,,! ,,problem ,,( ,,=eign ,,policy ,,! ,,problem ,,( ,,=eign ,,policy ,a ,,consid]ation ,,( ,,pres5t ,,dang]s ,,& ,,! ,,be/ ,,me?ods ,,= ,,meet+ ,,!m ,,by ,,gilb]t ,,murray ,,au?or ,,( ,,! ,,=eign ,,policy ,,( ,,sir ,,edw>d ,,grey1 ,,! ,,religion ,,( ,a ,,man ,,( ,,lett]s1 ,,fai?1 ,,w>1 ,,& ,,policy1 ,,etc4 ,,bo/on ,,& ,,new ,,york ,,h\ghton ,,miffl9 ,,company ,! ,riv]side ,press ,cambridge #aiba ,,copyright1 #aiba1 ,,by ,,gilb]t ,,murray ,,all ,,rights ,,res]v$ ,,preface ,! publication ( ?is little book 0 int]rupt$ by an incid5t :i* made me realize h[ easy x is = "o :o sp5ds mu* "t 9 try+ to /udy s9c]ely a political problem to f9d himself out ( t\* ) av]age op9ion4 ,! discov]y has made me re-read :at ,i h writt54 ,b re-read+ has n l$ to any weak5+ ( my expressions1 r ! rev]se4 ,i wi% only to make a brief g5]al /atem5t ab\t ! po9t ( view f :i* ,i write4 ,i />t f ! pr(\nd conviction t :at ! _w ne$s is peace4 ,!re has be5 too mu* w>1 & too mu* ( _m ?+s t naturally g ) w>2 too mu* =ce & fraud1 too mu* intrigue & ly+1 too mu* impati5ce1 viol5ce1 av>ice1 unreasonabl5ess1 & lack ( pr9ciple4 ,be=e ! w> ,i 0 a ,lib]al1 & ,i believe n[ t no?+ b ! s9c]e practice ( ,lib]al pr9ciples w save ,european society f imm95t revolution & collapse4 ,b ,i am consci\s ( a c]ta9 *ange ( emphasis 9 my feel+4 ,be=e ! w> ,i 0 eag] = l>ge & sweep+ re=ms1 ,i 0 intol]ant ( ,cons]vatism & ,i laugh$ at risks4 ,! social ord] _h !n su* a m>g9 ( /r5g? t risks c\ld safely be tak54 ,n[ ,i feel a ne$ above all ?+s ( ! qualities t w pres]ve civilization4 ,= t pres]vation1 ( c\rse1 ,lib]ality 9 ! full s5se is necess>y1 & con/ant progress & a great developm5t ( democracy4 ,b :at is ne$$ mo/ is a return to a /&>d ( public conduct :i* 0 practis$1 or at lea/ recogniz$1 by ! be/ ,gov]nm5ts ( ! _w be=e ! w>1 & :i* n[ seems to h be5 %ak51 if n %att]$4 ,i am n dem&+ 9 any wild ideali/ _s t ,gov]nm5ts %\ld act accord+ to ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt--?\gh !y well might /udy x a good deal m ?an !y d4 ,i am only say+ t !y mu/ get back to ! /&>d ( v]acity1 ( consi/5cy1 ( hone/y & economy1 & ( intellectual compet5ce1 t we _h f ,peel or ,"l ,salisbury or ,glad/one4 ,i d n say t is en\gh4 ,x is emphatically n en\gh4 ,we ne$ 9 =eign policy & home policy a high] /&>d ?an we _h be=e1 ! /&>d impli$ by ! ,league ( ,nations 9 int]national affairs & ! ideal ( ,cop]ation 9 dome/ic affairs4 ,b ! fir/ ?+ is to recov] our :olesome tradition4 ,i ?9k few s]i\s /ud5ts ( public affairs w dispute t ! long /ra9 ( ! w>1 confus+ our ideas ( good & evil1 & at times c5tr+ our hopes ^u ?+s :i* a normal civiliz$ man reg>ds ) loa?+1 has result$ 9 a widespread degradation ( political conduct4 ,?+s are done n[1 9 "t ( peace1 :i* w\ld h be5 inconceivable be=e #aiad4 ,& !y are done n[ because we grew accu/om$ to worse ?+s dur+ ! w>4 ,i d n wi% to attack any individuals2 b1 z an in/ance ( :at ,i mean1 "o f9ds a ,m9i/]ial newspap] complac5tly rem>k+ t c]ta9 c\ntry t[ns sack$ by ! police 9 ,irel& 7 v small & poor places 9 any case1 & ! sack+ n ne>ly s complete z ! sack+ ( ,belgian t[ns by ! ,g]mans on less provocation4 ,i f9d to-day 7,novemb] #d1 #aibj7 ! ,*ief ,secret>y = ,irel& ann\nc+ 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons t he has _h a c\rt ( inquiry into ! alleg$ murd] ( ,john ,conway by ! police1 & pres5t+ an (ficial report t ,conway di$ f natural causes2 :ile at ! same "t ! ,times special correspond5t writes3 ,i w5t to ! cottage 9 ,rock ,/reet ( ,john ,conway1 :o 0 %ot on ,monday ev5+1 & saw him ly+ on 8 b$ ) a bullet w\nd 9 ! temple4 ,?is is "o case out ( doz5s4 ,x is n a slip or an isolat$ crime4 ,i put x to any man :o c rememb] ! ye>s be=e ! w> t ?is repres5ts a />tl+ degradation ( ! /&>d ( gov]nm5t4 ,su* ?+s us$ to happ5 9 ,mexico2 n[ !y happ5 9 ,great ,brita94 ,( c\rse ,i support$ ! w>4 ,i believe x 0 necess>y4 ,i make no self-righte\s claim to ?r[ ! guilt ( x ^u o!rs1 :o did ! fight+ by :i* ,i & m9e 7 sav$4 ,let me !re=e try to make cle> :y c]ta9 ?+s %ock me pr(\ndly1 :ile ,i support$ o!rs :i* c loosely be call$ j z bad4 ,"o ( ! wor/ ?+s ab\t w>1 z ,?ucydides has rem>k$1 is t x takes away y\r fre$om & puts y 9 a region ( necessity4 ,y may *oose :e!r or n to fight2 b1 once fight+1 y\r p[] ( *oice has gone4 ,take ! treaty ) ,italy 9 #aiae4 ,italy dem&$ a c]ta9 price1 if %e 0 to come into ! w> on our side4 ,ano!r p>ty 9 ,italy 0 negotiat+ ) ! ,g]mans1 to see :at inducem5t c\ld be (f]$ = ,italy to come 9 on ! o!r side4 7,i make no compla9t :atev] ( ! conduct ( ^! ,italian /atesm52 !y naturally consult$ ! int]e/s ( _! c\ntry47 ,! price 0 high1 & involv$ ! transf]5ce to ,italy ( t]ritory to :i*1 on pr9ciples ( self-det]m9ation1 %e _h little claim4 ,b :o c\ld refuse ! price8 ,w> is a viol5t ma/] & tea*es by compulsion4 ,take ! blockade ( ,g]many4 ,x 0 a sl[ & some:at cruel weapon to employ1 fall+ mo/ sev]ely on ! mo/ innoc5t classes4 ,b ,g]many 0 try+ to blockade u1 & only our sup]ior /r5g? & skill at sea caus$ h] plan to fail4 ,x 0 "p ( ! normal means ( w>1 & ( c\rse we us$ x4 ,!n came an ext5sion ( x4 ,pol&1 mo/ unhappy ( ,european nations1 0 swept by alt]nate armies1 conqu]$ by ! ,g]mans1 deva/at$ & laid b>e4 ,! ,poles 7 our allies4 ,our newspap]s _h acc\nts ( ! appall+ di/ress 9 ,pol&--! roads /rewn ) skeletons1 ! almo/ complete blott+-out ( *ildr5 "u sev51 & ! l4 ,! ,am]icans propos$ to s5d food = ! relief ( ! ,poles4 ,b we made objection4 ,we did n all[ food to g into ,pol&1 to save our own allies1 :o 7 />v+4 ,:y8 ,because ! ,g]mans 7 /ill tak+ f ! mis]able c\ntry all ! food !y c\ld wr+ out ( x4 ,& if ! ,am]icans br\ght 9 m food1 und\bt$ly ! enemy w\ld take m4 ,!re 0 no *oice4 ,we _h to refuse ! entry ( ! food %ips4 ,b ! man :o _h to sign t ord] may well h wi%$ he _h di$ be=e ! ne$ came to him4 ,^! results & necessities ( w>1 ?\gh ,i h *os5 none ( a s5sational k9d1 are v horrible4 ,x is n easy to ?9k ( actions mu* m horrible4 ,b !y are n exactly crimes1 !y are n m>ks ( degradation 9 ^? :o ord] !m1 because !y are done "u ! compulsion ( w>4 ,! alt]native 9 ea* case is some?+ equival5t to help+ ! enemy4 ,at ! end ( ! w>1 aft] ! sign+ ( an armi/ice on ! basis ( ! ,f\rte5 ,po9ts1 !re came at la/ a mom5t ( free *oice4 ,x came aft] five ye>s ( unspeakable wa/e--five ye>s dur+ :i* ! nations ( ,europe _h become habituat$ to cruelty & all pity *ok$ ) cu/om ( fell de$s4 ,i am anxi\s to avoid ! fa9te/ semblance ( heat or exagg]ation1 b ,i ?9k x c h>dly be disput$ t practically e economi/ agre$ t ,europe 0 on ! br9k ( economic ru9 & c\ld only be sav$ by a quick revival ( trade2 e man ( consci5ce1 irrespective ( political p>ty1 knew t ! fir/ condition = ! recov]y ( civilization 0 a *ange f ! w> m9d to ! peace m9d4 ,su* a *ange c\ld n happ5 9 a night4 ,x mu/ ne$s be gradual4 ,x c\ld only be br\ght ab\t by a /rong & p]si/5t lead f ^? :o possess$ ! e> ( ! _w & ! confid5ce ( _! own p4 ,nev] 9 ! :ole c\rse ( mod]n hi/ory has !re be5 a m magnific5t opportunity ?an !n lay be=e ! ,briti% ,prime ,m9i/]1 nev] has !re be5 a cle>] call ( pla9 duty4 ,he 0 free1 z m5 9 public life are seldom free4 ,great ,brita9 hung on 8 lips1 & ,europe 0 wait+ = ! lead ( ,great ,brita94 ,x 0 = him to *oose pla9 good or pla9 evil4 ,& he *ose1 delib]ately1 evil4 ,he dissolv$ ,p>liam5t & appeal$ to ! c\ntry 9 a ,g5]al ,election on a programme ( frantic w> passion1 c\pl$ ) promises :i* he knew to be false1 & :i* 7 ridicul$ by e educat$ man among 8 surr\nd+s4 ,?is man _h be=e him a task & an opportunity s glori\s t "o c sc>cely speak ( x except 9 ! language ( religion4 ,_m ord9>y m5 w\ld will+ly give _! lives if !y c\ld save _! fell[ creatures f suff]+s & p]ils f> less t]rible ?an ^? :i* !n ?reat5$4 ,& he c\ld h sav$ !m )\t any sacrifice4 ,x ne$$ only a little c\rage4 ,= a week or t5 days he hesitat$4 ,!n on ,decemb] #aa he proclaim$ 8 programme3 ! ,kais]'s head2 ! puni%m5t ( enemy w>-crim9als2 ,g]many to pay ! :ole co/ ( ! w>2 ,brita9 = ! ,briti%2 rehabilitation ( ^? :om ! w> _h brok54 ,at ! "t :5 ?is programme 0 put =w>d ,i felt bewild]$4 ,i did n realize t any "o c\ld be1 ,i w n say s wick$1 b s curi\sly de/itute ( g5]\s ambition1 s incapable ( ?9k+ greatly4 ,& :5 ,i tri$ to f9d out :at motive c\ld lie at ! back ( a failure s incr$ible1 ,i 0 told by 8 support]s t ! ,prime ,m9i/] 0 n ?9k+ ab\t ! matt]s ( :i* ,i 0 ?9k+4 ,he 0 try+ to get a v l>ge majority 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons & to cru% 8 old colleagues1 & conceivable rivals1 entirely out ( exi/5ce4 ,( c\rse he succe$$4 ,i hope ,i h put ?is /atem5t =w>d )\t any malice or p>ty feel+4 ,! /ate ( ! _w is f> too s]i\s to p]mit ( ei!r4 ,& ,i hope t ! pr(\nd & burn+ indignation :i* ,i und\bt$ly feel has n bias$ my judgm5t4 ,9 any case1 ! conclusion t ,i wi% to draw is n a p]sonal b a g5]al "o4 ,i d\bt if su* action w\ld h be5 possible be=e ! w> 9 any con/itutional /atesman1 n to speak ( a clev] & humane man l ,mr4 ,george4 ,i d\bt if ! public op9ion ( any nation w\ld h endur$ x4 ,a nation 9 :i* su* conduct is tol]at$1 & ev5 approv$1 ought surely to pause & be?9k itself4 ,= x is n a p>ticul> reckless or un=tunate act :i* is ?us condon$2 x is a way ( behavi\r4 ,x is a way ( behavi\r :i* has its orig9 9 ! me?ods ( w>1 & ( :i* ! *>act]i/ic is t x gives ! unscrupul\s man ! advantage ov] ! scrupul\s man1 ! *eat ov] ! hone/ play]1 ! viol5t & ! crim9al ov] ^? :o obey ! law4 ,x fo/]s exactly ^? ?+s :i* x is ! bus9ess ( civiliz$ society to prev5t4 ,!re are always lawless & di%one/ m5 9 e l>ge community1 z !re are crim9als 9 e army4 ,!re are always m5 :o make pr(it out ( _! neighb\rs' extremity1 :o use adv]tisem5t to /ifle tru?1 :o je] at all t is high] ?an !mselves4 ,b 9 a good social ord] !y are n influ5tial4 ,!y acquire p[] only 9 a society :i*1 9 ext]nal conduct1 is los+ its traditional /&>ds & inw>dly1 9 ! words ( ,tol/oy's great condemnation1 has =gott5 ,god4 ,my criticism "h is direct$ aga9/ my own c\ntry1 & 9 p>ticul> aga9/ ! ,briti% ,prime ,m9i/]1 n 9 ! lea/ because ,i h any anti-,briti% bias4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,i ?9k t 9 mo/ ( ! int]national problems ( ,europe ! influ5ce ( ,great ,brita91 & 9 p>ticul> ( ! ,briti% ,prime ,m9i/]1 is g5]ally an influ5ce = good1 ?\gh n ne>ly su* a /rong & cle> influ5ce z x might be4 ,i conf9e ^! criticisms to our own policy because ! scold+ ( =eign c\ntries is a notori\sly pr(itless task4 ,! only criticism t has any *ance ( be+ useful is t ( matt]s = :i* ! critic or 8 read]s h "s degree ( responsibility4 ,i believe pr(\ndly 9 ! traditions ( ,lib]al ,engl&4 ,z e "o kn[s :o has c>$ to read my writ+s1 ,i look to ! ,league ( ,nations z ! ma9 hope ( ! _w1 & to ! ,briti% ,commonweal? z ! ma9/ay ( ! ,league ( ,nations4 ,b1 if x 0 ev] d\btful1 x is surely cle> 9 ! pres5t /ate ( ! _w t ! ,commonweal? _c re/ ^u any secure f\ndation except ! good-w ( its memb]s4 ,& t good-w 9 its turn dep5ds ^u equal law1 good gov]nm5t1 & good fai?4 ,x is n a new lesson t we h to le>n3 x is an old lesson t good ,engli%m5 once knew bett] ?an any rul]s ! _w has ev] se51 ?\gh five ye>s ( madness h made x l>gely =gott54 ,b1 z ,"l ,grey has said1 ! *oice n[ be=e u is absolute2 we mu/ le>n or p]i%4 ,x is 9 ?is belief & ?is _s t ,i h writt5 ! foll[+ pages1 :i* ,i hope1 except to ^? :o /ill live 9 "s unsub/antial p>adise ( w>-br$ delusions1 w cause no p]man5t (f5ce1 nor leave ! impression t :]e ,i ?9k o!rs h made mi/akes ,i imag9e t ,i %\ld make none4 ,read]s w see t ,i h aim$ ?r\gh\t at simplicity ( outl9e4 ,i h delib]ately focus$ att5tion on ! "o c5tral problem1 h[ to avoid ! causes ( int]national /rife4 ,& out ( ! _m & multif>i\s difficulties t confront our h>ass$ ,=eign ,(fice to-day1 ,i h conc5trat$ on a few typical cases4 ,i h omitt$1 = in/ance1 any discussion ( ,turkey1 ,arm5ia1 ,p]sia1 ,irel&1 & ! relations betwe5 ,great ,brita9 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,i h omitt$ ,africa1 :]e1 unless ! :ite man's me?ods ( adm9i/ration are reconsid]$1 "o ( ! grave/ ( ! _w's future dang]s may soon be 9 f]m5tation4 ,& ,i h said no?+ ( ! economic problem 9 ,europe1 especially 9 ,au/ria4 ,! ,int]national ,f9ancial ,commission1 summon$ at ,brussels by ! ,league ( ,nations1 has issu$ a report on ?is matt] :i* no gov]nm5t c af=d to neglect4 ,its fir/ recomm5dations are dis>mam5t & fre$om ( trade1 b !y w n be en\gh )\t "s sy/em ( int]national cr$its by :i* production may be set go+ among ^? populations :i* at pres5t h nei!r food nor raw mat]ials nor ! means ( buy+ !m4 99 99 99 99 99 ,s9ce an edition ( ?is little book is ask$ = 9 ,am]ica ,i feel con/ra9$ to add a few words to ! ,preface4 ,x w be se5 t ,i h said no?+ ab\t two subjects ( ! fir/ importance1 ! ,iri% ,"q & ! relations betwe5 ,great ,brita9 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! ,iri% ,"q is1 "u pres5t conditions1 a dome/ic matt]1 s9ce ,irel& =ms by law "p ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom & has ! "r ( full repres5tation 9 ! ,briti% ,p>liam5t4 ,x only t\*es =eign policy ?r\gh its effect on =eign op9ion4 ,i d n !re=e propose to discuss ! ,iri% ,"q "h4 ,p]sonally ,i believe t a fav\rable prospect ( settlem5t is to be f\nd 9 ! policy advocat$ by ,mr4 ,asqui? & ,"l ,grey1 & loosely call$ ,dom9ion ,home ,rule4 ,?is w\ld put ,irel& r\ghly 9 ! same position z ! self-gov]n+ ,briti% colonies1 & w\ld at once h two v important effects4 ,x w\ld put an end to ! pres5t oppressions & w\ld give ,irel& ! "r to a seat at ! ,assembly ( ! ,league ( ,nations4 ,b ,i fe> t no settlem5t :atev] is possible 9 ,irel& until ! pres5t ,gov]nm5t is replac$ by "s o!r ) m s9c]ity 9 its purpose & less blood ^u its h&s4 ,! acc\nts ( ,briti% misde$s :i* ,i read 9 ! ,s9n ,fe9 ,bullet9 & 9 "s ,am]ican newspap]s appe> to me to be bo? exagg]at$ & "o-sid$4 ,m5 exasp]at$ by p]secution are n z a rule capable ( giv+ a p]fectly fair & b5evol5t acc\nt ( ! behavi\r ( _! p]secutors4 ,b 9 spite ( ! ,gov]nm5t's policy ( rigor\s concealm5t1 ! ,iri% c n[ appeal to ! evid5ce ( a witness z ne>ly unimpea*able z c be expect$ 9 human affairs1 a ,c\nty ,c\rt ,judge appo9t$ orig9ally by ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t itself4 ,judge ,bodk91 9 a report submitt$ to ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t on cases ( crime :i* came be=e 8 ,c\rt 9 ,cl>e ,c\nty at ! ,hil>y ,sessions ( #aibj1 /ates3 ,!re 7 9 all #aci cases 9 :i* x 0 prov$ t ! crim9al injuries 7 committ$ by arm$ =ces ( ! ,gov]nm5t1 & only 9 ! five cases already m5tion$ 7 any witnesses exam9$ to ju/ify1 d5y1 or expla94 ,9 no case 0 !re any evid5ce to sugge/ t ! victims _h be5 guilty ( any (f5ce4 ,9 answ] to a report l ?is ! ,gov]nm5t all[s no public inquiry1 inflicts1 s f> z is kn[n1 no puni%m5t on ! crim9als1 aw>ds no comp5sation to ! victims1 & yet does n take any legal /eps aga9/ its accus]4 ,su* conduct does n seem compatible ) innoc5ce4 ,inde$ ! complicity ( ! ,gov]nm5t1 p>ticul>ly ( ,mr4 ,lloyd ,george & ,sir ,ham> ,gre5wood1 9 ! sy/em ( illegal outrages call$ reprisals is no long] disput$1 & has especially be5 br\ght out 9 ,p>liam5t by a cons]vative memb]1 ,mr4 ,oswald ,moseley4 ,! exact degree ( complicity is1 ( c\rse1 op5 to d\bt4 ,if ,i may give my own op9ion = :at x is wor?1 ,i suspect t at "s "t :5 ! ,iri% police =ces 7 dispos$ to resign or to /rike ow+ to ! con/ant dang] ( assass9ation 9 :i* ! ,gov]nm5t's policy requir$ !m to live1 ! ,gov]nm5t gave _! (fic]s "s assurance t1 if !y w\ld only /ay on1 _! own conduct 9 deal+ ) ,s9n ,fe9]s w\ld n be too closely scrut9iz$4 ,t 0 ! usual me?od pursu$ by ! ,cz>'s ,gov]nm5t :5 arrang+ pogroms4 ,! def5ce ( ! ,briti% ,m9i/]s is t !y 7 fac$ f ! outset by a v difficult situation1 ow+ to ! irreconcilable diff]5ces betwe5 ! nor!a/ corn] ( ,ul/] & ! re/ ( ,irel&4 ,anxi\s = ,tory support !y gave pl$ges1 ! exact t5or ( :i* has n be5 divulg$1 to ,sir ,edw>d ,c>son1 ! ,ul/] lead]1 & ?us ti$ _! own h&s4 ,! condition ( ,irel& became increas+ly embitt]$1 till1 %ortly aft] ,sir ,ham> ,gre5wood's appo9tm5t1 ! extreme ,s9n ,fe9 p>ty1 refus+ p>liam5t>y action & unable to meet ! ,engli% 9 battle1 adopt$ a policy ( assass9ation4 ,! ,gov]nm5t1 mu* emb>rass$1 did j :at mo/ bad gov]nm5ts g5]ally h done 9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w4 ,!y tri$ to /amp out ! ,s9n ,fe9 t]ror by organiz+ a t]ror ( _! own1 meet+ crime by /ill m =midable crime1 & recklessly confus+ ! innoc5t ) ! guilty4 ,at la/ !y h succe$$ 9 unit+ all ,ca?olic ,irel& 9 su* dete/ation ( ! ,briti% "n t an ,iri%man w n[ nev] betray ano!r ,iri%man1 h[ev] guilty1 to ! ,briti% police1 nor ev5 feel t ! kill+ ( an ,engli%man is q ! same ?+ z murd]4 ,?+s be+ 9 ?is /ate1 ! ,gov]nm5t pleads1 h[ c we be expect$ to gov]n ,irel& accord+ to civiliz$ /&>ds8 ,! answ] is t !y _c1 & _h bett] make room = ano!r ,gov]nm5t :i* c4 ,i _c tell h[ great an effect ?is ,iri% calamity has _h 9 embitt]+ ! relations betwe5 ,am]ica & ,great ,brita94 ,i w\ld only v5ture to lay be=e ,am]icans ( mod]ate views my conviction t ! great mass ( educat$ op9ion 9 ,engl& jo9s ) ! ,free ,lib]als & ! ,lab\r ,p>ty 9 utt]ly condemn+ ! ,gov]nm5t's ,iri% adm9i/ration4 ,?is conclusion is d]iv$ f p]sonal conv]sation ) p ( v>i\s p>ties1 & f ! ov]:elm+ anti-,gov]nm5t votes 9 ! bye-elections1 & ! increas+ prote/s & rebellions among ! ,gov]nm5t's support]s 9 ,p>liam5t4 ,i h to admit t ?is condemnation is n reflect$ 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons z a :ole1 an utt]ly abnormal ,h\se elect$ 9 a mom5t :5 n only ! fev] ( w>1 b _m o!r fev]s & corruptions ( ! body politic 7 at _! height4 ,x is n ev5 reflect$ adequately 9 ! press4 ,= ! press 9 ,engl&1 ) a few mo/ hon\rable exceptions1 is 9 ! h&s ( a small numb] ( individuals :o--to say ! lea/ ( x--7 n elect$ to _! pres5t position ( p[] by ! confid5ce ( _! c\ntrym5 nor appo9t$ !reto on gr\nds ( intellect or "* or public _s4 ,engl& is admitt$ly n 9 a v heal?y /ate ( m9d4 ,b1 ev5 n[1 at h] wor/1 %e is a f> bett] & m dec5t c\ntry ?an c\ld be conclud$ f ei!r ! ,london press or ! ,h\se ( ,commons4 ,! picture ,i h giv5 ( ,european affairs may1 ,i c well see1 be tak5 9 ei!r ( two ways by an ,am]ican4 ,x may well confirm 8 det]m9ation to keep absolutely cle> ( a _w at once s ill-direct$ & s mis]able4 ,! case = ,am]ican isolation is v easy to /ate & to und]/&4 ,:at is !re to attract ,am]ica t[>ds fur!r cop]ation ) any ( ! l>g] ,european nations8 ,france8 ,i c imag9e no sane /atesm5 wi%+ to be drawn into ! orbit ( ,france 9 h] pres5t mood or ) h] pres5t prospects4 ,g]many8 ,! exi/+ ,g]man ,gov]nm5t seems good1 b old enmities d n s quickly die d[n1 & ,g]many has /ill to prove t %e is an hone/ & a peaceful p[]4 ,russia8 ,to ask ! "q is to answ] x4 ,engl&8 ,:o w\ld wi% to cop]ate ) ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t 9 hold+ d[n ,irel& by competition 9 crime1 9 re/abli%+ h] slipp]y grasp on ,mesopotamia1 labori\sly pacify+ ,india & ,egypt1 & /ruggl+ indef9itely aga9/ ,russian conspiracies to de/roy h] influ5ce 9 ! ,moslem _w8 ,h[ c an ,am]ican wi% to remit ,engl&'s debt to ,am]ica :5 %e is at ?is mom5t invad+ ,g]many 9 ord] to collect to ! la/ f>?+ a claim :i* ! ,am]ican delegates at ! ,peace ,conf]5ce reject$ z extortionate8 ,& :o w\ld wi% to increase ! weal? ( a ,gov]nm5t :i*1 imm$iately aft] ! ,w> to end ,w>1 is lavi%+ all x c af=d1 & m1 on armam5ts & milit>y exp$itions8 ,o!r less plausible argum5ts c\ld easily be add$4 ,! sugge/ion1 = in/ance1 t ?is c\ntry1 or any p>ty or any fraction ( a p>ty 9 ?is c\ntry1 int5ds or ev] int5d$ to use ! ,japanese ,alliance = a w> aga9/ ! ,unit$ ,/ates is ! m]e/ moon%9e1 & has be5 repeat$ly disprov$ by ! t]ms ( ! old treaty & by ! public /atem5ts ( bo? p>ties4 ,b1 tak+ only argum5ts t h "s basis ( tru?1 ! case = ,am]ican isolation is v /rong4 ,& yet x is ! wrong case4 ,x is bas$1 ,i v5ture to ?9k1 fir/ on a misund]/&+1 & next on too n>r[ a po9t ( view4 ,a misund]/&+2 because x is n cop]ation 9 t s5se :i* is ask$ ( h]4 ,%e is n ask$ to support ! policies ( any ,european nation4 ,! ,league ( ,nations is n an alliance4 ,%e is ask$ only to sit 9 c\ncil ) ! o!r nations--z free & unpl$g$ z !y1 or1 if %e wi%es1 /ill m s--to help ^? :o h suff]$1 & are 9 "p /ill sick 9 body & bra9 ) _! suff]+1 to face ! va/ problems :i* n[ confront mank9d1 & :i* ! re/ ( u h pl$g$ ourselves to face 9 ! _s ( peace & ju/ice & common s5se :i* we ?\ght 0 *>act]i/ically ,am]ican4 ,x is bas$ on too n>r[ a view1 because all summ>y judgm5ts ( =eign nations are t1 :e!r !y end 9 praise or blame4 ,la noble1 l'incomp>able ,anglet]re ( ,m4 ,bri& is j z remote f fact z ! brutal & bloody ,brita9 ( ,mr4 ,he>/4 ,nations are made up ( masses ( individuals1 :o diff] among !mselves )9 ea* nation j ab\t z mu* z ! citiz5s ( "o nation diff] f ^? ( ano!r4 ,9 e nation !re are numb]s ( crim9als & numb]s ( f9e m54 ,9 e nation's pa/ !re are black places & :ite4 ,only x s happ5s t j n[1 aft] a "t ( hide\s suff]+ & wrong-do+1 9 ! mid/ ( a "t ( savage res5tm5ts & passions & great mat]ial difficulties1 ! nations ( ! _w are f ! dep? ( _! he>ts long+ = "s way ( avoid+ w> & treat+ "o ano!r 9 future a little m op5ly & fairly ?an !y h 9 ! pa/4 ,!y "k !y mu/ h disputes1 & t :5 ! disputes come x is "o ( two ?+s2 !y mu/ ei!r talk !m out or fight !m out4 ,!y are meet+ to talk !m out4 ,b h[ c ! talk be q frank & free1 or h[ c ! promises ( peace & fair deal+ c>ry full conviction1 :ile ! greate/ & ! lea/ w\nd$ ( all ! nations refuses to jo9 9 !m1 b sits alo( 9 sil5ce1 f "t to "t %>p5+ h] sword8 ,g4 ,m4 ,,cont5ts ,,preface v ,i4 ,,g]many ,,& ,,france #a ,i4 ,,! ,,pr$icam5t ,,( ,,g]many #a ,,ii4 ,,! ,,position ,,( ,,france #cc ,,iii4 ,,! ,,solution #db ,,ii4 ,,! ,,ea/ #eh ,i4 ,,syria1 ,,mesopotamia1 ,,egypt1 ,,& ,,india #eh ,,ii4 ,,an ,,ea/]n ,,policy #gj ,,iii4 ,,russia ,,& ,,its ,,bord]s #hj ,i4 ,,! ,,civil ,,w> #hb ,,ii4 ,,russia',s ,,neighb\rs #ij ,,iv4 ,,pre-,,w> ,,& ,,po/-,,w> ,,causes ,,( ,,/rife #ih ,i4 ,,armam5ts #ajj ,,ii4 ,,m>kets ,,& ,,food #ajg ,v4 ,,! ,,league ,,( ,,nations #aad ,,books ,,= ,,fur!r ,,read+ #abe ,,! ,,problem ,,( ,,=eign ,,policy ,,*apt] ,i ,,g]many ,,& ,,france ,i4 ,,! ,,pr$icam5t ,,( ,,g]many ,a fri5d ( m9e 0 rec5tly travell+ 9 ,g]many 9 a ?ird-class railway c>riage4 ,! eng9e 0 sl[ & 9 lack ( oil4 ,! c>riages1 once s clean1 w>m1 & well light$1 7 unlit1 dirty1 & bitt]ly cold4 ,!re 0 an air ( brok5 n]ves & mis]y among ! pass5g]s1 & "o woman 0 /ill sobb+ f "s indignity (f]$ to h] by a =eign (ficial 9 ! occupi$ area4 ,pres5tly an old g5tleman1 app>5tly a lawy] ( "s em95ce1 broke out3 ,a reckon+ mu/ come4 ,my little gr&*ildr5 are dr9k+ 9 rev5ge ) _! "m's milk4 ,9 ?irty ye>s or !reab\ts we %all settle acc\nts ) ,france1 & !n we %all make--he swept ! air ) 8 h&--tabula rasa6 ,h]r ,ju/izrat1 answ]$ a y\ng] man1 did y take "p 9 ! w>8 ,i ?9k n--y w\ld be ov] ! age4 ,i 0 9 ! w> = f\r ye>s4 4 4 4 ,i agree ) y t1 9 all probability1 9 ?irty or =ty ye>s we %all settle our acc\nt ) ,france & make tabula rasa4 ,& 9 ?irty or =ty ye>s aft] t ,france w h h] reckon+ ) u & make tabula rasa ( ,g]many2 & !n we aga91 & s on4 ,b1 if y w excuse me1 ,h]r ,ju/izrat1 ,i d n f9d 9 ! prospect any ( ! satisfaction :i* x appe>s to give y4 ,an incid5t ( ?is sort may be significant or may n4 ,x may be typical or may be exceptional4 ,b my fri5d's exp]i5ce seems exactly to agree ) ! report made by ,h]r ,simons to ! ,rei*/ag 9 ! la/ week ( ,augu/1 #aibj1 ^u ! attitude ( ! ,g]man ,gov]nm5t t[>ds ! w> !n proce$+ betwe5 ,pol& & ,russia4 ,! ,ent5te ,p[]s _h invit$ ,g]many to take c]ta9 unneutral /eps on ! side ( ,pol&2 ! ,gov]nm5t _h1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 refus$4 ,! ,soviet ,gov]nm5t _h also invit$ ,g]many to jo9 9 ! w> on _! side1 hold+ out ! hope t su* action by ,g]many w\ld precipitate a ,bol%evik revolution 9 ,pol& & o!r p>ts ( ea/]n ,europe & lead to an alliance capable ( defy+ ! ,ent5te4 ,! ,g]man ,gov]nm5t1 said ,h]r ,simons1 c>efully consid]$ ^! proposals1 z x felt b\nd to consid] any possible prospect ( escape = ,g]many f ! intol]able s]vitude impos$ ^u h] by ! ,peace ( ,v]sailles1 b decid$ t x 0 n 9 ! public int]e/ to accept !m4 ,?us ! ,g]man ,=eign ,m9i/]1 a man respect$ by all p>ties1 expresses 9 sob] & ?\ghtful language mu* ! same s5tim5t z ! ,ju/izrat 9 8 passion4 ,! ,peace ( ,v]sailles has1 l mo/ settlem5ts impos$ by conqu]ors ^u _! beat5 enemies1 produc$ a condition s intol]able t ! vanqui%$ mu/ be expect$ to seize ! fir/ fav\rable opportunity = fight+ to free !mselves4 ,x has s[n ! se$s ( future w>4 ,n[1 x 0 ! great hope ( ,engli% ,lib]als & ^? :o agre$ ) !m1 t1 contr>y to almo/ all prec$5t1 ?is w> might be end$ by a peace s high-m9d$ & /atesmanlike & f>-see+1 s scrupul\sly fair to ! vanqui%$ & s s+le-m9d$ly set ^u ! heal+ ( national w\nds & ! recon/ruction ( a %att]$ society1 t ! ord9>y motives = a w> ( rev5ge w\ld n exi/1 & ! nations might really cop]ate ) "o ano!r to save all ,europe f a common ru94 ,9 #aiad & #aiae1 :5 w> /ill seem$ to ,engli%m5 an almo/ incr$ible horror1 & x 0 /ill necess>y to appeal to m5's consci5ces if we wi%$ !m to fight1 volunte]s 7 invit$ = a w> to end w>4 ,! /atesm5 :o1 9 ^? days1 7 /ill ! lead]s ( ! c\ntry1 7 emphatic 9 /at+ t we 7 n engag$ 9 any attempt to de/roy or oppress ! ,g]man p1 b only ! milit>y dom9ation ( ,prussia4 ,ev5 lat]1 :5 ! ,lib]al & ideali/ elem5ts 9 ! c\ntry )]$ 9 ! poison\s air or 7 supplant$ by m robu/ =ces1 x seem$ z if ,presid5t ,wilson 0 uphold+1 ) ev5 great] insi/5ce & emphasis1 ! bann] ( ultimate reconciliation z ! goal ( ! w>4 ,= ! w> itself he prescrib$ ,=ce1 ,=ce to ! utmo/1 ,=ce )\t /9t or limit1 righte\s & triumphant ,=ce1 :i* %all make ,"r ! ,law ( ! ,_w & ca/ e selfi% dom9ion d[n 9 ! du/ 7,april #f1 #aiah72 b1 z soon z ! ,hoh5zoll]ns 7 ov]?r[n1 he 0 = :at he call$ peace )\t victory1 a peace ) no elem5t ( rev5ge1 a new int]national ord] bas$ ^u broad & univ]sal pr9ciples ( "r & ju/ice 7,febru>y #aa1 #aiah74 ,especial emphasis 0 laid on our good-w t[>ds ! ,g]man p4 ,we h no qu>rel ) ! ,g]man p4 ,we h no feel+ t[>ds !m b "o ( sympa?y & fri5d%ip 7,april #b1 #aiag74 ,!y did n orig9ate or desire ?is hide\s w> 4 4 4 we are fight+ _! cause1 z !y w "s day see x1 z well z our own 7,flag ,day1 #aiag74 ,x is n cle> t ?is ideal 0 an impossible "o4 ,! w> ( ,prussia aga9/ ,au/ria 9 #ahff 0 unscrupul\s & aggressive 9 its orig92 b ,bism>ck meant x to end 9 a reconciliation aft] victory1 & s x did4 ,he secur$ a peace :i* left no /+ ( inju/ice beh9d x1 ,l9coln did n live to make ! settlem5t ) ! ,s\? aft] ! ,am]ican ,civil ,w>2 b en\gh is kn[n ( 8 int5tions to make u sure t he int5d$ to c>ry ?r\gh at all co/s a peace ( reconciliation1 extremely diff]5t f t :i* took place :5 he 0 gone4 ,! ,briti% w> aga9/ ! ,bo]s 9 #ahii-aijb1 ?\gh op5 to ! sev]e/ criticism 9 its orig91 end$ 9 a g5u9e peace ( reconciliation 9 ! settlem5t ( #aijf1 = :i* ! rew>d came rapidly & 9 full measure at ! outbreak ( ! ,great ,w>4 ,_h ?+s be5 a little diff]5t 9 #aiah1 _h ,presid5t ,wilson _h ! same support f 8 own p t he _h f ! be/ elem5ts 9 ,europe1 _h a ,lib]al or ,lab\r ,gov]nm5t be5 9 p[] to make a settlem5t ( ! ,great ,w> l ! settlem5t :i* foll[$ ! ,bo] ,w>1 _h ! popul> influ5ces ( ! "t be5 bett] guid$1 ,europe might h _h a g5u9ely ,lib]al peace4 ,inde$1 x seem$ at ! la/ mom5t almo/ c]ta9 t a ,lib]al peace _h be5 secur$4 ,9 an address to ,congress on ,janu>y #h1 #aiah1 ,presid5t ,wilson laid d[n 8 memorable ,f\rte5 ,po9ts to be obs]v$ 9 any treaty ( peace ) ,g]many4 ,! fir/ five may be especially not$3 #a4 ,op5 cov5ants ( peace op5ly arriv$ at1 aft] :i* !re %all be no private int]national und]/&+s ( any k9d1 b diplomacy %all always proce$ frankly & 9 ! public view4 #b4 ,absolute fre$om ( navigation ^u ! seas outside t]ritorial wat]s1 alike 9 peace & 9 w>1 except z ! seas may be clos$ 9 :ole or 9 "p by int]national action = ! en=cem5t ( int]national cov5ants4 #c4 ,! removal z f> z possible ( all economic b>ri]s1 & ! e/abli%m5t ( an equality ( trade conditions among all nations cons5t+ to ! peace & associat+ !mselves = its ma9t5ance4 #d4 ,adequate gu>antees giv5 & tak5 t national armam5ts w be r$uc$ to ! l[e/ po9t consi/5t ) dome/ic safety4 #e4 ,a free1 op5-m9d$ & absolutely imp>tial adju/m5t ( all colonial claims1 bas$ ^u a /rict obs]vance ( ! pr9ciple t 9 det]m9+ all su* que/ions ( sov]eignty ! int]e/s ( ! populations conc]n$ mu/ h equal weight ) ! equitable claims ( ! ,gov]nm5t ^: title is to be det]m9$4#a ,footnote #a3 ,! o!r po9ts 7 briefly3 ,evacuation ( ,russia3 re/oration ( ,belgium2 ( ,france2 transf]5ce ( ,alsace-,lorra9e2 t]ritorial settlem5t ( ,italy2 autonomy ( peoples ( ,au/ria-,hung>y2 settlem5t ( ,balkan ,/ates2 ( ,turkey2 re/oration ( ,pol&2 & la/ly a ,league ( ,nations--?\gh ,presid5t ,wilson nev] us$ t some:at inaccurate phrase4 ,i %\ld l to ackn[l$ge "h my indebt$ness to ! admirable & conv5i5t s]ies ( publications issu$ by ! ,am]ican ,association = ,int]national ,conciliation1 #djg ,we/ #aag? ,/reet1 ,new ,york4 ,! ,f\rte5 ,po9ts 7 n only acclaim$ by ,lib]al op9ion 9 ,engl&3 !y 7 vigor\sly circulat$ by our ,gov]nm5t propag&a 9 ,g]many & ,au/ria1 z 7 all o!r /atem5ts consid]$ likely to induce ! enemy peoples to weak5 or surr5d]4 ,on ,octob] #e1 #aiah1 ! ,g]man ,republican ,gov]nm5t propos$ peace on ! basis ( ! ,f\rte5 ,po9ts4 ,!y reque/$ ,presid5t ,wilson to take into 8 h&s ! task ( e/abli%+ peace on ! basis ( ! ,f\rte5 ,po9ts conta9$ 9 8 message to ,congress ( ,janu>y #h1 #aiah1 & on ! basis ( 8 subsequ5t proclamations1 especially 8 spee* ( ,septemb] #bg1 #aiah4 ,lat] on !y ask$ ! ,presid5t to inquire if ! ,alli$ ,gov]nm5ts also agre$ to !m4 ,9 response to 8 inquiries ! ,alli$ ,gov]nm5ts s5t 9 to him an id5tical memor&um3 ,! ,alli$ ,gov]nm5ts h giv5 c>eful consid]ation to ! correspond5ce :i* has pass$ betwe5 ! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ! ,g]man ,gov]nm5t4 ,subject to ! qualifications :i* foll[1 !y decl>e _! will+ness to make peace ) ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,g]many on ! t]ms ( peace laid d[n 9 ! ,presid5t's address to ,congress ( ,janu>y #h1 #aiah1 & ! pr9ciples ( settlem5t enunciat$ 9 8 subsequ5t addresses4 ,!y mu/ po9t out1 h[ev]1 t :at is usually describ$ z ! ,fre$om ( ! ,seas is op5 to v>i\s int]pretations1 "s ( :i* !y c\ld n accept4 ,!y mu/ !re=e res]ve to !mselves complete fre$om on ?is subject :5 !y ent] ! ,peace ,conf]5ce4 ,"o fur!r qualification 0 made by ! ,alli$ ,p[]s3 by ! re/oration ( ! invad$ t]ritories !y und]/ood t comp5sation w\ld be made by ,g]many = all damage done to ! civilian population ( ! ,allies & _! prop]ty by ! aggression ( ,g]many by l&1 by sea & f ! air4 ,?us ! ,f\rte5 ,po9ts 7 conv]t$ into a solemn int]national agreem5t4 ,! ,allies agre$ t ! treaty ( peace %\ld consi/ ( ! application 9 detail ( t fundam5tal docum5t4 ,on t und]/&+ ! ,g]mans laid d[n _! arms & surr5d]$ _! means ( def5ce4 ,x is always difficult 9 ! affairs ( a democratic c\ntry to det]m9e ! exact po9t :]e m]e inconsi/5cy & laxity ( ?\ght1 or ev5 m]e lack ( cord9ation betwe5 ! v>i\s organs ( gov]nm5t1 m]ge into some?+ l delib]ate p]fidy4 ,x may s easily happ5 t "o set ( individuals give ! promise & q ano!r set act 9 brea* ( x4 ,b an ,engli%man :o wi%es s]i\sly to und]/& ! pres5t int]national situation mu/ beg9 by realiz+ cle>ly t ! treaty impos$ on ! ,g]mans at ,v]sailles1 aft] !y _h surr5d]$ _! arms1 appe>s to !m & to a l>ge numb] ( neutral obs]v]s z a mon/r\s brea* ( fai?4 ,x contrav5$ 9 _s & 9 detail mu* ( :at !y und]/ood by ! ,f\rte5 ,po9ts4 ,i confess t1 aft] read+ c>efully ! ,g]man ,prote/ & ! ,alli$ ,reply1 x seems to me t ! ,g]man read+ ( ,presid5t ,wilson's t]ms 0 9 "s po9ts ! natural "o2 &1 ap>t f ! treaty itself1 t ! action tak5 aga9/ ! ,g]mans :5 !y 7 dis>m$ 0 n consi/5t ) ! language & ! pl$ges address$ to !m :ile !y 7 /ill 9 ! field4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 c]ta9 ( ^? responsible1 or p>tly responsible1 = ! negotiations on ! ,ent5te side1 :5 !y saw ! way ?+s 7 go+1 recall$ bitt]ly ! great hi/oric p]fidy by :i* ,rome trapp$ ,c>?age to h] doom4 ,a *>ge ( ?is k9d is1 ( c\rse1 v s]i\s2 & ! results ( ! action tak5 at ,v]sailles h be5 m ?an s]i\s4 ,i w ask my read]s pati5tly to consid] 9 broad outl9es ! causes1 psy*ological & o!r1 :i* seem to h be5 at "w2 = ( c\rse x is q possible & ev5 probable t1 ( ! ma9 actors conc]n$1 n "o _h any int5tion ( try+ to trap ! ,g]mans by p]jury4 ,"s ( !m d\btless 7 unscrupul\s m51 su* z w>s habitually ?r[ to ! surface2 b !y 7 n m5 ( ! ,ma*iavellian type4 ,two broad facts /& out cle>ly to "o :o /udies ! docum5ts4 ,fir/1 ! ,gov]nm5ts :i* accept$ ,presid5t ,wilson's ,f\rte5 ,po9ts z ! basis ( peace ) ,g]many 7 f ! />t q out ( sympa?y ) 8 _s4 ,:y1 !n1 did !y accept !m8 ,because !y _h really no *oice4 ,to refuse w\ld n h be5 only to reject a long delay$ & desp]ately ne$$ peace4 ,x w\ld h be5 to confess to ! _w t1 contr>y to s _m previ\s pr(essions1 _! aims 7 frankly :at is n[ t]m$ imp]iali/ic4 ,above all1 x w\ld h be5 to ali5ate ,mr4 ,wilson1 )\t :om victory 0 impossible4 ,!y 7 b\nd to accept4 ,b ,mr4 ,wilson's language 0 (t5 r lack+ 9 def9it5ess4 ,:o kn[s exactly :at ju/ice is1 or :at may be reg>d$ z consid]ation = ! true int]e/s ( ! ,g]man p8 ,!y accept$ ! t]ms2 b !y 7 free to use all p]missible +5uity 9 int]pret+ a docum5t :i* !y _h n drawn up1 & :i* _h be5 =c$ ^u !m 9 a "t ( ne$4 ,fur!rmore1 "o :o lab\rs ?r\gh ! f\r hundr$ & =ty articles ( ! treaty1 ) _! innum]able subdivisions1 w f9d n m]ely t ! treaty repres5ts broadly ! victory ( ! "r side ov] ! wrong1 & is a *>t] ( emancipation to l>ge p>ts ( ,europe4 ,he w f9d also t f\r hundr$ or m ( ! detail$ articles are reasonable en\gh & _m ( !m excell5t4 ,! inju/ice arises 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 t on e d\btful po9t1 & !re are _m1 ! decision is apt to be giv5 aga9/ ! enemy2 & next1 t beh9d ! respectable /ructure ( ! treaty !re exi/$ 9 fact a flood ( :ite-hot w>-passion--rev5ge1 hate1 t]ror1 suspicion1 & rag+ covet\sness--:i* poison$ ! atmosph]e & "h & !re made a brea* 9 ! protect+ wall4 ,a great ,engli% milit>y critic some:at %ock$ public op9ion by say+ at ! "t ( ! armi/ice1 ,?is armi/ice is wrong4 ,we h got !m d[n1 & n[ we ought to kick !m till we h _h en\gh4 ,! ,fr5*1 he said1 ought to h cont9u$ ! w> & m>*$ on to ,b]l91 plund]+ & ravag+ till !y _h satisfi$ _! rev5ge4 ,! words s\nd l insanity1 b ! speak] expla9$ !m lat] on4 ,a w> ( rev5ge1 he argu$1 is )9 ! limits ( p>donable human nature4 ,& x comes to an end4 ,b1 be+ *eat$ ( _! decisive campaign ( victory1 ! ,fr5* 7 mak+ a peace ( rev5ge2 & t is a ?+ :i* is apt to admit ( no =giv5ess & no f9i%4 ,i quote ^! words n because ,i agree ) !m 9 practical policy1 b because ( ! pr(\nd psy*ological tru? t !y express4 ,beh9d ! /atesm5 :o _h pl$g$ _! words1 h[ev] unwill+ly1 rema9$ masses ( ignorant1 viol5t1 & w>-madd5$ p1 _m ( !m ) t]rible wrongs to av5ge & no guide or lead] to help !m aga9/ !mselves4 ,we ne$ n recall1 ?\gh few s5sitive p w ev] =get1 ! horrors ( ! propag&a ( hate4 ,x is only wor? realiz+ t ! mob-inspir$ j\rnali/s & j\rnali/-inspir$ mobs :o clam\r$ = an utt] & all-dev\r+ peace ( rev5ge1 includ+ ! />vation & enslavem5t ( half ,europe = ?irty or fifty or a hundr$ ye>s1 _h nev] !mselves sign$ ! ,f\rte5 ,po9ts & felt no p]sonal inconsi/5cy or turpitude if !y compell$ ! ,supreme ,c\ncil ( ! ,allies to break its fai?4 ,! fir/ /ep 9 ?is policy lay outside ! treaty4 ,! ?ird ( ! ,f\rte5 ,po9ts e/abli%$ equality ( trade conditions & ! removal ( economic b>ri]s betwe5 all ! nations cons5t+ to ! peace4 ,imm$iately aft] ! armi/ice a proposal 0 made1 & met ) /rong ,am]ican support1 t ! ,allies %\ld set !mselves at once to attempt+ to cope ) ! ?reat5$ fam9e & ! lack ( raw mat]ials 9 ,c5tral ,europe1 & ?us get ,european trade on its legs aga9 z e>ly z possible4 ,?is w\ld relieve a va/ am\nt ( di/ress1 s]ve z a /epp+-/one to reconciliation1 save _m nations f ! dang] ( irrem$iable collapse1 & also make f> m possible ! re/oration ( ! invad$ areas & ! paym5t ( l>ge rep>ations by ,g]many4 ,x 0 propos$ to foll[ ! analogy ( ! peace ( #ahga2 to draw up a prelim9>y peace agreem5t1 /at+ pr9ciples & limits b n details4 ,= example1 x might be agre$ t ,g]many mu/ surr5d] "s t]ritory 9 ! ,we/ & 9 ,pol&1 b n beyond c]ta9 geographical l9es2 mu/ pay an indemnity to be fix$ on c]ta9 pr9ciples1 b n to exce$ a c]ta9 sum1 & ! l4 ,! t]ritorial agreem5t1 aga91 might be bas$ on ! elaborate /atem5t ( w> aims issu$ by ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t on ,janu>y #aj1 #aiag4 ,! ,g]mans c\ld h accept$ ?is1 & ! "w ( recon/ruction be5 begun imm$iately4 ,incalculable di/ress & suff]+ w\ld ?us h be5 sav$4 ,b ano!r view prevail$4 ,) ! %ort-sight$ness t s (t5 accompanies brutality1 ! ,g]man ,high ,comm& _h1 9 ! v la/ mon?s ( ! w>1 :5 _! defeat 0 c]ta91 tri$ sy/ematically to cripple ! indu/ry ( ,belgium & ,france by de/roy+ m9es1 break+ ma*9]y1 c>ry+ (f movable plant1 & ! l4 ,_! own manufactur+ plant 0 undamag$1 & !y indulg$ 9 ! fatu\s expectation t !y might recapture _! lo/ m>kets & spr+ into prosp]ity1 :ile ,france & ,belgium 7 /ill too crippl$ to comm5ce "w4 ,( c\rse1 ?is c\ld n be all[$4 ,! obvi\s alt]natives1 su* z allocat+ c]ta9 ,g]man factories to ,fr5* or ,belgian companies ^: plant _h be5 de/roy$1 or simply allocat+ ! pr(its to purposes ( rep>ation1 appe> n to h be5 consid]$4 ,! bl9d] motives 7 too /rong1 & no /atesman arose to give guidance4 ,all ,g]many mu/ be puni%$4 ,%e _h n be5 invad$ & ravag$4 ,%e mu/ be made to suff] ! pa9s ( invasion4 ,%e mu/ be ravag$ 9 cold blood4 ,! complete ru9 ( ,g]many1 argu$ c]ta9 ,fr5* j\rnali/s & politicians1 0 dem&$ by all consid]ations bo? ( ju/ice & ( safety1 & x _h n by any means be5 atta9$4 ,russia 0 p>alyz$ & wreck$ by ,bol%evism4 ,b ! ,g]man ,revolution _h be5 c>ri$ successfully ?r\gh4 ,! p 7 n yet demoraliz$1 & ! problem 0 h[ to demoralize !m4 ,p]haps />vation w\ld d x4 ,h5ce 0 />t$ ! policy ( delib]ately ru9+ ,g]many1 aft] h] surr5d]1 by a long blockade 9 "t ( :at1 to ! ord9>y man1 appe>$ to be peace1 & imm$iately aft] a promise ( ! removal ( economic b>ri]s & ! e/abli%m5t ( equality ( trade conditions4 ,?is 0 n a te*nical brea* ( fai?2 te*nically we 7 /ill at w> ) ,g]many1 & we _h nev] promis$ n to />ve our enemies aft] _! surr5d]4 ,! promise ( equality ( trade conditions only appli$ to conditions aft] ! peace4 ,nev]!less1 a hi/orian w probably reg>d ! e/abli%m5t & cont9uance ( ?is blockade ( ! enemy l&s aft] _! surr5d] z "o ( ^? _m acts ( almo/ incr$ible inhumanity :i* h made ! rec5t ,great ,w> conspicu\s 9 ! annals ( mank9d & %ak5 ?\ghtful m5's fai? 9 ! reality ( mod]n civilization4 ,c]ta9 articles 9 ! ,mat9 discuss+ ! exact dose ( fam9e desirable 9 ord] to create ! maximum ( individual suff]+ & public weakness 9 ! ,bo*e are difficult to p>allel 9 ! lit]ature ( morbid hate1 except among "s ( ! ,g]man w> pamphlets4 ,?us ! ,f\rte5 ,po9ts1 besides a regrettable indef9it5ess ( phras+1 _h ! fatal fault ( be+ utt]ly out ( t\* ) ! feel+ ( mo/ ( ! bellig]5ts4 ,z ! "t wore on ?is feel+ ass]t$ its influ5ce on ! t]ms ( ! treaty4 ,! ,bo*e _h delib]ately & trea*]\sly plung$ ,europe into w>2 he _h wag$ ! w> ) revolt+ cruelty2 he _h inflict$ unhe>d-( suff]+ on ! innoc5t1 &1 by a miracle1 he _h be5 beat54 ,n[ let him pay ! p5alty6 ,presid5t ,wilson _h pl$g$ ! ,allies to be j to ! ,g]man p z to all o!rs4 4 4 4 ,to propose any?+ b ju/ice to ,g]many at any "t w\ld be to r5\nce our own cause4 ,v good1 answ]$ ! dom9ant voices ( #aiah2 ! crim9al asks = ju/ice1 & s f> z our p[] rea*es1 ju/ice he %all h6 ,! total ( wrongs done by ,g]many1 9 plott+ ! w>1 9 wag+ x1 & 9 ! de/ruction ( life & prop]ty1 c\ld easily be reg>d$ z an almo/ inf9ite sum1 & ,ju/ice surely dem&$ = t an almo/ inf9ite puni%m5t4 ,! fir/ concession to ?is insi/5t pressure 0 on a po9t ( =m4 ,! language ( ! ,f\rte5 ,po9ts & ! accompany+ docum5ts impli$ t ! treaty w\ld be a matt] ( discussion & negotiation4 ,! basis 0 agre$ ^u2 x seem$ natural to suppose t ! next /ep 0 to negotiate4 ,b popul> feel+ _h caught at ! phrase unconditional surr5d]2 &1 ?\gh no?+ c\ld be cle>] ?an ! fact t ! ,g]man army _h surr5d]$ on p]fectly explicit conditions1 sign$ & agre$ to by e ,gov]nm5t conc]n$1 x 0 decid$ t t]ms 7 n to be negotiat$ b impos$4 ,mr4 ,keynes has %[n 9 an int]e/+ way h[ great 0 ! effect ( ?is decision4 ,t]ms 7 drawn up ) a view to b>ga9+1 leav+ a m>g9 = possible concessions2 & !n !re 0 no b>ga9+4 ,! :ole dem& 0 sudd5ly en=c$4 ,que/ions ( t]ritory outside ,europe 7 decid$ purely by conque/4 ,imm5se areas 9 ,asia & ,africa 7 seiz$ z spoil by ! /ronge/ ,p[]s1 ?\gh ! conditions ( _! t5ure 71 s x 0 hop$1 to be regulat$ by ! ,league ( ,nations4 ,9 "s cases !re 0 a pret5ce ( consult+ ! wi%es ( ! inhabitants2 9 mo/ cases ?is 0 n practicable4 ,9 ,syria & ,s\? ,tyrol ! wi%es ( ! inhabitants 7 notori\sly ov]ridd54 ,9 ,europe z a :ole1 h[ev]1 ! decisions 7 made on ,wilsonian pr9ciples4 ,true1 !y told heavily aga9/ ,g]many4 ,b z a matt] ( fact ! ,g]mans & ,g]man ,au/rians1 by reason ( _! great /r5g? & high organiz+ p[]1 _h an imp]ial position 9 ,europe1 & any lib]ation ( subject or quasi-subject nationalities 0 b\nd to be at ! exp5se ( ! ,g]mans4 ,! t]ritorial settlem5t1 9 spite ( ! great & ne$less di/ress produc$ by ! break-up ( ! ,au/ro-,hung>ian sy/em1 is on pr9ciples ( nationality ju/] ?an t :i* prec$$ x4 ,! m extreme anti-,g]man claims 7 successfully resi/$4 ,france 0 n all[$ to annex ,g]many up to ! ,elbe1 z ,m4 ,hanotaux wi%$2 nor ev5 up to ! ,rh9e4 ,no p>tition ( ,g]many by =ce 0 p]mitt$1 ?\gh an agitation = t purpose /ill cont9ues 9 ,france & ! prohibition ( any future union betwe5 ,g]man-,au/ria & ! re/ ( ,g]many 0 actually embodi$ 9 ! treaty4 ,! treaty ( ,b]l9 _h 9 j ! same way attempt$ to =bid ! unity ( ,bulg>ia4 ,z reg>ds ! p5al clauses1 x may be conv9c+ly argu$ t ! great crimes & cruelties & brea*es ( law :i* h signaliz$ ?is w> ought emphatically to meet ) judgm5t & puni%m5t f "s tribunal repres5t+ ! consci5ce ( civiliz$ mank9d4 ,on gr\nds ( ju/ice ! pres5ce ( su* p5al clauses 9 ! treaty c\ld be amply ju/ifi$1 ?\gh consid]ations ( policy make x m que/ionable4 ,b all ?\ghts ( equal ju/ice disappe>$ 9 d]ision :5 x 0 f\nd t only crimes committ$ by ! enemies ( ! ,ent5te 7 to be puni%$2 crimes committ$ by ,briti%1 ,fr5*1 ,italian1 ,s]bian or ,am]ican crim9als 7 privileg$ acts1 to :i* ,ju/ice _h no?+ to say4 ,?is absurd clause has1 ( c\rse1 giv5 rise to suspicions1 m absurd ?an itself1 ( d>k crimes committ$ by ,ent5te g5]als :i* mu/ be conceal$ at any co/4 ,su* sugge/ions are nons5se4 ,indef5sible z x is1 ! clause 0 dictat$ by no m s9i/] passion ?an ord9>y national vanity4 ,! economic clauses 7 op5 to grav] suspicions4 ,x 0 :isp]$ t trade int]e/s ( n q unimpea*able "* _h "s influ5ce ) memb]s ( ! ,fr5*1 ! ,italian1 & ev5 ! ,engli% ,gov]nm5t2 & ! old ,g]man accusation t ,engl& ent]$ ! w> 9 ord] to de/roy a trade rival1 utt]ly untrue at ! "t1 seem$ to receive "s col\r by ! t]ms ( peace4 ,g]many dep5d$ = h] prosp]ity on h] indu/ry & h] ov]seas trade4 ,h] indu/ry 0 wreck$ by an imm5se dem& ^u h] coal4 ,! m9es ( ,lorra9e1 ! ,sa> ,valley1 &1 subject to plebiscite1 ( ,silesia1 7 h&$ ov] to o!r /ates2 & out ( ! rema9d] ,g]many 0 condemn$ to pay an am\nt ( coal :i* prov$1 on inve/igation at ,spa1 two ye>s lat]1 to be beyond h] p[]s4 ,h] ov]seas trade 0 annihilat$ at a bl[ by ! seizure ( all ! vessels ( h] m]cantile m>9e exce$+ #afjj tons gross & a l>ge proportion ( h] small vessels & fi%+-boats1 comb9$ ) a dem& ^u su* %ips z %e might build 9 future4 ,h] voice 0 /ifl$ by ! seizure ( all h] telegraphic cables3 news h5ce=? 0 to be a monopoly ( ! conqu]ors4 ,at ! same "t all h] colonies 7 tak5 f h]4 ,%e 0 =bidd5 to set up any t>iffs = h] own protection4 ,h] navigable riv]s 7 put "u ! control ( int]national commissions on :i* ! ,g]mans or ,au/rians 7 a small m9ority4 ,& :ile x 0 some:at unctu\sly expla9$ to ,g]many t 9 a virtu\s _w trade w\ld be free & untrammell$1 & t ! commissions only int5d$ to see t %e did n erect b>ri]s aga9/ h] innoc5t neighb\rs1 !re 0 no provision :atev] made to deb> ! ,allies f erect+ :at b>ri]s !y pleas$ aga9/ ,g]many4 ,x w\ld appe> to be a fundam5tal fallacy1 decl>$ ! ,alli$ ,reply1 t ! political control ( a c\ntry is ess5tial 9 ord] to procure a reasonable %>e ( its products4 ,su* a proposal f9ds no f\ndation 9 economic law or hi/ory4 ,x has f\nd "s f\ndation 9 hi/ory s9ce4 ,! triumph ( p5al +5uity1 h[ev]1 0 ! indef9ite indemnity4 ,x 0 agre$ on bo? sides t ,g]many 0 to pay an indemnity4 ,%e did n demur4 ,inde$1 h] m\? 0 clos$ by ! mon/r\sly oppressive & inhuman proposals v>i\s ,g]mans _h !mselves put =w>d :5 !y expect$ to w9 ! w>4 ,%e _h op5ly int5d$ to ble$ ,france & ,engl& :ite4 ,n[ t %e 0 beat5 %e 0 prep>$ to pay4 ,%e accept$ ! duty ( re/or+ ! invad$ t]ritories4 ,?is 0 def9$ z rep>ation = all damage done to ! civil population ( ! ,allies by ,g]man aggression4 ,! ,g]mans probably und]/ood ?is to mean ! damage done to civilian life & prop]ty by invasions or raids2 b !y 7 told t ?is view 0 too n>r[4 ,e soldi] kill$ or w\nd$ _h civilians dep5d5t on him2 nay1 he himself 0 really a civilian =c$ by ,g]man aggression to des]t 8 bus9ess4 ,all 8 bus9ess losses1 ! sep>ation all[ances to 8 wife1 ! p5sions to ex-soldi]s or to _! dep5d5ts1 all damage to any "o's heal? or hon\r1 7 ultimately due to ,g]man aggression & %\ld be paid by ,g]many4 ,no su* t]ms _h ev] be5 he>d ( be=e1 true2 b ! ,briti% electors _h be5 promis$ t ,g]many %\ld pay ! :ole co/ ( ! w>2 & ! s5se ( ! solemn contract 0 di/ort$ to suit ! election cry4 ,aft] #ahga ! ,g]mans _h impos$ on ,france :at 0 !n consid]$ ! extremely sev]e indemnity ( two hundr$ million p\nds /]l+4 ,"s exp]ts n[ propos$ two ?\s& million /]l+ z an adequate indemnity to be paid by ,g]many1 o!rs ?ree ?\s& million4 ,t 0 em5d$ by popul> orators to t5 ?\s& million2 ?irty ?\s& million2 fifty ?\s& million4 ,absurd to say t ,g]many c\ld n pay6 ,if all ,g]man prop]ty 7 confiscat$ & all ,g]mans = sev5ty-five ye>s 7 made to "w = ! ,allies at a b>e subsi/5ce wage1 a well-kn[n ,engli% public man 0 prep>$ to get m ?an fifty ?\s& million out ( !m4 ,! ,am]icans bluntly refus$ to endorse dem&s :i* !y consid]$ extortionate4 ,! indemnity 0 left unspecifi$4 ,x %\ld dep5d on ,g]many's capacity to pay4 ,let ! ,g]mans get to "w at once & d _! be/4 ,! m !y produc$1 ! m ! ,allies w\ld take2 & if1 aft] two ye>s or s1 x became necess>y to fix ! sum1 ! less ! ,g]mans _h produc$ 9 ^? two ye>s ! less !y w\ld ev5tually h to pay4 ,x is said t "s ( ! ,briti% ,m9i/]s1 secretly anxi\s to be m reasonable ?an 0 consi/5t ) popul>ity at ! mom5t1 wi%$ to po/pone ! fix+ ( ! indemnity until ! rage ( _! own ,khaki ,election %\ld h cool$ d[n4 ,b _! calculation 0 a bad "o4 ,z ! ,g]man delegation obs]v$3 ,! ,g]man p w\ld feel !mselves condemn$ 9 slav]y1 because ev]y?+ !y accompli%$ w\ld b5efit nei!r !mselves nor ev5 _! *ildr51 b m]ely /rang]s4 ,b ! sy/em ( slave lab\r has nev] be5 successful4 ,= ! purpose ( rais+ money ! proposal 0 m]ely fatu\s4 ,x took away f ! ,g]mans e possible motive = produc+ weal?4 ,b its object 9 "s m9ds 0 n money3 its object 0 ! p]man5t ru9 ( ,g]many4 ,x 0 fe>$ 9 ,france t1 ?\gh ! ,g]mans 7 n[ exhau/$ & begg>$1 _! notori\s indu/ry & +5uity might 9 "t enable !m to pay (f _! indemnity & rise aga9 to afflu5ce & /r5g?4 ,s x 0 arrang$ t1 = "s ye>s at lea/1 !y %\ld be depriv$ ( e motive = indu/ry4 ,la/ly1 a new provision 0 made ab\t private prop]ty4 ,! rule hi!rto obs]v$ 9 ! l& w>s ( civiliz$ /ates 0 t enemy private prop]ty 0 respect$1 & if seiz$ dur+ ! w> 0 re/or$ at ! conclusion ( peace4 ,?is rule 01 ( c\rse1 en=c$ 9 fav\r ( any prop]ty belong+ to nationals ( ! ,ent5te c\ntries situat$ 9 enemy l&s2 b reciprocity 0 n admitt$4 ,! private prop]ty ( any ,g]man situate 9 any "p ( ! _w :i* 0 "u ! control ( ! ,ent5tes 0 ipso facto confiscat$4 ,! ,alli$ & ,associat$ ,p[]s res]ve ! "r to reta9 & liquidate all su* prop]ty4 ,e ,g]man1 h[ev] innoc5t1 :o _h settl$ 9 our t]ritory be=e ! w> 0 ?us expos$ to be robb$ ( ev]y?+ he possess$4 ,nay1 x seems almo/ incr$ible1 b 9 ! orig9al =m ( ! treaty :i* 0 put be=e ! enemy = signature ! /ipulation seems actually to h be5 laid d[n t any prop]ty :i* a ,g]man might h]eaft] make or acquire 9 ,ent5te t]ritory %\ld be liable to confiscation at ! w ( ! ,ent5te ,gov]nm5ts6 ,?is clause 0 too mu* ev5 = ! atmosph]e ( ,v]sailles1 & 9 response to ! ,g]man prote/ ! /ipulation ab\t ! future 0 dropp$4#b ,= ! re/ ( ! confiscation1 ! ,ent5te ,reply braz5s x out ) ! rem>k t ! prop]ty is n really tak5 f ! individual1 z 8 own ,gov]nm5t c always pay him back6 ,& 9 case ! private prop]ty ( ,g]mans 9 neutral c\ntries %\ld h an unfair advantage1 ! ,rep>ation ,commission obta9$ special p[]s = confiscat+ t too1 up to ! limit ( #ajj1jjj1jjj4 ,footnote #b3 ,see ,keynes1 pp4 #fj-ajb4 ,a provision 0 kept enabl+ all su* private prop]ty to be confiscat$ 9 case ! ,g]man ,gov]nm5t %\ld volunt>ily fail to fulfil its engagem5ts4 ,b ?is also 0 dropp$ by ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t 9 ,octob]1 #aibj4 ,we ne$ n /op to consid] :e!r !re 0 any extraord9>y exhibition ( ,teutonic insol5ce 9 ! action ( c]ta9 ,g]man (ficials :o resign$ _! (fices r ?an sign ?is treaty2 nor ne$ we swell ! *orus ( ,engli%1 ,fr5*1 ,italian1 & ,am]ican newspap]s 9 express+ ! natural horror ( ^? ref9$ nations at ! bad mann]s ( ,c\nt ,brockdorf-,rantzau 9 actually break+ a pap]-knife 9 ! /ress ( 8 emotion1 :51 "u prote/1 he cons5t$ to sign4 ,!re 0 "o man among ! ,briti% repres5tatives :o _h kn[n :at x 0 to be conqu]$ aft] a desp]ate w>4 ,g5]al ,smuts 0 a man ( imag9ation z well z a soldi] & a /atesman4 ,he hesitat$ long be=e sign+ ! treaty2 & :51 9 ! end1 he decid$ t x 0 necess>y to d s1 he imm$iately publi%$ a /atem5t ( prote/4 ,i h sign$ ! peace treaty1 n because ,i consid] x a satisfactory docum5t1 b because x is imp]atively necess>y to close ! w>4 4 4 4 ,! six mon?s s9ce ! armi/ice 0 sign$ h p]haps be5 z upsett+1 unsettl+1 & ru9\s to ,europe z ! previ\s f\r ye>s ( w>4 ,i look ^u ! peace treaty z ! close ( ^? two *apt]s ( w> & armi/ice1 & only on t gr\nd d ,i sign x4 ,lib]al op9ion 9 ,engl& mutt]$ ass5t4 ,"s important (ficials resign$4 ,b ! fe> ( upsett+ peace altoge!r prev5t$ any op5 prote/ 9 ,p>liam5t4 ,we ne$ n lose ourselves 9 speculations z to ! /range devices to :i* public m5 c s9k :5 _! self-int]e/ is cle> & _! responsibility c be d5i$ or evad$2 nor yet z to ! inf9ite ramifications by :i* w> spreads its poison ?r\gh human society1 a ?+ twice-curs$1 curs+ him t /rikes & him t suff]s4 ,! old ,g]man ,gov]nm5t _h committ$ a va/ crime aga9/ humanity2 its p _h back$ x up1 z all ,european peoples back up _! own ,gov]nm5ts1 & c\ld n expect to escape heavy puni%m5t4 ,! "o "q we ne$ ask ourselves is ?is3 ,is x n z c]ta91 z any?+ 9 human nature c be1 t a treaty ( su* a "*1 impos$ on a conqu]$ nation by =ce1 if n also by trea*]y1 w1 z a matt] ( c\rse & )\t ! fa9te/ scruple1 be brok5 z soon z !re is a fav\rable opportunity = break+ x8 ,( c\rse ! ,g]mans w break x if !y c2 & ( c\rse !y w make ano!r w>1 call x a w> ( rev5ge or a w> = fre$om z y please1 z soon z !re is any *ance ( w9n+ x4 ,s said ! ,ju/izrat 9 ! tra94 ,s1 9 effect1 says ,h]r ,simons2 s almo/ ad nauseam repeat all ! ,g]man ,cons]vative & patriotic newspap]s4 ,x is difficult to see h[ any ,g]man :o is n a conv9c$ pacifi/ %\ld d o!rwise ?an prep>e ) all 8 en]gies = ! next w>1 unless "s o!r way is made possible ( escape f a torm5t+ s]vitude4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,position ,,( ,,france ,if t is s1 :at is ! position ( ,france8 ,france 9 #aiad 0 =c$ into a w> :i* %e tri$ h>d to avoid4 ,! ,fr5* suff]$ horribly & f\ght h]oically4 ,!y sacrific$ ev]y?+ to ! w>4 ,& we1 :o "k :at our own p paid 9 brok5 n]ve1 9 bitt]ness1 & 9 economic dislocation1 _c be surpris$ t ,france has paid a heavi] price4 ,!y escap$ defeat by ! help ( ,engl&1 ,russia1 ,italy1 & ,am]ica2 )\t ^! p[]ful allies !y w\ld c]ta9ly h be5 defeat$4 ,we ne$ n try to e/imate exactly :at _! fate w\ld h be5 if !y _h lo/ ! late w>1 because if !y lose ! next _! treatm5t w be inf9itely worse4 ,x w be1 z f> z possible1 tabula rasa4 ,x w be ! pass+ ( ! horse-ho(s ( ,attila4 ,meantime ,france's allies are1 naturally en\gh1 go+ home & att5d+ to _! own bus9esses2 h] population is mu* small] ?an ,g]many's & increases ev5 m sl[ly4 ,a ,fr5* /atesman ( ! type ( ,m4 ,po9c> or ,m4 ,hanotaux makes himself no illusions4 ,g]many is ! enemy4 ,g]many w fight aga9 z soon z %e is /rong en\gh4 ,!re=e %e mu/ nev] be all[$ to become /rong en\gh4 ,m4 ,hanotaux1 :o 0 ,=eign ,m9i/] dur+ ! ye>s #ahid-ih1 :5 ,fr5* =eign policy 0 m ably manag$ ?an n[1 has rec5tly publi%$ a book 9 criticism ( ! ,treaty ( ,v]sailles4 ,he does n deal 9 any ,wilsonian phrases ab\t ju/ice or humanity2 he consid]s ! treaty solely ) a view to ! security ( ,france1 & he f9ds x sadly want+4 ,& a l>ge mass ( op9ion1 probably ! prevail+ op9ion1 9 ,france supports him4 ,fir/ ( all1 x mu/ be rememb]$1 ,france want$1 & ?\ght %e _h receiv$1 a special gu>antee aga9/ future ,g]man attacks 9 ! =m ( a def5sive ,alliance betwe5 ,france1 ,engl&1 & ,am]ica4 ,! repres5tatives at ,p>is _h agre$ to ?is treaty1 :i* def9itely pl$g$ ,engl& & ,am]ica to come aga9 to ! help ( ,france 9 case ( ano!r unprovok$ attack by ,g]many4 ,! ,engli% ,p>liam5t1 amid "s prote/s1 ratifi$ ! treaty1 b ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,s5ate ?rew x out1 & !re) ! treaty ceas$ to be b9d+ on ,engl&4 ,i ?9k1 aft] consid]able hesitation1 t ! rejection ( ! treaty 0 a mis=tune4 ,=mally1 no d\bt1 x 0 op5 to objection4 ,x seem$ l an unnecess>y excresc5ce ^u ! ,cov5ant ( ! ,league ( ,nations1 :i* already gave gu>antees aga9/ w>4 ,x contrav5$ "o ( ,mr4 ,wilson's pr9ciples1 & a v s\nd "o1 laid d[n on ,septemb] #bg1 #aiah3 ,?irdly1 !re c be no leagues or alliances or special cov5ants & und]/&+s )9 ! g5]al & common family ( ! ,league ( ,nations4 ,yet ! practical importance ( reassur+ ,france 0 s urg5t t a little =mal incorrectness might h be5 wor? incurr+2 & ev5 =mal incorrectness c\ld h be5 avoid$ by ! simple exp$i5t ( mak+ ?is gu>antee to ,france take ! =m ( a special rid] to ,article ,,xvi ( ! ,cov5ant4 ,t article provides3 ,%\ld any memb] ( ! ,league resort to w> 9 disreg>d ( its cov5ants "u ,articles ,,xii1 ,,xiii1 or ,,xv1 x %all ipso facto be deem$ to h committ$ an act ( w> aga9/ all o!r memb]s ( ! ,league1 :i* h]eby und]take imm$iately to 4 4 4 ,to d :at8 ,"o expects t !y w und]take to decl>e w>1 & ?is is :at ! ,fr5* want$4 ,b no4 ,!y only und]take to apply an economic boycott to ! (f5d+ /ate1 :ile ! ,c\ncil may recomm5d to ! sev]al ,gov]nm5ts conc]n$ :at effective milit>y1 naval1 or air =ce !y %all sev]ally contribute to ! arm$ =ces to be us$ to protect ! cov5ants ( ! ,league4 ,9 case ( a future attack by ,g]many on ,france1 ,france's late allies are b\nd to boycott ,g]man trade1 b are n explicitly b\nd to give milit>y help to ,france4 ,i sugge/ t x w\ld h be5 possible = ,great ,brita9 & ,am]ica to add a rid] /at+ specifically t 9 "o ( ! cases contemplat$ by ?is article1 namely1 an unprovok$ attack on ,france by ,g]many1 !y w\ld n m]ely proclaim a blockade & consid] :at to d next1 b w\ld imm$iately & unconditionally decl>e w>4 ,su* an und]tak+ w\ld involve "s risk & be contr>y to our usual policy2 b ,i am incl9$ to sugge/ t ! risk w\ld h be5 wor? tak+4 ,h[ev]1 ?is 0 n done4 ,france 0 left ) ! impression t if attack$ %e c\ld n c\nt ) confid5ce on ! milit>y support ( h] late allies or ( ! o!r ,p[]s ( ! ,league4 ,! result 0 disa/r\s4 ,:ile ! re/ ( ,europe1 support$ by a small b g5]\s & brilliant b& ( ,fr5* radicals & ,sociali/s1 consid]$ ! ,treaty ( ,v]sailles intol]ably h>%1 ! dom9ant ,fr5* policy compla9$ t x 0 inadequate = h] protection4 ,! l9e ( criticism 0 some:at z foll[s3 #a4 ,g]many %\ld h be5 brok5 up4 ,no peace %\ld h be5 made ) ,g]many z a :ole1 b sep>ate treaties ( peace ) ,saxony1 ,bav>ia1 ,we/phalia1 ,prussia1 etc4 ,^! /ates %\ld h be5 provid$ ) sep>ate sy/ems ( co9age1 po/age1 t>iffs1 laws1 etc41 s z to make ! div]sity /able & p]man5t4 ,!y %\ld be =bidd5 ev] to unite4 ,also1 ,france %\ld h annex$ a l>ge "p ( ,g]many2 n up to ! ,rh9e--:i* 0 ! view ( ,m>%al ,fo*--b up to ! ,elbe4 ,! occupation ( ?is t]ritory might impose a burd5 on ,france1 b burd5s mu/ be borne :5 su* important purposes are involv$4 ,& aft] all ! co/ c\ld be *>g$ to ! ,g]mans6 4 4 4 ,z ?is simple precaution 0 n tak51 ! next be/ ?+ is to keep ,g]many weak4 ,/>ve h] by ! blockade till %e] mis]y produces a ,bol%evik revolution & society collapses 9 common ru94 ,!n apply ! indef9ite indemnity1 n f ! desire to get money1 b to prev5t ,g]many aga9 rais+ h] head4 #b4 ,s9ce ,france's late allies _c be reli$ ^u1 %e mu/ make by diplomacy new allies ^: h&s %e c =ce1 & :o occupy a conv5i5t geographical situation4 ,pol& is 9 j ! "r place4 ,let ,france help ,pol& & /imulate ,poli% ambitions4 ,%e too is a nation madd5$ by suff]+ & n[ dazzl$ by success4 ,a great imp]iali/ ,pol&1 on bad t]ms ) h] neighb\rs1 b back$ by ,france1 w ne$ a l>ge & effective army1 & w be ready to /rike at ,g]many's re> ! mom5t %e attempts to move we/w>d4 ,un=tunately1 ,pol& is apt to be on bad t]ms ) ,russia2 & z ?+s n[ are ,russia is s mu* ! enemy ( ! ,ent5te t %e is ?r[n into ! arms ( ,g]many4 ,t is deplorable & mu/ n be all[$ to cont9ue4 ,! ,bol%eviks mu/ be ov]?r[n & a ,gov]nm5t set up 9 ,russia :i* is dep5d5t = its exi/5ce on ,fr5* support4 ,z an additional safegu>d1 p]haps x w be necess>y to secure a pro-,fr5* ,hung>y1 to back up ! pro-,fr5* ,pol&4 ,b we mu/ n despair yet ( ov]?r[+ ! ,bol%eviks4 #c4 ,la/ly1 ,france h]self ne$s m soldi]s4 ,& %e kn[s :]e to get !m6 ,! late ,k+ ,leopold ( ,belgium once said to ,m4 ,hanotaux1 ,qu'e/-ce que v\s *]*ez en ,afrique1 v\s autres ,franais8 & ,m4 ,hanotaux repli$1 ,sire1 des soldats6 ,france dur+ ! w> e/abli%$ conscription 9 h] ,african t]ritories &1 9 spite ( a some:at bloody rebellion by ! ignorant savages1 :o ?\ght ! slave trade 0 be+ re/abli%$1 succe$$ 9 import+ to ,france a black army :i* at "o "t numb]$ #fjj1jjj fight+ m54 ,) a little m en]gy & greatly increas$ t]ritories1 t numb] might be trebl$4 ,france is a small] nation ?an ,g]many2 b ,france plus ,alg]ia1 ,tunis1 ,morocco1 ,s5egambia1 ,fr5* ,congo1 & ! new ,g]man t]ritories is a mu* l>g] nation ?an ,g]many )\t colonies4 ,& blacks =tunately h n ! same rights z :ite m56 ,a p]man5tly wreck$ ,g]many1 va/ black armies = ,france1 arm$ allies always ready on ,g]many's ea/]n fronti]2 ) ^! conditions fulfill$1 ,france1 x is hop$ by ^! politicians1 may at la/ brea! freely4 99 99 99 99 99 ,:at is wrong ) ?is policy8 ,y may call x devili%1 if y w1 s9ce x is bas$ on ! delib]ate & artificial creation ( human mis]y2 b is x bad policy8 ,aft] all1 air-bombs & poison gas & ! l may be call$ devili%4 ,b1 devili% or n1 !y h sometimes to be us$4 ,if ,g]many is c]ta9ly & confess$ly look+ out = ! next opportunity ( escap+ f ! consequ5ces ( ! treaty & retriev+ h] =tunes on ! battlefield1 is n ,france b\nd to take e precaution to see t ,g]many %all nev] be /rong en\gh to d s ) success8 ,! next w> w be f> worse ?an ! la/4 ,! t]ms impos$ on ! beat5 p>ty w be ev5 m desolat+ & de/ructive4 ,france is probably a less vigor\s plant ?an h] enemy4 ,%e has fail$ to kill ,g]many1 b ,g]many might succe$ 9 kill+ h]4 ,x seems t ,g]many is absolutely b\nd to fight1 if !re is no o!r way ( recov]+ h] fre$om & h] "r to live1 :ile ,france is absolutely b\nd to hold h] enemy d[n m]cilessly1 if !re is no o!r way ( secur+ h] own safety4 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,solution ,b p]haps aft] all !re is4 ,la/ among ! ,f\rte5 ,po9ts came ! proposal to f\nd ,a g5]al ,association ( ,nations "u specific cov5ants = ! purpose ( af=d+ mutual gu>antees ( political indep5d5ce & t]ritorial integrity to small & great /ates alike4 ,! ,treaty ( ,v]sailles has aft] all two faces4 ,x _h to express two great waves ( feel+ & two int]national necessities4 ,mr4 ,wilson 0 n s utt]ly bamboozl$ z ,mr4 ,keynes w\ld h u believe4 ,g5]al ,smuts & ,"l ,rob]t ,cecil 7 n s utt]ly )\t influ5ce on ! settlem5t4 ,! lea/ depress+ p>agraphs 9 ! ,alli$ ,reply to ! ,g]man delegation are ^? 9 :i* !y expla9 t ! t]rific sev]ity ( ! great] "p ( ! treaty applies only to a transition p]iod ( puni%m5t1 ( rep>ation & ( trial1 at ! end ( :i* !y see ! realization ( ,mr4 ,wilson's promises4 ,! conditions ( peace conta9 "s provisions = ! future :i* may outla/ ! transition p]iod dur+ :i* ! economic balance--betwe5 ,g]many & ! invad$ c\ntries--is to be re/or$2 & a reciprocity is =ese5 aft] t p]iod :i* is v cle>ly t equality ( trade conditions = :i* ,presid5t ,wilson has /ipulat$4 ,! phras+ ( ! p>agraph is awkw>d1 b ! ma9 drift is cle>4 ,! ,f\rte5 ,po9ts are accept$1 b adj\rn$2 :5 ,g]many has be5 puni%$ & rep>ation made1 !y w come into =ce4 ,! ,alli$ & ,associat$ ,p[]s look =w>d to ! "t :5 ! ,league ( ,nations e/abli%$ by ?is treaty %all ext5d its memb]%ip to all peoples4 ,!y see no reason :y ,g]many %\ld n become a memb] ( ! ,league 9 ! e>ly future1 provid$ %e satisfies c]ta9 te/s4 ,x has nev] be5 _! int5tion t ,g]many or any o!r ,p[] %\ld be indef9itely exclud$ f ! ,league ( ,nations4 ,!y are conv9c$ t ! ,cov5ant ( ! ,league introduces an elem5t ( progress into ! relations ( peoples :i* w develop & /r5g!n to ! advantage ( ju/ice & ( peace4 ,?is is z x %\ld be2 b ! _w does n /& /ill :ile ,g]many is mak+ rep>ation & be+ taught gradually to love h] *a/is]s4 ,if ! ,league introduces an elem5t ( progress1 ! soon] x gets to "w ! bett]4 ,x is only too cle> t e mon? :i* passes ) ! ,league entirely dom9at$ by ,engl&1 ,france1 & ,italy enc\rages & deep5s ! suspicion ) :i* ! ,league is reg>d$ by its critics4 ,i say no?+ ( ,am]ican criticisms1 9 :i* _m factors cop]ate4 ,b ! ,swiss ,f$]al ,c\ncil1 9 ! v able & p]suasive message :i* x issu$ to ! ,assembly on ,febru>y #ag1 #aibj1 9 fav\r ( jo9+ ! ,league1 has to deal ) ?is suspicion4 ,"o has be5 tempt$ at times to consid] ! ,league z an alliance ( ! conqu]ors aga9/ ! conqu]$4 ,! fact t ,g]many1 ,au/ria1 & ! =m] ,russian ,empire rema9 provisionally exclud$ f ! ,league may h giv5 a semblance ( tru? to ?is mann] ( ?9k+4 ,! suspicion is aft]w>ds describ$ z ?is app>5tly accurate criticism4 ,switz]l& z a :ole has =tunately reject$ ! suspicion & by a small majority jo9$ ! ,league4 ,b 9 mo/ ( ,c5tral ,europe ! ,league ( ,nations movem5t is /rangl$ 9 its bir? by ! g5]al feel+ t ! pres5t ,league means m]ely ! ,ent5te ,p[]s & _! cli5ts1 & ! elem5ts = />t+ a c\nt]-league are consolidat+ mon? by mon?4 ,?is c\nt]-league w\ld probably n be an op5 & confess$ alliance4 ,b ,russia1 ,g]many1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates are /ill outside1 & !re are _m unpaid grudges among/ ! ,moslems ( ,asia4 ,! te/ :i* is exact$ by ,article ,i f any new /ate desir+ to become a memb] ( ! ,league is t x %all give effective gu>antees ( its s9c]e int5tion to obs]ve its int]national obligations4 ,int]pret$ ) !ological /rictness1 ?is w\ld probably result 9 ! rejection ( all c&idates1 to say no?+ ( ! expulsion ( _m ( ! orig9al memb]s4 ,p]fect s9c]ity 9 obs]v+ unpleasant obligations is n a common *>act]i/ic ( human societies4 ,b 9 ! ord9>y s5se ( ! words ! te/ is already satisfi$ by ,g]many & ,au/ria & mo/ ( ! succession /ates4 ,! ,assembly ( ! ,league meets = ! fir/ "t on ,novemb] #ae1 #aibj4 ,x ought n to dissolve )\t admitt+ to its memb]%ip ,g]many & ,au/ria1 z well z sev]al o!r c&idates :o h already appli$4 ,at ! mom5t ( writ+ 7,novemb]1 #aibj71 ,"l ,grey1 ,"l ,selborne1 & ,mr4 ,b>nes h issu$ a jo9t appeal = ! imm$iate admission ( ,g]many1 :i* has long be5 ! accept$ policy ( ! ,league ( ,nations ,union4 ,!re are _m ob/acles1 b ! result w d\btless be kn[n be=e ^! words are 9 pr9t4 ,=tunately1 ! admission ( new memb]s is decid$ by a two-?irds majority ( ! ,assembly & does n require a unanim\s vote4 ,once ! ,league is e/abli%$ on a broad base1 includ+ ! conqu]$ nations on equal t]ms ) ! victori\s1 ! prospect ( t w> ( rev5ge :i* has hi!rto seem$ almo/ inevitable w dw9dle & become remote4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! hope express$ above has n be5 realiz$4 ,au/ria1 ,bulg>ia1 & _m less important /ates appli$ = admission to ! ,league & 7 accept$1 b ,fr5* feel+ 0 kn[n to be v /rong1 & ,g]many did n ev5 apply4 ,_h %e done s %e w\ld probably h _h a majority 9 h] fav\r1 & x 0 consid]$ until ! beg9n+ ( ,m>*1 #aiba1 t %e 0 c]ta9 ( admission at ! next meet+ ( ! ,assembly 9 ,septemb]4 ,b 9 ! meantime unt[>d ev5ts h tak5 place4 ,! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t1 l ! ,engli%1 obta9$ success at ! elections by wild promises to make ,g]many pay all ! co/s ( ! w>4 ,z ,m4 ,po9c> has obs]v$1 ! ,fr5* p w n und]/& h[ ! victors 9 a great w> c be on ! v]ge ( bankruptcy4 ,consequ5tly !y ?9k _! rul]s are *eat+ !m4 ,educat$ p1 9 ,france z 9 ,engl&1 h long s9ce ceas$ to expect mu* f ,g]man indemnities1 b ! ,gov]nm5ts /ill dep5d on _! appeal to mob-psy*ology2 & x 0 believ$ t if ,m4 ,bri& v5tur$ to make any concessions 9 ! direction ( reason or mod]ation he w\ld lose 8 majority 9 ! ,*amb]4 ,! proposals made at ! ,int]-,alli$ ,conf]5ce at ,brussels & drawn up by ! ,fr5* exp]t1 ,m4 ,seyd\x1 _h be5 sil5tly dropp$ z unsatisfy+2 ! subsequ5t ,briti% proposals made at ,b\logne _h be5 reject$ = ! same reason4 ,x 0 necess>y1 h[ev]1 to make "s def9ite proposals to ,g]many )\t mu* fur!r delay1 s9ce ! treaty _h laid d[n ,may #a1 #aiba1 z ! "t = a settlem5t4 ,g]many 0 by t "t to h paid a ?\s& million p\nds on acc\nt1 & 0 to le>n ! ext5t1 f9ite or inf9ite1 ( ! total bill4 ,mr4 ,lloyd ,george1 z might h be5 expect$1 %[$ mu* sympa?y ) ,m4 ,bri& 9 8 awkw>d position1 & agre$ to a dem& = rep>ations on a scale :i* 0 obvi\sly fanta/ic4 ,x began1 reasonably en\gh1 ) a sy/em ( annuities1 ?\gh ! fir/ figure 0 probably too high & ! la/ figures c sc>cely h be5 meant s]i\sly4 ,g]many 0 to pay #aej1jjj1jjj a ye> = ! fir/ five ye>s2 !n ! annual sum 0 to increase at int]vals = ! extraord9>y p]iod ( =ty-two ye>s1 t[>ds ! end ( :i* "t ,g]many 0 expect$ to pay annually #cjj1jjj1jjj1 or half z mu* aga9 e ye> z ! total indemnity exact$ f ,france aft] ! w> ( #ahgj4 ,ev5 t 0 n en\gh = a population :i* _h be5 s$ul\sly f$ on lies by a class ( politician :o at times seem to possess among !m no s+le sane & hone/ man4 ,& an additional paym5t 0 dem&$ ( a ye>ly sum equival5t to a duty ( twelve p] c5t ad valorem on all ,g]man exports4 ,op9ion 9 ,g]many 0 %>ply divid$4 ,all !y _h to pay ) 0 an enorm\s deficit on ! ,budget1 ) ! prospect ( pres5tly los+ ! ,silesian coal-m9es & hav+ prohibitive duties plac$ by ! ,allies ^u _! exports4 ,"o p>ty insi/$ t ! ,gov]nm5t %\ld make no promise :i* x c\ld n expect to p]=m2 ano!r1 t :at ,g]many want$ 0 peace1 & t !y _h bett] sign any?+ requir$ ( !m4 ,! fir/ p>ty1 on ! :ole1 c>ri$ ! day4 ,! ,g]man delegation 9 ,london made a c\nt]-proposal bas$1 v s5sibly1 on ! idea ( f9d+ ! pres5t value ( ! =ty-two-ye> annuities & rais+ t sum by means ( a loan2 b z !y work$ out ! idea !y fav\r$ ,g]many on e detail$ calculation to an ext5t :i* !y mu/ h kn[n to be unacceptable4 ,app>5tly !y expect$ a long & s]i\s b>ga9+ m>*4 ,b1 to mo/ p's surprise1 ,mr4 ,george leapt ) alacrity at ! prospect ( a rupture4 ,! proposal 0 reject$ ) e semblance ( virtu\s indignation4 ,no "t 0 all[$ = ! delegation to consult ! ,g]man ,gov]nm5t4 ,a hurri$ second proposal1 to pay ! t]ms dem&$ = five ye>s & !n h ! matt] reconsid]$1 0 toss$ aside )\t consid]ation1 & ,fr5* & ,briti% troops proce$$ to invade ,g]many1 occupy m t]ritory1 & set up a new & artificial cu/oms-b>ri] 9 ! mo/ unsuitable places1 at :i* !y proce$$ !mselves to collect ! ,g]man cu/oms4 ,! plan is v exp5sive1 & utt]ly unpr(itable4 ,x involves a /ra9+ if n a brea* ( ! treaty1#c & x is likely1 if any unt[>d ev5t occurs1 to provoke a w> ( ! mo/ humiliat+ & embitt]$ k9d--! w> ( a desp]ate & helpless population try+ to rid !mselves ( =eign oppressors4 ,b x has sav$ ,m4 ,bri&'s ,gov]nm5t4 ,if he _h agre$ to accept any ,g]man t]ms :atev]1 he w\ld h be5 upset = n exact+ m4 ,b if he m>*es ,fr5* & ,briti% troops into ! he>t ( ,g]many no "o c accuse him ( lack ( _s4 ,s = ! pres5t all is well2 & z = ! future1 x is conceivable t ! ,g]mans w give way & make "s impossible promise4 ,t w increase ,m4 ,bri&'s pre/ige4 ,x is m likely t !y w simply sit /ill & let ! ,alli$ armies d _! wor/4 ,!n !re w be a *ance ( c>ry+ out "o ( ! d>l+ aims ( ! ,fr5* *auv9i/s1 & annex+1 or at lea/ sep>at+ f ,g]many1 all ! ,g]man prov9ces :i* !y occupy4 ,footnote #c3 ,! ,allies are app>5tly act+ "u ,"p ,,viii1 clause #ah1 ( ! treaty4 ,?is gives !m ! "r to take su* o!r measures z ! respective ,gov]nm5ts may det]m9e to be necess>y 9 case ( volunt>y default by ,g]many 9 ! paym5t ( h] dues "u ,"p ,,viii 7,rep>ations74 ,a failure by ,g]many to dis>m suffici5tly gives ! ,allies no "r to increase ! area ( _! occupation1 s9ce ! pres5t occupation is specifically laid d[n 9 ! treaty negotiations z ! means ( en=c+ dis>mam5t4 ,nor has ,g]many yet actually committ$ a volunt>y default 9 ! paym5t ( h] rep>ations1 s9ce ! fir/ paym5t1 #ajj1jjj1jjj1 is n to be complet$ until ,may #a1 #aiba4 ,i am in=m$ on high au?ority t ! ,alli$ case probably re/s on ! po9t t !y judge by _! debtor's mann] & by /atem5ts :i* %e has made t %e int5ds n to pay by ,may #a2 accord+ to ,engli% law ?is w\ld app>5tly give !m "s "r ( tak+ imm$iate action4 ,9 face ( ^! lunatic proce$+s ! ,g]man ,gov]nm5t has behav$ ) consid]able dignity & good s5se1 ?\gh naturally ! ,g]man newspap]s are runn+ a little wild4 ,x has ann\nc$ its int5tion ( appeal+ to ! ,assembly ( ! ,league ( ,nations1 & al?\gh1 n be+ a memb]1 ,g]many _c h]self raise ! subject1 x may be tak5 z c]ta9 t "s memb] w take x up on h] behalf4 ,?is produces a mo/ critical situation4 ,accord+ to ! ,cov5ant1 ,article ,,iii1 ! ,assembly may be summon$ to meet f "t to "t z occasion may require4 ,b presumably x is ! ,c\ncil :i* decides :e!r occasion does require x or n1 & no "o c expect ! ,c\ncil to fav\r ,g]many's appeal4 ,! appeal w only be consid]$ :5 ! ,assembly has its next regul> meet+ 9 ,septemb]4 ,we %all !n see :e!r ! ,assembly possesses ! =ce & c\rage necess>y to discuss freely &1 if necess>y1 to condemn ! actions ( ! two lead+ ,european ,p[]s2 or if ! two c successfully sil5ce all criticism4 ,= my own "p ,i ?9k ! discussion w take place2 & t1 = ! fir/ "t s9ce ! w>1 ! voice ( an imp>tial ?ird p>ty wilt be he>d 9 discuss+ ! t]ms impos$ on ,g]many by h] conqu]ors4 ,t does n mean ! realization ( ! en?ronem5t ( public "r on ! common law ( nations1 b x is "o ( ! fir/ /eps t[>d x4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,league ( ,nations is 9 a position to say to ,france3 ,y are afraid ( ano!r attack by ,g]many2 & to av]t t dang] y propose 9 v>i\s ways to foll[ a policy :i* w plunge ,europe into cont9u$ di/ress4 ,we h]eby gu>antee y aga9/ attack4 ,?irty-n9e nations at pres5t1 :o w %ortly be increas$ to fifty-"o1 if n m1 h sign$ a def9ite & unqualifi$ contract to pres]ve y\r 'exi/+ political indep5d5ce & t]ritorial integrity' aga9/ any 'ext]nal aggression'2 & fur!r1 if y are attack$ 9 su* a way z n actually to ?reat5 y\r t]ritory or indep5d5ce1 all ! ,/ates ( ! ,league w consid] t an act ( w> has be5 committ$ aga9/ !mselves1 w apply ! complete economic boycott to y\r enemy1 & arrange plans = giv+ y imm$iate milit>y support4 ,we (f] y "h a f> m effective gu>antee ( safety ?an y c possibly atta9 by y\r own diplomacy4 ,b we dem& 9 return t y\r =eign policy %all be frankly & s9c]ely a ,league ( ,nations policy2 t y %all n make secret treaties1 n set up inequitable t>iffs1 n plot ! ru9 ( y\r late enemies or any o!r p2 b "w z a loyal memb] ( ! ,league ) a view to ! welf>e ( ! :ole4 ,! ,league says to ,g]many3 ,y compla9 ( ! undue sev]ity ( ! treaty & ! impossibility ( c>ry+ out its economic provisions4 ,commissions already exi/1 & y h tak5 "p 9 !m1 = discuss+ ^! latt] & fix+ ! t]ms ( ! rep>ation :i* y owe4 ,b1 beyond t1 if !re is any clause 9 ! treaty :i* appe>s to any memb] ( ! ,league z '?reat5+ to di/urb int]national peace or ! good und]/&+ betwe5 nations ^u :i* peace dep5ds1' x w1 "u ,article ,,xi1 be br\ght be=e ! ,league & consid]$4 ,fur!r1 if any clause 9 ! treaty appe>s to 'h become inapplicable' or to give rise to 'int]national conditions :i* might endang] ! peace ( ! _w1' "u ,article ,,xxiii ! ,assembly ( ! ,league may at any "t 'advise _! reconsid]ation4' ,y compla9 t ! t]ms ( ! pres5t treaty 7 impos$ ^u y1 )\t discussion1 by implacable enemies :o _h y at _! m]cy2 t y h be5 made a sort ( outlaw nation1 )\t fre$om1 )\t colonies1 )\t %ips1 sitt+ ap>t :ile ! _w is adm9i/]$ by y\r enemies4 ,b at our ,assembly table y w sit z an equal & free memb]1 ) ! same rights z ^? :o 7 lately y\r conqu]ors4 ,we submit to y t ?is gives y a f> bett] *ance ( improv+ y\r condition ?an ano!r w> c\ld4 ,y\r lot mu/ be = "s "t a h>d "o4 ,t is inevitable1 & we _c ?9k x unju/4 ,y *all5g$ ! ,ent5te to w>1 y /ak$ all on victory1 & y 7 beat54 ,n[ y h to make rep>ation4 ,b ! recup]ative p[] ( a great nation is imm5se2 & :]ev] y h be5 subject$ to a def9itely unju/ or dang]\s condition1 we (f] y a rem$y4 ,:]ev] y may h a dispute ) any o!r ,p[]1 we (f] y a ,c\rt ( ,arbitration z imp>tially con/itut$ z ! wit ( man c\ld devise4 99 99 99 99 99 ,at pres5t nei!r p>ty q believes ?is gu>antee4 ,if !y did1 x w\ld probably be en\gh = !m4 ,x us$ to be said ( ,sir ,edw>d ,grey 9 ! ,balkan ,conf]5ces t he 0 n only s9c]e2 he _h ! p[] ( mak+ o!r p see t he 0 s9c]e4 ,if ,europe is to be sav$ f new ,great ,w>s1 ! ,p[]s ( ! ,league mu/ fir/ ( all be s9c]e 9 _! und]tak+s1 & next1 !y mu/ conv9ce ! _w 9 g5]al ( _! s9c]ity4 ,to t subject we mu/ return lat]4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,ea/ ,b ! _w is n m]ely ?reat5$ by ! prospect ( future w>s4 ,x is fill$ ) w>s at ! pres5t mom5t4 ,!re are qu>rels & bick]+s betwe5 mo/ ( ! newly lib]at$ /ates 9 ea/]n ,europe2 !re is a w>1 sometimes av[$ & sometimes und]gr\nd1 betwe5 ,communi/ ,russia & all h] neighb\rs & rivals1 a w> ^: t5tacles rea* f> ?r\gh\t ,europe & ,asia2 & !re are w>s aga9/ ! ,briti% & ,fr5* 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! ,ea/4 ,let u briefly t\* ^u a few sample cases4 ,i4 ,,syria1 ,,mesopotamia1 ,,egypt1 ,,& ,,india ,! simple/ case is ,syria4 ,9 #aiae1 dur+ ! w>1 a ,syrian ,national ,committee1 includ+ repres5tatives f ,damascus & ,mosul1 negotiat$ ) u ?r\gh ,%]if ,huse91 & we sign$ a docum5t promis+ to recognize & uphold ,arab indep5d5ce 9 an area includ+ ! :ole ( ,arabia1 ,pale/9e1 ,syria1 & ,mesopotamia1 except 7#a7 ,ad5 & 7#b7 ! ,syrian coa/4 ,)9 ! indep5d5t area we m]ely claim$ = ourselves a measure ( adm9i/rative control 9 ,bagdad & ,bosra--n 9 ,mosul--& res]v$ any special int]e/s ( ,france4 ,! ,fr5* 7 in=m$ ( ! negotiations imm$iately4 ,!y express$ !mselves cont5t ) ! possession ( ! ,syrian coa/1 & agre$ 9 our promises to ,huse94 ,on ! /r5g? ( ?is agreem5t ! ,hejaz revolt$1 & ,feisul's army1 consi/+ ma9ly ( ,syrian & ,mesopotamian soldi]s :o _h =m]ly be5 9 ! ,turki% s]vice1 f\ght z our allies to ! end ( ! w>4 ,an attempt$ ris+ 9 ,syria prop] 0 cru%$ ) great sev]ity by ! ,turks4 ,9 #aiah ! ,syrians welcom$ ! ,ent5te armies z lib]ators1 & 7 aga9 promis$ _! national indep5d5ce1 ?\gh ?is "t x 0 to be "u ! guidance ( "o ( ! ,ent5te ,p[]s z m&atory4 ,!y ask$ t ! m&atory %\ld be ,engl&1 b ,engl& _h too mu* on h] h&s4 ,! ,syrians next ask$ = ,am]ica2 b ,am]ica refus$ all m&ates4 ,france1 meantime1 _h always claim$ special rights 9 ,syria1 & ,engl& by a treaty made dur+ ! w> _h recogniz$ ,syria z a ,fr5* int]e/4 ,if !y mu/ be "u ,france1 ! ,syrian repres5tatives specially dem&$ pl$ges t ! gov]nm5t %\ld be a civil gov]nm5t1 t a c]ta9 degree ( indep5d5ce %\ld be all[$ to ! natives1 & t ! c\ntry %\ld n be occupi$ by ,fr5* troops4 ,h[ f> ^! pl$ges 7 giv5 & brok5 by ! ,fr5*2 h[ f> x 0 only we ourselves :o gave assurances :i* we _h nei!r ! "r nor ! p[] to c>ry out1 & ?us unconsci\sly deceiv$ ,feisul1 ^! are que/ions /ill 9 dispute4 ,x seems un=tunately c]ta9 t ! ,syrians consid]$ !mselves betray$4 ,9 ! end1 ,syria 0 occupi$ by ,fr5* troops2 ! native gov]nm5t 0 n recogniz$1 b disp]s$2 !re 7 raids & pit*$ battles1 & ! ,emir ,feisul1 "o ( our mo/ popul> h]oes dur+ ! ,great ,w>1 0 expell$ f 8 ?rone & c\ntry4 ,he is n[ an exile1 & 0 = a "t (ficially =bidd5 to l& 9 ,engl&4 ,france s f> has nei!r accept$ nor ask$ = any m&ate f ! ,league ( ,nations1 & appe>s n fully to realize ! obligations und]tak5 by h] 9 sign+ ! ,cov5ant ( ! ,league1 or ! pl$ge repeat$ 9 ! ,reply ( ! ,alli$ ,p[]s to ,g]many1 t ! ,m&atory ,p[]s1 9 s f> z !y may be appo9t$ tru/ees by ! ,league ( ,nations1 w d]ive no b5efits f su* tru/ee%ip4 ,9 ,mesopotamia ! ,briti% e/abli%$ !mselves dur+ ! w> aft] a long & *equ]$ campaign by defeat+ ! ,turks & captur+ ,bagdad4 ,! ,indian soldi]s & (ficials :o 7 9 comm& %[$ ! mo/ praisewor?y zeal & en]gy 9 proce$+ at once to develop ! c\ntry3 to dra9 & irrigate1 to plant crops1 to e/abli% ord] & good gov]nm5t 9 regions :i* _h n kn[n su* ?+s s9ce a remote antiquity4 ,! ,engli% 7 welcom$ z lib]ators & made explicit promises to set up an indep5d5t ,arab k+dom "u a measure ( ,briti% adm9i/rative control4 ,s mu* propag&i/ lit]ature 0 p\r$ =? on ! glories ( ! indep5d5t ,arab nation :i* ! ,engli% 7 to create1 t s]i\s discont5t 0 caus$ 9 ,egypt4 ,is a half-nak$ ,arab to h indep5d5ce1 & am ,i n good en\gh to h ev5 self-gov]nm5t8 wrote a highly educat$ ,egyptian to a ,briti% (ficial4 ,meantime ! actual gov]nm5t ( ,mesopotamia became m & m sev]ely effective1 & rema9$ entirely conc5trat$ 9 ! h&s ( ! ,briti%4 ,! exp5ses 7 enorm\s & ! rate ( taxation p] head appe>s to h ris5 to f\r times :at x _h be5 "u ! ,turks4 ,! productivity ( ! c\ntry1 h[ev]1 0 s great z to hold out a prospect ( almo/ mak+ up ! loss1 & ! important oil-wells at ,mosul 7 expect$ to d s completely4 ,! native cultivators pr(it$ by ! improv$ h>ve/s & ! increas$ area ( cultivation1 & ! exp5ses ( gov]nm5t 7 9 "p to be met out ( ! future oil pr(its4 ,& ! be/ ,briti% adm9i/rators 7 c]ta9ly belov$ by _! p4 ,! educat$ classes 9 ,bagdad1 ! %eikhs & ! ex-,turki% (ficials1 became re/ive at ! high taxation & ! indef9ite delay ( ,arab indep5d5ce4 ,! turbul5t des]t tribes & ! disord]ly elem5ts 9 g5]al 7 disgu/$ at ! good polic+4 ,b !re 0 no g5]al discont5t1 because p]sonal assurances 7 giv5 to lead+ ,arabs t ! ,cov5ant ( ! ,league ( ,nations1 :i* ,great ,brita9 _h sign$1 laid d[n def9itely t ,mesopotamia 0 to be recogniz$ provisionally z an indep5d5t nation & t ! m&ate 0 to be giv5 to ,great ,brita94 ,!re w\ld be1 x 0 promis$1 a native ,gov]nm5t ) a ,briti% ,resid5t to advise x1 z 9 an ,indian native /ate4 ,d\btless ! ,gov]nm5t w\ld also ask = o!r help f ,engl&1 especially 9 ! matt] ( public works1 irrigation1 & ! eng9e]+ ( ! oil-wells4 ,b ! ,league issu$ no m&ate4 ,accord+ to rum\r1 x _h (f]$ a s*eme ( m&ate to ! ,great ,p[]s conc]n$1 & "o at lea/ ( !m _h refus$ ! t]ms4 ,! preci\s oil1 x 0 discov]$1 _h already be5 divid$ by a private treaty betwe5 ,france & ,engl&1 :i* left only a small fraction = ! ,mesopotamians & none = ! re/ ( ! _w4 ,!re 0 no attempt to set up an ,arab ,gov]nm5t4 ,"s beg9n+s 7 occasionally made ( associat+ ,arab (ficials ) ! ,engli%m5 :o did ! real "w ( gov]n+4 ,b !y 7 n :ole-he>t$4 ,a lett] 0 accid5tally divulg$ 9 :i* an ,engli% soldi] said ( ! high ,arab (ficial atta*$ to him1 ,i w soon make him lick my boots4 ,!re 7 symptoms ( disaffection1 non-paym5t ( taxes1 ! resurg5ce ( old discr$it$ ,turki% & ,g]man ag5ts1 op5 rebellions4 ,& ! ,gov]nm5t repli$ by num]\s executions & punitive exp$itions4 ,! bomb+ a]oplane1 :i* _h reveal$ itself z a v conv5i5t weapon ( w>1 prov$ an utt]ly disa/r\s in/rum5t ( police4 ,! ,briti% lib]ators1 :o _h come by ! special desire ( ! population to e/abli% a free ,arab nation help$ by fri5dly advice f ,briti% ,resid5ts1 end$1 accord+ to ,colonel ,lawr5ce's e/imate1 9 kill+ t5 ?\s& ,arabs & sett+ ! :ole c\ntry 9 a blaze ( w>4 ,an army ( ov] "o hundr$ ?\s& m5 is n[ reconqu]+ x4 ,& at ! same "t1 p]haps at ! elev5? h\r & p]haps too late altoge!r1 t section 9 ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t :i* believ$ 9 ! ,league ( ,nations & wi%$ scrupul\sly to c>ry out 9 victory ! pl$ges x _h giv5 9 "t ( di/ress1 prevail$ to br+ ab\t a def9ite *ange ( policy4 ,sir ,p]cy ,cox & ,mr4 ,philby 7 s5t to ,mesopotamia ) in/ructions1 s x 0 /at$1 to rev]se ! previ\s policy & try to set up t indep5d5t ,arab ,gov]nm5t :i* we _h promis$ 9 #aiae & aga9 9 #aiag1 & ought to h set work+ be=e ! end ( #aiai4 ,! rebellion w d\btless be cru%$1 & ! native ,gov]nm5t may or n be successfully organiz$4 ,!re is a /rong desire among ! ,arab lead]s to h x bas$ on a treaty ( alliance ) ,great ,brita9 aft] ! ,egyptian model1 & n on ,article ,,xxii ( ! ,cov5ant4 ,9 any case ! task is inf9itely m difficult ?an x 0 be=e s mu* blood 0 %$1 & ! orig9al fri5d%ip ( ! ,arabs turn$ to hatr$4 ,on simple m5 executive action makes a mu* deep] impression ?an policy4 ,9 ,mesopotamia our policy itself 0 bad because x 0 n consi/5t4 ,x 0 a muddle ( two contradictory policies1 result+ 9 confusion & hypocrisy4 ,b ! executive action seems to h be5 su* z to make ! *ances ( ev5 ! be/ policy v prec>i\s4 ,a gov]nm5t :i* multiplies ! taxes by f\r & %oots & hangs its subjects 9 bat*es is seldom excus$ because ( its good dra9age or its progressive ideas4 ,! /ory 9 ,egypt is %ort] & p]haps less unhappy1 b ess5tially simil>4 ,e>ly 9 ! w>1 :5 ,turkey jo9$ ! enemy1 we decl>$ a ,briti% protectorate ov] ,egypt1 accompani$ by a promise to give ! c\ntry indep5d5ce or free in/itutions at ! end ( ! w>4 ,?is 9 itself 0 a p]fectly good & def5sible policy1 ?\gh1 to be correct1 x %\ld h _h ! concurr5ce ( ,egypt4 ,b 9 ! c\rse ( ! w> ,egypt became full ( discont5t4 ,exp]i5c$ (ficials 7 want$ else:]e1 & inexp]i5c$ sub/itutes made mi/akes4 ,lab\r 9 great quantities 0 requir$ = ! ,army1 & 0 obta9$ ?r\gh native contractors or headm51 :o practis$ ! ord9>y ,ori5tal me?ods ( extortion & corruption :ile pr(ess+ to act by ord]s ( ! ,engli%4 ,! peasant :o 0 dragg$ (f to =c$ lab\r1 or compell$ to buy 8 fre$om by heavy bribes1 blam$ ! ,briti% = bo?4 ,at "o "t ,egypt 0 g>rison$ by l>ge numb]s ( ,au/ralian troops1 :o _h ! habit ( ?9k+ ( all ,asiatics z blackfell[s1 & ^: ways ( deal+ ) blackfell[s 7 n ( ! g5tle/4 ,! se$ 0 ?us s[n ( a passionate hatr$1 p>tly j & p>tly unju/2 & feel+ 0 already ripe = explosion :5 x transpir$ at ! end ( ! w> t ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t _h no app>5t int5tion ( fulfill+ _! promise to conf] on ,egypt free in/itutions4 ,op5 rebellion 0 impossible1 ow+ to ! pres5ce ( ov]p[]+ numb]s ( ,briti% troops2 b a "t ( dang] & inf9ite tr\ble1 well controll$ by ,"l ,all5by1 l$ at la/ to ! appo9tm5t ( a ,commission "u ,"l ,miln]1 :i* grasp$ its almo/ desp]ate problem ) great c\rage & skill4 ,among o!r curi\s mis=tunes1 x turn$ out t ! ^w protectorate _h be5 translat$ into ,arabic by a t]m :i* d5ot$ ! sort ( protection t is ext5d$ to an outca/ or a p]son ) no national rights4 ,! ,commission]s 7 met on _! arrival by a univ]sal boycott1 & by con/ant ?reats ( assass9ation4 ,!y liv$ 9 consid]able dang]1 & no ,egyptian w\ld be se5 speak+ to !m4 ,b tact & pati5ce gradually broke d[n ! boycott2 & a mu* l>g] measure ( agreem5t 0 obta9$ ) ,zaghlul & ! mod]ate ,nationali/s ?an _h at ! outset seem$ possible4 ,aft] inquiry1 ! ,commission has tak5 ! l9e ( recomm5d+1 fir/1 ! cancellation ( ! ,capitulations1 or special privileges grant$ to ,european /ates1 :i* h p>alyz$ ! progress ( ,egypt = sev]al g5]ations2 ! sep>ation f ,egypt ( ! ,canal zone1 z a special ,briti% int]e/ & ( vital importance to ! ,empire2 ! ret5tion ( ,briti% advis]s 9 two po/s1 ! m9i/ries ( ,ju/ice & ( ,f9ance--a safegu>d )\t :i* ! ,european ,p[]s w\ld n cons5t to =go ! special protection ( ! ,capitulations2 & 9 o!r respects ! e/abli%m5t ( ,egypt z an indep5d5t national /ate4 ,z f> z is possible to =eca/1 x looks z if ?is settlem5t w\ld succe$4 ,! hi/ory ( rec5t ev5ts 9 ,india is too l>ge & complicat$ a subject to be dealt ) "h4 ,b 9 its ma9 outl9e x has be5 curi\sly simil> to t ( ! o!r regions ( ! ,ea/4 ,a wond]ful response f almo/ ! :ole cont95t to ! ne$ ( ,great ,brita9 dur+ ! w>2 blund]s ( ! ,w> ,(fice & reactions ( discont5t2 ,g]man propag&a2 ,turki% & ,pan-,islamic intrigue2 repressive ,press ,acts & ,conspiracy ,acts2 passive resi/ance1 dang]\s riots1 & widespread conspiracies2 ! sev]e & sometimes lawless co]cion ( ! ,punjab2 ! savage massacre ( ,amrits>1 & at la/1 amid great ob/ructions & hesitations1 ! pass+ ( ! ,montagu-,*elms=d ,act & ! conf]r+ ( a new & lib]al con/itution ^u ,india4 ,x is ! same /ory z 9 ,egypt & ,mesopotamia4 ,s mu* "t 0 wa/$ 9 do+ ! wrong ?+1 t :5 at la/ resort 0 _h to ! "r ?+ ! "r "t 0 pa/4 ,! ,indian ,gov]nm5t 0 fac$ ) great difficulties & v real dang]s4 ,its errors h be5 s signal & notori\s t public op9ion is apt to =get or ignore ! admirable skill & pati5ce ) :i* mo/ (ficials /e]$ _! di/ricts ?r\gh p]iods ( extreme /ra94 ,b re=ms long promis$ 7 delay$ until too late4 ,! executive plung$ into excesses :i* w n be =gott5 = c5turies4 ,& :5 ! long-hop$-= re=ms at la/ h come1 x may be t !y come to a p too exasp]at$ to give !m a fair trial4 ,,ii4 ,,an ,,ea/]n ,,policy ,! policies "h describ$ h be5 s full ( errors t x is h>d to d]ive f !m a v cle> moral4 ,gov]nm5t )\t pr9ciple has _m conv5i5ces2 if life consi/$ ( isolat$ mom5ts x might be entirely successful4 ,b life is cont9u\s1 & human be+s h memories & expectations4 ,& almo/ any policy t is cont9u\s & consi/5t & true to itself is m likely to succe$ 9 ! end ?an a mixture ( mom5t>y exp$i5ts & plunges = safety4 ,x is conceivable t a p]fectly resolute & unfalt]+ milit>y co]cion ( ,india1 ,egypt1 & ,mesopotamia might h succe$$4 ,b su* a policy1 if x 0 ev] possible1 is c]ta9ly s no long]2 & also x w\ld h>dly be a policy = avoid+ int]national /rife4 ,& t is ! subject we are consid]+4 ,if we look bel[ ! mi/akes ( policy & adm9i/ration committ$ by ! ,briti% or ,fr5* ,gov]nm5ts1 we f9d und]nea? ! surface a pr(\nd & in/9ctive res5tm5t ( ! ,moslem ,ea/ aga9/ ! ,we/]n ,p[]s4 ,! ,we/]n ,p[]s1 :i* = conv5i5ce we t]m ,*ri/ian1 h be5 = "s c5turies f> m effici5t ?an any ,moslem /ate4 ,! ,we/ has increas+ly tak5 *>ge ( ! ,ea/2 beat5 x1 manag$ x1 run x1 gov]n$ x1 & 9 "s cases exploit$ x4 ,we/]n gov]nm5t1 or at lea/ ,briti% gov]nm5t1 has be5 j1 incorruptible1 imp>tial1 /rong1 intellig5t1 f> beyond ord9>y ,ea/]n /&>ds4 ,x may h be5 unsympa!tic & grossly exp5sive2 x may1 9 spite ( ! unexampl$ p]sonal integrity ( ! :ole gov]n+ class1 h l$ to ! pres5ce 9 ,ea/]n c\ntries ( undesirable money-seek]s4 ,b x has be51 on ! :ole1 ess5tially & und5iably good1 effici5t gov]nm5t1 back$ by a milit>y p[] :i* committ$ few excesses1 liv$ on its own pay1 & nev] fail$ 9 an em]g5cy4 ,no "o :o /udies ev5 sup]ficially ! hi/ory ( av]age ,ori5tal gov]nm5ts1 f ,morocco or ,bokh>a to ,oudh1 c be surpris$ or sorry t !y h be5 sup]s$$ by ! bett] gov]nm5ts ( ! ,we/4 ,! peoples ( ! ,ea/ !mselves h ga9$ by ,we/]n p5etration2 nay1 m1 !y are consci\s ( _! ne$ ( ! ,we/4 ,b !y h _h too mu* ( x2 !y res5t x1 & !y are fright5$ ( x4 ,! ,moslem nations h lo/ _! indep5d5ce "o aft] ano!r4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,great ,w> only "o ,moslem ,p[] rema9$ free & p[]ful--! ,turki% ,empire4 ,at ! end ( ! w> !re 0 n "o4 ,! ,turks 7 n popul> 9 ! ,ea/4 ,! ,syrians & ,arabs hat$ !m almo/ z mu* z _! ,*ri/ian subjects did4 ,! ,turki% peasants ( ,anatolia suff]$ cruelly "u ! exactions ( ,con/ant9ople1 especially 9 ! matt] ( milit>y s]vice4 ,b all ?r\gh ! ,moslem ,ea/ ran ! consci\sness t ! ,sultan1 ) all 8 faults1 0 _! own man4 ,he 0 ! ackn[l$g$ ,head ( ! great majority ( ,moslems 9 ! _w4 ,he 01 above all1 ! la/ b>ri] t seem$ to protect !m f ! ov]:elm+ flood ( ,we/]n aggression1 & ! la/ great ,moslem figure :i* enabl$ !m to pres]ve _! self-respect4 ,:ile ! ,turki% ,empire /ood1 ! ,moslem peoples1 ?\gh fall5 on evil days1 c\ld ?9k ( ,islam z an indep5d5t & ev5 an imp]ial entity4 ,9 places1 d\btless1 !y _h to kiss ! feet ( dogs2 b _! ,caliph /ill rul$ masses ( ,*ri/ian subject populations & /ill 0 ma/] ( ! capital city ( ! _w4 ,) ! fall ( ,turkey1 ! la/ free ,moslem /ate 0 gone4 ,n "h & !re1 b ev]y:]e ?r\gh\t ! :ole _w1 ! fai?ful 7 set b5ea? ! heel ( ^! ri*1 drunk51 pork-eat+ idolat]s ) _! indec5t wom51 _! ?ree ,gods1 & _! t]rific mat]ial civilization4 ,pan-,islamism1 z ,mr4 ,toynbee says1 is only an extreme example ( ! feel+ at ! back ( almo/ any mod]n ,ori5tal movem5t we may exam9e4 ,x may take aggressive =ms1 b ! ess5ce ( x is a def5sive impulse4 ,its appeal is to fe>1 & if ! fe> ( ! ,we/ c\ld be lift$ f (f ! m9ds ( ! ,ori5tal peoples1 its ma9spr+ w\ld be gone4 ,! problem ( our ,ea/]n policy is to remove t fe>4 ,& t ought n to be s v difficult4 ,! ess5tial fact to grasp is t ! ,ea/ ne$s u f> m ?an we ne$ ! ,ea/4 ,we ne$ m>kets2 b t idea is only sugge/$ to u by ! fact t ,ea/]n peoples want our goods4 ,we d almo/ ev]y?+ bett] ?an !y d4 ,!y want our textiles1 our knives & tools1 our eng9es & pl\ghs1 our books1 our le>n+4 ,!y _c make railways or %ips )\t u4 ,!y _c "w _! m9es or oil-wells except by ,we/]n help4 ,!y _c really gov]n _! c\ntries satisfactorily )\t ,european advis]s4 ,! language ( ,article ,,xxii ( ! ,league ( ,nations ,cov5ant is q correct :5 x says t ,c]ta9 communities =m]ly belong+ to ! ,turki% ,empire h rea*$ a /age ( developm5t :]e _! exi/5ce z indep5d5t nations c be provisionally recogniz$1 subject to ! r5d]+ ( adm9i/rative advice & assi/ance by a m&atory until su* "t z !y are able to /& alone4 ,at pres5t !y are n yet able to /& by !mselves "u ! /r5u\s conditions ( ! mod]n _w4 ,!y ought to want u1 & if left alone !y w\ld want u4 ,we h fright5$ !m into fight+ & hat+ u by =c+ ourselves ^u !m in/ead ( wait+ to be ask$4 ,we h conf]r$ incalculable b5efits on ,india3 ! b5efit ( protection f invasion1 ( comp>ative protection f plague & fam9e1 ( social ord]1 ( adm9i/rative ju/ice1 to say no?+ ( roads & railways1 & ! enliv5+ =ce ( ,we/]n k4 ,we h imm5sely increas$ ! prosp]ity ( ,egypt1 we h put d[n all k9ds ( ,ori5tal abuses & protect$ ! fellahe5 aga9/ corves & extortions & tortures4 ,we 7 9 process ( beg9n+ to p]=m ! same s]vices = ,mesopotamia4 ,b 9 ! latt] regions at any rate--= 9 ,india our roots are f> deep] & ! problem is m complex--! p did n want u4 ,we only held !m & did !m good by =ce4 ,& ! *ief reason :y !y did n want u 0 fe>4 ,we came to !m ) ma*9e guns & bomb+ planes z conqu]ors & ma/]s1 hav+ de/roy$ ! only free ,moslem ,p[]2 & !y f\nd x difficult to believe 9 our good int5tions4 ,we came to !m1 mo/ un=tunately1 also ) speci\s promises :i* we made 9 "t ( ne$ & broke 9 ! days ( victory4 ,! "r policy is some?+ v easy to /ate & extremely difficult to c>ry out1 ev5 = a s+le-m9d$ & cle>-head$ ,gov]nm5t4 ,x ne$s fir/1 p]haps1 an ef=t ( imag9ative und]/&+ m f>-rea*+ ?an has ev] yet 9 hi/ory be5 dem&$ ( an ,imp]ial ,p[]4 ,only ^? :o und]/& ! ,ea/ c w9 ! respect & confid5ce ( ! ,ea/4 ,b 9 ! meantime1 if we _c fully und]/&1 !re is a way at lea/ to make ourselves und]/ood4 ,ju/ice is ! passport to confid5ce all ! _w ov]4 ,& our fir/ bus9ess is to act q simply & s9c]ely up to all our engagem5ts4 ,we und]took c]ta9 obligations :5 we sign$ ,article ,,xxii ( ! ,cov5ant4 ,we %\ld make ! wi%es ( ^! communities a pr9cipal consid]ation 9 decid+ :e!r we %\ld g to !m at all4 ,we %\ld really treat !m z indep5d5t nations1 & %\ld hone/ly give !m adm9i/rative advice & assi/ance until !y %all be able to /& alone4 ,& we %\ld n all[ our m9ds to be confus$ by ?\ghts ( ga91 nor our advice to take ! =m ( horse1 foot1 & artill]y4 ,two illu/rations may make ?is po9t cle>4 ,an exp]i5c$ & v successful adm9i/rator 0 ask$ a few weeks ago :e!r he w\ld accept ! po/ ( advis] to a c]ta9 ,moslem ,gov]nm5t4 ,he said1 ,yes1 ^u "o condition4 ,t !re is no ,briti% army any:]e 9 ! c\ntry4 ,t is ! "r & wise _s4 ,! second is ev5 simpl]4 ,"o ( ! mo/ obvi\s & matt]-(-c\rse obligations laid ^u imp]ial adm9i/rators & civil s]vants is t !y %all n emb>k 9 trade or 9 any way make a pr(it out ( ! adm9i/ration ( _! (fice4 ,t is ! "r rule4 ,! ,empire %\ld set an example ( ! behavi\r t x expects f its be/ s]vants4 ,:5 we apportion$ to ourselves ! ,g]man colonies1 we specially decl9$ to take ov] _! public debts4 ,& :5 prote/ 0 rais$ aga9/ ?is proce$+1 we /at$ def9itely 9 our (ficial ,reply3 ,x w\ld be unju/ to make ?is responsibility re/ on ! ,m&atory ,p[]s1 :i*1 9 s f> z !y may be appo9t$ tru/ees by ! ,league ( ,nations1 w d]ive no b5efit f su* tru/ee%ip4 ,is x entirely quixotic & ideali/ to hope t1 ev5 9 po/-w> conditions1 a great nation may rema9 true to h] ^w8 ,x seems at lea/ z if ! only alt]native 0 to hold ^! ,ea/]n t]ritories by arm$ =ce1 & t is no long] possible4 ,x might be possible to hold by =ce ,india alone1 or ,egypt alone1 or ,mesopotamia alone4 ,x is n possible s to hold all ?ree4 ,we mu/ gov]n by cons5t ( ! gov]n$ or n all4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,russia ,,& ,,its ,,bord]s ,ano!r gr\p ( w>s & ?reats ( w> has its c5tre 9 ,mosc[4 ,all ! ,/ates on ! bord]s ( ,russia--,f9l&1 ,li?uania1 ,pol&1 ! ,ukra9e1 ,hung>y1 ,rumania1 ! new republics ( ,georgia1 ,arm5ia1 & ,az]baijan1 & ! k+dom ( ,p]sia--are ei!r at w> or 9 fe> ( w> or j recov]+ f w> ) ,russia1 or f civil w> fom5t$ by ,russian ag5ts & propag&i/s4 ,inside ,russia itself1 civil w> has nev] ceas$ s9ce ! fir/ outbreak ( ! ,revolution 9 #aiag4 ,x is true t ! civil w> has be5 l>gely help$ by =eign munitions & /irr$ up by =eign intrigues4 ,b t only %[s t--z ! _w is n[ organiz$--!re is some?+ 9 ! pres5t ,russian ,gov]nm5t :i* makes =eign]s z well z ,russians wi% to take up arms aga9/ x4 ,x may h be5--,i ?9k /rongly t x 0--exce$+ly unwise = ! =eign ,gov]nm5ts to int]v5e 9 ! dome/ic tr\bles ( ,russia1 b no "o c pret5d t ! civil w> 0 entirely creat$ by =eign]s4 ,! rebellions 7 !re be=e ! =eign]s jo9$ 91 & x is ev5 ?\ght by good judges t ! opposition to ! ,bol%eviks might by ?is "t h be5 successful if x _h n be5 damn$ 9 ,russian eyes by its =eign alliances4 ,= u ! "q is h[ ! ,russian ,revolution has become su* a pl5te\s & int5se cause ( /rife4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 impossible to pass judgm5t on ! :ole ( a va/ movem5t ) ! v inadequate in=mation t is n[ accessible to an av]age ,engli%man ab\t ,russia4 ,ev5 ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 :i* has be5 /udi$ by ?\s&s ( obs]v]s & hi/orians1 is n yet judg$4 ,! sum ( infamies & high a*ievem5ts is too complicat$ to add up4 ,& ! ,russian ,revolution is probably ev5 h>d] to value ?an ! ,fr5*4 ,i4 ,,! ,,civil ,,w> ,x w\ld be a mi/ake to =get ! elem5ts ( simple e>ly-,*ri/ian bro!rhood :i* seem to *>act]ize ! ,russian peasant4 ,x 0 well kn[n be=e ! w> h[ ! memb]s ( a workm5's artel1 or trade community1 :5 trade 0 bad1 w\ld divide _! e>n+s equally & all />ve1 if ne$ be1 toge!r1 )\t any attempt by ! lucki] workm5 to save !mselves at ! exp5se ( ! o!rs4 ,! gl[+ descriptions ( ,mr4 ,/eph5 ,graham _c be entirely )\t any basis 9 fact4 ,& ! p ( ,tol/oy & ,do/oievsky h evid5tly a mo/ r>e capacity = sa9?ood & m>tyrdom1 z well z = ab]ration ( m9d4 ,pres5t-day ,russia has be5 describ$ by an em95t ,sociali/ z a nation ( arti/s gov]n$ by brutes1 & ! phrase is probably true ( ! old ,russia also1 & ! ,russia ( c5turies back4 ,communism comes easily 9 ,russia1 & s does submission to tyranny4 ,x mu/ also be rememb]$ t ! ,great ,w>1 among its _m aspects1 involv$ ! mo/ frightful & bewild]+ oppression ( ! poor & weak4 ,z 0 said q truly3 ,millions ( poor m5 9 div]s regions ( ! _w h be5 dragg$ sudd5ly & )\t any previ\s action ( _! own into a qu>rel :i* !y nei!r made nor desir$ nor und]/ood1 & 9 ! c\rse ( t qu>rel h be5 subject$ aga9 & aga9 to ! v extremity ( possible human suff]+4 ,! w> naturally & inevitably creat$ 9 ,europe a passionate wi% = "s revolution>y trans=mation ( a _w 9 :i* ri* & clev] p 9 p>liam5ts & gov]nm5ts _h ! p[] ( inflict+ su* pa9s ^u ! poor4 ,! peculi>ity ( ! ,bol%evik movem5t 01 z "o ( its r>e ,engli% admir]s puts x1 n s mu* t x want$ a p>ticul> k9d ( ,socialism or ,communism1 b t x want$ x n[4 ,! _w has se5 _m revolutions & _m ,sociali/ gov]nm5ts2 b !y h nev] really e/abli%$ t p>adise ( ! poor :i* 0 adv]tis$ 9 _! prospectuses & d\btless nurs$ 9 _! hopes4 ,mo/ fail$ altoge!r4 ,& ^? :i* succe$$ w5t wrong4 ,!y cop]at$ ) b\rgeois ,lib]als4 ,!y ext5d$ ! fran*ise1 !y improv$ ! condition ( ! work+ classes1 !y e/abli%$ well-to-d workm5 & peasants ) a /ake 9 ! c\ntry & a cons]vative bias2 b !y nev] really did :at 0 want$4 ,!y always /opp$ %ort4 ,!y develop$ ! middle-class virtues4 ,!y left /ill 9 exi/5ce a capitali/ class :i* prea*$ ! m]its ( ?rift & h>d "w & 0 int]e/$ 9 trade2 & ( c\rse !y left always some:]e an oppress$ class4 ,! "u dog 0 /ill "u4 ,! ,bol%evik rem$y 0 v direct & simple4 ,x 0 to dis>m ev]ybody :o _h any %>e 9 prosp]ity1 & di/ribute fire>ms to ^? :o _h no?+ else4 ,only :5 he 0 arm$ & ! re/ ( ! p un>m$ c\ld ! real prolet>ian--! man :o _h no sav+s1 no tal5t1 no education1 no notable good qualities1 no?+ t makes = success 9 life--hope to beat ! m5 :o always out/ripp$ him4 ,x is /range t ev5 9 a mom5t ( extreme mis]y su* a !ory c\ld h e/abli%$ itself 9 any c\ntry z a pr9ciple ( gov]nm5t4 ,b ! milit>y collapse ( ,russia gave x a unique *ance4 ,! common soldi]s1 anxi\s to fight no m1 already possess$ arms4 ,!y _h m]ely to murd] _! (fic]s & ! ?+ 0 done4 ,! re/ ( ! population 0 un>m$ & helpless4 ,& meantime ! peasants1 ?\gh almo/ unt\*$ by revolution>y ideas1 7 am5able to "o p>ticul> bribe4 ,! revolution>ies (f]$ all ! peasants ( ,russia _! ma/]s' l& )\t any paym5t4 ,!y c\ld simply take ! l&1 & kill or n kill ! own] z !y pleas$4 ,!re 0 no puni%m5t = su* kill+4 ,accord+ to /rict ,communi/ pr9ciples1 ! l& 0 n to rema9 9 ! peasants' possession4 ,x 0 to be ! prop]ty ( ! ,/ate4 ,b ?is pr9ciple _h to be dropp$ 9 ord] to induce ! peasants to cop]ate ) ! revolution>y t[n workm54 ,:atev] may be said 9 fav\r ( ?is revolution1 !re c at lea/ be no surprise at :at ,l59 calls ! frantic resi/ance ( ! upp] & middle classes ( ,russia4 ,! policy ( ! ,gov]nm5t 0 ann\nc$ on ,janu>y #bc1 #aiai3 ,! pres5t is ! p]iod ( de/ruction & cru%+ ( ! capitali/ sy/em ( ! :ole _w4 4 4 4 ,9 ord] to e/abli% ! dictator%ip ( ! prolet>iate x is necess>y to dis>m ! b\rgeoisie & its ag5ts & to arm ! prolet>iate4 ,x is to be dictator%ip 9 ! /rict s5se3 ! p[] ( a man ) a gun to d :at he likes ) ^? :o h no guns4 ,!re is to be no democracy or repres5tation ( ! dispossess$ classes4 ,if !y 7 repres5t$ !y might recov] p[]4 ,only ^? kn[n to be fai?ful to ! new ,gov]nm5t are to vote4 ,all p]sons ( prop]ty mu/ be dispossess$1 f l&lords to small %op-keep]s4 ,ri* peasants mu/ g2 ev5 middle peasants at "o "t _h to g2 only ! poore/ peasants & ! poore/ t[n workm5 %\ld rule1 assi/$1 ( c\rse1 by ^? educat$ p :o w\ld accept ! new rgime & e/abli% by de$s beyond d\bt _! hatr$ ( ! b\rgeoisie4 ,! control ( a c\ntry by a small m9ority is always difficult4 ,x ne$s me?ods ( t]ror4 ,b ?is m9ority _h fir/ to acquire ! control & !n to ma9ta9 x4 ,its task 0 m difficult & its me?ods _h to be m viol5t ?an ^? ( its pr$ecessors4 ,! t]ror ( ! old ,cz>i/ ,gov]nm5t or ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution mu/ be sup]s$$ by ! m dra/ic me?od ( :at 0 call$ mass t]ror4 ,! secret police1 ^: activities _h made hide\s ! record ( ! ,cz>i/ ,gov]nm5t1 & :o _h fl$ = _! lives at ! fir/ outbreak ( ! ,lv( & ,k]5sky ,revolution1 return$ f _! lurk+-places to put !mselves at ! disposal ( ! ,bol%eviks4 ,?is legion ( devils _h some?+ to sell :i* ! new ,gov]nm5t badly ne$$4 ,on ! analogy ( ! ,comit de ,salut ,public !re 0 e/abli%$ ! ,all-,russian ,extraord9>y ,commission = /amp+ out all trace ( resi/ance to ! new ord]4 ,spies 7 plac$ ev]y:]e 7,proclamation1 ,octob] #ag1 #aiah74 ,no di/9ction 0 to be made betwe5 ,cz>i/ reaction>ies & unor?odox ,sociali/s1 su* z ! ,m5%eviks & ,social ,revolution>ies 7,russkaya ,zhizn1 ,may #aj1 #aiai74 ,enorm\s numb]s ( ho/ages 7 arre/$4 ,at any sign ( conspiracy outside1 l>ge numb]s ( ^! 7 %ot4 ,! assass9ation ( ! ,bol%evik ,uritzky 0 repaid by ! execution ( five hundr$ citiz5s4 ,yet1 j z 9 ! mo/ furi\s days ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 ! t]rori/s 7 always compla9+ t !re 0 n en\gh t]ror4 ,! cont9ual discov]y ( conspiracies 9 our re> 4 4 4 ! insignificant ext5t ( s]i\s repressions & mass %oot+s ( ,:ite ,gu>ds & b\rgeoisie on ! "p ( ! ,soviets1 %[ t not)/&+ frequ5t pron\ncem5ts urg+ mass t]ror aga9/ ! ,social ,revolution>ies1 ,:ite ,gu>ds1 & b\rgeoisie1 no real t]ror exi/s 7,(ficial ,weekly ( ! ,all-,russian ,extraord9>y ,commission1 ,no4 #a1 ,mosc[1 ,septemb] #ba1 #aiah74 ,trotzky 9 com=t+ language expla9$ t ! object ( ! mass t]ror 0 n really ! ext]m9ation ( all non-communi/s1 or all ,russians :o did n atta9 ! full /&>d ( pov]ty & or?odoxy4 ,! prolet>iate says3 ',i %all break y\r w because my w is /rong] ?an y\rs1 & ,i %all =ce y to s]ve me4' 4 4 4 ,t]ror z ! demon/ration ( ! w & /r5g? ( ! work+ class is hi/orically ju/ifi$ 7,trotzky 9 ,izve/ia1 ,janu>y #aj1 #aiai74 ,ev5tually1 ( c\rse1 :5 all ,russia 0 submissive & all ,europe ,communi/1 !re w\ld be a g5tl] rgime1 & ! prolet>iate w\ld %[ _! true beauty ( "*4 ,& x w\ld be a mi/ake to ignore ! real re=ms :i* seem to h be5 c>ri$ ?r\gh 9 c]ta9 social s]vices1 notably 9 ! c>e ( *ildr51 ! attempt to develop popul> education & ! putt+ d[n ( dr9k4 ,b 9 ! meantime t]ror 0 ren=c$ by +5i\s petty p]secutions & indignities1 ren=c$ by />vation4 ,^? :o jo9$ ! ,r$ ,army _h ?ree times ! ration ( food all[$ to sev]al categories ( ! civil population4 ,no "o c wond] t suicide--t la/ irrefutable evid5ce ( unbe>able oppression--became extraord9>ily common1 especially among ! educat$ classes1#d & t frantic resi/ance broke out :]e x _h any prospect ( success4 ,footnote #d3 ,! remnants ( ! m di/+ui%$ intellectuals are n[ ga!r$ into two or ?ree salvage h\ses & look$ aft] by ,maxim ,gorky4 ,he has n[ fl$4 ,,ii4 ,,russia',s ,,neighb\rs ,b :at ( ! w> outside ,russia8 ,:y c\ld n ! ,russians be all[$ to conduct _! revolution & settle _! =m ( gov]nm5t by !mselves8 ,x w\ld be v desirable if !y c\ld4 ,& d\btless x is ! aim to be /riv5 =4 ,b ! tr\ble is t ,bol%evism is to its adh]5ts a revelation & a new gospel1 & !y h ! same zeal = conv]t+ ! re/ ( ! _w z _h ! ,fr5* ,revolution>ies or ! foll[]s ( ,mohamm$4 ,! program ( ! ,communi/ ,p>ty is n m]ely a program ( lib]at+ ! prolet>iate ( "o c\ntry2 x is ! program ( lib]at+ ! prolet>iate ( ! _w 7au?oriz$ pamphlet by ,n4 ,bukh>91 ,july #bd1 #aiah74 ,?is is to be a*iev$ by a bloody tortur+ & h]oic fight4 ,! me?ods are to include e kn[n =m ( intrigue1 corruption1 =g]y1 & ! l1 & ! plan is to be ! same 9 all c\ntries4 ,revolution>y workm5 are to be arm$1 includ+ common soldi]s1 tramps1 prison]s1 & all ! utt]ly dispossess$ ( ! e>?1 except1 ( c\rse1 ^? :o h ,cons]vative1 ,lib]al1 or ,lab\r ,p>ty views2 & !n are to "w _! prolet>ian w on ! re/ ( ! community4 ,! national w is to be disreg>d$3 ,! int]e/s ( ,socialism /& f> above ! int]e/ ( ! "r ( nations to self-det]m9ation 7,trotzky1 ,izve/ia1 ,m>* #h1 #aiah74 ,all our hopes = ! def9itive triumph ( ,socialism are bas$ on ?is conviction & on ?is sci5tific prevision1 i4e4 t a revolution l ! ,russian c be produc$ 9 all ! nations ( ,europe 7ib474 ,9 ! ,treaty ( ,bre/-,litovsk ! ,bol%eviks 7 compell$ to sign a clause promis+ n to conduct any agitation aga9/ ! ,/ate & milit>y in/itutions ( ,g]many4 ,b bo? ! ,russian ,gov]nm5t z a :ole & its accr$it$ repres5tative 9 ,b]l9 nev] conceal$ ! fact t !y 7 n obs]v+ ?is article1 & did n int5d to d s 7,j(fe1 ,izve/ia1 ,janu>y #a1 #aiai74 ,! belief t by "s s+le viol5t *ange 9 social1 political1 or economic conditions human life z a :ole c be sudd5ly transfigur$ is "o t cl+s to _m m9ds1 & by no means ! /upide/ m9ds1 ( ! pres5t age1 9 spite ( mu* disillusion+ exp]i5ce4 ,x does seem to !m at mom5ts z if only "s "o ?+ 0 wrong ) ! _w1 & z if t "o flaw mu/ surely be def9ite & rem$iable3 "s "o bold /ep is all t is ne$$--say1 ! abolition ( ! family1 or ( prop]ty1 or ( competition1 or ( wages1 or ( int]e/1 or ( compulsory law1 or "s o!r ( ! fundam5tal in/itutions ( society4 ,to our ance/ors x 0 ! abolition ( h]esy4 ,to ! ,turks1 ! abolition ( all ,*ri/ians 9 ,turkey4 ,to su* p at su* times ! normal me?od ( try+ to correct ! wor/ abuses by p]suad+ ! majority t !y ought to be correct$1 & ( seek+ individually to live a bett] life & to help "o's neighb\rs1 seems t$i\s & ineffective1 if n hypocritical4 ,b "o ?+ t is cle> is t revolution means frantic resi/ance1 & ! /rong] ! fai? & en]gy beh9d ! revolution ! m deep-rea*+ is ! resi/ance likely to be4 ,russia's neighb\rs see :at seems to !m ! inf9ite mis]y & impov]i%m5t & ret>dation inflict$ by ,bol%evism2 & !y are naturally indignant & al>m$ at ! secret propag&a ( ,bol%evism )9 _! own bord]s4 ,9 normal times p]haps !y ne$ n h be5 afraid4 ,b s9ce ! w> e /ate is un/able2 e /ate has a l>ge discont5t$ class4 ,! small republics 9 ! ,caucasus1 b>ely able to support !mselves 9 fre$om1 are madd5$ to f9d _! con/itution ?reat5$ by ,russian bribes1 _! malcont5ts & bad *>act]s arm$ ) ,russian rifles & ma*9e guns1 & _! public m5 assass9at$4 ,georgia & ,arm5ia are probably doom$4 ,hung>y & ,f9l& h gone ,bol%evik & return$1 ea* process be+ accompani$ by hide\s p]secutions & murd]s1 ! reprisals be+ naturally ! wor/4 ,g]many1 9 spite ( all treaties1 has be5 expos$ to con/ant propag&a & has _h "o or two bad outbreaks ( viol5ce4 ,pol& has be5 & /ill is--:e!r ?r\gh h] own bad policy or o!rwise--on ! br9k ( compulsory ,bol%evism4 ,human nature be+ :at x is1 & human politics a little worse ?an private human nature1 x is inevitable t ,russia's neighb\rs %\ld be con/antly afraid ( h] & int5sely anxi\s to see h] aga9 "u "s m normal gov]nm5t2 "s gov]nm5t :i*1 :atev] its political bias1 w\ld leave its neighb\rs to gov]n !mselves & accept ! ord9>y conv5tions ( civiliz$ society4 ,nay1 "o c ev5 und]/& anti-,russian policies t seem at fir/ sight intol]ably aggressive4 ,! ,poles1 among o!r dem&s1 are anxi\s = ! indep5d5ce ( ,:ite ,russia1 ! region nor? ( ! ,pripet1 ( :i* ,m9sk is ! *ief t[n4 ,!y wi% x ei!r annex$ to ,pol& or else made indep5d5t1 b at any rate cut (f f ,russia4 ,! claim seems mon/r\s4 ,b x has its excuse4 ,! ,:ite ,russian peasantry are said to be peculi>ly ignorant & devoid ( national feel+2 ! l&-own]s & well-to-d classes are mo/ly ,poles4 ,is x surpris+ t ! ,poles ( ,pol& hate ! idea ( h&+ _! c\ntrym5 ov] to a ,russia :i* w1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 set ! peasants to burn _! h\ses1 de/roy _! cattle1 & hunt !m !mselves d[n l v]m98 ,& :5 t is done1 !y reflect1 ,bol%evism w only be ne>] to ,w>saw4 ,l ! e>ly ,moslems1 ! true ,bol%eviks c>e m = _! fai? ?an = t]ritory4 ,9 deal+ ) ,li?uania1 :i* is at pres5t a comp>atively quiet little peasant republic1 ! ,russians (f]$ h] a l>ge slice ( t]ritory beyond :at %e 0 entitl$ to or want$4 ,:y8 ,because x 0 a ?or\ghly ,bol%eviz$ area1 & might be expect$ to spread ! fai?--or ! poison--into all ,li?uania4 ,a nation1 or a gov]nm5t1 9 t /ate ( m9d _c be surpris$ if its neighb\rs reg>d x ) anxiety4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x is a curi\s fact t revolutioni/s s (t5 reg>d !mselves z pacifi/s4 ,_m 7 ev5 consci5ti\s objectors dur+ ! w>1 & !re is no reason to d\bt t !y 7 s9c]e4 ,b !y d seem to be confus$ ?9k]s4 ,to hate y\r neighb\rs1 :om y "k1 & love y\r neighb\rs' enemies1 :om y d n "k1 is a consi/5t & n uncommon frame ( m9d2 ?\gh ! elem5t ( love 9 x seems less important & prom95t ?an ! hate4 ,b to expect ,european peace & good-w by means ( a revolution 9 all c\ntries argues a lack ( und]/&+ n f> remov$ f madness4 ,e revolution>y outbur/ s9ce ! w> has be5 m>k$ by f]oci\s cruelties & foll[$ by /ill m f]oci\s reprisals4 ,revolution leads n to peace1 b to reciprocal reigns ( t]ror1 fir/ ,r$ & !n ,:ite1 till ! exhau/ion ( suff]+ produces "s sort ( equilibrium4 ,! w>1 among its _m evil lessons1 has inculcat$ ! gospel ( impati5ce & ( =ce4 ,:5 y want a ?+1 take x f "s "o1 & if he resi/s1 knock him d[n4 ,x is ! doctr9e :i* de/roys human societies z x de/roys ! peace 9 m5's own he>ts4 ,if we want peace1 we mu/ simply unle>n t cre$ & g back to ! old ,lib]al doctr9e t is at ! root ( s\nd politics ev]y:]e3 ,if y ?9k some?+ is "r1 try to p]suade y\r fell[ citiz5s ( x2 try y\r h>de/1 b rememb] t y may be wrong1 & until y succe$1 h pati5ce4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,pre-,,w> ,,& ,,po/-,,w> ,,causes ,,( ,,/rife ,! w> has left beh9d x a great numb] ( small w>s or gu]rillas4 ,mo/ ( !m h _! explanation 9 "s ord9>y excess ( nationalism or rev5ge or gre$4 ,! ,s]bs1 intoxicat$ ) _! new greatness1 are /ill caus+ w> 9 ,albania & ,mont5egro4 ,! ,rumanians rec5tly invad$ ,hung>y1 9 spite ( all ! ?und]s ( ! ,peace ,conf]5ce1 because !y _h be5 robb$ by ,au/ria-,hung>y & want$ rev5ge & rep>ation4 ,! ,hung>ians h al>m$ all _! neighb\rs & =c$ !m into a def5sive alliance1 :i* n[ calls itself ! ,little ,ent5te4 ,! ,li?uanians & ,poles h f\ght1 b be5 reconcil$ by ! m$iation ( ! ,league ( ,nations4 ,! ,arm5ians h be5 massacr$ aga91 "u ! eyes ( ! ,fr5* army ( occupation 9 ,cilicia1 :]e !y _h ga!r$ "u a repeat$ gu>antee ( safety giv5 by ,france & ,engl&4 ,! ,turki% ,nationali/s are hold+ out v unsuccessfully 9 ! c5tre ( ,anatolia aga9/ a ,greek army c>ry+ out ! directions ( ! ,supreme ,c\ncil4 ,! ,turki% peasants are increas+ly reluctant to take arms aga94 ,! ,koreans h helplessly decl>$ _! "r to indep5d5ce f ,japan1 & are app>5tly be+ r$uc$ by a t]rible p]secution4 ,^! are ! m]e belat$ eff]vesc5ce ( ! passions ( ! ,great ,w>4 ,! hate & pride :i* are ! basis ( nationalism & :i* 7 s viol5tly /imulat$ by ! ev5ts ( ! w> _c be expect$ to die out at once4 ,x 0 calculat$ a %ort "t ago t !re 7 tw5ty-sev5 w>s ( "o sort or ano!r 9 progress4 ,b !y w presumably simm] d[n z social conditions become m normal4 ,x is int]e/+ to obs]ve t two ( ! greate/ causes ( w>1 accord+ to ! judgm5t ( normal times1 are n[ n actively op]at+4 ,be=e #aiad1 if "o 0 ask$ to "n ! ma9 causes ( w>1 ! answ] w\ld h be51 fir/1 competitive armam5ts1 &1 second1 protective t>iffs & ! competition = m>kets4 ,^! causes w rema9 fully z dang]\s = ! future1 b x s happ5s t none ( ! exi/+ w>s is directly due to ei!r4 ,i4 ,,armam5ts ,9 "o s5se1 inde$1 armam5ts are actually op]at+ n[ z a cause ( w>4 ,!re are f> too _m fire>ms ly+ ab\t4 ,am]ica1 ,engl&1 & ,france h made v lavi% gifts or sales ( le?al weapons to v>i\s bodies ) :om !y sympa?iz$4 ,& ! arms h by no means always /ay$ 9 ! place = :i* !y 7 int5d$4 ,guns :i* we s5t to ,d5ik9 7 sold by corrupt (ficials to ! ,bol%eviks1 & pass$ on by !m to ! ,afghans to use aga9/ u on ! ,indian fronti]4 ,su* ?+s cause "s dea?s & "s laught]1 b are n p]man5t evils4 ,no ,european nation1 except ^? actually compell$1 has made mu* progress t[>ds dis>mam5t4 ,x is said t ,great ,brita9 has actually made ! greate/ r$uction1 b bo? 9 numb]s ( m5 & 9 exp5diture our /&>d is fanta/ically high] ?an :at 0 =c$ ^u u by ,g]man competition 9 #aiad4 ,x is impossible to r$uce our =ces 9 a really dra/ic way z long z our commitm5ts are s l>ge &--p]haps we mu/ add--our policy s inconsi/5t & provocative4 ,peace ) ,russia1 a settlem5t ) ,mesopotamia & ,egypt on ! l9es laid d[n by ! ,cov5ant & ! ,miln] ,report1 ! evacuation ( ,irel&1 ! execution ( ! ,montagu-,*elms=d re=ms 9 ,india1 & ! ext5sion ( simil> re=ms to ,burmah & ! mu*-suff]+ ,ceylon1 w p]mit u really to envisage = ! fir/ "t a satisfactory measure ( dis>mam5t4 ,! air =ce is already greatly r$uc$4 ,! va/ size ( ! navy appe>s to be utt]ly unju/ifi$1 at any rate by conditions 9 ,europe4 ,! ,fr5* army is f> beyond ! economic p[]s ( ,france to support4 ,! same seems to be true ( ,italy1 & is c]ta9ly true ( ,s]bia1 :i* is /ill call+ conscripts to ! col\rs4 ,greece is va/ly ov]>m$2 b ,greek policy1 ?\gh err+ on ! ambiti\s side1 has probably be5 m sagaci\sly guid$ "u ,m4 ,v5izelos ?an any 9 ,europe4 ,! fall ( t great man1 due ma9ly to ! prolong$ economic di/resses ( ,greece1 w probably cause a resurg5ce ( ,mu/apha ,kemal & ! ,turki% nationali/s4 ,meantime ! ,russian conscript army1 ?\gh app>5tly ill-arm$ & ill-suppli$1 is ov]:elm+ 9 numb]s & is l$ by (fic]s ( ! old rgime1 exp]i5c$ & n absolutely incompet5t4 ,! ,russian army is f> ! greate/ &1 9 a political s5se1 ! mo/ dang]\s1 9 ! _w4 ,b x is n ! actual armam5ts1 ru9\s z !y are1 t are ! ess5tial poison to civiliz$ society4 ,x is ! competition 9 armam5ts4 ,t has n[ be5 aboli%$ ?r\gh\t ,europe4 ,sl[ly1 unequally1 reluctantly1 ! armam5ts :i*1 9 ,"l ,grey's words1 w5t uphill "u ! lead ( ,g]many1 are n[1 "u ! same lead1 grop+ _! way d[nhill4 ,!re is only "o great nation :i*1 if words are to be believ$1 ?9ks s]i\sly ( />t+ a competition 9 armam5ts4 ,x has be5 ann\nc$1 m ?an once1 by ! ,am]ican ,gov]nm5t t1 l ,g]many 9 ! ye>s be=e #aiad1 !y h arrang$ a naval programme :i* w effectually put an end to ! ,briti% comm& ( ! seas & give ! ,unit$ ,/ates _w primacy 7see spee* ( ,mr4 ,daniels1 ,secret>y ( ! ,navy1 9 ! ,times ( ,septemb] #a1 #aibj74 ,s9ce ! ,briti% ,empire is a scatt]$ s]ies ( communities dep5d5t = _! communications ^u ! sea1 & 9 p>ticul> s9ce ! population ( ,great ,brita9 is absolutely dep5d5t = its food on ! free use ( sea transport1 x has be5 g5]ally ackn[l$g$ 9 ,europe t ! sea-p[] ( ,great ,brita9 0 necess>y to its exi/5ce4 ,briti% sea-p[] has nev] be5 *all5g$ except by def9ite enemies 9 pursuit ( a def9ite w> policy4 ,if ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7 s]i\sly to emb>k on ! same policy z ! late ,g]man ,gov]nm5t1 x seems z if all o!r causes ( w> mu/ s9k into insignificance beside ?is gigantic & delib]ate "o4 ,b1 9 spite ( "s bewild]+ symptoms1 x c h>dly be believ$ t ?is conclusion is possible1 at any rate until ,am]ica has def9itely & f9ally refus$ to be a memb] ( ! ,league ( ,nations4 ,relations betwe5 ,great ,brita9 & ,am]ica h ( late be5 dang]\sly /ra9$1 p>tly ow+ to causes outside our ,gov]nm5t's control1 b 9 "p ow+ to ! sc&al caus$ 9 ,am]ica by c]ta9 developm5ts ( ! ,peace ,treaty1 & by ! excesses ( ! ,gov]nm5t =ces 9 ,irel&4 ,a wise policy may help to heal ?is gr[+ brea*1 & if ,am]ica accepts 9 "s =m or o!r memb]%ip ( ! ,league ( ,nations1 x ought to be possible 9 fri5dly discussion to arrive at "s und]/&+ on ! "q ( naval armam5ts4 ,! problem ( armam5ts is put 9 ! v =efront ( ! ,cov5ant ( ! ,league1 imm$iately aft] ! con/itution ( ! ,league itself4 ,by ,article ,,viii-- ,! memb]s ( ! ,league recognize t ! ma9t5ance ( peace requires ! r$uction ( national armam5ts to ! l[e/ po9t consi/5t ) 7a7 national safety & 7b7 ! en=cem5t by common action ( national obligations4 ,! ,c\ncil1 tak+ acc\nt ( ! geographical situation & circum/ances ( ea* ,/ate1 %all =mulate plans = su* r$uction = ! consid]ation & action ( ! sev]al ,gov]nm5ts4 ,su* plans %all be subject to reconsid]ation & revision at lea/ e t5 ye>s4 ,aft] ^! plans %all h be5 adopt$ by ! sev]al ,gov]nm5ts ! limits ( armam5t !re9 fix$ %all n be exce$$ )\t ! concurr5ce ( ! ,c\ncil4 ,! article goes on to recognize t private munition factories are objectionable1 & mu/ someh[ be dealt )1 & to lay d[n t all memb]s mu/ int]*ange full & frank in=mation ab\t _! armam5ts & programmes4 ,& ! next article con/itutes a p]man5t ,commission to advise ! ,c\ncil on ! execution ( ! provisions ( ,article ,,viii & o!r simil> matt]s4 ,! cauti\s language ( ! ,cov5ant on ?is subject is due to ! inh]5t difficulty ( ! subject itself4 ,x w\ld be absurd to lay d[n t e memb] ( ! ,league mu/ disb& its =ces =?)2 ! ,league c\ld h>dly und]take to g to w> 9 ord] to compel "s /rong ,p[] to dis>m4 ,& x is obvi\s t diff]5t nations ne$ diff]5t degrees ( armam5t4 ,! *ief difficulty is t dis>mam5t ought 9 ju/ice & prud5ce to be simultane\s all r\nd4 ,x is only by ! compulsion ( a lo/ w> t ,g]many has be5 compell$ to dis>m :ile h] enemies /& r\nd h] ) l>ge armies1 & ev5 9 ,g]many ! process is evid5tly v difficult to en=ce4 ,too _m rifles & ma*9e guns h got loose 9 private h&s4 ,no ,league c\ld compel ,pol& or ,rumania to dis>m :ile ! ,r$ ,army ( ,russia /ood wait+ across ! fronti]2 or compel ,great ,brita9 to dis>m :ile ! nor?we/ fronti] ( ,india is con/antly attack$1 :ile ! ,bol%eviks are 9 ,p]sia & ,briti% (ficials are besieg$ 9 ,mesopotamia4 ,?is difficulty w rema9 ev5 :5 ! _w beg9s to settle d[n & ! c\ntries ( ,europe are no long] gov]n$ by _! ,w> ,(fices4 ,on ! o!r h&1 economic pressure1 z well z ,lib]al feel+1 w make = ! r$uction ( armies & navies4 ,x may be difficult to get volunte]s = milit>y s]vice1 & x w c]ta9ly be dang]\s to impress conscripts4 ,!re w be a /rong] & m g5u9e popul> dem& = dis>mam5t ?an = mo/ ( ! desirable provisions ( ! ,league ,cov5ant1 & ,gov]nm5ts dep5d5t on ! popul> w may f9d _! h&s =c$4 ,b 9 ! ma9 dis>mam5t mu/ dep5d on ! re/oration ( confid5ce2 ?\gh probably x is true 9 mo/ cases t if ! dis>mam5t comes fir/ ! confid5ce w foll[4 ,,ii4 ,,m>kets ,,& ,,food ,! second ( ^! great causes ( w>1 protection & ! competition = m>kets1 has some:at *ang$ its aspect s9ce ! comp>ative exhau/ion ( ! _w supplies ( food & raw mat]ial4 ,be=e ! w>1 nations *iefly want$ to sell4 ,m>kets 7 ! great object ( ambition1 & t>iff walls ! great means ( (f5ce4 ,great ,brita91 ( c\rse1 kept h] doors ev]y:]e op5 to ! trade ( ! _w4 ,x is "o ( ! decisive m>ks to h] cr$it 9 ! apportionm5t ( ! comp>ative guilt ( ! nations 9 prep>+ t int]national atmosph]e :i* made ! w> ( #aiad possible4 ,b if %e _h *os5 at any mom5t to close h] doors1 %e c\ld h injur$ griev\sly e o!r great nation ?r\gh\t ! globe2 & ! ,briti% ,t>iff ,re=m ,campaign 0 "o ( ! excuses us$ by ! ,g]man ,gov]nm5t to fright5 _! p into a w> _s4 ,:5 ,au/ria wi%$ to ru9 ,s]bia %e simply put a prohibitive duty on ! import ( pigs4 ,n[1 s9ce ! w>1 :at mo/ nations want is n 9 ! fir/ place m>kets2 x is food & raw mat]ials4 ,!y h n1 ( c\rse1 aboli%$ _! t>iffs1 b _! fir/ anxiety is to be able to buy food4 ,au/ria does n want to keep out ,s]bian pigs4 ,%e begs = !m1 & ,s]bia w n let h] h !m4 ,! mo/ consi/5tly & n>r[ly protectioni/ nations1 l ,france or ,au/ralia1 no long] conc5trate on =bidd+ _! neighb\rs to sell to !m4 ,on ! contr>y1 !y refuse to sell food & raw mat]ial to _! neighb\rs4 ,! policy ( keep+ ! food & raw mat]ials ( ! ,briti% ,empire = ,briti% consumption is already widely advocat$ & has p[]ful *ampions 9 ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,z long z x is conf9$ to palm k]nels1 ?is policy1 ?\gh bad f almo/ e po9t ( view1 is n fatal4 ,b if ev] x 7 to be c>ri$ consi/5tly ?r\gh1 x w\ld mean w>4 ,! ,briti% ,empire holds su* a va/ ext5t ( ! e>?'s surface t x has inevitably giv5 ho/ages to =tune4 ,s huge an empire c only be tol]at$ if x behaves tol]ably4 ,if we keep to ourselves & use = our own pr(it all ! ov]:elm+ly l>ge /ores ( food & raw mat]ial :i* by our va/ annexations ( t]ritory we n[ control1 !reby r$uc+ o!r nations fir/ to a /agnation ( trade & !n to />vation1 ! natural & inevitable answ] to su* a proce$+ w\ld seem to be a _w crusade = our de/ruction4 ,?is is ! *ief po9t1 app>5tly1 9 :i* ! influ5ce ( :at is call$ capitalism seems to be a direct cause ( w>4 ,great capitali/s1 or ^? imp]sonal organizations ( capital :i* seem likely n[ to sup]s$e ! individual capitali/1 are normally /rong influ5ces = peace4 ,!y ne$ peace = ! success ( _! und]tak+s & are 9 dang] ( ru9 if w> breaks out4 ,b !y d at times /& to ga9 enorm\s sums by concessions & monopolies & by control ov] mat]ials :i* are ! subject ( an int5se dem& f great masses ( p4 ,& no d\bt "o way 9 :i* !y w seek to get ^! monopolies & controls is by putt+ pressure on ,gov]nm5ts = s-call$ patriotic reasons to exclude =eign competition4 ,?is is a v real dang]4 ,! ,cov5ant ( ! ,league ( ,nations has n d>$ to insi/ on free trade4 ,obvi\sly x c\ld n1 s9ce ! majority ( ! memb] nations are aga9/ free trade4 ,b x does lay d[n c]ta9 rules to *eck aggressive protection4 ,all ! t]ritories transf]r$ by ! w> f ! possession ( ,g]many & ,turkey to _! conqu]ors are subject$ to ! pr9ciple ( m&ate4 ,!y are n held z possessions4 ,!y are held z a sacr$ tru/ = civilization ) ! express purpose ( secur+ ! well-be+ & developm5t ( ! native populations4 ,9 p>ticul>1 ! m&atories agree to gu>antee equal opportunities = ! trade & comm]ce ( o!r memb]s ( ! ,league4 ,z ! memb]%ip ( ! ,league is increas$1 ?is w practically ensure ! op5 door to all nations 9 ! m&at$ areas4 ,x seems also cle>ly to =bid ! e/abli%m5t ( national monopolies4 ,if a m&atory f9ds copp]-m9es or oil-wells 9 its t]ritory1 x is b\nd to develop !m z a tru/ = civilization4 ,any pr(it x receives mu/ be 9 ! nature ( wages = "w done4 ,a m&atory may n exclude or hamp] ! trade ( ano!r memb] ( ! ,league by t>iffs1#e mu* less keep ! oil = ! exclusive use ( itself & its fri5ds1 z is at pres5t propos$ by ,engl& & ,france 9 ,mesopotamia4 ,! condemnation ( ?is proposal by ! ,assembly ( ! ,league 9 ,novemb]1 #aibj1 back$ by a vigor\s prote/ f ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 has1 x may be hop$1 made su* a violation ( ! ,cov5ant impossible4 ,footnote #e3 ,except 9 ,m&ates ,c 7,pacific ,isl&s1 etc471 :]e ,au/ralia successfully refus$ to submit to any economic re/rictions4 ,see1 h[ev]1 ! def9ite pl$ge giv5 by ! ,alli$ ,reply1 p4 #gh1 above4 ,9 t]ritories n m&at$ z a result ( ! w>1 b o!rwise simil> to ! m&at$ areas1 su* z ! pre-w> colonies ( ! v>i\s ,p[]s1 ^! rules1 ( c\rse1 d n hold4 ,yet x may be hop$ t at lea/ !y w be recogniz$ z good rules1 to :i* approximation %\ld be made z circum/ances p]mit4 ,9 all _! deal+s1 moreov]1 memb]s ( ! ,league agree 7,article ,,xxiii7 to secure & ma9ta9 fre$om ( communications & ( transit1 & equitable treatm5t = ! comm]ce ( all memb]s ( ! ,league4 ,! language ( ?is article is a little vague4 ,"o c trace 9 x ! influ5ce ( a /ruggle4 ,b at lea/ x =bids t>iff w>s1 & x gives ! ,league a h&le = int]f]5ce 9 case ( any v great iniquity4 ,x does n =bid national monopolies2 b a monopoly 9 food/uffs :i* came ne> to inflict+ fam9e on o!r memb]s ( ! ,league w\ld1 "u x1 at lea/ give cause = rem>k4 ,& no clause1 h[ev] /rong1 c\ld 9 practice be sure ( atta9+ m4 ,! ,league has to be built out ( nations z !y already exi/1 & ! rules ( ! ,league out ( _! public op9ion4 ,! real dang] "h1 z 9 s _m o!r cases1 lies n 9 ! caution & mod]ation ( ! language us$ 9 ! ,cov5ant1 b fir/ 9 ! que/ionable s9c]ity ( ! nations 9 c>ry+ out ! pl$ges sign$ by _! repres5tatives1 & secondly 9 ! possibility t1 ?r\gh ill-w1 or fe>1 or self-int]e/1 or mob-passion1 or "s o!r disa/r\s influ5ce1 ! ex-enemy ,p[]s be n quickly includ$ 9 ! ,league4 ,n until all ,c5tral ,europe is 9 ! ,league c ! _w beg9 to brea! freely4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,league ,,( ,,nations ,we h consid]$ _m p>ts ( ! _w & _m aspects ( ! pres5t _w settlem5t to see :at se$s ( future w> may n[ be g]m9at+ & :at means we h ( mak+ !m h>mless4 ,& 9 e case we are br\ght back to ! "o great creative idea :i* ?is w> has produc$1 ! ,league ( ,nations4 ,! e>li] notions ( ! ,league1 z issu$1 = example1 ab\t ! ye> #aiji by c]ta9 ,am]ican bodies1 c5tr$ ^u ! developm5t ( compulsory m$iation or arbitration & ! sett+ up ( a recogniz$ p]man5t ,c\rt ( ,int]national ,law4 ,! flaw 9 ?is conception1 op]at+ alone1 is a c]ta9 rigidity & b>r5ness4 ,x left /ates to "w sep>ately until !y qu>rell$ or saw a qu>rel approa*+1 & only !n1 :5 ! atmosph]e 0 already bad1 x expect$ !m to meet & accept arbitration4 ,a great addition to ?is 0 ,sir ,edw>d ,grey's conception1 already put 9 practice dur+ ! ,balkan ,w>s1 ( an ext5d$ ent5te cordiale embrac+ all ,europe & ,am]ica4 ,9 8 "t ,france & ,engl&1 ,engl& & ,am]ica1 ,engl& & ,italy1 _h =m$ a habit ( cordiality & frank deal+4 ,:5 any tr\ble arose1 ! ambassadors _h ! habit ( meet+ freely & discuss+ ! tr\ble ) p]fect frankness1 almo/ z memb]s ( ! same ,m9i/ry might d4 ,?is t5d5cy 0 help$ by ! enorm\s increase 9 int]national conf]5ces1 commissions1 & bureaux4 ,& dur+ ! ,balkan crisis ( #aiab-ac x 0 9 process ( be+ ext5d$ to include ,g]many4 ,?us !re 0 ! habit ( frequ5t cop]ation & mutual confid5ce4 ,un=tunately1 ?is fri5dly _s dep5d$ on all p>ties be+ g5]ally cont5t ) ! pres5t condition ( affairs2 ,g]many 0 n cont5t1 & s ! ent5te idea 0 balk$4 ,"u ! ,league ! nations are already =m+ a habit ( consultation & cop]ation on non-controv]sial matt]s :i* %\ld be ( imm5se help 9 deal+ ) diff]5ces :5 !y arise4 ,ano!r great =mative idea 0 contribut$ by ,g5]al ,smuts1 ! pr9ciple ( ! m&ate4 ,he =esaw t !re w\ld be at ! end ( ! w> an imm5se appropriation ( tropical colonies2 he knew t ! rivalry ( ! ,great ,p[]s = ! possession ( su* colonies 0 "o ( ! *ief s\rces ( int]national /rife2 & he saw t ! "r outlet 0 to put an end to ! treatm5t ( colonies z possessions or m]e s\rces ( weal? to ! coloniz+ ,p[]4 ,! populations t are n able to /& alone %\ld be tak5 9 tru/ by ! :ole ,league ( ,nations1 :i* %\ld appo9t a p>ticul> ,p[] 9 ea* p>ticul> case to c>ry out ! tru/4 ,aga91 ! great /irr+ ( discont5t among ! lab\r+ classes 9 almo/ all p>ts ( ! _w l$ to ! =mation ( a special ,int]national ,commission on ,lab\r1 :i* has s f> met ) great success4 ,x w 9 g5]al h ! effect ( rais+ ! conditions ( ! mo/ backw>d peoples to some?+ l ! level ( ! be/4 ,& la/ly1 :5 all ^! ?+s 7 9 tra91 ! policy = :i* bo? ,great ,brita9 & ! late ,cz> ( ,russia _h /riv5 s long & va9ly w\ld at la/ become feasible1 & ! nations might cons5t to dis>m4 ,?us ! ,cov5ant ( ! ,league1 an unpret5ti\s b well-consid]$ docum5t1 ! result ( repeat$ criticism & /udy by _m ( ! be/ m9ds 9 ,europe & ,am]ica1 attempts to meet & *eck all ! visible & pr$ictable causes ( w>4 ,!re %\ld be no w>s ( ambition4 ,!y are to be met by absolute co]cion4 ,! ,league c make x c]ta9 t delib]ate w> und]tak5 = national aggr&izem5t w end1 n 9 pr(it1 b 9 ru9\s loss4 ,!re %\ld be no w>s caus$ by ! irresi/ible desire to escape f =eign oppression or intol]able conditions4 ,!y are made unnecess>y by provisions enabl+ any oppress$ nation to lay its case be=e ! ,assembly or ,c\ncil & obta9 su* r$ress z ! mo/ dis9t]e/$ tribunal c give4 ,a w> :i* is caus$ by ! em]g5ce ( "s cla% ( int]e/ or un=ese5 dispute betwe5 two /ates _c1 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 be made absolutely impossible4 ,! ,league opposes to t dang]1 n a blank wall1 b1 z x 71 a s]ies ( spr+s calculat$ to exhau/ its =ce2 a c\rt = po9ts ( law1 m$iation = po9ts ( policy1 compulsory delay & reconsid]ation = all disputes :atsoev]4 ,x w be a /range dispute :i*1 giv5 hone/ int5tions on bo? sides1 la/s ?r\gh all ! *ecks provid$ by ,articles ,,xii to ,,xvii & plunges nations into w> at ! end ( !m4 ,w>s caus$ by rivalry = ! possession ( colonies & rebellions caus$ 9 colonies by unju/ exploitation are1 z f> z reg>ds m&at$ areas1 provid$ aga9/ by ,article ,,xxii2 = ! o!r colonial t]ritories1 :i* d n come "u a m&ate1 at lea/ ! way ( safety is %[n4 ,w>s caus$1 or made m likely1 by ! mutual prejudices ( nations1 by _! habit ( work+ always ap>t & 9 secrecy1 are met by ! imm5se field ( int]national cop]ation :i* ! ,league proposes1 & its absolute insi/5ce ^u frank int]*ange ( in=mation4 ,w>s caus$ by exclusive t>iffs or national monopolies ( mat]ial are 9 "p provid$ aga9/ by ,articles ,,xxii & ,,xxiii & 9 "p by ,,xi4 ,w>s :i* might be caus$ by dome/ic revolutions1 z 9 ,russia1 are made less likely by ! ,lab\r ,commission1 :i* assures a rem$y = any lab\r conditions 9 a p>ticul> c\ntry :i* are s bad z to incur ! active condemnation ( ! _w4 ,b x is impossible by m]e enum]ation to be sure ( meet+ all ! causes f :i* "s new w> may />t4 ,! ,league1 9 ! la/ resort1 falls back on ! mutual tru/ & good-w ( its memb]s1 & p>ticul>ly ( its memb]s' repres5tatives1 secur$ p>tly by ! common int]e/ 9 peace & p>tly by ! habit ( cop]ation = ord9>y affairs4 ,! esprit de corps ( ! ,league's p]man5t ,secret>iat1 ) a pr(essional int]e/ 9 ! pres]vation ( peace & good-w1 is a new & important factor 9 ! _w's life4 ,any memb] ( ! ,league has ! "r to br+ to ! att5tion ( ! ,assembly or ,c\ncil any circum/ance :atev] affect+ int]national relations :i* ?reat5s to di/urb int]national peace or ! good und]/&+ betwe5 nations ^u :i* peace dep5ds4 ,9 ,am]ica ! ,cov5ant ( ! ,league is apt to be repres5t$ z a t]ribly dra/ic & tyrannical docum5t4 ,c>toons %[ ,john ,bull1 or "s equally repulsive ab/raction1 dress$ 9 khaki1 dragg+ away ,am]ican y\?s to fight enemies ( ! ,league 9 remote p>ts ( ,asia or ,africa4 ,b on ?is side ( ! ,atlantic x is g5]ally criticiz$ = n be+ dra/ic en\gh4 ,x does n make w> =mally impossible4 ,x does n b9d all its memb]s to make w> on any ,cov5ant-break]4 ,x does n ev5 b9d any memb] ( ! ,league to accept ! decision ( ! majority4 ,x leaves its memb]s almo/ z free z if !y 7 outside4 ,!y are pl$g$ to accept1 if !y ask = x1 a decision ( ! ,int]national ,c\rt2 !y are pl$g$ to ! pr9ciple ( m&ate2 !y are pl$g$ to boycott any delib]ate w>-mak]4 ,b t is practically all4 ,! ,league's true weapon is n =ce1 b publicity4 ,! tru? is1 & x is a tru? ( fundam5tal importance 9 political matt]s1 t no /ructure c be m rigid ?an ! mat]ial ( :i* x is made4 ,engagem5ts betwe5 human be+s mu/ ne$s be z ela/ic z human nature itself4 ,_h ! ,cov5ant laid d[n t e memb] ( ! ,league 0 to make w> or peace1 or *ange its =eign policy1 9 ob$i5ce to ! majority ( ! ,c\ncil or ,assembly & 9 disreg>d ( ! wi%es ( its own p>liam5t1 ! result w\ld h be5 ei!r t no nations w\ld jo9 su* a ,league or t1 if !y did1 ! ,league w\ld break at ! fir/ /ra94 ,! pr9ciples laid d[n 9 ! ,cov5ant are1 9 ! judgm5t ( ! pres5t writ]1 pr9ciples long recogniz$ & absolutely "r4 ,if g5]ally act$ on1 !y w prev5t w>4 ,if g5]ally neglect$ & brok51 !y w all[ w>s to ensue4 ,?is fact seems to be pretty g5]ally recogniz$ among ! m reputable /atesm5 ( ,europe4 ,b x rema9s un=tunately true t !y are pr9ciples imply+ a consid]ably high] /&>d ( int]national morality ?an has hi!rto be5 consi/5tly obs]v$ by any nations1 ev5 ! be/4 ,if absolute fidelity to ! ,cov5ant by all its signatories 7 necess>y = ! peace ( ! _w1 ! _w w\ld h a v poor prospect be=e x4 ,:at we mu/ aim at is z mu* fidelity z possible4 ,!re are great difficulties4 ,am]ica is abs5t4 ,g]many & ,russia are abs5t4 ,france _c yet q escape f h] w> psy*ology4 ,b if ,great ,brita9 is fai?ful1 x w be h>d = o!r nations to be obvi\sly & grossly false4 ,! ,european neutrals1 l ,switz]l&1 ,holl&1 & ,norway1 w be cle> voices = ju/ice & fair deal+4 ,! beat5 nations1 :5 once admitt$1 w probably be on ! same side1 s9ce :5 wrong-do+ beg9s x is ! weak :o are fir/ to suff]4 ,&1 aft] all1 all human be+s h a /rong dislike ( inju/ice1 :5 !y d n directly ga9 by x4 ,! great majority ( ! fifty-"o memb]s ( ! ,league w be dis9t]e/$ on mo/ que/ions ( dispute1 & w !re=e =m a good tribunal ( op9ion4 ,b ! m]e cla% ( contr>y selfi%nesses produces no s\nd equilibrium4 ,! ,league w n succe$ unless 9 "s ( ! great nations1 above all 9 ,great ,brita91 !re are at ! head ( affairs /atesm5 :o believe firmly 9 ! pr9ciples ( ! ,league & are capable bo? ( ef=t & ( self-sacrifice = ! sake ( !m1 & beh9d ! /atesm5 a /rong & intellig5t det]m9ation 9 ! mass ( ! p to see t ! ,league is made g5u9ely ! lead+ =ce 9 int]national politics4 ,! pres5t disord] ( ! _w is "o ( ^? 9 :i* ! rem$y is n obscure1 b p]fectly asc]ta9$4 ,! only difficulty lies 9 apply+ x4 ,! nations ( ! _w mu/ cop]ate2 & = t !y mu/ tru/ "o ano!r2 & = t ! only way is = ea* ,gov]nm5t sep>ately to be wor?y ( tru/4 ,x w be long1 no d\bt1 be=e ?is end is consummat$ or ev5 approa*$4 ,! =ego+ pages h %[n h[ f> f p]fect is ! practice ( ev5 ! mo/ /able & advanc$ nations4 ,& ! t5d5cies set up by ! w>1 ) its inf9ite reactions & ramifications1 are almo/ all su* z to make va/ly m difficult 9 ea* case ! necess>y ef=t t[>ds good fai? & good-w4 ,yet1 if ! difficulties are great]1 ! necessity is great] also2 & aft] all ! w> has br\ght its inspirations z well z its corruptions4 ,! crav+ = ?is ,peace :i* has n come is1 ,i believe1 /ill ! unspok5 & (t5 unconsci\s motive ( millions :o seem1 at fir/ glance1 to be only brawl+ = rev5ges or revolutions2 x lies1 l a my/]i\s torm5t1 at ! he>t ( ?is /orm-toss$ & embitt]$ _w1 cry+ = x kn[s n :at4 ,,! ,,end ,,books ,,= ,,fur!r ,,read+ ,! ,s]ies publi%$ by ! ,am]ican ,association = ,int]national ,conciliation1 #a-aej1 compris+ ! text ( all ! mo/ important (ficial /atem5ts1 treaties1 agreem5ts1 etc41 deal+ ) ,int]national ,affairs4 ,! ,league ( ,nations ,union pamphlets = ,/udy ,circles3 ,! ,league & its ,gu>antees1 by ,gilb]t ,murray2 ,! ,league 9 ! ,ea/ by ,arnold ,toynbee2 ,! ,league & ,lab\r1 by ,delisle ,burns2 ,economic ,functions ( ! ,league1 by ,norman ,angell2 ,m&ates & ,empire1 by ,leon>d ,woolf2 ,! ,future ( ! ,cov5ant1 by ,g4 ,l[es ,dick9son4 ,! ,league ( ,nations1 ,n9e ,essays1 by ,visc\nt ,grey & o!rs4 ,ox=d ,univ]sity ,press1 #aiai4 ,! ,idea ( a ,league ( ,nations1 ,h4 ,g4 ,wells & o!rs1 = ! ,rese>* ,committee ( ! ,league ( ,nations ,union4 ,ox=d ,press1 #aiag4 ,economic ,f\ndations ( ,peace1 ,j4 ,l4 ,g>v94 ,macmillan1 #aiag4 ,report ( ! ,int]national ,f9ancial ,conf]5ce1 pr9t$ = ! ,league ( ,nations4 ,brussels1 #aibj4 ,complete ,(ficial ,proce$+s ( ! same1 #c vols4 ,london & ,brussels4 ,report ( ! ,economic ,conf]5ce summon$ by ! ,fight ! ,fam9e ,c\ncil4 ,=eign ,policy ( ,sir ,edw>d ,grey1 ,gilb]t ,murray4 ,cl>5don ,press1 ,ox=d4 ,a ,c5tury ( ,briti% ,=eign ,policy1 ,g4 ,p4 ,goo* & ,canon ,ma/]man4 ,all5 & ,unw94 ,economic ,consequ5ces ( ! ,peace ,treaty1 ,j4 ,mayn>d ,keynes4 ,macmillan1 #aiai4 ,! ,mak+ ( ! ,rep>ation & ,economic ,sections ( ! ,treaty1 ,b4 ,m4 ,b>u*4 ,h>p]s1 #aibj4 ,! ,*oice ,be=e ,u1 ,g4 ,l[es ,dick9son4 ,all5 & ,unw91 #aiah4 ,causes ( ,int]national ,w>1 ,g4 ,l[es ,dick9son4 ,sw>?more ,press4 ,int]national ,politics1 ,delisle ,burns4 ,me?u51 #aibj4 ,int]national ,gov]nm5t1 ,l4 ,s4 ,woolf4 ,all5 & ,unw94 ,empire & ,comm]ce 9 ,africa1 ,l4 ,s4 ,woolf4 ,all5 & ,unw94 ,! ,w> ( ,/eel & ,gold1 ,h4 ,n4 ,brails=d4 #aiac4 ,aft] ! ,peace1 by ,h4 ,n4 ,brails=d4 #aibj4 ,! ,ea/]n ,"q1 ,j4 ,a4 ,r4 ,m>riott4 ,ox=d ,press1 #aiag4 ,! ,(ficial ,reports ( ! ,fir/ ,meet+ ( ! ,assembly ( ! ,league ( ,nations1 ,nov4 #ae-;,dec4 #ah1 #aibj1 are mo/ in/ructive1 & w probably be publi%$ 9 book =m4 ,! ,riv]side ,press ,,cambridge 4 ,,massa*usetts ,u4,s4,a4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes ,orig9al spell+1 includ+ t ( prop] names reta9$4 ,m9or punctuation errors & omissions correct$4 ,page #aje = ! conside ation = ! consid]ation