,,transcrib]',s ,,note ,9 ?is etext1 ! oe ligature is %[n z oe4 not$ & correct$ #bc typographical errors1 = example ,beauieu = ,beaulieu4 ,all 7 deem$ trivial & _! correction _h no effect on ! s5se ( ! text4 ,,illu/rations ,,( ,,univ]sal ,,progress2 ,a ,s]ies ( ,discussions4 ,,by ,,h]b]t ,,sp5c]1 ,,au?or ,,( ,,! ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,psy*ology1 ,,social ,,/atics1 ,,essays1 ,,moral1 ,,political ,,& ,,ae/hetic1 ,,education1 ,,fir/ ,,pr9ciples1 ,,etc41 ,,etc41 ,,etc4 ,,) ,a ,,notice ,,( ,,sp5c]',s ,,new ,,sy/em ,,( ,,philosophy4 ,,new ,,york3 ,d4 ,,appleton ,,& ,,company1 #ddc #dde ,,broadway4 #ahfe4 ,,works ,,by ,,! ,,same ,,au?or4 ,,publi%$ ,,by ,d4 ,,appleton ,,co4 ,,education--,,intellectual1 ,,moral1 ,,& ,,physical4 #a vol41 #abmo4 ,clo?1 #a4be4 ,a ,,new ,,sy/em ,,( ,,philosophy4 ,vol4 ,i4 ,,fir/ ,,pr9ciples4 ,l>ge #abmo4 #ejc pages4 ,clo? #b4jj4 ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,biology4 ,9 ,qu>t]ly ,p>ts1 by ,subscription4 #b4jj p] ye>4 ,,n[ ,,9 ,,press3 ,,essays--,,moral1 ,,political1 ,,& ,,ae/hetic4 #a vol41 l>ge #abmo4 ,clo?4 ,copies s5t by mail1 po/paid1 on receipt ( price4 ,,ent]$1 accord+ to ,act ( ,congress1 9 ! ye> #ahfd1 by ,d4 ,,appleton ,,& ,,company1 ,9 ! ,cl]k's ,(fice ( ! ,di/rict ,c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates = ! ,s\!rn ,di/rict ( ,new ,york4 ,,am]ican ,,notice ,,( ,a ,,new ,,sy/em ,,( ,,philosophy4 ,,by ,,h]b]t ,,sp5c]4 ,! au?or ( ! foll[+ "w1 ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 ( ,engl&1 has ent]$ ^u ! publication ( a new philosophical sy/em1 s orig9al & compreh5sive z to des]ve ! att5tion ( all e>ne/ inquir]s4 ,he proposes no?+ less ?an to unfold su* a complete philosophy ( ,nature1 physical1 organic1 m5tal & social1 z ,sci5ce has n[ = ! fir/ "t made possible1 & :i*1 if successfully execut$1 w con/itute a mom5t\s /ep 9 ! progress ( ?\ght4 ,8 sy/em is design$ to embrace five works2 ea* a di/9ct treatise1 b all closely connect$ 9 plan1 & treat+ ( ! foll[+ subjects 9 ! ord] pres5t$3 #a/1 ,fir/ ,pr9ciples2 #b;d1 ,pr9ciples ( ,biology2 #c;d1 ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology2 #d?1 ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology2 #e?1 ,pr9ciples ( ,morality4 ,! op5+ "w ( ! s]ies--,fir/ ,pr9ciples--?\gh some:at ( an introductory "*1 is an indep5d5t & complet$ argum5t4 ,x consi/s ( two p>ts3 fir/1 ,! ,unkn[able1 & second1 ,! ,laws ( ! ,kn[able4 ,unattractive z ^! titles may seem1 !y indicate a discussion ( great orig9ality & transc5d5t int]e/4 ,:5 public consid]ation is invit$ to a sy/em ( philosophy s ext5d$ z to compreh5d ! entire s*eme ( nature & humanity1 & s bold z to deal ) !m 9 ! ripe/ _s ( sci5ce1 x is natural t _m %\ld ask at ! outset h[ ! au?or /&s relat$ to ! problem ( ,religion4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] f9ds ?is ! prelim9>y "q ( 8 philosophy1 & engages ) x at ! ?re%old ( 8 und]tak+4 ,be=e attempt+ to "w out a philosophical s*eme1 he sees t x is at fir/ necess>y to f9d h[ f> ,philosophy c g & :]e %e mu/ /op--! necess>y limits ( human k1 or ! circle :i* b\nds all rational & legitimate inve/igation2 & ?is op5s at once ! pr(\nd & imm95t "q ( ! sph]es & relation ( ,religion & ,sci5ce4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] is a lead+ repres5tative ( t s*ool ( ?9k]s :i* holds t1 z man is f9ite1 he c grasp & "k only ! f9ite2--t by ! inexorable conditions ( ?\ght all real k is relative & ph5om5al1 & h5ce t we _c g beh9d ph5om5a to f9d ! ultimate causes & solve ! ultimate my/]y ( be+4 ,9 su* ass]tions z t ,god _c by any se>*+ be f\nd out2 t a ,god und]/ood w\ld be no ,god at all2 & t to ?9k ,god is z we ?9k ,him to be is blasphemy1 we see ! recognition ( ?is idea ( ! inscrutabl5ess ( ! ,absolute ,cause4 ,! doctr9e itself is nei!r new nor limit$ to a few exceptional ?9k]s4 ,x is widely affirm$ by enlight5$ sci5ce1 & p]vades ne>ly all ! cultivat$ !ology ( ! pres5t day4 ,sir ,william ,hamilton & ,dr4 ,mansel are among its rec5t & able/ exp\nd]s4 ,) ! exception1 says ,sir ,william ,hamilton1 ( a few late absoluti/ !oriz]s 9 ,g]many1 ?is is p]haps ! tru? ( all o!rs mo/ h>moni\sly ree*o$ by e philosoph] ( e s*ool2 & among ^! he names ,protagoras1 ,ari/otle1 ,/4 ,augu/9e1 ,melan*?on1 ,scalig]1 ,bacon1 ,sp9oza1 ,newton1 & ,kant4 ,b ?\gh ,mr4 ,sp5c] accepts ?is doctr9e1 he has n left x :]e he f\nd x4 ,! _w is indebt$ to him = hav+ advanc$ ! argum5t to a high] & gr&] conclusion--a conclusion :i* *anges ! philosophical aspect ( ! :ole "q1 & involves ! pr(\nde/ consequ5ces4 ,hamilton & ,mansel br+ u1 by _! inexorable logic1 to ! result t we c nei!r "k nor conceive ! ,inf9ite1 & t e attempt to d s involves u 9 contradiction & absurdity2 b hav+ rea*$ ?is va/ negation1 _! logic & philosophy break d[n4 ,accept+ _! conclusions z f> z !y g1 ,mr4 ,sp5c] ma9ta9s ! utt] incomplet5ess ( _! reason+1 &1 pu%+ ! inquiry /ill f>!r1 he demon/rates t ?\gh we _c grasp ! ,inf9ite 9 ?\ght1 we c realize x 9 consci\sness4 ,he %[s t ?\gh by ! laws ( ?9k+ we are rigor\sly prev5t$ f =m+ a conception ( t ,incompreh5sible1 ,omnipot5t ,p[] by :i* we are act$ ^u 9 all ph5om5a1 yet we are1 by ! laws ( ?\ght1 equally prev5t$ f ridd+ ourselves ( ! consci\sness ( ?is ,p[]4 ,he proves t ?is consci\sness ( a ,supreme ,cause is n negative1 b positive--t x is inde/ructible1 & has a high] c]ta9ty ?an any o!r belief :atev]4 ,! ,unkn[able1 !n1 9 ! view ( ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 is n a m]e t]m ( negation1 nor a ^w employ$ only to express our ignorance1 b x means t ,inf9ite ,reality1 t ,supreme b ,inscrutable ,cause1 ( :i* ! univ]se is b a manife/ation1 & :i* has an ev]-pres5t disclosure 9 human consci\sness4 ,hav+ ?us f\nd an inde/ructible basis 9 human nature = ! religi\s s5tim5t1 ,mr4 ,sp5c] next %[s t all religions re/ ^u ?is f\ndation1 & conta9 a fundam5tal v]ity--a s\l ( tru?1 :i* rema9s :5 _! conflict+ doctr9es & discordant peculi>ities are mutually cancell$4 ,9 ! l[] & gross] =ms ( religion ?is tru? is b dimly disc]n$1 b becomes ev] cle>] ! m highly ! religion is develop$1 surviv+ e *ange1 & rema9+ unt\*$ by ! sev]e/ criticism4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] !n proce$s to demon/rate t all sci5ce t5ds to precisely ! same great conclusion2--9 all directions inve/igation leads to insoluble my/]y4 ,alike 9 ! ext]nal & ! int]nal worlds1 ! man ( sci5ce sees himself 9 ! mid/ ( p]petual *anges ( :i* he c discov] nei!r ! beg9n+ nor ! end4 ,if he looks inw>d1 he p]ceives t bo? ends ( ! ?read ( consci\sness are beyond 8 grasp4 ,if he resolve ! appe>ances1 prop]ties1 & movem5ts ( surr\nd+ ?+s into manife/ations ( ,=ce 9 ,space & ,"t1 he /ill f9ds t ,=ce1 ,space1 & ,"t pass all und]/&+4 ,?us d all l9es ( argum5t conv]ge to ! same conclusion4 ,:e!r we scrut9ize int]nal consci\sness or ext]nal ph5om5a1 or trace to _! root ! fai?s ( mank9d1 we rea* t common gr\nd :]e all antagonisms disappe>--t highe/ & mo/ ab/ract ( all tru?s1 :i* is affirm$ ) equal c]ta9ty by bo? religion & sci5ce1 & 9 :i* may be f\nd _! full & f9al reconciliation4 ,x is p]haps h>dly j to ,mr4 ,sp5c] to /ate 8 position ^u ?is grave subject )\t giv+ also ! accompany+ reason+2 b s compress$ & symmetrical is 8 argum5t t x _c be put into n>r[] compass )\t mutilation4 ,to ^? int]e/$ 9 ! advance ( ?\ght 9 ?is direction1 we may say t ! discussion w be f\nd unsurpass$ 9 nobl5ess ( aim1 eloqu5ce ( /atem5t1 philosophic bread?1 & dep? & p[] ( reason+4 ,?is portion ( ! "w embraces five *apt]s1 z foll[s3 ,i4 ,religion & ,sci5ce2 ,,ii4 ,ultimate ,religi\s ,ideas2 ,,iii4 ,ultimate ,sci5tific ,ideas2 ,,iv4 ,! ,relativity ( all ,k2 ,v4 ,! ,reconciliation4 ,! second & l>g] portion ( ,fir/ ,pr9ciples ,mr4 ,sp5c] designates ,! ,laws ( ! ,kn[able4 ,by ^! he und]/&s ^? fundam5tal & univ]sal pr9ciples rea*$ by sci5tific inve/igation1 :i* und]lie all ph5om5a1 & are necess>y to _! explanation4 ,c]ta9 great laws h be5 e/abli%$ :i* are f\nd equally true 9 all dep>tm5ts ( nature1 & ^! are made ! f\ndation ( 8 philosophy4 ,! sublime idea ( ! ,unity ( ! ,univ]se1 to :i* sci5ce has long be5 t5d+1 ,mr4 ,sp5c] has made peculi>ly 8 own4 ,?r\gh ! va/ div]sities ( nature he disc]ns a on5ess ( ord] & me?od1 :i* necessitates b "o philosophy ( be+2 ! same pr9ciples be+ f\nd to regulate ! c\rse ( cele/ial movem5t1 t]re/rial *anges1 & ! ph5om5a ( life1 m9d1 & society4 ,^! may all be compreh5d$ 9 a s+le philosophical s*eme1 s t ea* %all ?r[ light ^u ! o!r1 & ! ma/]y ( "o help to ! compreh5sion ( all4 ,to ,mr4 ,sp5c] ! "o conception :i* spans ! univ]se & solves ! wide/ range ( its problems--:i* rea*es outw>d ?r\gh b\ndless space & back ?r\gh illimitable "t1 resolv+ ! deepe/ que/ions ( life1 m9d1 society1 hi/ory1 & civilization1 :i* pr$icts ! glori\s possibilities ( ! future1 & reveals ! augu/ me?od by :i* ! ,div9e ,p[] works ev]more1--?is "o1 all-elucidat+ conception1 is express$ by ! t]m ,,evolution4 ,to ?is great subject he has devot$ 8 rem>kable p[]s ( ?\ght = _m ye>s1 & /&s t[>d x n only 9 ! relation ( an expositor1 b also 9 t ( a discov]]4 ,! fact t all liv+ be+s are develop$ f a m9ute /ructureless g]m has long be5 kn[n1 :ile ! law :i* gov]ns _! evolution--t ! *ange is ev] f ! homog5e\s to ! het]og5e\s--has be5 arriv$ at )9 a g5]ation4 ,b ?is fact ( gr[? is by no means limit$ to ! physical hi/ory ( plants & animals--x is exemplifi$ ^u a f> m ext5d$ scale4 ,a/ronom]s hold t ! sol> sy/em has gone ?r\gh su* a process1 & ,geologi/s tea* t ! e>? has _h its c>e] ( evolution4 ,animals h a m5tal z well z a physical developm5t1 & !re is also a progress ( k1 ( religion1 ( ! arts & sci5ces1 ( in/itutions1 mann]s1 gov]nm5ts1 & civilization itself4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] has ! hon\r ( hav+ fir/ e/abli%$ ! univ]sality ( ! pr9ciple by :i* all ^! *anges are gov]n$4 ,! law ( evolution1 :i* has be5 hi!rto limit$ to plants & animals1 he demon/rates to be ! law ( all evolution4 ,?is doctr9e is unfold$ 9 ! fir/ ,essay ( ! pres5t volume1 & is m or less fully illu/rat$ 9 ! o!rs2 b x w be f\nd elaborately work$ out 9 ! second "p ( ,fir/ ,pr9ciples4 ,! c\rse ( ! discussion 9 ?is "p ( ! "w w be be/ %[n by enum]at+ ! titles to ! *apt]s1 :i* are z foll[s3 ,i4 ,laws 9 ,g5]al2 ,,ii4 ,! ,law ( ,evolution2 ,,iii4 ,! ,same cont9u$2 ,,iv4 ,! ,causes ( ,evolution2 ,v4 ,space1 ,"t1 ,matt]1 ,motion1 & ,=ce2 ,,vi4 ,! ,inde/ructibility ( ,matt]2 ,,vii4 ,! ,cont9uity ( ,motion2 ,,viii4 ,! ,p]si/5ce ( ,=ce2 ,,ix4 ,! ,correlation & ,equival5ce ( ,=ces2 ,x4 ,! ,direction ( ,motion2 ,,xi4 ,! ,rhy?m ( ,motion2 ,,xii4 ,! ,conditions ,ess5tial to ,evolution2 ,,xiii4 ,! ,in/ability ( ! ,homog5e\s2 ,,xiv4 ,! ,multiplication ( ,effects2 ,,xv4 ,diff]5tiation & ,integration2 ,,xvi4 ,equilibration2 ,,xvii4 ,summ>y & ,conclusion4 ,a mo/ int]e/+ & fruitful field ( ?\ght1 x w be se51 is "h trav]s$ by our au?or1 & ! late/ & highe/ que/ions ( sci5ce are discuss$ "u novel aspects & 9 new relations4 ,n only d ! pages ab\nd ) acute sugge/ions & fre% views1 b ! entire argum5t1 9 its lead+ demon/rations1 & ! full bread? ( its philosophic scope1 is /amp$ ) a high orig9ality4 99 99 99 99 99 ,hav+ ?us det]m9$ ! sph]e ( philosophy & asc]ta9$ ^? fundam5tal pr9ciples gov]n+ all ord]s ( ph5om5a :i* are to be subsequ5tly us$ = guidance & v]ification1 ! au?or proce$s to ! second "w ( ! s]ies1 :i* is devot$ to ,biology1 or ! ,sci5ce ( ,life4 ,he reg>ds life n z a =eign & un9telligible some?+1 ?ru/ into ! s*eme ( nature1 ( :i* we c "k no?+ save its my/]y1 b z an ess5tial "p ( ! univ]sal plan4 ,! h>monies ( life are reg>d$ z b phases ( ! univ]sal h>mony1 & ,biology is /udi$ by ! same me?ods z o!r dep>tm5ts ( sci5ce4 ,! great tru?s ( ,physics & ,*emi/ry are appli$ to its elucidation2 its facts are collect$1 its inductions e/abli%$1 & con/antly v]ifi$ by ! fir/ pr9ciples laid d[n at ! outset4 ,ap>t f its connections ) ! philosophical sy/em1 ( :i* x =ms a "p1 ?is "w w h great intr9sic int]e/4 ,no?+ 0 m ne$$ ?an a compact & well-dige/$ /atem5t ( ^? g5]al pr9ciples ( life to :i* sci5ce has arriv$1 & ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s pres5tation is prov+ to be j :at is requir$4 ,"s idea ( 8 mode ( treat+ ! subject may be =m$ by glanc+ ov] a few ( 8 fir/ *apt]-head+s4 ,,"p ,,fir/3 ,i4 ,organic ,matt]2 ,,ii4 ,! ,actions ( ,=ces on ,organic ,matt]2 ,,iii4 ,! ,reactions ( ,organic ,matt] on ,=ces2 ,,iv4 ,proximate ,def9ition ( ,life2 ,v4 ,! ,correspond5ce betwe5 ,life & its ,circum/ances2 ,,vi4 ,! ,degree ( ,life ,v>ies ) ! ,degree ( ,correspond5ce2 ,,vii4 ,inductions ( ,biology4 ,,"p ,,second3 ,i4 ,gr[?2 ,,ii4 ,developm5t2 ,,iii4 ,function2 ,,iv4 ,wa/e & ,repair2 ,v4 ,adaptation2 ,,vi4 ,individuality2 ,,vii4 ,g5esis2 ,,viii4 ,h]$ity2 ,,ix4 ,v>iation2 ,x4 ,g5esis1 ,h]$ity & ,v>iation2 ,,xi4 ,classification2 ,,xii4 ,di/ribution4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ! s*eme ( nature ,m9d is ev] associat$ ) ,life4 ,! ?ird division ( ?is philosophical sy/em w !re=e be ,psy*ology1 or ! ,sci5ce ( ,m9d4 ,?is great subject w be consid]$1 n by ! n>r[ me?ods usual ) metaphysicians1 b 9 its broade/ aspects z a phase ( nature's ord]--to be /udi$ by obs]vation & induction ?r\gh ! :ole range ( psy*ical manife/ation 9 animat$ be+s4 ,! subject ( m9d w be reg>d$ 9 ! light ( ! great tru?s ( ,biology previ\sly e/abli%$2 ! connections ( m9d & life w be trac$2 ! progress ( m5tality z exhibit$ 9 ! animal grades1 & ! evolution ( ! intellectual faculties 9 man w be del9eat$ & ! coop]ation ( m9d & nature 9 ! production ( ideas & intellig5ce unfold$4 ,we h no "w ^u m9d ( ?is compreh5sive & ?or\ghly sci5tific "*3 ! mat]ials are abundant1 & ! necessity ( _! organization is widely recogniz$4 ,t ,mr4 ,sp5c] is em95tly ! man to p]=m ?is great task is prov$ by ! fact t he is already ! au?or ( ! mo/ pr(\nd & able contribution to ! advancem5t ( psy*ological sci5ce t has appe>$ = _m ye>s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ! true philosophic ord]1 ,biology & ,psy*ology prep>e ! way = ! /udy ( social sci5ce1 & h5ce ! f\r? "p ( ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s sy/em w treat ( ,sociology1 or ! natural laws ( society4 ,z a k ( individuals mu/ prec$e an und]/&+ ( _! mutual relations1 s an exposition ( ! laws ( life & m9d1 :i* con/itute ! sci5ce ( human nature1 mu/ prec$e ! successful /udy ( social ph5om5a4 ,9 ?is "p w be consid]$ ! developm5t ( society1 or t intellectual & moral progress :i* dep5ds ^u ! gr[? ( human ideas & feel+s 9 _! necess>y ord]4 ,! evolution ( political1 ecclesia/ical1 & indu/rial organizations w be trac$1 & a /atem5t made ( ^? pr9ciples und]ly+ all social progress1 )\t :i* !re c be no successful regulation ( ! affairs ( society4 ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s m9d has long be5 occupi$ ) ^! important que/ions1 z ! read] w f9d by ref]r+ to 8 able "w ^u ,social ,/atics1 publi%$ sev]al ye>s ago4 99 99 99 99 99 ,la/ly1 9 ,"p ,fif?1 ,mr4 ,sp5c] proposes to consid] ! ,pr9ciples ( ,morality1 br++ to be> ! tru?s furni%$ by ,biology1 ,psy*ology1 & ,sociology1 to det]m9e ! true !ory ( "r liv+4 ,he w %[ t ! true moral ideal & limit ( progress is ! atta9m5t ( an equilibrium betwe5 con/itution & conditions ( exi/5ce1 & trace ^? pr9ciples ( private conduct1 physical1 intellectual1 moral1 & religi\s t foll[ f ! conditions to complete individual life4 ,^? rules ( human action :i* all civiliz$ nations h regi/]$ z ess5tial laws--! inductions ( morality--w be del9eat$1 & also ^? mutual limitations ( m5's actions necessitat$ by _! coexi/5ce z units ( society1 :i* con/itute ! f\ndation ( ju/ice4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x _c be d\bt$ t ! ord] "h indicat$1 z x corresponds to ! me?od ( nature1 is ! "o :i* ,philosophy mu/ pursue 9 ! future4 ,x comb9es ! precision ( sci5ce ) ! h>mony & unity ( univ]sal tru?4 ,! "t is pa/ :5 ,biology c be consid]$ ) no ref]5ce to ! laws ( ,physics2 ,m9d ) no ref]5ce to ! sci5ce ( ,life1 & ,sociology1 )\t hav+ previ\sly ma/]$ ! =ego+ subjects4 ,! progress ( k is n[ t[>d m def9ite1 sy/ematic1 & compreh5sive views1 :ile x is ! highe/ function ( intellect to coord9ate & b9d toge!r its isolat$ & fragm5t>y p>ts4 ,9 c>ry+ out 8 great plan1 !re=e1 ,mr4 ,sp5c] is b embody+ ! l>ge philosophical t5d5cies ( ! age4 ,if x is urg$ t 8 s*eme is too va/ = any "o man to accompli%1 x may be repli$3 #a/4 ,t x is n int5d$ to treat ! v>i\s subjects exhau/ively1 b only to /ate g5]al pr9ciples ) j suffici5t details = _! cle> illu/ration4 #b;d4 ,a consid]able portion ( ! "w is already issu$1 & mu* m is ready = publication1 :ile ! au?or is /ill 9 ! prime ( life4 #c;d4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t intellects occasionally appe>1 end[$ ) t compreh5sive grasp & high organiz+ p[] :i* fits !m = va/ und]tak+s4 ,! read] w f9d at ! close ( ! volume ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s ,prospectus ( 8 sy/em4 ,t he :o has s cle>ly mapp$ out 8 "w is ! prop] "o to execute x1 we ?9k w be fully app>5t to all :o p]use ! pres5t volume4 ,an impression prevails ) _m t ,mr4 ,sp5c] belongs to ! positive s*ool ( ,m4 ,augu/e ,comte4 ,?is is an entire misappreh5sion2 b ! position hav+ be5 assum$ by sev]al ( 8 review]s1 he repels ! *>ge 9 ! foll[+ lett]1 :i* appe>$ 9 ! ,new ,engl&] = ,janu>y1 #ahfd4 ,to ! ,editor ( ! ,new ,engl&]3 ,,sir3--,:ile recogniz+ ! appreciative tone & g5]al c&\r ( ! article 9 y\r la/ numb]1 entitl$ ,h]b]t ,sp5c] on ,ultimate ,religi\s ,ideas1 all[ me to po9t out "o error :i* p]vades x4 ,! writ] correctly repres5ts ! lead+ positions ( my argum5t1 b he inadv]t5tly conveys a wrong impression respect+ my t5d5cies & sympa?ies4 ,he says ( me1 ! _s ( 8 philosophy is evid5tly t ( ! s-call$ positive me?od :i* has n[ _m p>tial disciples1 z well z _m zeal\s adh]5ts among ! ?9k]s ( ,engl&4 ,fur!r on ,i am tacitly class$ ) ! ,engli% admir]s & disciples ( ! great ,positivi/2 & x is pres5tly add$ t 9 ,mr4 ,sp5c] we h an example ( a positivi/1 :o does n treat ! subject ( religion ) sup]cili\s neglect4 ,"h & ?r\gh\t1 ! implication is t ,i am a foll[] ( ,comte4 ,?is is a mi/ake4 ,t ,m4 ,comte has giv5 a g5]al exposition ( ! doctr9e & me?od elaborat$ by sci5ce1 & has appli$ to x a "n :i* has obta9$ a c]ta9 curr5cy1 is true4 ,b x is n true t ! hold]s ( ?is doctr9e & foll[]s ( ?is me?od are disciples ( ,m4 ,comte4 ,nei!r _! modes ( inquiry nor _! views conc]n+ human k 9 its nature & limits are appreciably diff]5t f :at !y 7 be=e4 ,if !y are ,positivi/s x is 9 ! s5se t all m5 ( sci5ce h be5 m or less consi/5tly ,positivi/s2 & ! applicability ( ,m4 ,comte's title to !m no m makes !m 8 disciples ?an does its applicability to ! m5 ( sci5ce :o liv$ & di$ be=e ,m4 ,comte wrote1 make !m 8 disciples4 ,my own attitude t[>d ,m4 ,comte & 8 p>tial adh]5ts has be5 all along t ( antagonism4 ,9 an essay on ! ,g5esis ( ,sci5ce1 publi%$ 9 #ahed1 & republi%$ ) o!r essays 9 #aheg1 ,i h endeav\r$ to %[ t 8 !ory ( ! logical dep5d5ce & hi/orical developm5t ( ! sci5ces is untrue4 ,i h /ill among my pap]s ! memor&a ( a second review 7= :i* ,i fail$ to obta9 a place71 ! purpose ( :i* 0 to %[ ! unt5abl5ess ( 8 !ory ( intellectual progress4 ,! only doctr9e ( importance 9 :i* ,i agree ) him--! relativity ( all k--is "o common to him & sundry o!r ?9k]s ( e>li] date2 & ev5 ?is ,i hold 9 a diff]5t s5se f t 9 :i* he held x4 ,b on all po9ts t are di/9ctive ( 8 philosophy1 ,i diff] f him4 ,i d5y 8 ,hi]>*y ( ! ,sci5ces4 ,i reg>d 8 division ( intellectual progress into ! ?ree phases1 !ological1 metaphysical1 & positive1 z sup]ficial4 ,i reject utt]ly 8 ,religion ( ,humanity4 ,& 8 ideal ( society ,i hold 9 dete/ation4 ,"s ( 8 m9or views ,i accept2 "s ( 8 incid5tal rem>ks seem to me to be pr(\nd1 b f ev]y?+ :i* di/+ui%es ,comteism z a sy/em1 ,i diss5t entirely4 ,! only influ5ce on my own c\rse ( ?\ght :i* ,i c trace to ,m4 ,comte's writ+s1 is ! influ5ce t results f meet+ ) antagoni/ic op9ions def9itely express$4 ,su* be+ my position1 y w1 ,i ?9k1 see t by class+ me z a ,positivi/1 & tacitly includ+ me among ! ,engli% admir]s & disciples ( ,comte1 y\r review] un9t5tionally misrepres5ts me4 ,i am q ready to be> ! odium atta*+ to op9ions :i* ,i d hold2 b ,i object to h add$ ! odium atta*+ to op9ions :i* ,i d n hold4 ,if1 by publi%+ ?is lett] 9 y\r =?com+ numb]1 y w all[ me to set myself "r ) ! ,am]ican public on ?is matt]1 y w greatly oblige me4 ,i am1 ,sir1 y\r ob$i5t s]vant1 ,,h]b]t ,,sp5c]4 ,we take ! lib]ty ( mak+ an extract f a private lett] ( ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 :i* conta9s "s fur!r obs]vations 9 ! same connection3 ,!re appe>s to h got abroad 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 a v errone\s impression respect+ ! influ5ce ( ,comte's writ+s 9 ,engl&4 ,i suppose t ! curr5cy obta9$ by ! words ',positivism' & ',positivi/1' is to blame = ?is4 ,comte hav+ designat$ by ! t]m ,positive ,philosophy all t body ( def9itely-e/abli%$ k :i* m5 ( sci5ce h be5 gradually organiz+ into a coh]5t body ( doctr9e1 & hav+ habitually plac$ ?is 9 opposition to ! incoh]5t body ( doctr9e def5d$ by !ologians1 x has become ! habit ( ! !ological p>ty to ?9k ( ! antagoni/ sci5tific p>ty "u ?is title ( ,positivi/s appli$ to !m by ,comte4 ,& ?us1 f ! habit ( call+ !m ,positivi/s !re has gr[n up ! assumption t !y call !mselves ,positivi/s1 & t !y are ! disciples ( ,comte4 ,! tru? is t ,comte & 8 doctr9es receive "h sc>cely any att5tion4 ,i "k some?+ ( ! sci5tific _w 9 ,engl&1 & ,i _c "n a s+le man ( sci5ce :o ackn[l$ges himself a foll[] ( ,comte1 or accepts ! title ( ,positivi/4 ,le/1 h[ev]1 !re %\ld be "s su* :o 7 unkn[n to me1 ,i h rec5tly made inquiries into ! matt]4 ,to ,pr(essor ,tyndall ,i put ! "q :e!r ,comte _h ex]t$ any appreciable influ5ce on 8 own c\rse ( ?\ght3 & he repli$1 ',s f> z ,i "k1 my own c\rse ( ?\ght w\ld h be5 exactly ! same _h ,comte nev] exi/$4' ,i !n ask$1 ',d y "k any m5 ( sci5ce ^: views h be5 affect$ by ,comte's writ+s8' & 8 answ] 03 ',8 influ5ce on sci5tific ?\ght 9 ,engl& is absolutely nil4' ,to ! same que/ions ,pr(4 ,huxley return$1 9 o!r words1 ! same answ]s4 ,pr(essors ,huxley & ,tyndall1 be+ lead]s 9 _! respective dep>tm5ts1 & be+ also m5 ( g5]al culture & philosophic insight1 ,i ?9k t1 jo9+ _! impressions ) my own1 ,i am ju/ifi$ 9 say+ t ! sci5tific _w ( ,engl& is :olly un9flu5c$ by ,comte4 ,su* small influ5ce z he has _h "h has be5 on "s lit]>y m5 & hi/orians--m5 :o 7 attract$ by ! gr& a*ievem5ts ( sci5ce1 :o 7 *>m$ by ! plausible sy/em ( sci5tific g5]alizations put =? by ,comte1 ) ! usual ,fr5* reg>d = symmetry & disreg>d = fact1 & :o 71 f _! want ( sci5tific tra9+1 unable to detect ! ess5tial fallaci\sness ( 8 sy/em4 ,( ^! ! mo/ notable example 0 ! late ,mr4 ,buckle4 ,besides him1 ,i c "n b sev5 m5 :o h be5 9 any appreciable degree influ5c$ by ,comte2 & ( ^!1 f\r1 if n five1 are sc>cely kn[n to ! public4 ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s philosophical s]ies is publi%$ by ,d4 ,appleton ,co41 ,new ,york1 9 qu>t]ly p>ts 7#hj to #ajj pages ea*71 by subscription1 at two doll>s a ye>4 ,fir/ ,pr9ciples is issu$ 9 "o volume1 & f\r p>ts ( ,biology h appe>$4 ,we subjo9 "s notices ( 8 philosophy f ,am]ican & ,engli% reviews4 ,f ! ,national ,qu>t]ly ,review 7,am]ican47 ,comte ?us f\nd$ social sci5ce1 & op5$ a pa? = future discov]]s2 b he did n p]ceive1 any m ?an previ\s inquir]s1 ! fundam5tal law ( human evolution4 ,x 0 res]v$ = ,h]b]t ,sp5c] to discov] ?is all-compreh5sive law :i* is f\nd to expla9 alike all ! ph5om5a ( man's hi/ory & all ^? ( ext]nal nature4 ,?is sublime discov]y1 t ! univ]se is 9 a cont9u\s process ( evolution f ! homog5e\s to ! het]og5e\s1 ) :i* only ,newton's law ( gravitation is at all wor?y to be comp>$1 und]lies n only physics1 b also hi/ory4 ,x reveals ! law to :i* social *anges con=m4 ,f ! ,*ri/ian ,exam9]4 ,rev]5t & bold--rev]5t = tru?1 ?\gh n = ! =ms ( tru?1 & n = mu* t we hold true--bold 9 ! de/ruction ( error1 ?\gh )\t t joy 9 de/ruction :i* (t5 claims ! "n ( boldness2--^! works are int]e/+ 9 !mselves & 9 _! relation to ! curr5t ?\ght ( ! "t4 ,!y seem at fir/ sight to =m ! turn+ po9t 9 ! positive philosophy1 b clos] exam9ation %[s u t x is only a new & m>k$ /age 9 a regul> gr[?4 ,x is ! positive philosophy rea*+ ! high] relations ( our be+1 & e/abli%+ :at be=e x ignor$ because x _h n rea*$1 & by ignor+ seem$ to d5y4 ,?is sy/em =m]ly exclud$ !ology & psy*ology4 ,9 ! works ( ,h]b]t ,sp5c] we h ! rudim5ts ( a positive !ology & an imm5se /ep t[>d ! p]fection ( ! sci5ce ( psy*ology4444 ,su* is a brief & meagre sket* ( a discussion :i* we w\ld comm5d to be foll[$ 9 detail by e m9d int]e/$ 9 !ological /udies4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] comes 9 good fai? f :at has be5 s long a ho/ile camp1 br++ a flag ( truce & pres5t+ t]ms ( agreem5t meant to be hon\rable to bo? p>ties3 let u give him a c&id he>+4444 ,9 conclusion1 we w\ld rem>k t ! "w ( ,h]b]t ,sp5c] ref]r$ to 7,fir/ ,pr9ciples7 is n ma9ly !ological1 b w pres5t ! late/ & broade/ g5]alizations ( sci5ce1 & we w\ld comm5d to our read]s ?is au?or1 too little kn[n among u1 z at once "o ( ! cle>e/ ( tea*]s & "o ( ! wise/ & mo/ hon\rable ( oppon5ts4 ,f ! ,new ,engl&]4 ,?\gh we f9d "h "s unw>rant$ assumptions1 z well z "s grave omissions1 yet ?is "p 7,laws ( ! ,kn[able7 may be consid]$1 ^u ! :ole1 z a f9e specim5 ( sci5tific reason+4 ,consid]able space is devot$ to ! ,law ( ,evolution ! discov]y ( :i* is ! au?or's *ief claim to orig9ality1 & c]ta9ly ev9ces great p[] ( g5]alization4 ,to quote ! ab/ract def9ition )\t a full /atem5t ( ! inductions f :i* x is d]iv$ w\ld convey no fair impression ( ! bread? & /r5g? ( ! ?\ght :i* x epitomizes4 ,( ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s g5]al *>act]i/ics z a writ]1 we may obs]ve t 8 /yle is m>k$ by great purity1 cle>ness1 & =ce2 ?\gh x is some:at diffuse1 & ! ab/ract nature ( "s ( 8 topics occasionally r5d]s 8 ?\ght difficult ( appreh5sion4 ,8 treatm5t ( 8 subjects is g5]ally ?or\gh & sometimes exhau/ive2 8 argum5ts are always +5i\s if n always conv9c+2 8 illu/rations are drawn f almo/ e accessible field ( human k1 & 8 me?od ( putt+ ?+s is su* z to make ! mo/ ( 8 mat]ials4 ,he is und\bt$ly entitl$ to a high rank among ! speculative & philosophic writ]s ( ! pres5t day4444 ,9 ,mr4 ,sp5c] we h ! example ( a positivi/1 :o does n treat ! subject ( religion ) sup]cili\s neglect1 & :o illu/rates by 8 own me?od ( reason+ ^u ! highe/ objects ( human ?\ght1 ! value ( ^? metaphysical /udies :i* x is s mu* ! fa%ion ( 8 s*ool to decry4 ,= bo? ^! reasons ! volume1 :i* we n[ propose to exam9e1 des]ves ! c>eful att5tion ( ! !ologian :o desires to "k :at "o ( ! /ronge/ ?9k]s ( 8 s*ool1 commonly ?\ght a!i/ic 9 its t5d5cies1 c say 9 behalf ( our ultimate religi\s ideas4 ,= if we mi/ake n1 9 spite ( ! v negative "* ( 8 own results1 he has furni%$ "s /rong argum5ts = ! doctr9e ( a positive ,*ri/ian !ology4 ,we %all be mi/ak5 if we expect to f9d him c>elessly pass+ ^! matt]s by 7religi\s fai? & !ological sci5ce7 z 9 all respects beyond k & ( no practical conc]n4 ,on ! contr>y1 he gives !m pr(\nd att5tion1 & arrives at conclusions 9 reg>d to !m :i* ev5 ! ,*ri/ian !ologian mu/ all[ to conta9 a l>ge measure ( tru?4 ,:ile %[+ ! unse>*able nature ( ! ultimate facts on :i* religion dep5ds1 he demon/rates _! real exi/5ce & _! great importance4444 ,9 answ]+ ^! que/ions ,mr4 ,sp5c] has1 we ?9k1 arriv$ ne>] to a true philosophy ?an ei!r ,hamilton or ,mansel4 ,at lea/ he has indicat$ 9 a m satisfactory mann] ?an !y h done1 ! positive datum ( consci\sness t ! uncondition$1 ?\gh inscrutable1 exi/s4 ,x may be said t ,mr4 ,sp5c] is n *>geable ) exclud+ ,god f ! univ]se1 or d5y+ all revelation ( ,him 9 ,8 works1 s9ce he e>ne/ly def5ds ! tru? t an inscrutable p[] is %[n to exi/4 ,we c]ta9ly w\ld n *>ge him ) !oretical a!ism1 hold+ z he does ?is ultimate religi\s idea4 ,f ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,review4 ,! law ( organic developm5t ann\nc$ 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! pres5t c5tury1 by ,goe!1 ,s*ell+1 & ,von ,ba]1 & vaguely express$ 9 ! =mula1 t evolution is always f ! homog5\s to ! het]og5e\s1 & f ! simple to ! complex1 has rec5tly be5 ext5d$ by ,h]b]t ,sp5c] s z to include all ph5om5a :atsoev]4 ,he has %[n t ?is law ( evolution is ! law ( all evolution4 ,:e!r x be 9 ! developm5t ( ! e>? or ( life ^u its surface1 9 ! developm5t ( ,society1 ( gov]nm5t1 ( manufactures1 ( comm]ce1 ( language1 lit]ature1 sci5ce & art1 ?is same advance f ! simple to ! complex1 ?r\gh successive diff]5tiations1 holds uni=mly4 ,! /up5d\s induction f all classes ( ph5om5a by :i* ,mr4 ,sp5c] proce$s to e/abli% & illu/rate 8 !orem _c be giv5 "h4 ,f ! ,*ri/ian ,spectator 7,engli%74 ,mr4 ,sp5c] claims = 8 view t x is n only a religi\s position1 b preem95tly ! religi\s position2 & we are mo/ ?or\ghly dispos$ to agree ) him1 ?\gh we ?9k he does n appreciate ! =ce ( 8 own argum5t1 nor fully und]/& 8 own words4 ,= let u n[ attempt to realize ! mean+ ( ?is fact1 ( :i* ,mr4 ,sp5c] & 8 compe]s h put u 9 possession2 let u endeav\r to see :e!r its be>+s are really favorable or adv]se to religion4 ,!y are put =w>d inde$ av[$ly z adv]se to any o!r religion ?an a m]e rev]5tial acquiesc5ce 9 ignorance conc]n+ all t truly exi/s2 b x appe>s to u t ?is suppos$ opposition to religion arises f ! fact t ! doctr9e itself is s pr(\ndly1 s int5sely1 s ov]:elm+ly religi\s1 nay1 s utt]ly & entirely ,,*ri/ian1 t its true mean+ c\ld n be se5 = v glory4 ,l ,moses1 :5 he came d[n f ! ,m\nt1 ?is positive philosophy comes ) a veil ov] its face1 t its too div9e radiance may be hidd5 = a "t4 ,?is is ,sci5ce t has be5 conv]s+ ) ,,god1 & br+s 9 h] h& ,8 law writt5 on tables ( /one4 ,f ! ,read]4 ,to answ] ! "q ( ! likelihood ( ! p]man5ce ( ,mr4 ,mill's philosophic reign1 444 we %\ld h to take acc\nt1 among o!r ?+s1 ( ! diff]5ces f ,mr4 ,mill already %[n by ! extraord9>ily able & peculi>ly orig9al ?9k] ^: "n we h associat$ ) ,mr4 ,mill's at ! head ( ?is article4 ,we may take occasion1 at ano!r "t1 to call att5tion to ^! speculations ( ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 ^: works 9 ! meantime1 & especially t new "o ^: title we h cit$1 we recomm5d to all ^? select read]s ^: appreciation ( ma/]ly exposition1 & great rea* & boldness ( g5]alization1 does n dep5d on _! m]e disposition to agree ) ! doctr9es prop\nd$4 ,f ! ,briti% ,qu>t]ly ,review4 ,complete 9 itself1 x is at ! same "t b a "p ( a :ole1 :i*1 if x %\ld be con/ruct$ 9 proportion1 w be t5 times z great4 ,= ^! ,fir/ ,pr9ciples are m]ely ! f\ndation ( a sy/em ( philosophy1 bold]1 m elaborate & compreh5sive1 p]haps1 ?an any o!r :i* has be5 hi!rto design$ 9 ,engl&4444 ,widely z x w be se5 we diff] f ! au?or on "s po9ts1 we v s9c]ely hope he may succe$ 9 accompli%+ ! bold & magnific5t project he has mapp$ out4 ,f ! ,cornhill ,magaz9e4 ,our ,survey1 sup]ficial z x is1 mu/ include at lea/ ! m5tion ( a "w s l(ty 9 aim1 & s rem>kable 9 execution z ! sy/em ( ,philosophy :i* ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] is issu+ to subscrib]s4444 ,9 spite ( all dissid5ce respect+ ! conclusions1 ! s]i\s read] w applaud ! pr(\nd e>ne/ness & ?or\ghness ) :i* ^! conclusions are advocat$2 ! univ]sal sci5tific k br\ght to be> on !m by way ( illu/ration1 & ! acute & subtle ?9k+ display$ 9 e *apt]4 ,f ! ,p>!non4 ,by ^! books he has w$g$ 8 way into fame 9 a mann] di/9ctly orig9al1 & curi\sly m>k$4444 ,!re is a peculi> *>m 9 ?is au?or's /yle1 9 t x sacrifices to no common ta/e1 :ile at ! same "t x makes ! mo/ ab/ruse que/ions intelligible4444 ,! book1 if x is to be notic$ ) ! slighte/ degree ( fairness1 requires to be read & re-read1 to be /udi$ ap>t f itself & ) itself4 ,= :atev] may be its ultimate fate--al?\gh z ! ages g on x %all become b z ! lisp+s ( a little *ild1 a little m educat$ ?an o!r lisp+ *ildr5 ( ! same "t--?is is c]ta91 t1 z a book address$ to ! pres5t1 x lifts ! m9d f> above ! ord9>y range ( ?\ght1 sugge/s new associations1 arranges *aotic pictures1 /rikes (t5 a broad h>mony1 & ev5 moves ! he>t by an intellectual /ruggle z passionless z fate1 b z irresi/ible z "t4 ,f ! ,critic4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] is ! =emo/ m9d ( ! only philosophical s*ool 9 ,engl& :i* has arriv$ at a consi/5t s*eme444 ,beyond ?is s*ool we enc\nt] an indol5t *aotic eclecticism4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] claims ! respect due to di/9ct & d>+ individuality2 o!rs are e*oes or slaves4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] may be a usurp]1 b he has ! voice & ge/ure ( a k+4 ,f ! ,m$ico-,*irurgical ,review4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] is equally rem>kable = 8 se>* aft] fir/ pr9ciples2 = 8 acute attempts to decompose m5tal ph5om5a into _! prim>y elem5ts2 & = 8 broad g5]alizations ( m5tal activity1 view$ 9 connection ) nature1 in/9ct1 & all ! analogies pres5t$ by life 9 its univ]sal aspects4 ,,editor',s ,,preface4 ,! essays conta9$ 9 ! pres5t volume 7 fir/ publi%$ 9 ! ,engli% p]iodicals--*iefly ! ,qu>t]ly ,reviews4 ,!y conta9 ideas ( p]man5t int]e/1 & display an am\nt ( ?\ght & labor evid5tly mu* great] ?an is usually be/[$ on review articles4 ,!y 7 writt5 ) a view to ultimate republication 9 an endur+ =m1 & 7 issu$ 9 ,london ) sev]al o!r pap]s1 "u ! title ( ,essays2 ,sci5tific1 ,political1 & ,speculative1 fir/ & second s]ies2--! =m] appe>+ 9 #aheg1 & ! latt] 9 #ahfc4 ,! int]e/ creat$ 9 ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s writ+s by ! publication 9 ?is c\ntry ( 8 valuable "w on ,education1 & by criticisms ( 8 o!r works1 has creat$ a dem& = ^! discussions :i* c only be suppli$ by _! republication4 ,!y are n[1 h[ev]1 issu$ 9 a new =m1 & are m suit$ to develop ! au?or's purpose 9 _! prep>ation2 = :ile ea* ( ^! essays has its intr9sic & indep5d5t claims ^u ! read]'s att5tion1 !y are all at ! same "t b p>ts ( a connect$ & compreh5sive argum5t4 ,ne>ly all ( ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s essays h relations m or less direct to ! g5]al doctr9e ( ,evolution--a doctr9e :i* he has probably done m to unfold & illu/rate ?an any o!r ?9k]4 ,! pap]s compris$ 9 ! pres5t volume are ^? :i* deal ) ! subject 9 its mo/ obvi\s & prom95t aspects4 ,al?\gh ! argum5t conta9$ 9 ! fir/ essay on ,progress2 its ,law & ,cause1 has be5 publi%$ 9 an amplifi$ =m 9 ! au?or's ,fir/ ,pr9ciples1 x has be5 ?\ght be/ to prefix x to ! pres5t collection z a key to ! full int]pretation ( ! o!r essays4 ,to ^? :o read ?is volume its comm5dation w be sup]flu\s2 we w only say t ^? :o become int]e/$ 9 8 c\rse ( ?\ght w f9d x completely elaborat$ 9 8 new ,sy/em ( ,philosophy1 n[ 9 c\rse ( publication4 ,! rema9+ articles ( ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s fir/ & second s]ies w be %ortly publi%$1 9 a volume entitl$ ,essays2 ,moral1 ,political1 & ,a,esthetic4 ,,new ,,york1 ,m>*1 #ahfd4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,page ,i4 ,progress3 ,its ,law & ,cause1 #a ,,ii4 ,mann]s & ,fa%ion1 #fa ,,iii4 ,! ,g5esis ( ,sci5ce1 #aaf ,,iv4 ,! ,physiology ( ,laught]1 #aid ,v4 ,! ,orig9 & ,function ( ,music1 #baj ,,vi4 ,! ,nebul> ,hypo!sis1 #bci ,,vii4 ,ba9 on ! ,emotions & ! ,w1 #cjj ,,viii4 ,illogical ,geology1 #cbe ,,ix4 ,! ,developm5t ,hypo!sis1 #cgg ,x4 ,! ,social ,organism1 #chd ,,xi4 ,use & ,beauty1 #dbi ,,xii4 ,! ,s\rces ( ,ar*itectural ,types1 #dcd ,,xiii4 ,! ,use ( ,an?ropomorphism1 #ddj ,i4 ,,progress3 ,,its ,,law ,,& ,,cause4 ,! curr5t conception ( ,progress is some:at %ift+ & indef9ite4 ,sometimes x compreh5ds little m ?an simple gr[?--z ( a nation 9 ! numb] ( its memb]s & ! ext5t ( t]ritory ov] :i* x has spread4 ,sometimes x has ref]5ce to quantity ( mat]ial products--z :5 ! advance ( agriculture & manufactures is ! topic4 ,sometimes ! sup]ior quality ( ^! products is contemplat$3 & sometimes ! new or improv$ appliances by :i* !y are produc$4 ,:51 aga91 we speak ( moral or intellectual progress1 we ref] to ! /ate ( ! individual or p exhibit+ x2 :ile1 :5 ! progress ( ,k1 ( ,sci5ce1 ( ,art1 is comm5t$ ^u1 we h 9 view c]ta9 ab/ract results ( human ?\ght & action4 ,n only1 h[ev]1 is ! curr5t conception ( ,progress m or less vague1 b x is 9 great measure errone\s4 ,x takes 9 n s mu* ! reality ( ,progress z its accompanim5ts--n s mu* ! sub/ance z ! %ad[4 ,t progress 9 intellig5ce se5 dur+ ! gr[? ( ! *ild into ! man1 or ! savage into ! philosoph]1 is commonly reg>d$ z consi/+ 9 ! great] numb] ( facts kn[n & laws und]/ood3 :]eas ! actual progress consi/s 9 ^? int]nal modifications ( :i* ?is increas$ k is ! expression4 ,social progress is suppos$ to consi/ 9 ! produce ( a great] quantity & v>iety ( ! articles requir$ = satisfy+ m5's wants2 9 ! increas+ security ( p]son & prop]ty2 9 wid5+ fre$om ( action3 :]eas1 rightly und]/ood1 social progress consi/s 9 ^? *anges ( /ructure 9 ! social organism :i* h entail$ ^! consequ5ces4 ,! curr5t conception is a teleological "o4 ,! ph5om5a are contemplat$ solely z be>+ on human happ9ess4 ,only ^? *anges are held to con/itute progress :i* directly or indirectly t5d to height5 human happ9ess4 ,& !y are ?\ght to con/itute progress simply because !y t5d to height5 human happ9ess4 ,b rightly to und]/& progress1 we mu/ inquire :at is ! nature ( ^! *anges1 consid]$ ap>t f our int]e/s4 ,ceas+1 = example1 to reg>d ! successive geological modifications t h tak5 place 9 ! ,e>?1 z modifications t h gradually fitt$ x = ! habitation ( ,man1 & z !re=e a geological progress1 we mu/ seek to det]m9e ! "* common to ^! modifications--! law to :i* !y all con=m4 ,& simil>ly 9 e o!r case4 ,leav+ out ( sight concomitants & b5eficial consequ5ces1 let u ask :at ,progress is 9 itself4 ,9 respect to t progress :i* individual organisms display 9 ! c\rse ( _! evolution1 ?is "q has be5 answ]$ by ! ,g]mans4 ,! inve/igations ( ,wolff1 ,goe!1 & ,von ,ba]1 h e/abli%$ ! tru? t ! s]ies ( *anges gone ?r\gh dur+ ! developm5t ( a se$ into a tree1 or an ovum into an animal1 con/itute an advance f homog5eity ( /ructure to het]og5eity ( /ructure4 ,9 its prim>y /age1 e g]m consi/s ( a sub/ance t is uni=m ?r\gh\t1 bo? 9 texture & *emical composition4 ,! fir/ /ep is ! appe>ance ( a diff]5ce betwe5 two p>ts ( ?is sub/ance2 or1 z ! ph5om5on is call$ 9 physiological language1 a diff]5tiation4 ,ea* ( ^! diff]5tiat$ divisions pres5tly beg9s itself to exhibit "s contra/ ( p>ts2 & by & by ^! second>y diff]5tiations become z def9ite z ! orig9al "o4 ,?is process is cont9u\sly repeat$--is simultane\sly go+ on 9 all p>ts ( ! gr[+ embryo2 & by endless su* diff]5tiations !re is f9ally produc$ t complex comb9ation ( tissues & organs con/itut+ ! adult animal or plant4 ,?is is ! hi/ory ( all organisms :atev]4 ,x is settl$ beyond dispute t organic progress consi/s 9 a *ange f ! homog5e\s to ! het]og5e\s4 ,n[1 we propose 9 ! fir/ place to %[1 t ?is law ( organic progress is ! law ( all progress4 ,:e!r x be 9 ! developm5t ( ! ,e>?1 9 ! developm5t ( ,life ^u its surface1 9 ! developm5t ( ,society1 ( ,gov]nm5t1 ( ,manufactures1 ( ,comm]ce1 ( ,language1 ,lit]ature1 ,sci5ce1 ,art1 ?is same evolution ( ! simple into ! complex1 ?r\gh successive diff]5tiations1 holds ?r\gh\t4 ,f ! e>lie/ traceable cosmical *anges d[n to ! late/ results ( civilization1 we %all f9d t ! trans=mation ( ! homog5e\s into ! het]og5e\s1 is t 9 :i* ,progress ess5tially consi/s4 ,) ! view ( %[+ t if ! ,nebul> ,hypo!sis be true1 ! g5esis ( ! sol> sy/em supplies "o illu/ration ( ?is law1 let u assume t ! matt] ( :i* ! sun & planets consi/ 0 once 9 a diffus$ =m2 & t f ! gravitation ( its atoms !re result$ a gradual conc5tration4 ,by ! hypo!sis1 ! sol> sy/em 9 its nasc5t /ate exi/$ z an indef9itely ext5d$ & ne>ly homog5e\s m$ium--a m$ium almo/ homog5e\s 9 d5sity1 9 temp]ature1 & 9 o!r physical attributes4 ,! fir/ advance t[>ds consolidation result$ 9 a diff]5tiation betwe5 ! occupi$ space :i* ! nebul\s mass /ill fill$1 & ! unoccupi$ space :i* x previ\sly fill$4 ,!re simultane\sly result$ a contra/ 9 d5sity & a contra/ 9 temp]ature1 betwe5 ! int]ior & ! ext]ior ( ?is mass4 ,& at ! same "t !re arose ?r\gh\t x rotatory movem5ts1 ^: velocities v>i$ accord+ to _! di/ances f its c5tre4 ,^! diff]5tiations increas$ 9 numb] & degree until !re 0 evolv$ ! organiz$ gr\p ( sun1 planets1 & satellites1 :i* we n[ "k--a gr\p :i* pres5ts num]\s contra/s ( /ructure & action among its memb]s4 ,!re are ! imm5se contra/s betwe5 ! sun & planets1 9 bulk & 9 weight2 z well z ! subord9ate contra/s betwe5 "o planet & ano!r1 & betwe5 ! planets & _! satellites4 ,!re is ! simil>ly m>k$ contra/ betwe5 ! sun z almo/ /ation>y1 & ! planets z mov+ r\nd him ) great velocity2 :ile !re are ! second>y contra/s betwe5 ! velocities & p]iods ( ! sev]al planets1 & betwe5 _! simple revolutions & ! d\ble ones ( _! satellites1 :i* h to move r\nd _! prim>ies :ile mov+ r\nd ! sun4 ,!re is ! yet fur!r /rong contra/ betwe5 ! sun & ! planets 9 respect ( temp]ature2 & !re is reason to suppose t ! planets & satellites diff] f ea* o!r 9 _! prop] heat1 z well z 9 ! heat !y receive f ! sun4 ,:5 we be> 9 m9d t1 9 addition to ^! v>i\s contra/s1 ! planets & satellites also diff] 9 respect to _! di/ances f ea* o!r & _! prim>y2 9 respect to ! incl9ations ( _! orbits1 ! incl9ations ( _! axes1 _! times ( rotation on _! axes1 _! specific gravities1 & _! physical con/itutions2 we see :at a high degree ( het]og5eity ! sol> sy/em exhibits1 :5 comp>$ ) ! almo/ complete homog5eity ( ! nebul\s mass out ( :i* x is suppos$ to h orig9at$4 ,pass+ f ?is hypo!tical illu/ration1 :i* mu/ be tak5 = :at x is wor?1 )\t prejudice to ! g5]al argum5t1 let u desc5d to a m c]ta9 ord] ( evid5ce4 ,x is n[ g5]ally agre$ among geologi/s t ! ,e>? 0 at fir/ a mass ( molt5 matt]2 & t x is /ill fluid & inc&esc5t at ! di/ance ( a few miles b5ea? its surface4 ,orig9ally1 !n1 x 0 homog5e\s 9 consi/5ce1 &1 9 virtue ( ! circulation t takes place 9 heat$ fluids1 mu/ h be5 comp>atively homog5e\s 9 temp]ature2 & x mu/ h be5 surr\nd$ by an atmosph]e consi/+ p>tly ( ! elem5ts ( air & wat]1 & p>tly ( ^? v>i\s o!r elem5ts :i* assume a gase\s =m at high temp]atures4 ,t sl[ cool+ by radiation :i* is /ill go+ on at an inappreciable rate1 & :i*1 ?\gh orig9ally f> m rapid ?an n[1 necess>ily requir$ an imm5se "t to produce any decid$ *ange1 mu/ ultimately h result$ 9 ! solidification ( ! portion mo/ able to "p ) its heat--namely1 ! surface4 ,9 ! ?9 cru/ ?us =m$ we h ! fir/ m>k$ diff]5tiation4 ,a /ill fur!r cool+1 a consequ5t ?ick5+ ( ?is cru/1 & an accompany+ deposition ( all solidifiable elem5ts conta9$ 9 ! atmosph]e1 mu/ f9ally h be5 foll[$ by ! cond5sation ( ! wat] previ\sly exi/+ z vap\r4 ,a second m>k$ diff]5tiation mu/ ?us h aris53 & z ! cond5sation mu/ h tak5 place on ! coole/ p>ts ( ! surface--namely1 ab\t ! poles--!re mu/ ?us h result$ ! fir/ geographical di/9ction ( p>ts4 ,to ^! illu/rations ( gr[+ het]og5eity1 :i*1 ?\gh d$uc$ f ! kn[n laws ( matt]1 may be reg>d$ z m or less hypo!tical1 ,geology adds an ext5sive s]ies t h be5 inductively e/abli%$4 ,its inve/igations %[ t ! ,e>? has be5 cont9ually becom+ m het]og5e\s 9 virtue ( ! multiplication ( ! /rata :i* =m its cru/2 fur!r1 t x has be5 becom+ m het]og5e\s 9 respect ( ! composition ( ^! /rata1 ! latt] ( :i*1 be+ made f ! detritus ( ! old] ones1 are _m ( !m r5d]$ highly complex by ! mixture ( mat]ials !y conta92 & t ?is het]og5eity has be5 va/ly increas$ by ! action ( ! ,e>?'s /ill molt5 nucleus ^u its envelope1 :5ce h result$ n only a great v>iety ( igne\s rocks1 b ! tilt+ up ( s$im5t>y /rata at all angles1 ! =mation ( faults & metallic ve9s1 ! production ( endless dislocations & irregul>ities4 ,yet aga91 geologi/s tea* u t ! ,e>?'s surface has be5 gr[+ m v>i$ 9 elevation--t ! mo/ anci5t m\nta9 sy/ems are ! smalle/1 & ! ,&es & ,himalayas ! mo/ mod]n2 :ile 9 all probability !re h be5 correspond+ *anges 9 ! b$ ( ! ocean4 ,z a consequ5ce ( ^! ceaseless diff]5tiations1 we n[ f9d t no consid]able portion ( ! ,e>?'s expos$ surface is l any o!r portion1 ei!r 9 cont\r1 9 geologic /ructure1 or 9 *emical composition2 & t 9 mo/ p>ts x *anges f mile to mile 9 all ^! *>act]i/ics4 ,moreov]1 x mu/ n be =gott5 t !re has be5 simultane\sly go+ on a gradual diff]5tiation ( climates4 ,z fa/ z ! ,e>? cool$ & its cru/ solidifi$1 !re arose appreciable diff]5ces 9 temp]ature betwe5 ^? p>ts ( its surface mo/ expos$ to ! sun & ^? less expos$4 ,gradually1 z ! cool+ progress$1 ^! diff]5ces became m pron\nc$2 until !re f9ally result$ ^? m>k$ contra/s betwe5 regions ( p]petual ice & sn[1 regions :]e w9t] & summ] alt]nately reign = p]iods v>y+ accord+ to ! latitude1 & regions :]e summ] foll[s summ] ) sc>cely an appreciable v>iation4 ,at ! same "t ! successive elevations & subsid5ces ( diff]5t portions ( ! ,e>?'s cru/1 t5d+ z !y h done to ! pres5t irregul> di/ribution ( l& & sea1 h entail$ v>i\s modifications ( climate beyond ^? dep5d5t on latitude2 :ile a yet fur!r s]ies ( su* modifications h be5 produc$ by increas+ diff]5ces ( elevation 9 ! l&1 :i* h 9 sundry places br\ght arctic1 temp]ate1 & tropical climates to )9 a few miles ( ea* o!r4 ,& ! g5]al result ( ^! *anges is1 t n only has e ext5sive region its own meteorologic conditions1 b t e locality 9 ea* region diff]s m or less f o!rs 9 ^? conditions1 z 9 its /ructure1 its cont\r1 its soil4 ,?us1 betwe5 our exi/+ ,e>?1 ! ph5om5a ( ^: v>i$ cru/ nei!r geograph]s1 geologi/s1 m9]alogi/s1 nor meteorologi/s h yet enum]at$1 & ! molt5 globe out ( :i* x 0 evolv$1 ! contra/ 9 het]og5eity is suffici5tly /rik+4 ,:5 f ! ,e>? itself we turn to ! plants & animals t h liv$1 or /ill live1 ^u its surface1 we f9d ourselves 9 "s difficulty f lack ( facts4 ,t e exi/+ organism has be5 develop$ out ( ! simple into ! complex1 is inde$ ! fir/ e/abli%$ tru? ( all2 & t e organism t has exi/$ 0 simil>ly develop$1 is an inf]5ce :i* no physiologi/ w hesitate to draw4 ,b :5 we pass f individual =ms ( life to ,life 9 g5]al1 & inquire :e!r ! same law is se5 9 ! ensemble ( its manife/ations1--:e!r mod]n plants & animals are ( m het]og5e\s /ructure ?an anci5t ones1 & :e!r ! ,e>?'s pres5t ,flora & ,fauna are m het]og5e\s ?an ! ,flora & ,fauna ( ! pa/1--we f9d ! evid5ce s fragm5t>y1 t e conclusion is op5 to dispute4 ,two-?irds ( ! ,e>?'s surface be+ cov]$ by wat]2 a great "p ( ! expos$ l& be+ inaccessible to1 or untravell$ by1 ! geologi/2 ! great] "p ( ! rema9d] hav+ be5 sc>cely m ?an glanc$ at2 & ev5 ! mo/ famili> portions1 z ,engl&1 hav+ be5 s imp]fectly explor$ t a new s]ies ( /rata has be5 add$ )9 ^! f\r ye>s1--x is manife/ly impossible = u to say ) any c]ta9ty :at creatures h1 & :at h n1 exi/$ at any p>ticul> p]iod4 ,consid]+ ! p]i%able nature ( _m ( ! l[] organic =ms1 ! metamorphosis ( _m s$im5t>y /rata1 & ! gaps t occur among ! re/1 we %all see fur!r reason = di/ru/+ our d$uctions4 ,on ! "o h&1 ! repeat$ discov]y ( v]tebrate rema9s 9 /rata previ\sly suppos$ to conta9 none1--( reptiles :]e only fi% 7 ?\ght to exi/1--( mammals :]e x 0 believ$ !re 7 no creatures high] ?an reptiles1--r5d]s x daily m manife/ h[ small is ! value ( negative evid5ce4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! wor?lessness ( ! assumption t we h discov]$ ! e>lie/1 or any?+ l ! e>lie/1 organic rema9s1 is becom+ equally cle>4 ,t ! olde/ kn[n s$im5t>y rocks h be5 greatly *ang$ by igne\s action1 & t /ill old] ones h be5 totally trans=m$ by x1 is becom+ und5iable4 ,& ! fact t s$im5t>y /rata e>li] ?an any we "k1 h be5 melt$ up1 be+ admitt$1 x mu/ also be admitt$ t we _c say h[ f> back 9 "t ?is de/ruction ( s$im5t>y /rata has be5 go+ on4 ,?us x is manife/ t ! title1 ,palaeozoic1 z appli$ to ! e>lie/ kn[n fossilif]\s /rata1 involves a petitio pr9cipii2 & t1 = aught we "k to ! contr>y1 only ! la/ few *apt]s ( ! ,e>?'s biological hi/ory may h come d[n to u4 ,on nei!r side1 !re=e1 is ! evid5ce conclusive4 ,nev]!less we _c b ?9k t1 scanty z !y are1 ! facts1 tak5 altoge!r1 t5d to %[ bo? t ! m het]og5e\s organisms h be5 evolv$ 9 ! lat] geologic p]iods1 & t ,life 9 g5]al has be5 m het]og5e\sly manife/$ z "t has advanc$4 ,let u cite1 9 illu/ration1 ! "o case ( ! v]tebrata4 ,! e>lie/ kn[n v]tebrate rema9s are ^? ( ,fi%es2 & ,fi%es are ! mo/ homog5e\s ( ! v]tebrata4 ,lat] & m het]og5e\s are ,reptiles4 ,lat] /ill1 & m het]og5e\s /ill1 are ,mammals & ,birds4 ,if x be said1 z x may fairly be said1 t ! ,palaeozoic deposits1 n be+ e/u>y deposits1 are n likely to conta9 ! rema9s ( t]re/rial v]tebrata1 :i* may nev]!less h exi/$ at t era1 we reply t we are m]ely po9t+ to ! lead+ facts1 su* z !y are4 ,b to avoid any su* criticism1 let u take ! mammalian subdivision only4 ,! e>lie/ kn[n rema9s ( mammals are ^? ( small m>supials1 :i* are ! l[e/ ( ! mammalian type2 :ile1 conv]sely1 ! highe/ ( ! mammalian type--,man--is ! mo/ rec5t4 ,! evid5ce t ! v]tebrate fauna1 z a :ole1 has become m het]og5e\s1 is consid]ably /rong]4 ,to ! argum5t t ! v]tebrate fauna ( ! ,palaeozoic p]iod1 consi/+1 s f> z we "k1 entirely ( ,fi%es1 0 less het]og5e\s ?an ! mod]n v]tebrate fauna1 :i* includes ,reptiles1 ,birds1 & ,mammals1 ( multitud9\s g5]a1 x may be repli$1 z be=e1 t e/u>y deposits ( ! ,palaeozoic p]iod1 c\ld we f9d !m1 might conta9 o!r ord]s ( v]tebrata4 ,b no su* reply c be made to ! argum5t t :]eas ! m>9e v]tebrata ( ! ,palaeozoic p]iod consi/$ entirely ( c>tilag9\s fi%es1 ! m>9e v]tebrata ( lat] p]iods include num]\s g5]a ( osse\s fi%es2 & t1 !re=e1 ! lat] m>9e v]tebrate faunas are m het]og5e\s ?an ! olde/ kn[n "o4 ,nor1 aga91 c any su* reply be made to ! fact t !re are f> m num]\s ord]s & g5]a ( mammalian rema9s 9 ! t]ti>y =mations ?an 9 ! second>y =mations4 ,did we wi% m]ely to make out ! be/ case1 we might dwell ^u ! op9ion ( ,dr4 ,c>p5t]1 :o says t ! g5]al facts ( ,palaeontology appe> to sanction ! belief1 t ! same plan may be trac$ out 9 :at may be call$ ! g5]al life ( ! globe1 z 9 ! individual life ( e "o ( ! =ms ( organiz$ be+ :i* n[ p x4 ,or we might quote1 z decisive1 ! judgm5t ( ,pr(essor ,ow51 :o holds t ! e>li] examples ( ea* gr\p ( creatures sev]ally dep>t$ less widely f ar*etypal g5]ality ?an ! lat] ones--7 sev]ally less unlike ! fundam5tal =m common to ! gr\p z a :ole2 t is to say--con/itut$ a less het]og5e\s gr\p ( creatures2 & :o fur!r upholds ! doctr9e ( a biological progression4 ,b 9 def]5ce to an au?ority = :om we h ! highe/ respect1 :o consid]s t ! evid5ce at pres5t obta9$ does n ju/ify a v]dict ei!r way1 we are cont5t to leave ! "q op54 ,:e!r an advance f ! homog5e\s to ! het]og5e\s is or is n display$ 9 ! biological hi/ory ( ! globe1 x is cle>ly en\gh display$ 9 ! progress ( ! late/ & mo/ het]og5e\s creature--,man4 ,x is alike true t1 dur+ ! p]iod 9 :i* ! ,e>? has be5 peopl$1 ! human organism has gr[n m het]og5e\s among ! civiliz$ divisions ( ! species2 & t ! species1 z a :ole1 has be5 gr[+ m het]og5e\s 9 virtue ( ! multiplication ( races & ! diff]5tiation ( ^! races f ea* o!r4 ,9 pro( ( ! fir/ ( ^! positions1 we may cite ! fact t1 9 ! relative developm5t ( ! limbs1 ! civiliz$ man dep>ts m widely f ! g5]al type ( ! plac5tal mammalia ?an d ! l[] human races4 ,:ile (t5 possess+ well-develop$ body & arms1 ! ,papuan has extremely small legs3 ?us rem9d+ u ( ! quadrumana1 9 :i* !re is no great contra/ 9 size betwe5 ! h9d & =e limbs4 ,b 9 ! ,european1 ! great] l5g? & massiv5ess ( ! legs has become v m>k$--! =e & h9d limbs are relatively m het]og5e\s4 ,aga91 ! great] ratio :i* ! cranial bones be> to ! facial bones illu/rates ! same tru?4 ,among ! v]tebrata 9 g5]al1 progress is m>k$ by an increas+ het]og5eity 9 ! v]tebral column1 & m especially 9 ! v]tebrae con/itut+ ! skull3 ! high] =ms be+ di/+ui%$ by ! relatively l>g] size ( ! bones :i* cov] ! bra91 & ! relatively small] size ( ^? :i* =m ! jaw1 c4 ,n[1 ?is *>act]i/ic1 :i* is /rong] 9 ,man ?an 9 any o!r creature1 is /rong] 9 ! ,european ?an 9 ! savage4 ,moreov]1 judg+ f ! great] ext5t & v>iety ( faculty he exhibits1 we may inf] t ! civiliz$ man has also a m complex or het]og5e\s n]v\s sy/em ?an ! unciviliz$ man3 & inde$ ! fact is 9 "p visible 9 ! increas$ ratio :i* 8 c]ebrum be>s to ! subjac5t ganglia4 ,if fur!r elucidation be ne$$1 we may f9d x 9 e nurs]y4 ,! infant ,european has sundry m>k$ po9ts ( resemblance to ! l[] human races2 z 9 ! flatness ( ! alae ( ! nose1 ! depression ( its bridge1 ! div]g5ce & =w>d op5+ ( ! no/rils1 ! =m ( ! lips1 ! abs5ce ( a frontal s9us1 ! wid? betwe5 ! eyes1 ! smallness ( ! legs4 ,n[1 z ! developm5tal process by :i* ^! traits are turn$ into ^? ( ! adult ,european1 is a cont9uation ( t *ange f ! homog5e\s to ! het]og5e\s display$ dur+ ! previ\s evolution ( ! embryo1 :i* e physiologi/ w admit2 x foll[s t ! p>allel developm5tal process by :i* ! l traits ( ! b>b>\s races h be5 turn$ into ^? ( ! civiliz$ races1 has also be5 a cont9uation ( ! *ange f ! homog5e\s to ! het]og5e\s4 ,! tru? ( ! second position--t ,mank9d1 z a :ole1 h become m het]og5e\s--is s obvi\s z sc>cely to ne$ illu/ration4 ,e "w on ,e?nology1 by its divisions & subdivisions ( races1 be>s te/imony to x4 ,ev5 7 we to admit ! hypo!sis t ,mank9d orig9at$ f sev]al sep>ate /ocks1 x w\ld /ill rema9 true1 t z1 f ea* ( ^! /ocks1 !re h sprung _m n[ widely diff]5t tribes1 :i* are prov$ by philological evid5ce to h _h a common orig91 ! race z a :ole is f> less homog5e\s ?an x once 04 ,add to :i*1 t we h1 9 ! ,anglo-,am]icans1 an example ( a new v>iety aris+ )9 ^! few g5]ations2 & t1 if we may tru/ to ! description ( obs]v]s1 we are likely soon to h ano!r su* example 9 ,au/ralia4 ,on pass+ f ,humanity "u its individual =m1 to ,humanity z socially embodi$1 we f9d ! g5]al law /ill m v>i\sly exemplifi$4 ,! *ange f ! homog5e\s to ! het]og5e\s is display$ equally 9 ! progress ( civilization z a :ole1 & 9 ! progress ( e tribe or nation2 & is /ill go+ on ) increas+ rapidity4 ,z we see 9 exi/+ b>b>\s tribes1 society 9 its fir/ & l[e/ =m is a homog5e\s aggregation ( individuals hav+ l p[]s & l functions3 ! only m>k$ diff]5ce ( function be+ t :i* accompanies diff]5ce ( sex4 ,e man is w>rior1 hunt]1 fi%]man1 tool-mak]1 build]2 e woman p]=ms ! same drudg]ies2 e family is self-suffic+1 & save = purposes ( aggression & def5ce1 might z well live ap>t f ! re/4 ,v e>ly1 h[ev]1 9 ! process ( social evolution1 we f9d an incipi5t diff]5tiation betwe5 ! gov]n+ & ! gov]n$4 ,"s k9d ( *iefta9%ip seems coeval ) ! fir/ advance f ! /ate ( sep>ate w&]+ families to t ( a nomadic tribe4 ,! au?ority ( ! /ronge/ makes itself felt among a body ( savages z 9 a h]d ( animals1 or a posse ( s*oolboys4 ,at fir/1 h[ev]1 x is indef9ite1 unc]ta92 is %>$ by o!rs ( sc>cely inf]ior p[]2 & is unaccompani$ by any diff]5ce 9 occupation or /yle ( liv+3 ! fir/ rul] kills 8 own game1 makes 8 own weapons1 builds 8 own hut1 & economically consid]$1 does n diff] f o!rs ( 8 tribe4 ,gradually1 z ! tribe progresses1 ! contra/ betwe5 ! gov]n+ & ! gov]n$ gr[s m decid$4 ,supreme p[] becomes h]$it>y 9 "o family2 ! head ( t family1 ceas+ to provide = 8 own wants1 is s]v$ by o!rs2 & he beg9s to assume ! sole (fice ( rul+4 ,at ! same "t !re has be5 aris+ a co-ord9ate species ( gov]nm5t--t ( ,religion4 ,z all anci5t records & traditions prove1 ! e>lie/ rul]s are reg>d$ z div9e p]sonages4 ,! maxims & comm&s !y utt]$ dur+ _! lives are held sacr$ aft] _! dea?s1 & are en=c$ by _! div9ely-desc5d$ successors2 :o 9 _! turns are promot$ to ! pan!on ( ! race1 !re to be wor%ipp$ & propitiat$ along ) _! pr$ecessors3 ! mo/ anci5t ( :om is ! supreme god1 & ! re/ subord9ate gods4 ,= a long "t ^! connate =ms ( gov]nm5t--civil & religi\s--cont9ue closely associat$4 ,= _m g5]ations ! k+ cont9ues to be ! *ief prie/1 & ! prie/hood to be memb]s ( ! royal race4 ,= _m ages religi\s law cont9ues to conta9 m or less ( civil regulation1 & civil law to possess m or less ( religi\s sanction2 & ev5 among ! mo/ advanc$ nations ^! two controll+ ag5cies are by no means completely diff]5tiat$ f ea* o!r4 ,hav+ a common root ) ^!1 & gradually div]g+ f !m1 we f9d yet ano!r controll+ ag5cy--t ( ,mann]s or c]emonial usages4 ,all titles ( hon\r are orig9ally ! names ( ! god-k+2 aft]w>ds ( ,god & ! k+2 /ill lat] ( p]sons ( high rank2 & f9ally come1 "s ( !m1 to be us$ betwe5 man & man4 ,all =ms ( complim5t>y address 7 at fir/ ! expressions ( submission f prison]s to _! conqu]or1 or f subjects to _! rul]1 ei!r human or div9e--expressions t 7 aft]w>ds us$ to propitiate subord9ate au?orities1 & sl[ly desc5d$ into ord9>y int]c\rse4 ,all modes ( salutation 7 once obeisances made be=e ! mon>* & us$ 9 wor%ip ( him aft] 8 dea?4 ,pres5tly o!rs ( ! god-desc5d$ race 7 simil>ly salut$2 & by degrees "s ( ! salutations h become ! due ( all4,a ,?us1 no soon] does ! orig9ally homog5e\s social mass diff]5tiate into ! gov]n$ & ! gov]n+ p>ts1 ?an ?is la/ exhibits an incipi5t diff]5tiation into religi\s & secul>--,*ur* & ,/ate2 :ile at ! same "t !re beg9s to be diff]5tiat$ f bo?1 t less def9ite species ( gov]nm5t :i* rules our daily int]c\rse--a species ( gov]nm5t :i*1 z we may see 9 h]alds' colleges1 9 books ( ! pe]age1 9 ma/]s ( c]emonies1 is n )\t a c]ta9 embodim5t ( its own4 ,ea* ( ^! is itself subject to successive diff]5tiations4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ages1 !re arises1 z among ourselves1 a highly complex political organization ( mon>*1 m9i/]s1 lords & commons1 ) _! subord9ate adm9i/rative dep>tm5ts1 c\rts ( ju/ice1 rev5ue (fices1 c41 supplem5t$ 9 ! prov9ces by municipal gov]nm5ts1 c\nty gov]nm5ts1 p>i% or union gov]nm5ts--all ( !m m or less elaborat$4 ,by its side !re gr[s up a highly complex religi\s organization1 ) its v>i\s grades ( (ficials1 f ar*bi%ops d[n to sextons1 its colleges1 convocations1 ecclesia/ical c\rts1 c42 to all :i* mu/ be add$ ! ev] multiply+ indep5d5t sects1 ea* ) its g5]al & local au?orities4 ,& at ! same "t !re is develop$ a highly complex aggregation ( cu/oms1 mann]s1 & tempor>y fa%ions1 en=c$ by society at l>ge1 & s]v+ to control ^? m9or transactions betwe5 man & man :i* are n regulat$ by civil & religi\s law4 ,moreov] x is to be obs]v$ t ?is ev] increas+ het]og5eity 9 ! gov]nm5tal appliances ( ea* nation1 has be5 accompani$ by an increas+ het]og5eity 9 ! gov]nm5tal appliances ( diff]5t nations2 all ( :i* are m or less unlike 9 _! political sy/ems & legislation1 9 _! cre$s & religi\s in/itutions1 9 _! cu/oms & c]emonial usages4 ,a ,= detail$ pro( ( ^! ass]tions see essay on ,mann]s & ,fa%ion4 ,simultane\sly !re has be5 go+ on a second diff]5tiation ( a m famili> k9d2 t1 namely1 by :i* ! mass ( ! community has be5 segregat$ into di/9ct classes & ord]s ( work]s4 ,:ile ! gov]n+ "p has und]gone ! complex developm5t above detail$1 ! gov]n$ "p has und]gone an equally complex developm5t1 :i* has result$ 9 t m9ute division ( lab\r *>act]iz+ advanc$ nations4 ,x is ne$less to trace out ?is progress f its fir/ /ages1 up ?r\gh ! ca/e divisions ( ! ,ea/ & ! incorporat$ guilds ( ,europe1 to ! elaborate produc+ & di/ribut+ organization exi/+ among ourselves4 ,political economi/s h long s9ce describ$ ! evolution :i*1 beg9n+ ) a tribe ^: memb]s sev]ally p]=m ! same actions ea* = himself1 ends ) a civiliz$ community ^: memb]s sev]ally p]=m diff]5t actions = ea* o!r2 & !y h fur!r po9t$ out ! *anges ?r\gh :i* ! solit>y produc] ( any "o commodity is trans=m$ into a comb9ation ( produc]s :o1 unit$ "u a ma/]1 take sep>ate p>ts 9 ! manufacture ( su* commodity4 ,b !re are yet o!r & high] phases ( ?is advance f ! homog5e\s to ! het]og5e\s 9 ! indu/rial organization ( society4 ,long aft] consid]able progress has be5 made 9 ! division ( lab\r among diff]5t classes ( work]s1 !re is /ill little or no division ( lab\r among ! widely sep>at$ p>ts ( ! community2 ! nation cont9ues comp>atively homog5e\s 9 ! respect t 9 ea* di/rict ! same occupations are pursu$4 ,b :5 roads & o!r means ( transit become num]\s & good1 ! diff]5t di/ricts beg9 to assume diff]5t functions1 & to become mutually dep5d5t4 ,! calico manufacture locates itself 9 ?is c\nty1 ! wooll5-clo? manufacture 9 t2 silks are produc$ "h1 lace !re2 /ock+s 9 "o place1 %oes 9 ano!r2 pott]y1 h>dw>e1 cutl]y1 come to h _! special t[ns2 & ultimately e locality becomes m or less di/+ui%$ f ! re/ by ! lead+ occupation c>ri$ on 9 x4 ,nay1 m1 ?is subdivision ( functions %[s itself n only among ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! same nation1 b among diff]5t nations4 ,t ex*ange ( commodities :i* free-trade promises s greatly to increase1 w ultimately h ! effect ( specializ+1 9 a great] or less degree1 ! indu/ry ( ea* p4 ,s t beg9n+ ) a b>b>\s tribe1 almo/ if n q homog5e\s 9 ! functions ( its memb]s1 ! progress has be51 & /ill is1 t[>ds an economic aggregation ( ! :ole human race2 gr[+ ev] m het]og5e\s 9 respect ( ! sep>ate functions assum$ by sep>ate nations1 ! sep>ate functions assum$ by ! local sections ( ea* nation1 ! sep>ate functions assum$ by ! _m k9ds ( mak]s & trad]s 9 ea* t[n1 & ! sep>ate functions assum$ by ! work]s unit$ 9 produc+ ea* commodity4 ,n only is ! law ?us cle>ly exemplifi$ 9 ! evolution ( ! social organism1 b x is exemplifi$ ) equal cle>ness 9 ! evolution ( all products ( human ?\ght & action1 :e!r concrete or ab/ract1 real or ideal4 ,let u take ,language z our fir/ illu/ration4 ,! l[e/ =m ( language is ! exclamation1 by :i* an entire idea is vaguely convey$ ?r\gh a s+le s\nd2 z among ! l[] animals4 ,t human language ev] consi/$ solely ( exclamations1 & s 0 /rictly homog5e\s 9 respect ( its p>ts ( spee*1 we h no evid5ce4 ,b t language c be trac$ d[n to a =m 9 :i* n\ns & v]bs are its only elem5ts1 is an e/abli%$ fact4 ,9 ! gradual multiplication ( p>ts ( spee* out ( ^! prim>y ones--9 ! diff]5tiation ( v]bs into active & passive1 ( n\ns into ab/ract & concrete--9 ! rise ( di/9ctions ( mood1 t5se1 p]son1 ( numb] & case--9 ! =mation ( auxili>y v]bs1 ( adjectives1 adv]bs1 pron\ns1 prepositions1 articles--9 ! div]g5ce ( ^? ord]s1 g5]a1 species1 & v>ieties ( p>ts ( spee* by :i* civiliz$ races express m9ute modifications ( mean+--we see a *ange f ! homog5e\s to ! het]og5e\s4 ,& x may be rem>k$1 9 pass+1 t x is m especially 9 virtue ( hav+ c>ri$ ?is subdivision ( function to a great] ext5t & complet5ess1 t ! ,engli% language is sup]ior to all o!rs4 ,ano!r aspect "u :i* we may trace ! developm5t ( language is ! diff]5tiation ( words ( alli$ mean+s4 ,philology e>ly disclos$ ! tru? t 9 all languages words may be gr\p$ into families hav+ a common ance/ry4 ,an aborig9al "n appli$ indiscrim9ately to ea* ( an ext5sive & ill-def9$ class ( ?+s or actions1 pres5tly und]goes modifications by :i* ! *ief divisions ( ! class are express$4 ,^! sev]al names spr++ f ! primitive root1 !mselves become ! p>5ts ( o!r names /ill fur!r modifi$4 ,& by ! aid ( ^? sy/ematic modes :i* pres5tly arise1 ( mak+ d]ivations & =m+ comp\nd t]ms express+ /ill small] di/9ctions1 !re is f9ally develop$ a tribe ( words s het]og5e\s 9 s\nd & mean+1 t to ! un9itiat$ x seems incr$ible t !y %\ld h _h a common orig94 ,mean:ile f o!r roots !re are be+ evolv$ o!r su* tribes1 until !re results a language ( "s sixty ?\s& or m unlike words1 signify+ z _m unlike objects1 qualities1 acts4 ,yet ano!r way 9 :i* language 9 g5]al advances f ! homog5e\s to ! het]og5e\s1 is 9 ! multiplication ( languages4 ,:e!r z ,max ,muell] & ,buns5 ?9k1 all languages h gr[n f "o /ock1 or :e!r1 z "s philologi/s say1 !y h gr[n f two or m /ocks1 x is cle> t s9ce l>ge families ( languages1 z ! ,indo-,european1 are ( "o p>5tage1 !y h become di/9ct ?r\gh a process ( cont9u\s div]g5ce4 ,! same diffusion ov] ! ,e>?'s surface :i* has l$ to ! diff]5tiation ( ! race1 has simultane\sly l$ to a diff]5tiation ( _! spee*3 a tru? :i* we see fur!r illu/rat$ 9 ea* nation by ! peculi>ities ( dialect f\nd 9 sev]al di/ricts4 ,?us ! progress ( ,language con=ms to ! g5]al law1 alike 9 ! evolution ( languages1 9 ! evolution ( families ( words1 & 9 ! evolution ( p>ts ( spee*4 ,on pass+ f spok5 to writt5 language1 we come ^u sev]al classes ( facts1 all hav+ simil> implications4 ,writt5 language is connate ) ,pa9t+ & ,sculpture2 & at fir/ all ?ree are app5dages ( ,ar*itecture1 & h a direct connection ) ! prim>y =m ( all ,gov]nm5t--! !ocratic4 ,m]ely not+ by ! way ! fact t sundry wild races1 z = example ! ,au/ralians & ! tribes ( ,s\? ,africa1 are giv5 to depict+ p]sonages & ev5ts ^u ! walls ( caves1 :i* are probably reg>d$ z sacr$ places1 let u pass to ! case ( ! ,egyptians4 ,among !m1 z also among ! ,assyrians1 we f9d mural pa9t+s us$ to decorate ! temple ( ! god & ! palace ( ! k+ 7:i* 71 inde$1 orig9ally id5tical72 & z su* !y 7 gov]nm5tal appliances 9 ! same s5se t /ate-pageants & religi\s fea/s 74 ,fur!r1 !y 7 gov]nm5tal appliances 9 virtue ( repres5t+ ! wor%ip ( ! god1 ! triumphs ( ! god-k+1 ! submission ( 8 subjects1 & ! puni%m5t ( ! rebelli\s4 ,& yet aga9 !y 7 gov]nm5tal1 z be+ ! products ( an art rev]5c$ by ! p z a sacr$ my/]y4 ,f ! habitual use ( ?is pictorial repres5tation !re naturally grew up ! b slightly-modifi$ practice ( picture-writ+--a practice :i* 0 f\nd /ill extant among ! ,mexicans at ! "t !y 7 discov]$4 ,by abbreviations analog\s to ^? /ill go+ on 9 our own writt5 & spok5 language1 ! mo/ famili> ( ^! pictur$ figures 7 successively simplifi$2 & ultimately !re grew up a sy/em ( symbols1 mo/ ( :i* _h b a di/ant resemblance to ! ?+s = :i* !y /ood4 ,! inf]5ce t ! hi]oglyphics ( ! ,egyptians 7 ?us produc$1 is confirm$ by ! fact t ! picture-writ+ ( ! ,mexicans 0 f\nd to h giv5 bir? to a l family ( ideographic =ms2 &1 among !m1 z among ! ,egyptians1 ^! _h be5 p>tially diff]5tiat$ into ! kuriological or imitative1 & ! tropical or symbolic3 :i* 71 h[ev]1 us$ toge!r 9 ! same record4 ,9 ,egypt1 writt5 language und]w5t a fur!r diff]5tiation3 :5ce result$ ! hi]atic & ! epi/olographic or en*orial3 bo? ( :i* are d]iv$ f ! orig9al hi]oglyphic4 ,at ! same "t we f9d t = ! expression ( prop] names :i* c\ld n be o!rwise convey$1 phonetic symbols 7 employ$2 & ?\gh x is alleg$ t ! ,egyptians nev] actually a*iev$ complete alphabetic writ+1 yet x c sc>cely be d\bt$ t ^! phonetic symbols occasionally us$ 9 aid ( _! ideographic ones1 7 ! g]ms out ( :i* alphabetic writ+ grew4 ,once hav+ become sep>ate f hi]oglyphics1 alphabetic writ+ itself und]w5t num]\s diff]5tiations--multipli$ alphabets 7 produc$2 betwe5 mo/ ( :i*1 h[ev]1 m or less connection c /ill be trac$4 ,& 9 ea* civiliz$ nation !re has n[ gr[n up1 = ! repres5tation ( "o set ( s\nds1 sev]al sets ( writt5 signs us$ = di/9ct purposes4 ,f9ally1 ?r\gh a yet m important diff]5tiation came pr9t+2 :i*1 uni=m 9 k9d z x 0 at fir/1 has s9ce become multi=m4 ,:ile writt5 language 0 pass+ ?r\gh its e>li] /ages ( developm5t1 ! mural decoration :i* =m$ its root 0 be+ diff]5tiat$ into ,pa9t+ & ,sculpture4 ,! gods1 k+s1 m51 & animals repres5t$1 7 orig9ally m>k$ by ind5t$ outl9es & col\r$4 ,9 mo/ cases ^! outl9es 7 ( su* dep?1 & ! object !y circumscrib$ s f> r\nd$ & m>k$ out 9 its lead+ p>ts1 z to =m a species ( "w int]m$iate betwe5 intaglio & bas-relief4 ,9 o!r cases we see an advance ^u ?is3 ! rais$ spaces betwe5 ! figures be+ *isell$ (f1 & ! figures !mselves appropriately t9t$1 a pa9t$ bas-relief 0 produc$4 ,! re/or$ ,assyrian ar*itecture at ,syd5ham exhibits ?is /yle ( art c>ri$ to great] p]fection--! p]sons & ?+s repres5t$1 ?\gh /ill b>b>\sly col\r$1 are c>v$ out ) m tru? & 9 great] detail3 & 9 ! w+$ lions & bulls us$ = ! angles ( gateways1 we may see a consid]able advance t[>ds a completely sculptur$ figure2 :i*1 nev]!less1 is /ill col\r$1 & /ill =ms "p ( ! build+4 ,b :ile 9 ,assyria ! production ( a /atue prop] seems to h be5 little1 if at all1 attempt$1 we may trace 9 ,egyptian art ! gradual sep>ation ( ! sculptur$ figure f ! wall4 ,a walk ?r\gh ! collection 9 ! ,briti% ,museum w cle>ly %[ ?is2 :ile x w at ! same "t af=d an opportunity ( obs]v+ ! evid5t traces :i* ! indep5d5t /atues be> ( _! d]ivation f bas-relief3 see+ t ne>ly all ( !m n only display t union ( ! limbs ) ! body :i* is ! *>act]i/ic ( bas-relief1 b h ! back ( ! /atue unit$ f head to foot ) a block :i* /&s 9 place ( ! orig9al wall4 ,greece repeat$ ! lead+ /ages ( ?is progress4 ,z 9 ,egypt & ,assyria1 ^! tw9 arts 7 at fir/ unit$ ) ea* o!r & ) _! p>5t1 ,ar*itecture1 & 7 ! aids ( ,religion & ,gov]nm5t4 ,on ! friezes ( ,greek temples1 we see col\r$ bas-reliefs repres5t+ sacrifices1 battles1 processions1 games--all 9 "s sort religi\s4 ,on ! p$im5ts we see pa9t$ sculptures m or less unit$ ) ! tympanum1 & hav+ = subjects ! triumphs ( gods or h]oes4 ,ev5 :5 we come to /atues t are def9itely sep>at$ f ! build+s to :i* !y p]ta91 we /ill f9d !m col\r$2 & only 9 ! lat] p]iods ( ,greek civilization does ! diff]5tiation ( sculpture f pa9t+ appe> to h become complete4 ,9 ,*ri/ian art we may cle>ly trace a p>allel re-g5esis4 ,all e>ly pa9t+s & sculptures ?r\gh\t ,europe 7 religi\s 9 subject--repres5t$ ,*ri/s1 crucifixions1 virg9s1 holy families1 apo/les1 sa9ts4 ,!y =m$ integral p>ts ( *ur* ar*itecture1 & 7 among ! means ( excit+ wor%ip2 z 9 ,roman ,ca?olic c\ntries !y /ill are4 ,moreov]1 ! e>ly sculptures ( ,*ri/ on ! cross1 ( virg9s1 ( sa9ts1 7 col\r$3 & x ne$s b to call to m9d ! pa9t$ madonnas & crucifixes /ill abundant 9 cont95tal *ur*es & highways1 to p]ceive ! significant fact t pa9t+ & sculpture cont9ue 9 close/ connection ) ea* o!r :]e !y cont9ue 9 close/ connection ) _! p>5t4 ,ev5 :5 ,*ri/ian sculpture 0 pretty cle>ly diff]5tiat$ f pa9t+1 x 0 /ill religi\s & gov]nm5tal 9 its subjects--0 us$ = tombs 9 *ur*es & /atues ( k+s3 :ile1 at ! same "t1 pa9t+1 :]e n purely ecclesia/ical1 0 appli$ to ! decoration ( palaces1 & besides repres5t+ royal p]sonages1 0 almo/ :olly devot$ to sacr$ leg5ds4 ,only 9 q rec5t times h pa9t+ & sculpture become entirely secul> arts4 ,only )9 ^! few c5turies has pa9t+ be5 divid$ into hi/orical1 l&scape1 m>9e1 ar*itectural1 g5re1 animal1 /ill-life1 c41 & sculpture gr[n het]og5e\s 9 respect ( ! v>iety ( real & ideal subjects ) :i* x occupies itself4 ,/range z x seems !n1 we f9d x no less true1 t all =ms ( writt5 language1 ( pa9t+1 & ( sculpture1 h a common root 9 ! politico-religi\s decorations ( anci5t temples & palaces4 ,little resemblance z !y n[ h1 ! bu/ t /&s on ! console1 ! l&scape t hangs aga9/ ! wall1 & ! copy ( ! ,times ly+ ^u ! table1 are remotely ak92 n only 9 nature1 b by extraction4 ,! braz5 face ( ! knock] :i* ! po/man has j lift$1 is relat$ n only to ! woodcuts ( ! ,illu/rat$ ,london ,news :i* he is deliv]+1 b to ! *>act]s ( ! billet-d\x :i* accompanies x4 ,betwe5 ! pa9t$ w9d[1 ! pray]-book on :i* its light falls1 & ! adjac5t monum5t1 !re is consangu9ity4 ,! effigies on our co9s1 ! signs ov] %ops1 ! figures t fill e l$g]1 ! coats ( arms outside ! c>riage panel1 & ! plac>ds inside ! omnibus1 are1 9 common ) dolls1 blue-books1 pap]-hang+s1 l9eally desc5d$ f ! rude sculpture-pa9t+s 9 :i* ! ,egyptians repres5t$ ! triumphs & wor%ip ( _! god-k+s4 ,p]haps no example c be giv5 :i* m vividly illu/rates ! multiplicity & het]og5eity ( ! products t 9 c\rse ( "t may arise by successive diff]5tiations f a common /ock4 ,be=e pass+ to o!r classes ( facts1 x %\ld be obs]v$ t ! evolution ( ! homog5e\s into ! het]og5e\s is display$ n only 9 ! sep>ation ( ,pa9t+ & ,sculpture f ,ar*itecture & f ea* o!r1 & 9 ! great] v>iety ( subjects !y embody1 b x is fur!r %[n 9 ! /ructure ( ea* "w4 ,a mod]n picture or /atue is ( f> m het]og5e\s nature ?an an anci5t "o4 ,an ,egyptian sculpture-fresco repres5ts all its figures z on "o plane--t is1 at ! same di/ance f ! eye2 & s is less het]og5e\s ?an a pa9t+ t repres5ts !m z at v>i\s di/ances f ! eye4 ,x exhibits all objects z expos$ to ! same degree ( light2 & s is less het]og5e\s ?an a pa9t+ :i* exhibits diff]5t objects & diff]5t p>ts ( ea* object z 9 diff]5t degrees ( light4 ,x uses sc>cely any b ! prim>y col\rs1 & ^! 9 _! full int5sity2 & s is less het]og5e\s ?an a pa9t+ :i*1 introduc+ ! prim>y col\rs b sp>+ly1 employs an endless v>iety ( int]m$iate t9ts1 ea* ( het]og5e\s composition1 & diff]+ f ! re/ n only 9 quality b 9 int5sity4 ,moreov]1 we see 9 ^! e>lie/ works a great uni=mity ( conception4 ,! same arrangem5t ( figures is p]petually reproduc$--! same actions1 attitudes1 faces1 dresses4 ,9 ,egypt ! modes ( repres5tation 7 s fix$ t x 0 sacrilege to introduce a novelty2 & inde$ x c\ld h be5 only 9 consequ5ce ( a fix$ mode ( repres5tation t a sy/em ( hi]oglyphics became possible4 ,! ,assyrian bas-reliefs display p>allel *>act]s4 ,deities1 k+s1 att5dants1 w+$ figures & animals1 are sev]ally depict$ 9 l positions1 hold+ l implem5ts1 do+ l ?+s1 & ) l expression or non-expression ( face4 ,if a palm-grove is introduc$1 all ! trees are ( ! same height1 h ! same numb] ( leaves1 & are equidi/ant4 ,:5 wat] is imitat$1 ea* wave is a c\nt]p>t ( ! re/2 & ! fi%1 almo/ always ( "o k9d1 are ev5ly di/ribut$ ov] ! surface4 ,! be>ds ( ! k+s1 ! gods1 & ! w+$ figures1 are ev]y:]e simil>3 z are ! manes ( ! lions1 & equally s ^? ( ! horses4 ,hair is repres5t$ ?r\gh\t by "o =m ( curl4 ,! k+'s be>d is q ar*itecturally built up ( comp\nd ti]s ( uni=m curls1 alt]nat+ ) twi/$ ti]s plac$ 9 a transv]se direction1 & arrang$ ) p]fect regul>ity2 & ! t]m9al tufts ( ! bulls' tails are repres5t$ 9 exactly ! same mann]4 ,)\t trac+ out analog\s facts 9 e>ly ,*ri/ian art1 9 :i*1 ?\gh less /rik+1 !y are /ill visible1 ! advance 9 het]og5eity w be suffici5tly manife/ on rememb]+ t 9 ! pictures ( our own day ! composition is endlessly v>i$2 ! attitudes1 faces1 expressions1 unlike2 ! subord9ate objects diff]5t 9 size1 =m1 position1 texture2 & m or less ( contra/ ev5 9 ! smalle/ details4 ,or1 if we comp>e an ,egyptian /atue1 seat$ bolt upright on a block1 ) h&s on knees1 f+]s outspread & p>allel1 eyes look+ /raight =w>d1 & ! two sides p]fectly symmetrical 9 e p>ticul>1 ) a /atue ( ! advanc$ ,greek or ! mod]n s*ool1 :i* is asymmetrical 9 respect ( ! position ( ! head1 ! body1 ! limbs1 ! arrangem5t ( ! hair1 dress1 app5dages1 & 9 its relations to neighb\r+ objects1 we %all see ! *ange f ! homog5e\s to ! het]og5e\s cle>ly manife/$4 ,9 ! co-ord9ate orig9 & gradual diff]5tiation ( ,poetry1 ,music & ,danc+1 we h ano!r s]ies ( illu/rations4 ,rhy?m 9 spee*1 rhy?m 9 s\nd1 & rhy?m 9 motion1 7 9 ! beg9n+ p>ts ( ! same ?+1 & h only 9 process ( "t become sep>ate ?+s4 ,among v>i\s exi/+ b>b>\s tribes we f9d !m /ill unit$4 ,! dances ( savages are accompani$ by "s k9d ( monoton\s *ant1 ! clapp+ ( h&s1 ! /rik+ ( rude in/rum5ts3 !re are measur$ movem5ts1 measur$ words1 & measur$ tones2 & ! :ole c]emony1 usually hav+ ref]5ce to w> or sacrifice1 is ( gov]nm5tal "*4 ,9 ! e>ly records ( ! hi/oric races we simil>ly f9d ^! ?ree =ms ( metrical action unit$ 9 religi\s fe/ivals4 ,9 ! ,hebrew writ+s we read t ! triumphal ode compos$ by ,moses on ! defeat ( ! ,egyptians1 0 sung to an accompanim5t ( danc+ & timbrels4 ,! ,israelites danc$ & sang at ! inauguration ( ! gold5 calf4 ,& z x is g5]ally agre$ t ?is repres5tation ( ! ,deity 0 borr[$ f ! my/]ies ( ,apis1 x is probable t ! danc+ 0 copi$ f t ( ! ,egyptians on ^? occasions4 ,!re 0 an annual dance 9 ,%iloh on ! sacr$ fe/ival2 & ,david danc$ be=e ! ark4 ,aga91 9 ,greece ! l relation is ev]y:]e se53 ! orig9al type be+ !re1 z probably 9 o!r cases1 a simultane\s *ant+ & mimetic repres5tation ( ! life & adv5tures ( ! god4 ,! ,sp>tan dances 7 accompani$ by hymns & songs2 & 9 g5]al ! ,greeks _h no fe/ivals or religi\s assemblies b :at 7 accompani$ ) songs & dances--bo? ( !m be+ =ms ( wor%ip us$ be=e alt>s4 ,among ! ,romans1 too1 !re 7 sacr$ dances3 ! ,salian & ,lup]calian be+ nam$ z ( t k9d4 ,& ev5 9 ,*ri/ian c\ntries1 z at ,limoges1 9 comp>atively rec5t times1 ! p h danc$ 9 ! *oir 9 hon\r ( a sa9t4 ,! incipi5t sep>ation ( ^! once unit$ arts f ea* o!r & f religion1 0 e>ly visible 9 ,greece4 ,probably div]g+ f dances p>tly religi\s1 p>tly w>like1 z ! ,corybantian1 came ! w> dances prop]1 ( :i* !re 7 v>i\s k9ds2 & f ^! result$ secul> dances4 ,mean:ile ,music & ,poetry1 ?\gh /ill unit$1 came to h an exi/5ce sep>ate f danc+4 ,! aborig9al ,greek poems1 religi\s 9 subject1 7 n recit$1 b *ant$2 & ?\gh at fir/ ! *ant ( ! poet 0 accompani$ by ! dance ( ! *orus1 x ultimately grew into indep5d5ce4 ,lat] /ill1 :5 ! poem _h be5 diff]5tiat$ into epic & lyric--:5 x became ! cu/om to s+ ! lyric & recite ! epic--poetry prop] 0 born4 ,z dur+ ! same p]iod musical in/rum5ts 7 be+ multipli$1 we may presume t music came to h an exi/5ce ap>t f words4 ,& bo? ( !m 7 beg9n+ to assume o!r =ms besides ! religi\s4 ,facts1 hav+ l implications might be cit$ f ! hi/ories ( lat] times & peoples3 z ! practices ( our own e>ly m9/rels1 :o sang to ! h>p h]oic n>ratives v]sifi$ by !mselves to music ( _! own composition3 ?us unit+ ! n[ sep>ate (fices ( poet1 compos]1 vocali/1 & in/rum5tali/4 ,b1 )\t fur!r illu/ration1 ! common orig9 & gradual diff]5tiation ( ,danc+1 ,poetry1 & ,music w be suffici5tly manife/4 ,! advance f ! homog5e\s to ! het]og5e\s is display$ n only 9 ! sep>ation ( ^! arts f ea* o!r & f religion1 b also 9 ! multipli$ diff]5tiations :i* ea* ( !m aft]w>ds und]goes4 ,n to dwell ^u ! numb]less k9ds ( danc+ t h1 9 c\rse ( "t1 come into use2 & n to occupy space 9 detail+ ! progress ( poetry1 z se5 9 ! developm5t ( ! v>i\s =ms ( metre1 ( rhyme1 & ( g5]al organization2 let u conf9e our att5tion to music z a type ( ! gr\p4 ,z argu$ by ,dr4 ,burney1 & z impli$ by ! cu/oms ( /ill extant b>b>\s races1 ! fir/ musical in/rum5ts 71 )\t d\bt1 p]cussive--/icks1 calaba%es1 tom-toms--& 7 us$ simply to m>k ! "t ( ! dance2 & 9 ?is con/ant repetition ( ! same s\nd1 we see music 9 its mo/ homog5e\s =m4 ,! ,egyptians _h a lyre ) ?ree /r+s4 ,! e>ly lyre ( ! ,greeks _h f\r1 con/itut+ _! tetra*ord4 ,9 c\rse ( "s c5turies lyres ( sev5 & eight /r+s 7 employ$4 ,&1 by ! expiration ( a ?\s& ye>s1 !y _h advanc$ to _! great sy/em ( ! d\ble octave4 ,?r\gh all :i* *anges !re ( c\rse arose a great] het]og5eity ( melody4 ,simultane\sly !re came into use ! diff]5t modes--,dorian1 ,ionian1 ,phrygian1 ,a,eolian1 & ,lydian--answ]+ to our keys2 & ( ^! !re 7 ultimately fifte54 ,z yet1 h[ev]1 !re 0 b little het]og5eity 9 ! "t ( _! music4 ,in/rum5tal music dur+ ?is p]iod be+ m]ely ! accompanim5t ( vocal music1 & vocal music be+ completely subord9at$ to words1 ! s+] be+ also ! poet1 *ant+ 8 own compositions & mak+ ! l5g?s ( 8 notes agree ) ! feet ( 8 v]ses1--!re unavoidably arose a tiresome uni=mity ( measure1 :i*1 z ,dr4 ,burney says1 no res\rces ( melody c\ld disguise4 ,lack+ ! complex rhy?m obta9$ by our equal b>s & unequal notes ! only rhy?m 0 t produc$ by ! quantity ( ! syllables & 0 ( necessity comp>atively monoton\s4 ,& fur!r1 x may be obs]v$ t ! *ant ?us result+1 be+ l recitative1 0 mu* less cle>ly diff]5tiat$ f ord9>y spee* ?an is our mod]n song4 ,nev]!less1 9 virtue ( ! ext5d$ range ( notes 9 use1 ! v>iety ( modes1 ! occasional v>iations ( "t consequ5t on *anges ( metre1 & ! multiplication ( in/rum5ts1 music _h1 t[>ds ! close ( ,greek civilization1 atta9$ to consid]able het]og5eity--n inde$ z comp>$ ) our music1 b z comp>$ ) t :i* prec$$ x4 ,z yet1 h[ev]1 !re exi/$ no?+ b melody3 h>mony 0 unkn[n4 ,x 0 n until ,*ri/ian *ur*-music _h rea*$ "s developm5t1 t music 9 p>ts 0 evolv$2 & !n x came into exi/5ce ?r\gh a v unobtrusive diff]5tiation4 ,difficult z x may be to conceive a priori h[ ! advance f melody to h>mony c\ld take place )\t a sudd5 leap1 x is none ! less true t x did s4 ,! circum/ance :i* prep>$ ! way = x 0 ! employm5t ( two *oirs s++ alt]nately ! same air4 ,aft]w>ds x became ! practice--v possibly fir/ sugge/$ by a mi/ake--= ! second *oir to comm5ce be=e ! fir/ _h ceas$2 ?us produc+ a fugue4 ,) ! simple airs !n 9 use1 a p>tially h>moni\s fugue might n improbably ?us result3 & a v p>tially h>moni\s fugue satisfi$ ! e>s ( t age1 z we "k f /ill pres]v$ examples4 ,! idea hav+ once be5 giv51 ! compos+ ( airs productive ( fugal h>mony w\ld naturally gr[ up2 z 9 "s way x did gr[ up out ( ?is alt]nate *oir-s++4 ,& f ! fugue to conc]t$ music ( two1 ?ree1 f\r1 & m p>ts1 ! transition 0 easy4 ,)\t po9t+ out 9 detail ! increas+ complexity t result$ f introduc+ notes ( v>i\s l5g?s1 f ! multiplication ( keys1 f ! use ( accid5tals1 f v>ieties ( "t1 & s =?1 x ne$s b to contra/ music z x is1 ) music z x 01 to see h[ imm5se is ! increase ( het]og5eity4 ,we see ?is if1 look+ at music 9 its ensemble1 we enum]ate its _m diff]5t g5]a & species--if we consid] ! divisions into vocal1 in/rum5tal1 & mix$2 & _! subdivisions into music = diff]5t voices & diff]5t in/rum5ts--if we obs]ve ! _m =ms ( sacr$ music1 f ! simple hymn1 ! *ant1 ! canon1 motet1 an!m1 c41 up to ! oratorio2 & ! /ill m num]\s =ms ( secul> music1 f ! ballad up to ! s]5ata1 f ! in/rum5tal solo up to ! symphony4 ,aga91 ! same tru? is se5 on comp>+ any "o sample ( aborig9al music ) a sample ( mod]n music--ev5 an ord9>y song = ! piano2 :i* we f9d to be relatively highly het]og5e\s1 n only 9 respect ( ! v>ieties 9 ! pit* & 9 ! l5g? ( ! notes1 ! numb] ( diff]5t notes s\nd+ at ! same in/ant 9 company ) ! voice1 & ! v>iations ( /r5g? ) :i* !y are s\nd$ & sung1 b 9 respect ( ! *anges ( key1 ! *anges ( "t1 ! *anges ( timbre ( ! voice1 & ! _m o!r modifications ( expression4 ,:ile betwe5 ! old monoton\s dance-*ant & a gr& op]a ( our own day1 ) its endless or*e/ral complexities & vocal comb9ations1 ! contra/ 9 het]og5eity is s extreme t x seems sc>cely cr$ible t ! "o %\ld h be5 ! ance/or ( ! o!r4 ,7 !y ne$$1 _m fur!r illu/rations might be cit$4 ,go+ back to ! e>ly "t :5 ! de$s ( ! god-k+1 *ant$ & mimetically repres5t$ 9 dances r\nd 8 alt>1 7 fur!r n>rat$ 9 picture-writ+s on ! walls ( temples & palaces1 & s con/itut$ a rude lit]ature1 we might trace ! developm5t ( ,lit]ature ?r\gh phases 9 :i*1 z 9 ! ,hebrew ,scriptures1 x pres5ts 9 "o "w !ology1 cosmogony1 hi/ory1 biography1 civil law1 e?ics1 poetry2 ?r\gh o!r phases 9 :i*1 z 9 ! ,iliad1 ! religi\s1 m>tial1 hi/orical1 ! epic1 dramatic1 & lyric elem5ts are simil>ly comm+l$2 d[n to its pres5t het]og5e\s developm5t1 9 :i* its divisions & subdivisions are s num]\s & v>i$ z to defy complete classification4 ,or we might trace out ! evolution ( ,sci5ce2 beg9n+ ) ! era 9 :i* x 0 n yet diff]5tiat$ f ,art1 & 01 9 union ) ,art1 ! h&maid ( ,religion2 pass+ ?r\gh ! era 9 :i* ! sci5ces 7 s few & rudim5t>y1 z to be simultane\sly cultivat$ by ! same philosoph]s2 & end+ ) ! era 9 :i* ! g5]a & species are s num]\s t few c enum]ate !m1 & no "o c adequately grasp ev5 "o g5us4 ,or we might d ! l ) ,ar*itecture1 ) ! ,drama1 ) ,dress4 ,b d\btless ! read] is already we>y ( illu/rations2 & our promise has be5 amply fulfill$4 ,we believe we h %[n beyond "q1 t t :i* ! ,g]man physiologi/s h f\nd to be ! law ( organic developm5t1 is ! law ( all developm5t4 ,! advance f ! simple to ! complex1 ?r\gh a process ( successive diff]5tiations1 is se5 alike 9 ! e>lie/ *anges ( ! ,univ]se to :i* we c reason our way back2 & 9 ! e>lie/ *anges :i* we c inductively e/abli%2 x is se5 9 ! geologic & climatic evolution ( ! ,e>?1 & ( e s+le organism on its surface2 x is se5 9 ! evolution ( ,humanity1 :e!r contemplat$ 9 ! civiliz$ individual1 or 9 ! aggregation ( races2 x is se5 9 ! evolution ( ,society 9 respect alike ( its political1 its religi\s1 & its economical organization2 & x is se5 9 ! evolution ( all ^? endless concrete & ab/ract products ( human activity :i* con/itute ! environm5t ( our daily life4 ,f ! remote/ pa/ :i* ,sci5ce c fa?om1 up to ! novelties ( ye/]day1 t 9 :i* ,progress ess5tially consi/s1 is ! trans=mation ( ! homog5e\s into ! het]og5e\s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,& n[1 f ?is uni=mity ( proc$ure1 may we n inf] "s fundam5tal necessity :5ce x results8 ,may we n rationally seek = "s all-p]vad+ pr9ciple :i* det]m9es ?is all-p]vad+ process ( ?+s8 ,does n ! univ]sality ( ! law imply a univ]sal cause8 ,t we c fa?om su* cause1 n\m5ally consid]$1 is n to be suppos$4 ,to d ?is w\ld be to solve t ultimate my/]y :i* mu/ ev] transc5d human intellig5ce4 ,b x /ill may be possible = u to r$uce ! law ( all ,progress1 above e/abli%$1 f ! condition ( an empirical g5]alization1 to ! condition ( a rational g5]alization4 ,j z x 0 possible to int]pret ,kepl]'s laws z necess>y consequ5ces ( ! law ( gravitation2 s x may be possible to int]pret ?is law ( ,progress1 9 its multi=m manife/ations1 z ! necess>y consequ5ce ( "s simil>ly univ]sal pr9ciple4 ,z gravitation 0 assignable z ! cause ( ea* ( ! gr\ps ( ph5om5a :i* ,kepl] =mulat$2 s may "s equally simple attribute ( ?+s be assignable z ! cause ( ea* ( ! gr\ps ( ph5om5a =mulat$ 9 ! =ego+ pages4 ,we may be able to affiliate all ^! v>i$ & complex evolutions ( ! homog5e\s into ! het]og5e\s1 ^u c]ta9 simple facts ( imm$iate exp]i5ce1 :i*1 9 virtue ( endless repetition1 we reg>d z necess>y4 ,! probability ( a common cause1 & ! possibility ( =mulat+ x1 be+ grant$1 x w be well1 be=e go+ fur!r1 to consid] :at mu/ be ! g5]al *>act]i/ics ( su* cause1 & 9 :at direction we ought to look = x4 ,we c ) c]ta9ty pr$ict t x has a high degree ( g5]ality2 see+ t x is common to su* inf9itely v>i$ ph5om5a3 j 9 proportion to ! univ]sality ( its application mu/ be ! ab/ractness ( its "*4 ,we ne$ n expect to see 9 x an obvi\s solution ( ?is or t =m ( ,progress2 because x equally ref]s to =ms ( ,progress be>+ little app>5t resemblance to !m3 its association ) multi=m ord]s ( facts1 involves its dissociation f any p>ticul> ord] ( facts4 ,be+ t :i* det]m9es ,progress ( e k9d--a/ronomic1 geologic1 organic1 e?nologic1 social1 economic1 arti/ic1 c4--x mu/ be conc]n$ ) "s fundam5tal attribute possess$ 9 common by ^!2 & mu/ be expressible 9 t]ms ( ?is fundam5tal attribute4 ,! only obvi\s respect 9 :i* all k9ds ( ,progress are alike1 is1 t !y are modes ( *ange2 & h5ce1 9 "s *>act]i/ic ( *anges 9 g5]al1 ! desir$ solution w probably be f\nd4 ,we may suspect a priori t 9 "s law ( *ange lies ! explanation ( ?is univ]sal trans=mation ( ! homog5e\s into ! het]og5e\s4 ,?us mu* premis$1 we pass at once to ! /atem5t ( ! law1 :i* is ?is3--,e active =ce produces m ?an "o *ange--e cause produces m ?an "o effect4 ,be=e ?is law c be duly compreh5d$1 a few examples mu/ be look$ at4 ,:5 "o body is /ruck aga9/ ano!r1 t :i* we usually reg>d z ! effect1 is a *ange ( position or motion 9 "o or bo? bodies4 ,b a mom5t's ?\ght %[s u t ?is is a c>eless & v incomplete view ( ! matt]4 ,besides ! visible me*anical result1 s\nd is produc$2 or1 to speak accurately1 a vibration 9 "o or bo? bodies1 & 9 ! surr\nd+ air3 & "u "s circum/ances we call ?is ! effect4 ,moreov]1 ! air has n only be5 made to vibrate1 b has _h sundry curr5ts caus$ 9 x by ! transit ( ! bodies4 ,fur!r1 !re is a dis>rangem5t ( ! p>ticles ( ! two bodies 9 ! neighb\rhood ( _! po9t ( collision2 am\nt+ 9 "s cases to a visible cond5sation4 ,yet m1 ?is cond5sation is accompani$ by ! dis5gagem5t ( heat4 ,9 "s cases a sp>k--t is1 light--results1 f ! inc&esc5ce ( a portion /ruck (f2 & sometimes ?is inc&esc5ce is associat$ ) *emical comb9ation4 ,?us1 by ! orig9al me*anical =ce exp5d$ 9 ! collision1 at lea/ five1 & (t5 m1 diff]5t k9ds ( *anges h be5 produc$4 ,take1 aga91 ! light+ ( a c&le4 ,prim>ily ?is is a *emical *ange consequ5t on a rise ( temp]ature4 ,! process ( comb9ation hav+ once be5 set go+ by extrane\s heat1 !re is a cont9u$ =mation ( c>bonic acid1 wat]1 c4--9 itself a result m complex ?an ! extrane\s heat t fir/ caus$ x4 ,b accompany+ ?is process ( comb9ation !re is a production ( heat2 !re is a production ( light2 !re is an asc5d+ column ( hot gases g5]at$2 !re are curr5ts e/abli%$ 9 ! surr\nd+ air4 ,moreov]1 ! decomposition ( "o =ce into _m =ces does n end "h3 ea* ( ! sev]al *anges produc$ becomes ! p>5t ( fur!r *anges4 ,! c>bonic acid giv5 (f w by & by comb9e ) "s base2 or "u ! influ5ce ( sun%9e give up its c>bon to ! leaf ( a plant4 ,! wat] w modify ! hygrometric /ate ( ! air ar\nd2 or1 if ! curr5t ( hot gases conta9+ x come aga9/ a cold body1 w be cond5s$3 alt]+ ! temp]ature1 & p]haps ! *emical /ate1 ( ! surface x cov]s4 ,! heat giv5 out melts ! subjac5t tall[1 & exp&s :atev] x w>ms4 ,! light1 fall+ on v>i\s sub/ances1 calls =? f !m reactions by :i* x is modifi$2 & s div]s col\rs are produc$4 ,simil>ly ev5 ) ^! second>y actions1 :i* may be trac$ out into ev]-multiply+ ramifications1 until !y become too m9ute to be appreciat$4 ,& ?us x is ) all *anges :atev]4 ,no case c be nam$ 9 :i* an active =ce does n evolve =ces ( sev]al k9ds1 & ea* ( ^!1 o!r gr\ps ( =ces4 ,univ]sally ! effect is m complex ?an ! cause4 ,d\btless ! read] already =esees ! c\rse ( our argum5t4 ,?is multiplication ( results1 :i* is display$ 9 e ev5t ( to-day1 has be5 go+ on f ! beg9n+2 & is true ( ! gr&e/ ph5om5a ( ! univ]se z ( ! mo/ insignificant4 ,f ! law t e active =ce produces m ?an "o *ange1 x is an inevitable coroll>y t ?r\gh all "t !re has be5 an ev]-gr[+ complication ( ?+s4 ,/>t+ ) ! ultimate fact t e cause produces m ?an "o effect1 we may readily see t ?r\gh\t creation !re mu/ h gone on1 & mu/ /ill g on1 a nev]-ceas+ trans=mation ( ! homog5e\s into ! het]og5e\s4 ,b let u trace out ?is tru? 9 detail4,b ,b ,a correlative tru? :i* ought also to be tak5 into acc\nt 7t ! /ate ( homog5eity is "o ( un/able equilibrium71 b :i* x w\ld greatly encumb] ! argum5t to exemplify 9 connection ) ! above1 w be f\nd develop$ 9 ! essay on ,transc5d5tal ,physiology4 ,)\t committ+ ourselves to x z m ?an a speculation1 ?\gh a highly probable "o1 let u aga9 comm5ce ) ! evolution ( ! sol> sy/em out ( a nebul\s m$ium4,c ,f ! mutual attraction ( ! atoms ( a diffus$ mass ^: =m is unsymmetrical1 !re results n only cond5sation b rotation3 gravitation simultane\sly g5]ates bo? ! c5tripetal & ! c5trifugal =ces4 ,:ile ! cond5sation & ! rate ( rotation are progressively increas+1 ! approa* ( ! atoms necess>ily g5]ates a progressively increas+ temp]ature4 ,z ?is temp]ature rises1 light beg9s to be evolv$2 & ultimately !re results a revolv+ sph]e ( fluid matt] radiat+ int5se heat & light--a sun4 ,c ,! idea t ! ,nebul> ,hypo!sis has be5 disprov$ because :at 7 ?\ght to be exi/+ nebulae h be5 resolv$ into clu/]s ( />s is almo/ b5ea? notice4 ,a priori x 0 highly improbable1 if n impossible1 t nebul\s masses %\ld /ill rema9 uncond5s$1 :ile o!rs h be5 cond5s$ millions ( ye>s ago4 ,!re are good reasons = believ+ t1 9 consequ5ce ( ! high tang5tial velocity1 & consequ5t c5trifugal =ce1 acquir$ by ! out] p>ts ( ! cond5s+ nebul\s mass1 !re mu/ be a p]iodical deta*m5t ( rotat+ r+s2 & t1 f ! break+ up ( ^! nebul\s r+s1 !re mu/ arise masses :i* 9 ! c\rse ( _! cond5sation repeat ! actions ( ! p>5t mass1 & s produce planets & _! satellites--an inf]5ce /rongly support$ by ! /ill extant r+s ( ,saturn4 ,%\ld x h]eaft] be satisfactorily %[n t planets & satellites 7 ?us g5]at$1 a /rik+ illu/ration w be af=d$ ( ! highly het]og5e\s effects produc$ by ! prim>y homog5e\s cause2 b x w s]ve our pres5t purpose to po9t to ! fact t f ! mutual attraction ( ! p>ticles ( an irregul> nebul\s mass !re result cond5sation1 rotation1 heat1 & light4 ,x foll[s z a coroll>y f ! ,nebul> ,hypo!sis1 t ! ,e>? mu/ at fir/ h be5 inc&esc5t2 & :e!r ! ,nebul> ,hypo!sis be true or n1 ?is orig9al inc&esc5ce ( ! ,e>? is n[ inductively e/abli%$--or1 if n e/abli%$1 at lea/ r5d]$ s highly probable t x is a g5]ally admitt$ geological doctr9e4 ,let u look fir/ at ! a/ronomical attributes ( ?is once molt5 globe4 ,f its rotation !re result ! oblat5ess ( its =m1 ! alt]nations ( day & night1 & 7"u ! influ5ce ( ! moon7 ! tides1 aque\s & atmosph]ic4 ,f ! incl9ation ( its axis1 !re result ! precession ( ! equ9oxes & ! _m diff]5ces ( ! seasons1 bo? simultane\s & successive1 t p]vade its surface4 ,?us ! multiplication ( effects is obvi\s4 ,sev]al ( ! diff]5tiations due to ! gradual cool+ ( ! ,e>? h be5 already notic$--z ! =mation ( a cru/1 ! solidification ( sublim$ elem5ts1 ! precipitation ( wat]1 c41--& we "h aga9 ref] to !m m]ely to po9t out t !y are simultane\s effects ( ! "o cause1 dim9i%+ heat4 ,let u n[1 h[ev]1 obs]ve ! multipli$ *anges aft]w>ds aris+ f ! cont9uance ( ?is "o cause4 ,! cool+ ( ! ,e>? involves its contraction4 ,h5ce ! solid cru/ fir/ =m$ is pres5tly too l>ge = ! %r9k+ nucleus2 & z x _c support itself1 inevitably foll[s ! nucleus4 ,b a sph]oidal envelope _c s9k d[n into contact ) a small] int]nal sph]oid1 )\t disruption2 x mu/ run into wr9kles z ! r9d ( an apple does :5 ! bulk ( its int]ior decreases f evaporation4 ,z ! cool+ progresses & ! envelope ?ick5s1 ! ridges consequ5t on ^! contractions mu/ become great]1 ris+ ultimately into hills & m\nta9s2 & ! lat] sy/ems ( m\nta9s ?us produc$ mu/ n only be high]1 z we f9d !m to be1 b !y mu/ be long]1 z we also f9d !m to be4 ,?us1 leav+ out ( view o!r modify+ =ces1 we see :at imm5se het]og5eity ( surface has aris5 f ! "o cause1 loss ( heat--a het]og5eity :i* ! telescope %[s u to be p>allel$ on ! face ( ! moon1 :]e aque\s & atmosph]ic ag5cies h be5 abs5t4 ,b we h yet to notice ano!r k9d ( het]og5eity ( surface simil>ly & simultane\sly caus$4 ,:ile ! ,e>?'s cru/ 0 /ill ?91 ! ridges produc$ by its contraction mu/ n only h be5 small1 b ! spaces betwe5 ^! ridges mu/ h re/$ ) great ev5ness ^u ! subjac5t liquid sph]oid2 & ! wat] 9 ^? arctic & ant>ctic regions 9 :i* x fir/ cond5s$1 mu/ h be5 ev5ly di/ribut$4 ,b z fa/ z ! cru/ grew ?ick] & ga9$ correspond+ /r5g?1 ! l9es ( fracture f "t to "t caus$ 9 x1 mu/ h occurr$ at great] di/ances ap>t2 ! int]m$iate surfaces mu/ h foll[$ ! contract+ nucleus ) less uni=mity2 & !re mu/ h result$ l>g] areas ( l& & wat]4 ,if any "o1 aft] wrapp+ up an orange 9 wet tissue pap]1 & obs]v+ n only h[ small are ! wr9kles1 b h[ ev5ly ! int]v5+ spaces lie ^u ! surface ( ! orange1 w !n wrap x up 9 ?ick c>tridge-pap]1 & note bo? ! great] height ( ! ridges & ! mu* l>g] spaces ?r\gh\t :i* ! pap] does n t\* ! orange1 he w realize ! fact1 t z ! ,e>?'s solid envelope grew ?ick]1 ! areas ( elevation & depression mu/ h become great]4 ,9 place ( isl&s m or less homog5e\sly scatt]$ ov] an all-embrac+ sea1 !re mu/ h gradually aris5 het]og5e\s arrangem5ts ( cont95t & ocean1 su* z we n[ "k4 ,once m1 ?is d\ble *ange 9 ! ext5t & 9 ! elevation ( ! l&s1 involv$ yet ano!r species ( het]og5eity1 t ( coa/-l9e4 ,a tol]ably ev5 surface rais$ out ( ! ocean1 mu/ h a simple1 regul> sea-m>g92 b a surface v>i$ by table-l&s & int]sect$ by m\nta9-*a9s mu/1 :5 rais$ out ( ! ocean1 h an outl9e extremely irregul> bo? 9 its lead+ features & 9 its details4 ,?us endless is ! accumulation ( geological & geographical results sl[ly br\ght ab\t by ?is "o cause--! contraction ( ! ,e>?4 ,:5 we pass f ! ag5cy :i* geologi/s t]m igne\s1 to aque\s & atmosph]ic ag5cies1 we see ! l ev]-gr[+ complications ( effects4 ,! d5ud+ actions ( air & wat] h1 f ! beg9n+1 be5 modify+ e expos$ surface2 ev]y:]e caus+ _m diff]5t *anges4 ,oxidation1 heat1 w9d1 fro/1 ra91 glaci]s1 riv]s1 tides1 waves1 h be5 unceas+ly produc+ dis9tegration2 v>y+ 9 k9d & am\nt accord+ to local circum/ances4 ,act+ ^u a tract ( granite1 !y "h "w sc>cely an appreciable effect2 !re cause exfoliations ( ! surface1 & a result+ heap ( debris & b\ld]s2 & else:]e1 aft] decompos+ ! feldsp> into a :ite clay1 c>ry away ?is & ! accompany+ qu>tz & mica1 & deposits !m 9 sep>ate b$s1 fluviatile & m>9e4 ,:5 ! expos$ l& consi/s ( sev]al unlike =mations1 s$im5t>y & igne\s1 ! d5udation produces *anges proportionably m het]og5e\s4 ,! =mations be+ dis9tegrable 9 diff]5t degrees1 !re foll[s an increas$ irregul>ity ( surface4 ,! areas dra9$ by diff]5t riv]s be+ diff]5tly con/itut$1 ^! riv]s c>ry d[n to ! sea diff]5t comb9ations ( +r$i5ts2 & s sundry new /rata ( di/9ct composition are =m$4 ,& "h inde$ we may see v simply illu/rat$1 ! tru?1 :i* we %all pres5tly h to trace out 9 m involv$ cases1 t 9 proportion to ! het]og5eity ( ! object or objects on :i* any =ce exp5ds itself1 is ! het]og5eity ( ! results4 ,a cont95t ( complex /ructure1 expos+ _m /rata irregul>ly di/ribut$1 rais$ to v>i\s levels1 tilt$ up at all angles1 mu/1 "u ! same d5ud+ ag5cies1 give orig9 to imm5sely multipli$ results2 ea* di/rict mu/ be diff]5tly modifi$2 ea* riv] mu/ c>ry d[n a diff]5t k9d ( detritus2 ea* deposit mu/ be diff]5tly di/ribut$ by ! entangl$ curr5ts1 tidal & o!r1 :i* wa% ! contort$ %ores2 & ?is multiplication ( results mu/ manife/ly be greate/ :]e ! complexity ( ! surface is greate/4 ,x is out ( ! "q "h to trace 9 detail ! g5esis ( ^? endless complications describ$ by ,geology & ,physical ,geography3 else we might %[ h[ ! g5]al tru?1 t e active =ce produces m ?an "o *ange1 is exemplifi$ 9 ! highly involv$ fl[ ( ! tides1 9 ! ocean curr5ts1 9 ! w9ds1 9 ! di/ribution ( ra91 9 ! di/ribution ( heat1 & s =?4 ,b n to dwell ^u ^!1 let u1 = ! full] elucidation ( ?is tru? 9 relation to ! inorganic _w1 consid] :at w\ld be ! consequ5ces ( "s ext5sive cosmical revolution--say ! subsid5ce ( ,c5tral ,am]ica4 ,! imm$iate results ( ! di/urbance w\ld !mselves be suffici5tly complex4 ,besides ! numb]less dislocations ( /rata1 ! ejections ( igne\s matt]1 ! propagation ( e>?quake vibrations ?\s&s ( miles ar\nd1 ! l\d explosions1 & ! escape ( gases2 !re w\ld be ! ru% ( ! ,atlantic & ,pacific ,oceans to supply ! vacant space1 ! subsequ5t recoil ( enorm\s waves1 :i* w\ld trav]se bo? ^! oceans & produce myriads ( *anges along _! %ores1 ! correspond+ atmosph]ic waves complicat$ by ! curr5ts surr\nd+ ea* volcanic v5t1 & ! electrical dis*>ges ) :i* su* di/urbances are accompani$4 ,b ^! tempor>y effects w\ld be insignificant comp>$ ) ! p]man5t ones4 ,! complex curr5ts ( ! ,atlantic & ,pacific w\ld be alt]$ 9 direction & am\nt4 ,! di/ribution ( heat a*iev$ by ^! ocean curr5ts w\ld be diff]5t f :at x is4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! iso!rmal l9es1 n ev5 on ! neighb\r+ cont95ts1 b ev5 ?r\gh\t ,europe1 w\ld be *ang$4 ,! tides w\ld fl[ diff]5tly f :at !y d n[4 ,!re w\ld be m or less modification ( ! w9ds 9 _! p]iods1 /r5g?s1 directions1 qualities4 ,ra9 w\ld fall sc>cely any:]e at ! same times & 9 ! same quantities z at pres5t4 ,9 %ort1 ! meteorological conditions ?\s&s ( miles (f1 on all sides1 w\ld be m or less revolutioniz$4 ,?us1 )\t tak+ into acc\nt ! inf9itude ( modifications :i* ^! *anges ( climate w\ld produce ^u ! flora & fauna1 bo? ( l& & sea1 ! read] w see ! imm5se het]og5eity ( ! results wr\ght out by "o =ce1 :5 t =ce exp5ds itself ^u a previ\sly complicat$ area2 & he w readily draw ! coroll>y t f ! beg9n+ ! complication has advanc$ at an increas+ rate4 ,be=e go+ on to %[ h[ organic progress also dep5ds ^u ! univ]sal law t e =ce produces m ?an "o *ange1 we h to notice ! manife/ation ( ?is law 9 yet ano!r species ( inorganic progress--namely1 *emical4 ,! same g5]al causes t h wr\ght out ! het]og5eity ( ! ,e>?1 physically consid]$1 h simultane\sly wr\ght out its *emical het]og5eity4 ,)\t dwell+ ^u ! g5]al fact t ! =ces :i* h be5 increas+ ! v>iety & complexity ( geological =mations1 h1 at ! same "t1 be5 br++ into contact elem5ts n previ\sly expos$ to ea* o!r "u conditions fav\rable to union1 & s h be5 add+ to ! numb] ( *emical comp\nds1 let u pass to ! m important complications t h result$ f ! cool+ ( ! ,e>?4 ,!re is e reason to believe t at an extreme heat ! elem5ts _c comb9e4 ,ev5 "u su* heat z c be artificially produc$1 "s v /rong aff9ities yield1 z = in/ance1 t ( oxyg5 = hydrog52 & ! great majority ( *emical comp\nds are decompos$ at mu* l[] temp]atures4 ,b )\t insi/+ ^u ! highly probable inf]5ce1 t :5 ! ,e>? 0 9 its fir/ /ate ( inc&esc5ce !re 7 no *emical comb9ations at all1 x w suffice our purpose to po9t to ! unque/ionable fact t ! comp\nds t c exi/ at ! highe/ temp]atures1 & :i* mu/1 !re=e1 h be5 ! fir/ t 7 =m$ z ! ,e>? cool$1 are ^? ( ! simple/ con/itutions4 ,! protoxides--includ+ "u t head ! alkalies1 e>?s1 c4--are1 z a class1 ! mo/ /able comp\nds we "k3 mo/ ( !m resi/+ decomposition by any heat we c g5]ate4 ,^!1 consi/+ sev]ally ( "o atom ( ea* compon5t elem5t1 are comb9ations ( ! simple/ ord]--are b "o degree less homog5e\s ?an ! elem5ts !mselves4 ,m het]og5e\s ?an ^!1 less /able1 & !re=e lat] 9 ! ,e>?'s hi/ory1 are ! deutoxides1 tritoxides1 p]oxides1 c42 9 :i* two1 ?ree1 f\r1 or m atoms ( oxyg5 are unit$ ) "o atom ( metal or o!r elem5t4 ,high] ?an ^! 9 het]og5eity are ! hydrates2 9 :i* an oxide ( hydrog51 unit$ ) an oxide ( "s o!r elem5t1 =ms a sub/ance ^: atoms sev]ally conta9 at lea/ f\r ultimate atoms ( ?ree diff]5t k9ds4 ,yet m het]og5e\s & less /able /ill are ! salts2 :i* pres5t u ) comp\nd atoms ea* made up ( five1 six1 sev51 eight1 t51 twelve1 or m atoms1 ( ?ree1 if n m1 k9ds4 ,!n !re are ! hydrat$ salts1 ( a yet great] het]og5eity1 :i* und]go p>tial decomposition at mu* l[] temp]atures4 ,aft] !m come ! fur!r-complicat$ sup]salts & d\ble salts1 hav+ a /ability aga9 decreas$2 & s ?r\gh\t4 ,)\t ent]+ into qualifications = :i* we lack space1 we believe no *emi/ w d5y x to be a g5]al law ( ^! inorganic comb9ations t1 o!r ?+s equal1 ! /ability decreases z ! complexity increases4 ,& !n :5 we pass to ! comp\nds ( organic *emi/ry1 we f9d ?is g5]al law /ill fur!r exemplifi$3 we f9d mu* great] complexity & mu* less /ability4 ,an atom ( album51 = in/ance1 consi/s ( #dhb ultimate atoms ( five diff]5t k9ds4 ,fibr9e1 /ill m intricate 9 con/itution1 conta9s 9 ea* atom1 #bih atoms ( c>bon1 #dj ( nitrog51 #b ( sulphur1 #bbh ( hydrog51 & #ib ( oxyg5--9 all1 #ffj atoms2 or1 m /rictly speak+--equival5ts4 ,& ^! two sub/ances are s un/able z to decompose at q ord9>y temp]atures2 z t to :i* ! outside ( a jo9t ( roa/ meat is expos$4 ,?us x is manife/ t ! pres5t *emical het]og5eity ( ! ,e>?'s surface has aris5 by degrees1 z ! decrease ( heat has p]mitt$2 & t x has %[n itself 9 ?ree =ms--fir/1 9 ! multiplication ( *emical comp\nds2 second1 9 ! great] numb] ( diff]5t elem5ts conta9$ 9 ! m mod]n ( ^! comp\nds3 & ?ird1 9 ! high] & m v>i$ multiples 9 :i* ^! m num]\s elem5ts comb9e4 ,to say t ?is advance 9 *emical het]og5eity is due to ! "o cause1 dim9ution ( ! ,e>?'s temp]ature1 w\ld be to say too mu*2 = x is cle> t aque\s & atmosph]ic ag5cies h be5 conc]n$2 &1 fur!r1 t ! aff9ities ( ! elem5ts !mselves are impli$4 ,! cause has all along be5 a composite "o3 ! cool+ ( ! ,e>? hav+ be5 simply ! mo/ g5]al ( ! concurr5t causes1 or assemblage ( conditions4 ,& "h1 inde$1 x may be rem>k$ t 9 ! sev]al classes ( facts already dealt ) 7except+1 p]haps1 ! fir/71 & /ill m 9 ^? ) :i* we %all pres5tly deal1 ! causes are m or less comp\nd2 z inde$ are ne>ly all causes ) :i* we are acqua9t$4 ,sc>cely any *ange c ) logical accuracy be :olly ascrib$ to "o ag5cy1 to ! neglect ( ! p]man5t or tempor>y conditions "u :i* only ?is ag5cy produces ! *ange4 ,b z x does n mat]ially affect our argum5t1 we pref]1 = simplicity's sake1 to use ?r\gh\t ! popul> mode ( expression4 ,p]haps x w be fur!r object$1 t to assign loss ( heat z ! cause ( any *anges1 is to attribute ^! *anges n to a =ce1 b to ! abs5ce ( a =ce4 ,& ?is is true4 ,/rictly speak+1 ! *anges %\ld be attribut$ to ^? =ces :i* come into action :5 ! antagoni/ =ce is )drawn4 ,b ?\gh !re is an inaccuracy 9 say+ t ! freez+ ( wat] is due to ! loss ( its heat1 no practical error arises f x2 nor w a p>allel laxity ( expression vitiate our /atem5ts respect+ ! multiplication ( effects4 ,inde$1 ! objection s]ves b to draw att5tion to ! fact1 t n only does ! ex]tion ( a =ce produce m ?an "o *ange1 b ! )drawal ( a =ce produces m ?an "o *ange4 ,& ?is sugge/s t p]haps ! mo/ correct /atem5t ( our g5]al pr9ciple w\ld be its mo/ ab/ract /atem5t--e *ange is foll[$ by m ?an "o o!r *ange4 ,return+ to ! ?read ( our exposition1 we h next to trace out1 9 organic progress1 ?is same all-p]vad+ pr9ciple4 ,& "h1 :]e ! evolution ( ! homog5e\s into ! het]og5e\s 0 fir/ obs]v$1 ! production ( _m *anges by "o cause is lea/ easy to demon/rate4 ,! developm5t ( a se$ into a plant1 or an ovum into an animal1 is s gradual1 :ile ! =ces :i* det]m9e x are s involv$1 & at ! same "t s unobtrusive1 t x is difficult to detect ! multiplication ( effects :i* is else:]e s obvi\s4 ,nev]!less1 guid$ by indirect evid5ce1 we may pretty safely rea* ! conclusion t "h too ! law holds4 ,obs]ve1 fir/1 h[ num]\s are ! effects :i* any m>k$ *ange works ^u an adult organism--a human be+1 = in/ance4 ,an al>m+ s\nd or sight1 besides ! impressions on ! organs ( s5se & ! n]ves1 may produce a />t1 a scream1 a di/ortion ( ! face1 a trembl+ consequ5t ^u a g5]al muscul> relaxation1 a bur/ ( p]spiration1 an excit$ action ( ! he>t1 a ru% ( blood to ! bra91 foll[$ possibly by arre/ ( ! he>t's action & by syncope3 & if ! sy/em be feeble1 an indisposition ) its long tra9 ( complicat$ symptoms may set 94 ,simil>ly 9 cases ( disease4 ,a m9ute portion ( ! small-pox virus introduc$ into ! sy/em1 w1 9 a sev]e case1 cause1 dur+ ! fir/ /age1 rigors1 heat ( sk91 accel]at$ pulse1 furr$ tongue1 loss ( appetite1 ?ir/1 epiga/ric uneas9ess1 vomit+1 heada*e1 pa9s 9 ! back & limbs1 muscul> weakness1 convulsions1 delirium1 c42 9 ! second /age1 cutane\s eruption1 it*+1 t+l+1 sore ?roat1 swell$ fauces1 salivation1 c\gh1 ho>s5ess1 dyspnoea1 c42 & 9 ! ?ird /age1 oedemat\s inflammations1 pneumonia1 pleurisy1 di>rhoea1 inflammation ( ! bra91 oph?almia1 erysipelas1 c43 ea* ( :i* enum]at$ symptoms is itself m or less complex4 ,m$ic9es1 special foods1 bett] air1 might 9 l mann] be in/anc$ z produc+ multipli$ results4 ,n[ x ne$s only to consid] t ! _m *anges ?us wr\ght by "o =ce ^u an adult organism1 w be 9 "p p>allel$ 9 an embryo organism1 to und]/& h[ "h also1 ! evolution ( ! homog5e\s into ! het]og5e\s may be due to ! production ( _m effects by "o cause4 ,! ext]nal heat & o!r ag5cies :i* det]m9e ! fir/ complications ( ! g]m1 may1 by act+ ^u ^!1 sup]9duce fur!r complications2 ^u ^! /ill high] & m num]\s ones2 & s on cont9ually3 ea* organ z x is develop$ s]v+1 by its actions & reactions ^u ! re/1 to initiate new complexities4 ,! fir/ pulsations ( ! foetal he>t mu/ simultane\sly aid ! unfold+ ( e "p4 ,! gr[? ( ea* tissue1 by tak+ f ! blood special proportions ( elem5ts1 mu/ modify ! con/itution ( ! blood2 & s mu/ modify ! nutrition ( all ! o!r tissues4 ,! he>t's action1 imply+ z x does a c]ta9 wa/e1 necessitates an addition to ! blood ( effete matt]s1 :i* mu/ influ5ce ! re/ ( ! sy/em1 & p]haps1 z "s ?9k1 cause ! =mation ( excretory organs4 ,! n]v\s connections e/abli%$ among ! visc]a mu/ fur!r multiply _! mutual influ5ces3 & s cont9ually4 ,/ill /rong] becomes ! probability ( ?is view :5 we call to m9d ! fact1 t ! same g]m may be evolv$ into diff]5t =ms accord+ to circum/ances4 ,?us1 dur+ its e>li] /ages1 e embryo is sexless--becomes ei!r male or female z ! balance ( =ces act+ ^u x det]m9es4 ,aga91 x is a well-e/abli%$ fact t ! l>va ( a work+-bee w develop into a que5-bee1 if1 be=e x is too late1 its food be *ang$ to t on :i* ! l>vae ( que5-bees are f$4 ,ev5 m rem>kable is ! case ( c]ta9 entozoa4 ,! ovum ( a tape-worm1 gett+ into its natural habitat1 ! inte/9e1 unfolds into ! well-kn[n =m ( its p>5t2 b if c>ri$1 z x frequ5tly is1 into o!r p>ts ( ! sy/em1 x becomes a sac-l creature1 call$ by naturali/s ! ,e*9ococcus--a creature s extremely diff]5t f ! tape-worm 9 aspect & /ructure1 t only aft] c>eful inve/igations has x be5 prov$ to h ! same orig94 ,all :i* in/ances imply t ea* advance 9 embryonic complication results f ! action ( incid5t =ces ^u ! complication previ\sly exi/+4 ,inde$1 we may f9d a priori reason to ?9k t ! evolution proce$s aft] ?is mann]4 ,= s9ce x is n[ kn[n t no g]m1 animal or vegetable1 conta9s ! slighte/ rudim5t1 trace1 or indication ( ! future organism--n[ t ! microscope has %[n u t ! fir/ process set up 9 e f]tiliz$ g]m1 is a process ( repeat$ spontane\s fissions end+ 9 ! production ( a mass ( cells1 n "o ( :i* exhibits any special "*3 !re seems no alt]native b to suppose t ! p>tial organization at any mom5t subsi/+ 9 a gr[+ embryo1 is trans=m$ by ! ag5cies act+ ^u x into ! succe$+ phase ( organization1 & ?is into ! next1 until1 ?r\gh ev]-increas+ complexities1 ! ultimate =m is rea*$4 ,?us1 ?\gh ! subtilty ( ! =ces & ! sl[ness ( ! results1 prev5t u f directly %[+ t ! /ages ( increas+ het]og5eity ?r\gh :i* e embryo passes1 sev]ally arise f ! production ( _m *anges by "o =ce1 yet1 indirectly1 we h /rong evid5ce t !y d s4 ,we h m>k$ h[ multitud9\s are ! effects :i* "o cause may g5]ate 9 an adult organism2 t a l multiplication ( effects mu/ happ5 9 ! unfold+ organism1 we h obs]v$ 9 sundry illu/rative cases2 fur!r1 x has be5 po9t$ out t ! ability :i* l g]ms h to orig9ate unlike =ms1 implies t ! successive trans=mations result f ! new *anges sup]9duc$ on previ\s *anges2 & we h se5 t /ructureless z e g]m orig9ally is1 ! developm5t ( an organism out ( x is o!rwise incompreh5sible4 ,n inde$ t we c ?us really expla9 ! production ( any plant or animal4 ,we are /ill 9 ! d>k respect+ ^? my/]i\s prop]ties 9 virtue ( :i* ! g]m1 :5 subject to fit influ5ces1 und]goes ! special *anges t beg9 ! s]ies ( trans=mations4 ,all we aim to %[1 is1 t giv5 a g]m possess+ ^! my/]i\s prop]ties1 ! evolution ( an organism f x1 probably dep5ds ^u t multiplication ( effects :i* we h se5 to be ! cause ( progress 9 g5]al1 s f> z we h yet trac$ x4 ,:51 leav+ ! developm5t ( s+le plants & animals1 we pass to t ( ! ,e>?'s flora & fauna1 ! c\rse ( our argum5t aga9 becomes cle> & simple4 ,?\gh1 z 0 admitt$ 9 ! fir/ "p ( ?is article1 ! fragm5t>y facts ,palaeontology has accumulat$1 d n cle>ly w>rant u 9 say+ t1 9 ! lapse ( geologic "t1 !re h be5 evolv$ m het]og5e\s organisms1 & m het]og5e\s assemblages ( organisms1 yet we %all n[ see t !re mu/ ev] h be5 a t5d5cy t[>ds ^! results4 ,we %all f9d t ! production ( _m effects by "o cause1 :i*1 z already %[n1 has be5 all along increas+ ! physical het]og5eity ( ! ,e>?1 has fur!r involv$ an increas+ het]og5eity 9 its flora & fauna1 individually & collectively4 ,an illu/ration w make ?is cle>4 ,suppose t by a s]ies ( upheavals1 occurr+1 z !y are n[ kn[n to d1 at long int]vals1 ! ,ea/ ,indian ,ar*ipelago 7 to be1 /ep by /ep1 rais$ into a cont95t1 & a *a9 ( m\nta9s =m$ along ! axis ( elevation4 ,by ! fir/ ( ^! upheavals1 ! plants & animals inhabit+ ,borneo1 ,sumatra1 ,new ,gu9ea1 & ! re/1 w\ld be subject$ to slightly modifi$ sets ( conditions4 ,! climate 9 g5]al w\ld be alt]$ 9 temp]ature1 9 humidity1 & 9 its p]iodical v>iations2 :ile ! local diff]5ces w\ld be multipli$4 ,^! modifications w\ld affect1 p]haps inappreciably1 ! entire flora & fauna ( ! region4 ,! *ange ( level w\ld produce additional modifications3 v>y+ 9 diff]5t species1 & also 9 diff]5t memb]s ( ! same species1 accord+ to _! di/ance f ! axis ( elevation4 ,plants1 gr[+ only on ! sea-%ore 9 special localities1 might become ext9ct4 ,o!rs1 liv+ only 9 swamps ( a c]ta9 humidity1 w\ld1 if !y surviv$ at all1 probably und]go visible *anges ( appe>ance4 ,:ile /ill great] alt]ations w\ld occur 9 ! plants gradually spread+ ov] ! l&s newly rais$ above ! sea4 ,! animals & insects liv+ on ^! modifi$ plants1 w\ld !mselves be 9 "s degree modifi$ by *ange ( food1 z well z by *ange ( climate2 & ! modification w\ld be m m>k$ :]e1 f ! dw9dl+ or disappe>ance ( "o k9d ( plant1 an alli$ k9d 0 eat54 ,9 ! lapse ( ! _m g5]ations aris+ be=e ! next upheaval1 ! s5sible or ins5sible alt]ations ?us produc$ 9 ea* species w\ld become organiz$--!re w\ld be a m or less complete adaptation to ! new conditions4 ,! next upheaval w\ld sup]9duce fur!r organic *anges1 imply+ wid] div]g5ces f ! prim>y =ms2 & s repeat$ly4 ,b n[ let x be obs]v$ t ! revolution ?us result+ w\ld n be a sub/itution ( a ?\s& m or less modifi$ species = ! ?\s& orig9al species2 b 9 place ( ! ?\s& orig9al species !re w\ld arise sev]al ?\s& species1 or v>ieties1 or *ang$ =ms4 ,ea* species be+ di/ribut$ ov] an area ( "s ext5t1 & t5d+ cont9ually to colonize ! new area expos$1 its diff]5t memb]s w\ld be subject to diff]5t sets ( *anges4 ,plants & animals spread+ t[>ds ! equator w\ld n be affect$ 9 ! same way ) o!rs spread+ f x4 ,^? spread+ t[>ds ! new %ores w\ld und]go *anges unlike ! *anges und]gone by ^? spread+ into ! m\nta9s4 ,?us1 ea* orig9al race ( organisms1 w\ld become ! root f :i* div]g$ sev]al races diff]+ m or less f x & f ea* o!r2 & :ile "s ( ^! might subsequ5tly disappe>1 probably m ?an "o w\ld survive 9 ! next geologic p]iod3 ! v disp]sion itself increas+ ! *ances ( survival4 ,n only w\ld !re be c]ta9 modifications ?us caus$ by *ange ( physical conditions & food1 b also 9 "s cases o!r modifications caus$ by *ange ( habit4 ,! fauna ( ea* isl&1 peopl+1 /ep by /ep1 ! newly-rais$ tracts1 w\ld ev5tually come 9 contact ) ! faunas ( o!r isl&s2 & "s memb]s ( ^! o!r faunas w\ld be unlike any creatures be=e se54 ,h]bivores meet+ ) new bea/s ( prey1 w\ld1 9 "s cases1 be l$ into modes ( def5ce or escape diff]+ f ^? previ\sly us$2 & simultane\sly ! bea/s ( prey w\ld modify _! modes ( pursuit & attack4 ,we "k t :5 circum/ances dem& x1 su* *anges ( habit d take place 9 animals2 & we "k t if ! new habits become ! dom9ant ones1 !y mu/ ev5tually 9 "s degree alt] ! organization4 ,obs]ve1 n[1 h[ev]1 a fur!r consequ5ce4 ,!re mu/ arise n simply a t5d5cy t[>ds ! diff]5tiation ( ea* race ( organisms into sev]al races2 b also a t5d5cy to ! occasional production ( a some:at high] organism4 ,tak5 9 ! mass ^! div]g5t v>ieties :i* h be5 caus$ by fre% physical conditions & habits ( life1 w exhibit *anges q indef9ite 9 k9d & degree2 & *anges t d n necess>ily con/itute an advance4 ,probably 9 mo/ cases ! modifi$ type w be nei!r m nor less het]og5e\s ?an ! orig9al "o4 ,9 "s cases ! habits ( life adopt$ be+ simpl] ?an be=e1 a less het]og5e\s /ructure w result3 !re w be a retrogradation4 ,b x mu/ n[ & !n occur1 t "s division ( a species1 fall+ into circum/ances :i* give x r m complex exp]i5ces1 & dem& actions some:at m involv$1 w h c]ta9 ( its organs fur!r diff]5tiat$ 9 proportionately small degrees1--w become slightly m het]og5e\s4 ,?us1 9 ! natural c\rse ( ?+s1 !re w f "t to "t arise an increas$ het]og5eity bo? ( ! ,e>?'s flora & fauna1 & ( individual races includ$ 9 !m4 ,omitt+ detail$ explanations1 & all[+ = ! qualifications :i* _c "h be specifi$1 we ?9k x is cle> t geological mutations h all along t5d$ to complicate ! =ms ( life1 :e!r reg>d$ sep>ately or collectively4 ,! same causes :i* h l$ to ! evolution ( ! ,e>?'s cru/ f ! simple into ! complex1 h simultane\sly l$ to a p>allel evolution ( ! ,life ^u its surface4 ,9 ?is case1 z 9 previ\s ones1 we see t ! trans=mation ( ! homog5e\s into ! het]og5e\s is consequ5t ^u ! univ]sal pr9ciple1 t e active =ce produces m ?an "o *ange4 ,! d$uction "h drawn f ! e/abli%$ tru?s ( geology & ! g5]al laws ( life1 ga9s imm5sely 9 weight on f9d+ x to be 9 h>mony ) an induction drawn f direct exp]i5ce4 ,j t div]g5ce ( _m races f "o race1 :i* we inf]r$ mu/ h be5 cont9ually occurr+ dur+ geologic "t1 we "k to h occurr$ dur+ ! pre-hi/oric & hi/oric p]iods1 9 man & dome/ic animals4 ,& j t multiplication ( effects :i* we conclud$ mu/ h produc$ ! fir/1 we see has produc$ ! la/4 ,s+le causes1 z fam9e1 pressure ( population1 w>1 h p]iodically l$ to fur!r disp]sions ( mank9d & ( dep5d5t creatures3 ea* su* disp]sion initiat+ new modifications1 new v>ieties ( type4 ,:e!r all ! human races be or be n d]iv$ f "o /ock1 philology makes x cle> t :ole gr\ps ( races n[ easily di/+ui%able f ea* o!r1 7 orig9ally "o race1--t ! diffusion ( "o race into diff]5t climates & conditions ( exi/5ce1 has produc$ _m modifi$ =ms ( x4 ,simil>ly ) dome/ic animals4 ,?\gh 9 "s cases--z t ( dogs--community ( orig9 w p]haps be disput$1 yet 9 o!r cases--z t ( ! %eep or ! cattle ( our own c\ntry--x w n be que/ion$ t local diff]5ces ( climate1 food1 & treatm5t1 h trans=m$ "o orig9al bre$ into num]\s bre$s n[ become s f> di/9ct z to produce un/able hybrids4 ,moreov]1 ?r\gh ! complications ( effects fl[+ f s+le causes1 we "h f9d1 :at we be=e inf]r$1 n only an increase ( g5]al het]og5eity1 b also ( special het]og5eity4 ,:ile ( ! div]g5t divisions & subdivisions ( ! human race1 _m h und]gone *anges n con/itut+ an advance2 :ile 9 "s ! type may h degrad$2 9 o!rs x has become decid$ly m het]og5e\s4 ,! civiliz$ ,european dep>ts m widely f ! v]tebrate ar*etype ?an does ! savage4 ,?us1 bo? ! law & ! cause ( progress1 :i*1 f lack ( evid5ce1 c be b hypo!tically sub/antiat$ 9 respect ( ! e>li] =ms ( life on our globe1 c be actually sub/antiat$ 9 respect ( ! late/ =ms4 ,if ! advance ( ,man t[>ds great] het]og5eity is traceable to ! production ( _m effects by "o cause /ill m cle>ly may ! advance ( ,society t[>ds great] het]og5eity be s expla9$4 ,consid] ! gr[? ( an indu/rial organization4 ,:51 z mu/ occasionally happ51 "s individual ( a tribe displays unusual aptitude = mak+ an article ( g5]al use--a weapon1 = in/ance--:i* 0 be=e made by ea* man = himself1 !re arises a t5d5cy t[>ds ! diff]5tiation ( t individual into a mak] ( su* weapon4 ,8 companions--w>riors & hunt]s all ( !m1--sev]ally feel ! importance ( hav+ ! be/ weapons t c be made2 & are !re=e c]ta9 to (f] /rong inducem5ts to ?is skill$ individual to make weapons = !m4 ,he1 on ! o!r h&1 hav+ n only an unusual faculty1 b an unusual lik+1 = mak+ su* weapons 7! tal5t & ! desire = any occupation be+ commonly associat$71 is pr$ispos$ to fulfil ^! commissions on ! (f] ( an adequate rew>d3 especially z 8 love ( di/9ction is also gratifi$4 ,?is fir/ specialization ( function1 once comm5c$1 t5ds ev] to become m decid$4 ,on ! side ( ! weapon-mak] cont9u$ practice gives increas$ skill--increas$ sup]iority to 8 products3 on ! side ( 8 cli5ts1 cessation ( practice entails decreas$ skill4 ,?us ! influ5ces t det]m9e ?is division ( lab\r gr[ /rong] 9 bo? ways2 & ! incipi5t het]og5eity is1 on ! av]age ( cases1 likely to become p]man5t = t g5]ation1 if no long]4 ,obs]ve n[1 h[ev]1 t ?is process n only diff]5tiates ! social mass into two p>ts1 ! "o monopoliz+1 or almo/ monopoliz+1 ! p]=mance ( a c]ta9 function1 & ! o!r hav+ lo/ ! habit1 & 9 "s measure ! p[]1 ( p]=m+ t function2 b x t5ds to imitate o!r diff]5tiations4 ,! advance we h describ$ implies ! introduction ( b>t]1--! mak] ( weapons has1 on ea* occasion1 to be paid 9 su* o!r articles z he agrees to take 9 ex*ange4 ,b he w n habitually take 9 ex*ange "o k9d ( article1 b _m k9ds4 ,he does n want mats only1 or sk9s1 or fi%+ ge>1 b he wants all ^!2 & on ea* occasion w b>ga9 = ! p>ticul> ?+s he mo/ ne$s4 ,:at foll[s8 ,if among ! memb]s ( ! tribe !re exi/ any slight diff]5ces ( skill 9 ! manufacture ( ^! v>i\s ?+s1 z !re are almo/ sure to d1 ! weapon-mak] w take f ea* "o ! ?+ :i* t "o excels 9 mak+3 he w ex*ange = mats ) him ^: mats are sup]ior1 & w b>ga9 = ! fi%+ ge> ( :oev] has ! be/4 ,b he :o has b>t]$ away 8 mats or 8 fi%+ ge>1 mu/ make o!r mats or fi%+ ge> = himself2 & 9 s do+ mu/1 9 "s degree1 fur!r develop 8 aptitude4 ,?us x results t ! small specialities ( faculty possess$ by v>i\s memb]s ( ! tribe1 w t5d to gr[ m decid$4 ,if su* transactions are f "t repeat$1 ^! specializations may become appreciable4 ,& :e!r or n !re ensue di/9ct diff]5tiations ( o!r individuals into mak]s ( p>ticul> articles1 x is cle> t incipi5t diff]5tiations take place ?r\gh\t ! tribe3 ! "o orig9al cause produces n only ! fir/ dual effect1 b a numb] ( second>y dual effects1 l 9 k9d1 b m9or 9 degree4 ,?is process1 ( :i* traces may be se5 among gr\ps ( s*oolboys1 _c well produce any la/+ effects 9 an unsettl$ tribe2 b :]e !re gr[s up a fix$ & multiply+ community1 ^! diff]5tiations become p]man5t1 & increase ) ea* g5]ation4 ,a l>g] population1 involv+ a great] dem& = e commodity1 int5sifies ! functional activity ( ea* specializ$ p]son or class2 & ?is r5d]s ! specialization m def9ite :]e x already exi/s1 & e/abli%es x :]e x is nasc5t4 ,by increas+ ! pressure on ! means ( subsi/5ce1 a l>g] population aga9 augm5ts ^! results2 see+ t ea* p]son is =c$ m & m to conf9e himself to t :i* he c d be/1 & by :i* he c ga9 mo/4 ,?is indu/rial progress1 by aid+ future production1 op5s ! way = a fur!r gr[? ( population1 :i* reacts z be=e3 9 all :i* ! multiplication ( effects is manife/4 ,pres5tly1 "u ^! same /imuli1 new occupations arise4 ,compet+ work]s1 ev] aim+ to produce improv$ articles1 occasionally discov] bett] processes or raw mat]ials4 ,9 weapons & cutt+ tools1 ! sub/itution ( bronze = /one entails ^u him :o fir/ makes x a great increase ( dem&--s great an increase t he pres5tly f9ds all 8 "t occupi$ 9 mak+ ! bronze = ! articles he sells1 & is oblig$ to depute ! fa%ion+ ( ^! to o!rs3 &1 ev5tually1 ! mak+ ( bronze1 ?us gradually diff]5tiat$ f a pre-exi/+ occupation1 becomes an occupation by itself4 ,b n[ m>k ! ramifi$ *anges :i* foll[ ?is *ange4 ,bronze soon replaces /one1 n only 9 ! articles x 0 fir/ us$ =1 b 9 _m o!rs--9 arms1 tools1 & ut5sils ( v>i\s k9ds2 & s affects ! manufacture ( ^! ?+s4 ,fur!r1 x affects ! processes :i* ^! ut5sils subs]ve1 & ! result+ products--modifies build+s1 c>v+s1 dress1 p]sonal decorations4 ,yet aga91 x sets go+ sundry manufactures :i* 7 be=e impossible1 f lack ( a mat]ial fit = ! requisite tools4 ,& all ^! *anges react on ! p--increase _! manipulative skill1 _! intellig5ce1 _! com=t1--ref9e _! habits & ta/es4 ,?us ! evolution ( a homog5e\s society into a het]og5e\s "o1 is cle>ly consequ5t on ! g5]al pr9ciple1 t _m effects are produc$ by "o cause4 ,our limits w n all[ u to foll[ out ?is process 9 its high] complications3 else might we %[ h[ ! localization ( special indu/ries 9 special p>ts ( a k+dom1 z well z ! m9ute subdivision ( lab\r 9 ! mak+ ( ea* commodity1 are simil>ly det]m9$4 ,or1 turn+ to a some:at diff]5t ord] ( illu/rations1 we might dwell on ! multitud9\s *anges--mat]ial1 intellectual1 moral1--caus$ by pr9t+2 or ! fur!r ext5sive s]ies ( *anges wr\ght by gunp[d]4 ,b leav+ ! int]m$iate phases ( social developm5t1 let u take a few illu/rations f its mo/ rec5t & its pass+ phases4 ,to trace ! effects ( /eam-p[]1 9 its manifold applications to m9+1 navigation1 & manufactures ( all k9ds1 w\ld c>ry u into unmanageable detail4 ,let u conf9e ourselves to ! late/ embodim5t ( /eam-p[]--! locomotive eng9e4 ,?is1 z ! proximate cause ( our railway sy/em1 has *ang$ ! face ( ! c\ntry1 ! c\rse ( trade1 & ! habits ( ! p4 ,consid]1 fir/1 ! complicat$ sets ( *anges t prec$e ! mak+ ( e railway--! provisional arrangem5ts1 ! meet+s1 ! regi/ration1 ! trial section1 ! p>liam5t>y survey1 ! li?ograph$ plans1 ! books ( ref]5ce1 ! local deposits & notices1 ! application to ,p>liam5t1 ! pass+ ,/&+-,ord]s ,committee1 ! fir/1 second1 & ?ird read+s3 ea* ( :i* brief heads indicates a multiplicity ( transactions1 & ! developm5t ( sundry occupations--z ^? ( eng9e]s1 surveyors1 li?ograph]s1 p>liam5t>y ag5ts1 %>e-brok]s2 & ! creation ( sundry o!rs--z ^? ( traffic-tak]s1 ref]5ce-tak]s4 ,consid]1 next1 ! yet m m>k$ *anges impli$ 9 railway con/ruction--! cutt+s1 embank+s1 tunnell+s1 div]sions ( roads2 ! build+ ( bridges & /ations2 ! lay+ d[n ( balla/1 sleep]s1 & rails2 ! mak+ ( eng9es1 t5d]s1 c>riages & waggons3 :i* processes1 act+ ^u num]\s trades1 increase ! importation ( timb]1 ! qu>ry+ ( /one1 ! manufacture ( iron1 ! m9+ ( coal1 ! burn+ ( bricks3 in/itute a v>iety ( special manufactures weekly adv]tis$ 9 ! ,railway ,times2 &1 f9ally1 op5 ! way to sundry new occupations1 z ^? ( driv]s1 /ok]s1 clean]s1 plate-lay]s1 c41 c4 ,& !n consid] ! *anges1 m num]\s & involv$ /ill1 :i* railways 9 action produce on ! community at l>ge4 ,! organization ( e bus9ess is m or less modifi$3 ease ( communication makes x bett] to d directly :at 0 be=e done by proxy2 ag5cies are e/abli%$ :]e previ\sly !y w\ld n h paid2 goods are obta9$ f remote :olesale h\ses in/ead ( ne> retail ones2 & commodities are us$ :i* di/ance once r5d]$ inaccessible4 ,aga91 ! rapidity & small co/ ( c>riage t5d to specialize m ?an ev] ! indu/ries ( diff]5t di/ricts--to conf9e ea* manufacture to ! p>ts 9 :i*1 f local advantages1 x c be be/ c>ri$ on4 ,fur!r1 ! dim9i%$ co/ ( c>riage1 facilitat+ di/ribution1 equalizes prices1 & also1 on ! av]age1 l[]s prices3 ?us br++ div]s articles )9 ! means ( ^? be=e unable to buy !m1 & s increas+ _! com=ts & improv+ _! habits4 ,at ! same "t ! practice ( travell+ is imm5sely ext5d$4 ,classes :o nev] be=e ?\ght ( x1 take annual trips to ! sea2 visit _! di/ant relations2 make t\rs2 & s we are b5efit$ 9 body1 feel+s1 & intellect4 ,moreov]1 ! m prompt transmission ( lett]s & ( news produces fur!r *anges--makes ! pulse ( ! nation fa/]4 ,yet m1 !re arises a wide dissem9ation ( *eap lit]ature ?r\gh railway book-/alls1 & ( adv]tisem5ts 9 railway c>riages3 bo? ( !m aid+ ult]ior progress4 ,& all ! innum]able *anges "h briefly indicat$ are consequ5t on ! inv5tion ( ! locomotive eng9e4 ,! social organism has be5 r5d]$ m het]og5e\s 9 virtue ( ! _m new occupations introduc$1 & ! _m old ones fur!r specializ$2 prices 9 e place h be5 alt]$2 ea* trad] has1 m or less1 modifi$ 8 way ( do+ bus9ess2 & almo/ e p]son has be5 affect$ 9 8 actions1 ?\ghts1 emotions4 ,illu/rations to ! same effect might be indef9itely accumulat$4 ,t e influ5ce br\ght to be> ^u society works multipli$ effects2 & t increase ( het]og5eity is due to ?is multiplication ( effects2 may be se5 9 ! hi/ory ( e trade1 e cu/om1 e belief4 ,b x is ne$less to give additional evid5ce ( ?is4 ,! only fur!r fact dem&+ notice1 is1 t we "h see /ill m cle>ly ?an ev]1 ! tru? be=e po9t$ out1 t 9 proportion z ! area on :i* any =ce exp5ds itself becomes het]og5e\s1 ! results are 9 a yet high] degree multipli$ 9 numb] & k9d4 ,:ile among ! primitive tribes to :om x 0 fir/ kn[n1 ca\t*\c caus$ b a few *anges1 among ourselves ! *anges h be5 s _m & v>i$ t ! hi/ory ( !m occupies a volume4,d ,^u ! small1 homog5e\s community inhabit+ "o ( ! ,hebrides1 ! electric telegraph w\ld produce1 7 x us$1 sc>cely any results2 b 9 ,engl& ! results x produces are multitud9\s4 ,! comp>atively simple organization "u :i* our ance/ors liv$ five c5turies ago1 c\ld h und]gone b few modifications f an ev5t l ! rec5t "o at ,canton2 b n[ ! legislative decision respect+ x sets up _m hundr$s ( complex modifications1 ea* ( :i* w be ! p>5t ( num]\s future ones4 ,d ,p]sonal ,n>rative ( ! ,orig9 ( ! ,ca\t*\c1 or ,india-,rubb] ,manufacture 9 ,engl&4 ,by ,?omas ,hancock4 ,space p]mitt+1 we c\ld will+ly h pursu$ ! argum5t 9 relation to all ! subtl] results ( civilization4 ,z be=e1 we %[$ t ! law ( ,progress to :i* ! organic & inorganic worlds con=m1 is also con=m$ to by ,language1 ,sculpture1 ,music1 c42 s might we "h %[ t ! cause :i* we h hi!rto f\nd to det]m9e ,progress holds 9 ^! cases also4 ,we might demon/rate 9 detail h[1 9 ,sci5ce1 an advance ( "o division pres5tly advances o!r divisions--h[ ,a/ronomy has be5 imm5sely =w>d$ by discov]ies 9 ,optics1 :ile o!r optical discov]ies h initiat$ ,microscopic ,anatomy1 & greatly aid$ ! gr[? ( ,physiology--h[ ,*emi/ry has indirectly increas$ our k ( ,electricity1 ,magnetism1 ,biology1 ,geology--h[ ,electricity has react$ on ,*emi/ry & ,magnetism1 develop$ our views ( ,light & ,heat1 & disclos$ sundry laws ( n]v\s action4 ,9 ,lit]ature ! same tru? might be exhibit$ 9 ! manifold effects ( ! primitive my/]y-play1 n only z orig9at+ ! mod]n drama1 b z affect+ ?r\gh x o!r k9ds ( poetry & fiction2 or 9 ! /ill multiply+ =ms ( p]iodical lit]ature t h desc5d$ f ! fir/ newspap]1 & :i* h sev]ally act$ & react$ on o!r =ms ( lit]ature & on ea* o!r4 ,! influ5ce :i* a new s*ool ( ,pa9t+--z t ( ! pre-,raffaelites--ex]cises ^u o!r s*ools2 ! h9ts :i* all k9ds ( pictorial art are d]iv+ f ,photography2 ! complex results ( new critical doctr9es1 z ^? ( ,mr4 ,rusk91 might sev]ally be dwelt ^u z display+ ! l multiplication ( effects4 ,b x w\ld ne$lessly tax ! read]'s pati5ce to pursue1 9 _! _m ramifications1 ^! v>i\s *anges3 "h become s involv$ & subtle z to be foll[$ ) "s difficulty4 ,)\t fur!r evid5ce1 we v5ture to ?9k our case is made out4 ,! imp]fections ( /atem5t :i* brevity has necessitat$1 d n1 we believe1 militate aga9/ ! propositions laid d[n4 ,! qualifications "h & !re dem&$ w\ld n1 if made1 affect ! inf]5ces4 ,?\gh 9 "o in/ance1 :]e suffici5t evid5ce is n atta9able1 we h be5 unable to %[ t ! law ( ,progress applies2 yet !re is high probability t ! same g5]alization holds :i* holds ?r\gh\t ! re/ ( creation4 ,?\gh1 9 trac+ ! g5esis ( ,progress1 we h frequ5tly spok5 ( complex causes z if !y 7 simple ones2 x /ill rema9s true t su* causes are f> less complex ?an _! results4 ,detail$ criticisms _c affect our ma9 position4 ,endless facts g to %[ t e k9d ( progress is f ! homog5e\s to ! het]og5e\s2 & t x is s because ea* *ange is foll[$ by _m *anges4 ,& x is significant t :]e ! facts are mo/ accessible & abundant1 !re are ^! tru?s mo/ manife/4 ,h[ev]1 to avoid committ+ ourselves to m ?an is yet prov$1 we mu/ be cont5t ) say+ t su* are ! law & ! cause ( all progress t is kn[n to u4 ,%\ld ! ,nebul> ,hypo!sis ev] be e/abli%$1 !n x w become manife/ t ! ,univ]se at l>ge1 l e organism1 0 once homog5e\s2 t z a :ole1 & 9 e detail1 x has unceas+ly advanc$ t[>ds great] het]og5eity2 & t its het]og5eity is /ill increas+4 ,x w be se5 t z 9 ea* ev5t ( to-day1 s f ! beg9n+1 ! decomposition ( e exp5d$ =ce into sev]al =ces has be5 p]petually produc+ a high] complication2 t ! increase ( het]og5eity s br\ght ab\t is /ill go+ on1 & mu/ cont9ue to g on2 & t ?us ,progress is n an accid5t1 n a ?+ )9 human control1 b a b5efic5t necessity4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a few words mu/ be add$ on ! ontological be>+s ( our argum5t4 ,probably n a few w conclude t "h is an attempt$ solution ( ! great que/ions ) :i* ,philosophy 9 all ages has p]plex$ itself4 ,let none ?us deceive !mselves4 ,only su* z "k n ! scope & ! limits ( ,sci5ce c fall into s grave an error4 ,! =ego+ g5]alizations apply1 n to ! g5esis ( ?+s 9 !mselves1 b to _! g5esis z manife/$ to ! human consci\sness4 ,aft] all t has be5 said1 ! ultimate my/]y rema9s j z x 04 ,! explanation ( t :i* is explicable1 does b br+ out into great] cle>ness ! inexplicabl5ess ( t :i* rema9s beh9d4 ,h[ev] we may succe$ 9 r$uc+ ! equation to its l[e/ t]ms1 we are n !reby enabl$ to det]m9e ! unkn[n quantity3 on ! contr>y1 x only becomes m manife/ t ! unkn[n quantity c nev] be f\nd4 ,little z x seems to d s1 fe>less inquiry t5ds cont9ually to give a firm] basis to all true ,religion4 ,! timid sect>ian1 al>m$ at ! progress ( k1 oblig$ to ab&on "o by "o ! sup]/itions ( 8 ance/ors1 & daily f9d+ 8 *]i%$ beliefs m & m %ak51 secretly fe>s t all ?+s may "s day be expla9$2 & has a correspond+ dread ( ,sci5ce3 ?us ev9c+ ! pr(\nde/ ( all infidelity--! fe> le/ ! tru? be bad4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! s9c]e man ( sci5ce1 cont5t to foll[ :]ev] ! evid5ce leads him1 becomes by ea* new inquiry m pr(\ndly conv9c$ t ! ,univ]se is an insoluble problem4 ,alike 9 ! ext]nal & ! int]nal worlds1 he sees himself 9 ! mid/ ( p]petual *anges1 ( :i* he c discov] nei!r ! beg9n+ nor ! end4 ,if1 trac+ back ! evolution ( ?+s1 he all[s himself to ent]ta9 ! hypo!sis t all matt] once exi/$ 9 a diffus$ =m1 he f9ds x utt]ly impossible to conceive h[ ?is came to be s2 & equally1 if he speculates on ! future1 he c assign no limit to ! gr& succession ( ph5om5a ev] unfold+ !mselves be=e him4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if he looks inw>d1 he p]ceives t bo? t]m9ations ( ! ?read ( consci\sness are beyond 8 grasp3 he _c rememb] :5 or h[ consci\sness comm5c$1 & he _c exam9e ! consci\sness t at any mom5t exi/s2 = only a /ate ( consci\sness t is already pa/ c become ! object ( ?\ght1 & nev] "o :i* is pass+4 ,:51 aga91 he turns f ! succession ( ph5om5a1 ext]nal or int]nal1 to _! ess5tial nature1 he is equally at fault4 ,?\gh he may succe$ 9 resolv+ all prop]ties ( objects into manife/ations ( =ce1 he is n !reby enabl$ to realize :at =ce is2 b f9ds1 on ! contr>y1 t ! m he ?9ks ab\t x1 ! m he is baffl$4 ,simil>ly1 ?\gh analysis ( m5tal actions may f9ally br+ him d[n to s5sations z ! orig9al mat]ials out ( :i* all ?\ght is wov51 he is none ! =w>d]2 = he _c 9 ! lea/ compreh5d s5sation--_c ev5 conceive h[ s5sation is possible4 ,inw>d & outw>d ?+s he ?us discov]s to be alike inscrutable 9 _! ultimate g5esis & nature4 ,he sees t ! ,mat]iali/ & ,spirituali/ controv]sy is a m]e w> ( words2 ! disputants be+ equally absurd--ea* believ+ he und]/&s t :i* x is impossible = any man to und]/&4 ,9 all directions 8 inve/igations ev5tually br+ him face to face ) ! unkn[able2 & he ev] m cle>ly p]ceives x to be ! unkn[able4 ,he le>ns at once ! greatness & ! littl5ess ( human intellect--its p[] 9 deal+ ) all t comes )9 ! range ( exp]i5ce2 its impot5ce 9 deal+ ) all t transc5ds exp]i5ce4 ,he feels1 ) a vividness :i* no o!rs c1 ! utt] incompreh5sibl5ess ( ! simple/ fact1 consid]$ 9 itself4 ,he alone truly sees t absolute k is impossible4 ,he alone kn[s t "u all ?+s !re lies an imp5etrable my/]y4 ,,ii4 ,,mann]s ,,& ,,fa%ion4 ,:oev] has /udi$ ! physiognomy ( political meet+s1 _c fail to h rem>k$ a connection betwe5 democratic op9ions & peculi>ities ( co/ume4 ,at a ,*>ti/ demon/ration1 a lecture on ,socialism1 or a soiree ( ! ,fri5ds ( ,italy1 !re w be se5 _m among ! audi5ce1 & a /ill l>g] ratio among ! speak]s1 :o get !mselves up 9 a /yle m or less unusual4 ,"o g5tleman on ! plat=m divides 8 hair d[n ! c5tre1 in/ead ( on "o side2 ano!r bru%es x back (f ! =ehead1 9 ! fa%ion kn[n z br++ out ! intellect2 a ?ird has s long =sworn ! scissors1 t 8 locks sweep 8 %\ld]s4 ,a consid]able spr9kl+ ( m\/a*es may be obs]v$2 "h & !re an imp]ial2 & occasionally "s c\rage\s break] ( conv5tions exhibits a full-gr[n be>d4,e ,?is noncon=mity 9 hair is c\nt5anc$ by v>i\s noncon=mities 9 dress1 %[n by o!rs ( ! assemblage4 ,b>e necks1 %irt-coll>s a la ,byron1 wai/coats cut ,quak] fa%ion1 wond]fully %aggy great coats1 num]\s oddities 9 =m & col\r1 de/roy ! monotony usual 9 cr[ds4 ,ev5 ^? exhibit+ no conspicu\s peculi>ity1 frequ5tly indicate by some?+ 9 ! patt]n or make-up ( _! clo!s1 t !y pay small reg>d to :at _! tailors tell !m ab\t ! prevail+ ta/e4 ,& :5 ! ga!r+ breaks up1 ! v>ieties ( head ge> display$--! numb] ( caps1 & ! abundance ( felt hats--suffice to prove t 7 ! _w at l>ge l-m9d$1 ! black cyl9d]s :i* tyrannize ov] u w\ld soon be depos$4 ,e ,?is 0 writt5 be=e m\/a*es & be>ds _h become common4 ,! =eign correspond5ce ( our daily press %[s t ?is relation%ip betwe5 political discont5t & ! disreg>d ( cu/oms exi/s on ! ,cont95t also4 ,r$ republicanism has always be5 di/+ui%$ by its hirsut5ess4 ,! au?orities ( ,prussia1 ,au/ria1 & ,italy1 alike recognize c]ta9 =ms ( hat z indicative ( disaffection1 & fulm9ate aga9/ !m accord+ly4 ,9 "s places ! we>] ( a bl\se runs a risk ( be+ class$ among ! suspects2 & 9 o!rs1 he :o w\ld avoid ! bureau ( police1 mu/ bew>e h[ he goes out 9 any b ! ord9>y col\rs4 ,?us1 democracy abroad1 z at home1 t5ds t[>ds p]sonal s+ul>ity4 ,nor is ?is association ( *>act]i/ics peculi> to mod]n times1 or to re=m]s ( ! ,/ate4 ,x has always exi/$2 & x has be5 manife/$ z mu* 9 religi\s agitations z 9 political ones4 ,along ) diss5t f ! *ief e/abli%$ op9ions & arrangem5ts1 !re has ev] be5 "s diss5t f ! cu/om>y social practices4 ,! ,puritans1 disapprov+ ( ! long curls ( ! ,cavali]s1 z ( _! pr9ciples1 cut _! own hair %ort1 & s ga9$ ! "n ( ,r\ndheads4 ,! m>k$ religi\s noncon=mity ( ! ,quak]s 0 accompani$ by an equally-m>k$ noncon=mity ( mann]s--9 attire1 9 spee*1 9 salutation4 ,! e>ly ,moravians n only believ$ diff]5tly1 b at ! same "t dress$ diff]5tly1 & liv$ diff]5tly1 f _! fell[ ,*ri/ians4 ,t ! association betwe5 political indep5d5ce & indep5d5ce ( p]sonal conduct1 is n a ph5om5on ( to-day only1 we may see alike 9 ! appe>ance ( ,frankl9 at ! ,fr5* c\rt 9 pla9 clo!s1 & 9 ! :ite hats worn by ! la/ g5]ation ( radicals4 ,orig9ality ( nature is sure to %[ itself 9 m ways ?an "o4 ,! m5tion ( ,george ,fox's suit ( lea!r1 or ,pe/alozzi's s*ool "n1 ,h>ry ,oddity1 w at once sugge/ ! remembrance t m5 :o h 9 great ?+s div]g$ f ! beat5 track1 h frequ5tly done s 9 small ?+s likewise4 ,m9or illu/rations ( ?is tru? may be ga!r$ 9 almo/ e circle4 ,we believe t :oev] w numb] up 8 re=m+ & rationali/ acqua9tances1 w f9d among !m m ?an ! usual proportion ( ^? :o 9 dress or behavi\r exhibit "s degree ( :at ! _w calls ecc5tricity4 ,if x be a fact t m5 ( revolution>y aims 9 politics or religion1 are commonly revolutioni/s 9 cu/om also1 x is n less a fact t ^? ^: (fice x is to uphold e/abli%$ arrangem5ts 9 ,/ate & ,*ur*1 are also ^? :o mo/ adh]e to ! social =ms & obs]vances bequea!d to u by pa/ g5]ations4 ,practices else:]e ext9ct /ill l+] ab\t ! headqu>t]s ( gov]nm5t4 ,! mon>* /ill gives ass5t to ,acts ( ,p>liam5t 9 ! old ,fr5* ( ! ,normans2 & ,norman ,fr5* t]ms are /ill us$ 9 law4 ,wigs1 su* z ^? we see depict$ 9 old portraits1 may yet be f\nd on ! heads ( judges & b>ri/]s4 ,! ,beefeat]s at ! ,t[] we> ! co/ume ( ,h5ry ,v,i,ith's body-gu>d4 ,! ,univ]sity dress ( ! pres5t ye> v>ies b little f t worn soon aft] ! ,re=mation4 ,! cl>et-col\r$ coat1 knee-bree*es1 lace %irt frills1 ruffles1 :ite silk /ock+s1 & buckl$ %oes1 :i* once =m$ ! usual attire ( a g5tleman1 /ill survive z ! c\rt-dress4 ,& x ne$ sc>cely be said t at levees & draw+-rooms1 ! c]emonies are prescrib$ ) an exactness1 & en=c$ ) a rig\r1 n else:]e to be f\nd4 ,c we consid] ^! two s]ies ( co9cid5ces z accid5tal & unmean+8 ,mu/ we n r conclude t "s necess>y relation%ip obta9s betwe5 !m8 ,are !re n su* ?+s z a con/itutional cons]vatism1 & a con/itutional t5d5cy to *ange8 ,is !re n a class :i* cl+s to ! old 9 all ?+s2 & ano!r class s 9 love ) progress z (t5 to mi/ake novelty = improvem5t8 ,d we n f9d "s m5 ready to b[ to e/abli%$ au?ority ( :atev] k9d2 :ile o!rs dem& ( e su* au?ority its reason1 & reject x if x fails to ju/ify itself8 ,& mu/ n ! m9ds ?us contra/$ t5d to become respectively con=mi/ & noncon=mi/1 n only 9 politics & religion1 b 9 o!r ?+s8 ,submission1 :e!r to a gov]nm5t1 to ! dogmas ( ecclesia/ics1 or to t code ( behavi\r :i* society at l>ge has set up1 is ess5tially ( ! same nature2 & ! s5tim5t :i* induces resi/ance to ! despotism ( rul]s1 civil or spiritual1 likewise induces resi/ance to ! despotism ( ! _w's op9ion4 ,look at !m fundam5tally1 & all enactm5ts1 alike ( ! legislature1 ! consi/ory1 & ! saloon--all regulations1 =mal or virtual1 h a common "*3 !y are all limitations ( m5's fre$om4 ,d ?is--,refra9 f t1 are ! blank =mulas into :i* !y may all be writt53 & 9 ea* case ! und]/&+ is t ob$i5ce w br+ approbation "h & p>adise h]eaft]2 :ile disob$i5ce w entail imprisonm5t1 or s5d+ to ,cov5try1 or et]nal torm5ts1 z ! case may be4 ,& if re/ra9ts1 h[ev] nam$1 & ?r\gh :atev] app>atus ( means ex]cis$1 are "o 9 _! action ^u m51 x mu/ happ5 t ^? :o are pati5t "u "o k9d ( re/ra9t1 are likely to be pati5t "u ano!r2 & conv]sely1 t ^? impati5t ( re/ra9t 9 g5]al1 w1 on ! av]age1 t5d to %[ _! impati5ce 9 all directions4 ,t ,law1 ,religion1 & ,mann]s are ?us relat$--t _! respective k9ds ( op]ation come "u "o g5]alization--t !y h 9 c]ta9 contra/$ *>act]i/ics ( m5 a common support & a common dang]--w1 h[ev]1 be mo/ cle>ly se5 on discov]+ t !y h a common orig94 ,little z f pres5t appe>ances we %\ld suppose x1 we %all yet f9d t at fir/1 ! control ( religion1 ! control ( laws1 & ! control ( mann]s1 7 all "o control4 ,h[ev] incr$ible x may n[ seem1 we believe x to be demon/rable t ! rules ( etiquette1 ! provisions ( ! /atute-book1 & ! comm&s ( ! decalogue1 h gr[n f ! same root4 ,if we g f> en\gh back into ! ages ( primeval ,feti%ism1 x becomes manife/ t orig9ally ,deity1 ,*ief1 & ,ma/] ( ! c]emonies 7 id5tical4 ,to make good ^! positions1 & to %[ _! be>+ on :at is to foll[1 x w be necess>y "h to trav]se gr\nd t is 9 "p some:at beat51 & at fir/ sight irrelevant to our topic4 ,we w pass ov] x z quickly z consi/s ) ! exig5cies ( ! argum5t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,t ! e>lie/ social aggregations 7 rul$ solely by ! w ( ! /rong man1 few dispute4 ,t f ! /rong man proce$$ n only ,mon>*y1 b ! conception ( a ,god1 few admit3 mu* z ,c>lyle & o!rs h said 9 evid5ce ( x4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ^? :o are unable to believe ?is1 w lay aside ! ideas ( ,god & man 9 :i* !y h be5 educat$1 & /udy ! aborig9al ideas ( !m1 !y w at lea/ see "s probability 9 ! hypo!sis4 ,let !m rememb] t be=e exp]i5ce _h yet taught m5 to di/+ui% betwe5 ! possible & ! impossible2 & :ile !y 7 ready on ! slighte/ sugge/ion to ascribe unkn[n p[]s to any object & make a feti% ( x2 _! conceptions ( humanity & its capacities 7 necess>ily vague1 & )\t specific limits4 ,! man :o by unusual /r5g?1 or cunn+1 a*iev$ some?+ t o!rs _h fail$ to a*ieve1 or some?+ :i* !y did n und]/&1 0 consid]$ by !m z diff]+ f !mselves2 &1 z we see 9 ! belief ( "s ,polynesians t only _! *iefs h s\ls1 or 9 t ( ! anci5t ,p]uvians t _! nobles 7 div9e by bir?1 ! ascrib$ diff]5ce 0 apt to be n "o ( degree only1 b "o ( k9d4 ,let !m rememb] next1 h[ gross 7 ! notions ( ,god1 or r ( gods1 preval5t dur+ ! same era & aft]w>ds--h[ concretely gods 7 conceiv$ z m5 ( specific aspects dress$ 9 specific ways--h[ _! names 7 lit]ally ! /rong1 ! de/roy]1 ! p[]ful "o1--h[1 accord+ to ! ,sc&9avian my?ology1 ! sacr$ duty ( blood-rev5ge 0 act$ on by ! gods !mselves1--& h[ !y 7 n only human 9 _! v9dictiv5ess1 _! cruelty1 & _! qu>rels ) ea* o!r1 b 7 suppos$ to h am\rs on e>?1 & to consume ! vi&s plac$ on _! alt>s4 ,add to :i*1 t 9 v>i\s my?ologies1 ,greek1 ,sc&9avian1 & o!rs1 ! olde/ be+s are giants2 t accord+ to a traditional g5ealogy ! gods1 demi-gods1 & 9 "s cases m51 are desc5d$ f ^! aft] ! human fa%ion2 & t :ile 9 ! ,ea/ we he> ( sons ( ,god :o saw ! daught]s ( m5 t !y 7 fair1 ! ,teutonic my?s tell ( unions betwe5 ! sons ( m5 & ! daught]s ( ! gods4 ,let !m rememb]1 too1 t at fir/ ! idea ( dea? diff]$ widely f t :i* we h2 t !re are /ill tribes :o1 on ! decease ( "o ( _! numb]1 attempt to make ! corpse /&1 & put food into 8 m\?2 t ! ,p]uvians _h fea/s at :i* ! mummies ( _! dead ,incas presid$1 :51 z ,prescott says1 !y paid att5tion to ^! ins5sible rema9s z if !y 7 in/9ct ) life2 t among ! ,feejees x is believ$ t e enemy has to be kill$ twice2 t ! ,ea/]n ,pagans give ext5sion & figure to ! s\l1 & attribute to x all ! same sub/ances1 bo? solid & liquid1 ( :i* our bodies are compos$2 & t x is ! cu/om among mo/ b>b>\s races to bury food1 weapons1 & tr9kets along ) ! dead body1 "u ! manife/ belief t x w pres5tly ne$ !m4 ,la/ly1 let !m rememb] t ! o!r _w1 z orig9ally conceiv$1 is simply "s di/ant "p ( ?is _w--"s ,elysian fields1 "s happy hunt+-gr\nd1 accessible ev5 to ! liv+1 & to :i*1 aft] dea?1 m5 travel 9 anticipation ( a life analog\s 9 g5]al "* to t :i* !y l$ be=e4 ,!n1 co-ord9at+ ^! g5]al facts--! ascription ( unkn[n p[]s to *iefs & m$ic9e m52 ! belief 9 deities hav+ human =ms1 passions1 & behavi\r2 ! imp]fect compreh5sion ( dea? z di/+ui%$ f life2 & ! proximity ( ! future abode to ! pres5t1 bo? 9 position & "*--let !m reflect :e!r !y d n almo/ unavoidably sugge/ ! conclusion t ! aborig9al god is ! dead *ief3 ! *ief n dead 9 our s5se1 b gone away c>ry+ ) him food & weapons to "s rum\r$ region ( pl5ty1 "s promis$ l&1 :i!r he _h long int5d$ to lead 8 foll[]s1 & :5ce he w pres5tly return to fet* !m4 ,?is hypo!sis once ent]ta9$1 is se5 to h>monize ) all primitive ideas & practices4 ,! sons ( ! deifi$ *ief reign+ aft] him1 x necess>ily happ5s t all e>ly k+s are held desc5dants ( ! gods2 & ! fact t alike 9 ,assyria1 ,egypt1 among ! ,jews1 ,phoenicians1 & anci5t ,britons1 k+s' names 7 =m$ out ( ! names ( ! gods1 is fully expla9$4 ,! g5esis ( ,poly!ism out ( ,feti%ism1 by ! successive migrations ( ! race ( god-k+s to ! o!r _w--a g5esis illu/rat$ 9 ! ,greek my?ology1 alike by ! precise g5ealogy ( ! deities1 & by ! specifically ass]t$ apo!osis ( ! lat] ones--t5ds fur!r to be> x out4 ,x expla9s ! fact t 9 ! old cre$s1 z 9 ! /ill extant cre$ ( ! ,otaheitans1 e family has its gu>dian _s1 :o is suppos$ to be "o ( _! dep>t$ relatives2 & t !y sacrifice to ^! z m9or gods--a practice /ill pursu$ by ! ,*9ese & ev5 by ! ,russians4 ,x is p]fectly congru\s ) ! ,grecian my?s conc]n+ ! w>s ( ! ,gods ) ! ,titans & _! f9al usurpation2 & x simil>ly agrees ) ! fact t among ! ,teutonic gods prop] 0 "o ,freir :o came among !m by adoption1 b 0 born among ! ,vanes1 a some:at my/]i\s o!r dyna/y ( gods1 :o _h be5 conqu]$ & sup]s$$ by ! /rong] & m w>like ,od9 dyna/y4 ,x h>monizes1 too1 ) ! belief t !re are diff]5t gods to diff]5t t]ritories & nations1 z !re 7 diff]5t *iefs2 t ^! gods cont5d = supremacy z *iefs d2 & x gives mean+ to ! boa/ ( neighb\r+ tribes--,our god is great] ?an y\r god4 ,x is confirm$ by ! notion univ]sally curr5t 9 e>ly times1 t ! gods come f ?is o!r abode1 9 :i* !y commonly live1 & appe> among m5--speak to !m1 help !m1 puni% !m4 ,& rememb]+ ?is1 x becomes manife/ t ! pray]s put up by primitive peoples to _! gods = aid 9 battle1 are meant lit]ally--t _! gods are expect$ to come back f ! o!r k+dom !y are reign+ ov]1 & once m fight ! old enemies !y _h be=e w>r$ aga9/ s implacably2 & x ne$s b to "n ! ,iliad1 to rem9d e "o h[ ?or\ghly !y believ$ ! expectation fulfill$4 ,all gov]nm5t1 !n1 be+ orig9ally t ( ! /rong man :o has become a feti% by "s manife/ation ( sup]iority1 !re arises1 at 8 dea?--8 suppos$ dep>ture on a long project$ exp$ition1 9 :i* he is accompani$ by 8 slaves & concub9es sacrific$ at 8 tomb--!re arises1 !n1 ! incipi5t division ( religi\s f political control1 ( civil rule f spiritual4 ,8 son becomes deput$ *ief dur+ 8 abs5ce2 8 au?ority is cit$ z t by :i* 8 son acts2 8 v5geance is invok$ on all :o disobey 8 son2 & 8 comm&s1 z previ\sly kn[n or z ass]t$ by 8 son1 become ! g]m ( a moral code3 a fact we %all ! m cle>ly p]ceive if we rememb]1 t e>ly moral codes inculcate ma9ly ! virtues ( ! w>rior1 & ! duty ( ext]m9at+ "s neighb\r+ tribe ^: exi/5ce is an (f5ce to ! deity4 ,f ?is po9t onw>ds1 ^! two k9ds ( au?ority1 at fir/ complicat$ toge!r z ^? ( pr9cipal & ag5t1 become sl[ly m & m di/9ct4 ,z exp]i5ce accumulates1 & ideas ( causation gr[ m precise1 k+s lose _! sup]natural attributes2 &1 in/ead ( ,god-k+1 become ,god-desc5d$ k+1 ,god-appo9t$ k+1 ! ,"l's ano9t$1 ! vic]eg5t ( heav51 rul] reign+ by ,div9e "r4 ,! old !ory1 h[ev]1 long cl+s to m5 9 feel+1 aft] x has disappe>$ 9 "n2 & su* div9ity do? h$ge a k+1 t ev5 n[1 _m1 on fir/ see+ "o1 feel a secret surprise at f9d+ him an ord9>y sample ( humanity4 ,! sacr$ness atta*+ to royalty atta*es aft]w>ds to its app5d$ in/itutions--to legislatures1 to laws4 ,legal & illegal are synonym\s ) "r & wrong2 ! au?ority ( ,p>liam5t is held unlimit$2 & a l+]+ fai? 9 gov]nm5tal p[] cont9ually g5]ates unf\nd$ hopes f its enactm5ts4 ,political scepticism1 h[ev]1 hav+ de/roy$ ! div9e pre/ige ( royalty1 goes on ev] increas+1 & promises ultimately to r$uce ! ,/ate to a purely secul> in/itution1 ^: regulations are limit$ 9 _! sph]e1 & h no o!r au?ority ?an ! g5]al w4 ,mean:ile1 ! religi\s control has be5 little by little sep>at+ itself f ! civil1 bo? 9 its ess5ce & 9 its =ms4 ,:ile f ! ,god-k+ ( ! savage h aris5 9 "o direction1 secul> rul]s :o1 age by age1 h be5 los+ ! sacr$ attributes m5 ascrib$ to !m2 !re has aris5 9 ano!r direction1 ! conception ( a deity1 :o1 at fir/ human 9 all ?+s1 has be5 gradually los+ human mat]iality1 human =m1 human passions1 human modes ( action3 until n[1 an?ropomorphism has become a reproa*4 ,along ) ?is wide div]g5ce 9 m5's ideas ( ! div9e & civil rul] has be5 tak+ place a correspond+ div]g5ce 9 ! codes ( conduct respectively proce$+ f !m4 ,:ile ! k+ 0 a deputy-god--a gov]nor su* z ! ,jews look$ = 9 ! ,messiah--a gov]nor consid]$1 z ! ,cz> /ill is1 our ,god ^u ,e>?1--x1 ( c\rse1 foll[$ t 8 comm&s 7 ! supreme rules4 ,b z m5 ceas$ to believe 9 8 sup]natural orig9 & nature1 8 comm&s ceas$ to be ! highe/2 & !re arose a di/9ction betwe5 ! regulations made by him1 & ! regulations h&$ d[n f ! old god-k+s1 :o 7 r5d]$ ev] m sacr$ by "t & ! accumulation ( my?s4 ,h5ce came respectively1 ,law & ,morality3 ! "o gr[+ ev] m concrete1 ! o!r m ab/ract2 ! au?ority ( ! "o ev] on ! decrease1 t ( ! o!r ev] on ! increase2 orig9ally ! same1 b n[ plac$ daily 9 m m>k$ antagonism4 ,simultane\sly !re has be5 go+ on a sep>ation ( ! in/itutions adm9i/]+ ^! two codes ( conduct4 ,:ile !y 7 yet "o1 ( c\rse ,*ur* & ,/ate 7 "o3 ! k+ 0 ar*-prie/1 n nom9ally1 b really--alike ! giv] ( new comm&s & ! *ief int]pret] ( ! old comm&s2 & ! deputy-prie/s com+ out ( 8 family 7 ?us simply exp\nd]s ( ! dictates ( _! ance/ry3 at fir/ z recollect$1 & aft]w>ds z asc]ta9$ by pr(ess$ int]views ) !m4 ,?is union--:i* /ill exi/$ practically dur+ ! middle ages1 :5 ! au?ority ( k+s 0 mix$ up ) ! au?ority ( ! pope1 :5 !re 7 bi%op-rul]s hav+ all ! p[]s ( feudal lords1 & :5 prie/s puni%$ by p5ances--has be51 /ep by /ep1 becom+ less close4 ,?\gh mon>*s are /ill def5d]s ( ! fai?1 & ecclesia/ical *iefs1 !y are b nom9ally su*4 ,?\gh bi%ops /ill h civil p[]1 x is n :at !y once _h4 ,prote/antism %ook loose ! bonds ( union2 ,diss5t has long be5 busy 9 organiz+ a me*anism = ! ex]cise ( religi\s control1 :olly indep5d5t ( law2 9 ,am]ica1 a sep>ate organization = t purpose already exi/s2 & if any?+ is to be hop$ f ! ,anti-,/ate-,*ur* ,association--or1 z x has be5 newly nam$1 ,! ,society = ! ,lib]ation ( ,religion f ,/ate ,patronage & ,control--we %all pres5tly h a sep>ate organization "h also4 ,?us alike 9 au?ority1 9 ess5ce1 & 9 =m1 political & spiritual rule h be5 ev] m widely div]g+ f ! same root4 ,t increas+ division ( lab\r :i* m>ks ! progress ( society 9 o!r ?+s1 m>ks x also 9 ?is sep>ation ( gov]nm5t into civil & religi\s2 & if we obs]ve h[ ! morality :i* =ms ! sub/ance ( religions 9 g5]al1 is beg9n+ to be purifi$ f ! associat$ cre$s1 we may anticipate t ?is division w be ultimately c>ri$ mu* fur!r4 ,pass+ n[ to ! ?ird species ( control--t ( ,mann]s--we %all f9d t ?is1 too1 :ile x _h a common g5esis ) ! o!rs1 has gradually come to h a di/9ct sph]e & a special embodim5t4 ,among e>ly aggregations ( m5 be=e yet social obs]vances exi/$1 ! sole =ms ( c\rtesy kn[n 7 ! signs ( submission to ! /rong man2 z ! sole law 0 8 w1 & ! sole religion ! awe ( 8 suppos$ sup]naturalness4 ,orig9ally1 c]emonies 7 modes ( behavi\r to ! god-k+4 ,our commone/ titles h be5 d]iv$ f 8 names4 ,& all salutations 7 prim>ily wor%ip paid to him4 ,let u trace out ^! tru?s 9 detail1 beg9n+ ) titles4 ,! fact already notic$1 t ! names ( e>ly k+s among div]s races are =m$ by ! addition ( c]ta9 syllables to ! names ( _! gods--:i* c]ta9 syllables1 l our ,mac & ,fitz1 probably mean son (1 or desc5d$ f--at once gives mean+ to ! t]m ,fa!r z a div9e title4 ,& :5 we read1 9 ,seld51 t ! composition out ( ^! names ( ,deities 0 n only prop] to ,k+s3 _! ,gr&es & m honorable ,subjects 7no d\bt memb]s ( ! royal race7 _h sometimes ! l2 we see h[ ! t]m ,fa!r1 prop]ly us$ by ^! also1 & by _! multiply+ desc5dants1 came to be a title us$ by ! p 9 g5]al4 ,& x is significant z be>+ on ?is po9t1 t among ! mo/ b>b>\s nation 9 ,europe1 :]e belief 9 ! div9e nature ( ! rul] /ill l+]s1 ,fa!r 9 ?is high] s5se is /ill a regal di/9ction4 ,:51 aga91 we rememb] h[ ! div9ity at fir/ ascrib$ to k+s 0 n a complim5t>y fiction b a suppos$ fact2 & h[1 fur!r1 "u ! ,feti% philosophy ! cele/ial bodies are believ$ to be p]sonages :o once liv$ among m52 we see t ! appellations ( ori5tal rul]s1 ,bro!r to ! ,sun1 c41 7 probably once expressive ( a g5u9e belief2 & h simply1 l _m o!r ?+s1 cont9u$ 9 use aft] all mean+ has gone out ( !m4 ,we may inf]1 too1 t ! titles ,god1 ,"l1 ,div9ity1 7 giv5 to primitive rul]s lit]ally--t ! no/ra div9itas appli$ to ! ,roman emp]ors1 & ! v>i\s sacr$ designations t h be5 borne by mon>*s1 d[n to ! /ill extant phrase1 ,our ,"l ! ,k+1 are ! dead & dy+ =ms ( :at 7 once liv+ facts4 ,f ^! names1 ,god1 ,fa!r1 ,"l1 ,div9ity1 orig9ally belong+ to ! ,god-k+1 & aft]w>ds to ,god & ! k+1 ! d]ivation ( our commone/ titles ( respect is cle>ly traceable4 ,!re is reason to ?9k t ^! titles 7 orig9ally prop] names4 ,n only d we see among ! ,egyptians1 :]e ,ph>aoh 0 synonym\s ) k+1 & among ! ,romans1 :]e to be ,caes>1 meant to be ,emp]or1 t ! prop] names ( ! greate/ m5 7 transf]r$ to _! successors1 & s became class names2 b 9 ! ,sc&9avian my?ology we may trace a human title ( hon\r up to ! prop] "n ( a div9e p]sonage4 ,9 ,anglo-,saxon bealdor1 or baldor1 means ,"l2 & ,bald] is ! "n ( ! fav\rite ( ,od9's sons--! gods :o ) him con/itute ! ,teutonic ,pan!on4 ,h[ ^! names ( hon\r became g5]al is easily und]/ood4 ,! relatives ( ! primitive k+s--! gr&ees describ$ by ,seld5 z hav+ names =m$ on ^? ( ! gods1 & %[n by ?is to be memb]s ( ! div9e race--necess>ily %>$ 9 ! epi!ts1 su* z ,"l1 descriptive ( sup]human relation%ips & nature4 ,_! ev]-multiply+ (fspr+ inh]it+ ^!1 gradually r5d]$ !m comp>atively common4 ,& !n !y came to be appli$ to e man ( p[]3 p>tly f ! fact t1 9 ^! e>ly days :5 m5 conceiv$ div9ity simply z a /rong] k9d ( humanity1 great p]sons c\ld be call$ by div9e epi!ts ) b little exagg]ation2 p>tly f ! fact t ! unusually pot5t 7 apt to be consid]$ z unrecogniz$ or illegitimate desc5dants ( ! /rong1 ! de/roy]1 ! p[]ful "o2 & p>tly1 also1 f complim5t & ! desire to propitiate4 ,progressively z sup]/ition dim9i%$1 ?is la/ became ! sole cause4 ,& if we rememb] t x is ! nature ( complim5t1 z we daily he> x1 to attribute m ?an is due--t 9 ! con/antly wid5+ application ( esquire1 9 ! p]petual repetition ( y\r hon\r by ! fawn+ ,iri%man1 & 9 ! use ( ! "n g5tleman to any coalheav] or du/man by ! l[] classes ( ,london1 we h curr5t examples ( ! depreciation ( titles consequ5t on complim5t--& t 9 b>b>\s times1 :5 ! wi% to propitiate 0 /rong] ?an n[1 ?is effect mu/ h be5 great]2 we %all see t !re naturally arose an ext5sive misuse ( all e>ly di/9ctions4 ,h5ce ! facts1 t ! ,jews call$ ,h]od a god2 t ,fa!r1 9 its high] s5se1 0 a t]m us$ among !m by s]vants to ma/]s2 t ,"l 0 applicable to any p]son ( wor? & p[]4 ,h5ce1 too1 ! fact t1 9 ! lat] p]iods ( ! ,roman ,empire1 e man salut$ 8 neighb\r z ,dom9us & ,rex4 ,b x is 9 ! titles ( ! middle ages1 & 9 ! gr[? ( our mod]n ones out ( !m1 t ! process is mo/ cle>ly se54 ,h]r1 ,don1 ,signior1 ,seigneur1 ,s5nor1 7 all orig9ally names ( rul]s--( feudal lords4 ,by ! complim5t>y use ( ^! names to all :o c\ld1 on any pret5ce1 be suppos$ to m]it !m1 & by successive degradations ( !m f ea* /ep 9 ! desc5t to a /ill l[] "o1 !y h come to be common =ms ( address4 ,at fir/ ! phrase 9 :i* a s]f acco/$ 8 despotic *ief1 me9 h]r is n[ famili>ly appli$ 9 ,g]many to ord9>y p4 ,! ,spani% title ,don1 once prop] to noblem5 & g5tlem5 only1 is n[ accord$ to all classes4 ,s1 too1 is x ) ,signior 9 ,italy4 ,seigneur1 & ,monseigneur1 by contraction 9 ,sieur & ,monsieur1 h produc$ ! t]m ( respect claim$ by e ,fr5*man4 ,& :e!r ,sire be or be n a l contraction ( ,signior1 x is cle> t1 z x 0 borne by sundry ( ! anci5t feudal lords ( ,france1 :o1 z ,seld5 says1 affect$ r to bee /il$ by ! "n ( ,sire ?an ,b>on1 z ,le ,sire de ,montmor5cie1 ,le ,sire de ,beaulieu1 & ! l1 & z x has be5 commonly us$ to mon>*s1 our ^w ,sir1 :i* is d]iv$ f x1 orig9ally meant "l or k+4 ,?us1 too1 is x ) fem99e titles4 ,lady1 :i*1 accord+ to ,horne ,tooke1 means exalt$1 & 0 at fir/ giv5 only to ! few1 is n[ giv5 to all wom5 ( education4 ,dame1 once an hon\rable "n to :i*1 9 old books1 we f9d ! epi!ts ( highborn & /ately affix$1 has n[1 by repeat$ wid5+s ( its application1 become relatively a t]m ( contempt4 ,& if we trace ! comp\nd ( ?is1 ma ,dame1 ?r\gh its contractions--,madam1 ma'am1 mam1 mum1 we f9d t ! ,yes'm ( ,sally to h] mi/ress is orig9ally equival5t to ,yes1 my exalt$1 or ,yes1 y\r highness4 ,?r\gh\t1 !re=e1 ! g5esis ( words ( hon\r has be5 ! same4 ,j z ) ! ,jews & ) ! ,romans1 has x be5 ) ! mod]n ,europeans4 ,trac+ ^! ev]yday names to _! primitive significations ( "l & k+1 & rememb]+ t 9 aborig9al societies ^! 7 appli$ only to ! gods & _! desc5dants1 we arrive at ! conclusion t our famili> ,sir & ,monsieur are1 9 _! prim>y & exp&$ mean+s1 t]ms ( adoration4 ,fur!r to illu/rate ?is gradual depreciation ( titles1 & to confirm ! inf]5ce drawn1 x may be well to notice 9 pass+1 t ! olde/ ( !m h1 z might be expect$1 be5 depreciat$ to ! greate/ ext5t4 ,?us1 ,ma/]--a ^w prov$ by its d]ivation & by ! simil>ity ( ! connate words 9 o!r languages 7,fr41 maitre = ma/]2 ,russ41 ma/]2 ,dan41 mee/]2 ,g]41 mei/]7 to h be5 "o ( ! e>lie/ 9 use = express+ lord%ip--has n[ become applicable to *ildr5 only1 & "u ! modification ( ,mi/]1 to p]sons next above ! lab\r]4 ,aga91 knigh?ood1 ! olde/ k9d ( dignity1 is also ! l[e/2 & ,knight ,ba*elor1 :i* is ! l[e/ ord] ( knigh?ood1 is m anci5t ?an any o!r ( ! ord]s4 ,simil>ly1 too1 ) ! pe]age3 ,b>on is alike ! e>lie/ & lea/ elevat$ ( its divisions4 ,?is cont9ual degradation ( all names ( honor has1 f "t to "t1 made x requisite to introduce new ones hav+ t di/+ui%+ effect :i* ! orig9als _h lo/ by g5]ality ( use2 j z our habit ( misapply+ sup]latives has1 by gradually de/roy+ _! =ce1 entail$ ! ne$ = fre% ones4 ,& if1 )9 ! la/ ?\s& ye>s1 ?is process has produc$ effects ?us m>k$1 we may readily conceive h[1 dur+ previ\s ?\s&s1 ! titles ( gods & demi-gods came to be us$ to all p]sons ex]cis+ p[]2 z !y h s9ce come to be us$ to p]sons ( respectability4 ,if f names ( hon\r we turn to phrases ( hon\r1 we f9d simil> facts4 ,! ,ori5tal /yles ( address1 appli$ to ord9>y p--,i am y\r slave1 ,all ,i h is y\rs1 ,i am y\r sacrifice--attribute to ! individual spok5 to ! same greatness t ,monsieur & ,my ,"l d3 !y ascribe to him ! "* ( an all-p[]ful rul]1 s immeasurably sup]ior to ! speak] z to be 8 own]4 ,s1 likewise1 ) ! ,poli% expressions ( respect--,i ?r[ myself "u y\r feet1 ,i kiss y\r feet4 ,9 our n[ mean+less subscription to a =mal lett]--,y\r mo/ ob$i5t s]vant1--! same ?+ is visible4 ,nay1 ev5 9 ! famili> signature ,y\rs fai?fully1 ! y\rs1 if int]pret$ z orig9ally meant1 is ! expression ( a slave to 8 ma/]4 ,all ^! dead =ms 7 once liv+ embodim5ts ( fact--7 prim>ily ! g5u9e indications ( t submission to au?ority :i* !y v]bally ass]t2 7 aft]w>ds naturally us$ by ! weak & c[>dly to propitiate ^? above !m2 gradually grew to be consid]$ ! due ( su*2 &1 by a cont9ually wid] misuse1 h lo/ _! mean+s1 z ,sir & ,ma/] h done4 ,t1 l titles1 !y 7 9 ! beg9n+ us$ only to ! ,god-k+1 is indicat$ by ! fact t1 l titles1 !y 7 subsequ5tly us$ 9 common to ,god & ! k+4 ,religi\s wor%ip has ev] l>gely consi/$ ( pr(essions ( ob$i5ce1 ( be+ ,god's s]vants1 ( belong+ to him to d :at he w )4 ,l titles1 !re=e1 ^! common phrases ( hon\r _h a devotional orig94 ,p]haps1 h[ev]1 x is 9 ! use ( ! ^w y z a s+ul> pron\n t ! popul>iz+ ( :at 7 once supreme di/9ctions is mo/ m>k$ly illu/rat$4 ,?is speak+ ( a s+le individual 9 ! plural1 0 orig9ally an hon\r giv5 only to ! highe/--0 ! reciprocal ( ! imp]ial we assum$ by su*4 ,yet n[1 by be+ appli$ to successively l[] & l[] classes1 x has become all b univ]sal4 ,only by "o sect ( ,*ri/ians1 & 9 a few seclud$ di/ricts1 is ! primitive ?\ /ill us$4 ,& ! y1 9 becom+ common to all ranks has simultane\sly lo/ e ve/ige ( ! hon\r once atta*+ to x4 ,b ! g5esis ( ,mann]s out ( =ms ( allegiance & wor%ip1 is above all %[n 9 m5's modes ( salutation4 ,note fir/ ! significance ( ! ^w4 ,among ! ,romans1 ! salutatio 0 a daily homage paid by cli5ts & inf]iors to sup]iors4 ,?is 0 alike ! case ) civilians & 9 ! army4 ,! v d]ivation ( our ^w1 !re=e1 is sugge/ive ( submission4 ,pass+ to p>ticul> =ms ( obeisance 7m>k ! ^w aga971 let u beg9 ) ! ,ea/]n "o ( b>+ ! feet4 ,?is 01 prim>ily1 a m>k ( rev]5ce1 alike to a god & a k+4 ,! act ( ,moses be=e ! burn+ bu%1 & ! practice ( ,mahometans1 :o are sworn on ! ,koran ) _! %oes (f1 exemplify ! "o employm5t ( x2 ! cu/om ( ! ,p]sians1 :o remove _! %oes on ent]+ ! pres5ce ( _! mon>*1 exemplifies ! o!r4 ,z usual1 h[ev]1 ?is homage1 paid next to inf]ior rul]s1 has desc5d$ f grade to grade4 ,9 ,india1 x is a common m>k ( respect2 a polite man 9 ,turkey always leaves 8 %oes at ! door1 :ile ! l[] ord]s ( ,turks nev] ent] ! pres5ce ( _! sup]iors b 9 _! /ock+s2 & 9 ,japan1 ?is b>+ ( ! feet is an ord9>y salutation ( man to man4 ,take ano!r case4 ,seld51 describ+ ! c]emonies ( ! ,romans1 says3--,= :]eas x 0 usual ei!r to kiss ! ,images ( _! ,gods1 or ador+ !m1 to /& some:at (f be=e !m1 solemnly mov+ ! "r h& to ! lips1 & !n1 ca/+ x z if !y _h ca/ kisses1 to turne ! body on ! same h& 7:i* 0 ! "r =me ( ,adoration71 x grew also by cu/om1 fir/ t ! emp]ors1 be+ next to ,deities1 & by "s acc\nt$ z ,deities1 _h ! l done to !m 9 ackn[l$gm5t ( _! ,greatness4 ,if1 n[1 we call to m9d ! awkw>d salute ( a village s*ool-boy1 made by putt+ 8 op5 h& up to 8 face & describ+ a semicircle ) 8 =e>m2 & if we rememb] t ! salute ?us us$ z a =m ( rev]5ce 9 c\ntry di/ricts1 is mo/ likely a remnant ( ! feudal times2 we %all see reason = ?9k+ t our common wave ( ! h& to a fri5d across ! /reet1 repres5ts :at 0 prim>ily a devotional act4 ,simil>ly h orig9at$ all =ms ( respect dep5d+ ^u incl9ations ( ! body4 ,entire pro/ration is ! aborig9al sign ( submission4 ,! passage ( ,scripture1 ,?\ ha/ put all "u 8 feet1 & t o!r "o1 s sugge/ive 9 its an?ropomorphism1 ,! ,"l said unto my ,"l1 sit ?\ at my "r h&1 until ,i make ?9e enemies ?y foot/ool1 imply1 :at ! ,assyrian sculptures fully be> out1 t x 0 ! practice ( ! anci5t god-k+s ( ! ,ea/ to trample ^u ! conqu]$4 ,& :5 we be> 9 m9d t !re are exi/+ savages :o signify submission by plac+ ! neck "u ! foot ( ! p]son submitt$ to1 x becomes obvi\s t all pro/ration1 especially :5 accompani$ by kiss+ ! foot1 express$ a will+ness to be trodd5 ^u--0 an attempt to mitigate wra? by say+1 9 signs1 ,tread on me if y w4 ,rememb]+1 fur!r1 t kiss+ ! foot1 z ( ! ,pope & ( a sa9t's /atue1 /ill cont9ues 9 ,europe to be a m>k ( extreme rev]5ce2 t pro/ration to feudal lords 0 once g5]al2 & t its disappe>ance mu/ h tak5 place1 n abruptly1 b by gradual modification into some?+ else2 we h gr\nd = d]iv+ f ^! deepe/ ( humiliations all incl9ations ( respect2 especially z ! transition is traceable4 ,! rev]5ce ( a ,russian s]f1 :o b5ds 8 head to ! gr\nd1 & ! salaam ( ! ,h9doo1 are abridg$ pro/rations2 a b[ is a %ort salaam2 a nod is a %ort b[4 ,%\ld any hesitate to admit ?is conclusion1 !n p]haps1 on be+ rem9d$ t ! l[e/ ( ^! obeisances are common :]e ! submission is mo/ abject2 t among ourselves ! pr(undity ( ! b[ m>ks ! am\nt ( respect2 & la/ly1 t ! b[ is ev5 n[ us$ devotionally 9 our *ur*es--by ,ca?olics to _! alt>s1 & by ,prote/ants at ! "n ( ,*ri/--!y w see suffici5t evid5ce = ?9k+ t ?is salutation also 0 orig9ally wor%ip4 ,! same may be said1 too1 ( ! curtsy1 or c\rtesy1 z x is o!rwise writt54 ,its d]ivation f c\rtoisie1 c\rte\sness1 t is1 behavi\r l t at c\rt1 at once %[s t x 0 prim>ily ! rev]5ce paid to a mon>*4 ,& if we call to m9d t fall+ ^u ! knees1 or ^u "o knee1 has be5 a common obeisance ( subjects to rul]s2 t 9 anci5t manuscripts & tape/ries1 s]vants are depict$ z assum+ ?is attitude :ile (f]+ ! di%es to _! ma/]s at table2 & t ?is same attitude is assum$ t[>ds our own que5 at e pres5tation2 we may inf]1 :at ! "* ( ! curtsy itself sugge/s1 t x is an abridg$ act ( kneel+4 ,z ! ^w has be5 contract$ f c\rtoisie into curtsy2 s ! motion has be5 contract$ f a plac+ ( ! knee on ! floor1 to a l[]+ ( ! knee t[>ds ! floor4 ,moreov]1 :5 we comp>e ! curtsy ( a lady ) ! awkw>d "o a peasant girl makes1 :i*1 if cont9u$1 w\ld br+ h] d[n on bo? knees1 we may see 9 ?is la/ a remnant ( t great] rev]5ce requir$ ( s]fs4 ,& :51 f consid]+ t simple kneel+ ( ! ,we/1 /ill repres5t$ by ! curtsy1 we pass ,ea/w>d1 & note ! attitude ( ! ,mahom$an wor%ipp]1 :o n only kneels b b[s 8 head to ! gr\nd1 we may inf] t ! curtsy also1 is an evanesc5t =m ( ! aborig9al pro/ration4 ,9 fur!r evid5ce ( ?is x may be rem>k$1 t !re has b rec5tly disappe>$ f ! salutations ( m51 an action hav+ ! same proximate d]ivation ) ! curtsy4 ,t backw>d sweep ( ! foot ) :i* ! conv5tional /age-sailor accompanies 8 b[--a movem5t :i* prevail$ g5]ally 9 pa/ g5]ations1 :5 a b[ & a scrape w5t toge!r1 & :i*1 )9 ! memory ( liv+ p]sons1 0 made by boys to _! s*oolma/] ) ! effect ( we>+ a hole 9 ! floor--is pretty cle>ly a prelim9>y to go+ on "o knee4 ,a motion s unga9ly c\ld nev] h be5 int5tionally introduc$2 ev5 if ! artificial introduction ( obeisances 7 possible4 ,h5ce we mu/ reg>d x z ! remnant ( some?+ antec$5t3 & t ?is some?+ antec$5t 0 humiliat+ maybe inf]r$ f ! phrase1 scrap+ an acqua9tance2 :i*1 be+ us$ to d5ote ! ga9+ ( fav\r by obsequi\sness1 implies t ! scrape 0 consid]$ a m>k ( s]vility--t is1 ( s]f-ility4 ,consid]1 aga91 ! uncov]+ ( ! head4 ,almo/ ev]y:]e ?is has be5 a sign ( rev]5ce1 alike 9 temples & be=e pot5tates2 & x yet pres]ves among u "s ( its orig9al mean+4 ,:e!r x ra9s1 hails1 or %9es1 y mu/ keep y\r head b>e :ile speak+ to ! mon>*2 & on no plea may y rema9 cov]$ 9 a place ( wor%ip4 ,z usual1 h[ev]1 ?is c]emony1 at fir/ a submission to gods & k+s1 has become 9 process ( "t a common civility4 ,once an ackn[l$gm5t ( ano!r's unlimit$ supremacy1 ! removal ( ! hat is n[ a salute accord$ to v ord9>y p]sons1 & t uncov]+1 orig9ally res]v$ = entrance into ! h\se ( ,god1 good mann]s n[ dictates on entrance into ! h\se ( a common lab\r]4 ,/&+1 too1 z a m>k ( respect1 has und]gone l ext5sions 9 its application4 ,%[n1 by ! practice 9 our *ur*es1 to be int]m$iate betwe5 ! humiliation signifi$ by kneel+ & ! self-respect :i* sitt+ implies1 & us$ at c\rts z a =m ( homage :5 m active demon/rations ( x h be5 made1 ?is po/ure is n[ employ$ 9 daily life to %[ consid]ation2 z se5 alike 9 ! attitude ( a s]vant be=e a ma/]1 & 9 t ris+ :i* polit5ess prescribes on ! entrance ( a visitor4 ,_m o!r ?reads ( evid5ce might h be5 wov5 into our argum5t4 ,z1 = example1 ! significant fact1 t if we trace back our /ill exi/+ law ( primog5iture--if we consid] x z display$ by ,scotti% clans1 9 :i* n only own]%ip b gov]nm5t devolv$ f ! beg9n+ on ! elde/ son ( ! elde/--if we look fur!r back1 & obs]ve t ! old titles ( lord%ip1 ,signor1 ,seigneur1 ,s5nor1 ,sire1 ,sieur1 all orig9ally mean1 s5ior1 or eld]--if we g ,ea/w>d1 & f9d t ,%eick has a l d]ivation1 & t ! ,ori5tal names = prie/s1 z ,pir1 = in/ance1 are lit]ally int]pret$ old man--if we note 9 ,hebrew records h[ primeval is ! ascrib$ sup]iority ( ! fir/-born1 h[ great ! au?ority ( eld]s1 & h[ sacr$ ! memory ( patri>*s--& if1 !n1 we rememb] t among div9e titles are ,anci5t ( ,days1 & ,fa!r ( ,gods & m52--we see h[ completely ^! facts h>monize ) ! hypo!sis1 t ! aborig9al god is ! fir/ man suffici5tly great to become a tradition1 ! e>lie/ ^: p[] & de$s made him rememb]$2 t h5ce antiquity unavoidably became associat$ ) sup]iority1 & age ) ne>ness 9 blood to ! p[]ful "o2 t s !re naturally arose t dom9ation ( ! elde/ :i* *>act]izes all hi/ory1 & t !ory ( human deg5]acy :i* ev5 yet survives4 ,we might fur!r dwell on ! facts1 t ,"l signifies high-born1 or1 z ! same root gives a ^w mean+ heav51 possibly heav5-born2 t1 be=e x became common1 ,sir or ,sire1 z well z ,fa!r1 0 ! di/9ction ( a prie/2 t wor%ip1 orig9ally wor?-%ip--a t]m ( respect t has be5 us$ commonly1 z well z to magi/rates--is also our t]m = ! act ( attribut+ greatness or wor? to ! ,deity2 s t to ascribe wor?-%ip to a man is to wor%ip him4 ,we might make mu* ( ! evid5ce t all e>ly gov]nm5ts are m or less di/9ctly !ocratic2 & t among anci5t ,ea/]n nations ev5 ! commone/ =ms & cu/oms appe> to h be5 influ5c$ by religion4 ,we might en=ce our argum5t respect+ ! d]ivation ( c]emonies1 by trac+ out ! aborig9al obeisance made by putt+ du/ on ! head1 :i* probably symbolizes putt+ ! head 9 ! du/3 by affiliat+ ! practice prevail+ among c]ta9 tribes1 ( do+ ano!r hon\r by pres5t+ him ) a portion ( hair torn f ! head--an act :i* seems tantam\nt to say+1 ,i am y\r slave2 by inve/igat+ ! ,ori5tal cu/om ( giv+ to a visitor any object he speaks ( admir+ly1 :i* is pretty cle>ly a c>ry+ out ! complim5t1 ,all ,i h is y\rs4 ,)\t enl>g+1 h[ev]1 on ^! & _m m9or facts1 we v5ture to ?9k t ! evid5ce already assign$ is suffici5t to ju/ify our position4 ,_h ! pro(s be5 few or ( "o k9d1 little fai? c\ld h be5 plac$ 9 ! inf]5ce4 ,b num]\s z !y are1 alike 9 ! case ( titles1 9 t ( complim5t>y phrases1 & 9 t ( salutes--simil> & simultane\s1 too1 z ! process ( depreciation has be5 9 all ( ^!2 ! evid5ces become /rong by mutual confirmation4 ,& :5 we recollect1 also1 t n only h ! results ( ?is process be5 visible 9 v>i\s nations & 9 all times1 b t !y are occurr+ among ourselves at ! pres5t mom5t1 & t ! causes assign$ = previ\s depreciations may be se5 daily work+ out o!r ones--:5 we recollect ?is1 x becomes sc>cely possible to d\bt t ! process has be5 z alleg$2 & t our ord9>y words1 acts1 & phrases ( civility 7 orig9ally ackn[l$gm5ts ( submission to ano!r's omnipot5ce4 ,?us ! g5]al doctr9e1 t all k9ds ( gov]nm5t ex]cis$ ov] m5 7 at fir/ "o gov]nm5t--t ! political1 ! religi\s1 & ! c]emonial =ms ( control are div]g5t bran*es ( a g5]al & once indivisible control--beg9s to look t5able4 ,:51 ) ! above facts fre% 9 m9d1 we read primitive records1 & f9d t !re 7 giants 9 ^? days--:5 we rememb] t 9 ,ea/]n traditions ,nimrod1 among o!rs1 figures 9 all ! *>act]s ( giant1 k+1 & div9ity--:5 we turn to ! sculptures exhum$ by ,mr4 ,lay>d1 & contemplat+ 9 !m ! effigies ( k+s driv+ ov] enemies1 trampl+ on prison]s1 & ador$ by pro/rate slaves1 !n obs]ve h[ _! actions correspond to ! primitive names = ! div9ity1 ! /rong1 ! de/roy]1 ! p[]ful "o--:5 we f9d t ! e>lie/ temples 7 also ! resid5ces ( ! k+s--& :51 la/ly1 we discov] t among races ( m5 /ill liv+1 !re are curr5t sup]/itions analog\s to ^? :i* old records & old build+s indicate2 we beg9 to realize ! probability ( ! hypo!sis t has be5 set =?4 ,go+ back1 9 imag9ation1 to ! remote era :5 m5's !ories ( ?+s 7 yet un=m$2 & conceiv+ to ourselves ! conqu]+ *ief z dimly figur$ 9 anci5t my?s1 & poems1 & ru9s2 we may see t all rules ( conduct :atev] spr+ f 8 w4 ,alike legislator & judge1 all qu>rels among 8 subjects are decid$ by him2 & 8 words become ! ,law4 ,awe ( him is ! incipi5t ,religion2 & 8 maxims furni% its fir/ precepts4 ,submission is made to him 9 ! =ms he prescribes2 & ^! give bir? to ,mann]s4 ,f ! fir/1 "t develops political allegiance & ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice2 f ! second1 ! wor%ip ( a be+ ^: p]sonality becomes ev] m vague1 & ! inculcation ( precepts ev] m ab/ract2 f ! ?ird1 =ms ( hon\r & ! rules ( etiquette4 ,9 con=mity ) ! law ( evolution ( all organiz$ bodies1 t g5]al functions are gradually sep>at$ into ! special functions con/itut+ !m1 !re h gr[n up 9 ! social organism = ! bett] p]=mance ( ! gov]nm5tal (fice1 an app>atus ( law-c\rts1 judges1 & b>ri/]s2 a national *ur*1 ) its bi%ops & prie/s2 & a sy/em ( ca/e1 titles1 & c]emonies1 adm9i/]$ by society at l>ge4 ,by ! fir/1 ov]t aggressions are cogniz$ & puni%$2 by ! second1 ! disposition to commit su* aggressions is 9 "s degree *eck$2 by ! ?ird1 ^? m9or brea*es ( good conduct1 :i* ! o!rs d n notice1 are d5\nc$ & *a/is$4 ,law & ,religion control behavi\r 9 its ess5tials3 ,mann]s control x 9 its details4 ,= regulat+ ^? daily actions :i* are too num]\s & too unimportant to be (ficially direct$1 !re comes into play ?is subtl] set ( re/ra9ts4 ,& :5 we consid] :at ^! re/ra9ts are--:5 we analyze ! words1 & phrases1 & salutes employ$1 we see t 9 orig9 z 9 effect1 ! sy/em is a sett+ up ( tempor>y gov]nm5ts betwe5 all m5 :o come 9 contact1 = ! purpose ( bett] manag+ ! int]c\rse betwe5 !m4 99 99 99 99 99 ,f ! proposition1 t ^! sev]al k9ds ( gov]nm5t are ess5tially "o1 bo? 9 g5esis & function1 may be d$uc$ sev]al important coroll>ies1 directly be>+ on our special topic4 ,let u fir/ notice1 t !re is n only a common orig9 & (fice = all =ms ( rule1 b a common necessity = !m4 ,! aborig9al man1 com+ fre% f ! kill+ ( be>s & f ly+ 9 ambu% = 8 enemy1 has1 by ! necessities ( 8 condition1 a nature requir+ to be curb$ 9 its e impulse4 ,alike 9 w> & 9 ! *ase1 8 daily discipl9e has be5 t ( sacrific+ o!r creatures to 8 own ne$s & passions4 ,8 "*1 bequea!d to him by ance/ors :o l$ simil> lives1 is m\ld$ by ?is discipl9e--is fitt$ to ?is exi/5ce4 ,! unlimit$ selfi%ness1 ! love ( inflict+ pa91 ! blood?ir/9ess1 ?us kept active1 he br+s ) him into ! social /ate4 ,^! dispositions put him 9 con/ant dang] ( conflict ) 8 equally savage neighb\r4 ,9 small ?+s z 9 great1 9 words z 9 de$s1 he is aggressive2 & is h\rly liable to ! aggressions ( o!rs l natur$4 ,only1 !re=e1 by ! mo/ rigor\s control ex]cis$ ov] all actions1 c ! primitive unions ( m5 be ma9ta9$4 ,!re mu/ be a rul] /rong1 remorseless1 & ( indomitable w2 !re mu/ be a cre$ t]rible 9 its ?reats to ! disob$i5t2 & !re mu/ be ! mo/ s]vile submission ( all inf]iors to sup]iors4 ,! law mu/ be cruel2 ! religion mu/ be /]n2 ! c]emonies mu/ be /rict4 ,! co-ord9ate necessity = ^! sev]al k9ds ( re/ra9t might be l>gely illu/rat$ f hi/ory 7 !re space4 ,suffice x to po9t out1 t :]e ! civil p[] has be5 weak1 ! multiplication ( ?ieves1 assass9s1 & b&itti1 has indicat$ ! approa* ( social dissolution2 t :51 f ! corruptness ( its m9i/ry1 religion has lo/ its influ5ce1 z x did j be=e ! ,flagellants appe>$1 ! ,/ate has be5 endang]$2 & t ! disreg>d ( e/abli%$ social obs]vances has ev] be5 an accompanim5t ( political revolutions4 ,:oev] d\bts ! necessity = a gov]nm5t ( mann]s proportionate 9 /r5g? to ! co-exi/+ political & religi\s gov]nm5ts1 w be conv9c$ on call+ to m9d t until rec5tly ev5 elaborate codes ( behavi\r fail$ to keep g5tlem5 f qu>rell+ 9 ! /reets & fight+ duels 9 tav]ns2 & on rememb]+ fur!r1 t ev5 n[ p exhibit at ! doors ( a !atre1 :]e !re is no c]emonial law to rule !m1 a degree ( aggressiv5ess :i* w\ld produce confusion if c>ri$ into social int]c\rse4 ,z might be expect$1 we f9d t1 hav+ a common orig9 & l g5]al functions1 ^! sev]al controll+ ag5cies act dur+ ea* era ) simil> degrees ( vig\r4 ,"u ! ,*9ese despotism1 /r+5t & multitud9\s 9 its edicts & h>% 9 ! en=cem5t ( !m1 & associat$ ) :i* !re is an equally /]n dome/ic despotism ex]cis$ by ! elde/ surviv+ male ( ! family1 !re exi/s a sy/em ( obs]vances alike complicat$ & rigid4 ,!re is a tribunal ( c]emonies4 ,previ\s to pres5tation at c\rt1 ambassadors pass _m days 9 practis+ ! requir$ =ms4 ,social int]c\rse is cumb]$ by endless complim5ts & obeisances4 ,class di/9ctions are /rongly m>k$ by badges4 ,! *ief regret on los+ an only son is1 t !re w be no "o to p]=m ! sepul*ral rites4 ,& if !re wants a def9ite measure ( ! respect paid to social ord9ances1 we h x 9 ! torture to :i* ladies submit 9 hav+ _! feet cru%$4 ,9 ,india1 & inde$ ?r\gh\t ! ,ea/1 !re exi/s a l connection betwe5 ! pitiless tyranny ( rul]s1 ! dread t]rors ( immemorial cre$s1 & ! rigid re/ra9t ( un*angeable cu/oms3 ! ca/e regulations cont9ue /ill unalt]able2 ! fa%ions ( clo!s & furniture h rema9$ ! same = ages2 suttees are s anci5t z to be m5tion$ by ,/rabo & ,diodorus ,siculus2 ju/ice is /ill adm9i/]$ at ! palace-gates z ( old2 9 %ort1 e usage is a precept ( religion & a maxim ( jurisprud5ce4 ,a simil> relation%ip ( ph5om5a 0 exhibit$ 9 ,europe dur+ ! ,middle ,ages4 ,:ile all its gov]nm5ts 7 autocratic1 :ile feudalism held sway1 :ile ! ,*ur* 0 un%orn ( its p[]1 :ile ! crim9al code 0 full ( horrors & ! hell ( ! popul> cre$ full ( t]rors1 ! rules ( behavi\r 7 bo? m num]\s & m c>efully con=m$ to ?an n[4 ,diff]5ces ( dress m>k$ divisions ( rank4 ,m5 7 limit$ by law to a c]ta9 wid? ( %oe-toes2 & no "o bel[ a specifi$ degree might we> a cloak less ?an s _m in*es long4 ,! symbols on bann]s & %ields 7 c>efully att5d$ to4 ,h]aldry 0 an important bran* ( k4 ,prec$5ce 0 /rictly insi/$ on4 ,& ^? v>i\s salutes ( :i* we n[ use ! abridgm5ts 7 gone ?r\gh 9 full4 ,ev5 dur+ our own la/ c5tury1 ) its corrupt ,h\se ( ,commons & little-curb$ mon>*s1 we may m>k a correspond5ce ( social =malities4 ,g5tlem5 7 /ill di/+ui%$ f l[] classes by dress2 p sacrific$ !mselves to inconv5i5t requirem5ts--z p[d]1 hoop$ petticoats1 & t[]+ head-dresses2 & *ildr5 address$ _! p>5ts z ,sir & ,madam4 ,a fur!r coroll>y naturally foll[+ ?is la/1 & almo/1 inde$1 =m+ "p ( x1 is1 t ^! sev]al k9ds ( gov]nm5t decrease 9 /r+5cy at ! same rate4 ,simultane\sly ) ! decl9e 9 ! influ5ce ( prie/hoods1 & 9 ! fe> ( et]nal torm5ts--simultane\sly ) ! mitigation ( political tyranny1 ! gr[? ( popul> p[]1 & ! amelioration ( crim9al codes2 has tak5 place t dim9ution ( =malities & t fad+ ( di/9ctive m>ks1 n[ s obs]vable4 ,look+ at home1 we may note t !re is less att5tion to prec$5ce ?an !re us$ to be4 ,no "o 9 our day ends an int]view ) ! phrase y\r humble s]vant4 ,! employm5t ( ! ^w ,sir1 once g5]al 9 social int]c\rse1 is at pres5t consid]$ bad bre$+2 & on ! occasions call+ = !m1 x is held vulg> to use ! words ,y\r ,maje/y1 or ,y\r ,royal ,highness1 m ?an once 9 a conv]sation4 ,p no long] =mally dr9k ea* o!r's heal?s2 & ev5 ! tak+ w9e ) ea* o!r at d9n] has ceas$ to be fa%ionable4 ,! tak+-(f ( hats betwe5 g5tlem5 has be5 gradually fall+ into disuse4 ,ev5 :5 ! hat is remov$1 x is no long] swept out at arm's l5g?1 b is simply lift$4 ,h5ce ! rem>k made ^u u by =eign]s1 t we take (f our hats less ?an any o!r nation 9 ,europe--a rem>k t %\ld be c\pl$ ) ! o!r1 t we are ! free/ nation 9 ,europe4 ,z already impli$1 ?is association ( facts is n accid5tal4 ,^! titles ( address & modes ( salutation1 be>+ ab\t !m1 z !y all d1 some?+ ( t s]vility :i* m>ks _! orig91 become di/a/eful 9 proportion z m5 become m indep5d5t !mselves1 & sympa?ise m ) ! indep5d5ce ( o!rs4 ,! feel+ :i* makes ! mod]n g5tleman tell ! lab\r] /&+ b>ehead$ be=e him to put on 8 hat--! feel+ :i* gives u a dislike to ^? :o cr+e & fawn--! feel+ :i* makes u alike ass]t our own dignity & respect t ( o!rs--! feel+ :i* ?us leads u m & m to disc\nt5ance all =ms & names :i* confess inf]iority & submission2 is ! same feel+ :i* resi/s despotic p[] & inaugurates popul> gov]nm5t1 d5ies ! au?ority ( ! ,*ur* & e/abli%es ! "r ( private judgm5t4 ,a f\r? fact1 ak9 to ! =ego+1 is1 t ^! sev]al k9ds ( gov]nm5t n only decl9e toge!r1 b corrupt toge!r4 ,by ! same process t a ,c\rt ( ,*anc]y becomes a place n = ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice1 b = ! )hold+ ( x--by ! same process t a national *ur*1 f be+ an ag5cy = moral control1 comes to be m]ely a ?+ ( =mulas & ti!s & bi%oprics--by ?is same process d titles & c]emonies t once _h a mean+ & a p[] become empty =ms4 ,coats ( arms :i* s]v$ to di/+ui% m5 9 battle1 n[ figure on ! c>riage panels ( retir$ groc]s4 ,once a badge ( high milit>y rank1 ! %\ld]-knot has become1 on ! mod]n footman1 a m>k ( s]vitude4 ,! "n ,bann]et1 :i* once m>k$ a p>tially-creat$ ,b>on--a ,b>on :o _h pass$ 8 milit>y little g--is n[1 "u ! modification ( ,b>onet1 applicable to any "o fav\r$ by weal? or int]e/ or p>ty feel+4 ,knigh?ood has s f> ceas$ to be an hon\r1 t m5 n[ hon\r !mselves by decl9+ x4 ,! milit>y dignity ,escuy] has1 9 ! mod]n ,esquire1 become a :olly unmilit>y affix4 ,n only d titles1 & phrases1 & salutes cease to fulfil _! orig9al functions1 b ! :ole app>atus ( social =ms t5ds to become useless = its orig9al purpose--! facilitation ( social int]c\rse4 ,^? mo/ le>n$ 9 c]emonies1 & mo/ precise 9 ! obs]vance ( !m1 are n always ! be/ behav$2 z ^? deepe/ read 9 cre$s & scriptures are n !re=e ! mo/ religi\s2 nor ^? :o h ! cle>e/ notions ( legality & illegality1 ! mo/ hone/4 ,j z lawy]s are ( all m5 ! lea/ not$ = probity2 z ca!dral t[ns h a l[] moral "* ?an mo/ o!rs2 s1 if ,swift is to be believ$1 c\rti]s are ! mo/ insignificant race ( p t ! isl& c af=d1 & ) ! smalle/ t9cture ( good mann]s4 ,b p]haps x is 9 t class ( social obs]vances compreh5d$ "u ! t]m ,fa%ion1 :i* we mu/ "h discuss p>5!tically1 t ?is process ( corruption is se5 ) ! greate/ di/9ctness4 ,z contra/$ ) ,mann]s1 :i* dictate our m9or acts 9 relation to o!r p]sons1 ,fa%ion dictates our m9or acts 9 relation to ourselves4 ,:ile ! "o prescribes t "p ( our deportm5t :i* directly affects our neighb\rs2 ! o!r prescribes t "p ( our deportm5t :i* is prim>ily p]sonal1 & 9 :i* our neighb\rs are conc]n$ only z spectators4 ,?us di/+ui%$ z !y are1 h[ev]1 ! two h a common s\rce4 ,= :ile1 z we h %[n1 ,mann]s orig9ate by imitation ( ! behavi\r pursu$ t[>ds ! great2 ,fa%ion orig9ates by imitation ( ! behavi\r ( ! great4 ,:ile ! "o has its d]ivation 9 ! titles1 phrases1 & salutes us$ to ^? 9 p[]2 ! o!r is d]iv$ f ! habits & appe>ances exhibit$ by ^? 9 p[]4 ,! ,c>ib "m :o squeezes h] *ild's head into a %ape l t ( ! *ief2 ! "y savage :o makes m>ks on himself simil> to ! sc>s c>ri$ by ! w>riors ( 8 tribe 7:i* is probably ! orig9 ( tattoo+72 ! ,highl&] :o adopts ! plaid worn by ! head ( 8 clan2 ! c\rti]s :o affect greyness1 or limp1 or cov] _! necks1 9 imitation ( _! k+2 & ! p :o ape ! c\rti]s2 are alike act+ "u a k9d ( gov]nm5t connate ) t ( ,mann]s1 &1 l x too1 prim>ily b5eficial4 ,= not)/&+ ! numb]less absurdities into :i* ?is copyism has l$ ! p1 f nose-r+s to e>-r+s1 f pa9t$ faces to beauty-spots1 f %av5 heads to p[d]$ wigs1 f fil$ tee? & /a9$ nails to bell-girdles1 peak$ %oes1 & bree*es /uff$ ) bran1--x mu/ yet be conclud$1 t z ! /rong m51 ! successful m51 ! m5 ( w1 intellig5ce1 & orig9ality1 :o h got to ! top1 are1 on ! av]age1 m likely to %[ judgm5t 9 _! habits & ta/es ?an ! mass1 ! imitation ( su* is advantage\s4 ,by & by1 h[ev]1 ,fa%ion1 corrupt+ l ^! o!r =ms ( rule1 almo/ :olly ceases to be an imitation ( ! be/1 & becomes an imitation ( q o!r ?an ! be/4 ,z ^? :o take ord]s are n ^? hav+ a special fitness = ! prie/ly (fice1 b ^? :o see _! way to a liv+ by x2 z legislators & public function>ies d n become su* by virtue ( _! political insight & p[] to rule1 b by virtue ( bir?1 acreage1 & class influ5ce2 s1 ! self-elect$ clique :o set ! fa%ion1 ga9 ?is pr]ogative1 n by _! =ce ( nature1 _! intellect1 _! high] wor? or bett] ta/e1 b ga9 x solely by _! un*eck$ assumption4 ,among ! initiat$ are to be f\nd nei!r ! noble/ 9 rank1 ! *ief 9 p[]1 ! be/ cultur$1 ! mo/ ref9$1 nor ^? ( greate/ g5ius1 wit1 or beauty2 & _! reunions1 s f> f be+ sup]ior to o!rs1 are not$ = _! inanity4 ,yet1 by ! example ( ^! %am great1 & n by t ( ! truly great1 does society at l>ge n[ regulate its go+s & com+s1 its h\rs1 its dress1 its small usages4 ,z a natural consequ5ce1 ^! h g5]ally little or none ( t suitabl5ess :i* ! !ory ( fa%ion implies !y %\ld h4 ,b in/ead ( a cont9ual progress t[>ds great] elegance & conv5i5ce1 :i* might be expect$ to occur did p copy ! ways ( ! really be/1 or foll[ _! own ideas ( propriety1 we h a reign ( m]e :im1 ( unreason1 ( *ange = ! sake ( *ange1 ( wanton oscillations f ei!r extreme to ! o!r--a reign ( usages )\t mean+1 times )\t fitness1 dress )\t ta/e4 ,& ?us life a la mode1 in/ead ( be+ life conduct$ 9 ! mo/ rational mann]1 is life regulat$ by sp5d?rifts & idl]s1 mill9]s & tailors1 d&ies & silly wom54 ,to ^! sev]al coroll>ies--t ! v>i\s ord]s ( control ex]cis$ ov] m5 h a common orig9 & a common function1 are call$ out by co-ord9ate necessities & co-exi/ 9 l /r+5cy1 decl9e toge!r & corrupt toge!r--x n[ only rema9s to add t !y become ne$less toge!r4 ,consequ5t z all k9ds ( gov]nm5t are ^u ! unfitness ( ! aborig9al man = social life2 & dim9i%+ 9 co]civ5ess z !y all d 9 proportion z ?is unfitness dim9i%es2 !y mu/ "o & all come to an end z humanity acquires complete adaptation to its new conditions4 ,t discipl9e ( circum/ances :i* has already wr\ght out su* great *anges 9 u1 mu/ g on ev5tually to "w out yet great] ones4 ,t daily curb+ ( ! l[] nature & culture ( ! high]1 :i* out ( cannibals & devil wor%ipp]s has evolv$ philan?ropi/s1 lov]s ( peace1 & hat]s ( sup]/ition1 _c fail to evolve out ( ^!1 m5 z mu* sup]ior to !m z !y are to _! prog5itors4 ,! causes t h produc$ pa/ modifications are /ill 9 action2 mu/ cont9ue 9 action z long z !re exi/s any incongruity betwe5 man's desires & ! requirem5ts ( ! social /ate2 & mu/ ev5tually make him organically fit = ! social /ate4 ,z x is n[ ne$less to =bid man-eat+ & ,feti%ism1 s w x ultimately become ne$less to =bid murd]1 !ft1 & ! m9or (f5ces ( our crim9al code4 ,:5 human nature has gr[n into con=mity ) ! moral law1 !re w ne$ no judges & /atute-books2 :5 x spontane\sly takes ! "r c\rse 9 all ?+s1 z 9 "s ?+s x does already1 prospects ( future rew>d or puni%m5t w n be want$ z inc5tives2 & :5 fit behavi\r has become in/9ctive1 !re w ne$ no code ( c]emonies to say h[ behavi\r %all be regulat$4 ,?us1 !n1 may be recognis$ ! mean+1 ! naturalness1 ! necessity ( ^? v>i\s ecc5tricities ( re=m]s :i* we set out by describ+4 ,!y are n accid5tal2 !y are n m]e p]sonal caprices1 z p are apt to suppose4 ,on ! contr>y1 !y are inevitable results ( ! law ( relation%ip above illu/rat$4 ,t community ( g5esis1 function1 & decay :i* all =ms ( re/ra9t exhibit1 is simply ! obv]se ( ! fact at fir/ po9t$ out1 t !y h 9 two s5tim5ts ( human nature a common pres]v] & a common de/roy]4 ,awe ( p[] orig9ates & *]i%es !m all3 love ( fre$om und]m9es & p]iodically weak5s !m all4 ,! "o def5ds despotism & ass]ts ! supremacy ( laws1 adh]es to old cre$s & supports ecclesia/ical au?ority1 pays respect to titles & cons]ves =ms2 ! o!r1 putt+ rectitude above legality1 a*ieves p]iodical in/alm5ts ( political lib]ty1 inaugurates ,prote/antism & works out its consequ5ces1 ignores ! s5seless dictates ( ,fa%ion & emancipates m5 f dead cu/oms4 ,to ! true re=m] no in/itution is sacr$1 no belief above criticism4 ,ev]y?+ %all con=m itself to equity & reason2 no?+ %all be sav$ by its pre/ige4 ,conc$+ to ea* man lib]ty to pursue 8 own ends & satisfy 8 own ta/es1 he dem&s = himself l lib]ty2 & cons5ts to no re/rictions on ?is1 save ^? :i* o!r m5's equal claims involve4 ,no matt] :e!r x be an ord9ance ( "o man1 or an ord9ance ( all m51 if x tr5*es on 8 legitimate sph]e ( action1 he d5ies its validity4 ,! tyranny t w\ld impose on him a p>ticul> /yle ( dress & a set mode ( behavi\r1 he resi/s equally ) ! tyranny t w\ld limit 8 buy+s & sell+s1 or dictate 8 cre$4 ,:e!r ! regulation be =mally made by a legislature1 or in=mally made by society at l>ge--:e!r ! p5alty = disob$i5ce be imprisonm5t1 or fr[ns & social o/racism1 he sees to be a "q ( no mom5t4 ,he w utt] 8 belief not)/&+ ! ?reat5$ puni%m5t2 he w break conv5tions spite ( ! petty p]secutions t w be visit$ on him4 ,%[ him t 8 actions are inimical to 8 fell[-m51 & he w pause4 ,prove t he is disreg>d+ _! legitimate claims--t he is do+ :at 9 ! nature ( ?+s mu/ produce unhapp9ess2 & he w alt] 8 c\rse4 ,b until y d ?is--until y demon/rate t 8 proce$+s are ess5tially inconv5i5t or inelegant1 ess5tially irrational1 unju/1 or ung5]\s1 he w p]sev]e4 ,"s1 inde$1 argue t 8 conduct is unju/ & ung5]\s4 ,!y say t he has no "r to annoy o!r p by 8 :ims2 t ! g5tleman to :om 8 lett] comes ) no ,esq4 app5d$ to ! address1 & ! lady ^: ev5+ p>ty he ent]s ) gloveless h&s1 are vex$ at :at !y consid] 8 want ( respect1 or want ( bre$+2 t ?us 8 ecc5tricities _c be indulg$ save at ! exp5se ( 8 neighb\rs' feel+s2 & t h5ce 8 noncon=mity is 9 pla9 t]ms selfi%ness4 ,he answ]s t ?is position1 if logically develop$1 w\ld deprive m5 ( all lib]ty :atev]4 ,ea* mu/ con=m all 8 acts to ! public ta/e1 & n 8 own4 ,! public ta/e on e po9t hav+ be5 once asc]ta9$1 m5's habits mu/ !nce=? rema9 = ev] fix$2 see+ t no man c adopt o!r habits )\t s9n+ aga9/ ! public ta/e1 & giv+ p disagreeable feel+s4 ,consequ5tly1 be x an era ( pig-tails or high-heel$ %oes1 ( />*$ ruffs or trunk-hose1 all mu/ cont9ue to we> pig-tails1 high-heel$ %oes1 />*$ ruffs1 or trunk-hose to ! crack ( doom4 ,if x be /ill urg$ t he is n ju/ifi$ 9 break+ ?r\gh o!rs' =ms t he may e/abli% 8 own1 & s sacrific+ ! wi%es ( _m to ! wi%es ( "o1 he replies t all religi\s & political *anges might be negativ$ on l gr\nds4 ,he asks :e!r ,lu!r's say+s & do+s 7 n extremely (f5sive to ! mass ( 8 contempor>ies2 :e!r ! resi/ance ( ,hampd5 0 n disgu/+ to ! "t-s]v]s ar\nd him2 :e!r e re=m] has n %ock$ m5's prejudices1 & giv5 imm5se displeasure by ! op9ions he utt]$4 ,! affirmative answ] he foll[s up by dem&+ :at "r ! re=m] has1 !n1 to utt] ^! op9ions2 :e!r he is n sacrific+ ! feel+s ( _m to ! feel+s ( "o3 & s proves t1 to be consi/5t1 8 antagoni/s mu/ condemn n only all noncon=mity 9 actions1 b all noncon=mity 9 ?\ghts4 ,8 antagoni/s rejo9 t 8 position1 too1 may be pu%$ to an absurdity4 ,!y argue t if a man may (f5d by ! disreg>d ( "s =ms1 he may z legitimately d s by ! disreg>d ( all2 & !y inquire--,:y %\ld he n g out to d9n] 9 a dirty %irt1 & ) an un%orn *98 ,:y %\ld he n spit on ! draw+-room c>pet1 & /ret* 8 heels up to ! mantel-%elf8 ,! conv5tion-break] answ]s1 t to ask ?is1 implies a conf\nd+ ( two widely-diff]5t classes ( actions--! actions t are ess5tially displeasurable to ^? ar\nd1 ) ! actions t are b incid5tally displeasurable to !m4 ,he ^: sk9 is s unclean z to (f5d ! no/rils ( 8 neighb\rs1 or he :o talks s l\dly z to di/urb a :ole room1 may be ju/ly compla9$ (1 & rightly exclud$ by society f its assemblies4 ,b he :o pres5ts himself 9 a surt\t 9 place ( a dress-coat1 or 9 br[n tr\s]s in/ead ( black1 gives (f5ce n to m5's s5ses1 or _! innate ta/es1 b m]ely to _! prejudices1 _! bigotry ( conv5tion4 ,x _c be said t 8 co/ume is less elegant or less intr9sically appropriate ?an ! "o prescrib$2 see+ t a few h\rs e>li] 9 ! day x is admir$4 ,x is ! impli$ rebellion1 !re=e1 t annoys4 ,h[ little ! cause ( qu>rel has to d ) ! dress itself1 is se5 9 ! fact t a c5tury ago black clo!s w\ld h be5 ?\ght prepo/]\s = h\rs ( recreation1 & t a few ye>s h5ce "s n[ =bidd5 /yle may be ne>] ! requirem5ts ( ,fa%ion ?an ! pres5t "o4 ,?us ! re=m] expla9s t x is n aga9/ ! natural re/ra9ts1 b aga9/ ! artificial ones1 t he prote/s2 & t manife/ly ! fire ( sne]s & angry glances :i* he has to be>1 is p\r$ ^u him because he w n b[ d[n to ! idol :i* society has set up4 ,%\ld he be ask$ h[ we are to di/+ui% betwe5 conduct t is absolutely disagreeable to o!rs1 & conduct t is relatively s1 he answ]s1 t !y w di/+ui% !mselves1 if m5 w let !m4 ,actions intr9sically repugnant w ev] be fr[n$ ^u1 & mu/ ev] rema9 z exceptional z n[4 ,actions n intr9sically repugnant w e/abli% !mselves z prop]4 ,no relaxation ( cu/oms w introduce ! practice ( go+ to a p>ty 9 muddy boots1 & ) unwa%$ h&s2 = ! dislike ( dirt w\ld cont9ue 7 ,fa%ion aboli%$ to-morr[4 ,t love ( approbation :i* n[ makes p s solicit\s to be en regle w\ld /ill exi/--w\ld /ill make !m c>eful ( _! p]sonal appe>ance--w\ld /ill induce !m to seek admiration by mak+ !mselves ornam5tal--w\ld /ill cause !m to respect ! natural laws ( good behavi\r1 z !y n[ d ! artificial ones4 ,! *ange w\ld simply be f a repulsive monotony to a picturesque v>iety4 ,& if !re be any regulations respect+ :i* x is unc]ta9 :e!r !y are bas$ on reality or on conv5tion1 exp]im5t w soon decide1 if due scope be all[$4 ,:5 at l5g? ! controv]sy comes r\nd1 z controv]sies (t5 d1 to ! po9t :5ce x />t$1 & ! p>ty ( ord] repeat _! *>ge aga9/ ! rebel1 t he is sacrific+ ! feel+s ( o!rs to ! gratification ( 8 own wilfulness1 he replies once = all t !y *eat !mselves by mis-/atem5ts4 ,he accuses !m ( be+ s despotic1 t1 n cont5t ) be+ ma/]s ov] _! own ways & habits1 !y w\ld be ma/]s ov] 8 also2 & grumble because he w n let !m4 ,he m]ely asks ! same fre$om :i* !y ex]cise2 !y1 h[ev]1 propose to regulate 8 c\rse z well z _! own--to cut & clip 8 mode ( life into agreem5t ) _! approv$ patt]n2 & !n *>ge him ) wilfulness & selfi%ness1 because he does n quietly submit6 ,he w>ns !m t he %all resi/1 nev]!less2 & t he %all d s1 n only = ! ass]tion ( 8 own indep5d5ce1 b = _! good4 ,he tells !m t !y are slaves1 & "k x n2 t !y are %ackl$1 & kiss _! *a9s2 t !y h liv$ all _! days 9 prison1 & compla9 at ! walls be+ brok5 d[n4 ,he says he mu/ p]sev]e1 h[ev]1 ) a view to 8 own release2 & 9 spite ( _! pres5t expo/ulations1 he prophesies t :5 !y h recov]$ f ! fright :i* ! prospect ( fre$om produces1 !y w ?ank him = aid+ 9 _! emancipation4 ,unamiable z seems ?is f9d-fault mood1 (f5sive z is ?is defiant attitude1 we mu/ bew>e ( ov]look+ ! tru?s enunciat$1 9 dislike ( ! advocacy4 ,x is an un=tunate h9drance to all innovation1 t 9 virtue ( _! v function1 ! innovators /& 9 a position ( antagonism2 & ! disagreeable mann]s1 & say+s1 & do+s1 :i* ?is antagonism g5]ates1 are commonly associat$ ) ! doctr9es promulgat$4 ,q =gett+ t :e!r ! ?+ attack$ be good or bad1 ! combative _s is necess>ily repulsive2 & q =gett+ t ! tol]ation ( abuses seems amiable m]ely f its passivity2 ! mass ( m5 contract a bias aga9/ advanc$ views1 & 9 fav\r ( /ation>y ones1 f int]c\rse ) _! respective adh]5ts4 ,cons]vatism1 z ,em]son says1 is debonnair & social2 re=m is individual & imp]i\s4 ,& ?is rema9s true1 h[ev] vici\s ! sy/em cons]v$1 h[ev] righte\s ! re=m to be effect$4 ,nay1 ! indignation ( ! puri/s is usually extreme 9 proportion z ! evils to be got rid ( are great4 ,! m urg5t ! requir$ *ange1 ! m intemp]ate is ! vehem5ce ( its promot]s4 ,let no "o1 !n1 conf\nd ) ! pr9ciples ( ?is social noncon=mity ! ac]bity & ! disagreeable self-ass]tion ( ^? :o fir/ display x4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! mo/ plausible objection rais$ aga9/ resi/ance to conv5tions1 is gr\nd$ on its impolicy1 consid]$ ev5 f ! progressi/'s po9t ( view4 ,x is urg$ by _m ( ! m lib]al & intellig5t--usually ^? :o h !mselves %[n "s indep5d5ce ( behavi\r 9 e>li] days--t to rebel 9 ^! small matt]s is to de/roy y\r own p[] ( help+ on re=m 9 great] matt]s4 ,if y %[ y\rself ecc5tric 9 mann]s or dress1 ! _w1 !y say1 w n li/5 to y4 ,y w be consid]$ z crot*ety1 & impracticable4 ,! op9ions y express on important subjects1 :i* might h be5 treat$ ) respect _h y con=m$ on m9or po9ts1 w n[ inevitably be put d[n among y\r s+ul>ities2 & ?us1 by diss5t+ 9 trifles1 y disable y\rself f spread+ diss5t 9 ess5tials4 ,only not+1 z we pass1 t ?is is "o ( ^? anticipations :i* br+ ab\t _! own fulfilm5t--t x is because mo/ :o disapprove ^! conv5tions d n %[ _! disapproval1 t ! few :o d %[ x look ecc5tric--& t did all act out _! convictions1 no su* inf]5ce z ! above w\ld be drawn1 & no su* evil w\ld result2---not+ ?is z we pass1 we g on to reply t ^! social re/ra9ts1 & =ms1 & requirem5ts1 are n small evils1 b among ! greate/4 ,e/imate _! sum total1 & we d\bt :e!r !y w\ld n exce$ mo/ o!rs4 ,c\ld we add up ! tr\ble1 ! co/1 ! jeal\sies1 vexations1 misund]/&+s1 ! loss ( "t & ! loss ( pleasure1 :i* ^! conv5tions entail--c\ld we cle>ly realize ! ext5t to :i* we are all daily hamp]$ by !m1 daily enslav$ by !m2 we %\ld p]haps come to ! conclusion t ! tyranny ( ,mrs4 ,grundy is worse ?an any o!r tyranny we suff] "u4 ,let u look at a few ( its hurtful results2 beg9n+ ) ^? ( m9or importance4 ,x produces extravagance4 ,! desire to be comme il faut1 :i* und]lies all con=mities1 :e!r ( mann]s1 dress1 or /yles ( ent]ta9m5t1 is ! desire :i* makes _m a sp5d?rift & _m a bankrupt4 ,to keep up appe>ances1 to h a h\se 9 an approv$ qu>t] furni%$ 9 ! late/ ta/e1 to give exp5sive d9n]s & cr[d$ soirees1 is an ambition =m+ ! natural outcome ( ! con=mi/ _s4 ,x is ne$less to enl>ge on ^! follies3 !y h be5 satiriz$ by ho/s ( writ]s1 & 9 e draw+-room4 ,all t "h conc]ns u1 is to po9t out t ! respect = social obs]vances1 :i* m5 ?9k s praisewor?y1 has ! same root ) ?is ef=t to be fa%ionable 9 mode ( liv+2 & t1 o!r ?+s equal1 ! la/ _c be dim9i%$ )\t ! fir/ be+ dim9i%$ also4 ,if1 n[1 we consid] all t ?is extravagance entails--if we c\nt up ! robb$ tradesm51 ! /9t$ gov]nesses1 ! ill-educat$ *ildr51 ! fleec$ relatives1 :o h to suff] f x--if we m>k ! anxiety & ! _m moral del9qu5cies :i* its p]petrators involve !mselves 92 we %all see t ?is reg>d = conv5tions is n q s innoc5t z x looks4 ,aga91 x decreases ! am\nt ( social int]c\rse4 ,pass+ ov] ! reckless1 & ^? :o make a great display on speculation ) ! occasional result ( gett+ on 9 ! _w to ! exclusion ( mu* bett] m51 we come to ! f> l>g] class :o1 be+ prud5t & hone/ en\gh n to exce$ _! means1 & yet hav+ a /rong wi% to be respectable1 are oblig$ to limit _! ent]ta9m5ts to ! smalle/ possible numb]2 & t ea* ( ^! may be turn$ to ! greate/ advantage 9 meet+ ! claims ^u _! hospitality1 are induc$ to issue _! invitations ) little or no reg>d to ! com=t or mutual fitness ( _! gue/s4 ,a few inconv5i5tly-l>ge assemblies1 made up ( p mo/ly /range to ea* o!r or b di/antly acqua9t$1 & hav+ sc>cely any ta/es 9 common1 are made to s]ve 9 place ( _m small p>ties ( fri5ds intimate en\gh to h "s bond ( ?\ght & sympa?y4 ,?us ! quantity ( int]c\rse is dim9i%$1 & ! quality det]iorat$4 ,because x is ! cu/om to make co/ly prep>ations & provide co/ly refre%m5ts2 & because x entails bo? less exp5se & less tr\ble to d ?is = _m p]sons on a few occasions ?an = few p]sons on _m occasions2 ! reunions ( our less weal?y classes are r5d]$ alike infrequ5t & t$i\s4 ,let x be fur!r obs]v$1 t ! exi/+ =malities ( social int]c\rse drive away _m :o mo/ ne$ its ref9+ influ5ce3 & drive !m into injuri\s habits & associations4 ,n a few m51 & n ! lea/ s5sible m5 ei!r1 give up 9 disgu/ ?is go+ out to /ately d9n]s1 & /iff ev5+-p>ties2 & in/ead1 seek society 9 clubs1 & cig>-divans1 & tav]ns4 ,i'm sick ( ?is /&+ ab\t 9 draw+-rooms1 talk+ nons5se1 & try+ to look happy1 w answ] "o ( !m :5 tax$ ) 8 des]tion4 ,:y %\ld ,i any long] wa/e "t & money1 & temp]8 ,once ,i 0 ready en\gh to ru% home f ! (fice to dress2 ,i sport$ embroid]$ %irts1 submitt$ to tight boots1 & c>$ no?+ = tailors' & hab]da%]s' bills4 ,i "k bett] n[4 ,my pati5ce la/$ a good :ile2 = ?\gh ,i f\nd ea* night pass /upidly1 ,i always hop$ ! next w\ld make am5ds4 ,b ,i'm undeceiv$4 ,cab-hire & kid gloves co/ m ?an any ev5+ p>ty pays =2 or r--x is wor? ! co/ ( !m to avoid ! p>ty4 ,no1 no2 ,i'll no m ( x4 ,:y %\ld ,i pay five %ill+s a "t = ! privilege ( be+ bor$8 ,if1 n[1 we consid] t ?is v common mood t5ds t[>ds billi>d-rooms1 t[>ds long sitt+s ov] cig>s & br&y-&-wat]1 t[>ds ,evans's & ! ,coal ,hole1 t[>ds e place :]e amusem5t may be _h2 x becomes a "q :e!r ^! precise obs]vances :i* hamp] our set meet+s1 h n to answ] = mu* ( ! preval5t dissolut5ess4 ,m5 mu/ h excitem5ts ( "s k9d or o!r2 & if deb>r$ f high] ones w fall back ^u l[]4 ,x is n t ^? :o ?us take to irregul> habits are ess5tially ^? ( l[ ta/es4 ,(t5 x is q ! rev]se4 ,among half a doz5 intimate fri5ds1 ab&on+ =malities & sitt+ at ease r\nd ! fire1 none w ent] ) great] enjoym5t into ! highe/ k9d ( social int]c\rse--! g5u9e communion ( ?\ght & feel+2 & if ! circle includes wom5 ( intellig5ce & ref9em5t1 s mu* ! great] is _! pleasure4 ,x is because !y w no long] be *ok$ ) ! m]e dry husks ( conv]sation :i* society (f]s !m1 t !y fly its assemblies1 & seek ^? ) :om !y may h disc\rse t is at lea/ real1 ?\gh unpoli%$4 ,! m5 :o ?us long = sub/antial m5tal sympa?y1 & w g :]e !y c get x1 are (t51 inde$1 mu* bett] at ! core ?an ! m5 :o are cont5t ) ! inanities ( glov$ & sc5t$ p>ty-go]s--m5 :o feel no ne$ to come morally ne>] to _! fell[ creatures ?an !y c come :ile /&+1 tea-cup 9 h&1 answ]+ trifles ) trifles2 & :o1 by feel+ no su* ne$1 prove !mselves %all[-?\ght$ & cold-he>t$4 ,x is true1 t "s :o %un draw+-rooms d s f inability to be> ! re/ra9ts prescrib$ by a g5u9e ref9em5t1 & t !y w\ld be greatly improv$ by be+ kept "u ^! re/ra9ts4 ,b x is n less true t1 by add+ to ! legitimate re/ra9ts1 :i* are bas$ on conv5i5ce & a reg>d = o!rs1 a ho/ ( factiti\s re/ra9ts bas$ only on conv5tion1 ! ref9+ discipl9e1 :i* w\ld else h be5 borne ) b5efit1 is r5d]$ unbe>able1 & s misses its end4 ,excess ( gov]nm5t v>iably defeats itself by driv+ away ^? to be gov]n$4 ,& if ov] all :o des]t its ent]ta9m5ts 9 disgu/ ei!r at _! empt9ess or _! =mality1 society ?us loses its salut>y influ5ce--if su* n only fail to receive t moral culture :i* ! company ( ladies1 :5 rationally regulat$1 w\ld give !m1 b1 9 default ( o!r relaxation1 are driv5 into habits & companion%ips :i* (t5 end 9 gambl+ & drunk5ness2 mu/ we n say t "h1 too1 is an evil n to be pass$ ov] z insignificant8 ,!n consid] :at a blight+ effect ^! multitud9\s prep>ations & c]emonies h ^u ! pleasures !y pr(ess to subs]ve4 ,:o1 on call+ to m9d ! occasions ( 8 highe/ social enjoym5ts1 does n f9d !m to h be5 :olly in=mal1 p]haps impromptu8 ,h[ delightful a picnic ( fri5ds1 :o =get all obs]vances save ^? dictat$ by good nature6 ,h[ pleasant ! little unpret5d$ ga!r+s ( book-societies1 & ! l2 or ^? purely accid5tal meet+s ( a few p well kn[n to ea* o!r6 ,!n1 inde$1 we may see t a man %>p5e? ! c\nt5ance ( 8 fri5d4 ,*eeks flu%1 & eyes sp>kle4 ,! witty gr[ brilliant1 & ev5 ! dull are excit$ into say+ good ?+s4 ,!re is an ov]fl[ ( topics2 & ! "r ?\ght1 & ! "r words to put x 91 spr+ up uns\ght4 ,grave alt]nates ) gay3 n[ s]i\s conv]se1 & n[ jokes1 anecdotes1 & playful raill]y4 ,ev]yone's be/ nature is %[n2 ev]yone's be/ feel+s are 9 pleasurable activity2 &1 = ! "t1 life seems well wor? hav+4 ,g n[ & dress = "s half-pa/ eight d9n]1 or "s t5 o'clock at home2 & pres5t y\rself 9 spotless attire1 ) e hair arrang$ to p]fection4 ,h[ great ! diff]5ce6 ,! enjoym5t seems 9 ! inv]se ratio ( ! prep>ation4 ,^! figures1 got up ) su* f9i% & precision1 appe> b half alive4 ,!y h froz5 ea* o!r by _! primness2 & y\r faculties feel ! numb+ effects ( ! atmosph]e ! mom5t y ent] x4 ,all ^? ?\ghts1 s nimble & s apt a:ile s9ce1 h disappe>$--h sudd5ly acquir$ a pret]natural p[] ( elud+ y4 ,if y v5ture a rem>k to y\r neighb\r1 !re comes a trite rejo9d]1 & !re x ends4 ,no subject y c hit ^u outlives half a doz5 s5t5ces4 ,no?+ t is said excites any real int]e/ 9 y2 & y feel t all y say is li/5$ to ) apa?y4 ,by "s /range magic1 ?+s t usually give pleasure seem to h lo/ all *>m4 ,y h a ta/e = art4 ,we>y ( frivol\s talk1 y turn to ! table1 & f9d t ! book ( engrav+s & ! portfolio ( photographs are z flat z ! conv]sation4 ,y are fond ( music4 ,yet ! s++1 good z x is1 y he> ) utt] indiff]5ce2 & say ,?ank y ) a s5se ( be+ a pr(\nd hypocrite4 ,:olly at ease ?\gh y c\ld be1 = y\r own "p1 y f9d t y\r sympa?ies w n let y4 ,y see "y g5tlem5 feel+ :e!r _! ties are prop]ly adju/$1 look+ vacantly r\nd1 & consid]+ :at !y %all d next4 ,y see ladies sitt+ disconsolately1 wait+ = "s "o to speak to !m1 & wi%+ !y _h ! :]e) to occupy _! f+]s4 ,y see ! ho/ess /&+ ab\t ! doorway1 keep+ a factiti\s smile on h] face1 & rack+ h] bra9 to f9d ! requisite no?+s ) :i* to greet h] gue/s z !y ent]4 ,y see numb]less traits ( we>9ess & emb>rassm5t2 &1 if y h any fell[ feel+1 ^! _c fail to produce a feel+ ( discom=t4 ,! disord] is cat*+2 & d :at y w y _c resi/ ! g5]al infection4 ,y /ruggle aga9/ x2 y make spasmodic ef=ts to be lively2 b none ( y\r sallies or y\r good /ories d m ?an raise a simp] or a =c$ laugh3 intellect & feel+ are alike asphyxiat$4 ,& :51 at l5g?1 yield+ to y\r disgu/1 y ru% away1 h[ great is ! relief :5 y get into ! fre% air1 & see ! />s6 ,h[ y ,?ank ,god1 t's ov]6 & half resolve to avoid all su* bor$om = ! future6 ,:at1 n[1 is ! secret ( ?is p]petual misc>riage & disappo9tm5t8 ,does n ! fault lie ) all ^! ne$less adjuncts--^! elaborate dress+s1 ^! set =ms1 ^! exp5sive prep>ations1 ^! _m devices & arrangem5ts t imply tr\ble & raise expectation8 ,:o t has liv$ ?irty ye>s 9 ! _w has n discov]$ t ,pleasure is coy2 & mu/ n be too directly pursu$1 b mu/ be caught unaw>es8 ,an air f a /reet-piano1 he>d :ile at "w1 w (t5 gratify m ?an ! *oice/ music play$ at a conc]t by ! mo/ accompli%$ musicians4 ,a s+le good picture se5 9 a deal]'s w9d[1 may give ke5] enjoym5t ?an a :ole exhibition gone ?r\gh ) catalogue & p5cil4 ,by ! "t we h got ready our elaborate app>atus by :i* to secure happ9ess1 ! happ9ess is gone4 ,x is too subtle to be conta9$ 9 ^! receiv]s1 g>ni%$ ) complim5ts1 & f5c$ r\nd ) etiquette4 ,! m we multiply & complicate appliances1 ! m c]ta9 are we to drive x away4 ,! reason is pat5t en\gh4 ,^! high] emotions to :i* social int]c\rse m9i/]s1 are ( extremely complex nature2 !y consequ5tly dep5d = _! production ^u v num]\s conditions2 ! m num]\s ! conditions1 ! great] ! liability t "o or o!r ( !m w be di/urb$1 & ! emotions consequ5tly prev5t$4 ,x takes a consid]able mis=tune to de/roy appetite2 b cordial sympa?y ) ^? ar\nd may be ext+ui%$ by a look or a ^w4 ,h5ce x foll[s1 t ! m multipli$ ! unnecess>y requirem5ts ) :i* social int]c\rse is surr\nd$1 ! less likely are its pleasures to be a*iev$4 ,x is difficult en\gh to fulfil cont9u\sly all ! ess5tials to a pleasurable communion ) o!rs3 h[ mu* m difficult1 !n1 mu/ x be cont9u\sly to fulfil a ho/ ( non-ess5tials also6 ,x is1 inde$1 impossible4 ,! attempt inevitably ends 9 ! sacrifice ( ! fir/ to ! la/--! ess5tials to ! non-ess5tials4 ,:at *ance is !re ( gett+ any g5u9e response f ! lady :o is ?9k+ ( y\r /upidity 9 tak+ h] 9 to d9n] on ! wrong arm8 ,h[ are y likely to h agreeable conv]se ) ! g5tleman :o is fum+ int]nally because he is n plac$ next to ! ho/ess8 ,=malities1 famili> z !y may become1 necess>ily occupy att5tion--necess>ily multiply ! occasions = mi/ake1 misund]/&+1 & jeal\sy1 on ! "p ( "o or o!r--necess>ily di/ract all m9ds f ! ?\ghts & feel+s t %\ld occupy !m--necess>ily1 !re=e1 subv]t ^? conditions "u :i* only any /]l+ int]c\rse is to be _h4 ,& ?is inde$ is ! fatal mis*ief :i* ^! conv5tions entail--a mis*ief to :i* e o!r is second>y4 ,!y de/roy ^? highe/ ( our pleasures :i* !y pr(ess to subs]ve4 ,all in/itutions are alike 9 ?is1 t h[ev] useful1 & ne$ful ev51 !y orig9ally 71 !y n only 9 ! end cease to be s1 b become detrim5tal4 ,:ile humanity is gr[+1 !y cont9ue fix$2 daily get m me*anical & unvital2 & by & by t5d to /rangle :at !y be=e pres]v$4 ,x is n simply t !y become corrupt & fail to act2 !y become ob/ructions4 ,old =ms ( gov]nm5t f9ally gr[ s oppressive1 t !y mu/ be ?r[n (f ev5 at ! risk ( reigns ( t]ror4 ,old cre$s end 9 be+ dead =mulas1 :i* no long] aid b di/ort & arre/ ! g5]al m9d2 :ile ! ,/ate-*ur*es adm9i/]+ !m1 come to be in/rum5ts = subsidiz+ cons]vatism & repress+ progress4 ,old s*emes ( education1 inc>nat$ 9 public s*ools & colleges1 cont9ue fill+ ! heads ( new g5]ations ) :at has become relatively useless k1 &1 by consequ5ce1 exclud+ k :i* is useful4 ,n an organization ( any k9d--political1 religi\s1 lit]>y1 philan?ropic--b :at1 by its ev]-multiply+ regulations1 its accumulat+ weal?1 its ye>ly addition ( (fic]s1 & ! creep+ into x ( patronage & p>ty feel+1 ev5tually loses its orig9al _s1 & s9ks into a m]e lifeless me*anism1 work$ ) a view to private ends--a me*anism :i* n m]ely fails ( its fir/ purpose1 b is a positive h9drance to x4 ,?us is x1 too1 ) social usages4 ,we read ( ! ,*9ese t !y h pond]\s c]emonies transmitt$ f "t immemorial1 :i* make social int]c\rse a burd54 ,! c\rt =ms prescrib$ by mon>*s = _! own exaltation1 h1 9 all times & places1 end$ 9 consum+ ! com=t ( _! lives4 ,& s ! artificial obs]vances ( ! d9+-room & saloon1 9 proportion z !y are _m & /rict1 ext+ui% t agreeable communion :i* !y 7 orig9ally int5d$ to secure4 ,! dislike ) :i* p commonly speak ( society t is =mal1 & /iff1 & c]emoni\s1 implies ! g5]al recognition ( ?is fact2 & ?is recognition1 logically develop$1 involves t all usages ( behavi\r :i* are n bas$ on natural requirem5ts1 are injuri\s4 ,t ^! conv5tions defeat _! own ends is no new ass]tion4 ,swift1 criticis+ ! mann]s ( 8 day1 says--,wise m5 are (t5 m uneasy at ! ov]-civility ( ^! ref9]s ?an !y c\ld possibly be 9 ! conv]sation ( peasants & me*anics4 ,b x is n only 9 ^! details t ! self-defeat+ action ( our arrangem5ts is traceable3 x is traceable 9 ! v sub/ance & nature ( !m4 ,our social int]c\rse1 z commonly manag$1 is a m]e semblance ( ! reality s\ght4 ,:at is x t we want8 ,"s sympa!tic conv]se ) our fell[-creatures3 "s conv]se t %all n be m]e dead words1 b ! vehicle ( liv+ ?\ghts & feel+s--conv]se 9 :i* ! eyes & ! face %all speak1 & ! tones ( ! voice be full ( mean+--conv]se :i* %all make u feel no long] alone1 b %all draw u clos] to ano!r1 & d\ble our own emotions by add+ ano!r's to !m4 ,:o is !re t has n1 f "t to "t1 felt h[ cold & flat is all ?is talk ab\t politics & sci5ce1 & ! new books & ! new m51 & h[ a g5u9e utt]ance ( fell[-feel+ outweighs ! :ole ( x8 ,m>k ! words ( ,bacon3--,= a cr[d is n a company1 & faces are b a gall]y ( pictures1 & talk b a t9kl+ cymbal1 :]e !re is no love4 ,if ?is be true1 !n x is only aft] acqua9tance has gr[n into intimacy1 & intimacy has rip5$ into fri5d%ip1 t ! real communion :i* m5 ne$ becomes possible4 ,a rationally-=m$ circle mu/ consi/ almo/ :olly ( ^? on t]ms ( famili>ity & reg>d1 ) b "o or two /rang]s4 ,:at folly1 !n1 und]lies ! :ole sy/em ( our gr& d9n]s1 our at homes1 our ev5+ p>ties--assemblages made up ( _m :o nev] met be=e1 _m o!rs :o j b[ to ea* o!r1 _m o!rs :o ?\gh famili> feel mutual indiff]5ce1 ) j a few real fri5ds lo/ 9 ! g5]al mass6 ,y ne$ b look r\nd at ! artificial expressions ( face1 to see at once h[ x is4 ,all h _! disguises on2 & h[ c !re be sympa?y betwe5 masks8 ,no wond] t 9 private e "o exclaims aga9/ ! /upidity ( ^! ga!r+s4 ,no wond] t ho/esses get !m up r because !y mu/ ?an because !y wi%4 ,no wond] t ! invit$ g less f ! expectation ( pleasure ?an f fe> ( giv+ (f5ce4 ,! :ole ?+ is a gigantic mi/ake--an organiz$ disappo9tm5t4 ,& !n note1 la/ly1 t 9 ?is case1 z 9 all o!rs1 :5 an organization has become effete & inop]ative = its legitimate purpose1 x is employ$ = q o!r ones--q opposite ones4 ,:at is ! usual plea put 9 = giv+ & att5d+ ^! t$i\s assemblies8 ,i admit t !y are /upid & frivol\s en\gh1 replies e man to y\r criticisms2 b !n1 y "k1 "o mu/ keep up "o's connections4 ,& c\ld y get f 8 wife a s9c]e answ]1 x w\ld be--,l y1 ,i am sick ( ^! frivolities2 b !n1 we mu/ get our daught]s m>ri$4 ,! "o kn[s t !re is a pr(ession to pu%1 a practice to ga91 a bus9ess to ext5d3 or p>liam5t>y influ5ce1 or c\nty patronage1 or votes1 or (fice1 to be got3 position1 b]?s1 fav\rs1 pr(it4 ,! o!r's ?\ghts runs ^u husb&s & settlem5ts1 wives & d[ries4 ,wor?less = _! o/5sible purpose ( daily br++ human be+s into pleasurable relations ) ea* o!r1 ^! cumbr\s appliances ( our social int]c\rse are n[ p]sev]+ly kept 9 action ) a view to ! pecuni>y & matrimonial results :i* !y indirectly produce4 ,:o !n %all say t ! re=m ( our sy/em ( obs]vances is unimportant8 ,:5 we see h[ ?is sy/em induces fa%ionable extravagance1 ) its entail$ bankruptcy & ru9--:5 we m>k h[ greatly x limits ! am\nt ( social int]c\rse among ! less weal?y classes--:5 we f9d t _m :o mo/ ne$ to be discipl9$ by mix+ ) ! ref9$ are driv5 away by x1 & l$ into dang]\s & (t5 fatal c\rses--:5 we c\nt up ! _m m9or evils x inflicts1 ! extra "w :i* its co/l9ess entails on all pr(essional & m]cantile m51 ! damage to public ta/e 9 dress & decoration by ! sett+ up ( its absurdities z /&>ds = imitation1 ! injury to heal? indicat$ 9 ! faces ( its devotees at ! close ( ! ,london season1 ! mortality ( mill9]s & ! l1 :i* its sudd5 exig5cies ye>ly involve2--& :5 to all ^! we add its fatal s92 t x blights1 )]s up1 & kills1 t high enjoym5t x pr(ess$ly m9i/]s to--t enjoym5t :i* is a *ief end ( our h>d /ruggl+ 9 life to obta9--%all we n conclude t to re=m our sy/em ( etiquette & fa%ion1 is an aim yield+ to few 9 urg5cy8 99 99 99 99 99 ,!re ne$s1 !n1 a prote/antism 9 social usages4 ,=ms t h ceas$ to facilitate & h become ob/ructive--:e!r political1 religi\s1 or o!r--h ev] to be swept away2 & ev5tually are s swept away 9 all cases4 ,signs are n want+ t "s *ange is at h&4 ,a ho/ ( satiri/s1 l$ on by ,?ack]ay1 h be5 = ye>s engag$ 9 br++ our %am-fe/ivities1 & our fa%ionable follies1 into contempt2 & 9 _! c&id moods1 mo/ m5 laugh at ! frivolities ) :i* !y & ! _w 9 g5]al are delud$4 ,ridicule has always be5 a revolution>y ag5t4 ,t :i* is habitually assail$ ) sne]s & s>casms _c long survive4 ,in/itutions t h lo/ _! roots 9 m5's respect & fai? are doom$2 & ! day ( _! dissolution is n f> (f4 ,! "t is approa*+1 !n1 :5 our sy/em ( social obs]vances mu/ pass ?r\gh "s crisis1 out ( :i* x w come purifi$ & comp>atively simple4 ,h[ ?is crisis w be br\ght ab\t1 no "o c ) any c]ta9ty say4 ,:e!r by ! cont9uance & increase ( individual prote/s1 or :e!r by ! union ( _m p]sons = ! practice & propagation ( "s bett] sy/em1 ! future alone c decide4 ,! influ5ce ( diss5ti5ts act+ )\t co-op]ation1 seems1 "u ! pres5t /ate ( ?+s1 inadequate4 ,/&+ sev]ally alone1 & hav+ no well-def9$ views2 fr[n$ on by con=mi/s1 & expo/ulat$ ) ev5 by ^? :o secretly sympa?ize ) !m2 subject to petty p]secutions1 & unable to trace any b5efit produc$ by _! example2 !y are apt1 "o by "o1 to give up _! attempts z hopeless4 ,! "y conv5tion-break] ev5tually f9ds t he pays too heavily = 8 noncon=mity4 ,hat+1 = example1 ev]y?+ t be>s ab\t x any remnant ( s]vility1 he det]m9es1 9 ! ard\r ( 8 indep5d5ce1 t he w uncov] to no "o4 ,b :at he means simply z a g5]al prote/1 he f9ds t ladies int]pret into a p]sonal disrespect4 ,?\gh he sees t1 f ! days ( *ivalry d[nw>ds1 ^! m>ks ( supreme consid]ation paid to ! o!r sex h be5 b a hypocritical c\nt]p>t to ! actual subjection 9 :i* m5 h held !m--a pret5d$ submission to comp5sate = a real dom9ation2 & ?\gh he sees t :5 ! true dignity ( wom5 is recognis$1 ! mock dignities giv5 to !m w be aboli%$2 yet he does n l to be ?us misund]/ood1 & s hesitates 9 8 practice4 ,9 o!r cases1 aga91 8 c\rage fails him4 ,su* ( 8 unconv5tionalities z c be attribut$ only to ecc5tricity1 he has no qualms ab\t3 =1 on ! :ole1 he feels r complim5t$ ?an o!rwise 9 be+ consid]$ a disreg>d] ( public op9ion4 ,b :5 !y are liable to be put d[n to ignorance1 to ill-bre$+1 or to pov]ty1 he becomes a c[>d4 ,h[ev] cle>ly ! rec5t innovation ( eat+ "s k9ds ( fi% ) knife & =k proves ! =k-&-bread practice to h _h little b caprice = its basis1 yet he d>es n :olly ignore t practice :ile fa%ion p>tially ma9ta9s x4 ,?\gh he ?9ks t a silk h&k]*ief is q z appropriate = draw+-room use z a :ite cambric "o1 he is n altoge!r at ease 9 act+ out 8 op9ion4 ,!n1 too1 he beg9s to p]ceive t 8 resi/ance to prescription br+s r\nd disadvantage\s results :i* he _h n calculat$ ^u4 ,he _h expect$ t x w\ld save him f a great deal ( social int]c\rse ( a frivol\s k9d--t x w\ld (f5d ! fools1 b n ! s5sible p2 & s w\ld s]ve z a self-act+ te/ by :i* ^? wor? kn[+ w\ld be sep>at$ f ^? n wor? kn[+4 ,b ! fools prove to be s greatly 9 ! majority t1 by (f5d+ !m1 he closes aga9/ himself ne>ly all ! av5ues ?\gh :i* ! s5sible p are to be rea*$4 ,?us he f9ds1 t 8 noncon=mity is frequ5tly mis9t]pret$2 t !re are b few directions 9 :i* he d>es to c>ry x consi/5tly out2 t ! annoyances & disadvantages :i* x br+s ^u him are great] ?an he anticipat$2 & t ! *ances ( 8 do+ any good are v remote4 ,h5ce he gradually loses resolution1 & lapses1 /ep by /ep1 into ! ord9>y r\t9e ( obs]vances4 ,abortive z individual prote/s ?us g5]ally turn out1 x may possibly be t no?+ effectual w be done until !re arises "s organiz$ resi/ance to ?is invisible despotism1 by :i* our modes & habits are dictat$4 ,x may happ51 t ! gov]nm5t ( ,mann]s & ,fa%ion w be r5d]$ less tyrannical1 z ! political & religi\s gov]nm5ts h be51 by "s antagoni/ic union4 ,alike 9 ,*ur* & ,/ate1 m5's fir/ emancipations f excess ( re/riction 7 a*iev$ by numb]s1 b\nd toge!r by a common cre$ or a common political fai?4 ,:at rema9$ undone :ile !re 7 b individual s*ismatics or rebels1 0 effect$ :5 !re came to be _m act+ 9 conc]t4 ,x is tol]ably cle> t ^! e>lie/ in/alm5ts ( fre$om c\ld n h be5 obta9$ 9 any o!r way2 = s long z ! feel+ ( p]sonal indep5d5ce 0 weak & ! rule /rong1 !re c\ld nev] h be5 a suffici5t numb] ( sep>ate diss5ti5ts to produce ! desir$ results4 ,only 9 ^! lat] times1 dur+ :i* ! secul> & spiritual controls h be5 gr[+ less co]cive1 & ! t5d5cy t[>ds individual lib]ty great]1 has x become possible = small] & small] sects & p>ties to fight aga9/ e/abli%$ cre$s & laws2 until n[ m5 may safely /& ev5 alone 9 _! antagonism4 ,! failure ( individual noncon=mity to cu/oms1 z above illu/rat$1 sugge/s t an analog\s s]ies ( *anges may h to be gone ?r\gh 9 ?is case also4 ,x is true t ! lex non scripta diff]s f ! lex scripta 9 ?is1 t1 be+ unwritt51 x is m readily alt]$2 & t x has1 f "t to "t1 be5 quietly ameliorat$4 ,nev]!less1 we %all f9d t ! analogy holds sub/antially good4 ,= 9 ?is case1 z 9 ! o!rs1 ! ess5tial revolution is n ! sub/itut+ ( any "o set ( re/ra9ts = any o!r1 b ! limit+ or aboli%+ ! au?ority :i* prescribes re/ra9ts4 ,j z ! fundam5tal *ange inaugurat$ by ! ,re=mation1 0 n a sup]s$+ ( "o cre$ by ano!r1 b an ignor+ ( ! arbit] :o be=e dictat$ cre$s--j z ! fundam5tal *ange :i* ,democracy long ago comm5c$1 0 n f ?is p>ticul> law to t1 b f ! despotism ( "o to ! fre$om ( all2 s1 ! p>allel *ange yet to be wr\ght out 9 ?is supplem5t>y gov]nm5t ( :i* we are treat+1 is n ! replac+ ( absurd usages by s5sible ones1 b ! de?ronem5t ( t secret1 irresponsible p[] :i* n[ imposes our usages1 & ! ass]tion ( ! "r ( all individuals to *oose _! own usages4 ,9 rules ( liv+1 a ,we/-end clique is our ,pope2 & we are all papi/s1 ) b a m]e spr9kl+ ( h]etics4 ,on all :o decisively rebel1 comes d[n ! p5alty ( excommunication1 ) its long catalogue ( disagreeable &1 inde$1 s]i\s consequ5ces4 ,! lib]ty ( ! subject ass]t$ 9 our con/itution1 & ev] on ! increase1 has yet to be wre/$ f ?is subtl] tyranny4 ,! "r ( private judgm5t1 :i* our ance/ors wrung f ! *ur*1 rema9s to be claim$ f ?is dictator ( our habits4 ,or1 z be=e said1 to free u f ^! idolatries & sup]/iti\s con=mities1 !re has /ill to come a prote/antism 9 social usages4 ,p>allel1 !re=e1 z is ! *ange to be wr\ght out1 x seems n improbable t x may be wr\ght out 9 an analog\s way4 ,t influ5ce :i* solit>y diss5ti5ts fail to ga91 & t p]sev]ance :i* !y lack1 may come into exi/5ce :5 !y unite4 ,t p]secution :i* ! _w n[ visits ^u !m f mi/ak+ _! noncon=mity = ignorance or disrespect1 may dim9i% :5 x is se5 to result f pr9ciple4 ,! p5alty :i* exclusion n[ entails may disappe> :5 !y become num]\s en\gh to =m visit+ circles ( _! own4 ,& :5 a successful /& has be5 made1 & ! brunt ( ! opposition has pass$1 t l>ge am\nt ( secret dislike to our obs]vances :i* n[ p]vades society1 may manife/ itself ) suffici5t p[] to effect ! desir$ emancipation4 ,:e!r su* w be ! process1 "t alone c decide4 ,t community ( orig91 gr[?1 supremacy1 & decad5ce1 :i* we h f\nd among all k9ds ( gov]nm5t1 sugge/s a community 9 modes ( *ange also4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,nature (t5 p]=ms sub/antially simil> op]ations1 9 ways app>5tly diff]5t4 ,h5ce ^! details c nev] be =etold4 99 99 99 99 99 ,mean:ile1 let u glance at ! conclusions t h be5 rea*$4 ,on ! "o side1 gov]nm5t1 orig9ally "o1 & aft]w>ds subdivid$ = ! bett] fulfilm5t ( its function1 mu/ be consid]$ z hav+ ev] be51 9 all its bran*es--political1 religi\s1 & c]emonial--b5eficial2 &1 inde$1 absolutely necess>y4 ,on ! o!r side1 gov]nm5t1 "u all its =ms1 mu/ be reg>d$ z subs]v+ a tempor>y (fice1 made ne$ful by ! unfitness ( aborig9al humanity = social life2 & ! successive dim9utions ( its co]civ5ess 9 ,/ate1 9 ,*ur*1 & 9 ,cu/om1 mu/ be look$ ^u z /eps t[>ds its f9al disappe>ance4 ,to complete ! conception1 !re requires to be borne 9 m9d ! ?ird fact1 t ! g5esis1 ! ma9t5ance1 & ! decl9e ( all gov]nm5ts1 h[ev] nam$1 are alike br\ght ab\t by ! humanity to be controll$3 f :i* may be drawn ! inf]5ce t1 on ! av]age1 re/rictions ( e k9d _c la/ mu* long] ?an !y are want$1 & _c be de/roy$ mu* fa/] ?an !y ought to be4 ,society1 9 all its developm5ts1 und]goes ! process ( exuviation4 ,^! old =ms :i* x successively ?r[s (f1 h all be5 once vitally unit$ ) x--h sev]ally s]v$ z ! protective envelopes )9 :i* a high] humanity 0 be+ evolv$4 ,!y are ca/ aside only :5 !y become h9drances--only :5 "s inn] & bett] envelope has be5 =m$2 & !y bequea? to u all t !re 0 9 !m good4 ,! p]iodical abolitions ( tyrannical laws h left ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice n only un9jur$1 b purifi$4 ,dead & buri$ cre$s h n c>ri$ ) !m ! ess5tial morality !y conta9$1 :i* /ill exi/s1 uncontam9at$ by ! sl\ghs ( sup]/ition4 ,& all t !re is ( ju/ice & k9dness & beauty1 embodi$ 9 our cumbr\s =ms ( etiquette1 w live p]5nially :5 ! =ms !mselves h be5 =gott54 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,g5esis ,,( ,,sci5ce4 ,!re has ev] prevail$ among m5 a vague notion t sci5tific k diff]s 9 nature f ord9>y k4 ,by ! ,greeks1 ) :om ,ma!matics--lit]ally ?+s le>nt--0 alone consid]$ z k prop]1 ! di/9ction mu/ h be5 /rongly felt2 & x has ev] s9ce ma9ta9$ itself 9 ! g5]al m9d4 ,?\gh1 consid]+ ! contra/ betwe5 ! a*ievem5ts ( sci5ce & ^? ( daily unme?odic ?9k+1 x is n surpris+ t su* a di/9ction has be5 assum$2 yet x ne$s b to rise a little above ! common po9t ( view1 to see t no su* di/9ction c really exi/3 or t at be/1 x is b a sup]ficial di/9ction4 ,! same faculties are employ$ 9 bo? cases2 & 9 bo? cases _! mode ( op]ation is fundam5tally ! same4 ,if we say t sci5ce is organiz$ k1 we are met by ! tru? t all k is organiz$ 9 a great] or less degree--t ! commone/ actions ( ! h\sehold & ! field presuppose facts colligat$1 inf]5ces drawn1 results expect$2 & t ! g5]al success ( ^! actions proves ! data by :i* !y 7 guid$ to h be5 correctly put toge!r4 ,if1 aga91 we say t sci5ce is prevision--is a see+ be=eh&--is a kn[+ 9 :at times1 places1 comb9ations1 or sequ5ces1 specifi$ ph5om5a w be f\nd2 we are yet oblig$ to confess t ! def9ition includes mu* t is utt]ly =eign to sci5ce 9 its ord9>y acceptation4 ,= example1 a *ild's k ( an apple4 ,?is1 z f> z x goes consi/s 9 previsions4 ,:5 a *ild sees a c]ta9 =m & col\rs1 x kn[s t if x puts out its h& x w h c]ta9 impressions ( resi/ance1 & r\ndness1 & smoo?ness2 & if x bites1 a c]ta9 ta/e4 ,& manife/ly its g5]al acqua9tance ) surr\nd+ objects is ( l nature--is made up ( facts conc]n+ !m1 s gr\p$ z t any "p ( a gr\p be+ p]ceiv$1 ! exi/5ce ( ! o!r facts includ$ 9 x is =ese54 ,if1 once m1 we say t sci5ce is exact prevision1 we /ill fail to e/abli% ! suppos$ diff]5ce4 ,n only d we f9d t mu* ( :at we call sci5ce is n exact1 & t "s ( x1 z physiology1 c nev] become exact2 b we f9d fur!r1 t _m ( ! previsions con/itut+ ! common /ock alike ( wise & ignorant1 are exact4 ,t an unsupport$ body w fall2 t a light$ c&le w g out :5 imm]s$ 9 wat]2 t ice w melt :5 ?r[n on ! fire--^!1 & _m l pr$ictions relat+ to ! famili> prop]ties ( ?+s h z high a degree ( accuracy z pr$ictions are capable (4 ,x is true t ! results pr$icat$ are ( a v g5]al "*2 b x is none ! less true t !y are rigor\sly correct z f> z !y g3 & ?is is all t is requisite to fulfil ! def9ition4 ,!re is p]fect accordance betwe5 ! anticipat$ ph5om5a & ! actual ones2 & no m ?an ?is c be said ( ! highe/ a*ievem5ts ( ! sci5ces specially *>act]is$ z exact4 ,see+ ?us t ! assum$ di/9ction betwe5 sci5tific k & common k is n logically ju/ifiable2 & yet feel+1 z we mu/1 t h[ev] impossible x may be to draw a l9e betwe5 !m1 ! two are n practically id5tical2 !re arises ! "q--,:at is ! relation%ip t exi/s betwe5 !m8 ,a p>tial answ] to ?is "q may be drawn f ! illu/rations j giv54 ,on reconsid]+ !m1 x w be obs]v$ t ^? portions ( ord9>y k :i* are id5tical 9 "* ) sci5tific k1 compreh5d only su* comb9ations ( ph5om5a z are directly cognizable by ! s5ses1 & are ( simple1 inv>iable nature4 ,t ! smoke f a fire :i* %e is light+ w asc5d1 & t ! fire w pres5tly boil wat]1 are previsions :i* ! s]vant-girl makes equally well ) ! mo/ le>n$ physici/2 !y are equally c]ta91 equally exact ) 82 b !y are previsions conc]n+ ph5om5a 9 con/ant & direct relation--ph5om5a t foll[ visibly & imm$iately aft] _! antec$5ts--ph5om5a ( :i* ! causation is nei!r remote nor obscure--ph5om5a :i* may be pr$ict$ by ! simple/ possible act ( reason+4 ,if1 n[1 we pass to ! previsions con/itut+ :at is commonly kn[n z sci5ce--t an eclipse ( ! moon w happ5 at a specifi$ "t2 & :5 a b>omet] is tak5 to ! top ( a m\nta9 ( kn[n height1 ! m]curial column w desc5d a /at$ numb] ( in*es2 t ! poles ( a galvanic batt]y imm]s$ 9 wat] w give (f1 ! "o an inflammable & ! o!r an inflam+ gas1 9 def9ite ratio--we p]ceive t ! relations involv$ are n ( a k9d habitually pres5t$ to our s5ses2 t !y dep5d1 "s ( !m1 ^u special comb9ations ( causes2 & t 9 "s ( !m ! connection betwe5 antec$5ts & consequ5ts is e/abli%$ only by an elaborate s]ies ( inf]5ces4 ,! broad di/9ction1 !re=e1 betwe5 ! two ord]s ( k1 is n 9 _! nature1 b 9 _! remot5ess f p]ception4 ,if we reg>d ! cases 9 _! mo/ g5]al aspect1 we see t ! lab\r]1 :o1 on he>+ c]ta9 notes 9 ! adjac5t h$ge1 c describe ! p>ticul> =m & col\rs ( ! bird mak+ !m2 & ! a/ronom]1 :o1 hav+ calculat$ a transit ( ,v5us1 c del9eate ! black spot ent]+ on ! sun's disc1 z x w appe> ?r\gh ! telescope1 at a specifi$ h\r2 d ess5tially ! same ?+4 ,ea* kn[s t on fulfill+ ! requisite conditions1 he %all h a preconceiv$ impression--t aft] a def9ite s]ies ( actions w come a gr\p ( s5sations ( a =ekn[n k9d4 ,! diff]5ce1 !n1 is n 9 ! fundam5tal "* ( ! m5tal acts2 or 9 ! correctness ( ! previsions accompli%$ by !m2 b 9 ! complexity ( ! processes requir$ to a*ieve ! previsions4 ,mu* ( our commone/ k is1 z f> z x goes1 rigor\sly precise4 ,sci5ce does n increase ?is precision2 _c transc5d x4 ,:at !n does x d8 ,x r$uces o!r k to ! same degree ( precision4 ,t c]ta9ty :i* direct p]ception gives u respect+ coexi/5ces & sequ5ces ( ! simple/ & mo/ accessible k9d1 sci5ce gives u respect+ coexi/5ces & sequ5ces1 complex 9 _! dep5d5cies or inaccessible to imm$iate obs]vation4 ,9 brief1 reg>d$ f ?is po9t ( view1 sci5ce may be call$ an ext5sion ( ! p]ceptions by means ( reason+4 ,on fur!r consid]+ ! matt]1 h[ev]1 x w p]haps be felt t ?is def9ition does n express ! :ole fact--t insep>able z sci5ce may be f common k1 & completely z we may fill up ! gap betwe5 ! simple/ previsions ( ! *ild & ! mo/ recondite ones ( ! natural philosoph]1 by int]pos+ a s]ies ( previsions 9 :i* ! complexity ( reason+ involv$ is great] & great]1 !re is yet a diff]5ce betwe5 ! two beyond t :i* is "h describ$4 ,& ?is is true4 ,b ! diff]5ce is /ill n su* z enables u to draw ! assum$ l9e ( dem>cation4 ,x is a diff]5ce n betwe5 common k & sci5tific k2 b betwe5 ! successive phases ( sci5ce itself1 or k itself--:i*ev] we *oose to call x4 ,9 its e>li] phases sci5ce atta9s only to c]ta9ty ( =ekn[l$ge2 9 its lat] phases x fur!r atta9s to complet5ess4 ,we beg9 by discov]+ a relation3 we end by discov]+ ! relation4 ,our fir/ a*ievem5t is to =etell ! k9d ( ph5om5on :i* w occur "u specific conditions3 our la/ a*ievem5t is to =etell n only ! k9d b ! am\nt4 ,or1 to r$uce ! proposition to its mo/ def9ite =m--undevelop$ sci5ce is qualitative prevision3 develop$ sci5ce is quantitative prevision4 ,?is w at once be p]ceiv$ to express ! rema9+ di/9ction betwe5 ! l[] & ! high] /ages ( positive k4 ,! pr$iction t a piece ( lead w take m =ce to lift x ?an a piece ( wood ( equal size1 exhibits c]ta9ty1 b n complet5ess1 ( =esight4 ,! k9d ( effect 9 :i* ! "o body w exce$ ! o!r is =ese52 b n ! am\nt by :i* x w exce$4 ,!re is qualitative prevision only4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! pr$iction t at a /at$ "t two p>ticul> planets w be 9 conjunction2 t by means ( a lev] hav+ arms 9 a giv5 ratio1 a kn[n =ce w raise j s _m p\nds2 t to decompose a specifi$ quantity ( sulphate ( iron by c>bonate ( soda w require s _m gra9s--^! pr$ictions exhibit =ekn[l$ge1 n only ( ! nature ( ! effects to be produc$1 b ( ! magnitude1 ei!r ( ! effects !mselves1 ( ! ag5cies produc+ !m1 or ( ! di/ance 9 "t or space at :i* !y w be produc$4 ,!re is n only qualitative b quantitative prevision4 ,& ?is is ! unexpress$ diff]5ce :i* leads u to consid] c]ta9 ord]s ( k z especially sci5tific :5 contra/$ ) k 9 g5]al4 ,are ! ph5om5a measurable8 is ! te/ :i* we unconsci\sly employ4 ,space is measurable3 h5ce ,geometry4 ,=ce & space are measurable3 h5ce ,/atics4 ,"t1 =ce1 & space are measurable3 h5ce ,dynamics4 ,! inv5tion ( ! b>omet] enabl$ m5 to ext5d ! pr9ciples ( me*anics to ! atmosph]e2 & ,a]o/atics exi/$4 ,:5 a !rmomet] 0 devis$ !re arose a sci5ce ( heat1 :i* 0 be=e impossible4 ,su* ( our s5sations z we h n yet f\nd modes ( measur+ d n orig9ate sci5ces4 ,we h no sci5ce ( smells2 nor h we "o ( ta/es4 ,we h a sci5ce ( ! relations ( s\nds diff]+ 9 pit*1 because we h discov]$ a way to measure !m2 b we h no sci5ce ( s\nds 9 respect to _! l\dness or _! timbre1 because we h got no measures ( l\dness & timbre4 ,obvi\sly x is ?is r$uction ( ! s5sible ph5om5a x repres5ts1 to relations ( magnitude1 :i* gives to any division ( k its especially sci5tific "*4 ,orig9ally m5's k ( weights & =ces 0 9 ! same condition z _! k ( smells & ta/es is n[--a k n ext5d+ beyond t giv5 by ! unaid$ s5sations2 & x rema9$ s until weigh+ in/rum5ts & dynamomet]s 7 inv5t$4 ,be=e !re 7 h\r-glasses & clepsydras1 mo/ ph5om5a c\ld be e/imat$ z to _! durations & int]vals1 ) no great] precision ?an degrees ( h>dness c be e/imat$ by ! f+]s4 ,until a !rmometric scale 0 contriv$1 m5's judgm5ts respect+ relative am\nts ( heat /ood on ! same foot+ ) _! pres5t judgm5ts respect+ relative am\nts ( s\nd4 ,& z 9 ^! initial /ages1 ) no aids to obs]vation1 only ! r\ghe/ comp>isons ( cases c\ld be made1 & only ! mo/ m>k$ diff]5ces p]ceiv$2 x is obvi\s t only ! mo/ simple laws ( dep5d5ce c\ld be asc]ta9$--only ^? laws :i* be+ uncomplicat$ ) o!rs1 & n di/urb$ 9 _! manife/ations1 requir$ no niceties ( obs]vation to dis5tangle !m4 ,:5ce x appe>s n only t 9 proportion z k becomes quantitative d its previsions become complete z well z c]ta91 b t until its assumption ( a quantitative "* x is necess>ily conf9$ to ! mo/ elem5t>y relations4 ,moreov] x is to be rem>k$ t :ile1 on ! "o h&1 we c discov] ! laws ( ! great] proportion ( ph5om5a only by inve/igat+ !m quantitatively2 on ! o!r h& we c ext5d ! range ( our quantitative previsions only z fa/ z we detect ! laws ( ! results we pr$ict4 ,= cle>ly ! ability to specify ! magnitude ( a result inaccessible to direct measurem5t1 implies k ( its mode ( dep5d5ce on some?+ :i* c be measur$--implies t we "k ! p>ticul> fact dealt ) to be an in/ance ( "s m g5]al fact4 ,?us ! ext5t to :i* our quantitative previsions h be5 c>ri$ 9 any direction1 indicates ! dep? to :i* our k rea*es 9 t direction4 ,& "h1 z ano!r aspect ( ! same fact1 we may fur!r obs]ve t z we pass f qualitative to quantitative prevision1 we pass f inductive sci5ce to d$uctive sci5ce4 ,sci5ce :ile purely inductive is purely qualitative3 :5 inaccurately quantitative x usually consi/s ( "p induction1 "p d$uction3 & x becomes accurately quantitative only :5 :olly d$uctive4 ,we d n mean t ! d$uctive & ! quantitative are coext5sive2 = !re is manife/ly mu* d$uction t is qualitative only4 ,we mean t all quantitative prevision is rea*$ d$uctively2 & t induction c a*ieve only qualitative prevision4 ,/ill1 h[ev]1 x mu/ n be suppos$ t ^! di/9ctions enable u to sep>ate ord9>y k f sci5ce2 mu* z !y seem to d s4 ,:ile !y %[ 9 :at consi/s ! broad contra/ betwe5 ! extreme =ms ( ! two1 !y yet lead u to recognise _! ess5tial id5tity2 & once m prove ! diff]5ce to be "o ( degree only4 ,=1 on ! "o h&1 ! commone/ positive k is to "s ext5t quantitative2 see+ t ! am\nt ( ! =ese5 result is kn[n )9 c]ta9 wide limits4 ,&1 on ! o!r h&1 ! highe/ quantitative prevision does n rea* ! exact tru?1 b only a v ne> approximation to x4 ,)\t clocks ! savage kn[s t ! day is long] 9 ! summ] ?an 9 ! w9t]2 )\t scales he kn[s t /one is heavi] ?an fle%3 t is1 he c =esee respect+ c]ta9 results t _! am\nts w exce$ ^!1 & be less ?an ^?--he kn[s ab\t :at !y w be4 ,&1 ) 8 mo/ delicate in/rum5ts & mo/ elaborate calculations1 all t ! man ( sci5ce c d1 is to r$uce ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! =ese5 & ! actual results to an unimportant quantity4 ,moreov]1 x mu/ be borne 9 m9d n only t all ! sci5ces are qualitative 9 _! fir/ /ages1--n only t "s ( !m1 z ,*emi/ry1 h b rec5tly rea*$ ! quantitative /age--b t ! mo/ advanc$ sci5ces h atta9$ to _! pres5t p[] ( det]m9+ quantities n pres5t to ! s5ses1 or n directly measurable1 by a sl[ process ( improvem5t ext5d+ ?r\gh ?\s&s ( ye>s4 ,s t sci5ce & ! k ( ! uncultur$ are alike 9 ! nature ( _! previsions1 widely z !y diff] 9 range2 !y possess a common imp]fection1 ?\gh ?is is imm5sely great] 9 ! la/ ?an 9 ! fir/2 & ! transition f ! "o to ! o!r has be5 ?r\gh a s]ies ( /eps by :i* ! imp]fection has be5 r5d]$ cont9ually less1 & ! range cont9ually wid]4 ,^! facts1 t sci5ce & ! positive k ( ! uncultur$ _c be sep>at$ 9 nature1 & t ! "o is b a p]fect$ & ext5d$ =m ( ! o!r1 mu/ necess>ily und]lie ! :ole !ory ( sci5ce1 its progress1 & ! relations ( its p>ts to ea* o!r4 ,!re mu/ be s]i\s incomplet5ess 9 any hi/ory ( ! sci5ces1 :i*1 leav+ out ( view ! fir/ /eps ( _! g5esis1 comm5ces ) !m only :5 !y assume def9ite =ms4 ,!re mu/ be grave defects1 if n a g5]al untru?1 9 a philosophy ( ! sci5ces consid]$ 9 _! int]dep5d5ce & developm5t1 :i* neglects ! inquiry h[ !y came to be di/9ct sci5ces1 & h[ !y 7 sev]ally evolv$ out ( ! *aos ( primitive ideas4 ,n only a direct consid]ation ( ! matt]1 b all analogy1 goes to %[ t 9 ! e>li] & simpl] /ages mu/ be s\ght ! key to all subsequ5t intricacies4 ,! "t 0 :5 ! anatomy & physiology ( ! human be+ 7 /udi$ by !mselves--:5 ! adult man 0 analyz$ & ! relations ( p>ts & ( functions inve/igat$1 )\t ref]5ce ei!r to ! relations exhibit$ 9 ! embryo or to ! homolog\s relations exi/+ 9 o!r creatures4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 x has become manife/ t no true conceptions1 no true g5]alizations1 are possible "u su* conditions4 ,anatomi/s & physiologi/s n[ f9d t ! real natures ( organs & tissues c be asc]ta9$ only by trac+ _! e>ly evolution2 & t ! aff9ities betwe5 exi/+ g5]a c be satisfactorily made out only by exam9+ ! fossil g5]a to :i* !y are alli$4 ,well1 is x n cle> t ! l mu/ be true conc]n+ all ?+s t und]go developm5t8 ,is n sci5ce a gr[?8 ,has n sci5ce1 too1 its embryology8 ,& mu/ n ! neglect ( its embryology lead to a misund]/&+ ( ! pr9ciples ( its evolution & ( its exi/+ organization8 ,!re are a priori reasons1 !re=e1 = d\bt+ ! tru? ( all philosophies ( ! sci5ces :i* tacitly proce$ ^u ! common notion t sci5tific k & ord9>y k are sep>ate2 in/ead ( comm5c+1 z !y %\ld1 by affiliat+ ! "o ^u ! o!r1 & %[+ h[ x gradually came to be di/+ui%able f ! o!r4 ,we may expect to f9d _! g5]alizations ess5tially artificial2 & we %all n be deceiv$4 ,"s illu/rations ( ?is may "h be fitly introduc$1 by way ( prelim9>y to a brief sket* ( ! g5esis ( sci5ce f ! po9t ( view indicat$4 ,& we _c m readily f9d su* illu/rations ?an by glanc+ at a few ( ! v>i\s classifications ( ! sci5ces t h f "t to "t be5 propos$4 ,to consid] all ( !m w\ld take too mu* space3 we mu/ cont5t ourselves ) "s ( ! late/4 99 99 99 99 99 ,comm5c+ ) ^? :i* may be soone/ dispos$ (1 let u notice fir/ ! arrangem5t prop\nd$ by ,ok54 ,an ab/ract ( x runs ?us3-- ,"p ,i4 ,,ma!sis4--,pneumatog5y3 ,prim>y ,art1 ,prim>y ,consci\sness1 ,god1 ,prim>y ,re/1 ,"t1 ,pol>ity1 ,motion1 ,man1 ,space1 ,po9t1 ,l9e1 ,surface1 ,globe1 ,rotation4--,hylog5y3 ,gravity1 ,matt]1 ,e!r1 ,heav5ly ,bodies1 ,light1 ,heat1 ,fire4 7,he expla9s t ,,ma!sis is ! doctr9e ( ! :ole2 ,pneumatog5y be+ ! doctr9e ( immat]ial totalities1 & ,hylog5y t ( mat]ial totalities47 ,"p ,,ii4 ,,ontology4--,cosmog5y3 ,re/1 ,c5tre1 ,motion1 ,l9e1 ,planets1 ,=m1 ,planet>y ,sy/em1 ,comets4--,/oe*iog5y3 ,cond5sation1 ,simple ,matt]1 ,elem5ts1 ,air1 ,wat]1 ,e>?4--,/oe*iology3 ,functions ( ! ,elem5ts1 c4 c4--,k+doms ( ,nature3 ,individuals4 7,he says 9 explanation t ,,ontology tea*es u ! ph5om5a ( matt]4 ,! fir/ ( ^! are ! heav5ly bodies compreh5d$ by ,cosmog5y4 ,^! divide into elem5ts--,/oe*iog5y4 ,! e>? elem5t divides into m9]als--,m9]alogy4 ,^! unite into "o collective body--,geog5y4 ,! :ole 9 s+ul>s is ! liv+1 or ,organic1 :i* aga9 divides into plants & animals4 ,biology1 !re=e1 divides into ,organog5y1 ,phytosophy1 ,zoosophy47 ,,fir/ ,,k+dom4--,,m9]als4 ,m9]alogy1 ,geology4 ,"p ,,iii4 ,,biology4--,organosophy1 ,phytog5y1 ,phyto-physiology1 ,phytology1 ,zoog5y1 ,physiology1 ,zoology1 ,psy*ology4 ,a glance ov] ?is confus$ s*eme %[s t x is an attempt to classify k1 n aft] ! ord] 9 :i* x has be51 or may be1 built up 9 ! human consci\sness2 b aft] an assum$ ord] ( creation4 ,x is a pseudo-sci5tific cosmogony1 ak9 to ^? :i* m5 h enunciat$ f ! e>lie/ times d[nw>ds2 & only a little m respectable4 ,z su* x w n be ?\ght wor?y ( mu* consid]ation by ^? :o1 l ourselves1 hold t exp]i5ce is ! sole orig9 ( k4 ,o!rwise1 x might h be5 ne$ful to dwell on ! incongruities ( ! arrangem5ts--to ask h[ motion c be treat$ ( be=e space8 h[ !re c be rotation )\t matt] to rotate8 h[ pol>ity c be dealt ) )\t involv+ po9ts & l9es8 ,b x w s]ve our pres5t purpose j to po9t out a few ( ! extreme absurdities result+ f ! doctr9e :i* ,ok5 seems to hold 9 common ) ,hegel1 t to philosophize on ,nature is to re-?9k ! great ?\ght ( ,creation4 ,"h is a sample3-- ,ma!matics is ! univ]sal sci5ce2 s also is ,physio-philosophy1 al?\gh x is only a "p1 or r b a condition ( ! univ]se2 bo? are "o1 or mutually congru5t4 ,ma!matics is1 h[ev]1 a sci5ce ( m]e =ms )\t sub/ance4 ,physio-philosophy is1 !re=e1 ma!matics end[$ ) sub/ance4 ,f ! ,engli% po9t ( view x is suffici5tly amus+ to f9d su* a dogma n only gravely /at$1 b /at$ z an unque/ionable tru?4 ,"h we see ! exp]i5ces ( quantitative relations :i* m5 h ga!r$ f surr\nd+ bodies & g5]aliz$ 7exp]i5ces :i* _h be5 sc>cely at all g5]aliz$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! hi/oric p]iod7--we f9d ^! g5]aliz$ exp]i5ces1 ^! intellectual ab/ractions1 elevat$ into concrete actualities1 project$ back into ,nature1 & consid]$ z ! int]nal frame-"w ( ?+s--! skeleton by :i* matt] is su/a9$4 ,b ?is new =m ( ! old realism1 is by no means ! mo/ />tl+ ( ! physio-philosophic pr9ciples4 ,we pres5tly read t1 ,! highe/ ma!matical idea1 or ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( all ma!matics is ! z]o #j4444 ,z]o is 9 itself no?+4 ,ma!matics is bas$ ^u no?+1 &1 consequ5tly1 arises out ( no?+4 ,out ( no?+1 !re=e1 x is possible = some?+ to arise2 = ma!matics1 consi/+ ( propositions1 is some?+1 9 relation to #j4 ,by su* consequ5tlys & !re=es x is1 t m5 philosophize :5 !y re-?9k ! great ?\ght ( creation4 ,by dogmas t pret5d to be reasons1 no?+ is made to g5]ate ma!matics2 & by clo?+ ma!matics ) matt]1 we h ! univ]se6 ,if n[ we d5y1 z we d d5y1 t ! highe/ ma!matical idea is ! z]o2--if1 on ! o!r h&1 we ass]t1 z we d ass]t1 t ! fundam5tal idea und]ly+ all ma!matics1 is t ( equality2 ! :ole ( ,ok5's cosmogony disappe>s4 ,& "h1 inde$1 we may see illu/rat$1 ! di/9ctive peculi>ity ( ! ,g]man me?od ( proc$ure 9 ^! matt]s--! ba/>d a priori me?od1 z x may be t]m$4 ,! legitimate a priori me?od sets out ) propositions ( :i* ! negation is inconceivable2 ! a priori me?od z illegitimately appli$1 sets out ei!r ) propositions ( :i* ! negation is n inconceivable1 or ) propositions l ,ok5's1 ( :i* ! affirmation is inconceivable4 ,x is ne$less to proce$ fur!r ) ! analysis2 else might we detail ! /eps by :i* ,ok5 arrives at ! conclusions t ! planets are coagulat$ col\rs1 = !y are coagulat$ light2 t ! sph]e is ! exp&$ no?+2 t gravity is a weighty no?+1 a heavy ess5ce1 /riv+ t[>ds a c5tre2 t ! e>? is ! id5tical1 wat] ! indiff]5t1 air ! diff]5t2 or ! fir/ ! c5tre1 ! second ! radius1 ! la/ ! p]iph]y ( ! g5]al globe or ( fire4 ,to comm5t on !m w\ld be ne>ly z absurd z are ! propositions !mselves4 ,let u pass on to ano!r ( ! ,g]man sy/ems ( k--t ( ,hegel4 ,! simple fact t ,hegel puts ,jacob ,boehme on a p> ) ,bacon1 suffices alone to %[ t 8 /&-po9t is f> remote f ! "o usually reg>d$ z sci5tific3 s f> remote1 inde$1 t x is n easy to f9d any common basis on :i* to f\nd a criticism4 ,^? :o hold t ! m9d is m\ld$ into con=mity ) surr\nd+ ?+s by ! ag5cy ( surr\nd+ ?+s1 are necess>ily at a loss h[ to deal ) ^?1 :o1 l ,s*ell+ & ,hegel1 ass]t t surr\nd+ ?+s are solidifi$ m9d--t ,nature is petrifi$ intellig5ce4 ,h[ev]1 let u briefly glance at ,hegel's classification4 ,he divides philosophy into ?ree p>ts3-- #a4 ,logic1 or ! sci5ce ( ! idea 9 itself1 ! pure idea4 #b4 ,! ,philosophy ( ,nature1 or ! sci5ce ( ! idea consid]$ "u its o!r =m--( ! idea z ,nature4 #c4 ,! ,philosophy ( ! ,m9d1 or ! sci5ce ( ! idea 9 its return to itself4 ,( ^!1 ! second is divid$ into ! natural sci5ces1 commonly s call$2 s t 9 its m detail$ =m ! s]ies runs ?us3--,logic1 ,me*anics1 ,physics1 ,organic ,physics1 ,psy*ology4 ,n[1 if we believe ) ,hegel1 fir/1 t ?\ght is ! true ess5ce ( man2 second1 t ?\ght is ! ess5ce ( ! _w2 & t1 !re=e1 !re is no?+ b ?\ght2 8 classification1 beg9n+ ) ! sci5ce ( pure ?\ght1 may be acceptable4 ,b o!rwise1 x is an obvi\s objection to 8 arrangem5t1 t ?\ght implies ?+s ?\ght (--t !re c be no logical =ms )\t ! sub/ance ( exp]i5ce--t ! sci5ce ( ideas & ! sci5ce ( ?+s mu/ h a simultane\s orig94 ,hegel1 h[ev]1 anticipates ?is objection1 &1 9 8 ob/9ate idealism1 replies1 t ! contr>y is true2 t all conta9$ 9 ! =ms1 to become some?+1 requires to be ?\ght3 & t logical =ms are ! f\ndations ( all ?+s4 ,x is n surpris+ t1 />t+ f su* premises1 & reason+ aft] ?is fa%ion1 ,hegel f9ds 8 way to /range conclusions4 ,out ( space & "t he proce$s to build up motion1 matt]1 repulsion1 attraction1 weight1 & in]tia4 ,he !n goes on to logically evolve ! sol> sy/em4 ,9 do+ ?is he widely div]ges f ! ,newtonian !ory2 rea*es by syllogism ! conviction t ! planets are ! mo/ p]fect cele/ial bodies2 &1 n be+ able to br+ ! />s )9 8 !ory1 says t !y are m]e =mal exi/5ces & n liv+ matt]1 & t z comp>$ ) ! sol> sy/em !y are z little admirable z a cutane\s eruption or a sw>m ( flies4,f ,f ,x is some:at curi\s t ! au?or ( ,! ,plurality ( ,worlds1 ) q o!r aims1 %\ld h p]suad$ himself into simil> conclusions4 ,results s outrage\s might be left z self-disprov$1 7 x n t speculators ( ?is class are n al>m$ by any am\nt ( incongruity ) e/abli%$ beliefs4 ,! only effici5t mode ( treat+ sy/ems l ?is ( ,hegel1 is to %[ t !y are self-de/ructive--t by _! fir/ /eps !y ignore t au?ority on :i* all _! subsequ5t /eps dep5d4 ,if ,hegel pr(esses1 z he manife/ly does1 to develop 8 s*eme by reason+--if he pres5ts successive inf]5ces z necess>ily foll[+ f c]ta9 premises2 he implies ! po/ulate t a belief :i* necess>ily foll[s aft] c]ta9 antec$5ts is a true belief3 &1 did an oppon5t reply to "o ( 8 inf]5ces1 t1 ?\gh x 0 impossible to ?9k ! opposite1 yet ! opposite 0 true1 he w\ld consid] ! reply irrational4 ,! proc$ure1 h[ev]1 :i* he w\ld ?us condemn z de/ructive ( all ?9k+ :atev]1 is j ! proc$ure exhibit$ 9 ! enunciation ( 8 own fir/ pr9ciples4 ,mank9d f9d !mselves unable to conceive t !re c be ?\ght )\t ?+s ?\ght (4 ,hegel1 h[ev]1 ass]ts t !re c be ?\ght )\t ?+s ?\ght (4 ,t ultimate te/ ( a true proposition--! inability ( ! human m9d to conceive ! negation ( x--:i* 9 all o!r cases he consid]s valid1 he consid]s invalid :]e x suits 8 conv5i5ce to d s2 & yet at ! same "t d5ies ! "r ( an oppon5t to foll[ 8 example4 ,if x is compet5t = him to posit dogmas1 :i* are ! direct negations ( :at human consci\sness recognises2 !n is x also compet5t = 8 antagoni/s to /op him at e /ep 9 8 argum5t by say+1 t ?\gh ! p>ticul> inf]5ce he is draw+ seems to 8 m9d1 & to all m9ds1 necess>ily to foll[ f ! premises1 yet x is n true1 b ! contr>y inf]5ce is true4 ,or1 to /ate ! dilemma 9 ano!r =m3--,if he sets out ) inconceivable propositions1 !n may he ) equal propriety make all 8 succe$+ propositions inconceivable ones--may at e /ep ?r\gh\t 8 reason+ draw exactly ! opposite conclusion to t :i* seems involv$4 ,hegel's mode ( proc$ure be+ ?us ess5tially suicidal1 ! ,hegelian classification :i* dep5ds ^u x1 falls to ! gr\nd4 ,let u consid] next t ( ,m4 ,comte4 ,z all 8 read]s mu/ admit1 ,m4 ,comte pres5ts u ) a s*eme ( ! sci5ces :i*1 unlike ! =ego+ ones1 dem&s respectful consid]ation4 ,widely z we diff] f him1 we *e]fully be> witness to ! l>g5ess ( 8 views1 ! cle>ness ( 8 reason+1 & ! value ( 8 speculations z contribut+ to intellectual progress4 ,did we believe a s]ial arrangem5t ( ! sci5ces to be possible1 t ( ,m4 ,comte w\ld c]ta9ly be ! "o we %\ld adopt4 ,8 fundam5tal propositions are ?or\ghly intelligible2 & if n true1 h a great semblance ( tru?4 ,8 successive /eps are logically co-ord9at$2 & he supports 8 conclusions by a consid]able am\nt ( evid5ce--evid5ce :i*1 s long z x is n critically exam9$1 or n met by c\nt] evid5ce1 seems to sub/antiate 8 positions4 ,b x only ne$s to assume t antagoni/ic attitude :i* ought to be assum$ t[>ds new doctr9es1 9 ! belief t1 if true1 !y w prosp] by conqu]+ objectors--x ne$s b to te/ 8 lead+ doctr9es ei!r by o!r facts ?an ^? he cites1 or by 8 own facts diff]5tly appli$1 to at once %[ t !y w n /&4 ,we w proce$ ?us to deal ) ! g5]al pr9ciple on :i* he bases 8 hi]>*y ( ! sci5ces4 ,9 ! second *apt] ( 8 ,c\rs de ,philosophie ,positive1 ,m4 ,comte says3--,our problem is1 !n1 to f9d ! "o rational ord]1 among/ a ho/ ( possible sy/ems4444 ,?is ord] is det]m9$ by ! degree ( simplicity1 or1 :at comes to ! same ?+1 ( g5]ality ( _! ph5om5a4 ,& ! arrangem5t he d$uces runs ?us3 ,ma!matics1 ,a/ronomy1 ,physics1 ,*emi/ry1 ,physiology1 ,social ,physics4 ,?is he ass]ts to be ! true filiation ( ! sci5ces4 ,he ass]ts fur!r1 t ! pr9ciple ( progression f a great] to a less degree ( g5]ality1 :i* gives ?is ord] to ! :ole body ( sci5ce1 arranges ! p>ts ( ea* sci5ce4 ,&1 f9ally1 he ass]ts t ! gradations ?us e/abli%$ a priori among ! sci5ces1 & ! p>ts ( ea* sci5ce1 is 9 ess5tial con=mity ) ! ord] :i* has spontane\sly tak5 place among ! bran*es ( natural philosophy2 or1 9 o!r words--corresponds ) ! ord] ( hi/oric developm5t4 ,let u comp>e ^! ass]tions ) ! facts4 ,t !re may be p]fect fairness1 let u make no *oice1 b take z ! field = our comp>ison1 ! succe$+ section treat+ ( ! fir/ sci5ce--,ma!matics2 & let u use none b ,m4 ,comte's own facts1 & 8 own admissions4 ,conf9+ ourselves to ?is "o sci5ce1 ( c\rse our comp>isons mu/ be betwe5 its sev]al p>ts4 ,m4 ,comte says1 t ! p>ts ( ea* sci5ce mu/ be arrang$ 9 ! ord] ( _! decreas+ g5]ality2 & t ?is ord] ( decreas+ g5]ality agrees ) ! ord] ( hi/oric developm5t4 ,our inquiry mu/ be1 !n1 :e!r ! hi/ory ( ma!matics confirms ?is /atem5t4 ,c>ry+ out 8 pr9ciple1 ,m4 ,comte divides ,ma!matics into ,ab/ract ,ma!matics1 or ! ,calculus 7tak+ ! ^w 9 its mo/ ext5d$ s5se7 & ,concrete ,ma!matics1 :i* is compos$ ( ,g5]al ,geometry & ( ,rational ,me*anics4 ,! subject-matt] ( ! fir/ ( ^! is numb]2 ! subject-matt] ( ! second includes space1 "t1 motion1 =ce4 ,! "o possesses ! highe/ possible degree ( g5]ality2 = all ?+s :atev] admit ( enum]ation4 ,! o!rs are less g5]al2 see+ t !re are endless ph5om5a t are n cognizable ei!r by g5]al geometry or rational me*anics4 ,9 con=mity ) ! alleg$ law1 !re=e1 ! evolution ( ! calculus mu/ ?r\gh\t h prec$$ ! evolution ( ! concrete sub-sci5ces4 ,n[ some:at awkw>dly = him1 ! fir/ rem>k ,m4 ,comte makes be>+ ^u ?is po9t is1 t f an hi/orical po9t ( view1 ma!matical analysis appe>s to h ris5 out ( ! contemplation ( geometrical & me*anical facts4 ,true1 he goes on to say t1 x is n ! less indep5d5t ( ^! sci5ces logically speak+2 = t analytical ideas are1 above all o!rs1 univ]sal1 ab/ract1 & simple1 & geometrical conceptions are necess>ily f\nd$ on !m4 ,we w n take advantage ( ?is la/ passage to *>ge ,m4 ,comte ) tea*+1 aft] ! fa%ion ( ,hegel1 t !re c be ?\ght )\t ?+s ?\ght (4 ,we are cont5t simply to comp>e ! two ass]tions1 t analysis arose out ( ! contemplation ( geometrical & me*anical facts1 & t geometrical conceptions are f\nd$ ^u analytical ones4 ,lit]ally int]pret$ !y exactly cancel ea* o!r4 ,int]pret$1 h[ev]1 9 a lib]al s5se1 !y imply1 :at we believe to be demon/rable1 t ! two _h a simultane\s orig94 ,! passage is ei!r nons5se1 or x is an admission t ab/ract & concrete ma!matics are coeval4 ,?us1 at ! v fir/ /ep1 ! alleg$ congruity betwe5 ! ord] ( g5]ality & ! ord] ( evolution1 does n hold good4 ,b may x n be t ?\gh ab/ract & concrete ma!matics took _! rise at ! same "t1 ! "o aft]w>ds develop$ m rapidly ?an ! o!r2 & has ev] s9ce rema9$ 9 advance ( x8 ,no3 & aga9 we call ,m4 ,comte himself z witness4 ,=tunately = 8 argum5t he has said no?+ respect+ ! e>ly /ages ( ! concrete & ab/ract divisions aft] _! div]g5ce f a common root2 o!rwise ! adv5t ( ,algebra long aft] ! ,greek geometry _h rea*$ a high developm5t1 w\ld h be5 an inconv5i5t fact = him to deal )4 ,b pass+ ov] ?is1 & limit+ ourselves to 8 own /atem5ts1 we f9d1 at ! op5+ ( ! next *apt]1 ! admission1 t ! hi/orical developm5t ( ! ab/ract portion ( ma!matical sci5ce has1 s9ce ! "t ( ,desc>tes1 be5 = ! mo/ "p det]m9$ by t ( ! concrete4 ,fur!r on we read respect+ algebraic functions t mo/ functions 7 concrete 9 _! orig9--ev5 ^? :i* are at pres5t ! mo/ purely ab/ract2 & ! anci5ts discov]$ only ?r\gh geometrical def9itions elem5t>y algebraic prop]ties ( functions to :i* a num]ical value 0 n atta*$ till long aft]w>ds1 r5d]+ ab/ract to u :at 0 concrete to ! old geomet]s4 ,h[ d ^! /atem5ts tally ) 8 doctr9e8 ,aga91 hav+ divid$ ! calculus into algebraic & ari?metical1 ,m4 ,comte admits1 z p]=ce he mu/1 t ! algebraic is m g5]al ?an ! ari?metical2 yet he w n say t algebra prec$$ ari?metic 9 po9t ( "t4 ,& aga91 hav+ divid$ ! calculus ( functions into ! calculus ( direct functions 7common algebra7 & ! calculus ( indirect functions 7transc5d5tal analysis71 he is oblig$ to speak ( ?is la/ z possess+ a high] g5]ality ?an ! fir/2 yet x is f> m mod]n4 ,inde$1 by implication1 ,m4 ,comte himself confesses ?is incongruity2 = he says3--,x might seem t ! transc5d5tal analysis ought to be /udi$ be=e ! ord9>y1 z x provides ! equations :i* ! o!r has to resolve2 b ?\gh ! transc5d5tal is logically indep5d5t ( ! ord9>y1 x is be/ to foll[ ! usual me?od ( /udy1 tak+ ! ord9>y fir/4 ,9 all ^! cases1 !n1 z well z at ! close ( ! section :]e he pr$icts t ma!maticians w 9 "t create proc$ures ( a wid] g5]ality1 ,m4 ,comte makes admissions t are diametrically oppos$ to ! alleg$ law4 ,9 ! succe$+ *apt]s treat+ ( ! concrete dep>tm5t ( ma!matics1 we f9d simil> contradictions4 ,m4 ,comte himself names ! geometry ( ! anci5ts special geometry1 & t ( mod]ns ! g5]al geometry4 ,he admits t :ile ! anci5ts /udi$ geometry ) ref]5ce to ! bodies "u notice1 or specially2 ! mod]ns /udy x ) ref]5ce to ! ph5om5a to be consid]$1 or g5]ally4 ,he admits t :ile ! anci5ts extract$ all !y c\ld out ( "o l9e or surface be=e pass+ to ano!r1 ! mod]ns1 s9ce ,desc>tes1 employ !mselves on que/ions :i* relate to any figure :atev]4 ,^! facts are ! rev]se ( :at1 accord+ to 8 !ory1 !y %\ld be4 ,s1 too1 9 me*anics4 ,be=e divid+ x into /atics & dynamics1 ,m4 ,comte treats ( ! ?ree laws ( motion1 & is oblig$ to d s2 = /atics1 ! m g5]al ( ! two divisions1 ?\gh x does n involve motion1 is impossible z a sci5ce until ! laws ( motion are asc]ta9$4 ,yet ! laws ( motion p]ta9 to dynamics1 ! m special ( ! divisions4 ,fur!r on he po9ts out t aft] ,ar*im$es1 :o discov]$ ! law ( equilibrium ( ! lev]1 /atics made no progress until ! e/abli%m5t ( dynamics enabl$ u to seek ! conditions ( equilibrium ?r\gh ! laws ( ! composition ( =ces4 ,& he adds--,at ?is day ?is is ! me?od univ]sally employ$4 ,at ! fir/ glance x does n appe> ! mo/ rational--dynamics be+ m complicat$ ?an /atics1 & prec$5ce be+ natural to ! simpl]4 ,x w\ld1 9 fact1 be m philosophical to ref] dynamics to /atics1 z has s9ce be5 done4 ,sundry discov]ies are aft]w>ds detail$1 %[+ h[ completely ! developm5t ( /atics has be5 a*iev$ by consid]+ its problems dynamically2 & be=e ! close ( ! section ,m4 ,comte rem>ks t be=e hydro/atics c\ld be compreh5d$ "u /atics1 x 0 necess>y t ! ab/ract !ory ( equilibrium %\ld be made s g5]al z to apply directly to fluids z well z solids4 ,?is 0 accompli%$ :5 ,lagrange suppli$1 z ! basis ( ! :ole ( rational me*anics1 ! s+le pr9ciple ( virtual velocities4 ,9 :i* /atem5t we h two facts directly at v>iance ) ,m4 ,comte's doctr9e2--fir/1 t ! simpl] sci5ce1 /atics1 rea*$ its pres5t developm5t only by ! aid ( ! pr9ciple ( virtual velocities1 :i* belongs to ! m complex sci5ce1 dynamics2 & t ?is s+le pr9ciple und]ly+ all rational me*anics--?is mo/ g5]al =m :i* includes alike ! relations ( /atical1 hydro/atical1 & dynamical =ces--0 rea*$ s late z ! "t ( ,lagrange4 ,?us x is n true t ! hi/orical succession ( ! divisions ( ma!matics has correspond$ ) ! ord] ( decreas+ g5]ality4 ,x is n true t ab/ract ma!matics 0 evolv$ antec$5tly to1 & indep5d5tly ( concrete ma!matics4 ,x is n true t ( ! subdivisions ( ab/ract ma!matics1 ! m g5]al came be=e ! m special4 ,& x is n true t concrete ma!matics1 9 ei!r ( its two sections1 began ) ! mo/ ab/ract & advanc$ to ! less ab/ract tru?s4 ,x may be well to m5tion1 p>5!tically1 t 9 def5d+ 8 alleg$ law ( progression f ! g5]al to ! special1 ,m4 ,comte some:]e comm5ts ^u ! two mean+s ( ! ^w g5]al1 & ! result+ liability to confusion4 ,)\t n[ discuss+ :e!r ! ass]t$ di/9ction c be ma9ta9$ 9 o!r cases1 x is manife/ t x does n exi/ "h4 ,9 sundry ( ! in/ances above quot$1 ! endeavors made by ,m4 ,comte himself to disguise1 or to expla9 away1 ! prec$5ce ( ! special ov] ! g5]al1 cle>ly indicate t ! g5]ality spok5 (1 is ( ! k9d meant by 8 =mula4 ,& x ne$s b a brief consid]ation ( ! matt] to %[ t1 ev5 did he attempt x1 he c\ld n di/+ui% ?is g5]ality1 :i*1 z above prov$1 frequ5tly comes la/1 f ! g5]ality :i* he says always comes fir/4 ,= :at is ! nature ( t m5tal process by :i* objects1 dim5sions1 weights1 times1 & ! re/1 are f\nd capable ( hav+ _! relations express$ num]ically8 ,x is ! =mation ( c]ta9 ab/ract conceptions ( unity1 duality & multiplicity1 :i* are applicable to all ?+s alike4 ,x is ! inv5tion ( g5]al symbols s]v+ to express ! num]ical relations ( entities1 :atev] be _! special *>act]s4 ,& :at is ! nature ( ! m5tal process by :i* numb]s are f\nd capable ( hav+ _! relations express$ algebraically8 ,x is j ! same4 ,x is ! =mation ( c]ta9 ab/ract conceptions ( num]ical functions :i* are ! same :atev] be ! magnitudes ( ! numb]s4 ,x is ! inv5tion ( g5]al symbols s]v+ to express ! relations betwe5 numb]s1 z numb]s express ! relations betwe5 ?+s4 ,& transc5d5tal analysis /&s to algebra 9 ! same position t algebra /&s 9 to ari?metic4 ,to briefly illu/rate _! respective p[]s2--ari?metic c express 9 "o =mula ! value ( a p>ticul> tang5t to a p>ticul> curve2 algebra c express 9 "o =mula ! values ( all tang5ts to a p>ticul> curve2 transc5d5tal analysis c express 9 "o =mula ! values ( all tang5ts to all curves4 ,j z ari?metic deals ) ! common prop]ties ( l9es1 areas1 bulks1 =ces1 p]iods2 s does algebra deal ) ! common prop]ties ( ! numb]s :i* ari?metic pres5ts2 s does transc5d5tal analysis deal ) ! common prop]ties ( ! equations exhibit$ by algebra4 ,?us1 ! g5]ality ( ! high] bran*es ( ! calculus1 :5 comp>$ ) ! l[]1 is ! same k9d ( g5]ality z t ( ! l[] bran*es :5 comp>$ ) geometry or me*anics4 ,& on exam9ation x w be f\nd t ! l relation exi/s 9 ! v>i\s o!r cases above giv54 ,hav+ %[n t ,m4 ,comte's alleg$ law ( progression does n hold among ! sev]al p>ts ( ! same sci5ce1 let u see h[ x agrees ) ! facts :5 appli$ to sep>ate sci5ces4 ,a/ronomy1 says ,m4 ,comte1 at ! op5+ ( ,book ,,iii41 0 a positive sci5ce1 9 its geometrical aspect1 f ! e>lie/ days ( ! s*ool ( ,alex&ria2 b ,physics1 :i* we are n[ to consid]1 _h no positive "* at all till ,galileo made 8 great discov]ies on ! fall ( heavy bodies4 ,on ?is1 our comm5t is simply t x is a misrepres5tation bas$ ^u an arbitr>y misuse ( words--a m]e v]bal artifice4 ,by *oos+ to exclude f t]re/rial physics ^? laws ( magnitude1 motion1 & position1 :i* he includes 9 cele/ial physics1 ,m4 ,comte makes x appe> t ! "o owes no?+ to ! o!r4 ,n only is ?is altoge!r unw>rantable1 b x is radically inconsi/5t ) 8 own s*eme ( divisions4 ,at ! outset he says--& z ! po9t is important we quote f ! orig9al--,p\r la physique inorganique n\s voyons d'abord1 en n\s con=mant t\j\rs a l'ordre de g5]alite et de dep5dance des ph5om5es1 qu'elle doit etre p>tagee en deux sections di/9ctes1 suivant qu'elle consid]e les ph5om5es g5]aux de l'univ]s1 ou1 en p>ticuli]1 ceux que pres5t5t les corps t]re/res4 ,d'ou la physique cele/e1 ou l'a/ronomie1 soit geometrique1 soit me*anique2 et la physique t]re/re4 ,"h !n we h inorganic physics cle>ly divid$ into cele/ial physics & t]re/rial physics--! ph5om5a pres5t$ by ! univ]se1 & ! ph5om5a pres5t$ by e>?ly bodies4 ,if n[ cele/ial bodies & t]re/rial bodies exhibit sundry lead+ ph5om5a 9 common1 z !y d1 h[ c ! g5]alization ( ^! common ph5om5a be consid]$ z p]ta9+ to ! "o class r ?an to ! o!r8 ,if inorganic physics includes geometry 7:i* ,m4 ,comte has made x d by compreh5d+ geometrical a/ronomy 9 its sub-section--cele/ial physics72 & if its sub-section--t]re/rial physics1 treats ( ?+s hav+ geometrical prop]ties2 h[ c ! laws ( geometrical relations be exclud$ f t]re/rial physics8 ,cle>ly if cele/ial physics includes ! geometry ( objects 9 ! heav5s1 t]re/rial physics includes ! geometry ( objects on ! e>?4 ,& if t]re/rial physics includes t]re/rial geometry1 :ile cele/ial physics includes cele/ial geometry1 !n ! geometrical "p ( t]re/rial physics prec$es ! geometrical "p ( cele/ial physics2 see+ t geometry ga9$ its fir/ ideas f surr\nd+ objects4 ,until m5 _h le>nt geometrical relations f bodies on ! e>?1 x 0 impossible = !m to und]/& ! geometrical relations ( bodies 9 ! heav5s4 ,s1 too1 ) cele/ial me*anics1 :i* _h t]re/rial me*anics = its p>5t4 ,! v conception ( =ce1 :i* und]lies ! :ole ( me*anical a/ronomy1 is borr[$ f our e>?ly exp]i5ces2 & ! lead+ laws ( me*anical action z exhibit$ 9 scales1 lev]s1 projectiles1 c41 _h to be asc]ta9$ be=e ! dynamics ( ! sol> sy/em c\ld be ent]$ ^u4 ,:at 7 ! laws made use ( by ,newton 9 work+ out 8 gr& discov]y8 ,! law ( fall+ bodies disclos$ by ,galileo2 t ( ! composition ( =ces also disclos$ by ,galileo2 & t ( c5trifugal =ce f\nd out by ,huygh5s--all ( !m g5]alizations ( t]re/rial physics4 ,yet1 ) facts l ^! be=e him1 ,m4 ,comte places a/ronomy be=e physics 9 ord] ( evolution6 ,he does n comp>e ! geometrical p>ts ( ! two toge!r1 & ! me*anical p>ts ( ! two toge!r2 = ?is w\ld by no means suit 8 hypo!sis4 ,b he comp>es ! geometrical "p ( ! "o ) ! me*anical "p ( ! o!r1 & s gives a semblance ( tru? to 8 position4 ,he is l$ away by a v]bal delusion4 ,_h he conf9$ 8 att5tion to ! ?+s & disreg>d$ ! words1 he w\ld h se5 t be=e mank9d sci5tifically co-ord9at$ any "o class ( ph5om5a display$ 9 ! heav5s1 !y _h previ\sly co-ord9at$ a p>allel class ( ph5om5a display$ ^u ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,7 x ne$ful we c\ld fill a score pages ) ! incongruities ( ,m4 ,comte's s*eme4 ,b ! =ego+ samples w suffice4 ,s f> is 8 law ( evolution ( ! sci5ces f be+ t5able1 t1 by foll[+ 8 example1 & arbitr>ily ignor+ "o class ( facts1 x w\ld be possible to pres5t1 ) great plausibility1 j ! opposite g5]alization to t :i* he enunciates4 ,:ile he ass]ts t ! rational ord] ( ! sci5ces1 l ! ord] ( _! hi/oric developm5t1 is det]m9$ by ! degree ( simplicity1 or1 :at comes to ! same ?+1 ( g5]ality ( _! ph5om5a2 x might contr>iwise be ass]t$1 t1 comm5c+ ) ! complex & ! special1 mank9d h progress$ /ep by /ep to a k ( great] simplicity & wid] g5]ality4 ,s mu* evid5ce is !re ( ?is z to h drawn f ,:ewell1 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ! ,inductive ,sci5ces1 ! g5]al rem>k t ! read] has already se5 repeat$ly 9 ! c\rse ( ?is hi/ory1 complex & d]ivative pr9ciples pres5t+ !mselves to m5's m9ds be=e simple & elem5t>y ones4 ,ev5 f ,m4 ,comte's own "w1 num]\s facts1 admissions1 & argum5ts1 might be pick$ out1 t5d+ to %[ ?is4 ,we h already quot$ 8 words 9 pro( t bo? ab/ract & concrete ma!matics h progress$ t[>ds a high] degree ( g5]ality1 & t he looks =w>d to a high] g5]ality /ill4 ,j to /r5g!n ?is adv]se hypo!sis1 let u take a fur!r in/ance4 ,f ! p>ticul> case ( ! scales1 ! law ( equilibrium ( :i* 0 famili> to ! e>lie/ nations kn[n1 ,ar*im$es advanc$ to ! m g5]al case ( ! unequal lev] ) unequal weights2 ! law ( equilibrium ( :i* includes t ( ! scales4 ,by ! help ( ,galileo's discov]y conc]n+ ! composition ( =ces1 ,d',alemb]t e/abli%$1 = ! fir/ "t1 ! equations ( equilibrium ( any sy/em ( =ces appli$ to ! diff]5t po9ts ( a solid body--equations :i* include all cases ( lev]s & an inf9ity ( cases besides4 ,cle>ly ?is is progress t[>ds a high] g5]ality--t[>ds a k m indep5d5t ( special circum/ances--t[>ds a /udy ( ph5om5a ! mo/ dis5gag$ f ! incid5ts ( p>ticul> cases2 :i* is ,m4 ,comte's def9ition ( ! mo/ simple ph5om5a4 ,does x n inde$ foll[ f ! famili>ly admitt$ fact1 t m5tal advance is f ! concrete to ! ab/ract1 f ! p>ticul> to ! g5]al1 t ! univ]sal & !re=e mo/ simple tru?s are ! la/ to be discov]$8 ,is n ! gov]nm5t ( ! sol> sy/em by a =ce v>y+ inv]sely z ! squ>e ( ! di/ance1 a simpl] conception ?an any t prec$$ x8 ,%\ld we ev] succe$ 9 r$uc+ all ord]s ( ph5om5a to "s s+le law--say ( atomic action1 z ,m4 ,comte sugge/s--mu/ n t law answ] to 8 te/ ( be+ indep5d5t ( all o!rs1 & !re=e mo/ simple8 ,& w\ld n su* a law g5]alize ! ph5om5a ( gravity1 cohesion1 atomic aff9ity1 & electric repulsion1 j z ! laws ( numb] g5]alize ! quantitative ph5om5a ( space1 "t & =ce8 ,! possibility ( say+ s mu* 9 support ( an hypo!sis ! v rev]se ( ,m4 ,comte's1 at once proves t 8 g5]alization is only a half-tru?4 ,! fact is1 t nei!r proposition is correct by itself2 & ! actuality is express$ only by putt+ ! two toge!r4 ,! progress ( sci5ce is duplex3 x is at once f ! special to ! g5]al1 & f ! g5]al to ! special3 x is analytical & syn!tical at ! same "t4 ,m4 ,comte himself obs]ves t ! evolution ( sci5ce has be5 accompli%$ by ! division ( lab\r2 b he q mis/ates ! mode 9 :i* ?is division ( lab\r has op]at$4 ,z he describes x1 x has simply be5 an arrangem5t ( ph5om5a into classes1 & ! /udy ( ea* class by itself4 ,he does n recognise ! con/ant effect ( progress 9 ea* class ^u all o!r classes2 b only on ! class succe$+ x 9 8 hi]>*ical scale4 ,or if he occasionally admits collat]al influ5ces & int]communications1 he does x s grudg+ly1 & s quickly puts ! admissions out ( sight & =gets !m1 z to leave ! impression t1 ) b trifl+ exceptions1 ! sci5ces aid ea* o!r only 9 ! ord] ( _! alleg$ succession4 ,! fact is1 h[ev]1 t ! division ( lab\r 9 sci5ce1 l ! division ( lab\r 9 society1 & l ! physiological division ( lab\r 9 individual organisms1 has be5 n only a specialization ( functions1 b a cont9u\s help+ ( ea* division by all ! o!rs1 & ( all by ea*4 ,e p>ticul> class ( inquir]s has1 z x 71 secret$ its own p>ticul> ord] ( tru?s f ! g5]al mass ( mat]ial :i* obs]vation accumulates2 & all o!r classes ( inquir]s h made use ( ^! tru?s z fa/ z !y 7 elaborat$1 ) ! effect ( enabl+ !m ! bett] to elaborate ea* its own ord] ( tru?s4 ,x 0 ?us 9 sundry ( ! cases we h quot$ z at v>iance ) ,m4 ,comte's doctr9e4 ,x 0 ?us ) ! application ( ,huygh5s's optical discov]y to a/ronomical obs]vation by ,galileo4 ,x 0 ?us ) ! application ( ! iso*ronism ( ! p5dulum to ! mak+ ( in/rum5ts = measur+ int]vals1 a/ronomical & o!r4 ,x 0 ?us :5 ! discov]y t ! refraction & disp]sion ( light did n foll[ ! same law ( v>iation1 affect$ bo? a/ronomy & physiology by giv+ u a*romatic telescopes & microscopes4 ,x 0 ?us :5 ,bradley's discov]y ( ! ab]ration ( light enabl$ him to make ! fir/ /ep t[>ds asc]ta9+ ! motions ( ! />s4 ,x 0 ?us :5 ,cav5di%'s torsion-balance exp]im5t det]m9$ ! specific gravity ( ! e>?1 & s gave a datum = calculat+ ! specific gravities ( ! sun & planets4 ,x 0 ?us :5 tables ( atmosph]ic refraction enabl$ obs]v]s to write d[n ! real places ( ! heav5ly bodies in/ead ( _! app>5t places4 ,x 0 ?us :5 ! discov]y ( ! diff]5t expansibilities ( metals by heat1 gave u ! means ( correct+ our *ronometrical measurem5ts ( a/ronomical p]iods4 ,x 0 ?us :5 ! l9es ( ! prismatic spectrum 7 us$ to di/+ui% ! heav5ly bodies t are ( l nature ) ! sun f ^? :i* are n4 ,x 0 ?us :51 z rec5tly1 an electro-telegraphic in/rum5t 0 inv5t$ = ! m accurate regi/ration ( m]idional transits4 ,x 0 ?us :5 ! diff]5ce 9 ! rates ( a clock at ! equator1 & ne>] ! poles1 gave data = calculat+ ! oblat5ess ( ! e>?1 & acc\nt+ = ! precession ( ! equ9oxes4 ,x 0 ?us--b x is ne$less to cont9ue4 ,"h1 )9 our own limit$ k ( its hi/ory1 we h nam$ t5 additional cases 9 :i* ! s+le sci5ce ( a/ronomy has ow$ its advance to sci5ces com+ aft] x 9 ,m4 ,comte's s]ies4 ,n only its second>y /eps1 b its greate/ revolutions h be5 ?us det]m9$4 ,kepl] c\ld n h discov]$ 8 celebrat$ laws _h x n be5 = ,ty*o ,brahe's accurate obs]vations2 & x 0 only aft] "s progress 9 physical & *emical sci5ce t ! improv$ in/rum5ts ) :i* ^? obs]vations 7 made1 became possible4 ,! helioc5tric !ory ( ! sol> sy/em _h to wait until ! inv5tion ( ! telescope be=e x c\ld be f9ally e/abli%$4 ,nay1 ev5 ! gr& discov]y ( all--! law ( gravitation--dep5d$ = its pro( ^u an op]ation ( physical sci5ce1 ! measurem5t ( a degree on ! ,e>?'s surface4 ,s completely inde$ did x ?us dep5d1 t ,newton _h actually ab&on$ 8 hypo!sis because ! l5g? ( a degree1 z !n /at$1 br\ght out wrong results2 & x 0 only aft] ,pic>d's m exact measurem5t 0 publi%$1 t he return$ to 8 calculations & prov$ 8 great g5]alization4 ,n[ ?is con/ant int]communion1 :i*1 = brevity's sake1 we h illu/rat$ 9 ! case ( "o sci5ce only1 has be5 tak+ place ) all ! sci5ces4 ,?r\gh\t ! :ole c\rse ( _! evolution !re has be5 a cont9u\s cons5sus ( ! sci5ces--a cons5sus exhibit+ a g5]al correspond5ce ) ! cons5sus ( faculties 9 ea* phase ( m5tal developm5t2 ! "o be+ an objective regi/ry ( ! subjective /ate ( ! o!r4 99 99 99 99 99 ,f our pres5t po9t ( view1 !n1 x becomes obvi\s t ! conception ( a s]ial arrangem5t ( ! sci5ces is a vici\s "o4 ,x is n simply t ! s*emes we h exam9$ are unt5able2 b x is t ! sci5ces _c be rightly plac$ 9 any l9e> ord] :atev]4 ,x is n simply t1 z ,m4 ,comte admits1 a classification w always involve some?+1 if n arbitr>y1 at lea/ artificial2 x is n1 z he w\ld h u believe1 t1 neglect+ m9or imp]fections a classification may be sub/antially true2 b x is t any gr\p+ ( ! sci5ces 9 a succession gives a radically errone\s idea ( _! g5esis & _! dep5d5cies4 ,!re is no "o rational ord] among a ho/ ( possible sy/ems4 ,!re is no true filiation ( ! sci5ces4 ,! :ole hypo!sis is fundam5tally false4 ,inde$1 x ne$s b a glance at its orig9 to see at once h[ baseless x is4 ,:y a s]ies8 ,:at reason h we to suppose t ! sci5ces admit ( a l9e> arrangem5t8 ,:]e is our w>rant = assum+ t !re is "s succession 9 :i* !y c be plac$8 ,!re is no reason2 no w>rant4 ,:5ce !n has aris5 ! supposition8 ,to use ,m4 ,comte's own phraseology1 we %\ld say1 x is a metaphysical conception4 ,x adds ano!r to ! cases con/antly occurr+1 ( ! human m9d be+ made ! measure ( ,nature4 ,we are oblig$ to ?9k 9 sequ5ce2 x is ! law ( our m9ds t we mu/ consid] subjects sep>ately1 "o aft] ano!r3 !re=e ,nature mu/ be s]ial--!re=e ! sci5ces mu/ be classifiable 9 a succession4 ,see "h ! bir? ( ! notion1 & ! sole evid5ce ( its tru?4 ,m5 h be5 oblig$ :5 arrang+ 9 books _! s*emes ( education & sy/ems ( k1 to *oose "s ord] or o!r4 ,& f inquir+ :at is ! be/ ord]1 h naturally fall5 into ! belief t !re is an ord] :i* truly repres5ts ! facts--h p]sev]$ 9 seek+ su* an ord]2 q ov]look+ ! previ\s "q :e!r x is likely t ,nature has consult$ ! conv5i5ce ( book-mak+4 ,= ,g]man philosoph]s1 :o hold t ,nature is petrifi$ intellig5ce1 & t logical =ms are ! f\ndations ( all ?+s1 x is a consi/5t hypo!sis t z ?\ght is s]ial1 ,nature is s]ial2 b t ,m4 ,comte1 :o is s bitt] an oppon5t ( all an?ropomorphism1 ev5 9 its mo/ evanesc5t %apes1 %\ld h committ$ ! mi/ake ( impos+ ^u ! ext]nal _w an arrangem5t :i* s obvi\sly spr+s f a limitation ( ! human consci\sness1 is some:at /range4 ,& x is ! m /range :5 we call to m9d h[1 at ! outset1 ,m4 ,comte rem>ks t 9 ! beg9n+ t\tes les sci5ces sont cultivees simultanem5t p> les memes esprits2 t ?is is inevitable et meme indisp5sable2 & h[ he fur!r rem>ks t ! diff]5t sci5ces are comme les div]ses bran*es d'un tronc unique4 ,7 x n acc\nt$ = by ! di/ort+ influ5ce ( a *]i%$ hypo!sis1 x w\ld be sc>cely possible to und]/& h[1 aft] recognis+ tru?s l ^!1 ,m4 ,comte %\ld h p]si/$ 9 attempt+ to con/ruct une e*elle encyclop$ique4 ,! metaphor :i* ,m4 ,comte has "h s inconsi/5tly us$ to express ! relations ( ! sci5ces--bran*es ( "o trunk--is an approximation to ! tru?1 ?\gh n ! tru? itself4 ,x sugge/s ! facts t ! sci5ces _h a common orig92 t !y h be5 develop+ simultane\sly2 & t !y h be5 f "t to "t divid+ & sub-divid+4 ,b x does n sugge/ ! yet m important fact1 t ! divisions & sub-divisions ?us aris+ d n rema9 sep>ate1 b n[ & aga9 re-unite 9 direct & indirect ways4 ,!y inosculate2 !y sev]ally s5d (f & receive connect+ gr[?s2 & ! int]communion has be5 ev] becom+ m frequ5t1 m intricate1 m widely ramifi$4 ,!re has all along be5 high] specialization1 t !re might be a l>g] g5]alization2 & a deep] analysis1 t !re might be a bett] syn!sis4 ,ea* l>g] g5]alization has lift$ sundry specializations /ill high]2 & ea* bett] syn!sis has prep>$ ! way = /ill deep] analysis4 ,& "h we may fitly ent] ^u ! task a:ile s9ce indicat$--a sket* ( ! ,g5esis ( ,sci5ce1 reg>d$ z a gradual outgr[? f common k--an ext5sion ( ! p]ceptions by ! aid ( ! reason4 ,we propose to treat x z a psy*ological process hi/orically display$2 trac+ at ! same "t ! advance f qualitative to quantitative prevision2 ! progress f concrete facts to ab/ract facts1 & ! application ( su* ab/ract facts to ! analysis ( new ord]s ( concrete facts2 ! simultane\s advance 9 g5]alization & specialization2 ! cont9ually increas+ subdivision & reunion ( ! sci5ces2 & _! con/antly improv+ cons5sus4 99 99 99 99 99 ,to trace out sci5tific evolution f its deepe/ roots w\ld1 ( c\rse1 involve a complete analysis ( ! m9d4 ,= z sci5ce is a developm5t ( t common k acquir$ by ! unaid$ s5ses & uncultur$ reason1 s is t common k itself gradually built up out ( ! simple/ p]ceptions4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 beg9 some:]e abruptly2 & ! mo/ appropriate /age to take = our po9t ( dep>ture w be ! adult m9d ( ! savage4 ,comm5c+ ?us1 )\t a prop] prelim9>y analysis1 we are naturally some:at at a loss h[ to pres5t1 9 a satisfactory mann]1 ^? fundam5tal processes ( ?\ght out ( :i* sci5ce ultimately orig9ates4 ,p]haps our argum5t may be be/ initiat$ by ! proposition1 t all intellig5t action :atev] dep5ds ^u ! disc]n+ ( di/9ctions among surr\nd+ ?+s4 ,! condition "u :i* only x is possible = any creature to obta9 food & avoid dang] is1 t x %all be diff]5tly affect$ by diff]5t objects--t x %all be l$ to act 9 "o way by "o object1 & 9 ano!r way by ano!r4 ,9 ! l[] ord]s ( creatures ?is condition is fulfill$ by means ( an app>atus :i* acts automatically4 ,9 ! high] ord]s ! actions are p>tly automatic1 p>tly consci\s4 ,& 9 man !y are almo/ :olly consci\s4 ,?r\gh\t1 h[ev]1 !re mu/ necess>ily exi/ a c]ta9 classification ( ?+s accord+ to _! prop]ties--a classification :i* is ei!r organically regi/]$ 9 ! sy/em1 z 9 ! inf]ior creation1 or is =m$ by exp]i5ce1 z 9 ourselves4 ,& x may be fur!r rem>k$1 t ! ext5t to :i* ?is classification is c>ri$1 r\ghly indicates ! height ( intellig5ce--t1 :ile ! l[e/ organisms are able to d little m ?an discrim9ate organic f inorganic matt]2 :ile ! g5]ality ( animals c>ry _! classifications no fur!r ?an to a limit$ numb] ( plants or creatures s]v+ = food1 a limit$ numb] ( bea/s ( prey1 & a limit$ numb] ( places & mat]ials2 ! mo/ degrad$ ( ! human race possess a k ( ! di/9ctive natures ( a great v>iety ( sub/ances1 plants1 animals1 tools1 p]sons1 c41 n only z classes b z individuals4 ,:at n[ is ! m5tal process by :i* classification is effect$8 ,manife/ly x is a recognition ( ! lik5ess or unlik5ess ( ?+s1 ei!r 9 respect ( _! sizes1 col\rs1 =ms1 weights1 textures1 ta/es1 c41 or 9 respect ( _! modes ( action4 ,by "s special m>k1 s\nd1 or motion1 ! savage id5tifies a c]ta9 f\r-legg$ creature he sees1 z "o t is good = food1 & to be caught 9 a p>ticul> way2 or z "o t is dang]\s2 & acts accord+ly4 ,he has class$ toge!r all ! creatures t are alike 9 ?is p>ticul>4 ,& manife/ly 9 *oos+ ! wood out ( :i* to =m 8 b[1 ! plant ) :i* to poison 8 arr[s1 ! bone f :i* to make 8 fi%-hooks1 he id5tifies !m ?r\gh _! *ief s5sible prop]ties z belong+ to ! g5]al classes1 wood1 plant1 & bone1 b di/+ui%es !m z belong+ to sub-classes by virtue ( c]ta9 prop]ties 9 :i* !y are unlike ! re/ ( ! g5]al classes !y belong to2 & s =ms g5]a & species4 ,& "h x becomes manife/ t n only is classification c>ri$ on by gr\p+ toge!r 9 ! m9d ?+s t are l2 b t classes & sub-classes are =m$ & arrang$ accord+ to ! degrees ( unlik5ess4 ,?+s widely contra/$ are alone di/+ui%$ 9 ! l[] /ages ( m5tal evolution2 z may be any day obs]v$ 9 an infant4 ,& gradually z ! p[]s ( discrim9ation increase1 ! widely contra/$ classes at fir/ di/+ui%$1 come to be ea* divid$ into sub-classes1 diff]+ f ea* o!r less ?an ! classes diff]2 & ^! sub-classes are aga9 divid$ aft] ! same mann]4 ,by ! cont9uance ( :i* process1 ?+s are gradually arrang$ into gr\ps1 ! memb]s ( :i* are less & less unlike2 end+1 f9ally1 9 gr\ps ^: memb]s diff] only z individuals1 & n specifically4 ,& ?us !re t5ds ultimately to arise ! notion ( complete lik5ess4 ,= manife/ly1 x is impossible t gr\ps %\ld cont9ue to be sub-divid$ 9 virtue ( small] & small] diff]5ces1 )\t !re be+ a simultane\s approximation to ! notion ( no diff]5ce4 ,let u next notice t ! recognition ( lik5ess & unlik5ess1 :i* und]lies classification1 & out ( :i* cont9u$ classification evolves ! idea ( complete lik5ess--let u next notice t x also und]lies ! process ( nam+1 & by consequ5ce language4 ,= all language consi/s1 at ! beg9n+1 ( symbols :i* are z l to ! ?+s symboliz$ z x is practicable to make !m4 ,! language ( signs is a means ( convey+ ideas by mimick+ ! actions or peculi>ities ( ! ?+s ref]r$ to4 ,v]bal language is also1 at ! beg9n+1 a mode ( sugge/+ objects or acts by imitat+ ! s\nds :i* ! objects make1 or ) :i* ! acts are accompani$4 ,orig9ally ^! two languages 7 us$ simultane\sly4 ,x ne$s b to wat* ! ge/iculations ) :i* ! savage accompanies 8 spee*--to see a ,bu%man or a ,kaffir dramatiz+ be=e an audi5ce 8 mode ( cat*+ game--or to note ! extreme paucity ( words 9 all primitive vocabul>ies2 to inf] t at fir/1 attitudes1 ge/ures1 & s\nds1 7 all comb9$ to produce z good a lik5ess z possible1 ( ! ?+s1 animals1 p]sons1 or ev5ts describ$2 & t z ! s\nds came to be und]/ood by !mselves ! ge/ures fell into disuse3 leav+ traces1 h[ev]1 9 ! mann]s ( ! m excitable civiliz$ races4 ,b be ?is z x may1 x suffices simply to obs]ve1 h[ _m ( ! words curr5t among b>b>\s peoples are l ! s\nds app]ta9+ to ! ?+s signifi$2 h[ _m ( our own olde/ & simple/ words h ! same peculi>ity2 h[ *ildr5 t5d to inv5t imitative words2 & h[ ! sign-language spontane\sly =m$ by deaf mutes is inv>iably bas$ ^u imitative actions--to at once see t ! notion ( lik5ess is t f :i* ! nom5clature ( objects takes its rise4 ,7 !re space we might g on to po9t out h[ ?is law ( life is traceable1 n only 9 ! orig9 b 9 ! developm5t ( language2 h[ 9 primitive tongues ! plural is made by a duplication ( ! s+ul>1 :i* is a multiplication ( ! ^w to make x l ! multiplicity ( ! ?+s2 h[ ! use ( metaphor--t prolific s\rce ( new words--is a sugge/+ ( ideas t are l ! ideas to be convey$ 9 "s respect or o!r2 & h[1 9 ! copi\s use ( simile1 fable1 & allegory among unciviliz$ races1 we see t complex conceptions1 :i* !re is yet no direct language =1 are r5d]$1 by pres5t+ kn[n conceptions m or less l !m4 ,?is view is fur!r confirm$1 & ! pr$om9ance ( ?is notion ( lik5ess 9 primitive times fur!r illu/rat$1 by ! fact t our sy/em ( pres5t+ ideas to ! eye orig9at$ aft] ! same fa%ion4 ,writ+ & pr9t+ h desc5d$ f picture-language4 ,! e>lie/ mode ( p]man5tly regi/]+ a fact 0 by depict+ x on a wall2 t is--by exhibit+ some?+ z l to ! ?+ to be rememb]$ z x c\ld be made4 ,gradually z ! practice grew habitual & ext5sive1 ! mo/ frequ5tly repeat$ =ms became fix$1 & pres5tly abbreviat$2 &1 pass+ ?r\gh ! hi]oglyphic & ideographic phases1 ! symbols lo/ all app>5t relations to ! ?+s signifi$3 j z ! majority ( our spok5 words h done4 ,obs]ve aga91 t ! same ?+ is true respect+ ! g5esis ( reason+4 ,! lik5ess t is p]ceiv$ to exi/ betwe5 cases1 is ! ess5ce ( all e>ly reason+ & ( mu* ( our pres5t reason+4 ,! savage1 hav+ by exp]i5ce discov]$ a relation betwe5 a c]ta9 object & a c]ta9 act1 inf]s t ! l relation w be f\nd 9 future cases4 ,& ! expressions we con/antly use 9 our argum5ts--analogy implies1 ! cases are n p>allel1 by p>ity ( reason+1 !re is no simil>ity1--%[ h[ con/antly ! idea ( lik5ess und]lies our ratioc9ative processes4 ,/ill m cle>ly w ?is be se5 on recognis+ ! fact t !re is a c]ta9 p>allelism betwe5 reason+ & classification2 t ! two h a common root2 & t nei!r c g on )\t ! o!r4 ,= on ! "o h&1 x is a famili> tru? t ! attribut+ to a body 9 consequ5ce ( "s ( its prop]ties1 all ^? o!r prop]ties 9 virtue ( :i* x is ref]r$ to a p>ticul> class1 is an act ( inf]5ce4 ,&1 on ! o!r h&1 ! =m+ ( a g5]alization is ! putt+ toge!r 9 "o class1 all ^? cases :i* pres5t l relations2 :ile ! draw+ a d$uction is ess5tially ! p]ception t a p>ticul> case belongs to a c]ta9 class ( cases previ\sly g5]aliz$4 ,s t z classification is a gr\p+ toge!r ( l ?+s2 reason+ is a gr\p+ toge!r ( l relations among ?+s4 ,add to :i*1 t :ile ! p]fection gradually a*iev$ 9 classification consi/s 9 ! =mation ( gr\ps ( objects :i* are completely alike2 ! p]fection gradually a*iev$ 9 reason+ consi/s 9 ! =mation ( gr\ps ( cases :i* are completely alike4 ,once m we may contemplate ?is dom9ant idea ( lik5ess z exhibit$ 9 art4 ,all art1 civiliz$ z well z savage1 consi/s almo/ :olly 9 ! mak+ ( objects l o!r objects2 ei!r z f\nd 9 ,nature1 or z produc$ by previ\s art4 ,if we trace back ! v>i$ art-products n[ exi/+1 we f9d t at ea* /age ! div]g5ce f previ\s patt]ns is b small :5 comp>$ ) ! agreem5t2 & 9 ! e>lie/ art ! p]si/5cy ( imitation is yet m conspicu\s4 ,! old =ms & ornam5ts & symbols 7 held sacr$1 & p]petually copi$4 ,inde$1 ! /rong imitative t5d5cy notori\sly display$ by ! l[e/ human races1 ensures among !m a con/ant reproduc+ ( lik5esses ( ?+s1 =ms1 signs1 s\nds1 actions1 & :atev] else is imitable2 & we may ev5 suspect t ?is aborig9al peculi>ity is 9 "s way connect$ ) ! culture & developm5t ( ?is g5]al conception1 :i* we h f\nd s deep & widespread 9 its applications4 ,& n[ let u g on to consid] h[1 by a fur!r unfold+ ( ?is same fundam5tal notion1 !re is a gradual =mation ( ! fir/ g]ms ( sci5ce4 ,?is idea ( lik5ess :i* und]lies classification1 nom5clature1 language spok5 & writt51 reason+1 & art2 & :i* plays s important a "p because all acts ( intellig5ce are made possible only by di/+ui%+ among surr\nd+ ?+s1 or gr\p+ !m into l & unlike2--?is idea we %all f9d to be ! "o ( :i* sci5ce is ! especial product4 ,already dur+ ! /age we h be5 describ+1 !re has exi/$ qualitative prevision 9 respect to ! common] ph5om5a ) :i* savage life is famili>2 & we h n[ to inquire h[ ! elem5ts ( quantitative prevision are evolv$4 ,we %all f9d t !y orig9ate by ! p]fect+ ( ?is same idea ( lik5ess2 t !y h _! rise 9 t conception ( complete lik5ess :i*1 z we h se51 necess>ily results f ! cont9u$ process ( classification4 ,= :5 ! process ( classification has be5 c>ri$ z f> z x is possible = ! unciviliz$ to c>ry x--:5 ! animal k+dom has be5 gr\p$ n m]ely into quadrup$s1 birds1 fi%es1 & insects1 b ea* ( ^! divid$ into k9ds--:5 !re come to be sub-classes1 9 ea* ( :i* ! memb]s diff] only z individuals1 & n specifically2 x is cle> t !re mu/ occur a frequ5t obs]vation ( objects :i* diff] s little z to be indi/+ui%able4 ,among sev]al creatures :i* ! savage has kill$ & c>ri$ home1 x mu/ (t5 happ5 t "s "o1 :i* he wi%$ to id5tify1 is s exactly l ano!r t he _c tell :i* is :i*4 ,?us1 !n1 !re orig9ates ! notion ( equality4 ,! ?+s :i* among ourselves are call$ equal--:e!r l9es1 angles1 weights1 temp]atures1 s\nds or col\rs--are ?+s :i* produce 9 u s5sations t _c be di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r4 ,x is true t we n[ apply ! ^w equal *iefly to ! sep>ate ph5om5a :i* objects exhibit1 & n to gr\ps ( ph5om5a2 b ?is limitation ( ! idea has evid5tly aris5 by subsequ5t analysis4 ,& t ! notion ( equality did ?us orig9ate1 w1 we ?9k1 become obvi\s on rememb]+ t z !re 7 no artificial objects f :i* x c\ld h be5 ab/ract$1 x mu/ h be5 ab/ract$ f natural objects2 & t ! v>i\s families ( ! animal k+dom *iefly furni% ^? natural objects :i* display ! requisite exactitude ( lik5ess4 ,! same ord] ( exp]i5ces out ( :i* ?is g5]al idea ( equality is evolv$1 gives bir? at ! same "t to a m complex idea ( equality2 or1 r1 ! process j describ$ g5]ates an idea ( equality :i* fur!r exp]i5ce sep>ates into two ideas--equality ( ?+s & equality ( relations4 ,:ile organic1 & m especially animal =ms1 occasionally exhibit ?is p]fection ( lik5ess out ( :i* ! notion ( simple equality arises1 !y m frequ5tly exhibit only t k9d ( lik5ess :i* we call simil>ity2 & :i* is really comp\nd equality4 ,= ! simil>ity ( two creatures ( ! same species b ( diff]5t sizes1 is ( ! same nature z ! simil>ity ( two geometrical figures4 ,9 ei!r case1 any two p>ts ( ! "o be> ! same ratio to "o ano!r1 z ! homolog\s p>ts ( ! o!r4 ,giv5 9 any species1 ! proportions f\nd to exi/ among ! bones1 & we may1 & zoologi/s d1 pr$ict f any "o1 ! dim5sions ( ! re/2 j z1 :5 kn[+ ! proportions subsi/+ among ! p>ts ( a geometrical figure1 we may1 f ! l5g? ( "o1 calculate ! o!rs4 ,& if1 9 ! case ( simil> geometrical figures1 ! simil>ity c be e/abli%$ only by prov+ exactness ( proportion among ! homolog\s p>ts2 if we express ?is relation betwe5 two p>ts 9 ! "o1 & ! correspond+ p>ts 9 ! o!r1 by ! =mula ,a is to ,b z a is to b2 if we o!rwise write ?is1 ,a to ,b a to b2 if1 consequ5tly1 ! fact we prove is t ! relation ( ,a to ,b equals ! relation ( a to b2 !n x is manife/ t ! fundam5tal conception ( simil>ity is equality ( relations4 ,) ?is explanation we %all be und]/ood :5 we say t ! notion ( equality ( relations is ! basis ( all exact reason+4 ,already x has be5 %[n t reason+ 9 g5]al is a recognition ( lik5ess ( relations2 & "h we fur!r f9d t :ile ! notion ( lik5ess ( ?+s ultimately evolves ! idea ( simple equality1 ! notion ( lik5ess ( relations evolves ! idea ( equality ( relations3 ( :i* ! "o is ! concrete g]m ( exact sci5ce1 :ile ! o!r is its ab/ract g]m4 ,^? :o _c und]/& h[ ! recognition ( simil>ity 9 creatures ( ! same k9d1 c h any alliance ) reason+1 w get ov] ! difficulty on rememb]+ t ! ph5om5a among :i* equality ( relations is ?us p]ceiv$1 are ph5om5a ( ! same ord] & are pres5t to ! s5ses at ! same "t2 :ile ^? among :i* develop$ reason p]ceives relations1 are g5]ally nei!r ( ! same ord]1 nor simultane\sly pres5t4 ,& if fur!r1 !y w call to m9d h[ ,cuvi] & ,ow51 f a s+le "p ( a creature1 z a too?1 con/ruct ! re/ by a process ( reason+ bas$ on ?is equality ( relations1 !y w see t ! two ?+s are intimately connect$1 remote z !y at fir/ seem4 ,b we anticipate4 ,:at x conc]ns u "h to obs]ve is1 t f famili>ity ) organic =ms !re simultane\sly arose ! ideas ( simple equality1 & equality ( relations4 ,at ! same "t1 too1 & out ( ! same m5tal processes1 came ! fir/ di/9ct ideas ( numb]4 ,9 ! e>lie/ /ages1 ! pres5tation ( sev]al l objects produc$ m]ely an indef9ite conception ( multiplicity2 z x /ill does among ,au/ralians1 & ,bu%m51 & ,dam>as1 :5 ! numb] pres5t$ exce$s ?ree or f\r4 ,) su* a fact be=e u we may safely inf] t ! fir/ cle> num]ical conception 0 t ( duality z contra/$ ) unity4 ,& ?is notion ( duality mu/ necess>ily h gr[n up side by side ) ^? ( lik5ess & equality2 see+ t x is impossible to recognise ! lik5ess ( two ?+s )\t also p]ceiv+ t !re are two4 ,f ! v beg9n+ ! conception ( numb] mu/ h be51 z x is /ill1 associat$ ) ! lik5ess or equality ( ! ?+s numb]$4 ,if we analyze x1 we f9d t simple enum]ation is a regi/ration ( repeat$ impressions ( any k9d4 ,t ^! may be capable ( enum]ation x is ne$ful t !y be m or less alike2 & be=e any absolutely true num]ical results c be rea*$1 x is requisite t ! units be absolutely equal4 ,! only way 9 :i* we c e/abli% a num]ical relation%ip betwe5 ?+s t d n yield u l impressions1 is to divide !m into p>ts t d yield u l impressions4 ,two unlike magnitudes ( ext5sion1 =ce1 "t1 weight1 or :at n1 c h _! relative am\nts e/imat$1 only by means ( "s small unit t is conta9$ _m times 9 bo?2 & ev5 if we f9ally write d[n ! great] "o z a unit & ! o!r z a fraction ( x1 we /ate1 9 ! d5om9ator ( ! fraction1 ! numb] ( p>ts into :i* ! unit mu/ be divid$ to be comp>able ) ! fraction4 ,x is1 inde$1 true1 t by an evid5tly mod]n process ( ab/raction1 we occasionally apply numb]s to unequal units1 z ! furniture at a sale or ! v>i\s animals on a f>m1 simply z s _m sep>ate entities2 b no true result c be br\ght out by calculation ) units ( ?is ord]4 ,&1 inde$1 x is ! di/9ctive peculi>ity ( ! calculus 9 g5]al1 t x proce$s on ! hypo!sis ( t absolute equality ( its ab/ract units1 :i* no real units possess2 & t ! exactness ( its results holds only 9 virtue ( ?is hypo!sis4 ,! fir/ ideas ( numb] mu/ necess>ily !n h be5 d]iv$ f l or equal magnitudes z se5 *iefly 9 organic objects2 & z ! l magnitudes mo/ frequ5tly obs]v$ 7 magnitudes ( ext5sion1 x foll[s t geometry & ari?metic _h a simultane\s orig94 ,n only are ! fir/ di/9ct ideas ( numb] co-ord9ate ) ideas ( lik5ess & equality1 b ! fir/ ef=ts at num]ation display$ ! same relation%ip4 ,on read+ ! acc\nts ( v>i\s savage tribes1 we f9d t ! me?od ( c\nt+ by ! f+]s1 /ill foll[$ by _m *ildr51 is ! aborig9al me?od4 ,neglect+ ! sev]al cases 9 :i* ! ability to enum]ate does n rea* ev5 to ! numb] ( f+]s on "o h&1 !re are _m cases 9 :i* x does n ext5d beyond t5--! limit ( ! simple f+] notation4 ,! fact t 9 s _m in/ances1 remote1 & seem+ly unrelat$ nations1 h adopt$ t5 z _! basic numb]2 toge!r ) ! fact t 9 ! rema9+ in/ances ! basic numb] is ei!r five 7! f+]s ( "o h&7 or tw5ty 7! f+]s & toes72 almo/ ( !mselves %[ t ! f+]s 7 ! orig9al units ( num]ation4 ,! /ill surviv+ use ( ! ^w digit1 z ! g5]al "n = a figure 9 ari?metic1 is significant2 & x is ev5 said t our ^w t5 7,sax4 tyn2 ,dut*1 ti52 ,g]man1 zehn7 means 9 its primitive exp&$ =m two h&s4 ,s t orig9ally1 to say !re 7 t5 ?+s1 0 to say !re 7 two h&s ( !m4 ,f all :i* evid5ce x is tol]ably cle> t ! e>lie/ mode ( convey+ ! idea ( any numb] ( ?+s1 0 by hold+ up z _m f+]s z !re 7 ?+s2 t is--us+ a symbol :i* 0 equal1 9 respect ( multiplicity1 to ! gr\p symboliz$4 ,= :i* inf]5ce !re is1 inde$1 /rong confirmation 9 ! rec5t /atem5t t our own soldi]s are ev5 n[ spontane\sly adopt+ ?is device 9 _! deal+s ) ! ,turks4 ,& "h x %\ld be rem>k$ t 9 ?is recomb9ation ( ! notion ( equality ) t ( multiplicity1 by :i* ! fir/ /eps 9 num]ation are effect$1 we may see "o ( ! e>lie/ ( ^? inosculations betwe5 ! div]g+ bran*es ( sci5ce1 :i* are aft]w>ds ( p]petual occurr5ce4 ,inde$1 z ?is obs]vation sugge/s1 x w be well1 be=e trac+ ! mode 9 :i* exact sci5ce f9ally em]ges f ! m]ely approximate judgm5ts ( ! s5ses1 & %[+ ! non-s]ial evolution ( its divisions1 to note ! non-s]ial "* ( ^? prelim9>y processes ( :i* all aft] developm5t is a cont9uation4 ,on re-consid]+ !m x w be se5 t n only are !y div]g5t gr[?s f a common root1--n only are !y simultane\s 9 _! progress2 b t !y are mutual aids2 & t none c advance )\t ! re/4 ,t complet5ess ( classification = :i* ! unfold+ ( ! p]ceptions paves ! way1 is impossible )\t a correspond+ progress 9 language1 by :i* great] v>ieties ( objects are ?9kable & expressible4 ,on ! "o h& x is impossible to c>ry classification f> )\t names by :i* to designate ! classes2 & on ! o!r h& x is impossible to make language fa/] ?an ?+s are classifi$4 ,aga91 ! multiplication ( classes & ! consequ5t n>r[+ ( ea* class1 itself involves a great] lik5ess among ! ?+s class$ toge!r2 & ! consequ5t approa* t[>ds ! notion ( complete lik5ess itself all[s classification to be c>ri$ high]4 ,moreov]1 classification necess>ily advances p>i passu ) rationality--! classification ( ?+s ) ! classification ( relations4 ,= ?+s t belong to ! same class are1 by implication1 ?+s ( :i* ! prop]ties & modes ( behavi\r--! co-exi/5ces & sequ5ces--are m or less ! same2 & ! recognition ( ?is sam5ess ( co-exi/5ces & sequ5ces is reason+4 ,:5ce x foll[s t ! advance ( classification is necess>ily proportionate to ! advance ( g5]alizations4 ,yet fur!r1 ! notion ( lik5ess1 bo? 9 ?+s & relations1 simultane\sly evolves by "o process ( culture ! ideas ( equality ( ?+s & equality ( relations2 :i* are ! respective bases ( exact concrete reason+ & exact ab/ract reason+--,ma!matics & ,logic4 ,& once m1 ?is idea ( equality1 9 ! v process ( be+ =m$1 necess>ily gives orig9 to two s]ies ( relations--^? ( magnitude & ^? ( numb]3 f :i* arise geometry & ! calculus4 ,?us ! process ?r\gh\t is "o ( p]petual subdivision & p]petual int]communication ( ! divisions4 ,f ! v fir/ !re has be5 t cons5sus ( diff]5t k9ds ( k1 answ]+ to ! cons5sus ( ! intellectual faculties1 :i*1 z already said1 mu/ exi/ among ! sci5ces4 ,let u n[ g on to obs]ve h[1 out ( ! notions ( equality & numb]1 z arriv$ at 9 ! mann] describ$1 !re gradually arose ! elem5ts ( quantitative prevision4 ,equality1 once hav+ come to be def9itely conceiv$1 0 readily applicable to o!r ph5om5a ?an ^? ( magnitude4 ,be+ pr$icable ( all ?+s produc+ indi/+ui%able impressions1 !re naturally grew up ideas ( equality 9 weights1 s\nds1 col\rs1 c42 & inde$ x c sc>cely be d\bt$ t ! occasional exp]i5ce ( equal weights1 s\nds1 & col\rs1 _h a %>e 9 develop+ ! ab/ract conception ( equality--t ! ideas ( equality 9 size1 relations1 =ces1 resi/ances1 & s5sible prop]ties 9 g5]al1 7 evolv$ dur+ ! same p]iod4 ,b h[ev] ?is may be1 x is cle> t z fa/ z ! notion ( equality ga9$ def9it5ess1 s fa/ did t l[e/ k9d ( quantitative prevision :i* is a*iev$ )\t any in/rum5tal aid1 become possible4 ,! ability to e/imate1 h[ev] r\ghly1 ! am\nt ( a =ese5 result1 implies ! conception t x w be equal to a c]ta9 imag9$ quantity2 & ! correctness ( ! e/imate w manife/ly dep5d ^u ! accuracy at :i* ! p]ceptions ( s5sible equality h arriv$4 ,a savage ) a piece ( /one 9 8 h&1 & ano!r piece ly+ be=e him ( great] bulk b ( ! same k9d 7a fact :i* he inf]s f ! equality ( ! two 9 col\r & texture7 kn[s ab\t :at ef=t he mu/ put =? to raise ?is o!r piece2 & he judges accurately 9 proportion to ! accuracy ) :i* he p]ceives t ! "o is twice1 ?ree times1 f\r times1 c4 z l>ge z ! o!r2 t is--9 proportion to ! precision ( 8 ideas ( equality & numb]4 ,& "h let u n omit to notice t ev5 9 ^! vague/ ( quantitative previsions1 ! conception ( equality ( relations is also involv$4 ,= x is only 9 virtue ( an undef9$ p]ception t ! relation betwe5 bulk & weight 9 ! "o /one is equal to ! relation betwe5 bulk & weight 9 ! o!r1 t ev5 ! r\ghe/ approximation c be made4 ,b h[ came ! transition f ^? unc]ta9 p]ceptions ( equality :i* ! unaid$ s5ses give1 to ! c]ta9 ones ) :i* sci5ce deals8 ,x came by plac+ ! ?+s comp>$ 9 juxtaposition4 ,equality be+ pr$icat$ ( ?+s :i* give u indi/+ui%able impressions1 & no accurate comp>ison ( impressions be+ possible unless !y occur 9 imm$iate succession1 x results t exactness ( equality is asc]ta9able 9 proportion to ! clos5ess ( ! comp>$ ?+s4 ,h5ce ! fact t :5 we wi% to judge ( two %ades ( col\r :e!r !y are alike or n1 we place !m side by side2 h5ce ! fact t we _c1 ) any precision1 say :i* ( two alli$ s\nds is ! l\d]1 or ! high] 9 pit*1 unless we he> ! "o imm$iately aft] ! o!r2 h5ce ! fact t to e/imate ! ratio ( weights1 we take "o 9 ea* h&1 t we may comp>e _! pressures by rapidly alt]nat+ 9 ?\ght f ! "o to ! o!r2 h5ce ! fact1 t 9 a piece ( music1 we c cont9ue to make equal beats :5 ! fir/ beat has be5 giv51 b _c ensure comm5c+ ) ! same l5g? ( beat on a future occasion2 & h5ce1 la/ly1 ! fact1 t ( all magnitudes1 ^? ( l9e> ext5sion are ^? ( :i* ! equality is mo/ accurately asc]ta9able1 & ^? to :i* by consequ5ce all o!rs h to be r$uc$4 ,= x is ! peculi>ity ( l9e> ext5sion t x alone all[s its magnitudes to be plac$ 9 absolute juxtaposition1 or1 r1 9 co9cid5t position2 x alone c te/ ! equality ( two magnitudes by obs]v+ :e!r !y w coalesce1 z two equal ma!matical l9es d1 :5 plac$ betwe5 ! same po9ts2 x alone c te/ equality by try+ :e!r x w become id5tity4 ,h5ce1 !n1 ! fact1 t all exact sci5ce is r$ucible1 by an ultimate analysis1 to results measur$ 9 equal units ( l9e> ext5sion4 ,/ill x rema9s to be notic$ 9 :at mann] ?is det]m9ation ( equality by comp>ison ( l9e> magnitudes orig9at$4 ,once m may we p]ceive t surr\nd+ natural objects suppli$ ! ne$ful lessons4 ,f ! beg9n+ !re mu/ h be5 a con/ant exp]i5ce ( l ?+s plac$ side by side--m5 /&+ & walk+ toge!r2 animals f ! same h]d2 fi% f ! same %oal4 ,& ! ceaseless repetition ( ^! exp]i5ces c\ld n fail to sugge/ ! obs]vation1 t ! ne>] toge!r any objects 71 ! m visible became any inequality betwe5 !m4 ,h5ce ! obvi\s device ( putt+ 9 apposition1 ?+s ( :i* x 0 desir$ to asc]ta9 ! relative magnitudes4 ,h5ce ! idea ( measure4 ,& "h we sudd5ly come ^u a gr\p ( facts :i* af=d a solid basis to ! rema9d] ( our argum5t2 :ile !y also furni% /rong evid5ce 9 support ( ! =ego+ speculations4 ,^? :o look sceptically on ?is attempt$ rehabilitation ( ! e>lie/ epo*s ( m5tal developm5t1 & :o m especially ?9k t ! d]ivation ( s _m prim>y notions f organic =ms is some:at /ra9$1 w p]haps see m probability 9 ! sev]al hypo!ses t h be5 v5tur$1 on discov]+ t all measures ( ext5sion & =ce orig9at$ f ! l5g?s & weights ( organic bodies2 & all measures ( "t f ! p]iodic ph5om5a ( ei!r organic or inorganic bodies4 ,?us1 among l9e> measures1 ! cubit ( ! ,hebrews 0 ! l5g? ( ! =e>m f ! elb[ to ! end ( ! middle f+]2 & ! small] scriptural dim5sions are express$ 9 h&-bread?s & spans4 ,! ,egyptian cubit1 :i* 0 simil>ly d]iv$1 0 divid$ into digits1 :i* 7 f+]-bread?s2 & ea* f+]-bread? 0 m def9itely express$ z be+ equal to f\r gra9s ( b>ley plac$ bread?wise4 ,o!r anci5t measures 7 ! orgyia or /ret* ( ! arms1 ! pace1 & ! palm4 ,s p]si/5t has be5 ! use ( ^! natural units ( l5g? 9 ! ,ea/1 t ev5 n[ "s ( ! ,arabs mete out clo? by ! =e>m4 ,s1 too1 is x ) ,european measures4 ,! foot prevails z a dim5sion ?r\gh\t ,europe1 & has done s9ce ! "t ( ! ,romans1 by :om1 also1 x 0 us$3 its l5g?s 9 diff]5t places v>y+ n mu* m ?an m5's feet v>y4 ,! heights ( horses are /ill express$ 9 h&s4 ,! in* is ! l5g? ( ! t]m9al jo9t ( ! ?umb2 z is cle>ly %[n 9 ,france1 :]e p\ce means bo? ?umb & in*4 ,!n we h ! in* divid$ into ?ree b>ley-corns4 ,s completely1 inde$1 h ^! organic dim5sions s]v$ z ! sub/rata ( all m5suration1 t x is only by means ( !m t we c =m any e/imate ( "s ( ! anci5t di/ances4 ,= example1 ! l5g? ( a degree on ! ,e>?'s surface1 z det]m9$ by ! ,arabian a/ronom]s %ortly aft] ! dea? ( ,h>\n-al-,ras*id1 0 fifty-six ( _! miles4 ,we "k no?+ ( _! mile fur!r ?an t x 0 #djjj cubits2 & :e!r ^! 7 sacr$ cubits or common cubits1 w\ld rema9 d\btful1 b t ! l5g? ( ! cubit is giv5 z tw5ty-sev5 in*es1 & ea* in* def9$ z ! ?ickness ( six b>ley-gra9s4 ,?us "o ( ! e>lie/ measurem5ts ( a degree comes d[n to u 9 b>ley-gra9s4 ,n only did organic l5g?s furni% ^? approximate measures :i* satisfi$ m5's ne$s 9 rud] ages1 b !y furni%$ also ! /&>d measures requir$ 9 lat] times4 ,"o in/ance occurs 9 our own hi/ory4 ,to rem$y ! irregul>ities !n prevail+1 ,h5ry ,i4 comm&$ t ! ulna1 or anci5t ell1 :i* answ]s to ! mod]n y>d1 %\ld be made ( ! exact l5g? ( 8 own arm4 ,measures ( weight aga9 _h a l d]ivation4 ,se$s seem commonly to h suppli$ ! unit4 ,! orig9al ( ! c>at us$ = weigh+ 9 ,india is a small bean4 ,our own sy/ems1 bo? troy & avoirdupois1 are d]iv$1 prim>ily f :eat-corns4 ,our smalle/ weight1 ! gra91 is a gra9 ( :eat4 ,?is is n a speculation2 x is an hi/orically regi/]$ fact4 ,h5ry ,,iii4 enact$ t an ounce %\ld be ! weight ( #fdj dry gra9s ( :eat f ! middle ( ! e>4 ,& z all ! o!r weights are multiples or sub-multiples ( ?is1 x foll[s t ! gra9 ( :eat is ! basis ( our scale4 ,s natural is x to use organic bodies z weights1 be=e artificial weights h be5 e/abli%$1 or :]e !y are n to be _h1 t 9 "s ( ! remot] p>ts ( ,irel& ! p are said to be 9 ! habit1 ev5 n[1 ( putt+ a man into ! scales to s]ve z a measure = heavy commodities4 ,simil>ly ) "t4 ,a/ronomical p]iodicity1 & ! p]iodicity ( animal & vegetable life1 are simultane\sly us$ 9 ! fir/ /ages ( progress = e/imat+ epo*s4 ,! simple/ unit ( "t1 ! day1 nature supplies ready made4 ,! next simple/ p]iod1 ! moone? or mon?1 is also ?ru/ ^u m5's notice by ! conspicu\s *anges con/itut+ a lunation4 ,= l>g] divisions ?an ^!1 ! ph5om5a ( ! seasons1 & ! *ief ev5ts f "t to "t occurr+1 h be5 us$ by e>ly & unciviliz$ races4 ,among ! ,egyptians ! ris+ ( ! ,nile s]v$ z a m>k4 ,! ,new ,zeal&]s 7 f\nd to beg9 _! ye> f ! reappe>ance ( ! ,pleiades above ! sea4 ,"o ( ! uses ascrib$ to birds1 by ! ,greeks1 0 to indicate ! seasons by _! migrations4 ,b>r[ describes ! aborig9al ,hott5tot z d5ot+ p]iods by ! numb] ( moons be=e or aft] ! rip5+ ( "o ( 8 *ief articles ( food4 ,he fur!r /ates t ! ,kaffir *ronology is kept by ! moon1 & is regi/]$ by not*es on /icks--! dea? ( a fav\rite *ief1 or ! ga9+ ( a victory1 s]v+ = a new era4 ,by :i* la/ fact1 we are at once rem9d$ t 9 e>ly hi/ory1 ev5ts are commonly record$ z occurr+ 9 c]ta9 reigns1 & 9 c]ta9 ye>s ( c]ta9 reigns3 a proce$+ :i* practically made a k+'s reign a measure ( duration4 ,&1 z fur!r illu/rat+ ! t5d5cy to divide "t by natural ph5om5a & natural ev5ts1 x may be notic$ t ev5 by our own peasantry ! def9ite divisions ( mon?s & ye>s are b little us$2 & t !y habitually ref] to occurr5ces z be=e %eep-%e>+1 or aft] h>ve/1 or ab\t ! "t :5 ! squire di$4 ,x is manife/1 !re=e1 t ! m or less equal p]iods p]ceiv$ 9 ,nature gave ! fir/ units ( measure = "t2 z did ,nature's m or less equal l5g?s & weights give ! fir/ units ( measure = space & =ce4 ,x rema9s only to obs]ve1 z fur!r illu/rat+ ! evolution ( quantitative ideas aft] ?is mann]1 t measures ( value 7 simil>ly d]iv$4 ,b>t]1 9 "o =m or o!r1 is f\nd among all b ! v l[e/ human races4 ,x is obvi\sly bas$ ^u ! notion ( equality ( wor?4 ,& z x gradually m]ges into trade by ! introduction ( "s k9d ( curr5cy1 we f9d t ! measures ( wor?1 con/itut+ ?is curr5cy1 are organic bodies2 9 "s cases c[ries1 9 o!rs cocoa-nuts1 9 o!rs cattle1 9 o!rs pigs2 among ! ,am]ican ,indians peltry or sk9s1 & 9 ,icel& dri$ fi%4 ,notions ( exact equality & ( measure hav+ be5 rea*$1 !re came to be def9ite ideas ( relative magnitudes z be+ multiples "o ( ano!r2 :5ce ! practice ( measurem5t by direct apposition ( a measure4 ,! det]m9ation ( l9e> ext5sions by ?is process c sc>cely be call$ sci5ce1 ?\gh x is a /ep t[>ds x2 b ! det]m9ation ( l5g?s ( "t by an analog\s process may be consid]$ z "o ( ! e>lie/ samples ( quantitative prevision4 ,= :5 x is fir/ asc]ta9$ t ! moon completes ! cycle ( h] *anges 9 ab\t ?irty days--a fact kn[n to mo/ unciviliz$ tribes t c c\nt beyond ! numb] ( _! f+]s--x is manife/ t x becomes possible to say 9 :at numb] ( days any specifi$ phase ( ! moon w recur2 & x is also manife/ t ?is prevision is effect$ by an opposition ( two times1 aft] ! same mann] t l9e> space is measur$ by ! opposition ( two l9es4 ,= to express ! moon's p]iod 9 days1 is to say h[ _m ( ^! units ( measure are conta9$ 9 ! p]iod to be measur$--is to asc]ta9 ! di/ance betwe5 two po9ts 9 "t by means ( a scale ( days1 j z we asc]ta9 ! di/ance betwe5 two po9ts 9 space by a scale ( feet or in*es3 & 9 ea* case ! scale co9cides ) ! ?+ measur$--m5tally 9 ! "o2 visibly 9 ! o!r4 ,s t 9 ?is simple/1 & p]haps e>lie/ case ( quantitative prevision1 ! ph5om5a are n only ?ru/ daily ^u m5's notice1 b ,nature is1 z x 71 p]petually repeat+ t process ( measurem5t by obs]v+ :i* ! prevision is effect$4 ,& ?us !re may be significance 9 ! rem>k :i* "s h made1 t alike 9 ,hebrew1 ,greek1 & ,lat91 !re is an aff9ity betwe5 ! ^w mean+ moon1 & t mean+ measure4 ,?is fact1 t 9 v e>ly /ages ( social progress x is kn[n t ! moon goes ?r\gh h] *anges 9 ab\t ?irty days1 & t 9 ab\t twelve moons ! seasons return--?is fact t *ronological a/ronomy assumes a c]ta9 sci5tific "* ev5 be=e geometry does2 :ile x is p>tly due to ! circum/ance t ! a/ronomical divisions1 day1 mon?1 & ye>1 are ready made = u1 is p>tly due to ! fur!r circum/ances t agricultural & o!r op]ations 7 at fir/ regulat$ a/ronomically1 & t f ! suppos$ div9e nature ( ! heav5ly bodies _! motions det]m9$ ! p]iodical religi\s fe/ivals4 ,z in/ances ( ! "o we h ! obs]vation ( ! ,egyptians1 t ! ris+ ( ! ,nile correspond$ ) ! heliacal ris+ ( ,sirius2 ! directions giv5 by ,hesiod = reap+ & pl\gh+1 accord+ to ! positions ( ! ,pleiades2 & 8 maxim t fifty days aft] ! turn+ ( ! sun is a seasonable "t = beg9n+ a voyage4 ,z in/ances ( ! o!r1 we h ! nam+ ( ! days aft] ! sun1 moon1 & planets2 ! e>ly attempts among ,ea/]n nations to regulate ! cal5d> s t ! gods might n be (f5d$ by ! displacem5t ( _! sacrifices2 & ! fix+ ( ! great annual fe/ival ( ! ,p]uvians by ! position ( ! sun4 ,9 all :i* facts we see t1 at fir/1 sci5ce 0 simply an appliance ( religion & indu/ry4 ,aft] ! discov]ies t a lunation occupies ne>ly ?irty days1 & t "s twelve lunations occupy a ye>--discov]ies ( :i* !re is no hi/orical acc\nt1 b :i* may be inf]r$ z ! e>lie/1 f ! fact t exi/+ unciviliz$ races h made !m--we come to ! fir/ kn[n a/ronomical records1 :i* are ^? ( eclipses4 ,! ,*aldeans 7 able to pr$ict ^!4 ,?is !y did1 probably1 says ,dr4 ,:ewell 9 8 useful hi/ory1 f :i* mo/ ( ! mat]ials we are ab\t to use w be drawn1 by means ( _! cycle ( #bbc mon?s1 or ab\t eighte5 ye>s2 = at ! end ( ?is "t1 ! eclipses ( ! moon beg9 to return1 at ! same int]vals & 9 ! same ord] z at ! beg9n+4 ,n[ ?is me?od ( calculat+ eclipses by means ( a recurr+ cycle1--! ,s>os z !y call$ x--is a m complex case ( prevision by means ( co9cid5ce ( measures4 ,= by :at obs]vations mu/ ! ,*aldeans h discov]$ ?is cycle8 ,obvi\sly1 z ,delambre inf]s1 by inspect+ _! regi/]s2 by comp>+ ! successive int]vals2 by f9d+ t "s ( ! int]vals 7 alike2 by see+ t ^! equal int]vals 7 eighte5 ye>s ap>t2 by discov]+ t all ! int]vals t 7 eighte5 ye>s ap>t 7 equal2 by asc]ta9+ t ! int]vals =m$ a s]ies :i* repeat$ itself1 s t if "o ( ! cycles ( int]vals 7 sup]pos$ on ano!r ! divisions w\ld fit4 ,?is once p]ceiv$1 & x manife/ly became possible to use ! cycle z a scale ( "t by :i* to measure out future p]iods4 ,see+ ?us t ! process ( s pr$ict+ eclipses1 is 9 ess5ce ! same z t ( pr$ict+ ! moon's mon?ly *anges by obs]v+ ! numb] ( days aft] :i* !y repeat--see+ t ! two diff] only 9 ! ext5t & irregul>ity ( ! int]vals1 x is n difficult to und]/& h[ su* an am\nt ( k %\ld s e>ly h be5 rea*$4 ,& we %all be less surpris$1 on rememb]+ t ! only ?+s involv$ 9 ^! previsions 7 "t & numb]2 & t ! "t 0 9 a mann] self-numb]$4 ,/ill1 ! ability to pr$ict ev5ts recurr+ only aft] s long a p]iod z eighte5 ye>s1 implies a consid]able advance 9 civilization--a consid]able developm5t ( g5]al k2 & we h n[ to inquire :at progress 9 o!r sci5ces accompani$1 & 0 necess>y to1 ^! a/ronomical previsions4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !re mu/ cle>ly h be5 a tol]ably effici5t sy/em ( calculation4 ,m]e f+]-c\nt+1 m]e head-reckon+1 ev5 ) ! aid ( a regul> decimal notation1 c\ld n h suffic$ = numb]+ ! days 9 a ye>2 mu* less ! ye>s1 mon?s1 & days betwe5 eclipses4 ,consequ5tly !re mu/ h be5 a mode ( regi/]+ numb]s2 probably ev5 a sy/em ( num]als4 ,! e>lie/ num]ical records1 if we may judge by ! practices ( ! less civiliz$ races n[ exi/+1 7 probably kept by not*es cut on /icks1 or /rokes m>k$ on walls2 mu* z public-h\se scores are kept n[4 ,& !re seems reason to believe t ! fir/ num]als us$ 7 simply gr\ps ( /raight /rokes1 z "s ( ! /ill-extant ,roman ones are2 lead+ u to suspect t ^! gr\ps ( /rokes 7 us$ to repres5t gr\ps ( f+]s1 z ! gr\ps ( f+]s _h be5 us$ to repres5t gr\ps ( objects--a supposition q 9 con=mity ) ! aborig9al sy/em ( picture writ+ & its subsequ5t modifications4 ,be ?is s or n1 h[ev]1 x is manife/ t be=e ! ,*aldeans discov]$ _! ,s>os1 !re mu/ h be5 bo? a set ( writt5 symbols s]v+ = an ext5sive num]ation1 & a famili>ity ) ! simpl] rules ( ari?metic4 ,n only mu/ ab/ract ma!matics h made "s progress1 b concrete ma!matics also4 ,x is sc>cely possible t ! build+s belong+ to ?is era %\ld h be5 laid out & erect$ )\t any k ( geometry4 ,at any rate1 !re mu/ h exi/$ t elem5t>y geometry :i* deals ) direct measurem5t--) ! apposition ( l9es2 & x seems t only aft] ! discov]y ( ^? simple proce$+s1 by :i* "r angles are drawn1 & relative positions fix$1 c\ld s regul> an ar*itecture be execut$4 ,9 ! case ( ! o!r division ( concrete ma!matics--me*anics1 we h def9ite evid5ce ( progress4 ,we "k t ! lev] & ! incl9$ plane 7 employ$ dur+ ?is p]iod3 imply+ t !re 0 a qualitative prevision ( _! effects1 ?\gh n a quantitative "o4 ,b we "k m4 ,we read ( weights 9 ! e>lie/ records2 & we f9d weights 9 ru9s ( ! highe/ antiquity4 ,weights imply scales1 ( :i* we h also m5tion2 & scales involve ! prim>y !orem ( me*anics 9 its lea/ complicat$ =m--involve n a qualitative b a quantitative prevision ( me*anical effects4 ,& "h we may notice h[ me*anics1 9 common ) ! o!r exact sci5ces1 took its rise f ! simple/ application ( ! idea ( equality4 ,= ! me*anical proposition :i* ! scales involve1 is1 t if a lev] ) equal arms1 h equal weights susp5d$ f !m1 ! weights w rema9 at equal altitudes4 ,& we may fur!r notice1 h[1 9 ?is fir/ /ep ( rational me*anics1 we see illu/rat$ t tru? a:ile s9ce ref]r$ to1 t z magnitudes ( l9e> ext5sion are ! only ones ( :i* ! equality is exactly asc]ta9able1 ! equalities ( o!r magnitudes h at ! outset to be det]m9$ by means ( !m4 ,= ! equality ( ! weights :i* balance ea* o!r 9 scales1 :olly dep5ds ^u ! equality ( ! arms3 we c "k t ! weights are equal only by prov+ t ! arms are equal4 ,& :5 by ?is means we h obta9$ a sy/em ( weights1--a set ( equal units ( =ce1 !n does a sci5ce ( me*anics become possible4 ,:5ce1 inde$1 x foll[s1 t rational me*anics c\ld n possibly h any o!r />t+-po9t ?an ! scales4 ,let u fur!r rememb]1 t dur+ ?is same p]iod !re 0 a limit$ k ( *emi/ry4 ,! _m arts :i* we "k to h be5 c>ri$ on mu/ h be5 impossible )\t a g5]aliz$ exp]i5ce ( ! modes 9 :i* c]ta9 bodies affect ea* o!r "u special conditions4 ,9 metallurgy1 :i* 0 ext5sively practis$1 ?is is abundantly illu/rat$4 ,& we ev5 h evid5ce t 9 "s cases ! k possess$ 01 9 a s5se1 quantitative4 ,=1 z we f9d by analysis t ! h>d alloy ( :i* ! ,egyptians made _! cutt+ tools1 0 compos$ ( copp] & t9 9 fix$ proportions1 !re mu/ h be5 an e/abli%$ prevision t su* an alloy 0 to be obta9$ only by mix+ !m 9 ^! proportions4 ,x is true1 ?is 0 b a simple empirical g5]alization2 b s 0 ! g5]alization respect+ ! recurr5ce ( eclipses2 s are ! fir/ g5]alizations ( e sci5ce4 ,respect+ ! simultane\s advance ( ! sci5ces dur+ ?is e>ly epo*1 x only rema9s to rem>k t ev5 ! mo/ complex ( !m mu/ h made "s progress--p]haps ev5 a great] relative progress ?an any ( ! re/4 ,= "u :at conditions only 7 ! =ego+ developm5ts possible8 ,!re fir/ requir$ an e/abli%$ & organiz$ social sy/em4 ,a long cont9u$ regi/ry ( eclipses2 ! build+ ( palaces2 ! use ( scales2 ! practice ( metallurgy--alike imply a fix$ & popul\s nation4 ,! exi/5ce ( su* a nation n only presupposes laws1 & "s adm9i/ration ( ju/ice1 :i* we "k exi/$1 b x presupposes successful laws--laws con=m+ 9 "s degree to ! conditions ( social /ability--laws enact$ because x 0 se5 t ! actions =bidd5 by !m 7 dang]\s to ! ,/ate4 ,we d n by any means say t all1 or ev5 ! great] "p1 ( ! laws 7 ( ?is nature2 b we d say1 t ! fundam5tal ones 74 ,x _c be d5i$ t ! laws affect+ life & prop]ty 7 su*4 ,x _c be d5i$ t1 h[ev] little ^! 7 en=c$ betwe5 class & class1 !y 7 to a consid]able ext5t en=c$ betwe5 memb]s ( ! same class4 ,x c sc>cely be que/ion$1 t ! adm9i/ration ( !m betwe5 memb]s ( ! same class 0 se5 by rul]s to be necess>y = keep+ _! subjects toge!r4 ,& kn[+1 z we d1 t1 o!r ?+s equal1 nations prosp] 9 proportion to ! ju/ness ( _! arrangem5ts1 we may fairly inf] t ! v cause ( ! advance ( ^! e>lie/ nations out ( aborig9al b>b>ism1 0 ! great] recognition among !m ( ! claims to life & prop]ty4 ,b supposition aside1 x is cle> t ! habitual recognition ( ^! claims 9 _! laws1 impli$ "s prevision ( social ph5om5a4 ,ev5 ?us e>ly !re 0 a c]ta9 am\nt ( social sci5ce4 ,nay1 x may ev5 be %[n t !re 0 a vague recognition ( t fundam5tal pr9ciple on :i* all ! true social sci5ce is bas$--! equal rights ( all to ! free ex]cise ( _! faculties4 ,t same idea ( equality1 :i*1 z we h se51 und]lies all o!r sci5ce1 und]lies also morals & sociology4 ,! conception ( ju/ice1 :i* is ! prim>y "o 9 morals2 & ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice1 :i* is ! vital condition ( social exi/5ce2 are impossible1 )\t ! recognition ( a c]ta9 lik5ess 9 m5's claims1 9 virtue ( _! common humanity4 ,equity lit]ally means equalness2 & if x be admitt$ t !re 7 ev5 ! vague/ ideas ( equity 9 ^! primitive eras1 x mu/ be admitt$ t !re 0 "s appreciation ( ! equalness ( m5's lib]ties to pursue ! objects ( life--"s appreciation1 !re=e1 ( ! ess5tial pr9ciple ( national equilibrium4 ,?us 9 ?is initial /age ( ! positive sci5ces1 be=e geometry _h yet done m ?an evolve a few empirical rules--be=e me*anics _h pass$ beyond its fir/ !orem--be=e a/ronomy _h advanc$ f its m]ely *ronological phase into ! geometrical2 ! mo/ involv$ ( ! sci5ces _h rea*$ a c]ta9 degree ( developm5t--a developm5t )\t :i* no progress 9 o!r sci5ces 0 possible4 ,only not+ z we pass1 h[1 ?us e>ly1 we may see t ! progress ( exact sci5ce 0 n only t[>ds an increas+ numb] ( previsions1 b t[>ds previsions m accurately quantitative--h[1 9 a/ronomy1 ! recurr+ p]iod ( ! moon's motions 0 by & by m correctly asc]ta9$ to be n9ete5 ye>s1 or two hundr$ & ?irty-five lunations2 h[ ,callipus fur!r correct$ ?is ,metonic cycle1 by leav+ out a day at ! end ( e sev5ty-six ye>s2 & h[ ^! successive advances impli$ a long] cont9u$ regi/ry ( obs]vations1 & ! co-ord9ation ( a great] numb] ( facts--let u g on to inquire h[ geometrical a/ronomy took its rise4 ,! fir/ a/ronomical in/rum5t 0 ! gnomon4 ,?is 0 n only e>ly 9 use 9 ! ,ea/1 b x 0 f\nd also among ! ,mexicans2 ! sole a/ronomical obs]vations ( ! ,p]uvians 7 made by x2 & we read t #aajj ,b4,c41 ! ,*9ese f\nd t1 at a c]ta9 place1 ! l5g? ( ! sun's %ad[1 at ! summ] sol/ice1 0 to ! height ( ! gnomon1 z "o & a half to eight4 ,"h aga9 x is obs]vable1 n only t ! in/rum5t is f\nd ready made1 b t ,nature is p]petually p]=m+ ! process ( measurem5t4 ,any fix$1 erect object--a column1 a dead palm1 a pole1 ! angle ( a build+--s]ves = a gnomon2 & x ne$s b to notice ! *ang+ position ( ! %ad[ x daily ?r[s1 to make ! fir/ /ep 9 geometrical a/ronomy4 ,h[ small ?is fir/ /ep 01 may be se5 9 ! fact t ! only ?+s asc]ta9$ at ! outset 7 ! p]iods ( ! summ] & w9t] sol/ices1 :i* correspond$ ) ! lea/ & greate/ l5g?s ( ! mid-day %ad[2 & to fix :i*1 x 0 ne$ful m]ely to m>k ! po9t to :i* ea* day's %ad[ rea*$4 ,& n[ let x n be ov]look$ t 9 ! obs]v+ at :at "t dur+ ! next ye> ?is extreme limit ( ! %ad[ 0 aga9 rea*$1 & 9 ! inf]5ce t ! sun _h !n arriv$ at ! same turn+ po9t 9 8 annual c\rse1 we h "o ( ! simple/ in/ances ( t comb9$ use ( equal magnitudes & equal relations1 by :i* all exact sci5ce1 all quantitative prevision1 is rea*$4 ,= ! relation obs]v$ 0 betwe5 ! l5g? ( ! sun's %ad[ & 8 position 9 ! heav5s2 & ! inf]5ce drawn 0 t :51 next ye>1 ! extremity ( 8 %ad[ came to ! same po9t1 he occupi$ ! same place4 ,t is1 !1 ideas involv$ 71 ! equality ( ! %ad[s1 & ! equality ( ! relations betwe5 %ad[ & sun 9 successive ye>s4 ,z 9 ! case ( ! scales1 ! equality ( relations "h recogniz$ is ( ! simple/ ord]4 ,x is n z ^? habitually dealt ) 9 ! high] k9ds ( sci5tific reason+1 :i* answ] to ! g5]al type--! relation betwe5 two & ?ree equals ! relation betwe5 six & n9e2 b x foll[s ! type--! relation betwe5 two & ?ree1 equals ! relation betwe5 two & ?ree2 x is a case ( n simply equal relations1 b co9cid+ relations4 ,& "h1 inde$1 we may see beautifully illu/rat$ h[ ! idea ( equal relations takes its rise aft] ! same mann] t t ( equal magnitude does4 ,z already %[n1 ! idea ( equal magnitudes arose f ! obs]v$ co9cid5ce ( two l5g?s plac$ toge!r2 & 9 ?is case we h n only two co9cid5t l5g?s ( %ad[s1 b two co9cid5t relations betwe5 sun & %ad[s4 ,f ! use ( ! gnomon !re naturally grew up ! conception ( angul> measurem5ts2 & ) ! advance ( geometrical conceptions !re came ! hemisph]e ( ,b]osus1 ! equ9octial armil1 ! sol/itial armil1 & ! quadrant ( ,ptolemy--all ( !m employ+ %ad[s z indices ( ! sun's position1 b 9 comb9ation ) angul> divisions4 ,x is obvi\sly out ( ! "q = u "h to trace ^! details ( progress4 ,x mu/ suffice to rem>k t 9 all ( !m we may see t notion ( equality ( relations ( a m complex k9d1 :i* is be/ illu/rat$ 9 ! a/rolabe1 an in/rum5t :i* consi/$ ( circul> rims1 moveable "o )9 ! o!r1 or ab\t poles1 & conta9$ circles :i* 7 to be br\ght into ! position ( ! ecliptic1 & ( a plane pass+ ?r\gh ! sun & ! poles ( ! ecliptic--an in/rum5t1 !re=e1 :i* repres5t$1 z by a model1 ! relative positions ( c]ta9 imag9>y l9es & planes 9 ! heav5s2 :i* 0 adju/$ by putt+ ^! repres5tative l9es & planes into p>allelism & co9cid5ce ) ! cele/ial ones2 & :i* dep5d$ = its use ^u ! p]ception t ! relations betwe5 ^! repres5tative l9es & planes 7 equal to ! relations betwe5 ^? repres5t$4 ,7 !re space1 we might g on to po9t out h[ ! conception ( ! heav5s z a revolv+ holl[ sph]e1 ! discov]y ( ! globul> =m ( ! e>?1 ! explanation ( ! moon's phases1 & inde$ all ! successive /eps tak51 involv$ ?is same m5tal process4 ,b we mu/ cont5t ourselves ) ref]r+ to ! !ory ( ecc5trics & epicycles1 z a fur!r m>k$ illu/ration ( x4 ,z fir/ sugge/$1 & z prov$ by ,hipp>*us to af=d an explanation ( ! lead+ irregul>ities 9 ! cele/ial motions1 ?is !ory involv$ ! p]ception t ! progressions1 retrogressions1 & v>iations ( velocity se5 9 ! heav5ly bodies1 might be reconcil$ ) _! assum$ uni=m movem5t 9 circles1 by suppos+ t ! e>? 0 n 9 ! c5tre ( _! orbits2 or by suppos+ t !y revolv$ 9 circles ^: c5tres revolv$ r\nd ! e>?2 or by bo?4 ,! discov]y t ?is w\ld acc\nt = ! appe>ances1 0 ! discov]y t 9 c]ta9 geometrical diagrams ! relations 7 su*1 t ! uni=m motion ( a po9t w\ld1 :5 look$ at f a p>ticul> position1 pres5t analog\s irregul>ities2 & ! calculations ( ,hipp>*us involv$ ! belief t ! relations subsi/+ among ^! geometrical curves 7 equal to ! relations subsi/+ among ! cele/ial orbits4 ,leav+ "h ^! details ( a/ronomical progress1 & ! philosophy ( x1 let u obs]ve h[ ! relatively concrete sci5ce ( geometrical a/ronomy1 hav+ be5 ?us f> help$ =w>d by ! developm5t ( geometry 9 g5]al1 react$ ^u geometry1 caus$ x also to advance1 & 0 aga9 assi/$ by x4 ,hipp>*us1 be=e mak+ 8 sol> & lun> tables1 _h to discov] rules = calculat+ ! relations betwe5 ! sides & angles ( triangles--trigonometry1 a subdivision ( pure ma!matics4 ,fur!r1 ! r$uction ( ! doctr9e ( ! sph]e to ! quantitative =m ne$$ = a/ronomical purposes1 requir$ ! =mation ( a sph]ical trigonometry1 :i* 0 also a*iev$ by ,hipp>*us4 ,?us bo? plane & sph]ical trigonometry1 :i* are p>ts ( ! highly ab/ract & simple sci5ce ( ext5sion1 rema9$ undevelop$ until ! less ab/ract & m complex sci5ce ( ! cele/ial motions _h ne$ ( !m4 ,! fact admitt$ by ,m4 ,comte1 t s9ce ,desc>tes ! progress ( ! ab/ract division ( ma!matics has be5 det]m9$ by t ( ! concrete division1 is p>allel$ by ! /ill m significant fact t ev5 ?us e>ly ! progress ( ma!matics 0 det]m9$ by t ( a/ronomy4 ,& "h1 inde$1 we may see exemplifi$ ! tru?1 :i* ! subsequ5t hi/ory ( sci5ce frequ5tly illu/rates1 t be=e any m ab/ract division makes a fur!r advance1 "s m concrete division mu/ sugge/ ! necessity = t advance--mu/ pres5t ! new ord] ( que/ions to be solv$4 ,be=e a/ronomy pres5t$ ,hipp>*us ) ! problem ( sol> tables1 !re 0 no?+ to raise ! "q ( ! relations betwe5 l9es & angles2 ! subject-matt] ( trigonometry _h n be5 conceiv$4 ,& z !re mu/ be subject-matt] be=e !re c be inve/igation1 x foll[s t ! progress ( ! concrete divisions is z necess>y to t ( ! ab/ract1 z ! progress ( ! ab/ract to t ( ! concrete4 ,j incid5tally notic+ ! circum/ance t ! epo* we are describ+ witness$ ! evolution ( algebra1 a comp>atively ab/ract division ( ma!matics1 by ! union ( its less ab/ract divisions1 geometry & ari?metic--a fact prov$ by ! e>lie/ extant samples ( algebra1 :i* are half algebraic1 half geometric--we g on to obs]ve t dur+ ! era 9 :i* ma!matics & a/ronomy 7 ?us advanc+1 rational me*anics made its second /ep2 & some?+ 0 done t[>ds giv+ a quantitative =m to hydro/atics1 optics1 & h>monics4 ,9 ea* case we %all see z be=e1 h[ ! idea ( equality und]lies all quantitative prevision2 & 9 :at simple =ms ?is idea is fir/ appli$4 ,z already %[n1 ! fir/ !orem e/abli%$ 9 me*anics 01 t equal weights susp5d$ f a lev] ) equal arms w\ld rema9 9 equilibrium4 ,ar*im$es discov]$ t a lev] ) unequal arms 0 9 equilibrium :5 "o weight 0 to its arm z ! o!r arm to its weight2 t is--:5 ! num]ical relation betwe5 "o weight & its arm 0 equal to ! num]ical relation betwe5 ! o!r arm & its weight4 ,! fir/ advance made 9 hydro/atics1 :i* we also owe to ,ar*im$es1 0 ! discov]y t fluids press equally 9 all directions2 & f ?is foll[$ ! solution ( ! problem ( float+ bodies3 namely1 t !y are 9 equilibrium :5 ! upw>d & d[nw>d pressures are equal4 ,9 optics1 aga91 ! ,greeks f\nd t ! angle ( incid5ce is equal to ! angle ( reflection2 & _! k rea*$ no fur!r ?an to su* simple d$uctions f ?is z _! geometry suffic$ =4 ,9 h>monics !y asc]ta9$ ! fact t ?ree /r+s ( equal l5g?s w\ld yield ! octave1 fif? & f\r?1 :5 /ra9$ by weights hav+ c]ta9 def9ite ratios2 & !y did n progress mu* beyond ?is4 ,9 ! "o ( :i* cases we see geometry us$ 9 elucidation ( ! laws ( light2 & 9 ! o!r1 geometry & ari?metic made to measure ! ph5om5a ( s\nd4 ,did space p]mit1 x w\ld be desirable "h to describe ! /ate ( ! less advanc$ sci5ces--to po9t out h[1 :ile a few _h ?us rea*$ ! fir/ /ages ( quantitative prevision1 ! re/ 7 progress+ 9 qualitative prevision--h[ "s small g5]alizations 7 made respect+ evaporation1 & heat1 & electricity1 & magnetism1 :i*1 empirical z !y 71 did n 9 t respect diff] f ! fir/ g5]alizations ( e sci5ce--h[ ! ,greek physicians _h made advances 9 physiology & pa?ology1 :i*1 consid]+ ! great imp]fection ( our pres5t k1 are by no means to be despis$--h[ zoology _h be5 s f> sy/ematiz$ by ,ari/otle1 z1 to "s ext5t1 enabl$ him f ! pres5ce ( c]ta9 organs to pr$ict ! pres5ce ( o!rs--h[ 9 ,ari/otle's ,politics1 !re is "s progress t[>ds a sci5tific conception ( social ph5om5a1 & sundry previsions respect+ !m--& h[ 9 ! /ate ( ! ,greek societies1 z well z 9 ! writ+s ( ,greek philosoph]s1 we may recognise n only an increas+ cle>ness 9 t conception ( equity on :i* ! social sci5ce is bas$1 b also "s appreciation ( ! fact t social /ability dep5ds ^u ! ma9t5ance ( equitable regulations4 ,we might dwell at l5g? ^u ! causes :i* ret>d$ ! developm5t ( "s ( ! sci5ces1 z = example1 *emi/ry3 %[+ t relative complexity _h no?+ to d ) x--t ! oxidation ( a piece ( iron is a simpl] ph5om5on ?an ! recurr5ce ( eclipses1 & ! discov]y ( c>bonic acid less difficult ?an t ( ! precession ( ! equ9oxes--b t ! relatively sl[ advance ( *emical k 0 due1 p>tly to ! fact t its ph5om5a 7 n daily ?ru/ on m5's notice z ^? ( a/ronomy 72 p>tly to ! fact t ,nature does n habitually supply ! means1 & sugge/ ! modes ( inve/igation1 z 9 ! sci5ces deal+ ) "t1 ext5sion1 & =ce2 & p>tly to ! fact t ! great majority ( ! mat]ials ) :i* *emi/ry deals1 in/ead ( be+ ready to h&1 are made kn[n only by ! arts 9 _! sl[ gr[?2 & p>tly to ! fact t ev5 :5 kn[n1 _! *emical prop]ties are n self-exhibit$1 b h to be s\ght out by exp]im5t4 ,m]ely indicat+ all ^! consid]ations1 h[ev]1 let u g on to contemplate ! progress & mutual influ5ce ( ! sci5ces 9 mod]n days2 only p>5!tically notic+ h[1 on ! revival ( ! sci5tific _s1 ! successive /ages a*iev$ exhibit ! dom9ance ( ! same law hi!rto trac$--h[ ! prim>y idea 9 dynamics1 a uni=m =ce1 0 def9$ by ,galileo to be a =ce :i* g5]ates equal velocities 9 equal successive times--h[ ! uni=m action ( gravity 0 fir/ exp]im5tally det]m9$ by %[+ t ! "t elaps+ be=e a body ?r[n up1 /opp$1 0 equal to ! "t x took to fall--h[ ! fir/ fact 9 comp\nd motion :i* ,galileo asc]ta9$ 01 t a body project$ horizontally w h a uni=m motion onw>ds & a uni=mly accel]at$ motion d[nw>ds2 t is1 w describe equal horizontal spaces 9 equal times1 comp\nd$ ) equal v]tical increm5ts 9 equal times--h[ 8 discov]y respect+ ! p5dulum 01 t its oscillations occupy equal int]vals ( "t :atev] _! l5g?--h[ ! pr9ciple ( virtual velocities :i* he e/abli%$ is1 t 9 any ma*9e ! weights t balance ea* o!r1 are reciprocally z _! virtual velocities2 t is1 ! relation ( "o set ( weights to _! velocities equals ! relation ( ! o!r set ( velocities to _! weights2--& h[ ?us 8 a*ievem5ts consi/$ 9 %[+ ! equalities ( c]ta9 magnitudes & relations1 ^: equalities _h n be5 previ\sly recognis$4 ,:5 me*anics _h rea*$ ! po9t to :i* ,galileo br\ght x--:5 ! simple laws ( =ce _h be5 dis5tangl$ f ! friction & atmosph]ic resi/ance by :i* all _! e>?ly manife/ations are disguis$--:5 progress+ k ( physics _h giv5 a due insight into ^! di/urb+ causes--:51 by an ef=t ( ab/raction1 x 0 p]ceiv$ t all motion w\ld be uni=m & rectil9e> unless int]f]$ ) by ext]nal =ces--& :5 ! v>i\s consequ5ces ( ?is p]ception _h be5 work$ out2 !n x became possible1 by ! union ( geometry & me*anics1 to initiate physical a/ronomy4 ,geometry & me*anics hav+ div]g$ f a common root 9 m5's s5sible exp]i5ces2 hav+1 ) occasional inosculations1 be5 sep>ately develop$1 ! "o p>tly 9 connexion ) a/ronomy1 ! o!r solely by analyz+ t]re/rial movem5ts2 n[ jo9 9 ! inve/igations ( ,newton to create a true !ory ( ! cele/ial motions4 ,& "h1 also1 we h to notice ! important fact t1 9 ! v process ( be+ br\ght jo9tly to be> ^u a/ronomical problems1 !y are !mselves rais$ to a high] phase ( developm5t4 ,= x 0 9 deal+ ) ! que/ions rais$ by cele/ial dynamics t ! !n incipi5t inf9itesimal calculus 0 unfold$ by ,newton & 8 cont95tal successors2 & x 0 f inquiries into ! me*anics ( ! sol> sy/em t ! g5]al !orems ( me*anics conta9$ 9 ! ,pr9cipia1--_m ( !m ( purely t]re/rial application--took _! rise4 ,?us1 z 9 ! case ( ,hipp>*us1 ! pres5tation ( a new ord] ( concrete facts to be analyz$1 l$ to ! discov]y ( new ab/ract facts2 & ^! ab/ract facts hav+ be5 laid hold (1 gave means ( access to endless gr\ps ( concrete facts be=e incapable ( quantitative treatm5t4 ,mean:ile1 physics _h be5 c>ry+ fur!r t progress )\t :i*1 z j %[n1 rational me*anics c\ld n be dis5tangl$4 ,9 hydro/atics1 ,/ev9us _h ext5d$ & appli$ ! discov]y ( ,ar*im$es4 ,torricelli _h prov$ atmosph]ic pressure1 by %[+ t ?is pressure su/a9$ diff]5t liquids at heights inv]sely proportional to _! d5sities2 & ,pascal e/abli%$ ! necess>y dim9ution ( ?is pressure at increas+ heights 9 ! atmosph]e3 discov]ies :i* 9 "p r$uc$ ?is bran* ( sci5ce to a quantitative =m4 ,some?+ _h be5 done by ,daniel ,b]n\lli t[>ds ! dynamics ( fluids4 ,! !rmomet] _h be5 inv5t$2 & a numb] ( small g5]alizations rea*$ by x4 ,huygh5s & ,newton _h made consid]able progress 9 optics2 ,newton _h approximately calculat$ ! rate ( transmission ( s\nd2 & ! cont95tal ma!maticians _h succe$$ 9 det]m9+ "s ( ! laws ( sonor\s vibrations4 ,magnetism & electricity _h be5 consid]ably advanc$ by ,gilb]t4 ,*emi/ry _h got z f> z ! mutual neutralization ( acids & alkalies4 ,& ,leon>do da ,v9ci _h advanc$ 9 geology to ! conception ( ! deposition ( m>9e /rata z ! orig9 ( fossils4 ,our pres5t purpose does n require t we %\ld give p>ticul>s4 ,all t x "h conc]ns u to d is to illu/rate ! cons5sus subsi/+ 9 ?is /age ( gr[?1 & aft]w>ds4 ,let z look at a few cases4 ,! !oretic law ( ! velocity ( s\nd enunciat$ by ,newton on purely me*anical consid]ations1 0 f\nd wrong by "o-six?4 ,! error rema9$ unacc\nt$ = until ! "t ( ,laplace1 :o1 suspect+ t ! heat dis5gag$ by ! compression ( ! undulat+ /rata ( ! air1 gave additional ela/icity1 & s produc$ ! diff]5ce1 made ! ne$ful calculations & f\nd he 0 "r4 ,?us ac\/ics 0 arre/$ until !rmology ov]took & aid$ x4 ,:5 ,boyle & ,m>riot _h discov]$ ! relation betwe5 ! d5sity ( gases & ! pressures !y are subject to2 & :5 x ?us became possible to calculate ! rate ( decreas+ d5sity 9 ! upp] p>ts ( ! atmosph]e2 x also became possible to make approximate tables ( ! atmosph]ic refraction ( light4 ,?us optics1 & ) x a/ronomy1 advanc$ ) b>ology4 ,aft] ! discov]y ( atmosph]ic pressure _h l$ to ! inv5tion ( ! air-pump by ,otto ,gu]icke2 & aft] x _h become kn[n t evaporation increases 9 rapidity z atmosph]ic pressure decreases2 x became possible = ,leslie1 by evaporation 9 a vacuum1 to produce ! greate/ cold kn[n2 & s to ext5d our k ( !rmology by %[+ t !re is no z]o )9 rea* ( our rese>*es4 ,:5 ,f\ri] _h det]m9$ ! laws ( conduction ( heat1 & :5 ! ,e>?'s temp]ature _h be5 f\nd to increase bel[ ! surface "o degree 9 e =ty y>ds1 !re 7 data = inf]r+ ! pa/ condition ( our globe2 ! va/ p]iod x has tak5 to cool d[n to its pres5t /ate2 & ! imm5se age ( ! sol> sy/em--a purely a/ronomical consid]ation4 ,*emi/ry hav+ advanc$ suffici5tly to supply ! ne$ful mat]ials1 & a physiological exp]im5t hav+ furni%$ ! requisite h9t1 !re came ! discov]y ( galvanic electricity4 ,galvanism react+ on *emi/ry disclos$ ! metallic bases ( ! alkalies1 & inaugurat$ ! electro-*emical !ory2 9 ! h&s ( ,o]/$ & ,amp]e x l$ to ! laws ( magnetic action2 & by its aid ,f>aday has detect$ significant facts relative to ! con/itution ( light4 ,brew/]'s discov]ies respect+ d\ble refraction & dipol>ization prov$ ! ess5tial tru? ( ! classification ( cry/all9e =ms accord+ to ! numb] ( axes1 by %[+ t ! molecul> con/itution dep5ds ^u ! axes4 ,9 ^! & 9 num]\s o!r cases1 ! mutual influ5ce ( ! sci5ces has be5 q indep5d5t ( any suppos$ hi]>*ical ord]4 ,(t51 too1 _! int]-actions are m complex ?an z ?us in/anc$--involve m sci5ces ?an two4 ,"o illu/ration ( ?is mu/ suffice4 ,we quote x 9 full f ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,inductive ,sci5ces4 ,9 ,book ,,xi41 *ap4 ,,ii41 on ,! ,progress ( ! ,electrical ,!ory1 ,dr4 ,:ewell writes3-- ,?us at t p]iod1 ma!matics 0 beh9d exp]im5t1 & a problem 0 propos$1 9 :i* !oretical results 7 want$ = comp>ison ) obs]vation1 b c\ld n be accurately obta9$2 z 0 ! case 9 a/ronomy also1 till ! "t ( ! approximate solution ( ! problem ( ?ree bodies1 & ! consequ5t =mation ( ! tables ( ! moon & planets1 on ! !ory ( univ]sal gravitation4 ,aft] "s "t1 electrical !ory 0 reliev$ f ?is reproa*1 ma9ly 9 consequ5ce ( ! progress :i* a/ronomy _h occasion$ 9 pure ma!matics4 ,ab\t #ahja !re appe>$ 9 ! ,bullet9 des ,sci5ces1 an exact solution ( ! problem ( ! di/ribution ( electric fluid on a sph]oid1 obta9$ by ,biot1 by ! application ( ! peculi> me?ods :i* ,laplace _h inv5t$ = ! problem ( ! figure ( ! planets4 ,&1 9 #ahaa1 ,m4 ,poisson appli$ ,laplace's artifices to ! case ( two sph]es act+ ^u "o ano!r 9 contact1 a case to :i* _m ( ,c\lomb's exp]im5ts 7 ref]rible2 & ! agreem5t ( ! results ( !ory & obs]vation1 ?us extricat$ f ,c\lomb's numb]s obta9$ above =ty ye>s previ\sly1 0 v /rik+ & conv9c+4 ,n only d ! sci5ces affect ea* o!r aft] ?is direct mann]1 b !y affect ea* o!r indirectly4 ,:]e !re is no dep5d5ce1 !re is yet analogy--equality ( relations2 & ! discov]y ( ! relations subsi/+ among "o set ( ph5om5a1 con/antly sugge/s a se>* = ! same relations among ano!r set4 ,?us ! e/abli%$ fact t ! =ce ( gravitation v>ies inv]sely z ! squ>e ( ! di/ance1 be+ recogniz$ z a necess>y *>act]i/ic ( all influ5ces proce$+ f a c5tre1 rais$ ! suspicion t heat & light foll[ ! same law2 :i* prov$ to be ! case--a suspicion & a confirmation :i* 7 repeat$ 9 respect to ! electric & magnetic =ces4 ,?us aga9 ! discov]y ( ! pol>ization ( light l$ to exp]im5ts :i* end$ 9 ! discov]y ( ! pol>ization ( heat--a discov]y t c\ld nev] h be5 made )\t ! antec$5t "o4 ,?us1 too1 ! kn[n refrangibility ( light & heat lately produc$ ! inquiry :e!r s\nd also is n refrangible2 :i* on trial x turns out to be4 ,9 "s cases1 inde$1 x is only by ! aid ( conceptions d]iv$ f "o class ( ph5om5a t hypo!ses respect+ o!r classes c be =m$4 ,! !ory1 at "o "t fav\r$1 t evaporation is a solution ( wat] 9 air1 0 an assumption t ! relation betwe5 wat] & air is l ! relation betwe5 salt & wat]2 & c\ld nev] h be5 conceiv$ if ! relation betwe5 salt & wat] _h n be5 previ\sly kn[n4 ,simil>ly ! receiv$ !ory ( evaporation--t x is a diffusion ( ! p>ticles ( ! evaporat+ fluid 9 virtue ( _! atomic repulsion--c\ld n h be5 ent]ta9$ )\t a =ego+ exp]i5ce ( magnetic & electric repulsions4 ,s complete 9 rec5t days has become ?is cons5sus among ! sci5ces1 caus$ ei!r by ! natural entanglem5t ( _! ph5om5a1 or by analogies 9 ! relations ( _! ph5om5a1 t sc>cely any consid]able discov]y conc]n+ "o ord] ( facts n[ takes place1 )\t v %ortly lead+ to discov]ies conc]n+ o!r ord]s4 ,to produce a tol]ably complete conception ( ?is process ( sci5tific evolution1 x w\ld be ne$ful to g back to ! beg9n+1 & trace 9 detail ! gr[? ( classifications & nom5clatures2 & to %[ h[1 z subsidi>y to sci5ce1 !y h act$ ^u x1 & x has react$ ^u !m4 ,we c only n[ rem>k t1 on ! "o h&1 classifications & nom5clatures h aid$ sci5ce by cont9ually subdivid+ ! subject-matt] ( rese>*1 & giv+ fixity & diffusion to ! tru?s disclos$2 & t on ! o!r h&1 !y h caught f x t increas+ quantitativ5ess1 & t progress f consid]ations t\*+ s+le ph5om5a to consid]ations t\*+ ! relations among _m ph5om5a1 :i* we h be5 describ+4 ,( ?is la/ influ5ce a few illu/rations mu/ be giv54 ,9 *emi/ry x is se5 9 ! facts1 t ! divid+ ( matt] into ! f\r elem5ts 0 o/5sibly bas$ ^u ! s+le prop]ty ( weight2 t ! fir/ truly *emical division into acid & alkal9e bodies1 gr\p$ toge!r bodies :i* _h n simply "o prop]ty 9 common1 b 9 :i* "o prop]ty 0 con/antly relat$ to _m o!rs2 & t ! classification n[ curr5t1 places toge!r 9 gr\ps support]s ( combu/ion1 metallic & non-metallic bases1 acids1 salts1 c41 bodies :i* are (t5 q unlike 9 s5sible qualities1 b :i* are l 9 ! majority ( _! relations to o!r bodies4 ,9 m9]alogy aga91 ! fir/ classifications 7 bas$ ^u diff]5ces 9 aspect1 texture1 & o!r physical attributes4 ,b]zelius made two attempts at a classification bas$ solely on *emical con/itution4 ,t n[ curr5t1 recognises z f> z possible ! relations betwe5 physical & *emical *>act]s4 ,9 botany ! e>lie/ classes =m$ 7 trees1 %rubs1 & h]bs3 magnitude be+ ! basis ( di/9ction4 ,dioscorides divid$ vegetables into aromatic1 alim5t>y1 m$ic9al1 & v9\s3 a division ( *emical "*4 ,caesalp9us classifi$ !m by ! se$s1 & se$-vessels1 :i* he pref]r$ because ( ! relations f\nd to subsi/ betwe5 ! "* ( ! fructification & ! g5]al "* ( ! o!r p>ts4 ,:ile ! natural sy/em s9ce develop$1 c>ry+ out ! doctr9e ( ,l9naeus1 t natural ord]s mu/ be =m$ by att5tion n to "o or two1 b to all ! p>ts ( plants1 bases its divisions on l peculi>ities :i* are f\nd to be con/antly relat$ to ! greate/ numb] ( o!r l peculi>ities4 ,& simil>ly 9 zoology1 ! successive classifications1 f hav+ be5 orig9ally det]m9$ by ext]nal & (t5 subord9ate *>act]s n indicative ( ! ess5tial nature1 h be5 gradually m & m det]m9$ by ^? int]nal & fundam5tal diff]5ces1 :i* h uni=m relations to ! greate/ numb] ( o!r diff]5ces4 ,nor %all we be surpris$ at ?is analogy betwe5 ! modes ( progress ( positive sci5ce & classification1 :5 we be> 9 m9d t bo? proce$ by mak+ g5]alizations2 t bo? enable u to make previsions diff]+ only 9 _! precision2 & t :ile ! "o deals ) equal prop]ties & relations1 ! o!r deals ) prop]ties & relations t approximate t[>ds equality 9 v>iable degrees4 ,)\t fur!r argum5t1 x w1 we ?9k1 be suffici5tly cle> t ! sci5ces are none ( !m sep>ately evolv$--are none ( !m indep5d5t ei!r logically or hi/orically2 b t all ( !m h1 9 a great] or less degree1 requir$ aid & reciprocat$ x4 ,inde$1 x ne$s b to ?r[ aside !ses1 & contemplate ! mix$ "* ( surr\nd+ ph5om5a1 to at once see t ^! notions ( division & succession 9 ! k9ds ( k are none ( !m actually true1 b are simple sci5tific fictions3 good1 if reg>d$ m]ely z aids to /udy2 bad1 if reg>d$ z repres5t+ realities 9 ,nature4 ,consid] !m critically1 & no facts :atev] are pres5t$ to our s5ses uncomb9$ ) o!r facts--no facts :atev] b are 9 "s degree disguis$ by accompany+ facts3 disguis$ 9 su* a mann] t all mu/ be p>tially und]/ood be=e any "o c be und]/ood4 ,if x be said1 z by ,m4 ,comte1 t gravitat+ =ce %\ld be treat$ ( be=e o!r =ces1 see+ t all ?+s are subject to x1 x may on l gr\nds be said t heat %\ld be fir/ dealt )2 see+ t !rmal =ces are ev]y:]e 9 action2 t ! ability ( any portion ( matt] to manife/ visible gravitative ph5om5a dep5ds on its /ate ( aggregation1 :i* is det]m9$ by heat2 t only by ! aid ( !rmology c we expla9 ^? app>5t exceptions to ! gravitat+ t5d5cy :i* are pres5t$ by /eam & smoke1 & s e/abli% its univ]sality1 & t1 inde$1 ! v exi/5ce ( ! sol> sy/em 9 a solid =m is j z mu* a "q ( heat z x is "o ( gravitation4 ,take o!r cases3--,all ph5om5a recognis$ by ! eyes1 ?r\gh :i* only are ! data ( exact sci5ce asc]ta9able1 are complicat$ ) optical ph5om5a2 & _c be exhau/ively kn[n until optical pr9ciples are kn[n4 ,! burn+ ( a c&le _c be expla9$ )\t involv+ *emi/ry1 me*anics1 !rmology4 ,e w9d t bl[s is det]m9$ by influ5ces p>tly sol>1 p>tly lun>1 p>tly hygrometric2 & implies consid]ations ( fluid equilibrium & physical geography4 ,! direction1 dip1 & v>iations ( ! magnetic ne$le1 are facts half t]re/rial1 half cele/ial--are caus$ by e>?ly =ces :i* h cycles ( *ange correspond+ ) a/ronomical p]iods4 ,! fl[+ ( ! gulf-/ream & ! annual migration ( iceb]gs t[>ds ! equator1 dep5d+ z !y d on ! balanc+ ( ! c5tripetal & c5trifugal =ces act+ on ! ocean1 involve 9 _! explanation ! ,e>?'s rotation & sph]oidal =m1 ! laws ( hydro/atics1 ! relative d5sities ( cold & w>m wat]1 & ! doctr9es ( evaporation4 ,x is no d\bt true1 z ,m4 ,comte says1 t our position 9 ! sol> sy/em1 & ! motions1 =m1 size1 equilibrium ( ! mass ( our _w among ! planets1 mu/ be kn[n be=e we c und]/& ! ph5om5a go+ on at its surface4 ,b1 fatally = 8 hypo!sis1 x is also true t we mu/ und]/& a great "p ( ! ph5om5a go+ on at its surface be=e we c "k its position1 c41 9 ! sol> sy/em4 ,x is n simply t1 z we h already %[n1 ^? geometrical & me*anical pr9ciples by :i* cele/ial appe>ances are expla9$1 7 fir/ g5]aliz$ f t]re/rial exp]i5ces2 b x is t ! v obta9m5t ( correct data1 on :i* to base a/ronomical g5]alizations1 implies advanc$ t]re/rial physics4 ,until aft] optics _h made consid]able advance1 ! ,cop]nican sy/em rema9$ b a speculation4 ,a s+le mod]n obs]vation on a /> has to und]go a c>eful analysis by ! comb9$ aid ( v>i\s sci5ces--has to be dige/$ by ! organism ( ! sci5ces2 :i* h sev]ally to assimilate _! respective p>ts ( ! obs]vation1 be=e ! ess5tial fact x conta9s is available = ! fur!r developm5t ( a/ronomy4 ,x has to be correct$ n only = nutation ( ! e>?'s axis & = precession ( ! equ9oxes1 b = ab]ration & = refraction2 & ! =mation ( ! tables by :i* refraction is calculat$1 presupposes k ( ! law ( decreas+ d5sity 9 ! upp] atmosph]ic /rata2 ( ! law ( decreas+ temp]ature1 & ! influ5ce ( ?is on ! d5sity2 & ( hygrometric laws z also affect+ d5sity4 ,s t1 to get mat]ials = fur!r advance1 a/ronomy requires n only ! indirect aid ( ! sci5ces :i* h presid$ ov] ! mak+ ( its improv$ in/rum5ts1 b ! direct aid ( an advanc$ optics1 ( b>ology1 ( !rmology1 ( hygrometry2 & if we rememb] t ^! delicate obs]vations are 9 "s cases regi/]$ electrically1 & t !y are fur!r correct$ = ! p]sonal equation--! "t elaps+ betwe5 see+ & regi/]+1 :i* v>ies ) diff]5t obs]v]s--we may ev5 add electricity & psy*ology4 ,if1 !n1 s app>5tly simple a ?+ z asc]ta9+ ! position ( a /> is complicat$ ) s _m ph5om5a1 x is cle> t ?is notion ( ! indep5d5ce ( ! sci5ces1 or c]ta9 ( !m1 w n hold4 ,:e!r objectively indep5d5t or n1 !y _c be subjectively s--!y _c h indep5d5ce z pres5t$ to our consci\sness2 & ?is is ! only k9d ( indep5d5ce ) :i* we are conc]n$4 ,& "h1 be=e leav+ ^! illu/rations1 & especially ?is la/ "o1 let u n omit to notice h[ cle>ly !y exhibit t increas+ly active cons5sus ( ! sci5ces :i* *>act]izes _! advanc+ developm5t4 ,besides f9d+ t 9 ^! lat] times a discov]y 9 "o sci5ce commonly causes progress 9 o!rs2 besides f9d+ t a great "p ( ! que/ions ) :i* mod]n sci5ce deals are s mix$ z to require ! co-op]ation ( _m sci5ces = _! solution2 we f9d 9 ?is la/ case t1 to make a s+le good obs]vation 9 ! pure/ ( ! natural sci5ces1 requires ! comb9$ assi/ance ( half a doz5 o!r sci5ces4 ,p]haps ! cle>e/ compreh5sion ( ! int]connect$ gr[? ( ! sci5ces may be obta9$ by contemplat+ t ( ! arts1 to :i* x is /rictly analog\s1 & ) :i* x is insep>ably b\nd up4 ,mo/ intellig5t p]sons mu/ h be51 at "o "t or o!r1 /ruck ) ! va/ array ( antec$5ts pre-suppos$ by "o ( our processes ( manufacture4 ,let him trace ! production ( a pr9t$ cotton1 & consid] all t is impli$ by x4 ,!re are ! _m successive improvem5ts ?r\gh :i* ! p[]-looms rea*$ _! pres5t p]fection2 !re is ! /eam-eng9e t drives !m1 hav+ its long hi/ory f ,pap9 d[nw>ds2 !re are ! la!s 9 :i* its cyl9d] 0 bor$1 & ! /r+ ( ance/ral la!s f :i* ^? la!s proce$$2 !re is ! /eam-hamm] "u :i* its crank %aft 0 weld$2 !re are ! puddl+-furnaces1 ! bla/-furnaces1 ! coal-m9es & ! iron-m9es ne$ful = produc+ ! raw mat]ial2 !re are ! sl[ly improv$ appliances by :i* ! factory 0 built1 & light$1 & v5tilat$2 !re are ! pr9t+ eng9e1 & ! die h\se1 & ! col\r laboratory ) its /ock ( mat]ials f all p>ts ( ! _w1 imply+ co*9eal-culture1 logwood-cutt+1 indigo-gr[+2 !re are ! implem5ts us$ by ! produc]s ( cotton1 ! g9s by :i* x is clean$1 ! elaborate ma*9es by :i* x is spun3 !re are ! vessels 9 :i* cotton is import$1 ) ! build+-slips1 ! rope-y>ds1 ! sail-clo? factories1 ! an*or-=ges1 ne$ful = mak+ !m2 & besides all ^! directly necess>y antec$5ts1 ea* ( !m involv+ _m o!rs1 !re are ! in/itutions :i* h develop$ ! requisite intellig5ce1 ! pr9t+ & publi%+ arrangem5ts :i* h spread ! necess>y in=mation1 ! social organization :i* has r5d]$ possible su* a complex co-op]ation ( ag5cies4 ,fur!r analysis w\ld %[ t ! _m arts ?us conc]n$ 9 ! economical production ( a *ild's frock1 h ea* ( !m be5 br\ght to its pres5t effici5cy by sl[ /eps :i* ! o!r arts h aid$2 & t f ! beg9n+ ?is reciprocity has be5 ev] on ! increase4 ,x ne$s b on ! "o h& to consid] h[ utt]ly impossible x is = ! savage1 ev5 ) ore & coal ready1 to produce s simple a ?+ z an iron hat*et2 & !n to consid]1 on ! o!r h&1 t x w\ld h be5 impracticable among ourselves1 ev5 a c5tury ago1 to raise ! tubes ( ! ,britannia bridge f lack ( ! hydraulic press2 to at once see h[ mutually dep5d5t are ! arts1 & h[ all mu/ advance t ea* may advance4 ,well1 ! sci5ces are involv$ ) ea* o!r 9 j ! same mann]4 ,!y are1 9 fact1 inextricably wov5 into ?is same complex web ( ! arts2 & are only conv5tionally indep5d5t ( x4 ,orig9ally ! two 7 "o4 ,h[ to fix ! religi\s fe/ivals2 :5 to s[2 h[ to weigh commodities2 & 9 :at mann] to measure gr\nd2 7 ! purely practical que/ions out ( :i* arose a/ronomy1 me*anics1 geometry4 ,s9ce !n !re has be5 a p]petual inosculation ( ! sci5ces & ! arts4 ,sci5ce has be5 supply+ art ) tru] g5]alizations & m completely quantitative previsions4 ,art has be5 supply+ sci5ce ) bett] mat]ials1 & m p]fect in/rum5ts4 ,& all along ! int]dep5d5ce has be5 gr[+ clos]1 n only betwe5 art & sci5ce1 b among ! arts !mselves1 & among ! sci5ces !mselves4 ,h[ completely ! analogy holds ?r\gh\t1 becomes yet cle>] :5 we recognise ! fact t ! sci5ces are arts to ea* o!r4 ,if1 z occurs 9 almo/ e case1 ! fact to be analyz$ by any sci5ce1 has fir/ to be prep>$--to be dis5tangl$ f di/urb+ facts by ! a=e discov]$ me?ods ( o!r sci5ces2 ! o!r sci5ces s us$1 /& 9 ! position ( arts4 ,if1 9 solv+ a dynamical problem1 a p>allelogram is drawn1 ( :i* ! sides & diagonal repres5t =ces1 & by putt+ magnitudes ( ext5sion = magnitudes ( =ce a measurable relation is e/abli%$ betwe5 quantities n else to be dealt )2 x may be fairly said t geometry plays t[>ds me*anics mu* ! same "p t ! fire ( ! f\nd] plays t[>ds ! metal he is go+ to ca/4 ,if1 9 analyz+ ! ph5om5a ( ! col\r$ r+s surr\nd+ ! po9t ( contact betwe5 two l5ses1 a ,newton asc]ta9s by calculation ! am\nt ( c]ta9 int]pos$ spaces1 f> too m9ute = actual measurem5t2 he employs ! sci5ce ( numb] = ess5tially ! same purpose z t = :i* ! wat*mak] employs tools4 ,if1 be=e writ+ d[n 8 obs]vation on a />1 ! a/ronom] has to sep>ate f x all ! errors result+ f atmosph]ic & optical laws1 x is manife/ t ! refraction-tables1 & log>i?m-books1 & =mulae1 :i* he successively uses1 s]ve him mu* z retorts1 & filt]s1 & cupels s]ve ! assay] :o wi%es to sep>ate ! pure gold f all accompany+ +r$i5ts4 ,s close1 inde$1 is ! relation%ip1 t x is impossible to say :]e sci5ce beg9s & art ends4 ,all ! in/rum5ts ( ! natural philosoph] are ! products ( art2 ! adju/+ "o ( !m = use is an art2 !re is art 9 mak+ an obs]vation ) "o ( !m2 x requires art prop]ly to treat ! facts asc]ta9$2 nay1 ev5 ! employ+ e/abli%$ g5]alizations to op5 ! way to new g5]alizations1 may be consid]$ z art4 ,9 ea* ( ^! cases previ\sly organiz$ k becomes ! implem5t by :i* new k is got at3 & :e!r t previ\sly organiz$ k is embodi$ 9 a tangible app>atus or 9 a =mula1 matt]s n 9 s f> z its ess5tial relation to ! new k is conc]n$4 ,if1 z no "o w d5y1 art is appli$ k1 !n su* portion ( a sci5tific inve/igation z consi/s ( appli$ k is art4 ,s t we may ev5 say t z soon z any prevision 9 sci5ce passes out ( its orig9ally passive /ate1 & is employ$ = rea*+ o!r previsions1 x passes f !ory into practice--becomes sci5ce 9 action--becomes art4 ,& :5 we ?us see h[ purely conv5tional is ! ord9>y di/9ction1 h[ impossible x is to make any real sep>ation--:5 we see n only t sci5ce & art 7 orig9ally "o2 t ! arts h p]petually assi/$ ea* o!r2 t !re has be5 a con/ant reciprocation ( aid betwe5 ! sci5ces & arts2 b t ! sci5ces act z arts to ea* o!r1 & t ! e/abli%$ "p ( ea* sci5ce becomes an art to ! gr[+ "p--:5 we recognize ! clos5ess ( ^! associations1 we %all ! m cle>ly p]ceive t z ! connexion ( ! arts ) ea* o!r has be5 ev] becom+ m intimate2 z ! help giv5 by sci5ces to arts & by arts to sci5ces1 has be5 age by age increas+2 s ! int]dep5d5ce ( ! sci5ces !mselves has be5 ev] gr[+ great]1 _! mutual relations m involv$1 _! cons5sus m active4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 "h end+ our sket* ( ! ,g5esis ( ,sci5ce1 we are consci\s ( hav+ done ! subject b scant ju/ice4 ,two difficulties h /ood 9 our way3 "o1 ! hav+ to t\* on s _m po9ts 9 su* small space2 ! o!r1 ! necessity ( treat+ 9 s]ial arrangem5t a process :i* is n s]ial--a difficulty :i* mu/ ev] att5d all attempts to del9eate processes ( developm5t1 :atev] _! special nature4 ,add to :i*1 t to pres5t 9 any?+ l complet5ess & proportion1 ev5 ! outl9es ( s va/ & complex a hi/ory1 dem&s ye>s ( /udy4 ,nev]!less1 we believe t ! evid5ce :i* has be5 assign$ suffices to sub/antiate ! lead+ propositions ) :i* we set out4 ,inquiry into ! fir/ /ages ( sci5ce confirms ! conclusion :i* we drew f ! analysis ( sci5ce z n[ exi/+1 t x is n di/9ct f common k1 b an outgr[? f x--an ext5sion ( ! p]ception by means ( ! reason4 ,t :i* we fur!r f\nd by analysis to =m ! m specific *>act]i/ic ( sci5tific previsions1 z contra/$ ) ! previsions ( uncultur$ intellig5ce--_! quantitativ5ess--we also see to h be5 ! *>act]i/ic alike 9 ! initial /eps 9 sci5ce1 & ( all ! /eps succe$+ !m4 ,! facts & admissions cit$ 9 dispro( ( ! ass]tion t ! sci5ces foll[ "o ano!r1 bo? logically & hi/orically1 9 ! ord] ( _! decreas+ g5]ality1 h be5 en=c$ by ! sundry in/ances we h met )1 9 :i* ! m g5]al or ab/ract sci5ces h be5 advanc$ only at ! in/igation ( ! m special or concrete--in/ances s]v+ to %[ t a m g5]al sci5ce z mu* owes its progress to ! pres5tation ( new problems by a m special sci5ce1 z ! m special sci5ce owes its progress to ! solutions :i* ! m g5]al sci5ce is ?us l$ to attempt--in/ances !re=e illu/rat+ ! position t sci5tific advance is z mu* f ! special to ! g5]al z f ! g5]al to ! special4 ,q 9 h>mony ) ?is position we f9d to be ! admissions t ! sci5ces are z bran*es ( "o trunk1 & t !y 7 at fir/ cultivat$ simultane\sly2 & ?is h>mony becomes ! m m>k$ on f9d+1 z we h done1 n only t ! sci5ces h a common root1 b t sci5ce 9 g5]al has a common root ) language1 classification1 reason+1 art2 t ?r\gh\t civilization ^! h advanc$ toge!r1 act+ & react+ ^u ea* o!r j z ! sep>ate sci5ces h done2 & t ?us ! developm5t ( intellig5ce 9 all its divisions & subdivisions has con=m$ to ?is same law :i* we h %[n t ! sci5ces con=m to4 ,f all :i* we may p]ceive t ! sci5ces c ) no great] propriety be arrang$ 9 a succession1 ?an language1 classification1 reason+1 art1 & sci5ce1 c be arrang$ 9 a succession2 t1 h[ev] ne$ful a succession may be = ! conv5i5ce ( books & catalogues1 x mu/ be recogniz$ m]ely z a conv5tion2 & t s f> f its be+ ! function ( a philosophy ( ! sci5ces to e/abli% a hi]>*y1 x is its function to %[ t ! l9e> arrangem5ts requir$ = lit]>y purposes1 h none ( !m any basis ei!r 9 ,nature or ,hi/ory4 ,!re is "o fur!r rem>k we mu/ n omit--a rem>k t\*+ ! importance ( ! "q t has be5 discuss$4 ,un=tunately x commonly happ5s t topics ( ?is ab/ract nature are slight$ z ( no practical mom5t2 &1 we d\bt n1 t _m w ?9k x ( v little consequ5ce :at !ory respect+ ! g5esis ( sci5ce may be ent]ta9$4 ,b ! value ( tru?s is (t5 great1 9 proportion z _! g5]ality is wide4 ,remote z !y seem f practical application1 ! highe/ g5]alizations are n unfrequ5tly ! mo/ pot5t 9 _! effects1 9 virtue ( _! influ5ce on all ^? subord9ate g5]alizations :i* regulate practice4 ,& x mu/ be s "h4 ,:5ev] e/abli%$1 a correct !ory ( ! hi/orical developm5t ( ! sci5ces mu/ h an imm5se effect ^u education2 &1 ?r\gh education1 ^u civilization4 ,greatly z we diff] f him 9 o!r respects1 we agree ) ,m4 ,comte 9 ! belief t1 rightly conduct$1 ! education ( ! individual mu/ h a c]ta9 correspond5ce ) ! evolution ( ! race4 ,no "o c contemplate ! facts we h cit$ 9 illu/ration ( ! e>ly /ages ( sci5ce1 )\t recognis+ ! necessity ( ! processes ?r\gh :i* ^? /ages 7 rea*$--a necessity :i*1 9 respect to ! lead+ tru?s1 may likewise be trac$ 9 all aft] /ages4 ,?is necessity1 orig9at+ 9 ! v nature ( ! ph5om5a to be analyz$ & ! faculties to be employ$1 m or less fully applies to ! m9d ( ! *ild z to t ( ! savage4 ,we say m or less fully1 because ! correspond5ce is n special b g5]al only4 ,7 ! environm5t ! same 9 bo? cases1 ! correspond5ce w\ld be complete4 ,b ?\gh ! surr\nd+ mat]ial out ( :i* sci5ce is to be organiz$1 is1 9 _m cases1 ! same to ! juv5ile m9d & ! aborig9al m9d1 x is n s ?r\gh\t2 z1 = in/ance1 9 ! case ( *emi/ry1 ! ph5om5a ( :i* are accessible to ! "o1 b 7 inaccessible to ! o!r4 ,h5ce1 9 proportion z ! environm5t diff]s1 ! c\rse ( evolution mu/ diff]4 ,aft] admitt+ sundry exceptions1 h[ev]1 !re rema9s a sub/antial p>allelism2 &1 if s1 x becomes ( great mom5t to asc]ta9 :at really has be5 ! process ( sci5tific evolution4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( an errone\s !ory mu/ be disa/r\s 9 its educational results2 :ile ! e/abli%m5t ( a true "o mu/ ev5tually be f]tile 9 s*ool-re=ms & consequ5t social b5efits4 ,,iv4 ,,! ,,physiology ,,( ,,laught]4 ,:y d we smile :5 a *ild puts on a man's hat8 or :at induces u to laugh on read+ t ! corpul5t ,gibbon 0 unable to rise f 8 knees aft] mak+ a t5d] decl>ation8 ,! usual reply to su* que/ions is1 t laught] results f a p]ception ( incongruity4 ,ev5 7 !re n on ?is reply ! obvi\s criticism t laught] (t5 occurs f extreme pleasure or f m]e vivacity1 !re w\ld /ill rema9 ! real problem--,h[ comes a s5se ( ! incongru\s to be foll[$ by ^! peculi> bodily actions8 ,"s h alleg$ t laught] is due to ! pleasure ( a relative self-elevation1 :i* we feel on see+ ! humiliation ( o!rs4 ,b ?is !ory1 :atev] portion ( tru? x may conta91 is1 9 ! fir/ place1 op5 to ! fatal objection1 t !re are v>i\s humiliations to o!rs :i* produce 9 u any?+ b laught]2 &1 9 ! second place1 x does n apply to ! _m in/ances 9 :i* no "o's dignity is implicat$3 z :5 we laugh at a good pun4 ,moreov]1 l ! o!r1 x is m]ely a g5]alization ( c]ta9 conditions to laught]2 & n an explanation ( ! odd movem5ts :i* occur "u ^! conditions4 ,:y1 :5 greatly delight$1 or impress$ ) c]ta9 unexpect$ contra/s ( ideas1 %\ld !re be a contraction ( p>ticul> facial muscles1 & p>ticul> muscles ( ! *e/ & abdom58 ,su* answ] to ?is "q z may be possible1 c be r5d]$ only by physiology4 99 99 99 99 99 ,e *ild has made ! attempt to hold ! foot /ill :ile x is tickl$1 & has fail$2 & probably !re is sc>cely any "o :o has n va9ly tri$ to avoid w9k+1 :5 a h& has be5 sudd5ly pass$ be=e ! eyes4 ,^! examples ( muscul> movem5ts :i* occur indep5d5tly ( ! w1 or 9 spite ( x1 illu/rate :at physiologi/s call reflex-action2 z likewise d sneez+ & c\gh+4 ,to ?is class ( cases1 9 :i* involunt>y motions are accompani$ by s5sations1 has to be add$ ano!r class ( cases1 9 :i* involunt>y motions are unaccompani$ by s5sations3--in/ance ! pulsations ( ! he>t2 ! contractions ( ! /oma* dur+ dige/ion4 ,fur!r1 ! great mass ( seem+ly-volunt>y acts 9 su* creatures z insects1 worms1 molluscs1 are consid]$ by physiologi/s to be z purely automatic z is ! dilatation or closure ( ! iris "u v>iations 9 quantity ( light2 & simil>ly exemplify ! law1 t an impression on ! end ( an aff]5t n]ve is convey$ to "s ganglionic c5tre1 & is !nce usually reflect$ along an eff]5t n]ve to "o or m muscles :i* x causes to contract4 ,9 a modifi$ =m ?is pr9ciple holds ) volunt>y acts4 ,n]v\s excitation always t5ds to beget muscul> motion2 & :5 x rises to a c]ta9 int5sity1 always does beget x4 ,n only 9 reflex actions1 :e!r ) or )\t s5sation1 d we see t special n]ves1 :5 rais$ to a /ate ( t5sion1 dis*>ge !mselves on special muscles ) :i* !y are indirectly connect$2 b ^? ext]nal actions ?r\gh :i* we read ! feel+s ( o!rs1 %[ u t "u any consid]able t5sion1 ! n]v\s sy/em 9 g5]al dis*>ges itself on ! muscul> sy/em 9 g5]al3 ei!r ) or )\t ! guidance ( ! w4 ,! %iv]+ produc$ by cold1 implies irregul> muscul> contractions1 :i*1 ?\gh at fir/ only p>tly involunt>y1 become1 :5 ! cold is extreme1 almo/ :olly involunt>y4 ,:5 y h sev]ely burnt y\r f+]1 x is v difficult to pres]ve a dignifi$ composure3 contortion ( face1 or movem5t ( limb1 is pretty sure to foll[4 ,if a man receives good news ) nei!r *ange ( feature nor bodily motion1 x is inf]r$ t he is n mu* pleas$1 or t he has extraord9>y self-control--ei!r inf]5ce imply+ t joy almo/ univ]sally produces contraction ( ! muscles2 & s1 alt]s ! expression1 or attitude1 or bo?4 ,& :5 we he> ( ! feats ( /r5g? :i* m5 h p]=m$ :5 _! lives 7 at /ake--:5 we read h[1 9 ! en]gy ( despair1 ev5 p>alytic pati5ts h rega9$ = a "t ! use ( _! limbs2 we see /ill m cle>ly ! relations betwe5 n]v\s & muscul> excitem5ts4 ,x becomes manife/ bo? t emotions & s5sations t5d to g5]ate bodily movem5ts1 & t ! movem5ts are vehem5t 9 proportion z ! emotions or s5sations are int5se4,g ,g ,= num]\s illu/rations see essay on ,! ,orig9 & ,function ( ,music4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n ! sole direction 9 :i* n]v\s excitem5t exp5ds itself4 ,visc]a z well z muscles may receive ! dis*>ge4 ,t ! he>t & blood-vessels 7:i*1 inde$1 be+ all contractile1 may 9 a re/rict$ s5se be class$ ) ! muscul> sy/em7 are quickly affect$ by pleasures & pa9s1 we h daily prov$ to u4 ,e s5sation ( any acut5ess accel]ates ! pulse2 & h[ s5sitive ! he>t is to emotions1 is te/ifi$ by ! famili> expressions :i* use he>t & feel+ z conv]tible t]ms4 ,simil>ly ) ! dige/ive organs4 ,)\t detail+ ! v>i\s ways 9 :i* ^! may be influ5c$ by our m5tal /ates1 x suffices to m5tion ! m>k$ b5efits d]iv$ by dyspeptics1 z well z o!r invalids1 f *e]ful society1 welcome news1 *ange ( sc5e1 to %[ h[ pleasurable feel+ /imulates ! visc]a 9 g5]al into great] activity4 ,!re is /ill ano!r direction 9 :i* any excit$ portion ( ! n]v\s sy/em may dis*>ge itself2 & a direction 9 :i* x usually does dis*>ge itself :5 ! excitem5t is n /rong4 ,x may pass on ! /imulus to "s o!r portion ( ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,?is is :at occurs 9 quiet ?9k+ & feel+4 ,! successive /ates :i* con/itute consci\sness1 result f ?is4 ,s5sations excite ideas & emotions2 ^! 9 _! turns ar\se o!r ideas & emotions2 & s1 cont9u\sly4 ,t is to say1 ! t5sion exi/+ 9 p>ticul> n]ves1 or gr\ps ( n]ves1 :5 !y yield u c]ta9 s5sations1 ideas1 or emotions1 g5]ates an equival5t t5sion 9 "s o!r n]ves1 or gr\ps ( n]ves1 ) :i* !re is a connexion3 ! fl[ ( en]gy pass+ on1 ! "o idea or feel+ dies 9 produc+ ! next4 ,?us1 !n1 :ile we are totally unable to compreh5d h[ ! excitem5t ( c]ta9 n]ves %\ld g5]ate feel+--:ile1 9 ! production ( consci\sness by physical ag5ts act+ on physical /ructure1 we come to an absolute my/]y nev] to be solv$2 x is yet q possible = u to "k by obs]vation :at are ! successive =ms :i* ?is absolute my/]y may take4 ,we see t !re are ?ree *annels along :i* n]ves 9 a /ate ( t5sion may dis*>ge !mselves2 or r1 ,i %\ld say1 ?ree classes ( *annels4 ,!y may pass on ! excitem5t to o!r n]ves t h no direct connexions ) ! bodily memb]s1 & may s cause o!r feel+s & ideas2 or !y may pass on ! excitem5t to "o or m motor n]ves1 & s cause muscul> contractions2 or !y may pass on ! excitem5t to n]ves :i* supply ! visc]a1 & may s /imulate "o or m ( ^!4 ,= simplicity's sake1 ,i h describ$ ^! z alt]native r\tes1 "o or o!r ( :i* any curr5t ( n]ve-=ce mu/ take2 !reby1 z x may be ?\ght1 imply+ t su* curr5t w be exclusively conf9$ to "s "o ( !m4 ,b ?is is by no means ! case4 ,r>ely1 if ev]1 does x happ5 t a /ate ( n]v\s t5sion1 pres5t to consci\sness z a feel+1 exp5ds itself 9 "o direction only4 ,v g5]ally x may be obs]v$ to exp5d itself 9 two2 & x is probable t ! dis*>ge is nev] absolutely abs5t f any "o ( ! ?ree4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 v>iety 9 ! proportions 9 :i* ! dis*>ge is divid$ among ^! diff]5t *annels "u diff]5t circum/ances4 ,9 a man ^: fe> impels him to run1 ! m5tal t5sion g5]at$ is only 9 "p trans=m$ into a muscul> /imulus3 !re is a surplus :i* causes a rapid curr5t ( ideas4 ,an agreeable /ate ( feel+ produc$1 say by praise1 is n :olly us$ up 9 ar\s+ ! succe$+ phase ( ! feel+1 & ! new ideas appropriate to x2 b a c]ta9 portion ov]fl[s into ! visc]al n]v\s sy/em1 increas+ ! action ( ! he>t1 & probably facilitat+ dige/ion4 ,& "h we come ^u a class ( consid]ations & facts :i* op5 ! way to a solution ( our special problem4 ,= />t+ ) ! unque/ionable tru?1 t at any mom5t ! exi/+ quantity ( lib]at$ n]ve-=ce1 :i* 9 an inscrutable way produces 9 u ! /ate we call feel+1 mu/ exp5d itself 9 "s direction--mu/ g5]ate an equival5t manife/ation ( =ce some:]e--x cle>ly foll[s t1 if ( ! sev]al *annels x may take1 "o is :olly or p>tially clos$1 m mu/ be tak5 by ! o!rs2 or t if two are clos$1 ! dis*>ge along ! rema9+ "o mu/ be m int5se2 & t1 conv]sely1 %\ld any?+ det]m9e an unusual efflux 9 "o direction1 !re w be a dim9i%$ efflux 9 o!r directions4 ,daily exp]i5ce illu/rates ^! conclusions4 ,x is commonly rem>k$1 t ! suppression ( ext]nal signs ( feel+1 makes feel+ m int5se4 ,! deepe/ grief is sil5t grief4 ,:y8 ,because ! n]v\s excitem5t n dis*>g$ 9 muscul> action1 dis*>ges itself 9 o!r n]v\s excitem5ts--ar\ses m num]\s & m remote associations ( melan*oly ideas1 & s increases ! mass ( feel+s4 ,p :o conceal _! ang] are habitually f\nd to be m rev5geful ?an ^? :o explode 9 l\d spee* & vehem5t action4 ,:y8 ,because1 z be=e1 ! emotion is reflect$ back1 accumulates1 & int5sifies4 ,simil>ly1 m5 :o1 z prov$ by _! p[]s ( repres5tation1 h ! ke5e/ appreciation ( ! comic1 are usually able to d & say ! mo/ ludicr\s ?+s ) p]fect gravity4 ,on ! o!r h&1 all are famili> ) ! tru? t bodily activity dead5s emotion4 ,"u great irritation we get relief by walk+ ab\t rapidly4 ,extreme ef=t 9 ! bootless attempt to a*ieve a desir$ end1 greatly dim9i%es ! int5sity ( ! desire4 ,^? :o are =c$ to ex]t !mselves aft] mis=tunes1 d n suff] ne>ly s mu* z ^? :o rema9 quiesc5t4 ,if any "o wi%es to *eck intellectual excitem5t1 he _c *oose a m effici5t me?od ?an runn+ till he is exhau/$4 ,moreov]1 ^! cases1 9 :i* ! production ( feel+ & ?\ght is h9d]$ by det]m9+ ! n]v\s en]gy t[>ds bodily movem5ts1 h _! c\nt]p>ts 9 ! cases 9 :i* bodily movem5ts are h9d]$ by extra absorption ( n]v\s en]gy 9 sudd5 ?\ghts & feel+s4 ,if1 :5 walk+ along1 !re fla%es on y an idea t creates great surprise1 hope1 or al>m1 y /op2 or if sitt+ cross-legg$1 sw++ y\r p5d5t foot1 ! movem5t is at once arre/$4 ,f ! visc]a1 too1 int5se m5tal action ab/racts en]gy4 ,joy1 disappo9tm5t1 anxiety1 or any moral p]turbation ris+ to a great height1 w de/roy appetite2 or if food has be5 tak51 w arre/ dige/ion2 & ev5 a purely intellectual activity1 :5 extreme1 w d ! l4 ,facts1 !n1 fully be> out ^! a priori inf]5ces1 t ! n]v\s excitem5t at any mom5t pres5t to consci\sness z feel+1 mu/ exp5d itself 9 "s way or o!r2 t ( ! ?ree classes ( *annels op5 to x1 x mu/ take "o1 two1 or m1 accord+ to circum/ances2 t ! closure or ob/ruction ( "o1 mu/ increase ! dis*>ge ?r\gh ! o!rs2 & conv]sely1 t if to answ] "s dem&1 ! efflux ( n]v\s en]gy 9 "o direction is unusually great1 !re mu/ be a correspond+ decrease ( ! efflux 9 o!r directions4 ,sett+ out f ^! premises1 let u n[ see :at int]pretation is to be put on ! ph5om5a ( laught]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,t laught] is a display ( muscul> excitem5t1 & s illu/rates ! g5]al law t feel+ pass+ a c]ta9 pit* habitually v5ts itself 9 bodily action1 sc>cely ne$s po9t+ out4 ,x p]haps ne$s po9t+ out1 h[ev]1 t /rong feel+ ( almo/ any k9d produces ?is result4 ,x is n a s5se ( ! ludicr\s1 only1 :i* does x2 nor are ! v>i\s =ms ( joy\s emotion ! sole additional causes4 ,we h1 besides1 ! s>donic laught] & ! hy/]ical laught]1 :i* result f m5tal di/ress2 to :i* mu/ be add$ c]ta9 s5sations1 z tickl+1 &1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,ba91 cold1 & "s k9ds ( acute pa94 ,/rong feel+1 m5tal or physical1 be+1 !n1 ! g5]al cause ( laught]1 we h to note t ! muscul> actions con/itut+ x are di/+ui%$ f mo/ o!rs by ?is1 t !y are purposeless4 ,9 g5]al1 bodily motions t are prompt$ by feel+s are direct$ to special ends2 z :5 we try to escape a dang]1 or /ruggle to secure a gratification4 ,b ! movem5ts ( *e/ & limbs :i* we make :5 laugh+ h no object4 ,& n[ rem>k t ^! quasi-convulsive contractions ( ! muscles1 hav+ no object1 b be+ results ( an uncontroll$ dis*>ge ( en]gy1 we may see :5ce arise _! special *>act]s--h[ x happ5s t c]ta9 classes ( muscles are affect$ fir/1 & !n c]ta9 o!r classes4 ,= an ov]fl[ ( n]ve-=ce1 undirect$ by any motive1 w manife/ly take fir/ ! mo/ habitual r\tes2 & if ^! d n suffice1 w next ov]fl[ into ! less habitual ones4 ,well1 x is ?r\gh ! organs ( spee* t feel+ passes into movem5t ) ! greate/ frequ5cy4 ,! jaws1 tongue1 & lips are us$ n only to express /rong irritation or gratification2 b t v mod]ate fl[ ( m5tal en]gy :i* accompanies ord9>y conv]sation1 f9ds its *ief v5t ?r\gh ?is *annel4 ,h5ce x happ5s t c]ta9 muscles r\nd ! m\?1 small & easy to move1 are ! fir/ to contract "u pleasurable emotion4 ,! class ( muscles :i*1 next aft] ^? ( articulation1 are mo/ con/antly set 9 action 7or extra action1 we %\ld say7 by feel+s ( all k9ds1 are ^? ( respiration4 ,"u pleasurable or pa9ful s5sations we brea! m rapidly3 possibly z a consequ5ce ( ! increas$ dem& = oxyg5at$ blood4 ,! s5sations t accompany ex]tion also br+ on h>d-brea?+2 :i* "h m evid5tly responds to ! physiological ne$s4 ,& emotions1 too1 agreeable & disagreeable1 bo?1 at fir/1 excite respiration2 ?\gh ! la/ subsequ5tly depress x4 ,t is to say1 ( ! bodily muscles1 ! respiratory are m con/antly implicat$ ?an any o!rs 9 ^? v>i\s acts :i* our feel+s impel u to2 &1 h5ce1 :5 !re occurs an undirect$ dis*>ge ( n]v\s en]gy into ! muscul> sy/em1 x happ5s t1 if ! quantity be consid]able1 x convulses n only c]ta9 ( ! articulatory & vocal muscles1 b also ^? :i* expel air f ! lungs4 ,%\ld ! feel+ to be exp5d$ be /ill great] 9 am\nt--too great to f9d v5t 9 ^! classes ( muscles--ano!r class comes into play4 ,! upp] limbs are set 9 motion4 ,*ildr5 frequ5tly clap _! h&s 9 glee2 by "s adults ! h&s are rubb$ toge!r2 & o!rs1 "u /ill great] int5sity ( delight1 slap _! knees & sway _! bodies backw>ds & =w>ds4 ,la/ ( all1 :5 ! o!r *annels = ! escape ( ! surplus n]ve-=ce h be5 fill$ to ov]fl[+1 a yet fur!r & less-us$ gr\p ( muscles is spasmodically affect$3 ! head is ?r[n back & ! sp9e b5t inw>ds--!re is a slight degree ( :at m$ical m5 call opi/hotonos4 ,?us1 !n1 )\t cont5d+ t ! ph5om5a ( laught] 9 all _! details are to be s acc\nt$ =1 we see t 9 _! ensemble !y con=m to ^! g5]al pr9ciples3--t feel+ excites to muscul> action2 t :5 ! muscul> action is unguid$ by a purpose1 ! muscles fir/ affect$ are ^? :i* feel+ mo/ habitually /imulates2 & t z ! feel+ to be exp5d$ increases 9 quantity1 x excites an increas+ numb] ( muscles1 9 a succession det]m9$ by ! relative frequ5cy ) :i* !y respond to ! regulat$ dictates ( feel+4 ,!re /ill1 h[ev]1 rema9s ! "q ) :i* we set out4 ,! explanation "h giv5 applies only to ! laught] produc$ by acute pleasure or pa93 x does n apply to ! laught] t foll[s c]ta9 p]ceptions ( incongruity4 ,x is an insuffici5t explanation t 9 ^! cases1 laught] is a result ( ! pleasure we take 9 escap+ f ! re/ra9t ( grave feel+s4 ,t ?is is a "p-cause is true4 ,d\btless v (t51 z ,mr4 ,ba9 says1 x is ! co]c$ =m ( s]i\sness & solemnity )\t ! reality t gives u t /iff position f :i* a contact ) triviality or vulg>ity relieves u1 to our upro>i\s delight4 ,& 9 s f> z mir? is caus$ by ! gu% ( agreeable feel+ t foll[s ! cessation ( m5tal /ra91 x fur!r illu/rates ! g5]al pr9ciple above set =?4 ,b no explanation is ?us af=d$ ( ! mir? :i* ensues :5 ! %ort sil5ce betwe5 ! &ante & allegro 9 "o ( ,bee?ov5's symphonies1 is brok5 by a l\d sneeze4 ,9 ?is1 & ho/s ( l cases1 ! m5tal t5sion is n co]c$ b spontane\s--n disagreeable b agreeable2 & ! com+ impressions to :i* ! att5tion is direct$1 promise a gratification t few1 if any1 desire to escape4 ,h5ce1 :5 ! unlucky sneeze occurs1 x _c be t ! laught] ( ! audi5ce is due simply to ! release f an irksome attitude ( m9d3 "s o!r cause mu/ be s\ght4 ,?is cause we %all arrive at by c>ry+ our analysis a /ep fur!r4 ,we h b to consid] ! quantity ( feel+ t exi/s "u su* circum/ances1 & !n to ask :at are ! conditions t det]m9e ! direction ( its dis*>ge1 to at once rea* a solution4 ,take a case4 ,y are sitt+ 9 a !atre1 absorb$ 9 ! progress ( an int]e/+ drama4 ,"s climax has be5 rea*$ :i* has ar\s$ y\r sympa?ies--say1 a reconciliation betwe5 ! h]o & h]o9e1 aft] long & pa9ful misund]/&+4 ,! feel+s excit$ by ?is sc5e are n ( a k9d f :i* y seek relief2 b are1 on ! contr>y1 a grateful relief f ! pa9ful feel+s ) :i* y h witness$ ! previ\s e/rangem5t4 ,moreov]1 ! s5tim5ts ^! fictiti\s p]sonages h = ! mom5t inspir$ y )1 are n su* z w\ld lead y to rejoice 9 any indignity (f]$ to !m2 b r1 su* z w\ld make y res5t ! indignity4 ,& n[1 :ile y are contemplat+ ! reconciliation ) a pleasurable sympa?y1 !re appe>s f beh9d ! sc5es a tame kid1 :i*1 hav+ />$ r\nd at ! audi5ce1 walks up to ! lov]s & sniffs at !m4 ,y _c help jo9+ 9 ! ro> :i* greets ?is contretemps4 ,inexplicable z is ?is irresi/ible bur/ on ! hypo!sis ( a pleasure 9 escap+ f m5tal re/ra9t2 or on ! hypo!sis ( a pleasure f relative increase ( self-importance1 :5 witness+ ! humiliation ( o!rs2 x is readily explicable if we consid] :at1 9 su* a case1 mu/ become ( ! feel+ t exi/$ at ! mom5t ! incongruity arose4 ,a l>ge mass ( emotion _h be5 produc$2 or1 to speak 9 physiological language1 a l>ge portion ( ! n]v\s sy/em 0 9 a /ate ( t5sion4 ,!re 0 also great expectation ) respect to ! fur!r evolution ( ! sc5e--a quantity ( vague1 nasc5t ?\ght & emotion1 into :i* ! exi/+ quantity ( ?\ght & emotion 0 ab\t to pass4 ,_h !re be5 no int]ruption1 ! body ( new ideas & feel+s next excit$1 w\ld h suffic$ to absorb ! :ole ( ! lib]at$ n]v\s en]gy4 ,b n[1 ?is l>ge am\nt ( n]v\s en]gy1 in/ead ( be+ all[$ to exp5d itself 9 produc+ an equival5t am\nt ( ! new ?\ghts & emotions :i* 7 nasc5t1 is sudd5ly *eck$ 9 its fl[4 ,! *annels along :i* ! dis*>ge 0 ab\t to take place1 are clos$4 ,! new *annel op5$--t af=d$ by ! appe>ance & proce$+s ( ! kid--is a small "o2 ! ideas & feel+s sugge/$ are n num]\s & massive en\gh to c>ry (f ! n]v\s en]gy to be exp5d$4 ,! excess mu/ !re=e dis*>ge itself 9 "s o!r direction2 & 9 ! way already expla9$1 !re results an efflux ?r\gh ! motor n]ves to v>i\s classes ( ! muscles1 produc+ ! half-convulsive actions we t]m laught]4 ,?is explanation is 9 h>mony ) ! fact1 t :51 among sev]al p]sons :o witness ! same ludicr\s occurr5ce1 !re are "s :o d n laugh2 x is because !re has aris5 9 !m an emotion n p>ticipat$ 9 by ! re/1 & :i* is suffici5tly massive to absorb all ! nasc5t excitem5t4 ,among ! spectators ( an awkw>d tumble1 ^? :o pres]ve _! gravity are ^? 9 :om !re is excit$ a degree ( sympa?y ) ! suff]]1 suffici5tly great to s]ve z an outlet = ! feel+ :i* ! occurr5ce _h turn$ out ( its previ\s c\rse4 ,sometimes ang] c>ries (f ! arre/$ curr5t2 & s prev5ts laught]4 ,an in/ance ( ?is 0 lately furni%$ me by a fri5d :o _h be5 witness+ ! feats at ,franconi's4 ,a trem5d\s leap _h j be5 made by an acrobat ov] a numb] ( horses4 ,! cl[n1 seem+ly envi\s ( ?is success1 made o/5tati\s prep>ation = do+ ! l2 & !n1 tak+ ! prelim9>y run ) imm5se en]gy1 /opp$ %ort on rea*+ ! fir/ horse1 & pret5d$ to wipe "s du/ f its haun*es4 ,9 ! majority ( ! spectators1 m]rim5t 0 excit$2 b 9 my fri5d1 w\nd up by ! expectation ( ! com+ leap to a /ate ( great n]v\s t5sion1 ! effect ( ! baulk 0 to produce indignation4 ,exp]i5ce ?us proves :at ! !ory implies3 namely1 t ! dis*>ge ( arre/$ feel+s into ! muscul> sy/em1 takes place only 9 ! abs5ce ( o!r adequate *annels--does n take place if !re arise o!r feel+s equal 9 am\nt to ^? arre/$4 ,evid5ce /ill m conclusive is at h&4 ,if we contra/ ! incongruities :i* produce laught] ) ^? :i* d n1 we at once see t 9 ! non-ludicr\s ones ! unexpect$ /ate ( feel+ ar\s$1 ?\gh :olly diff]5t 9 k9d1 is n less 9 quantity or int5sity4 ,among incongruities t may excite any?+ b a laugh1 ,mr4 ,ba9 in/ances--,a decrepit man "u a heavy burd51 five loaves & two fi%es among a multitude1 & all unfitness & gross disproportion2 an in/rum5t out ( tune1 a fly 9 o9tm5t1 sn[ 9 ,may1 ,ar*im$es /udy+ geometry 9 a siege1 & all discordant ?+s2 a wolf 9 %eep's clo?+1 a brea* ( b>ga91 & falsehood 9 g5]al2 ! multitude tak+ ! law 9 _! own h&s1 & ev]y?+ ( ! nature ( disord]2 a corpse at a fea/1 p>5tal cruelty1 filial +ratitude1 & :atev] is unnatural2 ! entire catalogue ( ! vanities giv5 by ,solomon1 are all incongru\s1 b !y cause feel+s ( pa91 ang]1 sadness1 loa?+1 r ?an mir?4 ,n[ 9 ^! cases1 :]e ! totally unlike /ate ( consci\sness sudd5ly produc$1 is n inf]ior 9 mass to ! prec$+ "o1 ! conditions to laught] are n fulfill$4 ,z above %[n1 laught] naturally results only :5 consci\sness is unaw>es transf]r$ f great ?+s to small--only :5 !re is :at we call a desc5d+ incongruity4 ,& n[ obs]ve1 f9ally1 ! fact1 alike inf]able a priori & illu/rat$ 9 exp]i5ce1 t an asc5d+ incongruity n only fails to cause laught]1 b works on ! muscul> sy/em an effect ( exactly ! rev]se k9d4 ,:5 aft] some?+ v insignificant !re arises )\t anticipation some?+ v great1 ! emotion we call wond] results2 & ?is emotion is accompani$ n by an excitem5t ( ! muscles1 b by a relaxation ( !m4 ,9 *ildr5 & c\ntry p1 t fall+ ( ! jaw :i* occurs on witness+ some?+ t is impos+ & unexpect$1 exemplifies ?is effect4 ,p]sons :o h be5 wond]-/ruck at ! production ( v /rik+ results by a seem+ly inadequate cause1 are frequ5tly describ$ z unconsci\sly dropp+ ! ?+s !y held 9 _! h&s4 ,su* are j ! effects to be anticipat$4 ,aft] an av]age /ate ( consci\sness1 absorb+ b a small quantity ( n]v\s en]gy1 is ar\s$ )\t ! slighte/ notice1 a /rong emotion ( awe1 t]ror1 or admiration2 jo9$ ) ! a/oni%m5t due to an app>5t want ( adequate causation4 ,?is new /ate ( consci\sness dem&s f> m n]v\s en]gy ?an t :i* x has sudd5ly replac$2 & ?is increas$ absorption ( n]v\s en]gy 9 m5tal *anges1 involves a tempor>y dim9ution ( ! outfl[ 9 o!r directions3 :5ce ! p5d5t jaw & ! relax+ grasp4 ,"o fur!r obs]vation is wor? mak+4 ,among ! sev]al sets ( *annels into :i* surplus feel+ might be dis*>g$1 0 nam$ ! n]v\s sy/em ( ! visc]a4 ,! sudd5 ov]fl[ ( an arre/$ m5tal excitem5t1 :i*1 z we h se51 results f a desc5d+ incongruity1 mu/ d\btless /imulate n only ! muscul> sy/em1 z we see x does1 b also ! int]nal organs2 ! he>t & /oma* mu/ come 9 = a %>e ( ! dis*>ge4 ,& ?us !re seems to be a good physiological basis = ! popul> notion t mir?-creat+ excitem5t facilitates dige/ion4 99 99 99 99 99 ,?\gh 9 do+ s ,i g beyond ! b\nd>ies ( ! imm$iate topic1 ,i may fitly po9t out t ! me?od ( inquiry "h foll[$1 is "o :i* enables u to und]/& v>i\s ph5om5a besides ^? ( laught]4 ,to %[ ! importance ( pursu+ x1 ,i w indicate ! explanation x furni%es ( ano!r famili> class ( facts4 ,all "k h[ g5]ally a l>ge am\nt ( emotion di/urbs ! action ( ! intellect1 & int]f]es ) ! p[] ( expression4 ,a spee* deliv]$ ) great facility to tables & *airs1 is by no means s easily deliv]$ to an audi5ce4 ,e s*oolboy c te/ify t 8 trepidation1 :5 /&+ be=e a ma/]1 has (t5 disabl$ him f repeat+ a lesson :i* he _h duly le>nt4 ,9 explanation ( ?is we commonly say t ! att5tion is di/ract$--t ! prop] tra9 ( ideas is brok5 by ! intrusion ( ideas t are irrelevant4 ,b ! "q is1 9 :at mann] does unusual emotion produce ?is effect2 & we are "h suppli$ ) a tol]ably obvi\s answ]4 ,! repetition ( a lesson1 or set spee* previ\sly ?\ght out1 implies ! fl[ ( a v mod]ate am\nt ( n]v\s excitem5t ?r\gh a comp>atively n>r[ *annel4 ,! ?+ to be done is simply to call up 9 succession c]ta9 previ\sly-arrang$ ideas--a process 9 :i* no great am\nt ( m5tal en]gy is exp5d$4 ,h5ce1 :5 !re is a l>ge quantity ( emotion1 :i* mu/ be dis*>g$ 9 "s direction or o!r2 & :51 z usually happ5s1 ! re/rict$ s]ies ( intellectual actions to be gone ?r\gh1 does n suffice to c>ry x (f2 !re result dis*>ges along o!r *annels besides ! "o prescrib$3 !re are ar\s$ v>i\s ideas =eign to ! tra9 ( ?\ght to be pursu$2 & ^! t5d to exclude f consci\sness ^? :i* %\ld occupy x4 ,& n[ obs]ve ! mean+ ( ^? bodily actions spontane\sly set up "u ^! circum/ances4 ,! s*ool-boy say+ 8 lesson1 commonly has 8 f+]s actively engag$--p]haps 9 twi/+ ab\t a brok5 p51 or p]haps squeez+ ! angle ( 8 jacket2 & if told to keep 8 h&s /ill1 he soon aga9 falls into ! same or a simil> trick4 ,_m anecdotes are curr5t ( public speak]s hav+ incurable automatic actions ( ?is class3 b>ri/]s :o p]petually w\nd & unw\nd pieces ( tape2 memb]s ( p>liam5t ev] putt+ on & tak+ (f _! spectacles4 ,s long z su* movem5ts are unconsci\s1 !y facilitate ! m5tal actions4 ,at lea/ ?is seems a fair inf]5ce f ! fact t confusion frequ5tly results f putt+ a /op to !m3 witness ! case n>rat$ by ,sir ,walt] ,scott ( 8 s*ool-fell[1 :o became unable to say 8 lesson aft] ! removal ( ! wai/coat-button t he habitually f+]$ :ile 9 class4 ,b :y d !y facilitate ! m5tal actions8 ,cle>ly because !y draw (f a portion ( ! surplus n]v\s excitem5t4 ,if1 z above expla9$1 ! quantity ( m5tal en]gy g5]at$ is great] ?an c f9d v5t along ! n>r[ *annel ( ?\ght t is op5 to x2 & if1 9 consequ5ce1 x is apt to produce confusion by ru%+ into o!r *annels ( ?\ght2 !n by all[+ x an exit ?r\gh ! motor n]ves into ! muscul> sy/em1 ! pressure is dim9i%$1 & irrelevant ideas are less likely to intrude on consci\sness4 ,?is fur!r illu/ration w1 ,i ?9k1 ju/ify ! position t some?+ may be a*iev$ by pursu+ 9 o!r cases ?is me?od ( psy*ological inquiry4 ,a complete explanation ( ! ph5om5a1 requires u to trace out all ! consequ5ces ( any giv5 /ate ( consci\sness2 & we _c d ?is )\t /udy+ ! effects1 bodily & m5tal1 z v>y+ 9 quantity at ea* o!r's exp5se4 ,we %\ld probably le>n mu* if we 9 e case ask$--,:]e is all ! n]v\s en]gy gone8 ,v4 ,,! ,,orig9 ,,& ,,function ,,( ,,music ,:5 ,c>lo1 /&+1 *a9$ to 8 k5nel1 sees 8 ma/] 9 ! di/ance1 a slight motion ( ! tail indicates 8 b fa9t hope t he is ab\t to be let out4 ,a mu* m decid$ wagg+ ( ! tail1 pass+ by-&-by into lat]al undulations ( ! body1 foll[s 8 ma/]'s ne>] approa*4 ,:5 h&s are laid on 8 coll>1 & he kn[s t he is really to h an out+1 8 jump+ & wriggl+ are su* t x is by no means easy to loose 8 fa/5+s4 ,& :5 he f9ds himself actually free1 8 joy exp5ds itself 9 b\nds1 9 pir\ettes1 & 9 sc\r+s hi!r & ?i!r at ! top ( 8 spe$4 ,puss1 too1 by erect+ h] tail1 & by e "t rais+ h] back to meet ! c>ess+ h& ( h] mi/ress1 simil>ly expresses h] gratification by c]ta9 muscul> actions2 z likewise d ! p>rot by awkw>d danc+ on 8 p]*1 & ! can>y by hopp+ & flutt]+ ab\t 8 cage ) unwont$ rapidity4 ,"u emotions ( an opposite k9d1 animals equally display muscul> excitem5t4 ,! enrag$ lion la%es 8 sides ) 8 tail1 knits 8 br[s1 protrudes 8 claws4 ,! cat sets up h] back2 ! dog retracts 8 upp] lip2 ! horse ?r[s back 8 e>s4 ,& 9 ! /ruggles ( creatures 9 pa91 we see t ! l relation holds betwe5 excitem5t ( ! muscles & excitem5t ( ! n]ves ( s5sation4 ,9 ourselves1 di/+ui%$ f l[] creatures z we are by feel+s alike m p[]ful & m v>i$1 p>allel facts are at once m conspicu\s & m num]\s4 ,we may conv5i5tly look at !m 9 gr\ps4 ,we %all f9d t pleasurable s5sations & pa9ful s5sations1 pleasurable emotions & pa9ful emotions1 all t5d to produce active demon/rations 9 proportion to _! int5sity4 ,9 *ildr51 & ev5 9 adults :o are n re/ra9$ by reg>d = appe>ances1 a highly agreeable ta/e is foll[$ by a smack+ ( ! lips4 ,an infant w laugh & b\nd 9 its nurse's arms at ! sight ( a brilliant col\r or ! he>+ ( a new s\nd4 ,p are apt to beat "t ) head or feet to music :i* p>ticul>ly pleases !m4 ,9 a s5sitive p]son an agreeable p]fume w produce a smile2 & smiles w be se5 on ! faces ( a cr[d gaz+ at "s spl5did bur/ ( fireworks4 ,ev5 ! pleasant s5sation ( w>m? felt on gett+ to ! fireside out ( a w9t]'s /orm1 w simil>ly express itself 9 ! face4 ,pa9ful s5sations1 be+ mo/ly f> m int5se ?an pleasurable ones1 cause muscul> actions ( a mu* m decid$ k9d4 ,a sudd5 tw+e produces a convulsive />t ( ! :ole body4 ,a pa9 less viol5t1 b cont9u\s1 is accompani$ by a knitt+ ( ! br[s1 a sett+ ( ! tee? or bit+ ( ! lip1 & a contraction ( ! features g5]ally4 ,"u a p]si/5t pa9 ( a sev]] k9d1 o!r muscul> actions are add$3 ! body is sway$ to & fro2 ! h&s cl5* any?+ !y c lay hold (2 & %\ld ! agony rise /ill high]1 ! suff]] rolls ab\t on ! floor almo/ convuls$4 ,?\gh m v>i$1 ! natural language ( ! pleasurable emotions comes )9 ! same g5]alization4 ,a smile1 :i* is ! commone/ expression ( gratifi$ feel+1 is a contraction ( c]ta9 facial muscles2 & :5 ! smile broad5s into a laugh1 we see a m viol5t & m g5]al muscul> excitem5t produc$ by an int5s] gratification4 ,rubb+ toge!r ( ! h&s1 & t o!r motion :i* ,dick5s some:]e describes z wa%+ ) impalpable soap 9 invisible wat]1 h l implications4 ,*ildr5 may (t5 be se5 to jump = joy4 ,ev5 9 adults ( excitable temp]am5t1 an action approa*+ to x is sometimes witness$4 ,& danc+ has all ! _w ?r\gh be5 reg>d$ z natural to an elevat$ /ate ( m9d4 ,_m ( ! special emotions %[ !mselves 9 special muscul> actions4 ,! gratification result+ f success1 raises ! head & gives firmness to ! gait4 ,a he>ty grasp ( ! h& is curr5tly tak5 z indicative ( fri5d%ip4 ,"u a gu% ( affection ! "m clasps h] *ild to h] brea/1 feel+ z ?\gh %e c\ld squeeze x to dea?4 ,& s 9 sundry o!r cases4 ,ev5 9 t bright5+ ( ! eye ) :i* good news is receiv$ we may trace ! same tru?2 = ?is appe>ance ( great] brilliancy is due to an extra contraction ( ! muscle :i* raises ! eyelid1 & s all[s m light to fall ^u1 & be reflect$ f1 ! wet surface ( ! eyeball4 ,! bodily indications ( pa9ful emotions are equally num]\s1 & /ill m vehem5t4 ,discont5t is %[n by rais$ eyebr[s & wr9kl$ =ehead2 disgu/ by a curl ( ! lip2 (f5ce by a p\t4 ,! impati5t man beats a tattoo ) 8 f+]s on ! table1 sw+s 8 p5d5t leg ) increas+ rapidity1 gives ne$less pok+s to ! fire1 & pres5tly paces ) ha/y /rides ab\t ! room4 ,9 great grief !re is wr++ ( ! h&s1 & ev5 te>+ ( ! hair4 ,an angry *ild /amps1 or rolls on its back & kicks its heels 9 ! air2 & 9 manhood1 ang]1 fir/ %[+ itself 9 fr[ns1 9 di/5d$ no/rils1 9 compress$ lips1 goes on to produce gr9d+ ( ! tee?1 cl5*+ ( ! f+]s1 bl[s ( ! fi/ on ! table1 & p]haps ends 9 a viol5t attack on ! (f5d+ p]son1 or 9 ?r[+ ab\t & break+ ! furniture4 ,f t purs+ ( ! m\? indicative ( slight displeasure1 up to ! frantic /ruggles ( ! maniac1 we %all f9d t m5tal irritation t5ds to v5t itself 9 bodily activity4 ,all feel+s1 !n--s5sations or emotions1 pleasurable or pa9ful--h ?is common *>act]i/ic1 t !y are muscul> /imuli4 ,n =gett+ ! few app>5tly exceptional cases 9 :i* emotions exce$+ a c]ta9 int5sity produce pro/ration1 we may set x d[n z a g5]al law t1 alike 9 man & animals1 !re is a direct connection betwe5 feel+ & motion2 ! la/ gr[+ m vehem5t z ! fir/ gr[s m int5se4 ,7 x all[able "h to treat ! matt] sci5tifically1 we might trace ?is g5]al law d[n to ! pr9ciple kn[n among physiologi/s z t ( reflex action4,h ,)\t do+ ?is1 h[ev]1 ! above num]\s in/ances ju/ify ! g5]alization1 t m5tal excitem5t ( all k9ds ends 9 excitem5t ( ! muscles2 & t ! two pres]ve a m or less con/ant ratio to ea* o!r4 ,h ,^? :o seek in=mation on ?is po9t may f9d x 9 an int]e/+ tract by ,mr4 ,alex&] ,ba91 on ,animal ,in/9ct & ,intellig5ce4 99 99 99 99 99 ,b :at has all ?is to d ) ,! ,orig9 & ,function ( ,music8 asks ! read]4 ,v mu*1 z we %all pres5tly see4 ,all music is orig9ally vocal4 ,all vocal s\nds are produc$ by ! ag5cy ( c]ta9 muscles4 ,^! muscles1 9 common ) ^? ( ! body at l>ge1 are excit$ to contraction by pleasurable & pa9ful feel+s4 ,& !re=e x is t feel+s demon/rate !mselves 9 s\nds z well z 9 movem5ts4 ,!re=e x is t ,c>lo b>ks z well z leaps :5 he is let out--t puss purrs z well z erects h] tail--t ! can>y *irps z well z flutt]s4 ,!re=e x is t ! angry lion ro>s :ile he la%es 8 sides1 & ! dog gr[ls :ile he retracts 8 lip4 ,!re=e x is t ! maim$ animal n only /ruggles1 b h[ls4 ,& x is f ?is cause t 9 human be+s bodily suff]+ expresses itself n only 9 contortions1 b 9 %rieks & groans--t 9 ang]1 & fe>1 & grief1 ! ge/iculations are accompani$ by %\ts & screams--t delightful s5sations are foll[$ by exclamations--& t we he> screams ( joy & %\ts ( exultation4 ,we h "h1 !n1 a pr9ciple und]ly+ all vocal ph5om5a2 includ+ ^? ( vocal music1 & by consequ5ce ^? ( music 9 g5]al4 ,! muscles t move ! *e/1 l>ynx1 & vocal *ords1 contract+ l o!r muscles 9 proportion to ! int5sity ( ! feel+s2 e diff]5t contraction ( ^! muscles involv+1 z x does1 a diff]5t adju/m5t ( ! vocal organs2 e diff]5t adju/m5t ( ! vocal organs caus+ a *ange 9 ! s\nd emitt$2--x foll[s t v>iations ( voice are ! physiological results ( v>iations ( feel+2 x foll[s t ea* inflection or modulation is ! natural outcome ( "s pass+ emotion or s5sation2 & x foll[s t ! explanation ( all k9ds ( vocal expression1 mu/ be s\ght 9 ?is g5]al relation betwe5 m5tal & muscul> excitem5ts4 ,let u1 !n1 see :e!r we _c ?us acc\nt = ! *ief peculi>ities 9 ! utt]ance ( ! feel+s3 gr\p+ ^! peculi>ities "u ! heads ( l\dness1 quality1 or timbre1 pit*1 int]vals1 & rate ( v>iation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,betwe5 ! lungs & ! organs ( voice1 !re is mu* ! same relation z betwe5 ! bell[s ( an organ & its pipes4 ,& z ! l\dness ( ! s\nd giv5 out by an organ-pipe increases ) ! /r5g? ( ! bla/ f ! bell[s2 s1 o!r ?+s equal1 ! l\dness ( a vocal s\nd increases ) ! /r5g? ( ! bla/ f ! lungs4 ,b ! expulsion ( air f ! lungs is effect$ by c]ta9 muscles ( ! *e/ & abdom54 ,! =ce ) :i* ^! muscles contract1 is proportionate to ! int5sity ( ! feel+ exp]i5c$4 ,h5ce1 a priori1 l\d s\nds w be ! habitual results ( /rong feel+s4 ,t !y are s we h daily pro(4 ,! pa9 :i*1 if mod]ate1 c be borne sil5tly1 causes outcries if x becomes extreme4 ,:ile a slight vexation makes a *ild :imp]1 a fit ( passion calls =? a h[l t di/urbs ! neighb\rhood4 ,:5 ! voices 9 an adjac5t room become unusually audible1 we inf] ang]1 or surprise1 or joy4 ,l\dness ( applause is significant ( great approbation2 & ) upro>i\s mir? we associate ! idea ( high enjoym5t4 ,comm5c+ ) ! sil5ce ( apa?y1 we f9d t ! utt]ances gr[ l\d] z ! s5sations or emotions1 :e!r pleasurable or pa9ful1 gr[ /rong]4 ,t diff]5t qualities ( voice accompany diff]5t m5tal /ates1 & t "u /ates ( excitem5t ! tones are m sonor\s ?an usual1 is ano!r g5]al fact admitt+ ( a p>allel explanation4 ,! s\nds ( common conv]sation h b little resonance2 ^? ( /rong feel+ h mu* m4 ,"u ris+ ill temp] ! voice acquires a metallic r+4 ,9 accordance ) h] con/ant mood1 ! ord9>y spee* ( a virago has a pi]c+ quality q opposite to t s(tness indicative ( placidity4 ,a r++ laugh m>ks an especially joy\s temp]am5t4 ,grief unburd5+ itself uses tones approa*+ 9 timbre to ^? ( *ant+3 & 9 8 mo/ pa!tic passages an eloqu5t speak] simil>ly falls into tones m vibratory ?an ^? common to him4 ,n[ any "o may readily conv9ce himself t resonant vocal s\nds c be produc$ only by a c]ta9 muscul> ef=t additional to t ord9>ily ne$$4 ,if aft] utt]+ a ^w 9 8 speak+ voice1 ! read]1 )\t *ang+ ! pit* or ! l\dness1 w s+ ?is ^w1 he w p]ceive t be=e he c s+ x1 he has to alt] ! adju/m5t ( ! vocal organs2 to d :i* a c]ta9 =ce mu/ be us$2 & by putt+ 8 f+]s on t ext]nal prom95ce m>k+ ! top ( ! l>ynx1 he w h fur!r evid5ce t to produce a sonor\s tone ! organs mu/ be drawn out ( _! usual position4 ,?us1 !n1 ! fact t ! tones ( excit$ feel+ are m vibratory ?an ^? ( common conv]sation1 is ano!r in/ance ( ! connexion betwe5 m5tal excitem5t & muscul> excitem5t4 ,! speak+ voice1 ! recitative voice1 & ! s++ voice1 sev]ally exemplify "o g5]al pr9ciple4 ,t ! pit* ( ! voice v>ies accord+ to ! action ( ! vocal muscles1 sc>cely ne$s say+4 ,all "k t ! middle notes1 9 :i* !y conv]se1 are made )\t any appreciable ef=t2 & all "k t to make ei!r v high or v l[ notes requires a consid]able ef=t4 ,9 ei!r asc5d+ or desc5d+ f ! pit* ( ord9>y spee*1 we are consci\s ( an increas+ muscul> /ra91 :i*1 at bo? extremes ( ! regi/]1 becomes positively pa9ful4 ,h5ce x foll[s f our g5]al pr9ciple1 t :ile indiff]5ce or calmness w use ! m$ium tones1 ! tones us$ dur+ excitem5t w be ei!r above or bel[ !m2 & w rise high] & high]1 or fall l[] & l[]1 z ! feel+s gr[ /rong]4 ,?is physiological d$uction we also f9d to be 9 h>mony ) famili> facts4 ,! habitual suff]] utt]s 8 compla9ts 9 a voice rais$ consid]ably above ! natural key2 & agoniz+ pa9 v5ts itself 9 ei!r %rieks or groans--9 v high or v l[ notes4 ,beg9n+ at 8 talk+ pit*1 ! cry ( ! disappo9t$ ur*9 gr[s m %rill z x gr[s l\d]4 ,! ,oh6 ( a/oni%m5t or delight1 beg9s sev]al notes bel[ ! middle voice1 & desc5ds /ill l[]4 ,ang] expresses itself 9 high tones1 or else 9 curses n l\d b deep4 ,deep tones1 too1 are always us$ 9 utt]+ /rong reproa*es4 ,su* an exclamation z ,bew>e6 if made dramatically--t is1 if made ) a %[ ( feel+--mu/ be _m notes l[] ?an ord9>y4 ,fur!r1 we h groans ( disapprobation1 groans ( horror1 groans ( remorse4 ,& extreme joy & fe> are alike accompani$ by %rill outcries4 ,ne>ly alli$ to ! subject ( pit*1 is t ( int]vals2 & ! explanation ( !m c>ries our argum5t a /ep fur!r4 ,:ile calm spee* is comp>atively monoton\s1 emotion makes use ( fif?s1 octaves1 & ev5 wid] int]vals4 ,li/5 to any "o n>rat+ or repeat+ some?+ 9 :i* he has no int]e/1 & 8 voice w n w&] m ?an two or ?ree notes above or bel[ 8 m$ium note1 & t by small /eps2 b :5 he comes to "s excit+ ev5t he w be he>d n only to use ! high] & l[] notes ( 8 regi/]1 b to g f "o to ! o!r by l>g] leaps4 ,be+ unable 9 pr9t to imitate ^! traits ( feel+1 we feel "s difficulty 9 fully realiz+ !m to ! read]4 ,b we may sugge/ a few remembrances :i* w p]haps call to m9d a suffici5cy ( o!rs4 ,if two m5 liv+ 9 ! same place1 & frequ5tly see+ "o ano!r1 meet1 say at a public assembly1 any phrase ) :i* "o may be he>d to acco/ ! o!r--z ,hallo1 are y "h8--w h an ord9>y intonation4 ,b if "o ( !m1 aft] long abs5ce1 has unexpect$ly return$1 ! expression ( surprise ) :i* 8 fri5d may greet him--,hallo6 h[ came y "h8--w be utt]$ 9 mu* m /rongly contra/$ tones4 ,! two syllables ( ! ^w ,hallo w be1 ! "o mu* high] & ! o!r mu* l[] ?an be=e2 & ! re/ ( ! s5t5ce w simil>ly asc5d & desc5d by long] /eps4 ,aga91 if1 suppos+ h] to be 9 an adjo9+ room1 ! mi/ress ( ! h\se calls ,m>y1 ! two syllables ( ! "n w be spok5 9 an asc5d+ int]val ( a ?ird4 ,if ,m>y does n reply1 ! call w be repeat$ probably 9 a desc5d+ fif?2 imply+ ! slighte/ %ade ( annoyance at ,m>y's inatt5tion4 ,%\ld ,m>y /ill make no answ]1 ! increas+ annoyance w %[ itself by ! use ( a desc5d+ octave on ! next repetition ( ! call4 ,& suppos+ ! sil5ce to cont9ue1 ! lady1 if n ( a v ev5 temp]1 w %[ h] irritation at ,m>y's seem+ly int5tional neglig5ce by f9ally call+ h] 9 tones /ill m widely contra/$--! fir/ syllable be+ high] & ! la/ l[] ?an be=e4 ,n[1 ^! & analog\s facts1 :i* ! read] w readily accumulate1 cle>ly con=m to ! law laid d[n4 ,= to make l>ge int]vals requires m muscul> action ?an to make small ones4 ,b n only is ! ext5t ( vocal int]vals ?us explicable z due to ! relation betwe5 n]v\s & muscul> excitem5t1 b also 9 "s degree _! direction1 z asc5d+ or desc5d+4 ,! middle notes be+ ^? :i* dem& no appreciable ef=t ( muscul> adju/m5t2 & ! ef=t becom+ great] z we ei!r asc5d or desc5d2 x foll[s t a dep>ture f ! middle notes 9 ei!r direction w m>k increas+ emotion2 :ile a return t[>ds ! middle notes w m>k decreas+ emotion4 ,h5ce x happ5s t an en?usia/ic p]son utt]+ su* a s5t5ce z--,x 0 ! mo/ spl5did sight ,i ev] saw6 w asc5d to ! fir/ syllable ( ! ^w spl5did1 & !nce w desc5d3 ! ^w spl5did m>k+ ! climax ( ! feel+ produc$ by ! recollection4 ,h5ce1 aga91 x happ5s t1 "u "s extreme vexation produc$ by ano!r's /upidity1 an irascible man1 exclaim+--,:at a conf\nd$ fool ! fell[ is6 w beg9 some:at bel[ 8 middle voice1 & desc5d+ to ! ^w fool1 :i* he w utt] 9 "o ( 8 deepe/ notes1 w !n asc5d aga94 ,& x may be rem>k$1 t ! ^w fool w n only be deep] & l\d] ?an ! re/1 b w also h m emphasis ( articulation--ano!r mode 9 :i* muscul> excitem5t is %[n4 ,!re is "s dang]1 h[ev]1 9 giv+ in/ances l ?is2 see+ t z ! mode ( r5d]+ w v>y accord+ to ! int5sity ( ! feel+ :i* ! read] feigns to himself1 ! "r cad5ce may n be hit ^u4 ,) s+le words !re is less difficulty4 ,?us ! ,inde$6 ) :i* a surpris+ fact is receiv$1 mo/ly beg9s on ! middle note ( ! voice1 & rises ) ! second syllable2 or1 if disapprobation z well z a/oni%m5t is felt1 ! fir/ syllable w be bel[ ! middle note1 & ! second l[] /ill4 ,conv]sely1 ! ^w ,alas6 :i* m>ks n ! rise ( a p>oxysm ( grief1 b its decl9e1 is utt]$ 9 a cad5ce desc5d+ t[>ds ! middle note2 or1 if ! fir/ syllable is 9 ! l[] "p ( ! regi/]1 ! second asc5ds t[>ds ! middle note4 ,9 ! ,heigh-ho6 expressive ( m5tal & muscul> pro/ration1 we may see ! same tru?2 & if ! cad5ce appropriate to x be inv]t$ ! absurdity ( ! effect cle>ly %[s h[ ! mean+ ( int]vals is dep5d5t on ! pr9ciple we h be5 illu/rat+4 ,! rema9+ *>act]i/ic ( emotional spee* :i* we h to notice is t ( v>iability ( pit*4 ,x is sc>cely possible "h to convey adequate ideas ( ?is m complex manife/ation4 ,we mu/ be cont5t ) simply indicat+ "s occasions on :i* x may be obs]v$4 ,on a meet+ ( fri5ds1 = in/ance--z :5 !re arrives a p>ty ( mu*-wi%$-= visitors--! voices ( all w be he>d to und]go *anges ( pit* n only great] b mu* m num]\s ?an usual4 ,if a speak] at a public meet+ is int]rupt$ by "s squabble among ^? he is address+1 8 comp>atively level tones w be 9 m>k$ contra/ ) ! rapidly *ang+ "o ( ! disputants4 ,& among *ildr51 ^: feel+s are less "u control ?an ^? ( adults1 ?is peculi>ity is /ill m decid$4 ,dur+ a sc5e ( compla9t & recrim9ation betwe5 two excitable little girls1 ! voices may be he>d to run up & d[n ! gamut sev]al times 9 ea* s5t5ce4 ,9 su* cases we once m recognise ! same law3 = muscul> excitem5t is %[n n only 9 /r5g? ( contraction b also 9 ! rapidity ) :i* diff]5t muscul> adju/m5ts succe$ ea* o!r4 ,?us we f9d all ! lead+ vocal ph5om5a to h a physiological basis4 ,!y are s _m manife/ations ( ! g5]al law t feel+ is a /imulus to muscul> action--a law con=m$ to ?r\gh\t ! :ole economy1 n ( man only1 b ( e s5sitive creature--a law1 !re=e1 :i* lies deep 9 ! nature ( animal organization4 ,! expressiv5ess ( ^! v>i\s modifications ( voice is !re=e innate4 ,ea* ( u1 f babyhood upw>ds1 has be5 spontane\sly mak+ !m1 :5 "u ! v>i\s s5sations & emotions by :i* !y are produc$4 ,hav+ be5 consci\s ( ea* feel+ at ! same "t t we he>d ourselves make ! consequ5t s\nd1 we h acquir$ an e/abli%$ association ( ideas betwe5 su* s\nd & ! feel+ :i* caus$ x4 ,:5 ! l s\nd is made by ano!r1 we ascribe ! l feel+ to him2 & by a fur!r consequ5ce we n only ascribe to him t feel+1 b h a c]ta9 degree ( x ar\s$ 9 ourselves3 = to become consci\s ( ! feel+ :i* ano!r is exp]i5c+1 is to h t feel+ awak5$ 9 our own consci\sness1 :i* is ! same ?+ z exp]i5c+ ! feel+4 ,?us ^! v>i\s modifications ( voice become n only a language ?r\gh :i* we und]/& ! emotions ( o!rs1 b also ! means ( excit+ our sympa?y ) su* emotions4 ,h we n "h1 !n1 adequate data = a !ory ( music8 ,^! vocal peculi>ities :i* indicate excit$ feel+1 are ^? :i* especially di/+ui% song f ord9>y spee*4 ,e "o ( ! alt]ations ( voice :i* we h f\nd to be a physiological result ( pa9 or pleasure1 is c>ri$ to its greate/ extreme 9 vocal music4 ,= in/ance1 we saw t1 9 virtue ( ! g5]al relation betwe5 m5tal & muscul> excitem5t1 "o *>act]i/ic ( passionate utt]ance is l\dness4 ,well1 its comp>ative l\dness is "o ( ! di/9ctive m>ks ( song z contra/$ ) ! spee* ( daily life2 & fur!r1 ! =te passages ( an air are ^? int5d$ to repres5t ! climax ( its emotion4 ,we next saw t ! tones 9 :i* emotion expresses itself1 are1 9 con=mity ) ?is same law1 ( a m sonor\s timbre ?an ^? ( calm conv]sation4 ,"h1 too1 song displays a /ill high] degree ( ! peculi>ity2 = ! s++ tone is ! mo/ resonant we c make4 ,aga91 x 0 %[n t1 f a l cause1 m5tal excitem5t v5ts itself 9 ! high] & l[] notes ( ! regi/]2 us+ ! middle notes b seldom4 ,& x sc>cely ne$s say+ t vocal music is /ill m di/+ui%$ by its comp>ative neglect ( ! notes 9 :i* we talk1 & its habitual use ( ^? above or bel[ !m &1 moreov]1 t its mo/ passionate effects are commonly produc$ at ! two extremities ( its scale1 b especially ! upp] "o4 ,a yet fur!r trait ( /rong feel+1 simil>ly acc\nt$ =1 0 ! employm5t ( l>g] int]vals ?an are employ$ 9 common conv]se4 ,?is trait1 also1 e ballad & aria c>ries to an ext5t beyond t he>d 9 ! spontane\s utt]ances ( emotion3 add to :i*1 t ! direction ( ^! int]vals1 :i*1 z div]g+ f or conv]g+ t[>ds ! m$ium tones1 we f\nd to be physiologically expressive ( increas+ or decreas+ emotion1 may be obs]v$ to h 9 music l mean+s4 ,once m1 x 0 po9t$ out t n only extreme b also rapid v>iations ( pit*1 are *>act]i/ic ( m5tal excitem5t2 & once m we see 9 ! quick *anges ( e melody1 t song c>ries ! *>act]i/ic z f>1 if n f>!r4 ,?us1 9 respect alike ( l\dness1 timbre1 pit*1 int]vals1 & rate ( v>iation1 song employs & exagg]ates ! natural language ( ! emotions2--x arises f a sy/ematic comb9ation ( ^? vocal peculi>ities :i* are ! physiological effects ( acute pleasure & pa94 ,besides ^! *ief *>act]i/ics ( song z di/+ui%$ f common spee*1 !re are sundry m9or ones simil>ly explicable z due to ! relation betwe5 m5tal & muscul> excitem5t2 & be=e proce$+ fur!r1 ^! %\ld be briefly notic$4 ,?us1 c]ta9 passions1 & p]haps all passions :5 pu%$ to an extreme1 produce 7probably ?r\gh _! influ5ce ov] ! action ( ! he>t7 an effect ! rev]se ( t :i* has be5 describ$3 !y cause a physical pro/ration1 "o symptom ( :i* is a g5]al relaxation ( ! muscles1 & a consequ5t trembl+4 ,we h ! trembl+ ( ang]1 ( fe>1 ( hope1 ( joy2 & ! vocal muscles be+ implicat$ ) ! re/1 ! voice too becomes tremul\s4 ,n[1 9 s++1 ?is tremul\sness ( voice is v effectively us$ by "s vocali/s 9 highly pa!tic passages2 sometimes1 inde$1 because ( its effectiv5ess1 too mu* us$ by !m--z by ,tamb]lik1 = in/ance4 ,aga91 !re is a mode ( musical execution kn[n z ! /accato1 appropriate to en]getic passages--to passages expressive ( exhil>ation1 ( resolution1 ( confid5ce4 ,! action ( ! vocal muscles :i* produces ?is /accato /yle1 is analog\s to ! muscul> action :i* produces ! %>p1 decisive1 en]getic movem5ts ( body indicat+ ^! /ates ( m9d2 & !re=e x is t ! /accato /yle has ! mean+ we ascribe to x4 ,conv]sely1 slurr$ int]vals are expressive ( g5tl] & less active feel+s2 & are s because !y imply ! small] muscul> vivacity due to a l[] m5tal en]gy4 ,! diff]5ce ( effect result+ f diff]5ce ( "t 9 music1 is also attributable to ! same law4 ,already x has be5 po9t$ out t ! m frequ5t *anges ( pit* :i* ord9>ily result f passion1 are imitat$ & develop$ 9 song2 & "h we h to add1 t ! v>i\s rates ( su* *anges1 appropriate to ! diff]5t /yles ( music1 are fur!r traits hav+ ! same d]ivation4 ,! sl[e/ movem5ts1 l>go & adagio1 are us$ :]e su* depress+ emotions z grief1 or su* unexcit+ emotions z rev]5ce1 are to be portray$2 :ile ! m rapid movem5ts1 &ante1 allegro1 pre/o1 repres5t successively increas+ degrees ( m5tal vivacity2 & d ?is because !y imply t muscul> activity :i* fl[s f ?is m5tal vivacity4 ,ev5 ! rhy?m1 :i* =ms a rema9+ di/9ction betwe5 song & spee*1 may n improbably h a k9dr$ cause4 ,:y ! actions excit$ by /rong feel+ %\ld t5d to become rhy?mical1 is n v obvi\s2 b t !y d s !re are div]s evid5ces4 ,!re is ! sway+ ( ! body to & fro "u pa9 or grief1 ( ! leg "u impati5ce or agitation4 ,danc+1 too1 is a rhy?mical action natural to elevat$ emotion4 ,t "u excitem5t spee* acquires a c]ta9 rhy?m1 we may occasionally p]ceive 9 ! highe/ ef=ts ( an orator4 ,9 poetry1 :i* is a =m ( spee* us$ = ! bett] expression ( emotional ideas1 we h ?is rhy?mical t5d5cy develop$4 ,& :5 we be> 9 m9d t danc+1 poetry1 & music are connate--are orig9ally con/itu5t p>ts ( ! same ?+1 x becomes cle> t ! measur$ movem5t common to !m all implies a rhy?mical action ( ! :ole sy/em1 ! vocal app>atus includ$2 & t s ! rhy?m ( music is a m subtle & complex result ( ?is relation betwe5 m5tal & muscul> excitem5t4 ,b x is "t to end ?is analysis1 :i*1 possibly we h already c>ri$ too f>4 ,x is n to be suppos$ t ! m special peculi>ities ( musical expression are to be def9itely expla9$4 ,?\gh probably !y may all 9 "s way con=m to ! pr9ciple t has be5 work$ out1 x is obvi\sly impracticable to trace t pr9ciple 9 its m ramifi$ applications4 ,nor is x ne$ful to our argum5t t x %\ld be s trac$4 ,! =ego+ facts suffici5tly prove t :at we reg>d z ! di/9ctive traits ( song1 are simply ! traits ( emotional spee* int5sifi$ & sy/ematiz$4 ,9 respect ( its g5]al *>act]i/ics1 we ?9k x has be5 made cle> t vocal music1 & by consequ5ce all music1 is an idealization ( ! natural language ( passion4 99 99 99 99 99 ,z f> z x goes1 ! scanty evid5ce furni%$ by hi/ory confirms ?is conclusion4 ,note fir/ ! fact 7n prop]ly an hi/orical "o1 b fitly gr\p$ ) su*7 t ! dance-*ants ( savage tribes are v monoton\s2 & 9 virtue ( _! monotony are mu* m ne>ly alli$ to ord9>y spee* ?an are ! songs ( civiliz$ races4 ,jo9+ ) ?is ! fact t !re are /ill extant among boatm5 & o!rs 9 ! ,ea/1 anci5t *ants ( a l monoton\s "*1 we may inf] t vocal music orig9ally div]g$ f emotional spee* 9 a gradual1 unobtrusive mann]2 & ?is is ! inf]5ce to :i* our argum5t po9ts4 ,fur!r evid5ce to ! same effect is suppli$ by ,greek hi/ory4 ,! e>ly poems ( ! ,greeks--:i*1 be x rememb]$1 7 sacr$ leg5ds embodi$ 9 t rhy?mical1 metaphorical language :i* /rong feel+ excites--7 n recit$1 b *ant$3 ! tones & ! cad5ces 7 made musical by ! same influ5ces :i* made ! spee* poetical4 ,by ^? :o h inve/igat$ ! matt]1 ?is *ant+ is believ$ to h be5 n :at we call s++1 b ne>ly alli$ to our recitative2 7f> simpl] inde$1 if we may judge f ! fact t ! e>ly ,greek lyre1 :i* _h b f\r /r+s1 0 play$ 9 unison ) ! voice1 :i* 0 !re=e conf9$ to f\r notes27 & z su*1 mu* less remote f common spee* ?an our own s++ is4 ,= recitative1 or musical recitation1 is 9 all respects int]m$iate betwe5 spee* & song4 ,its av]age effects are n s l\d z ^? ( song4 ,its tones are less sonor\s 9 timbre ?an ^? ( song4 ,commonly x div]ges to a small] ext5t f ! middle notes--uses notes nei!r s high nor s l[ 9 pit*4 ,! int]vals habitual to x are nei!r s wide nor s v>i$4 ,its rate ( v>iation is n s rapid4 ,& at ! same "t t its prim>y rhy?m is less decid$1 x has none ( t second>y rhy?m produc$ by recurr5ce ( ! same or p>allel musical phrases1 :i* is "o ( ! m>k$ *>act]i/ics ( song4 ,?us1 !n1 we may n only inf]1 f ! evid5ce furni%$ by exi/+ b>b>\s tribes1 t ! vocal music ( pre-hi/oric times 0 emotional spee* v slightly exalt$2 b we see t ! e>lie/ vocal music ( :i* we h any acc\nt1 diff]$ mu* less f emotional spee* ?an does ! vocal music ( our days4 ,t recitative--beyond :i*1 by ! way1 ! ,*9ese & ,h9doos seem nev] to h advanc$--grew naturally out ( ! modulations & cad5ces ( /rong feel+1 we h inde$ /ill curr5t evid5ce4 ,!re are ev5 n[ to be met ) occasions on :i* /rong feel+ v5ts itself 9 ?is =m4 ,:oev] has be5 pres5t :5 a meet+ ( ,quak]s 0 address$ by "o ( _! prea*]s 7^: practice x is to speak only "u ! influ5ce ( religi\s emotion71 mu/ h be5 /ruck by ! q unusual tones1 l ^? ( a subdu$ *ant1 9 :i* ! address 0 made4 ,x is cle>1 too1 t ! inton+ us$ 9 "s *ur*es1 is repres5tative ( ?is same m5tal /ate2 & has be5 adopt$ on acc\nt ( ! in/9ctively felt congruity betwe5 x & ! contrition1 supplication1 or rev]5ce v]bally express$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,& if1 z we h good reason to believe1 recitative arose by degrees out ( emotional spee*1 x becomes manife/ t by a cont9uance ( ! same process song has aris5 out ( recitative4 ,j z1 f ! orations & leg5ds ( savages1 express$ 9 ! metaphorical1 allegorical /yle natural to !m1 !re sprung epic poetry1 out ( :i* lyric poetry 0 aft]w>ds develop$2 s1 f ! exalt$ tones & cad5ces 9 :i* su* orations & leg5ds 7 deliv]$1 came ! *ant or recitative music1 f :5ce lyrical music has s9ce gr[n up4 ,& !re has n only ?us be5 a simultane\s & p>allel g5esis1 b !re is also a p>allelism ( results4 ,= lyrical poetry diff]s f epic poetry1 j z lyrical music diff]s f recitative3 ea* /ill fur!r int5sifies ! natural language ( ! emotions4 ,lyrical poetry is m metaphorical1 m hyp]bolic1 m elliptical1 & adds ! rhy?m ( l9es to ! rhy?m ( feet2 j z lyrical music is l\d]1 m sonor\s1 m extreme 9 its int]vals1 & adds ! rhy?m ( phrases to ! rhy?m ( b>s4 ,& ! kn[n fact t out ( epic poetry ! /rong] passions develop$ lyrical poetry z _! appropriate vehicle1 /r5g!ns ! inf]5ce t !y simil>ly develop$ lyrical music out ( recitative4 ,nor inde$ are we )\t evid5ces ( ! transition4 ,x ne$s b to li/5 to an op]a to he> ! lead+ gradations4 ,betwe5 ! comp>atively level recitative ( ord9>y dialogue1 ! m v>i$ recitative ) wid] int]vals & high] tones us$ 9 excit+ sc5es1 ! /ill m musical recitative :i* preludes an air1 & ! air itself1 ! successive /eps are b small2 & ! fact t among airs !mselves gradations ( l nature may be trac$1 fur!r confirms ! conclusion t ! highe/ =m ( vocal music 0 arriv$ at by degrees4 ,moreov]1 we h "s clue to ! influ5ces :i* h induc$ ?is developm5t2 & may r\ghly conceive ! process ( x4 ,z ! tones1 int]vals1 & cad5ces ( /rong emotion 7 ! elem5ts out ( :i* song 0 elaborat$2 s1 we may expect to f9d t /ill /rong] emotion produc$ ! elaboration3 & we h evid5ce imply+ ?is4 ,in/ances 9 abundance may be cit$1 %[+ t musical compos]s are m5 ( extremely acute s5sibilities4 ,! ,life ( ,moz>t depicts him z "o ( int5sely active affections & highly impressionable temp]am5t4 ,v>i\s anecdotes repres5t ,bee?ov5 z v susceptible & v passionate4 ,m5delssohn is describ$ by ^? :o knew him to h be5 full ( f9e feel+4 ,& ! almo/ incr$ible s5sitiv5ess ( ,*op9 has be5 illu/rat$ 9 ! memoirs ( ,george ,s&4 ,an unusually emotional nature be+ ?us ! g5]al *>act]i/ic ( musical compos]s1 we h 9 x j ! ag5cy requir$ = ! developm5t ( recitative & song4 ,int5s] feel+ produc+ int5s] manife/ations1 any cause ( excitem5t w call =? f su* a nature1 tones & *anges ( voice m m>k$ ?an ^? call$ =? f an ord9>y nature--w g5]ate j ^? exagg]ations :i* we h f\nd to di/+ui% ! l[] vocal music f emotional spee*1 & ! high] vocal music f ! l[]4 ,?us x becomes cr$ible t ! f\r-ton$ recitative ( ! e>ly ,greek poets 7l all poets1 ne>ly alli$ to compos]s 9 ! comp>ative int5sity ( _! feel+s71 0 really no?+ m ?an ! slightly exagg]at$ emotional spee* natural to !m1 :i* grew by frequ5t use into an organiz$ =m4 ,& x is readily conceivable t ! accumulat$ ag5cy ( subsequ5t poet-musicians1 inh]it+ & add+ to ! products ( ^? :o w5t be=e !m1 suffic$1 9 ! c\rse ( ! t5 c5turies :i* we "k x took1 to develope ?is f\r-ton$ recitative into a vocal music hav+ a range ( two octaves4 ,n only may we s und]/& h[ m sonor\s tones1 great] extremes ( pit*1 & wid] int]vals1 7 gradually introduc$2 b also h[ !re arose a great] v>iety & complexity ( musical expression4 ,= ?is same passionate1 en?usia/ic temp]am5t1 :i* naturally leads ! musical compos] to express ! feel+s possess$ by o!rs z well z himself1 9 extrem] int]vals & m m>k$ cad5ces ?an !y w\ld use1 also leads him to give musical utt]ance to feel+s :i* !y ei!r d n exp]i5ce1 or exp]i5ce 9 b slight degrees4 ,9 virtue ( ?is g5]al susceptibility :i* di/+ui%es him1 he reg>ds ) emotion1 ev5ts1 sc5es1 conduct1 "*1 :i* produce ^u mo/ m5 no appreciable effect4 ,! emotions s g5]at$1 comp\nd$ z !y are ( ! simpl] emotions1 are n expressible by int]vals & cad5ces natural to ^!1 b by comb9ations ( su* int]vals & cad5ces3 :5ce arise m involv$ musical phrases1 convey+ m complex1 subtle1 & unusual feel+s4 ,& ?us we may 9 "s measure und]/& h[ x happ5s t music n only s /rongly excites our m famili> feel+s1 b also produces feel+s we nev] _h be=e--ar\ses dormant s5tim5ts ( :i* we _h n conceiv$ ! possibility & d n "k ! mean+2 or1 z ,ri*t] says--tells u ( ?+s we h n se5 & %all n see4 99 99 99 99 99 ,indirect evid5ces ( sev]al k9ds rema9 to be briefly po9t$ out4 ,"o ( !m is ! difficulty1 n to say impossibility1 ( o!rwise acc\nt+ = ! expressiv5ess ( music4 ,:5ce comes x t special comb9ations ( notes %\ld h special effects ^u our emotions8--t "o %\ld give u a feel+ ( exhil>ation1 ano!r ( melan*oly1 ano!r ( affection1 ano!r ( rev]5ce8 ,is x t ^! special comb9ations h intr9sic mean+s ap>t f ! human con/itution8--t a c]ta9 numb] ( a]ial waves p] second1 foll[$ by a c]ta9 o!r numb]1 9 ! nature ( ?+s signify grief1 :ile 9 ! rev]se ord] !y signify joy2 & simil>ly ) all o!r int]vals1 phrases1 & cad5ces8 ,few w be s irrational z to ?9k ?is4 ,is x1 !n1 t ! mean+s ( ^! special comb9ations are conv5tional only8--t we le>n _! implications1 z we d ^? ( words1 by obs]v+ h[ o!rs und]/& !m8 ,?is is an hypo!sis n only devoid ( evid5ce1 b directly oppos$ to ! exp]i5ce ( e "o4 ,h[1 !n1 are musical effects to be expla9$8 ,if ! !ory above set =? be accept$1 ! difficulty disappe>s4 ,if music1 tak+ = its raw mat]ial ! v>i\s modifications ( voice :i* are ! physiological results ( excit$ feel+1 int5sifies1 comb9es1 & complicates !m--if x exagg]ates ! l\dness1 ! resonance1 ! pit*1 ! int]vals1 & ! v>iability1 :i*1 9 virtue ( an organic law1 are ! *>act]i/ics ( passionate spee*--if1 by c>ry+ out ^! fur!r1 m consi/5tly1 m unit$ly1 & m su/a9$ly1 x produces an idealiz$ language ( emotion2 !n its p[] ov] u becomes compreh5sible4 ,b 9 ! abs5ce ( ?is !ory1 ! expressiv5ess ( music appe>s to be inexplicable4 ,aga91 ! pref]5ce we feel = c]ta9 qualities ( s\nd pres5ts a l difficulty1 admitt+ only ( a l solution4 ,x is g5]ally agre$ t ! tones ( ! human voice are m pleas+ ?an any o!rs4 ,grant t music takes its rise f ! modulations ( ! human voice "u emotion1 & x becomes a natural consequ5ce t ! tones ( t voice %\ld appeal to our feel+s m ?an any o!rs2 & s %\ld be consid]$ m beautiful ?an any o!rs4 ,b d5y t music has ?is orig91 & ! only alt]native is ! unt5able position t ! vibrations proce$+ f a vocali/'s ?roat are1 objectively consid]$1 ( a high] ord] ?an ^? f a horn or a viol94 ,simil>ly ) h>% & s(t s\nds4 ,if ! conclusiv5ess ( ! =ego+ reason+s be n admitt$1 x mu/ be suppos$ t ! vibrations caus+ ! la/ are intr9sically bett] ?an ^? caus+ ! fir/2 & t1 9 virtue ( "s pre-e/abli%$ h>mony1 ! high] feel+s & natures produce ! "o1 & ! l[] ! o!r4 ,b if ! =ego+ reason+s be valid1 x foll[s1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 t we %all l ! s\nds t habitually accompany agreeable feel+s1 & dislike ^? t habitually accompany disagreeable feel+s4 ,once m1 ! "q--,h[ is ! expressiv5ess ( music to be o!rwise acc\nt$ =8 may be supplem5t$ by ! "q--,h[ is ! g5esis ( music to be o!rwise acc\nt$ =8 ,t music is a product ( civilization is manife/2 = ?\gh savages h _! dance-*ants1 ^! are ( a k9d sc>cely to be dignifi$ by ! title musical3 at mo/1 !y supply b ! vague/ rudim5t ( music1 prop]ly s call$4 ,& if music has be5 by sl[ /eps develop$ 9 ! c\rse ( civilization1 x mu/ h be5 develop$ out ( some?+4 ,if1 !n1 its orig9 is n t above alleg$1 :at is its orig98 ,?us we f9d t ! negative evid5ce confirms ! positive1 & t1 tak5 toge!r1 !y furni% /rong pro(4 ,we h se5 t !re is a physiological relation1 common to man & all animals1 betwe5 feel+ & muscul> action2 t z vocal s\nds are produc$ by muscul> action1 !re is a consequ5t physiological relation betwe5 feel+ & vocal s\nds2 t all ! modifications ( voice expressive ( feel+ are ! direct results ( ?is physiological relation2 t music1 adopt+ all ^! modifications1 int5sifies !m m & m z x asc5ds to its high] & high] =ms1 & becomes music simply 9 virtue ( ?us int5sify+ !m2 t1 f ! anci5t epic poet *ant+ 8 v]ses1 d[n to ! mod]n musical compos]1 m5 ( unusually /rong feel+s prone to express !m 9 extreme =ms1 h be5 naturally ! ag5ts ( ^! successive int5sifications2 & t s !re has little by little aris5 a wide div]g5ce betwe5 ?is idealiz$ language ( emotion & its natural language3 to :i* direct evid5ce we h j add$ ! indirect--t on no o!r t5able hypo!sis c ei!r ! expressiv5ess or ! g5esis ( music be expla9$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,& n[1 :at is ! function ( music8 ,has music any effect beyond ! imm$iate pleasure x produces8 ,analogy sugge/s t x has4 ,! enjoym5ts ( a good d9n] d n end ) !mselves1 b m9i/] to bodily well-be+4 ,?\gh p d n m>ry ) a view to ma9ta9 ! race1 yet ! passions :i* impel !m to m>ry secure its ma9t5ance4 ,p>5tal affection is a feel+ :i*1 :ile x conduces to p>5tal happ9ess1 ensures ! nurture ( (fspr+4 ,m5 love to accumulate prop]ty1 (t5 )\t ?\ght ( ! b5efits x produces2 b 9 pursu+ ! pleasure ( acquisition !y indirectly op5 ! way to o!r pleasures4 ,! wi% = public approval impels all ( u to d _m ?+s :i* we %\ld o!rwise n d1--to und]take great lab\rs1 face great dang]s1 & habitually rule ourselves 9 a way t smoo?s social int]c\rse3 t is1 9 gratify+ our love ( approbation we subs]ve div]s ult]ior purposes4 ,&1 g5]ally1 our nature is su* t 9 fulfill+ ea* desire1 we 9 "s way facilitate ! fulfilm5t ( ! re/4 ,b ! love ( music seems to exi/ = its own sake4 ,! delights ( melody & h>mony d n obvi\sly m9i/] to ! welf>e ei!r ( ! individual or ( society4 ,may we n suspect1 h[ev]1 t ?is exception is app>5t only8 ,is x n a rational inquiry--,:at are ! indirect b5efits :i* accrue f music1 9 addition to ! direct pleasure x gives8 ,b t x w\ld take u too f> out ( our track1 we %\ld prelude ?is inquiry by illu/rat+ at "s l5g? a c]ta9 g5]al law ( progress2--! law t alike 9 occupations1 sci5ces1 arts1 ! divisions t _h a common root1 b by cont9ual div]g5ce h become di/9ct1 & are n[ be+ sep>ately develop$1 are n truly indep5d5t1 b sev]ally act & react on ea* o!r to _! mutual advancem5t4 ,m]ely h9t+ ?us mu*1 h[ev]1 by way ( %[+ t !re are _m analogies to ju/ify u1 we g on to express ! op9ion t !re exi/s a relation%ip ( ?is k9d betwe5 music & spee*4 ,all spee* is comp\nd$ ( two elem5ts1 ! words & ! tones 9 :i* !y are utt]$--! signs ( ideas & ! signs ( feel+s4 ,:ile c]ta9 articulations express ! ?\ght1 c]ta9 vocal s\nds express ! m or less ( pa9 or pleasure :i* ! ?\ght gives4 ,us+ ! ^w cad5ce 9 an unusually ext5d$ s5se1 z compreh5d+ all modifications ( voice1 we may say t cad5ce is ! comm5t>y ( ! emotions ^u ! propositions ( ! intellect4 ,?is duality ( spok5 language1 ?\gh n =mally recognis$1 is recognis$ 9 practice by e "o2 & e "o kn[s t v (t5 m weight atta*es to ! tones ?an to ! words4 ,daily exp]i5ce supplies cases 9 :i* ! same s5t5ce ( disapproval w be und]/ood z mean+ little or mean+ mu*1 accord+ to ! inflections ( voice :i* accompany x2 & daily exp]i5ce supplies /ill m /rik+ cases 9 :i* words & tones are 9 direct contradiction--! fir/ express+ cons5t1 :ile ! la/ express reluctance2 & ! la/ be+ believ$ r ?an ! fir/4 ,^! two di/9ct b int]wov5 elem5ts ( spee* h be5 und]go+ a simultane\s developm5t4 ,we "k t 9 ! c\rse ( civilization words h be5 multipli$1 new p>ts ( spee* h be5 introduc$1 s5t5ces h gr[n m v>i$ & complex2 & we may fairly inf] t dur+ ! same "t new modifications ( voice h come into use1 fre% int]vals h be5 adopt$1 & cad5ces h become m elaborate4 ,= :ile1 on ! "o h&1 x is absurd to suppose t1 along ) ! undevelop$ v]bal =ms ( b>b>ism1 !re exi/$ a develop$ sy/em ( vocal inflections2 x is1 on ! o!r h&1 necess>y to suppose t1 along ) ! high] & m num]\s v]bal =ms ne$$ to convey ! multipli$ & complicat$ ideas ( civiliz$ life1 !re h gr[n up ^? m involv$ *anges ( voice :i* express ! feel+s prop] to su* ideas4 ,if intellectual language is a gr[?1 s also1 )\t d\bt1 is emotional language a gr[?4 ,n[1 ! hypo!sis :i* we h h9t$ above1 is1 t beyond ! direct pleasure :i* x gives1 music has ! indirect effect ( develop+ ?is language ( ! emotions4 ,hav+ its root1 z we h endeav\r$ to %[1 9 ^? tones1 int]vals1 & cad5ces ( spee* :i* express feel+--aris+ by ! comb9ation & int5sify+ ( ^!1 & com+ f9ally to h an embodim5t ( its own2 music has all along be5 react+ ^u spee*1 & increas+ its p[] ( r5d]+ emotion4 ,! use 9 recitative & song ( inflections m expressive ?an ord9>y ones1 mu/ f ! beg9n+ h t5d$ to develope ! ord9>y ones4 ,famili>ity ) ! m v>i$ comb9ations ( tones t occur 9 vocal music1 c sc>cely h fail$ to give great] v>iety ( comb9ation to ! tones 9 :i* we utt] our impressions & desires4 ,! complex musical phrases by :i* compos]s h convey$ complex emotions1 may rationally be suppos$ to h influ5c$ u 9 mak+ ^? involv$ cad5ces ( conv]sation by :i* we convey our subtl] ?\ghts & feel+s4 ,t ! cultivation ( music has no effect on ! m9d1 few w be absurd en\gh to cont5d4 ,& if x has an effect1 :at m natural effect is !re ?an ?is ( develop+ our p]ception ( ! mean+s ( inflections1 qualities1 & modulations ( voice2 & giv+ u a correspond+ly increas$ p[] ( us+ !m8 ,j z ma!matics1 tak+ its />t f ! ph5om5a ( physics & a/ronomy1 & pres5tly com+ to be a sep>ate sci5ce1 has s9ce react$ on physics & a/ronomy to _! imm5se advancem5t--j z *emi/ry1 fir/ aris+ out ( ! processes ( metallurgy & ! indu/rial arts1 & gradually gr[+ into an indep5d5t /udy1 has n[ become an aid to all k9ds ( production--j z physiology1 orig9at+ out ( m$ic9e & once subord9ate to x1 b latt]ly pursu$ = its own sake1 is 9 our day com+ to be ! sci5ce on :i* ! progress ( m$ic9e dep5ds2--s1 music1 hav+ its root 9 emotional language1 & gradually evolv$ f x1 has ev] be5 react+ ^u & fur!r advanc+ x4 ,:oev] w exam9e ! facts1 w f9d ?is hypo!sis to be 9 h>mony ) ! me?od ( civilization ev]y:]e display$4 ,x w sc>cely be expect$ t mu* direct evid5ce 9 support ( ?is conclusion c be giv54 ,! facts are ( a k9d :i* x is difficult to measure1 & ( :i* we h no records4 ,"s sugge/ive traits1 h[ev]1 may be not$4 ,may we n say1 = in/ance1 t ! ,italians1 among :om mod]n music 0 e>lie/ cultivat$1 & :o h m especially practis$ & excell$ 9 melody 7! division ( music ) :i* our argum5t is *iefly conc]n$7--may we n say t ^! ,italians speak 9 m v>i$ & expressive inflections & cad5ces ?an any o!r nation8 ,on ! o!r h&1 may we n say t1 conf9$ almo/ exclusively z !y h hi!rto be5 to _! national airs1 :i* h a m>k$ family lik5ess1 & !re=e accu/om$ to b a limit$ range ( musical expression1 ! ,scot* are unusually monoton\s 9 ! int]vals & modulations ( _! spee*8 ,& aga91 d we n f9d among diff]5t classes ( ! same nation1 diff]5ces t h l implications8 ,! g5tleman & ! cl[n /& 9 v decid$ contra/ ) respect to v>iety ( intonation4 ,li/5 to ! conv]sation ( a s]vant-girl1 & !n to t ( a ref9$1 accompli%$ lady1 & ! m delicate & complex *anges ( voice us$ by ! latt] w be conspicu\s4 ,n[1 )\t go+ s f> z to say t out ( all ! diff]5ces ( culture to :i* ! upp] & l[] classes are subject$1 diff]5ce ( musical culture is t to :i* alone ?is diff]5ce ( spee* is ascribable2 yet we may fairly say t !re seems a mu* m obvi\s connexion ( cause & effect betwe5 ^! ?an betwe5 any o!rs4 ,?us1 :ile ! inductive evid5ce to :i* we c appeal is b scanty & vague1 yet :at !re is fav\rs our position4 99 99 99 99 99 ,probably mo/ w ?9k t ! function "h assign$ to music is "o ( v little mom5t4 ,b fur!r reflection may lead !m to a contr>y conviction4 ,9 its be>+s ^u human happ9ess1 we believe t ?is emotional language :i* musical culture developes & ref9es1 is only second 9 importance to ! language ( ! intellect2 p]haps n ev5 second to x4 ,= ^! modifications ( voice produc$ by feel+s1 are ! means ( excit+ l feel+s 9 o!rs4 ,jo9$ ) ge/ures & expressions ( face1 !y give life to ! o!rwise dead words 9 :i* ! intellect utt]s its ideas2 & s enable ! he>] n only to und]/& ! /ate ( m9d !y accompany1 b to p>take ( t /ate4 ,9 %ort1 !y are ! *ief m$ia ( sympa?y4 ,& if we consid] h[ mu* bo? our g5]al welf>e & our imm$iate pleasures dep5d ^u sympa?y1 we %all recognise ! importance ( :atev] makes ?is sympa?y great]4 ,if we be> 9 m9d t by _! fell[-feel+ m5 are l$ to behave ju/ly1 k9dly & consid]ately to ea* o!r--t ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! cruelty ( ! b>b>\s & ! humanity ( ! civiliz$1 results f ! increase ( fell[-feel+2 if we be> 9 m9d t ?is faculty :i* makes u %>]s 9 ! joys & sorr[s ( o!rs1 is ! basis ( all ! high] affections--t 9 fri5d%ip1 love1 & all dome/ic pleasures1 x is an ess5tial elem5t2 if we be> 9 m9d h[ mu* our direct gratifications are int5sifi$ by sympa?y1--h[1 at ! !atre1 ! conc]t1 ! picture gall]y1 we lose half our enjoym5t if we h no "o to enjoy ) u2 if1 9 %ort1 we be> 9 m9d t = all happ9ess beyond :at ! unfri5d$ recluse c h1 we are indebt$ to ?is same sympa?y2--we %all see t ! ag5cies :i* communicate x c sc>cely be ov]rat$ 9 value4 ,! t5d5cy ( civilization is m & m to repress ! antagoni/ic elem5ts ( our *>act]s & to develope ! social ones--to curb our purely selfi% desires & ex]cise our unselfi% ones--to replace private gratifications by gratifications result+ f1 or involv+1 ! happ9ess ( o!rs4 ,& :ile1 by ?is adaptation to ! social /ate1 ! sympa!tic side ( our nature is be+ unfold$1 !re is simultane\sly gr[+ up a language ( sympa!tic int]c\rse--a language ?r\gh :i* we communicate to o!rs ! happ9ess we feel1 & are made %>]s 9 _! happ9ess4 ,?is d\ble process1 ( :i* ! effects are already suffici5tly appreciable1 mu/ g on to an ext5t ( :i* we c z yet h no adequate conception4 ,! habitual concealm5t ( our feel+s dim9i%+1 z x mu/1 9 proportion z our feel+s become su* z d n dem& concealm5t1 we may conclude t ! exhibition ( !m w become mu* m vivid ?an we n[ d>e all[ x to be2 & ?is implies a m expressive emotional language4 ,at ! same "t1 feel+s ( a high] & m complex k9d1 z yet exp]i5c$ only by ! cultivat$ few1 w become g5]al2 & !re w be a correspond+ developm5t ( ! emotional language into m involv$ =ms4 ,j z !re has sil5tly gr[n up a language ( ideas1 :i*1 rude z x at fir/ 01 n[ enables u to convey ) precision ! mo/ subtle & complicat$ ?\ghts2 s1 !re is /ill sil5tly gr[+ up a language ( feel+s1 :i* not)/&+ its pres5t imp]fection1 we may expect w ultimately enable m5 vividly & completely to impress on ea* o!r all ! emotions :i* !y exp]i5ce f mom5t to mom5t4 ,?us if1 z we h endeav\r$ to %[1 x is ! function ( music to facilitate ! developm5t ( ?is emotional language1 we may reg>d music z an aid to ! a*ievem5t ( t high] happ9ess :i* x indi/9ctly %ad[s =?4 ,^? vague feel+s ( unexp]i5c$ felicity :i* music ar\ses--^? indef9ite impressions ( an unkn[n ideal life :i* x calls up1 may be consid]$ z a prophecy1 to ! fulfilm5t ( :i* music is itself p>tly in/rum5tal4 ,! /range capacity :i* we h = be+ s affect$ by melody & h>mony1 may be tak5 to imply bo? t x is )9 ! possibilities ( our nature to realize ^? int5s] delights !y dimly sugge/1 & t !y are 9 "s way conc]n$ 9 ! realization ( !m4 ,on ?is supposition ! p[] & ! mean+ ( music become compreh5sible2 b o!rwise !y are a my/]y4 ,we w only add1 t if ! probability ( ^! coroll>ies be admitt$1 !n music mu/ take rank z ! highe/ ( ! f9e arts--z ! "o :i*1 m ?an any o!r1 m9i/]s to human welf>e4 ,& ?us1 ev5 leav+ out ( view ! imm$iate gratifications x is h\rly giv+1 we _c too mu* applaud t progress ( musical culture :i* is becom+ "o ( ! *>act]i/ics ( our age4 ,,vi4 ,,! ,,nebul> ,,hypo!sis4 ,inquir+ into ! p$igree ( an idea is n a bad means ( r\ghly e/imat+ its value4 ,to h come ( respectable ance/ry1 is prima facie evid5ce ( wor? 9 a belief z 9 a p]son2 :ile to be desc5d$ f a discr$itable /ock is1 9 ! "o case z 9 ! o!r1 an unfavorable index4 ,! analogy is n a m]e fancy4 ,beliefs1 toge!r ) ^? :o hold !m1 are modifi$ little by little 9 successive g5]ations2 & z ! modifications :i* successive g5]ations ( ! hold]s und]go1 d n de/roy ! orig9al type1 b only disguise & ref9e x1 s ! accompany+ alt]ations ( belief1 h[ev] mu* !y purify1 leave beh9d ! ess5ce ( ! orig9al belief4 ,consid]$ g5ealogically1 ! receiv$ !ory respect+ ! creation ( ! ,sol> ,sy/em is unmi/akeably ( l[ orig94 ,y may cle>ly trace x back to primitive my?ologies4 ,its remote/ ance/or is ! doctr9e t ! cele/ial bodies are p]sonages :o orig9ally liv$ on ! ,e>?--a doctr9e /ill held by "s ( ! negroes ,liv+/one visit$4 ,sci5ce hav+ dive/$ ! sun & planets ( _! div9e p]sonalities1 ?is old idea 0 succe$$ by ! idea :i* ev5 ,kepl] ent]ta9$1 t ! planets are guid$ 9 _! c\rses by presid+ spirits3 no long] !mselves gods1 !y are /ill sev]ally kept 9 _! orbits by gods4 ,& :5 gravitation came to disp5se ) ^! cele/ial /e]sm51 !re 0 begott5 a belief1 less gross ?an its p>5t1 b p>tak+ ( ! same ess5tial nature1 t ! planets 7 orig9ally laun*$ into _! orbits f ! ,creator's h&4 ,evid5tly1 ?\gh mu* ref9$1 ! an?ropomorphism ( ! curr5t hypo!sis is inh]it$ f ! aborig9al an?ropomorphism1 :i* describ$ gods z a /rong] ord] ( m54 ,!re is an antagoni/ hypo!sis :i* does n propose to hon\r ! ,unkn[n ,p[] manife/$ 9 ! ,univ]se1 by su* titles z ,! ,ma/]-,build]1 or ,! ,great ,artific]2 b :i* reg>ds ?is ,unkn[n ,p[] z probably work+ aft] a me?od q diff]5t f t ( human me*anics4 ,& ! g5ealogy ( ?is hypo!sis is z high z t ( ! o!r is l[4 ,x is begott5 by t ev]-enl>g+ & ev]-/r5g!n+ belief 9 ! pres5ce ( ,law1 :i* accumulat$ exp]i5ces h gradually produc$ 9 ! human m9d4 ,f g5]ation to g5]ation ,sci5ce has be5 prov+ uni=mities ( relation among ph5om5a :i* 7 be=e ?\ght ei!r =tuit\s or sup]natural 9 _! orig9--has be5 %[+ an e/abli%$ ord] & a con/ant causation :]e ignorance _h assum$ irregul>ity & arbitr>9ess4 ,ea* fur!r discov]y ( ,law has increas$ ! presumption t ,law is ev]y:]e con=m$ to4 ,& h5ce1 among o!r beliefs1 has aris5 ! belief t ! ,sol> ,sy/em orig9at$1 n by manufacture b by evolution4 ,besides its ab/ract p>5tage 9 ^? gr& g5]al conceptions :i* positive ,sci5ce has g5]at$1 ?is hypo!sis has a concrete p>5tage ( ! highe/ "*4 ,bas$ z x is on ! law ( univ]sal gravitation1 x may claim = its remote prog5itor ! great ?9k] :o e/abli%$ t law4 ,! man :o gave x its g5]al %ape1 by promulgat+ ! doctr9e t />s result f ! aggregation ( diffus$ matt]1 0 ! mo/ dilig5t1 c>eful1 & orig9al a/ronomical obs]v] ( mod]n times4 ,& ! _w has n se5 a m le>n$ ma!matician ?an ! man :o1 sett+ out ) ?is conception ( diffus$ matt] conc5trat+ t[>ds its c5tre ( gravity1 po9t$ out ! way 9 :i* !re w\ld arise1 9 ! c\rse ( its conc5tration1 a balanc$ gr\p ( sun1 planets1 & satellites1 l t ( :i* ! ,e>? is a memb]4 ,?us1 ev5 7 !re b little direct evid5ce assignable = ! ,nebul> ,hypo!sis1 ! probability ( its tru? w\ld /ill be /rong4 ,its own high d]ivation & ! l[ d]ivation ( ! antagoni/ hypo!sis1 w\ld toge!r =m a weighty reason = accept+ x--at any rate1 provisionally4 ,b ! direct evid5ce assignable = ! ,nebul> ,hypo!sis is by no means little4 ,x is f> great] 9 quantity1 & m v>i$ 9 k9d1 ?an is commonly suppos$4 ,mu* has be5 said "h & !re on ?is or t class ( evid5ces2 b n[h]e1 z f> z we "k1 h all ! evid5ces1 ev5 ( "o class1 be5 fully /at$2 & /ill less has !re be5 an adequate /atem5t ( ! sev]al gr\ps ( evid5ces 9 _! ensemble4 ,we propose "h to d some?+ t[>ds supply+ ! defici5cy3 believ+ t1 jo9$ ) ! a priori reasons giv5 above1 ! array ( a po/]iori reasons w leave little d\bt 9 ! m9d ( any c&id inquir]4 ,& fir/1 let u address ourselves to ^? rec5t discov]ies 9 /ell> a/ronomy1 :i* h be5 suppos$ to conflict ) ?is celebrat$ speculation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,:5 ,sir ,william ,h]s*el1 direct+ 8 great reflector to v>i\s nebul\s spots1 f\nd !m resolvable into clu/]s ( />s1 he inf]r$1 & = a "t ma9ta9$1 t all nebul\s spots are clu/]s ( />s exce$+ly remote f u4 ,b aft] ye>s ( consci5ti\s inve/igation1 he conclud$ t !re 7 nebulosities :i* are n ( a />ry nature2 & on ?is conclusion 0 bas$ 8 hypo!sis ( a diffus$ lum9\s fluid1 :i* by its ev5tual aggregation1 produc$ />s4 ,a telescopic p[] mu* exce$+ t us$ by ,h]s*el1 has enabl$ ,"l ,rosse to resolve "s ( ! nebulae previ\sly unresolv$2 &1 return+ to ! conclusion :i* ,h]s*el fir/ =m$ on simil> gr\nds b aft]w>ds reject$1 _m a/ronom]s h assum$ t1 "u suffici5tly high p[]s1 e nebula w\ld be decompos$ into />s--t ! resolvability is solely a "q ( di/ance4 ,! hypo!sis n[ commonly ent]ta9$ is1 t all nebulae are galaxies m or less l 9 nature to t imm$iately surr\nd+ u2 b t !y are s inconceivably remote1 z to look1 ?r\gh an ord9>y telescope1 l small fa9t spots4 ,& n a few h drawn ! coroll>y1 t by ! discov]ies ( ,"l ,rosse ! ,nebul> ,hypo!sis has be5 disprov$4 ,n[1 ev5 suppos+ t ^! inf]5ces respect+ ! di/ances & natures ( ! nebulae are valid1 !y leave ! ,nebul> ,hypo!sis sub/antially z x 04 ,admitt+ t ea* ( ^? fa9t spots is a sid]eal sy/em1 s f> remov$ t its c\ntless />s give less light ?an "o small /> ( our own sid]eal sy/em2 ! admission is 9 no way inconsi/5t ) ! belief1 t />s & _! att5dant planets h be5 =m$ by ! aggregation ( nebul\s matt]4 ,?\gh1 d\btless1 if ! exi/5ce ( nebul\s matt] n[ 9 c\rse ( conc5tration be disprov$1 "o ( ! evid5ces ( ! ,nebul> ,hypo!sis is de/roy$2 yet ! rema9+ evid5ces rema9 j z !y 74 ,x is a p]fectly t5able position1 t ?\gh nebul> cond5sation is n[ n[h]e to be se5 9 progress1 yet x 0 once go+ on univ]sally4 ,&1 inde$1 x might be argu$ t ! /ill-cont9u$ exi/5ce ( diffus$ nebul\s matt] is sc>cely to be expect$2 see+ t ! causes :i* h result$ 9 ! aggregation ( "o mass1 mu/ h be5 act+ on all masses1 & t h5ce ! exi/5ce ( masses n aggregat$ w\ld be a fact call+ = explanation4 ,?us1 grant+ ! imm$iate conclusions sugge/$ by ^! rec5t disclosures ( ! six-feet reflector1 ! coroll>y :i* _m h drawn is inadmissible4 ,b we d n grant ^! conclusions4 ,receiv+ !m ?\gh we h1 = ye>s pa/1 z e/abli%$ tru?s1 a critical exam9ation ( ! facts has conv9c$ u t !y are q unw>rantable4 ,!y involve s _m manife/ incongruities1 t we h be5 a/oni%$ to f9d m5 ( sci5ce ent]ta9+ !m ev5 z probable hypo!ses4 ,let u consid] ^! incongruities4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 m>k :at is inf]able f ! di/ribution ( nebulae4 ,! spaces :i* prec$e or :i* foll[ simple nebulae1 says ,arago1 &1 a =tiori1 gr\ps ( nebulae1 conta9 g5]ally few />s4 ,h]s*el f\nd ?is rule to be inv>iable4 ,?us1 e "t t1 dur+ a %ort int]val1 no /> approa*$1 9 virtue ( ! diurnal motion1 to place itself 9 ! field ( 8 motionless telescope1 he 0 accu/om$ to say to ! secret>y :o assi/$ him1 ',prep>e to write2 nebulae are ab\t to arrive4' ,h[ does ?is fact consi/ ) ! hypo!sis t nebulae are remote galaxies8 ,if !re 7 b "o nebula1 x w\ld be a curi\s co9cid5ce 7 ?is "o nebula s plac$ 9 ! di/ant regions ( space1 z to agree 9 direction ) a />less spot 9 our own sid]eal sy/em4 ,if !re 7 b two nebulae1 & bo? 7 s plac$1 ! co9cid5ce w\ld be excessively /range4 ,:at1 !n1 %all we say on f9d+ t !re are ?\s&s ( nebulae s plac$8 ,%all we believe t 9 ?\s&s ( cases ^! f>-remov$ galaxies happ5 to agree 9 _! visible positions ) ! ?9 places 9 our own galaxy8 ,su* a belief is next to impossible4 ,/ill m manife/ does ! impossibility ( x become :5 we consid] ! g5]al di/ribution ( nebulae4 ,besides aga9 %[+ itself 9 ! fact t ! poore/ regions 9 />s are ne> ! ri*e/ 9 nebulae1 ! law above specifi$ applies to ! heav5s z a :ole4 ,9 t zone ( cele/ial space :]e />s are excessively abundant1 nebulae are r>e2 :ile 9 ! two opposite cele/ial spaces t are fur!/ remov$ f ?is zone1 nebulae are abundant4 ,sc>cely any nebulae lie ne> ! galactic circle 7or plane ( ! ,milky ,way72 & ! great mass ( !m lie r\nd ! galactic poles4 ,c ?is also be m]e co9cid5ce8 ,:5 to ! fact t ! g5]al mass ( nebulae are anti!tical 9 position to ! g5]al mass ( />s1 we add ! fact t local regions ( nebulae are regions :]e />s are sc>ce1 & ! fur!r fact t s+le nebulae are habitually f\nd 9 comp>atively />less spots2 does n ! pro( ( a physical connexion become ov]:elm+8 ,%\ld x n require an inf9ity ( evid5ce to %[ t nebulae are n p>ts ( our sid]eal sy/em8 ,let u see :e!r any su* inf9ity ( evid5ce is assignable4 ,let u see :e!r !re is ev5 a s+le alleg$ pro( :i* w be> exam9ation4 ,z se5 ?r\gh colossal telescopes1 says ,humboldt1 ! contemplation ( ^! nebul\s masses leads u into regions f :5ce a ray ( light1 accord+ to an assumption n :olly improbable1 requires millions ( ye>s to rea* our e>?--to di/ances = ^: measurem5t ! dim5sions 7! di/ance ( ,sirius1 or ! calculat$ di/ances ( ! b9>y />s 9 ,cygnus & ! ,c5taur7 ( our ne>e/ /ratum ( fix$ />s sc>cely suffice4 ,n[1 9 ?is some:at confus$ s5t5ce !re is express$ a m or less decid$ belief1 t ! di/ances ( ! nebulae f our galaxy ( />s z mu* transc5d ! di/ances ( our />s f ea* o!r1 z ^! int]/ell> di/ances transc5d ! dim5sions ( our planet>y sy/em4 ,j z ! diamet] ( ! ,e>?'s orbit1 is an inappreciable po9t :5 comp>$ ) ! di/ance ( our ,sun f ,sirius2 s is ! di/ance ( our ,sun f ,sirius1 an inappreciable po9t :5 comp>$ ) ! di/ance ( our galaxy f ^? f> remov$ galaxies con/itut+ nebulae4 ,obs]ve ! consequ5ces ( ?is assumption4 ,if "o ( ^! suppos$ galaxies is s remote t its di/ance dw>fs our int]/ell> spaces into po9ts1 & !re=e makes ! dim5sions ( our :ole sid]eal sy/em relatively insignificant2 does x n inevitably foll[ t ! telescopic p[] requir$ to resolve ?is remote galaxy into />s1 mu/ be incomp>ably great] ?an ! telescopic p[] requir$ to resolve ! :ole ( our own galaxy into />s8 ,is x n c]ta9 t an in/rum5t :i* c j exhibit ) cle>ness ! mo/ di/ant />s ( our own clu/]1 mu/ be utt]ly unable to sep>ate "o ( ^! remote clu/]s into />s8 ,:at1 !n1 are we to ?9k :5 we f9d t ! same in/rum5t :i* decomposes ho/s ( nebulae into />s1 fails to resolve completely our own ,milky ,way8 ,take a homely comp>ison4 ,suppose a man surr\nd$ by a sw>m ( bees1 ext5d+1 z !y sometimes d1 s high 9 ! air z to be individually almo/ invisible1 7 to decl>e t a c]ta9 spot on ! horizon 0 a sw>m ( bees2 & t he knew x because he c\ld see ! bees z sep>ate specks4 ,a/\nd+ z ! ass]tion w\ld be1 x w\ld n exce$ 9 incr$ibility ?is :i* we are criticis+4 ,r$uce ! dim5sions to figures1 & ! absurdity becomes /ill m palpable4 ,9 r\nd numb]s1 ! di/ance ( ,sirius f ! ,e>? is a million times ! di/ance ( ! ,e>? f ! ,sun2 &1 accord+ to ! hypo!sis1 ! di/ance ( a nebula is some?+ l a million times ! di/ance ( ,sirius4 ,n[1 our own />ry isl&1 or nebula1 z ,humboldt calls x1 =ms a l5s-%ap$1 flatt5$1 & ev]y:]e deta*$ /ratum1 ^: major axis is e/imat$ at sev5 or eight hundr$1 & its m9or axis at a hundr$ & fifty times ! di/ance ( ,sirius f ! ,e>?4,i ,& s9ce x is conclud$ t our ,sol> ,sy/em is ne> ! c5tre ( ?is aggregation1 x foll[s t our di/ance f ! remote/ p>ts ( x is ab\t f\r hundr$ di/ances ( ,sirius4 ,b ! />s =m+ ^! remote/ p>ts are n individually visible1 ev5 ?r\gh telescopes ( ! highe/ p[]4 ,h[1 !n1 c su* telescopes make individually visible ! />s ( a nebula :i* is a million times ! di/ance ( ,sirius8 ,! implication is1 t a /> r5d]$ invisible by di/ance becomes visible if tak5 two ?\s& five hundr$ times fur!r (f6 ,%all we accept ?is implication8 or %all we n r conclude t ! nebulae are n remote galaxies8 ,%all we n inf] t1 be _! nature :at x may1 !y mu/ be at lea/ z ne> to u z ! extremities ( our own sid]eal sy/em8 ,i ,cosmos4 7,sev5? ,edition47 ,vol4 i4 pp4 #gi1 #hj4 ,?r\gh\t ! above argum5t1 x is tacitly assum$ t diff]5ces ( app>5t magnitude among ! />s1 result ma9ly f diff]5ces ( di/ance4 ,on ?is assumption ! curr5t doctr9es respect+ ! nebulae are f\nd$2 & ?is assumption is1 = ! nonce1 admitt$ 9 ea* ( ! =ego+ criticisms4 ,f ! "t1 h[ev]1 :5 x 0 fir/ made by ,sir ,w4 ,h]s*el1 ?is assumption has be5 purely gratuit\s2 & x n[ proves to be totally inadmissible4 ,b1 awkw>dly en\gh1 its tru? & its untru? are alike fatal to ! conclusions ( ^? :o argue aft] ! mann] ( ,humboldt4 ,note ! alt]native4 ,on ! "o h&1 :at foll[s f ! untru? ( ! assumption8 ,if app>5t l>g5ess ( />s is n due to comp>ative ne>ness1 & _! successively small] sizes to _! great] & great] degrees ( remot5ess1 :at becomes ( ! inf]5ces respect+ ! dim5sions ( our sid]eal sy/em & ! di/ances ( nebulae8 ,if1 z has lately be5 %[n1 ! almo/ invisible /> #fa ,cygni has a great] p>allax ?an alpha ,cygni1 ?\gh1 accord+ to an e/imate bas$ on ,sir ,w4 ,h]s*el's assumption1 x %\ld be ab\t twelve times m di/ant--if1 z x turns out1 !re exi/ telescopic />s :i* are ne>] to u ?an ,sirius2 ( :at wor? is ! conclusion t ! nebulae are v remote1 because _! compon5t lum9\s masses are made visible only by high telescopic p[]s8 ,cle>ly1 if ! mo/ brilliant /> 9 ! heav5s & a /> t _c be se5 by ! nak$ eye1 prove to be equidi/ant1 relative di/ances _c be 9 ! lea/ inf]r$ f relative visibilities4 ,& if s1 nebulae may be comp>atively ne>1 ?\gh ! />lets ( :i* !y are made up appe> extremely m9ute4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :at foll[s if ! tru? ( ! assumption be grant$8 ,! argum5ts us$ to ju/ify ?is assumption 9 ! case ( ! />s1 equally ju/ify x 9 ! case ( ! nebulae4 ,x _c be cont5d$ t1 on ! av]age1 ! app>5t sizes ( ! />s indicate _! di/ances1 )\t its be+ admitt$ t1 on ! av]age1 ! app>5t sizes ( ! nebulae indicate _! di/ances--t1 g5]ally speak+1 ! l>g] are ! ne>]1 & ! small] are ! m di/ant4 ,m>k1 n[1 ! necess>y inf]5ce respect+ _! resolvability4 ,! l>ge/ or ne>e/ nebulae w be mo/ easily resolv$ into />s2 ! successively small] w be successively m difficult ( resolution2 & ! irresolvable ones w be ! smalle/ ones4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is exactly ! rev]se ( ! fact4 ,! l>ge/ nebulae are ei!r :olly irresolvable1 or b p>tially resolvable "u ! highe/ telescopic p[]s2 :ile a great proportion ( q small nebulae1 are easily resolv$ by f> less p[]ful telescopes4 ,an in/rum5t ?r\gh :i* ! great nebula 9 ,&rom$a1 two & a half degrees long & "o degree broad1 appe>s m]ely z a diffus$ light1 decomposes a nebula ( fifte5 m9utes diamet] into tw5ty ?\s& />ry po9ts4 ,at ! same "t t ! individual />s ( a nebula eight m9utes 9 diamet] are s cle>ly se5 z to all[ ( _! numb] be+ e/imat$1 a nebula cov]+ an area five hundr$ times z great %[s no />s at all4 ,:at possible explanation c be giv5 ( ?is on ! curr5t hypo!sis8 ,yet a fur!r difficulty rema9s--"o :i* is1 p]haps1 /ill m obvi\sly fatal ?an ! =ego+4 ,?is difficulty is pres5t$ by ! ph5om5a ( ! ,magellanic cl\ds4 ,describ+ ! l>g] ( ^!1 ,sir ,john ,h]s*el says3-- ,! nubecula major1 l ! m9or1 consi/s p>tly ( l>ge tracts & ill-def9$ pat*es ( irresolvable nebula1 & ( nebulosity 9 e /age ( resolution1 up to p]fectly resolv$ />s l ! ,milky ,way2 z also ( regul> & irregul> nebulae prop]ly s call$1 ( globul> clu/]s 9 e /age ( resolvability1 & ( clu/]+ gr\ps suffici5tly insulat$ & cond5s$ to come "u ! designation ( 'clu/] ( />s4'--,cape ,obs]vations1 p4 #adf4 ,9 8 ,outl9es ( ,a/ronomy1 ,sir ,john ,h]s*el1 aft] repeat+ ?is description 9 o!r words1 goes on to rem>k t-- ,?is comb9ation ( *>act]s1 rightly consid]$1 is 9 a high degree in/ructive1 af=d+ an insight into ! probable comp>ative di/ance ( />s & nebulae1 & ! real brightness ( individual />s z comp>$ ) "o ano!r4 ,tak+ ! app>5t semi-diamet] ( ! nubecula major at ?ree degrees1 & reg>d+ its solid =m z1 r\ghly speak+1 sph]ical1 its ne>e/ & mo/ remote p>ts diff] 9 _! di/ance f u by a little m ?an a t5? "p ( our di/ance f its c5tre4 ,! brightness ( objects situat$ 9 its ne>] portions1 !re=e1 _c be mu* exagg]at$1 nor t ( its remot] mu* enfeebl$1 by _! diff]5ce ( di/ance4 ,yet )9 ?is globul> space we h collect$ upw>ds ( six hundr$ />s ( ! sev5?1 eigh?1 n9?1 & t5? magnitude1 ne>ly ?ree hundr$ nebulae1 & globul> & o!r clu/]s ( all degrees ( resolvability1 & small] scatt]$ />s ( e inf]ior magnitude1 f ! t5? to su* z by _! magnitude & m9ut5ess con/itute irresolvable nebulosity1 ext5d+ ov] tracts ( _m squ>e degrees4 ,7 !re b "o su* object1 x might be ma9ta9$ )\t utt] improbability t its app>5t sph]icity is only an effect ( =e%ort5+1 & t 9 reality a mu* great] proportional diff]5ce ( di/ance betwe5 its ne>] & m remote p>ts exi/s4 ,b su* an adju/m5t1 improbable en\gh 9 "o case1 mu/ be reject$ z too mu* s = fair argum5t 9 two4 ,x mu/1 !re=e1 be tak5 z a demon/rat$ fact1 t />s ( ! sev5? or eigh? magnitude1 & irresolvable nebula1 may co-exi/ )9 limits ( di/ance n diff]+ 9 proportion m ?an z n9e to t54--,outl9es ( ,a/ronomy1 pp4 #fad1 #fae4 ,n[1 we ?9k ?is supplies a r$uctio ad absurdum ( ! doctr9e we are combat+4 ,x gives u ! *oice ( two incr$ibilities4 ,if we are to believe t "o ( ^! nebulae is s remote t its hundr$ ?\s& />s look l a milky spot1 invisible to ! nak$ eye2 we mu/ also believe t !re are s+le />s s enorm\s t ?\gh remov$ to ?is same di/ance !y rema9 visible4 ,if we accept ! o!r alt]native1 & say t _m nebulae are no fur!r (f ?an our own />s ( ! eigh? magnitude2 !n x is requisite to say t at a di/ance n great] ?an t at :i* a s+le /> is /ill fa9tly visible to ! nak$ eye1 !re may exi/ a gr\p ( a hundr$ ?\s& />s :i* is invisible to ! nak$ eye4 ,nei!r ( ^! positions c be ent]ta9$4 ,:at1 !n1 is ! conclusion t rema9s8 ,?is1 only3--t ! nebulae are n fur!r (f f u ?an p>ts ( our own sid]eal sy/em1 ( :i* !y mu/ be consid]$ memb]s2 & t :5 !y are resolvable into discrete masses1 ^! masses _c be consid]$ z />s 9 any?+ l ! ord9>y s5se ( t ^w4 ,& n[1 hav+ se5 ! unt5ability ( ?is idea1 ra%ly esp\s$ by sundry a/ronom]s1 t ! nebulae are extremely remote galaxies2 let u consid] :e!r ! v>i\s appe>ances !y pres5t are n reconcileable ) ! ,nebul> ,hypo!sis4 ,giv5 a r>e & widely-diffus$ mass ( nebul\s matt]1 hav+ a diamet]1 say z great z ! di/ance f ! ,sun to ,sirius1,j :at are ! successive *anges t w take place 9 x8 ,mutual gravitation w approximate its atoms2 b _! approximation w be oppos$ by atomic repulsion1 ! ov]com+ ( :i* implies ! evolution ( heat4 ,z fa/ z ?is heat p>tially escapes by radiation1 fur!r approximation w take place1 att5d$ by fur!r evolution ( heat1 & s on cont9u\sly3 ! processes n occurr+ sep>ately z "h describ$1 b simultane\sly1 un9t]rupt$ly1 & ) increas+ activity4 ,ev5tually1 ?is sl[ movem5t ( ! atoms t[>ds _! common c5tre ( gravity1 w br+ ab\t ph5om5a ( ano!r ord]4 ,j ,any objection made to ! extreme t5uity ?is involves1 is met by ! calculation ( ,newton1 :o prov$ t 7 a sph]ical in* ( air remov$ f\r ?\s& miles f ! ,e>?1 x w\ld exp& into a sph]e m ?an fill+ ! orbit ( ,saturn4 ,argu+ f ! kn[n laws ( atomic comb9ation1 x w happ5 t :5 ! nebul\s mass has rea*$ a p>ticul> /age ( cond5sation--:5 its int]nally-situat$ atoms h approa*$ to )9 c]ta9 di/ances1 h g5]at$ a c]ta9 am\nt ( heat1 & are subject to a c]ta9 mutual pressure 7! heat & pressure bo? increas+ z ! aggregation progresses72 "s ( !m w sudd5ly ent] into *emical union4 ,:e!r ! b9>y atoms s produc$ be ( k9ds su* z we "k1 :i* is possible2 or :e!r !y be ( k9ds simpl] ?an any we "k1 :i* is m probable2 matt]s n to ! argum5t4 ,x suffices t molecul> comb9ation ( "s species w f9ally take place4 ,:5 x does take place1 x w be accompani$ by a great & sudd5 dis5gagem5t ( heat2 & until ?is excess ( heat has escap$1 ! newly-=m$ b9>y atoms w rema9 uni=mly diffus$1 or1 z x 71 dissolv$ 9 ! pre-exi/+ nebul\s m$ium4 ,b n[ m>k :at mu/ by-&-by happ54 ,:5 radiation has adequately l[]$ ! temp]ature1 ^! b9>y atoms w precipitate2 & hav+ precipitat$1 !y w n rema9 uni=mly diffus$1 b w aggregate into flocculi3 j z wat]1 :5 precipitat$ f air1 collects into cl\ds4 ,?is a priori conclusion is confirm$ by ! obs]vation ( ^? /ill extant portions ( nebul\s matt] :i* con/itute comets2 =1 t ! lum9\s "p ( a comet is some?+ 9 ! nature ( a smoke1 fog1 or cl\d1 susp5d$ 9 a transp>5t atmosph]e1 is evid5t1 says ,sir ,john ,h]s*el4 ,conclud+1 !n1 t a nebul\s mass w1 9 c\rse ( "t1 resolve itself into flocculi ( precipitat$ d5s] matt]1 float+ 9 ! r>] m$ium f :i* !y 7 precipitat$1 let u inquire :at w be ! me*anical results4 ,we %all f9d t !y w be q diff]5t f ^? occurr+ 9 ! orig9al homog5e\s mass2 & also q diff]5t f ^? :i* w\ld occur among discrete masses disp]s$ ?r\gh empty space4 ,bodies disp]s$ ?r\gh empty space1 w\ld move 9 /raight l9es t[>ds _! common c5tre ( gravity4 ,s1 too1 w\ld bodies disp]s$ ?r\gh a resi/+ m$ium1 provid$ !y 7 sph]ical1 or ( =ms pres5t+ symmetrical faces to _! l9es ( movem5t4 ,b irregul> bodies disp]s$ ?r\gh a resi/+ m$ium1 w n move 9 /raight l9es t[>ds _! common c5tre ( gravity4 ,a mass :i* pres5ts an irregul> face to its l9e ( movem5t ?r\gh a resi/+ m$ium1 mu/ necess>ily be deflect$ f its orig9al c\rse1 by ! unequal reactions ( ! m$ium on its diff]5t sides4 ,h5ce ea* flocculus1 z by analogy we t]m "o ( ^! precipitat$ masses ( gas or vap\r1 w acquire a movem5t1 n t[>ds ! common c5tre ( gravity1 b t[>ds "o or o!r side ( x2 & ?is oblique movem5t1 accel]at$ z well z *ang$ 9 direction by ! increas+ c5tripetal =ce1 b ret>d$ by ! resi/+ m$ium1 w result 9 a spiral1 end+ 9 ! common c5tre ( gravity4 ,obs]ve1 h[ev]1 t ?is conclusion1 valid z f> z x goes1 by no means proves a common spiral movem5t ( all ! flocculi2 = z !y mu/ n only be v>i$ 9 _! =ms1 b dispos$ 9 all v>ieties ( position1 _! respective movem5ts w be deflect$1 n t[>ds "o side ( ! common c5tre ( gravity1 b t[>ds v>i\s sides4 ,h[ !n c !re result a spiral movem5t common to !m all8 ,v simply4 ,ea* flocculus1 9 describ+ its spiral c\rse1 mu/ give motion to ! r>] m$ium ?r\gh :i* x is mov+4 ,n[1 ! probabilities are inf9ity to "o aga9/ all ! respective motions ?us impress$ on ?is r>] m$ium1 exactly balanc+ ea* o!r4 ,& if !y d n balance ea* o!r1 ! inevitable result mu/ be a rotation ( ! :ole mass ( ! r>] m$ium 9 "o direction4 ,b prepond]at+ mom5tum 9 "o direction1 hav+ caus$ rotation ( ! m$ium 9 t direction1 ! rotat+ m$ium mu/ 9 its turn gradually arre/ su* flocculi z are mov+ 9 opposition1 & impress its own motion ^u !m2 & ?us !re w ultimately be =m$ a rotat+ m$ium ) susp5d$ flocculi p>tak+ ( its motion1 :ile !y move 9 conv]g+ spirals t[>ds ! common c5tre ( gravity4 ,be=e comp>+ ^! conclusions ) ! facts1 let u pursue ! reason+ a little fur!r1 & obs]ve ! subord9ate actions1 & ! endless modifications :i* w result f !m4 ,! respective flocculi mu/ n only be drawn t[>ds _! common c5tre ( gravity1 b also t[>ds neighb\r+ flocculi4 ,h5ce ! :ole assemblage ( flocculi w break up into subord9ate gr\ps3 ea* gr\p conc5trat+ t[>ds its local c5tre ( gravity1 & 9 s do+ acquir+ a vortical movem5t1 l t subsequ5tly acquir$ by ! :ole nebula4 ,n[1 accord+ to circum/ances1 & *iefly accord+ to ! size ( ! orig9al nebul\s mass1 ?is process ( local aggregation w produce v>i\s results4 ,if ! :ole nebula is b small1 ! local gr\ps ( flocculi may be drawn into ! common c5tre ( gravity be=e _! con/itu5t masses h coalesc$ ) ea* o!r4 ,9 a l>g] nebula1 ^! local aggregations may h conc5trat$ into rotat+ sph]oids ( vap\r1 :ile yet !y h made b little approa* t[>ds ! g5]al focus ( ! sy/em4 ,9 a /ill l>g] nebula1 :]e ! local aggregations are bo? great] & m remote f ! common c5tre ( gravity1 !y may h cond5s$ into masses ( molt5 matt] be=e ! g5]al di/ribution ( !m has greatly alt]$4 ,9 %ort1 z ! conditions 9 ea* case det]m9e1 ! discrete masses produc$ may v>y indef9itely 9 numb]1 9 size1 9 d5sity1 9 motion1 9 di/ribution4 ,& n[ let u return to ! visible *>act]s ( ! nebulae1 z obs]v$ ?r\gh mod]n telescopes4 ,take fir/ ! description ( ^? nebulae :i*1 by ! hypo!sis1 mu/ be 9 an e>ly /age ( evolution4 ,among ! irregul> nebulae1 says ,sir ,john ,h]s*el1 may be compreh5d$ all :i*1 to a want ( complete1 & 9 mo/ in/ances1 ev5 ( p>tial resolvability by ! p[] ( ! #bj-;feet reflector1 unite su* a deviation f ! circul> or elliptic =m1 or su* a want ( symmetry 7) t =m7 z preclude _! be+ plac$ 9 ,class #a1 or t ( regul> nebulae4 ,?is second class comprises _m ( ! mo/ rem>kable & int]e/+ objects 9 ! heav5s1 z well z ! mo/ ext5sive 9 respect ( ! area !y occupy4 ,&1 ref]r+ to ?is same ord] ( objects1 ,m4 ,arago says3--,! =ms ( v l>ge diffuse nebulae d n appe> to admit ( def9ition2 !y h no regul> outl9e4 ,n[ ?is coexi/5ce ( l>g5ess1 irresolvability1 irregul>ity1 & indef9it5ess ( outl9e1 is extremely significant4 ,! fact t ! l>ge/ nebulae are ei!r irresolvable or v difficult to resolve1 might h be5 inf]r$ a priori2 see+ t irresolvability1 imply+ t ! aggregation ( precipitat$ matt] has gone on to b a small ext5t1 w be f\nd 9 nebulae ( wide diffusion4 ,aga91 ! irregul>ity ( ^! l>ge1 irresolvable nebulae1 might also h be5 expect$2 see+ t _! outl9es1 comp>$ by ,arago to ! fanta/ic figures :i* *>act]ize cl\ds c>ri$ away & toss$ ab\t by viol5t & (t5 contr>y w9ds1 are simil>ly *>act]i/ic ( a mass n yet ga!r$ toge!r by ! mutual attraction ( its p>ts4 ,& once m1 ! fact t ^! l>ge1 irregul>1 irresolvable nebulae h indef9ite outl9es--outl9es t fade (f ins5sibly into surr\nd+ d>kness--is "o ( l mean+4 ,speak+ g5]ally 7& ( c\rse diff]5ces ( di/ance negative any?+ beyond an av]age /atem5t71 ! spiral nebulae are small] ?an ! irregul> nebulae1 & m resolvable2 at ! same "t t !y are n s small z ! regul> nebulae1 & n s resolvable4 ,?is is z1 accord+ to ! hypo!sis1 x %\ld be4 ,! degree ( cond5sation caus+ spiral movem5t1 is a degree ( cond5sation also imply+ masses ( flocculi t are l>g]1 & !re=e m visible1 ?an ^? exi/+ 9 an e>li] /age4 ,moreov]1 ! =ms ( ^! spiral nebulae are q 9 h>mony ) ! explanation giv54 ,! curves ( lum9\s matt] :i* !y exhibit1 are n su* z w\ld be describ$ by m or less discrete masses />t+ f a /ate ( re/1 & mov+ ?r\gh a resi/+ m$ium to a common c5tre ( gravity2 b !y are su* z w\ld be describ$ by masses hav+ _! movem5ts modifi$ by ! rotation ( ! m$ium4 ,9 ! c5tre ( a spiral nebula is se5 a mass bo? m lum9\s & m resolvable ?an ! re/4 ,assume t1 9 process ( "t1 all ! spiral /reaks ( lum9\s matt] :i* conv]ge to ?is c5tre are drawn into x1 z !y mu/ be2 assume fur!r1 t ! flocculi or o!r discrete bodies con/itut+ ^! lum9\s /reaks aggregate into l>g] masses at ! same "t t !y approa* ! c5tral gr\p1 & t ! masses =m+ ?is c5tral gr\p also aggregate into l>g] masses 7bo? :i* are necess>y assumptions72 & !re w f9ally result a m or less globul> gr\p ( su* l>g] masses1 :i* w be resolvable ) comp>ative ease4 ,&1 z ! coalesc5ce & conc5tration g on1 ! con/itu5t masses w gradually become few]1 l>g]1 bright]1 & m d5sely collect$ ar\nd ! common c5tre ( gravity4 ,see n[ h[ completely ?is inf]5ce agrees ) obs]vation4 ,! circul> =m is t :i* mo/ commonly *>act]izes resolvable nebulae1 writes ,arago4 ,resolvable nebulae1 says ,sir ,john ,h]s*el1 are almo/ univ]sally r\nd or oval4 ,moreov]1 ! c5tre ( ea* gr\p habitually displays a clos] clu/]+ ( ! con/itu5t masses ?an else:]e2 & x is %[n t1 "u ! law ( gravitation1 :i* we "k ext5ds to ! />s1 ?is di/ribution is n "o ( equilibrium1 b implies progress+ conc5tration4 ,:ile1 j z we inf]r$ t1 accord+ to circum/ances1 ! ext5t to :i* aggregation has be5 c>ri$ mu/ v>y2 s we f9d t1 9 fact1 !re are regul> nebulae ( all degrees ( resolvability1 f ^? consi/+ ( innum]able m9ute discrete masses1 to ^? 9 :i* !re are a few l>ge bodies wor?y to be call$ />s4 ,on ! "o h&1 !n1 we see t ! notion1 ( late ye>s uncritically receiv$1 t ! nebulae are extremely remote galaxies ( />s l ^? :i* make up our own ,milky ,way1 is totally irreconcileable ) ! facts--involves u 9 sundry absurdities4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we see t ! hypo!sis ( nebul> cond5sation h>monizes ) ! mo/ rec5t results ( /ell> a/ronomy3 nay m--t x supplies u ) an explanation ( v>i\s appe>ances :i* 9 its abs5ce w\ld be incompreh5sible4 99 99 99 99 99 ,desc5d+ n[ to ! ,sol> ,sy/em1 let u consid] fir/ a class ( ph5om5a 9 "s sort transitional--^? (f]$ by comets4 ,9 comets we h n[ exi/+ a k9d ( matt] l t out ( :i*1 accord+ to ! ,nebul> ,hypo!sis1 ! ,sol> ,sy/em 0 evolv$4 ,= ! explanation ( !m1 we mu/ h5ce g back to ! "t :5 ! sub/ances =m+ ! sun & planets 7 yet unconc5trat$4 ,:5 diffus$ matt]1 precipitat$ f a r>] m$ium1 is aggregat+1 !re are c]ta9 to be "h & !re produc$ small flocculi1 :i*1 ei!r 9 consequ5ce ( local curr5ts or ! conflict+ attractions ( adjac5t masses1 rema9 deta*$2 z d1 = in/ance1 m9ute %r$s ( cl\d 9 a summ] sky4 ,9 a conc5trat+ nebula ^! w1 9 ! great majority ( cases1 ev5tually coalesce ) ! l>g] flocculi ne> to !m4 ,b x is tol]ably evid5t t "s ( ! remote/ ( ^! small flocculi1 =m$ at ! out]mo/ p>ts ( ! nebula1 w n coalesce ) ! l>g] int]nal masses1 b w sl[ly foll[ )\t ov]tak+ !m4 ,! relatively great] resi/ance ( ! m$ium necessitates ?is4 ,z a s+le fea!r fall+ to ! gr\nd w be rapidly left beh9d by a pill[-full ( fea!rs2 s1 9 _! progress to ! common c5tre ( gravity1 w ! out]mo/ %r$s ( vap\r be left beh9d by ! great masses ( vap\r int]nally situat$4 ,b we are n dep5d5t m]ely on reason+ = ?is belief4 ,obs]vation %[s u t ! less conc5trat$ ext]nal p>ts ( nebulae1 are left beh9d by ! m conc5trat$1 int]nal p>ts4 ,exam9$ ?r\gh high p[]s1 all nebulae1 ev5 :5 !y h assum$ regul> =ms1 are se5 to be surr\nd$ by lum9\s /reaks1 ( :i* ! directions %[ t !y are be+ drawn into ! g5]al mass4 ,/ill high] p[]s br+ into view /ill small]1 fa9t]1 & m widely-disp]s$ /reaks4 ,& x _c be d\bt$ t ! m9ute fragm5ts :i* no telescopic aid makes visible1 are yet m num]\s & widely disp]s$4 ,?us f>1 !n1 inf]5ce & obs]vation are at "o4 ,grant+ t ! great majority ( ^! outly+ portions ( nebul\s matt] w be drawn into ! c5tral mass long be=e x rea*es a def9ite =m1 ! presumption is t "s ( ! v small1 f>-remov$ portions w n be s2 b t be=e !y arrive ne> x1 ! c5tral mass w h contract$ into a comp>atively mod]ate bulk4 ,:at n[ w be ! *>act]s ( ^! late-arriv+ portions8 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !y w h extremely ecc5tric orbits4 ,left beh9d at a "t :5 !y 7 mov+ t[>ds ! c5tre ( gravity 9 slightly-deflect$ l9es1 & !re=e hav+ b v small angul> velocities1 !y w approa* ! c5tral mass 9 greatly elongat$ ellipses2 & ru%+ r\nd x w g (f aga9 into space4 ,t is1 !y w behave j z we see comets d2 ^: orbits are usually s ecc5tric z to be indi/+ui%able f p>abolas4 ,9 ! second place1 !y w come f all p>ts ( ! heav5s4 ,our supposition implies t !y 7 left beh9d at a "t :5 ! nebul\s mass 0 ( irregul> %ape1 & _h n acquir$ a def9ite rot>y motion2 & z ! sep>ation ( !m w\ld n be f any "o surface ( ! nebul\s mass m ?an ano!r1 ! conclusion mu/ be t !y w come to ! c5tral body f v>i\s directions 9 space4 ,?is1 too1 is exactly :at happ5s4 ,unlike planets1 ^: orbits approximate to "o plane1 comets h orbits t %[ no relation to ea* o!r2 b cut ! plane ( ! ecliptic at all angles4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 apply+ ! reason+ already us$1 ^! remote/ flocculi ( nebul\s matt] w1 at ! outset1 be deflect$ f _! /raight c\rses to ! common c5tre ( gravity1 n all on "o side1 b ea* on su* side z its =m det]m9es4 ,& be+ left beh9d be=e ! rotation ( ! nebula is set up1 !y w sev]ally reta9 _! diff]5t individual motions4 ,h5ce1 foll[+ ! conc5trat+ mass1 !y w ev5tually g r\nd x on all sides2 & z (t5 f "r to left z f left to "r4 ,"h aga9 ! inf]5ce p]fectly corresponds ) ! facts4 ,:ile all ! planets g r\nd ! sun f we/ to ea/1 comets z (t5 g r\nd ! sun f ea/ to we/ z f we/ to ea/4 ,out ( #baj comets kn[n 9 #ahee1 #ajd are direct1 & #ajf are retrograde4 ,?is equality is :at ! law ( probabilities w\ld indicate4 ,!n1 9 ! f\r? place1 ! physical con/itution ( comets completely accords ) ! hypo!sis4 ,! ability ( nebul\s matt] to conc5trate into a concrete =m1 dep5ds on its mass4 ,to br+ its ultimate atoms into t proximity requisite = *emical union--requisite1 t is1 = ! production ( d5s] matt]--_! repulsion mu/ be ov]come4 ,! only =ce antagoni/ic to _! repulsion1 is _! mutual gravitation4 ,t _! mutual gravitation may g5]ate a pressure & temp]ature ( suffici5t int5sity1 !re mu/ be an enorm\s accumulation ( !m2 & ev5 !n ! approximation c sl[ly g on only z fa/ z ! evolv$ heat escapes4 ,b :]e ! quantity ( atoms is small1 & !re=e ! =ce ( mutual gravitation small1 !re w be no?+ to co]ce ! atoms into union4 ,:5ce we inf] t ^! deta*$ fragm5ts ( nebul\s matt] w cont9ue 9 _! orig9al /ate4 ,we f9d t !y d s4 ,comets consi/ ( an extremely r>e m$ium1 :i*1 z %[n by ! description already quot$ f ,sir ,john ,h]s*el1 has *>act]s l ^? we conclud$ w\ld belong to p>tially-cond5s$ nebul\s matt]4 ,yet ano!r v significant fact is se5 9 ! di/ribution ( comets4 ,?\gh !y come f all p>ts ( ! heav5s1 !y by no means come 9 equal abundance f all p>ts ( ! heav5s2 b are f> m num]\s ab\t ! poles ( ! ecliptic ?an ab\t its plane4 ,speak+ g5]ally1 comets hav+ orbit-planes t are highly incl9$ to ! ecliptic1 are comets hav+ orbits ( :i* ! major axes are highly incl9$ to ! ecliptic--comets t come f high latitudes4 ,?is is n a necess>y connexion2 = ! planes ( ! orbits might be highly incl9$ to ! ecliptic :ile ! major axes 7 incl9$ to x v little4 ,b 9 ! abs5ce ( any habitually-obs]v$ relation ( ?is k9d1 x may safely be conclud$ t1 on ! av]age1 highly-incl9$ comet>y orbits are comet>y orbits ) highly-incl9$ major axes2 & t ?us1 a pr$om9ance ( comet>y orbits cutt+ ! plane ( ! ecliptic at great angles1 implies a pr$om9ance ( comet>y orbits hav+ major axes t cut ! ecliptic at great angles4 ,n[ ! pr$om9ance ( highly incl9$ comet>y orbits1 may be ga!r$ f ! foll[+ table1 compil$ by ,m4 ,arago1 to :i* we h add$ a column giv+ ! results up to a date two ye>s lat]4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,incl9ations4 ,numb] ( ,comets ,numb] ( ,comets ,numb] ( ,comets 9 #ahca4 9 #ahec4 9 #ahee4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,deg4 to ,deg4 ,f #j to #aj #i #ai #ai #aj #bj #ac #ah #ai #bj #cj #aj #ac #ad #cj #dj #ag #bb #bb #dj #ej #ad #ce #cf #ej #fj #bc #bg #bi #fj #gj #ag #bc #be #gj #hj #ai #bf #bg #hj #ij #ae #ah #ai ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,total #acg #bja #baj ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,at fir/ sight ?is table seems n to w>rant our /atem5t4 ,assum+ ! alleg$ g5]al relation betwe5 ! incl9ations ( comet>y orbits1 & ! directions 9 space f :i* ! comets come1 ! table may be ?\ght to %[ t ! frequ5cy ( comets increases z we progress f ! plane ( ! ecliptic up to #de deg41 & !n decreases up to #ij deg4 ,b ?is app>5t dim9ution arises f ! fact t ! successive zones ( space rapidly dim9i% 9 _! areas on approa*+ ! poles4 ,if we all[ = ?is1 we %all f9d t ! excess ( comets cont9ues to increase up to ! highe/ angles ( incl9ation4 ,9 ! table bel[1 :i*1 = conv5i5ce1 is arrang$ 9 inv]t$ ord]1 we h tak5 z /&>ds ( comp>ison ! area ( ! zone r\nd ! pole1 & ! numb] ( comets x conta9s2 & hav+ asc]ta9$ ! areas ( ! o!r zones1 & ! numb]s ( comets !y %\ld conta9 7 comets equally di/ribut$1 we h %[n h[ great becomes ! defici5cy 9 desc5d+ f ! poles ( ! ecliptic to its plane4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,numb] ( ,actual ,relative ,betwe5 ,area ( ,comets1 if ,numb] ( ,defici5cy4,abundance4 ,zone4 equally ,comets4 di/ribut$4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,deg4 ,deg4 #ij & #hj #a #ai #ai #j #aa4e #hj #gj #b4ih #ef4f #bg #bi4f #e4e #gj #fj #d4he #ib #be #fg #c4ab #fj #ej #f4f #abe #bi #if #b4ff #ej #dj #h4ac #aed #cf #aah #b4fh #dj #cj #i4db #agi #bb #aeg #a4d #cj #bj #aj4db #aih #ad #ahd #j4h #bj #aj #aa4a #baj #ai #aia #a4jd #aj #j #aa4e #bah #ai #aii #a ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,9 /rictness1 ! calculation %\ld be made ) ref]5ce1 n to ! plane ( ! ecliptic1 b to ! plane ( ! sun's equator2 & ?is might or might n r5d] ! progression m regul>4 ,probably1 too1 ! progression w\ld be made some:at diff]5t 7 ! calculation bas$1 z x %\ld be1 n on ! incl9ations ( orbit-planes1 b on ! incl9ations ( major axes4 ,b ev5 z x is1 ! result is suffici5tly significant3 s9ce1 ?\gh ! conclusion t comets are #aa4e times m abundant ab\t ! poles ( ! ecliptic ?an ab\t its plane1 c be b a r\gh approximation to ! tru?1 yet no correction ( x is likely v mu* to *ange ?is /rong contra/4 ,:at1 !n1 is ! mean+ ( ?is fact8 ,x has sev]al mean+s4 ,x negatives ! supposition1 fav\r$ by ,laplace among o!rs1 t comets are bodies t 7 w&]+ 9 space1 or h come f o!r sy/ems2 = ! probabilities are inf9ity to "o aga9/ ! orbits ( su* w&]+ bodies %[+ any def9ite relation to ! plane ( ! ,sol> ,sy/em4 ,= ! l reason1 x negatives ! hypo!sis ( ,lagrange1 o!rwise objectionable1 t comets h result$ f planet>y cata/rophes analog\s to t :i* is suppos$ to h produc$ ! a/]oids4 ,x cle>ly %[s t1 in/ead ( comets be+ accid5tal memb]s ( ! ,sol> ,sy/em1 !y are necess>y memb]s ( x--h z di/9ct a /ructural relation to x z ! planets !mselves4 ,t comets are abundant r\nd ! axis ( ! ,sol> ,sy/em1 & gr[ r>] z we approa* its plane1 implies t ! g5esis ( comets has foll[$ "s law--a law 9 "s way conc]n$ ) ! g5esis ( ! ,sol> ,sy/em4 ,if we ask = any s-call$ f9al cause ( ?is arrangem5t1 none c be assign$3 until a probable use = comets has be5 %[n1 no reason c be giv5 :y !y %\ld be ?us di/ribut$4 ,b :5 we consid] ! "q z "o ( physical sci5ce1 we see t comets are anti!tical to planets1 n only 9 _! great r>ity1 9 _! motions z indiff]5tly direct or retrograde1 9 _! ecc5tric orbits1 & 9 ! v>i$ directions ( ^? orbits2 b we see ! anti!sis fur!r m>k$ 9 ?is1 t :ile planets h "s relation to ! plane ( nebul> rotation1 comets h "s relation to ! axis ( nebul> rotation4,k ,& )\t attempt+ to expla9 ! nature ( ?is relation1 ! m]e fact t su* a relation exi/s1 indicates t comets h result$ f a process ( evolution--po9ts to a pa/ "t :5 ! matt] n[ =m+ ! ,sol> ,sy/em ext5d$ to ^? di/ant regions ( space :i* comets visit4 ,k ,x is alike rem>kable & sugge/ive1 t a p>allel relation exi/s betwe5 ! di/ribution ( nebulae & ! axis ( our galaxy4 ,j z comets are abundant ar\nd ! poles ( our ,sol> ,sy/em1 & r>e 9 ! neighb\rhood ( its plane3 s are nebulae abundant ar\nd ! poles ( our sid]eal sy/em1 & r>e 9 ! neighb\rhood ( its plane4 ,see1 !n1 h[ diff]5tly ?is class ( ph5om5a be>s on ! antagoni/ic hypo!ses4 ,to ! hypo!sis commonly receiv$1 comets are /umbl+-blocks3 :y !re %\ld be hundr$s 7or probably ?\s&s7 ( extremely r>e a]i=m masses ru%+ to & fro r\nd ! sun1 x _c say2 any m ?an x c expla9 _! physical con/itutions1 _! v>i\s & ecc5tric movem5ts1 or _! di/ribution4 ,! hypo!sis ( evolution1 on ! o!r h&1 n only all[s ( ! g5]al answ]1 t !y are m9or results ( ! g5etic process2 b also furni%es u ) some?+ l explanations ( _! sev]al peculi>ities4 99 99 99 99 99 ,& n[1 leav+ ^! erratic bodies1 let u turn to ! m famili> & important memb]s ( ! ,sol> ,sy/em4 ,x 0 ! rem>kable h>mony subsi/+ among _! movem5ts1 :i* fir/ made ,laplace conceive t ! sun1 planets1 & satellites _h result$ f a common g5etic process4 ,z ,sir ,william ,h]s*el1 by 8 obs]vations on ! nebulae1 0 l$ to ! conclusion t />s result$ f ! aggregation ( diffus$ matt]2 s ,laplace1 by 8 obs]vations on ! /ructure ( ! ,sol> ,sy/em1 0 l$ to ! conclusion t only by ! rotation ( aggregat+ matt] 7 its peculi>ities to be expla9$4 ,9 8 ,exposition du ,sy/eme du ,monde1 he enum]ates z ! lead+ evid5ces ( evolution3--#a4 ,! movem5ts ( ! planets 9 ! same direction & almo/ 9 ! same plane2 #b4 ,! movem5ts ( ! satellites 9 ! same direction z ^? ( ! planets2 #c4 ,! movem5t ( rotation ( ^! v>i\s bodies & ( ! sun 9 ! same direction z ! orbitual motions1 & 9 planes little diff]5t2 #d4 ,! small ecc5tricity ( ! orbits ( ! planets & satellites1 z contra/$ ) ! great ecc5tricity ( ! comet>y orbits4 ,& ! probability t ^! h>moni\s movem5ts _h a common cause1 he calculates z two hundr$ ?\s& billions to "o4 ,obs]ve t ?is imm5se prepond]ance ( probability does n po9t to a common cause "u ! =m ord9>ily conceiv$--an ,invisible ,p[] work+ aft] ! me?od ( a ,great ,artific]2 b to an ,invisible ,p[] work+ aft] ! me?od ( evolution4 ,= ?\gh ! support]s ( ! common hypo!sis may argue t x 0 necess>y = ! sake ( /ability t ! planets %\ld g r\nd ! sun 9 ! same direction & ne>ly 9 "o plane1 !y _c ?us acc\nt = ! direction ( ! axial motions4 ,! me*anical equilibrium w\ld n h be5 at all int]f]$ )1 _h ! sun be5 )\t any rotatory movem5t2 or _h he revolv$ on 8 axis 9 a direction opposite to t 9 :i* ! planets g r\nd him2 or 9 a direction at "r angles to ! plane ( _! orbits4 ,) equal safety ! motion ( ! ,moon r\nd ! ,e>? might h be5 ! rev]se ( ! ,e>?'s motion r\nd its axis2 or ! motion ( ,jupit]'s satellites might simil>ly h be5 at v>iance ) 8 axial motion2 or t ( ,saturn's satellites ) 84 ,z1 h[ev]1 none ( ^! alt]natives h be5 foll[$1 ! uni=mity mu/ be consid]$1 9 ?is case z 9 all o!rs1 evid5ce ( subord9ation to "s g5]al law--implies :at we call natural causation1 z di/+ui%$ f arbitr>y arrangem5t4 ,h5ce ! hypo!sis ( evolution w\ld be ! only probable "o1 ev5 9 ! abs5ce ( any clue to ! p>ticul> mode ( evolution4 ,b :5 we h1 prop\nd$ by a ma!matician ^: au?ority is second to none1 a def9ite !ory ( ?is evolution bas$ on e/abli%$ me*anical laws1 :i* acc\nts = ^! v>i\s peculi>ities1 z well z = _m m9or ones1 ! conclusion t ! ,sol> ,sy/em 0 evolv$ becomes almo/ irresi/ible4 ,! g5]al nature ( ,laplace's !ory sc>cely ne$s /at+4 ,books ( popul> a/ronomy h famili>iz$ mo/ read]s ) 8 conceptions2--namely1 t ! matt] n[ cond5s$ into ! ,sol> ,sy/em1 once =m$ a va/ rotat+ sph]oid ( extreme r>ity ext5d+ beyond ! orbit ( ,neptune2 t z ?is sph]oid contract$1 its rate ( rotation necess>ily increas$2 t by augm5t+ c5trifugal =ce its equatorial zone 0 f "t to "t prev5t$ f foll[+ any fur!r ! conc5trat+ mass1 & s rema9$ beh9d z a revolv+ r+2 t ea* ( ! revolv+ r+s ?us p]iodically deta*$1 ev5tually became ruptur$ at its weake/ po9t1 & contract+ on itself1 gradually aggregat$ into a rotat+ mass2 t ?is1 l ! p>5t mass1 increas$ 9 rapidity ( rotation z x decreas$ 9 size1 &1 :]e ! c5trifugal =ce 0 suffici5t1 simil>ly ?rew (f r+s1 :i* f9ally collaps$ into rotat+ sph]oids2 & t ?us out ( ^! prim>y & second>y r+s !re arose planets & _! satellites1 :ile f ! c5tral mass !re result$ ! sun4 ,moreov]1 x is tol]ably well kn[n t ?is a priori reason+ h>monizes ) ! results ( exp]im5t4 ,dr4 ,plateau has %[n t :5 a mass ( fluid is1 z f> may be1 protect$ f ! action ( ext]nal =ces1 x w1 if made to rotate ) adequate velocity1 =m deta*$ r+s2 & t ^! r+s w break up into sph]oids :i* turn on _! axes 9 ! same direction ) ! c5tral mass4 ,?us1 giv5 ! orig9al nebula1 :i*1 acquir+ a vortical motion 9 ! way we h expla9$1 has at l5g? conc5trat$ into a va/ sph]oid ( a]i=m matt] mov+ r\nd its axis--giv5 ?is1 & me*anical pr9ciples expla9 ! re/4 ,! g5esis ( a sol> sy/em display+ movem5ts l ^? obs]v$1 may be pr$ict$2 & ! reason+ on :i* ! pr$iction is bas$ is c\nt5anc$ by exp]im5t4,l ,l ,x is true t1 z express$ by him1 ^! propositions ( ,laplace are n all beyond dispute4 ,an a/ronom] ( ! highe/ au?ority1 :o has fav\r$ me ) "s criticisms on ?is essay1 alleges t in/ead ( a nebul\s r+ ruptur+ at "o po9t1 & collaps+ into a s+le mass1 all probability w\ld be 9 fav\r ( its break+ up into _m masses4 ,?is alt]native result c]ta9ly seems to be m likely4 ,b grant+ t a nebul\s r+ w\ld break up into _m masses1 x may /ill be cont5d$ t1 s9ce ! *ances are inf9ity to "o aga9/ ^! be+ ( equal sizes & equidi/ant1 !y c\ld n rema9 ev5ly di/ribut$ r\nd _! orbit3 ?is annul> *a9 ( gase\s masses w\ld break up into gr\ps ( masses2 ^! gr\ps w\ld ev5tually aggregate into l>g] gr\ps2 & ! f9al result w\ld be ! =mation ( a s+le mass4 ,i h put ! "q to an a/ronom] sc>cely second 9 au?ority to ! "o above ref]r$ to1 & he agrees t ?is w\ld probably be ! process4 ,b n[ let u inquire :e!r1 besides ^! mo/ conspicu\s peculi>ities ( ! ,sol> ,sy/em1 sundry m9or ones are n simil>ly explicable4 ,take fir/ ! relation betwe5 ! planes ( ! planet>y orbits & ! plane ( ! sun's equator4 ,if1 :5 ! nebul\s sph]oid ext5d$ beyond ! orbit ( ,neptune1 all p>ts ( x _h be5 revolv+ exactly 9 ! same plane or r 9 p>allel planes--if all its p>ts _h _h "o axis2 !n ! planes ( ! successive r+s w\ld h be5 co9cid5t ) ea* o!r & ) t ( ! sun's rotation4 ,b x ne$s only to g back to ! e>li] /ages ( conc5tration1 to see t !re c\ld exi/ no su* complete uni=mity ( motion4 ,! flocculi1 already describ$ z precipitat$ f an irregul> & widely-diffus$ nebula1 & z />t+ f all po9ts to _! common c5tre ( gravity1 mu/ move n 9 "o plane b 9 innum]able planes1 cutt+ ea* o!r at all angles4 ,! gradual e/abli%m5t ( a vortical motion su* z we saw mu/ ev5tually arise1 & su* z we at pres5t see indicat$ 9 ! spiral nebulae1 is ! gradual approa* t[>d motion 9 "o plane--! plane ( greate/ mom5tum4 ,b ?is plane c only sl[ly become decid$4 ,flocculi n mov+ 9 ?is plane1 b ent]+ into ! aggregation at v>i\s incl9ations1 w t5d to p]=m _! revolutions r\nd its c5tre 9 _! own planes2 & only 9 c\rse ( "t w _! motions be p>tly de/roy$ by conflict+ ones1 & p>tly resolv$ into ! g5]al motion4 ,especially w ! out]mo/ portions ( ! rotat+ mass reta9 = long "t _! m or less indep5d5t directions2 see+ t nei!r by friction nor by ! c5tral =ces w !y be s mu* re/ra9$4 ,h5ce ! probabilities are1 t ! planes ( ! r+s fir/ deta*$ w diff] consid]ably f ! av]age plane ( ! mass2 :ile ! planes ( ^? deta*$ late/ w diff] f x less4 ,"h1 aga91 inf]5ce to a consid]able ext5t agrees ) obs]vation4 ,?\gh ! progression is irregul>1 yet on ! av]age ! incl9ations decrease on approa*+ ! sun4 ,consid] next ! movem5ts ( ! planets on _! axes4 ,laplace alleg$ z "o among o!r evid5ces ( a common g5etic cause1 t ! planets rotate 9 a direction ! same z t 9 :i* !y g r\nd ! sun1 & on axes approximately p]p5dicul> to _! orbits4 ,s9ce he wrote1 an exception to ?is g5]al rule has be5 discov]$ 9 ! case ( ,uranus1 & ano!r /ill m rec5tly 9 ! case ( ,neptune--judg+1 at lea/1 f ! motions ( _! respective satellites4 ,?is anomaly has be5 ?\ght to ?r[ consid]able d\bt on 8 speculation2 & at fir/ sight x does s4 ,b a little reflection w1 we believe1 %[ t ! anomaly is by no means an insoluble "o2 & t ,laplace simply w5t too f> 9 putt+ d[n z a c]ta9 result ( nebul> g5esis1 :at is1 9 "s in/ances1 only a probable result4 ,! cause he po9t$ out z det]m9+ ! direction ( rotation1 is ! great] absolute velocity ( ! out] "p ( ! deta*$ r+4 ,b !re are conditions "u :i* ?is diff]5ce ( velocity may be relatively insignificant1 ev5 if x exi/s3 & o!rs 9 :i*1 ?\gh exi/+ to a consid]able ext5t1 x w n suffice to det]m9e ! direction ( rotation4 ,note1 9 ! fir/ place1 t 9 virtue ( _! orig91 ! diff]5t /rata ( a conc5trat+ nebul\s sph]oid1 w be v unlikely to move ) equal angul> velocities3 only by friction cont9u$ = an indef9ite "t w _! angul> velocities be made uni=m2 & especially w ! out]mo/ /rata1 = reasons j n[ assign$1 ma9ta9 = ! longe/ "t _! diff]5ces ( movem5t4 ,h5ce1 x is possible t 9 ! r+s fir/ deta*$ ! out] rims may n h great] absolute velocities2 & ?us ! result+ planets may h retrograde rotations4 ,aga91 ! sectional =m ( ! r+ is a circum/ance ( mom5t2 & ?is =m mu/ h diff]$ m or less 9 e case4 ,to make ?is cle>1 "s illu/ration w be necess>y4 ,suppose we take an orange1 & assum+ ! m>ks ( ! /alk & ! calyx to repres5t ! poles1 cut (f r\nd ! l9e ( ! equator a /rip ( peel4 ,?is /rip ( peel1 if plac$ on ! table ) its ends meet+1 w make a r+ %ap$ l ! hoop ( a b>rel--a r+ ^: ?ickness 9 ! l9e ( its diamet] is v small1 b ^: wid? 9 a direction p]p5dicul> to its diamet] is consid]able4 ,suppose1 n[1 t 9 place ( an orange1 :i* is a sph]oid ( v slight oblat5ess1 we take a sph]oid ( v great oblat5ess1 %ap$ some:at l a l5s ( small convexity4 ,if f ! edge or equator ( ?is l5s-%ap$ sph]oid1 a r+ ( mod]ate size 7 cut (f1 x w\ld be unlike ! previ\s r+ 9 ?is respect1 t its greate/ ?ickness w\ld be 9 ! l9e ( its diamet]1 & n 9 a l9e at "r angles to its diamet]3 x w\ld be a r+ %ap$ some:at l a quoit1 only f> m sl5d]4 ,t is to say1 accord+ to ! oblat5ess ( a rotat+ sph]oid1 ! deta*$ r+ may be ei!r a hoop-%ap$ r+ or a quoit-%ap$ r+4 ,"o fur!r fact mu/ be not$4 ,9 a mu*-flatt5$ or l5s-%ap$ sph]oid1 ! =m ( ! r+ w v>y ) its bulk4 ,a v sl5d] r+1 tak+ (f j ! equatorial surface1 w be hoop-%ap$2 :ile a tol]ably massive r+1 tr5*+ appreciably on ! diamet] ( ! sph]oid1 w be quoit-%ap$4 ,?us1 !n1 accord+ to ! oblat5ess ( ! sph]oid & ! bulk9ess ( ! deta*$ r+1 w ! greate/ ?ickness ( t r+ be 9 ! direction ( its plane1 or 9 a direction p]p5dicul> to its plane4 ,b ?is circum/ance mu/ greatly affect ! rotation ( ! result+ planet4 ,9 a decid$ly hoop-%ap$ nebul\s r+1 ! diff]5ces ( velocity betwe5 ! inn] & out] surfaces w be v small2 & su* a r+1 aggregat+ into a mass ^: greate/ diamet] is at "r angles to ! plane ( ! orbit1 w almo/ c]ta9ly give to ?is mass a pr$om9ant t5d5cy to rotate 9 a direction at "r angles to ! plane ( ! orbit4 ,:]e ! r+ is b little hoop-%ap$1 & ! diff]5ce ( ! inn] & out] velocities also great]1 z x mu/ be1 ! oppos+ t5d5cies--"o to produce rotation 9 ! plane ( ! orbit1 & ! o!r rotation p]p5dicul> to x--w bo? be influ5tial2 & an int]m$iate plane ( rotation w be tak5 up4 ,:ile1 if ! nebul\s r+ is decid$ly quoit-%ap$1 & !re=e aggregates into a mass ^: greate/ dim5sion lies 9 ! plane ( ! orbit1 bo? t5d5cies w conspire to produce rotation 9 t plane4 ,on ref]r+ to ! facts1 we f9d !m1 z f> z c be judg$1 9 h>mony ) ?is view4 ,consid]+ ! enorm\s circumf]5ce ( ,uranus's orbit1 & 8 comp>atively small mass1 we may conclude t ! r+ f :i* he result$ 0 a comp>atively sl5d]1 & !re=e a hoop-%ap$ "o3 especially if ! nebul\s mass 0 at t "t less oblate ?an aft]w>ds1 :i* x mu/ h be54 ,h5ce1 a plane ( rotation ne>ly p]p5dicul> to 8 orbit1 & a direction ( rotation hav+ no ref]5ce to 8 orbitual movem5t4 ,saturn has a mass sev5 times z great1 & an orbit ( less ?an half ! diamet]2 :5ce x foll[s t 8 g5etic r+1 hav+ less ?an half ! circumf]5ce1 & less ?an half ! v]tical ?ickness 7! sph]oid be+ !n c]ta9ly z oblate1 & inde$ m oblate71 mu/ h _h consid]ably great] wid?--mu/ h be5 less hoop-%ap$1 & m approa*+ to ! quoit-%ap$3 not)/&+ diff]5ce ( d5sity1 x mu/ h be5 at lea/ two or ?ree times z broad 9 ! l9e ( its plane4 ,consequ5tly1 ,saturn has a rotatory movem5t 9 ! same direction z ! movem5t ( translation1 & 9 a plane diff]+ f x by ?irty degrees only4 ,9 ! case ( ,jupit]1 aga91 ^: mass is ?ree & a half times t ( ,saturn1 & ^: orbit is little m ?an half ! size1 ! g5etic r+ mu/1 = ! l reasons1 h be5 /ill broad]--decid$ly quoit-%ap$1 we may say2 & !re h5ce result$ a planet ^: plane ( rotation diff]s f t ( 8 orbit by sc>cely m ?an ?ree degrees4 ,once m1 consid]+ ! comp>ative insignificance ( ,m>s1 ,e>?1 ,v5us1 & ,m]cury1 x foll[s t ! dim9i%+ circumf]5ces ( ! r+s n suffic+ to acc\nt = ! smallness ( ! result+ masses1 ! r+s mu/ h be5 sl5d] ones--mu/ h aga9 approximat$ to ! hoop-%ap$2 & ?us x happ5s t ! planes ( rotation aga9 div]ge m or less widely f ^? ( ! orbits4 ,tak+ into acc\nt ! increas+ oblat5ess ( ! orig9al sph]oid 9 ! successive /ages ( its conc5tration1 & ! diff]5t proportions ( ! deta*$ r+s1 x seems to u t ! respective rotatory motions are n at v>iance ) ! hypo!sis4 ,n only ! directions1 b also ! velocities ( rotation are ?us explicable4 ,x might naturally be suppos$ t ! l>ge planets w\ld revolve on _! axes m sl[ly ?an ! small ones3 our t]re/rial exp]i5ces incl9e u to expect ?is4 ,x is a coroll>y f ! ,nebul> ,hypo!sis1 h[ev]1 m especially :5 int]pret$ z above1 t :ile l>ge planets w rotate rapidly1 small ones w rotate sl[ly2 & we f9d t 9 fact !y d s4 ,o!r ?+s equal1 a conc5trat+ nebul\s mass t is diffus$ ?r\gh a wide space1 & ^: out] p>ts h1 !re=e1 to travel f great di/ances to ! common c5tre ( gravity1 w acquire a high axial velocity 9 c\rse ( its aggregation3 & conv]sely ) a small mass4 ,/ill m m>k$ w be ! diff]5ce :]e ! =m ( ! g5etic r+ conspires to increase ! rate ( rotation4 ,o!r ?+s equal1 a g5etic r+ t is broade/ 9 ! direction ( its plane w produce a mass rotat+ fa/] ?an "o t is broade/ at "r angles to its plane2 & if ! r+ is absolutely z well z relatively broad1 ! rotation w be v rapid4 ,^! conditions 71 z we saw1 fulfill$ 9 ! case ( ,jupit]2 & ,jupit] goes r\nd 8 axis 9 less ?an t5 h\rs4 ,saturn1 9 ^: case1 z above expla9$1 ! conditions 7 less fav\rable to rapid rotation1 takes t5 h\rs & a half4 ,:ile ,m>s1 ,e>?1 ,v5us1 & ,m]cury1 ^: r+s mu/ h be5 sl5d]1 take m ?an d\ble ! "t3 ! smalle/ tak+ ! longe/4 ,f ! planets1 let u n[ pass to ! satellites4 ,"h1 beyond ! conspicu\s facts commonly adv]t$ to1 t !y g r\nd _! prim>ies 9 ! same directions t ^! turn on _! axes1 9 planes div]g+ b little f _! equators1 & 9 orbits ne>ly circul>1 !re are sev]al significant traits :i* mu/ n be pass$ ov]4 ,"o ( !m is1 t ea* set ( satellites repeats 9 m9iature ! relations ( ! planets to ! sun1 bo? 9 ! respects j nam$1 & 9 ! ord] ( ! sizes4 ,on progress+ f ! outside ( ! ,sol> ,sy/em to its c5tre1 we see t !re are f\r l>ge ext]nal planets1 & f\r int]nal ones :i* are comp>atively small4 ,a l contra/ holds betwe5 ! out] & inn] satellites 9 e case4 ,among ! f\r satellites ( ,jupit]1 ! p>allel is ma9ta9$ z well z ! comp>ative smallness ( ! numb] all[s3 ! two out] ones are ! l>ge/1 & ! two inn] ones ! smalle/4 ,accord+ to ! mo/ rec5t obs]vations made by ,mr4 ,lassell1 ! l is true ( ! f\r satellites ( ,uranus4 ,9 ! case ( ,saturn1 :o has eight second>y planets revolv+ r\nd him1 ! lik5ess is /ill m close 9 arrangem5t z 9 numb]3 ! ?ree out] satellites are l>ge1 ! inn] ones small2 & ! contra/s ( size are "h mu* great] betwe5 ! l>ge/1 :i* is ne>ly z big z ,m>s1 & ! smalle/1 :i* is ) difficulty discov]$ ev5 by ! be/ telescopes4 ,moreov]1 ! analogy does n end "h4 ,j z ) ! planets1 !re is at fir/ a g5]al increase ( size on travell+ inw>ds f ,neptune & ,uranus1 :i* d n diff] v widely1 to ,saturn1 :i* is mu* l>g]1 & to ,jupit]1 :i* is ! l>ge/2 s ( ! eight satellites ( ,saturn1 ! l>ge/ is n ! out]mo/1 b ! out]mo/ save two2 s ( ,jupit]'s f\r second>ies1 ! l>ge/ is ! mo/ remote b "o4 ,n[ ^! analogies are inexplicable by ! !ory ( f9al causes4 ,= purposes ( light+1 if ?is be ! presum$ object ( ^! att5dant bodies1 x w\ld h be5 f> bett] _h ! l>g] be5 ! ne>]3 at pres5t1 _! remot5ess r5d]s !m ( less s]vice ?an ! smalle/4 ,to ! ,nebul> ,hypo!sis1 h[ev]1 ^! analogies give fur!r support4 ,!y %[ ! action ( a common physical cause4 ,!y imply a law ( g5esis1 hold+ 9 ! second>y sy/ems z 9 ! prim>y sy/em4 ,/ill m in/ructive %all we f9d ! di/ribution ( ! satellites--_! abs5ce 9 "s in/ances1 & _! pres5ce 9 o!r in/ances1 9 small] or great] numb]s4 ,! argum5t f design fails to acc\nt = ?is di/ribution4 ,suppos+ x be grant$ t planets ne>] ! ,sun ?an ourselves1 h no ne$ ( moons 7?\gh1 consid]+ t _! nights are z d>k1 &1 relatively to _! brilliant days1 ev5 d>k] ?an ours1 ! ne$ seems q z great7--suppos+ ?is to be grant$2 :at is to be said ( ,m>s1 :i*1 plac$ half z f> aga9 f ! ,sun z we are1 has yet no moon8 ,or aga91 h[ are we to expla9 ! fact t ,uranus has b half z _m moons z ,saturn1 ?\gh he is at d\ble ! di/ance8 ,:ile1 h[ev]1 ! curr5t presumption is unt5able1 ! ,nebul> ,hypo!sis furni%es u ) an explanation4 ,x actually enables u to pr$ict1 by a n v complex calculation1 :]e satellites w be abundant & :]e !y w be abs5t4 ,! reason+ is z foll[s4 ,9 a rotat+ nebul\s sph]oid t is conc5trat+ into a planet1 !re are at "w two antagoni/ me*anical t5d5cies--! c5tripetal & ! c5trifugal4 ,:ile ! =ce ( gravitation draws all ! atoms ( ! sph]oid toge!r1 _! tang5tial mom5tum is resolvable into two p>ts1 ( :i* "o resi/s gravitation4 ,! ratio :i* ?is c5trifugal =ce be>s to gravitation1 v>ies1 o!r ?+s equal1 z ! squ>e ( ! velocity4 ,h5ce1 ! aggregation ( a rotat+ nebul\s sph]oid w be m or less /rongly oppos$ by ?is outw>d impetus ( its p>ticles1 accord+ z its rate ( rotation is high or l[3 ! opposition1 9 equal sph]oids1 be+ f\r times z great :5 ! rotation is twice z rapid2 n9e times z great :5 x is ?ree times z rapid2 & s on4 ,n[1 ! deta*m5t ( a r+ f a planet-=m+ body ( nebul\s matt]1 implies t at its equatorial zone ! c5trifugal =ce produc$ by conc5tration has become s great z to balance gravity4 ,:5ce x is tol]ably obvi\s t ! deta*m5t ( r+s w be mo/ frequ5t f ^? masses 9 :i* ! c5trifugal t5d5cy be>s ! greate/ ratio to ! gravitative t5d5cy4 ,?\gh x is n possible to calculate :at proportions ^! two t5d5cies _h to ea* o!r 9 ! g5etic sph]oid :i* produc$ ea* planet2 x is possible to calculate :]e ea* 0 ! greate/ & :]e ! lea/4 ,:ile x is true t ! ratio :i* c5trifugal =ce n[ be>s to gravity at ! equator ( ea* planet1 diff]s widely f t :i* x bore dur+ ! e>li] /ages ( conc5tration2 & :ile x is true t ?is *ange 9 ! ratio1 dep5d+ on ! degree ( contraction ea* planet has und]gone1 has 9 no two cases be5 ! same2 yet we may fairly conclude t :]e ! ratio is /ill ! greate/1 x has be5 ! greate/ f ! beg9n+4 ,! satellite-=m+ t5d5cy :i* ea* planet _h1 w be approximately indicat$ by ! proportion n[ exi/+ 9 x betwe5 ! aggregat+ p[]1 & ! p[] t has oppos$ aggregation4 ,on mak+ ! requisite calculations1 a rem>kable h>mony ) ?is inf]5ce comes out4 ,! foll[+ table %[s :at fraction ! c5trifugal =ce is ( ! c5tripetal =ce 9 e case2 & ! relation :i* t fraction be>s to ! numb] ( satellites4 ,m]cury4 ,v5us4 ,e>?4 ,m>s4 ,jupit]4 ,saturn4 ,uranus4 #a #a #a #a #a #a #a --- --- --- --- --- --- --- #cfb #bhb #bhi #cbf #ad #f4b #i #a #d #h #d 7or #f ,satellite4 ,satellites4 ,satellites accord+ & ?ree to r+s4 ,h]s*el47 ,?us1 tak+ z our /&>d ( comp>ison ! ,e>? ) its "o moon1 we see t ,m]cury & ,m>s1 9 :i* ! c5trifugal =ce is relatively less1 h no moons4 ,jupit]1 9 :i* x is f> great]1 has f\r moons4 ,uranus1 9 :i* x is great] /ill1 has c]ta9ly f\r1 & probably m ?an f\r4 ,saturn1 9 :i* x is ! greate/1 be+ ne>ly "o-six? ( gravity1 has1 includ+ 8 r+s1 elev5 att5dants4 ,! only in/ance 9 :i* !re is imp]fect con=mity ) obs]vation is t ( ,v5us4 ,"h x appe>s t ! c5trifugal =ce is relatively a v little great] ?an 9 ! ,e>?2 & accord+ to ! hypo!sis1 ,v5us ought1 !re=e1 to h a satellite4 ,( ?is seem+ anomaly !re are two explanations4 ,n a few a/ronom]s h ass]t$ t ,v5us has a satellite4 ,cass9i1 ,%ort1 ,montaigne ( ,limoges1 ,ro$ki]1 & ,montb>ron1 pr(ess$ to h se5 x2 & ,lamb]t calculat$ its elem5ts4 ,grant+1 h[ev]1 t !y 7 mi/ak51 !re is /ill ! fact t ! diamet] ( ,v5us is v>i\sly e/imat$2 & t a v small *ange 9 ! data w\ld make ! fraction less in/ead ( great] ?an t ( ! ,e>?4 ,b admitt+ ! discrepancy1 we ?9k t ?is correspond5ce1 ev5 z x n[ /&s1 is "o ( ! /ronge/ confirmations ( ! ,nebul> ,hypo!sis4,m ,m ,s9ce ?is essay 0 publi%$1 ! data ( ! above calculations h be5 *ang$ by ! discov]y t ! ,sun's di/ance is ?ree millions ( miles less ?an 0 suppos$4 ,h5ce results a dim9ution 9 8 e/imat$ mass1 & 9 ! masses ( ! planets 7except ! ,e>? & ,moon74 ,no revis$ e/imate ( ! masses hav+ yet be5 publi%$1 ! table is re-pr9t$ 9 its orig9al =m4 ,! dim9ution ( ! masses to ! alleg$ ext5t ( ab\t "o-t5?1 does n ess5tially alt] ! relations above po9t$ out4 ,c]ta9 m special peculi>ities ( ! satellites mu/ be m5tion$ z sugge/ive4 ,"o ( !m is ! relation betwe5 ! p]iod ( revolution & t ( rotation4 ,no discov]able purpose is s]v$ by mak+ ! ,moon g r\nd its axis 9 ! same "t t x goes r\nd ! ,e>?3 = our conv5i5ce1 a m rapid axial motion w\ld h be5 equally good2 & = any possible inhabitants ( ! ,moon1 mu* bett]4 ,aga9/ ! alt]native supposition1 t ! equality occurr$ by accid5t1 ! probabilities are1 z ,laplace says1 inf9ity to "o4 ,b to ?is arrangem5t1 :i* is explicable nei!r z ! result ( design nor ( *ance1 ! ,nebul> ,hypo!sis furni%es a clue4 ,9 8 ,exposition du ,sy/eme du ,monde1 ,laplace %[s1 by reason+ too detail$ to be "h repeat$1 t "u ! circum/ances su* a relation ( movem5ts w\ld be likely to e/abli% itself4 ,among ,jupit]'s satellites1 :i* sev]ally display ^! same syn*ron\s movem5ts1 !re also exi/s a /ill m rem>kable relation4 ,if ! mean angul> velocity ( ! fir/ satellite be add$ to twice t ( ! ?ird1 ! sum w be equal to ?ree times t ( ! second2 & f ?is x results t ! situations ( any two ( !m be+ giv51 t ( ! ?ird c be f\nd4 ,n[ "h1 z be=e1 no conceivable advantage results4 ,nei!r 9 ?is case c ! connexion h be5 accid5tal3 ! probabilities are inf9ity to "o to ! contr>y4 ,b aga91 accord+ to ,laplace1 ! ,nebul> ,hypo!sis supplies a solution4 ,are n ^! significant facts8 ,mo/ significant fact ( all1 h[ev]1 is t pres5t$ by ! r+s ( ,saturn4 ,z ,laplace rem>ks1 !y are1 z x 71 /ill extant witnesses ( ! g5etic process he prop\nd$4 ,"h we h1 cont9u+ p]man5tly1 =ms ( matt] l ^? ?r\gh :i* ea* planet & satellite once pass$2 & _! movem5ts are j :at1 9 con=mity ) ! hypo!sis1 !y %\ld be4 ,la duree de la rotation d'une planete doit donc etre1 d'apres cette hypo!se1 plus petite que la duree de la revolution du corps le plus vois9 qui circule aut\r d'elle1 says ,laplace4,n ,& he !n po9ts out t ! "t ( ,saturn's rotation is to t ( 8 r+s z #dbg to #dch--;an am\nt ( diff]5ce su* z 0 to be expect$4 ,n ,mecanique ,cele/e1 p4 #cdf4 ,b besides ! exi/5ce ( ^! r+s1 & _! movem5ts 9 ! requir$ mann]1 !re is a highly sugge/ive circum/ance :i* ,laplace has n rem>k$--namely1 ! place ( _! occurr5ce4 ,if ! ,sol> ,sy/em 0 produc$ aft] ! mann] popul>ly suppos$1 !n !re is no reason :y ! r+s ( ,saturn %\ld n h encircl$ him at a comp>atively great di/ance4 ,or1 in/ead ( be+ giv5 to ,saturn1 :o 9 _! abs5ce w\ld /ill h _h eight satellites1 su* r+s might h be5 giv5 to ,m>s1 by way ( comp5sation = a moon4 ,or !y might h be5 giv5 to ,uranus1 :o1 = purposes ( illum9ation1 has f> great] ne$ ( !m4 ,on ! common hypo!sis1 we repeat1 no reason c be assign$ = _! exi/5ce 9 ! place :]e we f9d !m4 ,b on ! hypo!sis ( evolution1 ! arrangem5t1 s f> f (f]+ a difficulty1 (f]s ano!r confirmation4 ,^! r+s are f\nd :]e alone !y c\ld h be5 produc$--close to ! body ( a planet ^: c5trifugal =ce be>s a great proportion to 8 gravitative =ce4 ,t p]man5t r+s %\ld exi/ at any great di/ance f a planet's body1 is1 on ! ,nebul> ,hypo!sis1 manife/ly impossible4 ,r+s deta*$ e>ly 9 ! process ( conc5tration1 & !re=e consi/+ ( gase\s matt] hav+ extremely little p[] ( cohesion1 c h no ability to resi/ ! disrupt+ =ces due to imp]fect balance2 & mu/1 !re=e1 collapse into satellites4 ,a liquid r+ is ! only "o admitt+ ( p]man5ce4 ,b a liquid r+ c be produc$ only :5 ! aggregation is approa*+ its extreme--only :5 gase\s matt] is pass+ into liquid1 & ! mass is ab\t to assume ! planet>y =m4 ,& ev5 !n x _c be produc$ save "u special conditions4 ,ga9+ a rapidly-increas+ prepond]ance1 z ! gravitative =ce does dur+ ! clos+ /ages ( conc5tration1 ! c5trifugal =ce _c 9 ord9>y cases cause ! deta*m5t ( r+s :5 ! mass has become d5se4 ,only :]e ! c5trifugal =ce has all along be5 v great1 & rema9s p[]ful to ! la/1 z 9 ,saturn1 c liquid r+s be =m$4 ,?us ! ,nebul> ,hypo!sis %[s u :y su* app5dages surr\nd ,saturn1 b exi/ n[h]e else4 ,& !n1 let u n =get ! fact1 discov]$ )9 ^! few ye>s1 t ,saturn possesses a nebul\s r+1 ?r\gh :i* 8 body is se5 z ?r\gh a ?ick veil4 ,9 a position :]e alone su* a ?+ seems pres]vable--susp5d$1 z x 71 betwe5 ! d5s] r+s & ! planet--!re /ill cont9ues "o ( ^! annul> masses ( diffus$ matt] f :i* satellites & planets are believ$ to h orig9at$4 ,we f9d1 !n1 t besides ^? mo/ conspicu\s peculi>ities ( ! ,sol> ,sy/em1 :i* fir/ sugge/$ ! !ory ( its evolution1 !re are _m m9or ones po9t+ 9 ! same direction4 ,7 !re no o!r evid5ce1 ^! me*anical arrangem5ts w\ld1 consid]$ 9 _! totality1 g f> to e/abli% ! ,nebul> ,hypo!sis4 99 99 99 99 99 ,f ! me*anical arrangem5ts ( ! ,sol> ,sy/em1 turn we n[ to its physical *>act]s2 &1 fir/1 let u consid] ! inf]5ces d$ucible f relative specific gravities4 ,! fact t1 speak+ g5]ally1 ! d5s] planets are ! ne>] to ! ,sun1 is by "s consid]$ z add+ ano!r to ! _m indications ( nebul> orig94 ,legitimately assum+ t ! out]mo/ p>ts ( a rotat+ nebul\s sph]oid1 9 its e>li] /ages ( conc5tration1 w be comp>atively r>e2 & t ! increas+ d5sity :i* ! :ole mass acquires z x contracts1 mu/ hold ( ! out]mo/ p>ts z well z ! re/2 x is argu$ t ! r+s successively deta*$ w be m & m d5se1 & w =m planets ( high] & high] specific gravities4 ,b pass+ ov] o!r objections1 ?is explanation is q inadequate to acc\nt = ! facts4 ,us+ ! ,e>? z a /&>d ( comp>ison1 ! relative d5sities run ?us3-- ,neptune4 ,uranus4 ,saturn4 ,jupit]4 ,m>s4 ,e>?4 ,v5us4 ,m]cury4 ,sun4 #j4ad #j4bd #j4ad #j4bd #j4ie #a4jj #j4ib #a4ab #j4be ,two seem+ly insurm\ntable objections are pres5t$ by ?is s]ies4 ,! fir/ is1 t ! progression is b a brok5 "o4 ,neptune is z d5se z ,saturn1 :i*1 by ! hypo!sis1 x ought n to be4 ,uranus is z d5se z ,jupit]1 :i* x ought n to be4 ,uranus is d5s] ?an ,saturn1 & ! ,e>? is d5s] ?an ,v5us--facts :i* n only give no c\nt5ance to1 b directly contradict1 ! alleg$ explanation4 ,! second objection1 /ill m manife/ly fatal1 is ! l[ specific gravity ( ! ,sun4 ,if1 :5 ! matt] ( ! ,sun fill$ ! orbit ( ,m]cury1 its /ate ( aggregation 0 su* t ! deta*$ r+ =m$ a planet hav+ a specific gravity equal to t ( iron2 !n ! ,sun itself1 n[ t x has conc5trat$1 %\ld h a specific gravity mu* great] ?an t ( iron2 :]eas its specific gravity is n mu* above t ( wat]4 ,in/ead ( be+ f> d5s] ?an ! ne>e/ planet1 x is n "o-f\r? z d5se4 ,& a p>allel relation holds betwe5 ,jupit] & 8 smalle/ satellite4,o ,o ,! imp5d+ revision ( ! e/imat$ masses ( ! planets1 entail$ by ! discov]y t ! ,sun's di/ance is less ?an 0 suppos$1 w alt] ^! specific gravities4 ,x w make mo/ ( ! contra/s /ill /rong]4 ,:ile ^! anomalies r5d] unt5able ! position t ! relative specific gravities ( ! planets are direct indications ( nebul> cond5sation2 x by no means foll[s t !y negative x4 ,on ! contr>y1 we believe t ! facts admit ( an int]pretation q consi/5t ) ! hypo!sis ( ,laplace4 ,!re are ?ree possible causes ( unlike specific gravities 9 ! memb]s ( our ,sol> ,sy/em3--#a4 ,diff]5ces betwe5 ! k9ds ( matt] or matt]s compos+ !m4 #b4 ,diff]5ces betwe5 ! quantities ( matt]2 =1 o!r ?+s equal1 ! mutual gravitation ( atoms w make a l>ge mass d5s] ?an a small "o4 #c4 ,diff]5ces betwe5 ! /ructures3 ! masses be+ ei!r solid or liquid ?r\gh\t1 or hav+ c5tral cavities fill$ ) ela/ic a]i=m sub/ance4 ,( ^! ?ree conceivable causes1 t commonly assign$ is ! fir/1 m or less modifi$ by ! second4 ,! extremely l[ specific gravity ( ,saturn1 :i* b little exce$s t ( cork 7&1 on ?is hypo!sis1 mu/ at 8 surface be consid]ably less ?an t ( cork7 is suppos$ to arise f ! intr9sic lightness ( 8 sub/ance4 ,t ! ,sun weighs n mu* m ?an an equal bulk ( wat]1 is tak5 z evid5ce t ! matt] he consi/s ( is b little heavi] ?an wat]2 al?\gh1 consid]+ 8 enorm\s gravitative =ce1 :i* at 8 surface is tw5ty-eight times ! gravitative =ce at ! surface ( ! ,e>?1 & consid]+ 8 enorm\s mass1 :i* is #cij1jjj times t ( ! ,e>?1 ! matt] he is made ( c1 9 su* case1 h no analogy to ! liquids or solids we "k4 ,h[ev]1 spite ( ^! difficulties1 ! curr5t hypo!sis is1 t ! ,sun & planets1 inclusive ( ! ,e>?1 are ei!r solid or liquid1 or h solid cru/s ) liquid nuclei3 _! unlike specific gravities result+ f unlik5esses ( sub/ance4 ,& inde$1 at fir/ sight1 ?is w\ld seem to be ! only t5able supposition2 see+ t1 unless prev5t$ by "s imm5se resi/+ =ce1 gravitation mu/ oblit]ate any int]nal cavity by collaps+ ! surr\nd+ liquid or solid matt]4 ,nev]!less1 t ! ,e>?1 9 common ) o!r memb]s ( ! ,sol> ,sy/em1 is solid1 or else consi/s ( a solid %ell hav+ a cavity entirely fill$ ) molt5 matt]1 is n an e/abli%$ fact3 x is no?+ b a supposition4 ,we mu/ n let its famili>ity & app>5t feasibility delude u into an uncritical acceptance ( x4 ,if we f9d an alt]native supposition :i*1 physically consid]$1 is equally possible1 we are b\nd to consid] x4 ,& if x n only avoids ! difficulties above po9t$ out1 b _m o!rs h]eaft] to be m5tion$1 we mu/ give x ! pref]5ce4 ,be=e proce$+ to consid] :at ! ,nebul> ,hypo!sis indicates respect+ ! int]nal /ructures ( ! ,sun & planets1 we may /ate t our reason+s1 ?\gh ( a k9d n admitt+ ( direct v]ification1 are no?+ m ?an d$uctions f ! e/abli%$ pr9ciples ( physics4 ,we h submitt$ !m to an au?ority n inf]ior to any t c be nam$2 & :ile unprep>$ to commit himself to !m1 he yet sees no?+ to object4 ,/>t+1 !n1 ) a rotat+ sph]oid ( a]i=m matt]1 9 ! lat] /ages ( its conc5tration1 b be=e x has begun to take a liquid or solid =m1 let u inquire :at mu/ be ! actions go+ on 9 x4 ,mutual gravitation cont9ually aggregates its atoms into a small] & d5s] mass2 & ! aggregat+ =ce goes on increas+1 z ! common c5tre ( gravity is approa*$4 ,an ob/acle to conc5tration1 h[ev]1 exi/s 9 ! c5trifugal =ce1 :i* at ?is /age be>s a f> high] ratio to gravity ?an aft]w>ds1 & 9 a gase\s sph]oid mu/ produce a v oblate =m4 ,at ! same "t1 ! approximation ( ! atoms is resi/$ by a =ce :i*1 9 be+ ov]come1 is evolv$ z heat4 ,?is heat mu/ be greate/ :]e ! atoms are subject to ! highe/ pressure--namely1 ab\t ! c5tral p>ts4 ,& z fa/ z x escapes into space1 fur!r approximation & fur!r g5]ation ( heat mu/ take place4 ,b 9 a gase\s sph]oid1 hav+ int]nal p>ts hott] ?an its ext]nal p>ts1 !re mu/ be "s circulation4 ,! curr5ts mu/ set f ! hotte/ region to ! coole/ by "s p>ticul> r\te2 & f ! coole/ to ! hotte/ by "s o!r r\te4 ,9 a v oblate sph]oid1 ! coole/ region mu/ be t ab\t ! equator3 ! surface !re be>+ s l>ge a ratio to ! mass4 ,h5ce !re w be curr5ts f ! c5tre to ! equator1 & o!rs f ! equator to ! c5tre4 ,:at w be ! special c\rses ( ^! curr5ts8 ,suppos+ an orig9al /ate ( re/1 ab\t to pass into motion 9 ob$i5ce to ! di/urb+ =ces1 ! curr5ts comm5c+ at ! c5tre w foll[ ! l9es ( mo/ rapidly-decreas+ d5sity2 see+ t ! in]tia w be lea/ 9 ^? l9es4 ,t is to say1 !re w be a curr5t f ! c5tre t[>ds ea* pole1 along ! axis ( rotation2 & ! space ?us cont9ually left vacant w be fill$ by ! collapse ( matt] com+ 9 at "r angles to ! axis4 ,! process _c end "h1 h[ev]4 ,if !re are con/ant curr5ts f ! c5tre t[>ds ! poles1 !re mu/ be a con/ant accumulation at ! poles2 ! sph]oid w be ev] becom+ m protub]ant ab\t ! poles ?an ! conditions ( me*anical equilibrium p]mit4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! mass at ! poles is ?us ev] 9 excess1 x mu/1 by ! =ces act+ on x1 be con/antly mov$ ov] ! out] surface ( ! sph]oid f ! poles t[>ds ! equator3 ?us only c t =m :i* rotation necessitates be ma9ta9$4 ,& a fur!r result ( ?is transf] ( matt] f ! c5tre1 by way ( ! poles1 to ! equator1 mu/ be ! e/abli%m5t ( c\nt]-curr5ts f ! equator 9 diametrical l9es1 to ! c5tre4 ,m>k n[ ! *anges ( temp]ature t mu/ occur 9 ^! curr5ts4 ,an a]i=m mass asc5d+ f ! c5tre t[>ds ei!r pole1 w exp& z x approa*es ! surface1 9 consequ5ce ( ! dim9ution ( pressure4 ,b expansion1 involv+ an absorption ( heat1 w entail a dim9i%$ temp]ature2 & ! temp]ature w be fur!r l[]$ by ! great] fre$om ( radiation into space4 ,?is r>efi$ & cool$ mass mu/ be /ill m r>efi$ & cool$ 9 its progress ov] ! surface ( ! sph]oid to ! equator4 ,cont9ually ?ru/ fur!r f ! pole by ! ceaseless accumulation !re1 x mu/ acquire an ev]-increas+ rotatory motion & an ev]-increas+ c5trifugal =ce3 :5ce mu/ foll[ expansion & absorption ( heat4 ,to ! refrig]ation ?us caus$ mu/ be add$ t result+ f radiation1 :i*1 at ea* advance t[>ds ! equator1 w be less h9d]$4 ,& :5 ! mass we h ?us foll[$ arrives at ! equator1 x w h rea*$ its maximum r>ity & maximum coolness4 ,conv]sely1 e portion ( a curr5t proce$+ 9 a diametrical direction f ! equator to ! c5tre1 mu/ progressively rise 9 temp]ature2 9 virtue alike ( ! increas+ pressure1 ! gradual arre/ ( motion1 & ! dim9i%$ rate ( radiation4 ,note1 la/ly1 t ?is circulation w g on1 b sl[ly4 ,z ! matt] proce$+ f ! equator t[>ds ! c5tre mu/ h its rotatory motion de/roy$1 :ile t proce$+ f ! poles to ! equator mu/ h rotatory motion giv5 to x1 x foll[s t an enorm\s am\nt ( in]tia has to be ov]come2 & ?is mu/ make ! curr5ts s sl[ z to prev5t !m f produc+ any?+ l an equality ( temp]ature4 ,su* be+ ! con/itution ( a conc5trat+ sph]oid ( gase\s matt]1 :]e w ! gase\s matt] beg9 to cond5se into liquid8 ,! usual assumption has be51 t 9 a nebul\s mass approa*+ t[>ds ! planet>y =m1 ! liquefaction w fir/ occur at ! c5tre4 ,we believe ?is assumption is inconsi/5t ) e/abli%$ physical pr9ciples4 ,obs]ve fir/ t x is contr>y to analogy4 ,t ! matt] ( ! ,e>? 0 liquid be=e any ( x became solid1 is g5]ally admitt$4 ,:]e has x fir/ solidifi$8 ,n at ! c5tre1 b at ! surface4 ,n[ ! g5]al pr9ciples :i* apply to ! cond5sation ( liquid matt] into solid1 apply also to ! cond5sation ( gase\s matt] into liquid4 ,h5ce if ! once liquid sub/ance ( ! ,e>? fir/ solidifi$ at ! surface1 ! implication is t its once a]i=m sub/ance fir/ liquifi$ at ! surface4 ,b we h no ne$ to re/ 9 analogy4 ,on consid]+ :at mu/ happ5 9 a rotat+ gase\s sph]oid hav+ curr5ts mov+ z above describ$1 we %all see t ext]nal cond5sation is a coroll>y4 ,a nebul\s mass1 :5 x has arriv$ at ?is /age1 w consi/ ( an a]i=m mixture ( v>i\s matt]s2 ! heavi] & m cond5sible matt]s be+ conta9$ 9 ! r>] or less cond5sible1 9 ! same way t wat] is conta9$ 9 air4 ,& ! inf]5ce mu/ be1 t at a c]ta9 /age1 "s ( ^! d5s] matt]s w be precipitat$ 9 ! %ape ( a cl\d4,p ,p ,! read] w p]haps say t ?is process is ! "o describ$ z hav+ tak5 place e>ly 9 ! hi/ory ( nebul> evolution2 & ?is is true4 ,b ! same actions w be repeat$ 9 m$ia ( diff]5t d5sities4 ,n[1 :at are ! laws ( precipitation f gases8 ,if a gas ?r\gh :i* "s o!r sub/ance is diffus$ 9 a gase\s /ate1 exp&s 9 consequ5ce ( ! removal ( pressure1 x w1 :5 ! r>efaction & consequ5t cool+ rea* a c]ta9 po9t1 beg9 to let fall ! susp5d$ sub/ance4 ,conv]sely1 if1 a gas1 saturat$ ev5 ) "s sub/ance1 is subject to increas$ pressure1 & is all[$ to reta9 ! additional heat :i* t pressure g5]ates2 s f> f lett+ fall :at x conta9s1 x w ga9 ! p[] to take up m4 ,see !n1 ! inf]5ce respect+ cond5sation 9 a nebul\s sph]oid4 ,! curr5ts proce$+ f ! equator to ! c5tre1 subject to increas+ pressure1 & acquir+ ! heat due bo? to ?is increas+ pressure & to arre/$ motion1 w h no t5d5cy to deposit _! susp5d$ sub/ances1 b r ! rev]se3 a =mation ( liquid matt] at ! c5tre ( ! mass w be impossible4 ,contr>iwise1 ! gase\s curr5ts mov+ f ! c5tre to ! poles & !nce to ! equator1 exp&+ z !y g1 fir/ f dim9i%$ pressure & aft]w>ds f increas$ c5trifugal =ce2 & los+ heat1 n only by expansion1 b by m rapid radiation2 w h less & less p[] to reta9 ! matt] diffus$ ?r\gh !m4 ,! e>lie/ precipitation w take place 9 ! region ( extreme/ r>efaction2 namely1 ab\t ! equator4 ,an equatorial belt ( cl\d w be fir/ =m$1 & wid5$ into a zone1 w by-&-by beg9 to cond5se into liquid4,q ,gradually ?is liquid film w ext5d itself on ea* side ! equator1 & encroa*+ on ! two hemisph]es1 w ev5tually close ov] at ! poles3 ?us produc+ a ?9 holl[ globe1 or r sph]oid1 fill$ ) gase\s matt]4 ,we d n mean t ?is cond5sation w take place at ! v out]mo/ surface2 = probably1 r\nd ! d5s] gases =m+ ! pr9cipal mass1 !re w ext5d /rata ( gases too r>e & too cool to be entangl$ 9 ^! processes4 ,x is ! surface ( ?is inn] sph]oid ( d5s] gases to :i* our reason+ po9ts z ! place ( e>lie/ cond5sation4 ,q ,! =mation ( ,saturn's r+s is ?us r5d]$ compreh5sible4 ,! int]nal circulation we h describ$1 cont9u+1 z x mu/1 aft] ! =mation ( ?is liquid film1 !re w /ill g on ! radiation ( heat1 & ! progressive aggregation4 ,! film w ?ick5 at ! exp5se ( ! int]nal gase\s sub/ances precipitat$ on x4 ,z x ?ick5s1 z ! globe contracts1 & z ! gravitative =ce augm5ts1 ! pressure w increase2 & ! evolution & radiation ( heat w g on m rapidly4 ,ev5tually1 h[ev]1 :5 ! liquid %ell becomes v ?ick1 & ! int]nal cavity relatively small1 ! ob/acle put to ! escape ( heat by ?is ?ick liquid %ell1 ) its sl[ly-circulat+ curr5ts1 w turn ! scale3 ! temp]ature ( ! out] surface w beg9 to dim9i%1 & a solid cru/ w =m :ile ! int]nal cavity is yet unoblit]at$4 ,b :at1 x may be ask$1 w become ( ?is gase\s nucleus :5 expos$ to ! enorm\s gravitative pressure ( a %ell "s ?\s&s ( miles ?ick8 ,h[ c a]i=m matt] )/& su* a pressure8 ,v readily4 ,x has be5 prov$ t ev5 :5 ! heat g5]at$ by compression is all[$ to escape1 "s gases rema9 uncond5sible by any =ce we c produce4 ,an unsuccessful attempt lately made at ,vi5na to liquify oxyg51 cle>ly %[s ?is enorm\s resi/ance4 ,! /eel pi/on employ$ 0 lit]ally %ort5$ by ! pressure us$3 & yet ! gas rema9$ unliquifi$6 ,if1 !n1 ! expansive =ce is ?us imm5se :5 ! heat evolv$ is dissipat$1 :at mu/ x be :5 t heat is 9 great measure deta9$2 z 9 ! case we are consid]+8 ,inde$1 ! exp]im5ts ( ,m4 ,cagni>d de ,lat\r h %[n t gases may1 "u pressure1 acquire ! d5sity ( liquids :ile reta9+ ! a]i=m /ate2 provid$ ! temp]ature cont9ues extremely high4 ,9 su* a case1 e addition to ! heat is an addition to ! repulsive p[] ( ! atoms3 ! increas$ pressure itself g5]ates an increas$ ability to resi/2 & ?is rema9s true to :atev] ext5t ! compression is c>ri$4 ,inde$1 x is a coroll>y f ! p]si/5ce ( =ce1 t if1 "u increas+ pressure1 a gas reta9s all ! heat evolv$1 its resi/+ =ce is absolutely unlimit$4 ,h5ce1 ! int]nal planet>y /ructure we h describ$1 is z physically /able a "o z t commonly assum$4 ,& n[ let u see h[ ?is hypo!sis tallies ) ! facts4 ,"o inf]5ce f x mu/ be1 t l>ge masses w progress t[>ds f9al consolidation m sl[ly ?an small masses4 ,?\gh a l>ge conc5trat+ sph]oid w1 f its sup]ior aggregative =ce1 g5]ate heat m rapidly ?an a small "o2 yet1 hav+1 relatively to its surface1 a mu* great] quantity ( heat to get rid (1 x w be long] ?an a small "o 9 go+ ?r\gh ! *anges we h describ$4 ,consequ5tly1 at a "t :5 ! small] memb]s ( our ,sol> ,sy/em h arriv$ at s advanc$ a /age ( aggregation z almo/ to h oblit]at$ _! c5tral cavities1 & s rea*$ high specific gravities2 ! l>g] memb]s w /ill be at t /age 9 :i* ! c5tral cavities be> great ratios to ! surr\nd+ %ells1 & w !re=e h l[ specific gravities4 ,?is contra/ is j :at we f9d4 ,! small planets ,m]cury1 ,v5us1 ! ,e>?1 & ,m>s1 diff]+ f ea* o!r comp>atively little 9 d5sity z 9 size1 are ab\t f\r times z d5se z ,jupit] & ,uranus1 & sev5 times z d5se z ,saturn & ,neptune--planets exce$+ !m 9 size z oranges exce$ peas2 & !y are f\r times z d5se z ! ,sun1 :i* 9 mass is ne>ly #e1jjj1jjj times great] ?an ! smalle/ ( !m4 ,! obvi\s objection t ?is hypo!sis does n expla9 ! m9or diff]5ces1 s]ves b to introduce a fur!r confirmation4 ,x may be urg$ t ,jupit] is ( great] specific gravity ?an ,saturn1 ?\gh1 consid]+ 8 sup]ior mass1 8 specific gravity %\ld be less2 & t /ill m anomal\s is ! case ( ! ,sun1 :i*1 ?\gh conta9+ a ?\s& times ! matt] t ,jupit] does1 is ne>ly ( ! same specific gravity4 ,! solution ( ^! difficulties lies 9 ! modify+ effects ( c5trifugal =ce4 ,_h ! v>i\s masses to be comp>$ be5 all along 9 a /ate ( re/1 !n ! l>g] %\ld h be5 uni=mly ! less d5se4 ,b dur+ ! conc5trat+ process !y h be5 rotat+ ) v>i\s velocities4 ,! consequ5t c5trifugal =ce has 9 ea* case be5 9 antagonism ) gravitation2 &1 accord+ to its am\nt1 has h9d]$ ! conc5tration to a great] or less degree4 ,! effici5t aggregative =ce has 9 ea* case be5 ! excess ( ! c5tripetal t5d5cy ov] ! c5trifugal4 ,:5ce we may inf] t :]ev] ?is excess has be5 ! lea/1 ! consolidation mu/ h be5 ! mo/ h9d]$1 & ! specific gravity w be ! smalle/4 ,?is1 too1 we f9d to be ! fact4 ,saturn1 at ^: equator ! c5trifugal =ce is ev5 n[ almo/ "o-six? ( gravity1 & :o1 by 8 num]\s satellites1 %[s u h[ /rong an antagoni/ to conc5tration x 0 9 e>li] /ages ( 8 evolution1 is little m ?an half z d5se z ,jupit]1 ^: conc5tration has be5 h9d]$ by a c5trifugal =ce be>+ a mu* small] ratio to ! c5tripetal4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,sun1 ^: latt] /ages ( aggregation h met ) comp>atively little ( ?is opposition1 & ^: atoms t5d t[>ds _! common c5tre ) a =ce t5 times z great z t :i* ,jupit]'s atoms are subject to1 has1 not)/&+ 8 imm5se bulk1 rea*$ a specific gravity z great z t ( ,jupit]2 & he has done ?is p>tly = ! reason assign$1 & p>tly because ! process ( consolidation has be51 & /ill is1 actively go+ on1 :ile t ( ,jupit] has long s9ce almo/ ceas$4 ,be=e po9t+ out fur!r h>monies let u meet an objection4 ,laplace1 tak+ = data ,jupit]'s mass1 diamet]1 & rate ( rotation1 calculat$ ! degrees ( compression at ! poles :i* 8 c5trifugal =ce %\ld produce1 suppos+ 8 sub/ance to be homog5e\s2 & f9d+ t ! calculat$ am\nt ( oblat5ess 0 great] ?an ! actual am\nt1 inf]r$ t 8 sub/ance mu/ be d5s] t[>ds ! c5tre4 ,! inf]5ce seems unavoidable2 is diametrically oppos$ to ! hypo!sis ( a %ell ( d5s] matt] ) a gase\s nucleus2 & we confess t on fir/ meet+ ) ?is fact we 7 incl9$ to ?9k x fatal4 ,b !re is a consid]ation1 apt to be ov]look$1 :i* completely disposes ( x4 ,a compress$ ela/ic m$ium t5ds ev] ) great en]gy to give a sph]ical figure to ! *amb] 9 :i* x is conf9$4 ,?is tru? is alike ma!matically demon/rable1 & recogniz$ 9 practice by e eng9e]4 ,9 ! case be=e u1 ! expansive p[] ( ! gase\s nucleus is su* z to balance ! gravitation ( ! %ell ( ! planet2 & ?is p[] p]petually /rives to make ! planet a p]fect sph]e4 ,?us ! t5d5cy ( ! c5trifugal =ce to produce oblat5ess1 is oppos$ n only by ! =ce ( gravity b by ano!r =ce ( great int5sity2 & h5ce ! degree ( oblat5ess produc$ is relatively small4 ,?is difficulty be+ z we ?9k1 satisfactorily met1 we g on to "n "s highly significant facts giv+ indirect support to our hypo!sis4 ,& fir/ ) respect to ! a/]oids1 or planetoids1 z !y are o!rwise call$4 ,n[ t ^! h prov$ to be s num]\s--n[ t x has become probable t beyond "s sixty already discov]$ !re are _m m--! supposition ( ,olb]s1 t !y are ! fragm5ts ( an explod$ planet :i* once occupi$ ! vacant region !y fill1 has ga9$ increas$ probability4 ,! alt]native supposition ( ,laplace1 t !y are ! products ( a nebul\s r+ :i* sep>at$ into _m fragm5ts in/ead ( collaps+ into a s+le mass1 seems inconsi/5t ) ! extremely v>i\s1 & 9 "s cases extremely great1 incl9ations ( _! orbits2 z well z ) _! simil>ly v>i\s & great ecc5tricities4 ,= ^! ! !ory ( ,olb]s completely acc\nts--inde$1 x necess>ily involves !m2 :ile at ! same "t x af=ds u a feasible explanation ( meteors1 & especially ! p]iodic sw>ms ( !m1 :i* w\ld else be inexplicable4 ,! fact1 inf]r$ f ! pres5t d]angem5t ( _! orbits1 t if ! planetoids once =m$ p>ts ( "o mass1 x mu/ h explod$ myriads ( ye>s ago1 is no difficulty1 b r ! rev]se4 ,tak+ ,olb]s' supposition1 !n1 z ! mo/ t5able "o1 let u ask h[ su* an explosion c\ld h occurr$4 ,if planets are int]nally con/itut$ z is commonly assum$1 no conceivable cause ( x c be nam$4 ,a solid mass may crack & fall to pieces1 b x _c viol5tly explode4 ,s1 too1 ) a liquid mass cov]$ by a cru/4 ,?\gh1 if conta9$ 9 an unyield+ %ell & artificially rais$ to a v high temp]ature1 a liquid might s exp& z to bur/ ! %ell & simultane\sly fla% into vap\r2 yet1 if conta9$ 9 a yield+ cru/1 l t ( a planet1 x w\ld n d s3 x w\ld crack ! cru/ & give (f its expansive =ce gradually4 ,b ! planet>y /ructure above suppos$1 supplies u ) all ! requisite conditions to an explosion1 & an adequate cause = x4 ,we h 9 ! int]ior ( ! mass1 a cavity s]v+ z a suffici5t res]voir ( =ce4 ,we h ?is cavity fill$ ) gase\s matt]s ( high t5sion4 ,we h 9 ! *emical aff9ities ( ^! matt]s a s\rce ( enorm\s expansive p[]--p[] capable ( be+ q sudd5ly lib]at$4 ,& we h 9 ! increas+ heat ( ! %ell1 consequ5t on progress+ conc5tration1 a cause ( su* in/antane\s *emical *ange & ! result+ explosion4 ,! explanation ?us suppli$1 ( an ev5t :i* !re c be little d\bt has occurr$1 & :i* is n o!rwise acc\nt$ =1 adds to ! probability ( ! hypo!sis4 ,"o fur!r evid5ce1 & t n ! lea/ important1 is d$ucible f geology4 ,f ! kn[n rate at :i* ! temp]ature rises z we pi]ce deep] into ! sub/ance ( ! ,e>?1 x has be5 inf]r$ t its solid cru/ is "s =ty miles ?ick4 ,& if ?is be its ?ickness1 we h a feasible explanation ( volcanic ph5om5a1 z well z ( elevations & subsid5ces4 ,b proce$+ on ! curr5t supposition t ! ,e>?'s int]ior is :olly fill$ ) molt5 matt]1 ,pr(4 ,hopk9s has calculat$ t to cause ! obs]v$ am\nt ( precession ( ! equ9oxes1 ! ,e>?'s cru/ mu/ be at lea/ eight hundr$ miles ?ick4 ,"h is an imm5se discrepancy4 ,h[ev] imp]fect may be ! data f :i* x is calculat$ t ! ,e>? is molt5 at =ty miles deep1 x seems v unlikely t ?is conclusion diff]s f ! tru? s widely z =ty miles does f eight hundr$4 ,x seems sc>cely conceivable t if ! cru/ is ?us ?ick1 x %\ld by its contraction & corrugation1 produce m\nta9 *a9s1 z x has done dur+ q mod]n geologic epo*s4 ,x is n easy on ?is supposition to expla9 elevations & subsid5ces ( small area4 ,nei!r d ! ph5om5a ( volcanoes appe> compreh5sible4 ,inde$ to acc\nt = ^!1 ,pr(4 ,hopk9s has be5 oblig$ to make ! gratuit\s & extremely improbable assumption1 t !re are isolat$ lakes ( molt5 matt] enclos$ 9 ?is ?ick cru/1 & situat$1 z !y mu/ be1 n f> f its out] surface4 ,b irreconcileable z appe> ! a/ronomical ) ! geological facts1 if we take = grant$ t ! ,e>? consi/s :olly ( solid & liquid sub/ances1 !y become at once reconcileable if we adopt ! conclusion t ! ,e>? has a gase\s nucleus4 ,if !re is an int]nal cavity ( consid]able diamet] occupi$ only by a]i=m matt]--if ! d5sity ( ! surr\nd+ %ell is1 z x mu/ 9 t case be1 great] ?an ! curr5t supposition implies2 !n !re w be a l>g] quantity ( matt] conta9$ 9 ! equatorial protub]ance1 & an adequate cause = ! precession4 ,manife/ly !re may be f\nd "s proportion betwe5 ! c5tral space & its envelope1 :i* w satisfy ! me*anical requirem5ts1 )\t involv+ a ?ick] cru/ ?an geological ph5om5a indicate4,r ,r ,s9ce ?is 0 writt51 ,m4 ,po9sot has %[n t ! precession w\ld be ! same :e!r ! ,e>? 7 solid or holl[4 ,we conceive1 !n1 t ! hypo!sis we h set =?1 is 9 _m respects pref]able to t ord9>ily receiv$4 ,we c "k no?+ by direct obs]vation conc]n+ ! c5tral p>ts ei!r ( our own planet or any o!r3 indirect me?ods are alone possible4 ,! idea :i* has be5 tacitly adopt$1 is j z speculative z t we h oppos$ to x2 & ! only "q is1 :i* h>monizes be/ ) e/abli%$ facts4 ,?us comp>$1 ! advantage is greatly on ! side ( ! new "o4 ,x disposes ( sundry anomalies1 & expla9s ?+s t seem else incompreh5sible4 ,we are no long] oblig$ to assume su* wide diff]5ces betwe5 ! sub/ances ( ! v>i\s planets3 we ne$ n ?9k ( any ( !m z l cork or wat]4 ,we are %[n h[ x happ5s t ! l>g] planets h s mu* l[] specific gravities ?an ! small]1 in/ead ( hav+ high] ones1 z might h be5 expect$2 & we are fur!r %[n :y ,saturn is ! lighte/ ( all4 ,t ,m]cury is relatively s mu* heavi] ?an ! ,sun2 t ,jupit] is specifically light] ?an 8 smalle/ satellite2 t ,saturn's r+s h a d5sity "o & a half times z great z ,saturn2 are no long] my/]ies4 ,a feasible cause is assign$ = ! cata/rophe :i* produc$ ! a/]oids4 ,& "s app>5tly incongru\s peculi>ities 9 ! ,e>?'s /ructure are br\ght to an agreem5t4 ,may we n say1 !n1 t be+ d$ucible f ! ,nebul> ,hypo!sis1 ?is alleg$ planet>y /ructure gives fur!r indirect support to t hypo!sis8 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 consid]+ ! specific gravities ( ! heav5ly bodies1 we h be5 oblig$ to speak ( ! heat evolv$ by !m4 ,b we h yet to po9t out ! fact t 9 _! pres5t conditions ) respect to temp]ature1 we f9d additional mat]ials = build+ up our argum5t2 & ^! too ( ! mo/ sub/antial "*4 ,heat mu/ inevitably be g5]at$ by ! aggregation ( diffus$ matt] into a concrete =m2 & ?r\gh\t our reason+s we h assum$ t su* g5]ation ( heat has be5 an accompanim5t ( nebul> cond5sation4 ,if1 !n1 ! ,nebul> ,hypo!sis be true1 we ought to f9d 9 all ! heav5ly bodies1 ei!r pres5t high temp]ature or m>ks ( pa/ high temp]ature4 ,z f> z obs]vation c rea*1 ! facts prove to be :at !ory requires4 ,v>i\s evid5ces conspire to %[ t1 bel[ a c]ta9 dep?1 ! ,e>? is /ill molt54 ,& t x 0 once :olly molt51 is impli$ by ! circum/ance t ! rate at :i* ! temp]ature increases on desc5d+ bel[ its surface1 is su* z w\ld be f\nd 9 a mass t _h be5 cool+ = an indef9ite p]iod4 ,! ,moon1 too1 %[s u1 by its corrugations & its conspicu\s volcanoes1 t 9 x !re has be5 a process ( refrig]ation & contraction1 l t :i* _h gone on 9 ! ,e>?4 ,& 9 ,v5us1 ! exi/5ce ( m\nta9s simil>ly indicates an igne\s reaction ( ! int]ior ^u a solidify+ cru/4 ,on ! common !ory ( creation1 ^! ph5om5a are inexplicable4 ,to :at end ! ,e>? %\ld once h exi/$ 9 a molt5 /ate1 incapable ( support+ life1 x _c say4 ,to satisfy ?is supposition1 ! ,e>? %\ld h be5 orig9ally creat$ 9 a /ate fit = ! assum$ purposes ( creation2 & simil>ly ) ! o!r planets4 ,:ile1 !re=e1 to ! ,nebul> ,hypo!sis ! evid5ce ( orig9al inc&esc5ce & /ill cont9u$ int]nal heat1 furni% /rong confirmation1 !y are1 to ! antagoni/ hypo!sis1 insurm\ntable difficulties4 ,b ! argum5t f temp]ature does n end "h4 ,!re rema9s to be notic$ a m conspicu\s & /ill m significant fact4 ,if ! ,sol> ,sy/em 0 =m$ by ! conc5tration ( diffus$ matt]1 :i* evolv$ heat :ile gravitat+ into its pres5t d5se =m2 !n !re are c]ta9 obvi\s coroll>ies respect+ ! relative temp]atures ( ! result+ bodies4 ,o!r ?+s equal1 ! late/-=m$ mass w be ! late/ 9 cool+--w1 = an almo/ inf9ite "t1 possess a great] heat ?an ! e>li]-=m$ ones4 ,o!r ?+s equal1 ! l>ge/ mass w1 because ( its sup]ior aggregative =ce1 become hott] ?an ! o!rs1 & radiate m int5sely4 ,o!r ?+s equal1 ! l>ge/ mass1 not)/&+ ! high] temp]ature x rea*es1 w1 9 consequ5ce ( its relatively small surface1 be ! sl[e/ 9 los+ its evolv$ heat4 ,& h5ce1 if !re is "o mass :i* 0 n only =m$ aft] ! re/1 b exce$s !m enorm\sly 9 size1 x foll[s t ?is "o w rea* an int5sity ( inc&esc5ce mu* beyond t rea*$ by ! re/2 & w cont9ue 9 a /ate ( int5se inc&esc5ce long aft] ! re/ h cool$4 ,su* a mass we h 9 ! ,sun4 ,x is a coroll>y f ! ,nebul> ,hypo!sis1 t ! matt] =m+ ! ,sun assum$ its pres5t concrete =m1 at a p]iod mu* m rec5t ?an t at :i* ! planets became def9ite bodies4 ,! quantity ( matt] conta9$ 9 ! ,sun is ne>ly five million times t conta9$ 9 ! smalle/ planet1 & above a ?\s& times t conta9$ 9 ! l>ge/4 ,& :ile1 f ! enorm\s gravitative =ce ( ! atoms1 ! evolution ( heat has be5 int5se1 ! facilities ( radiation h be5 relatively small4 ,h5ce ! /ill-cont9u$ high temp]ature4 ,j t condition ( ! c5tral body :i* is a necess>y inf]5ce f ! ,nebul> ,hypo!sis1 we f9d actually exi/+ 9 ! ,sun4 ,x may be well to consid] a little m closely1 :at is ! probable condition ( ! ,sun's surface4 ,r\nd ! globe ( inc&esc5t molt5 sub/ances1 ?us conceiv$ to =m ! visible body ( ! ,sun1 !re is kn[n to exi/ a volum9\s atmosph]e3 ! inf]ior brilliancy ( ! ,sun's bord]1 & ! appe>ances dur+ a total eclipse1 alike %[ ?is4,s ,:at n[ mu/ be ! con/itution ( ?is atmosph]e8 ,at a temp]ature approa*+ a ?\s& times t ( molt5 iron1 :i* is ! calculat$ temp]ature ( ! sol> surface1 v _m1 if n all1 ( ! sub/ances we "k z solid1 w\ld become gase\s2 & ?\gh ! ,sun's enorm\s attractive =ce mu/ be a p[]ful *eck on ?is t5d5cy to assume ! =m ( vap\r1 yet x _c be que/ion$ t if ! body ( ! ,sun consi/s ( molt5 sub/ances1 "s ( !m mu/ be con/antly und]go+ evaporation4 ,t ! d5se gases ?us cont9ually be+ g5]at$ w =m ! entire mass ( ! sol> atmosph]e1 is n probable4 ,if any?+ is to be inf]r$1 ei!r f ! ,nebul> ,hypo!sis1 or f ! analogies suppli$ by ! planets1 x mu/ be conclud$ t ! out]mo/ "p ( ! sol> atmosph]e consi/s ( :at are call$ p]man5t gases--gases t are n cond5sible into fluid ev5 at l[ temp]atures4 ,if we consid] :at mu/ h be5 ! /ate ( ?+s "h1 :5 ! surface ( ! ,e>? 0 molt51 we %all see t r\nd ! /ill molt5 surface ( ! ,sun1 !re probably exi/s a /ratum ( d5se a]i=m matt]1 made up ( sublim$ metals & metallic comp\nds1 & above ?is a /ratum ( comp>atively r>e m$ium analog\s to air4 ,:at n[ w happ5 ) ^! two /rata8 ,did !y bo? consi/ ( p]man5t gases1 !y c\ld n rema9 sep>ate3 accord+ to a well-kn[n law1 !y w\ld ev5tually =m a homog5e\s mixture4 ,b ?is w by no means happ5 :5 ! l[] /ratum consi/s ( matt]s t are gase\s only at excessively high temp]atures4 ,giv5 (f f a molt5 surface1 asc5d+1 exp&+1 & cool+1 ^! w pres5tly rea* a limit ( elevation above :i* !y _c exi/ z vap\r1 b mu/ cond5se & precipitate4 ,mean:ile ! upp] /ratum1 habitually *>g$ ) its quantum ( ^! d5s] matt]s1 z our air ) its quantum ( wat]1 & ready to deposit !m on any depression ( temp]ature1 mu/ be habitually unable to take up any m ( ! l[] /ratum2 & !re=e ?is l[] /ratum w rema9 q di/9ct f x4 ,s ,see ,h]s*el's ,outl9es ( ,a/ronomy4 ,s9ce ! =ego+ p>agraph 0 orig9ally publi%$1 9 #aheh1 ! proposition x enunciates z a coroll>y f ! ,nebul> ,hypo!sis1 has be5 9 great "p v]ifi$4 ,! m>vell\s disclosures made by spectrum-analysis1 h prov$ beyond ! possibility ( d\bt1 t ! sol> atmosph]e conta9s1 9 a gase\s /ate1 ! metals1 iron1 calcium1 magnesium1 sodium1 *romium1 & nickel1 along ) small quantities ( b>ium1 copp]1 & z9c4 ,t !re exi/ 9 ! sol> atmosph]e o!r metals l ^? :i* we h on ! ,e>?1 is probable2 & t x conta9s elem5ts :i* are unkn[n to u1 is v possible4 ,be ?is z x may1 h[ev]1 ! proposition t ! ,sun's atmosph]e consi/s l>gely ( metallic vap\rs1 mu/ take rank z an e/abli%$ tru?2 & t ! inc&esc5t body ( ! ,sun consi/s ( molt5 metals1 foll[s almo/ ( necessity4 ,t an a priori inf]5ce :i* probably seem$ to _m read]s wildly speculative1 %\ld be ?us conclusively ju/ifi$ by obs]vations1 made )\t ref]5ce to any !ory1 is a /rik+ fact2 & x gives yet fur!r support to ! hypo!sis f :i* ?is a priori conclusion 0 drawn4 ,x may be well to add t ,kir*h(f1 to :om we owe ?is discov]y respect+ ! con/itution ( ! sol> atmosph]e1 himself rem>ks 9 8 memoir ( #ahfa1 t ! facts disclos$ are 9 h>mony ) ! ,nebul> ,hypo!sis4 ,& "h let u n omit to note also1 ! significant be>+ :i* ,kir*h(f's results h on ! doctr9e cont5d$ = 9 a =ego+ section4 ,leav+ out ! b>ium1 copp]1 & z9c1 ( :i* ! quantities are inf]r$ to be small1 ! metals exi/+ z vap\rs 9 ! ,sun's atmosph]e1 & by consequ5ce z molt5 9 8 inc&esc5t body1 h an av]age specific gravity ( #d4be4 ,b ! av]age specific gravity ( ! ,sun is ab\t #a4 ,h[ is ?is discrepancy to be expla9$8 ,to say t ! ,sun consi/s almo/ :olly ( ! ?ree light] metals nam$1 w\ld be q unw>rant$ by ! evid5ce3 ! results ( spectrum-analysis w\ld j z mu* w>rant ! ass]tion t ! ,sun consi/s almo/ :olly ( ! ?ree heavi]4 ,?ree metals 7two ( !m heavy7 hav+ be5 already left out ( ! e/imate because _! quantities appe> to be small1 ! only legitimate assumption on :i* to base an e/imate ( specific gravity1 is t ! re/ are pres5t 9 some?+ l equal am\nts4 ,is x !n t ! light] metals exi/ 9 l>g] proportions 9 ! molt5 mass1 ?\gh n 9 ! atmosph]e8 ,?is is v unlikely3 ! kn[n habitudes ( matt] r imply t ! rev]se is ! case4 ,is x !n t "u ! conditions ( temp]ature & gravitation exi/+ 9 ! ,sun1 ! /ate ( liquid aggregation is :olly unlike t exi/+ "h8 ,?is is a v /rong assumption3 x is "o = :i* our t]re/rial exp]i5ces af=d no adequate w>rant2 & if su* unlik5ess exi/s1 x is v improbable t x %\ld produce s imm5se a contra/ 9 specific gravity z t ( #d to #a4 ,! m legitimate conclusion is t ! ,sun's body is n made up ( molt5 matt] all ?r\gh2 b t x consi/s ( a molt5 %ell ) a gase\s nucleus4 ,& ?is we h se5 to be a coroll>y f ! ,nebul> ,hypo!sis4 99 99 99 99 99 ,consid]$ 9 _! ensemble1 ! sev]al gr\ps ( evid5ces assign$ am\nt almo/ to pro(4 ,we h se5 t1 :5 critically exam9$1 ! speculations ( late ye>s curr5t respect+ ! nature ( ! nebulae1 commit _! promulgators to sundry absurdities2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 we see t ! v>i\s appe>ances ^! nebulae pres5t1 are explicable z diff]5t /ages 9 ! precipitation & aggregation ( diffus$ matt]4 ,we f9d t comets1 alike by _! physical con/itution1 _! imm5sely-elongat$ & v>i\sly-direct$ orbits1 ! di/ribution ( ^? orbits1 & _! manife/ /ructural relation to ! ,sol> ,sy/em1 be> te/imony to ! pa/ exi/5ce ( t sy/em 9 a nebul\s =m4 ,n only d ^? obvi\s peculi>ities 9 ! motions ( ! planets :i* fir/ sugge/$ ! ,nebul> ,hypo!sis1 supply pro(s ( x1 b on clos] exam9ation we discov]1 9 ! slightly-div]g+ incl9ations ( _! orbits1 9 _! v>i\s rates ( rotation1 & _! diff]5tly-direct$ axes ( rotation1 t ! planets yield u yet fur!r te/imony2 :ile ! satellites1 by sundry traits1 & especially by _! occurr5ce 9 great] or less abundance :]e ! hypo!sis implies great] or less abundance1 confirm ?is te/imony4 ,by trac+ out ! process ( planet>y cond5sation1 we are l$ to conclusions respect+ ! int]nal /ructure ( planets :i* at once expla9 _! anomal\s specific gravities1 & at ! same "t reconcile v>i\s seem+ly contradictory facts4 ,once m1 x turns out t :at is a priori inf]able f ! ,nebul> ,hypo!sis respect+ ! temp]atures ( ! result+ bodies1 is j :at obs]vation e/abli%es2 & t bo? ! absolute & ! relative temp]atures ( ! ,sun & planets are ?us acc\nt$ =4 ,:5 we contemplate ^! v>i\s evid5ces 9 _! totality--:5 we obs]ve t1 by ! ,nebul> ,hypo!sis1 ! lead+ ph5om5a ( ! ,sol> ,sy/em1 & ! heav5s 9 g5]al1 are explicable2 & :51 on ! o!r h&1 we consid] t ! curr5t cosmogony is n only )\t a s+le fact to /& on1 b is at v>iance ) all our positive k ( ,nature2 we see t ! pro( becomes ov]:elm+4 ,x rema9s only to po9t out t :ile ! g5esis ( ! ,sol> ,sy/em1 & ( c\ntless o!r sy/ems l x1 is ?us r5d]$ compreh5sible1 ! ultimate my/]y cont9ues z great z ev]4 ,! problem ( exi/5ce is n solv$3 x is simply remov$ fur!r back4 ,! ,nebul> ,hypo!sis ?r[s no light on ! orig9 ( diffus$ matt]2 & diffus$ matt] z mu* ne$s acc\nt+ = z concrete matt]4 ,! g5esis ( an atom is n easi] to conceive ?an ! g5esis ( a planet4 ,nay1 inde$1 s f> f mak+ ! ,univ]se a less my/]y ?an be=e1 x makes x a great] my/]y4 ,creation by manufacture is a mu* l[] ?+ ?an creation by evolution4 ,a man c put toge!r a ma*9e2 b he _c make a ma*9e develop itself4 ,! +5i\s artizan1 able z "s h be51 s f> to imitate vitality z to produce a me*anical pian(orte-play]1 may 9 "s sort conceive h[1 by great] skill1 a complete man might be artificially produc$2 b he is unable to conceive h[ su* a complex organism gradually arises out ( a m9ute /ructureless g]m4 ,t our h>moni\s univ]se once exi/$ pot5tially z =mless diffus$ matt]1 & has sl[ly gr[n into its pres5t organiz$ /ate1 is a f> m a/oni%+ fact ?an w\ld h be5 its =mation aft] ! artificial me?od vulg>ly suppos$4 ,^? :o hold x legitimate to argue f ph5om5a to n\m5a1 may rightly cont5d t ! ,nebul> ,hypo!sis implies a ,fir/ ,cause z mu* transc5d+ ! me*anical ,god ( ,paley1 z ?is does ! feti% ( ! savage4 ,,vii4 ,,ba9 ,,on ,,! ,,emotions ,,& ,,! ,,w4 ,aft] ! controv]sy betwe5 ! ,neptuni/s & ! ,vulcani/s _h be5 long c>ri$ on )\t def9ite results1 !re came a reaction aga9/ all speculative geology4 ,reason+ )\t adequate data hav+ l$ to no?+1 inquir]s w5t into ! opposite extreme1 & conf9+ !mselves :olly to collect+ data1 rel9qui%$ reason+4 ,! ,geological ,society ( ,london 0 =m$ ) ! express object ( accumulat+ evid5ce2 = _m ye>s hypo!ses 7 =bidd5 at its meet+s2 & only ( late h attempts to organize ! mass ( obs]vations into consi/5t !ory be5 tol]at$4 ,?is reaction & subsequ5t re-reaction1 well illu/rate ! rec5t hi/ory ( ,engli% ?\ght 9 g5]al4 ,! "t 0 :5 our c\ntrym5 speculat$1 c]ta9ly to z great an ext5t z any o!r p1 on all ^? high que/ions :i* pres5t !mselves to ! human intellect2 &1 inde$1 a glance at ! sy/ems ( philosophy t are or h be5 curr5t on ! ,cont95t1 suffices to %[ h[ mu* o!r nations owe to ! discov]ies ( our ance/ors4 ,= a g5]ation or two1 h[ev]1 ^! m ab/ract subjects h fall5 into neglect2 &1 among ^? :o plume !mselves on be+ practical1 ev5 into contempt4 ,p>tly1 p]haps1 a natural accompanim5t ( our rapid mat]ial gr[?1 ?is intellectual phase has be5 9 great measure due to ! exhau/ion ( argum5t1 & ! necessity = bett] data4 ,n s mu* ) a consci\s recognition ( ! end to be subs]v$1 z f an unconsci\s subord9ation to t rhy?m traceable 9 social *anges z 9 o!r ?+s1 an era ( !oriz+ )\t obs]v+1 has be5 foll[$ by an era ( obs]v+ )\t !oriz+4 ,dur+ ! long-cont9u$ devotion to concrete sci5ce1 an imm5se quantity ( raw mat]ial = ab/ract sci5ce has be5 accumulat$2 & n[ !re is obvi\sly comm5c+ a p]iod 9 :i* ?is accumulat$ raw mat]ial w be organiz$ into consi/5t !ory4 ,on all sides--equally 9 ! inorganic sci5ces1 9 ! sci5ce ( life1 & 9 ! sci5ce ( society--may we note ! t5d5cy to pass f ! sup]ficial & empirical to ! m pr(\nd & rational4 ,9 ,psy*ology ?is *ange is conspicu\s4 ,! facts br\ght to light by anatomi/s & physiologi/s dur+ ! la/ fifty ye>s1 are at l5g? be+ us$ t[>ds ! int]pretation ( ?is highe/ class ( biological ph5om5a2 & already !re is promise ( a great advance4 ,! "w ( ,mr4 ,alex&] ,ba91 ( :i* ! second volume has be5 rec5tly issu$1 may be reg>d$ z especially *>act]i/ic ( ! transition4 ,x gives u 9 ord]ly arrangem5t1 ! great mass ( evid5ce suppli$ by mod]n sci5ce t[>ds ! build+-up ( a coh]5t sy/em ( m5tal philosophy4 ,x is n 9 itself a sy/em ( m5tal philosophy1 prop]ly s call$2 b a classifi$ collection ( mat]ials = su* a sy/em1 pres5t$ ) t me?od & insight :i* sci5tific discipl9e g5]ates1 & accompani$ ) occasional passages ( an analytical "*4 ,x is inde$ t :i* x 9 ! ma9 pr(esses to be--a natural hi/ory ( ! m9d4 ,7 we to say t ! rese>*es ( ! naturali/ :o collects & dissects & describes species1 be> ! same relation to ! rese>*es ( ! comp>ative anatomi/ trac+ out ! laws ( organization1 :i* ,mr4 ,ba9's lab\rs be> to ! lab\rs ( ! ab/ract psy*ologi/1 we %\ld be go+ some:at too f>2 = ,mr4 ,ba9's "w is n :olly descriptive4 ,/ill1 h[ev]1 su* an analogy conveys ! be/ g5]al conception ( :at he has done2 & s]ves mo/ cle>ly to indicate its ne$fulness4 ,= z1 be=e !re c be made any?+ l true g5]alizations respect+ ! classification ( organisms & ! laws ( organization1 !re mu/ be an ext5sive accumulation ( ! facts pres5t$ 9 num]\s organic bodies2 s1 )\t a tol]ably-complete del9eation ( m5tal ph5om5a ( all ord]s1 !re c sc>cely arise any adequate !ory ( ! m9d4 ,until rec5tly1 m5tal sci5ce has be5 pursu$ mu* z physical sci5ce 0 pursu$ by ! anci5ts3 n by draw+ conclusions f obs]vations & exp]im5ts1 b by draw+ !m f arbitr>y a priori assumptions4 ,?is c\rse1 long s9ce ab&on$ 9 ! "o case ) imm5se advantage1 is gradually be+ ab&on$ 9 ! o!r2 & ! treatm5t ( ,psy*ology z a division ( natural hi/ory1 %[s t ! ab&onm5t w soon be complete4 ,e/imat$ z a means to high] results1 ,mr4 ,ba9's "w is ( great value4 ,( its k9d x is ! mo/ sci5tific 9 conception1 ! mo/ ca?olic 9 _s1 & ! mo/ complete 9 execution4 ,besides del9eat+ ! v>i\s classes ( m5tal ph5om5a z se5 "u t /rong] light ?r[n on !m by mod]n sci5ce1 x includes 9 ! picture mu* :i* previ\s writ]s _h omitt$--p>tly f prejudice1 p>tly f ignorance4 ,we ref] m especially to ! p>ticipation ( bodily organs 9 m5tal *anges2 & ! addition to ! prim>y m5tal *anges1 ( ^? _m second>y ones :i* ! actions ( ! bodily organs g5]ate4 ,mr4 ,ba9 has1 we believe1 be5 ! fir/ to appreciate ! importance ( ?is elem5t 9 our /ates ( consci\sness2 & x is "o ( 8 m]its t he %[s h[ con/ant & l>ge an elem5t x is4 ,fur!r1 ! relations ( volunt>y & involunt>y movem5ts are elucidat$ 9 a way t 0 n possible to writ]s unacqua9t$ ) ! mod]n doctr9e ( reflex action4 ,& beyond ?is1 "s ( ! analytical passages t "h & !re occur1 conta9 important ideas4 ,valuable1 h[ev]1 z is ,mr4 ,ba9's "w1 we reg>d x z ess5tially transitional4 ,x pres5ts 9 a dige/$ =m ! results ( a p]iod ( obs]vation2 adds to ^! results _m well-del9eat$ facts collect$ by himself2 arranges new & old mat]ials ) t m sci5tific me?od :i* ! discipl9e ( our times has fo/]$2 & s prep>e ! way = bett] g5]alizations4 ,b almo/ ( necessity its classifications & conclusions are provisional4 ,9 ! gr[? ( ea* sci5ce1 n only is correct obs]vation ne$ful = ! =mation ( true !ory2 b true !ory is ne$ful z a prelim9>y to correct obs]vation4 ,( c\rse we d n int5d ?is ass]tion to be tak5 lit]ally2 b z a /rong expression ( ! fact t ! two mu/ advance h& 9 h&4 ,! fir/ crude !ory or r\gh classification1 bas$ on v slight k ( ! ph5om5a1 is requisite z a means ( r$uc+ ! ph5om5a to "s k9d ( ord]2 & z supply+ a conception ) :i* fre% ph5om5a may be comp>$1 & _! agreem5t or disagreem5t not$4 ,incongruities be+ by & by made manife/ by wid] exam9ation ( cases1 !re comes su* modification ( ! !ory z br+s x into a ne>] correspond5ce ) ! evid5ce4 ,?is reacts to ! fur!r advance ( obs]vation4 ,m ext5sive & complete obs]vation br+s additional corrections ( !ory4 ,& s on till ! tru? is rea*$4 ,9 m5tal sci5ce1 ! sy/ematic collection ( facts hav+ b rec5tly comm5c$1 x is n to be expect$ t ! results c be at once rightly =mulat$4 ,all t may be look$ = are approximate g5]alizations :i* w pres5tly s]ve = ! bett] direct+ ( inquiry4 ,h5ce1 ev5 7 x n n[ possible to say 9 :at way x does s1 we might be tol]ably c]ta9 t ,mr4 ,ba9's "w be>s ! /amp ( ! in*oate /ate ( ,psy*ology4 ,we ?9k1 h[ev]1 t x w n be difficult to f9d 9 :at respects its organization is provisional2 & at ! same "t to %[ :at mu/ be ! nature ( a m complete organization4 ,we propose "h to attempt ?is3 illu/rat+ our positions f 8 rec5tly-issu$ second volume4 99 99 99 99 99 ,is x possible to make a true classification )\t ! aid ( analysis8 or mu/ !re n be an analytical basis to e true classification8 ,c ! real relations ( ?+s be det]m9$ by ! obvi\s *>act]i/ics ( ! ?+s8 or does x n commonly happ5 t c]ta9 hidd5 *>act]i/ics1 on :i* ! obvi\s ones dep5d1 are ! truly significant ones8 ,?is is ! prelim9>y "q :i* a glance at ,mr4 ,ba9's s*eme ( ! emotions sugge/s4 ,?\gh n av[$ly1 yet by implication1 ,mr4 ,ba9 assumes t a "r conception ( ! nature1 ! ord]1 & ! relations ( ! emotions1 may be arriv$ at by contemplat+ _! conspicu\s objective & subjective *>act]s1 z display$ 9 ! adult4 ,aft] po9t+ out t we lack ^? means ( classification :i* s]ve 9 ! case ( ! s5sations1 he says-- ,9 ^! circum/ances we mu/ turn our att5tion to ! mann] ( diffusion ( ! diff]5t passions & emotions1 9 ord] to obta9 a basis ( classification analog\s to ! arrangem5t ( ! s5sations4 ,if :at we h already advanc$ on t subject be at all well f\nd$1 ?is is ! g5u9e turn+ po9t ( ! me?od to be *os51 = ! same mode ( diffusion w always be accompani$ by ! same m5tal exp]i5ce1 & ea* ( ! two aspects w\ld id5tify1 & w\ld be evid5ce (1 ! o!r4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 no?+ s ?or\ghly *>act]i/ic ( any /ate ( feel+ z ! nature ( ! diffusive wave t embodies x1 or ! v>i\s organs specially r\s$ into action by x1 toge!r ) ! mann] ( ! action4 ,! only drawback is our comp>ative ignorance1 & our inability to disc]n ! precise "* ( ! diffusive curr5ts 9 e case2 a radical imp]fection 9 ! sci5ce ( m9d z con/itut$ at pres5t4 ,our own consci\sness1 =m]ly reckon$ ! only m$ium ( k to ! m5tal philosoph]1 mu/ !re=e be /ill ref]r$ to z a pr9cipal means ( discrim9at+ ! v>ieties ( human feel+4 ,we h ! p[] ( not+ agreem5t & diff]5ce among our consci\s /ates1 & on ?is we c raise a /ructure ( classification4 ,we recognise su* g5]alities z pleasure1 pa91 love1 ang]1 ?r\gh ! prop]ty ( m5tal or intellectual discrim9ation t accompanies 9 our m9d ! fact ( an emotion4 ,a c]ta9 degree ( precision is atta9able by ?is mode ( m5tal comp>ison & analysis2 ! f>!r we c c>ry su* precision ! bett]2 b t is no reason :y x %\ld /& alone to ! neglect ( ! corporeal embodim5ts ?r\gh :i* "o m9d reveals itself to o!rs4 ,! companion%ip ( inw>d feel+ ) bodily manife/ation is a fact ( ! human con/itution1 & des]ves to be /udi$ z su*2 & x w\ld be difficult to f9d a place m appropriate ?an a treatise on ! m9d = sett+ =? ! conjunctions & sequ5ces traceable 9 ?is dep>tm5t ( nature4 ,i %all make no scruple 9 conjo9+ ) ! description ( ! m5tal ph5om5a ! physical appe>ances1 9 s f> z ,i am able to asc]ta9 !m4 ,!re is /ill "o o!r qu>t] to be ref]r$ to 9 settl+ a complete arrangem5t ( ! emotions1 namely1 ! v>ieties ( human conduct1 & ! ma*9]y creat$ 9 subs]vi5ce to our common susceptibilities4 ,= example1 ! va/ sup]/ructure ( f9e art has its f\ndations 9 human feel+1 & 9 r5d]+ an acc\nt ( ?is we are l$ to recognise ! int]e/+ gr\p ( arti/ic or ae/hetic emotions4 ,! same outw>d ref]5ce to conduct & creations br+s to light ! s-call$ moral s5se 9 man1 ^: f\ndations 9 ! m5tal sy/em h accord+ly to be exam9$4 ,comb9+ toge!r ^! v>i\s indications1 or s\rces ( discrim9ation1--outw>d objects1 diffusive mode or expression1 inw>d consci\sness1 result+ conduct & in/itutions--,i adopt ! foll[+ arrangem5t ( ! families or natural ord]s ( emotion4 ,"h1 !n1 are confess$ly adopt$1 z bases ( classification1 ! mo/ manife/ *>act]s ( ! emotions2 z disc]n$ subjectively1 & objectively4 ,! mode ( diffusion ( an emotion is "o ( its outside aspects2 ! in/itutions x g5]ates =m ano!r ( its outside aspects2 & ?\gh ! peculi>ities ( ! emotion z a /ate ( consci\sness1 seem to express its intr9sic & ultimate nature1 yet su* peculi>ities z are p]ceptible by simple introspection1 mu/ also be class$ z sup]ficial peculi>ities4 ,x is a famili> fact t v>i\s intellectual /ates ( consci\sness turn out1 :5 analyz$1 to h natures widely unlike ^? :i* at fir/ appe>2 & we believe ! l w prove true ( emotional /ates ( consci\sness4 ,j z our concept ( space1 :i* is apt to be ?\ght a simple1 undecomposable concept1 is yet resolvable into exp]i5ces q diff]5t f t /ate ( consci\sness :i* we call space2 s1 probably1 ! s5tim5t ( affection or rev]5ce is comp\nd$ ( elem5ts t are sev]ally di/9ct f ! :ole :i* !y make up4 ,& mu* z a classification ( our ideas :i* dealt ) ! idea ( space z ?\gh x 7 ultimate1 w\ld be a classification ( ideas by _! ext]nals2 s1 a classification ( our emotions1 :i*1 reg>d+ !m z simple1 describes _! aspects 9 ord9>y consci\sness1 is a classification ( emotions by _! ext]nals4 ,?us1 !n1 ,mr4 ,ba9's gr\p+ is ?r\gh\t det]m9$ by ! mo/ manife/ attributes--^? objectively display$ 9 ! natural language ( ! emotions1 & 9 ! social ph5om5a t result f !m1 & ^? subjectively display$ 9 ! aspects ! emotions assume 9 an analytical consci\sness4 ,& ! "q is--,c !y be correctly gr\p$ aft] ?is me?od8 ,we ?9k n2 & _h ,mr4 ,ba9 c>ri$ f>!r an idea ) :i* he has set out1 he w\ld probably h se5 t !y _c4 ,z already said1 he av[$ly adopts ! natural-hi/ory-me?od3 n only ref]r+ to x 9 8 preface1 b 9 8 fir/ *apt] giv+ examples ( botanical & zoological classifications1 z illu/rat+ ! mode 9 :i* he proposes to deal ) ! emotions4 ,?is we conceive to be a philosophical conception2 & we h only to regret t ,mr4 ,ba9 has ov]look$ "s ( its mo/ important implications4 ,= 9 :at has ess5tially consi/$ ! progress ( natural-hi/ory-classification8 ,9 ! ab&onm5t ( gr\p+ by ext]nal1 conspicu\s *>act]s2 & 9 ! mak+ ( c]ta9 int]nal1 b all-ess5tial *>act]s1 ! bases ( gr\ps4 ,:ales are n n[ rang$ along ) fi%1 because 9 _! g5]al =ms & habits ( life !y resemble fi%2 b !y are rang$ ) mammals1 because ! type ( _! organization1 z asc]ta9$ by dissection1 corresponds ) t ( ! mammals4 ,no long] consid]$ z sea-we$s 9 virtue ( _! =ms & modes ( gr[?1 zoophytes are n[ %[n1 by exam9ation ( _! economy1 to belong to ! animal k+dom4 ,x is f\nd1 !n1 t ! discov]y ( real relation%ips involves analysis4 ,x has turn$ out t ! e>li] classifications1 guid$ by g5]al resemblances1 ?\gh conta9+ mu* tru?1 & ?\gh v useful provisionally1 7 yet 9 _m cases radically wrong2 & t ! true aff9ities ( organisms1 & ! true homologies ( _! p>ts1 are to be made out only by exam9+ _! hidd5 /ructures4 ,ano!r fact ( great significance 9 ! hi/ory ( classification is also to be not$4 ,v frequ5tly ! k9%ip ( an organism _c be made out ev5 by exhau/ive analysis1 if t analysis is conf9$ to ! adult /ructure4 ,9 _m cases x is ne$ful to exam9e ! /ructure 9 its e>li] /ages2 & ev5 9 its embryonic /age4 ,s difficult 0 x1 = in/ance1 to det]m9e ! true position ( ! ,cirrhip$ia among animals1 by exam9+ mature individuals only1 t ,cuvi] errone\sly class$ !m ) ,mollusca1 ev5 aft] dissect+ !m2 & n until _! e>ly =ms 7 discov]$1 7 !y cle>ly prov$ to belong to ! ,cru/acea4 ,s important1 inde$1 is ! /udy ( developm5t z a means to classification1 t ! fir/ zoologi/s n[ hold x to be ! only absolute crit]ion4 ,"h1 !n1 9 ! advance ( natural-hi/ory-classification1 are two fundam5tal facts1 :i* %\ld be borne 9 m9d :5 classify+ ! emotions4 ,if1 z ,mr4 ,ba9 rightly assumes1 ! emotions are to be gr\p$ aft] ! natural-hi/ory-me?od2 !n x %\ld be ! natural-hi/ory-me?od 9 its complete =m1 & n 9 its rude =m4 ,mr4 ,ba9 w d\btless agree 9 ! position1 t a correct acc\nt ( ! emotions 9 _! natures & relations1 mu/ correspond ) a correct acc\nt ( ! n]v\s sy/em--mu/ =m ano!r side ( ! same ultimate facts4 ,/ructure & function mu/ necess>ily h>monize4 ,/ructures :i* h ) ea* o!r c]ta9 ultimate connexions1 mu/ h functions t h answ]+ connexions4 ,/ructures t h aris5 9 c]ta9 ways1 mu/ h functions t h aris5 9 p>allel ways4 ,& h5ce if analysis & developm5t are ne$ful = ! "r int]pretation ( /ructures1 !y mu/ be ne$ful = ! "r int]pretation ( functions4 ,j z a sci5tific description ( ! dige/ive organs1 mu/ include n only _! obvi\s =ms & connexions1 b _! microscopic *>act]s1 & also ! ways 9 :i* !y sev]ally result by diff]5tiation f ! primitive muc\s membrane2 s mu/ a sci5tific acc\nt ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 include its g5]al arrangem5ts1 its m9ute /ructure1 & its mode ( evolution2 & s mu/ a sci5tific acc\nt ( n]v\s actions1 include ! answ]+ ?ree elem5ts4 ,alike 9 class+ sep>ate organisms1 & 9 class+ ! p>ts ( ! same organism1 ! complete natural-hi/ory-me?od involves ultimate analysis1 aid$ by developm5t2 & ,mr4 ,ba91 9 n bas+ 8 classification ( ! emotions on *>act]s rea*$ ?r\gh ^! aids1 has fall5 %ort ( ! conception ) :i* he set out4 ,b1 x w p]haps be ask$1 h[ are ! emotions to be analyz$1 & _! modes ( evolution to be asc]ta9$8 ,diff]5t animals1 & diff]5t organs ( ! same animal1 may readily be comp>$ 9 _! int]nal & microscopic /ructures1 z also 9 _! developm5ts2 b functions1 & especially su* functions z ! emotions1 d n admit ( l comp>isons4 ,x mu/ be admitt$ t ! application ( ^! me?ods is "h by no means s easy4 ,?\gh we c note diff]5ces & simil>ities betwe5 ! int]nal =mations ( two animals2 x is difficult to contra/ ! m5tal /ates ( two animals4 ,?\gh ! true morphological relations ( organs may be made out by ! obs]vations ( embryos2 yet1 :]e su* organs are inactive be=e bir?1 we _c completely trace ! hi/ory ( _! actions4 ,obvi\sly1 too1 ! pursuance ( inquiries ( ! k9d indicat$1 raises que/ions :i* sci5ce is n yet prep>$ to answ]2 z1 = in/ance--,:e!r all n]v\s functions1 9 common ) all o!r functions1 arise by gradual diff]5tiations1 z _! organs d8 ,:e!r ! emotions are1 !re=e1 to be reg>d$ z div]g5t modes ( action1 t h become unlike by successive modifications8 ,:e!r1 z two organs :i* orig9ally budd$ out ( ! same membrane1 h n only become diff]5t z !y develop$1 b h also sev]ally become comp\nd int]nally1 ?\gh ext]nally simple3 s two emotions1 simple & ne> ak9 9 _! roots1 may n only h gr[n unlike1 b may also h gr[n involv$ 9 _! natures1 ?\gh seem+ homog5e\s to consci\sness4 ,& "h1 inde$1 9 ! inability ( exi/+ sci5ce to answ] ^! que/ions :i* und]lie a true psy*ological classification1 we see h[ purely provisional any pres5t classification is likely to be4 ,nev]!less1 ev5 n[1 classification may be aid$ by developm5t & ultimate analysis to a consid]able ext5t2 & ! defect 9 ,mr4 ,ba9's "w is1 t he has n sy/ematically avail$ himself ( !m z f> z possible4 ,?us we may1 9 ! fir/ place1 /udy ! evolution ( ! emotions up ?r\gh ! v>i\s grades ( ! animal k+dom3 obs]v+ :i* ( !m are e>lie/ & exi/ ) ! l[e/ organization & intellig5ce2 9 :at ord] ! o!rs accompany high] end[m5ts2 & h[ !y are sev]ally relat$ to ! conditions ( life4 ,9 ! second place1 we may note ! emotional diff]5ces betwe5 ! l[] & ! high] human races--may reg>d z e>li] & simpl] ^? feel+s :i* are common to bo?1 & z lat] & m comp\nd ^? :i* are *>act]i/ic ( ! mo/ civiliz$4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 we may obs]ve ! ord] 9 :i* ! emotions unfold dur+ ! progress f infancy to maturity4 ,& la/ly1 comp>+ ^! ?ree k9ds ( emotional developm5t1 display$ 9 ! asc5d+ grades ( ! animal k+dom1 9 ! advance ( ! civiliz$ races1 & 9 individual hi/ory1 we may see 9 :at respects !y h>monize1 & :at are ! impli$ g5]al tru?s4 ,hav+ ga!r$ toge!r & g5]aliz$ ^! sev]al classes ( facts1 analysis ( ! emotions w\ld be made easi]4 ,sett+ out ) ! unque/ionable assumption1 t e new =m ( emotion mak+ its appe>ance 9 ! individual or ! race1 is a modification ( "s pre-exi/+ emotion1 or a comp\nd+ ( sev]al pre-exi/+ emotions2 we %\ld be greatly aid$ by kn[+ :at always are ! pre-exi/+ emotions4 ,:51 = example1 we f9d t v few if any ( ! l[] animals %[ any love ( accumulation1 & t ?is feel+ is abs5t 9 infancy--:5 we see t an infant 9 arms exhibits ang]1 fe>1 wond]1 :ile yet x manife/s no desire ( p]man5t possession1 & t a brute :i* has no acquisitive emotion c nev]!less feel atta*m5t1 jeal\sy1 love ( approbation2 we may suspect t ! feel+ :i* prop]ty satisfies1 is comp\nd$ out ( simpl] & deep] feel+s4 ,we may conclude t z1 :5 a dog hides a bone1 !re mu/ exi/ 9 him a prospective gratification ( hung]2 s !re mu/ simil>ly at fir/1 9 all cases :]e any?+ is secur$ or tak5 possession (1 exi/ an ideal excitem5t ( ! feel+ :i* t ?+ w gratify4 ,we may fur!r conclude t :5 ! intellig5ce is su* t a v>iety ( objects come to be utiliz$ = diff]5t purposes--:51 z among savages1 div]s wants are satisfi$ ?r\gh ! articles appropriat$ = weapons1 %elt]1 clo?+1 ornam5t2 ! act ( appropriat+ comes to be "o con/antly involv+ agreeable associations1 & "o :i* is !re=e pleasurable1 irrespective ( ! end subs]v$4 ,& :51 z 9 civiliz$ life1 ! prop]ty acquir$ is ( a k9d n conduc+ to "o ord] ( gratifications1 b is capable ( adm9i/]+ to all gratifications1 ! pleasure ( acquir+ prop]ty gr[s m di/9ct f ea* ( ! v>i\s pleasures subs]v$--is m completely diff]5tiat$ into a sep>ate emotion4 ,?is illu/ration1 r\ghly z x is sket*$1 w %[ :at we mean by ! use ( comp>ative psy*ology 9 aid ( classification4 ,asc]ta9+ by induction ! actual ord] ( evolution ( ! emotions1 we are l$ to suspect ?is to be _! ord] ( successive dep5d5ce2 & are s l$ to recognize _! ord] ( asc5d+ complexity2 & by consequ5ce _! true gr\p+s4 ,?us1 9 ! v process ( arrang+ ! emotions into grades1 beg9n+ ) ^? involv$ 9 ! l[e/ =ms ( consci\s activity & end ) ^? peculi> to ! adult civiliz$ man1 ! way is op5$ = t ultimate analysis :i* alone c lead u to ! true sci5ce ( ! matt]4 ,= :5 we f9d bo? t !re exi/ 9 a man feel+s :i* d n exi/ 9 a *ild1 & t ! ,european is *>act]iz$ by "s s5tim5ts :i* are :olly or 9 a great "p abs5t f ! savage--:5 we see t1 besides ! new emotions t arise spontane\sly z ! individual becomes completely organiz$1 !re are new emotions mak+ _! appe>ance 9 ! m advanc$ divisions ( our race2 we are l$ to ask--,h[ are new emotions g5]at$8 ,! l[e/ savages h n ev5 ! ideas ( ju/ice or m]cy3 !y h nei!r words = !m nor c !y be made to conceive !m2 & ! manife/ation ( !m by ,europeans !y ascribe to fe> or cunn+4 ,!re are ae/hetic emotions common among ourselves1 t are sc>cely 9 any degree exp]i5c$ by "s inf]ior races2 z1 = in/ance1 ^? produc$ by music4 ,to :i* in/ances may be add$ ! less m>k$ b m num]\s contra/s t exi/ betwe5 civiliz$ races 9 ! degrees ( _! sev]al emotions4 ,& if x is manife/1 bo? t all ! emotions are capable ( be+ p]man5tly modifi$ 9 ! c\rse ( successive g5]ations1 & t :at mu/ be class$ z new emotions may be br\ght into exi/5ce2 !n x foll[s t no?+ l a true conception ( ! emotions is to be obta9$1 until we und]/& h[ !y are evolv$4 ,comp>ative psy*ology1 :ile x raises ?is inquiry1 prep>es ! way = answ]+ x4 ,:5 obs]v+ ! diff]5ces betwe5 races1 we c sc>cely fail to obs]ve also h[ ^! diff]5ces correspond ) diff]5ces 9 _! conditions ( exi/5ce1 & !re=e 9 _! daily exp]i5ces4 ,note ! contra/ betwe5 ! circum/ances & betwe5 ! emotional natures ( savage & civiliz$4 ,among ! l[e/ races ( m51 love ( prop]ty /imulates to ! obta9m5t only ( su* ?+s z satisfy imm$iate desires or desires ( ! imm$iate future4 ,improvid5ce is ! rule3 !re is little ef=t to meet remote cont+5cies4 ,b ! gr[? ( e/abli%$ societies1 hav+ gradually giv5 security ( possession1 !re has be5 an increas+ t5d5cy to provide = com+ ye>s3 !re has be5 a con/ant ex]cise ( ! feel+ :i* is satisfi$ by a provision = ! future2 & !re has be5 a gr[? ( ?is feel+ s great t x n[ prompts accumulation to an ext5t beyond :at is ne$ful4 ,note1 aga91 t "u ! discipl9e ( social life--"u a comp>ative ab/95ce f aggressive actions1 & a p]=mance ( ^? mutually-s]viceable actions impli$ by ! division ( lab\r--!re has be5 a developm5t ( ^? g5tle emotions ( :i* inf]ior races exhibit b ! rudim5ts4 ,savages delight 9 giv+ pa9 r ?an pleasure--are almo/ devoid ( sympa?y4 ,:ile among ourselves philan?ropy organizes itself 9 laws1 e/abli%es num]\s in/itutions1 & dictates c\ntless private b5efactions4 ,f :i* & o!r l facts1 does x n seem an unavoidable inf]5ce t new emotions are develop$ by new exp]i5ces--new habits ( life8 ,all are famili> ) ! tru?1 t 9 ! individual1 ea* feel+ may be /r5g!n$ by p]=m+ ^? actions :i* x prompts2 & to say t ! feel+ is /r5g!n$1 is to say t x is 9 "p made by ^! actions4 ,we "k fur!r1 t n unfrequ5tly1 individuals1 by p]si/5ce 9 special c\rses ( conduct1 acquire special lik+s = su* c\rses disagreeable z ^! may be to o!rs2 & ^! :ims1 or morbid ta/es1 imply incipi5t emotions correspond+ to ^! special activities4 ,we "k t emotional *>act]i/ics1 9 common ) all o!rs1 are h]$it>y2 & ! diff]5ces betwe5 civiliz$ nations desc5d$ f ! same /ock1 %[ u ! cumulative results ( small modifications h]$it>ily transmitt$4 ,& :5 we see t betwe5 savage & civiliz$ races1 :i* div]g$ f ea* o!r 9 ! remote pa/1 & h = a hundr$ g5]ations foll[$ modes ( life becom+ ev] m unlike1 !re exi/ /ill great] emotional contra/s2 may we n inf] t ! m or less di/9ct emotions :i* *>act]ize civiliz$ races1 are ! organiz$ results ( c]ta9 daily-repeat$ comb9ations ( m5tal /ates :i* social life involves8 ,mu/ we n say t habits n only modify emotions 9 ! individual1 & n only beget t5d5cies to l habits & accompany+ emotions 9 desc5dants1 b t :5 ! conditions ( ! race make ! habits p]si/5t1 ?is progressive modification may g on to ! ext5t ( produc+ emotions s f> di/9ct z to seem new8 ,& if s1 we may suspect t su* new emotions1 & by implication all emotions analytically consid]$1 consi/ ( aggregat$ & consolidat$ gr\ps ( ^? simpl] feel+s :i* habitually occur toge!r 9 exp]i5ce3 t !y result f comb9$ exp]i5ces1 & are con/itut$ ( !m4 ,:51 9 ! circum/ances ( any race1 "s "o k9d ( action or set ( actions1 s5sation or set ( s5sations1 is usually foll[$1 or accompani$ by1 v>i\s o!r sets ( actions or s5sations1 & s entails a l>ge mass ( pleasurable or pa9ful /ates ( consci\sness2 ^!1 by frequ5t repetition1 become s connect$ toge!r t ! initial action or s5sation br+s ! ideas ( all ! re/ cr[d+ into consci\sness3 produc+1 9 a degree1 ! pleasures or pa9s t h be=e be5 felt 9 reality4 ,& :5 ?is relation1 besides be+ frequ5tly repeat$ 9 ! individual1 occurs 9 successive g5]ations1 all ! _m n]v\s actions involv$ t5d to gr[ organically connect$4 ,!y become incipi5tly reflex2 & on ! occurr5ce ( ! appropriate /imulus1 ! :ole n]v\s app>atus :i* 9 pa/ g5]ations 0 br\ght into activity by ?is /imulus1 becomes nasc5tly excit$4 ,ev5 :ile yet !re h be5 no individual exp]i5ces1 a vague feel+ ( pleasure or pa9 is produc$2 con/itut+ :at we may call ! body ( ! emotion4 ,& :5 ! exp]i5ces ( pa/ g5]ations come to be repeat$ 9 ! individual1 ! emotion ga9s bo? /r5g? & def9it5ess2 & is accompani$ by ! appropriate specific ideas4 ,?is view ( ! matt]1 :i* we believe ! e/abli%$ tru?s ( ,physiology & ,psy*ology unite 9 indicat+1 & :i* is ! view t g5]alizes ! ph5om5a ( habit1 ( national *>act]i/ics1 ( civilization 9 its moral aspects1 at ! same "t t x gives u a conception ( emotion 9 its orig9 & ultimate nature1 may be illu/rat$ f ! m5tal modifications und]gone by animals4 ,x is well-kn[n t on newly-discov]$ l&s n inhabit$ by man1 birds are s devoid ( fe> z to all[ !mselves to be knock$ ov] ) /icks2 b t 9 ! c\rse ( g5]ations1 !y acquire su* a dread ( man z to fly on 8 approa*2 & t ?is dread is manife/$ by "y z well z old4 ,n[ unless ?is *ange be ascrib$ to ! kill+-(f ( ! lea/ fe>ful1 & ! pres]vation & multiplication ( ! m fe>ful1 :i*1 consid]+ ! comp>atively small numb] kill$ by man1 is an inadequate cause2 x mu/ be ascrib$ to accumulat$ exp]i5ces2 & ea* exp]i5ce mu/ be held to h a %>e 9 produc+ x4 ,we mu/ conclude t 9 ea* bird t escapes ) injuries inflict$ by man1 or is al>m$ by ! outcries ( o!r memb]s ( ! flock 7greg>i\s creatures ( any intellig5ce be+ necess>ily m or less sympa!tic71 !re is e/abli%$ an association ( ideas betwe5 ! human aspect & ! pa9s1 direct & indirect1 suff]$ f human ag5cy4 ,& we mu/ fur!r conclude1 t ! /ate ( consci\sness :i* impels ! bird to take flight1 is at fir/ no?+ m ?an an ideal reproduction ( ^? pa9ful impressions :i* be=e foll[$ man's approa*2 t su* ideal reproduction becomes m vivid & m massive z ! pa9ful exp]i5ces1 direct or sympa!tic1 increase2 & t ?us ! emotion 9 its incipi5t /ate1 is no?+ else ?an an aggregation ( ! reviv$ pa9s be=e exp]i5c$4 ,z1 9 ! c\rse ( g5]ations1 ! "y birds ( ?is race beg9 to display a fe> ( man be=e yet !y h be5 injur$ by him2 x is an unavoidable inf]5ce t ! n]v\s sy/em ( ! race has be5 organically modifi$ by ^! exp]i5ces3 we h no *oice b to conclude t :5 a "y bird is ?us l$ to fly1 x is because ! impression produc$ on its s5ses by ! approa*+ man1 entails1 ?r\gh an incipi5tly-reflex action1 a p>tial excitem5t ( all ^? n]ves :i* 9 its ance/ors _h be5 excit$ "u ! l conditions2 t ?is p>tial excitem5t has its accompany+ pa9ful consci\sness2 & t ! vague pa9ful consci\sness ?us aris+1 con/itutes emotion prop]--emotion undecomposable into specific exp]i5ces1 & !re=e seem+ly homog5e\s4 ,if su* be ! explanation ( ! fact 9 ?is case1 !n x is 9 all cases4 ,if emotion is s g5]at$ "h1 !n x is s g5]at$ ?r\gh\t4 ,we mu/ p]=ce conclude t ! emotional modifications display$ by diff]5t nations1 & ^? high] emotions by :i* civiliz$ are di/+ui%$ f savage1 are to be acc\nt$ = on ! same pr9ciple4 ,& conclud+ ?is1 we are l$ /rongly to suspect t ! emotions 9 g5]al h sev]ally ?us orig9at$4 ,p]haps we h n[ made suffici5tly cle> :at we mean by ! /udy ( ! emotions ?r\gh analysis & developm5t4 ,we h aim$ to ju/ify ! positions t1 )\t analysis aid$ by developm5t1 !re _c be a true natural hi/ory ( ! emotions2 & t a natural hi/ory ( ! emotions bas$ on ext]nal *>act]s1 c be b provisional4 ,we ?9k t ,mr4 ,ba91 9 conf9+ himself to an acc\nt ( ! emotions z !y exi/ 9 ! adult civiliz$ man1 has neglect$ ^? classes ( facts out ( :i* ! sci5ce ( ! matt] mu/ *iefly be built4 ,x is true t he has treat$ ( habits z modify+ emotions 9 ! individual2 b he has n recogniz$ ! fact1 t :]e conditions r5d] habits p]si/5t 9 successive g5]ations1 su* modifications are cumulative3 he has n h9t$ t ! modifications produc$ by habit are emotions 9 ! mak+4 ,x is true1 also1 t he occasionally ref]s to ! *>act]i/ics ( *ildr52 b he does n sy/ematically trace ! *anges ?r\gh :i* *ildhood passes into manhood1 z ?r[+ light on ! ord] & g5esis ( ! emotions4 ,x is fur!r true t he "h & !re ref]s to national traits 9 illu/ration ( 8 subject2 b ^! /& z isolat$ facts1 hav+ no g5]al significance3 !re is no h9t ( any relation betwe5 !m & ! national circum/ances2 :ile all ^? _m moral contra/s betwe5 l[] & high] races :i* ?r[ great light on classification1 are pass$ ov]4 ,& once m1 x is true t _m passages ( 8 "w1 & sometimes1 inde$1 :ole sections ( x1 are analytical2 b 8 analyses are incid5tal--!y d n und]lie 8 entire s*eme1 b are "h & !re add$ to x4 ,9 brief1 he has writt5 a ,descriptive ,psy*ology1 :i* does n appeal to ,comp>ative ,psy*ology & ,analytical ,psy*ology = its lead+ ideas4 ,& 9 do+ ?is1 he has omitt$ mu* t %\ld be includ$ 9 a natural hi/ory ( ! m9d2 :ile to t "p ( ! subject ) :i* he has dealt1 he has giv5 a necess>ily-imp]fect organization4 99 99 99 99 99 ,ev5 leav+ out ( view ! abs5ce ( ^? me?ods & crit]ia on :i* we h be5 insi/+1 x appe>s to u t m]itori\s z is ,mr4 ,ba9's book 9 its details1 x is defective 9 "s ( its lead+ ideas4 ,! fir/ p>agraphs ( 8 fir/ *apt]1 q />tl$ u by ! /rang5ess ( _! def9itions--a /rang5ess :i* c sc>cely be ascrib$ to laxity ( expression4 ,! p>agraphs run ?us3-- ,m9d is compris$ "u ?ree heads--,emotion1 ,volition1 & ,intellect4 ,,emotion is ! "n "h us$ to compreh5d all t is und]/ood by feel+s1 /ates ( feel+1 pleasures1 pa9s1 passions1 s5tim5ts1 affections4 ,consci\sness1 & consci\s /ates also = ! mo/ "p d5ote modes ( emotion1 al?\gh !re is su* a ?+ z ! ,intellectual consci\sness4 ,,volition1 on ! o!r h&1 indicates ! great fact t our ,pleasures & ,pa9s1 :i* are n ! :ole ( our emotions1 prompt u to action1 or /imulate ! active ma*9]y ( ! liv+ framework to p]=m su* op]ations z procure ! fir/ & abate ! la/4 ,to )draw f a scald+ heat & cl+ to a g5tle w>m?1 are ex]cises ( volition4 ,! la/ ( ^! def9itions1 :i* we may mo/ conv5i5tly take fir/1 seems to u v faulty4 ,we _c b feel a/oni%$ t ,mr4 ,ba91 famili> z he is ) ! ph5om5a ( reflex action1 %\ld h s express$ himself z to include a great "p ( !m along ) ! ph5om5a ( volition4 ,he seems to be ignor+ ! discrim9ations ( mod]n sci5ce1 & return+ to ! vague conceptions ( ! pa/--nay m1 he is compreh5d+ "u volition :at ev5 ! popul> spee* w\ld h>dly br+ "u x4 ,if y 7 to blame any "o = snat*+ 8 foot f ! scald+ wat] into :i* he _h inadv]t5tly put x1 he w\ld tell y t he c\ld n help x2 & 8 reply w\ld be indors$ by ! g5]al exp]i5ce1 t ! )drawal ( a limb f contact ) some?+ extremely hot1 is q involunt>y--t x takes place n only )\t volition1 b 9 defiance ( an ef=t ( w to ma9ta9 ! contact4 ,h[1 !n1 c t be in/anc$ z an example ( volition1 :i* occurs ev5 :5 volition is antagoni/ic8 ,we are q aw>e t x is impossible to draw any absolute l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 automatic actions & actions :i* are n automatic4 ,d\btless we may pass gradually f ! purely reflex1 ?r\gh ! cons5sual1 to ! volunt>y4 ,tak+ ! case ,mr4 ,ba9 cites1 x is manife/ t f a heat ( su* mod]ate degree t ! )drawal f x is :olly volunt>y1 we may advance by inf9itesimal /eps to a heat :i* compels involunt>y )drawal2 & t !re is a /age at :i* ! volunt>y & involunt>y actions are mix$4 ,b ! difficulty ( absolute discrim9ation is no reason = neglect+ ! broad g5]al contra/2 any m ?an x is = conf\nd+ light ) d>kness4 ,if we are to include z examples ( volition1 all cases 9 :i* pleasures & pa9s /imulate ! active ma*9]y ( ! liv+ framework to p]=m su* op]ations z procure ! fir/ & abate ! la/1 !n we mu/ consid] sneez+ & c\gh+1 z examples ( volition2 & ,mr4 ,ba9 surely _c mean ?is4 ,inde$1 we mu/ confess ourselves at a loss4 ,on ! "o h& if he does n mean x1 8 expression is lax to a degree t surprises u 9 s c>eful a writ]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if he does mean x1 we _c und]/& 8 po9t ( view4 ,a p>allel criticism applies to 8 def9ition ( ,emotion4 ,"h1 too1 he has dep>t$ f ! ord9>y acceptation ( ! ^w2 &1 z we ?9k1 9 ! wrong direction4 ,:atev] may be ! int]pretation t is ju/ifi$ by its d]ivation1 ! ^w ,emotion has come g5]ally to mean t k9d ( feel+ :i* is n a direct result ( any action on ! organism2 b is ei!r an indirect result ( su* action1 or arises q ap>t f su* action4 ,x is us$ to indicate ^? s5ti5t /ates :i* are indep5d5tly g5]at$ 9 consci\sness2 z di/+ui%$ f ^? g5]at$ 9 our corporeal framework1 & kn[n z s5sations4 ,n[ ?is di/9ction1 tacitly made 9 common spee*1 is "o :i* ,psy*ology _c well reject2 b "o :i* x mu/ adopt1 & to :i* x mu/ give sci5tific precision4 ,mr4 ,ba91 h[ev]1 appe>s to ignore any su* di/9ction4 ,"u ! t]m emotion1 he includes n only passions1 s5tim5ts1 affections1 b all feel+s1 /ates ( feel+1 pleasures1 pa9s1--t is1 all s5sations4 ,?is does n appe> to be a m]e lapse ( expression2 = :51 9 ! op5+ s5t5ce1 he ass]ts t m9d is compris$ "u ! ?ree heads--,emotion1 ,volition1 & ,intellect1 he ( necessity implies t s5sation is includ$ "u "o ( ^! heads2 & z x _c be includ$ "u ,volition or ,intellect1 x mu/ be class$ ) ,emotion3 z x cle>ly is 9 ! next s5t5ce4 ,we _c b ?9k ?is is a retrograde /ep4 ,?\gh di/9ctions :i* h be5 e/abli%$ 9 popul> ?\ght & language1 are n unfrequ5tly m]g$ 9 ! high] g5]alizations ( sci5ce 7z1 = in/ance1 :5 crabs & worms are gr\p$ toge!r 9 ! sub-k+dom ,annulosa27 yet sci5ce v g5]ally recognizes ! validity ( ^! di/9ctions1 z real ?\gh n fundam5tal4 ,& s 9 ! pres5t case4 ,su* community z analysis discloses betwe5 s5sation & emotion1 mu/ n %ut out ! broad contra/ t exi/s betwe5 !m4 ,if !re ne$s a wid] ^w1 z !re does1 to signify any s5ti5t /ate :atev]2 !n we may fitly adopt = ?is purpose ! ^w curr5tly s us$1 namely1 ,feel+4 ,& consid]+ z ,feel+s all t great division ( m5tal /ates :i* we d n class z ,cognitions1 may !n sep>ate ?is great division into ! two ord]s1 ,s5sations & ,emotions4 99 99 99 99 99 ,& "h we may1 be=e conclud+1 briefly indicate ! lead+ outl9es ( a classification :i* r$uces ?is di/9ction to a sci5tific =m1 & developes x some:at fur!r--a classification :i*1 :ile sugge/$ by c]ta9 fundam5tal traits rea*$ )\t a v l5g!n$ inquiry1 is yet1 we believe1 9 h>mony ) t disclos$ by detail$ analysis4 ,leav+ out ( view ! ,w1 :i* is a simple homog5e\s m5tal /ate1 =m+ ! l9k betwe5 feel+ & action1 & n admitt+ ( subdivisions2 our /ates ( consci\sness fall into two great classes--,,cognitions & ,,feel+s4 ,,cognitions1 or ^? modes ( m9d 9 :i* we are occupi$ ) ! relations t subsi/ among our feel+s1 are divisible into f\r great sub-classes4 ,pres5tative cognitions2 or ^? 9 :i* consci\sness is occupi$ 9 localiz+ a s5sation impress$ on ! organism--occupi$1 t is1 ) ! relation betwe5 ?is pres5t$ m5tal /ate & ^? o!r pres5t$ m5tal /ates :i* make up our consci\sness ( ! "p affect$3 z :5 we cut ourselves4 ,pres5tative-repres5tative cognitions2 or ^? 9 :i* consci\sness is occupi$ ) ! relation betwe5 a s5sation or gr\p ( s5sations & ! repres5tations ( ^? v>i\s o!r s5sations t accompany x 9 exp]i5ce4 ,?is is :at we commonly call p]ception--an act 9 :i*1 along ) c]ta9 impressions pres5t$ to consci\sness1 !re arise 9 consci\sness ! ideas ( c]ta9 o!r impressions ord9>ily connect$ ) ! pres5t$ ones3 z :5 its visible =m & col\r1 lead u to m5tally end[ an orange ) all its o!r attributes4 ,repres5tative cognitions2 or ^? 9 :i* consci\sness is occupi$ ) ! relations among ideas or repres5t$ s5sations3 z 9 all acts ( recollection4 ,re-repres5tative cognitions2 or ^? 9 :i* ! occupation ( consci\sness is n by repres5tation ( special relations1 t h be=e be5 pres5t$ to consci\sness2 b ^? 9 :i* su* repres5t$ special relations are ?\ght ( m]ely z compreh5d$ 9 a g5]al relation--^? 9 :i* ! concrete relations once exp]i5c$1 9 s f> z !y become objects ( consci\sness at all1 are incid5tally repres5t$1 along ) ! ab/ract relation :i* =mulates !m4 ,! ideas result+ f ?is ab/raction1 d n !mselves repres5t actual exp]i5ces2 b are symbols :i* /& = gr\ps ( su* actual exp]i5ces--repres5t aggregates ( repres5tations4 ,& ?us !y may be call$ re-repres5tative cognitions4 ,x is cle> t ! process ( re-repres5tation is c>ri$ to high] /ages1 z ! ?\ght becomes m ab/ract4 ,,feel+s1 or ^? modes ( m9d 9 :i* we are occupi$1 n ) ! relations subsi/+ betwe5 our s5ti5t /ates1 b ) ! s5ti5t /ates !mselves1 are divisible into f\r p>allel sub-classes4 ,pres5tative feel+s1 ord9>ily call$ s5sations1 are ^? m5tal /ates 9 :i*1 in/ead ( reg>d+ a corporeal impression z ( ?is or t k9d1 or z locat$ "h or !re1 we contemplate x 9 itself z pleasure or pa93 z :5 eat+4 ,pres5tative-repres5tative feel+s1 embrac+ a great "p ( :at we commonly call emotions1 are ^? 9 :i* a s5sation1 or gr\p ( s5sations or gr\p ( s5sations & ideas1 ar\ses a va/ aggregation ( repres5t$ s5sations2 p>tly ( individual exp]i5ce1 b *iefly deep] ?an individual exp]i5ce1 &1 consequ5tly1 indef9ite4 ,! emotion ( t]ror may s]ve z an example4 ,along ) c]ta9 impressions made on ! eyes or e>s1 or bo?1 are recall$ 9 consci\sness _m ( ! pa9s to :i* su* impressions h be=e be5 ! antec$5ts2 & :5 ! relation betwe5 su* impressions & su* pa9s has be5 habitual 9 ! race1 ! def9ite ideas ( su* pa9s :i* individual exp]i5ce has giv51 are accompani$ by ! indef9ite pa9s t result f inh]it$ exp]i5ce--vague feel+s :i* we may call organic repres5tations4 ,9 an infant1 cry+ at a /range sight or s\nd :ile yet 9 ! nurse's arms1 we see ^! organic repres5tations call$ into exi/5ce 9 ! %ape ( dim discom=t1 to :i* individual exp]i5ce has yet giv5 no specific outl9es4 ,repres5tative feel+s1 compreh5d+ ! ideas ( ! feel+s above class$1 :5 !y are call$ up ap>t f ! appropriate ext]nal excitem5ts4 ,z in/ances ( ^! may be nam$ ! feel+s ) :i* ! descriptive poet writes1 & :i* are ar\s$ 9 ! m9ds ( 8 read]s4 ,re-repres5tative feel+s1 "u :i* head are includ$ ^? m complex s5ti5t /ates t are less ! direct results ( ext]nal excitem5ts ?an ! indirect or reflex results ( !m4 ,! love ( prop]ty is a feel+ ( ?is k9d4 ,x is awak5$ n by ! pres5ce ( any special object1 b by ownable objects at l>ge2 & x is n f ! m]e pres5ce ( su* object1 b f a c]ta9 ideal relation to !m1 t x arises4 ,z be=e %[n 7p4 #caa7 x consi/s1 n ( ! repres5t$ advantages ( possess+ ?is or t1 b ( ! repres5t$ advantages ( possession 9 g5]al--is n made up ( c]ta9 concrete repres5tations1 b ( ! ab/racts ( _m concrete repres5tations2 & s is re-repres5tative4 ,! high] s5tim5ts1 z t ( ju/ice1 are /ill m completely ( ?is nature4 ,"h ! s5ti5t /ate is comp\nd$ out ( s5ti5t /ates t are !mselves :olly1 or almo/ :olly1 re-repres5tative3 x involves repres5tations ( ^? l[] emotions :i* are produc$ by ! possession ( prop]ty1 by fre$om ( action1 etc42 & ?us is re-repres5tative 9 a high] degree4 ,?is classification1 "h r\ghly indicat$ & capable ( fur!r expansion1 w be f\nd 9 h>mony ) ! results ( detail$ analysis aid$ by developm5t4 ,:e!r we trace m5tal progression ?r\gh ! grades ( ! animal k+dom1 ?r\gh ! grades ( mank9d1 or ?r\gh ! /ages ( individual gr[?2 x is obvi\s t ! advance1 alike 9 cognitions & feel+s1 is1 & mu/ be1 f ! pres5tative to ! m & m remotely repres5tative4 ,x is und5iable t intellig5ce asc5ds f ^? simple p]ceptions 9 :i* consci\sness is occupi$ 9 localiz+ & classify+ s5sations1 to p]ceptions m & m comp\nd1 to simple reason+1 to reason+ m & m complex & ab/ract--m & m remote f s5sation4 ,& 9 ! evolution ( feel+s1 !re is a p>allel s]ies ( /eps4 ,simple s5sations2 s5sations comb9$ toge!r2 s5sations comb9$ ) repres5t$ s5sations2 repres5t$ s5sations organiz$ into gr\ps1 9 :i* _! sep>ate *>act]s are v mu* m]g$2 repres5tations ( ^! repres5tative gr\ps1 9 :i* ! orig9al compon5ts h become /ill m vague4 ,9 bo? cases1 ! progress has necess>ily be5 f ! simple & concrete to ! complex & ab/ract3 & z ) ! cognitions1 s ) ! feel+s1 ?is mu/ be ! basis ( classification4 ,! space "h occupi$ ) criticisms on ,mr4 ,ba9's "w1 we might h fill$ ) exposition & eulogy1 _h we ?\ght ?is ! m important4 ,?\gh we h freely po9t$ out :at we conceive to be its defects1 let x n be inf]r$ t we "q its great m]its4 ,we repeat t1 z a natural hi/ory ( ! m9d1 we believe x to be ! be/ yet produc$4 ,x is a mo/ valuable collection ( c>efully-elaborat$ mat]ials4 ,p]haps we _c bett] express our s5se ( its wor?1 ?an by say+ t1 to ^? :o h]eaft] give to ?is bran* ( ,psy*ology a ?or\ghly sci5tific organization1 ,mr4 ,ba9's book w be indisp5sable4 ,,viii4 ,,illogical ,,geology4 ,t proclivity to g5]alization :i* is possess$ 9 great] or less degree by all m9ds1 & )\t :i*1 inde$1 intellig5ce _c exi/1 has unavoidable inconv5i5ces4 ,?r\gh x alone c tru? be rea*$2 & yet x almo/ inevitably betrays into error4 ,b = ! t5d5cy to pr$icate ( e o!r case1 t :i* has be5 f\nd 9 ! obs]v$ cases1 !re c\ld be no rational ?9k+2 & yet by ?is indisp5sable t5d5cy1 m5 are p]petually l$ to f\nd1 on limit$ exp]i5ce1 propositions :i* !y wrongly assume to be univ]sal or absolute4 ,9 "o s5se1 h[ev]1 ?is c sc>cely be reg>d$ z an evil2 = )\t premature g5]alizations ! true g5]alization w\ld nev] be arriv$ at4 ,if we wait$ till all ! facts 7 accumulat$ be=e try+ to =mulate !m1 ! va/ unorganiz$ mass w\ld be unmanageable4 ,only by provisional gr\p+ c !y be br\ght into su* ord] z to be dealt )2 & ?is provisional gr\p+ is b ano!r "n = premature g5]alization4 ,h[ uni=mly m5 foll[ ?is c\rse1 & h[ ne$ful ! errors are z /eps to tru?1 is well illu/rat$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ,a/ronomy4 ,! heav5ly bodies move r\nd ! ,e>? 9 circles1 said ! e>lie/ obs]v]s3 l$ p>tly by ! appe>ances1 & p>tly by _! exp]i5ces ( c5tral motions 9 t]re/rial objects1 ) :i*1 z all circul>1 !y class$ ! cele/ial motions f lack ( any alt]native conception4 ,)\t ?is provisional belief1 wrong z x 01 !re c\ld n h be5 t comp>ison ( positions :i* %[$ t ! motions are n repres5table by circles2 & :i* l$ to ! hypo!sis ( epicycles & ecc5trics4 ,only by ! aid ( ?is hypo!sis1 equally untrue1 b capable ( acc\nt+ m ne>ly = ! appe>ances1 & s ( induc+ m accurate obs]vations--only ?us did x become possible = ,cop]nicus to %[ t ! helioc5tric !ory is m feasible ?an ! geoc5tric !ory2 or = ,kepl] to %[ t ! planets move r\nd ! sun 9 ellipses4 ,yet aga91 )\t ! aid ( ?is approximate tru? discov]$ by ,kepl]1 ,newton c\ld n h e/abli%$ t g5]al law f :i* x foll[s1 t ! motion ( a heav5ly body r\nd its c5tre ( gravity is n necess>ily 9 an ellipse1 b may be 9 any conic section4 ,& la/ly1 x 0 only aft] ! law ( gravitation _h be5 v]ifi$1 t x became possible to det]m9e ! actual c\rses ( planets1 satellites1 & comets2 & to prove t1 9 consequ5ce ( p]turbations1 _! orbits always deviate1 m or less1 f regul> curves4 ,?us1 !re foll[$ "o ano!r five provisional !ories ( ! ,sol> ,sy/em1 be=e ! six? & absolutely true !ory 0 rea*$4 ,9 :i* five provisional !ories1 ea* = a "t held z f9al1 we may trace bo? ! t5d5cy m5 h to leap f scanty data to wide g5]alizations1 t are ei!r untrue or b p>tially true2 & ! necessity !re is = ^! transitional g5]alizations z /eps to ! f9al "o4 ,9 ! progress ( geological speculation ! same laws ( ?\ght are cle>ly display$4 ,we h dogmas t 7 m ?an half false1 pass+ curr5t = a "t z univ]sal tru?s4 ,we h evid5ce collect$ 9 pro( ( ^! dogmas2 by & by a colligation ( facts 9 antagonism ) !m2 & ev5tually a consequ5t modification4 ,9 con=mity ) ?is some:at improv$ hypo!sis1 we h a bett] classification ( facts2 a great] p[] ( arrang+ & int]pret+ ! new facts n[ rapidly ga!r$ toge!r2 & fur!r result+ corrections ( hypo!sis4 ,be+1 z we are at pres5t1 9 ! mid/ ( ?is process1 x is n possible to give an adequate acc\nt ( ! developm5t ( geological sci5ce z ?us reg>d$3 ! e>li] /ages are alone kn[n to u4 ,n only1 h[ev]1 is x int]e/+ to obs]ve h[ ! m advanc$ views n[ receiv$ respect+ ! ,e>?'s hi/ory1 h be5 evolv$ out ( ! crude views :i* prec$$ !m2 b we %all f9d x extremely in/ructive to obs]ve ?is4 ,we %all see h[ greatly ! old ideas /ill sway1 bo? ! g5]al m9d1 & ! m9ds ( geologi/s !mselves4 ,we %all see h[ ! k9d ( evid5ce t has 9 "p aboli%$ ^! old ideas1 is /ill daily accumulat+1 & ?reat5s to make o!r l revolutions4 ,9 brief1 we %all see :]eab\ts we are 9 ! elaboration ( a true !ory ( ! ,e>?2 &1 see+ our :]eab\ts1 %all be ! bett] able to judge1 among v>i\s conflict+ op9ions1 :i* be/ con=m to ! asc]ta9$ direction ( geological discov]y4 ,x is alike ne$less & impracticable "h to enum]ate ! _m speculations :i* 7 9 e>li] ages prop\nd$ by acute m5--speculations "s ( :i* conta9$ portions ( tru?4 ,fall+ 9 unfit times1 ^! speculations did n g]m9ate2 & h5ce d n conc]n u4 ,we h no?+ to d ) ideas1 h[ev] good1 out ( :i* no sci5ce grew2 b only ) ^? :i* gave orig9 to ! sy/em ( ,geology t n[ exi/s4 ,we !re=e beg9 ) ,w]n]4 ,tak+ = data ! appe>ances ( ! ,e>?'s cru/ 9 a n>r[ di/rict ( ,g]many2 obs]v+ ! con/ant ord] ( sup]position ( /rata1 & _! respective physical *>act]s2 ,w]n] drew ! inf]5ce t /rata ( l *>act]s succe$$ ea* o!r 9 l ord] ov] ! entire surface ( ! ,e>?4 ,& see+1 f ! lam9at$ /ructure ( _m =mations & ! organic rema9s conta9$ 9 o!rs1 t !y 7 s$im5t>y2 he fur!r inf]r$ t ^! univ]sal /rata _h be5 9 succession precipitat$ f a *aotic m5/ruum :i* once cov]$ our planet4 ,?us1 on a v incomplete acqua9tance ) a ?\s&? "p ( ! ,e>?'s cru/1 he bas$ a sweep+ g5]alization apply+ to ! :ole ( x4 ,?is ,neptuni/ hypo!sis1 m>k1 borne out ?\gh x seem$ to be by ! mo/ conspicu\s surr\nd+ facts1 0 q unt5able if analyz$4 ,t a univ]sal *aotic m5/ruum %\ld deposit1 "o aft] ano!r1 num]\s %>ply-def9$ /rata1 diff]+ f ea* o!r 9 composition1 is incompreh5sible4 ,t ! /rata s deposit$ %\ld conta9 ! rema9s ( plants & animals1 :i* c\ld n h liv$ "u ! suppos$ conditions1 is /ill m incompreh5sible4 ,physically absurd1 h[ev]1 z 0 ?is hypo!sis1 x recogniz$1 ?\gh "u a di/ort$ =m1 "o ( ! great ag5cies ( geological *ange--t ( wat]4 ,x s]v$ also to express ! fact t ! =mations ( ! ,e>?'s cru/ /& 9 "s k9d ( ord]4 ,fur!r1 x did a little t[>ds supply+ a nom5clature1 )\t :i* mu* progress 0 impossible4 ,la/ly1 x furni%$ a /&>d ) :i* successions ( /rata 9 v>i\s regions c\ld be comp>$1 ! diff]5ces not$1 & ! actual sections tabulat$4 ,x 0 ! fir/ provisional g5]alization2 & 0 useful1 if n indisp5sable1 z a /ep to tru] ones4 ,foll[+ ?is rude conception1 :i* ascrib$ geological ph5om5a to "o ag5cy1 act+ dur+ "o primeval epo*1 !re came a greatly-improv$ conception1 :i* ascrib$ !m to two ag5cies1 act+ alt]nately dur+ successive epo*s4 ,hutton1 p]ceiv+ t s$im5t>y deposits 7 /ill be+ =m$ at ! bottom ( ! sea f ! detritus c>ri$ d[n by riv]s2 p]ceiv+1 fur!r1 t ! /rata ( :i* ! visible surface *iefly consi/s1 bore m>ks ( hav+ be5 simil>ly =m$ out ( pre-exi/+ l&2 & inf]r+ t ^! /rata c\ld h become l& only by upheaval aft] _! deposit2 conclud$ t ?r\gh\t an indef9ite pa/1 !re _h be5 p]iodic convulsions1 by :i* cont95ts 7 rais$1 ) int]v5+ eras ( repose1 dur+ :i* su* cont95ts 7 worn d[n & trans=m$ into new m>9e /rata1 fat$ to be 9 _! turns elevat$ above ! surface ( ! ocean4 ,& f9d+ t igne\s action1 to :i* sundry e>li] geologi/s _h ascrib$ basaltic rocks1 0 9 c\ntless places a s\rce ( di/urbance1 he taught t f x result$ ^! p]iodic convulsions4 ,9 ?is !ory we see3--fir/1 t ! previ\sly-recogniz$ ag5cy ( wat] 0 conceiv$ to act1 n z by ,w]n]1 aft] a mann] ( :i* we h no exp]i5ce1 b aft] a mann] daily display$ to u2 & second1 t ! igne\s ag5cy1 be=e consid]$ only z a cause ( special =mations1 0 recogniz$ z a univ]sal ag5cy1 b assum$ to act 9 an unprov$ way4 ,w]n]'s sole process1 ,hutton develop$ f ! cata/rophic & inexplicable into ! uni=m & explicable2 :ile t antagoni/ic second process1 ( :i* he fir/ adequately e/imat$ ! importance1 0 reg>d$ by him z a cata/rophic "o1 & 0 n assimilat$ to kn[n processes--n expla9$4 ,we h "h to note1 h[ev]1 t ! facts collect$ & provisionally arrang$ 9 con=mity ) ,w]n]'s !ory1 s]v$1 aft] a "t1 to e/abli% ,hutton's m rational !ory--9 s f>1 at lea/1 z aque\s =mations are conc]n$2 :ile ! doctr9e ( p]iodic subt]ranean convulsions1 crudely z x 0 conceiv$ by ,hutton1 0 a tempor>y g5]alization ne$ful z a /ep t[>ds ! !ory ( igne\s action4 ,s9ce ,hutton's "t1 ! developm5t ( geological ?\ght has gone /ill fur!r 9 ! same direction4 ,^! e>ly sweep+ doctr9es h receiv$ additional qualifications4 ,x has be5 discov]$ t m num]\s & m het]og5e\s ag5cies h be5 at "w1 ?an 0 at fir/ believ$4 ,! igne\s hypo!sis has be5 rationaliz$1 z ! aque\s "o _h previ\sly be53 ! gratuit\s assumption ( va/ elevations sudd5ly occurr+ aft] long int]vals ( quiesc5ce1 has gr[n into ! consi/5t !ory1 t isl&s & cont95ts are ! accumulat$ results ( successive small upheavals1 l ^? exp]i5c$ 9 ord9>y e>?quakes4 ,to speak m specifically1 we f9d1 9 ! fir/ place1 t in/ead ( assum+ ! d5udation produc$ by ra9 & riv]s to be ! sole means ( we>+ d[n l&s & produc+ _! irregul>ities ( surface1 geologi/s n[ see t d5udation is only a "p-cause ( su* irregul>ities2 & fur!r1 t ! new /rata deposit$ at ! bottom ( ! sea1 are n ! products ( riv]-s$im5t solely1 b are 9 "p due to ! action ( waves & tidal curr5ts on ! coa/s4 ,9 ! second place1 we f9d t ,hutton's conception ( upheaval by subt]ranean =ces1 has n only be5 modifi$ by assimilat+ ^! subt]ranean =ces to ord9>y e>?quake-=ces2 b mod]n inquiries h %[n t1 besides elevations ( surface1 subsid5ces are ?us produc$2 t local upheavals1 z well z ! g5]al upheavals1 :i* raise cont95ts1 come )9 ! same category2 & t all ^! *anges are probably consequ5t on ! progressive collapse ( ! ,e>?'s cru/ ^u its cool+ & contract+ nucleus--! only adequate cause4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 we f9d t beyond ^! two great antagoni/ ag5cies1 mod]n ,geology recognises sundry m9or ones3 z ^? ( glaci]s & iceb]gs2 ^? ( coral-polypes2 ^? ( ,protozoa hav+ silice\s or calc>e\s %ells--ea* ( :i* ag5cies1 insignificant z x seems1 is f\nd capable ( sl[ly work+ t]re/rial *anges ( consid]able magnitude4 ,?us1 !n1 ! rec5t progress ( ,geology has be5 a /ill fur!r dep>ture f primitive conceptions4 ,in/ead ( "o cata/rophic cause1 once 9 univ]sal action1 z suppos$ by ,w]n]--in/ead ( "o g5]al cont9u\s cause1 antagoniz$ at long int]vals by a cata/rophic cause1 z taught by ,hutton2 we n[ recognize sev]al causes1 all m or less g5]al & cont9u\s4 ,we no long] resort to hypo!tical ag5cies to expla9 ! ph5om5a display$ by ! ,e>?'s cru/2 b we are day by day m cle>ly p]ceiv+ t ^! ph5om5a h aris5 f =ces l ^? n[ at "w1 :i* h act$ 9 all v>ieties ( comb9ation1 ?r\gh immeasurable p]iods ( "t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,hav+ ?us briefly trac$ ! evolution ( geologic sci5ce1 & not$ its pres5t =m1 let u g on to obs]ve ! way 9 :i* x is /ill sway$ by ! crude hypo!ses x set out )2 s t ev5 n[1 old doctr9es t are ab&on$ z unt5able 9 !ory1 cont9ue 9 practice to m\ld ! ideas ( geologi/s1 & to fo/] sundry beliefs t are logically indef5sible4 ,we %all see1 bo? h[ ^? simple sweep+ conceptions ) :i* ! sci5ce comm5c$1 are ^? :i* e /ud5t is apt at fir/ to seize hold (1 & h[ sev]al influ5ces conspire to ma9ta9 ! twi/ ?us result+--h[ ! orig9al nom5clature ( p]iods & =mations necess>ily keeps alive ! orig9al implications2 & h[ ! ne$ = arrang+ new data 9 "s ord]1 naturally results 9 _! be+ ?ru/ into ! old classification1 unless _! incongruity ) x is v gl>+4 ,a few facts w be/ prep>e ! way = criticism4 ,up to #ahci x 0 inf]r$1 f _! cry/all9e "*1 t ! metamorphic rocks ( ,anglesea are m anci5t ?an any rocks ( ! adjac5t ma9 l&2 b x has s9ce be5 %[n t !y are ( ! same age ) ! slates & grits ( ,c>n>von & ,m]ione?4 ,aga91 slaty cleavage hav+ be5 fir/ f\nd only 9 ! l[e/ rocks1 0 tak5 z an indication ( ! highe/ antiquity3 :5ce result$ s]i\s mi/akes2 = ?is m9]al *>act]i/ic is n[ kn[n to occur 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s sy/em4 ,once m1 c]ta9 r$ conglom]ates & grits on ! nor?-we/ coa/ ( ,scotl&1 long suppos$ f _! li?ological aspect to belong to ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 are n[ id5tifi$ ) ! ,l[] ,silurians4 ,^! are a few in/ances ( ! small tru/ to be plac$ 9 m9]al qualities1 z evid5ce ( ! ages or relative positions ( /rata4 ,f ! rec5tly-publi%$ ?ird edition ( ,siluria1 may be cull$ num]\s facts ( l implication4 ,sir ,r4 ,mur*ison consid]s x asc]ta9$1 t ! silice\s ,/ip] /ones ( ,%rop%ire are ! equival5ts ( ! ,tremadock slates ( ,nor? ,wales4 ,judg$ by _! fossils1 ,bala slate & lime/one are ( ! same age z ! ,c>adoc s&/one1 ly+ =ty miles (f4 ,9 ,radnor%ire1 ! =mation class$ z upp] ,ll&ov]y rock1 is describ$ at diff]5t spots1 z s&/one or conglom]ate1 impure lime/one1 h>d co>se grits1 silice\s grit--a consid]able v>iation = s small an area z t ( a c\nty4 ,c]ta9 s&y b$s on ! left bank ( ! ,t[y1 :i* ,sir ,r4 ,mur*ison _h1 9 8 ,silurian ,sy/em1 class$ z ,c>adoc s&/one 7evid5tly f _! m9]al *>act]s71 he n[ f9ds1 f _! fossils1 belong to ! ,ll&eilo =mation4 ,nev]!less1 inf]5ces f m9]al *>act]s are /ill habitually drawn & receiv$4 ,?\gh ,siluria1 9 common ) o!r geological works1 supplies num]\s pro(s t rocks ( ! same age are (t5 ( widely-diff]5t composition a few miles (f1 :ile rocks ( widely diff]5t ages are (t5 ( simil> composition2 & ?\gh ,sir4 ,r4 ,mur*ison %[s u1 z 9 ! case j cit$1 t he has himself 9 pa/ times be5 misl$ by tru/+ to li?ological evid5ce2 yet 8 reason+1 all ?r\gh ,siluria1 %[s t he /ill ?9ks x natural to expect =mations ( ! same age to be *emically simil>1 ev5 9 remote regions4 ,= example1 9 treat+ ( ! ,silurian rocks ( ,s\? ,scotl&1 he says3--,:5 trav]s+ ! tract betwe5 ,dumfries & ,m(fat 9 #ahej1 x occurr$ to me t ! dull r$di% or purple s&/one & s*i/ to ! nor? ( ! =m] t[n1 :i* s resembl$ ! bottom rocks ( ! ,longmynd1 ,llanb]is1 & ,/4 ,david's1 w\ld prove to be ( ! same age2 & fur!r on he aga9 insi/s ^u ! fact t ^! /rata are absolutely ( ! same composition z ! bottom rocks ( ! ,silurian region4 ,on ?is unity ( m9]al "* x is1 t ?is ,scotti% =mation is conclud$ to be contemporane\s ) ! l[e/ =mations 9 ,wales2 = ! scanty palaeontological evid5ce suffices nei!r = pro( nor dispro(4 ,n[1 _h !re be5 a cont9uity ( l /rata 9 l ord] betwe5 ,wales & ,scotl&1 !re might h be5 little to criticise 9 ?is conclusion4 ,b s9ce ,sir ,r4 ,mur*ison himself admits1 t 9 ,we/morel& & ,cumb]l&1 "s memb]s ( ! sy/em assume a li?ological aspect diff]5t f :at !y ma9ta9 9 ! ,silurian & ,wel% region1 !re seems no reason to expect m9]alogical cont9uity 9 ,scotl&4 ,obvi\sly !re=e1 ! assumption t ^! ,scotti% =mations are ( ! same age ) ! ,longmynd ( ,%rop%ire1 implies ! lat5t belief t c]ta9 m9]al *>act]s indicate c]ta9 eras4 ,f> m /rik+ in/ances1 h[ev]1 ( ! influ5ce ( ?is lat5t belief rema9 to be giv54 ,n 9 su* comp>atively ne> di/ricts z ! ,scotti% l[l&s only1 does ,sir ,r4 ,mur*ison expect a repetition ( ! ,longmynd /rata2 b 9 ! ,rh5i% prov9ces1 c]ta9 qu>tzose flag/ones & grits1 l ^? ( ! ,longmynd1 are seem+ly conclud$ to be ( contemporane\s orig91 because ( _! lik5ess4 ,qu>tzites 9 ro(+-slates ) a gre5i% t+e t rem9d$ u ( ! l[] slates ( ,cumb]l& & ,we/morel&1 are evid5tly suspect$ to be ( ! same age4 ,9 ,russia1 he rem>ks t ! c>bonif]\s lime/ones are ov]laid along ! we/]n edge ( ! ,ural *a9 by s&/ones & grits1 :i* occupy mu* ! same place 9 ! g5]al s]ies z ! mill/one grit ( ,engl&2 & 9 call+ ?is gr\p1 z he does1 ! repres5tative ( ! mill/one grit1 ,sir ,r4 ,mur*ison cle>ly %[s t he ?9ks lik5ess ( m9]al composition "s evid5ce ( equival5ce 9 "t1 ev5 at t great di/ance4 ,nay1 on ! flanks ( ! ,&es & 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 su* simil>ities are look$ =1 & consid]$ z significant ( c]ta9 ages4 ,n t ,sir ,r4 ,mur*ison cont5ds !oretically = ?is relation betwe5 li?ological "* & date4 ,= on ! page f :i* we h j quot$ 7,siluria1 p4 #chg71 he says1 t :il/ ! s(t ,l[] ,silurian clays & s&s ( ,/4 ,pet]sburg h _! equival5ts 9 ! h>d s*i/s & qu>tz rocks ) gold ve9s 9 ! he>t ( ! ,ural m\nta9s1 ! equally s(t r$ & gre5 ,devonian m>ls ( ! ,valdai ,hills are repres5t$ on ! we/]n flank ( t *a91 by h>d1 contort$1 & fractur$ lime/ones4 ,b ^!1 & o!r su* admissions1 seem to g = little4 ,:il/ himself ass]t+ t ! ,potsdam-s&/one ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 ! ,l+ula-flags ( ,engl&1 & ! alum-slates ( ,sc&9avia are ( ! same p]iod--:ile fully aw>e t among ! ,silurian =mations ( ,wales1 !re are oolitic /rata l ^? ( second>y age2 yet is 8 reason+ m or less col\r$ by ! assumption1 t =mations ( l qualities probably belong to ! same era4 ,is x n manife/1 !n1 t ! explod$ hypo!sis ( ,w]n] cont9ues to influ5ce geological speculation8 ,b1 x w p]haps be said1 ?\gh individual /rata are n cont9u\s ov] l>ge areas1 yet sy/ems ( /rata are4 ,?\gh )9 a few miles ! same b$ gradually passes f clay into s&1 or ?9s out & disappe>s1 yet ! gr\p ( /rata to :i* x belongs does n d s2 b ma9ta9s 9 remote regions ! same relations to o!r gr\ps4 ,?is is ! g5]ally-curr5t belief4 ,on ?is assumption ! receiv$ geological classifications appe> to be fram$4 ,! ,silurian sy/em1 ! ,devonian sy/em1 ! ,c>bonif]\s sy/em1 etc41 are set d[n 9 our books z gr\ps ( =mations :i* ev]y:]e succe$ ea* o!r 9 a giv5 ord]2 & are sev]ally ev]y:]e ( ! same age4 ,?\gh x may n be ass]t$ t ^! successive sy/ems are univ]sal2 yet x seems to be tacitly assum$ t !y are s4 ,9 ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica1 9 ,asia1 9 ,au/ralia1 sets ( /rata are assimilat$ to "o or o!r ( ^! gr\ps2 & _! possession ( c]ta9 m9]al *>act]s & a c]ta9 ord] ( sup]position are among ! reasons assign$ = s assimilat+ !m4 ,?\gh1 probably1 no compet5t geologi/ w\ld cont5d t ! ,european classification ( /rata is applicable to ! globe z a :ole2 yet mo/1 if n all geologi/s1 write z ?\gh x 7 s4 ,among read]s ( works on ,geology1 n9e out ( t5 c>ry away ! impression t ! divisions1 ,prim>y1 ,second>y & ,t]ti>y1 are ( absolute & uni=m application2 t ^! great divisions are sep>able into subdivisions1 ea* ( :i* is def9itely di/+ui%able f ! re/1 & is ev]y:]e recognizable by its *>act]s z su* or su*2 & t 9 all p>ts ( ! ,e>?1 ^! m9or sy/ems sev]ally began & end$ at ! same "t4 ,:5 !y meet ) ! t]m c>bonif]\s era1 !y take = grant$ t x 0 an era univ]sally c>bonif]\s--t x 01 :at ,hugh ,mill] inde$ actually describes x1 an era :5 ! ,e>? bore a vegetation f> m luxuriant ?an x has s9ce done2 & 7 !y 9 any ( our colonies to meet ) a coal-b$1 !y w\ld conclude t1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 x 0 ( ! same age z ! ,engli% coal-b$s4 ,n[ ?is belief t geologic sy/ems are univ]sal1 is q z unt5able z ! o!r4 ,x is j z absurd :5 consid]$ a priori2 & x is equally inconsi/5t ) ! facts4 ,?\gh "s s]ies ( /rata class$ toge!r z ,oolite1 may range ov] a wid] di/rict ?an any "o /ratum ( ! s]ies2 yet we h b to ask :at 7 ! circum/ances ( its deposit1 to see t ! ,oolitic s]ies1 l "o ( its individual /rata1 mu/ be ( local orig92 & t !re is n likely to be any:]e else1 a s]ies t exactly corresponds1 ei!r 9 its *>act]s or 9 its comm5cem5t & t]m9ation4 ,= ! =mation ( su* a s]ies implies an area ( subsid5ce1 9 :i* its compon5t b$s 7 ?r[n d[n4 ,e area ( subsid5ce is necess>ily limit$2 & to suppose t !re exi/ else:]e gr\ps ( b$s completely answ]+ to ^? kn[n z ,oolite1 is to suppose t1 9 contemporane\s areas ( subsid5ce1 l processes 7 go+ on4 ,!re is no reason to suppose ?is2 b e reason to suppose ! rev]se4 ,t 9 contemporane\s areas ( subsid5ce ?r\gh\t ! globe1 ! conditions w\ld cause ! =mation ( ,oolite1 or any?+ l x1 is an assumption :i* no mod]n geologi/ w\ld op5ly make3 he w\ld say t ! equival5t s]ies ( b$s f\nd else:]e1 w\ld v likely be ( dissimil> m9]al "*4 ,moreov]1 9 ^! contemporane\s areas ( subsid5ce1 ! ph5om5a go+ on w\ld n only be m or less diff]5t 9 k9d2 b 9 no two cases w\ld !y be likely to agree 9 _! comm5cem5ts & t]m9ations4 ,! probabilities are greatly aga9/ sep>ate portions ( ! ,e>?'s surface beg9n+ to subside at ! same "t1 & ceas+ to subside at ! same "t--a co9cid5ce :i* alone c\ld produce equival5t gr\ps ( /rata4 ,subsid5ces 9 diff]5t places beg9 & end ) utt] irregul>ity2 & h5ce ! gr\ps ( /rata ?r[n d[n 9 !m c b r>ely correspond4 ,measur$ aga9/ ea* o!r 9 "t1 _! limits w disagree4 ,!y w refuse to fit into any s*eme ( def9ite divisions4 ,on turn+ to ! evid5ce1 we f9d t x daily t5ds m & m to ju/ify ^! a priori positions4 ,take1 z an example1 ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one sy/em4 ,9 ! nor? ( ,engl& ?is is repres5t$ by a s+le /ratum ( conglom]ate4 ,9 ,h]e=d%ire1 ,worce/]%ire1 & ,%rop%ire1 x exp&s into a s]ies ( /rata f eight to t5 ?\s& feet ?ick1 made up ( conglom]ates1 r$1 gre51 & :ite s&/ones1 r$1 gre51 & spott$ m>ls1 & concretion>y lime/ones4 ,to ! s\?-we/1 z betwe5 ,ca]m>!n & ,pembroke1 ^! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one /rata exhibit consid]able li?ological *anges2 & !re is an abs5ce ( fossil fi%es4 ,on ! o!r side ( ! ,bri/ol ,*annel1 !y display fur!r *anges 9 m9]al *>act]s & rema9s4 ,:ile 9 ,s\? ,devon & ,cornwall1 ! equival5t /rata1 consi/+ *iefly ( slates1 s*i/s1 & lime/ones1 are s :olly diff]5t1 t !y 7 = a long "t class$ z ,silurian4 ,:5 we ?us see t 9 c]ta9 directions ! :ole gr\p ( deposits ?9s out1 & t its m9]al *>act]s z well z its fossils *ange )9 mod]ate di/ances2 does x n become cle> t ! :ole gr\p ( deposits 0 a local "o8 ,& :5 we f9d1 9 o!r regions1 =mations analog\s to ^! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one or ,devonian =mations2 is x c]ta9--is x ev5 probable--t !y sev]ally began & end$ at ! same "t ) !m8 ,%\ld x n require ov]:elm+ evid5ce to make u believe z mu*8 ,yet s /rongly is geological speculation sway$ by ! t5d5cy to reg>d ! ph5om5a z g5]al in/ead ( local1 t ev5 ^? mo/ on _! gu>d aga9/ x seem unable to escape its influ5ce4 ,at page #aeh ( 8 ,pr9ciples ( ,geology1 ,sir ,*>les ,lyell says3-- ,a gr\p ( r$ m>l & r$ s&/one1 conta9+ salt & gypsum1 be+ int]pos$ 9 ,engl& betwe5 ! ,lias & ! ,coal1 all o!r r$ m>ls & s&/ones1 associat$ "s ( !m ) salt1 & o!rs ) gypsum1 & occurr+ n only 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ,europe1 b 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 ,p]u1 ,india1 ! salt des]ts ( ,asia1 ^? ( ,africa--9 a ^w1 9 e qu>t] ( ! globe1 7 ref]r$ to "o & ! same p]iod4444 ,x 0 9 va9 to urge z an objection ! improbability ( ! hypo!sis :i* implies t all ! mov+ wat]s on ! globe 7 once simultane\sly *>g$ ) s$im5t ( a r$ col\r4 ,b ! ra%ness ( pret5d+ to id5tify1 9 age1 all ! r$ s&/ones & m>ls 9 "q1 has at l5g? be5 suffici5tly expos$1 by ! discov]y t1 ev5 9 ,europe1 !y belong decid$ly to _m diff]5t epo*s4 ,nev]!less1 :ile 9 ?is & num]\s passages ( l implication1 ,sir ,c4 ,lyell prote/s aga9/ ! bias "h illu/rat$1 he seems himself n completely free f x4 ,?\gh he utt]ly rejects ! old hypo!sis t all ov] ! ,e>? ! same cont9u\s /rata lie ^u ea* o!r 9 regul> ord]1 l ! coats ( an onion1 he /ill writes z ?\gh geologic sy/ems d ?us succe$ ea* o!r4 ,a read] ( 8 ,manual w\ld c]ta9ly suppose him to believe1 t ! ,prim>y epo* end$1 & ! ,second>y epo* comm5c$1 all ov] ! _w at ! same "t--t ^! t]ms really correspond to di/9ct univ]sal eras 9 ,nature4 ,:5 he assumes1 z he does1 t ! division betwe5 ,cambrian & ,l[] ,silurian 9 ,am]ica1 answ]s *ronologically to ! division betwe5 ,cambrian & ,l[] ,silurian 9 ,wales--:5 he takes = grant$ t ! p>t+s ( ,l[] f ,middle ,silurian1 & ( ,middle ,silurian f ,upp]1 9 ! "o region1 are ( ! same dates z ! l p>t+s 9 ! o!r region2 does x n seem t he believes geologic sy/ems to be univ]sal1 9 ! s5se t _! sep>ations 7 9 all places contemporane\s8 ,?\gh he w\ld1 d\btless1 dis[n ?is z an article ( fai?1 is n 8 ?9k+ unconsci\sly influ5c$ by x8 ,mu/ we n say t ?\gh ! onion-coat hypo!sis is dead1 its _s is traceable1 "u a transc5d5tal =m1 ev5 9 ! conclusions ( its antagoni/s8 99 99 99 99 99 ,let u n[ consid] ano!r lead+ geological doctr9e1 introduc$ to u by ! cases j m5tion$4 ,we mean ! doctr9e t /rata ( ! same age conta9 l fossils2 & t1 !re=e1 ! age & relative position ( any /ratum may be kn[n by its fossils4 ,:ile ! !ory t /rata ( l m9]al *>act]s 7 ev]y:]e deposit$ simultane\sly1 has be5 o/5sibly ab&on$1 !re has be5 accept$ ! !ory t 9 ea* geologic epo* simil> plants & animals exi/$ ev]y:]e2 & t1 !re=e1 ! epo* to :i* any =mation belongs may be kn[n by ! organic rema9s conta9$ 9 ! =mation4 ,?\gh1 p]haps1 no lead+ geologi/ w\ld op5ly commit himself to an unqualifi$ ass]tion ( ?is !ory1 yet x is tacitly assum$ 9 curr5t geological reason+4 ,?is !ory1 h[ev]1 is sc>cely m t5able ?an ! o!r4 ,x _c be conclud$ ) any c]ta9ty1 t =mations 9 :i* simil> organic rema9s are f\nd1 7 ( contemporane\s orig92 nor c x be safely conclud$ t /rata conta9+ diff]5t organic rema9s are ( diff]5t ages4 ,to mo/ read]s ^! w be />tl+ propositions2 b !y are fully admitt$ by ! highe/ au?orities4 ,sir ,*>les ,lyell confesses t ! te/ ( organic rema9s mu/ be us$ "u v mu* ! same re/rictions z ! te/ ( m9]al composition4 ,sir ,h5ry de la ,be*e1 :o v>i\sly illu/rates ?is tru?1 gives1 z "o in/ance1 ! great incongruity !re mu/ be betwe5 ! fossils ( our c>bonif]\s rocks & ^? ( ! m>9e /rata deposit$ at ! same p]iod4 ,b ?\gh1 9 ! ab/ract1 ! dang] ( bas+ positive conclusions on evid5ce d]iv$ f fossils1 is cle>ly recogniz$2 yet1 9 ! concrete1 ?is dang] is g5]ally disreg>d$4 ,! e/abli%$ conclusions respect+ ! ages ( /rata1 take b little note ( x2 & by "s geologi/s x seems altoge!r ignor$4 ,?r\gh\t 8 ,siluria1 ,sir ,r4 ,mur*ison habitually assumes t ! same1 or k9dr$1 species1 liv$ 9 all p>ts ( ! ,e>? at ! same "t4 ,9 ,russia1 9 ,bohemia1 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 /rata are class$ z belong+ to ?is or t "p ( ! ,silurian sy/em1 because ( ! simil> fossils conta9$ 9 !m--are conclud$ to be ev]y:]e contemporane\s if !y enclose a proportion ( id5tical or alli$ =ms4 ,9 ,russia ! relative position ( a /ratum is inf]r$ f ! fact t1 along ) "s ,w5lock =ms1 x yields ! ,p5tam]us oblongus4 ,c]ta9 cru/aceans call$ ,eurypt]i1 be+ *>act]i/ic ( ! ,upp] ,ludl[ rock1 x is rem>k$ t l>ge ,eurypt]i occur 9 a s-call$ black grey-wacke slate 9 ,we/morel&1 9 ,oneida ,c\nty1 ,new ,york1 :i* w probably be f\nd to be on ! p>allel ( ! ,upp] ,ludl[ rock3 9 :i* ^w probably1 we see bo? h[ dom9ant is ?is belief ( univ]sal di/ribution ( simil> creatures at ! same p]iod1 & h[ apt ?is belief is to make its own pro(1 by rais+ ! expectation t ! ages are id5tical :5 ! =ms are alike4 ,besides ?us int]pret+ ! =mations ( ,russia1 ,engl&1 & ,am]ica1 ,sir ,r4 ,mur*ison ?us int]prets ^? ( ! antipodes4 ,fossils f ,victoria ,colony1 he agrees ) ! ,gov]nm5t-surveyor 9 class+ z ( ,l[] ,silurian or ,ll&ov]y age3 t is1 he takes = grant$ t :5 c]ta9 cru/aceans & mollusks 7 liv+ 9 ,wales1 c]ta9 simil> cru/aceans & mollusks 7 liv+ 9 ,au/ralia4 ,yet ! improbability ( ?is assumption may be readily %[n f ,sir ,r4 ,mur*ison's own facts4 ,if1 z he po9ts out1 ! cru/acean fossils ( ! upp]mo/ ,silurian rocks 9 ,lan>k%ire are1 ) "o d\btful exception1 all di/9ct f any ( ! =ms on ! same horizon 9 ,engl&2 h[ c x be fairly presum$ t ! =ms exi/+ on ! o!r side ( ! ,e>? dur+ ! ,silurian p]iod1 7 ne>ly alli$ to ^? exi/+ "h8 ,n only1 inde$1 d ,sir ,r4 ,mur*ison's conclusions tacitly assume ?is doctr9e ( univ]sal di/ribution1 b he di/9ctly enunciates x4 ,! m]e pres5ce ( a graptolite1 he says1 w at once decide t ! enclos+ rock is ,silurian2 & he says ?is1 not)/&+ repeat$ w>n+s aga9/ su* g5]alizations4 ,dur+ ! progress ( ,geology1 x has ov] & ov] aga9 happ5$ t a p>ticul> fossil1 long consid]$ *>act]i/ic ( a p>ticul> =mation1 has be5 aft]w>ds discov]$ 9 o!r =mations4 ,until "s twelve ye>s ago1 ,goniatites _h n be5 f\nd l[] ?an ! ,devonian rocks2 b n[1 9 ,bohemia1 !y h be5 f\nd 9 rocks class$ z ,silurian4 ,q rec5tly1 ! ,or?oc]as1 previ\sly suppos$ to be a type exclusively ,palaeozoic1 has be5 detect$ along ) mesozoic ,ammonites & ,belemnites4 ,yet ho/s ( su* exp]i5ces fail to ext+ui% ! assumption1 t ! age ( a /ratum may be det]m9$ by ! occurr5ce 9 x ( a s+le fossil =m4 ,nay1 ?is assumption survives evid5ce ( ev5 a /ill m de/ructive k9d4 ,ref]r+ to ! ,silurian sy/em 9 ,we/]n ,irel&1 ,sir ,r4 ,mur*ison says1 9 ! b$s ne> ,maam1 ,pr(essor ,nicol & myself collect$ rema9s1 "s ( :i* w\ld be consid]$ ,l[]1 & o!rs ,upp]1 ,silurian2 & he !n names sundry fossils :i*1 9 ,engl&1 belong to ! summit ( ! ,ludl[ rocks1 or highe/ ,silurian /rata2 "s1 :i* else:]e are kn[n only 9 rocks ( ,ll&ov]y age1 t is1 ( middle ,silurian age2 & "s1 only be=e kn[n 9 ,l[] ,silurian /rata1 n f> above ! mo/ anci5t fossilif]\s b$s4 ,n[ :at d ^! facts prove8 ,cle>ly1 !y prove t species :i* 9 ,wales are sep>at$ by /rata m ?an tw5ty ?\s& feet deep1 & !re=e seem to belong to p]iods f> m remote f ea* o!r1 7 really coexi/5t4 ,!y prove t ! mollusks & cr9oids held *>act]i/ic ( e>ly ,silurian /rata1 & suppos$ to h become ext9ct long be=e ! mollusks & cr9oids ( ! lat] ,silurian /rata came into exi/5ce1 7 really fl\ri%+ at ! same "t ) ^! la/2 & t ^! la/ possibly date back to z e>ly a p]iod z ! fir/4 ,!y prove t n only ! m9]al *>act]s ( s$im5t>y =mations1 b also ! collections ( organic =ms !y conta91 dep5d1 to a great ext5t1 on local circum/ances4 ,!y prove t ! fossils met ) 9 any s]ies ( /rata1 _c be tak5 z repres5t+ any?+ l ! :ole ,flora & ,fauna ( ! p]iod !y belong to4 ,9 brief1 !y ?r[ great d\bt ^u num]\s geological g5]alizations4 ,not)/&+ facts l ^!1 & not)/&+ 8 av[$ op9ion t ! te/ ( organic rema9s mu/ be us$ "u v mu* ! same re/rictions z ! te/ ( m9]al composition1 ,sir ,*>les ,lyell1 too1 bases positive conclusions on ?is te/3 ev5 :]e ! community ( fossils is slight & ! di/ance great4 ,hav+ decid$ t 9 v>i\s places 9 ,europe1 middle ,eoc5e /rata are di/+ui%$ by nummulites2 he inf]s1 )\t any o!r assign$ evid5ce1 t :]ev] nummulites are f\nd--9 ,morocco1 ,alg]ia1 ,egypt1 9 ,p]sia1 ,sc9de1 ,cut*1 ,ea/]n ,b5gal1 & ! fronti]s ( ,*9a--! conta9+ =mation is middle ,eoc5e4 ,& f ?is inf]5ce he draws ! foll[+ important coroll>y3-- ,:5 we h once arriv$ at ! conviction t ! nummulitic =mation occupies a middle place 9 ! ,eoc5e s]ies1 we are /ruck ) ! comp>atively mod]n date to :i* "s ( ! greate/ revolutions 9 ! physical geography ( ,europe1 ,asia1 & nor!rn ,africa mu/ be ref]r$4 ,all ! m\nta9 *a9s1 su* z ! ,alps1 ,pyr5ees1 ,c>pa?ians1 & ,himalayas1 into ! composition ( ^: c5tral & l(tie/ p>ts ! nummulitic /rata ent] bodily1 c\ld h _h no exi/5ce till aft] ! middle ,eoc5e p]iod4--,manual1 p4 #bcb4 ,a /ill m m>k$ case foll[s on ! next page4 ,because a c]ta9 b$ at ,claiborne 9 ,alabama1 :i* conta9s f\r hundr$ species ( m>9e %ells1 includes among !m ! ,c>dita planico/a1 & "s o!rs id5tical ) ,european species1 or v ne>ly alli$ to !m1 ,sir ,c4 ,lyell says x is highly probable ! ,claiborne b$s agree 9 age ) ! c5tral or ,brackle%am gr\p ( ,engl&4 ,:5 we f9d contemporaneity suppos$ on ! /r5g? ( a community no great] ?an t :i* sometimes exi/s betwe5 /rata ( widely-diff]5t ages 9 ! same c\ntry1 x seems v mu* z ?\gh ! above-quot$ caution _h be5 =gott54 ,x appe>s to be assum$ = ! occasion1 t species :i* _h a wide range 9 space _h a n>r[ range 9 "t2 :i* is ! rev]se ( ! fact4 ,! t5d5cy to sy/ematize ov]rides ! evid5ce1 & ?ru/s ,nature into a =mula too rigid to fit h] endless v>iety4 ,b1 x may be urg$1 surely1 :5 9 diff]5t places ! ord] ( sup]position1 ! m9]al *>act]s1 & ! fossils1 agree1 x may be safely conclud$ t ! =mations ?us correspond+ are equival5ts 9 "t4 ,if1 = example1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates display ! same succession ( ,silurian1 ,devonian1 & ,c>bonif]\s sy/ems1 li?ologically simil>1 & *>act]iz$ by l fossils1 x is a fair inf]5ce t ^! gr\ps ( /rata 7 sev]ally deposit$ 9 ,am]ica at ! same p]iods t !y 7 deposit$ "h4 ,on ?is position1 :i* seems a /rong "o1 we h1 9 ! fir/ place1 to rem>k1 t ! evid5ce ( correspond5ce is always m or less suspici\s4 ,we h already adv]t$ to ! sev]al idols--if we may use ,bacon's metaphor--to :i* geologi/s unconsci\sly sacrifice1 :5 int]pret+ ! /ructures ( unexplor$ regions4 ,c>ry+ ) !m ! classification ( /rata exi/+ 9 ,europe1 & assum+ t gr\ps ( /rata 9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w mu/ answ] to "s ( ! gr\ps ( /rata kn[n "h1 !y are necess>ily prone to ass]t p>allelism on insuffici5t evid5ce4 ,!y sc>cely ent]ta9 ! previ\s "q1 :e!r ! =mations !y are exam9+ h or h n any ,european equival5ts2 b ! "q is--) :i* ( ! ,european s]ies %all !y be class$8--) :i* d !y mo/ agree8--f :i* d !y diff] lea/8 ,& ?is be+ ! mode ( enquiry1 !re is apt to result great laxity ( int]pretation4 ,h[ lax ! int]pretation really is1 may be readily %[n4 ,:5 /rata are discont9u\s1 z betwe5 ,europe & ,am]ica1 no evid5ce c be d]iv$ f ! ord] ( sup]position1 ap>t f m9]al *>act]s & organic rema9s2 =1 unless /rata c be cont9u\sly trac$1 m9]al *>act]s & organic rema9s are ! only means ( class+ !m z su* or su*4 ,z to ! te/ ( m9]al *>act]s1 we h se5 t x is almo/ wor?less2 & no mod]n geologi/ w\ld d>e to say x %\ld be reli$ on4 ,if ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one s]ies 9 mid-,engl&1 diff]s :olly 9 li?ological aspect f ! equival5t s]ies 9 ,s\? ,devon1 x is cle> t simil>ities ( texture & composition c h no weight 9 assimilat+ a sy/em ( /rata 9 ano!r qu>t] ( ! globe to "s ,european sy/em4 ,! te/ ( fossils1 !re=e1 is ! only "o t rema9s2 & ) h[ little /rictness ?is te/ is appli$1 "o case w %[4 ,( =ty-six species ( ,briti% ,devonian corals1 only six occur 9 ,am]ica2 & ?is1 not)/&+ ! wide range :i* ! ,an?ozoa are kn[n to h4 ,simil>ly ( ! ,mollusca & ,cr9oidea1 x appe>s t1 :ile !re are sundry g5]a f\nd 9 ,am]ica t are f\nd "h1 !re are sc>cely any ( ! same species4 ,& ,sir ,*>les ,lyell admits t ! difficulty ( decid+ on ! exact p>allelism ( ! ,new ,york subdivisions1 z above enum]at$1 ) ! memb]s ( ! ,european ,devonian1 is v great1 s few are ! species 9 common4 ,yet x is on ! /r5g? ( community ( fossils1 t ! :ole ,devonian s]ies ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is assum$ to be contemporane\s ) ! :ole ,devonian s]ies ( ,engl&4 ,& x is p>tly on ! gr\nd t ! ,devonian ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates corresponds 9 "t ) our ,devonian1 t ,sir ,*>les ,lyell concludes ! sup]jac5t coal-measures ( ! two c\ntries to be ( ! same age4 ,is x n1 !n1 z we said1 t ! evid5ce 9 ^! cases is v suspici\s8 ,%\ld x be repli$1 z x may fairly be1 t ?is correspond5ce f :i* ! syn*ronism ( di/ant =mations is inf]r$1 is n a correspond5ce betwe5 p>ticul> species or p>ticul> g5]a1 b betwe5 ! g5]al *>act]s ( ! conta9$ assemblages ( fossils--betwe5 ! facies ( ! two ,faunas2 ! rejo9d] is1 t ?\gh su* correspond5ce is a /rong] evid5ce ( syn*ronism x is /ill an insuffici5t "o4 ,to inf] syn*ronism f su* correspond5ce1 involves ! po/ulate t ?r\gh\t ea* geologic era !re has habitually exi/$ a recognizable simil>ity betwe5 ! gr\ps ( organic =ms inhabit+ all ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! ,e>?2 & t ! causes :i* h 9 "o "p ( ! ,e>? *ang$ ! organic =ms into ^? :i* *>act]ize ! next era1 h simultane\sly act$ 9 all o!r p>ts ( ! ,e>?1 9 su* ways z to produce p>allel *anges ( _! organic =ms4 ,n[ ?is is n only a l>ge assumption to make2 b x is an assumption contr>y to probability4 ,! probability is1 t ! causes :i* h *ang$ ,faunas h be5 local r ?an univ]sal2 t h5ce :ile ! ,faunas ( "s regions h be5 rapidly *ang+1 ^? ( o!rs h be5 almo/ quiesc5t2 & t :5 su* o!rs h be5 *ang$1 x has be51 n 9 su* ways z to ma9ta9 p>allelism1 b 9 su* ways z to produce div]g5ce4 ,ev5 suppos+1 h[ev]1 t di/ricts "s hundr$s ( miles ap>t1 furni%$ gr\ps ( /rata t completely agre$ 9 _! ord] ( sup]position1 _! m9]al *>act]s1 & _! fossils1 we %\ld /ill h inadequate pro( ( contemporaneity4 ,= !re are conditions1 v likely to occur1 "u :i* su* gr\ps might diff] widely 9 age4 ,if !re be a cont95t ( :i* ! /rata crop out on ! surface obliquely to ! l9e ( coa/--runn+1 say1 we/-nor?we/1 :ile ! coa/ runs ea/ & we/--x is cle> t ea* gr\p ( /rata w crop out on ! bea* at a p>ticul> "p ( ! coa/2 t fur!r we/ ! next gr\p ( /rata w crop out on ! bea*2 & s cont9u\sly4 ,z ! localization ( m>9e plants & animals is 9 a consid]able degree det]m9$ by ! nature ( ! rocks & _! detritus1 x foll[s t ea* "p ( ?is coa/ w h its m or less di/9ct ,flora & ,fauna4 ,:at n[ mu/ result f ! action ( ! waves 9 ! c\rse ( a geologic epo*8 ,z ! sea makes sl[ inroads on ! l&1 ! place at :i* ea* gr\p ( /rata crops out on ! bea* w gradually move t[>ds ! we/3 its di/9ctive fi%1 mollusks1 cru/aceans1 & sea-we$s1 migrat+ ) x4 ,fur!r1 ! detritus ( ea* ( ^! gr\ps ( /rata w1 z ! po9t ( outcrop moves we/w>ds1 be deposit$ ov] ! detritus ( ! gr\p 9 advance ( x4 ,& ! consequ5ce ( ^! actions1 c>ri$ on = "o ( ^? enorm\s p]iods requir$ = geologic *anges1 w be t1 correspond+ to ea* ea/]n /ratum1 !re w arise a /ratum f> to ! we/ :i*1 ?\gh occupy+ ! same position relatively to o!r b$s1 =m$ ( l mat]ials1 & conta9+ l fossils1 w yet be p]haps a million ye>s lat] 9 date4 99 99 99 99 99 ,b ! illegitimacy1 or at any rate ! great d\btfulness1 ( _m curr5t geological inf]5ces1 is be/ se5 :5 we contemplate t]re/rial *anges n[ go+ on3 & ask h[ f> su* inf]5ces are c\nt5anc$ by !m4 ,if we c>ry out rigor\sly ! mod]n me?od ( int]pret+ geological ph5om5a1 :i* ,sir ,*>les ,lyell has done s mu* to e/abli%--t ( ref]r+ !m to causes l ^? at pres5t 9 action--we _c fail to see h[ improbable are sundry ( ! receiv$ conclusions4 ,along ea* l9e ( %ore t is be+ worn away by ! waves1 !re are be+ =m$ mud1 s&1 & pebbles4 ,?is detritus1 spread ov] ! neighb\r+ sea-bottom1 has1 9 ea* locality1 a m or less special "*2 det]m9$ by ! nature ( ! /rata de/roy$4 ,9 ! ,engli% ,*annel x is n ! same z 9 ! ,iri% ,*annel2 on ! ea/ coa/ ( ,irel& x is n ! same z on ! we/ coa/2 & s ?r\gh\t4 ,at ! m\? ( ea* great riv]1 !re is be+ deposit$ s$im5t diff]+ m or less f t ( o!r riv]s 9 col\r & quality2 =m+ /rata t are "h r$1 !re yell[1 & else:]e br[n1 grey1 or dirty :ite4 ,besides :i* v>i\s =mations1 go+ on 9 deltas & along %ores1 !re are "s mu* wid] & /ill m contra/$ =mations4 ,at ! bottom ( ! ,a,egaean ,sea1 !re is accumulat+ a b$ ( ,pt]opod %ells1 :i* w ev5tually1 no d\bt1 become a calc>e\s rock4 ,= "s hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( squ>e miles1 ! ocean-b$ betwe5 ,great ,brita9 & ,nor? ,am]ica1 is be+ cov]$ ) a /ratum ( *alk2 & ov] l>ge areas 9 ! ,pacific1 !re are go+ on deposits ( corall9e lime/one4 ,?us1 ?r\gh\t ! ,e>?1 !re are at ?is mom5t be+ produc$ an imm5se numb] ( /rata diff]+ f ea* o!r 9 li?ological *>act]s4 ,"n at r&om any "o "p ( ! sea-bottom1 & ask :e!r ! deposit !re tak+ place is l ! deposit tak+ place at "s di/ant "p ( ! sea-bottom1 & ! almo/-c]ta9ly correct answ] w be--,no4 ,! *ances are n 9 fav\r ( simil>ity1 b v greatly aga9/ x4 ,9 ! ord] ( sup]position ( /rata !re is occurr+ a l v>iety4 ,ea* region ( ! ,e>?'s surface has its special hi/ory ( elevations1 subsid5ces1 p]iods ( re/2 & ?is hi/ory 9 no case fits *ronologically ) ! hi/ory ( any o!r portion4 ,riv] deltas are n[ be+ ?r[n d[n on =mations ( q diff]5t ages4 ,:ile "h !re has be5 deposit$ a s]ies ( b$s _m hundr$s ( feet ?ick1 !re has else:]e be5 deposit$ b a s+le b$ ( f9e mud4 ,:ile "o region ( ! ,e>?'s cru/1 cont9u+ = a va/ epo* above ! surface ( ! ocean1 be>s record ( no *anges save ^? result+ f d5udation2 ano!r region ( ! ,e>?'s cru/ gives pro( ( v>i\s *anges ( level1 ) _! sev]al result+ masses ( /ratifi$ detritus4 ,if any?+ is to be judg$ f curr5t processes1 we mu/ inf]1 n only t ev]y:]e ! succession ( s$im5t>y =mations diff]s m or less f ! succession else:]e2 b also t 9 ea* place1 !re exi/ gr\ps ( /rata to :i* _m o!r places h no equival5ts4 ,) respect to ! organic bodies imb$d$ 9 =mations n[ 9 progress1 ! l tru? is equally manife/1 if n m manife/4 ,ev5 along ! same coa/1 )9 mod]ate di/ances1 ! =ms ( life diff] v consid]ably2 mu* m on coa/s t are remote f ea* o!r4 ,aga91 dissimil> creatures t are liv+ toge!r ne> ! same %ore1 d n leave _! rema9s 9 ! same b$s ( s$im5t4 ,= in/ance1 at ! bottom ( ! ,adriatic1 :]e ! prevail+ curr5ts cause ! deposits to be "h ( mud1 & !re ( calc>e\s matt]1 x is prov$ t diff]5t species ( co-exi/+ %ells are be+ buri$ 9 ^! respective =mations4 ,on our own coa/s1 ! m>9e rema9s f\nd a few miles f %ore1 9 banks :]e fi% congregate1 are diff]5t f ^? f\nd close to ! %ore1 :]e only littoral species fl\ri%4 ,a l>ge proportion ( aquatic creatures h /ructures t d n admit ( fossilization2 :ile ( ! re/1 ! great majority are de/roy$1 :5 dead1 by ! v>i\s k9ds ( scav5g]s t creep among ! rocks & we$s4 ,s t no "o deposit ne> our %ores c conta9 any?+ l a true repres5tation ( ! ,fauna ( ! surr\nd+ sea2 mu* less ( ! co-exi/+ ,faunas ( o!r seas 9 ! same latitude2 & /ill less ( ! ,faunas ( seas 9 di/ant latitudes4 ,7 x n t ! ass]tion seems ne$ful1 x w\ld be almo/ absurd to say1 t ! organic rema9s n[ be+ buri$ 9 ! ,dogg] ,bank1 c tell u next to no?+ ab\t ! fi%1 cru/aceans1 mollusks1 & corals t are be+ buri$ 9 ! ,bay ( ,b5gal4 ,/ill /rong] is ! argum5t 9 ! case ( t]re/rial life4 ,) m num]\s & great] contra/s betwe5 ! plants & animals ( remote places1 !re is a f> m imp]fect regi/ry ( !m4 ,s*\w m>ks out on ! ,e>? m ?an tw5ty botanical regions1 occupi$ by gr\ps ( =ms s f> di/9ct f ea* o!r1 t1 if fossiliz$1 geologi/s w\ld sc>cely be dispos$ to ref] !m all to ! same p]iod4 ,( ,faunas1 ! ,arctic diff]s f ! ,temp]ate2 ! ,temp]ate f ! ,tropical2 & ! ,s\? ,temp]ate f ! ,nor? ,temp]ate4 ,nay1 9 ! ,s\? ,temp]ate ,zone itself1 ! two regions ( ,s\? ,africa & ,s\? ,am]ica are unlike 9 _! mammals1 birds1 reptiles1 fi%es1 mollusks1 insects4 ,! %ells & bones n[ ly+ at ! bottoms ( lakes & e/u>ies 9 ^! sev]al regions1 h c]ta9ly n t simil>ity :i* is usually look$ = 9 ^? ( contemporane\s /rata2 & ! rec5t =ms exhum$ 9 any "o ( ^! regions w\ld v untruly repres5t ! pres5t ,flora & ,fauna ( ! ,e>?4 ,9 con=mity ) ! curr5t /yle ( geological reason+1 an exhau/ive exam9ation ( deposits 9 ! ,arctic circle1 might be held to prove t ?\gh at ?is p]iod !re 7 sundry mammals exi/+1 !re 7 no reptiles2 :ile ! abs5ce ( mammals 9 ! deposits ( ! ,galapagos ,ar*ipelago1 :]e !re are pl5ty ( reptiles1 might be held to prove ! rev]se4 ,& at ! same "t1 f ! =mations ext5d+ = two ?\s& miles along ! great b>ri]-reef ( ,au/ralia--=mations 9 :i* are imb$d$ no?+ b corals1 e*9od]ms1 mollusks1 cru/aceans1 & fi%1 along ) an occasional turtle1 or bird1 or cetacean1 x might be inf]r$ t !re liv$ 9 our epo* nei!r t]re/rial reptiles nor t]re/rial mammals4 ,! m5tion ( ,au/ralia1 inde$1 sugge/s an illu/ration :i*1 ev5 alone1 w\ld amply prove our case4 ,! ,fauna ( ?is region diff]s widely f any t is f\nd else:]e4 ,on l& all ! indig5\s mammals1 except bats1 belong to ! l[e/1 or implac5tal division2 & ! insects are s+ul>ly diff]5t f ^? f\nd else:]e4 ,! surr\nd+ seas conta9 num]\s =ms t are m or less /range2 & among ! fi% !re exi/s a species ( %>k1 :i* is ! only liv+ repres5tative ( a g5us t fl\ri%$ 9 e>ly geologic epo*s4 ,if1 n[1 ! mod]n fossilif]\s deposits ( ,au/ralia 7 to be exam9$ by "o ignorant ( ! exi/+ ,au/ralian ,fauna2 & if he 7 to reason 9 ! usual mann]2 he w\ld be v unlikely to class ^! deposits ) ^? ( ! pres5t "t4 ,h[1 !n1 c we place confid5ce 9 ! tacit assumption t c]ta9 =mations 9 remote p>ts ( ! ,e>? are ref]able to ! same p]iod1 because ! organic rema9s conta9$ 9 !m display a c]ta9 community ( "*8 or t c]ta9 o!rs are ref]able to diff]5t p]iods1 because ! facies ( _! ,faunas are diff]5t8 ,b1 x w be repli$1 9 pa/ eras ! same1 or simil>1 organic =ms 7 m widely di/ribut$ ?an n[4 ,x may be s2 b ! evid5ce adduc$ by no means proves x4 ,! argum5t by :i* ?is conclusion is rea*$1 runs a risk ( be+ quot$ z an example ( reason+ 9 a circle4 ,z already po9t$ out1 betwe5 =mations 9 remote regions !re is no means ( asc]ta9+ equival5ce b by fossils4 ,if1 !n1 ! contemporaneity ( remote =mations is conclud$ f ! lik5ess ( _! fossils2 h[ c x be said t simil> plants & animals 7 once m widely di/ribut$1 because !y are f\nd 9 contemporane\s /rata 9 remote regions8 ,is n ! fallacy manife/8 ,ev5 suppos+ !re 7 no su* fatal objection z ?is1 ! evid5ce commonly assign$ w\ld /ill be insuffici5t4 ,= we mu/ be> 9 m9d t ! community ( organic rema9s commonly ?\ght suffici5t = inf]r+ correspond5ce 9 "t1 is a v imp]fect community4 ,:5 ! comp>$ s$im5t>y b$s are f> ap>t1 x is sc>cely expect$ t !re w be _m species common to ! two3 x is en\gh if !re be discov]$ a consid]able numb] ( common g5]a4 ,n[ _h x be5 prov$ t1 ?r\gh\t geologic "t1 ea* g5us liv$ b = a %ort p]iod--a p]iod measur$ by a s+le gr\p ( /rata--some?+ might be inf]r$4 ,b :at if we le>n t _m ( ! same g5]a cont9u$ to exi/ ?r\gh\t enorm\s epo*s1 measur$ by sev]al va/ sy/ems ( /rata8 ,among molluscs1 ! g5]a ,avicula1 ,modiola1 ,t]ebratula1 ,l+ula1 & ,orbicula1 are f\nd f ! ,silurian rocks upw>ds to ! pres5t day4 ,if1 !n1 betwe5 ! l[e/ fossilif]\s =mations & ! mo/ rec5t1 !re exi/s ?is degree ( community2 mu/ we n inf] t !re w probably (t5 exi/ a degree ( community betwe5 /rata t are f> f contemporane\s8 ,?us ! reason+ f :i* x is conclud$ t simil> organic =ms 7 once m widely spread1 is d\bly fallaci\s2 &1 consequ5tly1 ! classifications ( =eign /rata bas$ on ?is conclusion are untru/wor?y4 ,judg+ f ! pres5t di/ribution ( life1 we c sc>cely expect to f9d simil> rema9s 9 geographically remote /rata ( ! same age2 & :]e1 betwe5 ! fossils ( geographically remote /rata1 we d f9d mu* simil>ity1 x is probably (t5 due r to lik5ess ( conditions ?an to contemporaneity4 ,if f causes & effects su* z we n[ witness1 we reason back to ! causes & effects ( pa/ epo*s1 we discov] inadequate w>rant = sundry ( ! receiv$ doctr9es4 ,see+1 z we d1 t 9 l>ge areas ( ! ,pacific ?is is a p]iod *>act]iz$ by abundance ( corals2 t 9 ! ,nor? ,atlantic x is a p]iod 9 :i* a great *alk-deposit is be+ =m$2 & t 9 ! valley ( ! ,mississippi x is a p]iod ( new coal-bas9s--see+ also1 z we d1 t 9 "o ext5sive cont95t ?is is peculi>ly an era ( implac5tal mammals1 & t 9 ano!r ext5sive cont95t x is peculi>ly an era ( plac5tal mammals2 we h good reason to hesitate be=e accept+ ^! sweep+ g5]alizations :i* are bas$ on a cursory exam9ation ( /rata occupy+ b a t5? "p ( ! ,e>?'s surface4 99 99 99 99 99 ,at ! outset1 ?is article 0 to h be5 a review ( ! works ( ,hugh ,mill]2 b x has gr[n into some?+ mu* m g5]al4 ,nev]!less1 ! rema9+ two doctr9es :i* we propose to criticise1 may be conv5i5tly treat$ 9 connection ) 8 "n1 z t ( "o :o fully committ$ himself to !m4 ,& fir/1 a few words ) reg>d to 8 position4 ,t he 0 a man ^: life 0 "o ( m]itori\s a*ievem5t1 e "o kn[s4 ,t he 0 a dilig5t & successful work+ geologi/1 sc>cely ne$s say+4 ,t ) indomitable p]sev]ance he /ruggl$ up f obscurity to a place 9 ! _w ( lit]ature & sci5ce1 %[s him to h be5 highly end[$ 9 "* & intellig5ce4 ,& t he _h a rem>kable p[] ( pres5t+ 8 facts & argum5ts 9 an attractive =m1 a glance at any ( 8 books w quickly prove4 ,by all means1 let u respect him z a man ( activity & sagacity1 jo9$ ) a l>ge am\nt ( poetry4 ,b :ile say+ ?is we mu/ add1 t 8 reputation /&s by no means s high 9 ! sci5tific _w z 9 ! _w at l>ge4 ,p>tly f ! fact t our ,scot* neighb\rs are 9 ! habit ( bl[+ ! trumpet r l\dly be=e _! notabilities--p>tly because ! *>m+ /yle 9 :i* 8 books are writt5 has ga9$ him a l>ge circle ( read]s--p>tly1 p]haps1 ?r\gh a praisewor?y sympa?y ) him z a self-made man2 ,hugh ,mill] has met ) an am\nt ( applause :i*1 little z we wi% to dim9i% x1 mu/ n be all[$ to bl9d ! public to 8 defects z a man ( sci5ce4 ,! tru? is1 he 0 s f> committ$ to a =egone conclusion1 t he c\ld n become a philosophical geologi/4 ,he might be aptly describ$ z a !ologian /udy+ geology4 ,! dom9ant idea ) :i* he wrote1 may be se5 9 ! titles ( 8 books--,law v]sus ,miracle1--,footpr9ts ( ! ,creator1--,! ,te/imony ( ! ,rocks4 ,reg>d+ geological facts z evid5ce = or aga9/ c]ta9 religi\s conclusions1 x 0 sc>cely possible = him to deal ) geological facts imp>tially4 ,8 rul+ aim 0 to disprove ! ,developm5t ,hypo!sis1 ! assum$ implications ( :i* 7 repugnant to him2 & 9 proportion to ! /r5g? ( 8 feel+1 0 ! "o-sid$ness ( 8 reason+4 ,he admitt$ t ,god might z c]ta9ly h orig9at$ ! species by a law ( developm5t1 z he ma9ta9s x by a law ( developm5t2 ! exi/5ce ( a ,fir/ ,great ,cause is z p]fectly compatible ) ! "o s*eme z ) ! o!r4 ,nev]!less1 he consid]$ ! hypo!sis at v>iance ) ,*ri/ianity2 & !re=e combat$ ) x4 ,he app>5tly ov]look$ ! fact t ! doctr9es ( geology 9 g5]al1 z held by himself1 _h be5 reject$ by _m on simil> gr\nds2 & t he _h himself be5 repeat$ly attack$ = 8 anti-,*ri/ian tea*+s4 ,he seems n to h p]ceiv$ t1 j z 8 antagoni/s 7 wrong 9 condemn+ z irreligi\s1 !ories :i* he saw 7 n irreligi\s2 s might he be wrong 9 condemn+1 on l gr\nds1 ! ,!ory ( ,evolution4 ,9 brief1 he fell %ort ( t highe/ fai?1 :i* kn[s t all tru?s mu/ h>monize2 & :i* is1 !re=e1 cont5t tru/fully to foll[ ! evid5ce :i!rsoev] x leads4 ,( c\rse x is impossible to criticize 8 works )\t ent]+ on ?is great "q to :i* he *iefly devot$ himself4 ,! two rema9+ doctr9es to be "h discuss$1 be> directly on ?is "q2 &1 z above said1 we propose to treat !m 9 connection ) ,hugh ,mill]'s "n1 because1 ?r\gh\t 8 reason+s1 he assumes _! tru?4 ,let x n be suppos$1 h[ev]1 t we %all aim to prove :at he has aim$ to disprove4 ,:ile we purpose %[+ t 8 argum5ts aga9/ ! ,developm5t ,hypo!sis are bas$ on invalid assumptions2 we d n purpose %[+ t ! oppos+ argum5ts are bas$ on valid assumptions4 ,we hope to make x app>5t t ! geological evid5ce at pres5t obta9$1 is insuffici5t = ei!r side2 fur!r1 t !re seems little probability ( suffici5t evid5ce ev] be+ obta9$2 & t if ! "q is ev5tually decid$1 x mu/ be decid$ on o!r ?an geological data4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! fir/ ( ! curr5t doctr9es to :i* we h j ref]r$1 is1 t !re occur 9 ! records ( =m] life on our planet1 c]ta9 great blanks--t ?\gh1 g5]ally1 ! succession ( fossil =ms is tol]ably cont9u\s1 yet t at two places !re occur wide gaps 9 ! s]ies :5ce x is inf]r$ t1 on at lea/ two occasions1 ! previ\sly exi/+ inhabitants ( ! ,e>? 7 almo/ :olly de/roy$1 & a diff]5t class ( inhabitants creat$4 ,comp>+ ! g5]al life on ! ,e>? to a ?read1 ,hugh ,mill] says3-- ,x is cont9u\s f ! pres5t "t up to ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,t]ti>y p]iod2 & !n s abrupt a break occurs1 t1 ) ! exception ( ! microscopic diatomaceae to :i* ,i la/ ev5+ ref]r$1 & ( "o %ell & "o coral1 n a s+le species cross$ ! gap4 ,on its fur!r or remot] side1 h[ev]1 :]e ! ,second>y division closes1 ! int]m+l+ ( species aga9 beg9s1 & runs on till ! comm5cem5t ( ?is great ,second>y division2 & !n1 j :]e ! ,palaeozoic division closes1 we f9d ano!r abrupt break1 cross$1 if cross$ at all1--= !re /ill exi/s "s d\bt on ! subject1--by b two species ( plant4 ,^! breaks are consid]$ to imply actual new creations on ! surface ( our planet2 n only by ,hugh ,mill]1 b by ! majority ( geologi/s4 ,& ! t]ms ,palaeozoic1 ,mesozoic1 & ,ca9ozoic1 are us$ to indicate ^! ?ree successive sy/ems ( life4 ,x is true t "s accept ?is belief ) caution3 kn[+ h[ geologic rese>* has be5 all along t5d+ to fill up :at 7 once ?\ght wide breaks4 ,sir ,*>les ,lyell po9ts out t ! hiatus :i* exi/s 9 ,great ,brita9 betwe5 ! fossils ( ! ,lias & ^? ( ! ,magnesian ,lime/one1 is suppli$ 9 ,g]many by ! ri* fauna & flora ( ! ,mus*elkalk1 ,keup]1 & ,bunt] ,s&/e91 :i* we "k to be ( a date precisely int]m$iate4 ,aga9 he rem>ks t until lately ! fossils ( ! coal-measures 7 sep>at$ f ^? ( ! antec$5t ,silurian gr\p by a v abrupt & decid$ l9e ( dem>cation2 b rec5t discov]ies h br\ght to light 9 ,devon%ire1 ,belgium1 ! ,eifel1 & ,we/phalia1 ! rema9s ( a fauna ( an int]v5+ p]iod4 ,& once m1 we h also 9 l mann] _h "s success ( late ye>s 9 dim9i%+ ! hiatus :i* /ill sep>ates ! ,cretace\s & ,eoc5e p]iods 9 ,europe4 ,to :i* let u add t s9ce ,hugh ,mill] p5n$ ! passage above quot$1 ! second ( ! great gaps he ref]s to has be5 v consid]ably n>r[$ by ! discov]y ( /rata conta9+ ,palaeozoic g5]a & ,mesozoic g5]a int]m+l$4 ,nev]!less1 ! occurr5ce ( two great revolutions 9 ! ,e>?'s ,flora & ,fauna appe>s /ill to be held by _m2 & geologic nom5clature habitually assumes x4 ,be=e seek+ a solution ( ^! ph5om5a1 let u glance at ! sev]al m9or causes t produce breaks 9 ! geological succession ( organic =ms3 tak+ fir/1 ! m g5]al ones :i* modify climate1 &1 !re=e1 ! di/ribution ( life4 ,among ^! may be not$ "o :i* has n1 we believe1 be5 nam$ by writ]s on ! subject4 ,we mean t result+ f a c]ta9 sl[ a/ronomic rhy?m1 by :i* ! nor!rn & s\!rn hemisph]es are alt]nately subject to great] extremes ( temp]ature4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! slight ellipticity ( its orbit1 ! ,e>?'s di/ance f ! sun v>ies to ! ext5t ( "s #c1jjj1jjj ( miles4 ,at pres5t1 ! aphelion occurs at ! "t ( our nor!rn summ]2 & ! p]ihelion dur+ ! summ] ( ! s\!rn hemisph]e4 ,9 consequ5ce1 h[ev]1 ( t sl[ movem5t ( ! ,e>?'s axis :i* produces ! precession ( ! equ9oxes1 ?is /ate ( ?+s w 9 "t be rev]s$3 ! ,e>? w be ne>e/ to ! sun dur+ ! summ] ( ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 & fur!/ f x dur+ ! s\!rn summ] or nor!rn w9t]4 ,! p]iod requir$ to complete ! sl[ movem5t produc+ ^! *anges1 is ne>ly #bf1jjj ye>s2 & 7 !re no modify+ process1 ! two hemisph]es w\ld alt]nately exp]i5ce ?is co9cid5ce ( summ] ) ! lea/ di/ance f ! sun1 dur+ a p]iod ( #ac1jjj ye>s4 ,b !re is also a /ill sl[] *ange 9 ! direction ( ! axis major ( ! ,e>?'s orbit2 f :i* x results t ! alt]nation we h describ$ is complet$ 9 ab\t #ba1jjj ye>s4 ,t is to say1 if at a giv5 "t ! ,e>? is ne>e/ to ! sun at our mid-summ]1 & fur!/ f ! sun at our mid-w9t]3 !n1 9 #aj1ejj ye>s aft]w>ds1 x w be fur!/ f ! sun at our mid-summ]1 & ne>e/ at our mid-w9t]4 ,n[ ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! di/ances f ! sun at ! two extremes ( ?is alt]nation1 am\nts to "o-?irtie?2 & h5ce1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! quantities ( heat receiv$ f ! sun on a summ]'s day "u ^! opposite conditions am\nts to "o-fifte5?4 ,e/imat+ ?is1 n ) ref]5ce to ! z]o ( our !rmomet]s1 b ) ref]5ce to ! temp]ature ( ! cele/ial spaces1 ,sir ,john ,h]s*el calculates #bc deg4 ,fahr5heit z ! lea/ v>iation ( temp]ature "u su* circum/ances :i* c reasonably be attribut$ to ! actual v>iation ( ! sun's di/ance4 ,?us1 !n1 ea* hemisph]e has at a c]ta9 epo*1 a %ort summ] ( extreme heat1 foll[$ by a long & v cold w9t]4 ,?r\gh ! sl[ *ange 9 ! direction ( ! ,e>?'s axis1 ^! extremes are gradually mitigat$4 ,& at ! end ( #aj1ejj ye>s1 !re is rea*$ ! opposite /ate--a long & mod]ate summ]1 ) a %ort & mild w9t]4 ,at pres5t1 9 consequ5ce ( ! pr$om9ance ( sea 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e1 ! extremes to :i* its a/ronomical conditions subject x1 are mu* ameliorat$2 :ile ! great proportion ( l& 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 t5ds to exagg]ate su* contra/ z n[ exi/s 9 x betwe5 w9t] & summ]3 :5ce x results t ! climates ( ! two hemisph]es are n widely unlike4 ,b #aj1jjj ye>s h5ce1 ! nor!rn hemisph]e w und]go annual v>iations ( temp]ature f> m m>k$ ?an n[4 ,9 ! la/ edition ( 8 ,outl9es ( ,a/ronomy1 ,sir ,john ,h]s*el recognizes ?is z an elem5t 9 geological processes3 reg>d+ x z possibly a "p-cause ( ^? climatic *anges indicat$ by ! records ( ! ,e>?'s pa/4 ,t x has _h mu* to d ) ! l>g] *anges ( climate ( :i* we h evid5ce1 seems unlikely1 s9ce !re is reason to ?9k t ^! h be5 f> sl[] & m la/+2 b t x mu/ h entail$ a rhy?mical exagg]ation & mitigation ( ! climates o!rwise produc$1 seems beyond "q4 ,& x seems also beyond "q t !re mu/ h be5 a consequ5t rhy?mical *ange 9 ! di/ribution ( organisms--a rhy?mical *ange to :i* we "h wi% to draw att5tion1 z "o cause ( m9or breaks 9 ! succession ( fossil rema9s4 ,ea* species ( plant & animal1 has c]ta9 limits ( heat & cold )9 :i* only x c exi/2 & ^! limits 9 a great degree det]m9e its geographical position4 ,x w n spread nor? ( a c]ta9 latitude1 because x _c be> a m nor!rn w9t]1 nor s\? ( a c]ta9 latitude1 because ! summ] heat is too great2 or else x is indirectly re/ra9$ f spread+ fur!r by ! effect ( temp]ature on ! humidity ( ! air1 or on ! di/ribution ( ! organisms x lives ^u4 ,b n[1 :at w result f a sl[ alt]ation ( climate1 produc$ z above describ$8 ,suppos+ ! p]iod we set out f is t 9 :i* ! contra/ ( seasons is lea/ m>k$1 x is manife/ t dur+ ! progress t[>ds ! p]iod ( ! mo/ viol5t contra/1 ea* species ( plant & animal w gradually *ange its limits ( di/ribution--w be driv5 back1 "h by ! w9t]'s increas+ cold1 & !re by ! summ]'s increas+ heat--w retire into ^? localities t are /ill fit = x4 ,?us dur+ #aj1jjj ye>s1 ea* species w ebb away f c]ta9 regions x 0 inhabit+2 & dur+ ! succe$+ #aj1jjj ye>s w fl[ back into ^? regions4 ,f ! /rata !re =m+1 its rema9s w disappe>2 !y w be abs5t f "s ( ! suppos$ /rata2 & w be f\nd 9 /rata high] up4 ,b 9 :at %apes w !y re-appe>8 ,expos$ dur+ ! #ba1jjj ye>s ( _! sl[ recession & _! sl[ return1 to *ang+ conditions ( life1 !y are likely to h und]gone modifications2 & w probably re-appe> ) slight diff]5ces ( con/itution & p]haps ( =m--w be new v>ieties or p]haps new sub-species4 ,to ?is cause ( m9or breaks 9 ! succession ( organic =ms--a cause on :i* we h dwelt because x has n be5 tak5 into acc\nt--we mu/ add sundry o!rs4 ,besides ^! p]iodically-recurr+ alt]ations ( climate1 !re are ! irregul> ones produc$ by re-di/ributions ( l& & sea2 & ^!1 sometimes less1 sometimes great]1 9 degree1 ?an ! rhy?mical *anges1 mu/1 l !m1 cause 9 ea* region ! ebb & fl[ ( species2 & consequ5t breaks1 small or l>ge z ! case may be1 9 ! palaeontological s]ies4 ,o!r & m special geological *anges mu/ produce o!r & m local blanks 9 ! succession ( fossils4 ,by "s inl& elevation ! natural dra9age ( a cont95t is modifi$2 & in/ead ( ! s$im5t x previ\sly br\ght d[n to ! sea1 a great riv] beg9s to br+ d[n s$im5t unfav\rable to v>i\s plants & animals liv+ 9 its delta3 :]e=e ^! disappe> f ! locality1 p]haps to re-appe> 9 a *ang$ =m aft] a long epo*4 ,upheavals or subsid5ces ( %ores or sea-bottoms1 involv+ deviations ( m>9e curr5ts1 mu/ remove ! habitats ( _m species to :i* su* curr5ts are salut>y or injuri\s2 & fur!r1 ?is re-di/ribution ( curr5ts mu/ alt] ! places ( s$im5t>y deposits1 & s /op ! bury+ ( organic rema9s 9 "s localities1 & comm5ce x 9 o!rs4 ,_h we space1 _m m su* causes ( blanks 9 our palaeontological records might be add$4 ,b x is ne$less "h to enum]ate !m4 ,!y are admirably expla9$ & illu/rat$ 9 ,sir ,*>les ,lyell's ,pr9ciples ( ,geology4 ,n[1 if ^! m9or revolutions ( ! ,e>?'s surface produce m9or breaks 9 ! s]ies ( fossiliz$ rema9s2 mu/ n great revolutions produce great breaks8 ,if a local upheaval or subsid5ce causes ?r\gh\t its small area ! abs5ce ( "s l9ks 9 ! *a9 ( fossil =ms2 does x n foll[ t an upheaval or subsid5ce ext5d+ ov] a l>ge "p ( ! ,e>?'s surface1 mu/ cause ! abs5ce ( a great numb] ( su* l9ks ?r\gh\t a v wide area8 ,:5 dur+ a long epo* a cont95t1 sl[ly subsid+1 gives place to a f>-spread+ ocean "s miles 9 dep?1 at ! bottom ( :i* no deposits f riv]s or abrad$ %ores c be ?r[n d[n2 & :51 aft] "s enorm\s p]iod1 ?is ocean-bottom is gradually elevat$ & becomes ! site ( new /rata2 x is cle> t ! fossils conta9$ 9 ^! new /rata are likely to h b little 9 common ) ! fossils ( ! /rata bel[ !m4 ,take1 9 illu/ration1 ! case ( ! ,nor? ,atlantic4 ,we h already nam$ ! fact t betwe5 ?is c\ntry & ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! ocean-bottom is be+ cov]$ ) a deposit ( *alk--a deposit t has be5 =m+1 probably1 ev] s9ce !re occurr$ t great depression ( ! ,e>?'s cru/ f :i* ! ,atlantic result$ 9 remote geologic times4 ,?is *alk consi/s ( ! m9ute %ells ( ,=am9if]a1 spr9kl$ ) rema9s ( small ,entomo/raca1 & probably a few ,pt]opod-%ells3 ?\gh ! s\nd+ l9es h n yet br\ght up any ( ^! la/4 ,?us1 9 s f> z all high =ms ( life are conc]n$1 ?is new *alk-=mation mu/ be a blank4 ,at r>e int]vals1 p]haps1 a pol> be> drift$ on an iceb]g1 may h its bones scatt]$ ov] ! b$2 or a dead1 decay+ :ale may simil>ly leave traces4 ,b su* rema9s mu/ be s r>e1 t ?is new *alk-=mation1 if visible1 might be exam9$ = a c5tury be=e any ( !m 7 disclos$4 ,if n[1 "s millions ( ye>s h5ce1 ! ,atlantic-b$ %\ld be rais$1 & e/u>y or %ore deposits laid ^u x1 ^! deposits w\ld conta9 rema9s ( a ,flora & ,fauna s di/9ct f ev]y?+ bel[ !m1 z to appe> l a new creation4 ,?us1 along ) cont9uity ( life on ! ,e>?'s surface1 !re n only may be1 b !re mu/ be1 great gaps1 9 ! s]ies ( fossils2 & h5ce ^! gaps are no evid5ce aga9/ ! doctr9e ( ,evolution4 99 99 99 99 99 ,"o o!r curr5t assumption rema9s to be criticiz$2 & x is ! "o on :i*1 m ?an on any o!r1 dep5ds ! view tak5 respect+ ! "q ( developm5t4 ,f ! beg9n+ ( ! controv]sy1 ! argum5ts = & aga9/ h turn$ ^u ! evid5ce ( progression 9 organic =ms1 f\nd 9 ! asc5d+ s]ies ( our s$im5t>y =mations4 ,on ! "o h&1 ^? :o cont5d t high] organisms h be5 evolv$ out ( l[]1 jo9$ ) ^? :o cont5d t successively high] organisms h be5 creat$ at successively lat] p]iods1 appeal = pro( to ! facts ( ,palaeontology2 :i*1 !y say1 c\nt5ance _! views4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,uni=mit>ians1 :o n only reject ! hypo!sis ( developm5t1 b d5y t ! mod]n =ms ( life are high] ?an ! anci5t ones1 reply t ! ,palaeontological evid5ce is at pres5t v incomplete2 t ?\gh we h n yet f\nd rema9s ( highly-organiz$ creatures 9 /rata ( ! greate/ antiquity1 we mu/ n assume t no su* creatures exi/$ :5 ^? /rata 7 deposit$2 & t1 probably1 geological rese>* w ev5tually disclose !m4 ,x mu/ be admitt$ t ?us f>1 ! evid5ce has gone 9 fav\r ( ! latt] p>ty4 ,geological discov]y has ye> aft] ye> %[n ! small value ( negative facts4 ,! conviction t !re are no traces ( high] organisms 9 e>li] /rata1 has result$ n f ! abs5ce ( su* rema9s1 b f incomplete exam9ation4 ,at p4 #dfj ( 8 ,manual ( ,elem5t>y ,geology1 ,sir ,*>les ,lyell gives a li/ 9 illu/ration ( ?is4 ,x appe>s t 9 #agji1 fi%es 7 n kn[n l[] ?an ! ,p]mian sy/em4 ,9 #agic !y 7 f\nd 9 ! subjac5t ,c>bonif]\s sy/em2 9 #ahbh 9 ! ,devonian2 9 #ahdj 9 ! ,upp] ,silurian4 ,( reptiles1 we read t 9 #agaj ! l[e/ kn[n 7 9 ! ,p]mian2 9 #ahdd !y 7 detect$ 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s2 & 9 #aheb 9 ! ,upp] ,devonian4 ,:ile ( ! ,mammalia ! li/ %[s t 9 #agih none _h be5 discov]$ bel[ ! middle ,eoc5e2 b t 9 #ahah !y 7 discov]$ 9 ! ,l[] ,oolite2 & 9 #ahdg 9 ! ,upp] ,trias4 ,! fact is1 h[ev]1 t bo? p>ties set out ) an inadmissible po/ulate4 ,( ! ,uni=mit>ians1 n only su* writ]s z ,hugh ,mill]1 b also su* z ,sir ,*>les ,lyell1,t reason z ?\gh we _h f\nd ! e>lie/1 or some?+ l ! e>lie/1 /rata4 ,_! antagoni/s1 :e!r def5d]s ( ! ,developm5t ,hypo!sis or simply ,progressioni/s1 almo/ uni=mly d ! l4 ,sir ,r4 ,mur*ison1 :o is a ,progressioni/1 calls ! l[e/ fossilif]\s /rata1 ,protozoic4 ,pr(4 ,an/$ uses ! same t]m4 ,:e!r av[$ly or n1 all ! disputants /& on ?is assumption z _! common gr\nd4 ,t ,sir ,*>les ,lyell is no long] to be class$ among ,uni=mit>ians4 ,) r>e & admirable c&\r he has1 s9ce ?is 0 writt51 yield$ to ! argum5ts ( ,mr4 ,d>w94 ,yet is ?is assumption indef5sible1 z "s :o make x v well "k4 ,facts may be cit$ aga9/ x :i* %[ t x is a m ?an que/ionable "o--t x is a highly improbable "o2 :ile ! evid5ce assign$ 9 its fav\r w n be> criticism4 ,because 9 ,bohemia1 ,great ,brita91 & portions ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 ! l[e/ unmetamorphos$ /rata yet discov]$1 conta9 b slight traces ( life1 ,sir ,r4 ,mur*ison conceives t !y 7 =m$ :ile yet few1 if any1 plants or animals _h be5 creat$2 &1 !re=e1 classes !m z ,azoic4 ,8 own pages1 h[ev]1 %[ ! illegitimacy ( ! conclusion t !re exi/$ at t p]iod no consid]able am\nt ( life4 ,su* traces ( life z h be5 f\nd 9 ! ,longmynd rocks1 = _m ye>s consid]$ unfossilif]\s1 h be5 f\nd 9 "s ( ! l[e/ b$s2 & ! tw5ty ?\s& feet ( sup]pos$ b$s1 /ill yield no organic rema9s4 ,if n[ ^! sup]pos$ /rata ?r\gh\t a dep? ( f\r miles1 are )\t fossils1 ?\gh ! /rata ov] :i* !y lie prove t life _h comm5c$2 :at becomes ( ,sir ,r4 ,mur*ison's inf]5ce8 ,at page #ahi ( ,siluria1 a /ill m conclusive fact w be f\nd4 ,! ,gl5g>iff grits1 & o!r accompany+ /rata !re describ$ z #ac1ejj feet ?ick1 conta9 no signs ( contemporane\s life4 ,yet ,sir ,r4 ,mur*ison ref]s !m to ! ,devonian p]iod--a p]iod t _h a l>ge & v>i$ m>9e ,fauna4 ,h[ !n1 f ! abs5ce ( fossils 9 ! ,longmynd b$s & _! equival5ts1 c we conclude t ! ,e>? 0 azoic :5 !y 7 =m$8 ,b1 x may be ask$1 if liv+ creatures !n exi/$1 :y d we n f9d fossilif]\s /rata ( t age1 or an e>li] age8 ,"o reply is1 t ! non-exi/5ce ( su* /rata is b a negative fact--we h n f\nd !m4 ,& consid]+ h[ little we "k ev5 ( ! two-fif?s ( ! ,e>?'s surface n[ above ! sea1 & h[ absolutely ignorant we are ( ! ?ree-fif?s bel[ ! sea1 x is ra% to say t no su* /rata exi/4 ,b ! *ief reply is1 t ^! records ( ! ,e>?'s e>li] hi/ory h be5 9 great "p de/roy$1 by ag5cies t are ev] t5d+ to de/roy su* records4 ,x is an e/abli%$ geological doctr9e1 t s$im5t>y /rata are liable to be *ang$1 m or less completely1 by igne\s action4 ,! rocks orig9ally class$ z transition1 because !y 7 int]m$iate 9 "* betwe5 ! igne\s rocks f\nd bel[ !m1 & ! s$im5t>y /rata f\nd above !m1 are n[ kn[n to be no?+ else ?an s$im5t>y /rata alt]$ 9 texture & appe>ance by ! int5se heat ( adjac5t molt5 matt]2 & h5ce are r5am$ metamorphic rocks4 ,mod]n rese>*es h %[n1 too1 t ^! metamorphic rocks are n1 z 0 once suppos$1 all ( ! same age4 ,besides prim>y & second>y /rata t h be5 trans=m$ by igne\s action1 !re are simil>ly-*ang$ deposits ( t]ti>y orig92 & t1 ev5 = a qu>t] ( a mile f ! po9t ( contact ) neighb\r+ granite4 ,by ?is process fossils are ( c\rse de/roy$4 ,9 "s cases1 says ,sir ,*>les ,lyell1 d>k lime/ones1 replete ) %ells & corals1 h be5 turn$ into :ite /atu>y m>ble1 & h>d clays1 conta9+ vegetable or o!r rema9s1 into slates call$ mica-s*i/ or hornbl5de-s*i/2 e ve/ige ( ! organic bodies hav+ be5 oblit]at$4 ,aga91 x is fa/ becom+ an ackn[l$g$ tru?1 t igne\s rock1 ( :atev] k9d1 is ! product ( s$im5t>y /rata t h be5 completely melt$4 ,granite & gneiss1 :i* are ( l *emical composition1 h be5 %[n1 9 v>i\s cases1 to pass "o into ! o!r3 z at ,valors9e1 ne> ,mont ,blanc1 :]e ! two1 9 contact1 are obs]v$ to bo? und]go a modification ( m9]al "*4 ,! granite /ill rema9+ un/ratifi$1 becomes *>g$ ) gre5 p>ticles2 & ! talcose gneiss assumes a graniti=m /ructure )\t los+ its /ratification4 ,9 ! ,ab]de5-granite1 lumps ( unmelt$ gneiss are frequ5tly f\nd2 & we c ourselves be> witness t on ! banks ( ,lo* ,sun>t1 !re is ample pro( t ! granite ( t region1 :5 x 0 molt51 conta9$ incompletely-fus$ clots ( s$im5t>y /rata4 ,nor is ?is all4 ,fifty ye>s ago1 x 0 ?\ght t all granitic rocks 7 primitive1 or exi/$ be=e any s$im5t>y /rata2 b x is n[ no easy task to po9t out a s+le mass ( granite demon/rably m anci5t ?an all ! kn[n fossilif]\s deposits4 ,9 brief1 accumulat$ evid5ce cle>ly %[s1 t by contact )1 or proximity to1 ! molt5 matt] ( ! ,e>?'s nucleus1 all b$s ( s$im5t are liable to be actually melt$1 or p>tially fus$1 or s heat$ z to agglut9ate _! p>ticles2 & t accord+ to ! temp]ature !y h be5 rais$ to1 & ! circum/ances "u :i* !y cool1 !y assume ! =ms ( granite1 porphyry1 trap1 gneiss1 or rock o!rwise alt]$4 ,fur!r1 x is manife/ t ?\gh /rata ( v>i\s ages h be5 ?us *ang$1 yet t ! mo/ anci5t /rata h be5 s *ang$ to ! greate/ ext5t3 bo? because !y h habitually la9 ne>] to ! c5tre ( igne\s ag5cy2 & because !y h be5 = a long] p]iod liable to ! effects ( ?is ag5cy4 ,:5ce x foll[s1 t s$im5t>y /rata pass+ a c]ta9 antiquity1 are unlikely to be f\nd 9 an unmetamorphos$ /ate2 & t /rata mu* e>li] ?an ^? are c]ta9 to h be5 melt$ up4 ,?us if1 ?r\gh\t a pa/ ( indef9ite duration1 !re _h be5 at "w ^? aque\s & igne\s ag5cies :i* we see /ill at "w1 ! /ate ( ! ,e>?'s cru/ might be j :at we f9d x4 ,we h no evid5ce :i* puts a limit to ! p]iod ?r\gh\t :i* ?is =mation & de/ruction ( /rata has be5 go+ on4 ,= aught ! facts prove1 x may h be5 go+ on = t5 times ! p]iod measur$ by our :ole s]ies ( s$im5t>y deposits4 ,besides hav+1 9 ! pres5t appe>ances ( ! ,e>?'s cru/1 no data = fix+ a comm5cem5t to ^! processes--besides f9d+ t ! evid5ce p]mits u to assume su* comm5cem5t to h be5 inconceivably remote1 z comp>$ ev5 ) ! va/ eras ( geology2 we are n )\t positive gr\nds = inf]r+ ! inconceivable remot5ess ( su* comm5cem5t4 ,mod]n geology has e/abli%$ tru?s :i* are irreconcilable ) ! belief t ! =mation & de/ruction ( /rata began :5 ! ,cambrian rocks 7 =m$2 or at any?+ l s rec5t a "t4 ,"o fact f ,siluria w suffice4 ,sir ,r4 ,mur*ison e/imates ! v]tical ?ickness ( ,silurian /rata 9 ,wales1 at f #bf1jjj to #bg1jjj feet1 or ab\t five miles2 & if to ?is we add ! v]tical dep? ( ! ,cambrian /rata1 on :i* ! ,silurians lie con=mably1 !re results1 on ! l[e/ computation1 a total dep? ( sev5 miles4 ,n[ x is held by geologi/s1 t ?is va/ accumulation ( /rata mu/ h be5 deposit$ 9 an area ( gradual subsid5ce4 ,^! /rata c\ld n h be5 ?us laid on ea* o!r 9 regul> ord]1 unless ! ,e>?'s cru/ _h be5 at t place s9k+1 ei!r cont9u\sly or by v small /eps4 ,su* an imm5se subsid5ce1 h[ev]1 mu/ h be5 impossible )\t a cru/ ( great ?ickness4 ,! ,e>?'s molt5 nucleus t5ds ev]1 ) enorm\s =ce1 to assume ! =m ( a regul> oblate sph]oid4 ,any depression ( its cru/ bel[ ! surface ( equilibrium1 & any elevation ( its cru/ above t surface1 h to )/& imm5se resi/ance4 ,x foll[s inevitably t1 ) a ?9 cru/1 no?+ b small elevations & subsid5ces w\ld be possible2 & t1 conv]sely1 a subsid5ce ( sev5 miles implies a cru/ ( comp>atively great /r5g?1 or1 9 o!r words1 ( great ?ickness4 ,inde$1 if we comp>e ?is inf]r$ subsid5ce 9 ! ,silurian p]iod1 ) su* elevations & depressions z our exi/+ cont95ts & oceans display1 we see no evid5ce t ! ,e>?'s cru/ 0 appreciably ?9n] !n ?an n[4 ,:at are ! implications8 ,if1 z geologi/s g5]ally admit1 ! ,e>?'s cru/ has result$ f t sl[ cool+ :i* is ev5 /ill go+ on--if we see no sign t at ! "t :5 ! e>lie/ ,cambrian /rata 7 =m$1 ?is cru/ 0 appreciably ?9n] ?an n[2 we are =c$ to conclude t ! era dur+ :i* x acquir$ t great ?ickness possess$ 9 ! ,cambrian p]iod1 0 enorm\s z comp>$ ) ! int]val betwe5 ! ,cambrian p]iod & our own4 ,b dur+ ! incalculable s]ies ( epo*s ?us inf]r$1 !re exi/$ an ocean1 tides1 w9ds1 waves1 ra91 riv]s4 ,! ag5cies by :i* ! d5udation ( cont95ts & fill+ up ( seas h all along be5 c>ri$ on1 7 z active !n z n[4 ,endless successions ( /rata mu/ h be5 =m$4 ,& :5 we ask--,:]e are !y8 ,nature's obvi\s reply is--,!y h be5 de/roy$ by t igne\s action to :i* s great a "p ( our olde/-kn[n /rata owe _! fusion or metamorphosis4 ,only ! la/ *apt] ( ! ,e>?'s hi/ory has come d[n to u4 ,! _m previ\s *apt]s1 /ret*+ back to a "t immeasurably remote1 h be5 burnt2 & ) !m all ! records ( life we may presume !y conta9$4 ,! great] "p ( ! evid5ce :i* might h s]v$ to settle ! ,developm5t-controv]sy1 is = ev] lo/2 & on nei!r side c ! argum5ts d]iv$ f ,geology be conclusive4 ,b h[ happ5 !re to be su* evid5ces ( progression z exi/8 x may be ask$4 ,h[ happ5s x t1 9 asc5d+ f ! mo/ anci5t /rata to ! mo/ rec5t /rata1 we d f9d a succession ( organic =ms1 :i*1 h[ev] irregul>ly1 c>ries u f l[] to high]8 ,?is "q seems difficult to answ]4 ,nev]!less1 !re is reason = ?9k+ t no?+ c be safely inf]r$ f ! app>5t progression "h cit$4 ,& ! illu/ration :i* %[s z mu*1 w1 we believe1 also %[ h[ little tru/ is to be plac$ 9 c]ta9 geological g5]alizations t appe> to be well e/abli%$4 ,) ?is some:at elaborate illu/ration1 to :i* we n[ pass1 our criticisms may fitly conclude4 ,let u suppose t 9 a region n[ cov]$ by wide ocean1 !re beg9s "o ( ^? great & gradual upheavals by :i* new cont95ts are =m$4 ,to be precise1 let u say t 9 ! ,s\? ,pacific1 midway betwe5 ,new ,zeal& & ,patagonia1 ! sea-bottom has be5 little by little ?ru/ up t[>ds ! surface1 & is ab\t to em]ge4 ,:at w be ! successive ph5om5a1 geological & biological1 :i* are likely to occur be=e ?is em]g+ sea-bottom has become ano!r ,europe or ,asia8 ,9 ! fir/ place1 su* portions ( ! incipi5t l& z are rais$ to ! level ( ! waves1 w be rapidly d5ud$ by !m3 _! s(t sub/ance w be torn up by ! break]s1 c>ri$ away by ! local curr5ts1 & deposit$ 9 neighb\r+ deep] wat]4 ,successive small upheavals w br+ new & l>g] areas )9 rea* ( ! waves2 fre% portions w ea* "t be remov$ f ! surfaces previ\sly d5ud$2 & fur!r1 "s ( ! newly-=m$ /rata1 be+ elevat$ ne>ly to ! level ( ! wat]1 w be wa%$ away & re-deposit$4 ,9 c\rse ( "t1 ! h>d] =mations ( ! uprais$ sea-bottom w be uncov]$4 ,^! be+ less easily de/roy$1 w rema9 p]man5tly above ! surface2 & at _! m>g9s w arise ! usual break+ d[n ( rocks into bea*-s& & pebbles4 ,:ile 9 ! sl[ process ( ?is elevation1 go+ on at ! rate ( p]haps two or ?ree feet 9 a c5tury1 mo/ ( ! s$im5t>y deposits produc$ w be aga9 & aga9 de/roy$ & re=m$2 !re w1 9 ^? adjac5t areas ( subsid5ce :i* accompany areas ( elevation1 be m or less cont9u\s successions ( s$im5t>y deposits4 ,& n[ :at w be ! "* ( ^! new /rata8 ,!y w necess>ily conta9 sc>cely any traces ( life4 ,! deposits t _h previ\sly be5 sl[ly =m$ at ! bottom ( ?is wide ocean1 w\ld be spr9kl$ ) fossils ( b few species4 ,! oceanic ,fauna is n a ri* "o2 its hydrozoa d n admit ( pres]vation2 & ! h>d p>ts ( its few k9ds ( molluscs & cru/aceans & insects are mo/ly fragile4 ,h5ce1 :5 ! ocean-b$ 0 "h & !re rais$ to ! surface--:5 its /rata ( s$im5t ) _! conta9$ organic fragm5ts 7 torn up & long wa%$ ab\t by ! break]s be=e be+ re-deposit$--:5 ! re-deposits 7 aga9 & aga9 subject to ?is viol5t abrad+ action by subsequ5t small elevations1 z !y w\ld mo/ly be2 :at few fragile organic rema9s !y conta9$1 w\ld be 9 ne>ly all cases de/roy$4 ,?us su* ( ! fir/-=m$ /rata z surviv$ ! repeat$ *anges ( level1 w\ld be practically azoic2 l ! ,cambrian ( our geologi/s4 ,:5 by ! wa%+ away ( ! s(t deposits1 ! h>d sub-/rata _h be5 expos$ 9 ! %ape ( rocky islets1 & a foot+ _h ?us be5 furni%$1 ! pione]s ( a new life might be expect$ to make _! appe>ance4 ,:at w\ld !y be8 ,n any ( ! surr\nd+ oceanic species1 = ^! are n fitt$ = a littoral life2 b species fl\ri%+ on "s ( ! f>-di/ant %ores ( ! ,pacific4 ,( su* ! fir/ to e/abli% !mselves w\ld be sea-we$s & zoophytes2 bo? because _! sw>m+ spores & gemmules w\ld be ! mo/ readily convey$ ) safety1 & because :5 convey$ !y w\ld f9d fit food4 ,x is true t ,cirrhip$s & ,lamellibran*s1 subsi/+ on ! m9ute creatures :i* ev]y:]e p ! sea1 w\ld also f9d fit food4 ,b pass+ ov] ! fact t ! g]ms ( su* high] =ms are nei!r s abundant nor s well fitt$ to be> long voyages1 !re is ! m important fact t ! individuals aris+ f ^! g]ms c reproduce only sexually1 & t ?is va/ly increases ! ob/acles to ! e/abli%m5t ( _! races4 ,! *ances ( e>ly colonization are imm5sely 9 fav\r ( species :i*1 multiply+ by agamog5esis1 c p a :ole %ore f a s+le g]m2 & imm5sely aga9/ species :i*1 multiply+ only by gamog5esis1 mu/ be introduc$ 9 consid]able numb]s t "s may survive1 meet1 & propagate4 ,?us we inf] t ! e>lie/ traces ( life left 9 ! s$im5t>y deposits ne> ^! new %ores1 w be traces ( life z humble z t indicat$ 9 ! mo/ anci5t rocks ( ,great ,brita9 & ,irel&4 ,imag9e n[ t ! processes we h briefly indicat$1 cont9ue--t ! em]g+ l&s become wid] 9 ext5t1 & fr+$ by high] & m v>i$ %ores2 & t !re /ill g on ^? ocean-curr5ts :i*1 at long int]vals1 convey f f> di/ant %ores immigrant =ms ( life4 ,:at w result8 ,lapse ( "t w ( c\rse fav\r ! introduction ( su* new =ms3 admitt+1 z x mu/1 ( ^? comb9ations ( fit conditions1 :i*1 "u ! law ( probabilities1 c occur only at v di/ant int]vals4 ,moreov]1 ! increas+ area ( ! isl&s1 individually & z a gr\p1 implies increas+ l5g? ( coa/2 f :i* !re foll[s a long] l9e ( contact ) ! /reams & waves t br+ drift+ masses2 &1 !re=e1 a great] *ance t g]ms ( fre% life w be /r&$4 ,& once m1 ! comp>atively-v>i$ %ores1 pres5t+ physical conditions t *ange f mile to mile1 w furni% suitable habitats = m num]\s species4 ,s t z ! elevation proce$s1 ?ree causes conspire to introduce additional m>9e plants & animals4 ,to :at classes w ! increas+ ,fauna be = a long p]iod conf9$8 ,( c\rse1 to classes ( :i* individuals1 or _! g]ms1 are mo/ liable to be c>ri$ f> away f _! native %ores by float+ sea-we$ or drift-wood2 to classes :i* are also lea/ likely to p]i% 9 transit1 or f *ange ( climate2 & to ^? :i* c be/ subsi/ ar\nd coa/s comp>atively b>e ( life4 ,evid5tly1 !n1 corals1 annelids1 inf]ior molluscs1 & cru/aceans ( l[ grade1 w *iefly con/itute ! e>ly ,fauna4 ,! l>ge pr$atory memb]s ( ^! classes1 w be lat] 9 e/abli%+ !mselves2 bo? because ! new %ores mu/ fir/ become well peopl$ by ! creatures !y prey on1 & because1 be+ m complex1 !y or _! ova mu/ be less likely to survive ! j\rney1 & ! *ange ( conditions4 ,we may inf]1 !n1 t ! /rata deposit$ next aft] ! almo/ azoic /rata1 w\ld conta9 ! rema9s ( inv]tebrata1 alli$ to ^? f\nd ne> ! %ores ( ,au/ralia & ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,( su* inv]tebrate rema9s1 ! l[] b$s w\ld furni% comp>atively few g5]a1 & ^? ( relatively l[ types2 :ile 9 ! upp] b$s ! numb] ( g5]a w\ld be great]1 & ! types high]3 j z among ! fossils ( our ,silurian sy/em4 ,z ?is great geologic *ange sl[ly progress$ ?r\gh its long hi/ory ( e>?quakes1 volcanic di/urbances1 m9or upheavals & subsid5ces--z ! ext5t ( ! ar*ipelago became great] & its small] isl&s coalesc$ into l>g] ones1 :ile its coa/ l9e grew /ill long] & m v>i$1 & ! neighb\r+ sea m ?ickly inhabit$ by inf]ior =ms ( life2 ! l[e/ division ( ! v]tebrata w\ld beg9 to be repres5t$4 ,9 ord] ( "t1 fi% w\ld naturally come aft] ! l[] inv]tebrata3 bo? z be+ less likely to h _! ova transport$ across ! wa/e ( wat]s1 & z requir+ = _! subsi/5ce a pre-exi/+ ,fauna ( "s developm5t4 ,!y might be expect$ to make _! appe>ance along ) ! pr$ace\s cru/aceans2 z !y d 9 ! upp]mo/ ,silurian rocks4 ,& "h1 too1 let u rem>k1 t z1 dur+ ?is long epo* we h be5 describ+1 ! sea w\ld h made great inroads on "s ( ! newly rais$ l&s t _h rema9$ /ation>y2 & w\ld probably 9 "s places h rea*$ masses ( igne\s or metamorphic rocks2 !re might1 9 c\rse ( "t1 arise by ! decomposition & d5udation ( su* rocks1 local deposits col\r$ ) oxide ( iron1 l our ,old ,r$ ,s&/one4 ,& 9 ^! deposits might be buri$ ! rema9s ( ! fi% !n peopl+ ! neighb\r+ sea4 ,mean:ile1 h[ w\ld ! surfaces ( ! upheav$ masses be occupi$8 ,at fir/ _! des]ts ( nak$ rocks & pebbles w\ld be> only ! humble/ =ms ( vegetal life1 su* z we f9d 9 grey & orange pat*es on our own rugg$ m\nta9 sides2 = ^! alone c\ld fl\ri% on su* surfaces1 & _! spores w\ld be ! mo/ readily transport$4 ,:51 by ! decay ( su* protophytes1 & t decomposition ( rock effect$ by !m1 !re _h result$ a fit habitat = mosses2 ^!1 ( :i* ! g]ms might be convey$ 9 drift$ trees1 w\ld beg9 to spread4 ,a soil hav+ be5 ev5tually ?us produc$1 x w\ld become possible = plants ( high] organization to f9d roo?old2 & z 9 ! way we h describ$ ! ar*ipelago & its con/itu5t isl&s grew l>g]1 & _h m multipli$ relations ) w9ds & wat]s1 su* high] plants might be expect$ ultimately to h _! se$s transf]r$ f ! ne>e/ l&s4 ,aft] some?+ l a ,flora _h ?us coloniz$ ! surface1 x w\ld become possible = insects to exi/2 & ( air-brea?+ creatures1 insects w\ld manife/ly be among ! fir/ to f9d _! way f else:]e4 ,z1 h[ev]1 t]re/rial organisms1 bo? vegetal & animal1 are mu* less likely ?an m>9e organisms to survive ! accid5ts ( transport f di/ant %ores2 x is cle> t long aft] ! sea surr\nd+ ^! new l&s _h acquir$ a v>i$ ,flora & ,fauna1 ! l&s !mselves w\ld /ill be comp>atively b>e2 & ?us t ! e>ly /rata1 l our ,silurians1 w\ld af=d no traces ( t]re/rial life4 ,by ! "t t l>ge areas _h be5 rais$ above ! ocean1 we may fairly suppose a luxuriant vegetation to h be5 acquir$4 ,"u :at circum/ances are we likely to f9d ?is vegetation fossiliz$8 ,l>ge surfaces ( l& imply l>ge riv]s ) _! accompany+ deltas2 & are liable to h lakes & swamps4 ,^!1 z we "k f extant cases1 are fav\rable to rank vegetation2 & af=d ! conditions ne$ful = pres]v+ x 9 ! %ape ( coal-b$s4 ,obs]ve1 !n1 t :ile 9 ! e>ly hi/ory ( su* a cont95t a c>bonif]\s p]iod c\ld n occur1 ! occurr5ce ( a c>bonif]\s p]iod w\ld become probable aft] long-cont9u$ upheavals _h uncov]$ l>ge areas4 ,z 9 our own s$im5t>y s]ies1 coal-b$s w\ld make _! appe>ance only aft] !re _h be5 enorm\s accumulations ( e>li] /rata *>g$ ) m>9e fossils4 ,let u ask next1 9 :at ord] ! high] =ms ( animal life w\ld make _! appe>ance4 ,we h se5 h[1 9 ! succession ( m>9e =ms1 !re w\ld be some?+ l a progress f ! l[] to ! high]3 br++ u 9 ! end to pr$ace\s molluscs1 cru/aceans1 & fi%4 ,:at are likely to succe$ fi%8 ,aft] m>9e creatures1 ^? :i* w\ld h ! greate/ *ance ( surviv+ ! voyage w\ld be amphibi\s reptiles3 bo? because !y are m t5aci\s ( life ?an high] animals1 & because !y w\ld be less completely out ( _! elem5t4 ,su* reptiles z c live 9 bo? fre% & salt wat]1 l alligators2 & su* z are drift$ out ( ! m\?s ( great riv]s on float+ trees1 z ,humboldt says ! ,or9oco alligators are2 might be e>ly coloni/s4 ,x is manife/1 too1 t reptiles ( o!r k9ds w\ld be among ! fir/ v]tebrata to p ! new cont95t4 ,if we consid] :at w occur on "o ( ^? natural rafts ( trees1 soil1 & matt$ vegetable matt]1 sometimes swept out to sea by su* curr5ts z ! ,mississippi1 ) a miscellane\s liv+ c>go2 we %all see t :ile ! active1 hot-blood$1 highly-organiz$ creatures w soon die ( />vation & exposure1 ! in]t1 cold-blood$ ones1 :i* c g long )\t food1 w live p]haps = weeks2 & s1 out ( ! *ances f "t to "t occurr+ dur+ long p]iods1 reptiles w be ! fir/ to get safely l&$ on =eign %ores3 z inde$ !y are ev5 n[ kn[n sometimes to be4 ,! transport ( mammalia be+ comp>atively prec>i\s1 mu/1 9 ! ord] ( probability1 be long] po/pon$2 & w\ld1 inde$1 be unlikely to occur until by ! enl>gem5t ( ! new cont95t1 ! di/ances ( its %ores f adjac5t l&s _h be5 greatly dim9i%$1 or ! =mation ( int]v5+ isl&s _h increas$ ! *ances ( survival4 ,assum+1 h[ev]1 t ! facilities ( immigration _h become adequate2 :i* w\ld be ! fir/ mammals to arrive & live8 ,n l>ge h]bivores2 = !y w\ld be soon dr[n$ if by any accid5t c>ri$ out to sea4 ,n ! c>nivora2 = ^! w\ld lack appropriate food1 ev5 if !y outliv$ ! voyage4 ,small quadrup$s frequ5t+ trees1 & fe$+ on insects1 w\ld be ^? mo/ likely bo? to be drift$ away f _! native l&s & to f9d fit food 9 a new "o4 ,insectivor\s mammals1 l 9 size to ^? f\nd 9 ! ,trias & ! ,/onesfield slate1 might naturally be look$ = z ! pione]s ( ! high] v]tebrata4 ,& if we suppose ! facilities ( communication to be aga9 increas$1 ei!r by a fur!r %all[+ ( ! int]v5+ sea & a consequ5t multiplication ( isl&s1 or by an actual junction ( ! new cont95t ) an old "o1 ?r\gh cont9u$ upheavals2 we %\ld f9ally h an influx ( ! l>g] & m p]fect mammals4 ,n[ rude z is ?is sket* ( a process t w\ld be extremely elaborate & involv$1 & op5 z "s ( its propositions are to criticisms :i* !re is no space "h to meet2 no "o w d5y t x repres5ts some?+ l ! biologic hi/ory ( ! suppos$ new cont95t4 ,details ap>t1 x is manife/ t simple organisms1 able to fl\ri% "u simple conditions ( life1 w\ld be ! fir/ successful immigrants2 & t m complex organisms1 ne$+ = _! exi/5ce ! fulfilm5t ( m complex conditions1 w\ld aft]w>ds e/abli% !mselves 9 some?+ l an asc5d+ succession4 ,at ! "o extreme we see e facility4 ,! new individuals c be convey$ 9 ! %ape ( m9ute g]ms2 ^! are inf9ite 9 _! numb]s2 !y are diffus$ 9 ! sea2 !y are p]petually be+ c>ri$ 9 all directions to great di/ances by ocean-curr5ts2 !y c survive su* long j\rneys unh>m$2 !y c f9d nutrim5t :]ev] !y arrive2 & ! result+ organisms c multiply asexually ) great rapidity4 ,at ! o!r extreme1 we see e difficulty4 ,! new individuals mu/ be convey$ 9 _! adult =ms2 _! numb]s are1 9 comp>ison1 utt]ly insignificant2 !y live on l&1 & are v unlikely to be c>ri$ out to sea2 :5 s c>ri$1 ! *ances are imm5se aga9/ _! escape f dr[n+1 />vation1 or dea? by cold2 if !y survive ! transit1 !y mu/ h a pre-exi/+ ,flora or ,fauna to supply _! special food2 !y require1 also1 ! fulfilm5t ( v>i\s o!r physical conditions2 & unless at lea/ two individuals ( diff]5t sexes are safely l&$1 ! race _c be e/abli%$4 ,manife/ly1 !n1 ! immigration ( ea* successively high] ord] ( organisms1 hav+1 f "o or o!r additional condition to be fulfill$1 an enorm\sly-increas$ probability aga9/ x1 w\ld naturally be sep>at$ f ! immigration ( a l[] ord] by "s p]iod l a geologic epo*4 ,& ?us ! successive s$im5t>y deposits =m$ :ile ?is new cont95t 0 und]go+ gradual elevation1 w\ld seem to furni% cle> evid5ce ( a g5]al progress 9 ! =ms ( life4 ,t l&s ?us rais$ up 9 ! mid/ ( a wide ocean1 w\ld fir/ give orig9 to unfossilif]\s /rata2 next1 to /rata conta9+ only ! l[e/ m>9e =ms2 next1 to /rata conta9+ high] m>9e =ms1 asc5d+ f9ally to fi%2 & t ! /rata above ^! w\ld conta9 reptiles1 !n small mammals1 !n great mammals2 seems to u to be demon/rable f ! kn[n laws ( organic life4 ,& if ! succession ( fossils pres5t$ by ! /rata ( ?is suppos$ new cont95t1 w\ld ?us simulate ! succession pres5t$ by our own s$im5t>y s]ies2 mu/ we n say t our own s$im5t>y s]ies v possibly records no?+ m ?an ! ph5om5a accompany+ "o ( ^! great upheavals8 ,we ?9k ?is mu/ be consid]$ n only possible1 b highly probable3 h>moniz+ z x does ) ! unavoidable conclusion be=e po9t$ out1 t geological *anges mu/ h be5 go+ on = a p]iod immeasurably great] ?an t ( :i* we h records4 ,& if ! probability ( ?is conclusion be admitt$1 x mu/ be admitt$ t ! facts ( ,palaeontology c nev] suffice ei!r to prove or disprove ! ,developm5t ,hypo!sis2 b t ! mo/ !y c d is1 to %[ :e!r ! la/ few pages ( ! ,e>?'s biologic hi/ory are or are n 9 h>mony ) ?is hypo!sis--:e!r ! exi/+ ,flora & ,fauna c or c n be affiliat$ ^u ! ,flora & ,fauna ( ! mo/ rec5t geologic times4 ,,ix4 ,,! ,,developm5t ,,hypo!sis4 ,9 a debate ^u ! developm5t hypo!sis1 lately n>rat$ to me by a fri5d1 "o ( ! disputants 0 describ$ z argu+1 t z1 9 all our exp]i5ce1 we "k no su* ph5om5on z transmutation ( species1 x is unphilosophical to assume t transmutation ( species ev] takes place4 ,_h ,i be5 pres5t1 ,i ?9k t1 pass+ ov] 8 ass]tion1 :i* is op5 to criticism1 ,i %\ld h repli$ t1 z 9 all our exp]i5ce we h nev] kn[n a species creat$1 x 01 by 8 own %[+1 unphilosophical to assume t any species ev] _h be5 creat$4 ,^? :o cavali]ly reject ! ,!ory ( ,evolution1 z n adequately support$ by facts1 seem q to =get t _! own !ory is support$ by no facts at all4 ,l ! majority ( m5 :o are born to a giv5 belief1 !y dem& ! mo/ rigor\s pro( ( any adv]se belief1 b assume t _! own ne$s none4 ,"h we f9d1 scatt]$ ov] ! globe1 vegetable & animal organisms numb]+1 ( ! "o k9d 7accord+ to ,humboldt71 "s #cbj1jjj species1 & ( ! o!r1 "s #b1jjj1jjj species 7see ,c>p5t]72 & if to ^! we add ! numb]s ( animal & vegetable species t h become ext9ct1 we may safely e/imate ! numb] ( species t h exi/$1 & are exi/+1 on ! ,e>?1 at n less ?an t5 millions4 ,well1 :i* is ! mo/ rational !ory ab\t ^! t5 millions ( species8 ,is x mo/ likely t !re h be5 t5 millions ( special creations8 or is x mo/ likely t by cont9ual modifications1 due to *ange ( circum/ances1 t5 millions ( v>ieties h be5 produc$1 z v>ieties are be+ produc$ /ill8 ,d\btless _m w reply t !y c m easily conceive t5 millions ( special creations to h tak5 place1 ?an !y c conceive t t5 millions ( v>ieties h aris5 by successive modifications4 ,all su*1 h[ev]1 w f9d1 on inquiry1 t !y are "u an illusion4 ,?is is "o ( ! _m cases 9 :i* m5 d n really believe1 b r believe !y believe4 ,x is n t !y c truly conceive t5 millions ( special creations to h tak5 place1 b t !y ?9k !y c d s4 ,c>eful introspection w %[ !m t !y h nev] yet realiz$ to !mselves ! creation ( ev5 "o species4 ,if !y h =m$ a def9ite conception ( ! process1 let !m tell u h[ a new species is con/ruct$1 & h[ x makes its appe>ance4 ,is x ?r[n d[n f ! cl\ds8 or mu/ we hold to ! notion t x /ruggles up out ( ! gr\nd8 ,d its limbs & visc]a ru% toge!r f all ! po9ts ( ! compass8 or mu/ we receive ! old ,hebrew idea1 t ,god takes clay & m\lds a new creature8 ,if !y say t a new creature is produc$ 9 none ( ^! modes1 :i* are too absurd to be believ$2 !n !y are requir$ to describe ! mode 9 :i* a new creature may be produc$--a mode :i* does n seem absurd3 & su* a mode !y w f9d t !y nei!r h conceiv$ nor c conceive4 ,%\ld ! believ]s 9 special creations consid] x unfair ?us to call ^u !m to describe h[ special creations take place1 ,i reply1 t ?is is f> less ?an !y dem& f ! support]s ( ! ,developm5t ,hypo!sis4 ,!y are m]ely ask$ to po9t out a conceivable mode4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !y ask1 n simply = a conceivable mode1 b = ! actual mode4 ,!y d n say--,%[ u h[ ?is may take place2 b !y say--,%[ u h[ ?is does take place4 ,s f> f its be+ unreasonable to put ! above "q1 x w\ld be reasonable to ask n only = a possible mode ( special creation1 b = an asc]ta9$ mode2 see+ t ?is is no great] a dem& ?an !y make ^u _! oppon5ts4 ,& "h we may p]ceive h[ mu* m def5sible ! new doctr9e is ?an ! old "o4 ,ev5 c\ld ! support]s ( ! ,developm5t ,hypo!sis m]ely %[ t ! orig9ation ( species by ! process ( modification is conceivable1 !y w\ld be 9 a bett] position ?an _! oppon5ts4 ,b !y c d mu* m ?an ?is4 ,!y c %[ t ! process ( modification has effect$1 & is effect+1 decid$ *anges 9 all organisms subject to modify+ influ5ces4 ,?\gh1 f ! impossibility ( gett+ at a suffici5cy ( facts1 !y are unable to trace ! _m phases ?r\gh :i* any exi/+ species has pass$ 9 arriv+ at its pres5t =m1 or to id5tify ! influ5ces :i* caus$ ! successive modifications2 yet1 !y c %[ t any exi/+ species--animal or vegetable--:5 plac$ "u conditions diff]5t f its previ\s ones1 imm$iately beg9s to und]go c]ta9 *anges ( /ructure fitt+ x = ! new conditions4 ,!y c %[ t 9 successive g5]ations ^! *anges cont9ue1 until ultimately ! new conditions become ! natural ones4 ,!y c %[ t 9 cultivat$ plants1 9 dome/icat$ animals1 & 9 ! sev]al races ( m51 su* alt]ations h tak5 place4 ,!y c %[ t ! degrees ( diff]5ce s produc$ are (t51 z 9 dogs1 great] ?an ^? on :i* di/9ctions ( species are 9 o!r cases f\nd$4 ,!y c %[ t x is a matt] ( dispute :e!r "s ( ^! modifi$ =ms are v>ieties or sep>ate species4 ,!y c %[1 too1 t ! *anges daily tak+ place 9 ourselves--! facility t att5ds long practice1 & ! loss ( aptitude t beg9s :5 practice ceases--! /r5g!n+ ( passions habitually gratifi$1 & ! weak5+ ( ^? habitually curb$--! developm5t ( e faculty1 bodily1 moral1 or intellectual1 accord+ to ! use made ( x--are all explicable on ?is same pr9ciple4 ,& ?us !y c %[ t ?r\gh\t all organic nature !re is at "w a modify+ influ5ce ( ! k9d !y assign z ! cause ( ^! specific diff]5ces3 an influ5ce :i*1 ?\gh sl[ 9 its action1 does1 9 "t1 if ! circum/ances dem& x1 produce m>k$ *anges--an influ5ce :i*1 to all appe>ance1 w\ld produce 9 ! millions ( ye>s1 & "u ! great v>ieties ( condition :i* geological records imply1 any am\nt ( *ange4 ,:i*1 !n1 is ! mo/ rational hypo!sis8--t ( special creations :i* has nei!r a fact to support x nor is ev5 def9itely conceivable2 or t ( modification1 :i* is n only def9itely conceivable1 b is c\nt5anc$ by ! habitudes ( e exi/+ organism8 ,t by any s]ies ( *anges a protozoon %\ld ev] become a mammal1 seems to ^? :o are n famili> ) zoology1 & :o h n se5 h[ cle> becomes ! relation%ip betwe5 ! simple/ & ! mo/ complex =ms :5 int]m$iate =ms are exam9$1 a v grotesque notion4 ,habitually look+ at ?+s r 9 _! /atical ?an 9 _! dynamical aspect1 !y nev] realize ! fact t1 by small increm5ts ( modification1 any am\nt ( modification may 9 "t be g5]at$4 ,t surprise :i* !y feel on f9d+ "o :om !y la/ saw z a boy1 gr[n into a man1 becomes incr$ulity :5 ! degree ( *ange is great]4 ,nev]!less1 abundant in/ances are at h& ( ! mode 9 :i* we may pass to ! mo/ div]se =ms1 by ins5sible gradations4 ,argu+ ! matt] "s "t s9ce ) a le>n$ pr(essor1 ,i illu/rat$ my position ?us3--,y admit t !re is no app>5t relation%ip betwe5 a circle & an hyp]bola4 ,! "o is a f9ite curve2 ! o!r is an inf9ite "o4 ,all p>ts ( ! "o are alike2 ( ! o!r no two p>ts are alike4 ,! "o incloses a space2 ! o!r w n inclose a space ?\gh produc$ = ev]4 ,yet opposite z are ^! curves 9 all _! prop]ties1 !y may be connect$ toge!r by a s]ies ( int]m$iate curves1 no "o ( :i* diff]s f ! adjac5t ones 9 any appreciable degree4 ,?us1 if a cone be cut by a plane at "r angles to its axis we get a circle4 ,if1 in/ead ( be+ p]fectly at "r angles1 ! plane subt5ds ) ! axis an angle ( #hi deg4 #ei'1 we h an ellipse1 :i* no human eye1 ev5 :5 aid$ by an accurate pair ( compasses1 c di/+ui% f a circle4 ,decreas+ ! angle m9ute by m9ute1 ! ellipse becomes fir/ p]ceptibly ecc5tric1 !n manife/ly s1 & by & by acquires s imm5sely elongat$ a =m1 z to be> no recognisable resemblance to a circle4 ,by cont9u+ ?is process1 ! ellipse passes ins5sibly into a p>abola2 & ultimately1 by /ill fur!r dim9i%+ ! angle1 into an hyp]bola4 ,n[ "h we h f\r diff]5t species ( curve--circle1 ellipse1 p>abola1 & hyp]bola--ea* hav+ its peculi> prop]ties & its sep>ate equation1 & ! fir/ & la/ ( :i* are q opposite 9 nature1 connect$ toge!r z memb]s ( "o s]ies1 all producible by a s+le process ( ins5sible modification4 ,b ! bl9dness ( ^? :o ?9k x absurd to suppose t complex organic =ms may h aris5 by successive modifications out ( simple ones1 becomes a/oni%+ :5 we rememb] t complex organic =ms are daily be+ ?us produc$4 ,a tree diff]s f a se$ immeasurably 9 e respect--9 bulk1 9 /ructure1 9 col\r1 9 =m1 9 specific gravity1 9 *emical composition3 diff]s s greatly t no visible resemblance ( any k9d c be po9t$ out betwe5 !m4 ,yet is ! "o *ang$ 9 ! c\rse ( a few ye>s into ! o!r3 *ang$ s gradually1 t at no mom5t c x be said--,n[ ! se$ ceases to be1 & ! tree exi/s4 ,:at c be m widely contra/$ ?an a newly-born *ild & ! small1 semi-transp>5t1 gelat9\s sph]ule con/itut+ ! human ovum8 ,! infant is s complex 9 /ructure t a cyclopa$ia is ne$$ to describe its con/itu5t p>ts4 ,! g]m9al vesicle is s simple t x may be def9$ 9 a l9e4 ,nev]!less1 a few mon?s suffice to develop ! "o out ( ! o!r2 & t1 too1 by a s]ies ( modifications s small1 t 7 ! embryo exam9$ at successive m9utes1 ev5 a microscope w\ld ) difficulty disclose any s5sible *anges4 ,t ! un$ucat$ & ! ill-educat$ %\ld ?9k ! hypo!sis t all races ( be+s1 man inclusive1 may 9 process ( "t h be5 evolv$ f ! simple/ monad1 a ludicr\s "o1 is n to be wond]$ at4 ,b = ! physiologi/1 :o kn[s t e individual be+ is s evolv$--:o kn[s fur!r1 t 9 _! e>lie/ condition ! g]ms ( all plants & animals :atev] are s simil>1 t !re is no appreciable di/9ction among/ !m :i* w\ld enable x to be det]m9$ :e!r a p>ticul> molecule is ! g]m ( a conf]va or ( an oak1 ( a zoophyte or ( a man2,u--= him to make a difficulty ( ! matt] is inexcusable4 ,surely if a s+le cell may1 :5 subject$ to c]ta9 influ5ces1 become a man 9 ! space ( tw5ty ye>s2 !re is no?+ absurd 9 ! hypo!sis t "u c]ta9 o!r influ5ces1 a cell may 9 ! c\rse ( millions ( ye>s give orig9 to ! human race4 ,! two processes are g5]ically ! same2 & diff] only 9 l5g? & complexity4 ,u ,c>p5t]4 ,we h1 inde$1 9 ! "p tak5 by _m sci5tific m5 9 ?is controv]sy ( ,law v]sus ,miracle1 a good illu/ration ( ! t5aci\s vitality ( sup]/itions4 ,ask "o ( our lead+ geologi/s or physiologi/s :e!r he believes 9 ! ,mosaic acc\nt ( ! creation1 & he w take ! "q z next to an insult4 ,ei!r he rejects ! n>rative entirely1 or und]/&s x 9 "s vague non-natural s5se4 ,yet "o "p ( x he unconsci\sly adopts2 & t1 too1 lit]ally4 ,= :5ce has he got ?is notion ( special creations1 :i* he ?9ks s reasonable1 & fights = s vigor\sly8 ,evid5tly he c trace x back to no o!r s\rce ?an ?is my? :i* he repudiates4 ,he has n a s+le fact 9 nature to quote 9 pro( ( x2 nor is he prep>$ ) any *a9 ( ab/ract reason+ by :i* x may be e/abli%$4 ,cate*ise him1 & he w be =c$ to confess t ! notion 0 put into 8 m9d 9 *ildhood z "p ( a /ory :i* he n[ ?9ks absurd4 ,& :y1 aft] reject+ all ! re/ ( ?is /ory1 he %\ld /r5u\sly def5d ?is la/ remnant ( x z ?\gh he _h receiv$ x on valid au?ority1 he w\ld be puzzl$ to say4 ,x4 ,,! ,,social ,,organism4 ,sir ,james ,mac9to% got great cr$it = ! say+1 t con/itutions are n made1 b gr[4 ,9 our day1 ! mo/ significant ?+ ab\t ?is say+ is1 t x 0 ev] ?\ght s significant4 ,z f ! surprise display$ by a man at "s famili> fact1 y may judge ( 8 g5]al culture2 s f ! admiration :i* an age accords to a new ?\ght1 its av]age degree ( enlight5m5t may be inf]r$4 ,t ?is apoph!gm ( ,mac9to% %\ld h be5 quot$ & re-quot$ z x has1 %[s h[ pr(\nd has be5 ! ignorance ( social sci5ce4 ,a small ray ( tru? has seem$ brilliant1 z a di/ant ru%light looks l a /> 9 ! surr\nd+ d>kness4 ,su* a conception c\ld n1 inde$1 fail to be />tl+ :5 let fall 9 ! mid/ ( a sy/em ( ?\ght to :i* x 0 utt]ly ali54 ,univ]sally 9 ,mac9to%'s day1 ?+s 7 expla9$ on ! hypo!sis ( manufacture1 r ?an t ( gr[?3 z inde$ !y are1 by ! majority1 9 our own day4 ,x 0 held t ! planets 7 sev]ally project$ r\nd ! sun f ! ,creator's h&2 ) exactly ! velocity requir$ to balance ! sun's attraction4 ,! =mation ( ! ,e>?1 ! sep>ation ( sea f l&1 ! production ( animals1 7 me*anical works f :i* ,god re/$ z a lab\r] re/s4 ,man 0 suppos$ to be m\ld$ aft] a mann] some:at ak9 to t 9 :i* a modell] makes a clay-figure4 ,& ( c\rse1 9 h>mony ) su* ideas1 societies 7 tacitly assum$ to be arrang$ ?us or ?us by direct int]position ( ,provid5ce2 or by ! regulations ( law-mak]s2 or by bo?4 ,yet t societies are n artificially put toge!r1 is a tru? s manife/1 t x seems wond]ful m5 %\ld h ev] ov]look$ x4 ,p]haps no?+ m cle>ly %[s ! small value ( hi/orical /udies1 z !y h be5 commonly pursu$4 ,y ne$ b to look at ! *anges go+ on ar\nd1 or obs]ve social organization 9 its lead+ peculi>ities1 to see t ^! are nei!r sup]natural1 nor are det]m9$ by ! wills ( individual m51 z by implication hi/orians commonly tea*2 b are consequ5t on g5]al natural causes4 ,! "o case ( ! division ( lab\r suffices to %[ ?is4 ,x has n be5 by comm& ( any rul] t "s m5 h become manufactur]s1 :ile o!rs h rema9$ cultivators ( ! soil4 ,9 ,lanca%ire1 millions h devot$ !mselves to ! mak+ ( cotton-fabrics2 9 ,york%ire1 ano!r million lives by produc+ wooll5s2 & ! pott]y ( ,/af=d%ire1 ! cutl]y ( ,%effield1 ! h>dw>e ( ,birm+ham1 sev]ally occupy _! hundr$s ( ?\s&s4 ,^! are l>ge facts 9 ! /ructure ( ,engli% society2 b we c ascribe !m nei!r to miracle1 nor to legislation4 ,x is n by ! h]o z k+1 any m ?an by collective wisdom1 t m5 h be5 segregat$ into produc]s1 :olesale di/ributors1 & retail di/ributors4 ,! :ole ( our indu/rial organization1 f its ma9 outl9es d[n to its m9ute/ details1 has become :at x is1 n simply )\t legislative guidance1 b1 to a consid]able ext5t1 9 spite ( legislative h9drances4 ,x has aris5 "u ! pressure ( human wants & activities4 ,:ile ea* citiz5 has be5 pursu+ 8 individual welf>e1 & none tak+ ?\ght ab\t division ( lab\r1 or1 inde$1 consci\s ( ! ne$ = x1 division ( lab\r has yet be5 ev] becom+ m complete4 ,x has be5 do+ ?is sl[ly & sil5tly3 sc>cely any hav+ obs]v$ x until q mod]n times4 ,by /eps s small1 t ye> aft] ye> ! indu/rial arrangem5ts h seem$ to m5 j :at !y 7 be=e--by *anges z ins5sible z ^? ?r\gh :i* a se$ passes into a tree2 society has become ! complex body ( mutually-dep5d5t work]s :i* we n[ see4 ,& ?is economic organization1 m>k1 is ! all-ess5tial organization4 ,?r\gh ! comb9ation ?us spontane\sly evolv$1 e citiz5 is suppli$ ) daily necess>ies2 :ile he yields "s product or aid to o!rs4 ,t we are sev]ally alive to-day1 we owe to ! regul> work+ ( ?is comb9ation dur+ ! pa/ week2 & c\ld x be sudd5ly aboli%$1 a great proportion ( u w\ld be dead be=e ano!r week end$4 ,if ^! mo/ conspicu\s & vital arrangem5ts ( our social /ructure1 h aris5 )\t ! devis+ ( any "o1 b ?r\gh ! individual ef=ts ( citiz5s to satisfy _! own wants2 we may be tol]ably c]ta9 t ! less important arrangem5ts h simil>ly aris54 ,b surely1 x w be said1 ! social *anges directly produc$ by law1 _c be class$ z spontane\s gr[?s4 ,:5 p>liam5ts or k+s ord] ?is or t ?+ to be done1 & appo9t (ficials to d x1 ! process is cle>ly artificial2 & society to ?is ext5t becomes a manufacture r ?an a gr[?4 ,no1 n ev5 ^! *anges are exceptions1 if !y be real & p]man5t *anges4 ,! true s\rces ( su* *anges lie deep] ?an ! acts ( legislators4 ,to take fir/ ! simple/ in/ance4 ,we all "k t ! enactm5ts ( repres5tative gov]nm5ts ultimately dep5d on ! national w3 !y may = a "t be out ( h>mony ) x1 b ev5tually !y mu/ con=m to x4 ,& to say t ! national w f9ally det]m9es !m1 is to say t !y result f ! av]age ( individual desires2 or1 9 o!r words--f ! av]age ( individual natures4 ,a law s initiat$1 !re=e1 really gr[s out ( ! popul> "*4 ,9 ! case ( a ,gov]nm5t repres5t+ a dom9ant class1 ! same ?+s holds1 ?\gh n s manife/ly4 ,= ! v exi/5ce ( a class monopoliz+ all p[]1 is due to c]ta9 s5tim5ts 9 ! commonalty4 ,b = ! feel+ ( loyalty on ! "p ( reta9]s1 a feudal sy/em c\ld n exi/4 ,we see 9 ! prote/ ( ! ,highl&]s aga9/ ! abolition ( h]itable jurisdictions1 t !y pref]r$ t k9d ( local rule4 ,& if to ! popul> nature1 mu/ ?us be ascrib$ ! gr[? ( an irresponsible rul+ class2 !n to ! popul> nature mu/ be ascrib$ ! social arrangem5ts :i* t class creates 9 ! pursuit ( its own ends4 ,ev5 :]e ! ,gov]nm5t is despotic1 ! doctr9e /ill holds4 ,! "* ( ! p is1 z be=e1 ! orig9al s\rce ( ?is political =m2 &1 z we h abundant pro(1 o!r =ms sudd5ly creat$ w n act1 b rapidly retrograde to ! old =m4 ,moreov]1 su* regulations z a despot makes1 if really op]ative1 are s because ( _! fitness to ! social /ate4 ,8 acts be+ v mu* sway$ by g5]al op9ion--by prec$5t1 by ! feel+ ( 8 nobles1 8 prie/hood1 8 army--are 9 "p imm$iate results ( ! national "*2 & :5 !y are out ( h>mony ) ! national "*1 !y are soon practically abrogat$4 ,! failure ( ,cromwell p]man5tly to e/abli% a new social condition1 & ! rapid revival ( suppress$ in/itutions & practices aft] 8 dea?1 %[ h[ p[]less is a mon>* to *ange ! type ( ! society he gov]ns4 ,he may di/urb1 he may ret>d1 or he may aid ! natural process ( organization2 b ! g5]al c\rse ( ?is process is beyond 8 control4 ,nay1 m ?an ?is is true4 ,^? :o reg>d ! hi/ories ( societies z ! hi/ories ( _! great m51 & ?9k t ^! great m5 %ape ! fates ( _! societies1 ov]look ! tru? t su* great m5 are ! products ( _! societies4 ,)\t c]ta9 antec$5ts--)\t a c]ta9 av]age national "*1 !y c\ld nei!r h be5 g5]at$ nor c\ld h _h ! culture :i* =m$ !m4 ,if _! society is to "s ext5t re-m\ld$ by !m1 !y 71 bo? be=e & aft] bir?1 m\ld$ by _! society--7 ! results ( all ^? influ5ces :i* fo/]$ ! ance/ral "* !y inh]it$1 & gave _! own e>ly bias1 _! cre$1 morals1 k1 aspirations4 ,s t su* social *anges z are imm$iately traceable to individuals ( unusual p[]1 are /ill remotely traceable to ! social causes :i* produc$ ^! individuals1 & h5ce1 f ! highe/ po9t ( view1 su* social *anges also1 are p>ts ( ! g5]al developm5tal process4 ,?us t :i* is s obvi\sly true ( ! indu/rial /ructure ( society1 is true ( its :ole /ructure4 ,! fact t con/itutions are n made1 b gr[1 is simply a fragm5t ( ! mu* l>g] fact1 t "u all its aspects & ?r\gh all its ramifications1 society is a gr[? & n a manufacture4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a p]ception t !re exi/s "s analogy betwe5 ! body politic & a liv+ individual body1 0 e>ly rea*$2 & f "t to "t re-appe>$ 9 lit]ature4 ,b ?is p]ception 0 necess>ily vague & m or less fanciful4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( physiological sci5ce1 & especially ( ^? compreh5sive g5]alizations :i* x has b rec5tly rea*$1 x 0 impossible to disc]n ! real p>allelisms4 ,! c5tral idea ( ,plato's model ,republic1 is ! correspond5ce betwe5 ! p>ts ( a society & ! faculties ( ! human m9d4 ,classify+ ^! faculties "u ! heads ( ,reason1 ,w1 & ,passion1 he classifies ! memb]s ( 8 ideal society "u :at he reg>ds z ?ree analog\s heads3--c\ncillors1 :o are to ex]cise gov]nm5t2 milit>y or executive1 :o are to fulfil _! behe/s2 & ! commonalty1 b5t on ga9 & selfi% gratification4 ,9 o!r words1 ! rul]1 ! w>rior1 & ! craftsman1 are1 accord+ to him1 ! analogues ( our reflective1 volitional1 & emotional p[]s4 ,n[ ev5 7 !re tru? 9 ! impli$ assumption ( a p>allelism betwe5 ! /ructure ( a society & t ( a man1 ?is classification w\ld be indef5sible4 ,x might m truly be cont5d$ t1 z ! milit>y p[] obeys ! comm&s ( ! ,gov]nm5t1 x is ! ,gov]nm5t :i* answ]s to ! ,w2 :ile ! milit>y p[] is simply an ag5cy set 9 motion by x4 ,or1 aga91 x might be cont5d$ t :]eas ! ,w is a product ( pr$om9ant desires1 to :i* ! ,reason s]ves m]ely z an eye1 x is ! craftsm51 :o1 accord+ to ! alleg$ analogy1 ought to be ! mov+ p[] ( ! w>riors4 ,hobbes s\ght to e/abli% a /ill m def9ite p>allelism3 n1 h[ev] betwe5 a society & ! human m9d1 b betwe5 a society & ! human body4 ,9 ! introduction to ! "w 9 :i* he developes ?is conception1 he says-- ,= by art is creat$ t great ,,levia?an call$ a ,,commonweal?1 or ,,/ate1 9 ,lat9 ,,civitas1 :i* is b an artificial man2 ?\gh ( great] /ature & /r5g? ?an ! natural1 = ^: protection & def5ce x 0 int5d$1 & 9 :i* ! sov]eignty is an artificial s\l1 z giv+ life & motion to ! :ole body2 ! magi/rates & o!r (fic]s ( judicature & execution1 artificial jo9ts2 rew>d & puni%m5t1 by :i*1 fa/5$ to ! seat ( ! sov]eignty1 e jo9t & memb] is mov$ to p]=m 8 duty1 are ! n]ves1 t d ! same 9 ! body natural2 ! weal? & ri*es ( all ! p>ticul> memb]s are ! /r5g?2 salus populi1 ! p's safety1 its bus9ess2 c\nsellors1 by :om all ?+s ne$ful = x to "k are sugge/$ unto x1 are ! memory2 equity & laws an artificial reason & w2 concord1 heal?2 s$ition1 sickness2 civil w>1 dea?1 ,& ,hobbes c>ries ?is comp>ison s f> z actually to give a draw+ ( ! ,levia?an--a va/ human-%ap$ figure1 ^: body & limbs are made up ( multitudes ( m54 ,j not+ t ^! diff]5t analogies ass]t$ by ,plato & ,hobbes1 s]ve to cancel ea* o!r 7be+1 z !y are1 s completely at v>iance71 we may say t on ! :ole ^? ( ,hobbes are ! m plausible4 ,b !y are full ( inconsi/5cies4 ,if ! sov]eignty is ! s\l ( ! body politic1 h[ c x be t magi/rates1 :o are a k9d ( deputy-sov]eigns1 %\ld be comp>able to jo9ts8 ,or1 aga91 h[ c ! ?ree m5tal functions1 memory1 reason1 & w1 be sev]ally analog\s1 ! fir/ to c\nsellors1 :o are a class ( public (fic]s1 & ! o!r two to equity & laws1 :i* are n classes ( (fic]s1 b ab/ractions8 ,or1 once m1 if magi/rates are ! artificial jo9ts ( society1 h[ c rew>d & puni%m5t be its n]ves8 ,its n]ves mu/ surely be "s class ( p]sons4 ,rew>d & puni%m5t mu/ 9 societies1 z 9 individuals1 be conditions ( ! n]ves1 & n ! n]ves !mselves4 ,b ! *ief errors ( ^! comp>isons made by ,plato & ,hobbes1 lie mu* deep]4 ,bo? ?9k]s assume t ! organization ( a society is comp>able1 n simply to ! organization ( a liv+ body 9 g5]al1 b to ! organization ( ! human body 9 p>ticul>4 ,!re is no w>rant :atev] = assum+ ?is4 ,x is 9 no way impli$ by ! evid5ce2 & is simply "o ( ^? fancies :i* we commonly f9d mix$ up ) ! tru?s ( e>ly speculation4 ,/ill m errone\s are ! two conceptions 9 ?is1 t !y con/rue a society z an artificial /ructure4 ,plato's model republic--8 ideal ( a heal?ful body politic--is to be consci\sly put toge!r by m52 j z a wat* might be3 & ,plato manife/ly ?9ks ( societies 9 g5]al z ?us orig9at$4 ,q specifically does ,hobbes express ?is view4 ,= by art1 he says1 is creat$ t great ,,levia?an call$ a ,,commonweal?4 ,& he ev5 goes s f> z to comp>e ! suppos$ social contract1 f :i* a society sudd5ly orig9ates1 to ! creation ( a man by ! div9e fiat4 ,?us !y bo? fall into ! extreme inconsi/5cy ( consid]+ a community z simil> 9 /ructure to a human be+1 & yet z produc$ 9 ! same way z an artificial me*anism--9 9 nature1 an organism2 9 hi/ory1 a ma*9e4 ,not)/&+ errors1 h[ev]1 ^! speculations h consid]able significance4 ,t su* analogies1 crudely z !y are ?\ght out1 %\ld h be5 alleg$ by ,plato & ,hobbes & _m o!rs1 is a reason = suspect+ t "s analogy exi/s4 ,! unt5abl5ess ( ! p>ticul> comp>isons above in/anc$1 is no gr\nd = d5y+ an ess5tial p>allelism2 = e>ly ideas are usually b vague adumbrations ( ! tru?4 ,lack+ ! great g5]alizations ( biology1 x 01 z we h said1 impossible to trace out ! real relations ( social organizations to organizations ( ano!r ord]4 ,we propose "h to %[ :at are ! analogies :i* mod]n sci5ce discloses to u4 ,let u set out by succ9ctly /at+ ! po9ts ( simil>ity & ! po9ts ( diff]5ce4 ,societies agree ) individual organisms 9 f\r conspicu\s peculi>ities3-- #a4 ,t comm5c+ z small aggregations1 !y ins5sibly augm5t 9 mass3 "s ( !m ev5tually rea*+ t5 ?\s& times :at !y orig9ally 74 #b4 ,t :ile at fir/ s simple 9 /ructure z to be consid]$ /ructureless1 !y assume1 9 ! c\rse ( _! gr[?1 a cont9ually-increas+ complexity ( /ructure4 #c4 ,t ?\gh 9 _! e>ly1 undevelop$ /ates1 !re exi/s 9 !m sc>cely any mutual dep5d5ce ( p>ts1 _! p>ts gradually acquire a mutual dep5d5ce2 :i* becomes at la/ s great1 t ! activity & life ( ea* "p is made possible only by ! activity & life ( ! re/4 #d4 ,t ! life & developm5t ( a society is indep5d5t (1 & f> m prolong$ ?an1 ! life & developm5t ( any ( its compon5t units2 :o are sev]ally born1 gr[1 "w1 reproduce1 & die1 :ile ! body politic compos$ ( !m survives g5]ation aft] g5]ation1 increas+ 9 mass1 complet5ess ( /ructure1 & functional activity4 ,^! f\r p>allelisms w appe> ! m significant ! m we contemplate !m4 ,:ile ! po9ts specifi$1 are po9ts 9 :i* societies agree ) individual organisms1 !y are po9ts 9 :i* individual organisms agree ) ea* o!r1 & disagree ) all ?+s else4 ,9 ! c\rse ( its exi/5ce1 e plant & animal increases 9 mass1 9 a way n p>allell$ by inorganic objects3 ev5 su* inorganic objects z cry/als1 :i* arise by gr[?1 %[ u no su* def9ite relation betwe5 gr[? & exi/5ce z organisms d4 ,! ord]ly progress f simplicity to complexity1 display$ by bodies politic 9 common ) all liv+ bodies1 is a *>act]i/ic :i* di/+ui%es liv+ bodies f ! inanimate bodies amid :i* !y move4 ,t functional dep5d5ce ( p>ts1 :i* is sc>cely m manife/ 9 animals or plants ?an nations1 has no c\nt]p>t else:]e4 ,& 9 no aggregate except an organic1 or a social "o1 is !re a p]petual removal & replacem5t ( p>ts1 jo9$ ) a cont9u$ integrity ( ! :ole4 ,moreov]1 societies & organisms are n only alike 9 ^! peculi>ities1 9 :i* !y are unlike all o!r ?+s2 b ! highe/ societies1 l ! highe/ organisms1 exhibit !m 9 ! greate/ degree4 ,we see t ! l[e/ animals d n increase to any?+ l ! sizes ( ! high] ones2 &1 simil>ly1 we see t aborig9al societies are comp>atively limit$ 9 _! gr[?s4 ,9 complexity1 our l>ge civiliz$ nations z mu* exce$ primitive savage tribes1 z a v]tebrate animal does a zoophyte4 ,simple communities1 l simple creatures1 h s little mutual dep5d5ce ( p>ts1 t subdivision or mutilation causes b little inconv5i5ce2 b f complex communities1 z f complex creatures1 y _c remove any consid]able organ )\t produc+ great di/urbance or dea? ( ! re/4 ,& 9 societies ( l[ type1 z 9 inf]ior animals1 ! life ( ! aggregate1 (t5 cut %ort by division or dissolution1 exce$s 9 l5g? ! lives ( ! compon5t units1 v f> less ?an 9 civiliz$ communities & sup]ior animals2 :i* outlive _m g5]ations ( _! compon5t units4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! lead+ diff]5ces betwe5 societies & individual organisms are ^!3-- #a4 ,t societies h no specific ext]nal =ms4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is a po9t ( contra/ :i* loses mu* ( its importance1 :5 we rememb] t ?r\gh\t ! vegetal k+dom1 z well z 9 "s l[] divisions ( ! animal k+dom1 ! =ms are (t5 v indef9ite--def9it5ess be+ r ! exception ?an ! rule2 & t !y are manife/ly 9 "p det]m9$ by surr\nd+ physical circum/ances1 z ! =ms ( societies are4 ,if1 too1 x %\ld ev5tually be %[n1 z we believe x w1 t ! =m ( e species ( organism has result$ f ! av]age play ( ! ext]nal =ces to :i* x has be5 subject dur+ its evolution z a species2 !n1 t ! ext]nal =ms ( societies %\ld dep5d1 z !y d1 on surr\nd+ conditions1 w be a fur!r po9t ( community4 #b4 ,t ?\gh ! liv+ tissue :]e( an individual organism consi/s1 =ms a cont9u\s mass1 ! liv+ elem5ts ( a society d n =m a cont9u\s mass2 b are m or less widely disp]s$ ov] "s portion ( ! ,e>?'s surface4 ,?is1 :i* at fir/ sight appe>s to be a fundam5tal di/9ction1 is "o :i* yet to a great ext5t disappe>s :5 we contemplate all ! facts4 ,=1 9 ! l[] divisions ( ! animal & vegetal k+doms1 !re are types ( organization mu* m ne>ly alli$1 9 ?is respect1 to ! organization ( a society1 ?an might be suppos$--types 9 :i* ! liv+ units ess5tially compos+ ! mass1 are disp]s$ ?r\gh an in]t sub/ance1 t c sc>cely be call$ liv+ 9 ! full s5se ( ! ^w4 ,x is ?us ) "s ( ! ,protococci & ) ! ,no/oceae1 :i* exi/ z cells imb$d$ 9 a viscid matt]4 ,x is s1 too1 ) ! ,?alassicollae--bodies t are made up ( diff]5tiat$ p>ts1 disp]s$ ?r\gh an undiff]5tiat$ jelly4 ,& ?r\gh\t consid]able portions ( _! bodies1 "s ( ! ,acalephae exhibit m or less di/9ctly ?is type ( /ructure4 ,inde$1 x may be cont5d$ t ?is is ! primitive =m ( all organization2 see+ t1 ev5 9 ! highe/ creatures1 z 9 ourselves1 e tissue developes out ( :at physiologi/s call a bla/ema--an unorganiz$ ?\gh organizable sub/ance1 ?r\gh :i* organic po9ts are di/ribut$4 ,n[ ?is is v mu* ! case ) a society4 ,= we mu/ rememb] t ?\gh ! m5 :o make up a society1 are physically sep>ate & ev5 scatt]$2 yet t ! surface ov] :i* !y are scatt]$ is n "o devoid ( life1 b is cov]$ by life ( a l[] ord] :i* m9i/]s to _! life4 ,! vegetation :i* clo!s a c\ntry1 makes possible ! animal life 9 t c\ntry2 & only ?r\gh its animal & vegetal products c su* a c\ntry support a human society4 ,h5ce ! memb]s ( ! body politic are n to be reg>d$ z sep>at$ by int]vals ( dead space2 b z diffus$ ?r\gh a space occupi$ by life ( a l[] ord]4 ,9 our conception ( a social organism1 we mu/ include all t l[] organic exi/5ce on :i* human exi/5ce1 & !re=e social exi/5ce1 dep5ds4 ,& :5 we d ?is1 we see t ! citiz5s :o make up a community1 may be consid]$ z highly vitaliz$ units surr\nd$ by sub/ances ( l[] vitality1 f :i* !y draw _! nutrim5t3 mu* z 9 ! cases above in/anc$4 ,?us1 :5 exam9$1 ?is app>5t di/9ction 9 great "p disappe>s4 #c4 ,t :ile ! ultimate liv+ elem5ts ( an individual organism1 are mo/ly fix$ 9 _! relative positions1 ^? ( ! social organism are capable ( mov+ f place to place1 seems a m>k$ disagreem5t4 ,b "h1 too1 ! disagreem5t is mu* less ?an w\ld be suppos$4 ,= :ile citiz5s are locomotive 9 _! private capacities1 !y are fix$ 9 _! public capacities4 ,z f>m]s1 manufactur]s1 or trad]s1 m5 c>ry on _! bus9ess at ! same spots1 (t5 ?r\gh\t _! :ole lives2 & if !y g away occasionally1 !y leave beh9d o!rs to dis*>ge _! functions 9 _! abs5ce4 ,ea* great c5tre ( production1 ea* manufactur+ t[n or di/rict1 cont9ues always 9 ! same place2 & _m ( ! firms 9 su* t[n or di/rict1 are = g5]ations c>ri$ on ei!r by ! desc5dants or successors ( ^? :o f\nd$ !m4 ,j z 9 a liv+ body1 ! cells t make up "s important organ1 sev]ally p]=m _! functions = a "t & !n disappe>1 leav+ o!rs to supply _! places2 s1 9 ea* "p ( a society1 ! organ rema9s1 ?\gh ! p]sons :o compose x *ange4 ,?us1 9 social life1 z 9 ! life ( an animal1 ! units z well z ! l>g] ag5cies =m$ ( !m1 are 9 ! ma9 /ation>y z respects ! places :]e !y dis*>ge _! duties & obta9 _! su/5ance4 ,& h5ce ! p[] ( individual locomotion does n practically affect ! analogy4 #d4 ,! la/ & p]haps ! mo/ important di/9ction1 is1 t :ile 9 ! body ( an animal1 only a special tissue is end[$ ) feel+2 9 a society1 all ! memb]s are end[$ ) feel+4 ,ev5 ?is di/9ction1 h[ev]1 is by no means a complete "o4 ,= 9 "s ( ! l[e/ animals1 *>act]iz$ by ! abs5ce ( a n]v\s sy/em1 su* s5sitiv5ess z exi/s is possess$ by all p>ts4 ,x is only 9 ! m organiz$ =ms t feel+ is monopoliz$ by "o class ( ! vital elem5ts4 ,moreov]1 we mu/ rememb] t societies1 too1 are n )\t a c]ta9 diff]5tiation ( ?is k9d4 ,?\gh ! units ( a community are all s5sitive1 yet !y are s 9 unequal degrees4 ,! classes engag$ 9 agriculture & labori\s occupations 9 g5]al1 are mu* less susceptible1 intellectually & emotionally1 ?an ! re/2 & especially less s ?an ! classes ( highe/ m5tal culture4 ,/ill1 we h "h a tol]ably decid$ contra/ betwe5 bodies politic & individual bodies4 ,& x is "o :i* we %\ld keep con/antly 9 view4 ,= x rem9ds u t :ile 9 individual bodies1 ! welf>e ( all o!r p>ts is rightly subs]vi5t to ! welf>e ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 ^: pleasurable or pa9ful activities make up ! good or evil ( life2 9 bodies politic1 ! same ?+ does n hold1 or holds to b a v slight ext5t4 ,x is well t ! lives ( all p>ts ( an animal %\ld be m]g$ 9 ! life ( ! :ole2 because ! :ole has a corporate consci\sness capable ( happ9ess or mis]y4 ,b x is n s ) a society2 s9ce its liv+ units d n & _c lose individual consci\sness2 & s9ce ! community z a :ole has no corporate consci\sness4 ,& ?is is an ev]la/+ reason :y ! welf>e ( citiz5s _c rightly be sacrific$ to "s suppos$ b5efit ( ! ,/ate2 b :y1 on ! o!r h&1 ! ,/ate is to be ma9ta9$ solely = ! b5efit ( citiz5s4 ,! corporate life mu/ "h be subs]vi5t to ! lives ( ! p>ts2 in/ead ( ! lives ( ! p>ts be+ subs]vi5t to ! corporate life4 ,su*1 !n1 are ! po9ts ( analogy & ! po9ts ( diff]5ce4 ,may we n say t ! po9ts ( diff]5ce s]ve b to br+ into cle>] light ! po9ts ( analogy4 ,:ile comp>ison makes def9ite ! obvi\s contra/s betwe5 organisms commonly s call$1 & ! social organism2 x %[s t ev5 ^! contra/s are n s decid$ z 0 to be expect$4 ,! indef9it5ess ( =m1 ! discont9uity ( ! p>ts1 ! mobility ( ! p>ts1 & ! univ]sal s5sitiv5ess1 are n only peculi>ities ( ! social organism :i* h to be /at$ ) consid]able qualifications2 b !y are peculi>ities to :i* ! inf]ior classes ( animals pres5t approximations4 ,?us we f9d b little to conflict ) ! all-important analogies4 ,t societies sl[ly augm5t 9 mass2 t !y progress 9 complexity ( /ructure2 t at ! same "t _! p>ts become m mutually dep5d5t2 t _! liv+ units are remov$ & replac$ )\t de/roy+ _! integrity2 & fur!r1 t ! ext5ts to :i* !y display ^! peculi>ities are proportionate to _! vital activities2 are traits t societies h 9 common ) organic bodies4 ,& ^! traits 9 :i* !y agree ) organic bodies & disagree ) all o!r ?+s--^! traits :i* 9 tru? specially *>act]ize organic bodies1 entirely subord9ate ! m9or di/9ctions3 su* di/9ctions be+ sc>cely great] ?an ^? :i* sep>ate "o half ( ! organic k+dom f ! o!r4 ,! pr9ciples ( organization are ! same2 & ! diff]5ces are simply diff]5ces ( application4 ,"h end+ ?is g5]al survey ( ! facts :i* ju/ify ! comp>ison ( a society to a liv+ body2 let u look at !m 9 detail4 ,we %all f9d t ! p>allelism becomes ! m m>k$ ! m closely x is trac$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! l[e/ animal & vegetal =ms--,protozoa & ,protophyta--are *iefly inhabitants ( ! wat]4 ,!y are m9ute bodies1 mo/ ( :i* are made individually visible only by ! microscope4 ,all ( !m are extremely simple 9 /ructure2 & "s ( !m1 z ! ,rhizopods1 almo/ /ructureless4 ,multiply+1 z !y ord9>ily d1 by ! spontane\s division ( _! bodies1 !y produce halves1 :i* may ei!r become q sep>ate & move away 9 diff]5t directions1 or may cont9ue atta*$4 ,by ! repetition ( ?is process ( fission1 aggregations ( v>i\s sizes & k9ds are =m$4 ,among ! ,protophyta we h "s classes1 z ! ,diatomaceae & ! ,yea/-plant1 9 :i* ! individuals may be ei!r sep>ate1 or atta*$ 9 gr\ps ( two1 ?ree1 f\r1 or m2 o!r classes 9 :i* a consid]able numb] ( individual cells are unit$ into a ?read 7,conf]va1 ,monilia72 o!rs 9 :i* !y =m a net "w 7,hydrodictyon72 o!rs 9 :i* !y =m plates 7,ulva72 & o!rs 9 :i* !y =m masses 7,lam9>ia1 ,ag>icus73 all :i* vegetal =ms1 hav+ no di/9ction ( root1 /em1 or leaf1 are call$ ,?allog5s4 ,among ! ,protozoa we f9d p>allel facts4 ,imm5se numb]s ( ,amoeba-l creatures1 mass$ toge!r 9 a framework ( horny fibres1 con/itute ,sponge4 ,9 ! ,=am9if]a1 we see small] gr\ps ( su* creatures arrang$ into m def9ite %apes4 ,n only d ^! almo/ /ructureless ,protozoa unite into regul> or irregul> aggregations ( v>i\s sizes2 b among "s ( ! m organiz$ ones1 z ! ,vorticellae1 !re are also produc$ clu/]s ( individuals1 proce$+ f a common /ock4 ,b ^! little societies ( monads1 or cells1 or :atev] else we may call !m1 are societies only 9 ! l[e/ s5se3 !re is no subord9ation ( p>ts among !m--no organization4 ,ea* ( ! compon5t units lives by & = itself2 nei!r giv+ nor receiv+ aid4 ,!re is no mutual dep5d5ce1 save t consequ5t on m]e me*anical union4 ,n[ d we n "h disc]n analogies to ! fir/ /ages ( human societies8 ,among ! l[e/ races1 z ! ,bu%m51 we f9d b incipi5t aggregation3 sometimes s+le families2 sometimes two or ?ree families w&]+ ab\t toge!r4 ,! numb] ( associat$ units is small & v>iable2 & _! union incon/ant4 ,no division ( lab\r exi/s except betwe5 ! sexes2 & ! only k9d ( mutual aid is t ( jo9t attack or def5ce4 ,we see no?+ beyond an undiff]5tiat$ gr\p ( individuals1 =m+ ! g]m ( a society2 j z 9 ! homog5e\s gr\ps ( cells above describ$1 we see only ! initial /age ( animal & vegetal organization4 ,! comp>ison may n[ be c>ri$ a /ep high]4 ,9 ! vegetal k+dom we pass f ! ,?allog5s1 consi/+ ( m]e masses ( simil> cells1 to ! ,acrog5s1 9 :i* ! cells are n simil> ?r\gh\t ! :ole mass2 b are "h aggregat$ into a /ructure s]v+ z leaf1 & !re into a /ructure s]v+ z root3 ?us =m+ a :ole 9 :i* !re is a c]ta9 subdivision ( functions among ! units2 & !re=e a c]ta9 mutual dep5d5ce4 ,9 ! animal k+dom we f9d analog\s progress4 ,f m]e unorganiz$ gr\ps ( cells1 or cell-l bodies1 we asc5d to gr\ps ( su* cells arrang$ into p>ts t h diff]5t duties4 ,! common ,polype1 f ^: sub/ance may be sep>at$ individual cells :i* exhibit1 :5 deta*$1 appe>ances & movem5ts l ^? ( ! solit>y ,amoeba1 illu/rates ?is /age4 ,! compon5t units1 ?\gh /ill %[+ great community ( "*1 assume some:at div]se functions 9 ! sk91 9 ! int]nal surface1 & 9 ! t5tacles4 ,!re is a c]ta9 am\nt ( physiological division ( lab\r4 ,turn+ to societies1 we f9d ^! /ages p>allel$ 9 ! majority ( aborig9al tribes4 ,:51 in/ead ( su* small v>iable gr\ps z are =m$ by ,bu%m51 we come to ! l>g] & m p]man5t gr\ps =m$ by savages n q s l[1 we beg9 to f9d traces ( social /ructure4 ,?\gh indu/rial organization sc>cely %[s itself1 except 9 ! diff]5t occupations ( ! sexes2 yet !re is always m or less ( gov]nm5tal organization4 ,:ile all ! m5 are w>riors & hunt]s1 only a "p ( !m are includ$ 9 ! c\ncil ( *iefs2 & 9 ?is c\ncil ( *iefs "s "o has commonly supreme au?ority4 ,!re is ?us a c]ta9 di/9ction ( classes & p[]s2 & ?r\gh ?is slight specialization ( functions1 is effect$ a rude co-op]ation among ! increas+ mass ( individuals1 :5ev] ! society has to act 9 its corporate capacity4 ,beyond ?is analogy 9 ! slight ext5t to :i* organization is c>ri$1 !re is analogy 9 ! indef9it5ess ( ! organization4 ,9 ! ,hydra1 ! respective p>ts ( ! creature's sub/ance h _m functions 9 common4 ,!y are all contractile2 omitt+ ! t5tacles1 ! :ole ( ! ext]nal surface c give orig9 to "y hydrae2 & :5 turn$ inside out1 /oma* p]=ms ! duties ( sk91 & sk9 ! duties ( /oma*4 ,9 aborig9al societies su* diff]5tiations z exi/ are simil>ly imp]fect4 ,not)/&+ di/9ctions ( rank1 all p]sons ma9ta9 !mselves by _! own ex]tions4 ,n only d ! head m5 ( ! tribe1 9 common ) ! re/1 build _! own huts1 make _! own weapons1 kill _! own food2 b ! *ief does ! l4 ,moreov]1 9 ! rude/ ( ^! tribes1 su* gov]nm5tal organization z exi/s is v incon/ant4 ,x is frequ5tly *ang$ by viol5ce or trea*]y1 & ! function ( rul+ assum$ by o!r memb]s ( ! community4 ,?us betwe5 ! rude/ societies & "s ( ! l[e/ =ms ( animal life !re is analogy alike 9 ! slight ext5t to :i* organization is c>ri$1 9 ! indef9it5ess ( ?is organization1 & 9 its want ( fixity4 ,a fur!r complication ( ! analogy is at h&4 ,f ! aggregation ( units into organiz$ gr\ps1 we pass to ! multiplication ( su* gr\ps1 & _! coalesc5ce into comp\nd gr\ps4 ,! ,hydra1 :5 x has rea*$ a c]ta9 bulk1 puts =? f its surface a bud1 :i*1 gr[+ & gradually assum+ ! =m ( ! p>5t1 f9ally becomes deta*$2 & by ?is process ( gemmation1 ! creature peoples ! adjac5t wat] ) o!rs l itself4 ,a p>allel process is se5 9 ! multiplication ( ^? l[ly-organiz$ tribes above describ$4 ,"o ( !m hav+ increas$ to a size t is ei!r too great = co-ord9ation "u s rude a /ructure1 or else t is great] ?an ! surr\nd+ c\ntry c supply ) game & o!r wild food1 !re arises a t5d5cy to divide2 & z 9 su* communities !re are ev] occurr+ qu>rels1 jeal\sies1 & o!r causes ( division1 !re soon comes an occasion on :i* a "p ( ! tribe sep>ates "u ! lead]%ip ( "s subord9ate *ief1 & migrates4 ,?is process be+ f "t to "t repeat$1 an ext5sive region is at l5g? occupi$ ) num]\s sep>ate tribes desc5d$ f a common ance/ry4 ,! analogy by no means ends "h4 ,?\gh 9 ! common ,hydra1 ! "y ones t bud out f ! p>5t soon become deta*$ & indep5d5t2 yet ?r\gh\t ! re/ ( ! class ,hydrozoa1 to :i* ?is creature belongs1 ! l does n g5]ally happ54 ,! successive individuals ?us develop$ cont9ue atta*$2 give orig9 to o!r su* individuals :i* also cont9ue atta*$2 & s !re results a comp\nd animal4 ,z 9 ! ,hydra itself1 we f9d an aggregation ( units :i*1 consid]$ sep>ately1 are ak9 to ! l[e/ ,protozoa2 s "h1 9 a ,zoophyte1 we f9d an aggregation ( su* aggregations4 ,! l is also se5 ?r\gh\t ! ext5sive family ( ,polyzoa or ,molluscoida4 ,! ,ascidian ,mollusks1 too1 9 _! _m v>i$ =ms1 %[ u ! same ?+3 exhibit+1 at ! same "t1 v>i\s degrees ( union subsi/+ among ! compon5t individuals4 ,= :ile 9 ! ,salpae ! compon5t individuals adh]e s slightly t a bl[ on ! vessel ( wat] 9 :i* !y are float+ w sep>ate !m2 9 ! ,botryllidae !re exi/s a vascul> connexion betwe5 !m1 & a common circulation4 ,n[ 9 ^! v>i\s =ms & degrees ( aggregation1 may we n see p>allel$ ! union ( gr\ps ( connate tribes into nations8 ,?\gh 9 regions :]e circum/ances p]mit1 ! sep>ate tribes desc5d$ f "s orig9al tribe1 migrate 9 all directions1 & become f> remov$ & q sep>ate2 yet1 9 o!r cases1 :]e ! t]ritory pres5ts b>ri]s to di/ant migration1 ?is does n happ53 ! small k9dr$ communities are held 9 clos] contact1 & ev5tually become m or less unit$ into a nation4 ,! contra/ betwe5 ! tribes ( ,am]ican ,indians & ! ,scotti% clans1 illu/rates ?is4 ,& a glance at our own e>ly hi/ory1 or ! e>ly hi/ories ( cont95tal nations1 %[s ?is fusion ( small simple communities tak+ place 9 v>i\s ways & to v>i\s ext5ts4 ,z says ,m4 ,guizot1 9 8 hi/ory ( ,! ,orig9 ( ,repres5tative ,gov]nm5t1-- ,by degrees1 9 ! mid/ ( ! *aos ( ! ris+ society1 small aggregations are =m$ :i* feel ! want ( alliance & union ) ea* o!r4444 ,soon inequality ( /r5g? is display$ among neighb\r+ aggregations4 ,! /rong t5d to subjugate ! weak1 & usurp at fir/ ! rights ( taxation & milit>y s]vice4 ,?us political au?ority leaves ! aggregations :i* fir/ in/itut$ x1 to take a wid] range4 ,t is to say1 ! small tribes1 clans1 or feudal unions1 sprung mo/ly f a common /ock1 & long held 9 contact z occupants ( adjac5t l&s1 gradually get unit$ 9 o!r ways ?an by m]e adhesion ( race & proximity4 ,a fur!r s]ies ( *anges beg9s n[ to take place2 to :i*1 z be=e1 we %all f9d analogies 9 individual organisms4 ,return+ aga9 to ! ,hydrozoa1 we obs]ve t 9 ! simple/ ( ! comp\nd =ms1 ! connect$ individuals develop$ f a common /ock1 are alike 9 /ructure1 & p]=m l functions3 ) ! exception1 inde$1 t "h & !re a bud1 in/ead ( develop+ into a /oma*1 m\?1 & t5tacles1 becomes an egg-sac4 ,b ) ! oceanic ,hydrozoa1 ?is is by no means ! case4 ,9 ! ,calycophoridae1 "s ( ! polypes gr[+ f ! common g]m1 become develop$ & modifi$ into l>ge1 long1 sack-l bodies1 :i* by _! rhy?mical contractions move ?r\gh ! wat]1 dragg+ ! community ( polypes aft] !m4 ,9 ! ,physophoridae1 a v>iety ( organs simil>ly arise by trans=mation ( ! budd+ polypes2 s t 9 creatures l ! ,physalia1 commonly kn[n z ! ,portuguese ,man-(-w>1 in/ead ( t tree-l gr\p ( simil> individuals =m+ ! orig9al type ( ! class1 we h a complex mass ( unlike p>ts fulfill+ unlike duties4 ,z an individual ,hydra may be reg>d$ z a gr\p ( ,protozoa1 :i* h become p>tially metamorphos$ into diff]5t organs2 s a ,physalia is1 morphologically consid]$1 a gr\p ( ,hydrae ( :i* ! individuals h be5 v>i\sly trans=m$ to fit !m = v>i\s functions4 ,?is diff]5tiation ^u diff]5tiation1 is j :at takes place 9 ! evolution ( a civiliz$ society4 ,we obs]v$ h[1 9 ! small communities fir/ =m$1 !re arises a c]ta9 simple political organization--!re is a p>tial sep>ation ( classes hav+ diff]5t duties4 ,& n[ we h to obs]ve h[1 9 a nation =m$ by ! fusion ( su* small communities1 ! sev]al sections1 at fir/ alike 9 /ructures & modes ( activity1 gradually become unlike 9 bo?--gradually become mutually-dep5d5t p>ts1 div]se 9 _! natures & functions4 ,! doctr9e ( ! progressive division ( lab\r1 to :i* we are "h introduc$1 is famili> to all read]s4 ,& fur!r1 ! analogy betwe5 ! economical division ( lab\r & ! physiological division ( lab\r1 is s /rik+1 z long s9ce to h drawn ! att5tion ( sci5tific naturali/s3 s /rik+1 inde$1 t ! expression physiological division ( lab\r1 has be5 sugge/$ by x4 ,x is n ne$ful1 !re=e1 t we %\ld treat ?is "p ( our subject 9 great detail4 ,we %all cont5t ourselves ) not+ a few g5]al & significant facts1 n manife/ on a fir/ inspection4 ,?r\gh\t ! :ole animal k+dom1 f ! ,coel5t]ata upw>ds1 ! fir/ /age ( evolution is ! same4 ,equally 9 ! g]m ( a polype & 9 ! human ovum1 ! aggregat$ mass ( cells out ( :i* ! creature is to arise1 gives orig9 to a p]iph]al lay] ( cells1 slightly diff]+ f ! re/ :i* !y include2 & ?is lay] subsequ5tly divides into two--! inn]1 ly+ 9 contact ) ! includ$ yelk1 be+ call$ ! muc\s lay]1 & ! out]1 expos$ to surr\nd+ ag5cies1 be+ call$ ! s]\s lay]3 or1 9 ! t]ms us$ by ,pr(4 ,huxley1 9 describ+ ! developm5t ( ! ,hydrozoa--! endod]m & ectod]m4 ,?is prim>y division m>ks out a fundam5tal contra/ ( p>ts 9 ! future organism4 ,f ! muc\s lay]1 or endod]m1 is develop$ ! app>atus ( nutrition2 :ile f ! s]\s lay]1 or ectod]m1 is develop$ ! app>atus ( ext]nal action4 ,out ( ! "o arise ! organs by :i* food is prep>$ & absorb$1 oxyg5 imbib$1 & blood purifi$2 :ile out ( ! o!r arise ! n]v\s1 muscul>1 & osse\s sy/ems1 by ^: comb9$ actions ! movem5ts ( ! body z a :ole are effect$4 ,?\gh ?is is n a rigor\sly-correct di/9ction1 see+ t "s organs involve bo? ( ^! primitive membranes1 yet high au?orities agree 9 /at+ x z a broad g5]al di/9ction4 ,well1 9 ! evolution ( a society1 we see a prim>y diff]5tiation ( analog\s k9d2 :i* simil>ly und]lies ! :ole future /ructure4 ,z already po9t$ out1 ! only manife/ contra/ ( p>ts 9 primitive societies1 is t betwe5 ! gov]n+ & ! gov]n$4 ,9 ! lea/ organiz$ tribes1 ! c\ncil ( *iefs may be a body ( m5 di/+ui%$ simply by great] c\rage or exp]i5ce4 ,9 m organiz$ tribes1 ! *ief-class is def9itely sep>at$ f ! l[] class1 & (t5 reg>d$ z diff]5t 9 nature--sometimes z god-desc5d$4 ,& lat]1 we f9d ^! two becom+ respectively freem5 & slaves1 or nobles & s]fs4 ,a glance at _! respective functions1 makes x obvi\s t ! great divisions ?us e>ly =m$1 /& to ea* o!r 9 a relation simil> to t 9 :i* ! prim>y divisions ( ! embryo /& to ea* o!r4 ,=1 f its fir/ appe>ance1 ! class ( *iefs is t by :i* ! ext]nal acts ( ! society are controll$3 alike 9 w>1 9 negotiation1 & 9 migration4 ,aft]w>ds1 :ile ! upp] class gr[s di/9ct f ! l[]1 & at ! same "t becomes m & m exclusively regulative & def5sive 9 its functions1 alike 9 ! p]sons ( k+s & subord9ate rul]s1 prie/s1 & milit>y lead]s2 ! inf]ior class becomes m & m exclusively occupi$ 9 provid+ ! necess>ies ( life = ! community at l>ge4 ,f ! soil1 ) :i* x comes 9 mo/ direct contact1 ! mass ( ! p takes up & prep>es = use1 ! food & su* rude articles ( manufacture z are kn[n2 :ile ! ov]ly+ mass ( sup]ior m51 ma9ta9$ by ! work+ population1 deals ) circum/ances ext]nal to ! community--circum/ances ) :i*1 by position1 x is m imm$iately conc]n$4 ,ceas+ by-&-by to h any k (1 or p[] ov]1 ! conc]ns ( ! society z a :ole1 ! s]f-class becomes devot$ to ! processes ( alim5tation2 :ile ! noble class1 ceas+ to take any "p 9 ! processes ( alim5tation1 becomes devot$ to ! co-ord9at$ movem5ts ( ! entire body politic4 ,equally rem>kable is a fur!r analogy ( l k9d4 ,aft] ! muc\s & s]\s lay]s ( ! embryo h sep>at$1 !re pres5tly arises betwe5 ! two1 a ?ird1 kn[n to physiologi/s z ! vascul> lay]--a lay] out ( :i* are develop$ ! *ief blood-vessels4 ,! muc\s lay] absorbs nutrim5t f ! mass ( yelk x encloses2 ?is nutrim5t has to be transf]r$ to ! ov]ly+ s]\s lay]1 out ( :i* ! n]vo-muscul> sy/em is be+ develop$2 & betwe5 ! two arises a vascul> sy/em by :i* ! transf] is effect$--a sy/em ( vessels :i* cont9ues ev] aft] to be ! transf]r] ( nutrim5t f ! places :]e x is absorb$ & prep>$1 to ! places :]e x is ne$$ = gr[? & repair4 ,well1 may we n trace a p>allel /ep 9 social progress8 ,betwe5 ! gov]n+ & ! gov]n$1 !re at fir/ exi/s no int]m$iate class2 & ev5 9 "s societies t h rea*$ consid]able sizes1 !re are sc>cely any b ! nobles & _! k9dr$ on ! "o h&1 & ! s]fs on ! o!r3 ! social /ructure be+ su*1 t ! transf] ( commodities takes place directly f slaves to _! ma/]s4 ,b 9 societies ( a high] type1 !re gr[s up betwe5 ^! two primitive classes1 ano!r--! trad+ or middle class4 ,equally1 at fir/ z n[1 we may see t1 speak+ g5]ally1 ?is middle class is ! analogue ( ! middle lay] 9 ! embryo4 ,= all trad]s are ess5tially di/ributors4 ,:e!r !y be :olesale deal]s1 :o collect into l>ge masses ! commodities ( v>i\s produc]s2 or :e!r !y be retail]s1 :o divide out to ^? :o want !m1 ! masses ( commodities ?us collect$ toge!r2 all m]cantile m5 are ag5ts ( transf] f ! places :]e ?+s are produc$ to ! places :]e !y are consum$4 ,?us ! di/ribut+ app>atus ( a society1 answ]s to ! di/ribut+ app>atus ( a liv+ body2 n only 9 its functions1 b 9 its int]m$iate orig9 & subsequ5t position1 & 9 ! "t ( its appe>ance4 ,)\t enum]at+ ! m9or diff]5tiations :i* ^! ?ree great classes aft]w>ds und]go1 we w m]ely note t ?r\gh\t1 !y foll[ ! same g5]al law ) ! diff]5tiations ( an individual organism4 ,9 a society1 z 9 a rudim5t>y animal1 we h se5 t ! mo/ g5]al & broadly contra/$ divisions are ! fir/ to make _! appe>ance2 & ( ! subdivisions x cont9ues true 9 bo? cases1 t !y arise 9 ! ord] ( decreas+ g5]ality4 ,let u obs]ve next1 t 9 ! "o case z 9 ! o!r1 ! specializations are at fir/ v incomplete2 & become m complete z organization progresses4 ,we saw t 9 primitive tribes1 z 9 ! simple/ animals1 !re rema9s mu* community ( function betwe5 ! p>ts t are nom9ally diff]5t--t1 = in/ance1 ! class ( *iefs long rema9 indu/rially ! same z ! inf]ior class2 j z 9 a ,hydra1 ! prop]ty ( contractility is possess$ by ! units ( ! endod]m z well z by ^? ( ! ectod]m4 ,we not$ also h[1 z ! society advanc$1 ! two great primitive classes p>took less & less ( ea* o!r's functions4 ,& we h "h to rem>k1 t all subsequ5t specializations are at fir/ vague1 & gradually become di/9ct4 ,9 ! infancy ( society1 says ,m4 ,guizot1 ev]y?+ is confus$ & unc]ta92 !re is z yet no fix$ & precise l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 ! diff]5t p[]s 9 a /ate4 ,orig9ally k+s liv$ l o!r l&[n]s1 on ! incomes d]iv$ f _! own private e/ates4 ,nobles 7 petty k+s2 & k+s only ! mo/ p[]ful nobles4 ,bi%ops 7 feudal lords & milit>y lead]s4 ,! "r ( co9+ money 0 possess$ by p[]ful subjects1 & by ! ,*ur*1 z well z by ! k+4 ,e lead+ man ex]cis$ alike ! functions ( l&[n]1 f>m]1 soldi]1 /atesman1 judge4 ,reta9]s 7 n[ soldi]s1 & n[ lab\r]s1 z ! day requir$4 ,b by degrees ! ,*ur* has lo/ all civil jurisdiction2 ! ,/ate has ex]cis$ less & less control ov] religi\s tea*+2 ! milit>y class has gr[n a di/9ct "o2 h&icrafts h conc5trat$ 9 t[ns2 & ! sp9n+-:eels ( scatt]$ f>mh\ses h disappe>$ be=e ! ma*9]y ( manufactur+ di/ricts4 ,n only is all progress f ! homog5e\s to ! het]og5e\s2 b at ! same "t x is f ! indef9ite to ! def9ite4 ,ano!r fact :i* %\ld n be pass$ ov]1 is t 9 ! evolution ( a l>ge society out ( an aggregation ( small ones1 !re is a gradual oblit]ation ( ! orig9al l9es ( sep>ation--a *ange to :i*1 also1 we may see analogies 9 liv+ bodies4 ,?r\gh\t ! sub-k+dom ,annulosa1 ?is is cle>ly & v>i\sly illu/rat$4 ,among ! l[] types ( ?is sub-k+dom1 ! body consi/s ( num]\s segm5ts t are alike 9 ne>ly e p>ticul>4 ,ea* has its ext]nal r+2 its pair ( legs1 if ! creature has legs2 its equal portion ( inte/9es1 or else its sep>ate /oma*2 its equal portion ( ! great blood-vessel1 or1 9 "s cases1 its sep>ate he>t2 its equal portion ( ! n]v\s cord1 &1 p]haps1 its sep>ate pair ( ganglia4 ,b 9 ! highe/ types1 z 9 ! l>ge ,cru/acea1 _m ( ! segm5ts are completely fus$ toge!r2 & ! int]nal organs are no long] uni=mly repeat$ 9 all ! segm5ts4 ,n[ ! segm5ts ( :i* nations at fir/ consi/1 lose _! sep>ate ext]nal & int]nal /ructures 9 a simil> mann]4 ,9 feudal times1 ! m9or communities gov]n$ by feudal lords1 7 sev]ally organiz$ 9 ! same rude way2 & 7 held toge!r only by ! fealty ( _! respective rul]s to "s suz]a94 ,b along ) ! gr[? ( a c5tral p[]1 ! dem>cations ( ^! local communities disappe>$2 & _! sep>ate organizations m]g$ into ! g5]al organization4 ,! l is se5 on a l>g] scale 9 ! fusion ( ,engl&1 ,wales1 ,scotl&1 & ,irel&2 &1 on ! ,cont95t1 9 ! coalesc5ce ( prov9ces into k+doms4 ,ev5 9 ! disappe>ance ( law-made divisions1 ! process is analog\s4 ,among ! ,anglo-,saxons1 ,engl& 0 divid$ into ti?+s1 hundr$s1 & c\nties3 !re 7 c\nty c\rts1 c\rts ( hundr$1 & c\rts ( ti?+4 ,! c\rts ( ti?+ disappe>$ fir/2 !n ! c\rts ( hundr$1 :i* h1 h[ev]1 left traces2 :ile ! c\nty-jurisdiction /ill exi/s4 ,b *iefly x is to be not$1 t !re ev5tually gr[s up an organization :i* has no ref]5ce to ^! orig9al divisions1 b trav]ses !m 9 v>i\s directions1 z is ! case 9 creatures belong+ to ! sub-k+dom j nam$2 &1 fur!r1 t 9 bo? cases x is ! su/a9+ organization :i* ?us trav]ses old b\nd>ies1 :ile 9 bo? cases x is ! gov]nm5tal1 or co-ord9at+ organization 9 :i* ! orig9al b\nd>ies cont9ue traceable4 ,?us1 9 ! highe/ ,annulosa1 ! exo-skeleton & ! muscul> sy/em1 nev] lose all traces ( _! primitive segm5tation2 b ?r\gh\t a great "p ( ! body1 ! conta9$ visc]a d n 9 ! lea/ con=m to ! ext]nal divisions4 ,simil>ly1 ) a nation1 we see t :ile1 = gov]nm5tal purposes1 su* divisions z c\nties & p>i%es /ill exi/1 ! /ructure develop$ = c>ry+ on ! nutrition ( society1 :olly ignores ^! b\nd>ies3 our great cotton-manufacture spreads out ( ,lanca%ire into ,nor? ,d]by%ire2 ,leice/]%ire & ,nott+ham%ire h long divid$ ! /ock+-trade betwe5 !m2 "o great c5tre = ! production ( iron & iron-goods1 includes p>ts ( ,w>wick%ire1 ,/af=d%ire1 ,worce/]%ire2 & ^? v>i\s specializations ( agriculture :i* h made diff]5t p>ts ( ,engl& not$ = diff]5t products1 %[ no m respect to c\nty-b\nd>ies ?an d our gr[+ t[ns to ! b\nd>ies ( p>i%es4 ,if1 aft] contemplat+ ^! analogies ( /ructure1 we inquire :e!r !re are any su* analogies betwe5 ! processes ( organic *ange1 ! answ] is--yes4 ,! causes :i* lead to increase ( bulk 9 any "p ( ! body politic1 are ( l nature ) ^? :i* lead to increase ( bulk 9 any "p ( an individual body4 ,9 bo? cases ! antec$5t is great] functional activity1 consequ5t on great] dem&4 ,ea* limb1 viscus1 gl&1 or o!r memb] ( an animal1 is develop$ by ex]cise--by actively dis*>g+ ! duties :i* ! body at l>ge requires ( x2 & simil>ly1 any class ( lab\r]s or artisans1 any manufactur+ c5tre1 or any (ficial ag5cy1 beg9s to enl>ge :5 ! community devolves on x an increase ( "w4 ,9 ea* case1 too1 gr[? has its conditions & its limits4 ,t any organ 9 a liv+ be+ may gr[ by ex]cise1 !re ne$s a due supply ( blood3 all action implies wa/e2 blood br+s ! mat]ials = repair2 & be=e !re c be gr[?1 ! quantity ( blood suppli$ mu/ be m ?an t requisite = repair4 ,s is x 9 a society4 ,if to "s di/rict :i* elaborates = ! community p>ticul> commodities--say ! wooll5s ( ,york%ire--!re comes an augm5t$ dem&2 & if1 9 fulfilm5t ( ?is dem&1 a c]ta9 exp5diture & we> ( ! manufactur+ organization are incurr$2 & if1 9 paym5t = ! extra supply ( wooll5s s5t away1 !re comes back only su* quantity ( commodities z replaces ! exp5diture1 & makes good ! wa/e ( life & ma*9]y2 !re c cle>ly be no gr[?4 ,t !re may be gr[?1 ! commodities obta9$ 9 return mu/ be m ?an suffici5t = ^! ends2 & j 9 proportion z ! surplus is great w ! gr[? be rapid4 ,:5ce x is manife/ t :at 9 comm]cial affairs we call pr(it1 answ]s to ! excess ( nutrition ov] wa/e 9 a liv+ body4 ,moreov]1 9 bo? cases1 :5 ! functional activity is high & ! nutrition defective1 !re results n gr[? b decay4 ,if 9 an animal1 any organ is work$ s h>d t ! *annels :i* br+ blood _c furni% en\gh = repair1 ! organ dw9dles2 & if 9 ! body politic1 "s "p has be5 /imulat$ into great productivity1 & _c aft]w>ds get paid = all its produce1 c]ta9 ( its memb]s become bankrupt1 & x decreases 9 size4 ,"o m p>allelism to be "h not$1 is1 t ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! social organism1 l ! diff]5t p>ts ( an individual organism1 compete = nutrim5t2 & sev]ally obta9 m or less ( x accord+ z !y are dis*>g+ m or less duty4 ,if a man's bra9 be ov]excit$1 x w ab/ract blood f 8 visc]a & /op dige/ion2 or dige/ion actively go+ on1 w s affect ! circulation ?r\gh ! bra9 z to cause dr[s9ess2 or great muscul> ex]tion w det]m9e su* a quantity ( blood to ! limbs1 z to arre/ dige/ion or c]ebral action1 z ! case may be4 ,s1 likewise1 9 a society1 x frequ5tly happ5s t great activity 9 "s "o direction1 causes p>tial arre/s ( activity else:]e1 by ab/ract+ capital1 t is commodities3 z in/ance ! way 9 :i* ! sudd5 developm5t ( our railway-sy/em hamp]$ comm]cial op]ations2 or ! way 9 :i* ! rais+ ( a l>ge milit>y =ce tempor>ily /ops ! gr[? ( lead+ indu/ries4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! la/ few p>agraphs introduce ! next division ( our subject4 ,almo/ unaw>es we h come ^u ! analogy :i* exi/s betwe5 ! blood ( a liv+ body1 & ! circulat+ mass ( commodities 9 ! body politic4 ,we h n[ to trace out ?is analogy f its simple/ to its mo/ complex manife/ations4 ,9 ! l[e/ animals !re exi/s no blood prop]ly s call$4 ,?r\gh ! small aggregation ( cells :i* make up a ,hydra1 p]meate ! juices absorb$ f ! food4 ,!re is no app>atus = elaborat+ a conc5trat$ & purifi$ nutrim5t1 & di/ribut+ x among ! compon5t units2 b ^! compon5t units directly imbibe ! unprep>$ nutrim5t1 ei!r f ! dige/ive cavity or f ea* o!r4 ,may we n say t ?is is :at takes place 9 an aborig9al tribe8 ,all its memb]s sev]ally obta9 = !mselves ! necess>ies ( life 9 _! crude /ates2 & sev]ally prep>e !m = _! own uses z well z !y c4 ,:5 !re arises a decid$ diff]5tiation betwe5 ! gov]n+ & ! gov]n$1 "s am\nt ( transf] beg9s betwe5 ^? inf]ior individuals1 :o1 z work]s1 come directly 9 contact ) ! products ( ! e>?1 & ^? sup]ior ones :o ex]cise ! high] functions--a transf] p>allel to t :i* accompanies ! diff]5tiation ( ! ectod]m f ! endod]m4 ,9 ! "o case1 z 9 ! o!r1 h[ev]1 x is a transf] ( products t are little if at all prep>$2 & takes place directly f ! unit :i* obta9s to ! unit :i* consumes1 )\t ent]+ into any g5]al curr5t4 ,pass+ to l>g] organisms--individual & social--we f9d ! fir/ advance ^u ?is arrangem5t4 ,:]e1 z among ! comp\nd ,hydrozoa1 !re is an aggregation ( _m su* primitive gr\ps z =m ,hydrae2 or :]e1 z 9 a ,m$usa1 "o ( ^! gr\ps has become ( great size2 !re exi/ rude *annels runn+ ?r\gh\t ! sub/ance ( ! body3 n h[ev]1 *annels = ! conveyance ( prep>$ nutrim5t1 b m]e prolongations ( ! dige/ive cavity1 ?r\gh :i* ! crude *yle-aque\s fluid rea*es ! remot] p>ts1 & is mov$ backw>ds & =w>ds by ! creature's contractions4 ,d we n f9d 9 "s ( ! m advanc$ primitive communities1 an analog\s condition8 ,:5 ! m51 p>tially or fully unit$ into "o society1 become num]\s--:51 z usually happ5s1 !y cov] a surface ( c\ntry n ev]y:]e alike 9 its products--:51 m especially1 !re arise consid]able classes t are n indu/rial2 "s process ( ex*ange & di/ribution inevitably arises4 ,trav]s+ "h & !re ! e>?'s surface1 cov]$ by t vegetation on :i* human life dep5ds1 & 9 :i*1 z we say1 ! units ( a society are imb$d$1 !re are =m$ indef9ite pa?s1 along :i* "s ( ! necess>ies ( life occasionally pass1 to be b>t]$ = o!rs :i* pres5tly come back along ! same *annels4 ,note1 h[ev]1 t at fir/ little else b crude commodities are ?us transf]r$--fruits1 fi%1 pigs or cattle1 sk9s1 etc43 !re are few1 if any1 manufactur$ products or articles prep>$ = consumption4 ,& note fur!r1 t su* di/ribution ( ^! unprep>$ necess>ies ( life z takes place1 is b occasional--goes on ) a c]ta9 sl[1 irregul> rhy?m4 ,fur!r progress 9 ! elaboration & di/ribution ( nutrim5t1 or ( commodities1 is a necess>y accompanim5t ( fur!r diff]5tiation ( functions 9 ! individual body or 9 ! body politic4 ,z fa/ z ea* organ ( a liv+ animal becomes conf9$ to a special action1 x mu/ become dep5d5t on ! re/ = all ^? mat]ials :i* its position & duty d n p]mit x to obta9 = itself2 9 ! same way t1 z fa/ z ea* p>ticul> class ( a community becomes exclusively occupi$ 9 produc+ its own commodity1 x mu/ become dep5d5t on ! re/ = ! o!r commodities x ne$s4 ,&1 simultane\sly1 a m p]fectly-elaborat$ blood w result f a highly-specializ$ gr\p ( nutritive organs1 sev]ally adapt$ to prep>e its diff]5t elem5ts2 9 ! same way t ! /ream ( commodities circulat+ ?r\gh\t a society1 w be ( sup]ior quality 9 proportion to ! great] division ( lab\r among ! work]s4 ,obs]ve1 also1 t 9 ei!r case ! circulat+ mass ( nutritive mat]ials1 besides com+ gradually to consi/ ( bett] +r$i5ts1 also gr[s m complex4 ,an increase 9 ! numb] ( ! unlike organs :i* add to ! blood _! wa/e matt]s1 & dem& f x ! diff]5t mat]ials !y sev]ally ne$1 implies a blood m het]og5e\s 9 composition--an a priori conclusion :i*1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,williams1 is inductively confirm$ by exam9ation ( ! blood ?r\gh\t ! v>i\s grades ( ! animal k+dom4 ,& simil>ly1 x is manife/ t z fa/ z ! division ( lab\r among ! classes ( a community1 becomes great]1 !re mu/ be an increas+ het]og5eity 9 ! curr5ts ( m]*&ise fl[+ ?r\gh\t t community4 ,! circulat+ mass ( nutritive mat]ials 9 individual organisms & 9 social organisms1 becom+ alike bett] 9 ! quality ( its +r$i5ts & m het]og5e\s 9 composition1 z ! type ( /ructure becomes high]2 ev5tually has add$ to x 9 bo? cases ano!r elem5t1 :i* is n itself nutritive1 b facilitates ! process ( nutrition4 ,we ref]1 9 ! case ( ! individual organism1 to ! blood-discs2 & 9 ! case ( ! social organism1 to money4 ,?is analogy has be5 obs]v$ by ,liebig1 :o 9 8 ,famili> ,lett]s on ,*emi/ry1 says3 ,silv] & gold h to p]=m 9 ! organization ( ! ,/ate1 ! same function z ! blood corpuscles 9 ! human organization4 ,z ^! r\nd discs1 )\t !mselves tak+ an imm$iate %>e 9 ! nutritive process1 are ! m$ium1 ! ess5tial condition ( ! *ange ( matt]1 ( ! production ( ! heat1 & ( ! =ce by :i* ! temp]ature ( ! body is kept up & ! motions ( ! blood & all ! juices are det]m9$1 s has gold become ! m$ium ( all activity 9 ! life ( ! ,/ate4 ,& blood-corpuscles be+ l money 9 _! functions1 & 9 ! fact t !y are n consum$ 9 nutrition1 he fur!r po9ts out1 t ! numb] ( !m :i* 9 a consid]able int]val fl[s ?r\gh ! great c5tres1 is enorm\s :5 comp>$ ) _! absolute numb]2 j z ! quantity ( money :i* annually passes ?r\gh ! great m]cantile c5tres1 is enorm\s :5 comp>$ ) ! total quantity ( money 9 ! k+dom4 ,nor is ?is all4 ,liebig has omitt$ ! significant circum/ance1 t only at a c]ta9 /age ( organization does ?is elem5t ( ! circulation make its appe>ance4 ,?r\gh\t ext5sive divisions ( ! l[] animals1 ! blood conta9s no corpuscles2 & 9 societies ( l[ civilization1 !re is no money4 ,?us f>1 we h consid]$ ! analogy betwe5 ! blood 9 a liv+ body & ! consumable & circulat+ commodities 9 ! body politic4 ,let u n[ comp>e ! appliances by :i* !y are respectively di/ribut$4 ,we %all f9d 9 ! developm5t ( ^! appliances1 p>allelisms n less rem>kable ?an ^? above set =?4 ,already we h %[n t1 z classes1 :olesale & retail di/ributors dis*>ge 9 a society1 ! (fice :i* ! vascul> sy/em dis*>ges 9 an individual creature2 t !y come into exi/5ce lat] ?an ! o!r two great classes1 z ! vascul> lay] appe>s lat] ?an ! muc\s & s]\s lay]s2 & t !y occupy a l int]m$iate position4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 x rema9s to be po9t$ out t a complete conception ( ! circulat+ sy/em 9 a society1 includes n only ! active human ag5ts :o propel ! curr5ts ( commodities1 & regulate _! di/ribution2 b includes1 also1 ! *annels ( communication4 ,x is ! =mation & arrangem5t ( ^!1 to :i* we n[ direct att5tion4 ,go+ back once m to ^? l[] animals 9 :i* !re is f\nd no?+ b a p>tial diffusion1 n ( blood1 b only ( crude nutritive fluids1 x is to be rem>k$ t ! *annels ?r\gh :i* ! diffusion takes place1 are m]e excavations ?r\gh ! half-organiz$ sub/ance ( ! body3 !y h no l9+ membranes1 b are m]e lacunae trav]s+ a rude tissue4 ,n[ c\ntries 9 :i* civilization is b comm5c+1 display a l condition3 !re are no roads prop]ly s call$2 b ! wild]ness ( vegetal life cov]+ ! e>?'s surface1 is pi]c$ by tracks1 ?r\gh :i* ! di/ribution ( crude commodities takes place4 ,& :ile 9 bo? cases1 ! acts ( di/ribution occur only at long int]vals 7! curr5ts1 aft] a pause1 n[ sett+ t[>ds a g5]al c5tre1 & n[ away f x71 ! transf] is 9 bo? cases sl[ & difficult4 ,b among o!r accompanim5ts ( progress1 common to animals & societies1 comes ! =mation ( m def9ite & complete *annels ( communication4 ,blood-vessels acquire di/9ct walls2 roads are f5c$ & gravell$4 ,?is advance is fir/ se5 9 ^? roads or vessels t are ne>e/ to ! *ief c5tres ( di/ribution2 :ile ! p]iph]al roads & p]iph]al vessels1 long cont9ue 9 _! primitive /ates4 ,at a yet lat] /age ( developm5t1 :]e comp>ative f9i% ( /ructure is f\nd ?r\gh\t ! sy/em z well z ne> ! *ief c5tres1 !re rema9s 9 bo? cases ! diff]5ce1 t ! ma9 *annels are comp>atively broad & /raight1 :ile ! subord9ate ones are n>r[ & tortu\s 9 proportion to _! remot5ess4 ,la/ly1 x is to be rem>k$ t !re ultimately arise 9 ! high] social organisms1 z 9 ! high] individual organisms1 ma9 *annels ( di/ribution /ill m di/+ui%$ by _! p]fect /ructures1 _! comp>ative /raightness1 & ! abs5ce ( ^? small bran*es :i* ! m9or *annels p]petually give (f4 ,& 9 railways we also see1 = ! fir/ "t 9 ! social organism1 a specialization ) respect to ! directions ( ! curr5ts--a sy/em ( d\ble *annels convey+ curr5ts 9 opposite directions1 z d ! art]ies & ve9s ( a well-develop$ animal4 ,^! p>allelisms 9 ! evolutions & /ructures ( ! circulat+ sy/ems1 introduce u to o!rs 9 ! k9ds & rates ( ! movem5ts go+ on ?r\gh !m4 ,9 ! l[e/ societies1 z 9 ! l[e/ creatures1 ! di/ribution ( crude nutrim5t is by sl[ gurgitations & regurgitations4 ,9 creatures t h rude vascul> sy/ems1 z 9 societies t are beg9n+ to h roads & "s transf] ( commodities along !m1 !re is no regul> circulation 9 def9ite c\rses2 b in/ead1 p]iodical *anges ( ! curr5ts--n[ t[>ds ?is po9t1 & n[ t[>ds t4 ,?r\gh ea* "p ( an inf]ior mollusk's body1 ! blood fl[s = a :ile 9 "o direction1 !n /ops1 & fl[s 9 ! opposite direction2 j z ?r\gh a rudely-organiz$ society1 ! di/ribution ( m]*&ise is sl[ly c>ri$ on by great fairs1 occurr+ 9 diff]5t localities1 to & f :i* ! curr5ts p]iodically set4 ,only animals ( tol]ably complete organizations1 l advanc$ communities1 are p]meat$ by con/ant curr5ts t are def9itely direct$4 ,9 liv+ bodies1 ! local & v>iable curr5ts disappe> :5 !re gr[ up great c5tres ( circulation1 g5]at+ m p[]ful curr5ts1 by a rhy?m :i* ends 9 a quick1 regul> pulsation4 ,& :5 9 social bodies1 !re arise great c5tres ( comm]cial activity1 produc+ & ex*ang+ l>ge quantities ( commodities1 ! rapid & cont9u\s /reams drawn 9 & emitt$ by ^! c5tres1 subdue all m9or & local circulations3 ! sl[ rhy?m ( fairs m]ges into ! fa/] "o ( weekly m>kets1 & 9 ! *ief c5tres ( di/ribution1 weekly m>kets m]ge into daily m>kets2 :ile 9 place ( ! languid transf] f place to place1 tak+ place at fir/ weekly1 !n twice or ?rice a week1 we by-&-by get daily transf]1 & f9ally transf] _m times a day--! orig9al sluggi%1 irregul> rhy?m1 becomes a rapid1 equable pulse4 ,m>k1 too1 t 9 bo? cases ! increas$ activity1 l ! great] p]fection ( /ructure1 is mu* less conspicu\s at ! p]iph]y ( ! vascul> sy/em4 ,on ma9 l9es ( railway1 we h1 p]haps1 a score tra9s 9 ea* direction daily1 go+ at f ?irty to fifty miles an h\r2 z1 ?r\gh ! great art]ies1 ! blood ru%es rapidly 9 successive gu%es4 ,along high roads1 !re move vehicles convey+ m5 & commodities ) mu* less1 ?\gh /ill consid]able1 spe$1 & ) a mu* less decid$ rhy?m2 z1 9 ! small] art]ies1 ! spe$ ( ! blood is greatly dim9i%$1 & ! pulse less conspicu\s4 ,9 p>i%-roads1 n>r[1 less complete1 & m tortu\s1 ! rate ( movem5t is fur!r decreas$ & ! rhy?m sc>cely traceable2 z 9 ! ultimate art]ies4 ,9 ^? /ill m imp]fect by-roads :i* lead f ^! p>i%-roads to scatt]$ f>mh\ses & cottages1 ! motion is yet sl[] & v irregul>2 j z we f9d x 9 ! capill>ies4 ,:ile along ! field-roads1 :i*1 9 _! un=m$1 unf5c$ /ate1 are typical ( lacunae1 ! movem5t is ! sl[e/1 ! mo/ irregul>1 & ! mo/ infrequ5t2 z x is1 n only 9 ! primitive lacunae ( animals1 & societies1 b z x is also 9 ^? lacunae 9 :i* ! vascul> sy/em ends among ext5sive families ( inf]ior creatures4 ,?us1 !n1 we f9d betwe5 ! di/ribut+ sy/ems ( liv+ bodies & ! di/ribut+ sy/ems ( bodies politic1 wond]fully close p>allelisms4 ,9 ! l[e/ =ms ( individual & social organisms1 !re exi/ nei!r prep>$ nutritive matt]s nor di/ribut+ appliances2 & 9 bo?1 ^!1 aris+ z necess>y accompanim5ts ( ! diff]5tiation ( p>ts1 approa* p]fection z ?is diff]5tiation approa*es complet5ess4 ,9 animals1 z 9 societies1 ! di/ribut+ ag5cies beg9 to %[ !mselves at ! same relative p]iods1 & 9 ! same relative positions4 ,9 ! "o1 z 9 ! o!r1 ! nutritive mat]ials circulat$1 are at fir/ crude & simple1 gradually become bett] elaborat$ & m het]og5e\s1 & h ev5tually add$ to !m a new elem5t facilitat+ ! nutritive processes4 ,! *annels ( communication pass ?r\gh simil> phases ( developm5t1 :i* br+ !m to analog\s =ms4 ,& ! directions1 rhy?ms1 & rates ( circulation1 progress by l /eps to l f9al conditions4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we come at l5g? to ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,hav+ notic$ ! prim>y diff]5tiation ( societies into ! gov]n+ & gov]n$ classes1 & obs]v$ its analogy to ! diff]5tiation ( ! two prim>y tissues :i* respectively develope into organs ( ext]nal action & organs ( alim5tation2 hav+ notic$ "s ( ! lead+ analogies betwe5 ! developm5t ( indu/rial arrangem5ts & t ( ! alim5t>y app>atus2 & hav+1 above1 m fully trac$ ! analogies betwe5 ! di/ribut+ sy/ems1 social & individual2 we h n[ to comp>e ! appliances by :i* a society1 z a :ole1 is regulat$1 ) ^? by :i* ! movem5ts ( an individual creature are regulat$4 ,we %all f9d "h1 p>allelisms equally /rik+ ) ^? already detail$4 ,! class out ( :i* gov]nm5tal organization orig9ates1 is1 z we h said1 analog\s 9 its relations to ! ectod]m ( ! l[e/ animals & ( embryonic =ms4 ,& z ?is primitive membrane1 out ( :i* ! n]vo-muscul> sy/em is evolv$1 mu/1 ev5 9 ! fir/ /age ( its diff]5tiation1 be slightly di/+ui%$ f ! re/ by t great] impressibility & contractility *>act]iz+ ! organs to :i* x gives rise2 s1 9 t sup]ior class :i* is ev5tually trans=m$ into ! directo-executive sy/em ( a society 7its legislative & def5sive appliances71 does !re exi/ 9 ! beg9n+1 a l>g] end[m5t ( ! capacities requir$ = ^! high] social functions4 ,always1 9 rude assemblages ( m51 ! /ronge/1 mo/ c\rage\s1 & mo/ sagaci\s1 become rul]s & lead]s2 &1 9 a tribe ( "s /&+1 ?is results 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( a dom9ant class1 *>act]iz$ on ! av]age by ^? m5tal & bodily qualities :i* fit !m = delib]ation & vigor\s comb9$ action4 ,?us t great] impressibility & contractility1 :i* 9 ! rude/ animal types *>act]ize ! units ( ! ectod]m1 *>act]ize also ! units ( ! primitive social ectod]m2 s9ce impressibility & contractility are ! respective roots ( intellig5ce & /r5g?4 ,aga91 9 ! unmodifi$ ectod]m1 z we see x 9 ! ,hydra1 ! units are all end[$ bo? ) impressibility & contractility2 b z we asc5d to high] types ( organization1 ! ectod]m diff]5tiates into classes ( units :i* divide ^? two functions betwe5 !m3 "s1 becom+ exclusively impressible1 cease to be contractile2 :ile "s1 becom+ exclusively contractile1 cease to be impressible4 ,simil>ly ) societies4 ,9 an aborig9al tribe1 ! directive & executive functions are diffus$ 9 a m+l$ =m ?r\gh\t ! :ole gov]n+ class4 ,ea* m9or *ief comm&s ^? "u him1 & if ne$ be1 himself co]ces !m into ob$i5ce4 ,! c\ncil ( *iefs itself c>ries out on ! battle-field its own decisions4 ,! head *ief n only makes laws1 b adm9i/]s ju/ice ) 8 own h&s4 ,9 l>g] & m settl$ communities1 h[ev]1 ! directive & executive ag5cies beg9 to gr[ di/9ct f ea* o!r4 ,z fa/ z 8 duties accumulate1 ! head *ief or k+ conf9es himself m & m to direct+ public affairs1 & leaves ! execution ( 8 w to o!rs3 he deputes o!rs to en=ce submission1 to inflict puni%m5ts1 or to c>ry out m9or acts ( (f5ce & def5ce2 & only on occasions :51 p]haps1 ! safety ( ! society & 8 own supremacy are at /ake1 does he beg9 to act z well z direct4 ,z ?is diff]5tiation e/abli%es itself1 ! *>act]i/ics ( ! rul] beg9 to *ange4 ,no long]1 z 9 an aborig9al tribe1 ! /ronge/ & mo/ d>+ man1 ! t5d5cy is = him to become ! man ( greate/ cunn+1 =esight1 & skill 9 ! managem5t ( o!rs2 = 9 societies t h advanc$ beyond ! fir/ /age1 x is *iefly su* qualities t insure success 9 ga9+ supreme p[]1 & hold+ x aga9/ int]nal & ext]nal enemies4 ,?us t memb] ( ! gov]n+ class :o comes to be ! *ief direct+ ag5t1 & s plays ! same "p t a rudim5t>y n]v\s c5tre does 9 an unfold+ organism1 is usually "o end[$ ) "s sup]iorities ( n]v\s organization4 ,9 ^? some:at l>g] & m complex communities possess+1 p]haps1 a sep>ate milit>y class1 a prie/hood1 & disp]s$ masses ( population requir+ local control1 !re necess>ily gr[ up subord9ate gov]n+ ag5ts2 :o z _! duties accumulate1 sev]ally become m directive & less executive 9 _! *>act]s4 ,& :51 z commonly happ5s1 ! k+ beg9s to collect r\nd himself advis]s :o aid him by communicat+ in=mation1 prep>+ subjects = 8 judgm5t1 & issu+ 8 ord]s2 we may say t ! =m ( organization is comp>able to "o v g5]al among inf]ior types ( animals1 9 :i* !re exi/s a *ief ganglion ) a few disp]s$ m9or ganglia "u its control4 ,! analogies betwe5 ! evolution ( gov]nm5tal /ructures 9 societies1 & ! evolution ( gov]nm5tal /ructures 9 liv+ bodies1 are1 h[ev]1 m /rik+ly display$ dur+ ! =mation ( nations by ! coalesc5ce ( small communities--a process already %[n to be1 9 sev]al respects1 p>allel to ! developm5t ( ^? creatures t prim>ily consi/ ( _m l segm5ts4 ,among o!r po9ts ( community betwe5 ! successive r+s :i* make up ! body 9 ! l[] ,articulata1 is ! possession ( simil> pairs ( ganglia4 ,^! pairs ( ganglia1 ?\gh unit$ toge!r by n]ves1 are v incompletely dep5d5t on any g5]al controll+ p[]4 ,h5ce x results t :5 ! body is cut 9 two1 ! h9d] "p cont9ues to move =w>d "u ! propulsion ( its num]\s legs2 & t :5 ! *a9 ( ganglia has be5 divid$ )\t sev]+ ! body1 ! h9d limbs may be se5 try+ to propel ! body 9 "o direction1 :ile ! =e limbs are try+ to propel x 9 ano!r4 ,among ! high] ,articulata1 h[ev]1 a numb] ( ! ant]ior pairs ( ganglia1 besides gr[+ l>g]1 unite 9 "o mass2 & ?is great cephalic ganglion1 becom+ ! co-ord9ator ( all ! creature's movem5ts1 !re no long] exi/s mu* local indep5d5ce4 ,n[ may we n 9 ! gr[? ( a consolidat$ k+dom out ( petty sov]eignties or b>onies1 obs]ve analog\s *anges8 ,l ! *iefs & primitive rul]s above describ$1 feudal lords1 ex]cis+ supreme p[] ov] _! respective gr\ps ( reta9]s1 dis*>ge functions analog\s to ^? ( rudim5t>y n]v\s c5tres2 & we "k t at fir/ !y1 l _! analogues1 are di/+ui%$ by sup]iorities ( directive & executive organization4 ,among ^! local gov]n+ c5tres1 !re is1 9 e>ly feudal times1 v little subord9ation4 ,!y are 9 frequ5t antagonism2 !y are individually re/ra9$ *iefly by ! influ5ce ( l>ge p>ties 9 _! own class2 & are b imp]fectly & irregul>ly subject to t mo/ p[]ful memb] ( _! ord] :o has ga9$ ! position ( head suz]a9 or k+4 ,z ! gr[? & organization ( ! society progresses1 ^! local directive c5tres fall m & m "u ! control ( a *ief directive c5tre4 ,clos] comm]cial union betwe5 ! sev]al segm5ts1 is accompani$ by clos] gov]nm5tal union2 & ^! m9or rul]s end 9 be+ little m ?an ag5ts :o adm9i/]1 9 _! sev]al localities1 ! laws made by ! supreme rul]3 j z ! local ganglia above describ$1 ev5tually become ag5ts :i* en=ce1 9 _! respective segm5ts1 ! ord]s ( ! cephalic ganglion4 ,! p>allelism holds /ill fur!r4 ,we rem>k$ above1 :5 speak+ ( ! rise ( aborig9al k+s1 t 9 proportion z _! t]ritories & duties increase1 !y are oblig$ n only to p]=m _! executive functions by deputy1 b also to ga!r r\nd !mselves advis]s to aid !m 9 _! directive functions2 & t ?us1 9 place ( a solit>y gov]n+ unit1 !re gr[s up a gr\p ( gov]n+ units1 comp>able to a ganglion consi/+ ( _m cells4 ,let u "h add1 t ! advis]s1 & *ief (fic]s :o ?us =m ! rudim5t ( a m9i/ry1 t5d f ! beg9n+ to ex]cise a c]ta9 control ov] ! rul]4 ,by ! in=mation !y give & ! op9ions !y express1 !y sway 8 judgm5t & affect 8 comm&s4 ,to ?is ext5t he !re=e becomes a *annel ?r\gh :i* are communicat$ ! directions orig9at+ ) !m2 & 9 c\rse ( "t1 :5 ! advice ( m9i/]s becomes ! ackn[l$g$ s\rce ( 8 actions1 ! k+ assumes v mu* ! "* ( an automatic c5tre1 reflect+ ! impressions made on him f )\t4 ,beyond ?is complication ( gov]nm5tal /ructure1 _m societies d n progress2 b 9 "s1 a fur!r developm5t takes place4 ,our own case be/ illu/rates ?is fur!r developm5t1 & its fur!r analogies4 ,to k+s & _! m9i/ries h be5 add$1 9 ,engl&1 o!r great directive c5tres1 ex]cis+ a control :i*1 at fir/ small1 has be5 gradually becom+ pr$om9ant3 z ) ! great gov]n+ ganglia t especially di/+ui% ! highe/ classes ( liv+ be+s4 ,/range z ! ass]tion w be ?\ght1 our ,h\ses ( ,p>liam5t dis*>ge 9 ! social economy1 functions t are 9 sundry respects comp>able to ^? dis*>g$ by ! c]ebral masses 9 a v]tebrate animal4 ,z x is 9 ! nature ( a s+le ganglion to be affect$ only by special /imuli f p>ticul> p>ts ( ! body2 s x is 9 ! nature ( a s+le rul] to be sway$ 9 8 acts by exclusive p]sonal or class int]e/s4 ,z x is 9 ! nature ( an aggregation ( ganglia1 connect$ ) ! prim>y "o1 to convey to x a great] v>iety ( influ5ces f m num]\s organs1 & ?us to make its acts con=m to m num]\s requirem5ts2 s x is 9 ! nature ( a k+ surr\nd$ by subsidi>y controll+ p[]s1 to adapt 8 rule to a great] numb] ( public exig5cies4 ,& z x is 9 ! nature ( ^? great & late/-develop$ ganglia :i* di/+ui% ! high] animals1 to int]pret & comb9e ! multipli$ & v>i$ impressions convey$ to !m f all p>ts ( ! sy/em1 & to regulate ! actions 9 su* way z duly to reg>d !m all2 s x is 9 ! nature ( ^? great & late/-develop$ legislative bodies :i* di/+ui% ! mo/ advanc$ societies1 to int]pret & comb9e ! wi%es & compla9ts ( all classes & localities1 & to regulate public affairs z mu* z possible 9 h>mony ) ! g5]al wants4 ,! c]ebrum co-ord9ates ! c\ntless het]og5e\s consid]ations :i* affect ! pres5t & future welf>e ( ! individual z a :ole2 & ! legislature co-ord9ates ! c\ntless het]og5e\s consid]ations :i* affect ! imm$iate & remote welf>e ( ! :ole community4 ,we may describe ! (fice ( ! bra9 z t ( av]ag+ ! int]e/s ( life1 physical1 intellectual1 moral1 social2 & a good bra9 is "o 9 :i* ! desires answ]+ to ^! respective int]e/s are s balanc$1 t ! conduct !y jo9tly dictate1 sacrifices none ( !m4 ,simil>ly1 we may describe ! (fice ( a ,p>liam5t z t ( av]ag+ ! int]e/s ( ! v>i\s classes 9 a community2 & a good ,p>liam5t is "o 9 :i* ! p>ties answ]+ to ^! respective int]e/s are s balanc$1 t _! unit$ legislation conc$es to ea* class z mu* z consi/s ) ! claims ( ! re/4 ,besides be+ comp>able 9 _! duties1 ^! great directive c5tres1 social & individual1 are comp>able 9 ! processes by :i* _! duties are dis*>g$4 ,x is n[ an ackn[l$g$ tru? 9 psy*ology1 t ! c]ebrum is n occupi$ ) direct impressions f )\t1 b ) ! ideas ( su* impressions3 in/ead ( ! actual s5sations produc$ 9 ! body1 & directly appreciat$ by ! s5sory ganglia or primitive n]v\s c5tres1 ! c]ebrum receives only ! repres5tations ( ^! s5sations2 & its consci\sness is call$ repres5tative consci\sness1 to di/+ui% x f ! orig9al or pres5tative consci\sness4 ,is x n significant t we h hit on ! same ^w to di/+ui% ! function ( our ,h\se ( ,commons8 ,we call x a repres5tative body1 because ! int]e/s ) :i* x deals--! pa9s & pleasures ab\t :i* x consults--are n directly pres5t$ to x1 b repres5t$ to x by its v>i\s memb]s2 & a debate is a conflict ( repres5tations ( ! evils or b5efits likely to foll[ f a propos$ c\rse--a description :i* applies ) equal tru? to a debate 9 ! individual consci\sness4 ,9 bo? cases1 too1 ^! great gov]n+ masses take no "p 9 ! executive functions4 ,z1 aft] a conflict 9 ! c]ebrum1 ^? desires :i* f9ally pr$om9ate1 act on ! subjac5t ganglia1 & ?r\gh _! in/rum5tality det]m9e ! bodily actions2 s ! p>ties :i*1 aft] a p>liam5t>y /ruggle1 ga9 ! victory1 d n !mselves c>ry out _! wi%es1 b get !m c>ri$ out by ! executive divisions ( ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,! fulfilm5t ( all legislative decisions /ill devolves on ! orig9al directive c5tres--! impulse pass+ f ! ,p>liam5t to ! ,m9i/]s1 & f ! ,m9i/]s to ! ,k+1 9 ^: "n ev]y?+ is done2 j z ^? small]1 fir/-develop$ ganglia1 :i* 9 ! l[e/ v]tebrata are ! *ief controll+ ag5ts1 are /ill1 9 ! bra9s ( ! high] v]tebrata1 ! ag5ts ?r\gh :i* ! dictates ( ! c]ebrum are work$ out4 ,moreov]1 9 bo? cases ^! orig9al c5tres become increas+ly automatic4 ,9 ! develop$ v]tebrate animal1 !y h little function beyond t ( convey+ impressions to1 & execut+ ! det]m9ations (1 ! l>g] c5tres4 ,9 our highly organiz$ gov]nm5t1 ! mon>* has long be5 laps+ into a passive ag5t ( ,p>liam5t2 & n[1 m9i/]s are rapidly fall+ into ! same position4 ,nay1 betwe5 ! two cases !re is a p>allelism1 ev5 9 respect ( ! exceptions to ?is automatic action4 ,= 9 ! individual creature1 x happ5s t "u circum/ances ( sudd5 al>m1 z f a l\d s\nd close at h&1 an unexpect$ object />t+ up 9 front1 or a slip f insecure foot+1 ! dang] is gu>d$ aga9/ by "s quick involunt>y jump1 or adju/m5t ( ! limbs1 t takes place be=e !re is "t to consid] ! imp5d+ evil1 & take delib]ate measures to avoid x3 ! rationale ( :i* is1 t ^! viol5t impressions produc$ on ! s5ses1 are reflect$ f ! s5sory ganglia to ! sp9al cord & muscles1 )\t1 z 9 ord9>y cases1 fir/ pass+ ?r\gh ! c]ebrum4 ,9 l mann]1 on national em]g5cies1 call+ = prompt action1 ! ,k+ & ,m9i/ry1 n hav+ "t to lay ! matt] be=e ! great delib]ative bodies1 !mselves issue comm&s = ! requisite movem5ts or precautions3 ! primitive1 & n[ almo/ automatic1 directive c5tres1 resume = a mom5t _! orig9al uncontroll$ p[]4 ,& !n1 /range/ ( all1 obs]ve t 9 ei!r case !re is an aft]process ( approval or disapproval4 ,! individual on recov]+ f 8 automatic />t1 at once contemplates ! cause ( 8 fright2 &1 accord+ to ! case1 concludes t x 0 well he mov$ z he did1 or condemns himself = 8 gr\ndless al>m4 ,9 l mann]1 ! delib]ative p[]s ( ! ,/ate1 discuss1 z soon z may be1 ! unau?oriz$ acts ( ! executive p[]s2 &1 decid+ t ! reasons 7 or 7 n suffici5t1 grant or )hold a bill ( indemnity4,v ,v ,x may be well to w>n ! read] aga9/ an error fall5 into by "o :o criticis$ ?is essay on its fir/ publication--! error ( suppos+ t ! analogy "h int5d$ to be drawn1 is a specific analogy betwe5 ! organization ( society 9 ,engl&1 & ! human organization4 ,z said at ! outset1 no su* specific analogy exi/s4 ,! above p>allel1 is "o betwe5 ! mo/-develop$ sy/ems ( gov]nm5tal organization1 individual & social2 & ! v]tebrate type is in/anc$1 m]ely z exhibit+ ?is mo/-develop$ sy/em4 ,if any specific comp>ison 7 made1 :i* x _c rationally be1 x w\ld be to "s mu* l[] v]tebrate =m ?an ! human4 ,?us f> 9 comp>+ ! gov]nm5tal organization ( ! body politic ) t ( an individual body1 we h consid]$ only ! respective co-ord9at+ c5tres4 ,we h yet to consid] ! *annels ?r\gh :i* ^! co-ord9at+ c5tres receive in=mation & convey comm&s4 ,9 ! simple/ societies1 z 9 ! simple/ organisms1 !re is no int]nuncial app>atus1 z ,hunt] /yl$ ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,consequ5tly1 impressions c be b sl[ly propagat$ f unit to unit ?r\gh\t ! :ole mass4 ,! same progress1 h[ev]1 :i*1 9 animal-organization1 %[s itself 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( ganglia or directive c5tres1 %[s itself also 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( n]ve-?reads1 ?r\gh :i* ! ganglia receive & convey impressions1 & s control remote organs4 ,& 9 societies ! l ev5tually takes place4 ,aft] a long p]iod dur+ :i* ! directive c5tres communicate ) v>i\s p>ts ( ! society ?r\gh o!r means1 !re at la/ comes into exi/5ce an int]nuncial app>atus1 analog\s to t f\nd 9 individual bodies4 ,! comp>ison ( telegraph-wires to n]ves1 is famili> to all4 ,x applies1 h[ev]1 to an ext5t n commonly suppos$4 ,we d n ref] to ! ne> alliance betwe5 ! subtle =ces employ$ 9 ! two cases2 ?\gh x is n[ held t ! n]ve-=ce1 if n lit]ally electric1 is /ill a special =m ( electric action1 relat$ to ! ord9>y =m mu* z magnetism is4 ,b we ref] to ! /ructural arrangem5ts ( our telegraph-sy/em4 ,?us1 ?r\gh\t ! v]tebrate sub-k+dom1 ! great n]ve-bundles div]ge f ! v]tebrate axis1 side by side ) ! great art]ies2 & simil>ly1 our gr\ps ( telegraph-wires are c>ri$ along ! sides ( our railways4 ,! mo/ /rik+ p>allelism1 h[ev]1 rema9s4 ,into ea* great bundle ( n]ves1 z x leaves ! axis ( ! body along ) an art]y1 !re ent]s a bran* ( ! sympa!tic n]ve2 :i* bran*1 accompany+ ! art]y ?r\gh\t its ramifications1 has ! function ( regulat+ its diamet] & o!rwise controll+ ! fl[ ( blood ?r\gh x accord+ to ! local requirem5ts4 ,analog\sly1 9 ! gr\p ( telegraph-wires runn+ alongside ea* railway1 !re is "o = ! purpose ( regulat+ ! traffic--= ret>d+ or exp$it+ ! fl[ ( pass5g]s & commodities1 z ! local conditions dem&4 ,probably1 :5 our n[ rudim5t>y telegraph-sy/em is fully develop$1 o!r analogies w be traceable4 ,su*1 !n1 is a g5]al outl9e ( ! evid5ce :i* ju/ifies1 9 detail1 ! comp>ison ( societies to liv+ organisms4 ,t !y gradually increase 9 mass2 t !y become little by little m complex2 t at ! same "t _! p>ts gr[ m mutually dep5d5t2 & t !y cont9ue to live & gr[ z :oles1 :ile successive g5]ations ( _! units appe> & disappe>2 are broad peculi>ities :i* bodies politic display1 9 common ) all liv+ bodies2 & 9 :i* !y & liv+ bodies diff] f ev]y?+ else4 ,& on c>ry+ out ! comp>ison 9 detail1 we f9d t ^! major analogies involve _m m9or analogies1 f> clos] ?an might h be5 expect$4 ,to ^! we w\ld gladly h add$ o!rs4 ,we _h hop$ to say some?+ respect+ ! diff]5t types ( social organization1 & some?+ also on social metamorphoses2 b we h rea*$ our assign$ limits4 ,,xi4 ,,use ,,& ,,beauty ,9 "o ( 8 essays1 ,em]son rem>ks1 t :at ,nature at "o "t provides = use1 %e aft]w>ds turns to ornam5t2 & he cites 9 illu/ration ! /ructure ( a sea-%ell1 9 :i* ! p>ts t h = a :ile =m$ ! m\? are at ! next season ( gr[? left beh9d1 & become decorative nodes & sp9es4 ,x has (t5 occurr$ to me t ?is same rem>k might be ext5d$ to ! progress ( ,humanity4 ,"h1 too1 ! appliances ( "o era s]ve z embelli%m5ts to ! next4 ,equally 9 in/itutions1 cre$s1 cu/oms1 & sup]/itions1 we may trace ?is evolution ( beauty out ( :at 0 once purely utilit>ian4 ,! contra/ betwe5 ! feel+ ) :i* we reg>d portions ( ! ,e>?'s surface /ill left 9 _! orig9al /ate1 & ! feel+ ) :i* ! savage reg>d$ !m1 is an in/ance t naturally comes fir/ 9 ord] ( "t4 ,if any "o walk+ ov] ,hamp/ead ,hea?1 w note h[ /rongly its picturesqu5ess is br\ght out by contra/ ) ! surr\nd+ cultivat$ fields & ! masses ( h\ses ly+ 9 ! di/ance2 & w fur!r reflect t1 _h ?is irregul> gorse-cov]$ surface ext5d$ on all sides to ! horizon1 x w\ld h look$ dre>y & prosaic r ?an pleas+2 he w see t to ! primitive man a c\ntry s clo!d pres5t$ no beauty at all4 ,to him x 0 m]ely a haunt ( wild animals1 & a gr\nd out ( :i* roots might be dug4 ,:at h become = u places ( relaxation & enjoym5t--places = aft]noon /rolls & = ga!r+ fl[]s--7 8 places = lab\r & food1 probably ar\s+ 9 8 m9d none b utilit>ian associations4 ,ru9$ ca/les af=d an obvi\s in/ance ( ?is metamorphosis ( ! useful into ! beautiful4 ,to feudal b>ons & _! reta9]s1 security 0 ! *ief1 if n ! only end1 s\ght 9 *oos+ ! sites & /yles ( _! /rongholds4 ,probably !y aim$ z little at ! picturesque z d ! build]s ( *eap brick h\ses 9 our mod]n t[ns4 ,yet :at :]e erect$ = %elt] & safety1 & :at 9 ^? e>ly days fulfill$ an important function 9 ! social economy1 h n[ assum$ a purely ornam5tal "*4 ,!y s]ve z sc5es = picnics2 pictures ( !m decorate our draw+-rooms2 & ea* supplies its surr\nd+ di/ricts ) leg5ds = ,*ri/mas ,eve4 ,foll[+ out ! tra9 ( ?\ght sugge/$ by ?is la/ illu/ration1 we may see t n only d ! mat]ial exuviae ( pa/ social /ates become ! ornam5ts ( our l&scapes2 b t pa/ habits1 mann]s1 & arrangem5ts1 s]ve z ornam5tal elem5ts 9 our lit]ature4 ,! tyrannies t1 to ! s]fs :o bore !m1 7 h>% & dre>y facts2 ! feuds :i*1 to ^? :o took "p 9 !m1 7 v practical life-&-dea? affairs2 ! mail$1 moat$1 s5t9ell$ security t 0 irksome to ! nobles :o ne$$ x2 ! imprisonm5ts1 & tortures1 & escapes1 :i* 7 /]n & q prosaic realities to all conc]n$ 9 !m2 h become to u mat]ial = romantic tales--mat]ial :i* :5 wov5 into ,ivanhoes & ,m>mions1 s]ves = amusem5t 9 leisure h\rs1 & become poetical by contra/ ) our daily lives4 ,?us1 also1 is x ) ext9ct cre$s4 ,/oneh5ge1 :i* 9 ! h&s ( ! ,druids _h a gov]nm5tal influ5ce ov] m51 is 9 our day a place = antiqu>ian excursions2 & its att5dant prie/s are work$ up into an op]a4 ,greek sculptures1 pres]v$ = _! beauty 9 our gall]ies ( art1 & copi$ = ! decoration ( pleasure gr\nds & entrance halls1 once liv$ 9 m5's m9ds z gods dem&+ ob$i5ce2 z did also ! grotesque idols t n[ amuse ! visitors to our museums4 ,equally m>k$ is ?is *ange ( function 9 ! case ( m9or sup]/itions4 ,! fairy lore1 :i* 9 pa/ times 0 matt] ( grave belief1 & held sway ov] p's conduct1 has s9ce be5 trans=m$ into ornam5t = ,a ,midsumm] ,night's ,dream1 ,! ,tempe/1 ,! ,fairy ,que51 & endless small tales & poems2 & /ill af=ds subjects = *ildr5's /ory-books1 !mes = ballets1 & plots = ,plan*e's burlesques4 ,gnomes1 & g5ii1 & afrits1 los+ all _! t]rors1 give piquancy to ! woodcuts 9 our illu/rat$ edition ( ! ,arabian ,nights4 ,:ile gho/-/ories1 & tales ( magic & wit*craft1 aft] s]v+ to amuse boys & girls 9 _! leisure h\rs1 become matt] = jocose allusions t enliv5 tea-table conv]sation4 ,ev5 our s]i\s lit]ature & our spee*es are v g5]ally reliev$ by ornam5ts drawn f su* s\rces4 ,a ,greek my? is (t5 us$ z a p>allel by :i* to v>y ! monotony ( "s grave argum5t4 ,! lectur] breaks ! dead level ( 8 practical disc\rse by illu/rations drawn f bygone cu/oms1 ev5ts1 or beliefs4 ,& metaphors1 simil>ly d]iv$1 give brilliancy to political orations1 & to ,times lead+ articles4 ,inde$1 on c>eful inquiry1 ,i ?9k x w be f\nd t we turn to purposes ( beauty mo/ bygone ph5om5a t are at all conspicu\s4 ,! bu/s ( great m5 9 our libr>ies1 & _! tombs 9 our *ur*es2 ! once useful b n[ purely ornam5tal h]aldic symbols2 ! monks1 nuns1 & conv5ts1 t give int]e/ to a c]ta9 class ( novels2 ! bronze m$iaeval soldi]s us$ = embelli%+ draw+-rooms2 ! gilt ,apollos t recl9e on "t-pieces2 ! n>ratives t s]ve z plots = our great dramas2 & ! ev5ts t af=d subjects = hi/orical pictures2--^! & su* l illu/rations ( ! metamorphosis ( ! useful into ! beautiful1 are s num]\s z to sugge/ t1 did we se>* dilig5tly en\gh1 we %\ld f9d t 9 "s place1 or "u "s circum/ances1 ne>ly e notable product ( ! pa/ has assum$ a decorative "*4 ,& "h ! m5tion ( hi/orical pictures rem9ds me t an inf]5ce may be drawn f all ?is1 be>+ directly on ! practice ( art4 ,x has ( late ye>s be5 a frequ5t criticism ^u our hi/orical pa9t]s1 t !y err 9 *oos+ _! subjects f ! pa/2 & t1 w\ld !y f\nd a g5u9e & vital s*ool1 !y mu/ r5d] on canvas ! life & de$s & aims ( our own "t4 ,if1 h[ev]1 !re be any significance 9 ! =ego+ facts1 x seems d\btful :e!r ?is criticism is a j "o4 ,= if x be ! process ( ?+s1 t :at has p]=m$ "s practical function 9 society dur+ "o era1 becomes available = ornam5t 9 a subsequ5t "o2 x almo/ foll[s t1 conv]sely1 :atev] is p]=m+ "s practical function n[1 or has v rec5tly p]=m$ "o1 does n possess ! ornam5tal "*2 & is1 consequ5tly1 inapplicable to any purpose ( :i* beauty is ! aim1 or ( :i* x is a ne$ful +r$i5t4 ,/ill m reasonable w ?is conclusion appe>1 :5 we consid] ! nature ( ?is process by :i* ! useful is *ang$ into ! ornam5tal4 ,an ess5tial pre-requisite to all beauty is contra/4 ,to obta9 arti/ic effect1 light mu/ be put 9 juxtaposition ) %ade1 bright col\rs ) dull col\rs1 a frett$ surface ) a pla9 "o4 ,=te passages 9 music mu/ h piano passages to relieve !m2 conc]t$ pieces ne$ int]sp]s+ ) solos2 & ri* *ords mu/ n be cont9u\sly repeat$4 ,9 ! drama we dem& contra/ ( *>act]s1 ( sc5es1 ( s5tim5t1 ( /yle4 ,9 prose composition an eloqu5t passage %\ld h a comp>atively pla9 sett+2 & 9 poems great effect is obta9$ by occasional *ange ( v]sification4 ,?is g5]al pr9ciple w1 ,i ?9k1 expla9 ! trans=mation ( ! bygone useful into ! pres5t beautiful4 ,x is by virtue ( _! contra/ ) our pres5t modes ( life1 t pa/ modes ( life look int]e/+ & romantic4 ,j z a picnic1 :i* is a tempor>y return to an aborig9al condition1 d]ives1 f its unfamili>ity1 a c]ta9 poetry :i* x w\ld n h 7 x habitual2 s1 ev]y?+ anci5t ga9s1 f its relative novelty to u1 an elem5t ( int]e/4 ,gradually z1 by ! gr[? ( society1 we leave beh9d ! cu/oms1 mann]s1 arrangem5ts1 & all ! products1 mat]ial & m5tal1 ( a bygone age--gradually z we rec$e f ^! s f> t !re arises a conspicu\s diff]5ce betwe5 !m & ^? we are famili> )2 s gradually d !y beg9 to assume to u a poetical aspect1 & become applicable = ornam5t4 ,& h5ce x foll[s t ?+s & ev5ts :i* are close to u1 & :i* are accompani$ by associations ( ideas n m>k$ly contra/$ ) our ord9>y associations are relatively inappropriate = purposes ( art4 ,,xii4 ,,! ,,s\rces ,,( ,,ar*itectural ,,types4 ,:5 lately look+ ?r\gh ! gall]y ( ! ,old ,wat]-,col\r ,society1 ,i 0 /ruck ) ! incongruity produc$ by putt+ regul> ar*itecture into irregul> sc5]y4 ,9 "o case1 :]e ! arti/ _h introduc$ a p]fectly symmetrical ,grecian edifice into a m\nta9\s & some:at wild l&scape1 ! discordant effect 0 p>ticul>ly m>k$4 ,h[ v unpicturesque1 said a lady to h] fri5d1 z !y pass$2 %[+ t ,i 0 n alone 9 my op9ion4 ,h] phrase1 h[ev]1 set me speculat+4 ,:y unpicturesque8 ,picturesque means1 l a picture--l :at m5 *oose = pictures4 ,:y !n %\ld ?is be n fit = a picture8 ,?9k+ ! matt] ov]1 x seem$ to me t ! arti/ _h s9n$ aga9/ t unity :i* is ess5tial to a good picture4 ,:5 ! o!r con/itu5ts ( a l&scape h irregul> =ms1 any artificial /ructure introduc$ mu/ h an irregul> =m1 t x may seem "p ( ! l&scape4 ,! same g5]al "* mu/ p]vade x & surr\nd+ objects2 o!rwise x1 & ! sc5e amid :i* x /&s1 become n "o ?+ b two ?+s2 & we say x looks out ( place4 ,or1 speak+ psy*ologically1 ! associat$ ideas call$ up by a build+ ) its w+s1 w9d[s1 & all its p>ts symmetrically dispos$1 diff] widely f ! ideas associat$ ) an entirely irregul> l&scape2 & ! "o set ( ideas t5ds to bani% ! o!r4 ,pursu+ ! tra9 ( ?\ght1 sundry illu/rative facts came to my m9d4 ,i rememb]$ t a ca/le1 :i* is m irregul> 9 outl9e ?an any o!r k9d ( build+1 pleases u mo/ :5 seat$ amid crags & precipices2 :ile a ca/le on a pla9 seems an incongruity4 ,! p>tly-regul> & p>tly-irregul> =ms ( our old f>m-h\ses1 & our gabl$ go?ic manors & abbeys1 appe> q 9 h>mony ) an undulat+1 wood$ c\ntry4 ,9 t[ns we pref] symmetrical ar*itecture2 & 9 t[ns x produces 9 u no feel+ ( incongruity1 because all surr\nd+ ?+s--m51 horses1 vehicles--are symmetrical also4 ,& "h ,i 0 rem9d$ ( a notion t has frequ5tly recurr$ to me2 namely1 t !re is "s relation%ip betwe5 ! sev]al k9ds ( ar*itecture & ! sev]al classes ( natural objects4 ,build+s 9 ! ,greek & ,roman /yles seem1 9 virtue ( _! symmetry1 to take _! type f animal life4 ,9 ! p>tly-irregul> ,go?ic1 ideas d]iv$ f ! vegetable _w appe> to pr$om9ate4 ,& :olly irregul> build+s1 su* z ca/les1 may be consid]$ z hav+ inorganic =ms = _! basis4 ,:imsical z ?is speculation looks at fir/ sight1 x is c\nt5anc$ by num]\s facts4 ,! connexion betwe5 symmetrical ar*itecture & animal =ms1 may be inf]r$ f ! k9d ( symmetry we expect1 & are satisfi$ )1 9 regul> build+s4 ,?us 9 a ,greek temple we require t ! front %all be symmetrical 9 itself1 & t ! two flanks %all be alike2 b we d n look = uni=mity betwe5 ! flanks & ! front1 nor betwe5 ! front & ! back4 ,! id5tity ( ?is symmetry ) t f\nd 9 animals is obvi\s4 ,aga91 :y is x t a build+ mak+ any pret5sion to symmetry displeases u if n q symmetrical8 ,probably ! reply w be--,because we see t ! design]'s idea is n fully c>ri$ out2 & t h5ce our love ( complet5ess is (f5d$4 ,b !n !re come ! fur!r que/ions--,h[ d we "k t ! ar*itect's conception 0 symmetrical8 ,:5ce comes ?is notion ( symmetry :i* we h1 & :i* we attribute to him8 ,unless we fall back ^u ! old doctr9e ( innate ideas1 we mu/ admit t ! idea ( bilat]al symmetry is d]iv$ f )\t2 & to admit ?is is to admit t x is d]iv$ f ! high] animals4 ,t !re is "s relation%ip betwe5 ,go?ic ar*itecture & vegetable =ms is a position g5]ally admitt$4 ,! (t5-rem>k$ analogy betwe5 a gro9$ nave & an av5ue ( trees ) int]lac+ bran*es1 %[s t ! fact has =c$ itself on m5's obs]vation4 ,x is n only 9 ?is analogy1 h[ev]1 t ! k9%ip is se54 ,x is se5 /ill bett] 9 ! ess5tial *>act]i/ic ( ,go?ic2 namely1 :at is t]m$ its aspir+ t5d5cy4 ,t pr$om9ance ( v]tical l9es :i* s /rongly di/+ui%es ,go?ic f o!r /yles1 is ! mo/ m>k$ peculi>ity ( trees1 :5 comp>$ ) animals or rocks4 ,to p]sons ( active imag9ation1 a tall ,go?ic t[]1 ) its elongat$ ap]tures & clu/]s ( ?9 projections runn+ f bottom to top1 sugge/s a vague notion ( gr[?4 ,( ! alleg$ connexion betwe5 inorganic =ms & ! :olly irregul> & ! ca/ellat$ /yles ( build+1 we h1 ,i ?9k1 "s pro( 9 ! fact t :5 an edifice is irregul>1 ! m irregul> x is ! m x pleases u4 ,i see no way ( acc\nt+ = ?is fact1 save by suppos+ t ! great] ! irregul>ity ! m /rongly are we rem9d$ ( ! inorganic =ms typifi$1 & ! m vividly are ar\s$ ! agreeable ideas ( rugg$ & romantic sc5]y associat$ ) ^? =ms4 ,fur!r evid5ce ( ^! sev]al relation%ips ( /yles ( ar*itecture to classes ( natural objects1 is suppli$ by ! k9ds ( decoration !y respectively repres5t4 ,! public build+s ( ,greece1 :ile *>act]iz$ 9 _! outl9es by ! bilat]al symmetry se5 9 ! high] animals1 h _! p$im5ts & entablatures cov]$ ) sculptur$ m5 & bea/s4 ,egyptian temples & ,assyrian palaces1 :ile simil>ly symmetrical 9 _! g5]al plan1 are simil>ly ornam5t$ on _! walls & at _! doors4 ,9 ,go?ic1 aga91 ) its grove-l ranges ( clu/]$ columns1 we f9d ri* foliat$ ornam5ts abundantly employ$4 ,& accompany+ ! totally irregul>1 inorganic outl9es ( old ca/les1 we see nei!r vegetable nor animal decorations4 ,! b>e1 rock-l walls are surm\nt$ by battlem5ts1 consi/+ ( almo/ pla9 blocks1 :i* rem9d u ( ! projections on ! edge ( a rugg$ cliff4 ,b p]haps ! mo/ significant fact is ! h>mony t may be obs]v$ betwe5 ea* type ( ar*itecture & ! sc5es 9 :i* x is indig5\s4 ,= :at is ! explanation ( ?is h>mony1 unless x be t ! pr$om9ant "* ( surr\nd+ ?+s has1 9 "s way1 det]m9$ ! mode ( build+ adopt$8 ,t ! h>mony exi/s is cle>4 ,equally 9 ! cases ( ,egypt1 ,assyria1 ,greece1 & ,rome1 t[n life prec$$ ! con/ruction ( ! symmetrical build+s t h come d[n to u4 ,& t[n life is "o 9 :i*1 z already obs]v$1 ! majority ( famili> objects are symmetrical4 ,we in/9ctively feel ! naturalness ( ?is association4 ,out amid ! fields1 a =mal h\se1 ) a c5tral door flank$ by an equal numb] ( w9d[s to "r & left1 /rikes u z unrural--looks z ?\gh transplant$ f a /reet2 & we _c look at "o ( ^? /ucco$ villas1 ) mock w9d[s c>efully arrang$ to balance ! real ones1 )\t be+ rem9d$ ( ! suburban resid5ce ( a retir$ tradesman4 ,9 /yles indig5\s 9 ! c\ntry1 we n only f9d ! g5]al irregul>ity *>act]i/ic ( surr\nd+ ?+s1 b we may trace "s k9%ip betwe5 ea* k9d ( irregul>ity & ! local circum/ances4 ,we see ! brok5 rocky masses amid :i* ca/les are commonly plac$1 mirror$ 9 _! /]n1 inorganic =ms4 ,9 abbeys1 & su*-l build+s1 :i* are commonly f\nd 9 comp>atively %elt]$ di/ricts1 we f9d no su* viol5t dislocations ( masses & outl9es2 & ! nak$ness appropriate to ! =tress is replac$ by decorations reflect+ ! neighb\r+ woods4 ,betwe5 a ,swiss cottage & a ,swiss view !re is an evid5t relation%ip4 ,! angul> ro(1 s bold & s disproportionately l>ge :5 comp>$ to o!r ro(s1 rem9ds "o ( ! adjac5t m\nta9 peaks2 & ! broad ov]hang+ eaves h a sweep & incl9ation l ^? ( ! l[] bran*es ( a p9e tree4 ,consid]1 too1 ! app>5t k9%ip betwe5 ! flat ro(s t prevail 9 ,ea/]n cities1 int]sp]s$ ) occasional m9>ets1 & ! pla9s t commonly surr\nd !m1 dott$ "h & !re by palm trees4 ,y _c contemplate a picture ( "o ( ^! places1 )\t be+ /ruck by ! pr$om9ance ( horizontal l9es1 & _! h>mony ) ! wide /ret* ( ! l&scape4 ,t ! congruity "h po9t$ out %\ld hold 9 e case mu/ n be expect$4 ,! ,pyramids1 = example1 d n seem to come "u ?is g5]alization4 ,_! repeat$ horizontal l9es d inde$ con=m to ! flatness ( ! neighb\r+ des]t2 b _! g5]al cont\r seems to h no adjac5t analogue4 ,consid]+1 h[ev]1 t migrat+ races1 c>ry+ _! ar*itectural sy/ems ) !m1 w\ld naturally produce build+s hav+ no relation%ip to _! new localities2 & t x is n always possible to di/+ui% /yles :i* are indig5\s1 f ^? :i* are naturaliz$2 num]\s anomalies mu/ be look$ =4 ,! g5]al idea above illu/rat$ w p]haps be some:at mis9t]pret$4 ,possibly "s w take ! proposition to be t m5 int5tionally gave to _! build+s ! lead+ *>act]i/ics ( neighb\r+ objects4 ,b ?is is n :at is meant4 ,i d n suppose t !y did s 9 times pa/1 any m ?an !y d s n[4 ,! hypo!sis is1 t 9 _! *oice ( =ms m5 are unconsci\sly influ5c$ by ! =ms encircl+ !m4 ,t flat-ro($1 symmetrical ar*itecture %\ld h orig9at$ 9 ! ,ea/1 among pa/oral tribes surr\nd$ by _! h]ds & by wide pla9s1 seems to imply t ! build]s 7 sway$ by ! horizontality & symmetry to :i* !y 7 habituat$4 ,& ! h>mony :i* we h f\nd to exi/ 9 o!r cases betwe5 indig5\s /yles & _! localities1 implies ! g5]al action ( l influ5ces4 ,inde$1 on consid]+ ! matt] psy*ologically1 ,i d n see h[ x c\ld well be o!rwise4 ,= z all conceptions mu/ be made up ( images1 & p>ts ( images1 receiv$ ?r\gh ! s5ses--z x is impossible = a man to conceive any design save "o ( :i* ! elem5ts h come into 8 m9d f )\t2 & z 8 imag9ation w mo/ readily run 9 ! direction ( 8 habitual p]ceptions2 x foll[s1 almo/ necess>ily1 t ! *>act]i/ic :i* pr$om9ates 9 ^! habitual p]ceptions mu/ impress itself on 8 design4 ,,xiii4 ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,an?ropomorphism4 ,t long fit ( indignation :i* seizes all g5]\s natures :5 9 y\? !y beg9 contemplat+ human affairs1 hav+ fairly sp5t itself1 !re sl[ly gr[s up a p]ception t ! in/itutions1 beliefs1 & =ms s vehem5tly condemn$ are n :olly bad4 ,?is reaction runs to v>i\s l5g?s4 ,9 "s1 m]ely to a comp>ative cont5tm5t ) ! arrangem5ts "u :i* !y live4 ,9 o!rs to a recognition ( ! fitness t exi/s betwe5 ea* p & its gov]nm5t1 tyrannical z t may be4 ,9 "s1 aga91 to ! conviction1 t hateful ?\gh x is to u1 & injuri\s z x w\ld be n[1 slav]y 0 once b5eficial--0 "o ( ! necess>y phases ( human progress4 ,aga91 9 o!rs1 to ! suspicion t great b5efit has indirectly aris5 f ! p]petual w>f>e ( pa/ times2 insur+ z ?is did ! spread ( ! /ronge/ races1 & s provid+ good raw mat]ial = civilization4 ,& 9 a few ?is reaction ends 9 ! g5]alization t all modes ( human ?\ght & action subs]ve1 9 ! times & places 9 :i* !y occur1 "s useful function3 t ?\gh bad 9 ! ab/ract1 !y are relatively good--are ! be/ :i* ! !n exi/+ conditions admit (4 ,a />tl+ conclusion to :i* ?is fai? 9 ! ess5tial b5efic5ce ( ?+s commits u1 is t ! religi\s cre$s ?r\gh :i* mank9d successively pass1 are1 dur+ ! eras 9 :i* !y are sev]ally held1 ! be/ t c\ld be held2 & t ?is is true1 n only ( ! late/ & mo/ ref9$ cre$s1 b ( all1 ev5 to ! e>lie/ & mo/ gross4 ,^? :o reg>d m5's fai?s z giv5 to !m f )\t--z hav+ orig9s ei!r directly div9e or diabolical1 & :o1 consid]+ _! own z ! sole example ( ! "o1 class all ! re/ "u ! o!r1 w ?9k ?is a v %ock+ op9ion4 ,i c imag9e1 too1 t _m ( ^? :o h ab&on$ curr5t !ologies1 & n[ reg>d religions z s _m natural products ( human nature--m5 :o1 hav+ lo/ t antagonism t[>ds _! old cre$ :i* !y felt :ile %ak+ !mselves free f x1 c n[ see t x 0 highly b5eficial to pa/ g5]ations1 & is b5eficial /ill to a l>ge "p ( mank9d2--,i c imag9e ev5 ^! h>dly prep>$ to admit t all religions1 d[n to ! l[e/ ,feti*ism1 h1 9 _! places1 fulfill$ useful functions4 ,if su*1 h[ev]1 w consi/5tly develop _! ideas1 !y w f9d ?is inf]5ce involv$4 ,= if x be true t humanity 9 its corporate z well z 9 its individual aspect1 is a gr[? & n a manufacture1 x is obvi\s t dur+ ea* phase m5's !ologies1 z well z _! political & social arrangem5ts1 mu/ be det]m9$ into su* =ms z ! conditions require4 ,9 ! "o case z 9 ! o!r1 by a t5tative process1 ?+s f "t to "t re-settle !mselves 9 a way t be/ consi/s ) national equilibrium4 ,z out ( plots & ! /ruggles ( *iefta9s1 x cont9ually results t ! /ronge/ gets to ! top1 & by virtue ( 8 prov$ sup]iority ensures a p]iod ( quiet1 & gives society "t to gr[2 z out ( incid5tal exp$i5ts !re p]iodically arise new divisions ( lab\r1 :i* get p]man5tly e/abli%$ only by s]v+ m5's wants bett] ?an ! previ\s arrangem5ts did2 s1 ! cre$ :i* ea* p]iod evolves is "o m 9 con=mity ) ! ne$s ( ! "t ?an ! cre$ :i* prec$$ x4 ,n to re/ 9 g5]al /atem5ts1 h[ev]1 let u consid] :y ?is mu/ be s4 ,let u see :e!r1 9 ! g5esis ( m5's ideas ( deity1 !re is n involv$ a necessity to conceive ( deity "u ! aspect mo/ influ5tial ) !m4 ,x is n[ g5]ally admitt$ t a m or less idealiz$ humanity is ! =m :i* e conception ( a p]sonal ,god mu/ take4 ,an?ropomorphism is an inevitable result ( ! laws ( ?\ght4 ,we _c take a /ep t[>ds con/ruct+ an idea ( ,god )\t ! ascription ( human attributes4 ,we _c ev5 speak ( a div9e w )\t assimilat+ ! div9e nature to our own2 = we "k no?+ ( volition save z a prop]ty ( our own m9ds4 ,:ile ?is an?ropomorphic t5d5cy1 or r necessity1 is manife/$ by !mselves ) suffici5t grossness--a grossness t is (f5sive to ^? m advanc$--,*ri/ians are indignant at ! /ill gross] manife/ations ( x se5 among unciviliz$ m54 ,c]ta9ly1 su* conceptions z ^? ( "s ,polynesians1 :o believe t _! gods fe$ on ! s\ls ( ! dead1 or z ^? ( ! ,greeks1 :o ascrib$ to ! p]sonages ( _! ,pan!on e vice1 f dome/ic cannibalism d[nw>d1 are repulsive en\gh4 ,b if1 ceas+ to reg>d ^! notions f ! outside1 we m philosophically reg>d !m f ! inside--if we consid] h[ !y look$ to believ]s1 & obs]ve ! relation%ips !y bore to ! natures & ne$s ( su*2 we %all beg9 to ?9k ( !m ) "s tol]ance4 ,! "q to be answ]$ is1 :e!r ^! beliefs 7 b5efic5t 9 _! effects on ^? :o held !m2 n :e!r !y w\ld be b5efic5t = u1 or = p]fect m52 & to ?is "q ! answ] mu/ be t :ile absolutely bad1 !y 7 relatively good4 ,= is x n obvi\s t ! savage man w be mo/ effectually controll$ by 8 fe>s ( a savage deity8 ,mu/ x n happ51 t if 8 nature requires great re/ra9t1 ! suppos$ consequ5ces ( transgression1 to be a *eck ^u him1 mu/ be proportionately t]rible2 & = ^! to be proportionately t]rible1 mu/ n 8 god be conceiv$ z proportionately cruel & rev5geful8 ,is x n well t ! trea*]\s1 ?ievi%1 ly+ ,h9doo %\ld believe 9 a hell :]e ! wick$ are boil$ 9 cauldrons1 roll$ d[n m\nta9s bri/l+ ) knives1 & sawn asund] betwe5 flam+ iron po/s8 ,& t !re may be provid$ su* a hell1 is x n ne$ful t he %\ld believe 9 a div9ity delight+ 9 human immolations & ! self-torture ( fakirs8 ,does x n seem cle> t dur+ ! e>li] ages 9 ,*ri/5dom1 :5 m5's feel+s 7 s h>d t a holy fa!r c\ld describe "o ( ! delights ( heav5 to be ! contemplation ( ! torm5ts ( ! damn$--does x n seem cle> t :ile ! g5]al nature 0 s unsympa!tic1 !re ne$$1 to keep m5 9 ord]1 all ! prospective tortures describ$ by ,dante1 & a deity implacable en\gh to inflict !m8 ,& if1 z we ?us see1 x is well = ! savage man to believe 9 a savage god1 !n we may also see ! great usefulness ( ?is an?ropomorphic t5d5cy2 or1 z be=e said1 necessity4 ,we h 9 x ano!r illu/ration ( t ess5tial b5efic5ce ( ?+s visible ev]y:]e ?r\gh\t nature4 ,f ?is inability "u :i* we lab\r to conceive ( a deity save z "s idealization ( ourselves1 x inevitably results t 9 ea* age1 among ea* p1 & to a great ext5t 9 ea* individual1 !re mu/ arise j t conception ( deity be/ adapt$ to ! ne$s ( ! case4 ,if1 be+ viol5t & blood?ir/y1 ! nature be "o call+ = /r+5t control1 x evolves ! idea ( a rul] /ill m viol5t & blood?ir/y1 & fitt$ to af=d ?is control4 ,:51 by ages ( social discipl9e1 ! nature has be5 p>tially humaniz$1 & ! degree ( re/ra9t requir$ has become less1 ! diabolical *>act]i/ics be=e ascrib$ to ! deity cease to be s pr$om9ant 9 ! conception ( him4 ,& gradually1 z all ne$ = re/ra9t disappe>s1 ?is conception approximates t[>ds t ( a purely b5efic5t necessity4 ,?us1 man's con/itution is 9 ?is1 z 9 o!r respects1 self-adju/+1 self-balanc+4 ,! m9d itself evolves a comp5sat+ *eck to its own movem5ts2 v>y+ always 9 proportion to ! requirem5t4 ,its c5trifugal & its c5tripetal =ces are necess>ily 9 correspond5ce1 because ! "o g5]ates ! o!r4 ,& s we f9d t ! =ms ( bo? religi\s & secul> rule foll[ ! same law4 ,z an ill-controll$ national "* produces a despotic t]re/rial gov]nm5t1 s also does x produce a despotic cele/ial gov]nm5t--! "o act+ ?r\gh ! s5ses1 ! o!r ?r\gh ! imag9ation2 & 9 ! conv]se case ! same relation%ip holds good4 ,organic z ?is relation%ip is 9 its orig91 no artificial int]f]5ce c p]man5tly affect x4 ,:atev] p]turbations an ext]nal ag5cy may seem to produce1 !y are soon neutraliz$ 9 fact1 if n 9 appe>ance4 ,i 0 rec5tly /ruck ) ?is 9 read+ a mission>y acc\nt ( ! graci\s visitations ( ! ,holy ,_s at ,vewa1 "o ( ! ,feejee isl&s4 ,describ+ a p5it5t meet+1 ! acc\nt says3-- ,c]ta9ly ! feel+s ( ! ,vewa p 7 n ord9>y4 ,!y lit]ally ro>$ = h\rs toge!r = ! disquietude ( _! s\ls4 ,?is frequ5tly t]m9at$ 9 fa9t+ f exhau/ion1 :i* 0 ! only respite "s ( !m _h till !y f\nd peace4 ,!y no soon] recov]$ _! consci\sness ?an !y pray$ !mselves fir/ into an agony1 !n aga9 into a /ate ( entire ins5sibility4 ,n[ ^! ,feejee isl&]s are ! mo/ savage ( all ! unciviliz$ races4 ,!y are giv5 to cannibalism1 infanticide1 & human sacrifices2 !y are s blood?ir/y & s trea*]\s1 t memb]s ( ! same family d>e n tru/ ea* o!r2 &1 9 h>mony ) ^! *>act]i/ics1 !y h = _! aborig9al god1 a s]p5t4 ,is x n cle> !n1 t ^! viol5t emotions :i* ! mission>ies describe1 ^! t]rors & agonies ( despair :i* !y rejoic$ ov]1 7 no?+ b ! wor%ip ( ! old god "u a new "n8 ,is x n cle> t ^! ,feejees _h simply und]/ood ^? p>ts ( ! ,*ri/ian cre$ :i* agree 9 _s ) _! own--! v5geance1 ! p]petual torm5ts1 ! diabolism ( x2 t ^!1 h>moniz+ ) _! natural conceptions ( div9e rule1 7 realiz$ by !m ) extreme vividness2 & t ! extremity ( ! fe> :i* made !m lit]ally ro> = h\rs toge!r1 arose f ! fact t :ile !y c\ld fully take 9 & believe ! punitive elem5t1 ! m]ciful "o 0 beyond _! compreh5sion8 ,?is is ! obvi\s inf]5ce4 ,& x c>ries ) x ! fur!r "o1 t 9 ess5ce _! new belief 0 m]ely _! old "o "u a new =m--! same sub/antial conception ) a diff]5t hi/ory & diff]5t names4 ,h[ev] great1 !re=e1 may be ! seem+ *ange adv5titi\sly produc$ 9 a p's religion1 ! an?ropomorphic t5d5cy prev5ts x f be+ o!r ?an a sup]ficial *ange--insures su* modifications ( ! new religion z to give x all ! pot5cy ( ! old "o--obscures :atev] high] elem5ts !re may be 9 x until ! p h rea*$ ! capability ( be+ act$ ^u by !m3 & s1 re-e/abli%es ! equilibrium betwe5 ! impulses & ! control !y ne$4 ,if any "o requires detail$ illu/rations ( ?is1 he w f9d !m 9 abundance 9 ! hi/ory ( ! modifications ( ,*ri/ianity ?r\gh\t ,europe4 ,ceas+ !n to reg>d hea!n !ologies f ! p]sonal po9t ( view1 & consid]+ !m solely ) ref]5ce to ! function !y fulfil :]e !y are indig5\s1 we mu/ recognise !m 9 common ) all !ologies1 z good = _! "t & places2 & ?is m5tal necessity :i* disables u f conceiv+ a deity save z "s idealization ( ourselves1 we mu/ recognise z ! ag5cy by :i* h>mony is produc$ & ma9ta9$ betwe5 e phase ( human "* & its religi\s cre$4 ,,index4 ,a ,ab/ract & concrete1 relations (1 #agd4 ,actions1 volunt>y & involunt>y1 #cai4 ,analogies ( ! rude/ societies to ! l[e/ =ms ( life1 #cih1 #djb4 ,analogies ( function betwe5 liv+ be+s & societies1 #daj4 ,annulosa1 /ructure ( comp>$ to t ( nations1 #djh1 #dbb4 ,an?ropomorphism1 necessity (1 #dbb4 ,ar*itectural ideas1 orig9 (1 #dci4 ,ar*itecture1 relation%ip to natural objects1 #dce2 illu/rations (1 #dce-dcg2 t[n1 :y symmetrical1 #dce2 c\ntry1 :y irregul>1 #dcg4 ,arts1 int]connexion (1 #ahg4 ,a/ronomic influ5ces ^u climate produce breaks 9 geological succession1 #cef4 ,automatic actions ( m5 & gov]nm5ts1 #dbf4 ,au/ralia1 fauna (1 #cej4 ,b ,ba9 ,on ! ,emotions & ,w1 e/imate (1 #cjb4 ,beauty1 its evolution f utility1 #dbi1 #dcc4 ,beliefs1 h[ to judge ( !m1 #ddb4 ,b[1 d]ivation ( !1 #gh4 ,breaks 9 ! geological record1 ,hugh ,mill] ^u1 #cee2 produc$ by a/ronomic causes1 #cef2 by re-di/ributions ( l& & sea1 #cei4 ,build+s relat$ to l&scape1 #dch2 cause ( incongruities 91 #dch2 relation un9t5tional1 #dci4 ,c ,cambrian rocks1 inf]5ce f _! ?ickness1 #cff4 ,calculus1 orig9 (1 #aeh4 ,ca/les1 built ) no ref]5ce to art1 #dcj4 ,cause1 s+le1 produces m ?an "o effect1 #cb2 illu/rat$ 9 geological ph5om5a1 #ce2 9 *emical1 #dj2 9 organic evolution1 #db2 9 social progress1 #ej2 9 use ( locomotive eng9e1 #ec4 ,c5tral ,am]ica1 effects ( subsid5ce (1 #ch4 ,c5trifugal =ce & cond5sation1 #bhg4 ,c]ebrum1 analogy ( to h\ses ( p>liam5t1 #dbc1 #dbf4 ,circulation 9 animal bodies & bodies politic1 #daj1 #daa2 rates ( movem5t 91 #dag2 ( money & blood-discs1 #dad4 ,classifications ( sci5ce1 progress (1 #ahc2 :at !y indicate1 #abe2 ,ok5's1 #abe2 ,hegel's1 #abh2 ,comte's1 #aca2 s]ial arrangem5t vici\s1 #add4 ,classification1 ! m5tal process 91 #adg2 advances ) rationality1 #aeg2 h[ x has aid$ sci5ce1 #ahb2 ( ! cognitions1 #cba2 ( ! feel+s1 #cbc2 9 ,psy*ology1 = ! pres5t mu/ be provisional1 #cjj1 #cja4 ,climate1 *anges 91 produc$ by a/ronomic rhy?m1 #cef2 by re-di/ributions ( l& & sea1 #cei4 ,comets1 =mation (1 #bef2 orbits (1 #beh2 di/ribution (1 #bei1 #bfa4 ,common k1 nature (1 #aag2 relation (1 to sci5ce1 #aah1 #abb4 ,comte's hi]>*y ( ! sci5ces1 #aca4 ,consci\sness1 my/]y (1 #aig4 ,cond5sation ( nebula1 #bej4 ,contra/1 its relation to beauty1 #dcb4 ,cre$s suit$ to ! age t holds !m1 #dda1 #ddc4 ,curtsy1 orig9 (1 #gi4 ,d ,d5sities ( ! planets1 #bgh-bhj4 ,developm5t hypo!sis1 nei!r prov$ nor disprov$ by ,paleontology1 #cfg1 #cgf2 def5se (1 #cgi4 ,direct creation inconceivable1 #cgh2 no examples (1 #cgg2 orig9 ( ! notion1 #chc4 ,e ,e>?1 int]nal con/itution (1 #bij4 ,e>?'s cru/1 #e2 contraction (1 #ce4 ,ectod]m social & embryonic1 #dai4 ,education1 be>+ ( evolution ( sci5ce ^u1 #aic4 ,emotions 9 animals1 g5esis (1 #cae4 ,emotional language1 #bcb2 importance (1 #bce1 #bch4 ,eng9e1 locomotive1 results ( inv5tion (1 #ec4 ,equality1 orig9 ( notion (1 #aeb1aeh2 ( ?+s & relations1 #aec4 ,evolution ( ! emotions1 #caa4 ,evolution ( gov]nm5tal & n]v\s /ructures1 #dbj4 ,f ,fa%ion1 orig9 (1 #ij2 corruption (1 #ia4 ,feel+ & action1 relation (1 #aii1 #bjh4 ,feel+1 my/]y (1 #aig2 effects ( surplus 9 produc+ laught]1 #bja2 :y x di/urbs ! intellect1 #bjg4 ,feel+ a /imulus to muscul> action1 #baa1 #bbj2 %[n 9 l\dness ( voice1 #bae2 9 quality or timbre1 #bae2 9 pit*1 #baf2 9 int]vals1 #bag2 9 v>iability ( pit*1 #bai2 relation (1 to vocal s\nds 9 ourselves1 #bbj2 9 o!rs1 #bbj2 causes pro/ration1 #bbb2 classification ( ! feel+s1 #cbc4 ,feejee isl&]s1 p5it5t meet+ among1 #ddd4 ,f9al cause1 #bfb1 #bgb1 #bge1 #bic4 ,fossils z te/s ( age & position1 #cci1 #cdg4 ,function ( music1 #bca-bce4 ,g ,g5]alizations1 premature1 use (1 #cbc2 z se5 9 hi/ory ( ,a/ronomy1 #cbf2 9 ,geology1 #cbg4 ,g5esis ( new emotions 9 civilization1 #cac2 9 animals1 #cae4 ,geological evid5ce1 value (1 #h4 ,geologic sy/ems1 are !y univ]sal8 #cce-cci4 ,geometry1 orig9 (1 #aeh1 #afg4 ,god1 orig9 ( ! conception (1 #fe4 ,go?ic ar*itecture1 s\rce (1 #dce1 #dcf4 ,gov]nm5t1 rise (1 #ab1 #fi1 #ib2 ?ree-fold nature (1 #ac1 #fe1 #hc2 sep>ation ( civil f religi\s1 #fi2 e>ly ne$ ( sev]e1 #he2 progressive amelioration (1 #hh2 c\rse ( all1 #aad2 results f national "*1 #chg4 ,great m51 relation ( to social *anges1 #chh4 ,greek & ,roman ar*itecture1 d]ivation (1 #dce4 ,h ,hea!n !ologies1 e/imate (1 #dd4 ,heat ( heav5ly bodies1 s\rce (1 #bib4 ,hegel's classification ( philosophy1 #abh4 ,hi/ory z commonly /udi$1 small1 value (1 #che4 ,hobb's p>allelism ( society & ! human body1 #chi4 ,homog5e\s1 *ange ( to het]og5e\s1 #c2 se5 9 g5esis ( sol> sy/em1 #c2 9 ph5om5a ( e>?'s cru/1 #e2 9 ! advance ( life 9 g5]al1 #g2 9 ! progress ( man1 #aj2 9 gr[? ( civilization1 #ab2 9 gov]nm5t1 #ac2 9 language1 #ag2 9 pa9t+ & sculpture1 #bj2 9 poetry1 music1 & danc+1 #bd2 cause ( ?is univ]sal *ange1 #cb4 ,hutton's geological sy/em1 #cbg2 contra/ ( ! mod]n )1 #ccj4 ,hydra comp>$ ) primitive tribes1 #dja1 #djg1 #dab1 #dbj4 ,hydrozoa1 analogies (1 #dja1 #djc1 #dab4 ,i ,indu/rial organization1 #che4 ,indu/rial arrangem5ts1 developm5t ( comp>$ ) t ( ! alim5t>y organs1 #daj4 ,ins5sible modifications effect great *anges1 #cgi2 illu/rat$ by geometrical curves1 #cah2 by physiological developm5t1 #chb4 ,int]nal /ructure ( sun & planets1 #bha-bhf4 ,k ,k+'s c\ncils comp>$ to ganglia1 #dba1 #dbc4 ,k1 exp]i5ce ! s\rce ( all1 #abf2 relations ( v>i\s k9ds (1 #afg4 ,l ,language1 diff]5tiation (1 #ag2 orig9 ( writt51 #ah2 orig9 ( v]bal1 #adi2 orig9 ( emotional1 #bbj4 ,la ,place's !ory ( planet>y evolution1 #bfc-bfe4 ,laught]1 common explanations (1 #aid2 movem5ts 91 #bjj2 gr\ps ( muscles successively affect$ 91 #bja2 caus$ by incongruities1 #bjc2 facilitates dige/ion1 #bjg4 ,law1 orig9 (1 #gj4 ,lik5ess & unlik5ess1 recognition (1 ! basis ( classification1 #adg2 ! basis ( language1 #adi2 ( reason+1 #aej2 ( art1 #aea2 leads to sci5ce1 #aeb4 ,logic1 h[ evolv$1 #aeh4 ,lyell1 ,sir ,*>les1 criticism ^u1 #cch1 #cdb4 ,m ,man1 progress (1 #aj4 ,mann]s1 g5esis (1 #gg2 decl9e ( ! influ5ce (1 #hi2 con=mity 9 mann]s leads to extravagance1 #ii2 con=mity 91 decreases social int]c\rse1 #ajj2 defeats ! true end ( social life1 #ajb1 #ajg4 ,ma!matics1 h[ evolv$1 #aeh4 ,me*anics1 rise ( sci5ce (1 #afh4 ,m9]al qualities ( rocks untru/wor?y te/s ( age or position1 #ccb4 ,mill] ,hugh1 e/imate (1 #ceb4 ,motion ( nebul\s matt]1 #bea-bec4 ,morality1 orig9 (1 #gj4 ,muscul> movem5ts1 cause (1 #aie2 arre/$ by feel+1 #aii2 9 laught] purposeless1 #bja2 ( animals :5 excit$1 #baa2 v>iations (1 produce *anges ( voice1 #bad4 ,music1 increas+ het]og5eity (1 #bf2 relation ( m5tal to muscul> excitem5t1 ! s\rce (1 #bad2 !ory (1 #bba-bbd2 its hi/ory confirms ! !ory1 #bbd-bbh2 negative pro( ( !ory (1 #bbh-bca4 ,mur*ison ,sir ,r4 ,i41 criticism ^u 8 ,siluria1 #ccb1 #cdj1 #cfc1 #cff4 ,n ,nebula1 are !y p>ts ( our sid]ial sy/em8 #bdc1 #bdi2 cond5sation (1 #bej2 motion 91 #bea2 significance ( =ms (1 #bed2 /ructure ( spiral1 #bed4 ,nebul> hypo!sis1 #c1 #cd2 its high d]ivation1 #bci2 x expla9s comet>y ph5om5a1 #bfb4 ,negative facts 9 geology1 small value (1 #cfb-cfe4 ,n]v\s sy/em1 effects ( excitem5t 91 #aie2 directions ( dis*>ge ( excitem5t 91 #aig2 c\rse ( dis*>ge unguid$ by purpose1 #bja4 ,numb]1 orig9 ( conception (1 #aed4 ,o ,ok5's classification ( k1 #abe4 ,p ,pa9t+ & sculpture1 orig9 (1 #bj4 ,paleontology nei!r proves nor disproves developm5t1 #cfg1 #cgf4 ,picturesque1 mean+ (1 #dcc4 ,planetoids1 orig9 ( #bhi4 ,plato's model republic1 c5tral idea (1 #chh4 ,previsions & ord9>y k1 #aag2 previsions kn[n z sci5ce1 #aah2 common & sci5tific1 #abc2 :5 quantitative arose1 #aeh2 increase 9 precision1 #aga4 ,prim>y divisions ( a g]m & ( a society1 #djd-djg4 ,progress1 curr5t mean+ (1 #a2 pres5t inquiry conc]n+1 #b2 law ( progress exemplifi$ 9 ! g5esis ( sol> sy/em1 #c2 9 ! ph5om5a ( ! e>?'s cru/1 #e2 9 ! advance ( life 9 g5]al1 #g2 9 ! hi/ory ( man1 #aj2 9 ! gr[? ( civilization1 #ab2 9 gov]nm5t1 #ac2 9 language1 #ag2 9 pa9t+ & sculpture1 #bj2 9 poetry1 music1 & danc+1 #bd2 /atem5t ( ! pr9ciple :i* det]m9es progress ( e k9d1 #cb2 ! pr9ciple ( progress illu/rat$ 9 geological ph5om5a1 #ce2 9 *emical1 #dj2 9 organic evolution1 #db2 9 social advancem5t1 #ej2 9 use ( locomotive eng9e1 #ed2 ?is pr9ciple does n expla9 ?+s 9 !mselves1 #eh2 progress ( sci5ce1 #ada2 ( a/ronomical discov]y1 #afe1 #aga4 ,progress ( animals & societies 9 =m+ *annels ( communication1 #daf4 ,psy*ology1 relation ( ,engli% ?\ght to1 #cja2 classification 91 = ! pres5t1 mu/ be provisional1 #cjj1 #cja4 ,r ,reason+1 nature (1 #aej2 basis (1 #aed2 advances ) classification1 #aeg4 ,re=m]s1 ecc5tricities (1 #fa2 :y necess>y1 #ic2 n selfi%1 #ie1 #ig2 difficulties ( social1 #aaj4 ,re=m1 h[ is x to be effect$8 #aaa4 ,religion aid$ by inquiry1 #eh4 ,religi\s ideas1 acc\nt ( primitive1 #ff4 ,s ,saturn1 r+s (1 #bgf4 ,satellites1 di/ribution (1 #bgb-bgf4 ,savage m5 ne$ a savage deity1 #ddc4 ,sci5ce1 limits (1 #eh2 def9ition (1 #aai2 :5 complete1 #abj2 te/ ( ! dep? (1 #abb2 sl[ gr[? (1 #abc2 duplex progress (1 #ada2 ultimate analysis ( exact1 #afj4 ,sci5ces1 e>ly simultane\s advance (1 #afe2 n indep5d5t ( ea* o!r1 #ahf2 aid ea* o!r by analogies1 #aha2 mutual influ5ce ( mod]n1 #agh4 ,sculpture & pa9t+1 orig9 (1 #bj4 ,sol> ,sy/em1 movem5ts ( planets on _! axes 91 #bfg-bga4 ,/rata n[ =m+1 li?ological diff]5ces 91 #cdg2 diff]5ces 9 ! ord] ( sup]position (1 #cdh2 diff]5ces 9 ! organic rema9s (1 #cdi4 ,societies & individual organisms1 po9ts ( agreem5t betwe51 #cia-cic2 diff]5ces (1 exam9$1 #cic-cig4 ,social int]c\rse1 philosophy (1 #aje4 ,social *anges1 true s\rce (1 #chf4 ,spectrum analysis1 #bie4 ,spiral nebula1 #bee4 ,/eam-eng9e1 multipli$ effects (1 #ec4 ,sun1 con/itution (1 #bid1 #bif2 relation ( plane ( its equator to plane ( planet>y orbits1 #bff4 ,t ,telegraph wires1 comp>ison ( to n]ves1 #dbg4 ,titles1 d]ivation (1 #gb2 depreciation (1 #gd4 ,tru?1 ultimate te/ (1 #acj4 ,u ,useful passes into ! beautiful1 #dcj1 #dcc4 ,v ,voice1 cause ( l\dness (1 #bae2 cause ( quality (1 #bae2 ( pit* (1 #baf2 int]vals 91 #bag2 v>iability ( ! pit* (1 #bai4 ,volunt>y & involunt>y actions1 #cai4 ,w ,w]n]'s sy/em ( ,geology1 #cbh2 contra/ (1 ) ! mod]n sy/em1 #ccj4 ,,! ,,end4