,?is ,e text uses ,,utf-#h 7unicode7 file encod+4 ,if ! apo/rophes1 quotation m>ks & greek text 9 ?is p>agraph appe> z g>bage1 y may h an incompatible br[s] or unavailable fonts4 ,fir/1 make sure t y\r br[s]'s 8"* set0 or 8file encod+0 is set to ,unicode 7,,utf-#h74 ,y may also ne$ to *ange ! default font4 ,! ,*ri/ian ,fai? ,"u ,mod]n ,se>*lights ,! ,l4 ,p4 ,/one ,lectures ,deliv]$ at ,pr9ceton ,!ological ,sem9>y ,! ,*ri/ian ,fai? ,"u ,mod]n ,se>*lights ,by ,,william ,,hallock ,,johnson1 ,ph4 ,d41 ,d4,d4 ,pr(essor ( ,greek & ,new ,te/am5t ,lit]ature 9 ,l9coln ,univ]sity1 ,p5nsylvania ,) an ,introduction by ,,francis ,,l&ey ,,patton1 ,d4,d41 ,,ll4,d4 ,presid5t ,em]itus ( ,pr9ceton ,!ological ,sem9>y ,illu/ration ,,new ,,york ,,*icago ,,toronto ,flem+ ,h4 ,revell ,company ,,london ,,& ,,ed9burgh ,copyright1 #aiaf1 by ,,flem+ ,h4 ,,revell ,,company ,new ,york3 #aeh ,fif? ,av5ue ,*icago3 #ag ,nor? ,waba% ,ave4 ,toronto3 #be ,ri*mond ,/reet1 ,w4 ,london3 #ba ,pat]no/] ,squ>e ,ed9burgh3 #ajj ,pr9ces ,/reet ,to ,v4 ,s4 ,f4 ,introduction ,x 0 my good =tune to he> ! lectures conta9$ 9 ?is volume :5 !y 7 giv5 9 ! ,mill] ,*apel ( ,pr9ceton ,!ological ,sem9>y4 ,! high e/imate ,i !n =m$ ( !m has s9ce be5 enhanc$ by ! read+ ( ! pro(-%eets4 ,pr(essor ,johnson is a well-tra9$ /ud5t ( philosophy & = "s ye>s has be5 pr(essionally engag$ 9 ! tea*+ ( ,new ,te/am5t criticism4 ,he may !re=e be tru/$ z a compet5t judge ( ! issues t are rais$ by anti-,*ri/ian ?\ght 9 ! two great fields ( contempor>y controv]sy4 ,! only view ( ,*ri/ianity wor? cont5d+ = 9 any s]i\s way is t :i* reg>ds x z a sup]natural revelation4 ,! au?or /ates 8 own position 9 ! fir/ lecture4 ,?is position is antagoniz$ by ^? :o hold a naturali/ic or pan!i/ic view ( ! _w & also by ^? :o1 :atev] may be _! philosophy1 are us+ ! weapons ( hi/orical criticism to discr$it miracul\s ,*ri/ianity4 ,i c imag9e t !re are two classes ( ,*ri/ians = :om ^! lectures w h only a mod]ate int]e/3 ^? :o are possess$ ( a /rong & aggressive fai? & :o are impati5t ( all discussion t seems to c>ry ) x ! implication t _! religi\s convictions /& 9 ne$ ( any def5se2 & ^? :o1 by reason ( _! easy acquiesc5ce 9 ! conclusions ( a m9imiz+ !ology1 look ^u su* discussions z hav+ a t5d5cy to divide ! h\sehold ( fai? & to div]t att5tion f ! activities ( ! ,*ur*4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ,i am confid5t1 a l>ge class ( m5 9 & out ( ! ,*ur* :o w\ld welcome a cle> /atem5t ( ! case ( ,*ri/ianity 9 ! light ( curr5t debate & to m5 ( ?is class ,i h great pleasure 9 comm5d+ ! pres5t volume4 ,! m]it ( ^! lectures consi/s l>gely 9 ! fact t ! au?or takes a compreh5sive survey ( ! late/ phases ( anti-,*ri/ian ?\ght1 t he has a firm hold ^u ! c5tral & vital que/ions involv$ 9 ! great debate1 & t he does n all[ himself to be hamp]$ by deal+ ne$lessly ) side issues4 ,he is ke5 & p5etrat+ 9 8 criticism ( ^? :o belittle ! evid5ce 9 support ( reveal$ religion1 & g5]\s1 sometimes to a fault1 9 8 appreciation ( writ]s ) ^: dom9ant ideas he has b scant sympa?y4 ,( 8 le>n+ & logical acum5 !re is no d\bt & 8 fairness 9 controv]sy is above reproa*4 ,z ! title ( ?is volume sugge/s1 we h no reason to fe> t ! ,*ri/ian fai? w suff] loss by reason ( ! fi]ce light ( criticism :i* n[ beats ^u x4 ,we mu/ n und]value le>n+ nor %r9k f a se>*+ scrut9y ( our beliefs4 ,! tru? ( ,*ri/ianity is n h>d to discov] :5 tru? is s\ght ?r\gh ! m$ium ( normal vision4 ,b our oppon5ts mu/ rememb] t :5 inquiry is ent]$ ^u amid ! bl9d+ mi/s ( philosophic preconception & hi/oric prejudice ! be/ in/rum5ts ( inve/igation w fail to ov]come ! condition ( l[ visibility :i* confronts ! seek]4 ,! se>*light is ( little use 9 a fog4 ,,francis ,l4 ,,patton4 ,preface ,a deep unsettlem5t ( belief is *>act]i/ic ( our age4 ,we prize ! d\bt t l[ k9ds & simpl] ages exi/$ )\t2 an int]rogation po9t is held to be ! badge ( m5tal sup]iority4 ,:ile ?is unsettlem5t is to be deplor$ :5 x leads1 z x does 9 s _m cases1 to ! %ipwreck ( fai? & ev5 ( morals1 !re is yet a c]ta9 exhil>ation 9 liv+ 9 a critical age4 ,! *all5ge to fai?1 meet+ u at e po9t1 r\ses f dogmatic slumb] & dead or?odoxy4 ,we realize t ! fai? :i* is to survive mu/ be n simply a traditional fai?1 b an intellig5t fai?1 s5d+ its roots d[n deep into reason & exp]i5ce1 & blossom+ upw>d 9 ! fl[]s & fruits ( "* & ( good works4 ,z "* receives its cr[n 9 ! times ( p]secution1 s p]haps fai? may gr[ /ronge/ 9 an age ( d\bt3 x 0 ! d\bt] among ! disciples :o at la/ made ! bolde/ confession ( fai?4 ,a re/less age may at la/ he$ ! invitation1 ,come unto ,me2 ,i w give y re/4 ,^! lectures1 deliv]$ at ,pr9ceton ,!ological ,sem9>y 9 ,febru>y1 #aiad1 "u ! title ( ,! ,*ri/ian ,fai? 9 ! ,light ( ,mod]n ,k1 h n[ be5 revis$ ) ! addition ( new matt]4 ,!y 7 writt5 9 ! conviction t :at ,*ri/ianity has mo/ to fe> is ignorance & prejudice & presupposition2 t ! ,*ri/ian ,fai?1 ) its motto1 ,come & see1 welcomes ! fulle/ inve/igation2 & t e advance 9 k1 :atev] tempor>y p]plexities x may occasion1 w 9 ! end reveal m fully ! intr9sic excell5ce ( ! ,*ri/ian religion & e/abli% m firmly its sov]eign claim to be f heav5 & n f m54 ,w4 ,h4 ,j4 ,l9coln ,univ]sity1 ,pa4 ,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,i ,,:at ,,is ,,! ,,*ri/ian ,,fai?8 ,ne$ ( a def9ition #ae ,i4 ,! ,*ri/ianity ( ! ,new ,te/am5t ,writ]s #af ,_! emphasis ^u ! ,passion & ,resurrection #af ,_! emphasis ^u ! ,p]son ( ,*ri/ #bj ,,ii4 ,primitive ,*ri/ianity & ,paul9e ,*ri/ianity #ba ,0 ,paul ! ,f\nd] ( ,*ri/ianity8 #ba ,l9es ( connection betwe5 ,paul & ! ,primitive ,apo/les #bb ,,iii4 ,! ,*ri/ianity ( ,jesus & ( ,paul #bf ,h>mony 9 _! ,e?ical ,tea*+ & 9 _! bl5d+ ( ,doctr9e ) ,e?ics #bg ,! ,*ri/ological passage1 ,mat!w xi4 #be-cj3 its exegesis & its alleg$ isolation #ce ,! ,passion n>rative 9 ,m>k3 views ( ,b\sset #da ,self-au!nticat+ contra/s 9 ! ,"* ( ,*ri/ #dc ,,iv4 ,! ,dilemma ( ,hi/orical ,criticism #dd ,jesus z view$ by ! ,lib]al & ! ,radical ,s*ools #dd ,! ,dilemma ( ,lib]al ,criticism #de ,less5+ ,significance ( a m]ely human ,jesus #di ,h>nack & von ,dobs*tz on ! ,d\ble ,gospel #ec ,! ,ess5ce ( ,*ri/ianity #ed ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,*ri/ian ,,fai? ,,& ,,mod]n ,,sci5ce ,! ,d>w9ian ,!ory3 inf]5ces unfav\rable & fav\rable to religion #ef ,evolution & ! ,cop]nican ,revolution #fj ,i4 ,! ,me?od ( ,evolution3 ! biological discussion #fa ,/ate ( op9ion aft] fifty ye>s ( ,d>w9ism #fa ,laws ( ,v>iation & ,h]$ity #fb ,weismann's !ory ( ,g]m9al ,selection #fc ,significance ( ! v>iety 9 op9ions #fe ,,ii4 ,! ,mean+ ( ,evolution3 ! philosophical discussion #ff #a4 ,me*anism & ,design #ff ,9 ! organic _w 9 g5]al2 ! fitness ( ! environm5t #fg ,9 ! organic _w includ+ man #gj #b4 ,pre=mation & ,epig5esis #gc ,pre=mation & ! inf9ite regress #gd ,! ,orig9 ( ,life3 v>i\s !ories #ge ,! ,orig9 ( ,man z view$ f diff]5t /&po9ts #gh ,! ,g5]atio quivoca #hj ,,iii4 ,!ism & ,evolution #hb ,! causal dem& #hb ,!ism & ! ideas ( ,cont9uity & ,progress #hc ,religion & sci5tific advance #he ,,*apt] ,,iii ,! ,*ri/ian ,fai? & ,psy*ology ,! ,psy*ology ( ,religion3 its precursors & f\nd]s #hi ,i4 ,! ,psy*ology ( ,religi\s ,exp]i5ce3 po9ts emphasiz$ 9 ! discussion #ib #a4 ,! normality ( religion #ib #b4 ,! p[] ( religion 9 ! individual & 9 society #if #c4 ,! ne$ ( salvation #ajj #d4 ,! way ( salvation #ajb ,,ii4 ,! ,metaphysical ,implicates ( ,religi\s ,exp]i5ce #aje #a4 ,! ,physical ,explanation3 religion ! result ( bodily conditions2 religion & sex #ajf #b4 ,! ,psy*ological ,explanation3 religion & ! subconsci\s #aaa #c4 ,! ,social ,explanation3 religion & society #aad #d4 ,! ,!i/ic ,inf] enc #aai ,! ,pragmatic ,argum5t = ,!ism #aai ,! ,my/ical ,argum5t3 its /r5g? & its weakness #abj ,! ,evid5ce ( ,*ri/ian ,exp]i5ce #abb ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,*ri/ian ,,fai? ,,& ,,rec5t ,,philosophy ,! philosophical situation at ! op5+ ( ! c5tury #abe ,lead+ repres5tatives ( pres5t day philosophy #abg ,i4 ,b]gson & ,creative ,evolution #abg ,creative ,evolution a drama 9 ?ree acts #abh ,features ( ,b]gson's sy/em3 ! vital impulse #abi ,8 rejection ( ,f9alism3 is x compatible ) ,!ism8 #acb ,,ii4 ,euck5 & ! ,tru? ( ,religion #acg ,8 critique ( ,naturalism1 ( ,pragmatism & ( ,absolutism #ach ,univ]sal ,religion & ,*>act]i/ic ,religion #adj ,euck5's relation to ,*ri/ianity3 ,c we /ill be ,*ri/ians8 #adb ,b]gson & ,euck5 z prophets ( a new era #adf ,,iii4 ,w>d & ! ,realm ( ,ends #adf ,8 transition f ,pluralism to ,!ism #adg ,8 argum5t = ,immortality #aeb ,pampsy*ism & ,metempsy*osis #aec ,difficulties 9 ! doctr9e ( ,pampsy*ism #aed ,,iv4 ,royce & ! ,problem ( ,*ri/ianity #aee ,*ri/ianity z a ,religion ( ,loyalty #aeg ,:at is vital 9 ,*ri/ianity8 #aeh ,! ,*ri/ian ideas ( ,s9 & ( ,atonem5t or ,grace #aei ,! ,*ur* z a s\rce ( salvation3 its orig9 #afa ,philosophical int]e/ 9 ,*ri/ianity & its significance #afd ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,*ri/ian ,,fai? ,,& ,,o!r ,,religions ,! ,univ]sal ,mission ( ,*ri/ianity #afe ,i4 ,*ri/ianity & ,anci5t ,religions #afe ,! resemblances & _! significance #aff ,clem5's religi\s-hi/orical pr9ciples #afh #a4 ,! ,virg9 ,bir? & its alleg$ p>allels #afi #b4 ,! wor%ip ( ,*ri/ & ! wor%ip ( ! ,emp]or3 orig9 ( ! ,kyrios title #agb #c4 ,paul & ! ,my/]y ,religions #agg ,paul9e doctr9e ( ! ,sacram5ts & ( dy+ & ris+ ) ,*ri/ #ahj ,! ,paul9e vocabul>y3 views ( ,reitz5/e9 #ahe ,:y did ,*ri/ianity conqu] ! ,roman ,empire8 #aib ,,ii4 ,*ri/ianity & ,mod]n ,religions #aic ,! mission>y propag&a #aid ,dang]s ( compromise #aie ,! ,*ri/ian ,pl]osis3 ! fulfillm5t ( ! great religi\s ideas ( ! race #aig ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,! ,,*ri/ian ,,fai? ,,& ,,biblical ,,criticism ,! value & significance ( ,biblical ,criticism #bjj ,relation betwe5 ! ,old ,te/am5t & ! ,new ,te/am5t #bja ,i4 ,! ,paul9e ,epi/les #bjc ,! ,tb+5 view & lat] criticism #bjd ,! ,epi/le to ! ,ephesians #bjd ,,ii4 ,! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les #bje ,evid5ces ( tru/wor?9ess #bjf ,h>nack on ! ,lukan au?or%ip #bjh ,h>nack & ,ko* on ! date #baj ,did ,luke use ,josephus8 #bac ,,iii4 ,! ,synoptic ,problem #baf ,! ,two-,docum5t !ory #bag ,modifications ( ! !ory by ! assumption3 7#a7 ( a l>g] dep5d5ce on oral tradition #bai 7#b7 ( ! use ( ,q by ,m>k #bbj 7#c7 ( diff]5t editions ( ,m>k #bbj ,second>y elem5ts 9 ,m>k #bba ,be>+ ( ,h>nack's e>ly dat+ ( ! ,lukan writ+s #bbe ,! int]-,synoptic diff]5ces #bbf ,,iv4 ,! ,johann9e ,problem #bbg ,evid5ce = ,apo/olic au?or%ip #bbh ,rejection ( ,apo/olic au?or%ip on ! assumption3 7#a7 t ,john nev] liv$ at ,ephesus #bcj 7#b7 t !re 7 two ,johns at ,ephesus #bcb ,! p>tition !ory #bcd ,! int]nal evid5ce3 /yle & cont5ts ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel #bcd ,relation to ! ,synoptic ,gospels z supplem5t>y1 explanatory & indep5d5t #bcf ,conclud+ rem>ks #bdb ,,bibliography ,,( ,,rec5t ,,important ,,works #bdd ,,index #bdi ,i ,:at ,is ! ,*ri/ian ,fai?8 ,if e rational discussion1 z ,cic]o has said1 %\ld beg9 ) a def9ition1 x w\ld be well at ! outset to try to answ] ! "q :i* =ms ! title ( ?is lecture4 ,( ! def9itions :i* may be giv5 ( ! ,*ri/ian ,fai? two may be select$ z typical3 7#a7 x is ! fai? 9 ! provid5ce & love ( ,god :i* ,jesus ex]cis$ & exemplifi$2 or 7#b7 x is ! fai? ( :i* ,jesus ,himself is ! object4 ,9 ! "o case ! ess5ce ( ,*ri/ianity w be f\nd 9 ! simple precepts ( ! ,peasant-,prophet ( ,galilee1 9 ! o!r 9 ! develop$ ,*ri/ology ( ! ,apo/le ,paul4 ,x is safe to say t ! av]age ,*ri/ian w n be satisfi$ ) ei!r ( ^! def9itions4 ,he looks to ,jesus1 x is true1 z 8 ,tea*] & ,example1 b he also tru/s ,him z 8 ,r$eem] & wor%ips ,him z 8 ,"l4 ,! real "q at issue is :e!r orig9al ,*ri/ianity1 ! religion :i* ,jesus taught1 0 ?us inclusive ( doctr9e z well z e?ics4 ,does ,*ri/ianity 9 its ess5ce include ,*ri/ology8 ,! attempt to answ] ?is "q w n only introduce our g5]al !me b w br+ u into ! he>t ( x4 ,x w be conv5i5t to consid] 9 ord]3 ,i4 ,! ,*ri/ianity ( ! ,new ,te/am5t ,writ]s2 ,,ii4 ,primitive ,*ri/ianity & ,paul9e ,*ri/ianity2 ,,iii4 ,! ,*ri/ianity ( ,jesus & ( ,paul2 & ,,iv4 ,! ,dilemma ( ,hi/orical ,criticism4 ,i4 ,,! ,,*ri/ianity ,,( ,,! ,,new ,,te/am5t ,,writ]s ,! sci5tific /udy ( ! ,new ,te/am5t has br\ght cle>ly to light ! individual traits ( ! v>i\s writ]s1 b has %[n at ! same "t ! /rik+ agreem5t ( ^! writ]s 9 _! fundam5tal conception ( ! ,*ri/ian ,fai?4 ,= ^? :o set =? objectively ! words & m9i/ry ( ,jesus z well z = ^? :o deal m explicitly ) doctr9al int]pretation1 ! c5tre ( int]e/ lies 9 ! ,p]son1 ! ,passion & ! ,resurrection ( ,*ri/4 ,x may be well to illu/rate ?is unity ( /&po9t1 :ile ! fact ( x is s g5]ally conc$$ t x ne$s no elaborate pro(4 ,9 ! ,apocalypse ! sacrificial expression1 ! ,lamb1 occurs at lea/ tw5ty-eight times2 & ! c5tral figure is t ( ! ,lamb t 0 sla9 b is n[ seat$ ^u ! ?rone4 ,9 ! ,fir/ ,epi/le ( ,john1 ,jesus is describ$ z ! propitiation = s9 7ii4 #b2 iv4 #aj71 & z ! ,son ( ,god ?r\gh\t ! book4 ,9 ,fir/ ,pet] ! read]s are address$ z ^? :o h be5 begott5 aga9 to a liv+ hope by ! ,resurrection 7i4 #c71 & r$eem$ by ! preci\s blood ( ,*ri/ 7i4 #ai74 ,! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews is saturat$ ) ! language ( ! sacrificial ritual1 & describes ! prie/ly "w ( ,*ri/ :o ta/$ dea?1 put away s91 & ev] lives 9 ! heav5ly sanctu>y to make int]cession4 ,! ,*ri/ological elem5t is ( c\rse v prom95t 9 ,paul's ,epi/les4 ,accord+ to ! ,book ( ,acts1 ! ,apo/les prea*$ ,jesus & ! ,resurrection 7iv4 #b2 xvii4 #ah1 etc474 ,! dea? ( ,*ri/1 m5tion$ "s ?irte5 times1 ! ,resurrection1 m5tion$ or impli$ tw5ty times1 & ! =giv5ess ( s9s1 m5tion$ 9 m or less close connection ) ^! eight times1#a 7 ! c5tral !mes ( apo/olic prea*+1 :i* includ$ 9 ! case ( ,pet]1 an eye-witness1 ! tea*+ & mighty words ( ,jesus 7ii4 #bb2 x4 #cf-ch74 #a3 ,see especially v4 #cj1 #ca2 x4 #ci1 #dj1 #dc2 xiii4 #cg-ci4 ,9 ! ,gospels x w be f\nd t almo/ exactly "o-?ird ( ! textual mat]ial 79 ! ,we/cott & ,hort edition ab\t eighty out ( ! two hundr$ & =ty pages7 is tak5 up ) ev5ts connect$ ) ! ,passion & ,resurrection1 includ+ ! incid5ts & tea*+s ( ! ,passion week4 ,9 ,luke ! proportion is some:at small] 7"s sixte5 out ( sev5ty-?ree pages7 ?an 9 ! o!r ,gospels2 b t ! ,passion is equally prom95t 9 ! m9d ( ! writ] is %[n by ! fact t ! %ad[ ( x is project$ back ev5 to *apt] ix4 #ea1 & t 9 ,luke alone ! exodus at ,j]usalem is ! !me ( conv]sation 9 ! ,transfiguration sc5e 7ix4 #ca74 ,ev5 ,m>k1 %[+ lea/ ( all1 x us$ to be said1 ! influ5ce ( lat] !ological reflection1 has be5 call$ a hi/ory ( ! ,passion ) an introduction4 ,z ,h>nack has said3 ,! :ole "w ( ,m>k is s dispos$ & compos$ t dea? & resurrection appe> z ! aim ( ! entire pres5tation4#b #b3 ,aus ,wiss5s*aft und ,leb51 ,,ii1 #aiaa1 p4 #bag4 ,! c5tre ( int]e/ = ! ,evangeli/s z well z = ,paul & ! au?or ( ,hebrews is ,*ri/ & ,him crucifi$1 ! ,passion & ,resurrection4 ,x may be said1 ?\gh1 t ! int]e/ ( ! ,evangeli/s is a biographical "o1 an int]e/ 9 a belov$ tea*] or m>tyr$ lead]1 comp>able ) t ( ,plato & ,x5ophon 9 ! la/ days & words ( ,socrates1 & n a di/9ctly !ological int]e/ su* z ,paul felt 9 ! dea? ( ,*ri/1 z intimately connect$ ) 8 own exp]i5ce ( r$emption f s94 ,"o answ] to ?is is t ! int]e/ ( ! ,evangeli/s is n m]ely 9 ! dea? b 9 ! resurrection ( ,jesus4 ,x is wor?y also ( note t ! au?or ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel & ,fir/ ,epi/le ( ,john has %[n t1 to "o ,new ,te/am5t writ] at lea/1 description & int]pretation 7 equally important4 ,john's description ( ! dea? ( ,*ri/ is z detail$ & z objective z t ( ! o!r ,gospel writ]s2 yet 8 int]pretation ( ! ,passion z a propitiation = s9 7,i ,john ii4 #b2 iv4 #aj7 is ! same z t ( ! ,apo/le ,paul4 ,:ile ,john places ! words ,lamb ( ,god 9 ! m\? ( ! ,bapti/ 7i4 #bi1 #cf71 & uses ! expression1 ! blood ( ,jesus 8 ,son :o cleanses u f all s9 7,i ,john i4 #g71 he nev]1 except possibly 9 a veil$ way1 places ! language ( sacrifice 9 ! m\? ( ,jesus ,himself4 ,!re is no reason to d\bt t ! o!r ,evangeli/s :o record ! ?rice repeat$ pr$iction ( ! ,crucifixion 7see ,m>k viii4 #ca2 ix4 #ab2 x4 #cc1 & p>allels7 w\ld1 equally ) ,john1 be int]e/$ 9 its doctr9al int]pretation4 ,su* an int]pretation is 9 fact sugge/$ by ! words ( ,jesus ,himself4 ,at ! ,la/ ,supp]1 ,he br\ght ,8 dea? into connection ) ! =giv5ess ( s9s1 & :5 ,he spoke ( x z a ransom = _m#c us$ language :i* is naturally int]pret$ 9 a sacrificial s5se4 ,luke1 x is true1 n[h]e uses ! ^w ransom1 b !re is no reason to d\bt t he %>$ ! ,paul9e view ( ! dea? ( ,*ri/4 ,?is is cle>ly indicat$ by ! expression1 pur*as$ ) 8 own blood1 conta9$ 9 "o ( ! we-sections ( ,acts 7xx4 #bh71 & 9 fact by ! words ( ! ris5 ,jesus 7,luke xxiv4 #df1 #dg74 ,z ! alt> 0 c5tral 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 s1 f ! /&po9t ( its writ]s1 is ! ,passion 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 #c3 lytron anti polln4 ,m>k x4 #de2 ,matt4 xx4 #bh4 ,x is ne$less to %[ 9 detail t an exalt$ view ( ! p]son ( ,*ri/ is ) ! ,new ,te/am5t writ]s connect$ ) ! c5tral place :i* !y assign to ,8 dea? & resurrection4 ,m>k1 ^: ,*ri/ology is ?\ght to be lea/ develop$1 may be tak5 z a s+le example4 ,9 ! op5+ sc5e ( ! m9i/ry1 z 9 ! ,transfiguration sc5e1 ! div9e voice says3 ,?\ art 7?is is7 my belov$ ,son 7i4 #aa2 ix4 #g72 & 9 ! clos+ sc5e ! c5turion exclaims1 ,truly ?is man 0 ! ,son ( ,god 7or a son ( ,god1 ,m>k xv4 #ci74 ,! climax ( ! n>rative is said to be ! confession ( ,pet]1 ,?\ art ! ,*ri/ 7viii4 #bi72 & ,jesus alludes to ,himself z ! ,son1 above prophets & m5 & angels 7xii4 #f2 xiii4 #cb74 ,at ! trial1 9 answ] to ! solemn "q ( ! high prie/1 ,art ?\ ! ,*ri/1 ! ,son ( ! bless$8 ,he said1 ,i am 7xiv4 #fa-fb74 ,b\sset admits t ! ?ree fir/ ,gospels diff] f ! ,f\r? only 9 degree1#d & 9 8 late/ "w he says t if ! phrase ,son ( ,god 7i4 #a71 omitt$ 9 _m manuscripts ( ,m>k1 is really an int]polation1 x is a suitable "o z indicat+ ! !me ( ! book4#e ,wr$e ev5 says ! ,gospel ( ,m>k belongs 9 a s5se to ! hi/ory ( dogma4#f #d3 ,0 ,wiss5 ,wir von ,jesus8 #aijd1 p4 #ed4 #e3 ,kyrios ,*ri/os1 #aiac1 p4 #gj1 note #a1 & p4 #fe4 #f3 ,see ,s*weitz]3 ,von ,reim>us zu ,wr$e1 p4 #ccf2 ,e4 ,t41 ,que/ ( ! ,hi/orical ,jesus1 p4 #ccg4 ,= ! writ]s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 leav+ out = ! pres5t ! "q ( s\rces1 9 spite ( diff]5ces 9 "t & place & race & circum/ances1 & by implication = ! v>i\s circles ( read]s1 ,jewi%1 ,greek & ,roman1 :om !y address$1 !re 0 b "o k9d ( ,*ri/ianity1 "o gospel ( ! ,k+dom & ! ,cross & ! ,son ( ,god4 ,,ii4 ,,primitive ,,*ri/ianity ,,& ,,paul9e ,,*ri/ianity ,x is ass]t$ t ! /rik+ unanimity ( ! ,new ,te/am5t writ]s 9 _! view ( ,*ri/ianity is n due to ! tea*+ ( ,jesus1 b to ! p[]ful influ5ce ( ! ,apo/le ,paul4 ,! /atem5t is made 9 _m qu>t]s t n ,jesus b ,paul 0 ! virtual f\nd] ( ,*ri/ianity1 s f> z its c5tral doctr9es1 its in/itutions1 its wor%ip ( a div9e ,*ri/1 & its _w-wide propag&a are conc]n$4 ,9 ,paul1 x is said1 ! gospel ( a simple piety & a pure e?ic1 ! gospel ( ,jesus1 0 s ov]laid by ! incru/ations ( dogma t its true nature 0 hidd5 until r$iscov]$ by mod]n criticism2 & x _h ?us lo/ ! simplicity t is 9 ,*ri/4 ,x 0 ,paul himself1 ^: mission>y lab\rs c>ri$ ! gospel ?r\gh\t ,europe1 t really prea*$ ano!r gospel4 ,z ,s*weitz]1 foll[+ ,kal?(f1 sugge/s ) "s irony1 !re 01 "u ?is supposition1 an imm$iate decl5sion f & falsification ( a pure orig9al pr9ciple 9 ,*ri/ianity1 comp>able only to ! ,fall 9 ! moral hi/ory ( mank9d4#g #g3 ,von ,reim>us zu ,wr$e1 p4 #cab2 ,e4 ,t41 ,que/1 etc41 p4 #cad4 ,! tea*+ ( ! primitive apo/les is sometimes decl>$ to be an int]m$iate /ep betwe5 ! gospel ( ,jesus & ! doctr9al ,*ri/ianity ( ,paul4 ,x is desirable !n to comp>e ! ,paul9e tea*+1 fir/ ) ! tea*+ ( ! o!r apo/les & ! ,j]usalem *ur*1 & !n ) ! tea*+ ( ,jesus4 ,:5 we exam9e ! hi/orical situation1 ! l9es ( connection betwe5 ,paul & ! primitive apo/les & ! ,j]usalem *ur* are s _m & s /rong z practically to negative ! supposition ( a fundam5tal diff]5ce betwe5 !m 9 _! conception ( ! gospel4 7#a7 ,if ,luke _h writt5 ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 ! case w\ld be diff]5t2 b ,luke wrote 7assum+ 8 au?or%ip ( ! ,?ird ,gospel & ! ,acts7#h ! ,gospel :i* conta9s ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt & ! p>ables ( ! ,good ,sam>itan & ! ,prodigal ,son4 ,:5 "o rememb]s t ,luke 0 ! intimate companion ( ,paul & 8 co-lab\r] 9 mission>y "w be=e he wrote 8 ,gospel1 t he d]iv$ 8 mat]ial l>gely f eye-witnesses ( ! ^w1 & t aft]w>ds he record$ ! tea*+ ( bo? ,pet] & ,paul 9 ! ,acts1 x is cle> t ,luke himself saw no ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,*ri/ianity ( ! primitive apo/les & t ( ,paul1 & x becomes improbable t su* a diff]5ce exi/$4 #h3 ,see ,*apt] ,,vi4 7#b7 ,paul took ) him on 8 mission>y j\rneys ,b>nabas & ,silas1 accr$it$ lead]s & repres5tatives ( ! primitive ,j]usalem *ur* 7,acts xiii4 #b;f42 xv4 #dj74 ,paul's "w = ye>s 0 c>ri$ on "u ! surveillance ( ^! m51 & ,b>nabas /ood sponsor = ,paul be=e ! ,j]usalem au?orities 7,acts xv4 #ab74 ,! close connection ( ^! two m5 ) bo? p>ties excludes ! supposition ( any radical diff]5ce 9 _! doctr9es4 7#c7 ,paul's ,*ri/ology 0 accept$ by 8 ,jewi%-,*ri/ian oppon5ts at ,j]usalem1 & nev] que/ion$ by !m4 ,paul we "k to h be5 bitt]ly assail$ by a ,ph>isaic p>ty 9 ! ,j]usalem *ur*4 ,!y dogg$ 8 /eps :]ev] he w5t2 !y impugn$ 8 or?odoxy f ! ,mosaic /&po9t2 !y call$ 9 "q 8 apo/le%ip & 8 s9c]ity4 ,b x is significant t !y nev] assail$ z an innovation ! ,*ri/ological views 9 :i* he is suppos$ to diff] f !m4 ,c]ta9 f ,james 7,gal4 ii4 #ab71 9 ! bitt] polemic ov] circumcision1 nev] accus$ ,paul1 z !y w\ld h done if 8 views 7 diff]5t 9 ?is respect1 ( a decl5sion f ,jewi% mono!ism4 ,paul d\btless us$ ! "n curr5t 9 ,j]usalem :5 he spoke1 9 a context 9 :i* he puts ,*ri/ above m5 & above angels & on an equality ) ,god z a s\rce ( grace1 ( ,james1 ! ,"l's bro!r 7,gal4 i4 #c1 #ab1 #ai74 ,he us$ ! same titles z did ^? at ,j]usalem1 & a diff]5ce 9 ,*ri/ological dogma c only be made out by say+ t ! names are us$ 9 diff]5t s5ses4#i ,?is is to admit t ! diff]5ce discov]$ by mod]n critical acum5 0 s small z n to be recogniz$ by ei!r p>ty at ! "t4 ,9 ,paul's controv]sial enc\nt] ) ,pet]1 9 a context full ( ! *>act]i/ic ,paul9e ideas ( ,ju/ification1 ( ! ,cross1 ( ! indwell+ ,*ri/1 & ( ,jesus z ! ,son ( ,god1 ,paul appeal$ to ! ess5tial unity ( _! ,*ri/ian fai? & exp]i5ce 7,gal4 ii4 #aa-ba74 #i3 ,s ,w]nle3 ,die ,anfnge uns]] ,religion1 #b;d ed41 #aijd1 p4 #agg4 ,he says t ,paul makes ( ,jesus an almo/ new creation1 yet uses ! same titles z ! o!r apo/les4 7#d7 ,paul ass]ts ! id5tity ( 8 gospel ) t ( ! primitive apo/les z well kn[n to 8 read]s4 ,he prea*$ ! fai? ( :i* he once made havoc 7,gal4 i4 #bc74 ,8 gospel ( a crucifi$ & ris5 ,*ri/1 he decl>es1 0 receiv$1 n inv5t$ 7,i ,cor4 xv4 #c71 0 9 accordance ) ,jewi% ,scriptures1 & ! inf]5ce is unavoidable t x 0 held & taught 9 common by ,pet] & ,james1 ! ,j]usalem lead]s4 ,bo? ,pet] & ,paul taught ,jesus & ! ,resurrection 7,acts ii4 #ca2 xiii4 #cd2 xvii4 #ca72 & z ,h>nack says1 !re is no reason to d\bt ! repres5tations ( ! fir/ *apt] ( ! ,acts z to e>ly apo/olic belief4#aj #aj3 ,aus ,wiss5s*aft und ,leb51 ,,ii1 p4 #bag4 ,he adds t h]e) is ! problem 7( a 'second gospel' 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t7 pu%$ back 9 "t f ,paul to ! e>lie/ disciples ( ,jesus4 ,! ,resurrection is emphasiz$ alike 9 ! spee*es ( ,pet] 9 ,acts & 9 ! ,fir/ ,epi/le 7,i ,pet] i4 #c2 ii4 #bd2 iii4 #ba74 ,9 ,romans ! ,resurrection is m5tion$ sev5 times 7i4 #d2 iv4 #be2 vi4 #d2 vii4 #d2 viii4 #cd2 x4 #i2 xiv4 #i71 & ent]s into ! w>p & wo( ( ,paul's tea*+4 ,! ?\ght ( ,paul is d\btless m sy/ematic & con/ructive1 b x is unnatural to believe ei!r t ,paul _h a diff]5t view ( ! nature ( ! ,resurrection1 or t he drew doctr9al inf]5ces f x :i* ! o!r apo/les w\ld n accept4#aa ,x is h>d to see1 moreov]1 h[ ! !ory t ,paul's tea*+ 0 ess5tially diff]5t f t ( ! ,j]usalem *ur*1 & ! !ory t ,paul pr(\ndly influ5c$ all ( ! ,new ,te/am5t writ]s c consi/5tly be held at ! same "t4 #aa3 ,if ,paul taught n a bodily b a spiritual resurrection1 z "s int]pret]s ?9k t 8 language 9 ,i ,cor4 xv4 #ej implies1 ! emphasis ^u ! sup]natural w\ld be great] 9 ! case ( ! primitive *ur*4 ,9 8 ,hi/orical ,evid5ce = ! ,resurrection ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 #aijg1 ,kirsopp ,lake says t ! affirmation ( an empty tomb 0 made by mo/ e>ly ,*ri/ians1 & almo/ c]ta9ly by ,/4 ,paul 7p4 #bdb74 ,he cont5ds1 h[ev]1 t ! /ory ( ! empty tomb mu/ be f\ght out on doctr9al1 n on hi/orical or critical gr\nds 7p4 #bec74 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,*ri/ianity ,,( ,,jesus ,,& ,,( ,,paul ,a m s]i\s "q meets u :5 we come to ! relation ( ,paul's tea*+ to t ( ,jesus ,himself4 ,beh9d ! writ]s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t & beh9d ! tea*+ ( ! apo/les1 is !re n 9 ! au!ntic words ( ,jesus z det]m9$ by criticism a simpl] gospel ( ! love ( ,god & ! duty ( man1 f :i* ,*ri/ology & ! doctr9es ( ! ,cross are exclud$8 ,may we n light5 ! di/ress$ %ip ( ! gospel by ca/+ ov]bo>d its c>go ( doctr9e8 ,h>nack ?9ks t we may2 & 9 8 fam\s lectures on ! ,ess5ce ( ,*ri/ianity has set =? ! seem+ anomaly ( ! gospel ( ,*ri/ ) ,*ri/ology omitt$1 a gospel :i* includes only ! ,fa!r & n ! ,son4 ,! ess5ce ( ,*ri/ianity accord+ to ,paul w\ld be conta9$ 9 ! /atem5ts1 ,:ile we 7 yet s9n]s ,*ri/ di$ = u 7,rom4 v4 #h72 ,god 0 9 ,*ri/ reconcil+ ! _w 7#b ,cor4 v4 #ai72 ,he lov$ me & gave himself = me 7,gal4 ii4 #bj74 ,paul's gospel 0 ! gospel ( ,*ri/ & ,him crucifi$4 ,! ess5ce ( ,*ri/ianity accord+ to ,h>nack consi/s 9 ! tru?s ( ! fa!rly love ( ,god & ! value ( ! individual s\l4 ,x is inde$ a gospel prea*$ by ,*ri/1 b 9 ! cont5t ( its message is ! ,fa!r only--n ! ,son4#ab ,! contra/ ?us ass]t$ sugge/s ! ne$ ( a clos] exam9ation ( ! relation ( ,jesus & ,paul4 #ab3 ,! ,gospel1 z ,jesus proclaim$ x1 has to d ) ! ,fa!r only & n ) ! ,son4 ,das ,wes5 des ,*ri/5tums1 #aijj1 p4 #ia2 ,e4 ,t41 ,:at is ,*ri/ianity8 p4 #aed4 ,no?+ is m /rik+ 9 ! comp>ison betwe5 ,jesus & ,paul ?an ! diff]5ce 9 _! p]sonality & yet ! simil>ity 9 _! e?ical tea*+4 ,jesus 0 a ,galilean1 born 9 humble circum/ances1 belong+ to ! peasant or work+ class1 a /rang] to ! tra9+ ( ! s*ools1 a layman1 & an ,ori5tal 9 ,8 mode ( ?\ght & expression4 ,paul 0 a native ( ,t>sus1 a ,greek city :i* 0 not$ z ! seat ( a philosophical s*ool2 8 fa!r 0 a man ( consequ5ce1 a ,roman citiz51 :o gave 8 son ! be/ education t ! ,jewi% s*ools c\ld af=d4 ,he 0 a typical memb] ( ! pr\de/ ca/e ( a pr\d nation1 pr\d ( 8 race1 ( 8 le>n+1 ( 8 /rictness 9 religion & 8 zeal = ! ,law 7,phil4 iii4 #f71 tra9$ 9 ! ref9em5ts ( ,rabb9ical dialectic1 b an ,occid5tal 9 8 me?od ( ?\ght4 ,yet 9 e?ics ,paul /&s v ne> to ,jesus4 ,bo? emphasiz$ ! same virtues1 & ^! ! v virtues mo/ =eign to ,paul's e>ly ,grco-,roman environm5t & 8 lat] ,ph>isaic prejudice4 ,:]e ,jesus said1 ,bless$ are ! poor 9 _s1 ,paul1 blameless 9 ! law1 said1 ,boa/+ is exclud$4 ,by grace are ye sav$ 7,rom4 iii4 #bg2 ,eph4 ii4 #e74 ,:]e ,jesus said1 ,he t exalte? himself %all be humbl$ 7,luke xviii4 #ad71 ,paul1 ! ,ph>isee1 said1 ,9 l[l9ess ( m9d let ea* e/eem o!r bett] ?an !mselves 7,phil4 ii4 #c74 ,:]e ,jesus said1 ,love y\r enemies1 ,paul1 ! p]secutor n[ ! p]secut$1 repeat$ ! comm& s =eign to ! moral ideals ( 8 "t 7,rom4 xii4 #bj74 ,bo? taught t 9 ! comm& to love "o's neighb\r 0 a summ>y ( ! moral law 7,rom4 xiii4 #aj2 ,matt4 xxii4 #ch1 #ci74 ,paul's great e?ical passages1 su* z ,romans xii4 & ,i ,cor9?ians xiii41 are b republications 9 ,paul9e language ( ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt4 ,9 moral tea*+ ,jesus & ,paul are at "o1 al?\gh !re c be no d\bt :i* 0 ! orig9ator ( ! ,*ri/ian philosophy ( life4 ,jesus ^: code 0 b ! transcript ( ,8 "* is ! orig9al2 & ,paul1 con=m$ 9 ?\ght & _s to ! image ( ,jesus1 0 ! e*o4 ,b ,paul's moral tea*+ 0 by no means m]ely an e*o or rem9isc5ce ( ! e?ics ( ,jesus2 x 0 organically connect$ ) 8 own doctr9al tea*+4 ,9 ,paul's lett]s !re is usually an e?ical section1 b ?is is prec$$ by a didactic or doctr9al section4 ,doctr9e ) him1 9 ! words ( ,phillips ,brooks1 0 ! *ild ( fai? & ! "m ( duty4 ,admitt$ly 8 doctr9e is us$ to en=ce & to inspire 8 e?ics4 ,a high ,*ri/ology--,*ri/ also pleas$ n himself 7,rom4 xv4 #c7--;en=ces ! appeal n to please oneself4 ,! ,inc>nation is ! supreme example ( g5]osity to ! poor1 & ! dea? ^u ! ,cross ( l[l9ess ( m9d & ob$i5ce 7#b ,cor4 viii4 #i2 ,phil4 ii4 #e-h74 ,8 own sacrifice = our s9s gr\nds ! plea = a life ( unselfi%ness 7#b ,cor4 v4 #ad1 #ae2 ,rom4 xii4 #a74 ,we %\ld walk 9 love z ,*ri/ lov$ u & gave ,himself = u 7,eph4 v4 #b72 & %\ld walk 9 newness ( life1 z ,*ri/ 0 rais$ f ! dead by ! glory ( ! ,fa!r 7,rom4 vi4 #d74 ,doctr9e ) ,paul & e?ics 9 its solemn sanctions & its inspir+ motivation are inextricably int]tw9$4 ,paul's doctr9e ab\t ! p]son ( ,*ri/ & ,8 dea? & resurrection c be dis5tangl$ f 8 e?ical tea*+ z little z x c f 8 exp]i5ce4 ,c]ta9ly ! doctr9e 0 no ali5 or extrane\s elem5t 9 ,paul's sy/em1 & c]ta9ly x /r5g!n$ r ?an weak5$ 8 e?ical appeal4 ,is !re a simil> bl5d+ ( e?ics & doctr9e 9 ! tea*+ ( ,jesus8 ,= ! gospel ( ,jesus 9 its purity we mu/1 accord+ to a popul> s*ool ( criticism1 g back ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel to ! ,synoptics1 & back ( ^! to _! s\rces1 practically to ,m>k & to ! s\rce call$ ,q 7,quelle71 or ! ,logia1 repres5t+ ! non-,m>kan agreem5ts ( ,mat!w & ,luke4 ,ev5 9 ^! s\rces1 x is (t5 ma9ta9$1 caution mu/ be us$1 & =eign elem5ts mu/ be elim9at$4 ,let u see1 !n1 :e!r !re is su* a m+l+ ( ! e?ical & ! ,*ri/ological 9 ! au!ntic tea*+ ( ,jesus z we h notic$ 9 t ( ,paul4 ,! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 ! words to ! disciples aft] ! confession ( ,pet] 7,m>k viii4 #cd-ch71 & ! tea*+ on true greatness 7,m>k x4 #db-de71 may be tak5 z typical examples ( ,jesus' e?ical tea*+4 ,9 ^! passages are n m]ely disconnect$ maxims1 b an e?ical sy/em1 conta9+ a pr(\nd &1 z we may say1 fully ?\ght out philosophy ( life1 9 :i* ! religi\s & e?ical elem5ts are organically unit$4 ,! ,beatitudes beg9 ) passive virtue1 humility1 meekness1 long+ = righte\sness2 !y pass on to ! possession ( righte\sness & purity ( he>t2 asc5d to works ( active b5evol5ce2 & culm9ate 9 a "* s positive & pron\nc$ 9 goodness z to excite opposition f ! =ces ( evil4 ,at lea/ "o elem5t 9 ! consci\sness ( ,jesus z ,he spoke ^! words may be comp>$ ) ! ,*ri/ological /&po9t ( ,paul4 ,! impression :i* ,8 tea*+ made ^u ,8 he>]s is summ$ up 9 ! words3 ,he taught !m z "o hav+ au?ority 7,matt4 vii4 #bi74 ,if we seek to analyze ?is au?ority1 we f9d x to be1 fir/1 ! au?ority ( p]fect moral insight4 ,a flaw discov]$ 9 ! "* ( a tea*] easily neutralizes ! =ce ( 8 moral appeal4 ,! e?ic ( ,jesus is n m]ely a sy/em ( rules1 b ! bl5d+ ( a code :i* has guid$ human progress & a "* 9 :i* m5 h f\nd _! supreme ideal ( moral excell5ce4 ,8 sur5ess ( t\*1 ,8 cle>ness ( moral insight1 ,8 transp>5t beauty ( "*1 betray a consci\sness unique among m54 ,! v]dict ( mank9d z !y h /udi$ ! "* ( ,jesus1 & /udi$ !mselves 9 ! light ( x1 is t t "* is z mu* a miracle 9 ! moral sph]e1--t is1 oppos$ to a uni=m exp]i5ce--z is ! bir? f a virg91 = example1 9 ! physical sph]e4 ,! consci\sness ( ,jesus1 at ! v lea/1 mu/ h be5 pr(\ndly influ5c$ by ! fact1 assum+ x to be a fact1 t ,he alone among ! *ildr5 ( m5 did p]fectly ! w ( ! ,fa!r4 ,! au?ority ( ,jesus1 aga91 0 t ( a lawgiv] f ^: words !re c\ld be no appeal4 ,8 words sup]s$$ all previ\s legislation1 9 ! s5se ( complet+ x1 & all curr5t int]pretation4 ,! imp]ial ,i say unto y impli$ ! p[]1 n simply ( judicial int]pretation1 b ( repeal+ old laws & enact+ new ones4 ,nor 0 ,8 tea*+ 9 ,8 own conception ( x a m]e phase1 albeit ! highe/ at ! "t1 ( moral developm5t4 ,8 legislation 0 f9al1 & nev] to be sup]s$$2 & ob$i5ce to x1 or neglect ( x1 0 to be ! decisive factor 9 human welf>e & de/9y 7,matt4 vii4 #bd-bg74 ,b ! au?ority ( ,jesus 0 n m]ely t ( a lawgiv]4 ,he inaugurat$ ! ,k+dom ^: com+ ,he proclaim$ & ^: laws ,he =mulat$1 & ,he is to be ! f9al judge ( ! wor?9ess ( its memb]s4 ,^! memb]s 7 n m]ely pi\s ,jews 9 g5]al or ,john's disciples1 b 7 ,8 disciples4 ,!y 7 ! light ( ! _w because !y 7 ,8 disciples1 & ! cr[n+ elem5t 9 _! "* 0 endurance ( p]secution = ,8 sake 7,matt4 v4 #aa1 = my sake2 ,luke vi4 #bb1 = ! ,son ( man's sake74 ,8 tea*+ in/ead ( po9t+ away f ,himself to ,god1 9 ! _s ( ! o!r wise/ tea*]s ( m51 po9t$ to ,himself z ! ,"o by :om fully & f9ally ,god's w & purpose 7 to be made kn[n4 ,he pla9ly taught or cle>ly impli$ t m5's relations to ,himself z ,tea*]1 ,"l1 ,lawgiv] & ,judge1 7 supremely important = human de/9y 7,matt4 vii4 #ba-bd74 ,no words 9 ! e?ical-religi\s message ( ,jesus are m /rik+ 9 =m & ?\ght1 & no o!rs h m deeply impress$ ! m9ds ( m51 ?an ^? 9 :i* ,he ass]t$ t ! value ( ! s\l outweighs all e>?ly good3 ,:at %all x pr(it a man if he %all ga9 ! :ole _w & lose 8 own s\l8 ,^! words1 says ,euck51 h giv5 ! s\l a hi/ory4 ,9 ! />tl+ p>adox 9 ! context1 ,he t save? 8 life %all lose x1 we h ! say+ ( ,jesus mo/ (t5 repeat$ 9 ! ,gospels1 occurr+ six times1 & assign$ to f\r diff]5t occasions 7,m>k viii4 #ce2 ,matt4 x4 #ci2 xvi4 #be2 ,luke ix4 #bd2 xvii4 #cc2 ,john xii4 #be74 ,! /udy ( ^! say+s 9 _! context 7,m>k viii4 #cd-ch & p>allels7 %[s t ! ?\ght :i* 0 upp]mo/ 9 ! m9d ( ,jesus1 & 9 fact dom9at$ at ?is po9t ! e?ical tea*+1 0 precisely t ( ,8 own p]son & dea? & resurrection4 ,8 "q to ,pet]1 ,:om say ye t ,i am8 7,m>k viii4 #bi7 %[s t ,he 0 dissatisfi$ ) ! title ( prophet giv5 ,him by o!rs1 & t ,he w\ld draw f ! disciples a confession t !y _h come to hold a high] view ( ,8 mission4 ,:5 ,pet]1 accord+ to ! acc\nts 9 ,m>k & ,mat!w1 refus$ to accept ! pr$iction ( ,8 dea?1 ,he %[$ t x 0 necess>y = all ,8 disciples to take up ! cross & foll[ ,him4 ,! goal ( life is to be rea*$ only by ^? :o foll[ ,him 9 _s 9 ,8 dea? & resurrection1 & confess ,him be=e m54 ,! los+ ( ! highe/ 9 life is = ^? :o are a%am$ ( ,him 9 ?is g5]ation4 ,! de/9y ( m5 h+es ^u _! relation to ,himself4 ,! connection betwe5 ! mo/ (t-repeat$ & self-au!nticat+ maxims ( ,jesus & ,8 own p]son1 dea?1 & resurrection is z cle> & organic z ! connection betwe5 ! e?ical & doctr9al1 or ,*ri/ological1 tea*+ ( ,paul4 ,x rema9s to consid] ! passage 7,m>k x4 #db-de2 ,matt4 xx4 #be-bh7 on true greatness & s]vice4 ,"h we h a *>act]i/ic tea*+ ( ,jesus cutt+ a?w>t ! ord9>y op9ion ( mank9d4 ,b ! maxim1 ,:osoev] w\ld become great among y1 is connect$ ) ,himself z ! example ( true greatness4 ,he1 ! tea*] & example ( humility1 ref]s to ,himself z ! supreme illu/ration ( true greatness4 ,8 dea? is ! supreme expression ( self-sacrifice = ! good ( o!rs1 & 9 x by implication is ! highe/ s]vice done to man4#ac ,e?ics & doctr9e ab\t ,himself & ,8 dea? are z inextricably bl5d$ 9 ?is say+ ( ,jesus z 9 ,paul's /atem5t1 ,?\gh he 0 ri* yet = y\r sakes became poor1 or ,john's1 ,he laid d[n 8 life = u & we ought to lay d[n our lives = ! bre?r5 7#b ,cor4 viii4 #i2 ,i ,john iii4 #af74 ,9 ,8 deepe/ e?ical tea*+ ,jesus po9ts n away f ,himself1 z d o!r moral tea*]s4 ,8 words 9 ! ,synoptics are n ess5tially diff]5t f ^? 9 ,john3 ,if ,i y\r ,"l & tea*] h wa%$ y\r feet1 y ought also to wa% "o ano!r's feet 7xiii4 #ad74 #ac3 ,rec5t exegesis f9ds a ,paul9e mean+ 9 ! words :e!r x ref]s !m to ,jesus or to ! influ5ce ( ,paul4 ,plumm] 7,mat!w1 p4 #bhj7 says3 ',! ,son ( ,man came' implies ! prexi/5ce ( ! ,son2 x is n m]ely a synonym = be+ born4 7,cf4 ,john xviii4 #cg47 ,9 ! use ( ! ^w lytron1 ,bacon ?9ks t1 "h & 9 xiv4 #bd ,m>k goes beyond ,paul's c>eful use ( language 7,beg9n+s ( ,gospel ,/ory1 p4 #adi74 ,b\sset1 on ! o!r h&1 emphasiz+ ! _m1 ?9ks t ,paul 0 ! fir/ to give ! full rea* to ! ?\ght4 7,op4 cit41 p4 #b47 ,accord+ to ,w5dl+1 9 ,m>k x4 #de1 ! fully develop$ ,paul9e doctr9e ( ! apolytrsis 7,rom4 iii4 #bc ff47 is cry/alliz$ into an aphorism & put into ! m\? ( ,jesus2 ,! ,son ( ,man came n to be m9i/]$ unto1 etc4 7,see ,s&ay's ,ox=d ,/udies1 p4 #cii47 ,! ,*ri/ology ( ,jesus f9ds expression 9 ! famili> words 9 ,mat!w xi4 #be-cj 7,luke x4 #ba1 #bb73 ,all ?+s h be5 deliv]$ unto me ( my ,fa!r1 etc4 ,^! words are (t5 spok5 ( z ! climax ( ,8 self-revelation 9 ! ,synoptic ,gospels1 & mod]n criticism unites ) ,*ri/ian devotion 9 recogniz+ _! importance4 ,! conviction is gr[+ t ! words1 z !y /& 9 all ! ,greek texts1 _c h be5 ! utt]ance ( a m]ely human ,jesus1 ! patt]n ( tru?fulness & ! example ( humility4 ,a few examples w %[ ! tr5d ( rec5t int]pretation4 ,plumm] ?9ks t ! self-revelation ( ,jesus 9 ! expression1 ,all ?+s 7 deliv]$ unto ,me1 etc41 conta9s ! :ole ( ! ,*ri/ology ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel2#ad & he believes t ! aori/ v]b po9ts back to a mom5t 9 et]nity1 & implies ! prexi/5ce ( ! ,messiah4#ae #ad3 ,comm5t>y on ,/4 ,luke1 #aijj1 p4 #bhb4 #ae3 ,comm5t>y on ,/4 ,mat!w1 #aiaj1 p4 #afh4 ,critical acum51 says ,lemme1 may seek to empty ! say+ ( its cont5t1 b !re rema9s ! exclusiv5ess ( ! m$iatorial "w ( ,jesus = ! totality ( mank9d1 !re rema9s ! absolute uniqu5ess ( ,8 r$emption1 !re rema9s ,8 lonely elevation above ! entire realm ( ! human1 !re rema9s ,8 unique fell[%ip ( life ) ! ,fa!r1 :i* enabl$ ,him1 & ,him alone1 to "k ,god adequately1 or1 :at is ! same ?+1 to reveal ! tru?4 ,we mu/ take our *oice3 su* an utt]ance is ei!r ! delirium ( a reckless self-exaltation1 or ! appropriate te/imony ( a div9e ,be+ dem&+ unres]v$ fai?4#af #af3 ,jesu ,irrtumlosigkeit1 #aijg1 pp4 #g1 #h4 ,! logion has be5 made ! subject ( an exhau/ive monograph by ,s*uma*]1 :o concludes t ! reciprocal k ( ! ,fa!r & ! ,son implies ! consci\sness ( div9e ,son%ip 9 a full metaphysical s5se4#ag #ag3 ,die ,selb/(f5b>ung ,jesu bei ,mat #aa1 #bg 7,luc #aj1 #bb71 #aiab1 7,freiburg] ,!ologis*e ,/udi51 ,heft4 #f71 pp4 #bjb1 #bai1 etc4 ,9 8 lectures on ! ,ess5ce ( ,*ri/ianity1 ,h>nack takes ! text z x /&s1 b1 ignor+ ! implications ( reciprocal k1 says3 ,! consci\sness he possess$ ( be+ ! ,son ( ,god is1 !re=e1 no?+ b ! practical consequ5ce ( kn[+ ,god z ! ,fa!r & z ,8 ,fa!r4 ,rightly und]/ood1 ! "n ( ,son means no?+ b ! k ( ,god4#ah ,9 8 critique ( ,h>nack1 ,loisy objects to ?is int]pretation z be+ artificial & sup]ficial1#ai & says3 ,obvi\sly ! text indicates a transc5d5tal relation%ip1 :5ce spr+s ! l(ty dignity ( ,*ri/1 & n a psy*ological reality1 :i* 9 reg>d to ,god is cle>ly impossible4 ,fa!r & ,son are n "h simply religi\s t]ms1 b h already become metaphysical !ological expressions1 & dogmatic speculation has be5 able to take possession ( !m1 )\t mu* modification ( _! s5se4#bj ,loisy takes ! mean+ z fundam5tally ! same z ,john i4 #ah1 & _c accept x 9 ! =m we h x z a g5u9e ^w ( ,jesus4#ba #ah3 ,das ,wes5 des ,*ri/5tums1 p4 #ha2 ,:at is ,*ri/ianity8 p4 #ach4 #ai3 ,l'vangile et ,l'glise1 #aijd1 p4 #hb2 ,e4 ,t41 ,! ,gospel & ! ,*ur*1 p4 #ig4 #bj3 ,l'vangile et ,l'glise1 #aijd1 p4 #gh2 ,e4 ,t41 p4 #id4 #ba3 ,l'vangile et ,l'glise1 #aijd1 p4 #hj2 ,e4 ,t41 pp4 #if1 #ig4 ,9 8 ,say+s ( ,jesus1 ,h>nack omits f ! text1 on :at seem to be sl5d] gr\nds1 ! fir/ clause ( ! p>allel1 ,no "o kn[e? ! ,son b ! ,fa!r4#bb ,he c&idly admits1 h[ev]1 t if ! text /&s no fair exegesis c prev5t a ,*ri/ological ref]5ce4 ,x mu/ mean a relation%ip ( ,fa!r & ,son :i* nev] _h a beg9n+1 b rema9s ev] ! same4 ,we _c by any me?od ( int]pretation make x mu* less metaphysical4#bc #bb3 ,pref]r+ ! indirect evid5ce ( ! patri/ic quotations1 itself divid$1 to ! direct evid5ce ( ! ,greek manuscripts4 #bc3 ,spr*e und ,r$5 ,jesu1 #aijg1 pp4 #baj1 #baa2 ,e4 ,t41 ,! ,say+s ( ,jesus1 #aijh1 p4 #cjb4 ,b\sset1 :o 9 8 ,jesus 7#aijd7 accept$ ! utt]ance z spok5 by ,jesus1#bd n[ sees 9 x ! expression ( a high ,*ri/ology4 ,he believes1 aga9/ ,h>nack1 t ! expression1 ,all ?+s h be5 deliv]$ to me1 ref]s to p[]1 n simply to k2 &1 reta9+ bo? clauses express+ reciprocal k ( ! ,fa!r & ! ,son1 he f9ds 9 ?is maje/ic self-te/imony 9 its pres5t =m ! "w ( ! ,*ur*4#be #bd3 ,jesus1 p4 #hi4 #be3 ,kyrios ,*ri/os1 #aiac1 pp4 #eh1 #fj1 #fb4 ,we may speak1 !n1 ( a cons5sus ( op9ion 9 ! rec5t int]pretation ( ?is say+ ( ,jesus4 ,:5 we rememb] t ! v]bal resemblance betwe5 ,mat!w xi4 #be-bg & ,luke x4 #ba1 #bb is rem>kably close1 & t ! say+ ?us belongs to ! e>lie/ /rata ( ,gospel tradition1 t is1 to ! conjectural ,q1 x is significant t ! m9ute exam9ation to :i* x has be5 subject$ has conv9c$ critics ( diff]5t dogmatic /&po9ts t !y c only int]pret x 9 a high ,*ri/ological s5se4 ,x is agre$ t ! words z !y /& imply ! prexi/5ce ( ! ,messiah1 a relation :i* c prop]ly be call$ metaphysical betwe5 ! ,fa!r & ! ,son1 & a unique relation to m5 z ! only be>] ( ! full revelation ( ,god4 ,! say+1 (t5 call$ an a]olite f ! ,johann9e heav5s 7,hase71 conta9s 9 a nut%ell1 if tak5 ) v]ses #bh-cj1 ! tea*+ ( ! f\rte5? *apt] ( ,john1 reveal+ ,jesus 9 simil> relation alike to ,god & to m51 & z supply+ all ! deepe/ ne$s ( m54 ,s&ay has ev5 said t we might describe ! tea*+ ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel z a s]ies ( v>iations ^u ! "o !me :i* has its classical expression 9 a v]se ( ! ,synoptics4 ',all ?+s h be5 deliv]$ unto me1 etc'#bf #bf3 ,criticism ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 #aijb1 by v>i\s au?ors1 pp4 #af1 #ag4 ,x has be5 argu$ t ! say+ ( ,jesus1 ,johann9e 9 /yle & sub/ance1 is s isolat$ 9 ! ,synoptic n>rative t1 9 spite ( its secure position 9 ! s\rces1 d\bts ( its g5u95ess mu/ arise4 ,b\sset employs ?is argum5t1 rem>k+ t ! ?\ghts ( our logion 9 ! rema9+ ,synoptic tradition are sc>cely f\nd at all4#bg ,x is noticeable1 h[ev]1 t ! isolation is e/abli%$ only by cutt+ away a l>ge portion ( ! ,synoptic mat]ial4 ,! p>able ( ! ,v9ey>d1 9 :i* ,jesus speaks ( ,himself z a belov$ son1 ! heir 7,m>k xii4 #f1 #g71 is object$ to because nev] ?us did ,jesus else:]e 9 ,8 p>ables =ce ,8 p]son into ! =egr\nd4#bh ,! ,m>kan say+ 9 :i* ,jesus di/+ui%es ,himself1 z ,son1 f m5 & angels 7xiii4 #cb7 is set aside2#bi ! filial consci\sness impli$ 9 ! repeat$ use by ,jesus ( ! expressions1 ,my ,fa!r1 y\r ,fa!r1 ! ,fa!r1 b nev] our ,fa!r1 is attribut$ to lat] !ological reflection1#cj & ! n>ratives ( ! div9e voice at ! ,baptism & ! ,transfiguration are discr$it$4 ,simil>ly ! incid5tal claims :i* ,jesus makes = ,himself 9 =giv+ s91 9 speak+ ( ,himself z ! ,bridegroom1 ! ,physician :o came to cure ! moral ills ( m51 & z ,"l ( ! ,sabba?1 are all ref]r$ to second>y /rata ( tradition or to dogmatic ov]work+ ( ! facts4#ca #bg3 ,kyrios ,*ri/os1 p4 #fa4 #bh3 ,ibid41 p4 #ea4 #bi3 ,ibid41 p4 #eb4 #cj3 ,ibid41 p4 #fd4 #ca3 ,ibid41 pp4 #dh1 #di4 ,s dra/ic is ! process by :i* ,b\sset attempts to r$uce ! consci\sness ( ,jesus to a purely human level t he ev5 rejects ! major "p ( ! n>rative ( ! ,trial & ,crucifixion4 ,:atev] diff]5ces !re may be 9 detail1 !re is no room = d\bt t ! *>ge ^u :i* ,jesus 0 put to dea? is correctly giv5 by ,john4 ,we h a law1 & by t law he ought to die1 because he made himself ! ,son ( ,god 7,john xix4 #g74 ,we may believe t ! result w\ld h be5 diff]5t if = "o mom5t ,he _h disclaim$ div9e pr]ogatives1 & said1 ,i am ( ?y bre?r5 ! prophets3 wor%ip ,god4 ,if x be d5i$ t ,jesus made ^! claims be=e & at ,8 trial1 ! cause ( ,8 dea? is unkn[n4 ,?is is admitt$ by ,b\sset1 :o rejects ! :ole acc\nt ( ! trial1 includ+ ! "q ( ,pilate1 ,art ?\ ! ,k+ ( ! ,jews8 7,m>k xv4 #b71 & ! title on ! cross1 reta9+ only ! accusation t ,he said ,i w de/roy ?is temple 7,m>k xiv4 #eh2 xv4 #bi74 ,ap>t f ?is concrete accusation1 n 9 itself suffici5t1 because n blasphemy 9 ! /rict juri/ic s5se ( ! ^w1 x is admitt$ t we _c say any m ) exactness :y ,jesus 0 condemn$ by ,pilate4#cb ,9 ! answ] ( ,jesus to ! high prie/1 tell+ ( ! ,son ( ,man sitt+ at ! "r h& ( p[]1 & com+ ) ! cl\ds ( heav51 x is said t we he> directly ! ,*ri/ian confession1 'seat$ on ! "r h& ( ,god1 f :5ce ,he %all come to judge ! quick & ! dead4'#cc ,x is to be not$ t ^! passages1 imply+ 9 ,b\sset's op9ion ! sub/itution ( ! day ( ,jesus = ! ,old ,te/am5t day ( ,jahweh1#cd & imply+ ! metaphysics ( ! cre$s1 are to be f\nd 9 ,m>k1 n 9 ,john1 & 9 ! n>rative ( ! trial ( ,jesus1 n 9 t ( ,8 resurrection4 #cb3 ,kyrios ,*ri/os1 pp4 #ed note1 #ef4 #cc3 ,ibid41 p4 #ee4 #cd3 ,ibid41 p4 #ab4 ,! isolation ( ! great passage 9 ,mat!w & ,luke1 z to its ess5tial cont5t1 is ?us made out only by a ?or\ghgo+ process ( elim9ation runn+ ?r\gh ! :ole /ory ( ! ,gospels4 ,e page ( ! ,gospels te/ifies1 9 fact1 to ,jesus' consci\sness ( a unique relation to ,god & to m52 & an exam9ation ( ,8 tea*+ 9 :atev] "p or :atev] context confirms ! judgm5t ( von ,dobs*tz t ,jesus implicitly /&s ev]y:]e 9 ! c5tre ( ,8 gospel4 ,! ',i am ,he1' :i* is recogniz$ z ! lead+ motive ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 runs ?r\gh all ,8 words also 9 ! ,synoptics4#ce ,! self-revelation ( ,jesus & ! great invitation ( ,mat!w xi4 #be-cj may be ! climax ( ,synoptic tea*+ z to ! relation ( ,jesus alike to ! ,fa!r & to mank9d 7unless ! words ( ! ris5 ,*ri/1 ,matt4 xxviii4 #ah-bj1 are s reg>d$71 b ! passage is no ali5 or intrusive elem5t 9 its context4 ,if x is ! high po9t ( ,synoptic tea*+1 x is ! cap/one ( a pyramid firmly & broadly support$ by ! :ole ,synoptic n>rative4 #ce3 ,gibt es e9 doppeltes ,evangelium 9 ,n4 ,t48 ,!ol4 ,/udi5 u4 ,kritik51 #he 7#aiab71 p4 #cej4 ,c>lyle has said t ! greatness ( a "* is measur$ by ! contra/s x exhibits4 ,! words ( ,jesus we h be5 /udy+1 tak5 9 _! entirety & 9 _! context1 %[ ! contra/s betwe5 k & humility1 betwe5 p[] & humility1 &1 :5 ! woes on ! cities are contra/$ ) ! invitation1 ,come unto me1 betwe5 /]nness & t5d]ness4 ,:5 ,socrates 0 told by ! oracle t he 0 ! wise/ ( m51 he 0 9 p]plexity = a "t1 b f9ally decid$ t he 0 wise because he recogniz$ 8 own ignorance4 ,9 ,8 k ( ! ,fa!r & 9 ! my/]y ( ,8 own p]son1 ,jesus places ,himself on an equality ) ,god4 ,yet ?is k did n puff up4 ,!re 0 no ne$ ) ,jesus z ) ,pet] = ! mom5t ( spiritual insight to be foll[$ by a rebuke = presumption2 nor did ,he ne$ l ,paul1 because ( ! greatness ( ! revelation1 to h ! ?orn 9 ! fle% le/ ,he be exalt$ above measure4 ,^! contra/s1 n f\nd 9 any o!r hi/orical "*1 are a self-au!nticat+ feature ( ! words ( ,jesus4 ,all ( ,8 actions1 9 fact1 & all ( ,8 attitudes t[>ds m51 :e!r !y 7 fri5ds or foes1 & all ,8 words1 :e!r ( compassion1 =giv5ess1 w>n+ or indignation1 7 ^? ( a ,pr9ce & a ,savi\r1 a ,pr9ce 9 maje/y & p[] & a ,savi\r 9 pity4 ,bo? de$s & words %[$ t union ( qualities :i* x w\ld be impossible to inv5t1 ! self-ass]tion ( ! great example ( humility4 ,,iv4 ,,! ,,dilemma ,,( ,,hi/orical ,,criticism ,an indirect evid5ce ( transc5d5t elem5ts 9 ! consci\sness ( ,jesus1 & ( ! ess5tial h>mony betwe5 ,8 tea*+ & t ( ,paul1 is furni%$ by ! increas+ly skeptical t5d5cy ( lib]al criticism & ! complete skepticism 9 :i* t criticism has culm9at$4 ,we mu/ disc\nt1 say ! extreme ,lib]al critics 9 effect1 ! ,asc5sion & ,resurrection n>ratives1 because !y 7 writt5 "u ! belief t ,jesus 0 ! exalt$ ,son ( ,god4 ,we mu/ disc\nt ! ,passion n>rative because dom9at$ by ! belief t ,jesus 0 & claim$ to be ! ,messiah2 we mu/ disc\nt ! miracles1 & mu/ take f ! ,gospel page ev]y?+ t indicates t ,jesus claim$ div9e pr]ogatives1 or ,messianic hon\rs1 or us$ titles su* z ! ,*ri/1 ! ,son ( ,god1 ,"l1 or ev5 ! ,son ( ,man1 because ^! betray ! dogmatic views ( ! ,*ur*4 ,b :y n g fur!r ) ! my?ical s*ool & disc\nt ! :ole n>rative because writt5 "u ! prepossession t ,jesus 0 an hi/orical "*8 ,if ! fai? ( ! ,*ur*--! enemy ( hi/ory--has be5 able to create ^? features 9 ! portrait ( ,*ri/ :i* h be5 reg>d$ z significant = religion dur+ ! ages ( ,*ri/5dom1 :y _c its creative activity h ext5d$ to ! hi/orical f\ndation8 ,:y c\ld x n h creat$ its portrait ( ,jesus out ( no?+1 or at lea/ out ( ! social /riv+s & religi\s ne$s & practices ( a syncretic age8 ,! my?ical hypo!sis1 x is cle>1 is n a m]e ecc5tricity ( criticism4 ,x is m ?an an ef=t ( y\?ful audacity 9 s*ol>%ip /riv+ to ga9 public att5tion4 ,x is ! natural1 if n ! inevitable1 outcome ( ! direction 9 :i* criticism1 disc>d+ m & m ( ! ,gospel n>rative1 & des]t+ m & m1 x may be said1 ! sure gr\nd ( hi/orical evid5ce1 has be5 mov+4 ,! me?od ( a progressive r$uction ( ! s\rces & elim9ation ( unacceptable mat]ial has be5 only pu%$ by ! ,radicals to an extreme4 ,! ,radicals1 av[$ly bas+ !mselves on ! ,lib]als1 cont5d t ! latt] h /opp$ at an unt5able half-way position4 ,?us ,drews says t s9ce ! days ( ,/rauss d\bts ( ! hi/orical exi/5ce ( ,jesus h nev] be5 lull$ to re/2#cf & ,re9a*1 avoid+ ,drews' extreme1 yet decl>es t x is contr>y to e s\nd me?od to compose1 z ,r5an did1 a life ( ,jesus1 elim9at+ ! m>vell\s elem5ts ( ! ,gospel /ory4 ,x is no m possible to make real hi/ory ) my?s ?an to make bread ) ! poll5 ( fl[]s4#cg ,x 0 ?\ght t an irr$ucible m9imum _h be5 rea*$ 9 ,s*mi$el's fam\s n9e f\ndation-pill>s = a sci5tific life ( ,*ri/1#ch b ev5 ^! are %att]$ by ! mod]n critical artill]y4#ci #cf3 ,! ,*ri/-,my?1 p4 #g4 #cg3 ,orpheus 7,e4 ,t471 p4 #bca4 #ch3 ,encycl4 ,bibl41 art41 ,gospels1 sec4 #aci4 #ci3 ,b\sset1 op4 cit41 w n admit t we h ! actual words ( ,jesus 9 ,m>k xiii4 #cb 7p4 #eb71 9 ,matt4 xi4 #e 7p4 #ga1 note #c71 9 ,matt4 xii4 #cb 7p4 #i71 9 ,m>k xv4 #cd 7p4 #hg71 or 9 viii4 #ad-bj 7p4 #hb74 ,:5 ,s*mi$el f9ds ! b$-rock ( hi/orical tru? 9 a few expressions or incid5ts :i* run c\nt] to ! g5]al int5tion ( ! ,gospel writ]s1 x is op5 to ,w4 ,b4 ,smi? to base an elaborate argum5t ^u a s+le phrase or ev5 ^w ! ?+s conc]n+ ,jesus1 or ! ,jesus1 ,acts xviii4 #be2 xxviii4 #ba1 etc41 9 fav\r ( a pre-,*ri/ian ,jesus-cult4#dj ,& :5 ,b\sset ) ! ,gospels be=e him confesses t we _c "k c]ta9ly :y ,jesus 0 put to dea?1 x is op5 = ,fraz] & ,re9a* to trans=m ! ,crucifixion into a sort ( ,haman-&-,mordecai play2#da or ev5 = ,j4 ,m4 ,rob]tson1 criticiz+ ,fraz]1 to say t ! capital error ( ! latt] is 9 ! po/ulate t ,jesus exi/$ at all4#db ,x mu/ be confess$ t !re is a facile desc5t f ! r$uc$ ,*ri/ianity ( ! extreme ,lib]als to ! r$uctio ad absurdum ( ! ,radicals1 & t ! diff]5ce betwe5 !m is (t5 "o ( degree r ?an ( pr9ciple4 ,! a/r+5ts us$ to remove ! brilliant col\rs ( miracle & transc5d5ce h prov$ s /rong z to de/roy ! portrait !y 7 int5d$ to re/ore4 ,by propos+ ! dilemma1 ,a miracul\s ,*ri/ or a my?ical ,*ri/1 ! ,radicals h %[n ! difficulty ( draw+ ! picture ( an hi/orical ,jesus f :i* ! transc5d5t elem5ts h be5 remov$4 ,x %\ld be notic$ fur!r t ! hi/orical ,jesus :o is left has a dim9i%+ importance = religion1 & ev5 = e?ics4 ,:5 ,jesus is r$uc$ to ! level ( m]e humanity1 t humanity is apt to be ( an inf]ior ord]4 ,he accepts ! title & rle ( ,messiah unwill+ly1 z a burd5 & "u compulsion f ,8 foll[]s1 or "u ! /rong delusion t1 defeat$ 9 ,8 e>?ly mission1 ,he w\ld imm$iately come 9 glory4 ,9 ei!r case !re is an elem5t ( weakness1 :e!r intellectual or moral1 9 ,8 "*2 ,he _c be ! supreme example & moral lead] ( humanity4 ,or else1 reliev$ ( ! ,messianic burd5 9 ! imag9ation ( ! critic1 ,he becomes a w>rior = ! tru?1#dc a sort ( ,galilean ,socrates1 ! wise/ & be/ ( m51 b ) no cle> outl9es 9 ,8 p]sonality & no di/9ctive traits 9 ,8 message4 #dj3 ,d] ,vor*ri/li*e ,jesus1 #aijf1 ,*apt] ,i4 #da3 ,gold5 ,b\gh1 #b;d ed4 7#aijj71 ,,iii1 pp4 #ahg ff42 ,orpheus 7,e4 ,t471 pp4 #bbi ff4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t ,fraz]'s section on ! dea? ( ,*ri/ has 9 ! ?ird edition1 #aiaj-aiad1 be5 plac$ 9 an app5dix1 ) ! rem>k3 ,! hypo!sis :i* x sets =? has n be5 confirm$ by subsequ5t rese>* & is admitt$ly 9 a high degree speculative & unc]ta94 7,"p ,,vi1 ,! ,scapegoat1 p4 #dab1 note #a47 #db3 ,pagan ,*ri/s1 #aijc1 pp4 #ach1 #aci4 #dc3 ,b\sset1 op4 cit41 p4 #ij4 ,:e!r ! ,f\nd] ( ! ,*ri/ian religion be pictur$ z m]ely a pi\s prea*] ( morality 9 ! s5se ( pres5t day lib]alism1#dd or a psy*opa?ic anomaly1 obsess$ ) ! idea t ,he 0 ! ,messiah1 ! picture is n conv9c+ to ! hi/orian any m ?an x is consol+ to ! ,*ri/ian4 ,9 nei!r picture c ! ,*ri/ ( ! ,gospels or ! ,*ri/ ( ,*ri/ian exp]i5ce be recogniz$4 ,matt]s are n m5d$ :5 extremes meet1 & ,jesus is pictur$ z at once ! sunny & s]5e ,galilean pieti/1 & ! rapt ec/atic obsess$ by ! ?\ght ( ,8 own imm$iate & glori\s return--a delud$ en?usia/ :o saw life /eadily & saw x :ole4 ,if ! repres5tation is n t ( a moral or m5tal weakl+1 bel[ ! level ( ! normal 9 cle>ness ( outlook ^u life or 9 s9c]ity & decision ( "*1 we are left ) a l>gely imag9>y figure1 f :i* mo/ ( ! concrete features h be5 remov$4 ,we d n "k :at mann] ( man ,he 01 nor1 x mu/ be ackn[l$g$1 does x matt] v mu* = religion :e!r ,he 0 at all2 = ) ! increas+ vagu5ess 9 ! hi/orical portrait ( ,jesus1 !re comes inevitably a weak5+ ( ,8 influ5ce z a tea*] :e!r ( religion or morals4 #dd3 ,drews1 op4 cit41 p4 #ae4 ,8 gospel1 9 ! fir/ place1 0 nev] int5d$ to become univ]sal1 s9ce ! ,g5tile mission is attribut$ to ! influ5ce ( lat] ecclesia/ical ideas4 ,b is n ! cont5t ( ,jesus' religi\s tea*+1 ! ,fa!rhood ( ,god & ! value ( ! s\l1 unaffect$ by any views :i* are held z to ,8 ,p]son8 ,t5d5cies are obs]vable 9 mod]n ?\ght :i* are n reassur+ ^u ?is po9t2 &1 9 fact1 ! hi/ory ( ?\ght %[s t !ism1 ap>t f ! support ( ,*ri/ian doctr9e1 is apt to pass into a pan!i/ic my/icism or a semi-dei/ic naturalism4 ,! ,fa!rhood ( ,god may be reg>d$ z too an?ropomorphic a conception1 & a semi-pan!i/ic all-,fa!r may be sub/itut$ = ! ,god & ,fa!r ( our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,/rauss1 :ile he is ! classical example1 is n alone 9 ?is passage f ,lib]al ,*ri/ianity to a m complete skepticism :i* gives up !i/ic belief4 ,x is n surpris+ t 9 c]ta9 circles ! expression ,*ri/ian pan!ism is n[ he>d1 & t a sympa!tic attitude t[>ds pan!ism %\ld be %[n by ! ,lib]al critic4 ,?us ,j4 ,weiss says3 ,pan!ism may1 inde$1 h its limitations & defects1 yet1 )\t d\bt1 x lies v ne> to our "t1 inspir$ z x is by bo? sci5tific & arti/ic ideas4 ,:y %\ld we n recognize ?is =m ( religi\s life alongside ( o!r =ms1 9 case x f9ds vital expression 9 emotion & action8#de #de3 ,significance ( ,paul = ,mod]n ,*ri/ianity1 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,!ology1 ,july1 #aiac1 p4 #ceh4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! !i/ic cont5t ( ,jesus' tea*+ is immeasurably /r5g!n$ :5 en=c$ by ,8 div9e au?ority1 & read 9 ! light ( ,8 ,inc>nation1 ,passion & ,resurrection4 ,z ,drews rem>ks3 ,! *ief ob/acle to a moni/ic religion & attitude is ! belief irreconcilable ) reason or hi/ory1 9 ! hi/orical reality ( a 'unique1' ideal1 & unsurpassable r$eem]4#df ,c]ta9ly ! assurance t ,god is a lov+ ,fa!r & t we are ,8 *ildr51 said to be ! ess5ce ( ,*ri/ianity1 is wond]fully safegu>d$ & buttress$ by ! doctr9es1 or facts1 ( an ,inc>nate1 ,crucifi$1 & ,ris5 ,*ri/4 #df3 ,! ,*ri/-,my?1 p4 #cjj4 ,:atev] happ5s to ! ,*ri/ian doctr9es & ! ,*ri/ian hi/ory1 _m w decl>e t ! e?ical tea*+ ( ,jesus w rema91 & w cont9ue to ex]cise its empire ov] ! lives ( m54 ,b su* an inf]5ce f9ds little support 9 pres5t conditions4 ,an aggressive milit>ism ma9ta9s t ea* nation %\ld be free to develop its own religi\s ideas1 & *ides ,/rauss ) half-way measures 9 hold+ to ,*ri/ian e?ics :ile disc>d+ ,*ri/ian doctr9es & miracles4 ,a militant fem9ism :i* objects to ! m>riage s]vice1 & a militant socialism :i* sees 9 ! family ! ma9 support ( ! "r ( private prop]ty1 w n1 if !y h _! way1 leave ! m>riage relation unaffect$4 ,jesus taught1 we are rem9d$1 9 a pre-sci5tific & a pre-,d>w9ian age4 ,8 tea*+1 9 fact1 :atev] its ackn[l$g$ excell5ce & importance1 0 b a phase1 & t n ! f9al phase1 ( moral evolution4 ,8 tea*+1 z _m hold1 0 only an ,int]imse?ik1 n int5d$ to be ! norm = all m5 & all "t4 ,!re is no assurance t ev5 ! "* ( ,*ri/ w rema9 undimm$ 9 spl5d\r1 & undim9i%$ 9 p[] ( appeal1 = !re is no evid5ce = s9lessness1 except evid5ce :i* is reject$ on ! gr\nd ( exagg]ation or idealization 9 ! case ( miracles1 & o!r claims imply+ ! sup]natural4 ,*ri/ian e?ics d\btless makes an appeal ( its own1 b ap>t f ! support ( ,*ri/ology its supremacy is by no means assur$4 ,if we g back to ! moral tea*+ or to ! example ( ,jesus alone1 !re w be no tea*+ ) au?ority1 no div9e ,tea*] :o is ! ,tru?1 & no reg5]ative p[] ( ! ,_s beh9d ! tea*+4 ,! p[] ( ,*ri/'s example lies 9 ! union ( humility & au?ority4 ,take ,*ri/'s diff]5ce f u out ( ,*ri/ianity & ,8 id5tity ) u loses all its glori\s p[]4 ,if _! ,"l & ,ma/] wa%es ! disciples' feet1 ! example comes ) ! =ce ( a div9e comm&3 ,ye ought also to wa% "o ano!r's feet4 ,x is n m]ely a beautiful act to be admir$ 7or p]haps by "s to be despis$72 x is a div9e imp]ative to be obey$4 ,! /ronge/ argum5t = a doctr9al ,*ri/ianity is n ! indirect "o to be f\nd 9 ! less5+ significance ( a m]ely human-hi/orical ,jesus1 & ! t5d5cy ( ,8 figure to become dim ^u ! field ( hi/ory1 & ( ,8 voice to die away z an e*o ov] ! ,judean hills4 ,x is r to be f\nd 9 ! positive evid5ce ( ! ,*ri/ian docum5ts1 9 ! te/imony ( ,*ri/ian exp]i5ce1 & 9 ! broad] effects ( a doctr9al ,*ri/ianity 9 ! c\rse ( ! c5turies4 ,! /atem5ts ( ,h>nack 9 8 lat] essays %[ ! inadequacy ( a gospel :i* does n include 9 its cont5t ! ,p]son ( ! ,r$eem]4 ,only ,god is ! ,r$eem]--& yet ,*ri/5dom calls ,jesus ( ,naz>e? its ,r$eem]4 ,h[ is ?is contradiction to be solv$8#dg ,x is a fact t ,he is ! inn] possession ( ,8 own4 ,b t :i* lies beh9d ?is fact1 :i* is express$ 9 ! confession ',*ri/ live? 9 me1' ! p]suasion ( ! et]nal life ( ,*ri/1 ( ,8 p[] & glory1 t is a secret ( ! fai? :i* mocks all explanation4#dh ,:5 !re is su* a contradiction betwe5 exp]i5ce & !ory1 x w be natural to "q ! adequacy ( a !ory :i* f9ds no int]pretation = ! deepe/ exp]i5ces ( religion4 ,h>nack1 inde$1 goes f> t[>ds admitt+ ! h>mony betwe5 ! gospel ( ,jesus & t ( ,paul :5 he says3 ,! 'fir/' gospel conta9s ! tru?1 ! 'second' ,paul's gospel ( r$emption ! way1 & bo? toge!r ! life4#di #dg3 ,aus ,wiss5s*aft und ,leb51 ,,ii1 p4 #hg4 #dh3 ,ibid41 p4 #ia4 #di3 ,ibid41 p4 #bbd4 ,!re is 9 ess5ce b "o gospel1 diff]5tly pres5t$ by ,jesus & ,paul1 ^: focal po9t 9 ! tea*+ ( bo? is ,*ri/ & ,him crucifi$4 ,! diff]5ces1 z %[n by von ,dobs*tz 9 a notable essay1 expla9 !mselves naturally f ! situation4 ,9 ,john & ,paul !re is only expansion & repetition ( :at 0 conta9$ implicitly 9 ! words ( ,jesus 9 ! ,synopti/s4 ,! lat] "t 0 n creative1 b only select$ & develop$2 its message 0 an e*o1 n a new utt]ance4 ,9 ! tea*+ ( ,paul z comp>$ ) t ( ,jesus !re are ?ree po9ts ( diff]5ce3 7#a7 ! p]son ( ,jesus is mu* m /rongly emphasiz$2 7#b7 ,8 dea? & resurrection appe> z basal r$emptive acts2 & 7#c7 ev]y?+ is br\ght into connection ) r$emption f s94 ,all ?ree ( ^! diff]5ces are expla9$ by ! hi/orical situation4 ,jesus ,himself _h br\ght !m to ,god1 & ,8 resurrection _h br\ght !m out ( _! despair & /r5g!n$ _! fai? & giv5 !m c\rage = prea*+4 ,z to ! diff]5ces1 two consid]ations %\ld be borne 9 m9d3 ,t ! gospel %\ld be diff]5tly set =? be=e ! dea? ( ,jesus ?an x 0 aft] t ev5t is n to be wond]$ at2 &1 secondly1 x is also natural t ! /&po9t & exposition ( ! recipi5ts ( grace %\ld be diff]5t f ! attitude ( ,"o :o 0 free f s91 & knew t ,he 0 s5t to br+ man to ,god4#ej #ej3 ,gibt es e9 doppeltes ,evangelium 9 ,n4 ,t48 ,!ol4 ,/udi5 u4 ,kritik51 #he 7#aiab71 pp4 #cfb1 #cfc4 ,9 ! future z 9 ! pa/1 we may believe1 doctr9al ,*ri/ianity1 t is a ,*ri/ianity broad en\gh to include ! tea*+ & example1 & ! p]son & passion & resurrection ( ,*ri/1 w be = m5 & nations ! p[] ( ,god unto salvation4 ,if ! ess5ce ( a ?+ is %[n 9 its activity1 ! ess5ce ( ,*ri/ianity _c be sep>at$ f its doctr9al cont5t4 ,c]ta9ly x 0 ,*ri/ianity 9 a doctr9al =m t inspir$ ! greate/ a*ievem5ts ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* 9 ! c\rse ( h] hi/ory4 ,x 0 doctr9al ,*ri/ianity t loos$ ! bonds ( ,jewi% legalism1 inspir$ ! mission>y ent]prise ( ! primitive & ! mod]n *ur*1 rais$ ! /&>d ( ! ,re=mation1 laid ! f\ndations ( mod]n democracy1 & guid$ ! sane/ & brave/ attempts at social re=m4 ,our argum5t has be5 t ! primitive gospel :i* began to be prea*$ by ! ,"l 0 a doctr9al gospel1 a gospel ( ! ,k+dom1 ! ,cross & ! ,son ( ,god1 t no o!r message c be f\nd ) any di/9ctness )9 or b5ea? ! ,gospel records1 & t ?is has be5 at ! basis ( ,*ri/ian exp]i5ce & ( ! life ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,! gospel ( ! grace ( ,god is ! gospel ( ! glory ( ,*ri/4 ,,ii ,! ,*ri/ian ,fai? & ,mod]n ,sci5ce ,a discussion ( ! pres5t relations betwe5 sci5ce & ! ,*ri/ian ,fai? mu/ be v l>gely a discussion ( ! !ory ( evolution4 ,our age has be5 call$ evolution-mad2 we c sc>cely speak or ev5 ?9k except 9 biological t]ms & "u biological categories4 ,! evolution !ory has influ5c$ e dep>tm5t ( ?\ght & ev5 ! sci5ce ( ?\ght itself1 & x is (t5 assum$ t ev]y?+ pre-,d>w9ian mu/ be ?r[n to ! intellectual scrap-heap4 ,half a c5tury ago ! "t 0 ripe = a new g5]alization 9 sci5ce :i* %\ld include ! organic _w4 ,newton _h ext5d$ ! reign ( me*anism 9 space1 & ,lyell1 by sub/itut+ ! uni=mit>ian = ! cata/rophic !ory ( ! =mation ( ! e>?'s cru/1 _h effect$ ! same ext5sion 9 "t4 ,m5's m9ds _h become famili> ) ! ?\ght ( imm5se rea*es ( space & ( va/ p]iods ( "t1 & ) ! idea 9 bo? sph]es ( ! reign ( natural law in/ead ( imm$iate div9e int]v5tion4 ,! ,d>w9ian hypo!sis ( ,natural ,selection came z ! culm9ation ( ?is movem5t ( a progressive sub/itution ( a natural = a sup]natural explanation ( ?+s4 ,! motions ( planets & heav5ly bodies1 ! =mation ( ! /rata ( ! e>?'s cru/1 & n[ ! k+dom ( organic life 7 br\ght )9 ! doma9 ( natural & g5]al law4 ,x is n necess>y to describe 9 detail ! f]m5t 9 religi\s ?\ght :i* foll[$ ! publication ( ! ,orig9 ( ,species1 #ahei2 b we may notice briefly ! extreme inf]5ces :i* 7 drawn unfav\rable to religion1 & !n ! inevitable reaction4 ,on ! "o h& !re 7 l\d claims at fir/ t ! dea?-knell ( religion _h be5 s\nd$4 ,a cause o!r ?an creation _h be5 discov]$ = ! orig9 ( species & by analogy = o!r orig9s =m]ly assign$ to ! ,creator4 ,*ance1 n only bl9d b app>5tly cruel1 0 en?ron$ 9 ! place ( design 9 ! production ( ! v>i\s =ms ( life4 ,! high] 0 evolv$ f ! l[]1 b 9 a way t gave to ! high] ! quality ( ! l[]4 ,man 0 no long] ! *ild ( ,god1 n ev5 ! prodigal *ild4 ,he 0 ! prog5y ( ! brute & %>$ 8 de/9y4 ,! obligation to be moral1 or ev5 dec5t1 _h no high] sanction ?an ! fi]ce /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,!ism 0 d]iv$ f animal-or ance/or-wor%ip1 & _h no high] au?ority or cr$ibility4 ,man1 no long] made 9 ! div9e image1 c\ld lay no claim to a div9e inh]itance2 n fall51 b ris+ out ( 8 brute inh]itance1 he _h no ne$ = ! div9e m]cy4 ,r5an 9 ,france1 ,haeckel 9 ,g]many1 & ,grant ,all5 9 ,engl& agre$ t religion 0 doom$4#ea ,religi\s beliefs1 accord+ to ! la/ nam$1 7 de/9$ to be entirely discr$it$ z grotesque1 fungoid gr[?s :i* _h clu/]$ ar\nd ! ?read ( primitive ance/or-wor%ip4 ,r5an inf]r$ z "o result ( ,d>w9ism ! gradual dy+ out ( religion2 :ile ! fundam5tal po/ulates ( religion1 ,god1 ,fre$om & ,immortality1 71 accord+ to ,haeckel1 all giv5 ! c\p de grace4 ,! life ( man1 entangl$ by desc5t ) l[] ord]s ( be+1 seem$ divorc$ f ! wisdom & purpose ( ,god1 & an all-engulf+ me*anism ?reat5$ to swall[ up ! hopes & aspirations ( mank9d4 ,! situation illu/rat$ ! /atem5t ( ,em]son3 ,! v hopes ( man1 ! ?\ghts ( 8 he>t1 ! religion ( nations1 ! mann]s & morals ( mank9d1 are all at ! m]cy ( a new g5]alization4 #ea3 ,see ,b5jam9 ,kidd 9 article1 ,d>w9ism1 9 ,ha/+s' ,diction>y ( ,religion & ,e?ics1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #djd4 ,f ?is extreme position !re 0 an inevitable reaction4 ,evolution 0 se5 to pres5t a face n s unfav\rable to religion4 ,orig9 & de/9y 7 two que/ions2 ! high] might be evolv$ f ! l[]1 b n 9 su* a way z to deprive ! high] ( its prop] quality4 ,if nature & man 7 s closely relat$1 our idea ( ! wor? ( nature c\ld be exalt$ )\t depriv+ man ( 8 dignity4 ,a man's a man = a' t1 :e!r sprung f ! du/ ( ! e>?1 z _h be5 always held1 or d]iv$ f organic mat]ial bel[ him4 ,an or?odox evolutioni/ develop$ a new & p[]ful argum5t = immortality2 if man _h gone s f>1 :y n f>!r8 ,! mean+ ( ! :ole evolution>y process1 ( ! long travail ( nature1 0 obvi\sly1 if x _h a mean+ 7& :y d5y ?is to our intellectual confusion871 ! production ( man ) 8 end[m5ts1 aspirations & hopes4 ,desc5t may become asc5t1 & ! mean+ ( evolution may well be ! developm5t ( fre$om1 & immortality b evolution at ! end ( its j\rney4 ,a new & gr&] teleology 0 disc]nible 9 nature1 n se5 9 ! details ( its products s mu* z 9 ! great t5d5cies & l9es ( its developm5t & ! outwork+ ( its laws4 ,mo/ impressive ( all1 x 0 f\nd t dev\t ,*ri/ians1 l ,*>les ,k+sley1 c\ld become evolutioni/s )\t los+ _! fai?2 & t evolutioni/s l ,romanes 7:o _h spok51 dur+ 8 eclipse ( fai?1 ( ! evolution>y !ory z a deluge1 uproot+ our mo/ *]i%$ hopes1 engulf+ our mo/ preci\s cre$1 & bury+ our highe/ life 9 m9dless de/ruction#eb7 c\ld become ,*ri/ians1 or rega9 _! fai?1 )\t affect+ _! sci5tific views4 #eb3 ,a ,c&id ,exam9ation ( ,!ism1 p4 #ea4 ,) all ! problems :i* evolution has set = religi\s ?\ght1 x %\ld be notic$ t x has di/9ctly reliev$ ! pressure ( "o difficulty :i* has be5 felt1 ?\gh n[ mu* less acutely ?an =m]ly1 s9ce ! "t ( ,cop]nicus4 ,9 ! words ( ,aubrey ,de ,v]e3 ,?is sph]e is n ,god's ocean1 b "o drop ,%[]$ f its spray4 ,came ,god f heav5 = t8 ,life1 & life ^u ! e>?1 is ! c5tre ( att5tion 9 ! ?\ght ( ! day4 ,) ! physici/ :o sees ! promise & pot5cy ( all t]re/rial life 9 ! primitive />-du/1 ) ! biologi/ :o speaks ( ! fitness ( ! environm5t to su/a9 life1 or ) ! philosoph] :o sees 9 ! vital impulse ! mo/ important ?+ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! univ]se1 ! viewpo9t is necess>ily bioc5tric4 ,yet x has be5 po9t$ out t ! sum ( organiz$ matt] is b an atom 9 ! mass ( ! sol> sy/em1 x occupies b a mom5t 9 its duration2 x has h>dly a place 9 space2 x is b a tempor>y film on "o ( ! small] planets4 ,x c exi/ only 9 a v small "p ( ! scale ( temp]atures ?r\gh :i* ! sph]es pass f _! fir/ to _! la/ /ate4 ,set aga9/ ! visible univ]se x is z ne> to no?+ z we c well conceive any?+ to be4#ec ,a di/+ui%$ evolutioni/ has develop$ an argum5t to prove t ! e>? alone 9 ! sol> sy/em or else:]e fulfills ! conditions ( ! exi/5ce ( any high =m ( life4#ed ,x is n necess>y to e/imate ! value ( ,wallace's argum5t 9 ord] to emphasize1 f an evolution>y po9t ( view1 ! importance ( life & ( man 9 ! univ]se4 ,if ! /&po9t ( sci5ce to-day is frankly bioc5tric1 9 spite ( ! insignificant bulk ( organiz$ matt]1 religi\s ?\ght ne$ n be accus$ ( prov9cialism because x is an?ropoc5tric 9 its int]e/4 #ec3 ,n4 ,s4 ,%al]3 ,! ,individual1 #aiaj1 p4 #ajc4 #ed3 ,a4 ,r4 ,wallace3 ,man's ,place 9 ! ,univ]se4 ,9 /udy+ a little m closely ! religi\s be>+s ( evolution1 x w be conv5i5t to notice1 ,i4 ,! ,me?od ( ,evolution1 or ! biological discussion2 ,,ii4 ,! ,mean+ ( ,evolution1 or ! philosophical discussion2 & ,,iii4 ,!ism & ,evolution1 or ! m directly religi\s aspects ( ! !ory4 ,i4 ,,! ,,me?od ,,( ,,evolution ,:ile !re is g5]al agreem5t among biologi/s t species h be5 d]iv$ f "o ano!r by natural causes1 !re is a wide div]sity ( op9ion z to ! me?od by :i* ?is result has be5 br\ght ab\t4 ,d>w9's !ory ( natural selection has a /ruggle = exi/5ce ( its own1 a fight = life ) o!r evolution>y !ories4 ,emphatic prote/s are made f ! side ( exp]im5tal biology 7de ,vries71 ( paleontology 7,osborn71 & ( philosophical evolution 7,b]gson7 aga9/ ! ,d>w9ian hypo!sis t ! selection ( m9ute =tuit\s v>iations c acc\nt = ! rise ( new species or expla9 ! great l9es ( developm5t4 ,x is only necess>y to read ! two volumes publi%$ 9 ,engl& & ,am]ica#ee 9 hon\r ( ! hundr$? anniv]s>y ( ,d>w9's bir? & ! fiftie? anniv]s>y ( ! publication ( ! ,orig9 ( ,species to see t sci5tific op9ion ^u ! "q ( ! me?od ( evolution is widely divid$4 #ee3 ,d>w9 & ,mod]n ,sci5ce1 ,cambridge1 #aiji2 ,fifty ,ye>s ( ,d>w9ism1 ,new ,york1 #aiji4 ,9 ,biblical language1 ! "q ( ! h\r 9 biology is1 ,:o 7or :at7 made !e to diff]8 ,x is ! "q1 9 ! words ( ,c4 ,h4 ,eig5mann1 ( h[ ! /raight l9e ( exact h]$it>y repetition may be caus$ to sw]ve 9 a def9ite direction to rea* an adaptive po9t4 ,?is is ! "q ( ! pres5t g5]ation1 p]haps ( ! entire tw5tie? c5tury4#ef #ef3 ,fifty ,ye>s ( ,d>w9ism1 p4 #aia4 ,! ,newton ( biology1 :o w discov] ! laws ( v>iation & h]$ity1 has n1 x is safe to say1 yet appe>$4 ,v>iation 9 a def9ite direction 9 virtue ( an int]nal t5d5cy 9 ! organism 7,ngeli72 v>iation 9 response to ! specific /imulus ( ! environm5t 7,eim]72 v>iation due1 at lea/ 9 animals1 to ! consci\s ef=t ( ! individual 7,lam>ck72 v>iation incit+ a correspond+ /r5g!n+ ( p>ts ( ! individual organism1 until "t %\ld be giv5 = h]$it>y /r5g!n+ ( ^! p>ts 7organic selection z taught by ,baldw91 ,osborn & ,lloyd ,morgan72 v>iation due to ! pres]vation & accumulation ( m9ute fluctuations by natural selection 7,d>w9ism 9 its usual =m72 v>iation f unkn[n causes sudd5ly & discont9u\sly 7! mutationism ( de ,vries72 v>iation due to a my/ical vital impulse 9 organic life z a :ole 7! creative evolution ( ,b]gson73--no "o ( ^! views1 if we take sci5tific op9ion z a :ole1 c be said to h torn aside ! veil beh9d :i* nature c>ries on h] creative works4 ,! mo/ notable attempt to supplem5t & /r5g!n ! !ory ( natural selection has be5 made by ,weismann 9 8 !ory ( ,g]m9al ,selection4 ,9 ,weismann's hypo!sis1 :i* has furni%$ 9 a s5se ! philosophical basis = ! popul> ,eug5ics movem5t1 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce is transf]r$ to a /ruggle among ! con/itu5ts ( ! g]m-plasm4 ,! m9ute invisible det]m9ants ( ! g]m-plasm1 :i* give rise to ! v>iations 9 ! organ1 or cell1 :i* !y det]m9e1 are unequally n\ri%$ by ! nutritive /ream4 ,a det]m9ant at fir/ fav\r$ by *ance may at l5g? ga9 /r5g? actively to n\ri% itself to ! detrim5t ( its fell[-det]m9ants1 & ?us atta9 a p]man5t upw>d movem5t4 ,) ,weismann ! fluctuations )9 ! g]m-plasm are ! real root ( all h]$it>y v>iations1 & ! prelim9>y condition = ! occurr5ce ( ! ,d>w9-,wallace factor ( selection4 ,! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 or ! /ruggle = possession ( ! mate 9 sexual selection1 practically goes back to ! /ruggle betwe5 ! det]m9ants )9 ! g]m-plasm#eg = food & space4 #eg3 ,d>w9 & ,mod]n ,sci5ce3 ,! ,selection ,!ory1 p4#di4 ,let u see h[ ?is !ory ( det]m9ants w apply to ! fam\s case ( ! antl]s ( ! elk or /ag4 ,! antl]s w\ld increase 9 size1 9 ?is case1 only because ! det]m9ants1 correspond+ 9 ! g]m-plasm to ! antl]s 9 ! adult organism1 attract$ n\ri%m5t to !mselves1 & )drew x to a c]ta9 ext5t f _! fell[s4 ,in/ead1 !re=e1 ( a correspond+ /r5g!n+ 9 ! :ole ant]ior half ( ! animal1 :i* ,weismann admits w\ld be necess>y1#eh we %\ld h1 ) ! increas$ weight ( ! antl]s1 a decrease 9 weight & /r5g? ( o!r p>ts ( ! body4 ,! problem1 in/ead ( be+ solv$1 seems to be involv$ 9 deep] my/]y1 & !re w be hesitation 9 accept+ ! /atem5t t ?us 9 our "t ! great riddle has be5 solv$--! riddle ( ! orig9 ( :at is suit$ to its purpose )\t ! cop]ation ( purposive =ces4#ei ,t4 ,h4 ,morgan ?9ks x un=tunate t ,weismann %\ld seek to supply ! defici5cies ( ,d>w9's !ory by new speculative matt] skilfully remov$ f ! field ( v]ification4#fj #eh3 ,d>w9 & ,mod]n ,sci5ce3 ,! ,selection ,!ory1 p4 #cb4 #ei3 ,! ,evolution ,!ory1 ,,ii1 p4 #cia4 #fj3 ,evolution & ,adaptation1 pp4 #afe f4 ,biologi/s are g5]ally agre$ 9 hold+ ! doctr9e ( desc5t ) modifications1 b !re is no agreem5t z to ! me?od by :i* v>iations 9 species are br\ght ab\t4 ,bateson ev5 decl>es t evolution>y or?odoxy develop$ too fa/1 & t ! "t is n ripe = ! discussion ( ! orig9 ( species4#fa ,s4 ,h]b]t concludes3 ,9 %ort1 :ile natural selection c be look$ ^u z ! effici5t cause ( ! progress ( evolution>y l9es1 _! fir/ beg9n+s mu/ /ill be attribut$ to a /ill 'unkn[n factor 9 evolution4'#fb #fa3 ,d>w9 & ,mod]n ,sci5ce1 pp4 #ii1 #aja4 #fb3 ,fir/ ,pr9ciples ( ,evolution1 #aiac1 p4 #bbd4 ,! neo-,d>w9ian :o sees 9 ! accumulation ( m9ute *ance v>iations a suffici5t explanation ( ! orig9 ( species1 _c be said to hold ! field 9 su* a way z to call = ! unque/ion+ acceptance ( 8 views by ! lay public2 f> less ne$ ! m remote philosophical inf]5ces sometimes drawn f 8 premises be accept$ )\t *all5ge z ! tea*+ ( sci5ce4 ,:ile ! c5tral my/]y1 9 ! op9ion ( lead+ biologi/s1 rema9s unsolv$ 9 ! biological field1 evolution or natural selection %\ld be us$ ) caution z ! solv5t ( all ! problems ( ! univ]se4 ,! ma/]key %\ld fir/ unlock ! doors ne>] home4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,mean+ ,,( ,,evolution ,! m philosophical discussion ( ! ,mean+ ( ,evolution includes 9 its scope ! que/ions ( me*anism & design & ( pre=mation & epig5esis4 #a4 ,is ! doctr9e ( evolution a foe to design1 or does evolution make m teleology ?an x de/roys8 ,let u assume = ! pres5t ! neo-,d>w9ian position1 & ask :e!r design c be exclud$1 fir/ f ! organic _w )\t man1 & !n f ! organic _w includ+ man4 ,! :ole sy/em ( ?+s s ord]$ t ?r\gh ! op]ation ( ! laws ( v>iability1 /ruggle = exi/5ce1 inh]itance1 elim9ation & selection1 !re %\ld be work$ out ! myriad =ms ( life 9 ev] increas+ complexity1 calls m l\dly = ! po/ulate ( intellig5ce ?an d ! special contrivances & adaptations 9 nature :5 view$ f ! /&po9t ( _! sep>ate orig94 ,if ,paley's wat* calls = a wat*mak]1 a sy/em or arrangem5t ( nature :i* has be5 lik5$1 n to a simple wat*1 b r to a wat* 7or a sundial7 :i* makes all o!r wat*es1 & ^! wat*es ( a con/antly improv$ quality & increas$ complexity1 _c p]man5tly be reg>d$ 9 any o!r ?an a teleological light4 ,if ! :ole process %\ld prove to be me*anical1 ! evid5ce = design is se5 ev5 m /rik+ly 9 ! complex ma*9]y itself ?an 9 ! product4 ,huxley says t !re is a wid] teleology :i* is n t\*$ by ! doctr9e ( evolution1 b is actually bas$ ^u ! fundam5tal proposition ( evolution4#fc ,:5 ,a4 ,r4 ,wallace at fir/ argu$ t _m ( ! *>act]i/ic human qualities 7 n due to natural selection1 because ( no value 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1#fd 8 view incurr$ ! ridicule ( 8 critics1 :o int]pret$ x to mean t our bra9s are made by ,god & our lungs by natural selection4 ,aft] =ty ye>s ( reflection1 ,wallace n[ takes a broad] view ( ! place ( purpose 9 evolution1 & says3 ,i n[ uphold ! doctr9e t n man alone1 b ! :ole ,_w ( ,life1 9 almo/ all its v>i$ manife/ations1 leads u to ! same conclusion--t to af=d any rational explanation ( its ph5om5a1 we require to po/ulate ! cont9u\s action & guidance ( high] intellig5ces2 & fur!r1 t ^! h probably be5 work+ t[>ds a s+le end1 ! developm5t ( intellectual1 moral1 & spiritual be+s4#fe ,a di/+ui%$ biologi/ has said t to believe t all ! c\ntless myriads ( c5tres ( cop]ation & cord9ation :i* h be5 requir$ = ?is cosmos c\ld h be5 orig9at$ & ma9ta9$ by un9tellig5t =ce act+ =tuit\sly makes an imm5sely great] /ra9 ^u fai? ?an ! alt]native hypo!sis4#ff #fc3 ,d>w9iana1 p4 #aaj4 #fd3 ,contributions to ! ,!ory ( ,natural ,selection1 #ahgj4 #fe3 ,! ,_w ( ,life1 #aiaa1 pp4 #cdj f4 #ff3 ,a4 ,macali/]1 ,m4 ,d41 ,f4 ,r4 ,s41 9 ,expositor1 ,vol4 ix41 #aiaj1 p4 #e4 ,! teleological argum5t has %[n ( late unusual vitality1 & its r5ew$ support has come1 s+ul>ly en\gh1 f ! evolution>y qu>t]4 ,?us ,l4 ,j4 ,h5d]son1 inquir+ into ! biological significance ( ! prop]ties ( matt]1 concludes t ! process ( cosmic 7inorganic7 evolution is indissolubly l9k$ ) ! fundam5tal *>act]i/ics ( ! organism2 t logically1 9 "s obscure mann]1 cosmic & biological evolution are "o4#fg ,! biologi/1 he ?9ks1 may n[ rightly reg>d ! univ]se 9 its v ess5ce z bioc5tric4#fh ,wallace1 9 8 ,_w ( ,life1 draws ! inf]5ce :i* ,h5d]son sugge/s b1 z a sci5ti/1 feels t he _c adopt3 ,! remote b m fundam5tal cause ( ! liv+ _w1 :i* has be5 comp>atively little att5d$ to1 is ! exi/5ce ( a special gr\p ( elem5ts possess+ su* exceptional & altoge!r extraord9>y prop]ties z to r5d] possible ! exi/5ce ( vegetable & animal life-=ms4 ,^! elem5ts are l ! fuel1 iron & wat] 9 a /eam-eng9e4 ,we may presume t ! ,m9d :i* fir/ caus$ ^! elem5ts to exi/1 & built !m up into su* m>vell\s liv+1 mov+1 self-support+1 & self-reproduc+ /ructures1 mu/ be _m million times great] ?an ^? :i* conceiv$ & execut$ ! mod]n /eam-eng9e4#fi #fg3 ,! ,fitness ( ! ,environm5t1 #aiac1 pp4 #bgh f4 #fh3 ,ibid41 p4 #cab4 #fi3 ,! ,_w ( ,life1 p4 #daf4 ,x does n appe>1 !n1 t biological evolution at all necessitates ! acceptance ( a me*anical view ( ! univ]se f :i* ! action ( purpose is exclud$4 ,prote/s aga9/ su* a view h1 9 fact1 be5 com+ ( late f ! sci5tific philosoph]s & ! philosophical sci5ti/s4 ,b]gson1 a type ( ! =m]1 insi/s t spontaneity1 movem5t1 indet]m9at5ess are ! diff]5tia ( life4 ,among ! sci5ti/s1 ,o/wald ?9ks t an absolutely det]m9$ _w is n ! real _w1 b an ideal _w2#gj & ,sir ,o4 ,lodge speaks ( ! !ory t ev]y?+ 9 ! _w is me*anically det]m9$ z a mod]n sup]/ition4#ga ,h[ is ! s\?w>d flight ( ! bird & its return 9 ! spr+ to its own ne/1 or ! j\rney ( an eel ?\s&s ( miles up an inl& riv] & its return !nce to spawn 9 ! deep wat]s ( ! ocean1 to be expla9$ z ! result ( purely me*anical causes8 ,dries* insi/s t ! *emical-physical processes d n con/itute life1 !y are us$ by life4#gb #gj3 ,natural ,philosophy1 p4 #ej4 #ga3 ,hibb]t ,j\rnal1 ,octob]1 #aiaa1 p4 #gjd4 #gb3 ,see ,j4 ,a4 ,?omson1 ibid41 p4 #aaf4 ,! me*anical int]pretation ( ?+s1 h[ev] useful = "s purposes x may be1 appe>s increas+ly ?9 & gho/ly z we advance into ! realms ( life1 consci\sness & fre$om4 ,x becomes a c>icature ( reality4 ,x is n m]ely a col\rless photograph z ov] aga9/ a portrait--ev]y?+ r$uc$ to black & :ite2 b x is l an ,x-ray photograph ( a liv+ man1 a m]e skeleton )\t fle% & blood4 ,me*anism is indep5d5t ( "t1 b "t is1 9 a s5se1 ( ! ess5ce ( ! organism4 ,! me*anical movem5t c be rev]s$1 :ile life processes are irrev]sible4 ,! life & c>e] ( a great sci5ti/ su* z ,pa/eur1 x has be5 said1 is a m impressive evid5ce ( design ?an any adduc$ by ,paley & ! ,bridgwat] treatises4#gc ,man has be5 call$ ,nature's rebel1 & ! end[m5ts ( man & 8 a*ievem5ts 9 controll+ nature & und]/&+ nature are a di/urb+ elem5t 9 any !ory :i* w\ld exclude ! op]ation ( intellig5ce f ! c\rse ( evolution4 ,romanes tells u3 ,:5 ,i wrote ! prec$+ treatise ,! ,c&id ,exam9ation1 ,i did n suffici5tly appreciate ! imm5se importance ( human nature1 z di/+ui%$ f physical nature1 9 an inquiry t\*+ ,!ism4#gd #gc3 ,s4 ,paget3 ,ano!r ,device1 p4 #aja4 #gd3 ,?\ghts on ,religion1 p4 #afd4 ,! drama ( evolution z unfold$ by sci5ce inevitably sugge/s t 9 ! =tunes & life ( humanity is to be he>d ! motif ( nature's music1 unless inde$ all is *aos & discord4 ,! diapason ends full 9 man1 or r beg9s 9 man & ! hi/ory ( 8 life ^u ! e>?4 ,x may /ill be believ$--because ( evolution av[$ly1 or 9 spite ( evolution--t man is a happy or an unhappy accid5t1 a sport1 a mon/rosity1 ! misc>riage ( an ape1 a faux pas ( nature1 ! /range/ ev5t 9 a purposeless s]ies2 or man may be reg>d$1 ) mu* to support su* an int]pretation1 z ! int5d$ goal ( evolution1 giv+ significance1 rationality & purpose to ! :ole hi/ory4 ,h[ev] sl[ & gradual ! /eps by :i* man has be5 produc$1 & h[ev] me*anical 9 "o aspect ! process1 x may be insi/$ t a me*anism s p]fect z to produce ! v>i$ =ms ( organic life1 culm9at+ 9 man1 ) 8 m5tal & moral end[m5ts1 is z /rong evid5ce z c\ld be produc$ ( purpose z ! ultimate & only explanation ( ! me*anism4 ,c]ta9ly ! difficulty ( evolv+ ! fit f ! =tuit\s becomes acc5tuat$ :5 man is includ$ )9 ! s]ies4 ,man1 a purposive & moral be+1 sees 9 himself & ! /ructure ( 8 m9d & ! exp]i5ce ( 8 life ! cr[n+ evid5ce ( ! action ( purpose4 ,if ! cause mu/ be adequate to produce ! effect1 man _c reg>d himself z ! product ( an accid5tal or me*anical process f ^: inception & op]ation ! action ( intellig5ce is exclud$4 ,9 a ^w1 a purposive be+ _c h be5 ! result ( a purposeless process4 ,x is significant t ^? :o h int]pret$ evolution to ! masses h q uni=mly done s 9 t]ms ( progress4 ,b progress is a teleological conception4 ,9 a _w :]e atoms %ift unceas+ly1 b )\t ! guidance ( intellig5ce or w1 !re may be *ange b !re w be no progress2 = "o arrangem5t ( atoms w be z high 9 ! scale ( values z ano!r4 ,evolutioni/s :o1 z evolutioni/s1 are inspir$ ) an ideal ( human progress mu/ 9 "s s5se be f9ali/s4 ,if ! hi/ory ( ! _w & ( man pres5ts any real progress1 x c only be because x is 9 s f> an expression ( purpose4 #b4 ,x is an example ( :at ,c>d9al ,newman call$ ! developm5t ( doctr9e t ! !ory ( ,evolution has come to mean1 9 popul> reg>d1 q ! opposite ( :at x meant etymologically or 9 ! m9d ( its e>ly advocates4 ,evolution means ! unfold+ ( :at 0 enfold$1 ei!r 9 primordial liv+ g]ms or1 to g /ill fur!r back1 9 ! primitive />-du/4 ,:atev] is 9 ! product mu/ be read back into ! elem5ts f :i* x em]g$1 & a complete k ( ^! elem5ts & _! prop]ties w\ld ?us disclose pot5cies = ! production1 "u suitable conditions1 ( ! complet$ developm5t4 ,a glance1 almo/ at r&om1 at curr5t lit]ature 9 :i* ! conception ( evolution is employ$ 9 philosophical & !ological discussion1 %[s t ! !ory has suff]$ a sea-*ange4 ,x has n[ come to mean1 to _m :o use x freely1 n ! unfold+ ( ! implicit1 b ! production or appe>ance ( some?+ ess5tially new1 a creative syn!sis or epig5esis4 ,b]gson1 ,james ,w>d1 ,b>on von ,hgel & ,loisy are among ^? :o use ! t]m 9 ?is s5se4 ,?us ! la/ nam$ writ] says3 ,t :i* con/itutes man z a human be+ is t :i* he possesses m ?an ! bea/s1 & n t :i* he possesses 9 common ) !m4 ,f ! fact t humanity proce$s f animality1 x does n foll[ t x is expla9$ & def9$ altoge!r by animality1 o!rwise evolution mu/ be d5i$4#ge #ge3 ,hi/oire des ,religions1 #aiaa1 pp4 #fa f4 ,?is modification ( mean+ is important :5 ! doctr9e ( evolution is ext5d$ d[nw>d into ! inorganic sph]e4 ,s9ce species are d]iv$ f "o ano!r1 x us$ to be argu$1 life mu/ be d]iv$ f ! lifeless2 & x is obvi\s t if ?is process is pursu$ x w lead to an inf9ite regress4 ,we g back f ! civiliz$ to ! savage1 f ! consci\s to ! unconsci\s1 f ! organic to ! inorganic1 till f9ally ! evolution ( ! atom becomes ! problem ( problems4 ,we g back 9 an inf9ite regress1 approa*+ ! ideal limit3 ,9 ! beg9n+1 no?+4 ,! goal w\ld seem to be ! evolution ( primitive matt] out ( no?+1 z ,alfr$ ,noyes has sugge/$ 9 8 poem1 ,! ,orig9 ( ,life3 ,9 ! beg9n+8--,sl[ly grope we back ,along ! n>r[+ track1 ,back to ! des]ts ( ! _w's pale prime1 ,! mire1 ! clay1 ! slime2 ,& !n 444 :at !n8 ,surely to some?+ less2 ,back1 back1 to ,no?+ness6 99 99 99 99 99 ,w y h c\rage1 !n1 to b[ ! head1 ,& say1 :5 all is said-- ,out ( ?is ,no?+ness arose our ?\ght6 ,?is blank abysmal ,n\ght ,woke1 & br\ght =? t light$ city /reet1 ,^? t[]s1 t arm\r$ fleet8 99 99 99 99 99 ,w y h c\rage1 !n1 to front t law 7,f :i* y\r sophi/s draw ,_! only "r to fl\t "o human cre$7 ,t no?+ c proce$-- ,n ev5 ?\ght1 n ev5 love--f less ,?an its own no?+ness8 ,! law is y\rs6 ,b d>e y waive y\r pride1 ,& kneel :]e y d5i$8 ,! law is y\rs6 ,d>e y rek9dle1 !n1 ,"o fai? = fai?less m51 ,& say y f\nd1 on t d>k road y trod1 ,9 ! beg9n+--,god8 ,! pr9ciple ( cont9uity urges ! evolutioni/ to ext5d 8 !ory d[nw>d into ! inorganic _w & upw>d into ! sph]e ( ! moral & ! spiritual4 ,at ! crucial po9ts ( ! orig9 ( life & ( ! human race1 ! advocate ( pre=mation has great] difficulty ?an ! support] ( epig5esis or creative evolution1 :i* is a sort ( rappro*em5t betwe5 evolutionism & creationism4 ,let u see h[ ! case /&s at pres5t z reg>ds ! orig9 ( life & ! orig9 ( man4 ,life may be g5]at$ any day 9 ! laboratory1 b z yet ?is has n be5 done4#gf ,9 fact s great are ! difficulties t ,arrh5ius ?9ks t !re 0 no beg9n+ ( life1 life be+ et]nal & p]si/+1 9 spite ( ackn[l$g$ sci5tific difficulties 9 ! conception1 amid ! vicissitudes ( cosmic *anges & flights ?r\gh int]/ell> space4#gg ,weismann does n ?9k t a liv+ g]m c\ld be convey$ 9 ! crevices ( meteorites to our planet1 because x c\ld nei!r endure ! excessive cold nor ! absolute desiccation to :i* x w\ld be expos$ 9 cosmic space1 :i* conta9s absolutely no wat]4 ,?is c\ld n be endur$ ev5 = a few days1 mu* less = immeasurable p]iods ( "t4#gh #gf3 ,jacques ,loeb says t :oev] claims to h succe$$ 9 mak+ liv+ matt] f inanimate w h to prove t he has succe$$ 9 produc+ nucle9 mat]ial :i* acts z a f]m5t = its own syn!sis & ?us reproduces itself4 ,nobody has ?us f> succe$$ 9 ?is1 al?\gh no?+ w>rants u 9 tak+ x = grant$ t ?is task is beyond ! p[] ( sci5ce4--,d>w9 & ,mod]n ,sci5ce1 p4 #bgj4 #gg3 ,worlds 9 ! ,mak+1 #aijh1 ,*apt] ,,viii4 #gh3 ,! ,evolution ,!ory1 ,,ii1 p4 #cfe4 ,"l ,kelv9 w n g z f> z ,arrh5ius1 b believes t a meteorite br\ght ! fir/ liv+ g]ms to ?is planet4 ,k4 ,pe>son ?9ks t "u fav\rable conditions 9 ! remote pa/ life arose1 b arose only once1 out ( ! non-liv+4#gi ,! bridge 0 s sl5d] t x 0 cross$ b once "u imag9>y conditions n controllable by exp]im5t2 & z a unique ev5t ev5 9 imag9>y hi/ory x _c be said to be subject to any g5]al law4 ,x is que/ionable1 9 fact1 :e!r 9 sci5tific m]it ! hypo!sis is sup]ior to t ( special creation4 #gi3 ,gramm> ( ,sci5ce1 "o volume edition1 pp4 #daj ff4 ,dr4 ,s*f] sees ?is & po9ts x out v cle>ly 9 8 ,presid5tial ,address4#hj ,a sci5tific acc\nt ( ! orig9 ( life mu/ ref] x to causes op]at+ to-day2 s1 in/ead ( ,arrh5ius' et]nity ( life1 or ( ,pe>son's spontane\s production ( life b once "u inaccessible conditions1 or ,"l ,kelv9's meteoric conveyance ( life1 he believes t life is con/antly be+ produc$1 & has always be5 produc$1 f c]ta9 colloidal sub/ances :i* he describes4 ,b :at has become ( all ?is life1 con/antly g5]at$8 ,he admits !re is trace ( only "o paleontological s]ies4 ,:ile assum+ t x is ! nature ( life to evolve1 he admits t !re is no evid5ce accessible to ! s5ses or disc]n$ z yet by ! mo/ delicate in/rum5ts = ! exi/5ce ( ^! c\ntless beg9n+s ( life4 ,! real "q !n conc]ns n ?is k9d ( life1 :i* eye ha? n se51 b ! orig9 ( ! life :i* we "k1 & ^: m>vell\s developm5t evolution traces4 ,o/wald ?9ks t x is undecid$ :e!r orig9ally !re 7 "o or sev]al =ms f :i* ! pres5t =ms sprang1 nor is x kn[n h[ life fir/ made its appe>ance on e>?4 ,s long z ! v>i\s assumptions ) reg>d to ?is "q h n l$ to decisive1 actually demon/rable diff]5ces 9 ! results1 a discussion ( x is fruitless1 & !re=e unsci5tific4#ha #hj3 ,sci5ce1 ,septemb] #f1 #aiab1 pp4 #bid ff4 #ha3 ,natural ,philosophy1 p4 #age4 ,a comp>ison has (t5 be5 drawn betwe5 ! bir? ( ! individual & t ( ! race4 ,!ologians h discuss$ ! "q :e!r ! *ild 9 8 spiritual nature is to be ref]r$ to a special act ( creative p[]1 or :e!r all ( 8 end[m5ts are d]iv$ f 8 p>5ts4 ,to ! poet ! bir? ( ! *ild sugge/s ! pres5ce ( =ces o!r ?an ^? ( ! se5 & temporal4 ,! new life is out ( ! deep1 f ! true _w1 )9 ! _w we see4 ,its roots are 9 ano!r dim5sion ( be+ ?an t ( nature or ! _w ( "t & s5se4 ,9 mom5ts ( insight1 ?\gh inl& f> we be1 our s\ls h sight ( t immortal sea :i* br\ght u hi!r4 ,aga9 to ! philosoph] !re is 9 ! individual some?+ indescribable1 unique1 n to be compress$ )9 ! compass ( any g5]al law1 some?+ 9 ea* individual :i* 8 ance/ry or antec$5ts w n expla9 nor 8 environm5t produce4#hb #hb3 ,see ,royce3 ,! ,_w & ! ,individual1 ,,ii1 p4 #cbe4 ,says a di/+ui%$ pr(essor ( biology#hc3 ,famili>ity ) developm5t does n remove ! real my/]y :i* lies back ( x4 ,! developm5t ( a human be+1 ( a p]sonality1 f a g]m cell seems to me ! climax ( all wond]s1 great] ev5 ?an t involv$ 9 ! evolution ( a species or ! mak+ ( a _w4 ,he rem>ks t if p]sonality is det]m9$ by h]$ity alone1 all tea*+1 prea*+1 gov]nm5t1 is useless4 ,! only hope = ! race1 he says1 is 9 eug5ics--always suppos+ t en\gh fre$om is left to c>ry out its program4 #hc3 ,e4 ,g4 ,conkl93 ,h]$ity & ,responsibility1 9 ,sci5ce1 ,janu>y #aj1 #aiac4 ,if ! bir? ( ! individual & ! full /ory ( 8 orig9 is ?us envelop$ 9 my/]y = !ologian1 poet1 philosoph] & ev5 sci5ti/1 x is n to be expect$ t ! problem ( ! orig9 ( ! human race c be solv$ by a neat =mula4 ,"h ! my/]y ( ! bir? ( ! individual f p>5ts ( ! same species is int5sifi$ _m fold4 ,"h ! problems ( m9d & body1 ( _! g5etic & metaphysical relations to ea* o!r1 & ( ! ultimate relation ( ! _s _w to ea*1 press = solution be=e !re c be any full & f9al answ] to ! "q ( ! orig9 ( man4 ,is x any wond] t ! s+le occurr5ce ^u :i* 0 bas$ ! bir? ( all future g5]ations :i* h peopl$ ! e>? %\ld be ?\ght to involve m ?an c be includ$ 9 any sci5tific hypo!sis8#hd #hd3 ,no o!r animal types1 says ,wallace1 make ! slighte/ approa* to any ( ^! high faculties su* z are se5 9 man or %[ any indication ( ! possibility ( _! developm5t4 ,9 v _m directions !y h rea*$ a limit ( organic p]fection beyond :i* !re is no app>5t scope = fur!r advancem5t4 ,su* p]fect types we see 9 ! dog1 ! horse1 ! cat-tribe1 ! de] & ! antelopes1 ! elephants1 ! beav] & ! great] apes2 :ile _m o!rs h become ext9ct because !y 7 s highly specializ$ z to be incapable ( adaptation to new conditions4 ,all ^! are probably ab\t equal 9 _! m5tal faculties1 & !re is no indication t any ( !m are or h be5 progress+ t[>ds man's elevation1 or t su* progression1 ei!r physically or m5tally1 is possible4--,man's ,place 9 ! ,univ]se1 #c;d 7popul>7 ed41 pp4 #cbh1 #cbi4 ,:5 we seek to int]pret ^! critical po9ts 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w1 su* z ! orig9 ( life & ( man1 two roads are op5 be=e u4 ,we may emphasize1 ) ! advocates ( pre=mation1 ! pr9ciple ( cont9uity alone2 &1 expla9+ ! high] by ! l[]1 we may g back z ,mr4 ,noyes w\ld c>ry u1 back on ! dw9dl+ track1 expla9+ civilization by savag]y1 ! non-moral by ! moral1 ! consci\s by ! unconsci\s1 ! liv+ by ! non-liv+4 ,9 ?is process1 x has be5 (t5 po9t$ out1 !re lurks a sort ( g5]atio quivoca2 primitive />-du/ is end[$ ) ! attributes ( life1 ( consci\sness1 & ev5 ( purpose & morality4 ,?us ,j4 ,a4 ,?omson says t if we see any good reason = believ+ 9 ! er/:ile orig9 ( ! liv+ f ! n-liv+1 we give a great] cont9uity to ! c\rse ( ev5ts1 & we mu/ aga9 read some?+ into ! common d5om9ator ( sci5ce--,matt]1 ,en]gy1 & ! ,e!r4 ,we h already read into ?is ,wond] & ,my/]y1 ,h>mony & ,ord]1 & we mu/ n[ read into x--,progress &1 f a philosophical /&po9t1 ,purpose4#he #he3 ,! ,bible ( ,nature1 pp4 #aca1 #acb4 ,! objection w be made t to reg>d ! primitive atoms or cells z practically self-pres]v+1 self-repair+ & self-improv+1 ! f\nta9 ( all life1 ( all consci\sness & morality & civilization1 is to end[ ^! entities ) attributes t are manife/ly inappropriate4 ,see+ ! difficulties ( a !ory ( evolution bas$ ^u ! pr9ciple ( cont9uity alone1 we may emphasize1 ) _m popul> int]pret]s1 n s mu* ?is pr9ciple ( cont9uity1 z t ( progress4 ,evolution w\ld !n mean n a m]e %ift+ ( ! elem5ts1 a r$i/ribution ( matt] & motion1 b a creative syn!sis1 an epig5esis4 ,x w !n mean1 n ,!re is no?+ new "u ! sun1 b r1 ,:at next8 ,! desc5t ( man w no long] sugge/ ! inf]5ce t z ! prog5y ( ! brute man mu/ %>e 8 de/9y1 b r ! ?\ght t x do? n yet appe> :at we %all be4 ,b h[ to expla9 ! new elem5t :i* has aris51 n out (1 b alongside (1 ! o!rs8 ,we w\ld n be cont5t to say1 ,n[ ! inorganic elem5ts incapable ( produc+ life2 & n[1 pre/o6 liv+ matt]2 = ?is aft] all w\ld be a break 9 cont9uity n expla9$1 & w\ld lead once m to a sort ( creation ex nihilo4 ,! necessities ( ! case seem to call = "s new conception :i* %all unite ! two great pr9ciples ( cont9uity & progress4 ,,iii4 ,,!ism ,,& ,,evolution ,we h rea*$ ! po9t :]e x c be se5 t evolution1 :5 elevat$ f a biological hypo!sis into a !ory ( ! univ]se1 is 9 ne$ ( ! !i/ic po/ulate 9 ord] to make x workable4 ,!ism1 9 fact1 (f]s a tw(old advantage to ! evolution !ory4 ,x satisfies ! causal dem&1 & x furni%es ! means ( comb9+ ! two ideas ( cont9uity & progress :i* h impress$ !mselves s deeply ^u ! m9d ( our g5]ation4 ,9 ! fir/ place x satisfies ! causal dem&4 ,if evolution is b ! unfold+ ( ! implicit1 z ! pre=mation view w\ld h x1 an explanation is naturally s\ght = ! m>vell\s prop]ties ( ! orig9al />-du/1 or m9d-/uff1 or ! primordial liv+ g]m4 ,! m me*anical ! int]pretation ( ! c\rse ( ?+s becomes1 ! m insi/5t1 aga91 w be ! que/ions1 ,:o made ! me*anism8 ,:o drives ! me*anism8 ,ev5 f ! /&po9t ( epig5esis1 ! appe>ance ( an entirely new elem5t1 :i* by hypo!sis is n m]ely implicit 9 ! previ\s /ate ( ?+s1 mu/ be ref]r$ to "s adequate cause or gr\nd4 ,evolution1 9 any ( its =ms1 is ! "n ( a me?od r ?an ( a cause2 & logic compels ! evolutioni/ to assume a =ce t 0 n evolv$1 b :i* exi/$ be=e evolution began4#hf #hf3 ,f4 ,h4 ,headley1 ,problems ( ,evolution1 p4 #aee4 ,if we int]pret ! p[] beh9d evolution 9 a !i/ic s5se1 & believe t ,god is imman5t 9 nature & 9 ! life ( man1 we are n absolv$ f ! task ( trac+ z f> z possible ! natural hi/ory ( life & m9d1 b we may view t hi/ory f a /&po9t f :i* bo? orig9 & progressive developm5t become intelligible4 ,no sci5tific hypo!sis is able 9 itself to c>ry u all ! way f conc5trat+ nebul to ! ?\ghts ( poets4 ,a !ory ( ! univ]se :i* %all d ju/ice to ! conceptions bo? ( cont9uity & progress c be/ be fram$ ) ! aid ( ! category ( purpose4 ,! cont9uity is pres]v$ 9 ! unity ( ! develop+ plan1 no /age ( :i* is sudd5 or abrupt1 b is relat$ filially to ! /age & ! /ages :i* prec$$4 ,! relation betwe5 two /ages is n l t betwe5 ! two memb]s ( an equation1 a relation ( exact equival5ce betwe5 ! evolv$ & ! involv$4 ,!re is a really new elem5t 9 ! lat] /age if !re is a real progress4 ,b ! new factor comes n 9 dramatic or spectacul> fa%ion2 x comes )\t obs]vation1 & comes n to de/roy b to fulfill4 ,if ! evolution !ory is to cov] ! :ole hi/ory ( ! _w & ( man1 x mu/ be hospitable to ! ideas bo? ( cont9uity & progress4 ,an int]pretation ( evolution s fram$ w\ld be oppos$1 inde$1 to ! conception ( a ,creator t\*+ ! _w only ) ,8 f+]-tips1 & exhau/+ ,8 creative p[] 9 its initial ex]cise4 ,x w\ld be oppos$ to mat]iali/ic monism1 z well z to an ideali/ic or pan!i/ic monism :i* w\ld r$uce ! evolution>y & hi/oric process to m]e appe>ance4 ,evolution 9 its !i/ic con/ruction sees 9 ! l[] ord]s ( exi/5ce & 9 ! e>li] /ages ( life ! promise1 b n ! pot5cy1 ( ! high]4 ,x assumes ! exi/5ce ( a p[] imman5t 9 ! univ]se & adequate to acc\nt = ! appe>ance ( new =ces4 ,x c int]pret alike ! cont9uity ( ! evolution>y process1 & ! appe>ance once = all 9 ! irrev]sible mom5ts ( progress ( new =ms & =ces ( life4 ,x admits ! possibility ( ! appe>ance ( new spiritual =ces 9 ! c\rse ( hi/ory1 & op5s a vi/a ( illimitable progress4 ,no "o 0 m c]ta9 ?an ,huxley1 :5 speak+ ( ! relation ( man to ! l[] animals1 t :e!r f !m or n1 he is assur$ly n ( !m4#hg ,man's peculi> end[m5ts1 8 s5se ( law & beauty1 8 spiritual capacities & aspirations1 all ( ^!1 if laws ( analogy & causation are to hold1 po9t to a diff]5t dim5sion ( be+ f t ( nature bel[ him4 ,if man /ill be>s 9 8 bodily frame ! indelible /amp ( 8 l[ly orig91#hh he be>s 9 ! framework ( 8 m9d & moral nature ! indelible /amp ( 8 spiritual orig94 ,8 spiritual end[m5ts c f9d _! explanation only 9 a spiritual _w4 ,!y h aris51 n f ! lair ( ! wild bea/1 b r f ! bosom ( ,god4 ,no asc]ta9$ fact ( sci5ce1 nor any legitimate or necess>y inf]5ce f any su* fact1 =bids ! affirmation ( fai?1 ,x is ,he t ha? made u1 & we are ,8 p4 #hg3 ,man's ,place 9 ,nature1 p4 #hg4 #hh3 ,desc5t ( ,man1 p4 #fai4 ,) ea* advance ( sci5ce ! ?\ghts ( m5 are di/urb$4 ,! discov]ies ( ,cop]nicus & ,galileo seem$ to de/roy ! f\ndations ( ! ,*ri/ian1 or ev5 ! !i/ic1 view ( ! _w2 b ! a/ronom] to-day c see anew ,god's glory 9 ! heav5s & m impressive evid5ce ( ,8 greatness & maje/y4 ,:5 ,newton's laws ( motion displac$ ! idea t ! planets 7 convey$ ab\t _! orbits by angelic be+s1 x 0 fe>$ t a!ism 0 ! logical inf]5ce4 ,b ,newton himself rema9$ a dev\t !i/1 & ev5 ,voltaire1 8 admir]1 0 ready ,to foll[ ,newton 9 t b\ndless road1 ,:]e nature's lo/1 & ev'ry?+ b ,god4 ,s :5 evolution1 ?r\gh ! g5ius ( ,d>w91 came into popul> discussion & acceptance1 x 0 fe>$ t *ance _h be5 en?ron$ 9 ! univ]se1 & t religion 0 de/9$ to ext9ction4 ,b 9 ! progress ( ! evolution !ory1 z its advocates h split into v>i\s camps1 ! s5se ( ! my/]y 9 ! orig9s & laws ( ! organic _w has deep5$1 & _m c see 9 nature ! evid5ce ( a div9] wisdom ?an be=e4 ,dr4 ,s*f] 9 8 presid5tial address be=e ! ,briti% ,association1 9 #aiab1 spoke 9 "o s5se ( ! cont9uity ( life1 giv+ to x :at seem$ l a me*anical or mat]iali/ic int]pretation4 ,! foll[+ presid5tial address1 by ,sir ,oliv] ,lodge1 spoke ( ! cont9uity ( life 9 ano!r s5se1 a cont9uation ( life aft] dea?2 & argu$ t me*anism is inadequate to expla9 ! facts ( life1 & ass]t$ t g5u9e religion has its roots deep d[n 9 ! he>t ( humanity1 & 9 ! reality ( ?+s4 ,at ea* /age ( advance 9 sci5ce1 says a rec5t writ]1 ?is joyful ov]e/imate ( ! possibilities ( me*anism becomes a m>k$ feature ( contempor>y ?\ght4 ,z ea* piece ( k becomes assimilat$1 x is se5 t ! old problems are 9 _! ess5ce unalt]$2 ! poet1 ! se] & ! my/ic aga9 come to _! own1 &1 9 new language1 & f a high] gr\nd ( vantage1 proclaim _! message to mank9d4#hi #hi3 ,sci5ce & ! ,human ,m9d1 by ,w4 ,c4 ,d4 ,:e?am & ,c4 ,d4 ,:e?am1 #aiab1 pp4 #bah1 #bai4 ,! horizons ( my/]y are n at ! conf9es ( telescopic vision1 or at ! f> b\nd>ies ( ! mat]ial univ]se1 b are 9 ! objects :i* are mo/ famili>1 9 ! meane/ fl[] t bl[s1 9 ! m9ute/ se$ & 9 ! smalle/ atom4 ,z ! poet f9ds 9 ! fl[] ?\ghts too deep = te>s1 s ! sci5ti/ sees 9 x problems too va/ & f>-rea*+ = human compreh5sion4 ,he c see 9 ! v atom m9ute sol> sy/ems1 & 9 electricity a my/]y ly+ at ! v he>t ( mat]ial ?+s4 ,x is ! p>adox ( sci5ce t ! m ! _w is und]/ood1 ! deep] does ! my/]y ( its exi/5ce become4 ,) ! enl>g+ b\nd>ies ( k !re is a gr[+ appreciation ( my/]ies p]haps insoluble :i* lie beyond4 ,sci5ce1 9 fact1 only deals ) ! connections ( ?+s1 & ! processes by :i* !y came to be :at !y are1 b n ) ! ultimate orig9s & ! f9al ends4 ,! deep] /udy ( nature w lead m51 we may believe1 9 ! future z x has done 9 ! pa/1 to ! rev]5t attitude ( a ,kepl]1 a ,newton1 a ,cl]k-,maxwell1 & a ,"l ,kelv94 ,!y w see 9 ! bird's fea!r & ! butt]fly's w+1 9 ! con/itution ( ! cell & ! atom1 9 ! /ell> univ]se & ! m9d ( man1 evid5ces ( creative ,p[] & ,purpose2 &1 turn+ f ! /udy ( nature1 w exclaim1 ,h[ wond]ful are ,?y works2 9 wisdom ha/ ,?\ made !m all6 ,,iii ,! ,*ri/ian ,fai? & ,psy*ology ,! ,psy*ology ( ,religion z a bran* ( sci5tific /udy 0 made 9 ,am]ica1 & is n yet tw5ty ye>s old4 ,its virtual f\nd] & popul>iz] 0 ,william ,james1 :o furni%$ ! introduction to ,/>buck's ,psy*ology ( ,religion 7#aijj7 & publi%$ 8 ,v>ieties ( ,religi\s ,exp]i5ce1 ! qu>ry 9 :i* all subsequ5t writ]s h m9$1 9 #aijc4 ,an e>li] ,am]ican philosoph]1 ,jona?an ,edw>ds1 ga9$ ! "r to be call$ ! precursor ( ! sci5ce by 8 treatise on ! ,religi\s ,emotions4 ,( ,edw>ds1 nam$ ) ,em]son & ,james z "o ( ?ree repres5tative ,am]ican philosoph]s1 ,royce has said t he actually r$iscov]$ "s ( ! _w's pr(\nde/ ideas reg>d+ ,god & humanity simply by read+ = himself ! mean+ ( 8 own religi\s exp]i5ces4#ij #ij ,william ,james & ,o!r ,essays1 p4 #d4 ,! way = a sci5tific /udy ( religi\s exp]i5ce _h be5 prep>$ by ! developm5t ( mod]n psy*ology & by ! gr[+ popul> int]e/ 9 religi\s ph5om5a4 ,we recall ! wide-spread int]e/ 9 ,drummond's ,natural ,law 9 ! ,spiritual ,_w1 deal+ ) p]sonal religion1 & 9 ,kidd's ,social ,evolution1 :i* dealt ) ! place ( religion on ! broad] field ( human progress4 ,! popul>ity ( monographs on my/icism1 su* z ^? by ,w4 ,r4 ,+e & ,miss ,a4 ,und]hill1 & ( lives ( ! sa9ts1 su* z ,paul ,sabati]'s ,life ( ,francis ( ,assisi & ,mc,cabe's ,life ( ,augu/9e1 %[$ by ! p]sonality ( _! au?ors & ! wide circle ( _! read]s t religi\s exp]i5ces1 especially if !y be pr(\nd & unusual1 are matt]s ( deep human int]e/ ev5 to ^? n closely connect$ ) ! *ur*es4 ,! sa9ts h be5 tak5 f ! *ur* hi/orians1 & made to live be=e u z m5 ( l passions ) ourselves4 ,= _m mon?s rec5tly a religi\s novel1 ,! ,inside ( ! ,cup1 held its place z ! be/ sell]4 ,s9ce ! pione] "w ( ,/>buck1 ,coe#ia & ,james1 ! lit]ature ( ! subject1 l>gely by ,am]ican writ]s1 has gr[n apace4 ,e/abli%$ 9 ! college c\rse1 ! psy*ology ( religion has ?reat5$ to di/urb ve/$ rights ev5 9 ! !ological s*ools4 ,conv]sion & sanctification1 once reg>d$ z !mes = ! !ological cloi/]1 ! revival s]vice or ! closet ( devotion1 h become famili> topics ( ! text-books & commonplaces ( ! lecture room4 #ia3 ,! ,spiritual ,life1 #aijj4 ,w ?is /udy ( religion f ! psy*ological /&po9t prove to be an ally to ! ,*ri/ian ,fai?1 or w x put new weapons into ! h&s ( its enemies8 ,x may be too e>ly = a positive answ]1 b ! adv]tis+ value ( ! new movem5t _c be d5i$1 & sev]al specific entries at lea/ may be made on ! cr$it side ( ! l$g]4 ,! mat]ials = religi\s psy*ology h be5 drawn ma9ly f ,*ri/ian biography & ,*ri/ian exp]i5ce4 ,impressive /ories ( conv]sion1 ga!r$ f ! ages ( ,*ri/5dom & f ! "w ( city & =eign missions1 h /r5g!n$ ! argum5t f ,*ri/ian exp]i5ce4 ,tak5 f religi\s biographies & devotional books & mission>y annals & mod]n que/ionnaires1 ! te/imony ( ! sa9ts ( all ages has be5 m>%all$ z !y h told :at ! ,"l has done = _! s\ls4 ,! v fact t x has be5 wor? :ile to write psy*ologies ( religion is 9 itself significant4 ,*ri/ianity1 says ,euck51 has be5 ! fir/ to give ! s\l a hi/ory2 9 comp>ison ) ! int]e/ ( ! s\l1 x has r$uc$ all ev5ts 9 ! out] _w to m]e incid5tals1 accord+ to ! words ( ,jesus3 ',:at %all x pr(it a man if he ga9 ! :ole _w & lose 8 own s\l4'#ib #ib3 ,knn5 wir no* ,*ri/5 se98 #aiaa1 p4 #aj2 ,c ,we ,/ill ,be ,*ri/ians8 p4 #i4 ,sep>at+ z f> z possible ! descriptive f ! metaphysical aspects ( our subject1 we may consid] ,i4 ,! ,psy*ology ( ,religi\s ,exp]i5ce2 & ,,ii4 ,! ,metaphysical ,implicates ( ,religi\s ,exp]i5ce4 ,"u ! fir/ head we %all f9d t ! /udy ( religi\s exp]i5ce has be5 fav\rable to ! ,*ri/ian ,fai? 9 at lea/ f\r respects4 ,i4 ,,! ,,psy*ology ,,( ,,religi\s ,,exp]i5ce ,i4 ,! sci5tific /udy ( religion %[s t religion belongs to ! ess5ce r ?an ! accid5ts ( human nature4 ,man is ! pray+1 ! believ+1 & ! hop+-to-survive animal4 ,x is n ! (fice ( psy*ology to prove ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 b x may %[ t belief 9 ,8 exi/5ce is natural to man1 & is fav\r$ by natural selection4 ,x may %[ t religi\s exp]i5ces h1 9 ! words ( ,james1 enorm\s biological wor?1#ic & t1 to quote aga9 ! same writ]1 ! /r5u\s type ( "* w on ! battle-field ( human hi/ory always outwe> ! easy-go+ type1 & religion w drive irreligion to ! wall4#id #ic3 ,v>ieties ( ,religi\s ,exp]i5ce1 p4 #eji4 #id3 ,! ,w to ,believe1 p4 #bac4 ,"o evid5ce ( ! normality ( religi\s fai? is ! vacuum or s5se ( loss :i* cont9ues to be felt 9 ! life ( ^? :o h lo/ x4 ,if we ne$ ,god1 z ,augu/9e says1 9 ord] t ! s\l may live1 x is natural t !re %\ld be a feel+ ( spiritual />vation )\t ,god4 ,! two classical in/ances ( ?is a*+ void ! _w c nev] fill are ^? ( two well-kn[n sci5ti/s1 "o writ+ 9 ! eclipse1 app>5tly p]man5t1 ( 8 fai?1 & ! o!r aft] its re/oration4 ,says ,w4 ,k4 ,clif=d3 ,:e!r or no x be reasonable & satisfy+ to ! consci5ce1 x _c be d\bt$ t !i/ic belief is a com=t & a solace to ^? :o hold x1 & t ! loss ( x is a v pa9ful loss4444 ,we h se5 ! spr+ sun %9e out ( an empty heav51 to light up a s\lless e>?2 we h felt ) utt] lonel9ess t ! ,great ,companion is dead4 ,our *ildr51 x may be hop$1 w "k t sorr[ only by ! reflex light ( a wond]+ compassion4#ie ,x is a sad consolation t *ildr5 w be sp>$ ! loss1 because !y h n kn[n ! joy1 ( religi\s fai?4 #ie3 ,lectures & ,essays1 #b;d ed41 p4 #chi4 ,romanes1 dur+ ! eclipse ( 8 fai?1 f\nd t success1 intellectual di/raction1 reputation & arti/ic pleasure 7 all tak5 toge!r & well sweet5$ to ta/e 444 b z high confection]y to a />v+ man4 ,he adds3 ,i take x !n z unque/ionably true t ?is :ole negative side ( ! subject proves a vacuum 9 ! s\l ( man :i* no?+ c fill save fai? 9 ,god4#if ,su* mod]n in/ances %[ ! normality ( religion1 & are an impressive comm5t>y ^u ! words ( ! ,psalmi/1 ,my s\l is a?ir/ = ,god1 & ^u ^? ( ,augu/9e1 ,our he>ts are re/less until !y re/ 9 ,!e4 #if3 ,?\ghts on ,religion1 #b;d ed41 pp4 #afa1 #afb4 ,! normality ( religion is fur!r %[n 9 ! in/9ctive turn+ ( ! s\l to ,god1 or to "s high] p[]1 9 times ( crisis & dang]4 ,! religi\s consci\sness is be/ int]rogat$1 n 9 times ( me*anical r\t9e or worldly preoccupation1 b 9 ^? mom5ts :5 we seem to ourselves to be mo/ religi\s1 9 mom5ts ( cle>e/ insight1 or ( deepe/ emotion1 or ( "s crisis 9 action4 ,! /ory ( "o ( ! survivors ( ! ,titanic disa/] is 9 po9t3 ,! second ?+ t /&s out prom95tly 9 ! emotions produc$ by ! disa/] is t 9 mom5ts ( urg5t ne$ m5 & wom5 turn = help to some?+ entirely outside !mselves4444 ,to ^? m5 /&+ on ! top deck ) ! boats all l[]$1 & /ill m :5 ! boats _h all left1 !re came ! realization t human res\rces 7 exhau/$ & human av5ues ( escape clos$4 ,) x came ! appeal to :atev] consci\sness ea* _h ( a ,p[] t _h creat$ ! univ]se4 ,aft] all1 "s ,p[] _h made ! brilliant />s above 444 _h made ea* "o ( ! pass5g]s ) ability to ?9k & act1 ) ! be/ pro(1 aft] all1 ( be+ creat$--k ( _! own exi/5ce2 & n[1 if at any "t1 0 ! "t to appeal to t ,p[]4 ,:5 ! boats _h left & x 0 se5 ! %ip 0 go+ d[n rapidly1 m5 /ood 9 gr\ps on ! deck engag$ 9 pray]1 & lat]1 z "s ( !m lay on ! ov]turn$ collapsible boat1 !y repeat$ toge!r ov] & ov] aga9 ! ,"l's ,pray]4444 ,& ?is 0 n because x 0 a habit4444 ,x mu/ h be5 because ea* "o 444 saw laid b>e 8 utt] dep5d5ce on some?+ t _h made him & giv5 him p[] to ?9k4444 ,m5 d practical ?+s 9 times l t3 !y w\ld n wa/e a mom5t on m]e words if ^? words 7 n an expression ( ! mo/ int5sely real conviction ( :i* !y 7 capable4 ,aga91 l ! feel+ ( h]oism1 ?is appeal is innate & intuitive1 & x c]ta9ly has its f\ndation on a k--l>gely conceal$1 no d\bt--( immortality4 ,i ?9k ?is mu/ be obvi\s3 !re c\ld be no o!r explanation ( su* a g5]al s9k+ ( all ! emotions ( ! human m9d express$ 9 a ?\s& diff]5t ways by a ?\s& diff]5t p 9 fav\r ( ?is s+le appeal4#ig #ig3 ,! ,loss ( ! ,,ss4 ,titanic3 ,its ,/ory & ,its ,lessons1 by ,lawr5ce ,beasley1 ,b4 ,a4 7,cantab471 ,s*ol> ( ,gonville & ,caius ,college1 "o ( ! survivors4 ,bo/on1 #aiab4 ,! in/9ctive place & biological value ( religion 9 human life1 ! re/lessness & hung] ( ! s\l )\t religion1 %[ t x is n an excresc5ce ^u human nature4 ,! exclamation ( a rec5t writ] seems ju/ifi$3 ,! age ( sci5tific mat]ialism is pa/4444 ,! religi\s in/9ct has be5 adjudg$ normal4#ih #ih3 ,j4 ,b4 ,c>t]3 ,! ,religi\s ,life ( ,anci5t ,rome1 p4 #ie4 #b4 ,! /udy ( religi\s exp]i5ce has %[n ! p[] ( religion 7& c]ta9ly = ! mo/ "p its p[] = good7 9 ! life ( ! individual & ( society4 ,! psy*ologi/s h ?ru/ ^u our att5tion ) unmi/akable emphasis ! fact ( conv]sion1 h[ev] !y may !orize ab\t ! fact4 ,! record$ exp]i5ces ( sa9ts1 re=m]s & mission>ies1 ! te/imony collect$ by ! que/ionnaires & ! cases ( conv]sion describ$ 9 su* books z ,begbie's ,twice-,born ,m5 h %[n beyond a p]adv5ture t m5 c be born aga94 ,x only rema9s = ! *ur* to say1 ,ye mu/ be born aga94 ,! records %[ t m5 :o are ! slaves ( appetite & vice1 too degrad$ to be rea*$ by appeals to pride or to prud5ce1 c by ! gospel be re/or$ to hope & self-respect & to lives ( s+ul> usefulness4 ,z ,begbie says3 ,!re is no m$ic9e1 no ,act ( ,p>liam5t1 no moral treatise1 & no inv5tion ( philan?ropy1 :i* c trans=m a man radically bad into a man radically good4444 ,sci5ce despairs ( ^! p1 pron\nces !m 'hopeless' & 'incurable4' ,politicians f9d !mselves at ! end ( _! res\rces4 ,philan?ropy beg9s to wond] :e!r its *>ity c\ld n be turn$ into a m f]tile *annel4 ,! law speaks ( 'crim9al classes4' ,x is only religion t is n 9 despair ab\t ?is mass ( pr(itless evil dragg+ at ! heels ( progress--! religion :i* /ill believes 9 miracle4#ii #ii3 ,twice-,born ,m51 #aiji1 pp4 #ah;f4 ,! psy*ologi/s h emphasiz$ n only ! facts ( conv]sion b ! v>iety 9 its mode4 ,x has be5 po9t$ out t conv]sion = males is a m viol5t incid5t ?an = females1 & m sudd54#ajj ,uhlhorn has obs]v$ t x is *>act]i/ic ( a p]iod ( conflict t sudd5 conv]sions are m frequ5t !n ?an at o!r times1 t ! m>vel inh]5t 9 e conv]sion becomes m evid5t1 &1 s to speak1 m palpable4#aja ,a *ild br\ght up "u /rong religi\s influ5ces w n h ! int5se /ruggles :i* are natural :5 a h>d5$ crim9al or a sc(f+ unbeliev] is conv]t$4 ,c\nt ,z9z5dorf rais$ s]i\s misgiv+s 9 ! m9ds ( ! ,moravians :5 he insi/$ t he c\ld n tell ! day :5 he fir/ decid$ = ,*ri/1 & _h no k ( a "t :5 he did n love ,him4#ajb ,! "m ( ,edmund ,gosse1 a woman s+ul>ly devot$ 9 h] lab\rs by tongue & p5 to ! cause ( evangelical religion1 wrote 9 h] ?irtie? ye>3 ,i _c recollect ! "t ,i did n love religion4 ,if ,i mu/ date my conv]sion f my fir/ wi% & trial to be holy1 ,i may g back to infancy2 if ,i am to po/pone x till aft] my la/ willful s91 x is sc>cely yet begun4#ajc #ajj3 ,/>buck3 ,psy*ology ( ,religion1 p4 #ie4 #aja3 ,conflict ( ,*ri/ianity ) ,hea!nism1 p4 #afh4 #ajb3 ,see ,/ev5s3 ,psy*ology ( ! ,*ri/ian ,s\l1 pp4 #aei1 #afj4 #ajc3 ,fa!r & ,son1 by ,edmund ,gosse1 #aijg1 p4 #c4 ,x w\ld be equally "o-sid$ to insi/ t all conv]sions mu/ be ( ! sudd5 or cataclysmic type1 & to ignore ! trem5d\s significance ( "s sudd5 & dramatic exp]i5ces ( conv]sion4 ,paul & ,augu/9e are cases 9 po9t1 & x w sc>cely d to dismiss !m ) ! rem>k t ,paul 0 probably a neurotic1 & t ,augu/9e 0 a s5suali/ ) a highly develop$ n]v\s temp]am5t4#ajd ,! true nature ( conv]sion may be/ be se51 z ,james sugge/s1 9 ^? exp]i5ces :i* are exagg]at$ & int5se4#aje #ajd3 ,ames3 ,! ,psy*ology ( ,religi\s ,exp]i5ce1 p4 #bfe4 #aje3 ,v>ieties1 p4 #de4 ,conv]sions ( ! sudd5 & dramatic type h1 z a matt] ( fact1 ex]t$ ! mo/ f>-rea*+ influ5ce 9 hi/ory4 ,! secul> hi/orian is apt n[adays to magnify ! influ5ce ( ,paul ^u ! life ( ,europe1 b ! *ur* hi/orian mu/ add t ,paul1 z apo/le or !ologian or mission>y1 _c be und]/ood ap>t f ! exp]i5ce at ,damascus4 ,augu/9e's conv]sion inspir$ 8 ?\ght & det]m9$ 8 !ology4 ,( ,lu!r1 ^: conv]sion may n h be5 ( q s dramatic a type1 a rec5t writ] says3 ,inde$1 ! ,re=mation 9 ,g]many 0 ! spiritual biography ( ,lu!r writ l>ge1 a spiritual exp]i5ce mat]ializ$ 9 in/itutions & intellectualiz$ 9 confessions4#ajf #ajf3 ,h4 ,h4 ,walk]3 ,h>v>d ,!ological ,review1 ,april1 #aiac1 p4 #agi4 ,! psy*ologi/s unite ) ! hi/orians 9 describ+ ! broad objective effects ( religion ^u ! field ( hi/ory4 ,*ri/ianity 9 its ,paul9e =m pres5t$1 9 ! ,we/1 a successful ob/acle to ! flood ( ,ea/]n ?\ght & culture4 ,:5 ! /ructure ( ! ,roman ,empire 0 crumbl+1 x 0 ,*ri/ianity 9 its ,roman organization t resi/$ ! dis9tegrat+ influ5ces ( ! b>b>ian invasion4 ,x 0 ,*ri/ianity 9 its ,calv9i/ic =m t became ! se$-plot ( mod]n democracy4 ,no /ud5t ( ,am]ican hi/ory1 says a writ] on ! psy*ology ( religion1 c fail to recognize ! imm5se value ( religion z a factor 9 our national developm5t1 keep+ u 9 "s measure true to ! ideals ( our fa!rs4444 ,! fact t our moral conceptions h at all /ood ! /ra9 ( ?is rapid mat]ial developm5t1 & t political & social corruption & decay 9 ,am]ica to-day are n hopeless & irrem$iable z !y 7 9 ,rome dur+ ! la/ c5tury ( ! ,republic1 is due1 ,i believe1 *iefly to ! vitality ( religion among u z a factor effectively cons]vative ( our socially recogniz$ values4#ajg #ajg3 ,w4 ,k4 ,wright3 ,a ,psy*ological ,def9ition ( ,religion1 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,!ology1 ,july1 #aiab1 p4 #djf4 #c4 ,at a "t :5 ! s5se ( s9 is decl9+1 x is int]e/+ to f9d ! psy*ologi/s press+ ^u our att5tion ! facts ( ! disord]1 ! wrongness1 ! uneas9ess1 or frankly ! ne$ ( salvation1 ( human k9d4 ,x w\ld be out ( place = ! psy*ologi/1 z su*1 to dogmatize ^u ! subject ( orig9al s91 b 9 8 analysis ( human nature he _c ov]look ! fact ( moral discord1 a fact (t5 politely ignor$ 9 ! text-books on e?ics4 ,?us :5 ,james speaks unres]v$ly & autobiographically1 he confesses t we all ne$ m]cy4 ,! morally a?letic attitude t5ds to break d[n at la/ ev5 9 ! mo/ /alw>t2 &1 9 ! condition ( moral helplessness1 all our morality appe>s z a pla/] hid+ a sore x c nev] cure1 & all our well-do+ z ! holl[e/ sub/itute = t well-be+ t our lives ought to be gr\nd$ 91 b alas6 are n4#ajh ,! ess5tial fact ( religion1 = ,royce1 is man's que/ = salvation2 & ! c5tral & ess5tial po/ulate :i* he consid]s 9 8 rec5t lectures1 is ! po/ulate t man ne$s to be sav$4#aji #ajh3 ,v>ieties1 p4 #dg4 #aji3 ,s\rces ( ,religi\s ,insight1 #aiab1 pp4 #h f4 ,a di/9ction is sometimes drawn betwe5 a once-born & a twice-born type ( religi\s exp]i5ce1 b ! di/9ction is n absolute4 ,we h already notic$ t ^? :o c trace no abrupt *ange 9 _! exp]i5ce1 nor tell ! day or ev5 ! ye> ( _! conv]sion1 may be zeal\s 9 evangeli/ic lab\r1 & emphatic 9 _! insi/5ce ^u ! ne$ ( reg5]ation4 ,a well-kn[n example ( ! once-born type ( religion is ! late ,edw>d ,ev]ett ,hale1 ^: words are (t5 quot$3 ,i obs]ve1 ) pr(\nd regret1 ! religi\s /ruggles :i* come into _m biographies1 z if almo/ ess5tial to ! =mation ( a h]o4 ,i ought to speak ( ^!1 to say t any man has an advantage1 n to be e/imat$1 :o is born1 z ,i 01 into a family :]e ! religion is simple & rational2 etc4#aaj ,& yet ,dr4 ,hale's son1 br\ght up 9 su* an atmosph]e1 has himself describ$ 9 ! public press an exp]i5ce "u revival prea*+ :i* belongs to ! twice-born type4#aaa #aaj3 ,quot$ 9 ,/>buck1 pp4 #cje f4 #aaa3 ,see ,! ,lit]>y ,dige/1 ,febru>y #aj1 #aijf1 p4 #baj4 ,! secrets ( e he>t are n reveal$ to ! psy*ologi/1 & we %\ld n expect ( him ! deepe/ insight into ! s9fulness ( s92 b 9 emphasiz+ man's s5se ( ne$1 ( incomplet5ess1 ( re/lessness & ( di%>mony1 psy*ology has done mu* to confirm1 if x _c ( itself affirm1 ! ,scriptural /atem5t t all h s9n$4 #d4 ,is man sav$ by fai? or by works1 by fai? or by "*8 ,z betwe5 ! evangelical & ! legal s*emes ( salvation1 ! answ] ( religi\s psy*ology is emphatically 9 fav\r ( ! =m]4 ,psy*ologi/s ( all s*ools unite 9 insi/+ t ^? :o pass f re/lessness & impot5ce to peace & fullness ( life d s 9 wond]ful accord ) ! ,scriptural me?od ( salvation by fai?4 ,! witnesses may be call$1 ev5 ?\gh to a t$i\s degree "o witness only confirms ! te/imony ( ano!r4 ,we are advis$ by ,ja/r[ t x is necess>y = ! life t we live t we %\ld frequ5tly p]mit ! focus ( our conc]ns & ( our /ruggles to fade away1 & all[ ! surg+s f bel[ to ass]t !mselves4#aab ,james rem>ks t !re is a /ate ( m9d kn[n to religi\s m51 b to no o!rs1 9 :i* ! w to ass]t ourselves & hold our own has be5 displac$ by a will+ness to close our m\?s & be z no?+ 9 ! floods & wat]sp\ts ( ,god4444 ,! "t = t5sion 9 our s\ls is ov]1 & t ( happy relaxation1 ( calm deep brea?+1 ( an et]nal pres5t1 ) no discordant future to be anxi\s ab\t1 has arriv$4#aac #aab3 ,! ,subconsci\s1 #aijf1 p4 #edc4 #aac3 ,v>ieties1 p4 #dg4 ,/>buck emphasizes ! surr5d] ( ! w 9 conv]sion ev5 :5 ! w has be5 consci\sly ex]cis$4 ,we are confront$ ) ! p>adox 444 t 9 ! same p]sons :o /rive t[>ds ! high] life1 self-surr5d] is (t5 necess>y be=e ! s5se ( assurance comes4 ,! p]sonal w mu/ be giv5 up4 ,9 _m cases relief p]si/5tly refuses to come until ! p]son ceases to resi/1 or to make an ef=t 9 ! direction he desires to g4#aad ,he adds t fai? is ! next /ep aft] self-surr5d]1 or ev5 ! accompanim5t ( x4444 ,!n fai? comes 91 :i* means t ! s\l is 9 a receptive attitude4444 ,"o ?r[s oneself completely on ! _w-w1 s t "o may become a 'receiv] ( its tru? & an organ ( its activity4'#aae #aad3 ,psy*ology ( ,religion1 pp4 #aac1 #aad4 #aae3 ,ibid41 p4 #aag4 ,royce rem>ks t our religi\s ne$ is supreme1 & is accompani$ ) ! p]fectly well-w>rant$ assurance t we _c atta9 ! goal unless we c get into "s sort ( communion ) a real life inf9itely ri*] ?an our own4444 ,! religi\s ideal gr[s out ( ! vision ( a spiritual fre$om & peace :i* are n naturally ours4#aaf ,! little w ( ! consci\s & limit$ individual1 says ,j4 ,b4 ,pratt1 mu/ simply give up be=e ! deep] w ( ! l>g] p]sonality1 /ret*+ out f ! consci\s c5tre no "o kn[s h[ f>1 c take control4#aag #aaf3 ,s\rces ( ,religi\s ,insight1 pp4 #ec1 #ed4 #aag3 ,psy*ology ( ,religi\s ,belief1 #aijg1 p4 #afa4 ,x is cle> t ! evangelical s*eme ( salvation1 ,heav5's easy1 artless1 un5cumb]'d plan1 has f\nd /rong & unexpect$ support f ! mod]n /udy ( religi\s exp]i5ce4 ,! impressive te/imonies above1 if translat$ into ,paul9e language1 mean t salvation is by fai? & n by works ( ! law4 ,! examples f :i* ! g5]alizations are made are tak5 mo/ly f or?odox circles1 b ev5 ^? :o are b loosely atta*$ to ,*ri/ianity 9 its usual =ms are sav$ 9 ! same way4 ,?us ,james says ( ! m9d-cur]s t !y h demon/rat$ t a =m ( reg5]ation by relax+1 by lett+ g1 psy*ologically indi/+ui%able f ! ,lu!ran ju/ification by fai? & ! ,wesleyan acceptance ( free grace1 is )9 ! rea* ( p]sons :o h no conviction ( s9 & c>e no?+ = ! ,lu!ran !ology4#aah ,! !ologian might cont5d t ,*ri/ianity is a sort ( sleep+ p>tn] 9 ^! s*emes1 & t !y conta9 ! mu/>d se$ ( fai? suffici5t to save2 b1 h[ev] ?is may be1 ! fact rema9s t ! m9d-cure s*emes tea* a =m ( salvation by fai?1 n by works4 #aah3 ,v>ieties1 p4 #aaa4 ,! /ra9 ( att5tion & con/ant anxiety1 involv$ 9 ! ef=t to keep ! law & save oneself1 leads to exhau/ion & despair4 ,! /ruggle is hopeless1 ! psy*ologi/ w\ld say1 because ! n]v\s c5tres become exhau/$4 ,man _c1 h[ev] zeal\s = ! law1 by consci\s activity & moral /ruggle atta9 inw>d peace4 ,salvation by works is psy*ologically z well z !ologically impossible4 ,,ii4 ,,metaphysical ,,implicates ,,( ,,religi\s ,,exp]i5ce ,! /ud5ts ( religi\s exp]i5ce are to a rem>kable degree 9 agreem5t ) "o ano!r & ) ! tea*+s ( evangelical ,*ri/ianity 9 _! view ( ! place & p[] ( religion 9 human life1 & ( ! ne$ ( salvation & ! way ( salvation4 ,disagreem5ts arise :5 !y seek no long] to describe religi\s exp]i5ce b to int]pret t exp]i5ce4 ,our au?orities1 9 te*nical language1 agree v l>gely :5 !y /udy ! ph5om5ology ( religion1 b diff] widely z to its metaphysical implicates4 ,x may prop]ly be ask$ :e!r ! psy*ology ( religion1 :ile deal+ ) ! deep ?+s ( man1 is compet5t to reveal ! deep ?+s ( ,god4 ,%\ld ! psy*ologi/ v5ture to draw any inf]5ces 9 ! metaphysical sph]e8 ,/rictly speak+ he is /udy+ only subjective ph5om5a1 & ! self-impos$ limitations ( 8 subject %\ld =bid him f laun*+ into metaphysical speculation4 ,if he _c1 z a psy*ologi/1 call 8 s\l 8 own1 mu* less c he inf] t ,god exi/s or t ,*ri/ianity is true4 ,he mu/ rema91 p]=ce1 9 ! out] c\rts ( ! temple1 & _c ent] ! inn] %r9e4 ,z a matt] ( fact no writ] on ! psy*ology ( religi\s exp]i5ce really conf9es himself )9 /rictly empirical limits4 ,metaphysical inf]5ces are 9 fact drawn1 or v pla9ly sugge/$1 & ! important "q becomes :at inf]5ces ( ?is nature1 :e!r positive or negative1 are prop] & legitimate4 ,religi\s exp]i5ce is at any rate n self-explanatory1 b po9ts to some?+ beyond itself1 :e!r t some?+ be m]ely a disord]$ n]v\s sy/em1 or a natural impulse su* z t ( sex1 or a dep>tm5t ( consci\sness outside ( ! normal1 or a ,great ,beyond1 :e!r conceiv$ z ,humanity or z ! liv+ ,god4 ,we may consid] !n1 7#a7 ! physical explanation ( religion1 includ+ ! sexual2 7#b7 ! psy*ological explanation2 7#c7 ! social explanation2 & 7#d7 ! !ological explanation4 #a4 ,l[e/ 9 ! scale is ! view ( religion :i* reg>ds x z ! result ( abnormal physical or psy*ophysical conditions4 ,?is !ory is ! expression ( a robu/ secul>ism1 :i* c quote ! prov]b1 ,:5 ! devil 0 sick1 ! devil a monk w\ld be1 & w\ld prescribe a dose ( physic 7z 8 fri5ds did = ,george ,fox7 = ^? 9 di/ress on acc\nt ( _! s9s4 ,= ! mod]n mat]iali/1 z = ! anci5t ,mani*ee1 s9 is a "q ( physiology2 moral depravity only a manife/ation ( corporeal disord]4#aai ,religion & crime1 9 ?is view1 bo? dep>t f ! l9e ( normal exi/5ce1 & are pa?ological ph5om5a4 ,b if religion is a disease1 x afflicts m5 9 all sorts ( physical & m5tal /ates1 & is practically a univ]sal disease1 tak+ ! _w at l>ge4 #aai3 ,rob]t ,law3 ,! ,te/s ( ,life1 p4 #aca4 ,ak9 to ?is pa?ological explanation ( religion is t :i* sees 9 x ei!r a natural expression1 or else a p]v]sion1 ( ! sexual in/9ct4 ,9 a c]ta9 s5se ! religi\s life is an irradiation ( ! reproductive in/9ct1#abj says ,/>buck2 & ,g4 ,s4 ,hall says t 9 its mo/ fundam5tal aspect1 conv]sion is a natural1 normal1 univ]sal1 & necess>y process at ! /age :5 life pivots ov] f an autoc5tric to a het]oc5tric basis4#aba ,?is view is popul> ) ^? :o w\ld give a naturali/ic acc\nt ( ! religi\s life1 especially ( conv]sion4 #abj3 ,psy*ology ( ,religion1 p4 #dja4 #aba3 ,adolesc5ce1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #cja4 ,9 assum+ a close connection betwe5 human & div9e love1 ! my/ics & ! mat]iali/s jo9 h&s4 ,) bo? ! sexual is transmut$ into ! spiritual4 ,plato made ! transition 9 8 ,phdrus1 comp>+ div9e ) human love & ev5 ) ! latt] 9 a degrad$ =m4 ,! sexual passion & ! passion = purity bo? alike /ir human nature to its dep?s1 & ! love ( ,god & ! love ( woman are someh[ ak94 ,religion 9 all ages has made free use ( ! imag]y ( love & m>riage4 ,! close connection has be5 emphasiz$ by ! /ati/ics :i* %[ t ! p]iod betwe5 twelve & tw5ty ye>s is prem95tly ! age ( conv]sion4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! relations betwe5 ! sexual & ! religi\s life are s v>i\s t x does n seem possible to place !m 9 ! simple relation ( cause & effect4 ,9 anci5t religions !re 7 examples ( phallic wor%ip & ! mutilation ( prie/s1 ( temple pro/itutes & ve/al virg9s4 ,polygamy & celibacy h bo? alike be5 enjo9$ 9 ! "n ( religion4 ,! imag]y ( ! bride & ! bridegroom has be5 freely us$ by ! my/ics1 b x is employ$ z well by ^? :o are ?\ght to oppose religion4#abb ,x is true t 9 ,*ri/ian circles ! curve ( conv]sion rises sudd5ly & is at its height dur+ ! adolesc5t p]iod2 b aga9 ! facts are n s cle> z to w>rant ! inf]5ce t conv]sion is an effect ( ! developm5t ( ! sexual life4 ,! adolesc5t p]iod is ! "t also ( ! awak5+ ( ! intellectual & /hetic faculties1 ( ! feel+ ( responsibility & ! /irr+ ( ambition4 ,unless all ( ^! are irradiations ( ! sexual impulse1 x _c be said t ! religi\s awak5+1 com+ )9 ?is p]iod1 mu/ be s reg>d$4 ,! adolesc5t p]iod is "o ( peculi> religi\s susceptibility1 b 9 "p ?is may be due to ! influ5ce ( social pressure1 br\ght to be> v /rongly at ?is p]iod by p>5ts & tea*]s4 ,aga91 ! exceptions on bo? sides are too _m4 ,adolesc5ts1 ev5 ^? "u religi\s influ5ces1 are n always conv]t$2 inde$ ?is p]iod is "o ( peculi> susceptibility to d\bt4 ,x is notori\s t ?is is ! "t :5 ! ,sunday-s*ool & ! *ur* are apt to lose _! hold on ! boys1 & ! que/ionnaires %[ juv5ile a!ism z well z juv5ile piety4 ,sex developm5t _c well be ! cause bo? ( religion & irreligion4 #abb3 ,9 an appreciation ( ! late ,john ,davidson1 x is said t an obsession by sexual metaphors 0 8 imag9ative besett+ s94--,a4 ,s4 ,mories1 9 ,we/m9/] ,review1 ,july1 #aiac1 p4 #ha4 ,:ile conv]sions are mo/ frequ5t 9 ! adolesc5t p]iod1 !y occur bo? be=e & aft] x1 z ! /ati/ics %[4 ,! notable conv]sions :i* h be5 mo/ f>-rea*+ 9 _! effects1 su* z ^? ( ,paul1 ,augu/9e1 & ,lu!r1 h occurr$ aft] adolesc5ce4 ,conv]sion ) ,augu/9e meant ! repression ( sex desires & a celibate life1 :ile 9 ! case ( ,lu!r x meant fre$om to m>ry4 ,james obs]ves t ! effects are inf9itely wid] ?an ! alleg$ causes1 & = ! mo/ "p opposite 9 nature4#abc ,paul's conv]sion & t ( multitudes aft] him h no sugge/ion ( a sexual elem5t1 & x is notable t m5 are apt to become increas+ly occupi$ ) religion 9 advanc+ age z ! sexual impulse wanes4 #abc3 ,v>ieties1 p4 #aa1 note4 ,! adolesc5t !ory ( conv]sion has1 inde$1 a lesson = ,*ri/ian p>5ts & tea*]s4 ,!y %\ld urge ^u boys & girls decision & public id5tification ) ! *ur* dur+ ?is p]iod2 b x w\ld be a loss to religion if religi\s tea*]s %\ld =get ! pr(\nd psy*ology ( ! motto3 ,give me a *ild = 8 fir/ sev5 ye>s1 & y c h him = ! re/ ( 8 life4 ,z ,/ev5s says3 ,we _c wait till adolesc5ce is rea*$ be=e we w9 ! s\l = ,god4 ,t w\ld be fatally late4 ,! boy mu/ "k t ! highe/ is ! highe/ :5 he sees x1 & mu/ h be5 prep>$ to love x4#abd ,! pr(\nd emotional di/urbance ( pub]ty is n reg5]ation 9 ! ,*ri/ian s5se1 :ile at t "t ! conditions = x may be peculi>ly fav\rable4 #abd3 ,psy*ology ( ! ,*ri/ian ,s\l1 p4 #agc4 #b4 ,midway betwe5 ^? explanations ( religion :i* ref] x to a physical & to a sup]natural cause is ! psy*ological !ory advocat$ by ,james1 t ! special seat or s\rce ( ! religi\s life is 9 ! ,subconsci\s4 ,:ile ! sublim9al & ! subconsci\s are newcom]s 9 psy*ology1 !y h already play$ a consid]able rle 9 religi\s discussion1 & h be5 us$ 9 illu/ration & ev5 9 recon/ruction ( !ological doctr9e4 ,multiple p]sonality illu/rates ! ,tr9ity2 ! subconsci\s is made1 z 9 ,s&ay's ,*ri/ologies ,anci5t & ,mod]n1 ! sph]e ( ! div9e nature ( ,*ri/2 & psy*ical rese>* is look$ to by "s z a hopeful re9=cem5t or sci5tific demon/ration ( ! doctr9e ( a future life4 ,! subconsci\s is us$ 9 a r loose way by popul> & ev5 by sci5tific writ]s4 ,james reg>ds x z n[adays a well-accr$it$ psy*ological entity1#abe :ile ,pratt ref]s to ! use t is made ( x z r que/ionable psy*ology4#abf ,"s ( its possible & legitimate mean+s are3 7a7 ,^? h]$it>y dispositions :i*1 unkn[n to ! man himself1 l>gely %ape 8 actions2 or 7b7 ! psy*ophysical ma*9]y ( habitualiz$ action4 ,z ,ja/r[ says3 ,we rise ^u /eps ( our habitualiz$ selves1 gr[n famili> to _! task4#abg ,! subconsci\s aga9 7c7 may mean t sublim9al activity ( ! m9d :i*1 :5 ! consci\s /ra9 ( ef=t & att5tion has be5 unsuccessful1 (t51 z x seems1 does ! "w = "o1 recall+ ! =gott5 "n1 solv+ ! problem1 or ev5 creat+ a new product su* z a f9i%$ song or poem4 #abe3 ,v>ieties1 p4 #eaa4 #abf3 ,hibb]t ,j\rnal1 ,octob]1 #aiaa1 p4 #bca4 #abg3 ,! ,subconsci\s1 p4 #dcc4 ,la/ly 7d7 ! subconsci\s may ref] to t m occult sph]e to :i* belong ! ph5om5a ( hypnotism1 automatism1 multiple p]sonality1 & p]haps telepa?y1 9 virtue ( :i* ! subject p]=ms actions or has ideas to :i* 8 ord9>y consci\sness gives no clew4 ,! subconsci\s 9 any or all ( ^! s5ses is at lea/ ! dwell+ place ( my/]y4 ,/>buck admits t :at happ5s bel[ ! ?re%old ( consci\sness mu/1 9 ! nature ( ! case1 evade analysis4#abh ,x is a my/]i\s region ( %ad[s1 a twilight zone 9 :i* ! div9e & human may meet4 ,x may be 9 itself ! s\rce ( ! religi\s life1 or at lea/ ! *annel ?r\gh :i* revelation & r$emptive influ5ce may come4 #abh3 ,psy*ology ( ,religion1 p4 #ajg4 ,9 ,james' exposition ! subconsci\s "p ( a man is ! high] "p2 & man is consci\s t ?is high] "p ( himself is co-t]m9\s & cont9u\s ) a ,,m ( ! same quality1 :i* is op]ative 9 ! univ]se outside ( him4#abi ,:at is ?is m8 ,our po9t ( contact ) x is ! subconsci\s self2 & )\t ask+ = ! f>!r limits ( ! ,m1 & disreg>d+ ! ov]-beliefs1 we h 9 ! fact t ! consci\s p]son is cont9u\s ) a wid] self ?r\gh :i* sav+ exp]i5ces come1 a positive cont5t ( religi\s exp]i5ce1 :i*1 x seems to me1 is lit]ally & objectively true z f> z x goes4#acj #abi3 ,v>ieties1 p4 #ejh4 #acj3 ,ibid41 p4 #eae4 ,james' !ory ( ! subconsci\s z ! organ ( religion c appeal to _m und\bt$ facts1 b if x means1 z ! t5d5cy ( 8 exposition indicates1 t ! subconsci\s z ! organ ( religion has sup]ior moral wor? to ! life ( full consci\sness1 x may be insi/$ t ! sublim9al sph]e is ! s\rce ( evil z well z ( good4 ,! subconsci\s may be id5tifi$ ) ! fle% z well z ) ! _s4 ,if ! subconsci\s1 to use ,paul9e language1 is ! m$ium ( high] spiritual influ5ces1 x is also ! seat ( ! old ,adam1 ( s9 t dwelle? 9 me4 ,9 ?is region is to be f\nd ! s\rce alike ( ! unexpect$ h]oisms & weaknesses ( m51 ( ,pet]'s c\rage be=e ! ,c\ncil & ( 8 c[>dice be=e ! s]v+ maid4 ,h]$it>y & habitualiz$ dispositions & t5d5cies are l ! subm]g$ "p ( an iceb]g1 & ! w9ds ( consci\s resolution & ef=t are (t5 p[]less aga9/ ! sweep ( ! hidd5 curr5t b5ea?4 ,x may be admitt$ t if ! grace ( ,god miracul\sly op]ates1 x probably op]ates ?r\gh ! sublim9al door1#aca b x %\ld be rememb]$ t 9 ?is region ( ! sublim9al !re are dragons z well z s]aphim4 ,hypnotic influ5ces may be !rapeutic or !y may be baleful1 & 9 ! region ( ! subconsci\s1 x is h9t$1 insane delusions & psy*opa?ic obsessions may f9d _! s\rce4#acb ,! subconsci\s is a battle-field r ?an itself a s\rce ( help1 & x _c be said t ! subconsci\s man ( ! %ad[s1 if he exi/s 9 any ( ! rles assign$ to him1 is any bett] or m religi\s ?an ! man :o has 8 be+ 9 ! full sunlight ( consci\s activity4 ,! psy*ological explanation ( religion1 l ! pa?ological & ! sexual1 really proves too mu*4 ,f all ^! alleg$ s\rces ( religi\s life1 n only sav+ influ5ces b de/ructive influ5ces fl[4 ,royce's criticism is t ! new doctr9e1 view$ 9 "o aspect1 seems to leave religion 9 ! comp>atively trivial position ( a play ) :imsical p[]s--a prey to endless psy*ological caprices4#acc #aca3 ,v>ieties1 p4 #bgj4 #acb3 ,ibid41 p4 #bce4 #acc3 ,william ,james & ,o!r ,essays1 p4 #bc4 #c4 ,ano!r !ory ( religion1 n[ popul>1 seeks its explanation n 9 any bodily condition or /age ( gr[?1 nor 9 any special dep>tm5t ( ! m5tal life1 b 9 ! social relation%ips ( m54 ,religion becomes a recognition ( social values1 a consci\sness ( ! highe/ social values1#acd & is practically to be id5tifi$ ) patriotism1 altruism & ! vision ( ! future ( society4 ,to-day1 says ,leuba1 mo/ m5 & wom5 d]ive :atev] /r5g? !y may h to ma9ta9 _! integrity & to devote !mselves to ! public good f _! respect & love = _! family1 _! fri5ds1 _! bus9ess associates1 & ! /ate1 & f _! desire = ! respect & love ( m51 mu* m ?an f any religi\s conviction4 ,x is no long] ! consci\sness ( ,god1 b ! consci\sness ( ,man t is ! p[] mak+ = righte\sness4#ace ,no metaphysical assumptions ne$ be made by ?is view ( religion except t ( ! exi/5ce ( a _w ( "o's fell[-m51 a po/ulate :i* seems necess>y ev5 to a functional psy*ology4 #acd3 ,ames3 ,psy*ology ( ,religi\s ,exp]i5ces1 p4 viii4 #ace3 ,a ,psy*ological ,/udy ( ,religion1 p4 #caa4 ,h[ev] mu* 9 h>mony ) ! _s ( ! age1 ! social explanation ( religion is "o-sid$ & is inadequate to ! dep? & massiv5ess & inf9ite p]spective ( religi\s exp]i5ce4 ,religion is a triangle ) ,god1 ! self & "o's bro!r at its ?ree angles4 7a7 ,! ,social !ory ( religion gives no adequate recognition ( ! wor? ei!r ( ! individual or ( society4 ,! deepe/ message ( religion is t ! s\l is wor? some?+ to ,god4 ,man1 9 spite ( 8 social obligations1 is n made simply = 8 bro!r4 ,we die alone1 ,pascal says1 & !re is a s5se 9 :i* we live alone4 ,z a writ] on ! psy*ology ( ! ,new ,te/am5t says3 ,! self1 accord+ to ! ,new ,te/am5t1 is n m]ely a social self develop+ 9 a community ( o!r f9ite selves2 x is a div9e self realiz+ its ideal p[]s ( s]vice1 & fulfill+ its de/9y only 9 a fell[%ip ) ! ,fa!r & ) ,8 ,son1 ,jesus ,*ri/4#acf ,unless ,humanity is end[$ ) ! attributes ( ,deity1 z x almo/ seems to be 9 ! ,positivi/ ritual1 ! e/imate ( society is also l[]$ :5 m5 are view$ z hav+ relations & obligations only to "o ano!r4 ,z ,james ,w>d has po9t$ out1 ,humanity c only h ! significance & sacr$ness ( ! individuals f :om x is ab/ract$1 & if ^! h no p]man5t or endur+ wor?1 no m has ,humanity4#acg #acf3 ,m4 ,s4 ,flet*]3 ,! ,psy*ology ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 p4 #bde4 #acg3 ,! ,realm ( ,ends1 p4 #chg4 7b7 ,! humanit>ian view n>r[s too mu* ! horizons ( religion4 ,x w\ld exclude f religion ! s5se ( inf9ite dep5d5ce1 & ( devotion to & communion ) a p]sonal high] ,p[]4 ,a religion ( humanity m]ely w seem sup]ficial to ! mood :i* cries out1 ,my s\l is a?ir/ = ,god1 or ,i seek ,!e 9 ord] t my s\l may live4 ,if ! religion ( ! an*orite 0 "o-sid$1 s equally is t ( ! humanit>ian4#ach ,nei!r s9 nor righte\sness c be int]pret$ 9 exclusively social t]ms1 unless ! conception ( ! community be s enl>g$ z to include ! ,great ,companion & ! ,great ,dem&]4 ,! social !ory1 aga91 has no app>5t place = ! religion ( solitude :i* f9ds ,god 9 nature4 ,a ,new ,engl& writ] says ( ,m\nt ,rani]3 #ach3 ,! h]mit sa9ts1 f ?is mod]n /&po9t1 w\ld n des]ve to be call$ religi\s at all1 z witness ?is rem>k ( ,ames3 ,if religion is p>ticipation 9 ! ideal values ( ! social consci\sness1 !n ^? :o d n %>e 9 ?is consci\sness are non-religi\s4--,psy*ology ( ,religi\s ,exp]i5ces1 p4 #cef4 ,i saw ! m\nta9 ?ree ye>s ago3 ,w\ld t x might ev] be my lot to see x aga96 ,i love to dream ( its glory1 & its va/ :it5ess is a moral =ce 9 my life4 ,climb ! m\nta9s1 says "o ( ! be/ kn[n ( ,am]ican m\nta9e]s1 ,john ,muir1 & get _! good tid+s4 ,nature's peace w fl[ into y z sun%9e fl[s into trees4 ,! w9ds w bl[ _! fre%ness into y1 & ! /orms _! en]gy1 :ile c>e w drop (f l autumn leaves4#aci #aci3 ,see ,j4 ,h4 ,williams3 ,! ,m\nta9 ,t ,0 ',god1' pp4 #dj1 #aac4 7c7 ,! religion ( humanity mu/ look outside itself = its highe/ inspiration = social s]vice & = ! norm ( social progress4 ,x 0 ,*ri/ianity t creat$ ! atmosph]e 9 :i* ! en?usiasm ( humanity & zeal = social s]vice c\ld fl\ri%4 ,*ri/ianity has emphasiz$ ! value ( ! individual1 & ! sacr$ness ( family relation%ips & ! bro!r-hood ( ! *ildr5 ( ! "o ,fa!r4 ,)\t div9e love z its patt]n & inspiration human love w\ld lose 9 compreh5sion & 9 int5sity4 ,society 9 its progress has ev] wait$ = ! signal to be giv5 by "s prophet f ! des]ts1 or "s se] :o has br\ght f ! m\nt ( vision ! patt]n ( a bett] social ord]4 ,^? :o see 9 social s]vice ! ess5ce ( religion are fac$ ) ! p>adox t ! wise/ & mo/ b5efic5t social influ5ces h fl[$ f ^? exp]i5ces 9 :i* ! individual turn$ 8 back on society & flaunt$ its ideals4 ,a decl>ation ( indep5d5ce ( society seems ne$$ be=e !re c be ! mo/ effective social s]vice4 ,by an unsocial act ,abraham left 8 c\ntry & 8 k9dr$ & 8 fa!r's h\se1 & yet 9 him all ! families ( ! e>? h be5 bless$2 ?r\gh ,paul's unsocial act 9 des]t+ ! traditions ( 8 fa!rs1 ! c\rse ( ,we/]n civilization has be5 pr(\ndly influ5c$2 ,george ,fox's unsocial act 9 depriv+ 8 t[n ( ! s]vices ( a useful tradesman1 & mak+ = himself a suit ( lea!r1 has be5 call$ by an acute obs]v]1 ,c>lyle1 d\btless by an ov]-emphasis1 ! greate/ ev5t ( mod]n hi/ory4 ,religion1 9 fact1 fir/ ass]ts itself z some?+ ov] & above all social relations be=e its social mission c be p]=m$4 #d4 ,! int]pretation ( religi\s exp]i5ce by ! psy*ologi/s has n always be5 fav\rable to !i/ic or ,*ri/ian belief1 b ! failure ( o!r explanations1 if e/abli%$1 w lead u to seek a m adequate "o by ref]r+ to a ,reality transc5d+ human exp]i5ce & social relation%ips4 ,! /udy ( religi\s psy*ology has1 9 fact1 furni%$ a broad basis f :i* a metaphysical or !i/ic inf]5ce c be drawn4 ,su* an inf]5ce1 cumulative 9 its effect1 may be drawn f ! univ]sality ( religi\s belief1 f ! imp]ativ5ess ( social obligations imply+ a sup]social sanction1 & f ! reg5]ative effects ( religion to an adequate cause4 ,god is real s9ce ,he produces real effects4#adj ,b ! /udy ( religi\s exp]i5ce has n only /r5g!n$ ! old] !i/ic argum5ts1 b has 9 effect =mulat$ two new argum5ts1 ! pragmatic & ! my/ical4 #adj3 ,v>ieties1 p4 #eag4 ,! ,pragmatic ,argum5t = !ism has be5 /at$ by ,james 9 ! _s ( 8 lat] philosophy4 ,tak+ religions z includ+ cre$s & fai?-/ates1 ,james says t )\t reg>d to _! tru? we are oblig$1 on acc\nt ( _! extraord9>y influ5ce on action & endurance1 to class !m among/ ! mo/ important biological functions ( mank9d4#ada ,! pragmatic argum5t w\ld !n run3 ,! uses ( religion1 its uses to ! individual :o has x1 & ! uses ( ! individual himself to ! _w1 are ! be/ argum5ts t tru? is 9 x4#adb ,!re is a satisfaction1 a fullness ( life1 an en]gy & an expansiv5ess fl[+ f religion :i* are n enjoy$ ap>t f x1 & its usefulness1 f ?is /&po9t1 is a gu>antee ( its tru?4 ,x is m]ely to /ate ?is argum5t 9 ! m famili> t]ms ( cause & effect to say z ,james does else:]e t "w is actually done ^u our f9ite p]sonalities1 = we are turn$ into new m51 & consequ5ces 9 ! way ( conduct foll[ 9 ! natural _w ^u our reg5]ative *ange4#adc ,god is real s9ce ,he produces real effects4 #ada3 ,v>ieties1 p4 #ejf4 #adb3 ,ibid41 p4 #dei4 #adc3 ,ibid41 p4 #eaf4 ,! ,my/ical ,argum5t = !ism is bas$ on ! claim t 9 religi\s exp]i5ce !re is a m imm$iate c]ta9ty ( ! pres5ce ( ,god & a /rong] assurance ( ,8 exi/5ce ?an c be ga9$ f purely intellectual processes4 ,?is evid5ce1 x is cle>1 may be ( ! /ronge/ possible k9d to ! my/ic himself1 b may seem to be weak or ev5 negligible to ! outsid]1 s9ce ! exp]i5ce 9 ! nature ( ! case is private & incommunicable4 ,be=e ! my/ical claim is apprais$ we mu/ di/+ui% fur!r ! v>i\s k9ds ( my/icism4 ,we mu/ di/+ui% betwe5 ! absorption ( ! ,buddhi/ ) 8 passion = annihilation1 & ! ,*ri/ian's delight 9 ! ,"l2 & betwe5 a my/icism :i* means id5tity ( sub/ance & ! deification ( man1 & a moral my/icism :i* realizes at once t ,god is inf9itely ne> 9 ,8 grace b inf9itely f> 9 ,8 hol9ess4 ,x is fair to ask :e!r ! assurance ( ! pres5ce ( ,god enjoy$ by _m ,*ri/ians 9 all ages1 accord+ to _! te/imony1 is imm$iate or inf]r$ k1 & :e!r x %\ld be call$ k or fai?4 ,! answ] ( ! my/ic might be t !re is a felt indubitable c]ta9ty ( exp]i5ce :i* is n dep5d5t on ! solution ( epi/emological problems4 ,o!rwise we c\ld n be sure ( our own exi/5ce or ( t ( our fell[s until we _h specializ$ 9 ! !ory ( k & solv$ ! problem1 :i* has haunt$ mod]n philosophy1 ( ! k ( o!r selves4 ,if x be object$ aga9 t a subjective exp]i5ce _c gr\nd an inf]5ce to an objective1 & mu* less to a sup]natural1 cause1#add x may be said t ! exp]i5ce itself1 if correctly report$1 is sup]natural 9 "*4 ,:e!r x be ,paul's peace t passes und]/&+1 or ,pet]'s joy unspeakable & full ( glory1 or ,edw>ds' inw>d sweet delight 9 ,god & div9e ?+s1 or a mod]n sci5ti/'s consci\sness ( ! pres5ce ( ,god1 said to be z /rong & real to me z t ( any bodily pres5ce1#ade x is ( su* a "* t no o!r inf]5ce ?an t to a sup]natural cause c prop]ly be drawn4 ,! my/ical argum5t is n bas$ l ! o!r argum5ts ( natural !ology ^u ! regul> c\rse ( ?+s1 b ^u :at claims to be a new sup]natural exp]i5ce1 a new life ) new capacities & p[]s1 & new emotions & insights4 #add3 ,see ,hffd+3 ,philosophy ( ,religion1 p4 #ii4 #ade3 ,a ,sci5ti/'s ,confession ( ,fai?1 by ,e4 ,l4 ,gregory1 #ahih1 p4#ba4 ,x mu/ be notic$1 9 conclusion1 t ! evid5ce :i* ! psy*ologi/s h s indu/ri\sly collect$1 %[+ t religion is good = ! individual & = society1 has be5 tak5 almo/ exclusively f ! circle ( ,*ri/ian influ5ces4 ,we might p>aphrase ,james' pragmatic argum5t & say t ,*ri/ianity is true because x is good = ! individual & = society4 ,8 argum5t f cause might also be appli$ to ,*ri/ianity1 = ! my/ical exp]i5ces adduc$ are 9 great measure n m]ely ^? ( communion ) ,god b ( communion ) ,god 9 & ?r\gh ,*ri/4 ,by no analysis 9 fact1 z ,d4 ,w4 ,=re/ says1 is ! ,*ri/ian able to di/+ui% 8 communion ) ! ,fa!r f 8 communion ) ,*ri/4 ,!y are bl5d$ z consci\sly real 9 "o indivisible exp]i5ce4#adf ,! te/imony ( ,*ri/ian exp]i5ce is to a ,p[] & a ,pres5ce :i* ! ,*ri/ian feels only z he he>s & accepts ! gospel message & looks to ,*ri/ = =giv5ess1 guidance1 & help4 ,a man :o is conv]t$1 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t s5se1 is "o :o has surr5d]$ to a =ce immeasurably great] ?an any?+ he has ( himself2 "o :o has awak5$ to ! ov]:elm+ consci\sness ( a spiritual _w br\ght to a focus be=e him 9 ! ,p]son ( ,jesus ,*ri/4#adg ,! ,*ri/ian believes t he receives grace f ! ,fa!r & ! ,son4 ,:5 ,jesus deals ) u & works )9 u1 ,he does :at only ,god c d4 ,all ,*ri/ian exp]i5ce is no?+ if x is n ?is4#adh #adf3 ,! ,*ri/ ( ,hi/ory & ( ,exp]i5ce1 p4 #aff4 #adg3 ,h4 ,:eel] ,rob9son3 ,! ,*ri/ian ,doctr9e ( ,man1 #aiaa1 p4 #cbb4 #adh3 ,p4 ,c4 ,simpson3 ,! ,fact ( ,*ri/1 pp4 #acj1 #aca4 ,aft] all ! secret ( ! ,"l1 kn[n to ,*ri/ians 9 ! catacombs at ,rome z !y sang1 ,jesu1 ,amor ,meus1 kn[n to m$ieval ,*ri/ians z !y sang ,jesu1 ,dulcis ,memoria1 & kn[n equally to mod]n ,*ri/ians :o s+ ,jesus1 ,lov] ( ,my ,s\l1 is ) !m t fe> ,him4 ,x has be5 well said t ,*ri/ianity mu/ be kn[n f ! inside1 if x is to be kn[n at its full wor?4 ,9 ! nature ( ! case ! evid5ce ( ,*ri/ian exp]i5ce is n demon/rative to an outsid]4 ,x c come to him only 9 ! way ( an appeal3 ,come & see2 ta/e & see t ! ,"l is good4 ,,iv ,,! ,,*ri/ian ,,fai? ,,& ,,rec5t ,,philosophy ,! two sy/ems ( philosophy :i* 7 dom9ant at ! turn ( ! c5tury 7 unfri5dly to !i/ic & ,*ri/ian belief4 ,naturalism on ! "o h& & ,absolutism on ! o!r c\ld f9d no place = a positive fai? 9 ,god1 fre$om & immortality4 ,! op5+ ye>s ( ! c5tury witness$ a revolt aga9/ ^! two sy/ems2 & ! lead+ *>act]i/ic ( tw5tie? c5tury ?\ght1 ov] aga9/ an agno/ic naturalism & a pan!i/ic or imp]sonal absolutism1 has be5 its reaffirmation ( spiritual values4 ,!re has be5 a new emphasis ^u ! rights ( p]sonality1 z aga9/ ! enme%+ & en*a9+ =ces ( nature on ! "o h& & an all-engulf+ ,absolute on ! o!r4 ,philosophical read]s w rememb] ! moral tonic ( ,james' collection ( essays1 ,! ,w to ,believe 7#aijb71 ) its picturesque /yle1 its orig9ality ( /&po9t & its moral en?usiasm4 ,"h 0 a philosoph] ( m$ical tra9+ & ( unque/ion$ sci5tific /&+1 & yet ) ! insight & e>ne/ness ( a prophet1 mak+ a valiant def5se ( spiritual realities1 ( human fre$om1 & ! rights ( ! volitional & moral sides ( our nature4 ,z an evolutioni/ he cont5d$ t ! /r5u\s type ( "* w on ! battle-field ( human hi/ory always outwe> ! easy-go+ type1 & religion w drive irreligion to ! wall4#adi ,& z a psy*ologi/ he f\nd t !ism appeal$ to e en]gy ( our active nature & releas$ ! spr+s ( e emotion1 & held t infra-!i/ic conceptions1 mat]ialism & agno/icism1 are irrational because !y are inadequate /imuli to man's practical nature4#aej #adi3 ,! ,w to ,believe1 p4 #bac4 #aej3 ,ibid41 p4 #acd4 ,read]s :o _h be5 brea?+ ! /ifl+ air ( naturalism1 s fatal to spiritual aspiration1 or ! too r>ifi$ atmosph]e ( absolutism ) its transc5d5ce ( p]sonality & moral di/9ctions1 w rememb] also ! s5se ( satisfaction & relief ) :i* !y read t o!r volume ( prote/1 f ! o!r side ( ! wat]1 ,p]sonal ,idealism 7#aijb74 ,x 0 refre%+ to f9d t !re 0 a body ( brilliant "y ?9k]s1 alive to ! sci5tific atmosph]e ( ! "t1 & tra9$ 9 ! philosophic or?odoxy ( ! ,engli% s*ools1 & yet boldly ass]t+ ! rights ( p]sonality 9 ,god & man4 ,?is tw(old prote/ aga9/ a d5ial1 f :atev] side1 ( ! rights ( p]sonality 0 organiz$ into ! movem5t we call ,pragmatism1 "u ! lead]%ip ( ,william ,james1 ably assi/$ by ,f4 ,c4 ,s4 ,s*ill] 9 ,ox=d & ,john ,dewey 9 ?is c\ntry4#aea ,x is n to be wond]$ at if ?is reaction w5t too f>1 z ! p5dulum swung f ! extreme ( ,be+ to t ( ,becom+4 ,we f9d ,pragmatism1 react+ aga9/ monism1 :e!r mat]iali/ic or ideali/ic1 go+ ov] to pluralism2 f ! extreme ( a block univ]se 9 :i* "t is no?+ pass+ to ! o!r extreme ( a /rung-along univ]se 9 :i* "t is ev]y?+2 f pan!ism go+ ov] to a vaguely indicat$ poly!ism2 f an absolute tru? & an absolute ,be+ sitt+ 9 smil+ repose above ! /rife ( "t to a ,god 9 ! dirt & a tru? t c\ld be made1 or unmade1 p]haps too easily4 #aea3 ,= full] discussion ( ?is movem5t1 ! writ] may ref] to 8 article1 ,pragmatism1 ,humanism & ,religion1 9 ! ,pr9ceton ,!ological ,review1 ,octob]1 #aijh4 ,our discussion w be m concrete if we select lead+ repres5tatives f ! f\r nations mo/ addict$ to philosophy1 & exam9e _! attitude t[>ds ! ,*ri/ian ,fai? & t[>ds its !i/ic f\ndations4 ,i4 ,,b]gson ,,& ,,creative ,,evolution ,9 close relation to ! pragmatic movem5t1 & set =? ) a wond]ful magic ( /yle1 is ! philosophy ( ,h5ri ,b]gson :i* f9ds its mature expression 9 8 ,creative ,evolution4 ,x is a rem>kable te/imony to ! weal? ( sugge/ion & _m-sid$ness ( ,b]gson's philosophy t its support has be5 claim$ by a numb] ( movem5ts ( div]se aim4 ,mod]ni/s 9 !ology1 syndicali/s 9 ! sph]e ( social agitation1 & ev51 x is said1 cubi/s 9 art1 appeal to ,b]gson = philosophical support2 & aff9ities h be5 po9t$ out betwe5 8 lan vital & ,s*op5hau]'s w-to-live1 ,von ,h>tmann's philosophy ( ! unconsci\s1 & ,nietzs*e's aggressive individualism4 ,we mu/ ask :e!r 8 lan vital c be baptiz$1 & 8 ,creative ,evolution be made ! basis = a spiritual philosophy4 ,x w be useful to notice "s features ( ,b]gson's sy/em be=e attempt+ to e/imate its be>+s ^u religi\s problems4 ,! /ory ( evolution z ,b]gson describes x1 c]ta9ly 9 an engag+ mann]1 is a drama 9 ?ree acts4 ,! lan vital1 or o!rwise consci\sness1 is ! h]o1 b is imprison$ by matt] 7! villa971 & is /riv+ bl9dly = release4 ,9 ! fir/ act1 ! vital impulse tunnels its way ?r\gh ! oppos+ elem5t ( matt] into ! vegetable _w4 ,! result is only ! le?>gy & immobility ( vegetable =ms1 & is s f> a failure4 ,! next act f9ds consci\sness work+ its way into ! animal _w & atta9+ mobility & becom+ 9 s f> free f ! entanglem5ts ( matt]2 b "h aga9 !re is p>tial failure4 ,consci\sness is arre/$ at ! /age ( in/9ct1 &1 re/+ cont5t ) a response to ! environm5t :i* is patt]n$ aft] ! me*anical action ( matt]1 fails to atta9 fre$om4 ,9 ! ?ird act1 by a trem5d\s leap1 consci\sness1 9 spite ( ! ef=ts ( matt] to drag x d[n to ! plane ( me*anism1 rea*es at la/ spontaneity & fre$om 9 man4 ,! drama rea*es its dn\em5t 9 man & 8 ability n only to move 9 response to environm5t1 b to control ! environm5t4 ,x is intimat$ t !re may be a sequel1 9 :i* life pursues its c>e] 9 ano!r /age ( exi/5ce4 #a4 ,x is evid5t at a glance t ! view ( evolution "h set =? 9 b>e/ outl9e (f]s _m po9ts ( contra/ to :at has be5 accept$ z evolution>y or?odoxy4 ,! hi/ory ( life ) bo? ,d>w9 & ,b]gson is a /ruggle3 b ) ,d>w9 x is a /ruggle = exi/5ce1 ) ,b]gson a /ruggle = fre$om1 = effici5cy1 = complexity4 ,) ,d>w9 !re is a /ruggle ( liv+ be+s ) "o ano!r1 conceiv$ aft] ! analogy ( economic competition2 ) ,b]gson !re is a /ruggle ( life aga9/ matt] & necessity4 ,! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 9 a s5se1 has be5 moraliz$4 ,x is a /ruggle = ! exi/5ce & high] life ( consci\sness4 #b4 ,creative evolution is n mat]iali/ic evolution1 = life is n a developm5t f matt] b is an upw>d t5d5cy oppos+ ! d[nw>d curr5t ( matt]4 ,! increas+ complexity ( liv+ =ms is n ! result ( ! movem5ts ( matt]1 or ( *emical-physical laws1 b ( an opposition1 successful 9 a unique degree 9 m51 to ! imprison+ & entangl+ =ces ( matt]4 #c4 ,! lat] /ages 9 evolution1 :ile connect$ ) ! e>li] 9 cont9uity ( developm5t1 may conta9 elem5ts t are ess5tially new4 ,a liv+ be+ is a res]voir ( indet]m9ation & un=eseeability4#aeb ,! new species _c be expla9$1 except by an illegitimate process ( ?\ght1 by :at is pres5t$ 9 ! old4 ,! appe>ance ( a new species is some?+ z new z ! composition ( a symphony ( ,bee?ov54 ,man1 !n1 9 8 p[]s & de/9ies is n to be judg$ by 8 lik5ess to ! brutes1 b by :at he possesses ov] & above ! qualities ( animal life1 by ^? a*ievem5ts & end[m5ts to :i* animals h fail$ to atta94 ,s9ce man1 & man alone1 has come s f>1 & 9 him alone consci\sness has brok5 ! *a9s ( me*anical necessity1 we %all h no repugnance 9 admitt+ t 9 man1 ?\gh p]haps 9 man alone1 consci\sness pursues its pa? beyond ?is e>?ly life4#aec #aeb3 ,life & ,consci\sness1 ,hibb]t ,j\rnal1 ,octob]1 #aiaa1 p4 #cd4 #aec3 ,ibid41 p4 #dc4 #d4 ,creative evolution is ! anti!sis ( me*anical evolution4 ,b]gson prote/s t ! conception ( me*anism z appli$ to life is inadequate1 because 7#a7 x is artificial1 gr[+ out ( our habits ( controll+ matt]4 ,x is an in/rum5t ( ! intellig5ce1 n giv+ u an insight into life1 :i* we mu/ ga9 r 9 intuition1 ! high] faculty 9 ,b]gson's sy/em4 ,a me*anical repres5tation ( nature is always a repres5tation necess>ily artificial & symbolic4#aed 7#b7 ,me*anical conceptions are inapplicable to liv+ be+s1 because ( ! irrev]sibility ( ! movem5ts ( liv+ =ms2 & 7#c7 ! me*anical !ory is negativ$ by ! facts ( ! psy*ophysical connection4 ,! hypo!sis ( an equival5ce betwe5 ! psy*ical /ate & ! c]ebral /ate implies a v]itable absurdity1 z we tri$ to prove 9 a =m] "w4#aee ,no me*anical !ory & no !ory ( accid5tal v>iations1 :e!r ins5sible or abrupt1 c acc\nt = ! production ( s complex an organ z ! eye4#aef #aed3 ,l'volution ,cratrice1 #g? ed41 #aiaa1 p4 iv42 ,e4 ,t41 ,creative ,evolution1 #aiaa1 p4 xii4 #aee3 ,ibid41 p4 #chd2 ,e4 ,t41 p4 #cee4 #aef3 ,ibid41 pp4 #hb ff42 ,e4 ,t41 pp4 #ge ff4 ,8 critique ( o!r !ories prep>es ! way = ,b]gson's own view t ! =ms ( liv+ be+s are due to an orig9al vital impulsion1 n 9 ! s+le organism1 b 9 life z a :ole1 seek+1 )\t =esight ( ! result1 to ov]come ! d[nw>d t5d5cy ( matt]4 ,b]gson's sugge/$ via m$ia betwe5 creationism & evolutionism1 8 rejection ( a !ory ( *ance v>iations1 & 8 vigor\s polemic aga9/ me*anism1 all seem to prep>e ! way = a spirituali/ic philosophy4 ,x is true t ! l& ( ! _s has n yet be5 explor$1 b ,b]gson1 z "o writ] expresses x1 has at lea/ ?r[n a bridge across ! *asm betwe5 ! mat]ial & ! spiritual4 ,:ile 8 ,creative ,evolution has be5 plac$ ^u ! ,index1 we mu/ rememb] t he himself claims t ?is "w & ^? t prec$$ x h result$ 9 ! conceptions ( lib]ty1 ( _s & ( creation4 ,f all ?is1 z he says1 we d]ive a cle> idea ( a free & creat+ ,god1 produc+ matt] & life at once1 ^: creative ef=t is cont9u$1 9 a vital direction1 by ! evolution ( species & ! con/ruction ( human p]sonalities4#aeg #aeg3 ,see ,ed\>d ,le ,roy3 ,! ,new ,philosophy ( ,h5ri ,b]gson1 ,e4 ,t41 pp4 #bbd f4 ,! po9t 9 ,b]gson's sy/em :i* seems lea/ 9 h>mony ) !i/ic belief is 8 criticism & rejection ( f9alism4 ,b]gson fe>s t ! temporal s]ies w be swall[$ up 9 ! d>k backw>d & abysm ( "t1 or r ( et]nity4 ,! f9alism ( a =ese5 end means ) him fatalism1 fixity1 ) no play = fre$om1 & a reality 9 "t only ( a second>y ord]4 ,aga91 9 opposition to f9alism he urges ! v>iety ( liv+ =ms4 ,c\ld ! end ( all ! v>i$ hi/ory be m]ely ! production ( man8 ,?is _c be prov$1 because ev]y:]e we see 9 nature cont+5cy & v>iety1 & app>5t cross-purposes if purpose at all4 ,!re is no s+le l9e ( evolution lead+ up to man4 ,"s fossil =ms f remote p]iods %[ exactly ! same /ructure z liv+ =ms to-day4 ,fur!r1 ! vital impulse /riv+ t[>ds fre$om meets ) ob/acles1 & failure & arre/ are manife/ 9 ! le?>gy ( vegetables & ! me*anical reflexes ( animals1 if ^! are view$ ) ref]5ce to ! assum$ end ( ! creation ( man4 ,! only f9alism :i* ,b]gson w admit is t ( a pu% t[>ds fre$om 9 virtue ( an orig9al vital impulse1 bl9dly & (t5 va9ly seek+ to ov]come ! movem5t ( matt] t[>ds necessity4 ,x is a vis a t]go happ5+ at la/ to issue1 )\t any =esight ( ! result1 9 ! appe>ance ( man4 ,x is n cle>1 h[ev]1 t ,b]gson has be5 able to dispose ( f9alism1 or to f9d "s conception betwe5 x & ! !ory ( *ance :i* he rejects4 ,! disc ( a talk+ ma*9e1 to "o n famili> ) x1 ) its spiral l9es brok5 9 a haphaz>d way1 w\ld seem to exclude purpose2 b :5 x is prop]ly adju/$ ! voice ( a ,melba or a ,c>uso c be he>d4 ,s !re may be "s /&po9t f :i* ! bewild]+ v>iety ( nature w reveal "s unit>y purpose4 ,x may be1 to use ! figure ( ! arti/1 t ! purpose is n solely ! production ( man1 b t ! v>iety & beauty ( ! natural _w is an expression ( ! joy ( ! ,creative ,arti/ 9 8 "w4 ,! purpose may be m compreh5sive1 & ! fact t all natural hi/ory does n pla9ly lead to ! production ( man is n 9 itself a pro( t man 0 n ! int5d$ consummation ( ! process4 ,x is notewor?y t ,b]gson1 a ma/] 9 ! use ( illu/ration1 _c f9d any exact illu/ration ( ! k9d ( evolution he wi%es to describe4 ,he comp>es ! c\rse ( evolution to a road1 lead+ to a city1 b ha/5s to add t1 = evolution1 ! end ( ! road is n se54#aeh ,he says aga9 t if "o wi%$ to express himself 9 t]ms ( f9ality1 x mu/ be said t consci\sness 444 has s\ght an issue 9 ! d\ble direction ( in/9ct & intellig5ce4 ,x has n f\nd x 9 in/9ct & x has n obta9$ x ^u ! side ( intellig5ce1 except by a sudd5 leap f animal to man4 ,s t1 9 ! la/ analysis1 man w\ld be ! raison d' tre ( ! entire organization ( life ^u our planet4#aei ,he adds aga91 h[ev]1 t ?is w\ld be b a mann] ( speak+1 & t !re is no?+ 9 reality b a c]ta9 curr5t ( exi/5ce & an antagoni/ic curr5t1 :5ce all ! evolution ( life4 ,once m x w be ask$1 h[ is ?is sudd5 leap1 s trem5d\s 9 its consequ5ces1 to be conceiv$8 ,is x a leap 9 ! d>k1 l ! leap ( a fi% f ! wat] into a r[boat8 ,is man ?us only a happy accid5t8 ,or mu/ we see 9 ! vital impulse1 or beh9d x1 "s real in/rum5tality ( guidance8 ,if ! orig9al curr5t ( life is :olly bl9d & purposeless1 x w\ld arrive n[h]e1 or else its arrival at humanity w\ld be z mu* ! result ( *ance z if x 7 due to a =tuit\s collocation ( atoms4 #aeh3 ,l'volution ,cratrice1 p4 #aab2 ,e4 ,t41 p4 #ajb4 #aei3 ,ibid41 pp4 #bjj f42 ,e4 ,t41 pp4 #ahd f4 ,b let u return to ,b]gson's fav\rite & beautiful figure ( ! arti/4 ,! ef=t to objectify ! ideal1 & to put x 9 concrete =m 9 words or ^u canvas1 is said to be preci\s ?\gh pa9ful4 ,x is preci\s & m preci\s ?an ! "w x results 91 because1 ?anks to x1 we h drawn f ourselves n only all !re 0 !re1 b m ?an 0 !re3 we h rais$ ourselves above ourselves4#afj #afj3 ,hibb]t ,j\rnal1 ,octob]1 #aiaa1 p4 #da4 ,is ! ,div9e ,arti/ subject to ?is k9d ( evolution8 ,9 mom5ts ( creative activity does ,he ?us avail ,himself ( a plus-p[] 9 ! univ]se1 to use ,em]son's expression1 & does ,he ?us1 l ! human arti/1 raise ,himself above ,himself8 ,if s1 we mu/ ?9k ( ,god z altoge!r su* a "o z we are1 r ?an z ! s\rce & gr\nd ( be+ & ! life & light ( m54 ,su* a deity is r to be id5tifi$ ) ! /ream ( life ?an ) ! ,ultimate ly+ beh9d bo? life & matt]4 ,! ,div9e ,arti/1 s conceiv$1 w\ld lack ! cle>ness ( human prevision ( ends1 & w\ld be ( a relatively l[] ord] ( end[m5t4 ,! /riv+ ( ! vital impulse )\t =esight ( an end is ( an infra-human r ?an a sup]-human k9d2 = ev5 a complete & p]fect humanity1 ,b]gson says1 w\ld be t 9 :i* ^! two =ms ( consci\s activity intuition & intellig5ce atta9 _! full developm5t4#afa #afa3 ,l'volution ,cratrice1 p4 #bhi2 ,e4 ,t41 p4 #bfg4 ,a rec5t critic has said t :ile ,b]gson has remov$ ! me*anical ob/acles to lib]ty he has n discov]$ ! spiritual conditions requisite = x1 & t he has1 mo/ un9t5tionally1 br\ght u back1 9 ?is anti-,f9alism1 to t ,naturalism :i* he has s successfully resi/$ :5 x masqu]ad$ z a %e] ,me*anism4#afb ,!re c be no d\bt t ! _s ( 8 philosophy is "o ( progress1 & t ! t5d5cy ( 8 ?\ght is spirituali/ic2 8 lan vital is an lan en avant1 & 8 ,god 7if "o be admitt$ 9 8 sy/em7 is a ,god ( hope4 ,b ! que/ions w /ill arise :e!r ! vital impulse means = society a de/ructive radicalism or a con/ructive r5ewal2 :e!r1 9 its e?ical aspect1 x means a w-to-live no matt] :at happ5s to any "o else1 or a w-to-live-bett]2 & :e!r x w ev5tually be trans=m$ into a pessimi/ic resignation or transmut$ into spiritual aspiration4 #afb3 ,f4 von ,hgel3 ,et]nal ,life1 p4 #cja4 ,9 ! religi\s aspect ( 8 philosophy1 ,b]gson /&s at ! p>t+ ( ! ways4 ,he mu/ associate ) creation n m]ely an impulse vaguely psy*ical1 b ! p]sonal attributes ( w1 intellig5ce & purpose1 & s advance t[>ds !ism2 or else he mu/ be cont5t to re/ 9 naturalism1 albeit ( a glorifi$ type4 ,,ii4 ,,euck5 ,,& ,,! ,,tru? ,,( ,,religion ,s9ce ! dea? ( ,william ,james1 ! brighte/ />s 9 ! philosophical firmam5t h be5 ,h5ri ,b]gson ( ,p>is & ,rudolf ,euck5 ( ,j5a4 ,"o reason = ! popul>ity ( bo? is t ! c5tre ( int]e/ 9 _! be/-kn[n works is n 9 epi/emology4 ,!y d n approa* ! problem ( exi/5ce z behold]s1 m]ely ask+ h[ !y c see1 & :e!r :at !y see is real1 b _! /&po9t is t ( intimate1 vital human exp]i5ce4 ,bo? writ]s place !mselves 9 ! /ream ( life1 & f9d t ! mom5ts ( deepe/ insight into reality are ^? ( creative activity 9 art or o!r con/ructions ( ! m9d1 or else1 ) ,euck51 ( moral a*ievem5t & victory4 ,euck5 has be5 call$ ! ,g]man ,em]son1 & 8 message to 8 "t is t ( a se] r ?an ( a sy/ematiz]4 ,he is ! prophet ( a spiritual life1 prote/+ aga9/ mat]ialism & secul>ism1 & v9dicat+ ! sov]eign rights ( ! spiritual aspects ( exi/5ce4 ,9 ! t]m ,activism1 :i* he applies to 8 philosophy1 he intimates t !re mu/ be an activity ( ! s\l ^u its mat]ial & social environm5t1 be=e ! insights ( philosophy & ! a*ievem5ts ( art & ! exp]i5ces ( religion c be atta9$4 ,!re mu/ be an ass]tion by ! s\l ( its own spiritual nature4 ,! conviction t man is n m]ely ! product ( nature1 b 9 8 spiritual life is indep5d5t & supreme1 is n ! result ( a revelation to a passive recipi5t4 ,x is an a*ievem5t1 a v5ture ( fai?1 a self-ass]tion ( ! s\l 9 ! face ( ho/ile =ces :i* w\ld conf9e x )9 ! trivial & ! ph5om5al4 ,euck5's relation to ,*ri/ianity w appe> if we notice briefly 7#a7 8 critique ( o!r philosophical !ories2 7#b7 8 own con/ructive !ory ( religion2 & 7#c7 8 answ] to ! "q1 ,c we /ill be ,*ri/ians8 #a4 ,z an expon5t ( ! moni/ic tr9ity ( ! ,good1 ! ,beautiful1 & ! ,true1 ,euck5 is br\ght into comp>ison ) 8 fam\s colleague1 ,haeckel1 ) ^: br&-new monism he has little sympa?y4 ,aga9/ ,naturalism1 ,euck5 holds t ! life ( man 9 its ideal con/ructions su* z sci5ce1 art1 morality & religion1 _c be expla9$ f bel[1 b only f ! ,high] 9 him & above him4 ,f ! mat]ial suppli$ to x by nature ! s\l1 out ( its own activity1 builds ! m /ately mansions ( sci5ce1 philosophy1 art1 social organization & religion4 ,a consi/5t naturalism1 he cont5ds1 is n able to p]mit sci5ce ( any k9d4 ,sci5ce is con/ruct$ ?r\gh ! activity ( ! human m9d alone4#afc #afc3 ,d] ,wahrheitsgehalt d] ,religion1 #c;d ed41 #aiab1 p4 #cf2 ,e4 ,t41 ,! ,tru? ( ,religion1 #aiac1 p4 #eb4 ,aga9/ ,pragmatism1 ) :i* ,euck5's ,activism has "s sup]ficial resemblance1 he argues = ! indep5d5t "* ( reality ov] aga9/ our exp]i5ce ( x4 ,he believes t our deepe/ nature c be call$ into action only by ! recognition ( an ,ought1 :i* has an exi/5ce & value ( its own1 reg>dless ( ! op9ions ( any gr\p ( individuals or ( ! :ole human race4 ,:5 ! good ( ! individual & ( humanity becomes ! highe/ aim & ! guid+ pr9ciple1 tru? s9ks to ! level ( a m]ely utilit>ian op9ion4444 ,tru? c exi/ only z an end 9 itself4 ',in/rum5tal' tru? is no tru? at all4#afd #afd3 ,ma9 ,curr5ts ( ,mod]n ,?\ght1 p4 #gh4 ,! me?od ( ! intellectuali/ z well z ( ! volunt>i/ is inadequate to rea* ! tru? ( religion4 ,religion %\ld be a fact ( ! :ole man1 & ( 8 own decision1 & x %\ld recognize by a unique exp]i5ce1 :i* _c be call$ exclusively feel+ or ?\ght or w1 an encompass+ & basal :ole4 ,?\ght left simply to its own res\rces w\ld nev] be able to get beyond empty =ms & highly ab/ract conceptions4#afe ,no m]ely intellectual =m ( religion is able to ov]come d\bt4 ,?us ! trans=mation ( ! ,spiritual ,life into an imp]sonal ?\ght-process de/roys x to its v f\ndation4 #afe3 ,d] ,wahrheitsgehalt d] ,religion1 p4 #aba2 ,e4 ,t41 ,! ,tru? ( ,religion1 p4 #agf4 #b4 ,?is ef=t1 already 9 "p describ$1 to ass]t an indep5d5t spiritual _w ov] aga9/ a natural _w1 ?is recognition ( ov]-individual /&>ds & ( an absolute1 self-subsi/5t ,spiritual ,life 7,gei/esleb571 is call$ ,univ]sal ,religion4 ,! t]m ,godhead to indicate ?is conception is 9 "s ways pref]able to t ( ,god4 ,a high] /age ( religion is indicat$ by ,euck5's t]m ,*>act]i/ic ,religion1 by :i* is meant a deep] insight into ! div9e1 a m p]sonal exp]i5ce ( ! div9e en]gy ( ,spiritual ,life4 ,univ]sal ,religion1 x may be said1 is ! dem& or ! feel+ aft] ,god2 :ile ,*>act]i/ic ,religion is ! supply or ! f9d+ ( ,god4 ,9 ! ef=t to con=m to ! ov]-individual /&>ds & to atta9 h>mony ) ! div9e1 !re is an inevitable s5se ( weakness & failure4 ,x becomes evid5t t man's own en]gy _c save him f inn] discord4 ,if a rescue is possible1 ,div9e p[] & grace mu/ d ! "w4 ,t su* p[] & grace really accompli% ?is1 is ! fundam5tal conviction ( religion4#aff ,!re orig9ates a mutual int]c\rse ) ! s\l & ,god z betwe5 an ,i & a ,?\2 & consequ5tly1 !re culm9ates "h a movem5t away f ! col\rless conception ( ! ,godhead to t ( a liv+ & p]sonal ,god4#afg #aff3 ,d] ,wahrheitsgehalt d] ,religion1 p4 #bie2 ,e4 ,t41 p4 #dbe4 #afg3 ,ibid41 p4 #bii2 ,e4 ,t41 p4 #dcj4 ,euck5's tea*+ has be5 call$ a philosophical re/atem5t ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,he reit]ates 9 philosophical language ! !ological doctr9es ( s91 ( ! new bir?1 ( div9e grace1 & ( ! supremacy ( ,*ri/ian love4 ,8 argum5t = immortality is ! religi\s argum5t3 ,! ,inf9ite ,p[] & ,love t has gr\nd$ a new spontane\s nature 9 man1 ov] aga9/ a d>k & ho/ile _w1 w cons]ve su* a new nature & its spiritual nucleus1 & %elt] x aga9/ all p]ils & assaults1 s t life z ! be>] ( life et]nal c nev] be :olly lo/ 9 ! /ream ( "t4#afh #afh3 ,d] ,wahrheitsgehalt d] ,religion1 p4 #cjc2 ,e4 ,t41 pp4 #dce f4 #c4 ,f our exposition ?us f> x w\ld seem unnecess>y to ask ! "q1 ,c we /ill be ,*ri/ians8 & we are n surpris$ t ,euck5's answ] is1 ,we n only c b mu/ be ,*ri/ians4#afi ,a clos] exam9ation ( 8 tea*+ %[s t ?is "q1 & ev5 ! previ\s "q1 ,c we /ill be !i/s8 may naturally be rais$4 ,x is true t ,euck5 recoils f pan!ism z less5+ ! en]gy ( life1#agj & decl>es t ! transc5d5ce ( ! ,div9e mu/ be ass]t$2 b on ! o!r h& we are w>n$ t ! notion ( ! p]sonal is "h only a symbol = some?+ transc5d+ all conceptions & words4#aga ,x is too emotional & an?ropomorphic4 ,euck5 w n decl>e unqualifi$ allegiance ei!r to pan!ism1 to !ism 9 its usual =m or to agno/icism4 ,9 ! ,spiritual ,life ! opposition ( monism & dualism1 & app>5tly ( ! p]sonal & ! imp]sonal1 are transc5d$4 ,! ov]com+ ( opposites 9 a way impossible = reason is precisely ! (fice & pr]ogative ( religion4 ,x is to be notic$ 9 8 acc\nt ( spiritual life t pray]1 ! core ( religion1 is s+ul>ly abs5t2 & 9 8 exposition ( ,*ri/ianity he gives no prom95ce to ! ,fa!rhood ( ,god1 c5tral z t conception 0 9 ! tea*+ ( ,jesus4 #afi3 ,knn5 wir no* ,*ri/5 se98 #aiaa1 p4 #bcf2 ,e4 ,t41 ,c ,we ,/ill ,be ,*ri/ians8 p4 #bah4 #agj3 ,ibid41 p4 #aed2 ,e4 ,t41 p4 #adc4 #aga3 ,ibid41 p4 #abi2 ,e4 ,t41 p4 #abj4 ,) ! doctr9e ( p]sonality ?us loosely held1 x is no wond] t !re are _m elem5ts 9 ,*ri/ianity z usually und]/ood :i* are uncong5ial to ,euck5's mode ( ?\ght4 ,we _c1 he says1 conf9e ! union ( ,god & man to "o unique in/ance1 & we mu/ dem& an imm$iate relation%ip betwe5 ,god & man ?r\gh\t ! :ole bread? ( ! ,spiritual ,life2 nor c we make ! expression ( div9e love & grace dep5d5t ^u its "o expression 9 ,jesus ,*ri/4#agb ,"o "t _c set ! /&>d = all "t1#agc nor "o hi/orical p]son1 absolutely1 = all p]sons4 ,! d5ial ( s5sible miracle1 he all[s1 cuts deep into hi/orical ,*ri/ianity1 b su* a d5ial is necess>y4#agd ,to affirm miracle is to make ! spiritual too dep5d5t on ! s5sible1 & su* a c5tral miracle z ! ,resurrection w\ld mean an ov]?r[ ( ! total ord] ( nature1 z ?is has be5 set =? ?r\gh ! "w ( mod]n inve/igation4#age #agb3 ,knn5 wir no* ,*ri/5 se98 p4 #ahf2 ,e4 ,t41 p4 #agb4 #agc3 ,ibid41 p4 #bh2 ,e4 ,t41 p4 #bg4 #agd3 ,ibid41 p4 #afg2 ,e4 ,t41 p4 #aee4 #age3 ,d] ,wahrheitsgehalt d] ,religion1 p4 #cgj2 ,e4 ,t41 p4 #ebg4 ,h[ev] great ! figure ( ,jesus may be1 ,8 greatness mu/ be conf9$ to ! realm ( humanity4 ,if ,jesus1 !re=e1 is n ,god1 if ,*ri/ is n ! second ,p]son 9 ! ,tr9ity1 !n ,he is man2 n a man l any av]age man among u1 b /ill man4 ,we c1 !n1 rev]e ,him z a lead]1 a h]o1 a m>tyr2 b we _c directly b9d ourselves to ,him or root ourselves 9 ,him 7bei ihm fe/leg572 we _c submit to ,him unconditionally4 ,/ill less c we make ,him ! object ( a cult4 ,to d s w\ld be no?+ less ?an an intol]able deification ( a human be+4#agf #agf3 ,knn5 wir no* ,*ri/5 se98 p4 #cg2 ,e4 ,t41 pp4 #cd f4 ,:at ( ^?1 we may ask1 :o 9 religi\s exp]i5ce f9d !mselves root$ & gr\nd$ 9 ,*ri/8 ,euck5's read]s _c expect relief f ?is qu>t]1 = religi\s exp]i5ce1 he holds1 is too subjective & human to gr\nd an inf]5ce to ! nature ( ,spiritual ,life4#agg ,x is evid5t t ,euck5 has cut deep into ,*ri/ianity alike on its hi/orical1 its doctr9al & its exp]i5tial sides4 ,he di/+ui%es betwe5 =m & sub/ance1 b ackn[l$ges t religion has lo/ unspeakably mu* ?r\gh ! upheaval ( ! old =m2#agh & t ?is mu/ someh[ be made good4 ,we might1 )\t viol5ce 9 ! comp>ison1 imag9e ! case ( a ,mohamm$an :o1 tra9$ 9 mod]n modes ( ?\ght b cl++ to old associations1 ask$ himself ! "q1 ,c we /ill be ,mohamm$ans8 ,yes1 he might reply1 b we mu/ reta9 only ! ess5ce or s\l ( ,mohamm$anism--its mono!ism4 ,! hi/orical body or exi/5tial =m ( ,mohamm$anism1 namely1 t ,mohamm$ 0 ! prophet ( ,god & t ! ,koran is a revelation f heav51 mu/ be giv5 up4 ,& ev5 :5 we speak ( ! unity & p]sonality ( ,god1 we mu/ rememb] t we are employ+ symbol & metaphor4 #agg3 ,euck5's neglect ( ! exp]i5tial /&po9t is a common compla9t among 8 critics4 ,see ,m4 ,boo?3 ,r4 ,euck53 ,8 ,philosophy & ,influ5ce1 p4 #aii4 #agh3 ,! ,tru? ( ,religion1 p4 #egg4 ,! ,g]man1 p4 #djd1 is less emphatic4 ,euck5 pres5ts ! rem>kable ph5om5on ( a man ^: ?\ght is saturat$ ) ,*ri/ian influ5ce1 :o appreciates ! moral p[] & spl5d\r ( ,*ri/ianity & its reg5]ative effects 9 hi/ory1 & yet is unable to reconcile its di/9ctive features ) ! fundam5tal concepts ( 8 philosophy4 ,he %[s ! close connection ( ! que/ions1 ,:at ?9k ye ( ,*ri/8 &1 ,:at ?9k ye ( ,god8 & t assur$ belief 9 ! p]sonality ( ,god & 9 ,8 inc>nation 9 a ,p]son belong toge!r4 ,no "o come? to ! ,fa!r b by me4 ,t a ,*ri/ianity su* z ,euck5 prea*es1 remov$ f supports 9 hi/ory1 9 au?oritative doctr9e1 9 religi\s exp]i5ce1 p]haps ev5 9 a rational !ism1 c reta9 its moral p[] & act z a spiritual lev] = ! elevation ei!r ( ! masses or ! classes1 rema9s to be prov$4 ,our tw5tie? c5tury philosoph]s are ! prophets ( a new age4 ,b]gson's tea*+ op5s be=e ea* individual & be=e humanity new possibilities ( a*ievem5t1 z1 9 ob$i5ce to ! vital impulse1 ! army ( humanity ru%es on 9 an ov]:elm+ *>ge1 able to beat d[n e resi/ance & cle> ! mo/ =midable ob/acles1 p]haps ev5 dea?4#agi ,euck51 ) ! m s]i\s burd5 ( a moral message1 has proclaim$ ) voice & p5 ! gospel ( a new spiritual life & a new spiritual _w4 ,d n ^! tw5tie? c5tury prophets re*o 9 a c]ta9 s5se1 ea* 9 8 own language1 ! message :i* 0 he>d among ! ,galilean hills 9 an age f :i* ! c5turies are measur$1 ,rep5t1 = ! ,k+dom ( ,heav5 is at h&8 #agi3 ,l'volution ,cratrice1 p4 #bid2 ,e4 ,t41 p4 #bga4 ,,iii4 ,,w>d ,,& ,,! ,,realm ,,( ,,ends ,our ,engli% speak+ philosoph]s1 9 ! m usual fa%ion1 base _! religi\s philosophy ^u a !ory ( k4 ,x is noticeable1 h[ev]1 t bo? ,james ,w>d & ,josiah ,royce1 :ile belong+ to ! ideali/ic tradition com+ d[n f ,kant & ,hegel1 %[ ! influ5ce ( a revolt f t tradition4 ,w>d beg9s ) ! _m1 ) pluralism1 :ile he ends ) ! "o2 & ,royce decl>es himself an advocate ( ,absolute ,pragmatism4 ,! great s]vices ( ,w>d to religi\s philosophy 9 8 ,realm ( ,ends are1 fir/1 8 transition f pluralism to !ism1 &1 second1 8 demon/ration anew ( ! /r5g? ( ! philosophical argum5t = immortality4 #a4 ,8 !i/ic argum5t 9 a nut%ell is ?is1 t :ile !re is no road f ! ,"o to ! ,_m1 !re is an op5 road f ! ,_m to ! ,"o1 ) sign-po/s ^u ! way4 ,we mu/ />t ) pluralism1 says ,w>d1 because no reason c be giv5 :y ! ,"o1 9 :atev] way conceiv$1 %\ld become ! ,_m4 ,:y %\ld ! homog5e\s become het]og5e\s1 or ! indet]m9ate det]m9ate1 or :y %\ld ! absolute become split up into f9ite spirits8 ,a creation out ( no?+ _c1 = ,w>d1 solve ! problem1 = 8 conception ( creation is t ( intellective intuition1 9 :i* ,god z subject is necess>y to ! exi/5ce ( ! _w z object1 b ! _w1 f ?is /&po9t1 is equally necess>y to ,god4 ,!re is no way ( pass+1 !n1 f an absolute ,"o to ! ,_m1 f s+ul>ism to pluralism4 ,we mu/ />t ) ,babel & a*ieve1 if we c1 "o language & "o spee*4 ,9 its mod]n =m ,pluralism is a revolt alike f n9ete5? c5tury ,absolutism1 :i* 0 ! dom9ant s*ool 9 ,g]many & ,engl&1 & f ! ,naturalism br\ght to ! =e by ! advance ( sci5tific rese>*1 & int]pret+ m9d 9 t]ms ( nature4 ,pluralism has be5 call$ a means ( escape alike f ,naturalism's des]t & ! b>r5 summit ( ! ,absolute4 ,! anci5t pluralism took ! =m ( atomism1 b ! conc\rse ( atoms may acc\nt = rigidity & uni=mity b n = spontaneity4 ,! mod]n type ( pluralism1 />t+ at ! level ( self-consci\sness1 posits a multitude ( monads or individuals act+ t[>ds self-cons]vation & self-realization1 & c1 x is believ$1 d full ju/ice alike to law & cont+5cy1 to spontaneity & fixity4 ,! plurali/1 op]at+ on ! pr9ciple ( cont9uity1 assumes t !re are consci\s individuals or monads 9 v>i\s degrees l[] ?an man d[n to ! m9imal po9t ( complete unconsci\sness2 & high] consci\snesses ?an man up to a be+ :o may be call$ 9 a s5se supreme1 b is nev] m ?an "o ( ! _m1 n inclusive ( !m1 &1 h[ev] exalt$1 is nev] m ?an primus int] p>es4 ,! mod]n plurali/ z describ$ by ,w>d is a pampsy*i/2 he believes t all exi/5ce is s\l-l4 ,!re is a multiplicity ( s\l-l be+s ( v>i\s grades ( developm5t1 "s dom9at+1 "s s]v+1 conative & cognitive individuals b5t on self-cons]vation & seek+ ! good4#ahj ,all exi/5ce is s\l-l1 al?\gh1 9 :at we call inorganic matt]1 ^! cognitive & conative monads h be5 l>gely d5atur$ & r$uc$ to ! semblance ( me*anism & r\t9e4 ,!y h become f9i%$ & f9ite clods1 untr\bl$ by a sp>k4 #ahj3 ,! ,realm ( ,ends1 #aiaa1 p4 #bbc4 ,! plurali/ assumes at ! outset a multiplicity ( s\l-l be+s2 b he _c expla9 satisfactorily _! int]-action1 or _! action t[>ds a common end4 ,if1 inde$1 a plurali/ic /&po9t 7 hopelessly infect$ ) contradictions1 z ! ,eleatics might hold1 !n ! way to !ism w\ld be hopelessly b>r$2 = f pluralism speculation really always has & always mu/ beg94#aha ,pluralism beg9s ) ! _m & ends ) ! _m4 ,b did x really beg9 at ! beg9n+1 & does x really rea* ! end8 ,pluralism1 ,w>d insi/s1 po9ts bo? !oretically & practically & bo? =w>d & backw>d beyond itself4#ahb #aha3 ,! ,realm ( ,ends1 p4 #bbd4 #ahb3 ,ibid41 p4 #dcf4 ,foll[+ ,w>d 9 8 transition f pluralism to !ism1 we notice3 7#a7 ,! plurali/ /ops ) ! totality ( a ,_m 9 _! int]-action reg>d$ z ! ultimate reality4 ,b ?is position is incomplete & unsatisfy+4 ,a plurality ( be+s prim>ily indep5d5t z reg>ds _! exi/5ce & yet always mutually act+ & react+ ^u ea* o!r1 an ontological plurality t is someh[ a cosmological unity1 seems cle>ly to sugge/ "s gr\nd beyond itself4 ,! idea ( ,god pres5ts itself to meet ?is lack4 ,b ?is idea ( ,god w\ld be mean+less unless ,god 7 reg>d$ z transc5d+ ! ,_m2 s !re c be no talk ( ,god z m]ely primus int] p>es4#ahc ,!re c be no democratic idea ( ,god1 = by its v nature ! idea ( ,god implies some?+ unique & incomp>able & sov]eign4 ,! exi/5ce ( ! ,_m !n looks back to ! exi/5ce ( ! ,"o z gr\nd or creator4 #ahc3 ,! ,realm ( ,ends1 p4 #bda4 ,! plurali/ic view1 !n1 does n1 ap>t f !ism1 make a unifi$ _w2 a plurali/ic univ]se is 9 fact a contradiction 9 t]ms4 ,su* a unify+ conception z !ism af=ds answ]s to ! subject 9 relation to ! manifold objects ( exp]i5ce2 9 fact x is d\btful if an absolute pluralism is a possible conception s9ce we nev] "k ( ! ,_m ap>t f ! ,"o4 ,!ism1 aga91 9 its doctr9e ( a dom9ant monad & a supreme _w _s1 is 9 agreem5t ) ! g5]alizations ( sci5ce4 ,all !ories ( ! d]ivation ( f9ite spirits1 :e!r evolutioni/1 creationi/1 or traducian1 agree 9 d]iv+ ! ,_m f ! ,"o4 7#b7 ,! cop]ation ( ! ,_m also po9ts 9 ! direction ( ! ,"o if1 z is g5]ally assum$1 ?is cop]ation is t[>ds any common goal4 ,! cop]ation1 x may be said1 is due to *ance1 a =tuit\s conc\rse ( purposes2 b if !re is a t5d5cy to "o end1 ! "q is inevitable1 ,:y %\ld ! ,_m t5d t[>ds "o end unless !y _h 9 ! ,"o _! s\rce8 ,!ism is rea*$ z ! alt]native ( suppos+ t ! int]-actions ( ! ,_m are a m]e welt] ( happ5+s )\t mean+ or purpose4 ,evolution & hi/ory %[ an increase ( complexity & cop]ation1 & if all ?+s "w toge!r x is natural to believe t all ?+s "w toge!r = good4 ,! ,god :o kn[s all loves all1 & only ! imman5ce ( ,god 9 ! _w z def9$ by !ism c give assurance t ! plurali/'s ideal w be fulfill$4#ahd ,ap>t f !i/ic belief !re w\ld be no reason to expect progress on ! :ole1 = a _w ent]+ ^u a fre% evolution _c />t :]e x left (f & may ev5 beg9 9 less fav\rable conditions ?an be=e4 ,9 a ^w1 )\t su* spiritual cont9uity z !ism alone seems able to ensure1 x looks z if a plurali/ic _w 7 condemn$ to a ,sisyphean task4 ,p] asp]a ad a/ra may be its motto1 b facilis desc5sus ,av]no seems to be its fate4#ahe #ahd3 ,! ,realm ( ,ends1 pp4 #bbi f4 #ahe3 ,ibid41 pp4 #bad f4 ,fur!r 7#c7 !ism enri*es & enhances ! plurali/'s ideal by all ! ineffable bless$ness t ! pres5ce ( ,god mu/ yield4 ,to sum up3 ,! !oretical dem& = ! gr\nd ( ! _w1 !n1 z well z ! practical dem& = ! good ( ! _w1 is met by ! idea ( ,god4#ahf ,z relat$ to ! ,_m ! ,"o is ! ultimate s\rce ( _! be+ & ultimate end ( _! ends4#ahg #ahf3 ,! ,realm ( ,ends1 p4 #dbc4 #ahg3 ,ibid41 p4 #ddb4 #b4 ,:ile ,w>d is a ,platoni/ alike 9 8 belief 9 immortality & 9 connect+ t belief ) ! doctr9es ( ! prexi/5ce & transmigration ( s\ls1 8 g5]al argum5t = a future life foll[s ! m usual l9es4 ,x is bas$ ^u bo? rational & moral gr\nds & express$ ) unusual beauty & p[]4 ,man's native capacities & prem95tly ! moral law )9 him po9t f> beyond any ability he has 9 ! pres5t life1 & x is to be assum$1 ) ,kant1 t no organ1 no faculty1 no impulse1 9 %ort no?+ sup]flu\s or disproportionate to its use1 & !re=e aimless1 is to be met )4#ahh ,aga9/ a cont9uance ( life !re are no valid objections to be rais$4 ,we _c prove a negative1 & ! burd5 ( pro( re/s ) ^? :o d5y its possibility4 ,! immortality ( influ5ce or ( ! race _c be sub/itut$ = p]sonal immortality4 ,if humanity or society is an end 9 itself1 !n ! p]sons :o con/itute x mu/ %>e 9 ?is end4#ahi ,! we>isome procession ( g5]ation aft] g5]ation ( mortals 9 pursuit ( an ignis fatuus1 all hop+1 all work+ = :at none atta91 might div]t a ,mephi/opheles b w\ld c]ta9ly n be a realm ( ends4#aij #ahh3 ,! ,realm ( ,ends11 p4 #daa4 #ahi3 ,ibid41 p4 #chi4 #aij3 ,ibid41 p4 #dbh4 ,! moral argum5ts = a future life are b\nd up ) an e/imate ( ! wor? ( human p]sonality1 b are ultimately rational z well4 ,if dea? ends all1 n only are we ( all creatures mo/ mis]able1 b ,god also1 if 9 ?is case ,he exi/s1 is mock$1 & ! _w ^: highe/ ideals are n & _c be fulfill$ is )\t ultimate mean+4 ,we h !n ! dilemma3 ,ei!r ! _w is n rational or man does n /& alone & ?is life is n all4 ,b x _c be rational to conclude t ! _w is n rational1 lea/ ( all :5 an alt]native is op5 to u t leaves room = its rationality--! alt]native ( po/ulat+ ,god & a future life4#aia #aia3 ,! ,realm ( ,ends11 pp4 #dji f4 ,a belief 9 transmigration is ) ,w>d organically connect$ ) 8 pluralism & pampsy*ism4 ,= ! plurali/ all ! individuals !re are h exi/$ f ! fir/ & w cont9ue to exi/ indef9itely2#aib & x foll[s t 'metempsy*osis' 9 "s =m seems an unavoidable coroll>y ( ?or\ghgo+ pampsy*ism1 s long z we look broadly at ! facts ( life z a :ole4#aic ,! same doctr9e t all ! individuals !re are h exi/$ f ! fir/ affects1 x %\ld be notic$1 ! quality ( ,w>d's !ism4 ,god is n transc5d5t 9 "t1 = we _c conceive ,god )\t ! _w4 ,he is n transc5d5t z be+ 9 ,8 exi/5ce indep5d5t ( ! _w1 = a ,god :o is n a creator is an ab/raction4#aid ,aga9 ,he is n transc5d5t 9 ! s5se t ,he c n[ ex]cise creative p[]1 = !re c be no new creation s9ce ! beg9n+4 #aib3 ,! ,realm ( ,ends11 p4 #bjd4 #aic3 ,ibid41 p4 #bac4 #aid3 ,ibid41 p4 #bde4 ,be=e pampsy*ism1 ) its unavoidable coroll>y ( metempsy*osis1 is adopt$ ?is !ory itself %\ld be subject$ to a clos] exam9ation4 ,:ile pampsy*ism has und\bt$ advantages z a philosophical !ory1 x has s]i\s difficulties z well4 ,x appe>s to h b slight relation to ! progress ( sci5ce 9 any ( its l9es4 ,! :ole s*eme ( evolution1 f ! inorganic ?r\gh ! vegetable to animal & man1 is s]i\sly modifi$4 ,! movem5t is f consci\sness to :at is call$ matt]1 b consci\sness seems to h suff]$ a sort ( a fall2 = 9 ! geologic & a/ronomic ages be=e ! introduction ( life consci\sness 0 at any rate r$uc$ to ! vani%+ po9t4 ,:at1 !n1 ( ! reality ( ^? processes :i* geology & a/ronomy describe8 ,_! reality z m ?an an imag9>y prelude to human or animal life is op5 to "q4 ,! physiologi/1 moreov]1 w cont5d t !re is no evid5ce ( ! pres5ce ( consci\sness except 9 connection ) a n]v\s sy/em1 or w at mo/ admit a k9d ( diffus$ consci\sness 9 all organic matt]4 ,! a/ronom]1 f9ally1 w ?9k x /range to be told t :ile we _c1 ( c\rse1 affirm t a /> or a meteor or a clu/] ( p>ticles is an individual1 we mu/ z plurali/s believe t ! real be+s ^! ph5om5a imply h "s spontaneity & "s initiative4#aie #aie3 ,! ,realm ( ,ends1 p4 #dee4 ,bo? pampsy*ism & me*anism may be accus$ ( pu%+ ! pr9ciple ( cont9uity too f>4 ,x is an error to r$uce all objects & all activities1 all ?9k+ be+s & all objects ( our ?\ght1 to me*anism & its products & by-products1 ?us expla9+ away ! peculi> nature ( man z a conative & cognitive be+4 ,b x is equally an error 9 ! o!r direction1 x may be cont5d$1 to r$uce all ( reality1 by an exagg]ation ( an?ropomorphism & a return ?\gh 9 a ref9$ =m to ! me?od ( primitive animism1 to ! analogy ( social int]c\rse4 ,x is haz>d\s to /ake ! int]e/s ( !ism ^u a te*nical !ory ( k su* z t ^u :i* pampsy*ism is bas$4 ,"o may gratefully appreciate ! cog5cy & value ( ,w>d's !i/ic argum5t 9 its g5]al aspects )\t be+ conv9c$ t ! doctr9e ( pampsy*ism is ! only1 or inde$ ! firme/1 basis ^u :i* !i/ic belief c be re>$4 ,,iv4 ,,royce ,,& ,,! ,,problem ,,( ,,*ri/ianity ,our ,am]ican philosoph]1 ,josiah ,royce1 has always be5 occupi$ ) ! religi\s aspects ( philosophy1 b has ( late %[n a special int]e/ 9 ! philosophical int]pretation ( ! doctr9es ( ! ,*ri/ian ,fai?4 ,8 mature views are express$ 9 8 essay on ,:at is ,vital 9 ,*ri/ianity8 9 8 volume1 ,william ,james & ,o!r ,essays 7#aiaa71 & 9 8 ,l[ell lectures1 ,! ,problem ( ,*ri/ianity 7#aiac74 ,royce believes t if !re is to be a philosophy ( religion at all1 su* a philosophy mu/ include 9 its task ! (fice ( a positive & ( a deeply sympa!tic int]pretation ( ! _s ( ,*ri/ianity1 & mu/ be j to ! fact t ! ,*ri/ian religion is1 ?us f> at lea/1 man's mo/ impressive vision ( salvation1 & 8 pr9cipal glimpse ( ! homel& ( ! _s4#aif #aif3 ,! ,problem ( ,*ri/ianity1 ,i1 p4 #aa4 ,9 ,*ri/ianity ,royce f9ds a religion ( loyalty1 def9$ z ! practically devot$ love ( an individual = a community4 ,*ri/ianity is 9 its ess5ce ! mo/ typical1 & s f> 9 human hi/ory1 ! mo/ highly develop$ religion ( loyalty2#aig & x 0 9 ,paul9e ,*ri/ianity t ! ,*ri/ian ideas ( ! community1 ! lo/ /ate ( ! individual & ( atonem5t or grace fir/ receiv$ _! full /atem5t1 ?\gh n _! complete =mulation4 ,paul's addition to ! doctr9e ( love1 ?\ght by himself to be inspir$ by ! ,_s ( ! ,asc5d$ ,"l1 consi/$ 9 8 plac+ love to ! *ur* side by side ) love to ,god & to "o's neighb\r4 ,*ri/ian love1 z ,paul conceiv$ x1 takes on ! =m ( ,loyalty4 ,?is is ,paul's simple b va/ trans=mation ( ,*ri/ian love4#aih #aig3 ,! ,problem ( ,*ri/ianity1 ,i1 pp4 xvii4 f4 #aih3 ,! ,problem ( ,*ri/ianity1 ,i1 p4 #ih4 ,! r$uction ( :at is vital 9 ,*ri/ianity to ! s-call$ pure gospel ( ,*ri/1 z record$ 9 ! body ( ! presumably au!ntic say+s & p>ables1 is to ,royce pr(\ndly unsatisfactory4 ,if ,he _h s view$ ! matt]1 ! ,messianic trag$y 9 :i* ,8 life-"w culm9at$ w\ld h be5 ne$less & un9telligible4#aii ,:at is mo/ vital 9 ,*ri/ianity is conta9$ 9 :atev] is ess5tial & p]man5t ab\t ! doctr9es ( ! inc>nation & atonem5t4#bjj #aii3 ,william ,james & ,o!r ,essays1 pp4 #adj f4 #bjj3 ,ibid41 p4 #aee4 ,9 ^! respects ,royce %[s 8 sympa?y ) traditional ,*ri/ianity z ov] aga9/ ! /&po9t ( mod]n lib]alism4 ,he prote/s 9 effect1 9 ! fir/ place1 aga9/ a r$uc$ ,*ri/ianity bas$ ^u ! ,synoptic tea*+ ( ,jesus alone1 & ^u ?is tea*+ only aft] alleg$ ,johann9e & ,paul9e elem5ts h be5 cut out4 ,secondly1 he f9ds t ,*ri/ianity includes doctr9e z well z e?ics4 ,&1 ?ird1 he f9ds 9 ,paul's tea*+ n a p]v]sion ( ! gospel1 b a develop$ /atem5t ( ! c5tral ideas ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,unlike _m philosoph]s1 ,royce takes an au/]e view ( ! mis]y & trag$y ( s91 z grave ) ! gravity ( life1 & /]n only z ! call ( life1 to any awak5$ m9d1 ought to be /]n4#bja ,! s9n] _c save himself4 ,by 8 own de$ he has bani%$ himself to ! hell ( ! irrevocable4 ,if !re is to be atonem5t :i* %all reconcile ! traitor to 8 own de$ & ! community to ! act ( trea*]y aga9/ x1 an atonem5t /at$ 9 purely human t]ms1 x mu/ be an objective atonem5t1 n m]ely "o ( moral influ5ce ^u ! traitor4 ,x mu/ be by "s creative de$ ( lov+ +5uity by :i* ! _w is made bett] ?an x w\ld h be5 _h ! treason nev] be5 done4 ,?us ! family ( ,jacob 0 reunit$ 9 peculi>ly t5d] ties aft] ! reconciliation4 ,?r\gh ,joseph's "w all is made bett] ?an x w\ld h be5 _h !re be5 no treason at all4#bjb #bja3 ,! ,problem ( ,*ri/ianity1 ,i1 p4 #abj4 #bjb3 ,ibid41 ,i1 p4 #cgj4 ,9 8 purely human & un!ological treatm5t ( s9 & grace1 ,royce's ?\ght has pr(ess$ly mov$ )9 ! limits ( social relation%ips4 ,s9 is an act ( brok5 fai? or disloyalty to ! community4 ,! s9n] is re/or$ f 8 e/ate ( mis]y by ! sav+ grace ( ! community4#bjc ',atonem5t' & ',div9e ,grace' may be consid]$ z if !y 7 expressions ( ! purely human process :]eby ! community seeks & saves1 ?r\gh its suff]+ s]vants & its ,_s1 t :i* is lo/4#bjd #bjc3 ,! ,problem ( ,*ri/ianity1 ,i1 p4 #cij4 #bjd3 ,ibid41 ,i1 p4 xxxviii4 ,:ile ,royce's exposition ( s9 & grace is full ( sugge/ion & insight1 x is m philosophical ?an ,biblical4 ,?us at important po9ts ! contra/ betwe5 ,paul & ,royce's int]pretation ( ,paul is v /rik+4 ,royce h9ts at ! div9ity ( ! community1 :ile ,paul ass]ts ! div9ity ( ,*ri/4 ,royce says1 ,be loyal to ! community1 :ile ,paul w\ld say prim>ily1 ,believe 9 ,*ri/ & be loyal to ,him4 ,loyalty to ! p]sonal ,*ri/1 says a review] ( ,royce's "w1 has be5 7& surely is7 ev5 a m vital elem5t 9 ,*ri/ianity ?an loyalty to ! community4#bje ,royce w\ld say t by ! grace ( ! community we are sav$2 :ile ) ,paul ! ,savi\r is p]sonal & x 0 ! vision ( ,*ri/1 n ( ! community1 t trans=m$ 8 life4 #bje3 ,h4 ,ra%dall 9 ,m9d1 ,n4 ,s4 #ia 7,july1 #aiad71 p4 #daa4 ,aga9 x is n easy to read ! doctr9e ( ! belov$ community & ( ! community z ! s\rce ( grace into ! words or ! _s ( ! tea*+ ( ,jesus4 ,! attempt1 h[ev]1 is made4 ,9 ! p>able ( ! ,prodigal ,son1 ! voice ( ! fa!r1 :o is = ! mom5t simply ! inc>nation ( ! _s ( ?is community1#bjf is said to be ! voice ( ! family1 welcom+ ! w&]]2 & ! joy ( ! fa!r is ! joy ( ! family 9 8 return4 ,if ?is be s ! fa!r %\ld h said1 ,! family fell[%ip is re/or$1 in/ead ( say+1 ,?is my son 0 dead & is alive aga94 #bjf3 ,! ,problem ( ,*ri/ianity1 ,i1 p4 #cec4 ,ev5 ,royce's ,old ,te/am5t illu/ration f ! /ory ( ,joseph1 :]e we f9d a griev\s betrayal & !n a de$ :i* leaves ! community1 9 ?is case ! family1 ri*] 9 love & m unit$ 9 he>t ?an if ! de$ ( betrayal _h n be5 done1 does n support ,royce's pr9ciple t ! ideal community is ! savi\r & ! s\rce ( aton+ grace4 ,! /ory to be illu/rative %\ld h be5 rev]s$2 ,joseph %\ld h be5 ! betray] & de/roy] ( ! family life1 & !n ! bre?r5 unit$ly by _! love & +5uity %\ld h won him back4 ,h[ !n does ! loyal community :i* is to be ! s\rce ( grace orig9ate8 ,royce admits t x c only be by "s miracle ( grace1#bjg & ! problem becomes acute :5 we consid] ! orig9 ( ! hi/orical community ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,! usual view is t "h a miracle ( grace has happ5$ 9 ! p]son ( ,jesus1 ! au?or & f9i%] ( loyalty1 b 9 t case !re c\ld be no su* simplification ( ! problems ( ,*ri/ology1#bjh z ,royce desires4 ,:o1 !n1 0 ! f\nd] ( ! ,*ri/ian ,community8 ,x 0 n ,paul1 = he f\nd a community already 9 exi/5ce4 ,x 0 n ! human ,jesus1 ?\gh ,he gave ! signal1 = we _c say t1 speak+ ( ,jesus z an individual man1 we "k t ,he explicitly int5d$ to f\nd ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4#bji ,x 0 n ! div9e ,*ri/1 = ! human s\rce ( all lat] ,*ri/ologies mu/ be f\nd 9 ! e>ly ,*ri/ian community itself4#baj ,we mu/ 9 fact r5\nce our que/ = ! orig9 ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 = its f\ndation dep5d$ ^u motives :i* we _c fa?om by means ( any s\nd+s t our hi/orical mat]ials or our k ( social psy*ology p]mit u to make4#baa ,su* rec\rse to a conv5i5t agno/icism1 h[ev] rhetorically x may be express$1 does n br+ u out ( ! circle1 t ! *ur* f\nd$ itself1 & 9 t case1 z a s\rce ( grace1 saves itself4 ,! mod]n man1 "u ,royce's guidance1 is reliev$ f ! problems ( ,*ri/ology only to f9d t ^? ( ecclesiology are equally press+4 #bjg3 ,! ,problem ( ,*ri/ianity1 ,i1 p4 #ahe4 #bjh3 ,ibid41 ,i1 p4 xxiii4 #bji3 ,ibid41 ,i1 p4 #dah4 #baj3 ,ibid41 ,i1 p4 #dae4 #baa3 ,ibid41 ,i1 p4 #dai4 ,! conception ( ! community is obvi\sly fruitful alike 9 its e?ical & its !ological implications1 & ,royce's discussion ( x1 s elevat$ 9 its tone1 w d\btless be = ! /r5g!n+ ( he>ts z he desires4 ,b inf]5ces =eign to ,*ri/ian ?\ght are drawn :5 x is sugge/$ t ,man ! community may prove to be ,god1#bab & t 9 ?is ess5tially social univ]se ! community is ! ,absolute4#bac ,?is is ! voice ( ,hegel r ?an t ( ,paul4 #bab3 ,! ,problem ( ,*ri/ianity1 ,i1 p4 #dji4 #bac3 ,ibid41 ,,ii1 p4 #bif4 ,9 an essay on ,br[n+'s !ism ,royce has rem>k$3 ,to say ,god is ,love is1 !n1 ! same z to say t ,god is1 or has be51 or w be inc>nate1 p]haps once1 p]haps--= s ,br[n+'s always moni/ic intuitions ab\t ! relation ( ,god & ! _w always sugge/ to him--p]haps always1 p]haps 9 all our life1 p]haps 9 all m54#bad ,! doctr9e ( ! inc>nation is ?us ackn[l$g$ to be vital n only = ,*ri/ianity b = !ism z well4 ,! fact ( ! ,inc>nation1 z ,we/cott has said1 gives reality to t moral conception ( ,god z active ,love )\t :i* ,!ism becomes a =mula4#bae ,b ! mean+ ( inc>nation & its support ( !i/ic belief is weak5$ 9 proportion z x is int]pret$ n 9 an hi/orical s5se b z an inc>nation p]haps always1 p]haps 9 all m54 #bad3 ,! ,new ,_w1 ,vol4 ,v1 #ahif1 p4 #daf4 #bae3 ,! ,epi/les ( ,john1 p4 #ge4 ,9 8 emphasis ^u ! inc>nation & atonem5t1 ,royce has %[n a pr(\nd appreciation ( :at is vital 9 ,*ri/ianity1 b 8 discussion %[s also t ^! doctr9es !mselves1 9 be+ remov$ f _! hi/oric sett+ & adapt$ to ! requirem5ts ( a philosophical !ory1 may easily lose :at is = religion _! mo/ vital elem5ts4 ,ea* ( our f\r philosoph]s has p]=m$ an important s]vice = religi\s ?\ght4 ,b]gson has made an effective prote/ aga9/ mat]ialism4 ,euck5 has ass]t$ ! reality ( ! spiritual _w4 ,w>d has /r5g!n$ ! philosophical f\ndations ( belief 9 ,god & immortality4 ,royce has f\nd 9 ! di/9ctive ideas ( ,*ri/ianity ! cr[n ( religi\s philosophy4 ,! deep] ?\ght ( our age1 judg$ by its lead+ expon5ts1 has be5 work+ t[>ds ,*ri/ianity & n 9 ! opposite direction4 ,x has brok5 away f mat]ialism ) its d5ial ( a spiritual _w4 ,x has brok5 away f an idealism :i* d5ies p]sonality 9 ,god & man4 ,x has be5 /rongly attract$ to ,*ri/ianity1 & influ5c$ 9 its intellectual con/ructions by ! tea*+ ( ,*ri/ & ( ! ,apo/les4 ,x is at "o ) ,*ri/ianity 9 its e?ical /&po9t & emphasis4 ,! ,cross is no long] fooli%ness to ! ,greek1 :5 lead]s ( philosophic ?\ght f9d 9 ,*ri/ianity _! brighte/ glimpse into ! homel& ( ! _s1 ! s\rce ( _! deepe/ insights into tru?1 ! inspiration ( _! mo/ fruitful activity & ! key to ! solution ( _! pr(\nde/ problems4 ,v ,! ,*ri/ian ,fai? & ,o!r ,religions ,f\r univ]sals 7 conta9$ 9 ! la/ comm&s ( ! ,ris5 ,*ri/3 ,all au?ority has be5 giv5 unto me4 ,g1 disciple all ! nations1 tea*+ !m to obs]ve all ?+s t ,i h comm&$ y3 & lo1 ,i am ) y all ! days4 ,if ! m>*+ ord]s ( ! ,*ur* 7 to be obey$1 ! ,*ri/ian ,fai? mu/ be br\ght into contact & into conflict n only ) ,judaism b ) all ! e?nic fai?s4 ,if its program is to be c>ri$ out successfully1 ,*ri/ianity mu/ sup]s$e all o!r religions4 ,9 ?is lecture we mu/ consid] ! relation ( ,*ri/ianity to anci5t religions1 or ^? preval5t 9 ! ,roman ,empire at ! "t ( its f\nd+1 & !n its relation to mod]n religions4 ,i4 ,,*ri/ianity ,,& ,,anci5t ,,religions ,t ! religion ( ! cross1 :i* />t$ 9 a despis$ & p]secut$ sect among a p )\t intellectual or milit>y pre/ige1 %\ld 9 ?ree c5turies become ! /ate religion ( ! ,roman ,empire1 is (t5 spok5 ( z ! miracle ( hi/ory4 ,! e>ly mission>y c\ld n appeal to milit>y =ce or to an obvi\sly sup]ior type ( civilization1 & ! wond] is n t ,*ri/ianity conqu]$ ! ,roman _w b t x ev] secur$ a foo?old at all4 ,! famili> argum5t has be53 ,we c acc\nt = ! progress ( ,*ri/ianity1 aga9/ ob/acles & )\t outw>d aids1 only ^u ! assumption t a div9e p[] 0 work+ )94 ,s9ce ! rise ( ! religi\s-hi/orical s*ool 9 ,g]many "s doz5 ye>s ago1 ! "q ( ,*ri/ianity's relation to contempor>y religions has come up 9 a new =m1 & has be5 br\ght into ! =egr\nd ( !ological discussion4 ,! victory ( e>ly ,*ri/ianity1 x is ass]t$1 is due to ! fact t ,paul n m]ely pres5t$ x to ! ,romans 9 a juridical =m1 b t he prea*$ ! my? or my/]y ( a dy+ & ris+ ,savi\r to ! my? lov+ ,greeks2 & x is ev5 said t ! ,new ,te/am5t portrait ( ,*ri/1 :atev] hi/orical reality lies beh9d x1 is 9 fact a sort ( glorifi$ composite photograph made out ( ! elem5ts ( a ,jewi% ,messiah1 a ,greek ,apollo or ,adonis & an ,egyptian ,osiris4 ,! claim is made by ! m extreme memb]s ( ! religi\s-hi/orical s*ool t e feature ( ,*ri/ianity t 0 suppos$ to be orig9al1 & inde$ practically ! :ole ,gospel n>rative1 c be p>allell$ closely or remotely 9 ,p]sian1 ,h9du1 ,syrian1 ,egyptian or ,greek religi\s lit]ature1 or 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t & ! tea*+ ( ! philosoph]s4 ,! reasons = ,*ri/ianity's triumph ov] o!r religions may be /ill to seek1 b its claim to sup]natural au?ority is call$ 9 "q by ! rec5t movem5t 9 s*ol>%ip :i* has tak5 z its motto1 ,! /udy ( ! ,*ri/ian ,fai? 9 ! light ( ! hi/ory ( religions4 ,x w\ld be /range inde$1 a writ] has rem>k$1 if su* p>allels did n raise new que/ion+s 9 ! place ( old c]ta9ties4 ,if ! acc\nts ( miracul\s bir?s & resurrections are pla9ly fabul\s :5 we meet ) !m 9 o!r fai?s1 are !y necess>ily hi/orical :5 !y occur 9 ! ,*ri/ian ,scriptures8 ,at any rate we feel t /r+5t evid5ce w be requir$ to prove !m s4#baf #baf3 ,j4 ,w>s*au]3 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,!ology1 ,july1 #aiab1 p4 #ccf4 ,:5 we /udy ! relation betwe5 e>ly ,*ri/ianity & ! religions ( ! "t x is cle> t "s e/abli%$ pr9ciples are ne$$ to control ! comp>ison4 ,:5 x is discov]$1 = in/ance1 t ,confucius _h sev5ty-two disciples & an inn] circle ( t5 select ones1 & t he spoke ! ,gold5 ,rule 9 a negative =m1 does x foll[ t ! ,gospel acc\nts ( ! *oice ( ! twelve & ( ! sev5ty 7 borr[$ f ,confucius8 ,clem5's =mulation ( ! pr9ciples t mu/ gov]n ! comp>ison w be g5]ally accept$3 7#a7 ,a religi\s-hi/orical explanation is impossible if x leads to unt5able consequ5ces or proce$s f unt5able presuppositions4 7#b7 ,! s5se ( ! ,new ,te/am5t passage1 z well z ! cont5ts ( ! non-,jewi% idea1 mu/ fir/ be fully asc]ta9$4 7#c7 ,we ought nev] to assume t ideas ( an advanc$ religion h be5 altoge!r borr[$1 until we h done our be/ to discov] any g]ms ( !m 9 ! native religi\s lit]ature4 7#d7 ,! non-,jewi% idea t is br\ght 9 z an explanation mu/ really 9 "s degree correspond to ! ,*ri/ian "o4 7#e7 ,?is elem5t mu/ h be5 already 9 exi/5ce3 an idea t is subsequ5t 9 its em]g5ce _c1 ( c\rse1 h giv5 rise to "o previ\sly exi/5t4 7#f7 ,x mu/ be %[n 9 reg>d to any =eign idea t x 0 really 9 a position to influ5ce ,*ri/ianity1 or ,judaism be=e x1 & h[4#bag ,to ^! might be add$ t ! possibility ( co9cid5ce mu/ n be ov]look$4 #bag3 ,primitive ,*ri/ianity & ,its ,non-,jewi% ,s\rces1 #aiac1 pp4 #ag1 #ah4 ,pr9ciple 7#c7 is quot$ f ,*eyne4 ,) ^! pr9ciples1 mo/ ( !m self-evid5t1 9 our m9ds1 let u glance at ! topics ( imm$iate int]e/ 9 our pres5t field3 7#a7 ,! ,virg9 ,bir? & its p>allels2 7#b7 ! wor%ip ( ,*ri/ & ! ,emp]or-cult2 & 7#c7 ,*ri/ianity & ! ,my/]y ,religions4 #a4 ,9 its relation to ! /ories ( curr5t my?ology1 ! ,virg9 ,bir? 0 a subject ( active discussion 9 ! "t ( ! fa!rs4 ,! patri/ic apologi/s make two po9ts 9 ref]r+ to ! my?ological p>allels4 ,on ! "o h&1 ! simil>ity ( ! ,gospel /ory 9 its sup]natural elem5t to ! /ories preval5t at ! "t is appeal$ to 9 ord] to comm5d x to ! acceptance ( ! ,greeks4 ,?us ,ju/9 says3 ,we prop\nd no?+ diff]5t f :at y believe reg>d+ ^? :om y e/eem sons ( ,jupit]4#bah ,simil>ly ,orig5 says3 ,!re is no absurdity 9 employ+ ,grecian hi/ories to answ] ,greeks ) a view to %[+ t we are n ! only p]sons :o h rec\rse to miracul\s n>ratives ( ?is k9d4#bai ,on ! o!r h&1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,*ri/ian & ! hea!n /ories is appeal$ to z pro( ( ! moral & hi/orical sup]iority ( ! ,gospel n>ratives4 ,ju/9 says t ! ,virg9 conceiv$ n by int]c\rse b by p[]2#bbj & ,orig51 ref]r+ to a tradition ab\t ! bir? ( ,plato1 says t su* /ories are v]itable fables4#bba #bah3 ,apol41 ,i1 #ba4 #bai3 ,contra ,cels41 ,i1 #cg4 #bbj3 ,apol41 ,i1 #cc4 #bba3 ,contra ,cels41 ,i1 #cg4 ,! notion is popul> to-day t /ories ( ! bir? ( a god or a h]o f a virg9 are common 9 non-,*ri/ian religions1 & ! rem>k is he>d t ! ,virg9 ,bir? ( ,jesus w\ld be cr$ible 7 x n = ^! p>allels4 ,a clos] exam9ation %[s1 h[ev]1 t :ile sup]natural bir?s 7 ! common prop]ty ( mo/ anci5t religions1 ! ,virg9 ,bir? 0 a di/9ctive & spontane\s feature ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,?us ,clem5 rem>ks t :at we f9d 9 ,indian ?\ght 7at any rate 9 e>li] times7 is n a ,virg9 ,bir? 9 ! prop] s5se ( t t]m1 b only a miracul\s bir?1 & "o ( q a diff]5t type f ! bir? ( ,jesus4#bbb ,allud+ to ! fact t ,buddhism 0 s entirely outside ! we/]n range ( vision z to be notic$ v meagrely 9 ! ,greek & ,roman lit]ature1 ,clem5 says t if !re are simil>ities t _c be accid5tal betwe5 ?is lat] ,buddhi/ic lit]ature & ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ! "q w\ld arise :e!r ! =m] c\ld n be dep5d5t ^u ! latt]1#bbc s9ce ,*ri/ianity p5etrat$ e>ly to ,india4 #bbb3 ,primitive ,*ri/ianity1 pp4 #bid1 #bie4 ,clem5 w\ld himself trace ! idea ( ! ,virg9 ,bir? to a passage 9 ,philo 7,de4 ,*]4 #ac f47 9 :i* ! wives ( ! ,patri>*s repres5t virtues 7p4 #big74 #bbc3 ,ibid41 p4 #cg4 ,clem5 quotes ,franckh to ! effect t none ( ^! p]sonages t play ! "p ( a "m-goddess is ?\ght ( z a virg94 ,x is only 9 ! c\rse ( "t t ,i%t> is ev]y:]e put 9 ! place ( ! e>li] "m-goddesses4444 ,z "m-goddess1 ,i%t> has no male god :o p]man5tly corresponds to h]4 ,?is is ! reason :y %e is vaguely spok5 ( z ! 'virg9' ,i%t>4 ,b x mu/ be emphatically ass]t$ t "h ! idea ( virg9ity und]goes a vague deflection4#bbd #bbd3 ,primitive ,*ri/ianity1 p4 #bib4 ,( ! p>allels adduc$1 only two are cle>ly cases ( bir? f a virg93 ,simon ,magus 7,clem4 ,recog4 ,,ii1 #ad7 & a c]ta9 ,t]eb9?us 7,acta ,ar*elai et ,manetis1 c4 #eb71 bo? ( :om claim$ to be born f a virg92 b1 z ,grtzma*] rem>ks1 ^! /ories arose "u ,*ri/ian influ5ces & are f\nd 9 po/-,*ri/ian writ+s s t !y are n ! root b ! product ( ! ,gospel n>ratives2#bbe & ,e4 ,pet]s5 admits t 9 ^! cases !re may be a simple tak+ ov] ( ! sup]natural bir? ( ,jesus4#bbf #bbe3 ,die ,jungfrau5geburt1 #aijf1 p4 #ca4 #bbf3 ,die wund]b>e ,geburt des ,heil&es1 #aiji1 p4 #da4 ,9 ! ,grco-,roman my?s !re is always "s fle%ly or s5sible m$ium4 ,bo? ! ess5tial diff]5ce 9 ! ,gospel n>ratives1 & ! lack ( any prov$ av5ue ( influ5ce lead+ to ^! n>ratives1 ) _! /rongly ,jewi% col\r+1 f hea!n s\rces1 makes ! !ory ( d]ivation f ^! s\rces mo/ improbable4 #b4 ,! fam\s ,pri5e inscription1 dat$ ab\t ! ye> #i ,b4 ,c41 has %[n t ! titles giv5 to ! ,emp]or ,augu/us 7 /rik+ly simil> to ^? address$ by ,*ri/ians to ,*ri/4 ,! day ( ! ,emp]or's bir? 0 ( great significance = ! human race2 he is call$ ,savi\r ( m51 he is to aboli% w> & br+ g5]al happ9ess2 & ! inscription decl>es t ! bir?day ( ! god 0 = ! _w ! beg9n+ ( tid+s ( joy on 8 acc\nt4#bbg ,bo? religions aga91 ! wor%ip ( ,*ri/ & ! ,emp]or-cult1 7 univ]sal religions1 ! ess5tial diff]5ce be+ t ! =m] exclud$1 :ile ! latt] tol]at$1 o!r =ms ( wor%ip4 ,did ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* d]ive its wor%ip ( ,*ri/ z ,"l1 or ev5 su* titles z ,savi\r & ,"l1 f ! ,emp]or-wor%ip ( ! "t8 #bbg3 ,see ,deissmann3 ,light f ! ,anci5t ,ea/1 p4 #cga4 ,! deification ( a k+ 0 by no means an unfamili> ?+ 9 ! anci5t & especially 9 ! ori5tal _w4 ,! k+s ( ,egypt are said to h wor%ipp$ !mselves4 ,to ! (f] ( ,alex&] ! ,great to rebuild ! burnt temple ( ,diana at ,ephesus1 ! %rewd reply ( ! prie/s1 n wi%+ to (f5d ei!r ,p]sia or ,greece1 0 t x 0 n fitt+ = "o deity to build ! temple ( ano!r4 ,! ascription ( div9e hon\rs to ! ,emp]or 0 a victory ( ea/]n influ5ces ov] ,roman ?\ght4 ,emp]or wor%ip 0 7#a7 a complim5t to ! rul]2 7#b7 a k9d ( p]sonification ( ! g5ius ( ! ,empire1 z p]haps 9 ! case ( ! ,mikado to-day2 & 7#c7 a conv5i5t neutral religion1 s9ce no exi/+ cult c\ld be univ]sal1 b9d+ all peoples toge!r 9 a necess>y religi\s bond4 ,:ile n tak5 v s]i\sly by ! a/ute rul]s !mselves1 x may also h be5 to _m m9ds an actual break+ out ( religi\s long+1 su* z seems to be express$ 9 ,v]gil's ,f\r? ,eclogue1 = a heav5-s5t deliv]] & savi\r4 ,to ,jews & ,*ri/ians alike1 h[ev]1 ! idea ( ! wor%ip ( ! ,emp]or 0 9 ! highe/ degree abhorr5t4 ,?is is %[n by ! fi]ce opposition to ! sett+ up ( ! /atue ( ,caligula 9 ! ,temple1 by ! refusal ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ians to wor%ip ! g5ius ( ! ,cs>s "u pa9 ( dea?1 & by ! p>allel acc\nts 9 ! ,acts & ,josephus ( ! dea? ( ,h]od1 bo? ,jewi% & ,*ri/ian au?ors describ+ 8 sudd5 dea? z a judgm5t ^u 8 impiety 9 accept+ div9e hon\rs4 ,) ,paul ! sett+ himself =? z ,god 0 a m>k ( ! man ( s9 7#b ,!ss4 ii4 #c1 #d74 ,x is !n improbable 9 ! highe/ degree t an idea s repell5t alike to ,jewi% & ,*ri/ian ?\ght c\ld h be5 9 any way responsible = ! wor%ip ( ,*ri/ z div9e4 ,b 0 x n possible t su* titles z ,"l & ,savi\r %\ld on ,g5tile soil h be5 unconsci\sly tak5 ov] by ! ,*ri/ians1 sugge/$ to !m by ! gr[+ use ( ^! t]ms z address$ to ! ,emp]or & _! free ascription to hea!n deities8 ,?is position has be5 def5d$ by ,b\sset1 :o says t x 0 9 ! air t ! fir/ ,hell5i/ic ,*ri/ian community %\ld give to its cult-h]o ! title ,kyrios 7,"l74#bbh ,ev5 ?is !ory ( an unconsci\s v]bal influ5ce ex]t$ on ,g5tile soil is full ( difficulty4 ,to ma9ta9 t ! title ,"l orig9at$ 9 ! ,g5tile-,*ri/ian *ur* x is necess>y1 ( c\rse1 to disc>d ! evid5ce ( all ! docum5ts1 ! ,gospels1 ! ,acts & ! ,epi/les4 ,x mu/ be d5i$ t ,jesus call$ ,himself ,"l1 or t ! title 0 giv5 ,him 9 ! ,j]usalem *ur*4 ,d\bt mu/ be ?r[n ^u ! :ole record ( ! apo/olic days 9 ! ,acts2 & ! evid5ce1 9 ,paul's allusion to ,james1 ! ,"l's bro!r 7,gal4 i4 #ai71 ( ! use ( ! title 9 ! ,j]usalem *ur* mu/ be ignor$4 #bbh3 ,kyrios ,*ri/os1 #aiac1 p4 #aai4 ,b\sset's !ory is t ,paul did n orig9ate ! title b f\nd x already 9 use by ! ,g5tile *ur*4 ,b !re is no evid5ce t at ! "t ( ,paul's conv]sion !re 0 any *ur* on ,g5tile soil t 0 n compos$1 9 ! ma91 ( =m] ,jews & ( ,jews :o _h come f ,j]usalem4 ,:5 x is said t betwe5 ,paul & ! primitive *ur* ( ,pale/9e /& ! ,hell5i/ic *ur*es 9 ,antio*1 ,damascus1 ,t>sus1#bbi x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! *ur* at ,damascus 0 compos$ prim>ily ( ,j]usalem ,*ri/ians :o 7 p]secut$ to =eign cities2 t ! *ur* at ,antio* 0 f\nd$ by ^? f ,judea1 & grew "u ! lead]%ip ( ,b>nabas1 a prie/ & lead] ( ! ,j]usalem *ur* 7,acts xi4 #ai f42 ,gal4 ii4 #a1 #ab72 & t !re is no evid5ce t !re 7 any ,*ri/ians at ,t>sus until ! "t ( ,paul's visit 7,acts ix4 #cj2 ,gal4 i4 #ba74 ,x is h>d to see h[ !re c be any "q ( an entirely new title spontane\sly aris+ f ! hea!n environm5t1 & free f ! influ5ce ( ! *ur* at ,j]usalem4 #bbi3 ,kyrios ,*ri/os1 p4 #ib4 ,if x be ask$ h[ ,jews c\ld d>e to apply ! "n ,kyrios1 ! holy cult-"n ( ! ,old ,te/am5t ,jahwe1 to ,jesus1 ! answ] is sugge/$ by ,b\sset himself :5 he says3 ,!re9 lay a piece ( mono!i/ic feel+3 ,god alone %\ld be pray$ to & wor%ipp$4 ,?is p[]ful religi\s feel+1 free f all reflection1 has once & aga9 9 ! hi/ory ( ,*ri/ological dogma ass]t$ itself4#bcj ,! ess5ce ( ! matt] is t ,*ri/ian conv]ts bo? ,jewi% & ,g5tile call$ ^u ! "n ( ! ,"l1 & wor%ipp$ ,him2 b x is evid5t t ,jesus 0 fir/ wor%ipp$ on ,jewi% soil z ,k+ ( ,israel1 & ,"l 9 ! s5se made famili> 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t 7,rom4 x4 #i-ac2 ,acts ii4 #ag1 #ba71 be=e ,he 0 wor%ipp$ on ,g5tile soil z ,k+ ( ,k+s & ,"l ( ,lords4 #bcj3 ,kyrios ,*ri/os1 p4 #cjb4 ,aside f all else x is highly improbable t 9 ! "t ( ,paul's conv]sion ! use ( ! title ,"l 7,kyrios1 ,dom9us7 z appli$ to ! ,emp]or 0 s wide-spread z to h ex]cis$ any appreciable influ5ce ^u ,*ri/ianity4 ,x w\ld aft] all1 ,b\sset himself ackn[l$ges1 9 spite ( all analogies 9 sub/ance & words1 be an errone\s & ov]-ha/y inf]5ce1 7 we to br+ ! ,*ri/ian ,kyrios-cult & its orig9 into imm$iate connection ) ! cult ( ! ,cs>s4 ,9 ! "t & 9 ! regions 9 :i* ! ,kyrios-,jesus cult arose1 ! wor%ip ( ! rul] sc>cely z yet _h possess$ s dom9at+ a rle t ! wor%ip ( ,jesus z ,"l mu/ be reg>d$ z hav+ aris5 9 consci\s opposition to x4#bca #bca3 ,kyrios ,*ri/os1 p4 #aac4 ,! consci\s opposition no d\bt came lat]1 z ,deissmann has sugge/$1 :5 ! cult ( ! ,*ri/ w5t =? into ! ,roman _w & endeav\r$ to res]ve = itself words :i* _h j be5 transf]r$ to ! deifi$ emp]ors1 or _h be5 inv5t$ = t wor%ip4 ,?us !re arises1 he says1 a polemical p>allelism betwe5 ! cult ( ! emp]or & ! cult ( ,*ri/1 :i* makes itself felt :]e anci5t words d]iv$ by ,*ri/ianity f ! treasury ( ! ,septuag9t & ! ,gospels happ5 to co9cide ) solemn concepts ( ! ,imp]ial cult :i* s\nd$ ! same or simil>4#bcb ,x 0 inevitable t1 z ,paul prea*$ ,jesus ,*ri/ z ,"l1 ! contra/ betwe5 ! ,*ri/ian wor%ip & ! wor%ip ( ! ,cs>s %\ld sugge/ itself1 toge!r ) _! irreconcilable antagonism4 ,?is polemical p>allelism is probably express$ 9 su* titles z our only ,ma/] & ,"l 7,jude #d71 ,e tongue %all confess t ,jesus ,*ri/ is ,"l 7,phil4 ii4 #aa71 & ,k+ ( ,k+s & ,"l ( ,lords 7,rev4 xix4 #af74 #bcb3 ,light f ! ,anci5t ,ea/1 p4 #cdf4 #c4 ,! relation ( ,paul to ! ,my/]y ,religions ( 8 "t is a topic :i* has ( late be5 actively discuss$4 ,a !sis n[ widely ma9ta9$ has be5 express$ by ,loisy 9 an epigrammatic =m3 ,! my/]y ( ,paul's conv]sion is 8 conv]sion to ! my/]ies4 ,to discuss ! "q 9 all its be>+s1 "o w\ld ne$ a g5]al acqua9tance ) classical lit]ature1 a special k ( religi\s conditions 9 ! e>ly ,roman ,empire1 &1 mo/ important ( all1 a fir/-h& exegetical k ( ,paul's epi/les4 ,a m>k$ feature ( ! age 9 :i* ! ,apo/le liv$ 0 a m]g+ ( deities1 & ! practice ( ori5tal cults side by side ) ! (ficial ,roman religion & ! wor%ip ( ! ,cs>4 ,?is syncretism 0 promot$ by ! tol]ance ( an (ficial religi\s indiff]5tism1 & by a pan!i/ic philosophy :i* 0 hospitable to ! wor%ip ( a multiplicity ( deities z aspects ( ! ,"o & ! ,all4 ,at a "t :5 ! ,orontes 0 p\r+ its wat]s into ! ,tib]1 ! my/]ies ( ! ori5tal religions 7 actively propagat$ 9 ! ,we/ & coalesc$ ) ! my/]ies practic$ among ! ,greeks4 ,9 spite ( ! lab\rs ( philologi/s & ar*ologi/s1 our k ( ! ritual ( ! v>i\s my/]ies & ev5 ( ! ideas symboliz$ is comp>atively slight4 ,x c /ill be said ) ,cumont t1 %ut out f ! sanctu>y l pr(ane outsid]s1 we he> only ! indi/9ct e*o ( ! sacr$ songs & n ev5 9 imag9ation c we att5d ! celebration ( ! my/]ies4#bcc #bcc3 ,les ,religions ,ori5tales dans le ,paganisme ,roma91 #b;d ed41 #aiji1 p4 #ag2 ,e4 ,t41 ,! ,ori5tal ,religions 9 ,roman ,paganism1 #aiaa1 p4 #aa4 ,! moral effect ( ! my/]y cults is also a matt] ( "s d\bt4 ,plato1 z we "k 7,phd1 #fi ,d1 #ha ,a71 _h a high op9ion ( ! ,greek my/]ies2 b ! cruel & s5sual rites ( ! ori5tal religions sc&aliz$ ! ,lat9 writ]s z well z ! ,*ri/ian apologi/s4 ,ev5 ,cumont1 :o ?9ks t ! my/]y cults 7 sup]ior 9 _! religi\s appeal & influ5ce to ! cold1 prosaic & au/]e ,roman religion1 admits t by ! adoption ( ! my/]ies b>b>\s1 cruel & obsc5e practices 7 und\bt$ly spread4#bcd ,x is evid5t t ! ori5tal religions became spiritualiz$ 9 c\rse ( "t1 & t ! v>i\s deities at lea/ ( ,egypt & ( ,syria came to be conceiv$1 9 accordance ) ! dom9ant philosophy1 9 a h5o!i/ic or pan!i/ic way4 ,uhlhorn ?9ks t ori5tal wor%ip ) all its di/ortions 0 m pr(\nd1 & conta9$ unconsci\s presages ( ! ,deity :o has inde$ 9 bir? & dea? desc5d$ to r$eem u4#bce #bcd3 ,les ,religions ,ori5tales dans le ,paganisme ,roma91 #b;d ed41 p4 #cjh2 ,e4 ,t41 p4 #bjh4 #bce3 ,conflict ( ,*ri/ianity ) ,hea!nism1 p4 #cc4 ,:5 ,paul prea*$ ! my/]y ( ,god :i* is ,*ri/ 7,col4 ii4 #b71 he incorporat$ into ,*ri/ianity1 x is said1 9 adapt+ x to ! ,g5tile _w1 features :i* 7 common to ! my/]y bro!rhoods ( ! day1 & virtually trans=m$ x into a my/]y religion4 ,paul9e ,*ri/ianity1 say ! extreme advocates ( ?is view1 adopt$ its vocabul>y1 its mission>y me?ods1 its philosophical & religi\s ideas1 its sacram5ts & symbolism1 its my/ical exp]i5ces & ev5 its organization1 f ! comp\nd ( ori5tal my/icism & ,greek philosophy :i* 0 popul> 9 ! cities :i* ,paul visit$4 ,! po9ts 9 dispute w appe> if we glance at ! ,paul9e doctr9e ( ! sacram5ts1 & ( dy+ & ris+ ) ,*ri/1 & !n at ! ,paul9e vocabul>y4 ,t ! ritual ( ! my/]ies _h some?+ 9 common ) ! ,*ri/ian sacram5ts is %[n by ! fact t ! *>ge ( borr[+ 0 made f bo? sides 9 e>ly times4 ,! ,*ri/ian writ]s accuse ! hea!n prie/s ( a blasphem\s p>ody ( ! ,*ri/ian sacram5ts inspir$ by ! _s ( lies1 & ! prie/s retort$ t ! sacram5ts 7 a plagi>ism f ! my/]ies4 ,cumont believes t bo? 7 mu* mi/ak54 ,! mat]ial = comp>ison is some:at meagre because baptism is n prom95t 9 ,paul's epi/les4 ,he nev] m5tions 8 own baptism1 &1 aside f ,i ,cor9?ians i41 9 :i* he says t he 0 n s5t to baptize1 he uses ! v]b 9 b f\r passages 7,i ,cor4 x4 #b2 xii4 #ac2 xv4 #bi2 ,gal4 iii4 #bg72 ! n\n 9 two 7,eph4 iv4 #e2 ,col4 ii4 #ab72 & bo? v]b & n\n 9 "o passage 7,rom4 vi4 #c-d74 ,9 ! my/]ies !re 7 lu/rations ) salt wat]1 wat] ( ! ,nile & sacr$ wat]1 b little is kn[n ( ! exact significance ( ! rituals4 ,k5n$y is n p]suad$ t x meant reg5]ation4#bcf ,!re 0 no baptiz+ 9 ! "n ( ! gods4 #bcf3 ,/4 ,paul & ! ,my/]y ,religions1 #aiac1 pp4 #bbi ff4 ,on ! o!r h& we "k little ( any sacrificial meal 9 ! my/]ies correspond+ to ! ,eu*>i/4 ,reitz5/e9 obs]ves t unless a happy *ance %$s m light ^u ! use & mean+ ( ! my/]y-meals common 9 mo/ cults1 a comp>ison ) ! sacram5ts rema9s only a play ) possibilities4#bcg ,clem5 ?9ks t bo? ! in/itution ( ! ,"l's ,supp] by ,jesus & its cont9u$ obs]vance are fully expla9$ )\t br++ 9 =eign influ5ces4#bch #bcg3 ,die ,hell5i/is*e ,my/]i5religion51 #aiaj1 p4 #ea4 #bch3 ,primitive ,*ri/ianity1 p4 #bdb4 ,x is probable t ! my/]y cults ex]t$ an influ5ce ^u ! lat] developm5t ( sacram5tal doctr9e1 b ?is is aside f our "q4 ,?us ,w5dt w\ld place ! influ5ce ( ! my/]y religions ^u ! ,*ri/ian sacram5ts 9 ! po/-,paul9e age1 & ?9ks t to ,acts we owe ! und\bt$ly correct tradition t ^! ,*ri/ian rites g back to a date prec$+ ! ,hell5i/ic mission ( ,paul1 & mu/ be s\ght = 9 ! v e>lie/ practice ( ! ,apo/olic community4#bci ,hat* also believes t betwe5 apo/olic & po/-apo/olic times ! sacram5ts 7 modifi$ 9 important respects "u ! influ5ce ( ! my/]ies4 ,! primitive 'see "h is wat]1 :at do? h9d] me to be baptiz$8' pass$ into a ritual :i* at e turn recalls ! ritual ( ! my/]ies4#bdj #bci3 ,hi/orical ,tru/wor?9ess ( ! ,book ( ,acts1 ,hibb]t ,j\rnal1 ,octob]1 #aiac1 pp4 #adf1 #adg4 #bdj3 ,hibb]t ,lectures1 #ahhh1 p4 #bii4 ,^? :o pu% back ! influ5ce ( ! my/]ies ^u ! sacram5ts to ! tea*+ ( ,paul himself are compell$ to int]pret ! ,apo/le's language1 contr>y1 we believe1 to ! be/ exegetical tradition1 9 a physical or :at is call$ an ex op]e op]ato s5se4 ,x is significant t :5 ! sacram5ts are s int]pret$ !y appe> to be a =eign elem5t 9 ,paul's sy/em4 ,x is no wond] t int]pret]s l ,heitmll] & ,we9el1 :o attribute a magical view ( ! sacram5ts to ,paul1 are conc]n$ to po9t out t 8 sacram5talism is a sort ( erratic b\ld] 9 8 sy/em z a :ole4#bda ,we are rem9d$ ( ,clem5's pr9ciple t ! s5se ( ! ,new ,te/am5t passage %\ld be fully asc]ta9$ be=e dep5d5ce is assum$4 #bda3 ,k5n$y3 ,/4 ,paul & ! ,my/]y ,religions1 p4 #bhc4 ,:5 von ,dobs*tz says t ! unique sacram5tal conception ( ! ,e>ly ,*ur*1 :i* has no analogy 9 ! hi/ory ( religion because x belongs ess5tially to ! ,*ri/ian religion1 has its orig9 solely 9 ,*ri/ian fai? & ,*ri/ian exp]i5ce1#bdb ! same may be said ( ,paul's doctr9e ( dy+ & ris+ aga9 ) ,*ri/4 ,:5 ,paul says buri$ ) him 9 baptism 7,rom4 vi4 #d & ,col4 ii4 #ab71 he speaks ( no pan!i/ic or magical union ) ! deity su* z seem$ to dom9ate ! ?\ght ( ! my/]ies1 s f> z _! mean+ c be asc]ta9$4 ,9 bo? contexts ,paul imm$iately goes on to exhortation4 ,let n s9 reign 7,rom4 vi4 #ab71 ,seek ! ?+s above2 mortify y\r memb]s 7,col4 iii4 #a-e74 ,x %\ld fur!r be notic$ t ! passage mo/ reli$ ^u to prove ,paul's borr[+ f ! my/]ies 7,rom4 vi47 0 address$ to a *ur* :i* ,paul did n f\nd1 compos$ ( bo? ,jewi% & ,g5tile ,*ri/ians4 ,! doctr9e 9 "q 0 n put =? z a novelty1 b is assum$ to be kn[n to !m3 ,are ye ignorant1 etc48 7,rom4 vi4 #c74 #bdb3 ,k5n$y3 ,/4 ,paul & ! ,my/]y ,religions1 quot$1 p4 #bgi4 ,paul's doctr9e ( dy+ & ris+ ) ,*ri/ is e?ical r ?an metaphysical or magical or sacram5tal4 ,x is surpris+ to f9d h[ little sacram5tal x is4 ,) no allusion to 8 own baptism or to ! ,"l's ,supp] he says1 ,i h be5 crucifi$ ) ,*ri/4 ,! _w is crucifi$ to me & ,i to ! _w 7,gal4 ii4 #bj2 vi4 #ad74 ,*ri/ di$ = all1 !re=e all di$ 7#b ,cor4 v4 #ad74 ,to "k ,*ri/1 to be f\nd 9 him1 to be trans=m$ into 8 dea? 7,phil4 iii4 #h f474 ,8 doctr9e is bas$ ^u a p]sonal exp]i5ce ( grace1 & ?is is associat$ ) ! ,cross r ?an ) ! sacram5ts4 ,! bond :i* m$iat$ 8 union ) ,*ri/ 9 ,8 dea? 0 fai?4 ,x 0 ?r\gh fai? t ! ,_s is to be receiv$ 7,gal4 iii4 #ad71 & ev5 :5 he says1 ,*ri/ live? 9 me1 he adds1 ,i live 9 ! fai? ( ! ,son ( ,god 7,gal4 ii4 #bj1 & see ,eph4 iii4 #ag74 ,he w\ld ga9 ,*ri/ t he might h ! righte\sness ( ,god ?r\gh fai? 7,phil4 iii4 #i74 ,! ,cross & n ! sacram5ts 0 c5tral alike 9 ! ,apo/le's exp]i5ce & 9 8 doctr9e ( dy+ & ris+ ) ,*ri/1 & ! bond ( union betwe5 him & ,*ri/ 0 fai?4 ,!re 0 no my/ical absorption ( p]sonality z 9 ! ,h]metic pray]s3 ,?\ art ,i1 & ,i am ?\4 ,f9ally ! ,paul9e my/]y 0 di/+ui%$ f ! hea!n my/]ies by its connection ) an hi/orical ,p]son4 ,9 ! ,paul9e my/]y1 x has be5 said1 ! div9e appe>$ 9 a concrete & compreh5sible guise1 & ?is connection ( a religi\s pr9ciple ) a ,p]son :o _h walk$ ^u e>? & suff]$ dea? 0 a ph5om5on ( s+ul> p[] & orig9ality4#bdc ,!re is a _w ( diff]5ce betwe5 ! nature-my?s1 und]ly+ ! my/]ies1 ( ! annually dy+ & ris+ vegetation gods1 )\t hi/orical reality1 & promis+ to ! initiat$ release f transitor9ess & mortality1 & ! record ( ,*ri/ :o di$ = our s9s1 & :o be+ rais$ f ! dead die? no m4 ,to say t ,paul n only con=m$ ! ,"l's ,supp] to ! hea!n my/]ies1 b inv5t$ x 9 imitation ( ! my/]ies1 is to accuse him ( delib]ate mis/atem5t2 = 9 a passage ( unusual solemnity 7,i ,cor4 xi4 #bc ff471 he says t he receiv$ x ( ! ,"l1 & relates ! circum/ances ( ! in/itution ( ! ,supp] by ,jesus ,himself4 #bdc3 ,b\sset3 ,kyrios ,*ri/os1 p4 #adh4 ,! argum5t f vocabul>y is reli$ ^u by ,reitz5/e9 to prove ! influ5ce ( hea!n ideas ^u ! ?\ght ( ! ,apo/le4 ,x is 8 !ory t ,paul sp5t ! two ye>s ( inn] di/urbance1 9 "p at lea/1 9 ! /udy ( ,hell5i/ic religion & philosophy1 & t ?is influ5ce help$ him 9 ! con/ruction ( a new religion4 ,9 sub/ance ,reitz5/e9's argum5t is t ,paul %[s ! use ( te*nical religi\s t]ms f\nd 9 ! ,h]metic writ+s1 especially 9 ! ,poim&res2 & t ! ,poim&res is to be dat$ e>li] ?an ! ,%eph]d ( ,h]mas2 & t ! conceptions x embodies 7 curr5t 9 ! ,roman ,empire1 & 9 a lit]>y =m1 9 ! "t ( ,paul4 ,! argum5t is tw(old1 fir/1 t ! ,h]metic writ+s 7 curr5t 9 ! "t ( ,paul1 &1 second1 t ,paul %[s _! influ5ce 9 8 vocabul>y4 ,z ! date ( ! ,poim&res1 ! mo/ important ( ! ,h]metic writ+s1 is 9 dispute1 ! latt] po9t may be consid]$ fir/4 ,9 ! ,paul9e vocabul>y ,reitz5/e9 believes t we h an absolutely c]ta9 pro( ( ! imm$iate influ5ce ( ,hell5ism ^u ! ,apo/le1 & at ! same "t a measure ( its /r5g?4#bdd ,only :5 ! exi/5ce & mean+ ( a religi\s lit]ature 9 ,hell5ism is assur$ & ! sort ( l+ui/ic dep5d5ce is se5 to dep5d on lit]>y m$iation is ! opportunity ( an explanation af=d$4#bde ,_m words ?\ght to be *>act]i/ically ,paul9e are said to h be5 te*nical t]ms 9 ! popul> my/]y cults ( ! day1 be=e ! ,apo/le adopt$ !m z ! expression ( 8 own religi\s tea*+4 #bdd3 ,die ,hell5i/is*e ,my/]i5religion51 p4 #eh4 7,aft]w>d ref]r$ to = conv5i5ce z ,h4 ,m4 ,r47 #bde3 ,h4 ,m4 ,r41 p4 #bji4 ,)\t attempt+ to foll[ ! argum5t 9 detail1 we may obs]ve 7a7 t ,paul uses _m ( ^! t]ms 9 a diff]5t s5se f t ( ! ,h]metic lit]ature4 ,comp>e1 = example1 ,paul's use ( famili> words su* z salvation1 glory1 grace1 ) t ( ! ,magic ,papyri4 ,9 ,h]mes-,pray] ,i1 ! petition is = heal?1 salvation1 prosp]ity1 glory1 victory1 p[]1 lovel9ess4#bdf ,s 9 ,pray] ,,ii1 ,give me grace1 food1 victory1 good luck1 lovel9ess1 etc4#bdg ,aga9 9 ,h]mes-,pray] ,,iii1 we read1 ,save me always f drugs & deceit1 & all wit*craft & evil tongues & all tr\ble1 f all hate bo? ( ,gods & m54 ,give me grace & victory & bus9ess & success2 = ,?\ art ,i1 & ,i am ,?\4444 ,i am ?y image4#bdh ,9 ^! pray]s f ! lat] ,h]mes-,?ot religion1 ! ,paul9e t]ms are evid5tly us$ 9 a worldly s5se1 contra/+ /rongly ) _! use by ,paul4 #bdf3 ,reitz5/e93 ,poim&res3 ,/udi5 zur grie*is*-gyptis*5 und frh*ri/li*5 ,lit]atur1 #aijd1 p4 #ah4 #bdg3 ,ibid41 p4 #bj4 #bdh3 ,reitz5/e93 ,poim&res1 p4 #ba4 7b7 ,mu* ( ! te*nical phraseology common to ,paul & ! ,h]metic lit]ature is curr5t 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t2 & ) ! language ( ! ,old ,te/am5t we "k t ,paul's m9d 0 saturat$4 ,clem5's maxim %\ld be obs]v$1 & we %\ld seek ! s\rce ( an idea 7or ^w7 9 ! native religion be=e go+ f>!r afield4 ,?us be=e ,paul's doctr9e ( ! ,_s is assign$ ) confid5ce to ,hell5i/ic s\rces1 ! use ( ! t]m ,_s bo? 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t & 9 pre-,paul9e ,*ri/ianity %\ld be /udi$4 ,paul quotes ! passage f ,joel :i* promises ! outp\r+ ( ! ,_s 7,rom4 x4 #ac f42 see ,acts ii4 #ba74 ,he br+s ! ,_s into connection ) ! bless+ ( ,abraham 7,gal4 iii4 #ad74 ,! ,_s is also m5tion$ 9 ! introduction to ! m9i/ry ( ,jesus alike by ,m>k & by ! non-,m>kan s\rce4 ,a suffici5t & natural explanation ( ,paul's doctr9e ( ! ,_s is to be f\nd 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 9 ,evangelical tradition & 9 ! exp]i5ce ( ! *ur* at ,p5teco/1 & 9 8 own exp]i5ce4 ,:5 ,paul speaks ( ! ,_s ( adoption :]eby we cry1 ',abba1 ,fa!r' 7,rom4 viii4 #ae2 ,gal4 iv4 #f71 we h to d n ) remote lit]>y influ5ces nor ) ! dry bones ( any te*nical !ology1 ,hebraic or ,h]metic1 b ) ! he>t-?rob ( p]sonal exp]i5ce4 ,reitz5/e9 believes t ! ,paul9e vocabul>y is be/ expla9$ by ! ,hell5i/ic p>allels1 b he recognizes t ! p>allelism ) ! ,old ,te/am5t %\ld be consid]$4 ,?us :ile he ?9ks t he has %[n p>allels = all ! ,paul9e uses ( ! ^w pneuma1 he says :e!r ) equal ease all may be expla9$ f ! ,hebraic use ( rua* & nephe% or ! use ( pneuma 9 ! ,septuag9t ! !ologian mu/ decide4#bdi ,h>nack1 ) "s irony1 advises ,reitz5/e9 & 8 s*ool to ga9 a cle>] k ( ,paul ! ,jew & ,paul ! ,*ri/ian be=e !y take acc\nt ( second>y elem5ts :i* he borr[$ f ! ,greek my/]ies4 ,a consci\s acceptance1 he ?9ks1 ( su* elem5ts is out ( ! "q4#bej #bdi3 ,h4 ,m4 ,r41 p4 #adj4 #bej3 ,date ( ! ,acts & ( ! ,synoptic ,gospels1 p4 #fa n4 ,k5n$y believes t ! vocabul>y ( ,paul is to be expla9$ f ! ,old ,te/am5t1 :ile mu* ( x 0 curr5t among ! my/]y bro!rhoods 7,op4 cit41 p4 #aih74 ,b\sset ackn[l$ges t ,paul's t]m9ology may p]haps 9 "p be d]iv$ f ! ,old ,te/am5t1 :i* w\ld be ! mo/ natural s\rce ( 8 use ( pneuma in/ead ( n\s to describe ! spiritual "p ( man1 & ( ! opposition 9 words betwe5 pneuma & s>x 7,op4 cit41 p4 #ada1 note #b74 ,clem5 7,d] ,e9fluss d] ,my/]i5religion5 auf das lte/e ,*ri/5tums1 #aiac1 p4 #fa7 says t look$ at broadly1 ,paul rema9s 9 v]bal & mu* m 9 actual relation%ips unt\*$ by ! my/]y religions4 ,if ! ,h]metic writ+s are to be dat$ lat] ?an ! "t ( ,paul1 !n ! "q ( lit]>y influ5ce is rev]s$4 ,simil>ity 9 words w !n be due to co9cid5ce or to ! preval5ce ( a common religi\s vocabul>y1 or else1 z has rec5tly be5 said1 if x is necess>y to suppose lit]>y connection1 ! artificial lit]>y composition ( ',poim&res' makes x m probable t ! borr[+ 0 on t side4#bea ,! "q h+es ^u ! date ( ! ,poim&res1 :i* x has be5 usual1 at lea/ s9ce ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 to assign to ! age ( ,porphyry4 ,h]mes has be5 reg>d$ z a conv5i5t pseudonym to place at ! head ( ! num]\s syncretic writ+s 9 :i* x 0 s\ght to comb9e ,neo-,platonic philosophy1 ,philonic ,judaism & cabali/ic !osophy1 & s provide ! _w ) "s acceptable sub/itute = ,*ri/ianity4#beb #bea3 ,j4 ,m4 ,cre$3 ,! ,h]metic ,writ+s1 ,j\rnal ( ,!ological ,/udies1 ,july1 #aiad1 p4 #ebi4 #beb3 ,art4 ,h]mes ,trismegi/us1 ,encycl4 ,britt41 #aj? ed4 ,= a hi/ory ( ! evolution ( op9ion1 see ,g4 ,r4 ,s4 ,mead3 ,?rice-,greate/ ,h]mes1 #aijf1 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #ag ff4 ,by a brilliant t\r de =ce & ) great le>n+ ,reitz5/e9 has s\ght to rev]se ?is relation%ip1 & to %[ t ! orig9al =m ( ^! writ+s1 or at lea/ ! fix$ religi\s ideas1 vocabul>y & ritual :i* !y presuppose1 ant$at$ ,paul9e ,*ri/ianity & pr(\ndly influ5c$ ! writ+s ( ,paul & ( ,john4 ,he argues t ! ,%eph]d ( ,h]mas is dep5d5t ^u ! ,poim&res1 rely+ ma9ly ^u two po9ts3 ! simil>ity betwe5 ! two writ+s 9 _! introductions1 & ! fact t 9 ! ,%eph]d ! div9e mess5g] appe>s on a m\nta91 ,arcadia1 :i* 0 ! alleg$ bir?place ( ,h]mes & a c5tre ( ! ,h]mes cult4 ,! significant po9ts ( ! introduction may ?us be %[n3 ,,poim&res ,,%eph]d ,,( ,,h]mas #b4 ,& ,i d say3 ,:o art ,revelation #e4 ,z ,i pray$ 9 ?\8 ,he sai?3 ,i am ! h\se1 & sat on ! c\*1 ,man-,%eph]d1 ,m9d ( all !re ent]$ a man glori\s 9 ma/]-hood2 ,i "k :at ?\ 8 visage 9 ! g>b ( a desire/ & ,i'm ) !e %eph]d1 & ) a wallet on 8 ev]y:]e4 %\ld]s1 & a /aff 9 8 h&4 ,& he salut$ me1 #c4 & ,i salut$ him 9 return4 ,& he imm$iately sat d[n by my side1 & he sai? unto me1 ,i 0 s5t by ! mo/ holy angel1 t ,i might dwell ) !e ! rema9+ days ( ?y life4 #d4 ,e'n ) ^! words ,8 ,i1 sai? he1 am ! %eph]d1 aspect *ang$1 & unto :om ?\ wa/ deliv]$4 /raightway1 9 ! tw9kl+ ,:ile he 0 speak+1 ( an eye1 all ?+s 7 8 =m 0 *ang$1 & ,i op5$ to me1 & ,i see a recogniz$ him z be+ ! same1 ,vision limitless1 etc4 to :om ,i 0 deliv]$4#bec #bec3 ,= ! ,greek text ( bo? passages see ,poim&res1 pp4 #aa1 #ab2 & = ! translation see ,mead3 ,op4 cit41 ii1 pp4 #c1 #d1 & ,lightfoot3 ,apo/olic ,fa!rs1 p4 #dba4 ,! decisive ?+ 9 ! comp>ison is said to be n ! *ange ( =m nor ! assurance t ! reveal+ _s w\ld always be ) ! prophet1 b t he reveal$ himself1 to ! hea!n z ! ,%eph]d ( m5 7,m5s*5hirt571 to ! ,*ri/ian z ! ,%eph]d ( ?is man4#bed ,! comp>ison leads ,reitz5/e9 to ! tw(old conclusion t ! ,%eph]d ( ,h]mas has tak5 ov] awkw>dly a type =eign to ,*ri/ian revelation lit]ature1 & t ! ,*ri/ian borr[$ t description ( ! %eph]d f an orig9ally full] text4#bee #bed3 ,poim&res1 p4 #ab4 #bee3 ,ibid41 pp4 #ac1 #cb4 ,! argum5t = borr[+ is obvi\sly weak5$ by ! admission t ,h]mas did n borr[ f ! extant ,poim&res b f an assum$ e>li] =m ( ! text2 &1 fur!r1 x is by no means cle> :y ! figure ( ! %eph]d1 famili> 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t & 9 ! ,gospel p>ables1 %\ld be a =eign type 9 ,*ri/ian lit]ature4 ,nor is ! case mat]ially /r5g!n$ by ! argum5t t a lat] m5tion ( a m\nta9 9 ,arcadia1 9 ! ,%eph]d1 implies an acqua9tance ) ! ,poim&res :]e no m5tion ( ,arcadia1 b simply ( desc5t f a m\nta91 is made4 ,x is admitt$ t ! lead+ up ^u a m\nta9 is a curr5t =m ( ,*ri/ian lit]ature1 b x is said t ! exact *oice ( ,arcadia is m ?an surpris+1 s9ce ! au?or liv$ 9 ,rome1 & besides saw 8 visions at ,rome or ,cum4#bef #bef3 ,poim&res1 p4 #cc4 ,x seems unnecess>y to guess ) ,zahn t ,arikia %\ld be read in/ead ( ,arkadia1 or to assume t ,h]mas 0 a native ( ,arcadia1 or _h a book ( travels 9 8 h&s1 or t he 0 ?9k+ ( ,h]mes or ! ,h]metic writ+s4 ,! lit]>y tradition connect+ ,arcadia ) %eph]ds & ) pa/oral poetry 0 9 itself en\gh1 z ,v]gil's ,eclogues may sugge/4 ,x is admitt$ t ,h]mas 0 a lit]>y man ev5 if a man ( ! p1 & :at m natural place = a %eph]d to appe>1 if x 0 to be ^u a m\nta91 ?an a m\nta9 9 ,arcadia8 ,%eph]ds h sugge/$ ,arcadia f ! "t ( ,v]gil to t ( ,sir ,philip ,sydney1 & ,v]gil1 9 break+ away f ! ,sicily ( ,!ocritus1 0 q probably foll[+ a tradition already e/abli%$ at ,rome4 ,an hi/orian ( ,roman religion1 ,w4 ,w>de ,f[l]1 says ( ,*ri/ianity z prea*$ by ,paul t ! plant1 ?\gh gr[n 9 a soil :i* _h borne o!r crops1 0 :olly new 9 /ructure & vital pr9ciple4 ,i say ?is delib]ately1 aft] sp5d+ s _m ye>s on ! /udy ( ! religion ( ! ,romans1 & mak+ myself acqua9t$ 9 "s measure ) ! religions ( o!r peoples4 ,! love ( ,*ri/ is ! entirely new p[] t has come into ! _w2 n m]ely z a new type ( morality1 b z 'a ,div9e influ5ce transfigur+ human nature 9 a univ]sal love4' ,! passion ( ,/4 ,paul's appeal lies 9 ! consecration ( e detail ( x by ref]5ce to ! life & dea? ( ! ,ma/]4#beg #beg3 ,! ,religi\s ,exp]i5ce ( ! ,roman ,p1 #aiaa1 pp4 #dff1 #dfg4 ,! gospel :i* conqu]$ ! ,roman ,empire 0 no syncretic product gr[+ f ,grco-,roman soil1 no mlange ( ori5tal religions & ,greek philosophy1 no cunn+ly devis$ fable or my? = ! my?-lov+ ,greeks4 ,no explanation ( ! "* ( ,paul9e ,*ri/ianity1 or ( its victory ov] its rivals 9 ! anci5t _w1 c ignore ! /atem5ts ( ,paul himself3 ,:5 ! fulness ( "t 0 come1 ,god s5t =? 8 ,son2 he reveal$ 8 ,son 9 me1 t ,i might prea* him among ! ,g5tiles 7,gal4 iv4 #d2 i4 #af74 ,,ii4 ,,*ri/ianity ,,& ,,mod]n ,,religions ,! relation ( ,*ri/ianity to mod]n religions is a matt] ( practical r ?an !oretical int]e/4 ,aft] ! brilliant victories ( ! e>ly mission>y age1 ! activity ( ! *ur* 9 spread+ ! gospel among ! non-,*ri/ian peoples 0 = _m c5turies remitt$1 & x is only practically )9 ! la/ "o hundr$ ye>s t ! ,*ri/ian ,fai? has be5 br\ght into actual contact1 ?r\gh ! "w ( its mission>ies1 ) ! non-,*ri/ian religions4 ,?r\gh its mission>y propag&a ,*ri/ianity has %[n its g5u95ess & its devotion to ! comm&s ( its ,f\nd]2 & s f> z x has prov$ its ability to meet ! religi\s ne$s & quick5 ! religi\s & intellectual life ( div]se nationalities1 x has suppli$ a practical demon/ration ( its div9e orig9 & au?ority4 ,! mission>ies h suppli$ ! *ur* ) a patt]n ( apo/olic zeal1 & h kept burn+ ! fire ( a passionate love & devotion = _! ,ma/]4 ,a ,briti% /atesman has said t ! unselfi% imp]ialism ( its mission>y propag&a has be5 ! cr[n+ glory ( ! ,anglo-,saxon race4 ,:ile ! unceas+ /ruggle ( ,*ri/ianity aga9/ worldl9ess1 gre$1 indiff]5ce & unbelief /ill cont9ues1 x may be said t ,*ri/ianity has to-day no rival z a claimant to be ! univ]sal religion4 ,x alone c /& ! :ite light ( mod]n sci5ce1 & x alone c /& ! te/ ( ^? moral ideals :i* h be5 l>gely creat$ by itself4 ,x is absolutely c]ta9 t none ( ! pres5t e?nic religions c compete ) ,*ri/ianity 9 its conte/ = _w supremacy4 ,! great dang] to ,*ri/ianity to-day1 f ! side ( o!r religions1 is n t ( p]secution or ! ho/ility ( ! /ate4 ,! dang] lies 9 ! temptation to compromise4 ,let ,*ri/ianity1 x is said1 lay aside its assumption ( div9e & exclusive au?ority & ( inf9ite sup]iority to all o!r religions1 & let x make 9 its e?ics "s concessions to ! weakness ( human nature1 & ! pa? to _w-conque/ w be op54 ,nev] 0 ! temptation to compromise1 ) ,judaism on ! "o h& & hea!nism on ! o!r1 /rong] ?an x 0 9 ! e>ly ages ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,if ,*ri/ianity _h compromis$ 9 ! "t ( ,jesus & ,paul1 p]secution w\ld h ceas$ & ! sc&al ( ! cross w\ld h be5 remov$4 ,if e>ly ,*ri/ianity _h compromis$ ) hea!nism1 & _h n wag$ unrel5t+ w>f>e ^u idolatry1 x c\ld h escap$ ! unit$ ho/ility ( ! /ate & ( ! o!r religions & philosophies2 on ! o!r h&1 if ,*ri/ianity _h come to t]ms ) ,judaism or ,paganism1 :ile x might p]haps be kn[n hi/orically z an obscure ,jewi% sect1 or z a ripple ^u ! wave ( ori5tal religi\s influ5ce ^u ! ,grco-,roman _w1 x w\ld nev] h be5 ! mighty spiritual p[] t x has be5 9 human society4 ,x is a mi/ake to-day to ?9k t = ,*ri/ianity ! way ( conque/ is ! way ( compromise1 & t ,*ri/ianity c become a _w religion1 sup]s$+ all o!rs1 by lay+ aside its di/9ctive features & its exalt$ & exclusive claims4 ,x w\ld1 inde$1 be a mi/ake to import our doctr9al sy/ems 9 all _! controv]sial details into ! hea!n _w1 & ! my/ical ori5tal m9d may easily clo! ,*ri/ianity1 itself an ori5tal religion1 9 new & m beautiful =ms2 b x w\ld be1 if possible1 a great] mi/ake to attempt to sub/itute e?ics or natural religion = doctr9al ,*ri/ianity4 ,! rock ( ,islam w n yield to ! prea*+ ( a m]ely human & prophetic ,jesus2 nor w ! prea*+ ( ! ,fa!rhood ( ,god & ! ,bro!rhood ( man--! same message :i* ! ,swamis & ,babi/s1 ) a m pan!i/ic cont5t to _! message1 prea* 9 ,engl& & ,am]ica--be effective to ov]?r[ ! ho>y sup]/itions ( ,india & ! ca/e sy/em ) its hold ^u e fibre ( human nature4 ,a prom95t educator & lead] ( ?\ght has rec5tly compla9$ t ,*ri/ianity z usually prea*$ 9 =eign l&s is unsuitable to ! ori5tal m9d4 ,on ! o!r h&1 he *ides ! memb]s ( 8 own religi\s communion because !y1 ) magnific5t ideals1 ) glori\s concepts1 ) ! tru? ( ,*ri/ 9 all its purity & simplicity1 sit 9 smug cont5t (f]+ ! _w ( missions1 9 ! h\r ( its hung]1 only ! dry bones ( criticism ( ^? :o already s]ve4#beh ,b e practical movem5t1 enli/+ great masses ( m5 & dem&+ trem5d\s sacrifice = its accompli%m5t1 mu/ h a rational basis4 ,a humanit>ian impulse is n suffici5t to c>ry ?r\gh to a conclusion s va/ & _w-embrac+ a plan z is contemplat$ by ,*ri/ian ,missions4 ,! impulse h[ev] /rong & noble w evaporate1 unless bas$ ^u & f$ by a !ory ( :at ! ,*ri/ian religion is1 ( :at x (f]s to m51 ( man's ne$ ( x1 & ( ! obligation ( ,*ri/ians to c>ry x to ! non-,*ri/ian nations4 ,! hi/ory ( missions has %[n t no m]e feel+ ( b5evol5ce or desire to bett] social & economic conditions1 b ! comm& ( ,*ri/1 love = ,*ri/ & gratitude to ,*ri/ has l$ ! army ( mission>ies to endure sep>ation1 h>d%ip1 p]secution & dea?4 #beh3 ,dr4 ,*>les ,w4 ,eliot z report$ 9 ! press4 ,l[ell has said t e new edition ( an ,elizabe?an dramati/ is b ! putt+ ( ano!r witness into ! box to prove ! inaccessibility ( ,%akespe>e's /&po9t z poet & arti/4 ,e comp>ison ( ,*ri/ianity ) o!r religions1 anci5t & mod]n1 br+s its own sup]iority into /rong] relief4 ,9 ,jesus ,*ri/ & 9 ,him alone h be5 fulfill$ ! great religi\s ideas ( ! race4 ,9 ,him z prophet ,god's ^w is p]fectly spok51 & ,he is ! example :o leads 9 ! way ( ,8 own precepts4 ,9 ,him are fulfill$ ! ideas ( sacrifice & prie/hood2 ,he is ! great ,high ,prie/1 sep>ate f s9n]s 9 ,8 hol9ess1 b ne> !m 9 ,8 compassion & m]cy4 ,he has put away s9 & put away sacrifice by ! (f]+ ( ,himself once = all1 & has de/roy$ ! :ole sacrificial sy/em ( ,jews & ,g5tiles4 ,he is ! fulfillm5t ( ! idea ( inc>nation1 ( ,god com+ to man & ( ! ,mo/ ,high visit+ ! *ildr5 ( m51 = _! rescue f all dang] & ! supply ( all _! ne$s4 ,9 o!r religi\s & philosophical sy/ems !re h be5 gold5 maxims = ! conduct ( life1 wond]ful insights into tru? & visions ( beauty1 & evid5ces ( ! rea*+ out ( ! human s\l aft] ,god2 b ,*ri/ianity is ! only religion ( :i* ! enlight5$ reason & consci5ce ( ! _w c say t x is f heav5 & n f m54 ,9 no o!r religion has !re be5 a long p]iod ( c5turies ( prep>ation 9 ! religi\s education ( a p to be ! recipi5ts & ! mess5g]s1 9 ! fullness ( "t1 ( ! f9al revelation4 ,9 no o!r religion is !re f\nd a tea*+ s pr(\nd1 & yet s simple & self-evid5c+1 ^u ! great !mes ( human int]e/1 ,god1 ,immortality & ,duty4 ,f no o!r has gone =? an influ5ce s b5efic5t & trans=m+ 9 human hi/ory4 ,9 no o!r has !re be5 a ,calv>y & an ,ea/] ,day1 ! great hi/oric facts ^u :i* ! hopes ( ! _w re/1 & 9 no o!r has ! undiscov]$ c\ntry be5 trans=m$ into ! ,fa!r's h\se4 ,,vi ,! ,*ri/ian ,fai? & ,biblical ,criticism ,we are liv+ at a "t :5 t]ritory =m]ly deem$ sacr$ is be+ trav]s$ by ho/s ( =bidd+ aspect "u ! bann]s ( natural sci5ce1 ( philosophy1 & ( ! psy*ology & hi/ory ( religion4 ,! greate/ foe ( all1 x has be5 ?\ght by "s1 has aris5 )9 ! h\sehold ( fai? 9 ! =m ( ,biblical ,criticism4 ,an eloqu5t ,am]ican prea*]1 ,dr4 ,ri*>d ,s4 ,/orrs1 has said t :5 ,lu!r translat$ ! ,bible into ! v]nacul>1 ! peasant's ro( 0 lift$ to a level ) ! />s4 ,into e home ^: inmates c\ld read !re came1 ) ! ,bible 9 _! own tongue1 ! message ( div9e love & r$emption4 ,) ! fre$om to read ! ,bible came also ! fre$om to /udy ! ,bible1 to judge by its /&>d ! doctr9es & usages ( ! *ur*1 to comp>e ,scripture ) ,scripture1 & ev5 to br+ ,scripture itself ) its cr$5tials be=e ! b> ( reason4 ,:atev] ! extremes into :i* criticism may h run 9 an age 9 :i* ! ,c>tesian pr9ciple ( d\bt is appli$ to e receiv$ op9ion1 ! rights ( ,biblical ,criticism mu/ be conc$$ z a legacy ( ! ,re=mation4 ,ab\t ! works ( ,hom]1 ( ,plato1 ( ,dante & ( ,%akespe>e !re has ga!r$ a mass ( mat]ial 9 ! way ( comm5t>y & discussion1 b x is safe to say t 9 rec5t ye>s ! lit]>y output 9 all ( ^! dep>tm5ts ( /udy tak5 toge!r is small 9 comp>ison ) t :i* c5tres ar\nd ! ,bible4 ,! ,biblical critic has help$ to attract to ! ,bible ! intellectual int]e/ ( our age1 z well z to make x ! /orm-c5tre ( !ological controv]sy4 ,he has made x a pr9cipal object ( s*ol>ly z well z devotional int]e/1 has ?r[n a flood ( light ^u its pages f hi/ory1 ar*ology1 philology & comp>ative religion1 & has *all5g$ ! dev\t ,bible read] to a m intellig5t1 m9ute & pa9/ak+ exam9ation ( ! fundam5tal docum5ts ( 8 fai?4 ,! specialization ( ! age has assign$ ! ,old ,te/am5t & ! ,new ,te/am5t to diff]5t dep>tm5ts ( /udy1 & ! problems ( ea* mu/ be indep5d5tly inve/igat$4 ,x is evid5t1 ?\gh1 t ! =tunes ( ! ,old ,te/am5t & ! ,new are closely b\nd up toge!r4 ,! same pr9ciples ( criticism are likely to be appli$ to bo?1 & :e!r we beg9 ) naturalism or sup]naturalism 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t we %all probably end ) x 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,9 bo? ,te/am5ts ,babylonian influ5ce may be trac$1 & ! twelve apo/les may foll[ ! twelve patri>*s into ! limbo ( my?4 ,if no sup]natural process ( r$emption1 9 ! way ( hi/ory1 prophecy or revelation1 c be discov]$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 x is unlikely t any w be discov]$ at all4 ,! ,f\r? ,gospel z well z ! ,p5tateu* has be5 analyz$ into docum5ts1 & ! same great hi/orical transposition is se5 9 bo? ,te/am5ts2 ,jewi% mono!ism is said to h begun ) ,amos in/ead ( ) ,abraham1 & ,*ri/ianity 9 its di/9ctive features ) ,paul in/ead ( ) ,jesus4 ,! pres5t /ate ( discussion 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t field indicates1 to "o n a speciali/ 9 ?is dep>tm5t1 t positions :i* h be5 reg>d$ z assur$ are n yet settl$ beyond "q4 ,! lit]>y analysis is +5i\s & plausible1 b1 z is %[n 9 ,orr's ,problem ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ! argum5t is balanc$4 ,to (fset ! lit]>y analysis & ! re>rangem5t ( ! hi/ory 9 accordance ) an evolution>y s*eme1 !re are c]ta9 consid]ations f hi/ory1 ar*ology1 & common reason4 ,no su* analysis has be5 v5tur$ 9 ! case ( mod]n docum5ts t are confess$ly composite1 & 9 ! case ( ,hom]1 ! ne>e/ classical p>allel1 !re is ! same unc]ta9ty 9 ! results4 ,purely lit]>y consid]ations1 z ,ramsay has rem>k$1 yield be=e o!r m objective & hi/orical data1 & ! lit]>y !ories are adju/$ to meet ! new situation4#bei ,! tempor>y popul>ity 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t field ( ! ,baur-,tb+5 !ories1 bas$ on ,hegelian pr9ciples ( developm5t1 & !n _! g5]al ab&onm5t1 sugge/ ! ne$ ( caution be=e we accept any conc5sus ( criticism1 bas$ ^u lit]>y & philosophical gr\nds alone1 z ! la/ ^w ^u ! subject4 ,our special conc]n 9 ?is lecture is ) ! problems ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 & we may consid] briefly1 ,i4 ,! ,paul9e ,epi/les1 ,,ii4 ,! ,acts1 ,,iii4 ,! ,synoptic ,problem1 & ,,iv4 ,! ,johann9e ,problem4 #bei3 ,luke ! ,physician1 p4 #bfb4 ,i4 ,,! ,,paul9e ,,epi/les ,x is frequ5tly said t ! figure ( ! ,apo/le ,paul /&s out aga9/ ! backgr\nd ( hi/ory 9 bold] relief & ) individual features m /rongly m>k$ ?an does any o!r "* 9 antiquity4 ,n only has 8 public c>e] be5 n>rat$ by "o :o 0 app>5tly 8 fri5d & companion 9 lab\rs1 b he has left a l>ge collection ( lett]s1 full ( pr(\nd tea*+ ^u religion & e?ics1 & ab\nd+ 9 autobiographic details & 9 intimate revelations ( "*4 ,! s*ool ( ,baur recogniz$ z g5u9e only ! f\r c5tral epi/les1 ,romans1 #a & #b ,cor9?ians & ,galatians1 mak+ 9 bulk ab\t ?ree-fif?s ( ! writ+s1 exclusive ( ,hebrews1 :i* h be5 assign$ to ,paul4 ,! t5d5cy ( criticism s9ce ! "t ( ,baur has be5 /eadily 9 ! direction ( ! acceptance ( o!r epi/les z ,paul9e4 ,colossians1 ,philippians & ,i ,!ssalonians h n[ be5 add$ to ! li/ ( ! g5]ally accept$ writ+s1 & x is only ! fr+e ( ,paul's writ+s t c be said to be /ill 9 dispute4 ,( ^! anti-legom5a1 #b ,!ssalonians1 ,ephesians & ! ,pa/orals1 x is noticeable t two ( !m are reject$ l>gely on ! gr\nd t !y resemble s closely 9 ideas & vocabul>y ! admitt$ly ,paul9e lett]s ( ,i ,!ssalonians & ,colossians1 :ile a ,paul9e nucleus is (t5 ackn[l$g$ 9 ! ,pa/orals by ^? :o d n assign ! epi/les z a :ole to ,paul4 ,/ud5ts ( ,ephesians1 moreov]1 are com+ to he> 9 x m & m cle>ly1 if we mi/ake n1 ! voice ( ! ,apo/le & ! expression ( 8 mature ,*ri/ian exp]i5ce1 & ( t doctr9e ( ! *ur* 9 :i* ,royce sees ! ess5ce ( ,paul9ism4 ,a4 ,c4 ,headlam says t x is ! c>eful /udy ( a book t w (t5 solve ! "q ( its orig91 & rem>ks3 ,to me ,ephesians is ,paul9e ?r\gh & ?r\gh1 & m ev5 ?an ,romans repres5ts ! deepe/ ?\ght ( ! ,apo/le4#bfj ,! important fact is t1 :5 all ! disput$ epi/les are exclud$1 ! progress ( criticism has plac$ beyond reasonable d\bt ! great body ( ! ,apo/le's tea*+ & ! bulk ( 8 writ+s4 ,! practical "q n[ at issue1 z ,ramsay has obs]v$1 is n1 ,:at did ,paul write8 b ,:at did ,paul tea*8#bfa #bfj3 ,/4 ,paul & ,*ri/ianity1 #aiac1 p4 viii4 #bfa3 ,contempor>y ,review1 ,augu/1 #aiac1 p4 #aih4 ,9 ,paul's ackn[l$g$ writ+s we h a solid basis 9 fact f :i* to e/imate ! ,gospel n>ratives & ! ,acts4 ,! epi/les ( ,paul c>ry u back into ! circle ( ! e>li] apo/les & ( ! ,j]usalem *ur*1 & ?r[ light ^u v>i\s ev5ts & aspects ( ! life1 "*1 words1 dea?1 & resurrection ( ,*ri/4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,acts ,,( ,,! ,,apo/les ,! book ( ,acts1 :ile second>y 9 int]e/ to ! ,gospels1 occupies a c5tral place 9 ,new ,te/am5t criticism4 ,x is ! bridge betwe5 ! ,asc5sion & ! "t ?irty ye>s lat] :5 ,n]o p]secut$ a great multitude call$ ,*ri/ians at ,rome4 ,x cov]s ! p]iod 9 :i* doctr9al evolution took place4 ,?r\gh its au?or%ip x bridges ! gap betwe5 ! ,gospels & ! ,paul9e *ur* among ! ,g5tiles4 ,! c\rse ( ! hi/ory 9 ! e>ly *apt]s ( ,acts is s diff]5t f t :i* ! imag9ation ( a lat] age w\ld h pictur$1 t x be>s ^u its face ! m>ks ( e>ly orig9 & ( tru/wor?9ess4 ,to a lat] writ]1 )\t contact ) ! actors1 & writ+ aft] ! de/ruction ( ! ,temple & ! f9al brea* ( ! ,*ri/ians ) ! ,jews & ! assur$ success ( ! ,g5tile mission1 x w\ld seem exce$+ly improbable 7#a7 t ! apo/olic company %\ld h cont9u$ to wor%ip 9 ! ,temple2 7#b7 t !y %\ld at fir/ h f\nd fav\r ) ! p2 & 7#c7 t !y %\ld h rema9$ 9 ,j]usalem ) no app>5t int5tion ( leav+ until scatt]$ by p]secution2 & p]haps 7#d7 t ! ,sadducees %\ld h be5 ! fir/ to />t ! p]secution4 ,! record$ hi/ory1 improbable to a lat] age1 be>s ^u its face ! /amp ( tru?4 ,! imag9ation ( a po/-,paul9e writ] w\ld h giv5 u1 we may be sure1 a v diff]5t picture ( *ur* hi/ory4 ,x w\ld sc>cely h conceiv$ ( ! primitive ,*ri/ology ( ,pet]'s spee*es1 ! use ( ! t]m1 *ild1 or s]vant ( ,god 7 pais7 9 place ( ! ,paul9e t]m1 ,son ( ,god 7 huios71 yet ) ! same attitude1 %>$ by ,*ri/ians ( e>li] & lat] "t1 ( adoration1 wor%ip & love4 ,! presumption 9 fav\r ( cr$ibility is /r5g!n$ by ! au?or's full & detail$ treatm5t ( p]sons & places4 ,a man :o w\ld v5ture to introduce n9ety-five p]sons & a hundr$ & ?ree places into a hi/ory ( 8 own times mu/ h be5 pretty sure ( 8 gr\nd4 ,! majority ( ^! p]sons 7 /ill liv+ :5 he wrote2 into e "o ( ^! places 8 volume %ortly p5etrat$4444 ,! correctness ( 8 geography upholds ! tru? ( 8 hi/ory4#bfb #bfb3 ,ar?ur ,wright3 ,"s ,new ,te/am5t ,problems1 pp4 #hh1 #hi4 ,a great _m ( ! /atem5ts ( ! ,acts c be *eck$ by comp>ison ) ,paul's epi/les1 z has be5 %[n by ,paley's ,hor ,paul91 & m rec5tly1 = ! fir/ "p ( ! ,acts1 by ,h>nack4 ,9 case ( app>5t conflict1 x has be5 said1 we are confront$ by ! task ( reconcil+ ! diff]5ces betwe5 two fir/-c5tury docum5ts1 ea* ( :i* has1 admitt$ly1 v p[]ful claims4#bfc ,m ?an half ( ! ,acts is tak5 up ) ! lab\rs ( ! ,apo/le ,paul1 & yet ! ,acts does n m5tion or %[ k ( 8 epi/les4 ,?is fact1 us$ by "s to ?r[ d\bt ^u ! g5u95ess ( ! epi/les1 may be an indication ( ! e>ly date ( ! ,acts1 & ( s close a relation%ip betwe5 ! au?or & ! ,apo/le t ! evid5ce ( lett]s w\ld be unnecess>y4 #bfc3 ,dawson ,walk]3 ,! ,gift ( ,tongues1 #aijf1 p4 #aha4 ,important alike 9 its be>+ ^u ! que/ions ( cr$ibility & au?or%ip1 is ! evid5ce ( ! s-call$ we-sections4 ,a prima facie case is made out t ! au?or ( ! ,acts 0 an eye-witness ( "s ( ! sc5es x records1 & a companion 9 travel ( ! ,apo/le ,paul4 ,?is evid5ce has ( late be5 greatly /r5g!n$ by l+ui/ic inve/igation4 ,:ile critical attempts are /ill made to divide ! ,acts into docum5ts1 ! we-sections 7xvi4 #aj-ag2 xx4 #e-ae2 xxi4 #a-ah2 xxvii4 #a-xxviii4 #af71 z ,sir ,j4 ,hawk9s says1 %[ an imm5se balance ( int]nal & l+ui/ic evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ! view t ! orig9al writ] ( ^! sections 0 ! same p]son z ! ma9 au?or ( ! ,acts & ( ! ,?ird ,gospel4#bfd #bfd3 ,hor ,synoptic1 #b;d ed41 #aiji1 p4 #ahh4 ,no liv+ writ]s h done m to /imulate int]e/ 9 ! book ( ,acts ?an h ,sir ,w4 ,m4 ,ramsay & ,h>nack1 & ! writ+s ( bo? h mat]ially /r5g!n$ ! case alike = its ,lukan au?or%ip1 &1 9 ! ma91 = its hi/orical accuracy4 ,ramsay1 />t+1 z he says1 f ! /&po9t ( ! ,tb+5 s*ool1 ) ! confid5t assumption t ! book 0 fabricat$ 9 ! middle ( ! second c5tury1 & /udy+ x to see :at light x c\ld ?r[ on ! /ate ( society 9 ,asia ,m9or1 0 gradually driv5 to ! conclusion t x mu/ h be5 writt5 9 ! fir/ c5tury & ) admirable k4#bfe #bfe3 ,paul9e ,/udies1 p4 #aii4 ,h>nack's def5se1 9 8 f\r monographs1#bff ( ! ,lukan au?or%ip1 integrity1 hi/orical reliability 7:]e ! sup]natural is n 9 "q7 & e>ly date ( ! ,acts is ! mo/ out/&+ & significant a*ievem5t ( ! age 9 ,new ,te/am5t criticism4 ,h>nack's "w has be5 s ?or\gh & conv9c+ t x may be said to h c>ri$ ! !ological _w by /orm4 ,at lea/ 8 p[]ful argum5t = ,lukan au?or%ip does n appe> to h be5 successfully met4 ,! attempt to turn its flank by ass]t+ t ! ,paul ( ,acts1 9 mak+ a v[1 %av+ 8 head & ent]+ into ! ,temple1 0 n ! def5d] ( ,g5tile lib]ty :o wrote ,galatians1 & s t ! au?or ( ! ,acts 0 n ! companion ( ,paul1 is met by ,h>nack 9 ! f\r? ( 8 monographs4 ,paul1 he decl>es1 n only 0 a ,jew1 b rema9$ s1 :e!r consi/5tly or n4 ,h>nack ?9ks t ,paul %rank back f tak+ ! la/ logical /ep1#bfg b t 9 ?is ! au?or ( ! ,acts repres5ts ! relation ( ,paul to ,judaism precisely z d 8 lett]s4#bfh ,/anton well rem>ks t ! difficulty ( acc\nt+ = alleg$ discrepancies betwe5 ! ,acts & ! ,epi/les is equal or great] on ! supposition t ! au?or wrote #ajj ,a4 ,d41 or lat]1 ?an if ! au?or 0 ! companion ( ,paul4#bfi ,! v fact1 = example1 t ,luke says t ,paul wor%ipp$ 9 ! ,temple is an indication t we h "h no conception ( a lat] age to :i* su* an act w\ld h seem$ unnatural4 #bff3 ,beitrge zur ,e9l4 9 das ,n4 ,t43 ,i4 ,lukas d] ,arzt1 #aijf2 ,,ii4 ,spr*e und ,r$5 ,jesu1 #aijg2 ,,iii4 ,die ,apo/elges*i*te1 #aijh2 ,,iv4 ,neue ,unt]su*ung5 zur ,apo/elges*i*te und zur ,abfassungszeit des ,synoptis*5 ,evangeli51 #aiaa4 ,= conv5i5ce ^! w be allud$ to z ,i1 ,,ii1 ,,iii1 & ,,iv1 9 connection ) ! ,engli% translation4 #bfg3 ,,iv1 p4 #ce2 ,date ( ! ,acts & ( ! ,synoptic ,gospels1 p4 #di4 #bfh3 ,ibid41 p4 #fb2 ,e4 ,t41 p4 #hh4 #bfi3 ,! ,gospels z ,hi/orical ,docum5ts1 ,pt4 ,,ii1 #aiji1 p4 #bdb4 ,9 8 ,date ( ! ,acts & ( ! ,synoptic ,gospels 7,,iv71 ,h>nack rev]ses 8 =m] op9ion & /rongly def5ds a date = ! ,acts )9 ! lifetime ( ,paul & be=e ! end ( 8 trial at ,rome4 ,review+ 8 =m] argum5ts = a lat] date1 he f9ds !m inconclusive1 & ?9ks t ! e>li] date is requir$ by ! abrupt close ( ! ,acts4 ,m9or consid]ations fav\r+ an e>ly date are 7#a7 ! titles = ,*ri/ 9 ! e>ly *apt]s1 & = ,*ri/ians1 & ! description ( ! ,jews z ! p ( ,god2 7#b7 ! fact t ! ,jews are ! p]secutors & n ! p]secut$2 7#c7 ! abs5ce ( any indication ( ! use ( ,paul's lett]s su* z w\ld be expect$ 9 a lat] writ]2 7#d7 ! use ( ! fir/ day ( ! week1 in/ead ( ! ,"l's ,day1 & ( ! names ( ,jewi% fea/s1 9 :i* ,luke /&s ) ,paul aga9/ lat] writ]s4 ,& 7#e7 ev5 ! pr$iction1 ,acts xx4 #be1 :i* looks prim>ily to ,j]usalem1 n ,rome1 w\ld n h be5 writt51 if ! second imprisonm5t be accept$1 aft] its app>5t falsification by ,i ,timo?y i4 #c & #b ,timo?y i4 #ah4 ,h4 ,ko* develops ^! argum5ts indep5d5tly1#bgj & x c no long] be said t ! e>ly dat+ ( ! ,acts is a pre-critical !ory :i* re/s on s5tim5tal or subjective gr\nds4#bga #bgj3 ,die ,abfassungszeit des lukanis*5 ,ges*i*tsw]kes1 #aiaa4 #bga3 ,j4 ,m(fatt3 ,hi/orical ,new ,te/am5t1 p4 #dad1 note #d4 ,x is noticeable t ,m(fatt n[ fav\rs ! ,lukan au?or%ip1 put practically beyond d\bt by ! exhau/ive rese>*es ( ,hawk9s & ,h>nack 7,introduction to ,new ,te/am5t1 p4 #bie71 :ile advocat+ a date lat] ?an ,josephus' ,antiquities 7pp4 #bi f474 ,:y %\ld ! au?or foll[ s c>efully ! =tunes ( ! ,apo/le on 8 voyage to ,rome1 & describe s fully ! initial /ages ( 8 trial1 & yet leave ! read] 9 d\bt conc]n+ its outcome8 ,comm5tators h be5 puzzl$ by ! seem+ly inord9ate space :i* ,luke devotes to ! details ( ! voyage & %ipwreck4 ,sometimes x is said t ! voyage m>ks ! f9al rejection ( ! ,jewi% p2 or 9 ! description is se5 a lit]>y device int5d$ to int5sify ! susp5se ( ! read]2 or allegorical int]pretations are resort$ to by ^? :o ?9k t ,luke w\ld n ?us desc5d f ! level ( ! philosophical hi/orian to t ( ! noveli/4 ,9 ! m9ute description ( ! voyage & %ipwreck1 ,ko* sees evid5ce t ! writ]'s exp]i5ces z ,paul's companion on ! voyage 7 /ill fre% 9 8 m9d4 ,! details w\ld sc>cely h be5 rememb]$ & record$ s vividly aft] tw5ty-five ye>s4 ,ev5 if a j\rnal _h be5 kept1 x is /ill /range t ! m9uti ( ! /ory %\ld h be5 reta9$ 9 ! p]spective ( ! f9i%$ hi/ory4 ,! au?or /ill /&s "u ! fre% impression ( ! wond]ful div9e guidance ?r\gh :i* ,paul1 9 spite ( all dang]s & h9drances1 rea*$ 8 long s\ght goal4 ,:at int]e/ w\ld a read] ( lat] times h 9 details su* z t on an ,alex&rian %ip precisely two hundr$ & sev5ty-six m5 7 f\nd8 ,9 ! sev5? or eigh? decade m important contempor>y ev5ts w\ld h /ood 9 ! =egr\nd ( int]e/4#bgb ,a /rik+ p>allelism has be5 obs]v$ betwe5 ! ,?ird ,gospel & ! ,acts1 :ile1 suppos+ ,paul's dea? to h occurr$1 x is urg$ t ,luke has miss$ ! f9e/--! mo/ ess5tial--po9t ( ! :ole comp>ison1 ! dea? ( ,paul4#bgc #bgb3 ,h4 ,ko*3 ,die ,abfassungszeit des lukanis*5 ,ges*i*tsw]kes1 pp4 #fa1 #fb4 #bgc3 ,d4 ,walk]3 ,! ,gift ( ,tongues1 p4 #bbh4 ,! assum$ int5tion ( ! au?or to write a ?ird treatise does n help ! matt] mu*4 ,x is absurd1 ,ramsay admits1 to relate ! e>li] /ages ( ! trial at great l5g?1 & :olly omit ! f9al result :i* gives !m intelligibility & purpose2 b 8 conclusion is t x !re=e foll[s t a sequel 0 contemplat$ by ! au?or1 a sequel :i* ! fir/ 7prtos7 ( ,acts i4 #a implies1 if ,luke wrote z correct ,greek z ,paul wrote4#bgd ,b ! int5tion ( writ+ a sequel does n expla9 ! failure to m5tion ! outcome ( ! trial4 ,luke w\ld h no motive l ! writ] ( a cont9u$ /ory = keep+ ! read] 9 susp5se1 & ! simple addition ( ! words until 8 release or acquittal w\ld h reliev$ ! susp5se1 & giv5 intelligibility & purpose to ! detail$ description ( ! e>li] /ages ( ! trial4 ,! acc\nt ( ! ,asc5sion is n omitt$ f ,luke's ,gospel al?\gh giv5 9 great] detail 9 ! ,acts4 ,!re is no?+ un-philosophical 9 ! abrupt end+ ( a hi/ory :i* br+s ! record d[n to ! date ( writ+4 #bgd3 ,paul ! ,travell]1 pp4 #cjg-cji4 ,! use ( fir/ 7os prtos7 is n decisive1 = x is us$ :]e !re are b two objects 9 ! comp>ison 9 ,acts xii4 #aj 7& see vii4 #ab71 ,hebrews ix4 #h & #ae1 ,apoc4 xx4 #e1 & ev5 ,i ,cor9?ians xv4 #dg4 ,! lead+ argum5t aga9/ an e>ly date = ! ,acts is drawn f ! possible use by ,luke ( ! writ+s ( ,josephus1 & ! crux ( ! "q is 9 ! words put into ! m\? ( ,gamaliel 7,acts v4 #cf1 #cg74 ,! co9cid5ce ( ! names ( ,!udas & ,judas ( ,galilee 7,acts v4 #cf1 #cg2 ,antiq4 xx4 v4 #a & #b7 is /rik+ &1 if ! two m5 nam$ ,!udas be id5tifi$ & ,josephus is correct1 ,luke is guilty ( an ana*ronism 9 putt+ an allusion to him into ! m\? ( ,gamaliel2 = ! ,!udas ( ,josephus falls 9 ! "t ( ,fadus :o 0 procurator "u ,claudius1 ab\t #de ,a4 ,d4 ,! foll[+ po9ts des]ve to be notic$3 7#a7 ,luke _h f ,paul1 :e!r or n ,paul 0 pres5t at ! meet+ ( ! ,sanh$r91 ! be/ means ( kn[+ :at ,gamaliel1 8 tea*] & ! spokesman ( ! ,ph>isaic p>ty1 actually said4 7#b7 ,! assumption t ,luke 0 quot+ ,josephus is 9 itself v difficult :5 we comp>e ! passages4 ,luke speaks ( ab\t f\r hundr$ "u ,!udas :ile ,josephus m5tions a great "p ( ! p2 ,luke speaks ( ,judas :ile ,josephus speaks ( ! sons ( ,judas4 ,to quote ?us loosely f 8 assum$ au?ority & !n to commit ! fur!r blund] ( mak+ ,gamaliel allude to an ev5t :i* occurr$ at lea/ a doz5 ye>s lat] is1 :ile possible1 /rangely out ( keep+ ) ,luke's prov$ c>e & accuracy 9 mo/ ( 8 hi/orical allusions4 ,! difficulty is ackn[l$g$ by ^? :o make ,luke dep5d5t on ,josephus4 ,:y did ,luke div]ge f a correct n>rative if he _h "o be=e him8 ,writ]s :o affirm 7,holtzmann7 & ^? :o d5y 7,s*r]7 ! dep5d5ce on ,josephus practically agree t if ,luke _h read ,josephus he _h =gott5 him4 7#c7 ,9 ! n>rative ( ! dea? ( ,h]od 7,acts xii4 #bj f42 ,antiq4 xix4 viii4 #b71 :]e ! two au?ors mo/ obvi\sly come toge!r1 bo? are pla9ly describ+ ! same ev5t1 & yet seem to be q indep5d5t bo? 9 ! use ( words & 9 ! details ( ! description4 7#d7 ,! cumulative evid5ce ( an e>ly date = ,luke weighs heavily 9 ! scale aga9/ ! hypo!sis ( dep5d5ce ^u ! ,antiquities writt5 ab\t #ic or #id ,a4 ,d4 ,! "q ( date _c be said to be absolutely settl$1 b ! t5d5cy ( criticism z illu/rat$ by ,h>nack is to ! acceptance ( an e>ly date1 z well z to t ( ! ,lukan au?or%ip ( ! entire book4 ,x is difficult to see h[ ,h>nack1 ) 8 pres5t def5se ( a date be=e ,paul's release f prison1 c consi/5tly ma9ta9 8 skepticism :]e ! sup]natural ev5ts record$ 9 ! ,acts are conc]n$4 ,x is idle to say t 8 revolution 9 *ronology has no effect ^u ! "q ( reliability4 ,x is an e/abli%$ pr9ciple ( hi/orical me?od t ! ne>] a tradition is to ! ev5t x pr(esses to describe1 ! m likely x is to be tru/wor?y4 ,! res\rces ( ,h>nack's le>n+ h be5 us$ 9 support ( ! reliability ( ,luke 9 8 geographical & *ronological ref]5ces1#bge & 8 treatm5t ( p]sons & reports ( _! spee*es4#bgf ,he has %[n t ,luke 0 9 t\* ) ! lead]s ( ! ,j]usalem *ur*1 & t 8 /atem5ts are abundantly confirm$ by ! writ+s ( ,paul4 ,if ,luke wrote )9 ! lifetime ( ,paul1 ! ,acts 0 publi%$ :ile ! ma9 actors 7 /ill liv+1 &1 by inf]5ce1 x record$ ev5ts z ,pet] & ,b>nabas & ,apollos & ,philip & ,m>k ?\ght t !y happ5$4 ,if fur!r1 z ,h>nack argues1 x 0 writt5 dur+ ,paul's imprisonm5t !re seems no room = d\bt t x 0 writt5 "u ! eye & ) ! full endorsem5t ( its pr9cipal actor1 & t we h ?us ! implicit gu>antee n only ( ,luke b ( ,paul also = ! accuracy ( its record4 #bge3 ,,iii1 p4 #ig2 ,acts ( ! ,apo/les1 p4 #aab4 #bgf3 ,ibid41 pp4 #aja ff42 ,e4 ,t41 pp4 #aag ff4 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,synoptic ,,problem ,x has be5 said t ! two mo/ important que/ions = religion are ^? ( ! rational f\ndations ( !ism & ( ! tru/wor?9ess ( ! ,f\r ,gospels4#bgg ,! ,gospel records h always be5 reg>d$ z ! citadel ( ! ,*ri/ian ,fai?4 ,n only d !y conta9 ! record ( works ( p[] & words ( grace1 & ( a transc5d5t ,p]sonality1 b !y h always be5 consid]$ to h be5 !mselves sup]natural 9 orig9 & "*4 ,!y h be5 reg>d$ z a h\se n made ) h&s 7,rob]tson ,nicoll71 a miracle ( ! ,holy ,gho/ 7,/i]71 ! heav5-drawn picture ( ,*ri/1 ! liv+ ,^w4 ,! criticism ( ! pa/ c5tury1 9 its que/ = ! hi/orical ,jesus1 has tak5 a v diff]5t attitude t[>ds ! ,evangelical records4 ,by _m critics !y h be5 reg>d$ z a pat*work ( traditions1 a "w ( pi\s b cr$ul\s m51 ^: idealization & exagg]ation1 9 ! suppos$ int]e/ ( fai?1 x is necess>y to disc\nt 9 ord] to rea* ! b$-rock ( hi/orical fact4 #bgg3 ,dr4 ,francis ,l4 ,patton1 9 an address4 ,! lit]>y relation ( ! ,synoptic ,gospels to "o ano!r has furni%$ to ! ,new ,te/am5t /ud5t a problem ( great intricacy & s+ul> fasc9ation4 ,its importance = our pres5t purpose is 9 its be>+ ^u ! tru/wor?9ess ( our canonical ,gospels4 ,! s*ool ( ,baur1 "u ! influ5ce ( ! ,hegelian dialectic1 saw 9 ,mat!w1 ! ,jewi% ,gospel1 ! !sis2 9 ,luke1 ! ,g5tile ,gospel1 ! anti!sis2 & la/ly 9 ,m>k1 ! neutral ,gospel1 ! syn!sis or la/ t]m ( ! developm5t4 ,criticism s9ce ! "t ( ,baur has1 ) mu* unanimity1 se5 9 ,m>k n ! late/ b ! fir/ ( ! ,gospels1 & has made ,mat!w & ,luke dep5d5t ^u ,m>k4 ,! !ory :i* has = "s ye>s held ! field is ! s-call$ two-docum5t !ory4 ,accord+ to ?is ,mat!w & ,luke1 usually reg>d$ z indep5d5t ( ea* o!r1 are bo? dep5d5t1 = mu* ( _! n>rative portion & = ! framework ( _! hi/ory1 ^u ,m>k1 &1 = ! non-,m>kan disc\rse mat]ial :i* !y h 9 common1 ^u a collection ( ! say+s ( ,jesus1 =m]ly designat$ z ! ,logia b n[ usually call$ by ! lett] ,q4 ,! importance ( ! ,synoptic ,problem1 = our pres5t purpose1 is 9 its hi/orical r ?an its lit]>y features4 ,assum+ ! priority ( ,m>k1 & assum+ t ,mat!w & ,luke 7 dep5d5t ^u him alone 9 ^? p>ts ( _! n>ratives :i* h ,m>kan p>allels1 x is cle> t we mu/ reg>d all deviations made by ! o!r ,synopti/s f ! ,m>kan n>rative z ( only second>y value4 ,v>iations f ,m>k1 if ,m>k be ! sole s\rce1 :e!r ^! consi/ ( additions1 omissions or modifications 9 ! n>rative1 obvi\sly add no?+ to our k ( ! facts1 b simply repres5t *anges :i* ! lat] writ]s h made 9 _! s\rce f subjective reasons4 ,x is important1 !n1 to ask :e!r1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( op9ion ^u ! int]-,synoptic relations1 !re is reason to believe t ,mat!w & ,luke are foll[+ ,m>k z _! sole au?ority = ! n>ratives :i* h ,m>kan p>allels4 ,!re is n[ a q g5]al recognition ( ! fact t ! lit]>y problem pres5t$ by ! ,synoptic ,gospels is exce$+ly intricate1 & t ! two-docum5t hypo!sis 9 its simplicity has n solv$ all ! difficulties4 ,x is recogniz$ t x mu/ be modifi$ 9 "o ( ?ree directions4 7#a7 ,!re may be said to be a gr[+ appreciation ( ! "p :i* oral transmission has play$ 9 ! composition ( ! ,gospels4 ,?is is %[n = example 9 ! volume ( ,ox=d ,/udies 9 ! ,synoptic ,problem 7#aiaa71bgh & by ! /atem5t ( ,sir ,john ,hawk9s1 :o1 9 ! second edition ( 8 ,hor ,synoptic 7#aiji71 expresses ! /rong op9ion t at lea/ ! ,second & ,?ird ,evangeli/s _h provid$ !mselves ) writt5 docum5ts z _! ma9 s\rces1 b t !y (t5 omitt$ to ref] closely to !m1 p>tly because ( ! physical difficulties :i* !re mu/ h be5 9 consult+ manuscripts1 & p>tly because ( ! oral k ( ! life & say+s ( ,jesus ,*ri/ :i* !y _h previ\sly acquir$ z le>n]s & us$ z tea*]s1 & ^u :i* !re=e x w\ld be natural = !m to fall back v frequ5tly4#bgi ,x is natural to suppose1 ) ,s*mi$el1 t oral tradition cont9u$ = a consid]able "t aft] ! fir/ docum5ts 7 writt54#bhj #bgh3 ,comp>e ! /atem5t ( ,j4 ,v4 ,b>tlett3 ,i am n conv9c$ t !re ev] 0 a writt5 'book ( disc\rses' t has p]i%$ 7p4 #cfj74 #bgi3 ,hor ,synoptic1 #b;d ed41 p4 #bag4 #bhj3 ,art4 ,gospels1 ,encycl4 ,bib41 vol4 ii4 col4 #ahdf4 7#b7 ,a consid]able numb] ( s*ol>s1 f9d+ t ,m>k cond5ses 8 acc\nt ( su* incid5ts z ! ,baptism & ,temptation ( ,jesus & ! disc\rse conc]n+ ,beelzebub1 & t ,mat!w & ,luke are p>allel 9 matt] :i* !y add at ^! po9ts to ! ,m>kan acc\nt1 h conclud$ t ,m>k mu/ h us$ ,q1 ! assum$ s\rce ( ! ,mat!w-,luke agreem5ts4 ,a mod]ate /atem5t is t ( ,dr4 ,s&ay3 ,i d n ?9k t ,q 0 us$ by ,m>k regul>ly & sy/ematically1 z ! lat] ,evangeli/s use 8 own n>rative2 b he mu/ h kn[n ( its exi/5ce1 & rem9isc5ces ( x seem to h clung to him & f "t to "t made _! way into 8 text4 #bha #bha3 ,/udies 9 ! ,synoptic ,problem1 pp4 xvi1 xvii4 7#c7 ,ano!r gr\p ( s*ol>s1 bas+ _! view on ! agreem5t ( ,mat!w & ,luke aga9/ ,m>k 9 matt] ) ,m>kan p>allels1 & on ! difficulty ( acc\nt+ = "s omissions f ,m>k 9 ! lat] ,evangeli/s 7su* z ! omission 9 ,luke1 :]e x w\ld be mo/ appropriate1 ( ! /ory ab\t ! ,syro-,pho5ician woman71 h fram$ a !ory ( diff]5t rec5sions 9 ,m>k1 "o be+ us$ by ,mat!w1 a diff]5t "o by ,luke1 & a f9al rec5sion1 :e!r ! "w ( ! ,evangeli/ himself or ( an editor1 repres5t+ our canonical ,m>k4 ,?is !ory 9 diff]5t =ms has be5 advocat$ by ,/anton 9 8 ,gospels z ,hi/orical ,docum5ts1 ,"p ,,ii 7#aiji71 & m rec5tly by ,holdswor? 9 8 ,gospel ,orig9s 7#aiac74 ,:5 ! two-docum5t !ory is held 9 ?is =m1 ! priority ( ,m>k belongs only to ! assum$ e>li] editions1 = ^: ext5t & cont5ts !re is no objective evid5ce except ! assum$ dep5d5ce1 :ile our canonical ,m>k is lat] ?an ei!r ,mat!w or ,luke4 ,!re is a gr[+ t5d5cy to f9d second>y elem5ts 9 ,m>k z well z 9 ,mat!w or ,luke4 ,hawk9s1 x w be recall$1 gives a li/ ( passages 9 ,m>k :i* may h be5 omitt$ or alt]$ 7by ! o!r ,evangeli/s7 z be+ liable to be misund]/ood1 or to give (f5se1 or to sugge/ difficulties4#bhb ,( ! passages :i* seem 7a7 to limit ! p[] ( ,jesus1 or 7b7 to be o!rwise d]ogatory to1 or unwor?y ( ,him1 ! m notewor?y ( ! tw5ty-two in/ances giv5 by ,hawk9s are z foll[s3 "u 7a71 #bhb3 ,hor ,synoptic1 #b;d ed41 pp4 #aag f4 #a4 ,m>k i4 #cb-cd1 ,he heal$ _m t 7 sick4 ,mat!w viii4 #af1 ,he heal$ all2 cf4 ,luke iv4 #dj1 ,e "o ( !m4 #c4 ,m>k vi4 #e1 ,he c\ld !re d no mighty "w1 save etc4 ,mat!w xiii4 #eh1 ,he did n _m mighty works !re because ( _! unbelief4 ,"u 7b71 #b4 ,m>k i4 #ab1 ,! ,_s drive? him =?4 ,mat!w & ,luke use words mean+ to lead4 #d4 ,m>k iii4 #ba1 ,!y said he is beside himself4 ,?is is omitt$ by ,mat!w & ,luke4 #aj4 ,m>k x4 #ag1 #ah1 ,good ,ma/] & ,:y calle/ ?\ me good8 appe> 9 ,mat!w xix4 #af1 #ag 7,r4 ,v47 z ,ma/] & ,:y aske/ ?\ me conc]n+ t :i* is good8 ,luke foll[s ,m>k4 ,ov] aga9/ ^! passages may be plac$ o!rs :]e ! *ange1 if any1 & :e!r made unconsci\sly or = reasons ( /yle or ) consci\s t5d5cy1 w\ld seem to be 9 ! o!r direction4 #a4 ,9 ! ,p>able ( ! ,v9ey>d1 ,mat!w xxi4 #cg1 ,my son4 ,luke xx4 #ac1 ,my belov$ son4 ,m>k xii4 #f1 ,he _h yet "o1 a belov$ son4 #b4 ,mat!w x4 #db1 ,a cup ( cold wat] only 9 ! "n ( a disciple4 ,comp>e ,m>k ix4 #da1 ,9 "n because ye are ( ,*ri/4 #c4 ,luke xxiii4 #dg1 ,c]ta9ly ?is 0 a righte\s man4 ,m>k xv4 #ci1 ,truly ?is man 0 ! ,son ( ,god1 or a son ( ,god4 ,mat!w xxvii4 #ed foll[s ,m>k4 #d4 7,accord+ to ,b\sset7 ,m>k's abbreviation ( ,q 9 iii4 #bg makes x appe> t x 0 ,jesus :o b\nd ! /rong man1 in/ead ( ,god4#bhc #bhc3 ,kyrios ,*ri/os1 p4 #di4 #e4 ,mat!w xiii4 #ee1 ,is n ?is ! c>p5t]'s son8 ,comp>e ,luke iv4 #bb1 ,is n ?is ,joseph's son8 ,m>k vi4 #c1 ,is n ?is ! c>p5t]1 ! son ( ,m>y8 ,belief 9 ! ,virg9 ,bir? is p]haps safegu>d$ by ,m>k4 #f4 ,m>k x4 #de1 ,! ,son ( man came n to be m9i/]$ unto1 etc4 ,"h ,b\sset sees a dogmatic work+ ov] ( ,luke xxii4 #bg1 ,i am among y z "o t s]ves4#bhd ,mat!w xx4 #bh foll[s ,m>k4 #bhd3 ,kyrios ,*ri/os1 p4 #i1 note #a4 ,s f> z t5d5cy to ,*ri/ological height5+ is conc]n$1 critics ( ! s*ool ( ,b\sset are n[ especially sev]e aga9/ ,m>k4 ,x appe>s t ,luke's ,gospel 9 ! ,passion hi/ory has pres]v$ a s]ies ( prim>y traditions ov] aga9/ ,m>k4#bhe ,holdswor? f9ds a numb] ( second>y elem5ts1 mo/ly /yli/ic1 9 ,m>k :]e ! ?ree ,gospels h a common n>rative4 ,among ^! are ! vivid t\*es ( ! second ,gospel1 consid]$ to be di/9ctly second>y features1 ! full] descriptions 9 _m in/ances1 & ! use ( ! n\n gospel n f\nd at all 9 ,luke al?\gh ! v]b is us$1 & n f\nd 9 ,mat!w 9 its absolute s5se4#bhf #bhe3 ,kyrios ,*ri/os1 p4 #dd4 #bhf3 ,gospel ,orig9s1 pp4 #aah f4 ,tak+1 !n1 ! pres5t /ate ( op9ion z to ! relation ( our ,m>k to ! o!r ,gospels1 we see t :ile 9 g5]al ! priority ( ,m>k is 9 "s s5se def5d$1 yet ! relation betwe5 any giv5 passage 9 ,mat!w or ,luke & its p>allel 9 ,m>k may be v>i\sly con/ru$4 ,:5 ,mat!w1 = example1 deviates f ,m>k1 ?is modification accord+ to curr5t !ories may arise 7#a7 f ! fir/ ,evangeli/'s fancy or 8 dogmatic t5d5cy1 & w 9 ei!r case be hi/orically wor?less4 ,x may arise 7#b7 f reliable oral tradition1 & 9 ?is case be z wor?y ( cr$5ce z ! ,m>kan s\rce4 ,x may be d]iv$ 7#c7 f ! s\rce ,q1 b may be = "s reason omitt$ by ,m>k1 ^: k ( ,q is assum$4 ,! deviation 9 ,mat!w may 7#d7 h be5 f\nd 9 a proto- or deut]o-,m>k1 b h be5 omitt$ 9 8 f9al edition4 ,! diff]5ce 9 ?is case betwe5 ,mat!w & ,m>k is no great] ?an t betwe5 two editions ( ! same "w4 ,! po9t to be emphasiz$ is t1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( op9ion ^u ! ,synoptic problem1 ! diff]5ce ( "o ,evangeli/ f ano!r does n 9 itself invalidate ! te/imony ( ei!r4 ,! ,synoptic problem1 :ile prim>ily a lit]>y problem1 is inde$ fraught ) mom5t\s issues :i* ! ,*ur*1 & n sci5tific criticism only1 is conc]n$ to face2#bhg b 9 ! pres5t /ate ( ! discussion1 ! fact t ,mat!w adds to or modifies ! n>rative ( ,m>k does n necess>ily place ! ,mat!an modification ^u a l[] plane ( cr$ibility ?an ! ,m>kan /atem5t4 ,! ,mat!an modification may be an exact copy ( an e>li] edition ( ,m>k1 or may be d]iv$ f "o ( ,m>k's s\rces1 ,q1 or may be tak5 f t /ream ( oral tradition com+ f eye-witnesses & m9i/]s ( ! ^w1 :i* ,luke 9 8 preface evid5tly reg>d$ z ! t\*/one ( hi/orical tru?1 :atev] 8 use ( writt5 s\rces4 #bhg3 ,h4 ,l4 ,jackson1 9 ,cambridge ,biblical ,essays1 #aiji1 p4 #dcb4 ,pass+ ov] ! vex$ "q ( ,q1 we may obs]ve t ! acceptance ( ,h>nack's e>ly dat+ ( ! ,acts & ,luke w\ld fur!r complicate ! two-docum5t !ory4 ,he agrees t ,luke 0 writt5 be=e ! ,acts1 & ! ,acts be=e ,paul's trial at ,rome 0 decid$2 fur!r t ,m>k is "o ( ! s\rces ( ,luke1 & t ,m>k 0 writt5 at ,rome4 ,tradition ass]ts no veto aga9/ ! hypo!sis t ,luke1 :5 he met ,m>k 9 ! company ( ,paul ! prison]1 0 p]mitt$ by him to p]use a writt5 record ( ! ,gospel hi/ory :i* 0 ess5tially id5tical ) ! ,gospel ( ,m>k giv5 to ! ,*ur* at a lat] "t4 ,p]haps1 he intimates1 ,luke 0 n yet acqua9t$ ) ,m>k's f9al revision1 :i*1 z we c q well imag9e1 ,m>k und]took :ile 9 ,rome4#bhh ,! priority ( ,m>k1 "u ?is supposition1 is left hang+ by a sl5d] ?read4 ,x is highly probable t ,luke ga!r$ ! mat]ial = 8 "w 7& a great "p ( x 0 c]ta9ly indep5d5t ( ,m>k7 :ile 9 ,pale/9e1 & if he did n see ,m>k's ,gospel1 or a r\gh draft ( x1 until he 0 9 ,rome1 x is improbable t ! ,m>kan docum5t 0 8 prim>y & pr9cipal s\rce1 z ! two-docum5t !ory ass]ts4 #bhh3 ,,iv1 p4 #ic2 ,date ( ! ,acts & ( ! ,synoptic ,gospels1 p4 #acc4 ,:atev] ! lit]>y f\ndation ( ! two-docum5t !ory1 x _c be said to h l$ to any v important hi/orical results4 ,^? :o reg>d ! portrait ( ,jesus 9 ,m>k z hi/orical see 9 ! portrayal ( ,mat!w & ,luke only a diff]5ce 9 ! nuances ( ! n>rative4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ^? :o _c accept ! picture drawn by ! ,fir/ & ! ,?ird ,evangeli/s are equally unable to accept t giv5 to u by ,m>k4 ,! criticism ( ! s\rces1 9 its usual =m1 has n reveal$ to u a ,jesus :o is m hi/orical ?an ! ,jesus ( any ( ! ,synopti/s2 & x is necess>y to pursue ! que/ 9 ! m problematical region ( s\rces ( s\rces4 ,9 ?is process ,m>k is f\nd to be z little hi/orical z ! o!r ,synoptic ,gospels1 or ev5 z ! ,gospel ( ,john4 ,! dissonances ( ! ,evangeli/s appe> to be left practically :]e !y 7 be=e ! pres5t movem5t 9 ,synoptic criticism began4 ,!y rema9 :at !y always h be5 :5 "o ,gospel is comp>$ ) ano!r1 & are nei!r s(t5$ nor made m acute by any c]ta9 results :i* h be5 rea*$ 9 ! /udy ( ! ,synoptic problem4 ,"s1 no d\bt1 may say t ! discrepancies are s great t ! ,synoptic ,gospels _c be accept$ z hi/orical records2 :ile o!rs w say1 z does a dev\t comm5tator on ! ,acts1 t su* is ! naturalness ( ,holy ,scripture t x seems z ?\gh x 7 indiff]5t ab\t a sup]ficial consi/5cy4 ,s x ev] is ) tru?3 its h>mony is (t5 veil$ & hidd52 :ile falsehood sometimes betrays itself1 to a practis$ e>1 by a /udi$ & o/5tati\s uni=mity4#bhi ,o!rs aga9 w appeal to ! writ]s on hi/orical me?od1 su* z ,langlois & ,seignobos3 ,! natural t5d5cy is to ?9k t ! clos] ! agreem5t is1 ! great] is its demon/rative p[]2 we ought1 on ! contr>y1 to adopt z a rule ! p>adox t an agreem5t proves m :5 x is conf9$ to a small numb] ( circum/ances4 ,x is at su* po9ts ( co9cid5ce betwe5 div]g+ /atem5ts t we are to look = sci5tifically e/abli%$ hi/orical facts4#bij ,! int]-,synoptic diff]5ces are c]ta9ly1 9 g5]al1 no great] ?an ^? :i* a s+le au?or all[$ himself 9 ! acc\nts ( ! same incid5t1 z is %[n 9 ,luke's ?reefold acc\nt ( ! conv]sion ( ! ,apo/le ,paul4 #bhi3 ,c4 ,j4 ,vaughan3 ,! ,*ur* ( ! ,fir/ ,days1 p4 #edg4 #bij3 ,introduction to ! ,/udy ( ,hi/ory1 pp4 #bja1 #bjb4 ,,iv4 ,,! ,,johann9e ,,problem ,x is sc>cely surpris+ t ! my/]y :i* surr\nds ! mo/ my/]i\s ,p]sonality 9 hi/ory %\ld communicate itself to ! records :i* tell ( ,8 life1 & ev5 to ! au?ors ( ^! records4 ,if ! ,synoptic problem is a well1 z ,goe! said1 ! problem pres5t$ by ! spiritual ,gospel usually assign$ to ! ,apo/le ,john is equally fasc9at+ & difficult4 ,! my/]y ( ! ,ma/] has 9 "p envelop$ ! disciple :om ,jesus lov$4 ,! que/ions ( ! au?or%ip & ! hi/oricity ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel are closely b\nd toge!r4 ,if ! ,gospel is a !ological romance int5d$ to give curr5cy to ! conceptions ( ! ,alex&rian philosophy1 x is cle> t its au?or%ip _c be ascrib$ to "o ( ! disciples ( ,jesus4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if x 0 writt5 by "o ( ! ,apo/olic b&1 x mu/ c]ta9ly1 :e!r reliable or n 9 its details1 conta9 a weal? ( hi/orical rem9isc5ce :i* w enri* our k ( ! p]sonality1 ! words & ! de$s ( ,*ri/4 ,x is an int]e/+ fact t a /rong def5se ( ! ,apo/olic au?or%ip ( ! ,gospel has be5 made1 9 ! pres5t g5]ation & 9 ! "o :i* prec$$ x1 by writ]s ^: !ological position w\ld incl9e !m to an opposite conclusion4#bia ,! /r5g? ( ! evid5ce = ,johann9e au?or%ip lies 9 ! te/imony :i* x receives f all p>ts ( ! e>ly *ur*1 :e!r divisions be made on geographical or !ological l9es1 & 9 ! l9ks ( connection :i* b9d ! witnesses to ! alleg$ sc5e ( ,john's lab\rs & to ! ,apo/le himself4 #bia3 ,ezra ,abbot1 #ahhj 7see ,! ,f\r? ,gospel1 by ,abbot1 ,peabody & ,lightfoot1 #ahia7 & ,james ,drummond3 ,"* & ,au?or%ip ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 #aijd4 ,if x be object$ t ,john1 z a ,galilean fi%]man & an unlett]$ man1 c\ld n h produc$ a "w s pr(\nd 9 ?\ght & s poli%$ 9 ,greek composition1 ! objection may be comp>$ ) t :i* is rais$ aga9/ ! au?or%ip ( ! plays :i* g "u ! "n ( ,%akespe>e4 ,&rew ,lang rem>ks ) irony ^u ! surpris+ belief t a "y man f a little c\ntry t[n1 & lat] an actor1 c\ld possibly possess ,%akespe>e's va/ treasures ( g5]al in=mation1 or ,lat9 en\gh to h read ! ,roman classics4#bib #bib3 ,a ,new ,!ory ( ,%akespe>e1 ,indep5d5t1 ,decemb] #bb1 #aiaj1 p4 #acgc4 ,! ext]nal evid5ce = ,johann9e au?or%ip is /rong &1 ) ! exception ( ! obscure sect ( ! ,alogi1#bic is uni=m4 ,x is suffici5t1 & !re c be little d\bt t x w\ld be effici5t 9 produc+ g5]al belief except = ! !ological int]e/s involv$4 ,objections to ! ,apo/olic au?or%ip f ! side ( ! ext]nal evid5ce are bas$ 7#a7 ^u suppos$ indications t ,john 0 m>tyr$ ) ,james at ,j]usalem & nev] liv$ 9 ,ephesus at all1 & 7#b7 ^u ! /atem5t ( ,papias1 int]pret$ to mean t two m5 by ! "n ( ,john liv$ 9 ,ephesus4 7#a7 ,! evid5ce ^u ! fir/ po9t is confess$ly late & confus$4 ,x is conta9$ 9 ! /atem5ts ( ,georgios ,ham>tolos1 a n9?-c5tury writ]1 & 9 ! s-call$ ,de ,boor ,fragm5t1 purport+ to conta9 an extract f a fif?-c5tury writ]1 ,philip ( ,side4 ,! =m] says t ,n]va1 hav+ recall$ ,john f ! isl&1 dismiss$ him to live 9 ,ephesus4 ,!n1 be+ ! only survivor ( ! twelve disciples1 & hav+ compos$ ! ,gospel accord+ to him1 he has be5 deem$ wor?y ( m>tyrdom4 ,= ,papias1 ! ,bi%op ( ,hi]apolis1 hav+ be5 an eye-witness ( him1 says 9 ! second book ( ! ',oracles ( ! ,"l1' t he 0 sla9 by ! ,jews1 hav+1 z is cle>1 ) 8 bro!r ,james1 fulfill$ ! pr$iction ( ,*ri/ conc]n+ him1 & 8 own confession & ass5t 9 reg>d to ?is4 ,he adds t ! le>n$ ,orig51 9 8 comm5t>y on ,mat!w1 affirms t ,john mem>tyrk5 7has borne witness1 or suff]$ m>tyrdom71 intimat+ t he _h le>n$ ?is f ! successors ( ! ,apo/les4#bid ,b ,orig51 9 8 comm5t on ,mat!w xx4 #bc1 says t ! k+ ( ! ,romans1 z tradition tea*es1 condemn$ ,john1 witness+ = ! tru?1 to ! isl& ( ,patmos4 ,if ,georgios ,ham>tolos ?us incorrectly ref]s to ,orig5 z a witness to ! m>tyrdom ( ,john1 less weight atta*es to 8 pr(ess$ reproduction ( ! /atem5t ( ,papias4 #bic3 ,epiphanius3 ,ha]41 li4 #bid3 ,see ,f4 ,w4 ,worsley3 ,! ,f\r? ,gospel & ! ,synopti/s1 #aiji1 pp4 #agd f4 ,! ,de ,boor ,fragm5t conta9s ! /atem5t t ,papias1 9 ! second book1 says t ,john ! ,div9e & ,james 8 bro!r 7 sla9 by ! ,jews4#bie ,?is supports ! /atem5t ( ! n9?-c5tury writ] 9 reg>d to ! second book ( ,papias1 b ! evid5ce1 :e!r = ! m>tyrdom ( ,john by ! ,jews1 or = ! fact t ,john 0 put to dea? at ! same "t ) 8 bro!r ,james1 z is sometimes inf]r$1 is exce$+ly slight4 ,paul 7,gal4 ii4 #i7 speaks ( ,john at a "t usually id5tifi$ ) ! ,c\ncil at ,j]usalem 7,acts xv471 al?\gh ,ramsay w\ld id5tify x ) ,acts xi4 #cj1 ?us plac+ x imm$iately be=e ! dea? ( ,james 7,acts xii4 #b74 ,! /atem5t ( ,georgios t ,john liv$ 9 ,ephesus at ! "t ( ,n]va also negatives ?is supposition4 ,( ! slightly atte/$ view t ,john 0 m>tyr$ at an e>ly date1 ,dr4 ,dawson ,walk] rem>ks3 ,x is difficult to ?9k t ?is latt] hypo!sis w\ld h met ) s great fav\r if x _h n be5 su* an effective in/rum5t 9 exclud+ ,/4 ,john f any possibility ( be+ ! writ] ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel4#bif ,! /atem5ts t ,john 0 put to dea? by ! ,jews may possibly be an inf]5ce f ! prophecy1 ,! cup t ,i dr9k ye %all dr9k1 etc4 7,m>k x4 #ci74 #bie3 ,texte und ,unt]su*ung51 v4 #b1 p4 #agj4 #bif3 ,pres5t ,day ,criticism1 ,expositor1 ,m>*1 #aiab1 p4 #bea4 ,= ! /atem5t ( a ,syriac cal5d> 7#daa ,a4,d47 commemorat+ ,john & ,james ! ,apo/les at ,j]usalem z m>tyrs on #bg? ,decemb]1 see ,all5 & ,gr5/$3 ,introduction to ! ,books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 #aiac1 p4 #id4 7#b7 ,a m$iat+ !ory1 bas$ ^u ! well-kn[n /atem5t ( ,papias#big 9 :i* a presbyt] ,john may1 ) mu* probability1 be di/+ui%$ f ! ,apo/le ( t "n1 does n d5y ! influ5ce ( ! ,apo/le ^u ! con/ruction ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 :ile its ultimate au?or%ip is assign$ to ! presbyt] ,john4 ,! hypo!sis ( ! two ,johns re/s ^u ! /atem5t ( ,papias' fragm5t z int]pret$ by ,eusebius2 b ,eusebius1 :ile sugge/+ t ! presbyt] might h writt5 ! ,apocalypse1 indicates no d\bt ( ! ,apo/olic au?or%ip ( ! ,gospel & ! ,fir/ ,epi/le4 ,! possibility t !re 7 two ,johns1 :o 7 bo? 9 "s s5se disciples ( ! ,"l 7z ,papias describes ! presbyt]71 :o bo? liv$ 9 ,asia ,m9or1 & :o 7 bo? m or less conc]n$ 9 ! writ+ ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 _c be d5i$4 ,b x is also possible t ,papias has be5 mis9t]pret$1 & t1 :5 he describ$ ! presbyt] ,john1 ! disciple ( ! ,"l1 he _h only ! ,apo/le ,john 9 m9d4 ,9 ?is case we %\ld be fre$ f ! necessity1 involv$ 9 ! !ory ( au?or%ip we are consid]+1 ( suppos+ t ! ,apo/le _h a my/]i\s alt] ego ( ! same "n1 :o 0 ) him alike 9 ,pale/9e & 9 ,asia ,m9or1 %>$ 9 a degree 8 au?ority & publi%$ ! sub/ance ( 8 tea*+1 & s completely m]g$ 8 p]sonality 9 t ( ! ,apo/le t 9 ! ,gospel record no trace ( a sep>ate presbyt] c be f\nd1 & !re is no m5tion ( ! "n ( ei!r ,john4 #big3 ,eusebius3 ,hi/4 ,eccl41 iii4 #ci4 ,:at 0 said 444 by ,john or ,mat!w or any o!r ( ! ,"l's disciples1 & :at ,ari/ion & ! ,presbyt] ,john1 ! disciples ( ! ,"l1 say4 ,! argum5t = two ,johns is bas$ ^u ! fact t ! "n is m5tion$ twice & t diff]5t t5ses are us$4 ,! ,fir/ ,epi/le1 suppos$ to be a sort ( supplem5t to ! ,gospel1 is ( importance 9 its be>+ ^u ! "q ( au?or%ip4 ,z a rec5t writ] says3 ,! p]si/5t note ( au?ority :i* is ov]he>d1 r ?an he>d1 9 ! ,epi/les is ! m impressive because x is only impli$4 ,/4 ,john assumes t 8 au?ority is unque/ion$ & unque/ionable by ^? ,asians :o are loyal to ! ,*ri/ian tradition4 ,:5 we comp>e 8 lett]s ) ^? ( 8 y\ng] contempor>ies1 we conclude t x 0 unque/ionably because he 0 an ,apo/le4#bih #bih3 ,rev4 ,h4 ,j4 ,b>dsley3 ,! ,te/imony ( ,ignatius & ,polyc>p to ! ,au?or%ip ( ',/4 ,john1' ,j\rnal ( ,!ological ,/udies1 ,vol4 ,,xiv1 ,no4 #ef1 ,july1 #aiac1 p4 #dia4 ,ano!r m$iat+ position1 adopt$ by ^? :o d n accept ! full ,apo/olic au?or%ip1 is f\nd 9 a !ory ( p>tition1 :i* assigns a portion ( ! ,gospel to ! ,apo/le4 ,! arti/ic unity ( ! ,gospel & ! qualities ( /yle :i* di/+ui% x f o!r writ+s pres5t a grave difficulty to any !ory ( p>tition4 ,z a sort ( half-way h\se x w sc>cely be p]man5tly t5able4 ,( ,spitta's analysis1 :i* assigns a "p ( ! ,gospel to ! ,apo/le1 x has be5 object$ by a critic ( m radical sympa?ies t su* an admission places him outside ! limits ( sci5tific criticism4#bii #bii3 ,c4 ,a4 ,b]n\lli1 9 app5dix to ,ov]beck's ,johannesevangelium1 #aiaa1 pp4 #ejd1 #eje4 ,! /ronghold ( ! evid5ce alike = & aga9/ ! ,johann9e au?or%ip is to be f\nd 9 ! facts ( ! ,gospel itself4 ,on ! "o h& a p[]ful argum5t1 su* z t :i* has be5 develop$ by ,lightfoot & ,we/cott1 c be drawn to %[ t ! au?or ( ! ,gospel mu/ h be5 a ,jew1 a ,jew ( ,pale/9e1 a disciple ( ,jesus1 "o ( ! inn] circle ( disciples1 & 9 fact none o!r ?an ! belov$ disciple himself4 ,! int]nal facts ( ! ,gospel are us$ 9 a diff]5t way by o!rs to %[ t ! ,f\r? ,gospel diff]s s radically 9 sc5e1 9 ! /yle ( its disc\rses1 & inde$ 9 its entire portrait ( ,jesus1 t x _c be accept$ z hi/orical1 or z ! "w ( "o ( ! disciples4 ,! diff]5ce 9 sc5e betwe5 ! ,galilean ,gospels & ! ,j]usalem ,gospel pres5ts no great difficulty1 b ! crux ( ! problem is 9 ! diff]5ce 9 /yle & subject matt]4 ,! ,jesus ( ! ,synoptics _c1 x is said1 h spok5 9 ! /yle ( ! disc\rses 9 ,john4 ,be=e ?is judgm5t c be accept$ )\t qualification1 sev]al po9ts des]ve to be notic$4 ,! diff]5ce 9 /yle is 9 "p acc\nt$ = by ! diff]5ce 9 subject matt] & 9 ! "* ( ! audi5ce4 ,!re are out-cropp+s ( ! ,johann9e /yle 9 ! ,synoptics1 especially :]e ! subject ( disc\rse is simil>4 ,! passage1 ,mat!w xi4 #be-cj1 :i*1 z we h se51 conta9s ! ess5tial tea*+s f\nd 9 ,john xiv41 is a notable illu/ration4 ,! ,j]usalem audi5ce aga9 0 diff]5t f ! ,galilean audi5ce4 ,if x be said t :5 ! ,jesus ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel speaks 9 ,galilee 7,john vi47 ,he uses ! same my/ical /yle z :5 ,he speaks 9 ,j]usalem1 x %\ld at lea/ be consid]$ t ! disc\rse 9 ,cap]naum is n giv5 z a sample ( ! usual synagogue prea*+ ( ,jesus4 ,! sc5e cle>ly m>ks a crisis 9 ! m9i/ry1 a crisis indicat$ 9 ! o!r ,gospels by ! nor!rn j\rney = retirem5t :i* imm$iately foll[$1 b made m intelligible by ! supposition t ! ,cap]naum disc\rse 0 practically a cle>] revelation to ! ,galilean audi5ce ( ! consci\sness ( ,jesus & ! spiritual "* ( ,8 "w4 ,:5 we recall t su* expressions1 famili> to ,john1 z ,logos1 ,lamb ( ,god1 propitiation = s91 are nev] plac$ by ,john 9 ! m\? ( ,jesus1 we h /rong negative evid5ce t ! disc\rses ( ,jesus 9 ! ,f\r? ,gospel are n ! free composition ( ! au?or himself4 ,aft] all1 ! "q ( ! /yle ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel is n s important z t ( its cont5ts4 ,does x draw an ess5tially diff]5t picture ( ,jesus f t ( ! ,synoptic writ]s1 or does x help u to fill out & to int]pret ! ,synoptic portrait8 ,two consid]ations ( a g5]al nature %\ld be kept 9 m9d4 ,ord9>y read]s ( ! ,gospels 9 all ages h se5 no lack ( unity 9 ! composite portrait ( ! f\r ,gospels2 & rec5t criticism has %[n t ev5 to ! %>p sight$ mod]n critic ! h>mony is s great t "o :o rejects ! hi/orical "* ( ,john's ,gospel w also reject ! ,second ,gospel1 :i* 0 writt5 f ! /&po9t t ,jesus is ! ,son ( ,god 7s ,b\sset71 & is to be di/+ui%$ f ! ,f\r? ,gospel 9 degree 7graduel7 r ?an 9 ess5ce4 ,! aim ( ,m>k1 & !re is no reason to d\bt t he rea*es 8 aim1 is 9 fact ! same z t ( ,john1 s f> z conc]ns 8 desire t 8 read]s may believe t ,jesus is ! ,*ri/1 ! ,son ( ,god 7,john xx4 #ca74 ,if :at ! ,synoptic ,gospels say is true z to ! words & ! works & ! claims & ! consci\sness ( ,jesus1 !n we %\ld expect "s su* supplem5t z we f9d 9 ,john4 ,we %\ld expect ei!r m or less ?an we f9d 9 ! ,synoptic ,gospels4 ,:5 we read ( ! ,div9e ,voice at ! baptism & ! transfiguration1 we ask1 ,:at did ,jesus ,himself conceive ,8 relation to ,god to be8 ,! full answ] is 9 ,john4 ,:5 we read1 ,:]e two or ?ree are ga!r$ toge!r 9 my "n1 !re am ,i 9 ! mid/ ( !m 7,matt4 xviii4 #bj71 we %\ld expect full] tea*+ on ! relation ( ,jesus to ! disciples4 ,?is we h 9 ! la/ disc\rses 9 ,john4 ,:5 we read 9 ! ,synopti/s acc\nts ( ! tea*+ & ! mighty works1 we turn to ,john = ! full description ( ! ,tea*] & ,"l1 & ( ! mighty ,work] manife/+ ,8 glory4 ,! ,synoptic ,gospels tell u ( ! au?ority ( ,jesus & ( ,8 (fice ( judgm5t & ( ,8 f\nd+ a ,*ur*4 ,9 ,john we see ! gr\nd ( ,8 au?ority 9 ,8 relation to ,god & 9 ,8 my/ical relation to ! disciples4 ,9 ! ,synopti/s we h ! ,la/ ,supp] & g5]al prophecies ( ! future & comm&s = ! guidance ( ! ,*ur*4 ,we %\ld expect "s m intimate & p]sonal revelation ( ,8 relation to ! disciples1 su* z is furni%$ by ! ,johann9e picture ( ! disciple :om ,jesus lov$1 & 9 ! words1 ,woman1 behold ?y son 7,john xix4 #bf1 #bg72 & 9 ! intimate disc\rse ( ,john xiv4-xvi4 ,:5 we read1 once m1 t ,jesus (t5 retir$ = pray]1 b 9 ! ,synoptic ,gospels h ! record ( only "o or two ( ,8 petitions3 ,remove ?is cup f me4444 ,?y w be done 7see ,luke xxii4 #db & comp>e xxii4 #cb71 we expect "s su* enri*m5t ( our k ( ! pray]-life ( ,jesus z is conta9$ 9 ,john xvii4 ,! hi/orical "* ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel is %[n alike by ! light :i* x ?r[s ^u ! c\rse ( ev5ts 9 ! public m9i/ry & by ! m subtle resemblances betwe5 ,john & ! ,synopti/s1 s diff]5t 9 emphasis & %ad+ t ,john's acc\nt _c well h be5 due to ,synoptic tradition1 & yet s mu* 9 agreem5t z to give confid5ce t ! same c\rse ( ev5ts und]lies bo? acc\nts4 ,if we look at ! outw>d c\rse ( ev5ts "u ! guidance ( writ]s su* z ,ask)#cjj or ,a4 ,e4 ,brooks1#cja we see t ,john's picture ( ! e>lie/ disciples 9 ,judea may ?r[ light ^u ! n>rative ( ! call ( ! f\r 7,m>k i4 #af f474 ,! crisis 9 ! m9i/ry1 indicat$ r ?an expla9$ 9 ! ,m>kan n>rative1 is m intelligible 9 ! light ( ,john vi4 ,! hosannas ( ! ,triumphal ,entry into ,j]usalem1 z well z ! settl$ det]m9ation ( ! rul]s to put ,jesus to dea?1 c be bett] und]/ood ) ! help ( ,john's /atem5ts ab\t ,laz>us 7see ,john xii4 #i-aa72 & ! accusation ( ! witnesses1 ,we he>d him say ,i w de/roy ?is temple 7,m>k xiv4 #eh71 & ! weep+ ( ,jesus ov] ,j]usalem 7,matt1 xxiii4 #cg7 are aga9 m intelligible 9 view ( ! ,johann9e /atem5ts ab\t ! temple ( ,8 body 7,john ii4 #bj1 #ba71 & ! acc\nts ( ,8 frequ5t visits to ,j]usalem4 #cjj3 ,hi/orical ,value ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 #aiaj4 ,f ! ,synopti/s1 he says1 we d n le>n ( disciples ( ! ,bapti/ becom+ disciples ( ,jesus4 ,b if ! "w ( ! ,bapti/ 0 :at ! ,synopti/s decl>e x to h be51 namely1 to prep>e ! way = ! ,*ri/1 x is h>dly conceivable t ?is "w1 fai?fully c>ri$ out1 c\ld h fail$ ( ?is result--to supply disciples = ,him 7p4 #ei74 #cja3 ,hi/orical ,value ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel1 9 ,cambridge ,biblical ,essays4 ,! be/ explanation ( ! sil5ce ( ! ,synopti/s ^u ! rais+ ( ,laz>us is /ill t giv5 by ,holdswor?1 ,gospel ,orig9s1 p4 #abf3 ,e mission>y kn[s t to m5tion ! names ( conv]ts 9 publi%$ acc\nts ( _! "w among a p ho/ile to ,*ri/ianity is fraught ) p]il to ^? :o are m5tion$4444 ,! difficult "q ( ! appe>ance 9 ! ,f\r? ,gospel ( ! rais+ ( ,laz>us f9ds its be/ explanation 9 an application ( ?is rule4444 ,al?\gh ! ,synopti/s record ! say+ ( ,*ri/ t ! "n ( ! woman :o broke ! bottle ( spik5>d 444 %\ld be m5tion$ or r h] de$ :]ev] ! ,gospel 0 proclaim$1 t "n 0 nev] m5tion$ by !m4 ,long aft]w>ds ,john m5tions ,m>y's "n4 ,relation%ips ( a m subtle k9d may be f\nd :5 ,john is comp>$ ) ! ,synoptic ,gospels4 7#a7 ,! relation ( ,jesus to ,8 "m is ! same 9 bo?4 ,comp>e ,luke ii4 #di1 ,knew ye n t ,i mu/ be 9 ! ?+s ( my ,fa!r2 & ,john ii4 #d1 ,woman1 :at h ,i to d ) !e8 ,! relation ) ,8 bre?r5 is also ! same1 _! "r to influ5ce ,him n be+ admitt$4 7#b7 ,! causes ( opposition are diff]5tly describ$1 b are ! same 9 pr9ciple4 ,9 bo? ,m>k ii4 & ,john v41 ! *>ges aga9/ ,him are ^? ( blasphemy & ,sabba? break+1 & 9 bo? cases are made 9 connection ) ! miracle ( heal+4 ,8 def5se ( ,8 action 9 heal+ on ! ,sabba? day is ! same 9 pr9ciple b diff]5t 9 detail4 ,9 bo? !re is an =tiori argum5t3 ,h[ mu* !n is a man ( m value ?an a %eep6 7,matt4 xii4 #ab72 ,if a man receive circumcision on ! ,sabba? 444 are ye wro? ) me because ,i made a man e :it :ole on ! ,sabba?8 7,john vii4 #bc74 ,9 bo? cases ,8 action is def5d$ by ref]5ce to ,8 unique position1 9 ! "o case 9 ,8 relation to ,god1 ,my ,fa!r worke? hi!rto 7,john v4 #ag72 & 9 ! o!r case 9 ,8 relation to m51 ,! ,son ( man is "l ev5 ( ! ,sabba? 7,m>k ii4 #bh74 7#c7 ,! relation ( ,jesus to v>i\s classes ( p z describ$ by ,john is rem>kably diff]5t 9 detail1 b wond]fully simil> 9 ess5ce1 :5 comp>$ ) ! ,synoptic record4 ,9 ea* ) entire diff]5ce ( sc5e & circum/ance ,he meets ) a woman t 0 a s9n]1 b ! ess5tials ( p5it5ce & ! public expression ( gratitude are simil> 9 bo? 7,luke vii4 #cg f42 ,john iv4 #g f474 ,no n>ratives c\ld be m indep5d5t ( ea* o!r ?an ^? ( ! conv]sation ) ,nicodemus 9 ,john iii41 & ) ! ri* "y rul] 9 ,m>k x41 yet 9 bo? cases ! attitude ( ,jesus t[>ds an influ5tial & upright & religi\s man 0 ! same4 ,9 spite ( diff]5ce 9 language also1 ! words to ,nicodemus1 ,ye mu/ be born aga9 7,john iii4 #g71 d n diff] 9 _! radical dem&s f ! words address$ to ! rul]1 ,"o ?+ ?\ lacke/3 g1 sell :atsoev] ?\ ha/ & come1 foll[ me 7,m>k x4 #ba74 ,! comp>ison might be cont9u$ indef9itely1 b only to %[ t ! picture ( ,jesus & ( ,8 relation to ! ,fa!r1 & to ,8 disciples1 to publicans & s9n]s1 to ! ,ph>isees1 to wom51 & to ! human race z ,savi\r & ,judge1 is s diff]5t 9 ,john t x _c be due m]ely to ! influ5ce ( ! ,synoptic tradition1 & yet s id5tical 9 sub/ance t x _c possibly1 ) any reg>d = lit]>y probabilities1 h be5 ! free inv5tion ( ! writ]4 ,x is g5]ally agre$ t ! writ] ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel took = grant$ 9 8 read]s an acqua9tance ) ! n>rative or ! tradition ( ! ,synoptic ,gospels4 ,he w\ld n h writt5 unless he _h "s new light to ?r[ ^u ! figure ( ,jesus1 or "s deep] insight into ,8 p]sonality & "w4 ,! photograph & ! portrait may n p]haps agree 9 _! me*anical measurem5ts1 b to "o :o kn[s ! subject ! portrait may reproduce ! orig9al z fai?fully1 & ev5 m adequately1 ?an does ! photograph4 ,ea* is useful = its own purpose1 b bo? toge!r are ne$$ to give u ! body & ! s\l1 ! exact features & ! expression1 ! total impression ( ! p]sonality4 ,! criticism ( ! ,gospels has ?r[n ! figure ( ,jesus into /rong relief1 n only aga9/ ! backgr\nd ( ,8 "t1 b aga9/ ! backgr\nd ( humanity 9 g5]al4 ,9 its rec5t developm5ts1 x has left u practically ) ! *oice betwe5 ! ,*ri/ ( ! f\r ,gospels or a %ad[y figure to be f\nd 9 none ( !m4 ,! true hi/orical ,jesus t criticism has br\ght be=e u is clad 9 ! co>se g>m5ts ( ,galilee1 b ) ! glory ( ! only-begott5 ( ! ,fa!r1 full ( grace & tru?4 ,! se>*light ( mod]n k is ! fi]ce light t beats ^u ! ?rone4 ,z nature & ! human s\l & ! relation%ips ( ?\ght & ! ph5om5a ( religion & ! book ( revelation are m fully /udi$1 ! maje/y & beauty ( ! c5tral ,figure 9 hi/ory is m cle>ly reveal$4 ,ea* age sees a new glory 9 ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,x is "o ( ! evid5ces ( ! moral greatness ( ,jesus1 says ,peabody1 t ea* p]iod 9 ,*ri/ian hi/ory1 ea* social or political *ange1 has br\ght to view "s new aspect ( ,8 "* & giv5 ,him a new claim to rev]5ce4 ,! mod]n age sees 9 ,him & 9 ,8 ,cross ( love & sacrifice ! guide & inspiration ( its e?ical & social advance4 ,x sees 9 ,him & 9 ,8 ,cross ! solution1 s f> z ultimate solution may be possible1 ( its deepe/ intellectual problems4 ,x sees 9 ,him n m]ely a ,guide & a ,reveal]1 b a ,r$eem] f s9 & ! ,giv] ( ,et]nal ,life4 ,bibliography ( ,rec5t ,important ,works ,= ,*apt] ,i ,,h>nack1 ,a4 ,das ,wes5 des ,*ri/5tums1 #aijj1 #b;d ed41 #aijh2 ,:at is ,*ri/ianity8 #aija1 #b;d ed41 #aiaj4 ,spr*e und ,r$5 ,jesu1 #aijg2 ,! ,say+s ( ,jesus1 #aijh4 ,aus ,wiss5s*aft und ,leb51 #b vols41 #aiaa4 ,,loisy1 ,a4 ,l'vangile et l'glise1 #c;d ed41 #aijd2 ,! ,*ur* & ! ,gospel1 #aijc4 ,,b\sset1 ,w4 ,0 wiss5 wir von ,jesus8 #aijd4 ,kyrios ,*ri/os2 ,ges*i*te des ,*ri/usglaub5s von d5 ,anfng5 des ,*ri/5tums 8 ,ir5u1 #aiac4 ,,s*uma*]1 ,h4 ,die ,selb/(f5b>ung ,jesu bei ,mat #aa1 #bg 7,luc #aj1 #bb71 #aiab 7,freiburg] ,!ologis*e ,/udi51 ,heft #f74 ,,s*weitz]1 ,a4 ,von ,reim>us zu ,wr$e1 #aijf2 ,! ,que/ ( ! ,hi/orical ,jesus1 #aiaj4 ,,drews1 ,a4 ,die ,*ri/usmy!1 #d? ed41 #aiaa2 ,! ,*ri/-,my?1 #c;d ed41 #aiaj4 ,,w>field1 ,b4 ,b4 ,! ,"l ( ,glory1 #aijg2 & rec5t articles 9 !ological reviews4 ,,?orburn1 ,t4 ,j4 ,jesus ! ,*ri/3 ,hi/orical or ,my?ical8 #aiab4 ,= ,*apt] ,,ii ,d>w9 & ,mod]n ,sci5ce4 ,edit$ by ,a4 ,c4 ,sew>d1 #aiji4 ,anniv]s>y ,volume by ,v>i\s ,au?ors4 ,fifty ,ye>s ( ,d>w9ism1 #aiji4 ,anniv]s>y ,volume by ,v>i\s ,au?ors4 ,,weismann1 ,a4 ,! ,evolution ,!ory1 #b vols41 #aijd4 ,,wallace1 ,a4 ,r4 ,! ,_w ( ,life1 #aiaa4 ,man's ,place 9 ! ,univ]se1 #c;d ed41 #aije4 ,,morgan1 ,t4 ,h4 ,evolution & ,adaptation1 #aijh4 ,,h5d]son1 ,l4 ,j4 ,! ,fitness ( ! ,environm5t1 #aiac4 ,,?omson1 ,j4 ,a4 ,! ,bible ( ,nature1 #aijh4 ,,m]x1 ,j4 ,t4 ,hi/ory ( ,european ,?\ght 9 ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury4 ,vol4 ,,ii1 #aijc4 ,,h]b]t1 ,s4 ,fir/ ,pr9ciples ( ,evolution1 #aiac4 ,= ,*apt] ,,iii ,,james1 ,w4 ,v>ieties ( ,religi\s ,exp]i5ce1 #aijc4 ,! ,w to ,believe1 & ,o!r ,essays 9 ,popul> ,philosophy1 #aijb4 ,,/>buck1 ,e4 ,d4 ,! ,psy*ology ( ,religion1 #aijj4 ,,ames1 ,e4 ,c4 ,! ,psy*ology ( ,religi\s ,exp]i5ce1 #aiaj4 ,,leuba1 ,j4 ,h4 ,a ,psy*ological ,/udy ( ,religion1 #aiab4 ,,pratt1 ,j4 ,b4 ,! ,psy*ology ( ,religi\s ,belief1 #aijg4 ,,/ev5s1 ,,george4 ,! ,psy*ology ( ! ,*ri/ian ,s\l1 #aiaa4 ,,royce1 ,j4 ,! ,s\rces ( ,religi\s ,insight1 #aiab4 ,,begbie1 ,h4 ,twice-,born ,m51 #aiji4 ,,ja/r[1 ,,joseph4 ,! ,subconsci\s1 #aijf4 ,,coe1 ,,george ,a4 ,! ,religion ( a ,mature ,m9d1 #aijb4 ,,hall1 ,g4 ,,/anley4 ,adolesc5ce1 #aijd4 ,= ,*apt] ,,iv ,,b]gson1 ,,h5ri4 ,l'volution ,cratrice1 #g? ed41 #aiaa2 ,creative ,evolution1 #aiaa4 ,,l]oy1 ,,ed\>d4 ,! ,new ,philosophy ( ,h5ri ,b]gson1 #aiac4 ,,euck51 ,,rudolf4 ,d] ,wahrheitsgehalt d] ,religion1 #c;d ed41 #aiab2 ,! ,tru? ( ,religion1 #b;d ,eng4 f #c;d ,g]man ed41 #aiac4 ,knn5 wir no* ,*ri/5 se98 #aiaa2 ,c ,we ,/ill ,be ,*ri/ians8 #aiad4 ,,jones1 ,w4 ,,tudor4 ,an ,int]pretation ( ,rudolf ,euck5's ,philosophy1 #aiab4 ,,h]mann1 ,e4 ,euck5 & ,b]gson3 ,_! ,significance = ,*ri/ian ,?\ght1 #aiab4 ,,gibson1 ,w4 ,r4 ,,boyce4 ,rudolf ,euck5's ,philosophy ( ,life1 #c;d ed41 #aiab4 ,,w>d1 ,,james4 ,! ,realm ( ,ends1 #aiaa4 ,,royce1 ,,josiah4 ,william ,james & ,o!r ,essays1 #aiaa4 ,! ,problem ( ,*ri/ianity1 #b vols41 #aiac4 ,= ,*apt] ,v ,,clem51 ,,c>l4 ,religionsges*i*tli*e ,erklrung des ,neu5 ,te/am5ts1 #aiji2 ,primitive ,*ri/ianity & ,its non-,jewi% ,s\rces1 #aiab4 ,d] ,e9fluss d] ,my/]i5religion5 auf das lte/e ,*ri/5tum1 #aiac4 ,,reitz5/e91 ,r4 ,poim&res3 ,/udi5 zur grie*is*-gyptis*5 und frh*ri/li*5 ,lit]atur1 #aijd4 ,die ,hell5i/is*e ,my/]i5religion51 #aiaj4 ,,cumont1 ,f4 ,les ,religions ,ori5tales dans le ,paganisme ,roma91 #b;d ed41 #aiji2 ,! ,ori5tal ,religions 9 ,roman ,paganism1 #aiaa4 ,,k5n$y1 ,h4 ,a4 ,a4 ,/4 ,paul & ! 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