,,monograms ,,and ,,ciphers ,illustration3 ,,royal ,,cipher ,,monograms ,,ciphers ,,designed ,,and ,,drawn ,,by ,a4 ,a4 ,,turbayne ,,and ,,other ,,members ,,of ,,the ,,carlton ,,studio ,illustration ,,london ,t4 ,c4 ,e4 ,c4 ,,jack ,,edinburgh ,,introductory ,,note ,in laying out this book ,i have put into it the experience of many years of actual work in the designing of ,monograms1 ,ciphers1 ,trade-,marks1 and other letter devices4 ,i have given the work much careful thought in order to present the most useful material1 to give that material on a good workable scale1 and in such a way that any design can be quickly found4 ,by the arrangement of the designs the plates form their own index4 ,on ,plate ,,ii will be found combinations of ,,aa1 ,,ab1 ,,ac2 on ,plate ,,iii combinations of ,,ac1 ,,ad2 on ,plate ,,iv1 ,,ae1 ,,af1 ,,ag1 etc4 ,a device of ,,mb would be looked for under the letter of the alphabet first in order1 ,b2 it will thus be found in the ,,bm combinations on ,plate ,,xvi4 ,now the letters ,,aa have only one reading2 two different letters1 ,,ab1 can be read in two ways2 while ,,aab can be read in three ways2 and ,,abc1 or any three different letters1 can be placed to read in six ways4 ,a complete series of designs1 ,,aa1 ,,ab1 ,,ba1 ,,ac1 ,,ca1 to ,,zz1 would run to #fgf devices2 add to this a series with a repeated letter1 which would be the next in order1 giving one reading only1 ,,aab1 ,,bba1 etc41 of which there are #fej1 and we get #acbf combinations4 ,this would require1 if carried out with nine designs on a plate1 #adg plates4 ,our book was not to exceed #ace plates1 and in addition to as complete a series as possible of two-letter designs1 there were to be included some plates of sacred devices1 designs of three different letters1 and other matter which would make a work of practical use4 ,by limiting the number of combinations containing the ,i and ,j1 and the ,o and ,q1 which can easily be made interchangeable in the working1 and giving but a single reading of most of the devices containing the letters ,x1 ,y1 ,z1 which will be the least used1 ,i have been able to present a good working selection of two letters and a repeated letter in #aac plates4 ,three different letters1 as ,i have stated1 can be read in six ways4 ,take1 for instance1 the first three letters of the alphabet1 and we have-- ,,abc ,,bac ,,cab ,,acb ,,bca ,,cba ,add a fourth letter to the three1 and we have four times six1 or twenty-four readings1 as follows3-- ,,abcd ,,bacd ,,cabd ,,dabc ,,abdc ,,badc ,,cadb ,,dacb ,,acbd ,,bcad ,,cbad ,,dbac ,,acdb ,,bcda ,,cbda ,,dbca ,,adbc ,,bdac ,,cdab ,,dcab ,,adcb ,,bdca ,,cdba ,,dcba ,it will thus be seen that books advertised as made up of three-and four-letter combinations must be very fragmentary1 as anything like a complete work of these units would run to an enormous length4 ,now let us see what a work of three-letter designs would mean4 ,,abc1 ,,abd1 etc41 giving an alphabet of one reading only1 would run to #bfjj designs4 ,a book of this sort would be of little use1 as the design looked for would probably not be there1 for every one of these #bfjj groups can be placed to read six different ways2 and to make a complete work of three-letter designs1 with no repeat letters even1 would require a showing of #ae1fjj ,monograms or ,ciphers4 ,but what about the three letters1 one of which is a repeat8 ,a glance through any list of persons will show that these have a right to be included1 though they do not occur as frequently as three different letters4 ,add these to the list for a complete three-letter book--there are #aigf of them1 including #bf combinations where the three letters are the same1 ,,aaa1 etc4--and we have #ag1egf designs to be shown4 ,following the plan of nine designs on a plate1 we would require #aiec plates1 making a work of fourteen volumes the size of the present book4 ,a bulky work of this sort would not only be unpractical1 but the cost of production and the price at which such a work could be sold1 would place it beyond the reach of most of those workers to whom we hope to appeal4 ,in the plan ,i have adopted the book is practically a complete work of two-letter combinations in a single volume4 ,a device of any two letters will always be readily found1 which should be sufficient to furnish the designer or artisan with a base upon which to build a design of three or more letters4 ,there is to-day a growing taste for severe chaste forms in printing types and lettering2 the same influence is also directing a change of style in the more decorative ,monogram and ,cipher4 ,the florid combinations of the last two centuries are gradually falling into disuse1 and are giving place to the very simplest forms4 ,the aim of the present work is towards simplicity1 but in order that the book may appeal to various tastes1 and thus be of greater value1 examples of many styles are included4 ,each of these styles1 while based on some familiar form which has long been in use1 has had its pruning1 and as much of the superfluous flourish not necessary to letter or design has been discarded4 ,the styles included may be classed under five principal heads--,roman1 ,gothic1 ,sans ,serif1 ,cursive or ,running1 and what ,i might call ,rustic4 ,these styles are treated in various ways1 and in light and heavy letters4 ,here and there throughout the work a design will be found that may suggest a treatment for some particular device4 ,these are odd pieces that have occurred to me as the plates were in progress1 the execution of most of which would probably be more satisfactory in embroidery than any other medium4 ,there are three principal forms of treating a device2 ,i will call them the ,imposed1 ,extended1 and the ,continuous forms4 ,by the ,imposed form ,i mean a design where the letters are written or interlaced directly over one another4 ,in the ,extended form the letters are interlaced or written side by side4 ,in the ,continuous form the device runs from beginning to end without a break4 ,in the ,imposed form the principal letter1 whether it is first or final1 should be accentuated1 either by making it slightly larger1 heavier1 or in some other way best suited to the material in which it is being produced1 it may be colour or texture4 ,for the ,extended form1 if the letters are to be read in the order in which they follow one another1 all may be treated alike4 ,in this form1 however1 it is often advisable1 for design and balance1 especially when filling a circular space1 to place the principal letter in the centre2 in that case it may be drawn larger1 and in some other way made more important4 ,the ,continuous form should read as the letters would be written1 and care must betaken to place them so that they will not appear to read in some other way4 ,it is intended that the ,monograms and ,ciphers shown in the following plates be considered as outlines only1 as models or working drawings4 ,the solid or tint grounds need not be taken as part of the design2 they are intended to show which are planned in a round1 and which in a square panel4 ,there are but a few cases in which any detail is given that would apply to a particular craft1 or suggest the material in which they are to be worked4 ,each artist or craftsman can use the forms1 supplying his own detail to suit the technique of the work in hand4 ,by this means the book should be equally useful to any craft4 ,with this broad rendering it will be noticed that some of the designs do not appear to read in the order described2 in such cases the important letter requires that detail which ,i have suggested in some instances with a tint or black4 ,the order of description is followed throughout the book for the sake of easy reference2 it is only departed from in a few places where one reading only is intended1 as in the ,,lrr on ,plate ,,lxxxiv1 the continuous ,monogram ,,nmn on ,plate ,,lxxxvii1 and the continuous ,cipher ,,wtw on ,plate ,,cx4 ,before proceeding further ,i should state the difference between a ,monogram and a ,cipher4 ,this is necessary1 as the two devices are constantly being miscalled2 some authorities too1 while correctly describing a ,monogram1 give a ,cipher for illustration4 ,a ,monogram is a combination of two or more letters1 in which one letter forms part of another and cannot be separated from the whole4 ,a ,cipher is merely an interlacing or placing together of two or more letters1 being in no way dependent for their parts on other of the letters4 ,of the two classes ,monograms are the more interesting1 probably on account of their being more difficult to plan1 though ,i think they are rarely as pleasing to the eye as the ,cipher1 except in the very severest forms4 ,compare the whole plate of ,ciphers1 ,,cxiv1 with the next plate1 ,,cxv1 composed entirely of ,monograms4 ,the difficulty in designing ,monograms does not so often lie in being able to plan the ,monogram1 as in being able to produce one that will be read by others1 and where all the letters will read1 and those only that are intended4 ,when we begin to put two or three letters together that are made up of one another into a single unit1 other letters are suggested or occur in the device not intended2 or again1 two or three of the letters will be so apparent that the third or fourth will only be known to the designer or owner4 ,take1 for instance1 the ,,pqr on ,plate ,,cxv2 the small device is the better one of the two1 but few will read it other than ,,pq1 ,,qr1 or ,,pr4 ,personally ,i prefer a design that is a little obscure1 if the lines are good1 if it is a fine piece of ornament4 ,a ,monogram or ,cipher is in all cases intended for ornament1 whether used as a mark of ownership by private individuals1 or for a company1 or a trade-mark4 ,for purposes of commerce it is of course important that the device should be distinct and easily read4 ,the same might apply also to the design for a club or society mark4 ,for private use1 however1 where the device is to enrich a piece of jewellery1 plate1 the binding of a book1 a piece of furniture1 or part of the decoration of a house1 it should in the first place be a good design4 ,if the conceit is legible to the owner1 and is of such fine proportion as to be thoroughly satisfying to the eye1 why should it read like an advertisement1 or be like ',everything in the shop marked in plain figures'8 ,some of the most beautiful ,ciphers ,i have seen are to be found on old ,french bindings1 many of which would be unintelligible if we did not know for whom the books were bound4 ,these ,ciphers form in many instances the sole decoration of the binding1 sometimes but a single impression appearing on each side1 yet the book satisfies one as being perfectly decorated4 ,this is so often the case with the ,monogram and ,cipher--it may be the only ornament that is to enrich a fine piece of workmanship--that in such places it should be a piece of choice design4 ,this brings us to that disputed point in this branch of art1 the reversing of letters4 ,for my own part ,i have no hesitation whatever in reversing a letter1 or turning it upside down1 or any other way1 if it will produce a good piece of ornament4 ,it is just as easy to fill a space1 and fill it with good balance1 with the letters facing as we are accustomed to see them1 but this method will rarely produce that grace1 beauty of line1 and easy balance that letters of similar form turned toward one another will give4 ,as an instance of this ,i would go no further than a single illustration which must be familiar to all--the ,monogram ,,hdd of ,henry ,,ii and ,diana of ,poitiers--,henri ,deux1 ,diane4 ,it matters not where we find this1 in the decoration of a ceiling1 in enamel or painted ornament1 or as a tooled book-binding1 it has a dignity and feeling of easy repose that is never tiring4 ,it would have been just as simple for the designer to have made a ,monogram of these letters without reversing one of the ,d's1 but no other possible arrangement would give the grace of line we find in this device4 ,another excuse for the reversing or turning upside down of a letter is1 that when the letters ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 ,e1 ,k1 ,m1 ,n1 ,s1 ,v1 ,w1 and ,y occur repeated1 you often get by turning a letter over or upside down a design that will read the same from all points of view4 ,this advantage must be apparent to all1 where the ,monogram or ,cipher is to be seen from different positions1 as it will be1 for instance1 in the top of an inlaid table1 a ceiling1 a tiled or inlaid floor1 or in the decoration of some small object like a finely bound book that will lie on a table1 and on many a piece of the goldsmith's and silversmith's work4 ,the ,h1 ,i1 ,n1 ,o1 ,s1 ,x1 and ,z can be drawn in ,roman so as to appear the same upside down1 and do not require to be turned over or stood on their heads2 but with the letters ,a1 ,m1 ,v1 ,w1 and ,y1 though they will not require reversing where two occur in a combination1 one will have to be turned upside down to make the design read the same from all points of view4 ,if there are only the two letters1 this will be simple1 but if three or four letters are to be put together1 it will depend on what the third or fourth letter is whether this is possible or not4 ,i do not hold with doubling one of the letters in a device simply to turn over and make symmetry4 ,if there is not a repeat letter1 or a letter of similar form in the combination of letters to be put together1 all letters should be doubled if symmetry1 or reading from various points of view1 must be had4 ,on ,plate ,,lxxxv will be found a ,cipher ,,lt1 planned without reversing to read the same upside down2 a third letter1 ,h1 ,n1 ,o1 ,s1 ,x1 or ,z1 could be introduced without altering the ,,lt1 so that the combination of three letters would read in the same way1 whether looked at from the top or the bottom4 ,there are but few letters that will plan in this way4 ,when it is required of a design that it will read from all points of view1 ,roman letters will usually be found to give the most satisfactory result4 ,intermixture of styles should always be avoided4 ,if the ,roman and ,gothic are found too severe to suit a given subject1 the ,cursive and ,rustic letters with their easy flowing lines can be made to fill almost any space one will be called upon to fill with either ,monogram or ,cipher4 ,a device besides being of one style of letter should also be pure as a whole2 plan either a ,monogram or a ,cipher1 but don't combine the two4 ,the only excuse that might be advanced for the mongrel form1 would be where a combination of three or more letters contained conjoined or hyphened words1 represented by1 say1 ,,ab-,b or ,,bc-,d4 ,here the ,b-,b and the ,c-,d would form ,monograms1 the ,a and the ,b separate letters interlaced into them4 ,i have given illustrations of this mixed device on ,plate ,,ii1 ,,bba2 and on ,plate ,,xlii1 ,,eeo4 ,for this last device there is no excuse1 except as a trade-mark to be written quickly2 a circle with three horizontal strokes1 an upright stroke connecting the three in the centre1 forming a solid device1 ,,eeo1 on the lines of the ,cipher ,,ffo on ,plate ,,xlix4 ,when planning a device avoid1 if it is at all possible to do so1 having three lines crossing at the same point1 making three planes4 ,there is always a confusion in the interlacing if there are more than two planes1 which produces a clumsy appearance in the design4 ,there are cases when slanting or curved lines come across a straight line1 where three crossings could only be avoided by contorting one of the letters2 in such a place it will be better to allow the three planes4 ,examples of ,ciphers having three crossings at one point will be found on ,plate ,,xl1 ,,ke1 ,plate ,,lxxxix1 ,,mmt1 and on ,plate ,,xci1 ,,ym4 ,ciphers not interwoven1 but placed side by side forming decorative lines1 will be found on ,plates ,,xxiii1 ,,xxxix1 ,,xlvii1 and ,,lx4 ,one with the letters written one within another1 a useful form for trademarks1 is the ,,ccg on ,plate ,,xxii4 ,a number of the plates have the nine designs carried out in one style4 ,these should be useful as examples of the different characters of letters1 as specimen pages for styles4 ,i have grouped them under four heads as follows3-- ,,roman4 ,plate ,,lxxxi1 light4 ,plate ,,lxxxii1 light1 with cord and tassel4 ,plate ,,lxxxvii1 uniform stroke1 small serifs4 ,plate ,,xcvii1 sans serif1 with cord and tassel4 ,,gothic4 ,plate ,,xii1 heavy4 ,plate ,,lxxxviii1 light1 pointed4 ,plate ,,xcii1 heavy1 ending in leaf-forms4 ,plate ,,xciii1 heavy1 suggesting low relief1 for stone-or wood-carving4 ,plate ,c1 black-letter4 ,,cursive4 ,plates ,,xiii and ,,xv1 foliated1 embroidery4 ,plate ,,lxxxiii1 continuous4 ,plate ,,lxxxiv1 half-cursive1 upright4 ,plate ,,lxxxv1 slanting4 ,plate ,,lxxxvi1 upright1 uniform stroke4 ,plate ,,xc1 cursive-,roman1 thin1 uniform stroke4 ,plate ,,xcix1 light1 upright1 flourish4 ,,rustic4 ,plate ,,xi1 jewellery4 ,plate ,,xx1 two-colour4 ,plate ,,xxxv1 flourish4 ,plates ,,xci1 ,,xciv1 ,,xcv1 and ,,xcvi1 upright4 ,plate ,,xcviii1 quill-rustic4 99 99 99 99 99 ,monograms and ,ciphers of three different letters will be found on ,plates ,,cxiv1 ,,cxv1 and ,,cxvi4 ,on ,plates ,,cxvii to ,,cxxi are firm-marks of two letters joined with the ,ampersand1 4 ,plates ,,cxxii to ,,cxxvii show an alphabet with the ' ,co41' examples being given in round and square form4 ,the last one of these plates contains also five examples of ,numerals in ,cipher1 #aije1 #aijf1 #aijg1 #aijh1 and #aiji4 ,sacred ,devices and ,names fill ,plates ,,cxxviii to ,,cxxxii4 ,plates ,,cxxxiii and ,,cxxxiv are made up of ,labels and three-letter ,monograms4 ,the letters for the ,monograms are taken at random from a list of authors4 ,the last plate1 ,,cxxxv1 is a suggestion for the decorative treatment of ,sacred ,inscriptions in ,monogram and ,cipher1 following the style of the ,italian ,renaissance4 ,one plate has been added to the work1 engraved by ,mr4 ,thomas ,moring1 which shows some few ways in which these designs can be intelligently interpreted for a particular craft4 ,it also shows how the character of a design may be preserved while a change is made in the letters or in their position4 ,plate ,l of the work was taken as the model4 ,the ,,ppf has been altered to ,,epf2 the ,,fq transposed and made to read ,,qf2 ,,fr to read ,,fe2 and ,,rf to read ,,rs4 ,in the ,,ffr the ,r has been made into a ,p1 an ,r substituted for the reversed ,f1 and with a slightly different treatment of the second ,f1 the whole made to read ,,rfp4 ,in the sixth design the reversed ,r has been turned back1 a very slight difference of treatment in all the letters being necessary to plan this well4 ,the last three designs continue in the same way4 ,a comparison of the engraved plate with ,plate ,l will show with what little alteration a different character or reading can be introduced into a design4 ,i trust there will be found something in this book to please all tastes1 if only a single device4 ,for any errors there may be in the work ,i am alone responsible4 ,in the drawing of the plates ,i have been ably assisted by different members of the studio4 ,i am also indebted for the whole of ,plate ,x4 ,one error has passed me unnoticed till the part was published4 ,what should have been ,,dp1 on ,plate ,,xxxiv1 ,i have drawn ,,op2 this1 though a correct ,cipher1 is out of place on this plate4 ,a4 ,a4 ,,turbayne4 ,,carlton ,,studio1 ,,london1 ,march #aijf4 ,,monograms ,,and ,,ciphers ,illustration3 ,,suggestions ,,as ,,to ,,varying ,,treatment ,,by ,,the ,,engraver ,,of ,,the ,,designs ,,in ,,this ,,work ,illustration3 ,,various ,,treatments ,,of ,,the ,,same ,,design ,,plate ,i--,,aa ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,ii--,,aa1 ,,ab1 ,,ac ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,iii--,,ac1 ,,ad ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,iv--,,ae1 ,,af1 ,,ag ,illustration3 ,,plate ,v--,,ag1 ,,ah1 ,,ai ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,vi--,,ai1 ,,aj1 ,,ak ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,vii--,,al1 ,,am1 ,,an ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,viii--,,an1 ,,ao1 ,,ap ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,ix--,,ap1 ,,aq1 ,,ar1 ,,as ,illustration3 ,,plate ,x--,,as1 ,,at1 ,,au ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xi--,,av1 ,,aw1 ,,ax1 ,,ay1 ,,az ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xii--,,bb1 ,,bc1 ,,bd ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xiii--,,be1 ,,bf1 ,,bg ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xiv--,,bg1 ,,bh1 ,,bi ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xv--,,bi1 ,,bj1 ,,bk1 ,,bl ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xvi--,,bl1 ,,bm1 ,,bn ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xvii--,,bn1 ,,bo1 ,,bp ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xviii--,,bq1 ,,br1 ,,bs ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xix--,,bt1 ,,bu1 ,,bv ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xx--,,bv1 ,,bw1 ,,bx1 ,,by1 ,,bz ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxi--,,cc1 ,,cd1 ,,ce ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxii--,,cf1 ,,cg1 ,,ch ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxiii--,,ch1 ,,ci1 ,,cj ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxiv--,,cj1 ,,ck1 ,,cl ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxv--,,cl1 ,,cm1 ,,cn ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxvi--,,co1 ,,cp1 ,,cq ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxvii--,,cr1 ,,cs1 ,,ct ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxviii--,,ct1 ,,cu1 ,,cv ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxix--,,cv1 ,,cw1 ,,cx1 ,,cy1 ,,cz ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxx--,,dd1 ,,de1 ,,df ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxxi--,,dg1 ,,dh1 ,,di ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxxii--,,di1 ,,dj1 ,,dk ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxxiii--,,dk1 ,,dl1 ,,dm ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxxiv--,,dn1 ,,do1 ,,dp ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxxv--,,dp1 ,,dq1 ,,dr1 ,,ds ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxxvi--,,ds1 ,,dt1 ,,du ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxxvii--,,du1 ,,dv1 ,,dw1 ,,dx ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxxviii--,,dy1 ,,dz1 ,,ee1 ,,ef1 ,,eg ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xxxix--,,eg1 ,,eh1 ,,ei ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xl--,,ej1 ,,ek1 ,,el ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xli--,,el1 ,,em1 ,,en ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xlii--,,en1 ,,eo1 ,,ep1 ,,eq ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xliii--,,eq1 ,,er1 ,,es ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xliv--,,es1 ,,et1 ,,eu ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xlv--,,ev1 ,,ew1 ,,ex1 ,,ey1 ,,ez1 ,,ff ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xlvi--,,fg1 ,,fh1 ,,fi ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xlvii--,,fi1 ,,fj1 ,,fk1 ,,fl ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xlviii--,,fl1 ,,fm1 ,,fn ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xlix--,,fn1 ,,fo1 ,,fp ,illustration3 ,,plate ,l--,,fp1 ,,fq1 ,,fr1 ,,fs ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,li--,,fs1 ,,ft1 ,,fu ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,lii--,,fv1 ,,fw1 ,,fx1 ,,fy1 ,,fz ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,liii--,,gg1 ,,gh1 ,,gi1 ,,gj ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,liv--,,gj1 ,,gk1 ,,gl ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,lv--,,gl1 ,,gm1 ,,gn ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,lvi--,,go1 ,,gp1 ,,gq ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,lvii--,,gq1 ,,gr1 ,,gs ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,lviii--,,gt1 ,,gu1 ,,gv ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,lix--,,gv1 ,,gw1 ,,gx1 ,,gy1 ,,gz1 ,,hh ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,lx--,,hi1 ,,hj1 ,,hk ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,lxi--,,hk1 ,,hl1 ,,hm ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,lxii--,,hn1 ,,ho1 ,,hp ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,lxiii--,,hp1 ,,hq1 ,,hr1 ,,hs ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,lxiv--,,hs1 ,,ht1 ,,hu ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,lxv--,,hu1 ,,hv1 ,,hw1 ,,hx1 ,,hy ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,lxvi--,,hz1 ,,ii1 ,,ij1 ,,ik ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,lxvii--,,il1 ,,im1 ,,in ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,lxviii--,,io1 ,,ip1 ,,iq1 ,,ir ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,lxix--,,ir1 ,,is1 ,,it1 ,,iu ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,lxx--,,iu1 ,,iv1 ,,iw1 ,,ix1 ,,iy1 ,,iz ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,lxxi--,,jj1 ,,jk1 ,,jl1 ,,jm ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,lxxii--,,jm1 ,,jn1 ,,jo ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,lxxiii--,,jo1 ,,jp1 ,,jq1 ,,jr ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,lxxiv--,,jr1 ,,js1 ,,jt ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,lxxv--,,jt1 ,,ju1 ,,jv1 ,,jw ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,lxxvi--,,jw1 ,,jx1 ,,jy1 ,,jz1 ,,kk1 ,,kl ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,lxxvii--,,km1 ,,kn1 ,,ko ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,lxxviii--,,ko1 ,,kp1 ,,kq ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,lxxix--,,kr1 ,,ks1 ,,kt ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,lxxx--,,kt1 ,,ku1 ,,kv ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,lxxxi--,,kv1 ,,kw1 ,,kx1 ,,ky1 ,,kz ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,lxxxii--,,ll1 ,,lm1 ,,ln ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,lxxxiii--,,lo1 ,,lp1 ,,lq ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,lxxxiv--,,lq1 ,,lr1 ,,ls ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,lxxxv--,,lt1 ,,lu1 ,,lv ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,lxxxvi--,,lv1 ,,lw1 ,,lx1 ,,ly1 ,,lz ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,lxxxvii--,,mm1 ,,mn1 ,,mo ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,lxxxviii--,,mp1 ,,mq1 ,,mr ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,lxxxix--,,mr1 ,,ms1 ,,mt ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xc--,,mu1 ,,mv1 ,,mw ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xci--,,mw1 ,,mx1 ,,my1 ,,mz1 ,,nn1 ,,no ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xcii--,,no1 ,,np1 ,,nq1 ,,nr ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xciii--,,nr1 ,,ns1 ,,nt ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xciv--,,nt1 ,,nu1 ,,nv1 ,,nw ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xcv--,,nw1 ,,nx1 ,,ny1 ,,nz1 ,,oo1 ,,op ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xcvi--,,op1 ,,oq1 ,,or1 ,,os ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xcvii--,,os1 ,,ot1 ,,ou1 ,,ov ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xcviii--,,ov1 ,,ow1 ,,ox1 ,,oy1 ,,oz ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,xcix--,,pp1 ,,pq1 ,,pr1 ,,ps ,illustration3 ,,plate ,c--,,ps1 ,,pt1 ,,pu ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,ci--,,pu1 ,,pv1 ,,pw1 ,,px ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,cii--,,py1 ,,pz1 ,,qq1 ,,qr1 ,,qs1 ,,qt ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,ciii--,,qt1 ,,qu1 ,,qw1 ,,qx1 ,,qy1 ,,qz ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,civ--,,rr1 ,,rs1 ,,rt ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,cv--,,ru1 ,,rv1 ,,rw ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,cvi--,,rw1 ,,rx1 ,,ry1 ,,rz1 ,,ss1 ,,st ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,cvii--,,st1 ,,su1 ,,sv1 ,,sw ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,cviii--,,sw1 ,,sx1 ,,sy1 ,,sz1 ,,tt1 ,,tu ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,cix--,,tu1 ,,tv1 ,,tw ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,cx--,,tw1 ,,tx1 ,,ty1 ,,tz1 ,,uu1 ,,uv ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,cxi--,,uw1 ,,ux1 ,,uy1 ,,uz1 ,,vv ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,cxii--,,vw1 ,,vx1 ,,vy1 ,,vz1 ,,ww1 ,,wx ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,cxiii--,,wy1 ,,wz1 ,,xx1 ,,xy1 ,,xz1 ,,yy1 ,,yz1 ,,zz ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,cxiv--,,three-,,letter ,,ciphers ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,cxv--,,three-,,letter ,,monograms ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,cxvi--,,three-,,letter ,,ciphers ,,and ,,monogram ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,cxvii--,,two ,,letters ,,with ,,the ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,cxviii--,,two ,,letters ,,with ,,the ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,cxix--,,two ,,letters ,,with ,,the ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,cxx--,,two ,,letters ,,with ,,the ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,cxxi--,,two ,,letters ,,with ,,the ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,cxxii--,,company ,,ciphers ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,cxxiii--,,company ,,ciphers ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,cxxiv--,,company ,,ciphers ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,cxxv--,,company ,,ciphers ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,cxxvi--,,company ,,ciphers ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,cxxvii--,,company ,,ciphers1 ,,years ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,cxxviii--,,sacred ,,devices ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,cxxix--,,sacred ,,devices ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,cxxx--,,sacred ,,devices ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,cxxxi--,,sacred ,,devices ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,cxxxii--,,sacred ,,devices ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,cxxxiii--,,labels ,,and ,,monograms ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,cxxxiv--,,labels ,,and ,,monograms ,illustration3 ,,plate ,,cxxxv--,,sacred ,,devices ,,edinburgh ,t4 and ,a4 ,,constable ,printers to ,his ,majesty