necessary circumspection and by a ,catholic person1 nevertheless it could not be managed with sufficient prudence to prevent the suspicion of our most keen-sighted courtiers4 ,but having found means to stifle the suspicion which was abroad respecting our being ,catholic1 we were obliged1 through fear of renewing it in men's minds1 to consent on several occasions to many things that turned to the disadvantage of numerous ,catholics in our kingdom of ,ireland4 ,this is the reason why--although we had written with all possible secresy to ,his ,holiness respecting our conversion to the ,catholic ,church at the same time that we besought ,his ,holiness to make our very dear cousin1 my ,lord d',aubigny1 a cardinal1 whereof we were refused for good reasons--we have not been able to pursue our point4 ,and although the ,queen of ,sweden is very wise and discreet1 nevertheless it is enough that she is a woman to lead us to fear that she cannot keep a secret1 and1 as she believes that she alone knows the origin of our well-beloved son1 we have written her again and have confirmed her in that opinion4 ,this is done in order that your reverence shall manifest to her1 upon occasion1 that you have no knowledge of his birth1 if she should inquire of you4 ,as also1 we pray your reverence not to make known to her or to anybody else1 be it whom it may1 the design we have of becoming ,catholic1 or that we send for our son for this object4 ,if the ,queen of ,sweden asks where he is gone1 your reverence will find some pretext1 either that he is gone on a mission to our island of ,jersey or to some other part of our realm1 or still another pretext1 until we make our desires and wishes in this matter again known to you4 ,we pray you1 then1 to send to us as soon as possible our very dear and well-beloved son--that is to say1 at the first time that this season or the next permit4 ,we believe that your reverence is too zealous for the salvation of souls1 and has too much respect for crowned heads1 not to accord to us a request so just4 ,we had had some thought of writing to ,his ,holiness and disclosing to him what we have in soul1 and by the same means to pray him to send our son to us4 ,but we have believed that it would be sufficient for us this time to make a declaration to your reverence1 reserving for another occasion--which we shall bring to pass as soon as possible--the writing and declaring ourselves to the ,pope by a very secret courier sent post by us4 ,if our dear and well-beloved son1 is not a priest1 and if he cannot become one without making publicly known his true name and origin1 or from other circumstances 7which we say because we do not know your mode of acting in these matters71 in that case let him rather not be made a priest at ,rome than that he communicate aught of what he is to the bishops or priests2 but let him pass through ,paris and present himself to our very dear cousin the ,king of ,france1 or1 if he prefer1 to our very honored sister the ,duchess d',orleans1 to whom he can make manifest on our part our good desire in all safety4 ,they know well enough what is the wish of our soul1 and will readily recognize our very dear and well-beloved son by the tokens which we gave to him in ,london in #affe1 and1 perceiving that he is ,catholic1 they would endeavor #ehh and would be able to make him a priest without any one's knowing what he is1 and with all possible secresy as we believe4 ,if1 however1 without so many crooks and turns1 he prefer to come to us without being a priest--which is1 perhaps1 the better course--then we would do the same thing by means of the queen our very honored mother1 or of the queen-consort1 who would have at their service bishops1 missionaries1 or others to perform the ceremony without any one's perceiving or knowing anything about it4 ,we say this in the event of his encountering difficulties in effecting this at ,rome4 ,and although we wish our very dear son to come to us1 it is1 nevertheless1 not our design to draw him away from your society4 ,on the contrary1 we should rejoice if he remain in it all his life if ,god inspire him to that vocation1 and1 after having put our conscience in order by his means1 we shall not prevent him from returning to ,rome1 to live according to the society to which he has attached himself2 and even during the time that he shall be at our service we shall not prevent him1 if he so will1 from pursuing1 with those of your body that are in our realm1 the life commenced in conformity with the religious vocation which he has embraced1 provided that it be not in ,london1 but in some city or village not far off from our city of ,london1 to the end that when we need him he can come with the greatest promptitude and facility4 ,and the reason why we do not wish him to reside in ,london among your people is because of the danger of his being suspected as a ,jesuit1 from his being seen to enter those places which are the residences of your people1 already too well known by many--a thing that would turn to our prejudice4 ,now we are well content1 after being absolved by him of heresy1 and after we are reconciled to ,god and to the ,church1 that he return to ,rome to lead the religious life which he has begun1 awaiting further orders from us--a scheme which seems to us quite to the point1 and we believe that your reverence will be of our opinion and counsel in this last particular4 ,thus doing1 when he shall have been here some weeks or months1 we will send him back to ,rome under the government of your reverence1 to the end that1 under your care1 he may the better fit himself for our service4 ,and during the short time that he shall be at ,london1 when he speak to any one of yours let him guard himself well in discoursing upon the object of his coming4 ,he can say that it is for some affair of importance in our court1 of which only your reverence and himself should have cognizance4 ,in the meanwhile1 though we cannot openly manifest to your illustrious society the affection and the good-will we have toward it1 this does not prevent your reverence from making known to us1 by our very dear and well-beloved son1 if there be any way in which we can aid it1 which we should do all the more willingly because we know that everything which we can contribute will be employed in the service of ,god for the remission of our offenses4 ,for the rest1 we recommend to your prayers our realm and ourselves4 ,,charles1 ,king of ,england4 ,at ,whitehall1 the #c;d of ,august1 #affh4 ,enclosed in the communication addressed to the father-general was a second letter of the king's1 which reads as follows3 ,,to ,,our ,,very ,,honored ,,son ,,the ,,prince ,,stuart1 ,,resident ,,with ,,the ,,jesuit ,,fathers ,,under ,,the ,,name ,,of ,,sieur ,,de ,,la ,,cloche1 ,,at ,,rome3 ,,monsieur1--,we have written very fully to your reverend father-general2 he will tell you our pleasure4 ,the ,queen of ,sweden has asked of us1 as a loan1 the sum of money that we had taken care to provide for your maintenance1 which was sufficient for #ehi many years4 ,we have ordered what was necessary in the matter2 and this is a reason why you need not put yourself to the trouble either of writing to her about it1 or of speaking more thereof4 ,if the autumn season be too disagreeable to get out on your journey to us1 and if you cannot venture upon it without putting yourself in imminent danger of falling ill1 wait till the commencement of next spring1 having especial care for the preservation of your health1 and keeping yourself in all quiet1 writing us nothing1 for we are not a little suspected of being ,catholic4 ,the queens are very eager to see you1 as we have communicated to them privately the news of your conversion to the ,roman religion4 ,they have counselled us to tell you that we do not forbid your living in the institute to which you have attached yourself1 and we should be rejoiced if you remain in it all your life2 but desire you to measure well your powers and your constitution1 which has appeared to us very feeble and delicate4 ,one can be a good ,catholic without being a religious1 and you ought to consider that we design1 before many years1 to publicly recognize you as our son4 ,but as neither parliament nor the state of affairs has permitted it up to the present moment1 we have always been constrained to defer it4 ,you ought1 moreover1 to consider that you can aspire to the same titles from us as the ,duke of ,monmouth1 and perhaps to more ample ones4 ,beside1 we are without children by the queen and those of the ,duke of ,york are very feeble2 while1 for every reason and because of the rank of your mother1 you can lay claim on ourselves and on parliament to be preferred to the ,duke of ,monmouth4 ,in that case1 being young1 as you are1 if liberty of conscience and if the ,catholic religion be restored to this realm1 you would have some hope of the crown4 ,for we can assure you that if ,god permit that we and our very honored brother the ,duke of ,york die without children1 the crown will belong to yourself and parliament cannot legitimately oppose it1 unless that the fact of your being a ,catholic exclude you2 as liberty of conscience is not yet established1 and since1 at present1 only ,protestant kings are eligible4 ,this1 then1 we are advised by the queens to tell you4 ,if1 in the meantime1 all things considered1 you prefer to serve ,god in the ,society of ,jesus1 we do not wish to offer any resistance to the will of ,god1 whom we have already grieved too much by our offences4 ,we do not1 therefore1 forbid your pursuing that vocation1 if ,god inspire you to it2 but we desire only that you think well of it4 ,we do not wish to write to the ,pope until we have spoken to you by our own mouth4 ,we had written to the late ,pope1 to the end that he should make our very dear and well-beloved cousin1 my ,lord d',aubigny1 a cardinal2 whereof we have not had the satisfaction that we demanded4 ,however1 we are not offended in this4 ,his ,holiness having made known to us manifold reasons why he could not conscientiously create a cardinal in our realm1 the affairs of religion and other things being as they are4 ,not long since we wrote to the ,queen of ,sweden1 and advised her not to write to you1 and to treat you henceforth as simply a gentleman1 without manifesting that she has any knowledge of your birth4 ,this is a reason why you should not take it amiss if her majesty treat you after that manner4 ,it is a no light burden to us to see you always constrained to live unknown1 but have patience yet a little1 for before many years we shall try to so conduct affairs and parliament that all the world will know who you are4 ,you will no longer live in these hindrances and restraints1 and it will depend only on yourself to live in the liberty and the pleasure of a person of your birth1 unless that ,god strongly inspire you and that you should wish to continue absolutely the #eij religious life which you have commenced4 ,although we cannot1 and ought not1 to openly show the good-will that we have for the ,society of ,jesus1 who have received you1 yet in the meanwhile if we cannot publicly favor them with our royal munificence1 there may still be some place1 room1 or occasion wherein they might need our aid1 and where we could contribute somewhat4 ,we would do it all the more because we know that all will be employed for the service of ,god and the remission of our offences1 and because1 also1 we could desire that no one of your lineage should remain with them without founding something as a memorial suitable to one of your extraction4 ,we will talk about this matter in ,london1 if you persist in your design of living with them4 ,in the meanwhile1 believe that we have always had you in our peculiar affection1 not only because you were born to us in our tenderest youth1 when we were scarcely sixteen or seventeen1 but particularly because of the excellent nature that we have always remarked in you1 because of that eminence of knowledge in which you have been advanced through our means1 because you have always borne yourself as a virtuous man1 and because you have been especially obedient to our commands3 the which1 joined to the paternal love that we have felt toward you1 strongly governs our desires in wishing all kinds of benefits for you1 beside the pity that moves us in seeing you so unknown and disregarded--a thing which shall continue as brief a space as possible4 ,it is not easy for us to send privately to ,rome a sum of money adequate for a person of your birth and sufficient to put you in the condition and estate of appearing before us1 being1 as we are1 neither willing nor able to noise it abroad that we have any one at ,rome with whom we have communication4 ,it is not possible that you are not everywise modest enough to come to us1 if not in the condition of one of your rank1 at least as a simple gentleman when you put foot in ,england4 ,finally1 pray ,god for ourselves1 the queen1 and our realm4 ,i am your affectionate father1 ,,charles ,king of ,eng41 ,fr41 ,scot1 and ,ire4 ,at ,whitehall1 #dth of ,aug41 #affh4 ,charles ,,ii41 in the letters we have just given1 left his son at liberty to set out at the end of autumn or even at the winter season4 ,twenty-five days have not elapsed when his resolution changes4 ,he wishes the novice at ,rome to make haste to precipitate his departure4 ,what was the cause of this serious disquietude8 ,it was this3 ,queen ,christina1 repenting of her abdication and hating the north1 resolved to seek an asylum for her remaining days in the shadow of the ,vatican4 ,charles was informed of her intention1 and at once took alarm4 ,christina would then witness the departure of ,james ,stuart2 entangling the inexperienced novice in a network of cunning questions1 what secret could escape her8 ,everything would be discovered4 ,little by little the rumor would spread from ,italy to ,england4 ,charles already saw his kingdom in revolution and himself reduced to the most grievous extremity4 ,such was the object of the second letter to the father-general3 ,,to ,,the ,,reverend ,,father-,,general ,,of ,,the ,,jesuit ,,fathers ,,at ,,rome3 ,,reverend ,,father1--,we send1 with the greatest diligence and with the greatest secresy1 an express to ,rome charge with two letters1 one to your reverence to the end that our well-beloved son set out as soon as possible2 the other to the ,queen of ,sweden--having commanded the messenger to await the arrival of her majesty in any ,italian town through which she may pass1 not wishing even that the aforesaid express should appear at your house1 through fear of #eia being recognized by some of your order who are ,english4 ,as he is a person of rank1 we have in like manner forbidden his delaying more than one day at ,rome1 fearing lest he should be recognized by certain ,englishmen who are at ,rome4 ,we say1 then1 to your reverence that1 since the first letter that we wrote you1 we have received trustworthy news that the ,queen of ,sweden returns to ,rome1 contrary to the anticipations which we had formed--the which has not a little embarrassed us in the matter of our salvation4 ,this is the reason that1 upon this new accident1 having taken counsel with the queens1 we have determined to write in haste to the ,queen of ,sweden1 feigning to her and persuading her that our very dear and well-beloved son has represented to us that he wishes assigned to him something fixed for life1 to the end that in case he should not pursue the religious calling he has commenced1 being now a ,catholic1 he may have something to fall back upon2 and that even if he should pursue it1 he prays us to settle a sum of money upon him which he may dispose of according to his devotion1 which petition we have granted him2 but since this cannot be effected at ,rome1 we have ordered him to go to ,paris to find certain correspondents of ours1 and after that to proceed to ,jersey or to ,hanton1 ,footnote #ij where he will receive from us forty or fifty thousand crowns in total1 which may be deposited in some bank2 and that we have instructed him not to tell his superior of his birth2 but that he shall simply feign to your reverence that he is the son of a rich preacher1 who1 being deceased some time since1 his mother1 moved with a desire of becoming a ,catholic and to give him the goods which belong to him1 has written to him1 and that your reverence1 desirous of the salvation of this person1 and of making her a ,catholic1 and perceiving also that he can come by his estate1 has readily permitted him to go4 ,this we have arranged in order that she shall thus believe that she alone has the secret1 and will therefore not break the matter to your reverence from the friendship she bears him4 ,thus we counteract any suspicion she might have of your letting him come to us and of our being ,catholic4 ,but above all it is necessary that our very dear son do not wait1 but that he set out as soon as possible2 for1 as she needs money 7and so needs it that she demanded at the last ,swedish diet #ce1jjj crowns in advance71 she would embarrass him in such a way that the drama which we wish to play would come off but illy4 ,this we have arranged touching the ,queen of ,sweden4 ,footnote #ij3 ,now ,southhampton4--,ed4 ,c4 ,w4 ,your reverence will not be astonished then if this fear has led us to dread the evils by which we are besieged2 a fear all the more lively in us1 because these evils are greater and bear in their train consequences more dangerous4 ,now it is a truth received without dispute among our wisest statesmen1 that of all the temporal evils which can befal us1 the proof that we are ,catholic is the greatest1 since it would infallibly cause our death1 and at the same time many convulsions in our realm4 ,your reverence ought not1 therefore1 to be astonished if we take so many precautions and if we have judged proper to write him this second letter also1 as well in the matter of the ,queen of ,sweden as to supply omissions which we made in the first1 and at the same time to retract some things contained therein--that our very dear and honored son do not present himself to our very dear cousin the ,king of ,france1 nor to our very honored sister the ,duchess of ,orleans1 as we advised before2 but only that he come to us1 be it through ,france or through ,paris or by other ways1 as it shall please your reverence to determine4 ,he will abstain during the journey from writing to the ,queen of ,sweden1 lest she see that those things are not carried out which1 as we have heretofore said1 have been pretended to her4 ,this we have decided upon with the aid of the queens1 fearing a discovery or some accident4 #eib ,moreover1 we pray your reverence 7who are secretly acquainted1 as are her most christian majesty the queen1 and our very dear sister1 ,madame the ,duchess of ,orleans1 with the warm disposition for becoming a ,catholic which we have for a long time shown71--we pray you1 nevertheless1 to abstain from writing to them in any fashion touching these matters1 but to keep everything quite secret until the providence of ,god has otherwise disposed of affairs4 ,now as we desire1 with all requisite prudence in an affair of so great consequence to ourselves and the peace of our realm1 that our very dear and well-beloved son find everything which is necessary in the business of our salvation made easy for him1 and to avoid the inconveniences which might spring upon this side1 we have taken counsel with the queen to this effect1 that when he shall arrive alone in ,london--for such is our good will and pleasure--he take time to clothe himself1 and dress himself as quickly as possible1 if he be not sufficiently well-dressed--not having been willing to do so for fear of soiling his garments by the bad weather and muddy roads1 which soil a carriage and also all who are in it2 and having put himself in order and rendered himself presentable1 let him take occasion to address himself to the reigning queen1 either when she is dining at our palace of ,st4 ,james or when her majesty shall go to visit the queen1 our very dear and honored mother4 ,to whom1 without causing any suspicion1 he will present a sealed letter in the form of a supplication1 in which he will say in a few words who he is4 ,her majesty has directions from us to manage everything which is necessary for an introduction to ourselves1 with all possible prudence1 and we are assured that there shall arise no disorder nor suspicion4 ,he has nothing else to do but to let himself be directed according to what shall be advised him1 and we command him to observe punctually everything we have written to him1 especially what we have put within the envelope4 ,in the meanwhile1 we renew to your reverence the prayer which we made to you from the first1 which is1 not to write us1 nor to make any response saving by the hands of our very dear and well-beloved son1 whom we order to set out from ,rome as soon as possible1 not wishing that the ,queen of ,sweden speak to him for the aforesaid reasons4 ,having departed from ,rome1 he will take his ease in coming to us4 ,we pray1 however1 your reverence1 if this be necessary1 to move him to come as soon as possible1 representing to him the need we have of him4 ,for we know that he has no little repugnance to ,england1 which we attribute to the fact of his not having been educated there1 and also of his finding himself compelled to live there alone1 so that we have never been able to induce him to live there more than a year4 ,and even before that year was finished1 he presented us so many reasons that we were constrained to let him go to ,holland1 where he bore himself with great praise and to our great satisfaction in the belles lettres and other studies1 in which he made admirable progress4 ,we believe he has too much judgment to wish to disobey us1 and not come as we desire4 ,as soon as he comes we shall endeavor1 by means of the queens1 to have him made a priest in all secresy4 ,and if there be anything that the bishop ordinary cannot do without permission of ,his ,holiness1 let him not fail to provide for it1 but very secretly1 so that no one shall know who he is3 which will be done if possible before he set out from ,rome4 ,meanwhile we beseech you1 reverend father1 to pray ,god for the queens1 our realm1 and ourselves1 who are ,,charles1 ,king of ,england4 ,at ,whitehall1 the #bith ,aug41 #affh4 ,yet even these numerous and urgent recommendations did not quite pacify the timid monarch4 ,one feature in the rule of ,st4 ,ignatius1 of #eic which his queen's had just advised him1 suddenly upset all his ideas4 ,he snatches up the pen4 ,he countermands the orders he has just given4 ,he traces a new plan of campaign in which the clearness of exposition1 the ability of conception1 the facility of execution1 are about on a level4 ,this third letter1 we must confess1 does little credit to the geographical knowledge and above all to the courage of ,charles ,,ii4 ,in another point of view1 however1 it merits the attention of the reader4 ,precisely because of the trouble which reigns in his thoughts1 we detect more than once the cry of the soul4 ,more than at any time hitherto1 the unhappy prince lets us discover the cruel anguishes which torture his conscience1 and the incontestable sincerity of his desires4 ,,to ,,the ,,reverend ,,father-,,general ,,of ,,the ,,jesuit ,,fathers ,,at ,,rome3 ,,reverend ,,father1--,we have never felt so many embarrassments1 though we have had enough of them in our life1 as at present1 when we wish to think seriously of our salvation4 ,we have but just sealed this other letter1 which we pray you to read before the one which is open1 that you may better learn our intention and the order in which we hold to the writing4 ,the queens have advised us and counselled us not to press his our son's coming1 because they wish to arrange and bring about certain very necessary and notable precautions1 to render the arrival of our very dear and well-beloved son to ,england very prudent and secret4 ,for this end their majesties1 having found means of learning accurately and with judgment the ways of your society regarding those who have but recently joined them1 inform us that they have ascertained from a good source that the novices of your holy society1 not less than with others1 are never sent off without some member of the fraternity accompanying them1 as much to be advised of their actions and deportment as to render an account to the superior--the which we admire as a very holy prudence and which can only spring from the divine spirit with which so holy a society is animated4 ,but nevertheless in this matter we beseech your reverence to dispense with this companionship in the case of our very dear son2 because we command him absolutely1 in virtue of the power which ,god has given us over him1 to come to us by himself1 partly because this will properly accord with the letter which we have sent to the ,queen of ,sweden1 who should believe that he has gone alone--that is to say1 unaccompanied by any member of the fraternity2 but principally because of the dangerous inconveniences whereof we should be constantly in fear if he came in the company of any of the fraternity4 ,we have already1 with great secresy1 pretended to some very safe persons in a great number of the ,english ports1 and by ways entirely concealed1 that a foreign prince1 of such a carriage1 such a mien1 alone by himself1 is flying to us1 and much more indeed which we could not explain to your reverence without going too far into detail4 ,we do this1 partly that if we come to be anywise suspected of being too familiar with him 7,father ,james ,stuart7 we may have something to say to remove the suspicion4 ,your reverence can see by this that if he should bring an ,italian with him who was recognizable as an ,italian1 be it by his accent or otherwise1 this might be the occasion of overthrowing all our designs and of interrupting the scheme which we wish to work out in order to come most surely to our just desires4 ,even in case he can have some one other than an ,italian with him1 we should forbid his bringing any one into ,england1 of whatever nation he might be1 for many very considerable reasons1 which it would take too long to recount4 ,your reverence ought not to be surprised if we are so cautious1 because we learned in the time of ,cromwell #eid what misery is1 and what are the things of this world1 what it is to be prudent and to hide one's self in order to succeed in our undertaking4 ,we doubt not that1 as our very dear and well-beloved son is young1 he is far from eager for company and conversation1 and that he does not desire to have intercourse with any one by letter or by discourse2 for we know that he does not love the court any too well4 ,but he must needs have patience1 inasmuch as it is not reasonable that for a pleasure so brief and of so little consequence1 he should put himself in danger of ruining all our designs4 ,beside1 he ought to know that when he shall put foot in our palace1 he is not to converse with any one saving with ourselves and the queen1 who will give the necessary orders in the matter4 ,nor will he write any letters saving to you1 reverend father1 and these letters that he shall write to you we shall despatch by an express in great secresy to ,rome1 to the end that your reverence relieve us in the necessities which may arise touching our soul4 ,we have made inquiries respecting the seaports nearest to ,rome4 ,among many which have been named to us1 we recall ,civita ,vecchia and ,gnes4 ,we command him1 then1 to go to ,gnes4 ,we have ascertained1 with all necessary prudence1 that your society has at that place a house of your order4 ,being then at ,gnes1 we wish him to seek out some ship or ,english shallop1 but in such wise that we do not wish any of the fraternity to recommend him to the master nor to those who manage the ship1 not showing their acquaintanceship with him1 for very considerable reasons2 but especially because these seafaring men will repeat it all as soon as they come to port4 ,moreover1 we desire that he put off and lay aside his religious robes in the house of his friends and brother ,jesuits of ,gnes4 ,he will assume them again in the same place on his return to ,rome1 when we send him back to pursue there the religious life he has commenced4 ,he will land then in our realm solitary and in disguise4 ,he will call himself everywhere he may go ,henry de ,rohan1 which is the name of the family of a certain ,french prince1 a ,calvinist1 and very well known and intimate with us4 ,we are in such fear lest some accident occur1 that in these different ports we at present take cognisance1 both very secretly and with the requisite prudence1 of ships which have arrived or are due1 and even so far as we can of persons1 under pretence of a zeal for the well-being of our realm1 and under pretence of maintaining the ,protestant religion1 to which we pretend to be attached more than ever1 although1 before ,god1 who knows the heart1 we abhor it as very false and pernicious4 ,moreover1 we forbid our very dear and honored son to pass through ,france and by the other passages and ports which lie in that part1 for he could not bring about our intentions with sufficient secresy sailing from that coast1 and therefore we have found no place more proper than ,gnes for his embarkation4 ,and1 in the meanwhile1 awaiting his return to ,rome1 your reverence shall noise it abroad that he has gone to ,jersey or ,hanton to see his pretended mother1 who desires to become a ,catholic1 as we have suggested and feigned in that other letter1 and that1 to make the greater haste1 he went by sea4 ,this then we command him to observe1 point by point1 through the authority that ,god has given us over him1 and we promise him1 on the faith of a king1 that we seek nothing else in his coming but the salvation of our souls1 his good1 and that of the society to which he has attached himself1 which1 sooner or later1 we shall find means to notably favor with our royal magnificence4 ,and so far from forbidding his pursuing his calling1 both for the ,catholic religion and your society1 we and the queens will urge it upon him better than any director he #eie can have4 ,it is very true that when the season and affairs permit us to write and make known to ,his ,holiness the veneration we hold him in as the vicegerent of ,god1 we hope that he will be too well disposed toward us to refuse him the cardinal's hat1 inasmuch as the conditions which could forbid his having this dignity for the honor of our person and of our realm are not fulfilled in his case1 viz41 residence in ,england1 since we can send him to dwell at ,rome1 as we promise1 and with the royal magnificence requisite for his birth4 ,nevertheless1 if in time he prefer to live according to the religious life he has commenced1 we would readily abandon what would be to the honor of our crown and of our person1 rather than to urge and procure such dignities against his will4 ,we have made discreet inquiries of our physician whether sea-sickness cause any dangerous accidents to those of a feeble constitution1 who has answered us that sea-sickness never killed any one1 but on the contrary has been the means of greater health4 ,nevertheless1 if it be too painful for him to make one trip of it1 he shall contrive that the bark or shallop in which he sails rest from time to time in some port4 ,he might easily come at once to ,london2 but we do not wish it for good reasons4 ,let him land at some other port of ,england1 from whence he can come by land in a carriage to ,london4 ,we once again entreat your reverence not to write to us nor to make any reply1 saving by the hand of our very dear and honored son1 when he comes to us4 ,and1 if there be a need for anything which he does not possess in making the voyage to ,london1 we beseech you1 reverend father1 to have particular care in the matter1 furnishing him with whatever he requires1 whereof he will keep account4 ,we firmly believe it is ,god who has inspired us to all these above-mentioned ways for bringing us in secret our very honored son1 because of what he has said in his word--that when two or three are gathered together in his name1 he will be in the midst of them4 ,for it is exactly ourselves1 and the queen1 our very dear mother1 and the reigning queen1 who decree all these things1 not without having invoked1 first of all1 the ,holy ,spirit4 ,beside that1 the queens have commanded their priests to celebrate many masses in accordance with their intention1 which is nothing other than that this affair succeed as well as all our other projects above mentioned1 which tend not only to our good1 but to that of the ,roman ,catholic ,church and of our realm4 ,we are1 ,,charles1 ,king of ,england4 ,these last two letters were a sad revelation to ,father ,oliva1 and no doubt very much diminished the hopes which he had before conceived4 ,however1 the order was given to the novice to set out without delay4 ,if ,james ,stuart could easily obey his father by departing from ,rome before the arrival of ,queen ,christina1 it was certainly more difficult for him to conform to the frequently contradictory injunctions concerning the route to be taken and the precautions to be guarded against which had been successively transmitted to him4 ,everything which was rational and practicable the young man respected4 ,he set sail from ,leghorn about the middle of ,october1 a fact which we learn from a brief letter of ,father ,oliva to the ,king of ,england4 ,it is of course unnecessary to explain to the reader why the father-general has dated his note from a ,tuscan port rather than from the city of the ,roman pontiffs at which he wrote3 ,,sire1--,the ,french gentleman who is charged with the delivery of this letter will inform you of my utter carefulness in fulfilling the commands of your three letters and my unlimited devotion to your royal person4 ,your majesty will always see me execute with the same promptness and the #eif same zeal everything which he shall deign to impose on me4 ,i shall endeavor to be such in reality as he deigns to believe that ,i am2 such as the confidence with which he honors me obliges me to show myself4 ,i throw myself respectfully at the feet of your majesty4 ,leghorn1 ,oct #ad1 #affh4 ,in one very important respect it was found necessary to abandon1 or rather to violate1 the royal programme4 ,charles1 a perfect stranger to ecclesiastical laws1 always supposed that1 at his request1 his son could be made priest either at ,rome or in ,london4 ,but ,james ,stuart was only twenty-one years old1 and was without theological studies4 ,even if these serious objections had not existed1 it would not have been prudent to elevate to the sacred office a novice whose religious experience extended scarcely over a space of six months4 ,thus1 despite the repugnance of the king1 ,henry de ,rohan1 as our young traveller must now be called1 took as his companion a priest of the society1 a ,frenchman1 as far as we can judge1 who1 disguised like himself1 was presented to their ,britannic majesties in the quality of a friend of the refugee prince4 ,this wise measure1 imposed by the timidity of ,charles1 was attended by so little inconvenience1 that we shall find the monarch himself1 on the occasion of his son's second voyage to ,england1 earnestly requesting of the father-general the return of this same religious whose talents and virtues he had come to appreciate4 ,,vii4 ,this is not the place to describe the warmth with which ,charles opened his arms to his first-born1 whom he had always peculiarly cherished1 nor the joy of the two pious princesses1 nor the tender emotions of the youth upon whom beamed1 at length1 the sympathy and affection he had never known before4 ,in the isolation of his earlier life1 ,james ,stuart had sadly felt the void which the absence of that sweetest tie on earth1 the family1 creates4 ,this grief had eaten into him like a cancer1 till the day when he resolved to renounce the world4 ,when the victim has immolated himself1 when he has said to flesh and blood1 ,i will know you nevermore6 behold in a royal palace1 by one of the first thrones on earth1 the humble novice finds again a home--venerable queens are mothers to him4 ,his father caresses him1 and1 emulating the example of his brother1 the ,duke of ,york1 who was also preparing to embrace ,catholicism1 receives the child of ,st4 ,ignatius as an angel from heaven4 ,but it was not for such pleasures that the young ,jesuit had quitted his solitude4 ,guided by the wise counsels of ,father ,oliva1 and assisted by his own studies and the able co-operation of his companion1 he engaged without delay in the religious instruction of the king4 ,of these conferences1 surrounded with so much mystery1 two fragments have come down to us4 ,one word upon the nature and upon the history of this double document4 ,it consists of two divisions1 and is a resum of a great theological discussion which1 at once1 establishes the divine authority of the ,roman1 and saps the foundation of the ,anglican1 ,church4 ,the original piece is in the ,french language and in the handwriting of the king4 ,he was not1 however1 the author4 ,the primitive text has disappeared1 probably through fear that a paper of this nature1 if it should get abroad1 would furnish material proof that a sovereign of ,great ,britain had held communication with a papist priest4 ,these pages of religious controversy ,charles carefully concealed4 ,while he lived probably no one1 save the ,duke of ,york1 had any knowledge of them4 ,after the death of ,charles1 ,james ,,ii4 found these writings again1 one in the private chest1 the other in the cabinet of the dead monarch1 and in spite of the #eig storm which they were certain to produce1 he did not fear to make them public4 ,in #agjj he presented them solemnly1 as a proof of the faith which animated his brother1 to the general assembly of the clergy of ,france convened at ,st4 ,germain-en-,laye4 ,of the many thousand copies which1 during the reign of the last of the crowned ,stuarts1 were circulated on both sides of the ,channel1 there exists at the present day only one4 ,the ,jesuit ,college at ,rome still possess the edition of #afhe1 and in addition a manuscript copy of the two papers1 both bearing1 as a guarantee of their perfect authenticity1 the autograph signature of ,king ,james4 ,all the ,english historians speak of these two celebrated writings2 but only to declare that the real convictions of ,charles had nothing in common with these fragments of a controversy transcribed by him they know not why4 ,james ,,ii4 in his ,memoirs gives us a short anecdote1 which from its connection with this subject we will reproduce4 ,one day1 finding himself alone in his cabinet with the ,archbishop of ,canterbury1 he availed himself of the opportunity to place in his hands the two papers4 ,he1 the archbishop1 appeared surprised1 and remained for a quarter of an hour without making any reply4 ,then he said that he had not supposed the deceased king was so learned in the matter of controversy1 but he nevertheless thought the arguments could be refuted4 ,upon which the king begged him to make the trial1 telling him that if he accomplished it by means of reasons both solid and honestly expressed1 he would probably succeed in converting him to his church4 ,the archbishop replied that it would1 perhaps1 be evincing a want of respect for the deceased king1 should he seek to contradict him2 but his majesty relied by urging on him that the hope of converting himself ought to override every other consideration4 ,he besought him then to occupy himself at once with a refutation of these papers1 and to employ his pen if he thought proper4 ,whatever the reason may have been1 neither this authorization nor the pressing instance of my ,lord ,dartmouth could engage him to write1 and there appeared no reply during the four years that his majesty reigned in ,england4 ,footnote #ia ,footnote #ia3 ,vie de ,jacques ,,ii41 roi d',angleterre1 d'apres les ,memoirs crite de sa ,main4 ,t4 iii41 p4 #ab4 ,paris1 #ahai4 ,here then are these dogmatic pages1 almost as unknown in our century as in the time when ,charles concealed them in the most secret places in his palace4 ,we publish them exactly as they saw the light4 ,,first ,,writing4 ,the conversation that we had the other day will have satisfied you1 as ,i hope1 upon the principal point1 which was that ,jesus ,christ can have1 here upon the earth1 but one church only1 and ,i believe that it is as clear as it is that the ,scripture is printed1 that this church does not exist unless it be what is called the ,roman ,catholic ,church4 ,i believe that there is no need of your troubling yourself with entering upon a sea of particular disputes1 since the principal1 and in truth the only and simple question1 consists in ascertaining where this church is which1 in the two creeds1 we profess to believe in4 ,we declare1 in the two creeds1 that we believe in only one catholic and apostolic church1 and it does not belong to each individual member to believe everything that comes into his head according to his fancy2 but it belongs to the church to whom on earth ,jesus ,christ has left the power of governing us in matters of faith1 and has made these creeds to serve us as a rule4 ,it would be a most unreasonable thing to make laws for a country1 and then to permit the inhabitants to be the interpreters and the judges4 ,for then1 #eih each individual would be a judge in his own cause1 and consequently1 there would be no standard whereby to distinguish justice from injustice4 ,can we then suppose that ,god has abandoned us to such uncertainties as to give us a rule for our conduct1 and then to permit each individual to be his own judge8 ,i demand of every honest man if this be not the same thing as following our own imaginations1 or of making use thereof in the interpretation of ,scripture8 ,i could wish that some one would show me in what passage the power of deciding upon matters of faith is given to each individual4 ,jesus ,christ has left this power to his ,church1 even for the remission of sins1 and he has left his spirit there4 ,this power has been exercised since his resurrection1 first by the apostles in their creed1 and many years after by the ,council of ,nice1 where the creed was made that bears its name4 ,by the power which has been received of ,jesus ,christ1 the ,holy ,scripture itself was judged many years1 after the apostles1 in determining which were the canonical books and which were not4 ,if we had the power then1 ,i would like to know how it has come to be lost1 and by what authority men can separate themselves from this ,church4 ,the only pretence ,i have ever heard advanced is because the ,church has fallen into error1 interpreting the ,scripture after a forced manner and contrary to its true sense1 and that it has imposed on us articles of faith which are not authorized by the word of ,god4 ,i would like to know who is to be the judge of all this1 whether it is the whole ,church whose succession has continued up to to-day without any interruption1 or is it to be the individuals who have excited schisms for their own interest8 ,this is the true copy of a paper which ,i have found in the private chest of the deceased king1 my brother1 written by his own hand4 ,,james ,r4 ,,second ,,writing4 ,it is a most sad thing to see the infinite number of heresies which have spread themselves over this nation4 ,each one believes himself as competent a judge of the ,scripture as the apostles themselves4 ,and no wonder1 for that part of the nation which has most resemblance to a church does not dare employ the true arguments against the other sects1 through fear lest they should be turned against themselves1 and they should thus find themselves confounded by their own proper arguments4 ,those of the ,anglican ,church1 as it is called1 are willing enough to be regarded as judges in matters spiritual4 ,they dare not1 however1 positively assert that their judgment is without appeal4 ,for it would be necessary for them to assert that they are infallible1 which they dare not pretend1 or to avow that while they decide upon in matters of conscience ought not to be followed further than as it accords with the judgment which each one may make in his own mind4 ,if ,jesus ,christ has left a church here on earth1 and if we were all at one time in this church1 how1 and by what authority1 are we separated from it8 ,if the power of interpreting ,scripture resides in the brain of each individual1 what need have you of a church or of churchmen8 ,why did ,jesus ,christ--having given to his apostles power to bind and to unbind on earth and in heaven--add that he would be with them till the end of the world8 ,these words were not spoken figuratively nor in the manner of a parable4 ,jesus ,christ was ascending into glory1 and he left his power to his church1 until the end of the world4 ,for one hundred years we have known the sad effects of this doctrine1 which takes away from the church the power of judging without appeal in matters spiritual4 ,what country could remain at peace if there were not a supreme judge from whom there #eii could be no appeal8 ,can any justice be done where the culprits are their own judges and interpreters of the law1 equally with those who are set on high to render justice8 ,it is to this condition that we are reduced in ,england in spiritual affairs4 ,for the protestants are not of the ,anglican ,church because it is the true church from which there can be no appeal2 but because the discipline of this church is conformable to their present imaginations4 ,and as soon as it shall run counter or swerve from it1 they will embrace almost the first congregation of those whose discipline and religion accord at that time with their opinions4 ,thus1 accepting this doctrine1 there is no other church nor any other interpretation of ,scripture than that which each extravagant individual shall hit upon in his brain4 ,i would then like exceedingly to know of all those who have seriously reflected on these things1 if the great work of our salvation ought to rest on such a sandy foundation as this8 ,has ,jesus ,christ ever said to secular magistrates1 still less to the people--that he will be with them till the end of the world8--or has he given them power of pardoning sins8 ,st4 ,paul has said in ,corinthians--,we are ,god's husbandry1 we are ,god's building1 we are laborers in the house of ,god together with ,god4 ,this shows us who they are who labor--which is the field1 which the edifice4 ,in the whole of this and in one of the preceding chapters1 ,st4 ,paul takes great pains to establish the doctrine that they 7that is to say1 the clergy7 have the spirit of ,god1 without which no one can penetrate the profound mysteries of ,god2 and he concludes the chapter with this verse1 ,for who hath known the mind of the ,lord that he may instruct him8 ,but we have the mind of ,christ4 ,if then we consider merely in the light of probability and human reason the power that ,jesus ,christ left to his church in the gospel1 and which ,st4 ,paul explains afterward so distinctly1 we cannot believe that our ,saviour has said all these things for nothing4 ,i entreat you to consider1 on the other hand1 that those who resist the truth1 and who do not wish to submit to his church1 draw their arguments from so-called contradictions and far-fetched interpretations1 while at the same time they deny verities expressed in clear and positive words1 a thing so contrary to good faith that it is difficult to think that they believe what they say4 ,is there any other foundation of the ,protestant ,church if it be not this1 that should the civil magistrate judge it fit1 he can summon together such persons of the clergy1 according as he believes it to be for his interest1 for the time being2 and can change the form of the church to ,presbyterianism or to ,independency1 and finally make it just what he pleases8 ,such has been the method which they have pursued here in our so-called ,english ,reformation1 and by the same rule and by the same authority it can be still further diversified and changed into as many forms and figures as there are different imaginations in the heads of men4 ,this is a true copy of a paper written by the hand of the late king1 my brother1 which ,i found in his cabinet4 ,,james ,r4 ,but why1 it may be asked1 do we arbitrarily date from the epoch of ,father ,james ,stuart's1 appearance in ,london these papers1 otherwise without date1 and which were not publicly known till seventeen years later1 in #afhe8 ,let us set forth1 as briefly as possible1 the arguments by which we support our position4 ,in the first place1 we agree with the ,english historians that these two fragments of controversy are not from the pen of ,charles ,,ii4 ,a comparison of the rugged and often inaccurate ,french of his majesty with that of the present text1 settles this question at once4 ,to whom1 then1 must we look for the authorship8 #fjj ,they proceed from an ecclesiastic1 from a theologian consulted by the ,king of ,england4 ,the very for which they assume argues the teaching of a master4 ,but are not these two papers the offspring of two authors1 of two teachers8 ,by no means4 ,there is a perfect resemblance between them1 a perfect consanguinity of thought and of argument4 ,there is the same turn of mind1 the same style1 often the same expressions4 ,still further4 ,the tenor of the two pieces1 which present in an abridged and condensed form many points of doctrine1 presupposes in our opinion a whole series of lessons given to the royal disciple4 ,observe that1 at the beginning of the first resum1 we have the phrase the principal point2 there were then secondary points4 ,the peaceful and at the same time simple1 almost familiar tone of the master on entering upon the subject1 is exactly the tone of a man who is conversing neither for the first nor for the last time4 ,the conversation of which he speaks had not been1 you would say1 the only conversation4 ,everything1 in fact1 shows that these two fragments made part of a very considerable series of religious conferences4 ,but could these conferences1 which1 as we have seen1 ,charles might have held in all secresy at the end of the year #affh and at the commencement of the year #affi1 have taken place at any other period of his reign8 ,by no means4 ,for the first eight years1 the king himself is our witness1 since we have only to study the terms in which he complains to ,father ,oliva of his lamentable state of spiritual destitution4 ,after the departure of the two ,jesuits and the conversion of the ,duke of ,york1 the ,anglican hatred and bitterness did not cease to rage about the throne of the ,catholic ,stuarts4 ,during this second period1 the only name which stands in our way is that of ,father ,claude de la ,colombire1 who sojourned in ,england a little more than two years1 from #afgf to #afgi4 ,now in this unhappy time1 so great was the terror which ruled ,charles ,,ii4 that1 despite his sincere esteem for the preacher of the ,duchess of ,york1 he dared not accord him1 by the very confession of ,father de la ,colombire1 more than two or three audiences1 and not one of them secret4 ,whence it follows that these two famous documents are very probably1 we had almost said certainly1 the work of ,father ,james ,stuart and of his learned companion4 ,beside1 does not such an origin explain the almost religious care with which these arid pages of theology were guarded for nearly twenty years by a prince to whom history points as the perfect type of carelessness8 ,they called back to him the day when1 in the presence of his mother1 who was no more1 and who now prayed for him in heaven1 under the direction of a saint whose father he was1 he had made his most powerful effort to abjure odious errors2 they remained in his hand as a consolation for the past1 a light in the future1 a pledge of pardon and of hope in the hour when1 cited before him who judges kings1 he should at last render a severe account for the scandals of his life and the deficiencies of his faith4 ,had the difficulties which these two devout ecclesiastics were forced to encounter been merely spiritual1 had it been a question of logic1 history1 and truth1 their mission would have been a fruitful one4 ,but in actual life events are seldom simple1 and history becomes a problem of complex forces4 ,the heart of ,charles ,,ii4 led him toward his ,god4 ,the pleasures of court life1 and a natural unwillingness to sacrifice his throne1 made him hesitate1 falter1 invent subtleties4 ,it happened1 at this time1 that a wide-spread opinion prevailed in ,england1 which had not been without its influence on the king4 ,a ,catholic1 it was claimed1 could procure a dispensation from ,rome1 could disguise his faith without scruple1 and conform himself externally1 at least1 to the rites of the ,anglican ,church4 ,nor was the ,british monarch destitute of a plausible #fja precedent4 ,when sojourning at ,paris1 in the days of the ,protectorate1 he had promised the venerable ,father ,oiler to renounce ,protestantism1 and ,alexander ,,vii41 at the urgent instance of the crownless prince1 had authorized him to conceal his abjuration until his affairs took a more favorable turn4 ,this concession was made in no absolute sense4 ,it stopped at the limits which the divine law has fixed for kings as well as for the humblest of ,christians4 ,unquestionably1 a convert whose abrupt publication of a change of faith would subject him to grave perils ought to use prudence4 ,but in no respect would this permission extend so far as that the disciple should be ashamed of his ,master4 ,in this latter case dissimulation would be a crime4 ,yet1 in the delicate situation in which ,charles was placed1 what was he to do8 ,the ,french alliance remained at this moment a state secret1 and was thus far without result4 ,much was anticipated from the war which ,louis ,,xiv4 was about to wage with ,holland4 ,amid the triumph of the confederate arms1 and the glory which would redound to his own person1 the ,english monarch hoped to discover some means of strengthening the royal power and of breaking at last the ,anglican tyranny4 ,not one of these things1 however1 had reached the vantage point of a fait accompli2 not a domestic difficulty which did not subsist in all its force4 ,in his extremity1 the unfortunate prince naturally returned to his dreams of an accommodation with the ,pope1 of a compromise with the law of ,god3 and one might say that circumstances invited it4 ,had he not now1 in the general of the ,jesuits1 a powerful advocate with the sovereign pontiff8 ,his son1 a novice of the fraternity of ,jesus1 his son1 called from the bosom of ,italy and so tenderly received--would he not serve in the ,vatican as a guarantee for the integrity of the father8 ,recourse to the ,holy ,see1 so far as to ascertain the precautions which would be permitted to the ,king of ,great ,britain in order to avoid exposing himself1 his family1 all the ,catholics of ,england1 to the extremest dangers--such was1 we think the final determination of ,charles ,,ii4 ,this conjecture1 authorized by the well-known sentiments of the prince and the whole sequence of facts1 is specially based on a letter which ,father ,james ,stuart will shortly bear to ,rome1 and which appears to us scarcely susceptible of any other interpretation4 ,beside1 one very authentic feature in the conversion of the ,duke of ,york1 to which we shall presently allude1 falls in so perfectly with our theory1 that it will be exceedingly difficult1 in our opinion1 to find any other satisfactory explanation for the ambiguous denouement which the end of this recital affords4 ,there are no historical indications to guide us in ascertaining the attitude assumed by the two pious queens when the monarch arrived at this resolution4 ,probably the princesses partook of the illusion of the ,duke of ,york and of most of the ,catholics of the court3 they placed an exaggerated hope on the powerful intervention of the ,king of ,france4 ,relying upon this1 and on the probable complaisance of the ,pope1 they supported in his unhappy course the son1 the husband1 whose safety lay so closely to their heart4 ,it would do our two missionaries a cruel injustice to suppose that they saw no deeper or clearer4 ,in so elementary a question of theology1 these vigorous controversialists1 whose learning and keen reasonings we have appreciated1 could have had but one opinion--that of their confrre ,father ,symons1 of whom we shall shortly speak4 ,james ,stuart1 we may fearlessly affirm1 fulfilled respectfully but firmly the duty of his ministry4 ,he strove to convince his father that no pontifical letter would authorize either king or emperor to reconcile in his person what the ,son of ,god by his divine lips had declared eternally irreconcilable1 to be ashamed of him before men1 and yet to find favor in his sight4 ,two things are certain4 ,on #fjb the one hand1 the holy novice failed to convince the king2 on the other1 filial love1 happily combined with apostolic prudence1 preserved his zeal from all bitterness4 ,charles persisted in seeking1 through the intervention of ,father ,oliva1 to draw from ,clement ,,ix4 impossible concessions4 ,despite the recent fatigues of his late voyage1 the young enthusiast offered to be himself the bearer of his father's despatches4 ,the proposition was accepted1 and ,charles wrote these lines1 upon which we have already commented1 and which are unfortunately the only source from which the historian can draw a correct judgment upon the results of the secret mission completed in #affh in the palace of the kings of ,england by ,father ,j4 ,stuart4 ,,to ,,the ,,reverend ,,father-,,general ,,of ,,the ,,jesuit ,,fathers ,,at ,,rome 7intrusted to the hand of ,mons4 de la ,cloche1 ,jesuit at ,rome73 ,,reverend ,,father1--,you are too necessary for us in the position where your merit has raised you1 not to be frequently troubled by us1 in that condition where the misfortune of our birth obliges us to be4 ,our very dear and honored son will tell you1 on our part1 all our proceedings1 and as we were perplexed in deciding upon some one who should be our messenger once again to your reverence touching our affairs1 he represented to us the urgent desire he had of returning himself to ,rome on a secret embassy from us to you1 reverend father--which desire we have granted him1 under the condition that he come back to ,london as soon as he shall have had an interview with your reverence1 and obtained those things which we entreat of you1 and which our aforesaid very dear and honored son will explain from us personally1 bringing us1 on his return through ,france1 the reverend father whom he left there4 ,at the request of our very dear and honored son afore-mentioned1 who has represented to us that the place where he has been received into your fellowship is burdened heavily with debts1 and that there is need of some buildings and other things1 we have arranged that your house1 in which he has been received1 shall obtain from us1 as soon as possible1 a notable sum for the expiation of our offences4 ,waiting1 if it please you1 till your reverence can advise us of the measures which you will take for its reception1 which shall be within a year4 ,if you write to us1 it will be by our very dear and honored son1 who will tell your reverence all our intentions not intrusted to this paper4 ,we are ,charles1 ,king of ,england4 ,at ,whitehall1 ,london1 the #ahth ,nov41 #affh4 ,if it happen that our very dear and honored son be in need of anything1 whatever it may be1 we beseech you1 reverend father1 to attend to it1 and we will keep an account of all4 ,the sense of the fourth and last letter of ,charles ,,ii4 to ,father ,oliva does not appear to us doubtful4 ,if the royal disciple of ,father ,stuart had shown himself unconditionally and generously disposed to every sacrifice1 what could have been this business with the ,holy ,see which he committed to the father-general8 ,had no difficulty existed1 the abjuration ought to have taken place without delay4 ,for the rest1 the ,duke of ,york helps us4 ,his illusions1 his doubts1 avowed by himself in his memoirs1 and which very probably he shared with his brother1 confirm1 point by point1 our conjectures upon the nature of the obstacles opposed to the self-sacrifice of the two apostles of ,whitehall4 ,in the closing months of the year #affh1 the king renewed his intercourse with his brother1 toward whom he had been momentarily estranged by the intrigues of ,buckingham4 ,the author of the ,life of ,james ,,ii4 recalls this fact1 and immediately after he adds3 #fjc ,it was about this time 7toward the commencement of the year #affi7 that his royal highness1 convinced hitherto that the ,english was the only true church1 experienced lively compunctions of conscience and began to reflect seriously upon his salvation4 ,he therefore sent for a ,jesuit named ,symons1 who was reputed a very wise man1 to the end that he might converse with him upon this subject4 ,when the ,jesuit made his appearance1 the duke set forth his intention of becoming a ,catholic1 and spoke with reference to his reconciliation with the ,church4 ,after a long conversation1 the father told him frankly that he could not be received into the ,catholic ,church unless he entirely abandoned the ,anglican communion4 ,the duke replied that1 according to the belief he had always held1 this could be done by means of a papal dispensation4 ,he alleged the singularity of his position1 and the advantage which would inhere to the ,catholic religion in general1 and especially to the ,catholics of ,england1 if by a dispensation he could be permitted to follow externally the rites of the ,anglican ,church1 until an occasion offered for declaring himself with greater safety both for his own person and for the ,catholics4 ,but the good father insisted1 saying that even the ,pope himself had no right to grant such a dispensation1 seeing that it was the unalterable doctrine of the ,catholic ,church never to do evil that good might come4 ,the duke having written upon this subject to the ,pope1 received from the ,holy ,father confirmation of what the good ,jesuit had told him4 ,up to this time his royal highness had always thought1 following the opinion or at least the expressed words of the ,anglican theologians1 that dispensations of this kind were readily accorded by the ,pope2 but the remarks of ,fr4 ,symons and the letter of ,his ,holiness caused the duke to conclude that it was high time to make every effort to obtain liberty to declare himself1 that he might no longer live in the embarrassing and perilous situation in which he then was4 ,footnote #ib ,footnote #ib3 ,the ,life of ,james the ,second1 etc41 vol4 i41 p4 #ddj-dda4 ,london1 #ahaf4 ,quarto4 7,after several attempts to find this work1 the translator has been compelled to rely on the ,french version4--,,ed4 ,c4,w47 ,what relation does this historical passage bear to the sojourn of ,father ,stuart in ,london8 ,notice1 in the first place1 that the date1 at the commencement of the year #affi1 cannot be taken literally4 ,we shall find mention1 a few lines further on1 of a secret council held ,jan4 #be1 in reference to a declaration of their ,catholicism2 the ,duke of ,york being already converted1 and the king almost decided to take1 like his brother1 the last step4 ,now let us suppose that1 on the #ast of ,jan41 the duke1 hitherto a staunch ,anglican1 experienced lively compunctions of conscience4 ,with his characteristic caution1 he studies into the matter1 and finally comes at the truth4 ,then occurs his interview with ,fr4 ,symons2 next he writes to the ,pope4 ,the ,pope sends his decision4 ,the prince is startled1 makes an irrevocable resolution1 and thus on the twenty-fifth day of the same month we find him deliberating with ,charles ,,ii4 and three of his ministers upon the political measures necessary to empower them both to practise freely the religion of their choice6 ,a promptness certainly very strange and inexplicable even in this day of express trains and telegraph wires6 ,evidently the supposition is impossible1 and the expressions of the writer must be interpreted very broadly4 ,glancing back1 it will be observed that these events followed closely upon the reconciliation of the two brothers1 which occurred1 as the ,english historians inform us1 toward the end of #affh1 during the autumn when ,henrietta of ,france1 the queen-mother1 came to ,england in order to bid her children a final adieu4 ,if now we confront the whole series of ,father ,stuart's proceedings in ,london with the circumstances attending the ,duke of ,york's conversion1 these #fjd two categories of facts1 separate in appearance1 unite and coalesce so naturally that it will be almost impossible not to recognize their intimate correlation1 or1 so to speak1 their perfect identity4 ,setting out from ,leghorn ,oct #ad1 the son of ,charles ,,ii4 after a voyage of twenty-fire or twenty-six days1 arrives in the ,thames about ,nov4 #a1 ,o4,s4 ,henrietta of ,bourbon1 not less jealous for the salvation of her second son than for that of the king1 hastens to put the ,duke of ,york in communication with ,father ,james ,stuart and the eminent ecclesiastic who accompanied him4 ,our two apostles divide their days between ,charles and his brother4 ,it is in their school that the prince received those strong lessons which in the short space of twenty days overturned and created anew the entire structure of his belief4 ,it was from them that he heard with surprise that the pretended papal permissions were only a ridiculous fable1 and that the profession of the ,catholic faith obliged him to sacrifice everything1 to suffer everything1 for the eternal life4 ,situated as ,james then was1 this declaration was of startling import4 ,it affected his hopes of the crown1 his family1 his entire future4 ,at this juncture he consults with ,fr4 ,symons2 and1 still dissatisfied1 he resolves to appeal to the ,pope4 ,our argument now takes form2 it speaks to the eye4 ,suppose that the courier of the ,duke of ,york spent twenty-six days each way in his journey to ,rome1 and remained only eight in that city2 to have returned to ,london six or seven days before the council of ,jan4 #be1 he would have had to quit ,england the #aith or #bjth of ,nov4 ,and these are the very dates for the departure of the novice of ,st4 ,andrew1 upon the close of the conferences1 and for his return to the capital of ,great ,britain after his journey to ,italy6 ,consider the subject in another light4 ,according to every ,english historian1 the facts relative to the conversion of the ,duke of ,york have their extreme limits in ,nov4 #a1 #affh1 and ,jan4 #be1 #affi4 ,they cannot be fixed earlier1 nor later4 ,but these are the precise points at which the apostolic mission of ,father ,stuart at the court of ,whitehall commences and ends4 ,examine this in detail1 measure the time necessary to instruct and convert a heretic1 to carry a message to ,rome1 to confer with the ,pope1 to return to ,london--there is not a feature which does not present a coincidence almost mathematical4 ,the novice of ,st4 ,andrew left behind him in ,france the priest whose co-operation had been so useful1 and on his return to ,rome he made known to the father-general the results of his apostolic labors at the court of the ,stuarts4 ,what impression did the royal letter produce upon ,father ,oliva8 ,it would not be surprising if he thought that he discovered1 what many readers will perhaps have felt1 in these brief lines1 a reserve1 a constraint1 in perfect contrast with the joy of a soul that has found1 after long and sad errors1 the ,way1 the ,truth1 and the ,life4 ,charles ,,ii4 also wrote on a matter completely apart from the religious question4 ,in a former postscript1 the king had engaged to recompense the ,roman fraternity for all the extraordinary expenses to which they had been subjected on account of his son4 ,unfortunately1 when the year expired1 the funds of the civil list were found empty4 ,it was one of those financial crises not unusual under a prince who never knew the worth of money until it was gone4 ,charles was therefore forced to subscribe to an obligation payable in six months for the sum of #hjj sterling4 ,this note will close the series of inedited pieces that ,father ,j4 ,stuart has left for two centuries in the hands of ,father ,paul ,oliva3 ,we ,charles1 by the grace of ,god ,king of ,england1 ,france1 ,scotland1 and ,ireland1 acknowledge ourselves debtors to the reverend father-general #fje of the ,jesuit ,fathers to the amount of #hjj sterling1 viz41 #hjj pistoles for the maintenance and journeyings of our very dear and honored son the ,prince ,james ,stuart1 a ,jesuit living under the name of ,la ,cloche1 the which #hjj pistoles the said reverend father-general1 ,jean ,paul ,oliva1 has furnished him with1 and which sum we acknowledge ourselves indebted for1 and promise to pay him at his pleasure after six months have passed from the day and date1 of the said obligation4 ,in witness whereof1 we have given both our sign-manual and our ordinary seal4 ,,charles1 ,king of ,england1 ,l4,s4 ,france1 ,scotland1 and ,ireland4 ,clement ,,ix4 was now1 for the first time1 informed of the secret movement which was drawing into the bosom of the ,church the posterity of ,mary ,stuart4 ,the pontiff received a letter from the ,duke of ,york1 and it does not appear improbable that the young traveller had also some words to communicate from the king himself3 such at least was the intention of ,charles three months previous4 ,but whatever was the monarch's desire1 there was only one course open to the ,pope4 ,the ,master had said to the highest ecclesiastic as to the humblest disciple1 ,till heaven and earth pass1 one jot or tittle shall not pass from the law1 till all be fulfilled4 ,there was then no response to be made but a non possumus1 tempered by all those considerations of a charity the most tender which were fitting upon so important an issue4 ,and such1 as we know from history1 was the nature of the reply of ,clement ,,ix4 to the ,duke of ,york4 ,the general of the ,jesuits1 in his turn1 owed thanks for the royal benefactions to the fraternity of ,mont ,quirinal4 ,this letter1 which the commonest dictates of courtesy would have enjoined1 is not1 however1 to be found in the archives of the ,jesuits at ,rome4 ,one loves to think that it was written1 that the son of ,charles ,,ii4 bore it to ,whitehall1 but that the author1 for weighty motives1 destroyed it to the last syllable4 ,fr4 ,oliva was a man of note4 ,he was the chief of a great apostolic order2 he had grown old amid important services rendered to the ,church4 ,italy could justly pride itself for its orators2 but in ,italy itself his rank for eloquence was high4 ,he had been official predicateur to four sovereign pontiffs1 and the sermons which he has left behind still attest the vigor1 the fire1 and the opulence of his rhetoric4 ,it was not in such a nature to leave so significant an event as the conversion of a great monarch to the unaided efforts of a novice4 ,through all the previous conduct of the mission1 he bore a vital part2 and now when the supreme moment had come1 the king hesitating1 the eternal life of a nation in the balance1 we cannot doubt that he was moved to write with all the energy and persuasiveness of his being4 ,he must have seen that something more than an ,anglican ,church or a suspicious parliament stood in the way of the monarch's conversion2 that1 in the scandalous licentiousness of the ,english court1 there was a stumbling-block equally as great4 ,if the father-general had the courage to mingle with the language of gratitude a sincere but gentle reproof for these delinquencies1 it is easy to understand why not a trace of his message remains to us4 ,father ,stuart was in haste to return to ,england1 where at any moment the great interests which ,providence had intrusted to him might unexpectedly be compromised4 ,his stay at ,rome was therefore brief4 ,as soon as he had received the verbal or written replies of ,fr4 ,oliva1 and in addition 7according to our opinion7 those that the ,pope sent to the court at ,whitehall1 he set out at once on his return4 ,he quitted ,rome never to return4 ,without doubt1 in the course of the following years1 he communicated by letter with his superior1 who #fjf did not die till #afha1 four years before ,charles ,,ii42 but the very nature of this correspondence precluded its being deposited in the archives of the society4 ,from this moment1 therefore1 we must rely upon ,english history for our details4 ,fr4 ,stuart drops into obscurity2 but the work for which he labored still gleams above the darkness4 ,it was on ,jan4 #ah1 #affi1 if our previous calculation be accepted1 that the pretended ,prince ,henry de ,rohan appears again at the court of ,london1 bringing with him his old companion in accordance with the wish expressed by the king in his last letter to ,fr4 ,oliva4 ,the pontifical letters1 touching1 energetic1 full of the wisdom of ,god1 have then been remitted2 the emphatic opinions of the general of the society are known4 ,james ,stuart and the ,french ,jesuit have had their interview with ,charles2 they have aroused anew in his heart those earnest and holy impressions which swayed him two months before2 and the venerable ,henrietta de ,bourbon is waiting anxiously and in tears the moment when she may say1 in the language of the gospel1 ,now thou dost dismiss thy servant1 ,o ,lord1 according to thy word1 in peace4 ,such is the situation of affairs at ,whitehall4 ,recurring to the ,life of ,james ,,ii4 we find that the historian1 after speaking of the ,duke of ,york1 his interview with ,fr4 ,symons1 and his letter to the ,pope1 continues as follows3 ,this is why his royal highness1 knowing that the king was of the same mind1 and had already opened himself to ,lord ,arundel1 to ,lord ,arlington1 and to ,sir ,thomas ,clifford1 seized an opportunity to converse with his majesty on this subject4 ,he found him fully decided to become a ,catholic1 and penetrated with the danger and the constraint of his position4 ,the king added that he desired to have1 in the cabinet of the duke1 a secret interview with the persons we have just named1 in order to consult with them upon the means which it would be necessary to employ in order to extend the ,catholic religion in the state4 ,this interview was fixed for ,jan4 #be1 the day on which the ,church celebrates the conversion of ,st ,paul3 ,when they had come together1 the king declared his sentiments upon matters of religion2 he repeated what he had said to the duke regarding the embarrassments which he had experienced in being prevented from the profession of the faith to which he was attached1 and told them that he had summoned them to consult upon the measures necessary to be employed in the re-establishment of the ,catholic religion in his realm1 and upon the most favorable measure for declaring himself openly4 ,he remarked that there was no time to lose2 that he expected to find great difficulties in the execution of his project2 and that for himself he preferred to enter upon it while1 like his brother1 he was in the prime of life1 and capable of supporting the greatest fatigues1 rather than put it off later1 when he would no longer have the energy to successfully manage so great a design4 ,his majesty spoke with much force2 tears filled his eyes1 and he besought the gentlemen to do all that was fitting wise men and good ,catholics4 ,the consultation was protracted1 and the ultimate decision was to act in concert with ,france1 and to demand the assistance of his very christian majesty3 the house of ,austria being no longer in a condition to co-operate4 ,the ,duke of ,york at once abjured with great secresy2 but did ,charles ,,ii4 also abjure8 ,our opinion is that the two brothers separated from the ,anglican ,church at the same time2 and that on the same day1 at the foot of the same altar1 in the hands of the same priest1 they made the same profession of faith4 ,only one remained unchangeable in his fidelity4 ,the other1 sincere but feeble1 made an honest effort to give his country liberty of conscience1 was defeated at every point by the united mass of the #fjg ,english factions1 and finally fell back upon dissimulations and hypocrisies4 ,it was ,fr4 ,stuart who presided at this abjuration--a fact which the following considerations prove4 ,on the #eth of ,jan41 #afhe1 ,fr4 ,huddleston1 an ,english ,benedictine1 and a chaplain to the queen1 summoned1 says ,lingard1 in the absence of a foreign ecclesiastic in ,london1 administered at evening the last sacraments to the king without demanding from him that act which should have preceded all others--abjuration4 ,charles throughout the rest of the night had full consciousness1 and it would be perfectly absurd to suppose that neither ,fr4 ,huddleston1 a priest for twenty-five or thirty years1 nor any of the queen's almoners1 nor the ,duke of ,york1 as well as the other ,catholics present1 nor the sick man himself1 should have thought1 for five hours1 of satisfying this most necessary of all conditions for admitting one among the children of the true ,church4 ,clearly1 then1 ,charles had made his abjuration before his last illness4 ,studying the sequence of his reign1 we remark that the year #affi closes the period of calm which the brother of ,james ,,ii4 enjoyed4 ,immediately after the ,french alliance exasperated the nation2 and the rage and fury of ,anglicanism were excited by the known conversion of the ,duke and the ,duchess of ,york1 by that of ,sir ,thomas ,clifford1 by the second marriage of the ,duke with the princess of ,modena1 by all that movement of ,catholic activity the signs of which multiplied around the palace of the ,stuarts4 ,presently persecution began anew1 and ,charles1 incapable of holding head against the storm1 yielded in everything2 he signed the decrees of proscription1 he permitted the flow of innocent blood4 ,what priest1 in such a conjuncture1 would have consented to receive his abjuration8 ,but in ,jan41 #affi1 the presence of ,henrietta of ,bourbon1 the pious joy of all that royal family1 the hope which might reasonably be founded on the probable influence of ,fr4 ,james ,stuart1 united in urging forward so desirable a consummation4 ,charles1 whose good faith we cannot justly suspect without satisfactory proof1--,charles persuaded himself that1 assisted by the ,french monarch1 and supported by his brother the duke1 there was no domestic coalition which could defeat him1 and he brought over the rest to his opinion by that seductive eloquence which1 with him1 was almost irresistible4 ,the priest doubtless had many fears2 but the priest1 when there was the appearance of security1 inclined toward indulgence1 and on the present occasion so many reiterated assurances1 so many moving supplications1 so many marvellous advantages in perspective1 finally disarmed him4 ,nothing in the duke's account prejudices this conclusion4 ,his delicate sense of family honor1 the reproach which would have attached to ,charles and ultimately to all the ,stuarts if the act were known1 the reticence necessary to maintain regarding the king's eldest son--each and all explain the silence of that prince4 ,beside the offer to take the sword in hand1 and to run the chances of a long and perilous civil war1 would indicate less a future step than a step in the past4 ,in our opinion1 therefore1 the council of ,jan4 #be followed the abjuration of ,charles rather than preceded it4 ------ #fjh ,from ,the ,argosy4 ,,the ,,infiorata ,,of ,,genzano4 ,if you are ever in ,rome at ,corpus ,christi 7a thing not likely to happen1 by the way1 as it must fall in the months when northerners shun the ,campagna7 do not let anything induce you to miss the ,infiorata of ,genzano--the gem of village festivals4 ,we were fortunate enough to witness it last year1 the first time it has been celebrated since the troubles of #ahdh4 ,all ,rome turned out to assist at it4 ,many days before every available vehicle and beast had been bespoken1 and yet there was a demand4 ,our mount1 ,master ,pietro1 of half ,italian1 half ,english race1 as his name symbolizes1 came to fetch us punctually at the unearthly hour of seven--to get his work done ere the noontide heat4 ,he had carried us through many lovely scenes before1 and his hardy qualities adapted him well for the three days' excursion we intended to make of it1 through a land where hay is scarce and oats almost unattainable4 ,but we knew he had one idiosyncracy1 of kicking violently at the approach of any mule--a frequent customer in the neighborhood of ,rome--and as the crowded state of the road on that day would render it particularly unsuited for such pranks1 we elected to travel along the solitary ,appian ,way4 ,it was a brilliant morning of early ,june4 ,a light trot soon brought us to the grand old ,arch of ,drusus4 ,we could not help stopping to admire the play of light and shade on its time-worn stones1 and through the fairy tracery with which nature loves to deck art4 ,it could not have appeared more worthy of admiration the first day that--oldest of triumphal arches--its noble proportions were completed1 and the imperial father saw immortalized in it the triumphs of his son4 ,the stern round tower of other days demanded another pause4 ,often as we had passed it before1 the romance with which the ,childe's speculations have invested it make it ever an object of fresh interest4 ,if it be the object of huge tombs to set all posterity wondering about their tenants1 the tomb of ,caecilia ,metella certainly has fulfilled its mission4 ,who passes the massive structure and does not long to know something about the lady to whom1 nearly two thousand years ago1 this lasting memorial was raised8 ,the ground-plan is a square of seventy feet1 and the walls are twenty-five feet thick4 ,in the small interior space thus formed1 ,caecilia's ashes reposed in a white marble sarcophagus4 ,the inscription is of the simplest description--,caeciliae ,q4 ,cretici ,f4 ,metaelle ,crassi2 in the neighborhood even her name is untold1 and the tower is only called the ,capo di ,bove1 from the ornaments of the frieze4 ,we pushed on vigorously for a mile or two1 and then came patches of the old ,roman pavement1 to stop ,master ,pietro's cantering1 and give leisure to be again examining the tombs on either hand2 little temples erected to house ashes--their own ruins now the subject of fostering care--and to set one wondering how mortal horses ever pranced1 or ran1 or drew weights over those stony blocks4 ,let us hope they were not left for an uncovered pavement1 but that they served for the foundation of a coating of tufa1 or something equally grateful to weary hoofs4 ,the lizards1 bewildered with our clatter1 shot madly across our path1 and the merry brown hares came leaping from their retreat1 defying #fji with their swiftness the vain attempts of our brave little lupino to run them to ground4 ,we were thankful they all escaped with their lives1 so blithe and gay among the tombs4 ,some ten miles of this1 and then a mile through a newly-mown field1 the fragrant hay most tantalizing to our probably breakfastless steeds4 ,some of our party knew a cut through ,duke ,torlonia's ground which was to save us a mile or two1 but in anticipation of the festive crowd an iron chain had been made to bar the passage4 ,it was an easy leap for ,master ,pietro1 however1 and for one or two of his companions2 the others had to go round4 ,the rise is steep1 and1 though in places rocky1 generally good4 ,we pass1 on our rights the ancient town of ,bovillae1 and then on our left comes the lovely lake of ,albano1 and ,castel ,grandolfo with the ,popes' modest summer palace4 ,another trot brings us to the ,galeria di ,sopra1 a delicious1 gently ascending path1 soft as ,rotten ,row1 under the flickering shade of massive ilexes4 ,it is just the place for a canter1 and ,master ,pietro evidently thinks so as he sniffs the morning air4 ,to our regret it comes to an end at last1 and we wait behind the sheltering gateway of the ,chigi palace while some of our party go in and secure beds at l',ariccia4 ,we have allowed little short of three hours to the seventeen miles1 but still we are nearly the first to arrive1 so we get the best rooms the ,locanda can afford1 and are well satisfied with them and with our collation of pastry and wine4 ,our own hunger satisfied1 we determine to leave ,master ,pietro and his brethren to their oats 7if they can get any71 and we walk on to ,genzano4 ,three noble bits of viaduct save us the terrible up and down hill through which our predecessors of a few years ago had to toil4 ,during the few minutes we were in the hotel1 all the world has arrived1 and we are soon in the midst of a vast train of people1 all following the same object1 all talking earnestly1 and of course very loud4 ,a gun sounds4 ,there is a rush4 ,we are just too late for the start of the first race4 ,it is a' fantini4 ,gaily dressed but clownish jockeys bestride the contending chargers1 without stirrups or saddles1 guiding them only by a red woollen rope4 ,the next is vuoto4 ,the rough but ready steeds career riderless along the way lined out for them by the living hedge of spectators2 and it is hard to say whether they are first brought to a stand by the roar which--suppressed by the very intensity of excitement during the race--bursts into a deafening peal as they near the goal1 or by the black curtain suspended across their path1 which forms the legitimate ripresa dei barberi4 ,the horse who has won the contest by his own unridden impetuosity is decked with flowers and streamers1 and marched through the admiring crowds1 giving a knowing and majestic nod to the plumes which form his crest4 ,a file of soldiers escorts him1 and the band agitates his triumphant progress2 he has borne all his other honors meekly1 but this one chafes him4 ,as soon as he is marched off1 the crowd1 breaking up as ,roman crowds do into couples1 soon manoeuvres itself into picturesque groups round the various stalls of the village fair4 ,how they enjoy themselves6 ,how gladsome and light of heart they seem6--and on what mild conditions4 ,does it not do one good to see their easy contentment8 ,what strange wares form the attractions of dark1 glancing eyes and generous purses6 ,staple commodity of the fairs of all the ,roman paesi is the unfailing pork1 boned and rolled1 and stuffed with rosemary3 we did wrong not to taste it1 for the eager thousands find it very good4 ,the ,genzano wine--and the ,cesarini and ,jacobini cellars are open to-day--affords a more congenial temptation4 ,it is a luscious wine1 with more body and more delicate flavor than the generality of ,roman wines1 but lacks the sparkle of the surpassing ,orvieto4 ,the gay scene is full of attractive interest1 but1 finding a couple of hours to spare1 we trot back to l',ariccia to #faj dine4 ,others have adopted the same course1 and the ,locanda is all astir4 ,what to have is always a difficult question for the most unfastidious anywhere in the ,papal ,states out of ,rome4 ,a provoking waiter1 who thinks he can speak ,french1 and on all occasions comes out with his one broken sentence1 ,aspetti oon petti momenti1 finds us impracticable1 and sends us the chef de cuisine4 ,the chef1 with a profusion of issimos1 assures us there is no cuisine in the world like his1 and rings the changes on the well-known names we abominate4 ,minestra we refuse1 it is always water bewitched2 the lesso is sure to be tasteless and stringy2 the pasta1 the ,roman rendering of maccaroni1 underdone and indigestible2 the arrosto1 hard and tough--we will none of them4 ,well1 a fritto8 ,if the oil is good1 we have nothing to say against that2 we allow you excel there4 ,if something else we must have1 we will take you on your own ground2 bring us an agro-dolce1 that is a culinary curiosity with which1 after the palate has been once annealed to its compound of wine1 vinegar1 bacon1 butter1 parsley1 spices1 sugar1 oil1 chocolate1 and wild boar or porcupine1 you may be always glad to renew acquaintance4 ,the wind-up of pasticcieria and frutte we say nothing about2 we know it is useless to argue against the inevitable4 ,while this repast is preparing1 we are driven to occupy ourselves with a study of the room and the guests4 ,the former presents a strange mixture of primitiveness and pretension3 the build is clumsy1 the window-shutters cover only the glass panes1 the fittings are rude1 the floor is bare4 ,but the walls have been painted in 7millions-of-miles-off7 imitation of ,raphael's much-sinned-against ,loggie6 ,and over the mantelpiece hangs a landscape1 into which a piece of looking-glass is inserted to represent a lake4 ,the principal piece of furniture is a large glass cupboard1 in which is stowed away--we know not for what grand occasion1 for it is not even brought into use to-day--a set of common ,english willow-pattern earthenware6 ,we cannot but smile to see our humble friend in such grand plight2 and we moralize to ourselves on the subjectivity of the human mind1 to which its changed estimation testifies4 ,the angularity of the fall of the table-cloth accuses a table composed of a literal board1 supported on tressels2 and though there are a few chairs1 the majority of the guests have to be content with backless benches4 ,at one end of our board an ,english artist1 not unknown to fame1 and his party are going through the regular routine of an ,italian hotel dinner with praiseworthy patience4 ,at another board sits a large family of natives1 and we forget all note of time as we watch with astonished eyes the masses of pasta they contrive to stow away1 half-cooked as it is sure to be4 ,the sight is not new to us1 but every time we see it it has the same attraction1 derived from the reminiscence of a delicious early surprise such as the performance of ,punch and ,judy always exercises on any number of ,londoners4 ,a vacant space near them is soon filled by another native1 a young exquisite1 who appears quite oppressed by the mild heat we northerners had been enjoying4 ,throwing himself at full length on the bench1 he commences a violent fanning with his handkerchief2 but after a minute or two his hand requires a cooler instrument1 and he changes it for his hat1 which in turn is exchanged for his dinner-napkin1 and1 finally1 he completes the operation with his plate6 ,at last the one-sentence-of-,french waiter directs his steps toward our party1 but1 to the indignation of every individual of it1 he bears the minestra we forbade him to name4 ,this has been our universal experience4 ,the ,italian mind cannot take in the idea of the possibility of dining without broth2 it is useless to countermand it1 it is sure to be sent to table4 ,we explode1 nevertheless1 and desire the dishes we ordered to be brought without further delay4 ,aspetti oon petti momenti1 says ,nicol2 #faa and better than1 his word this time1 it is really only un petit moment before we are duly served4 ,dinner despatched1 we have still time to stroll over the neighborhood before we are wanted at ,genzano4 ,a walk of less than a mile1 starting over the magnificent new viaduct1 takes us to the straggling paese 7we cannot bring ourselves to call it a town7 of ,albano4 ,a good-natured old fellow1 always recognizable by the extreme whiteness of his stockings1 hails us as we pass1 in memory of old acquaintance1 and is sure we must want donkeys2 we cannot refuse him1 and hoping ,master ,pietro won't see us out of his stable window1 we suffer the sure-footed but ignoble substitutes to take us down the difficult descent which the viaduct was built to spare us--so wayward is woman6 ,but the viaduct itself has created a reason for making the descent1 as the sight of its noble proportions amply repays the journey4 ,it was completed during the reign of the present ,pope1 from the designs of a local engineer--one of the ,jacobini family4 ,it is formed of arches on arches in three ranges1 six on the lowest tier1 twelve in the next1 and eighteen in the highest2 they are each forty-nine feet wide between the piers1 and sixty feet in height2 the whole length of roadway1 including the approaches1 is nearly a quarter of a mile1 and the height to top of parapet just two hundred feet4 ,it is built of massive blocks of peperino1 cut to fit each other without mortar1 and the appearance is solid and grand1 worthy of the models of ancient masonry by which it is surrounded4 ,there is no attempt at ornament4 ,the entire cost was #adj1jjj scudi 7#cc1jjj71 ,footnote #ic and the halfpenny toll has already gone far toward repaying it4 ,footnote #ic3 ,we drove1 the other day1 under the viaduct of the ,brighton ,railway for the sake of comparing it with our memory of l,ariccia1 and were disappointed to find it a slender brick affair1 for which the meaningless display of stone at the top had not prepared us4 ,it consists of thirty-seven arches1 sixty feet high1 and is a little over a quarter of a mile in length4 ,we were informed its cost was #eh1jjj4 ,close under it lies the old ruined tomb commonly called of the ,horatii and ,curiatii but now determined to be that of ,aruns1 son of ,porsenna4 ,it has all the appearance of being of ,etruscan work1 and the remains are very peculiar4 ,it is a square structure1 forty-six feet every way and twenty feet high2 at the four corners are the remains of four small cones1 one being nearly perfect2 in the centre is a cylinder1 twenty-three feet across1 made to contain the urn4 ,our donkeys carried us bravely up the rugged hill1 and then we found1 to our regret1 we must leave the ,chigi palace1 ,duke ,sforza's infant schools1 and other objects of interest for another visit2 we had only time to get back to ,genzano4 ,a great deal of business had been done at the fair1 and many hearts won by the fair4 ,the booth-keepers1 having sold off their stock1 had shut up shop and gone away1 and the merry couples were circulating freely4 ,the rosemaried pork and ,genzano wine had given them strength and vigor and gaiety--let it not be understood that we see any trace of excess2 all is mirth and good humor and picturesqueness4 ,at last six o'clock strikes1 and1 like an army marshalled by the word of command1 the spontaneous and unanimous will of the thousands of sightseers brings them in serried procession up the broad street1 where the ,infiorata lies sparkling and rendering up its varied and gorgeous reflections to the sun's rays which bathe it4 ,beautiful and delicate tribute of a poetical people6 ,the occasion is the festival of the ,blessed ,sacrament2 and as it is carried among them in solemn procession the custom of all ,catholic countries is to strew flowers along the way2 but here the idea has taken a development of a surpassing order1 if not unique--as if no care could be too great3 not only are the most brilliant flowers planted months before1 and collected from distant contributors1 but when the day arrives all these are made to form the most exquisite #fab mosaics4 ,what is a ,gobelins carpet to this weft of nature's own materials6 ,a cord is drawn up both sides of the road to keep the flowered centre clear1 and no one thinks of infringing the slight barrier4 ,the rising ground is most favorable for displaying in two lines1 ascending and descending1 the endless variety of elaborate devices of tesselation4 ,costly marbles of different hues fitly pave the basilica2 the glazed axulejos cooled the ,moslem's feet at the same time that they pleased his eye2 the velvet-pile tapestries of ,british looms carpet the bleak floors of our northern homes2 and the stiff geometrical tiles1 angular and uncomfortable as everything ,gothic is1 suit very well to our ,gothic churches4 ,each and all have their fitness2 and what is the ,infiorata8 ,it is the tribute of a simple and poor1 but imaginative and loving1 people preparing to meet their ,god4 ,o earth1 grow flowers beneath his feet1 ,and thou1 ,o sun1 shine bright this day6 ,he comes1 he comes1--,o heaven on earth6 ,our ,jesus comes upon his way1 sings one of their hymns for the occasion4 ,and1 poor tillers of the earth1 the only offering they can make is of the flowers which her children are4 ,we looked on with an artist's and humanitarian's enjoyment4 ,and delicious enjoyment it was6 ,it was the fresh enjoyment of our childhood over again to trace the rich mosaic designs spread before us2 and we pity him who does not know the enjoyment of the sensation of color4 ,there were the arms of the ,stato ,pontificio1 and of the paese1 and of the ,cesarini and ,jacobini1 with all their bearings and all their tinctures and then1 as it were1 the arms of the blessed sacrament--the symbols under which it is figured4 ,the herald must find a new nomenclature2 already he has a separate one for commonalty1 nobility1 and royalty1 but now1 for a greater than ,solomon1 he must devise another4 ,to his sol1 topaz1 or1 he must add the marigold2 and to his luna1 pearl1 argent1 the lily4 ,then came arabesques in perplexing mazes of tracery2 every line true1 and every harmony or contrast of tint faultless4 ,by a refinement least of all to be expected1 in the centre of some of the compartments a tiny fountain had been introduced1 flinging delicious coolness round the air1 and verdure o'er the ground4 ,nothing that poets have fabled of fairyland or paradise ever exceeded it in imaginative luxuriance4 ,o what a wilderness of flowers6 ,it seemed as though from all the bowers ,and fairest fields of all the year ,the mingled spoils were scattered here4 ,the pathway like a garden breathes ,with the rich buds that o'er it lie1 ,as if a shower of fairy wreaths ,had fallen upon it from the sky4 ,a crowd of ,romans is not surrounded by a savory atmosphere4 ,we are never in one without finding that the thing ,cleopatra exceedingly feared had fallen upon us-- ,in their thick breath4 ,rank of gross diet1 shall we be enclouded4 ,and forced to drink their vapor4 ,their baths are things of the past2 their picturesque costume looks as if it were never renewed during a whole life2 their houses are dingy1 and bare1 and comfortless2 yet we have before us the proof that they possess a delicacy of both feeling and taste which it would be impossible to find surpassed anywhere4 ,meantime the procession from the church approaches1 and a hush succeeds the merry din which has stunned us so long2 the last pertinacious ,ecco6 zigari6 and ,acqua fresca6 is sung out4 ,and in their harsh nasal intonation the appropriated hymns are begun by the priests and taken up by the whole population1 very much after the fashion of a horse running away2 without any regard for time and very little for tune1 but with a heartiness and earnestness which we try to persuade ourselves ought to compensate for the skinning of our ears4 ,the untidy choristers precede and follow in due numbers1 and the quaint confraternities1 in various dresses1 bearing unwieldy1 misshapen #fac banners1 waddle and hobble behind4 ,slovenly men with unwashed hands carry great yellow tapers1 and a ragged urchin runs by the side of each catching the droppings into a piece of stiff paper4 ,the whole thing is disenchanting and disedifying2 but we see so plainly the impression that they think they are doing their best reflected from so many hundred beaming countenances1 that we end by exhausting our squeamishness1 and learn to look on the ,genzanese modes of devotion from their own standing-point4 ,by the time it has taken to effect this1 however1 the procession has regained the church1 where we find it impossible to penetrate1 and so we turn to take a last look at the ,infiorata4 ,alas6 it has all vanished1 as completely as if it had been the emanation of fairyland it appeared to be4 ,as soon as the procession had passed the people broke in1 eager to possess themselves of the flowers as a sort of relic4 ,from what we saw of the process of undoing1 it appeared that the mosaics were not composed of whole flowers1 except in some instances where their form adapted them to form special designs1 but the generality were made with shred petals1 by which means masses of color were obtained in the most manageable quantities4 ,there was1 in most cases1 a board or oil-cloth for a foundation1 with the patterns marked out in chalk2 but the blending of colors seemed to have been left to the individual taste of the workers4 ,we get back to our narrow rooms at l',ariccia in time to escape the firing of the mortaletti and botti 7small guns and crackers7 without which an ,italian festa is seldom considered complete4 ,nicol is much disappointed that we will not again trust to the resources of his cuisine1 and exclaims ,aspetti con petti momenti1 as he goes in quest of our bed-lamps4 ,while we wait1 we hear our ,italian fellow-diners angrily complaining that mine host had taken advantage of the throng of visitors to cheat them of their due proportion of pasta6 ,the quantity sent up for four was only the due mess of one1 selon them4 ,what a spectacle we should have had if it had been dealt out to them according to their own measure6 ------ ,from ,chamber's ,journal4 ,,broadcast ,,thy ,,seed4 ,broadcast thy seed6 ,although some portion may be found ,to fall on uncongenial ground1 ,where sand1 or shard1 or stone may stay ,its coming into light of day2 ,or when it comes1 some pestilent air ,may make it droop or wither there-- ,be not discouraged2 some will find ,congenial soil and gentle wind1 ,refreshing dew and ripening shower1 ,to bring it into beauteous flower1 ,from flower to fruit1 to glad thine eyes1 ,and fill thy soul with sweet surprise4 ,do good1 and ,god will bless thy deed-- ,broadcast thy seed6 ------ #fad ,from ,the ,month4 ,,constance ,,sherwood3 ,,an ,,autobiography ,,of ,,the ,,sixteenth ,,century4 ,,by ,,lady ,,georgiana ,,fullerton4 ,,chapter ,,xxii4 ,ah1 ladies1 exclaimed ,mr4 ,cobham--pleased1 ,i ween1 to see how eagerly we looked for his news--,i promise you the eastern counties do exhibit their loyalty in a very commendable fashion1 and so report saith her majesty doth think4 ,the gallant appearance and brave array of the ,suffolk esquires hath drawn from her highness sundry marks of her approval4 ,what think you1 my ,lady ,tregony1 of two hundred bachelors1 all gaily clad in white-velvet coats1 and those of graver years in black-velvet coats and fair gold chains1 with fifteen hundred men all mounted on horseback1 and ,sir ,william le ,spring of ,lavenham at their head4 ,i warrant you a more comely troop and a nobler sight should not often be seen4 ,then1 in ,norfolk1 what great sums of money have been spent6 ,notably at ,kenninghall1 where for divers days not only the queen herself was lodged and feasted1 with all her household1 council1 courtiers1 and all their company1 but all the gentlemen also1 and people of the country who came thither upon the occasion1 in such plentiful1 bountiful1 and splendid manner1 as the like had never been seen before in these counties4 ,every night she hath slept at some gentleman's seat4 ,at ,holdstead ,hall ,i had the honor to be presented to her highness1 and to see her dance a minuet4 ,but an unlucky accident did occur that evening4 ,no lives were lost1 ,i hope8 ,lady ,tregony said4 ,no lives1 ,master ,cobham answered2 but a very precious fan which her majesty let drop into the moat--one of white and red feathers1 which ,sir ,francis ,drake had gifted her with on ,new ,year's day4 ,it was enamelled with a half-moon of mother-o'-pearl and had her majesty's picture within it4 ,and at ,norwich1 sir8 ,i asked4 ,methinks1 by some reports we heard1 the pageants there must have proved exceeding grand4 ,rare indeed1 he replied4 ,on the #afth she did enter the town at ,harford ,bridge4 ,the mayor received her with a long ,latin oration1 very tedious2 and1 moreover1 presented her with a fair cup of silver1 saying1 ',here is one hundred pounds pure gold4' ,to my thinking1 the cup was to her liking more than the speech1 and the gold most of all2 for when one of her footmen advanced for to take the cup1 she said sharply1 ',look to it3 there is one hundred pounds4' ,lord6 what a number of pageants were enacted that day and those which followed6 ,deborah1 ,judith1 ,esther at one gate2 ,queen ,martia at another2 on the heights near ,blanche-flower ,castle1 ,king ,gurgunt and his men4 ,then all the heathen deities in turn3 ,mercury driving full speed through the city in a fantastic car2 ,jupiter presenting her with a riding-rod1 and ,venus with a white dove4 #fae ,but the rarest of all had been designed by ,master ,churchyard4 ,where her majesty was to take her barge1 at the back-door of my ,lord ,arundel's town-house1 he had prepared a goodly masque of water-nymphs concealed in a deep hole1 and covered with green canvas1 which suddenly opening as if the ground gaped1 first one nymph was intended to pop up and make a speech to the queen1 and then another2 and a very complete concert to sound secretly and strangely out of the earth4 ,but when the queen passed in her coach1 a thunder-shower came down like a water-spout1 and great claps of thunder silenced the concert2 which some did presage to be an evil omen of the young lord's fortunes4 ,i' faith1 cried ,basil1 ,i be sorry for the young nobleman1 and yet more for the poor artificer of this ingenious pageant1 to whom his nymphs turned into drowned rats must needs have been a distressing sight4 ,he was heard to lament over it1 ,master ,cobham said1 in very pathetic terms3 ',what shall ,i say' 7were his words7 'of the loss of velvets1 silks1 and cloths of gold8 ,well1 nothing but the old adage--,man doth purpose1 but ,god dispose4' ,well1 the mayor hath been knighted2 and her majesty said she should never forget his city4 ,on her journey she looked back1 and1 with water in her eyes1 shaked her riding whip1 and cried1 ',farewell ,norwich6' ,yesterday she was to sleep at ,sir ,henry ,jerningham's at ,cottessy1 and hunt in his park to-day4 ,oh1 poor ,sir ,henry6 ,i said laughing4 ,then he hath not escaped this dear honor8 ,notice of it was sent to him but two days before1 from ,norwich1 ,master ,cobham rejoined2 and ,i ween he should have been glad for to be excused4 ,lady ,tregony then reminded us that supper was ready1 and we removed to the dining-hall2 but neither did this good gentleman weary of relating nor we of listening to the various haps of the royal progress1 which he continued to describe whilst we sat at meat4 ,he was yet talking when the sound of a horse gallopping under the windows surprised us1 and we had scarce time to turn our heads before ,basil's steward came tumbling into the room head foremost1 like one demented4 ,sir1 sir6 he cried1 almost beside himself2 in ,god's name1 what do you here1 and the queen coming for to sleep at your house to-morrow8 ,methinks a thunder-clap in the midst of the stilly clear evening should not have startled us so much4 ,basil's face flushed very deeply2 ,lady ,tregony looked ready to faint2 my heart beat as if it should burst2 ,master ,cobham threw his hat into the air1 and cried1 ,long live ,queen ,elizabeth1 and the old house of ,rookwood6 ,who hath brought these tidings8 ,basil asked of the steward4 ,marry1 replied the man1 one of her majesty's gentlemen and two footmen have arrived from ,cottessy1 and brought this letter from ,lord ,burleigh for your honor4 ,basil broke the seal1 read the missive1 and then quietly looking up1 said1 ,it is true2 and ,i must lose no time to prepare my poor house for her majesty's abode in it4 ,he looked not now red1 but somewhat pale4 ,methinks he was thinking of the chapel1 and what it held2 and the queen's servants now in the house4 ,i would not stay him2 but1 taking my hand whilst he spoke1 he said to ,lady ,tregony1 ,dear lady1 ,i shall lack yours and ,constance's aid to-morrow4 ,will you do me so much good as to come with her to ,euston as early before dinner as you can8 ,yea1 we will be with you1 my good ,basil1 she answered1 before ten of the clock4 ',tis not1 he said1 that ,i intend to cast about for fine silks and cloths of gold1 or contrive pageants--,god #faf defend it6--or ransack the country for rare and costly meats2 but such honorable cheer and so much of comfort as a plain gentleman's house can afford1 ,i be bound to provide for my sovereign when she deigneth to use mine house4 ,master ,cobham1 ,i do crave the honor of your company also1 he added1 turning to that gentleman1 who1 with many acknowledgments of his courtesy1 excused himself on the plea that he must needs be at his own seat the next day4 ,then ,basil1 mounting his horse which the steward had brought with him1 rode away so fast that the old man could scarce keep up with him4 ,not once that night did mine eyes close themselves4 ,either ,i sat bolt upright in my bed counting each time the clock struck the number of chimes1 or else1 unable to lie still1 paced up and down my chamber4 ,the hours seemed to pass so slowly1 more than in times of deep grief4 ,it seemed so strange a hap that the queen should come to ,euston1 ,i almost fancied at moments the whole thing to be a dream1 so fantastic did it appear4 ,then a fear would seize me lest the chapel should have been discovered before ,basil could arrive4 ,minor cares likewise troubled me2 such as the scantiness and bad state of the furniture1 the lack of household conveniences1 the difficulty that might arise to procure sufficient food at a brief notice for so great a number of persons4 ,oh1 how my head did work all night with these various thinkings6 and it seemed as if the morning would never come1 and when it did that ,lady ,tregony would never ring her bell4 ,then ,i bethought myself of the want of proper dresses for her and myself to appear in before her majesty1 if so be we were admitted to her presence4 ,howsoever1 ,i found she was indifferently well provided in that respect1 for her old good gowns stood in a closet where dust could not reach them1 and she bethought herself ,i could wear my wedding-dress1 which had come from the seamstress a few days before2 and so we should not be ashamed to be seen4 ,i must needs confess that1 though many doubts and apprehensions filled me touching this day1 ,i did feel some contentment in the thought of the honor conferred on ,basil4 ,if there was pride in this1 ,i do cry ,god mercy for it4 ,as we rode to ,euston1 the fresh air1 the eager looks of the people on the road--for now the report had spread of the queen's coming--the stir which it caused1 the puttings up of flags1 and buildings of green arches1 strengthened this gladness4 ,basil was awaiting us with much impatience1 and immediately drew me aside4 ,i have locked1 he said1 all the books and church furniture1 and our ,blessed ,lady's image1 in ,owen's hiding place2 so methinks we be quite secure4 ,beds and food ,i have sent for1 and they keep coming in4 ,prithee1 dear love1 look well thyself to her majesty's chamber1 for to make it as handsome and befitting as is possible with such poor means thereunto4 ,i pray ,god the lodging may be to her contentation for one night4 ,so ,i hasted to the state-chamber--for so it was called1 albeit except for size it had but small signs of state about it4 ,howsoever1 with the maids' help1 ,i gathered into it whatsoever furniture in the house was most handsome1 and the wenches made wreaths of ivy and laurel1 which we hung round the bare walls4 ,thence ,i went to the kitchen1 and found her majesty's cook was arrived1 with as many scullions as should have served a whole army2 so1 except speaking to him civilly1 and inquiring what provisions he wanted1 ,i had not much to do there4 ,then we went round the house with ,mr4 ,bowyer1 the gentleman-usher1 for to assign the chambers to the queen's ladies1 and the lords and gentlemen and the waiting-women4 ,there was no lack of room1 but much of proper furniture2 albeit chairs and tables were borrowed on all sides from the neighboring cottages1 and ,lady #fag ,tregony sent for a store from her house4 ,mr4 ,bowyer held in his hand a list of the persons of the court now journeying with the queen2 ,lord ,burleigh1 ,sir ,francis ,walsingham1 ,sir ,christopher ,hatton1 ,sir ,walter ,raleigh1 and many other famous courtiers were foremost in it4 ,when their lodgings were fixed1 he glanced down the paper1 and1 mine eyes following his1 ,i perceived among the minor gentlemen there set down ,hubert's name1 which moved me very much2 for we did not of a surety know at that time he did belong to the court1 and ,i would fain he had not been present on this occasion1 and new uneasy thoughts touching what had passed at ,sir ,francis ,walsingham's house1 and the words the queen had let fall concerning him and me1 crossed my mind in consequence4 ,but in that same list ,i soon saw another name which caused me so vehement an emotion that ,basil1 noticing it1 pulled me by the hand into another room for to ask me the cause of that sudden passion4 ,basil1 ,i whispered1 mine heart will break if that murthering ,richard ,topcliffe must sleep under your roof4 ,god defend it6 he exclaimed4 ,but pausing in his speech leant his arm against the chimney and his head on it for a brief space4 ,then raising it1 said1 in an altered tone1 ,mine own love1 be patient4 ,we must needs drink this chalice to the dregs 7which showed me his thoughts touching this visit had been from the first less hopeful than mine74 ,taking my pencil out of mine hand1 he walked straight to the door before which ,mr4 ,bowyer was standing1 awaiting us1 and wrote thereon ,master ,topcliffe's name4 ,methought his hand shook a little in the doing of it4 ,i then whispered again in his ear3 ,know you that ,hubert is in the queen's retinue8 ,no1 indeed6 he exclaimed2 and then with his bright winning smile1 ,prithee now1 show him kindness for my sake4 ,he had best sleep in my chamber to-night4 ,it will make room1 and mind us of our boyish days4 ,the day was waning and long shadows falling on the grass when tidings came that her majesty had been hunting that morning1 and would not arrive till late4 ,about dusk warning was given of her approach4 ,she rode up on horseback to the house amidst the loud cheering of the crowd1 with all her train very richly attired4 ,but it had waxed so dark their countenances could not be seen4 ,her master of the horse lifted her from the saddle1 and she went straight to her own apartments1 being exceeding tired1 it was said1 with her day's sport and long riding4 ,notice was given that her highness would admit none to her presence that evening4 ,howsoever1 she sent for ,basil1 and1 giving him her hand to kiss1 thanked him in the customary manner for the use of his house4 ,it had not been intended that ,lady ,tregony and ,i should sleep at ,euston1 where the room did scarcely suffice for the queen's suite4 ,so when it was signified her majesty should not leave her chamber that night1 but1 after a slight refection1 immediately retire to rest1 and her ladies likewise1 who were almost dead with fatigue1 she ordered our horses to be brought to the back-door4 ,basil stole away from the hall where the lords and gentlemen were assembled for to bid us good-night4 ,after he had lifted me on the saddle1 he threw his arm round the horse's neck as if for to detain him1 and addressing me very fondly1 called me his own love1 his sole comfort1 his best treasure1 with many other endearing expressions4 ,then ,i1 loth to leave him alone amidst false friends and secret enemies1 felt tenderness overcome me1 and ,i gave him in return some very tender and passionate assurances of affection2 upon which he kissed mine hands over and over again1 and our hearts1 overcharged with various emotions1 found relief in this interchange of loving looks and words4 ,but1 alas6 this brief interview had an unthought #fah of witness more than good ,lady ,tregony1 who said once or twice1 ,come1 children1 bestir yourselves1 or ,tut1 tut1 we should be off2' but still lingered herself for to pleasure us4 ,i chanced to look up1 whilst ,basil was fastening my horse's bit1 and by the light of a lamp projecting from the wall1 ,i saw ,hubert at an open window right over above our heads4 ,i doubt not but that he had seen the manner of our parting1 and heard the significant expressions therein used2 for a livid hue1 and the old terrible look which ,i had noticed in him before1 disfigured his countenance4 ,i am of opinion that until that time he had not believed with certainty that my natural1 unbiassed inclination did prompt me to marry ,basil1 or that ,i loved him with other than a convenient and moderate regard1 which1 if circumstances reversed their positions1 should not be a hindrance to his own suit4 ,basil having finished his management with my bridle stepped back with a smile and last good-night1 all unconscious of that menacing visage which my terrified eyes were now averted from1 but which ,i still seemed pursued by4 ,it made me weep to think that these two brothers should lie in the same chamber that coming night2 the one so confiding and guileless of heart1 the other so full of envy and enmity4 ,i was so tired when ,i reached home that ,i fell heavily asleep for some hours4 ,but1 awaking between five and six of the clock1 and not able to rest in my chamber1 dressed myself and went into the garden4 ,not far from the house there was an arbor1 with a seat in it4 ,passing alongside of it1 ,i perceived1 with no small terror1 a man lying asleep on this bench4 ,and then1 with increased affright1 but not believing mine own eyes1 but rather thinking it to be a vision1 saw ,basil1 as it seemed to me1 in the same dress he wore the day before1 but with his face much paler4 ,a cry burst from me1 for methought perhaps he should be dead4 ,but he awoke at my scream1 looked somewhat wildly about him for a minute1 rubbed his eyes1 and then with a kind of smile1 albeit an exceeding sad one1 said1 ,is it you1 my good angel8 ,o ,basil1 ,i cried1 sitting down by his side1 and taking hold of his chilled hand1 what hath happened8 ,why are you here8 ,he covered his face with his hands4 ,methinks he was praying4 ,then he raised his pale1 noble visage and said3 ,about one hour after your departure1 supper being just ended1 ,i was talking with ,sir ,walter ,raleigh and some other gentlemen1 when a message was brought unto me from ,lord ,burleigh1 who had retired to his chamber1 desiring for to speak with me4 ,i thought it should be somewhat anent the queen's pleasure for the ordering of the next day1 and waited at once on his lordship4 ,when ,i came in1 he looked at me with a very severe and harsh countenance4 ',sir1' he said in an abrupt manner1 ',i am informed that you are excommunicated for papistry4 ,how durst you then attempt the royal presence1 and to kiss her majesty's hand8 ,you--unfit to company with any ,christian person--you are fitter for a pair of stocks1 and are forthwith commanded not to appear again in her sight1 but to hold yourself ready to attend her council's pleasure4' ,constance1 ,god only knoweth what ,i felt2 and oh1 may he forgive me that for one moment ,i did yield to a burning resentment1 and forgot the prayers ,i have so often put up1 that when persecution fell on me ,i might meet it1 as the early ,christians did1 with blessings1 not with curses4 ,but look you1 love1 a judicial sentence1 torture1 death methinks1 should be easier to bear than this insulting1 crushing1 brutal tone1 which is now used toward ,catholics4 ,yet if ,christ was for us struck by a slave and bore it1 we should also be able for to endure their insolent scorn4 ,bitter words escaped me1 ,i think1 albeit ,i know not very well what ,i said2 but #fai his lordship turned his back on the man he had insulted1 and left the room without listening to me4 ,i be glad of it now4 ,what doth it avail to remonstrate against injuries done under pretence of law1 or bandy words with a judge which can compel you to silence8 ,basil1 ,i cried1 you may forgive that man2 ,i cannot'4' ,yea1 but if you love me1 you shall forgive him1 he cried4 ,god defend mine injuries should work in thee an unchristian resentment6 ,nay1 nay1 love1 weep not2 think for what cause ,i am ill-used1 and thou wilt presently rejoice thereat rather than grieve4 ,but what happened when that lord had left you8 ,i asked1 not yet able to speak composedly4 ,then he3 ,i stood stock-still for a while in a kind of bewilderment1 hearing loud laughter in the hall below1 and seeing1 as it did happen1 a man the worse for liquor staggering about the court4 ,to my heated brain it did seem as if hell had been turned loose in my house1 where some hours before-- ,then he stopped1 and again sinking his head on his hands1 paused a little1 and then continued without looking up3 ,well1 ,i came down the stairs and walked straight out at the front door4 ,as ,i passed the hall ,i heard some one ask1 ',which is the master of this huge house8' and another1 whom by his voice ,i knew to be ,topcliffe1 answered1 ',rookwood1 a papist1 newly crept out of his wardship4 ,as to his house1 'tis most fit for the blackguard1 but not for her gracious majesty to lodge in4 ,but ,i hope she will serve ,god with great and comfortable examples1 and have all such notorious papists presently committed to prison4' ,this man's speech seemed to restore me to myself1 and a firmer spirit came over me4 ,i resolved not to sleep under mine own roof1 where1 in the queen's name1 such ignominious treatment had been awarded me1' and went out of my house1 reciting those verses of the ,psalms1 ',o ,god1 save me in thy name1 and in thy strength judge me4 ,because strangers have risen up against me1 and the strong have sought my soul4' ,i came here almost unwittingly1 and not choosing to disturb any one in the midst of the night1 lay down in this place1 and1 ,i thank ,god1 soon fell asleep4 ,you did not see ,hubert8 ,i timidly inquired4 ,no1 he said1 neither before nor after my interview with ,lord ,burleigh4 ,i hope no one hath accused him of papistry1 and so this time he may escape4 ,and who did accuse you8 ,i asked4 ,i know not1 he answered2 we are never safe for one hour4 ,a discontented groom or covetous neighbor may ruin us when they list4 ,but are you not in danger of being called before the council8 ,i said4 ,yea1 more than in danger1 he answered4 ,but ,i should hope a heavy fine shall this time satisfy the judges2 which1 albeit we can ill afford it1 may yet be endured4 ,then ,i drew him into the house1 and we continued to converse till good ,lady ,tregony joined us4 ,when ,i briefly related to her what ,basil had told me1 the color rose in her pale1 aged cheek2 but she only clasped her hands and said1 ,god's holy will be done4 ,constance1 ,basil exclaimed1 whilst he was eating some breakfast we had set before him1 prithee get me paper and ink for to write to ,hubert4 ,i looked at him inquiringly as ,i gave him what he asked for4 ,i am banished from mine own house1 he said2 but as long as it is mine the queen should not lack anything ,i can supply for her comfort4 ,she is my guest1 albeit ,i am deemed unworthy to come into her presence2 ,i must needs charge ,hubert to act the host in my place1 and see to all hospitable duties4 ,my heart swelled at this speech4 ,methought1 though ,i dared not utter #fbj my thinking for more reasons than one1 that ,hubert had most like not waited for his brother's licence to assume the mastership of his house4 ,the messenger was despatched1 and then a long silence ensued1 ,basil walking to and fro before the house1 and ,i embroidering1 with mine eyes often raised from my work to look toward him4 ,when nine o'clock struck ,i joined him1 and we strolled outside the gate1 and without forecasting to do so walked along the well-known path leading to ,euston4 ,when we reached a turn of the road whence the house is to be seen1 we stopped and sat down on a bank under a sycamore tree4 ,we could discern from thence persons going in and out of the doors1 and the country-folk crowding about the windows for to catch a glimpse of the queen1 the guard ever and anon pushing them back with their halberds4 ,the numbers of them continually increased1 and deputations began to arrive with processions and flags4 ,it was passing strange for to be sitting there gazing as strangers on this turmoil1 and folks crowding about that house the master of which was banished from it4 ,at last we noticed an increased agitation amongst the people which seemed to presage the queen's coming out4 ,sounds of shouting proceeded from inside the building1 and then a number of men issued from the front door1 and pushing back the crowd advanced to the centre of the green plot in front and made a circle there with ropes4 ,what sport are they making ready for8 ,i said1 turning to ,basil4 ,god knoweth1 he answered in a despondent tone4 ,then came others carrying a great armed-chair1 which they placed on one side of the circle and other chairs beside it1 and some country people brought in their arms loads of fagots1 which they piled up in the midst of the green space4 ,a painful suspicion crossed my mind1 and ,i stole a glance at ,basil for to see if the same thought had come to him4 ,he was looking another way4 ,i cast about if it should be possible on some pretence to draw him off from that spot1 whence it misgave me a sorrowful sight should meet his eyes4 ,but at that moment both of us were aroused by loud cries of ,god save the queen6 ,long live ,queen ,elizabeth6 and we beheld her issue from the house bowing to the crowd1 which filled the air with their cries and vociferous cheering4 ,she seated herself in the armed-chair1 her ladies and the chief persons of her train on each side of her4 ,on the edge of this half-circle ,i discerned ,hubert4 ,the straining of mine eyes was very painful2 they seemed to burn in their sockets4 ,basil had been watching the forth-coming of the queen1 but his sight was not so quick as mine1 and as yet no fear such as ,i entertained had struck him4 ,what be they about8 he said to me with a good-natured smile4 ,before ,i could answer--,good ,god6 he exclaimed in an altered voice2 what sound is that8 for suddenly yells and hooting noises arose1 such as a mob do salute criminals with1 and a kind of procession issued from the front door4 ,what1 what is it8 cried ,basil1 seizing my hand with a convulsive grasp2 what do they carry8--not ,blessed ,mary's image8 ,yea1 ,i said1 ,i see ,topcliffe walking in front of them4 ,they will burn it4 ,there1 there--they do lift it in the air in mockery4 ,oh1 some people do avoid and turn away2 now they lay it down and light the fagots4 ,then ,i put my hand over his eyes for that he should not see a sort of dance which was performed around the fire1 mixed with yells and insulting gestures1 and the queen sitting and looking on4 ,he forced my hand away2 and when ,i said1 ,oh1 prithee1 ,basil1 stay not here--come with me1 he exclaimed4 ,let me go1 ,constance6 let me go6 ,shall ,i stand aloof when at mine own door the ,blessed ,mother of ,god is outraged8 ,am ,i a ,jew or a heretic that ,i should endure this sight and not smite this queen of earth1 which dareth #fba to insult the ,queen of ,saints8 ,yea1 if ,i should be torn to pieces1 ,i will not suffer them to proceed4 ,i clung to him affrighted1 and cried out1 ,basil1 you shall not go4 ,our ,blessed ,lady forbids it2 your passion doth blind you4 ,you will offend ,god and lose your soul if you do4 ,basil1 dearest ,basil1 'tis human anger1 not godly sorrow only1 moves you now4 ,then he cast himself down with his face on the ground and wept bitterly2 which did comfort me1 for his inflamed countenance had been terrible1 and these tears came as a relief4 ,meantime this disgusting scene ended1 and the queen withdrew2 after which the crowd slowly dispersed1 smouldering ashes alone remaining in the midst of the burnt-up grass4 ,then ,basil rose1 folded his arms1 and gazed on the scene in silence4 ,at last he said3 ,constance1 this house shall no longer be mine4 ,god knoweth ,i have loved it well since my infancy4 ,more dearly still since we forecasted together to serve ,god in it4 ,but this scene would never pass away from my mind4 ,this outrage hath stained the home of my fathers4 ,this people1 whose yells do yet ring in mine ears1 can no longer be to me neighbors as heretofore1 or this queen my queen4 ,god forgive me if ,i do m in this4 ,i do not curse her4 ,no1 ,god defend it6 ,i pray that on her sad deathbed--for surely a sad one it must be--she shall cry for mercy and obtain it2 but her subject ,i will not remain4 ,i will compound my estate for a sum of money1 and will go beyond seas1 where ,god is served in a ,catholic manner and his ,holy ,mother not dishonored4 ,wilt thou follow me there1 ,constance8 ,i leant my head on his shoulder1 weeping4 ,o1 ,basil1 ,i cried1 ,i can answer only in the words of ,ruth3 ',whithersoever thou shalt go1 ,i will go2 and where thou shalt dwell1 ,i also will dwell4 ,thy people shall be my people1 and thy ,god my ,god4' ,he drew my arm in his1 and we walked slowly away toward ,fakenham4 ,wishing to prepare his mind for a possible misfortune1 ,i said3 ,we be a thousand times happier than those which shall possess thy lands4 ,what say you8 he quickly answered2 who shall possess them8 ,god knoweth1 ,i replied1 afraid to speak further4 ,good heavens6 he exclaimed3 a dreadful thought cometh to me2 where was ,hubert this morning8 ,i remained silent4 ,speak1 speak6 ,o ,constance1 ,god defend he was there6 ,his grief and horror were so great ,i durst not reveal the truth1 but made some kind of evasive answer4 ,to this day methinks he is ignorant on that point4 ,the queen and the court departed from ,euston soon after two of the clock2 not before1 as ,i since heard1 the church furniture and books had been all destroyed1 and a malicious report set about that a piece of her majesty's plate was missing1 as an excuse for to misuse the poor servants which had showed grief at the destruction carried on before their eyes4 ,when notice of their departure reached ,banham ,hall1 whither we had returned1 ,basil immediately went back to ,euston4 ,i much lamented he should be alone that evening1 in the midst of so many sad sights and thoughts as his house now should afford him1 little forecasting the event which1 by a greater mishap1 surmounted minor subjects of grief4 ,about six of the clock1 ,sir ,francis ,walsingham1 attended by an esquire and two grooms1 arrived at ,lady ,tregony's seat1 and was received by her with the courtesy she was wont to observe with every one4 ,after some brief discoursing with her on indifferent matters1 he said his business was with young ,mistress ,sherwood1 and he desired to see her alone4 ,thereupon ,i was fetched to him1 and straightway he began to speak of the queen's good opinion of me1 and that her highness had been well contented #fbb with my behavior when ,i had been admitted into her presence at his house2 and that it should well please her majesty ,i should marry a faithful subject of her majesty's1 whom she had taken into her favor1 and then she would do us both good4 ,i looked in a doubtful manner at ,sir ,francis1 feigning to misapprehend his meaning1 albeit too clear did it appear to me4 ,seeing ,i did not speak1 he went on3 ,it is her majesty's gracious desire1 ,mistress ,sherwood1 that you should marry young ,rookwood1 her newly appointed servant1 and from this time possessor of ,euston ,house1 and all lands appertaining unto it1 which have devolved upon him in virtue of his brother's recusancy and his own recent conformity4 ,sir1 ,i answered1 my troth is plighted to his brother1 a good man and an honorable gentleman1 up to this time master of ,euston and its lands2 and whatever shall betide him or his possessions1 none but him shall be my husband1 if ten thousand queens as great as this one should proffer me another4 ,madam1 said ,sir ,francis1 be not too rash in your pledges4 ,i should be loth to think one so well trained in virtue and loyalty should persist in maintaining a troth-plight with a convicted recusant1 an exceeding malignant papist1 who is at this moment in the hands of the pursuivants1 and by order of her majesty's council committed to ,norwich gaol4 ,if he should 7which is doubtful7 escape such a sentence as should ordain him to a lasting imprisonment or perpetual banishment from this realm1 his poverty must needs constrain him to relinquish all pretensions to your hand3 for his brother1 a most learned1 well-disposed1 commendable young gentleman1 with such good parts as fit him to aspire to some high advancement in the state and at court1 having conformed some days ago to the established religion and given many proofs of his zeal and sincerity therein1 his brother's estates1 as is most just1 have devolved on him1 and a more worthy and1 ,i may add1 from long and constant devotion and fervent humble passion long since entertained for yourself1 more desirable candidate for your hand could not easily be found4 ,i looked fixedly at ,sir ,francis1 and then said1 subduing my voice as much as possible1 and restraining all gestures3 ,sir1 you have1 ,i ween1 a more deep knowledge of men's hearts and a more piercing insight into their thoughts than any other person in the world4 ,you are wiser than any other statesman1 and your wit and sagacity are spoken of all over ,christendom4 ,but methinketh1 sir1 there are two things which1 wise and learned as you are1 you are yet ignorant of1 and these are a woman's heart and a ,catholic's faith4 ,i would as soon wed the meanest clown which yelled this day at ,blessed ,mary's image1 as the future possessor of ,euston1 the apostate ,hubert ,rookwood4 ,now1 sir1 ,i pray you1 send for the pursuivants1 and let me be committed to gaol for the same crime as my betrothed husband1 ,god knoweth ,i will bless you for it4 ,madam1 ,sir ,francis coldly answered1 the law taketh no heed of persons out of their senses4 ,a frantic passion and an immoderate fanaticism have distracted your reason4 ,time and reflection will1 ,i doubt not1 recall you to better and more comfortable sentiments2 in which case ,i pray you to have recourse to my good offices1 which shall ever be at your service4 ,then bowing1 he left me2 and when he was gone1 and the tumult of my soul had subsided1 ,i lamented my vehemency1 for methought if ,i had been more cunning in my speech1 ,i could have done ,basil some good2 but now it was too late1 and verily1 if again exposed to the same temptation1 ,i doubt if ,i could have dissembled the indignant feelings which ,sir ,francis's advocacy of ,hubert's suit worked in me4 ,lady ,tregony1 pitying my unhappy plight1 proposed to travel with me to #fbc ,london1 where ,i was now desirous to return1 for there ,i thought some steps might be taken to procure ,basil's release1 with more hope of success than if ,i tarried in the scene of our late happiness4 ,she did me also the good to go with me in the first place to ,norwich1 where1 by means of that same governor to whom ,sir ,hammond l',estrange had once written in my father's behalf1 we obtained for to see ,basil for a few minutes4 ,his brother's apostasy1 and the painful suspicion that it was by his means the secret of ,owen's cell at ,euston had been betrayed1 gave him infinite concern2 but his own imprisonment and losses he bore with very great cheerfulness2 and we entertained ourselves with the thought of a small cottage beyond seas1 which henceforward became the theme of such imaginings as lovers must needs cherish to keep alive the flame of hope4 ,two days afterward ,i reached ,london1 having travelled very fast1 and only slept one night on the road4 ,it sometimes happens that certain misfortunes do overtake us which1 had we foreseen1 we should well-nigh have despaired1 and misdoubted with what strength we should meet them2 but ,god is very merciful1 and fitteth the back to the burthen4 ,if at the time that ,basil left me at four of the clock to return to ,euston1 without any doubt on our minds to meet the next day1 ,i should have known how long a parting was at hand1 methinks all courage would have failed me4 ,but hope worketh patience1 and patience in return breedeth hope1 and the while the soul is learning lessons of resignation1 which at first would have seemed too hard4 ,at the outset of this trouble1 ,i expected he should have soon been set at liberty on the payment of a fine2 but ,i had forgot he was now a poor man1 well-nigh beggared by the loss of his inheritance4 ,mr4 ,swithin ,wells1 one of the best friends he and myself had--for1 alas6 good ,mr4 ,roper had died during my absence--told me that1 when ,hubert heard of his brother's arrest1 he fell into a great anguish of mind1 and dealt earnestly with his new patrons to procure his release1 but with no effect4 ,then1 in a letter which he sent him1 he offered to remit unto him whatever moneys he desired out of his estates2 but ,basil steadfastly refused to receive from him so much as one penny1 and to this day has persisted in this resolve4 ,i have since seen the letter which he wrote to him on this occasion1 in which this resolution was expressed1 but in no angry or contumelious terms1 freely yielding him his entire forgiveness for his offence against him1 if indeed any did exist1 but such as was next to nothing in comparison of the offence toward ,god committed in the abandonment of his faith2 and with all earnestness beseeching him to think seriously upon his present state1 and to consider if the course he had taken1 contrary to the breeding and education he had received1 should tend to his true honor1 reputation1 contentment of mind1 and eternal salvation4 ,this he said he did plainly1 for the discharge of his own conscience1 and the declaration of an abiding love for him4 ,for the space of a year and two months he remained in prison at ,norwich1 ,mr4 ,wells and ,mr4 ,lacy furnishing him with assistance1 without which he should have lacked the necessaries of life2 leastways such conveniences as made his sufferings tolerable4 ,at the end of that time1 it may be by ,hubert's or some other friend's efforts1 a sentence of banishment was passed upon him1 and he went beyond seas4 ,i would fain have then joined him1 but it pleased not ,god it should be at that time possible4 ,some moneys which were owing to him by a well-disposed debtor he looked for to recover1 but till that happened he had not means for his own subsistence1 much less wherewith to support a wife in howsoever humble a fashion4 ,dr4 ,allen 7now cardinal7 invited him to ,rheims1 and received him there with open arms4 ,my father1 during the last years of his life1 found in him a most dutiful and affectionate son1 #fbd who closed his eyes with a true filial reverence4 ,our love waxed not for this long separation less ardent or less tender2 only more patient1 more exalted1 more inwardly binding1 now so much the more outwardly impeded4 ,the greatest excellency ,i found in myself was the power of apprehending and the virtue of loving his4 ,if his name appear not so frequently in this my writing as it hath hitherto done1 even as his visible presence was lacking in that portion of my life which followed his departure1 the thought of him never leaves me4 ,if ,i speak of virtue in any one else1 my mind turns to him1 the most perfect exemplar ,i have met with of self-forgetting goodness2 if of love1 my heart recalls the perfect exchange of affection which doth link his soul with mine2 if of joy1 the memory of that pure happiness ,i found in his society2 if of sorrow1 of the perpetual grief his absence did cause me2 if of hope1 the abiding anchor whereon ,i rested mine during the weary years of separation4 ,yea1 when ,i do write the words faith1 honor1 nobility1 firmness1 tenderness1 then ,i think ,i am writing my dear ,basil's name4 ,,chapter ,,xxiii4 ,the year which followed ,basil's arrest1 and during which he was in the prison at ,norwich1 ,i wholly spent in ,london2 not with any success touching the procuring of his release1 as ,i had expected1 but with a constant hope thereof which had its fulfilment later1 albeit not by any of the means ,i had looked to4 ,i shared the while with ,muriel the care of her now aged and very infirm parents1 taking her place at home when she went abroad on her charitable errands1 or employed by her in the like good works when my ability would serve4 ,a time cometh in most persons' lives1 when maturity doth supplant youthfulness4 ,i say most persons1 because ,i have noticed that there are some who never do seem to attain unto any maturity of mind1 and do live and die with the same childish spirit they had in youth4 ,to others this change1 albeit real1 is scarcely perceptible1 so gradual are its effects2 but some again1 either from a natural thoughtfulness1 or by the influence of circumstances tending to sober in them the exuberance of spirits which appertaineth to early age1 do wax mature in disposition before they grow old in years2 and this befel me at that time4 ,the eager temper1 the intent desire and pursuit of enjoyment 7of a good and innocent sort1 ,i thank ,god7 which had belonged to me till then1 did so much and visibly abate1 that it caused me some astonishment to see myself so changed4 ,joyful hours ,i have since known1 happy days wherein mine heart hath been raised in adoring thankfulness to the ,giver of all good2 but the color of my mind hath no more resembled that of former years1 than the hues of the evening sky can be likened to the roseate flush of early morning4 ,the joys have been tasted1 the happiness relished1 but not with the same keenness as heretofore4 ,mine own troubles1 the crowning one of ,basil's misfortune1 and what ,i continued then to witness in others of mine own faith1 wrought in me these effects4 ,the life of a ,catholic in ,england in these days must needs1 ,i think1 produce one of two frames of mind4 ,either he will harbor angry passions1 which religion reproves1 which change a natural indignation into an unchristian temper of hatred1 and lead him into plots and treasons2 or else he becomes detached from the world1 very quiet1 given to prayer1 ready to take at ,god's hands1 and as from him at men's also1 sufferings of all kinds2 and even those as yet removed from so great perfection learn to be still1 and to bethink themselves rather of the next world than of the present one1 more than even good people did in old tunes4 ,the only friends ,i haunted at that time were ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,swithin ,wells4 #fbe ,in the summer of that year ,i heard one day1 when in their company1 that ,father ,edmund ,campion was soon to arrive in ,london4 ,father ,parsons was then lodging at ,master ,george ,gilbert's house1 and much talk was ministered touching this other priest's landing1 and how he should be conducted thither in safety4 ,bryan ,lacy1 ,thomas ,james1 and many others1 took it by turns to watch at the landing-place where he was expected to disembark4 ,each evening ,mr4 ,wells's friends came for to hear news thereof4 ,one day1 when no tidings of it had yet transpired1 and the company was leaving1 ,mr4 ,james comes in1 and having shut the door1 and glanced round the room before speaking1 says1 with a smile1 ,what think you1 sirs and ladies8 ,master ,campion is arrived1 cries ,mistress ,wells4 ,god be praised6 cries her husband1 and all giving signs of joy do gather round ,mr4 ,james for to hear the manner of his landing4 ,well1 quoth he1 ,i had been pacing up and down the quay for well-nigh five hours1 when ,i discerned a boat1 which 7,god only knoweth wherefore7 ,i straightway apprehended to be the one should bring ,master ,campion4 ,and when it reached the landing-place1 beshrew me if ,i did not at once see a man dressed in some kind of a merchant suit1 which1 from the marks ,i had of his features from ,master ,parsons1 ,i made sure was the reverend father4 ,so when he steps out of the boat ,i stand close to him1 and in an audible voice1 ',good morrow1 ,edmund1' says ,i1 which he hearing1 turns round and looks me in the face4 ,we both smile and shake hands1 and ,i lead him at once to ,master ,gilbert's house4 ,oh1 ,i promise you1 it was with no small comfort to myself ,i brought that work to a safe ending4 ,but now1 sir1 he continued1 turning to ,mr4 ,wells1 what think you of this8 ,nothing will serve ,master ,campion but a place must be immediately hired1 and a spacious one also1 for him to begin at once to preach1 for he saith he is here but for that purpose1 and that he would not the pursuivants should catch him before he hath opened his lips in ,england2 albeit1 if ,god will grant him for the space of one year to exercise his ministry in this realm1 he is most content to lay down his life afterward4 ,and methinks he considers ,almighty ,god doth accept this bargain1 and is in haste for to begin4 ,hath ,master ,gilbert called his friends together for to consider of it8 asked ,mr4 ,wells4 ,yea1 answered ,mr4 ,james4 ,tomorrow1 at ten of the clock1 a meeting will be held1 not at his house1 for greater security1 but at ,master ,brown's shop in ,southwark1 for this purpose1 and he prayeth you to attend it1 sir1 and you1 and you1 and you1 he continued1 turning to ,bryan ,lacy1 ,william ,gresham1 ,godfrey ,fuljambe1 ,gervase ,pierpoint1 and ,philip and ,charles ,bassett1 which were all present4 ,the next day ,i heard from ,mrs4 ,wells that my ,lord ,paget1 at the instigation of his friends which met at ,mr4 ,brown's1 had hired1 in his own name1 ,noel ,house1 in the which one very large chamber should serve as a chapel1 and that on the feast of ,st4 ,peter and ,st4 ,paul1 which fell on the coming ,sunday1 ,father ,campion would say mass there1 and for the first time preach4 ,she said the chief ,catholics in ,london had combined for to send there1 in the night1 some vestments1 some ornaments for the altar1 books1 and all that should be needful for divine worship4 ,and the young noblemen and gentlemen which had been at her house the night before1 and many others also1 such as ,lord ,vaux1 ,william and ,richard ,griffith1 ,arthur ,cresswell1 ,charles ,tilvey1 ,stephen ,berkeley1 ,james ,hill1 ,thomas de ,salisbury1 ,thomas ,fitzherbert1 ,jerom ,bellamy1 ,thomas ,pound1 ,richard ,stanyhurst1 ,thomas ,abington1 and ,charles ,arundel 7this was one of the ,queen's pages1 but withal a zealous ,catholic71 had joined themselves in a #fbf company1 for to act1 some as sacristans of this secret chapel1 some as messengers1 to go round and give notice of the preachments1 and some as porters1 which would be a very weighty office1 for one unreliable person admitted into that oratory should be the ruin of all concerned4 ,muriel and ,i1 with ,mr4 ,wells1 went at an early hour on the ,sunday to ,noel ,house4 ,master ,philip ,bassett was at the door4 ,he smiled when he saw us1 and said he supposed he needed not to ask us for the password4 ,the chamber into which we went was so large1 and the altar so richly adorned1 that the like1 ,i ween1 had not been seen since the queen had changed the religion of the country4 ,mass was said by ,father ,campion1 and that noble company of devout gentlemen aforementioned almost all communicated thereat1 and many others beside1 an ladies not a few4 ,when mass was ended1 and ,father ,campion stood up for to begin his sermon1 so deep a silence reigned in that crowded assembly--for the chamber was more full than it could well hold--that a pin should have been heard to drop4 ,some thirsting for to hear ,catholic preaching1 so rare in these days1 some eager to listen to the words of a man famous for his learning and parts1 both before and after his conversion1 beyond any other in this country4 ,for mine own part1 methought his very countenance was a preachment4 ,when his eyes addressed themselves to heaven1 it seemed as if they did verily see ,god1 so piercing1 so awed1 so reverent was their gaze4 ,he took for his text the words1 ,thou art ,peter1 and on this rock ,i will build my church1 and the gates of hell shall not prevail against it4 ,my whole soul was fastened on his words2 and albeit ,i have had but scant occasion to compare one preacher with another1 ,i do not think it should be possible for a more pathetic and stirring eloquence to flow from human lips than his who that day gave ,god's message to a suffering and persecuted people4 ,i had not taken mine eyes off his pale and glowing face not for so much as one instant1 until1 near the close of his discourse1 ,i chanced to turn them to a place almost hidden by the curtain of an altar1 where some gentlemen were standing1 concealing themselves from sight4 ,alas6 in one instant the fervent glowing of my heart1 the staid1 rapt intentness with which ,i had listened1 the heavenward lifting up of my soul1 vanished as if a vision of death had risen before me4 ,i had seen ,hubert ,rookwood's face1 that face so like--oh1 what anguish was that likeness to me then6--to my ,basil's4 ,no one but me could perceive him1 he was so hid by the curtain2 but where ,i sat it opened a little1 and disclosed the stern1 melancholy1 beautiful visage of the apostate1 the betrayer of his own brother1 the author of our ruin1 the destroyer of our happiness4 ,i thank ,god that ,i first beheld him again in that holy place1 by the side of the altar whereon ,jesus had lately descended1 whilst the words of his servant were in mine ears1 speaking of love and patience4 ,it was not hatred1 ,god knoweth it1 ,i then felt for ,basil's brother1 but only terror for all present1 and for him also1 if peradventure he was there with an evil intent4 ,mine eyes were fixed as by a spell on his pale face1 the while ,father ,campion's closing words were uttered1 which spoke of ,st4 ,peter1 of his crime and of his penance1 of his bitter tears and his burning love4 ,if1 he cried1 there be one here present on whose soul doth lie the guilt of a like sin2 one peradventure yet more guilty than ,peter2 one like ,judas in his crime2 one like ,judas in his despair--to him ,i say1 ,there is mercy for thee2 there is hope for thee1 there is heaven for thee1 if thou wilt have it4 ,doom not thyself1 and ,god will never doom thee4 ,these or the like words 7for memory doth ill serve me to recall the fervent adjurations of that apostolical man7 he used2 and1 lo1 ,i beheld tears running down like rain from ,hubert's eyes--an unchecked1 #fbg vehement torrent which seemed to defy all restraint4 ,how ,i blessed those tears6 what a yearning pity seized me for him who did shed them6 ,how ,i longed to clasp his hand and to weep with him6 ,i lost sight of him when the sermon was finished2 but in the street1 when we departed--which was done slowly and by degrees1 for to avoid notice1 four or five only going out at a time--,i saw him on the other side of the pavement4 ,our eyes met2 he stopped in a hesitating manner1 and ,i also doubted what to do1 for ,i thought ,mistress ,wells and ,muriel would be averse to speak to him4 ,then he rapidly crossed over1 and said1 in a whisper3 ,will you see me1 ,constance1 if ,i come to you this evening8 ,i pondered2 ,i feared to quench1 it might be1 a good resolve1 or precipitate an evil one by a refusal2 and building hopes of the former on the tears ,i had seen him shed1 ,i said3 ,yea1 if you come as ,basil's brother and mine4 ,he turned and walked hastily away4 ,mistress ,wells and ,muriel asked me with some affright if it was ,hubert who had spoken to me1 for they had scarce seen his face1 although from his figure they had judged it was him2 and when ,i told them he had been at ,noel ,house1 ,then we are undone6 the one exclaimed2 and ,muriel said1 ,we must straightway apprise ,mr4 ,wells thereof2 but there should be hopes1 ,i think1 he came there in some good disposition4 ,i think so too1 ,i answered1 and told them of the emotion which ,i had noticed in him at the close of the sermon1 which comforted them not a little4 ,but he came not that evening2 and ,mr4 ,wells discovered the next day that it was ,thomas ,fitzherbert1 who had lately arrived in ,london1 and was not privy to his late conformity1 which had invited him to come to ,noel ,house4 ,father ,campion continued to preach once a day at the least1 often twice1 and sometimes thrice1 and very marvellous effects ensued4 ,each day greater crowds did seek admittance for to hear him1 and ,noel ,house was as openly frequented as if it had been a public church4 ,numbers of well-disposed ,protestants came for to hear him1 and it was bruited at the time that ,lord ,arundel had been amongst them4 ,he converted many of the best sort1 beside young gentlemen students1 and others of all conditions1 which by day1 and some by night1 sought to confer with him4 ,i went to the preachments as often as possible4 ,we could scarce credit our eyes and ears1 so singular did it appear that one should dare to preach1 and so many to listen to ,catholic doctrine1 and to seek to be reconciled in the midst of so great dangers1 and under the pressure of tyrannic laws4 ,every day some newcomer was to be seen at ,noel ,house1 sometimes their faces concealed under great hats1 sometimes stationed behind curtains or open doors for to escape observation4 ,after some weeks had thus passed1 when ,i ceased to expect ,hubert should come1 he one day asked to see me1 and having sent for ,kate1 who was then in the house1 ,i did receive him4 ,her presence appeared greatly to displease him1 but he began to speak to me in ,italian2 and first he complained of ,basil's pride1 which would not suffer him to receive any assistance from him who should be so willing to give it4 ,would you-- ,i said1 and was about to add some cutting speech1 but ,i resolved to restrain myself and by no indiscreet words to harden his soul against remorse1 or perhaps endanger others4 ,then1 after some other talking1 he told me in a cunning manner1 making his meaning clear1 but not couching it in direct terms1 that if ,i would conform to the ,protestant religion and marry him1 ,basil should be1 he could warrant it1 set at liberty1 and he would make over to him more than one-half of the income of his estates yearly1 which1 being done in secret1 the law could not then touch him4 ,i made no answer thereunto1 but fixing mine eyes on him1 said1 in ,english3 #fbh ,hubert1 what should be your opinion of the sermon on ,st4 ,peter and ,st4 ,paul's ,day8 ,he changed color4 ,was it not1 ,i said1 a moving one8 ,biting his lip1 he replied3 ,i deny not the preacher's talent4 ,o ,hubert1 ,i exclaimed1 fence not yourself with evasive answers4 ,i know you believe as a ,catholic4 ,the devils believe1 he answered4 ,hubert1 ,i then said1 with all the energy of my soul1 if you would not miserably perish--if you would not lose your soul--promise me this night to retrace your steps2 to seek ,father ,campion and be reconciled4 ,his lip quivered2 methought ,i could almost see his good angel on one side of him and a tempting fiend on the other4 ,but the last prevailed1 for with a bitter sneer he said3 ,yea1 willingly1 fair saint1 if you will marry me4 ,kate1 who till then had not much understood what had passed1 cried out1 ,fie1 ,hubert1 fie on thee to tempt her to abandon ,basil1 and he a prisoner4 ,madam1 he said1 turning to her1 recusants should not be so bold in their language4 ,the laws of the land are transgressed in a very daring manner now-a-days1 and those who obey them taunted for the performance of their duty to the queen and the country4 ,oh1 what a hard struggle it proved to be patient2 to repress the vehement reproaches which hovered on my lips4 ,kate looked at me affrighted4 ,i trembled from head to foot4 ,father ,campion's life and the fate of many others1 it might be1 were in the hands of this man1 this traitor1 this spy4 ,to upbraid him ,i dared not1 but wringing my hands1 exclaimed3 ,o ,hubert1 ,hubert6 for thy mother's sake1 who looks down on us from heaven1 listen to me4 ,there be no crimes which may not be forgiven2 but some there be which if one doth commit them he forgiveth not himself1 and is likely to perish miserably4 ,think you ,i know this not8 he fiercely cried2 think you not that ,i suffer even now the torment you speak of1 and envy the beggar in the street his stupid apathy8 ,he drew a paper from his bosom and unfolded it4 ,a terrible gleam shot through his eyes4 ,i could compel you to be my wife4 ,no1 ,i said1 looking him in the face1 neither man nor fiends can give you that power4 ,god alone can do it1 and he will not4 ,do you see this paper8 he asked4 ,here are the names of all the recusants who have been reconciled by the ,pope's champion4 ,i have but to speak the word1 and to-morrow they are lodged in the ,marshalsea or the ,tower1 and the priest first and foremost4 ,but you will not do it1 ,i said1 with a singular calmness4 ,no1 ,hubert2 as ,god ,almighty liveth1 you will not4 ,you cannot commit this crime1 this foul murther4 ,if it should come to that1 he fiercely cried1 if blood should be shed1 on your head it will fall4 ,you can save them if you list4 ,would you compel me by a bloody threat to utter a false vow8 ,i said4 ,o ,hubert1 ,hubert6 that you1 you should threaten to betray a priest1 to denounce ,catholics6 ,there was a day--have you forgot it8--when at the chapel at ,euston1 your father at your side1 you knelt1 an innocent child1 at the altar's rail1 and a priest came to you and said1 ',corpus ,domini nostri ,jesu ,christi custodiat animam tuam ad vitam aeternam4' ,if any one had then told you-- ,oh1 for ,god's sake speak not of it6 he wildly cried2 that way madness doth lie4 ,no1 no1 ,i cried2 not madness1 but hope and return4 ,a change came over his face2 he thrust the paper in my hand4 ,destroy it1 he cried2 destroy it1 ,constance6 ,and then bursting into tears1 ,god knoweth ,i never meant to do it4 ,o ,hubert1 you have been mad1 dear brother1 more mad than guilty4 ,pray1 and ,god will bless you4 ,call me not brother1 ,constance ,would to ,god ,i had been only mad6 ,but it is too late now to think on it4 #fbi ,nay1 nay1 ,i cried1 it never is too late4 ,pray for me then1 he said1 and went to the door3 but1 turning suddenly1 whispered in a scarce audible manner1 ,ask ,father ,campion to pray for me1 and then rushed out4 ,kate had now half-fainted1 and would have it we were all going to be killed4 ,i pacified and sent her home1 lest she should fright her parents with her rambling speeches4 ,albeit ,hubert's last words had seemed to be sincere1 ,i could not but call to mind how1 after he had been apparently cut to the heart and moved even to tears by ,father ,campion's preaching1 he had soon uttered threats which1 howsoever recalled1 left me in doubt if it should be safe to rely on his silence2 so ,i privately informed ,mr4 ,wells1 and he ,master ,george ,gilbert and ,father ,parsons1 of what had passed between us4 ,at the same time1 ,i have never known whether by ,hubert's means1 or in any other way1 her majesty's council got wind of the matter1 and gave out that great confederacies were made by the ,pope and foreign princes for the invasion of this country1 and that ,jesuits and seminary priests were sent to prepare their ways4 ,exquisite diligence was used for the apprehension of all such1 but more particularly the ,pope's champion1 as ,master ,campion was called4 ,so in the certainty that ,hubert was privy to the existence of the chapel at ,noel ,house1 and that many ,protestants were also acquainted with it1 and likewise with his lodging at ,master ,elliot's1 where not a few resorted to him in the night1 he was constrained by ,father ,parsons to leave ,london1 to the no small regret of ,catholics and others also which greatly admired his learning and eloquence1 the like of which was not to be found in any other person at that time4 ,none of those which had attended the preachments at ,noel ,house were accused1 nor the place wherein they had met disclosed1 which inclineth me to think ,hubert did not reveal to her majesty's government his knowledge thereof4 ,about two months afterward ,basil's release and banishment happened4 ,i would fain have seen him on his way to the coast2 but the order for his departure was so sudden and peremptory1 the queen's officers not losing sight of him until he was embarked on a vessel going to ,france1 that ,i was deprived of that happiness4 ,that he was no longer a prisoner ,i rejoiced2 but it seemed as if a second and more grievous separation had ensued1 now that the sea did divide me from the dear object of my love4 ,lady ,arundel1 whose affectionate heart resented with the most tender pity the abrupt interruption of our happiness1 had often written to me during this year to urge my coming to ,arundel ,castle2 for1 said she1 methinks1 my dear ,constance1 a third turtle-dove might now be added to the two on the ,queen of ,scotland's design2 and on thy tree1 sweet one1 the leaves are1 ,i warrant thee1 very green yet1 and future joys shall blossom on its wholesome branches1 which are pruned but not destroyed1 injured but not withered4 ,she spoke with no small contentment of her then residence1 that noble castle1 her husband's worthiest possession 7as she styled it71 and the grandest jewel of his earldom4 ,for albeit 7thus she wrote7 ,kenninghall is larger in the extent it doth cover and embrace1 and far more rich in its decorations and adornments1 ,i hold it not to be comparable in true dignity to this castle1 which1 for the strength of its walls1 the massive grandeur of its keep1 the vast forests which do encircle it1 the river which bathes its feet1 the sea in its vicinity and to be seen from its tower1 the stately trees about it1 and the clinging ivy which softens with abundant verdure the stern1 frowning walls1 hath not its like in all ,england4 ,but a letter ,i had from this dear lady a few months after this one contained the most joyful news ,i could receive1 as will be seen by those who read it3 ,my good ,constance 7her ladyship wrote71 ,i would ,i had you a prisoner in this fortress1 to hold and detain at #fcj my pleasure4 ,methinks ,i will present thee as a recusant1 and sue for the privilege of thy custody4 ,verily1 ,i should keep good watch over thee4 ,there be dungeons enough1 ,i warrant you1 in the keep1 wherein to imprison runaway friends4 ,master ,bayley doth take great pains to explain to me the names and old uses of the towers1 chapels1 and buildings within and without the castle1 which do testify to the zeal and piety of past generations3 the ,chapel of ,st4 ,martin1 in the keep1 which was the oratory of the garrison2 the old collegiate buildings of the ,college of the ,holy ,trinity2 the b ,maison-,dieu1 designed by ,richard1 ,earl of ,arundel1 and built by his son on the right bank of the river1 for the harboring of twenty aged and poor men1 either unmarried or widowers1 which1 from infirmity1 were unable to provide for their own support2 the ,priory of the ,friars ,preachers1 with the rising gardens behind it2 the ,chapel of ,blessed ,mary1 over the gate2 that of ,st4 ,james ad ,leprosos1 which was attached to the ,leper's ,hospital2 and ,st4 ,lawrence's1 which standeth on the hill above the tower2 and in the valley below1 the ,priory of ,st4 ,bartholomew1 built by ,queen ,adeliza for the monks of ,st4 ,austin4 ,verily the poor were well cared for when all these monasteries and hospitals did exist2 and it doth grieve me to think that the moneys which were designed by so many pious men of past ages for the good of religion should now be paid to my lord1 and spent in worldly and profane uses4 ,howsoever1 ,i have better hopes than heretofore that he will one day serve ,god in a ,christian manner4 ,and now1 methinks1 after much doubting if ,i should dare for to commit so weighty a secret unto paper1 that ,i must needs tell thee1 as this time ,i send my letter by a trusty messenger1 what1 if ,i judge rightly1 will prove so great a comfort to thee1 my dear ,constance1 that thine own griefs shall seem the lighter for it4 ,thou dost well know how long ,i have been well-affected to ,catholic religion1 increasing therein daily more and more1 but yet not wholly resolved to embrace and profess it4 ,but by reading a book treating of the danger of schism1 soon after my coming here1 ,i was so efficaciously moved1 that ,i made a firm purpose to become a member of the ,catholic and only true ,church of ,god4 ,i charged ,mr4 ,bayley to seek out a grave and ancient priest1 and to bring him here privately2 for ,i desired very much that my reconciliation1 and meeting with this priest to that intent1 should be kept as secret as was possible1 for the times are more troublesome than ever1 and ,i would fain have none to know of it until ,i can disclose it myself to my lord in a prudent manner4 ,i have1 as thou knoweth1 no ,catholic women about me1 nor any one whom ,i durst acquaint with this business2 so ,i was forced to go alone at an unseasonable hour from mine own lodging in the castle1 by certain dark ways and obscure passages1 to the chamber where this priest 7whose name1 for greater prudence1 ,i mention not here7 was lodged1 there to make my confession--it being thought1 both by ,mr4 ,bayley and myself1 that otherwise it could not possibly be done without discovery1 or at least great danger thereof4 ,oh1 mine own dear ,constance1 when ,i returned by the same way ,i had gone1 lightened of a burthen so many years endured1 cheered by the thought of a reconcilement so long desired1 strengthened and raised1 leasts ways for a while1 above all worldly fears1 darkness appeared light1 rough paths smooth2 the moon1 shining through the chinks of the secret passage1 which ,i thought had shed before a ghastly light on the uneven walls1 now seemed to yield a mild and pleasant brightness1 like unto that of ,god's grace in a heart at peace4 ,and this exceeding contentment and steadfastness of spirit have not--praise him for it--since left me2 albeit ,i have much cause for apprehension in more ways than one2 for what in these days is so secret it becometh not known8 ,but whatever now shall befal me--public dangers or private sorrows--my #fca feet do rest on a rock1 not on the shifting sands of human thinkings1 and ,i am not afraid of what man can do unto me4 ,yea1 ,philip's displeasure ,i can now endure1 which of all things in the world ,i have heretofore most apprehended4 ,the infinite contentment this letter gave me distracted me somewhat from the anxious thoughts that filled my mind at the time it reached me1 which was soon after ,hubert's visit4 ,a few days afterward ,lady ,arundel wrote again3 ,my lord has been here1 but stayed only a brief time4 ,i found him very affectionate in his behavior1 but his spirits so much depressed that ,i feared something had disordered him4 ,conversation seemed a burthen to him1 and he often shut himself up in his own chamber or walked into the park with only his dog4 ,when ,i spoke to him he would smile with much kindness1 uttering such words as 'sweet wife1' or 'dearest ,nan1' and then fall to musing again1 as if his mind had been too oppressed with thinking to allow of speech4 ,the day before he left ,i was sorting flowers at one end of the gallery in a place which the wall projecting doth partly conceal4 ,i saw him come from the hall up the stairs into it1 and walk to and fro in an agitated manner1 his countenance very much troubled1 and his gestures like unto those of a person in great perplexity of mind4 ,i did not dare so much as to stir from where ,i stood1 but watched him for a long space of time with incredible anxiety4 ,sometimes he stopped and raised his hand to his forehead4 ,another while he went to the window and looked intently1 now at the tower and the valley beyond it1 now up to the sky1 on which the last rays of the setting sun were throwing a deep red hue1 as if the world had been on fire4 ,then turning back1 he joined his hands together and anon sundered them again1 pacing up and down the while more rapidly than before1 as if an inward conflict urged this unwitting speed4 ,at last ,i saw him stand still1 lift up his hands and eyes to heaven1 and move his lips as if in prayer4 ,what passed in his mind then1 ,god only knowcth4 ,he is the most reluctant person in the world to disclose his thoughts4 ,when an hour afterward we met in the library his spirits seemed somewhat improved4 ,he spoke of his dear sister ,meg with much affection1 and asked me if ,i had heard from ,bess4 ,lord ,william1 he said1 was the best brother a man ever had2 and that it should like him well to spend his life in any corner of the world ,god should appoint for him1 so that he had to keep him company ,will and ,meg and his dear ,nan1 'which ,i have so long ill-treated1' he added1 'that as long as ,i live ,i shall not cease to repent of it2 and ,god he knoweth ,i deserve not so good a wife2' with many other like speeches which ,i wish he would not use1 for it grieveth me he should disquiet himself for what is past1 when his present kindness doth so amply recompense former neglect4 ,mine own ,constance1 ,i pray you keep your courage alive in your afflictions4 ,there be no lane so long but it hath a turning1 the proverb saith4 ,my sorrows seemed at one time without an issue4 ,now light breaketh through the yet darksome clouds which do environ us4 ,so will it be with thee4 ,burn this letter1 seeing it doth contain what may endanger the lives of more persons than one4--,thy loving1 faithful friend1 ,,ann1 ,,arundel ,,and ,,surrey4 ,a more agitated letter followed this one1 written at different times1 and detained for some days for lack of a safe messenger to convey it4 ,what ,i much fear1 so it began1 is the displeasure of my lord when he comes to know of my reconcilement1 for it cannot1 ,i think1 be long concealed from him4 ,this my fear1 dear ,constance1 hath been much increased by the coming down from ,london of one of his chaplains1 who affirms he was sent on purpose by the earl to read prayers and to preach to me and my family2 and on last #fcb ,sunday he came into the great chamber of the castle1 expecting and desiring to know my pleasure therein4 ,i thought best for to send for him to my chamber1 and ,i desired him not to trouble himself nor me in that matter1 for ,i would satisfy the earl therein4 ,but oh1 albeit ,i spoke very composedly1 my apprehensions are very great4 ,for see1 my dear friend1 ,philip hath been but lately reconciled to me1 and his fortunes are in a very desperate condition1 so that he may think ,i have given the last blow to them by this act1 which his enemies will surely brave at4 ,think not ,i do repent of it4 ,god knoweth ,i should as soon repent of my baptism as of my return to his true ,church2 but though the spirit is steadfast1 the flesh is weak1 and the heart also4 ,what will he say to me when he cometh8 ,he did once repulse me1 but hath never upbraided me4 ,how shall ,i bear new frowns after recent caresses8--peradventure an eternal parting after a late reunion8 ,o ,constance1 pray for me4 ,but ,i remember ,i have no means for to send this letter4 ,but ,god be praised1 ,i have now friends in heaven which ,i may adjure to pray for me who have at hand no earthly ones4 ,four or live days later1 her ladyship thus finished her letter3 ,god is very merciful2 oh1 let his holy name be praised and magnified for ever6 ,now the weight of a mountain is off my heart4 ,now ,i care not for what man may do unto me4 ,phil has been here1 and ,i promise thee1 dear ,constance1 when his horse stopped at the castle-door1 my heart almost stopped its beating1 so great was my apprehension of his anger4 ,but1 to my great joy and admiration1 he kissed me very tenderly1 and did not speak the least word of the chaplain's errand4 ,and when we did walk out in the evening1 and1 mounting to the top of the keep1 stood there looking on the fine trees and the sun sinking into the sea1 my dear lord1 who had been some time silent1 turned to me and said1 ',meg has become ,catholic4' ,joy and surprise almost robbed me of my breath2 for next to his reconcilement his sister's was what ,i most desired in the world1 and also ,i knew what a particular love he had ever shown for her1 as being his only sister1 by reason whereof he would not seem to be displeased with her change1 and consequently he could not in reason be much offended with myself for being what she was2 so when he said1 ',meg has become ,catholic1' ,i leant my face against his shoulder1 and whispered1 ',so hath ,nan4' ,he spoke not nor moved for some minutes4 ,methinks he could have heard the beatings of my heart4 ,i was comforted that1 albeit he uttered not so much as one word1 he made no motion for to withdraw himself from me1 whose head still rested against his bosom4 ,suddenly he threw his arms about me1 and strained me to his breast4 ,so tender an embrace ,i had never before had from him1 and ,i felt his tears falling on my head4 ,but speech there was none touching my change4 ,howsoever1 before he left me ,i said to him ',my dear ,phil1 ,holy ,scripture doth advise those who enter into the service of ,almighty ,god to prepare themselves for temptation4 ,as soon as ,i resolved to become ,catholic1 ,i did deeply imprint this in my mind2 for the times are such that ,i must expect to suffer for that cause4' ',yea1 dearest ,nan1' he answered1 with great kindness1 ',i doubt not thou hast taken the course which will save thy soul from the danger of shipwreck1 although it doth subject thy body to the peril of misfortune4' ,then waxing bolder1 ,i said1 ',and thou1 ,phil--' and there stopped short1 looking what ,i would speak4 ,he seemed to struggle for a while with some inward difficulty of speaking his mind1 but at last he began1 ',nan1 ,i will not become ,catholic before ,i can resolve to live as a ,catholic1 and ,i defer the former until ,i have an intent and resolute purpose to perform the latter4 ,o ,nan1 when ,i #fcc think of my vile usage of thee1 whom ,i should have so much loved and esteemed for thy virtue and discretion2 of my wholly neglecting1 in a manner1 my duty to the earl my grandfather1 and my aunt ,lady ,lumley2 of my wasting1 by profuse expenses1 of great sums of money in the following of the courts1 the estate which was left me1 and a good quantity of thine own lands also2 but far more than all1 my total forgetting of my duty to ,almighty ,god--for1 carried away with company1 youthful entertainments1 pleasures1 and delights1 my mind being wholly possessed with them1 ,i did scarce so much as think of ,god1 or of anything concerning religion or the salvation of my soul--,i do feel myself unworthy of pardon1 and utterly to be contemned4' ,so much goodness1 humility1 and virtuous intent was apparent in this speech1 and such comfortable hopes of future excellence1 that ,i could not forbear from exclaiming1 ',my dear ,phil1 ,i ween thou wilt be one of those who shall love ,god much1 forasmuch as he will have forgiven thee much4' ,and then ,i asked him how long it was since this change in his thinking1 albeit not yet acted upon1 had come to him8 ,he said1 it so happened that he was present1 the year before1 at a disputation held in the ,tower of ,london1 between ,mr4 ,sherwin and some other priests on the one part1 ,charles ,fulk1 ,whittakers1 and some other ,protestant ministers on the other2 and1 by what he heard and saw there1 he had perceived1 he thought1 on which side the truth and true religion was1 though at the time he neither did intend to embrace or follow it4 ,but1 he added1 what had moved him of late most powerfully thereunto was a sermon of ,father ,campion's1 which he had heard at ,noel ,house1 whither ,charles ,arundel had carried him1 some days before his last visit to me4 ',the whole of those days1' he said1 'my mind was so oppressed with remorse and doubt1 that ,i knew no peace1 until one evening1 by a special grace of ,god1 when ,i was walking alone in the gallery1 ,i firmly resolved--albeit ,i knew not how or when to accomplish this purpose--to become a member of his ,church1 and to frame my life according to it2 but ,i would not acquaint thee1 or any other person living1 with this intention1 until ,i had conferred thereof with my brother ,william4 ,thou knowest1 ,nan1 the very special love ,i bear him1 and which he hath ever shown to me4 ,well1 a few days after ,i returned to ,london1 ,i met him accidentally in the street1 he having come from ,cumberland touching some matter of ,bess's lands2 and taking him home with me1 ,i discovered to him my determination1 somewhat covertly at first2 and after ,i lent him a book to read1 which was written not long ago by ,dr4 ,allen1 and have dealt with him so efficaciously that he has also resolved to become ,catholic4 ,he is to meet me again next week1 for further conference touching the means of putting this intent into execution1 which verily ,i see not how to effect1 being so watched by servants and so-called friends1 which besiege my doors and haunt mine house in ,london on all occasions4' ,this difficulty1 dear ,constance1 ,i sought to remedy by acquainting my lord that his secretary1 ,mr4 ,mumford1 was ,catholic1 and he could1 therefore1 disclose his thought with safety to him4 ,and ,i also advised him to seek occasion to know ,mr4 ,wells and some other zealous persons1 which would confirm him in his present resolution and aid him in the execution thereof4 ,it may be1 therefore1 you will soon see him1 and fervently do ,i commend him to thy prayers and whatever service in the one thing needful should be in thy power to procure for him4 ,my heart is so transported with joy that ,i never remember the like emotions to have filled it4 ,my most hope for this present time at least had been he should show no dislike to my being ,catholic2 and lo1 ,i find him to be one in heart1 and soon to be so in effect2 #fcd and the great gap between us1 which so long hath been a yawing chasm of despair1 now filled up with a renewed love1 and yet more by a parity of thinking touching what it most behoveth us to be united in4 ,deo gratias6 ,here this portion of my lady's manuscript ended1 but these few hasty lines were written below1 visibly by a trembling hand1 and the whole closed1 ,i ween1 abruptly4 ,methinks it was left for me at ,mr4 ,wells's1 where ,i found it1 by ,mr4 ,mumford1 or some other ,catholic in the earl's household3 ,the inhabitants of ,arundel have presented me for a recusant1 and ,mr4 ,bayley has been committed and accused before the ,bishop of ,chichester as a seminary priest4 ,he hath1 of course1 easily cleared himself of this2 but because he will not take the oath of supremacy1 he is forced to quit the country4 ,he hath passed into ,flanders4 ,and then for many weeks ,i had no tidings of the dear writer1 until one day it was told us that when the queen had notice of her reconcilement she disliked of it to such a degree that presently she ordered her1 being then with child1 to be taken from her own house and carried to ,wiston1 ,sir ,thomas ,shirley's dwelling-place1 there to be kept prisoner till further orders4 ,alas6 all the time she remained there ,i received not so much as one line from her ladyship1 nor did her husband either1 as ,i afterward found4 ,so straitly was she confined and watched that none could serve or have access to her but the knight and his lady1 and such as were approved by them4 ,truly1 as she since told me1 they courteously used her2 but special care was taken that none that was suspected for a priest should come within sight of the house1 which was no small addition to her sufferings4 ,lady ,margaret ,sackville was at that time also thrown into prison4 ,,chapter ,,xxiv4 ,during the whole year of ,lady ,arundel's imprisonment1 neither her husband1 nor her sister1 nor her most close friends1 such as my poor unworthy self1 had tidings from her1 in the shape of any letter or even message1 so sharply was she watched and hindered from communicating with any one4 ,only ,sir ,thomas ,shirley wrote to the earl her husband to inform him of his lady's safe delivery1 and the birth of a daughter1 which1 much against her will1 was baptized according to the ,protestant manner4 ,my ,lord ,arundel1 mindful of her words in the last interview he had with her before her arrest1 began to haunt ,mr4 ,wells's house in a private way1 and there ,i did often meet with him1 who being resolved1 ,i ween1 to follow his lady's example in all things1 began to honor me with so much of his confidence that ,i had occasion to discern how true had been ,sir ,henry ,jerningham's forecasting1 that this young nobleman1 when once turned to the ways of virtue and piety1 should prove himself by so much the more eminent in goodness as he had heretofore been distinguished for his reckless conduct4 ,one day that he came to ,holborn1 none others being present but ,mr4 and ,mrs4 ,wells and myself1 he told us that he and his brother ,lord ,william1 having determined to become ,catholics1 and apprehending great danger in declaring themselves as such within the kingdom1 had resolved secretly to leave the land1 to pass into ,flanders1 and there to remain till more quiet times4 ,what steps1 ,mr4 ,wells asked1 hath your lordship disposed for to effect this departure8 ,in all my present doings1 quoth the earl1 the mind of my dear wife doth seem to guide me4 ,the last time ,i was with her she informed me that my secretary1 ,john ,mumford1 is a ,catholic1 and ,i have since greatly benefited by this knowledge4 ,he is gone to ,hull1 in ,yorkshire1 for to take #fce order for our passage to ,flanders1 and ,i do wait tidings from him before ,i leave ,london4 ,then1 turning to me1 he inquired in a very earnest manner if my thinking agreed with his1 that his sweet lady should be contented he should forsake the realm1 for the sake of the religious interests which moved him thereunto1 joined with the hope that when he should be abroad and his lands confiscated1 which he doubted not would follow1 she would be presently set at liberty1 and with her little wench join him in ,flanders4 ,i assented thereunto1 and made a promise to him that as soon as her ladyship should be released ,i would hasten to her1 and feast her ears with the many assurances of tender affection he had uttered in her regard1 and aid her departure2 which did also ,mr4 ,wells4 ,then1 drawing me aside1 he spoke for some time1 with tears in his eyes1 of his own good wife1 as he called her4 ,mistress ,sherwood1 he said1 ,i do trust in ,god that she shall find me henceforward as good a husband1 to my poor ability1 by his grace1 as she has found me bad heretofore4 ,no sin grieves me anything so much as my offences against her4 ,what is past is a nail in my conscience4 ,my will is to make satisfaction2 but though ,i should live never so long1 ,i can never do so further than by a good desire to do it1 which1 while ,i have any spark of breath1 shall never be wanting4 ,and many words like these1 which he uttered in so heartfelt a manner that ,i could scarce refrain from weeping at the hearing of them4 ,and so we parted that day2 he with a confident hope soon to leave the realm2 ,i with some misgivings thereon1 which were soon justified by the event4 ,for a few days afterward ,mr4 ,lacy brought us tidings he had met ,mr4 ,mumford in the street1 who had told him--when he expressed surprise at his return--that before he could reach ,hull he had been apprehended and carried before the ,earl of ,huntingdon1 president of ,york1 and examined by him1 without any evil result at that time1 having no papers or auspicious things about him2 but being now watched1 he ventured not to proceed to the coast1 but straightway came to ,london1 greatly fearing ,lord ,arundel should have left it4 ,he hath not done so8 ,i anxiously inquired4 ,nay1 answered ,mr4 ,lacy1 so far from it1 that ,i pray you to guess how the noble earl--much against his will1 ,i ween--is presently employed4 ,he is not in prison8 ,i cried4 ,god defend it6 he replied4 ,no2 he is preparing for to receive the queen at ,arundel ,house2 upon notice given him that her majesty doth intend on ,thursday next to come hither for her recreation4 ,alack6 ,i cried1 her visits to such as be of his way of thinking bode no good to them4 ,she visited him and his wife at the ,charterhouse at the time when his father was doomed to death1 and now when she is a prisoner her highness doth come to ,arundel ,house4 ,when she set her foot in ,euston1 the whole fabric of my happiness fell to the ground4 ,heaven shield the like doth not happen in this instance2 but ,i do greatly apprehend the issue of this sudden honor conferred on him4 ,on the day fixed for the great and sumptuous banquet which was prepared for the queen at ,arundel ,house1 ,i went thither1 having been invited by ,mrs4 ,fawcett to spend the day with her on this occasion1 which minded me of the time when ,i went with my cousins and mine own good ,mistress ,ward for to see her majesty's entertainment at the ,charterhouse1 wherein had been sowed the seeds of a bitter harvest1 since reaped by his sweet lady and himself4 ,then pageants had charms in mine eyes2 now1 none--but rather the contrary4 ,howsoever1 ,i was glad to be near at hand on that day1 so as to hear such reports as reached us from time to time of her majesty's behavior to the earl4 ,from all ,i could find1 she seemed very well #fcf contented2 and ,mr4 ,mumford1 with whom ,i was acquainted1 came to ,mrs4 ,fawcett's chamber1 hearing ,i was there1 and reported that her highness had given his lordship many thanks for her entertainment1 and showed herself exceeding merry all the time she was at table1 asking him many questions1 and relating anecdotes which she had learnt from ,sir ,fulke ,greville1 whom the maids-of-honor were wont to say brought her all the tales she heard2 at which ,mrs4 ,fawcett said that gentleman had once declared that he was like ,robin ,goodfellow2 for that when the dairy-maids upset the milk-pans1 or made a romping and racket1 they laid it all on ,robin1 and so1 whatever gossip-tales the queen's ladies told her1 they laid it all upon him1 if he was ever so innocent of it4 ,sir1 ,i said to ,mr4 ,mumford1 think you her majesty hath said aught to my lord touching his lady or his lately-born little daughter8 ,once1 he answered1 when she told of the noble trick she hath played ,sir ,john ,spencer touching his grandson1 whom he would not see because his daughter did decamp from his house in a baker's basket for to marry ,sir ,henry ,compton1 and her majesty invited him to be her gossip at the christening of a fair boy to whom she did intend to stand godmother1 for that he was the first-born child of a young couple who had married for love and lived happily2 and so the old knight said1 as he had no heir1 he should adopt this boy1 for he had disinherited his daughter4 ,so then1 at the font1 the queen names him ,spencer1 and when she leaves the church1 straightway reveals to ,sir ,john that his godson is his grandson1 and deals so cunningly with him that a reconciliation doth ensue4 ,well1 when she related this event1 my lord said in a low voice1 ',oh madame1 would it might please your majesty for to place another child1 now at its mother's breast1 a first-born one also1 in its father's arms6 and as by your gracious dealing your highness wrought a reconciliation between a father and a daughter1 so likewise now to reunite a parted husband from a wife which hath too long languished under your royal displeasure4' ,what answered her grace8 ,i asked4 ,a few words1 the sense of which ,i could not catch1 ,mr4 ,mumford answered2 being placed so as to hear my lord's speaking more conveniently than her replies4 ,he said again1 ',the displeasure of a prince is a heavy burden to bear4' ,and then1 methinks1 some other talk was ministered of a lighter sort4 ,but be of good heart4 ,mistress ,sherwood2 ,i cannot but think our dear lady shall soon be set at liberty4 ,mr4 ,mumford's words were justified in a few days2 for1 to my unspeakable joy1 ,i heard ,lady ,arundel had been released by order of the queen1 and had returned to ,arundel ,castle4 ,it was her lord himself who brought me the good tidings1 and said he should travel thither in three days1 when his absence from court should be less noted1 as then her majesty would be at ,richmond4 ,he showed me a letter he had received from his lady1 the first she had been able to write to him for a whole year4 ,she did therein express her contentment1 greater1 she said1 than her pen could describe1 at the sight of the gray ivied walls1 the noble keep1 her own chamber and its familiar furniture1 and mostly at the thought of his soon coming2 and that little ,bess had so much sense already1 that when she heard his name1 nothing would serve her but to be carried to the window1 whence1 methinks1 the sweet lady said1 she doth see me always looking toward the entrance-gate1 through which all my joy will speedily come to me4 ,when1 for to cheat myself and her1 ,i cry1 ',hark to my lord's horse crossing the bridge1' she coos1 so much as to say she is glad also1 and stretcheth her arms out1 the pretty fool1 as if to welcome her unseen father1 who1 methinks1 #fcg when he doth come1 will be no stranger to her1 so often doth she kiss the picture which hangeth about her mother's neck4 ,but1 alas6 before the queen went to ,richmond1 she sent a command that my ,lord ,arundel should not go anywhither out of his house 7so ,mr4 ,mumford informed me71 but remain there a prisoner2 and my ,lord ,hunsdon1 who had been in former times his father's page1 and now was his great enemy1 was given commission to examine him about his religion1 and also touching ,dr4 ,allen and the ,queen of ,scots4 ,now was all the joy of ,lady ,arundel's release at an end4 ,now the sweet cooings of her babe moved her to bitter tears4 ,in vain1 she wrote to me then1 do we now look for him to come6 in vain listen for the sound of his horse's tread1 or watch the gateway which shall not open to admit him6 ,i sigh for to be once more a prisoner1 and he1 my sweet life1 at liberty4 ,alas6 what kind of a destiny does this prove1 if one is free only when the other is shut up1 and the word 'parting' is written on each page of our lives8 ,about a month afterward1 ,mr4 ,mumford was sent for by ,sir ,christopher ,hatton1 who asked him divers dangerous questions concerning the earl1 the countess1 and ,lord ,william ,howard1 and also himself--such as1 if he was a priest or no2 which indeed ,i did not wonder at1 so staid and reverend was his appearance4 ,but he answered he never knew or ever heard any harm of these honorable persons1 and that he himself was not a priest1 nor worthy of so great a dignity4 ,he hath since told me that on the third day of his examination the queen1 the ,earl of ,leicester1 and divers others of the council came into the house for to understand what he had confessed4 ,sir ,christopher told them what answers he had made2 but they1 not resting satisfied therewith1 caused him1 after many threats of racking and other tortures1 to be sent prisoner to the ,gate-house1 where he was kept for some months so close that none might speak or come to him4 ,but by the steadfastness of his answers he at last so cleared himself1 and declared the innocency of the earl1 and his wife and brother1 that they were set at liberty4 ,soon after her lord's release1 ,i received this brief letter from ,lady ,arundel3 ,,mine ,,own ,,good ,,constance1--,i have seen my lord1 who came here the day after he was set free4 ,he very earnestly desires to put into execution his reconciliation to the ,church now that his troubles are a little overpast4 ,i have bethought myself that1 since ,father ,campion hath left ,london1 diligence might be used for to procure him a meeting with ,father ,edmonds1 whom ,i have heard commended for a very virtuous and religious priest1 much esteemed both in this and other countries4 ,prithee1 ask ,mr4 ,wells if in his thinking this should be possible1 and let my lord know of the means and opportunities thereunto4 ,i shall never be so much indebted1 nor he either1 to any one in this world1 my dear ,constance1 as to thee and thy good friends1 if this interview shall be brought to pass1 and the desired effect ensue4 ,my ,bess doth begin to walk alone1 and hath learned to make the sign of the cross2 but ,i warrant thee ,i am sometimes frightened that ,i did teach her to bless herself1 until such time as she can understand not to display her piety so openly as she now doeth4 ,for when many lords and gentlemen were here last week for to consider the course her majesty's progress should take through ,kent and ,sussex1 and she1 sitting on my knee1 was noticed by some of them for her pretty ways1 the clock did strike twelve2 upon which1 what doth she do but straightway makes the sign of the cross before ,i could catch her little hand8 ,lord ,cobham frowned1 and my ,lord ,burleigh shook his head2 but the ,bishop of ,chichester stroked #fch her head1 and said1 with a smile1 ',honi soit qui mal y pense2' for which ,i pray ,god to bless him4 ,oh1 but what fears we do daily live in6 ,i would sometimes we were beyond seas4 ,but if my lord is once reconciled1 methinks ,i can endure all that may befal us4 ,thy true and loving friend1 ,,ann1 ,,arundel ,,and ,,surrey4 ,i straightway repaired to ,mr4 ,wells1 and found him to be privy to ,father ,edmonds's abode4 ,at my request1 he acquainted ,lord ,arundel with this secret1 who speedily availed himself thereof1 and after a few visits to this good man's garret1 wherein he was concealed1 was by him reconciled1 as ,i soon learnt by a letter from his lady4 ,she wrote in such perfect contentment and joy thereunto1 that nothing could exceed it4 ,she said her dear lord had received so much comfort in his soul as he had never felt before in all his life1 and such directions from ,father ,edmonds for the amending and ordering of it as did greatly help and further him therein4 ,ever after that time1 from mine own hearing and observation1 his lady's letters1 and the report of such as haunted him1 ,i learnt that he lived in such a manner that he seemed to be changed into another man1 having great care and vigilance over all his actions1 and addicting himself much to piety and devotion4 ,he procured to have a priest ever with him in his own house1 by whom he might frequently receive the holy sacrament1 and daily have the comfort to be present at the holy sacrifice1 whereto1 with great humility and reverence1 he himself in person many times would serve4 ,his visits to his wife were1 during the next years1 as frequent as he could make them and as his duties at the court and the queen's emergencies would allow of2 who1 albeit she looked not on him with favor as heretofore1 did nevertheless exact an unremitting attendance on his part on all public occasions1 and jealously noted every absence he made from ,london4 ,each interview between this now loving husband and wife was a brief space of perfect contentment to both1 and a respite from the many cares and troubles which did continually increase upon him2 for the great change in his manner of life had bred suspicion in the minds of some courtiers and potent men1 who therefore began to think him what he was indeed1 but of which no proof could be alleged4 ,during the year which followed these haps mine aunt died1 and ,mr4 ,congleton sold his house in ,ely ,place1 and took a small one in ,gray's ,inn ,lane1 near to ,mr4 ,wells's and ,mr4 ,lacy's4 ,it had no garden1 nor the many conveniences the other did afford2 but neither ,muriel nor myself did lament the change1 for the vicinity of these good friends did supply the place of other advantages2 and it also liked me more1 whilst ,basil lived in poverty abroad1 to inhabit a less sumptuous abode than heretofore1 and dispense with accustomed luxuries4 ,of ,hubert ,i could hear but scanty tidings at that time--only that he had either lost or resigned his place at court8 ,mr4 ,hodgson was told by one who had been his servant that he had been reconciled2 others said he did lead a very disordered life1 and haunted bad persons4 ,the truth or falsity of these statements ,i could not then discern2 but methinks1 from what ,i have since learnt1 both might be partly true2 for he became subject to fits of gloom1 and so discomfortable a remorse as almost unsettled his reason2 and then1 at other times1 plunged into worldly excesses for to drown thoughts of the past4 ,he was frightened1 ,i ween1 or leastways distrustful of the society of good men1 but consorted with ,catholics of somewhat desperate character and fortunes1 and such as dealt in plots and treasonable schemes4 ,father ,campion's arrest for a very different cause--albeit his enemies did seek to attach to him the name traitor--occurred this year at ,mrs4 ,yates's house in ,worcestershire1 and #fci consternated the hearts of all recusants2 but when he came to ,london1 and speech was had of him by many amongst them which gained access to him in prison1 and reported to others his great courage and joyfulness in the midst of suffering1 then1 methinks1 a contagious spirit spread amongst ,catholics1 and conversions followed which changed despondency into rejoicing4 ,but ,i will not here set down the manner of his trial1 nor the wonderful marks of patience and constancy which he showed under torments and rackings1 nor his interview with her majesty at my lord ,leicester's house1 nor the heroic patience of his death2 for others with better knowledge thereof1 and pens more able for to do it1 have written this martyr's life and glorious end4 ,but ,i will rather relate such events as took place1 as it were1 under mine own eye1 and which are not1 ,i ween1 so extensively known4 ,and first1 ,i will speak of a conversation ,i held at that time with a person then a stranger1 and therefore of no great significancy when it occurred1 but which later did assume a sudden importance1 when it became linked with succeeding events4 ,one day that ,i was visiting at ,lady ,ingoldsby's1 where ,polly and her husband had come for to spend a few weeks1 and much company was going in and out1 the faces and names of which were new to me1 some gentlemen came there whose dress attracted notice from the ,french fashion thereof4 ,one of them was a young man of very comely appearance and pleasant manners1 albeit critical persons might have judged somewhat of' the bravado belonged to his attitudes and speeches1 but withal tempered with so much gentleness and courtesy1 that no sooner had the eye and mind taken note of the defect than the judgment was repented of4 ,what in one of less attractive face and behavior should have displeased1 in this youth did not offend4 ,it was my hap to sit beside him at supper1 which lasted a long time2 and as his behavior was very polite1 ,i freely conversed with him1 and found him to be ,english1 though from long residence abroad his tongue had acquired a foreign trick4 ,when ,i told him ,i had thought he was a ,frenchman1 he laughed1 and said if the ,french did ever try to land in ,england1 they should find him to be a very ,englishman for to fight against them2 but in the matter of dinners and beds1 and the liking of a dear sunny sky over above a dim cloudy one1 he did confess himself to be so much of a traitor as to prefer ,france to ,england1 and he could not abide the smoke of coal fires which are used in this country4 ,and what say you1 sir1 ,i answered1 to the new form of smoke which ,sir ,walter ,raleigh hath introduced since his return from the late discovered land of ,virginia8 ,he said he had learnt the use of it in ,france1 and must needs confess he found it to be very pleasant4 ,monsieur ,nicot had brought some seeds of tobacco into ,france1 and so much liking did her majesty ,queen ,catharine conceive for this practice of smoking1 that the new plant went by the name of the queen's herb4 ,it is not gentlemen alone who do use a pipe in ,france1 he said1 but ladies also4 ,what doth the fair sex in ,england think on it8 ,i have heard1 ,i answered1 that her majesty herself did try for to smoke1 but presently gave it up1 for that it made her sick4 ,her highness is also reported to have lost a wager concerning that same smoking of tobacco4 ,what did her grace bet8 the gentleman asked4 ,why1 she was one day1 ,i replied1 inquiring very exactly of the various virtues of this herb1 and ,sir ,walter did assure her that no one understood them better than himself1 for he was so well acquainted with all its qualities1 that he could even tell her majesty the weight of the smoke of every pipeful he consumed4 ,her highness upon this said1 ',monsieur #fdj ,traveller1 you do go too far in putting on me the license which is allowed to such as return from foreign parts2' and she laid a wager of many pieces of gold he should not be able to prove his words4 ,so he weighed in her presence the tobacco before he put it into his pipe1 and the ashes after he had consumed it1 and convinced her majesty that the deficiency did proceed from the evaporation thereof4 ,so then she paid the bet1 and merrily told him 'that she knew of many persons who had turned their gold into smoke1 but he was the first who had turned smoke into gold4' ,the young gentleman being amused at this story1 ,i likewise told him of ,sir ,walter's hap when he first returned to ,england1 and was staying in a friend's house3 how a servant coming into his chamber with a tankard of ale and nutmeg toast1 and seeing him for the first time with a lighted pipe in his mouth puffing forth clouds of smoke1 flung the ale in his face for to extinguish the internal conflagration1 and then running down the stairs alarmed the family with dismal cries that the good knight was on fire1 and would be burnt into ashes before they could come to his aid4 ,my unknown companion laughed1 and said he had once on his travels been taken for a sorcerer1 so readily doth ignorance imagine wonders4 ,near unto ,metz1 in ,france1 quoth he1 ,i fell among thieves4 ,my money ,i had quilted within my doublet1 which they took from me1 howsoever leaving me the rest of my apparel1 wherein ,i do acknowledge their courtesy1 since thieves give all they take not2 but twenty-five ,french crowns1 for the worst event1 ,i had lapped in cloth1 and whereupon did wind divers-colored threads1 wherein ,i sticked needles1 as if ,i had been so good a husband as to mend mine own clothes4 ,messieurs the thieves were not so frugal to take my ball to mend their hose1 but did tread it under their feet4 ,i picked it up with some spark of joy1 and ,i and my guide 7he very sad1 because he despaired of my ability to pay him his hire7 went forward to ,chalons1 where he brought me to a poor ale-house1 and when ,i expostulated1 he replied that stately inns were not for men who had never a penny in their purses2 but ,i told him that ,i looked for comfort in that case more from gentlemen than clowns2 whereupon he1 sighing1 obeyed me1 and with a dejected and fearful countenance brought me to the chief inn1 where he ceased not to bewail my misery as if it had been the burning of ,troy2 till the host1 despairing of my ability to pay him1 began to look disdainfully on me4 ,the next morning1 when1 he being to return home1 ,i paid him his hire1 which he neither asked nor expected1 and likewise mine host for lodgings and supper1 he began to talk like one mad for joy1 and professed ,i could not have had one penny except ,i were an alchemist or had a familiar spirit4 ,i thanked the young gentleman for this entertaining anecdote1 and asked him if ,france was not a very disquieted country1 and nothing in it but wars and fighting4 ,yea1 he answered2 but men fight there so merrily1 that it appears more a pastime than aught else4 ,not always so1 howsoever4 ,when ,frenchman meets ,frenchman in the fair fields of ,provence1 and those of the ,league and those of the ,religion--,god confound the first and bless the last6--engage in battle1 such encounters ensue as have not their match for fierceness in the world4 ,by my troth1 the sight of dead bodies doth not ordinarily move me2 but the valley of ,allemagne on the day of the great ,huguenot victory was a sight the like of which ,i would not choose to look on again1 an ,i could help it4 ,were you1 then1 present at that combat1 sir8 ,i asked4 ,yea1 he replied2 ,i was at that time with ,lesdiguires1 the ,protestant general1 whom ,i had known at ,la ,rochelle1 and beshrew me if a more valiant soldier doth live1 or a worthier #fda soul in a stalwart frame4 ,i was standing by his side when ,tourves the butcher came for to urge him1 with his three hundred men1 to ride over the field and slay the wounded papists4 ',no1 sir1' quoth the general1 ',i fight men1 but hunt them not down4' ,the dead were heaped many feet thick on the plain1 and the horses of the ,huguenots waded to their haunches in blood4 ,those of the ,religion were mad at the death of the ,baron of ,allemagne1 the general of their southern churches1 brave castellane1 who1 when the fight was done1 took off his helmet for to cool his burning forehead2 and lo1 a shot sent him straight into eternity4 ,the ,catholics were then wholly routed8 ,i asked4 ,yea1 he answered2 mowed down like grass in the hay-harvest4 ,de ,vins1 however1 escaped4 ,he thought to have had a cheap victory over those of the ,religion2 but the saints in heaven1 to whom he trusted1 never told him that ,lesdiguires on the one side and d',allemagne on the other were hastening to the rescue1 nor that his ,italian horsemen should fail him in his need4 ,so1 albeit the papists fought like devils1 as they are1 his pride got a fall1 which well-nigh killed him4 ,he was riding frantically back into the fray for to get himself slain1 when ,st4 ,cannat seized his bridle1 and called him a coward1 so ,i have heard1 to dare for to die when his scattered troops had need of him2 and so carried him off the field4 ,d',oraison1 ,janson1 ,pontmez1 hotly pursued them1 but in vain2 and all the ,protestant leaders1 except ,lesdiguires1 returned that night to the castle of ,allemagne for to bury the baron4 ,a sort of shiver passed through the young gentleman's frame as he uttered these last words4 ,a sad burial you then witnessed8 ,i said4 ,i pray ,god1 he answered1 never to witness another such4 ,what was the horror of it8 ,i asked4 ,would you hear it8 he inquired4 ,yea1 ,i said1 most willingly2 for methinks ,i see what you describe4 ,then he3 ,if it be so1 peradventure you may not thank me for this describing2 for ,i warrant you it was a fearful sight4 ,i had lost mine horse1 and so was forced to spend the night at the castle4 ,when it grew dark ,i followed the officers1 which1 with a great store of the men1 also descended into the vault1 which was garnished all round with white and warlike sculptured forms on tombstones1 most grim in their aspect2 and amidst those stone imager1 grim and motionless1 the soldiers ranged themselves1 still covered with blood and dust1 and leaning on their halberds4 ,in the midst was the uncovered coffin of the baron1 his livid visage exposed to view--menacing even in death4 ,torches threw a fitful1 red-colored light over the scene4 ,a minister which accompanied the army stood and preached at the coffin's head1 and when he had ended his sermon1 sang in a loud voice1 in ,french verse1 the psalm which doth begin1 ',du fond de ma pense1 ,du fond de tous enuuis1 ,a tol s'est adress ,ma clamear jour et nult4' ,when this singing began two soldiers led up to the tomb a man with bound hands and ghastly pale face1 and1 when the verse ended1 shot him through the head4 ,the corpse fell upon the ground1 and the singing began anew4 ,twelve times this did happen1 till my head waxed giddy and ,i became faint4 ,i was led out of that vault with the horrible singing pursuing me1 as if ,i should never cease to hear it4 ,oh1 'tis fearful1 ,i exclaimed1 that men can do such deeds1 and the while have ,god's name on their lips4 ,the massacre of ,st4 ,bartholomew1 he answered1 hath driven those of the ,religion mad against the papists4 ,but1 sir1 ,i asked1 is it not true that six thousand ,catholics in ,languedoc had been murthered in cold blood1 #fdb and a store of them in other places1 before that massacre8 ,may ,i be so1 he answered in a careless tone4 ,the shedding of blood1 except in a battle or lawful duel1 ,i abhor2 but verily ,i do hate papists with as great a hate as any ,huguenot in ,france1 and most of all those in this country--a set of knavish traitors1 which would dethrone the queen and sell the realm to the ,spaniards4 ,i could not but sigh at these words1 for in this young man's countenance a quality of goodness did appear which made me grieve that he should utter these unkind words touching ,catholics4 ,but ,i dared not for to utter my thinking or disprove his accusations1 for1 being ignorant of his name1 ,i had a reasonable fear of being ensnared into some talk which should show me to be a papist1 and he should prove to be a spy4 ,but patience failed me when1 after speaking of the clear light of the gospel which ,england enjoyed1 and to lament that in ,ireland none are found of the natives to have cast off the ,roman religion1 he said3 ,i ween this doth not proceed from their constancy in religion1 but rather from the lenity of ,protestants1 which think that the conscience must not be forced1 and seek rather to touch and persuade than to oblige by fire and sword1 like those of the south1 who persecute their own subjects differing from them in religion4 ,sir1 ,i exclaimed1 this is a strange thing indeed1 that ,protestants do lay a claim to so great mildness in their dealings with recusants1 and yet such strenuous laws against such are framed that they do live in fear of their lives1 and are daily fined and tormented for their profession4 ,how so8 he said1 quickly4 ,no papist hath been burnt in this country4 ,no1 sir1 ,i answered2 but a store of them have been hanged and cut to pieces whilst yet alive4 ,nay1 nay1 he cried1 not for their religion1 but for their many treason4 ,sir1 ,i answered1 their religion is made treason by unjust laws1 and then punished with the penalties of treason2 and they die for no other cause than their faith1 by the same token that each of those which have perished on the scaffold had his life offered to him if so he would torn ,protestant4 ,in the heat of this argument ,i had forgot prudence2 and some unkindly ears and eyes were attending to my speech1 which this young stranger perceiving1 he changed the subject of discourse--,i ween with a charitable intent--and merrily exclaimed1 ,now ,i have this day transgressed a wise resolve4 ,what resolve8 ,i said1 glad also to retreat from dangerous subjects4 ',this1 he answered3 that after my return ,i would sparingly1 and not without entreaty1 relate my journeys and observations4 ,then1 sir1 ,i replied1 methinks you have contrariwise observed it1 for your observations have been short and pithy1 and withal uttered at mine entreaty4 ,nothing1 he said1 ,i so much fear as to resemble men--and many such ,i have myself known--who have scarce seen the lions of the ,tower and the bears of ,parish ,garden1 but they must engross all a table in talking of their adventures1 as if they had passed the ,pillars of ,hercules4 ,nothing could be asked which they could not resolve of their own knowledge4 ,find you1 sir1 ,i said1 much variety in the manners of ,french people and those you see in this country8 ,he smiled1 and answered1 ,we must not be too nice observers of men and manners1 and too easily praise foreign customs and despise our own --not so much that we may not offend others1 as that we may not be ourselves offended by others4 ,i will yield you an example4 ,a ,frenchman1 being a curious observer of ceremonious compliments1 when he hath saluted one1 and began to entertain him with speech1 if he chance to espy another #fdc man1 with whom he hath very great business1 yet will he not leave the first man without a solemn excuse4 ,but an ,englishman discoursing with any man--,i mean in a house or chamber of presence1 not merely in the street--if he spy another man with whom he hath occasion to speak1 will suddenly1 without any excuse1 turn from the first man and go and converse with the other1 and with like negligence will leave and take new men for discourse2 which a ,frenchman would take in ill part1 as an argument of disrespect4 ,this fashion1 and many other like niceties and curiosities in use in one country1 we must forget when we do pass into another4 ,for lack of this prudence ,i have seen men on their return home tied to these foreign manners themselves1 and finding that others observe not the like toward them1 take everything for an injury1 as if they were disrespected1 and so are often enraged4 ,what think you of the dress our ladies do wear8 ,i inquired of this young traveller4 ,he smiled1 and answered3 ,i like our young gentlewomen's gowns1 and their aprons of fine linen1 and their little hats of beaver2 but why have they left wearing the ,french sleeves1 borne out with hoops of whalebone1 and the ,french hood of velvet1 set with a border of gold buttons and pearls8 ,methinks ,english ladies are too fond of jewels and diamond rings4 ,they scorn plain gold rings1 ,i find1 and chains of gold4 ,yea1 ,i said1 ladies of rank wear only rich chains of pearl1 and all their jewels must needs be oriental and precious4 ,if any one doth choose to use a simple chain or a plain-set brooch1 she is marked for wearing old-fashioned gear4 ,this remindeth me1 he said1 of a pleasant fable1 that ,jupiter sent a shower1 wherein whosoever was wet became a fool1 and that all the people were wet in this shower1 excepting one philosopher1 who kept his study2 but in the evening coming forth into the market-place1 and finding that all the people marked him as a fool1 who was only wise1 he was forced to pray for another shower1 that he might become a fool1 and so live quietly among fools rather than bear the envy of his wisdom4 ,with this pleasant story our conversation ended1 for supper was over1 and the young gentleman soon went away4 ,i asked of many persons who he should be1 but none could tell me4 ,polly1 the next day1 said he was a youth lately returned from ,france 7which was only what ,i knew before71 and that ,sir ,nicholas ,throckmorton had written a letter to ,lady ,ingoldsby concerning him1 but his name she had forgot4 ,o what strange haps1 more strange than any in books1 do at times form the thread of a true history6 what presentiments in some cases1 what ignorance in others1 beset us touching coming events6 ,the next pages will show the ground of these reflections4 ,,chapter ,,xxv4 ,one day that ,mrs4 ,wells was somewhat disordered1 and keeping her room1 and ,i was sitting with her1 her husband came to fetch me into the parlor to an old acquaintance1 he said1 who was very desirous for to see me4 ,who is it8 ,i asked2 but he would not tell me1 only smiled2 my foolish thinking supposed for one instant that it might be ,basil he spoke of1 but the first glance showed me a slight figure and pale countenance1 very different to his whom my witless hopes had expected for to see1 albeit without the least shadow of reason4 ,i stood looking at this stranger in a hesitating manner1 who perceiving ,i did not know him1 held out his hand1 and said1 ,has ,mistress ,constance forgotten her old playfellow8 ,edmund ,genings6 ,i exclaimed1 suddenly guessing it to be him4 #fdd ,yea1 he said1 your old friend ,edmund4 ,mr4 ,ironmonger is this reverend gentleman's name now-a-days1 ,mr4 ,wells said2 and then we all three sat down1 and by degrees in ,edmund's present face ,i discerned the one ,i remembered in former years4 ,the same kind and reflective aspect1 the pallid hue1 the upward-raised eye1 now with less of searching in its gaze1 but more1 ,i ween1 of yearning for an unearthly home4 ,o dear and reverend sir1 ,i said1 strange it doth seem indeed thus to address you1 but ,god knoweth ,i thank him for the honor he hath done my old playmate in the calling of him unto his service in these perilous times4 ,yea1 he answered1 with emotion1 ,i do owe him much1 which life itself should not be sufficient to repay4 ,my good father1 ,i said1 some time before his death gave me a token in a letter that you were in ,england4 ,where have you been all this time8 ,tell us the manner of your landing1 quoth ,mr4 ,wells2 for this is the great ordeal which1 once overpassed1 lets you into the vineyard1 for to work for one hour only sometimes1 or else to bear many years the noontide heat and nipping frosts which laborers like unto yourself have to endure4 ,well1 said ,edmund1 ten months ago we took shipping at ,honfleur1 and1 wind and weather being propitious1 sailed along the coast of ,england1 meaning to have landed in ,essex2 but for our sakes the master of the bark lingered1 when we came in sight of land1 until two hours within night1 and being come near unto ,scarborough1 what should happen but that a boat with pirates or rovers in it comes out to surprise us1 and shoots at us divers times with muskets6 ,but we came by no harm2 for the wind being then contrary1 the master turned his ship and sailed back into the main sea1 where in very foul weather we remained three days1 and verily ,i thought to have then died of sea-sickness2 which ailment should teach a man humility1 if anything in this world can do it1 stripping him as it does of all boastfulness of his own courage and strength1 so that he would cry mercy if any should offer only to move him4 ,ah6 cried ,mr4 ,wells1 laughing1 ,topcliffe should bethink himself of this new torment for papists1 for to leave a man in this plight until he acknowledged the queen's supremacy should be an artful device of the devil4 ,at last1 quoth ,mr4 ,genings1 we landed1 with great peril to our lives1 on the side of a high cliff near ,whitby1 in ,yorkshire1 and reached that town in the evening4 ,going into an inn to refresh ourselves1 which ,i promise you we sorely needed1 who should we meet with there but one ,radcliff8 ,ah6 a noted pursuivant1 cried ,mr4 ,wells1 albeit not so topping a one as his chief4 ,ah6 ,i cried1 good ,mr4 ,wells1 that is but a poor pun1 ,i promise you4 ,a better one you must frame before night1 or you will lose your reputation4 ,the queen's last effort hath more merit in it than yours1 who1 when she was angry with her envoy to ,spain1 said1 ',if her royal brother had sent her a goose-man1 ,footnote #id she had sent him in return a man-goose4' ,footnote #id3 ,guzman4 ,mr4 ,genings smiled1 and said3 ,well1 this same ,radcliff took an exact survey of us all1 questioned us about our arrival in that place1 whence we came1 and whither we were going4 ,we told him we were driven thither by the tempest1 and at last1 by evasive answers1 satisfied him4 ,then we all went to the house of a ,catholic gentleman in the neighborhood1 which was within two or three miles of ,whitby1 and by him were directed some to one place1 some to another1 according to our own desires4 ,mr4 ,plasden and ,i kept together2 but1 for fear of suspicion1 we determined at last to separate also1 and singly to commit ourselves to the protection of ,god and his good angels4 ,soon after we had thus #fde resolved1 we came to two fair beaten was1 the one leading north-east1 the other south-east1 and even then and there1 it being in the night1 we stopped and both fell down on our knees and made a short prayer together that ,god of his infinite mercy would vouchsafe to direct us1 and send us both a peaceable passage into the thickest of his vineyard4 ,here ,mr4 ,genings paused1 a little moved by the remembrance of that parting1 but in a few minutes exclaimed3 ,i have not seen that dear friend since1 rising from our knees1 we embraced each other with tears trickling down our cheeks2 but the words he said to me then ,i shall never1 methinks1 forget4 ',seeing1' quoth1 he1 'we must now part through fear of our enemies1 and for greater security1 farewell1 sweet brother in ,christ and most loving companion4 ,god grant that1 as we have been friends in one college and companions in one wearisome and dangerous journey1 so we may have one merry meeting once again in this world1 to our great comfort1 if it shall please him1 even amongst our greatest adversaries2 and that as we undertake1 for his love and holy name's sake1 this course of life together1 so he will of his infinite goodness and clemency make us partakers of one hope1 one sentence1 one death1 and one reward4 ,and also as we began1 so may we end together in ,christ ,jesus4' ,so he2 and then not being able to speak one word more for grief and tears1 we departed in mutual silence2 he directing his journey to ,london1 where he was born1 and ,i northward4 ,then you have not been into ,staffordshire8 ,i said4 ,yea1 he answered1 later ,i went to ,lichfield1 in order to try if ,i should peradventure find there any of mine old friends and kinsfolks4 ,and did you succeed therein8 ,i inquired4 ,the only friends ,i found1 he answered1 with a melancholy smile1 were the gray cloisters1 the old cathedral walls1 the trees of the close2 the only familiar voices which did greet me were the chimes of the tower1 the cawing of the rooks over mine head as ,i sat in the shade of the tall elms near unto the wall where our garden once stood4 ,oh1 doth that house and that garden no more exist8 ,i cried4 ,no1 it hath been pulled down1 and the lawn thereof thrown into the close4 ,then1 ,i said1 the poor bees and butterflies must needs fare badly4 ,the bold rooks1 ,i ween1 are too exalted to suffer from these changes4 ,of ,sherwood ,hall did you hear aught1 ,mr4 ,genings8 ,mr4 ,ironmonger1 ,mr4 ,wells said1 correcting me4 ,alas6 ,edmund replied1 ,i dared not so much as to approach unto it1 albeit ,i passed along the high road not very far from the gate thereof4 ,but the present inhabitants are famed for their hatred unto recusants1 and like to deal rigorously with any which should come in their way4 ,i sighed1 and then asked him how long he had been in ,london4 ,about one month1 he replied4 ,as ,i have told you4 ,mistress ,constance1 all my kinsfolk that ,i wot of are now dead1 except my young brother ,john1 whom ,i doubt not you yet do bear in mind--that fair1 winsome1 mischievous urchin1 who was carried to ,la ,rochelle about one year before your sweet mother died4 ,yea1 ,i said1 ,i can see him yet gallopping on a stick round the parlor at ,lichfield4 ',tis to look for him1 ,edmund said1 ,i am come to ,london4 ,albeit ,i fear much inquiry on my part touching this youth should breed suspicion1 ,i cannot refrain1 brotherly love soliciting me thereunto1 from seeking him whom report saith careth but little for his soul1 and who hath no other relative in the world than myself4 ,i have warrant for to suppose he should be in ,london2 but these four weeks1 #fdf with useless diligence1 ,i have made search for him1 leaving no place unsought where ,i could suspect him to abide2 and as ,i see no hopes of success1 ,i am resolved to leave the city for a season4 ,then ,mr4 ,wells proposed to carry ,edmund to ,kate's house1 where some friends were awaiting him2 and for some days ,i saw him not again4 ,but on the next ,sunday evening he came to our house1 and ,i noticed a paleness in him ,i had not before perceived4 ,i asked him if anything had disordered him4 ,nothing1 he answered2 only methinks my old shaking malady doth again threaten me2 for this morning1 walking forth of mine inn to visit a friend on the other side of the city1 and passing by ,st4 ,paul's church1 when ,i was on the east side thereof1 ,i felt suddenly a strange sensation in my body1 so much that my face glowed1 and it seemed to me as if mine hair stood on end2 all my joints trembled1 and my whole body was bathed in a cold sweat4 ,i feared some evil was threatening me1 or danger of being taken up1 and ,i looked back to see if ,i could perceive any one to be pursuing me2 but ,i saw nobody near1 only a youth in a brown-colored cloak2 and so1 concluding that some affection of my head or liver had seized me1 ,i thought no more on it1 but went forward to my intended place to say mass4 ,a strange thinking came into mine head at that moment1 and ,i doubted if ,i should impart to him my sudden fancy4 ,mr4 ,edmund1 ,i said1 unable to refrain myself1 suppose that youth in the brown cloak should have been your brother6 ,he started1 but shaking of his head said3 ,nay1 nay1 why should it have been him rather than a thousand others ,i do see every day8 ,might not that strange effect in yourself betoken the presence of a kinsman8 ,tut1 tut1 ,mistress ,constance1 he cried1 half kindly1 half reprovingly2 this should be a wild fancy lacking ground in reason4 ,thus checked1 ,i held my peace1 but could not wholly discard this thought4 ,not long after--on the very morning before ,mr4 ,genings proposed to depart out of town--,i chanced to be walking homeward with him and some others from a house whither we had gone to hear his mass4 ,as we were returning along ,ludgate ,hill1 what should he feel but the same sensations he had done before1 and which were indeed visible in him1 for his limbs trembled and his face turned as white as ashes6 ,you are sick1 ,i said1 for ,i was walking alongside of him4 ,only affected as that other day1 he answered1 leaning against a post for to recover himself4 ,i had hastily looked back1 and1 lo and behold ,i a youth in a brown cloak was walking some paces behind us4 ,i whispered in ,mr4 ,genings's ear3 ,look1 ,edmund2 is this the youth you saw before8 ,o my good ,lord6 he cried1 turning yet more pale1 this is strange indeed6 ,after all1 it may be my brother4 ,go on1 he said quickly2 ,i must get speech with him alone to discover if it should be so4 ,we all walked on1 and he tarried behind4 ,looking back1 ,i saw him accost the stranger in the brown cloak4 ,and in the afternoon he came to tell us that this was verily ,john ,genings1 as ,i had with so little show of reason guessed4 ,what passed between you8 ,i asked4 ,he said3 ,i courteously saluted the young man1 and inquired what countryman he was2 and hearing that he was a ,staffordshireman1 ,i began to conceive hopes it should be my brother2 so ,i civilly demanded his name4 ,methought ,i should have betrayed myself at once when he answered ,genings2 but as quietly as ,i could1 ,i told him ,i was #fdg his kinsman1 and was called ,ironmonger1 and asked him what had become of his brother ,edmund4 ,he then1 not suspecting aught1 told me he had heard that he was gone to ,rome to the ,pope1 and was become a notable papist and a traitor both to ,god and his country1 and that if he did return he should infallibly be hanged4 ,i smiled1 and told him ,i knew his brother1 and that he was an honest man1 and loved both the queen and his country1 and ,god above all4 ',but tell me1' ,i added1 'good cousin ,john1 should you not know him if you saw him8' ,he then looked hard at me1 and led the way into a tavern not far off1 and when we were seated at a table1 with no one nigh enough to overhear us1 he said3 ',i greatly fear ,i have a brother that is a priest1 and that you are the man1' and then began to swear that if it was so1 ,i should discredit myself and all my friends1 and protested that in this he would never follow me2 albeit in other matters he might respect me4 ,i promise you that whilst these harsh words passed his lips ,i longed to throw my arms round his neck4 ,i saw my mother's face in his1 and his once childish loveliness only changed into manly beauty4 ,his young years and mine rose before me1 and ,i could have wept over this new-found brother as ,joseph over his dear ,benjamin4 ,i could no longer conceal myself1 but told him truly ,i was his brother indeed1 and for his love had taken great pains to seek him1 and begged of him to keep secret the knowledge of my arrival2 to which he answered3 ',he would not for the world disclose my return1 but that he desired me to come no more unto him1 for that he feared greatly the danger of the law1 and to incur the penalty of the statute for concealing of it4' ,i saw this was no place or time convenient to talk of religion2 but we had much conversation about divers things1 by which ,i perceived him to be far from any good affection toward ,catholic religion1 and persistent in ,protestantism1 without any hope of a present recovery4 ,therefore ,i declared unto him my intended departure out of town1 and took my leave1 assuring him that within a month or little more ,i should return and see him again1 and confer with him more at large touching some necessary affairs which concerned him very much4 ,i inquired of him where a letter should find him4 ,he showed some reluctance for to give me any address1 but at last said if one was left for him at ,lady ,ingoldsby's1 in ,queen street1 ,holborn1 he should be like to get it4 ,after ,mr4 ,genings had left1 ,i considered of this direction his brother had given him1 which showed him to be acquainted with ,polly's mother-in-law1 and then remembering the young gentleman ,i had met at her house1 ,i suspected him to be no other than ,john ,genings4 ,and called back to mind all his speeches for to compare them with this suspicion1 wherein they did all tally2 and some days afterward1 when ,i was walking on the ,mall with ,sir ,ralph and ,polly1 who should accost them but this youth1 which they presently introduced to me1 and ,polly added1 she believed we had played at hide-and-seek together when we were young4 ,he looked somewhat surprised1 and as if casting about for to call to mind old recollections2 then spoke of our meeting at ,lady ,ingoldsby's2 and she cried out1 ,oh1 then1 you do know one another8 ,by sight1 ,i said1 not by name4 ,some other company joining us1 he came alongside of me1 and began for to pay me compliments in the ,french manner4 ,mr4 ,john ,genings1 ,i said1 do you remember ,lichfield and the close1 and a little2 girl1 ,constance ,sherwood1 who used to play with you1 before you went to ,la ,rochelle8 ,like in a dream1 he answered1 his comely face lighting up with a smile4 ,but your brother1 ,i said1 was my chiefest companion then2 for at that age we do always aspire to the notice of such as be older than #fdh condescend to such as be younger than ourselves4 ,when ,i named his brother a cloud darkened his face1 and he abruptly turned away4 ,he talked to ,polly and some other ladies in a gay1 jesting manner1 but ,i could see that ever and anon he glanced toward me1 as if to scan my features1 and1 ,i ween1 compare them with what memory depicted2 but he kept aloof from me1 as if fearing ,i should speak again of one he would fain forget4 ,on the #gth of ,november1 ,edmund returned to ,london1 and came in the evening to ,kate's house4 ,he had been laboring in the country1 exhorting1 instructing1 and exercising his priestly functions amongst ,catholics with all diligence4 ,it so happened that his friend1 ,mr4 ,plasden1 a very virtuous priest1 which had landed with him at ,whitby1 and parted with him soon afterward1 was there also2 and several other persons likewise which did usually meet at ,mr4 ,wells's house2 but1 owing to that gentleman's absence1 who had gone into the country for some business1 and his wife's indisposition1 had agreed for to spend the evening at ,mr4 ,lacy's4 ,before the company there assembled parted1 the two priests treated with him where they should say mass the following day1 which was the ,octave of ,all ,saints4 ,they agreed to say their matins together1 and1 by ,bryan's advice1 to celebrate it at the house of ,mr4 ,wells1 notwithstanding his absence2 for that ,mistress ,wells1 who could not conveniently go abroad1 would be exceeding glad for to hear mass in her own lodging4 ,i told ,edmund of my meeting with his brother on the ,mall1 and the long talk ministered between us some weeks ago1 when neither did know the other's name4 ,methought in his countenance and conversation that night there appeared an unwonted consolation1 a sober joy1 which filled me almost with awe4 ,when he wished me good-night1 he added1 ,i pray you1 my dear child1 to lift up your soul to heaven ere yon sleep and when you wake1 and recommend to heaven our good purpose1 and then come and attend at the holy sacrifice with the crowd of angels and saints which do always assist thereat4 ,when the light faintly dawned in the dull sky1 ,muriel and ,i stole from our beds1 quietly dressed ourselves1 and slipping out unseen1 repaired as fast as we could1 for the ground was wet and slippery1 to ,mr4 ,wells's house4 ,we found assembled in one room ,mr4 ,genings1 ,mr4 ,plasden1 another priest1 ,mr4 ,white1 ,mr4 ,lacy1 ,mistress ,wells1 ,sydney ,hodgson1 ,mr4 ,mason1 and many others4 ,edmund ,genings proceeded to say mass4 ,there was so great a stillness in the room a pin should have been heard to drop4 ,albeit he said the prayers in a very low voice1 each word was audible4 ,mine ears1 which are very quick were stretched to the utmost4 ,each sound in the street caused me an inward flutter4 ,methought1 when he was reading the gospel ,i discerned a sound as of the hall-door opening1 and of steps4 ,then nothing more for a little while2 but just at the moment of the consecration there was a loud rush up the stairs1 and the door of the chamber burst open4 ,the gentlemen present rose from their knees4 ,mistress ,wells and ,i contrariwise sunk on the ground4 ,i dared not for to look1 or move1 or breathe1 but kept inwardly calling on ,god1 then present1 for to save us4 ,i heard the words behind me3 ,topcliffe6 keep him back6 ,hurl him down the stairs6 and then a sound of scuffling1 falling1 and rolling1 followed by a moment's silence4 ,the while the mass went forward1 ever and anon noises rose without2 but the gentlemen held the door shut by main force all the time4 ,they kept the foe at bay1 these brave men1 each word uttered at the altar resounding1 ,i ween1 in their breasts4 ,o my ,god1 what a store of suffering was heaped into a brief space of time6 ,what a viaticum was that communion then received by thy doomed priest6 #fdi ,domine1 non sum dignus1 he thrice said1 and then his ,lord rested in his soul4 ,deo gratias ,none could now profane the sacred mysteries2 none could snatch his ,lord from him4 ,ite missa est4 ,the mass was said1 the hour come1 death at hand4 ,all resistance then ceased4 ,i saw ,topcliffe hastening in with a broken head1 and threatening to raise the whole street4 ,mr4 ,plasden told him that1 now the mass was ended1 we would all yield ourselves prisoners1 which we did2 upon which he took ,mr4 ,genings as he was1 in his vestments1 and all of us1 men and women1 in coaches he called for1 to ,newgate4 ,muriel and ,i kept close together1 and1 with ,mistress ,wells1 were thrust into one cell4 ,methinks we should all have borne with courage this misfortune but for the thinking of those without--,muriel of her aged and infirm father2 ,mistress ,wells of her husband's return that day to his sacked house1 robbed of all its church furniture1 books1 and her the partner of his whole life4 ,and ,i thought of ,basil1 and what he should feel if he knew of me in this fearful ,newgate1 near to so many thieves and wicked persons2 and a trembling came over me lest ,i should be parted from my companions4 ,i had much to do to recall the courageous spirit ,i had heretofore nurtured in foreseeing such a hap as this4 ,if ,i had had to die at once1 ,i think ,i should have been more brave2 but terrible forebodings of examinations--perchance tortures1 long solitary hours in a loathsome place--caused me inward shudderings2 and albeit ,i said with my lips over and over again1 ,thy will be done1 my ,god1 ,i passionately prayed this chalice might pass from me which often before in my presumption--,i cry mercy for it--,i had almost desired to drink4 ,oh1 often have ,i thought since of what is said in ,david's ,psalms1 ,it is good for me that thou hast humbled me4 ,from my young years a hot glowing feeling had inflamed my breast at the mention of suffering for conscience' sake1 and the words to die had been very familiar ones to my lips2 rather to die1 gladly to die1 proudly to die2 alas1 how often had ,i uttered them6 ,o my ,god1 when the foul smells1 the faint light of that dreadful place1 struck on my senses1 ,i waxed very weak4 ,the coarse looks of the jailers1 the disgusting food set before us1 the filthy pallets1 awoke in me a loathing ,i could not repress4 ,and then a fear also1 which the sense of my former presumption did awaken4 ,let he that thinketh he standeth take heed lest he fall1 kept running in mine head4 ,i had said1 like ,st4 ,peter1 that ,i was ready for to go to prison and to death2 and now1 peradventure1 ,i should betray my ,lord if too great pain overtook me4 ,muriel saw me wringing mine hands2 and1 sitting down by my side on the rude mattress1 she tried for to comfort me4 ,then1 in that hour of bitter anguish1 ,i learnt that creature's full worth4 ,who should have thought1 who did not then hear her1 what stores of superhuman strength1 of heavenly knowledge1 of divine comfort1 should have flowed from her lips8 ,then ,i perceived the value of a wholly detached heart1 surrendered to ,god alone4 ,young as she was1 her soul was as calm in this trial as that of the aged resigned woman which shared it with us4 ,mine was tempest-tossed for a while4 ,i could but lie mine head on ,muriel's knee and murmur1 ,basil1 ,o ,basil6 or else1 ,if1 after all1 ,i should prove an apostate1 which hath so despised others for it6 ',tis good to fear1 she whispered1 but withal to trust4 ,is it not written1 mine own ,constance1 ',my strength is sufficient for thee8' and who saith this but the ,author of all strength--he on whom the whole world doth rest8 ,he permitteth this fear in thee for humility's sake1 which lesson thou hast need to learn4 ,when that of courage is needed1 be not affrighted2 he will give it thee4 ,he bestoweth not graces before they be needed4 #fej ,then she minded me of little ,st4 ,agnes1 and related passages of her life2 but mostly spoke of the cross and the passion of ,christ1 in such piercing and moving tones1 as if visibly beholding the scene on ,calvary1 that the storm seemed to subside in my breast as she went on4 ,pray1 she gently said1 that1 if it be ,god's will1 the extremity of human suffering should fall on thee1 so that thy love for him should increase4 ,pray that no human joy may visit thee again1 so that heaven may open its gates to thee and thy loved ones4 ,pray for ,hubert1 for the queen1 for ,topcliffe1 for every human soul which thou hast ever been tempted to hate2 and ,i promise thee that a great peace shall steal over thy soul1 and a great strength shall lift thee up4 ,i did what she desired1 and her words were prophetic4 ,peace came before long1 and joy too1 of a strange unearthly sort4 ,a brief foretaste of heaven was showed forth in the consolations then poured into mine heart4 ,when since ,i have desired for to rekindle fervor and awaken devotion1 ,i recall the hours which followed that great anguish in the cell at ,newgate4 ,late in the evening an order came for to release ,muriel and me1 but not ,mrs4 ,wells4 ,when this dear friend understood what had occurred1 she raised her hands in fervent gratitude to ,god1 and dismissed us with many blessings4 ,the events which1 followed ,i will briefly relate4 ,when we reached home ,mr4 ,congleton was very sick2 and then began the illness which ended his life4 ,kate was almost wild with grief at her husband's danger1 and we fetched her and her children to her father's house for to watch over them4 ,on the next day all the prisoners which had been taken at ,mr4 ,wells's house 7we only having been released by the dealings of friends with the chief secretary7 were examined by ,justice ,young1 and returned to prison to take their trials the next session4 ,mr4 ,wells1 at his return finding his house ransacked and his wife carried away to prison1 had been forthwith to ,mr4 ,justice ,young for to expostulate with him1 and to demand his wife and the key of his lodgings2 but the justice sent him to bear the rest company1 with a pair of iron bolts on his legs4 ,the next day he examined him in ,newgate2 and upon ,mr4 ,wells saying he was not privy to the mass being said that day in his house1 but wished he had been present1 thinking his name highly honored by having so divine a sacrifice offered in it1 the justice told him that though he was not at the feast1 he should taste of the same4 ,the evening ,i returned home from the prison a great lassitude overcame me1 and for a few days increased so much1 joined with pains in the head and in the limbs1 that ,i could scarcely think1 or so much as stand4 ,at last it was discerned that ,i was sickening with the small-pox1 caught1 methinks1 in the prison2 and this was no small increase to ,muriel's trouble1 who had to go to and fro from my chamber to her father's1 and was forced to send ,kate and her children to the country to ,sir ,ralph ,ingoldsby's house2 but methinks in the end this proved for the best1 for when ,mr4 ,lacy was1 with the other prisoners1 found guilty1 and condemned to death on the #dth of ,december1 some for having said1 and the others for having heard1 mass at ,mr4 ,wells's house1 ,kate came to ,london but for a few hours1 to take leave of him1 and ,polly's care of her afterward cheered the one sister in her great but not very lasting affliction1 and sobered the other's spirits in a beneficial manner1 for since she hath been a stayer at home1 and very careful of her children and ,kate's also1 and1 albeit very secretly1 doth ,i hear practise her religion4 ,mr4 ,congleton never heard of his son-in-law and his friend ,mr4 ,wells's danger1 the palsy which affected him having numbed his senses so that he slowly sunk in his grave without suffering of body or mind4 ,from ,muriel ,i heard the course of the trial4 ,how many bitter words and scoffs were used by the #fea judges and others upon the bench1 particularly to ,edmund ,genings1 because of his youth1 and that he angered them with his arguments6 ,the more to make him a scoff to the people1 they vested him in a ridiculous fool's coat which they had found in ,mr4 ,wells's house1 and would have it to be a vestment4 ,it was appointed they should all die at ,tyburn1 except ,mr4 ,genings and ,mr4 ,wells1 who were to be executed before ,mr4 ,wells's own door in ,gray's ,inn ,fields1 within three doors of our own lodging4 ,the judges1 we were told1 after pronouncing sentence1 began to persuade them to conform to the ,protestant religion1 assuring them that by so doing they should obtain mercy1 but otherwise they must certainly expect to die4 ,but they all answered that they would live and die in the true ,roman and ,catholic faith1 which they and all antiquity had ever professed1 and that they would by no means go to the ,protestant churches1 or for one moment think that the queen could be head of the ,church in spirituals4 ,they dealt most urgently with ,edmund ,genings in this matter of conformity1 giving him hopes not only of his life1 but also of a good living1 it he would renounce his faith2 but he remained1 ,god be praised1 constant and resolute2 upon which he was thrust into a dark hole within the prison1 where he remained in prayer1 without food or sustenance1 till the hour of his death4 ,some letters we received from him and ,mr4 ,wells1 which have become revered treasures and almost relics in our eyes4 ,one did write 7this was ,edmund73 ,the comforts which captivity bringeth are so manifold that ,i have rather cause to thank ,god highly for his fatherly dealings with me than to complain of any worldly misery whatsoever4 ,custom hath caused that it is no grief to me to be debarred from company1 desiring nothing more than solitude4 ,when ,i pray1 ,i talk with ,god--when ,i read1 he talketh with me2 so that ,i am never alone4 ,and much more in that strain4 ,mr4 ,wells ended his letter thus3 ,i am bound with gyves1 yet ,i am unbound toward ,god1 and far better ,i account it to have the body bound than the soul to be in bondage4 ,i am threatened hard with danger of death2 but if it be no worse1 ,i will not wish it to be better4 ,god send me his grace1 and then ,i weigh not what flesh and blood can do unto me4 ,i have answered to many curious and dangerous questions1 but ,i trust with good advisements1 not offending my conscience4 ,what will come of it ,god only knoweth4 ,through prison and chains to glory4 ,thine till death4 ,this letter was addressed to ,basil1 with a desire expressed we should read it before it was sent to him4 ,on the day before the one of the execution1 ,kate came to take leave of her husband4 ,she could not speak for her tears2 but he1 with his usual composure1 bade her be of good comfort1 and that death was no more to him than to drink off the caudle which stood there ready on his table4 ,and methinks this indifferency was a joint effect of nature and of grace1 for none had ever seen him hurried or agitated in his life with any matter whatsoever4 ,and when he rolled ,topcliffe down the stairs and fell with him--for it was he which did this desperate action--his face was as composed when he rose up again1 one of the servants who had seen the scuffle said1 as if he had never so much as stirred from his study2 and in his last speeches before his death it was noticed that his utterance was as slow and deliberate1 and his words as carefully picked1 as at any other time of his life4 ,ah me6 what days were those when1 hardly recovered from my sickness1 only enough for to sit up in an armed-chair and be carried from one chamber to another1 all the talk ministered about me was of the danger and coming death of these dear friends4 ,i had a trouble of mine own1 which ,i be truly ashamed to speak of2 but in this narrative ,i have resolved above all things to be truthful2 and if ,i have ever had #feb occasion1 on the one hand1 to relate what should seem to be to mine own credit1 on the other also ,i desire to acknowledge my weaknesses and imperfections1 of which what ,i am about to relate is a notable instance4 ,the small-pox made me at that time the most deformed person that could be seen1 even after ,i was recovered2 and the first time ,i beheld my face in a glass1 the horror which it gave me was so great that ,i resolved ,basil should never be the husband of one whom every person which saw her must needs be affrighted to look on2 but1 forecasting he would never give me up for this reason1 howsoever his inclination should rebel against the kindness of his heart and his true affection for me1 ,i hastily sent him a letter1 in which ,i said ,i could give him no cause for the change which had happened in me1 but that ,i was resolved not to marry him1 acting in my old hasty manner1 without thought or prudence4 ,no sooner had ,i done so than ,i grew very uneasy thereat1 too late reflecting on what his suspicions should be of my inconstancy1 and what should to him appear faithless breach of promise4 ,it grieved me1 in the midst of such grave events and noble sufferings1 to be so concerned for mine own trouble2 and on the day before the execution ,i was sitting musing painfully on the tragedy which was to be enacted at our own doors as it were1 weeping for the dear friends which were to suffer1 and ever and anon chewing the cud of my wilful undoing of mine own1 and it might prove of ,basil's1 future peace by my rash letter to him1 and yet more rash concealment of my motives4 ,whilst ,i was thus plunged in grief and uneasiness1 the door of my chamber of a sudden opened1 and the servant announced ,mr4 ,hubert ,rookwood4 ,i hid my face hastily with a veil1 which ,i now did generally use1 except when alone with ,muriel4 ,he came in1 and methought a change had happened in his appearance4 ,he looked somewhat wild and disordered1 and his face flushed as one used to drinking4 ,constance1 he said abruptly1 tidings have reached me which would not suffer me to put off this visit4 ,a man coming from ,france hath brought me a letter from ,basil1 and one directed to you1 which he charged me to deliver into your hands4 ,if it tallies with that which he doth write to me--and ,i doubt not it must be so1 for his dealings are always open and honorable1 albeit often rash--,i must needs hope for so much happiness from it as ,i can scarce credit to be possible after so much suffering4 ,i stretched out mine hand for ,basil's letter4 ,oh1 how the tears gushed from mine eyes on the reading of it6 ,he had received mine1 and having heard some time before from a friend he did not name of his brother's passion for me1 he never misdoubted but that ,i had at last yielded to his solicitations1 and given him the love which ,i withdrew from him4 ,never was the nobleness of his nature more evinced than in this letter2 never grief more heartfelt1 combined with a more patient endurance of the overthrow of his sole earthly happiness2 never a greater or more forgiving kindness toward a faithless creature1 as he deemed her1 with a lingering care for her weal1 whom he must needs have thought so ill deserving of his love4 ,so much sorrow without repining1 such strict charges not to marry ,hubert if he was not a good ,catholic and truly reconciled to the ,church4 ,but if he was indeed changed in this respect1 an assent given to this marriage which had cost him1 he said1 many tears and many prayers for to write1 more than if with his own heart's blood he had traced the words2 but which1 nevertheless1 he freely gave1 and prayed ,god to bless us both1 if with a good conscience we could be wedded2 and ,god forbid he should hinder it1 if ,i had ceased for to love him1 and had given to ,hubert--who had already got his birthright--also a more precious treasure1 the heart once his own4 #fec ,what doth your brother write to you8 ,i coldly said2 and then ,hubert gave me his letter to read4 ,methinks he imagined ,i concealed my face from some sort of shame2 and ,god knoweth1 had ,i acted the part he supposed1 ,i might well have blushed deeper than can be thought of4 ,this letter was like unto the other--the most touching proof of love a man could give for a woman4 ,forgetting himself1 my dearest ,basil's only care was my happiness2 and firm remonstrances were blended with touching injunctions to his brother to treasure every hair of the head of one who was dearer to him than all the world beside1 and to do his duty to ,god and to her1 which if he observed1 he should1 mindless of all else1 for ever bless him4 ,when ,i returned the missive to him1 ,hubert said1 in a faltering voice1 ,now you are free--free to be mine--free before ,god and man4 ,yea1 ,i answered2 free as the dead1 for ,i am henceforward dead to all earthly things4 ,what6 he cried1 startled2 your thinking is not1 ,god shield it1 to be a nun abroad8 ,nay1 ,i answered2 and then1 laying my hand on ,basil's letter1 ,i said1 ,if ,i had thought to marry you1 ,hubert2 if at this hour ,i should say ,i could love you1 ,i ween you would leave the house affrighted1 and never return to it again4 ,is your brain turned8 he impatiently cried4 ,no1 ,i answered quietly1 lifting my veil1 my face only is changed4 ,i had a sort of bitter pleasure in the sight of his surprise4 ,he turned as pale as any smock4 ,oh1 fear not1 ,i said2 my heart hath not changed with my face4 ,i am not in so merry a mood1 ,god knoweth1 as to torment you with any such apprehensions4 ,my love for ,basil is the same2 yea1 rather at this hour1 after these noble proofs of his love1 more great than ever4 ,now you can discern why ,i should write to him ,i would never marry him4 ,hiding his face in his hands1 ,hubert said1 ,would ,i had not come here to embitter your pain8 ,you have not added to my sorrow1 ,i answered2 the chalice is indeed full1 but these letters have rather lightened than increased my sufferings4 ,then concealing again my face1 ,i went on1 ,o ,hubert1 will you come here to-morrow morning8 ,know you the sight which from that window shall be seen8 ,hark to that noise6 ,look out1 ,i pray you1 and tell me what it is4 ,he did as ,i bade him1 and ,i marked the shudder he gave4 ,his face1 pale before1 had now turned of an ashy hue4 ,is it possible8 he said2 a scaffold in front of that house where we were wont to meet those old friends6 ,o ,constance1 are they there to die8--that brave joyous old man1 that kind pious soul his wife8 ,yea1 ,i answered2 and likewise the friend of my young years1 good holy ,edmund ,genings1 who never did hurt a fly1 much less a human creature4 ,and at ,tyburn1 ,bryan ,lacy1 my cousin1 once your friend1 and ,sydney ,hodgson1 and good ,mr4 ,mason1 are to suffer4 ,hubert clenched his hands1 ground his teeth1 and a terrible look shot through his eyes4 ,i felt affrighted at the passion my words had awakened4 ,cursed1 he cried1 in a hoarse voice1--cursed be the bloody queen which reigneth in this land6 ,thrice accursed be the tyrants which hunt us to death6 ,tenfold accursed such as lure us to damnation by the foul baits they do offer to tempt a man to lie to ,god and to others1 to ruin those he loves1 to become loathsome to himself by his mean crimes6 ,but if one hath been cheated of his soul1 robbed of the hope of heaven1 debarred from his religion1 thrust into the company of devils1 let them fear him1 yea1 let them fear him1 ,i say4 ,revenge is not impossible4 ,what shall stay the #fed hand of such a man8 ,what shall guard those impious tempters if many such should one day league for to sweep them from earth's face8 ,if one be desperate of this world's life1 he becomes terrible4 ,how should he be to be dreaded who doth despair of heaven6 ,with these wild words1 he left me4 ,he was gone ere ,i could speak4 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 ------ ,from ,chambers's ,journal4 ,,resigned4 ,when my weary spinning's done1 ,and the shades of eve grow deep1 ,and by the bright hearthstone ,the old folk sit asleep2 ,my heart and ,i in secret talk1 when none can see me weep4 ,ofttimes the driving rain1 ,and sometimes the silent snow1 ,beat on the window-pane1 ,and mingle sad and low ,with the hopes and fears1 the smiles and tears1 of a time long1 long ago2 ,till they act the tales they tell1 ,and a step is on the floor1 ,and a voice ,i once loved well ,says3 ,open me the door4 ,then ,i turn with a chill from the mocking wind1 which whispers ,nevermore6--- ,to the little whitewashed room ,in which my days are spent2 ,and1 journeying toward the tomb1 ,my companions gray and bent4 ,who haply deem their grandchild's life not joyous1 but content4 ,ah me6 for the suns not set1 ,for the years not yet begun1 ,for the days not numbered yet1 ,and the work that must be done1 ,before the desert path is crossed1 and the weary web is spun6 ,like a beacon in the night1 ,i see my first grey hair2 ,and ,i scarce can tell aright ,if it is from age or care1 ,for time glides silent o'er my life1 and leaves no landmark there4 ,but perchance 'tis for the best4 ,and ,i must harder strive1 ,if life is little blest4 ,then not for life to live4 ,for though a heart has nought to take1 it may have much to give4 #fee ,and they are old and poor4 ,and bread is hard to win4 ,and a guest is at the door ,who soon must enter in1 ,and to keep his shadow from their hearth1 ,i daily toil and spin4 ,my sorrow is their gain1 ,and ,i show not by a tear ,how my solitude and pain ,have bought their comfort dear4 ,for the storm which wrecked my life's best hope has left me stranded here4 ,but ,i hear the neighbors say1 ,that the hour-glass runs too fast1 ,and ,i know that in that glad day1 ,when toil and sorrow are past1 ,the false and true shall receive their due1 and hearts cease aching at last4 ------ ,from ,the ,month4 ,,saints ,,of ,,the ,,desert4 ,,by ,,the ,,rev4 ,j4 ,h4 ,,newman4 ,d4,d4 #a4 ,a sportsman fell in with ,abbot ,antony1 when pleasantly conversing with his brethren1 and was scandalized4 ,the old man said3 ,put an arrow on the string1 and bend your bow4 ,he did so4 ,then ,antony said3 ,bend it more2 and he bent it more4 ,antony said3 ,more still4 ,he answered3 ,i shall break it4 ,then said ,antony3 ,this will befal the brethren1 if their minds are always on the stretch4 #b4 ,it is told of ,abbot ,arsenius1 how he was used to remain all night without sleep4 ,then1 when morning broke1 and he needed rest1 he used to say to sleep3 ,come1 you good-for-nothing4 ,then he took a nap1 as he sat2 and soon woke up again4 #c4 ,a brother said to ,abbot ,theodore1 ,say some good word to me1 for ,i am perishing4 ,he answered3 ,i am in jeopardy myself1 and what can ,i say to thee8 #d4 ,a brother said to ,abbot ,pastor3 ,i have done a great sin2 give me a three years' penance4 ,the abbot answered2 ,it is too much4 ,the brother said1 ,give me a year4 ,the old man said again1 ,it is too much4 ,the brothers round him asked1 ,should it be forty days8 ,still he answered1 ,it is too much4 ,for1 said he1 whoso doth penance with his whole heart1 and never does the sin again1 is received by ,god even on the penance of three days4 #e4 ,a brother had sinned1 and the priest bade him leave the church4 ,bessarion rose1 and went out with him1 saying3 ,and ,i too am a sinner4 #f4 ,abbott ,macarius said3 ,never chide an erring brother angrily2 for you are not bid save another's soul at the loss of your own4 #g4 ,abbot ,nilus said3 ,if you would pray as you ought1 beware of sadness2 else you will run in vain4 ------ #fef ,from ,all ,the ,year ,round4 ,,up ,,and ,,down ,,canton4 ,canton is a genuine ,chinese city1 and one of the most extraordinary places in the world4 ,there are four ,american steamers which ply between ,hong-,kong and ,canton4 ,they are fast commodious vessels1 in fact floating hotels1 such as ply on the large ,american rivers4 ,the voyage occupies about eight or nine hours4 ,of these1 five or six are on the open sea1 sheltered mostly under the lee of precipitous bluffs and lofty rocky islets2 and the rest1 from the ,bocca ,tigris1 up the ,canton river4 ,the fog in the winter season lies so dense over the flats and extensive swamps bordering the river that steamers have to proceed with great caution1 going dead slow1 and sounding the steam-whistle1 while the little fishing-junks1 which are sure to be scattered by dozens in the way1 eagerly beat their gongs1 to make known their whereabout4 ,as the steamer ascends the river1 a noble stream1 some five or six miles broad near the mouth1 she gets gradually clear of the fog4 ,the wide marshy flats1 and the bold rocks on the left bank1 crowned with odd-looking ,chinese stone batteries1 come into view1 to be succeeded by paddy-fields1 sugar-cane cultivation1 orchards1 gardens1 roads1 and villages1 that become1 on both banks1 more and more numerous1 until they blend with the vast suburbs of ,canton4 ,charming little pagodas1 and fanciful buildings1 painted and carved1 the residences of mandarins1 peep from the shades of groves1 and every village is surmounted by two or more lofty square towers1 the nature of which puzzles a stranger1 until he is told they are pawnbrokers shops4 ,these shops are so fashioned for the greater security of the articles pledged1 because the broker is made heavily responsible for their safe-keeping4 ,the security is meant to be not only against thieves1 but also against fire4 ,half-way to ,canton1 on the right1 or west bank1 is a little ,english settlement at the town of ,whampo4 ,it consists of some ship-chandlers' stores1 warehouses1 and a dock for repairing vessels which discharge their cargoes here1 being unable to proceed higher up the stream4 ,whampo is1 in fact1 the seaport of ,canton1 and was a flourishing place as such till ,hong-,kong diverted the trade4 ,from ,whampo upward1 the river becomes more and more crowded with junks and ,chinese boats4 ,some of the junks1 men-of-war1 differ from the rest only in being larger1 and in having several unwieldy guns on their decks1 mounted on uncouth carriages3 in many instances with their muzzles not pointed through portholes1 but grinning over the bulwarks at an angle of forty-five degrees1 like huge empty bottles4 ,when the steamer has slowly and cautiously threaded her way among these numerous vessels1 and dropped anchor1 the rush of tanka-boats round her is astonishing4 ,these are broad bluff crafts1 something of the size and shape of the sampans1 but impelled chiefly by women2 one sweeping1 the other sculling with a large steering oar4 ,they close round the ship in hundreds1 yelling1 screaming1 struggling1 and fighting for the gangways1 till every passenger or article of light freight has left4 ,the women are warmly and comfortably dressed in dark-blue linen shirts and wide drawers1 with red and yellow bandanas round their heads and faces4 ,they are often young and good-looking1 with bright laughing eyes1 white #feg teeth1 and jolly red cheeks4 ,they are1 unlike the flower-boat girls1 honest and well conducted4 ,their boats are roofed over1 with snug neat cabins nicely painted1 and bedizened with flowers1 old-fashioned pictures1 and looking-glasses4 ,a low cushioned bench runs round three sides1 and the passenger sits down pleasantly enough1 looking through the entrance1 and face to face with the sturdy nymph1 who1 with a stamp and go1 is rowing him along1 while at the stern1 behind his back1 another lusty ,naiad steers him on his way4 ,the river divides the great city into two parts2 that on the left bank1 which is by far the larger1 being ,canton1 and the opposite smaller town ,honan4 ,on the ,honan side1 a few ,european gentlemen still live and carry on business1 as branches of several firms in ,hong-,kong2 but the principal ,european quarter is a fine level plain on the ,canton side1 presenting to the river a revetted wall4 ,a pretty church and some handsome houses1 including the ,british consulate1 have been already completed within the land1 which is called the ,shmeen4 ,it adjoins the portion formerly allotted for the ,hongs1 or warehouses and offices of foreign 7,european7 merchants1 which were burnt down by the ,chinese mob before the last war4 ,at ten in the morning1 one day in the month of ,february1 ,i started from the ,honan side1 under the guidance of a ,chinese cicerone1 who spoke a language somewhat better than the gibberish known by the name of pigeon 7business7 ,english1 to explore the city of ,canton4 ,we crossed the river in a tanka-boat1 and after threading1 jostling1 and pushing our way through swarms of small craft in every variety1 landed at the custom-house stairs1 close to a small office in which presides an ,english functionary1 in the pay of the ,chinese government4 ,the strand is crowded with mean dirty hovels1 in which1 and about the muddy road1 and on board innumerable boats1 packed closely along the bank1 men1 women1 and children1 filthy and ragged1 were crowding in swarms4 ,we passed a short way up the strand1 by some large shops1 crammed with clothing and ship chandlery1 and1 striking inland1 traversed an open space1 scattered with the relics of the ,european ,hongs burnt before the last war 7a space1 by-the-by1 which ,europeans have altogether deserted1 preferring the ,shmeen land1 and which the ,chinese government appear unwilling to resume1 so that it remains altogether untenanted74 ,we then entered the bazaar1 or strictly commercial portions of the town4 ,the day was unusually sultry for the time of year2 the streets 7so to call passages of six or seven feet width71 entirely paved with flag-stones1 were muddy and greasy from rain that had fallen the day before4 ,the air was stagnant from the confinement of closely packed and overhanging houses1 and heated by swarms of people hurrying to and fro1 while an insupportable stench from sewers1 neglected drains1 and putrid fish and flesh1 with a horrible odor of stale cabbage water1 pervaded the suffocating atmosphere4 ,i became faint at times1 fatigued and heated beyond endurance1 so that my estimate of the extent of this enormous labyrinth through which ,i plodded for four hours before ,i could get a sedan-chair1 is one rather1 of the feelings than of the judgment ,i walked--stepping now and then into shops1 to examine them more closely--and rode in a sedan-chair up one street and down another1 from about half-past ten in the morning until four in the afternoon1 and had to leave unvisited about half the bazaar1 to get a hasty glimpse of a few temples1 gardens1 and mandarin-houses before dusk4 ,the streets are flagged1 and about six or seven feet broad4 ,they appear to be innumerable1 crossing each other at right angles at every two or three hundred yards4 ,the houses #feh on each side are narrow-fronted1 but extending considerably to the rear4 ,there are no windows1 for the centre of each front is1 open1 merely consisting of carved and painted framework1 like the proscenium of a theatre1 and displaying the contents of the shop on each hand1 like side scenes4 ,the back is closed by a large panelling1 in which figures of gods1 men1 animals1 and flowers are painted1 with a vast deal of gilding and finery4 ,in short1 each shop looks like a little theatre4 ,a few houses have upper stories1 reached by pretty carved and balustraded stairs4 ,and as every article for which space can be found is hung up for display1 both inside the shop and around its front1 the spectator1 as he enters the bazaar1 feels as if he were diving into an ocean of cloths1 silks1 flags1 and flutters4 ,my guide was a sharp fellow1 who thoroughly knew all the sights of ,canton4 ,as he had been often employed as cicerone by the ship captains1 he immediately put me down as one of that jolly fraternity1 frequent intercourse with whom had given a slightly nautical twang to his discourse4 ,we had not gone far before he addressed me1 ,i say1 cappen3 you come along o' me and see jewelers' shops4 ,here's first-rate shop--number one jeweler this chap--cappen want to buy anything8 ,heave along6 ,the jewelers' shops were numerous1 and ,i saw many very beautiful specimens of carving and filigree-work4 ,some of the shops sold articles of ,european design1 others ministered only to the native beauty and fashion of ,canton4 ,these contained many articles of considerable beauty and real taste4 ,the most notable were the bird's feather ornaments1 which consist of gold or gilt head combs1 brooches1 ear-rings1 and the like1 on which are firmly fixed1 with glue1 strips of the bright blue feathers of the kingfisher 7,halcyon ,smyrnensis71 cut into small patterns1 through which the gold ground appears2 the whole effect being exactly like that of enamel work4 ,the kingfisher is not1 ,i think1 found in ,china1 but is imported in great numbers from ,burmah and ,india4 ,i asked the price of one skin lying on the counter1 and was told half a dollar 7two shillings and threepence74 ,the bird was probably procured in ,india for three-halfpence4 ,ivory shops are in great number1 but the ,chinese ivory yields1 in my opinion1 to that of the ,japanese4 ,i went into several porcelain shops1 and saw in each ten or a dozen languid-looking youths painting away1 slowly and laboriously1 at leaves1 flowers1 insects1 and so forth1 on plates4 ,each lad had a small bowl of one color1 and when he had painted in all the parts of the design intended to be of that color1 he passed the plate on to his neighbor1 who added his color1 and so on all round the room till the pattern was completely colored4 ,the result is stiff and mechanical4 ,there is no attempt at artistic effect1 nothing like the beautiful pictures painted in the factories at ,worcester or ,dresden4 ,dyers and weavers are numerous4 ,the silk shops are the finest in the bazaar1 but their contents are excessively dear1 and are not very good4 ,indeed1 the ,canton silks are considered by the ,chinese themselves to be1 inferior to those made in the northern provinces of the empire4 ,i have seen silk dresses and pieces from ,pekin brought into ,india via ,nepaul1 of a quality which ,i was assured by a competent judge could not be procured at ,canton4 ,this was five-and-twenty years ago1 and it is possible that our present widely different connection with ,china may have introduced a better article into ,shanghae1 which is so near ,pekin4 ,but the ,chinese were very jealous formerly about exporting their finest silks1 and those ,i allude to were brought by the members of a mission1 sent every three years with a tribute from ,kathmandoo to the ,emperor of ,china1 as a friendly return present from the emperor to the ,rajah of ,nepaul4 #fei ,the ,chinese shopkeepers are fat comfortable-looking fellows1 with pleasant1 good-humored faces4 ,they showed me their curiosities very willingly1 and none the less courteously exchanged a smiling chin-chin with me if ,i left the shop without purchasing anything4 ,tea-shops are numberless4 ,they are piled up with chests such as we see in ,england1 and with open baskets of coarse and inferior tea for the poor4 ,the cheapest kind is made in thin round cakes or large wafers1 strung upon slips of bamboo4 ,it partially dissolves in hot water1 and is flavored with salt by those who drink it4 ,of this form of brick tea ,i have never seen any mention in the books published by travellers4 ,there are poulterers' shops1 with fowls roasted and raw2 and there are vegetable sellers' stalls1 and fish in baskets1 dead and not over-fresh1 or alive in large tubs of water4 ,they were all of the carp family1 including rhos1 mrgals1 and kutlas1 so familiarly known in ,india1 also several species of the siluroids1 called vulgarly catfish4 ,the fish brought from the sea are salted and sun-dried1 and1 with strong aid from immense festoons of sharks' fins1 set up a stench that it is not easy to walk through4 ,after inspecting shops and elbowing and being elbowed in the crowd till afternoon1 when ,i was ready to drop with heat and fatigue1 my pilot steered me to a small square1 flagged with stone1 on which the sun shone fiercely4 ,he called it ,beggars' square1 and told me that all the destitute and abandoned sick in the city crawled1 if they could1 to this spot1 because those who died there received burial at the expense of government4 ,while he spoke1 my eyes were fixed upon some heaps of dirty tattered clothes on the ground1 which presently began to move1 and ,i discovered to my horror three miserable creatures1 lean and covered with odious filth1 lying in different stages of their last agony on the bare stones1 exposed to the burning rays of the sun4 ,they came here to die1 and no one heeded them1 or gave them a drop of water1 or a morsel of food1 or even a little shelter from the noontide glare4 ,i had seen shocking things of this sort in ,india1 but nothing so horrible4 ,to insure a climax of disgusts1 my guide led me straight to a dog butcher's shop1 where several of the nasty fat oily carcases of those animals were hanging for sale4 ,they had not been flayed1 but dangled there with their smooth shining skins1 which had been scalded and scraped clean of hair1 so that at first ,i took them for sucking-pigs4 ,there were joints of dog1 ready roasted1 on the counter1 and in the back of the shop were several cages in which live dogs were quietly sitting1 lolling their tongues out1 and appearing very unconcerned4 ,i saw several cats also1 in cages1 looking very demure2 and moreover ,i saw customers1 decorous and substantial-looking householders1 inspect and feel the dogs and cats1 and buy those which they deemed fittest for the table4 ,the cats did not like being handled1 and mewed loudly4 ,what cappen think o' that8 said my guide4 ,cappen s'pose never eat dog8--dog very good1 very fat1 very soft4 ,oh1 number one dinner is dog6 ,and are cats as good8 ,i asked4 ,oh1 ,chinaman chowchow everything4 ,chowchow plenty cat4 ,chinaman nasty beast1 ,i think1 cappen1 eh8 ,my cicerone had been so long mixed up with ,european and ,american ship captains and missionaries1 that he had learnt to suit his ideas to his company1 if his ideas had not actually undergone great modification1 as is the case in ,india with those educated natives of the present day known to us as specimens of ,young ,bengal4 ,before quitting the bazaar1 ,i was ushered into two gambling-shops4 ,these are licensed by the ,chinese government1 the owners paying a considerable tax4 ,both were tolerably full of players1 and in both the same kind of game was being played--a simple one enough1 if ,i understood it4 #ffj ,a player staked a pile of cash or dollars2 the croupier staked a similar one2 and then another member of the establishment dipped his hand into a bag and drew out a handful of counters2 if they were in even fours1 the bank won2 if they were uneven1 the player won1 and the croupier's stake was duly handed over to him--rather ruefully1 it struck me1 by the banker1 who sat on the counter raised above the rest4 ,this game appears about as intrinsically entertaining as pulling straws2 but ,i may have overlooked or misunderstood parts of it of a more intellectual nature4 ,in the first house ,i visited1 the players were of the lower class1 and the stakes were copper cash4 ,one man1 quite a youth1 left the room evidently cleaned out2 his look revealed it1 and ,i suppose he went away to the opium shop1 the usual consolation of a ,chinaman under the circumstances4 ,as we entered the second gambling-house1 my guide informed me1 ,this rich house4 ,number one fellow play here--mandarin chap4 ,and truly ,i saw in the room goodly piles of dollars heaped up before a better-dressed assembly4 ,the game appeared to be the same1 and money changed hands rapidly4 ,i chin-chinned to the banker and to the company1 and was civilly allowed to look on4 ,the room led through a filigreed doorway to another apartment1 where cakes1 loaves1 tea1 and pipes were spread out1 and where long-tailed gentlemen were lounging and discussing the news of the day4 ,being in want of cash1 and having only dollar notes with me1 ,i asked my guide what ,i should do8 ,he straightway led me to a money-changer's1 where ,i was at once furnished with change for my notes at par4 ,as this was an unusual accommodation1 ,i asked the reason of such generosity1 and was informed that the dollars given me were all light1 and that the changer would obtain full-weight dollars for the notes by-and-by4 ,i was assured1 however1 that in all the shops the dollars ,i had received would be received at the full value2 and this ,i found to be the case4 ,all the time ,i was in the money-changer's1 ,i saw three or four people telling1 examining1 and stamping dollars4 ,so defaced and mutilated does the coin become by bearing the chop or mark of every banker or dealer into whose possession it passes1 that it as nearly as possible returns to that state of bullion which the ,chinaman prefers to minted coin4 ,as it was1 the only small change ,i could procure for a dollar was in fragments of silver2 in the weighing out of which ,i was of course at the mercy of the shopman4 ,a chair having been with great difficulty procured for me1 and another for my guide1 we were about emerging from the bazaar when ,i had the honor of meeting a mandarin and suite4 ,my bearers had just time to squeeze into the entrance of a side-alley1 when the cavalcade was down upon us4 ,funny-looking soldiers with spears and muskets indiscriminately1 musicians and drummers or tom-tom beaters1 and an amazing figure in red and gold apparel of a loose flapping cut1 with a sword in his hand1 mounted upon an inexcusable pony--a ,chinese ,rosinante4 ,in the centre of this cortege the mandarin was borne along1 a placid fat dignitary1 in a richly embroidered purple velvet and golden dress1 seated in a gaudy sedan4 ,it was a great relief to emerge from the crowded bazaar1 pass through the gateway in the massive city wall1 and proceed through comparatively airy lanes to one or two ,chinese gentlemen's houses and gardens1 which my guide most unceremoniously entered1 marshalling me in without a word of introduction or apology1 and making me feel rather ashamed of myself4 ,these dwellings1 as well as the joss-houses or temples1 have been so often described1 that ,i will not inflict them again on the reader4 ,not the slightest objection was raised by the priests to my exploring every part of the temples1 the vergers showing the altars1 the various images1 the cloisters #ffa and refectories1 with great alacrity1 and extending their hands afterward for a fee4 ,the only undescribed fact connected with these worthies which ,i was informed of is1 that they sell their finger-nails to any foreigner desirous of purchasing such curiosities4 ,these nails are suffered to grow uncut1 and attain a length of three or four inches1 looking remarkably unlike finger-nails1 and forming curiosities much coveted1 said my guide1 by foreign gentlemen and cappens4 ,among other religious edifices ,i visited a ,mohammedan temple1 a singular jumble of ,islamism and ,buddhism4 ,extracts from the ,koran wore an odd appearance emblazoned on ,chinese architecture4 ,there were no priests visible here2 only children and begging old women4 ,want of time prevented my visiting the camp or barracks of the ,chinese soldiers1 on the heights outside the eastern suburbs of the town4 ,a large garden1 attached to a temple on the ,honan side1 was the only other object ,i had time that day to inspect4 ,the garden was principally stocked with orange-trees1 also loquats and lychees1 hundreds of which were on sale for the benefit of the good fathers1 who are supported by the produce of the garden and the contributions of the piously disposed4 ,on each side of the centre walk1 beyond a little dirty pond1 was a shed1 with shelves1 on which were ranged pots containing the ashes of the priests 7priests' bones1 my guide irreverently called them72 their bodies1 after decease1 undergoing incremation in an adjoining pit4 ,names1 ages1 and dates of decease are duly preserved1 cut into slabs of stone on the concave face of a semicircular screen of masonry in the garden4 ,before leaving the garden ,i was not a little surprised by the appearance of a veritable magpie1 identical1 as it seemed to me1 with our ,british bird1 that ,i had not seen for many years4 ,after guiding me safely to my quarters--for so labyrinthine is every part of ,canton and ,honan that it would be hopeless to attempt to find one's way alone--my pilot left me and departed to his own home1 which was1 he told me1 on the ,canton side4 ,the language he spoke is1 as may be gathered from the specimens here given1 not the ordinary pigeon ,english of ,chinese servants2 a style of gibberish which it is lamentable to think has become the ordinary channel of communication with all ,chinamen4 ,these sharp and intelligent people would soon learn to speak and understand better ,english than such sentences has ,you go top-side and catchee one piecee book--,you tell those two piecee cooly go chow-chow1 and come back chop-chop4 7,go up-stairs and fetch a book--,tell those two coolies to go to their dinner1 and return quickly47 ,the good effects of the tuition afforded by schoolmasters and missionaries in ,china are much marred by the jargon used conventionally1 with irrational adherence to defect1 in all ordinary transactions of business1 by masters and mistresses in intercourse with their servants1 and by commercial men with their native assistants4 ,about seven hours' run1 in one of the ,american steamers before mentioned1 carries the passenger from ,canton to ,macao4 ,the mouth of the river is cleared in four hours1 and the rest of the voyage is over an open sea1 which1 with a fresh southerly breeze1 is rather rough for a flat-bottomed steamer3 the islands to eastward1 though numerous1 being too remote to check the swell of the ,chinese ocean4 ,after running for about an hour along the bold rocky peninsula at the point of which ,macao is built1 the steamer rounds in1 and1 entering a partially land-locked harbor between the town and some rocky islets to its south1 anchors in smooth water4 ,the town has a quaint picturesque look4 ,its old-fashioned houses extend to the water's edge4 ,they are all of stone or brick1 covering the face of the bold coast3 the heights of which are crowned by castles1 forts1 batteries1 and convents1 and from whose ancient walls the last rays of a setting sun were fading as we entered the harbor4 ,the #ffb inhabitants are entirely ,portuguese1 ,chinese1 and a breed between the two4 ,the jealousy of the ,portuguese government effectually excludes foreigners from settling2 a miserable policy1 by which trade is almost extinct1 the revenue being derived chiefly from licensing of gambling-houses4 ,in front of the house of the governor ,i saw a guard of soldiers4 ,they wore able-bodied1 smart-looking young fellows in neat blue uniforms1 detailed from a regiment in the fort4 ,these soldiers1 and a few half-castes1 looking like our office keranies in ,india1 together with some strangely dressed females1 in appearance half aya1 half sister of charity1 were all that ,i saw of the ,portuguese community4 ,the non-military ,portuguese looked jaded and lazy1 almost every man with a cheroot in his mouth4 ,the town1 indeed1 struck me as a very ,castle of ,indolence4 ------ ,abridged from ,the ,dublin ,university ,magazine4 ,,glastonbury ,,abbey1 ,,past ,,and ,,present4 ,one of the most subtle operations of time is the tendency it has to transform the facts of one age into the phantasies of another1 and to cause the dreams of the past to become the realities of the present4 ,far away in the remote distance of history1 when a lonely monk in his cell mused of vessels going without sails and carriages without horses1 it was a dream--a mere dream1 produced probably by a brain disordered by over study1 long vigils1 and frequent fasts1 but that dream of the thirteenth century has become the most incontrovertible fact of the nineteenth1 a fact to whose influence all other hitherto immovable facts are giving way1 even the great one1 the impregnability of the ,englishman's castle2 for we find that before the obstinate march of one of these railway facts a thousand ,englishmen's castles fall prostrate1 and a thousand ,englishmen are evicted1 their avocations broken up1 and themselves turned out upon the world as a new order of beings--outcasts with compensation4 ,the monastic life1 so commonly regarded in these later times as a phantasy1 was once a fact1 a great universal fact2 it was a fact for twelve or thirteen centuries2 and when we remember that it extended its influence from the sunny heights of ,palestine1 across ,europe1 to the wild1 bleak shores of western ,ireland2 that it did more in the world for the formation and embellishment of modern civilization than all the governments and systems of life the accompanied it in its course2 that the best portions of ancient literature1 the materials of history1 the secrets of art1 are the pearls torn from its treasure-house1 we may form some idea of what a fact the monastic life must have been at one time1 and may venture to assert that the history of that phase of existence1 as in frock and cowl it prayed1 and watched1 and fasted2 as in its quiet cloisters it studied1 and copied1 and labored2 as outside its walls it mingled its influence with the web of human destiny1 and as in process of time1 becoming wealthy and powerful1 it degenerated1 and went the way of all human things--we say that the history of the development of this extinct world1 however defective the execution of that history may be1 will include in its review some of the most interesting portions of our national career1 will furnish a clue to many of the mazes of historical speculation1 or at least may be suggestive #ffc to some more able intellect of a course of investigation which has been very little followed1 and a mine of truth which to a great extent still remains intact4 ,at a time when laws were badly administered1 and the country often torn by internal contentions1 and always subject to the violence of marauders1 it was absolutely necessary that there should be some asylum for those thoughtful1 retiring spirits who1 unable or unwilling to take part in the turmoil of the times1 were exposed to all its dangerous vicissitudes4 ,in an age1 too1 when the country possessed no literature1 the contemplative and the learned had no other means of existence than by retiring to the cloister1 safe out of the reach of the jealous superstition of ignorance and the wanton barbarity of uncouth violence4 ,the monastery then was the natural home of these beings--the deserted1 the oppressed1 the meek spirit who had been beaten in the world's conflict1 the untimely born son of genius1 the scholar1 the devotee1 all found a safe shelter and a genial abode behind the friendly walls of these cities of refuge4 ,there1 too1 lay garnered up1 as a priceless hoarding for future ages1 the sacred oracles of ,christianity1 and the rescued treasures of ancient lore2 there science labored at her mystic problems2 and there poetry1 painting1 and music were developed and perpetuated2 in fine1 all that the world holds as most excellent1 all that goes toward the foundation and adornment of modern society1 treasured up in the monastery as in an ark1 rode in safety over the dark flood of that mediaeval deluge until the waters subsided1 and a new world appearing from its depths1 violent hands were laid upon those costly treasures1 which were torn from their hiding-places and freely scattered abroad1 whilst the representatives of those men who1 in silence and with prayer1 had amassed and cherished them1 were branded as useless idlers1 their homes broken up1 and themselves dispersed1 with no mercy for their errors and no gratitude for their labors1 to seek the scanty charities of a hostile world4 ,beside being the cradle of art and science1 the monastery was a great and most efficient engine for the dispensation of public charity4 ,at its refectory kitchen the poor were always cheerfully welcomed1 generously treated1 and periodically relieved2 in fine1 the care of the poor was not only regarded as a solemn duty1 but was undertaken with the most cheerful devotion and the most unremitting zeal4 ,they were not treated like an unsightly social disease1 which was to be cured if possible1 but at any rate kept out of sight2 they were not handed over to the tender sympathies of paid relieving officers1 nor dealt with by the merciless laws of statistics1 but they were treated gently and kindly in the spirit of the ,great ,master1 who when on earth bestowed upon them the larger share of his sympathy1 who1 in the tenderness of his pity1 dignified poverty and sanctified charity when he declared that inasmuch as ye have done it unto the least of these my brethren1 ye have done it unto me4 ,whatever may have been the vices of the monastic system or the errors of its ritual1 its untiring charity was its great redeeming virtue4 ,it will not perhaps be an unfitting introduction to our investigation into the rise and influence of this system upon our national life if we resuscitate from the grave of the past one of these great monasteries1 the oldest and most powerful which sprang up in our country1 and which1 compared with others at the time when they fell before the great religious convulsion of the sixteenth century1 had1 in the midst of general corruption1 maintained its purity1 and suffered less from its own vices than from the degeneracy of the system to which it belonged1 and of which it was the most distinguished ornament4 ,we shall endeavor to portray the monastery as it was in all its glory1 to pass through its portals1 to enter reverently #ffd into its magnificent church1 to listen to its gorgeous music1 to watch its processions1 to wander through its cloisters1 to visit its domestic domains1 to penetrate into the mysteries of its refectory1 the ascetic simplicity of its dormitory1 the industry of its schoolhouse and fratery1 the stores of its treasury1 the still richer stores of its library1 the immortal labors of its ,scriptorium1 where they worked for so many centuries1 uncheered and unrewarded1 for a thankless posterity1 who shrink even now from doing them justice2 we shall visit the gloomy splendors of its crypt1 wander through its grounds1 and marvel at its strange magnificence4 ,after having thus gazed1 as it were1 upon the machine itself in motion1 we shall perhaps be the better enabled subsequently to comprehend the nature and value of its work4 ,in the early part of the sixteenth century the ancient abbey of ,glastonbury was in the plenitude of its magnificence and power4 ,it had been the cynosure for the devotees of all nations1 who1 for nearly eleven centuries1 flocked in crowds to its fane--to worship at its altars1 to venerate its relics1 to drink in health at its sacred well1 and to gaze in rapt wonder at its holy thorn4 ,and even now1 in these later days1 though time has wasted it1 though fierce fanaticism has played its cannon upon it1 though ruthless vandalism in blind ignorance has despoiled many of its beauties1 it still stands proud in its ruined grandeur1 defiant alike of the ravages of decay1 the devastation of the iconoclast1 and the wantonness of the ignorant4 ,although not a single picture1 but only an inventorial description1 is extant of this largest abbey in the kingdom1 yet1 standing amidst its silent ruins1 the imagination can form some faint idea of what it must have been when its aisles were vocal with the chant of its many-voiced choir1 when gorgeous processions moved grandly through its cloisters1 and when its altars1 its chapels1 its windows1 its pillars1 were all decorated with the myriad splendors of monastic art4 ,passing in at the great western entrance1 through a lodge kept by a grave lay-brother1 we find ourselves in a little world1 shut up by a high wall which swept round its domains1 inclosing an area of more than sixty acres4 ,the eye is arrested at once by a majestic pile of building1 stretching itself out in the shape of an immense cross1 from the centre of whose transept there rises a high tower4 ,the exterior of this building is profusely decorated with all the weird embellishments of medieval art4 ,there1 in sculptured niche1 stands the devout monarch1 sceptred and crowned2 the templar knight1 who had fallen under an oriental sun fighting for the cross2 the mitred abbot1 with his crosier2 the saint with his emblem2 the martyr with his palm2 scenes from ,sacred ,writ2 the apostles1 the evangelists2 petrified allegories and sculptured story2 and then1 clustering around and intertwining itself with all these scenes and representations of the world of man1 were ornamental devices culled from the world of nature4 ,a splendid monument of the genius of those mediaeval times whose mighty cathedrals stand before us now like massive poems or graven history1 where men may read1 as it were from a sculptured page1 the chivalrous doings of departed heroes1 the long tale of the history of the ,church--of her woes1 her triumphs1 her martyrs1 and her saints--a deathless picture of actual existence1 as though some heaven-sent spirit had come upon the earth1 and with a magic stroke petrified into the graphic stillness of stone a whole world of life and living things4 ,the length of the nave of this church1 beginning from ,st4 ,joseph's chapel 7which we shall presently notice1 and which was an additional building7 up to the cross1 was #bbj feet1 the great tower was #dj feet in breadth1 and the transepts on either side of it each #de feet in length1 the choir was #aej feet2 its entire length from east to west was #ffe #dbj feet2 and if we add the appended ,st4 ,joseph's chapel1 we have a range of building #ecj feet in length4 ,turning from the contemplation of this external grandeur1 we come to a structure which forms the extreme west of the abbey--a chapel dedicated to ,st4 ,joseph of ,arimathea4 ,the entrance on the north side is a masterpiece of art1 being a portal consisting of four semicircular arches1 receding and diminishing as they recede into the body of the wall1 the four fasciae profusely decorated with sculptured representations of personages and scenes1 varied by running patterns of tendrils1 leaves1 and other natural objects4 ,the first thing that strikes the attention upon entering is the beautiful triarial-mullioned window at the western extremity1 with its semicircular head2 opposite1 at the eastern end1 another1 corresponding in size and decoration1 throws its light upon the altar4 ,on both the north and south sides of the church are four uniform windows1 rising loftily till their summits nearly touch the vaulting2 underneath these are four sculptured arches1 the panelling between them adorned with painted representations of the sun1 moon1 stars1 and all the host of heaven2 the flooring was a tesselated pavement of encaustic tiles1 each bearing an heraldic device1 or some allegorical or historical subject4 ,beneath this tesselated pavement is a spacious crypt1 eighty-nine feet in length1 twenty feet in width1 and ten feet high1 provided with an altar1 and when used for service illuminated by lamps suspended from the ceiling4 ,st4 ,joseph's chapel1 however1 with its softly-colored light1 its glittering panels1 its resplendent altars1 and its elegant proportions1 is a beautiful creation2 but only a foretaste or a prelude of that full glare of splendor which bursts upon the view on ascending the flight of steps leading from its lower level up to the nave of the great abbey church itself1 which was dedicated to ,st4 ,mary4 ,arrived at that point1 the spectator gazes upon a long vista of some four hundred feet1 including the nave and choir2 passing up through the nave1 which has a double line of arches1 whose pillars are profusely sculptured1 we come to the central point in the transept1 where there are four magnificent ,gothic arches1 which for imposing grandeur could scarcely be equalled in the world1 mounting up to the height of one hundred feet1 upon which rested the great tower of the church4 ,a portion of one of these arches still exists1 and though broken retains its original grandeur4 ,in the transept running north and south from this point are four beautifully decorated chapels1 ,st4 ,mary's1 in the north aisle2 ,st4 ,andrew's1 in the south2 ,our ,lady of ,loretto's1 on the north side of the nave2 and at the south angle that of the ,holy ,sepulchre2 another stood just behind the tower1 dedicated to ,st4 ,edgar3 in each of these are altars richly adorned with glittering appointments1 and beautiful glass windows1 stained with the figures of their patron saints1 the apostles1 scriptural scenes or episodes from the hagiology of the ,church2 then1 running in a straight line with the nave1 completing the gigantic parallelogram1 is the choir1 where the divine office is daily performed4 ,the body is divided into stalls and seats for the abbot1 the officers1 and monks4 ,at the eastern extremity stands the high altar1 with its profusion of decorative splendor1 whilst over it is an immense stained-glass window1 with semicircular top1 which pours down upon the altar1 and in fact bathes the whole choir1 when viewed from a distance1 in a sea of softened many-colored light4 ,the flooring of the great church1 like that of ,st4 ,joseph's1 is composed of encaustic ,norman tiles1 inscribed with ,scripture sentences1 heraldic devices1 and names of kings and benefactors4 ,underneath the great church is the crypt--a dark vault divided into three compartments by two rows of strong massive pillars1 into which1 having descended from the church1 the spectator #fff enters2 the light of his torch is thrown back from a hundred different points1 like the eyes of serpents glittering through the darkness1 reflected from the bright gold and silver nails and decorations of the coffins that lie piled on all sides1 and whose ominous shapes can be just faintly distinguished4 ,this is the weird world1 which exerts a mysterious influence over the hearts of the most thoughtless--the silent world of death in life2 and piled up around are the remains of whole generations long extinct of races of canonized saints1 pious kings1 devout queens1 mitred abbots1 bishops1 nobles who gave all their wealth to lie here1 knights who braved the dangers of foreign climes1 the power of the stealthy pestilence1 and the scimitar of the wild ,saracen1 that they might one day come back and lay their bones in this holy spot4 ,there were the gilded coffins of renowned abbots1 whose names were a mighty power in the world when they lived1 and whose thoughts are still read with delight by the votaries of another creed--the silver crosiers of bishops1 the purple cloth of royalty1 and the crimson of the noble--all slumbering and smoldering in the dense obscurity of the tomb1 but flashing up to the light once more in a temporary brilliancy1 like the last ball-room effort of some aged beauty--the aristocracy of death1 the coquetry of human vanity1 strong even in human corruption4 ,amongst the denizens of this dark region are--,king ,arthur and his queen ,guinever1 ,coel ,,ii41 grandfather of ,constantine the ,great1 ,kentwyn1 king of the ,west ,saxons1 ,edmund ,i41 ,edgar and ,ironsides1 ,st4 ,david of ,wales1 and ,st4 ,gildas1 beside nine bishops1 fifteen abbots1 and many others of note4 ,reascending from this gloomy cavern to the glories of the great church1 we wander amongst its aisles1 and as we gaze upon the splendors of its choir1 we reflect that in this gorgeous temple1 embellished by everything that art and science could contribute1 and sanctified by the presence of its holy altar1 with its consecrated host1 its cherished receptacle of saintly relics1 and its sublime mysteries1 did these devout men1 seven times a day1 for centuries1 assemble for prayer and worship4 ,as soon as the clock had tolled out the hour of midnight1 when all the rest of the world was rocked in slumber1 they arose1 and flocked in silence to the church1 where they remain in prayer and praise until the first faint streaks of dawn began to chase away the constellations of the night1 and then1 at stated intervals through the rest of the day1 the appointed services were carried on1 so that the greater portion of their lives was spent m this choir1 whose very walls were vocal with psalmody and prayer4 ,it was a grand offering to the ,almighty of human work and human life4 ,in that temple was gathered as a rich oblation everything that the united labor of ages could create and collect2 strong hands had dug out its foundations in the bowels of the earth1 had hewn stubborn rocks into huge blocks1 and piled them up high in the heavens1 had fashioned them into pillars and arches1 myriads of busy fingers had labored for ages at its decoration until every column1 every cornice1 and every angle bore traces of patient toil2 the painter1 the sculptor1 the poet1 had all contributed to its embellishment1 strength created it1 genius beautified it1 and the ever-ascending incense of human contrition1 human adoration1 and human prayer completed the gorgeous sacrifice which those devotees of mediaeval times offered up in honor of him whose mysterious presence they venerated as the actual and real inhabitant of their holy of holies4 ,retracing our steps once more to the nave1 we turn to take one lingering glance at the scene3 and here the full beauty and magnificence of the edifice bursts upon the view1 the eye wanders through a perfect stony forest whose stately trees1 taken at some moment when their tops1 bending toward each other and interlacing #ffg themselves1 had been petrified into the natural beauty of the ,gothic arch2 here and there were secluded spots where the prismatic light from painted windows danced about the pillars like straggling sunbeams through the thick foliage of a forest glade4 ,the clusters of pillars resembled the gnarled bark of old forest trees1 and the grouped ornaments of their capitols were the points where the trunk itself spread off into limbs and branches2 there were groves and labyrinths running far away into the interior of this sculptured wood1 and towering high in the centre were those four kings of the forest1 whose tops met far up in the heavens--the true heart of the scene1 from which everything diverged1 and1 with which everything was in keeping4 ,then1 as the spectator stands1 lost in the grandeur of the spectacle1 gazing in rapt wonder at the sky-painted ceiling1 or at some fantastic gnarled head grinning at him from a shady nook1 the passing whim of some mediaeval brain--a faint sigh1 as of a distant wind1 steals along those stony glades1 gradually increasing in volume1 until presently the full1 rich tones of the choir burst forth1 the organ peals out its melodious thunder1 add every arch and every pillar vibrates with undulations of harmonious sound1 just as in the storm-shaken forest every mighty denizen bends his massive branches to the fierce tempest-wind1 and intones his deep response to the wild music of the storm4 ,before the power of that music-tempest everything bowed1 and as the strains of some ,gregorian chant or the dirge-like melody of some penitential psalm filled the whole building with its pathos1 every figure seemed to be invested with life1 the mysterious harmony between the building and its uses was manifested1 the painted figures on the windows appeared to join in the strain1 a celestial chorus of apostles1 martyrs1 and saints2 the statues in their niches threw back the melody2 the figures reclining on the tombs seemed to raise their clasped hands in silent response to its power1 as though moved in their stony slumber by a dream of solemn sounds2 the grotesque figures on the pillars and in nooks and corners chanted the dissonant chords1 which brought out more boldly the general harmony2 every arch1 with its entwined branches and sculptured foliage1 shook with the stormy melody3 all was instinct with sympathetic life1 until1 the fury of the tempest dying away in fitful gusts1 the last breeze was wafted1 the painted forms became dumb1 the statues and images grew rigid1 the foliage was still1 all the sympathetic vitality faded away1 and the sacred grove fell into its silent magnificence4 ,attached to the great church were two offices--the sacristy and church treasury4 ,in the former were kept the sacred vestments1 chalices1 etc41 in use daily2 and in the latter were kept all the valuables1 such as sacred relics1 jewels and plate not in use1 with mitres1 crosiers1 cruces1 and pectorals2 there was also a confessional for those who wished to use it before going to the altar4 ,the care of these two offices was committed to a monk elected by the abbot1 who was called the sacrist4 ,coming out of the church we arrive at the cloisters1 a square place1 surrounded by a corridor of pillars1 and in the centre of the enclosure was a flower-garden--this was the place where the monks were accustomed to assemble at certain hours to walk up and down4 ,in one of the alleys of the cloister stood the chapter-house1 which1 as it was the scene of the most important events in their monotonous lives1 deserves a description4 ,in this spot the abbots and officers of the monastery were elected1 all the business of the house as a body was discussed1 faults were openly confessed1 openly reproved1 and in some cases corporal punishment was awarded in the presence of the abbot and whole convent upon some incorrigible offender1 so that1 beside being an assembling room1 it was a court of complaint and correction4 ,one #ffh brother could accuse another openly1 when the matter was gone into1 and justice done4 ,in all conventual institutions it was a weekly custom1 and in some a daily one1 to assemble in the chapter-house after one of the morning services 7generally after primes71 when a sentence from the rule was read1 a psalm sung1 and business attended to4 ,it was also an envied burying-place2 and the reader1 as he stood at his desk in the chapter-house of ,glastonbury ,abbey1 stood over the body of ,abbot ,chinnock1 who himself perfected its building1 which was commenced in #acjc by ,abbot ,fromont4 ,in the interior1 which was lit up by a magnificent stained-glass window1 there were three rows of stone benches one above another4 ,on the floor there was a reading-desk and bench apart2 in a platform raised above the other seats was the abbot's renowned elbow-chair1 which extraordinary piece of monastic workmanship excited so much curiosity at the great ,exhibition of #ahea4 ,in the middle of the hall was a platform called the ,judgment1 being the spot where corporal punishment1 when necessary1 was inflicted2 and towering above all was a crucifix1 to remind the brethren of the sufferings of ,christ4 ,in another alley of the cloisters stood the fratery1 or apartment for the novices1 which had its own refectory1 common room1 lavatory1 and dormitory1 and was governed by one of the priors4 ,ascending the staircase1 we come to a gallery in which are the library1 the wardrobe1 the common house1 and the common treasury4 ,the library was the first in ,england1 filled with choice and valuable books1 which had been given to the monastery from time to time in its history by kings1 scholars1 and devotees of all classes2 many also were transcribed by the monks4 ,during the twelfth century1 although even then of great renown in the world1 it was considerably augmented by ,henricus ,blessensis1 or ,henry of ,blois 7nephew of ,henry ,i4 and brother of ,stephen71 who was abbot4 ,this royal scholar had more books transcribed during his abbacy than any of his predecessors4 ,a list is still extant--,de libris quos ,henricus fecit transcribere1 in which are to be found such works as ,pliny ,de ,naturali ,historia1 a book in great favor at that time2 ,originem super ,epistolas ,pauli ad ,romanos1 ,vitas ,caesarum1 ,augustinum de ,trinitate1 etc4 ,here1 too1 as in every monastic library in the kingdom1 was that old favorite of conventual life1 and still favorite with many a lonely student1 ,boethius de ,consolatione ,philosophiae1 and many a great work from the grim solitude of a prison cell1 cherished1 too1 as the link which connected the modern ,latinists with those of the classic age4 ,housed up in that lonely corner of the island1 the ,glastonbury library was the storehouse of all the learning of the times2 and as devotees bent their steps from all climes toward the ,glastonbury relics and the ,glastonbury shrine1 so did the devotees of genius lovingly wander to the ,glastonbury library4 ,leland1 the old gossipping antiquarian1 has testified to its glory1 and given us an amusing account of the reverential awe with which he visited it not long before the fatal dissolution of the monastery4 ,in the preliminary observations to his ,collectanea de ,rebus ,britannicis1 ,footnote #ie he has put the following upon record3--,eram aliquot ab hinc annis ,glessoburgi ,somurotrigum ubi antiquissimum simul et famosissimum est totius insulaes nostrae caenobium1 animumque longo studioram labore fessum1 favente ,ricardo ,whitingo1 ,footnote #if ejusdem loci abbate1 recreabam donee novus quidam cum legendi tum discendi ardor me inflammaret4 ,supervenit autem ardor ille citius opinione2 itaque statim me contuli ad bibliothecam non omnibus perviam at sacras sanctae vetustatis reliquias quarum tantus ibi numerus quantus nollo #ffi alio facile ,britanniae loco diligentissime evolverem4 ,vix certo limen intraveram cum antiquissimorum librorum vel solus conspectus1 religionem nescio an stuporem1 animo incuteret meo1 eaqae de causa pedem paululum sistebam4 ,deinde salutato loci numine per dies aliquot onmes forulos curiosissime excussi4 ,footnote #ie3 ,collect ,reb4 ,brit4 vi41 page #hg1 ,hearne's edition4 ,footnote #if3 ,richard ,whiting1 the last ,abbot4 ,but attached to the library was a department common to all the ,benedictine monasteries1 where1 during long centuries of ignorance1 the materials of modern education were preserved and perpetuated2 this office was called the scriptorium1 or domus antiquariorum4 ,here were assembled for daily labor a class of monks selected for their superior scholarship and writing ability2 they were divided into two classes1 the antiquarii and the librarii3 the former were occupied in making copies of valuable old books1 and the latter were engaged in transcribing new ones1 and works of an inferior order4 ,the books they copied were the ,scriptures1 always in process of copying2 missals1 books for the service of the ,church1 works on theology1 and any of the classics that fell into their hands4 ,st4 ,david1 the patron saint of ,wales1 is said to have devoted much time to this work1 and at the period of his death had begun to transcribe the gospel of ,st4 ,john in letters of gold with his own hand4 ,footnote #ig ,footnote #ig3 ,giraldus ,cambren1 vit ,davidis ,angl4 ,sac1 ii41 #fce4 ,the instruments used in the work of the scriptorium were pens1 chalk1 pumice-stone for rubbing the parchment smooth2 penknives1 and knives for making erasures1 an awl to make dots1 a ruler and inkstand4 ,the greatest care was taken by the transcriber1 the writing was always beautifully clear1 omissions were most scrupulously noted in the margins1 and all interlineations were mentioned and acknowledged4 ,in an old manuscript belonging to the ,carmelites1 the scribe adds1 ,i have signed it with the sign following1 and made a certain interlineation which says 'redis' and another which says 'ordinis1' and another which says 'ordini1' and another which says 'circa4' ,so great was the care they took to preserve the text accurately1 and free from interpolations4 ,in these secluded studies sprang up that art1 the most charming which the middle ages have handed down to us1 the art of illumination1 so vainly imitated by the artists of the present day1 not from want of genius1 but from want of something almost indescribable in the conception and execution1 a tone and preservation of color1 and especially of the gilding1 which was essentially peculiar to the old monks1 who must have possessed some secret both of combination and fixing of colors which has been lost with them4 ,this elaborate illumination was devoted to religious books1 psalms1 missals1 and prayer-books2 in other works the first letters of chapters were beautifully illuminated1 and other leading letters in a lesser degree4 ,the scribe generally left spaces for these1 as that was the duty of another2 in the spaces were what were called leading letters1 written small to guide the illuminator2 these guide-letters may still be detected in some books4 ,so great was the love of this art1 that when printing displaced the labors of the scribe1 it was customary for a long time to have the leading letters left blank for illumination4 ,such were the peculiar labors of the scriptorium1 and to encourage those who dedicated their time to it1 a special benediction was attached to the office1 and posterity1 when satirizing the monastic life1 would do well to remember that the elegance of the satire may be traced back again to these labors1 which are the materials for the education and refinement of modern thought2 we got our ,bible from them1 we got our classics from them1 and had not such ruthless vandalism been exercised by those over-zealous men who effected their dispersion1 it is more than probable that the learned world would not have had to lament over1 the lost ,decades of ,livy4 ,it is the peculiarity of ignorance to be barbarous4 ,there #fgj is very little difference between the feeling which prompted a ,caliph ,omar to burn the ,alexandrian ,library or a ,totila to destroy the achievements of ,roman art2 and the feeling had only degenerated into the barbarity1 without the bravery1 when it revived again in the person of our arch-iconoclast1 ,cromwell1 of church-devastating memory1 who1 however great his love of piety many have been1 must have had a thorough hatred of architecture4 ,the care of the library and the scriptorium was intrusted to the librarian4 ,the next department in the gallery was the lavatory1 fitted up with all the appliances for washing2 and adjoining this room was one arranged for shaving1 a duty to which the monks paid strict attention1 more especially to preserve the tonsure4 ,the next room was the wardrobe1 where their articles of clothing and bedding were stored1 and in an inner chamber was the tailory1 where a number of lay brethren1 with a vocation for that useful craft1 were continually at work1 making and repairing the clothes of the community4 ,these two rooms and the lavatory were in charge of the camerarius1 or chamberlain4 ,the last abbot who sat in the chair of ,glastonbury was1 as we shall see1 elevated from this humble position to that princely dignity4 ,the common room was the next office1 and this was fitted up with benches and tables for the general use of the monks2 a fire was also kept burning in the winter1 the only one allowed for general purposes4 ,the last chamber in the corridor was the common treasury1 a strong receptacle for ready money belonging to the monastery1 charters1 registers1 books1 and accounts of the abbey1 all stored up in iron chests4 ,in addition to being the strong room of the abbey1 it had another important use4 ,in those uncertain times it was the custom for both nobles and gentry to send their deeds1 family papers1 and sometimes their plate and money1 to the nearest monastery1 where1 by permission of the abbot1 they were intrusted to the care of the treasurer for greater security2 in the wildest hour1 when the castle was given up to fire and sword1 the abbey was always held in reverence2 for1 independently of its sacred character1 it was endeared to the people by the free-handed charity of its almonry and refectory kitchen4 ,retracing our steps along the corridor1 and ascending another flight of stairs1 we come to the dormitory1 or dortoir1 a large passage with cells on either side2 each monk had a separate chamber1 very small1 in which there was a window1 but no chimney1 a narrow bedstead1 furnished with a straw bed1 a mattress1 a bolster of straw1 a coarse blanket1 and a rug2 by the bedstead was a prie-,dieu1 or desk1 with a crucifix upon it1 to kneel at for the last and private devotions2 another desk and table1 with shelves and drawers for books and papers2 in the middle was a cresset1 or stone-lantern1 with a lamp in it to give them light when they arose in the middle of the night to go to matins2 this department also was under the care of the chamberlain4 ,one more chamber was called the infirmary1 where the sick were immediately removed1 and treated with the greatest attention2 this was in the charge of an officer called the infirmarius4 ,we now descend these two flights of stairs1 issue from the cloisters1 and1 bending our steps to the south-west1 we come to the great hall1 or refectory1 where the whole convent assembled at meals4 ,at ,glastonbury there were seven long tables1 around which1 and adjoining the walls1 were benches for the monks4 ,the table at the upper end was for the abbot1 the priors1 and other heads1 the two next for the priests1 the two next for such as were in orders1 but not priests1 and such as intended to enter into orders2 the lower table on the right hand of the abbot was for such as were to take orders whom the other two middle tables could not hold1 and the lower table on the left of the abbot was reserved for the lay brethren4 ,in a convenient place was a pulpit1 where one of the monks1 at the #fga appointment of the abbot1 read portions of the ,old and ,new ,testament in ,latin every day during dinner and supper4 ,the routine of dinner1 as indeed the routine of all their meals1 was ordered by a system of etiquette as stringent as that which prevails in the poorest and smallest ,german court of the present day4 ,the sub-prior1 who generally presided at the table1 or some one appointed by him1 rang the bell2 the monks1 having previously performed their ablutions in the lavatory1 then came into the great hall1 and bowing to the high table1 stood in their places till the sub-prior came1 when they resumed their seats2 a psalm was sung1 and a short service followed by way of grace4 ,the sub-prior then gave the benediction1 and at the end they uncovered the food1 the sub-prior beginning2 the soup was then handed round1 and the dinner proceeded2 if anything was wanted it was brought by the cellarer1 or one of his assistants1 who attended1 when both the bringer and receiver bowed4 ,as soon as the meal was finished the cellarer collected the spoons2 and so stringent was the etiquette1 that if the abbot dined with the household 7which he did occasionally7 he was compelled to carry the abbot's spoon in his right hand and the others in his left2 when all was removed the sub-prior ordered the reading to conclude by a ,tu antem1 and the reply of ,dei gratias2 the reader then bowed1 the remaining food was covered1 the bell was rung1 the monks arose1 a verse of a psalm was sung1 when they bowed and retired two by two1 singing the ,miserere4 ,a little further toward the south stood the guest-house1 where all visitors1 from prince to peasant1 were received by the hospitaller with a kiss of peace1 and entertained4 ,they were allowed to stay two days and two nights2 on the third day after dinner they were expected to depart1 but if not convenient they could procure an extension of their stay by application to the abbot4 ,this hospitality1 so generously accorded1 was often abused by sons of donors and descendants of benefactors1 who saddled themselves and their retinues upon the monasteries frequently1 and for a period commensurate with the patience of the abbot2 and to so great an extent did this evil grow that statutes were enacted to relieve the abbeys so oppressed4 ,not far from the refectory1 toward the west1 stood the abbot's private apartments1 and still further to the west the great kitchen1 which was one of the wonders of the day2 its capacity may be imagined when we reflect that it had frequently to provide dinner for four or five hundred guests2 but the arrangements and service of the kitchen deserve notice4 ,every monk had to serve as hebdomadary1 or dispenser1 whose duty it was to appoint what food was to be dressed and to keep the accounts for the week4 ,upon taking office he was compelled to wash the feet of the brethren1 and upon yielding it up to the new hebdomadary he was obliged to see that all the utensils were clean4 ,st4 ,benedict strictly enjoined this rule upon them1 in order that1 as ,christ their ,lord washed the feet of his disciples1 they might wash each others' feet1 and wait upon each others' wants4 ,the ,glastonbury kitchen is the only building which still remains entire2 it was built wholly of stone1 for the better security from fire2 on the outside it is a four-square1 and on the inside an eight-square figure2 it had four hearths1 was twenty feet in height to the roof1 which ran up in a figure of eight triangles2 from the top hung suspended a huge lantern4 ,footnote #ih ,footnote #ih3 ,strange vicissitudes of kitchens--in #affg this ,glastonbury ,abbey kitchen was hired by the ,quakers as a meeting-house2 in the fulness of time1 where monasticism cooked its mutton ,quakerdom sat in triumph4 ,attached to the kitchen was the almonry1 or eleemosynarium1 where on ,wednesdays and ,fridays the poor people of ,glastonbury and its neighborhood were liberally relieved4 ,this duty was committed to a grave monk1 who #fgb was called the almoner1 or eleemosynarius1 and who had to inquire after the poor and sick4 ,no abbots in the kingdom were more liberal in the discharge of these two duties of their office1 hospitality and almsgiving1 than the abbots of ,glastonbury4 ,it was not an unusual thing for them to entertain #ejj guests at a sitting1 some of whom were of the first rank in the country1 and the loose charge of riotous feasting which has been thoughtlessly made against the monastic life by hostile historians becomes modified when we recollect that in that age there were scarcely any wayside inns in the country1 and all men1 when travelling1 halted at the monastery and looked for refreshment and shelter as a matter of right2 neither had that glorious system of union work-houses been thought of1 and therefore the sick and the poor fell at once to the care of the monastery1 where they were cheerfully relieved and tenderly treated4 ,last1 but not least1 was the department for boys--another little detached community1 with its own school-room1 dormitory1 refectory1 hall1 etc4 ,one of the monks presided over them4 ,they were taught ,christian doctrine1 music1 grammar1 and1 if any showed capacity1 the subjects necessary for the university4 ,they were maintained free1 and had to officiate in the church as choristers2 a system maintained almost to the letter up to the very present moment4 ,william of ,malmesbury records that in the churchyard of ,glastonbury ,abbey stood some very ancient pyramids close to the sarcophagus of ,king ,arthur4 ,the tallest was nearest the church1 twenty-six feet in height1 consisting of five stories1 or courses2 in the upper course was the figure of a bishop1 in the second of a king1 with this inscription--,,her4 ,,sexi4 and ,,blisvverh4 ,in the third the names ,,wemcreste1 ,,bantomp1 ,,wenethegn4 ,in the fourth--,,hate1 ,,wvlfrede1 and ,,eanflede4 ,in the fifth1 and last1 the figure of an abbot1 with the following inscription--,,logvvor1 ,,weslielas and ,,bregdene1 ,,svvelvves ,,hvvingendes1 and ,,berne4 ,the other pyramid was eighteen feet in height1 and consisted of four stories1 whereon were inscribed in large letters ,,hedde ,episcopus ,,bregorred and ,,beorvvalde4 ,william of ,malmesbury could give no satisfactory solution to the meaning of these inscriptions beyond the suggestion that the word ,,bregdene must have meant a place then called ,brentacnolle1 which now exists under the name of ,brent ,knowle1 and that ,,beorwalde was ,beorwald1 the abbot after ,hemigselus4 ,he concludes his speculation1 however1 with the sentence--,quid haec significent non temere diffinio sed ex suspicione colligo eorum interius in cavatis lapidibus contineri ossa quorum exterius leguntur nomina4 ,footnote #ii ,footnote #ii3 ,guliel4 ,malms4 ,hist4 ,glaston4 ,the man who ruled over this miniature world1 with a state little short of royalty1 was endowed with proportionate dignities2 being a member of the upper house of convocation and a parliamentary baron1 he sat robed and mitred amongst the peers of the country2 in addition to his residence at the abbey he had four or five rural retreats at easy distances from it1 with parks1 gardens1 fisheries1 and every luxury2 his household was a sort of court1 where the sons of noblemen and gentlemen were sent to be trained and educated4 ,when at home he royally entertained his #cjj guests1 and when he went abroad he was attended by a guard of #ajj men4 ,the rent-roll of the monastery has been computed to amount to more than #cjj1jjj per annum1 which in these days would be equal to nearly half a million4 ,up to the year #aaed he ranked also as ,first ,abbot of ,england1 and took precedence of all others2 but ,adrian the ,fourth1 the only ,englishman who ever ascended the papal chair1 bestowed that honor upon the ,abbot of ,st4 ,albans1 where he had received his education4 ,the church1 and different offices which clustered round it1 formed a kingdom1 #fgc over which he ruled with absolute power4 ,this description of the buildings and adjuncts of the abbey may not be inaptly closed by giving a sketch of the outline of a monastic day1 which will assist the reader to form a clearer idea of the monastic life4 ,at two in the morning the bell tolled for matins1 when every monk arose1 and after performing his private devotions hastened to the church1 and took his seat4 ,when all were assembled fifteen psalms were sung1 then came the nocturn1 and more psalms2 a short interval ensued1 during which the chanter choir and those who needed it had permission to retire for a short time if they wished2 then followed lauds1 which were generally finished by six ,a4,m41 when the bell rang for prime2 when this was finished the monks continued reading till seven o'clock1 when the bell was rung and they returned to put on their day clothes4 ,afterward1 the whole convent having performed their ablutions and broken their fast1 proceeded again to the church1 and the bell was rung for tierce at nine o'clock4 ,after tierce came the morning mass1 and as soon as that was over they marched in procession to the chapter-house for business and correction of faults4 ,this ceremony over1 the monks worked or read till sext1 twelve ,a4,m41 which service concluded1 they dined2 then followed the hour's sleep in their clothes in the dormitory1 unless any of them preferred reading4 ,nones commenced at three ,p4,m41 first vespers at four1 then work or reading till second vespers at seven1 afterward reading till collation2 then came the service of complin1 confession of sins1 evening prayers1 and retirement to rest about nine ,p4,m4 ,that was the life pursued at ,glastonbury ,abbey1 according to the ,benedictine rule1 from the time of its establishment there until the dissolution of the monastery1 nearly ten centuries4 ,with our modern training and predilections1 it is a marvel to us that men could be found willing to submit to such a monotonous career--ten hours a day spent in the church1 beginning in the middle of the night1 winter and summer4 ,and yet the monastery was always full4 ,we read of no breaking up of institutions for want of devotees1 and we are driven to the conclusion that in the age when the monastic life was in its power and purity these men could have been actuated by none other than the motive of strong religious fervor--a fervor of which we in modern times have neither conception nor example4 ,the operation of the influence of that life upon the history of these islands can only be contemplated by watching it in the various phases of its action upon the politics1 literature1 and art by which it was surrounded1 and for that purpose we have selected this oldest and grandest specimen of ,english monasticism1 so faintly described1 the mother ,church of our country1 in whose career so brilliant1 so varied1 and so tragically ended1 we hope to be able to show wherein was the glory1 the weakness1 and the ruin of the system1 as it rose1 flourished1 and fell in ,england4 ,we have endeavored to conjure up from the shadowy realms of the past some faint representation of what ,glastonbury ,abbey was in the days of its glory2 let us now transfer ourselves from the age of towered abbeys1 wandering pilgrims1 monks1 cloisters1 and convent bells to this noisy1 riotous1 busy time in the year of grace #ahfe--;from the ,glastonbury ,abbey of the sixteenth century to the ,glastonbury ,abbey of to-day4 ,it is only within the last ten years that the deep slumber of that quiet neighborhood has been disturbed by the noise and bustle of this busy life--that a railroad has gone out of its way to upset the sedate propriety of ecclesiastical ,wells1 or the peaceful repose of monasterial ,glastonbury2 hitherto the stillness and quiet of that lovely country was the same as when mass was sung in the superb cathedral of the one place1 and the palmer or the #fgd penitent bent his steps to the holy well of the other4 ,but alas6 the life of the nineteenth century has broken in upon it2 the railway has dashed through that beautiful valley with its sacrilegious march2 and at ,wells1 the cathedral of ,ina1 with its matchless front1 studded with apostles and martyrs1 kings1 bishops1 knights1 and mystic emblems1 vocal as it were with history1 now frowns upon the contentions of two rival companies2 whilst at ,glastonbury there is a railway station erected almost over the very bones of the saints4 ,alighting from this1 we make our way to the ruins2 but as we go1 will just view their past history4 ,after the dissolution of the abbey there was an effort made to restore it in the time of ,mary1 but unavailingly2 from that period it was allowed to fall into decay4 ,it is difficult to estimate whether the hand of man or the hand of time has been busier about its spoliation4 ,at the period of ,cromwell1 who loved to worship ,god in the ugliness of holiness1 it must have been nearly entire1 but that hero could not pass the town without putting a shot through those unoffending ruins in the name of the ,lord1 which act1 however appropriate as an expression of ,puritan feeling1 was sadly detrimental to the architecture of ,glastonbury ,abbey4 ,then in #affg1 as we have already alluded to1 the ,quakers got possession of the kitchen1 hired at a nominal rent1 paid in hard ,quaker money--that glorious kitchen1 sanctified by so much saintly cookery--for their grim assemblies4 ,there is a great deal of what is aptly called the romance of history in this fact if we only had time to think about it--that it should come to this1 monasticism with its princely head1 its grand religions life and ceremonies1 its painting and staining1 its chanting and intoning1 itself in all its glory1 driven from the face of the country1 and modern ,quakerdom sitting silent in its ruined kitchen waiting to be moved4 ,it has suffered much1 also1 from the gross vandalism of the people themselves4 ,naturally a simple people1 they of course knew nothing of antiquarianism1 although that science is irreverently said to master many simples among its votaries4 ,for years then it was their practice to use the materials of the abbey for building purposes1 and it is not difficult to find scattered for miles around the country1 in farmhouses and even in hovels1 portions of sculpture over doorways and fireplaces which speak of mediaeval workmanship4 ,but a worse degradation still befel the place1 and the walls which at one time would have been regarded as invested with the odor of sanctity1 and even now are sacred to us as a priceless historical monument1 were actually sold as materials for mending the roads1 to the lasting shame of overseerdom and the powers that were at ,glastonbury4 ,but the day for building huts or mending roads with ecclesiastical sculpture is gone1 and the little that remains of ,glastonbury ,abbey has found its way into the hands of those who appear to know how to preserve it1 and have the intention to do so4 ,after all this decay and vandalism very little is left of the old abbey--some portions of ,st4 ,joseph's church with the crypt--some walls of the choir of the great church2 the two east pillars of the tower1 forming a grand broken arch1 a lasting memento of the original splendor2 there are portions1 also1 of some of the chapels and the abbot's kitchen1 the most complete of all4 ,the eye is at once arrested by the portals of ,st4 ,joseph's church1 which still remain in a tolerable state of preservation1 sufficient to enable one to form an idea of what a triumph of decorative art they were4 ,nothing could be more profusely ornamented than the northern portal2 it was composed of semi-circular arches1 receding in succession and diminishing in size as they recede into the body of the building2 the exterior arch being about twelve feet by eleven1 and the interior nine feet by six4 ,the four fasciae are covered with sculptured representations supposed to be #fge commemorations of royal and noble people connected with the monastery--saints1 pilgrims1 and knights4 ,the forms graven on these fasciae are interpreted in ,warner's ,history of ,glastonbury to represent the following subjects4 ,the uppermost fascia is almost obliterated1 though still showing a running pattern of tendrils and leaves interspersed with figures of men and animals2 toward the centre the sculpture is much mutilated1 though something can be traced like the effigy of a person in long robes seized on the shoulder by a furious animal4 ,beyond him are indistinct remains of three or four upright figures1 and the rest is filled up by foliage4 ,the second fascia is made up of eighteen separate ovals1 each of which contained a distinct subject2 the two first are defaced2 the third contains a person apparently kneeling2 the fourth1 a female with a head-dress sitting on a conch2 the fifth1 a female on horseback2 the sixth1 a man on horseback2 the seventh1 a crowned personage on horseback2 the eighth1 the body of a deceased person stretched on a couch1 with a canopy over it1 the corpse covered1 and the head resting on a pillow2 nine and ten the same2 eleven1 a knight in a coat of chain armor1 with a pointed shield charged with the cross1 indicative of a crusader2 twelve1 a regal personage with a flowing beard and in long robes1 crowned1 and sitting on a throne2 thirteen1 a knight in chain armor falling from his horse as if wounded2 fourteen1 a figure like the former1 the right arm stretched out and holding a sword which impales an infant2 fifteen1 the upright figure of a female with a veil1 apparently in male costume2 sixteenth1 another body stretched out on a couch2 seventeen1 unintelligible2 eighteen1 a figure of a pilgrim4 ,the intervals between all these ovals are sculptured into foliage4 ,there can be very little doubt that the subjects contained in these ovals were the representations of monarchs1 knights1 persons1 and events connected with the history of the abbey4 ,the fourth fascia is much mutilated2 but ,warner thinks it referred to some act of munificence1 from the canopied couch it displays1 with a figure recumbent upon it and representations of angels guarding it4 ,the portal toward the south was on a similar plan to the northern1 but with five instead of four fasciae4 ,one1 two1 and five are covered with finely chiseled foliage2 the third is plain2 the fourth only partially worked4 ,according to the authority already mentioned1 the only two ovals which are complete represent in the first the creation of man1 and in the second the eating of the fruit4 ,in the former is to be seen an upright figure with a nimbus or glory round its head1 designating the ,almighty in the act of calling man into being1 and at his feet is man himself4 ,in the latter there is the tree with ,satan behind it1 and ,adam and ,eve sitting with the apples4 ,the appearance of these two portals1 independent of the interest lent them by ,warner's speculations as to their import1 is very striking4 ,in their perfection they must have been masterpieces of that exquisite taste and minute labor which the men of that age devoted to the embellishment of the church4 ,taking the ruins in a mass1 it would be difficult to find anywhere such a specimen of broken grandeur4 ,standing upon the spot at the extreme east1 where was the high altar of the church1 the eye wanders down a grand vista of some five hundred feet1 relieved in the midst by that solitary1 magnificent1 broken arch towering up high in the air1 with rich festoons of ivy hanging about it in lavish luxuriance like the tresses of some gigantic beauty1 and far down in the distance are the crumbling remains of ,st4 ,joseph's chapel1 the gem of the whole1 with its arched windows and profuse decoration1 the tops of its walls covered over with straggling parasites1 which curl over its brow like the scanty locks of sere old age4 ,and as we reflect that this sacred spot was the cradle of our #fgf ,christianity2 that this building was the mother of our ,church2 that far back in the bygone ages of barbarism vagrant missionaries wandered foot-sore and worn to this very spot2 planted with their own hands the cross of ,christ2 built up with those hands the rude rush-covered shed which served as the first temple raised to ,god in these islands2 spent their lives here in preaching that good tidings to a benighted pagan people1 laid their bones down by the side of the work of their hands1 and left their mission to their successors2 that in process of time this little community became a mighty power1 and that rush-covered shed a splendid temple1 whose history is collateral with that of the country for nearly twelve centuries1 and now it lies all battered and broken1 crumbling away and wasting like human life itself--the mind shrinks appalled at the thought of the vicissitude which brought about so complete a ruin4 ,o who thy ruine sees1 whom wonder doth not fill ,with our great father's pompe1 devotion1 and their skill8 ,thou more than mortall power 7this judgment rightly waid7 ,then present to assist at that foundation laid2 ,on whom for this sad waste1 should justice lay the crime8 ,is there a power in fate8 or doth it yield to time8 ,or was this error such that thou could'st not protect ,those buildings which thy hands did with their zeal erect8 ,to whom did'st thou commit that monument to keepe8 ,that suffereth with the dead their memory to sleepe4 ,when not great ,arthur's tombe1 nor ,holy ,joseph's grave1 ,from sacrilege had power their sacred bones to save2 ,he who that ,god-in-,man to his sepulchre brought1 ,or he which for the faith twelve famous battles fought2 ,what8 did so many ,kings do honour to that place ,for avarice at last so vilely to deface8 ,footnote #ajj ,footnote #ajj3 ,drayton's ,polyolbion ,in the neighborhood of the town is a hill known all over the world by the name of ,wearyall ,hill1 so called 7according to the chronicles7 because ,st4 ,joseph and his companions sat down here to rest themselves1 weary with their journey4 ,as the legend goes ,st4 ,joseph is said to have stuck his staff in the earth and left it there1 when lo6 it took root1 grew1 and constantly budded on ,christmas ,day6 ,this was the legendary origin of the far-famed holy thorn4 ,up to the time of ,queen ,elizabeth it had two trunks or bodies1 and so continued until some nasal psalm-spoiler of ,cromwell's crew exterminated one1 leaving the other to become the wonder of all strangers1 who even then began to flock to the place4 ,the blossoms of this remaining branch of the holy thorn became such a curiosity that there was a general demand for them from all parts of the world1 and the ,bristol merchants1 then very great people in their line1 turned this relic of the saint into a matter of commercial speculation1 and made goodly sums of money by exporting the blossoms to foreign countries4 ,there are trees from the branches of this thorn growing at the present moment in many of the gardens and nurseries round about ,glastonbury1 nay1 all over ,england1 and in various parts of the ,continent4 ,the probability is1 as suggested by ,collinson in his ,history of ,somerset1 that the monks procured the tree from ,palestine1 where many of the same sort flourish4 ,in the abbey church-yard1 on the north side of ,st ,joseph's chapel1 there was also a walnut tree which1 it was said1 never blossomed before the feast of ,st4 ,barnabas 7the #aath ,june74 ,this is gone4 ,these two trees1 the holy thorn and the sacred walnut1 were held in high estimation even long after the monasteries had disappeared from the land4 ,queen ,anne1 ,king ,james1 and many of the nobility of the realm are said to have given large sums of money for cuttings from them2 so that the odor of sanctity clung about the old walls of ,glastonbury long after its glory had departed2 nay1 even the belief in its miraculous waters lingered in the popular mind1 and was even revived by a singular #fgg incident so late as the year #agea4 ,the circumstances are somewhat as follows3--,one ,matthew ,chancellor1 of ,north ,wootton1 had been suffering from an asthma of thirty years' standing1 and on a certain night in the autumn of #agej1 having had an usually violent fit of coughing1 he fell asleep1 and1 according to the depositions taken upon his oath1 dreamed that he was at ,glastonbury1 somewhere above the chain gate1 in a horse track1 and there found some of the clearest water he ever saw in his life2 that he knelt down and drank of it and upon getting up1 fancied he saw some one standing before him1 who1 pointing with his finger to the stream1 thus addressed him3 ,if you will go to the freestone shoot1 and take a clean glass1 and drink a glassful fasting seven ,sunday mornings following1 and let no person see you1 you will find a perfect cure of your disorder1 and then make it public to the world4 ,he asked him why he should drink it only on ,sunday mornings1 and the person replied that the world was made in six days1 and on the seventh day ,god rested from his labor1 and blessed it3 beside1 this water comes out of the holy ground where a great many saints and martyrs have been buried4 ,the person also told him something about ,christ himself being baptized1 but this he could not distinctly remember when he awoke4 ,impelled by this dream1 the man kept the secret to himself1 and went on the ,sunday morning following to ,glastonbury1 which was three miles from the place where he lived1 and found it exactly according to his dream2 but being a dry time of the year1 the water did not run very plentifully2 however1 dripping his glass three times in the pool beneath the shoot1 he managed to drink a quantity equal to a glassful1 giving ,god thanks at the same time4 ,this he continued to do for seven times1 according to the injunction of the dream1 at the end of which period he had entirely lost his complaint4 ,the effect of this story is remarkable4 ,as soon as it was noised abroad1 thousands of people of all sects came flocking to ,glastonbury from every quarter of the kingdom to partake of the waters of this stream4 ,every inn and house in the town1 and for some distance round1 was filled with lodgers and guests2 and it is stated upon reliable authority that during the month of ,may1 #agea1 the town contained upward of ten thousand strangers4 ,even to this day1 there is a notion amongst the peasantry1 more especially the old women of both sexes1 that the water is good for the rheumatiz4 ,after the scenes of violence1 the ruthless vandalism1 which this old abbey has gone through1 it cannot be a matter of surprise that so little remains of all its grandeur2 but it is a fact much to be lamented1 because1 as it was in its time one of the grandest ecclesiastical edifices in the country1 so1 if it had been preserved intact like its old rival1 the cathedral at ,wells1 it would have been one of the most important and valuable items in the monumental history of ,england2 that broad page where every nation writes its own autobiography2 how valuable we find it in our researches as to the life of bygone times2 and yet how little do we appear to do in this way as regards our own fame2 how little do we cultivate our monumental history4 ,one of the most lasting evidences of greatness which a country can leave behind it for the admiration and instruction of posterity1 is the evidence of its national architecture--its architecture in the fullest sense of the term1 not its mere roofs and walls1 but the acts which it writes upon those walls1 its statues and monuments4 ,there are only two agencies by which national fame can be perpetuated--literature and art4 ,the pen of the historian or the poet may give the outline of national manners and the description of national achievements1 but art1 as it exists in the extant monuments of the architecture of that nation1 gives the #fgh representation of the actual life as it was1 fills up the outline1 and presents us with something like the substance3 it does not describe1 but illustrate2 it is1 in fact1 the petrified manifestation of the very life itself4 ,we have read much about the splendor of those extinct civilizations of the ,pharaohs1 and of the marvels of ,babylonish grandeur1 but what a flood of light was thrown upon our dim conceptions by the resuscitated relics of a buried ,nineveh6 ,in ,grecian poets and ,grecian historians we make the acquaintance of the heroes and the heroism of that heroic existence2 but in the ,elgin marbles we see the men and the deeds in all their natural grandeur1 petrified before us in the graphic sublimity of motionless life4 ,to come a little nearer our own times and to the mother of our civilization1 what a confirmation of the historic tradition of the ,rome of our studies have we found under that hardened lava which for centuries has formed the tombstone of ,herculaneum and ,pompeii4 ,what vivid illustrations of ,roman life and ,roman manners are continually being discovered in those buried cities2 and so of every nation and time it is its history which narrates its glory1 but it is its architecture alone which must illustrate and confirm it4 ,there is no fear of the present age of our country leaving no evidence of its power behind it4 ,that evidence is written in indelible characters deep even to the very bowels of the earth itself1 through the heart of mountains1 over broad rivers1 across plains1 its scroll has been the broad bosom of the country1 upon which it has engraven its character truly with a pen of iron2 but there is a danger that we shall leave very little monumental history behind us in our architecture4 4 4 4 4 ,protestantism1 too1 was an iconoclast as regards ,catholicism1 but it contented itself with desecrating temples1 pulling down altars1 tearing away paintings1 but it substituted nothing in their place2 it would admit of no allurements in the ,church but that of genuine piety1 and supplied no attractions for the thoughtless1 the careless1 the unbelieving1 but its bare walls and cold ministrations4 ,this feeling is now undergoing a marked change2 we are beginning to see that plainness in externals may conceal a considerable amount of pride and worldliness1 and thus ,quakers are leaving off their curious garb1 and ,methodists are building temples2 it is beginning to dawn upon men's minds1 at last1 that ugliness is one of the most inappropriate sacrifices man can offer to his ,god1 that as in the olden times the patriarchs used to offer up the first-fruits of the field1 so in these later times we should offer up the first-fruits of our achievements2 the choicest productions of art1 science1 and every form of human genius should be presented to him who is the ,god of all humanity4 ,as we raise up temples to his honor and glory1 where we may come with our supplications for his mercy1 our adoration of his power1 where we may bring our purest thoughts1 our noblest hopes1 our highest aspirations1 and our best emotions2 so let us decorate that temple with the best works of our hands as we hallow it with the best feelings of our hearts4 ,the reason given by ,solomon for exerting all the power and wealth of his kingdom to decorate the temple was simply1 ,this house which ,i build is great1 for great is our ,god above all gods2 ,footnote #aja and the approval and acceptance of it by him for whom it was built is recorded in his own words3 ,now mine eyes shall be open1 and mine ears attent unto the prayer that is made in this place1 for now have ,i chosen and sanctified this house1 that my name may be there for ever1 and mine eyes and mine heart shall be there perpetually4 ,footnote #aja3 #b ,chron4 ii4 #e4 ,and that we may not go to the other extreme1 as some churches have done and do in our day1 and imagine that if we decorate our temple with all the choicest offerings we can bring it is enough1 and ,god will be satisfied with the mere offering1 there is1 following #fgi immediately upon his gracious acceptance and approval of ,solomon's temple1 the solemn warning in his own words3 ,but if ye turn away and forsake my statutes and my commandments1 which ,i have set before you1 and shall go and serve other gods1 and worship them1 then will ,i pluck them up by the roots out of my land which ,i have given them2 and this house which ,i have sanctified for my name will ,i cast out of my sight1 and will make it to be a proverb and a byword among all nations4 ,and this house which is high shall be an astonishment to every one that passeth by it1 so that he shall say1 ',why hath the ,lord done this unto this land and unto this house8' ,and it shall be answered1 ',because they forsook the ,lord ,god of their fathers1 which brought them forth out of the land of ,egypt1 and laid hold on other gods1 and worshipped them and served them2 therefore hath he brought all this evil upon them4' ,footnote #ajb ,footnote #ajb3 #b ,chron4 vii4 #ae1 seq4 ,that is the canon of church building as ordained by ,god himself--make the church as grand an offering as you can1 but keep the ritual pure--fill the temple with all the emblems of his glory1 but remember that it is he only who is to be worshipped4 ,such is the teaching of revelation2 and now we turn to nature1 that boundless temple which ,god has built up to himself with his own hands4 ,had he been a ,god of mere utility instead of a ,god of beauty and glory2 had he only considered the bare convenience and accommodation of the human race1 a proportionate amount of dry land in one place1 and a proportionate amount of water in another1 would have sufficed to meet all human wants2 there was no practical need for the variegated aspect1 of natural scenery1 of hill and dale1 mountain and valley1 of rippling stream and sweet-smelling flowers2 but the world of nature was built for something higher than the mere dwelling place of man4 ,it was built as a temple in which he should honor his ,god1 and which was therefore filled with a myriad of beauties to excite his admiration1 to please his eye1 to fill his soul with gratitude and joy1 and to raise his heart to that ,god who has given him such a beautiful home1 furnished not only with the means of supplying his necessities1 but embellished with the choicest beauties of creative power4 ,what is nature but a gorgeous temple1 laid out and decorated by the hand of ,god himself1 with its broad pavement tesselated with endless varieties of verdure1 with mountain altars which ,christ himself loved to frequent and hallow with his prayers1 its long aisles fretted with luxurious foliage pillared with tall trees1 which bend their tops together in the matchless symmetry of nature's arch1 all vocal with the deep-toned music of rushing waters1 and melodies warbled by the unseen songsters of the air1 spanned over with the boundless blue ceiling of heaven itself1 lit up by day with the sunshine of his majesty1 and at night by the stars placed there with his own hands8 ,let us1 whilst we endeavor to get at the truth of history1 appeal also to revelation and nature4 ------ #fhj ,from ,the ,st4 ,james ,magazine4 ,,city ,,aspirations4 ,oh1 not in the town to die6 ,with its restless trampling to and fro1 ,and its traffic-hubbub above1 below1 ,and the whirling wheels that hurry by4 ,and the chimney forests1 blacken'd and high-- ,oh1 mercy6 not in a town to die6 ,in a town ,i may live1 and strive1 and toil1 ,and grow a part of the living turmoil2 ,a cog-wheel in a machine of men4 ,turning to labor again and again1 ,doing my work with the multitude1 ,with a spirit wean'd1 and a heart subdued1 ,pausing sometimes1 in a moment of ease1 ,to yearn and sigh for a meadow breeze1 ,for the whispering rustle of summer trees1 ,and the dreamy murmur of golden bees1 ,and the field-path margined by many a flower4 ,and the village church with its grey old tower2 ,yet still1 for sake of my babes and thee4 ,sweet wife1 ,i may work courageously2 ,may bide in a town1 and with iron will ,go laboring on in the hubbub still4 ,where the wheels of the man-machine ever spin1 ,money1 and money1 and money1 to win4 ,but to die in a town1 in turmoil and smoke1 ',mongst houses1 and chimneys gaunt and high4 ,when the silken cord of the soul is broke1 ,methinks the vapors so heavy would lie4 ,it scarce could soar1 as it should1 to the sky4 ,oh1 live as ,i may1 to brook it ,i'll try-- ,but1 mercy6 not in a town to die6 ------ #fha ,from ,the ,month4 ,,the ,,faculty ,,of ,,paris ,,in ,,the ,,time ,,of ,,moli,,re4 ,in a former number we gave a slight sketch of the laws and etiquettes of the old ,french ,medical ,faculty4 ,the state of things there described was already on the wane when ,molire dealt it a blow1 from the effects of which it never recovered4 ,but there is one characteristic of the position of the medical body which is inherent in its very nature1 and is likely to be as enduring as the world itself1 allowing for the modifications of varying times and changing manners4 ,so long as our poor humanity shall be subject to disease and death1 so long will medicine and its scientific administration be esteemed a necessity4 ,some1 indeed1 judge both to be well-nigh unmitigated evils2 but at any rate1 if evils1 they are necessary evils2 and even the greatest railers at the doctor and his drugs are pretty sure to send for him in the hour of danger1 lean on him for hope1 and swallow his potions4 ,the medical man thus obtains an exceptional position4 ,he is introduced into the sanctuary of the family1 sees us in our unguarded moments1 receives our confidence1 and often wins our friendship4 ,he never comes as a judge or a censor4 ,we feel at our ease with him4 ,our esteem for him is personal1 and independent of all considerations of rank or fortune4 ,he is a stranger to all the conflicting interests which divide parties from each other1 and can visit persons of all shades of opinion and of views the most opposite1 whether of religion or politics1 without causing the shadow of an offense4 ,from all this it results that the doctor is often admitted to the closest intimacy by men occupying the highest positions4 ,hence the footing of quasi-equality accorded1 often to the obscure son of ,a,esculapius1 raised by his profession to a post of dignity and benevolent authority1 which1 while it obtains for him consideration and respect1 clashes in nothing with the social importance of the patient4 ,it was so1 in a certain degree1 in the seventeenth century1 when classes were divided much more widely than at present1 and reverence for birth and rank much stronger2 and we have numerous instances of the friendship subsisting between doctors and the highest in the land4 ,it is true that the medical faculty did actually number amongst its members men who had undoubted claims to nobility2 and we find from ,larroque's ,trait de la ,noblesse that doctors1 as distinguished from apothecaries and surgeons1 were held not to derogate from their rank by the practice of medicine4 ,but further1 the medical profession was held to confer a species of nobility2 for of nobility there were reckoned to be three sorts--nobility of race1 nobility of royal concession1 and personal nobility1 such as in peculiar cases we find conferred on the whole bourgeoisie of certain towns4 ,this distinction offended no one1 as it expired with its recipient1 on whom while living it conferred many practical advantages1 such as exemption from taxation4 ,in ,paris this circumstance was of small moment1 because1 as members of the university1 the doctors enjoyed all manner of immunities4 ,but in the provinces it was different4 ,in the south of ,france1 in particular1 these privileges were energetically claimed on the ground of the honor of the profession1 and they were traditionally referred to ,roman times4 ,montpellier #fhb was full of these reminiscences of the past1 and in ,dauphin the nobility of the doctors was even transmitted from father to son4 ,at ,lyons it was remembered that ,antonius ,musa had cured the ,emperor ,augustus1 and had received a gold ring for himself and his successors in the art4 ,accipe annulum aureum1 in signum nobilitatis ab ,augusto et ,senatu ,romano medicis concessae1 were the words used in the aggregation of a doctor by the college of that city4 ,the misfortune was that there must of necessity be some contrast between this theoretical nobility and the practical life of the physician4 ,he must1 if he would gain his living1 go from house to house indiscriminately1 and receive his pay from all classes1 like the butcher or the baker4 ,the doctors endeavored to smooth over this anomaly by affecting considerable state4 ,they might be seen threading the streets of ,paris mounted on mules1 in large wigs and with ample beards4 ,the mule gave an almost episcopal air4 ,the beard is more than half the doctor1 says ,toinette1 in the ,malade ,imaginaire1 ,when the fashionable ,gunaut took to a horse1 it raised quite a scandal1 which ,boileau has commemorated3 ,gunaut1 sur son cheval1 en passant m'clabousse4 ,many1 not satisfied with this degree of state1 paid their visits in the long magisterial robe1 with scarlet hose and band1 the famous rabat1 to which ,pascal wittily alludes when he says1 ,who could place any confidence in a doctor without a rabat8 ,not only were the doctors careful to uphold their dignity by these forms1 but the ,paris ,faculty was extremely jealous in maintaining its exclusive position4 ,its members not merely refused1 as was natural1 to meet in consultation any of the host of quacks with which the capital swarmed1 and who found frequent access to the houses of the great lords and ladies1 often as sceptical in regard to orthodox practitioners as they were credulous in the extreme of the pretensions of these heretical interlopers1 but they likewise stood aloof from men as respectable as themselves--the honorable doctors of ,montpellier1 of whom perhaps a few words anon4 ,in the meantime we will take a hasty glance at the members of the ,paris ,faculty apart from their official life2 for they were men after all1 and did not always figure in wig and gown4 ,they must have had their private as well as public existence2 but it is a more difficult task to obtain a sight of them en dshabille4 ,in history1 of course1 it were vain to seek anything beyond the record of public events2 and even the contemporary memoirs of the age of the ,grand ,monarque tell us more about the court and its festivities1 the runions of the wits of the day1 and the current gossip and scandal of the hour1 than about the ordinary domestic life of any class1 particularly of such as ranged below the aristocratic level4 ,we are too apt to believe1 from the revelations that are made in the light literature of the time1 that the brilliant surface of the ,augustan age of ,france concealed a general mass of corruption in the higher classes1 and of misery in the lower4 ,but this would be a false conclusion4 ,the bourgeoisie1 as a body1 were complete strangers to the ferment of ambition and intrigue so rife in the upper strata of society4 ,they had their own interests1 their own pursuits1 and were in the main an industrious and worthy class1 sufficiently independent to be able often to regard those above them with a secret1 and not always undeserved1 contempt4 ,to confine ourselves1 however1 to the doctors4 ,two courses were open to them4 ,they might shut themselves up within the round of their own immediate occupations and studies1 and limit themselves to the social circle of their colleagues and compeers4 ,the faculty1 as we have seen1 was a little community in itself1 with its own traditions1 laws1 distinctions1 glories4 ,here1 satisfied with their moderate gains1 the doctors might preserve their independence #fhc and live in all security and honor2 or1 on the other hand1 they might try their fortune in the world and seek the favor of the great4 ,the enterprise involved a certain loss of liberty and a corresponding detriment to that nice delicacy of feeling which is the guardian of severe probity4 ,there were doctors of both kinds2 those of the first class were by far the most numerous4 ,the others were the richest2 but the esteem in which they were held by their brethren was in the inverse ratio to the wealth acquired by this compromise of dignified independence4 ,the illustrious dean1 ,guy ,patin1 who enjoyed an immense reputation in his day1 furnishes an example of the life of voluntary isolation and of practical activity systematically confined to professional or scientific subjects4 ,he is now remembered chiefly for that on which he probably least valued himself--his epistolary correspondence1 never designed for publication1 but which is extremely interesting1 not only as a record of events great and small1 the memory of which has long passed away1 but for the freshness both of ideas and style for which it is remarkable4 ,these letters exhibit ,guy ,patin as an apparent compendium of contradictions--a believer in medicine1 a sceptic in almost all else2 obstinately tenacious of the privileges of the faculty1 but full of liberal1 and even republican1 aspirations2 confident in the steady advance of science1 but always railing at modern times and extolling the past4 ,yet there is a clue to many of these seeming contradictions2 ,guy ,patin was a dean4 ,before he was dean1 you felt that he would be dean2 later1 he has been dean4 ,he has studied minutely all the details of the organized institution to which he is indebted for all that he is--he has made its spirit and doctrine his own2 for the faculty has a doctrine4 ,the experimental method is newer in medicine than in the other sciences4 ,in the seventeenth century we find in its place simple observation guided by theory2 which theory was no other than that of the father of medicine1 ,hippocrates--viz41 that nature tends to a cure1 and that disease is but an outward manifestation of a salutary effort of the vital organization to counteract the destructive causes at work4 ,the physician's part was to aid this process rather than to interfere with it4 ,this view1 we may observe1 is finding favor anew in certain quarters in our own day2 and we may perhaps be allowed humbly to express an instinctive leaning toward any theory of which the practical result might be a system of comparative non-intervention4 ,but this by the way4 ,certainly ,hippocrates's fundamental principle did not deter medical practitioners of the olden time from much painful interference with the workings of nature under the plea of assistance2 a course to which their elaborate doctrine concerning the humors of the body--which1 however1 they did not derive from ,hippocrates1 but of which the germ exists in the other great authority1 ,galen--much contributed4 ,the period we are considering was one of transition4 ,men felt the need of progress2 and this feeling evoked a number of medical adventurers--the revolutionists1 as we may call them1 of medicine4 ,placed between two opposite systems--the one resting on tradition and on principles1 at any rate1 in great measure sound2 the other calling itself progress1 but having nothing to allege save a number of vague aspirations and anticipations1 some genuine discoveries mingled with much baser metal1 and half-truths obscured by palpable error--can we wonder that the faculty should be tempted to confound all novelties in one sweeping act of reprobation1 and intrench itself in a state of obstinate opposition8 ,guy ,patin shared this feeling1 though not to excess4 ,he was no enemy1 as we have said1 to a wise and safe progress2 but he had the shallowness and narrowness which belongs to a certain range of cleverness4 ,he was not the man to accept anything new which it required #fhd breadth1 elevation1 and comprehensiveness of mind to discern4 ,he had also his favorite theory of simplicity2 and this made him suspicious of aught which seemed at variance therewith4 ,he looked askance1 for instance1 at ,harvey and the circulation of the blood4 ,we have said that ,guy ,patin was a sceptic1 yet he was not an unbeliever4 ,his language certainly is often extremely irreverent2 but just as he sometimes speaks in terms bordering on modern liberalism1 while all the time1 by his attachment to medical traditions1 to the faculty1 and to monarchy1 he is securely anchored in respect for antiquity and authority1 so is it as regards religion1 and we must not conclude from his free expressions that he is a decided freethinker4 ,nevertheless it must be confessed that he betrays a very uncatholic mind and temper2 and as we cannot believe that he stood alone in this respect1 it may serve as an indication of the spirit of many of his order1 and of the prevalence of opinions which were later to bear such bitter fruit4 ,guy ,patin was content with his sphere2 he had no desire to overstep it4 ,his friends and intimates were from amongst his own medical brethren1 or they were members of the legal and magisterial body4 ,by marriage he was connected with the latter class2 and moreover there was always a close analogy of manners and sentiments betwixt the medical body and the noblesse de robe4 ,to his friendship with the ,president de ,thou1 brother to ,cinq ,mars' unfortunate accomplice1 we may attribute much of his animosity to the minister ,richelieu4 ,guy ,patin is1 in short1 a systematic grumbler1 a regular frondeur2 but it is chiefly in talk and speculation4 ,he is in reality no revolutionist4 ,speaking of his frequent social meetings with two lawyer friends1 he observes3 ,our conversation is always gay4 ,if we talk of religion or of state affairs1 it is always historically1 without dreaming of either reformation or sedition4 ,we converse chiefly on literary subjects4 ,with a mind thus recreated1 ,i return home1 where1 after some little converse with my books1 or with the record of some past consultation1 ,i retire to rest4 ,such was the honorable position of an independent member of the faculty4 ,but what was the condition and social estimate of those who sought the favor of the nobility8 ,undoubtedly their standing was much inferior to that which they came to occupy a hundred years later--thanks to the spread of the utilitarian spirit1 which raised all the positive sciences into high esteem4 ,in the eighteenth century fine ladies had their pet physician1 as they had their philosophic or poetic protg2 but in the seventeenth a great personage thought he conferred much honor on a doctor by seeking a cure at his hands4 ,the nobles were glad1 it is true1 to have their familiar physician2 though the physician1 if he had any self-respect1 must have felt that he paid rather dear for admission to this familiarity1 not to speak of the actual large sums by which1 in the case at least of princes of the blood-royal1 they had to buy their offices4 ,but we are here chiefly speaking of a less aspiring class1 who angled for the casual good graces of the aristocratic order4 ,see how ,madame de ,sevign speaks of the doctors1 whom she is always consulting and always unmercifully quizzing4 ,see her malicious pleasure when she can get four or five together to discuss her bile1 her spleen1 her humors1 when she would ply them with questions and contrive to make them contradict each other4 ,she talks of the profession as a humbug1 yet she never passes through a town without consulting what she calls the chief ignoramuses of the place4 ,she consults them1 and then turns them into ridicule4 ,they know this1 and take their legitimate revenge in high charges4 ,but strange to say1 although so contemptuous toward the privileged doctors1 ,madame de ,sevign has quite a weakness for all quacks or unlicensed dabblers in the #fhe art1 and is even credulous in their regard4 ,however1 it would seem that science with this lively lady is not the sole requirement4 ,my dear1 she says1 speaking of a certain elegant ,signor ,antonio1 an ,italian son of ,a,esculapius1 he is twenty-eight years old1 with the most beautiful and charming face ,i ever saw4 ,he has ,madame de ,mazarin's eyes1 and his teeth are perfection4 ,the rest of his face is what you might conceive ,rinaldo's to have been1 with large black curls1 altogether making the prettiest head in the world4 ,he is dressed like a prince1 and is a thorough bon garon4 ,we are a long way off the wigs and rabats1 it will be seen2 but we have got a clue to the secret4 ,it is the mdecin bon garon ,madame de ,sevign is in search of4 ,she finds him at the baths--les eaux4 ,he has none of the pedantry1 possibly little of the science1 of his ,paris brethren of the faculty4 ,he is a man of the world1 and can sacrifice to the graces4 ,medically1 his part seems restricted to drenching and dosing his patients with hot water4 ,tired of court amusements1 they fly to the douche and the vapor-bath to expel those inward vapors of which ,frenchwomen1 and indeed our own great-grandmothers1 complained so much4 ,madame de ,sevign goes through this ordeal perseveringly2 but she has her alleviations4 ,my doctor--this is another pet bon garon--is very good4 ,instead of resigning myself to two hours' ennui1 inseparable from la suerie7the sweating process7 ,i make him read to me4 ,he knows what life is2 he has no trickery about him2 he deals with medicine like a gentleman 7en galant homme72 in short1 he amuses me4 ,at court the doctors had more serious trials4 ,beside the task of pleasing this or that capricious and exacting patron1 they had to beware of displeasing twenty others4 ,the princes of the blood shared with the sovereign the right to choose their own physician from any quarter they pleased1 who became forthwith invested ipso facto with all the privileges of the ,paris faculty4 ,possibly1 to make a little display of authority1 they would often decline selecting him from the honored precincts of the ,rue de la ,bcherie1 and perhaps take a doctor of ,montpellier4 ,hence interminable jealousies4 ,then the doctors would sometimes be drawn into mixing themselves with party politics1 and get into the ,bastille2 but this was their own fault4 ,to escape the shaft of ridicule was more difficult4 ,it appears certain that in ,l',amour ,mdecin ,molire ventured upon satirizing four of the court physicians under assumed names2 and this in the presence of the king himself1 before whom the piece was played4 ,possibly ,louis1 whose docility to his physicians stands in remarkable contrast with his lofty distance toward others1 might not be sorry to indulge occasionally in a laugh at his masters1 or have a brief fling of independence1 like a truant schoolboy4 ,of his habitual bondage to their authority we have the record in a journal of the royal health1 magnificently bound in folio and besprinkled fleurs-de-lis1 which has been preserved4 ,it was begun in #afeb at the desire of the boy-sovereign himself--who thus gave early tokens of his methodical tastes--and it was kept up till four years previous to his death1 when it suddenly ceases1 possibly because even the pen of flattery became unable to disguise the approaches of inevitable death4 ,the whole is in the handwriting of ,louis' three successive physicians1 ,valot1 ,daquin1 and ,fagon4 ,no man1 it is said1 is a hero to his valet de chambre2 still less1 we may imagine1 to his apothecary4 ,that the king should have to submit to all those medical appliances which in ,molire's pages are recorded in such plain terms was perhaps a necessity--judged at least to be so2 but that etiquette should require that the whole court should be regularly apprised of all these details1 is a little surprising4 #fhf ,the diary is1 however1 interlarded with no small amount of flattery4 ,valot inaugurates his office1 for instance1 by a memoir on the king's temperament1 which was that of which heroes are made2 and all is in the same adulatory and stilted style4 ,but the writer is by no means unsparing of self-laudation4 ,it is with much evident self-complacency that he registers for the benefit of posterity the different remedies with which heaven inspired him to prescribe for the preservation of a health so precious4 ,plaster for the king1 potion for the king1 and so on1 figure in large characters4 ,he can also play the prophet1 and announce coming measles1 dysenteries1 etc41 from which the king is to be exempt4 ,there are temporary interruptions to ,valot's absolute rule2 these were the seasons when ,louis was campaigning2 the monarch on these occasions despised the care of his health1 and threw physic to the dogs4 ,the doctor groaned and remonstrated1 but was fain to await the close of the campaign to resume his authority and make up for lost time4 ,he died in his office4 ,his nephew and successor1 ,daquin1 was a ,montpellier doctor and a converted ,jew4 ,he was a clever man of moderate science4 ,but he entered on his charge in difficult days4 ,a gouty prince1 subject to melancholy1 and desirous to abate nothing of his customary attention either to business or amusement1 is not an easy patient to manage4 ,beside1 the royal valetudinarian met with sundry accidents while under this physician's care4 ,daquin was an accomplished courtier1 and even improved upon ,valot in the art of flattery4 ,from him we learn the remarkable fact that the king is subject1 like other men1 to catch cold4 ,with all his tact1 ,daquin did not escape disgrace4 ,perhaps he made too undisguised a display of his acquisitive disposition2 indeed1 he was a notorious beggar4 ,it is related that one day ,louis1 being informed of the death of an old officer1 expressed regret1 saying that the man had been to him a faithful servant1 with the merit1 rare in a courtier1 of never having asked for anything4 ,while making this observation1 he fixed his eyes pointedly on ,daquin4 ,the physician1 no way disconcerted1 naively said1 ,may one venture to inquire1 sire1 what your majesty gave him8 ,the king was silenced1 for the bashful courtier in question had never received any royal favor whatsoever4 ,daquin was dismissed in #afic4 ,he had asked for the archbishopric of ,tours for his son4 ,he had so often offended1 if offence it were considered1 in making bold requests1 that it is hardly likely that this application was the real cause of his disgrace4 ,it was probably rather the consequence of the king's rupture with ,mme4 de ,montespen1 to whom ,daquin owed his elevation4 ,it appears that ever since the king's marriage he had found some difficulty in maintaining his position1 from which it is natural to infer that adverse influences were at work2 indeed1 it was a protg1 or rather a friend1 of ,mme4 de ,maintenon who was promoted to fill his place--a circumstance corroborative of this supposition4 ,fagon appears to have been a very estimable man1 and the attachment and mutual esteem subsisting between him and his patroness1 with whom he had first become acquainted in his capacity of physician to the ,duc de ,maine1 never abated4 ,footnote #ajc ,he won the confidence also of ,louis1 and the favor he enjoyed while still in his position of secondary physician was much increased at the period of the king's great illness by a trifling circumstance which made a strong impression on the monarch's mind4 ,one night all the surgeons and doctors1 #fhg ,daquin included1 had ventured to go to bed4 ,the king had taken a bouillon1 and the fever seemed to be subdued4 ,but ,fagon1 unobserved by the rest1 slipped back and took his post in an arm-chair in the ante-room4 ,he was thus at hand to comfort and administer a tisane to the sick monarch1 whose fever shortly returned1 and who1 albeit with the fear of ,daquin greatly before his eyes1 ventured to accept the services of the attentive subaltern4 ,the tisane sent ,louis to sleep1 and made ,fagon's fortune4 ,three months afterward he was first in command4 ,he deserved his elevation to an office which was a post of no slight honor and profit4 ,footnote #ajd ,he bore his honors meekly1 and was remarkable for a spirit of disinterestedness as rare as it was creditable to him4 ,fagon closes the list of the court physicians of the seventeenth century1 and indeed carries us on into the eighteenth4 ,all reserve being made in his favor1 it must be confessed that the great dramatist's satire was richly deserved by those doctors of royalty1 whose ambitious manoeuvres1 intrigues1 and paltry rivalries were enough to excite the indignation of any honest man4 ,footnote #ajc3 ,fagon was the nephew of ,guy de la ,brosse1 the founder of the ,jardin du ,roi1 now developed into the magnificent ,museum of ,natural ,science and himself also an eminent botanist4 ,he was named professor of botany at this establishment by ,valot1 who1 as first physician to the king1 was its superintendent4 ,footnote #ajd3 ,the king's physician ranked with the great officers of the crown1 and received orders from the sovereign alone1 to whom he took an oath of fidelity2 and he became a count in virtue of his office1 and transmitted his nobility to his children4 ,he was entitled to the same honors and privileges as the high chamberlain4 ,he was a councillor of state1 and received the usual emoluments4 ,when he visited the faculty1 he was met at the door by the dean1 bachelors1 and beadles1 although he himself might not be a ,paris doctor4 ,he had1 beside1 very extensive authority1 enjoying a species of medical jurisdiction throughout the kingdom4 ,we have seen that the independent physician1 who stood aloof from courting the great1 could lead an honorable and tranquil life2 but it would be a mistake to conclude that profound peace reigned within the medical corporation itself4 ,on the contrary1 it was the scene of a bitter internecine war between the men of the new ideas1 the men of progress1 and the adherents to tradition and the received system4 ,but to excite men's passions ideas must assume a concrete form1 which then becomes at once a rallying-point and a watchword4 ,such in the seventeenth century were the circulation of the blood and antimony4 ,ever since the days of ,galen the liver had been held to be the origin of the veins1 and of those organs by which blood is transmitted to the whole body4 ,harvey's announcement accordingly raised a universal commotion in the medical world3 perhaps his doctrine would have met with less opposition but for the discovery of the lacteal veins by an ,italian anatomist1 ,gasparo ,aselli1 in the year #afbb4 ,these veins1 as most of our readers probably know1 originating in the intestines1 receive and convey thence the products of digestion--the chyle4 ,imbued with the doctrine of ,galen1 and deceived by appearances1 ,aselli1 it is true1 believed the liver to be their ultimate destination4 ,immediately there was one general outcry against these intrusive vessels3 their non-necessity was put forward as a conclusive objection--a very common argument1 it may be noted1 with the old doctors4 ,really it was not worth upsetting received notions on their account--the lacteal vessels were superfluous4 ,even ,harvey1 who was among ,aselli's opponents1 joined in insisting on this unsatisfactory reason4 ,it is not necessary1 he says1 to seek a fresh channel for the transport of the chyle in the lacteal veins4 ,it was evident1 he said1 that the chyle was carried from the intestines by the mesenteric veins4 ,but in #afdi ,pecquet1 a ,frenchman1 completed the demonstration1 by showing that the lacteal veins do not terminate in the liver1 but in a reservoir1 to which his name was given4 ,now indeed the liver1 and ,galen1 and the whole edifice of medicine1 were threatened2 nothing could be deemed sacred any longer4 ,the liver was not the origin of the veins1 if the blood careered in a circle1 having neither beginning nor end2 and the chyle did not go to the liver4 #fhh ,quid de nostra fiet medicina8 was the sorrowful exclamation of one of the doctors of the ,montpellier faculty when ,pecquet had triumphantly expounded his discovery before them4 ,ah1 there was the difficulty6 ,quid de nostra fiet medicina8 ,we are condemning our past--an argument which weighs powerfully against all conversions4 ,nothing can afford stronger evidence of the deep conviction entertained that the whole existing system was at stake1 than the opposition of a physician of so much eminence1 intellectual and scientific1 as ,riolan1 whom alone of all his adversaries ,harvey judged worthy of a rejoinder4 ,it is astonishing1 indeed1 to see a man of his stamp reduced to throw himself on such arguments as the uselessness and degradation of the liver if the new hypothesis be admitted2 to find him urging the impropriety of allowing impure unelaborated chyle to go straight to the heart1 which under these circumstances it must do--thus converting that noble seat of vital heat into an ignoble kitchen4 ,and then1 once there1 how was the chyle to be got rid of8 ,an absurd list of suppositions follows1 intended to prove1 by an exhaustive process1 the sheer impossibility of disposing of the chyle after having arrived at such an impasso4 ,ergo1 the chyle must go to the liver4 ,in fact1 it cannot go anywhere else with either reason or propriety4 ,such are the contemptible arguments to which even superior minds will stoop when they battle against evidence4 ,harvey1 however1 found many partisans amongst the ,paris faculty4 ,guy ,patin1 as we have said1 was not of the number3 he was not a deep thinker1 and trusted his friend ,riolan4 ,harvey's followers were called circulators4 ,now circulator in ,latin means a charlatan--that is enough for ,guy ,patin4 ,the debate ceased with ,riolan's death3 the doctrine had been gradually gaining ground4 ,in #afgh its victory had been achieved when ,louis instituted at the ,jardin des ,plantes a special chair of anatomy for propagating the new discoveries4 ,the battle about antimony raged still more fiercely1 inasmuch as the question admitted of less tangible proof4 ,there is a legend that this mineral was first exhibited in a pure state and applied to medical purposes by ,basil ,valentine1 a ,benedictine monk of ,erfurt1 in the beginning of the sixteenth century2 he gave it to his hogs1 who throve marvellously4 ,this is to be attributed to the arsenic contained in the drug1 which fattens when taken in small quantities--a fact well known to the peasants of ,styria and ,lower ,austria4 ,basil next gave it to his monks1 who fell sick2 from which he drew the following conclusion3 ,this metal suits hogs2 it does not suit monks4 ,hence its name of antimony4 ,thirty years later ,paracelsus took up the study of antimony1 and endeavored to introduce its use1 with that of other minerals1 in medicine4 ,this would have been to break completely with tradition2 but ,paracelsus was half-cracked1 and not very intelligible4 ,the sixteenth century was the age of alchemy1 especially in ,germany1 where it was ardently pursued1 in connection with the occult sciences1 by men who rivalled ,paracelsus in obscurity4 ,in ,france transcendental chemistry found less favor1 and there was early a split between the pseudo-mystics and the chemists4 ,the former cultivated astrology2 but astrology1 as an aid to medicine1 had quite fallen into disrepute in the seventeenth century1 being abandoned to low vagabond quacks4 ,chemistry1 however1 was making gradual progress and striving to establish its place in medicine4 ,the sympathy manifested for this science at ,montpellier was quite enough to indispose toward it the faculty of ,paris4 ,the absurd blunders into which its association with alchemy had betrayed it in times past weighed also on its reputation2 but1 above all1 the contempt for antiquity manifested by its adepts was calculated to condemn it in the eyes #fhi of the majority of the physicians1 brought up as they were in reverence for all that chemistry pretended to reform or destroy4 ,there were not wanting1 however1 conciliatory spirits1 who strove to effect a compromise between the past and the present1 and make room for the new chemical theories in the received system4 ,it has already been observed how ,galen's theory of the humors of the body had been elaborated3 all medical language was grounded upon it4 ,footnote #aje ,disease was the result of the vitiation of these humors1 each humor having its special morbid product4 ,to expel this vitiated humor was the task of the doctor2 but why might not minerals be added to his pharmacopoeia1 without interfering with his principles8 ,this seemed reasonable2 and as a matter of theory the faculty were not unwilling to let it pass4 ,the difference arose on the practical question4 ,all were agreed that the peccant humor was to be expelled2 but the faithful followers of ,hippocrates attached great importance to awaiting what was called the coction of the humors4 ,this was the work of nature1 which was employed in making an effort which the physician was called only to second1--an effort of which fever was but the symptom4 ,it was esteemed a very nice point to hit off the proper moment1 and not prevent or disturb the crisis which was thus preparing3 hence the need of mild measures4 ,whoever will refer to the apothecary's bill in the first scene of ,molire's ,malade ,imaginaire will see that lenifying1 softening1 tempering1 and refreshing1 were the avowed objects of the drugs administered4 ,such was ,hippocratic medicine2 mild1 at least1 in theory4 ,we must make one exception as respects bleeding3 these enemies of violent measures bled with a vengeance2 they shed torrents of blood4 ,they bled old men of eighty1 and babies two months1 nay1 even two days old2 and this without inconvenience1--so they said4 ,we presume some of the sufferers survived1--thanks to a strong constitution4 ,riolan says that there are twenty-four pounds of blood in the human body1 and that twenty can be lost without causing death2 ergo1 it is keeping within very reasonable bounds to deprive a man of only the half of his blood4 ,footnote #ajf ,footnote #aje3 ,m4 ,raynaud1 to whose amusing work we are again largely indebted1 notices that much of this language still survives in the diction of the common people4 ,many of their ideas and forms of expression still reflect the old doctrine of humorism2 just as they have retained many words and idioms now become obsolete in the upper and more shifting strata of society4 ,footnote #ajf3 ,the famous ,guy de la ,brosse refused to be bled4 ,he called bleeding the remedy of sanguinary pedants1 and said he would rather die then submit to the operation4 ,and he did die1 says ,m4 ,basalis1 a brother doctor2 adding1 ,the devil will bleed him in the next world1 has such a rascal and unbeliever deserves4 ,such are the imprecations hurled at the man who ventured on refusing to die in proper form4 ,could ,molire have written anything more sublimely comic8 ,the object of bleeding1 of course1 was the expulsion of the vitiated humors supposed to be contained in it2 but it is hardly reconcilable with the doctrine of waiting for their coction to commence operations by attacking a disease at once with a lancet4 ,but this is one of ,guy ,patin's primary convictions1 as well as of numbers of his brethren1 and they conscientiously acted on the same4 ,it was otherwise as respected emetics4 ,antimony administered in the potent quantities then used was a most frightful emetic4 ,no one in those days thought of giving infinitesimal doses1 or suspected that what was poisonous in large1 might be salutary in fractional1 proportions4 ,it was reserved for ,rasoni to discover that antimony could be thus beneficially administered4 ,and so the whole question lay between those who held as a principle that the peccant humor was not to be expelled till after coction1 and those who maintained that the sooner the morbific matter was ejected from the system the better4 ,it is true that the horrible prostration of strength consequent on this summary process was sufficient to alarm men's minds1 and furnish a reasonable topic to the opponents of #fij antimony4 ,the quarrel occupied a whole century2 of course we cannot attempt to go into even its most elementary details4 ,in #aeff1 the parliament prohibited the use of this drug4 ,the year #afff saw it rehabilitated by the same body4 ,the motive of the first decree was the report of the faculty that antimony was an incorrigible poison4 ,the idea1 as we just now observed1 that diminution of quantity might effect what was unattainable by correctives1 did not occur to the medical mind of that day4 ,in #afae there was a fresh unanimous decree against antimony1 also indorsed by parliament2 but the scientific world was still on the search for a corrective1 and converts1 or perverts1 were being secretly made within the very sanctuary of the faculty4 ,in #afch1 the dean1 ,hardoun de ,saint-,jacques1 suddenly published an incomplete pharmaceutic codex1 which had been in course of preparation for twelve years4 ,in this dictionary antimonial wine actually figured in its alphabetical place4 ,how had the enemy contrived to creep into the citadel8 ,no one could say4 ,this incident was the occasion of a deluge of pamphlets1 of which the very form and language are1 for the most part1 like a dead letter to us4 ,hippocrates1 ,holy ,scripture1 history1 and the fathers1 are all called into court4 ,even the definition of antimony gives rise to much discussion2 and it is gravely argued whether ,adam1 when conferring names in ,paradise1 named this drug1 and if so1 what he called it4 ,even the troubles of the ,fronde did not check this medical civil war4 ,antimony had quite a literature of its own4 ,guy ,patin1 of course1 was inimical1 but a little cautious while the question of his deanship was impending4 ,afterward he launches out2 he hates chemistry1 he hates antimony1 he hates ,gunaut1 who is its warm advocate1 and is beside ,cardinal ,mazarin's physician 7,guy ,patin is always in political opposition74 ,gunaut1 he says1 has poisoned his wife1 daughter1 and two sons-in-law with this drug2 at last he poisons himself1 and dies a martyr to his infatuation4 ,and then the faculty have twice condemned antimony4 ,that is more than enough for ,guy ,patin4 ,however1 a great event turned the balance in his favor4 ,during the campaign of #afeh1 the king1 then twenty years of age1 was attacked by typhus4 ,valot had been absent a few days1 sent by ,louis1 as the journal tells us1 to settle a quarrel between the physicians and surgeons who were treating the ,marchal de ,castelnau for a mortal wound--poor marshal6 ,he hastened back to his master1 and fell to work vigorously1 sparing neither bleeding nor dosing2 but the king got worse1 and ,gunaut was sent for4 ,the court-physicians--,valot1 ,esprit1 ,daquin1 ,yvelin1 beside a local doctor--were all there disputing over the monarch's sinking body4 ,a great consultation is now held1 presided over by the cardinal2 and he votes for antimony4 ,it was given4 ,the king took an ounce1 and marvellous are the recorded effects4 ,however1 whether in consequence or in spite of the dose1 he recovered4 ,louis was at that time his people's darling and idol2 they adored their young monarch1 and he had been saved by ,gunaut and antimony6 ,guy ,patin's embarrassment at this crisis is a little ludicrous4 ,the dose1 he urges in extenuation1 was small2 but he concludes that1 after all1 what saved the king was his innocence1 his youth and strength1 nine good bleedings1 and the prayers of good people like himself and others4 ,defections now became numerous1 and the faculty was in a false position4 ,in fact1 most of the doctors gave antimony in spite of the two decrees1 the last of which interdicted the mention of it4 ,in #afff the embargo was finally removed1 after a tedious and ponderous process1 as were all processes in those days1 before the parliament2 and the doctors were henceforth permitted to give the said emetic wine for the cure of maladies1 to write and dispute about it1' etc41 but it was not lawful for persons to take it #fia without their advice4 ,the question had been decided in the faculty by ninety-two doctors against ten4 ,the decree came to sadden the last days of ,guy ,patin1 and of a few more respectable old stagers1 who were unable to advance with their age4 ,but this internal conflict was not the only one which the faculty had to sustain4 ,there was the perennial dispute with the surgeons4 ,surgery and medicine are twin sciences1 if they be not rather branches of one and the same4 ,hippocrates1 ,galen1 ,celsus1 made no practical distinction between them2 nevertheless1 they came to be entirely separated in mediaeval practice4 ,two causes may be assigned for this3 the first was the quasi-ecclesiastical character of the medical profession in early days1 which rendered the shedding of blood and other operations incompatible with the position of men who were either clerics or bound by clerical rules4 ,still1 though they could not themselves draw blood1 they could prescribe blood-letting and other sanguinary operations2 and this led1 of course1 to the existence of another class1 paid to carry out their orders4 ,but a second and far more enduring cause was the strong prejudice existing in feudal times against manual labor as degrading4 ,in vain might the surgeons urge that it was absurd to regard as merely mechanical an occupation which necessitated much scientific knowledge4 ,the university shared the feelings of the faculty on this point2 and while admitting the doctors into its fellowship1 rejected the surgeons4 ,excluded from this fraternity of liberal science1 the surgeons gave themselves diligently to professional study4 ,as early as the fourteenth century we meet with their celebrated confraternity1 placed under the patronage of ,sts4 ,cosmas and ,damian1 which boasted of its foundation by ,st4 ,louis1 and which maintained its existence for five centuries4 ,the quarrel with the doctors began in the middle of the fifteenth century1 and terminated only on the eve of the ,revolution1 when ,st4 ,cosmas's ,college and the faculty were both alike to share the universal shipwreck of all the ancient institutions4 ,the surgeons had long been in the habit of availing themselves of the aid of the barbers in certain ordinary operations1 and bleeding was at last entirely abandoned to their hands4 ,just1 however1 as the faculty wished to depress the surgeons1 and the latter were desirous to raise themselves to an equality with the faculty1 so also the surgeons were resolved to keep down their servants the barbers1 who1 on their part1 aspired to rise in the professional scale4 ,the policy of the faculty was to foster their rivalry1 and thus keep a check upon both2 but as the nearest enemy is always the most dreaded1 the time came when it was judged prudent to elevate the barbers1 whose very inferiority rendered them less obnoxious1 in order the better to make head against the surgeons2 and so the faculty adopted the barbers1 in whom it hoped to find docile clients1 in order to mortify its unsubmissive children4 ,it magnificently compared this measure to the call of the ,gentiles and rejection of ungrateful ,israel4 ,but the barbers held their heads up now1 and requested to study anatomy4 ,here was a difficulty4 ,university regulations strictly enjoined that all public lessons should be in ,latin2 but what was the use of talking ,latin to barbers8 ,so the lecture was to be in ,latin1 and the explanation in ,french4 ,apparently to facilitate the comprehension of the classic tongue by the unlearned1 the use of that whimsical ,latin which ,molire has so happily caricatured then first began4 ,a clever compromise was now supposed to have been effected4 ,a doctor was to teach in the amphitheatre of the faculty without touching the body2 a surgeon was to dissect2 the barbers were to be present1 and try to understand4 ,this was in #adih4 ,further concessions followed2 and in #aeje the faculty allowed the barbers to be inscribed on the dean's #fib register1 and1 after passing through an examination1 to be formally received as scholars4 ,they paid1 however1 for their lessons1 and took an oath never to prescribe an internal remedy1 but to have recourse to the doctors for the medical treatment of their patients4 ,on these conditions the proudest of scientific corporations extended its protection to1 and even took into a certain fellowship1 a profession not only humble1 but so much despised1 that in ,germany at that period barbers were not admitted into any trade corporation4 ,the credit of the king's barber--an important personage1 who enjoyed familiar opportunities for asking favors--had something perhaps to say to the prosperity of this trade in ,france4 ,and the barbers continued to prosper2 it was their interest1 indeed1 to keep well with the faculty1 whose protecting hand once withdrawn1 they would helplessly fall back under the cruel bondage of their old masters4 ,but as time went on1 they grew confident4 ,the troubles of the ,league unhinged society1 and for some years we find them neglecting to take the oath of fidelity4 ,meanwhile surgery had attained a proud position1 and at the end of the sixteenth century was much in advance of the other sciences1 both in its spirit of independent inquiry and in experimental practice4 ,many eminent names illustrate its annals at this period4 ,at the head of the corporation was ,ambroise ,par1 the restorer--we might almost say the creator--of modern surgery4 ,he had been a barber's boy in his youth1 and still treated his old associates with much consideration4 ,perhaps this honorable notice helped to turn their heads a little1 for they actually began to set up school for themselves1 and to maintain theses4 ,this got them a snub from the faculty1 and a prohibition from parliament1 which recalled to their recollection the ancient statute which permitted their intervention only pro furunculis1 bocchiis1 et apostumatibus4 ,but the time was past for enforcing such laws2 every day the barbers more and more emancipated themselves from thraldom2 and in #afbi they obtained the right of having their receptions presided over by the king's barber or by his lieutenant4 ,the surgeons meanwhile had left no stone unturned to get admission into the university1 to have a recognized right to lecture publicly1 and to receive the chancellor's benediction4 ,they were several times granted the king's license to this effect2 but the university disregarded the royal injunction1 and even set at naught a ,papal bull which1 in #aegi1 recognized the surgeon's title to the chancellor's benediction4 ,there was a consequent appel comme d'abus from that ,gallican body to the parliament4 ,nevertheless1 more than one chancellor was found to comply with the ,pope's rescript4 ,such1 then1 was the situation of parties in the beginning of ,louie ,,xiv4's reign4 ,three rival corporations existed2 in principle united1 but mutually independent4 ,there was the faculty1 petrified as it were1 in its immobility1 demanding from the others a submission it could not obtain2 there was the corporation of surgeons1 intermediary between the learned bodies and the trading bourgeoisie1 wearing the gown on days of ceremony1 holding examinations1 conferring degrees1 but keeping shop2 ,footnote #ajg and there were the barbers1 with neither gown nor school1 but living at the expense of the two former classes1 and1 by long prescription1 freely practising surgery1 and even medicine to a certain extent4 ,the reasons for old distinctions had passed away--nothing remained but inveterate rivalries4 ,anatomy was the perpetual theatre for dissension4 ,the surgeons never had resigned themselves to the secondary part allotted to them4 ,they claimed #fic to teach what they understood at least as well as their superiors4 ,but how to get bodies8 ,the dean of the faculty had an exclusive claim to those of all executed criminals1 and none other were procurable4 ,accordingly1 whenever an execution occurred there was a regular scramble for the poor wretch's body4 ,the students of surgery and the barber-apprentices assembled on the ,place de ,grve1 where they had no difficulty in finding recruits amongst the rabble4 ,scarcely had the executioner done his work1 when these bands1 armed with swords and sticks1 rushed on the yet warm corpse1 which was carried off by the victors to some shop1 in which they barricaded themselves against the marchausse4 ,many of these disgraceful acts went unpunished4 ,sometimes the faculty would despatch an official to claim the body2 he was always sent about his business2 and then recourse was had to law4 ,the report of an unfortunate huissier1 who was actor and victim in one of these scenes1 may be seen in a procs-verbal of the time4 ,he was sent to seize a body which had been taken to ,st4 ,cosmas's4 ,there he found three professors 7in cap and gown67 giving an anatomical demonstration to a large audience4 ,he was received with yells1 and cruelly beaten4 ,a force coming to his rescue1 the students cut up the corpse into bits rather than let the faculty get it4 ,footnote #ajg3 ,they hang up at their windows as a sign three emblematic boxes1 surmounted with a banner bearing the figures of ,sts4 ,cosmas and ,damian4 ,a common interest and a common hatred of their domineering antagonist ended by drawing together the two inferior orders1 and finally led to their reunion4 ,the increasing number of the barbers1 unrestrained by any rule1 and unrestrainable by any law1 threatened to swamp surgery altogether2 and so the men of letters made up their minds to extend the hand of fellowship to the artisans1 and receive them back1 not as slaves any longer1 but as brethren4 ,in #afee the surgeons swallowed this bitter pill2 they took upon themselves the shame of uniting with the barbers1 and the barbers entered on the privileges of the surgeons4 ,parliament ratified the contract1 and the faculty was scarcely named in the affair4 ,it was left stranded4 ,its servants1 whom it had raised from the dust to do its work and fight its battles1 had betrayed it and gone off with arms and baggage to the enemy's camp4 ,but it was not long without perceiving that it might draw profit from what seemed a discomfiture4 ,the surgeons had conferred their privileges on the barbers2 in return they had1 of course1 accepted the liabilities of their new associates4 ,now the barbers were bound by contract to an oath of fidelity1 and other obligations of a pecuniary nature1 to the faculty4 ,this body accordingly claimed either that the union effected should be dissolved1 or that both companies should be subject to the engagements by which the barbers had bound themselves4 ,it renewed at the same time all its former claims of supremacy1 and its old prohibitions against teaching and conferring degrees1 but1 above all1 against the assumption of the cap and gown4 ,three years did this process last1 which occupies a voluminous place in the parliamentary registers4 ,the surgeons eventually lost their cause2 and that which did not a little contribute thereto was the manifestation of their own miserable internal dissensions4 ,st4 ,luke has been stronger than ,st4 ,cosmas6 exclaimed the triumphant ,guy ,patin at the news of this great victory4 ,seventy-two doctors went in procession1 in grand costume1 to thank the president1 ,lamoignon1 and the avocat-gnral1 ,talon2 and in order to testify their special gratitude to the latter1 it was decreed that1 having well merited of the faculty1 he and his family should be attended gratis in perpetuity4 ,a magnificent edition of ,hippocrates in five folio volumes was presented along with this decree1 inclosed in a silver box4 ,for several days not one of the crest-fallen #fid surgeons was to be seen in the streets1 and six of their number1 it is said1 fell sick4 ,gladly would they now have dissolved the unhappy msalliance they had contracted1 but it was too late4 ,both barbers and surgeons1 indeed1 alike felt that the defeat was final2 but on the latter it must have fallen with the most crushing severity4 ,before the close of the year the chair in which ,ambroise ,par had sat--the symbol of departed greatness--was removed4 ,they had to pay the impost1 take the oath of fidelity--no humiliation was spared them4 ,thus forced into a preposterous alliance1 which was made the pretext for its degradation1 the surgical profession languished for many years4 ,the faculty on this occasion certainly committed its worst fault4 ,for paltry questions of precedence it retarded for a century the progress of surgery1 which did not emerge from the inferior position to which the decree of #affj had reduced it until time and necessity led to a reconstitution of surgery and shaving as two distinct professions4 ,it was then that ,louis ,,xv41 at the instance of ,la ,peyronie1 created the ,royal ,academy of ,surgery1 which furnished so many illustrious names to science in the eighteenth century1 and which would doubtless have extinguished the old faculty if the ,revolution had not saved it the trouble by destroying them both4 ,our space forbids us to notice the other great battle of the faculty during the period which has immediately fallen under our consideration--that which it waged and won against the ,montpellier doctors4 ,but the ,montpellier school would deserve a notice by itself2 and the interest which gathers round it has been heightened by the important questions1 physiological and philosophical1 connected with its name in the present day4 ,a word or two more1 and we have done4 ,when ,molire was about to deal the faculty its most grievous wound1 it was triumphant on all sides4 ,yet1 as a system1 it was already doomed to that destruction which had fallen on the whole scholastic method in science prevailing in the middle ages4 ,hippocrates1 it is true1 furnished the text-book of medicine1 but it was ,hippocrates virtually commented by ,aristotle1 as all the old medical phraseology and medical argumentations abundantly prove4 ,much of the ridicule attached to that venerable body against which ,molire has raised an inextinguishable laugh had its origin in the retention of this language1 with all the quiddities of the schools1 and of those curious dialectic exercises which formed the approved method of mental gymnastics in the middle ages long after they had been discarded everywhere else4 ,the rest of the ridicule which falls to the due share of the faculty must be laid to the account of the selfishness1 pride1 and egotism inherent in human nature1 but which always strike us more forcibly when exhibited in a state of things foreign to current ideas and manners4 ,in conclusion1 we would point out what we conceive may be esteemed as a sound point in the system of that day--its treatment of man as a whole4 ,there is no divorce with these old doctors between body and soul4 ,modern medical science has affected to treat the body apart from any regard to the spiritual portion of man's nature4 ,while allowing the immense progress made in medicine and surgery in modern times1 we cannot but feel that a serious error was committed in dividing what our fathers deemed inseparable4 ,the materialistic errors of the eighteenth century1 and1 in particular1 the materialism so prevalent in the learned medical body1 are a standing comment on the systems which made clear decks of those fundamental principles which had come down to us from the earliest antiquity1 and which had received the sanction of the ,christian schools1 in whose teaching physiology and psychology were always closely united2 the study of the soul crowning #fie that of physiology4 ,we witness with satisfaction a strong reaction amongst many members of the ,french medical body toward views which harmonize thoroughly with the old doctrine of the ,angel of the ,school1 laid down long before those modern discoveries which are beginning slowly to lead men back1 not to the pedantry of the olden time1 but to those ancient paths from which our fathers would have deemed it heresy to wander4 ------ ,from ,the ,sixpenny ,magazine4 ,,handwriting4 ,men1 like trees1 have a curved line which1 touching at the extremities1 forms a figure which is the general estimate of their characters4 ,individual traits are lost in the harmony of them all4 ,the hand may be delicate2 the face coarse2 there may be contradiction between the eye and the brow1 between the motive power and the object desired2 but still the man is a unity unlike any other man1 and yet similar in original traits4 ,to tell character by confining one's self to one exhibition of a faculty1 would be like trying to tell the climate of a place by staying there one day4 ,but in the other extreme1 the collecting of facts proves nothing unless there have been opportunities for the display of other qualities than the ones in which the person is not interested4 ,i1 for instance1 always dislike making new acquaintances2 ,i get sulky whenever it is forced upon me2 that does not prove that ,i may not be pleasant enough when allowed to act as ,i please4 ,one man1 with no taste for a certain pursuit1 is forced into it1 kept at it1 and1 as he gives evidence of dislike1 is accused of being almost a fool4 ,wonderful that in something else he should be a proficient at the first attempt4 ,yet it is not the doing a thing1 but the getting pay for it1 that is difficult2 not the reading of character1 but the applying it4 ,what value is the being able to understand why men's handwritings vary1 save as interesting8 ,yet1 perhaps1 many a reader will glance over this and be inclined to acquire the skill4 ,first1 does the man write often moderately1 or very nicely8 ,did he write in a hurry1 or not8 ,lastly1 is his temperament nervous or inclined to be heavy8 ,bad writing may arise from haste1 nervousness1 and want of practice2 but the handwriting of the illiterate is intrinsically different from that of a nervous scholar4 ,a man who writes badly when in haste must be a nervous man2 so scrawly writing may be reduced to want of self-command4 ,the man of business asks of the scholar1 ,why can't you sell your labor and become rich8 ,the scholar may ask1 ,why don't you give your money and write a book8 ,it is as impossible for one to change as the other4 ,poverty of brains can be no more overcome than poverty of purse4 ,the right plan is for the two to divide4 ,money for talent4 ,ridiculous for money to wait for brains1 or brains to be contemptuous of money4 ,there must be help4 ,look at the writing6 ,that nervous sweep of the pen is not the characteristic of a man to sway material matters2 he is not thick-headed enough2 the blows crush him4 ,on the other hand1 that round1 manly1 firm chirography1 regular as a troop of horses1 indicates outward show1 but there is no brain1 sentiment1 intense sensibility behind4 #fif ,a bird is in a quiver of excitement at the least noise1 but a cow stands looking on without the least alarm4 ,women write small4 ,indolence1 affectation1 and weakness are indicated1 and indolence is nature's guard for nervous persons4 ,take particular instances4 ,a is a man of medium size1 high forehead1 hair of the ,yankee brownish hue1 eyes deep-set and rather small1 nose small1 mouth firm1 chin rather weak4 ,physically1 he is inclined to be of a nervous1 sanguine temperament2 hope large1 caution large2 animal propensities strong4 ,he is a man of business1 writes considerably1 generally about business4 ,his habit of mind exact4 ,now1 what will be his characteristic handwriting8 ,ask half a dozen different men who are interested in judging of character1 and compare their answers4 ,his habits of business will have made his writing to a certain extent formal4 ,he will have tried to make it a plain hand4 ,his long practice in keeping books will have taught him to be able to write large or small2 his nervousness will have taught him to use abbreviations2 his solidity and preference for mercantile pursuits will have made him always more or less subject to self-command4 ,he writes1 then1 not like the man of mere intellect1 to get his thoughts upon paper for preservation1 but for others to read4 ,he thinks constantly how he will affect others2 how they will understand him4 ,he employs formal expressions because they are better understood4 ,he says1 ,rec'd three bales goods1 instead of telling in many words the same fact1 but writes not obscurely1 but with particular care that they shall be read4 ,a lawyer will fill out a writ1 and1 save an undulating line1 no one but the initiated would understand that a legal phrase was implied4 ,the man of business deals with facts4 ,the facts may be expressed briefly1 in a formal way1 hurriedly1 but always with the intention of being read4 ,that some business men do write badly is nothing to this purpose4 ,i am speaking of the desire in you to write plainly4 ,now my man1 described1 sits down to tell his correspondent that a certain lot of goods has arrived1 all save one package4 ,he writes rapidly1 exactly1 and with the wish that the others shall read what he says at once and without mistake4 ,his nervous power would urge him to haste and carelessness1 but his business education will restrain him4 ,how will his writing show it8 ,his mind is not particularly active4 ,he is not thinking what to say1 but to explain an understood fact4 ,i think1 all these circumstances taken into consideration1 his letters will be open1 frank regular1 round1 and well-looking1 but at the ends of the longest wider1 and at the tops and bottoms of long letters will be a perceptible twitch as if he grew there first a little impatient at the delay4 ,boldness and delicacy of handwriting may not indicate more than straight-forwardness or caution4 ,a prudent1 secretive man generally writes fine1 generally also boldly4 ,a passionate nature is confined1 and1 unless great ability of pencraft is acquired1 will rather betray his interest by weakness and indecision in his letters than by excess of power4 ,a fine writer is either one who holds himself in control or a thick-headed nobody1 a calm1 passionless man1 or a mere copyist1 for to pay attention to the mere form1 augurs that the man's mind is not very much excited by his theme4 ,writing full of unnecessary thrusts and turns betokens a man undecided and wavering4 ,a direct up and down style is his who cares nothing for ornament--prefers comfort with regularity to luxury without4 ,a slovenly man scrawls his own nature4 ,a timid man writes commandingly1 with unequal heaviness of line4 ,indolent men avoid trouble and write small4 ,a bold1 careless1 obstinate man writes variably1 at one time well1 at another ill4 ,nothing can charm a man1 especially if careless himself1 like neatness in the letters of a lady4 ------ #fig ,from ,the ,lamp4 ,,all-,,hallow ,,eve2 ,,or1 ,,the ,,test ,,of ,,futurity4 ,,by ,,robert ,,curtis4 ,,chapter ,,xxiii4 ,the long-wished-for day appointed for this great match had now arrived1 and there was not a man of a hundred in each parish beside the two leading men who had not on that morning taken his hurl from the rack before he went to prayers1 inspected it1 weighed it in his hand1 to ascertain if the set lay fair to the swipe1 as he placed it on the ground4 ,two o'clock in the afternoon had been appointed for the men to be on the ground1 and punctual to the moment they were seen in two compact masses beyond opposite ends of the common4 ,they had assembled outside1 and were not permitted to straggle in1 in order that their approach toward each other1 in two distinct bodies1 amidst the inspiring cheers of their respective parties1 might have the better effect4 ,this great occasion had been talked of for weeks1 and was looked upon1 not only by the players themselves1 and the two great men at their heads1 but it might be said by the public at large1 as the most important hurling-match which had been projected for years in that or perhaps any other district4 ,the friends of each party1 beside hundreds of neutral spectators1 had already occupied the hills round what might be called the arena4 ,conspicuous at the head of the ,rathcash men as they advanced with their green sleeves amidst the cheers of their friends1 ,tom ,murdock could be seen walking with his head erect1 and his hurl sloping over his shoulder4 ,he kept his right hand disengaged that he might fulfil the usual custom of giving it to his opponent1 in token of goodwill1 ere the game began4 ,he was undoubtedly a splendid handsome-looking fellow that day4 ,upwards of six feet high1 made in full proportion4 ,his shirt tied at the throat with a broad green ribbon1 having the collar turned down nearly to the shoulders1 showed a neck of unsullied whiteness1 which contrasted remarkably with the dark curled whiskers above it4 ,his men1 too1 were a splendid set of fellows4 ,most of them were as tall and as well made as himself1 and none were under five feet ten2 there was not a small man among them--the picked unmarried men of the parish4 ,their green sleeves and bare necks1 with their hurls across their left shoulders1 as in the case of their leader1 elicited thunders of applause from the whole population of ,rathcash upon the hill to their right4 ,a deep ditch with a high grass bank lay between the common and the spot where ,emon-a-knock and his men had assembled4 ,phil ,m',dermott was silent4 ,he was not yet reconciled to the color which their leader had chosen4 ,of course he could not account for it1 but he did not half like it4 ,to him it looked sombre1 melancholy1 and prophetic4 ,but ,phil had sense enough to assume a cheerfulness1 if he did not feel it4 ,emon himself1 though five feet ten and a half inches high1 was about the smallest man of his party4 ,in every respect they equalled1 if they did not exceed1 the ,rathcash men4 #fih ,come1 boys1 said ,emon2 ,tom ,murdock is bringing on his men2 we'll have to jump the bank4 ,shall ,i lead the way8 ,of course1 ,emon2 an' bad luck to the man of the hundred will lave a toe on it4 ,no1 nor a heel1 ,phil1 said the wit4 ,stand back1 boys1 about fifteen yards1 said ,emon4 ,let me at it first2 and when ,i am clean over1 go at it as much in a line as you can4 ,give yourselves plenty of room and don't crowd4 ,take your time1 boys1 whispered the prophet1 an' let none of us trip or fall4 ,never fear1 ,phil1 ran through them all in reply4 ,emon then drew back a few yards2 and with a light quick run he cleared the bank1 giving a slight little steadying-jump on the other side1 like a man who had made a somersault from a spring-board4 ,the ,shanvilla population--the whole of which1 ,i may say1 was on the surrounding hills--rent the air with their cheers1 amidst which the red sleeves were seen clearing the bank like so many young deer4 ,not a mistake was made2 not a man jumped low or short2 not a toe was left upon it1 as the prophet had said--nor a heel1 as the wit had added4 ,it was an enlivening sight to see the red sleeves rising by turns about eight feet into the air1 and landing steadily on the level sward beyond the bank4 ,the cheers from ,shanvilla were redoubled1 and even some of the ,rathcash men joined4 ,the two parties were now closing each other in friendly approach toward the centre of the field1 where they halted within about six yards of each other2 ,tom ,murdock and ,emon-a-knock a tittle in advance4 ,they stepped forward1 with their right hands a little extended4 ,hallo1 ,lennon6 said ,murdock2 why1 you are dressed in silk1 man1 and have a cap to match2 ,i heard nothing of that4 ,i could not afford silk1 and our sleeves are plain calico4 ,so are ours1 and ,i could afford silk still less than you could2 but my men presented me with these sleeves and this cap1 and ,i shall wear them4 ,of course1 of course1 ,lennon4 ,but ,i cannot say much for the color2 blue would have looked much better2 and1 perhaps1 have been more appropriate4 ,i left that for the girls to wear in their bonnets1 replied ,lennon1 sarcastically4 ,he knew that ,winny ,cavana's holiday bonnet was trimmed with blue1 and thought it not unlikely that ,murdock knew it also4 ,they then shook hands1 but it was more formal than cordial2 and ,murdock took a half-crown from his pocket4 ,he was determined to be down on ,emon-a-knock's poverty1 for a penny would have done as well2 and he said1 ,shall ,i call1 or will you8 ,the challenger generally 'skies1' and the other calls1 he replied4 ,here then6 said ,murdock1 standing out into a clear spot1 and curling the half-crown into the air1 eighteen or twenty feet above their heads4 ,head1 cried ,lennon2 and head it was4 ,it was the usual method on such occasions for the leader who won the toss to throw the ball with all his force as high into the air as possible1 and1 as a matter of course1 as far toward his opponent's goal as he could4 ,the height into the air was as a token to his friends to cheer1 and the direction toward his opponent's goal was considered the great advantage of having won the toss4 ,this was1 however1 the first occasion in the annals of hurling where this latter point had been questioned4 ,emon-a-knock and ,phil ,m',dermott were both experienced hurlers2 and previous to their having taken the high bank in such style1 from the field outside the common1 they had stepped aside from their men1 and discussed the matter thus3 ,phil1 ,i hope we'll win the toss1 said ,emon4 ,that we may1 ,i pray4 ,you'll put the ball a trifle on its way if we do1 ,emon4 #fii ,no1 ,phil1 that is the very point ,i want to settle with you4 ,i have always remarked that when the winner of the toss throws the ball toward the other goal1 it is always met by some good man who is on the watch for it2 and as none of the opposite party are allowed into their ground until 'the game is on1' he has it all to himself1 and generally deals it such a swipe as puts it half-way back over the others' heads4 ,now my plan is this4 ,if ,i win 'the toss1' ,i'll throw the ball more toward our own goal than toward theirs4 ,let you be there1 ,phil1 to meet it2 and ,i have little fear that the first puck you give it will send it double as far into our opponent's ground as ,i could throw it with my hand4 ,beside1 the moment the ball is up1 our men can advance all over the ground1 and another good man of ours may help it on4 ,what say you1 ,phil8 ,well1 ,emon1 there's a grate dale of raison in what you say1 now that ,i think of it2 but ,i never seen it done that way afore4 ,it had been thus settled between these two best men of ,shanvilla2 and ,emon1 having won the toss1 cast his eye over his shoulder and caught a side glance of ,phil ,m',dermott in position1 with his hurl poised for action4 ,contrary to all experience and all expectation1 ,emon-a-knock1 instead of casting the ball from him1 toward the other goal1 threw it as high as possible1 but unmistakably inclining toward his own4 ,here there was a murmur of disappointed surprise from ,shanvilla on the hill4 ,but it was soon explained4 ,phil ,m',dermott had it all his own way for the first puck1 which was considered a great object4 ,never had such an expedient 7nunc dodge7 to secure it been thought of before4 ,m',dermott had full room to deal with it4 ,there was no one near him but his own men1 who stood exulting at what they knew was about to come4 ,m',dermott with the under side of his hurl rolled the ball toward him1 and curling it up into the air about a foot above his head1 met it as it came down with a puck that was heard all over the hills1 and drove it three distances beyond where ,emon could have thrown it from his hand4 ,the object of the backward cast by the leader had now been explained to the satisfaction of ,shanvilla1 whose cheers of approbation loudly succeeded to their previous murmurs of surprise4 ,be gorra1 they're a knowing pair1 said one of the spectators on the hill4 ,but ,i cannot attend to the game1 which is now well on1' and tell you what each party said during the struggle4 ,of course the ball was met by ,rathcash1 and put back2 but every man was now at work as best he might1 where and when he could1 but not altogether from under a certain sort of discipline and eye to their leaders4 ,now some fortunate young fellow got an open at the ball1 and gave it a puck which sent it spinning through the crowd until stopped by the other party4 ,then a close struggle and clashing of hurls1 as if life and death depended on the result4 ,now1 again1 some fellow gets an open swipe at it1 and puck it goes over their heads1 while a rush of both parties takes place toward the probable spot it must arrive at2 then another crowded struggle1 and ultimately another puck1 and it is seen like a cannon-ball on the strand at ,sandymount4 ,another rush1 another close struggle and clashing of hurls1 and puck1 puck2 now at the jaws of this goal1 now at the jaws of that1 while the cheers and counter-cheers re-echo through the surrounding hills4 ,it is needless to say that ,tom ,murdock and ,emon-a-knock were conspicuous in all these vicissitudes of the game4 ,no man took the ball from either of them if he was likely to get a puck at it in time2 but no risk of a counter-puck would be run if an opponent was at hand to give it4 ,this was the use of the distinguishing colors1 and right curious it was to see the green and red sleeves twisting through each other and rushing in groups to one spot4 #gjj ,after all1 ,emon's color did not look so bad2 and ,shanvilla held their own so gallantly as the game went on1 that betting--for it was a sort of ,derby-day with the parish gamblers--which was six1 and even seven1 to four on ,rathcash at the commencement1 was now even for choice4 ,ay1 there is one red-haired fellow1 with a small eye and a big one1 who shoves three thimbles upon a board at races1 has offered five fippenny-bits to four upon ,shanvilla2 and well he may1 for ,emon and his men had got the ball amongst them1 and ,emon's orders were to keep it close--not to puck it at all1 now that they had it1 but to tip it along and keep round it in a body4 ,this was quite fair1 and would have been adopted by the other party had they got the chance4 ,they were thus advancing steadily but slowly4 ,the ,rathcash men were on the outside1 but found it difficult1 if not impossible1 to enter the solid body of ,shanvilla men1 who were advancing with the ball in the middle of them toward ,rathcash goal4 ,to the front1 to the front1 boys1 or the game is lost6 roared ,tom ,murdock1 who was himself then watching for an open to get in at the ball4 ,forthwith there was a body of the green-sleeves right before ,shanvilla1 who came on with their ball1 tip by tip1 undaunted4 ,still ,rathcash was on the outside1 and could not put a hurl on the ball4 ,it was a piece of generalship upon the part of the ,shanvilla leader not often before thought of1 and likely to be crowned with success4 ,the cheers from ,shanvilla on the hills were now deafening--the final struggle was evidently at hand4 ,rathcash on the hills was silent1 except a few murmurs of apprehension4 ,this will never do1 boys6 said ,tom ,murdock1 rushing into the center of ,shanvilla and endeavoring to hook the ball from amongst them2 but they were too solid for that1 although he had now made his way within a hurl's length of ,emon4 ,emon called to his men to stoop in front that he might see the goal and judge his distance4 ,a few yards further1 boys1 he cried1 and then open out for me to swipe3 ,i will not miss either the ball or the goal4 ,steady1 ,emon1 steady a bit6 said ,phil ,m',dermott2 don't you see who is1 ,i may say1 alongside of you8 ,keep it close another bit4 ,in with you1 men6 what are you about8 roared ,tom ,murdock2 and half a score of the green-sleeves rushed in amongst the red4 ,here the clashing of hurls was at its height1 and the shouts from both sides on the hill were tremendous4 ,shanvilla kept and defended their ball in spite of every attempt of ,rathcash to pick it from amongst them2 but nothing like violence was thought of by either side4 ,shanvilla seemed assured of victory1 and such of them as were on the outside1 and could not get a tip at the ball1 kept brandishing their hurls in the air1 roaring at the top of their voices1 ,good boys1 ,shanvilla1 good boys6 ,through with it--through with it6 ,good boys6 ,emon looked out4 ,though he did not see the stones1 he saw the goal-masters--one red1 the other green--ready expecting the final puck1 and he knew the spot4 ,give me room now1 ,phil1 he whispered1 and his men drew back4 ,emon curled the ball into the air about the height of his head1 and struck it sure and home4 ,as if from a cannon's mouth it went over the heads of ,rathcash1 ,shanvilla1 and all1 and sped right through the center of the stones--hop--hop--hop--until it was finally lost sight of in some rushes4 ,but another blow had been struck at the same moment1 and ,emon-a-knock lay senseless on the ground1 his face and neck1 shirt and sleeves1 all the same color1 and that color was--blood4 ,tom ,murdock's hurl had been poised ready to strike the all the moment ,lennon had curled it into the air4 ,upon this one blow the whole #gja game depended4 ,emon was rather sideways to ,tom1 who was on his left4 ,both their blows were aimed almost simultaneously at the ball1 but ,tom's being a second or two late1 had no ball to hit2 and not being able to restrain the impetus of the blow1 his hurl passed on and took ,emon's head above the top of the left ear1 raising a scalp of flesh to the skull-bone1 about three inches in length1 and more than half that breadth4 ,the cheers of ,shanvilla were speedily quashed1 and there was a rush of the red-sleeves round their leader4 ,phil ,m',dermott had taken him in his arms1 and replaced the loose piece of flesh upon ,emon's skull in the most artistic manner1 and bound it down with a handkerchief tied under the chin4 ,he could see that no injury had been done to the bone4 ,it was a mere sloping stroke1 which had lifted the piece of flesh clean from the skull4 ,but poor ,emon still lay insensible1 his whole face1 neck1 and breast covered with blood4 ,there was some growling amongst the ,shanvilla boys1 and those from the hill ran down with their sticks to join their comrades with their hurls2 while the ,rathcash men closed into a compact body1 beckoning to their friends on the hill1 who also ran down to defend them in case of need4 ,this was indeed a critical moment1 and one that1 if not properly managed1 might have led to bloodshed of a more extended kind4 ,but ,tom ,murdock was equal to the occasion4 ,he gave his hurl to one of his men the moment he had struck the blow1 and went forward4 ,good heaven1 boys1 ,i hope he is not much hurt6 he exclaimed4 ,rathcash should lose a hundred games before ,shanvilla should be hurt4 ,as he spoke he perceived a scowl of doubt and rising anger in the faces of many of the ,shanvilla men1 some of whom ground their teeth1 and grasped their hurls tighter in their hands4 ,tom did not lose his presence of mind at even this1 although he almost feared the result4 ,he took ,emon by the hand and bid him speak to him4 ,phil ,m',dermott had ordered his men to keep back the crowd to give the sufferer air4 ,poor ,emon's own remedy in another cause had been resorted to4 ,phil had rubbed his lips and gums with whiskey--on this occasion it was near at hand--and poured a few thimblefuls down his throat4 ,he soon opened his eyes1 and looked round him4 ,thank ,god6 cried ,tom ,murdock4 ,are you much hurt1 ,lennon8 ,the very return to life had already quashed any cordiality toward ,emon in ,tom's heart4 ,not much1 ,i hope1 ,tom4 ,i was stunned2 that was all4 ,but what about the game8 ,i thought my ear caught the cheers of victory as ,i fell4 ,so they did1 ,emon1 said ,m',dermott2 but stop talking1 ,i tell you4 ,the game is ours1 and it was you who won it with that last puck4 ,ay1 and it was that last puck that nearly lost him his life1 continued ,tom1 knowingly enough4 ,we both struck at the ball nearly at the same moment2 he took it first1 and my hurl had nothing to hit until it met the top of his head4 ,i protest before heaven1 ,lennon1 it was entirely accidental4 ,i have not accused you of it's being anything else1 ,murdock2 don't seem to doubt yourself1 said ,emon in a very low weak voice4 ,but it was evident he was coming-to4 ,still the ,shanvilla men were grumbling and whispering4 ,one of them1 a big black-haired fellow named ,ned ,murrican1 burst out at last1 and brandishing his hurl over his head1 cried out3 ,arrah1 now1 what are we about2 boys8 ,are we going to see our best man murdered before our eyes1 an' be satisfied wid a piper an' a dance8 ,i say we must have blood for blood6 ,an' why not8 said another4 ,it was no accident2 ,i'm sure of that4 ,what baldherdash6 cried a #gjb third2 didn't ,i see him aim the blow8 ,and the whole of ,shanvilla flourished their hurls and their sticks in the air1 clashing them together with a terrific noise of an onslaught4 ,tom ,murdock's cheeks blanched4 ,he feared that he had opened a floodgate which he could not stop1 and that if there had not been1 there would soon be1 murder4 ,his men stood firm in a close body1 and not a word was heard to pass amongst them4 ,don't strike a blow1 for the life of you1 boys6 he cried1 at the same time he took back his hurl from the man to whom he had given it to hold1 who handed it to him1 saying1 ,here1 ,tom1 you'll be apt to want this4 ,the ,shanvilla men saw him take the hurl1 and thought it an acceptance of a challenge to fight4 ,they now began to jump off the ground1 crying1 ,whoop1 whoop6 a sure sign of prompt action in an ,irish row4 ,at this still more critical moment1 ,father ,farrell1 the parish priest of ,shanvilla1 who had been sent for in all haste for the man who was killed1 was seen cantering across the common toward the crowd2 and more fortunately still he was accompanied by ,father ,roche1 the parish-priest of ,rathcash4 ,they were both known at a glance2 ,shanvilla on his strawberry cob1 and ,rathcash on his tight little black mare4 ,it is needless to say that the approach of these two good men calmed to all appearance1 if not in reality1 the exhibition of angry feeling amongst the two parties4 ,here1 your reverence1 said one of the ,shanvilla men to ,father ,farrell1--here's where the man that was hurt is lying2 poor ,emon-a-knock1 your reverence4 ,father ,farrell turned for a moment and whispered to his companion1 ,i'll see about the hurt man1 and do you try and keep the boys quiet4 ,i can see that ,shanvilla is ready for a fight4 ,tell them that ,i'll be with them in a very few minutes1 if the man is not badly hurt4 ,if he is1 my friend1 ,i'm afraid we shall have a hard task to keep ,shanvilla quiet4 ,could you not send your men home at once8 ,i'll do what ,i can2 but you can do more with your own men than ,i can4 ,rathcash will not strike a blow1 ,i know1 until the very last moment4 ,they then separated1 ,father ,farrell dismounting and going over to where ,emon-a-knock still lay in ,m',dermott's arms2 and ,father ,roche up toward the ,rathcash men4 ,boys1 said he1 addressing them1 this is a sad ending to the day's sport2 but1 thank ,god1 from what ,i hear1 the man is not much hurt4 ,be steady1 at all events4 ,indeed1 you had better go home at once1 every man of you4 ,won't you take your priest's advice8 ,an' why not1 your reverence8 to be sure we will1 if it comes to that2 but1 plaise ,god1 it won't4 ,at worst it was only an accident1 an' we're tould it won't signify4 ,we'll stan' our ground another while1 your reverence1 until we hear how the boy is4 ,sure1 there's two barrels of beer an' a dance to the fore1 by-an'-by4 ,well1 lads1 be very steady1 and keep yourselves quiet4 ,i'll visit the first man of you that strikes a blow with condign-- ,we'll strike no blow1 your reverence1 if we bant struck first4 ,let ,father ,farrell look to that4 ,and so he will1 you may depend upon it1 said ,father ,roche4 ,the ,shanvilla men had great confidence in ,father ,farrell in every respect1 and there was not a man in the parish who would not almost die at his bidding from pure love of the man1 apart from his religious influence4 ,they knew him to be a good physician in a literal1 as well as a moral1 point of view2 and he had been proving himself the good ,samaritan for the last seventeen years to every one in the parish1 whether they fell among thieves or not4 ,he had commenced life as a medical student1 but had 7prudently1 perhaps7 preferred the ,church4 #gjc ,in memory1 however1 of his early predilections1 he kept a sort of little private dispensary behind his kitchen2 and so numerous were the cures which nature had effected under his mild advice and harmless prescriptions1 that he had established a reputation for infallibility almost equal to that subsequently attained by ,holloway or ,morrison4 ,never1 however1 was his medical knowledge of more use as well as value than on the present occasion4 ,shanvilla grounded their weapons at his approach1 and waited for his report4 ,father ,farrell of course first felt the young man's pulse4 ,he was not pedantic or affected enough to hold his watch in his other hand while he did so2 but1 like all good physicians1 he held his tongue4 ,he then untied the handkerchief1 and gently examined the wound so far as possible without disturbing the work which ,phil ,m',dermott had so promptly and judiciously performed4 ,his last test of the state of his patient was his voice2 and upon this1 in his own mind1 he laid no inconsiderable stress4 ,in reply to his questions as to whether he felt sick or giddy1 ,emon replied1 much more stoutly than was expected1 that he felt neither the one nor the other4 ,father ,farrell was now fully satisfied that there was nothing seriously wrong with him1 and that giving him the rites of the ,church1 or even remaining longer with him then1 might have an unfavorable effect upon the already excited minds of the ,shanvilla men4 ,he therefore said1 smiling1 ,thank ,god1 ,emon1 you want no further doctoring just now2 and ,i'll leave you for a few minutes while ,i tell ,shanvilla that nothing serious has befallen you4 ,he then left him1 and hastened over toward his parishoners1 who eagerly met him half-way as he approached4 ,well1 your reverence8 ,well1 your reverence8 ran through the foremost of them4 ,it is well1 and very well1 boys1 he replied2 ,i bless ,god it is nothing but a scalp wound1 which will not signify4 ,put by your hurls1 and go and ask the ,rathcash girls to dance4 ,three cheers for ,father ,farrell6 shouted ,ned ,murrican of the black curly head4 ,they were given heartily1 and peace was restored4 ,father ,farrell then remounted his strawberry cob1 and rode over toward where ,father ,roche was with the ,rathcash men4 ,they were1 in a manner1 as anxious to hear his opinion of ,emon-a-knock as his own men had been4 ,they knew nothing1 or1 if they did1 they cared nothing1 for any private cause of ill-will on their leader's part toward ,emon-a-knock4 ,they were not about to espouse his quarrel1 if he had one2 and1 as they had said1 they would not have struck a blow unless in self-defence4 ,father ,farrell now assured them there was nothing of any consequence upon ,emon2 it was a mere tip of the flesh1 and would be quite well in a few days4 ,but1 ,tom a-wochal1 he added1 laughing1 you don't often aim at a crow and hit a pigeon4 ,i was awkward and unfortunate enough to do so this time1 ,father ,farrell1 he replied4 ,and he then entered into a full1 and apparently a candid1 detail of how it had happened4 ,father ,farrell listened with much attention1 bowing at him now and then1 like the foreman of a jury to a judge's charge1 to show that he understood him4 ,when he had ended4 ,father ,farrell placed his hand upon his shoulder1 and1 bending down toward him1 whispered in his ear1 ,oh1 ,tom ,murdock1 but you are the fortunate man this day6 for if the blow had been one inch and a half lower1 all the priests and doctors in ,connaught would not save you from being tried for manslaughter4 ,or murder1 whispered ,tom's heart to himself4 ,by this time ,emon-a-knock1 with ,m',dermott's help1 had risen to his feet2 and leaning on him and big ,ned ,murrican1 crept feebly along toward the boreen which formed the entrance to the common4 #gjd ,father ,farrell1 perceiving the move1 rode after him1 and said1 as he passed1 that he would trot on and send for a horse and cart to fetch him home1 as he would not allow him to walk any further than the end of the lane4 ,indeed1 it was not his intention to do so2 for he was still scarcely able to stand1 and that not without help4 ,before he and his assistants1 however1 had reached the end of the lane1 ,father ,farrell came entering back1 saying1 ,all right1 my good lads2 there is a jennet and cart coming up the lane for him4 ,emon cocked his ear at the word jennet2 he knew who owned the only one for miles around4 ,and there indeed it was2 and the sight of it went well-nigh to cure ,emon1 better than any doctoring he could get4 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 -------- ,from ,the ,month4 ,,inquietus4 ,we put him in a golden cage ,with crystal troughs2 but still he pined ,for tracts of royal foliage4 ,and broad blue skies and merry wind4 ,we gave him water cool and dear2 ,all round his golden wires we twined ,fresh leaves and blossoms bright1 to cheer ,his restless heart3 but still he pined4 ,we whistled and we chirped2 but he ,trilled never more his liquid falls1 ,but ever yearned for liberty1 ,and dashed against his golden walls4 ,again1 again1 in wild despair1 ,he strove to burst his bars aside2 ,at last1 beneath his pinion fair1 ,he hid his drooping head and died6 ,and so against the golden bars-- ,life's golden bars--our poor souls smite4 ,pining for tracts beyond the stars4 ,freedom and beauty1 truth and light ,those bars a ,father's hands adorn ,with leaves and flowers--earth's loveliest things-- ,with crystal draughts2 but still we mourn ,with thirsting for the living springs4 ,nor crystal draughts1 nor leaves and flowers1 ,the exiled heart can satisfy3 ,we shake the bars2 and some few hours ,we droop and pine1 and then we die1 ,we die6 ,but1 oh1 the prison-bars ,are shatter'd then3 then far away1 ,we pass beyond the sky1 the stars-- ,beyond the change of night and day4 ------ #gje ,from ,chambers's ,journal4 ,a ,,kingdom ,,without ,a ,,king4 ,lichtenstein is the name of the smallest principality in the great ,german ,vaterland1 and this has hitherto been the most remarkable thing that could be said about it1 for in the great political world it has as yet played no part4 ,it appears1 however1 that its time has now arrived2 and for the benefit of those who might receive this bit of intelligence with a sceptical smile1 ,i subjoin a few words of explanation4 ,in order fully to appreciate this important question1 it will be necessary to commence by going back into the past--if not so far as to the ,flood1 at least to some part of the twelfth century4 ,it will not do to believe that the ,lichtensteiners are people of vulgar extraction4 ,true1 their ancestors hardly anticipated that the house of ,lichtenstein would ever be reckoned among the reigning families of ,europe2 but this did not affect the nobleness of their quarterings4 ,the founder of the house was a lively and enterprising ,lombard1 and related to the ,este family4 ,he went to ,germany with the object of making his fortune1 and there he married1 #aade ,a4,d41 a little princess of the house of ,schwaben4 ,they had not the slightest fraction of a principality1 but they had plenty of children to educate and provide for4 ,their fortune was not very large1 but1 in his quality of ,lombard1 the father exercised the lucrative business of an usurer1 whenever the occasion presented itself4 ,the sovereigns of those times were often in want of money1 and our ,lombard supplied them with this article1 proper security being forthcoming4 ,when the time of restitution arrived1 it was not always convenient to the debtors to pay in cash1 and the affair was therefore generally settled by means of small pieces of land1 titles1 or privileges4 ,the ,lichtensteiners soon became allied to the greatest ,german families4 ,in the year #afad1 the ,emperor ,matthias ceded to them1 in settlement of their pecuniary claims1 the principality of ,troppau1 in ,schlesien4 ,ten years later1 the ,emperor ,ferdinand ,,ii4 added to their possessions the principality of ,jagendorff4 ,then they obtained the title of ,prince of the ,holy ,roman ,empire2 and by this time they had purchased the districts of ,vadutz and ,schnellenberg1 on the borders of the ,rhine1 and close to the ,swiss frontier4 ,these possessions form the actual principality of ,lichtenstein1 which has the small town of ,vadutz for its capital4 ,the ,congress of ,vienna--contrary to its principles of mediatization--resolved1 for reasons which we abstain from investigating1 to maintain ,lichtenstein as a sovereign and independent state1 and gave it an entire vote in the ,german ,confederation4 ,in return for these advantages1 ,lichtenstein had to provide a contingent of ninety men and one drummer to the federal army4 ,it is important not to lose sight of these ninety men and one drummer1 for they play a principal part in the impending question4 ,the subjects of the principality of ,lichtenstein1 according to the last census1 numbered #g1aej2 they are clever people1 of a peaceable disposition1 but impressed with no particular awe for authorities4 ,they even have a slight taint of independence1 undoubtedly owing to the close vicinity of ,switzerland4 #gjf ,a year had scarcely elapsed after the remodelling of the map of ,europe by the ,congress of ,vienna1 when the inhabitants of ,lichtenstein addressed themselves to their sovereign1 ,john ,i41 and declared with rustic frankness that they had no objection to being ruled by him1 since the ,congress had decided it so2 but that they found it entirely superfluous to pay any civil list2 beside1 they were too few in number to contribute every year ninety men and one drummer to the federal army4 ,prince ,john was an excellent man1 and1 moreover1 he was immensely rich4 ,he informed his subjects that he could do very well without any civil list2 and as for the federal contingent1 he concluded a convention with the ,austrian government1 by which the latter undertook to furnish it together with its own4 ,with this the loyal subjects declared themselves satisfied2 and everything went on well until the year #ahcf1 when ,prince ,aloysius ,i4 ascended the throne4 ,in the meantime1 the natives of ,lichtenstein had made various reflections4 ,the conclusions arrived at were3 that a prince1 even if paid nothing1 entails sundry expenses on the country where he is reigning2 festivals have to be given1 as well as solemn audiences1 illuminations1 fire-works1 etc4 ,accordingly1 they sent a deputation to their new lord and master1 and made it obvious1 to him that he must indemnify the country for all expenses of the description alluded to4 ,aloysius ,i4 was as excellent a monarch as his predecessor2 he admitted the claims of his subjects1 and made an agreement with them concerning an annual indemnity1 which he paid with exemplary regularity4 ,the ,lichtensteiners had now attained the object of their wishes2 they led an existence entirely ideal4 ,they occupied a position unique in ,europe1 nay1 in the whole world2 for1 instead of paying for government1 they actually were paid for submission to it4 ,it would now be supposed that nothing in future could disturb the good understanding existing between prince and people4 ,but alas6 that the old saying should here find its application--namely1 that he who has got yellow hair1 wants it also to be curled4 ,john ,,ii4 became ,prince of ,lichtenstein4 ,one fine morning he said to himself3 ,since ,i have no civil list1 nay1 since ,i--contrary to all established usages--pay a tribute to my subjects1 ,i ought at least to have full liberty to live according to my tastes4 ,this small capital is a bore4 ,i have plenty of money2 ,i will set out for ,vienna6 ,no sooner said than done4 ,john ,,ii4 built a magnificent palace in the capital of ,austria1 and there he lived in a luxurious style4 ,the government of the principality he intrusted to a minister1 with whom he corresponded4 ,but when were those stupid ,lichtensteiners to be satisfied8 ,they put their heads together and resolved to send a deputation to their supreme master in ,vienna2 and one particular morning1 just as the prince had got out of bed1 a dozen of the most distinguished among his subjects made their appearance4 ,after the customary reverences and ceremonies1 the deputation put forth its request with becoming solemnity1 expressing itself somewhat to the following effect3 ,we don't pay your serene highness any civil list2 on the contrary1 your serene highness pays an annual indemnity to us4 ,but your serene highness is in possession of a large fortune1 and spends it in a royal manner1 by the which formerly your principality benefited4 ,if1 now1 your serene highness continues to reside in ,vienna1 you inflict a serious loss upon your subjects2 and it appears therefore to us but just that you should in future inhabit at least six months of the year your own capital4 ,several demands of a political nature were appended to this petition4 ,john ,,ii4 granted their request1 and issued1 moreover1 a brand-new constitution1 with a parliament of fifteen members1 whom he promised to pay out of his own pocket4 #gjg ,but what about the ninety men and the drummer8 ,well1 now the difficulty arises1 for they are exactly the cause of the present dispute4 ,austria having long furnished this contingent1 sent1 some time ago1 a bill of the resulting expenses to the prince4 ,but the prince thought that1 as he had renounced his claims to a civil list1 and even paid his subjects a round sum every year1 it could be no very heavy burden for the said subjects to pay their own federal contingent4 ,this the ,lichtensteiners obstinately refuse to do2 the prince1 on the other side1 tired of so much trouble1 has expressed his intention to abdicate1 and to cede his dominions to ,austria4 ,but against this scheme his people protest most energetically--they would rather belong to ,switzerland4 ,beside1 if ,austria annexes ,lichtenstein1 then ,prussia will regard the transaction with an envious eye4 ,the prince will neither pay nor govern4 ,such is the present state of things1 of which nobody can predict the end4 ------ ,from ,the ,st4 ,james ,magazine4 ,a ,,novel ,,ticket-,,of-,,leave2 ,,or1 ,,mistaken ,,identity4 ,no two things are alike4 ,such is the dictum of science4 ,nature1 say the wise men1 resembles the charms of ,cleopatra1 which custom cannot stale1 so infinite is their variety4 ,even in so humble a thing as a flock of sheep there is a personal identity1 and the shepherd of ,salisbury ,plain will vow to you that he can discriminate between the countenances of each member of his woolly family1 and particularize their features4 ,so with the herdsman and his drove1 the trainer and his stud4 ,but why pursue the theme8 ,why dwell upon these flocks qui passent et ne se resemblent pas8 ,is it to prove that these resemblances are mere fallacies1 and have no real existence2 that they ought to be classed with ,sir ,thomas ,browne's vulgar errors8 ,no2 but to lament that whereas each member of a flock of sheep1 of a herd of oxen1 or a stud of horses1 carries his individuality so markedly1 the privilege is not more extended in the genus homo4 ,i solemnly aver that the number of cases of mistaken identity which have lately come to my knowledge is not only astounding1 but exceedingly embarrassing2 ,i may add1 too1 quorum magna pars fui2 which1 being translated1 means1 in which ,i have formed a no inconsiderable portion of the quorum4 ,it is no pleasant sensation to know that your counterfeit presentment is walking the earth2 in fact1 it is monstrously unpleasant4 ,the other day ,i felt a heavy hand placed rapidly upon my shoulder1 in the most unceremonious and familiar of ways1 accompanied with an equally unceremonious and familiar exclamation3 ,why1 ,perkins1 old boy1 how are ye8 ,haven't seen ye for an age6 ,glad to see you again in ,london6 ,how are all the folks at ,nottingham8 ,how far this familiar stranger would have gone on in this fluent strain of amity ,i know not4 ,it was time to stop his exuberance of friendship1 and acquaint him with the fact that my name was not ,perkins2 that ,i had not come from ,nottingham2 and1 ,i fear1 added1 in the bitterness and irritation of the moment1 that ,i had never been to ,nottingham1 and never wished to go there4 ,oh1 nonsense1 ,perkins6 ,i'm not going to be knocked off in that style4 ,how are ,mrs4 ,perkins and the chicks8 ,i tell you again1 sir1 you are mistaken in your man2 my name #gjh is not ,perkins4 ,it may not be ,perkins now1 but it was three months ago2 and whatever your new name may be1 ,i am not going to be turned off in this way4 ,not ,perkins6 ,why1 you can't get rid of that mole on your cheek with your new name2 and as to your wig1 old fellow1 there never was but that shade of red ,i ever saw4 ,come1 where shall we dine8 ,i must plainly tell you1 sir1 ,i replied to my would-be friend1 you are carrying your pleasantry too far2 and if you do not leave me at once1 ,i will give you in charge of the police4 ,the fellow1 evidently chagrined1 left me to chew the cud of bitter reflection4 ,well1 well1 were his parting words1 it can't be ,perkins after all2 ,perkins was a jolly good fellow1 and this chap is------ ,he had by this time got out of hearing4 ,what an unpleasant rencontre this6 ,i thought to myself4 ,then again the subject took another aspect4 ,what if the real1 the true ,perkins1 should ever be persecuted by my friends as ,i have been by one of his8 ,and this leads me on to another incident in the same category1 which occurred still more recently1 and might have led to very deplorable results4 ,in fact1 ,i am not sure that the end is yet4 ,i had business out of town for a day or two1 and returned punctually at the appointed hour4 ,whom should ,i meet on the platform of the terminus but ,tom ,cridlins6 ,now ,tom is a great gossip1 and an immense favorite with the ladies4 ,he frequents the theatres and the operas1 conversaziones and balls1 and retails all the news and scandal of the day to his fair friends4 ,well1 ,i met him accidentally at the terminus2 in an instant he was full of apologies and excuses4 ,hope1 ,sam1 done no mischief2 didn't mean it1 didn't mean it1 'pon honor2 deuced sorry1 hope it's all over4 ,why1 what's the matter8 ,didn't know you'd gone out of town1 you sly dog4 ,i understand it all4 ,called at ,mrs4 ,sam's yesterday2 told her--didn't do it intentionally--saw you at the opera ,monday night with ,countess ,tarascona2 magnificent woman2 saw at once made mistake4 ,why didn't she tell me you'd gone out of town8 wouldn't have breathed a word4 ',pon honor1 accidental4 ,opera1 ,tom6 ,i wasn't at the opera2 ,i have been out of town since ,monday morning2 you're mistaken4 ,capital joke1 that4 ,why1 ,sam1 think ,i'm 'flicted with color-blindness8 ,no1 my boy1 nothing blinds me but friendship2 wouldn't have said a word had known you didn't want it4 ,need ,i say what a miserable vista was opened up before me8 ,a jealous wife's jealousy accidentally inflamed in this innocent manner1 and even ,tom ,cridlins incredulous4 ,these men of the world won't believe in--in anything4 ,tom1 ,i said1 seriously1 this is very unfortunate2 but you were never more mistaken in your life4 ,i have not been at the opera for weeks4 ,oh that wicked twinkle of his eye6 ,well1 my boy1 ,i don't want to believe you were there2 disbelieve anything you like2 only---- ,tom1 ,i can stand this no longer2 ,i must not be played with2 you must admit that ,i was not at the opera4 ,i can bring the whole village of ,cudgleton to prove an alibi4 ,glad to hear it1 for peace of home's sake4 ,mrs4 ,sam took it very ill1 can assure you2 sorry1 'ceedingly sorry2 but really the countess is a magnificent woman4 ,who the devil cares now about the countess8 ,i affirm that ,i have been at ,cudgleton from ,monday #d ,p4,m4 till this morning #aj ,a4,m4 ,left by express1 and just arrived4 ,there's the bell1 ,sam2 must say good-bye2 remember me to your wife2 purely accidental2 'ceedingly regret it2 believe every word you say--will back it 'gainst all odds2 remember me to your wife1 and tell her ,i believe you1 my boy4 ,believe me1 my boy6 and that's how ,tom ,cridlins left me1--light-hearted and gay-spirited1 after having kindled a torch which ,acheron itself could not quench4 #gji ,i returned home4 ,of course ,mrs4 ,sam was prepared to receive me4 ,in vain ,i protested2 in vain ,i insisted that ,tom ,cridlins was laboring under an illusion2 ,i had brought him to confess as much4 ,oh1 then1 you have seen him to-day2 planning and scheming1 ,i suppose1 to get up a pack of contradictions4 ,i understand2 but you are not going to deceive me4 ,natural evidence is better than got-up evidence1 and ,i shall prefer to take ,mr4 ,thomas ,cridlins's first statement to his second4 ,there are some things better fresh1 and testimony ,i take to be one of those things4 ,whatever you and ,mr4 ,cridlins may choose to concoct1 for the future ,i shall believe what ,i please to believe4 ,and so on till bedtime4 ,would that ,i could say we had had it out even then6 ,at midnight we were only in the thick of it2 and to acquire renewed vigor for future assaults1 ,mrs4 ,sam prudently fell asleep4 ,but what a time for me6 ,oh that ,i could reverse the hand of the clock eight-and-forty hours1 or push it on until this trouble had blown over6 ,plague on that man1 whoever he is1 that looked so like me6 ,why was he at the opera8 why was he there with a fine woman8 ,cridlins saw nothing of the ,countess ,tarascona--only seen her once--and his foolish head jumps to the conclusion it must be the countess4 ,ass that he is6 ,why isn't he honestly employed1 like other people1 instead of idling about on his five thousand a year1 philandering and making mischief8 ,he can scarcely count the fingers on his hand1 yet he can create a devil of a row between man and wife6 ,two o'clock struck4 ,i had fallen into a distempered doze2 still it was somewhat soothing4 ,with the waking reflection came back1 not quite so excited4 ,after all it might have been worse4 ,i remember reading of a ,bishop of ,siena who had a sovereign antidote against every attack of despondency4 ,when ,i am disappointed or vexed1 or embarrassed or dissatisfied1 he said1 ,i look round upon the world and notice how many hundreds and thousands are worse off than myself1 and the result invariably is1 that grumbling and vexation take wings and fly away1 and contentment and cheerfulness return and nestle in my bosom4 ,what1 thought ,i1 as ,i lay awake1--what if1 instead of this conjugal contretemps1 ,i had been wrongly seized for theft and murder1 and unable to prove an alibi8 ,such cases have been4 ,such cases have been6 ,why1 they have taken place by scores--are taking place1 and will to the end of the chapter4 ,and my imagination vividly portrayed the mental agonies of the innocent convict4 ,memory ransacked the dusty tomes of history to supply fresh food for meditation1 fresh fuel to feed my horror4 ,does not ,pliny cite innumerable instances8 ,had not the twin brothers of ,ephesus just cause to exclaim1 each to his unknown counterpart1 in the anguish and bitterness of his spirit1 ,oh1 ,dromio1 ,dromio1 wherefore art thou1 ,dromio8 ,does not the ,newgate ,calendar teem with cases of men's lives perjured by false witnesses1 or sacrificed to a false tissue of circumstances8 ,did not ,richard ,coleman and ,clinch and ,mackley suffer death for crimes of which they were subsequently proved to be guiltless1 simply because each was mistaken for the right man1 who was not1 and never is1 in the right place4 ,was not ,hoag tried at ,new ,york1 in #ahjd1 for bigamy1 through a similar misconception8 ,and did not ,redman in #ahbb1 and ,robinson in #ahbd1 just escape the gallows by a hair's-breadth8 ,and were not these instances enough to scarify any man's imagination1 and shiver his every nerve8 ,my counterfeit presentment was evidently wandering about somewhere4 ,what sort of a character was he8 ,did ho belong to the dangerous classes8 was he a respectable member of society or an impostor8 was he cunning and clever1 and capable of swindling8 was he cold-blooded and resolute1 capable #gaj of murder8 was he passionate and revengeful8 was he anything and everything that could lead a man into a violent scrape8 ,no wonder the perspiration ran off my brow as my brain scudded through the chapter of probabilities and revealed a long gloomy vista of perils4 ,i bethought me of the police4 ,should ,i make known that my counterfeit was abroad stalking the world around8 ,should ,i seek the protection of ,scotland ,yard1 and warn them if they heard of a robbery or a murder1 or some other villainy or felony committed by a man answering to my description1 that ,i was not the culprit8 ,to be forewarned is to be forearmed2 to tell them this might save loss of time1 and spare a world of trouble1 inconvenience1 and annoyance4 ,beside1 was it not exactly what my late friend ,richter had done8 ,ah6 by-the-bye1 you didn't know ,richter--thereby hangs a tale4 ,richter1 poor fellow1 is dead now2 but there is a moral attached to his life1 and we1 whose eidola are walking the earth1 may as well extract it4 ,richter was a wealthy rentier1 living in ,vienna2 and a thorough ,austrian by birth1 education1 and nature4 ,quiet1 inoffensive1 kindly2 there was nothing striking about him in person or position4 ,he never meddled with that firebrand--politics2 he had never troubled the most immaculate government of the imperial and royal apostolic ,kaiser with unseasonable and unreasonable comments on its virtues or defects2 he had never violated that most sacred thing1 the concordat2 had never offended lord or prince2 had hated ,hungary1 and had always wished ,venice at the bottom instead of on the surface of the sea4 ,he was a peaceable citizen1 obedient to the decrees of his sovereign1 and pursued the even tenor of his life with well-balanced footstep1 inclining to nothing that was likely to lead him or his neighbor into the dark and dreary desert of trouble and vexation4 ,nevertheless the ,nemesis of envy marked him for her own2 and he was pointed at during the latter part of his life as one who could set the vast army of spies and detectives formed and disciplined by that arch-policeman1 ,metternich1 at absolute defiance4 ,it was the custom of ,herr ,richter of an afternoon or morning--as any one might who had nothing better to do--to stroll up and down the principal thoroughfares of ,vienna1 gaze into its splendid shops1 and admire the beauty and the becrinolined silks and satins1 muslins and grenadines1 of the stately dames of that ancient and quaint city4 ,one day--it was in the summer of #ahdi--;,herr ,richter was flning along the ,ktner ,strasse1 and1 impelled neither by curiosity nor covetousness1 but that indefinable something which of directs our course and shapes our conduct without our consciousness1 stopped before the ,storr and ,mortimer of the ,hapsburg capital4 ,why did he thrust himself in amongst that band of ragged gamins1 who1 with gaping mouth and burning eyes1 were devouring the splendors of the plate-glass window1 and wistfully wishing that that glittering heap of rings and chains1 brooches and necklaces1 cassolettes and lockets1 bracelets and eardrops1 emeralds1 diamonds1 pearls1 rubies1 turquoises1 etc41 were theirs8 ,why did he mingle with them8 ,he could not have told you1 nor can ,i4 ,only he was there1 and it was evident his heart1 too1 was overflowing1 like ,mr4 ,pickwick's1 with the milk of human kindness4 ,poor fellows6 such was his train of thought1 you can never get any of these treasures1 though you should toil for a century2 and then turning away1 he muttered aloud1 still continuing his train of thought1 ,any of them might be mine in a moment if ,i chose4 ,was he speculating on the iniquitous force of the ,austrian guild laws1 or the false system of political economy in vogue in ,austria8 was he pondering over the mysteries of meum et tuum1 or endeavoring to solve that profound problem1 ,la propriet c'est le vol8 #gaa ,possibly yes1 possibly no2 but just at that moment a strong hand was laid on his shoulder4 ,one word with you1 if you please1 said a low musical voice1 imperative yet polite4 ,the invitation was irresistible4 ,with the utmost complacency ,herr ,richter retired with the gentleman who accosted him underneath one of those huge gateways1 porte-cochres1 which form the entrance of the old ,vienna houses4 ,the stranger then took a paper from his pocket1 and looking intently1 now at its contents1 now at the features of ,herr ,richter1 opened the conversation in a curt and peremptory manner3 ,sir1 ,i am under the painful necessity of requesting you to follow me4 ,herr ,richter1 incensed1 grows restiff4 ,pray1 sir1 who are you that dare-- and without finishing the sentence he threw himself into an attitude of defence1 if not defiance4 ,had you not better give less trouble8 coolly asked the stranger4 ,am ,i to call assistance8 ,rapidly the truth dawned upon the ,herr4 ,the stranger1 though clad in the ordinary attire of a bourgeois1 belonged to that mysterious body1 dreaded by every section of the community1 since it received its orders1 so it was universally believed1 directly from the cabinet1 or a joint committee of the holy alliance itself4 ,yes1 he must be an agent of the secret police4 ,herr ,richter1 however1 is not hurried off to the star chamber where political offenders are dealt with1 but is conducted to the ,scotland ,yard of ,vienna--the headquarters of the gendarmerie--the central station for criminal suspects4 ,in ,austria it is safer to be classed with common thieves and felons than to be suspected of meddling with politics4 ,so the ,herr's mind was materially relieved2 though ignominious his fate1 on perceiving his destination he scarcely felt enraged at the indignity offered him4 ,when they had arrived within the gloomy precincts of the gaol barracks1 things began to explain themselves4 ,there was evident satisfaction1 not to say exultation1 on the faces of the officials4 ,the captor was specially gratified2 and waving his warrant1 as though it were an honorable trophy1 over the head of his unfortunate prize1 he exclaimed-- ,i've captured him at last2 ,i've found him and caught him1 this prince of pickpockets6 and he enacted the passion of triumph so perfectly that he jeered at and derided in true ,teutonic fashion his safe and sound victim in the most cold-blooded and insolent manner4 ,as ,i was passing down the ,ktner ,strasse1 continued this self-gratulatory detective1 ,i saw him looking into a goldsmith's shop1 noting every article in the window1 and heard him muttering to himself1 with a most complacent air1 ',any one of them could be mine in a moment if ,i chose4' ,a superior officer was then called1 and the description in the warrant being read over1 there could be no doubt as to the identity of the prisoner with the most active and desperate thief in ,vienna4 ,the personal appearance of ,herr ,richter tallied exactly with the written portrait in the possession of the ,polizer-,haus2 type and antitype could not be more exact4 ,good heavens6 exclaimed the alarmed captive1 ,i the greatest thief in ,vienna6 ,i am ,herr ,richter1 a gentleman1 a man of property1 rich enough to purchase twenty jewellers' shops4 ,i beg you to be careful how you proceed further4 ,don't excite yourself1 retorted the commissioner1 we shall be careful enough4 ,you won't catch us giving you an opportunity of escape4 ,donnerwetter6 ejaculated the now infuriated rentier2 this is too much of a good thing4 ,just send round for my banker and he will tell you who and what ,i am4 ,i'll sue you1 sir--,i'll sue you1 sir1 as sure as you are born1 repeated the ,herr1 growing more exasperated every moment4 #gab ,the superintendent1 like most men of his profession1 was well versed in physiognomy1 and could read the features of the human face and interpret their varied expressions4 ,this is not feigned anger1 he said to himself4 ,the banker was sent for1 and identified the prisoner as his friend ,herr ,richter4 ,as a matter of course the wealthy gentleman escaped the grasp of the ,philistines4 ,on leaving the beetle-browed gateway of the police barracks the ,herr breathed freely again1 rejoicing that matters had turned out no worse in that empire of suspicion and caprice4 ,he moved along through the principal thoroughfare of the ,austrian capital1 pondering over his recent unpleasant adventure4 ,at length he called a cab to take him to his club1 where he might drown the indignity of the morning in a bumper of ,tokay or ,johannisberg1 and invite oblivion by devouring a good dinner4 ,hardly1 however1 had he placed his foot on the step than he was forced deep down into the vehicle by a mysterious personage at his back1 who1 whispering to the driver1 ,to the police station6 enters the cab also4 ,speechless and aghast as though a spectre were the intruder1 the unfortunate ,herr ,richter looked wildly at his compulsory companion4 ,sir1 said the spectre-- ,i know all you are going to say1 feebly remarked the desperate ,richter1 cursing his fate4 ,of course you know1 sneered the spectre at his side1 who1 however1 is no spectre1 but a jolly-booking individual in the prime of manhood4 ,of course you know4 ,and with this he dives his hand into his pocket1 and drags forth the fatal warrant4 ,all right6 groans out the inevitable captive1 with whom despair was fast degenerating into recklessness4 ,all right1 you need not take the trouble to read every trait4 ,i have read the account myself4 ,it is very correct1 wonderfully correct1 terribly correct4 ,for a gentleman of your profession1 observed the portly detective1 you are really very civil4 ,half a dozen such as you would marvellously improve the manners of our modern chevaliers d'industrie4 ,i say1 old boy1 continued the pleasant thief-catcher1 poking the unresisting ,herr in the ribs1 you ought to think it over1 and exert yourself to instill a little politeness into your tribe4 ,it's a large section of the community1 you know4 ,if yon get out again1 think over my advice4 ,the only reply of ,herr ,richter was a faint1 helpless smile4 ,arrived at the station1 a general shout of laughter greeted the captor and the captured4 ,the latter seated himself in a chair1 and1 composing his thoughts for a desperate harangue1 thus addressed the commissioners present3 ,gentlemen1 here ,i am again1 and here ,i am resolved to remain4 ,as it is1 ,i should not be safe anywhere else a quarter of an hour until arrested and taken to the station by all your detectives one after the other4 ,calculating from to-day's experience1 and forming a moderate estimate of the rate of locomotion at which ,i could proceed under the circumstances1 it would take me a fortnight to get home and bury myself from the now hated gaze of mankind4 ,you will therefore have the kindness to let me keep you company and make the personal acquaintance of each member of your force1 who will then1 ,i hope1 be able to recognize me when he sees me in the streets4 ,the commissioner-in-chief regretted that he could not assent to the ,herr's proposition4 ,impossible6 it would never do1 my dear sir1 he informed the astounded ,richter1 for a civilian1 even a man of your respectability and appearance1 to know all the detectives2 the state itself would be endangered4 ,however1 he added very graciously1 ,i will give you a certificate1 under #gac my hand and seal1 that you are not the man you have been taken for2 and this will make1 ,i hope1 as far as lies in my power1 the amende honorable4 ,a ticket-of-leave8 ,comme vous voulez4 ,poor ,richter surrendered unconditionally1 glad1 like the ,bishop of ,hereford1 that he could so get away4 ,never from that hour did he lose sight of that precious ticket-of-leave1 the prison release of the ,austrian ,scotland ,yard4 ,he always carried it about with him as a kind of amulet to charm away the too active agens de police4 ,in his last will and testament he inserted a special clause1 ordering that the old leather sheath1 containing the official permit1 should be placed in his coffin4 ,who knows how many a fix it may yet help me out of8 was written in the margin with his own hand4 ,why should not ,i1 then1 do like ,herr ,richter8 thought your humble servant1 as he still lay awake4 ,if ever the dastardly hand of a peeler be laid on my shoulder1 such shall be my first step4 ,pshaw6 why should ,i not take time by the forelock8 why should ,i not go that very morning to ,scotland ,yard and acquaint the commissioners that my counterfeit was at large1 and might commit some fearful atrocity1 some terrible crime1 and so beg for a ticket of recognition--a ticket-of-leave8 ,alas6 whilst ,i was putting on the breastplate and buckling on my armor against imaginary foes1 ,i had forgotten the real danger that encompassed me4 ,whilst ,i was congratulating myself on the ingenious dispensation ,i was to obtain from the police1 ,i forgot that ,i had not yet obtained a dispensation from the partner of my joys and sorrows who was calmly reposing by my side4 ,calmly reposing1 ,i say1 for nothing seemed to disturb her4 ,there are natures1 it appears to me1 whose repose nothing can break1 and it is exactly that class of natures which can most easily and effectually disturb the peace of others4 ,it is a mighty faculty1 and was possessed1 merveille1 by ,mrs4 ,sam4 ,when she woke ,i meekly broached my idea of police protection1 thereby intending by a side-wind to establish my spotless innocence before her4 ,granted the necessity of police protection1 the corollary would be that the story of the opera and the countess was all a myth4 ,mrs4 ,sam let me run the whole tether of suggestion with surprising complacency4 ,i almost felt ,i was triumphant4 ,mr4 ,samuel----1 you may be guilty of whatever folly you please2 it is nothing strange to you1 she began in her most stately and cutting manner2 but if you think of bamboozling me and throwing me off the scent1 you have mistaken your woman4 ,the herring to trail across my path must be stronger flavored than the one you have in hand if you would turn me from the pursuit4 ,justice ,i am resolved to have1 and will sift the matter to the bottom4 ,it is not yet time to get up1 and ,i wish to finish my sleep4 ,after breakfast1 with your kind permission 7oh the agony of that irony67 we will together call on the countess4 ,she1 perhaps1 may be able to explain4 ,i knew the countess had left town2 but ,i did not dare to say so1 and hypocritically assented to ,mrs4 ,sam's proposal4 ,she was furious when she learnt that the countess was from home4 ,how long had she been from home8 ,a fortnight1 was the testimony of the butler4 ,has she not been in town since8 ,no4 ,was she not in town on ,monday8 ,certainly not4 ,how freely ,i breathed as this witness gave his involuntary and corroborative evidence in my favor4 ,mrs4 ,sam turned round upon me with an incredulous smile4 ,i condone it this time1 she graciously observed as we descended the steps1 which reminded me very forcibly of the verdict of the ,cornish jury--,we find the prisoner not guilty1 only we advise him not to do it again4 ------ #gad ,,miscellany4 ,an ,intermittent ,fountain--,m4 l',abbe ,laborde1 writing to ,les ,mondes1 describes a simple apparatus for producing an intermittent fountain4 ,it consists of an inverted flask fitted with a cork1 through which pass two tubes of unequal length4 ,the longer reaches nearly to the bottom of the flask1 and outside has a length of some twenty inches4 ,the shorter tube merely pierces the cork1 and does not extend to any length inside1 and outside it ends immediately in a jet1 which can be curved round4 ,the flask is filled with water1 fitted with the two tubes1 and then1 with the finger on the shorter tube1 is inverted1 plunging the end of the longer tube in a vessel of water4 ,the instrument may now be fixed in this position1 as an intermittent jet of water begins to flow at once1 continuing until the flask is empty4 ,the column of water in the longer tube will be seen to be alternately rising and falling1 from which phenomena an explanation has been given of the cause of the intermittent flow4 ,on ,phosphatic ,deposits ,recently ,discovered in ,north ,wales1 by ,dr4 ,aug4 ,voelcker4--,an extensive mine1 containing several phosphatic minerals1 was accidentally discovered early last year by ,mr4 ,hope ,jones1 of ,hooton1 ,cheshire1 whilst he was searching for other minerals in the neighborhood of ,cwmgynen1 about sixteen miles from ,oswestry4 ,mr4 ,hope ,jones found the phosphatic mine to be continuous for more than a mile1 and to come within twelve feet of the surface4 ,it is not far from the clay slate and lead bearing district of ,llangrynag4 ,the strata 7slaty shale7 contain several beds of contemporaneous felspathic ash and scoriae1 and the usual fossils of the ,llandillo series are found1 but not in great numbers4 ,the strata are vertical1 and run east to west1 or1 more correctly speaking1 fifteen degrees north of west 7magnetic74 ,a true vein1 or fissure containing vein deposit1 partially metallic1 divides two phosphatic deposits4 ,one of them is nearly three yards in thickness1 and embodies phosphatic limestone beds1 containing from ten to upwards of thirty-five per cent1 of phosphate of lime4 ,the other1 and more valuable deposit1 is a yard and a half thick1 and consists of a black1 graphitic shale1 largely impregnated with phosphate of lime4 ,this deposit is free from carbonate of lime1 and much richer in phosphate of lime than the first-mentioned deposit4 ,in specimens taken at a depth of about twelve feet from the surface1 ,dr4 ,voelcker found from #ed to #ef per cent4 of phosphate of lime in this phosphatic shale4 ,at a greater depth the shale becomes richer in phosphates1 and1 consequently1 more valuable4 ,in the deeper specimens the proportions of phosphate of lime amounted to #fd-a_/b per cent4 ,this phosphatic mine is readily accessible1 and naturally drainable to a depth of about #ejj miles1 and contains many hundred thousand1 if not millions1 of tons of valuable phosphatic minerals4 ,the discovery of this extensive mine in ,england appears to be of great importance to the ,english agriculturist1 who at the present time consumes annually many tons of phosphatic minerals in the shape of superphosphate and similar artificial manures4 ,belgian ,records4--,the ,royal ,historical ,commission of ,belgium1 which for some years past has been doing good service by publishing records and indexes of the documents relating to the domestic history of ,belgium1 held its usual quarterly meeting a few weeks back4 ,m4 ,galeshoot presented a copy of the ,livre des ,foudataires of ,john ,,iii41 ,duke of ,brabant1 copies of which were ordered to be distributed to the scientific and other bodies entitled to receive the publications of the commission4 ,at the same time1 ,m4 ,piot1 chief keeper of the archives1 submitted a proposal to publish the chartulary of the abbey of ,st4 ,trond1 which was founded in the year #ffj4 ,the documents of which the chartulary is composed are of high interest1 and commence in the eighth century4 ,they #gae throw much light on the civil and religious history1 manners and customs1 and institutions of the middle ages4 ,sun-,spot ,period4--,professor ,wolf1 of ,zurich1 has undertaken the laborious work of determining the number of ,sun spots at the dyouifferent periods when the planets1 more especially ,jupiter1 are in perihelion and aphelion4 ,in the year #ahei he expressed his opinion that ,jupiter determines the leading character of the sun-spot curve1 that ,saturn causes small alterations in the height and length of the undulations1 and that the earth and ,venus determine the indentations of the curve4 ,more recently4 ,mr4 ,carrington and ,mr4 ,de la ,rue have returned to the same subject1 and the latter1 in conjunction with ,mr4 ,stewart1 has found that when the sun or a part of the solar surface approaches a planet1 the spots disappear1 or the brightness increases4 ,it is the intention of ,professor ,wolf to calculate for every five days a mean relative number of sun-spots during the period #ahaa-ahfe4 ,he gives the results of a portion of his labors in showing the connection of the sun-spot period of #aa4aa years with the revolution of ,jupiter between the years #ahje and #ahaf4 ,the numbers given are certainly very remarkable1 for whilst only #ba spots were visible soon after the perihelion of ,jupiter in #ahji1 #fd were seen in #ahae at the time of the aphelion4 ,the progression of the numbers is otherwise very remarkable4 ,plastic ,wood4--,among new inventions we hear of plastic wood1 or rather of a method by which wood can be rendered plastic1 and so applied to various novel purposes4 ,the method consists in forcing dilute hydrochloric acid1 under pressure1 into the cells of the wood1 and continuing it a sufficient time1 according to the quality of the wood operated on4 ,when completely saturated with the acid1 the wood is washed in water1 and subjected to pressure1 which presses the fibres close together without breaking them1 and reduces it to about a tenth of its original bulk1 and the size and form thus impressed on it remain unaltered4 ,thus1 if pressed in dies1 the details retain all the sharpness ever afterwards1 unless the wood should get soaked with water4 ,wood treated in this way is particularly well suited for carvings1 as it cuts under the tool almost as easily as cheese2 and it may be made ornamental1 for various dyes can be forced in to color it at the same time with the acid4 ,but it can also be made hard as flint and incombustible1 by forcing in a preparation of water-glass or soluble flint4 ,from all this1 it seems likely that wood may be employed in new ways for ornamental and useful purposes4 ------ ,,new ,,publications4 ,,the ,,american ,,republic3 ,its ,constitution1 ,tendencies1 and ,destiny4 ,by ,o4 ,a4 ,brownson1 ,,ll4,d4 #hvo41 pp4 #dce4 ,new ,york3 ,p4 ,o',shea4 #ahff4 ,this book1 which was merely announced in our ,january number1 is the fruit of ,dr4 ,brownson's mature age1 ripe experience1 great learning1 and extraordinary intellectual and literary culture and discipline4 ,it would seem that his life-long labors as a philosophical and critical writer had been simply a course of preparation for this crowning achievement1 and that nothing less severe could have trained his mind to grasp and handle the great principles involved with such masterly power1 ease1 perspicuity1 and completeness4 ,the questions discussed are3 ,government2 the ,origin of ,government2 ,constitution of ,government2 the ,united ,states2 ,constitution of the ,united ,states2 ,secession2 ,reconstruction2 ,political ,tendencies2 ,destiny--,political and ,religious4 ,the argument throughout is sustained and connected in such a perfect manner1 and the connection between the divisions of the subject so thoroughly welded1 that it is impossible to make extracts at all within the compass of this notice which would give a correct idea of the work4 ,it must be read and studied to appreciate its beauty1 scope1 and cogency4 ,government and the origin of government are analyzed and placed on their historical and metaphysical basis4 #gaf ,the constitution of the ,united ,states is explained in a manner never before attempted or approached4 ,the relations of the ,united ,states to the states in the ,union1 and their relations to her as a unit1 are for the first time made clear and intelligible1 and secession1 while dealt with charitably as respects individuals and the erroneous premises honestly entertained by multitudes both ,south and ,north1 is logically proved to be the highest of political crimes--state suicide4' ,the constitutional and ,christian method of restoration is pointed out1 and the glorious destiny of the country painted on the sky of the future with artistic beauty and prophetic grandeur4 ,the style is remarkable for its strength1 density1 clearness1 and purity4 ,it supports and carries forward the immense weight and volume of thought1 argument1 and historical and philosophical illustration without apparent effort1 and transmits the author's meaning directly to the intellect1 like a ray of light passing through a ,brazilian pebble to the retina4 ,if ,dr4 ,brownson had done nothing else1 his philological labors would entitle him to the lasting admiration of every lover of pure ,english4 ,we do not expect the work to be popular in the common sense of the term1 or that it will escape the vituperation of narrow-minded men and those who have used all their feeble power in vain to pull down the structure of constitutional unity4 ,but we do believe that it will be read and appreciated by a very large class of right-minded1 thinking men ,south and ,north1 and exert an immense influence in the direction of complete reconciliation and reconstruction by demonstrating the absolutely illogical character of secession1 while it does justice to the honesty1 manhood1 courage1 military skill1 and fortitude displayed by the ,southern people4 ,it is the logical defeat of the rebellion4 ,it places ,dr4 ,brownson in the first rank as a ,catholic statesman1 doctor of laws1 and fervent1 consistent1 patriot4 ,he is the citizen who never despaired of the republic4 ,every man who wishes to understand the history and politics of the country must study this book1 and if we are to realize the destiny distinctly indicated by the finger of ,providence1 the principles which it has established must become the ruling principles of the statesmen of the country4 ,the glove is fairly thrown to the champions of the various specious and popular forms of error1 falsehood1 and fanaticism1 both civil and religious1 and they will be compelled to take it up and defend themselves successfully or be condemned by default in the final verdict of mankind4 ,the typography1 binding1 and general execution are equal to the best ,london books4 ,,journal ,,of ,,eugenie ,,de ,,gu,,rin4 ,edited by ,g4 ,s4 ,trebutien4 #abmo41 pp4 #dfj4 ,alexander ,strahan1 ,london and ,new ,york4 ,this very remarkable and most attractive book has already received a lengthened notice in ,,the ,,catholic ,,world1 and we have only to add that never was there penned a book so full of the highest and most refined sentiment1 touching pathos1 combined with so much deep philosophic and poetic thought4 ,what a pure and innocent soul is here revealed6 ,not to the world4 ,she did not write for it1 but for her own soul1 and the soul of her idolized ,maurice4 ,he has found renown through these tear-bedewed pages of a devoted sister4 ,we read it1 yet can hardly believe it to be1 as it is1 a real journal4 ,her descriptions are full of the intensest interest and charming navet4 ,here is one on a first communion3 #bith4 ,what a sweet1 simple1 pious1 and touching ceremony6 ,i have only time to say this1 and to declare that of all the festivals the one ,i delight in most is a first communion in a country district3 ,god bestowing himself simply on children6 ,miou1 the little ,franouil de ,gaillard1 and ,augustine were exquisite1 both in innocence and beauty4 ,how pretty they looked under their little white veils1 when they returned weeping from the holy table6 ,divine tears6 ,children united to ,god2 who can tell what was passing that moment in their souls8 ,m4 le ,cur was admirable in his unction and gentleness2 it was the ,saviour saying to children1 ',come unto me4' ,oh6 how lovingly he addressed them1 and then how he charged them to have a care of that white robe1 that innocence with which they were clothed6 ,poor children1 #gag what risks before them6 ,i kept saying to myself1 ',which of yon will tarnish it first8' ,they are not going to ,paris1 indeed2 but earth is everywhere soiled1 everywhere evil is found1 seduces1 and leads away4 ,that closing sentence was not thoughtlessly penned4 ,it was for the eye of that brother whom ,paris had seduced and led away into error1 but who never read that gentle admonition4 ,maurice de ,gurin died soon after1 reconciled to the ,church1 in his last agony embracing the crucifix2 but ,eugnie continues her journal to ,maurice in heaven4 ,here is a passage which will1 if we mistake not1 induce our readers to procure and read the whole of this delightful volume4 ,they will find it1 as we have found it1 like a rare and beautiful picture1 which1 with a strange selfishness1 we desire to be universally admired1 yet wish it were all our own3 ,this woman1 this nurse who watched thee1 and held thee in illness for a year on her lap1 has given me a greater shock than a winding sheet would have done4 ,heart-rending apparition of the past--cradle and tomb6 ,i could spend the night with thee here in this paper1 but the soul needs prayer2 the soul will do thee more good than the heart4 ,each time that my pen rests here1 a sword pierces my heart4 ,i do not know whether ,i shall continue to write or not4 ,of what use is this ,journal8 ,for whom8 ,alas6 and yet ,i love it as one loves a funereal urn1 a reliquary in which is kept a dead heart1 all embalmed with sanctity and love4 ,such seems this paper1 where ,i still preserve thee1 my so beloved one3 where ,i keep up a speaking memory of thee1 where ,i shall meet with thee again in my old age--if ,i live to be old4 ,oh6 yes1 the days will come when ,i shall have no life but in the past2 that past shared with thee2 spent beside thee1 young1 intelligent1 lovable1 raising and refining whatever approached thee2 such as ,i recall thee1 such as thou wert on leaving us4 ,at present ,i do not know what my life is1 if1 indeed1 ,i do live4 ,everything is changed within and without4 ,oh6 my ,god1 how heart-rending these letters are6 ,they contain so many tears for my tears6 ,this intimate friend of thine touches me as would a sight of thyself4 ,my dear ,maurice1 all thou hast loved are dear to me--seem a portion of thee4 ,,the ,,christian ,,examiner1 ,january1 #ahff4 ,this is the first number of the new1 or ,new ,york1 series of this publication1 which is to be issued every two months4 ,it explains the reason and object of the change which has been made in the editorship and place of publication4 ,the ,convention of ,unitarians held in this city a few months ago initiated a new and important movement in that denomination4 ,the radical and destructive element was put down1 and that party which is in favor of taking a positive ,christian position achieved a victory4 ,the ,examiner has been made their organ1 and is to be used in promoting the end they have in view4 ,the convention solemnly and publicly recognized our ,lord ,jesus ,christ1 under that title which is indicative of his character as ,supreme ,head of the human race1 in spite of the violent opposition of a few1 which was vented in a very unseemly and vulgar manner1 shocking to the ,christian sentiment of the community4 ,the declaration of belief is significant of the animuis of the movement1 and shows it to be a return to the principle of positive and constructive ,christianity4 ,the impress of this idea is visible in the new phase of the ,examiner1 and has given it at once a position far above that which it formerly occupied4 ,in its scholarly and literary tone it is superior to the old series2 but the superiority is more marked and evident in the exhibition of a more fixed and earnest purpose to aim at a definite result1 and to make more positive affirmation of religious and philosophical ideas4 ,the writers recognize the wide-spread scepticism in intelligent minds as a lamentable fact1 and have turned their face away from the road of scepticism and disintegration as one that conducts only to intellectual1 moral1 and social death4 ,they do not profess to have surveyed the road which leads away from this valley of the shadow of death2 but they seem to be convinced that there is one1 and to be resolved to look for it and to try to guide others in a search for it4 ,it is difficult to say1 in regard to men who allow themselves so much latitude in belief1 and so great a liberty of independent theorizing1 what are the fixed doctrines in which they agree as the fundamental basis of #gah an anti-sceptical philosophy1 and what are merely tentative hypotheses thrown out for discussion4 ,it appears to us1 however1 that there are several sound principles of ,christian philosophy and doctrine dominating in the articles of the number before us1 and which we may suppose will hereafter give a certain unity of character and tendency to the work4 ,one of these is the affirmation of the pure theistic doctrine1 in contradiction to pantheism1 in connection with a manifest tendency to repudiate the sensist philosophy of ,hamilton1 ,mansel1 and that class of writers1 and to look for a better one4 ,another is a recognition that there is something in the idea of the supernatural which is real1 and above the sphere of mere natural science4 ,a third is a principle of reverence for the ,scriptures1 and the religious traditions of the human race1 connected with a disposition to reject the scepticism of the pseudo-critical school of ,germany4 ,a fourth is an assertion of the obligatory force of the ,divine ,law1 and the necessity of cultivating a personal relation to ,god as the principle of solid virtue and morality4 ,there is also a sort of instinctive apprehension that a more thorough investigation of the difficulties which science appears to throw in the way of revealed religion will eventually produce a more triumphant vindication of the latter than it has ever had4 ,the topics to be discussed in the ,review are the most real and living questions of the age in philosophy and theology4 ,they will be discussed by men of no mean pretensions to learning and intellectual ability1 and of superior literary cultivation4 ,we are glad that they have undertaken the work1 and we hope for good results from it4 ,we have no fear that they will weaken the religious belief of those who have a positive1 dogmatic faith in regard to any essential doctrine of ,christianity4 ,the public which will be reached by their writings and sermons1 are already familiar with all the questions and difficulties they will discuss4 ,they are full of doubt1 and drifting into infidelity4 ,all the influence which these gentlemen will gain over them will tend to check this downward progress1 and initiate a salutary retrogression toward ,christian truth4 ,moreover1 all discussions of this kind will stimulate the work of investigating and exhibiting the doctrine of the ,catholic ,church in its relation toward rationalism4 ,the controversy with orthodox ,protestantism is finished1 and ,protestant orthodoxy has gone where ,ilium formerly went4 ,the real controversy of the day relates to the very foundation of revelation itself4 ,,spare ,,hours3 ,a ,monthly ,miscellany for the ,young4 ,boston3 ,p4 ,donahoe4 ,january1 #ahff4 ,we have received the first number of a new magazine with the above title4 ,it is published by ,mr4 ,donahoe1 ,boston1 is well printed on fine paper1 and illustrated with much taste4 ,the matter1 of which there are #fd pages1 is both original and selected1 and displays discrimination and tact on the part of the editor4 ,it would be well to give credit to the source from which the selected matter is taken4 ,this magazine fills a want long felt by the ,catholic community in this country4 ,since the discontinuance of the ,youth's ,catholic ,magazine we have had no periodical that gave us any reading for our children4 ,we cordially welcome the advent of ,spare ,hours amongst as1 and trust its subscription list may show that ,catholics do appreciate good reading4 ,,nicholas ,,of ,,the ,,flue1 the ,saviour of the ,swiss ,republic4 ,a dramatic poem in five acts4 ,by ,john ,christian ,schaad4 #abmo41 pp4 #add4 ,washington1 ,d4,c43 ,mc,gill ,witherow4 #ahff4 ,this book purposes to give1 in a dramatic form1 an account of the rise of a dangerous civil dissension which took place among the brave and religious ,swiss during the invasion of their country by ,charles the ,bold1 and the happy reunion of sentiment by the wise interposition and holy prayers of a hermit4 ,how religion1 or the counsels of its ministers1 can ever supplant the arbitrament of the sword or the stratagems of the politician in the successful adjustment of national difficulties1 will not1 we think1 be so readily comprehended in our present society1 and chiefly so because with us there is no unity of religion1 and consequently a multiplicity of counsels1 the prolific seed itself of discord4 ,but that it is #gai possible1 as it is enviable1 may be seen by any one who will peruse this poem4 ,peace which nations enjoy is a blessing of ,god4 ,unless the ,lord keep the city1 he watcheth in vain who keepeth it4 ,it is not to be wondered at then that a people thoroughly imbued with the spirit of faith should look to ,god for help in the day of trial1 when the demon of discord sows the seeds of strife and disunion amongst them4 ,the thought which evidently moved the writer to compose this work is the same which has often crossed our own mind during the late deplorable civil war3 that if our beloved country had been one in religion1 it never would have fallen a prey to such a fearful and almost fatal division1 or at least would have rejoiced in a more speedy reconciliation4 ,,merry ,,christmas4 ,a cantata for ,christmas eve4 ,affectionately inscribed to the children of the parish of ,st4 ,paul the ,apostle1 ,new ,york city4 ,p4 ,o',shea4 ,this little brochure contains directions1 with appropriate recitatives and hymns1 for a religious celebration of ,christmas by children1 who describe1 in a sort of infantine opera1 the scenes of our ,lord's nativity as related in the gospel4 ,it contains1 among other hymns1 some of the most beautiful ,christmas carols in the ,english language2 and when sung by the voices of merry-hearted children must have a most edifying and pleasing effect4 ,we are sure it will be welcomed in all our schools1 and at the fireside of many a ,christian family4 ,it was performed with great success before an immense and delighted audience last ,christmas night in the church of the ,paulists1 to the children of whose parish it is dedicated4 ,,the ,,monthly4 ,edited at the ,university of ,st4 ,mary of the ,lake1 ,chicago1 ,,iii4 ,published by ,j4 ,p4 ,byrne1 ,chicago4 ,the ,december number of ,the ,monthly did not reach us until the first of ,january4 ,this is rather late1 and we presume is a mistake1 as it has been heretofore promptly on hand4 ,the number before us completes the second volume1 and is quite interesting4 ,it contains nine articles1 the first being on ,fenianism and ,secret ,societies4 ,there are two stories1 one just commenced and one concluded4 ,the former1 ,the ,huron ,chief1 is a tale of the ,catholic missions in the northwest1 and the latter1 ,from ,june to ,october1 is by an author not unknown to the literary world4 ,the articles in this magazine are original1 and are well written4 ,we find in its literary notices the following hit at a class which we are sorry to say is but too numerous3 ,the mission of a ,catholic editor is something different from that of the mendicant who stands at a church gate with a ',help-the-poor-blind-man' label upon his breast4 ,and yet there are those--not a few--who look upon a pitiful subscription of three or four dollars a year to a paper or a magazine in the light of an alms1 and actually imagine that they are performing one of the seven corporal works of mercy if they can be induced to subscribe1 while1 in justice1 they are not paying a thousandth part of the interest on their lawful debts4 ,not long ago we happened to meet with a ,catholic gentleman from ,new ,york1 and among the different topics of conversation the subject of literature was brought in4 ,this gave us the occasion to ask his opinion about ',the ,monthly1' to which he replied that he was unaware of its publication1 because he had never seen it noticed by a certain romantic sheet of the ,quixotic stamp in that city4 ,he is the type of a class for whose conduct there is not the shadow of an excuse4 ,from this we might draw a general conclusion1 and apply the same course of reasoning to the case of every ,catholic publication in the country1 for it is not rare to find ,catholic families without a ,catholic paper or magazine on their tables4 ,under these circumstances1 then1 it is not surprising that not a few of them should be strangers to the existence of the works which they ought to possess1 while they may be conversant with a class of literature whose spirit is productive either of no good at all or positively injurious1 and hence without either intellectual or moral benefit4 ,we wish ,the ,monthly a happy and prosperous year4 ,,hans ,,brinker1 ,,etc4 ,by ,m4 ,e4 ,dodge4 #abmo41 pp4 #cdg4 ,new ,york3 ,james ,o',kane4 #ahff4 ,we could cordially recommend this well-written story were it not for one passage relating to autos da fe and the ,inquisition4 ,those who have charge of ,catholic youth are bound to #gbj be extremely careful what books they place in their hands1 and this becomes often a cause of perplexity1 as there are so few which are entirely unexceptionable4 ,those who write with the express purpose of inculcating the distinctive principles of ,protestantism are not amenable to our criticism4 ,but those who do not write with this intention1 and who merely seek to afford entertainment to the youthful mind with a modicum of instructive information1 may perhaps consider it worth while to respect the religion of a large and increasing class of the reading public4 ,we are not very exacting4 ,we desire only that books written for the instruction and amusement of the young public at large should contain a sound and wholesome morality and nothing offensive to ,catholics4 ,we could not desire a better specimen of this class of books than the work of our gifted authoress1 which we have read with pleasure1 with the exception of the single passage alluded to2 and this might have been left out without any injury to the purpose of the story4 ,those who are disposed to profit by our hints will find us always ready to assist the circulation of their books by our recommendation1 if their literary merit renders them worthy of it4 ,a ,,general ,,history ,,of ,,the ,,catholic ,,church1 from the commencement of the ,christian ,era until the present time4 ,by ,m4 l',abbe ,j4 ,e4 ,darras4 ,first ,american from the last ,french ,edition4 ,with ,introduction and ,notes by ,archbishop ,spalding4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 #hvo41 pp4 #fbg4 ,new ,york3 ,p4 ,o',shea4 ,the second volume of the history of the ,catholic ,church has just appeared1 and it is in every respect in keeping with the first volume2 is well printed on good paper1 and makes a handsome book4 ,the ,very ,rev4 ,dr4 ,newman is preparing for the press a reply to ,dr4 ,pusey's ,eirenicon1 lately published in ,london4 ,we shall give it to the readers of ,,the ,,catholic ,,world at the earliest date4 ,the ,messrs4 ,sadlier announce the publication of a new edition of ,father ,young's ,catholic ,hymns and ,canticles1 together with a complete sodality manual4 ,it will contain #ajg hymns1 arranged for all the different seasons and festivals of the ,church1 as well as the processions1 ceremonies1 etc4 ,messrs4 ,murphy ,co41 of ,baltimore have in press a new and enlarged edition of ,archbishop ,spalding's ,miscellanea4 ,this learned work will be carefully revised by the distinguished author1 who will add nearly #ajj pages of interesting matter1 embracing among many other things his ,essay on ,common ,schools throughout the ,world--his ,analysis of the ,controversy into which he was forced by ,professor ,morse1 in relation to an alleged saying of ,lafayette--his ,lecture on the ,origin and ,history of ,libraries1 and his ,essay on ,demonology and the ,reformation4 ,this new edition will thus embrace essays1 reviews1 and lectures on more than forty subjects1 most of them historical1 and all of more than ordinary interest4 ,,books ,,received4 ,from ,,kelly ,,piet1 ,baltimore3 ,the ,spae ,wife1 or ,queen's ,secret1 a story of the ,times of ,queen ,elizabeth1 by ,paul ,peppergrass1 ,esq4 #abmo41 pp #gdb4 ,the ,little ,companion of the ,sisters of ,mercy4 #cbmo41 pp #ajb4 ,from ,d4 ,j4 ,,sadlier ,,co41 ,new ,york3 ,parts #e1 #f1 #g1 #h1 and #i of ,the ,complete ,works of the ,brothers ,banim4 ,from ,p4 ,o',,shea1 ,new ,york3 ,life of ,st4 ,antony of ,padua1 of the ,order of ,friars ,minor1 by ,father ,servas ,dirks1 ,friar ,minor1 etc4 #abmo41 pp #cda4 ,the ,life and ,miracles of ,st4 ,philomena1 ,virgin and ,martyr1 whose sacred body was lately discovered in the ,catacombs of ,rome1 and from thence transferred to ,mugnano1 ,naples4 #abmo41 pp #ace4 ,statuta ,dioecesana ab ,illustrissimo et ,reverendissimo ,p4 ,d4 ,joanne ,baptists ,purcell1 ,archiepiscopo ,cincinnatensi1 in variis ,synodis1 quae hue usque in ,ecclesia sua ,cathedrali vel in ,sacello ,seminarii1 celebratae sunt1 lata et promulgata4 ,una cum ,decretis ,conciliorum ,provincialium et plenarii ,baltimorenslum1 quibus interfuerunt omnes statuum ,foederatorum ,episcopi et ,decretis ,conciliorum ,trium ,cincinnatensium4 ,nunc primum in unum collecta et publici juris facta4 ,cincinnati3 ,published for the ,most ,rev4 ,archbishop of ,cincinnati by ,john ,p4 ,walsh4 ------ ,,the ,,catholic ,,world4 ,,vol4 ,,ii41 ,,no4 #ab--,,march1 #ahff4 ------ #gba ,translated from ,le ,correspondant ,,positivism4 ,a4 ,,comte1 ,,littr1 ,h4 ,,taine4 ,an exposition of the various philosophical systems constructed in our times against ,christianity1 either as means of combatting it or as substitutes for it1 and showing in the false assumption with which they all start the reason of their failure1 would be an interesting and instructive work4 ,it would be a new history of variations1 and of the impotence of the human mind when it assumes to be sufficient for itself1 and the natural complement to the first1 were there a ,bossuet to write it4 ,now it is a chapter of this history not yet written1 but which one day will be1 that ,i propose to prepare in rendering an account here of the positivist philosophy1 of which ,m4 ,auguste ,comte was the inventor1 and ,m4 ,littr is the learned and fervent defender4 ,to enable my readers to understand1 as well as may be1 this pretended philosophy1 ,i will first state through what accidents and revolutions it has passed1 then set forth its chief formulas1 and finally conclude by passing on them such critical judgment as an impartial examination shall suggest4 ,the founder and chief of the positivist philosophy1 ,auguste ,comte1 died at ,paris in #aheh1 in the #eith year of his age4 ,he was born in #agih at ,montpellier1 of ,christian parents2 but1 placed early in the lyceum of that city1 he soon lost there1 under the influence of the reigning spirit of the school1 the faith of his childhood4 ,from the lyceum he went to the cole ,polytechnique1 in which the worship of the ,convention and revolutionary ideas was at that period held in high honor4 ,we recall these circumstances1 because the childhood and youth of a man serve to explain his mature age4 ,it does not appear that ,m4 ,comte1 on leaving the ,polytechnic ,school1 received1 as is ordinarily the case1 any appointment in the public service1 civil or military--wherefore we know not4 ,whatever may have been the reason1 as he was without fortune he supported himself for several years by giving lessons in mathematics4 #gbb ,after a while1 however1 he was appointed repeater and examiner in the ,polytechnic ,school1 which position he held till the revolution of #ahdh4 ,his profession as well as his aptitudes devoted him to the study of the exact sciences2 but he cherished a far higher ambition1 and already aspired to be the reformer and prophet of the human race4 ,that this thought1 was early germinating in his mind1 is proved by a pamphlet which he published in #ahbb1 when only twenty-four years of age1 entitled ,systme de ,politique ,positiviste 7,system of ,positivist ,politics74 ,he subsequently greatly modified and enlarged it1 and his pretensions above all greatly expanded as he advanced2 but the first idea of his system1 not difficult1 however1 to discover1 it must be acknowledged was deposited in that publication4 ,about this time he became connected with ,henri ,claude de ,saint-,simon1 and being much younger than the founder of ,saint-,simonism1 he naturally yielded to his influence1 and became very near being absorbed in the god of the ,rue de ,taitbout4 ,but ,auguste ,comte could not consent to that2 he would be master not disciple1 and therefore1 after having written some articles in the ,saint-,simonian journal1 ,le ,producteur1 he abandoned the sect1 separated from ,saint-,simon1 and lamented bitterly the precious time which that depraved juggler1 as he called him1 had made him lose4 ,after this rupture he was restored to himself and freed from all restraint2 he could devote himself to the finishing stroke of the great work he meditated4 ,footnote #ajh ,the solemn moment approached4 ,hitherto he had only staked out his ground and sown the seeds1 but the synthesis1 the real cerebral unity1 to use his language1 was wanting4 ,without further delay he set himself resolutely at work1 and a meditation continued for four score hours brought him to the conception1 to the preamble as it were1 of the systemization of the whole positive philosophy4 ,footnote #aji ,but1 alas6 the long meditation brought with the system an access of madness4 ,it was slight at first1 he assures us1 a simple passing enfeeblement of the cerebral organs1 resulting from excessive labor2 but the physicians took hold of it1 and then the evil grew so much worse that it became necessary to shut him up in a madhouse--him who had just discovered the law of the universe6 ,m4 ,littr complains that one of his collaborators in the ,journal des ,dbats threw up this fact against the doctrine of his master1 and he cites instances of very superior men who have had similar accidents befal them4 ,this cannot be denied4 ,no one can say that he is secure from such cruel attacks2 but we may be permitted to remark that there is here an intimate correlation between the doctrine and the mental malady1 since both are produced at the same time and by the same intellectual effort4 ,footnote #ajh3 ,m4 de ,chalambert forgets to add that the cause of this rapture was precisely the attempt of ,saint-,simon1 after having failed to kill himself1 to found a new religion1 which he called ,nouveau ,christianisme1 and of which the positive religion professed afterwards by ,m4 ,comte is only a manifest plagiarism4--,,translator ,footnote #aji3 ,a useless labor1 for he might have learned it from that depraved juggler1 ,saint-,simon1 who had reached it as early as #ahjd4 ,auguste ,comte never made any advance on his master1 but to the last remained rather behind him4 ,with all his pretensions to originality1 he was never anything more than the disciple of ,saint-,simon4--,,translator4 ,two or three years passed thus1 after which ,m4 ,comte1 having recovered his health1 resumed his labors1 and in #ahbi published the first volume of his ,cours de ,philosophie ,positive1 in which for the first time he gives the principal data of his new theory4 ,five other volumes1 of eight or nine hundred pages each1 followed at long intervals1 and it was only in #ahdb that the work could be completed2 not that ideas were wanting1 but money to pay the printers1 as the author himself tells us4 ,during that time he opened a course of lectures1 in which1 under pretext of teaching astronomy1 he essayed to indoctrinate the public in his principles4 ,thanks to these several methods of propagating his views1 he at length succeeded in gaining a #gbc few disciples1 not numerous1 indeed1 but enough to encourage the hope of obtaining more4 ,among those who from that time adhered to the positivist doctrine we must cite ,m4 ,etex1 an artist1 ,m4 ,vieillard1 a politician who1 then unknown1 afterward obtained some note1 and1 in fine1 ,m4 ,littr1 a philologist1 a litterateur1 and a member of the ,academy of ,inscriptions and ,belles-,lettres4 ,this last especially was an important recruit1 an unhoped-far good fortune for the new school4 ,m4 ,comte 7they who have tried to read him know it but too well67 was essentially deficient in the art of explaining and expressing his ideas4 ,m4 ,littr knows precisely how to write1 if not with brilliancy1 at least with method and clearness4 ,moreover1 he had under his influence an important public organ1 ,the ,national1 and used it to the profit of the new philosophy4 ,in #ahdd1 ,m4 ,littr published in that journal1 of which he was an editor1 a series of articles in which he extolled the positivist philosophy1 declared himself its disciple1 and carried his complaisance toward the master so far as to give him the brevet of a man of genius4 ,however1 unknown to him perhaps1 a great transformation was about to be effected2 the affective element of the new doctrine1 hitherto neglected1 was about to make its way to the light and play its part4 ,toward that epoch1 ,m4 ,comte encountered a woman1 still young1 ,madame ,clotilde de ,vaux1 who lived separate from her husband4 ,the misfortunes of this unhappy wife1 misunderstood and deserted1 touched him deeply2 he received her into his house1 and forthwith she became his ,beatrix1 or1 rather1 his ,egeria1 for it was from her that he received the revelation of the new dogmas which he hastened to promulgate to the world4 ,all at once1 under the inspired influence of ,madame ,clotilde de ,vaux1 the positivist philosophy is changed into a religion1 in which the affective element decidedly predominates4 ,with dogma and morals1 worship and the priesthood are promptly organized4 ,the sovereign pontificate belonged as a matter of right to ,m4 ,comte1 and he would no doubt have willingly shared it with his holy companion1 but she1 alas6 had already been removed by a premature death1 and he must be resigned to proclaim himself alone1 high priest or sovereign pontiff4 ,this metamorphosis was so much the bolder as hitherto one of the principal theses of the positivist philosophy had been precisely that the time for religion was gone1 and gone for ever4 ,it might well startle the adepts2 but it failed to frighten ,m4 ,littr1 the most important among them1 for we find him using still ,the ,national and preaching in its columns1 with all the zeal of the neophyte1 the dogmas of the new religion--the religion of humanity4 ,this was1 it is true1 in #ahea1 when each day saw born and die some new sect1 and ,m4 ,littr and ,the ,national no doubt judged that1 socialism for socialism1 ,m4 ,comte's socialism was worth as much as any other1 and in fact was more convenient4 ,we are inclined1 nevertheless1 to believe that ,m4 ,littr was really smitten and vanquished 7for what is there in the way of new religions of which a free thinker is not capable871 and we are confirmed in our belief because1 not content to aid the establishment of the new worship with his pen1 he actually contributed to it from his purse4 ,the republic of #ahdh was not a good mother for ,m4 ,comte1 although he hailed it with enthusiastic acclamations and pronounced it immortal2 it despoiled him at once of his means of subsistence4 ,m4 ,comte was little relished by the savans1 and relished them still less1 especially those of the ,academy of ,sciences1 who had obstinately refused to open their doors to him4 ,m4 ,arago1 to whom ,m4 ,comte attributed his disgrace1 judging1 doubtless1 that there must be some incompatibility between the dignity of high priest and the functions of a repeater and examiner in the ,polytechnic #gbd ,school1 deprived him of these two employments1 from which he drew his support4 ,m4 ,littr then came generously to the aid of his spiritual father1 and headed an annual subscription by which the adepts must provide for the wants of their pontiff4 ,while these things were in progress there came the coup d'tat of the #b;d of ,december4 ,m4 ,comte bore this trial with a scandalous resignation4 ,the faithful1 ,m4 ,littr among others1 refused henceforward all active concurrence4 ,but1 on another side he found in ,m4 ,vieillard1 become a senator of the new empire1 a useful protector1 and1 thanks to him1 he could soon resume his preachments4 ,it was1 in fact1 all he desired1 for he was singularly free from all political ambition4 ,from this moment ,m4 ,comte's religious zeal only augmented1 and his pen became more active and prolific than ever4 ,from #ahea to #ahed he published four huge volumes under the title of ,systme de ,politique ,positiviste2 then a ,catchisme ,positiviste1 a ,calendrier ,positiviste1 and announced new works for the following years1 when death took him by surprise and cut short his labors4 ,it cannot be said that his efforts were crowned with success1 and that the numbers of his disciples was increasing2 on the contrary1 solitude was gathering closer and closer around him2 but his faith was not shaken1 and he remained to the last full of confidence in the future4 ,if occidentality gave little1 he hoped much from orientality1 and1 in #aheb1 he wrote to the ,emperor ,nicholas of ,russia1 and to the ,sultan of ,turkey1 to induce them to undertake to propagate positivism in their respective dominions1 by representing to them that it was the only means of salvation that remained to them4 ,such is the succinct history of the positivist philosophy and religion4 ,the religion1 indeed1 ended with its founder1 for he declared a short time before his death that he had found no true believer worthy to succeed him in the pontificate2 but the philosophy left disciples who1 though they may not accept it in all its parts1 yet continue to be inspired by its principles4 ,not long since they had an organ in the ,revue ,philosophique1 in which they showed themselves much divided1 and gravely discussed the question whether it must be a philosophy or a religion with which they should gratify the human race4 ,they seem1 however1 after the advice of ,m4 ,littr1 to have finally agreed that it is necessary first of all to reproduce the eighteenth century2 that is to say1 to renew1 in the name of the emancipated flesh1 the war against the ,church and the religion of the spirit4 ,events have seemed to favor them1 and instead of regretting the suspension of public liberty1 by the establishment of the new empire1 they even greet it as an advantage1 since they remind us that it was under a similar rgime that the encyclopaedic work of which they claim to be the legal heirs was born1 grew1 and prospered4 ,in short1 ,m4 ,littr published1 a short while ago1 a new brochure under the title of ,partles de ,philosophie ,positive1 in which he sustains all the principles of his master1 and vindicates for himself the honor of having been his most faithful disciple4 ,we have joined the names of ,m4 ,h4 ,taine with the names of ,messrs4 ,comte and ,littr1 although he has never openly avowed himself an adherent of their school4 ,but1 beside the identity of his principles with those of positivism1 the lightness of his philosophical luggage does not permit us to devote to him a separate study4 ,we know of him on this subject only by the book entitled ,les ,philosophes ,franais du dix-neuvime sicle 7,french ,philosophers of the ,nineteenth ,century71 a superficial work1 but agreeable1 in which he judges with wit1 sometimes with justice1 the chief representatives of the eclectic philosophy1 and to which he has added a concluding chapter that gives us an exposition of his method4 ,it is to this #gbe method which we shall1 farther on1 devote a few words4 ,footnote #aaj ,footnote #aaj3 ,m4 de ,taine has1 since this article was written1 published a work on ,english writers and literature1 which has in certain quarters been well spoken of1 and which really has some merit1 though of a lighter sort4--,,translator4 ,,ii4 ,it will readily be perceived that we cannot even attempt to set forth within our limits the positivist religion and philosophy in all their details and developments1 and that we must confine ourselves to their chief points or leading principles4 ,we shall take our analysis from the works of ,m4 ,comte himself1 and from the series of letters which ,m4 ,littr formerly inserted in ,the ,national1 and which he has since republished in a volume entitled ,rvolution1 ,positivism1 ,conservatism1 ,paris1 #ahea4 ,m4 ,littr has reproduced the ideas of the master with a fidelity and disinterestedness rare in a disciple1 and he has over the master the advantage of style and method4 ,positivism assumes as its starting point that modern society is suffering from a deeply rooted evil1 that it is like a man in a fever who tosses and turns in his bed1 seeking a position in which he may rest at ease1 and finding none4 ,do what it will it can find no stable position4 ,in vain has it effected immense progress1 for this very progress turns to its disadvantage4 ,beside1 what does progress avail if society cannot enjoy it in order and peace8 ,but whence comes this evil1 this trouble1 this feverish and sterile agitation8 ,evidently it comes from intellectual and moral anarchy4 ,nobody any longer believes in anything2 there is no longer any law1 any principle1 that unites all minds in a common symbol2 every one draws from himself2 divided egotisms are in mutual conflict1 and seek each other's destruction4 ,if such is the nature of the malady1 the remedy is obvious4 ,it must be in obtaining a doctrine which accepted by all becomes the doctrine of all1 a bond of union for them1 and the principle of peace4 ,but where is this doctrine to be found8 ,is it a religious doctrine-- ,catholicity1 for instance8 ,the ,catholic doctrine1 indeed1 gave formerly the result desired1 and realized in the world an incomparable unity2 but it has had its day2 science has demonstrated the impossibility of its dogmas1 and it1 in fact1 finds now only here and there a real believer--the great majority have ceased to believe it4 ,will ,protestantism supply the doctrine needed8 ,no2 for ,protestantism is only a degenerate and illogical ,catholicism4 ,will ,islamism give it8 ,islamism has certainly its grand sides1 but its morality is too defective1 and its dogma is hardly less repulsive than the ,christian4 ,it is1 then1 manifest that all existing religions are impotent for the future to rally and unite in a common bond the minds of men4 ,but as religion cannot do it1 perhaps philosophy1 metaphysics1 can8 ,metaphysics is only the abstract form of religion1 resting on the same basis and sustained by it1 and does nothing but substitute abstract beings that have no reality for the supernatural beings imagined by religion1 and which science equally rejects4 ,metaphysics has1 as religion1 been indeed useful1 has aided science to show the inanity of religions dogmas2 but1 if useful in the work of destruction1 it is impotent in that of rebuilding1 and can henceforth serve only to perpetuate intellectual anarchy--that is to say1 only aggravate the evil instead of curing it4 ,if1 then1 the remedy can be found neither in religion nor in metaphysics1 where can it be found8 ,it is to be found in a doctrine which substitutes for the supernatural beings of religion1 and the abstract entities of metaphysics1 the real beings which science demonstrates1 and the existence of which nobody disputes or can dispute4 ,but how find or how construct such a doctrine8 ,the experience of what has been done in the exact sciences gives distinctly enough the answer4 ,there was a time when mathematics1 astronomy1 physics1 did not exist1 and when men explained all the phenomena #gbf of nature by chimerical hypotheses4 ,now1 how has man come forth from that ignorance8 ,by observing instead of imagining1 as he had hitherto done2 and in observing phenomena he discovered their laws1 and thus1 with time and effort1 he succeeded in creating the sciences which are called mathematics1 astronomy1 physics1 chemistry4 ,can we doubt1 after this1 that by applying the same method or following the same process in regard to the science of individual man1 or biology1 and the science of society1 or sociology1 we shall obtain the same result8 ,and let it not be said that these sciences are of another order2 the distinction attempted to be established between them and the exact sciences is puerile and unfounded1 as science exists only on condition of being exact1 and if not exact it is not science4 ,biology and sociology have1 it is true1 not yet the character of exact sciences2 but why have they not8 ,simply because they are as yet in their infancy1 as was chemistry two centuries ago2 because1 on the one hand1 they have been badly studied1 and1 on the other1 because they are more complex and less easily mastered4 ,the difficulties1 it is admitted1 are therefore great2 but it is necessary to conquer them1 since the salvation of the world can be secured on no other condition4 ,the terms of the problem are now distinctly stated1 together with the method of its solution4 ,the malady from which society suffers is intellectual anarchy1 and intellectual anarchy will cease only when we have made of the sciences of biology and sociology 7it is known what these sciences mean7 sciences as exact as are mathematics1 astronomy1 etc42 and to do this it is only necessary to use the same method in constructing them that is used in constructing the so-called exact sciences4 ,however1 the whole is not yet said4 ,observation is1 indeed1 the true method1 but observation of what8 ,of moral phenomena1 the operations of the soul8 ,but what is the soul8 ,who has seen it8 ,certain metaphysicians have1 indeed1 pretended to derive all science from the phenomena of the soul2 but this is a gross error2 psychology is an impossible science4 ,in psychology the subject1 or rather the organ which observes1 is precisely that which is observed--the eye striving to see itself4 ,to what1 then1 is observation to be applied8 ,to the body1 to the cerebral organs1 and1 primarily1 to the external world2 to the inorganic world at first1 afterward to the organic world1 to minerals1 plants1 animals4 ,the study of animals is especially serviceable1 since man1 at most1 has over the animal only the advantage of some superior intellectual faculties1 and even that advantage appears doubtful1 observes ,m4 ,comte1 if we compare the acts of the mammiferae1 the most elevated1 with those of savages1 the least developed4 ,after zoology1 the most useful science is phrenology1 the science which best teaches us what man really is4 ,dr4 ,gall under this relation has rendered an immense service1 and created the true science of man4 ,he erred1 it is true1 by too minute detail1 and in wishing to determine at once the organs of theft1 luxury1 etc41 which gave fair scope to criticism2 ,footnote #aaa but it would be difficult to resist the accumulated proofs on which he had established his system4 ,in short1 science is now in the position to give a classification of eighteen interior functions of the brain1 or a systematic tableau of the soul4 ,thus it is neither from metaphysics nor from religion1 but from zoology1 and1 above all1 from phrenology1 that we must seek the knowledge of the laws which govern intelligence4 ,footnote #aaa3 ,nothing is new under the sun1 says ,solomon4 ,any one curious on the subject of phrenology may read1 as ,m4 ,cousin has well remarked1 in ,plato's ,timoeus1 all that ,gall and ,spurzheim1 and their followers1 have really established in their pretended science4--,,translator4 ,however1 method alone does not suffice4 ,there is needed also a criterion1 and here ,m4 ,comte confesses that the difficulty is great4 ,to observe with profit1 to be able1 by observation1 to abstract from the #gbg phenomena their laws1 we most have an anterior law1 a type-law1 to serve as the term of comparison1 in like manner as a standard is necessary to determine the value of a coin4 ,now1 what furnishes this type8 ,observation8 ,but this is only to recommence the difficulty4 ,the embarrassment can be relieved only by reasoning from analogy1 and a historical theory4 ,positivism1 after all1 then1 resorts to reasoning and theorizing6 ,the sciences which are firmly seated on positive realities began in hypotheses1 and it has been by the aid of hypotheses1 ascertained afterward to be false1 that observation has succeeded in discovering the real laws of these sciences6 ,it must be the same with biology and sociology4 ,humanity began by religion1 and religion has passed through three phases1 fetichism1 polytheism1 and monotheism4 ,religion1 truly1 is only a fiction1 but a useful fiction1 and even necessary to the development of humanity4 ,fetichism1 in offering plants to the adoration of man1 taught him to cultivate them2 polytheism1 in creating supernatural beings1 gave birth to poetry and the fine arts2 monotheism1 in elevating minds1 has fitted them for the culture of science4 ,after religion came metaphysics1 which1 by transforming the dogmas into abstractions1 destroyed them2 and1 by destroying them1 opened the way for positivism4 ,now1 what has taken place for humanity in general must be reproduced for each man in particular2 each one of us must pass through the religious state and the metaphysical state before we can arrive at the positivist state4 ,thus1 then1 in like manner as it has been by means of false hypotheses that the real laws of the science have been discovered1 so by means of hypotheses equally false1 religion and metaphysics1 will be discovered the true laws of biology4 ,we confess that we do not very clearly perceive what relation there is between this theory and the problem to be solved4 ,the problem is how to find a criterion by the aid of which the true may be distinguished from the false2 but this criterion escapes us still1 and we have for it only a second method superposed on the first1 or history coming to the aid of physiology4 ,true1 we are not told what bond connects the two methods1 or how we are to combine them1 and from their combination obtain the type-law2 but we must not be too difficult1 and we forewarn our readers that they must not look for any real connection1 any logical nexus1 between the various propositions which we are about to place before them4 ,beyond the gross materialism which follows necessarily from the positivist premises1 all is arbitrary and capricious2 the master says it1 and he must be believed on his word1 without being asked for reasons1 good or bad4 ,our readers will judge for themselves if this be not so1 and that they may not accuse us of exaggerating anything1 we shall give generally textual citations4 ,after having presented the formula of its method1 or rather of its two methods1 the positivist school proceeds to the application and exposition of the consequences which are derived from it or them4 ,in the very outset they assert that there are no absolute truths1 that all truth is relative2 the true1 the good1 the fair1 are such only by a provisional title2 what was virtue yesterday may be crime to-day1 and what is crime to-day may be virtue to-morrow4 ,thus speaks ,m4 ,littr3 ,the positivist philosophy is experimental2 4 4 4 4 it is composed of relative not absolute notions4 4 4 4 ,when man1 in the beginning of his scientific career1 launched into unrestricted researches after the absolute1 he had only this way open to him2 now another way has been opened1 that of experience and induction4 ,this way cannot conduct the inquirer to absolute notions1 and when we demand them of reason we demand of her more than she has4 ,the mind of man is neither absolute nor infinite1 and to try to obtain from it absolute #gbh solutions is to go out of the immutable conditions of human nature4 ,footnote #aab--,littr1 ,conservatism1 ,revolution1 and ,positivism1 pp4 #e1 #ch4 ,footnote #aab3 ,m4 de ,chalambert might here reply1 granting man has no infinite or absolute notions1 which no finite mind can have1 it by no means follows that he has no notions or conceptions of that which is infinite and absolute1 or intuitions of necessary1 eternal1 and immutable truth1 as are the first principles of all science1 religion1 and morals4--,,translator4 ,if there are no absolute truths1 then there is no ,god3 ,this conclusion1 says ,m4 ,littr rests on the decisive results of all scientific exploration during the long course of the ages1 namely1 that nothing of what is called first cause is accessible to the human mind1 and the origin of the world can be explained neither by many gods nor by one god alone1 neither by nature1 chance1 nor atoms4 ,this result1 erected into a principle1 gradually takes possession of modern intelligence1 and bears in its womb the social organization of the future of the race4 4 4 4 ,if1 for a childish and individual satisfaction1 the idea of some theological being1 one or manifold1 is retained1 it is necessary to reduce the conception forthwith to a nullity1 and to purely nominal and supererogatory functions2 for the result of scientific investigation is1 that there is in the course of things no trace of miracle or government from above1 and nothing but an unbroken chain of laws modifiable1 within certain limits1 by the action from age to age of mankind4 ,as ,laplace says1 such a being is henceforth a useless hypothesis4--lb4 pp4 #bgi1 #bih4 ,the soul has no existence distinct from that of the body1 and therefore dies with it3 ,this belief 7concerning the survivance of the soul71 which might be true1 is not found to be so2 science 7always science67 has not been able to establish a single fact whatever of a life after death2 and so1 like a pond no longer alimented by inflowing streams1 the opinion of an individual perpetuity gradually evaporates4--lb41 pp4#abh4 ,there is room for liberty only because the biological phenomena are very complex3 ,no science1 says ,m4 ,littr 7ib41 p4 #aad71 if the phenomenon has no law1 and no power 7liberty7 if not complex enough to offer us struggles duly proportioned to the complication4 ,it follows from this that the effect of the progress of science must be to diminish human liberty1 since in proportion as it elucidates questions it diminishes their complexity4 ,however1 human intelligence must have an ideal3 ,the ideal is its dream and its worship4 ,now what will be its ideal8 ,humanity itself4 ,humanity has a real existence2 it is the great ,being1 really a great collective body1 having a regular growth of its own1 and provided1 like every individual body1 with temporary organs1 which lose their activity1 wither1 and disappear in default of employment and nutrition 7ib41 p4 #aah74 ,formerly1 and conformably to the medium in which they moved1 theology and metaphysics1 its slave1 gave their demonstration of the divine existence4 ,in like manner science to-day gives the demonstration of the existence of humanity4 ,it is no longer possible to mistake the growth of this ideal--the solidarity of its most remote past with its most distant future1 and this powerful life of which each man has been1 is1 and will be an organ 7ib41 p4 #bhc74 ,humanity is a real ideal1 which it is necessary to know 7education71 to love 7religion71 to embellish 7the fine arts71 to enrich 7industry71 and which therefore holds our whole existence1 individual1 domestic1 and social1 under its supreme direction 7ib41 p4 #bhf74 ,to love and serve humanity is the whole positivist moral law4 ,m4 ,littr says1 pp4 #bia1 #bib3 ,this morality is much superior to the morality of the past1 which was founded on selfishness4 ,the 'salvation' of the theologians is as much a selfish calculation as the 'enlightened self-interest' #gbi of the materialists4 ,the materialists say1 ',do good3 it is for thy interest in this life2' the theologians say1 ',do good3 it is for thy interest in another life4' ,never was there a more perfect system of selfishness organized in the world2 and if powerful instincts1 and1 it is but justice to add1 sacerdotal wisdom1 had not in part counterbalanced the disastrous effects of such an habitual direction1 individual asceticism and aspiration to salvation would have dissolved all social bonds4 ,it is1 we see1 no longer ,god whom we are to love and serve1 but humanity1 and as humanity has few or no rewards to bestow1 the worship we render her must needs be disinterested4 ,selfishness falls in proportion as the hope of reward vanishes4 ,but suppose one does not love and serve humanity1 will he suffer punishment or lose anything in consequence8 ,if so1 what becomes of the positivist doctrine of the disinterestedness of the worship of humanity8--,,tr4 ,such are the solutions offered by the positivist philosophy on the principal points of biology1 or the science of the individual2 we proceed now to sociology1 or the science of society4 ,positivism1 being at once a philosophy and a religion1 must admit and does admit two distinct societies--a temporal society and a spiritual society4 ,we begin with the first4 ,the aim of the temporal society ,m4 ,littr1 ib41 p4 #aai1 explains in the following manner3 ,the historic tradition itself1 without anything forced1 arbitrary1 fortuitous1 or transitory1 conducts us to the reign of industry4 ,before industry the whole past successively falls and disappears4 ,for the modern man industrial activity is the only temporal occupation1 the only practical activity4 4 4 4 ,if the accession of the industrial regimen is inevitable1 it is also inevitable that the chiefs of our industry should be our temporal chiefs4 ,we have no need of patricians or of gentlemen to lead us to war and conquest2 we have no need of kings or kaisers to concentrate in their own hands the power of the sword4 ,their functions1 formerly preeminent1 are now without employment 7674 ,but we have need of directors who can conduct the peaceful labors of industry with firmness and intelligence1 labors which certainly want neither complication nor difficulty nor grandeur4 ,it is to this end that all temporal power must aspire4 ,if so1 if industry is the supreme and last end of humanity1 evidently nothing is to be changed in the present condition of property1 and that the wealth of the rich should be augmented rather than diminished4 ,the constitution of the family must also be maintained4 ,the marriage bond is1 therefore1 declared indissoluble2 the positivist law is in this respect even more severe than the ,christian law1 for1 not contented with prohibiting divorce1 it even forbids second nuptials4 ,in the purely political order the republican form must obtain4 ,i have thought ever since ,february1 #ahdh1 said ,m4 ,littr1 in #ahej1 p4 #bje1 that the establishment of the republic is definitive in ,france1 having for it the guarantee of manners which have ceased to be monarchical1 and after this wholly theoretical point of view1 ,i have constantly lived1 and engage to live1 in security4 ,this confidence1 wholly positivist1 has been but poorly justified by events2 yet there are compensations1 and1 in reality1 the imperial rgime1 which has succeeded to the republic1 differs not so much as might be supposed from that which the positivists themselves wished to establish4 ,the principal conditions demanded by the positivist republic are3 #a4 ,free discussion2 #b4 ,the preponderance of the central power2 #c4 ,the rigid restriction of the parliamentary or local power to the vote of the budget2 #d4 ,in fine1 the investment of the growing power in the hands of proletaries or working-men4 ,m4 ,comte and ,m4 ,littr both agree on all these points2 they both have an #gcj equal horror of parliamentary government1 under which1 says ,m4 ,littr1 power passes into the hands of lawyers1 pettifoggers1 and sophists4 ,both desire three directors2 but ,m4 ,comte judges it most suitable to choose three bankers1 because society is industrial1 and bankers1 who are the lessors of the funds of industry1 are in a better position than others to know its wants4 ,m4 ,littr 7he was writing in ,the ,national in #ahej7 preferred three eminent proletaries4 ,what is the proletary1 exclaims he1 operative or peasant1 who1 if he has equal intelligence1 that he should not be as capable as ,m4 ,thiers or ,m4 ,guizot of directing political affairs8 ,he concedes1 however1 that as a counterpoise to the central proletarian power1 the ,chamber of ,deputies should be composed of rich men1 who are the best fitted by habit to vote the budget4 ,master and disciple both agree1 that ,paris should elect the executive government2 and that the rest of the ,french people should have the right to obey4 ,fear you that from such a system despotism must result8 ,m4 ,littr reassures you1 with his strange apothegm1 what is despotism in our days but government in the hands of the retrograde parties8 ,that is1 despotism is simply power in the hands of those whose ideas are different from ours8 ,could he tell his secret with a more refreshing simplicity8 ,he has another word which might excite some uneasiness4 ,the philosophical genius of the ,convention was not inferior to its political genius1 and1 indeed1 they were each the necessary condition of the other4 ,positivism is their direct heir4 ,the whole positivist political theory1 therefore1 like all revolutionary theories1 ends at last in this3 ,below1 as the very condition of its existence1 the sovereignty of the plebs2 above1 as the crown of the edifice1 the dictator4 ,but we pass to the spiritual society4 ,we have seen under the influence of what sentiments the positive philosophy was suddenly transformed into a religion4 ,madame ,clotilde de ,vaux had the initiative1 and inspired1 in #ahde1 the religious thought of ,m4 ,comte4 ,from that moment it was no longer the intellect but the heart1 no longer intelligence but love1 that predominated in the positivist school4 ,the disciples were transformed with the master4 ,i recognize and profess as the positivist philosophy requires1 says ,m4 ,littr1 p4 #bih1 that this affective side of human nature should always preponderate over the intellectual side4 ,as soon as it was decided that religion should take the place of philosophy1 ,m4 ,comte proclaimed a great ,being and then a high priest4 ,the great ,being1 who was none other than humanity itself1 was defined to be the collection of all beings1 past1 present1 and to come1 that freely concur in the completion of universal order1 or more briefly1 but not more clearly1 the continuous whole of convergent beings4 ,footnote #aac ,footnote #aac3 ,aug4 ,comte1 ,cours de ,politique ,positive1 t4 #a1 p4 #cj4 ,the high priest 7le grand prtre7 was1 as we have said1 ,m4 ,comte himself4 ,after this came dogma and worship4 ,the dogma had already its principal features in philosophy1 and there was little to be added2 but for worship1 le culte1 all was to be created4 ,the fertile imagination of ,m4 ,comte promptly provided for it4 ,he engaged at first in compiling and publishing a positivist catechism1 by the side of which ,m4 ,littr gravely tells us the ,catholic catechism is only an embryo4 ,he afterward constructed a calendar2 he commences the new era with the year #agic1 and names it ,cycle of the ,great ,crisis4 ,the year is divided into thirteen months of four weeks each2 the months take the names of thirteen men of superior genius2 instead of saying ,january1 ,february1 we must say ,moses1 ,aristotle1 etc4 ,the days have also the names of celebrated men1 but men of an inferior order4 ,several circular letters from the high priest to the faithful were dated the #dth of ,moses1 #gca #fth of the ,great ,crisis1 or #f ,archimedes1 ,great ,crisis #fd4 ,there was1 or rather was to have been1 a college of assessor priests--the number of whom was fixed at twenty thousand for ,europe1 one-fourth of whom were allotted to ,france2 positivist savans and poets were to compose the college faculty4 ,time and money failed for the construction of a temple for the new worship1 and the apartment occupied by ,m4 ,comte1 ,rue des ,fosses1 ,monsieur-le-,prince1 held temporarily its place4 ,the faithful congregated there on appointed days1 and every positivist believer was required to say three prayers daily4 ,it was1 doubtless1 in consequence of one of these pious exercises that ,m4 ,littr exclaimed3 ,i have too clearly perceived the efficacy of this regenerative socialism in myself and in the little group of disciples1 and the calm content with which it fills the soul1 not to desire to take part in it4 4 4 4 ,in these times1 when all things seem giving way1 how salutary and sweet to feel ourselves in communion with the immense existence which protects us1 with that humanity which is the spirit of our globe1 and the providence of successive generations6--,m4 ,littr1 ib41 p4 #bid4 ,the number of festival days was considerable2 there were fourscore and one a year4 ,the festival of the great ,being1 those of the sun1 the dead1 the police1 the press1 etc4 ,nine sacraments were instituted3 #a4 ,the ,presentation1 ,the parents present the new-born child to the priest1 who accepts it1 or1 in some rare cases1 rejects it4 ,we are not told what becomes of the new-born child that is rejected4 #b4 ,initiation4 ,at fourteen the boy is delivered to the priesthood1 who take charge of his instruction4 #c4 ,admission4 ,at twenty-one the adult is admitted to the service of humanity4 #d4 ,destination4 ,seven years after the young man is admitted to the special office which he is judged capable of filling4 #e4 ,marriage4 ,marriage is not permitted after thirty-five in men and twenty-eight in women4 ,three months continence before the definitive celebration1 eternal widowhood1 save in some rare cases1 of which the high priest alone is the judge1 are enjoined4 #f4 ,maturity4 ,at forty-two the man is admitted to the full maturity of the service of humanity4 #g4 ,retirement4 ,this takes place at sixty-three4 #h4 ,transformation4 ,perfection is prepared by repentance4 #i4 ,incorporation4 ,burial in a garden in the midst of flowers4 ,once entered into this way1 ,m4 ,comte cannot stop1 and he even arrives at the ,utopia of a virgin mother1 at first hazarded only as a bold hypothesis1 but afterward proclaimed as the synthetic rsum of the whole positivist religion1 in which are combined all its aspects4 ,he was preparing a special treatise on this grand discovery when death interrupted him4 ,a word on this conception of a virgin mother4 ,through the indefinite progress of positivism1 the wife may one day come to conceive without ceasing to be a virgin1 and so universal continence become the supreme law of the positivist religion1 without in other respects abolishing the social bonds of marriage4 ,but at least humanity1 after so many efforts1 once elevated to this glorious state1 will henceforth remain in it8 ,m4 ,comte thinks not2 he inclines1 on the contrary1 to the belief that in spite of the positivist virtue1 humanity will end by decreasing and entirely disappearing4 ,but we have detained our readers long enough with these sad lucubrations of a sickly brain4 ,we could not well pass them over in silence1 for they belong to the intellectual history of our times1 and it seems to us some useful lessons may be extracted from them4 ,we have promised to make known #gcb the philosophical theory of ,m4 ,h4 ,taine1 but as the matter is small1 the exposition may be short4 ,his theory may be reduced to the three following points3 #a4 ,the philosopher in the study of science must be disinterested1 and draw his conclusions after having made his observations1 without disturbing himself as to their consequences4 ,the philosopher1 in a word1 must set the man aside1 forget that he is a son1 a father1 a husband1 a citizen1 and regard science alone1 nothing but science1 with the facts observation furnishes4 #b4 ,observation is the only method1 and observation must be confined exclusively to physical phenomena1 which alone are real4 ,metaphysical beings1 notions of the soul1 of first cause1 are pure illusions2 consequently nothing survives the body1 and there is no ,god1 at least no ,god that can be inferred from any observable phenomena4 #c4 ,the highest synthesis to which observation can conduce is that there is a vast assemblage of laws and phenomena which we call nature4 ,all this resembles positivism too closely to be separated from it4 ,if we have distinguished it1 we have done so that ,m4 ,h4 ,taine should not accuse us of making him1 in spite of himself1 the disciple of a master whom1 perhaps1 he does not wish to own4 ,,iii4 ,before proceeding to examine this strange and incoherent system either in its general principles or in its particular application1 we must reduce to their first value the two propositions which we set forth as its preamble1 or rather as its pretext3 #a4 ,that modern society is in want of a doctrine that unites all intelligences in a common symbol1 and enables them to live in peace and harmony2 and1 #b4 ,that this doctrine cannot be in the future the ,catholic doctrine1 though that doctrine for a long time in the past filled its office1 for its dogmas are now known to be irreconcilable with the discoveries of science4 ,one of the most common practices of the sophistical spirit is not so much to deny facts as to distort them1 exaggerate their reach1 or confuse those which are distinct4 ,this is what our positivists do in these propositions4 ,that there is at present much intellectual anarchy1 that many souls1 having lost their faith1 or suffered it to be greatly weakened1 refuse to recognize any law except the law which they make for themselves1 and that thence results a mental perturbation from which society suffers not a little1 is a fact too evident and too lamentable to be questioned4 ,it is only simple justice1 however1 to acknowledge that ,m4 ,comte has the merit of pointing it out much earlier than the most of his friends and ,saint-,simon much earlier than even ,m4 ,comte4--,,tr4 ,although strongly imbued with the revolutionary spirit he comprehended had learned from ,saint-,simon8--,,tr4 as early as #ahbb that that spirit1 powerful indeed to destroy1 is radically incapable of establishing anything1 and he never spared the illusion of those who believed that the principles of the ,constituent ,assembly of #aghi1 engrafted on religious unbelief1 could serve as the basis of the social edifice4 ,but if the evil denounced is only too real1 it is not necessary to represent it as greater than it is1 or to conclude1 because faith in many souls has grown feeble1 that it has entirely perished1 and is no longer to be found among men4 ,we know how difficult and how delicate it is to establish the balance-sheet of religious society4 ,appearances are deceptive1 and to reach the real facts we must explore1 to the bottom1 the consciences of men1 which only ,god can do4 ,however1 there are certain exterior circumstances which may enable us even on this point to approximate the real facts in the case4 ,it is undeniable that there are in all the degrees of society men who really believe and faithfully practise religion2 others who believe but practise not2 #gcc and still others who make an open profession of not believing4 ,the first division have representatives in every social class1 among the poor as well as among the rich1 in the sciences1 in literature1 in art1 in industry1 in politics4 ,their faith in general is equally firm and enlightened1 for it has been thoroughly tried1 and has withstood every attack1 both from within and from without4 ,the second class are more numerous1 at least in the great centres of population1 and form in those centres the bulk of society4 ,they believe1 but their faith is weak1 or perhaps it were more proper to say that they have not faith1 but only vague and indecisive beliefs1 whose level rises or falls according to events4 ,they recoil alike from avowed apostasy and from distinct1 precise1 and frank affirmation of the truth4 ,as they have abandoned the practice of their religion1 it may be supposed that they have lost all belief1 but that is far from being the case1 for often the slightest breath from without suffices to rekindle what seems to be extinct1 but is really only asleep4 ,it is rare1 above all1 that at the last moment1 when the passions have been appeased1 when they stand face to face with reality and see it as it is1 their last and solemn word is not a word of faith4 ,the third class1 those who make an open profession of unbelief1 are relatively few2 but they make up for their lack of numbers by their activity and the powerful means at their disposal4 ,they fill high positions in the state1 control the greater part of the organs of publicity1 and gain the multitudes to their side all the more easily because they excel in the art of caressing popular prejudices and pandering to popular passions4 ,beside1 their hatred of truth is greater than their attachment to any doctrine whatever1 and they can1 therefore1 hold themselves free to attack the faith without being bound to defend anything of their own against it1 or to maintain any self-consistency in their attacks4 ,what moves and governs them is not the desire to ascertain or defend the truth1 but to appear to have independence and hardihood of mind1 and to pose themselves as despisers of the past and precursors of the future4 ,but to appreciate the real situation of things1 it is not enough to regard the present4 ,we must also consider the past4 ,no society makes itself such as it is1 and every society holds infinitely more from the generation that went before than from the existing generation4 ,now1 as the society of the past was manifestly a ,christian society1 it cannot be that the present should not remain ,christian in the greater part of its elements2 and in fact1 notwithstanding the formidable efforts that have been made to unchristianize modern society1 and its numerous deviations1 it is still the ,christian spirit that inspires the laws1 manners1 and institutions1 and so pervades the general intelligence that even those who would attack the ,christian dogmas are constrained1 in order to render their attacks more effective1 to appeal to the very principles which ,christianity has brought to light and made predominant4 ,moreover1 religious faith1 far from decreasing1 is actually progressing1 and1 if it has not yet recovered all the ground it had lost1 its gains since the commencement of the present century have been far greater than its losses4 ,it is not difficult to detect the vice of the first proposition4 ,it consists in assuming that ,christian faith is dead1 while it has only been lessened2 that it has lost all authority over the intelligent1 while1 in fact1 it continues to exercise1 directly or indirectly1 such an empire over them that its principles are universally regarded as the foundation and support of the social edifice itself4 ,but not contented with assuming that ,christianity is dead1 the positivists go further1 and pretend that it cannot be restored to life1 because its dogmas are found to be incompatible with the discoveries of science4 ,this is not #gcd a fact distorted1 not a fact invented1 and for which no proof is offered or attempted to be offered4 ,we have in vain sought in the writings of ,messrs4 ,comte and ,littr even the semblance of a reason of any sort in support of the allegation4 ,the positivists announce it1 affirm it1 but make no effort even to prove it1 or at most only stammer out by the way the name of ,galileo1 as if it had not been a thousand times answered1 at first1 that the sacred writers must have spoken the language of their times1 which after all is still the language of our times2 afterward that ,copernicus dedicated1 in #aede1 to ,pope ,paul ,,iii41 his great work1 in which he sets forth and defends the new or heliocentric system of the universe2 that nearly a century elapsed before any censure of it intervened2 that ,galileo1 although technically condemned1 was neither loaded with chains nor cast into a dungeon2 in fine--and it is the important point--that the holy office which condemned him1 though possessing great and legitimate authority1 is not the ,church1 and has no claim to infallibility4 ,footnote #aad ,footnote #aad3 ,this was written before the ,encyclical of the ,holy ,father1 dated ,december #h1 #ahfd1 otherwise the noble author might have modified his expression so as not even to seem to incur its censure4 ,without raising any question as to the infallibility of the pontifical congregations when they render a dogmatic ,judgment approved by the ,holy ,father1 it is evident that the judgment rendered in the case of ,galileo was not a dogmatic judgment in the understanding of even ,rome herself1 for she has since rescinded it1 and has permitted the theory to be taught in her schools as science4 ,the judgment was disciplinary1 not dogmatic1 and assuming1 therefore1 that ,galileo held the scientific truth1 it offers no evidence of the incompatibility of ,catholic dogma with science1 any more than the condemnation of an unwarrantable insurrection in a monarchical country in favor of democracy would prove that the ,church is hostile to liberty4--,,translator4 ,unable to produce any facts to support their thesis1 the positivists resort to historical induction4 ,they argue that the sciences have been in a state of continuous progress for three centuries2 but during the same three centuries they say faith has been in a state of continual decline2 there is1 therefore1 an intimate correlation between the two facts1 so intimate that we may assert the former as generating the latter4 ,but to a legitimate induction1 all the facts on which it depends should be carefully observed and reported1 which in this case is not done4 ,it is not true that faith has declined in a fatal and continuous manner2 nor is it true that the sciences have made their greatest progress in those epochs in which faith has most declined4 ,ask history4 ,in the beginning of the sixteenth century occurred ,luther's revolt2 ,it produced in the ,christian world a universal shock4 ,during several years heresy made every day new progress1 and a part of ,europe was detached from the centre of unity2 but very soon the movement was arrested1 and before the end of that same century a reaction against it had begun1 followed by a religious revival or re-birth which produced one of the grandest epochs in the history of mankind4 ,in the eighteenth century a new attack1 more formidable than the first1 is made on faith2 it triumphs1 and seems to be on the point of destroying all truth4 ,yet from the beginning of the next century a second religious restoration is effected1 of which it may be as yet too early to determine the full bearing on the future1 but which has already had too serious results to allow its great importance to be questioned4 ,thus out of four centuries there are two1 the sixteenth and the eighteenth1 in which faith has declined1 and two1 the seventeenth and the nineteenth1 in which faith has revived and increased4 ,there is not then a fatal and continuous march of faith in a certain direction4 ,there are two contrary currents that meet and combat each other1 without its being lawful as yet from the point of view of science to say which will ultimately triumph4 ,but at least they are the centuries of doubt and unbelief in which science has made her greatest progress8 ,not at all4 ,precisely the contrary is the fact4 ,the sixteenth century did hardly anything for science1 but the seventeenth century1 the age of the #gce ,catholic revival1 was the age of the ,galileos1 the ,pascals1 the ,des ,cartes1 the ,newtons1 the ,leibnitzes--the age in which not only philosophy1 letters1 the arts1 were carried to their highest degree of splendor1 but the great principles of modern science were discovered and established--principles from which have resulted all subsequent discoveries1 which1 it is well to remark1 have been only an affair of application and patience1 not of invention and genius4 ,but the positivists insist again that1 granting there is no absolute incompatibility between science and faith1 since the masters of science have been decided believers1 and are so still2 granting also that there is no direct relation between the progress of science and the decline of faith1 since the periods in which science has grown are not coincident with those in which faith has diminished--still the general result of three centuries of activity is that science has gained and faith has lost1 and it is difficult1 therefore1 to suppose that these two facts are wholly foreign one to the other4 ,we reply that if this were proposed as a mere hypothesis1 it might pass1 and there would be no inconvenience in admitting that the progress of science may have indirectly1 and so by way of reaction1 had some influence in weakening religious beliefs4 ,in all progress1 in every increase of power1 there is danger4 ,man is naturally weak1 and as soon as he feels himself in possession of a new force he suffers himself to be dazzled by it1 attributes to himself all its merits1 and soon comes to believe that he can suffice for himself1 and dispense with all aid from above4 ,consider what takes place in our days4 ,certainly1 it is impossible to conceive in what respect steam1 chloroform1 electricity1 or photography conflicts with any ,christian dogma4 ,religion1 instead of standing aghast at these discoveries in the application of science1 applauds them1 and sees in them new and more efficient means of doing her own work1 of ameliorating the condition of a large number1 of propagating the ,gospel1 and drawing closer the bonds of unity throughout the world4 ,yet such is not the impression which they produce on all minds4 ,certain persons1 at sight of so many marvels1 are so carried away with enthusiasm as to conclude that man is on the eve of becoming ,god4 ,the impression will1 no doubt1 soon wear away1 but till it does1 the intoxication continues1 and hearts are inflated4 ,in this way science may come to the aid of unbelief2 not by itself1 nor by the results it gives2 but by the presumptuous confidence with which it too often fills the mind4 ,as it is not and cannot be the principal and efficient cause of the success of unbelief1 we must seek that cause elsewhere1 in the unloosing of the passions1 always impatient of the restraints of faith4 ,history in fact teaches us that the great revolts of the intellect are contemporary with those of the will and the senses2 that it was in the scandals of the revival of ancient learning in the fifteenth century that ,protestantism was conceived2 that more lately it was the les petits soupers of the ,regency and under the impure inspirations of the ,pompadours and the ,du ,barrys that was spun and woven the conspiracy against the ,god of ,calvary4 ,modern unbelief may boast of the independence it has acquired1 but assuredly not1 if it has any self-respect1 of its shameful cradle4 ,so we see that the very propositions which serve as a pretext to the positivist system are belied by the historical facts in the case4 ,far from being ready to perish1 religion is every day making new progress1 and none of its dogmas have as yet been contradicted or weakened by any of the real discoveries of science4 ,the positivist system itself1 it will be recollected1 is based on the assumption that no doctrine can henceforth obtain the assent of the intelligent1 save on condition of being positive1 #gcf that is1 as rigidly demonstrable as are the physical sciences4 ,such a theory hardly needs refuting1 so contrary is it to common sense and the universal beliefs of the race4 ,but as it has been set forth at length in a series of huge volumes1 maintained and lauded in an important political journal1 counts still many adepts1 has been recalled not long since to the public attention by a work written by one of their number who has the honor of being a member of the ,institute and as it is gaining no little ground1 under its philosophical aspect1 in ,great ,britain and the ,united ,states--,,tr41 it is not permissible to neglect it1 and we feel it necessary1 if not to combat it directly1 at least to point out the levity and inconsistency of its originators and adherents1 who claim to be reformers of the human race1 and with imperturbable gravity pretend that for six thousand years mankind has been the dupe of the grossest error1 and that before their advent there were only illusion and falsehood in the world4 ,the assumption from which the system proceeds is that the real1 the positive1 is restricted to the world of the senses1 or the material universe1 and that what transcends the material order is for us at least unreal--a thesis directly opposed to that of ,des ,cartes1 who taught that thought is the phenomenon the most real1 the most positive of all4 ,now which is right1 the author of the ,discourse on ,method or ,m4 ,comte8 ,no great effort is needed to prove that it is ,des ,cartes1 and that the existence of spiritual phenomena is not only more certain than that of physical phenomena1 but more positive and more easily proved1 because the knowledge of spiritual phenomena is direct and immediate1 while that of sensible phenomena is only indirect and mediate4 ,all knowledge1 rational or sensible1 is a spiritual phenomenon4 ,matter may be the occasion or medium of it1 but can never produce it1 for it is always spirit or mind that knows even in sensation or sentiment4 ,we may be deceived as to the meaning of the phenomenon1 but never as to its existence4 ,footnote #aae ,footnote #aae3 ,as a subjective fact1 there can be no doubt of its existence3 but this1 with all respect to ,m4 de ,chalambert1 is nothing to the purpose4 ,all phenomena are subjective1 and therefore mental1 if you will1 spiritual2 but is there an objective spiritual reality revealed by these spiritual phenomena8 ,this is the question1 and ,i need not say it is a question not answerable on the ,cartesian principle or method4 ,few persons outside of ,france regard ,des ,cartes as worth citing as an authority in philosophy1 for1 beginning with thought as a psychological phenomenon1 he never did and never could attain scientifically to any objective existence1 either spiritual or material4 ,the error of ,des ,cartes was in seeking to settle the question of method before settling that of principles2 the principles determine the method1 not the method the principles1 as ,m4 ,cousin1 misled by his veneration for ,des ,cartes1 pretends3 and the principles are necessarily priori1 prior to experience--as without them experience is not possible--given1 intuitive1 and therefore objective4 ,the real existence of the spiritual or supersensible order1 superior to and distinct from the material1 is certain from the demonstrable fact that the sensible has its root only in the supersensible1 and the material in the spiritual1 both as to the order of knowledge and as to the order of being4 ,the author maintains the truth against the positivists1 but his reasoning is not conclusive1 because he is misled by the ,cartesian method1 which is the method of the positivists themselves4 ,malebranche followed in one direction the ,cartesian method1 and lost the material world2 the ,abb ,condillac followed it in another direction1 and lost the spiritual world2 the positivists follow it in both1 and lose all reality1 and1 with ,sir ,william ,hamilton1 make truth purely relative2 that is1 subjective1 and as pure subjectivity is impossible1 thus positivism is positive nihilism4 ,the author proceeds to refute1 on the ,cartesian method1 the denial by the positivists of the existence of spirit1 of the absolute1 of ,god1 and the immortality of the soul2 but as ,i do not regard his reasoning1 though in defence of the truth1 conclusive1 ,i omit it1 and pass to his exhibition of the inconsistencies and absurdities of positivism1 in which he is admirable and perfectly successful4--,,translator4 ,nevertheless1 after having denied all the truths or principles which are the basis of all moral and intellectual life1 the positivists pretend to pass from negation to affirmation1 and undertake in their turn to dogmatize4 ,but to affirm any doctrine whatever it needs a method1 and we have shown that on the purely negative method which they commence with1 they can never legitimately affirm anything4 ,what then can they do8 ,they invent another method1 which they call induction1 because they pretend that it is from the observation of the facts of history that they induce or draw their doctrine2 but the process they adopt has none of the characters of a real induction4 #gcg ,to induction three things are necessary2 the principle of causality1 general notions1 and particular facts4 ,footnote #aaf ,footnote #aaf3 ,i transfer the word notion1 although no notion is or can be general1 because ,french writers frequently use it when they really mean not notion1 but the object or thing noted4 ,i do not approve of this use either in ,french or ,english4 ,we may have notions of the general1 but not general notions2 a notion1 if you will1 as has been previously said1 of the absolute 7though absolute is itself a bad term for necessary1 eternal1 immutable1 and infinite being71 but not absolute notions4 ,the notion is subjective1 the noted is objective4 ,to all legitimate induction there is necessary causality1 the general--the universal1 as say the schoolmen--and the particular1 and unless the mind has priori knowledge or intuition of them1 no induction is possible4 ,this is what the author evidently means1 and it is undoubtedly true4--,,translator4 ,experience gives the particular facts1 and1 by the aid of the principle of causality1 we determine by way of induction their laws2 that is1 by means of particular facts we determine the general notions hitherto confused and vaguely perceived that is1 refer them to their respective genera or species4---,,translator4 ,the positivists1 then1 who recognize no principle of causality1 and deny all general notions or notions of the general prior to the particular facts4--,,translator4 can make no induction1 and have no scientific basis1 no logical nexus for their theories1 and are left to the caprices of their own imagination4 ,imagination1 and imagination alone1 is the new method they employ4 ,the human mind1 according to the positivists1 is radically incapable of knowing causes1 and if it attempts to know them it exhausts itself with fruitless efforts4 ,this is wherefore they treat as illusions all the causes which philosophers assign to phenomena4 ,they deny the metaphysical being1 ,god as cause2 yet they substitute the metaphysical being humanity1 and not content with affirming it1 they even define it1 both as principle and cause1 to be a great collective beings-- living a life of its own1 and advancing continually through the ages from progress to progress1 and from whom all individual existences proceed as their beginning1 and to whom they all return as their end4 ,nor is this all4 ,after having defined this metaphysical being1 they explain it1 and pretend to know what it has been1 what it is1 and what it will be--they1 who declare that ,plato1 ,aristotle1 ,st4 ,augustine1 ,st4 ,thomas1 ,des ,cartes1 and ,leibnitz have done nothing1 because in attempting to penetrate the mystery of human life these master minds broke against an insolvable problem--they1 we say1 do not hesitate to raise the veil1 and to give us the complete solution of the far more formidable mystery of human destiny4 ,they know its origin4 ,humanity has begun in fetichism2 ,m4 ,littr1 however1 has discovered1 since the death of his master1 that prior to fetichism there was a state in which man like the brute sought only to satisfy his physical wants2 but he maintains that at any rate1 if fetichism was not the first it was at least the second state of humanity4 ,if we ask him what proofs he has of this1 he confesses that if direct facts are demanded he has none2 but he has arguments1 and here is the way in which he argues3 ,in ,america and the unexplored regions of ,africa savage tribes are found who were and still are fetich worshippers1 therefore so was it with all men in the beginning6 ,such is the positivist induction4 ,footnote #aag ,footnote #aag3 ,how know the positivists that these savage tribes do not represent the degenerate man1 rather than the primitive man--man cut off from communion with the central life of humanity1 not man in his first developments8--,,translator4 ,positivism continues3 ,from fetichism humanity passed to polytheism1 and then from polytheism to monotheism4 ,but it forgets that it is not permitted to take the part for the whole1 and if ,europe became ,christian after having been pagan1 it has not been the same with all the world1 for on one side we find the people ,jewish1 who have always believed in the unity of ,god1 and1 on the other side1 we find many nations still remaining immersed in the darkness of idolatry4 ,but we must not be too exacting with the positivists4 ,they have here really some partial facts which they can use1 though not legitimately as the basis of an argument4 ,footnote #aah ,footnote #aah3 ,truth is older than error1 and man began not in error1 but in the truth1 the sole principle of life and growth4 ,monotheism preceded1 historically1 both fetichism and polytheism1 and the earliest and most authentic historical documents that we have prove that all the world began by believing in and worshipping one ,god4 ,polytheism bears evident traces of a prior religion which asserted the unity of ,god1 of being not a development of fetichism1 but a corruption of monotheism1 as positivism bears unmistakable traces of its being a corruption of ,christianity2 a conclusive evidence that it never could have originated in a society that had never known and believed the ,christian religion4--,,translator4 ,as to the future1 who can doubt that humanity will be positivist8 ,can any one prove the contrary8 ,is not the future a domain open to all1 and where each may imagine for himself the part that pleases him8 ,and yet1 even in regard to the future1 it is necessary to be circumspect4 ,young as positivism is1 it has had the pain of seeing more than one of its predictions falsified by the event4 ,in #ahej ,m4 ,littr assured us that the race had arrived at that degree of civilization that rendered war henceforth impossible1 and that the republic was definitively established in ,france4 ,what does he think of either prediction now8 ,he would have obliged us if he had given us his explanations of these predictions in his last publication4 ,the first would1 perhaps1 have embarrassed him2 the second would give him less trouble1 because the destruction of the republic of #ahdh by the empire accords only too well with the positivist hostility to a really representative government4 ,it is useless to press the matter further4 ,there is in the positivist induction no trace of a rational process1 and positivism in the last analysis is simply the product of pure imagination4 ,moreover1 ,m4 ,littr is so well aware of it that he has taken in advance his precautions against all unfavorable criticism4 ,it may say what it pleases1 he will not hear or heed it2 he professes to be a positivist1 and positivist he will live and die4 ,his decision is made4 ,beside1 no one who has not taken his degree of doctor in the mathematical1 astronomical1 physical1 and chemical sciences1 understands or can understand anything of positivism1 and is incompetent to its discussion4 ,but if instead of opposing one is disposed to accept it1 he is very accommodating1 and by no means exacts so laborious and painful an initiation4 ,he requires only one thing--namely1 the denial of the supernatural order4 ,to be received into the positivist school it is not necessary to affirm or to believe anything--simple denial suffices4 ,we must in concluding make a single reference to ,m4 ,taine4 ,as the positivists1 ,m4 ,taine denies metaphysics1 all metaphysical 7spiritual7 beings1 ,god1 and the human soul1 and like them he substitutes for these others of his own fashioning4 ,from ,messrs4 ,comte and ,littr he separates only on a single point4 ,to the cause humanity he prefers the cause nature4 ,there is no disputing about tastes4 ,we add merely a word on one of the fundamental maxims of ,m4 ,taine's method4 ,the philosopher1 he says1 must be in the study of science perfectly disinterested1 and even to the degree of forgetting that he is a father1 a son1 a husband1 a citizen4 ,he must take account only of the facts furnished by observation1 and in no respect trouble himself about their practical consequences4 ,were the facts observed to prove that paternal love1 filial respect1 conjugal tenderness1 and devotion to one's country are empty words or dangerous illusions1 he must not hesitate to immolate these sentiments on the altar of reality--or science4 ,we do not discuss such a doctrine4 ,the irreflection of the author 7we can suppose nothing else7 is so great that we need only indicate it4 ,does not ,m4 ,taine comprehend that the disinterestedness or indifference of the philosopher must consist not in abjuring the eternal principles of the just1 the true1 the good1 the beautiful1 and the noblest sentiments of the human heart1 but simply in silencing within #gci him the voice of prejudice and passion1 so as to leave his understanding free and unbiased8 ,knows he not that to know a fact he must study it first in himself and in its essence1 and then in its manifold applications8 ,the chemist asserts a substance only after1 having resolved it into its elements1 he has experimented on it in all its effects2 in like manner1 it is not enough for the philosopher to have studied a doctrine in its principle1 he must go further1 and establish that in its applications it conforms to the laws of the just1 the true1 and the beautiful4 ,it is1 in fact1 this accordance that is1 all things considered1 the surest test of its truth4 ,the moral is the counter-proof of the intellectual4 ,m4 ,taine and his school recognize1 it is true1 no principles anterior to facts1 and therefore want1 as ,m4 ,comte avows1 a type-law1 a term of comparison1 which may serve as the criterion of the judgment of facts themselves2 but is there a more manifest mark of the falsity of a theory than that it leaves the human mind without any means of determining the significance of phenomena1 without a touchstone to determine whether the metal be gold or copper8 ,but it is time to close4 ,it is assuredly a grave fact1 and one that merits more attention than it receives1 that a doctrine so thoroughly materialistic and atheistic can be produced in our age1 that it can obtain adherents1 and be recognized by important and widely influential public journals1 which1 without openly displaying its flag1 insinuate its principles1 and strive to infuse it into the minds of their readers4 ,yet this fact is nothing new4 ,there are always atheists in the world2 even in the time of the ,prophet ,king the impious said3 ,there is no ,god4 ,non est ,deus4 ,but we discover in the positivist system a sign or symptom1 if not graver at least more alarming1 in the manifest enfeeblement in our time of reason1 and the rational faculties of the soul1 which it supposes4 ,we know that society is not responsible for all that is said or done in its bosom1 but we know also that people are in general treated as they deserve to be treated1 and that writers1 journalists1 and system-mongers1 when they believe they are addressing a community accustomed to think1 to reason1 to reflect1 and to render an account to themselves of what is addressed to them1 are on their guard and weigh carefully what they say4 ,they may assign bad reasons1 but they will at least assign reasons of some sort1 and take great pains to do it1 as the thing most essential to their success4 ,there have always been sophists1 but the sophist of former times reasoned2 the sophist of to-day reasons not1 he simply imagines4 ,do not attempt to refute him2 he will not listen to you1 for he understands not the language you speak2 he denies or affirms with assurance1 with audacity1 even at the command of his passions or his caprices2 he seeks not to convince1 but to startle1 to astonish1 and neither proves nor cares to prove anything4 ,things have come to such a pass that ,voltaire himself1 if he could return1 would blush with shame for his children4 ,he might still smile approvingly on their blasphemies2 his good sense would be shocked with the incoherence and extravagance of their theories2 and he would say to them4 ,continue1 my children1 to deny1 to crush l'infame1 all that is well1 but do have the grace not to attempt to put anything in place of what you deny4 ,you are not equal to that1 and can only render yourselves ridiculous4 ,the evil is very real and very great1 but it has already been denounced by an authority so high1 and with so much eloquence1 that ,i need not any further insist on it4 ,i would simply add that it calls for a prompt remedy1 since the peril is great and imminent4 ,when faith grows weak in souls1 and reason remains1 there is hope2 for reason well directed leads back to faith1 since human reason is the child of the divine reason1 and #gdj cannot persist in denying her mother2 but when reason in her turn goes1 and leaves only imagination in her place1 there is no ground of hope2 and everything is to be feared1 for no means of salvation remain4 ,imagination is1 indeed1 one of the powers and one of the grandeurs of the human mind1 which it elevates and adorns2 but if it comes to predominate alone1 without supporting itself on reason1 it loses its virtue and its beauty1 and is proper only to dazzle1 to pervert1 to bewilder and mislead4 ,it sheds darkness1 not light1 or if it emits still some gleams1 it is only to gild with a last and false splendor a dying civilization4 ,when the barbarians thundered at her gates1 ,rome still imagined1 but she had long since ceased to reason4 ,,count ,,victor ,,de ,,chalambert ------ ,from ,chambers's ,journal4 ,,plain-,,work4 ,thank goodness1 ,lizzie6 you were taught to work4 ,my husband is constantly repeating this sentiment to me1 and ,i decidedly agree with him that it is a great cause for thankfulness4 ,i may say1 in passing1 that ,i don't believe ,i should ever have married my husband at all if ,i had not been able to work1 for one of his very first questions to me upon our becoming acquainted1 was as to what occupation ,i took most pleasure in1 and upon my answering ,plain-work1 a pleased smile came over his face4 ,from that moment1 he has since confessed to me1 he made up his mind that ,i should be his wife4 ,i am now the mother of a large family1 with constant demands upon my needle1 and what ,i should do1 if ,i had not early acquired the use of it1 ,i cannot think4 ,i made a point of teaching my own girls as soon as ever they became old enough to handle their needles1 and if they don't all turn out good plain-workers1 it certainly won't be my fault4 ,i look upon occupation as the true secret of happiness1 and surely there is no occupation so well suited to a woman1 whether she is the wife of a gentleman or a laborer1 as needle-work4 ,i would encourage the taste for it as early as possible in a girl1 as ,i think it has such an influence for good on her character in making her womanly and sensible4 ,it has also the effect of producing tidy habits1 for no girl who can thoroughly use her needle will be content to go about the house with her frock torn or a rip in her petticoat2 but1 upon the first appearance of a hole1 she will sit down and carefully mend it4 ,when still quite young1 she works for her doll2 a little older1 for some poor child in the village1 or her own younger brothers and sisters4 ,in either case1 she is learning to be loving and kind1 and the habit of working for others and being useful is good for her4 ,you wish probably to fit your daughter for her future career in life1 and you naturally look forward to her marriage as the aim and object of your most ardent desires4 ,i know ,i do with regard to my own girls1 for1 being a happy and married woman myself1 ,i cannot bear the idea of their becoming old maids4 ,well1 if you want her to marry1 and you desire to train her to be a good wife1 teach her to work2 you are laying the foundation of much future happiness1 and her husband will bless you for it4 ,say she marries a man not too well off1 who is constantly engaged in his profession1 and she is in consequence forced to spend #gda many hours of her day alone4 ,this is very trying to her at first1 fresh from a happy home and the bosom of a large family4 ,she turns to her needle as her companion and solace during her husband's absence1 and finds her greatest interest and pleasure in working for him4 ,she keeps his clothes in good repair1 and he never finds his socks in holes or his shirts minus their buttons4 ,very likely--and happy ,i consider it for her if it is so--his wedding outfit may have been small4 ,in that case1 she can employ herself in making him a new set of shirts2 whilst her odd moments may be profitably spent in knitting him a set of warm socks against the coming winter4 ,depend upon it1 he will never find any shirts that fit him so well1 or any socks so comfortable1 as those made for him by his wife during the early days of their married life4 ,this gives her so much occupation during her day that she has no time to be dull or discontented4 ,she gladly puts away her work when she expects her husband's return1 and she meets him with a cheerful smile1 being happy in her own mind and feeling that she has been praiseworthily engaged4 ,she is also ready to enter into his interests and pursuits1 in which she finds an agreeable relaxation4 ,then there's the coming baby to work for4 ,what mother does not remember the delights of working for her first baby6 ,the care and thought bestowed first upon purchasing the materials1 then upon cutting them out to the best advantage1 followed by many months of happy employment in making them up4 ,the little articles1 when finished1 are carefully put away in a drawer set aside for the purpose1 and bunches of lavender are placed amongst them4 ,the first baby is born1 and others follow1 and the cares of a family come rapidly upon your child4 ,she now feels the real use of her needle1 and she learns to thank you accordingly for the pains you took with her4 ,not only can she sew well1 but she knows how to cut out2 and she has such a first-rate eye1 from long practice1 that she can take her patterns from the shop-windows4 ,she makes the best use of her powers of observation4 ,that which makes men good soldiers1 doctors1 engineers1 literary men1 artists1 and naturalists1 makes her a good plain-worker4 ,in her own line1 she is not to be beaten4 ,perhaps she is a little proud of her talent2 but she uses it to good advantage1 and her husband has the comfort of seeing his children well clothed1 and of finding his bills comparatively small4 ,constant practice has also given her a capital knowledge of the value of materials1 and she understands thoroughly the textures of different cotton1 linen1 and woollen fabrics1 so that it would be very difficult to impose upon her4 ,i have taken it for granted that your daughter marries a poor man1 as poor men unfortunately predominate in this world1 and it is always as well to be prepared for the worst4 ,but her husband may be rich or1 at all events1 well enough off to render it unnecessary that his wife should be a slave to her needle4 ,you will still find that you have done your girl no injury by imposing upon her the early habit of using that instrument4 ,you have1 at all events1 given her the power of superintending her servants1 and seeing that their work is properly done2 and she will not so easily be taken in by her dressmaker1 or trampled upon by her nurse1 who will soon find out that missis knows how to work for her own children1 and will respect her accordingly4 ,but supposing that your daughter does not marry at all1 still her knowledge of plain-work will not be thrown away upon her4 ,if left poorly off1 she has her own clothes to make and mend1 and if not1 surely there are plenty of claims upon her4 ,there is her more fortunate sister1 who married young1 and is now a widow1 with six children on her hands--think of the comfort and use her needle may be to them6 ,then her brothers are #gdb most of them married with families1 and ,aunt ,susan's work is invaluable1 ,if she has no brothers or sisters1 but is left entirely alone in the world1 and so well off that she does not require to work for herself1 let her turn to the poor1 and give them the use of her needle2 she will certainly find a never-ending field amongst them4 ,by the time she has worked for all the babies in the parish1 and helped the mothers about the clothes for the elder children1 she will find she has occupation enough for her fingers to keep her mind happy and interested1 and to prevent her from dwelling upon her own loneliness4 ,she can also spend some time profitably in instructing the girls in the village-school how to cut out and sew4 ,the ignorance upon these points in some schools is perfectly lamentable4 ,i took a nursery-maid for my eighth baby straight from a national school4 ,she was a fine healthy girl of sixteen4 ,it will hardly be credited that she could not hold her needle properly6 ,she doubled it up in her hand1 and pushed it into her work in the most extraordinary manner4 ,i tried in vain to teach her by every means in my power1 but if the knack of holding the needle is not learned in early life1 it is rarely acquired afterward4 ,although so very awkward about her work1 that girl had been taught to crochet ridiculous watch-pockets1 and to knit impossible babies' shoes1 with such wonderful pointed toes that no infant ,i ever saw could get his feet into them4 ,at length ,i was obliged to part with her on this account1 though a tidy1 active girl1 and satisfactory in many ways4 ,she is not the only case ,i have had in my house of ignorance on the subject of plain-work4 ,some of my servants have been able to sew well enough1 but have not had the remotest idea of cutting-out and placing their work4 ,i have often thought1 if ,i had only time to spare1 how much ,i should like to teach the rising generation the little ,i myself know of the art of plain-work4 ,in these days of sewing-machines people think much less of needle-work than they did formerly4 ,i don't approve of sewing-machines myself4 ,my husband accuses me of being jealous of them1 but in this he is unjust to me4 ,i don't approve of them simply because ,i think that the work produced from them--though ,i grant that the stitches may be regular enough--cannot be compared to good hand-work1 particularly when employed upon fine materials4 ,i have seen machine-work in every stage1 and from the very best sewing-machines1 and ,i never could consider it equal to good hand-work4 ,i feel convinced in my own mind that sewing-machines will have their day1 and that when that day is over1 plain-work done by hand will be at as high a premium again as ever4 ,even pillow-lace is now gradually recovering the place it once occupied in public estimation1 and from which it was temporarily ousted by lace produced from that unutterable abomination1 the machine1 and which used to be called ,nottingham lace4 ,i acknowledge machine-work may be all very well for cloth clothes1 and useful in families where there are many boys2 but my ten children are mostly girls1 and ,i don't at all covet a machine4 ,my husband offers me one periodically1 and ,i as often refuse it4 ,i could not bear to have one in the house1 it would be going so entirely against my own principles4 ,it is most important1 when a girl is learning to work1 that great care should be taken with her to prevent her from acquiring bad habits2 such habits1 ,i mean1 as clicking her needle with her thimble1 pinning her work to her knee1 biting the end of her thread1 and sticking her needle into the front of her dress4 ,these habits once gained will probably stick to her all her life1 and she will find the greatest difficulty in overcoming them4 ,it is therefore advisable that she should be taught to work by her mother1 rather than be left to the instruction of servants4 ,a #gdc ladylike manner of working is essential1 and should be carefully cultivated1 for work may be executed both neatly and rapidly without the acquirement of any of these vulgar peculiarities4 ,a great point to be learned connected with plain-work1 and one that ,i consider quite indispensable1 is the art of cutting out accurately and without waste of material4 ,far too little importance is attached to that branch of work1 and many women go to their graves without acquiring it1 having been dependent all their lives upon their servants or some kind friend for having their work cut out and placed for them4 ,when this is the case ladies are apt to be too much under the thumb of their ladies' maids or nurses1 who are not slow to profit by their own superior knowledge1 and domineer over their mistresses accordingly4 ,where there are a number of the same articles of clothing to be made1 it is advisable to cut out one garment first1 being careful to take the pattern in paper1 and to complete it before cutting out the rest of the material4 ,by this means an opinion can be formed as to whether it fits properly and any necessary alterations may be made4 ,the other articles may then be cut out all together1 care being taken to pin the separate parts together1 to avoid their being mislaid or any mistakes made4 ,it is no doubt essential that sewing should be neatly done1 but ,i think this need not be achieved at the entire expense of all rapidity of execution4 ,it really is perfectly ludicrous to see some women at their work4 ,they look at each stitch when completed1 and give it a little approving pat with the top of the thimble2 and at this rate1 though the neatness of the work may be undeniable1 still so little is accomplished1 that it is hardly worth the trouble of doing it at all4 ,method in plain-work is also highly necessary1 and much time and labor may be spared by keeping all the materials in the proper places4 ,if every article when done with is put away carefully1 it is sure to be forthcoming when again required4 ,thus1 there is no time wasted in searching for a missing reel of cotton1 or hunting up a pair of scissors4 ,the cleanliness of the work is also thereby kept unimpaired4 ,the greatest care should be taken with the pieces of broken needles1 which are too apt to be left carelessly about the floor1 and which are most dangerous1 especially when there are any young children in the house4 ,i must confess1 and ,i do it with shame1 that there was a time when ,i was not as careful as ,i am now4 ,i never shall forget my husband's indignation upon coming into my room one day1 where our second baby was crawling about on the ground1 at finding a piece of a broken needle in her hand1 quite ready to put it in her mouth4 ,i think he was more angry with me then than he had ever been before during our married life4 ,it was certainly a good lesson to me1 for ,i have been most careful ever since1 and ,i'll trouble him or anybody else to find a broken needle about my carpet now4 ,waste should be carefully avoided1 both with regard to ends of cotton and pieces of material4 ,the scraps of the latter which are too small to be of any use1 instead of being left littered about the room1 should be thrown into a waste-basket1 to be cleared by the housemaid1 and the larger pieces should be tidily put away4 ,the time will probably come when they will be required for some purpose or other2 and if pinned up in a tight bundle they will not occupy much space in a drawer or basket kept for the purpose4 ,i trust ,i have not ridden my hobby to death1 nor worn out the patience of my readers1 but it is a subject the importance of which ,i strongly feel4 ,it must not1 however1 be supposed that ,i advocate the cultivation of work to the exclusion of more intellectual pursuits1 or that ,i wish to take the bread from the mouth of my poorer sister4 ,i consider a thorough #gdd knowledge of the science of plain-work to be essential to every woman1 be she rich or poor1 and that in it she will always find a sphere of usefulness4 ,it will1 if cultivated1 turn out for her own benefit1 and the comfort and happiness of those around her1 and surely it shall be said of her that her children arise up1 and call her blessed2 her husband also1 and he praiseth her4 ------ ,,the ,,birthplace ,,of ,,saint ,,patrick4 ,,by ,j4 ,,cashel ,,hoey4 ,the question of the birthplace of ,st4 ,patrick--a question which has been debated with considerable learning and acrimony for several centuries--has always seemed to me to have an interest far beyond the rival claims of clans and the jealous litigation of the antiquary4 ,it is interesting not merely because it is in reality a curious archaeological problem1 but also because it may in some measure afford a clue to the character of one of the greatest saints and greatest men of his own age or of any other--a saint who was the apostle of a nation which he found all heathen and left all ,christian2 who succeeded in planting the ,catholic faith without a single act of martyrdom1 but planted it so firmly that it has never failed for now #a1djj years1 though tried in what various processes of martyrdom ,god and man too well know2 a saint whose apostolate was the mainspring of an endless succession of missionary enterprises1 prosecuted with the same untiring zeal in the nineteenth century as in the fifth1 wherever the vanguard of ,christendom may happen to be found1 whether in ,austria1 in ,gaul1 in ,switzerland1 or in ,iceland1 as now at the furthest confines of ,america and of ,australasia4 ,add to these ordinary evidences of the supernatural efficacy of ,st4 ,patrick's mission the testimony which is derived from the peculiar spiritual character of the people that he converted4 ,the ,irish nation retains the impress which it received from the hands of ,st4 ,patrick in a way that ,i believe no other ,christian nation has preserved the mould of its apostle4 ,if that nation has never even dreamed of heresy or schism1 it is because1 in terms as positive as an ultramontane of our own days could devise1 ,footnote #aai ,st4 ,patrick established the supreme authority of the ,roman ,pontiff as a chief canon of the ,irish ,church4 ,patience in poverty1 an innate love of purity1 prodigal alms-giving1 and mutual charities1 the practice of heavy penances and of long fasts1 a peculiarly vivid sense of purgatory1 and a strong devotion to the doctrine of the ,trinity1 which the saint taught in the figure of the shamrock--these have always been the distinguishing characteristics of ,irish piety4 ,they were the peculiar characteristics of the ,christian of the fourth century1 who had not yet learned to live at peace with the world--who felt that as yet ,christians were in the strictest sense one family community--who practised mortification1 as if the untamed pagan #gde blood were still burning in his veins1 and the great temptation to whose faith was the heresy of ,arius1 and the question of the relations of the three divine persons4 ,but ,st4 ,patrick was not only a great saint--was not merely and simply the apostle of the ,irish2 he was their teacher and their lawgiver1 their ,cadmus and ,lycurgus as well4 ,the school of letters which he founded in ,ireland so well preserved the learning which had become all but extinguished throughout western ,europe1 that your own ,alfred1 following a host of your nobles and clerics1 went thither to be taught1 and the universities of ,paris and ,pavia owe their earliest lights to ,irish scholars4 ,the ,brehon laws1 which are at last to be published1 by order of ,parliament1 a complete code of the most minute and comprehensive character1 were1 according to the evidence of our annalists1 carefully revised and remodelled by ,st4 ,patrick1 with the consent of the different estates of the kingdom of ,ireland2 and there is good reason to believe that this revision1 of which there is abundant intrinsic evidence1 had reference not merely to the ,christian doctrine and the canons of the ,church1 but to the body of the ,roman civil law4 ,footnote #aai3 ,quaecunqne causa valde difficilis exorta fuerit atque ignota cun8tis ,scotorum gentis jadicils1 ad cathedram archiepiscopi ,hibernensium1 atque hujus antistitis examinationem recte referenda4 ,si vero in illa1 cum suis sapientibus1 facile sanari non poterit talis causa praedictae negotiationis1 ad ,sedem ,apostolicam decrevimus esse mittendam2 id est1 ad ,petri ,apostoli cathedram1 auctoritatem ,romae urbis habentem4 ,this canon of ,st4 ,patrick is contained in the ,book of ,armagh1 the antiquity of which is instanced in the text of the present paper4 ,the canon is of a date early in the fifth century2 and it would be difficult to show so early1 so emphatic and so complete a recognition of the ,papal authority in the ecclesiastical legislation of any other national church4 ,it would throw a certain light upon the character of a saint whose works were so various and so full of vitality1 if we could arrive at any solid conclusion as to the place of his nativity1 the quality of his parentage1 and the sources of his education4 ,the theory most generally accepted1 and which certainly has the greatest weight of authority in its favor1 is that which assumes that ,st4 ,patrick was born in ,scotland1 at ,dumbarton1 on the ,clyde--the son1 as we may suppose1 of a ,french or ,british official employed in the ,roman service at that extreme outpost of their settlements in this island1 where he would have spent his youth surrounded by a perpetual clangor of barbarous battle1 amid clans of ,picts and ,celts swarming across the barriers of the ,lowland4 ,the opinion that ,st4 ,patrick was a ,scotchman has the unanimous assent of all the antiquaries of ,scotland2 but ,i am not aware that any of them has succeeded in identifying any single locality named in the original documents with any place of sufficient antiquity in or near ,dumbarton2 nor could ,i1 in the course of a careful examination of the district and the recognized authorities concerning its topography1 arrive at any acceptable evidence on the subject4 ,i have to add to the ,scotch authorities and pleadings1 however1 all the best of the ,irish4 ,that ,st4 ,patrick was born in ,scotland is the opinion of ,colgan1 ,footnote #abj a writer whose services to the history of the ,irish ,church cannot be excelled and have not been equalled4 ,the opinion of ,colgan has overborne almost every other authority which intervened between his time and the present4 ,the ,bollandists ,footnote #aba accepted it without hesitation2 and ,i hasten to add to their great sanction that of the two most learned antiquaries of the latter days of ,ireland1 ,dr4 ,john ,o',donovan and ,professor ,eugene ,o',curry4 ,they1 ,i am aware1 were also of ,colgan's opinion2 and so1 ,i believe1 are ,dr4 ,reeves and ,dr4 ,todd1 whose views on most points of ecclesiastical antiquities connected with ,ireland are entitled to be named with every respect4 ,footnote #abj3 ,colganus1 ,r4 ,p4 ,f4 ,joannes1 ,triadis ,thaumaturgae1 sen ,divorum ,patricii1 ,columbae1 et ,brigidiaetrium ,hiberniae ,patronorum1 ,acta4 ,lovanii1 #afdg4 ,footnote #aba3 ,acta ,sanctorum ,martii a ,joanne ,bollando1 tom4 il4 ,antverpiae1 #affh4 ,still it is to be said1 on the other hand1 that the opinion that ,st4 ,patrick was born in ,france has always had a traditional establishment in ,ireland4 ,it is asserted in one of the oldest of his lives1 that of ,st4 ,eleran1 and indicated in another1 that of ,probus4 ,don ,philip ,o',sullivan ,bearre ,footnote #abb is not the first nor the last of the more modern biographers of the saint who has held that he was of ,french birth1 though of ,british blood4 ,but before the time of ,dr4 ,lanigan1 the most acute1 the #gdf most conscientious1 and perhaps the most generally learned of ,irish historians1 there appears to have been no really candid and scientific examination of the original documents and evidences4 ,irish scholars were too angrily engaged in the controversy of ,scotia ,major and ,scotia ,minor to be seriously regarded when they proposed to remove ,st4 ,patrick's birthplace from the neighborhood of ,glasgow to the neighborhood of ,nantes4 ,until ,dr4 ,lanigan published his ,ecclesiastical ,history1 ,footnote #abc no one seems to have even attempted to identify he localities named in the various original documents which concern the saint4 ,dr4 ,lanigan came to the conclusion that he was born not at ,dumbarton but in ,france1 at or in the neighborhood of ,boulogne-sur-,mer4 ,i am able1 ,i hope1 to perfect the proof which ,dr4 ,lanigan commenced1 and which1 if he had been enabled to follow it up by local research and by the light lately cast on the geography of ,roman ,gaul1 would1 ,i am sure1 have come far more complete from his hands4 ,footnote #abb3 ,d4 ,philippi ,o',sullevani ,bearri ,iberni1 ,patritiana ,decas4 ,madrid1 #afbi4 ,footnote #abc3 ,lanigan1 ,john1 ,d4,d4 ,an ,ecclesiastical ,history of ,ireland4 ,dublin1 #ahbj4 ,i hold1 then1 with ,doctor ,lanigan1 and with a tradition which has long existed in ,ireland1 and also in ,france1 that ,st4 ,patrick was born on the coast of ,armoric ,gaul2 and that ,roman in one sense by descent--by his education in a province where ,roman civilization had long prevailed1 where the ,latin language was spoken1 and the privileges of the empire fully possessed--,roman too by the possession of nobility1 which he himself declares1 and of which his name was a curious commemoration ,footnote #abd--,roman1 in fine1 in the connection of his family which he testifies with the ,roman government and with the ,church1 ,st4 ,patrick was a ,celt of ,gaul by blood4 ,the fact that the district between ,boulogne and ,amiens was at that time inhabited by a clan called ,britanni has misled both those who supposed he must have been born in the island of ,britain and those who held that1 if born in ,france1 he must have been born in that part of it which was subsequently called ,brittany4 ,footnote #abd3 ,gibbon says 7,decline and ,fall of the ,roman ,empire1 v4 vi47 ,at this period the meanest subjects of the ,roman empire assumed the illustrious name of ,patricius1 which by the conversion of ,ireland has been communicated to a whole nation4 ,it is supposed that the name was conferred on ,st4 ,patrick in consideration of his parting with his nobility for a motive of charity1 as he mentions in his ,epistle to ,coroticus4 ,but he was certainly not the first of the name4 ,patricius was also the name of ,st4 ,augustine's father1 born fully a century before4 ,the original documents which bear on the point are only two in number --the ,confession of ,st4 ,patrick himself1 and the hymn in his honor composed by his disciple ,st4 ,fiech4 ,of the antiquity of these documents we have evidence the most complete that can be conceived4 ,not merely does written history certify the record of their age--they have borne much more delicate tests4 ,the hymn of ,st4 ,fiech is written in a dialect of ,irish that is to the ,irish of the ,four ,masters as the ,english of ,chaucer is to the ,english of ,lord ,macaulay4 ,the quotations of ,scripture which are given in the ,confession of ,st4 ,patrick are taken from the version according to the interpretation of the ,septuagint1 and not according to the recent version of ,st4 ,jerome1 which had indeed been just executed in ,st4 ,patrick's time1 but had not yet been publicly received4 ,at the same time1 the ,liber ,armachanus1 which contains the original copy of the ,confession1 contains also ,st4 ,jerome's translation of the ,new ,testament--thus curiously marking the fact that the date of the one document by a little preceded the date of the other4 ,the manuscript itself has been subjected to a most curious and rigorous examination4 ,the authentic signature of ,brian1 ,imperator ,hibernorum1 commonly called ,brian ,boroimhe1 on the occasion of his visit to ,armagh1 carries us back at a bound eight hundred years in its history2 but the scholar who is expert in the hue of vellum and the style of the scribe1 will tell us that the ,book of ,armagh was #gdg evidently a book of venerable age even then4 ,the ,rev4 ,charles ,graves1 ,footnote #abe a fellow of the ,university of ,dublin1 and a scholar specially skilled in the study of the ,irish manuscripts and hieroglyphs1 published a paper some years ago in the ,proceedings of the ,royal ,irish ,academy on the question of the age of the ,book of ,amagh4 ,that the version at present preserved in the library of ,trinity ,college is a copy from a far older version he says there can be no doubt4 ,the marginal notes of the scribe show that he found it difficult in many places to read the manuscript from which he was transcribing4 ,but the same notes1 the character of his writing1 and a reference to the ,irish primate of the time under whose authority the work was undertaken1 leave no doubt that the transcript was executed by a scribe named ,ferdomnach1 during the primacy of ,archbishop ,torbach1 at a date not later than the year of ,our ,lord #hjg4 ,footnote #abe3 ,graves1 ,rev4 ,c1 ,on the ,age of the ,book of ,armagh3 ,proceedings of the ,royal ,irish ,academy1 vol4 iii41 p4 #haf4 ,of the ,confession1 beside the original copy in the ,book of ,armagh1 there are several manuscript versions of great age in ,england3 two at ,salisbury2 two in the ,cotton library2 one1 ,i believe1 at ,cambridge2 another very interesting and valuable copy1 that which was used by the ,bollandists in printing their edition of the ,confession1 existed until the time of the revolution in the famous ,french monastery of ,st4 ,vedastus4 ,fragments of the precious manuscripts of that learned congregation are scattered among the libraries of ,arras1 of ,saint ,omer1 of ,boulogne1 and of ,douai2 but among them ,i could not find any trace of the missing manuscript of ,st4 ,patrick's ,confession2 nor could the present learned representatives of ,bollandus1 who were good enough to interest themselves in my inquiry1 give me any room to hope that it still exists4 ,it would have been of much importance to have been able to compare the style and the text of the only existing ,french copy with the original in ,ireland--especially as that ,french copy belonged to the very district from which ,st4 ,patrick originally came4 ,there are four localities designated in these documents2 three of them in the ,confession of ,st4 ,patrick1 and one in the hymn of ,st4 ,fiech4 ,in the ,confession1 ,st4 ,patrick says of himself1 ,patrem habui ,calphurnium ,diaconum 7or ,diacurionem7 qui fuit e vico ,bonaven-,taberniae2 villam ,enon prope habuit1 ubi ego in capturam decidi4 ,the hymn of ,st4 ,fiech adds that the saint was born at a place called ,nem-tur4 ,the ancient ,lives of ,st4 ,patrick cite these localities with little variation4 ,the first ,life1 given in ,colgan's collection1 and ascribed to ,st4 ,patrick junior1 says1 ,natus est igitur in illo oppido1 ,nempthur nomine4 ,patricius natus est in campo ,taburnae4 ,the second ,life1 which is ascribed to ,st4 ,benignus1 is word for word the same with the first on this point4 ,the third1 supposed to be by ,st4 ,eleran1 suggests that he was of ,irish descent through a colony allowed by the ,romans to settle in ,armorica2 but that his parents were of ,strato ,cludi 7,strath ,clyde72 that he was born1 however1 in oppido ,nempthur1 quod oppidum in campo ,taburniae est4 ,this life is of very ancient date1 and shows clearly enough how old is the ,irish tradition concerning the saint's birth in ,france4 ,the fourth ,life1 by ,probus1 says3 ,brito fuit natione 4 4 4 de vico ,bannave ,tiburniae regionis1 haud procul a mare occidentali--quem vicum indubitanter comperimus esse ,neustriae provinciae1 in qua olim gigantes4 ,here1 again1 we observe the same confused tradition of the saint's ,french origin2 for ,neustria was the name in the ,merovingian period of the whole district comprised between the ,meuse and the ,loire4 #gdh ,the fifth and best known life1 by ,jocelyn1 has it3 ,brito fuit natione in pago ,taburniae--co quod ,romanus exercitus tabernacula fixerant ibidem1 secus oppidum ,nempthor degens1 mare ,hibernico collimitans habitatione4 ,the sixth ,life1 by ,st4 ,evin1 declares that he was de ,brittanis ,alcluidensibus1 natus in ,nempthur4 ,the ,breviaries repeat the same names with as little attempt to fix the actual localities4 ,the ,breviary of ,paris says3 ,in ,britiania natus1 oppido ,empthoria4 ,the ,breviary of ,armagh3 ,in illo ,brittaniae oppido nomine ,emptor4 ,the old ,roman ,breviary says simply3 ,grenere ,brito4 ,the ,breviary of ,rheims3 ,in maritimo ,brittaniae territorio4 ,the ,breviary of ,rouen3 ,in ,brittania ,gallicana4 ,the ,breviary of the canons of ,st4 ,john of ,lateran3 ,ex ,brittania magna insula4 ,it will be observed that in the principal of these authorities there is a concurrence in accepting the locality called so variously ,nemthur and ,empthoria1 as well as the second of the localities1 the ,taberniae1 named by ,st4 ,patrick himself2 and also that there is no appearance of certainty in the minds of the writers as to the exact sites of the places of which they speak4 ,none of them ventures to name the exact district or diocese where ,empthoria or the ,taberniae are to be found4 ,but certain scholia upon the ,hymn of ,st4 ,fiech1 which were for the first time published by ,colgan in the ,triadis ,thaumaturgae1 boldly lay down the proposition that ,nemthur est civitas in ,brittania ,septentrionali1 nempe ,alcluida2 and the name is also translated as meaning ,holy ,tower4 ,the same writer1 however1 adds in another note that ,st4 ,patrick was not carried into his ,irish captivity from ,dumbarton1 but from ,boulogne1 where he and his family were visiting some of their friends at the time when the ,irish pirates swept down upon the coast of ,gaul4 ,the ,irish annals say that about the period of ,st4 ,patrick's captivity1 ,nial of the ,nine ,hostages lost his life on the ,sea of ,iccius between ,france and ,england4 ,these long piratical forays were not uncommon at the time4 ,footnote #abf ,a little later1 the last of our pagan kings1 ,dathy1 was killed by lightning near the ,rhaetian ,alps4 ,footnote #abf3 ,totum cum ,scotus ,iernem ,movit1 et infesto spumsvit remige ,tethys ,,claudian4 ,colgan with a curious credulity accepted this improbable solution of the scholiast1 of which it may in the first place be said that it is incompatible with the statement of ,st4 ,patrick himself1 who declares distinctly that he was captured at a country house belonging to his father1 near the town to which his family belonged4 ,usher1 however1 who had equal opportunities of studying the original documents1 also adopted this explanation4 ,several ,irish writers1 and especially ,don ,philip ,o',sullivan1 vaguely conscious of the tradition of ,st4 ,patrick's ,french origin1 attempted to reconcile the fact of his being a ,briton with the fact of his birth in ,france by the supposition that he was a ,breton of ,brittany4 ,this theory1 however1 falls summarily to the ground when it is opposed to the fact that the province now known by the name of ,brittany was not inhabited by any tribe which bore the name in the time of ,st4 ,patrick1 ,the year #deh1 says the ,benedictine ,lobineau ,footnote #abg in his learned history of ,brittany1 is about the epoch of the establishment of the ,bretons in that part of ancient ,armorica which at present bears the name of ,bretagne4 ,there was1 however1 a clan called ,brittani1 further toward the north of ,france1 a clan whose territory ,pliny and the ,greek ,dionysius ,periegetes had long before designated with accuracy3 ,pliny in these words1 ,deinde ,menapii1 ,morini1 ,oromansaci juncti pago1 qui ,gessoriacus vocatur2 #gdi ,brittani1 ,ambiani1 ,bellovaci4 ,footnote #abh ,the ,brittani of the time of ,st4 ,patrick are to be found in the country that lies between ,boulogne and ,amiens4 ,it is there that ,lanigan came upon the first authentic traces of the origin of our apostle4 ,footnote #abg3 ,lobineau4 ,d4 ,gui ,alexis1 ,histoire de ,bretagne4 ,paris1 #agjg4 ,footnote #abh3 ,plinii ,secundi1 ,historia ,naturalis2 de ,gallia1 #a4 iv4 ,the editors of the ,dauphin's edition have a note on the word ,brittaui1 which is worth quotation4 ,ita libri omnes4 ,hi inter ,gessoriacenses ,ambianosqne medii1 in ora similiter positi1 ea loca teuuere cert1 ubi nunc oppida ,stapulae1 ,monetrolium1 ,hesdinium1 et adjacentem agrum1 ,ponticum ad ,somonam amnem4 ,cluverius hic ,briannos legi mavult4 ,see also the learned essay on the ,britons of ,armorica in the ,acta ,sanctorum1 ,vit ,s4 ,ursulae2 ,octobris1 vol4 ix41 p4 #ajh4 ,a glance at the map will show the close relation of the district marked by the present towns of ,etaples1 ,montreuil1 ,hesdin1 and ,ponthieu to the localities named a little farther on4 ,that the ,britons of ,great ,britain originally came from this district is declared in the ,welsh ,triads1 thus3 ,the three beneficent tribes of the ,isle of ,britain4 ,the first was the nation of the ,cymmry1 who came with ,hu the mighty to the ,isle of ,britain1 who would not possess nor country nor lands through writing and persecution1 but of equity and in peace2 the second was the stock of the ,lioegrians1 who came from the land of ,gwasgwyn 7,gascolgne71 and were descended from the primitive stock of the ,cymmry3 the third were the ,brython1 and from the land of ,llydaw they came1 having their descent from the primary stock of the ,cymmry4 ,and again1 ,cynan is spoken of as lord of ,meirlon 7probably a ,celtic form of the word ,morini7 in ,llydaw4 ,taliessin also mentions the ,morini ,btython in his ,prif ,gyfarch1 ,lydaw1 ,latinized ,letavia1 is one of the early ,celtic names of the country of the ,morini1 as ,neustria1 in the ,life by ,probus1 was that given in the ,merovingian period to the whole province between the ,meuse and ,loire1 including ,boulogne of course4 ,pliny mentions ,boulogne itself as the ,portus ,morinorum ,brittanicus4 ,he was guided to his conclusion1 mainly1 ,i think1 by the ,history of the ,morini1 published in the year #afci1 by the ,jesuit ,malbrancq1 ,footnote #abi and which seems strangely to have escaped the notice of every earlier ,irish writer4 ,in this work1 there are two chapters devoted to the tradition of the connection of ,st4 ,patrick with the see of ,boulogne4 ,malbrancq relates this tradition1 which states that previous to his departure for the ,irish mission1 ,st4 ,patrick remained for some time at ,boulogne1 occupied in preaching against the ,pelagian heresy1 to contend with which ,saint ,germanus and ,lupus had crossed over to ,britain4 ,malbrancq refers1 in proof of this fact1 to the ,chronicon ,morinense1 to the ,catalogue of the ,bishops of ,boulogne1 and to the ,life of ,st4 ,arnulphus of ,soissons4 ,this tradition is to a certain extent a clue in tracing the early and intimate connection of ,st4 ,patrick with this country--but as yet it is nothing more4 ,footnote #abi3 ,malbrancq1 ,jacobus1 ,de ,morinis et ,morinrum rebus4 ,tornaci ,nerviorum1#afci--afed4 ,the critical question is1 whether the four names given by ,st4 ,patrick himself1 and by ,st4 ,fiech1 can be identified with any localities now known either in the district of ,boulogne or any other district in which toward the close of the fourth century it is possible to find the conditions of ,roman government and ,british blood combined8 ,before ,lanigan there was1 it seems to me1 no serious attempt made to solve this question4 ,the scholiast whose authority was so unhesitatingly adopted by ,colgan and ,usher simply says1 ,nempthur est civitas in ,brittania ,septentrionali1 nempe ,alcluid4 ,there is not a word more4 ,he does not attempt to show how ,nempthur and ,alcluid are to be considered as convertible terms4 ,nor does he attempt to interpret the names of the three localities stated by ,st4 ,patrick himself4 ,the same may be said1 in the most sweeping way1 of the biographies and the breviaries4 ,i will now read the reasons which ,lanigan gives for identifying ,bonaven with ,boulogne1 and ,taberniae with a city very famous in the wars of the middle ages1 long before ,arras had been fortified by ,vauban or defended by ,general ,owen ,roe ,o',neill4 ,it will be observed that ,lanigan does not attempt to identify the two other localities ,enon and ,nempthur4 ,the former he regarded as too insignificant1 the latter he did not believe had any existence4 ,i will not say that his proof with regard to the identity of ,boulogne with ,bonaven is conclusive2 but if the whole of his proof rested on as strong presumptive grounds1 little would remain to be said on the subject4 ,the second part of it is1 however1 in my humble opinion1 wholly erroneous4 ,he says3 #gej ,colgan acknowledges that there is an ancient tradition among the inhabitants of ,armoric ,britain that ,st4 ,patrick was born in their country1 and that some ,irishmen were of the same opinion4 ,he quotes some passages from ,probus and others whence they argued in proof of their position1 but omits1 through want of attention to that most valuable document1 the following passage of ',st4 ,patrick's ,confession3' ,my father was ,calpurnius1 a deacon1 son of ,potitus1 a priest of the town ,bonavem ,taberniae4 ,he had near the town a small villa1 ,enon1 where ,i became a captive4' ,here we have neither a town ,nemthor nor ,alcluit4 ,nor will any ,british antiquary be able to find out a place in ,great ,britain to which the names ,bonavem ,taberniae can be applied4 ,usher1 although he had quoted these words1 has not attempted to give any explanation of them1 or to reconcile them with ,nemthur4 ,the word ,taberniae has puzzled not only ,colgan1 but some of the authors of the ,lives which he chose to follow2 for while they left out ,bonavem as not agreeing with ,nemthur1 they retained ,taberniae1 or1 as they were pleased to write it1 ,taburniae1 which they endeavored to account for by making it a district that got its name from having been the site of a ,roman camp in which there were tents or tabernacles4 ,colgan1 who swallowed all this stuff1 quotes ,jocelin as his authority for ,taburnia being situated near the ,clyde1 at the ,south ,bank4 ,great authority1 indeed6 ,it is1 however1 odd that such a place should be unnoticed by all those who have undertaken to elucidate the ancient topography of ,great ,britain4 ,the places of ,roman camps in that country were usually designated by the adjunct castra1 whence chester1 or cester1 in which the names of so many cities and towns in ,england terminate4 ,bonavem1 or ,bonaven1 was in ,armoric ,gaul1 being the same town as ,boulogne-sur-,mer in ,picardy4 ,that town was well known to the ,romans under the name of ,gressoriacum2 but about the reign of ,constantine the ,great the ,celtic name ,bonaven or ,bonaun1 alias ,bonon1 which was ,latinized into ,bononia1 became more general4 ,according to ,bullet1 who informs us that ,am1 ,aven1 ,on1 signify river in the ,celtic language1 the town was so called from its being at the mouth of a river2 ,bon1 mouth1 on or avon1 river4 ,baxter also observes that ,bononia is no other than ,bonavon or ,bonaun1 for aven1 avem1 avon1 aun1 are pronounced in the same manner4 ,the addition of ,taberniae marks its having been in the district of ,tarvanna or ,tarvenna1 alias ,tarabanna1 a celebrated city not far from ,boulogne1 the ruins of which still remain under the modern name of ,terouanne4 ,the name of this city was extended to a considerable district around it1 thence called pagus ,tarbannensis1 or ,tarvanensis regio4 ,gregory of ,tours calls the inhabitants ,tarabannenses4 ,it is often mentioned under the name of ,civitas ,morinorum1 having been the principal city of the ,morini1 in which ,boulogne was also situated4 ,boulogne was so connected with ,tarvanna that both places anciently formed but one episcopal see4 ,thus ,jonas1 in his ',life of the ,abbot ,eustatius1' written near twelve hundred years ago1 calls ,audomarus ,bishop of ,boulogne and ,tarvanna4 ,it is probable that ,st4 ,patrick's reason for designating ,bonaven by the adjunct ,taberniae was lest it might be confounded with the ,bononia of ,italy1 now ,bologna1 or with a ,bononia in ,aquitain1 in the same manner that1 to avoid a similar confusion1 the ,french call it at present ,boulogne-sur-,mer4 ,perhaps it will be objected that ,tabernia is a different name from ,tarvenna4 ,in the first place1 it may be observed that1 owing to the usual commutation of b for v1 and vice vers1 we might read ,tavernia4 ,thus we have seen that ,tarvenna was called by some ,tarabanna4 ,to account for the further difference of the names1 nothing more is required than to admit the #gea transposition of a syllable or a letter1 which has frequently occurred in old words1 and particularly names of places4 ,nogesia1 the name of a town1 becomes ,genosia4 ,dunbritton has been modified into ,dunbertane1 ,dunbarton1 ,dumbarton4 ,probus agrees with the ',confession1' except that1 according to ,colgan's edition1 for ,bonavem ,taberniae he has ',bannave ,tyburniae regionis1' and adds that it was not far from the ,western sea or ,atlantic ocean4 ,although we may easily suppose that some errors of transcription have crept into the text of ,probus1 yet as to ,bannave there is no material difference between it and ,bonavem4 ,ban might be used for ,bon2 and the final m1 which was a sort of nasal termination1 as it is still with the ,portuguese1 could be omitted so as to write for ,bonavem1 or ,bonaum 7v and u being the same letter71 ,bonaue4 ,probus' addition of regionis is worth noticing1 as it corresponds with what has been said concerning the ,tarvanensis regio4 ,i think the proof in this passage with regard to the word ,bonaven is very strong4 ,the passage which ,lanigan cites from ,bexter distinctly says1 ,gallorum ,bononia eodem pene est etymo2 quasi dicas ,bon-avon sive ,bonaun4 ,the derivation of the word is clear enough4 ,avon even in ,england retains its ,celtic signification of a river4 ,but the passage identifying the ,tabernia of ,boulogne with ,therouanne is in my opinion altogether incorrect4 ,where he accounts for the change in the structure of the word by the usual transmutation of b and v1 he overlooks the letter r--a letter which does not melt into the music of patois by any means so easily4 ,again1 he hardly lays sufficient stress on the fact that the word ,taberniae is invariably understood in all the scholia1 and in all the lives1 to mean the ,campus tabernaculorum--the barracks and district occupied by a ,roman army4 ,in fine1 he confuses ,therouanne1 which is at a distance of thirty miles from ,boulogne1 and certainly did not stand in the relation he supposes to it1 with another city some twenty miles still further away4 ,but ,malbrancq1 who was his chief authority1 does not omit to mention that ,tervanna and ,taruanna are two absolutely distinct places3 ,tervanna was the old ,roman name of the town now known as ,saint ,pol ,footnote #acj--,taruanna that of ,therouenne4 ,footnote #acj3 ,comitum ,tervanensium ,annales ,historici1 ,collectore ,th4 ,turpin ,paulinati4 ,ord4 ,predicat4 #agca4 ,it is very possible--,i may add to the proof concerning the word ,bonaven--that it may have been written originally ,bononen1 for ,bononenses ,taberniae4 ,any one familiar with the form of the letters of the early ,irish alphabet1 indeed of almost all early manuscript1 will readily comprehend how easily an o might be written for an a1 an n for a v1 and vice vers1 by a scribe ignorant of the exact locality1 and copying from a half-defaced document4 ,any one who looks at the form of the letters in the alphabet of the ,book of ,kells1 given in ,dr4 ,o',donovan's ,grammar1 will conceive at a glance how this might have happened4 ,assuming1 however1 that ,lanigan is correct in his conjecture as to ,boulogne1 ,i have endeavored to discover whether the other localities named in the ,confession and ,hymn can be identified with localities now existing within the proper circumscription of the ,roman military occupation around that city1 and of a certain and unquestionable antiquity4 ,i need not inform the academy of the great military importance of ,boulogne at the time of which we treat4 ,it was the point from which ,england had been invaded4 ,it was the principal military settlement of the ,romans in ,northern ,gaul4 ,julian the ,apostate had held his headquarters there shortly before ,st4 ,patrick's birth4 ,the country all around is marked by roads and mounds1 which exhibit the rigid lines and stern solidity of ,roman construction4 ,i learn from a recent essay by #geb ,m4 ,quenson1 an accomplished scholar of ,saint ,omer1 that eighty-eight different works have been written to settle the site of the ,portus ,itius1 whence ,caesar embarked to invade ,britain1 and nineteen different localities assigned4 ,since ,m4 ,quenson wrote1 ,m4 de ,saulcy has again opened1 and this time ,i think finally determined1 that controversy4 ,perhaps ,i am so far fortunate that the absorbing zeal with which this difficult problem has been pursued1 in a country of such zealous scholars1 still leaves to a stranger somewhat to glean1 in places far inland from the famous port which they have so long labored to identify4 ,the localities to which ,st4 ,patrick refers have1 ,i find1 all been preserved with the least alteration of their etymology that it is possible to conceive in the space of so many centuries2 and this1 ,i may add1 is peculiarly wonderful in a country where so many ,roman names have1 by the friction of the much mixed dialects of northern ,france1 been almost frayed out of recognition4 ,who would suppose1 for example1 taking some of the familiar names of the department1 that ,fampoux was the ,fanum ,pollucis1 ,dainville ,dianae villa1 ,lens ,elena1 ,etaples ,stapulae1 ,hermaville ,hermetis villa1 ,hesdin ,helenum1 ,souchez ,sabucetum1 ,surques ,surcae1 ,ervillers ,herivilla1 ,tingry ,tingriacum8 ,footnote #aca ,and yet regarding these names there is no doubt that the modern ,french is a corruption of the old ,latin form4 ,of the localities1 which ,i proceed to designate1 ,i submit that each has kept its original name with far less violation of the ancient word4 ,the ,enon1 the ,nemthur1 the ,taberniae of ,st4 ,patrick are1 to my mind1 manifest in comparison with the majority of a hundred other localities in the ,boulonnais which undoubtedly derive their titles from a ,roman source4 ,footnote #aca3 ,the name of the neighboring village of ,ardres has run through the following traceable variations since the ,roman period3 ,horda1 ,ardra1 ,ards1 ,ardrea1 ,ardes1 ,ardres4 ,in the first place1 let us take the word ,enon4 ,the river ,liane1 which runs into the sea at ,boulogne1 was known to the ,romans as the ,fluvius ,enna4 ,it is so marked on the most ancient maps of northern ,gaul4 ,it is so written in ,latin by ,malbrancq4 ,near ,desvres--once called ,desurennes1 or ,desvres-sur-,ennes--there is marked a little village of the same name1 called also ,enna4 ,i will not be said to strain language1 which has survived so many centuries1 very severely when ,i venture to identify ,st4 ,patrick's ,enon with this undoubtedly ,roman ,enon4 ,lanigan totally disbelieved in the existence of the town called ,nempthor4 ,i could not do so2 nor underrate the importance of identifying it1 if possible1 in such an inquiry as this4 ,but the difficulty of discovering this place was hitherto greatly increased by a mistranslation of its meaning1 for which ,i believe ,colgan is responsible4 ,the word was always supposed to mean ,holy ,tower--,neim1 holy1 and ,tur1 tower--until ,professor ,eugene ,o',curry1 when compiling1 some years ago1 his valuable catalogue of the ,irish ,,mss4 of the ,british ,museum1 after a minute examination of the manuscript1 which is the oldest copy of the ,hymn in existence1 came to the conclusion that the word should really be written ,emtur1 as it is indeed1 though by accident ,i take it1 in some of the breviaries4 ,the place of ,st4 ,patrick's birth1 he says1 is generally written ,nemtur2 but there is clear evidence that the ,n is but a prefix introduced to fill the hiatus in the text1 and that ,emtur is the proper form of the word4 ,the word1 then1 means not holy tower1 but the tower of some place or person indicated by the word ,em4 ,some eight miles distant from ,desvres1 toward the north1 still within the military circumscription of which it is the centre1 there is such a place4 ,the river ,em1 or ,hem1 flows past a village of so great an antiquity1 that even in the ordinary geographical dictionaries the record is preserved that ,julius ,caesar slept #gec there on his way to embark for the invasion of ,britain4 ,footnote #acb ,the town contains a ,roman arch and the ruins of a ,roman tower1 from which the village derives its name4 ,the name is ,tournehem1 or1 as it was written in ,malbrancq's time1 ,tur-n-hem4 ,the tower and the river show the derivation of the word at a glance4 ,the exigencies of ,irish verse simply caused their transposition4 ,i have only to add to ,mr4 ,o',curry's ingenious note on the subject the remark that the n was not1 as he supposes1 merely inserted to fill up a hiatus in the line1 but was obviously a part of it4 ,it is a copulative as common in ,celtic words as de in modern ,french1 and has precisely the same meaning4 ,ballynamuck1 for example1 means the town of1 or on1 the river ,muck4 ,tulloch na ,daly 7whose swelling dimensions the ,french afterward curbed into the famous name of ,tollendall7 is a more apposite instance4 ,footnote #acb3 ,ce lieu existait lorsque les l'egions romaines pentrrent dans la ,morinie1 l'an de ,rome #fig1 ou #eg ans avant l're valgaire1 et consistait alors en un chteau fort garni de tours1 d'o eat venu1 selon ,malbrancq1 la dnomination de ,tournehem du ,latin ,turribus4 ,csar s'empara de ce chteau et y fit quelque sjour pour l'avantage de ea cavalerie4 ,environ deux sicles et demi aprs1 c'est dire en #bah1 ,septime-,svre1 autre empereur romain1 fit camper dans le voisinage de ,tournehem 7sur la montagne de ,saint ,louis7 une partie de son arme destine pour une expdition contre le ,grand ,bretagne1 qu'll effectua glorieusement la mme anne4--,p4 ,collet1 ,notice ,historique de ,saint ,omer suivi de celles de ,therouanne el de ,tournehem4 ,saint ,omer1 #ahcj4 ,both ,m4 ,collet and ,pre ,malbrancq1 however1 overlook the obvious derivation of the word--though both note the name of the river which flows through the town1 and which ,m4 ,collet calls la rivire de ,hem ou de ,saint ,louis4 ,again1 ,m4 ,h4 ,piers1 in the ,mmoires de la ,socit des ,antiquaries de la ,morinie 7,saint ,omer4 #ahcd7 says1 ',csar aprs s'tre empar des forteresses de la contre s'y rendit de ,ther ouanne1 ,sithieu et ,tournehem1 l'an #ee on #ef avant l're vulgaire1 pour subjuguer la ,grande ,bretagne4 ,in the same volume there is an interesting paper by ,m4 ,pigauit de ,beaupr on the castle of ,tournehem1 which1 he says1 was partially rebuilt by ,baldwin ,,ii41 ,count of ,guines1 in #aagd1 and continued to be a principal residence of the ,dukes of ,burgundy at so late a date as #adhe4 ,but the vastness and solidity of the works which he describes1 some of them subterranean roads evidently used for communication with other fortified works1 clearly indicate their ,roman character4 ,baldwin1 indeed1 a prince far in advance of his age1 seems to have attempted to revive ,roman ideas1 and rebuild ,roman works wherever he found them within his dominions4 ,the castle of ,hmes1 near ,calais1 which he likewise rebuilt1 and which he ceded to the ,english as part of the ransom of ,king ,john of ,france1 was also1 as ,m4 ,pigault de ,beaupr shows1 of ,roman construction4 ,i have yet to identify the ,taberniae4 ,to the eye1 and on the old maps1 they almost identify themselves4 ,desvres has all the characters of a great ,roman military position--a vast place of arms1 the tracings of fortified walls1 the fosse1 lines of circumvallation1 and hard by on the forest edge the ,sept ,voies or ,septemvium1 the meeting of the seven great military roads leading from and to the other principal strongholds of the imperial power in northern and western ,europe4 ,any one who examines in particular the ,carte des ,voies ,romaines du ,dpartement du ,pas de ,calais1 published by the ,commission of ,departmental ,antiquities1 ,footnote #acc cannot fail to perceive that this now obscure village1 which certainly never was raised to the rank of a ,roman city1 was nevertheless once a great nucleus of ,roman power4 ,the fragment of an ancient bridge is still known as the ,pont de ,caesar4 ,the ,septemvium1 with its remarkable concentration of roads1 is alone sufficient to indicate the importance of the place4 ,there is one road leading straight to ,amiens2 one that reaches the sea by the mouth of the ,canche2 another that runs to the harbor of ,boulogne2 another that joins the roads from ,saint ,omer and from ,tournehem1 and carries them on to ,wissante and ,sangate1 the supposed ,portus ,itius and ,portus ,inferior2 the fifth road was to ,tervanna and ,arras2 the sixth to ,taruanna2 the seventh to ,saint ,omer4 ,would so many roads1 communicating with places of such military importance1 have been concentrated by a race of such a centralizing talent as the ,romans anywhere except at the cite of a great city or a great camp8 ,on the ancient maps1 indeed1 the country which lies between ,desvres and ,boulogne1 along the ,liane1 is simply marked ,castrum4 ,footnote #acc3 ,statistique ,monurnentale du ,dpartement du ,pas de ,calais4 ,publie par la ,commission des ,antiquits ,departementales4 ,arras3 chez ,topino1 ,libraire1 #ahdj4 #ged ,i now approach1 not unconscious of its difficulties1 the etymology of the word4 ,in the lax ,latin of the middle ages1 we find ,desvres spoken of as ,divernia ,bononiensis4 ,there is the epitaph of a churchman1 born in the place1 which says on his behalf3 ,me ,molinet peperit ,divernia ,bononiensis4 ,the local historian1 ,baron d',ordre1 speaks of the place as ,dsurne1 ,divernia1 aujourd'hui ,desvres4 ,footnote #acd ,the name ,desvres itself evidently has undergone strange1 yet traceable1 variations and modifications4 ,footnote #ace ,its first appearance as a ,french word is ,desurennes1 and this is derived from ,desvres sur ,enna1 or ,desvres upon the ,enna or ,liane1 which1 as ,i have said1 flows past the place1 giving its name to a little village near the forest4 ,by this derivation1 however1 only the first two letters of the original word ,desvres are left4 ,how do they disappear1 why do they reappear in the modern form of the word1 and what is its original derivation8 ,footnote #acd3 ,notice historique sur la ville de ,dsurne ,divernia1 aujourd'hui ,desvres4 ,par ,m4 d',ordre4 ,boulogne1 #ahaa4 ,footnote #ace3 ,,ii n'y pas #ej ans que le nom de ,desvres a prevalu sur celul de ,desurenne que cette ville avait tonjours port auparavant4--,m4 ,l4 ,cousin ,mmoires de la ,socit des ,antiquarires de la ,morinie1 vol4 iv41 p4 #bci4 ,m4 ,cousin's papers on ,monthulin and ,tingry1 in the ,transactions of this society1 are in general accord with what ,i have said of the ancient military importance of the whole district of ,desvres4 ,it is a very curious fact1 that in ,england the ,roman camps seem to have been always known as ,castra1 while in ,gaul the ,tabernae is the name which generally adhered to them4 ,lanigan says1 and correctly1 so far as ,i have been able to discover1 that there is no trace of a ,roman station called ,tabernae in ,england1 while the affix chester is the most common in its topography4 ,in ,england1 it may be said the ,romans encamped2 in ,france1 the ,tabernae meant a more settled and familiar residence1 as familiar as the ,caserne of the empire4 ,it would be interesting to inquire whether as many cities in ,france do not derive their origin from these military stations as ,england has of ,chesters4 ,but the student who attempts this task will be sure to find the ,latin word almost defaced beyond power of recognition by the etymological maltreatment which it has sustained in that conflict of consonants which has resulted in the present high polish of ,academic ,french4 ,i may mention one or two instances to show how little violence ,i do to ,french philology in identifying the ,divernia ,bononiensis of the middle ages with the ,tabenae of ,boulogne4 ,saveme in ,lorraine is well known to be the ,tabenae ,triborocrum4 ,it was known in a semi-,germanic form as ,elsas ,tabern4 ,gradually the sibilant ss of the first word invaded the second2 and it has long settled down into one word in the form of ,saveme4 ,the ,tabernae ,rhenanae1 on the other hand1 retained the hard b instead of converting it into v1 as inevitably happened in the south1 and instead changed the ,t into ,z ,rhein-,zabren4 ,in ages which had no hesitation in changing the pure dental ,t into the sibilant dentals ,s or ,z1 it will not be considered surprising that it was sometimes changed into ,d--the only other pure dental sound4 ,indeed1 of all the transmutations of letters1 those of d and t and those of v and b1 are notoriously the most common4 ,the ,irish d1 says ,o',donovan1 never has such a hard sound as the ,english d4 ,again1 ,in ancient writings1 t is frequently substituted for d4 ,again1 ,it should be remarked that in ancient ,irish ,,mss4 consonants of the same organ are very frequently substituted for each other1 and that where the ancients usually wrote p1 c1 t1 the moderns write b1 q1 d4 ,footnote #acf ,decline the ,irish word ,td1 father4 ,it becomes ,ei dd1 his father2 ,ei thd1 her father2 by nhd my father4 ,we carry the tendency into ,english4 ,the mistake is one from which certain parts of ,ireland as well as certain parts of ,france are not exempt even to the present day2 and in ,munster one may still #gee hear1 as in the times when the ballad of ,lillibullero was written1 the letter d occasionally used where the tongue intended t or th4 ,nor is this vagary of speech confined to the ,irish4 ,why do the ,welsh say ,tafyd for ,david8 ,it is the most frequently recurring of that systematic permutation of consonants which is one of the chief difficulties of the ,cymbric tongue4 ,the ,welsh d and t turn about and wheel about in their mysterious alphabet without the slightest scruple4 ,in ,germany the convertibility of the same letters is also very marked4 ,the ,german says das for that1 ,dank for thanks1 ,durst for thirst2 and again ,teufel for devil1 ,tanz for dance1 ,theil for dial4 ,as to the same abuse in ,france1 the dictionary of the ,academy and that of ,bescherelle ,footnote #acg lay down the principle very plainly3 ,le t est une lettre la fois linguale et dentale1 comme le d son correlatif1 plus faible1 plus doux1 avec lequel il est frquemment confondu1 nonseulement dans les langues germaniques1 mais dans la plupart des langues4 ,en latin1 cette lettre so permute frquemment avec le d3 attulit pour adtulit4 ,on crivit primitivement set1 aput1 quot1 haut1 au lieu de sed1 apud1 quod1 hand4 ,footnote #acf3 ,o',donovan1 ,john1 ,,ll4,d41 ,a ,grammar of the ,irish ,language4 ,dublin1 #ahde4 ,footnote #acg3 ,dictionnaire de l',acadmie ,franaise1 ,bescherelle1 ,dictionnaire ,national4 ,paris1 #aheg4 ,so far as to the permutation of ,t and ,d4 ,i will not waste the time of the reader in order to show that the conversion of v into b is even more common4 ,we find a familiar illustration of it in the old ,latin name of ,ireland1 which1 as every one knows1 is variously written ,ibernia1 ,ivernia1 ,hibernia1 ,juvernia1 and ,iernia4 ,but the ,english word tavern1 which is exactly derived from the ,latin ,taberniae1 is a still more apposite illustration in the present case4 ,in this word1 finally1 the intermediate vowel swayed in sound with the consonants which inclosed it4 ,as the primary ,latin ,t changed into the softer and feebler ,d1 and the b into v1 the intermediate a lost its full force4 ,the mediaeval ,latin melts into i in ,divernia4 ,the modern ,french form1 ,desvres1 brings it half-way back toward its place at the head of the alphabet4 ,it does not run the whole gamut of the vowels1 as from ,ibernia to ,juvernia4 ,this ,divernia ,bononiensis1 then1 ,i claim to identify with the ,taberniae ,bononienses1 ,tournehem with ,nemtur or ,emtor1 ,enna with ,enon4 ,if it were necessary even to push the proof a step further1 there is the district called ,le ,wicquet1 which ,m4 ,jean ,scoti1 who was lieutenant particulier de la ,sennechausse de ,boulogne1 tells us is undoubtedly derived from the ,latin ,vicus1 and which might naturally be the vico ,bonaven ,taberniae of which the ,confession speaks2 but the historian of ,desvres1 ,baron d',ordre1 whom ,i have already cited1 disputes this derivation1 and says the word is ,celtic1 and comes from ,wic1 ,celtic for wood1 like our word wicket4 ,both may be right1 for ,vicus may be a ,latin form of the same word4 ,footnote #ach ,but the point is not material4 ,footnote #ach3 ,among the names of villages in this district of whose history ,i could find no trace1 is one called ,erin1 the place where ,blessed ,benedict ,joseph ,labre was born4 ,let me now add to the etymological evidence a few historical illustrations4 ,st4 ,patrick is stated in almost all his biographies to have been a nephew of ,st4 ,martin of ,tours4 ,st4 ,martin1 though said to be a ,celt of ,pannonia1 was during his military and early ecclesiastical career stationed in this identical district4 ,the well known legend of his division of his cloak with the beggar1 who proved to be our ,lord himself1 is alleged to have taken place at ,amiens4 ,it is recorded that he was baptized at ,therouanne4 ,the first church raised to his honor was built there4 ,the principal missionaries of the district are said to have been his disciples1 and evidently entertained a deep devotion to him1 of #gef which there are still abundant evidences4 ,footnote #aci ,footnote #aci3 ,of the #dbj churches comprised in the ancient diocese of ,boulogne1 #hb had ,st4 ,martin for patron4 ,i also find several dedicated to the ,irish ,st4 ,maclou and ,st4 ,kilian3 but1 strange to say1 not one to ,st4 ,victricius4--,v4 ,histoire des ,evques de ,boulogne1 par ,m4 l',abb ,e4 ,van ,drival4 ,boulogne1 #aheb4 ,st4 ,patrick1 while in captivity at ,slemish in ,ireland1 lived within sight of ,scotland4 ,a few miles only separate the coasts at ,antrim4 ,but when he escaped1 he did not attempt to pass into ,scotland4 ,he made his way south1 and passed through ,england to ,france4 ,he says he was received among the ,britons as if 7quasi7 among his own clan and kin4 ,doubtless there was close relationship of race and language between the ,britons of the island and of the continent4 ,there were ,britons and there were ,atrebates on both sides of the sea4 ,footnote #adj ,but ,britain was not the saint's native place nor his resting-place4 ,he went on1 and abode with those whom he calls his brethren of ,gaul1 seeing again the familiar faces of the saints of the ,lord1 until he was summoned to undertake his mission to ,ireland4 ,footnote #adj3 ,m4 ,piers1 in the paper already cited1 quotes ,h4 ,amde ,thierry as saying2 ,les ,brittani furent les premiers qui a'y fixrent2 il habitalent une partie de la ,morinie2 peut-tre par un pieux souvenir ont-ils appel leur nouvelle patrie la ,grande ,bretagne4 ,les ,atrebates anglais1 originaires de ,belgium1 rsidaient ,caleva ou ,galena ,atrebatum1 #bb milles de ,venta ,belgarum dans le canton o est aujourd'hui ,windsor4 ,h4 ,piers adds that there is a tradition that a colony of the ,morini had given their name to a distant country of islands which they discovered2 but that he has found it impossible to discover the name in any ancient atlas4 ,perhaps the district of ,mourne1 on the north-east coast of ,ireland1 is that indicated4 ,the ,irish derivation of the name is at all events identical with the ,french ,in his own account of the vision which induced him to undertake the apostolate of ,ireland1 he says he was called to do so by a man1 whose name is variously written ,victor1 ,victoricius1 and ,victricius4 ,the real name is in all probability ,victricius2 but if it were ,victor or ,victoricius1 it would be equally easy 7were it not for the fear of failing by essaying to prove too much7 to identify the source of the saint's inspiration with the same district4 ,saint ,victricius was the great missionary of the ,morini at the end of the fourth century2 but he had been preceded in that capacity by ,st4 ,victoricius1 who suffered martyrdom with ,sts4 ,fuscien and ,firmin1 at ,amiens1 in ,a4,d4 #bhf4 ,again1 the name ,victor is that of a favorite disciple of ,st4 ,martin1 whom ,sulpicius ,severns sent to ,st4 ,paulinus of ,nola1 ,footnote #ada and of whom they both write in terms of extraordinary encomium4 ,but the person referred to in the ,confession is far more probably ,st4 ,victricius1 ,footnote #adb who was an exact contemporary of ,st4 ,patrick1 who was engaged on the mission of ,boulogne at the time of his escape1 and who is said to have been a ,french ,briton himself4 ,malbrancq's ,annals of the ,see of ,boulogne aver that in the year #cij the ,morini a ,domino ,victricio exculti sunt1 and that in the year #djj he dedicated their principal church to ,st ,martin4 ,footnote #adc ,footnote #ada3 ,s4 ,paulini ,nolani ,opera4 ,epistola xxiii4 in the ,patrologiae ,cursus ,compietus of ,j4 ,p4 ,migne1 vol4 lxi4 ,paris1 #ahdg4 ,see also the two epistles to ,st4 ,victricius1 who with ,st4 ,martin persuaded ,paulinus to withdraw from the world4 ,i hare a suspicion that the disciple of ,st4 ,victricius1 named in these epistles now as ,paschasius1 now as ,tytichus or ,tytius 7the name being evidently misprinted1 but there being no doubt1 as the ,bollandists say1 that the two names refer to one and the same person71 may have been in reality ,st4 ,patrick4 ,in his #agth ,epistle1 ,st4 ,paulinus refers to the accounts he had heard from this young priest of the anxiety of ,st4 ,victricius for the evangelization of the most remote parts of the globe1 and speaks of him as a disciple in every way worthy of his master2 ,in cujus gratia el humauitate1 quasi quasdam virtutam gratiarumque tuarum lineas velut speculo reddente collegimus4 ,footnote #adb3 ,franciscus ,pommeraeus1 ,o4 ,s4 ,b44 ,in his ,history of the ,bishops of ,rouen4 says ,st4 ,victricius was also sometimes called ,victoricus and ,victoricius4 ,footnote #adc3 ,see also ,acta ,sanctorum ,augustii2 tom4 ii41 p4 #aic4 ,antverpiae1 #agce4 ,when ,st4 ,patrick was on his way to ,ireland1 with full powers from ,pope ,celestine1 it is recorded that he was detained at ,boulogne by the request of ,sts4 ,germanus and ,lupus1 who were proceeding into ,britain in order to preach against the ,pelagian heresy2 and that during their absence he temporarily exercised episcopal functions at ,boulogne1 and so came to be included in the list of its bishops4 ,if ,st4 ,patrick were a native of the island1 is it not probable that ,germanus and ,lupus would rather have #geg invited him to join their mission8 ,but their object in asking him to interrupt his own special enterprise for a time in order to remain among the ,boulonnais was1 it is said1 to guard against the spread of this heresy on the continent4 ,and it is very natural that they should have asked him to stay for such an object1 and that he should have consented1 if this were indeed his native district1 in which his intimacies were calculated to give him a special degree of influence2 but not otherwise1 hastening as he was under the sense of a divine call to the conversion of a whole nation plunged in paganism4 ,and1 as ,i began by saying1 all this proof is important mainly because it tends in some degree to elucidate the spirit and the work of the saint4 ,we begin to see how with the ,celtic character of a ,french ,briton1 which made him easily akin to the ,irish1 he combined the ,roman culture and civilization1 which added to his missions peculiar literary and political energy1 that long remained4 ,we see in him the friend and comrade of the great saints of a great but anxious age4 ,we see how he connects the young ,church of ,ireland1 not with ,rome alone1 but with the great militant ,christian communities of ,gaul--a connection which his disciples were destined so to develope and extend in the three following centuries2 and we cease to wonder that both ,ireland and ,france have clung so fondly to a tradition which linked together in their earliest days two churches whose mutual services and sympathies have ever since been of the closest kind4 ------ ,from ,the ,lamp4 ,,the ,,better ,,part4 ,sweet sister ,lucille1 ,i watch thee working1 ,from morning till nightfall1 on cloth of gold1 ,on silks of purple1 and finest linen1 ,and gems lie before you of worth untold4 ,makest thou vestments for holy preacher1 ,and cloths to adorn the altar rare8 ,ha1 ha6 quoth ,lucille1 thou simple creature6 ,the garments ,i make ,i intend to wear4 ,dost thou not see ,i am nobly fashioned1 ,regal indeed is my bearing and mien2 ,are not my features as finely chiselled ,as e'en were the features of ,egypt's queen8 ,i'll work1 and work1 and ,i'll never weary1 ,until rich garments be duly wrought1 ,suited to clothe my unrivalled form4 ,for which tissues fitting cannot be bought4 #geh ,but1 my gentle ,mary1 ,i watch thee praying4 ,and wasting many a precious day1 ,sauntering out amid lanes and alleys1 ,and taking to beggars upon the highway4 ,you bring them on to sit at your table1 ,you feed them on savory meat and wine2 ,are they above you1 that you should clothe them1 ,and so humbly serve while they feast and dine8 ,then answered ,mary3 ,god's poor1 my sister1 ,are more than our equals1 ,i should say2 ,one day they'll feast in the kingdom of heaven1 ,for ,christ will call them from hedge and highway4 ,i too am working a costly garment ,with tears and penance1 fasting and prayer2 ',tis to clothe my soul1 and with ,god's needy ,the raiment ,i weave ,i hope to wear4 ,each walked her way through this vain world2 ,lucille lived with courtiers who gave her praise1 ,solicitous still to adorn her person1 ,she frittered time to the end of her days2 ,she work'd1 and work'd1 and never felt weary4 ,changing her costume as changed her will2 ,when death came1 unfinished still were her garments1 ,but withered and sinful he found ,lucille4 ,each walked her way through this vain world2 ,mary sought neither courtiers nor praise1 ,but in the lazar-house1 firm and steadfast4 ,good she worked to the end of her days4 ,she smooth'd the couch of the sick and dying1 ,she taught the sinner the ways of the ,lord1 ,she gave to the little ones drink refreshing2 ,verily she shall not lose her reward4 ------ #gei ,from ,the ,month4 ,,constance ,,sherwood3 ,,an ,,autobiography ,,of ,,the ,,sixteenth ,,century4 ,,by ,,lady ,,georgiana ,,fullerton4 7,,concluded47 ,,chapter ,,xxvi4 ,on the night before the #ajth of ,december neither ,muriel nor ,i retired to rest4 ,we sat together by the rush-light1 at one time saying prayers1 at another speaking together in a low voice4 ,ever and anon she went to listen at her father's door1 for to make sure he slept1 and then returned to me4 ,the hours seemed to pass slowly2 and yet we should have wished to stay their course1 so much we dreaded the first rays of light presaging the tragedy of the coming day4 ,before the first token of it did show1 at about five in the morning1 the door-bell rung in a gentle manner4 ,who can be ringing8 ,i said to ,muriel4 ,i will go and see1 she answered4 ,but ,i restrained her1 and went1 to call one of the servants1 who were beginning to bestir themselves4 ,the man went down1 and returned1 bringing me a paper1 on which these words were written3 ,,my ,,dear ,,constance--,my lord and myself have secretly come to join our prayers with yours1 and1 if it should be possible1 to receive the blessing of the holy priest who is about to die1 as he passeth by your house1 toward which1 ,i doubt not1 his eyes will of a surety turn4 ,i pray you1 therefore1 admit us4 ,i hurried down the stairs1 and found ,lord and ,lady ,arundel standing in the hall2 she in a cloak and hood1 and he with a slouching hat hiding his face4 ,leading them both into the parlor1 which looketh on the street1 ,i had a fire hastily kindled2 and for a space her ladyship and myself could only sit holding each other's hands1 our hearts being too full to speak4 ,after a while ,i asked her when she had come to ,london4 ,she said she had done so very secretly1 not to increase the queen's displeasure against her husband2 her majesty's misliking of herself continuing as great as ever4 ,when she visited my lord last year1 before his arrest1 quoth she1 on a pane of glass in the dining-room her grace perceived a distich1 writ by me in bygone days with a diamond1 and which expressed hopes of better fortunes4 ,i mind it well1 ,i replied4 ,did it not run thus8 ',not seldom doth the sun sink down ,in brightest light ,which rose at early dawn disfigured quite outright2 ,so shall my fortunes1 wrapt so long in darkest night1 ,revive1 and show ere long an aspect clear and bright4' ,yea1 she answered4 ,and now listen to what her majesty1 calling for a like instrument1 wrote beneath3 ',not seldom do vain hopes deceive a silly heart ,let all each witless dreams now vanish and depart2 ,for fortune shall ne'er shine1 ,i promise thee1 on one ,whose folly hath for aye all hopes thereof undone4' #gfj ,we do live1 she added1 with a sword hanging over our heads2 and it is meet we should come here this day to learn a lesson how to die when a like fate shall overtake us4 ,but thou hast been like to die by another means1 my good ,constance1 her ladyship said1 looking with kindness but no astonishment on my swollen and disfigured face1 which ,i had not remembered to conceal2 grave thoughts1 then uppermost1 having caused me to forget it4 ,my life1 ,i answered1 ,god hath mercifully spared2 but ,i have lost the semblance of my former self4 ,tut1 tut6 she replied1 only for a time4 ,and then we both drew near unto the fire1 for we were shivering with cold4 ,lord ,arundel leant against the chimney1 and watched the timepiece4 ,mistress ,wells1 he said1 is like1 ,i hear1 to be reprieved at the last moment4 ,alas6 ,i cried1 nature therein finds relief2 yet ,i know not how much to rejoice or yet to grieve thereat4 ,for surely she will desire to die with her husband4 ,and of what good will life be to her if1 like some others1 she doth linger for years in prison8 ,of much good1 if ,god wills her there to spend those years1 ,muriel gently said2 which words1 ,i ween1 were called to mind long afterward by one who then heard them4 ,as the hour appointed for the execution approached1 we became silent again1 and kneeling down betook ourselves to prayer4 ,at eight o'clock a crowd began to assemble in the street2 and the sound of their feet as they passed under the window1 hurrying toward the scaffold1 which was hung with black cloth1 became audible4 ,about an hour afterward notice was given to us by one of the servants that the sledge which carried the prisoners was in sight4 ,we rose from our knees and went to the window4 ,mr4 ,wells's stout form and ,mr4 ,genings's slight figure were then discernible1 as they sat bound1 with their hands tied behind their backs4 ,i observed that ,mr4 ,wells smiled and nodded to some one who was standing amidst the crowd4 ,this person1 who was a friend of his1 hath since told me that as he passed he saluted him with these words3 ,farewell1 dear companion6 farewell1 all hunting and hawking and old pastimes6 ,i am now going a better way4 ,mistress ,wells not being with them1 we perceived that to be true which ,lord ,arundel had heard4 ,at that moment ,i turned round1 and missed ,muriel1 who had been standing close behind me4 ,i supposed she could not endure this sight2 but1 lo and behold1 looking again into the street1 ,i saw her threading her way amongst the crowd as swiftly1 lame though she was1 as if an angel had guided her4 ,when she reached the foot of the scaffold1 and took her stand there1 her aspect was so composed1 serene1 and resolved1 that she seemed like an inhabitant of another world suddenly descended amidst the coarse and brutal mob4 ,she was resolved1 ,i afterward found1 to take note of every act1 gesture1 and word there spoken2 and by her means ,i can here set down what mine own ears heard not1 but much of which mine own eyes beheld4 ,as the sledge passed our door1 ,mr4 ,genings1 as ,lady ,arundel had foreseen1 turned his head toward us2 and seeing me at the window1 gave us1 ,i doubt not1 his blessing2 for1 albeit he could not raise his chained hand1 we saw his fingers and his lips move4 ,on reaching the gibbet ,muriel heard him cry out with holy ,andrew1 ,o good gibbet1 long desired and now prepared for me1 much hath my heart desired thee2 and now1 joyful and secure1 ,i come to thee4 ,receive me1 ,i beseech thee1 as the disciple of him that suffered on the cross6 ,being put upon the ladder1 many questions were asked him by some standersby1 to which he made clear and distinct answers4 ,then ,mr4 ,topcliffe cried out with a loud voice1 ,genings1 ,genings1 confess thy fault1 thy papist treason2 and the queen1 no doubt1 will grant thee pardon6 #gfa ,to which he mildly answered1 ,i know not1 ,mr4 ,topcliffe1 in what ,i have offended my dear anointed princess2 if ,i have offended her or any other person in anything1 ,i would willingly ask her and all the world forgiveness4 ,if she be offended with me without a cause1 for professing my faith and religion1 or because ,i am a priest1 or because ,i will not turn minister against my conscience1 ,i shall be1 ,i trust1 excused and innocent before ,god4 ',we must obey ,god1' saith ,st4 ,peter1 'rather than men2' and ,i must not in this case acknowledge a fault where there is none4 ,if to return to ,england a priest1 or to say mass1 is popish treason1 ,i here do confess ,i am a traitor4 ,but ,i think not so2 and therefore ,i acknowledge myself guilty of these things not with repentance and sorrow of heart1 but with an open protestation of inward joy that ,i have done so good deeds1 which1 if they were to do again1 ,i would1 by the permission and assistance of ,god1 accomplish the same1 though with the hazard of a thousand lives4 ,mr4 ,topcliffe was very angry at this speech1 and hardly gave him time to say an ,our ,father before he ordered the hangman to turn the ladder4 ,from that moment ,i could not so much as once again look toward the scaffold4 ,lady ,arundel and ,i drew back into the room1 and clasping each other's hands1 kept repeating1 ,lord1 help him6 ,lord1 assist him6 ,have mercy on him1 ,o ,lord6 and the like prayers4 ,we heard ,lord ,arundel exclaim1 ,good ,god6 the wretch doth order the rope to be cut6 ,then avoiding the sight1 he also drew back and silently prayed4 ,what followeth ,i learnt from ,muriel1 who never lost her senses1 though she endured1 methinks1 at that scaffold's foot as much as any sufferer upon it4 ,scarcely or not at all stunned1 ,mr4 ,genings stood on his feet with his eyes raised to heaven1 till the hangman threw him down on the block where he was to be quartered4 ,after he was dismembered1 she heard him utter with a loud voice1 ,oh1 it smarts6 and ,mr4 ,wells exclaim1 ,alas6 sweet soul1 thy pain is great indeed1 but almost past4 ,pray for me now that mine may come4 ,then when his heart was being plucked out1 a faint dying whisper reached her ear1 ,sancte ,gregori1 ora pro me6 and then the voice of the hangman crying1 ,see1 his heart is in mine hand1 and yet ,gregory in his mouth6 ,o egregious papist6 ,i marvel how she lived through it2 but she assured us she was never even near unto fainting1 but stood immovable1 hearing every sound1 listening to each word and groan1 printing them on the tablet of her heart1 wherein they have ever remained as sacred memories4 ,mr4 ,wells1 so far from being terrified by the sight of his friend's death1 expressed a desire to have his own hastened2 and1 like unto ,sir ,thomas ,more1 was merry to the last2 for he cried1 ,despatch1 despatch1 ,mr4 ,topcliffe6 ,be you not ashamed to suffer an old man to stand here so long in his shirt in the cold8 ,i pray ,god make you of a ,saul a ,paul1 of a persecutor a ,catholic4 ,a murmur1 hoarse and loud1 from the crowd apprised us when all was over4 ,where is ,muriel8 ,i cried1 going to the window4 ,thence ,i beheld a sight which my pen refuseth to describe--the sledge which was carrying away the mangled remains of those dear friends which so short a time before we had looked upon alive6 ,like in a dream ,i saw this spectacle2 for the moment afterward ,i fainted4 ,many persons were running after the cart1 and ,muriel keeping pace with what to others would have been a sight full of horror1 but to her were only relics of the saintly dead4 ,she followed1 heedless of the mob1 unmindful of their jeers1 intent on one aim--to procure some portion of those sacred remains1 which she at last achieved in an incredible manner2 one finger of ,edmund ,genings's hand1 which she laid hold of1 remaining in hers4 ,this secured1 she hastened home1 bearing away this her treasure4 #gfb ,when ,i recovered from a long swoon1 she was standing on one side of me and ,lady ,arundel on the other4 ,their faces were very pale1 but peaceful2 and when remembrance returned1 ,i also felt a great and quiet joy diffused in mine heart1 such as none1 ,i ween1 could believe in who have not known the like4 ,for a while all earthly cares left me2 ,i seemed to soar above this world4 ,even ,basil ,i could think of with a singular detachment4 ,it seemed as if angels were haunting the house1 whispering heavenly secrets4 ,i could not so much as think on those blessed departed souls without an increase of this joy sensibly inflaming my heart4 ,after ,lady ,arundel had left us1 which she did with many loving words and tender caresses1 ,muriel and ,i conversed long touching the future4 ,she told me that when her duty to her father should end with his life1 she intended to fulfil the vow she long ago had made to consecrate herself wholly to ,god in holy religion1 and go beyond the seas1 to become a nun of the order of ,st4 ,augustine4 ,may ,i not leave this world8 ,i cried2 may ,i not also1 forgetting all things else1 live for ,god alone8 ,a sweet sober smile illumined ,muriel's face as she answered1 ,yea1 by all means serve ,god1 but not as a nun1 good ,constance4 ,thine ,i take to be the mere shadow of a vocation1 if even so much as that4 ,a cloud hath for a while obscured the sunshine of thy hopes and called up this shadow2 but let this thin vapor dissolve1 and no trace shall remain of it4 ,nay1 nay1 sweet one1 'tis not chafed1 nor yet1 except in rare instances1 riven hearts which ,god doth call to this special consecration--rather whole ones1 nothing or scantily touched by the griefs and joys which this world can afford4 ,but ,i warrant thee--nay1 ,i may not warrant1 she added1 checking herself1 for who can of a surety forecast what ,god's designs should be8 ,but ,i think thou wilt be1 before many years have past1 a careful matron1 with many children about thy apron-strings to try thy patience4 ,o ,muriel1 ,i answered1 how should this be8 ,i have made my bed1 and ,i must lie on it4 ,like a foolish creature1 unwittingly1 or rather rashly1 ,i have deceived ,basil into thinking ,i do not love him2 and if my face should yet recover its old fairness1 he shall still think mine heart estranged4 ,muriel shook her head1 and said more entangled skeins than this one had been unravelled4 ,the next day she resumed her wonted labors in the prisons and amongst the poor4 ,having procured means of access to ,mistress ,wells1 she carried to her the only comfort she could now taste--the knowledge of her husband's holy1 courageous end1 and the reports of the last words he did utter4 ,then having received a charge thereunto from ,mr4 ,genings1 she discovered ,john ,genings's place of residence1 and went to tell him that the cause of his brothers coming to ,london was specially his love for him2 that his only regret in dying had been that he was executed before he could see him again1 or commend him to any friend of his own1 so hastened was his death4 ,but this much-loved brother received her with a notable coldness2 and far from bewailing the untimely and bloody end of his nearest kinsman1 he betrayed some kind of contentment at the thought that he was now rid of all the persuasions which he suspected he should otherwise have received from him touching religion4 ,about a fortnight afterward ,mr4 ,congleton expired4 ,alas6 so troublesome were the times1 that to see one1 howsoever loved1 sink peacefully into the grave1 had not the same sadness which usually belongs to the like haps4 ,muriel had procured a priest for to give him extreme unction--one ,mr4 ,adams1 a friend of ,mr4 ,wells1 who had sometimes said mass in his house4 ,he also secretly came for to perform the funeral rites before his burial in the cemetery of ,st4 ,martin's church4 #gfc ,when we returned home that day after the funeral1 this reverend gentleman asked us if we had heard any report touching the brother of ,mr4 ,genings2 and on our denial1 he said1 ,talk is ministered amongst ,catholics of his sudden conversion4 ,sudden1 indeed1 it should be1 quoth ,muriel2 for a more indifferent listener to an afflicting message could not be met with than he proved himself when ,i carried to him ,mr4 ,genings's dying words4 ,not more sudden1 quoth ,mr4 ,adams1 than ,st4 ,paul's was1 and therefore not incredible4 ,whilst we were yet speaking1 a servant came in1 and said a young gentleman was at the door1 and very urgent for to see ,muriel4 ,tell him1 she said1 raising her eyes1 swollen with tears1 that ,i have one hour ago buried my father1 and am in no condition to see strangers4 ,the man returned with a paper1 on which these words were written3 ,a penitent and a wanderer craveth to speak with you4 ,if you shed tears1 his do incessantly flow4 ,if you weep for a father1 he grieveth for one better to him than ten fathers4 ,if your plight is sad1 his should be desperate1 but for ,god's great mercy and a brother's prayers yet pleading for him in heaven as once upon earth4 ,,john ,,genings4 ,heavens6 ,muriel cried1 it is this changed man1 this ,saul become a ,paul1 which stands at the door and knocks4 ,bring him in swiftly2 the best comfort ,i can know this day is to see one who awhile was lost and is now found4 ,when ,john ,genings beheld her and me1 he awhile hid his face in his hands1 and seemed unable to speak4 ,to break this silence ,mr4 ,adams said1 ,courage1 ,mr4 ,genings2 your holy brother rejoiceth in heaven over your changed mind1 and further blessings still1 ,i doubt not1 he shall yet obtain for you4 ,then this same ,john raised his head1 and with as great and touching sorrow as can be expressed1 after thanking this unknown speaker for his comfortable words1 he begged of ,muriel to relate to him each action and speech in the dying scene she had witnessed2 and when she had ended this recital1 with the like urgency he moved me to tell him all ,i could remember of his brother's young years1 all my father had written of his life and virtues at college1 all which we had heard of his labors since he had come into the country1 and lastly1 in a manner most simple and affecting1 we all entreating him thereunto1 he made this narrative1 addressing himself chiefly to ,muriel3 ,you1 madam1 are acquainted with what was the hardness of mine heart and cruel indifference to my brothers fate2 with what disdain ,i listened to you1 with what pride ,i received his last advice4 ,but about ten days after his execution1 toward night1 having spent all that day in sports and jollity1 being weary with play1 ,i resorted home to repose myself4 ,i went into a secret chamber1 and was no sooner there sat down1 but forthwith my heart began to be heavy1 and ,i weighed how idly ,i had spent that day4 ,amidst these thoughts there was presently represented to me an imagination and apprehension of the death of my brother1 and1 amongst other things1 how he had not long before forsaken all worldly pleasure1 and for the sake of his religion alone endured dreadful torments4 ,then within myself ,i made long discourses concerning his manner of living and mine own2 and finding the one to embrace pain and mortification1 and the other to seek pleasure--the one to live strictly1 and the other licentiously--,i was struck with exceeding terror and remorse4 ,i wept bitterly1 desiring ,god to illuminate mine understanding1 that ,i might see and perceive the truth4 ,oh1 what great joy and consolation did ,i feel at #gfd that instant6 ,what reverence on the sudden did ,i begin to bear to the ,blessed ,virgin and to the ,saints of ,god1 which before ,i had never scarcely so much as heard of6 ,what strange emotions1 as it were inspirations1 with exceeding readiness of will to change my religion1 took possession of my soul6 and what heavenly conception had ,i then of my brother's felicity6 ,i imagined ,i saw him--,i thought ,i heard him4 ,in this ecstasy of mind ,i made a vow upon the spot1 as ,i lay prostrate on the ground1 to forsake kindred and country1 to find out the true knowledge of ,edmund's faith4 ,oh1 sir1 he ended by saying1 turning to ,mr4 ,adams1 which he guessed to be a priest1 think you not my brother obtained for me in heaven what on earth he had not obtained8 for here ,i am become a ,catholic in faith without persuasion or conference with any one man in the world8 ,ay1 my good friend1 ,mr4 ,adams replied2 the blood of martyrs will ever prove the seed of the ,church4 ,let us then1 in our private prayers1 implore the suffrages of those who in this country do lose their lives for the faith1 and take unto ourselves the words of ,jeremiah3 ',o ,lord1 remember what has happened unto us4 ,behold and see our great reproach2 our inheritance is gone to strangers1 our houses to aliens4 ,we are become as children without a father1 our mothers are made as it were widows4' ,these last words of ,holy ,writ brought to mine own mind private sorrows1 and caused me to shed tears4 ,soon after ,john ,genings departed from ,england without giving notice to us or any of his friends1 and went beyond seas to execute his promise4 ,i have heard that he has entered the holy order of ,st4 ,francis1 and is seeking to procure a convent of that religion at ,douay1 in hopes of restoring the ,english ,franciscan province1 of which it is supposed he will be first provincial4 ,report doth state him to be an exceeding strict and holy religious1 and like to prove an instrument in furnishing the ,english mission with many zealous and apostolical laborers4 ,muriel and ,i were solitary in that great city where so many misfortunes had beset us2 she with her anchor cast where her hopes could not be deceived2 ,i by mine own folly like unto a ship at sea without a chart4 ,womanly reserve1 mixed1 ,i ween1 with somewhat of pride1 restraining me from writing to ,basil1 though1 as my face improved each day1 ,i deplored my hasty folly1 and desired nothing so much as to see him again1 when1 if his love should prove unchanged 7shame on that word if6 which my heart disavowed71 we should be as heretofore1 and the suffering ,i had caused him and endured myself would end4 ,but how this might happen ,i foresaw not2 and life was sad and weary while so much suspense lasted4 ,muriel would not forsake me while in this plight2 but although none could have judged it from her cheerful and amiable behavior1 ,i well knew that she sighed for the haven of a religions home1 and grieved to keep her from it4 ,after some weeks spent in this fashion1 with very little comfort1 ,i was sitting one morning dismally forecasting the future1 writing letter after letter to ,basil1 which still ,i tore up rather than send them--for ,i warrant you it was no easy matter for to express in writing what ,i longed to say4 ,to tell him the cause of my breaking our contract was so much as to compel him to the performance of it2 and albeit ,i was no longer so ill-favored as at the first1 yet the good looks ,i had before my sickness had by no means wholly returned4 ,sometimes ,i wrote3 ,your thinking1 dear ,basil1 that ,i do affection any but yourself is so false and injurious an imagination1 that ,i cannot suffer you to entertain it4 ,be sure ,i never can and never shall love any but you2 yet1 for all that1 ,i cannot marry you4 ,then effacing this last sentence1 which verily belied my true desire1 ,i would write another3 ,methinks if you should see me now1 yourself would not wish otherwise than to dissolve a contract #gfe wherein your contentment should be less than it hath been4 ,and then thinking this should be too obscure1 changed it to--,in sooth1 dear ,basil1 my appearance is so altered that you would yourself1 ,i ween1 not desire for to wed one so different from the ,constance you have seen and loved4 ,but pride whispered to restrain this open mention of my suspicious fears of his liking me less for my changed face2 yet withal1 conscience reproved this misdoubt of one whose affection had ever shown itself to be of the nobler sort1 which looketh rather to the qualities of the heart and mind than to the exterior charms of a fair visage4 ,alas6 what a torment doth perplexity occasion4 ,i had let go my pen1 and my tears were falling on the paper1 when ,muriel opened the door of the parlor4 ,what is it8 ,i cried1 hiding my face with mine hand that she should not see me weeping4 ,a letter from ,lady ,arundel1 she answered4 ,i eagerly took it from her2 and on the reading of it found it contained an urgent request from her ladyship1 couched in most affectionate terms1 and masking the kindness of its intent under a show of entreating1 as a favor to herself that ,i would come and reside with her at ,arundel ,castle1 where she greatly needed the solace of a friend's company1 during her lord's necessary absences4 ,mine own dear1 good ,constance1 she wrote1 come to me quickly4 ,in a letter ,i cannot well express all the good you will thus do to me4 ,for mine own part1 ,i would fain say come to me until death shall part us4 ,but so selfish ,i would not be2 yet prithee come until such time as the clouds which have obscured the fair sky of thy future prospects have passed away1 and thy ,basil's fortunes are mended2 for ,i will not cease to call him thine1 for all that thou hast thyself thrust a spoke in a wheel which otherwise should have run smoothly1 for the which thou art now doing penance3 but be of good cheer2 time will bring thee shrift4 ,some kind of comfort ,i can promise thee in this house1 greater than ,i dare for to commit to paper4 ,lose no time then4 ,from thy last letter methinks the gentle turtle-dove at whose side thou dost now nestle hath found herself a nest whereunto she longeth to fly4 ,let her spread her wings thither1 and do thou hasten to the shelter of these old walls and the loving faithful heart of thy poor friend1 ,,anne ,,arundel ,,and ,,surrey4 ,before a fortnight was overpast ,muriel and ,i had parted2 she for her religious home beyond seas1 ,i for the castle of my ,lord ,arundel1 whither ,i travelled in two days1 resting on my way at the pleasant village of ,horsham4 ,during the latter part of the journey the road lay through a very wild expanse of down2 but as soon as ,i caught sight of the sea my heart bounded with joy2 for to gaze on its blue expanse seemed to carry me beyond the limits of this isle to the land where ,basil dwelt4 ,when ,i reached the castle1 the sight of the noble gateway and keep filled me with admiration2 and riding into the court thereof1 ,i looked with wonder on the military defences bristling on every side4 ,but what a sweet picture smiled from one of the narrow windows over above the entrance-door6--mine own loved friend1 yet fairer in her matronly and motherly beauty than even in her girlhood's loveliness1 holding in her arms the pretty bud which had blossomed on a noble tree in the time of adversity4 ,her countenance beamed on me like the morning sun's2 and my heart expanded with joy when1 half-way up the stairs which led to her chamber1 ,i found myself inclosed in her arms4 ,she led me to a settle near a cheerful fire1 and herself removed my riding-cloak1 my hat and veil1 stroked my cheek with two of her delicate white fingers1 and said with a smile1 ,in sooth1 my dear ,constance1 thou art an arrant cheat4 ,how so1 most dear lady8 ,i said1 likewise smiling4 #gff ,why1 thou art as comely as ever ,i thee2 which1 after all the torments inflicted on poor ,master ,rookwood by thy prophetical vision of an everlasting deformity1 carefully concealed from him under the garb of a sudden fit of inconstancy1 is a very nefarious injustice4 ,go to1 go to2 if he should see thee now1 he never would believe but that that management of thine was a cunning device for to break faith with him4 ,nay1 nay1 ,i cried2 if ,i should be ever so happy1 which ,i deserve not1 for to see him again1 there could never be for one moment a mistrust on his part of a love which is too strong and too fond for concealment4 ,if the feebleness of sickness had not bred unreasonable fears1 methinks ,i should not have been guilty of so great a folly as to think he would prize less what he was always wont most to treasure far above their merits--the heart and mind of his poor ,constance --because the casket which held them had waxed unseemly4 ,but when the day shall come in which ,basil and ,i may meet1 ,god only knoweth4 ,human foresight cannot attain to this prevision4 ,lady ,arundel's eyes had a smiling expression then which surprised me4 ,for mine own heart was full when ,i thus spoke1 and ,i was wont to meet in her with a more quick return of the like feelings ,i expressed than at that time appeared4 ,slight inward resentments1 painfully1 albeit not angrily1 entertained1 ,i was by nature prone to2 and in this case the effect of this impression suddenly checked the joy which at my first arrival ,i had experienced4 ,o1 how much secret discipline should be needed for to rule that little unruly kingdom within us1 which many look not into till serious rebellions do arise1 which need fire and sword to quell them for lack of timely repression6 ,her ladyship set before me some food1 and constrained me to eat1 which ,i did merely for to content her4 ,she appeared to me somewhat restless3 beginning a sentence1 and then breaking off suddenly in the midst thereof2 going in and out of the chamber2 laughing at one time1 and then seeming as if about to weep4 ,when ,i had finished eating1 and a servant had removed the dishes1 she sat down by my side and took my hand in hers4 ,then the tears truly began to roll down her cheeks4 ,o1 for ,god's sake1 what aileth you1 dearest lady8 ,i said1 uneasily gazing on her agitated countenance4 ,nothing ails me1 she answered2 only ,i fear to frighten thee1 albeit in a joyful manner4 ,frightened with joy6 ,i sadly answered4 ,o1 that should be a rare fright1 and an unwonted one to me of late4 ,therefore1 she said1 smiling through her tears1 peradventure the more to be feared4 ,what joy do you speak of8 ,i pray you1 sweet lady1 keep me not in suspense4 ,if1 for instance1 she said in a low voice1 pressing my hands very hard1--if ,i was to tell thee ,constance1 that thy ,basil was here1 shouldst thou not be affrighted8 ,methinks ,i must have turned very white2 leastways1 ,i began to tremble4 ,is he here8 ,i said1 almost beside myself with the fearful hope her words awoke4 ,yea1 she said4 ,since three days he is here4 ,for a moment ,i neither spoke nor moved4 ,how comes it about8 how doth it happen8 ,i began to say2 but a passion of tears choked my utterance4 ,i fell into her arms1 sobbing on her breast2 for verily ,i had no power to restrain myself4 ,i heard her say1 ,master ,rookwood1 come in4 ,then1 after those sad long weary years1 ,i again heard his cheerful voice2 then ,i saw his kind eyes speaking what words could never have uttered1 or one-half so well expressed4 ,then ,i felt the happiness which is most like1 #gfg ,i ween1 of any on earth to that of heaven3 after long parting1 to meet again one intensely loved--each heart overflowing with an unspoken joy and with an unbounded thankfulness to ,god4 ,amazement did so fill me at this unlooked-for good1 that ,i seemed content for a while to think of it as of a dream1 and only feared to be awoke4 ,but oh1 with how many sweet tears of gratitude--with what bursts of wonder and admiration--,i soon learnt how ,lady ,arundel had formed this kind plot1 to which ,muriel had been privy1 for to bring together parted lovers1 and procure to others the happiness she so often lacked herself--the company of the most loved person in the world4 ,she had herself written to ,basil1 and related the cause of my apparent change2 a cause1 she said1 at no time sufficient for to warrant a desperate action1 and even then passing away4 ,but that had it forever endured1 she was of opinion his was a love would survive any such accident as touched only the exterior1 when all else was unimpaired4 ,she added1 that when ,mr4 ,congleton1 who was then at the point of death1 should have expired1 and ,muriel gone beyond seas to fulfil her religious intent1 she would use all the persuasion in her power to bring me to reside with her1 which was the thing she most desired in the world2 and that if he should think it possible under another name for to cross the seas and land at some port in ,sussex1 he should be the welcomest guest imaginable at ,arundel ,castle1 if even1 like ,st4 ,alexis1 he should hide his nobility under the garb of rags1 and come thither begging on foot2 but yet she hoped1 for his sake1 it should not so happen1 albeit nothing could be more honorable if the cause was a good one4 ,it needed no more inducement than what this letter contained for to move ,basil to attempt this secret return4 ,he took the name of ,martingale1 and procured a passage in a small trading craft1 which landed him at the port of a small town named ,littlehampton1 about three or four miles from ,arundel4 ,thence he walked to the castle1 where the countess feigned him to be a leech sent by my lord to prescribe remedies for a pain in her head1 which she was oftentimes afflicted with1 and as such entertained him in the eyes of strangers as long as he continued there1 which did often move us to great merriment2 for some of the neighbors which she was forced to see1 would sometimes ask for to consult the countess's physician2 and to avoid misdoubts1 ,basil once or twice made up some innocent compounds1 which an old gentleman and a maiden lady in the town vowed had cured them1 the one of a fit of the gout1 and the other of a very sharp disorder in her stomach4 ,but to return to the blissful first day of our meeting1 one of the happiest ,i had yet known2 for a paramount affection doth so engross the heart1 that other sorrows vanish in its presence like dewdrops in the sunshine4 ,i can never forget the smallest particle of its many joys4 ,the long talk between ,basil and me1 first in ,lady ,arundel's chamber1 and then in the gallery of the castle1 walking up and down1 and when ,i was tired1 ,i sitting and he standing by the window which looked on the fair valley and silvery river ,arun1 running toward the sea1 through pleasant pastures1 with woody slopes on both sides1 a fair and a peaceful scene2 fair and peaceful as the prospect ,basil unfolded to me that day1 if we could but once in safety cross the seas2 for his debtors had remitted to him in ,france the moneys which they owed him1 and he had purchased a cottage in a very commodious village near the town of ,boulogne-sur-,mer1 with an apple-orchard and a garden stored with gay flowers and beehives1 and a meadow with two large walnut-trees in it4 ,and then bethink thee1 he added1 mine own dear love1 that right in front of this fine mansion doth stand the parish church1 where ,god is worshipped in a ,catholic manner in #gfh peace and freedom2 and nothing greater or more weighty need1 methinks1 to be said in its praise4 ,i said ,i thought so too1 and that the picture he drew of it liked me well4 ,but1 quoth ,basil suddenly1 ,i must tell thee1 sweetheart1 ,i liked not well thy behavior touching thine altered face1 and the misleading letter thou didst send me at that time4 ,no6 he exclaimed with great vehemency1 it mislikes me sorely that thou shouldst have doubted my love and faith1 and dealt with me so injuriously4 ,if ,i was now by some accident disfigured1 ,i must by that same token expect thine affection for me should decay4 ,o ,basil6 ,i cried1 that would be an impossible thing6 ,wherefore impossible8 he replied2 you thought such a change possible in me8 ,because1 ,i said1 smiling1 women are the most constant creatures in the world1 and not fickle like unto men1 or so careful of a good complexion in others1 or a fine set of features4 ,tut1 tut6 he cried1 ,i do admire that thou shouldst dare to utter so great a 4 4 4 4 then he stopped1 and1 laughing1 added1 the last half of ,raleigh's name1 as the queen's bad riddle doth make it4 ,footnote #add ,footnote #add3 ,the bane of the stomach1 and the word of disgrace4 ,is the name of the gentleman with the bold4 ,well1 much talk of this sort was ministered between us2 but albeit ,i find pleasure in the recalling of it1 methinks the reading thereof should easily weary others2 so ,i must check my pen1 which1 like unto a garrulous old gossip1 doth run on1 overstepping the limits of discretion4 ,,chapter ,,xxvii4 ,before ,i arrived1 ,lady ,arundel had made ,basil privy to a great secret1 with warrant to impart it to me4 ,in a remote portion of the castle's buildings was concealed at that time ,father ,southwell1 a man who had not his like for piety and good parts2 a sweet poet also1 whose pieces of verse1 chiefly written in that obscure chamber in ,arundel ,castle1 have been since done into print1 and do win great praise from all sorts of people4 ,adjoining to his room1 which only one servant in the house1 who carried his meals to him1 had knowledge of1 and from which he could not so much as once look out of the window for fear of being seen1 was a small oratory where he said mass every day1 and by a secret passage ,lady ,arundel went from her apartments for to hear it4 ,that same evening after supper she led me thither for to get this good priest's blessing1 and also his counsel touching my marriage2 for both her ladyship and ,basil were urgent for it to take place in a private manner at the castle before we left ,england4 ,for1 they argued1 if there should be danger in this departure1 it were best encountered together2 and except we were married it should be an impossible thing for me to travel in his company and land with him in ,france4 ,catholics could be married in a secret manner now that the needs of the times1 and the great perils many were exposed to1 gave warrant for it4 ,after some talk with ,father ,southwell and ,lady ,arundel1 ,i consented to their wishes with more gladness of heart1 ,i ween1 than was seemly to exhibit2 for verily ,i was better contented than can be thought of to think ,i should be at last married to my dear ,basil1 and nevermore to part from him1 if it so pleased ,god that we should land safely in ,france1 which did seem to me then the land of promise4 ,the next days were spent in forecasting means for a safe departure1 as soon as these secret nuptials should have taken place2 but none had been yet resolved on1 when one morning ,i was called to ,lady ,arundel's chamber1 whom ,i found in tears and greatly disturbed1 for that she had heard from ,lady ,margaret ,sackville1 who #gfi was then in ,london1 that ,lord ,arundel was once more resolved to leave the realm1 albeit ,father ,edmunds did dissuade him from that course2 but some other friend's persuasions were more availing1 and he had determined to go to ,france1 where he might live in safety and serve ,god quietly4 ,my lady's agitation at this news was very great4 ,she said nothing should content her but to go with him1 albeit she was then with child2 and she should write to tell him so2 but before she could send a letter ,lord ,arundel came to the castle1 and held converse for many hours with her and ,father ,southwell4 ,when ,i met her afterward in the gallery1 her eyes were red with weeping4 ,she said my lord desired to see ,basil and me in her chamber at nine of the clock4 ,he wished to speak with us of his resolve to cross the seas1 and she prayed ,god some good should arise out of it4 ,then she added1 ,i am now going to the chapel1 and if thou hast nothing of any weight to detain thee1 then come thither also1 for to join thy prayers with mine for the favorable issue of a very doubtful matter4 ,when we repaired to her ladyship's chamber at the time appointed1 my lord greeted us in an exceeding kind manner2 and after some talk touching ,basil's secret return to ,england1 our marriage1 and then as speedy as possible going abroad1 his lordship said3 ,i also am compelled to take a like course1 for my evil-willers are resolved to work my ruin and overthrow1 and will succeed therein by means of my religion4 ,many actions which at the outset may seem rash and unadvised1 after sufficient consideration do appear to be just and necessary2 and1 methinks1 my dearest wife and ,father ,southwell are now minded to recommend what at first they misliked1 and to see that in this my present intent ,i take the course which1 though it imperils my fortunes1 will tend to my soul's safety and that of my children4 ,since ,i have conceived this intent1 ,i thank ,god ,i have found a great deal more quietness in my mind2 and in this respect ,i have just occasion to esteem my past troubles as my greatest felicity1 for they have been the means of leading me to that course which ever brings perfect quietness1 and only procures eternal happiness4 ,i am resolved1 as my dear ,nan well knoweth1 to endure any punishment rather than willingly to decline from what ,i have begun2 ,i have bent myself as nearly as ,i could to continue in the same1 and to do no act repugnant to my faith and profession4 ,and by means hereof ,i am often compelled to do many things which may procure peril to myself1 and be an occasion of mislike to her majesty4 ,for1 look you1 on the first day of this parliament1 when the queen was hearing of a sermon in the cathedral church of ,westminster1 above in the chancel1 ,i was driven to walk by myself below in one of the aisles2 and another day this last ,lent1 when she was hearing another sermon in the chapel at ,greenwich1 ,i was forced to stay all the while in the presence-chamber4 ,then also when on any ,sunday or holyday her grace goes to her great closet1 ,i am forced either to stay in the privy chamber1 and not to wait upon her at all1 or else presently to depart as soon as ,i have brought her to the chapel4 ,these things1 and many more1 ,i can by no means escape1 but only by an open plain discovery of myself1 in the eye and opinion of all men1 as to the true cause of my refusal2 neither can it now be long hidden1 although for a while it may not have been generally noted and observed4 ,lady ,arundel sighed and said3 ,i must needs confess that of necessity it must shortly be discovered2 and when ,i remember what a watchful and jealous eye is carried over all such as are known to be recusants1 and also how their lodgings are continually searched1 and to how great danger they are subject if a ,jesuit or seminary priest be found within their house1 ,i begin to see that either you cannot serve ,god in such #ggj sort as you have professed1 or else you must incur the hazard of greater sufferings than ,i am willing you should endure4 ,for my part1 ,basil said1 ,i would ask1 my lord1 those that hate you most1 whether being of the religion which you do profess1 they would not take that course for safety of their souls and discharge of their consciences which you do now meditate8 ,and either they must directly tell you that they would have done the same1 or acknowledge themselves to be mere atheists2 which1 howsoever they be affected in their hearts1 ,i think they would be loth to confess with their mouths4 ,what sayest thou1 ,constance1 of my lord's intent8 ,lady ,arundel said1 when ,basil left off speaking4 ,i am ashamed to utter my thinking in his presence1 and in yours1 dearest lady1 ,i replied2 but if you command me to it1 methinks that having had his house so fatally and successfully touched1 and finding himself to be of that religion which is accounted dangerous and odious to the present state1 which her majesty doth detest1 and of which she is most jealous and doubtful1 and seeing he might now be drawn for his conscience into a great and continual danger1 not being able to do any act or duty whereunto his religion doth bind him without incurring the danger of felony1 he must needs run upon his death headlong1 which is repugnant to the law of ,god and flatly against conscience1 or else he must resolve to escape these perils by the means he doth propose4 ,yea1 exclaimed his lordship1 with so much emotion that his voice shook in the utterance of the words1 long have ,i debated with myself on the course to take4 ,i do see it to be the safest way to depart out of the realm1 and abide in some other place where ,i may live without danger of my conscience1 without offence to the queen1 without daily peril of my life2 but yet ,i was drawn by such forcible persuasions to be of another opinion1 as ,i could not easily resolve on which side to settle my determination4 ,for on the one hand my native1 and oh how dearly loved country1 my own early friends1 my kinsfolk1 my home1 and1 more than all1 my wife1 which ,i must for a while part with if ,i go1 do invite me to stay4 ,poverty awaits me abroad2 but in what have state and riches benefited us1 ,nan8 ,shall not ease of heart and freedom from haunting fears compensate for vain wealth8 ,when1 with the sweet burthen in thine arms which for a while doth detain thee here1 thou shalt kneel before ,god's altar in a ,catholic land1 methinks thou wilt have but scanty regrets for the trappings of fortune4 ,god is my witness1 the sweet lady replied1 that should be the happiest day of my life4 ,but ,i fear--yea1 much ,i do fear--the chasm of parting which doth once more open betwixt thee and me4 ,prithee1 ,phil1 let me go with thee1 she tearfully added4 ,nay1 sweet ,nan1 he answered2 thou knowest the physicians forbid thy journeying at the present time so much as hence to ,london4 ,how should it then behoove thee to run the perils of the sea1 and nightly voyage1 and it may be rough usage8 ,nay1 let me behold thee again1 some months hence1 with a fair boy in thine arms1 which if ,i can but once behold1 my joy shall be full1 if ,i should have to labor with mine hands for to support him and thee4 ,she bowed her head on the hand outstretched to her2 but ,i could see the anguish with which she yielded her assent to this separation4 ,methinks there was some sort of presentiment of the future heightening her present grief2 she seemed so loth her lord should go1 albeit reason and expediency forced from her an unwilling consent4 ,before the conversation in ,lady ,arundel's chamber ended1 the earl proposed that ,basil and ,i should accompany him abroad1 and cross the sea in the craft he should privately #gga hire1 which would sail from ,littlehampton1 and carry us to some port of ,france1 whence along the coast we could travel to ,boulogne4 ,this liked her ladyship well4 ,her eyes entreated our consent thereunto1 as if it should have been a favor she asked1 which indeed was rather a benefit conferred on us2 for nothing would serve my lord but that he should be at the entire charge of the voyage1 who smiling said1 for such good company as he should thus enjoy he should be willing to be taxed twice as much1 and yet consider himself to be the obliged party in this contract4 ,but we must be married first1 ,basil bluntly said4 ,lady ,arundel replied that ,father ,southwell could perform the ceremony when we pleased--yea1 on the morrow1 if it should be convenient2 and that my lord should be present thereat4 ,i said this should be very short notice1 ,i thought1 for to be married the next day2 upon which ,basil exclaimed1 ,these be not times1 sweetheart1 for ceremonies1 fashions1 and nice delays4 ,methinks since our betrothal there hath been sufficient waiting for to serve the turn of the nicest lady in the world in the matter of reserves and yeas and nays4 ,which is the sharpest thing1 ,i think1 ,basil hath uttered to me either before or since we have been married4 ,so1 to appease him1 ,i said not another word against this sudden wedding2 and the next day but one1 at nine of the clock1 was then fixed for the time thereof4 ,on the following morning ,lord ,arundel and ,basil 7the earl had conceived a very great esteem and good disposition toward him2 as great1 and greater he told me1 as for some he had known for as many years as him hours7 went out together1 under pretence of shooting in the woods on the opposite side of the river about ,leominster1 but verily to proceed to ,littlehampton1 where the earl had appointed to meet the captain of the vessel--a ,catholic man1 the son of an old retainer of his family--with whom he had dealt for the hiring of a vessel for to sail to ,france as soon as the wind should prove favorable4 ,whilst they were gone upon this business1 ,lady ,arundel and ,i sat in the chamber which looked into the court1 making such simple preparations as would escape notice for our wedding1 and the departure which should speedily afterward ensue4 ,i will not yield thee1 her ladyship said1 to be married except in a white dress and veil1 which ,i shall hide in a chamber nigh unto the oratory1 where ,i myself will attire thee1 dear love2 and see1 this morning early ,i went out alone into the garden and gathered this store of rosemary1 for to make thee a nosegay to wear in thy bosom4 ,father ,southwell saith it is used at weddings for an emblem of fidelity4 ,if so1 who should have so good a right to it as my ,constance and her ,basil8 ,but ,i will lay it up in a casket1 which shall conceal it the while1 and aid to retain the scent thereof4 ,o dear lady1 ,i cried1 seizing her hands1 do you remember the day when you plucked rosemary in our old garden at ,sherwood1 and smiling1 said to me1 ',this meaneth remembrance8' ,since it signifieth fidelity also1 well should you affection it2 for where shall be found one so faithful in love and friendship as you8 ,weep not1 she said1 pressing her fingers on her eyelids to stay her own tears4 ,we must needs thank ,god and be joyful on the eve of thy wedding-day2 and ,i am resolved to meet my lord also with a cheerful countenance1 so that not in gloom but in hope he shall leave his native land4 ,in converse such as this the hours went swiftly by4 ,sometimes we talked of the past1 its many strange haps and changes2 sometimes of the future1 forecasting the manner of our lives abroad1 where in safety1 albeit in poverty1 we hoped to spend our days4 ,in #ggb the afternoon there arrived at the castle my ,lord ,william ,howard and his wife and ,lady ,margaret ,sackville1 who1 having notice of their brother's intent to go beyond seas on the next day1 if it should be possible1 had come for to bid him farewell4 ,leaving ,lady ,arundel in their company1 ,i went to the terrace underneath the walls of the castle1 and there paced up and down1 chewing the cud of both sweet and sad memories4 ,i looked at the soft blue sky and fleecy clouds1 urged along by a westerly breeze impregnated with a salt savor2 on the emerald green of the fields1 the graceful forms of the leafless trees on the opposite hills1 on the cattle peacefully resting by the river-side4 ,i listed to the rustling of the wind amongst the bare branches over mine head1 and the bells of a church ringing far off in the valley4 ,o ,england1 mine own ,england1 my fair native land--am ,i to leave thee1 never to return8 ,i cried1 speaking aloud1 as if to ease my oppressed heart4 ,then mine eyes rested on the ruined hospital of the town1 the shut-up churches1 the profaned sanctuaries1 and thought flying beyond the seas to a ,catholic land1 ,i exclaimed1 ,the sparrow shall find herself a house1 and the turtle-dove a nest for herself--the altars of the ,lord of hosts1 my king and my ,god4 ,when ,basil returned1 he told me that the vessel which was to take us to ,france was lying out at sea near the coast4 ,lord ,arundel and himself had gone in a boat to speak with the captain1 who did seem a particular honest man and zealous ,catholic2 and the earl had bespoken some needful accommodation for ,mistress ,martingale1 he said1 smiling2 not very commodious1 indeed1 but as good as on board the like craft could be expected4 ,if the wind remained in the same quarter in the afternoon of the morrow1 we should then sail2 if it should change1 so as to be most unfavorable1 the captain should send private notice of it to the castle4 ,the whole of that evening the earl spent in writing a letter to her majesty4 ,he feared that his enemies1 after his departure1 would1 by their slanderous reports1 endeavor to disgrace him with the people1 and cause the queen to have sinister surmises of him4 ,he confided this letter to the ,lady ,margaret1 his sister1 to be delivered unto her after his arrival in ,france2 by which it might appear1 both to her and all others1 what were the true causes which had moved him to undertake that resolution4 ,i do often think of that evening in the great chamber of the castle--the young earl in the vigorous strength and beauty of manhood1 his comely and fair face now bending over his writing1 now raised with a noble and manly grief1 as he read aloud portions of it1 which1 methinks1 would have touched any hearts to hear them2 and how much the more that loving wife1 that affectionate sister1 that faithful brother1 those devoted friends which seemed to be in some sort witnesses of his last will before a final parting6 ,i mind me of the sorrowful1 dove-like sweetness of ,lady ,arundel's countenance2 the flashing eyes of ,lady ,margaret2 the loving expression1 veiled by a studied hardness1 of ,lord ,william's face2 of his wife my ,lady ,bess's reddening cheek and tearful eyes1 which she did conceal behind the coif of her childish namesake sitting on her knees4 ,when he had finished his letter1 with a somewhat moved voice the earl read the last passages thereof3 ,if my protestation1 who never told your majesty any untruth1 may carry credit in your opinion1 ,i here call ,god and his angels to witness that ,i would not have taken this course if ,i might have stayed in ,england without danger of my soul or peril of my life4 ,i am enforced to forsake my country1 to forget my friends1 to leave my wife1 to lose the hope of all worldly pleasures and earthly commodities4 ,all this is so grievous to flesh and blood1 that ,i could not desire to live if ,i #ggc were not comforted with the remembrance of his mercy for whom ,i endure all this1 who endured ten thousand times more for me4 ,therefore ,i remain in assured hope that myself and my cause shall receive that favor1 conceit1 and rightful construction at your majesty's hands which ,i may justly challenge4 ,i do humbly crave pardon for my long and tedious letter1 which the weightiness of the matter enforced me unto2 and ,i beseech ,god from the bottom of my heart to send your majesty as great happiness as ,i wish to mine own soul4 ,a time of silence followed the reading of these sentences1 and then the earl said in a cheerful manner3 ,so1 good ,meg1 ,i commit this protestation to thy good keeping4 ,when thou hearest of my safe arrival in ,france1 then straightway see to have it placed in the queen's hands4 ,the rest of the evening was spent in affectionate converse by these near kinsfolk4 ,basil and ,i repaired the while by the secret passage to ,father ,southwell's chamber1 where we were in turn shriven1 and afterward received from him such good counsel and rules of conduct as he deemed fitting for married persons to observe4 ,before ,i left him1 this good father gave me1 writ in his own hand1 some sweet verses which he had that day composed for us1 and which ,i do here transcribe4 ,he1 smiling1 said he had made mention of fishes in his poem1 for to pleasure so famous an angler as ,basil2 and of birds1 for that he knew me to be a great lover of these soaring creatures3 ,the lopped tree in time may grow again4 ,most naked plants renew both fruit and flower2 ,the sorest wight may find release of pain4 ,the driest soil suck in some moistening shower2 ,times go by turn1 and chances change by course4 ,from foul to fair1 from better hap to worse4 ,the sea of fortune doth not over flow1 ,she draws her favors to the lowest ebb2 ,her time hath equal times to come and go4 ,her loom doth weave the fine and coarsest web2 ,no joy so great but runneth to an end4 ,no hap so hard but may in fine amend4 ,a chance may win that by mischance was lost4 ,the well that holds no great1 takes little fish2 ,in some things all1 in all things none are crossed4 ,few all they need1 but none have all they wish2 ,unmeddled joys here to no man befal1 ,who least have some1 who most have never all4 ,not always fall of leaf1 nor ever spring2 ,no endless night1 yet not eternal day2 ,the saddest birds a season find to sing2 ,the roughest storm a calm may soon allay2 ,thus with succeeding turns ,god tempereth all1 ,that man may hope to rise1 yet fear to fall4 ,the common sheet of paper which doth contain this his writing hath a greater value in mine eyes than the most rich gift that can be thought of4 ,on the next morning4 ,lady ,arundel conducted me from mine own chamber1 first into a room where with her own hands she arrayed me in my bridal dress1 and with many tender kisses and caresses1 such as a sister or a mother would bestow1 testified her affection for her poor friend2 and thence to the oratory1 where the altar was prepared1 and by herself in secret decked with early primroses1 which had begun to show in the woods and neath the hedges4 ,a small but noble company were gathered round us that day4 ,from pure and holy lips the ,church's benison came to us4 ,the vows we exchanged have been faithfully observed1 and long years have set a seal on the promises then made4 ,basil's wife6 ,oh1 what a whole compass of happiness did lie in those two words6 ,yea1 the waves of the sea might now rage and the winds blow4 ,the haven might be distant and the way thither insecure4 ,man's enmity or accident might yet rob us each of the other's visible presence4 ,but naught could now sever the cord1 strong like unto a cable chain1 which bound our souls in one4 ,anchored in that wedded unity1 which is one of ,god's sacraments1 till death1 ay1 and beyond death also1 this tie should last4 ,we have been young1 and now are old4 ,we have lost country1 home1 and almost every friend known and affectioned in our young years2 but #ggd that deepest1 holiest love1 the type of ,christ's union with his ,church1 still doth shed its light over the evening of life4 ,my dear ,basil1 ,i am assured1 thinks me as fair as when we did sit together fishing on the banks of the ,ouse2 and his hoary head and withered cheeks are more lovely in mine eyes than ever were his auburn locks and ruddy complexion4 ,one of us must needs die before the other1 unless we should be so happy that that good should befal us as to end our days as two aged married persons ,i have heard of4 ,it was the husband's custom1 as soon as ever he unclosed his eyes1 to ask his wife how she did2 but one night1 he being in a deep sleep1 she quietly departed toward the morning4 ,he was that day to have gone out a-hunting1 and it was his custom to have his chaplain pray with him before he went out4 ,the women1 fearful to surprise him with the ill news1 had stolen out and acquainted the chaplain1 desiring him to inform him of it4 ,but the gentleman waking did not on that day1 as was his custom ask for his wife1 but called his chaplain to prayers1 and1 joining with him1 in the midst of the prayer expired1 and both were buried in the same grave4 ,methinks this should be a very desirable end1 only1 if it pleased ,god1 ,i would wish to have the last sacraments1 and then to die just before ,basil1 when his time cometh4 ,but ,god knoweth best2 and any ways we are so old and so near of an age1 one cannot tarry very long behind when the other is gone4 ,being at rest after our marriage touching what concerned ourselves1 compassion for ,lady ,arundel filled our hearts4 ,alas6 how bravely and how sweetly she bore this parting grief4 ,her intense love for her lord1 and sorrow at their approaching separation1 struggled with her resolve not to sadden their last hours1 which were prolonged beyond expectancy4 ,for once on that day1 and twice on that which followed1 when all was made ready for departure1 a message came from the captain for to say the wind1 and another time the tide1 would not serve2 and albeit each time1 like a reprieved person1 ,lady ,arundel welcomed the delay1 methinks these retardments served to increase her sufferings4 ,little ,bess hung fondly on her father's neck the last time he returned from ,littlehampton with the tidings the vessel would not sail for some hours1 kissing his face and playing with his beard4 ,ah1 dearest ,phil6 her mother cried1 the poor babe rejoiceth in the sight of thee1 all unwitting in her innocent glee of the shortness of this joy4 ,howsoever1 methinks five or six hours of it is a boon for to thank ,god for2 and so putting her arm in his1 she led him away to a solitary part of the garden1 where they walked to and fro1 she1 as she hath since written to me1 starting each time the clock did strike1 like one doomed to execution4 ,methinks there was this difference between them1 that he was full of hope and bright forecastings of a speedy reunion2 but on her soul lay a dead1 mournful despondency1 which she hid by an apparent calmness4 ,when1 late in the evening1 a third message came for to say the ship could not depart that night1 ,i begun to think it would never go at all4 ,i saw ,basil looked at the weathercock and shrugged his shoulders1 as if the same thought was in his mind4 ,but when ,i spake of it1 he said seafaring folks had a knowledge in these matters which others did not possess1 and we must needs be patient under these delays4 ,howsoever1 at three o'clock in the morning the shipman signified that the wind was fit and all in readiness4 ,so we rose in haste and prepared for to depart4 ,the countess put her arms about my neck1 and this was the last embrace ,i ever had of her4 ,my lord's brother and sisters hung about him awhile in great grief4 ,then his wife put out her hands to him1 and1 with a sorrow too deep for speech1 fixed her eyes on his visage4 #gge ,cheep up1 sweetest wife1 ,i heard him say4 ,albeit nature suffers in this severance from my native land1 my true home shall be wherever it shall please ,god to bring thee and me and our children together4 ,god defend the loss of this world's good should make us sad1 if we be but once so blessed as to meet again where we may freely serve him4 ,then1 after a long and tender clasping of her to his breast1 he tore himself away and getting on a horse rode to the coast4 ,basil and ,i1 with ,mr4 ,william ,bray and ,mr4 ,burlace1 drove in a coach to the port4 ,it was yet dark1 and a heavy mist hung on the valley4 ,folks were yet abed1 and the shutters of the houses closed1 as we went down the hill through the town4 ,after crossing the bridge over the ,arun the air felt cold and chill4 ,at the steep ascent near ,leominster ,i put my head out of the window for to look once more at the castle1 but the fog was too thick4 ,at the port the coach stopped1 and a boat was found waiting for us4 ,lord ,arundel was seated in it1 with his face muffled in a cloak4 ,the savor of the sea air revived my spirits2 and when the boat moved off1 and ,i felt the waves lifting it briskly1 and with my hand in ,basil's ,i looked on the land we were leaving1 and then on the watery world before us1 a singular emotion filled my soul1 as if it was some sort of death was happening to me--a dying to the past1 a gliding on to an unknown future on a pathless ocean1 rocked peacefully in the arms of his sheltering love1 even as this little bark which carried us along was lifted up and caressed by the waves of the deep sea4 ,when we reached the vessel the day was dawning4 ,the sun soon emerged from a bank of clouds1 and threw its first light on the rippling waters4 ,a favoring wind filled our sails1 and like a bird on the wing the ship bounded on its way till the flat shore at ,littlehampton and the far-off white cliffs to the eastward were well-nigh lost sight of4 ,lord ,arundel stood with ,basil on the narrow deck1 gazing at the receding coast4 ,how sweet the air doth blow from ,england6 he said2 how blue the sky doth appear to-day6 and those saucy seagulls how free and happy they do look6 ,then he noticed some fishing-boats1 and with a telescope he had in his hand discerned various ships very far off4 ,afterward he came and sat down by my side1 and spoke in a cheerful manner of his wife and the simple home he designed for her abroad4 ,some years ago1 ,mistress ,constance1 he said--and then smiling1 added1 ,my tongue is not yet used to call you ,mistress ,rookwood--when my sweet ,nan1 albeit a wife1 was yet a simple child1 she was wont to say1 ',phil1 would we were farmers6 ,you would plough the fields and cut wood in the forest1 and ,i should milk the cows and feed the poultry4' ,well1 methinks her wish may yet come to pass4 ,in ,brittany or ,normandy some little homestead should shelter us1 where ,bess shall roll on the grass and gather the fallen apples1 and on ,sundays put on her bravest clothes for to go to mass4 ,what think you thereof1 ,mistress ,constance8 and who knoweth but you and your good husband may also dwell in the same village1 and some eighteen or twenty years hence a gay wedding for to take place betwixt one ,master ,rookwood and one ,lady ,ann or ,margaret ,howard1 or my ,lord ,maltravers with one ,mistress ,constance or ,muriel ,rookwood8 ,and on the green on such a day1 ,nan and ,basil and you and ,i should lead the brawls4 ,methinks1 my lord1 ,i answered1 smiling1 you do forecast too great a condescension on your part1 and too much ambition on our side1 in the planning of such a union4 ,well1 well1 he said2 if your good husband carrieth not beyond seas with him the best earl's title in ,england1 ,i'll warrant you in ,god's sight he weareth a higher one far #ggf away--the merit of an unstained life and constant nobility of action2 and ,i promise you1 beside1 he will be the better farmer of the twain2 so that in the matter of tocher1 ,mistress ,rookwood should exceed my ,lady ,bess or ,ann ,howard4 ,with such-like talk as this time was whiled away2 and whilst we were yet conversing ,i noticed that ,basil spoke often to the captain and looked for to be watching a ship yet at some distance1 but which seemed to be gaining on us4 ,lord ,arundel1 perceiving it1 then also joined them1 and inquired what sort of craft it should be4 ,the captain professed to be ignorant thereof2 and when ,basil said it looked like a small ship-of-war1 and as there were many dangerous pirates about the ,channel it should be well to guard against it1 he assented thereto1 and said he was prepared for defence4 ,with such unequal means1 ,basil replied1 as it is like we should bring to a contest1 speed should serve us better than defence4 ,but1 quoth ,lord ,arundel1 she is1 'tis plain1 a swifter sailer than this one we are in4 ,god's will be done1 but 'tis a heavy misfortune if a pirate at this time do attack us1 and so few moneys with us for to spare6 ,now none of our eyes could detach themselves from this pursuing vessel4 ,the captain eluded further talk1 on pretence for to give orders and move some guns he had aboard on deck2 but it was vain for to think of a handful of men untrained to sea-warfare encountering a superior force1 such as this ship must possess1 if its designs should be hostile4 ,as it moved nigher to us1 we could perceive it to be well manned and armed4 ,and the captain then exclaimed3 ',tis ,keloway's ship6 ,this man was of a notorious1 infamous life1 well known for his sea-robberies and depredations in the ,channel4 ,god yield1 murmured the earl1 he shall content himself with the small sum we can deliver to him and not stay us any further4 ,a moment afterward we were boarded by this man1 who1 with his crew1 thrice as numerous as ours and armed to the teeth1 comes on our deck and takes possession of the ship4 ,straightway he walks to the earl and tells him he doth know him1 and had watched his embarkation1 being resolved to follow him and exact a good ransom at his hands1 which if he would pay without contention1 he should himself1 without further stop or stay1 pass him and his two gentlemen into ,france1 adding1 he should take no less from him than one hundred pounds4 ,i have not so much1 or near unto it1 with me1 ,lord ,arundel said4 ,but you can write a word or two to any friend of yours from whom ,i may receive it4 quoth ,keloway4 ,well1 said the earl1 seeing ,i have pressing occasion for to go to ,france1 and would not be willingly delayed1 ,i must needs consent to your terms1 no choice therein being allowed me4 ,get me some paper1 he said to ,mr4 ,william ,bray4 ,should this be prudent1 my lord8 ,basil whispered in his ear4 ,there is no help for it1 ,master ,rookwood1 the earl replied4 ,beside1 there is honor even amongst thieves4 ,once secure of his money1 this man hath no interest in detaining us1 but rather the contrary4 ,and without further stopping1 he hastily wrote a few lines to his sister the ,lady ,margaret ,sackville1 in ,london1 that she should speak to ,mr4 ,bridges1 alias ,grately1 a priest1 to give one hundred pounds to the bearer thereof1 by the token that was between them1 that black is white1 and withal assured her that he now certainly hoped to have speedy passage without impediment4 ,as soon as this paper was put into ,kelloway's hand1 he read it1 and immediately called on his men for to arrest the ,earl of ,arundel1 producing an order from the queen's council for to prove he #ggg was appointed to watch there for him1 and carry him back again to land where her majesty's officers did await him4 ,an indescribable anguish seized my heart2 an overwhelming grief1 such as methinks no other event1 howsoever sad or tragical1 or yet more nearly touching me1 had ever wrought in my soul1 which ,i ascribe to a presentiment that this should be the first link of that long chain of woes which was to follow4 ,o1 my lord6 ,i exclaimed1 almost falling at his feet1 ,god help you to bear this too heavy blow6 ,he took me by the hand2 and never till ,i die shall ,i lose the memory of the sweet serenity and noble steadfastness of his visage in this trying hour4 ,god willeth it1 he gently said2 his holy will be done6 ,he will work good out of what seemeth evil to us4 ,and then gaily added1 ,we had thought to travel the same way2 now we must needs journey apart4 ,never fear1 good friends1 but both roads shall lead to heaven1 if we do but tread them piously4 ,my chief sorrow is for ,nan2 but her virtue is so great1 that affliction will never rob her of such peace as ,god only giveth4 ,then this angelic man1 forecasting for his friends in the midst of this terrible mishap1 passed into ,basil's hands his pocket-book1 and said1 ,this shall pay your voyage1 good friend2 and if aught doth remain afterward1 let the poor have their share of it1 for a thank-offering1 when you reach the shore in safety4 ,basil1 ,i saw1 could not speak2 his heart was too full4 ,o1 what a parting ensued on that sad ocean whose waves had seemed to dance so joyously a short space before6 ,with what aching hearts we pressed the young earl's hand1 and watched him pass into the other ship1 accompanied by his two gentlemen1 which were with him arrested6 ,no heed was taken of us2 and ,kelloway1 having secured his prey1 abandoned our vessel1 the captain of which seemed uneasy and ill-disposed to speak with us4 ,we did then suspect1 which doubt hath been since confirmed1 that this seeming honest ,catholic man had acted a traitor's part1 and that those many delays had been used for the very purpose of staying ,lord ,arundel until such time as all was prepared for his capture4 ,the wind1 which was in our favor1 bore us swiftly toward the ,french coast2 and we soon lost sight of the vessel which carried the earl back to the shores of ,england4 ,fancy1 you who read1 what pictures we needs must then have formed of that return2 of the dismal news reaching the afflicted wife1 the sad sister1 the mournful brother1 and friends now scattered apart1 so lately clustered round him6 ,alas6 when we landed in ,france1 at the port of ,calais1 the sense of our own safety was robbed of half its joy by fears and sorrowing for the dear friends whose fortunes have proved so dissimilar to our own4 ,,chapter ,,xxviii4 ,the deep clear azure of the ,french sky1 the lightsome pure air1 the quaint houses1 and outlandish dresses of the people in ,calais2 the sound of a foreign tongue understood1 but not familiar1 for a brief time distracted my mind from painful themes4 ,basil led me to the church for to give thanks to ,god for his mercies to us1 and mostly did it seem strange to me to enter an edifice in which he is worshipped in a ,catholic manner1 which yet hath the form and appearance of a church1 and resembles not the concealed chambers in our country wherein mass is said2 an open visible house for the ,king of kings1 not a hiding-place1 as in ,england4 ,after we had prayed there a short time1 ,basil put into a box at the entrance the money which ,lord ,arundel had designed for the poor4 ,a pale thin man stood at the door1 which1 when we passed1 said1 ,god #ggh bless you6 ,basil looked earnestly at him1 and then exclaimed1 ,as ,i live1 ,mr4 ,watson6 ,yea1 the good man answered1 the same1 or rather the shadow of the same1 risen at the last from the bed of sickness4 ,o ,mr4 ,rookwood1 ,i am glad to see you6 ,and so am ,i to meet with you1 ,mr4 ,watson1 ,basil answered2 and then told this dear friend who ,i was1 and the sad hap of ,lord ,arundel1 which moved in him a great concern for that young nobleman and his excellent lady4 ,many tokens of regard and interchange of information passed between us4 ,he showed us where he lived1 in a small cottage near unto the ramparts2 and nothing would serve him but to gather for me in the garden a nosegay of early flowerets which just had raised their heads above the sod4 ,he said ,dr4 ,allen had sent him money in his sickness1 and an ,english lady married to a ,french gentleman provided for his wants4 ,ah6 that was the good madame ,i told you of1 ,basil cried1 turning to me2 who would have harbored 4 4 4 4 ,then he stopped short2 but ,mr4 ,watson had caught his meaning1 and with tears in his eyes said3 ,fear not to speak of her whose death bought my life1 and it may be also my soul's safety4 ,for1 ,god knoweth1 the thought of her doth never forsake me so much as for one hour2 and thereupon we parted with much kindness on both sides4 ,that night we lay at a small hostelry in the town2 and the next morning hired a cart with one horse1 which carried us to ,boulogne in one day1 and thence to this village1 where we have lived since for many years in great peace4 ,i thank ,god1 and very much contentment of mind1 and no regrets save such as do arise in the hearts of exiles without hope of return to a beloved native country4 ,the awaiting of tidings from ,england1 which were long delayed1 was at the first a very sore trial1 and those which reached us at last yet more grievous than that suspense4 ,lord ,arundel committed to the ,tower2 his brother the ,lord ,william and his sister the ,lady ,margaret not long after arrested1 which was more grief to him1 his lady wrote to me1 than all his own troubles and imprisonment4 ,but1 ,o my ,god6 how well did that beginning match with what was to follow6 ,those ten years which were spent amidst so many sufferings of all sorts by these two noble persons1 that the recital of them would move to pity the most strong heart4 ,mine own sorrows1 leastways all sharp ones1 ended with my passage into ,france4 ,if ,basil showed himself a worthy lover1 he hath proved a yet better husband4 ,his nature doth so delight in doing good that it wins him the love of all our neighbors4 ,his life is a constant exercise of charity4 ,he is most indulgent to his wife and kind to his children1 of which it hath pleased ,god to give him three--one boy and two girls1 of as comely visages and commendable dispositions as can reasonably be desired4 ,he hath a most singular affection for all such as do suffer for their religion1 and cherishes them with an extraordinary bounty to the limits of his ability2 his house being a common resort for all banished ,catholics which land at ,boulogne1 from whence he doth direct them to such persons as can assist them in their need4 ,his love toward my unworthy self hath never decreased4 ,methinks it rather doth increase as we advance in years4 ,we have ever been actuated as by one soul2 and never have any two wills agreed so well as ,basil's and mine in all aims in this world and hopes for the next4 ,if any1 in the reading of this history1 have only cared for mine own haps1 ,i pray them to end their perusal of it here2 but if1 even as my heart hath been linked from early years with ,lady ,arundel's1 there be any in which my poor writing hath awakened somewhat of that esteem for her virtues and resentment of her sorrows which hath grown in me from long experience of her singular worth2 #ggi if the noble atonement for youthful offences and follies already shown in her lord's return to his duty to her1 and altered behavior in respect to ,god1 hath also moved them to desire a further knowledge of the manner in which these two exalted souls were advanced by long affliction to a high point of perfection--then to such the following pages shall not be wholly devoid of that interest which the true recital of great misfortune doth habitually carry with it4 ,if none other had written the life of that noble lady1 methinks ,i must have essayed to do it2 but having heard that a good clergyman hath taken this task in hand1 secretly preparing materials whilst she yet lives wherewith to build her a memorial at a future time1 ,i have restrained myself to setting down what1 by means of her own writing or the reports of others1 hath reached my knowledge concerning the ten years which followed my last parting with her4 ,this was the first letter ,i received from this afflicted lady after her lord's arrest3 ,o ,,my ,,dear ,,friend--,what days these have proved6 ,believe me1 ,i never looked for a favorable issue of this enterprise4 ,when ,i first had notice thereof1 a notable chill fell on my soul1 which never warmed again with hope4 ,when ,i began to pray after hearing of it1 ,i had what methinks the holy ,juliana of ,norwich 7whose cell we did once visit together1 as ,i doubt not thou dost remember7 would have called a foreshowing1 or1 as others do express it1 a presentiment of coming evil4 ,but how soon the effect followed6 ,i had retired to rest at nine of the clock2 and before ,i was undressed ,bertha came in with a most downcast countenance4 ',what news is there8' ,i quickly asked1 misdoubting some misfortune had happened4 ,then she began to weep4 ',is my lord taken8' ,i cried1 'or worse befallen him8' ',he is taken1' she answered1 'and is now being carried to ,london for to be committed to the ,tower4 ,master ,ralph1 the port-master1 hath brought the news4 ,a man1 an hour ago1 had reported as much in the town2 but ,mr4 ,fawcett would not suffer your ladyship to be told of it before a greater certainty thereof should appear4 ,o woe be the day my lord ever embarked6' ,then ,i heard sounds of wailing and weeping in the gallery2 and opening the door1 found ,bessy's nurse and some other of the servants lamenting in an uncontrolled fashion4 ,i could not shed one tear1 but gave orders they should fetch unto me the man which had brought the tidings4 ,from him ,i heard more fully what had happened2 and then1 in the same composed manner1 desired my coach and horses for to be made ready to take me to ,london the next day at daybreak1 and dismissed everybody1 not suffering so much as one woman to sit up with me4 ,when all had retired1 ,i put on my cloak and hood2 and listing first if all was quiet1 went by the secret passage to the chapel-room4 ,when ,i got there1 ,father ,southwell was in it1 saying his office4 ,when he saw me enter at that unusual hour1 methinks the truth was made known to him at once2 for he only took me by the hand1 and said3 ',my child1 this would be too hard to bear if it were not ,god's sweet will2 but being so1 what remaineth but to lie still under a ,father's merciful infliction8' and then he took out the crucifix1 which for safety was locked up1 and set it on the altar4 ',that shall speak to you better than ,i can1' he said2 and verily it did2 for at the sight of my dying ,saviour ,i wept4 ,the whole night was spent in devout exercises4 ,at dawn of day ,father ,southwell said mass1 and ,i received4 ,then1 before any one was astir1 ,i returned to mine own chamber1 and1 lying down for a few moments1 afterward rung the bell1 and ordered horses to be procured for to travel to ,london1 whence ,i write these lines4 ,i have here heard this report of my dear lord's journey from one which conversed with ,sir ,george ,carey1 #ghj who commanded the guard which conducted him1 that he was nothing at all daunted with so unexpected a misfortune1 and not only did endure it with great patience and courage1 but1 moreover1 carried it with a joyful and merry countenance4 ,one night in the way he lodged at ,guildford1 where seeing the master of the inn 7who sometime was our servant1 and who hath written it to one of my women1 his sister71 and some others who wished well unto him1 weeping and sorrowing for his misfortunes1 he comforted them all1 and willed them to be of good cheer1 because it was not for any crime--treason or the like--he was apprehended1 but only for attempting to leave the kingdom1 the which he had done only for his own safety4 ,he is soon to be examined by some of the council sent to the ,tower for this special purpose by the queen4 ,i have sought to obtain access to him1 but been flatly reused1 and a hint ministered to me that albeit my residence at ,arundel ,house is tolerated at the present1 if the queen should come to stay at ,somerset ,house1 which she is soon like to do1 my departure hence shall be enforced2 but while ,i remain ,i would fain do some good to persons afflicted as myself4 ,i pray you1 my good ,constance1 when you find some means to despatch me a letter1 therewith to send the names and addresses of some of the poor folks ,muriel was wont to visit2 for ,i am of opinion grief should not make us selfish1 but rather move us to relieve in others the pains of which we feel the sharp edge ourselves4 ,i have already met by accident with many necessitous persons1 and they do begin in great numbers to resort to this house4 ,god knoweth if the means to relieve them will not be soon lacking4 ,but to make hay whilst the sun shines is a wise saying1 and in some instances a precept4 ,alas6 the sunshine of joy is already obscured for me4 ,except for these poor pensioners1 that of fortune causeth me small concern4--,thy loving friend1 ,a4 ,a4 and ,s4 ,will and ,meg are at present in separate prisons4 ,it is impossible but that she shall be presently released2 for against her nothing can be alleged1 so much as to give a pretence for an accusation4 ,my lord and ,will's joint letter to ,dr4 ,allen1 sent by ,mr4 ,brydges--who1 out of confidence1 mentioned it to ,mr4 ,gifford1 a pretended priest1 who lives at ,paris1 and is now discovered to be a spy--is the ground of the charges against them4 ,how utterly unfounded thou well knowest2 but so much as to write to ,dr4 ,allen is now a crime1 howsoever innocent the matter of such a correspondence should be4 ,i do fear that in one of his letters--but ,i wot not if of this they have possession--my lord1 who had just heard that the ,earl of ,leicester had openly vowed to make the name of ,catholic as odious in ,england as the name of ,turk1 did say1 in manner of a jest1 that if some lawful means might be found to take away this earl1 it would be a great good for ,catholics in ,england2 which careless sentence may be twisted by his enemies to his disadvantage4 ,some time afterward1 a person passing from ,london to ,rheims1 brought me this second letter from her ladyship1 written at ,rumford1 in ,essex3 ,what ,i have been warned of verily hath happened4 ,upon the queen's coming to ,london last month1 it was signified to me ,i should leave it4 ,now that ,father ,southwell hath been removed from ,arundel ,castle1 and no priest at this time can live in it1 ,i did not choose to be delivered there1 without the benefit of spiritual assistance in case of danger of death1 and so hired a house in this town1 at a short distance of which a recusant gentleman doth keep one in his house4 ,i came from ,london without obtaining leave so much as once to see my dear husband1 or to send him a letter or message1 or receive one from him4 ,but this ,i have learnt1 that he cannot speak with any person whatsoever but in the presence and hearing of his #gha keeper or the lieutenant of the ,tower1 and that the room in which he is locked up has no sight of the sun for the greatest part of the year2 so that if not changed before the winter cometh it shall prove very unwholesome2 and moreover the noisomeness thereof caused by a vault that is under it is so great that the keeper can scarce endure to enter into it1 much less to stay there any time4 ,alas6 what ravages shall this treatment cause on a frame of great niceness and delicate habits1 ,i leave you to judge4 ,by this time he hath been examined twice2 and albeit forged letters were produced1 the falsity of which the council were forced to admit1 and he was charged with nothing which could be substantiated1 except leaving the realm without license of the queen1 and being reconciled to the ,church of ,rome1 his sentence is yet deferred1 and his imprisonment as strict as ever4 ,i pray ,god it may not be deferred till his health is utterly destroyed1 which1 ,i doubt not1 is what his enemies would most desire4 ,last evening ,i had the exceeding great comfort of the coming hither of mine own dear good ,meg1 who hath been some time released from prison1 with many vexatious restraints1 howsoever1 still laid upon her4 ,albeit very much advanced in her pregnancy1 nothing would serve her when she had leave to quit ,london but to do me this good4 ,this is the first taste of joy ,i have had since my lord's commitment4 ,in her face ,i behold his2 when she speaks ,i hear him4 ,no talk is ministered between us but of that beloved husband and brother2 our common prayers are put up for him4 ,she hath spied his spies for to discover all which relates to him1 and hath found means to convey to him--,i thank ,god for it--some books of devotion1 which he greatly needed4 ,she is yet a-bed this morning1 for we sat up late yester-eve1 so sweet1 albeit sad1 was the converse we held after so many common sufferings4 ,but methinks ,i grudge her these hours of sleep1 longing for to hear again those loved accents which mind me of my dear ,phil4 ,my pen had hardly traced those last words1 when a messenger arrived from the council with an express command to ,margaret from her majesty not to stay with me another night1 but forthwith to return to ,london4 ,the surprise and fear which this message occasioned hastened the event which should have yet been delayed some weeks4 ,a few hours after 7,i thank ,god1 in safety7 a fair son was born2 but in the mother's heart and mine apprehension dispelled joy1 lest enforced disobedience should produce fresh troubles4 ,howsoever1 she recovered quickly2 and as soon as she could be removed ,i lost her sweet company4 ,thine affectionate friend to command1 ,a4 ,a4 ,,and ,s4 ,some time afterward1 one ,mr4 ,dixon1 a gentleman ,i had met once or twice in ,london1 tarried a night at our house1 and brought me the news that ,god had given the ,countess of ,arundel a son1 which she had earnestly desired her husband should be informed of1 but he heard it had been refused4 ,howsoever1 when he was urgent with his keepers to let him know if she had been safely delivered1 they gave him to understand that she had another daughter2 his enemies not being willing he should have so much contentment as the birth of a son should have yielded him4 ,doth the queen1 ,i asked of this gentleman1 then not mitigate her anger against these noble persons8 ,so far from it1 he answered1 that when1 at the beginning of this trouble1 ,lady ,arundel went to ,sir ,francis ,knowles for to seek by his means to obtain an audience from her majesty1 in order to sue for her husband1 he told her she would sooner release him at once--which1 howsoever1 she had no mind to do--than only once allow her to enter her presence4 ,he then1 her ladyship told me1 rated her exceedingly1 asking if she and her husband were not ashamed to make themselves #ghb papists1 only out of spleen and peevish humor to cross and vex the queen8 ,she answered him in the same manner as her lord did one of his keepers1 who told him very many in the kingdom were of opinion that he made show to be ,catholic only out of policy2 to whom he said1 with great mildness1 that ,god doth know the secrets of all hearts1 but that he thought there was small policy for a man to lose his liberty1 hazard his estate and life1 and live in that manner in a prison as he then did4 ,a brief letter from ,lady ,tregony informed me soon after this that1 after a third examination1 the court had fined ,lord ,arundel in #aj1jjj unto the queen and adjudged him to imprisonment during her pleasure4 ,what that pleasure proved1 ten years of unmitigated suffering and slow torture evinced2 one of the most grievous of which was that his lady could never obtain for to see him1 albeit other prisoners' wives had easy access to them4 ,this touching letter ,i had from her three years after he was imprisoned3 ,,mine ,,own ,,good ,,friend--,life doth wear on1 and relief of one sort leastways comes not2 but ,god forbid ,i should repine4 ,for such instances ,i see in the letters of my dear lord--which when some of his servants do leave the ,tower1 which1 worn out as they soon become by sickness1 they must needs do to preserve their lives--he findeth means to write to me or to ,father ,southwell1 that ,i am ashamed to grieve overmuch at anything which doth befal us--when his willingness and contentment to suffer are so great4 ,as when he saith to that good father1 ',for all crosses touching worldly matters1 ,i thank ,god they trouble me not much1 and much the less for your singular good counsel1 which ,i beseech our ,lord ,i may often remember2 and to me this dear husband writes thus3 ',i beseech you1 for the love of ,god1 to comfort yourself whatsoever shall happen1 and to be best pleased with that which shall please ,god best1 and be his will to send4 ,i find that there is some intent to do me no good1 but indeed to do me the most good of all2 but ,i am--and1 thank ,god1 doubt not but ,i shall be by his grace--ready to endure the worst which flesh and blood can do unto me4' ,o ,constance1 flesh and blood doth sometimes rebel against the keen edge of suffering2 but ,i pray you1 my friend1 how can ,i complain when ,i hear of this much1 long dearly cherished husband1 ascending by steps the ladder of perfection1 advancing from virtue to virtue as the psalm saith1 never uttering one unsubmissive word toward ,god1 or one resentful one toward his worst enemies2 making1 in the most sublime manner1 of necessity virtue1 and turning his loathsome prison into a religious cell1 wherein every exercise of devotion is duly practised1 and his soul trained for heaven8 ,the small pittance the queen alloweth for his maintenance he so sparingly useth1 that most of it doth pass into the hands of the poor or other more destitute prisoners than himself4 ,but sickness and disease prey on his frame4 ,and the picture of him my memory draweth is gradually more effaced in the living man1 albeit vivid in mine own portraying of it4 ,there is now a priest imprisoned in the ,tower1 not very far from the chamber wherein my lord is confined2 one of the name of ,bennet4 ,my lord desired much to meet him1 and speak with him for the comfort of his soul1 and ,i have found means to bring it to effect by mediation of the lieutenant's daughter1 to whom ,i have given thirty pounds for her endeavors in procuring it4 ,and moreover she hath assisted in conveying into his chamber church-stuff and all things requisite for the saying of mass1 whereunto she tells me1 to my indescribable comfort1 he himself doth serve with great humility1 and therein receives the blessed sacrament frequently4 ,sir ,thomas ,gerard1 she saith1 and ,mr4 ,shelly1 which are likewise prisoners at this time1 she introduces secretly into his lodgings for to hear mass and have speech with #ghc him4 ,alas6 what should be a comfort to him1 and so the greatest of joys to me1 the exceeding peril of these times causeth me to look upon with apprehension2 for these gentlemen1 albeit well disposed1 are not famed for so much wisdom and prudence as himself1 in not saying or doing anything which might be an occasion of danger to him2 and the least lack of wariness1 when there is so much discourse about the great ,spanish fleet which is now in preparation1 should prove like to be fatal4 ,god send no worse hap befal us soon4 ,in addition to these other troubles and fears1 ,i am much molested by a melancholy vapor1 which ascends to my head1 and greatly troubles me since ,i was told upon a sudden of the unexpected death of ,margaret ,sackville1 whom1 for her many great virtues and constant affection toward myself1 ,i did so highly esteem and affection4 ,from that time for a long while ,i had no direct news of ,lady ,arundel2 but report brought us woful tidings concerning her lord1 who1 after many private examinations1 had been brought from the ,tower to the ,king's ,bench ,court1 in the hall of ,westminster1 and there publicly arraigned on the charge of high treason1 the grounds of which accusation being that he had prayed and procured others to make simultaneous prayer for twenty-four hours1 and procured ,mr4 ,bennet to say a mass of the ,holy ,ghost1 for the success of the ,spanish fleet4 ,whereas the whole truth of this matter consisted in this1 that when a report became current among the ,catholics about ,london that a sudden massacre of them all was intended upon the first landing of the ,spaniards1 this coming to the earl's ear1 he judged it necessary that all ,catholics should betake themselves to prayer1 either for the avoiding of the danger or for the better preparing themselves thereunto1 and so persuaded those in the ,tower to make prayer together for that end1 and also sent to some others for the same purpose1 whereof one of greater prudence and experience than the rest signified unto him that perhaps it might be otherwise interpreted by their enemies than he intended1 wishing him to desist1 as presently thereupon he did2 but it was then too late4 ,some which he had trusted1 either out of fear or fair promises1 testified falsely against him--of which ,mr4 ,bennet was one1 who afterward retracted with bitter anguish his testimony1 in a letter to his lordship1 which contained these words3 ,with a fearful1 guilty1 unjust1 and most tormented conscience1 only for saving of my life and liberty1 ,i said you moved me to say a mass for the good success of the ,spanish fleet4 ,for which unjust confession1 or rather accusation1 ,i do again and again1 and to my life's end1 most instantly crave ,god's pardon and yours2 and for my better satisfaction of this1 my unjust admission1 ,i will1 if need require1 offer up both life and limbs in averring my accusation to be1 as it is indeed1 and as ,i shall answer before ,god1 angels1 and men1 most unjust1 and only done out of fear of the ,tower1 torments1 and death4 ,notwithstanding the earl's very stout and constant denial of the charge1 and pleading the above letter of ,mr4 ,bennet1 retracting his false statement1 he was condemned of high treason1 and had sentence pronounced against him4 ,but the execution was deferred1 and finally the queen resolved to spare his life1 but yet by no means to release him4 ,his estates1 and likewise his lady's1 were forfeited to the crown1 and he at that time dealt with most unkindly1 as the following letter will show3 ,,dear ,,constance--,at last ,i have found the means of sending a packet by a safe hand1 which in these days1 when men do so easily turn traitors--notable instances of which1 to our exceeding pain and trouble1 have lately occurred--is no easy matter4 ,i doubt not but thy fond affectionate heart hath followed with a sympathetic grief the anguish of mine #ghd during the time past1 wherein my husband's life hath been in daily peril2 and albeit he is now respited1 yet1 alas6 as he saith himself1 and useth the knowledge to the best purpose1 he is but a doomed man2 reprieved1 not pardoned2 spared1 not released4 ,mine own troubles beside have been greater than can be thought of2 by virtue of the forfeiture of my lord's estates and mine1 my home hath been searched by justices1 and no room1 no corner1 no trunk or coffer1 left unopened and unransacked4 ,i have often been brought before the council and most severely examined4 ,the queen's officers and others in authority--to whom ,i am sometimes forced to sue for favor1 or some mitigation of mine own or my lord's sufferings--do use me often very harshly1 and reject my petitions with scorn and opprobrious language4 ,all our goods are seized for the queen4 ,they have left me nothing but two or three beds1 and these1 they do say1 but for a time4 ,when business requires1 ,i am forced to go on foot1 and slenderly attended2 my coach being taken from me4 ,i have retained but two of my servants --my children's nurse being one4 ,i have as yet no allowance1 as is usual in such cases1 for the maintenance of my family2 so ,i am forced to pay them and buy victuals with the money made by the sale of mine own jewels2 and ,i am sometimes forced to borrow and make hard shifts to procure necessary provisions and clothes for the children2 but if ,i get eight pounds a week1 which the queen hath been moved to allow me1 then methinks ,i shall think myself no poorer than a ,christian woman should be content to be2 and ,i have promised ,almighty ,god1 if that good shall befal us1 to bestow one hundred marks out of it yearly on the poor4 ,i am often sent out of ,london by her majesty's commands1 albeit some infirmities ,i do now suffer from force me to consult physicians there4 ,methinks when ,i am at ,arundel ,house ,i am not wholly parted from my lord1 albeit my humble petition1 by means of friends1 to see him is always denied4 ,when ,i hear he is sick1 mine anguish increases4 ,the like favor is often granted to ,lady ,latimore and others whose husbands are at this time prisoners in the ,tower1 but ,i can never obtain it4 ,the lieutenant's daughter1 whom ,i do sometimes see1 when she is in a conversible mood doth inform me of my dear husband's condition1 and relates instances of his goodness and patience which wring and yet comfort mine heart4 ,what think you of his never having been heard so much as once to complain of the loss of his goods or the incommodities of his prison2 of his gentleness and humility where he is himself concerned2 of his boldness in defending his religion and her ministers1 which was alike shown1 as well as his natural cheerfulness1 in a conversation she told me had passed between her father1 the lieutenant1 and him1 a few days ago8 ,you have heard1 ,i ween1 that good ,father ,southwell was arrested some time back at ,mr4 ,bellamy's house2 it is reported by means of the poor unhappy soul his daughter1 whom ,i met one day at the door of the prison1 attired in a gaudy manner and carrying herself in a bold fashion2 but when she met mine eye hers fell4 ,alas6 poor soul1 ,god help her and bring her to repentance4 ,well1 now ,father ,southwell is in the ,tower1 my lord1 by ,miss ,hopton's melons1 hath had once or twice speech with him1 and doth often inquire of the lieutenant about him1 which when he did so the other day he used the words 'blessed father' in speaking of him4 ,the lieutenant 7she said7 seemed to take exception thereat1 saying1 ',term you him blessed father1 being as he is an enemy to his country8' ,my lord answered3 ',how can that be1 seeing yourself hath told me heretofore that no fault could be laid unto him but his religion8' ,then the lieutenant said3 ',the last time ,i was in his cell your dog1 my lord1 came in and licked his hand1' ,then quoth my lord1 #ghe patting his dog fondly3 ',i love him the better for it4' ',perhaps1' quoth the lieutenant in a scoffing manner1 it might be he came thither to have his blessing4' ,to which my lord replied1 ',it is no new thing for animals to seek a blessing at the hands of holy men1 ,st4 ,jerome writing how the lions which had digged ,st4 ,paul the hermit's grave stood waiting with their eyes upon ,st4 ,anthony expecting his blessing4' ',is it not a strange trial1 mine own ,constance1 and one which hath not befallen many women1 to have a fondly loved husband yet alive1 and to be sometimes so near unto him that it should take but a few moments to cross the space which doth divide us1 and yet never behold him2 year after year passing away1 and the heart waxing sick with delays8 ,howsoever1 one sad firm hope ,i hold1 which keepeth me somewhat careful of my health1 lest ,i should be disabled when that time cometh--one on which ,i fix my mind with apprehension and desire to defer the approach thereof1 yet pray one day to see it--yea1 to live long enough for this and then to die1 if it shall please ,god4 ,when mine own ,philip is on his death-bed1 when the slow consumptive disease which devoureth his vitals obtaineth its end1 then1 ,i ween1 no woman upon earth1 none that ,i ever heard of or could think of1 can deny me to approach him and receive his last embrace4 ,oh that this should be my best comfort1 mine only hope6 ,i pass over many intervening letters from this afflicted lady which at distant intervals ,i received1 in one of which she expressed her sorrow at the execution at ,tyburn of her constant friend and guide1 ,father ,southwell1 and likewise informed me of ,mistress ,wells's death in ,newgate1 and transcribe this one1 written about six months afterward1 in which she relates the closing scene of her husband's life3 ,,mine ,,own ,,dear ,,constance--,all is over now1 and my overcharged heart casteth about for some alleviation in its excessive grief1 which may be ,i shall find in imparting to one well acquainted with his virtues and my love for him what ,i have learnt touching the closing scenes of my dear lord's mortal life4 ,for think not ,i have been so happy as to behold him again1 or that he should die in my arms4 ,no2 that which was denied me for ten long years neither could his dying prayers obtain4 ,for many months notice had been given unto me by his servants and others that his health was very fast declining4 ,one gentleman particularly told me he himself believed his end to be near4 ,his devout exercises were yet increased--the bent of his mind more and more directed solely toward ,god and heaven4 ,in those times which were allotted to walking or other recreation1 his discourse and conversation either with his keeper or the lieutenant or his own servant1 was either tending to piety or some kind of profitable discourse1 most often of the happiness of those that suffer anything for our ,saviour's sake2 to which purpose he had writ with his own hand upon the wall of his chamber this ,latin sentence1 ',quanto plus afflictionis pro ,christo in hoc saeculo1 tanto plus gloriae cum ,christo in futuro2' the which he used to show to his servants1 inviting them1 as well as himself1 to suffer all with patience and alacrity4 ,in the month of ,august tidings were brought unto me that1 sitting at dinner1 he had fallen so very ill immediately upon the eating of a roasted teal1 that some did suspect him to be poisoned4 ,i sent him some antidotes1 and all the remedies ,i could procure2 but all in vain4 ,the disease had so possessed him that it could not be removed1 but by little and little consumed his body1 so that he became like an anatomy1 having nothing left but skin and bone4 ,much talk hath been ministered anent his being poisoned4 ,alas6 my thinking is1 and ever shall be1 the slow poison he died of was lack of air1 of sunshine1 of kindness1 #ghf of loving aid1 of careful sympathy4 ,when ,i heard his case was considered desperate1 the old long hopes1 sustained for ten years1 that out of the extremity of grief one hour of comfort should arise1 woke up2 but now ,i was advised not to stir in this matter myself1 for it should only incense the queen1 who had always hated me2 whereas my lord she once had liked1 and it might be1 when she heard he was dying1 she should relent4 ,she had made a kind of promise to some of his friends that before his death his wife and children should come unto him2 whereupon1 conceiving that now his time in the world could not be long1 he writ a humble letter to her petitioning the performance of her promise4 ,the lieutenant of the ,tower carried this letter1 and delivered it with his own hands to the queen1 and brought him her answer by word of mouth4 ,what think you1 mine own ,constance1 was the answer she sent that dying man8 ,god forgave her6 ,philip did2 yea1 and so do ,i--not fully at the time1 now most fully4 ,his crown should have been less glorious but for the heart-martyrdom she invented4 ,this was her message3 ',that if he would but once go to the ,protestant church his request should not only be granted1 but he should moreover be restored to his honor and estate with as much favor as she could show4' ,oh1 what were estates and honors to that dying saint6 what her favor to that departing soul6 ,one offering1 one sacrifice1 one final withdrawing of affection's thirsty and parched lips from the chalice of a supreme earthly consolation1 and all was accomplished2 the bitterness of death overpast4 ,he gave thanks to the lieutenant for his pains2 he said he could not accept her majesty's offers upon that condition1 and added withal that he was sorry he had but one life to lose in that cause4 ,a very worthy gentleman who was present at this passage related it to me2 and ,lord ,mountague ,i have also had it from1 which heard the same from his father-in-law1 my ,lord ,dorset4 ,constance1 for a brief while a terrible tumult raged in my soul4 ,think what it was to know one so long1 so passionately loved1 dying nigh onto and yet apart from me1 dying unaided by any priest--for though he had a great desire to be assisted by ,father ,edmund1 by whose means he had been reconciled1 it was by no means permitted that either he or any other priest should come to him--dying without a kindred face to smile on him1 without a kinsman for to speak with him and list to his last wishes4 ,he desired to see his brother ,william or his uncle ,lord ,henry2 at least to take his last leave of them before his death2 but neither was that small request granted--no1 not so much as to see his brother ,thomas1 though both then and ever he had been a ,protestant4 ,and all this misery was the fruit of one stem1 cruel1 unbending hatred--of one proud human will2 a will which was sundering what ,god had joined together4 ,like a bird against the bars of an iron cage1 my poor heart dashed itself with wild throbbings against these human obstacles4 ,but not for very long1 ,i thank ,god2 brief was the storm which convulsed my soul4 ,i soon discerned his hand in this great trial--his will above all human will2 and while writhing under a ,father's merciful scourge1 ,i could yet bless him who held it ,i pray you1 ,constance1 how should a woman have endured so great an anguish which had not been helped by him8 ,methinks what must have sustained me was that before-mentioned gentleman's report of my dear lord's great piety and virtue1 which made me ashamed of not striving to resemble him in howsoever small a degree4 ,oh1 what a work ,god wrought in that chosen soul6 ,what meekness1 what humility1 what nobleness of heart6 ,he grew so faint and weak by degrees that he was not able to leave his bed4 ,his physicians coming to visit him some days before his death1 he desired #ghg them not to trouble themselves now any more1 his case being beyond their skill4 ,they thereupon departing1 ,sir ,michael ,blount1 then lieutenant of the ,tower1 who had been ever very hard and harsh unto him1 took occasion to come and visit him1 and1 kneeling down by his bedside1 in humble manner desired my dear ,phil to forgive him4 ,whereto mine own beloved husband answered in this manner1 ',do you ask forgiveness1 ,mr4 ,lieutenant8 ,why1 then1 ,i forgive you in the same sort as ,i desire myself to be forgiven at the hands of ,god2' and then kissed his hand1 and offered it in most kind and charitable manner to him1 and holding his fast in his own said1 ',i pray you also to forgive me whatever ,i have said or done in anything offensive to you1' and he melting into tears and answering 'that he forgave him with all his heart2' my lord raised himself a little upon his pillow1 and made a brief1 grave speech unto the lieutenant in this manner3 ',mr4 ,lieutenant1 you have showed both me and my men very hard measure4' ',wherein1 my lord8' quoth he4 ',nay1' said my lord1 ',i will not make a recapitulation of anything1 for it is all freely forgiven4 ,only ,i am to say unto you a few words of my last will1 which being observed1 may1 by the grace of ,god1 turn much to your benefit and reputation4 ,i speak not for myself2 for ,god of his goodness hath taken order that ,i shall be delivered very shortly out of your charge2 only for others ,i speak who may be committed to this place4 ,you must think1 ,mr4 ,lieutenant1 that when a prisoner comes hither to the ,tower that he bringeth sorrow with him4 ,oh1 then do not add affliction to affliction2 there is no man whatsoever that thinketh himself to stand surest but may fall4 ,it is a very inhuman part to tread on him whom misfortune hath cast down4 ,the man that is void of mercy ,god hath in great detestation4 ,your commission is only to keep in safety1 not to kill with severity4 ,remember1 good ,mr4 ,lieutenant1 that ,god who with his finger turneth the unstable wheel of this variable world1 can in the revolution of a few days bring you to be a prisoner also1 and to be kept in the same place where now you keep others4 ,there is no calamity that men are subject unto but you may also taste as well as any other man4 ,farewell1 ,mr4 ,lieutenant2 for the time of my short abode come to me whenever you please1 and you shall be heartily welcome as my friend4' ,my dear lord1 when he uttered these words1 should seem to have had some kind of prophetic foresight touching this poor man's fate2 for ,i have just heard this day1 seven weeks only after my husband's death1 that ,sir ,michael ,blount hath fallen into great disgrace1 lost his office1 and is indeed committed close prisoner in that same ,tower where he so long kept others4 ,and now my faltering pen must needs transcribe the last letter ,i received from my beloved husband1 for your heart1 dear friend1 is one with mine4 ,you have known its sufferings through the many years evil influences robbed it of that love which1 for brief intervals of happiness afterward and this long separation since1 hath1 by its steady and constant return1 made so rich amends for the past4 ,in these final words you shall find proofs of his excellent humility and notable affection for my unworthy self1 which ,i doubt not1 my dear instance1 shall draw water from your eyes4 ,mine yield no moisture now4 ,methinks these last griefs have exhausted in them the fountain of tears4 ',mine own good wife1 ,i must now in this world take my last farewell of you2 and as ,i know no person living whom ,i have so much offended as yourself1 so do ,i account this opportunity of asking your forgiveness as a singular benefit of ,almighty ,god4 ,and ,i most humbly and heartily beseech you1 even for his sake and of your charity1 to forgive me all whereinsoever ,i have offended you2 and the assurance ,i have of this your #ghh forgiveness is my greatest contentment at this present1 and will be a greater1 ,i doubt not1 when my soul is ready to depart out of my body4 ,i call ,god to witness it is no small grief unto me that ,i cannot make you recompense in this world for the wrongs ,i have done you4 ,affliction gives understanding4 ,god1 who knows my heart1 and has seen my true sorrow in that behalf1 has1 ,i hope1 of his infinite mercy1 remitted all1 ,i doubt not1 as you have done in your singular charity1 to mine infinite comfort4 ,now what remaineth but in a few brief sentences to relate how this loved husband spent his last hours1 and the manner of his death8 ,those were for the most part spent in prayer2 sometimes saying his beads1 sometimes such psalms and prayers as he knew by heart4 ,seeing his servants 7one of which hath been the narrator to me of these his final moments7 stand by his bedside in the morning weeping in a mournful manner1 he asked them 'what o'clock it was8 they answering that it was eight or thereabout1 ',why1 then1' said he1 ',i have almost run out my course1 and come to the end of this miserable mortal life1' desiring them not to weep for him1 since he did not doubt1 by the grace of ,god1 but all would go well with him2 which being said he returned to his prayers upon his beads again1 though then with a very slow1 hollow1 and fainting voice2 and so continued as long as he was able to draw so much breath as was sufficient to sound out the names of ,jesus and ,mary1 which were the last words he was ever heard to speak4 ,the last minute of his last hour being come1 lying on his back1 his eyes firmly fixed toward heaven1 his long1 lean1 consumed arms out of the bed1 his hands upon his breast1 laid in cross one upon the other1 about twelve o'clock at noon1 in a most sweet manner1 without any sign of grief or groan1 only turning his head a little aside as one falling into a pleasing sleep1 he surrendered his soul into the hands of ,god who to his own glory had created it4 ,and she who writeth this letter1 she who loved him since her most early years--who when he was estranged from her waited his return--who gloried in his virtues1 doated on his perfections1 endured his afflictions1 and now lamenteth his death1 hath nothing left but to live a widow2 indeed with no other glory than that which she doth borrow from his merits1 until such time as it shall please ,god to take her from this earth to a world where he hath found1 she doth humbly hope1 rest unto his soul4 ,the ,countess of ,arundel is now aged4 ,the virtues which have crowned her mature years are such1 as her youth did foreshadow4 ,my pen would run on too fast if it took up that theme4 ,this only will ,i add1 and so conclude this too long piece of writing--she hath kept her constant resolve to live and die a widow4 ,i have seen many times letters from both ,protestants and ,catholics which made unfeigned protestations that they were never so edified by any as by her4 ,as the ,holy ,scriptures do say of that noble widow ,judith1 ,not one spoke an ill word of her1 albeit these times are extremely malicious4 ,for mine own part ,i never read those words of ,holy ,writ1 ,who shall find a valiant woman8 and what doth follow1 but ,i must needs think of ,ann ,dacre1 the wife of ,philip ,howard1 earl of ,arundel and ,surrey4 ---- ,after the lapse of some years1 it hath been my hap to have a sight of this manuscript1 the reading of which1 even as the writing of it in former days1 doth cause me to live over again my past life4 ,this lapse of time hath added nothing notable except the dreadful death of ,hubert1 my dear ,basil's only brother1 who suffered last year for the share he had1 or leastways was judged to have1 in the ,gunpowder ,plot and treason4 ,alas6 he which once1 to improve his fortunes1 denied his faith1 when fortune turned her back #ghi upon him grew into a virulent hatred of those in power1 once his friends and tempters1 and consorted with desperate men2 whether he was privy to their counsels1 or only familiar with them previous to their crimes1 and so fell into suspicion of their guilt1 ,god knoweth4 ,it doth appear from some good reports that he died a true penitent4 ,there is a better hope methinks for such as meet in this world with open shame and suffering than for secret sinners who go to their pompous graves unchastised and unabsolved4 ,by his brother's death ,basil recovered his lands2 for his present majesty hath some time since recalled the sentence of his banishment4 ,and many of his friends have moved him to return to ,england2 but for more reasons than one he refused so much as to think of it1 and has compounded his estate for #gjj1 #hs4 #f;d4 ,our children have now grown unto ripe years4 ,muriel 7who would have been a nun if she had followed her godmother's example7 is now married1 to her own liking and our no small contentment1 to a very commendable young gentleman1 the son of ,mr4 ,yates1 and hath gone to reside with him at his seat in ,worcestershire2 and ,ann1 ,lady ,arundel's god-daughter1 nothing will serve but to be a holy ,mary1 as the ,french people do style those dames which that great and good prelate1 ,m4 de ,genve1 hath assembled in a small hive at ,annecy1 like bees to gather honey of devotion in the garden of religion4 ,this should seem a strange fancy1 this order being so new in the ,church1 and the place so distant2 but time will show if this should be ,god's will2 and if so1 then it must needs be ours also4 ,what liketh me most is that my son ,roger doth prove the very image of his father1 and the counterpart of him in his goodness4 ,i am of opinion that nothing better can be desired for him than that he never lose so good a likeness4 ,and now farewell1 pen and ink1 mine old companions1 for a brief moment resumed1 but with a less steady hand than heretofore2 now not to be again used except for such ordinary purposes as housewifery and friendship shall require4 ------ ,,unshed ,,tears4 ,once ,i believed that tears alone ,could tell of sorrow deep2 ,o blessed those whose eyes overflow6 ,within my heart ,i weep4 ,and many think me calm1 because ,my cheek unwet appears2 ,the happy ones6 they never know ,the pain of unshed tears4 ------ #gij ,from ,the ,dublin ,review4 ,,california ,,and ,,the ,,church4 #a4 ,the ,resources of ,california4 ,by ,,john ,s4 ,,hittel4 ,san ,francisco4 #b4 ,christian ,missions4 ,by ,t4,w4,m4 ,,marshall4 ,longmans4 ,the year #agfi will long be memorable in the annals of the world as the date of the birth of the ,emperor ,napoleon and of the ,duke of ,wellington4 ,in the same year another event took place of small significance according to the thoughts of this world1 but which in the next world was assuredly regarded of infinitely greater importance2 for this was the year in which a poor despised ,franciscan friar1 the ,father ,junipero ,serra1 entered into ,california ,alta1 the first apostle of a land which has since1 for such different reasons1 become so famous4 ,he was an ,italian by birth1 but had resided for many years in ,mexico1 where he had preached the gospel with great success among the heathen ,indian population4 ,a man of singular faith and piety1 he lived the severest life1 considering1 with his ,father ,st4 ,francis1 that poverty and suffering are keys wherewith the zealous missioner is certain to be able to unlock the floodgates of grace which divide heaven from earth4 ,he used to carry a stone with him1 with which1 like ,st4 ,jerome1 he would beat his breast for his sins1 and he endeavored to bring home to the mind of his uncivilized hearers the malice of sin1 by scourging his innocent body till streams of blood flowed forth in their presence1 by severe fasts1 long prayers1 and night watchings4 ,he seldom rode on mule or horseback1 but preferred to journey humbly on foot4 ,shortly after his arrival in ,mexico1 his leg was attacked with a grievous sore2 still he gave himself no rest1 but was constant in journeying and preaching4 ,while he was laboring like an apostle among the ,mexicans1 the ,spanish monarch ordered ,d4 ,jose de ,galvez 7who became later minister-general for all the ,indies7 to form an expedition from ,la ,paz into ,upper ,california4 ,footnote #ade ,whatever may be said of the rapacious cruelty of many of the ,spanish governors and colonizers in ,america1 the government at home was animated1 on the whole1 with the most ,catholic and loyal intentions4 ,its instructions and public documents were conceived in the most ,christian sense2 and if they were not always carried out in the same spirit1 this arose from its inability to control subjects at an immense distance from the seat of government1 and surrounded by exciting temptations and pressing dangers4 ,the following words were addressed by one of the ,spanish monarchs to the ,indies3 ,the kings our progenitors1 from the discovery of the ,west ,indies1 its islands and continents1 commanded our captains1 officers1 discoverers1 colonizers1 and all other persons1 that on arriving at these provinces they should1 by means of interpreters1 cause to be made known to the ,indians that they were sent to teach them good customs1 to lead them from vicious habits1 and from the eating of human flesh1 to instruct them in our holy ,catholic faith1 to preach to them salvation1 and to attract them to our dominion4 ,the same ,catholic and religious spirit animates every part of the great codex #gia of ,indian laws which were promulgated by successive kings in that most ,catholic country4 ,footnote #ade3 ,as far back as #afig the ,jesuits had1 with apostolic seal1 founded many missions in ,lower ,california2 they never1 however1 had pushed up into ,california ,alta4 ,though it often did happen that local governors were not ministers of this ,catholic spirit1 but rather of their own rapacity and cruelty1 this was not always the case1 and we have before us an instance4 ,when ,galvez set forth on his expedition to conquer ,california1 the first article of the instructions which he drew up1 for the guidance of all who were with him1 ran in these terms3 ,the first object of the expedition is to establish the ,catholic religion among a numerous heathen people1 submerged in the obscure darkness of paganism1 and to extend the dominion of our lord the king1 and to protect this peninsula from the ambitious views of foreign nations4 ,nor were these mere words1 written to salve a conscience or blind a critical public1 as we shall now see3 for he took ,father ,junipero1 who was zealous for the salvation of souls1 into his counsels2 and the priest and the layman worked jointly together4 ,two small vessels1 the ,san ,carlos and ,san ,antonio1 were freighted to go by sea4 ,seor ,galvez details with a charming simplicity how he assisted ,father ,junipero to pack the sacred vestments and other church furniture1 and declared that he was a better sacristan than the father1 for he had packed his share of the ornaments first1 and had to go and help the father4 ,moreover1 in order that the new missions might be established with the same success as those which had been already founded by ,f4 ,junipero in ,sierra ,gorda1 ,galvez ordered to be packed up and embarked all kinds of household and field utensils1 iron implements for agricultural labor1 all kinds of seeds from ,old and ,new ,spain1 garden herbs for food1 and flowers for the decoration of the altars4 ,then he sent on by land two hundred head of cattle to stock the country1 so that there might be food to eat and beasts to labor on the land4 ,f4 ,junipero placed the whole enterprise under the patronage of the ,most ,holy ,patriarch ,st4 ,joseph1 to whom he dedicated the country4 ,he blessed the vessels and sent on board of them three fathers1 who should accompany ,galvez and his men4 ,two other parties were formed by land1 which were to meet the ships on the coast far up the country2 and all started1 except ,father ,junipero1 who was delayed some time by the season of ,lent and by his spiritual duties4 ,when he overtook the convoy1 his leg and foot were so inflamed that he was hardly able to get on or off his mule4 ,the fathers and their companions wished to send him back2 they thought he was not equal to the undertaking4 ,but he had faith that our ,lord would carry him through4 ,he called a muleteer and said to him3 ,my son1 don't you know some remedy for the sore on my foot and leg8 ,but the muleteer answered3 ,father1 what remedy can ,i know8 ,am ,i a surgeon8 ,i am a muleteer1 and have only cured the sore backs of beasts4 ,then consider me a beast1 said the father1 and this sore1 which has produced the swelling on my legs and prevents me by its pain from standing or sleeping1 to be a sore on a beast1 and give me the treatment you would apply to a beast4 ,the muleteer replied1 smiling1 ,i will1 father1 to please you2 and taking a small piece of tallow1 mashed it between two stones with some herbs1 heated it over the fire1 and then anointed the foot and leg1 and left a plaster on the sore4 ,the father slept that night1 awoke in health and spirits1 and astonished the whole party by rising early to say matins and lauds and then mass1 and proceeded on the journey quite restored4 ,after forty-six days' travelling by land1 they reached the port of ,san ,diego2 and ,f4 ,junipero now established his first mission4 ,he then went on to the place since called ,san ,francisco1 and established there another mission4 ,they fell short of provisions and supplies1 the #gib ,san ,antonio1 which had long been due1 did not arrive1 and ,portal1 the governor of the expedition1 determined to abandon the mission1 if they were not relieved by the #bjth of ,march2 but on the feast of ,st4 ,joseph the ship hove into view1 bringing an abundance of provisions1 and the mission was then firmly established4 ,the usual way of erecting a mission was as follows3 the locality was taken possession of in the name of ,spain by the lay authority2 a tent or an adobe building was erected as the temporary chapel2 the fathers1 in procession1 proceeded to bless the place and the chapel1 on whose front a crucifix1 or a simple wooden cross1 was raised2 the holy sacrifice was then offered up1 and a sermon was preached on the coming and power of the ,holy ,ghost4 ,the ,veni ,creator was sung1 and a father was charged with the direction and responsibility of the mission4 ,the ,indians were attracted by little presents4 ,to the men and women were given pieces of cloth1 or food1 and to the children bits of sugar4 ,they would soon gather round the missioners when they found how good and kind they were1 and the missioners were not slow in picking up the language4 ,they became the fathers and instructors of the poor ignorant ,indians1 catechized them in the mysteries of the faith1 collected them into villages round the mission church1 and taught them to plough and cultivate the land1 to sow wheat1 to grind corn1 to bake2 they introduced the use of the olive1 the vine1 and the apple2 they showed them how to yoke the oxen for work1 how to weave and spin cloth for clothing1 to prepare leather from the hides1 and taught them the rudiments of commerce4 ,there was another feature in the mode followed by the ,spaniards in preaching the gospel which is worthy of mention1 and which shows how ,spain recognized the independent action of the ,church and her own duty to lend her every assistance and protection she might need4 ,a presidio was established1 in which the secular governor1 with a small number of officers1 soldiers1 and officials1 resided4 ,these represented the majesty of the ,king of ,spain1 and served1 in case of need1 for protection and order4 ,at some distance from the presidio and independent of it1 was formed the mission1 a large convent for the friars and for hospitality1 and a church1 built of adobe1 or mud walls1 sometimes seven or eight feet in thickness4 ,the land in the surrounding neighborhood was assigned to the missions for the support of the ,indians4 ,in fact1 the whole economy and arrangements1 both of presidios and missions1 were made subservient to the wants of civilization and religion1 which were introduced among the native population4 ,this system remained in full force1 consulting simply the benefit of the poor ,indian1 till the liberal ,cortes1 in #ahac1 overturned the design of the ,spanish monarchs1 and began to introduce the idea of colonization and usurpation4 ,up to this time the ,church had had full action upon the people1 and what she wrought in the span of forty years was little less than miraculous4 ,the ,indians felt that they had been lifted out of their state of abject misery and ignorance1 and that the strangers who had come among them had come simply from disinterested charity1 for their temporal and eternal welfare4 ,they felt that life was made to them less a burthen1 and that a way was opened out for them to endless happiness beyond the grave1 ,de ,courcy1 in his ,catholic ,church in the ,united ,states1 assures us that the fathers converted1 within the few years they had control of the ,californian missions1 no less than #ge1jjj ,indians1 for whom they also provided food1 clothing1 and instruction4 ,the system of colonization brought in by the ,spanish liberals in #ahac was an evil1 but it was a mere prelude to the confiscation of the ,indian property which was perpetrated by the liberal #gic ,mexican government in #ahcc4 ,it was pretended that the friars were unequal to the management of the missions1 and the natives' property was therefore transferred to the hands of laymen4 ,mr4 ,marshall1 in his interesting work on ,christian ,missions1 quotes the following statistics1 comparing the two conditions3 ,under the ,under ,administration the ,civil of the ,friars4 ,administration4 ,christian ,indians #hj1fej #d1dej ,horned ,cattle #did1jjj #bh1bbj ,horses and ,mules #fb1jjj #c1hjj ,sheep #cba1ejj #ca1fjj ,cereal crop #gj1jjj #d1jjj ,and then he sums up in these words3 ,it appears1 then1 that in the brief space of eight years the secular administration1 which affected to be a protest against the inefficiency of the ecclesiastical1 had not only destroyed innumerable lives1 replunged a whole province into barbarism1 and almost annihilated religion and civilization1 but had so utterly failed even in that special aim which it professed to have most at heart--the development of material prosperity--that it had already reduced the wealth of a single district in the following notable proportions3 ,of homed cattle there remained about one-fifteenth of the number possessed under the religious administration2 of horses and mules less than one-sixteenth2 of sheep about one-tenth2 and of cultivated land producing cereal crops less than one-seventeenth4 ,it is not to the ,christian1 who will mourn rather over the moral ruin which accompanied the change1 that such facts chiefly appeal2 but the merchant and the civil magistrate1 however indifferent to the interests of religion and morality1 will keenly appreciate the cruel and blundering policy of which these are the admitted results1 and will perhaps be inclined to explain with ,mr4 ,mllhausen1 ',it is impossible not to wish that the missions were flourishing once more6' ,how beautiful was the old ,spanish system under which ,father ,junipero and his companions set forth to reclaim and convert the wandering ,indian6 ,is it not the greatest glory of ,spain that she can still cheer our dark horizon by the light of her past history1 and shed a fragrance which remains for ever over lands which have been broken down by the hoof of the invader1 and desolated by his diabolical pride and insatiable rapacity8 ,what was the ,spanish system as exhibited in ,california8 ,it was simply this3 a recognition1 without question or jealousy1 that our ,lord1 the great high priest1 continues in his priesthood to be the shepherd1 teacher1 and minister of his people4 ,to go and teach all nations1 to minister to the least of the little ones1 to be the shepherd of the flock1 to lay down life for the flock4 ,this is distinctly the operation of ,christ through his priests4 ,that this was the real character of the ,christian priesthood was a clear and elementary principle1 which admitted of no doubt in the mind of the ,spanish people4 ,conscious of their power1 and with a light burning within them which shone over the vast prospects that lay before them1 of extending the faith and saving innumerable souls1 for whom the most precious blood had been shed1 the ,spanish missioners went forth to extend their conquests over the heathen world4 ,rapine and plunder were not their aim2 they were introduced among colonizers by the snare of the devil4 ,to maintain the ,indian on his territory1 to raise1 instruct1 and ,christianize him1 giving him rights and equality before the law1 this was the policy of ,catholic ,spain4 ,the priest1 therefore1 was regarded as the chief pioneer1 his plans were recognized and acted upon1 and he was considered to be not a mere creature of the crown1 who should extend its influence1 but a minister and agent of his majesty the ,great ,king of ,heaven1 who had deigned in his infinite love to look upon ,spain with a peculiar predilection1 and to choose her as an #gid instrument to save the souls for whom he once had died4 ,a hundred years ago no ,european had ever fixed his abode in ,california ,alta4 ,father ,junipero and his devoted companions1 led on by zeal to establish the ,catholic religion among a numerous heathen people1 submerged in the obscure darkness of paganism1 were1 then1 the real pioneers of ,california4 ,three ,protestant writers1 quoted by ,mr4 ,marshall1 shall sum up for us in a few words the civilizing effects of the ,catholic education of the ,indians in ,california4 ,captain ,morrell says3 ,the ,indians are very industrious in their labors1 and obedient to their teachers and directors1 to whom they look up as fathers and protectors1 and who1 in return1 discharge their duty toward these poor ,indians with a great deal of feeling and humanity4 ,they are generally well clothed and led1 have houses of their own1 and are made as comfortable as they can wish to be4 ,the greatest care is taken of any who are affected with any disease1 and every attention is paid to their wants4 ,and ,mr4 ,forbes writes3 ,the best and most unequivocal proof of the good conduct of the ,franciscan fathers is to be found in the unbounded affection and devotion invariably shown to them by their ,indian subjects4 ,they venerate them not merely as fathers and friends1 but with a degree of devotedness approaching to adoration4 ,and1 lastly1 ,mr4 ,bartlett observes3 ,they 7the ,indians7 are represented to have been sober and industrious1 well clothed and fed4 4 4 4 4 4 ,they constituted a large family1 of which the padres were the social1 religious1 and1 we might almost say1 political heads4 ,such was the first planting in this vineyard of the ,lord4 ,let us briefly note the blight and destruction which followed4 ,in #ahbg1 a ,mr4 ,smith established himself in ,california to make money4 ,in #ahcd1 three hundred ,americans settled in the country for the same purpose4 ,in #ahci1 ,captain ,sutter built a fort and an ,american refuge4 ,in #ahda1 he got possession of a considerable tract of land4 ,in #ahdd1 a revolution took place1 and the ,american settlers sold themselves for a grant of land to the party which was afterward defeated4 ,in #ahde1 the people1 being harassed by civil war1 wished for the protection of some strong external government4 ,it was a chance whether ,california was to become ,english or ,united ,states territory4 ,h4,m4,s4 ,collingwood entered the port1 we believe1 of ,monterey1 and was asked to set up the ,union ,jack1 and declare the country to be under ,british protection4 ,the captain replied that he would sail up the coast and ascertain whether this was the will of the country1 and if it were1 he would return and declare the protectorate4 ,meanwhile1 the ,united ,states ship ,savannah1 under ,commodore ,stoat1 was on the watch2 so that when the ,collingwood returned1 having ascertained the good will of the other ports1 she found1 to her surprise and dismay1 that she had been outstripped by the ,yankee1 and that the stars and stripes were floating over the town4 ,california from that time became the property of the ,united ,states4 ,in #ahdh gold was accidentally discovered1 and an emigration set in with the violence of a spring tide1 of a very different character to that of the pious ,seor ,galvez or of the humble ,father ,junipero and his ,franciscans4 ,then1 indeed1 the world began to ring with glad tidings of great joy3 the sun had at last arisen on a benighted land--its redemption was at hand4 ,every newspaper in ,europe--we may say in the world--teemed with reports of a new ,el ,dorado discovered on the western coast of ,america4 ,this country was ,california4 ,adventurous spirits1 athirst for wealth1 from all parts of the world1 were set in motion toward this land of promise4 ,ships were chartered and #gie freighted with men and youths ready to spend all they had in order only to reach the golden bourne4 ,merchants from the ,united ,states and from ,europe1 ready speculators1 sent out their vessels laden to the water's edge with dry goods1 hardware1 corn1 spirits1 and general merchandise4 ,the excitement and the recklessness were1 perhaps1 without a parallel4 ,ships reached the great and beautiful bay of ,san ,francisco1 in which all the fleets of the world could ride at ease1 and were often abandoned by their captain and crews1 who scampered off to the gold diggings1 even before their cargo was discharged4 ,sometimes they fell to pieces in the bay2 sometimes they became the property of adventurers1 or were run aground1 and served as temporary houses1 and then as the corners and foundations of streets1 which energetic speculators soon carried down upon piles into the water4 ,there they stand to this day1 monuments of the auri sacra fames4 ,it was1 indeed1 natural that none but the fiercest and most daring elements should prevail4 ,the modest1 the timid1 the indolent1 the sickly1 the child1 the woman1 the aged1 the leisure-learned1 the owner of property1 of good position1 of fair prospects1 the man of routine1 the unambitious1 were all left behind4 ,it was said1 and said truly1 in the cities of ,europe1 ,america1 and ,australia1 that men of desperate character were on the road to ,california2 that all went armed with knives and revolvers2 that the way thither was a highway of rapine and crime2 and that none should start who were not prepared to fight it out any day in self-defence or in attack4 ,there were a thousand difficulties arising from the immense length of the journey1 and from the great numbers on the way2 and a thousand other difficulties to be accepted on arrival in the country--expense1 danger1 uncertainty1 perhaps sickness2 and all these far away from home4 ,such were the prospects in those days1 and such the normal condition of life in ,california4 ,it is not strange1 then1 that the men who formed the horde which1 fifteen or sixteen years ago1 began to flow into ,california1 should represent to us a type of all that is rough1 adventurous1 devil-may-care1 elastic1 light-hearted1 and determined in human nature4 ,the ,australian population began with convicts and honest emigrants4 ,the ,californian population began with all kinds of unconvicted criminals from all parts of the world1 with ,sydney ducks1 as they called the ticket-of-leave men from ,new ,south ,wales or ,tasmania2 but1 beside these1 a considerable number of energetic1 honest emigrants1 chiefly from ,europe and the ,states4 ,then1 we may add that the ,yankee element prevails in the ,californian population1 and the ,john ,bull element in the ,australian4 ,the ,american is lean1 and all nerve and impatient energy2 health and life are to him of no moment when he sees an object to be attained by the risk of them4 ,if we may be allowed to put it grotesquely1 his body is human but his soul is a high-pressure steam-engine2 he knows no delay and is reckless1 and his bye-word is ,go ahead4 ,the ,englishman1 by contrast1 is fat and easy-going2 much more cautious of health and life1 he calculates on both4 ,f4 ,strickland 7,catholic ,missions in ,southern ,india7 happily applies to him the words of ,holy ,writ spoken of the ,romans1 ,possederant omnem terram consilio suo et patientia4 ,it is by wisdom in council1 and by patiently watching their opportunity2 4 4 4 4 wisdom which has often degenerated into ,machiavellism1 but has never neglected a single opportunity of aggrandizement2 patience which has known how to 'bide its time1' and to avoid precipitation--this is how the ,englishman succeeds4 ,and so1 to look at the ,englishman in a ,pickwickian sense1 he is a matter-of-fact1 cautious gentleman1 who wishes to make very sure of what he has got1 #gif and when he feels comfortably confident1 says ,all right1 and moves on deliberately to acquire more4 ,an ,english traveller says3 ,the first night we arrived in ,san ,francisco we were kept awake all night on board the steamer by the incessant cry of ',go ahead1' which accompanied the launch from the crane which sent each article of luggage and goods on to the wharf4 ,it reminded us of a story his late eminence ,cardinal ,wiseman used to tell4 ,he said the first ,italian words he heard on first landing1 some forty years ago or more1 in ,italy from ,england1 were1 ',pazienza1 pazienza4' ,the ,englishman sums up all things that happen with the words ',all right299 the ,yankee with the words1 ',go ahead4' ,many merchants realized enormous fortunes in a few months--some even by one consignment2 but many were hit hard and many were ruined4 ,a period in which an egg was worth a dollar was followed by a glut in the market of all kinds of goods and provisions4 ,there was nobody to receive them2 there was no sale for them4 ,warehousage cost more than the total value of goods and freight4 ,tons of sea-bread were abandoned2 barrels of hams and bacon1 cargoes of cheeses1 dry goods1 and even wine and spirits1 were left unclaimed1 and fell into the hands of smart men of business1 or were spoiled by weather and neglect4 ,ships1 captains1 crews1 and cargoes bound to ,california sailed as into a vortex1 and were lost in the whirlpool of excitement4 ,even officers of men-of-war were seized by the gold mania1 and ran to soil their white hands in the precious pay-dirt4 ,such circumstances as these which occurred in #ahdi-ej-ea are now past and can never recur1 at least in ,california4 ,the country is settling down into a normal condition4 ,the regular system of ,american states government is permanently established4 ,on two occasions1 once in #ahea and again in #ahef1 when the government of ,san ,francisco fell into the hands of a set of low sharpers1 who suspended the laws for punishment of crime and protected criminals1 the people1 trained from childhood to self-government1 extemporized what was called a vigilance committee4 ,they abrogated for the time the state laws1 they caught thieves1 tried them in the night1 and hung them in the morning4 ,they struck terror into the ,sydney ducks1 and into the plunderers who had come down upon ,san ,francisco1 like vultures upon their prey1 from all countries of the world4 ,when the committee had effected its object it peaceably dissolved1 and the regular form of government resumed its sway4 ,california1 however1 still presents a spectacle unlike that of any other country of the world4 ,sydney1 ,melbourne1 and ,queensland have not the diversity of population which ,california has4 ,they are more like home2 a stronger government is exercised2 there is more security1 less excitement1 less incident1 and less variety in life4 ,the traveller meets every day in the diggings and elsewhere men who had come over from ,australia1 thinking to better themselves2 they have not done so1 and they all complain that they have not found the same order and security for man and property2 and most of them determine to return in the coming season4 ,for internal resources1 in scenery and climate1 and in variety of production1 ,california is probably superior to the ,australian colonies4 ,there is a continual excitement1 and all the business of the country is done in ,san ,francisco2 it is the only port of any note2 the trade with ,california from the ,states1 from ,south ,america1 from ,europe1 ,asia1 and ,australia1 is to ,san ,francisco4 ,she is called the ,queen of the ,pacific1 and it is expected that she will become one of the largest cities of the world1 and that the whole trade between ,china1 ,japan1 and ,europe and the ,states will pass through her4 ,she will be one of the great ports1 and the most magnificent harbor on the #gig high-road which1 when the railroad across the plains is completed1 will connect together in one line ,pekin1 ,canton1 ,japan1 ,san ,francisco1 ,new ,york1 ,london1 and ,st4 ,petersburg2 thus girdling in a great highway the northern hemisphere of the world4 ,the market in ,san ,francisco is just large and manageable enough to produce the greatest amount of excitement for the merchants4 ,exports and imports are reckoned at about eleven million pounds each2 of the exports about eight millions are of gold and silver4 ,the highest game is played1 and the ,english houses1 always safe and sure1 are looked upon as slow and plodding in comparison with the ,american4 ,the stakes are1 day by day1 fortune or ruin4 ,the interest on loans varies from one to ten per cent a month1 according to the security4 ,there are great losses and great gains4 ,san ,francisco is in a chronic state of exciting business fermentation2 there is little amusement1 no learned leisure1 but everybody is occupied in trade or speculation4 ,the people are well dressed--all the men wear broadcloth1 nearly all the women silk2 there are no beggars in the streets1 and there is an air of healthiness1 vigor1 and buoyancy of life such as is not to be seen in any other city in ,europe or ,america4 ,no market in the world1 save1 perhaps1 that of ,london1 is better supplied4 ,railroads run along the streets in all directions4 ,churches1 schools1 hotels1 and houses are lifted up from their foundations by hydraulic power2 and if the owners wish to add a story1 instead of clapping it on above1 they build it in below1 and roof1 walls1 and floors all go up together uninjured4 ,the traveller is astonished to see a procession of solid-built houses slowly marching through the centre of one of the principal thoroughfares4 ,in eight-and-forty hours an hotel1 brick-built and three stories high1 will be carried1 without interruption to business1 from one part of the city to another4 ,the country is full of interesting incident and novel excitement4 ,it contains all the precious metals1 gold1 silver1 platinum1 copper1 iron1 coal1 asphaltum1 spring and mineral oil1 borax1 arsenic1 cobalt4 ,the largest crops in the world have been grown on its soil4 ,we quote the published accounts3 ,crops of #hj bushels of wheat to the acre have been grown in ,california4 ,mr4 ,hill harvested #hb-a_/b bushels from an acre in ,pajaro valley in #ahec1 and obtained #ffj bushels from ten acres4 ,in #ahea1 ,mr4 ,p4 ,m4 ,scooffy harvested #hh bushels1 and ,mr4 ,n4 ,carriger #hj bushels1 in ,sonoma valley4 ,again3 ,in #ahec a field of #ajj acres in the valley of the ,pajaro produced #ij1jjj bushels of barley1 and one acre of it yielded #adi bushels4 ,it was grown by ,mr4 ,j4 ,b4 ,hill1 and was mentioned as undoubtedly true by the assessor of ,monterey county in his official report2 and a prize was granted by an agricultural society for the crop4 ,according to the assessor's report1 the average crop of potatoes in ,sacramento county in #ahfj was #cij bushels per acre4 ,potatoes have been seen in the market weighing #g lb4 ,the largest beet-root was #e ft4 long1 #a ft4 thick1 and #aah lb4 in weight--it was three years old2 cabbages #de lb4 and #ec lb4 each2 and a squash vine bore at a time #a1fjj lb4 of fruit4 ,then the largest trees in the world are found in ,california1 in mammoth-tree groves4 ,two are known to be #cb ft in diameter1 #cbe ft high4 ,one of the trees which is down must have been #dej ft4 high1 and #dj ft4 in diameter4 ,the tree of which the bark was stripped for #aaf ft41 and sent to the ,crystal ,palace1 continued green and flourishing two years and a half after being thus denuded4 ,the highest waterfall in the world is in the ,yosemite valley1 in ,california4 ,it is #b1jfc ft4 high1 according to the official surveyor4 ,the ,californian ,geysers are among the wonders of the world--a multitude of boiling springs1 emitting large quantities of steam with a hissing1 roaring1 spluttering noise2 while near them1 within a #gih few feet1 are deliciously cold springs4 ,there are mud volcanoes1 which can be heard ten miles off1 and seen at a still greater distance4 ,a great variety of wild beasts and birds--bears1 panthers1 wolves1 deer1 elk1 the ,californian vulture 7next to the condor the largest bird that flies71 make up other sources of interest1 speculation1 and excitement and contribute to give to ,californians a certain peculiar character and sympathy one with another1 which unite them together as hail-fellows-well-met in any part of the world in which they may chance to meet4 ,there is travelling up the rivers in steamboats three and four stories high1 which not unfrequently blow up or run into each other4 ,a considerable portion of the country can be traversed in wagons called stages1 whose springs are so very strong that ocular demonstration is necessary as a proof of their existence4 ,they cross plains and mountains1 penetrate forests1 and skirt precipices1 along the most difficult roads4 ,wooden bridges thrown across ravines or deep gullies or streams1 and formed by laying down a number1 of scantling poles1 and covering them with loose planks1 are taken by the four-horse stage at a gallop1 just as you ride at a ditch or rasper out hunting2 patter1 patter1 go the horses' feet1 up and down go the loose planks--one's heart in one's mouth--no horses have slipped through--no broken legs--it seems a miracle--and away onward goes the stage1 conducted by dauntless and skilful drivers1 to the everlasting cry of go ahead6 ,but much of the country must be travelled on horseback1 and ,california has an admirable breed of thin1 wiry little horses1 which will gallop with their rider over a hundred miles a day1 requiring little care and hardly any food4 ,much of the country is still unexplored4 ,there are mountains covered with perpetual snow1 and immense virgin pine forests covering their sides2 long rolling plains1 baked by the sun2 and rich luxuriant valleys1 watered by the richest fish-streams4 ,in extent the country is #ahi1jjj square miles1 or nearly four times larger than ,england1 and possesses within itself all the resources of the temperate and tropical zones4 ,there are #dj1jjj1jjj acres of arable land in the state1 though not more than #a1jjj1jjj are now in cultivation4 ,the climate near the ocean is the most equable in the world4 ,at ,san ,francisco there is a difference of only seven degrees between the mean temperature of winter and summer--the average of the latter being #eg and of the former #ej ,fahrenheit4 ,ice and snow are never seen in winter1 and in summer the weather is so cool that woolen clothing may be worn every day4 ,there are not more than a dozen days in the year too warm for comfort at mid-day1 and the oldest inhabitant cannot remember a night when blankets were not necessary for comfortable sleep4 ,the climate is just of that character most favorable to the constant mental and physical activity of men1 and to the unvarying health and continuous growth of animals and plants4 ,by travelling a few hundred miles the ,californian may find any temperature he may desire--great warmth in winter and icy coldness in summer4 ,it may be understood1 then1 from all these circumstances1 that the blood of a ,californian tingles with an excitement of its own4 ,indeed1 it is constantly observed that men who leave ,california with their fortunes made1 and with the intention of establishing themselves in the ,eastern states1 or in ,europe1 are unable to settle down1 and soon return to the ,golden ,state4 ,let us now proceed with the subject before us1 and draw out briefly two contrasts3 one between the ,spanish or ,catholic and the ,anglo-,saxon or non-,catholic conduct and policy toward the original lords of the soil1 the ,indians2 the other as between the names they gave to the localities which were the scenes of their respective labors4 ,it will indicate a difference of #gii tone and spirit sufficiently remarkable4 ,of course all ,californians are not to be held responsible for the acts of a low and heartless section of ruffians1 any more than all ,englishmen are accountable for the atrocities which we have perpetrated in times past in ,india or ,oceanica4 ,but as we would not pass over the crimes committed by the ,anglo-,saxon race in ,india were ,india our topic1 so neither will we be silent here on deeds of equal atrocity with any of which we were guilty1 committed in these latter days by some of the new occupiers of ,california4 ,the love of souls and the love of wealth do not1 indeed1 grow in the same heart4 ,we have already faintly sketched the result of the ,church's love of souls on the temporal and spiritual well-being of the indigenous population of ,california4 ,under her gentle care was realized for its inhabitants the happiness1 peace1 and plenty of ,paraguay4 ,the ,anglo-,saxon and the thirst for gold ushered in1 alas6 on these poor creatures--made in the divine image1 and called equally with ourselves to an eternal share in the love of the ,sacred ,heart--not a miserable existence1 but absolute destruction4 ,the love of mammon has been the murderer of the native owners of the soil4 ,the iron heart and the iron arm of the ,anglo-,saxon invaders have cleared all before them4 ,in #ahfb1 ,mr4 ,hittel1 who is not a ,catholic1 and whom we hold to be an impartial witness1 made a study of the subject1 and he thus speaks of the destruction of the ,indian population of ,california1 page #bhh3 ,the ,indians are a miserable race1 destined to speedy destruction4 ,fifteen years ago1 they numbered #ej1jjj or more3 now there may be #g1jjj of them4 ,they were driven from their hunting-grounds and fishing-grounds by the whites1 and they stole cattle for food 7rather than starve72 and to punish and prevent their stealing1 the whites made war on them and slew them4 ,such has been the origin of most of the ,indian wars1 which have raged in various parts of the state almost continuously during the last twelve years4 ,for every white man that has been killed1 fifty ,indians have fallen4 ,in #ahdh nearly every little valley had its tribe1 and there were dozens of tribes in the ,sacramento basin1 but now most of these tribes are entirely destroyed4 ,we have been ourselves assured by eye-witnesses that such an incident as the following has frequently happened in the gold diggings4 ,a man would be quietly cleaning his gun or rifle on a ,sunday morning1 when he would espy an ,indian in the distance1 and1 without the least hesitation1 would fire at him as a mark4 ,the ,indians were fair game1 just as bear or elk were1 and men would shoot them by way of pastime1 not caring whether the mark was a buck or a squaw1 as they call them--that is1 a man or a woman4 ,murder became thus a relaxation4 ,and we must add1 that not only ,american citizens1 but also men who pride themselves on the greater civilization and virtue of their country nearer home1 thus imbrued their bands with reprobate levity in the blood of their fellow-creatures4 ,we should be very sorry to imply that these horrible deeds are perpetrated only by inhabitants of the ,united ,states4 ,on the contrary1 it is certain that men who from circumstances lapse into a state of semi-savage life1 without public opinion to check them1 living in the wilderness and the bush1 and without religion1 naturally become so enslaved to their passions that at last they commit the foulest abominations and the most horrible murders as though they were mere pastimes4 ,we have read abundant examples of this in ,india and other ,british colonies4 ,the ,american government passed many wise and humane laws in favor of the ,indian4 ,it was not her fault that pioneers1 squatters1 buccaneers1 and outlaws1 at a distance1 laughed at her laws and set them at defiance4 #hjj ,the other contrast is quickly drawn4 ,it shall be the contrast of names4 ,we do not wish to found any strong argument upon it4 ,names are not actions1 and yet to call a man hard names is the next thing to giving him hard blows2 and we know that out of the abundance of the heart the mouth speaketh4 ,let the two lists go down in parallel columns1 and illustrate the old times and the new3 ,spanish baptisms of localities or settlements4 ,san ,francisco ,sacramento ,la ,purisima ,concepcion ,trinidad ,jesus ,maria ,santa ,cruz ,nuestra ,seora di ,solidad4 ,los ,angeles1 ,reina de4 ,san ,jose ,san ,pedro ,san ,miguel ,san ,rafael ,santa ,clara ,santa ,barbara ,san ,luis ,obispo ,san ,paolo ,buena ,vista ,mariposa ,san ,fernando ,alcatraz ,contra ,costa ,san ,mateo ,plumas ,yankee baptisms of localities or settlements ,jackass ,gulch ,jim ,crow ,caon ,loafer ,gill ,whiskey diggings ,slap ,jack ,bar ,yankee ,doodle ,skunk ,gulch ,chicken ,thief ,flat ,ground ,hog's ,glory ,hell's ,delight ,devil's ,wood ,sweet ,revenge ,shirt-tail ,caon ,rough and ,ready ,rag ,town ,git up and ,git ,bob ,ridley ,flat ,humpback ,slide ,swell-head ,diggings ,bloody ,run ,murderers' bar ,rat trap ,slide ,hang town ,we may now dismiss these contrasts1 which we have only insisted on in order to bring into greater relief the spirit of ,god and the spirit of mammon4 ,the ,spaniard went with the tenderest devotedness to serve and save the ,indian1 recognizing him from the first as a brother4 ,the ,yankee came1 straining every nerve and energy in the pursuit of wealth2 the ,indian was in his way2 he recognized no spiritual ties of brotherhood2 his soul presented to him no divine image deserving of his love and service2 rather it was said1 let him be trodden into the mire1 or perish from the face of the land4 ,the former cast over their humble settlements1 on the coast and inland1 the sacred association of the names of mysteries and holy saints1 so that men for all generations might be reminded that they are of the race of the people of ,god2 whereas the latter have named many of the places where they have dug for gold with the names of their hideous crimes1 and with terms compared to which the nomenclature of savage and uncivilized tribes is ,christian and refined4 ,this sketch of the principal features of the two occupations of ,california1 as they have borne upon the native population1 may be sufficient for our present purpose4 ,we shall presently dwell upon the better qualities in the ,american character--the natural foundations upon which religion has to be built4 ,our object is not to write a political or commercial essay2 all we attempt is to note the action of the ,church at the present day upon the heterogeneous elements which compose the population of ,california1 and to record as briefly as may be the several influences observable as making up that action4 ,it has long been a favorite theme with the anti-,catholic philosophers of the day to descant upon the feebleness of the ,catholic ,church4 ,they judge her as a purely human institution1 good in her day2 but her day is gone4 ,she was a good nurse1 who held the leading-strings which mankind needed in early childhood4 ,but we have grown to the ripeness of perfection2 and the good nurse has grown old and past work3 she may be allowed therefore to potter about the world1 as an old servant round her master's hall and grounds1 till she dies and is buried away4 ,we may render some little service if we point to one more instance of her present vigor and vitality in our own day2 if we can show that she is stamping her impress upon the lettered horde that has overrun the western shore1 as she did formerly upon the unlettered hordes that possessed themselves of the plains of ,italy or of the wolds of ,england4 ,we believe that she is by degrees assimilating into herself the strange mass of the ,californian population2 she is standing out in the midst of them as the only representative of religions unity1 order1 and revelation4 ,she is executing her commission in ,california to-day as faithfully as she did when ,peter entered ,rome1 or #hja ,augustine ,kent1 or ,xavier ,asia1 or ,solano the wilds of ,south ,america4 ,the work of grace1 through the ,church of ,christ1 is gaining sensibly and irresistibly upon the population of ,california4 ,we are far from foreseeing a day when all its inhabitants will be of one faith and one mind1 or from saying that the number of conversions to the faith is prodigious and unheard-of4 ,but we affirm that the ,catholic ,church1 with a far greater rapidity than in ,england1 is daily attaining a higher place in the estimation of the people1 is becoming more and more the acknowledged representative of ,christianity1 and is actually gaining in numbers1 piety1 and authority4 ,the sects there1 as elsewhere in ,america1 are ceasing by degrees to exercise any religious or spiritual influence upon the people2 they act as political and social agents1 and hold together as organizations by the force of local circumstances1 which are wholly independent of religion4 ,as forms of religion1 the people see through them1 and have no confidence in them2 the consequence is1 that an immense proportion are without any religion at all1 and many join the ,catholic ,church4 ,it was the policy of imperial ,rome to open her gates to every form of heathenism3 every god was tolerated1 every god was accepted1 no matter how incongruous or contradictory its presence by the side of others4 ,the empire was intent upon one thing1 self-aggrandizement2 and for religion it did not care4 ,thoughtful men smiled or sneered at those mythologies and divinities1 and their forms of worship2 and the people became cold and indifferent to them4 ,they were dying of this contempt1 when behold the newly imported presence of the ,fisherman into their midst1 with his ,catechism of ,christian ,doctrine1 inspired one and all with a new life and energy2 the gods began to speak1 and the people began to hear them4 ,it was not that a new faith had been awakened in their old idolatry2 but a new hostility and hatred had been aroused against the majesty of consistent truth1 which stood before them humble1 yet confounding them4 ,they began to believe themselves to be devout pagans1 and to prove the sincerity of their convictions by endeavoring to smite down the divine figure of the ,catholic ,church1 which claimed a universal homage and a universal power4 ,events strangely repeat themselves in the world4 ,that which occurred among the sects of ancient ,rome is now taking place among the sects of ,america4 ,men smile at their pretensions2 their convictions are not moulded by them1 and they will not submit to their discipline or bow to their authority4 ,but the sects object to death1 and they think to prolong the term of their existence not by a life of faith1 but by a life of sustained enmity against the religion which is slowly gaining upon them1 and supplanting them in the mind and affection of the people4 ,there are many who believe that the day is not far distant when the ,catholics of ,america will have to brace themselves up to go through the fire1 for ,american religious persecution would be like an ,american civil war1 determined and terrible4 ,it would carry us beyond the limits of our scope to attempt to trace the steps by which persecution is approaching4 ,this spirit has ever existed in the ,new ,england states4 ,know-nothingism was a political and social form of it which failed for a time2 and the knowledge of the immense progress made by the ,church amidst the din of war1 in the camp and in the hospital1 in ,north and ,south1 among officers and men1 has quickened this movement4 ,the government is not to blame for this4 ,we believe the ,american government1 in point of religion1 to be perfectly colorless4 ,it is noteworthy that nowhere in the world has religion made more rapid progress in this century than in the ,united ,states4 ,we cannot doubt that the ,church is repairing in ,america the losses she #hjb has suffered in ,europe through the pride1 abuse of grace1 and apostacy of many of her children4 ,in ,california the ,church has no easy task before her4 ,it is no longer the simple and rude ,vandal1 ,dane1 or ,lombard she has to lead into her fold1 but a population composed of men of keen wits1 of the most varied1 world-wide experiences1 and drawn from countries in which they have been more or less within the reach of ,catholic teaching4 ,these are the men whom she has now to reduce into the obedience of faith4 ,we are not of those who imagine that ,almighty ,god has lavished all the treasures of natural virtues upon one nation1 and has withheld them proportionately from others4 ,in intellectual gifts men differ much less one from another than is often supposed1 as with their physical strength and stature the difference1 on the whole1 is not very large4 ,and so their moral natural gifts1 if considered in their full circle1 will be found before the tribunal of an impartial judge to be on the whole pretty evenly distributed among the nations4 ,one nation has faith and trust1 another understanding and subtlety1 another mercy and compassion1 another truthfulness and fidelity1 another tenderness and love1 another humility and docility1 another courage and energy1 another determination and patience1 another purity1 another reverence4 ,these natural virtues may be elevated into supernatural1 and then that nation is really the greatest which has made best use of the grace of ,god4 ,the bounteous hand of ,god has enriched every part of the canopy of heaven with stars and planets1 differing infinitely in light1 color1 distance1 size1 and combination1 and he leaves no portion in absolute poverty or darkness2 and the distilling lips and shining countenance have scattered in every direction over his immortal creation precious gifts of natural virtues1 set like gems in the souls of men the moment his fingers first fashioned them4 ,it will1 no doubt1 often require the study and patient love of an apostle's heart to discover them1 so defiled and obscured have they become2 but they are ever there1 though dormant1 and when once they become subject to the touch of divine grace1 it is surprising what inclination and facility toward their eternal ,father break forth and become apparent4 ,now1 in speaking of the sufferings of the ,church in ,california1 we have been marking some of the worst features of the ,anglo-,saxon invasion4 ,but in viewing1 as we are about to do1 the future prospects of the ,church1 we must1 at the outset1 point toward some of those better qualities and characteristics1 upon which1 under ,god1 the ,church has to build her hopes4 ,if once turned to ,god from materialism and mammon-worship1 we are persuaded that the ,american would rank among the foremost ,catholics of the world2 not shining1 perhaps1 in the extraordinary gifts of faith1 and in the offices of the contemplative life1 like the children of ,italy and ,spain1 but fruitful and overflowing in good works and in pushing forward every active operation of charity4 ,of the ,californians it may be said that they are bold and independent adventurers1 and that they admire these qualities in others4 ,they are quick and devoted in their own business1 and appreciate devotedness in the business 7the ,chinese call it sky business7 of priests and nuns4 ,they are practical and determined1 and failure after failure does not discourage them4 ,health and life have no value when any temporal end is to be gained4 ,and1 therefore1 they are struck by the ,catholic ,church1 her bishops and missionaries1 steadily pursuing her supernatural end1 in spite1 of the allurements1 distractions1 and threats of the world2 preaching always and at all times the same doctrines of faith and charity2 ready day and night to obey the call of her poorest member1 in the camp and the battle-field1 in the penury and hardship of' emigration1 in #hjc pestilence and fever-wards1 in no matter what clime or among what people2 always alike joyful to save the soul of the negro1 the red man1 or the white man2 esteeming suffering1 illness1 contempt1 poverty1 and persecution1 when endured for ,god or for his souls1 as so many jewels in her crown1 and holding life itself cheap and contemptible in comparison with the one end she has in view4 ,the ,californians are a singularly inquisitive and intelligent race4 ,everybody is able to read and write2 and even the common laborer has his morning newspaper brought every day of his life to his cottage door4 ,the state prison of ,st4 ,quintin shows some curious statistical of the proportion of native ,americans and foreigners who are able to read and write4 ,the comparison1 as will be seen1 is in favor of the ,united ,states3 ,january #a1 #ahfb1 there were #beg prisoners1 natives of the ,united ,states2 of these only #bi were unable to read or write4 ,and there were #ccc of foreign birth2 of these #ada were unable to read or write4 ,the spirit of free inquiry and private judgment1 which brought about the apostacy of the sixteenth century1 is carried by ,californians to its legitimate conclusions4 ,they are not stopped half-way as ,anglicans are by love or reverence for what may appear to be a venerable1 time-honored establishment1 full of nationality and wealth1 and hoary with respectability4 ,they wish to learn the reason why of everything1 and they are little inclined to take anything upon a mere ipse dixit4,they love knowledge1 and desire to obtain it easily1 so they are great frequenters of lectures and sermons2 and will go anywhere to hear them when they believe them to be good4 ,this gives the ,catholic priest a strong and solid advantage over every other minister4 ,he is able to give an account of his faith1 to show the reasonableness of submission1 to prove that faith rests upon an infallible basis1 that religion is not a caprice of reason1 not a mere expedient1 not a police1 which was useful in ignorant days1 and may be still useful for superstitious minds and a leading-string for children and the weak4 ,show the ,american that the submission of his intellect to the divine intellect of the ,church of ,god is not its destruction1 but its perfection1 and elevation1 and his intellectual pride will yield as quickly as any man's4 ,explain to them the doctrine of the ,holy ,ghost and his indwelling life in the ,church and in the individual1 and they will be ready to call out1 ,give us also the ,holy ,ghost4 ,there are some natures so confiding and so simple that it is enough to address them as the centurion did his soldiers1 or to tell them what to believe1 and they believe at once4 ,it is a blessed thing to have the grace of little children to believe from the first2 but there are some who have placed themselves out of the pale of this great grace1 or have been born outside it1 on account of the sins of their parents1 and the mould they have been formed in4 ,this is the case with the ,anglo-,saxon race1 and pre-eminently so with the ,american4 ,and the ,church accommodates herself to the peculiarities of the human mind1 with infinite charity and condescension1 seeking the surest avenue to the conversion of the soul to ,god1 in faith1 hope1 and charity4 ,she is ready to meet the ,american on his own ground1 and to give the clearest and most convincing of explanations4 ,again1 the ,americans are what has been called viewy1 and with all their practical power and love for the positive1 they prefer to have the truth presented to them as in a landscape1 in which the imagination is able to throw the reason into relief on the foreground4 ,compare the instructions and sermons of ,peach1 ,gother1 ,fletcher1 and ,challoner1 excellent and solid though they be1 where the imagination has no play1 with those of ,cardinal ,wiseman1 ,archbishop ,manning1 ,dr4 ,newman1 and our meaning is at once illustrated4 #hjd ,a priest who should draw his sermons out of ,suarez or ,petavius1 rather than from ,perrone or ,bouvier1 or some hand-book of controversy--his homilies on the gospel from1 e4g41 ,dionysius the ,carthusian1 illustrating them from such works as ,burder's ,oriental ,customs1 ,harmer's ,observations1 etc41 rather than heap up platitudes and common generalities1 or should even take our common little catechism and develop its doctrine and popularize it by abundant illustrations from ,scripture1 history1 from the arts1 science1 commerce1 government--familiar themes to the ,american mind--would be certain to attract around his pulpit large audiences of anxious souls1 and1 by ,god's blessing1 to win them to ,catholic truth with astonishing facility4 ,the ,americans are keenly alive to coarse or rough manners in a priest4 ,they will not suffer masterful or domineering language from him in the pulpit or in private4 ,above all1 they consider the brogue to be a capital sin--talem devita4 ,this is a little inconsistent in men who are not themselves remarkable either for the suaviter in modo or for a reticence of provincialisms and cant words and phrases4 ,but still we consider1 unhesitatingly1 that the brogue is more prejudicial to a clergyman's influence upon ,americans than upon ,englishmen2 and also that a priest1 through refinement of mind and manners1 can effect more in ,america than in ,england4 ,whether the reason for this fact is that the latter qualities are rarer in the ,states than here1 or that having no hereditary titles1 ,americans attach greater value to adornments of mind and manners1 we may not pause to consider4 ,again1 they have been for the greater part cut off from the traditions of home and family4 ,the parish clergyman or district minister under whom they once sat1 the bitter zeal of old ladies who consider ,catholicity to be a species of sorcery1 priests to be all ,jesuits1 ,jesuits to be one with the devil in cunning and malice1 and who know how to insert a sting into the life of the friend who withdraws from their opinions2 the quiet humdrum of life in the ,states or in ,europe1 so favorable to the status in quo--all these anti-,catholic influences are far away1 and there is little substitute for them in ,california1 where there is a singular absence of public opinion and of social despotism4 ,on the other hand it may be said that they have come into the presence of the life of ,catholicity in ways which impress them by the novelty of their situation4 ,in the first place1 their belief in the possibility of living for an invisible and supernatural end is quickened by their experience of the country they have come to4 ,they came to seek for fortune1 and they thought they were the first1 but they found that the ,catholic ,church had been there long before them1 perfectly satisfied without the gold and silver which has drawn them1 in the accomplishment of her mission of peace and salvation4 ,for long years ,catholic missioners had abandoned home and civilization in order to reside on the rolling plains1 or valleys1 or sea-coast1 with the untutored and debased ,indian1 with no other recompense than one they looked for hereafter4 ,they had not become savages and wild men as men often do1 conforming to the ,indian1 who lived upon grasshoppers1 and worms1 and insects1 or roots and grasses or fruits1 or at best on the produce of the chase4 ,but by the constraining power of love1 and with a divine message1 they had drawn the wild ,indians around them1 taught them various arts and trades1 the growth of the olive1 of the vine1 and of corn1 how to spin and weave1 the first elements of peace and commerce4 ,they had instructed them in the ,christian faith and helped them on the way to heaven4 ,the old remains of their work are scattered over the country in some five-and-twenty principal mission establishments4 ,the great adobe walls of their churches1 varying from four to eight feet thick1 #hje the rude sculpture1 the gaudy frescoes1 the paintings and carvings brought all the way from ,spain and ,mexico1 the little square belfry standing alone1 the cemetery1 and the avenue of trees planted by the friars along the roads which lead up to the mission2 the orchards still fruitful1 where the swine besport themselves and the coney burrows1 as at ,santa ,clara2 the mournful olive-trees of the mission1 which1 in spite of age1 yield the best oil in the country2 the crosses1 memorials of piety and faith1 set up here and there1 and the ,christian traditions still left among a few survivors of the old inhabitants1 often speak solemnly and instructively to the heart of the pioneer who has come in hot haste to seek a fortune4 ,how can he help at times being touched1 when he is with his own thoughts in solitude1 perhaps in sadness and disappointment1 in the presence of these old remnants which tell of pioneers who came with another and holier end in view than that in which he sees himself foiled and mistaken8 ,we will venture to say that these ancient memorials of the faith and devotedness of the ,catholic missionaries are as sweet1 and as dear1 and as impressive to many a ,californian1 as the gorgeous old piles of ,catholic piety in ,england are to the dense and civilized ,protestant population which lives around them and profits by their revenues4 ,among the first pioneers of ,california1 before the discovery of gold1 in search of an agricultural district and of a genial climate1 came a hardy band of earnest ,irishmen4 ,they were in a high sense pioneers1 for they were the first caravan that found a way across the plains and ,rocky ,mountains from the ,eastern states4 ,they passed many long months on the road1 and were exposed to every imaginable hardship and difficulty4 ,they had to clear the forest as they went1 to make a passage for their wagons4 ,sometimes they would spend a week breaking a road through great rocks and enormous boulders1 which obstructed a river-bed or a mountain-pass2 their wagons often came to pieces through hardship and exposure2 they cut down trees to mend them1 and had to extemporize wheels and harness as they journeyed slowly on4 ,they had placed all their trust and confidence in ,god--in the rain and wind1 in the thick forest1 and on the snowy mountain1 they always turned to him--they served and worshipped him as well as the circumstances would allow1 and he led them at last into the land of promise which they looked to4 ,after them came another caravan from the ,states1 but formed of men of a very different stamp4 ,license1 crime1 and disorder of the most appalling character marked their steps4 ,we will enter into no details4 ,they suffered innumerable hardships1 they fell so short of provisions1 and were reduced to such straits1 that1 finally1 in despair of ever reaching the rich plains of ,california1 they killed one of their party1 and made their evening meal upon human flesh4 ,the next morning one mile off they descried the land they longed for1 and immense herds of elk feeding on the plains4 ,they felt that the hand of ,god had struck them4 ,the ,irish ,catholics soon rallied round the few pastors who remained in the country2 they established themselves near the missions4 ,soon they lifted up their voice calling for more spiritual assistance4 ,the riches of earth were of little value to them without the blessings of heaven4 ,the zeal of the ,holy ,see anticipated their own4 ,missionaries were on the way to the scene of labor1 and a devoted bishop was soon appointed to rule over them4 ,when1 after #ahdi1 the rush to the diggings took place1 and all men were suffering from the gold fever and silver on the brain1 spending their money in wholesale gambling1 making fortunes one week and losing them the next1 and every man's head seemed to be turned by the helter-skelter excitement1 the ,catholic ,church1 in #hjf her calm majesty1 was growing up in the midst of the turmoil1 and occupying her position as the city on the mountain1 and the light shining before men4 ,the zeal of the archbishop and clergy and faithful ,irish knew no limits4 ,churches sprang up on the conspicuous eminences of the city of ,san ,francisco1 and in the principal thoroughfares4 ,and that vast assemblage of men1 who had come together from all parts1 without religion or ,god in their hearts1 began to see that they were in the presence of the ,catholic ,church1 and that the shadow of the ,catholic towers and crosses had fallen upon them4 ,as soon as the ,holy ,see gave to ,san ,francisco an archbishop1 the zealous sons of ,st4 ,patrick determined to build him a cathedral4 ,the wages of a common hodman were #b1 #ajs4 a day2 nevertheless1 while the ,catholic with one hand worked or scrambled for wealth1 with the other he freely gave to that which is always dearest to his heart4 ,the deep foundations of the cathedral were sunk1 the walls arose1 its massive time-keeping tower crowned the city1 its solemn services were inaugurated4 ,it was the result of fabulous sums of money1 and of heroic devotedness on the part of pastors and people4 ,nor was this all4 ,large and handsome churches have sprung up in various parts of the city1 like ,st4 ,ignatius's and ,st4 ,francis's1 and others1 such as the ,french church1 ,st4 ,patrick's1 ,st4 ,joseph's1 the ,german church1 and a number of smaller chapels4 ,the unbelieving speculator1 the smart trader1 the land-owner1 and the miner1 on his visit to the city1 were all struck with these visible tokens of sincerity and zeal1 without stint of generous alms1 put forth by the ,catholic ,church from the very outset4 ,later1 and stimulated by ,catholic example1 the various sects of ,protestantism1 ,jews1 infidels1 and pagans1 erected in several places their churches1 temples1 chapels1 lecture-halls1 and joss-houses4 ,in point of churches1 in numbers and construction1 the ,catholic communion in ,san ,francisco stands far ahead of all others4 ,but it is not in the erection of churches alone that ,catholicity has1 with the vigor of her perpetual youth1 outstripped the sects1 all of which1 before they attain to half a century1 become old and decrepit2 for no sooner did the population roll in from the ocean and across the plains1 than new wants at once arose--hospitals for the sick from the city1 the country1 and the mines2 homes for the orphans who were left alone in a far-off country1 where men die in thousands from accident and violence1 as well as from disease and natural causes2 and schools for children1 who are born more numerously1 it is said1 in ,california than in any other country4 ,here again the ,catholic ,church was first in devoted charity and anxious zeal for souls4 ,as to popular schools1 before the ,atlantic and ,pacific oceans were bridged together by the iron rails of ,panama1 the gentle and devoted ,sisters of the ,presentation from ,ireland1 ladies by birth1 tradition1 and refinement1 left their tranquil convents for the storm and troubles of life into the midst of which they were to be thrown in ,san ,francisco4 ,they1 in their strict and peaceful inclosure1 were to be calm1 like the point which even in the whirlwind is always to be still and at rest4 ,there1 day by day1 they teach one thousand children from infancy up to womanhood1 the poor according to their wants1 and the rich according their requirements1 and all this entirely gratis1 looking to ,god alone to be their reward exceeding great4 ,moreover1 the only school in the state of ,california for ,indians and negroes is established and taught by them4 ,in the state schools no colored child would be allowed to set his foot4 ,thousands of children of ,catholic1 of ,protestant1 and infidel parents have passed out into the world from under their considerate and enlightened care1 and they bless them everywhere evermore4 ,such disinterested charities1 such daily self-denial1 such #hjg gentle and kindly sympathy1 are not lost upon the wayward1 go-ahead1 and hardened ,yankee4 ,these are the lives which touch and melt and win him4 ,this1 he says1 is practical religion4 ,next1 in a state like ,california1 orphanages became an early and a primary want4 ,the ,sisters of ,charity first supplied them4 ,then hospitals were needed2 and the ,sisters of ,mercy from ,ireland said1 ,here are hospitals4 ,they possess the best hospital in the state4 ,they watch the sick with a mother's care2 and many a man learns on his bed of pain from their lips lessons which he has never heard in childhood1 or has forgotten in manhood4 ,in all these departments of popular instruction1 orphanages1 and hospitals1 the ,catholic ,church in ,california leads the way1 extending aid and care to all1 without distinction of creed or nation4 ,the ,catholic convents and establishments stand out conspicuously to all the world on the heights and in the principal thoroughfares of ,san ,francisco4 ,these are all works which we attribute to the zeal of the ,irish1 and which prove to ,americans1 and they admit the proof1 the faith and charity of the ,catholic ,church4 ,they are an appeal to their heart and to their reason4 ,and now for the appeal to their sense of honesty and justice4 ,take the ,catholics of ,california as a body1 and they stand before any other body for honesty in business4 ,they nearly all came to the state poor men2 some had to borrow money for their journey2 but they have worked their way up2 and now1 though the ,jews are the largest capitalists1 and the ,yankees1 from being more numerous1 hold absolutely a greater amount of wealth1 the ,irish and ,catholics1 as a class1 are more uniformly well off4 ,the mean of comfort and sufficiency is probably higher among them than among others4 ,and they have obtained for themselves a high reputation for honesty and honorable conduct in business4 ,it is impossible for a person without experience to form an idea of the amount of cheating and rascality which is often practised in trade and commerce4 ,robbery and lying1 upon however large or mean a scale1 when successful1 will be called by a great number only smart conduct4 ,a man is not tabooed and banished the exchange and the market for cheating his creditors1 and defrauding the public1 as he would be in ,london or ,liverpool4 ,he can live down such public opinion as there is1 and many of his friends extend a misplaced pity to him1 or think none the worse of him for his behavior4 ,a man may become bankrupt three or four times1 and become richer each time2 this is not uncommon2 and there are certain persons with whom it is taken for granted that they are thus making their pile4 ,so and so has just caved in1 said a merchant2 and he had #bj1jjj worth of goods from me last week1 and all that's 'run into the ground1' and no two ways about that4 ,he'll be through the courts white-washed in a few weeks4 ,well1 said the interlocutor1 you won't let him have more goods without ready money8 ,yes1 ,i shall4 ,he'll just come to me for goods to set up again2 and he knows ,i'll let him have them1 for he's a 'smart' fellow2 he will be better able to pay me then than he ever has been before4 ,in confirmation of our general statement1 we may quote the words of ,mr4 ,hittel3 ,insolvencies legally declared and cancelled by the courts are more frequent in ,san ,francisco1 in proportion to its population1 than in any other part of the world4 ,our laws provide that any man who declares himself unable to pay his debts1 and petitions to be released from them1 may obtain a judicial discharge1 unless he has been guilty of fraud2 and as the fraud must be distinctly proved upon him before the discharge will be denied1 the release is almost invariably obtained4 ,from this testimony of a long resident and man of business in ,california #hjh it will be readily understood how closely men's personal character for honesty will be scrutinized by persons who are not anxious to suffer in dealing with them4 ,now1 inquiries have been made in various parts of the country1 and it has been ascertained beyond a doubt that the ,irish1 or ,american ,irish ,catholics1 are considered the safest class of men to do business with4 ,whether it be early training1 religion1 the confessional1 or the influence of the priests1 so it is2 they are trusted by a ,yankee more readily than others are4 ,far be it from us to impeach the honesty1 and sense of honor1 of all save the ,irish and ,catholics4 ,these natural virtues shine with the greatest brilliancy in many an unbelieving man of business4 ,we but record a fact which is highly creditable to the ,irish1 and spreads the good odor of the religion they profess4 ,we have now to notice the direct action of the archbishop and of the clergy upon the population4 ,the bishop is the forma gregis facta ex animo1 the city on the hill1 the candle placed high upon the candlestick1 giving its light around2 and on each prelate bestows what gifts he pleases4 ,with these he illumines the world in the person of his minister4 ,go1 then1 up ,california street1 turn round the cathedral of ,st4 ,mary's1 and you will enter a miserable1 dingy little house4 ,this is the residence of the ,archbishop of ,san ,francisco and his clergy1 who live with him in community4 ,to the left are a number of little yards1 and the back windows of the houses in which the ,chinamen are swarming4 ,broken pots and pans1 old doors1 and a yellow compost1 window-frames1 fagots1 remnants of used fireworks1 sides of pig glazed and varnished1 long strings of meat--,god only knows what meat--hanging to dry1 dog-kennels1 dead cats1 dirty linen in heaps1 and white linen and blue cottons drying on lines or lying on rubbish--such is the view to the left4 ,the odors which exhale from it who shall describe8 ,a spark would probably set the whole of these premises in a conflagration2 and one is tempted to think that even a fire would be a blessing4 ,to the right1 adjoining the cathedral1 is the yard where the ,catholic boys come out to play2 and in this yard stands a little iron or zinc cottage1 containing two rooms4 ,this is where the archbishop lives2 one is his bedroom1 the other his office1 where his secretaries are at work all day4 ,no man is more poorly lodged in the whole city2 and no man preaches the spirit of evangelical poverty1 a detachment in the midst of this money-worshipping city1 like this ,dominican ,spanish ,archbishop of ,san ,francisco4 ,from ten in the morning to one p4m4 every day1 and for two or three hours every evening1 his grace1 arrayed in his common white habit1 and with his green cord and pectoral cross1 receives all who come to consult him1 to beg of him1 to converse with him1 be they who they may--emigrants1 servants1 merchants1 the afflicted1 the ruined1 the unfortunate4 ,the example of such a life of disinterested zeal1 holy simplicity1 and poverty has told upon the inhabitants of ,san ,francisco with an irresistible power4 ,it has been one of the ,catholic influences exercised by the ,church on the population4 ,on taking possession of his see1 when ,san ,francisco was yet forming and building itself up1 the first thing ,dr4 ,alemany looked around for was an edifying and zealous body of clergy4 ,there were1 indeed1 already before him some few who are laboring in the vineyard to this day1 but there was also there the refuse of ,europe1 men of scandalous life1 and men affecting to be priests who were impostors4 ,whereupon he went over to ,ireland1 and entering into relations with the ,college of ,all ,hallows1 which had supplied so many devoted priests to other parts1 he began to draw from that splendid seminary apostles for ,california3 of whom1 we believe1 the first was the present bishop at #hji ,marysville1 ,dr4 ,o',connell1 so distinguished for his gentleness1 learning1 piety1 and zeal for the salvation of the ,indian as well as of the white man4 ,may that college long continue to send forth its heroic bands of laborers1 who may be recognized everywhere as they are in ,california1 as a virtuous and exemplary clergy6 ,but the archbishop1 with the eye of a general1 perceived that in order to make a deep impression upon the masses which were forming themselves with incredible activity in ,san ,francisco and the country1 it was necessary1 in addition to the secular clergy1 which were stationed in pickets through the city and country1 to form a strong body of indefatigable men1 who should act upon the population with all the accumulated power of a compact square4 ,he therefore called into the field the ,jesuit fathers4 ,they came down in little numbers from ,oregon and the ,rocky ,mountains1 from the ,eastern states1 and from ,piedmont4 ,he assigned to them the old mission of ,santa ,clara1 about forty miles from ,san ,francisco1 in order that they should at once open a college for the better classes2 and also a site in ,san ,francisco1 among the sand-hills1 in order to form a day college for the inhabitants of the city2 and a church in which they should bring into play all those industries of devotion1 retreats1 sermons1 lectures1 novenas1 and sodalities1 which constitute so considerable an element of their influence in ,rome1 and upon the various populations in the midst of which they establish themselves4 ,we have already shown that the ,church was foremost in the formation of hospitals1 orphanages1 and schools for the poor4 ,she is also first in reputation for the excellence and solidity of her higher education4 ,the ,college of ,santa ,clara has a public name all down the western coast1 in ,mexico and ,peru1 as being1 the most efficient house of education on the ,pacific4 ,but in order to appreciate the value of this work1 it is necessary to understand something of the infidelity1 immorality1 and vice against which it acts as a barrier4 ,precocity in vice in ,california exceeds anything we know in ,england2 and the domestic inner life of the family1 except among the ,irish1 who still maintain its sanctity in a wonderful degree1 and a certain small minority of others1 has probably less existence than in the ,eastern states4 ,in the state system1 boys and girls attend the same schools up to seventeen and eighteen4 ,we have heard of a college in which boys and girls were educated together and live under the same roof2 and we have been told of even girls' boarding-schools having been broken up on account of vice and disease4 ,but rather than speak ourselves1 we prefer to quote the published evidence of a ,californian as to the moral state of society3 ,in no part of the world is the individual more free from restraint4 ,men1 and women1 and children are permitted to do nearly as they please4 ,high wages1 migratory habits1 and bachelor life are not favorable to the maintenance of stiff social rules among men1 and the tone of society among women must partake to a considerable extent of that among men1 especially in a country where women are in a small minority1 and are therefore much courted4 ,public opinion1 which as a guardian of public morals is more powerful than the forms of law1 loses much of its power in a community where the inhabitants are not permanent residents4 ,a large portion of the men in ,california live either in cabins or in hotels1 remote from women relatives1 and therefore uninfluenced by the powers of a home4 ,it is not uncommon for married women to go to parties and balls in company with young bachelor friends4 ,the girls commence going into society about fifteen1 and then receive company alone1 and go out alone with young men to dances and other places of amusement4 ,in this there is a great error3 too much liberty is allowed to girls in the states on the ,atlantic slope1 and still greater #haj liberty is given here1 where1 as they ripen earlier1 they should be more guarded4 ,footnote #adf ,footnote #adf3 ,resources of ,california1 p1 #cfd4 ,again3 ,the relation between the sexes is unsound4 ,unfortunate women are numerous1 and separations and divorces between married couples frequent4 ,no civilized country can equal us in the proportionate number of divorces4 ,our laws are not so lax as those of several states east of the ,mississippi2 but the circumstances of life are more favorable to separation4 ,the small proportion of women makes a demand for the sex1 and so when a woman is oppressed by her husband she can generally find somebody else who will not oppress her1 and she will apply for a divorce4 ,the abundance of money is here felt also4 ,to prosecute a divorce costs money1 and many cannot pay in poorer countries4 ,during #ahfj1 eighty-five divorce suits were commenced in ,san ,francisco1 and in sixty-one of these1 or three-fourths of the cases1 the wives were the plaintiffs4 ,we need add no comment4 ,such being the tone and condition of society1 of what inestimable value must not good ,catholic colleges be to the whole country6 ,they are highly appreciated by many who are not ,catholics3 for they send their children to ,santa ,clara1 and to the convents of ,notre ,dame1 being fully persuaded that they will not only be educated in the soundest principles of morality1 and be fenced in from evil1 but will receive a higher intellectual training than they could elsewhere4 ,society1 indeed1 must modify any particular system of education2 and the ,jesuits have had to depart from their traditional practice of a thorough classical training1 in favor of positive sciences1 especially chemistry and mineralogy1 and to adopt the utilitarian line of instruction rather than that which is the habit in ,europe4 ,their colleges in ,santa ,clara and in ,san ,francisco1 and the schools of ,notre ,dame1 must be marked as the principal educational establishments in ,california2 and they are telling steadily upon the people4 ,the archbishop has also opened another college in behalf of the middle classes1 which no doubt will bear its fruit4 ,all are thus amply provided for2 and no one points a finger of scorn toward the ,catholic ,church for ignorance and neglect of education2 rather she is looked upon as pre-eminent in her training1 and men external to her communion send their children to learn wisdom at her establishments4 ,the sand-hills in the midst of which the college and church of ,st4 ,ignatius were placed1 have long since been carried away by the vigorous application of steam-power1 and these religious buildings stand out prominent upon the widest street in ,california4 ,a brief allusion to the work carried on in this church1 and we come to a conclusion4 ,we have already referred at some length to the sermon and lecture-going habit of the ,americans1 and to the conquests which the ,catholic ,church alone has the power to make among them1 by addressing herself to their good qualities1 and thus leading them to ,god by the cords of ,adam4 ,long ago the archbishop perceived this1 and acted promptly by planting in the capital1 in addition to the busy1 active secular clergy1 this community of ,st4 ,ignatius1 with its leisure1 talent1 and training1 to meet special requirements2 and statistics would show with what success his grace's plans have been crowned4 ,but we must pass on1 and confine our notice to a particular industry of the society1 which at ,san ,francisco has received a special blessing4 ,or rather1 it is not a specialty of the society1 but a common arm in the armory of the ,church2 we refer1 to the system of sodalities and confraternities4 ,the idea was first introduced by ,st4 ,francis and ,st4 ,dominic in their third orders1 and was perfected and practically #haa applied to various devout ends by ,st4 ,charles1 ,st4 ,ignatias1 and ,st4 ,philip1 in the sixteenth century ,st4 ,charles covered his diocese with confraternities as with so many nets4 ,st4 ,philip organized the little oratory1 and the ,jesuits wherever they establish themselves are careful to found the sodality of the ,b4 ,virgin1 and that of ,st4 ,joseph as the patron of the ,bona ,mors1 in their colleges or among the frequenters of their public churches4 ,nothing can exceed the importance of these sodalities and confraternities1 and we dwell on the subject all the more willingly1 because of our own need of their more perfect development and spread among ourselves4 ,it strikes us that such associations are more than ever desirable in countries like ,england and ,america1 where external dangers and seductions are so numerous and insidious1 and ecclesiastical influence so limited4 ,in ,catholic countries the population is studded with religious houses1 convents1 and communities1 and the priesthood is numerous1 visible to the eye of the public1 clothed in its own dress1 affecting all classes of society1 and holding a political and national status of its own4 ,their influence1 therefore1 is strong and ever present4 ,it is otherwise with the ,english clergy1 who have not one of the advantages alluded to1 but are absorbed in begging and building with one hand1 while with the other they hastily baptize1 absolve1 and anoint the new-born1 the viator1 and the dying4 ,now well-organized sodalities of laymen supply the absence of those more powerful influences1 of which we daily lament the loss4 ,they are a security to each member against himself1 and they quicken him with a new zeal and activity for his neighbor4 ,in ,san ,francisco there is a sodality for men and one for women4 ,they hold their respective meetings1 sing the office of the ,blessed ,virgin1 receive instructions1 and frequent the sacraments on appointed days3 they have also their library4 ,the object is purely spiritual1 and we believe there is no kind of obligatory subscription4 ,is a youth being led away1 or in the midst of dangers1 his friend induces him to join him in the sodality4 ,it is a spiritual citadel into which all may enter1 and find a new armor and strength against self and the world4 ,those newly born to the faith are gradually and easily edified and perfected in their new religion1 by contact with the more fervent members whom they find in the sodality4 ,such a system cannot be too widely spread4 ,why should not a sodality be established in every considerable parish8 ,after a time1 all would loudly proclaim that they had built up a tower of strength within the ,church4 ,but we may not dwell longer on these topics4 ,the great spiritual dangers in ,california are rank infidelity and unblushing naturalism3 the one and only promise of religion1 the one hope of salvation1 is in the attitude and position of the ,catholic ,church4 ,mr4 ,hittel sums up the relative numbers thus3 about fourteen per cent1 of the male population frequent some place of worship2 of the remaining eighty-six per cent41 one-third occasionally go to church1 according to the attraction there1 and two-thirds never go near a church1 and are not to be counted as ,christians4 ,he estimates the ,protestants at #aj1jjj1 of whom the ,episcopalians are numbered at only #fjj communicants1 with twenty churches and eighteen clergymen2 the ,jews at #b1jjj4 ,the ,catholic priests1 he adds1 claim #hj1jjj communicants in their church1 and they are more attentive to the forms of their faith than are the ,protestants4 ,in a word1 ,catholicity is in the ascendant1 the sects are in the decline1 and the battle is between paganism with a mythology of dollars1 and the ,church of ,god with her precepts of self-denial and her promises of eternal life4 ------ #hab ,from ,the ,month4 ,,patience4 ,,from ,,the ,,german4 ,all through this earth we live in ,a silent angel goes1 ,sent by the ,god of mercy ,to soften earthly woes4 ,sweet peace and gracious pity ,in his meek eyes abide2 ,that angel's name is ,patience-- ,oh1 take him for your guide4 ,his gentle hand will lead thee ,through paths of grief and gloom2 ,his cheering voice will whisper ,of brighter days to come2 ,for when thy heart is sinking1 ,his courage faileth not2 ,he helps thy cross to carry1 ,and soothes the saddest lot4 ,he turns to chastened sadness ,the anguished spirit's cry2 ,the restless heart he calmeth ,to meek tranquillity2 ,the darkest hour will brighten ,at his benign command1 ,and every wound he healeth ,with slow but certain hand4 ,he dries1 without reproving4 ,the tears upon thy cheek2 ,he doth not chide thy longings4 ,but makes them calm and meek2 ,and if1 when storms are raging1 ,thou askest1 murmuring1 ,why8 ,he answers not1 but pointeth ,with quiet smile on high4 ,he hath not ready answer ,for every question here2 ,endure1 so runs his motto-- ,the time for rest is near4 ,so1 with few words1 beside thee ,fareth thine angel-friend2 ,thinking not of the journey1 ,but of its glorious end4 ------ #hac ,from ,the ,literary ,workman4 ,,the ,,two ,,friends ,,of ,,mary1 ,,queen ,,of ,,scots4 ,the first attraction to all ,catholics who visit ,antwerp is its cathedral1 which still remains after so many tempests of war and sedition the glory of the city4 ,but there exists in one of the other churches a monument which has an interest for ,english and ,scotch ,catholics almost personal2 it is in the church of ,st4 ,andrew1 which was founded in the year #aebi4 ,like most of the churches in ,belgian towns1 it is of considerable size and lofty4 ,it contains one of the pulpits for which ,belgium1 more than any other country in ,europe1 is famous4 ,on the floor of the church1 in front of the pulpit1 and immediately under the preacher1 is a representation in carved wood of the great event recorded in the sixteenth1 seventeenth1 and eighteenth verses of the first chapter of ,st4 ,mark's ,gospel3 ,and passing by the sea of ,galilee1 he saw ,simon and ,andrew his brother casting nets into the sea1 for they were fishermen3 and ,jesus said to them1 ,come after me and ,i will make you to become fishers of men4 ,and immediately leaving their nets1 they followed him4 ,the same event is recorded in ,st4 ,matthew4 ,the whole scene is represented in the most life-like manner4 ,the figures of our blessed ,lord1 of ,st4 ,peter and ,st4 ,andrew1 are of the size of life1 or nearly so4 ,our blessed ,lord stands by himself1 toward the east1 looking down the church4 ,one of the apostles is seated in a boat round which shallow waves are rippling4 ,the other stands by the boat on the shore4 ,a net contains fish1 which show all the attitudes of fish just caught and brought to land4 ,the figure of our blessed ,lord1 and the attitude of the future apostles listening to him with the utmost reverence1 are given with profound truth1 and are full of the purest sentiment of religion4 ,the pulpit has a sounding-board on which stands the cross of ,st ,andrew1 supported by small angelic figures4 ,it is however the scene on the floor of the church which is the great object of admiration4 ,the pulpit is fixed against one of the pillars of the nave1 and a little eastward of it1 beyond the next pillar1 is an altar inclosed by a marble screen4 ,against the pillar nearest to the altar1 and behind it1 is placed the monument which has so great an attraction for ,catholics speaking the ,english tongue4 ,it is called in the guide-books1 ,a marble monument raised to the memory of ,mary ,stuart by two ,english ladies4 ,but this is not exactly true4 ,it is the monument1 as will be seen1 of two ,english ladies3 and it was obviously intended also to honor the memory of their sovereign and mistress the queen4 ,it is placed high up the pillar1 quite out of reach2 but the inscription upon it can be read perfectly by spending some time and trouble in considering it4 ,the inscription occupies the whole centre of the monument4 ,it is in ,latin1 and the following is a literal translation of it3 ,mary ,stuart1 ,queen of ,scotland and ,france1 mother of ,james1 ,king of ,great ,britain1 coming into ,england in the year #aefh1 for the sake of taking refuge1 was beheaded through the perfidy of her kinswoman ,elizabeth1 reigning there1 and through the jealousy of the heretical parliament1 #had after nineteen years of captivity for the sake of religion4 ,she consummated her martyrdom in the year of our ,lord #aehg1 and in the #deth year of her age and of her reign4 ,sacred to ,god1 beat and greatest4 ,you behold1 oh traveller1 the monument of two noble matrons of ,great ,britain who1 flying to the protection of the ,catholic king from their country1 for the sake of orthodox religion1 here repose in the hope of the resurrection4 ,first1 ,barbara ,mowbray1 daughter of the ,lord ,john1 ,baron ,mowbray1 who1 being lady of the bedchamber to the most serene ,mary ,stuart1 ,queen of ,scotland1 was given in marriage to ,gilbert ,curle1 who for more than twenty years was privy councillor4 ,they lived together happily for twenty-three years1 and had eight children4 ,of these six have passed to heaven2 two sons1 still alive1 were trained in liberal studies4 ,james entered the ,society of ,jesus at ,madrid1 in ,spain2 ,hippolytus1 the younger1 made his choice to be enrolled in the army of ,christ in the ,society of ,jesus in the province of ,french ,flanders4 ,he1 sorrowing1 and with tears1 made it his care to place this monument to the memory of his admirable mother1 who1 on the last day of ,july1 in the year #afaf1 and in the #egth year of her age1 exchanged this unstable life for the life of eternity4 ,secondly1 the memory of ,elizabeth ,curle1 his aunt1 of the same noble race of the ,curles1 who also was the faithful companion of the chamber and the imprisonment of ,queen ,mary for eight years2 and to whom the queen at her death gave her last kiss2 who never married1 and lived a life eminent for piety and chastity4 ,hippolytus ,curle1 son of her brother1 in great good will1 in memory of her deserts1 and as an expression of his own love and gratitude1 placed this monument here4 ,she ended her life in the year of our ,lord #afbj1 on the #bith day of ,may1 in the #fjth year of her age4 ,may they rest in peace4 ,amen4 ,opposite to your left hand1 as you look at the monument1 by the side of the inscription1 is the figure of a female saint holding a book1 and underneath1 in large letters1 ,,st4 ,,barbara4 ,on the other side of the inscription is another female saint1 holding up her dress1 with gold loaves in it1 under her left arm1 and one gold loaf in her right hand4 ,underneath her is written ,,st4 ,,elizabeth4 ,this is ,st4 ,elizabeth of ,hungary4 ,at the top of the monument1 inclosed in a pediment of marble1 is a very agreeable painting of the queen1 and at the bottom of the monument1 below the inscription1 is a lozenge of white marble1 showing the arms of ,scotland1 ,france1 and ,england1 carved1 but not colored4 ,miss ,strickland1 in the last volume of her life of ,mary1 ,queen of ,scots1 gives a version of this epitaph1 and mentions the fact of the burial of these ladies in the church of ,st4 ,andrew4 ,the version of the epitaph which we have given is more exact than that given by ,miss ,strickland2 and ,miss ,strickland is mistaken in saying that the church of ,st4 ,andrew is a small ,scotch church4 ,indeed it is difficult to know how such an expression could be applied to ,st4 ,andrew's church4 ,it is certainly not a small church1 as we have said2 and is certainly not a ,scotch church1 in any intelligible sense of that expression4 ,it was built in #aebi1 under the government of ,margaret of ,austria1 ,duchess of ,parma4 ,miss ,strickland mentions the painting at the top of the monument as having been brought over to ,antwerp by ,elizabeth and ,barbara ,curle4 ,but in speaking of the family1 of ,mowbray she has failed to do justice to the religion of these ladies4 ,she says that ,barbara and ,gillies ,mowbray1 the two youngest daughters of the ,laird of ,barnborough1 a leading member of the ,presbyterian ,congregation1 4 4 4 sought and succeeded in obtaining the melancholy privilege of being added to the prison-household #hae of their captive queen--a favor they might probably have solicited in vain if they had not been ,protestants1 and their father1 ,sir ,john ,mowbray1 a staunch adherent of the rebel faction 7p4 #chj74 ,she gives no authority for her statement as to the religion of the daughters1 ,barbara and ,gillies1 and the probabilities1 in the absence of evidence1 seem all to lie the other way4 ,but in any case1 it is obvious that they were ,catholics in ,antwerp4 ,miss ,strickland1 in describing the absurd travestie of a funeral performed by the ,protestant ministers in ,peterborough cathedral over the body of the ,scotch queen1 five months after she had been murdered1 mentions that none of the queen's train would attend at the ,protestant services1 with the exception of ,sir ,andrew ,melville and the two ,mowbrays1 who were members of the ,reformed ,church4 ,if it is true that those two ladies did consent to be present when all the others refused1 with great contempt1 there certainly is a presumption that at that time they continued in the religion of ,knox4 ,the fact is1 indeed1 capable of another very natural explanation4 ,they might have chosen to see the last of their mistress2 remaining present without taking any part in the shameful ceremonies4 ,one significant statement in the epitaph which we have given1 and which ,miss ,strickland has omitted1 makes it certain that if ,gillies ,mowbray continued in ,knox's or any other form of heresy1 her sister ,barbara ,mowbray1 wife of ,gilbert ,curie1 was a ,catholic before leaving ,england4 ,the words omitted by ,miss ,strickland we now reprint in italics3 ,you behold1 oh traveller1 the monument of two noble matrons of ,great ,britain1 who1 flying to the protection of the ,catholic king from their country for the sake of orthodox religion1 here repose in the hope of the resurrection4 ,miss ,strickland's account of the monument also omits to notice the queen's arms which we have mentioned4 ,this ,widow's ,lozenge tells the whole case against her rival ,elizabeth4 ,persons who understand the laws of heraldry see its meaning at once4 ,but for general readers it is enough to say that the arms of ,scotland are put first1 then the arms of ,england as they were used at that period by ,english sovereigns4 ,now1 if ,elizabeth had been legitimate1 and had a just title to the throne1 ,queen ,mary would have had no just right to place the ,english arms in her lozenge4 ,the act of placing these arms on the monument of the ,curles was a protest against the illegitimate usurper who had murdered the true heir4 ,miss ,strickland furnishes the date of the marriage of ,gilbert ,curie and ,barbara ,mowbray4 ,it took place in ,tutbury ,castle1 in ,staffordshire1 in ,november1 #aehf1 a few weeks after the sisters had arrived there to attend upon the queen4 ,very soon afterward1 at ,fotheringay1 they had to attend her on her way to death4 ,elizabeth ,curle was one of the two1 ,jane ,kennedy being the other1 who were allowed by the wretches who directed her murder to stand by her and see it done4 ,miss ,strickland mentions that the conduct of the attendants of ,queen ,mary at ,peterborough was probably the reason why they were sent back to ,fotheringay ,castle1 instead of being liberated after the pompous funeral of their murdered mistress4 ,they were cruelly detained there nearly three months1 in the most rigorous captivity1 barely supplied with the necessaries of life1 and denied the privileges of air and exercise4 ,among those so detained were ,gillies ,mowbray1 and ,barbara 7,mowbray7 ,curle1 and ,elizabeth ,curle4 ,james1 then ,king of ,scotland only1 sent ,sir ,john ,mowbray to ,elizabeth to remonstrate on the treatment of ,queen ,mary's servants and to demand their release4 ,then1 having been joined by ,gilbert ,curle1 #haf ,barbara's husband1 they sought the protection of the ,catholic king in ,antwerp4 ,there they rest in the church of the great apostle1 the patron of ,scotland4 ,the unhappy woman who occupied the ,english throne obtained entire success--she gained the ,english crown1 murdered her rival1 and pursued ,catholics with death1 ruin1 and exile4 ,but probably no well informed person--certainly no ,catholic--will doubt that these ladies1 in their exile1 their devout lives and pious deaths1 enjoyed happiness unknown to ,elizabeth in her guilty prosperity4 ,our readers will not be displeased to receive this short memoir of two ladies who were the attendants of ,mary1 ,queen of ,scots1 during life1 and at her death4 ------ ,from ,the ,lamp4 ,,all-,,hallow ,,eve2 ,,or1 ,,the ,,test ,,of ,,futurity4 ,,by ,,robert ,,curtis4 ,,chapter ,,xxiv4 ,the moment it had been ascertained that ,emon-a-knock had been so seriously hurt1 somebody thought--oh1 the thoughtfulness of some people6--that some conveyance would be required1 and she was determined to take time by the forelock4 ,jamesy ,doyle it was who had been despatched for the jennet and cart1 with a token to the only servant-woman in the house to put a hair-mattress--she knew where to get it--over plenty of straw in the cart1 and to make no delay4 ,jamesy ,doyle was the very fellow to make no mistake1 and to do as he was bid2 and sure enough there he was now1 coming up the boreen with everything as correct as possible4 ,phil ,m',dermott and ,ned ,murrican led poor ,emon to the end of the lane just as ,jamesy ,doyle came up4 ,this is for you1 my poor fellow1 said he1 addressing ,emon4 ,an' ,i'm to lave you every foot at your own doore--them's my ordhers from th' ould masther himsel'4 ,emon was about to speak1 or to endeavor to do so2 but ,m',dermott stopped him4 ,don't be desthroyin' yourself1 ,emon1 strivin' to spake2 but let us lift you into the cart--an' hould your tongue4 ,emon-a-knock smiled2 but it was a happy smile4 ,of course there was a crowd round him2 and many a whispered observation passed through them as poor ,emon was lifted in1 fixed in a reclining position1 and ,jamesy ,doyle desired to go on1 while ,phil ,m',dermott and big ,ned ,murrican gave him an escort1 walking one on each side4 ,it was herself sent ,jamesy ,doyle for the jennit1 ,judy2 ,i heerd her tellin' him to put plenty of straw into the cart4 ,ay1 ,peggy1 an' ,i heerd her tellin' him to get a hair-mattress1 an' pat it atop of it4 ,isn't it well for the likes of her that has hair-mattresses to spare8 ,ay1 ,nelly ,gaffeny1 an' didn't ,i hear her tellin' him to dhrive fur his life6 ,in troth an' you didn't1 ,nancy2 what she said was1 'to make no delay2' wasn't ,i as near her as ,i am to you this minute8 ,whist1 girls6 broke in 7as ,lever would say7 a sensible old woman-- it was ould ,ned ,cavana himself #hag sent ,jamesy off2 wasn't ,i lookin' at him givin' him the kay of the barn to get the sthraw8 ,dear me1 how pleasant ye all are6 ,thrue for you1 ,katty avrone2 but wasn't it ,winny that put him up to it1 an' the tears coming up in her eyes as she axed him8 an' be the same token1 the hankicher she had in her hand was for all the world the very color of ,emon-a-knock's cap an' sleeves4 ,there was a good deal of truth1 but some exaggeration1 in the above gossip4 ,it was old ,ned ,cavana himself who had despatched ,jamesy ,doyle for the jennet and cart1 and he had also given him the key of the barn--old ,katty was quite right so far4 ,now let it be known that there was not a man in the parish of ,rathcash1 who was the owner of a horse and cart1 who would not have cheerfully sent for it to bring ,emon-a-knock home1 when the proper time arrived to do so--and ,winny ,cavana knew that2 she knew that her father would be all life for the purpose1 the moment it was mentioned to him2 and she was determined that her father should be first in the field4 ,there was nothing extraordinary in the fact itself2 it was the relative positions of the parties that rendered it food for the gossip which we have been listening to4 ,but old ,ned never thought of the gossip in his willingness to serve a neighbor4 ,winny had thought of it1 but braved it1 rather than lose the chance4 ,it was she who had suggested to her father to send ,jamesy for the jennet1 and to give him the key of the barn where the dry straw was4 ,if the gossips had known this little turn of the transaction1 doubtless it would not have escaped their comments4 ,but we must return to the common1 and see how matters are going on there4 ,tom ,murdock had witnessed from no great distance the arrival of the jennet and cart2 and of course he knew them4 ,he did not know1 however1 that it was ,winny ,cavana who had sent for them--he only guessed that4 ,he saw that----whelp----he put this shameful addition to it in his anger--lifted into it2 and if he had a regret as to the accident1 it was that the blow had not been the inch-and-a-half lower which ,father ,farrell had blessed his stars had not been the case4 ,this was the second time his eyes had seen the preference he always dreaded4 ,he had not forgotten the scene with the dog on the road4 ,he had not been so far that he could not see1 nor so careless that he did not remark1 the handkerchief2 nor was he so stupid as not to divine the purport of the amicable little battle which apparently took place between them about it4 ,the color of ,lennon's cap and sleeves now also recurred to his mind1 and jealousy suggested that it was she who made them4 ,but his business was by no means finished on the common4 ,he could not1 as it were1 abscond1 deserting his friends2 and ill as his humor was for what was before him1 he must go through with it4 ,it would help to keep him from thinking for a while1 at all events4 ,beside1 the sooner he saw ,winny ,cavana now the better4 ,he would explain the accident to her as if it had happened to any other person1 not as to one in whom he believed there was a particular interest on her part4 ,to be silent on the subject altogether1 he felt would betray the very thing he wished to avoid4 ,the hurling match over1 it had been arranged that the evening should conclude with a dance1 to crown the amicable feelings with which the two contending parishes had met in the strife of hurls4 ,the boys and girls of ,rathcash and ,shanvilla1 whichever side won1 were to mingle in the mazy dance1 to the enlivening lilts of blind ,murrin the piper1 who1 as he could not see the game1 had been the whole afternoon squealing1 and droning1 and hopping the brass end of his pipes #hah upon a square polished-leather patch1 stitched upon the knee of his breeches4 ,there now appeared to be some sort of a hitch as to the dance coming off at all1 in consequence of the untoward event which had already considerably marred the harmony of the meeting2 for it would be idle to deny that dissatisfaction and doubt still lingered in the hearts of ,shanvilla4 ,both sides had brought a barrel of beer for the occasion1 which by this time it was almost necessary to put upon the stoop2 ,tom ,murdock superintending the distribution of that from ,rathcash1 and a brother of big ,ned ,murrican's that from ,shanvilla4 ,blind ,murrin heard some of the talk which was passing round him about the postponement of the dance4 ,like all blind pipers he was sharp of hearing1 and somewhat cranky if put at all out of tune4 ,arra1 what would they put it off for8 said he1 looking up1 and closing his elbow on the bellows to silence the pipes4 ,is it because wan man got a cut on the head8 ,i heerd ,father ,farrell say there wouldn't be a haporth on him agen ,sunda' eight days2 an' ,i heerd him1 more be token1 tellin' the boys to go an' ask the ,rathcash girls to dance4 ,arra1 what do ye mane8 ,isn't the counthry gotthered now2 an' the day as fine as summer1 an' the grass brave an' dhry1 an' lashin's of beer at both sides1 an' didn't ,i come eleven miles this mornin' a purpose1 an' what the diowl would they go an' put off the dance for8 ,do you mane to say they're onshioughs or aumadhawns1 or--what8 ,no1 ,billy1 said a ,shanvilla girl1 with good legs1 neat feet1 black boots1 and stockings as white as snow1--no1 ,billy2 but neither the ,shanvilla boys nor girls have any heart to dance1 after ,emon-a-knock bein' kilt an' sent home4 ,there won't be a haporth on him1 ,i tell you1 agen ,sunda'4 ,didn't ,i hear ,father ,farrell say so1 over an' over again8 arra badhershin1 ,kitty1 to be sure they'll dance6 ,while blind ,murrin was letting off thus1 ,phil ,m',dermott was seen returning by a short cut across the fields toward them4 ,here's news of ,emon1 anyway2 he's aither better or worse1 continued ,kitty ,reilly2 and some dread that it was unfavorable crept through the ,shanvillas4 ,well1 ,phil1 how is he8 well1 ,phil1 how is he8 greeted ,m',dermott from several quarters as he came up4 ,all right1 girls4 ,he's much better1 and he sent me back for fear ,i'd lose the first dance--for he knew ,i was engaged2 and he winked at a very pretty ,rathcash girl with soft blue eyes and bright auburn hair1 who was not far off4 ,arra1 didn't ,i know they'd dance8 said ,murrin1 giving two or three dumb squeezes with his elbow before the music came1 like the three or four first pulls at a pump before the water flows4 ,it then ran like lightning through the crowd that the dance was going to begin1 and old ,murrin blew up in earnest at the top of his power4 ,he had1 with the help of some of the best dancers amongst the girls on both sides1 selected that spot for the purpose1 before the game had commenced2 and he had kept his ground patiently all through1 playing all the planxties in ,carolan's catalogue4 ,but not without wetting his whistle2 for as he belonged to neither party1 he had been supplied with beer alternately by both4 ,phil ,m',dermott whispered a few words to the pretty ,rathcash girl1 and left her apparently in haste4 ,but she was heerd by one of our gossips to say1 ,of course1 ,phil2 but ,i will not say 'with all my heart2' sure1 it is only a pleasure postponed for a little1--now mind1 ,phil4 ,never fear1 ,sally4 ,and he was off through the crowd1 with his head up4 ,phil's expedition was to look for ,winny ,cavana1 to whom ,emon-a-knock had been engaged for the first dance2 and as he knew where the #hai bonnet trimmed with broad blue ribbon could be seen all day1 he made for the spot4 ,as he came within a few perches of it1 he saw ,tom ,murdock in seemingly earnest conversation with the object of his search1 and he hung back for a few minutes unperceived4 ,tom ,murdock1 we have seen1 was not a man to be easily taken aback by circumstances1 or to stand self-accused by any apparent consciousness of guilt4 ,guilty or not1 he always braved the matter out1 whatever it might be1 as an innocent man would1 and ought4 ,as the dance was now about to begin1 and old ,murrin's pipes were getting loud and impatient1 ,tom made up to ,winny4 ,he had watched an opportunity when she was partly disengaged from those around her2 and indeed1 to do them justice1 they made themselves scarce as he approached4 ,they are going to dance1 ,winny2 will you allow me to lead you out8 he said4 ,winny had been pondering in her own mind the possibility of what had now taken place2 and after turning and twisting her answer into twenty different shapes1 had selected one as the safest and best she could give1 with a decided refusal4 ,now1 when the anticipated moment had arrived1 and she was obliged to speak1 she was almost dumb4 ,not a single word of any one of the replies she had shaped out--and least of all the one she had rehearsed so often as the best--came to her aid4 ,will you not even answer me1 ,winny8 he added1 after an unusually long pause4 ,i heard1 she said hesitatingly1 that1 as a proof of the good-will which was supposed to exist between the parishes1 the ,rathcash men were to ask the ,shanvilla girls1 and ,shanvilla the ,rathcash4 ,that may be carried out too2 but surely such an arrangement is not to prohibit a person from the privilege of asking a near neighbor4 ,no2 but you had better begin1 as leader1 by setting the example yourself4 ,you were head of the ,rathcash men all day1 and they will be likely to take pattern by you4 ,well1 ,i shall begin so1 ,winny2 but say that you will dance with me by-and-by4 ,no1 ,tom1 ,i shall not say any such thing1 for ,i do not intend to do so4 ,i don't think ,i shall dance at all2 but if ,i do1 it shall be but once--and that with a ,shanvilla man4 ,do you mean to say1 ,winny1 that you came here to-day intending to dance but once8 ,i mean to say1 she replied rather haughtily1 that you have no right to do more than ask me to dance4 ,that is a right ,i can no more deny you than you can deny me the right to refuse4 ,but you have no right to cross-question me4 ,if1 he continued1 it is in consequence of that unfortunate accident1 ,i protest-- ,here1 father1 said ,winny1 interrupting him and turning from him2 shall we go up toward the piper8 ,i see they are at it4 ,tom stood disconcerted1 as if riveted to the spot2 and as old ,ned and his daughter walked away1 he saw ,phil ,m',dermott come toward them4 ,he watched and saw them enter into conversation4 ,the first question old ,ned asked1 knowing that ,phil had gone a piece of the way home with him1 was of course to know how ,emon was4 ,so much better1 said ,phil1 that he had a mind to come back in the cart an' look on at the dancin'2 but of course we would not let him do so foolish a turn4 ,he then sent me back1 afeerd ,miss ,winny here would be engaged afore ,i got as far as her4 ,he tould me1 ,miss ,winny1 that he was to take you out for the first dance yourself2 an' although ,phil ,m',dermott is a poor excuse for ,emon-a-knock in a dance1 or anywhere else1 for that matther1 ,i hope1 ,miss ,winny1 you will dance with me4 #hbj ,ceade mille a faltha1 ,phil1 for your own sake as well as for his1 said ,winny1 putting her arm through his1 and walking up to where they were at it1 as she had said4 ,tom ,murdock had kept his eye upon her1 and had seen this transaction4 ,winny1 although she did not know it1 felt conscious that he was watching her2 and it was with a sort of savage triumph she had thrust her arm through ,phil ,m',dermott's and walked off with him4 ,surely1 said ,tom to himself1 it is not possible that she's going to dance with ,phil ,m',dermott1 the greatest clout of a fellow in all ,shanvilla--and that's a bold word4 ,nothing but a bellows-blower to his father--a common nailor at the cross-roads4 ,thank ,god1 ,i put ,emon1 as she calls him1 from dancing with her1 any way4 ,he would be bad enough2 but he is always clean at all events1 that's one thing--neen han an shin4 ,see6 by the devil1 there she's out with him1 sure enough4 ,i think the girl is mad4 ,now ,tom ,murdock's ill-humor and vexation had led him1 though only to himself1 to give an under-estimate of ,phil ,m',dermott in more respects than one4 ,in the first place1 ,phil's father1 so far from being a common nailor1 was a most excellent smith-of-all-work4 ,he made ploughs1 harrows1 and all sorts of machinery1 and was unequivocally the best horse-shoer in the whole country4 ,people were in the habit of sending their horses five1 ay ten1 miles to ,bryan ,m',dermott's forge--establishment it might almost be called--and ,tom ,murdock himself1 when he kept the race-mare1 had sent her past half-a-dozen forges to get her properly fitted at ,phil ,m',dermott's4 ,phil himself had served his time to his father1 and was no less an adept in all matters belonging to his trade2 and as to driving a nail1 there never was a man wore an apron could put on a shoe so safely4 ,a nail1 too1 except for the above purpose1 was never made in their forge4 ,if sometimes ,phil threw up his bare hairy arm to pull down the handle of the bellows1 it was only what his father himself would do1 if the regular blower was out of the way4 ,in fact1 ,bryan ,m',dermott and ,son1 ,smiths1 might have very justly figured over their forge-door2 but they were so well known that a sign-board of any kind was superfluous4 ,then as to being a clout1 ,phil was the very furthest from it in the world1 if it can have any meaning with reference to a man at all4 ,there are nails called clouts2 and perhaps as a nailor was uppermost in ,tom's cantankerous mind1 it had suggested the epithet4 ,we have now only to deal with the dirt--the neen han an shin of his spite4 ,that ,phil ,m',dermott was very often dirty was the necessary result of his calling1 at which the excellence of his knowledge kept him constantly employed4 ,but on this occasion1 as on all ,sundays and holidays1 ,phil ,m',dermott's person could vie with even ,tom ,murdock's1 or any other man's1 in scrupulous cleanliness4 ,now indeed1 if there were some streaks and blotches of blood upon the breast of his shirt1 he might thank ,tom ,murdock's handiwork for that same4 ,such as he was1 however1 bloody shirt and all1 ,winny ,cavana went out to dance with him before the whole assembly of ,rathcash boys1 speckless as they were4 ,kate ,mulvey had been endeavoring to carry on her own tactics privately all the morning1 and had refused two or three ,shanvilla boys1 saying that she heard there would be no dance1 but that if there was1 she would dance with them before it was over4 ,she now accidentally stood not very far from where ,tom had been snubbed and turned away from by her bosom friend1 ,winny ,cavana4 ,tom ,murdock saw her1 and saw that she was alone as far as a partner was concerned4 ,determined to let ,winny see that there were as good fish in the sea as #hba ever were caught1 and that she had not the power to upset his enjoyment1 ,tom made up to ,kate1 and1 assuming the most amiable smile which the wicked confusion of his mind permitted1 he asked her to dance4 ,how is it that you are not dancing1 ,kate8 ,will you allow me to lead you out8 ,i would1 ,tom1 with the greatest possible pleasure2 but ,i heard the ,rathcash boys were to dance with the ,shanvilla girls1 and so by the others with the ,rathcash girls4 ,that's the old story1 ,kate4 ,it was thrown up to me just now2 but there is no such restriction upon any of us at either side4 ,and ,i'll tell you what it is1 ,kate ,mulvey--not a ,shanvilla girl ,i'll dance with this day1 if ,i never struck a foot under me6 ,kate was not sorry to find him in this humor4 ,if she could soothe round his feelings on her own account now1 all would be right4 ,under any phase of beauty1 ,kate's expression of countenance was more amiable than ,winny ,cavana's1 although perhaps not so regularly handsome1 and she felt that she was now looking her best4 ,fie1 fie1 ,tom2 you should not let that little accident put you through other like that1 to be making you angry4 ,i heard that was the rule1 and ,i refused a couple of the ,rathcash boys4 ,but if you tell me there is no such rule1 sure ,i'll go out with you1 ,tom1 afore any man in the parish4 ,thank you1 ,kate2 and if you wish to know the truth1 there's not a girl in ,rathcash1 or ,shanvilla either1 that ,i'd so soon dance with4 ,ah1na bocklish1 ,tom2 you'll hardly make me b'lieve that4 ,time will tell1 ,kate dear1 said he1 and he led her to the ring4 ,kate made herself as agreeable as possible2 amiable she always was4 ,she rallied her partner upon his ill-humor4 ,it is a great shame for you1 ,tom1 she said1 to let trifles annoy you-- ,they are not trifles1 ,kate4 ,the way you do1 where you have so much to make you happy2 plenty of money and property1 and everybody fond of you4 ,no1 not everybody4 ,and you can do just as you like4 ,no1 ,i can't4 ,and there won't be a pin's-worth the matter with young ,lennon in a few days2 and sure1 ,tom1 every one knows it was an accident4 ,no1 not every one1 thought ,tom to himself4 ,the other interruptions were aloud to ,kate2 but she kept never minding him1 and finished what she had to say4 ,it is not that all but1 ,kate1 said ,tom4 ,oh1 ,i see6 ,i suppose ,winny has vexed you2 ,i saw her laying down the law4 ,she'd vex a saint1 ,kate4 ,faix1 an' you're not one1 ,tom1 ,i'm afeerd4 ,nor never will1 ,i'm afeerd1 said he1 forgetting his manners1 and pronouncing the last word as she had done1 although he knew better4 ,she saw he was greatly vexed1 but she did not mind it4 ,if ,i were you1 ,tom1 she continued1 ,i would not be losing my time and my thoughts on the likes of her4 ,this last expression was not very complimentary to her friend2 but ,kate knew she would excuse it 7for she intended to tell her71 as it was only helping her out4 ,you are her bosom friend1 ,kate1 he went on1 and could tell me a great deal about her1 if you liked4 ,i don't like1 then2 and the sorra word ,i'll tell you1 ,tom4 ,if you're not able to find out all you want yourself1 what good's in you8 ,well1 keep it to yourself1 ,kate2 ,i think ,i know enough about her already4 ,see that1 now2 an' you strivin' to pick more out of me6 ,this much ,i'll tell you1 any way1 for you're apt to find it out yourself--that she's as stubborn a lass as any in the province of ,connaught ,what she says she won't do1 she won't4 #hbb ,and what ,i say ,i will do1 ,i will2 and ,i'll take that one's pride down a peg or two1 as sure as my name is ,tom ,murdock1 and that before ,easter ,monday4 ,whist1 ,tom agra2 she's not worth putting yourself in a passion about3 and she's likely enough to bring her own pride low enough4 ,but betune you an' me1 ,i don't think she has very much4 ,whisper me this1 ,tom2 did she ever let on to you8 ,never1 ,kate2 ,i won't belie her4 ,answer me another question now1 ,tom2 did she ever do th' other thing8' ,you are sifting me very close1 ,kate4 ,do you mean did she ever refuse me8 ,i do1 just2 and what ,i'm saying to you1 ,tom1 is for your good4 ,i'm afeerd it's for her money you care1 and not much for herself4 ,now1 ,thomas ,murdock1 ,i always thought1 an' more than myself thought the same thing1 that the joining of them two farms in holy wedlock was a bad plan1 and that one of you would find it a dear bargain in the end4 ,which of us1 ,kate8 ,not a word you'll tell1 ,tom avic4 ,there's the floore idle2 come out for another dance2 and she gave him one of her most beautiful looks4 ,he was glad1 however1 that her volubility prevented her from observing that he had not answered her other question4 ,kate succeeded during this second dance in putting ,tom into somewhat better humor with himself4 ,he had never thought her so handsome before1 nor had he until now ever drawn a comparison between herself and ,winny ,cavana as to beauty of either face or figure1 neither of which it now struck him were much1 if at all1 inferior to that celebrated beauty2 and he certainly never found her so agreeable4 ,he listened with a new pleasure to her full rich voice1 and looked occasionally1 unperceived 7as he thought7 into her soft swimming eyes1 and were it not for pure spite toward that whelp ,lennon1 and indeed toward that proud hussy ,winny ,cavana herself he would1 after that second dance1 have transferred his whole mind and body to the said ,kate ,mulvey on the spot4 ,he considered1 at all events1 that he had ,kate ,mulvey hooked1 however slightly it might be4 ,but he would play her gently1 not handle her too roughly1 and thus keep her on his line in case he might find it desirable to put the landing-net under her at any time4 ,he never thought she was so fine a girl4 ,but then he thought again3 to be cut out1 and hunted out of the field1 with all his money1 by such a fellow as that1 a common day-laborer1 was what he could not reconcile himself to4 ,as for any real love for ,winny ,cavana1 if it had ever existed in his heart toward her1 it had that day been crushed1 and for ever2 yet notwithstanding the favorably circumstances for its growth1 it had not yet quite sprung up for another4 ,a firm resolve1 then1 to see his spite out1 at any cost to himself1 to her1 and to that whelp1 was the final determination of his heart after the day closed4 ,winny ,cavana1 having danced with ,phil ,m',dermott until they were both tired1 sat down beside her father on a furrum4 ,several of the ,shanvilla1 and some of the ,rathcash1 boys made up to her1 but she refused to dance any more1 pleading fatigue1 which by-the-bye none of them believed1 for it was not easy to tire the same ,winny ,cavana dancing4 ,after sitting some time to cool1 and look on at the neighbors footing it1 she proposed to her father to go home2 and he1 poor old man1 thought it was an angel spoke4 ,he would have proposed it to ,winny himself long before1 but that he did not wish to interfere with her enjoyment4 ,he thought she would have danced more1 but was now glad of the reprieve2 for to say the truth it was one to him4 ,he1 and ,winny1 and ,bully-dhu1 who had been curled up at his feet all day1 then stood up1 and went down the boreen together2 ,bully careering and barking round them with his usual activity4 #hbc ,we need not remain much longer at the dance ourselves4 ,in another half hour it was getting late1 the beer was all out1 ,murrin's pipes were getting confused1 and ,rathcash and ,shanvilla were seen straggling over the hills in twos and threes and small parties toward their respective homes4 ,we cannot do better than end this chapter with a hearty ,irish wish-- ,god send them safe6 ,,chapter ,,xxv4 ,this great hurling match1 although much spoken of before it came off1 was so universally believed to be a mere amicable1 a bona-fide piece of holiday recreation1 and not an ostensible excuse for the ulterior purposes of ,ribbonism1 or a fight1 that no precautions had been deemed necessary by the police to detect the one or to prevent the other4 ,the sub-inspector 7then called chief constables7 had merely reported the fact that it would take place to the resident magistrate--lucus non4 ,but in the absence of sworn informations of an intended row1 he would neither attend himself1 nor give orders for the police to do so1 leaving the responsibility1 if such existed1 entirely to the judgment and discretion of the chief in question2 who1 wishing to enjoy the day otherwise himself1 was satisfied with the report he had made1 and did not interfere by his own presence or that of his men with the game4 ,thus1 as in the absence of sworn informations the resident magistrate would not attend1 and in the absence of the resident magistrate the chief would not attend1 ,rathcash and ,shanvilla had it all to themselves4 ,perhaps it was so best for the denouement of this story2 for had the police been present1 the whole thing from that point might have ended very differently4 ,but although it had not been thought necessary that a police-party should put a stop to the day's sport on the common1 it is not to be supposed that they could hear of a man having been murdered on the occasion without being instantly all zeal and activity4 ,like the three black crows1 the real fact had been exaggerated1 and so distorted as to frighten both the chief and the resident magistrate1 but principally the latter1 as the intended assembly had been reported to him4 ,however1 better late than never4 ,they heard that the man was not yet dead1 and away they started on the same jarvey1 to visit him1 on the morning after the occurrence4 ,their whole discussion during the drive--if an explanation by the magistrate could be called a discussion--was on the safest and the most legal method of taking a dying man's depositions1 and wondering if he knew who struck the fatal blow in this instance1 and if the police had him in custody1 etc4 ,they soon arrived at the house1 but saw no sign of a crowd1 or of police1 whom the chief would have backed at any odds to have met on the road with a prisoner4 ,is he still alive8 whispered the resident magistrate to the father1 who came to the door4 ,oh yes1 your honor1 blessed be ,god6 an' will soon be as well as ever1 he replied4 ,it was a mere scratch1 an' there won't be a haporth on him in a day or two4 ,he wanted to go back to look at them dancin'1 but ,i kep' him lying on the bed4 ,does he know you8 said the magistrate1 believing that the man wanted to make light of it1 as is generally the case4 ,does he know me1 is it8 athen why wouldn't he know his own father8 ,oh1 he is sensible1 then8 ,arrah1 why wouldn't he be sensible8 the boy was never anything else4 #hbd ,that's right4 ,does he know who struck the blow8 ,ochone1 doesn't every one know that1 your honor8 ,sure1 wasn't it ,tom ,murdock8 an' isn't his heart bruck about it8 ,here the constable and two men of the nearest police station came up at the double wiping their faces1 to make inquiries for report2 so that they were not so remiss after all1 for it was still early in the morning4 ,old ,lennon was annoyed at all this parade and show about the place1 and continued1 ,athen1 your honor1 what do ye's all want here1 an' these gentlemen8 inclining his head toward the police2 sure there's nothing the matther4 ,we heard the man was killed1 said the chief4 ,and we heard the same thing not an hour ago1 said the constable4 ,arrah1 ,god give ye sinse1 gentlemen6 ,go home1 an' don't be making a show of our little place4 ,i tell you there's not a pin's-worth upon the boy1 and the tip he did get was all accidents4 ,i must see him nevertheless1 my good man2 and you need not be uncivil1 at all events4 ,i ax your honor's pardon2 ,i didn't mane it4 ,to be sure you can see him2 but there's no harm done1 and what harm was done was an accident4 ,sure ,emon will tell you the whole thing how it was himself4 ,that is the very thing ,i want ,let me see him4 ,lennon then led the way into the room where ,emon was sitting up in the bed2 for he had heard the buzz of the discussion outside1 and caught some of its meaning4 ,lennon took care to draw the police into the kitchen2 for there was nothing annoyed him more--and that1 he knew1 would annoy his son--than that they should be seen about the place4 ,he had taken his cue from ,emon1 who did not wish the matter to be made a blowing-horn of4 ,a very few words with the young man sufficed to show the magistrate and the chief that their discussion upon the subject of taking a dying man's deposition had been unnecessary in this instance1 however profitable it might prove on some future occasion4 ,emon1 except that his bead was still tied with a handkerchief1 showed no symptom whatever of having received an injury4 ,he cheerfully explained how the matter had happened1 untied the handkerchief promptly at the request of the magistrate1 and showed him the tip1 as he called it1 he had received from ,tom ,murdock's hurl4 ,there was no mystery or hesitation in ,emon's manner of describing the matter4 ,murdock himself had been the very first to admit and to apologize for the accident2 and they did not wish that any fuss should be made about it ,as to prosecuting him for the blow1 which had been casually asked1 he might as well think of prosecuting a man who had accidentally jostled him in the street4 ,all this was a great relief to the magistrate1 who at once took the sensible view of the case1 and said he was delighted to find that the whole matter had been exaggerated both as to facts and extent1 and congratulated both himself and the police upon this happy termination to their zeal4 ,the magistrate then spoke of the propriety of the doctor seeing young ,lennon1 saying that these sort of tips sometimes1 required medical care1 and occasionally turned out more serious than might at first be anticipated4 ,but ,emon told him that ,father ,farrell1 who was an experienced doctor himself1 had examined the wound1 and declared that it would not signify4 ,the fact was that the magistrate1 in his justifiable fright1 had on the first report of the murder sent off four miles for the dispensary doctor1 in case the man might not be yet dead1 and he expected his arrival every moment1 as the point at which his valuable aid would be required was plainly to be explained to him by the messenger4 #hbe ,finding that matters were much less serious than rumor had made them1 and perceiving that the ,lennons were far from gratified at the exhibition already made1 he was not anxious that it should appear he had sent for the doctor to raise1 as it were1 young ,lennon from the dead4 ,he was therefore determined to watch his approach1 and to pretend he was passing by on other business1 and that it was as well to bring him in4 ,but the doctor had not been at home when the messenger called2 he had been at a real case--not of murder1 but of birth2 and the magistrate and chief could not now await his arrival without awkwardness for the delay4 ,the magistrate was annoyed2 but the chief soon set him to rights by telling him that the doctor could not come there except by the road by which they should go home1 and that if on his way they must meet him1 and so they did--powdhering on his pony1 truly as if for life or death4 ,i suppose it is all over1 and that ,i am late1 he said1 pulling up4 ,no1 you are time enough1 said the chief4 ,it is nothing but a scratch1 and was a mere accident4 ,and there is nothing then for me to do1 said the doctor4 ,nothing but to go 'bock again' like the ,scotchman4 ,no trepanning1 nor 'post-mortem1' doctor1 added the ,r4,m4 ,he was a droll fellow1 was the ,r4,m4 ,it was a great satisfaction to each of these officials1 as they secretly considered their positions in this affair1 that no person had been seriously hurt1 and that the slight injury which had really taken place was entirely accidental4 ,the ,r4,m4 felt relieved upon the grounds that the intended assembly had been officially reported to him and that he had declined to attend1 or to give any directions to the chief to use any precautions to preserve the peace4 ,but then he reconciled himself with the burthen of his excuse upon all such occasions1 that1 in the absence of sworn informations1 he would have been safe under any circumstances4 ,still he was better pleased as it was4 ,the chief was relieved1 because he had some idea that having reported the intended assembly to the resident magistrate might have been deemed insufficient1 had a real homicide taken place1 and that he should upon his own responsibility have had a party of police in attendance4 ,these officials were therefore both ready to accept1 without much suspicion1 the statement of young ,lennon1 that the blow was purely accidental1 and that the consequence would be of a trifling nature4 ,but they were dark to each other as to the grounds upon which their satisfaction rested4 ,the doctor finding that there was no chance of earning a fee from the coroner1 turned his horse's head round and followed the car at a much easier pace than he had met it4 ,he of all the officials--for he was constab4 doc--was least gratified with the favorable position of affairs4 ,he had not only started without his own breakfast1 but had brought his horse out without a feed2 and they had galloped four miles upon two empty stomachs4 ,no wonder that he was dissatisfied as compared with the magistrate and the chief4 ,but we must recollect that there was no responsibility upon him1 beyond his skill involved in the affair2 with its origin1 or the fact of its having been permitted to occur at all1 he had nothing to do4 ,there were1 therefore1 no points of congratulation for him to muse upon1 and he was vexed accordingly4 ,from his experience of himself in the treatment of broken heads in the district1 he had no doubt that his attendance would have ended in recovery1 and that at least three pounds would have come down1 approved by the government upon the chiefs report1 which would be much better than the coroner's one-pound note4 ,the disappointment had completely taken away his own hunger1 but he forgot that his horse did not understand these things1 so he grumbled slowly home4 #hbf ,a contemplative silence of some minutes ensued between the two executives on the car1 which was ultimately broken by the magistrate4 ,he1 like the doctor1 had had no breakfast1 so certain was he of a murder2 but the whole thing being a bottle of smoke1 he was now both hungry and cross4 ,it was the chiefs car they were on1 and he was driving--the ,r4,m4 knocked that much out of him1 at all events--so there was no driver to damp the familiarity of conversation4 ,it was fortunate for you1 my young friend1 that nothing more serious occurred at this same hurling match1 said the magistrate4 7,certainly he was no prig in his choice of language4 ,he was of course much older than the chief and considered that he could carry a high hand with a mere boy without any experience47 ,i am extremely glad1 replied the chief1 for both our sakes1 that it was a mere trifle and an accident4 ,for both our sakes6 ,oh1 you know1 my dear young friend1 that1 in the absence of sworn informations1 ,i was not concerned in the matter at all4 ,i conceive that the whole responsibility--if there be any--in a mere casual meeting of the kind1 where there is admittedly no apprehension of a breach of the peace1 rests entirely upon your own judgment and discretion4 ,to be plain with you1 except where a breach of the peace may be fairly anticipated1 and sworn informations lodged to that effect1 ,i do not think the magistrate's time should be interfered with4 ,i might have lost a petty-sessions to-day1 inquiring into a mere accident4 ,but it might not have been one2 and we could not have known until we saw the injured man and made inquiries4 ,but the absence of sworn informations1 and the fact that there was no apprehension of a row1 would have exonerated me from all blame as well as you4 ,beside1 ,i so far took the precaution of reporting the intended assembly to you1 with its professed object1 and ,i took your instructions upon the subject4 ,no1 you didn't2 for ,i did not give you any4 ,well1 ,i reported the meeting to you1 and asked for instructions4 ,that is the very thing which ,i object to--making reports without sufficient grounds4 ,i should decline to act again under similar circumstances4 ,that you would do so1 ,i have no doubt2 but that you should do so1 ,i have some4 ,i am right1 young sir1 as well in my grammar as in my view of the case2 ought is the word you should have used1 to have properly expressed what you intended4 ,the chief was nettled4 ,he was not quite certain that the ,r4,m4 was not right1 and merely replied3 ,perhaps so1 sir2 but it really was not of ,lindley ,murray ,i was thinking at the time4 ,the magistrate was softened4 ,he felt that he had been sparring rather sharply with a lad not much more than one-third of his age4 ,well1 ,i really beg your pardon1 he said2 ,i did not intend to be so sharp4 ,granted1 said the chief1 laughing2 for he was not an ill-tempered fellow4 ,but here we are at my box2 come in and have some breakfast1 and ,i'll drive you to petty-sessions after4 ,thank you very much1 ,i'll take breakfast2 for ,i came away in a horrid fuss without saying a word as to when ,i should be back again4 ,i will not trespass upon you1 however1 to do more than you have already done in the driving way4 ,i had some fears when we started that we should have breakfasted at dinner1 some time this evening1 after a coroner's inquest4 ,but this is better4 ,they then gave the trap to the private orderly1 and proceeded to punish the tea1 toast1 eggs1 and cold ham in a most exemplary manner4 ,,to ,,be ,,continued4 ------ #hbg ,translated from ,etudes ,religieuses1 ,historiques et ,littraires1 par des ,pres de la ,compagnie de ,jsus4 ,,the ,,last ,,effort ,,of ,,charles ,,ii4 ,,for ,,the ,,emancipation ,,of ,,the ,,catholics ,,of ,,england4 ,we have already seen what fruit grew from the mission of ,father ,james ,stuart to ,whitehall2 how the ,duke of ,york and1 in all probability1 ,king ,charles also1 abjured the ,protestant faith2 and how the royal neophyte1 in the presence of his brother and his trusty counsellors1 ,arundel1 ,clifford1 and ,arlington1 declared his readiness to suffer anything1 to undertake any enterprise1 in order to secure liberty of worship for himself and his ,catholic subjects4 ,the king knew that his conversion would arouse violent opposition1 would perhaps become a signal for revolt and civil war4 ,he felt that he could do nothing without the assistance of the ,king of ,france4 ,to secure his aid he secretly dispatched to ,versailles ,lord ,arundel of ,wardour and ,sir ,richard ,bellings1 the same prudent ambassador whom he had formerly dispatched to ,pope ,alexander ,,vii4 ,out of this embassy resulted the treaty of ,dover and the offensive alliance of ,france and ,england against ,holland4 ,up to the present time an impenetrable veil has concealed from us the real object of this treaty1 and the details of the negotiations which led to it4 ,charles has been almost universally accused of submitting himself to a disgraceful vassalage to the ,french monarch1 and of selling to the ,bourbon for money the glory1 the liberty1 and the religion of his country4 ,but the unexpected disclosures of the diplomatic archives now enable us to shed a new light upon this subject1 and to ascertain whether ,charles was really moved by religions impulse when he asked ,louis ,,xiv4 for assistance in the reestablishment of ,catholicism in ,england1 or was1 as ,lingard says1 all the while trying to deceive his royal ally4 ,lord ,arundel had already been discussing the ,catholic project for nine months with the ,french king before ,louis' minister1 ,colbert1 was let into the secret4 ,colbert de ,croissy1 the minister's brother and ,french ambassador to ,london1 was now made acquainted with ,arundel's propositions and ,louis' answers to them1 and on the #abth of ,november1 #affi1 had an interview with ,charles1 of which he gives the following account3 ,the ,king of ,england was ready to assure me that he had no unwillingness to make me acquainted with the most important secret of his life4 4 4 4 ,in reading these papers1 ,i could not help thinking that he and the persons to whom he had intrusted the conduct of this matter1 were mad to think of re-establishing the ,catholic religion in ,england4 ,in fact1 no one acquainted with the state of this kingdom and the disposition of the people could entertain a different opinion2 but1 in spite of all1 he hoped that1 with your majesty's assistance1 the great enterprise would be successful4 ,the ,presbyterians and other dissenters are still more averse to the ,anglican ,church than to the ,catholic4 ,all that these sectaries want is the free exercise of their own form of worship2 and provided they get that--and his majesty purposes to give it them--they will not oppose his change of religion4 ,moreover1 he has good troops who are affectionately disposed toward him2 and if the late king1 his father1 #hbh had had as many1 he would have stifled in their cradle the disturbances which prayed his ruin4 ,he will increase the army on the best pretexts that he can find4 ,the arsenals are all at his disposal and are well stocked4 ,he is assured of the principal places of ,england and ,scotland4 ,the governor of ,hull is a ,catholic2 those of ,portsmouth1 ,plymouth1 and many other places which he named to me--,windsor among the rest--would never depart from the obedience which they owe him4 ,as for the troops in ,ireland1 he hopes that the ,duke of ,ormond1 who has preserved great credit there1 will always be faithful to him2 and even should he fail in his duty1 ,lord ,orrery1 who is a ,catholic at heart1 and has still greater influence with that army1 will lead the soldiers wherever he is ordered4 4 4 4 4 ,finally1 he told me that he was driven to declare himself a ,catholic both by his conscience and by the confusion which he saw daily increasing in his kingdom1 to the detriment of his authority2 and that1 beside the spiritual benefit which he trusted to obtain1 he believed that this was the only means of establishing the monarchy4 7,letter of ,nov4#ac1 #affi47 ,but ,english writers maintain that1 behind all this apparent zeal1 ,charles concealed an ulterior design1 and wished to impose upon ,louis for his own ends4 ,there would be some plausibility in the supposition if the conversion of ,england had been a matter so near to the heart of the ,french king as is commonly imagined2 but1 unfortunately1 it is now evident that the ,catholic project filled only a secondary place in ,louis ,,xiv4's policy4 ,the object which then employed his chief desires was the humiliation of ,holland2 and the more eager he was to secure the cooperation of ,england in this enterprise1 the less anxious was he for a sudden return of the royal family of ,whitehall to the ancient faith--a change in which his penetrating eye saw grave danger to ,charles and1 by consequence1 disappointment to himself4 ,he writes in reply to ,croissy's letter3 ,i will not commence a war with ,holland1 unless the ,king of ,england join me2 and the ambassador is instructed to look upon the ,dutch question as the most important affair in hand4 7,letter of ,november #bd1 #affi47 ,charles1 too1 had his plan1 and to our thinking a very good one4 ,colbert writes1 ,december #e3 ,arlington tells me that the king his master1 having weighed all the reasons for and against1 has finally determined to begin by satisfying his conscience4 ,he adds1 nevertheless1 that the king may change his mind2 but ,i see plainly that he will not advise him to do so2 for he is persuaded that his royal master1 having ,spain1 ,sweden1 and ,holland attached to his interests1 and assured at the same time of your majesty's friendship by a secret treaty1 will overpower all the seditions that might be excited in the kingdom by such a declaration much more easily than by the way your majesty advises4 ,moreover1 ,i do not find him very hot against the ,dutch2 and ,i confess1 sire1 that ,i am still doubtful whether the proposition to attack them1 conjointly with your majesty1 after the declaration of ,catholicism shall have been successfully made1 is sincere1 at all events on the minister's part4 ,a few days afterward the draft of a treaty was sent by ,arlington to the ,marquis de ,croissy1 in which occurred these words3 ,the ,king of ,great ,britain1 after having declared himself a ,catholic1 4 4 4 leaves to the most ,christian king liberty to designate the time for making war1 with their united forces1 upon the ,states ,general4 ,louis1 on his part1 ordered ,colbert to stand firm3 ,it would be well for you not to allow ,lord ,arlington and the others to hope that ,i will ever consent to what you propose in the last place1 that the treaty of war against ,holland should be laid aside1 #hbi and that we should agree only upon the two other points2 thus the desire which they feel for assistance in money and troops toward the declaration of ,catholicism1 which is what they are most anxious about1 may induce them to further more zealously than they do now the project for a war against ,holland4 7,letter of ,feb4 #af1 #afgj47 ,the negotiation dragged along slowly4 ,disputed points became more and more numerous2 and the effect of all these difficulties and delays upon such a timid soul as ,charles's may easily be imagined4 ,as the time for openly breaking with ,anglicanism drew near1 the obstacles in his way seemed to grow more formidable than ever4 ,his resolution was not shaken2 but his religious ardor gradually cooled1 and human prudence overcame his faith4 ,this change of disposition was observed by ,colbert de ,croissy1 but does not seem to have alarmed him4 ,he writes1 on the #aeth of ,may1 #afgj3 ,the king has not yet determined when to make his declaration1 notwithstanding the urgency of those to whom he has confided his secret4 ,m4 ,bellings informs me that the commissioners themselves are not agreed about the time2 some advising that it be before the meeting of parliament1 and others wishing the declaration to be made in full assembly of the two houses2 that the ,king of ,england appears to favor the latter plan1 because it affords more time for delay2 and moreover that it cannot be later than ,october next1 which is the time for the re-adjournment4 ,i can see that the precautions which his majesty has taken are not sufficient4 ,the troops in ,scotland and ,ireland are nearly all ,presbyterians1 with whom the concession of freedom of worship will weigh as nothing in the scale with their hatred of the ,catholics4 ,even the captain of the royal guard1 who belongs to this party1 will probably be opposed to the execution of his royal master's design4 ,in fine1 those who are in the secret are greatly alarmed at all these dangers4 ,they cannot alter the kind's resolution2 but a sort of libertinism 7if ,i may use the word7 makes him procrastinate as much as he can4 ,but ,louis ,,xiv4 was prepared with an instrument for overcoming all the difficulties which ,charles threw in his way4 ,the amiable ,duchess of ,orleans1 the beloved sister of the ,english monarch1 crossed the ,channel for no other purpose than to bring her brother's hesitation to an end4 ,all the points of the treaty1 says ,mignet1 had been agreed upon by both sides before this interview4 ,madame had therefore no questions to negotiate with her brother2 but ,louis ,,xiv4 relied greatly upon her influence in inducing ,charles ,,ii4 to sign the treaty1 to advance the exchange of ratifications1 and1 what was of the utmost consequence to him1 to declare war against ,holland before declaring himself a ,catholic4 ,on the #cjth of ,may1 five days after the arrival of ,henrietta1 the ,french ambassador wrote to his court3 ,madame tells me that she has made an impression upon her brother's mind1 and she can see that he is almost disposed to declare war against the ,dutch before doing anything else4 ,on the #ast of ,june1 #afgj1 ,arlington1 ,arundel1 ,clifford1 and ,bellings1 on the part of ,england1 and ,colbert de ,croissy on the part of ,france1 affixed their signatures to the celebrated treaty of ,dover4 ,if the text contains no mention of the modification obtained by the young duchess1 the reason undoubtedly is1 that1 to avoid the delay which would have ensued had a new draft been made out1 the two sovereigns instructed their commissioners to sign it in its present form1 with a verbal clause1 guaranteed by ,charles's word of honor1 that the war against ,holland should precede the formal acknowledgment of the king's conversion4 ,such was the mysterious journey of ,henrietta of ,england upon which ,bossuet has conferred so much undeserved celebrity4 #hcj ,when1 only twenty-seven days afterward1 the unfortunate duchess in the midst of her vain triumph was overtaken by the pangs of death1 it may be doubted whether the recollection of her zeal for the postponement of her brother's conversion soothed her conscience or alleviated for her the terrors of divine judgment4 ,the ,duke of ,york always looked upon the war with ,holland as an unfortunate complication which frustrated the re-establishment of the ,catholic worship in ,england4 ,in this part of the treaty of ,dover he beheld the first and perhaps the most dangerous of the rocks among which the ,stuart dynasty ultimately foundered and disappeared for ever4 ,charles at first looked at things from a more assuring point of view4 ,a letter to his sister1 the duchess1 dated ,june #f1 #affi1 shows him full of hope1 almost of enthusiasm1 at the thought of this expedition4 ,the ,english navy was to take a brilliant revenge for the insult received a short while before1 when the ,dutch flag waved insolently under the walls of affrighted ,london4 ,he himself1 associated with ,louis in glory and good fortune1 was finally to triumph over the disasters of his family1 and to enjoy for the rest of his days the blessings he so ardently desired1 liberty of conscience and peace upon the throne4 ,but these alluring dreams were even then disturbed by presentiments and uneasiness too well founded to escape his penetrating mind4 ,if he yielded after a year's resistance1 it was through weakness and weariness1 not through conviction4 ,in concluding this portion of our article1 it is not amiss to inquire what purpose ,charles could have had in view in attempting to deceive the ,king of ,france4 ,to be sure1 surrounded as he was at home by difficulties and dangers without number1 he was compelled to look abroad for assistance and protection4 ,but if he had consulted only his worldly interests1 if he had not been inspired by religious motives1 where would he naturally have sought for aid8 ,certainly he would have turned toward the ,protestant1 not the ,catholic1 states4 ,his natural allies would have been warlike ,sweden and rich and powerful ,holland1 whose last stadtholder1 ,william ,,ii41 had espoused a princess of the house of ,stuart1 ,charles's own sister ,mary4 ,nothing was more popular at that time1 throughout ,great ,britain1 than the triple alliance4 ,why should he break it8 ,why should the son of ,charles ,i41 overcoming the unpleasant recollections of his former sojourn at ,paris1 have so far offended the instincts and prejudices of his people as to offer the hand of fellowship and brotherhood to ,louis ,,xiv41 and intrust to him his destinies8 ,a parallel naturally suggests itself here between the two kings2 and perhaps if we had to assign their respective places we should not give the preference to the abler or the more powerful4 ,louis1 still young and engrossed1 heart and soul1 in his projects of greatness and magnificence1 was guilty of the grave wrong of making religion entirely subordinate to politics4 ,charles1 no doubt1 shows himself through the course of these negotiations just what he always was4 ,too sagacious not to see the dangers into which each step conducted him1 and too timid to confront them2 now urged forward by the impatient zeal of the ,duke of ,york1 now drawn back by his minister and confidant ,arlington--one hardly knows what he wanted to do4 ,his frivolity1 his inconstancy1 his perpetual wavering1 his disingenuousness1 all the chief traits of his character1 in fine1 were displayed in these negotiations of ,dover4 ,we are not disposed to deny that he was sensible of the temporal advantages which the friendship of his brother of ,france seemed to promise him2 but1 taking all things into consideration1 it is he that shows the greater heart1 and with him the calculations of selfish humanity are sometimes at least forgotten in the sovereign importance of his eternal interests4 #hca ,the treaty of ,dover concluded1 ,charles secretly made preparations for the war with ,holland1 which had now been deferred to a more distant day2 but there were other preparations in which he took a much more lively interest4 ,he knew that a terrible storm would break forth whenever he should issue his bill of indulgence in favor of those who disagreed with the state ,church4 ,both ,french and ,english writers have often said that the king hoped to accomplish his plans by means of abuse of the royal prerogatives1 and unconstitutional measures taken under the protection of that ambitious neighbor across the channel whom the ,stuarts had rashly allowed to interfere in the affairs of the ,united ,kingdom4 ,but this is a mistake4 ,without the slightest violence or transgression of the law1 ,charles might have anticipated by two hundred years the emancipation of the ,catholics of ,england4 ,the constitution gave him no right to change any of the existing laws2 but it gave him power to dispense with the exaction of the penalties prescribed for their violation4 ,well1 he proposed to make use of this prerogative in behalf of all dissenters without exception1 whether ,protestant sectaries or ,catholics1 and whenever a fitting opportunity arrived to lay before parliament a new bill of indulgence4 ,on the #aeth of ,march1 #afgb1 two days before the declaration of war with ,holland1 he issued a proclamation1 in which1 after remarking that the experience of twelve years had proved the inutility of coercive measures in matters of conscience1 he declared his good pleasure that every penal law against nonconformists and recusants of every description should thenceforth be suspended4 ,dissenters were authorized to establish places of worship2 but ,catholics were not permitted to assemble for religious exercises except in private houses4 ,this discrimination against the ,catholics was the doing of the ,secretary ,bridgman1 who stoutly refused to sign the document1 and threatened to resign1 if the same privileges granted to other recusants were also accorded to the ,catholics4 ,bridgman's resignation would have given the alarm to the hostile parties2 so1 to avoid a greater evil1 ,charles had to submit to this odious restriction4 ,there was a diversity of opinions about the declaration of the #aeth of ,march1 but at first there was nothing in the state of public opinion to excite alarm4 ,as for the war1 if the people looked upon it without much favor1 at least no one could assert that it was contrary to the national interests4 ,there were recent injuries to be avenged1 glory and profit to be won2 above all1 immense advantages to accrue to ,english commerce from the crippling of one of its most formidable rivals3 all these considerations kept the minds of the nation in suspense4 ,but unfortunately one naval engagement after another was fought with no decisive results2 and while the ,french gained brilliant victories on land1 the ,english seemed to be only humble1 docile instruments in the hands of their allies4 ,the ,protestants eagerly seized upon these circumstances to arouse an undertone of discontent among the masses4 ,the ,duchess of ,york had just died a ,catholic4 ,the ,duke of ,york1 the heir presumptive to the throne1 was strongly suspected of having embraced the ,catholic religion4 ,then there was ,england in league with ,catholic ,france against ,protestant ,holland2 and the little army which ,charles had sent to the continent1 though placed under the command of ,schomburg1 a ,calvinist 7but for all that a ,frenchman71 had among its subordinate officers a major-general1 ,fitzgerald1 and many other ,catholics4 ,all these things1 they said1 taken in connection with the recent declaration1 boded nothing but evil to the ,reformed churches4 ,such was the state of public feeling when1 after a recess of two years1 parliament opened at the beginning of ,february1 #afgc4 ,in the troubles #hcb which he saw were coming1 the king relied for assistance in the houses principally upon ,clifford1 whom he had appointed a lord of the treasury1 and the ,chancellor ,ashley1 recently created ,earl of ,shaftesbury1 a man of no principle1 but of great ability and value in critical emergencies4 ,at the opening of the session ,charles spoke of the ,french alliance1 of the causes of his rupture with the ,states ,general1 and of the declaration of indulgence1 which he declared himself resolved to stand by4 ,the opposition had already matured their plan of campaign1 and their first measure was to deprive the ,catholics of their new allies by persuading the dissenting sects to renounce the precarious advantages of the declaration for the toleration1 less complete1 perhaps1 but more assured1 which they would infallibly obtain from the favorable dispositions of the ,commons4 ,the manoeuvre was perfectly successful4 ,the ,catholics were completely isolated4 ,the ,country ,party1 as they called themselves1 then opened fire with more confidence in ,parliament4 ,the attack was made1 says ,macaulay1 not in the way of storm1 but by slow and scientific approaches4 ,the ,commons at first held out hopes that they would give support to the king's foreign policy1 but insisted that he should purchase that support by abandoning his whole system of domestic policy4 ,their first object was to obtain the revocation of the declaration of indulgence4 ,of all the many unpopular steps taken by the government1 the most unpopular was the publishing of this declaration4 ,in fact1 the annulment of the edict was a matter of life or death for the ,protestants4 ,they wanted1 however1 a constitutional argument1 and they had not far to look for one4 ,we quote ,macaulay again3 ,it must in candor be admitted that the constitutional question was not then quite free from obscurity4 ,our ancient kings had undoubtedly claimed and exercised the right of suspending the operation of penal laws4 ,the tribunals had recognized that right4 ,parliaments had suffered it to pass unchallenged4 ,that some such right was inherent in the crown1 few even of the ,country ,party ventured1 in the face of precedent and authority1 to deny4 ,yet it was clear that1 if this prerogative were without limit the ,english government could scarcely be distinguished from a pure despotism4 ,a hypocritical fear of despotism and inviolable respect for the law were to be the standard under which the dissenters should fight1 and it was agreed that the ,anglicans should intrench themselves behind the ramparts of the constitution4 ,the opposition in parliament did not disapprove of toleration in itself2 they only blamed the form of the edict4 ,they were perfectly willing to alleviate the condition of the ,protestant nonconformists1 provided it could be done through the regular parliamentary channels4 ,even if the king could remit a penalty1 he could not suspend a law in ecclesiastical1 any more than in civil1 matters4 ,in support of this position they argued at great length1 with a good deal of passion and obscurity and a great lack of common sense1 for more than a month4 ,the real strength of the party lay in its popularity1 and in that irresistible power which the daring aggressors of a declining monarchy always possess1 in every country4 ,the partizans of the court1 by their injudicious defence of the crown1 did their best to aid the opposite party4 ,instead of defending the prerogative by the precedents afforded by previous reigns1 they grounded its exercise upon the necessity for some ad interim power which1 during the recess of parliament1 might act upon urgent cases1 and1 if need were1 suspend the laws4 ,an exempting power1 they said1 must of necessity exist somewhere2 otherwise cases may arise1 when parliament is not in session1 in which the welfare and even the safety of the state would be sacrificed to impolitic and unreasonable #hcc fears4 ,this was playing directly into their adversaries' hands4 ,after long discussions1 several times interrupted by adjournments1 the ,house of ,commons1 by a vote of #afh against #aaf1 resolved that the penal laws touching ecclesiastical matters could not be suspended except by an act of parliament4 ,in replying to the message of the ,commons1 ,charles declared himself deeply concerned that they should question the ecclesiastical authority of the crown1 which had never been contested during the reigns of his ancestors4 ,he certainly pretended to no authority to suspend any law touching the property1 rights1 and liberties of his subjects4 ,his only object in the exercise of his ecclesiastical power was the relief of the dissenters4 ,he was not disposed to reject the advice of parliament1 and would always be found ready to agree to any bill which might seem better adapted than his declaration to accomplish the chief object which he had in view--the welfare of all his subjects1 and the tranquillity and stability of ,england4 ,this moderate language did not satisfy the house4 ,a second address admonished the sovereign that his counsellors had deceived him1 and that none of his ancestors had ever claimed or exercised the power of suspending statutes touching ecclesiastical matters2 and his faithful ,commons implored his majesty to give them a more satisfactory and complete answer4 ,the king felt the insult1 and did not conceal his resentment4 ,his course was chosen4 ,he would dissolve parliament1 rather than submit to the dictation of his enemies4 ,but he hoped to subdue the opposition by exciting a conflict of opinion between the two houses4 ,he went to the ,house of ,lords1 and in a short and spirited address complained that the ,commons usurped the royal authority1 laid before their lordships the two addresses from the lower house1 with his replies1 and concluded by asking the advice of the hereditary counsellors of the throne4 ,clifford followed1 and pleaded with his accustomed fire and energy the cause of offended majesty4 ,but the spirit of defection had spread even among the chiefs of the government4 ,the chancellor went over to the enemy4 ,shaftesbury1 says ,macaulay1 with his proverbial sagacity1 saw that a violent reaction was at hand1 and that all things were tending toward a crisis resembling that of #afdj4 ,he was determined that such a crisis should not find him in the situation of ,strafford4 ,he therefore turned suddenly round1 and acknowledged in the ,house of ,lords that the declaration was illegal4 ,a month had not passed since1 in another place1 ,ashley had appealed to the justice of his fellow-subjects against the adversaries of the edict of toleration4 ,the lords made haste to follow the example of the prudent chancellor4 ,ten years before they had solemnly declared their opinion that ,charles ,,ii4 had received from the ,english people a legitimate mission to establish liberty of conscience2 to-day1 after maturely considering the royal motion1 they resolved that the proposal of his majesty to settle the dispute by parliamentary ways was a good and gracious answer4 ,the disapprobation of the ,upper ,house filled the timid monarch with consternation4 ,three days afterward ,colbert presented himself99 as the bearer of officious advice from ,louis ,,xiv4 ,the ,king of ,france felt but little regret at the turn affairs were taking with his new allies2 for the ,commons1 who1 in order to overthrow more surely the royal plan1 proposed to demolish it slowly1 piece by piece1 had not uttered a single murmur against the ,french alliance or the war4 ,not only that1 but with a calculating shrewdness they had offered the king a compensation for the sacrifices which they demanded of him1 and granted a subsidy of #a1bfj1jjj sterling1 destined to be expended in more vigorously pushing forward hostile operations on land and sea4 ,pleased with these favorable #hcd dispositions1 ,louis ,,xiv4 represented to his brother of ,england the sad consequences of a rupture with parliament4 ,the wisest course was to submit to necessity4 ,at the return of peace1 when ,louis would have troops and money to spare1 he would place both at the service of the ,stuarts1 and it would then be easy to repair these temporary misfortunes4 ,charles listened willingly to the ambassador4 ,the offers of money he did not refuse2 but as for the assistance of ,french troops1 he declared that he would never use them against his subjects1 unless a ,second civil war should reduce him to the very last extremity1 as it had reduced his father4 ,the same day1 in council with his ministers1 he withdrew his edict of toleration2 and the next morning1 the #hth of ,march1 he annulled it again1 in presence of the ,lords and ,commons1 promising that it should never serve as a precedent4 ,the royal communication was received with acclamations of joy1 and at night innumerable bonfires illuminated the streets and squares of the capital4 ,the opposition party had received an impetus in its course1 and it needed a stronger arm than that of a ,stuart to check it4 ,the ,house of ,commons was already discussing its famous test bill1 by the provisions of which every ,englishman holding any civil or military office was required to take an oath of allegiance and subscribe to the royal supremacy2 he was to receive the sacrament according to the rites of the ,established ,church1 and to sign a declaration against transubstantiation2 and the penalty for violation of this law was a fine of #ejj sterling1 and disqualification from filling any public function or dignity whatsoever1 from prosecuting any cause before the courts1 from acting as guardian or testamentary executor1 or receiving any legacy or deed of gift4 ,together with the test bill another was introduced for the relief of the ,protestant nonconformists4 ,the former passed quickly through both houses1 and became that odious law which ,england kept upon her statute-books until far into the present century4 ,as for the other bill1 all the well-known arts of parliamentary tricksters were brought to bear upon it4 ,it was postponed2 it was amended again and again2 it was thrown out2 it was brought in again4 ,at last the end of the session found it effectually killed2 and1 despite the insidious promises which had effected a division among the several victims of the ,anglican episcopacy1 no new act was passed with regard to the dissenters4 ,in a single day the test act deprived the ,catholic cause of all its defenders4 ,the ,duke of ,york1 who1 as lord high admiral1 directed the operations of the combined fleets of ,england and ,france1 resigned his command and his commission4 ,clifford1 though a new convert1 laid down the white rod4 ,all the ,catholic officials1 governors1 magistrates1 naval and military officers1 retired at once4 ,one only--who had been bold enough to praise the bill in the ,house of ,lords as a wise and opportune measure--was exempted from taking the test oath and branded with the disgrace of a national recompense4 ,this was the same ,earl of ,bristol whom the ,bishop of ,salisbury had regarded as the inspirer of those popish tendencies which he boasted of having detected under ,charles's dissimulation4 ,there was none of the cabinet whose fidelity ,charles could now trust4 ,shaftesbury had betrayed him2 and it seemed certain that ,buckingham1 ,arlington1 and ,lauderdale were secretly in league with the chief agitators4 ,in return for their services parliament granted them complete impunity for the past by freely condoning all the offences committed previous to the #beth of ,march4 ,thus the isolation of the king at home was complete4 ,louis ,,xiv4 was still left him1 but he was soon to lose even this last support4 ,at the beginning of #afgd the ,french alliance offered only very doubtful advantages4 ,on the continent the war had assumed the proportions of a conflict of all ,europe1 and ,montecuculli1 seconded by #hce the ,prince of ,orange1 what successfully against the genius of ,turenne4 ,on the sea1 ,prince ,rupert1 the successor of the ,duke of ,york1 with ninety-ships of the line1 had gained not a single notable advantage1 though he ought to have swept all the ,dutch fleets before him4 ,as ,lingard says1 he was too intimately allied with the opposition party to be very eager for a victory which would have given the ascendency to their adversaries4 ,finally1 the ,commons manifested1 from the opening of the new session1 a decided unwillingness to vote a subsidy4 ,charles listened1 therefore1 to the proposals of the allied powers1 and1 of his own accord1 without asking the consent of his suzerain 7as ,macaulay charges71 concluded a special peace on the most honorable conditions4 ,necessity forbade him any longer to assist ,france as an ally1 he said to ,louis' ambassador2 but he hoped to be able to serve his good brother as a mediator between him and his enemies4 ,thus all ,charles's plans were overthrown1 and ,england was delivered for two centuries from the twin misfortunes against which she struggled with equal energy--a ,french alliance and the inroads of ,popery4 ,under the enormous pressure brought to bear upon him the unhappy king1 deserted by all his auxiliaries and all his friends1 gave way1 and tried to stifle the voice of conscience4 ,no doubt he is gravely to blame when he receives the sacrament in the ,protestant chapels of his palace1 and urges the ,duke of ,york to imitate his unworthy weakness1 when he renews the protestations--which nobody believes--of his firm adhesion to ,anglicanism4 ,he is inexcusable for his apostacy4 ,but that these criminal actions were not incompatible with a sincere resolve to return to the ,roman ,catholic ,church1 and that one can trace in ,charles's conduct a plan seriously conceived and for three years perseveringly followed1 to establish freedom of ,catholic worship throughout the ,united ,kingdom--these are the points which we have endeavored to prove4 ,we are not without hope that we have shed some light upon an important series of events1 which for two centuries have been enveloped1 through the bad faith of historians1 in an obscurity that until now the keenest glance has failed to pierce4 ------ ,from ,the ,month4 ,,saints ,,of ,,the ,,desert4 ,,by ,,the ,,rev4 ,j4 ,h4 ,,newman1 ,d4,d4 #a4 ,a careless brother said to ,abbot ,antony1 ,pray for me4 ,the old man made answer3 ,i shall not pity thee1 nor will the ,highest1 unless thou hast pity on thyself1 and makest prayer to ,god4 #b4 ,abbot ,arsenius used to say3 ,i have often had to repent of speaking2 never of keeping silence4 #c4 ,abbot ,theodore said3 ,if ,god impute to us our negligences when we pray1 and our distractions' when we sing1 we cannot be saved4 #d4 ,abbot ,pastor said3 ,one man is at rest and prays2 another is sick and gives thanks2 a third ministers cheerfully to them both4 ,they are three2 but their work and their merit is one4 #hcf #e4 ,a brother said to ,abbot ,sisoi3 ,what must ,i do to keep my heart8 ,the old man made answer3 ,look to your tongue first1 for it is nearest to the door4 #f4 ,abbot ,abraham said3 ,passions live even in the saints here below2 but they are chained4 #g4 ,abbot ,john said to his brother1 ,i do not like working2 ,i wish to be in peace1 and to serve ,god without break1 like an angel2 and he set off to the desert4 ,in a week's time he returned1 and knocked at his brother's door1 saying1 ,i am ,john4 ,his brother answered1 ,no1 you are not2 for ,john is an angel4 ,he insisted1 ,yes1 but ,i am ,john4 ,his brother opened to him1 saying1 ,if you are a man1 why don't you work8 ,if you are an angel1 what do you knock for8 ------ ,from ,chambers's ,journal4 ,,little ,,things4 ,often1 little things we hear1 ,often1 little things we see4 ,waken thoughts that long have slept1 ,deep down in our memory4 ,strangely slight the circumstance ,that has force to turn the mind1 ,backward on the path of years1 ,to the loved scenes far behind6 ',tis the perfume of a flower4 ,or a quaint1 old-fashioned tune2 ,or a song-bird 'mid the leaves4 ,singing in the sunny ,june4 ',tis the evening star1 mayhap4 ,in the gloaming silver bright2 ,or a gold and purple cloud ,waning in the western light4 ',tis the rustling of a dress4 ,or a certain tone of voice1 ,that can make the pulses throb4 ,that can bid the heart rejoice4 ,ah1 my heart6 ,but not of joy ,must alone thy history tell4 ,sorrow1 shame1 and bitter tears ,little things recall as well4 ------ #hcg ,from ,the ,month4 ,,the ,,poems ,,of ,,adelaide ,,anne ,,procter4 ,footnote #adg ,footnote #adg3 ,legends and ,lyrics4 ,by ,adelaide ,anne ,procter4 ,with an ,introduction by ,charles ,dickens4 ,new edition1 with additions4 ,illustrated by ,w4,t4,c4 ,dobson1 ,a4,b4,a41 ,samuel ,palmer1 ,j4 ,tenniel1 ,george ,h4 ,thomas1 ,lorenz ,frhlich1 ,w4 ,h4 ,millais1 ,g4 du ,maurier4 ,w4,p4 ,burton1 ,j4,d4 ,watson1 ,charles ,keene1 ,j4,m4 ,carrick1 ,m4,e4 ,edward1 ,t4 ,morten4 7,bell ,daldy47 ,a ,chaplet of ,verses4 7,longman47 ,the appearance of the beautiful edition of ,miss ,procter's poems lately issued among the ,christmas gift-books of the season forms a fitting occasion for some remarks upon the special character and genius of the authoress whose verses are inscribed upon its delicately-toned pages4 ,of both the first and second series of ,miss ,procters ,legends and ,lyrics numerous editions have been called for by the public3 they are now collected into a quarto1 illustrated by many excellent artists1 and are prefaced by a slight biographical introduction from the pen of ,mr4 ,charles ,dickens1 who1 being intimately acquainted with ,miss ,procter's family1 had known her from her early girlhood1 and entertained for her the truest admiration and the most cordial esteem4 ,in attempting an analysis of ,miss ,procter's poetry1 we may well preface it by a few words concerning her life and character1 because these were the roots of her verse4 ,to speak of the dead is at all times a sacred thing1 demanding heedful words and careful justice4 ,to speak of the beloved dead is always a doubly difficult task1 requiring a specially sober modesty of expression1 even while giving some scope to that instinctive power of true appreciation which affection best insures4 ,the writer of these pages knew and loved her long and well2 and in so far is qualified to speak of what she was3 yet of a nature which was all womanly1 and which retained to its last earthly moments a singular charm of childlike playfulness and innocence--having been1 as it were1 at all times sheltered from life's rougher experiences--it is not quite easy so to speak as to bring out a distinctive image to those who knew it not4 ,adelaide ,anne ,procter was born in ,october1 #ahbe1 in ,bedford ,square1 ,london2 the eldest child1 the sweet beloved first-born1 of ,brian ,waller ,procter1 best known to literature as ,barry ,cornwall4 ,we have often heard her described as she was at three years old--the prettiest little fairy ever seen1 with fair delicate features and great blue eyes2 always frail in health1 but exceedingly intelligent4 ,mr4 ,dickens tells of a tiny album1 made of note-paper1 into which her favorite passages of poetry were copied for her by her mother's hand before she herself could write2 and she very soon began to acquire foreign languages1 and even to learn geometry4 ,one of her early accomplishments was drawing--she composed little figure pieces with grace and facility2 and we remember hearing from a loving relative of ,miss ,procter's1 many long years ago1 of a certain set of sketches of the ,seven ,ages of ,man1 done by her in pencil when she was yet a little girl4 ,being at the time still younger1 we heard of it with a sort of admiring awe1 which it is now pathetic to remember2 considering in our own mind what a wonderful and even alarming little girl this must be4 ,some five-and-twenty years later 7since her death7 those little sketches came to light2 the sight of them smiting upon the heart with the memory of that long-ago conversation1 so full of fond hope and pride4 #hch ,miss ,procter was very thoroughly educated1 and from her youth went much into society1 possessing in a marked degree the best characteristics of a woman of the world4 ,mr4 ,dickens says that she had nothing of the conventional poetess about her2 was neither melancholy1 nor affected1 nor self-absorbed4 ,what she had1 was the ease1 the polish1 and the extreme readiness which we are taught to consider the traditionary charm of a ,frenchwoman of the old school4 ,to perfect self-possession she added a sort of feminine mastery of those about her4 ,single out any of the famous ,parisians gifted with the power to win and to keep1 and imagine this sort of power grafted on to a nature au fond very simple and sterling2 and thus the reader will attain to a conception of what she was in social life4 ,she had deep and strong feeling1 which she poured out in her poetry2 but it did not come uppermost in her conversation4 ,that was always vivid and usually lively1 and1 moreover1 edged with marvellous finesse4 ,sweet-briar one loving friend used to call her4 ,her outward life was not very varied2 but her conversion to the ,catholic faith1 which took place when she was about four-and-twenty1 gave her a wide circle of intellectual interests beyond those of ordinary ,english minds4 ,two years later she went to ,piedmont1 and passed a year with a relative there4 ,she always recalled this ,italian experience with lively pleasure2 and it colored many of her poems4 ,her letters home were very lively and pictorial1 showing that she would have excelled in prose composition4 ,of her first entrance into literature ,mr4 ,dickens has given an amusing account3 how she sent poems to ,household ,words under the signature of ,miss ,berwick1 and how at the office they all made up their minds she was a governess2 and how ,miss ,berwick turned out1 after all1 to be the daughter of his old friend ,barry ,cornwall1 who preferred to win her spurs with her visor down4 ,when1 some years later1 she was with much difficulty induced to collect her poems into a volume1 with her name1 their success was immediate2 both that volume and a second series passed through edition after edition1 till she truly became a household word in ,england4 ,there is not1 alas6 very much more to tell4 ,just when she became famous1 and opportunities of literary exertion were opening on every side1 her health began to fail4 ,for three or four years before her declared illness she was very delicate1 and1 with the fatal animation of her peculiar temperament1 always overworking herself4 ,but that dread malady1 consumption1 the scourge of ,england1 can rarely be averted when once it has marked its prey4 ,in ,november1 #ahfb1 her increasing illness first confined her to her room1 and very shortly to her bed4 ,for fifteen long months she lay there1 wasting gradually away2 yet not only was she patient and thoroughly resigned1 but up to the very last her bright cheerfulness never quite deserted her4 ,when not actually in pain1 she would enter into conversation with all her old zest1 taking just the same interest in her friends and their affairs2 lively1 sympathetic1 and helpful to the end4 ,on the very last evening of all1 one of her friends1 thinking to interest her in the old pursuit1 brought her a little poem in proof4 ,it was a ,catholic ballad for ,the ,lamp1 ,miss ,procter was sitting up in bed1 supported by pillows4 ,she was too weak to speak any unnecessary word2 but her large blue eyes roused into their wonted intelligence as she listened2 and then1 with the sweet sympathy which she at all times gave to others1 she made a slight applauding motion with those slender wasted fingers1 and smiled into the reader's face4 ,it was such a very slight thing1 and yet so utterly characteristic--courtesy and kindness and a sort of unselfish readiness surviving to the very end4 #hci ,that night1 an hour after midnight1 on the #b;d of ,february1 the summons came4 ,she had been reading a little book--trying to read1 rather--and as the clock was on the stroke of one she shut it up1 and with some sudden mysterious rush of consciousness1 having suffered greatly all the evening from oppressed breathing1 she asked quietly of her mother1 who was holding her in her arms3 ,do you think ,i am dying1 mamma8 ,i think you are very1 very ill tonight1 my dear4 ,send for my sister4 ,my feet are so cold--lift me up4 ,her sister entering as they raised her1 she said3 ,it has come at last4 ,and then1 with so soft a change that the anxious eyes bent upon those sunken features could hardly detect the moment of her ceasing to breathe1 death came to the beloved of so many hearts4 ,the prayers of the ,church1 of which she was so devoted a child1 were audibly uplifted throughout that closing scene2 they were the last earthly sounds that can have reached the dulling ear4 ,opposite to her1 as she lay upon her little bed1 was a photograph from that loveliest image by ,francia of the dead ,saviour lying upon his mother's knees4 ,at all times ardently religious1 the last days of her frail life were elevated and cheered by the holy rites of her faith4 ,as she lay in her coffin1 a crucifix upon her breast1 and camellias and violets sprinkled over her fair white garments1 she looked the loveliest image of peace which a pure and pious life could bequeath to perishable clay4 ,the delicate face was but little changed4 ,up to the very last it had retained its bright spiritual expression1 just as her voice had retained its musical inflections1 and her smile its blended charm of affectionate sympathy and childlike gaiety4 ,in death that smile had vanished for ever1 but something of its sweetness still lingered about the brow and mouth4 ,the tapers for which she had asked a little while previously 7for the due keeping of ,candlemas-day7 burnt at the head of the coffin1 and shed their soft light down upon that still face4 ,when at length it was covered up from mortal sight1 and all that remained of her laid in the grave at ,st4 ,mary's ,cemetery1 the sun shone out with the first cheerfulness of early spring4 ,coming from behind a little cloud1 that sunshine lit up the white vestment of the priest1 who1 standing by her coffin in the little chapel1 spoke of the joyful resurrection of the children of ,god4 ,there is a little garden upon that simple grave1 where fresh flowers bloom every spring2 and beside it many prayers are offered up with each returning season of the year4 ,but we must linger no longer on memories and associations which are almost too sacred for more than a passing word4 ,to the world at large ,miss ,procter is known through her genius only2 but it is1 perhaps1 not too much to say1 that through it she is also endeared in a singular degree to thousands who never looked upon her face4 ,to some consideration of her poems we will therefore address ourselves2 the less reluctantly that they were truly so much a revelation of her life4 ,if canons of criticism be based on something deeper than mere superficial rules in regard to the expression of the sublime and youthful1 it must be doubly interesting to trace the causes of a wide-spread popularity attaching to any series of works from the same pen4 ,such an appreciation cannot be won by a trick of form1 or by a deliberate appeal to well-known popular sympathies4 ,it must arise from the touching of universal emotions2 from a true correspondence with those thoughts and feelings which are the heritage of the race under its most general conditions1 or which have become the common property of a people in all its various grades of culture4 #hdj ,there are two theories regarding the nature of poetry and of that ,genius which creates poetry1 whether in literature or in the sphere of any art4 ,they will never be harmonized2 for1 like many other opinions1 doctrines1 and theories1 of which we are separately forced to acknowledge the truth1 they are irreconcilable by any effort of the human understanding4 ,one of these theories says that genius is rare1 recondite1 unusual2 that its creations are1 by the very nature of things1 little likely to be appreciated2 that1 indeed1 the higher and the deeper it is1 the more likelihood there is that it will not be entered into by numbers4 ,such genius found its embodiment in the phantasmagoria of ,blake1 in the poetry of ,shelley1 in the profound insight of this or that thinker4 ,it is the vivid but momentary flash of lightning irradiating a sombre sky2 it is the gnarled and solitary pine2 the deep still tarn upon the mountain-side2 it is the vein of bright ore buried in the darkness of the mine2 the electric thrill evoked from inert matter1 interesting1 delightful1 and suggestive from the very strangeness of its apparition4 ,who shall deny this is one definition of genius1 one way of picturing the idea of high art8 ,but there is another theory1 which says that genius is that which possesses the faculty of incarnating universal affections in a type readily and instinctively appropriated by the imagination2 that it painted the ,huguenots1 and wrought out the image of ,jeanie ,deans2 that it sung the simple melody of ,auld ,robin ,gray1 and accumulated the massive choruses of ,handel2 that--putting aside those greatest men1 the ,shakespeares1 ,groethes1 and ,raphaels1 regarding whom criticism or definition are alike exhaustless and for ever inconclusive--the most admirable genius is that which thrills in the ballads1 the religions literature1 and imitative art of a people1 and which a whole nation will not willingly let die4 ,such genius1 such art1 is like the fair sunshine upon corn-fields1 the rippling of the running stream1 the silver surface of the lake1 the profuse luxuriance of spring and autumn woodlands4 ,it embodies light1 air1 and the song of birds1 the solemnity of the universal twilight1 and the radiance of the universal dawn4 ,almost every one can see and feel it in some wise1 though the keenness of the appreciation will be in proportion to the sensitiveness of the eye and ear4 ,who shall deny that this is another and equally true description of the highest genius and the noblest art8 ,the poems we are now considering1 and which have won such general admiration wherever they have become known1 belong to the latter class of works of art4 ,their simple1 delicate beauty appeals alike to men and women1 and to the soul of the young child2 their transparent clearness is that of an unusually lucid intellect2 their profoundness is only that of a believing heart4 ,she who wrote them would often say1 with a certain characteristic simplicity1 ,i only write verses--,i do not write poetry2 and would fasten upon the products of some powerful and mystic mind as an illustration of what genuine poetry ought to be4 ,but the mis-estimate was great4 ,the absolute absence of claptrap1 of any appeal to the passions of the hour or the popular idols of the ,english people1 showed that if these volumes lay on so many tables1 and their contents were so often sung and quoted in public and in private1 as expressing just that which everybody had wanted to say1 the reason lay deeper than the ring of the verse-writer who knows how to play into the fancy of the multitude4 ,they are popular because they are instinct with dainty feminine genius1 and reach the hearts of others with the sure precise touch of slender fingers awakening the silver chords of a harp4 ,three volumes originally comprised the whole of ,miss ,procter's writings3 a first and second series of legends and lyrics1 and one of religious poems1 published for a night-refuge #hda kept by ,sisters of ,mercy4 ,the two former have now been printed in this rich quarto by ,messrs4 ,bell ,daldy2 and it may not be amiss to say that the whole three have been republished in ,america in one small but excellently got-up volume1 at once a casket and a shrine 7,ticknor ,fields1 ,boston74 ,of the secular poems now brought before our ,english public in so beautiful a dress1 we would attempt a slight analysis of contents4 ,there are fourteen legends or stories1 long and short--little tales in verse1 of which the gist generally lies in some very subtle and pathetic situation of the human heart4 ,anything like violent wrong or the ravages of unruly passion seemed rarely to cross this gentle imagination2 and yet the legends are nearly all sorrowful2 but the sorrow seems to spring from nobody's fault and perhaps for that very reason it is all the more sorrowful1 for repentance will not wash it away4 ,little dead children borne to heaven on the bosom of the angels while their mothers weep below2 or a dying mother1 dying amidst the splendors of an earl's home1 and calling to her bedside the son of an earlier and humbler marriage1 revealing herself to him at the last2 or the history of a stepmother1 long loved but late wedded1 and who had given up the lover of her own youth to a younger friend1 and afterward taken the charge of that friend's jealous and reluctant children2 or the pitiful tale1 since elaborately wrought out by ,tennyson in his ,enoch ,arden1 of the sailor who returns home to find his wife the wife of another man4 ,in one and all the pathos is wrought out and expressed with the most extraordinary delicacy of touch4 ,the reader says to himself1 ,nay1 is it so sad after all8 ,and yet it is2 sad and spiritually hopeful too2 sad for this earth1 hopeful for heaven4 ,this seems the irresistible conclusion of almost every tale2 even the story of the stepmother1 supposed to come quite right at last1 is made inexpressibly plaintive by being told by the first wife's nurse--she who knew so much1 and had lived with her young mistress from childhood1 and would not call the cold husband unkind2 but she had been used to love and praise4 ,in others of these legends the telling of the tale is simpler1 the pathos more direct1 but almost always strangely subtle4 ,in ,three ,evenings of a ,life a sister sacrifices her own hopes of married life that she may devote herself to a young brother who needs her care4 ,but the young brother marries--a catastrophe which she does not seem to have contemplated2 and she finds too late that her sacrifice was useless2 and1 what was worse1 that the bride is ill-fitted to sustain him in his life or in his art2 and the unhappy sister ----watched the daily failing ,of all his nobler part2 ,low aims1 weak purpose1 telling ,in lower1 weaker art4 ,and now1 when he is dying1 ,the last words she could hear ,must not be hers1 but given ,the bride of one short year4 ,the last care is another's2 ,the last prayer must not be ,the one they learnt together ,beside their mother's knee4 ,herbert sickens and dies1 leaving the poor weak little ,dora to ,alice's care2 and we are told how ,alice cherishes her1 and bears with her waywardness through sad weeks of depression1 till news comes in spring that ,leonard--the rejected lover--is returning from ,india4 ,now ,alice is free6 ,now she may love ,leonard and lean upon his strength4 ,he comes2 the little household smiles once more4 ,summer succeeds to spring2 when one twilight hour ,alice is aware of the perfume of flowers brought into their ,london home4 ,she goes out into the passage1 and through a half-opened door hears ,leonard's voice3 #hdb ,his low voice--,dora's answers2 ,his pleading2--yes1 she knew ,the tone1 the words1 the accents2 ,she once had heard them too4 ',would ,alice blame her8 ,leonard's ,low tender answer came4 ',alice was far too noble ,to think or dream of blame4' ',and wishes sure he loved her8' ',yes1 with the one love given ,once in a lifetime only2 ,with one soul and one heaven8' ,then came a plaintive murmur3 ',dora had once been told ,that he and ,alice--' ',dearest1 ,alice is far too cold ,to love3 and ,i1 my ,dora1 ,if once ,i fancied so1 ,it was a brief delusion4 ,and over long ago4' ,very tender and touching is the description of the forlorn woman's recoil upon her brother's memory3 ,yes1 they have once been parted2 ,but this day shall restore ,the long-lost one2 she claims him3 ',my ,herbert--mine once more6' ,one of the most highly finished of the legends is ,a ,tomb in ,ghent1 setting forth the life of a humble musician and his young daughter4 ,it contains lovely touches of description both of music and architecture4 ,how the youth knelt prayerfully in ,st4 ,bavon-- ,while the great organ over all would roll1 ,speaking strange secrets to his innocent soul1 ,bearing on eagle-wings the great desire ,of all the kneeling throng1 and piercing higher ,than aught but love and prayer can reach1 until ,only the silence seemed to listen still2 ,or1 gathering like a sea still more and more4 ,break in melodious waves at heaven's door4 ,and then fall1 slow and soft1 in tender rain1 ,upon the pleading1 longing hearts again4 ,not only what he heard1 but what he saw1 is thus exquisitely imaged in words3 ,then he would watch the rosy sunlight glow4 ,that crept along the marble floor below1 ,passing1 as life does with the passing hours4 ,how by a shrine all rich with gems and flowers4 ,now on the brazen letters of a tomb2 ,then1 again1 leaving it to shade and gloom1 ,and creeping on1 to show distinct and quaint1 ,the kneeling figure of some marble saint2 ,or lighting up the carvings strange and rare ,that told of patient toil and reverent care2 ,ivy that trembled on the spray1 and ears ,of heavy corn1 and slender bulrush-spears4 ,and all the thousand tangled weeds that grow ,in summer where the silver rivers flow3 ,and demon heads grotesque that seemed to glare ,in impotent wrath on all the beauty there4 ,then the gold rays up pillared shaft would climb4 ,and so be drawn to heaven at evening time2 ,and deeper silence1 darker shadows flowed ,on all around--only the windows glowed ,with blazoned glory1 like the shields of light ,archangels bear1 who1 armed with love and might1 ,watch upon heaven's battlements at night4 ,the second critical division of ,miss ,procter's poems comprises those beautiful lyrics1 many of which have been set to music1 and all of which are full of the melody of rhythms--inspired1 as it were1 by a delicate ,a,eolian harmony1 having its source in the fine intangible instinct of the poet's ear4 ,amidst more than a hundred of such short poems and songs1 selection seems nearly impossible to the critic4 ,many of the little pieces and many of the separate verses are destined to float on the surface of ,english literature with the same secure buoyancy as ,herrick's ,daffodils1 or ,lyttleton's verses to his fair wife ,lucy1 or ,wordsworth's picture of the maid who dwelt by the banks of ,dove4 ,they have that short felicity of expression1 that perfect finish in their parts1 that cause such poems to abide in the memory1 or1 as the expression is1 to dwell in the imagination4 ,in the six verses of ,the ,chain1 ,which was not forged by mortal hands4 ,or clasped with golden bars and bands1 is one--the third--which exemplifies our assertion4 ,it reads like one of those immemorial quotations we have known from infancy3 ,yet what no mortal hand could make4 ,no mortal power can ever break2 ,what words or vows could never do4 ,no words or vows can make untrue2 ,and if to other hearts unknown1 ,the dearer and the more our own1 ,because too sacred and divine ,for other eyes save thine and mine4 ,two songs1 written in the quaint1 irregular metre delighted in by the seventeenth-century poets1 seem like forgotten scraps by one of the more elegant contemporaries of ,milton2 these are1 ,a ,doubting ,heart1 and ,a ,lament for the ,summer1 of which the first and last verses are instinct with the feelings of ,october days3 ,moan1 ,o ye ,autumn winds-- ,summer has fled2 ,the flowers have closed their tender leaves1 and die2 ,the lily's gracious head ,all low must lie4 ,because the gentle ,summer now is dead4 ,mourn1 mourn1 ,o ,autumn winds-- ,lament and mourn2 ,how many half-blown buds must close and die6 ,hopes1 with the ,summer born1 ,all faded lie1 ,and leave us desolate and earth forlorn4 #hdc ,equally musical1 but full of the more personal sentiment of our century1 is that lovely song1 ,a ,shadow1 beginning1 ,what lack the valleys and mountains ,that once were green and gay8 ,quite different in tone1 full of ringing harmony1 is the little poem of ,now8 ,rise1 for the day is passing1 ,and you lie dreaming on2 ,the others have buckled their armor1 ,and forth to the fight are gone4 ,a place in the ranks awaits you-- ,each man has some part to play2 ,the ,past and the ,future are nothing ,in the face of the stern ,to-day4 ,and so on1 through four spirited verses4 ,something in these strikes the ear as peculiarly illustrative of the active pious spirit of her who wrote them1 of the voice whose every tone was so dear1 and of the smile whose arch intelligence conveyed the same expression of lively decision4 ,we must now bring our remarks to a close1 having tried to indicate the different qualities of ,miss ,procter's verse4 ,the permanent place which it will retain in ,english literature it is not for us to decide4 ,she has had the power to strike the heart of her own generation by its simple pathos4 ,that it is purely original of its kind can hardly be denied2 but it is hard1 if not impossible1 so far to separate ourselves from the standard of our own generation as to judge where the limits of the special1 and therefore the transient1 elements of fame are passed4 ,but we at least must not be wanting in gratitude to one of the sweetest singers of the day that was hers and our own4 ------ ,from ,the ,sixpenny ,magazine4 ,,the ,,adventure4 ,sir ,brian ,o',brian ,mc,murrough commenced life as possessor of a nominal rent-roll of twelve thousand pounds sterling per annum1 although in reality1 between mortgages1 and rent-charges1 and incumbrances of every possible shape and hue1 probably five would represent the net sum received by the proprietor4 ,still1 it was not the age of economical reflection1 nor was the young baronet either a financier or a philosopher4 ,he had been cradled in luxury1 and bowed down to with slavish senility2 he had been educated at ,cambridge1 and1 one way or other1 his bills there had been met1 though not always pleasantly1 by his father4 ,he had travelled over ,europe1 ,asia1 and a good part of ,america1 for four years1 and at last a letter had caught him at ,vienna1 telling him that his father1 ,sir ,patrick1 had died suddenly1 full of years and honors1 and that he was now the representative of one of the oldest and best families in ,ireland1 and possessor of its splendid estates1 etc4 ,on his return home he was surrounded by troops of friends and hordes of sycophants1 and for some years was far too much engaged in pleasure not to let business attend to itself4 ,his fathers had lived like kings1 and he had too much the spirit of an ,irish1 gentleman to let prudence or economy come between the wind and his nobility4 ,he married1 too1 and chose for his wife a far-descended and beautiful pauper1 with tastes to the full as reckless and extravagant as his own4 ,this lady had brought him a daughter1 who lived1 and in four years after #hdd a son1 who had died a few hours after his birth1 and whose death preceded that of his mother by a single day4 ,after her death ,sir ,brian became more careless and reckless than ever4 ,his spirits sank as his debts mounted2 he saw from the first that ruin was inevitable2 section after section of his splendid estates were put up for sale and swept away2 until at last all that remained to him was a half-ruined building1 called ,the ,black ,abbey1 which he sometimes used as a shooting and fishing lodge in happier days1 and a tract of mountain land1 wild1 and for the most part sterile and unprofitable1 and for part of which he paid rent4 ,in the present gloomy temper of his soul1 however1 it suited his humor4 ,the building stood halfway up a mountain1 the base of which was almost washed by the waters of a broad lake1 or lough1 and from which it was only separated by a slip of meadow4 ,the lake itself was several miles in extent1 and at least three miles and a half broad immediately opposite the abbey1 to which the only access from the mainland was by a skiff or boat1 except you chose to travel several miles round so as to head the lake4 ,it was a romantic but utterly desolate retreat1 made still more so1 if possible1 by the sullen gloom which had now taken possession of the fallen man4 ,he had secured some remnants of a once splendid library1 and sometimes amused himself by teaching his daughter ,eva1 although there were weeks at one time when a restless and morose spirit beset him1 and then with a gun in his hand he wandered idly through the mountains1 or with a boy1 named ,paudren1 took to his yacht1 and was never to be seen on shore1 sometimes sleeping on board1 or bivouacking on some of the many small islands which dotted the loch4 ,at such times ,eva was left in possession of the abbey1 accompanied by old ,deb ,dermody and her husband ,mogue 7or ,moses71 who1 of all his followers1 had stuck steadily to ,sir ,brian1 and would not be shaken off4 ,before utter ruin had come upon them1 ,eva had been for a year1 or somewhat better1 at a boarding school1 the mistress of which had evidently done her duty by the child4 ,the little girl1 indeed1 showed blood in more ways than one3 she was small but hardy1 and1 without being critically beautiful1 she was very lovely to look upon3 her features were delicate but full of animation4 ,her temper was lively1 but all her instincts were genial and generous1 and she had1 in a particular manner1 the gift of conciliating the affectionate regards of all who came within the sphere of her innocent influence4 ,true it was1 her worshippers were neither numerous nor select4 ,a few hands employed by the steward 7as ,mogue was magniloquently called7 to till the ground and attend to the stock1 consisting of mountain sheep and ,kerry cows1 together with stray cadgers1 pedlars1 and other wanderers who occasionally visited the neighborhood1 and the neighbors on both banks of the lough 7the hither and thither71 consisting for the most part of an amphibious sort of population1 who netted fish in the lake1 or cultivated patches of ground to keep life and soul together4 ,beside these1 now and then the agent of the estate1 ,mr4 ,redmond ,hennessey1 sometimes visited at the abbey1 to look for or receive the rents paid by ,sir ,brian1 and another more welcome occasional visitor was ,father ,john ,considine1 the ,p4,p4 of a long1 straggling parish1 which extended over both sides of the mountain1 and whose house and church lay in the valley which separated ,ballintopher1 on which ,sir ,brian lived1 from ,ballinteer1 a higher hill which ran beyond4 ,sir ,brian and his daughter belonged to the old faith1 and as the priest was a large-minded1 liberal man1 with a well-cultivated mind1 and a good-humored and even jovial temperament1 his visits always enlivened the abbey1 and sometimes won a smile from its proprietor4 ,his literary tastes and recollections1 also1 were exceedingly #hde useful to the young girl1 particularly as he sometimes ran up to ,dublin1 or even over to ,london or ,paris1 in the summer holidays1 from whence he was sure to bring back the gossip for ,sir ,brian1 and a budget of new books1 periodicals1 and songs for his favorite4 ,thus matters went on for some years--nothing better1 nothing worse1 apparently--until ,eva was in her eighteenth year4 ,the large estates originally owned by ,sir ,brian had1 in a great measure1 fallen into the hands of a single proprietor1 ,sir ,adams ,jessop1 a rich ,london merchant and banker1 who had purchased them by lots on speculation1 because1 in the first place1 they were sold low 7as at first all the ,irish estates were under the ,incumbered ,estates ,court71 and because he had advanced large sums to the holders of the mortgages1 etc41 with which they were embarrassed1 and thus sought to recoup himself4 ,since they came into his possession he had been over for a few days twice--once to look over the property1 and again to appoint an agent recommended to him by some neighboring proprietors1 who all spoke of ,mr4 ,redmond ,hennessey as a man of zeal and industry1 who always had his employer's interest at heart1 and detested a non-paying or dilatory tenant as he did a mad dog4 ,under this gentleman's supervision the estates put on a new aspect2 rents were raised1 and covenants insisted on1 such as the oldest inhabitant had never even dreamed of2 and as ,mr4 ,hennessey was a solicitor as well as an agent1 processes followed defalcations1 and the only sure road to his friendly sympathy was punctuality in payment1 and liberality 7in the shape of gifts1 such as fowl1 butter1 eggs1 fish1 socks1 flannel1 and so forth7 from those who had favors to ask or bargains to make4 ,of course he was a thriving man1 but it was remarked that illicit distillation1 poaching1 and illegal practices of all kinds were greatly on the increase2 and when ,sir ,brian heard of all this1 and saw that additional magistrates were sworn in1 and a large draft of constabulary and preventive police sent into the new barracks specially constructed for them1 he grimly triumphed in the change1 and made no secret of his sympathy with the malcontents1 since1 as he said1 what better could be expected on the estate of an absentee8 ,neither did matters seem to mend when ,sir ,adams ,jessop died somewhat suddenly1 and was succeeded by his only son1 now ,sir ,william ,jessop1 who was understood to be a gay young man of indolent habits and roving propensities1 and who seemed to have even less sympathy for his ,irish tenants than his father--if1 indeed1 that were possible4 ,mr4 ,hennessey's power and authority were now unlimited1 and stories were told of his rapacity and impatience of all control which appeared incredible4 ,whole townships were depopulated by his fiat2 families were reduced to beggary and desperation by his determination to make the estate pay2 and some said 7for every man has his enemies7 that when his new master informed him by letter of appeals being made and of his wish that they should be attended to and the appellants dealt more lightly with1 his answer invariably was1 that the accusers were established liars1 who would be the first to shoot down ,sir ,william himself should he ever be foolish enough to venture amongst them4 ,,ii4 ,like all inland lakes of considerable extent1 that which lay before the windows of the ,black ,abbey was subject to violent changes of temper on slight and sudden provocation4 ,in the morning it would lie dimpling and smiling before you1 as full of placid beauty and as incapable of a wrathful outburst as a ball-room belle2 while at noon its aspect would become as terrible as that of a virago1 whose whole family and neighborhood tremble and fly from the fearful storm which no submission can allay4 ,on such occasions1 considerable danger #hdf menaced those who sailed on business or pleasure over the waters of the lake1 and it so happened that on the eve of a ,september day1 the yacht of ,sir ,brian ,mc,murrough was caught in one of those sudden bursts which had swept down from the mountains1 accompanied by torrents of rain and violent thunder and lightning1 although in the morning1 and until after midday1 there had been no warning of a gale4 ,to make matters worse1 ,miss ,mc,murrough was known to be on board the boat1 as she had accompanied her father to a town at the other end of the lake to make household purchases for the coming winter2 and the amount of agitation evidenced by a group of men who stood on the banks of the lough and witnessed the fearful struggles of the little craft1 amounted gradually to extreme terror as they saw the principal sail give way and flutter in the wind like ribands1 while the waves washed over the helpless vessel and threatened speedily to engulf her4 ,it will never do1 boys1 at last said one of the men1 to stand idly by and see the best blood of the country die the death of a drowned dog without putting out a hand or an oar to save him4 ,run up1 ,patsy1 and tell ,mick ,mackesy to come down at once1 while we launch ,sheelah1 who never turned her back to the whitest horses that ever gallopped over any water that ever ran2 and don't let grass grow to your heels1 for a life may hang on every step you take4 ,away with you4 ,has he far to go8 asked another of the group4 ,about a mile1 sir1 replied the man1 touching his cap to the questioner1 who had been a stranger to him until on hour or two before2 and the worst of it is ,mick may be out1 or drunk1 and then we're done for4 ,don't send for him1 then1 said the stranger2 ,i have pulled an oar at college and elsewhere1 and am pretty well up to the management of a boat4 ,where is your craft8 ,yonder in the cove1 sir2 but it's a bad business4 ,then the sooner we get rid of it the better1 my friend1 said the energetic stranger4 ,come1 boys1 ,i have a sovereign or two to spare1 and ,i promise you that no man shall lose by his humanity4 ,now1 my friend1 lead on4 ,may ,i never1 said the first speaker1 whose name was ,andy ,monahan1 but you've a stout heart in your bazzom1 whoever you are1 and it's a pity to baulk you6 ,in an incredibly short space of time the boat was launched1 and the gentle ,sheelah fled on her mission of mercy1 impelled by four pair of hands who knew right well how to handle her4 ,by this time the baronet's yacht was a sheer wreck1 and although the owner and his boy struggled hard to keep her head to the wind1 it was evident that if she did not fill and go down1 she would drive bodily on the ragged rocks which shot perpendicularly up on that part of the shore toward which she was drifting4 ,the boat reached her safely1 however1 and by the excellent management of the volunteer boatman mainly4 ,miss ,mc,murrough was got into the shore-boat1 and her father and the boy followed1 while an anchor was let go in the yacht and she was then left to her fate4 ,in moments of great danger and excitement there is little room for ceremony or introduction1 and on the present occasion only a few words1 and those of direction1 passed on any side4 ,sir ,brian's main care was for his daughter1 who1 drenched and terrified as she must necessarily be1 bore up wonderfully1 and even managed to murmur a few words of gratitude to the stranger who so sedulously bore her into the boat1 and1 so far as he could1 protected her4 ,when all was done1 the boat's head was again turned to the shore1 and in less than no time1 as ,andy promised1 its wave-worn load was safely landed1 wet1 weary1 and chilled1 but otherwise unharmed4 ,after a few words in private #hdg with ,andy1 the boat-owner1 ,sir ,brian turned to the stranger and addressed him4 ,i am told by my friend here1 sir1 he said1 that it is to your dexterity and courage my own preservation and that of my daughter is mainly due4 ,i trust that you will accompany me to my residence1 and allow me1 when ,i have regained my presence of mind1 more suitably to thank you for the signal service you have done me than ,i can find words adequately to do now4 ,you are very kind1 sir1 was the prompt and cordial reply1 and ,i shall be very happy to accept your hospitable offer1 as ,i am altogether a stranger here1 and the boatman tells me that ,i will have to cross the mountain before ,i can reach an inn4 ,in the meanwhile1 the storm had lulled considerably1 and half a score of women had come from the surrounding cottages1 some with cloaks1 blankets1 and shawls for ,miss ,eva1 and some with poteen jars or bottles1 to warm the hearts of the rescued mariners4 ,but ,sir ,brian persisted in going home1 and refused the proffers of profuse hospitality pressed on him1 accepting a wrap for his daughter1 and sanctioning the attendance of the stranger1 on whose offered arm she leaned as they began their walk to the abbey4 ,before they set off1 however1 the stranger found time to thrust five sovereigns into ,andy's hand1 saying to him1 in a low voice-- ,divide them among your brave comrades1 my good friend1 and say nothing to ,sir ,brian4 ,i only wish ,i could make it ten times as much1 since every man of them is worth--nay1 don't refuse them1 or ,i shall say that you are too proud to be obliged by a friend4 ,you and ,i must become better acquainted hereafter4 ,he hastened away1 and ,andy pocketed the gratuity1 which he had neither expected nor was at all anxious to receive4 ,we'll drink his health anyway1 he said1 as he pocketed the money2 and if he stays in the country1 we'll find a way to pay him back1 if not in his own coin1 maybe in one that'll please him as well4 ,a brave chap he is1 and feathers an oar as well as myself1 who was born1 ,i may say1 with one in my right hand4 ,the stranger had requested that a small1 neat knapsack1 which he had flung down when he stripped for the lake1 should be sent after him to the abbey1 at which1 on arriving at it1 he was warmly welcomed by the master1 and was ushered to a spare bed-chamber by ,deb ,dermody herself1 who had been advertised of the coming of the party by a runner1 and had everything prepared to receive them4 ,when the stranger had dried his clothes and changed his linen by the huge turf fire which blazed in the room allotted him1 he descended to the refectory1 of general dining and drawing-room1 and so called from its use by the monks lang syne4 ,he found the baronet and his daughter ready to receive him1 a large fire in the grate1 a table ready laid for dinner1 and a fresh arrival in the sturdy person of ,father ,john1 who had come on one of his periodical visitations4 ,evidently the good priest had heard of the adventure1 and of the gallant part which the stranger had performed in it1 and1 when presenting him his hand1 had good-humoredly thanked him for helping to preserve two lives that were so precious to all who knew their worth4 ,the young man1 in his turn1 found it necessary to introduce himself1 and stated that he was an idle rover1 with some taste for drawing1 literature1 and music1 and who came on an exploratory expedition to see what he could pick up in the way of old airs or legends1 or new scenery1 to forward some speculations of his own4 ,his name was ,redland1 and he considered himself fortunate in having been able to assist ,sir ,brian and ,miss ,mc,murrough in their difficulty1 etc4 #hdh ,the dinner was good4 ,fish from the lake1 game from the mountain1 fowl from the stubble1 and a capital ham1 fed and cured by the steward1 who prided himself on fattening and killing swine4 ,the night sped pleasantly by4 ,redland was evidently a gentleman1 and both the baronet and the priest knew what that meant right well4 ,he was light and cheerful without being frivolous1 and seemed more inclined to ask for information from others than to obtrude his own4 ,he spoke well without speaking too much1 and greatly pleased ,father ,john by the interest he took in ,irish affairs4 ,in the course of the evening the management of the ,jessop property was spoken of1 and incidentally the character of the agent was discussed4 ,after all1 said ,sir ,brian1 the devil is not so black as he is painted2 ,hennessey is not the worst among the bad4 ,i for my own part have always found him civil and obliging1 and not at all pressing for the rent of my miserable holding1 which1 as you well know1 ,father ,john1 ,i never ought to be called on to pay a shilling for2 but ,hennessey's not to blame for that2 no more1 ,i dare say1 than for other things laid to his charge4 ,he sent ,eva a whole chestful of books to read last week1 and baskets of fruit from his hot-houses1 although ,i dare say he was the first of his family that had any better sort of house than a mud cabin to rear pigs instead of grapes and peaches in4 ,he is a confirmed scoundrel1 however1 and a curse to the country that holds him1 ejaculated the priest1 sternly and gravely4 ,you ought to blame his absentee master rather than him1 said ,sir ,brian4 ,under your pardon1 ,sir ,brian1 ,i ought to do no such thing1 persisted the priest2 his master knows nothing of his doings1 of that ,i am certain1 or if he did1 as an ,english merchant1 as a man of humanity1 he would be the first to reject and put down such intolerable tyranny1 which is equally miserable and profitless4 ,in fact1 the fellow is true to no one or nothing but his own selfish interests1 for he throws the blame of his own cruelties on his employer1 and perpetrates enormities sufficient to draw down ,god's vengeance1 under the plea of being driven to it by a man to whom such cheese-parings and petty gains can be of no possible account4 ,i should think then1 sir1 said the stranger1 that it is high time for him to look to his interests and good name1 if your account be true1 and my only wonder is that he delays it so long4 ,poh6 the present proprietor is a gay young fashionable fop1 they were called dandies in my day1 who well pockets his rents and only thinks of his ,irish tenants when his purse runs1 dry1 said ,sir ,brian1 bitterly4 ,is not that a harsh estimate1 papa1 said ,eva1 gently and timidly1 when you can only speak by surmise8 ,then why is he not here8 asked ,sir ,brian2 why does he leave his tenantry to be ground to powder or driven to desperation1 if he could cure it by his presence8 ,that question may be answered1 too1 said the priest2 it is ,hennessey's interest to keep him away as long as he can1 and you may be pretty sure that he has painted us in colors that would not waste a long journey to witness them4 ,i1 however1 have taken upon myself the liberty of writing to ,sir ,william ,jessop1 and it will not be my fault if he does not see reason in my statements to come and have a look at us himself4 ,you will get into a mess with ,hennessey if that comes to his ears1 said the baronet1 laughing4 ,he knows right well ,i don't care a farthing for either his friendship or his enmity1 replied ,father ,john4 ',be just1 and fear not1' is my motto1 and if it please ,god to let him injure me1 ,i will bow to the chastisement1 since it will be in a good cause4 #hdi ,i think that your act was both justifiable and merciful1 said the stranger2 and ,i should say that ,sir ,william will be little better than a heartless fool if he should not respond to your application as he ought4 ,he'll never do it1 said the obstinate host2 he'll be thinking of his tallow and cotton1 and molasses1 as matters infinitely superior in his estimation to ,irish kernes and their wrongs4 ,ought we not to hope and pray that he will take a more considerate view of ,father ,john's application to him1 papa8 said ,eva4 ,he is an ,english gentleman1 and they are always alive to the interests of humanity--at least ,i have always heard so4 ,and you have heard right1 my dear ,miss ,eva1 so we'll hope for the best1 replied the priest4 ,so now let us have one cup of tea1 and afterward we'll trouble you for ',love's ,young ,dream1' or ',the ,minstrel ,boy1' or ',silent1 ,o ,moyle6' or ',the ,young ,may ,moon1' and ,i'll grumble a bass in ',st4 ,senanus and the ,lady1' if ,mr4 ,redland will help us out4 ,the tea was drunk1 and the songs sung to the accompaniment of a wild ,irish harp1 which made excellent music in ,eva's fair hands4 ,a light supper followed1 and then to bed1 after various arrangements for the following days1 which ,sir ,brian insisted ,redland should give to them2 while ,father ,john1 whose time was his own1 as he had a curate1 promised to remain at the abbey also for a few days4 ,near to midnight ,redland found himself in a very tidy and comfortable room with a blazing fire1 and as he undressed his thoughts took the form of soliloquy4 ,pleasant enough all this1 he said1 as he sat before the fire1 and not a bad beginning1 at all events4 ,sir ,brian is a gentleman certainly1 although his prejudices--natural1 too--master him2 the priest1 however1 is my strong card1 and ,i must stick to him2 while as to ,eva--,miss ,mc,murrough--who in the world could have thought of finding such a choice and beautiful blossom in such a site8 ,she is equally ,rich in blood and beauty1 and no mistake1 and her soprano has a great deal of the ,jenny ,lind fine timbre about it4 ,i'm in luck1 at any rate1 so here goes to enjoy and make the most of it4 ,thus saying he went to bed4 ,for the next few days a great deal was done4 ,the yacht was recovered and made available2 fish were caught1 birds shot1 views taken1 cottages visited1 histories detailed1 dinners eaten1 songs sung1 and conversations enjoyed1 in all which the stranger took part1 making himself both useful and agreeable2 putting ,sir ,brian in mind of the good days1 charming the priest by his humane and liberal philosophy1 and gradually stealing into ,eva's good graces so far1 that when one evening he said to her he must think of going1 she sighed1 and said plaintively-- ,yes1 that's the worst of your coming1 ,mr4 ,redland1 for when you leave us how shall we ever get over your loss8 ,though of course one ought to be always prepared for misfortune1 and no one who wished you well would think of detaining you in so dreary a place4 ,dreary6 it has been a paradise to me1 ,i assure you4 ,miss ,mc,murrough1 and when duty demands my presence elsewhere1 inclination will be sure to draw me back by the hair of the head1 and--and by the cords of the heart as well4 ,the latter part of the sentence was spoken partly to himself and escaped ,eva's ear4 ,it so chanced that1 the next morning1 ,father ,john left them1 after a hearty invitation to ,redland to visit his cottage at the side of the mountain2 but it was doomed that his place was supplied about mid-day1 or rather toward dinner-time1 by no less a person than the formidable agent1 ,mr4 ,redmond ,hennessey1 himself who announced to his friend1 ,sir ,brian1 that1 having a day to spare1 he came to tax his hospitality4 #hej ,beside1 he said1 as he and ,sir ,brian sat in conclave1 while ,redland and ,eva were wandering on the banks of the lough--beside1 ,sir ,brian1 a report has reached me that a stranger has intruded himself on your hospitality whom ,i think you ought to beware of4 ,he is a fine young fellow1 and saved my life1 replied the baronet4 ,specious1 ,i dare say2 flippant1 but anything but safe company1 ,i should say1 if my information be correct1 said ,mr4 ,hennessey4 ,what has he done8 demanded ,sir ,brian4 ,a great deal that he should have left undone1 was the reply4 ,i have heard of the goings on of him and that confounded priest1 whose finger is in every man's dish2 of their visitings to tenants1 and their bribes for information2 in point of fact1 ,i look upon him as a dangerous person--one of those ,english radicals who1 driven from their own country1 come to ours to plunge it into convulsion and confusion4 ,i think you are mistaken in your estimate1 replied ,sir ,brian4 ,you will change your opinion by-and-bye1 said ,hennessey2 the proof of the pudding is the eating of it2 ,i have received three threatening letters since he has been here1 short as it is1 and ,i mean1 after dinner1 to draw him out a bit1 and make him show his true colors1 if possible4 ,you had better not1 perhaps1 was the reply2 he is an outspoken young fellow1 and seems to fear no man1 no matter how potential he may think himself4 ,better let him alone1 for your detectives have tracked the wrong man this time1 ,mr4 ,hennessey1 ,i assure you4 ,we shall see1 however1 said the agent1 made more obstinate by opposition4 ,the young people did not return until dinner was ready1 and then ,redland and ,hennessey were introduced to each other4 ,the agent was superciliously cold1 and ,redland hardly civil1 so reserved was his demeanor4 ,it seemed to be hate at first sight on both sides4 ,under these circumstances1 conversation was slow and restrained2 ,mr4 ,hennessey talked of himself a good deal2 of the improvements in his house1 his grounds1 and gardens1 and of his associations with the aristocracy of the district2 while ,redland conversed with ,eva in a low voice1 mercilessly inattentive to the utterings of the great man1 which were frequently interrupted by the ill-repressed laughter of ,eva at what her companion was saying4 ,at last1 however1 dinner was done1 and when ,eva left the room1 ,mr4 ,hennessey began his drawing-out system by a point-blank question addressed to ,redland4 ,i understand1 ,mr4 ,redland1 he said1 that you have been very particularly anxious in your inquiries about the state of ,sir ,william ,jessop's extensive property4 ,i presume you are an author1 and mean to publish your travels in a neat volume1 with wood-cut illustrations8 ,no1 no2 you are altogether mistaken1 was the chilly reply2 ,i am content to read books1 without having the ambition to write them4 ,well1 then1 the greater compliment to us poor ,irish that such an independent inquirer should come amongst us1 said ,hennessey4 ,i hope you are satisfied with what you have observed4 ,i do not wish to answer your question1 sir1 since1 without intending it1 ,i might give you offence1 was the guarded reply4 ,pray don't spare me1 young gentleman1 sneered the agent1 as ,i am used to misconstruction1 and have shoulders broad enough to bear it4 ,you find fault with my management1 of course8 ,not of course1 sir1 replied ,redland1 but if you insist on having my opinion1 ,i think that ,sir ,william ,jessop's estates are very wretchedly managed indeed4 #hea ,hah6 that is candor with a vengeance6 said the agent1 startled out of his self-possession2 you must be a disinterested observer to jump at once to so decided a conclusion4 ,i had my eyes and ears1 sir1 and made use of them1 answered the composed stranger2 where everything is miserable1 and everybody wretched1 on an estate which pays eight or ten thousand a year to its owner1 somebody must be to blame1 since there can be no possible cause for it4 ,go on1 sir1 go on1 said the agent1 winking at ,sir ,brian4 ,at your invitation1 ,i will1 sir1 was the cool reply4 ,seeing what ,i have seen1 and hearing what ,i have heard1 ,i do not wonder that discontent and disaffection should prevail amongst men whom no industry can raise1 and no good conduct can protect4 ,it is the skeletons of a population that ,i have been among1 and not men and women of flesh and blood2 and as to their homes1 ,i profess that the snow-hut of an ,esquimaux would be less inhabitable4 ,i shall call ,sir ,william ,jessop a bad ,englishman1 and a worse ,christian1 if he shall persist in sanctioning a state of things1 which1 of course1 must be out of your control1 since ,i presume you act according to your orders1 and cannot help witnessing the terrible miseries which you are every day compelled to increase4 ,you have been in ,america1 sir1 ,i suppose8 was the irrelevant reply of ,hennessey4 ,i have--both ,north and ,south4 ,and have been a practitioner of 'stump' oratory8 ,i thought so1 replied ,hennessey1 with a coarse laugh4 ,here's to your health1 young ,cicero1 and a better way of thinking to you6 ,to both of us1 sir1 if you please1 replied ,redland1 touching his glass1 and then leaving the room4 ,a dangerous fellow1 just what ,i thought him1 said ,hennessey1 when the door closed4 ,but now that ,i see his game1 ,i am prepared for him2 we'll have no stump orators--no ,captain ,rocks or ,sergeant ,starlights amongst us here1 if we can help it1 ,sir ,brian4 ,but let it rest--let it rest2 we have not quite done with him yet4 ,and now1 ,sir ,brian1 to turn to a pleasanter theme2 the last time ,i was here ,i did myself the honor of making known to you my ardent good wishes for a closer connection with you1 through the medium of ,miss ,mc,murrough1 whose humble slave ,i have long been4 ,i have trusted the matter to my daughter1 ,mr4 ,hennessey1 and find that her objections are insuperable2 she would not listen to me1 except at the risk of tears and hysterics1 said ,sir ,brian4 ,i am obliged to you1 but we will speak no more of it1 if you please4 ,i am sorry for it1 'replied ,hennessey1 as ,i thought that1 under such circumstances ,i might find means to allow your arrears1 and the fifty borrowed from myself1 to stand over4 ,i fear ,i can't promise anything of the sort now1 but ,i suppose you are prepared to back up1 and the sooner the better1 as ,sir ,william is pressing hard for money and must have it4 ,let me have all1 if possible1 before ,saturday1 and so save trouble to both of us4 ,with thanks for your hospitality1 and wishing you a safer guest under your roof1 ,i bid yon good-night4 ,in three minutes more he had left the house1 and ,sir ,brian felt that he had an enemy for life4 ,he said nothing to his guest or his daughter1 however1 save that ,mr4 ,hennessey had been obliged to leave--on business1 he supposed4 ,the next day1 ,mogue1 who had been at the other side of the lake1 brought back word that there was great ructions in the town of ,ballinlough1 as ,mr4 ,hennessey had been fired at early that morning1 on riding to one of his farms1 and that a whole pound of bullets had lodged in his hat4 ,everything was in commotion2 the peelers were out1 and a whole bunch 7bench87 of magistrates were to meet immediately4 ,so that day passed over2 but the next morning a new state of affairs occurred4 ,about #heb ten o'clock1 half a dozen policemen1 with an officer at their head1 arrived at the abbey and showed a warrant of arrest for ,mr4 ,william ,redland1 as a suspicious person1 etc41 with a civil intimation that his body was to be produced before the bench of magistrates now sitting at ,ballinlough4 ,of course1 to hear was to obey4 ,my accuser will make nothing of it1 sir1 said ,redland to the officer1 and if ,i really wished him evil he has now afforded me an opportunity of doing it4 ,you may require bail1 however1 said ,sir ,brian1 so ,i have dispatched a messenger for ,father ,john1 although we can easily defeat him by an alibi4 ,or by telling the truth1 the whole truth1 and nothing but the truth1 said ,redland1 with a smile4 ,when they arrived at the courthouse of ,ballinlough1 they found at least a dozen magistrates in full conclave1 who all scowled on the prisoner1 as ,hennessey was their friend4 ,redland at once confronted this august assembly1 and without waiting for his accuser to begin1 thus commenced3 ,in order to save time and trouble1 gentlemen1 he said1 ,i think it necessary to make a confession for which you may be unprepared49999 ,too late1 my fine fellow1 said ,hennessey2 you should have thought of what you were about before4 ,i heard you myself at ,sir ,brian's table spout as much treason as would set all ,ireland in a flame4 ,i do not wish to prosecute you vindictively1 however1 although ,i was near losing my life by your preaching and teaching1 so if you will undertake to leave the country1 after telling us who and what you are1 ,i will give up the prosecution1 and you may go about your business4 ,you are very considerate1 sir1 and ,i accept your offer1 said the undismayed prisoner4 ,i acknowledge1 therefore1 that both my name and my occupation have been assumed---- ,i knew it--,i could swear it from the first moment ,i laid eyes upon you1 said the triumphant agent2 but go on2 you have told us who and what you are not1 now oblige us with similar information as to whom and what you are4 ,willingly1 sir1 replied the young man4 ,my real name is not ,redland1 but ,jessop--a baronet by rank1 an ,englishman by birth1 and your employer1 ,i think1 into the bargain4 ,i am called1 then1 ,sir ,william ,jessop1 and my occupation here has been quietly to supervise my estates--and a very wretched supervision it was1 as ,i had the honor to tell you in ,sir ,brian ,mc,murrough's house4 ,i am willing to remain under arrest until ,i am fully identified1 and as you are not vindictively influenced1 ,i trust you will accept bail for my appearance when called upon4 ,hennessey was foiled and defeated by his employer's ruse1 and he saw it4 ,he was crestfallen1 too1 for his warmest friends crowded round ,sir ,william1 and left him in the lurch1 although his employer was more merciful4 ,i1 and my father before me1 he said1 have been to blame for not sufficiently making ourselves acquainted with the serious responsibility we had undertaken4 ,i have seen with my own eyes that my estates are sadly mismanaged1 and ,i have reason to complain that your conduct has been both selfish and unjust2 selfish1 in thinking solely of your own interests--and unjust1 in saddling me with your faults4 ,we cannot act longer together1 ,mr4 ,hennessey1 and you will be good enough to prepare your accounts1 so as that they may be duly audited as soon as possible4 ,i will remain the guest of ,sir ,brian ,mc,murrough1 at whose house ,i am for some little time to be found4 ,hennessey left the court-house1 degraded and dismissed1 leaving with him his hat with the pound of bullets in it4 ,i always knew it was ,miles ,casidy the driver put them m #hec it by ,hennessey's order1 said ,andy ,monahan1 and more be token be hinted as much himself yesterday after the seventh glass4 ,sir ,william ,jessop went back to the ,black ,abbey in triumph2 and never left it until he had made ,eva ,mc,murrough his bride1 so that the estates still run with the auld stock1 and ,sir ,brian and ,father ,john1 who is almoner-general to ,sir ,william1 are as happy as kings4 ------ ,,miscellany4 ,the ,source of the ,nile4--,mr4 ,s4 ,w4 ,baker read a paper before the ,royal ,geographical ,society1 ,london1 giving an ,account of the ,discovery of ,lake ,albert ,nyanza4 ,the author commenced by saying that he began in #ahfa the preparation of an expedition1 in the hope of meeting ,speke and ,grant at the sources of the ,nile4 ,he employed the first year in exploring the tributaries of the ,atbara1 and afterward proceeded to ,khartoum1 to organize his party for the great ,white ,nile4 ,in ,december1 #ahfb1 he started from ,khartoum with a powerful force1 embarked on board three vessels1 and including twenty-nine animals of transport1 camels1 horses1 and asses4 ,pursuing his course1 he entered upon a dreary waste of water and reedy banks1 where he soon lost his only ,european attendant1 who was killed by fever4 ,the remainder of the party safely reached ,gondokoro1 which is a wretched place1 occupied only occasionally by traders seeking for slaves and ivory4 ,after fifteen days the firing of guns announced some new arrivals1 and a party arrived1 among whom were two ,englishmen1 who proved to be ,captains ,speke and ,grant1 clothed in humble rags1 but with the glory of success upon them4 ,captain ,speke told him the natives declared that a large lake existed to the westward1 which he believed would turn out to be a second source of the ,nile1 and that he himself had traced the river up to #b #bj' ,n41 when it diverged to the west1 and he was obliged to leave it4 ,mr4 ,baker undertook to follow up the stream1 and made his arrangements to join a trading party going southward4 ,the trade along the ,white ,nile really consisted of cattle-stealing1 slave-catching1 and murder1 and the men whom he was obliged to engage at ,khartoum were the vilest characters4 ,he had applied through the ,british consul at ,alexandria to the ,egyptian government for a few troops to escort him2 but the request was refused1 although an escort was granted to the ,dutch ladies upon the request of the ,french consul4 ,after ,speke and ,grant had left him1 his men mutinied and tried to prevent his proceeding into the interior4 ,his forty armed men threatened to fire upon him1 and the ,turkish traders whom he intended to accompany set off without him1 and forbade him to follow in their track4 ,at that time1 beside his wife1 he had but one faithful follower4 ,but he managed to get back the arms from the recalcitrants1 and induced seventeen of the men to go with him to the eastward1 although none would undertake to go to the south4 ,it was imperative that he should advance1 and he followed the trading party who had threatened to attack him1 and to excite the ,ellyria tribe1 through whom he must pass1 against him4 ,however1 the chief of the trading party was brought over1 and on the #agth of ,march1 #ahfb1 they safely arrived in the ,latooka country1 #aaj miles east of ,gondokoro4 ,that country was one of the finest he had ever seen1 producing ample supplies of grain and supporting large herds4 ,the towns are large and thickly populated1 and the inhabitants are a warlike but friendly race1 who go naked1 and whose chief distinction is their hair1 which they train into a kind of natural helmet4 ,the bodies of those of the tribe who are killed in fight are not buried1 but those who die naturally are buried in front of the house in which they had dwelt1 and at the expiration of a fortnight the bodies are exhumed1 the flesh removed1 and the bones put in earthen #hed pots1 which are placed at the entrance of the towns4 ,like all the tribes of the ,white ,nile1 the ,latookas seemed entirely devoid of any idea of a ,supreme ,being4 ,indeed1 the only difference between them and the beasts is that they can cook and light a fire4 ,there are forests abounding with elephants1 but cattle cannot live there on account of the tsetse fly4 ,the chief was an old man1 who was held to possess the power of producing or restraining rain by a magic whistle2 but one day ,mr4 ,baker happening to whistle upon his fingers in a loud key1 the natives assumed that he had a power to control the elements1 and frequently called upon him to exercise it4 ,from ,latooka he proceeded to ,kamrasi's country1 across an elevated region1 the water-shed of the ,sobat and ,white ,nile rivers4 ,from the ridge he descended into the valley of the ,asua1 which river ,captain ,burton regarded as the main stream of the ,white ,nile1 but which1 when ,mr4 ,baker crossed it in ,january1 did not contain enough water to cover his boots4 ,on arriving at ,shooa1 a large number of the porters deserted him1 but he pushed on for ,enora4 ,he crossed ,karuma ,falls in the same boat which had carried ,captain ,speke across1 but he was detained for some days by the disinclination of the ,king ,kamrasi to allow strangers to pass over1 and it was only when ,mr4 ,baker had exhibited himself on an elevated spot in full ,european costume that he received the desired permission4 ,it appeared that a trading party1 headed by one ,debono1 a ,maltese1 who had escorted ,speke and ,grant1 had made a foray upon ,kamrasi's country1 and ,mr4 ,baker was therefore looked upon with suspicion4 ,from ,karuma ,falls the ,nile flows due west1 a rapid stream1 bordered with fine trees4 ,king ,kamrasi1 who was a well-dressed and cleanly person1 although a great coward1 was very suspicious1 and sought to prevent ,mr4 ,baker continuing his journey by representing that the great lake was six month's journey--a statement which ,mr4 ,baker1 himself ill1 with his wife prostrate from fever1 and his attendants refractory1 received as a fatal blow to all his hopes4 ,learning1 however1 from a native salt-dealer that the lake could be reached in something like ten days1 he induced ,kamrasi1 by the present of his sword1 to drink blood with his head man1 and to allow them to depart4 ,in crossing the ,karan river on the way to the lake ,mrs4 ,baker was struck down by a sunstroke1 and remained almost insensible for seven days1 during which time the rain poured down in torrents4 ,on the eighteenth day after leaving ,kamrasi they came in sight of the looked-for lake1 a limitless sheet of blue water sunk low in a vast depression of the country4 ,he descended the steep cliffs1 #a1ejj feet in height1 leading ,mrs4 ,baker by the hand1 and1 reaching the clean sandy beach1 drank of the sweet waters4 ,the western shore1 sixty miles distant1 consisted of ranges of mountains #g1jjj feet in height4 ,upon achieving the object of their journeys1 ,mr4 ,baker named the lake ,albert ,nyanza4 ,that lake1 together with that of ,victoria ,nyanza1 may be accepted as the great reservoir of the ,nile4 ,embarking in canoes upon the lake1 the party proceeded for thirteen days to the point where the upper river from ,karuma ,falls enters the lake by a scarcely perceptible current1 while the lake itself suddenly turned westward2 but its boundaries in that direction1 as well as those of its southern termination1 are unknown4 ,the ,nile issued from the lake precisely as the natives had reported to ,speke and ,grant1 and from its exit the river is navigable as far as the narrows near the junction of the ,asua4 ,the author saw altogether from elevations three-fourths of the course of the ,nile between its issue from the lake to ,miani's ,tree4 ,mr4 ,baker's progress up the ,upper or ,karuma river was stopped1 at fifteen miles distance1 by a grand waterfall1 which had been named ,murchison ,falls1 in honor of the distinguished president of the ,geographical ,society4 ,upon their return to ,kamrasi's country the travellers were detained nearly twelve months1 the king being so impressed with the skill and knowledge of his ,european visitors that he could not be persuaded to let them leave him4 ,ultimately the travellers managed to get free1 and1 after a variety of difficulties with their attendants and the traders1 arrived safely at ,alexandria4 ------ #hee ,,new ,,publications4 ,,life ,,of ,,saint ,,teresa4 ,edited by the ,archbishop of ,westminster4 ,london3 ,hurst ,blackett4 #ahfe4 ,st4 ,philip ,neri1 that gentle and wise guide of souls1 advised those under his direction to read frequently the ,lives of the ,saints4 ,experience teaches how very profitable this is as an incitement to virtue4 ,as we get a better idea of a person1 a place1 or an event by an accurate representation than by the most graphic description1 so the detailed account of the workings of grace in a faithful soul oftentimes captivates the heart for ,god which frequent and fervent exhortation has failed to reach4 ,but the amount of good which even the most striking example will produce upon the mind of the reader1 will depend very materially upon the way in which the incidents in the life are presented4 ,in the work before us we have the varied experience of one of the very noblest and most courageous souls1 through a long and eventful life1 related in language which charms while it inspires4 ,st4 ,teresa's spirit was peculiarly one of chivalry and honor4 ,she was a true child of her native ,spain1 that land of romance1 the mother of so large a proportion of the more distinguished of the canonized saints of the ,church4 ,avila1 her birthplace1 was known as the ,city of ,knights4 ,she tells us herself how in youth and early womanhood she had revelled in stories of hazardous adventure1 of deeds of valor1 and acts of self-devotion1 to a degree which1 on reflection in after years1 she thought had been very perilous to her fidelity to virtue4 ,but grace led captive that warm and impassioned heart1 and stimulated her to do for ,god what many a brave knight is said to have done for the object of his love4 ,as ,st4 ,paul said1 ,i can do all things in him who strengtheneth me4 ,so1 the more rough and jagged the front of the obstacles she had to oppose1 the more invincible she proved herself to be4 ,no1 my ,lord6 she said on one occasion1 it is no fault of thine that those who love thee do not great things for thee2 the fault is in our own cowardice and fears1 because we never do anything without mingling with it a thousand apprehensions and human considerations4 ,the ,holy ,ghost had infused into her energetic soul a holy restlessness1 and work1 ceaseless work1 hard work1 alone could satisfy its cravings4 ,while the foundations of ,valentia and ,burgos were in contemplation1 so many difficulties came up1 one after another1 and among them ill health and the feebleness natural to a life now in its decline1 that it seemed impossible that they could be effected4 ,in speaking of this particular time she says3 ,it seems to me that one of the greatest troubles and miseries of life is the want of noble courage to bring the body into subjection2 for though pain and sickness be troublesome1 yet ,i account this as nothing when the soul can rise above them in the might of her love1 praising ,god for them1 and receiving them as gifts from his hand4 ,but on the one hand to be suffering1 and on the other to be able to do nothing1 is a terrible thing1 especially for a soul that has an ardent desire to find no rest1 either interior or exterior1 on earth1 but to employ herself entirely in the service of her great ,god4 ,she was in this unsettled state1 her mind oppressed with doubt1 when she begged light of our ,lord at communion4 ,he answered her interiorly3 ,of what art thou afraid8 ,when have ,i been wanting to thee8 ,i am the same now that ,i have ever been4 ,do not neglect to make these two foundations4 ,she then adds1 ,o great ,god6 how different are thy words from those of men6 ,i became so resolute and courageous that all the world would not have been able to hinder me4 ,here we have the key to her whole life4 ,her stimulus1 as well as strength1 was personal love for our ,lord4 ,when circumstances threw her back for a moment upon her own feebleness1 she was powerless2 but let her only hear an encouraging word from him1 for which she instinctively listened1 and in a moment she was fearless and unconquerable4 ,spiritual cowardice is the great obstacle which lies between numberless well-disposed #hef souls1 nowadays1 and perfection4 ,how valuable1 then1 and how opportune1 this life of the great-hearted ,st4 ,teresa6 ,we offer our thanks and gratitude to the devout and active ,archbishop of ,westminster1 under whose editorship this useful life appears4 ,from private authority we learn that its authoress is a religious of a convent of ,poor ,clares under the direction of the ,oblate ,fathers of ,st4 ,charles1 in ,london4 ,we are tempted to envy this good religious the satisfaction and pleasure she must feel at having been instrumental in giving her ,catholic brethren so welcome and powerful an aid to lead a holy life4 ,although the name of the ,oblate ,fathers of ,st4 ,charles does not appear in connection with this work1 their very recent connection with ,dr4 ,manning1 and their existing relation to the convent from which this work has issued1 compels us before closing this notice to thank them for the share which we suspect them to have had in its publication4 ,this suspicion is strengthened by the fact that from their hands we have received that perfect specimen of a beautiful book1 ,the ,works of ,st4 ,john of the ,cross2 in unity of labor1 as in spirit1 the twin-brother of ,st4 ,teresa4 ,,the ,,life ,,and ,,public ,,services ,,of ,,andrew ,,johnson1 ,,seventeenth ,,president ,,of ,,the ,,united ,,states1 including his ,state ,papers and ,public ,speeches4 ,by ,john ,savage1 author of ,our ,living ,presidents1 etc4 ,derby ,miller4 #hvo1 pp4 #djh4 ,the life of a man like ,andrew ,johnson must command the profound attention of every one who wishes to understand the age and country4 ,it is deeply interesting to ourselves1 who have raised him from obscurity to the highest position in the nation1 and are prepared to give him1 without reference to party or opinion1 our cordial and loyal support in his efforts to carry out the organic idea of national life4 ,the biography of ,andrew ,johnson is a history of the epoch4 ,he is a representative man of his class and age4 ,it illustrates the power of will to conquer and bring to its support a vast amount of coeval will1 making itself the controlling and representative will4 ,few men are elected who are not in intrinsic as well as extrinsic harmony with the power electing4 ,fraud1 chicanery1 and deception have less to do with the results of our popular elections than is generally and flippantly asserted4 ,the great characteristics of ,president ,johnson are strong natural ability1 invincible determination1 courage1 ambition1 loyalty to the ,union1 fidelity to his own convictions1 and contempt for privilege and prescription4 ,mr4 ,savage has written the text well and carefully1 and interwoven the coincident history with more than ordinary correctness4 ,there is one little point to which we would call attention1 in1 the contents of ,chapter ,,xvii4 the passage occurs1 ,granger and ,thomas relieve ,burnside4 ,in the same chapter1 page #bha1 he says1 ,granger and ,sherman were sent into ,east ,tennessee to relieve ,burnside and raise the siege of ,knoxville4 ,granger and ,thomas did not relieve ,burnside4 ,the opportune arrival of ,general ,grant1 the intelligent and vigorous co-operation of ,sherman and ,hooker on the extreme flanks1 and the almost spontaneous charge of the center by the troops of the army of the ,cumberland up and over ,missionary ,ridge1 won the glorious victory of ,chattanooga4 ,general ,grant immediately dispatched ,sherman to the relief of ,knoxville4 ,gordon ,granger commanded a corps temporarily under ,sherman1 and was not distinguished for alacrity or zeal on that occasion4 ,sherman relieved ,knoxville as a part of ,grant's grand plan of the campaign4 ,the work is issued in handsome style1 and has a correct steel engraving of the ,president4 ,,the ,,letters ,,of ,,wolfgang ,,amadeus ,,mozart 7#agfi-agia74 ,translated from the collection of ,ludwig ,nohl by ,lady ,wallace2 with a portrait and fac-simile4 #bvols41 #abmo4 ,new ,york3 ,hurd ,houghton4 #ahff4 ,the many thousands living who know1 and the many thousands who are yet to know1 the works of the great ,mozart1 will not fail to welcome this true picture of his artist life4 ,it forms1 indeed1 rather a continuous journal1 very little short of an autobiography1 than a mere chance collection of letters2 extending as they do from a date when he was but thirteen years old up to within a few days of his death4 ,one would look in these letters1 of course1 for a great deal about music1 and musical composition1 operas1 concerts1 and the #heg like1 but hardly expect to find so much as there is of ,mozart's personal life1 his thoughts1 plans1 detailed descriptions of nearly all he saw and heard1 revealing to the reader1 better than any biographer could1 the real character of this crowned master of the heavenly art4 ,possessing an intensely vivid imagination and a sprightly wit1 his letters sparkle with humor4 ,he dearly loves to say odd1 pleasant things to make them laugh at home4 ,here is one taken at random3 ,,vienna1 ,april #aa1 #agha4--,te ,deum ,laudamus6 at last that coarse1 mean ,brunetti is off1 who disgraces his master1 himself1 and all the musicians3 so say ,cecarelli and ,i4 ,not a word of truth in any of the ,vienna news1 except that ,cecarelli is to sing at the opera in ,venice during the ensuing carnival4 ,potz ,himmel6 and all sorts of devils6 ,i hope that is not swearing1 for if so1 ,i must at once go to confession again1 from which ,i have just returned1 because to-morrow 7,maunday ,thursday7 the archbishop is to administer the sacrament to the whole court in his own gracious person4 ,cecarelli and ,i went to the ,theatine monastery to try to find ,pater ,froschauer1 as he can speak ,italian4 ,a pater or a frater1 who was at the altar trimming the lights1 assured us the ,pater1 as well as another who perfectly knows ,italian1 were not at home1 and would not return till four o'clock4 ,what did please me was1 that on my saying to the clerical candle-snuffer that eight years ago ,i had played a violin concerto in this very choir1 he instantly named me4 ,now1 as far as swearing goes1 this letter is only a pendant to my former one1 to which ,i hope to receive an answer by the next post4 ,mozart lived and died a pious ,catholic4 ,such might be gleaned from his compositions1 expressive as they are of that deep religious reverence1 and sense of the sublime majesty of the holy faith1 which he possessed in so marked a manner4 ,he felt and fully appreciated the power of inspiration which ,catholic life possesses to elevate the soul1 and realize in art1 as in every form of the beautiful and the true1 its noblest aspirations4 ,you know1 he writes to his father1 that there is nothing ,i desire more than a good appointment--good in reputation--good in money--no matter where1 provided it be in a ,catholic country4 ,the piety of his ordinary life may be seen in the manner in which he prepared for his marriage4 ,previous to our marriage1 he writes1 we had for some time past attended mass together1 as well as confessed and taken the holy communion3 and ,i found that ,i never prayed so fervently1 nor confessed so piously1 as by her side1 and she felt the same4 ,there is throughout these letters a certain free1 off-hand way of dealing with all sorts of subjects and persons which evinces a strong and independent spirit1 and shows us that ,mozart1 though often obliged to dawdle at the heels of niggardly and exacting patrons1 never lost his own self-respect4 ,he had too keen a sense of his own merits1 and of the too frequent lack of any merit at all in his competitors1 not to be pardonably vain4 ,he sought praise1 it is true1 and revelled in it1 and loved to repeat what had been said of him1 yet with so much boyish simplicity as to banish from the mind of the reader all judgment of affectation4 ,he gives an amusing account of an interview with the composer ,becke1 of whom1 it must be confessed1 he was not a little jealous4 ,at his request ,i tried his piano1 which is very good4 ,he often said ',bravo6' ,i extemporized1 and also played the sonatas in ,b and ,d4 ,in short1 he was very polite1 and ,i also polite1 but grave4 ,we conversed on a variety of topics--among others1 about ,vienna1 and more particularly that the emperor was no great lover of music4 ,he said1 ',it is true he had some knowledge of composition1 but of nothing else4 ,i can still recall 7and here he rubbed his forehead7 that when ,i was to play before him ,i had no idea what to play1 so ,i began with some fugues and trifles of that sort1 which in my own mind ,i only laughed at4' ,i could scarcely resist saying1 ',i can quite fancy your laughing1 but scarcely so loud as ,i must have done had ,i heard you4' ,he further said 7what is the fact7 that the music in the emperor's private apartments is enough to frighten the crows4 ,i replied1 that whenever ,i heard such music1 if ,i did not quickly leave the room1 it gave me a headache4 ',oh1 no6 it has no such effect on me2 bad music does not affect my nerves1 but fine music never fails to give me a headache4' ,i thought to myself again1 such a shallow head as yours is sure to suffer when listening to what is beyond its comprehension4 #heh ,altogether1 it is a delightful book4 ,it comes to us in a neat scholarly dress1 creditable to the publishers1 and as worthy of a wide circulation among the lovers of art as it is certain to have a distinguished entre into all literary circles4 ,,history ,,of ,,the ,,united ,,states ,,cavalry ,,from ,,the ,,formation ,,of ,,the ,,federal ,,government ,,to ,,the ,,first ,,of ,,june ,,the #a,,st #ahfc4 ,to which is added a list of all the ,cavalry ,regiments1 with ,names of their ,commanders1 which have been in the ,united ,states service since the breaking out of the ,rebellion4 ,by ,albert ,g4 ,brackett1 ,major ,first ,u4 ,s4 ,cavalry1 ,colonel ,ninth ,illinois ,volunteer ,cavalry1 etc41 etc4 #abmo41 pp4 #ccg4 ,new ,york3 ,harper ,brothers4 #ahfe4 ,col4 ,brackett has presented the history of the ,u4 ,s4 cavalry1 brought down to #ahfc1 in a modest and soldierlike manner4 ,it is the first attempt at a systematic literary record of an arm of the service1 and we hope it will be followed by others1 in order to perpetuate traditions most interesting to the people and honorable to the brave men who have trodden the wilds of the forest and prairie1 subdued the savage1 and performed gallant deeds from the ,rio ,grande to the ,columbia1 and from the ,james to the ,colorado of the ,west4 ,few persons living in towns and cities can appreciate the intelligence1 courage1 and cheerful self-sacrifice which have been the characteristics of ,american soldiers1 who have borne such an important but unobtrusive part in the conquest of the natural obstacles to the settlement of the continent1 and been the pioneers on the great lines of emigration and improvement4 ,the material subjugation of the wilderness has been no less heroic than their military triumphs4 ,in all these great events the cavalry has acted a most conspicuous part4 ,this book will be welcomed at all the military posts1 and become an authority at every mess-table and camp-fire4 ,its personal reminiscences are1 perhaps1 its most pleasing and attractive feature4 ,they recall vividly men and scenes identified with our early life1 now passed away for ever4 ,col4 ,brackett has done a graceful thing in including ,dr4 ,joseph ,b4 ,brown1 ,u4,s4 ,a41 in his dedication2 a purer man and better officer does not live than ,dr4 ,brown4 ,the work concludes at a period when the volunteer cavalry was beginning to be useful and efficient4 ,the history will not be complete till their splendid services under ,wilson at the battle of ,nashville are recorded4 ,no one who saw them moving in long gleaming lines on the extreme right on the morning of the #aeth of ,december1 #ahfd1 or heard the ceaseless converging roll of the repeating carbines of the dismounted two thousand reverberating amidst the wood-crowned hills1 will ever forget the picture or the sound4 ,,thoughts ,,on ,,the ,,future ,,civil ,,policy ,,oh ,,america4 ,by ,john ,william ,draper1 ,m4,d41 ,,ll4,d4 ,crown #hvo41 pp4 #cag4 ,harper ,brothers4 ,third ,edition4 ,this is the title of a beautifully printed and bound volume1 by ,prof4 ,draper1 who is well known for his scientific attainments and elegant scholarship4 ,it might be called a treatise on the psychology and physiology of national life1 especially applied to the ,american republic in its present and possible character and destiny4 ,it is written from a point of view directly opposed to ,catholic theology and philosophy1 and asserts the dominion of the natural in opposition to the supernatural4 ,it rejects the supernatural and substitutes irresponsible force for intelligent1 benignant ,providence4 ,it recognizes only the plane of natural reason1 and denies by implication the transition from the natural to the supernatural in the incarnation4 ,dr4 ,draper is the best representative of the school of ,guizot1 ,carlyle1 and ,buckle1 inasmuch as he is more calm and dispassionate1 and if he possess less erudition than they1 he has more scientific knowledge and the discipline of practical teaching to chasten and modify his forms of thought and expression4 ,dr4 ,draper1 we do not question1 desires conscientiously to promulgate the true doctrines of national life and development4 ,he announces many important truths1 and his analyses of historic periods in the domain of the material and intellectual are often clear1 precise1 and beautiful4 ,there is a good deal of orientalism in his thoughts1 and it seems to us that his own imagination is profoundly affected by the gorgeous pictures passing before it in the process of #hei intellectual creation4 ,the same observation applies to his style and imagery1 and his writings possess the power1 like ,carlyle's1 of stimulating the imagination of the leader to the highest degree1 often to the detriment of the reason4 ,he chooses the close of his magnificent periods to dart a keen1 condensed1 carefully studied1 dogmatic assertion into the mind like an arrow1 while the faculties are for the moment blinded by the splendor of diction and the pomp of highly colored illustration4 ,dr4 ,draper is exceedingly cautious and guarded as to his conclusions1 and leaves the necessary inferences to be drawn by the reader4 ,his influence has a tendency toward one of two directions1 either an oriental1 sensuous1 hopeless intellectual apathy1 or a senseless1 because objectless1 material activity4 ,dr4 ,draper does not deny the existence of ,god2 but how he can assert it while attempting to demonstrate the omnipotence of natural law and force1 we do not understand4 ,his doctrines lead either to nihilism or pantheism4 ,dr4 ,draper is entitled to high respect as a philosopher of the natural order from ,catholics1 for the reason that he has always been generous in his statements of ,catholicity in its natural and exterior aspects and relations4 ,his tributes to the ,church are among the most cordial1 appreciative1 and eloquent that have been uttered in modern times by non-,catholics4 ,he has however done much in the present volume to diminish this claim1 established in some of his former writings4 ,he is the representative in this country1 at least1 of the great controversy between the ,church and the natural life of man-- between the two orders1 natural and supernatural--between science and authority4 ,there can be no antagonism between science and infallible authority2 for truth is a unit1 comes from ,god1 and returns to him1 like light from the sun1 its type and figure4 ,religion has nothing to fear from science4 ,the occasional apparent opposition has been personal and temporary1 not ex-cathedral and eternal4 ,there can be no conflict between the spoken word of ,god and his actualized word1 creation4 ,the dispute is an old one4 ,there is no change in the principles involved2 but the form is modified by experience1 development1 and scientific research4 ,it must be reviewed in the retrospect of history1 present knowledge1 and the prevision of science4 ,there can be no doubt but the illumination of the whole subject will illustrate 7it cannot prove7 the truths of revelation1 as practical science illustrates the judgments of common sense4 ,dr4 ,draper is an able philosopher and doctor of material progress and the natural order4 ,his advice to the people of this country is sound and wise1 and it will be well for our temporal prosperity if his suggestions are heeded by those who have control of public affairs4 ,his work is in some sense complementary of ,dr4 ,brownson's recent great work1 and there are some striking analogies between them4 ,the binding and execution of the book are in ,harpers' best style1 and leave little to be desired in this department of luxury4 ,,the ,,croppy3 ,a ,tale of the ,irish ,rebellion of #agih4 ,by the ,o',hara ,family1 with ,introduction by ,michael ,banim1 ,esq41 the survivor of the ,o',hara ,family4 #abmo41 pp4 #dfd4 ,boston3 ,patrick ,donahoe4 ,the scene of this story is laid principally in the county of ,wexford1 ,ireland1 where the ,rebellion of '#ih chiefly raged during the spring and summer of that memorable year4 ,the narrative is highly interesting1 and contains about the best account of the battles of ,vinegar ,hill and ,new ,ross1 as well as of other skirmishes and battles between the insurgents and the ,english troops4 ,it also gives a curious insight into the workings of the society of ,united ,irishmen and1 also1 of the ,orange-men of that period4 ,there are many fine passages in this story1 which was written by the present editor of the new edition1 ,mr4 ,michael ,banim4 ,,the ,,catholic',s ,,vade ,,mecum2 ,a ,,select ,,manual ,,of ,,prayers ,,for ,,daily ,,use4 ,compiled from ,approved ,sources4 pp4 #dae4 ,philadelphia3 ,eugene ,cummiskey4 ,this new prayer-book is published with the approbation of the ,right ,rev4 ,dr4 ,wood1 ,bishop of ,philadelphia1 from the ,london edition of ,vade ,mecum4 ,it is a useful compilation of prayers1 and possesses one merit highly recommendable--it is just the size to #hfj carry in one's pocket without any inconvenience1 and contains all the prayers necessary for ordinary occasions4 ,,richard ,,cobden1 ,,the ,,apostle ,,of ,,free ,,trade3 his ,political ,career and ,public ,services4 ,a ,biography4 ,by ,john ,mc,gilchrist1 author of ,life of ,lord ,dundonald1 ,men who have ,made ,themselves1 etc4 #abmo41 pp4 #bie4 ,harper ,brothers4 #ahfe4 ,this neat little volume contains a well-written life of ,richard ,cobden1 and a succinct history of the ,anti-,corn ,law ,league and agitation1 the great work of his life4 ,mr4 ,cobden1 although an islander and an ,englishman1 justly merited the title of the international man4 ,he was a man of peace1 because war is hostile to trade1 and breaks up the lines of traffic1 as well1 no doubt1 from more humane and generous motives4 ,he never sympathized with the ignoble jealousy and enmity toward this country so common in ,england1 and was throughout the friend and defender of the ,union4 ,his rise from obscurity to wealth1 position1 and almost unbounded influence1 is a remarkable event1 and illustrates the tremendous power of trade and commerce4 ,he rose on the tide which commenced with the adaptation of machinery and application of steam1 which has wrought the greatest revolution in the history of the world4 ,he knew how to take advantage of his great opportunities1 and used the ability thus acquired to advance the interests of humanity and general well-being4 ,his life is an example to our present race of very rich men1 and possibly may suggest to them objects more noble than mere accumulation and personal luxury4 ,,books ,,received4 ,from ,b4 ,appleton ,co41 ,new ,york3 ,life of the ,most ,rev4 ,john ,hughes1 ,d4,d41 ,first ,archbishop of ,new ,york4 ,with selections from his private correspondence4 ,by ,john ,r4 ,g4 ,hassard4 #a vol4 #hvo4 ,we regret not having received this handsome volume in time for a notice in this number of ,the ,catholic ,world4 ,from a hasty glance through its pages we judge that ,mr4 ,hassard has done his work faithfully and well4 ,the book is gotten up in ,appleton's best style4 ,we shall give an extended notice of it in our next number4 ,from ,g4 ,c4 ,,merriam1 ,springfield1 ,mass43 ,an ,american ,dictionary of the ,english ,language4 ,by ,noah ,webster1 ,,ll4,d4 ,thoroughly revised1 and greatly enlarged and improved1 by ,chauncey ,a4 ,goodrich1 ,d4,d41 and ,noah ,porter1 ,b4,d4 #a vol4 royal quarto1 illustrated4 ,pp4 #a1hdj4 ,from ,d4 ,j4 ,,sadlier ,co41 ,new ,york4 ,numbers #h1 #i1 #aj1 #aa1 #ab1 and #ac of the ,lives of the ,popes2 ,nos4 #e1 #f1 #g1 #h1 #i of ,banim's ,complete ,works4 ,christian ,missions1 their ,agents and their ,results4 ,by ,t4 ,w4 ,marshall4 #b vols4 #hvo41 pp4 #a1bjj4 ,the ,peep o' ,day1 or ,john ,doe2 ,the ,croppy3 a tale of the ,irish rebellion of #agih2 and ,croohore of the ,billhook1 by the ,o',hara ,family4 ,a new edition1 with introduction and notes1 by ,michael ,banim1 the survivor of the ,o',hara ,family4 #b vols4 #abmo41 pp4 #dab and #dce4 ,from ,,john ,,murphy ,,co41 ,baltimore1 ,md43 ,manual of the ,apostleship of ,prayer4 ,by the ,rev4 ,h4 ,ramiere1 ,s4,j41 ,director of the ,association4 ,translated from the ,french4 #cbmo41 pp4 #afh4 ,the ',catholic' ,church and the ,roman ,catholic ,church3 ,in a ,friendly ,correspondence between a ,catholic ,priest and an ,episcopal ,minister4 ,pamphlet1 #af pages4 ,we have received from ,messrs4 ,j4 ,,gurney ,,son1 #gjg ,broadway1 ,new ,york1 an excellent photographic likeness of the late ,rev4 ,j4 ,w4 ,cummings1 ,d4,d4 ,,mr4 ,,peter ,f4 ,,cunningham1 of ,philadelphia1 announces as in press ,the ,life of ,blessed ,john ,bachman1 with a fine steel portrait of the saint2 ,the ,life of ,st4 ,cecilia1 by ,gueranger2 and four new volumes of the ,young ,catholic's ,library4 ,,lawrence ,,kehoe has in press1 and will publish early in ,april1 a small volume of poems by ,aubrey de ,vere1 entitled1 ,may ,carols1 and ,hymns and ,poems4 ,the ,,messrs4 ,,sadlier ,,co41 ,new ,york1 have just issued the ,catholic ,almanac and ,ordo for the year of our ,lord #ahff4 ,it contains the names of the rev4 clergy2 religious and literary institutions in nearly all the dioceses in the ,united ,states and ,canada2 a list of the hierarchy in ,ireland as well as other valuable information4