,,! ,,positive ,,outcome ,,( ,,philosophy ,! ,nature ( ,human ,bra9 ,"w ,lett]s on ,logic4 ,! ,positive ,outcome ( ,philosophy ,,by ,,joseph ,,dietzg5 ,,translat$ ,,by ,,erne/ ,,unt]mann ,,) ,,an ,,introduction ,,by ,,dr4 ,,anton ,,pannekoek ,,translat$ ,,by ,,erne/ ,,unt]mann ,,edit$ ,,by ,,eug5e ,,dietzg5 ,,& ,,joseph ,,dietzg51 ,,jr4 ,,*icago ,,*>les ,h4 ,,k]r ,,company #aijf ,,copyright #aijf ,,by ,,eug5e ,,dietzg5 ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,introduction ,,by ,,anton ,,pannekoek #g ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,human ,,bra9 ,,"w ,preface #da ,i4 ,introduction #dg ,,ii4 ,pure ,reason or ! ,faculty ( ,?\ght 9 ,g5]al #fa ,,iii4 ,! ,nature ( ,?+s #hj ,,iv4 ,! ,practice ( ,reason 9 ,physical ,sci5ce #ajd a ,cause & ,effect #ajh b ,matt] & ,m9d #aai c ,=ce & ,matt] #abd ,v4 ,practical ,reason or ,morality #acc a ,! ,wise & ,reasonable #acc b ,morality & ,"r #adc c ,! ,holy #aef ,,lett]s ,,on ,,logic ,fir/ ,lett] #agg ,second ,lett] #aha ,?ird ,lett] #ahf ,f\r? ,lett] #aia ,fif? ,lett] #aih ,six? ,lett] #bje ,sev5? ,lett] #bab ,eigh? ,lett] #bag ,n9? ,lett] #bbe ,t5? ,lett] #bcj ,elev5? ,lett] #bcf ,twelf? ,lett] #bdb ,?irte5? ,lett] #bdh ,f\rte5? ,lett] #bee ,fifte5? ,lett] #bfj ,sixte5? ,lett] #bfe ,sev5te5? ,lett] #bga ,eighte5? ,lett] #bgg ,n9ete5? ,lett] #bhc ,tw5tie? ,lett] #bhi ,tw5ty-fir/ ,lett] #bif ,tw5ty-second ,lett] #cja ,tw5ty-?ird ,lett] 7a7 #cjg ,tw5ty-?ird ,lett] 7b7 #cab ,tw5ty-f\r? ,lett] #cah ,,! ,,positive ,,outcome ,,( ,,philosophy ,preface #cbg ,i4 ,positive ,k z a ,special ,object #ccc ,,ii4 ,! ,p[] ( ,p]ception ,is ,k9 to ! ,univ]se #ccg ,,iii4 ,z to ,h[ ! ,intellect ,is ,limit$ & ,unlimit$ #cdb ,,iv4 ,! ,univ]sality ( ,nature #cdh ,v4 ,! ,und]/&+ z a ,"p ( ! ,human ,s\l #ced ,,vi4 ,consci\sness ,is ,end[$ ,) ! ,faculty ( ,kn[+ z ,well z ,) ! ,feel+ ( ! ,univ]sality ( ,all ,nature #cfc ,,vii4 ,! ,relation%ip or ,id5tity ( ,_s & ,nature #cfi ,,viii4 ,und]/&+ ,is ,mat]ial #cgf ,,ix4 ,! ,f\r ,pr9ciples ( ,logic #cha ,x4 ,! ,function ( ,und]/&+ on ! ,religi\s ,field #cic ,,xi4 ,! ,di/9ction ,betwe5 ,cause & ,effect ,is only ,"o ( ! ,means to ,facilitate ,und]/&+ #dja ,,xii4 ,m9d & ,matt]3 ,:i* ,is ,prim>y1 ,:i* ,is ,second>y8 #dji ,,xiii4 ,! ,ext5t to ,:i* ! ,d\bts ( ! ,possibility ( ,cle> & ,accurate ,und]/&+ ,h ,be5 ,ov]come #dah ,,xiv4 ,cont9uation ( ! ,discussion on ! ,diff]5ce ,betwe5 ,d\btful & ,evid5t ,und]/&+ #dbh ,,xv4 ,conclusion #dcf ,,introduction ,,! ,,position ,,& ,,significance ,,( ,j4 ,,dietzg5',s ,,philosophical ,,works ,,by ,,dr4 ,,anton ,,pannekoek ,9 ! hi/ory ( philosophy we see be=e u ! consecutive =ms ( ! ?\ghts ( ! rul+ classes ( society on life & on ! _w at l>ge4 ,?is class ?\ght appe>s aft] ! primitive communism has giv5 way to a society ) class antagonisms1 at a /age :5 ! weal? ( ! memb]s ( ! rul+ class gave !m leisure "t & ?us /imulat$ !m to turn _! att5tion to ! productions ( ! m9d4 ,! beg9n+ ( ?is ?\ght is f\nd 9 classic ,greece4 ,b x assum$ its cle>e/ & be/ develop$ =m :5 ! mod]n b\rgeoisie _h become ! rul+ class 9 capitali/ic ,europe & ! ?9k]s gave expression to ! ideas ( ?is class4 ,! *>act]i/ic m>k ( ^! ideas is dualism1 t is to say ! misund]/ood contra/ betwe5 ?9k+ & be+1 betwe5 nature & _s1 ! result ( ! m5tal uncle>ness ( ?is class & ( its incapacity to see ! ?+s ( ! _w 9 _! true int]connection4 ,?is m5tal /ate is b ! expression ( ! division ( mank9d into classes & ( ! uncompreh5d$ nature ( social production ev] s9ce x became a production ( goods = ex*ange4 ,9 times ( primitive communism1 ! conditions ( production 7 cle> & easily und]/ood4 ,?+s 7 produc$ jo9tly = use & consum$ 9 common4 ,man 0 ma/] ( 8 mode ( production & ?us ma/] ( 8 own fate z f> z ! sup]ior =ces ( nature admitt$ x4 ,"u su* conditions1 social ideas c\ld n help be+ simple & cle>4 ,!re be+ no cla% betwe5 p]sonal & social int]e/s1 m5 _h no conception ( a deep *asm betwe5 good & bad4 ,only ! uncontroll$ =ces ( nature /ood l un9telligible & my/]i\s p[]s1 t appe>$ to !m ei!r z well mean+ or z evil spirits1 above ^! primitive little societies4 ,b ) ! adv5t ( ! production ( commodities ! picture *anges4 ,civiliz$ humanity beg9s to feel itself some:at reliev$ f ! h>d & ungov]nable pressure ( fickle natural =ces4 ,b n[ new demons arise out ( social conditions4 ,no soon] did ! produc]s give _! products away 9 ex*ange in/ead ( consum+ !m z h]et(ore1 ?an !y lo/ control ( !m4 ,!y no long] knew :at became ( _! products1 & !re 0 a possibility t ^! products might "s day be us$ = ! exploitation & oppression ( ! produc]s--,! products rule ! produc]s4 7,engels7 ,9 ! production ( commodities1 x is n ! purpose ( ! individual produc] :i* is accompli%$1 b r t :i* ! productive =ces back ( him are aim+ at4 ,man proposes1 b a social p[]1 /rong] ?an himself1 disposes2 he is no long] ma/] ( 8 fate4 ,! int]-relations ( production become complicat$ & difficult to grasp4 ,:ile x is true t ! individual is ! produc+ unit1 yet 8 individual labor is only a subord9ate "p ( ! :ole process ( social production1 ( :i* he rema9s a tool4 ,! fruits ( ! labor ( _m are enjoy$ by a few individuals4 ,! social co-op]ation is conceal$ beh9d a viol5t competitive /ruggle ( ! produc]s aga9/ "o ano!r4 ,! int]e/s ( ! individuals are at w> ) ^? ( society4 ,good1 t is to say ! consid]ation ( ! common welf>e1 is oppos$ to bad1 t is to say ! sacrifice ( ev]y?+ to private int]e/s4 ,! passions ( m5 z well z _! m5tal gifts1 aft] !y h be5 ar\s$1 develop$1 tra9$1 /r5g!n$1 & ref9$ 9 ?is /ruggle1 h5ce=? become s _m weapons :i* a sup]ior p[] turns aga9/ _! helpless possessors4 ,su* 7 ! impressions out ( :i* ?9k+ m5 7 oblig$ to fa%ion _! _w-philosophy1 :ile1 at ! same "t1 !y 7 memb]s ( ! possess+ classes & _h ?us an opportunity to employ _! leisure = a c]ta9 self-/udy1 )\t1 h[ev]1 be+ 9 t\* ) ! s\rce ( _! impressions1 viz41 ! process ( social labor :i* alone c\ld h enabl$ !m to see ?r\gh ! social orig9 ( _! ideas4 ,m5 ( ?is class1 !re=e1 7 l$ to ! assumption t _! ideas emanat$ f "s sup]natural & spiritual p[] or t !y 7 !mselves indep5d5t sup]natural p[]s4 ,?is duali/ metaphysical mode ( ?\ght has gone ?r\gh v>i\s trans=mations 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 adapt+ itself to ! evolution ( production beg9n+ ) anci5t slav]y1 on ?r\gh ! s]fdom ( ! ,middle ,ages & ( m$iaeval commodity production1 to mod]n capitalism4 ,^! successive *anges ( =m are embodi$ 9 ,grecian philosophy1 9 ! v>i\s phases ( ! ,*ri/ian religion1 & 9 ! mod]n sy/ems ( philosophy4 ,b we mu/ n reg>d ^! sy/ems & religions = :at !y g5]ally pass1 t is to say1 we mu/ n ?9k !m to be only repeat$ unsuccessful attempts to =mulate absolute tru?4 ,!y are m]ely ! inc>nations ( progressive /ages ( bett] k acquir$ by ! human m9d ab\t itself & ab\t ! univ]se4 ,x 0 ! aim ( philosophical ?\ght to f9d satisfaction 9 und]/&+4 ,& z long z und]/&+ c\ld n :olly be gott5 by natural means1 !re rema9$ always a field = ! sup]natural & incompreh5sible4 ,b by ! pa9/ak+ m5tal "w ( ! deepe/ ?9k]s1 ! mat]ial ( sci5ce 0 ceaselessly increas$1 & ! field ( ! sup]natural & incompreh5sible 0 ev] m n>r[$4 ,& ?is is especially ! case s9ce ! progress ( capitali/ production has promot$ ! p]si/5t /udy ( nature4 ,= ?r\gh ?is /udy ! human m9d 0 enabl$ to te/ its p[]s by simple1 quiet1 p]si/5t & fruitful labor 9 ! se>* = successive p>ts ( tru?2 & ?us to rid itself f ! ov]irritation ( hopeless que/ aft] absolute tru?4 ,! desire to asc]ta9 ! value ( ^! new tru?s gave rise to ! problems ( ! !ory ( und]/&+4 ,! attempts to solve ^! problems =m a p]man5t "p ( mod]n sy/ems ( philosophy1 :i* repres5t a graduat$ evolution ( ! !ory ( und]/&+4 ,b ! sup]natural elem5t 9 ^! sy/ems prev5t$ _! p]fection4 ,"u ! impulse ( ! te*nical requirem5ts ( capitalism1 ! evolution ( natural sci5ces became a triumphal m>* ( ! human m9d4 ,nature 0 subjugat$ fir/ ?r\gh ! discov]y ( its laws by ! human m9d1 & !n by ! mat]ial subord9ation ( ! kn[n =ces ( nature to ! human w 9 ! s]vice ( our ma9 object1 ! production ( ! necess>ies ( life ) a m9imum exp5diture ( en]gy4 ,b ?is bright %9+ light r5d]$1 by contra/1 ! gloom :i* surr\nd$ ! ph5om5a ( human society only ! d>k]1 & capitalism 9 its developm5t /ill acc5tuates ?is contra/1 z x acc5tuates & ?us r5d]s m easily visible & intelligible all contra/s4 ,:ile ! natural sci5ces disp5s$ ) all my/]i\s secrecy )9 _! n>r[] doma91 ! d>kness %r\d+ ! orig9 ( ideas /ill (f]$ a welcome refuge to ! belief 9 miracles on ! spiritual field4 ,capitalism is n[ approa*+ its decl9e4 ,socialism is ne>4 ,& ! vital importance ( ?is transition 9 human hi/ory _c be /at$ m /rongly ?an 9 ! words ( ,m>x & ,engels3 ,?is concludes ! prim>y hi/ory ( man4 ,he !reby passes def9itely out ( ! animal k+dom4 ,! social regulation ( production makes man fully ! ma/] ( 8 own fate4 ,no long] does any my/]i\s social p[] !n ?w>t 8 plans or jeop>dise 8 success4 ,nor does any my/]i\s natural =ce control him h5ce=?4 ,he is no long] ! slave1 b ! ma/] ( nature4 ,he has inve/igat$ its effects1 und]/&s !m1 & presses !m into 8 s]vice4 ,= ! fir/ "t 9 8 hi/ory he w !n be ! rul] ( ! e>?4 ,we n[ see t ! _m c5turies t fill$ ! hi/ory ( civilization 7 a necess>y prep>ation = socialism1 a sl[ /ruggle to escape f nature's slav]y1 a gradual increase ( ! productivity ( labor1 up to ! po9t :]e ! necess>ies ( life = all may be obta9$ almo/ )\t ex]tion4 ,?is is ! prime m]it ( capitalism & its ju/ification1 t aft] s _m c5turies ( h>dly p]ceptible progress x taught man to conqu] nature by a rapid assault4 ,at ! same "t x set loose ! =ces ( production & f9ally trans=m$ & b>$ ! spr+s ( ! productive process to su* a degree t !y easily c\ld be p]ceiv$ & grasp$ by ! human m9d2 ?is 0 ! indisp5sable condition = ! control ( ?is process4 ,z nev] s9ce ! fir/ adv5t ( production ( commodities !re has be5 su* a fundam5tal revolution1 x mu/ necess>ily be accompani$ by an equally fundam5tal spiritual revolution4 ,?is economic revolution is ! conclusion ( ! long p]iod ( class antagonisms & ( production ( commodities2 x c>ries ) x ! end ( ! duali/ & sup]natural ?\ghts aris+ f ?is s\rce4 ,! my/]y ( social processes passes away ) ?is p]iod1 & ! spiritual expression ( ^! my/]ies mu/ necess>ily disappe> ) x4 ,! sl[ developm5t ( human ?\ght f ignorance to an ev] increas$ und]/&+ !reby ends its fir/ *apt]4 ,?is signifies ! completion & conclusion ( philosophy1 :i* is equival5t to say+ t philosophy z su* passes out ( exi/5ce1 :ile its place is tak5 by ! sci5ce ( ! human m9d1 a "p ( natural sci5ce4 ,a new sy/em ( production %$s its light into ! m9ds ( m5 already be=e x has fully mat]ializ$4 ,! same sci5ce :i* tea*es u to und]/& & !reby to control ! social =ces1 also unfett]s ! m9d f ! bewit*+ effects ( ^? =ces4 ,x enables him ev5 n[ already to emancipate himself f traditional sup]/itions & ideas :i* 7 =m]ly ! expression ( ?+s unkn[n4 ,we may anticipate ) our m9d ! com+ "t4 ,& ?us ! ideas :i* w !n dom9ate are already ev5 n[ gr[+ )9 u 9 a rudim5t>y =m correspond+ to ! pres5t actual economic developm5t4 ,by ?is means we are ev5 n[ enabl$ to ov]come ! capitali/ philosophy 9 ?\ght & to sob]ly & cle>ly grasp ! matt]-dep5d5t nature ( our _s4 ,! completion & ! end ( philosophy ne$ n wait = ! realization ( sociali/ production4 ,! new und]/&+ does n fall f heav5 l a meteor4 ,x develops ) ! social-economic developm5t1 fir/ imp]fectly & imp]ceptibly1 9 a few ?9k]s :o mo/ /rongly feel ! brea? ( ! approa*+ "t4 ,) ! gr[? ( ! sci5ce ( sociology & ) t ( its practical application1 ! sociali/ labor movem5t1 ! new und]/&+ simultane\sly spreads & ga9s gr\nd /ep by /ep1 wag+ a rel5tless battle aga9/ ! traditional ideas to :i* ! rul+ classes are cl++4 ,?is /ruggle is ! m5tal companion ( ! social class /ruggle4 999999999999999999999999 ,! me?ods ( ! new natural sci5ce _h already be5 practic$ = a few c5turies be=e ! new !ory 0 =mulat$4 ,x fir/ f\nd v5t 9 ! expression ( surprise at ! great confid5ce ) :i* m5 assum$ to pr$ict c]ta9 ph5om5a & to po9t out _! connections4 ,our exp]i5ce is limit$ to a few successive obs]vations ( ! regul>ity or co9cid5ce ( ev5ts4 ,b we attribute to natural laws1 9 :i* are express$ causal relations ( ph5om5a1 a g5]al & necess>y applicability :i* f> exce$s our exp]i5ce4 ,! ,engli% ?9k] ,hume 0 ! fir/ :o cle>ly express$ & =mulat$ ! "q--s9ce call$ ! problem ( causality--:y m5 always act 9 ?is mann]4 ,b z he believ$ ! reason = su* action %\ld be s\ght 9 ! nature ( exp]i5ce alone1 exp]i5ce be+ ! only s\rce ( k1 & z he did n fur!r inve/igate ! special & di/9ct "p play$ by ! nature ( ! human m9d 9 ?is exp]i5tial connection1 he c\ld n f9d any satisfactory answ]4 ,kant1 :o made ! fir/ important /ep t[>d ! solution ( ?is "q1 _h be5 tra9$ 9 ! s*ool ( rationalism :i* !n dom9at$ 9 ,g]many & :i* repres5t$ an adaptation ( m$iaeval s*ola/icism to ! requirem5ts ( increas$ k4 ,/>t+ f ! !sis t ?+s :i* are logical 9 ! m9d mu/ be real 9 nature1 ! rationali/s =mulat$ by m]e d$uction g5]al tru?s ab\t god1 inf9ity & immortality4 ,"u ! influ5ce ( ,hume1 ,kant became ! critic ( rationalism & ?us ! re=m] ( philosophy4 ,! "q1 h[ x is t we h k ( g5]ally applicable laws 9 :i* we h implicit confid5ce--su* z ma!matical !ses1 or ! maxim t e *ange has a cause--0 answ]$ by ,kant 9 ?is way3 ,exp]i5ce & sci5ce are z mu* condition$ on prop]ties inh]5t 9 ! organization ( our m9d z on ! impressions ( ! out] _w4 ,! =m] prop]ties mu/ necess>ily be conta9$ 9 all exp]i5ce & sci5ce4 ,!re=e ev]y?+ dep5d5t on ?is common m5tal "p ( sci5ce mu/ be p]fectly c]ta9 & indep5d5t ( special s5se impressions4 ,common to all exp]i5ce1 & insep>able f x1 are ! pure s5se-conceptions 7re9e ,ans*auungs=m571 su* z space & "t1 :ile ! _m exp]i5ces1 9 ord] to succe$ 9 =m+ und]/&+ & sci5ce1 mu/ be connect$ by ! pure m9d-conceptions 7re9e ,v]/&esbegriffe71 ! s-call$ categories2 among ! latt] also belongs causality4 ,n[ ,kant expla9s ! necessity & g5]al applicability ( ! pure s5se & m9d conceptions by ! fact t !y arise f ! organization ( our m9d4 ,accord+ly1 ! _w appe>s to ! s5ses z a succession ( ph5om5a 9 "t & space4 ,our reason trans=ms ^! ph5om5a into ?+s :i* are weld$ into "o aggregate nature by laws ( cause & effect4 ,on ! ?+s z !y really are 9 !mselves1 9 ! op9ion ( ,kant1 ^! pure conceptions _c be appli$4 ,we "k no?+ ( !m & c nei!r p]ceive nor recon/ruct !m by reason1 because 9 !mselves !y are :olly beyond reason & k4 ,! result ( ?is inve/igation1 :i* 0 ! fir/ valuable contribution to a sci5tific !ory ( und]/&+ & =ms1 f our /&po9t1 ! mo/ important "p ( ,kant's philosophy1 s]v$ him ma9ly z a means ( answ]+ ! foll[+ que/ions3 ,:at is ! value ( k :i* exce$s exp]i5ce8 ,c we1 by m]e d$uction ?r\gh concepts :i* g beyond exp]i5ce1 arrive at tru?s8 ,8 answ] 03 ,no1 & x 0 a cru%+ bl[ to rationalism4 ,we _c exce$ ! b\nd>ies ( exp]i5ce4 ,by exp]i5ce alone c we arrive at sci5ce4 ,all suppos$ k ab\t ! unlimit$ & inf9ite1 ab\t concepts ( pure reason1 call$ ,ideas by ,kant1 7z ! s\l1 ! _w1 & ,god7 is no?+ b illusions4 ,! contradictions 9 :i* ! human m9d becomes involv$ :5ev] x applies ! categories outside ( exp]i5ce to su* subjects1 are manife/$ 9 ! fruitless /rife betwe5 ! philosophical sy/ems4 ,metaphysics z a sci5ce is impossible4 ,?is did n give ! dea?bl[ to rationalism alone1 b also to b\rgeois mat]ialism :i* reign$ among ! ,fr5* radical ?9k]s4 ,kant's rese>*es refut$ ! negative z well z ! positive ass]tions an5t ! sup]natural & inf9ite4 ,?is cle>$ ! field = fai?1 = intuitive conviction4 ,god1 fre$om & immortality are concepts ! tru? ( :i* _c be prov$ by reason1 l ! natural tru?s d]iv$ f exp]i5ce4 ,b nev]!less _! reality is no less c]ta91 only x is ( a diff]5t nature1 be+ subjective &1 !re=e1 necess>ily a matt] ( p]sonal conviction4 ,! fre$om ( ! w1 = in/ance1 is n a k ga9$ by exp]i5ce1 because exp]i5ce nev] tea*es u any?+ b lack ( fre$om & dep5d5ce on ! laws ( nature4 ,b nev]!less fre$om ( w is a necess>y conviction ( e "o :o feels x 9 ! categorical imp]ative3 ,?\ %alt6 ( e "o possess$ by a s5se ( duty & ( ! k t he c act accord+ly3 !re=e fre$om ( w is unconditionally c]ta9 & requires no pro( by exp]i5ce4 ,& f ?is premise !re foll[s 9 same way ! assurance ( ! immortality ( ! s\l & ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god4 ,x gives ! same k9d ( c]ta9ty to all ideas :i* 7 left 9 a /ate ( unc]ta9ty by ! critique ( pure reason4 ,at ! same "t fre$om ( w det]m9es ! =m ( ! !ory ( und]/&+4 ,9 ! entire _w ( ph5om5a !re 0 no room = fre$om1 = ^! ph5om5a foll[ /rict rules ( causality1 z dem&$ by ! organization ( our m9d4 ,!re=e x 0 necess>y to make room = fre$om ( w some:]e else1 & s ?+s 9 !mselves1 hi!rto a phrase )\t value & mean+1 assum$ a high] importance4 ,!y 7 n b\nd to space1 "t or categories1 !y 7 free3 !y =m$ s to say a second _w1 ! _w ( n\m5a1 :i* /ood beh9d ! _w ( ph5om5a & :i* solv$ ! contradiction betwe5 ! lawful dep5d5ce ( ?+s 9 nature & betwe5 ! p]sonal conviction ( fre$om ( w4 ,^! op9ions & reason+s 7 fully 9 accord ) ! conditions ( sci5ce & ! economic developm5t ( ,kant's "t4 ,! field ( nature 0 left entirely to ! inductive me?od ( sci5ce :i* bas$ itself on /rictly mat]iali/ exp]i5ce & obs]vation1 classify+ ?+s sy/ematically 9 _! causal ord] & exclud+ all sup]natural int]f]5ce4 ,b :ile fai? 0 bani%$ f ! natural sci5ces =ev]1 x c\ld n be disp5s$ )4 ,! ignorance z to ! orig9 ( ! human w left room = a sup]natural e?ic4 ,! attempts ( ! mat]iali/s to exclude ! sup]natural also f ?is field fail$4 ,! "t _h n come z yet = a mat]iali/ & natural e?ics1 = sci5ce 0 n yet able to demon/rate z an indisputable tru?1 f\nd$ on exp]i5ce1 9 :at mann] e?ical codes & moral ideas 9 g5]al _h a mat]ial orig94 ,?is /ate ( ?+s %[s t ! ,kantian philosophy is ! pure/ expression ( b\rgeois ?\ght1 & ?is is /ill m emphasiz$ by ! fact t fre$om is ! c5t] ( 8 sy/em & controls x4 ,ris+ capitalism requir$ fre$om = ! produc]s ( commodities 9 ord] to exp& its productive =ces1 x requir$ fre$om ( competition & fre$om ( unlimit$ exploitation4 ,! produc]s ( commodities %\ld be free f all fett]s & re/rictions1 & unhamp]$ by any co]cion1 9 ord] t !y c\ld g1 "u ! sole direction ( _! own intellig5ce1 into free competition ) _! fell[ citiz5s4 ,= ?is reason1 fre$om became ! slogan ( ! "y b\rgeoisie aspir+ to political p[]1 & ,kant's doctr9e ( ! free w1 ! basis ( 8 e?ics1 0 ! e*o ( ! approa*+ ,fr5* ,revolution4 ,b fre$om 0 n absolute2 x 0 to be dep5d5t on ! moral law4 ,x 0 n to be us$ 9 ! que/ = happ9ess1 b 9 accord ) ! moral law1 9 ! s]vice ( duty4 ,if ! b\rgeois society 0 to exi/1 ! private int]e/ ( ! individual mu/ n be p>am\nt1 ! welf>e ( ! entire class _h to be sup]ior to t ( ! individual1 & ! comm&m5ts ( ?is class _h to be recogniz$ z moral laws tak+ prec$5ce ov] ! que/ = happ9ess4 ,b = ?is v reason1 ^! moral laws c\ld nev] be fully obey$1 & e "o f\nd himself compell$ to violate !m 9 8 own int]e/4 ,h5ce ! moral law exi/$ only z a code :i* c\ld nev] be fulfill$4 ,& s x /ood outside ( exp]i5ce4 ,9 ,kant's e?ics ! int]nal antagonism ( b\rgeois society is reflect$1 t antagonism :i* is ! compell+ =ce ( ! ev] increas+ economic developm5t4 ,! f\ndation ( ?is antagonism is ! antagonism1 already m5tion$1 betwe5 ! individual & social "* ( production t gives rise to omnipot5t1 b unconceiv$ social =ces rul+ ! de/9y ( man4 ,9 capitali/ic production x is /ill int5sifi$ by ! anti!sis ( ! weal?y rul+ class & ! poor produc+ class t is cont9u\sly augm5t$ by ^? :o are expropriat$ by competition4 ,?is antagonism gives rise to ! contradiction betwe5 ! aims ( m5 & ! results a*iev$1 betwe5 ! desire ( happ9ess & ! mis]y ( ! great mass4 ,x is ! basis ( ! contradiction betwe5 virtue & vice1 betwe5 fre$om & dep5d5ce1 betwe5 fai? & sci5ce1 betwe5 ph5om5on & ?+ itself4 ,x is at ! bottom ( all contradictions & ( ! entire pron\nc$ dualism ( ! ,kantian philosophy4 ,^! contradictions are to blame = ! d[nfall ( ! sy/em1 & ! "w ( dis9tegration 0 unavoidable f ! mom5t t ! contradictions ( ! b\rgeois production became app>5t1 t is to say imm$iately aft] ! political victory ( ! b\rgeoisie4 ,! sy/em ( ,kant c\ld1 h[ev]1 n be ov]come1 unless ! mat]ial orig9 ( morality c\ld be uncov]$4 ,!n ^! contradictions c\ld be und]/ood & solv$ by %[+ t !y 7 relative & n absolute z !y appe>$4 ,& n until !n c\ld a mat]iali/ e?ics1 a sci5ce ( morality1 drive fai? f its la/ retreat4 ,?is 0 at la/ accompli%$ by ! discov]y ( social class /ruggles & ( ! nature ( capitali/ production1 by ! pione] "w ( ,k>l ,m>x4 ,! practice ( develop$ capitalism ab\t ! middle ( ! #ai? c5tury directly *all5g$ prolet>ian ?9k]s to criticise ,kant's doctr9e ( practical reason4 ,b\rgeois e?ics & fre$om manife/$ !mselves 9 ! =m ( fre$om ( exploitation 9 ! int]e/ ( ! b\rgeoisie1 z slav]y = ! work+ class4 ,! ma9t5ance ( human dignity appe>$ 9 reality z ! brutalization & degradation ( ! prolet>ians1 & ! /ate f\nd$ on ju/ice prov$ to be no?+ b ! class /ate ( ! b\rgeoisie4 ,& s x 0 se5 t ,kant's sublime e?ics1 in/ead ( be+ ! basis 9 all et]nity ( human activity 9 g5]al1 0 m]ely ! expression ( ! n>r[ class int]e/s ( ! b\rgeoisie4 ,?is prolet>ian criticism 0 ! fir/ mat]ial = a g5]al !ory1 & once x _h be5 /at$1 its correctness 0 demon/rat$ m & m by ! /udy ( previ\s hi/orical ev5ts1 & ^! ev5ts 7 !reby %[n 9 _! prop] light4 ,x 0 !n und]/ood by ?is !ory t ! social classes1 di/+ui%$ by _! position 9 ! process ( production1 _h diff]5t & antagoni/ic economic int]e/s1 & t ea* class did necess>ily reg>d its own int]e/ z good & sacr$4 ,^! g5]al class int]e/s 7 n recogniz$ 9 _! true "* b appe>$ to m5 9 ! guise ( sup]ior moral motives2 9 ?is =m !y cr[d$ ! special individual int]e/s into ! backgr\nd1 & s9ce ! class int]e/s 7 g5]ally felt1 all ! memb]s ( ! same class recogniz$ !m4 ,moreov]1 a rul+ class c\ld tempor>ily compel a defeat$ or suppress$ class to recognize ! class int]e/s ( ! rul]s z a moral law1 s long z ! inevitability ( ! mode ( production 9 :i* t class rul$ 0 ackn[l$g$4 ,ow+ to ! fact t ! nature & significance ( ! productive process 0 n und]/ood1 ! orig9 ( human motives c\ld n be discov]$4 ,!y 7 n trac$ back to exp]i5ce1 b simply felt directly & intuitively4 ,& consequ5tly !y 7 ?\ght to be ( a sup]natural orig9 & et]nal duration4 ,n only ! moral codes1 b also o!r products ( ! human m9d1 su* z religion1 sci5ce1 arts1 philosophy1 7 !n und]/ood to be intimately connect$ ) ! actual mat]ial conditions ( society4 ,! human m9d is influ5c$ 9 all its products by ! entire _w outside ( x4 ,& ?us ! m9d is se5 to be a "p ( nature1 & ! sci5ce ( ! m9d becomes a natural sci5ce4 ,! impressions ( ! out] _w det]m9e ! exp]i5ce ( man1 8 wants det]m9e 8 w1 & 8 g5]al wants 8 moral w4 ,! _w ar\nd him det]m9es man's wants & impressions1 b ^!1 on ! o!r h&1 det]m9e 8 w & activity by :i* he *anges ! _w2 ?is w-direct$ activity appe>s 9 ! process ( social production4 ,9 ?is mann] man by 8 "w is a "p1 a l9k 9 ! great *a9 ( natural & social developm5t4 ,?is conception ov]turns ! f\ndations ( philosophy4 ,s9ce ! human m9d is se5 n[ to be a "p ( nature & int]acts ) ! re/ ( ! _w accord+ to laws :i* are m or less kn[n1 x is class$ among ,kant's ph5om5a4 ,!re is no long] any ne$ ( talk+ ab\t n\m5a4 ,?us !y d n long] exi/ = u4 ,philosophy !n r$uces itself to ! !ory ( exp]i5ce1 to ! sci5ce ( ! human m9d4 ,x is at ?is po9t t ! beg9n+ made by ,kant _h to be f>!r develop$4 ,kant _h always sep>at$ m9d & nature v %>ply4 ,b ! und]/&+ t ?is sep>ation %\ld only be made tempor>ily = ! purpose ( bett] inve/igation1 & t !re is no absolute diff]5ce betwe5 matt] & m9d made x possible to advance ! sci5ce ( ?\ght processes4 ,h[ev]1 ?is c\ld be accompli%$ only by a ?9k] :o _h fully dige/$ ! tea*+s ( socialism4 ,?is problem 0 solv$ by ,joseph ,dietzg5 9 8 "w on ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,human ,,bra9 ,,"w1 ! fir/ edition ( :i* appe>$ 9 #ahfi1 & by ?is "w he won = himself ! "n ( philosoph] ( ! prolet>iat4 ,?is problem c\ld be solv$ only by ! help ( ! dialectic me?od4 ,!re=e1 ! ideali/ philosophical sy/ems f ,kant to ,hegel :i* consi/ *iefly 9 ! developm5t ( ! dialectic me?od1 mu/ be reg>d$ z ! indisp5sable pione]s & precursors ( ,dietzg5's prolet>ian philosophy4 999999999999999999999999 ,! philosophy ( ,kant necess>ily broke d[n on acc\nt ( its dualism4 ,x _h %[n t !re is safety only 9 f9ite & mat]ial exp]i5ce1 & t ! m9d becomes involv$ 9 contradictions :5ev] x v5tures beyond t l9e4 ,! m9d's reason calls = absolute tru? :i* _c be gott54 ,h5ce ! m9d is grop+ 9 ! d>k & critique may p]haps expla9 :y x is 9 ! d>k1 b x _c %[ ! way out4 ,:at is call$ ) ,kant dialectics is 9 reality resignation4 ,true1 ! m9d f9ds k ab\t ?+s outside ( exp]i5ce by "s o!r way1 viz41 by means ( its moral consci\sness1 b ?is intuitive k 9 ! =m ( fai? rema9s %>ply sep>at$ f sci5tific und]/&+4 ,x 0 ! task ( ! philosophical developm5t imm$iately aft] ,kant1 to d away ) ?is %>p sep>ation1 ?is unreconcil$ contradiction4 ,?is developm5t end$ ) ,hegel2 its result 0 ! und]/&+ t contradiction is ! true nature ( ev]y?+4 ,b ?is contradiction _c be left to /& undi/urb$1 x mu/ be solv$ & /ill reta9$ 9 a high] =m1 & ?us be reconcil$4 ,!re=e ! _w ( ph5om5a _c be und]/ood z be+ at re/4 ,x c be und]/ood only z a ?+ 9 motion1 z activity1 z a cont9u\s *ange4 ,action is always ! reconciliation ( contradiction 9 "s high] =m1 & contradiction appe>s 9 ?is way z ! lev] ( progressive developm5t4 ,t :i* accompli%es ?is dialectic self-developm5t does n appe> 9 ! ideali/ic sy/ems z ! mat]ial _w itself1 b z ! spiritual1 ! idea4 ,9 ,hegel's philosophy1 ?is conception assumes ! =m ( a compreh5sive sy/em outl9+ ! self-developm5t ( ! ,absolute :i* is spiritual & is id5tical ) ,god4 ,! developm5t ( ?is ,absolute takes place 9 ?ree /ages2 9 its primitive pure spiritual =m x develops out ( its undiff]5tiat$ be+ ! conceptions ( logic2 !n x expresses itself 9 ano!r1 an ext]nal =m1 opposite to itself1 z ,nature4 ,9 nature all =ms develop by way ( contradictions :i* are elim9at$ by ! developm5t ( "s high] =m4 ,f9ally ! ,absolute awak5s to consci\sness 9 nature 9 ! =m ( ! human m9d & rea*es ?us its ?ird /age1 at :i* ! opposite elem5ts1 matt] & _s1 are reconcil$ into a unity4 ,! human m9d evolves 9 ! same way to ev] high] /ages1 until x arrives1 at ! end ( its developm5t by und]/&+ itself1 t is to say1 by kn[+ intuitively ! ,absolute4 ,?is is :at happ5s unconsci\sly 9 religion4 ,religion1 :i* 9 ! =m ( fai? mu/ be satisfi$ ) a mode/ corn] 9 ! sy/em ( ,kant1 appe>s 9 ! sy/em ( ,hegel v pr\dly z a high] sort ( und]/&+ sup]ior to all o!r k1 z an intuitive k ( absolute tru? 7,god74 ,9 philosophy ?is is done consci\sly4 ,& ! hi/orical developm5t :i* f9ds its conclusion & climax 9 ! ,hegelian philosophy corresponds to ! logical developm5t ( ! human m9d4 ,?us ,hegel unites all sci5ces & all p>ts ( ! _w into "o ma/]ly sy/em 9 :i* ! revolution>y dialectics1 ! !ory ( evolution1 t consid]s all f9ite ?+s z p]i%able & transitory1 is giv5 a cons]vative conclusion by putt+ an end to all fur!r developm5t :5 ! absolute tru? is rea*$4 ,all ! k ( t p]iod 0 assign$ to its place some:]e 9 ?is sy/em1 on "o ( ! /eps ( ! dialectic developm5t4 ,_m ( ! conceptions ( ! natural sci5ces ( t day1 :i* lat] on 7 f\nd to be errone\s1 are !re pres5t$ z necess>y tru?s re/+ on d$uction1 n on exp]i5ce4 ,?is c\ld give ! impression t ! ,hegelian philosophy made empirical rese>* sup]flu\s z a s\rce ( concrete tru?s4 ,?is appe>ance is to blame = ! slight recognition ( ,hegel among naturali/s2 9 natural sci5ces1 ?is philosophy !re=e has won mu* less importance ?an x des]v$ & ?an x might h won1 if its actual significance1 :i* consi/s 9 ! h>moni\s connection betwe5 widely sep>at$ ev5ts & sci5ces1 _h be5 bett] und]/ood "u its deceptive guise4 ,on ! ab/ract sci5ces ! influ5ce ( ,hegel 0 great]1 & "h he held an exceptionally prom95t position 9 ! sci5tific _w ( t "t4 ,on "o h&1 8 conception ( hi/ory z a progressive evolution 9 :i* e imp]fect previ\s condition is reg>d$ z a necess>y phase & prep>ation = subsequ5t conditions & ?us appe>s natural & reasonable1 0 a great ga9 = sci5ce4 ,on ! o!r h&1 8 /atem5ts on ! philosophy ( law & religion met ! requirem5ts & conceptions ( 8 "t4 ,9 8 philosophy ( law1 ! human m9d is tak5 9 t /age 9 :i* x /eps into reality1 hav+ z its pr9cipal *>act]i/ic a free w4 ,x is fir/ consid]$ z a s+le individual :i* f9ds its fre$om incorporat$ 9 its prop]ty4 ,?is p]sonality ent]s into relations ) o!rs l x4 ,its fre$om ( w is !reby express$ 9 moral laws4 ,by comb9+ all individuals into "o aggregate :ole1 _! contradictory relations are m]g$ into ! social units1 viz41 ! family1 ! b\rgeois society 7bu]g]li*e ,gesells*aft7 & ! /ate4 ,!re ! moral rules are c>ri$ f ! inn] to ! out] reality4 ,z ! expressions ( a sup]ior1 common & m g5]al w1 !y /& =? 9 ! g5]ally accept$ moral codes1 9 ! natural laws ( b\rgeois society & 9 ! au?oritative laws ( ! /ate4 ,9 ! /ate1 ! highe/ =m ( :i* is ! mon>*y1 ! m9d f9ds itself at its highe/ /age ( objective realization z ! idea ( ! /ate4 ,! reaction>y "* ( ,hegelian philosophy is n m]ely a sup]ficial appe>ance t re/s on ! glorification ( /ate & royalty1 ?anks to :i* ?is philosophy 0 rais$ to ! position ( ,prussian /ate philosophy aft] ! re/auration4 ,x 0 9 its v ess5ce a product ( reaction :i* 9 ^? days repres5t$ ! only possible advance aft] ! revolution4 ,?is reaction 0 ! fir/ practical critique ( b\rgeois society4 ,aft] ?is society _h be5 firmly e/abli%$1 ! relative am5ities ( ! old "t appe>$ 9 a bett] light1 because ! %ortcom+s ( ! new society made !mselves soon felt4 ,! b\rgeoisie _h recoil$ be=e ! consequ5ces ( its revolution1 :5 x recogniz$ t ! prolet>iat 0 its b>ri]4 ,x arre/$ ! revolution z soon z its b\rgeois aims _h be5 accompli%$1 & x 0 will+ to ackn[l$ge aga9 ! ma/]y ( ! feudal /ate & mon>*y1 provid$ !y w\ld protect x & s]ve its int]e/s4 ,! feudal p[]s t previ\sly _h be5 ov]come by ! weight ( _! own s9s & by ! unconditional sup]iority ( ! new social ord]1 aga9 lift$ _! heads :5 ! new ord] 9 its turn gave cause = well f\nd$ criticisms4 ,b !y c\ld n keep ! revolution 9 *eck1 unless !y recogniz$ x 9 a limit$ degree4 ,!y c\ld once m rule ov] ! b\rgeoisie1 provid$ !y compromis$ ) x s f> z x 0 inevitable4 ,!y c\ld no long] prevail aga9/ capitalism1 b !y c\ld gov]n = x4 ,?us1 by _! rule1 ! imp]fectness ( capitalism 0 reveal$4 ,! !ory ( re/auration1 !re=e1 _h to consi/ fir/ ( all ( a ?or\gh critique ( ! revolution>y b\rgeois philosophy4 ,b ?is philosophy c\ld n be ?r[n aside entirely4 ,s f> z a critique ( ! old ord] 0 conc]n$1 ! tru? ( b\rgeois philosophy _h to be admitt$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! %>p di/9ction x made betwe5 ! falsity ( ! old & ! tru? ( ! new ord] 0 f\nd to be beside ! m>k4 ,s ! correctness ( ! b\rgeois philosophy itself prov$ to be relative & limit$1 l t ( a h]ald ( "s high] tru? :i* 9 its turn w\ld ackn[l$ge t :i* 0 tempor>ily & p>tially true 9 its vanqui%$ precursor4 ,9 ?is way ! contradictions became mom5ts 9 ! evolution ( absolute tru?1 9 ?is way1 fur!rmore1 ! dialectics became ! ma9 feature & me?od ( po/-,kantian philosophy2 & 9 ?is way1 f9ally1 ! !ori/s ( ! reaction 7 ! m5 :o /e]$ philosophy ov] new c\rses & :o !reby became ! h>b+]s ( socialism4 ,scepticism & a critique ( all traditional ?+s1 yet a c>eful protection ( endang]$ fai?1 _h *>act]iz$ ! t5d5cies ( b\rgeois ?\ght dur+ its revolution>y p]iod4 ,9 ! reaction>y /age1 ! b\rgeois implicitly accept$ ! belief 9 absolute tru? & cultivat$ a self-righte\s fai?4 ,! practice ( ,mett]ni* & ( ! ,holy ,alliance correspond$ to ! !ory ( ,hegelian philosophy4 ,! practice ( ! ,prussian police /ate1 :i* embodi$ ! %ortcom+s ( capitalism )\t its advantages & ?us repres5t$ a high] degree ( reaction1 de/roy$ ! ,hegelian philosophy1 z soon z ! practices ( matur+ capitalism began to rebel aga9/ ! fett]s by :i* reaction endeavor$ to b9d x4 ,feu]ba* return$ 9 8 critique ( religion f ! fanta/ical heights ( ab/raction to physical man4 ,m>x demon/rat$ t ! reality ( b\rgeois society expresses itself 9 its class antagonisms :i* h]ald its imp]fectness & approa*+ d[nfall1 & he discov]$ t ! actual hi/orical developm5t re/$ on ! developm5t ( ! process ( mat]ial production4 ,! absolute _s t 0 suppos$ to be embodi$ 9 ! con/itution ( ! despotic /ate be=e ! ,m>* revolution n[ reveal$ itself z ! n>r[ b\rgeois _s :i* reg>ds b\rgeois society z ! f9al aim ( all hi/orical developm5t4 ,! ,hegelian /atem5t t all f9ite ?+s c>ry )9 !mselves ! g]m ( _! own dissolution came home to 8 own philosophy1 z soon z its f9it5ess & limitations _h be5 grasp$4 ,its cons]vative =m 0 ab&on$1 b its revolution>y cont5t1 ! dialectics1 0 pres]v$4 ,! ,hegelian philosophy 0 f9ally sup]s$$ by dialectic mat]ialism :i* decl>es t absolute tru? is realiz$ only 9 ! inf9ite progress ( society & ( sci5tific und]/&+4 ,?is does n imply a :olesale rejection ( ,hegelian philosophy4 ,x m]ely means t ! relative validity ( t philosophy has be5 recogniz$4 ,! vicissitudes ( ! absolute _s 9 ! c\rse ( its self-developm5t are b a fanta/ical description ( ! process :i* ! real human m9d exp]i5ces 9 its acqua9tance ) ! _w & its active p>ticipation 9 life4 ,in/ead ( ! evolution ( ! absolute idea1 ! dialectics h5ce=? becomes ! sole correct me?od ( ?\ght to be employ$ by ! real human m9d 9 ! /udy ( ! actual _w & = ! purpose ( und]/&+ social developm5t4 ,! great & la/+ importance ( ,hegel's philosophy1 ev5 = our own "t1 is t x is an excell5t !ory ( ! human m9d & ( its work+ me?ods1 provid$ we /rip (f its transc5d5tal "*1 & t x f> excels ! fir/ labori\s contributions ( ,kant to ! !ory ( und]/&+4 ,b ?is quality ( ! ,hegelian philosophy c\ld n be appreciat$1 until ,dietzg5 _h creat$ ! basis = a dialectic & mat]iali/ic !ory ( und]/&+4 ,! indisp5sable "* ( dialectic ?\ght1 :i* is illu/rat$ by ! monum5tal works ( ,m>x & ,engels1 has be5 fir/ demon/rat$ 9 a p]fectly conv9c+ mann] by ,dietzg5's critical analysis ( ! human =ce ( ?9k+4 ,x 0 only by means ( ?is me?od ( ?\ght--( :i* he 0 accord+ to ,engels' te/imony an indep5d5t discov]]--t he c\ld succe$ 9 complet+ ! !ory ( und]/&+ & br++ x to a close = ! "t be+4 999999999999999999999999 ,if we ref] to ! ideas laid d[n by ,dietzg5 9 ?is "w z 8 philosophy1 we say too mu*1 because x does n assume to be a new sy/em ( philosophy4 ,yet1 on ! o!r h&1 we %\ld n say en\gh1 because x w\ld mean t 8 "w is z pass+ z ! sy/ems be=e x4 ,x is ! m]it ( ,dietzg5 to h rais$ philosophy to ! position ( a natural sci5ce1 ! same z ,m>x did ) hi/ory4 ,! human faculty ( ?\ght is !reby /ripp$ ( its fanta/ic g>b4 ,x is reg>d$ z a "p ( nature1 & by means ( exp]i5ce a progressive und]/&+ ( its concrete & ev] *ang+ hi/orical nature mu/ be ga9$4 ,dietzg5's "w ref]s to itself z a f9ite & tempor>y realization ( ?is aim1 j z e new !ory 9 natural sci5ce is a f9ite & tempor>y realization ( its aims4 ,?is realization mu/ be fur!r improv$ & p]fect$ by successive inve/igations4 ,?is is ! me?od ( natural sci5ce2 philosophical sy/ems1 on ! contr>y1 pret5d$ to give absolute tru?1 t c\ld n be improv$ ^u4 ,dietzg5's "w is fundam5tally diff]5t f ^! =m] philosophies1 & m ?an !y1 because x wi%es to be less4 ,x pres5ts itself z ! positive outcome ( philosophy t[>d :i* all great ?9k]s h contribut$1 se5 by ! sob] eyes ( a sociali/ & analyz$1 rec\nt$ & fur!r develop$ by him4 ,at ! same "t1 x attributes to previ\s sy/ems ! same "* ( p>tial tru?s & %[s t !y 7 n entirely useless speculations1 b asc5d+ /ages ( und]/&+ naturally relat$1 :i* conta9 ev] m tru? & ev] less error4 ,hegel _h likewise ent]ta9$ ?is broad] view1 b ) him ?is developm5t came to a self-contradictory end 9 8 own sy/em4 ,dietzg5 also calls 8 own conception ! highe/ !n exi/+1 & its di/9ctive /ep 9 ! evolution is t x = ! fir/ "t adopts & pr(esses ?is natural & sci5tific view1 in/ead ( ! sup]natural po9t ( view ( ! =m] sy/ems4 ,! new und]/&+ t ! human m9d is a common & natural ?+ is a decisive /ep 9 ! progressive inve/igation ( ! m9d1 & ?is /ep places ,dietzg5 at ! head ( ?is evolution4 ,& x is a /ep :i* _c be retrac$1 because x signifies a sob] awak5+ aft] c5turies ( va9 imag9+s4 ,s9ce ?is sy/em does n pret5d to be absolute tru?1 b r a f9ite & temporal "o1 x _c fall z its pr$ecessors did4 ,x repres5ts a sci5tific cont9uation ( =m] philosophies1 j z a/ronomy is ! cont9uation ( a/rology & ( ! ,py?agorean fantasies1 & *emi/ry ! cont9uation ( al*emy4 ,x takes ! place t =m]ly 0 held by its unsci5tific pr$ecessors & has ?is 9 common ) !m1 ap>t f its ess5tial !ory ( und]/&+1 t x is ! basis ( a new _w-philosophy1 ( a me?odical conception ( ! univ]se4 ,?is mod]n _w-philosophy 7,weltans*auung71 be+ a sociali/ or prolet>ian "o1 takes issue ) ! b\rgeois conceptions2 x 0 fir/ conceiv$ z a new view ( ! _w1 entirely opposite to ! rul+ b\rgeois conceptions1 by ,m>x & ,engels1 :o develop$ its sociological & hi/orical cont5ts2 its philosophical basis is "h develop$ by ,dietzg52 its real "* is indicat$ by ! t]ms dialectic & mat]iali/4 ,by its core1 hi/orical mat]ialism1 x ga9s a :olly new !ory ( social evolution t =ms its *ief cont5t4 ,?is !ory 0 = ! fir/ "t sket*$ 9 its ma9 outl9es 9 ! ,communi/ ,manife/o1 & lat] on fully develop$ 9 a numb] ( o!r works & ?or\ghly v9dicat$ by innum]able facts4 ,x gives u ! sci5tific assurance t ! mis]y & imp]fectness ( pres5t society1 :i* b\rgeois philosophy reg>ds z inevitable & natural1 is b a transitory condition1 & t man w )9 measurable "t emancipate himself f ! slav]y ( 8 mat]ial wants by ! regulation ( social production4 ,by ?is c]ta9ty socialism is put on an em95ce s f> above all b\rgeois conceptions t ^! appe> b>b>\s 9 comp>ison ) x4 ,& :at is m significant1 our _w-philosophy may ju/ly claim to h = ! fir/ "t ?r[n ! light ( an indisputable sci5ce on society & man2 comb9$ ) ! mature/ products ( natural sci5ces x =ms a complete sci5ce ( ! _w1 mak+ all sup]/itions sup]flu\s1 & ?us involv+ ! !oretical emancipation1 t is to say ! emancipation ( ! m9d4 ,! sci5ce treat+ ( ! human m9d =ms ! ess5ce & f\ndation ( ?is !ory ( society & man1 n only because x gives u ! same z ! natural sci5ces a sci5tific or exp]i5ce-prov5 !ory ( ! function ( human ?9k+1 b also1 because ?is !ory ( cognition c alone assure u t su* sci5ces are able to furni% u an adequate picture ( ! _w1 & t any?+ outside ( !m is m]e fantasy4 ,= ?is reason we owe to ,dietzg5's !ory ( cognition ! firm f\ndation ( our _w-philosophy4 ,its "* is prim>ily mat]iali/ic4 ,9 contradi/9ction to ! ideali/ sy/ems ( ! mo/ fl\ri%+ "t ( ,g]man philosophy :i* consid]$ ! ,m9d z ! basis ( all exi/5ce1 x />ts f concrete mat]iali/ be+4 ,n t x reg>ds m]e physical matt] z its basis2 x is r oppos$ to ! crude b\rgeois mat]ialism1 & matt] to x means ev]y?+ :i* exi/s & furni%es mat]ial = ?\ght1 includ+ ?\ghts & imag9ations4 ,its f\ndation is ! unity ( all concrete be+4 ,?us x assigns to ! human m9d an equal place among ! o!r p>ts ( ! univ]se2 x %[s t ! m9d is z closely connect$ ) all ! o!r p>ts ( ! univ]se z ^? p>ts are among !mselves2 t is to say1 ! m9d exi/s only z a "p ( ! entire univ]se s t its cont5t is only ! effect ( ! o!r p>ts4 ,?us our philosophy =ms ! !oretical basis ( hi/orical mat]ialism4 ,:ile ! /atem5t t ! consci\sness ( man is det]m9$ by 8 social life c\ld hi!rto at be/ be reg>d$ z a g5]alization ( _m hi/orical facts & ?us seem$ imp]fect & op5 to criticism1 capable ( improvem5t by lat] discov]ies1 ! same z all o!r sci5tific !ories1 h5ce=? ! complete dep5d5ce ( ! m9d on ! re/ ( ! _w becomes z impregnable & immutable a requirem5t ( ?\ght z causality4 ,?is signifies ! ?or\gh refutation ( ! belief 9 miracles4 ,aft] hav+ be5 bani%$ long ago f ! field ( natural sci5ce1 miracles 7 n[ bani%$ f ! doma9 ( ?\ght4 ,! enlight5+ effect ( ?is prolet>ian philosophy consi/s fur!rmore 9 its opposition to all sup]/ition & its demon/ration ( ! s5selessness ( all idol wor%ip4 ,sociali/ und]/&+ accompli%$ some?+ :i* ! b\rgeois re=m]s c\ld n d1 because !y 7 limit$ to natural sci5ce 9 a n>r[ s5se & c\ld n solve ! my/]y ( ! m9d2 = 9 expla9+ all ! m5tal1 spiritual ph5om5a z natural ph5om5a our prolet>ian philosophy furni%es ! means = a tr5*ant critique ( ,*ri/ian fai? :i* consi/s 9 ! belief 9 a sup]natural spiritual be+4 ,9 8 dialectic discussions ( m9d & matt]1 f9it5ess & inf9ity1 god & ! _w1 ,dietzg5 has ?or\ghly cl>ifi$ ! confus$ my/]y :i* surr\nd$ ^! conceptions & has def9itely refut$ all transc5d5tal beliefs4 ,& ?is critique is no less de/ructive = ! b\rgeois idols3 ,fre$om1 ,"r1 ,_s1 ,=ce1 :i* are %[n to be b fanta/ic images ( ab/ract conceptions ) a limit$ validity4 ,?is c\ld be accompli%$ 9 no o!r way ?an by simultane\sly det]m9+1 9 its capacity z a !ory ( und]/&+1 ! relation ( ! _w ar\nd u to ! image :i* our m9d =ms ( x4 ,9 ?is respect ,dietzg5 complet$ ! "w begun by ,hume & ,kant4 ,z a !ory ( und]/&+1 8 conceptions are n only ! philosophical basis ( hi/orical mat]ialism1 b also ( all o!r sci5ces z well4 ,! ?or\gh critique direct$ by ,dietzg5 aga9/ ! works ( prom95t natural sci5ti/s1 %[s t he 0 well aw>e ( ! importance ( 8 own "w4 ,b1 z might be expect$1 ! voice ( a sociali/ artisan did n p5etrate to ! lecture hall ( ! academies4 ,x 0 n until mu* lat] t simil> views appe>$ among ! natural sci5ti/s4 ,& n[ at la/ ! mo/ prom95t !ori/s ( natural sci5ce h adopt$ ! view t expla9+ signifies no?+ else b simply & completely describ+ ! processes ( nature4 ,by ?is !ory ( und]/&+ ,dietzg5 has made x pla9ly p]ceptible :y ! dialectic me?od is an indisp5sable auxili>y 9 ! que/ = an explanation ( ! nature ( und]/&+4 ,! m9d is ! faculty ( g5]alization4 ,x =ms out ( concrete realities1 :i* are a cont9u\s & unb\nd$ /ream 9 p]petual motion1 ab/ract conceptions t are ess5tially rigid1 b\nd$1 /able1 & un*angeable4 ,?is gives rise to ! contradiction t our conceptions mu/ always adapt !mselves to new realities )\t ev] fully succe$+2 ! contradiction t !y repres5t ! liv+ by :at is dead1 ! inf9ite by :at is f9ite1 & t !y are !mselves f9ite ?\gh p>tak+ ( ! nature ( ! inf9ite4 ,?is contradiction is und]/ood & reconcil$ by ! insight into ! nature ( ! faculty ( und]/&+1 :i* is simultane\sly a faculty ( comb9ation & ( di/9ction1 :i* =ms a limit$ "p ( ! univ]se & yet encompasses ev]y?+1 & x is fur!rmore solv$ by ! result+ p5etration ( ! nature ( ! _w4 ,! _w is a unity ( ! inf9itely num]\s multitude ( ph5om5a & comprises )9 itself all contradictions1 makes !m relative & equalizes !m4 ,)9 its circle !re are no absolute opposites4 ,! m9d m]ely con/ructs !m1 because x has n only ! faculty ( g5]alization b also ( di/+ui%+4 ,! practical solution ( all contradictions is ! revolution>y practice ( inf9itely progress+ sci5ce :i* m\lds old conceptions into new ones1 rejects "s1 sub/itutes o!rs 9 _! place1 improves1 connects & dissects1 /ill /riv+ = an always great] unity & an always wid] diff]5tiation4 ,by means ( ?is !ory ( und]/&+1 dialectic mat]ialism also furni%es ! means = ! solution ( ! riddles ( ! _w 7,weltraetsel74 ,n t x solves all ^! riddles2 on ! contr>y1 x says explicitly t ?is solution c be b ! "w ( an ev] advanc+ sci5tific rese>*4 ,b x solves !m 9 s f> z x deprives !m ( ! "* ( a my/]i\s enigma & trans=ms !m into a practical problem1 ! solution ( :i* we are approa*+ by an inf9ite progression4 ,b\rgeois ?\ght _c solve ! riddles ( ! _w4 ,a few ye>s aft] ! fir/ publication ( ,dietzg5's "w1 natural sci5ce 9 ! p]son ( ,du ,bois-,reymond ackn[l$g$ its incapacity by 8 ,ignorabimus3 ,we %all nev] "k4 ,prolet>ian philosophy1 9 solv+ ! riddle ( ! human m9d1 gives u ! assurance t !re are no insoluble riddles be=e u4 ,9 conclusion1 ,dietzg5 9 ?is "w indicates ! pr9ciples ( a new e?ics4 ,/>t+ ) ! und]/&+ t ! orig9 ( ! ideas ( good & bad is f\nd 9 ! ne$s ( man1 & designat+ z really moral t :i* is g5]ally useful1 he logically discov]s t ! ess5ce ( mod]n morality re/s 9 its class int]e/s4 ,at ! same "t1 a relative ju/ification is accord$ to ^! tempor>y e?ics1 s9ce !y are ! necess>y products ( def9ite social requirem5ts4 ,! l9k betwe5 man & nature is =m$ by ! process ( social production c>ri$ on = ! satisfaction ( man's mat]ial wants4 ,s long z ?is l9k 0 a fett]1 x b\nd man by a misappreh5d$ sup]natural e?ics4 ,b once ! process ( social labor is und]/ood1 regulat$ & controll$1 !n ?is fett] is dropp$ & ! place ( e?ics is tak5 by a reasonable und]/&+ ( ! g5]al wants4 999999999999999999999999 ,! philosophical works ( ,dietzg5 d n seem to h1 until n[1 ex]t$ any p]ceptible influ5ce on ! sociali/ movem5t4 ,:ile !y may h f\nd _m a sil5t admir] & contribut$ mu* t[>d a cle>+ up ( _! ?\ghts1 yet ! importance ( 8 writ+s = ! !ory ( our movem5t has n be5 realiz$4 ,b ?is is n a matt] = great surprise4 ,9 ! fir/ decade aft] _! publication1 ev5 ! economic works ( ,m>x1 ! value ( :i* 0 mu* m app>5t1 7 little appreciat$4 ,! movem5t develop$ spontane\sly1 & ! ,m>xian !ory c\ld ex]t a useful & det]m9+ influ5ce only by means ( ! cle> =esight ( a few lead]s4 ,h5ce x is no wond] t ! philosophy ( ! prolet>iat1 :i* is less easily & directly applicable ?an our economics1 did n receive mu* att5tion4 ,! political maturity ( ! ,g]man work+ class1 :i* 0 f>!/ advanc$ 9 ! !ories ( ! int]national movem5t1 did n develop to ! po9t ( adopt+ ,m>xian !ses z p>ty pr9ciples1 until aft] ! abolition ( ! anti-sociali/ laws4 ,b ev5 !n !y 7 = mo/ ( ! spokesm5 ( ! p>ty r concise =mulations ( a few practical convictions ?an ! outcome ( a ?or\gh sci5tific tra9+ & und]/&+4 ,x 0 no d\bt ! great expansion ( ! p>ty & ( its activity :i* dem&$ all _! p[]s = its organization & managem5t1 t l$ ! y\ng] intellectuals ( ! p>ty to devote !mselves to practical "w & to neglect ! !oretical /udies4 ,?is neglect has bitt]ly av5g$ itself 9 ! !oretical s*isms ( ! subsequ5t ye>s4 ,! decrepit condition ( capitalism is n[ evid5c$ v pla9ly by ! decay ( ! b\rgeois p>ties1 s t ! practical "w ( ! sociali/ p>ty is 9 itself suffici5t to attract e "o :o has an indep5d5t turn ( m9d & a capacity = deep feel+4 ,b "u ! pres5t circum/ances1 su* a transition 0 n accompani$ by a prolet>ian _w-philosophy acquir$ by pa9/ak+ /udy4 ,in/ead ( su* a philosophy1 we are confront$ by a critique ( sociali/ sci5ce f ! b\rgeois /&po9t4 ,m>xism is measur$ by ! /&>d ( ! immature b\rgeois !ory ( und]/&+1 & ! ,neokantians1 unconsci\s ( ! positive outcome ( philosophy ( ! pa/ c5tury1 are try+ to connect socialism ) ,kantian e?ics4 ,"s ev5 speak ( a reconciliation ) ,*ri/ianity & a r5unciation ( mat]ialism4 ,?is b\rgeois me?od ( ?\ght1 :i*1 be+ anti-dialectic & anti-mat]iali/ic1 is oppos$ to ,m>xism1 has acquir$ "s practical importance 9 ! sociali/ic movem5t ( c\ntries :]e by lack ( economical developm5t ! class-consci\sness ( ! work]s is h9d]$ by relics ( ! n>r[-m9d$ views ( ! class ( little produc]s--z 9 ,france & ,italy "u ! "n ( re=mism4 ,9 ,g]many :]e x c\ld n obta9 mu* practical importance x pres5t$ itself mo/ly z a !oretical /ruggle aga9/ ,m>xism "u ! "n ( revisionism4 ,x comb9es b\rgeois philosophy & anti-capitali/ disposition & takes ! place =m]ly occupi$ by an>*ism1 &1 l an>*ism1 x aga9 repres5ts 9 _m respects ! little b\rgeois t5d5cies 9 ! fight aga9/ capitalism4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 a clos] /udy ( ,dietzg5's philosophical works becomes a necessity4 ,m>x has disclos$ ! nature ( ! social process ( production1 & its fundam5tal significance z a lev] ( social developm5t4 ,b he has n fully expla9$1 by :at means ! nature ( ! human m9d is involv$ 9 ?is mat]ial process4 ,ow+ to ! great traditional influ5ce ex]t$ by b\rgeois ?\ght1 ?is weak spot 9 ,m>xism is "o ( ! ma9 reasons = ! incomplete & errone\s und]/&+ ( ,m>xian !ories4 ,?is %ortcom+ ( ,m>xism is cur$ by ,dietzg51 :o made ! nature ( ! m9d ! special object ( 8 inve/igations4 ,= ?is reason1 a ?or\gh /udy ( ,dietzg5's philosophical writ+s is an important & indisp5sable auxili>y = ! und]/&+ ( ! fundam5tal works ( ,m>x & ,engels4 ,dietzg5's "w demon/rates t ! prolet>iat has a mighty weapon n only 9 prolet>ian economics1 b also 9 prolet>ian philosophy4 ,let u le>n to wield ^! weapons6 ,,anton ,,pannekoek4 ,leyd51 ,holl&1 ,decemb]1 #aijb4 ,! ,nature ( ,human ,bra9 ,"w ,a ,r5ew$ ,critique ( ,pure & ,practical ,reason ,,by ,a ,,manual ,,work] ,translat$ by ,erne/ ,unt]mann ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,human ,,bra9 ,,"w ,,preface ,x may n be amiss "h to say a few words to ! k9d read] & ! unk9d critic 9 reg>d to ! p]sonal relation ( ! au?or to ! pres5t "w4 ,! fir/ objection :i* ,i anticipate w be aim$ at my lack ( sci5tific le>n+ :i* is %[n indirectly r1 betwe5 ! l9es1 ?an 9 ! "w itself4 ,h[ d>e y1 ,i ask myself1 come be=e ! public ) y\r /atem5ts on a subject1 :i* has be5 treat$ by su* h]oes ( sci5ce z ,ari/otle1 ,kant1 ,fi*te1 ,hegel1 etc41 )\t be+ ?or\ghly famili> ) all ! works ( y\r fam\s pr$ecessors8 ,at be/1 w y n m]ely repeat :at has long s9ce be5 accompli%$8 ,9 reply1 ,i wi% to say t ! se$s s[n by philosophy 9 ! soil ( sci5ce h long s9ce blossom$ & borne fruit4 ,! product ( hi/ory develops hi/orically1 gr[s & passes away1 9 ord] to live et]nally 9 ano!r =m4 ,! orig9al de$1 ! orig9al "w1 is f]tile only 9 ! contact ) ! conditions & relations ( ! "t 9 :i* x is born4 ,b x f9ally becomes an empty %ell1 :5 x has yield$ its k]nel to hi/ory4 ,:atev] ( a positive nature 0 produc$ by ! sci5ce ( ! pa/1 lives no long] 9 ! words ( ! au?or1 b has become m ?an _s1 has become fle% & blood 9 pres5t sci5ce4 ,9 ord]1 e4 g41 to "k ! products ( physics & produce some?+ new 9 its field1 x is n necess>y to fir/ /udy ! hi/ory ( ?is sci5ce1 nor d]ive ! hi!rto discov]$ laws f _! fundam5tal s\rce4 ,on ! contr>y1 hi/orical rese>* might only be an ob/acle to ! solution ( a def9ite physical problem1 = conc5trat$ /r5g? w naturally accompli% m ?an divid$ /r5g?4 ,9 ?is s5se1 ,i consid] my lack ( o!r k an advantage1 because ,i am ?us enabl$ to devote myself s mu* m int5sely to my special object4 ,i h /riv5 h>d to /udy ?is object & to le>n ev]y?+ :i* is kn[n ab\t x 9 my "t4 ,! hi/ory ( philosophy has 9 a c]ta9 s5se be5 repeat$ 9 ! developm5t ( my individuality1 s9ce ,i speculat$ f my e>lie/ y\? on ! means ( satisfy+ my long+ = a consi/5t & sy/ematic conception ( ! _w1 & ,i believe ,i h f9ally f\nd ?is satisfaction 9 ! inductive und]/&+ ( ! human faculty ( ?\ght4 ,note t x is n ! faculty ( ?\ght 9 its v>i\s manife/ations1 n ! diff]5t =ms ( x1 b its g5]al =m1 its g5]al nature1 t satisfi$ me & t ,i propose to discuss4 ,my object is !n v pla9 & circumscrib$1 inde$ x is s simple1 t ,i _h difficulties 9 %[+ its nature f diff]5t po9ts ( view & 0 compell$ to resort to num]\s repetitions4 ,at ! same "t1 ! "q conc]n+ ! nature ( ! m9d is a popul> "o1 :i* is n limit$ to pr(essional philosophy1 b conc]ns all sci5ces4 ,& :atev] ! hi/ory ( sci5ce has contribut$ t[>ds ! solution ( ?is "q1 mu/ be g5]ally alive 9 ! sci5tific conceptions ( ! pres5t4 ,i c\ld well be satisfi$ ) ?is s\rce4 ,i may1 !n1 confess 9 spite ( my au?or%ip1 t ,i am n a pr(essor ( philosophy1 b a me*anic by pr(ession4 ,if any "o %\ld feel ju/ifi$ 9 tell+ me3 ,%oemak]1 /ick to y\r la/6 ,i w\ld reply to him ) ,k>l ,m>x3 ,y\r non plus ultra pr(essional wisdom became enorm\sly fooli% f ! mom5t :5 ! wat*mak] ,watt inv5t$ ! /eam eng9e1 ! b>b] ,arkwright ! loom1 ! jewel] ,fulton ! /eam%ip4 ,)\t class+ myself among ^! great m51 ,i c /rive to emulate !m4 ,besides1 ! nature ( my object is especially p]t95t to ! class1 a memb] ( :i* ,i h ! pleasure1 if n ! honor1 ( be+4 ,i treat 9 ?is "w ( ! faculty ( ?\ght z ! organ ( ! g5]al4 ,! oppress$ f\r? e/ate1 ! work+ class1 is ! true expon5t ( ?is organ1 ! rul+ classes be+ prev5t$ by _! special class int]e/s f recogniz+ ! dem&s ( g5]al reason4 ,our fir/ consid]ation is1 ( c\rse1 ! relation ( our object to human conditions4 ,h[ev]1 s long z conditions are n equaliz$ = m5 9 g5]al1 b vitiat$ by class int]e/s1 our view ( ?+s is influ5c$ by ^! class limitations4 ,a truly objective und]/&+ requires a subjective !oretical fre$om4 ,be=e ,cop]nicus saw ! ,e>? 0 mov+ & ! ,sun /ation>y1 he _h to place himself outside ( 8 t]re/rial /&po9t4 ,! faculty ( ?\ght1 hav+ all relations = its object1 mu/ ab/ract f all ( !m 9 ord] to grasp its own real nature4 ,s9ce we c und]/& ?+s only by means ( ?\ght1 we mu/ ab/ract f ev]y?+ 9 ord] to und]/& ?\ght 9 g5]al4 ,?is task 0 too difficult1 s long z man 0 b\nd to "s limit$ class /&po9t4 ,n until hi/orical developm5t has proce$$ to ! po9t ( /riv+ at dissolution ( ! la/ society bas$ on a rul+ & a s]v+ class1 c prejudices be ov]come to ! ext5t ( enabl+ ! faculty ( und]/&+ to grasp ! nature ( human bra9 activity 9 ! ab/ract4 ,x is only a hi/orical movem5t aim+ at ! direct & g5]al lib]ty ( ! masses1 ! new era ( ! f\r? e/ate bas$ on mu* misund]/ood premises1 :i* c disp5se ) ! _s cult suffici5tly to be enabl$ to expose ! real au?or ( e spook1 ! pure m9d4 ,! man ( ! f\r? e/ate repres5ts at la/ ! pure man4 ,8 int]e/s are no long] m]e class int]e/s1 b mass int]e/s1 int]e/s ( humanity4 ,?is indicates t we are n[ approa*+ ! end ( a developm5t 9 :i* ! int]e/s ( ! mass 7 dep5d5t on ! int]e/s ( a rul+ class & 9 :i* humanity made progress n s mu* 9 spite ( z by means ( cont9u\s oppression by ,jewi% patri>*s1 ,asiatic conqu]ors1 antique slavehold]s1 feudal b>ons1 guildma/]s1 mod]n capitali/s & ev5 capitali/ ,caes>s4 ,! class conditions ( ! pa/ 7 inevitable 9 ! g5]al developm5t4 ,n[ ?is developm5t has arriv$ at a po9t :]e ! mass becomes consci\s ( itself4 ,man has hi!rto develop$ by class antagonism4 ,by ?is means he has n[ arriv$ at ! po9t :]e he wants to develop himself consci\sly4 ,class antagonisms 7 ph5om5a ( humanity4 ,! work+ class /rives to aboli% class antagonism 9 ord] t humanity itself may be a tru?4 ,j z ! ,re=mation 0 condition$ on ! actual environm5t ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 s1 l ! discov]y ( ! electric telegraph1 ! rese>* ( ! !ory ( human und]/&+ is bas$ on ! actual conditions ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,to ?is ext5t ! cont5ts ( ?is little "w are n an individual1 b a hi/orical product4 ,9 writ+ x1 ,i feel myself1 if ,i may use ?is my/ic phrase1 z a m]e organ ( ! idea4 ,only ! =m ( pres5t+ ! subject is m9e1 & ,i beg ! k9d read] to judge x l5i5tly4 ,i ask t ! read] may direct 8 or h] sil5t or l\d objections1 n aga9/ ! =m1 b aga9/ ! sub/ance ( my rem>ks1 n to cl+ to ! lett]1 b to und]/& ! _s ( my words4 ,if ,i %\ld n succe$ 9 develop+ ! idea1 & if my voice %\ld ?us be dr[n$ 9 ! hubbub ( our ov]/ock$ book m>ket1 ,i am nev]!less c]ta9 t ! cause itself w f9d a m tal5t$ *ampion4 ,,joseph ,,dietzg51 ,tann]4 ,,siegburg1 ,may #ae1 #ahfi4 ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,human ,,bra9 ,,"w ,i4 ,,introduction ,sy/ematization is ! ess5ce & ! g5]al expression ( ! aggregate activity ( sci5ce4 ,sci5ce seeks to classify & sy/ematize ! objects ( ! _w = ! und]/&+ ( our bra94 ,! sci5tific und]/&+ ( a c]ta9 language1 e4 g41 requires an ord]ly arrangem5t ( t language 9 g5]al categories & rules4 ,! sci5ce ( agriculture does n simply wi% to produce a good crop ( potatoes1 b to f9d a sy/em = ! me?ods ( cultivation & ?us to furni% ! k by :i* success 9 cultivation c be det]m9$ be=eh&4 ,! practical result ( all !ory is to acqua9t u ) ! sy/em & me?od ( its practice & ?us to enable u to act 9 ?is _w ) a reasonable c]ta9ty ( success4 ,exp]i5ce is1 ( c\rse1 an indisp5sable condition = ?is purpose2 b x alone is n suffici5t4 ,only by means ( empirically develop$ !ories1 by sci5ce1 d we ov]come ! play ( accid5t4 ,sci5ce gives u ! consci\s dom9ation ov] ?+s & unconditional security 9 h&l+ !m4 ,no "o individual c "k ev]y?+4 ,! capacity ( ! individual bra9 is no m adequate = ! k ( ev]y?+ t is necess>y ?an ! skill & /r5g? ( ! individual's h&s are suffici5t to produce all he ne$s4 ,fai? is indisp5sable to man1 b only fai? 9 t :i* o!rs "k1 n 9 :at !y believe4 ,sci5ce is z mu* a social matt] z mat]ial production4 ,"o = all & all = "o4 ,b j z !re are "s wants ( ! body :i* e "o has to satisfy by himself1 s e "o has to "k c]ta9 sci5tific facts :i* are n ! pr]ogative ( any special sci5ce4 ,?is is true ( ! faculty ( human und]/&+4 ,! k & /udy ( ?is !ory _c be left to any p>ticul> guild4 ,lassalle ju/ly says3 ,?9k+ itself has become a special trade 9 ^! days ( division ( labor1 & x has fall5 into ! wor/ h&s1 ^? ( our newspap] writ]s4 ,he ?us urges u n to acquiesce 9 ?is appropriation any long]1 n to submit any m to ! h>angues ( public op9ion1 b to resume ?9k+ = ourselves4 ,we may leave c]ta9 objects ( sci5tific rese>* to pr(essionals1 b g5]al ?\ght is a public matt] :i* e "o %\ld be requir$ to att5d to himself4 ,if we c\ld place ?is g5]al "w ( ?9k+ on a sci5tific basis1 if we c\ld f9d a !ory ( g5]al ?\ght1 if we 7 able to discov] ! means by :i* reason arrives at und]/&+1 if we c\ld develop a me?od by :i* tru? is produc$ sci5tifically1 !n we %\ld acquire = sci5ce 9 g5]al & = our individual faculty ( judgm5t ! same c]ta9ty ( success :i* we already possess 9 special fields ( sci5ce4 ,kant says3 ,if x is n possible to h>monize ! v>i\s co-op]ators on ! "q ( ! means by :i* _! common aim is to be accompli%$1 !n we may safely inf] t su* a /udy is n yet on ! secure road ( sci5ce1 b w cont9ue to grope 9 ! d>k4 ,n[1 if we take a look at ! sci5ces1 we f9d t !re are _m1 especially among ! natural sci5ces1 :i* fulfill ! requirem5ts ( ,kant1 agree+ unanim\sly & consci\sly on c]ta9 empirical k & build+ fur!r und]/&+ on t4 ,!re we "k1 z ,liebig says1 :at is to be call$ a c]ta9 fact1 a conclusion1 a rule1 a law4 ,we h t\*/ones = all ?is1 & e "o makes use ( !m be=e mak+ kn[n ! fruits ( 8 labors4 ,! attempt to ma9ta9 any proposition by lawy]'s tricks1 or ! int5tion to make o!rs believe any?+ t _c be prov51 are imm$iately wreck$ by ! e?ics ( sci5ce4 ,n s 9 o!r fields1 :]e concrete & mat]ial ?+s are left beh9d & ab/ract1 s-call$ philosophical1 matt]s are tak5 up1 z1 = in/ance1 que/ions ( g5]al conceptions ( ! _w & ( life1 ( beg9n+ & end1 ( ! semblance & ! ess5ce ( ?+s1 ( cause & effect1 ( matt] & =ce1 ( might & "r1 ( wisdom ( life1 ( morality1 religion1 & politics4 ,"h we f9d1 in/ead ( irrefutable pro(s1 m]e lawy]'s tricks1 an abs5ce ( reliable k1 a m]e grop+ amid contradictory op9ions4 ,& x is precisely ! prom95t au?orities ( natural sci5ce :o %[ by _! disagreem5ts on su* matt]s t !y are m]e tyros 9 philosophy4 ,x foll[s1 !n1 t ! socall$ e?ics ( sci5ce1 ! t\*/ones ( :i* ! boa/ is made t !y nev] fail 9 det]m9+ :at is k & :at is m]e conjecture1 are bas$ on a purely in/9ctive practice1 n on a consci\s !ory ( und]/&+4 ,al?\gh our "t excels 9 dilig5t sci5tific rese>*1 yet ! num]\s diff]5ces among sci5ti/s %[ t !y are n capable ( us+ _! k ) a pr$et]m9$ c]ta9ty ( success4 ,o!rwise1 h[ c\ld misund]/&+s arise8 ,:oev] und]/&s und]/&+1 _c misund]/&4 ,x is only ! absolute accuracy ( a/ronomical computations :i* entitles a/ronomy to ! "n ( a sci5ce4 ,a man :o c figure is at lea/ enabl$ to te/ :e!r 8 computation is "r or wrong4 ,9 ! same way1 ! g5]al und]/&+ ( ! process ( ?\ght mu/ furni% u ) ! t\*/one by :i* we c di/+ui% betwe5 und]/&+ & misund]/&+1 k & conjecture1 tru? & error1 by g5]al & irrefutable rules4 ,err+ is human1 b n sci5tific4 ,sci5ce be+ a human matt]1 errors may exi/ et]nally1 b ! und]/&+ ( ! process ( ?\ght w enable u q z well to prev5t errors f be+ (f]$ & accept$ z sci5tific tru?s z an und]/&+ ( ma!matics enables u to elim9ate errors f our computations4 ,x s\nds p>adoxical & yet x is true3 ,:oev] kn[s ! g5]al rule by :i* error may be di/+ui%$ f tru?1 & kn[s x z well z ! rule 9 gramm> by :i* a n\n is di/+ui%$ f a v]b1 w be able to di/+ui% 9 bo? cases ) equal c]ta9ty4 ,sci5ti/s z well z scribes h ev] emb>rass$ "o ano!r by ! "q3 ,:at is tru?8 ,?is "q has be5 an ess5tial object ( philosophy = ?\s&s ( ye>s4 ,?is "q1 l philosophy itself1 is f9ally settl$ by ! und]/&+ ( ! faculty ( human ?\ght4 ,9 o!r words1 ! "q ( :at con/itutes tru? is id5tical ) ! "q ( ! di/9ction betwe5 tru? & error4 ,philosophy is ! sci5ce :i* has be5 engag$ 9 solv+ ?is riddle1 & ! f9al solution ( ! riddle by ! cle> und]/&+ ( ! process ( ?\ght also solves ! "q ( ! nature ( philosophy4 ,h5ce a %ort glance at ! nature & developm5t ( philosophy may well s]ve z an introduction to our /udy4 ,z ! ^w philosophy is connect$ ) v>i\s mean+s1 ,i /ate at ! outset t ,i am ref]r+ only to socall$ speculative philosophy4 ,i disp5se ) frequ5t quotations & notes ( ! s\rces ( my k1 z any?+ t ,i may say 9 ?is respect is s well e/abli%$ t we c af=d to disc>d all sci5tific by-"w4 ,if we apply ! above-nam$ te/ ( ,kant to speculative philosophy x appe>s to be m ! playgr\nd ( diff]5t op9ions ?an ( sci5ce4 ,! philosophical celebrities & classic au?orities are n ev5 9 accord on ! "q3 ,:at is philosophy & :at is its aim8 ,= ?is reason1 & 9 ord] n to increase ! diff]5ce by add+ my own op9ion1 ,i reg>d ev]y?+ z philosophy t calls itself by t "n1 & we select f ! volum9\s lit]ature ( philosophy t :i* is common & g5]al 9 all philosoph]s1 )\t tak+ any notice ( _! special peculi>ities4 ,by ?is empirical me?od we f9d fir/ ( all t philosophy is orig9ally n a specializ$ sci5ce work+ ) o!r sci5ces1 b a g5]ic "n = all k1 ! ess5ce ( all sci5ce1 j z art is ! ess5ce ( ! v>i\s arts4 ,:oev] made k1 :oev] made bra9 "w 8 ess5tial occupation1 e ?9k] )\t reg>d to ! cont5ts ( 8 ?\ghts1 0 orig9ally a philosoph]4 ,b :5 ) ! progressive increase ( human k1 ! v>i\s dep>tm5ts deta*$ !mselves f ! "m ( all wisdom1 especially s9ce ! orig9 ( natural sci5ces1 philosophy became kn[n1 n s mu* by its cont5t z by its =m4 ,all o!r sci5ces are di/+ui%$ by _! v>i\s objects1 :ile philosophy is m>k$ by its own me?od4 ,( c\rse1 x also has its object & purpose4 ,x desires to und]/& ! univ]sal :ole1 ! cosmos4 ,b x is n ?is object1 ?is aim1 by :i* philosophy is *>act]iz$2 x is r ! mann] 9 :i* ?is object is accompli%$4 ,all o!r sci5ces occupy !mselves ) special ?+s1 & if !y consid] ! univ]se at all1 !y d s only 9 its be>+ on ! special objects ( _! /udy1 ! p>ts ( :i* ! univ]se is compos$4 ,alex&] von ,humboldt says 9 8 introduction to 8 ,cosmos t he is limit+ himself to an empirical consid]ation1 to a physical rese>*1 :i* seeks to elucidate ! uni=mity & unity by means ( ! great v>iety4 ,& all inductive sci5ces arrive at g5]al conclusions & conceptions only by way ( _! occupation ) special & concrete ?+s4 ,= ?is reason !y claim t _! conclusions are bas$ on facts4 ,speculative philosophy proce$s by ! opposite me?od4 ,?\ght1 ! object ( its /udy1 may be "s special "q1 yet x does n foll[ ?is up 9 ! concrete4 ,x rejects z fallaci\s ! evid5ce ( ! s5ses1 ! physical exp]i5ce ga9$ by means ( ! eye & e>1 h& & bra91 & limits itself to pure & absolutely ab/ract ?\ght1 9 ord] to und]/& ?us by ! unit ( human reason ! multiplicity ( ! univ]se4 ,9 seek+ = an answ] to ! "q3 ,:at is philosophy8 :i* "q we are specially discuss+ j n[1 speculative philosophy w\ld n />t out f its actual mat]ial =m1 f its wood5 & pigsk9 volumes1 f its great & small essays1 9 ord] to arrive at a conception ( its object4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! speculative philosoph] turns to introspection & looks 9 ! dep?s ( 8 own m9d = ! true concept ( philosophy4 ,& by ?is /&>d he sep>ates ! impression ( 8 s5ses into true or errone\s4 ,?is speculative me?od has h>dly ev] dealt 9 tangible ?+s1 unless we recognize ?is philosophical me?od 9 e unsci5tific concept ( nature :i* populat$ ! _w ) spooks4 ,! rudim5ts ( sci5tific speculation occasionally dealt ) ! c\rse ( ! sun & ! globe4 ,b s9ce inductive a/ronomy cultivates ^! fields ) great] success1 speculative philosophy limits itself entirely to ab/ract discussions4 ,& 9 ?is l9e ( rese>* z well z 9 all o!rs x is *>act]iz$ by ! production ( its results out ( ! idea or ! concept4 ,= empirical sci5ce1 = ! inductive me?od1 ! multiplicity ( exp]i5ces is ! fir/ basis1 & ?\ght ! second4 ,speculative philosophy1 on ! o!r h&1 seeks to arrive at sci5tific tru? )\t ! help ( exp]i5ce4 ,x rejects ! socall$ transi5t facts z a f\ndation ( philosophical und]/&+1 & decl>es t x %\ld be absolute1 exalt$ above "t & space4 ,speculative philosophy does n wi% to be sci5tific physics1 b metaphysics4 ,x reg>ds x z its task to f9d by pure reason1 & )\t ! assi/ance ( exp]i5ce1 a sy/em1 a logic1 or a !ory ( sci5ce1 by :i* ev]y?+ wor? kn[+ is suppos$ to be reel$ (f logically & sy/ematically1 9 ab\t ! same way 9 :i* we d]ive grammatically ! v>i\s =ms ( a ^w f its root4 ,b ! physical sci5ces op]ate on ! assumption t our faculty ( und]/&+1 to use a famili> illu/ration1 resembles a piece ( s(t wax :i* receives impressions f outside1 or a clean slate on :i* exp]i5ce writes its l9es4 ,speculative philosophy1 on ! o!r h&1 assumes t c]ta9 ideas are innate & may be dipp$ & produc$ f ! dep?s ( ! m9d by means ( ?\ght4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 speculative & inductive sci5ce is t betwe5 fantasy & s\nd common s5se4 ,! latt] produces its ideas by means ( ! out] _w1 by ! help ( exp]i5ce1 :ile fantasy gets its product f ! dep? ( ! m9d1 out ( itself4 ,b ?is me?od ( production is only seem+ly "o-sid$4 ,a ?9k] c no m ?9k transc5d5tal ?\ghts :i* are beyond ! rea* ( exp]i5ce1 ?an a pa9t] c inv5t transc5d5tal pictures1 transc5d5tal =ms4 ,j z fantasy creates angels by a comb9ation ( man & bird1 or m]maids by a composition ( woman & fi%1 s all o!r products ( fantasy1 ?\gh seem+ly d]iv$ out ( itself1 are 9 fact only arbitr>ily arrang$ impressions ( ! out] _w4 ,reason op]ates ) numb]s & ord]s1 "t & measures1 & o!r means ( exp]i5ce1 :ile fantasy reproduces ! exp]i5ces )\t reg>d to law & 9 an arbitr>y =m4 ,! long+ = k has be5 ! cause ( speculative attempts to expla9 ! ph5om5a ( life & nature at a "t :5 lack ( exp]i5ce & obs]vation made inductive und]/&+ impossible4 ,exp]i5ce 0 !n supplem5t$ by speculation4 ,9 lat] times1 :5 exp]i5ce _h gr[n1 previ\s speculation 0 g5]ally recogniz$ z errone\s4 ,b x nev]!less requir$ ?\s&s ( ye>s ( repeat$ disappo9tm5ts on "o side & num]\s brilliant successes ( ! inductive me?od on ! o!r1 be=e ^! speculative hobbies came into disfavor4 ,fantasy has c]ta9ly a positive p[]1 & speculative intuition1 d]iv$ f analogy1 v (t5 prec$es empirical & inductive und]/&+4 ,b we mu/ rema9 aw>e ( ! fact t s mu* is assumption & s mu* actual sci5tific k4 ,consci\s intuition /imulates sci5tific rese>*1 :ile pseudo-sci5ce closes ! door to inductive rese>*4 ,! acquisition ( ! cle> und]/&+ ( ! di/9ction betwe5 speculation & k is a hi/orical process1 ! beg9n+ & end ( :i* co9cides ) ! beg9n+ & end ( speculative philosophy4 ,9 anci5t times1 common s5se op]at$ 9 common ) fantasy1 ! inductive ) ! speculative me?od4 ,! discussion ( _! diff]5ces beg9s only ) ! und]/&+ ( ! num]\s disappo9tm5ts caus$ by ! /ill inexp]i5c$ judgm5t :i* h prev5t$ an unob/ruct$ view ( ! "q up to mod]n times4 ,b in/ead ( attribut+ ^! disappo9tm5ts to lack ( und]/&+1 !y 7 *>g$ to ! acc\nt ( ! imp]fection ( ! s5ses4 ,! s5ses 7 call$ impo/ors & mat]ial ph5om5a untrue images4 ,:o has n he>d ! lam5t ab\t ! unreliability ( ! s5ses8 ,! misund]/&+ ( nature & ( its ph5om5a l$ to a s]i\s rupture ) s5se p]ceptions4 ,! philosoph]s _h deceiv$ !mselves & ?\ght !y _h be5 deceiv$ by ! s5ses4 ,9 _! ang] !y turn$ disda9fully away f ! _w ( s5sations4 ,) ! same uncritical fai? ) :i* ! semblance _h hi!rto be5 accept$ z tru?1 n[ uncritical d\bt reject$ ! tru? ( s5sations altoge!r4 ,rese>* ab&on$ nature & exp]i5ce1 & began ! "w ( speculative philosophy by pure ?\ght4 ,b no6 ,sci5ce did n p]mit itself to be entirely l$ a/ray f ! pa? ( common s5se1 f ! way ( tru? ( s5se p]ceptions4 ,natural sci5ce soon /epp$ into ! brea*1 & its brilliant successes ga9$ = ! inductive me?od ! consci\sness ( its f]tility1 :ile on ! o!r h& philosophy se>*$ = a sy/em by :i* all ! great g5]al tru?s might be op5$ up )\t specializ$ /udy1 )\t s5se p]ception & obs]vation1 by m]e reason alone4 ,n[ we h a m ?an suffici5t quantity ( su* speculative sy/ems4 ,if we measure !m ) ! a=em5tion$ /&>d ( unanim\sness1 we f9d t philosophy agrees only on its disagreem5ts4 ,9 consequ5ce1 ! hi/ory ( speculative philosophy1 unlike ! hi/ory ( o!r sci5ces1 consi/s less ( a gradual accumulation ( k1 ?an ( a s]ies ( unsuccessful attempts to solve ! g5]al riddles ( nature & life by pure ?\ght1 )\t ! help ( ! objects & exp]i5ce ( ! out] _w4 ,! mo/ d>+ attempt 9 ?is l9e1 ! mo/ artificial /ructure ( ?\ght1 0 complet$ by ,hegel 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,to use a common expression1 he became z fam\s 9 ! _w ( sci5ce z ,napoleon ,i did 9 ! _w ( politics4 ,b ,hegelian philosophy has n /ood ! te/ ( "t4 ,haym1 9 8 "w entitl$ ,hegel & ,8 ,"t1 says ( ,hegelian philosophy t x 0 pu%$ aside by ! progress ( ! _w & by liv+ hi/ory4 ,! outcome ( philosophy up to t "t1 !n1 0 a decl>ation ( its own impot5ce4 ,nev]!less1 we d n und]e/imate ! fact t a "w occupy+ ! be/ bra9s = ?\s&s ( ye>s surely conta9$ "s positive elem5t4 ,& 9 fact1 speculative philosophy has a hi/ory1 :i* is n m]ely a s]ies ( unsuccessful attempts1 b also a liv+ developm5t4 ,h[ev]1 x is less ! object ( its /udy1 less ! logical _w sy/em1 :i* develop$1 ?an its me?od4 ,e positive sci5ce has a mat]ial object1 a beg9n+ 9 ! out] _w1 a premise on :i* its und]/&+ is bas$4 ,e empirical sci5ce has = its fundam5t "s mat]ial ( ! s5ses1 "s giv5 object1 on :i* its und]/&+ is dep5d5t1 & ?us x becomes impure4 ,speculative philosophy seeks a pure1 absolute1 und]/&+4 ,x wi%es to und]/& by pure reason1 )\t any mat]ial1 )\t any exp]i5ce4 ,x takes its dep>ture f ! en?usia/ic conviction ( ! sup]iority ( und]/&+ & k ov] exp]i5ce ga9$ by s5se p]ceptions4 ,= ?is reason x wi%es to leave exp]i5ce entirely aside 9 favor ( absolutely pure und]/&+4 ,its object is tru?2 n concrete tru?1 n ! tru? ( ?is or t ?+1 b tru? 9 g5]al1 tru? 9 itself4 ,! speculative sy/ems seek aft] an absolute beg9n+1 an indubitably self-support+ />t+ po9t1 f :i* !y may det]m9e ! absolutely indubitable4 ,! speculative sy/ems are ?us by _! own m5tality p]fectly complete & selfsuffici5t sy/ems4 ,e speculative sy/em f\nd its end 9 ! subsequ5t k t its totality1 its selfsuffici5cy1 its absolut5ess1 0 imag9>y1 t x c\ld be det]m9$ empirically & ext]nally l all o!r k1 t x 0 n a philosophical sy/em1 b a relative & empirical attempt at und]/&+4 ,speculation f9ally dissolv$ into ! k t und]/&+ is by its v nature impure1 t ! organ ( philosophy1 ! faculty ( und]/&+ _c beg9 its /udies )\t a giv5 po9t ( dep>ture1 t sci5ce is n absolutely sup]ior to exp]i5ce1 b only s f> z x c organize num]\s exp]i5ces4 ,x foll[$ f ^! premises t ! object ( philosophy c be a g5]al & objective und]/&+1 or tru? 9 itself1 only 9 s f> z und]/&+ or tru? 9 g5]al c be d]iv$ f giv5 concrete objects4 ,9 pla9 words1 speculative philosophy 0 r$uc$ to ! unphilosophical sci5ce ( ! empirical faculty ( und]/&+1 to ! critique ( reason4 ,mod]n consci\s speculation takes its dep>ture f ! exp]i5c$ diff]5ce betwe5 semblance & tru?4 ,x d5ies all s5se ph5om5a 9 ord] to f9d tru? by ?9k+1 )\t be+ deceiv$ by any semblance4 ,! subsequ5t philosoph]s1 h[ev]1 f\nd e "t t ! tru?s ( _! pr$ecessors1 ga9$ by ?is me?od1 7 n :at !y pret5d$ to be1 b t _! positive result consi/$ simply 9 hav+ advanc$ ! sci5ce ( ! ?\ght process to a c]ta9 ext5t4 ,by d5y+ ! actuality ( ! s5ses1 by endeavor+ to sep>ate ?\ght f all s5se p]ceptions1 by isolat+ x1 s to say1 f its s5sory cov]1 speculative philosophy1 m ?an any o!r sci5ce1 laid b>e ! /ructure ( ! m9d4 ,! m ?is philosophy advanc$ 9 "t1 ! m x develop$ 9 its hi/orical c\rse1 ! m classically & /rik+ly did ?is k]nel ( its "w spr+ into view4 ,aft] ! repeat$ creation ( giant fantasmagorias1 x f\nd its solution 9 ! positive k t socall$ pure philosophical ?\ght1 ab/ract+ f all concrete cont5ts1 is no?+ b ?\ghtless ?\ght1 ?\ght )\t any real object back ( x1 & produces m]e fantasmagorias4 ,?is process ( speculative deception & sci5tific exposure 0 cont9u$ up to rec5t times4 ,f9ally ! solution ( ! ma9 "q1 & ! solution ( speculation1 0 introduc$ ) ! foll[+ words ( ,feu]ba*3 ,my philosophy is no philosophy4 ,! long /ory ( speculative "w 0 f9ally r$uc$ to ! und]/&+ ( reason1 ( ! intellect1 ! m9d1 to ! exposure ( ^? my/]i\s op]ations :i* we call ?9k+4 ,! secret ( ! processes by :i* ! tru?s ( und]/&+ are produc$1 ! ignorance ( ! fact t e ?\ght requires an object1 a premise1 0 ! cause ( ! idle speculative w&]+s :i* we f9d regi/]$ 9 ! hi/ory ( philosophy4 ,! same secret is today ! cause ( ^? num]\s speculative mi/akes :i* we obs]ve 9 pass+ ov] ! words & works ( naturali/s4 ,_! k & und]/&+ is f> develop$1 b only s f> z x ref]s to tangible objects4 ,! mom5t !y t\* ^u ab/ract discussions1 !y (f] lawy]s' pro(s 9 place ( objective facts4 ,= al?\gh !y "k intuitively & 9 a concrete case t ?is is a tru?1 t a conclusion1 & t a rule1 !y d n apply ?is k 9 g5]al ) consci\sness & !oretical consi/5cy4 ,! successes ( natural sci5ce h taught !m to op]ate ! in/rum5t ( ?\ght1 ! m9d1 in/9ctively4 ,b !y lack ! sy/ematic und]/&+ :i* op]ates ) consci\s & pr$et]m9$ c]ta9ty4 ,!y ignore ! outcome ( speculative philosophy4 ,x w be our task to set =? 9 a %ort summ>y :at speculative philosophy has unconsci\sly produc$ ( a positive nature by a t$i\s process1 9 o!r words1 to expla9 ! g5]al nature ( ! ?\ght process4 ,we %all see t ! und]/&+ ( ?is process w furni% u ) ! means ( solv+ sci5tifically ! g5]al riddles ( nature & ( life4 ,& ?us we %all le>n h[ t fundam5tal & sy/ematic _w conception is develop$ :i* 0 ! long covet$ goal ( speculative philosophy4 ,,ii ,,pure ,,reason ,,or ,,! ,,faculty ,,( ,,?\ght ,,9 ,,g5]al ,:5 speak+ ( food 9 g5]al1 we may m5tion fruits1 c]eals1 vegetables1 meat & bread & classify !m all1 9 spite ( _! diff]5ce1 "u ?is "o head4 ,9 ! same way1 we use1 9 ?is "w1 ! t]ms reason1 consci\sness1 intellect1 k1 disc]nm5t1 und]/&+1 z ref]r+ to ! same g5]al ?+4 ,= we are discuss+ ! g5]al nature ( ! ?\ght process r ?an its special =ms4 ,no intellig5t ?9k] ( our day1 says a mod]n physiologi/1 pret5ds to look = ! seat ( ! intellectual p[]s 9 ! blood1 z did ! anci5t ,greeks1 or 9 ! p9eal gl&1 z 0 ! case 9 ! middle ages4 ,in/ead we h all become conv9c$ t ! c5tral n]ve sy/em is ! organic c5t] ( ! intellectual functions ( ! bra94 ,yes1 true en\gh1 ?9k+ is a function ( ! bra9 & n]ve c5t]1 j z writ+ is a function ( ! h&4 ,b ! /udy ( ! anatomy ( ! h& c no m solve ! "q3 ,:at is writ+8 ?an ! physiological /udy ( ! bra9 c br+ u ne>] to ! solution ( ! "q3 ,:at is ?\ght8 ,) ! dissect+ knife1 we may kill1 b we _c discov] ! m9d4 ,! und]/&+ t ?\ght is a product ( ! bra9 takes u clos] to ! solution ( our problem1 9 z mu* z x draws x into ! bright light ( reality & out ( ! doma9 ( fantasy 9 :i* ! gho/s dwell4 ,m9d !reby loses ! "* ( a transc5d5tal incompreh5sible be+ & appe>s z a bodily function4 ,?9k+ is a function ( ! bra9 j z walk+ is a function ( ! legs4 ,we p]ceive ?\ght & m9d j z cle>ly ) our s5ses z we d pa9 & o!r feel+s4 ,?\ght is felt by u z a subjective process tak+ place inside ( u4 ,accord+ to its cont5ts ?is process v>ies e mom5t & ) ea* p]son1 b accord+ to its =m x is ! same ev]y:]e4 ,9 o!r words1 9 ! ?\ght process1 z 9 all processes1 we make a di/9ction betwe5 ! special or concrete & ! g5]al or ab/ract4 ,! g5]al purpose ( ?\ght is und]/&+4 ,we %all see lat] t ! simple/ conception1 or any idea = t matt]1 is ( ! same g5]al nature z ! mo/ p]fect und]/&+4 ,?\ght & und]/&+ _c be )\t subjective cont5ts any m ?an )\t an object :i* sugge/s individual reflection4 ,?\ght is "w1 & l e o!r "w x requires an object to :i* x is appli$4 ,! /atem5ts3 ,i d1 ,i "w1 ,i ?9k1 mu/ be complet$ by an answ] to ! "q3 ,:at are y do+1 work+1 ?9k+8 ,e def9ite idea1 all actual ?\ght1 is id5tical ) its cont5t1 b n ) its object4 ,my desk z a picture 9 my m9d is id5tical ) my idea ( x4 ,b my desk outside ( my bra9 is a sep>ate object & di/9ct f my idea4 ,! idea is to be di/+ui%$ f ?9k+ only z a "p ( ! ?\ght process1 :ile ! object ( my ?\ght exi/s z a sep>ate entity4 ,we make a di/9ction betwe5 ?9k+ & be+4 ,we di/+ui% betwe5 ! object ( s5se p]ception & its m5tal image4 ,nev]!less ! intangible idea is also mat]ial & real4 ,i p]ceive my idea ( a desk j z pla9ly z ! desk itself4 ,true1 if ,i *oose to call only tangible ?+s mat]ial1 !n ideas are n mat]ial4 ,b 9 t case ! sc5t ( a rose & ! heat ( a /ove are n mat]ial4 ,x w\ld be bett] to call ?\ghts s5se p]ceptions4 ,b if x is object$ t ?is w\ld be an incorrect use ( ! ^w1 because language di/+ui%es mat]ial & m5tal ?+s1 !n we disp5se ) ! ^w mat]ial & call ?\ght real4 ,m9d is z real z ! tangible table1 z ! visible light1 z ! audible s\nd4 ,:ile ! idea ( ^! ?+s is diff]5t f ! ?+s !mselves1 yet x has t 9 common ) !m t x is z real z !y4 ,m9d is n any m diff]5t f a table1 a light1 a s\nd1 ?an ^! ?+s diff] among !mselves4 ,we d n d5y t !re is a diff]5ce4 ,we m]ely emphasize t !y h ! same g5]al nature 9 common4 ,i hope ! read] w n misund]/& me h5ce=?1 :5 ,i call ! faculty ( ?\ght a mat]ial quality1 a ph5om5on ( s5se p]ception4 ,e p]ception ( ! s5ses is bas$ on "s object4 ,9 ord] t heat may be real1 !re mu/ be an object1 some?+ else :i* is heat$4 ,! active _c exi/ )\t ! passive4 ,! visible _c exi/ )\t ! faculty ( sight1 nor ! faculty ( sight )\t visible ?+s4 ,s is ! faculty ( ?\ght a ph5om5on1 b x c nev] exi/ 9 itself1 x mu/ always be bas$ on "s s5se p]ception4 ,?\ght appe>s1 l all o!r ph5om5a1 9 connection ) an object4 ,! function ( ! bra9 is no m a pure process ?an ! function ( ! eye1 ! sc5t ( a fl[]1 ! heat ( a /ove1 or ! t\* ( a table4 ,! fact t a table may be se51 he>d1 or felt1 is due z mu* to its own nature z to t ( ano!r object ) :i* x ent]s into "s relation4 ,b :ile ea* function is limit$ by its own sep>ate l9e ( objects1 :ile ! function ( ! eye s]ves only = ! p]ception ( ! visible1 ! h& = ! tangible1 :ile walk+ f9ds an object 9 ! space x crosses1 ?\ght1 on ! o!r h&1 has ev]y?+ = its object4 ,ev]y?+ may be ! object ( und]/&+4 ,?\ght is n limit$ to any special object4 ,e ph5om5on may be ! object & ! cont5t ( ?\ght4 ,m ?an ?is1 we c only p]ceive any?+ :5 x becomes ! object ( our bra9 activity4 ,ev]y?+ is !re=e ! object & cont5t ( ?\ght4 ,! faculty ( ?\ght may be ex]t$ q g5]ally on all objects4 ,we said a mom5t ago t ev]y?+ may be p]ceiv$1 b we n[ modify ?is to ! effect t only p]ceivable ?+s may be p]ceiv$4 ,only ! kn[able c be ! object ( k1 only ! ?9kable ! object ( ?\ght4 ,to ?is ext5t ! faculty ( ?\ght is limit$1 = x _c replace read+1 he>+1 feel+1 & all o!r innum]able activities ( ! _w ( s5sations4 ,we d1 inde$1 p]ceive all objects1 b no object may be exhau/ively p]ceiv$1 kn[n1 or und]/ood4 ,9 o!r words1 ! objects are n :olly dissolv$ 9 ! und]/&+4 ,see+ requires some?+ t is visible1 some?+ :i* is1 !re=e1 m ?an see+4 ,9 ! same way1 he>+ requires some?+ t c be he>d1 ?9k+ an object t c be ?\ght (1 some?+ :i* is m ?an our ?\ghts1 some?+ /ill outside ( our consci\sness4 ,we %all le>n lat] on h[ we arrive at ! k t we see1 he>1 feel1 & ?9k ( objects1 & n m]ely ( subjective impressions4 ,by means ( ?\ght we become aw>e ( all ?+s 9 a tw(old mann]1 viz41 outside 9 reality & inside 9 ?\ght1 9 conception4 ,x is easy to demon/rate t ! ?+s outside are diff]5t f ! ?+s 9 our ?\ghts4 ,9 _! actual =m1 9 _! real dim5sions1 !y _c ent] into our heads4 ,our bra9 does n assimilate ! ?+s !mselves1 b only _! images1 _! g5]al outl9es4 ,! imag9$ tree is only a g5]al object4 ,! real tree is diff]5t f any o!r4 ,& ?\gh ,i may h a picture ( "s special tree 9 my head1 yet ! real tree is /ill z diff]5t f its conception z ! special is diff]5t f ! g5]al4 ,! inf9ite v>iety ( ?+s1 ! innum]able weal? ( _! prop]ties1 has no room 9 our heads4 ,i repeat1 !n1 t we become aw>e ( ! out] _w 9 a tw(old way1 viz41 9 a concrete1 tangible1 manifold =m1 & 9 an ab/ract =m1 :i* is m5tal & unit>y4 ,to our s5ses ! _w appe>s z a v>iety ( =ms4 ,our bra9s comb9e !m z a unit4 ,& :at is true ( ! _w1 holds good ( e "o ( its p>ts4 ,a s5se-p]ceiv$ unit is a non5tity4 ,ev5 ! atom ( a drop ( wat] or ! atom ( any *emical elem5t1 is divisible1 s long z x exi/s at all1 & its p>ts are diff]5t & di/9ct4 ,a is n ,b4 ,b ! concept1 ! faculty ( ?\ght1 makes ( e tangible or s5se-p]ceiv$ "p an ab/ract :ole & conceives ( e :ole or quantity z a "p ( ! ab/ract _w unit4 ,9 ord] to und]/& ! ?+s 9 _! entirety1 we mu/ take !m practically & !oretically1 ) body & m9d4 ,) ! body we c grasp only ! bodily1 ! tangible1 ) ! m9d only ! m5tal1 ! ?9kable4 ,?+s also possess m5tal quality4 ,m9d is mat]ial & ?+s are m5tal4 ,m9d & matt] are real only 9 _! int]-relations4 ,c we see ! ?+s !mselves8 ,no1 we see only ! effects ( ?+s on our eyes4 ,we d n ta/e ! v9eg>1 b ! relation ( ! v9eg> to our tongue4 ,! result is ! s5sation ( acidity4 ,! v9eg> is acid only 9 relation to our tongue4 ,9 relation to iron x acts z a solv5t4 ,9 ! cold x becomes h>d1 9 ! heat liquid4 ,x acts diff]5tly on diff]5t objects ) :i* x ent]s into relations ( "t & space4 ,v9eg> is a ph5om5on1 j z all ?+s are4 ,b x nev] appe>s z v9eg> by itself4 ,x always appe>s 9 connection ) o!r ph5om5a4 ,e ph5om5on is a product ( a subject & an object4 ,9 ord] t a ?\ght may appe>1 ! bra9 or ! faculty ( ?\ght is n suffici5t 9 itself4 ,x requires1 besides1 an object :i* sugge/s ! ?\ght4 ,f ?is relative nature ( our topic x foll[s t 9 its treatm5t we _c conf9e ourselves purely to x4 ,s9ce reason1 or ! faculty ( ?\ght1 nev] appe>s by itself1 b always 9 connection ) o!r ?+s1 we are cont9ually compell$ to pass f ! faculty ( ?\ght to o!r ?+s1 :i* are its objects1 & to treat ( _! connections4 ,j z ! sight does n see ! tree1 b only t :i* is visible ( ! tree1 s does ! faculty ( ?\ght assimilate only ! p]ceivable image ( an object1 n ! object itself4 ,a ?\ght is a *ild begott5 by ! function ( ! bra9 9 communion ) "s object4 ,9 a ?\ght is cry/aliz$ on "o side ! subjective faculty ( ?\ght1 & on ! o!r ! p]ceivable nature ( an object4 ,e function ( ! m9d presupposes "s object by :i* x is caus$ & ! spiritual image ( :i* x is4 ,or vice v]sa1 ! spiritual cont5t ( ! m9d is d]iv$ f "s object :i* has its own exi/5ce & :i* is ei!r se5 or he>d1 or smell$1 or ta/$1 or felt1 9 %ort1 exp]i5c$4 ,ref]r+ back to ! /atem5t t see+ is limit$ to ! visible qualities ( "s object1 he>+ to its audible qualities1 etc41 :ile ! faculty ( ?\ght has ev]y?+ = its object1 we n[ und]/& ?is to mean t all objects h c]ta9 innum]able1 b concrete1 qualities :i* are p]ceptible by our s5ses1 & 9 addition !reto ! g5]al spiritual quality ( be+ ?\ght (1 und]/ood1 9 %ort1 ( be+ ! object ( our faculty ( ?\ght4 ,?is mode ( classify+ all objects applies also to ! faculty ( ?\ght itself4 ,! _s1 or m9d1 is a bodily function connect$ ) ! s5ses :i* appe> 9 v>i\s =ms4 ,m9d is ?\ght g5]at$ at diff]5t times 9 diff]5t bra9s by diff]5t objects ?r\gh ! in/rum5tality ( ! s5ses4 ,we may *oose ?is m9d z ! object ( special ?\ght ! same z all o!r ?+s4 ,consid]$ z an object1 m9d is a manysid$ & s5se-p]ceiv$ fact :i* 9 connection ) a special function ( ! bra9 g5]ates ! g5]al concept ( ,m9d z ! cont5t ( ?is special ?\ght process4 ,! object ( ?\ght is di/+ui%$ f its cont5ts 9 ! same way 9 :i* e object is di/+ui%$ f its m5tal image4 ,! diff]5t k9ds ( motion p]ceiv$ by ! help ( ! s5ses are ! object ( a c]ta9 ?\ght process & supply to x ! idea ( motion4 ,x is easi] to und]/& t ! m5tal image ( "s object p]ceiv$ by ! s5ses has a fa!r & a "m1 be+ begott5 by our faculty ( ?\ght by means ( "s s5se-p]ceiv$ object1 ?an x is to grasp ! exi/5ce ( t tr9ity :i* is born :5 our pres5t ?\ght exp]i5ces its own exi/5ce & ?us creates a conception ( its own self4 ,?is has ! appe>ance ( mov+ ar\nd 9 a circle4 ,! object1 ! cont5t & ! function ( ?\ght app>5tly co9cide4 ,reason deals ) itself1 consid]s itself z an object & is its own cont5t4 ,b nev]!less ! di/9ction betwe5 an object & its concept1 ?\gh less evid5t1 is j z actual z 9 o!r cases4 ,x is only ! habit ( reg>d+ matt] & m9d z fundam5tally diff]5t ?+s :i* conceals ?is tru?4 ,! necessity to make a di/9ction compels u ev]y:]e to discrim9ate betwe5 ! object ( s5se p]ception & its m5tal concept4 ,we are =c$ to d ! same 9 ! case ( ! faculty ( ?\ght1 & ?us we f9d x necess>y to give ! "n ( ,m9d to ?is special object ( our s5se p]ceptions4 ,su* an ambiguity ( t]ms _c be entirely avoid$ 9 any sci5ce4 ,a read] :o does n cl+ to words1 b r seeks to grasp ! mean+1 w easily realize t ! diff]5ce betwe5 be+ & ?9k+ applies also to ! faculty ( ?\ght1 t ! fact ( und]/&+ is diff]5t f ! und]/&+ ( und]/&+4 ,& s9ce ! und]/&+ ( und]/&+ is aga9 ano!r fact1 x w be p]mitt$ to call all spiritual ?+s facts or s5se p]ceptions4 ,reason1 or ! faculty ( ?\ght1 is !re=e n a my/ical object :i* produces ! individual ?\ght4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is a fact t c]ta9 individual ?\ghts are ! product ( p]ception ga9$ 9 contact ) c]ta9 objects & t ^! 9 connection ) a c]ta9 bra9 op]ation produce ! concept ( reason4 ,reason z well z all o!r ?+s ( :i* we become aw>e has a two-fold exi/5ce3 "o z a ph5om5on or s5se-p]ception1 ! o!r z a concept4 ,! concept ( any ?+ presupposes a c]ta9 s5se-p]ception ( t ?+1 & s does ! concept ( reason4 ,s9ce all m5 ?9k z a matt] ( fact1 e "o has himself p]ceiv$ reason z a "p ( reality1 z a ph5om5on1 s5se-p]ception or fact4 ,our object1 reason1 by virtue ( ! fact t x p>takes ( ! nature ( ! s5ses1 has ! faculty ( trans=m+ ! speculative me?od1 :i* tries to dip und]/&+ out ( ! dep?s ( ! _s )\t ! help ( s5se-p]ception1 into ! inductive me?od1 & vice v]sa ( trans=m+ ! inductive me?od1 :i* desires to arrive at conclusions1 concepts1 or und]/&+ exclusively by means ( s5se-p]ception1 into ! speculative me?od1 by virtue ( its simultane\s spiritual nature4 ,our problem is to analyze ! concept ( ?\ght1 or ( ! faculty ( ?\ght1 or ( reason1 ( kn[+1 ( sci5ce1 by means ( ?\ght4 ,to produce ?\ghts & to analyze !m is ! same ?+ inasmu* z bo? actions are functions ( ! bra94 ,bo? h ! same nature4 ,b !y are diff]5t to ! same ext5t t in/9ct diff]s f consci\sness4 ,man does n ?9k orig9ally because he wants to1 b because he mu/4 ,ideas are produc$ in/9ctively1 involunt>ily4 ,9 ord] to become fully aw>e ( !m1 to place !m )9 ! grasp ( kn[+ & will+1 we mu/ analyze !m4 ,f ! exp]i5ce ( walk+1 = in/ance1 we d]ive ! idea ( walk+4 ,to analyze ?is idea means to solve ! "q1 :at is walk+ g5]ally consid]$1 :at is ! g5]al nature ( walk+8 ,we may answ]3 ,walk+ is a ry?mical motion f "o place to ano!r1 & ?us we raise ! in/9ctive idea to ! position ( a consci\s analyz$ idea4 ,an object is n consci\sly1 !oretically1 und]/ood1 until x has be5 analyz$4 ,9 exam9+ :at elem5ts con/itute ! concept ( walk+1 we f9d t ! g5]al attribute ( t exp]i5ce :i* we agree 9 call+ walk+ is a ry?mical motion4 ,9 actual exp]i5ce /eps may be long or %ort1 may be tak5 by two feet or by m1 9 brief may be v>i$4 ,b z a concept walk+ is simply a ry?mical motion1 & ! analysis ( ?is concept furni%es u ) ! consci\s und]/&+ ( ?is fact4 ,! concept ( light exi/$ long be=e sci5ce analyz$ x1 be=e x 0 und]/ood t undulations ( ! e!r =m ! elem5ts :i* con/itute ! concept ( light4 ,in/9ctive & analytical ideas diff] 9 ! same way 9 :i* ! ?\ghts ( e day life diff] f ! ?\ghts ( sci5ce4 ,! analysis ( any idea & ! !oretical analysis ( any object1 or ( ! ?+ :i* sugge/$ ! idea1 is "o & ! same4 ,e idea corresponds to "s real object4 ,ludwig ,feu]ba* has demon/rat$ t ev5 ! concepts ( ,god & immortality are reflections ( real objects :i* c be p]ceiv$ by ! s5ses4 ,= ! purpose ( analyz+ su* ideas z animal1 light1 fri5d%ip1 man1 etc41 ! ph5om5a1 ! objects1 su* z animals1 fri5d%ips1 m51 & lights1 are analyz$4 ,! object :i* s]ves = ! analysis ( ! concept animal is no m any s+le animal1 ?an ! object ( ! concept light is any s+le light4 ,^! concepts comprise classes1 ?+s 9 g5]al1 & !re=e ! "q1 or ! analysis1 ( :at con/itutes ! animal1 ! light1 fri5d%ip1 mu/ n deal ) any concrete1 b ) ! ab/ract elem5ts ( ! :ole class4 ,! fact t ! analysis ( a concept & ! analysis ( its object appe> z two diff]5t ?+s is due to our faculty ( be+ able to sep>ate ?+s into two p>ts1 viz41 into a practical1 tangible1 p]ceptible1 concrete ?+ & into a !oretical m5tal1 ?9kable1 g5]al ?+4 ,! practical analysis is ! premise ( ! !oretical analysis4 ,! individually p]ceptible animals s]ve u z a basis = ! analysis ( ! animal concept1 ! individually exp]i5c$ fri5d%ips z ! basis = ! analysis ( ! concept ( fri5d%ip4 ,e idea corresponds to an object :i* may be practically sep>at$ into its compon5t p>ts4 ,to analyze a concept is equival5t1 !re=e1 to analyz+ a previ\sly exp]i5c$ object by !oretical means4 ,! analysis ( a concept consi/s 9 ! und]/&+ ( ! common or g5]al faculties ( ! concrete p>ts ( ! analyz$ object4 ,t :i* is common to ! v>i\s modes ( walk+1 ! ry?mical motion1 con/itutes ! concept ( walk+1 t :i* is common to ! v>i\s manife/ations ( light con/itutes ! concept ( light4 ,a *emical factory analyzes objects = ! purpose ( obta9+ *emicals1 :ile sci5ce analyzes !m = ! purpose ( obta9+ _! concepts4 ,! special object ( our analysis1 ! faculty ( ?\ght1 is likewise di/+ui%$ f its concept4 ,b 9 ord] to be able to analyze ?is concept1 we mu/ analyze ! object4 ,x _c be analyz$ *emically1 = n ev]y?+ is a matt] ( *emi/ry1 b x may be analyz$ !oretically or sci5tifically4 ,z we h already /at$1 ! sci5ce ( und]/&+ deals ) all objects4 ,b all objects :i* ?is sci5ce may wi% to analyze !oretically1 mu/ fir/ be h&l$ practically4 ,accord+ to _! special natures1 !y mu/ ei!r be h&l$ 9 v>i\s ways1 or c>efully inspect$1 or scrut9iz$ by int5t li/5+1 9 %ort !y mu/ be ?or\ghly exp]i5c$ 9 "s way4 ,x is a fact ( exp]i5ce t m5 ?9k4 ,! object or sugge/ion is furni%$ by facts1 & we !n d]ive ! concept in/9ctively4 ,?us1 to analyze ! faculty ( ?\ght means to f9d t :i* is common or g5]al to ! v>i\s p]sonal & tempor>y processes ( ?\ght4 ,9 ord] to foll[ ?is /udy by ! me?ods ( natural sci5ce1 we require nei!r physical in/rum5ts nor *emical reag5ts4 ,! s5se p]ception :i* is indisp5sable = e sci5tific und]/&+1 is s to say pres5t 9 ?is case a priori1 )\t fur!r exp]i5ce4 ,e "o possesses ! object ( our /udy1 ! fact ( ?\ght faculty & its exp]i5ce1 9 ! memories ( himself or h]self4 ,we h se5 t ?\ght l any o!r activity z well z its sci5tific analysis is ev]y:]e develop+ ! g5]al or ab/ract out ( p>ticul> & concrete s5se p]ceptions4 ,we n[ express ?is 9 ! foll[+ words3 ,! common feature ( all sep>ate ?\ght-processes consi/s 9 _! seek+ ! g5]al "* or unity :i* is common to all objects exp]i5c$ 9 _! manifold v>iety by s5se p]ceptions4 ,! g5]al elem5t :i* is common to ! diff]5t animals1 or to ! diff]5t manife/ations ( light1 is t :i* con/itutes ! g5]al animal or light concept4 ,! g5]al is ! nature ( all concepts1 ( all und]/&+1 all sci5ce1 all ?\ght processes4 ,?us we arrive at ! und]/&+ t ! analysis ( ! faculty ( ?\ght reveals its nature ( f9d+ t :i* is g5]al & common to concrete & di/9ct ?+s4 ,! eye /udies ! visible1 ! e> ! audible1 & our bra9 t :i* is g5]ally conceivable4 ,we h se5 t ?\ght l any o!r activity requires an object2 t x is unlimit$ 9 ! *oice ( its objects1 because all ?+s may become ! objects ( ?\ght2 t ^! objects are p]ceiv$ 9 manifold =ms by v>i\s s5ses2 & t !y are trans=m$ into simple ideas by extricat+ t :i* !y possess 9 common1 :i* is simil>1 :i* is g5]al 9 !m4 ,if we apply ?is exp]i5c$ und]/&+ ( ! g5]al me?od ( ?\ght processes to our special object1 ! faculty ( ?\ght1 we realize t we h ?us solv$ our problem1 because all we 7 look+ = 0 ! g5]al me?od ( ! ?\ght process4 ,if ! developm5t ( ! g5]al out ( ! concrete con/itutes ! g5]al me?od by :i* reason arrives at und]/&+1 !n we h fully grasp$ reason z ! faculty ( d]iv+ ! g5]al out ( ! concrete4 ,?9k+ is a physical process & x _c exi/ or produce any?+ )\t mat]ials any m ?an any o!r process ( labor4 ,my ?\ght requires "s mat]ial :i* c be ?\ght (4 ,?is mat]ial is furni%$ by ! ph5om5a ( nature & life4 ,^! are ! concrete ?+s4 ,9 claim+ t ! univ]se1 or all ?+s1 may be ! object ( ?\ght1 we simply mean t ! mat]ials ( ! ?\ght process1 ! objects ( ! m9d1 are inf9ite 9 quantity & quality4 ,! mat]ials :i* ! univ]se furni%es = our ?\ght are z inf9ite z space1 z et]nal z "t1 & z absolutely manifold z ! nature ( ^! two =ms ( be+4 ,! faculty ( ?\ght is a univ]sal faculty 9 s f> z x ent]s into relations ) all ?+s1 all sub/ances1 all ph5om5a1 & ?us g5]ates ?\ght4 ,b x is n absolute1 s9ce x requires = its exi/5ce & action ! previ\s pres5ce ( matt]4 ,matt] is ! b\nd>y1 beyond :i* ! m9d _c pass4 ,matt] furni%es ! backgr\nd = ! illum9ation ( ! m9d1 b is n consum$ 9 ?is illum9ation4 ,m9d is a product ( matt]1 b matt] is m ?an a product ( m9d1 be+ p]ceiv$ also ?r\gh ! five s5ses & ?us br\ght to our notice4 ,we call real1 objective products1 or ?+s !mselves only su* products z are reveal$ to u simultane\sly by ! s5ses & ! m9d4 ,reason is a real ?+ only 9 s f> z x is p]ceiv$ by ! s5ses4 ,! p]ceptible actions ( reason are reveal$ 9 ! bra9 ( man z well z 9 ! _w outside ( x4 ,= are n ! effects tangible by :i* reason trans=ms nature & life8 ,we see ! successes ( sci5ce ) our eyes & grasp !m ) our h&s4 ,x is true t sci5ce or reason _c produce su* mat]ial effects out ( !mselves4 ,! _w ( s5se p]ceptions1 ! objects outside ( ! human bra91 mu/ be giv54 ,b :at ?+ is !re t has any effects 9 itself8 ,9 ord] t light may %9e1 t ! sun may w>m1 & revolve 9 its c\rse1 !re mu/ be space & o!r ?+s :i* may be light$ & w>m$ & pass$4 ,9 ord] t my table may h color1 !re mu/ be light & eyes4 ,& ev]y?+ else :i* my table is besides1 x c be only 9 contact ) o!r ?+s4 ,its be+ is j z manifold z ^? v>i\s contacts or relations4 ,9 %ort1 ! _w consi/s only 9 its int]relations4 ,any ?+ t is torn out ( its relations ) ! _w ceases to exi/4 ,a ?+ is any?+ 9 itself only because x is some?+ = o!r ?+s1 by act+ or appe>+ 9 connection ) some?+ else4 ,if we wi% to reg>d ! _w 9 ! light ( ! ?+ itself1 we %all easily see t ! _w itself & ! _w z x appe>s1 ! _w ( ph5om5a1 diff] only 9 ! same way 9 :i* ! :ole diff]s f its compon5t p>ts4 ,! _w itself is no?+ else b ! sum total ( its ph5om5a4 ,! same holds good ( t "p ( ! _w ph5om5a :i* we call reason1 _s1 faculty ( ?\ght4 ,al?\gh we di/+ui% betwe5 ! faculty ( ?\ght & its ph5om5a or manife/ations1 yet ! faculty ( ?\ght itself1 or pure reason1 exi/s 9 reality only 9 ! sum total ( its manife/ations4 ,see+ is ! physical exi/5ce ( ! faculty ( sight4 ,we possess ! :ole only by means ( its p>ts1 & we c possess reason1 l all o!r ?+s1 only by ! help ( its effects1 by its v>i\s ?\ghts4 ,b we repeat t reason does n prec$e ?\ght 9 ! ord] ( "t4 ,on ! contr>y ?\ghts g5]at$ by p]ceptible objects s]ve z a basis = ! developm5t ( ! concept ( ! faculty ( ?\ght4 ,j z ! und]/&+ ( ! _w movem5ts has taught u t ! sun is n revolv+ ar\nd ! e>?1 s ! und]/&+ ( ! ?\ght process tells u t x is n ! faculty ( ?\ght :i* creates ?\ght1 b vice v]sa1 t ! concept ( ?is faculty is creat$ out ( a s]ies ( concrete ?\ghts4 ,h5ce ! faculty ( ?\ght practically exi/s only z ! sum total ( our ?\ghts1 j z ! faculty ( sight exi/s only ?r\gh ! sum ( ! ?+s t we see4 ,^! ?\ghts1 ?is practical reason1 s]ve z ! mat]ial out ( :i* our bra9 manufactures ! concept ( pure reason4 ,reason is necess>ily impure 9 practice1 :i* means t x mu/ connect itself ) "s object4 ,pure reason1 or ab/ract reason )\t any special cont5t1 _c be any?+ else b ! g5]al *>act]i/ic ( all concrete reason+ processes4 ,we possess ?is g5]al nature ( reason 9 two ways3 ,9 an impure /ate1 t is z practical & concrete ph5om5on1 consi/+ ( ! sum ( our real p]ceptions1 & 9 a pure /ate1 t is !oretically or ab/ractly1 9 ! concept4 ,! ph5om5on ( reason is di/+ui%$ f reason itself j z ! real animals are di/+ui%$ f ! concept ( ! animal4 ,e actual reason+ process is bas$ on "s real object :i* has _m qualities l all ?+s 9 nature4 ,! faculty ( ?\ght extracts f ?is _m-sid$ object ^? prop]ties :i* are g5]al or common ) x4 ,a m\se & an elephant1 z ! objects ( our reason+ activity1 lose _! diff]5ces 9 ! g5]al animal concept4 ,su* a concept comb9es _m ?+s "u "o uni=m po9t ( view1 x develops "o g5]al idea out ( _m concrete ?+s4 ,s9ce und]/&+ is ! g5]al or common quality ( all reason+ processes1 x foll[s t reason 9 g5]al1 or ! g5]al nature ( ! reason+ process1 consi/s 9 ab/ract+ ! g5]al ideal "* f any concrete ?+ p]ceptible by ! help ( ! s5ses4 ,reason be+ unable to exi/ )\t "s objects outside ( itself1 x is und]/ood t we c p]ceive pure reason1 or reason itself1 only by its practical manife/ations4 ,we _c f9d reason )\t objects outside ( x ) :i* x comes 9 contact & produces ?\ght1 any m ?an we c f9d any eyes )\t light4 ,& ! manife/ations ( reason are z v>i$ z ! objects :i* supply its mat]ial4 ,x is pla91 !n1 t reason has no sep>ate exi/5ce 9 itself1 b t on ! contr>y ! concept ( reason is =m$ out ( ! mat]ial suppli$ by ! s5ses4 ,m5tal processes appe> only 9 connection ) p]ceptible ph5om5a4 ,^! processes are !mselves ph5om5a ( s5se p]ception :i*1 9 connection ) a bra9 process1 produce ! concept ( ! faculty ( ?\ght itself4 ,if we analyze ?is concept1 we f9d t pure reason consi/s 9 ! activity ( produc+ g5]al ideas out ( concrete mat]ials1 :i* include s-call$ immat]ial ?\ghts4 ,9 o!r words1 reason may be *>act]iz$ z an activity :i* seeks = unity 9 e multiplicity & equalizes all contra/s :e!r x deals ) ! _m diff]5t sides & p>ts ( "o or ( m objects4 ,all ^! diff]5t /atem5ts describe ! same ?+ 9 diff]5t words1 s t ! read] may n cl+ to ! empty ^w1 b grasp ! liv+ concept1 ! manifold object1 9 its g5]al nature4 ,reason1 we said1 exi/s 9 a pure /ate z ! developm5t ( ! g5]al out ( ! special1 ( ! ab/ract out ( concrete s5se p]ceptions4 ,?is is ! :ole cont5t ( pure reason1 ( sci5tific und]/&+1 ( consci\sness4 ,& by ! t]ms pure & :ole we simply indicate t we mean ! g5]al cont5t ( ! v>i\s ?\ght processes1 ! g5]al =m ( reason4 ,ap>t f ?is g5]al ab/ract =m1 reason1 l all o!r ?+s1 has also its concrete1 special1 s5se =m :i* we p]ceive directly ?r\gh our exp]i5ce4 ,h5ce our entire process ( consci\sness consi/s 9 ! exp]i5ce ( ! s5ses1 t is 9 ! physical process1 & its und]/&+4 ,und]/&+ is ! g5]al reflection ( any object4 ,consci\sness1 z ! ,lat9 root ( ! ^w indicates1 is ! k ( be+ 9 exi/5ce4 ,x is a =m1 or a quality1 ( exi/5ce :i* diff]s f o!r =ms ( be+ 9 t x is aw>e ( its exi/5ce4 ,quality _c be expla9$1 b mu/ be exp]i5c$4 ,we "k by exp]i5ce t consci\sness includes along ) ! k ( be+ 9 exi/5ce ! diff]5ce & contradiction betwe5 subject & object1 ?9k+ & be+1 betwe5 =m & cont5t1 betwe5 ph5om5on & ess5tial ?+1 betwe5 attribute & sub/ance1 betwe5 ! g5]al & ! concrete4 ,?is innate contradiction expla9s ! v>i\s t]ms appli$ to consci\sness1 su* z ! organ ( ab/raction1 ! faculty ( g5]alization or unification1 or 9 contradi/9ction !reto ! faculty ( diff]5tiation4 ,= consci\sness g5]alizes diff]5ces & diff]5tiates g5]alities4 ,contradiction is innate 9 consci\sness1 & its nature is s contradictory t x is at ! same "t a diff]5tiat+1 a g5]aliz+1 & an und]/&+ nature4 ,consci\sness g5]alizes contradiction4 ,x recognizes t all nature1 all be+1 lives 9 contradictions1 t ev]y?+ is :at x is only 9 co-op]ation ) its opposite4 ,j z visible ?+s are n visible )\t ! faculty ( sight1 & vice v]sa ! faculty ( sight _c see any?+ b :at is visible1 s contradiction mu/ be recogniz$ z some?+ g5]al :i* p]vades all ?\ght & be+4 ,! sci5ce ( und]/&+1 by g5]aliz+ contradiction1 solves all concrete contradictions4 ,,iii ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,?+s ,9 s f> z ! faculty ( und]/&+ is a physical object1 ! k ( its nature is a matt] ( physical sci5ce4 ,b 9 s f> z we und]/& all ?+s by ! help ( ?is faculty1 ! sci5ce ( und]/&+ becomes metaphysics4 ,inasmu* z ! sci5tific analysis ( reason rev]ses ! curr5t conception ( its nature1 ?is specific und]/&+ necess>ily rev]ses our entire _w philosophy4 ,) ! und]/&+ ( ! nature ( reason1 we arrive at ! long s\ght und]/&+ ( ! nature ( ?+s4 ,we wi% to "k1 und]/&1 conceive1 recognize all ?+s 9 _! v nature1 n 9 _! outw>d appe>ance4 ,sci5ce seeks to und]/& ! nature ( ?+s1 or _! true ess5ce1 by means ( _! manife/ations4 ,e ?+ has its own special nature1 & ?is nature is n se51 or felt1 or he>d1 b solely p]ceiv$ by ! faculty ( ?\ght4 ,?is faculty explores ! nature ( all ?+s j z ! eye explores all t is visible 9 ?+s4 ,j z ! nature ( sight is und]/ood by ! !ory ( vision1 s ! nature ( ?+s 9 g5]al is und]/ood by ! !ory ( und]/&+4 ,x is true t x s\nds contradictory to say t ! nature ( a ?+ does n appe> to ! eye1 b to ! faculty ( ?\ght1 & at ! same "t to imply t ! opposite ( appe>ance1 nature1 %\ld appe>4 ,b we "h ref] to ! nature ( a ?+ z a ph5om5on 9 ! same way 9 :i* we ref]r$ to ! m9d z a p]ception ( ! s5ses1 & we %all demon/rate fur!r on t e be+ is a ph5om5on1 & e ph5om5on is m or less ( an ess5tial ?+4 ,we h se5 t ! faculty ( ?\ght requires = its vital activity an object1 or raw mat]ial4 ,! effect ( reason+ is se5 9 sci5ce1 no matt] :e!r we und]/& ! t]m sci5ce 9 its n>r[ classical s5se or 9 its broade/ mean+ ( any k9d ( k4 ,! ph5om5a ( s5se p]ception con/itute ! g5]al object or mat]ial ( sci5ce4 ,s5se p]ceptions arise f inf9ite circulation ( matt]4 ,! univ]se & all ?+s 9 x consi/ ( trans=mations ( matt] :i* take place simultane\sly & consecutively 9 space & "t4 ,! univ]se is 9 e place & at any "t itself1 new1 & pres5t = ! fir/ "t4 ,x arises & passes away1 passes & arises "u our v h&s4 ,no?+ rema9s ! same1 only ! inf9ite *ange is con/ant1 & ev5 ! *ange v>ies4 ,e p>ticle ( "t & space br+s new *anges4 ,x is true t ! mat]iali/ believes 9 ! p]man5cy1 et]nity1 inde/ructibility ( matt]4 ,he tea*es u t n ! smalle/ p>ticle ( matt] has ev] be5 lo/ 9 ! _w1 t matt] simply *anges its =ms et]nally1 b t its nature la/s inde/ructibly ?r\gh all et]nity4 ,& yet1 9 spite ( all di/9ctions betwe5 matt] itself & its p]i%able =m1 ! mat]iali/ is on ! o!r h& m incl9$ ?an any "o else to dwell on ! id5tity ( matt] & its =ms4 ,inasmu* z ! mat]iali/ speaks ironically ( =mless matt] & matt]less =ms1 9 ! same brea? ) p]i%able =ms ( imp]i%able matt]1 x is pla9 t mat]ialism is n in=m$ any m ?an idealism z to ! relation ( cont5t to =m1 ( a ph5om5on to ! ess5tial nature ( its subject4 ,:]e d we f9d su* et]nal1 imp]i%able1 =mless matt]8 ,9 ! _w ( s5se p]ceptions we nev] meet any?+ b =ms ( p]i%able matt]4 ,x is true t !re is matt] ev]y:]e4 ,:]ev] any?+ passes away1 some?+ new in/antly arises4 ,b n[h]e has any homog5e\s1 un*angeable matt] endur+ )\t any =m1 ev] be5 discov]$4 ,ev5 a *emically indivisible elem5t is only a relative unit 9 its actual exi/5ce1 & 9 ext5sion ( "t z well z 9 ext5sion ?r\gh space x v>ies simultane\sly & consecutively z mu* z any organic individual :i* also *anges only its concrete =ms1 b rema9s ! same 9 its g5]al nature f beg9n+ to end4 ,my body *anges cont9ually its fle%y tissue1 bones1 & e o!r p>ticle belong+ to x1 & yet x always rema9s ! same4 ,:at con/itutes1 !n1 ?is body :i* is di/+ui%$ f its transi5t =m8 ,x is ! sum total1 9 a g5]aliz$ way1 ( all its v>i$ concrete =ms4 ,et]nal & imp]i%able matt] exi/s 9 reality only z ! sum total ( its p]i%able =ms4 ,! /atem5t t matt] is imp]i%able _c mean any?+ b t !re w always & ev]y:]e be matt]4 ,x is j z true to say t matt] is imp]i%able & m]ely *anges its =ms1 z x is to say t matt] exi/s only 9 its *ang+ =ms1 t x is matt] :i* *anges & t only ! *ange is et]nal4 ,! t]ms *angeable matt] & mat]ial *ange are aft] all only diff]5t expressions = ! same ?+4 ,9 ! practical _w ( s5se p]ceptions1 !re is no?+ p]man5t1 no?+ homog5e\s1 no?+ beyond nature1 no?+ l a ?+ itself4 ,ev]y?+ is *ang+1 pass+1 phantomlike1 s to say4 ,"o phantom is *as$ by ano!r4 ,nev]!less1 says ,kant1 ?+s are also some?+ 9 !mselves1 = o!rwise we %\ld h ! absurd contradiction t !re c\ld be ph5om5a )\t ?+s t produce !m4 ,b no6 ,a ph5om5a is no m & no less diff]5t f ! ?+ :i* produces x ?an ! /ret* ( a tw5ty-mile road is diff]5t f ! road itself4 ,or we may di/+ui% betwe5 a knife & its blade & h&le1 b we "k t !re w\ld be no knife if !re 7 no blade & no h&le4 ,! ess5tial nature ( ! univ]se is *ange4 ,ph5om5a appe>1 t is all4 ,! contradiction betwe5 ! ?+ itself1 or its ess5ce1 & its outw>d appe>ance is fully solv$ by a complete critique ( reason :i* arrives at ! und]/&+ t ! human faculty ( ?\ght may g5]alize any numb] ( v>i$ s5se p]ceptions "u "o uni=m po9t ( view1 by s+l+ out ! g5]al & equival5t =ms & ?us reg>d+ ev]y?+ x may meet z a concrete "p ( "o & ! same :ole4 ,9 o!r words1 ! relative & transi5t =ms p]ceiv$ by our s5ses s]ve z raw mat]ial = our bra9 activity1 :i* ab/racts ! g5]al lik5ess out ( ! concrete =ms & sy/ematizes or classifies !m = our consci\sness4 ,! inf9ite v>iety ( s5se p]ceptions passes 9 review be=e our subjective m9d1 & x con/ructs out ( ! multiplicity ! unity1 out ( ! p>ts ! :ole1 out ( ! ph5om5a ! ess5tial nature1 out ( ! p]i%able ! imp]i%able1 out ( ! attributes ! subject4 ,! ess5ce1 ! nature ( ?+s1 ! ?+ itself is an ideal1 a spiritual conception4 ,consci\sness kn[s h[ to make sums out ( diff]5t units4 ,x c take any numb] ( units = its sums4 ,! entire multiplicity ( ! univ]se is !oretically conceiv$ z "o unit4 ,on ! o!r h&1 e ab/ract sum consi/s 9 reality ( an inf9ite numb] ( s5se p]ceptions4 ,:]e d we f9d any indivisible unit outside ( our ab/ract conceptions8 ,two halves1 f\r f\r?s1 eight eigh?s1 or an inf9ite numb] ( sep>ate p>ts =m ! raw mat]ial out ( :i* ! m9d fa%ions ! ma!matical unit4 ,?is book1 its leaves1 its lett]s1 or _! p>ts1 are !y units8 ,:]e d ,i beg91 :]e d ,i /op8 ,9 ! same way1 ,i may call a libr>y ) _m volumes1 a h\se1 a f>m1 & f9ally ! :ole univ]se1 a unit4 ,is n ev]y?+ a "p1 is n e "p a ?+8 ,is ! color ( a leaf less ( a ?+ ?an t leaf itself8 ,p]haps "s w\ld call ! color simply an attribute & ! leaf its sub/ance1 because !re might be a leaf )\t color1 b no color )\t a leaf4 ,b z surely z we exhau/ a heap ( s& by scatt]+ x1 j z surely d we remove all ! sub/ance ( a leaf :5 we take away its attributes "o aft] ! o!r4 ,color is only ! sum ( reactions ( leaf1 light1 & eye1 & s is all ! re/ ( ! matt] ( a leaf an aggregate ( int]actions4 ,9 ! same way 9 :i* our reason deprives a leaf ( its color attributes & sets x ap>t z a ?+ itself1 may we cont9ue to deprive t leaf ( all its o!r attributes1 & 9 s do+ we f9ally take away ev]y?+ t makes ! leaf4 ,color is 9 its nature no less a sub/ance ?an ! leaf itself1 & ! leaf is no less an attribute ?an its color4 ,z ! color is an attribute ( a leaf1 s a leaf is an attribute ( a tree1 a tree an attribute ( ! e>?1 ! e>? an attribute ( ! univ]se4 ,! univ]se is ! sub/ance1 sub/ance 9 g5]al1 & all o!r sub/ances are b its attributes4 ,& ?is _w-sub/ance reveals ! fact t ! nature ( ?+s1 ! ?+ itself z di/+ui%$ f its manife/ations1 is only a concept ( ! m9d4 ,9 its univ]sal se>* f ! attribute to ! sub/ance1 f ! relative to ! absolute1 f ! appe>ance ( ?+s to ! true ?+s1 ! m9d f9ally arrives at ! und]/&+ t ! sub/ance is no?+ b a sum ( attributes collect$ by bra9 activity1 & t ! m9d itself1 or reason1 is a sub/antial be+ :i* creates ab/ract m5tal units out ( a multitude ( s5se p]ceptions & conceives ( ! univ]se z an absolute :ole1 z an indep5d5t ?+ itself1 by add+ all its transi5t manife/ations4 ,9 turn+ away full ( dissatisfaction f attributes1 se>*+ re/lessly aft] ! sub/ance1 ?r[+ aside ph5om5a1 & =ev] grop+ = tru?1 = ! nature ( ?+s1 = ! ?+ itself1 & 9 f9ally realiz+ t ?is sub/antial tru? is m]ely ! sum ( all socall$ untru?s1 ! totality ( all ph5om5a1 ! m9d proves itself to be ! creator ( ! ab/ract concept ( sub/ance4 ,b x did n create ?is concept out ( no?+4 ,on ! contr>y1 x g5]at$ ! concept ( a _w sub/ance out ( attributes1 x d]iv$ tru? out ( manife/ations ( ?+s4 ,! ideali/ conception t !re is an ab/ract nature beh9d ph5om5a :i* mat]ialises itself 9 !m1 is refut$ by ! und]/&+ t ?is hidd5 nature does n dwell 9 ! _w outside ( ! human m9d1 b 9 ! bra9 ( man4 ,b s9ce ! bra9 diff]5tiates betwe5 ph5om5a & _! nature1 betwe5 ! concrete & ! g5]al1 only by means ( s5se p]ception1 x _c be d5i$ t ! di/9ction betwe5 ph5om5a & _! nature is well f\nd$2 only ! ess5tial nature ( ?+s is n f\nd back ( ph5om5a1 b by means ( ph5om5a4 ,?is nature is mat]ially exi/5t & our faculty ( ?\ght is a real & natural "o4 ,x is true ( spiritual ?+s z well z ( physical ones1 9 fact x is true ( all ?+s1 metaphysically speak+1 t !y are :at !y are1 n 9 !mselves1 n 9 _! ab/ract nature1 b 9 contact ) o!r ?+s1 9 reality4 ,9 ?is s5se "o might say t ?+s are n :at !y seem1 b manife/ !mselves because !y are exi/5t1 & !y manife/ !mselves 9 z _m diff]5t ways z !re are o!r ?+s ) :i* !y ent] into relations ( "t & space4 ,b ! /atem5t t ?+s are n :at !y seem requires1 9 ord] to be rightly und]/ood1 ! modification t :atev] manife/s itself1 exi/s 9 nature1 & its exi/5ce is limit$ by its manife/ations4 ,we _c p]ceive heat itself1 says a book on physics writt5 by ,pr(essor ,koppe1 we m]ely conclude f its manife/ations t x is pres5t 9 nature4 ,?us reasons a naturali/ :o seeks to und]/& a ?+ by practical & dilig5t /udy ( its manife/ations1 b :o seeks refuge 9 ! speculative belief 9 a hidd5 ?+ itself :5ev] a lack ( und]/&+ ( ! fundam5tals ( logic emb>rasses him4 ,we1 on ! contr>y1 conclude t !re is no su* ?+ z heat itself1 s9ce x _c be f\nd1 9 nature1 & we conceive ( heat z effects ( matt] :i* ! human bra9 translat$ into ! conception ( heat itself4 ,because sci5ce 01 p]haps1 z yet unable to analyse ?is conception1 ! pr(essor says we _c p]ceive ! natural object :i* gives rise to ?is conception4 ,heat itself is simply compos$ ( ! sum total ( its manifold effects1 & !re is no?+ else to x4 ,! faculty ( ?\ght g5]alizes ?is v>iety ( effects "u ! concept ( heat 9 g5]al4 ,! analysis ( ?is conception1 ! discov]y ( ! g5]al "* ( ! v>i\s manife/ations ( heat1 is ! function ( inductive sci5ce4 ,b ! conception ( heat sep>at$ f its effects is a speculative idea1 simil> to ,li*t5b]g's knife )\t h&le & blade4 ,! faculty ( ?\ght 9 t\* ) s5se p]ceptions produces ! nature ( ?+s4 ,b x produces !m no m indep5d5tly ( ?+s outside ?an d ! eye1 ! e>1 or any o!r s5se ( man4 ,x is n ! ?+s !mselves :i* we see or feel1 b _! effects on our eyes1 h&s1 etc4 ,! faculty ( reason to g5]alize diff]5t p]ceptions ( ! eye p]mits u to di/+ui% betwe5 concrete sights & sight 9 g5]al4 ,! faculty ( ?\ght conceives ( any concrete sight z an object ( sight 9 g5]al4 ,x fur!rmore di/+ui%es betwe5 subjective & objective sight p]ceptions1 ! latt] be+ sights :i* are visible n alone to ! individual eye1 b to eyesight 9 g5]al4 ,ev5 ! visions ( a spirituali/1 or su* subjective impressions z =k$ lightn+1 circles ( fire1 caus$ by excit$ blood ( clos$ eyes1 s]ve z objects = ! critical consci\sness4 ,a glitt]+ object reveal$ by bright sunlight miles away is no m & no less tangible 9 sub/ance1 no m & no less true1 ?an any optical illusion4 ,a man ^: e> is t+l+ he>s some?+1 ?\gh x is n ! t9kl+ ( bells4 ,e s5se p]ception is an object1 & e object is a s5se p]ception4 ,! object ( any subjective m9d is a pass+ manife/ation1 & e objective p]ception is b a p]i%able subject4 ,! object ( obs]vation may exi/ 9 a m tangible1 less approa*able1 m /able1 or m g5]al =m1 b x is n a ?+ itself4 ,x may be p]ceiv$ n alone by my eyes1 b also by ^? ( o!rs1 n by ! eyes1 b also by ! feel+1 ! he>+1 ! ta/e1 etc4 ,& x may be notic$ n alone by m51 b also by o!r objects4 ,b nev]!less x appe>s only z a manife/ation1 x is diff]5t 9 diff]5t places1 x is n today :at x is tomorr[4 ,e exi/5ce is relative1 9 t\* ) o!r ?+s1 & ent]+ into diff]5t relations ( "t & space ) !m4 ,e s5se p]ception is an actual & natural object4 ,tru? exi/s 9 ! =m ( natural ph5om5a1 & :atev] is1 is true4 ,sub/ance & attribute are only t]ms = c]ta9 relations4 ,!y are n contradictions1 &1 z a matt] ( fact1 all contradictions disappe> be=e our faculty ( g5]alization & diff]5tiation4 ,= ?is faculty reconciles all contradictions by f9d+ a g5]al quality 9 all diff]5ces4 ,exi/5ce1 or univ]sal tru?1 is ! g5]al object1 ! raw mat]ial1 ( ! faculty ( ?\ght4 ,?is mat]ial is ( ! utmo/ v>iety & suppli$ by ! s5ses4 ,! s5ses reveal to u ! sub/ance ( ! univ]se 9 ! =ms ( concrete qualities1 9 o!r words1 ! nature ( p]ceptible matt] is reveal$ to ! faculty ( ?\ght ?r\gh a v>iety ( concrete =ms4 ,x is n p]ceiv$ z a g5]al ess5ce1 b only ?r\gh int]dep5d5t ph5om5a4 ,out ( ! int]dep5d5ce ( ! s5se p]ceptions ) our faculty ( ?\ght !re arise quantities1 g5]al concepts1 ?+s1 true p]ceptions1 or und]/ood tru?s4 ,ess5ce & tru? are two t]ms = ! same ?+4 ,tru?1 or ! ess5ce & nature ( ?+s1 is a !oretical concept4 ,z we h se51 we receive impressions ( ?+s 9 two ways1 viz41 a s5se impression & a m5tal impression1 ! "o practical1 ! o!r !oretical4 ,practice furni%es u ) ! s5se impression1 !ory ) ! m5tal nature ( ?+s4 ,practice is ! premise ( !ory1 s5se p]ception ! premise ( ! nature :i* is also call$ ! tru?4 ,! same tru? manife/s itself 9 practice ei!r simultane\sly or consecutively 9 ! same place or 9 diff]5t places4 ,x exi/s !oretically z a homog5e\s conception4 ,practice1 ph5om5a1 s5se p]ceptions1 are absolute qualities1 t is to say !y h no quantitative limitation1 !y are n re/rict$ by "t or space4 ,!y are absolute & inf9ite qualities4 ,! qualities ( a ?+ are z inf9ite z its p>ts4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! "w ( ! faculty ( ?\ght1 ( !ory1 creates at w an inf9ite numb] ( quantities1 & x conceives e quality ( s5se p]ceptions 9 ! =m ( quantities1 z ! ess5tial nature ( ?+s1 z tru?s4 ,e conception has a quality ( "s s5se p]ception = its object4 ,e object c be conceiv$ by ! faculty ( ?\ght only z a quantitative unit1 z true nature1 z tru?4 ,! faculty ( ?\ght produces 9 contact ) s5se p]ceptions t :i* manife/s itself z true nature1 z a g5]al tru?4 ,a primitive concept accompli%es ?is at fir/ only in/9ctively1 :ile a sci5tific concept is a consci\s & volunt>y repetition ( ?is primitive act4 ,sci5tific und]/&+ want+ to "k an object1 su* z = in/ance heat1 is n hunt+ aft] ! ph5om5a !mselves4 ,x does n aim to see or he> h[ heat melts iron or wax1 h[ x b5efits 9 "o case or injures 9 ano!r1 h[ x makes eggs solid or ice liquid1 nor does x conc]n itself ) ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! heat ( an animal1 ( ! sun1 or ( a /ove4 ,all ^! ?+s are f ! po9t ( view ( ! faculty ( und]/&+1 only effects1 ph5om5a1 qualities4 ,x desires to get at ! ess5ce1 ! true nature ( ?+s1 x /rives to f9d a g5]al law1 a concise sci5tific extract1 ( ?+s se51 he>d1 & felt4 ,! ab/ract nature ( ?+s _c be a tangible object4 ,x is a concept ( !ory1 ( sci5ce1 ( ! faculty ( ?\ght4 ,! und]/&+ ( heat consi/s 9 s+l+ out t :i* is common to all ph5om5a ( heat1 :i* is ess5tial or true = all heat4 ,practically ! nature ( heat consi/s ( ! sum total ( all its manife/ations1 !oretically 9 its concept1 sci5tifically 9 ! analysis ( ?is concept4 ,to analyze ! concept ( heat means to asc]ta9 t :i* is common to all manife/ations ( heat4 ,! g5]al nature ( ! ?+ is its true nature1 ! g5]al quality its true quality4 ,we def9e ra9 m truly z be+ wet ?an z be+ f]tiliz+1 because x gives moi/ure :]ev] x falls1 :ile x f]tilizes only "u c]ta9 circum/ances & 9 c]ta9 places4 ,my true fri5d is "o :o is con/ant & loyal to me all my life "u all circum/ances4 ,( c\rse1 we mu/ n believe 9 any absolute & unconditional fri5d%ip any m ?an 9 any absolute & et]nal tru?4 ,p]fectly true1 p]fectly univ]sal1 is only ! g5]al exi/5ce1 ! univ]se1 ! absolute quantity4 ,b ! real _w is absolutely relative1 absolutely p]i%able1 an inf9ity ( manife/ations1 an inf9ity ( qualities4 ,all tru?s are simply p>ts ( ?is _w1 p>tial tru?s4 ,semblance & tru? fl[ dialectically into "o ano!r l h>d & s(t1 good & bad1 "r & wrong1 b at ! same "t !y rema9 diff]5t4 ,ev5 ?\gh ,i "k t !re is no ra9 :i* is f]tile 9 itself1 & no fri5d :o is true 9 an absolute s5se1 ,i may nev]!less ref] to a c]ta9 ra9 z f]tile 9 relation to c]ta9 crops1 & ,i may di/+ui% betwe5 my m or less true fri5ds4 ,! univ]se is ! tru?4 ,! univ]se is t :i* is univ]sal1 t is1 ?+s :i* exi/ & are p]ceiv$4 ,! g5]al m>k ( tru? is exi/5ce1 because univ]sal exi/5ce is tru?4 ,n[1 exi/5ce is n a g5]al ab/raction1 b a reality 9 ! concrete =m ( s5se p]ceptions4 ,! _w ( s5se p]ceptions has its true & p]ceptible exi/5ce 9 ! pass+ & manifold manife/ations ( nature & life4 ,!re=e all manife/ations are recogniz$ z relative tru?s1 all tru?s z concrete & temporal manife/ations4 ,! manife/ation ( practice is consid]$ z a tru? 9 !ory1 & vice v]sa1 ! tru? ( !ory is manife/$ 9 practice4 ,opposites are mutually relative4 ,tru? & error diff] only comp>atively1 9 volume ( degree1 l be+ & seem+1 life & dea?1 light & d>k1 l all o!r opposites 9 ! _w4 ,x is a matt] ( c\rse t all ?+s ( ?is _w are worldly1 consequ5tly are ( ! same matt]1 ! same nature1 ! same family1 ! same quality4 ,9 o!r words1 e volume ( p]ceptible manife/ation =ms 9 contact ) ! human faculty ( ?\ght a be+1 a tru?1 a g5]al ?+4 ,= our consci\sness1 e p>ticle ( du/ z well z e du/ cl\d1 or any o!r mass ( mat]ial manife/ations1 is on ! "o h& an ab/ract ?+ 9 itself1 & on ! o!r a pass+ ph5om5on ( ! absolute object1 ! univ]se4 ,inside ( ?is univ]se ! v>i\s manife/ations are sy/ematiz$ or g5]aliz$ at w & on purpose by means ( our m9d4 ,! *emical elem5t is z mu* a manysid$ sy/em z ! organic cell or ! :ole vegetable k+dom4 ,! smalle/ & ! l>ge/ be+ is divid$ into individuals1 species1 families1 classes1 etc4 ,?is sy/ematization1 ?is g5]alization1 ?is g5]ation ( be+s is cont9u$ 9 an asc5d+ scale up to ! inf9ity ( ! univ]se1 & 9 ! desc5d+ scale d[n to ! inf9ity ( ! p>ts4 ,9 ! eyes ( ! faculty ( ?\ght all qualities become ab/ract ?+s1 all ?+s relative qualities4 ,e ?+1 e s5se p]ception1 no matt] h[ subjective or %ortliv$ x may be1 is true1 is a c]ta9 "p ( tru?4 ,9 o!r words1 ! tru? exi/s1 n only 9 ! g5]al exi/5ce1 b e concrete exi/5ce has also its own di/9ct g5]ality or tru?4 ,e object1 :e!r x be a m]e pass+ idea1 or a volatile sc5t1 or "s tangible matt]1 con/itutes a sum ( manifold ph5om5a4 ,! faculty ( ?\ght turns v>i\s quantities into "o1 disc]ns ! equality 9 diff]5t ?+s1 seeks ! unity 9 ! multiplicity4 ,m9d & matt] h at lea/ actual exi/5ce 9 common4 ,organic nature agrees ) inorganic nature 9 be+ mat]ial4 ,x is true t !re are wide div]g5ces betwe5 man1 monkey1 elephant1 & plants atta*$ to ! soil1 b ev5 great] diff]5ces are reconcil$ "u ! t]m organism4 ,h[ev] mu* a /one may diff] f a human he>t1 ?9k+ reason w discov] innum]able simil>ities 9 !m4 ,!y at lea/ agree 9 be+ matt]1 !y are bo? visible1 tangible1 & may be weigh$1 etc4 ,_! diff]5ces are z manifold z _! lik5esses4 ,solomon truly says t !re is no?+ new "u ! sun1 & ,s*ill] also says truly t ! _w gr[s old & aga9 gr[s "y4 ,:at ab/ract ?+1 be+1 exi/5ce1 g5]ality is !re t is n manifold 9 its s5se manife/ations1 & individually diff]5t f all o!r ?+s8 ,!re are no two drops ( wat] alike4 ,i am n[ 9 _m respects diff]5t f :at ,i 0 an h\r ago1 & ! lik5ess betwe5 my bro!r & myself is only relatively great] ?an ! lik5ess betwe5 a wat* & an oy/]4 ,9 %ort1 ! faculty ( ?\ght is a faculty ( absolute g5]alization1 x classes all ?+s )\t exception "u "o head1 x comprises & und]/&s ev]y?+ uni=mly1 :ile s5se p]ceptions %[ absolutely ev]y?+ 9 a diff]5t1 new & individual light4 ,if we apply ?is metaphysics#a to our /udy1 ! faculty ( ?\ght1 we see t its functions1 l all o!r ?+s1 are mat]ial manife/ations1 :i* are all equally true4 ,all manife/ations ( ! m9d1 all ideas1 op9ions1 errors1 p>take ( a c]ta9 tru?1 all ( !m h a k]nel ( tru?4 ,j z inevitably z a pa9t] d]ives all =ms ( 8 creation f p]ceptible objects ar\nd him1 s are all ideas1 images ( true ?+s1 !ories ( true objects4 ,s f> z p]ceptions are p]ceptions1 x is a matt] ( c\rse t all p]ceptions p]ceive some?+4 ,s f> z k is k1 x requires no explanation t all k kn[s some?+4 ,?is foll[s f ! rule ( id5tity1 accord+ to :i* a equals a1 or f ! rule ( contradiction1 accord+ to :i* #ajj is n #a1jjj4 ,all p]ceptions are ?\ghts4 ,"o might claim1 on ! o!r h&1 t all ?\ghts are n p]ceptions4 ,"o might def9e p]ceiv+ z a special k9d ( ?\ght1 z real objective ?\ght 9 di/9ction f suppos+1 believ+1 or imag9+4 ,b x _c be d5i$ t all ?\ghts h a common nature1 9 spite ( _! _m diff]5ces4 ,?\ght is treat$ 9 ! c\rt ( ! faculty ( ?\ght l all o!r ?+s1 x is made uni=m4 ,no matt] h[ diff]5t ! ?\ghts ,i _h ye/]day may be f ^? ,i h to-day1 no matt] h[ mu* ! ?\ghts ( diff]5t human be+s may v>y at diff]5t times1 no matt] h[ cle>ly we may di/+ui% betwe5 su* ?\ghts z ^? express$ by ! t]ms idea1 conception1 judgm5t1 conclusion1 impression1 etc41 !y ea* & all possess ! same common & univ]sal nature1 because all ( !m are manife/ations ( m9d4 ,x foll[s1 !n1 t ! diff]5ce betwe5 true & errone\s ?\ghts1 betwe5 und]/&+ & misund]/&+1 l all o!r diff]5ces1 is only relative4 ,a ?\ght 9 itself is nei!r false nor true1 x is ei!r ( ^! only 9 relation to "s o!r object4 ,?\ghts1 conceptions1 !ories1 natures1 tru?s1 all h ?is 9 common t !y belong to "s object4 ,we h se5 t any object is a "p ( ! multiplicity ( s5se p]ceptions 9 ! _w outside ( our bra9s4 ,aft] z mu* ( ! univ]sal be+ z con/itutes ! object :i* is to be und]/ood has be5 def9$ by "s cu/om>y t]m ( language1 tru? is to be f\nd 9 ! discov]y ( ! g5]al nature ( ?is p]ceptible "p ( be+4 ,! p]ceptible p>ts ( be+ :i* con/itute ! ?+s ( ?is _w h n only a semblance & manife/ation1 b also a true nature :i* is giv5 by means ( _! manife/ation4 ,! nature ( ?+s is z inf9ite 9 numb] z ! _w ( s5se p]ceptions is inf9itely divisible 9 space & "t4 ,e "p ( any ph5om5on has its own nature1 e special ph5om5on has its g5]al tru?4 ,a ph5om5on is p]ceiv$ 9 t\* ) ! s5ses1 :ile ! true or ess5tial nature ( ?+s is p]ceiv$ 9 contact ) our faculty ( ?\ght4 ,9 ?is way we f9d ourselves face to face ) ! necessity ( speak+ "h1 :]e ! nature ( ?+s is up = discussion1 simultane\sly ( ! faculty ( ?\ght1 & on ! o!r h& ( deal+ ) ! nature ( ?+s :5 ! faculty ( ?\ght is our ma9 subject4 ,we said at ! outset3 ,! crit]ion ( tru? includes ! crit]ion ( reason4 ,tru?1 l reason1 consi/s 9 develop+ a g5]al concept1 or an ab/ract !ory1 f a giv5 sum ( s5se p]ceptions4 ,!re=e x is n ab/ract tru? :i* is ! crit]ion ( true und]/&+1 b we r ref] to t und]/&+ z be+ true :i* produces ! tru?1 or ! g5]al hall-m>k ( any concrete object4 ,tru? mu/ be objective1 t is to say x mu/ be ! tru? ab\t "s concrete object4 ,p]ceptions _c be true to !mselves1 !y are true only 9 relation to "s def9ite object1 & to "s outside facts4 ,! "w ( und]/&+ consi/s 9 ! ab/raction ( ! g5]al hall-m>k f concrete objects4 ,! concrete is ! measure ( ! g5]al1 ! /&>d ( tru?4 ,:atev] is1 is true1 no matt] h[ mu* or h[ little true x may be4 ,once we h f\nd exi/5ce1 its g5]al nature foll[s z tru? itself4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 t :i* is m or less g5]al1 betwe5 be+ & seem+1 betwe5 tru? & error1 is limit$ to def9ite conditions1 = x presupposes ! relation to "s special object4 ,:e!r a p]ception is true or false w1 !re=e1 dep5d n s mu* on p]ception z on ! scope ( ! "q :i* p]ception tries to solve ( its own accord or :i* x is call$ ^u to solve by ext]nal circum/ances4 ,a p]fect und]/&+ is possible only )9 def9ite limits4 ,a p]fect tru? is "o :i* is always aw>e ( its imp]fection4 ,= in/ance1 x is p]fectly true t all bodies h weight only because ! concept ( body has previ\sly be5 limit$ to ?+s :i* h weight4 ,aft] reason has assign$ ! conception ( body 9 g5]al to ?+s ( v>i\s weights1 x is no long] a matt] = surprise to f9d t bodies mu/ inevitably h weight4 ,once x is assum$ t ! t]m bird 0 ab/ract$ exclusively f fly+ animals1 we may be sure t all birds fly1 :e!r !y are 9 heav51 on e>?1 or 9 any o!r place4 ,& to expla9 ?is we d n require ! belief 9 a priori conceptions :i* are suppos$ to diff] f empirical conceptions by _! /rict necessity & g5]ality4 ,tru?s are valid only "u c]ta9 conditions1 & "u c]ta9 conditions errors may be true4 ,x is a true p]ception t ! sun is %9+1 provid$ we und]/& t ! sky is n cov]$ by cl\ds4 ,& x is no less true t a /raight /ick becomes crook$ 9 fl[+ wat]1 provid$ we und]/& t ?is tru? is an optical "o4 ,tru? is t :i* is common or g5]al to our reason+ faculty )9 a giv5 circle ( s5se p]ceptions4 ,to call )9 a def9ite circle ( s5se p]ceptions t :i* is exceptional or special ! rule or ! g5]al1 is error4 ,error1 ! opposite ( tru?1 arises :5 ! faculty ( ?\ght1 or consci\sness1 inadv]t5tly or %ortsight$ly & )\t previ\s exp]i5ce conc$es to c]ta9 ph5om5a a m g5]al scope ?an is support$ by ! s5ses1 = in/ance :5 x ha/ily attributes to :at is 9 fact only an optical exi/5ce1 a suppos$ pla/ic exi/5ce also4 ,! judgm5t ( error is a prejudice4 ,tru? & error1 und]/&+ & misund]/&+1 kn[+ & n kn[+1 h _! common habitation 9 ! faculty ( ?\ght :i* is ! organ ( sci5ce4 ,?\ght at l>ge is ! g5]al expression ( exp]i5c$ facts p]ceiv$ by ! s5ses1 & x includes errors z well4 ,error is di/+ui%$ f tru? 9 t ! =m] assigns to any def9ite fact ( :i* x is a manife/ation1 a wid] & m g5]al exi/5ce ?an is support$ by s5se p]ceptions & exp]i5ce4 ,unw>rant$ assumption is ! nature ( error4 ,a glass bead does n become a c\nt]feit1 until x pret5ds to be a g5u9e pe>l4 ,s*leid5 says ( ! eye3 ,:5 ! excit$ blood exp&s ! ve9s & presses on ! n]ves1 we feel x 9 ! f+]s z pa91 we see x 9 ! eyes z =k$ lightn+4 ,& ?us we obta9 ! irrefutable pro( t our conceptions are free creations ( ! m9d1 t we d n p]ceive ! ext]nal _w z x really is1 b t its reflex actions on u simply give rise to a peculi> bra9 activity1 on our "p4 ,! products ( ?is activity are frequ5tly connect$ ) c]ta9 processes ( ! ext]nal _w1 b frequ5tly !y are n4 ,we close our eyes & we see a circle ( light1 b !re is 9 reality no %9+ body4 ,x is easy to see t ?is may be a great & dang]\s s\rce ( errors ( all k9ds4 ,f ! teas+ =ms ( a mi/y moonlight night to ! ?reat5+ & insanity-produc+ visions ( ! believ] 9 gho/s we meet a s]ies ( illusions :i* are n d]iv$ f any direct processes ( ext]nal nature1 b belong to ! field ( ! free activity ( ! m9d :i* is subject to error4 ,x requires great judgm5t & wide education1 be=e ! m9d le>ns to break away f all its own errors & to control !m4 ,read+ 9 g5]al seems s easy1 & yet x is a difficult art4 ,x is only by degrees t ! m9d le>ns to und]/& :i* ( ! messages ( ! n]ves may be tru/$ & us$ z a basis = conceptions4 ,! light1 if we consid] x entirely by itself1 is n cle>1 n yell[1 nor blue nor r$4 ,! light is a movem5t ( a v f9e & ev]y:]e diffus$ sub/ance1 ! e!r4 ,! beautiful _w ( light & spl5dor1 ( color & =m1 is suppos$ n to be a p]ception ( some?+ :i* really is4 ,?r\gh ! ?ick cov]+ ( ! grape arbor1 a ray ( sunlight undulates into ! cool+ %ad[s4 ,y ?9k y see ! ray ( light itself1 b :at y really see is no?+ b a flock ( du/ p>ticles4 ,! tru? ab\t light & color is said to be t !y are waves ru%+ ?r\gh e!r 9 re/less succession at ! rate ( #afj1jjj miles p] second4 ,?is true physical nature ( light & color is suppos$ to be s illusive1 t x requir$ ! %>p intellects ( ! greate/ ?9k]s to reveal to u ?is true nature ( light4 ,we f9d t e "o ( our s5ses is susceptible only to def9ite ext]nal influ5ces1 & t ! /imulation ( diff]5t s5ses produces diff]5t conceptions 9 our m9d4 ,?us ! s5se organs are ! m$iators betwe5 ! ext]nal s\lless _w 7undulations ( ! e!r71 :i* is reveal$ to u by sci5ce1 & ! beautiful _w ( s5se p]ceptions 9 :i* we f9d ourselves ) our m9ds4 ,s*leid5 ?us gives an illu/ration ( ! fact t !re is /ill a great deal ( emb>rassm5t1 ev5 9 our times1 :5 ! und]/&+ ( ^! two worlds is "u discussion1 t !re is /ill mu* helpless grop+ to expla9 ! connection betwe5 ! _w ( ?\ght1 ( k or sci5ce1 :i* is 9 ?is case repres5t$ by undulations ( ! e!r1 & betwe5 ! _w ( our five s5ses1 repres5t$ by ! bright & color$ lights ( ! eyes or ( reality4 ,at ! same "t ?is illu/ration %[s h[ que] ! traditional survivals ( speculative philosophy s\nd 9 ! m\? ( a mod]n sci5ti/4 ,! confus$ condition ( ?is mode ( ?\ght is se5 9 ! di/9ction betwe5 an ext]nal s5se-p]ceiv$ _w ( sci5ce & ano!r "o1 9 :i* we f9d ourselves ) our m9ds4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 ! s5ses & ! m9d1 betwe5 !ory & practice1 betwe5 ! special & ! g5]al1 betwe5 tru? & error1 has be5 notic$ by su* ?9k]s1 b !y h no solution = x4 ,!y "k !re is some?+ miss+1 b !y d n "k :]e to look = x1 & !re=e !y are confus$4 ,! great sci5tific a*ievem5t ( ! ,x,i,xth c5tury consi/s 9 ! victory ov] speculation1 ov] k )\t s5se p]ception1 9 ! deliv]y ( ! s5ses f ! ?raldom ( su* k1 & 9 ! f\ndation ( empirical inve/igation4 ,to ackn[l$ge ! !oretical value ( ?is a*ievem5t means to come to an und]/&+ ab\t ! s\rce ( error4 ,contr>y to a philosophy t tries to discov] tru? ) ! m9d1 & error ) ! s5ses1 we seek = tru? ) ! s5ses & reg>d ! m9d z ! s\rce ( errors4 ,! belief 9 c]ta9 messages ( ! n]ves :i* are alone wor?y ( confid5ce & :i* c be und]/ood only by degrees )\t any specific m>k ( di/9ction1 is a sup]/ition4 ,let u h confid5ce 9 all te/imonials ( ! s5ses4 ,!re is no?+ false to be sep>at$ f ! g5u9e4 ,! sup]natural m9d idea is ! only deceiv] :5ev] x und]takes to disreg>d ! s5se p]ceptions1 &1 in/ead ( be+ ! int]pret] ( ! s5ses1 tries to enl>ge _! /atem5ts & repeat :at has n be5 dictat$4 ,! eye1 9 see+ =k$ lightn+ or radiant circles :5 ! blood is excit$ or a pressure ex]t$ on x1 p]ceives no m errors ?an x does 9 p]ceiv+ any o!r manife/ation ( ! ext]nal _w4 ,x is our faculty ( ?\ght :i* makes a mi/ake1 by reg>d+ )\t fur!r inquiry su* subjective ev5ts z objective bodies4 ,"o :o sees gho/s does n commit any mi/ake1 until he claims t 8 p]sonal app>ition is a g5]al ph5om5on1 until he prematurely takes some?+ = an exp]i5ce :i* he has n exp]i5c$4 ,error is an (f5se aga9/ ! law ( tru? :i* prescribes to our consci\sness t x mu/ rememb] ! limits )9 :i* a p]ception is true1 or g5]al4 ,error makes out ( some?+ special a g5]ality1 out ( a pr$icate a subject1 & takes ! "p = ! :ole4 ,error makes a priori conclusions1 :ile tru?1 its opposite1 arrives at und]/&+ by a po/]iori reason+4 ,a priori & a po/]iori und]/&+ are relat$ 9 ! same way z philosophy & natural sci5ce1 tak+ ! latt] 9 ! wide/ mean+ ( ! t]m1 t ( sci5ce 9 g5]al4 ,! contra/ betwe5 believ+ & kn[+ is duplicat$ 9 t betwe5 philosophy & natural sci5ce4 ,speculative philosophy1 l religion1 lives on fai?4 ,! mod]n _w has trans=m$ fai? into sci5ce4 ,! reactioni/s 9 politics :o dem& t sci5ce retrace its /eps desire its return to fai?4 ,! cont5t ( fai? is acquir$ )\t ex]tion4 ,fai? makes a priori p]ceptions1 :ile sci5ce arrives at its k by h>d a po/]iori /udy4 ,to give up fai? means to give up tak+ ?+s easy4 ,& to conf9e sci5ce to a po/]iori k means to decorate x ) ! *>act]i/ic m>k ( mod]n times1 "w4 ,x is n a result ( sci5tific /udy1 b m]ely a freak ( philosophy on ! "p ( ,s*leid5 to d5y ! reality & tru? ( light ph5om5a1 to call !m fantasmagoria creat$ by ! free play ( ! m9d4 ,8 sup]/iti\s belief 9 philosophical speculation misleads him into ab&on+ ! sci5tific me?od ( induction & speak+ ( waves ru%+ ?r\gh e!r 9 re/less succession at ! rate ( #afj1jjj miles p] h\r z be+ ! real & true nature ( light & color1 9 contradi/9ction to ! color ph5om5a ( light4 ,! p]v]sion ( ?is mode ( proc$ure becomes evid5t by 8 ref]r+ to ! mat]ial _w ( ! eyes z a creation ( ! m9d & to ! undulations ( ! e!r1 reveal$ by ! %>p intellect ( ! greate/ ?9k]s z physical nature4 ,! tru? ( sci5ce ma9ta9s ! same relation to ! s5se p]ception t ! g5]al does to ! special4 ,waves ( light1 ! s-call$ tru? ( light & color1 repres5t ! true nature ( light only 9 s f> z !y repres5t :at is common to all light ph5om5a1 :e!r !y are :ite1 yell[1 blue1 or any o!r color4 ,! _w ( ! m9d1 or ( sci5ce f9ds its raw mat]ial1 its premise1 its pro(1 its beg9n+1 & its b\nd>y 9 s5se p]ception4 ,:5 we h le>n$ t ! nature1 or ! tru?1 ( ?+s is n back ( _! ph5om5a1 b c be p]ceiv$ only by ! help ( ph5om5a1 & t x does n exi/ 9 itself1 b only 9 connection ) ! faculty ( und]/&+1 t ! nature is sep>at$ f ! ph5om5a only by ?\ght2 & :5 we see on ! o!r h&1 t ! faculty ( und]/&+ does n d]ive conceptions out ( itself1 b only out ( _! relations ) "s ph5om5on2 !n ?is discussion ( ! nature ( ?+s is an evid5ce t ! nature ( ! faculty ( ?\ght is a conception :i* we h obta9$ f its s5se manife/ations4 ,to und]/& t ! faculty ( ?\ght1 al?\gh univ]sal 9 ! *oice ( its objects1 is nev]!less limit$ 9 t x requires "s object2 to recognize t ! true ?\ght process1 t is to say ! ?\ght ) a sci5tific result1 diff]s f unsci5tific ?9k+ by consci\sly atta*+ itself to "s ext]nal object2 to realize t tru?1 or univ]sality1 is n p]ceiv$ 9 itself1 b c be p]ceiv$ only by means ( "s giv5 object2 ?is frequ5tly v>i$ /atem5t reveals ! nature ( ! faculty ( ?\ght4 ,?is /atem5t re-appe>s at ! end ( e *apt]1 because all special tru?s1 all special *apt]s1 s]ve only to demon/rate ! g5]al *apt] ( univ]sal tru?4 ,,footnote3 #a ,e4 g41 ?is all-embrac+ physics4--,,editor4 ,,iv ,,! ,,practice ,,( ,,reason ,,9 ,,physical ,,sci5ce ,al?\gh we "k t reason is atta*$ to p]ceptible matt]1 to physical objects1 s t sci5ce c nev] be any?+ else b ! sci5ce ( ! physical1 /ill we may1 accord+ to ! prevail+ ideas & usage ( language1 sep>ate physics f logic & e?ics1 & ?us di/+ui% !m z diff]5t =ms ( sci5ce4 ,! problem is !n to demon/rate t 9 physics z well z 9 logic1 z also 9 e?ics1 ! g5]al or intellectual p]ceptions c be practically obta9$ only on ! basis ( concrete p]ceptible facts4 ,?is practice ( reason1 to g5]ate ?\ght f matt]1 to arrive at und]/&+ by s5se p]ceptions1 to produce ! g5]al out ( ! concrete1 has be5 univ]sally accept$ 9 physical inve/igation1 b only 9 practice4 ,! inductive me?od is employ$1 & "o is aw>e ( ?is fact1 b x is n und]/ood t ! nature ( inductive sci5ce is ! nature ( sci5ce 9 g5]al1 ( reason4 ,! process ( ?\ght is misund]/ood4 ,physical sci5ce lacks ! !ory ( und]/&+ & = ?is reason (t5 falls out ( its practical /ep4 ,! faculty ( ?\ght is /ill an unkn[n1 my/]i\s1 my/ical be+ = natural sci5ce4 ,ei!r x conf\nds ! function ) ! organ1 ! m9d ) ! bra91 z d ! mat]iali/s1 or x ?9ks ) ! ideali/s t ! faculty ( ?\ght is an imp]ceptible object outside ( its field4 ,we see mod]n inve/igators m>*+ t[>d _! goal ) firm & uni=m /eps1 s f> z physical matt]s are conc]n$4 ,b !y aimlessly grope ar\nd 9 ! ab/ract relations ( ^! ?+s4 ,! inductive me?od has be5 practically adopt$ by natural sci5ce & its successes h secur$ a great reputation = x4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! speculative me?od has become discr$it$ by its failures4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no consci\s und]/&+ ( ^! v>i\s me?ods ( ?\ght4 ,we see ! m5 ( physical rese>*1 :5 !y are outside ( _! special field1 (f] lawy]-l speculations 9 lieu ( sci5tific facts4 ,:ile !y arrive at ! special tru?s ( _! *os5 fields by s5se p]ceptions1 !y /ill pret5d to d]ive speculative tru?s out ( ! dep?s ( _! own m9ds4 ,li/5 to ! foll[+ /atem5ts ( ,alex&] von ,humboldt1 :i* he makes 9 ! initial argum5t ( 8 ,cosmos 9 reg>d to speculation3 ,! mo/ important result ( physical rese>* by s5se p]ception is ?is3 t x f9ds ! elem5t ( unity 9 a multitude ( =ms2 t x grasps all ! individual manife/ations (f]$ by ! discov]ies ( rec5t times1 c>efully scrut9izes & di/+ui%es !m2 yet does n succumb "u _! mass2 t x fulfills ! sublime mission ( ! human be+1 ( und]/&+ ! nature ( ?+s :i* is hidd5 "u ! cov] ( ph5om5a4 ,9 ?is way our aim rea*es beyond ! n>r[ limits ( ! s5ses1 & we may succe$ 9 grasp+ ! nature by controll+ ! raw mat]ial ( empirical obs]vation ?r\gh ideas4 ,9 my obs]vations ( ! sci5tific treatm5t ( g5]al cosmic ph5om5a1 ,i am n d]iv+ unity out ( a few fundam5tal pr9ciples f\nd by speculative reason4 ,my "w is ! expression ( a ?\ghtful obs]vation ( empirical ph5om5a se5 z "o & ! same nature4 ,i am n go+ to v5ture into a field :i* is =eign to me4 ,:at ,i call physical cosmology does n1 !re=e1 aspire to ! rank ( a rational sci5ce ( nature4444 ,true to ! "* ( my =m] occupation & writ+s1 :i* 7 devot$ to exp]im5ts1 measurem5ts1 & inve/igations ( facts1 ,i conf9e myself 9 ?is "w to empirical obs]vations4 ,x is ! only gr\nd on :i* ,i c move ) a measure ( security4 ,9 ! same brea? ,humboldt says t )\t ! e>ne/ desire = ! k ( concrete facts any great & univ]sal _w philosophy w\ld be m]ely a ca/le 9 ! air & 9 ano!r place t an und]/&+ ( ! univ]se by speculative & introspective reason w\ld repres5t a /ill m sublime aim ?an und]/&+ by empirical ?\ght4 ,& on page #fh ( volume ,i4 he says3 ,i am f> f f9d+ fault ) endeavors ( o!rs ! success ( :i* /ill rema9s 9 d\bt1 :5 ,i h _h no practical exp]i5ce ) !m4 ,n[ natural sci5ce %>es ) ,humboldt ! consci\sness t ! practice ( reason 9 physical rese>* consi/s exclusively 9 p]ceiv+ ! elem5t ( unity 9 a multitude ( =ms4 ,b on ! o!r h&1 ?\gh x does n always admit its belief 9 speculative introspection z frankly z ,humboldt does1 x nev]!less proves t x does n fully und]/& ! practice ( sci5ce & t x believes 9 a metaphysical z well z a physical sci5ce by us+ ! speculative me?od 9 ! treatm5t ( s-call$ philosophical topics1 9 :i* ! elem5t ( unity is suppos$ to be discov]$ by introspective reason in/ead ( an analysis ( multi=m s5se p]ceptions1 & x demon/rates its lack ( unity by be+ unaw>e ( ! unsci5tific "* ( disagreem5ts1 by believ+ 9 a metaphysical sci5ce outside ( ! physical doma94 ,! relations betwe5 ph5om5on & its nature1 cause & effect1 matt] & =ce1 sub/ance & _s1 are c]ta9ly physical ones4 ,b :at is !re ( unity t sci5ce tea*es ab\t !m8 ,pla9ly !n1 ! "w ( sci5ce1 l t ( ! f>m]1 has s f> be5 done only practically1 b n sci5tifically1 n ) a pr$et]m9ation ( success4 ,und]/&+1 t is to say ! practice ( und]/&+1 is well appli$ 9 sci5ce1 ,i readily admit4 ,b ! in/rum5t ( ?is und]/&+1 ! faculty ( ?\ght1 is misund]/ood4 ,we f9d t natural sci5ce1 in/ead ( apply+ ?is faculty sci5tifically1 simply exp]im5ts ) x4 ,:at is ! reason = ?is8 ,natural sci5ce has neglect$ ! critique ( reason1 ! !ory ( sci5ce1 logic4 ,j z ! h&le & ! blade ( a knife con/itute its g5]al cont5t1 s we f\nd t ! g5]al cont5t ( reason 0 ! univ]sal1 ! g5]al itself4 ,we "k t x does n produce ?is cont5t out ( itself1 b out ( giv5 objects1 & ^! objects are ! sum ( all natural or physical ?+s4 ,! object ( reason is1 !re=e1 an inf9ite1 unlimit$1 absolute quantity4 ,?is inf9ite quantity manife/s itself 9 f9ite quantities4 ,9 ! treatm5t ( relatively small quantities ( nature ! true ess5ce ( reason1 ! true me?od ( und]/&+1 is well recogniz$4 ,x rema9s to be demon/rat$ t ! great relations ( ! _w1 ! treatm5t ( :i* is /ill d\btful1 are likewise intelligible by ! same me?od4 ,cause & effect1 m9d & matt]1 matt] & =ce1 are su* great _w problems1 & !y are ( a physical "*4 ,we %all demon/rate t ! mo/ g5]al di/9ction betwe5 reason & its object furni%es ! key to ! solution ( ! great _w problems4 7a7 ,cause & ,effect4 ,! nature ( natural hi/ory1 says ,f4 ,w4 ,bessell1 lies 9 ! fact t x does n consid] ph5om5a z facts 9 !mselves1 b looks = _! causes4 ,! k ( nature is ?us r$uc$ to ! m9imum numb] ( facts4 ,b ! causes ( ! ph5om5a ( nature _h be5 inve/igat$ ev5 be=e ! age ( natural hi/ory4 ,! *>act]i/ic m>k ( natural hi/ory is n s mu* t x inve/igates causes1 b t ! causes :i* x inve/igates h a peculi> nature & a p>ticul> quality4 ,inductive sci5ce has mat]ially *ang$ ! conception ( causes4 ,x has reta9$ ! t]m1 b uses x 9 a diff]5t s5se f t employ$ by speculation4 ,! naturali/ conceives ( causes diff]5tly )9 8 special field & outside ( x2 "h1 outside ( 8 specialty1 he frequ5tly indulges 9 introspective speculation1 because he und]/&s sci5ce & its cause 9 a concrete1 b n 9 a g5]al way4 ,! unsci5tific =ces are ( a sup]natural make-up1 !y are transc5d5tal spirits1 gods1 =ces1 little & big gobl9s4 ,! orig9al conception ( causes is an an?ropomorphic "o4 ,9 a /ate ( inexp]i5ce1 man measures ! objective by a subjective /&>d1 judges ! _w by himself4 ,j z he creates ?+s ) consci\s int5t1 s he attributes to nature 8 human mann]1 imag9es ! exi/5ce ( an ext]nal & creative cause ( ! ph5om5a ( s5se p]ception1 simil> to himself :o is ! special cause ( 8 own creations4 ,?is subjective mood is to blame = ! fact t ! /ruggle = objective und]/&+ has s long be5 9 va94 ,! unsci5tifically conceiv$ cause is a speculation ( ! a priori k9d4 ,if ! t]m und]/&+ is reta9$ = subjective und]/&+1 !n objective sci5ce diff]s f x 9 t su* a sci5ce p5etrates to ! causes ( its objects n by fai? or introspective speculation1 b by exp]i5ce & induction1 n a priori1 b a po/]iori4 ,natural sci5ce looks = causes n outside or back ( nature's ph5om5a1 b )9 or by means ( !m4 ,mod]n rese>* seeks no ext]nal creator ( causes1 b r ! imman5t sy/em1 ! me?od or g5]al mode ( ! v>i\s ph5om5a z !y are giv5 by succession 9 "t4 ,! unsci5tifically conceiv$ cause is a ?+ 9 itself1 a little god :o g5]ates 8 effects indep5d5tly & hides beh9d !m4 ,! sci5tific conception ( causes1 on ! o!r h&1 looks only = ! !ory ( effects1 ! g5]al elem5t ( ph5om5a4 ,to inve/igate a cause means !n to g5]alize a v>iety ( ph5om5a1 to arrange ! multiplicity ( exp]i5c$ facts "u "o sci5tific rule4 ,! k ( nature is ?us r$uc$ to ! m9imum numb] ( facts4 ,! commonplace & inept k diff]s f ! mo/ exalt$1 r>e/1 & newly discov]$ sci5ce 9 ! same way 9 :i* a petty & *ildi% sup]/ition diff]s f ! hi/orical sup]/ition ( a :ole p]iod4 ,= ?is reason we may well *oose our illu/rations f our daily circle1 in/ead ( look+ = !m 9 ! s-call$ high] regions ( a remote sci5ce4 ,human common s5se _h long practic$ ! inve/igation ( causes by inductive & sci5tific me?ods1 be=e sci5ce realiz$ t x w\ld h to pursue its high] aims 9 ! same way4 ,common s5se does arrive at ! fai? 9 a my/]i\s cause ( speculative reason1 j l ! naturali/1 z soon z x leaves ! field ( its imm$iate environm5t4 ,9 ord] to /& firmly on ! gr\nd ( real sci5ce1 e "o requires ! und]/&+ ( ! mann] 9 :i* inductive reason inve/igates its causes4 ,to ?is end let u glance briefly at ! outcome ( ! /udy ( ! nature ( reason4 ,we "k t ! faculty ( und]/&+ is n a ?+ 9 & by itself1 because x becomes real only 9 contact ) "s object4 ,b :atev] we "k ( any object1 is kn[n n alone ?r\gh ! object1 b also ?r\gh ! faculty ( reason4 ,consci\sness1 l all o!r be+1 is relative4 ,und]/&+ is contact ) a v>iety ( objects4 ,to k !re is atta*$ di/9ction1 subject & object1 v>iety 9 unity4 ,?us ?+s become mutual causes & mutual effects4 ,! entire _w ( ph5om5a1 ( :i* ?\ght is b a "p1 a =m1 is an absolute circle1 9 :i* ! beg9n+ & end is ev]y:]e & n[h]e1 9 :i* ev]y?+ is at ! same "t ess5ce & semblance1 cause & effect1 g5]al & concrete4 ,j z all nature is 9 ! la/ in/ance "o sole g5]al unity1 9 view ( :i* all o!r unities become a multitude1 s ?is same nature1 or objectivity1 or _w ( s5se p]ceptions1 or :atev] else we may call ! sum ( all ph5om5a or effects1 is ! f9al cause ( all ?+s1 comp>$ to :i* all o!r causes become effects4 ,b we mu/ rememb] t ?is cause ( all causes is only ! sum ( all effects1 n a transc5d5tal or sup]ior be+4 ,e cause has its effect1 e effect causes some?+4 ,a cause _c be physically sep>at$ f its effect any m ?an ! visible c be sep>at$ f ! eye1 ! ta/e f ! tongue1 9 brief ! g5]al f ! concrete4 ,nev]!less1 ! faculty ( ?\ght may sep>ate ! "o f ! o!r4 ,we mu/ keep 9 m9d t ?is sep>ation is a m]e =mality ( ?\ght1 al?\gh x is a =mality :i* is necess>y 9 ord] to be reasonable or consci\s1 9 ord] to act sci5tifically4 ,! practice ( und]/&+1 or sci5tific practice1 d]ives ! concrete f ! g5]al1 ! natural ?+s f nature4 ,b :oev] has be5 beh9d ! sc5es1 & has look$ at ! faculty ( ?\ght at "w1 kn[s t1 conv]sely ! g5]al is d]iv$ f ! concrete1 ! concept ( nature f natural ?+s4 ,! !ory ( und]/&+ or sci5ce tea*es u t ! antec$5t is und]/ood by its consequ5t1 ! cause by its effect1 :ile our practical und]/&+ reg>ds ! aft] z a consequ5ce ( ! be=e1 ! effect z a result ( ! cause4 ,! faculty ( und]/&+1 ! organ ( g5]alization1 reg>ds its opposite1 ! concrete1 z second>y1 :ile ! faculty ( ?\ght :i* und]/&s itself reg>ds x z prim>y4 ,h[ev]1 ! practice ( und]/&+ is n to be *ang$ by its !ory1 nor c x be2 ! !ory int5ds simply to r5d] ! /eps ( consci\sness firm4 ,! sci5tific f>m] diff]s f ! practical f>m]1 n because he employs !ory & me?od1 = bo? d t1 b because he und]/&s ! !ory1 :ile ! practical man !orizes in/9ctively4 ,to cont9ue3 ,f a giv5 multitude ( facts1 reason g5]ates tru? 9 g5]al1 & out ( a succession ( =ms & trans=mations x ab/racts ! true cause1 j z absolute multiplicity is ! nature ( space1 s absolute v>iability is ! nature ( "t4 ,e p>ticle ( "t & space is new1 orig9al1 & has nev] be5 !re be=e4 ,! faculty ( ?\ght enables u to f9d our way ?r\gh ?is absolute m$ley by ab/ract+ g5]al concepts out ( ! multitude ( ?+s 9 space1 & trac+ ! v>iations ( "t to g5]al causes4 ,! entire nature ( reason consi/s 9 g5]aliz+ s5se p]ceptions1 9 ab/ract+ ! common elem5ts out ( concrete ?+s4 ,:oev] does n fully und]/& reason by und]/&+ t x is ! organ ( g5]alization =gets t und]/&+ requires an object :i* mu/ rema9 some?+ outside ( its conception1 s9ce su* object _c be dissolv$ by its conception4 ,! be+ ( ! reason+ faculty _c be und]/ood any m ?an be+ 9 g5]al4 ,or r1 be+ is und]/ood :5 we take x 9 its g5]ality4 ,n be+ itself1 b ! g5]al elem5t ( be+1 is und]/ood by ! faculty ( ?\ght4 ,let u realize1 = in/ance1 ! process :i* takes place :5 reason und]/&s some?+ x did n "k be=e4 ,?9k ( "s peculi>1 unexpect$ & unkn[n *emical trans=mation :i* takes place sudd5ly & )\t app>5t cause 9 "s mixture4 ,assume fur!rmore t ! same reaction takes place m frequ5tly aft] t1 until exp]i5ce demon/rates t ?is inexplicable *ange occurs :5ev] sunlight t\*es ! mixture4 ,?is already con/itutes a c]ta9 und]/&+ ( ! process4 ,assume fur!rmore t subsequ5t exp]i5ce tea*es u t sev]al o!r sub/ances h ! faculty ( produc+ ! same reaction 9 connection ) sunlight4 ,we h !n arrang$ ! new reaction 9 l9e ) a numb] ( ph5om5a ( ! same class1 t is to say we h enl>g$1 deep5$1 complet$ our und]/&+ ( x /ill m4 ,& if we f9ally discov] t a special "p ( ! sunlight unites ) a special elem5t ( ! mixture & !reby produces ?is new reaction1 we h g5]aliz$ ?is exp]i5ce1 or exp]i5c$ ?is g5]alization1 9 a pure /ate1 9 o!r words1 ! !ory ( ?is reaction is complete1 reason has solv$ its problem1 & yet x has done no?+ m ?an x did :5 x classifi$ ! animal & vegetable k+doms 9 families1 g5]a1 species1 etc4 ,to f9d ! species1 ! g5us1 ! sex1 etc41 ( any?+ means to und]/& x4 ,reason proce$s 9 ! same way :5 x inve/igates ! causes ( c]ta9 trans=mations4 ,causes are1 9 ! la/ in/ance1 n notic$ & furni%$ by means ( sight1 he>+1 feel+1 n by means ( ! s5se p]ceptions4 ,!y are r suppli$ by ! faculty ( ?\ght4 ,x is true1 causes are n ! pure products ( ! faculty ( ?\ght1 b are produc$ by x 9 connection ) s5se p]ceptions & _! mat]ial objects4 ,?is raw mat]ial gives ! objective exi/5ce to ! causes produc$ by ! m9d4 ,j z we dem& t a tru? %\ld be ! tru? ab\t "s objective ph5om5on1 s we also dem& t a cause %\ld be real1 t x %\ld be ! cause ( "s objective effect4 ,! und]/&+ ( any concrete cause is condition$ on ! empirical /udy ( its mat]ial1 :ile ! und]/&+ ( any g5]al cause is bas$ on ! /udy ( ! faculty ( reason4 ,9 ! und]/&+ ( concrete causes1 ! mat]ial ( /udy v>ies1 b reason ma9ta9s a con/ant or g5]al attitude4 ,! cause1 z a g5]al cause1 is a pure conception1 & x is bas$ on ! /udy ( ! multi=mity ( concrete und]/&+s ( causes1 or on ! multipli$ /udy ( concrete causes4 ,h5ce we are compell$ to return to ! concrete mat]ial ( ! g5]al concept1 to ! und]/&+ ( concrete causes1 if we wi% to analyze ! concept ( a g5]al cause4 ,:5 a /one falls into ! wat] & causes ripples on ! surface1 ! /one is no m ! cause ( ! ripples ?an ! liquid condition ( ! wat]4 ,if ! /one falls on solid sub/ances1 x causes no ripples4 ,x is ! contact ( ! fall+ /one ) liquid sub/ances :i* causes ! ripples4 ,! cause is itself an effect1 & ! effect1 ! ripples1 become a cause :5 !y c>ry a piece ( cork a%ore4 ,b 9 ei!r case ! cause is bas$ on a mutual effect1 on ! int]action ( ! waves ) ! light condition ( ! cork4 ,a /one fall+ into ! wat] is n a cause 9 itself1 n a cause 9 g5]al4 ,we arrive at su* a cause only1 :5 ! faculty ( ?\ght uses concrete causes = its raw mat]ial & con/ructs out ( !m ! pure concept ( ! cause 9 g5]al4 ,a /one fall+ into ! wat] is only ! cause ( ! subsequ5t ripples1 & x becomes a g5]al cause only ?r\gh ! exp]i5ce t ripples always foll[ ! fall+ ( a /one into wat]4 ,we call cause t :i* g5]ally prec$es a c]ta9 manife/ation1 & effect t :i* g5]ally foll[s x4 ,we ref] to ! /one z ! cause ( ripples m]ely because we "k t x always causes !m :5 fall+ into wat]4 ,b s9ce ripples sometimes appe> )\t be+ prec$$ by ! fall ( a /one1 ripples h ano!r g5]al cause4 ,s f> z !re is any?+ g5]al 9 ripples :i* prec$es !m1 x is ! ela/icity ( ! wat] itself :i* is ! g5]al cause ( ripples4 ,circul> ripples1 :i* are a special =m ( ripples1 are g5]ally prec$$ by ! fall+ ( "s body into ! wat]1 & ?is body is !n consid]$ z _! cause4 ,! cause is always diff]5t 9 proportion & to ! ext5t ( ! ph5om5a "u consid]ation4 ,we _c asc]ta9 causes by m]e introspective reason+1 we _c d]ive !m out ( our head4 ,matt]1 mat]ials1 s5se p]ceptions are requir$ = ?is purpose4 ,a def9ite cause requires a def9ite mat]ial1 a def9ite am\nt ( s5se p]ceptions4 ,9 ! ab/ract unity ( nature1 ! v>iations ( matt] are repres5t$ by ! v>iations ( concrete quantities4 ,e quantity is giv5 9 "t be=e & aft] a c]ta9 o!r quantity1 z antec$5t & subsequ5t4 ,! g5]al elem5t ( ! antec$5t is call$ cause1 ! g5]al elem5t ( ! subsequ5t1 effect4 ,:5 ! w9d sways a =e/1 ! yield+ "* ( ! =e/ is z mu* in/rum5tal 9 produc+ ?is effect z ! b5d+ p[] ( ! w9d4 ,! cause ( a ?+ is its connection ) o!r ?+s4 ,! fact t ! same w9d leaves rocks & walls /&+ %[s t ! cause is n qualitatively diff]5t f ! effect1 b t x is a matt] ( aggregate effects4 ,if nev]!less sci5ce or k det]m9es any special fact to be ! cause ( any *ange1 t is to say ( any succession ( ph5om5a1 ?is cause is no long] reg>d$ z ! ext]nal creator1 b m]ely z ! g5]al mode1 ! imman5t me?od ( succession4 ,a def9ite cause c be asc]ta9$ only :5 we h "u consid]ation a def9ite circle1 s]ies1 or numb] ( *anges1 ! cause ( :i* is to be det]m9$4 ,& )9 a def9ite circle ( succe$+ ph5om5a1 t :i* g5]ally prec$es is _! cause4 ,! w9d :i* sways a =e/ diff]s f w9d z a g5]al cause only 9 t ! latt] has o!r g5]al effects1 inasmu* z x h[ls 9 "o place1 /irs up du/ 9 ano!r1 or acts 9 _m diff]5t ways4 ,9 ! special case ( ! =e/1 ! w9d is a cause only 9 s f> z x prec$es ! sway+ ( ! trees4 ,b 9 ! case ( rocks & walls1 ! solidity prec$es ! w9d & is !re=e ! g5]al cause ( _! resi/ance to ! sway+ p[] ( ! w9d4 ,9 a /ill wid] circle ( hurricane ph5om5a1 a g5tle w9d may be reg>d$ z a cause ( ! /ability ( ! objects la/ m5tion$4 ,! quantity or numb] ( giv5 objects v>ies ! "n ( _! cause4 ,if a c]ta9 company ( p return f a walk 9 a tir$ condition1 ?is *ange ( condition is j z mu* due to ! physical weakness ( ! p z to ! walk4 ,9 o!r words1 a manife/ation has 9 itself no cause :i* c be sep>at$ f x4 ,ev]y?+ :i* 0 connect$ ) a ph5om5on has contribut$ t[>d its appe>ance4 ,9 ! case ( ! prom5ad]s1 ! physical con/itution ( _! bodies has to be consid]$ z well z ! physical con/itution & l5g? ( ! road & duration ( ! walk4 ,if reason is nev]!less call$ ^u to det]m9e ! special cause ( "s concrete *ange1 = in/ance1 ( a tir$ feel+1 x is simply a "q ( det]m9+ :i* "o ( ! v>i\s factors has contribut$ mo/ to t feel+4 ,9 ?is case z well z 9 all o!rs1 ! "w ( reason consi/s 9 develop+ ! g5]al f ! concrete1 t is to say 9 ?is case1 s+l+ out f a giv5 numb] ( tir$ s5sations t :i* g5]ally prec$es ! tir$ feel+4 ,if mo/ ( ! prom5ad]s or all ( !m are f\nd to be tir$1 ! walk w be consid]$ z ! cause4 ,b if only a few are tir$1 ! weak con/itution ( ^! p w be consid]$ z ! g5]al cause ( _! tir$ condition4 ,to use ano!r illu/ration3 ,if ! dis*>ge ( a %ot fright5s "s birds1 ?is effect is due to ! comb9$ action ( ! %ot & ! timidity ( ! birds4 ,if ! majority ( ! birds fly away1 ! %ot w be consid]$ z ! cause4 ,b if ! m9ority fly away1 _! timidity w be reg>d$ z ! cause4 ,effects are subsequ5ces4 ,s9ce all ?+s 9 nature foll[ o!r ?+s & all ?+s h an antec$5t & a subsequ5t1 we may call ! natural1 ! real1 ! s5se p]ceptions absolute effects1 hav+ no cause unless we f9d "o ) our faculty ( ?\ght by sy/ematiz+ ! giv5 mat]ial4 ,causes are m5tal g5]alizations ( p]ceptible *anges4 ,! suppos$ relation ( cause & effect is a miracle1 a creation ( some?+ out ( no?+4 ,= ?is reason ?is relation has be5 & /ill is an object ( speculative reason+4 ,! speculative cause creates its effects4 ,b 9 reality ! effects are ! mat]ial out ( :i* ! bra91 or sci5ce1 =ms its causes4 ,! cause concept is a product ( reason2 n ( pure reason1 b ( reason m>ri$ to ! _w ( s5se p]ceptions4 ,if ,kant ma9ta9s t ! /atem5t3 ,e *ange has its cause is an a priori tru? :i* we _c exp]i5ce because no "o c possibly exp]i5ce all *anges1 al?\gh e "o has ! irrefutable feel+ ( ! correctness ( ?is /atem5t1 we "k n[ t ?is /atem5t expresses m]ely ! exp]i5ce t ! ph5om5on :i* we call reason recognizes ! uni=m elem5t 9 all multi=mity4 ,or 9 o!r words1 we n[ "k t ! developm5t ( ! g5]al elem5t out ( ! concrete facts is call$ reason1 ?\ght1 or m9d4 ,! secure k t e *ange has its cause is no?+ else b ! conviction t we are ?9k+ human be+s4 ,cogito1 ergo sum4 ,i ?9k1 !re=e ,i am4 ,we h exp]i5c$ ! nature ( our reason in/9ctively ev5 if we h n analyz$ x sci5tifically4 ,we are z well aw>e ( ! faculty ( our reason to ab/ract a cause out ( e giv5 *ange1 z we are t e circle is r\nd1 t a is equal to a4 ,we "k t ! g5]al is ! product ( reason1 & reason produces ?is g5]al ?+ 9 contact ) e giv5 object4 ,& s9ce all objects be=e & aft] a c]ta9 o!r object are temporal *anges1 x foll[s t all *anges :i* we z ?9k+ be+s exp]i5ce mu/ h a g5]al antec$5t1 a cause4 ,already ! ,engli% sceptic ,hume felt t true causes are diff]5t f assum$ causes4 ,accord+ to him ! concept ( a cause conta9s no?+ b ! exp]i5ce ( t :i* g5]ally prec$es a c]ta9 ph5om5on4 ,kant rightfully rem>ks on ! o!r h& t ! conception ( cause & effect expresses a f> m intimate relation ?an t indicat$ by a loose & accid5tal succession1 & t ! concept ( a cause r comprises t ( a c]ta9 effect z a necessity & /rict g5]al result4 ,!re=e he claim$ t !re mu/ be some?+ a priori 9 reason :i* _c be exp]i5c$ & :i* ext5ds beyond exp]i5ce4 ,we reply to ! mat]iali/s :o d5y all autonomy ( ! m9d & hope to detect causes by exp]i5ce alone t ! g5]al necessity :i* presupposes ! relation ( cause & effect repres5ts an impossible exp]i5ce4 ,& we reply to ! ideali/s3 ,al?\gh reason explores causes :i* _c be exp]i5c$1 ?is rese>* _c take place a priori1 b only a po/]iori1 only on ! basis ( empirically giv5 effects4 ,x is true t ! m9d alone discov]s ! imp]ceptible & ab/ract g5]ality1 b x does s only )9 ! circle ( c]ta9 giv5 s5se p]ceptions4 7b7 ,matt] & ,m9d4 ,! und]/&+ ( ! g5]al dep5d5ce ( ! faculty ( ?\ght on mat]ial s5se p]ceptions w re/ore to objective reality t "r :i* has long be5 d5i$ to x by ideas & op9ions4 ,nature ) its v>i$ concrete ph5om5a :i* _h be5 cr[d$ out ( human consid]ations by philosophical & religi\s imag9+s1 & :i* has be5 sci5tifically re-e/abli%$ aga9 on special fields by ! developm5t ( natural sci5ces1 ga9s g5]al !oretical recognition by ! und]/&+ ( ! functions ( ! bra94 ,hi!rto natural sci5ce has *os5 = its object only special matt]s1 special causes1 special =ces1 b has rema9$ ignorant 9 g5]al que/ions ( s-call$ natural philosophy reg>d+ ! cause ( all ?+s1 ( matt]1 ( =ce 9 g5]al4 ,! actual exi/5ce ( ?is ignorance is reveal$ by t great contradiction betwe5 idealism & mat]ialism :i* p]vades all works ( sci5ce l a r$ ?read4 ,may ,i succe$ 9 ?is lett] 9 /r5g!n+ ! conviction t *emi/ry z an indep5d5t sci5ce repres5ts "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful means = ! high] cultivation ( ! m9d1 t its /udy is useful n alone = ! promotion ( ! mat]ial int]e/s ( mank9d1 b because x p]mits a deep] p5etration ( ! wond]s ( creation1 ) :i* our exi/5ce1 our welf>e1 & our developm5t are intimately connect$4 ,9 ^! words ,liebig expresses ! preval5t views :i* h accu/om$ !mselves to look ^u mat]ial & spiritual diff]5ces z absolute opposites4 ,b ! unt5ability ( su* a di/9ction is vaguely felt ev5 by ! j quot$ advocate ( ?is view1 :o speaks ( mat]ial int]e/s & ( a m5tal p5etration :i* is ! condition = our exi/5ce1 welf>e1 & developm5t4 ,b :at else does ! t]m mat]ial int]e/s mean b ! ab/ract expression ( our exi/5ce1 welf>e1 & developm5t8 ,are n ^! ! concrete cont5t ( our mat]ial int]e/s8 ,does he n say explicitly t ! p5etration ( ! wond]s ( creation promotes our mat]ial int]e/s8 ,& on ! o!r h&1 does n ! promotion ( our mat]ial int]e/s require a p5etration on our "p ( ! wond]s ( creation8 ,9 :at respect are our mat]ial int]e/s diff]5t f our m5tal p5etration ( ?+s8 ,! sup]ior1 spiritual1 ideal1 :i* ,liebig 9 con=mity ) ! views ( ! _w ( naturali/s opposes to our mat]ial int]e/s1 is only a special "p ( ^? int]e/s4 ,m5tal p5etration & mat]ial int]e/s diff] no m ?an ! circle diff]s f ! squ>e4 ,circles & squ>es are contra/s1 b at ! same "t !y are b diff]5t & special classes ( =m 9 g5]al4 ,x has be5 ! cu/om1 especially s9ce ! adv5t ( ,*ri/ian times1 to speak contemptu\sly ( mat]ial1 p]ceptible1 fle%ly ?+s :i* are de/roy$ by ru/ & mo?s4 ,& n[adays p cont9ue on ?is cons]vative track1 al?\gh _! antipa?y aga9/ p]ceptible reality has long disappe>$ f _! m9ds & actions4 ,! ,*ri/ian sep>ation ( m9d & body has be5 practically ab&on$ 9 ! age ( natural sci5ce4 ,b ! !oretical solution ( ! contradiction1 ! demon/ration t ! spiritual is mat]ial & ! mat]ial at ! same "t spiritual1 by :i* ! mat]ial int]e/s w\ld be fre$ f ! /igma ( inf]iority1 has n yet be5 =?com+4 ,mod]n sci5ce is natural sci5ce4 ,sci5ce is deem$ wor?y ( its "n only 9 s f> z x is natural sci5ce4 ,9 o!r words1 only t ?\ght is sci5tific :i* consci\sly has real1 p]ceptible1 natural ?+s = its object4 ,= ?is reason repres5tatives & fri5ds ( sci5ce c n be enemies ( nature or ( matt]4 ,inde$ !y are n4 ,b ! v exi/5ce ( sci5ce %[s t ?is nature1 ?is _w ( s5se p]ceptions1 ?is matt] or sub/ance1 does alone & by itself n satisfy u4 ,sci5ce1 or ?\ght1 :i* has mat]ial practice or be+ = its object1 does n /rive to reproduce nature 9 its integrity1 9 its entire p]ceptible sub/ance1 = ^! are already pres5t4 ,if sci5ce 7 to aim at no?+ new1 x w\ld be sup]flu\s4 ,x is entitl$ to special recognition only to ! ext5t t x c>ries a new elem5t into matt]4 ,sci5ce is n s mu* conc]n$ 9 ! mat]ial ( its /udy z 9 und]/&+4 ,( c\rse x is ! und]/&+ ( ?is mat]ial :i* is desir$1 ! und]/&+ ( its g5]al "*1 ( ! fix$ pole 9 ! succession ( ph5om5a4 ,t :i* religion sup]naturally sep>ates f ! mat]ial1 :i* sci5ce opposes to ! mat]ial z some?+ high]1 div9]1 m spiritual1 is 9 reality no?+ b ! faculty ( ris+ above multi=mity1 ( proce$+ f ! concrete to ! g5]al4 ,! nobl] spiritual int]e/s are n absolutely diff]5t f ! mat]ial int]e/s1 !y are n qualitatively diff]5t4 ,! positive side ( mod]n idealism does n consi/ 9 belittl+ eat+ & dr9k+1 ! pleasure 9 e>?ly possessions & 9 int]c\rse ) ! o!r sex1 b r 9 plead+ = ! recognition ( o!r mat]ial enjoym5ts besides ^!1 z = in/ance ^? ( ! eye1 ! e>1 ( art & sci5ce1 9 %ort ( ! :ole man4 ,y %all n indulge 9 ! mat]ial revelries ( passion1 t is to say y %all n direct y\r ?\ght "o-sid$ly to any concrete lu/1 b r consid] y\r entire developm5t1 take into acc\nt ! total g5]al ext5sion ( y\r exi/5ce4 ,! b>e mat]iali/ pr9ciple is inadequate 9 t x does n appreciate ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! concrete & ! g5]al1 because x makes ! individual synonym\s ) ! g5]al4 ,x refuses to recognize ! quantitative sup]iority ( ! m9d ov] ! _w ( s5se p]ceptions4 ,idealism1 on ! o!r h&1 =gets ! qualitative unity 9 ! quantitative diff]5ce4 ,x is transc5d5tal & makes an absolute diff]5ce out ( ! relative "o4 ,! contradiction betwe5 ^! two camps is due to ! misund]/ood relation ( our reason to its giv5 object or mat]ial4 ,! ideali/ reg>ds reason alone z ! s\rce ( all und]/&+1 :ile ! mat]iali/ looks ^u ! _w ( s5se p]ceptions 9 ! same way4 ,no?+ is requir$ = a solution ( ?is contradiction b ! compreh5sion ( ! relative int]dep5d5ce ( ^! two s\rces ( und]/&+4 ,idealism sees only ! diff]5ce1 mat]ialism sees only ! uni=mity ( matt] & m9d1 cont5t & =m1 =ce & sub/ance1 s5se p]ception & moral int]pretation4 ,b all ^! di/9ctions belong to ! "o common g5us :i* con/itutes ! di/9ction betwe5 ! special & ! g5]al4 ,consi/5t mat]iali/s act l purely practical m5 )\t any sci5ce4 ,b1 s9ce kn[+ & ?9k+ are real attributes ( man reg>dless ( 8 p>ty affiliation1 purely practical m5 d n exi/ 9 reality4 ,ev5 ! m]e/ attempt at practical exp]im5t on ! basis ( exp]i5c$ facts diff]s only 9 degree f sci5tific practice bas$ on !oretical pr9ciples4 ,on ! o!r h&1 consi/5t ideali/s are j z impossible z purely practical m54 ,!y w\ld l to h ! g5]al )\t ! special1 ! _s )\t matt]1 =ce )\t sub/ance1 sci5ce )\t exp]i5ce or mat]ial1 ! absolute )\t ! relative4 ,h[ c ?9k]s :o se>* = tru?1 be+1 relative causes1 su* z naturali/s1 be ideali/s8 ,!y are s only outside ( _! specialties1 nev] inside ( !m4 ,! mod]n m9d1 ! m9d ( natural sci5ce1 is immat]ial only s f> z x embraces all matt]s4 ,b m5 l ! a/ronom] ,madl] f9d s little ( ! ridicul\s 9 ! curr5t expectation ( ! mat]ially increas$ spiritual p[] aft] our emancipation f ! bonds ( matt]1 t he has no?+ bett] to sub/itute = x & flatt]s himself ) hav+ def9$ ! bonds ( matt] z mat]ial attraction4 ,truly1 s long z m9d is /ill conceiv$ 9 ! =m ( a religi\s gho/1 ! expectation ( an increas$ m5tal p[] aft] ! emancipation f ! bonds ( matt] is n s mu* an object = ridicule z = compassion4 ,b if we reg>d m9d z ! expression ( mod]n sci5ce1 we (f] ! bett] sci5tific explanation = ! traditional fai?4 ,by bonds ( matt] we d n mean1 9 t case1 ! bond ( gravitation1 b ! multiplicity ( s5se p]ceptions4 ,& matt] holds ! m9d 9 bondage only s long z ! faculty ( ?\ght has n ov]come ! multiplicity ( ?+s4 ,! emancipation ( ! m9d f ! bonds ( matt] consi/s 9 develop+ ! g5]al elem5t out ( ! concrete multiplicity4 7c7 ,=ce & ,matt]4 ,! read] :o has closely foll[$ our ma9 idea1 :i* w be fur!r illu/rat$1 w anticipate t ! "q ( matt] & =ce f9ds its solution 9 ! und]/&+ ( ! relation betwe5 ! g5]al & ! special4 ,:at is ! relation ( ! concrete to ! ab/ract8 ,?is is ! common problem ( ^? :o see ! active impulse ( ! _w ei!r 9 ! spiritual =ce or 9 ! mat]ial sub/ance1 :o ?9k to f9d ! nature ( ?+s1 ! non plus ultra ( sci5ce1 9 ei!r ( ^! facts4 ,liebig1 :o is especially fond ( /ray+ f 8 inductive sci5ce into ! field ( speculative ?\ght1 says 9 an ideali/ s5se3 ,=ce _c be se51 we _c grasp x ) our h&s2 9 ord] to und]/& its nature & peculi>ities1 we mu/ inve/igate its effects4 ,& if a mat]iali/ replies to him3 ,matt] is =ce1 =ce is matt]1 no matt] )\t =ce1 no =ce )\t matt]1 x is pla9 t ei!r has det]m9$ ?is relation only negatively4 ,9 c]ta9 %[s1 ! cl[n is ask$ by ! manag]3 ,cl[n1 :]e h y be58 ,) ! o!rs1 answ]s ! cl[n4 ,& :]e 7 ! o!rs8--,) me4 ,9 ?is case we h two answ]s ) ! same cont5t1 9 ! o!r we h two camps :i* qu>rel ) diff]5t words ab\t an indisputable fact4 ,& ?is dispute is s mu* m ridicul\s because x is tak5 s s]i\sly4 ,if ! ideali/ makes a di/9ction betwe5 matt] & =ce1 he does n mean to d5y t ! real ph5om5on ( =ce is insep>ably l9k$ ) matt]4 ,& if ! mat]iali/ claims t !re is no matt] )\t =ce & no =ce )\t matt]1 he does n mean to d5y t matt] & =ce are diff]5t1 z 8 oppon5t claims4 ,! dispute exi/s = a good reason & has its object1 b ?is object is n reveal$ 9 ! dispute4 ,x is in/9ctively kept "u cov] by bo? p>ties1 s t !y may n be 9 a position :]e !y w\ld h to ackn[l$ge _! own ignorance4 ,ea* wants to prove to ! o!r t ! o!r's explanations are inadequate1 & bo? demon/rate ?is suffici5tly4 ,bue*n] admits 9 ! clos+ /atem5ts ( 8 ,matt] & ,=ce t ! empirical mat]ial is insuffici5t to p]mit ( def9ite answ]s to transc5d5tal que/ions1 & t !re=e no positive answ] c be giv5 to !m4 ,& he fur!rmore says t ! empirical mat]ial is fully suffici5t to answ] !m negatively & to d away ) hypo!sis4 ,?is is say+ 9 s _m words t ! sci5ce ( ! mat]iali/ is adequate = ! pro( t 8 oppon5t kn[s no?+4 ,! spirituali/ or ideali/ believes 9 a spiritual1 :i* means 9 a gho/like & inexplicable1 nature ( =ce4 ,! mat]iali/ ?9k]s1 on ! o!r h&1 are skeptical4 ,a sci5tific pro( ( fai? or ( skepticism does n exi/4 ,! mat]iali/ has only ?is advantage ov] 8 ideali/ oppon5t1 t he looks = ! transc5d5tal1 ! nature1 ! cause1 ! =ce1 n back ( ! ph5om5on1 n outside ( matt]4 ,b he rema9s beh9d ! ideali/ :5 he ignores ! diff]5ce betwe5 matt] & =ce4 ,! mat]iali/ dwells on ! actual insep>ability ( matt] & =ce & does n admit any o!r reason = a di/9ction betwe5 ! two ?an an ext]nal reason d]iv$ f ! dem& ( our m9d = sy/ematization4 ,bue*n] says 9 ,nature & ,m9d1 page #ff3 ,=ce & matt]1 sep>at$ f "o ano!r1 are = me no?+ b ?\ghts1 fantasies1 ideas )\t any sub/ance1 hypo!ses :i* d n exi/ = any heal?y /udy ( nature1 because all ph5om5a ( nature are r5d]$ obscure & un9telligible by su* a sep>ation4 ,b if ,bue*n] deals ) any special dep>tm5t ( natural sci5ce 9 a productive way1 in/ead ( h&l+ phrases ( natural philosophy1 8 own practice w %[ him t ! sep>ation ( =ces f matt] is n an ext]nal1 b an int]nal1 an imm95t necessity1 by :i* alone we are enabl$ to elucidate & und]/& ! ph5om5a ( nature4 ,al?\gh ! au?or ( ,=ce & ,matt] *ose = 8 motto3 ,n[1 :at ,i want is--facts1 we assure ! read] t ?is device is m a ?\ghtless ^w ?an a s]i\s op9ion4 ,mat]ialism is n s co>se-gra9$ t x wants purely facts4 ,^? facts :i* ,bue*n] is look+ = are by !mselves n specifics = 8 desires4 ,! ideali/ likewise wants su* facts4 ,no /ud5t ( nature wants m]e hypo!ses4 ,:at all cultivators ( ! field ( sci5ce want is n s mu* facts z explanations or an und]/&+ ( facts4 ,ev5 ! mat]iali/ w n d5y t sci5ce1 ! natural philosophy ( ,bue*n] n except$1 is m conc]n$ ) m5tal =ces ?an ) bodily matt]1 t x c>es m = =ce ?an = matt]4 ,! sep>ation ( =ce & matt] is d]iv$ f ! dem& ( our m9d = sy/ematization4 ,v true6 ,b s does all sci5ce emanate f ! dem& ( our reason = sy/ematization4 ,! contradi/9ction betwe5 =ce & matt] is z old z t betwe5 idealism & mat]ialism4 ,! fir/ conciliation betwe5 ! two 0 attempt$ by imag9ation :i*1 ?r\gh ! belief 9 spirits1 sugge/$ a secret nature z ! cause ( all natural ph5om5a4 ,sci5ce has ( late expell$ _m ( ^! special spirits by replac+ ! fanta/ic demons ) sci5tific1 or g5]al1 explanations4 ,& aft] we h succe$$ 9 expla9+ ! demon ( pure reason1 x is n difficult to expel ! special _s ( =ce by ! g5]al explanation ( its nature & ?us to reconcile sci5tifically ! contradiction betwe5 spiritualism & mat]ialism4 ,9 ! univ]se :i* con/itutes ! object ( sci5ce & ( ! faculty ( reason1 bo? =ce & matt] are unsep>at$4 ,9 ! _w ( s5se p]ceptions =ce is matt] & matt] is =ce4 ,=ce _c be se54 ,oh1 yes6 ,see+ itself is pure =ce4 ,see+ is z mu* an effect ( its object z an effect ( ! eye1 & ?is d\ble effect & o!r effects are =ces4 ,we d n see ! ?+s !mselves1 b _! effects on our eyes4 ,we see _! =ces4 ,& =ce _c alone be se51 x c also be he>d1 smell$1 ta/$1 felt4 ,:o w d5y t he c feel ! =ce ( heat1 ( cold1 ( gravitation8 ,we h already quot$ ! words ( ,pr(essor ,koppe to ! effect t we _c p]ceive heat itself1 we m]ely conclude f its effects t ?is =ce exi/s 9 nature4 ,?is is say+ 9 o!r words t we d n see1 he>1 or feel ! ?+s !mselves1 b _! effects or =ces4 ,x is j z true to say t we feel matt] & n its =ce z x is to say t we feel =ce & n matt]4 ,inde$1 bo? are insep>able f ! object1 z we h already rem>k$4 ,b by means ( ! faculty ( ?\ght we sep>ate f ! simultane\sly & successively occurr+ ph5om5a ! g5]al & ! concrete4 ,= in/ance1 we ab/ract ! g5]al concept ( sight f ! v>i\s ph5om5a ( our sight & di/+ui% x by ! "n ( p[] ( vision f ! concrete objects1 or sub/ances1 ( our eyes4 ,f a multitude ( s5se p]ceptions we develop by means ( reason ! g5]al elem5t4 ,! g5]al elem5t ( diff]5t wat] ph5om5a1 = in/ance1 is ! wat] p[] di/+ui%$ f ! sub/ance ( ! wat]4 ,if lev]s ( diff]5t mat]ials b ( ! same l5g? h ! same p[]1 x is pla9 t 9 ?is case =ce is diff]5t f matt] only 9 s f> z x repres5ts ! g5]al elem5t ( v>i\s sub/ances4 ,a horse does n pull )\t =ce1 & ?is =ce does n pull )\t ! horse4 ,inde$1 9 practice ! horse is =ce & =ce is ! horse4 ,b nev]!less we may di/+ui% ! p[] ( pull+ f o!r qualities ( ! horse1 or we may ref] to ! common elem5t 9 diff]5t s]vices ( horses z g5]al horse p[]1 )\t !reby />t+ f any o!r hypo!sis ?an we d 9 di/+ui%+ ! sun f ! e>?4 ,= 9 reality ! sun does n exi/ )\t ! e>?1 nor ! e>? )\t ! sun4 ,! _w ( s5se p]ceptions is made kn[n to u only by our consci\sness1 b consci\sness is condition$ on ! _w ( s5se p]ceptions4 ,nature is inf9itely unit$ or inf9itely sep>at$1 accord+ to :e!r we reg>d x f ! /&po9t ( consci\sness z an unconditional unit or f ! /&po9t ( s5se p]ceptions z an unconditional multiplicity4 ,!re is tru? 9 bo? unity & multiplicity1 b x is tru? only relatively speak+1 "u c]ta9 conditions4 ,x matt]s a great deal :e!r we look ab\t ) ! eyes ( ! body or ) ! eyes ( ! m9d4 ,= ! eyes ( ! m9d1 matt] is =ce4 ,= ! eyes ( ! body1 =ce is matt]4 ,! ab/ract matt] is =ce1 ! concrete =ce is matt]4 ,matt] is repres5t$ by ! objects ( ! h&1 ( practice1 :ile =ce is an object ( und]/&+1 ( sci5ce4 ,sci5ce is n limit$ to ! s-call$ sci5tific _w4 ,x rea*es beyond all classes1 x belongs to ! full dep? & wid? ( life4 ,sci5ce belongs to ?9k+ humanity 9 its entirety4 ,& s x is ) ! sep>ation ( matt] & =ce4 ,only a /ultifi$ fanaticism c ignore ! practical di/9ction4 ,! mis] :o accumulates money )\t add+ any weal? to 8 life process =gets t ! valuable elem5t ( money resides 9 its =ce1 :i* is diff]5t f1 its sub/ance4 ,he =gets t n m]e weal? z su*1 n ! paltry gold sub/ance1 l5ds a reasonabl5ess to ! que/ = its possession1 b its spiritual cont5t1 its inh]5t ex*ange value1 :i* buys ! necessities ( life4 ,e sci5tific practice1 :i* means e action c>ri$ on ) a pr$et]m9$ success & ) und]/ood sub/ances1 proves t ! sep>ation ( matt] & =ce1 ?\gh only p]=m$ 9 ?\ght & exi/+ 9 ?\ght1 is nev]!less n an empty phrase1 n a m]e hypo!sis1 b a v f]tile idea4 ,a f>m] manur+ 8 field is h&l+ pure manur+ =ce1 9 s f> z x is immat]ial = ! ab/ract conception :e!r he is h&l+ c[ dung1 bone du/1 or guano4 ,& 9 weigh+ bundles ( m]*&ise1 x is n ! iron1 copp]1 /one1 etc41 :i* is h&l$ by ! p\nd1 b _! gravity4 ,true1 !re is no =ce )\t matt]1 no matt] )\t =ce4 ,=celess matt] & matt]less =ce are non5tities4 ,if ideali/ naturali/s believe 9 an immat]ial exi/5ce ( =ces :i*1 s to say1 c>ry on _! gobl9-pranks 9 matt]1 =ces :i* we _c see1 _c p]ceive by ! s5ses & yet are ask$ to believe 91 !n we say t su* m5 are to t ext5t t naturi/s1 b m]e speculators1 9 o!r words spirituali/s4 ,& ! ^w ( ! mat]iali/s :o ref] to ! intellectual sep>ation ( matt] & =ce z a m]e hypo!sis1 is q z bra9less4 ,9 ord] t ?is sep>ation may be appreciat$ accord+ to its m]its1 9 ord] t our consci\sness may nei!r e!realize =ce 9 a spirituali/ s5se nor d5y x 9 a mat]iali/ s5se1 & 9 ord] to compreh5d x sci5tifically1 we h only to und]/& ! faculty ( ?\ght 9 g5]al or 9 itself1 t is to say its ab/ract =m4 ,! intellect c n op]ate )\t "s p]ceptible mat]ial4 ,9 ord] to di/+ui% betwe5 matt] & =ce1 ^! ?+s mu/ exi/ & be exp]i5c$ by s5se p]ception4 ,by means ( ?is exp]i5ce we ref] to matt] z ! expression ( =ce & to =ce z ! expression ( matt]4 ,! p]ceptible object :i* is to be /udi$ is !re=e matt] & =ce 9 "o1 & s9ce all objects are 9 _! tangible reality su* matt] & =ce-?+s1 ! di/9ction made by ! m9d consi/s 9 ! g5]al me?od ( bra9 "w1 9 ! d]ivation ( ! g5]al unity1 f ! special multiplicity 9 any "o & 9 all giv5 objects4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 matt] & =ce is summ>iz$ 9 ! univ]sal di/9ction betwe5 ! concrete & ! ab/ract4 ,to d5y ! value ( ?is di/9ction is equival5t to d5y+ ! value ( any & all di/9ction1 equival5t to ignor+ ! function ( ! intellect altoge!r4 ,if we ref] to ph5om5a ( s5se p]ception z =ces ( matt] 9 g5]al1 !n ?is g5]aliz$ matt] is no?+ b an ab/ract conception4 ,b if we mean by ! t]m s5se p]ception ! v>i\s concrete sub/ances1 !n ! g5]al elem5t :i* embraces ! diff]5ces ( ?+s & p]vades & controls !m is =ce produc+ concrete effects4 ,& :e!r we say matt] or =ce1 ! m5tal :i* sci5ce is /udy+1 n ) its h&s1 b ) its bra91 ! s-call$ ess5ce1 nature1 cause1 ideal1 sup]ior or spiritual1 is ! g5]ality compris+ ! special ?+s4 ,v ,,practical ,,reason ,,or ,,morality 7a7 ,! ,wise & ,reasonable4 ,! und]/&+ ( ! me?od ( sci5ce1 ! und]/&+ ( ! m9d1 is de/9$ to solve all ! problems ( religion & philosophy1 to expla9 ?or\ghly all ! great & small riddles1 & ?us fully to re/ore rese>* to its mission ( empirically /udy+ details4 ,if we are aw>e t x is a law ( reason to require "s p]ceptible mat]ial1 "s cause1 = its op]ation1 !n ! "q reg>d+ ! fir/ or g5]al cause becomes sup]flu\s4 ,human und]/&+ is !n se5 to be fir/ & la/ cause ( all concrete causes4 ,if we und]/& t x is a law ( reason to require = its op]ation "s giv5 object1 "s beg9n+ at :i* to />t1 !n ! "q ( ! fir/ beg9n+ mu/ necess>ily become inane4 ,if we und]/& t reason d]ives ab/ract units out ( concrete multiplicities1 t x con/ructs tru? out ( ph5om5a1 sub/ance out ( attributes1 t x p]ceives all ?+s z p>ts ( a :ole1 z individuals ( "s g5us1 z qualities ( "s object1 !n ! "q reg>d+ a ?+ itself1 a some?+ :i* 9 reality is back ( all ?+s1 mu/ ne$s become irrelevant4 ,9 brief1 ! und]/&+ ( ! int]dep5d5ce ( reason reveals ! unreasonabl5ess ( ! dem& = indep5d5t reason4 ,n[1 al?\gh ! ma9 object ( metaphysics1 ! cause ( all causes1 ! beg9n+ ( all beg9n+s1 ! nature ( ?+s1 causes little inconv5i5ce to mod]n sci5ce1 & ev5 ?\gh ! ne$s ( ! pres5t h ov]come ! lean+ = speculation1 ?is practical d[nfall ( speculation does n suffice = ! solution ( its problems4 ,s long z ! !oretical law is n und]/ood1 accord+ to :i* reason requires "s concrete object = its op]ation1 !re is no hope ( ab&on+ objectless ?\ght1 ?is malpractice ( speculative philosophy1 :i* pret5ds to g5]ate k )\t int]c\rse ) objective reality4 ,our naturali/s demon/rate ?is v cle>ly z soon z !y turn f _! tangible specialties to ab/ract ?+s4 ,! dispute ov] que/ions ( life's wisdom1 ( morality1 or ! qu>rel ov] ! wise1 good1 "r1 or bad1 reveals t "h is ! b\nd>y ( sci5tific agreem5t4 ,! sci5tific explor]s ( ! exact sci5ces ab&on e day _! inductive me?od :5 deal+ ) social problems1 & /ray (f into ! regions ( speculative philosophy4 ,j z 9 physics !y believe 9 imp]ceptible physical tru?s1 9 ?+s !mselves1 s 9 social matt]s !y believe 9 ! reasonable1 wise1 "r1 or bad1 9 ! s5se ( ?+s !mselves1 ( absolute phases ( life1 ( unconditional conditions4 ,x is "h :]e ! outcome ( our /udies1 ( ! critique ( pure reason1 mu/ be appli$4 ,9 recogniz+ t consci\sness1 ! nature ( und]/&+1 ! m5tal activity 9 its g5]al =m1 consi/s 9 develop+ g5]al concepts out ( concrete objects1 we circumscribe ?is insight by /at+ t reason develops its und]/&+ out ( contradictions4 ,x is ! nature ( ! m9d to p]ceive1 9 giv5 ph5om5a ( diff]5t dim5sions & diff]5t duration1 ! nature ( ?+s by _! semblance1 & _! semblance by _! nature2 to di/+ui% 9 wants ( v>i\s degrees ! mo/ ess5tial & necess>y f ! less press+2 to measure )9 a c]ta9 circle ( magnitudes ! l>ge by ! small & ! small by ! l>ge1 or 9 o!r words to comp>e ! contra/s ( ! _w ) "o ano!r1 to h>monize !m by explanation4 ,common p>lance in/9ctively calls und]/&+ judg+2 judg+ requires a c]ta9 /&>d4 ,j z surely z we _c p]ceive any objects :i* are 9 !mselves great or small1 h>d or s(t1 cle> or d>k1 j z surely z ^! t]ms d5ote c]ta9 relations & require a c]ta9 /&>d by :i* _! relations c be det]m9$1 ev5 s does reason require a c]ta9 /&>d = ! det]m9ation ( t :i* is reasonable4 ,! fact t we consid] c]ta9 actions1 in/itutions1 conceptions1 maxims ( o!r p]iods1 nations1 or p]sons unreasonable is simply due to ! application ( a diff]5t /&>d1 because we ignore ! premises1 ! conditions1 :i* cause ano!r's reason to diff] f our own4 ,m5 :o diff] 9 _! m5tal e/imates1 9 _! und]/&+ ( ?+s1 may be lik5$ to ! !rmomet]s ( ,reaumur & ,celsius1 "o ( :i* designates ! boil+ po9t by #hj & ! o!r by #ajj4 ,a diff]5t /&>d is ! cause ( ?is diff]5t result4 ,on ! s-call$ moral field !re is no sci5tific agreem5t1 su* z we enjoy 9 "s physical matt]s1 because we lack ! uni=m /&>d :i* natural sci5ce has long s9ce f\nd4 ,x is /ill attempt$ to p]ceive ! reasonable1 good1 "r1 etc41 )\t empirical data1 by speculative reason+ )\t exp]i5ce4 ,speculation seeks ! cause ( all causes1 ! immeasurable cause2 tru? itself1 ! unconditional & /&>dless tru?2 ! unlimit$ good1 ! unb\nd$ly reasonable1 etc4 ,! abs5ce ( a /&>d is ! ess5ce ( speculation1 & its practice is *>act]iz$ by unlimit$ inconsi/5cy & disagreem5t4 ,if !re are foll[]s ( c]ta9 positive religions :o agree 9 ! matt] ( morals1 !y owe ?is to ! positive /&>d :i* c]ta9 dogmas1 doctr9es & comm&m5ts h giv5 !m4 ,b if any "o tries to p]ceive ?+s by pure reason1 ! dep5d5ce ( ?is reason on "s /&>d w be demon/rat$ by its impure1 t is to say individual1 p]ceptions4 ,s5se p]ception is ! /&>d ( tru?1 or ( sci5ce 9 g5]al4 ,! ph5om5a ( ! outside _w are ! /&>d ( physical tru?s1 & man ) 8 _m wants is ! /&>d ( moral tru?4 ,! actions ( man are det]m9$ by 8 wants4 ,?ir/ tea*es him to dr9k1 ne$ to pray4 ,wants are regulat$ 9 ! ,s\? by s\!rn conditions1 9 ! ,nor? by nor!rn conditions4 ,wants rule "t & space1 nations & individuals4 ,!y induce ! savage to hunt & ! g\rm& to indulge4 ,human wants give to reason a /&>d = judg+ :at is good1 "r1 bad1 reasonable1 etc4 ,:atev] satisfies our ne$ is good1 ! opposite is bad4 ,! physical feel+ ( man is ! object ( moral /&>ds1 ! object ( practical reason4 ,! contradictory v>iety ( human ne$s is ! basis = ! contradictory v>iety ( moral /&>ds4 ,because a memb] ( a feudal guild prosp]$ 9 a re/rict$ competition1 & a mod]n knight ( indu/ry 9 free competition1 because _! int]e/s diff]1 !re=e _! views diff]1 & ! "o ju/ly consid]s an in/itution z unreasonable :i* ! o!r reg>ds z reasonable4 ,if ! intellect ( "s p]son attempts to def9e by m]e introspection ! /&>d ( reasonabl5ess z a g5]al ?+1 ?is p]son makes himself or h]self ! /&>d ( humanity4 ,if reason is cr$it$ ) ! faculty ( f9d+ )9 itself ! s\rce ( moral tru?1 x commits ! speculative mi/ake ( attempt+ to produce und]/&+ )\t p]ceptible objects4 ,! same mi/ake is to blame = ! idea t man is subord9ate to ! au?ority ( reason1 = ! dem& t man submit to ! dictates ( reason4 ,?is idea trans=ms man into an attribute ( reason1 :ile 9 reality reason is an attribute ( man4 ,! "q :e!r man dep5ds on reason or reason on man is simil> to ! "o :e!r ! citiz5 exi/s = ! /ate or ! /ate = ! citiz54 ,9 ! la/ & highe/ in/ance1 ! citiz5 is ! prim>y fact & ! /ate is modifi$ accord+ to ! requirem5ts ( ! citiz54 ,b :5ev] ! dom9ant int]e/s ( ! citiz5%ip h acquir$ ! au?ority 9 ! /ate1 !n ! citiz5 is inde$ dep5d5t on ! /ate4 ,?is is say+ 9 s _m words t man is guid$ 9 m9or matt]s by m important ones4 ,he sacrifices ! less important1 m9or1 p>ticul> ?+s to ! great1 ess5tial1 g5]al ?+s4 ,he subord9ates 8 desire = m individual indulg5ce to 8 fundam5tal social ne$s4 ,x is n pure reason1 b ! reason ( a weak body or ( a limit$ purse :i* tea*es man to r5\nce ! pleasures ( dissipation = ! b5efit ( ! g5]al welf>e4 ,! wants ( ! s5ses are ! mat]ial out ( :i* reason fa%ions moral tru?s4 ,to s+le out ! ess5tial ne$ among diff]5t physical ne$s ( v>i\s degrees ( int5sity or ext5sion1 to sep>ate ! true f ! individual1 to develop g5]al concepts1 t is ! mission ( reason4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! app>5tly & ! truly reasonable r$uces itself to ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! special & ! g5]al4 ,we recall t reason requires s5se p]ceptions = its exi/5ce & op]ation1 t x ne$s "s object :i* x c p]ceive4 ,exi/5ce is ! condition or premise ( all und]/&+4 ,j z ! und]/&+ ( true exi/5ce is ! function ( natural sci5ce1 s ! und]/&+ ( reasonable exi/5ce is ! function ( wisdom4 ,reason 9 g5]al has ! mission ( und]/&+ ?+s z !y are4 ,z physical sci5ce x has to und]/& :at is true1 z wisdom1 :at is reasonable4 ,& j z true may be translat$ by g5]al1 s reasonable may be translat$ by g5]ally appropriate to ne$4 ,we saw a :ile ago t a s5se p]ception is n true 9 itself1 b only relatively true1 t x is call$ true or g5]al only 9 relation to o!r p]ceptions ( less] importance4 ,9 ! same way1 no human action c be reasonable or appropriate 9 itself1 x c be reasonable only 9 comp>ison ) "s o!r action :i* attempts to accompli% ! same purpose 9 a less practicable1 t is an impracticable1 =m4 ,j z ! true1 ! g5]al1 is condition$ on ! relation to "s o!r object1 on a def9ite quantity ( ph5om5a1 on def9ite limits1 s ! reasonable or practicable is bas$ on def9ite conditions :i* make x reasonable or unreasonable4 ,! end 9 view is ! measure ( ! practicable4 ,! practicable c be det]m9$ only by "s def9ite object t is want$4 ,once ?is object is kn[n1 !n t action is call$ reasonable :i* accompli%es x 9 ! fulle/1 mo/ g5]al way1 & all o!r actions appe> unreasonable comp>$ to x4 ,9 view ( ! law :i* we evolv$ by our analysis ( pure reason & :i* %[$ t all und]/&+1 all ?\ght1 is bas$ on "s p]ceptible object1 on "s quantity ( s5se p]ceptions1 x is evid5t t ev]y?+ di/+ui%$ by our faculty ( di/9ction is a c]ta9 quantity & t1 !re=e1 all di/9ctions are only quantitative1 n absolute1 only graduat$1 n irreconcilable4 ,ev5 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! reasonable & ! unreasonable1 or 9 o!r words betwe5 t :i* is mom5t>ily or individually reasonable & t :i* is g5]ally reasonable1 is m]ely a quantitative di/9ction1 l all o!rs1 s t ! unreasonable may be conditionally reasonable1 & no?+ is unreasonable b t :i* is suppos$ to be unconditionally reasonable4 ,if we und]/& t reason requires "s p]ceptible object1 "s p]ceptible /&>d1 !n we %all no long] try to und]/& ! absolutely reasonable1 ! purely reasonable4 ,we %all !n limit ourselves to look = ! reasonable1 z = all o!r ?+s1 9 concrete objects4 ,! def9ite1 accurate1 c]ta91 uni=m result ( "s und]/&+ dep5ds on ! def9ite =mulation ( ! task1 on ! accurate limitation ( ! p]ceptible quantity :i* is to be und]/ood4 ,if a c]ta9 mom5t1 a c]ta9 p]son1 a c]ta9 class1 a c]ta9 nation are giv5 & at ! same "t an ess5tial ne$1 a g5]al & pr$om9at+ purpose1 !n ! "q reg>d+ ! reasonable or suitable is easily answ]$4 ,x is true t we may also "k some?+ ( ?+s :i* are g5]ally reasonable = mank9d 9 ! aggregate1 b 9 t case our /&>d mu/ be ab/ract mank9d in/ead ( "s concrete "p ( x4 ,sci5ce may /udy ! anatomical /ructure ( "s concrete body z well z ! g5]al type ( ! human body1 b ?is aga9 x c d only :5 x supplies ! faculty ( und]/&+ ) g5]al in/ead ( individual mat]ial4 ,if sci5ce divides ! :ole human race into f\r or five races1 by e/abli%+ a c]ta9 /&>d ( physiognomy1 & lat] on discov]s "s individuals or tribes ^: *>act]s are s peculi> & r>e t !y _c be class$ "u any ( ! e/abli%$ races1 ! exi/5ce ( su* exceptions is n a crime aga9/ ! physical ord] ( ! _w1 b m]ely a pro( ( ! inadequacy ( our sci5tific classification4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 "s conv5tional mode ( ?\ght consid]s a c]ta9 action z univ]sally reasonable or unreasonable & !n enc\nt]s opposition 9 actual life1 conv5tion fancies itself exempt f ! "w ( und]/&+ & assumes to d5y civic rights 9 ! moral ord] ( ! _w to its oppon5ts4 ,in/ead ( realiz+ ! limit$ applicability ( its rules by ! exi/5ce ( oppos+ practices1 conv5tion seeks to e/abli% an absolute applicability ( its rules by simply ignor+ ! cause ( ! opposition4 ,?is is a dogmatic proc$ure1 a negative practice1 :i* ignores facts on ! pret5se t !y are irrational1 b x is n a positive und]/&+1 n an intellig5t k1 su* z manife/s itself by ! conciliation ( contradictions4 ,if our /udy aims to asc]ta9 :at is univ]sally human & reasonable1 & if ^! pr$icates are giv5 only to actions :i* are reasonable & practicable = all m51 at all times1 & "u all conditions1 !n su* concepts are absolute1 indet]m9ate1 & to t ext5t mean+less1 indef9ite g5]alities4 ,we are /at+ su* univ]sal & indet]m9ate1 & !re=e unimportant & unpractical concepts1 :5 we say t physically ! :ole is great] ?an a "p1 or t morally ! good is pref]able to ! bad4 ,! object ( reason is t :i* is g5]al1 b x is ! g5]ality ( "s concrete object4 ,! practice ( reason deals ) individual & concrete objects1 ) ! ?+s :i* are ! opposite ( ! g5]al1 ) special & concrete k4 ,9 ord] to p]ceive 9 physics :e!r we are deal+ ) a "p or ) ! :ole object1 we mu/ h&le def9ite & concrete objects or ph5om5a4 ,if we desire to asc]ta9 :at is morally pref]able z good or bad1 we mu/ />t out ) a def9ite quantity ( human ne$s4 ,ab/ract & g5]al reason1 ) its socall$ et]nal & absolute tru?s1 is a phantasmagoria ( ignorance :i* b9ds ! rights ( ! individual ) cru%+ *a9s4 ,real & true reason is individual1 x _c produce any o!r b individual p]ceptions1 & ^! p]ceptions _c be g5]aliz$ to any great] ext5t ?an ! g5]al mat]ial ) :i* !y op]ate4 ,only t is univ]sally reasonable :i* is ackn[l$g$ to be s by all reasons4 ,if ! reason ( "s "t1 class1 or p]son is ref]r$ to z rational1 & if "s o!r "t1 class or p]son consid]s x irrational2 if1 = in/ance1 ! ,russian noble consid]s s]fdom a rational in/itution & ! ,engli% b\rgeois ! s-call$ lib]ty ( 8 wage work]1 bo? ( ^! in/itutions are n absolutely rational1 b only relatively1 only 9 a m or less limit$ circle4 ,x is n necess>y to /ate t ,i d n mean to "q ! great importance ( our reason by ! =ego+ rem>ks4 ,ev5 ?\gh reason _c indep5d5tly1 or absolutely1 disc]n ! objects ( ! speculative introspection1 su* z ! objects ( ! moral _w1 ! true1 ! beautiful1 ! "r1 ! bad1 ! reasonable1 etc41 x nev]!less is well fitt$ to di/+ui% relatively1 by means ( concrete s5se p]ceptions1 betwe5 g5]al & concrete ?+s1 betwe5 ! object & its manife/ation1 betwe5 fundam5tal ne$s & fanciful appetites4 ,al?\gh we may disp5se ) ! belief 9 absolute reason & consequ5tly realize t !re c be no absolute peace1 /ill we may call w> an unmitigat$ evil :5 comp>+ x ) ! peaceful int]e/s ( our "t or ( our class4 ,n until we ab&on our fruitless explor+ trip aft] absolute tru?1 %all we le>n to f9d t :i* is true 9 space & "t4 ,x is precisely ! consci\sness ( ! relative applicability ( our k :i* is ! /ronge/ lev] ( progress4 ,! believ]s 9 absolute tru? h adopt$ ! monoton\s diagram ( good m5 & rational in/itutions z a basis = _! views ( life4 ,= ?is reason !y oppose all human & hi/orical in/itutions :i* d n fit into _! patt]n1 b :i* reality nev]!less produces )\t reg>d to _! bra9s4 ,absolute tru? is ! ar* f\ndation ( intol]ance4 ,on ! o!r h& tol]ance proce$s f ! consci\sness ( ! relative applicability ( et]nal tru?s4 ,! und]/&+ ( pure reason leads to ! realization t ! consci\sness ( ! univ]sal int]dep5d5ce ( reason is ! true road t[>d practical reason4 7b7 ,morality & ,"r4 ,! nature ( our task limits u to ! demon/ration t pure reason is a non5tity1 t reason is ! sum ( all acts ( individual und]/&+1 t x deals only seem+ly ) pure & g5]al1 b 9 reality ) practical1 or concrete1 p]ceptions4 ,we h be5 discuss+ t philosophy :i* pret5ds to be ! sci5ce ( pure or absolute und]/&+4 ,we f\nd its aim to be idle1 inasmu* z ! developm5t ( speculative philosophy repres5ts a succession ( disappo9tm5ts1 because its unconditional or absolute sy/ems prov$ to be limit$ 9 space & "t4 ,our pres5tation ( ! matt] has reveal$ ! relative "* ( s-call$ et]nal tru?s4 ,we p]ceiv$ t reason 0 dep5d5t on s5se p]ceptions1 we f\nd t any tru? requir$ def9ite limits = its det]m9ation4 ,z reg>ds m especially life's wisdom1 we saw t ! acquir$ k ( pure reason manife/$ itself 9 practice by ! dep5d5ce ( ! wise or ! rational ^u concrete s5se p]ceptions4 ,if we n[ apply ?is !ory to morality z su*1 we mu/ be able to e/abli% h>mony also 9 ?is field1 :]e !re is "s d\bt z to :at is "r & wrong1 by means ( ! sci5tific me?od4 ,pagan morality is diff]5t f ,*ri/ian morality4 ,feudal morality diff]s f mod]n b\rgeois morality z does brav]y f solv5cy4 ,9 brief1 we ne$ no detail$ illu/ration to %[ t diff]5t times & nations h diff]5t moralities4 ,we h b to und]/& t ?is *ange is necess>y1 a special *>act]i/ic ( ! human race & ( its hi/orical developm5t1 & we %all !n ex*ange ! belief 9 et]nal tru?s1 :i* e rul+ class claims to be id5tical ) its own selfi% laws1 = ! sci5tific k t absolute "r is purely a concept :i* we d]ive by means ( ! faculty ( ?\ght f ! v>i\s successive rights4 ,"r z an absolute concept means no m & no less ?an any o!r g5]al concept1 = in/ance1 ! head 9 g5]al4 ,e real head is a concrete "o & belongs ei!r to man or to "s o!r animal1 x is ei!r long or broad1 n>r[ or wide1 9 o!r words x has special peculi>ities4 ,b at ! same "t1 e concrete head has c]ta9 g5]al qualities :i* are univ]sal 9 all heads1 = in/ance ! quality ( be+ ! sup]9t5d5t ( ! body4 ,moreov]1 e head has z _m g5]al z individual traits1 x is no m p]sonal ?an x is common4 ,! faculty ( ?\ght ab/racts ! g5]al traits f ! actual concrete heads & 9 ?is way creates ! concept ( ! absolute head4 ,j z ! absolute head1 or ! head1 is compos$ ( ! g5]al qualities ( all heads1 s ! absolute "r /&s m]ely = ! g5]al *>act]s ( all rights4 ,bo? ( ^! concepts exi/ m]ely z ideas1 n z objects4 ,e real "r is a concrete "r1 x is "r only "u c]ta9 conditions1 at def9ite p]iods1 = ?is or t nation4 ,?\ %alt n kill1 is "r 9 peace1 b wrong 9 w>2 x is "r = ! majority ( b\rgeois society t wi%es to see ! outbur/s ( passion controll$ 9 ! int]e/ ( its own pr$om9ant ne$s1 b wrong = ! savage :o has n arriv$ at ! p]iod :]e a peaceful & social life is appreciat$1 & :o !re=e w\ld consid] ! above comm&m5t z an immoral re/riction ( 8 lib]ty4 ,= ! love ( life1 murd] is a dete/able abom9ation1 = rev5ge x is a sweet satisfaction4 ,9 ! same way robb]y seems "r to ! robb]1 wrong to ! robb$4 ,!re c be no "q ( any absolute wrong 9 su* cases1 only ( wrong 9 a relative s5se4 ,an action is wrong 9 a g5]al s5se only 9 s f> z x is g5]ally dislik$4 ,pla9 robb]y is wrong 9 ! op9ion ( ! great majority today because our g5]ation takes m int]e/ 9 b\rgeois affairs ( comm]ce & indu/ry ?an 9 ! adv5tures ( ! knights ( ! road4 ,if !re 7 su* a ?+ z an absolutely "r law1 dogma1 or action1 x w\ld h to s]ve ! welf>e ( all mank9d "u all conditions & at all times4 ,b human welf>e is z diff]5t z m51 circum/ances1 & "t4 ,:at is good = me is bad = ano!r1 & ! ?+ :i* may be b5eficial z a rule may be injuri\s z an exception4 ,:at promotes "s int]e/s 9 "o p]iod may int]f]e ) !m 9 ano!r4 ,a law :i* w\ld presume to be absolutely "r w\ld h to be "r = e "o & at all times4 ,no absolute morality1 no duty1 no categorical imp]ative1 no idea ( ! good1 c tea* man :at is good1 bad1 "r1 or wrong4 ,t is good :i* corresponds to our ne$s1 t is bad :i* is contr>y to !m4 ,b is !re any?+ :i* is absolutely good8 ,ev]y?+ & no?+4 ,x is n ! /raight timb] :i* is good1 nor ! crook$4 ,nei!r is good1 or ei!r is good1 accord+ to :e!r ,i ne$ x or n4 ,& s9ce we ne$ all ?+s1 we c see "s good 9 all ( !m4 ,we are n limit$ to any "o ?+4 ,we are unlimit$1 univ]sal1 & ne$ ev]y?+4 ,our int]e/s are !re=e innum]able1 inexpressibly great1 & !re=e e law is inadequate1 because x always consid]s only "s special welf>e1 "s special int]e/4 ,& = ?is reason no "r is "r1 or all ( !m are "r1 & x is z "r to say ,?\ %alt n kill z x is to say ,?\ %alt kill4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 good ne$s & bad ne$s1 "r wants & wrong wants1 l t betwe5 tru? & error1 reasonable & unreasonable1 f9ds its conciliation 9 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! concrete & ! g5]al4 ,reason _c discov] )9 itself any positive rights or absolutely moral codes any m ?an any o!r speculative tru?4 ,x _c e/imate h[ ess5tial or uness5tial a ?+ is1 or classify ! quantity ( concrete & g5]al *>act]s1 until x has "s p]ceptible mat]ial to "w ^u4 ,! und]/&+ ( ! "r1 or ( ! moral1 l all und]/&+1 /rives to s+le out ! g5]al *>act]i/ics ( its object4 ,b ! g5]al is only possible )9 c]ta9 def9$ limits1 x exi/s only z ! g5]al qualities ( "s concrete & det]m9$ p]ceptible object4 ,& if any "o tries to repres5t "s maxim1 "s law1 "s "r 9 ! light ( an absolute maxim1 law or "r1 he =gets ?is necess>y limitation4 ,absolute "r is m]ely a mean+less concept1 & x does n assume ev5 a vague mean+ until x is und]/ood to /& = ! "r ( mank9d 9 g5]al4 ,b morality1 or ! det]m9ation ( t :i* is "r1 has a practical purpose4 ,yet1 if we accept ! g5]al & unconditional "r ( mank9d z a moral "r1 we necess>ily miss our practical aim4 ,an act or a l9e ( action :i* is univ]sally or ev]y:]e "r requires no law = its en=cem5t1 = x w recomm5d itself4 ,x is only ! det]m9$ & limit$ law1 adapt$ to c]ta9 p]sons1 classes1 nations1 times1 or circum/ances1 :i* has any practical value1 & x is s mu* m practical ! m def9$1 exact1 precise & ! less g5]al x is4 ,! mo/ univ]sal & mo/ widely recogniz$ "r or ne$ is 9 its quality no m rightful1 bett]1 or valuable ?an ! mo/ insignificant "r ( ! mom5t1 ?an ! mom5t>y ne$ ( "s individual4 ,al?\gh we "k t ! sun is hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( miles 9 diamet]1 we are nev]!less free to see x no l>g] ?an a plate4 ,& ?\gh we may ackn[l$ge t "s moral law is !oretically or univ]sally good or holy1 we are free 9 practice to reject x mom5t>ily1 9 p>ts1 or individually1 z bad & useless4 ,ev5 ! mo/ sacr$ "r ( ! mo/ univ]sal ext5t is valid only )9 c]ta9 def9ite limits1 & )9 p>ticul> limits an o!rwise v great wrong may be a valid "r4 ,x is true t !re is an et]nal diff]5ce betwe5 assum$ & true int]e/s1 betwe5 passion & reason1 betwe5 ess5tial1 pr$om9at+1 g5]al1 well-f\nd$ ne$s & incl9ations1 & accid5tal1 subord9ate1 special appetites4 ,b ?is diff]5ce is n "o ( two sep>at$ worlds1 a _w ( ! good & a _w ( ! bad4 ,x is n a positive1 g5]al1 cont9u\s1 absolute diff]5ce1 b m]ely a relative "o4 ,l ! diff]5ce betwe5 beautiful & homely1 x dep5ds on ! individuality ( ! p]son :o di/+ui%es4 ,t :i* is a true & fundam5tal ne$ 9 "o case1 is a second>y1 subord9ate1 & wrong desire 9 ano!r4 ,morality is ! aggregate ( ! mo/ contradictory e?ical laws :i* s]ve ! common purpose ( regulat+ ! conduct ( man t[>d himself & o!rs 9 su* a way t ! future is consid]$ z well z ! pres5t1 ! "o z well z ! o!r1 ! individual z well z ! g5us4 ,! individual man f9ds himself lack+1 inadequate1 limit$ 9 _m ways4 ,he requires = 8 complem5t o!r p1 society1 & mu/ !re=e live & let live4 ,! mutual concessions :i* arise out ( ^! relative ne$s are call$ morality4 ,! inadequacy ( ! s+le individual1 ! ne$ ( association1 is ! basis & cause ( man's consid]ation = 8 neighbor1 ( morality4 ,n[ s9ce ! "o :o feels ?is ne$1 man1 is necess>ily an individual1 x foll[s t 8 ne$ mu/ likewise be individual & m or less int5sive4 ,& s9ce my neighbors are necess>ily diff]5t f me1 x requires diff]5t consid]ations to meet _! ne$s4 ,concrete man ne$s a concrete morality4 ,j z ab/ract & mean+less z ! concept ( mank9d 9 g5]al is t ( absolute morality1 & ! e?ical laws d]iv$ f ?is vague idea are q z unpractical & unsuccessful4 ,man is a liv+ p]sonality1 ^: welf>e & purpose is embodi$ )9 himself1 :o has betwe5 himself & ! _w no?+ b 8 ne$s z a m$iator1 :o owes no allegiance to any law :atev] f ! mom5t t x contrav5es 8 ne$s4 ,! moral duty ( an individual nev] exce$s 8 int]e/s4 ,! only ?+ :i* exce$s ^? int]e/s is ! mat]ial p[] ( ! g5]ality ov] ! individuality4 ,if we reg>d x z ! function ( reason to asc]ta9 t :i* is morally "r1 a uni=m sci5tific result may be produc$ if we agree at ! outset on ! p]sons1 conditions1 or limits )9 :i* ! univ]sal moral "r is to be det]m9$2 9 o!r words1 we may accompli% some?+ practical if we drop ! idea ( absolute "r & se>* = def9ite rights applicable to well-def9$ purposes by cle>ly /at+ our problem4 ,! contradiction 9 ! v>i\s /&>ds ( morality1 & ! _m oppos+ solutions ( ?is contradiction1 are due to a misund]/&+ ( ! problem4 ,to look = "r )\t a giv5 quantity ( s5se p]ceptions1 )\t "s def9ite work+ mat]ial1 is an act ( speculative reason :i* pret5ds to explore nature )\t ! use ( s5ses4 ,! attempt to arrive at a positive det]m9ation ( morality by pure p]ception & pure reason is a manife/ation ( ! philosophical fai? 9 und]/&+ a priori4 ,x is true1 said ,macaulay 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ,engl&1 9 speak+ ( ! rebellion aga9/ ! lawless & cruel gov]nm5t ( ,james ,,ii41 t to trace ! exact b\nd>y betwe5 rightful & wrongful resi/ance is impossible3 b ?is impossibility arises f ! nature ( "r & wrong1 & is f\nd 9 e "p ( e?ical sci5ce4 ,a good action is n di/+ui%$ f a bad action by m>ks s pla9 z ^? :i* di/+ui% a hexagon f a squ>e4 ,!re is a fronti] :]e virtue & vice fade into ea* o!r4 ,:o has ev] be5 able to def9e ! exact b\nd>y betwe5 c\rage & ra%ness1 betwe5 prud5ce & c[>dice1 betwe5 frugality & av>ice1 betwe5 lib]ality & prodigality8 ,:o has ev] be5 able to say h[ f> m]cy to (f5d]s ought to be c>ri$1 & :]e x ceases to des]ve ! "n ( m]cy & becomes a p]nici\s weakness8 ,x is n ! impossibility ( accurately det]m9+ ?is limit to :i* ! nature ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 "r & wrong1 9 ! s5se ( ,macaulay1 is due4 ,x is r due to ! vague ?\ght :i* believes 9 an unlimit$ "r1 9 absolute virtues & faults1 :i* has n ris5 to ! und]/&+ t ! t]ms good1 brave1 "r1 & bad are valid always & ev]y:]e only 9 relation to "s concrete individual :o reasons1 & t !y h no validity 9 !mselves4 ,c\rage is foolh>d9ess 9 ! eyes ( ! cauti\s1 & caution is c[>dice 9 ! op9ion ( ! d>+4 ,! revolt aga9/ exi/+ gov]nm5ts is always "r 9 ! eyes ( ! rebels1 always wrong 9 ! op9ion ( ! attack$4 ,no action c be absolutely "r or wrong4 ,! same qualities ( man are good or bad1 accord+ to 8 ne$s & _! uses1 accord+ to "t & place4 ,"h trick]y1 slyness1 & bad fai? prevail1 !re loyally1 frankness & /raight=w>dness4 ,"h compassion & *>ity s]ve _! purpose & promote welf>e1 !re ru?less & bloody sev]ity4 ,! quantity1 ! m or less b5eficial effect ( a human quality1 det]m9es ! diff]5ce betwe5 virtue & vice4 ,reason c di/+ui% betwe5 "r & wrong1 virtue & vice1 only to ! ext5t t x c measure ! relative quantity ( "r 9 any faculty1 rule1 or action4 ,no categorical imp]ative1 no e?ical code1 c s]ve z a basis = ! real practical "r4 ,on ! contr>y1 e?ics f9ds its ju/ification 9 ! actual righte\sness ( p]ceptible objects4 ,= g5]al reason1 frankness is n a bett] quality ?an slyness4 ,frankness is pref]able to slyness only inasmu* z x is quantitatively1 t is to say1 m frequ5tly1 bett]1 & m g5]ally appreciat$ ?an slyness4 ,x foll[s t a sci5ce ( "r c s]ve z a guide 9 practice only to ! ext5t t practice has s]v$ z a basis = sci5ce4 ,reason _c det]m9e ! action ( man be=eh&1 because x c only exp]i5ce1 b n anticipate reality1 because e man1 e situation1 is new1 orig9al1 exi/s = ! fir/ "t1 & because ! possibilities ( reason are conf9$ to und]/&+ a po/]iori4 ,absolute "r1 or "r 9 itself1 is an imag9$ "r1 is a speculative desire4 ,a sci5tifically univ]sal "r requires c]ta9 def9ite & p]ceptible premises :i* =m ! basis ( ! det]m9ation ( ! g5]al4 ,sci5ce is n a dogmatic infallibility :i* may say3 ,?is or t is "r1 because x is s und]/ood4 ,sci5ce requires = its p]ceptions "s ext]nal object4 ,x c p]ceive "r only if x rightly exi/s4 ,! univ]sal exi/5ce is ! mat]ial1 premise1 condition1 & cause ( sci5ce4 ,f ! =ego+ foll[s ! po/ulate t morality mu/ be /udi$ inductively or sci5tifically1 n speculatively by ! me?od ( traditional philosophy4 ,we mu/ n attempt to /udy absolute1 b only relative rights1 only rights bas$ on c]ta9 premises1 & only ?is c be ! moral problem ( reason4 ,?us ! belief 9 a moral ord] ( ! _w is dissolv$ 9 ! consci\sness ( human fre$om4 ,! und]/&+ ( reason1 ( k1 ( sci5ce1 includes ! und]/&+ ( ! limit$ validity ( all e?ical maxims4 ,:atev] impress$ man z salut>y1 valuable1 div9e1 0 exhibit$ by him 9 ! tab]nacle ( fai? z ! mo/ v5]able ?+4 ,! ,egyptian wor%ipp$ ! cat1 ! ,*ri/ian v5]ates ! div9e provid5ce4 ,s1 :5 8 ne$s l$ him to live a well-regulat$ life1 ! b5efits ( ! law inspir$ him ) su* a high op9ion ( its noble orig9 t he adopt$ 8 own h&iwork z a gift ( heav54 ,! inv5tion ( ! m\se-trap or o!r useful appliances pu%$ ! cat out ( its exalt$ position4 ,:5ev] man becomes 8 own ma/]1 takes c>e ( himself1 & provides = himself1 !n all o!r provid5ces become useless1 & 8 own ma/]%ip makes all sup]ior tutelage unbe>able4 ,man is a jeal\s creature4 ,ru?lessly he subord9ates ev]y?+ to 8 own int]e/s1 ev5 ,god & ,8 comm&m5ts4 ,no matt] h[ great or v5]able an au?ority any code may h acquir$ by long & fai?ful s]vice1 z soon z new ne$s oppose x1 !y degrade ! div9e au?ority to ! ranks ( human law & trans=m anci5t "r into mod]n wrong4 ,! ,*ri/ian frivolity refus$ to respect ! ?reat ( physical retribution :i* ! ,hebrew _h ano9t$ z an au?ority 9 moral que/ions & rev]$ "u ! maxim3 ,eye = eye1 too? = too?4 ,! ,*ri/ian _h le>n$ to *]i% ! bless+s ( peacefulness2 he c>ri$ submissive tol]ance into ! holy l&1 & decorat$ ! vacant tab]nacle ) ! g5tle injunction to (f] ! left *eek :5 ! "r 0 tir$ ( cuffs4 ,9 our times :i* are ,*ri/ian 9 "n1 b v anti-,*ri/ian 9 de$s1 ! long v5]at$ tol]ance has long gone out ( use4 ,j z e religion has its own peculi> ,god1 s e "t has its own peculi> "r4 ,to ?is ext5t1 religion & morality are 9 h>mony ) ! wor%ip ( _! sanctum4 ,b !y become arrogant up/>ts :5ev] !y assume to exce$ _! natural b\nd>ies1 :5ev] !y attempt to saddle ^u all circum/ances1 "u ! pret5se ( (f]+ some?+ incomp>able1 absolute1 p]man5t1 t :i* is div9e & "r at c]ta9 times & "u def9ite conditions2 :5ev] !y proclaim a successful rem$y = _! own peculi> disease z a univ]sal pat5t m$ic9e = all diseases2 :5ev] !y ov]be>+ly =get _! desc5t4 ,a law is orig9ally dictat$ by "s individual ne$1 & !n mank9d ) its univ]sal ne$s is suppos$ to balance itself on ! ?9 rope ( ?is "o rule4 ,orig9ally t :i* is really good is "r1 & !reaft] only "s decre$ "r is suppos$ to be really good4 ,t is ! unbe>able arrogance4 ,orda9$ "r is n satisfi$ to s]ve z ! "r ( ?is "t1 ?is nation or c\ntry1 ?is class or ca/e4 ,x wants to dom9ate ! :ole _w1 wants to be absolute "r1 j z if a c]ta9 pill c\ld be absolute m$ic9e1 c\ld be good = ev]y?+4 ,x is ! mission ( progress to repulse ?is assumption1 to pluck ?is peacock fea!r out ( ! tail ( ! roo/]1 by lead+ mank9d on beyond ! b\nd>ies prescrib$ by orda9$ law1 by ext5d+ ! _w = him1 by conqu]+ = 8 cramp$ int]e/s a wid] lib]ty4 ,! migration f ,pale/9e to ,europe :]e ! consumption ( pork does n cause leprosy emancipates our natural fre$om f a once div9e re/riction by mak+ x irrelevant4 ,b progress does n deprive "o ,god ( 8 %\ld] /raps = ! purpose ( decorat+ "s o!r ,god ) !m4 ,t w\ld m]ely be an ex*ange1 n an acquirem5t4 ,evolution does n drive ! sa9ts ( tradition out ( ! c\ntry2 x simply retires !m f ! wrongfully occupi$ field ( univ]sality into _! peculi> b\nd>ies4 ,progress picks up ! *ild & !n p\rs ! wat] out ( ! ba? tub4 ,?\gh ! cat may h lo/ its aureole & ceas$ to be a ,god1 x does n give up cat*+ mice2 & ?\gh ! ,jewi% rules = bodily cleanl9ess at c]ta9 def9ite times h long be5 =gott51 a clean body is /ill highly respect$4 ,! pres5t weal? ( civilization is due only to ! economical adm9i/ration ( ! acquirem5ts ( ! pa/4 ,evolution is z mu* cons]vative z x is revolution>y1 & x f9ds z mu* wrong z "r 9 e law4 ,x is true t ! believ]s 9 absolute duty sc5t a diff]5ce betwe5 moral & legal "r4 ,b _! self-int]e/$ n>r[ness does n p]mit !m to realize t e law is orig9ally moral & t e special morality is gradually r$uc$ to ! level ( a m]e law4 ,_! und]/&+ rea*es into o!r times & o!r classes1 b does n rea* _! own "t & class4 ,! laws ( ! ,*9ese & ,samoy$s are und]/ood to ref] to ! peculi> requirem5ts ( ^? p4 ,b ! rules ( b\rgeois society are suppos$ to be f> m sublime4 ,our pres5t day in/itutions & moral codes are ei!r reg>d$ z et]nal tru?s ( nature or reason1 or z p]man5t oracul> expressions ( a pure consci5ce4 ,j z if ! b>b>ian did n h a b>b>ian reason2 z if ! ,turk did n h a ,turki% consci5ce & ! ,hebrew a ,hebrew "o2 z if man c\ld foll[ ! dictates ( "s absolute consci5ce1 in/ead ( ! consci5ce be+ condition$ on ! man4 ,:oev] limits ! purpose ( man to ! love & s]vice ( ,god1 & to et]nal bless$ness h]eaft]1 may dev\tly recognize ! traditions ( ab/ract morality z au?oritative & guide himself accord+ly4 ,b :oev] reg>ds developm5t1 education1 & bless$ness on e>? z man's life purpose1 w n ?9k t ! que/ion+ ( ! assum$ sup]iority ( traditional morals is irrelevant4 ,x is only ! consci\sness ( individual fre$om :i* creates suffici5t unconc]n = ! rules made by o!rs to p]mit a brave advance1 :i* emancipates u f ! /riv+ = an illusory absolute ideal1 = "s be/ _w1 & :i* re/ores u to ! def9ite practical int]e/s ( our "t & p]sonality4 ,at ! same "t we are ?us reconcil$ ) ! _w z x really is1 because we no long] reg>d x z ! unsuccessful realization ( t :i* ought to be1 b r z ! sy/ematization ( t :i* _c b be4 ,! _w is always "r4 ,:atev] exi/s1 is "r & is n fat$ to be o!rwise until x *anges4 ,:]ev] !re is exi/5ce1 :i* is p[]1 !re is also "r )\t any fur!r condition1 because x is "r 9 a =mative /age4 ,weakness has no o!r "r ?an t ( /riv+ = supremacy & !n en=c+ a recognition ( its long d5i$ ne$s4 ,! /udy ( hi/ory %[s u n only ! negative & ridicul\s side ( ! religions1 cu/oms1 in/itutions & ideas ( ! pa/1 b also _! positive1 reasonable & necess>y side4 ,x expla9s to u1 = in/ance1 t ! deification ( animals 0 due to an en?usia/ic recognition ( _! usefulness4 ,& s ! /udy ( hi/ory %[s n alone ! inadequacy ( ! ?+s ( ! pres5t1 b also demon/rates t !y are ! reasonable & necess>y conclusions f ! premises ( previ\s /ages4 7c7 ,! ,holy4 ,9 ! well-kn[n /atem5t3 ,! end sanctifies ! means1 ! develop$ !ory ( morality f9ds its practical expression4 ,?is maxim1 us$ 9 an ambigu\s s5se1 may /& z a common reproa* = u & = ! ,jesuits4 ,! def5d]s ( ! society ( ,jesus make ef=ts to prove t x is a malignant attempt to discr$it _! cli5ts4 ,we %all n try to speak = ei!r p>ty to ?is dispute1 b w devote ourselves to ! subject matt] itself1 & seek to sub/antiate ! tru? & reasonabl5ess ( ?is maxim1 to rehabilitate x 9 ! public op9ion4 ,x w be suffici5t = ! refutation ( ! mo/ g5]al opposition to und]/& t end & means are v relative t]ms1 t all concrete ends are means & all means are ends4 ,!re is no m ( a positive diff]5ce betwe5 great & small1 "r & wrong1 virtue & vice1 ?an !re is betwe5 end & means4 ,consid]$ z some?+ integral by itself1 e action has its own end & its means are ! v>i\s mom5ts ( :i* ev5 ! %orte/ action is compos$4 ,e concrete action is a means 9 relation to o!r actions :i* aim at ! same common effect4 ,b 9 !mselves actions are nei!r ends nor means4 ,no?+ is any?+ by itself4 ,all be+ is relative4 ,?+s are :at !y are only )9 & by _! int]relations4 ,circum/ances alt] cases4 ,9 s f> z e action is accompani$ by o!r actions1 x is a means1 & s]ves a common end :i* exce$s its own special end2 b inasmu* z e action is complete 9 itself x is an end :i* includes its own means4 ,we eat 9 ord] to live2 b s f> z we are liv+ :ile we are eat+1 we are liv+ 9 ord] to eat4 ,z life to its functions1 s ! end is relat$ to its means4 ,j z life is simply ! sum ( all life's functions1 s ! end is ! sum ( all its means4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 means & end r$uces itself to t betwe5 ! concrete & ! g5]al4 ,& all ab/ract diff]5ces r$uce !mselves to ?is diff]5ce1 because ! faculty ( ab/raction or di/9ction r$uces itself to ! faculty ( di/+ui%+ betwe5 ! concrete & ! g5]al4 ,b ?is di/9ction presupposes ! exi/5ce ( "s mat]ial1 "s giv5 objects1 "s circle ( s5se p]ceptions by :i* x manife/s itself4 ,if ?is circle is f\nd 9 ! field ( actions or functions1 9 o!r words1 if a previ\sly def9$ numb] ( diff]5t actions is ! object ( our /udy1 !n we ref] to ! g5]al "* ( ^! objects z ! g5]al end & to e m or less ext5d$ "p ( !m1 or to e function1 z a means4 ,:e!r any def9ite action is consid]$ z an end or z a means1 dep5ds on ! "q :e!r we consid] x z a :ole 9 relation to its own p>ts1 or z a "p ( "s :ole 9 :i* x is connect$ ) o!r p>ts1 ) o!r actions4 ,f a g5]al po9t ( view :i* has all human actions = ! object ( its /udy1 & encompasses !m all1 !re exi/s only "o end1 viz41 ! human welf>e4 ,?is welf>e is ! end ( all ends1 is ! f9al end1 is ! real1 true1 univ]sal end comp>$ to :i* all special ends are b means4 ,n[1 our claim t ! end sanctifies ! means c h absolute validity only 9 reg>d to "s absolute end4 ,b all concrete ends are relative & f9ite4 ,! "o & sole absolute end is human welf>e1 & x is an end :i* sanctifies all rules & actions1 all means1 s long z !y are subs]vi5t to x1 b :i* reviles !m z soon z !y g _! own way )\t s]v+ x4 ,! human weal is lit]ally & hi/orically ! orig9 ( ! holy4 ,t :i* is hale is holy4 ,at ! same "t we mu/ n ignore ! fact t ! weal1 or hale1 9 g5]al1 ! hale :i* sanctifies all means1 is b an ab/raction1 ! real cont5t ( :i* is z diff]5t z are ! times1 ! nations1 or p]sons :i* are seek+ = _! welf>e4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! det]m9ation ( t :i* is holy or = ! human weal requires def9ite conditions1 t no action1 no means1 is holy 9 itself1 t ea* "o ( !m is sanctifi$ only by def9ite relations4 ,x is n e end :i* sanctifies ! means1 b ! holy end :i* sanctifies its own means4 ,b s9ce e real & concrete end is only relatively holy1 x c sanctify its own means only relatively4 ,! opposition aga9/ our maxim is n s mu* direct$ aga9/ x1 z aga9/ ! wrong application ( x4 ,recognition is d5i$ & ! socall$ sanctifi$ ends are accord$ only limit$ means1 because !re is lurk+ 9 ! backgr\nd ! consci\sness t ^! ends h only a relative hol9ess4 ,on ! o!r h& our def5se ( ! maxim does n imply t ! v>i\s nom9ally holy means & ends are sanctifi$ because "s au?ority1 "s scriptural /atem5t1 "s reason or consci5ce1 has decl>$ !m to be s1 b only 9 s f> z !y answ] ! common end ( all ends1 ! human welf>e4 ,our maxim ( ends does n at all tea* t we %\ld sacrifice love & tru?s to sanctifi$ fai?1 b nei!r does x dem& t we %\ld sacrifice fai? = love & tru?4 ,x m]ely /ates ! fact t1 :5ev] "s sup]ior end has be5 det]m9$ by s5se p]ceptions or circum/ances1 all means contr>y to t end are unholy1 & t on ! o!r h& means :i* are g5]ally unholy may become tempor>ily & individually sanction$ by _! relation to "s mom5t>y or individual welf>e4 ,:]ev] peacefulness is actually 9 favor z a sanctifi$ means1 w> is unholy4 ,:51 on ! o!r h&1 man seeks 8 salvation 9 w>1 !n murd] & inc5di>ism are holy means4 ,9 o!r words1 our reason requires = a valid det]m9ation ( t :i* is sanctifi$ c]ta9 def9ite mat]ial conditions or facts z premises2 x _c det]m9e ! holy 9 g5]al1 n a priori1 n philosophically 9 ! old speculative way1 b only 9 concrete cases1 a po/]iori1 only empirically4 ,if we und]/& t human welf>e is ! end ( all ends1 ! ideal ( all means2 if we fur!rmore disp5se ) all special det]m9ations ( ?is welf>e1 ) all p]sonal ideas ( x1 & recognize t x is diff]5t "u diff]5t circum/ances1 !n we und]/& at ! same "t t no means is sanctifi$ beyond ! sanctity ( its end4 ,no means1 no action1 is positively sanctifi$ or makes = human welf>e "u all circum/ances4 ,accord+ to circum/ances & relations "o & ! same means may be good or bad4 ,a ?+ is good only to ! ext5t t its results are good1 only to ! ext5t t !re is good 9 its end4 ,ly+ & *eat+ are bad only because !y result injuri\sly = ourselves1 because we d n wi% to be li$ to or *eat$4 ,b :5ev] a sanctifi$ end is 9 "q1 ! deceptive means us$ 9 ly+ & *eat+ are call$ tricks ( w>4 ,if any "o is firmly root$ 9 ! goodness ( *a/ity because he ?9ks x 0 orda9$ by ,god1 we _c discuss ! matt] ) him4 ,b if "o honors virtue = ! sake ( virtue & abhors vice = ! sake ( vice1 9 o!r words1 = _! consequ5ces1 he admits t he sacrifices ! lu/ ( ! fle% to ! end ( good heal?4 ,9 %ort1 he admits t ! means are sanctifi$ by ! end4 ,9 ! ,*ri/ian conception ( ! _w1 ! comm&m5ts ( its religion are absolutely good = all "t1 !y are consid]$ good because ,*ri/ian revelation decl>es !m to be s4 ,?is conception does n "k t1 = in/ance1 its acme ( virtue1 ! specifically ,*ri/ian virtue ( ab/emi\sness1 receiv$ its value only by contra/ ) corrupt hea!ni% lic5ti\sness1 b t x is n a virtue :5 comp>$ to reasonable & normal satisfaction ( mat]ial ne$s4 ,x deals ) c]ta9 means :i* x calls indiscrim9ately good )\t any relation to _! ends1 & o!rs :i* x calls indiscrim9ately bad 9 ! same absolute way4 ,& = ?is reason1 x opposes ! above nam$ maxim4 ,b mod]n ,*ri/ianity1 mod]n civilization1 has practically long done away ) ?is fai?4 ,x does inde$ call ! s\l ! lik5ess ( ,god & ! body a putrid food = worms2 b its de$s prove t x does n take its religi\s phrases s]i\sly4 ,x c>es little = ! bett] "p ( man & directs all its ?\ghts & actions t[>d ! satisfaction ( ! despis$ body4 ,x employs sci5ce & art1 & ! products ( all climates1 = ! glorification ( ! body1 clo?+ x sumptu\sly1 fe$+ x luxuri\sly1 c>+ = x t5d]ly1 re/+ x on s(t cu%ions4 ,al?\gh !y speak slight+ly ( ?is e>?ly life 9 comp>ison to ! et]nal life beyond1 yet 9 practice !y cl+ = six days ( ! week to ! un9t]rupt$ pleasures ( ?is body1 :ile heav5 is h>dly consid]$ wor?y ( c>eless att5tion = m ?an "o %ort h\r on ,sundays4 ,) ! same ?\ghtless inconsi/5cy ! socall$ ,*ri/ian _w also attacks our maxim ) words1 :ile 9 practical life x sanctifies ! despis$ means by ! end ( its own welf>e1 go+ ev5 s f> z to demon/rate its inconsi/5cy 9 its own life by subsidiz+ pro/itution ) /ate funds4 ,! fact t ! legislative bodies ( our repres5tative /ates keep d[n ! enemies ( _! b\rgeois ord] by c\rtm>tials & exile1 t !y ju/ify ?is c\rse by ! prov]b1 ,d unto o!rs z y w\ld t !y %\ld d unto y1 9 ! int]e/ ( public welf>e1 or t !y def5d _! divorce codes by ! plea ( individual welf>e1 proves t ! b\rgeoisie also believes 9 ! motto3 ,! end sanctifies ! means4 ,& ev5 ?\gh ! citiz5s delegate rights to ! /ate :i* !y d5y to !mselves1 also our oppon5ts _c b admit t 9 s do+ ! citiz5s are simply delegat+ _! own rights to ! sup]ior au?ority ( ! /ate4 ,true1 :oev] employs ly+ & *eat+ 9 ! b\rgeois _w = ! end ( ga9+ weal?1 ev5 ?\gh he may make x "o ( 8 ends to give to *>ity1 or :oev] /eals lea!r1 l ,sa9t ,*isp9us1 = ! purpose ( mak+ %oes = poor p1 does n sanctify 8 means by 8 end1 because ! end 9 t case is n sanctifi$1 or only nom9ally s1 only 9 g5]al1 b n 9 ! concrete case quot$4 ,= *>ity is an end ( b inf]ior hol9ess :i* mu/ n be m ?an a means comp>$ to ! ma9 end ( ma9ta9+ b\rgeois society1 & :5ev] x contrav5es ?is ma9 purpose1 *>ity loses its "* ( a good end4 ,& we h already se5 t an end :i* is sanctifi$ only "u c]ta9 circum/ances _c sanctify its means beyond !m4 ,! indisp5sable condition ( all good ends is t !y mu/ be subs]vi5t to human welf>e1 & :e!r ?is welf>e is secur$ by ,*ri/ian or pagan1 by feudal or b\rgeois means1 x always dem&s t ! ?+s :i* are consid]$ uness5tial & ( less] importance %\ld be subord9at$ to ! ess5tial & necess>y ?+s1 :ile 9 ! above quot$ cases ! m salut>y hone/y & b\rgeois respectability w\ld be sacrific$ to ! less salut>y *>ity4 ,! end sanctifies ! means signifies 9 o!r words t 9 e?ics z well z 9 economics1 ! pr(it mu/ ju/ify ! inve/m5t ( ! capital4 ,aga91 if we call ! =cible conv]sion ( infidels a good end1 & an arbitr>y police measure a bad means1 ?is does n prove any?+ aga9/ ! tru? ( ! maxim1 b only te/ifies to its wrong application4 ,! means is n sanctifi$ 9 ! case1 because ! end is n1 because a =c$ conv]sion is n a good end1 b r an evil "o result+ 9 hypocrisy1 & because su* a conv]sion does n des]ve ?is "n1 or because =ce is a means :i* is unwor?y ( ?is t]m4 ,if x is true t a =cible conv]sion or wood5 iron are s5seless ideas1 h[ is x t p w p]si/ 9 fight+ aga9/ univ]sally recogniz$ tru?s ) su* inconsi/5cies1 su* inane ^w plays1 su* tricks ( rhetoric & sophi/ry8 ,! means ( ! ,jesuits1 sly tricks & intrigues1 poison & murd]1 appe> unholy to u only because ! ,jesuitic purpose1 = in/ance t ( ext5d+ ! weal? & influ5ce & glorify+ p[] ( ! ord]1 is an inf]ior end :i* may make use ( ! innoc5t language ( ! pulpit1 b is n an absolutely sanctifi$ end1 no supreme end1 to :i* we w\ld grant means t w\ld deprive u ( "s ess5tial end1 = in/ance ( our p]sonal & public safety4 ,murd] & manslaught] are consid]$ immoral z individual actions because !y are n means to accompli% our ma9 end1 because we incl9e n t[>d rev5ge or blood-?ir/9ess1 nor t[>d arbitr>9ess & ! wilful disp5sation ( ju/ice by "s judge1 b t[>d lawful decisions & ! m or less imp>tial decrees ( ! /ate4 ,b d we n explicitly decl>e 9 favor ( ! maxim ,! end sanctifies ! means1 :5 we con/itute ourselves into juries & r5d] dang]\s crim9als p[]less by ! rope & ! ax ( ! execution]8 ,! same p :o boa/ ( hav+ dropp$ ,ari/otle1 t is to say ! belief 9 au?ority1 = c5turies1 & :o !re=e replac$ ! dead traditional tru? by liv+ self-ga9$ tru?1 are f\nd to be completely at odds ) _! own developm5t 9 ! above cit$ cases4 ,if we li/5 to ! recital ( "s funny /ory1 :i* may be told by ev5 a reliable witness1 we nev]!less rema9 loyal to ! pr9ciples ( free reason1 t is to say we are free to reg>d z s]i\s & regrettable any incid5t :i* ! n>rator may consid] funny & ridicul\s4 ,p "k h[ to di/+ui% betwe5 a /ory & ! subjective impression its incid5ts creat$ on ! m9d ( ! n>rator1 & :i* dep5ds m on ! p]sonality ( ! witness ?an on ! actual facts4 ,b 9 ! matt] ( good ends & bad means x is propos$ to neglect ! di/9ction betwe5 an object & its subjective end :i* is o!rwise ! po9t ( all critique4 ,su* ends z *>ity1 ! conv]sion ( infidels1 etc41 are ?\ghtlessly1 a priori1 call$ good & holy1 because !y once 7 s "u p>ticul> conditions1 :ile n[ _! effect 9 ! cases above cit$ is j ! opposite1 & !n p wond] t ! unrighte\s title c>ries ) x unrighte\s privileges4 ,only t end is wor?y ( ! pr$icate good or holy 9 practice :i* is itself a means1 a s]vant1 ( ! end ( all purposes1 ( welf>e4 ,:5ev] man seeks 8 welf>e 9 b\rgeois life1 9 production & comm]ce ( commodities1 & 9 ! undi/urb$ enjoym5t ( 8 private prop]ty1 he clips 8 long f+]s by ! comm&m5t3 ,?\ %alt n /eal4 ,b :]ev]1 z among ! ,sp>tans1 w> is reg>d$ z ! supreme end & craft9ess z a necess>y quality ( a w>rior1 !re ?iev+ is us$ z a means ( acquir+ craft9ess & sanction$ z a means = ! ma9 end4 ,to blame ! ,sp>tan = be+ a w>rior in/ead ( a s$ate b\rgeois w\ld be to ignore ! facts ( reality1 w\ld be equival5t to ov]look+ t our bra9 is n design$ to sub/itute imag9>y pictures = ! actual conditions ( ! _w1 b is organiz$ to und]/& t a p]iod1 a nation1 an individual is always t :i* x c & mu/ be "u giv5 circum/ances4 ,x is n f m]e individual & unpraisewor?y fondness = ! p>adox t we subv]t curr5t views by def5d+ ! maxim ,! end sanctifies ! means1 b f a consi/5t application ( ! sci5ce ( philosophy4 ,philosophy orig9at$ out ( ! belief 9 a duali/ contra/ betwe5 ,god & ! _w1 betwe5 body & s\l1 betwe5 ! fle% & ! _s1 betwe5 bra9 & s5ses1 betwe5 ?9k+ & be+1 betwe5 ! g5]al & ! concrete4 ,! conciliation ( ?is contra/ repres5ts ! end1 or ! aggregate result1 ( philosophical rese>*4 ,philosophy f\nd its dissolution 9 ! und]/&+ t ! div9e is worldly & ! worldly div9e1 t ! s\l is relat$ to ! body1 ! _s to ! fle%1 ?9k+ to be+1 ! intellect to ! s5ses1 9 ! same way 9 :i* ! unity is relat$ to ! multiplicity or ! g5]al to ! concrete4 ,philosophy began ) ! errone\s supposition t ! "o1 z ! fir/ ?+1 0 ! basis on :i* develop$ ! two1 ?ree1 f\r1 & ! entire multiplicity ( ?+s by succession4 ,x has n[ arriv$ at ! und]/&+ t tru?1 or reality1 turns ?is supposition upside d[n1 t ! reality ) its multiplicity ( =ms1 p]ceivable by ! s5ses1 is ! fir/ & =emo/ ?+ out ( :i* ! human bra9 gradually d]iv$ ! conception ( unity or g5]ality4 ,no a*ievem5t ( sci5ce c be comp>$ ) ! am\nt ( tal5t & intellectual en]gy consum$ 9 h>ve/+ ?is "o little fruit f ! field ( speculative philosophy4 ,b nei!r does any sci5tific novelty enc\nt] s _m deep-root$ ob/acles to its recognition4 ,all bra9s unfamili> ) ! outcome ( philosophy are dom9at$ by ! old belief 9 ! reality ( "s g5u9e1 true1 absolutely univ]sal panacea1 ! discov]y ( :i* w\ld make all %am1 false individual panaceas impossible4 ,b we1 on ! o!r h&1 h be5 taught by ! und]/&+ ( ! ?\ght process t ?is covet$ panacea is a product ( ! bra9 & t1 s9ce x is suppos$ to be a g5]al & ab/ract panacea1 x _c be any real1 p]ceptible1 concrete panacea4 ,9 ! belief 9 an absolute diff]5ce betwe5 true & false welf>e1 !re is manife/$ an ignorance ( ! actual op]ations ( bra9 "w4 ,py?agoras made numb]s ! basis ( ?+s4 ,if ?is ,grecian philosoph] c\ld h realiz$ t ?is basic nature 0 a ?+ ( ! m9d1 ( ! intellect1#b & t numb]s 7 ! basis ( reason1 ! common or ab/ract cont5t ( all intellectual activity1 !n we %\ld h be5 sp>$ all ! disputes :i* h rag$ ar\nd ! v>i\s =ms ( absolute tru?1 ab\t ?+s 9 !mselves4 ,space & "t are ! g5]al =ms ( reality1 or reality exi/s 9 "t & space4 ,consequ5tly all real welf>e mu/ be atta*$ to space & "t1 & e welf>e :i* exi/s 9 ^! dim5sions mu/ be real4 ,! diff]5t welf>es1 9 s f> z _! b5efic5t qualities are conc]n$1 are to be di/+ui%$ only by _! height & bread?1 by ! quantity ( _! dim5sions1 by _! num]al relations4 ,e welf>e1 :e!r true or seem+1 is p]ceiv$ by ! s5ses1 by practices ( life1 n by ab/ract reason4 ,b practice assigns ! mo/ contradictory ?+s to diff]5t p at diff]5t times z means to _! welf>e4 ,:at is welf>e 9 "o place1 is disa/] 9 ano!r1 & vice v]sa4 ,und]/&+1 or reason1 has no?+ else to d 9 ! matt] ?an to numb] ^! v>i\s welf>es z !y are made real by s5se p]ceptions 9 v>i\s p]sons & times1 & degrees ( int5sity1 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y appe>1 & ?us to di/+ui% ! small f ! great1 ! ess5tial f ! uness5tial1 ! concrete f ! g5]al4 ,reason _c dictate to u autocratically 9 matt]s ( "s absolutely true welf>e1 x c only indicate ! mo/ frequ5t1 mo/ ess5tial1 & mo/ univ]sal welf>e 9 a c]ta9 p]ceiv$ numb] ( welf>es4 ,b x mu/ n be =gott5 t ! tru? ( su* an und]/&+1 or enum]ation1 dep5ds on c]ta9 def9ite premises4 ,x is !re=e a va9 endeavor to se>* = ! true & absolute welf>e4 ,?is se>* becomes practical & successful only :5 x limits itself to ! und]/&+ ( a def9ite am\nt ( welf>e ( "s p>ticul> objects4 ,! g5]al welf>e c be f\nd only )9 def9ite b\nd>ies4 ,b ! v>i\s det]m9ations ( welf>e agree 9 ?is respect1 t !y all consid] x well to sacrifice ! little = ! great1 ! uness5tial = ! ess5tial1 & n vice v]sa4 ,9 s f> z ?is pr9ciple is "r1 x is also "r = u to employ = ! good end ( a great welf>e "s small means 9 ! %ape ( a small evil & to endure x1 & ?us we see once m t ! end sanctifies ! means4 ,if p 7 lib]al en\gh to p]mit e "o to g to heav5 9 8 or h] own way1 ! oppon5ts ( our maxim w\ld be easily conv9c$ ( its tru?4 ,b in/ead ( do+ ?is1 p foll[ ! usual c\rse ( %ortsight$ness & make _! private /&po9t a univ]sal "o4 ,!y call _! own private welf>e ! only true welf>e1 & reg>d ! welf>e ( o!r nations1 times & conditions a mi/ake4 ,s does e s*ool ( art decl>e its own subjective ta/e to be objective beauty1 ignor+ ! fact t unity is b a matt] ( ideas1 ( ?\ght1 :ile reality is full ( ! mo/ v>i$ =ms4 ,! real welf>e is manifold & ! true welf>e b a subjective *oice :i*1 l a funny /ory1 may make an entirely diff]5t impression on o!rs1 & be a false welf>e4 ,ev5 ?\gh ,kant1 or ,fi*te1 or "s o!r p>ticul> philosoph]1 may discuss at l5g? ! purpose ( mank9d & solve ! problem to 8 full satisfaction & to t ( 8 audi5ce1 we nev]!less h le>n$ en\gh today to "k t "o c def9e "o's own p]sonal idea ( ! purpose ( mank9d by means ( ab/ract speculation1 b t "o _c discov] any unkn[n & hidd5 object 9 ?is way4 ,?\ght1 or reason1 requires "s object1 & its "w is t ( measur+1 ( criticis+4 ,x may di/+ui% betwe5 true & false welf>e1 b w also rememb] t !y h _! limits1 rememb] t x is itself p]sonal & t its di/9ctions are likewise p]sonal & _c be g5]aliz$ beyond ! po9t :]e o!rs receive ! same impression ( ! same object4 ,humanity is an idea1 :ile man is always "s special p]son :o has 8 or h] peculi> life 9 a def9ite environm5t & is !re=e subs]vi5t to g5]al pr9ciples only f motives ( self-int]e/4 ,! sacrifice ( e?ics1 l t ( religion1 is only seem+ly a self-d5ial & s]ves ! ends ( reasonable self-int]e/1 an exp5diture ) a view to great] ga9s4 ,a morality wor?y ( t "n :i* is n bett] def9$ by ! t]m ob$i5ce c be ex]cis$ only ?r\gh ! und]/&+ ( its wor?1 ( its value = our welf>e1 ( its usefulness4 ,! v>iety ( political p>ties is condition$ on ! v>ieties ( ! int]e/s conc]n$1 & ! diff]5ce 9 ! means is condition$ on ! diff]5ce 9 ends4 ,9 que/ions ( less importance ev5 ! *ampions ( absolute morality te/ify to ?is fact4 ,?i]s 9 8 hi/ory ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution tells ( a peculi> situation 9 ! ye> #agif1 :5 ! patriots held ! public p[] & ! royali/s c>ri$ on a revolution>y propag&a4 ,x 0 !n t ! p>tisans ( ! revolution1 :o %\ld h be5 ! *ampions ( unlimit$ lib]ty1 dem&$ co]cive measures1 :ile ! opposition1 :o secretly c>$ m = a mon>*y ?an = a republic1 vot$ = unlimit$ lib]ty4 ,to su* an ext5t are p>ties gov]n$ by _! self-int]e/s1 comm5ts ,?i]s1 j z if ?is 7 an anomaly in/ead ( be+ ! natural1 necess>y & inevitable c\rse ( ! _w4 ,:51 on ! o!r h&1 x is a "q ( ! fundam5tal laws ( b\rgeois ord]1 !n ! moral repres5tatives ( ! rul+ classes are egoti/ic en\gh to d5y ! connection ( _! mat]ial int]e/s ) ^! laws & to claim t !irs are et]nal1 metaphysical _w laws1 t ! pill>s ( _! special class rule are ! et]nal pill>s ( humanity1 & t _! own means alone are holy ones & _! end ! f9al end ( ! univ]se4 ,x is a disa/r\s deception1 a robb+ ( human lib]ty1 an attempt to cause ! /agnation ( ! hi/orical developm5t1 if any age or class ?us proclaims its own peculi> purposes & means to be = ! absolute welf>e ( humanity4 ,morality orig9ally reflects "o's int]e/s j z fa%ion reflects "o's ta/e1 & f9ally ! action is m\ld$ aft] ! conceiv$ patt]n l ! coat 9 dress+4 ,9 ?is process1 =ce naturally is ex]t$ = ! ma9t5ance & protection ( "o's own life & ^? :o resi/ are subdu$4 ,int]e/ & duty1 ?\gh p]haps n entirely synonym\s1 are c]ta9ly closely relat$4 ,bo? ( !m are m]g$ 9 ! t]m welf>e4 ,self-int]e/ repres5ts m ne>ly ! concrete1 imm$iate1 tangible welf>e1 :ile duty conc]ns itself ) ! m remote & g5]al welf>e ( ! future also4 ,:ile self-int]e/ consid]s ! pres5t tangible metallic welf>e ( ! purse1 duty dem&s t we keep n only a "p ( welf>e1 b all welf>e 9 m9d1 t we consid] ! future z well z ! pres5t1 t we rememb] ! spiritual welf>e z well z ! physical4 ,duty ?9ks also ( ! he>t1 ( social ne$s1 ( ! future1 ( ! spiritual weal1 9 brief ( int]e/ 9 g5]al & urges u to r5\nce ! sup]flu\s 9 ord] to secure & reta9 ! necess>y4 ,?us y\r duty is y\r self-int]e/ & y\r self-int]e/ y\r duty4 ,if our ideas are to adapt !mselves to tru?1 or to reality1 in/ead ( reality or tru? adapt+ itself to our notions or ?\ghts1 we mu/ und]/& t ! mutability ( t :i* is "r1 holy1 moral1 is a natural1 necess>y & true fact4 ,& we mu/ grant to an individual ! !oretical fre$om :i* _c be tak5 f x 9 practice1 we mu/ admit t x is z free n[ z x has ev] be51 t laws mu/ be adapt$ to ! ne$s ( ! social individual & n to ! vague1 unreal1 & impossible ab/ractions1 su* z ju/ice or morality4 ,:at is ju/ice8 ,! embodim5t ( all t is consid]$ "r1 an individual conception1 :i* assumes diff]5t =ms 9 diff]5t p]sons4 ,9 reality only individual1 def9ite1 concrete rights exi/1 & man simply comes along & ab/racts f !m ! idea ( ju/ice1 j z he ab/ract$ f diff]5t k9ds ( wood ! conception ( wood 9 g5]al1 or f mat]ial ?+s ! conception ( matt]4 ,x is j z f> f ! tru?1 to ?9k t mat]ial ?+s consi/ (1 or are by virtue (1 ab/ract matt]1 al?\gh ?is view is widely spread1 z x is to believe t ! moral or b\rgeois laws 7 d]iv$ f ! idea ( ju/ice4 ,! e?ical loss caus$ by our reali/ic1 or if y pref]1 mat]iali/ic1 conception ( morality is n s great z x appe>s4 ,we ne$ n fe> t ?r\gh ?is conception social be+s w become lawless cannibals or h]mits4 ,fre$om & lawfulness are closely alli$ by ! ne$ = association :i* compels u to p]mit o!rs to live toge!r ) u4 ,if a man is prev5t$ by 8 consci5ce or by o!r spirituali/ic or b\rgeois e?ics f committ+ unlawful actions--unlawful 9 ! wid] mean+ ( ! t]m--he is ei!r n expos$ to v grave temptations1 or he has a nature s tame t ! natural or legal puni%m5ts fully suffice to keep him )9 prescrib$ b\nds4 ,b :]e ^! *ecks are ineffective1 morality is likewise p[]less4 ,if x 7 o!rwise1 we %\ld h to assume t morality ex]ts 9 secret ! same influ5ce on ! fai?ful :i* is ex]t$ by public op9ion on ! fai?less4 ,b we "k f actual exp]i5ce t !re are m pi\s ?ieves ?an infidel robb]s4 ,t ! _w1 :i* attributes s mu* value = social welf>e to morality by ^w ( m\?1 actually %>es ?is view ( ours1 is prov5 by ! fact t b\rgeois society gives m att5tion to ! p5al code & to ! police ?an to ! influ5ce ( morality4 ,moreov]1 our fight is n direct$ aga9/ morality1 n ev5 aga9/ any special =m ( x1 b only aga9/ ! arrogance :i* assumes to /amp "s concrete =m ( morality ) ! trade m>k ( absolute morality4 ,we recognize t morality is et]nally sacr$1 9 s f> z x ref]s to consid]ations :i* a man owes to himself & to 8 fell[m5 9 ! int]e/ ( _! common welf>e4 ,b ! fre$om ( ! individual dem&s t ea* "o %\ld be at lib]ty to det]m9e ! degree ( consid]ation & ! mann] ( giv+ x expression4 ,"u ^! circum/ances x is z inevitable t ! rul+ p[]s1 classes or majorities %\ld en=ce _! special ne$s "u ! =m ( a prescrib$ "r1 z x is t a man's %irt %\ld be clos] to 8 sk9 ?an 8 coat4 ,b x appe>s to u n m]ely v sup]flu\s1 b ev5 detrim5tal to ! en]gies requir$ = ! progress ( ! future1 t "s decre$ "r %\ld be elevat$ to ! position ( absolute "r & trans=m$ into an insup]able b>ri] to ! advance ( humanity4 ,,footnote3 #b ,:i* 0 ga9$ by ! m9d's contact ) its s5se-p]ceiv$ multiplicity ( ! _w4--,editor4 ,lett]s on ,logic ,especially ,democratic-,prolet>ian ,logic ,,by ,,joseph ,,dietzg5 ,translat$ by ,erne/ ,unt]mann ,editorial ,rem>k4 ,! ,lett]s on ,logic1 treat+ on ! same subjects z ,! ,positive ,outcome ( ,philosophy1 7 int5d$ by ! au?or to be replac$ by ?is subsequ5t "w4 ,we publi%1 h[ev]1 bo? ^! works 9 hopes t ! read] w p>don ! frequ5t repetitions on acc\nt ( ! additional light t o!r p>ts ( ! ,lett]s on ,logic are apt to imp>t4 ,,lett]s ,,on ,,logic ,,fir/ ,,lett] ,de> ,eug5e3 ,y h n[ rea*$ ! age at :i* ! /ud5ts g to ! univ]sity4 ,!re1 accord+ to cu/om1 !y regi/] fir/ ( all = a c\rse 9 logic1 :e!r !y *oose ! /udy ( law1 m$ic9e1 or !ology4 ,logic is1 s to say1 ! elem5t>y /udy 9 all bran*es ( le>n+4 ,n[ y "k1 my de>1 t s*ool & life are reg>d$ z two sep>ate ?+s4 ,i %\ld l to call y\r att5tion to _! connection4 ,we live also 9 s*ool1 we are s*ool$ also by life4 ,i %\ld l to consid] y\r trip across ! ,atlantic ocean z y\r fir/ v5ture 9 ! high s*ool ( life1 & assume ! role ( y\r pr(essor ( logic4 ,i feel well qualifi$ = ?is (fice4 ,al?\gh ,i am n well up 9 ,lat9 & ,greek1 /ill ,i feel compet5t to guide y to ! dep?s ( logical sci5ce bett] ?an a ,g]man pr(essor tra9$ & in/all$ accord+ to ! mo/ approv$ patt]n4 ,y w admit ! possibility ( su* a ?+4 ,= "o :o kn[s little may expla9 t little ) m ease & efficacy ?an "o :o has 8 head /uff$ full ( ! prescrib$ bun* ( (ficial wisdom4 ,y1 my son1 h be5 s =tunate z to enjoy a sev5 ye>s' c\rse 9 a ,g]man college4 ,& s9ce y\r tea*]s1 at y\r dep>ture1 gave y ! highe/ c]tificate1 ,i may well consid] y z qualifi$ n only to ent] ! s*ool ( life 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 b also to li/5 intellig5tly to my lectures on logic4 ,b 9 ord] t my well tra9$ pupil may n look d[n ^u 8 self-taught tea*]1 ,i appeal to ! fact t ev5 ! man ) ! be/ all-ar\nd education w be a tyro 9 specialties2 & t1 on ! o!r h&1 ignorance 9 _m ?+s does n exclude ! possibility ( kn[+ m ab\t a c]ta9 specialty ?an sci5ce has h]et(ore grasp$4 ,n[ ,i claim 9 ?is case to h acquir$ a k ( ! subject ) :i* ,i int5d to deal "h t surpasses any?+ ,i h be5 able to f9d 9 ! pr(essional lit]ature4 ,i m5tion ?is1 my de> ,eug5e1 ) all due mode/y1 n = ! purpose ( ?r[+ a halo ar\nd my p]sonality1 b 9 ord] to give a c]ta9 au?ority to my (fice z tea*] & to inspire my pupil ) confid5ce4 ,yes1 ,i value confid5ce4 ,al?\gh y "k me z a democrat :o c>es no?+ = au?ority1 y %all also le>n to "k me z a graduate 9 dialectics :o1 ?\gh he may empty ! ba?1 /ill reta9s 8 hold on ! *ild & does n p]mit x to float (f ) ! wat]4 ,*ildr51 & "o may say nations 9 _! *ildhood1 _c d )\t au?ority1 & a tea*]1 :e!r he in/ruct *ildr5 or nations1 _c disp5se ) a c]ta9 confid5ce-inspir+ air4 ,! pupil mu/ believe 9 ! wisdom ( 8 tea*]1 9 ord] t he may approa* ! ma/] ) ! necess>y att5tion & will+ness to le>n4 ,lat] on ! und]/&+ ( ! subject makes all au?ority sup]flu\s4 ,?us a ?+ s sublime z au?ority is subject to ! de/ructive t5d5cies ( "t1 to ! hi/orical process4 ,hi!rto mank9d has (t5 be5 tempt$ by preconceiv$ notions to idolize va9 ?+s4 ,x has be5 attempt$ to %ield n only au?ority 9 g5]al1 b1 :at is /ill worse1 ?is or t ?rone or alt>1 aga9/ ! attacks ( "t4 ,! relation betwe5 ! p]i%able & ! imp]i%able has always be5 subject to mu* misund]/&+4 ,n[ s9ce logic is t sci5ce :i* aims to set ! intellect aright1 we %all h to t\* occasionally on ! g5]al misconception ( "t & et]nity4 ,! mo/ fam\s exp\nd]s ( logic are reproa*$ = _! cumbr\s /yle & _! obscure mode ( explanation4 ,ev5 ma/]s ( languages h compla9$ 9 my he>+ ab\t ! =eign t]ms us$ by t bran* ( sci5ce1 t]ms :i* ev5 !y c\ld n und]/&4 ,mu* ( ! blame = ?is condition ( ?+s may fall on ! difficulties ( ! subject1 :i* h baffl$ all elucidation = ?\s&s ( ye>s4 ,"s ( ! blame also falls on ! bad habit ( us+ le>n$ v]nacul>4 ,b ! greate/ fault lies ) ! m5tal laz9ess ( ! /ud5ts4 ,no?+ c be le>n$ )\t m5tal ex]tion4 ,if y are conc]n$ 9 y\r fur!r developm5t1 y w recognize ! ,*ri/ian ^w z to ! curse ( "w z untrue4 ,"w _c be desc5d$ f s91 = x is a bless+4 ,y w h exp]i5c$ 9 y\rself h[ elat$ "o feels aft] successful physical or m5tal "w4 ,! ?+s :i* sci5ce yields )\t ex]tion c be at mo/ axiomatic commonplaces4 ,i assume t y are q will+ to p]=m ! necess>y m5tal labor1 & ,i promise y t ,i %all d my be/ to make ?is /udy easy = y4 ,i d ?is s mu* m readily1 z ,i frankly confess t ^! lett]s to my son are writt5 ) ! int5tion ( mak+ !m accessible to a wid] circle ( read]s by means ( ! press4 ,be=e conclud+1 let me say a ^w ab\t my aim ( speak+ especially ( democratic-prolet>ian logic4 ,y w ?9k or say3 ,logic may be a subject wor?y ( /udy1 b a special democratic-prolet>ian logic c surely treat ( no?+ b p>ty matt]s4 ,b j z ! special accompli%m5ts 9 ?is or t l9e1 ! special advances ( ?is or t nation1 are at ! same "t g5]al advances1 progress ( civilization1 s ! ideas ( prolet>ian logic are n p>ty ideas1 b conclusions ( logic 9 g5]al4 ,y may reply3 ,ev5 ?\gh ! special ?\ght ( a ,*9aman may be q consi/5t & logical1 /ill we w\ld n call x ,*9ese logic4 ,t w\ld be q true1 b x does n meet my po9t4 ,! ?\ght on :i* ! prolet>ian dem&s are bas$1 ! idea ( ! equality ( all human be+s1 ?is ultimate prolet>ian idea1 if ,i may say s1 is fully back$ up by ! deep] insight into ! tortu\s problem ( logic4 ,n[1 s9ce ?is idea dom9ates mank9d1 x c]ta9ly has m "r ?an any ,*9ese idea4 ,fur!rmore1 indu/rial developm5t has level$1 simplifi$1 cle>$ all social conditions to su* an ext5t t x becomes ev] easi] to p5etrate ) sob] eyes into ! secrets ( logic4 ,f9ally1 my logic des]ves its prolet>ian qualification = ! reason t x requires = its und]/&+ ! ov]com+ ( all prejudices by :i* ! capitali/ _w is held toge!r4 ,! cause ( ! p is n a p>ty matt]1 b ! g5]al object ( all sci5ce4 ,! p's cause z ! ultimate object1 & logic z ! mo/ elem5t>y & mo/ ab/ract sci5ce1 z ultimate sci5ce1 are z intimately connect$ z plants & botany1 or z laws & ! legal pr(ession4 ,s are ! int]e/s ( democracy & ! prolet>iat intimately connect$4 ,! fact t ?is has n be5 well recogniz$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates s f>1 is m a pro( ( ! lucky condition ( t c\ntry ?an ( ! sci5tific k ( its democracy4 ,! spread+ primeval =e/s & prairies (f]$ innum]able home/eads to ! poor & !y obscur$ ! antagonism betwe5 capitali/s & wage work]s1 betwe5 capitali/ & prolet>ian democracy4 ,b y /ill lack ! k ( prolet>ian economics :i* w\ld enable y to recognize )\t a d\bt t x is precisely on ! republican gr\nd ( ,am]ica t capitalism makes giant /rides & reveals ev] m cle>ly its tw(old task ( fir/ enslav+ ! p = ! purpose ( free+ !m 9 due "t4 ,,second ,,lett] ,de> ,eug5e3 ,hav+ writt5 ! fir/ lett] by way ( introduction1 ,i n[ am ready = a gradual approa* to my subject4 ,logic aims to in/ruct ! human m9d z to its own nature & processes2 x w lay b>e ! int]ior work+ ( our m9d = our guidance4 ,! object ( ! /udy ( logic is ?\ght1 its nature1 & its prop] classification4 ,! human bra9 p]=ms ! function ( ?9k+ z involunt>ily z ! *e/ ! function ( brea?+4 ,h[ev]1 we c1 by our w1 /op brea?+ = a :ile1 & accel]ate or ret>d ! brea?+ movem5ts4 ,9 ! same way1 ! w c control ! ?\ghts4 ,we may *oose any object z ! subject matt] ( our ?\ght1 & yet we may quickly conv9ce ourselves t ! p[] ( our w & ! fre$om ( ! m9d are n any great] ?an ! fre$om ( ! *e/ 9 brea?+4 ,:ile logic und]takes to assign ! prop] position to our bra91 /ill x has to rememb] t nature has already assign$ t position4 ,x is ) logic z x is ) o!r sci5ces4 ,!y draw wisdom f ! my/]i\s s\rce ( pla9 exp]i5ce4 ,agriculture1 e4 g41 aims to tea* ! f>m] h[ to cultivate ! soil2 b fields 7 till$ long be=e any agricultural college _h begun its lectures4 ,9 ! same way human be+s ?9k )\t ev] hav+ he>d ( logic4 ,b by practice !y improve _! innate faculty ( ?\ght1 !y make progress1 !y gradually le>n to make bett] use ( x4 ,f9ally1 j z ! f>m] arrives at ! sci5ce ( agriculture1 s ! ?9k] arrives at logic1 acquires a cle> consci\sness ( 8 faculty ( ?\ght & a pr(essional dext]ity 9 apply+ x4 ,i h two purposes 9 m9d 9 say+ ?is4 ,fir/ly1 y mu/ n expect too mu* f ?is sci5ce1 = y _c set contr>y bra9s to rights by any logic4 ,secondly1 y mu/ n ?9k too little ( x1 by reg>d+ ! matt] z m]e s*ola/ic ^w-mong]y & useless hairsplitt+4 ,9 daily life1 z well z 9 all sci5ces1 we nev] op]ate )\t ! help ( ?\ght1 b only ) x1 h5ce an und]/&+ ( ! nature ( ! processes ( ?\ght is ( em95t value4 ,logic has its hi/ory l all sci5ces4 ,ari/otle1 :om ,m>x calls ! ,grecian giant ( ?\ght1 is univ]sally recogniz$ z its f\nd]4 ,aft] ! classic culture ( antiquity _h be5 buri$ by b>b>ism1 ! "n ( ,bacon ( ,v]ulam rose ) ! beg9n+ ( mod]n times z a philosophical light ( ! fir/ ord]4 ,8 mo/ fam\s "w is entitl$ ,novum ,organon4 ,by ! new organ he meant a new me?od ( rese>* :i* %\ld be f\nd$ on exp]i5ce1 in/ead ( ! subtleties ( ! purely introspective me?od hi!rto 9 vogue4 ,aft] him1 ,desc>tes1 or ,c>tesius1 z he call$ himself 9 lit]ature1 wrote 8 /ill fam\s "w1 ,ab\t ,me?ods4 ,i fur!rmore recall ,immanuel ,kant's ,critique ( ,reason1 ,johann ,gottlieb ,fi*te's ,!ory ( ,sci5ce1 & f9ally ,hegel1 ( :om ! biograph] said t he 0 z fam\s 9 ! sci5tific _w z ,napoleon 9 ! political4 ,hegel calls 8 *ief "w ,logic1 & bases 8 :ole sy/em on ! dialectic me?od4 ,y h only to look at ! titles ( ^! philosophical ma/]pieces 9 ord] to recognize t !y all treat ( ! same subject :i* we are mak+ our special /udy1 viz41 ! light ( und]/&+4 ,! great philosoph]s ( all times h se>*$ = ! true me?od1 ! me?od ( tru?1 = ! way 9 :i* und]/&+ & reason arrive at sci5ce4 ,i m]ely wi% to indicate t ?is subject has its fam\s hi/ory1 b ,i d n c>e to ent] m deeply into x4 ,i w n speak ( ! oppression & p]secution1 :i* 0 inaugurat$ by religi\s fanaticism4 ,i w n enum]ate ! v>i\s ev5ts t l$ to a great] & great] light f g5]ation to g5]ation4 ,! attempt to trace ?is hi/ory w\ld entangle u 9 _m disput$ que/ions & errors :i* w\ld only increase ! difficulties ( ?is /udy = ! beg9n]4 ,if a tea*] ( te*nology 7 to in/ruct y on /eam eng9es &1 to expla9 _! fir/ incomplete inv5tion1 trace _! fur!r developm5t hi/orically f improvem5t to improvem5t1 until he %\ld arrive at ! height ( p]fection atta9$ 9 _! pres5t day con/ruction1 he w\ld also be advanc+ on a pa?1 b on a t$i\s "o4 ,i %all endeavor to %[ my subject at ! outset 9 ! v cle>e/ light :i* has ev] be5 ?r[n on x by ! help ( ! nations ( all times4 ,if ,i succe$ 9 ?is1 x w be easy 9 ! future1 9 ! read+ ( any au?or1 to sep>ate ! *aff f ! :eat4 ,i c af=d to disp5se ) quotations & pro(s f o!rs 9 try+ to make my case & demon/rat+ ! positive product ( social culture1 = we are deal+ ) ! mo/ univ]sal & omnipres5t object1--"o :i* ent]s into e spok5 or writt5 s5t5ce ) its own body4 ,if anybody tells ( f> (f times or wond]ful ?+s1 he mu/ quote witnesses4 ,n[1 mu* ( :at ,i h to say = my case may s\nd wond]ful1 because x runs c\nt] to ! popul> prejudice1 b ! only witness requir$ to prove ! tru? ( my /atem5ts is ! cle> bra9 ( my pupil1 :o has only to exam9e 8 own exp]i5ce )\t preconceiv$ notions1 9 ord] to f9d pro(s on e h&4 ,x is surpris+ 9 ! fir/ place1 t su* a ne> at h& object has n be5 und]/ood long ago & t s mu* /ill rema9s to be expla9$ & to be taught aft] ?\s&s ( ye>s ( /udy4 ,b y "k t j z ! small ?+s are (t5 great1 & great ?+s small1 s ! ne>e/ ?+s are (t5 hidd5 & ! hidd5 ?+s ne>e/4 ,i promis$ y 9 ! fir/ s5t5ces ( ?is lett]1 de> ,eug5e1 t ,i w\ld n[ pass f introduction to subject matt]4 ,b s9ce ,i h really cont9u$ to move ar\nd ! out] edge ( ! subject in/ead ( ent]+ into its mid/1 y might become impati5t1 & s ,i w ju/ify my me?od4 ,x is a peculi>ity ( ?is subject matt] t x exposes me to ?is *>ge4 ,x is a peculi>ity ( ?\ght t x nev] /ays ) itself1 b always digresses to o!r ?+s4 ,! ?\ght is ! plank to :i* ,i %\ld /ick1 b x is ! nature ( ?is plank nev] to /ick4 ,?9k+ is a ?+ full ( contradictions1 a dialectical secret4 ,n[ ,i "k t "h ,i am say+ some?+ :i* x is v h>d = y to und]/&4 ,b look "h1 has x n always be5 s8 ,:5 y began decl9+ ,lat9 words 9 ! six? class1 y 7 unable at once to grasp ! full mean+ ( decl5sion4 ,y knew :at y 7 do+1 & yet y did n entirely und]/& x4 ,only aft] p5etrat+ m deeply into ! con/ruction ( ! language did ! mean+ & purpose ( ! beg9n+ become cle> to y4 ,9 ! same way1 y n[ mu/ try to dige/ z mu* z y c ( :at ,i say1 & aft] y h gone m deeply into ?is matt]1 y w fully und]/& me f beg9n+ to end4 ,9 tak+ lessons f an au?or1 on an unkn[n subject1 ,i h always foll[$ ! me?od ( fir/ gett+ a sup]ficial view ( ! subject1 ( glanc+ ov] its _m pages & *apt]s1 9 ord] to return to ! beg9n+ & acquire a ?or\gh k by repeat$ /udy4 ,) ! gr[+ famili>ity ) ! subject ! ability to und]/& x grew1 & at ! conclusion ! ?+ became cle> to me4 ,?is is ! only correct me?od ,i c recomm5d to y4 ,9 conclusion let me say = to-day 9 pass+ t ! recomm5dation ( ! correct me?od = /udy+ logic is n only an introduction1 b1 z ,i h already said1 ! subject matt] ( sci5ce itself4 ,,?ird ,,lett] ,de> ,eug5e3 ,my task ( tea*+ logic requires two ?+s3 a logician & a tea*]4 ,! la/ nam$ capacity requires t ,i %\ld clo! ! subject 9 an attractive way4 ,p]mit me1 !re=e1 to comb9e ! didactic /yle ) t ( ! /ory tell]1 & to relate at ?is po9t an episode f a novel ( ,gu/av zu ,putlitz3 ,! organi/ ( a c]ta9 village is ly+ on 8 dea?b$4 ,8 la/ /r5g? has be5 sp5t on ! previ\s day 9 play+ a hymn1 & aft] its conclusion he 0 c>ri$ f ! *ur* 9 an unconsci\s /ate4 ,he _h play$ 8 ma/]piece1 b at ! same "t 8 la/ piece4 ,a despis$ /age girl _h accompani$ him ) a voice l t ( a night+ale4 ,b nei!r %e nor ! organ play] _h e>n$ any applause f ! /upid villag]s4 ,! old man look$ ar\nd 9 8 room1 8 eyes 7 fir/ rivet$ on 8 fai?ful piano1 8 fri5d & companion ?r\gh life4 ,he ext5d$ 8 h&1 b x sank d[n exhau/$4 ,he _h n _h ! int5tion to t\* ! piano anyway4 ,x 0 only l /ret*+ out "o's h& = a fri5d f> away4 ,!n he look$ ?r\gh ! w9d[ try+ to recollect :at "t ( ! day x 04 ,& :5 he _h tak5 9 ! situation1 he turn$ to ! girl kneel+ at 8 feet4 ,poor *ild1 he began1 y 7 deeply disappo9t$ ye/]day4 ,i felt v mu* hurt1 :5 ,i fir/ he>d ( x1 b aft] t ev]y?+ became cle> to me :ile ,i he>d ! music all night1 until a %ort :ile ago4 ,rejoice1 my girl1 at be+ revil$1 = x is done = ! sake ( t sacr$ music1 & x is an ec/asy1 a bless+1 to be m>tyr$ = "o's music :i* is well wor? all injuries4 ,i did n f>e any bett] all my life1 & if ,i ?ank ,god = all ! good he has done me until ?is h\r1 ,i also ?ank him fir/ & mo/ f]v5tly = ! gift ( music :i* he be/[$ on ! _w1 & :i* he reveal$ to me mo/ wond]fully 9 my mo/ pa9ful h\rs4 ,= my music ,i h />v$ & suff]$ all my life1 & my ga9 0 delici\s1 my rew>d cele/ial = ?is poor p]i%able /ake4 ,my fa!r 0 an organi/ 9 a little t[n ( ,ea/]n ,frisia4 ,8 fa!r _h held ! same position 9 ! same *ur*1 &1 ,i ?9k1 s did ! fa!r ( 8 fa!r foll[ music = a pr(ession4 ,music has be5 ! heirloom ( our family = g5]ations4 ,true1 x 0 ! only heirloom1 b ,i h *]i%$ x & held its flag al(t all my life4 ,:5 ,god calls me away1 ,i %all leave no?+ beh9d b t old piano & ! %eet music :i* ,i wrote myself1 = 9 all o!r respects ,i h always be5 poor4 ,i might h done diff]5tly1 & my wife has (t5 upbraid$ me = x1 b %e does n und]/& ! bless+ ( music4 ,i d n blame h] = t1 = x 0 n h] fault t ,god clos$ h] e> to music z he did ! e>s ( _m o!rs4 ,poor p1 h[ cold & dre>y mu/ be _! lives :5 music does n scatt] blossoms 9 _! pa? & ba! _! temples 9 light4 ,b !re w come a "t :5 _! e>s w be op5$1 & ,god w comp5sate !m 9 heav5 = :at !y miss$ "h bel[4 ,we :o love music h ta/$ a "p ( et]nal bliss "h bel[1 = h>mony :i* dissolves all *ords is et]nal life & its w+s are fann+ u 9 ?is t]re/rial life---- ,d y see1 ,i "k x well1 & no "o besides me1 h[ x is :5 ! s\l prep>es to leave ! p]i%able body & ent] ! song ( ! sph]es-- ,y d n und]/& me1 my girl1 b d n worry1 y also w und]/& "s day4 ,i w only tell y ?is mu*1 & x %all be a consolation to y :5 ! _w treats y r\ghly h]eaft]4 ,all ( u1 :e!r ri* or poor1 :e!r recl9+ on s(t silk5 cu%ions or on h>d /raw1 all ( u ent] life ) ! cele/ial melodies 9 our he>ts4 ,! beat+ ( "t goes ) u z long z we are brea?+4 ,x is ! beat+ ( ! he>t 9 our brea/4 ,we may seem to lose ! melody1 ev5 ! measur$ /ep ( "t seems to become confus$ by our passion1 b 9 ! bless$ h\rs we always f9d our melody anew1 & !n we feel at home 9 ! pa? ( our life4 ,?us ! old organi/ idoliz$ 8 music4 ,b x is n alone ! h>mony ( music :i* has su* a p[] ov] ! m9d4 ,! h>mony ( colors1 e art & sci5ce1 has ! same p[]4 ,ev5 ! mo/ common craft1 & ! mo/ prosaic ( all prose1 ! *ase aft] ! doll>1 may take possession ( a man's s\l & pro/rate him 9 adoration be=e its idol4 ,true1 n e "o is s s5tim5tally incl9$1 & ev5 ! s5tim5tali/ is s only 9 especially s5tim5tal mom5ts4 ,fur!rmore x _c be d5i$ t arti/s1 inv5tors1 & explor]s are wor%ipp+ ! mo/ wor?y & mo/ adorable objects4 ,& ,i admit t no great success c be accompli%$ )\t putt+ y\r :ole s\l into "s great aim4 ,nev]!less y %\ld "k t any?+ :i* may take possession ( "o's s\l %>es its sublimity ) all o!r ?+s1 & is = ?is reason at ! same "t some?+ ord9>y4 ,)\t su* a dialectic cl>ification ( our consci\sness all adoration is idol wor%ip4 ,! actual exp]i5ce1 !n1 t any?+ & ev]y?+ may s]ve z an idol %\ld cle>ly conv9ce y t no "o ?+1 b only ! univ]se is ! true ,god1 is tru? & life4 ,n[1 is ?is logic or is x !ology8 ,x is bo?4 ,at clos] range y w notice t all great logicians occupy !mselves a great deal ) ,god & deity1 & t on ! o!r h& all hone/ !ologians are try+ to base _! fai? on "s logical ord]4 ,logic is by its :ole nature metaphysical4#c ,!re exi/s a class ( logicians :o attempt to d5y ! inevitable connection betwe5 ! cele/ial region & ! tangible univ]se4 ,"s ( !m d s f excessive religi\s delicacy ( feel+1 9 ord] to protect ! sublime f ! dis9tegrat+ effects ( critique4 ,o!rs h su* an antipa?y aga9/ ! religi\s abuses t !y d n wi% to he> any m ab\t religion4 ,bo? classes adh]e to ! s-call$ =mal logic4 ,^! adh]5ts ( =mal logic may be comp>$ to a mak] ( porcela9 di%es :o w\ld cont5d t he 0 simply pay+ att5tion to ! =m ( 8 di%es1 pots1 & vases1 b t he did n h any?+ to d ) ! raw mat]ial1 :ile x is evid5t t he is compell$ to =m ! body 9 try+ to embody =ms4 ,^! ?+s c be sep>at$ by words only1 b n by actions4 ,9 ! same way z body & =m1 ! f9ite & inf9ite or s-call$ cele/ial sph]es1 ! physical & ! metaphysical1 are insep>able4 ,logic analyzes ?\ght4 ,b x analyzes ?\ght z x is 9 reality1 & !re=e x unavoidably se>*es = tru?4 ,& :e!r ?is tru? is f\nd above or bel[1 or any:]e1 is a "q :i* j z inevitably br+s ! logician into contact ) ! !ologian4 ,to ?9k ( avoid+ su* a meet+ f consid]ations ( sympa?y or antipa?y1 w\ld be a rude lack ( consid]ation = sci5ce4 ,metaphysical logic :i* aims to ext5d its field to et]nity1 :i* looks = logical ord] ev5 9 heav51 & seeks to solve ev5 ! s-call$ la/ que/ions ( all k1 diff]s 9 a di/9ct way f =mal logic1 :i* selects a re/rict$ field = its rese>* & conf9es itself to inve/igat+ ! logical ord] ( ! socall$ physical _w4 ,?is diff]5ce is wor?y ( y\r special att5tion1 because 9 x !re is hidd5 ! k]nel ( our :ole correspond5ce4 ,x is q a practical me?od to set a limit = "o's inve/igations1 n to fly into cl\ds1 n to und]take any?+ t _c be accompli%$4 ,yet y mu/ n =get t practical b\nd>ies are n !oretical b\nd>ies1 t !y are n inv>iable b\nd>ies = y1 or = o!rs4 ,al?\gh y _c fly to heav5 & w give up ! idea ( fly+ ma*9es f consid]ations ( practical exp$i5cy1 yet y w n wi% to d5y to man ! !oretical fre$om ( inf9ite /riv+ ev5 9 ! matt] ( air%ips1 & y w n be s small z to give up ! idea ( ! capacity = our race = metaphysical1 or 9 o!r words1 inf9ite developm5t4 ,,footnote3 #c ,9 ! s5se (3 m5tal & physical _w embrac+1 all-embrac+4--,editor4 ,,f\r? ,,lett] ,de> ,eug5e3 ,9 my fir/ lett] ,i acqua9t$ y ) my purpose1 9 ! second ,i lift$ ! subject on my f+] tips1 s to say1 to %[ x = a brief mom5t2 9 ! ?ird ,i %[$ t its color _h inevitably a religi\s %ade4 ,n[1 to cont9ue1 p]mit me to introduce ano!r po9t to y\r consid]ation4 ,! great cause ( ! work+ class has hi!rto always be5 ! bea/ ( burd5 ( a small & exclusive m9ority4 ,?is is mo/ evid5t 9 ! slave /ates ( antiquity1 9 ,egypt1 ,greece1 ,rome4 ,likewise 9 ! feudal & guild sy/ems ( ! middle ages ! oppression ( ! mass ( ! p is suffici5tly app>5t4 ,at pres5t ?is condition ( ?+s is m visible 9 ,ea/]n ,europe1 9 ,russia1 ,turkey1 ,bulg>ia1 ,hung>y1 ,ea/]n ,prussia1 etc41 ?an 9 ! indu/rial c\ntries ( ! ,we/4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica x is mo/ obscur$1 s t !re ! p h>dly realize _! enslav$ condition4 ,9 ,am]ica1 _m ( ! upp] t5 ?\s& h made _! way f ! bottom up1 & x happ5s m frequ5tly ?an 9 ,europe t ! capta9s ( indu/ry laid _! f\ndation by h>d "w4 ,! %ortsight$ obs]v]s !n easily =get out ( sympa?y = ! h>d beg9n+ t !re is %>p]'s practice at ! end1 & !y indulge 9 ! idle hope t e h>d work+ bea/ ( burd5 might trans=m itself into a happy millionaire by ?rift & sm>tness4 ,y w probably ask3 ,:at has t to d ) logic or ! art ( reason+8 ,pati5ce6 ,y w admit t ! emancipation ( ! nations f bea/ly toil1 mis]y & suff]+ is ! highe/ goal ( ! human m9d4 ,nor w y d5y t ! ?\ght is ! mo/ ess5tial in/rum5t = rea*+ ?is high goal4 ,! accompli%m5ts ( ?\ght are visible 9 ! results ( civilization4 ,! prolet>iat ( ! pres5t1 also t ( ,russia1 ,turkey1 ,ea/ ,prussia1 p>ticipates 9 ^! accompli%m5ts ( ?\ght4 ,x p>ticipates n alone 9 ! s5se t its bra9s are bett] educat$ & cultur$1 b also t its food1 clo?+1 & %elt] h become m civiliz$ ?r\gh ! progressive de$s ( intellect4 ,y see1 !n1 t ! p's cause is connect$ ) ! faculty ( ?\ght1 & ! nature ( ! latt] may be illu/rat$ z well by ! example ( ! developm5t ( civilization4 ,! complicat$ network ( :eels 9 a wat* may also s]ve to demon/rate ! nature ( t :i* language designates by _m names1 su* z _s1 intellect1 faculty ( k1 reason1 etc4 ,only x mu/ be rememb]$ t ?is my/]i\s some?+ _c be %[n by itself1 b only 9 connection ) o!r ?+s1 :e!r !y be ! hi/ory ( civilization or a wat*4 ,!re w !n be no contradiction 9 f9d+ t ! intellectual life appe>s m p[]ful & magnific5t ?r\gh ! clockwork ( ! hi/ory ( civilization ?an ?r\gh any m9iature product ( ?\ght4 ,9 se>*+ = ! connection ( ?+s1 "o g5]ally seeks to recognize ! mann] or ! degree ( ! connection4 ,b we1 9 ?is case1 disreg>d ! "q z to h[ ! ?+s ( ?is _w are relat$ to "o ano!r & to ?\ght1 & we simply make a note ( ! fact ( ! int]dep5d5ce ( ?\ght & be+1 ( nature & m9d4 ,?is fact ( ! univ]sal int]connection ( ?+s contradicts ! untra9$ prejudice4 ,! uncultivat$ bra9 nurses ! illusion t ! e>?1 ! trees on x1 & ! cl\ds & ! sun above !m are sep>ate ?+s4 ,b x requires a bett] tra9+ ( reason to und]/& t ! e>?1 ! tree1 ! cl\ds1 & ! sun1 c be :at !y are only 9 ! univ]sal int]connection4 ,i rememb] read+ an article f ,fi*te1 9 a ,g]man s*ool read]1 :i* cle>ly %[$ t ! dis>rangem5t ( an insignificant object dur+ ! process ( ?9k+ causes u to dis>range ! :ole hi/ory ( ! _w 9 our ?\ghts4 ,x is well kn[n t "o unfamili> ) political economy ov]looks ! fact t ! bus9ess m5 n only c>ry on _! trad+ = _! private b5efit1 b are also memb]s ( ! process ( social production4 ,x is ov]look$ t all labor1 aside f be+ individual activity1 is at ! same "t an organic "p ( social labor4 ,& j z ignorance ( economics ov]looks ! indu/rial int]dep5d5ce1 s ignorance ( logic ov]looks ! cosmic int]relations4 ,"h is a drop ( wat]4 ,look h[ diff]5t x is accord+ to ! diff]5t ?+s ) :i* x is connect$4 ,x _c be :at x is )\t a c]ta9 temp]ature4 ,accord+ to *anges 9 temp]ature1 x w assume ei!r ! =m ( ice or ( /eam4 ,9 fat ! drop rema9s compact1 9 salt x divides inf9itely1 runs d[nhill 9 g5]al & uphill 9 a loaf ( sug>4 ,accord+ to ! specific gravity ( a c]ta9 fluid1 ) :i* x may come into contact1 x ei!r floats on ! surface or s9ks4 ,)\t a connection ) ! e>?1 its temp]ature & gravitation1 ?is drop & all o!rs w\ld disappe> 9 ! fa?omless abyss & h no exi/5ce4 ,?us ! =ms ( ?+s *ange accord+ to _! connections1 & !y are :at !y are only z p>ts ( ! univ]sal int]relation4 ,:at is true ( a drop ( wat]1 is true ( all ?+s1 all =ces & sub/ances1 ev5 ( our ?\ghts4 ,! human m9d lives & works only 9 connection ) ! re/ ( ! mat]ial univ]se--& ! recognition ( ! organic unity ( all ?+s is ! fulcrum ( my logic4 ,old l9e metaphysical logic 0 s enamor$ ( its object t ! desc5t1 ! k9%ip1 & ! connection ) ! common ?+s ( ?is _w seem$ too ord9>y = ! exquisite _s4 ,t logic 0 transc5d5tal1 & !re=e its *os5 object likewise _h to be 9 t\* ) a transc5d5tal _w4 ,& ?\gh x 0 sci5tific en\gh to reg>d ! tale ( ! creation ( ! fir/ s\l by ! brea? ( ,god z a fable1 x 0 nev]!less s prejudic$ 9 favor ( ! extraord9>y nature ( ! intellect t x did n ab&on1 = ?\s&s ( ye>s1 ! hope ( f9d+ 9 t intellect a s\rce :i* w\ld reveal transc5d5tal matt]s4 ,=mal logic n[ entirely disc>ds ?is hope ( a fanta/ical _w1 b at ! same "t x misund]/&s ! natural connection betwe5 ! _s & ! common _w4 ,x isolates ! in/rum5t ( ?\ght & leaves ! "q undecid$ :e!r ?is in/rum5t has a natural1 sup]natural1 or no connection at all4 ,x ov]looks t j z logic is real1 s reality is logical1 & does n see t ! back door :i* leads to illogical heav5 by way ( fai? des]ves ! disda9 ( sci5ce4 ,?\ght1 intellect1 are really exi/+1 & _! exi/5ce is a uni=m "p ( ! univ]sal exi/5ce4 ,t is ! c>d9al po9t ( sob] logic4 ,! fact t ! ?\ghts are ( ! same worldly sub/ance z ! o!r p>ts ( ! univ]se1 t !y are p>ts ( common nature & n a transc5d5tal ess5ce1 has already be5 express$ by ,c>tesius 9 ! fam\s words3 ,cogito1 ergo sum1 ,i ?9k1 !re=e ,i am4 ,! fact ( my ?9k+1 says ! philosoph]1 proves my exi/5ce4 ,9 ord] to come to an absolute conviction on ! nature ( tru? & error1 he sets out by d\bt+ ev]y?+4 ,& !n he says t he _c d\bt ! exi/5ce ( 8 ?\ghts4 ,he ?us plac$ ! _s on ! basis ( real life1 deliv]$ x ( its transc5d5talism1 & t con/itutes 8 ev]la/+ m]it4 ,h[ev]1 n alone ,c>tesius1 b also y\r own exp]i5ce te/ifies to ! insep>able connection betwe5 ?9k+ & be+4 ,h n y\r ?\ghts be5 connect$ always & ev]y:]e ) "s worldly or real object8 ,if y attempt to isolate ?\ght 9 ord] to pond] ov] x1 y c only d s because t ?\ght has be5 exp]i5c$ by y & !re=e 0 9 e in/ance atta*$ to "s worldly object4 ,true1 y h ?\ght ( ,greek gods1 br[nies1 & m]maids4 ,b y1 an amateur 9 pa9t+1 are famili> en\gh ) t "p ( ! m9d :i* is call$ imag9ation 9 ord] to admit t ev5 ?is ecc5tric "p ( ! m9d does n only act1 & !re=e1 exi/ 9 reality1 b also d]ives all its products f reality1 s t ev5 its mo/ fanta/ical vag>ies & illusions are /ill real pictures1 reflections ( reality4 ,b h[ is x t ,i require su* a multitude ( words 9 ord] to /ate ov] & ov] aga9 t ! ?\ght has a real exi/5ce & is a uni=m "p ( ! univ]se8 ,simply because f "t immemorial ! confusion 9 matt]s ( logic is s great t ! human _s is 9 ! same brea? exalt$ to heav51 & yet its ?\ghts reg>d$ z no?+ real1 no?+ true4 ,?is is made pla9 by ! fact t a %>p di/9ction is commonly made betwe5 t :i* is real & t :i* is only imag9$1 & ?is diff]5ce is exagg]at$ to su* an ext5t t x appe>s z if ! idea1 :i* inde$ is only 9 ! bra91 has no real exi/5ce at all4 ,9 ord] t y may und]/& ! int]relations ( ! ?+s ( ! univ]se1 ,i mu/ w>n y aga9/ ?is exagg]ation & prove t ! intellect has a real exi/5ce :i* is connect$ ) ! univ]se or reality4 ,botany1 :i* occupies itself ) plants1 does n only tea* u to divide !m into classes1 ord]s1 & families1 b x also does m by %[+ u :at place 9 ! entire realm ( nature is occupi$ by ! vegetable k+dom1 by po9t+ out ! diff]5ces :i* di/+ui% ! plants f ! inorganic m9]al k+dom or ! organic animal k+dom4 ,=mal logic simil>ly dissects ! _s into its p>ts1 makes di/9ctions betwe5 conceptions1 ideas1 judgm5ts1 conclusions1 divides ^! into subdivisions1 classifies conceptions accord+ to species1 sep>ates ab/ract & concrete ?\ght1 kn[s _m v>ieties ( judgm5ts1 regi/]s ?ree1 f\r1 or m modes ( conclusion4 ,b at ! same "t ?is =mal logic recoils f t\*+ on ! "q z to h[ ! univ]sal _s is relat$ to ! univ]se1 :at role x plays 9 ! g5]al exi/5ce1 :e!r x is "p & p>cel ( nature or transc5d5tal4 ,& yet ?is is ! mo/ int]e/+ "p1 ! "p :i* logically connects ! intellect & ! sci5ce ( ! intellect ) all o!r sci5ces & ?+s4 ,logic mu/ tea* u h[ to di/+ui%4 ,x is n a "q1 h[ev]1 ( di/+ui%+ %eet iron f gold1 or a greyh\nd f a pug-dog1 = ?is is done by special l9es ( k4 ,logic mu/ r enlight5 u ab\t t "p ( ! faculty ( di/+ui%+ :i* is g5]ally requir$ 9 all bran*es ( k1 :]eby tru? & error1 imag9ation & reality are recogniz$4 ,to ?is end ,i feel impell$ to advise y n to ov]look t ev5 error & imag9ation belong to ! "o inf9ite & absolutely coh]5t reality4 ,= ! purpose ( di/+ui%+ true imag9ation f actual reality1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t j z rye bread & cream puffs agree 9 belong+ to ! g5]al category ( bak]'s products1 s imag9ation & tru?1 ?\ght & reality1 are two diff]5t k9ds ( ! same nature4 ,to sum up ! cont5ts ( ?is lett]1 let me po9t out t its beg9n+ %[s ! connection ( ! intellect ) ! developm5t ( ! p1 :ile its conclusion expla9s ! wid] connection ( ! m9d ) ! univ]sal exi/5ce4 ,,fif? ,,lett] ,a man n tra9$ 9 logical ?9k+ is h&icapp$ by ! abs5ce ( a moni/ic me?od ( ?\ght4 ,moni/ic is synonym\s ) sy/ematic1 logical1 or uni=m4 ,if we call a cream puff a tidbit & rye bread a food )\t rememb]+ t e food is a tidbit & e tidbit food1 & if we ignore ! fact t bo? ( !m1 9 spite ( _! diff]5ce1 belong to ! same category & are1 !re=e1 relat$1 !n we lack logic4 ,& logic is lack+ :5ev] ! fact is ignor$ t all ?+s )\t exception3 sub/ances1 =ces1 or qualities ( ! _w1 are *ips ( ! same block1 f9ite p>ts ( ! inf9ite1 :i* is ! only tru? & reality4 ,t insects1 fi%es1 birds1 & mammals =m "o & ! same animal k+dom1 is an old /ory :i* has long be5 pat*$ up by ! logical in/9ct4 ,d>w9 did n only enri* ! natural sci5ces1 b also p]=m an invaluable s]vice = logic4 ,9 prov+ h[ amphibia develop$ into birds1 he bor$ a hole into ! hi!rto fix$ ord] ( classification4 ,he br\ght motion1 life1 _s into ! zoological swamp4 ,9 case y %\ld n be famili> en\gh ) ,d>w9's "w to und]/& my allusions1 ,i w ent] a little m deeply into ! matt] 9 a few s5t5ces4 ,! zoologi/s knew well en\gh t all species ( animals belong$ to ! animal k+dom2 b ?is classification 0 a me*anical affair4 ,n[ ! ,orig9 ( ,species1 :i* demon/rates t ! zoological classification is n con/ant b v>iable1 :i* outl9es ! actual transition f "o species ( animals to ano!r1 reveals at ! same "t t ?is alignm5t ( all animal species 9 "o k+dom is n only a logical me*anism1 b also a fact ( actual exi/5ce4 ,?is classification ( all animals f ! m9ute/ to ! mo/ gigantic 9 "o k+dom appe>$ be=e ! "t ( ,d>w9 z an ord] :i* _h be5 accompli%$ by ?\ght alone1 :ile aft] him x 0 kn[n z an ord] ( nature4 ,:at ! zoologi/s did to ! animal k+dom1 mu/ be done by ! logician to exi/5ce 9 g5]al1 to ! cosmos4 ,x mu/ be %[n t ! :ole _w1 all =ms ( its exi/5ce1 includ+ ! _s1 are logically or moni/ically connect$1 relat$1 weld$ toge!r4 ,a c]ta9 n>r[ mat]ialism ?9ks t ev]y?+ is done & said :5 ! int]-connection betwe5 ?\ght & bra9 is po9t$ out4 ,a good _m ?+s may /ill be discov]$ by ! help ( ! dissect+ knife1 microscope1 & exp]im5t2 b ?is does n make ! function ( logic sup]flu\s4 ,true1 ?\ght & bra9 are connect$1 j z intimately z ! bra9 is relat$ to ! blood1 ! blood ) oxyg51 etc42 b moreov] ?\ght is connect$ q z intimately ) all o!r ?+s z all physical objects are4 ,t ! apple is n alone dep5d5t on ! /em :i* atta*es x to ! tree1 b also on sun%9e & ra91 t ^! ?+s are n "o-sid$ly b univ]sally connect$1 ?is is :at logic wants to tea* y p>ticul>ly 9 reg>d to ! _s1 ! ?\ght4 ,if a travel] 9 ,africa _h to report a new animal species1 he w\ld n make special m5tion ( ! fact ( its exi/5ce1 because t is obvi\s4 ,& ?\gh he 7 to relate ?+s ab\t ! mo/ abnormal exi/5ce1 we %\ld /ill "k t ?is abnormality is only a deviation 9 degree :i* does n ov]/ep ! b\nds ( exi/5ce 9 g5]al4 ,b ! human intellect is a great] novelty ?an ! mo/ wond]ful animal species ( ! int]ior ( ,africa4 ,y "k my %>pwitt$ fri5d ,engla5d]4 ,:5 ,i told him t ,i 0 writ+ articles on ! human m9d1 he advis$ me n to bo!r my head ab\t x4 ,he said t ?is 0 a subject no man knew any?+ ab\t4 ,& :5 ! le>n$ ,mr4 ,h9ze1 :om y also "k1 want$ to prove ! inevitability ( religi\s fai? & ! inadequacy ( all sci5ce1 he always ask$ ! pa!tic "q3 ,:at is consci\sness8 ,& he us$ to take on an expression1 z if he _h pres5t$ a book ) sev5 seals4 ,n[ ,i don't want to class ! pr(essors ( logic ) su* m54 ,b x is a fact t ! great multitude1 among !m _m sci5ti/s1 are q unfamili> ) ! tru? t ! exi/5ce ( ! blue sky & ( ! gre5 trees is a uni=m "p ( ! same g5]ality ) ! exi/5ce ( our intellect4 ,= ?is reason x is necess>y to prove t ! intellect exi/s 9 ! same way t all o!r ?+s d4 ,= x is d5i$ & misund]/ood1 n only by ^? :o reg>d ! _s z a be+ ( a transc5d5tal nature1 b also by ^? :o admit ! exi/5ce ( ! true cont5ts ( an ideological concept1 b n ( ?\ght itself4 ,9 %ort1 ! matt] is s obscure t ,i feel sure t y w likewise be z yet 9 d\bt :e!r !re are n two k9ds ( ideological concepts1 "o ( !m real1 ! o!r unreal4 ,= two ?\s& ye>s logic has proclaim$ ! s5t5ce t ?\ght is a =m to be fill$ ) real cont5ts4 ,true ?\ght mu/ co9cide ) reality4 ,x is true t !re is a g]m ( s5se 9 ?is /atem5t1 b x is misund]/ood4 ,! c5tral po9t ( logic is ov]look$4 ,e ?\ght mu/ n only h a real cont5t1 b x is also necess>y1 9 ord] to di/+ui% true ?\ghts or p]ceptions f untrue1 to realize t ?\ght is always & ev]y:]e a "p ( reality & tru?1 ev5 :5 x conta9s ! mo/ s+ul> imag9ations & errors4 ,j z ! dome/ic cat & ! pan!r are diff]5t species ( cats & yet belong to ! same g5us ( cats1 s true & false ?\ghts1 9 spite ( all _! diff]5ces1 are ( ! same g5us4 ,= tru? is s great t x comprises absolutely ev]y?+4 ,tru?1 reality1 ! _w1 ! all1 ! inf9ite & ! absolute are synonym\s expressions4 ,a cle> conception ( tru? is indisp5sable = ! und]/&+ ( logic4 ,& 9 ! la/ analysis x is simply us+ diff]5t words = ! same ?+1 :5 ,i base ! qu9tess5ce ( logic1 its fulcrum1 c>d9al1 sali5t1 or di/9ctive po9t on ! _s intimately unit$ to nature or on ! concept ( a uni=m _w1 tru?1 or reality4 ,i _c give y a cle>] view ( tru? ?an by quot+ at ?is place ! fam\s words ( ,less+3 ,if ,god 7 to (f] me ! ev] active /riv+ = tru? 9 8 left h& & tru? 9 8 "r h&1 ,i %\ld grasp 8 left & say3 ,fa!r1 keep tru?1 x is = y alone4 ,?is /atem5t is some:at highfl[n & my/ical1 & ,less+ 0 no d\bt some:at emb>rass$ by my/ical ?9k+4 ,/ill !re is a sob] tru? 9 ^! words1 :i* is q cle> & to ! po9t4 ,tru? itself is ! univ]se1 ! inf9ite & inexhau/ible4 ,e "p ( x is a f9ite "p ( ! inf9ite & is1 !re=e1 f9ite & inf9ite1 p]i%able & imp]i%able at ! same "t4 ,e "p is a sep>ate "p & connect$ insep>ably ) ! :ole4 ,! human m9d1 among o!rs1 is su* a "p4 ,! univ]sal exi/5ce1 or tru?1 is ! inexhau/ible object ( ! human m9d4 ,! fact t 9 ! /udy ( logic ! human m9d has itself = an object mu/ be expla9$ to ! /ud5t by po9t+ out t 9 ?is case ! subject & ! object are bo? ?+s l all o!r ?+s1 9 o!r words1 are a "p ( tru?1 a "p ( natural exi/5ce4 ,tru? itself _c be :olly conceiv$ by ! human bra91 b 9 p>ts4 ,= ?is reason we possess only ! ev] active /riv+ = tru?2 = ?is reason1 fur!rmore1 ! conception or k c nev] be completely id5tical ) reality1 b c be only a "p ( x4 ,n[ p]mit me to say a few words :i* d n s\nd z w\ld ^? spok5 on ! ?rone ( logic1 b :i* are express$ 9 popul> language4 ,if y conceive "s real object1 :e!r a *ur* /eeple or a ?imble1 !n ?is object exi/s twice1 viz41 9 reality & 9 conception4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a c]ta9 creation ( imag9ation has only a simple fanta/ical exi/5ce4 ,su* a popul> way ( ?9k+ is und\bt$ly correct4 ,x is incorrect only :5 ! fact is univ]sally ignor$ t all modes ( exi/5ce belong to ! same g5us1 ! same z a dome/ic cat & a pan!r1 s t ! exi/5ce ( a ?+ 9 our bra9s1 & outside ( !m 9 ! heav5s1 on e>?1 & 9 all places has a logical mean+ only :5 x is ! same exi/5ce 9 spite ( all multiplicity4 ,an exi/5ce n p>tak+ ( ! g5]al nature ( all exi/5ce w\ld be an illogical1 nons5sical1 ?+4 ,n[1 ,i ?9k y w h no difficulty 9 und]/&+ me :5 ,i say t a *ur* /eeple 9 imag9ation & ! same *ur* /eeple 9 reality are n two *ur* /eeples1 b t imag9ation & reality are =ms ( ! same exi/5ce4 ,anci5t logic ord]$ a m$al & _h /amp$ on its face3 ,! ?\ght mu/ be id5tical ) ! reality4 ,we n[ /amp on its rev]se side3 7#a7 ,! ?\ght is itself a "p ( reality & 7#b7 ! reality outside ( ?\ght is too volum9\s & _c ent] ?\ght ev5 ) its smalle/ p>ticle4 ,:at good1 "u ^! circum/ances1 is ! old inscription1 especially s9ce x does n tea* u at all h[ ! id5tity betwe5 ?\ght & its real object is to be atta9$1 kn[n1 or measur$8 ,if y1 my de> ,eug5e1 %\ld become confus$ by ^! /atem5ts in/ead ( enlight5$1 y %\ld h pati5ce & consid] t a ?+ :i* is to be illum9at$ by logic mu/1 ( c\rse1 be fir/ obscure4 ,i believe t ,i h s]v$ y 9 "s way by simply rais+ a d\bt 9 y\r m9d z to ! s\ndness ( ! popul> way ( speak+ & if ,i ?us h conv9c$ y ( ! confusion & inadequacy ( ! plausible idea ( ! id5tity ( ?\ght & reality4 ,true1 a ?\ght mu/ agree ) its object j z a portrait %\ld4 ,b :at good w x d a pa9t] to h 8 special att5tion call$ to ?is fact8 ,h y ev] se5 a portrait or a copy t did n agree 9 "s respect ) ! orig9al8 ,i am conv9c$ t ?is has nev] be5 y\r exp]i5ce any m ?an a portrait :i* 0 a complete lik5ess ( its object4 ,y\r exp]i5ce w be suffici5tly cultivat$ to "k t x c always be a "q only ( a m or less4 ,i w\ld s]i\sly recomm5d to y to reflect on ! relativ5ess ( all equality1 simil>ity1 & id5tity4 ,by f> ! great] "p ( humanity is 9 ?is respect b>b>\sly ?\ghtless4 ,x is v difficult to grasp = ! logically untra9$ bra9 t two drops ( wat] or tw9s are only relatively alike or unlike1 j z are man & woman1 negro & :ite man1 & t all exi/5ce is j z alike z x is unlike4 ,x is ) ! ?9k] z x is ) ! pa9t]4 ,!y bo? se>* = a lik5ess ( reality & tru?4 ,9 pa9t+ z 9 und]/&+ !re are excell5t pictures & bad ones4 ,9 ?is respect "o may make a di/9ction betwe5 true & false ?\ghts1 b y mu/ also "k t ev5 ! unsuccessful portrait has "s lik5ess1 & t ev5 ! mo/ accurate lik5ess is yet f> f be+ 9 p]fect h>mony & id5tical ) its object4 ,reality1 tru?1 univ]sal nature1 /&s 9 ! pulpit & prea*es3 ,i am ! ,"l1 ?y ,god4 ,?\ %alt n make any grav5 image to wor%ip x4 ,y mu/ h a f> too sublime conception ( tru? to ent]ta9 ! idea t any pa9t] or ?9k] might encompass x fully )9 ! limit ( a picture1 no matt] h[ good a lik5ess x may be4 ,n[1 t we h recogniz$ ! human m9d z a "p ( actual reality & tru?1 we see at ! same "t t undivid$ reality1 ! sum ( all t is1 repres5ts absolute tru? :i* comprises ev]y?+4 ,9 _! capacity ( p>ts ( ! univ]se1 true & false ?\ghts1 good & bad m51 heav5 & hell1 & all o!r ?+s1 are all pieces ( ! same clo?1 bombs ( ! same calib]4 ,,six? ,,lett] ,my ,de> ,son3 ,aft] ! ?ird lett] _h acqua9t$ y ) ! fact t ! subject ( logic has a c]ta9 religi\s flavor1 ! two subsequ5t lett]s endeavor$ to %[ t ! logical subject is int]connect$ ) ! univ]sal exi/5ce ( ! _w1 t ! faculty ( ?\ght is an insep>able "p ( actual tru?4 ,9 ! v]nacul> ( !ology my la/ two lett]s h repres5t$ ! human m9d z a "p ( ! liv+ true ,god4 ,*ri/ianity tea*es3 ,god is a _s & :o w\ld wor%ip him mu/ wor%ip 9 _s & 9 tru?4 ,& logic tea*es3 ,! _s is a "p ( univ]sal exi/5ce4 ,:oev] wor%ips ! _s1 is an idolator1 = he wor%ips a "p & misund]/&s ! :ole tru?4 ,tru? itself is id5tical ) ! univ]sal exi/5ce1 ) ! _w1 & all ?+s are simply =ms1 ph5om5a1 pr$icates1 attributes1 pass+ expressions ( x4 ,! univ]sal exi/5ce may be call$ div9e because x is inf9ite1 be+ ! alpha & omega :i* comprises all ?+s z special tru?s4 ,! intellect is su* a limit$ "p among o!r special p>ts ( div9e tru?1 & ! latt] is frequ5tly call$ _w )\t any bomba/ic emphasis4 ,und\bt$ly1 e sci5ce1 pr(ession & trade c say ! same ?+ ( its object4 ,! blue sky & ! gre5 trees are div9e p>ts4 ,ev]y?+ is int]relat$ & connect$4 ,if t 7 a good reason = n mak+ any subdivisions1 e "p & description w\ld become endlessly tiresome4 ,h[ev]1 ! specialty ( logic is ! cosmic sum ( all tru?s1 because x aims at a g5]al elucidation ( ! nature ( ! human bra94 ,?is purpose is n s well s]v$ by an accumulation ( o!r k z by ! g5]al und]/&+ ( tru?4 ,logic1 :i* seeks to enlight5 ! m9d = ! purpose ( sci5tific ?9k+1 does n s mu* treat ( true conceptions z ( ! g5]al & absolute conception ( tru? :i* is insep>ably l9k$ to ! inf9ite univ]sal life4 ,if y wi% to ?9k sci5tifically1 y w fir/ ( all /rive aft] cle> ideas4 ,& yet y\r head may be q cle> 9 reg>d to ev]yday ?+s1 )\t gett+ any ne>] to g5]al cle>ness4 ,nor is su* cle>ness obta9able by ! accumulation ( m]e special k1 = ev5 if y 7 to gr[ 9 wisdom to ! end ( y\r days1 nev]!less ! f\nta9 ( wisdom1 ! univ]se1 is inexhau/ible & y\r bra9 w rema9 imp]fectly in=m$ or uncle> z be=e4 ,yea1 ev5 ! smalle/ "p ( ! _w is s inexhau/ible t ! mo/ tal5t$ c nev] acquire all ! k necess>y to und]/& entirely ev5 ! mo/ m9ute object4 ,! /ronge/ microscope _c see all !re is to see 9 a drop ( wat]1 & ! wise/ man c nev] le>n all !re is to %oemak+4 ,y c see by all ?is t ! sci5tific use ( our intellect is fur!r$ by special k only 9 ! correspond+ details4 ,= ?is reason x does n satisfy u to h "s logicians tell u h[ _m k9ds ( concepts1 judgm5ts & conclusions are conta9$ 9 our intellect4 ,^! are special details ( logic4 ,b ! ?+ ( fir/ importance = ! /ud5t ( logic is ! elucidation ( ! univ]sal concept ( tru?1 n ! accumulation ( special tru?s4 ,special tru?s enlight5 ! intellect4 ,b ! und]/&+ t all specialties are connect$ ) "o ano!r by "o monad or unit :i* is tru? itself gives u a c]ta9 g5]al enlight5m5t :i* c]ta9ly does n r5d] any special rese>* unnecess>y1 or take ! place ( x1 b :i* may well s]ve z ! f\ndation ( all rese>*1 :i* may !re=e be call$ a fundam5tal assi/ance4 ,i may rem>k 9 pass+ t ! und]/&+ ( logical sci5ce is r5d]$ especially difficult by ! fact t ! unpractic$ und]/&s all t]ms & concepts only 9 _! n>r[ popul> mean+1 :ile ! subject matt] leads up cont9ually into ! wide/ fields4 ,:5 ,i speak ( p>ts ( ! _w1 y mu/ n ?9k m]ely ( geographical p>ts1 b y mu/ ?9k f>!r until y arrive at ! insight t />s & bricks1 matt] & =ce1 9 %ort all p>ts ( ! _w are _w p>ts4 ,! logical difficulty may be pr9cipally trac$ to ! lack ( famili>ity ) ! compreh5sive categories4 ,x w be cle> to y t ?9k+ & be+1 ph5om5on & tru?1 etc41 are conceptions ( ! wide/ scope4 ,s y may h "s difficulty 9 di/+ui%+ betwe5 concepts ( tru?1 & true concepts4 ,& yet ?is is ! same z mak+ a di/9ction betwe5 ! g5]al class ( h]bs & its individual species4 ,! m]e int]c\rse ) su* compreh5sive concepts z tru?1 exi/5ce1 univ]se1 is an excell5t s*ool ( intellectual enlight5m5t4 ,p]haps y may object to ! deviation ( a sci5ce devot$ to ! special /udy ( ! faculty ( ?\ght into su* fields z exi/5ce or tru?4 ,b a logic conf9$ to an analysis ( ! faculty ( und]/&+ w\ld be n>r[ comp>$ to "o repres5t+ ?is faculty ( und]/&+ at "w 9 real life4 ,if ! sci5ce ( ! eye 7 to treat only ( ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! eye )\t consid]+ ! ?+s outside connect$ ) its function1 ! light1 ! objects1 9 %ort1 ! vision ( ! eye1 x w\ld be m an anatomy ( ! eye ?an a g5]al sci5ce ( ! eye4 ,at all ev5ts a sci5ce :i* repres5ts n alone ! subjective faculty ( vision1 b also ! liv+ activity ( ! eye1 ! objective field ( vision insep>able f ! subjective faculty1 is a f> m compreh5sive in/ruction1 a high] enlight5m5t ( ! human bra94 ,9 my op9ion1 logic %\ld n s mu* treat ( ! analysis ( ! intellectual subject z ( ! purpose & object ( ! faculty ( ?\ght1 its culture1 :i* is n accompli%$ by ! intellect itself1 b by its connection ) ! _w ( tru?1 its int]relation ) ! univ]sal exi/5ce4 ,:at c a logic accompli% :i* divides ?\ght into analytical & syn!tical ?\ghts1 :i* speaks ( inductive & d$uctive und]/&+ & ( a doz5 o!r k9ds1 b :i* f9ally decl9es to meet ! "q ( ! relation ( ?\ght & und]/&+ to tru?1 & fails to indicate :at & :]e is div9e tru? & h[ we may arrive at x8 ,pilate1 ! typical sceptic1 %rugs 8 %\ld]s2 ! cl]gym5 make a my/]y ( div9e tru?2 ! natural sci5ces c>e only = ! true conceptions1 b naught = ! concept ( tru?2 & !n ! special sci5ce ( und]/&+1 =mal logic1 tries to ref] its task to philosophy or _w wisdom4 ,i h already po9t$ out t ! titles ( ! pr9cipal works on philosophy indicate t ! :ole _w wisdom turns ar\nd ! "q3 ,h[ c our bra9 be enlight5$1 h[ c x arrive at tru?8 ,! naturali/s answ] t ?is c be accompli%$ by special /udies1 & !y are frequ5tly oppos$ to philosophical rese>* :i* makes g5]al tru? its ma9 object1 & belittle x4 ,y w readily see t ?is is a mi/ake :5 y consid] t1 to illu/rate1 a ma*9e or an organism z a :ole is /ill some?+ m ?an a m]e sum ( its p>ts4 ,no matt] h[ well y may "k ea* s+le "p1 yet y w n und]/& ! :ole ma*9e or organism by ?is means alone4 ,! univ]se is n an aggregation ( unorganiz$ p>ts1 b a liv+ process :i* mu/ be und]/ood n only 9 its p>ts b also z a :ole4 ,we may pass = ! mom5t ! "q :e!r ! ,milky ,way may be dissolv$ into />s1 & :e!r ! />s may become globes l our ,e>? :i* may develop plants1 animals1 & intellig5t be+s4 ,! ?+ :i* is evid5t is t !re is a process ( developm5t1 t all nature takes "p 9 ?is movem5t1 t ! univ]se is a :ole )\t end1 compos$ ( an inf9ite numb] ( p>ts2 a com+ & go+1 an et]nal trans=mation1 :i* is always id5tical ) itself & always ! same _w4 ,:at all ?is w\ld be )\t our eyes & e>s & )\t ! intellect by means ( :i* we use eyes & e>s1 :at ! _w 9 itself is1 t is a s5seless & transc5d5tal speculation4 ,! sci5ce ( logic mu/ deal only ) ! actual _w :i* is insep>able f u & f our ?\ghts4 ,?is _w :i* we he>1 see1 smell1 9 :i* we live & brea!1 is ! _w ( tru? or ! true _w4 ,t is a fact4 ,mu/ ,i prove ?is8 ,& h[ is a fact prov58 ,h[ d we prove t a pea* is a delici\s fruit8 ,"o goes & eats x4 ,9 ! same way1 y may n[ g & enjoy life1 ( c\rse 9 a rational mann]1 & ,i am conv9c$ t y\r own love ( life w tell y t x is pro( positive ( ! tru? ( ! _w1 ( its actuality4 ,b ev5 9 ! mid/ ( ?is actual _w !re is pres5t an inconsi/5t elem5t1 a human race ) a confus$ logic4 ,?is race has be5 l$ by v>i\s depress+ & sadd5+ circum/ances to black5 ! delici\s tru? ( ?is _w & to look = a transc5d5tal tru? 9 philosophical metaphysics or religi\s fantasmagorias1 bo? ( :i* are p>ts ( ! same /ew4 ,! philosoph]s ( mis]y :o make ( ! _w ( tru? a va9 %ad[ & a mis]able vale ( sorr[ mu/ ne$s be conv9c$ by logic t ! liv+ _w is ! only true "o4 ,well1 t is n s difficult4 ,b !re is a dang] ( gett+ into a vici\s circle ( errors1 imitat+ a snake bit+ its own tail4 ,i h to prove logically t ! _w & tru? are "o & ! same ?+1 be=e we h come to an agreem5t z to :at is logical tru? or true logic4 ,nev]!less1 nature has assi/$ u4 ,! logic ( nature is ! true logic by ! help ( :i* we c agree4 ,no?+ m is requir$ ?an a some:at tra9$ bra94 ,take two m5 hav+ a dispute ab\t tru?4 ,"o ( !m says x is "o ?+1 ! o!r t x is some?+ else4 ,s !y are argu+ ab\t t :i* is4 ,?is la/ ^w is a =m ( ! v]b to be4 ,h5ce 9 argu+ :e!r ! remote nebula 9 ! heav5s is a brick or a />1 a male or a female1 "o is always discuss+ "s =m ( exi/5ce4 ,all disputes turn ar\nd =ms ( exi/5ce1 b exi/5ce itself is an undisputable tru?4 ,h ,i n[ /ill to prove t all exi/5ce is ( ! same category8 ,are !re any /ones t d n belong to ! category ( /ones1 or any k9d ( wood :i* is iron8 ,:at w\ld become ( reason & language1 if su* a ?+ 7 to be consid]$8 ,& yet1 mu* t is be+ said by oppon5ts is ( su* a nature4 ,if ,i h succe$$ 9 conv9c+ y t ! univ]se is ! tru?1 !re /ill rema9s ! special "q3 ,:at place %all we assign to fanta/ic ideas1 error1 & untru?8 ,if ! univ]se is ! tru?1 !n ev]y?+ w\ld be true1 & h5ce x seems contradictory t error & untru? %\ld h a place 9 tru? or 9 ! _w4 ,( ?is m anon4 ,i %all only po9t out 9 pass+ t untru? may )\t any contradiction belong to tru?1 j z we$s are a negation ( h]bs & /ill at ! same "t h]bs4 ,9 conclusion ,i call y\r att5tion to ! em95tly prolet>ian "* ( ! sci5ce ( tru?4 ,x gives to ! work+ class ! logical ju/ification to r5\nce all cl]ical & my/ic control & to look = salvation 9 ?is same _w 9 :i* div9e tru? is liv+4 ,,sev5? ,,lett] ,! philologi/s di/+ui% c>efully betwe5 a sci5ce ( language & a sci5ce ( languages4 ,! latt] tea*es ,egyptian1 ,assyrian1 ,hebrew1 ,greek1 ,lat91 ,engli%1 ,fr5*1 etc41 :ile ! =m] treats ( ! g5]al *>act]i/ics common to all languages1 ( language itself4 ,philosophical logic /&s 9 ! same relation to o!r sci5ces4 ,! latt] make u acqua9t$ ) special tru?s1 :ile logic treats ( tru? 9 g5]al4 ,^? ov]9tellig5t p :o claim t tru? is m]ely a collective t]m = _m tru?s d n see ! woods = trees4 ,h]d]1 ,wilhelm von ,humboldt1 ,max ,muell]1 ,/e9?al1 etc41 h _m ?+s to say ab\t ! sci5ce ( language ( :i* ! l+ui/s ) _m languages nev] dream4 ,! sci5ce ( language1 aside f its _m am5ities1 is also burd5$ ) a difficult problem :i* x _c solve )\t ! help ( logic4 ,?is problem is ! po9t ( diff]5tiation :]e babbl+ & ^w-mong]y cease & intellig5t spee* beg9s4 ,= human spee* has a c]ta9 mean+1 & ev5 ! cries ( ! animals are n )\t s5se4 ,! sp>r[s "k h[ to conv]se toge!r1 ! roo/] calls 8 flock toge!r1 ! dog kn[s h[ to ann\nce t a /rang] ent]s 8 ma/]'s home4 ,n alone ! jok]s1 b s]i\s ?9k]s speak ( animal language1 ( a sign language1 & ma9ta9 t spee* does n alone consi/ ( words1 b also ( in>ticulate s\nds & ge/ures4 ,poets end[ ev5 ! /orm1 ! ?und] & ! w9ds ) spee*4 ,we wi% to cle> ?is confusion & asc]ta9 :at language is & :]e x beg9s4 ,languages1 z is well kn[n1 h _! beg9n+ at ! ,t[] ( ,babel4 ,b 9 ord] to get close to language1 we mu/ look = a beg9n+ ( ?+s ei!r 9 ,god or 9 logic4 ,y "k ! old "q3 ,:i* 0 fir/1 ! egg or ! h58 ,b only a frivol\s m9d ov]looks ! s]i\s side ( ?is "q & turns x into a m]e joke4 ,! "q ( beg9n+ & end is an em95tly logical "o1 & an unequivocal & cle> answ] to x w\ld br+ light n alone into ! sci5ce ( language1 b also into ! human bra94 ,let u1 !re=e1 foll[ up ! problem ( ! orig9 ( language a little f>!r4 ,:5 our =efa!rs dealt ) ?is "q1 !y ?\ght t a ,god _h giv5 spee* to man or "s g5ius _h inv5t$ x4 ,!y ?\ght ( a beg9n+ 9 "t4 ,! mod]n ?9k]s speculate m deeply4 ,!y h f\nd out t language is n a fix$ ?+1 b fluid1 & has ris5 f l[ beg9n+s to a great p]fection4 ,we c no m f9d its temporal beg9n+ by look+ backw>d ?an we c see its end by look+ ahead4 ,= ?is reason we no long] look = its temporal1 b = its ideological beg9n+4 7,/e9?al47 ,we %\ld l to h a fix$ m>k :]e we might say3 ,up to ?is po9t t :i* resembles spee* is only ro>+1 exclamation1 noise1 & "h is ! beg9n+ ( ! well articulat$ s\nd :i* des]ves ! "n ( spok5 ^w4 ,b !re is /ill ano!r factor :i* complicates ! "q fur!r4 ,"s say3 ,x is n only ! s\nd1 ! ^w1 :i* con/itutes spee*1 b ! connect$ s5t5ce2 !re mu/ be s5se & reason mix$ ) x4 ,& ?is applies to ! speak] & to ! li/5]4 ,language presupposes reason4 ,!n1 aga91 intellect is n a fix$ ?+1 b a fluid process :i* develops 91 f1 & by spee*4 ,s x appe>s on "o side z if ! m9d produces language1 & on ! o!r1 z if language produces ! m9d1 ! reason4 ,:]e1 !n1 is ! beg9n+ & end1 & h[ c we br+ ord] into ^! relations8 ,= u1 :o are /udy+ ! m9d1 n ! language1 ! conclusion foll[s t x is n alone ! ^w1 b also ! s\nd1 ! tone1 ! ge/ure1 t all ?+s h a mean+ & speak a language4 ,we f9d m9d :]ev] we p5etrate ) our m9d4 ,n alone language1 b ! _w is connect$ ) ! m9d1 ) ! ?\ght4 ,b ! connection ) language may well s]ve z an illu/ration by :i* ! connection ( ! cosmic m9d may be demon/rat$ & ! human bra9 illum9at$4 ,language %>es ! honor ) ! m9d ( be+ extoll$1 ev5 9 ?is sob] c5tury1 if n to ! skies1 at lea/ f> out ( ! g5]al connection ( common ?+s4 ,= ?is reason1 we mu/ emphasize 9 ! case ( language z 9 t ( ! m9d1 t !y exi/1 t !y are "p & p>cel ( ! univ]sal exi/5ce4 ,at ?is po9t ,i wi% to give y a vivid illu/ration ( ! unity ( all be+ by po9t+ out t x is indubitably e/abli%$ by ! exi/5ce ( "o s+le "n :i* is suffici5t to designate ,all4 ,true1 language employs _m names = ?is unity ( ! _w1 b t is a luxury4 ,x is logical & necess>y = ! intellect to h "o "n = ! ,all1 because ev]y?+ is n only inf9itely v>iegat$1 b also inf9itely "o1 or a unit4 ,!re are _m diff]5t wat]s1 b all wat] p>takes ( ! g5]al nature ( wat]4 ,unless t nature is pres5t1 !re is no wat] & ! "n ( wat] does n apply4 ,9 ! same way !re are _m k9ds ( oil2 olive oil1 k]os5e oil1 ca/or oil1 etc41 & ea* k9d has its own subdivisions4 ,b ev]y?+ t has a common "n is a unit4 ,k9dly obs]ve1 n[1 t ! names ( ?+s =m j su* circles z ! wat] does aft] be+ /ruck by a /one4 ,j z ! "n wat]1 s ! "n oil indicates a r+4 ,!n ! "n fluid con/itutes ano!r & wid] r+ :i* includes bo? oil & wat]4 ,!n ! "n matt] draws a /ill wid] circle & includes solids z well z fluids1 & f9ally ! "n be+1 or ,all1 includes m9d & matt]1 all matt] & =ce1 includ+ heav5 & hell1 9 "o sole r+1 9 "o unit4 ,on ! basis ( ?is univ]sal unity1 f :i* x becomes app>5t t high & l[1 dry & fluid1 9 %ort ! :ole univ]se is made ( ! same sub/ance1 any fanta/ic ?9k] c prove t human & animal language is "o1 = o!rwise "o c\ld n ref] to bo? ( !m z language4 ,he may !n ju/ly cont5d t spee*1 produc+ a s\nd1 is a noise1 t spee* & noise are "o4 ,spee* is s\nd & s\nd speaks4 ,9 ?is way language w\ld h no beg9n+ & no end4 ,9 ! la/ analysis x w\ld be "o ) all ?+s1 & all ?+s w\ld be "o ) x4 ,9 ?is way ! :ole univ]se w\ld become an inexplicable1 incompreh5sible1 inexpressible mixture ( spee*4 ,& yet x is an old /ory t man's insight gr[s ! m he magnifies a ?+4 ,! m excessively we exagg]ate a ?+1 ! pla9] become its b\nd>ies4 ,language inde$ requires "o s+le "n = ,all1 b x also requires an inf9ite numb] ( names 9 ord] to specify ! p>ts ( ,all4 ,inasmu* z language claims to be only a "p ( exi/5ce1 ?is "p has to be b\nd$1 & y %\ld 9 ?is connection rememb] ! unlimit$ fre$om ( man 9 draw+ su* b\nd>ies4 ,words are n m]ely empty words1 b names ( cosmic p>ts1 ( cosmic r+s ( undulation4 ,language1 or r ! m9d connect$ ) language1 wi%es to b\nd ! inf9ite by ! help ( language4 ,! in/9ctive popul> use ( language does ?is 9 a haphaz>d way4 ,consci\s sci5ce proce$s 9 an exact mann]4 ,j z x has det]m9$ on ! field ( temp]ature :at %\ld be call$ hot & :at w>m1 s x is at lib]ty on ! field ( s\nds to det]m9e :]e ! "n ( language beg9s or ceases4 ,! end ( ! discussion ( language is !re=e ?is3 ,t :i* has already be5 done to horse p[] has n yet be5 done to ! concept ( language2 x has be5 some:at fix$ by common usage1 b only insuffici5tly4 ,& s ! moral ( ?is tale is t ! ?+s ( ?is _w1 ev5 m9d & language1 are connect$ & int]m+l+ undulations ( ! same /ream1 :i* has nei!r beg9n+ nor end4 ,let me say x once m cle>ly & )\t circumlocution3 ,! logic :i* ,i tea* & ! ?\ght :i* is its object are p>ts ( ! _w1 ( ! inf9ite1 & e "p be+ a piece ( ! inf9ite is likewise inf9ite4 ,e "p p>takes ( ! nature ( ! inf9ite4 ,h5ce y mu/ n expect t ,i %\ld exhau/ my inf9ite subject4 ,i conf9e myself to ! logical *apt] ( ! ,"o & ! ,_m4 ,i simply wi% to make x pla9 t )\t any contradiction ! :ole multiplicity ( exi/5ce is ( ! same nature1 & t ?is on5ess ( nature subdivides into manifold =ms4 ,! _w is int]connect$ & ?is int]connection is subdivid$ into dep>tm5ts4 ,x adds to ! g5]al enlight5m5t ( ! human bra9 to recognize ?is 9 reg>d to language1 to m9d1 to all p>ts ( ! univ]se4 ,i repeat1 !n3 ,"o may ?9k logically )\t hav+ att5d$ any lectures on logic1 j z "o may raise potatoes )\t a sci5tific k ( agriculture4 ,x 0 possible to inv5t ! !rmomet]1 to cle>ly di/+ui% betwe5 s\nds & colors1 & a hundr$ o!r ?+s1 )\t hav+ expla9$ ! faculty ( discrim9ation4 ,b ! mo/ ab/ract di/9ctions1 su* z beg9n+ & end1 ^w & mean+1 body & s\l1 man & animal1 matt] & =ce1 tru? & error1 presuppose = _! explanation a logical explanation ( _! int]connection ) our intellect4 ,,eigh? ,,lett] ,de> ,eug5e3 ,logic is go+ ?r\gh ! same exp]i5ce z economics4 ,! economi/s ( ! capitali/ era talk solely ( ! means & ways by :i* pr(it & surplus value may be increas$4 ,!y discuss only its relative size1 its increase or decrease4 ,b ! ?+ itself1 its orig9 & desc5t1 is n discuss$4 ,x is pass$ 9 sil5ce t pr(it is extract$ f labor p[] by pay+ less = a day's "w ?an is produc$ by x4 ,! g5tlem5 talk only ( ! weal? ( nations1 b n ( _! pov]ty4 ,& ?\gh ?is 0 due to ignorance 9 ! beg9n+1 x has lat] become %e] rogu]y4 ,! =mal logicians are z ignorant z !y are rogui%1 :5 !y p]si/ 9 discuss+ ! intellect or ?\ght 9 ! traditional mann] z if !y 7 isolat$ ?+s1 :ile ignor+ ! necess>y connection ( ! object ( ! logical /udy ) ! _w ( exp]i5ces4 ,?is int]connection leads to an explanation ( tru? & error1 ( s5se & nons5se1 ( god & idols1 & ?is is v inopportune = ! pr(essors4 ,= ?is reason ?is unwelcome problem is h&$ ov] to ! my/ical dep>tm5ts1 to metaphysics & religion1 s t ^! v5]able pill>s ( (ficial wisdom may cont9ue _! s]vices to ! rul+ classes4 ,i h already /at$ 9 my lett]s t ! k]nel ( my discussion turns on ! di/9ction betwe5 =mal & :at ,i call prolet>ian logic4 ,! =mal logicians treat ! intellect z a ?+ 9 itself1 :ile ,i express 9 _m diff]5t ways ! fact t ! intellect does n exi/ by itself1 b is int]connect$ ) all ?+s & ) ! univ]se4 ,t intellect has inde$ a transc5d5tal lean+1 :i* seeks v5t by try+ to exclude n[ music1 n[ language1 n[ itself1 n[ "s o!r feti* f ! univ]sal int]relation4 ,b ! sci5ce ( ! m9d tea*es t ! bra9 wat*+ its own activity f9ds out t all affirmations & negations1 ass]tions & contradictions1 belong to ! "o omnipot5t _w me*anism1 :i* keeps !m /or$ )9 itself & :i* is actually tru? & life4 ,inasmu* z ! human bra9 is ( ! same nature z ?is automatic univ]sal be+ & int]connect$ ) x1 logic is at ! same "t religion1 metaphysics1 & _w wisdom4#d ,=mal logic tea*es t our intellect mu/ keep all ?+s ap>t1 b does n tea* t x mu/ also connect !m4 ,?is logic is "r 9 "o way & yet does n arrive at ! goal ( a cle> _w philosophy1 because x p]mits ! transc5d5tal lean+ to exagg]ate ! diff]5ces & di/9ctions4 ,x ov]looks ! p>adoxical or dialectical nature ( ?+s :i* are n only sep>at$ b also connect$4 ,:at mu/ be und]/ood is t1 g5]ally speak+1 ! classification ( ! univ]se is only a =mality4 ,we are1 inde$1 ju/ifi$ 9 di/+ui%+ betwe5 above & ,bel[1 "r & left1 beg9n+ & end1 gold & %eet metal1 good & bad1 b we mu/ also enlight5 ourselves z to h[ multiplicity c be a unity1 ! v>iable con/ant1 & ! con/ant v>iable4 ,=mal logic has a wrong "n4 ,x is n =mal1 b transc5d5tal4 ,x %>es ! common prejudice t !re are absolutely contradictory ?+s or irreconcilable opposites1 t !re are ess5tial diff]5ces :i* h no connection1 no bridge betwe5 !m1 no?+ 9 common4 ,x tea*es t contradictions _c exi/1 & contradicts itself by cl++ to ! belief t !re are irreconcilable contradictions4 ,x tea*es t a ?+ :i* contradicts itself is inconceivable1 is n true1 & ?us reveals t x is n well in=m$ on ! =mality ( contradictions1 on ! true conciliation ( contradictions1 & on univ]sal tru?4 ,gold is n %eet iron1 t is true en\gh4 ,:oev] calls gold %eet metal or %eet metal gold1 contradicts himself4 ,9 ! actual _w bo? ?+s are sep>at$4 ,yet !y are n sep>at$ to su* ext5t t gold & %eet iron d n p>take ( ! same nature1 ( ! nature ( all metal4 ,gold & %eet iron are unlike metals1 b !y h ! same metallic lik5ess4 ,t l ?+s are diff]5t & diff]5t ?+s alike1 t x is ev]y:]e only a "q ( ! degree ( diff]5ce1 ( =mal diff]5ces1 ?is is ov]look$ by =mal logic & by all :o seek tru? 9 any logical diagram or feti*1 in/ead ( 9 ! et]nal1 omnipres5t exi/5ce ( ! insep>able univ]se4 ,our logic deals ) tru? or ) ! univ]se1 :i* conta9s ! mo/ sublime gods & ! meane/ deviltry1 9 o!r words1 :i* conta9s ev]y?+4 ,9 ! _w tru? !re is conta9$ error1 pret5se1 lies1 j z dea? also lives 9 x4 ,9 o!r words1 error1 pret5se1 lies1 dea? are only ph5om5a1 =malities1 pass+ trifles or ?+s :i* are no?+ comp>$ to ! "o ?+1 t ?+ ( all ?+s1 :i* is be+1 tru?1 life4 ,! und]/&+ ( ! "o liv+ _w tru? is s greatly aggravat$ by ! s-call$ contradictions :i* x conta9s4 ,we f9d = in/ance t :]e "o ?+ ends ano!r beg9s4 ,! end ( ! "o is ! beg9n+ ( ano!r4 ,e beg9n+ is at ! same "t an end4 ,bo? are conta9$ 9 "o ano!r1 & yet 9 our m9ds beg9n+ & end are sep>at$4 ,we f9d ! beg9n+ & ! end ev]y:]e & n[h]e4 ,or look into space4 ,y d n see any b\nd>y1 & yet y\r vision rea*es only a c]ta9 di/ance4 ,y\r vision is b\nd$ & yet !re is no b\nd>y to be se54 ,or look at life4 ,dea? soon arrives1 & yet a clos] look %[s t dea? is n really dea?1 = a new life arises f ! ru9s4 ,! _w proves to be ! et]nal life :i* does n "k dea?4 ,x is a contradiction to say t dea? lives1 b ?is contradiction c be solv$ by ! und]/&+ t ! diff]5ce betwe5 life & dea?1 h[ev] great1 is /ill a =mal "o1 a diff]5ce :i* l all o!r diff]5ces is r$uc$ to relative insignificance by ! inf9ite cosmic life4 ,!re exi/s a widely diffus$ s*ool1 if ?is t]m may be appli$ to ! uns*ool$1 t prea*es pati5ce 9 ! matt] ( ! sy/ematization ( our ?\ghts or ! enlight5m5t ( our intellect1 & ?\gh x no long] hopes = a my/]i\s revelation1 yet f\nds its fai? on natural sci5ce :i* has expla9$ s _m ?+s to u & :i* is f9ally suppos$ to ?r[ light on ! la/ que/ions ( all k4 ,b ,i c easily conv9ce y t ! new c\ntries1 plants1 animals4 ,esquimaux1 t may be discov]$ on pol> exp$itions1 or ! inv5tions :i* ,edison may p]haps make on ! field ( electricity1 or ! exp]i5ces :i* future a/ronom]s may ga!r 9 reg>d to suns1 moons1 & comets1 :ile !y may add valuable contributions to sci5ce & life1 w yet d little t[>d a correct g5]al employm5t ( our intellect or to a univ]sal enlight5m5t ( ! human bra94 ,on ! o!r h&1 an enlight5m5t z to ! nature & mean+ ( contradictions w spread light to ! remote/ corn]s ( imag9ation1 into ! heav5s & et]nity1 into ! exi/5ce ( ! :ole1 ! unity & diff]5ce ( all ?+s4 ,! mo/ dra/ic1 & p]haps ! mo/ in/ructive1 illu/ration ( ! correct mean+ ( contradictions is giv5 by ! contra/ betwe5 tru? & untru?4 ,^! two poles are p]haps m widely sep>at$ ?an ! ,nor? ,pole & ! ,s\? ,pole1 & yet !y are z intimately connect$ z ^! two4 ,! commonplace logic w h>dly li/5 to ! demon/ration ( ! unity ( su* app>5tly wide opposites z tru? & untru?4 ,!re=e y w p>don me1 if ,i illu/rate ?is example by o!rs1 = in/ance by ! contra/ betwe5 day & night4 ,take x t ! day la/s twelve h\rs & ! night likewise4 ,day & night are opposites4 ,:]e !re is day _c be any night1 & yet day & night con/itute "o s+le day ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 9 :i* !y bo? dwell h>moni\sly4 ,x is ! same ) tru? & untru?4 ,! _w is ! tru?1 & error1 pret5se1 & lies are embodi$ 9 x1 are p>ts ( ! actual _w1 j z night is a "p ( day )\t confus+ logic4 ,we may hone/ly speak ( g5u9e pret5se & true lies1 )\t any contradiction4 ,j z unreason has /ill "s reason left1 s untru? /ill lives inevitably 9 tru?1 because ! latt] is all-embrac+1 is ! univ]se4 ,contradictions _c exi/4 ,b confus$ bra9s full ( contradictions nev]!less exi/4 ,knives )\t h&les & blades1 two m\nta9s )\t a valley betwe5 !m1 & o!r nons5se1 exi/ z a phrase4 ,!re are two k9ds ( contradictions3 ,s5seless ones & v s5sible ones4 ,yea1 ! :ole _w#e is an inf9ite & inexhau/ible contradiction1 :i* conta9s innum]able s5sible /atem5ts & mis/atem5ts1 :i* nev] disappe> & yet may be solv$ h>moni\sly by ! help ( "t & reason4 ,f ?is x foll[s t ! =mal crit]ia ( tru? :i* are on ev]ybody's tongue1 su* z ! id5tity ( ?\ght ) its object1 & ! abs5ce ( all contradictions1 d n furni% a basis at all = ! analysis ( tru? & _c def9e x1 except 9 an ignorant & rogui% way4 ,s9ce ! prophet ,daniel scatt]$ a%es 9 ! temple & unmask$ ! s]vants ( ,baal1 o!r idol wor%ipp]s h cont9u$ to /imulate ! p to daily sacrifices1 9 ord] to /eal ! victuals at night4 ,?is cont9ual rascality & its repeat$ exposure has blunt$ ! desire ( ! p to s]ve tru?1 s t a great _m h become frivol\s & indiff]5t4 ,?is rascally logic1 n to m5tion ignorance1 enc\rages ! frivol\s & indiff]5t 9 _! godless dep>ture f tru?4 ,9 ! pulpit & 9 ! g>b ( sci5ce x prea*es ! vanity & inadequacy ( rese>*4 ,?is is prea*$ n z a dogma1 b z a logical sci5ce1 & ?us ! s5seless contradiction is committ$ ( try+ to prove truly by ! help ( ! intellect t ! intellect is too limit$ to grasp ! tru? & prove x4 ,9 its hi/orical c\rse logical rese>* once arriv$ at su* a result 9 good fai?4 ,?is happ5$ 9 ! fam\s ,critique ( ,reason ( ,immanuel ,kant4 ,our %rewd fri5ds ( d>kness n[ seek to utilize ! fame ( ?is "w1 to :i* x is entitl$ on acc\nt ( its great contribution t[>d ! elucidation ( cosmic tru?1 = ! purpose ( prev5t+ on ! /r5g? ( x a progress ( enlight5m5t beyond ! /&po9t ( ,kant4 ,by ! way1 ,kant has demon/rat$ t ! tru? 9 g5]al is z mu* a matt] ( exp]i5ce z ! bra9 ) :i* we se>* = x4 ,he has %[n beyond a d\bt t our eyes & e>s are insep>ably connect$ ) our m9d & ) ! :ole cosmic tru?4 ,b ! p]si/5t _s ( transc5d5talism1 or :at is ! same ?+1 ! traditional belief 9 ! transc5d5tal _s1 has l$ him to grant a my/]i\s exi/5ce alongside ( or above ! human m9d1 alongside ( or above ! cosmic tru?1 to an incompreh5sible mon/] _s & to a fanta/ical hyp]-tru?4 ,! ,kantian critique ( reason did n und]/& ! univ]sality ( tru?4 ,x /ill affirm$ ! exi/5ce ( two worlds & two tru?s )\t any unity4 ,& z x is ! curse ( ! evil de$ to g5]ate m evil1 x produc$ two intellects4 7#a7 ,! poor little subs]vi5t intellect ( man1 & 7#b7 ! enorm\s & abnormal intellect ( ! ,"l1 :o is suppos$ to und]/& ! incompreh5sible & to untie ! mo/ s5seless contradictions l s _m knots4 ,! tru? :i* is ! univ]se1 ! cosmic or univ]sal tru?1 w reveal to y ! absurdity ( abnormal humility :i* is conta9$ 9 ! duali/ic doctr9e ( ! two m9ds4 ,( c\rse1 ! philosoph] ,kant _h a great] intellect ?an ,pet] ,simple4 ,b nev]!less all intellects p>take ( ! nature ( ! g5]al intellect1 & no intellect c /ep above or bel[ ?is g5]al nature )\t los+ s5se or reason4 ,"o _c speak ( ano!r1 high]1 faculty ( ?\ght ?an t acquir$ by man ?r\gh exp]i5ce )\t dropp+ f logic to absurdity4 ,no d\bt ! animal _w possesses some?+ simil> to intellect4 ,no d\bt1 also1 ! animal m9d may be sep>at$ f ! human m9d by "s special "n1 = in/ance in/9ct4 ,no d\bt1 fur!rmore1 our reason is /r5g!n$ by culture f g5]ation to g5]ation4 ,b t any:]e & at any "t !re %\ld come into exi/5ce a faculty ( ?\ght :i* w\ld /& outside ( ! cosmic int]connection1 t is an absurd conception & a s5seless ?+4 ,j z necess>ily z all wat] has "o & ! same nature1 t ( be+ wet1 j s necess>ily e intellig5ce & e ?\ght p>takes ( ! g5]al nature ( ?\ght & mu/ logically be a "p1 a p>ticul> "p1 ( ! "o univ]sal & empirical _w4 ,,footnotes3 #d ,religion d5otes "h z mu* z conception ( ! _w & explanation ( its la/ que/ions2 & metaphysics /&s "h = ev]y?+ conceivable1 :i* mean+ embraces m ?an ! m]e tangible4--,,editor4 #e ,:5 we consid] its _m p>ts z su*4--,,editor4 ,,n9? ,,lett] ,repetition1 my de> ,eug5e1 is ! "m ( all /udy4 ,logic aims to tea* y ! prop] use ( ! intellect1 n only 9 ?is or t bran* ( /udy1 b 9 ! g5]al bran* ( tru?4 ,its result is ! foll[+ precept3 ,9 all ?+s always rememb] ! univ]sal int]relation4 ,9 ord] to illu/rate ?is /atem5t a little1 let me po9t out t 9 ! p]iod ( s*ola/icism ?9k+ 0 practic$ )\t any int]connection ) ! re/ ( ! _w1 m]ely by br[n /udy4 ,! pres5t age ( natural sci5ces !n cultivat$ a bett] me?od4 ,b ! me?od ( ! natural sci5ces has n succe$$ s f> 9 be+ appli$ to ! field ( law1 morals1 politics1 psy*ology1 & philosophy1 because ! logical und]/&+ ( ! total int]relation ( ! indivisible _w tru? 0 lack+1 because ! concept ( tru? 0 envelop$ 9 d>kness1 & because ! privileg$ classes h a great int]e/ 9 ma9ta9+ d>kness4 ,= ?is reason1 ! true me?od ( reason+ /ill requires _m explanations4 ,! sociali/1 = in/ance1 is *>g$ ) incit+ ! p1 ) promis+ m ?an he c keep & ) s[+ /rife 9 ! he>ts ( m54 ,^? :o make ?is *>ge 9 ! commonplace s5se1 te> two ?+s1 viz41 peace & /rife1 out ( _! due connection4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 peace & /rife mu/ always dwell toge!r4 ,a nation ^: peace 7 n int]m+l$ ) a c]ta9 /rife1 w\ld be a nation ( slugg>ds4 ,?anks to ! /rife 9 _! brea/s1 ! nations are progressive & /irr+4 ,motion is ! ess5ce ( ! _w1 & national motion is inconceivable )\t ! /riv+ ( m54 ,= ! sake ( developm5t & culture1 nations mu/ always dem& m ?an !y c imm$iately atta94 ,on ! o!r h&1 /riv+ ( ?is sort is n suffici5t4 ,"o mu/ n dem& m ?an "o c obta91 nor promise m ?an "o c give4 ,= ?is reason ! logical sociali/ mu/ "k t ev5 9 ! future society ! trees w n gr[ into ! cl\ds1 & t ! peace = :i* we hope & /rive w always be mix$ ) /rife4 ,! music ( ! future1 al?\gh m h>moni\s ?an ! music ( ! pres5t1 w nev]!less be et]nally m>r$ by di%>mony4 ,!re is no?+ p]fect 9 ! _w1 because only ! :ole univ]se is p]fect1 because ! univ]se alone is p]fectness itself4 ,et]nal peace1 z ! w>riors may ju/ly claim1 is an illusion1 s long z we ?9k ( peace 9 a transc5d5tal way & z be+ sep>at$ f /rife4 ,b ! sons ( ! w> god :o w\ld l to cont9ue ! ?und] ( cannons & ! rattle ( sab]s et]nally1 are no less ! victims ( illusion1 if n some?+ worse4 ,et]nal is only w> 9 peace & peace 9 w>1 al?\gh t may seem s5seless to ! logicians ( ! old s*ool4 ,?us ev5 ! inevitable w> w become m peaceful & humane 9 ! c\rse ( "t4 ,! b>b>ian =m ( w>1 ( :i* ! ,prussians are ma/]s1 is n de/9$ to la/ =ev]1 unless we speak ( ! illogical et]nity ( ! prea*] :i* op5s its doors by leav+ ! temporal _w4 ,9 def5d+ ! social w>1 ,i wi% to h x und]/ood t nei!r ! conceptions nor ! ?+s call$ w> & peace are sep>at$ by a ,*9ese wall4 ,ev]y?+ is int]connect$ & int]dep5d5t4 ,x is true t /rife & animosities may be exagg]at$1 & s may peace4 ,b :atev] blame atta*es to ?is1 ref]s only to ! exagg]ation4 ,x is n ! animosity1 b ! excessive animosity :i* des]ves c5sure4 ,by recogniz+ ! logical int]connection betwe5 peace & /rife1 ! dispute ( ! p>ties is r5d]$ san]4 ,!re is !n no long] a "q ( a yawn+ *asm betwe5 satisfaction & dissatisfaction1 b ( some?+ ab\t :i* an agreem5t is possible1 viz41 h[ mu* !re is ( ei!r4 ,z peace & w> 9 ! human brea/1 s all v>iety int]m+les 9 ! cosmic unit4 ,9 ! novel ,homo ,sum1 by ,eb]s1 ! monk ,paulus1 :o ta/$ ! delights ( ! prelim9>y cele/ial ec/asy :5 ca/igat+ 8 body1 says3 ,i truly believe t x is j z difficult on ?is globe to f9d pa9 )\t joy z joy )\t pa94 ,& ,till ,eul5spiegel1 t type ( a practical jok]1 %[$ an und]/&+ ( dialectics :5 he light5$ ! difficulty ( asc5d+ a m\nta9 by ! reflection t ! desc5t on ! o!r side w\ld be s mu* easi]4 ,logic is no m s5seless 9 tea*+ t all ?+s1 ev5 ! mo/ opposite1 are ( ! same sub/ance ?an x is 9 %[+ t night belongs to day & we$s to h]bs4 ,9 ord] t ^! petty illu/rations may n confuse y\r m9d1 x %\ld be rememb]$ t ! ess5tial po9t is ! elucidation ( ! great contradiction betwe5 m9d & matt]1 betwe5 ?9k+ & be+1 :i* includes all petty contradictions4 ,9 ord] to ?9k 9 accordance ) logical consi/5cy1 y mu/ n reg>d a ?+ z some?+ indep5d5t1 b consid] ev]y?+ z fluid p>ticles ( ! same sub/ance1 :i* is ! ?+ ( all ?+s1 ! _w1 ! tru?1 & life4 ,our logic is !re=e ! sci5ce ( tru?4 ,?is tru? is nei!r above nor bel[1 nei!r 9 ,j]usalem nor 9 ,j]i*o1 nei!r 9 ! _s nor 9 ! fle%1 b ev]y:]e4 ,our logic is ! sci5ce ( und]/&+4 ,x tea*es t y mu/ n se>* = und]/&+ by cudgel+ y\r bra91 b only 9 connection ) exp]i5ce1 ) ! int]relation ( ?+s4 ,s9ce man 9 8 exp]i5ce also meets errors1 sci5ce 0 dom9at$ = c5turies by ! "q :e!r tru? & exp]i5ce are n two diff]5t ?+s1 :e!r all our exp]i5ce is only an illusion ( our s5ses4 ,c>tesius repli$ to ?is3 ,no2 ! belief 9 a p]fect1 true be+ _c admit ( su* a delusion4 ,by sub/itut+ ! concept ( tru? = ! concept ( ,god1 we are c]ta9 t ! _w ( exp]i5ce is n a gho/1 b ! mo/ actual reality4 ,al?\gh ! great ,kant call$ ! cosmic tru? a ph5om5on1 because he c\ld n dive/ 8 m9d ( transc5d5tal fai?1 ( ! fai? 9 a transc5d5tal tru?1 /ill we "k today t all di/9ctions :i* are ev] made con/itute b a nibbl+ at ! univ]sal unit4 ,z necess>ily z all v>iety 9 bak+ produces bak]y w>es1 j z necess>ily heav5 & e>?1 & ev]y?+ connect$ ) !m1 are p>ts ( ! indivisible tru? :i* is also call$ nature1 cosmos1 univ]se1 ,god1 & exp]i5ce4 ,language gives to its d>l+ tru? _m diff]5t pet names1 j z a happy "m calls h] he>t's treasure by a ?\s& ende>+ t]ms4 ,feu]ba* reasons 9 ?is fa%ion3 ,if ,god is n a p]sonal be+ diff]5t f nature & man1 !n he is an entirely sup]flu\s be+4444 ,! use ( ! ^w ,god :i* is always comb9$ ) ! conception ( a sep>ate be+1 is a di/urb+ & confus+ abuse4 ,:y d y want to be a !i/1 if y are a naturali/1 or a naturali/ if y are a !i/8 ,away ) ?is contradiction6 ,:]e ,god is conf\nd$ ) nature1 or nature ) ,god1 !re is nei!r ,god nor nature1 b a my/ical amphibi\s h]maphrodite4 ,feu]ba* is "r4 ,! "n ( ,god is mu* abus$4 ,b tru? is also blasphem$ by negation & frivol\sness4 ,! sob] und]/&+ t ,god1 tru?1 nature1 are v>i\s names = ! same ?+ p]mits u to play ) !m )\t despair+ ( ! matt]4 ,inde$1 ?is play ( words s]ves to make ! subject cle>4 ,b logic dem&s t we recognize tru? z ! absolute1 z ! p[]1 ! =ce1 & ! glory1 :i* comprises all logical & illogical di/9ctions1 toge!r ) ! ?+s to be di/+ui%$1 ev5 ! faculty ( di/+ui%+ itself4 ,su* an und]/&+ ( ! absolute1 su* _w wisdom1 w n make y conceit$1 because x makes y consci\s ( ! fact t y\r und]/&+ has grasp$ cele/ial tru? :i* at ! same "t is t]re/rial1 only 9 a v g5]al way4 ,y possess no?+ b a def9ition ( tru?4 ,& )\t d5y+ t def9itions are valuable & in/ructive1 ,i1 at ! same "t1 po9t out t y "k v little ab\t a/ronomy :5 y "k t x is ! sci5ce ( ! />s4 ,no matt]1 !re=e1 h[ cle>ly ,i may h def9$ tru?1 we require = its complete und]/&+ all ! details ( sci5ce1 & t is too mu* = me1 = y1 & = any individual human be+4 ,j z our vision nev] exhau/s ! visible1 because ! eye sees an object b does n fully p5etrate x1 j s c ! intellect nev] fully und]/& & fa?om ! absolute all1 ! tru?1 or ,god4 ,b we c und]/& & fa?om individual tru?s1 p>ts ( ! univ]sal tru?4 ,:at und]/&+ grasps is n ! tru? itself1 b yet x is true und]/&+4 ,,t5? ,,lett] ,de> ,eug5e3 ,my previ\s lectures in/ruct$ y z to ! v trivial fact t ! ?\ght is a "p ( ! _w4 ,9 proce$+ f ! "p to ! :ole1 ,i pass$ logically f ! m\? ( ! riv] to its s\rce4 ,! univ]se is ! mat]nal womb ( ! intellect z ( all ?+s4 ,x occurs to me t y or "s tea*] ( logic might accuse my lett]s ( lack ( logic4 ,x may seem t ^! lectures fail to pres5t ! subject matt] 9 a /rictly sy/ematiz$ =m4 ,y w1 please1 excuse ?is 9 "p ) ! fact t !y appe> 9 ! =m ( lett]s4 ,?is =m dem&s t ! cont5ts %\ld be logically arrang$ & r\nd$ (f 9 ea* lett]4 ,x %\ld fur!rmore s]ve z an excuse = any defect1 t my subject is n a f9i%$ "o1 n p]fectly elaborat$ by o!rs be=e me4 ,i am "h n m]ely a lectur]1 b also an explor] on a field :i*1 ?\gh mu* inve/igat$1 yet is /ill r obscure4 ,! conclusion ( my la/ lett] expla9$ t ! use ( ! t]m ,god = ! univ]se has mu* to recomm5d x & mu* to disqualify x4 ,b x is easily app>5t t ! univ]se ) its absolute qualities is closely relat$ to t inf9ite be+ ( :om ,jakob ,boehme1 ! philosophical %oemak]1 said3 ,he is nei!r ! light nor ! d>kness1 nei!r love nor ang]1 b ! et]nal ,"o4444 ,h5ce all =ces are m]ely "o sole =ce4 ,t no?+ exi/s outside ( ! univ]se1 t ev]y?+ is conta9$ 9 ! ,all1 t ! ,all1 ) all real & imag9$ be+s1 is ev]y?+1 t x is nei!r sweet nor s\r1 nei!r great nor small1 b j ev]y?+ & all1 ?is /atem5t is z obvi\s z ! (t5 & long repeat$ /atem5t ( id5tity3 ,a equals ,a4 ,! ,all is omnipot5t1 omnipres5t1 all-wise4 ,?is la/ t]m might be que/ion$1 s9ce ! univ]se is n a dummy ) a mon/] head & giant bra94 ,= ?is v reason x 0 consid]$ inappropriate to apply ! "n ( ,god to ! univ]se1 because t creates ! impression ( a p]sonal be+4 ,! ,all ?9ks only by means ( human bra9s1 & = ?is reason omnisci5ce _c be any?+ b common human k4 ,( c\rse1 y1 ,i1 & e o!r man1 are v limit$ 9 our k4 ,b /ill we may indulge 9 ! hope t ! ?+s :i* we d n "k are kn[n by o!r m5 or w be discov]$ by future g5]ations1 s t ! collective human m9d w "k ev]y?+ t is kn[able4 ,we _c see ev]y?+ t is visible2 !re are animals t c see ev5 bett] ?an we c4 ,b s9ce ev5 ! mo/ intellig5t animal is suppos$ to lack ! highe/ degree ( intellig5ce1 reason & sci5ce1 !re is no "o :o kn[s any?+ except ! human race4 ,mank9d is omnisci5t4 ,b s9ce all our sci5ce is d]iv$ only f ! _w1 mank9d is only ! =mal be>] ( intellig5ce1 & x belongs to ! f\nta9 ( all ?+s1 to et]nal nature4 ,our wisdom is ! wisdom ( nature1 is _w wisdom4 ,al?\gh !re may be inhabitants ( ! moon & ( o!r />s :o may "k ?+s :i* are unkn[n to u1 /ill t is 9 ! fir/ place a m]e speculation ( little value1 & 9 ! second place univ]sal omnisci5ce or ! omnisci5t univ]se w\ld n 9 ! lea/ be affect$ !reby4 ,x is a reasonable use ( ! language to reg>d human wisdom z ! only & omnisci5t wisdom1 j z all natural & wet wat] is call$ wat] )\t any fur!r modification4 ,i believe 9 ! /atem5t ( ,protagoras3 ,man is ! measure ( all ?+s4 ,:oev] uses a diff]5t measure1 uses a sup]human1 transc5d5tal measure4#f ,h5ce1 :5 ,i call ! cosmic ess5ce ( all exi/5ce omnipot5t1 y w n ?9k ( a s5seless magic p[] :i* =ges knives )\t h&les & blades1 nor w y read any transc5d5tal mean+ into my use ( ! t]m omnisci5ce4 ,omnisci5ce belongs obvi\sly "u ! head ( logic1 because ! organ ( sci5ce & wisdom is ! object ( ! /udy ( logic4 ,& x mu/ n[ be /at$ t ! human m9d does n only exce$ ! animal m9d by f>1 b is also ! non plus ultra ( all m9ds4 ,b x mu/ be reta9$ t ?is m9d c only be :atev] x is 9 connection ) ! div9e univ]se :i* ,i may also be p]mitt$ to call worldly deity4 ,?is "n is fitt+ because x is a means ( und]/&+ t 9 ! fir/ place no mon/] m9d rules ! _w1 & 9 ! second place ! natural univ]se is n a m]e sum ( all ?+s1 b tru? & life4 ,( c\rse1 ! id5tification ( ! univ]se ) ! religi\s ,god is only a comp>ison1 & comp>isons are lame4 ,/ill we may comp>e ! sun ) an et]nal lamp or ! moon ) a c&le1 or ! ,g]man prime m9i/] ) a butl]4 ,logic %all tea* y t ev]y?+ :i* may be di/+ui%$ by ! faculty ( und]/&+ is ( ! same k9d1 ev]y?+ is ( common clay1 b ! :ole is sublimely elevat$ above all t is commonplace4 ,m]e frivol\s a!ism1 z creat$ by ! free-?9k]s1 is n suffici5t4 ,a b>e d5ial ( ,god always creates "s o!r idol wor%ip4 ,! positive und]/&+ ( ! div9e _w tru? is an indisp5sable requirem5t = ! radical ext]m9ation ( all idol wor%ip4 ,logic mu/ beg9 ) ! sublime1 inf9ite1 absolute4 ,all logical1 consi/5t or int]connect$ ?9k+ mu/ take its dep>ture f x4 ,! s-call$ sci5tific rese>* aft] temporal causes1 aft] ! egg f :i* ! *ick5 0 hat*$1 aft] ! h5 f :i* ! egg came1 aft] ! k9dr$ organisms :i* develop$ ! h5 by natural selection & adaption accord+ to ,d>w91 ?is is a v valuable rese>* )\t :i* we c nev] und]/& ! _w process4 ,b nev]!less1 su* rese>* mu/ n satisfy ! ?9k+ man4 ,logic dem&s f ev]ybody t he or %e %\ld se>* = ! highe/1 = ! cause ( all causes4 ,:oev] feels ! desire to br+ logical ord] into 8 consci\sness1 mu/ "k t ! f9ite & inf9ite1 ! relative & ! absolute1 ! special tru?s & ! "o g5]al tru?1 are conta9$ 9 "o ano!r4 ,logical ?\ght z dem&$ by sci5ce means no?+ b to be aw>e ( ! f9al cause1 ! absolute f\ndation ( all ?\ght4 ,?is f\ndation is ! univ]se1 an attribute ( :i* is ! ext]nal & int]nal human head4 ,! ?\s& ye> old dispute betwe5 ! mat]iali/s & ! ideali/s turns on ! "q :e!r ! _s is mat]ial or ! _w spiritual4 ,our answ] is pla9 & cle>3 ,!y bo? belong toge!r1 !y toge!r make up ! "o ?+1 ! ?+ ( all ?+s4 ,m9d & matt] are two attributes ( ! same sub/ance4 ,!y may be comp>$ ! same z fi% & fle%1 ! =m] be+ call$ v appropriately by "s ,african tribes wat] fle%4 ,9 ?is way1 matt] & m9d are two k9ds ( meat ( a diff]5t & yet ( ! same nature4 ,i rememb] read+ 9 a satirical pap] ! "q3 ,:at is a g5tleman8 ,answ]3 ,a g5tleman is a loaf] ) money1 & a loaf] is a g5tleman )\t money4 ,j z ^! two types ( m5 are ess5tially alike & diff] only 9 ! small matt] ( money1 s y %\ld rememb] t !re are no ess5tial diff]5ces1 t all diff]5ces are m]ely matt]s ( attributes & qualities ( ! same absolute _w sub/ance4 ,to di/+ui% correctly & logically1 t is ! po9t :i* logic is aim+ to tea* u4 ,to make di/9ctions is ! function :i* is also call$ p]ceiv+1 kn[+1 und]/&+1 compreh5d+4 ,:5 y consid] t ?is function is innate 9 man1 & t man toge!r ) 8 faculty ( und]/&+ is innate 9 nature1 !n y recognize all di/9ctions & ! di/+ui%$ objects z attributes ( ! undi/+ui%$ ,"o1 ( ! absolute1 comp>$ to :i* all ?+s are only relative ?+s1 9 o!r words1 attributes4 ,i am endeavor+ to make cle> to y t logical ?9k+ requires ! awak5+ ( ! consci\sness ( ! "o supreme g5]al nature4 ,& y mu/ n ?9k ( ?is sum ( all exi/5ce 9 ! /upid way 9 :i* p us$ to ?9k ( ! animal k+dom be=e ,d>w91 b reg>d ! _w z a liv+ organic unit1 f :i* ! faculty ( und]/&+ has blossom$ ! same z all o!r ?+s4 ,9 ! logic ( ! n>r[-m9d$1 all animal species are widely sep>at$1 )\t any liv+ int]connection1 :ile ,d>w9 has demon/rat$ ! uni=m process1 ! int]m+l+ life 9 multi=m creation4 ,! illu/ration ( ?is fam\s zoologi/ ( ! transition f "o species to ano!r may s]ve z an example ( ! logical transitions 9 ! _w process1 9 :i* all diff]5ces are b undulations4 ,all our classifications mu/ always rememb] ! undivid$ basis on :i* !y are re/+4 ,we h %[n t ! intellect divides ! univ]sal nature1 classifies & analyzes x1 & we h le>n$ ( ! univ]sal nature t x n only furni%es to ! intellect ! mat]ial = its "w1 b also t ! _w comprises )9 its g5]al process ! intellectual process1 t ! intellectual movem5t is a specialization ( ! natural movem5t4 ,! _w is n only ! object1 b also ! subject ( und]/&+1 x und]/&s1 x dissects its own multiplicity by means ( ! human intellect4 ,our wisdom is _w wisdom 9 a two-fold s5se3 ,! _w is t :i* is be+ und]/ood1 classifi$1 analyz$1 & at ! same "t x is t :i*1 by ! help ( our intellect1 practices und]/&+1 classification1 etc4 ,:5 ,i call ! human m9d ! cosmic m9d1 ! m9d ( ! supreme be+1 ,i wi% to h x und]/ood t !re is no?+ my/]i\s ab\t ?is1 t ,i m]ely int5d to %[ t ?\ght or intellig5ce c only op]ate 9 ! univ]sal cosmic int]connection1 t x is n an abnormal & transc5d5tal ?+1 b a ?+ l all o!r ?+s4 ,y mu/ n conceive ( ! _s z ! produc] ( tru?1 z a little god1 b only z a means4 ,! true god1 ! div9e tru?1 has our intellect = an attribute4 ,! latt] does n produce tru?1 b only ! und]/&+ ( tru?4 ,x produces only pictures ( tru? :i* are all m or less p]fect4 ,( c\rse1 x is n at all immat]ial :e!r we produce a m or less fai?ful1 a true or a false picture ( tru?1 b /ill ?is is1 at pres5t & = u "h1 a second>y matt]4 ,! ma9 ?+ is to "k t tru?1 or nature1 is f> above all pictures1 & /ill consi/s ( p>ts1 ( =ms1 :i* toge!r con/itute ! :ole4 ,,footnote3 #f ,please note ! additional explanation on page #gg4--;,,editor4 ,,elev5? ,,lett] ,de> ,eug5e3 ,johannes ,s*]r relates 9 ! ,g>t5laube1 a ,g]man family pap]1 9 an article entitl$ ,mahomet & ,8 ,"w1 t insane doctr9>ians are se>*+ = p )\t religion4 ,?is has n succe$$1 x is said1 al?\gh ! sp>k ( religi\s feel+ is gl[+ v dimly 9 peoples t are close to ! animal4 ,b nev]!less1 he cont9ues1 ! expressions ( religi\s feel+ m>k ! b\nd>y l9e :]e ! bea/ ceases & man beg9s4 ,= j z 9 ! high] /ages ( civilization religion means ! consci\sness ( ! f9ite ( be+ "o ) ! inf9ite1 s 9 ! l[] /ages ( civilization ! indef9ite impulse is felt by man to connect 8 special nature ) ! univ]sal nature & br+ !m into h>mony4 ,?is is idealism1 ! ideali/ic ne$4 ,x is obvi\s t1 & :y1 ! p h always & ev]y:]e s\ght & f\nd satisfaction = _! ideali/ic long+s 9 religion4 ,b1 adds ! %rewd obs]v]1 ,i mu/ rem>k t ,i d n ref] to ! %ift+ population :5 ,i say p1 = sad to relate1 t population is torn away f all connection ) natural conditions4 ,i ref] to ! settl$1 ! p]man5t1 ! true p4 ,?is quotation %[s t a *ampion ( ! true p is 9 conflict ) true logic4 ,9 divid+ a population into %ift+ & settl$ p1 "o %\ld reta9 z a basis ! logical consci\sness t all classes ( p are embrac$ by "o class2 fur!rmore1 t human1 monkey1 ant1 & o!r nations are p>ts ( ! "o & ! same nation2 until f9ally man & animal1 real & imag9>y1 ) all religi\s & godless ?+s1 are ultimately fus$ 9 ! _w unit & c nev] be torn away f all connection ) natural conditions4 ,all di/9ctions mu/ logically be bas$ on ! consci\sness ( ! absolute & univ]sal unity1 ( ! int]connection ( all ?+s4 ,= ?is reason "s pi\s p1 ) _! ,god 9 :om ev]y?+ is liv+ & has its be+1 h m logic ?an "s free?9k]s ( ! class ( ,johannes ,s*]r :o h no coh]5ce 9 _! me?od ( ?\ght4 ,! fai?ful ?9k m logically ?an ! n>r[ly skeptical1 = !y beg9 & end ) ,god4 ,b /ill !y _c ?9k q logically1 because !y _c e/abli% any logical connection betwe5 _! et]nally p]fect ,"l & evil1 ! devil1 disease1 mis]y1 s91 9 %ort all ! suff]+s & vanities "h bel[4 ,! unit ( nature1 ! inf9ite1 is ! qu9tess5ce ( logic4 ,nei!r natural sci5ce 9 ! n>r[ s5se ( ! ^w1 nor metaphysics1 nor =mal logic1 c give any clue z to ! nature ( ?is ?+ ( ?+s4 ,?is c be done only by a sci5ce ( und]/&+ :i* recognizes matt] & m9d & all opposites & contradictions z =malities ( ! univ]se4 ,h[ c a man :o is out ( t\* ) ! mass ( ! %ift+ population feel t he is "o ) ! univ]se8 ,:oev] reg>ds any special class z ! true p1 has no und]/&+ ei!r ( ! common p or ( ! absolute univ]se4 ,prolet>ian logic tea*es n only ! equality ( all human be+s1 b univ]sal equality4 ,& m>k well1 ?is univ]sal equality does n conflict ) v>iety any m ?an a v>iety ( pots & jugs conflicts ) ! unity ( vessels1 or ! manifold =ms ( bretzels & rolls ) ! unity ( bak]y w>e4 ,! enemies ( democratic developm5t1 9 attack+ ! idea ( fre$om & equality1 po9t to ! manifoldness ( nature1 ! individual diff]5ces ( m51 ! di/9ctions betwe5 weak & /rong1 wise & fools1 m5 & wom51 & consid] x tyranny to attempt to equalize t :i* nature has made diff]5t4 ,!y _c und]/& t l ?+s may be diff]5t & diff]5t ?+s alike4 ,!y are bl9d$ by _! class logic :i* sees only ! diff]5ces1 b n ! unity1 n ! transfusion ( all classes4 ,class logic tea*es t contradictory ?+s _c exi/4 ,accord+ to x1 a ?+ _c be g5u9e & false at ! same "t4 ,?is class logic has a n>r[ conception ( exi/5ce4 ,x has only obs]v$ t !re are _m diff]5t ?+s 9 nature1 b has ov]look$ ! fact t all ^! ?+s h also a g5]al nature4 ,we1 on ! o!r h&1 recognize t e ?+1 e p]son1 is a "p ( ! inf9ite _w & p>takes ( its g5]al nature1 is et]nal & p]i%able1 true & untrue1 great & small1 "o sid$ & manyfold1 9 %ort contradictory4 ,be=e & aft] ,socrates1 philosophy & religion h se>*$ = ! g5u9e1 "r1 good1 true1 & beautiful1 b h rea*$ no h>moni\s results4 ,b x _c be d5i$ t 9 ! c\rse ( ! c5turies ! problem has become cle>] & cle>]4 ,! great names ( ,py?agoras1 ,socrates1 ,plato1 ,ari/otle1 ,bacon1 ,c>tesius1 ,sp9oza1 ,leibniz1 ,kant1 ,hegel1 are mile/ones on ! highway ( ?is progress4 ,! evolution is app>5t1 b ! int]relation betwe5 ! intellectual & physical1 & especially betwe5 intellectual & economic evolution1 is mu* ignor$4 ,! bridge betwe5 m9d & body 0 n f\nd1 & philosophical evolution has be5 reg>d$ up to our day z a purely m5tal process accompli%$ by "o or two doz5 ( fam\s bra9s4 ,i wi% to po9t out to y n[1 t prolet>ian logic is ! cont9uation ( ! prec$+ rese>* aft] ! g5u9e1 true1 good1 & beautiful4 ,x tea*es h[ to conceive ( ^! ideals logically1 & x has n s mu* proce$$ f any "o tal5t$ bra91 b is r ! product ( ! entire cosmic process4 ,philosophical bra9s h develop$ ! sci5ce ( logical ?\ght only to ! ext5t t ! mat]ial developm5t ( ! _w has /imulat$ !m to d s4 ,y mu/ reg>d ! human bra9s only z second>y lev]s ( ! univ]sal lev] :i* is n only g5u9e1 true1 good1 & beautiful1 b tru?1 goodness1 & beauty itself1 or ! _w & ! absolute4 ,! und]/&+ ( ! absolute :i* is call$ good ,"l1 & !n aga9 ! bad _w1 9 o!r words ! selfsuffici5t cosmos1 is v inconv5i5t to ! wisdom ( ! pr(essors1 & !y are attempt+ to assign x to a special /udy :i* !y call metaphysics4 ,?is division ( labor is n introduc$ = ! purpose ( mak+ rese>* m productive1 b ( surr\nd+ ?is /udy by my/]i\s d>kness4 ,! pr(essors :o lecture to ! "y p on =mal logic set aside ! anci5t rese>* aft] ! true1 ! good1 ! beautiful1 & try to place ^! ideals outside ( ! light ( sci5ce 9 ord] to be able to pres]ve !m un*ang$ 9 ! tab]nacle ( fai?4 ,?is *>ge may seem unju/1 because ! le>n$ g5tlem5 res]v$ a corn] = ! true1 ! good1 & ! beautiful 9 _! metaphysical dep>tm5t4 ,b !re is some?+ peculi> ab\t ?is4 ,! great ,kant has ask$ ! pla9 "q3 ,is metaphysics practicable z a sci5ce8 ,answ]3 ,no6 ,! transc5d5tal tru?1 etc41 s\ght by metaphysics1 & nam$ ,god1 fre$om1 immortality 9 ,*ri/ian language1 _c be f\nd by any reason4 ,b be+ a *ild ( 8 "t1 ! great philosoph] makes a small concession to ! transc5d5tal4 ,he tea*es3 ,al?\gh transc5d5tal tru? _c be locat$ sci5tifically1 /ill ! religi\s fai? 9 its exi/5ce is :olesome4 ,we1 9 our "t1 ?9k m sob]ly ab\t ?is !ory ( salvation & accept ! elim9ation ( all transc5d5talism f sci5ce4 ,:ile ! spokesm5 ( ! true p w\ld l to hide _! exalt$ tru?1 fre$om1 & immortality beh9d ! curta9s ( temples1 we ?r[ ! full daylight ( logic on ! absolute tru?1 goodness1 & beauty ( ! mat]ial _w4 ,logic z ! sci5ce ( correct ?\ght _c be re/rict$ to any "o object1 x _c exclude any object1 :e!r t]re/rial or heav5ly1 f its sph]e4 ,! great lights ( pres5t day le>n+ d n wi% to subord9ate ! intellect z ! object ( ! logical dep>tm5t1 & absolute tru? z ! object ( ! metaphysical dep>tm5t1 to "o ano!r1 b to co-ord9ate !m side by side4 ,b two co-ord9at$ ?+s :i* are n subord9at$ to a ?ird high] ?+ lack logic1 & ! bra9 :i* is satisfi$ by su* a condition suff]s f disord]4 ,logical tru? mu/ inevitably be a "p ( absolute tru?1 & x is our duty to remove absolute tru? f ! field ( metaphysics1 ( transc5d5talism1 & to transf] x to ! sob] _w :i* =ms an insep>able unit ) ! human m9d4 ,s mu* = ! prolet>ian duty to cont9ue ! rese>* aft] ! true1 ! good1 & ! beautiful :i* 0 ! object ( ! philosoph]s be=e & aft] ,socrates4 ,b rememb] t ,i am ref]r+ only to ! truly good1 beautiful1 etc41 :i* is conta9$ 9 ! univ]sal tru? ( all true specifications4 ,! "q ( ! e?ically good1 ! e/hetically beautiful & ! absolutely p]fect is z necess>ily conta9$ 9 ! "q ( ! univ]sal tru? z r$1 blue1 & gre5 9 ! ra9b[1 ( c\rse only 9 an ab/ract s5se4 ,our logic :i* has = its object ! tru? ( ! univ]se1 is ! sci5ce ( ! und]/&+ ( ! univ]se1 a sci5ce ( univ]sal und]/&+ or conception ( ! _w4 ,x tea*es t ! int]relation ( all ?+s is tru? & life1 is ! g5u9e1 "r1 good1 & beautiful4 ,all ! sublime mov+ ! he>t ( man1 all ! sweet /irr+ 8 brea/1 is ! univ]sal nature or ! univ]se4 ,b ! vex+ "q /ill rema9s3 ,:at ab\t ! negative1 ! ugly1 ! evil1 :at ab\t error1 pret5se1 /&/ill1 disease1 dea?1 & ! devil8 ,true1 ! _w is va91 evil1 ugly4 ,b ^! are m]ely accid5tal ph5om5a1 only =ms & app5dages ( ! _w4 ,its et]nity1 tru?1 goodness1 beauty1 is sub/antial1 exi/+1 positive4 ,its negative is l ! d>kness :i* s]ves to make ! light m brilliant1 s t x may ov]come ! d>k & %9e s mu* m brightly4 ,! spokesm5 ( ! rul+ classes are n op5 = su* a sublime optimism1 because !y h ! pessimi/ic duty ( p]petuat+ mis]y & s]vitude4 ,,twelf? ,,lett] ,logic1 ! sci5ce ( correct ?\ght1 dem&s 9 ! fir/ place true1 or 9 o!r words1 reasonable ?\ght4 ,logic deals ) reason & tru?4 ,^! two ?+s h be5 end[$ ) a my/]i\s nature1 :ile !y obvi\sly belong to ! entire univ]se & its tangible nature4 ,reason & tru? are n sep>at$ f ! o!r ?+s1 are n ?+s 9 !mselves4 ,!re is no su* ?+4 ,philosoph]s :o h look$ = !m 9 ! dep?s ( ! human bra9 ) _! h&s ov] _! eyes & engag$ 9 br[n /udy1 7 on ! wrong road4 ,prolet>ian logic diff]s f conv5tional logic 9 t x does n look = reason & tru? beh9d ! curta9s ( temples1 nor 9 ! bra9s ( ! le>n$1 b x discov]s !m 9 ! actual int]connection ( all ?+s & processes ( nature4 ,prea*]s1 pr(essors1 judges1 & politicians are ! lead]s ( ! wise m5 ( ,go?am1 & s9ce we h all pass$ our y\? among !m1 we f9d x difficult to get rid ( _! confus$ logic4 ,we owe mu* ( our bett] insight to ! fam\s philosoph]s4 ,^! m5 _h _m an ecc5tric notion1 b on ! :ole !y 7 reasonable fell[s :o foll[$ ! doctr9e ( ! unreliability ( ! s5ses & ! fai? 9 ! hidd5 tru? & reason m 9 a !oretical ?an 9 a practical way4 ,9 practice !y op]at$ ) op5 eyes & e>s4 ,?us correct logic1 al?\gh confus$ by que] notions1 has be5 h&$ d[n to u f g5]ation to g5]ation4 ,prea*]s1 pr(essors1 judges1 & politicians cl+ to ! confus$ notions1 :ile we take ! lib]ty to disc>d !m4 ,n[ we recognize n only t reason & tru? are connect$ ) ! _w1 b also t ! univ]se is ! supreme reason & tru?1 is t be+ :i* religion & philosophy h long be5 look+ =1 ! mo/ p]fect be+1 :i* ,plato call$ ! true1 good & beautiful1 ,kant ,god1 fre$om1 & immortality1 & ,hegel ! absolute4 ,if he is an a!i/ :o d5ies t p]fection c be f\nd 9 any individual1 !n ,i am an a!i/4 ,& if he is a believ] 9 ,god :o has ! fai? 9 ! mo/ p]fect be+ ) :i* n alone ! !ologi/s1 b also ,c>tesius & ,sp9oza h occupi$ !mselves s mu*1 !n ,i am "o ( ! true *ildr5 ( ,god4 ,! abuse ( sublime feel+s & exalt$ ideas has fill$ _m he>ts ) disgu/1 s t !y c>e no long] = any unctu\s s]mons4 ,! m]e flavor ( religion is odi\s to !m4 ,nev]!less ,i assure y t we %all nev] get rid ( idol wor%ip1 unless we und]/& ! supreme be+1 reason or tru?1 9 its true nature4 ,und]/& is a my/]i\s ^w4 ,to br+ light into ! my/]y ( und]/&+ by a cle> !ory ( und]/&+1 is an integral "p ( ! sci5ce ( ?\ght1 ( logic4 ,p]mit me to comp>e ! faculty ( und]/&+ ) a photographic app>atus1 by ! help ( :i* y /rive to obta9 a picture ( ! cosmic tru?4 ,!n y w see at a glance t 9 ?is way we c obta9 b a dim picture ( ! :ole4 ,! object appe>s b\ndless1 too inf9itely great & sublime to p]mit ( copy+4 ,& yet we c approa* x4 ,al?\gh we _c get a true picture ( univ]sal tru?1 yet we c obta9 cle> pictures ( individual tru?s1 9 o!r words1 we c picture ! inf9ite 9 its p>ts4 ,by ! help ( y\r intellect1 y c grasp ! inf9ite by means ( limitation4 ,absolute tru? appe>s to u 9 relative ph5om5a4 ,! p]fect be+ is compos$ ( imp]fect p>ts4 ,a wise man ( ,go?am may reg>d ?is z a s5seless contradiction4 ,b we c sep>ate ! arms1 legs1 head1 & trunk f "o ano!r1 & s sep>at$ !y w be m]e p>ts ( a corpse1 :ile connect$ !y c]ta9ly possess ! *ance ( vitality4 ,life is compos$ ( ! dead1 ! mo/ p]fect be+ is compos$ ( imp]fect p>ts4 ,9 ! univ]sal tru? ev]y?+ is conta9$4 ,x is ! p]fect be+1 x includes ! :ole exi/5ce1 ev5 ! imp]fect4 ,! false1 ! ugly1 ! evil1 ! na/y are involv$ 9 ! true1 ! good1 ! beautiful4 ,! univ]sal exi/5ce is ! absolute tru?1 ! :ole is compos$ ( relativities1 ( p>ts1 ( ph5om5a4 ,our und]/&+1 our in/rum5t ( ?\ght1 is likewise an imp]fect "p ( ! p]fect be+4 ,our intellect produces only a dim1 imp]fect picture ( ! absolute1 b x reproduces true pictures ( its p>ts1 al?\gh pictures only4 ,!re are good & bad1 adequate & inadequate1 true & false ?\ghts & und]/&+4 ,b !re are no absolutely true ?\ghts4 ,all our conceptions & ideas are imp]fect pictures ( ! mo/ p]fect be+ :i* is inexhau/ible 9 great ?+s z 9 small ?+s1 z a :ole & 9 p>ts4 ,e "p ( nature is a natural "p ( ! inf9ite4 ,i repeat3 ,all p>ts or ?+s ( ?is _w h1 ap>t f _! imp]fect nature z p>ts1 also ! _w nature ( ! absolute be+4 ,!y are imp]fect p]fections4 ,our intellect is no exception4 ,! human m9d is ! only m9d hav+ ! "n ( reason1 & is ! mo/ p]fect reason :i* c possibly exi/4 ,9 ! same way1 ! wat] ( ?is e>? is ! non plus ultra ( all wat]4 ,! belief 9 ano!r & diff]5t m9d1 9 a mon/] m9d1 belongs to ! same transc5d5tal category z ! belief 9 a cele/ial riv] )\t ! nature ( wat] fl[+ ar\nd ! ca/le ( ,zion4 ,ev5 ! mo/ p]fect m9d is no?+ else1 & _c be any?+ else1 b an imp]fect "p ( ! absolute _w be+4 ,! fir/ ?+ a /ud5t ( correct ?\ght has to le>n is to di/+ui% true ?\ght f false ?\ght1 & = ?is purpose he mu/ "k above all t di/9ction mu/ n be exagg]at$4 ,all diff]5ces c only be relative4 ,! bad & ! good pictures belong to ! same family1 & all families f9ally belong to ! absolute1 are individuals ( ! univ]se4 ,= ! purpose ( di/+ui%+ true ?\ghts f false1 x %\ld be rememb]$ t ! true ?\ght is only a "p ( ! tru?1 a "p :i* does n exagg]ate its own importance1 b subord9ates itself to ! absolute4 ,! foll[+ illu/ration may expla9 ?is4 ,al?\gh a/ronomy tea*es t ! e>? revolves daily ar\nd its axis & t ! sun is /&+ /ill1 x nev]!less kn[s t ! fix$ /ate ( ! sun is only a relative tru?1 s t f a high] po9t ( view bo? ! e>? & ! sun are revolv+4 ,! consci\sness ( its relative tru? alone makes ! /atem5t ( ! sun's /&/ill true4 ,aga91 :5 ! f>m] sees t ! e>? is fix$ & t ! sun is mov+ e day f ,ea/ to ,we/1 he is mi/ak5 only s f> z he reg>ds 8 /&po9t z ! :ole tru?1 8 f>m]s' k = absolute k4 ,! k ( ! absolute alone enables y to di/+ui% correctly betwe5 tru? & error4 ,:oev] sees ! sun turn+ ar\nd ! e>? ) ! consci\sness t ?is revolution is b a p>tial tru? is n 9 error1 b sees truly4 ,! k ( ! absolute tru? cle>s up error & in/ructs u z to ! me?od ( correct ?\ght4 ,?is ?\ght makes u apt1 humble1 & tol]ant 9 judg+4 ,! wise/ ( m5 0 v pr\d ( 8 mode/y 9 kn[+ t he knew no?+4 ,8 example may well be recomm5d$ to-day4 ,al?\gh we h le>n$ a great deal1 we "k v little comp>$ to ! inexhau/ible f\nta9 ( all wisdom1 good "m nature4 ,we le>n e day1 b we nev] le>n all !re is to le>n4 ,:at 0 to ! cr$it ( ,socrates1 0 8 firm fai? 9 ! tru?1 8 conviction ( its exi/5ce1 & 8 fai? 9 ! mission ( ! human intellect to se>* = tru?4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! sophi/s confus$ & disput$ ev]y?+4 ,!y frivol\sly fl\t$ all tru? & rese>*4 ,?is same frivol\sness n[ relies ^u ,kant :o1 misl$ by ! prejudice ( 8 "t1 remov$ tru? to a transc5d5tal _w & !re=e deprecat+ly call$ our actual _w ! _w ( ph5om5a4 ,9 di/9ction f him1 our logic tea*es t ! ph5om5a ( ?is _w )\t exception are p>ts ( ! "o tru?1 & t ! true art ( und]/&+ consi/s 9 /udy+ ! p>ts4 ,! doctr9e ( ! sophi/s to ! effect t ev]y?+ may be d5i$ & disput$ has a c]ta9 simil>ity ) ours 9 t we decl>e t ! univ]se is ! tru? & all p>ts ( x true p>ts1 t smoke & fog1 reason & imag9ation1 dreams & realities1 subject & object1 are true p>ts ( ! _w4 ,!y are n ! :ole tru?1 b /ill true4 ,= ?is reason x is well to call y\r att5tion to ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! sophi/ical & ! logical me?od ( ?\ght4 ,! contempor>ies ( ,socrates are /ill alive to-day4 ,!y are tea*+ 9 ! "n ( ,god & believe 9 no?+1 :ile to u tru?1 e day nak$ & sob] tru?1 is sacr$4 ,,?irte5? ,,lett] ,9 8 ,?ree ,books ,on ,! ,s\l1 ,ari/otle discuss$ at l5g? ! "q :e!r ! human s\l has five s5ses or "o4 ,! comm5tator1 ,j4 ,h4 von ,kir*mann1 ! publi%] ( ! ,philosophical ,libr>y1 rem>ks 9 8 footnote #agb t man has six s5ses4 ,he divides feel+ into pure & active feel+4 ,accord+ to ?is1 ! phrase ( ! five s5ses belongs to ! old iron ! same z t ( ! f\r elem5ts4 ,n[ nei!r y1 nor ,i1 nor any read] %\ld worry ab\t ! "q :e!r all s5sation may be summ$ up 9 ! "o s5se ( feel+1 :e!r !re are five s5ses accord+ to ,ari/otle1 or six accord+ to ,kir*mann1 or :e!r !re is ev5 a sev5? s5se = ! transc5d5tal1 ! organ ( :i*1 z "s optimi/s hope1 w gradually be develop$ ) ! gr[+ p]fection ( man4 ,we are conc]n$ 9 ?is matt] only s f> z x is connect$ ) ! c>d9al "q1 :e!r ! _w is only "o ?+ or a m]e collection ( an inf9ite numb] ( disconnect$ ?+s2 :e!r ! s-call$ ?+s are indep5d5t subjects & objects1 or :e!r !y are only pr$icates ( ! "o _w subject4 ,look+ ?r\gh ! w9d[ ,i see ! riv]1 ! /reet1 ! bridge1 h\ses1 & trees4 ,ev]y?+ is a ?+ 9 itself & yet is connect$ insep>ably ) all o!rs4 ,! qualities ( ! _w are reg>d$ by ! intellect z subjects2 b ! intellig5t subject %\ld also "k t its actions1 its di/+ui%+ & und]/&+1 are =malities1 a =mal dismemb]m5t ( ! absolute1 :i* 9 spite ( all division always rema9s ! undivid$ :ole4 ,9 ord] to ma/] ?is me?od ( ?\ght1 y mu/ und]/& above all t ! ?+s are only s-call$ ?+s1 b are 9 reality qualities ( ! univ]se1 9 o!r words1 relative ?+s or pr$icates ( ! absolute4 ,y w !n und]/&1 t our ?\ght has a "r to make "o ?+ z well z six ( a *air1 its back1 its seat1 & its f\r legs4 ,y w recognize t ! five s5ses ( ,ari/otle are n an et]nal tru?1 b a classification1 :i* is et]nally v>iable4 ,di/+ui%+ means classify+4 ,i "k v well t ,i am mak+ a bold /atem5t "h1 & t x is n easy to ju/ify x4 ,= ?is reason y mu/ n expect t ,i c make my mean+ cle> 9 a few s5t5ces4 ,x is n only ! g5]al prejudice :i* prev5ts ?is by mak+ a mo/ my/]i\s & miracul\s ?+ ( ! intellectual function1 b also ! fact t ?is ?+ is /ill v obscure1 al?\gh x has become cle>] & cle>] 9 ! c\rse ( "t4 ,! free?9k+ pa/or ,hironymi writes on ?is po9t3 ,! mo/ prom95t naturali/s ( ! pres5t1 su* z ,dubois-,reymond1 :o are at ! same "t ?9k]s1 admit t !y d n "k :at feel+1 life1 consci\sness1 are1 & h[ !y arise4 ,& ?is ignorance is f> m valuable = tru? & religion ?an ! alleg$ k4 ,let u1 !re=e1 cont9ue 9 ! devotion ) :i* we h hi!rto admir$ ! univ]se )\t und]/&+ x4 ,! high] exi/5ce1 ! consci\sness1 has n be5 expla9$1 x has rema9$ a miracle1 ! only la/+1 absolute1 miracle4 ,?us speaks ! prea*] :o is a "k-no?+ by nature & makes a bus9ess ( admir+ & wond]+1 :ile we are int]e/$ 9 und]/&+ & kn[+4 ,we wi% to fa?om ! my/]y1 & h5ce ,i may write /ill m lett]s on logic & y may /udy "s m4 ,i %all try to demon/rate by a trivial example1 h[ x is t und]/&+ or di/+ui%+ is bas$ on classification4 ,take x t y awake at e>ly dawn & notice 9 a corn] ( y\r b$ room some?+ unc\? & mov+ :i* y _c cle>ly di/+ui%4 ,to "k t a ph5om5on appe>s is n en\gh because ! t]m ph5om5on applies to ev]y?+1 natural & unnatural ?+s1 good & evil spirits4 ,ev5 if y are suffici5tly enlight5$ to "k t ! ?+ 9 "q mu/ be some?+ natural1 /ill ?is expla9s v little1 = ! t]m nature aga9 means ev]y?+4 ,b y und]/& or recognize m :5 y asc]ta9 t ! unc\? ?+ is dead or alive1 wall pap] or g>m5t1 man or animal4 ,y w notice t 9 ?is intellectual enlight5m5t x is simply a matt] ( classification1 ( ! head "u :i* ! my/]y %\ld be class$4 ,to classify ! ph5om5a ( tru? & life1 means to und]/&1 to use ! intellect1 to enlight5 ! bra94 ,b we mu/ well consid] h[ f> we %all h to g 9 our classification 9 ord] to f9d ! place 9 ! sy/em :i* w fully cl>ify & det]m9e und]/&+4 ,suppose t 9 ! above m5tion$ case y h asc]ta9$ t ! motion is due to a cat1 !n ! inquir+ faculty ( und]/&+ has n yet rea*$ ! end ( its te!r4 ,! next "q is !n1 :e!r x is y\r cat or t ( y\r neighbor1 :e!r x is black1 :ite1 or grey1 "y or old4 ,& :5 y f9ally recognize t x is y\r tomcat ,pet]1 y mu/ rememb] t ! subject :i* und]/&s z well z ! object to be recogniz$1 be+ p>ts ( ! absolute1 are absolutely & inf9itely divisible p>ts1 :i* are nev] fully und]/ood & nev] fully exhau/$4 ,please rememb] t 9 speak+ ( some?+ unc\?1 we are n s mu* conc]n$ 9 ,pet] or ,tabby1 b 9 ! intellect :i* we desire to und]/& s t we may make a correct use ( x4 ,& ,i ref] to x z unc\? m]ely because its und]/&+ is beset ) s _m difficulties4 ,:5 ,i comp>$ x 9 ! prec$+ lett] ) a photographic app>atus :i* %\ld furni% u ) pictures1 & 9 lik5+ x n[ to an in/rum5t design$ to di/+ui% ?+s by classification1 ,i w>n y n to be confus$ !reby4 ,classification is mo/ ess5tial z a means ( produc+ intellectual pictures4 ,9 ?is connection ,i emphasize once m t ! faculty ( und]/&+1 ! same z o!r ?+s1 is n indep5d5t by itself1 b c accompli% some?+ only 9 ! univ]sal int]connection4 ,! und]/&+ t ! ph5om5on quot$ above belongs to ! category ( tomcats1 & m especially into ! column label$ ,pet]1 w\ld n be any und]/&+ at all1 if y _h n become previ\sly acqua9t$ ) ! m\se-dev\r+ race & individual 9 "q4 ,only 9 connection ) y\r previ\s exp]i5ce is ! und]/&+ t ?is tomcat & ! unc\? motion are "o & ! same ?+1 or belong to ! same category1 a true und]/&+4 ,ludwig ,feu]ba* says3 ,a tal5t$ writ] is recogniz$ by ! fact t he assumes tal5t on ! "p ( ! read] also & does n *ew up 8 subject into m9ute p>ts l a petty s*oolma/]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x seems to me t x is possible to assume too mu*1 & ,i pursu$ a s*oolma/]ly c\rse 9 ?is case1 because ! subject is new to y & /ill leaves pl5ty ( room = reflection4 ,i want$ to %[ by a commonplace example :at ,i mean by insight & und]/&+ & h[ by means ( x ! unkn[n & unc\? becomes kn[n & famili>4 ,true1 ! und]/&+ 9 ?is case 0 illum9$ by previ\s exp]i5ce1 :ile y are aft] new k4 ,y want to "k h[ enlight5m5t arises 9 ord] to acquire new insight4 ,n[1 all novelty has ! dialectic quality ( be+ at ! same "t some?+ antiquat$4 ,new und]/&+ c be acquir$ only by ! help ( old und]/&+4 ,9 o!r words1 old & new und]/&+1 :i* ,i def9e "h z ! faculty ( classification1 h _! exi/5ce only 9 ! total int]dep5d5ce ( ! univ]sal exi/5ce4 ,y mu/ disc>d ! old prejudice t k c be collect$ l c5ts4 ,al?\gh ?is is well en\gh1 x does n suffice = ! purpose ( logical ?9k+4 ,"o sci5ce belongs to ano!r1 & all ( !m toge!r belong to "o class ) ! entire univ]se4 ,x w be app>5t to y1 !n1 t at ! beg9n+ ( y\r "y days y\r k has n spr\t$ all at once1 b has come out ( ! unkn[n4 ,& :at is true ( y1 is true ( ! :ole human race4 ,9 its cradle x 0 )\t intellect4 ,x _h1 inde$1 ! g]m4 ,b d n bea/s1 worms1 & s5sitive plants h t also8 ,9 %ort1 ! light ( p]ception & und]/&+ is no?+ new 9 ! radical s5se ( ! ^w1 b connect$ ) ! old & ) ! _w 9 g5]al1 & ( ! same k9d4 ,all our k mu/ be connect$ & comb9$ into "o und]/&+1 "o sy/em1 "o realm1 & ?is is ! realm ( reality1 ( tru?1 ( life4 ,sy/ematic classification is ! task ( logic4 ,! fir/ requirem5t = ?is purpose is ! awak5$ consci\sness ( ! indivisibility ( ! univ]se1 ( its univ]sal unity4 ,?is consci\sness is1 9 o!r words1 at ! same "t ! recognition ( ! m]ely =mal significance ( all sci5tific classification4 ,! unity ( ! univ]se is true1 & is ! sole & innate tru?4 ,t ?is sole _w tru? is full ( diff]5ces1 is j z absolutely diff]5t z absolutely ! same1 does no m contradict a reasonable unity & equality ?an !re is any contradiction 9 ! fact t ! v>i\s owls h diff]5t faces & /ill ! same owl face4 ,ari/otle divid$ ! s5se into five p>ts1 an?ropologi/s ! race ( man into five races1 natural philosoph]s ! space into ?ree dim5sions4 ,x is n[ a "q ( %[+ to y t su* a division1 h[ev] true & j1 is nev]!less f> f be+ tru? & ju/ice1 b is m]ely classification4 ,! fundam5tal requirem5t ( logic is to designate sci5tific classifications z t :i* !y are1 viz41 m5tal op]ations4 ,x is ! bus9ess ( ! intellect to make classifications4 ,t is its *>act]i/ic quality & does n contradict ! indivisible tru? 9 ! lea/4 ,old wiseacres tea* t a reasonable man mu/ n contradict himself1 & ?is is a wise1 ?\gh v n>r[1 lesson4 ,hegel ma9ta9s t ev]y?+ 9 ! _w is reasonable1 h5ce ! contradictions are also4 ,"u ?is cons]vative ext]ior !re is hidd5 a v revolution>y p]ception ( :i* ! de/ructive m9ds take advantage 9 ord] to flatly contradict ! wiseacres & _! /able1 dead1 disord]$ ord] :i* _c /& any contradiction4 ,reason dissolves all contradictions & opposition into h>mony by logical classification4 ,ev]y?+ 9 its own "t & place4 ,if x does n wi% to be call$ unreason1 reason mu/ rise to ! und]/&+ t its opposite is only a =mal antagonism4 ,x mu/ "k t ,god & ! _w1 body & s\l1 life & dea?1 motion & re/1 & :atev] else ! duali/s may di/+ui%1 are two & yet "o4 ,!n x becomes cle> t ! cons]vatives are ! real revolution>ies1 because by _! s5seless adh]5ce to ! good old ord] !y drive ! prolet>iat to desp]ation1 until x upsets t ord]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! malign$ revolution>ies are cons]vative1 because !y subord9ate !mselves to ! _w's evolution>y process :i* 01 is1 & w be et]nal4 ,! r$ ?read w9d+ ?r\gh all ^! lett]s deals ) ! foll[+ po9ts3 ,! in/rum5t ( ?\ght is a ?+ l all o!r common ?+s1 a "p or attribute ( ! univ]se4 ,x belongs p>ticul>ly to ! g5]al category ( be+ & is an app>atus :i* produces a detail$ picture ( human exp]i5ce by categorical classification or di/9ction4 ,9 ord] to use ?is app>atus correctly1 "o mu/ fully grasp ! fact t ! _w unit is multi=m & t all multi=mity is a unit4 ,x is ! solution ( ! riddle ( ! anci5t ,eleatic philosophy3 ,h[ c ! "o be conta9$ 9 ! _m1 & ! _m 9 "o8 ,,f\rte5? ,,lett] ,%oemak+ & beet culture are z mu* sci5ces z physics1 *emi/ry1 & a/ronomy4 ,read+1 writ+1 & reckon+ are call$ elem5t>y k1 & ?\gh ,i d n d5y t !y h an elem5t>y value = ! culture ( ! m9d1 yet ,i c truly say t ,i h met well-in=m$ p :o c\ld nei!r read nor write4 ,i wi% to indicate by ?is t !re are inde$ high & l[ degrees ( k & sci5ce1 b t su* graduations h only a tempor>y1 local1 relative1 subjective significance1 :ile 9 ! absolute all ?+s are ! same4 ,! scorn ) :i* y may he> "s p speak ( ! night ( ! absolute 9 :i* all cats are grey & all wom5 beautiful ,hel5as %all n prev5t u f repeat$ly /udy+ ! absolute :i* ,i h aga9 & aga9 prais$ z ! ma9 topic ( logic4 ,only rememb]1 please1 t y mu/ n h any my/ic idea ( x4 ,! absolute is ! sum total ( all t 01 is1 & w be4 ,! subjects z well z ! objects ( all sci5ce belong to ! absolute1 :i* is commonly call$ _w4 ,all o!r sci5ces h = _! object limit$ p>ts1 relative matt]s1 :ile ! sci5ce ( ! m9d treats ( all ?+s1 ( ! inf9ite4 ,?is is a po9t to :i* ,i ref] frequ5tly because x t5ds to make my lessons obscure4 ,i am lectur+ on ! sci5ce ( ! intellect1 b ,i speak ( all ?+s1 ( ! univ]se1 because ,i am oblig$ to demon/rate1 n ! relation ( ! m9d to %oemak+ or a/ronomy1 b its g5]al int]relations4 ,i h to make pla9 its g5]al conduct1 & ?is leads necess>ily to ! all-embrac+ g5]ality1 to ! absolute4 ,we wi% to le>n ! art ( ?9k+1 n on ?is or t subject1 b ! art ( g5]al _w ?\ght4 ,! intellect is a special "p1 ! same z e o!r sci5tific or practical object4 ,b x is t "p :i* is n satisfi$ ) piece "w1 :i* kn[s t x itself & all special ?+s are attributes or pr$icates ( ! absolute subject1 t x itself & all ?+s are univ]sally int]relat$4 ,! human m9d is sometimes call$ self-consci\sness4 ,b ?is "n is too limit$ = su* an unlimit$ ?+1 = ! pa?f9d] ( ! inf9ite1 = y\r1 my1 & e o!r consci\sness ( ! _w & ( exi/5ce 9 g5]al4 ,= c5turies ! "q has be5 discuss$ :e!r !re are innate ideas hidd5 9 ! intellect or :e!r x may be lik5$ to a blank pap] :i* exp]i5ce impregnates ) k4 ,?is is ! "q aft] ! orig9 & s\rce ( und]/&+4 ,:5ce comes reason1 :]e d we get our ideas1 judgm5ts1 conclusions8 ,by ! help ( br[n-/udy f ! int]ior ( our bra91 f revelation1 or f exp]i5ce8 ,x seems to me t y w quickly decide ?is matt] :5 ,i ask y to consid] t ev]y?+ we exp]i5ce1 toge!r ) ! intellect go+ ?r\gh exp]i5ces1 is a revelation ( ! absolute4 ,ev]y?+ we "k is exp]i5ce4 ,we may consid] ! m9d z a %eet ( blank pap]1 b 9 ord] t x may receive writ+ on its surface ?is int]nal pap] is z necess>y z ! ext]nal _w :i* produces ! h&1 ! p5 & ! ink = ?is process ( writ+4 ,9 o!r words1 all exp]i5ce orig9ates f ! _w organism4 ,n k1 b consci\sness1 _w consci\sness1 is innate 9 ! intellect4 ,x has n ! consci\sness ( ?is or t 9 itself1 b x kn[s ( itself ! g5]al1 ! exi/5ce z su*1 ! absolute4 ,! sci5ce ( ! intellect has ev] wre/l$ ) "o peculi> fact4 ,x f\nd k :i* ! m9d _h receiv$ f ! outside1 s-call$ empirical k4 ,b x also f\nd k :i* 0 innate1 s-call$ a priori k4 ,t !re is always a valley betwe5 two m\nta9s1 t gold is n %eet iron1 t ! "p is small] ?an ! :ole1 t ! angles ( a triangle are toge!r equal to two "r angles1 t circles are r\nd1 t wat] is wet1 t fire is hot1 etc41 ^! are ?+s ( :i* we "k t !y are true 9 heav5 & 9 hell1 & 9 all "t to come1 al?\gh we h nev] be5 !re ) our exp]i5ce4 ,?is pla9ly %[s t we h>bor a secret 9 our bra9s :i* ! lov]s ( ! my/ical seek to exploit by mak+ believe t _! self-int]e/$ wisdom ( ,god & high au?ority likewise belongs to ! et]nally innate tru?s4 ,= ?is reason x is especially important = ! prolet>iat to br+ ! controv]sy ( ! orig9 & s\rce ( und]/&+ to a close4 ,our logic asks3 ,does wisdom desc5d my/]i\sly f ! int]ior ( ! human bra91 or does x come f ! out] _w l all exp]i5ce8 ,we %all leave its desc5t f heav5 out ( ! "q4 ,! answ] is3 ,sci5ce1 p]ception1 und]/&+1 ?\ght1 require int]nal & ext]nal ?+s1 subject & object1 bra9 & _w4 ,tru? is "h & tru? is !re4 ,tru? is s div9e t x is ev]y:]e & absolute4 ,b h[ to expla9 t wond]ful a priori k :i* exce$s all exp]i5ce8 ,= x is a fact t ! intellect has n alone ! faculty ( kn[+ ?+s 9 g5]al1 b also t ( sep>at+ !m into _! p>ts & f "o ano!r & to "n !m4 ,x cuts (f slices1 s to say4 ,b n l ! but*] :o sees ev]y?+ m]ely f ! /&po9t ( 8 trade4 ,y w rememb] f y\r own exp]i5ce z well z f my repeat$ /atem5ts t ! _w is n a monoton\s1 b a multi=m unit4 ,?is confus$ knot is dissolv$ & expla9$ by intellectual sep>ation1 by classification4 ,9 ! absolute ev]y?+ is alike & unlike4 ,b ! intellect makes ab/ractions f ! unlike4 ,= in/ance1 9 conceiv+ ( ! t]m m9]als1 we pass ov] ! di/9ction betwe5 gold & %eet iron4 ,!n1 :5 we cont9ue ! classification by subord9at+ gold & %eet iron z sep>ate species to ! g5]al t]m ( m9]als1 we "k v well t gold & %eet iron are diff]5t k9ds ( ! same g5]al m9]al nature4 ,we "k :at ! names indicate1 & s long z !y reta9 _! mean+1 we "k t nei!r 9 heav5 nor 9 hell c gold be %eet iron or %eet iron be gold4 ,wat] & fire are specialties tak5 f ! univ]se & nam$4 ,is x a wond]1 !n1 t ^! names h a special mean+ & t we h ! settl$ conviction t :]ev] s5se in/ead ( nons5se is ma/]1 fire burns1 wat] wets1 circles are r\nd1 & ! sum ( ! angles ( e triangle is equal to two "r angles8 ,^! illu/rations are commonplace en\gh1 inde$1 b x seems to me t !y cle>ly %[ ! m]e =mality ( ! di/9ction betwe5 innate & exp]i5c$ k4 ,y w recognize t bo? ( ^! k9ds ( k are diff]5t & yet ( ! same k9d1 t bo? are mixtures ( ! int]nal & ext]nal4 ,k a priori ceases to be a miracle :5 we und]/& t x comes out ( ! same f\nta9 ( exp]i5ce z a po/]iori k1 & 9 ei!r case k is acquir$ only by means ( ! intellect4 ,h5ce intellect connect$ ) ! _w is ! sole s\rce ( all wisdom1 & ext]nal nature z well z our int]nal faculty ( und]/&+ are p>ts ( ! "o g5]al nature1 :i* is ! tru? & ! absolute4 ,only a gradual1 sl[1 gapless developm5t1 says ,noire1 c free ! ?9k+ m9d f ! philosophical disease ( wond]+4 ,! art ( dialectics or logic :i* tea*es t ! univ]se1 or ! :ole _w1 is "o be+1 is ! sci5ce ( absolute evolution4 ,9 ! :ole con/itution ( all natural ?+s1 writes ,laz>e ,geig]1 !re is h>dly any?+ m miracul\s ?an ! way 9 :i* ! miracle avoids our glance & cont9u\sly )draws into ! di/ance to escape obs]vation4 ,9 ! place ( ! abrupt & /range ?+s produc$ by imag9ation1 reason puts uni=mity & transition4 ,& we add t ! sci5ce ( reason1 or logic1 tea*es simultane\sly ) ! unity ( ! :ole _w1 also t all ?+s are alike miracul\s1 or t !re is only "o miracle1 :i* is exi/5ce 9 g5]al1 ! absolute4 ,9 o!r words1 ev]y?+ & no?+ is miracul\s4 ,9 demon/rat+ t ! mo/ diff]5t ?+s1 su* z heat & cold1 & all radical di/9ctions1 are only relative =ms ( univ]sal nature1 ,i prove ! un9t]rupt$ & matt] ( fact transition & ! absolute graduality1 ! fusion1 ( all ?+s4 ,i h tri$ to e/abli% ?is pro( 9 reg>d to ! two k9ds ( k & illu/rat$ x ) commonplace examples1 because ^! h a popul>iz+ effect4 ,9 ord] to meet ! dem&s ( m exact+ m9ds1 ,i %all pres5tly take up ! miracle ( causality4 ,! indubitable /atem5t t ev]y?+ mu/ h its cause is reg>d$ z ! mo/ miracul\s innate k1 & is mu* misus$ = ! purpose ( br++ confusion into logic4 ,,fifte5? ,,lett] ,my ,son3 ,if on my return f "s voyage ,i 7 to tell y ( all ! ?+s ,i h n se51 y w\ld ju/ly d\bt ! ord] ( my s5ses4 ,sane reason dem&s t ! description ( unfamili> ?+s be giv5 9 a positive1 n 9 a negative mann]4 ,if t is s1 is x n wrong to proce$ negatively by try+ to prove 9 expla9+ ! nature ( ! intellect t x is n a miracle & no my/]i\s *>m ( wisdom8 ,i answ]3 ,no4 ,= ! pres5t1 ! intellect is /ill a sort ( ignis fatuus :i* is magnifi$ into a fi]y man4 ,9 ord] to und]/& ! ignis fatuus1 x is necess>y to remove ! fi]y man4 ,logic mu/ %[ t human reason is n a miracle1 n a my/ical receptacle ( wisdom4 ,! negative process is 9 su* a case positively 9 ord]4 ,:]ev] a ?+ is obscur$ by prejudices1 ^! mu/ fir/ be remov$1 9 ord] t room may be made = ! b>e fact4 ,x 0 ! fam\s ,kant :o pos$ ! "q3 ,h[ is a priori k possible8 ,h[ d we arrive at ! k ( ?+s :i* are n accessible to exp]i5ce8 ,! answ] is t ! intellect _c accompli% su* a miracle1 & ,kant sub/antiates ?is 9 a long-w9d$ way & ) admirable p5etration4 ,b he left a na/y hair 9 ! s\p4 ,he f\nd t by ! help ( our reason we c expla9 only ph5om5a4 ,! confusion betwe5 tru? & ph5om5a _h be5 h&$ d[n to him z an infirmity ( anci5t times4 ,he work$ dilig5tly on its solution1 b left "s "w = ^? com+ aft] him4 ,orig9ally ! /udy ( sup]natural & ! pr(ane /udy ( natural ?+s 7 closely int]m+l$4 ,n until ! obvi\s results ( natural sci5ce became kn[n1 did ?9k]s accommodate !mselves to ! habit ( leav+ sup]natural ?+s to fai? & limit+ sci5ce to ! /udy ( natural ph5om5a4 ,sci5ce _h s to say pass$ on to ! practical ord] ( bus9ess1 n pay+ any fur!r att5tion to ! contra/ betwe5 ph5om5a & tru?4 ,b ! logic1 :i* is innate 9 ! human m9d1 _c cont5t itself ) ! duali/ic split betwe5 fai? & sci5ce4 ,x dem&s a moni/ic sy/em & does n desi/ until ! primeval =e/s ( fai? are completely put "u cultivation4 ,! logical impulse ( culture caus$ ,kant to cont9ue :at 0 begun by ,socrates4 ,philosophy be=e ,socrates se>*$ = tru? ext]nally4 ,:ile our logic tea*es t ev]y?+ is true1 & tru? is ! univ]se1 ! ,ionic philosoph]s made a sort ( feti% out ( ! matt]4 ,?ales idoliz$ ! wat] z ! ?+ ( ?+s1 ano!r ! fire1 a ?ird numb]s4 ,?is wor%ip ( ! feti% 0 ! wor%ip ( tru?4 ,! se>* = und]/&+ />ts out ) misund]/&+4 ,f religi\s to sci5tific culture1 x is a /ep1 n a leap4 ,:5 ,socrates turn$ to introspection & />t$ out1 ) 8 ,"k ?yself1 9 submitt+ ! prodigy ( ! human s\l to critique1 he made ano!r important /ep4 ,y "k t ! wise/ ( m5 0 n int]e/$ 9 air & wat]1 9 natural sci5ce ( ! /rict ord]1 b r 9 ! good1 ! true1 & ! beautiful1 9 ! human 9 ! n>r[] s5se1 9 ! realm ( ! _s1 9 ! s\l4 ,x 0 inde$ unwise t he 0 int]e/$ to ! v]ge ( idolization1 s9ce 9 consequ5ce ( ?is int]e/ 9 a special "p1 ! o!r1 ! mat]ial "p 0 be+ neglect$4 ,accord+ to ,goe!'s /atem5t t "o ?+ is n fit = all1 ,socrates did "r4 ,he & all philosophical lights aft] him /udi$ ! intellect4 ,:at !y miss$ 0 ! n[ dawn+ und]/&+ t ! faculty ( ?\ght is n a prodigy b a special1 & at ! same "t common1 "p ( univ]sal nature4 ,:ile ^! philosoph]s look$ = tru? 9 any "o special =m ( excell5ce1 y are n[ invit$ to look = x 9 ! total int]relation ( ?+s4 ,sci5ce has ev] endeavor$ to d away ) miracles & prodigies4 ,?is c\ld be accompli%$ only gradually1 & ! logicians h1 !re=e1 rema9$ m or less bias$ & confus$4 ,! great ,kant 0 no exception4 ,he look$ = supreme tru?1 & = its sake he inve/igat$ ! intellect4 ,he is celebrat$ because he expla9$ s well t ?is intellect feels no mission = any?+ transc5d5tal1 & _c und]/& any?+ b ph5om5a4 ,/ill he p]mitt$ some?+ transc5d5tal to rema94 ,kant is ( ! op9ion t we p]ceive ?+s z !y appe>1 b n z !y are 9 !mselves4 ,nev]!less we %\ld believe t a my/]i\s tru? is at ! bottom ( ^? ph5om5a1 because we %\ld o!rwise arrive at ! irreconcilable contradiction t !re are ph5om5a )\t any?+ :i* c\ld appe>4 ,! intellect1 he holds1 c op]ate only on ! field ( ph5om5a1 & = ?is reason we %\ld give up ! endless grubb+ aft] ! transc5d5tal4 ,b we %\ld leave "o little room 9 ! h\se ( reason1 "o little *amb] ( fai?1 :i* po9ts beyond exp]i5ce up to ! po9t :]e a my/]i\s tru? gu>ds ,god & ,8 comm&s4 ,! subsequ5t philosoph]s1 especially ! ,hegelian philosophy1 oppos$ ?is sep>ation :i* assign$ to ! intellect only ! /udy ( ph5om5a & to fai? ! absolute & inf9ite = v5]ation4 ,b !y did n yet succe$ 9 completely ma/]+ ! matt]1 !y did n fully arrive at an indubitably cle> exposition ( ! f\nta9 ( und]/&+ & ( ! unity ( tru?1 s t reaction n[adays c aga9 s\nd ! retreat aft] ! melody3 ,back to ,kant4 ,y "k t ,less+ compla9$ ab\t ! treatm5t ( a dead dog accord$ to ,sp9oza1 & ,m>x add$ po9t$ly3 ,hegel is m ( a dead dog to-day ?an ,sp9oza 0 at ,less+'s "t4 ,! enemies ( ! work+ class are ! enemies ( evolution4 ,!y wi% to pres]ve ! exi/+ ord] ( ?+s & ! good old "t 9 :i* !y feel at home4 ,= ?is reason x is ! mission ( ! prolet>iat to cont9ue ! "w ( logic4 ,x is our duty to %[ cle>ly t ! metaphysical tru? :i* ,kant oppos$ to ! ph5om5a ( nature & c\ld n elim9ate f ! intellect1 is no?+ b j a metaphysical1 a fanta/ically exagg]at$1 ?+4 ,accord+ to our logic1 ! univ]se is ! tru? & ev]y?+ p>takes ( x4 ,t su* a tru? is logical & su* a logic true1 is %[n by ! int]connection ( ?+s1 s t ?is sci5ce is applicable to ev]y?+ :i* ! sci5ces respect z reasonable & true4 ,9 ord] to help y 9 ! und]/&+ ( ! absolute & lib]ate y\r ?\ght f all special miracles1 ,i ref] to ,kant's critique ( reason4 ,x tea*es t our intellect becomes a s\rce ( und]/&+ only 9 connection ) o!r ph5om5a ( nature4 ,only 8 critique /uck fa/ 9 ! my/]i\s f\nta9 ( causality4 ,?us he %[$ t he 0 only a seek] aft] logic1 n its ma/]4 ,! conclusion t !re mu/ be some?+ t does appe> :]e !re are ph5om5a is c]ta9ly correct4 ,b t :i* ,kant 0 ?9k+ (1 some?+ ( a transc5d5tal or metaphysical nature1 l$ him to ! radically wrong conclusion t !re mu/ be some?+ diff]5t1 peculi>1 miracul\s1 my/]i\s1 :]ev] !re are ph5om5a4 ,! ,kantian conclusion t !re mu/ be an absolute tru? by itself beh9d a ph5om5on1 an absolute tru? t exi/s indep5d5t ( & disconnect$ ) su* ph5om5on1 0 due to 8 feti%-l conception ( tru?4 ,x is ! fir/ requirem5t = a correct use ( ! faculty ( logical reason+ to "k t tru? is ! common nature ( ! univ]se4 ,t a ph5om5on mu/ be bas$ on nature1 or an effect on a cause1 is a fact id5tical ) causality :i* ,i already promis$ to discuss 9 ! prec$+ lett]4 ,?is same problem may also be express$ 9 ! words3 ,:]e !re are pr$icates1 !re mu/ be a subject t c>ries !m4 ,9 ord] to make q sure t ,i w n be misund]/ood1 ,i emphasize once m ! fact t ,i am n rais+ any d\bt z to ! correctness ( ?is conclusion1 b only to ! metaphysical application ( ?is conclusion aft] ! ,kantian mann] :i* consi/s 9 mak+ ! same use ( x z a cl]gyman :o tries to prove t 8 !ology is innate 9 reason4 ,our conception ( logic wi%es to %[ t all causes & effects are matt] ( ! same k9d1 & t our faculty ( reason+ is a matt] ( fact ?+ :i* brooks no my/]ies or metaphysical dreams4 ,,sixte5? ,,lett] ,n[ let me illu/rate ! int]connection ( all ?+s1 or ! _w-unit1 by discuss+ ! "q ( causality4 ,we "k t ev]y?+ has its cause4 ,we "k t ?is is also true on ! ,moon or on ,uranus1 al?\gh we h n acquir$ ?is k by exp]i5ce on ^? _w bodies4 ,?us x seem$ t ! intellect 0 a my/]i\s receptacle conta9+ innate wisdom4 ,! same receptacle also conta9s1 = in/ance1 ! tru? t all :ite horses are :ite & all black horses black4 ,we d n "k any?+ ab\t ! color ( o!r horses 9 o!r c\ntries1 b ! color ( black & :ite horses we "k ev5 if we h nev] se5 !m 9 o!r c\ntries4 ,x is ?us app>5t t our intellect is an in/rum5t :i* rea*es beyond exp]i5ce4 ,= ?is reason !re w\ld seem to be no tell+ :]e ! supply ( su* miracul\s revelations w\ld /op & into :at my/]i\s worlds ! intellect pass+ beyond ! limits ( exp]i5ce w\ld lead u4 ,9 ord] t ! human intellect may n appe> transc5d5tal1 9 ord] to give x its place 9 ! g5]al classification ( natural =ces1 we mu/ inve/igate ! nature ( causality & s-call$ a priori k4 ,k9dly obs]ve 9 ! fir/ place t a ?+ is j z wond]ful aft] x is expla9$ z x 0 be=e its explanation4 ,a sci5tific explanation ( a ?+ ought n to d away ) our admiration1 b only to r$uce x to reasonable b\nds4 ,! intellect may v well be reg>d$ z some?+ wond]ful1 b its wondr\s quality %\ld be r$uc$ to ! measure ( all ?+s :i* are none ( !m any less wond]ful4 ,aft] y h expla9$ :at wat] is1 aft] y h le>n$ t x is compos$ ( two *emical elem5ts1 aft] y h realiz$ all its qualities ?or\ghly1 x /ill rema9s a wond]ful1 div9e1 fluid4 ,all ?+s h _! causes4 ,:at are all ?+s8 ,!y are attributes1 qualities ( ! univ]se4 ,x is innate 9 ! intellect to "k t ! _w is "o ?+1 t all ?+s belong1 n to any diff]5t ?+1 b to "o & ! same subject4 ,! intellect is by nature ! absolute feel+ ( unity4 ,x kn[s ( itself t ev]y?+ is int]relat$ & t ! consci\sness ( causality is no?+ else b ! consci\sness ( cosmic int]relation4 ,& ,i ma9ta9 t ! innat5ess ( ! consci\sness ( cosmic int]relation 9 our bra9 is expla9$ :5 we realize t x is an actual ?+ l all o!rs1 a ph5om5on :i* has ! same g5]al nature z e o!r ph5om5on4#g ,! fact is und5iable t a c]ta9 k is innate 9 our consci\sness4 ,! only difficulty has be5 to expla9 ?is fact4 ,at ?is po9t ,i call y\r att5tion to ! exagg]at$ notion ent]ta9$ 9 reg>d to expla9+1 & und]/&+1 ?+s4 ,by explanations1 a ?+ is n dissolv$1 b only classifi$4 ,! hat*+ ( an egg is expla9$ :5 y p]ceive t ?is process is "p & p>cel ( a :ole class ( simil> processes4 ,if y modify ! exalt$ idea ( ! effect ( explanations 9 ?is s5se1 y mu/ realize t ! innate consci\sness ( ! g5]al int]relation ( ?+s is natural & intelligible & requires no o!r explanation ?an ! humidity ( ! wat]1 ! gravity ( bodies1 or ! color ( black horses4 ,ev5 aft] x has be5 expla9$ & und]/ood1 ! intellect ) its logic rema9s a wond]ful ?+4 ,j z clay is by its nature untransp>5t & pliable1 or glass transp>5t & brittle1 s consci\sness has its peculi> innate qualities4 ,9 ?is way k comes to ! intellect n only by exp]i5ce1 b x is also a sort ( receptacle full ( wisdom4 ,/ill ?is receptacle w\ld no m conta9 wisdom )\t exp]i5ce ?an ! eye w\ld h impressions )\t light4 ,9 ord] to /raight5 out ! intricate w9d+s ( our subject1 ,i recapitulate !m4 ,we wi% to le>n ! prop] use ( our intellect1 ! consci\s application ( consci\sness4 ,to ?is end we analyze its hi!rto hidd5 my/ical nature4 ,s long z we exalt ?is nature transc5d5tally to ! cl\ds1 we d n acquire its prop] use4 ,!re=e ! fir/ p>agraph ( our lesson reads3 ,! intellect belongs 9 ! same category ) all ?+s ( ! univ]se4 ,& ! second p>agraph says3 ,if we di/+ui% two classes ( ?\ght radiat$ by ! human intellect1 viz41 innate ?\ghts1 su* z causality1 & on ! o!r h& ?\ghts :i* come ?r\gh exp]i5ce1 we mu/ rememb] t su* a di/9ction is correct only :5 we realize t 9 spite ( ?is classification 9 two k9ds !y really belong to ! same k9d4 ,innate & acquir$ wisdom1 ?\gh s]v$ on two diff]5t plates1 /ill are tak5 f ! same g5]al _w di%4 ,f ?is x foll[s t ! sci5ce ( causality1 ?\gh applicable to all ! ph5om5a ( ! _w1 does n apply to ! univ]se4 ,if x is a fact t all wisdom is worldly1 !n "o mu/ n fly outside ( ! _w ) ! concept ( causality4 ,?is is ! sali5t po9t at issue4 ,all ?+s are "o ?+1 are int]dep5d5t1 /& 9 ! relation ( cause & effect t[>d "o ano!r1 or ( g5us & species4 ,to say t all ?+s h a cause means t !y h a "m4 ,! fact t e "m has a "m f9ds its f9al end+ 9 ! _w "m or "m _w1 :i* is absolute & mo!rless & conta9s all mo!rs 9 its womb4 ,causes are mo!rs1 effects are daught]s4 ,e daught] has n only a "m1 gr&-"m1 & great-gr&-"m1 b also a fa!r1 gr&-fa!r1 & great-gr&-fa!r4 ,! orig91 or ! family relation%ip1 ( a daught] is n "o-sid$1 b all-sid$4 ,9 ! same way all ?+s h n "o1 b _m causes :i* fl[ toge!r 9 ! g5]al cause4 ,! intellect :i* has ! innate k t ev]y?+ has its cause w accept ! tea*+ t all causes 9 ! _w are f\nd$ 9 ! absolute _w cause & mu/ return to x4 ,x is ! qu9tess5ce ( logic n only to asc]ta9 ! true nature ( ! intellect1 b also to elucidate ! nature ( ! univ]se by ! help ( ! intellect4 ,all ?+s h a "m1 b to expect t ! _w "m %\ld logically h a "m is to c>ry logic to extremities & to misund]/& ! intellect & its art ( reason+4 ,if y h recogniz$ ! faculty ( und]/&+ z a "p ( exi/5ce1 y w n wond] at its miracul\sness4 ,exi/5ce is wond]ful4 ,its p>ts arise "o out ( ! o!r1 out ( ! univ]sal int]relations ( ! "o _w4 ,!y all h _! pr$ecessors & causes4 ,b :at is true ( ! relative p>ts1 is n true ( ! absolute :ole4 ,i am ! son ( my fa!r & ! fa!r ( my son4 ,i am at ! same "t fa!r & son4 ,9 ! same way all ?+s are simultane\sly cause & effect4 ,al?\gh fa!r & son are two diff]5t p]sons1 /ill ! capacity ( be+ fa!r & son re/ 9 ! same p]son1 & al?\gh cause & effect are to be di/+ui%$ z two ?+s1 /ill !y are two relations ( ! same ?+4 ,p]sons & ?+s1 causes & effects1 are n indep5d5t entities1 b relative entities1 are int]connections or relations ( ! absolute4 ,! intellect is innate 9 u1 & ) x & ?r\gh x also ! consci\sness ( be+1 al?\gh x is innate 9 u only z ! tee? ( ! *ild :i* gr[ aft] bir?4 ,ev]y?+ t we become aw>e ( is kn[n only z a "p ( ! univ]se4 ,9 s f> z ?is is wond]ful1 ! consci\sness ( causality is miracul\s4 ,b1 9 fact1 ! k ( ! causality ( all ?+s is innate wisdom ! same z t ( ! color ( all :ite & black horses4 ,at ! same "t x mu/ be obs]v$ t e innate k is 9 "p acquir$1 & e acquir$ k 9 "p innate1 s t bo? k9ds int]m+le & =m "o category4 ,my :ole argum5t aims to conv9ce y t all ?+s are worldly ?+s1 & _! causality is only ano!r "n = ! same ?+1 j z ! ,g]man brot is call$ pa9 9 ,fr5* & bread 9 ,engli%4 ,?us we d]ive ! firm conviction t if !re is pa9 9 heav5 !re w be bread1 & if !re are ?+s1 !re w be causes & effects1 or int]relation ) ! unit ( exi/5ce4 ,! my/]y ( causality is sometimes express$ by ! /atem5t t we possess ! indubitable k :i* ext5ds beyond all exp]i5ce t :]ev] a *ange takes place !re mu/ h prec$$ ano!r *ange4 ,inde$1 we h ! faculty ( recogniz+ ! unity 9 ! inf9ite multiplicity1 & inf9ite multiplicity 9 ! unity4 ,multiplicity1 *ange1 motion--:o is to split hairs ab\t !m1 :o w make f9e di/9ctions8 ,! intellect is ! photographic organ ( ! inf9ite motion & trans=mations call$ ! _w4 ,x is & possesses ! consci\sness ( cosmic *anges4 ,is x a wond] t x kn[s t !re is int]relation 9 its ?+s1 t no "p ( ! _w1 n a p>ticle ( its motion & trans=mations1 /&s alone by itself1 t ev]y?+ is connect$ & mutually dep5d5t 9 & ) ! univ]se8 ,because ?is und]/&+ is 9 a way innate 9 ! intellect1 !re=e x und]/&s t !re is no?+ b *ange1 inf9itely proce$+ trans=mations4 ,& if x deta*es any s+le ?+ f ?is process1 x kn[s t *anges prec$$ x & *anges w foll[4 ,9 %ort1 we mu/ n m>vel at any s+le "p ( nature1 n ev5 at ! intellect1 b admire ! :ole univ]se4 ,!n feti%ism w at la/ end & a true cult1 ! cult ( _w tru?1 c beg94 ,! art ( ?9k+1 my de> ,eug5e1 is n s easy4 ,= ?is reason ,i keep on w>n+ y aga9/ misund]/&+4 ,i d n mean to advise y ) ! =ego+ aga9/ admir+ any s+le "p ( nature1 or ( art1 a l&scape or a /atue4 ,my tea*+ m]ely t5ds to mod]ate admiration by ! reflection t ! :ole _w is wond]ful1 t ev]y?+ is beautiful1 s t no?+ ugly rema9s4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 beautiful & ugly is only relative4 ,ev5 :5 ,i say t ! true wor%ip ( ,god1 ! cult ( tru?1 _c beg9 until idol wor%ip ceases1 y w appreciate ! phrase & w n ins9uate t ,i d n value ! cultivation ( sci5ce 9 ! pa/1 or t ,i hate idol wor%ip to ! ext5t ( =gett+ :at ,i h emphasiz$ repeat$ly1 viz41 t idol wor%ip is also wor%ip ( ,god1 & error a pav+ /one on ! way t[>d tru?4 ,! mo/ m9ute ?+ is a magnitude4 ,ev]y?+ is true1 good1 & beautiful1 = ! univ]se is absolute tru?1 beauty & goodness4 ,i conclude ) ! words ( ,fr4 von ,sallet3 ,a sunny view ( _w & life ,is balm = bra9 & he>t1 ,x is ) heal? & beauty rife1 ,) noble/ works ( art4 ,b d n = a mom5t ?9k ,t x is captur$ 9 a w9k4 ,! gold5 h>ve/ does n gr[1 ,unless ! e>ly tempe/s bl[4 ,& only bitt] woe & /ra9 ,w bright & l(ty wisdom ga94 ,,footnote3 #g ,e4 g4 ,t ( natural exi/5ce4--,,editor4 ,,sev5te5? ,,lett]4 ,my subject1 de> ,eug5e1 is ! simple/ 9 ! _w1 b x requires ?or\gh treatm5t = all its full und]/&+4 ,s e lett] is 9 a way b a repetition ( ! same argum5t4 ,x is rem>kable1 says ,s*op5hau]1 t we f9d ! few ma9 !ses ( pre-socratic philosophy repeat$ innum]able times4 ,also 9 ! works ( mod]n ?9k]s1 su* z ,c>tesius1 ,sp9oza1 ,leibniz1 & ev5 ,kant1 we f9d t _! few ma9 !ses are repeat$ ov] & ov]4 ,n[ ,i ask y to consid] :at ,i said 9 my fir/ lett]s1 viz41 t ! titles ( ! pr9cipal philosophical works reveal t philosophy is engag$ 9 ! /udy ( logic1 9 ! analysis ( ! intellect & ! art ( its use4 ,y w !n recognize t 9 ! v nature ( ! subject my pres5tation ( ! matt] lacks sy/ematization4 ,x has no real beg9n+ & end1 because its object1 ! intellect1 is int]connect$ ) ! :ole univ]se1 :i* is )\t beg9n+ & end1 :i* has nei!r be=e nor aft]1 nei!r above nor bel[4 ,y may v5ture t ! relation ( ! intellect to ! univ]se does n conc]n ! intellect especially1 b is a univ]sal matt]4 ,t w\ld be true4 ,b x is easy to %[ t ! art ( ?9k+ & wisdom ( ! _w are id5tical4 ,& al?\gh ! univ]sal int]relation ( ?+s is g]ma9 to all ?+s & subjects1 yet its consid]ation is a special task ( logic :i* treats all objects ( ?\ght summ>ily4 ,my subject !re=e beg9s ev]y:]e1 ev5 ?\gh x is a specialty4 ,h5ce ,i take ! lib]ty to take my dep>ture f any lit]ature :i* ,i happ5 to /udy4 ,9 ! pres5t lett]1 ,i deal ) logical inve/igations ( ! prom95t ,pr(essor ,tr5del5burg4 ,8 is a bulky volume1 b y ne$ n fe> t ,i %all we>y y ) its subtleties4 ,z a rule ,i read only ! preface ( philosophical works ( ! second & ?ird ord]1 _! introduction & p]haps ! fir/ few *apt]s4 ,!n ,i am approximately in=m$ z to :at ,i may expect f !m fur!r on4 ,"o frequ5tly f9ds /atem5ts :i*1 if !y d n ?r[ new light on ! subject1 /ill br+ out 9 bold] relief "s ( ! accompli%m5ts ( hi/orical rese>* 9 our field4 ,& 9 ord] t ! son may n tru/ to ! fa!r alone1 :i* might lead to di/ru/1 ,i connect my argum5t ) "s /atem5ts ( ,tr5del5burg4 ,9 ! preface to ! second edition ! au?or compla9s ( ! dull heada*e :i* ! ,hegelian intoxication has left 9 ,g]many & says3 ,philosophy w n resume its old p[] until x becomes consi/5t1 & x w n become consi/5t until x gr[s 9 ! same way t all o!r sci5ces d4 ,9 o!r words1 x mu/ n take a new dep>ture 9 e bra9 & !n quit1 b x mu/ approa* its problems hi/orically & develop !m4 ,! ,g]man prejudice mu/ be ab&on$1 accord+ to :i* ! philosophy ( ! future is suppos$ to look = a new pr9ciple4 ,?is pr9ciple has already be5 f\nd4 ,x consi/s 9 ! organic _w conception1 ! fundam5ts ( :i* are re/+ 9 ,plato & ,ari/otle4 ,! ,pr(essor is "r1 b he ov]looks t ! philosoph]s1 ev5 ( mod]n times1 d n beg9 ea* on 8 own acc\nt1 d n h ea* 8 own pr9ciple1 or if !y h1 su* a false orig9ality is b ! indiff]5t attribute ( hi/orical developm5t :i* has h&$ ! object ( logic1 ! true art ( ?\ght1 f g5]ation to g5]ation 9 an ev] bright] condition4 ,i repeat ?is emphatically = p$agogic reasons1 because ,i consid] x ess5tial to conv9ce y & ! read] t ! app>5t p>adoxes :i* ,i /ate are ! objects ( discussion s9ce "t immemorial4 ,i also wi% to /imulate y to a /udy ( ! ma/] works ( philosophy :i* %[ ! *e]+ spectacle1 9 ! p]sons ( ! mo/ brilliant specim5s ( ! human m9d1 ( ! onw>d m>* ( ?is m9d f d>kness to light4 ,9 ord] t ! :eat conta9$ 9 ?is human treasure box may n be conceal$ by ! t>es1 ,i am endeavor+ to ?r[ light on ! outcome ( ! hi/orical developm5t ( philosophy1 & = ?is purpose ,i cont9ue to discuss ! "q by tak+ my dep>ture 9 ?is in/ance f "s fur!r /atem5ts ( ,tr5del5burg4 ,x is a peculi>ity ( philosophical me?ods ( reason+ to recognize a "p 9 ! :ole1 & x is tacitly assum$ t ! :ole is desc5d$ f a ?\ght :i* det]m9es ! p>ts4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is peculi> to empirical me?ods ( analysis to /udy ! p>ts )\t reg>d to _! int]relation1 or at be/ to collect !m & put !m toge!r1 & x is tacitly assum$ t e po9t is some?+ peculi> 9 itself :i* mu/ be /udi$ ap>t f all ! re/4 ,! aim ( all human und]/&+ is always to solve ! miracle ( div9e creation by fur!r creative ?\ght4 ,:5 ?is task is und]tak5 9 detail1 ! detail /udy =ces "o on to o!r ?+s3 = ?+s mu/ g backw>ds t[>d _! dissolution by ! same =ce ?r\gh :i* !y arose out ( ! dep?s4 ,^! s5t5ces /ate ! problem be=e u4 ,%all we use ! intellect philosophically1 or %all we use x empirically8 ,we are /riv+ to und]/& ! p>ts & ! :ole1 & ?is is id5tical ) ! rese>* aft] a sy/ematical _w philosophy1 or ) ! art ( dialectics4 ,n[ we mu/ /ate 9 ! fir/ place t ?9k+ ( any k9d1 :e!r x be philosophical or empirical1 is ( ! same species1 t ! same k]nel is conta9$ 9 bo? =ms4 ,roses are diff]5t fl[]s f c>nations1 b ! fl[] nature is 9 bo? ( !m4 ,?us ! nature ( ?\ght is conta9$ 9 bo? philosophical & empirical ?9k+4 ,! di/9ction is well en\gh1 b _! unity mu/ n be lo/ sight (4 ,! philosoph]s1 he says1 seek to und]/& ! detail by ! :ole2 ! empirical ?9k]s analyze ! details )\t reg>d to int]relations4 ,b bo? me?ods ( rese>* are diff]5t specim5s ( ! same g5us1 & bo? ( !m are "o-sid$ :5 _! int]connection is ov]look$4 ,! empirical ?9k] :o seeks to und]/& ! details 9 _! isolation1 ?9ks philosophically1 :5 he reg>ds 8 special rese>* z a contribution to ! :ole1 & ! philosoph]1 :o seeks to und]/& ! detail by ! :ole1 ?9ks empirically :5 he rightly reg>ds all details z attributes ( ! :ole4 ,tr5del5burg1 !n1 has express$ 8 case v obscurely4 ,bo? me?ods ( /udy1 if employ$ "o-sid$ly1 entirely misconceive ! art ( ?9k+4 ,! philosoph]s err :5 !y reg>d ! intellect z ! only s\rce ( und]/&+ & tru?2 x is only a "p ( tru? & mu/ be supplem5t$ by all ! re/ ( ! _w4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! empirical ?9k]s err :5 !y look = und]/&+ & tru? exclusively 9 ! out] _w1 )\t tak+ into acc\nt ! intellectual in/rum5t by ! help ( :i* !y lift _! treasures4 ,9 fact1 su* "o-sid$ philosoph]s exi/ only 9 !ory2 ,i mean !re are "s :o imag9e t tru? c\ld be "o-sid$4 ,b 9 practice !y all te/ify1 mu* aga9/ _! w1 to ! inevitable int]connection ( matt] & m9d1 ( inside & outside4 ,9 ! practical use ( ! intellect ev]ybody %[s t ! "p op]ates 9 ! :ole1 & t ! :ole is active 9 its p>ts4 ,we "k a priori t ! univ]se is a :ole4 ,! univ]sal exi/5ce c be conceiv$ only z ( "o k9d or nature4 ,! m]e ?\ght t !re might be some?+ :i* does n p>take ( ! nature ( ! univ]se is no ?\ght1 because x is a ?\ght )\t s5se or reason4 ,! :ole _w is ! supreme be+1 ?\gh ,i grant t we h b a vague conception ( x4 ,we h z yet no detail$1 true1 conception ( ! univ]se1 b x is gradually acquir$ 9 ! c\rse ( sci5ce4 ,/ill1 our conception w nev] be p]fect because details are inf9itesimal & ! absolute be+ is inf9ite gr[?4 ,z to details1 we "k !m m or less accurately & yet n accurately1 because ev5 ! mo/ m9ute "p ( ! inf9ite is inf9ite4 ,all sci5ce has se>*$ 9 va9 = atoms4 ,:at our und]/&+ kn[s1 has always be5 no?+ b pr$icates or attributes ( tru?1 al?\gh !y are true attributes & are truly und]/ood by u4 ,i emphasize ! inadequacy ( all modes ( ?\ght & ( all und]/&+ 9 opposition to ^? :o make an idol ( sci5ce4 ,i emphasize ! tru? ( all p]ceptions 9 opposition to ^? kn[no?+s :o claim t tru? _c be und]/ood1 b c only be admir$ & wor%ipp$4 ,h5ce x foll[s = our !ory ( und]/&+ t intellect & reason & ! art ( ?\ght are no indep5d5t treasure boxes :i* make any revelations to u4 ,!y are !oretical classifications :i* 9 practice are op]ative only 9 ! univ]sal int]connection ( ?+s4 ,und]/&+1 p]ceiv+1 judg+1 di/+ui%+ & conclud+1 etc41 are unable to produce any tru?s4 ,!y c only enlight5 & cl>ify exp]i5ce by logical classification & di/9ction4 ,because man produces works :i* are prec$$ by plann+1 !re=e ! philosophical mode ( rese>* has assum$ t ! :ole is desc5d$ f a ?\ght4 ,b ?is is an assumption ( human orig91 :i* is %[n to be )\t f\ndation on clos] analysis4 ,! plans ( our works are copies ( natural orig9als & are free creations ( ! m9d only 9 a limit$ s5se4 ,! arti/s are well aw>e ( ! natural desc5t ( _! ?\ghts & fictions4 ,to reg>d ! _w z ! outcome ( ?\ght is a p]v]se logic4 ,x is ! fir/ condition ( rational1 prolet>ian1 ?\ght to recognize ! intellect & its products z attributes ( ! _w subject4 ,,eighte5? ,,lett] ,j z 9 political hi/ory action & reaction foll[ "o ano!r1 j z p]iods ( economic prosp]ity are alt]nat$ by p]iods ( depression1 s we f9d 9 lit]ature a p]iodical fluctuation betwe5 philosophical & anti-philosophical t5d5cies4 ,aft] ,hegel _h = a "t ?or\ghly ar\s$ ! spirits1 a "t ( apa?y foll[$1 s t ?is h]o ( ?\ght :o %ortly be=e _h be5 almo/ idoliz$ c\ld be attack$ & revil$4 ,= ab\t a decade1 a philosophical breeze has n[ once m be5 bl[+4 ,! subject ( logic1 ! !ory ( und]/&+1 is aga9 ! object ( univ]sal att5tion4 ,?is movem5t is /imulat$ by important discov]ies 9 sci5ce1 su* z ! heat equival5t ( ,rob]t ,may]1 ! orig9 ( species by ,d>w91 etc41 & natural sci5ce & philosophy may be comp>$ to two m9]s :o are digg+ a tunnel1 s t %>p e>s on bo? sides c he> ! bl[s ( ! hamm]s & ! clang+ ( ! tools4 ,!re is mu* tru? 9 ?is picture1 b x may also lead to misund]/&+s4 ,by ! vivisection ( frogs & rabbits1 by bor+ into ! bra91 physiology w n discov] ! m9d4 ,no microscope1 no telescope1 w reveal ! nature ( reason & tru? or ! art ( logical disc]nm5t4 ,nei!r w ,laz>re ,geig]1 ,max ,muell]1 ,/e9?al1 & ,noire succe$ 9 philology 9 solv+ ! la/ que/ions ( all k by ! help ( any primitive ar*-language4 ,at ! same "t1 ! value ( ! co-op]ation ( ^! g5tlem5 is n d5i$1 only ,i desire to po9t out t ! comp>ison ) ! tunnel is n q accurate4 ,:at ,m>x said ( economic =mulas1 is true ( logical =mulas3 ,9 _! analysis nei!r ! microscope nor *emical reag5ts are ( any s]vice4 ,! p[] ( ab/raction mu/ replace !m bo?4 ,! two sci5ces w f9ally meet1 n because ea* "o ( !m digs away 9 its own "o-sid$ fa%ion1 b because ! m9]s meet aft] work+ h\rs & ex*ange _! exp]i5ces4 ,& ! philosoph]s may be ! dom9ant p>ty1 because !y are speciali/s 9 logic & !re=e prep>$ to utilize any?+ :i* may s]ve _! purpose1 no matt] f :at side x comes4 ,! o!r p>ty1 on ! o!r h&1 has its own specialties & promotes ! cause ( logic 9 a second>y & involunt>y fa%ion4 ,natural sci5ce has its own monism :i* is di/+ui%$ f philosophical prolet>ian monism 9 t x does n appreciate ! hi/orical outcome ( philosophical rese>*4 ,"o ( ! mo/ prom95t repres5tatives ( ! =m] is ,noire4 ,he entitles "o ( 8 little works ,moni/ic ,?\ght1 b %[s himself on its pages z a v uncle> duali/4 ,he speaks ( ! dual nature ( causality & relates t ! m9d op]ates ) a diff]5t causality ?an ! m]e me*anical "o4 ,he calls ?is o!r s5sory causality4 ,accord+ to him ! _w has only two attributes3 ,motion & s5sation are ! only true & objective qualities ( ! _w4444 ,motion is ! truly objective 444 ?\gh x is admitt$ t x gives u only ! ph5om5on4444 ,s5sation makes up ! int]nal nature ( ?+s4 ,e subject1 :e!r man or atom1 is end[$ ) ! two qualities ( all be+s1 viz41 motion & s5sation4 ,!reupon ,i h c>efully look$ = an explanation 9 ,noire's works1 :y he reg>ds ! nature ( ?+s z compos$ ( an ext]nal & an int]nal quality1 & :y s5sation %\ld n be reg>d$ z a sort ( motion1 b ! only reason ,i c\ld f9d 0 ! duali/ic nature ( 8 moni/ic reason+4 ,z ,s*op5hau] provid$ ! :ole _w ) a w1 s ,noire provides x ) s5sation4 ,kant & 8 ,critical ,philosophy held 9 _! "t t our intellect p]ceives only ! ph5om5a ( nature1 :ile ! my/ic law ( causality1 accord+ to him1 po9ts to a hidd5 be+1 :i* _c be p]ceiv$ b mu/ be believ$1 :i* we may v5]ate b mu/ leave undi/urb$ by sci5ce4 ,s*op5hau]1 8 brilliant successor1 :o 9 spite ( 8 brilliancy did n mat]ially advance ! cause ( philosophy1 my/ifi$ ! problem ( causality by 8 discov]y t ! nature ( ! _w is w p[]4 ,^! tea*+s ( ,kant & ,s*op5hau] are dress$ up anew & mix$ ) ! rec5t discov]ies ( sci5ce by ,noire4 ,b he entirely ignores ! "w ( ,s*ell+ & ,hegel1 :o by _! criticisms h made evid5t ! lack ( logic 9 ! ,kantian sep>ation ( ph5om5on 7app>ition7 f n\m5on 7ess5ce71 ( cause f effect4 ,y are famili> ) ! silly "q :e!r ,goe! or ,s*ill]1 ,%akespe>e or ,byron1 is ! great] poet1 & y w n ?9k t ,i am try+ to elevate ,hegel above ,kant or ,kant above ,hegel4 ,!y are j two cogs on ! sp9n+ :eel ( hi/ory4 ,if ! second cru%es :at ! fir/ has crack$1 su* is ! result ( _! succession4 ,natural sci5ce is also a valuable co-op]ator 9 ! solution ( ! _w problem1 n s mu* by digg+ 9 ! logical tunnel itself1 or mak+ amateur excursions into ! fields ( philosophy or metaphysics1 b because x elucidates & r5d]s tangible ! special object ( logic 9 su* f>-embrac+ objects z ! unity ( natural =ces or ( animal species4 ,! sci5tific pres5tation ( ?is special object1 h[ev]1 requires a bra9 arm$ ) ! full equipm5t ( ! hi/orical outcome ( philosophy4 ,n[ y mu/ n believe t ,i am conceit$ en\gh to place my own little p]sonality on ! p$e/al z ! only true philosoph]4 ,i am too well aw>e ( my %ortcom+s z a self-educat$ man4 ,b see+ t ,i h /riv5 e>ne/ly & )\t prejudice s9ce my "y days to und]/& ! high object ( my /udies1 ,i feel 9 my he>t a c]ta9 confid5ce 9 my qualification to deal ) x4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,i "k my lack ( t sort ( le>n+ :i* is requir$ 9 ord] to be able to pres5t ! sci5tifically mu*-c\rt$ nature ( ! human m9d 9 su* a =m & ) su* emphasis z its sublime "* des]ves4 ,& if ,i1 nev]!less1 come be=e ! public on v>i\s occasions ) my t5tative works1 ,i (f] z an excuse t hi!rto ! ,messiah has n appe>$ :o w come aft] me & ^: ,john ! ,bapti/ ,i %\ld l to be4 ,y1 my de> ,eug5e1 w take me sob]ly & r$uce my res\nd+ words to _! prop] measure1 :5 ,i1 9 ! intoxication ( en?usiasm1 fl[ ov] l t n[ & !n4 ,y "k t ,i am no h]o wor%ipp]4 ,?\gh all rese>* is b ! product ( individual m9ds1 ! m9d ( ea* man is a "p ( ! univ]sal m9d :i* produces sci5ce4 ,n[ foll[s ! po9t :i* =ms ! conclusion ( all my lett]s3 ,! intellect :i* produces sci5ce is inde$ a "p ( man1 b /ill m a "p ( ! _w1 x is ! univ]sal _w intellect1 ! reason ( ! absolute1 ! absolute reason4 ,! /udy ( ?is intellect at "w1 n m]ely 9 %oemak+1 9 anatomy1 or 9 a/ronomy1 b 9 all fields1 9 ! inf9ite1 ( its life 9 ! absolute1 is ! means by :i* ! art ( logic is acquir$4 ,x is true t ! inf9ite exi/s only 9 f9ite p>ts1 & y _c conceive ( ! inf9ite directly1 y c p]ceive x only 9 its p>ts4 ,& 9 p]ceiv+ !m y mu/ always rememb] t e "p is an inf9ite piece ( ! inf9ite univ]se4 ,9 8 ,introduction & ,pro(s ( a ,moni/ic ,!ory ( ,und]/&+1 ,noire1 aft] enum]at+ ! new po9ts conta9$ 9 8 "w1 adds sne]+ly t he is n 9 a position to give any new clews z to ! nature ( ! absolute4 ,= ?is v reason ,i want to d5\nce 8 ,monism z a %all[ piece ( "w1 :i* (f]s only ! "n in/ead ( ! ess5ce4 ,! well-kn[n ,ern/ ,haeckel kn[s a great deal m ab\t ?is subject4 ,9 a lecture giv5 at ! tw5ty-fif? conv5tion ( natural sci5ti/s 9 ,eis5a*1 he calls ! moni/ic view ( nature a gr& pan!i/ic "o4 ,! ess5ce ( all religion1 accord+ to him1 consi/s 9 ! conviction ( a f9al & unmi/akably common cause ( all ?+s4 ,& he cont9ues3 ,9 ! admission t ) ! pres5t day organization ( our bra91 we are unable to p5etrate to ! f9al cause ( all ?+s1 ! critical natural philosophy & dogmatic religion agree4 ,:e!r ! pr(essor is "o ( ^? natural philosoph]s :o reg>d ! human m9d z too n>r[ = ! und]/&+ ( ! unmi/akably 7h5ce some:at und]/ood7 common cause ( all ?+s1 is n q cle> to me1 nor probably to ! fam\s sci5ti/ himself4 ,= he adds3 ,! m we progress 9 ! und]/&+ ( nature1 ! m we approa* t unatta9able f9al cause4 ,& fur!r on3 ,! pure/ =m ( moni/ic fai? culm9ates 9 ! conviction ( ! unity ( ,god & nature4 ,n[ ,i ask3 ,if nature1 ,god1 & absolute tru? are "o & ! same ?+1 h we n le>n$ some?+ ab\t ! f9al cause ( all ?+s8 ,:at necessity is !re 9 t case = speak+ 9 su* an abject$ly humble tone ( human und]/&+1 or to assign no?+ b /raw & husks to x1 9 ! language ( ,hegel8 ,y see1 !n1 t ,haeckel has a high] e/imate ( absolute nature ?an ,noire :o does n c>e to h any?+ to d ) ! nature ( ! absolute4 ,b my object at ?is mom5t is to conv9ce y t nei!r ! "o nor ! o!r ( ^! two1 nor natural sci5ce1 s-call$1 is directly digg+ 9 ! tunnel :i* w give u light on ! "q ( ! limits ( our und]/&+ & ! f9al cause ( ?+s4 ,our logic1 on ! o!r h&1 :i* treats ! intellect z a "p ( nature1 cultivates a natural sci5ce t includes ! m]e empirical natural sci5ce 9 ! same way 9 :i* ! day ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs includes ! day ( twelve h\rs & ! night4 ,natural sci5ce prop] deals ma9ly ) tangible ?+s4 ,light & s\nd1 ! objects ( eye & e>1 are /ill includ$ 9 its /udies4 ,! objects ( smell & ta/e /& on ! divid+ l9e4 ,b ! socall$ sci5ces ( ! m9d1 su* z gramm> & politics1 political economy & hi/ory1 morals & law1 & mo/ decid$ly logic1 are entirely exclud$4 ,su* a limitation is well en\gh1 if we rememb] t x is purely =mal4 ,h[ev]1 x mu/ n ov]look ! bridge :i* leads f limit$ nature to univ]sal1 inf9ite1 nature4 ,! monism ( natural sci5ce has a f> too n>r[ view ( ! univ]se4 ,:5 x says t all is motion1 x says j z little or z mu* z ,solomon ) 8 all is va94 ,ev]y?+ is crook$ & /raight1 ev]y?+ great & small1 ev]y?+ temporal & et]nal1 ev]y?+ tru? & life4 ,b no?+ is ?us said to %[ ! mean+ ( di/9ction 9 ?is _w1 to expla9 h[ re/ exi/s 9 motion1 & s5se 9 nons5se4 ,9 ord] to diff]5tiate logically we mu/ "k t ev]y?+ is ev]y?+1 t ! univ]se or absolute is its own cause & ! f9al cause ( all ?+s1 :i* embraces all di/9ctions1 ev5 t ( causality & t betwe5 matt] & m9d4 ,,n9ete5? ,,lett] ,philosophy %\ld n try to be edify+1 said ,hegel4 ,?is means t religi\s feel+ is f> bel[ sci5tific ?\ght4 ,b !re is a rev]se side to ?is s5t5ce1 viz41 t ?\ghts :i* d n rise to ! edify+ int]connection ( all ?+s1 no matt] :e!r !y rema9 /uck 9 "s specialty on acc\nt ( frivol\sness or ( n>r[m9d$ness1 are f> bel[ a wise _w philosophy4 ,9 a =m] lett] ,i h already emphasiz$1 & ,i hope to prove x m conv9c+ly1 t ! conception ( ,god1 or ( ! absolute1 is indisp5sable = a logical _w philosophy4 ,y "k t 9 my diction>y ! gods & div9ities ( all religions & d5om9ations are idols1 & ju/ly s1 s9ce !y are all manufactur$ images4 ,in/ead ( ! entire univ]se1 !y wor%ip a m or less uness5tial "p ( x4 ,! religions %[ by _! idolatry1 ! sci5ces frequ5tly by _! little cr$itable indiff]5ce1 t !y h no conception ( ! intellect & its art ( reason+4 ,! univ]se is a famili> conception4 ,ev]ybody uses x1 & !re is app>5tly little to say ab\t x4 ,b 9 fact x is ! conception ( all conceptions1 ! be+ ( all be+s1 ! cause ( itself :i* has no o!r cause & no o!r be+ beside itself4 ,t ! :ole _w is conta9$ 9 ! univ]se is s obvi\s t y may wond] at my wa/e ( words ov] su* a matt]-(-fact ?+4 ,b :5 y consid] t ! p h always se>*$ = a _w cause outside ( ! _w1 toge!r ) a beg9n+ ( ! _w & a transc5d5tal tru?1 !n y w see t !y h n grasp$ ! conception ( ! _w z a :ole1 z a univ]se4 ,& if t is admitt$1 !n ! pro( t x is ! cause ( all causes1 ! beg9n+ ( all beg9n+s1 & ! tru? ( all tru?s1 is n su* a sup]flu\s und]tak+4 ,n[ y may say t x is presumptu\s to try to und]/& ! :ole univ]se at once4 ,?is objection is ju/ifi$ 9 a way1 accord+ to ! int]pretation ( ! words4 ,/ill ,i hope t x w be my ju/ification to decl>e t x is n a "q ( und]/&+ ! univ]se 9 detail1 b only 9 g5]al1 n ea* & ev]y?+ 9 its diff]5tiation1 b only 9 a summ>y way4 ,& x is only ! edify+ conception ( ! univ]se z a :ole :i* w op5 = y ! door to ! und]/&+ ( ! human m9d1 ( ?\ght1 & ! art ( us+ x4 ,we wi% to und]/& ! conception2 n ?is or t conception1 b ! :ole conception1 ! conception ( ! :ole4 ,y w no long] indulge 9 ! sup]/ition t ! faculty ( ?\ght or und]/&+ is a ?+ ap>t f ! _w's int]connection4 ,i presume t y h n[ le>n$ en\gh ab\t ! art ( ?\ght to be sure n to ?9k ( any?+ )\t its worldwide int]relation4 ,= s long z "o imag9es t a piece ( wood or a /one is a ?+ 9 itself1 )\t connection ) light & air1 ) ,e>?1 ,moon1 & ,sun1 he has a v b>b>ian conception ( ! ?+s ( ?is _w4 ,i ma9ta9 t ! und]/&+ ( ! human faculty ( reason & ! art ( its use are insep>able f ! _w concept4 ,& ,i want ?is und]/ood 9 ! s5se1 t x is n a mi/ake to di/+ui% betwe5 ! int]nal m9d & ! outside _w1 b t ^! are m]ely =mal di/9ctions ( ! ess5tially indivisible & absolute univ]se4 ,! concept ( ?is true ,god or div9e1 because univ]sal1 ,tru? %[s on close analysis t x includes ! special tru? ( ! art ( ?\ght z well z all o!r sci5ces1 & pre-em95tly ! sci5ce ( ?\ght1 because ?is sci5ce mu/ n limit itself to any special ?+1 b mu/ be _w wisdom by its v w & nature4 ,to und]/& ! univ]se1 !n1 means to become aw>e t ?is be+ ( all be+s has no beg9n+1 no cause1 no tru? nor reason outside & beside itself1 b has ev]y?+ 9 & by itself4 ,to und]/& ! univ]se means to recognize t "o is ru%+ beyond ! worldly inf9ity into ! realm ( fanta/ic transc5d5talism & abus+ ! intellect1 :5 illogically apply+ su* t]ms z beg9n+ & end1 cause & effect1 be+ & n be+1 to ! absolute univ]se4 ,su* an illogical use ( ! faculty ( ?\ght is well illu/rat$ & rebuk$ by ! poet :o que/ions & answ]s3 ,& :5 my life has pass$ away1 ,:at w become ( me8 ,! _w has "o et]nal day1 ',!reaft]' _c be4 ,9 ord] to acquire ! univ]sal s5se1 y w /rive to und]/& t ! univ]se includes all relative ?+s1 :ile z a :ole x embodies ! absolute or ! edify+ deity4 ,if y w\ld become _w-wise1 y mu/ le>n t ! ?+s call$ opposites & contradictions h a diff]5t mean+ ?an is ord9>ily appli$ to !m by ! logic ( ! idolators4 ,!y say t ,god & ! _w1 body & s\l1 tru? & error1 life & dea?1 etc41 are irreconcilable antipodes2 t !y exclude "o ano!r2 t !y _c be br\ght "u ! same ro(1 b mu/ be kept wide ap>t by ! laws ( et]nal reason4 ,b ?is doctr9e ( contradiction is m]ely n>r[ dogmatism1 :i* confuses ! m9ds in/ead ( enlight5+ !m4 ,c]ta9ly1 dea? diff]s f life1 ! p]i%able f ! imp]i%able1 black f :ite1 crook$ f /raight1 l>ge f small4 ,:o w\ld be silly en\gh to d5y t8 ,b ev5 ! app>5tly mo/ contradictory & opposite ?+s may be classifi$ "u ! same g5us1 family1 or species1 z tw9s 9 a "m's womb4 ,! same ?+ t does n prev5t male & female f sitt+ 9 ! same ne/1 does n prev5t ! mo/ widely diff]5t ?+s1 9 spite ( _! sep>ate *>act]s1 f be+ "o & ! same1 f be+ two pieces ( ! same calib]4 ,y are c]ta9ly /ill ! same ,eug5e t y 7 z a little baby1 & yet y are at ! same "t ano!r4 ,! exp]ts 9 physiology ev5 claim t !y c compute h[ (t5 a man ( sixty has *ang$ 8 fle%1 bones1 sk91 & hair4 ,al?\gh ! old man is ! same individual t he 0 :5 fir/ born1 yet he nev] rema9$ ! same4 ,y w see by ?is illu/ration t all diff]5ce is ( ! same nature1 a g5]al1 supreme1 univ]sal be+1 absolute & div9e1 & ?is absolute _w be+ is highly edify+1 because x comprises all o!r be+s & is ! ,alpha & ,omega ( all ?+s4 ,is ?is _w-god a m]e idea8 ,no1 x is ! tru? & life itself4 ,& x is v int]e/+ to note t ! s-call$ ontological pro( ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god agrees v well ) ! _w tru? :i* ,i proclaim 9 ! tab]nacle ( logic4 ,?is pro( is orig9ally attribut$ to ! le>n$ ,anselmo ( ,cant]bury4 ,h[ev] t may be1 x is c]ta9 t ,desc>tes & ,sp9oza support him ) _! fam\s names4 ,!y hold t ! mo/ p]fect be+ mu/ necess>ily h exi/5ce1 because o!rwise x w\ld n be ! mo/ p]fect4 ,i und]/ood v well1 writes ,desc>tes 9 ! f\r? section ( 8 ,me?od ( ,correct ,?\ght1 t 9 accept+ ! hypo!sis ( a triangle ,i w\ld h to accept ! fact t ! sum ( its ?ree angles is equal to two "r angles4 ,b no?+ conv9c$ me ( ! pres5ce ( su* a triangle1 :ile ,i f\nd t my conception ( ! mo/ p]fect be+ 0 z insep>ably l9k$ to exi/5ce z my conception ( a triangle is to ! id5tity ( ! sum ( its angles ) two "r angles4444 ,h5ce x is c]ta9ly z und5iable z any geometrical pro( c be t ,god exi/s z ?is mo/ p]fect be+4 ,?is argum5t appe>s to me z cle> z daylight & ought to conv9ce y1 n ( ! exi/5ce ( a transc5d5tal idol1 b ( ! tru? ( ! absolute & mo/ p]fect _w be+4 ,if y 7 to rem>k t ?is p]fectness is n s v great1 consid]+ its _m obvi\s imp]fections1 ,i %\ld ask y n to split hairs & to recognize ) sane s5ses t ^! imp]fections ( ! _w belong z logically to ! p]fect _w z ! evil desires belong to virtue :i* becomes virtue only by ! te/ ( ov]com+ !m4 ,! conception ( a p]fection :i* has no imp]fections to ov]come w\ld be a silly idea4 ,n[ 9 conclusion let me say a few words ( apology = cont9ually int]*ang+ ! univ]se & ! concept ( ! univ]se4 ,i frequ5tly speak ( ! idea ( a ?+ z if x 7 ! ?+ itself4 ,b see "h6 ,d y n ask on see+ ! portrait ( "s p]son unkn[n to y3 ,:o is ?is8 ,& d y n int]*ange ! portrait = ! p]son itself1 )\t difficulty & misund]/&+8 ,! idea /&s 9 ! same relation to ! ?+1 z ! portrait to ! p]son x repres5ts4 ,?is rem>k is direct$ aga9/ t uns\nd logic :i* kn[s only ! sep>ation ( ! idea f ! ?+1 ( reason f its objects1 b does n grasp ! m]e =mality ( su* a di/9ction1 does n appreciate ! unity ( ! _w1 ! edify+ & supreme tru?1 ! tru? ( ! supreme be+4 ,?is lett]1 my de> ,eug5e1 pleads = edification1 b only = t k9d ( edification :i* includes ! un$ify+1 :]eby edification is sob]$ d[n4 ,if y w\ld give ! "n ( pan!ism to ?is _w philosophy1 y %\ld rememb] t x is n a s5tim5tal & exalt$1 b a common s5se pan!ism1 a deification :i* has ! ta/e ( ! godless4 ,,tw5tie? ,,lett] ,de> ,eug5e3 ,today ,i am go+ to pres5t my case ) ! precision ( a s*oolma/]4 ,! concept ( :ite cabbage embraces all :ite cabbage heads t ev] 7 & ev] w be4 ,! concept ( cabbage embraces r$1 :ite1 & _m o!r k9ds ( cabbage4 ,! concept ( vegetable embraces a /ill wid] range4 ,! organic field is /ill m compreh5sive4 ,& f9ally ! _w concept embraces ev]y?+ :i* we "k & don't "k1 ! end ( :i* we _c conceive1 & :i* !re=e is call$ inf9ite4 ,:5 we trace our /eps backw>d ov] ! same reason+1 we f9d at once t ! univ]sal concept is divid$ into two p>ts1 viz41 ! univ]se & ! conception ( x4 ,we ?us f9d ! _w 9 ! concept & ! concept 9 ! _w1 s t bo? ( ^! p>ts are int]connect$1 ea* is ! pr$icate ( ! o!r1 & :e!r we turn ! ?+ to ! "r or to ! left1 ! concept is 9 ! _w & ! _w 9 ! concept4 ,n[ x is true t ! concept1 or ! faculty ( und]/&+1 is ! object ( our /udy r ?an ! _w outside ( x4 ,! faculty ( und]/&+1 by ! way1 is no?+ b a collective n\n = all concepts1 h5ce simply ano!r "n = concept 9 g5]al4 ,b :at ,i et]nally repeat is ?is3 ,we _c make a concept sep>at$ f all ! re/ ( ! _w ! object ( our /udy1 because t w\ld be an empty ab/raction :i* does n take on any mean+ until we connect x ) ! _w1 = in/ance ! special concept ( cabbage ) s5se-p]ceiv$ cabbage & s =?4 ,! concepts ( :ite cabbage1 cabbage 9 g5]al1 vegetables1 or plants1 etc41 are all ( !m special concepts & at ! same "t g5]al concepts4 ,! "o & ! o!r is relative4 ,comp>$ to ! v>i\s species x includes1 ! g5]al concept ( cabbage is ab/ract1 :ile comp>$ to ! g5]al concept ( vegetables x is concrete4 ,& s x is ) all concepts4 ,!y are ab/ract & concrete at ! same "t4 ,only ! f9al concept1 ! _w concept1 is nei!r concrete nor ab/ract1 b absolute4 ,x is ! concept ( ! absolute1 :i* is indisp5sable = an und]/&+ ( logic4 ,we f\nd a :ile ago t ! absolute _w concept consi/$ ( two p>ts1 viz41 ! concept & ! _w4 ,9 ! same way1 ! *emi/s tea* u t wat] consi/s ( two elem5ts1 ea* ( :i* by itself does n make any wat]1 :ile _! comp\nd makes pure wat]4 ,b we d n ne$ su* di/ant illu/rations4 ,my table 9 its pres5t composition is some?+ diff]5t f :at x w\ld be if ! same pieces 7 put toge!r 9 "s o!r way & )\t a plan4 ,!re=e ! _w concept is a f> m sublime concept ?an all ! p>ts ( :i* x consi/s4 ,& 9 ord] to make ?is q cle>1 ,i may honor ?is comp\nd ( ! _w & its concept by a special "n1 say univ]se1 s z to di/+ui% x f its compon5t p>ts4 ,n[ ,i decl>e1 )\t fe> ( hav+ ! ^w turn$ 9 my m\? by any sophi/1 t ! _w embrac+ ! ?\ght1 or ! univ]se1 is ! absolute :i* includes ev]y?+1 :ile ! _w & ! ?\ght ( x1 ea* by itself1 are b classifications or relative ?+s4 ,we wi% to und]/& ?\ght1 n empty ab/ract ?\ght1 b ! univ]sal _w-embrac+ ?\ght1 ! ?\ght 9 a philosophical s5se4 ,?is is n m]e ?\ght1 b liv+ tru?1 ! univ]se1 ! absolute1 ! supreme be+4 ,x is ) ! univ]se & its p>ts z x is ) a telescope & its conc5tric r+s4 ,our intellect is a special r+ :i* gives u a picture ( ! :ole conc5tric ?+4 ,?is photograph]1 z ,i h call$ x 9 a =m] lett]1 is n ! object ( our /udy = its own sake1 nor = ! sake ( its pictures1 b r = ! sake ( ! orig9al1 ( ! univ]se4 ,x is z if somebody 7 to buy a portrait ( "s hi/orically r5[n$ p]son4 ,no matt] h[ mu* conc]n$ ! buy] w\ld be ) ! picture1 9 ! la/ analysis he is conc]n$ ) t p]son itself4 ,s x is ) ! art ( und]/&+ ! absolute1 ) _w wisdom1 :i* we /udy n = ! sake ( ! wisdom1 b ( ! _w itself4 ,?is l5g?y discussion might h be5 cut %ort by simply speak+ ( ! _w in/ead ( go+ to s mu* tr\ble on acc\nt ( ! _w concept4 ,b ,i %\ld !n miss my po9t1 :i* is t ! human intellect is a "p ( ! _w1 & t ! ideological di/9ction :i* sep>ates ?is intellect f ! re/ ( ! _w1 requires = ! :ole an embrac+ t]m4 ,! absolute concept is ! concept ( ! absolute1 ( ! supreme be+4 ,to x applies all ! true1 good1 & beautiful ev] attribut$ to ,god1 & x is also t be+ :i* l5ds logic1 consi/5cy1 & =m to all ?\ght4 ,plato is a philosoph] :o has ?r[n a wond]ful light on ! faculty ( und]/&+1 ?\gh he has n fully expla9$ x4 ,9 8 dialogue entitl$ ,gorgias1 he makes ,socrates say ! foll[+3 ,does x seem to y t m5 want t ) :i* !y occupy !mselves at any "t1 or t = ! sake ( :i* !y und]take :atev] !y may be engag$ 98 ,d ^?1 = in/ance1 :o take "s m$ic9e prescrib$ by ! physicians seem to want t :i* !y d 444 or to want t = ! sake ( :i* !y take m$ic9e1 viz41 heal?8444 ,9 ! same way ^? :o g on bo>d ( %ips & trade d n want t :i* !y are do+2 = :o w\ld c>e to g to sea & face dang] or conqu] ob/acles8 ,t = :i* !y g to sea is t :i* !y want1 viz41 to become ri*2 !y are go+ to sea = ! sake ( acquir+ weal?4 ,plato ?us says t ! imm$iate purposes ( m5 are n _! real purposes1 b means to an end1 means to welf>e or = good4 ,he !re=e cont9ues3 ,x is 9 pursuit ( good1 !n1 t we g :5 we g1 because we are aft] some?+ bett]1 & we /& /ill = ! sake ( ! same good4 ,n[ let u g a /ep f>!r ?an ,socrates & ,plato4 ,j z m5's actions are truly done1 n = ! sake ( "s imm$iate purpose1 b ( ! ult]ior1 ( welf>e1 & j z _! socall$ e?ical actions are ju/ifi$ only by ! g5]al wellbe+1 s all ?+s ( ! _w are n sub/antiat$ by _! imm$iate environm5t1 b by ! inf9ite univ]se4 ,x is n ! se$ plant$ 9 ! soil :i* is ! cause ( ! gr[+ plant1 z ! f>m] ?9ks1 b ! ,e>?1 ! ,sun1 ! w9ds1 & ! wea!r1 9 %ort1 ! :ole ( nature1 & t includes ! se$ g]m4 ,if we apply ?is reason+ to our special object1 ! faculty ( und]/&+1 we f9d t x is n a n>r[ly human1 nor a transc5d5tal1 b a univ]sal cosmic faculty4 ,accord+ to ,hom]1 ! immortal gods call ?+s by o!r names ?an mortal m54 ,b once y h grasp$ ! concept ( ! absolute1 y und]/& ! language ( ! gods1 y und]/& t ! intellect by itself is b a m9ute p>ticle1 :ile 9 ! int]relation ) ! univ]se x is an absolute & integral "p ( ! univ]sal absolute4 ,all ?+s h a dual nature1 all ( !m are limit$ p>ts ( ! unlimit$1 ! inexhau/ible1 ! unkn[able4 ,j z all ?+s are small & great1 temporal & et]nal1 s all ( !m includ+ ! human m9d are kn[able & unkn[able at ! same "t4 ,we mu/ n idolize ! faculty ( ?\ght nor =get its div9e nature4 ,man %\ld be humble1 b )\t b[+ 9 doglike submission to a transc5d5tal _s1 & he %\ld be su/a9$ by ! sublime consci\sness t 8 _s is ! true "o1 ! _s ( univ]sal tru?4 ,ev]y?+ c be se5 by eyes1 includ+ ^? ( a hawk4 ,j z ! eye is ! in/rum5t ( vision1 s ! intellect is ! in/rum5t ( ?\ght4 ,& j z spectacles & glasses are means ( assi/+ ! eye 9 see+1 s s5ses1 exp]i5ce1 & exp]im5ts are means ( assi/+ ! intellect 9 und]/&+4 ,) ?is equipm5t ! intellect c assimilate ev]y?+ 9 its conceptions4 ,x und]/&s all1 b all only 9 a relative s5se4 ,we und]/& all1 j z we buy ev]y?+ = money4 ,we c buy only :at is = sale4 ,reason & sun%9e _c be valu$ 9 money4 ,we c see ev]y?+ ) eyes1 & yet n ev]y?+4 ,s\nds & smells _c be se54 ,j z ev]y?+ is great & small1 s ev]y?+ is kn[able & unkn[able1 accord+ to ! mean+ giv5 to ev]y?+ 9 ! language ( m5 or gods4 ,t ^w has ! dual mean+ ( apply+ to any p>ticle & to ! :ole univ]se4 ,s is ! human m9d univ]sal1 b only a univ]sal specialty4 ,look at t magnific5tly color$ c>nation4 ,y see ! :ole fl[]1 & yet y d n see all ( x4 ,y d n see its sc5t nor its weight4 ,9 ! human language :ole means a relative :ole1 :i* is at ! same "t a "p4 ,e p>ticle ( ! univ]se is su* a dual ?+4 ,b 9 ! language ( ! gods1 :i* is spok5 by philosophy1 only ! absolute univ]se is :ole4 ,:5 ! subject "u discussion is n ! intellect1 b "s o!r "p ( ! _w1 = in/ance ! eyes1 ! univ]sal concept ( ! absolute is n s important1 because ! faculty ( see+1 l ! faculty ( weal?1 is 9 little dang] ( be+ metaphysically abus$4 ,"o kn[s t eyes :i* c see ar\nd a corn]1 or ?r\gh a block ( iron1 or :i* c p]ceive ! sc5t ( a c>nation1 are z mean+less z a :ite sorrel4 ,ev5 ?\gh our eyes _c see ! invisible1 t does n prev5t !m f be+ a univ]sal in/rum5t :i* c see ev]y?+1 t is ev]y?+ visible4 ,if y und]/& ?is1 y w also see ?r\gh ! mis]able wisdom ( ! pr(essors :i* wall[s on its belly 9 ! du/ & cries ) ! fai?ful3 ,o ,"l1 ,o ,"l6 simil>ly to ,du ,bois-,reymond1 :o cries out3 ,ignorabimus6 ,x is true t ! human m9d is an ignoramus 9 ! s5se t x is ev] le>n+1 because !re is inexhau/ible mat]ial 9 nature4 ,!re is also some?+ unkn[able 9 e p>ticle ( nature1 j z !re is some?+ invisible 9 e c>nation4 ,b ! unkn[able 9 ! s5se us$ by ^? ignorant p :o _c und]/& ! human m9d because !y h a transc5d5tal mon/] 9 _! m9d1 su* a mon/r\s unkn[able exi/s only 9 ! imag9ation ( ! idolators to :om ! true _s reveals itself z little z ! _s ( tru?4 ,j z surely z we "k t !re _c be 9 heav5 any knife )\t a blade & a h&le1 nor any black horses t are :ite1 j s surely d we "k t ! faculty ( und]/&+ c nev] & n[h]e be ! absolute1 b mu/ always be a special faculty4 ,! concept ( und]/&+1 l ! concept ( a knife1 is limit$ to a def9ite in/rum5t4 ,!re may be all k9ds ( knives & intellects1 b no?+ exi/s t has escap$ f its own sk9 or f ! limitation ( its own p>ticul> concept4 ,by ?is /&>d y may measure ! silly ?\ght ( ^? :o speak transc5d5tally ( an unlimit$ faculty ( und]/&+4 ,!y hav5't any "r idea ( ! m9d nor ( ! univ]se1 ( ! conceivable nor ( ! inconceivable1 o!rwise !y w\ld n speak 9 su* a nons5sical s5se ( ! ,limits ( ,und]/&+4 ,9 %ort1 y see t ! relative limitation or absolut5ess ( reason c only be und]/ood by means ( ! concept ( ! absolute4 ,,tw5ty-,,fir/ ,,lett] ,! prolet>ian logic ( ! work+ class se>*es aft] ! supreme be+4 ,! work+ class kn[s t x mu/ s]ve b x wants to "k :om to s]ve4 ,%all x be an idol or a k+8 ,:]e1 :o1 :at1 is ! supreme be+ to :i* ev]y?+ else is subord9ate1 :i* br+s sy/em1 consi/5cy1 logic1 into our ?\ght & actions8 ,! next "q is !n3 ,by :at road d we arrive at its und]/&+8 ,any transc5d5tal revelation be+ ( no use to u1 !re are only two ways op53 ,reason & exp]i5ce4 ,n[ x is a mi/ake ( common logic to reg>d ^! two roads z sep>ate1 :ile1 9 fact1 !y are "o & ! same common road1 :i* by ! help ( empirical reason or reasonable exp]i5ce leads u to ! po9t :]e we recognize t ! supreme be+ to :i* ev]y?+ is subord9ate1 is no?+ special1 n a "p or a p>ticle1 b ! univ]se itself ) all its p>ts4 ,we take m$ic9e = ! sake ( heal?1 we make ef=ts = ! sake ( weal?4 ,b nei!r heal? nor weal? are an end 9 !mselves4 ,:at good is heal? to u1 :5 we h no?+ to bite8 ,:at good are all ! treasures ( ,croesus1 if heal? is lack+8 ,!re=e heal? & weal? mu/ be comb9$4 ,nor is t en\gh4 ,!re is a _s 9 u t drives u f>!r ahead4 ,!re are /ill o!r treasures & requirem5ts1 = in/ance cont5tm5t is surely "o ( !m4 ,b ! motive p[] ( ! _w _s is s inf9ite1 t x is n satisfi$ until x has ev]y?+4 ,ev]y?+1 !n1 9 o!r words ! :ole _w1 t is ! true end4 ,socrates & 8 s*ool1 to :om ,i allud$ 9 ! prec$+ lett]1 w&]$ ! way ( sep>ate reason = ! purpose ( f9d+ ! supreme be+1 ! true1 ! good1 ! beautiful4 ,! platonic dialogues pa9t a v magnific5t picture ( ! tru? t nei!r heal? nor weal?1 nei!r brav]y nor devotion1 are ! greate/ good1 b t x is ma9ly a "q ( ! und]/&+ & use to :i* mank9d put ^! ?+s4 ,accord+ly !y are good or bad1 !y are b relative goods4 ,love & fai?1 hone/y & v]acity1 are good en\gh1 b n ! good2 !y only p>take ( ! good4 ,:at is s\ght is t :i* is "u all circum/ances absolutely good1 true1 & beautiful4 ,:5 ,socrates ask$ 8 disciples to def9e ! good or reasonable1 !y enum]at$ z a rule a s]ies ( good & reasonable specialties1 :ile ! ma/] 0 cont9ually compell$ to in/ruct !m1 t 8 rese>* 0 n aim$ at ^? objects4 ,!y "n important virtues1 & he wants to "k :at absolute virtue is4 ,!y "n good ?+s1 & he is look+ = ! good1 = pure goodness1 :ile ! good ?+s h ! bad quality ( be+ good only "u c]ta9 circum/ances4 ,! ,socratic s*ool !n f9ds out t only ! und]/&+ or ! intellect c f9d ! circum/ances "u :i* we may arrive at ! absolute4 ,und]/&+1 ! human m9d1 philosophy1 is to !m ! div9e4 ,?us !y arrive at _! fam\s ,"k ?yself1 :i* 9 _! language means3 ,hold introspection & rack y\r bra94 ,b !y did n succe$ 9 ?us us+ ! intellect z an oracle4 ,nor did ! ,*ri/ian philosoph]s ( lat] times f>e any bett] ) t me?od1 :5 !y *ang$ ! title ( ! object ( _! /udies & sub/itut$ ,god1 ,lib]ty1 & ,immortality1 = ! good1 ! true1 & ! beautiful4 ,9 ord] to get out ( ! confusion result+ f ! _m names giv5 to ! object ( logic 9 ! c\rse ( hi/ory1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t pagan z well z ,*ri/ian rese>* f\nd$ _! que/ = ! absolute on ! innate ne$ ( und]/&+ ! supreme be+ :i* 0 to be ! pivot ( all ?\ght & action4 ,poly!ism _h to h a supreme god1 no matt] :e!r 8 "n 0 ,zeus or ,jupit]4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is long+ = unity x 0 v natural t ! place ( ! _m immortals 0 f9ally tak5 by "o et]nal fa!r ( all4 ,! philosoph]s are di/+ui%$ f ! !ologians only 9 s f> z ! =m] seek = ! fulcrum ( ! _w m on real ?an on imag9>y gr\nd4 ,aft] m ?an two ?\s& ye>s ( m$iation by int]m$i>y l9ks1 anci5t philosophy has at la/ be5 trans=m$ into mod]n democratic-prolet>ian logic :i* recognizes t ! intellect is an in/rum5t :i* leads to ! supreme be+ on condition t x does n rack ! bra9 b goes outside ( itself & consci\sly connects itself ) ! _w outside4 ,?is connection con/itutes ! supreme be+1 ! imp]i%able1 et]nal1 tru?1 goodness1 beauty1 & reason4 ,all o!r ?+s only p>take ( x1 to use ,platonic language4 ,al?\gh ! ,socratic s*ool 7 h&icapp$ by _m fanta/ical attributes1 /ill !y 7 on ! road t[>ds true logic1 z nei!r heal? nor weal?1 nor any o!r treasure or virtue satisfi$ !m4 ,!y did n c>e = true ph5om5a1 b = tru? itself4 ,b tru? is ! univ]se1 & man mu/ und]/& t ?is is ! only tru?1 9 ord] to be able to use 8 intellect logically1 to be reasonable 9 ! highe/ & classical s5se ( ?is ^w4 ,all ! _w speaks ( logic & logical ?\ght4 ,b :5 y1 my son1 z a ?9k+ man feel ! ne$ ( gett+ out ( phraseology & kn[+ exactly :at words %\ld mean1 y w h>dly f9d "o book t w give y suffici5t light on ! subject ( logic4 ,! be/ book w\ld be ! ,bible1 p]haps4 ,i mean t1 :5 y inquire aft] beg9n+ & end1 purpose & de/9ation1 9 %ort1 aft] t :i* w\ld give y & all ?+s a def9ite support1 :5 y se>* = ! vortex ar\nd :i* ev]y?+ revolves1 !n ! ,bible does n tell y ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ?is or t "p ( hi/ory1 b speaks ( ! absolute beg9n+ & end ( all hi/ory1 ( ! g5]al purpose & g5]al de/9ation ( all exi/5ce4 ,t is :at ,i call logic4 ,! free ?9k]s 7 n satisfi$ ) religi\s my?ology1 !y want$ to br+ consi/5cy & logic into _! bra9s by _! own /udies4 ,plato & ,ari/otle h done good "w along ?is l9e4 ,s h ! subsequ5t philosoph]s1 ,c>tesius1 ,sp9oza1 ,kant4 ,! ma9 imp$im5t = all ( !m 0 ! ob/9ate prejudice t man c\ld h reason 9 8 own bra94 ,( c\rse1 t is :]e he has x1 b x is n reasonable reason4 ,! intellect %ut up 9 ! skull has n wisdom 9 its keep+1 z ! anci5ts ?\ght4 ,wisdom _c be acquir$ by rack+ y\r bra94 ,hegel is "r3 ,reason is 9 ! bra91 x is 9 all ?+s1 ev]y?+ is reasonable4 ,i m]ely repeat1 !n1 t ! univ]se is ! true reason4 ,y w n misund]/& ! t]m rack+ y\r bra94 ,i am n an oppon5t ( introspective ?\ght1 b only desire to call y\r att5tion to ! fact t x has l$ to ! wrong habit ( sep>at+ ?\ght f sight1 he>+1 feel+1 ( dive/+ ! m9d ( ! body4 ,j z ! ,*ri/ian look$ = salvation outside ( ! fle%1 s ! philosoph]s look$ = reason or und]/&+ outside ( ! connection ) ! re/ ( ! _w1 outside ( exp]i5ce4 ,x 0 especially ! rese>* aft] ! nature ( ! intellect :i* imag9$ x _h to creep inside ( itself4 ,:5 /udy+ ! />s1 we look at ! heav5s2 :5 endeavor+ to enri* our k ( plants1 we ga!r fl[]s4 ,b if we attempt to und]/& ! m9d1 we mu/ n rack our bra91 nor dissect x ) an anatomical knife4 ,we %all inde$ f9d ! bra91 b n ! m9d1 n reason4 ,& ev5 ! bra9 is n s easily cut out1 z _m an ov]zeal\s mat]iali/ may ?9k4 ,! /ud5t ( anatomy :o pries into ! nature ( ! bra9 sub/ance kn[s v well t ?is sub/ance is n conta9$ 9 ! head ( ?is or t fell[1 b mu/ be s\ght 9 _m heads be=e ! av]age bra9 is f\nd1 :i* diff]s mat]ially f t ( ,pet] or ,paul4 ,?is w %[ t y\r bra9 is n only y\r own1 b also p>takes ( ! univ]sal bra91 & y w easily conclude f ?is h[ mu* less y\r reason is y\rs alone4 ,hegel is "r3 ,n only m51 b ev]y?+ is reasonable4 ,true1 ! mo/ rott5 conditions may be def5d$ by su* maxims4 ,h5ce ! great logician ,hegel has ! bad "n ( hav+ be51 n a philosoph] ( ! p1 b a royal /ate philosoph] ( ,prussia4 ,i w nei!r black5 nor :itewa% him1 nor w ,i ov]look t he left ! great cause 9 a /ate ( my/ical obscurity4 ,b ,i recognize t ev5 ! wor/ prejudices1 ! mo/ p]v]t$ morals1 laws & in/itutions1 h _! reasonable ju/ification 9 ! times & conditions ( _! orig94 ,su* an und]/&+ is imm$iately foll[$ by ! fur!r insight1 t ! mo/ reasonable ?+s1 cru%$ by ! :eel ( "t1 w become rott5 & unreasonable4 ,9 %ort1 ! good is n any special in/itutions1 b is f\nd 9 ! int]relations ( ! univ]se4 ,only ! absolute is absolutely good4 ,& = ?is reason n only "s cons]vative editors ( capitali/ pap]s1 b also ! revolution>y au?ors ( ! ,communi/ ,manife/o1 are g5u9e ,hegelians4 ,,tw5ty-,,second ,,lett] ,de> ,eug5e3 ,socrates tea*es3 ,:5 we walk1 x is n walk+1 :5 we /& /ill1 x is n /&+ :i* is our purpose4 ,we always h some?+ ult]ior 9 view1 until f9ally ! g5]al welf>e is ! true end ( our actions1 9 o!r words1 ! good4 ,& on clos] analysis y w f9d t y\r individual welf>e1 ! socall$ egoi/ic good1 is n en\gh 9 itself4 ,y are n only relat$ to y\r fa!r1 "m1 bro!rs1 si/]s1 relatives & fri5ds1 b also to y\r community1 /ate1 & f9ally to ! entire population ( ! globe4 ,y\r welf>e is dep5d5t on _! welf>e1 on ! welf>e ( ! :ole4 ,i "k v well t ! horizon ( ! ev]yday capitali/ m9ds does n rea* f>!r ?an !y c see f ! /eeple ( _! *ur*4 ,!y ?9k accord+ to ! bad maxim3 ,! %irt is clos] to ! sk9 ?an ! coat4 ,if ,i _h to *oose betwe5 ! %irt & ! coat1 ,i %\ld pref] to we> ! coat )\t a %irt r ?an to run ar\nd 9 %irt sleeves z ! object ( univ]sal ridicule4 ,! old man :o plants a tree ! fruits ( :i* he w p]haps nev] see is n su* a capitali/ m9d1 o!rwise he w\ld s[ se$s t w\ld rip5 dur+ ?is ye>'s summ]4 ,at ?is juncture we mu/ rememb] t ! disciples ( ,socrates :o look$ = ! absolute "u ! "n ( ! good1 7 9 s f> n>r[ z !y conceiv$ ( x only f ! moral1 specifically human1 /&po9t1 in/ead ( at ! same "t consid]+ its cosmic side4 ,j z heal? & weal? belong toge!r1 & ev5 ^! are n suffici5t = human welf>e :i* fur!r requires all social & political virtues1 s ! good is n compris$ 9 ! int]relations ( all mank9d1 b passes beyond !m & connects itself ) ! entire univ]se4 ,)\t ! univ]se man is no?+4 ,he has no eyes )\t light1 no e>s )\t s\nd1 no morals )\t physics4 ,man is n s mu* ! measure ( all ?+s2 8 m or less intimate connection ) all ?+s is r ! measure ( all humanity4 ,n n>r[ morality1 b ! univ]se1 ! supreme be+1 is ! good 9 ! v highe/ mean+ ( ! ^w1 is absolute good1 "r1 tru?1 beauty1 & reason4 ,9 my prec$+ lett] ,i spoke ( univ]sal reason & said t n alone m51 b also m\nta9s1 valleys1 =e/s & fields1 & ev5 fools & knaves 7 reasonable4 ,n[ y are famili> ) t /ud5t's song3 ,:at's ,com+ f ! ,heights8 & y "k t x makes ev]y?+ lea!rn4 ,x speaks ( a lea!rn hill1 a lea!rn coa*-driv]1 a lea!rn lett]1 ev5 fa!r1 "m1 & si/] are ( lea!r4 ,& ,i m5tion ?is simply = ! purpose ( %[+ t ,i und]/& t we _c call lea!r reasonable & reasonable lea!rn )\t brew+ a mixture ( language :i* is lack+ ! m>k by :i* all reasonable language is di/+ui%$ f *att]+1 h[l+1 & ro>+4 ,language is only reasonable :5 x classifies ! _w & di/+ui%es ?+s by diff]5t names4 ,?is is easily und]/ood4 ,b x is m difficult to see t ^? :o use _! intellect )\t logical tra9+ exagg]ate di/9ctions to su* an ext5t t !y ignore ! connection betwe5 !m4 ,all ?+s are n only di/9ct1 b also connect$4 ,b logic s f> mu/ be blam$ = n ris+ to ! recognition ( ! int]relation ( all ?+s4 ,! sci5ce ( und]/&+ frequ5tly treats reason & exp]i5ce z if !y 7 two diff]5t ?+s )\t a common nature4 ,!re=e1 ,i make x a po9t to insi/ t !re is no exp]i5ce )\t reason & no reason )\t exp]i5ce4 ,! l+ui/s :o dispute ab\t ! "q :e!r reason has develop$ aft] language or language aft] reason agree t bo? belong toge!r4 ,"o _c speak )\t ! use ( reason1 or talk )\t s5se1 because *att]+1 or babbl+1 or :atev] "o may wi% to call x1 are ev]y?+ else b language4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re c be no reason )\t nam+ ! ?+s ( ?is _w1 s z to di/+ui% betwe5 lea!r & lady1 betwe5 reason & exp]i5ce4 ,( c\rse1 ! idea ( a lea!rn lady is only a y\?ful prank4 ,/ill x is calculat$ to illu/rate ! dialectic transfusion ( all names & ?+s1 ( all subjects & pr$icates4 ,x %[s indirectly t accord+ to common s5se ?\ght1 reason has its home only 9 ! bra9 ( man1 & t ?is reason is nev]!less uns\nd :5 x does n "k & rememb] t ! individual human bra9 is connect$ ) all bra9s1 & reasons ) ! :ole _w1 s t only all exi/5ce & ! entire univ]se is reasonable 9 ! highe/ mean+ ( ! ^w4 ,9 ord] to be able to use y\r reason 9 all rese>* & on all objects 9 a reasonable mann]1 y mu/ "k t ! :ole _w has "o nature1 ev5 lea!r & y\r si/]4 ,app>5tly !re is a wide gulf betwe5 ^! two1 & yet 9 bo? ( !m ! same =ces are active1 j z a black horse has ! same horse nature z a :ite horse1 s t f ?is po9t ( view y\r si/] is inde$ lea!rn & lea!r si/]ly4 ,su* /atem5ts s\nd p>adoxical en\gh1 yet ,i insi/ on mak+ !m 9 ?is extreme mann] 9 ord] to fully reveal ! absolute on5ess ( all exi/5ce1 s9ce x is ! indisp5sable basis ( a reasonable und]/&+ ( logic4 ,take "o ( ! que/ions ( ! day n[ agitat+ ! public m9d1 = a fur!r illu/ration4 ,two t5d5cies are n[ obs]v$ 9 ! mo/ radical political movem5t ( ! nations4 ,"o ( !m is call$ propag&a ( ! de$4 ,x works 9 ,russia & ,irel& ) dynamite1 p[d]1 & lead4 ,! o!r recomm5ds ! propag&a ( ! ^w1 ( ! vote1 & ( lawful agitation4 ,& ! diff]5ce betwe5 ^! two is n discuss$ reasonably ) a view to asc]ta9+ = :om1 :51 :]e1 & :y1 ?is or t propag&a is fitt+1 b e "o tries to pres5t 8 relative tru? ) ! fanatical sect>ianism ( ^? :o claim absolute tru?4 ,b if y h grasp$ ! me?od ( gett+ at tru?1 ! true me?od ( us+ y\r reason+ faculty1 y w take sides = "o ?+ today & = ano!r ?+ tomorr[1 because y w und]/& t all roads are lead+ t[>d ,rome4 ,& if "s ( ! comrades outvote y occasionally1 y w /ill value ^! antagoni/s z fri5ds1 & if y combat !m1 ev5 9 a w> to ! knife1 ?is w /ill be a relative w>1 a use ( ! knife ) reason4 ,our prolet>ian logic is tol]ant1 n fanatical4 ,?is logic does n want to be reasonable )\t passion1 nor passionate )\t reason4 ,x does n aboli% ! diff]5ce betwe5 fri5d & foe1 betwe5 tru? & falsehood1 betwe5 reason & nons5se1 b calms ! fanaticism :i* exagg]ates ^? di/9ctions4 ,its fundam5tal maxim is3 ,!re is only "o absolute1 ! univ]se4 ,rememb] well t ! conception ( a univ]se :i* has any?+ outside or beside itself is /ill m s5seless1 if possible1 ?an ! idea ( wood5 iron4 ,y ?us see t all diff]5ces h "o common nature :i* does n p]mit a transc5d5tally wide diff]5ce betwe5 ?+s or op9ions4 ,because ! univ]se is ! supreme be+1 !re=e all diff]5ces1 ev5 ^? ( op9ion1 are uness5tial4 ,= ! purpose ( /udy+ logic1 ,i entreat y to pay special att5tion to ! "q ( ess5tial diff]5ces & to te/ x by y\r own exp]i5ce :i* w come to y f day to day4 ,by means ( our logic we le>n ! language ( ! gods4 ,9 ! diction>y ( ?is language1 !re is only "o ess5tial be+1 ! univ]sal or supreme be+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! language ( ! mortals calls e p>ticle a be+1 b su* be+ c be relative be+s only4 ,e e> ( a cornfield1 e hair ( an ox sk91 & ev5 e "o ( _! p>ticles1 is su* a be+4 ,b ^! relative be+s are at ! same "t uness5tial attributes4 ,?us all diff]5ces betwe5 ! p>ticles ( ! _w are simultane\sly ess5tial & uness5tial2 9 o!r words1 !y h a relative exi/5ce1 !y m]ely p>take ( ! supreme be+1 comp>$ to :om !y are absolutely uness5tial4 ,:e!r y are a good or a bad man1 :e!r y\r c\ntry is happy or unhappy1 free or oppress$1 is v ess5tial to y or me1 b comp>$ ) ! great absolute :ole x is v uness5tial4 ,9 ! univ]sal hi/ory ! fate ( any s+le nation has no m significance ?an "o hair on my head1 al?\gh none ( my hairs is !re by m]e *ance & all ( !m h be5 c\nt$4 ,h5ce ev]y?+ is 9 its p>ticul> & isolat$ self an uness5tial ?+1 b 9 ! g5]al int]relation ev]y?+ is a necess>y1 reasonable1 ess5tial & div9e p>ticle4 ,& n[ we come to ! moral ( x all4 ,! human reason1 ! special object ( logical rese>*1 p>takes ( ! nature ( ! univ]se4 ,x is no?+ 9 itself4 ,z an isolat$ be+1 x is :olly void & incapable ( produc+ any und]/&+ or k4 ,only 9 connection1 n m]ely ) ! mat]ial bra91 b ) ! entire univ]se1 is ! intellect capable ( exi/+ & act+4 ,x is n ! m]e bra9 :i* ?9ks1 b ! :ole man is requir$ = t purpose2 & n man alone1 b ! total int]relation ) ! univ]se is necess>y = ! purpose ( ?9k+4 ,reason itself reveals no tru?s4 ,! tru?s :i* are reveal$ to u by means ( reason1 are revelations ( ! g5]al nature ( ! absolute univ]se4 ,if y ?9k ( reason 9 ?is way1 !n1 my son1 y are ?9k+ reasonably1 are _w-wise1 logical1 & true4 ,,tw5ty-,,?ird ,,lett] 7,a7 ,al?\gh we "k t !re is no actual beg9n+1 because we are liv+ 9 ! univ]se )\t beg9n+ & end1 /ill we mortals mu/ always beg9 at a c]ta9 po9t4 ,s ,i h begun "o ( my retrospects ov] ! hi/ory ( my subject ) ,plato1 & at ano!r "t ,i h end$ ) ,hegel1 al?\gh be=e & aft] !m !re has be5 mu* philosophical ?\ght4 ,^! two names are lum9ant po9ts :i* ?r[ _! light ov] ev]y?+ :i* is situat$ betwe5 !m4 ,! errors ( our pr$ecessors are j z useful = ! purpose ( illu/ration z _! positive a*ievem5ts4 ,m ev53 ! errors =m ! /eps ( a ladd] :i* leads t[>d a univ]sal _w philosophy4 ,we clamb] up & d[n on x1 p]haps a little irregul>ly1 b n[adays ! crook$ roads ( an ,engli% p>k are pref]r$ to ! /raight ,fr5* av5ues4 ,x 0 an a*ievem5t on ! "p ( ! ,socratic & ,platonic s*ools to seek ! good n 9 good specialties1 b 9 g5]al good1 z a pure or absolute ?+1 to se>* = virtue 9 g5]al in/ead ( virtues4 ,b x 0 a mi/ake :i* prev5t$ _! success1 to exagg]ate ! di/9ction betwe5 ! special & ! g5]al4 ,accord+ to ,plato1 ! black & :ite horses cant] ov] t]re/rial pavem5ts1 b ! horse 9 g5]al1 :i* is nei!r br[n1 black1 nor :ite1 nei!r z sl5d] z a race horse nor z clumsy z a draft horse1 cant]$ along 9 ! ,platonic idea1 9 ! ideal mi/s4 ,platonic logic lack$ :at is taught by our pres5t1 or if y pref]1 future prolet>ian logic1 viz41 ! g5]al und]/&+ ( ! int]relation ( all ?+s1 ! tru? t 9 spite ( _! individual diff]5ces all ?+s belong toge!r z individuals ( ! same g5us4 ,! logical relation betwe5 individual & g5us /uck upside d[n 9 ! bra9 ( ! noble ,plato4 ,he liv$ 9 a "t :i* is simil> to our own "t 9 t ! _w ( ! gods ( ! anci5ts 0 9 ! same /ate ( dissolution 9 :i* ! ,*ri/ian religions are today4 ,plato 0 z little satisfi$ ) ,grecian my?ology z a basis = a reasonable explanation ( ! _w1 z we are ) ,*ri/ian my?ology4 ,he want$ to asc5d to ! univ]sal tru?1 n by way ( little traditional /ories1 b by sci5tific philosophy4 ,8 int5tion 0 good1 b 8 weak fle% wre/l$ ) a task :i* requir$ ?\s&s ( ye>s = its solution4 ,a :ile ago ,i said t x 0 t topsy-turvy view ( religion z to ! relation betwe5 ! special & ! g5]al :i* ?w>t$ ,plato4 ,let me illu/rate a little m 9 detail 9 :at ?is religi\s topsy-turvydom consi/$4 ,"h we h w9d1 ! wat]s ( ! seas1 ! rays ( ! sun1 *emical & physical =ces1 =ces ( nature4 ,^! are specim5s ( ! univ]sal =ce ( nature4 ,^! specim5s 7 reg>d$ ) sob] en\gh eyes by ! ,greeks1 b ! g5]al nature sat high ^u ,olympus 9 ! =m ( ,zeus4 ,9 ! same way1 ! ,greeks 7 famili> ) beautiful ?+s1 b beauty 0 an unapproa*able goddess1 ,aphrodite4 ,true1 ! philosoph] no long] believ$ 9 ! gods1 b he 0 nev]!less /ill "u ! influ5ce ( transc5d5tal concepts & ?us he my/ifi$ ! g5]al "u ! "n ( ! idea4 ,! ,platonic ideas1 l ! gods ( ! hea!n1 are my/ifications ( ! g5]al4 ,plato fur!rmore %[s himself z a desc5dant ( poly!ism 9 ?is3 ,al?\gh he cle>ly di/+ui%$ betwe5 virtue & virtu\s ?+s1 betwe5 beauty & beautiful ?+s1 betwe5 tru? & true ?+s1 yet he did n rise to ! und]/&+ t all g5]alities are amalgamat$ & unifi$ 9 ! absolute g5]ality1 t1 9 s f>1 ! good1 ! true1 & ! beautiful are id5tical4 ,! rese>* = ! absolute did n become moni/ic until ,*ri/ian mono!ism l5t a h&4 ,y w see f ?is t religion & philosophy =m a common *apt] :i* has ! g5us ( all g5]a = its object4 ,fai? is di/+ui%$ f sci5ce 9 t ! latt] no long] b[s to ! dictates ( imag9ation & ( its organs1 ! prie/s1 b seeks to fa?om ! object ( its /udies by ! exact use ( ! intellect4 ,a p>tial amalgamation ( ! two is1 !re=e1 q natural4 ,:5 a woman is /rong1 isn't %e /rong aft] ! same conception & ! same /r5g?8 ,by ! t]m same1 says ! ,platonic ,socrates1 ,i mean t x makes no diff]5ce :e!r ! /r5g? is 9 ! man or 9 ! woman4 ,?is quotation1 tak5 f ,plato's ,m5on1 %[s t ,platonic rese>* deals ) ! g5]al1 9 ?is case ! g5]al concept ( /r5g? :i* is ! same 9 man or woman1 ox or mule1 ,tom & ,j]ry4 ,x is ! g5us by means ( :i* black & :ite horses are kn[n z horses1 dogs & monkeys z animals1 animals & plants z organisms1 & f9ally ! v>iations ( ! :ole _w z ! univ]se1 z ! same4 ,plato has grasp$ ?is same-ness 9 a limit$ way1 = in/ance 9 reg>d to /r5g?1 reason1 virtue1 etc4 ,b t 9 an inf9ite s5se ev]y?+ is ! same1 t ?+s z well z ideas1 bodies1 & s\ls1 are ! same1 rema9$ = radical prolet>ian logic to discov]4 ,h& 9 h& ) ! n>r[ ,platonic conception ( ! g5]al w5t a n>r[ !ory ( und]/&+ or sci5ce1 a wrong conception ( ! intellect & its functions4 ,! ,socratic ,plato & ! ,platonic ,socrates bo? call und]/&+ by ! "n ( rememb]+4 ,by prais+ und]/&+1 !y tea* u t we mu/ n believe ! prie/s1 b /udy by ! help ( our s5ses4 ,b1 nev]!less1 !y /ill tea* a wrong me?od1 a n>r[ art ( ?\ght4 ,9 ,m5on1 ! object ( /udy is virtue4 ,socrates does n exactly pose z a s*oolma/]4 ,he kn[s t he is call$ ! wise/ ( m51 b expla9s t ?is is s1 because o!rs h a conceit$ op9ion ( _! wisdom1 :ile 8 wisdom consi/s 9 humbly kn[+ t he kn[s no?+4 ,he does n s mu* try to tea* :at virtue is1 z to /imulate 8 disciples to se>* = x4 ,b 8 idea ( rese>* is di/ort$4 ,among ! immortal ?+s :i* he transc5d5tally sep>ates f mortal ?+s1 he also classifies ! s\l1 ! immortal s\l :i* dies & lives aga91 & has always liv$1 kn[s ev]y?+1 b mu/ rememb]4 ,?us 8 rese>* becomes a cudgel+ ( ! bra91 an introspective speculation4 ,he is n look+ = und]/&+ by way ( natural sci5ce1 ?r\gh ! int]relations ( ! _w1 b speculatively ?r\gh ! inside ( ! human skull4 ,9 ord] to make 8 !ory ( memory pla91 ,socrates 9 ,m5on calls an ignorant slave & in/ructs him 9 ! fundam5tals ( geometry4 ,he quickly succe$s 9 gett+ f ! ignorant fell[1 :o at fir/ gives wrong answ]s1 ! correct /atem5ts by recall+ ! connections ( ?\ght by clev] que/ion+4 ,he ?us demon/rates to 8 satisfaction t man has wisdom a priori 9 8 head4 ,b ! ,socratic-,platonic art ( logic has ov]look$ t su* wisdom requires concepts :i* are fix$ 9 memory by int]nal & ext]nal int]relations4 ,! socall$ immortal s\l ) its innate wisdom has tr\bl$ ! _w a good :ile !reaft]4 ,y mu/ n ?9k t ,i h a poor op9ion ( ,plato1 because ,i criticize him 9 ?is way4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,i am highly delight$ ) 8 div9e & immortal writ+s4 ,honor to ,socrates1 honor to ,plato1 b /ill m honor to tru?4 ,i also assure y t ,i am a great admir] ( natural sci5ce1 b nev]!less ,i %\ld l to %[ y t x indulges 9 n>r[ reason+4 ,rob]t ,may]1 ! tal5t$ discov]] ( ! equival5t ( heat1 has prov5 t ! =ce ( gravitation1 ( electricity1 ( /eam1 ( heat1 etc41 repres5ts diff]5t modes ( expression ( ! same =ce1 ( ! =ce ( nature 9 g5]al4 ,b no1 n q s6 ,he has asc]ta9$ ! num]ical relation by :i* ! trans=mations ( "o =ce into ano!r is accompli%$4 ,?us a logical und]/&+ sees t ! v>i\s =ces & =ce 9 g5]al are di/+ui%$ 9 detail b id5tical 9 g5]al4 ,d>w9 9 8 ,orig9 ( ,species has accompli%$ a simil> demon/ration4 ,b nei!r ,may] nor ,d>w9 h giv5 t g5]al expression to _w unity :i* is requir$ by ! art ( logic4 ,9 ord] to become an adept at ?is art1 y mu/ rise to ! und]/&+ t all =ces are v>i\s modes ( expression ( ! "o =ce1 all animals & species trans=mations ( animaldom1 t on ! moon a "p is small] ?an ! :ole1 ! same z on e>?1 t !re z well z "h fire burns1 & t z surely z y h no d\bt ( y\r be+1 j z surely is !re only "o be+1 ! inf9ite1 div9e univ]se :i* has no o!r gods beside x1 b conta9s all =ces1 mat]ials1 & trans=mations4 ,?is is an innate sci5ce :i* is ! cause ( all o!r sci5ce1 an innate sci5ce :i*1 inde$1 mu/ fir/ be awak5$ 9 y by memory4 ,h5ce our prolet>ian logic in/ructs y n to rack y\r bra9 by m]e introspection1 z ! anci5t philosoph]s us$ to d1 n to call ! s5ses impo/ors nor to se>* = tru? )\t eyes1 nose1 & e>s1 nor on ! o!r h& to />t out ) ! idea ( c]ta9 natural sci5ti/s :o try to see1 he>1 & smell und]/&+ )\t ! help ( ! intellect4 ,! mi/ake committ$ 9 mak+ a wrong use ( ! intellect is a s9 aga9/ ! holy gho/4 ,! ,socratic-,platonic doctr9e ( memory is "o extreme side ( ?is s92 ! o!r extreme side is repres5t$ by t mod]n sci5ce :i* tries to f9d tru? by m]e ext]nal means & rejects ev]y?+ z untrue :i* is n pond]able or tangible4 ,z ?is lett] is m intimately connect$ ) ! foll[+ "o ?an is ord9>ily ! case1 ,i take ! lib]ty to unite !m "u ! same numb] & m>k !m ) ! lett]s ,a & ,b4 7,b7 ,we are /ill ! gue/s ( ,plato today1 my son1 & ,i %\ld l to %[ y t ?is philosoph]1 9 ^: "t natural sci5ce _h b>ely develop$ its fir/ d[ny fea!rs1 already suspect$ its /ubborn n>r[ness1 al?\gh 9 a c]ta9 s5se ! ,platonic logic 0 no less n>r[ ?an t ( ! s-call$ exact sci5ces /ill is to-day1 at lea/ 9 "p4 ,/ill ,platonic logic _h at lea/ ! advantage ( its outlook t[>d ! ,supreme ,be+1 ! absolute1 :ile mod]n naturalism is /ill /uck 9 ! n>r[ l& ( specialties4 ,!re=e1 ,i hope t y w f9d x int]e/+ to note ) me ! way 9 :i* univ]sal tru? is peep+ =? b5ea? ! w+s ( ,platonic speculation4 ,li/51 !n1 to :at ,i am go+ to say1 rem>ks ,socrates 9 ,pha$o1 p>agraph #de4 ,9 my y\?1 ,o ,cebes1 ,i _h a great int]e/ 9 natural sci5ce1 = x seem$ to me a magnific5t ?+ to "k ! cause ( ev]y?+1 to le>n h[ ev]y?+ beg9s1 exi/s1 & passes4 ,a hundr$ times ,i turn$ to "o ?+ & !n to ano!r1 reflect+ ab\t ^! matt]s by myself4 ,d animals arise :5 ! hot & ! cold beg9 to dis9tegrate1 z "s claim8 ,is x ! blood1 :i* enables u to ?9k1 or ! air or ! fire8 ,or is x none ( ^!1 b r ! bra9 :i* produces all p]ceptions1 su* z see+1 he>+1 smell+1 & does memory & ?\ght !n arise by ^!1 & f ?\ght & memory1 :5 !y become adju/$1 und]/&+8 ,& aga91 :5 ,i consid]$ t all ?is passes away1 & ! *anges 9 heav5 & on e>?1 ,i f9ally felt myself poorly qualifi$ = ?is :ole inve/igation4 ,let ?is be suffici5t pro( to y3 ,9 ! ?+s :i* =m]ly 7 famili> & kn[n to me1 ,i became s d\btful by ?is inve/igation1 t ,i =got ev5 t :i* ,i ?\ght ,i knew ( _m o!r ?+s1 z = in/ance ! "q z to h[ man gr[s4 ,i ?\ght t ev]ybody knew t ?is 0 caus$ by eat+ & dr9k+4 ,= :5 ?r\gh ! food fle% comes to fle% & bone to bone1 & 9 ! same way t :i* is ak9 to all ! re/ ( ! ?+s :i* con/itute man1 x seem$ natural t a small mass w\ld become l>g]1 & ?us a small man gr[ tall4 ,does n ?is appe> reasonable to y8444 ,consid] fur!rmore ?is4 ,x seem$ en\gh to me t a man appe>$ l>ge :5 /&+ by ! side ( some?+ small1 t he look$ tall] by "o head1 & 9 ! same way "o horse by ! side ( ano!r2 or :at is /ill pla9]1 t5 seem$ to me m ?an eight1 because x is m by two1 & a ?+ ( two feet long] ?an t :i* measures only "o foot1 because x exce$s x by "o4 ,!reupon ,cebes asks3 ,well1 & :at d y ?9k ( ?is n[8 ,i ?9k1 by ,zeus1 says ,socrates1 t ,i am f> remov$ f kn[+ ! cause ( any ( ^! ?+s4 ,i d n ev5 admit t by add+ "o to "o ,i obta9 two1 by su* an addition4 ,= ,i wond] h[ x is t ea* 0 suppos$ to be "o :5 by itself1 :ile n[1 t !y h be5 add$ to "o ano!r1 !y h become two4 ,nei!r c ,i conv9ce myself t if "o ?+ divides a ?+ 9 two1 t ?is division is ! cause ( x becom+ two4 ,= ?is w\ld be ! opposite way ( mak+ two4 ,b :5 ,i he>d somebody read+ some?+ f a book1 writt5 by ,anaxagoras z he said1 to ! effect t x is reason :i* _h arrang$ ev]y?+ & 0 ! cause ( ev]y?+1 ,i rejoic$ at ?is cause4444 ,n[ if "o 7 to se>* = ! cause ( all ?+s1 ( _! orig91 exi/5ce & pass+1 he %\ld only f9d out :at is ! be/ way to ma9ta9 _! exi/5ce4444 ,h5ce x is n meet t man %\ld c>e = any?+ else 9 reg>d to himself z well z to all o!r ?+s1 b = t :i* is be/ & mo/ excell5t1 & !n he w\ld also "k ! wor/ ab\t ?+s1 = ! und]/&+ ( bo? is ! same4 ,consid]+ ?is1 ,i 0 glad to h f\nd a tea*] :o kn[s ab\t ! cause ( all ?+s1 :o suit$ me1 ,i mean ,anaxagoras1 & :o w\ld n[ tell me1 fir/ :e!r ! e>? is r\nd or flat1 & aft] tell+ me t1 w\ld also expla9 to me ! necessity = x & ! cause1 by po9t+ to ! fact t x 0 bett] t x %\ld be s4 ,& :5 he claim$ t ! e>? 0 ! c5t] ( ?+s1 ,i hop$ he w\ld expla9 :y x 0 bett] t x %\ld be ! c5t]1 & :5 he _h expla9$ t1 ,i 0 resolv$ t ,i w\ld n ask = any o!r cause4 ,9 ! same way ,i 0 go+ to inquire aft] ! cause ( ! sun1 ! moon1 & ! o!r />s1 etc4444 ,= ,i did n believe t aft] claim+ all ?is to h be5 arrang$ by reason1 he w\ld be dragg+ 9 any o!r cause ?an t ( be+ be/ to h x j s4 ,& ?is wond]ful hope ,i _h to ab&on1 my fri5ds1 :5 ,i cont9u$ to read & saw t ! man accompli%$ no?+ by reason & adduces no o!r reasons relat+ to ! arrangem5t ( ?+s1 b quotes air1 & wat]1 & e!r1 & _m o!r a/oni%+ ?+s4 ,& x seem$ t x 0 z if "s "o said ,socrates accompli%es all ?+s by reason1 & !n1 :5 he began to enum]ate ! cause ( ev]y?+ ,i d1 7 to say fir/ t ,i am sitt+ "h because my body consi/s ( bones & s9ews1 & t ! bones are h>d & are diff]5tiat$ by jo9ts1 & ! s9ews s con/ruct$ t !y c be ext5d$ & %ort5$1 etc4 ,& fur!r1 if he tri$ to "n ! causes ( our discussion1 he w\ld ref] to o!r simil> ?+s1 su* z s\nd1 & air & he>+1 & a ?\s& & "o o!r ?+s1 q neglect+ ! true cause1 viz41 t x suit$ ! ,a!nians bett] to condemn me1 & t x suit$ me = ?is reason to /ay "h & seem$ m j to me to be> pati5tly ! puni%m5t :i* !y h ord]$4 ,= ,i believe t my bones & s9ews w\ld h gone long ago to ! dogs or be5 c>ri$ to ! ,boeotians1 _h ,i n consid]$ x m j & beautiful to atone to ! /ate ?an to flee4 ,x is v illogical1 !n1 to "n su* causes4 ,b if any "o 7 to say t ,i %\ld n be able to d :at ,i please )\t ^! ?+s 7s9ews & bones1 & :atev] else ,i may h71 he w\ld be "r4 ,b x w\ld be a v ?\ghtless cont5tion to say t ^! ?+s are ! cause ( my actions1 in/ead ( my free *oice to d ! be/4 ,t w\ld %[ an inability to di/+ui% ! fact t 9 all ?+s ! cause is "o ?+1 & ano!r ?+ t )\t :i* ! cause c\ld n be cause4 ,& x seems to me t x is precisely ?is :i* "s call by a wrong "n 9 consid]+ x z ! cause4 ,= ?is reason "s put a :irlw9d f heav5 r\nd ! e>? & o!rs re/ x on air z !y w\ld a wide tr\gh on a foot/ool4 ,s f> ,socrates1 ^: words ,i ask y to read repeat$ly & c>efully1 ?\gh !y may look a little old-fa%ion$4 ,?is quotation is some:at l5g?y1 b ,i ?\ght be/ n to cut x too %ort & to pres5t x 9 its ma9 outl9es4 ,?is quotation says on ! :ole ! same ?+ :i* ,i h said 9 my proce$+ lett]s4 ,accord+ to ,socrates1 all our ?\ghts & actions h a wid] & m g5]al purpose1 :i* he calls ! good1 s t we ev5 d evil = ! sake ( good4 ,a crime always aims at "s p>ticul> good4 ,evil is misund]/ood good4 ,appli$ to natural sci5ce1 ?is means t x misund]/&s ! int]relation ( all its f9e discov]ies4 ,& ?is *>ge is true ev5 to-day4 ,al?\gh ! natural int]relations are m & m recogniz$ f day to day1 /ill ! und]/&+ ( ! absolute int]-connection cont9ues to be ov]look$1 especially t ( ! intellect ) mat]ial ?+s1 or ( ! ideal ) ! real4 ,natural sci5ce tea*es aft] ! mann] ( ! gospel ( ,john3 ,abraham begot ,isaac1 ,isaac begot ,jacob4 ,b x =gets to tea* t all ^! g5itors 7 n g5itors 9 ! la/ analysis1 b begott5 by old ,jehovah himself4 ,! uncultivat$ condition ( ,grecian natural sci5ces may h be5 gr\nd en\gh = ,socrates to ?9k little ( x4 ,we1 on ! o!r h&1 h to-day good reasons = ?9k+ highly ( natural sci5ce1 & = ?is v reason ,i take pa9s to illu/rate by its prom95t example 9 :at respect ! neglect ( ! univ]sal _w ?\ght results 9 a n>r[ conception ( ! _w4 ,we may well rejoice m la/+ly ?an ,socrates :5 natural sci5ce tea*es u h[ x happ5s t ev]y?+ has its orig91 life1 & end1 because ! k ( natural sci5ce has be5 f> m enri*$ by mod]n exp]i5ces ?an x 0 at ! "t ( ,anaxagoras4 ,nev]!less y mu/ n /op le>n+ fur!rmore f logic t all gr[+1 com+ into exi/5ce1 liv+1 & pass+ away is b a *ange ( =m4 ,! causes ( natural sci5ce are inde$ n causes1 b effects ( ! univ]se4 ,!y are reasonable effects ( reason 9 s f> z ! latt] is n an isolat$ "p1 b int]connect$ ) ! univ]se4 ,to repeat3 ,our intellect is n ours1 x does n belong to man1 b x toge!r ) man belongs to ! univ]se4 ,reason & ! _w1 ! true1 ! good1 & ! beautiful1 toge!r ) ,godhood :i* y %all n idolize b und]/& 9 ! _s & 9 ! _w1 9 tru? & 9 reality1 are all "o ?+1 "o be+1 & ev]y:]e et]nal & ! same4 ,socrates %[s t he has z yet only a n>r[ an?ropomorphic1 n a cosmic conception ( ! be/ & good & ( reason4 ,he 0 dom9at$ by ! prejudice :i* /ill holds sway ov] ! uncultur$ believ]s 9 ,god1 t reason is old] ?an all ! re/ ( ! _w1 t x is ! rul+ & antec$5t creator4 ,our conception ( logic1 on ! o!r h&1 tea*es t ! _s :i* we h 9 our bra9 is b ! emanation ( ! _w _s4 ,& ?is latt] mu/ n be conceiv$ z a nebul\s _w mon/]1 n z an enorm\s _s1 b z ! actual univ]se1 :i* 9 spite ( all *ange & all v>iation is et]nally "o1 true1 good1 reasonable1 real1 & supreme4 ,,tw5ty-,,f\r? ,,lett] ,! art ( ?\ght1 my son1 = :i* we are /riv+1 is n pure & ab/ract1 b connect$ ) practice1 a practical !ory1 a !oretical practice4 ,x is n a sep>ate & isolat$ ?+1 n a ?+ 9 itself1 b is connect$ ) all ?+s2 x has a univ]sal int]relation4 ,h5ce our logic1 z we h repeat$ly /at$1 is a philosophy1 _w wisdom1 & metaphysics4 ,i include ! latt]1 because our logic excludes no?+1 n ev5 ! transc5d5tal4 ,x tea*es t ev]y?+1 ev5 transc5d5talism1 if practic$ ) consci\sness & ! necess>y mod]ation1 & at ! "r "t & place1 = in/ance at ! c>nival1 is a reasonable & sublime pleasure4 ,all prom95t philosoph]s 7 explor]s & us]s ( ! same art ( ?\ght1 ( liv+1 ( view+ ! _w1 al?\gh _m ( !m retir$ to ! solitude & 7 ascetics4 ,c ! _w be und]/ood 9 a h]mitage8 ,yes & no4 ,aft] y h be5 travel+ & see+ _m l&s1 x is well to retire & classify ! impressions receiv$1 & ?us to reflect ab\t a true philosophy ( life4 ,9 ?is way1 seclud$ ?\ght1 9 ! relative mean+ ( ! ^w1 t is1 9 connection ) obs]vation & exp]i5ce1 ) enjoym5t & life1 is a v]itable savior4 ,body & s\l belong toge!r1 & if !y are sep>at$1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t su* a sep>ation is a m]e matt] ( =m1 t !y are 9 fact "o ?+1 attributes ( ! same be+ :i* is inf9itely great1 s great t all o!r be+s are b its fr+es4 ,! art ( di/9ction di/+ui%es ! inf9ite inf9itely ) ! consci\sness t 9 reality ev]y?+ is int]relat$ )\t di/9ction & is "o4 ,?is tru?1 & ?us absolute tru?1 is ignor$ by laym5 & pr(essional au?orities alike4 ,! ?\s& ye> dualism betwe5 body & s\l has be5 especially in/rum5tal 9 prev5t+ ! und]/&+ ( ! univ]sal int]relation4 ,! :ole hi/ory ( philosophy is b a wre/l+ ) ! dualism betwe5 matt] & m9d4 ,x 0 only by degrees t x mov$ t[>ds its moni/ic goal4 ,aft] ! brilliant triple /> ,socrates-,plato-,ari/otle 0 ext+ui%$1 ! philosophical sky 0 cov]$ ) d>k cl\ds4 ,! hea!ns /epp$ f ! /age1 & ,*ri/ianity & ! dogmas ( its *ur* pr$om9at$ ! logic ( m51 until at la/ a new sci5tific light arose 9 ! beg9n+ ( mod]n times4 ,x 0 especially ,c>tesius & ,sp9oza :o 7 mo/ brilliant among ! e>ly ?9k]s t emancipat$ _! m9ds sl[ly & "u great difficulties4 ,sp9oza1 ( ,jewi% desc5t1 is especially int]e/+ 9 8 fight aga9/ n>r[m9d$ness & = a univ]sal philosophy4 ,he wrote an ,essay on ! ,improvem5t ( ! ,intellect & on ! ,way by :i* x is be/ l$ to a true ,und]/&+ ( ,?+s4 ,he1 z well z we1 0 look+ = ! be/ way1 ! true way1 ! way ( tru?4 ,he1 z well z we1 seeks to /udy & practice ! fundam5tals ( ! art ( ?\ght4 ,he beg9s3 ,aft] exp]i5ce has taught me t ev]y?+ :i* ! ord9>y life (f]s is va91 & ,i h se5 t ev]y?+ :i* ,i fe>$ is only good or bad 9 s f> z ! m9d is mov$ by x1 ,i f9ally resolv$ to inve/igate :e!r !re is any true good--:e!r !re is any?+ ! discov]y ( :i* w =ev] secure cont9u\s & supreme joy4 ,:at is mo/ g5]ally f\nd 9 life1 & :at mank9d reg>ds z ! highe/ good1 may be r$uc$ to ?ree ?+s1 viz41 weal?1 honor1 & s5sual pleasure4 ,aft] ,sp9oza has !n uncov]$ ! %ad[y side & ! vanity ( ^! popul> ideals1 he calls !m unsafe by _! v nature1 :ile he is look+ = p]man5t good1 :i* is insecure only z reg>ds its possession1 b n 9 its nature4 ,b h[ is t to be f\nd8 ,"h ,i %all say %ortly :at ,i mean by true good1 & :at is at ! same "t ! highe/ good4 ,9 ord] to grasp ?is fully1 we mu/ rememb] t good or bad are only relative t]ms1 & ?us ! same ?+ may be call$ good or bad accord+ to its relations1 or on ! o!r h& p]fect or imp]fect4 ,sp9oza1 =e/all+ ! object ( 8 rese>*1 discov]s t ! true1 supreme & p]man5t good is ! und]/&+ ( ! unity ( ! s\l ) ! entire nature4 ,?is !n1 he says1 is ! goal :i* ,i am covet+4 ,to ?is end1 we mu/ /udy morals1 philosophy1 & ! education ( boys1 & comb9e ) ?is /udy ! entire sci5ce ( m$ic9e1 because heal? mat]ially assi/s u 9 rea*+ our ideal4 ,nei!r mu/ me*anics be neglect$1 because _m difficult ?+s are made easy by art4 ,above all we mu/ /rive to f9d a way = ! improvem5t ( ! intellect4 ,"h we h once m arriv$ at ! pivotal po9t ( our subject1 my de> disciple4 ,:o or :at is ! intellect1 :5ce does x come f1 :i!r does x lead8 ,answ]3 ,x is a light :i* does n %9e )9 itself1 b ?r[s rays outside ( itself = ! illum9ation ( ! _w4 ,= ?is reason ! sci5ce :i* has ! faculty ( und]/&+ = its object1 ?\gh a limit$1 is at ! same "t a univ]sal sci5ce1 a univ]sal _w wisdom4 ,b isn't x a contradiction t a special sci5ce wants to be g5]al _w wisdom8 ,is n g5]al wisdom t :i* comprises all k1 all special sci5ce8 ,mu/ ,i n "k ev]y?+ 9 ord] to be _w wise8 ,& h[ c any s+le bra9 assume to acquire all k1 to "k ev]y?+8 ,answ]3 ,x is impossible = y to "k ev]y?+2 b y c rise to ! und]/&+ t y\r special wisdom & t ( all o!rs is a "p ( univ]sal wisdom & =m toge!r a relative :ole :i* 9 connection ) all ! re/ ( ! _w con/itute ! absolute be+4 ,?is und]/&+ repres5ts pure logic & is univ]sal und]/&+1 und]/&+ ( ! univ]sal be+4 ,d n be tr\bl$ by ! fact t ,socrates 0 look+ = virtue & ! be/1 or ,sp9oza = p]man5t & supreme joy1 & t _! wisdom aim$ only at ! n>r[ circle ( human life1 )\t ris+ to ! cosmic int]relation4 ,! means & ! in/rum5t by ! help ( :i* !y /rive = _! ideal is ! intellect4 ,x is q natural t intellectual rese>* l$ to ! /udy ( ! intellect1 to ! improvem5t ( ! intellect1 to ! critique ( reason1 to logic1 & f9ally to ! und]/&+ t ! faculty ( ?\ght is an insep>able "p ( ! moni/ic :ole1 ( ! absolute :i* l5ds support1 consi/5cy1 reason & s5se to all ?\ght4 ,on 8 explor+ t\r = ! improvem5t ( ! intellect1 ,sp9oza picks up a rem>k :i* seems to me wor?y ( clos] att5tion4 ,he says 9 s _m words3 ,if we are look+ = a way to improve ! intellect1 is x n necess>y = ! purpose ( f9d+ su* a way to fir/ improve ! intellect1 9 ord] to be at all able to disc]n ! way :i* leads to an improvem5t ( ! intellect1 & s on )\t end8 ,we mu/ h a hamm] to =ge ! iron1 & 9 ord] to h a hamm]1 x mu/ be made2 b = ?is purpose we ne$ ano!r hamm] & o!r in/rum5ts1 & s =? )\t end4 ,9 ?is way x mu/ n be prov5 t m5 h no p[] to =ge iron4 ,m5 h r accompli%$ only ! easie/ tasks ) difficulty & imp]fectly by ! help ( ! natural tools ( _! bodies4 ,gradually !y accompli%$ m difficult ?+s ) less labor & bett]4 ,& ?us !y sl[ly proce$$ f ! simple/ tasks to ! in/rum5ts4 ,i admire 9 ?is process ( reason+ ! brilliant und]/&+ t ! hamm] is n su* a limit$ in/rum5t z ! untra9$ human bra9 ?9ks4 ,x ?9ks t a hamm] is n a pair ( tongs4 ,b ,sp9oza says t ! b>e fi/ is a hamm] :5 us$ = /rik+1 mu* m a /one or a club4 ,a pair ( tongs us$ to drive a nail becomes a hamm]2 a hamm] :i* ,i use to draw a nail becomes a pair ( tongs4 ,fi/ or club1 s5se or nons5se1 all is "o4 ,9 o!r words1 ?+s are sep>at$1 b nev] s f> z ! fanta/ical dream]s ?9k4 ,j z hamm] & tongs1 saw & file1 are p>ts ( ! class ( tools1 s all ?+s are p>ts ( ! "o & absolute univ]se4 ,recognize1 !n1 de> ,eug5e1 t ! relative & ! absolute are n sep>at$ by su* a bridgeless *asm1 t ! "o %\ld be prais$ to ! skies & ! o!r damn$ to ! l[e/ pit4 ,und]/& t ev]y?+ is dialectically int]relat$1 t ! inf9ite1 et]nal1 div9e1 c live only 9 ! f9ite1 special ?+s1 & t on ! o!r h& ! p>ts ( ! _w c exi/ only 9 ! absolute4 ,9 %ort1 raise y\r conception to ! univ]sal conception1 & at ! same "t1 und]/& ! supreme be+ 9 all its p>ts in/ead ( idoliz+ x4 ,! ,positive ,outcome ( ,philosophy ,,by ,,joseph ,,dietzg5 ,translat$ by ,erne/ ,unt]mann ,,! ,,positive ,,outcome ,,( ,,philosophy ,,preface ,z a fa!r c>es = 8 *ild1 s an au?or c>es = 8 product4 ,i may be able to give a little additional ze/ to ! cont5ts ( ?is "w by add+ an explanation h[ ,i came to write x4 ,al?\gh born by my "m 9 #ahbh1 ,i did n ent] my own _w until ! mad ye>1 #ahdh4 ,i 0 le>n+ ! trade ( my fa!r 9 my pat]nal %op1 :5 ,i saw 9 ! ,koelnis*e ,zeitung1 h[ ! p ( ,b]l9 _h ov]come ! ,k+ ( ,prussia & conqu]$ lib]ty4 ,?is lib]ty n[ became ! fir/ object ( my mus+s4 ,! p>ties ( t p]iod1 ! di/urb]s & h[l]s1 made a great deal ( fuss ab\t x4 ,b ! m ,i he>d ab\t x1 & h5ce became en?usia/ic ov] x1 ! dull]1 hazi] & m indi/9ct became ! mean+ ( x1 s t x turn$ ?+s upside d[n 9 my head4 ,! psy*ologi/s h long kn[n t en?usiasm = a cause & und]/&+ ( t cause are two diff]5t ?+s4 ,m>k1 = in/ance1 ! zeal display$ by ,ca?olic peasants 9 s++ _! mass1 al?\gh !y d n und]/& a ^w ( ,lat94 ,:at is meant by political fre$om8 ,:at is its beg9n+1 :at its end8 ,:]e & h[ are we to f9d a positive & def9ite k ( x8 ,9 ! p>ties ( ! middle1 ! s-call$ con/itutionals1 z well z among ! b\rgeois democrats1 !re 0 no end ( diss5sion4 ,no?+ c\ld be le>n$ !re4 ,among !m1 z among ! ,prote/ants1 e "o 0 a *os5 int]pret] ( ! gospel4 ,h[ev]1 ! pap]s ( ! extremes1 t is1 ! ,neue ,preussis*e ) its ,= ,god1 ,k+ & ,fa!rl&1 & ! ,neue ,rhe9is*e1 ! organ ( ,democracy1 gave me a h9t t lib]ty _h "s sort ( a mat]ial basis4 ,dur+ ! foll[+ ye>s1 my life 9 rural surr\nd+s gave me leisure to foll[ ?is sc5t4 ,on "o side1 x 0 ! "w ( m5 l ,g]la*1 ,/ahl1 & ,leo1 on ! o!r ( ,m>x & ,engels1 t gave me a foo?old4 ,?\gh ! communi/s & ! ultra-cons]vatives came to widely diff]5t conclusions1 /ill ,i felt & read betwe5 ! l9es t bo? ( ^! extreme p>ties bas$ _! dem&s on "o fundam5tal premise4 ,!y knew :at !y want$2 !y bo? _h a def9ite beg9n+ & end4 ,& t p]mitt$ ! assumption t bo? _h a common philosophy4 ,! ,prussian l&hold+ ari/ocracy bas$ ! cross1 :i* !y wore z an emblem on _! hats1 on ! hi/orically acquir$ royal milit>y p[] & on ! positive div9e revelation ( ! ,bible pr9t$ 9 black & support$ by ! ecclesia/ical police =ce dress$ 9 black4 ,& ! ,communi/ po9t ( dep>ture 0 q z positive1 unque/ionable & mat]ial1 viz41 ! gr[+ supremacy ( ! mass ( ! p ) _! prolet>ian int]e/s bas$ on ! hi/orically acquir$ productive p[] ( ! work+ class4 ,! _s ( bo? ( ^! ho/ile camps 0 desc5d+ f ! results ( philosophy1 prim>ily f ! ,hegelian s*ool4 ,bo? ( !m 7 arm$ ) ! philosophical a*ievem5ts ( ! c5tury1 :i* !y _h n only me*anically assimilat$1 b r cont9ually provid$ ) fre% food l a liv+ be+4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( ! fifties1 a pamphlet 0 publi%$ by "o ( ! cross be>]s1 ,/ahl1 entitl$ ,aga9/ ,buns54 ,?is ,buns5 0 at ! "t ! ,prussian ,embassador at ,london1 a crony ( ! rul+ ,prussian ,k+ ,fr$]ic ,william ,,iv41 &1 ap>t f ?is1 no?+ b a lib]al muddle head :o 0 int]e/$ 9 political & religi\s tol]ance4 ,! pamphlet ( ! cross be>] ,/ahl attack$ ?is tol]ance & demon/rat$ valiantly t tol]ance c\ld be prea*$ only by a muddl$ free lance to :om religion & fa!rl& 7 indiff]5t conceptions4 ,religi\s fai?1 s f> z x is tru?1 s he said1 has a true p[] & c transpose m\nta9s4 ,su* a fai? c\ld n be tol]ant & indiff]5t1 b mu/ pu% its propag&a ) fire & sword4 ,9 ! same way 9 :i* ,/ahl def5d$ ! int]e/s ( ! l&$ ari/ocracy1 ! philosoph] ,feu]ba* spoke 9 ! int]e/ ( ! infidel revolution>ies4 ,bo? ( !m 7 to t ext5t 9 accord ) ! ,communi/ ,manife/o t !y no long] reg>d$ ,lib]ty z a phantasmagoria1 b z a be+ ( fle% & blood4 ,:5 ,i _h realiz$ ?is1 x dawn$ ^u me t any conception elucidat$ by philosophy1 9 ?is case ! idea ( lib]ty1 _h ?is peculi>ity3 ,lib]ty is z yet an ab/ract idea4 ,9 ord] to become real1 x mu/ assume a concrete1 special =m4 ,political fre$om z a glitt]+ g5]ality is a ?+ ( no reality4 ,"u su* fanta/ic ideal ! con/itutionali/s or ! lib]als conceal ! lib]ty ( ! money bag4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 !y are q "r 9 dem&+ ,g]man unity ) ,prussia z a head1 or a republic ) a gr& duke at ! top4 ,! l&$ ari/ocracy also are "r 9 dem&+ ! lib]ty ( t ari/ocracy4 ,& ! ,communi/s are /ill m "r1 = !y dem& ! lib]ty t w gu>antee bread & butt] = ! mass ( ! p & w fully set free all ! =ces ( production4 ,f ?is exp]i5ce & conclusion x foll[s t true lib]ty & ! highe/ "r are compos$ ( individual lib]ties & rights1 t are oppos$ to "o ano!r )\t be+ inconceivable4 ,x is easy to proce$ f ?is premise to ! rule ( ?\ght laid d[n 9 ?is "w1 t ! bra9 ne$ n make any excursions into ! transc5d5tal 9 ord] to f9d 8 way ?r\gh ! contradictions ( ! real _w4 ,9 ?is way ,i pass$ f politics to philosophy1 & f philosophy to ! !ory ( positive k :i* ,i pres5t$ to ! public 9 #ahfi 9 my little "w ,! ,nature ( ,human ,bra9 ,"w4 ,fur!r /udies on ! g5]al p[]s ( und]/&+ h add$ to my special k ( ?is subject1 s t ,i am n[ enabl$ to fill ! old w9e into a new bottle in/ead ( publi%+ a new edition ( my old "w4 ,! sci5ce :i* ,i pres5t 9 ! foll[+ pages is v limit$ 9 its circumf]5ce1 b all ! bett] f\nd$ & important 9 its consequ5ces4 ,?is1 ,i tru/1 w be accept$ z a suffici5t excuse = ! recurr+ repetition ( ! same /atem5ts 9 a diff]5t =m4 ,my rema9+ conf9$ to a s+le po9t requires no apology4 ,:at is left undone by "o1 is bequea!d z a problem to o!rs4 ,!re might be "s dispute ov] ! "q1 h[ mu* ( ?is positive a*ievem5t ( philosophy is due to ! au?or & to 8 pr$ecessors4 ,b t is an int]m9able task ( small conc]n4 ,no matt] :o hoi/$ ! calf out ( ! well1 s long z x is out4 ,anyway1 ?is :ole "w treats ( ! concat5ation & int]dep5d5ce ( ?+s1 & ?is also ?r[s a bright light on ! "q ( m9e & ?9e4 ,j4 ,,dietzg54 ,,*icago1 ,m>* #cj1 #ahhg4 ,,! ,,positive ,,outcome ,,( ,,philosophy ,i ,,positive ,,k ,,z ,a ,,special ,,object ,t :i* we call sci5ce n[adays 0 kn[n to our ance/ors by a "n :i* !n s\nd$ v respectable & di/+ui%$1 b :i* has 9 ! meantime acquir$ a some:at ludicr\s ta/e1 ! "n ( wisdom4 ,?is gradual transition ( wisdom into sci5ce is a positive a*ievem5t ( philosophy :i* well des]ves our att5tion4 ,! t]m ance/ors is v indef9ite4 ,x comprises p :o liv$ m ?an ?ree ?\s& ye>s ago z well z ^? :o di$ less ?an a hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,& a wise man 0 /ill respect$ a hundr$ ye>s ago1 :ile to-day t title always implies a little ridicule & disrespect4 ,! wisdom ( our ance/ors is s old t x has n ev5 a date4 ,x rea*es back1 ! same z ! orig9 ( language1 to ! p]iod :5 man develop$ f ! animal _w4 ,b if we call a wise man1 9 ! language ( our day1 a philosoph]1 !n x is at once pla9 t wisdom is desc5d$ f ! anci5t ,greeks4 ,?is wond]ful nation produc$ ! fir/ philosoph]s4 ,:e!r ?is t]m indicates a man :o loves wisdom or "o :o loves sci5ce1 is ( little mom5t to-day1 & !re 0 no su* di/9ction 9 anci5t times4 ,we rememb] t x 0 entirely undecid$ among ! ,greeks :e!r a ma!matician1 an a/ronom]1 a physician1 an orator1 or a /ud5t ( ! art ( liv+ des]v$ ! title ( a philosoph]4 ,^! pr(essions 7 n cle>ly di/+ui%$4 ,!y 7 wrapp$ up "o 9 ano!r l ! embryo 9 a "m's womb4 ,:ile humanity _h /ill little k1 a man might well be wise4 ,b to-day x is necess>y to specialize1 to devote "o's self to a special sci5ce1 because ! field ( exploration has gr[n s ext5d$4 ,! philosoph] ( to-day is no long] a wise man1 b a speciali/4 ,! />s are ! objects ( a/ronomy1 ! animals ( zoology1 ! plants ( botany4 ,:o & :at are n[ ! objects ( philosophy8 ,?is may be expla9$ 9 "o ^w to an exp]t4 ,b if we try to give in=mation to ! g5]al public1 ! matt] becomes difficult4 ,:at d ,i "k ab\t ! %oe indu/ry1 if ,i "k t x produces %oes8 ,i "k some?+ g5]al ab\t x1 b ,i h no k ( its details4 ,x is impossible to give suffici5t in=mation on ! details ( %oemak+ to any "o 9 a few words1 n ev5 to an educat$ p]son4 ,nei!r is x possible to expla9 ! object ( philosophy 9 su* a way4 ,! object may be /at$1 b n expla9$1 = x _c be made pla9 & br\ght home to ! und]/&+ 9 a few words4 ,t is ! ^w1 und]/&+4 ,! und]/&+ is ! object ( philosophy4 ,we mu/ at once call ! read]'s att5tion to ! ambiguity ( ?is t]m4 ,und]/&+1 k1 is ! object ( all sci5ce4 ,t is no?+ special4 ,e /udy seeks to enlight5 ! bra94 ,b philosophy wi%es to be a sci5ce & does n desire to relapse into antiquity by becom+ univ]sal wisdom4 ,to say t und]/&+ is ! object ( philosophy is to give m]ely ! same reply :i* ,?ales1 ,py?agoras1 or ,plato w\ld h giv54 ,has pr\d philosophy ga9$ no?+ s9ce8 ,:at is its positive a*ievem5t8 ,t is ! "q4 ,philosophy to-day /ill has und]/&+ = its object4 ,b x is no long] indef9ite und]/&+ :i* tries to embrace ev]y?+1 b r ! und]/&+ ( ! me?od by :i* k may be ga9$4 ,philosophy n[ wi%es to le>n h[ x comes to pass t o!r objects may be illum9$ by ! m9d4 ,to speak pla9ly1 x is no long] ! und]/&+ :i* seeks to "k ev]y?+ z x did at ! "t ( ,socrates t is n[ ! special /udy ( philosophy1 b r ! m9d itself1 its me?od & ! p]ceptive p[]s ( ?\ght & und]/&+4 ,if ?is 7 all1 if ! _w's wise m5 _h done no?+ b to at la/ f9d ! object ( philosophy1 x w\ld be a v scanty a*ievem5t4 ,no1 ! h>ve/ is mu* ri*]4 ,! pres5t day !ory ( human und]/&+ is a real sci5ce1 :i* well des]ves to be popul>iz$4 ,our ance/ors s\ght und]/&+ aft] ! mann] ( ,socrates & ,plato 9 ! entrails ( ! human bra91 :ile at ! same "t despis+ ! exp]i5ce outside ( x4 ,!y hop$ to f9d tru? by cudgel+ _! bra94 ,honor to ,socrates1 honor to ,plato2 b /ill m honor to ,tru?6 ,ari/otle %[$ a little m int]e/ 9 ! out] _w4 ,) ! d[nfall ( ! old social /age ! old philosophy naturally succumb$ also4 ,x did n revive until a few hundr$ ye>s ago1 at ! beg9n+ ( mod]n times4 ,a %ort :ile ago1 ,%akespe>e attract$ mu* att5tion1 :5 "s "o claim$ to h discov]$ t x 0 n he :o wrote ^? fam\s dramas & trag$ies1 b 8 contempor>y ,bacon ( ,v]ulam1 ,"l ,*ancellor ( ,engl&4 ,:e!r ,%akespe>e keeps 8 laurels or n1 ,bacon's "n is /ill great en\gh1 = x is g5]ally accept$ z ! mile /one ( mod]n philosophy4 ,"o might say t philosophy 0 asleep f ! "t ( ,ari/otle to t ( ,bacon4 ,at lea/ x produc$ no rem>kable results dur+ t p]iod1 & x _c be d5i$ t philosophy f anci5t ,greek days to ! pres5t times mov$ 9 a my/ic fog :i* detract$ mu* f its /udy 9 ! eyes ( educat$ & hone/ m54 ,b ! philosoph]s !mselves are less to blame = ?is ?an ! concealm5t ( ! object4 ,only aft] ! entire social developm5t has fur!r$ ! human und]/&+ to ! po9t :]e x c b5efit f ! light spread by ! v>i\s bran*es ( sci5ce1 does philosophy become consci\s ( its special object & able to sep>ate its positive a*ievem5ts f ! rubbi% ( ! pa/4 ,if we comp>e ! old ,grecian wisdom ) mod]n sci5ce1 ! outcome ( philosophy looks insignificant by ! side ( ! a*ievem5ts ( sci5ce4 ,nev]!less1 great z ! value ( ! aggregate product ( sci5ce may be1 x is compos$ ( individual values1 & e "o ( its p>ts is wor?y ( consid]ation4 ,! me?od1 ! way1 ! =m1 9 :i* ! m9d arrives at its practical creations is "o ( ^! p>ts4 ,! m9d1 on its m>* f ignorance to its pres5t weal? has n only ga!r$ a treasury ( k1 b also improv$ its me?ods1 s t ! fur!r con/ructive "w ( sci5ce proce$s fa/] n[4 ,:o w fail to recognize t mat]ial production has accumulat$ a treasure 9 ! me?ods by :i* x produces to-day1 :i* is by no means ( less value ?an ! accumulat$ national weal? itself8 ,! positive outcome ( philosophy be>s ! same relation to ! weal? ( sci5ce4 ,,ii ,,! ,,p[] ,,( ,,cognition ,,is ,,k9 ,,to ,,! ,,univ]se ,! way ( ,tru?1 or ! true way1 is n mus+1 b ! consci\s connection ( our ?\ghts ) ! actual life--t is ! qu9tess5ce ( ! tea*+s ( philosophy produc$ by evolution4 ,b ?is is n ev]y?+4 ,if ,i "k t a tann] makes lea!r1 ,i d n by any means "k ev]y?+ he does1 because !re /ill rema9s ! mann] & me?od ( 8 manipulations4 ,9 ! same way1 ! doctr9e ( ! int]relation ( m9d & matt]1 :i* is ! product ( ! entire social developm5t1 requires a bett] & m specific sub/antiation1 s t its true quality z a positive a*ievem5t ( philosophy1 or ( ! !ory ( k may be bett] und]/ood4 ,if ! matt] is repres5t$ 9 ?is b>e mann]--x does1 inde$1 resemble ! egg ( ,columbus--"o does n see :y s mu* %\ld be made ( x4 ,b if we ent] into ! details t h produc$ ! result1 we d n only le>n to bett] respect ! prom95t philosoph]s1 b _! works also reveal a ri* m9e ( special & compreh5sive k4 ,all sci5ces are closely relat$1 = advances 9 "o bran* are prep>ations = advances 9 o!rs4 ,a/ronomy is un?9kable )\t ma!matics & optics4 ,e sci5ce has begun unsci5tifically1 & 9 ! c\rse ( ! accumulation ( individual k a m or less exact sy/ematic organization ( ?is k has result$4 ,no sci5ce has z yet arriv$ at complet5ess & p]fectness4 ,we h z yet m ! results ( exp]im5tal ef=t ?an accompli%$ p]fection4 ,philosophy is no bett] (f 9 ?is respect4 ,we r believe we are do+ some?+ to ov]come a deeply root$ prejudice :5 we /ate t philosophy is no worse (f ?an o!r sci5ces1 s long z we succe$ 9 asc]ta9+ t x has accompli%$ positive results & 9 po9t+ !m out4 ,x is a positive accompli%m5t ( philosophy t mank9d to-day has a cle> & unequivocal conception ( ! necessity ( ! division ( labor z a means ( be+ successful4 ,our pres5t day philosoph]s no long] make excursions into dreaml& 9 ! que/ ( ! ,true1 ! ,beautiful1 & ! ,good1 z did ! anci5ts4 ,! ,true1 ! ,beautiful1 & ! ,good1 are nev]!less ! objects ( all mod]n sci5ce1 only1 ?anks to evolution1 ^! objects are n[ s\ght by special means4 ,& ! cle> consci\sness ( ?is condition ( ?+s is a philosophical consci\sness4 ,x is a "p ( ! !ory ( und]/&+ to "k t 9 ord] to accompli% some?+ "o mu/ limit oneself to a specialty4 ,t is a fundam5tal dem& = ! use ( common s5se1 :i* ! primitive mus+ bra9 did n realize4 ,?9k+ mu/ be done ) wide op5 & active eyes1 ) al]t s5ses1 n ) clos$ eyes or fix$ gaze4 ,?is is a "p ( logic4 ,we d n d5y t m5 h always done _! ?9k+ by means ( ! s5ses4 ,we only claim t !y did n d s f pr9ciple1 o!rwise ! old compla9t ab\t ! unreliability ( ! s5ses z a means ( k w\ld n h liv$ s long4 ,nei!r w\ld ! inn] man h be5 s excessively ov]e/imat$1 nor ab/ract ?\ght s mu* celebrat$1 j z if x alone 7 ! *ild ( nobl] bir?4 ,i d n wi% to detract f ! m]its ( ! p[] ( ab/raction1 b ,i simply claim t ! clay ( :i* ,adam 0 made 0 no less div9e ?an ! spiritual brea? t gave him 8 life4 ,nor d ,i mean t x is due to philosophy alone t mank9d le>n$ n to /ra9 und]/&+ 9 ab/ract vapor+s1 b in/ead to introduce ! division ( labor & to take up ! v>i\s specialties ) op5 s5ses4 ,! te*nique ( und]/&+ is ! product ( ! entire movem5t ( civilization1 & z su* a positive accompli%m5t ( philosophy4 ,! total process ( evolution has plac$ ! philosoph]s on _! feet4 ,!re is no d\bt t up to ! pres5t "t1 philosophy p>took m ( ! "* ( a desire & love ( sci5ce ?an ( _w wisdom4 ,?is wisdom does n am\nt to mu*1 ev5 to-day4 ,?is is pla9ly demon/rat$ by ! diss5sions ( ! educat$ & un$ucat$ on all que/ions p]ta9+ to wisdom ( life4 ,socrates 9 ! m>ket ( ,a!ns1 & ,plato 9 8 dialogues1 h probably said bett] ?+s ab\t ! que/ions3 ,:at is virtue8 ,:at is ju/ice8 ,:at is moral & reasonable8 ?an ! pr(essors ( philosophy w\ld "k h[ to say to-day4 ,kant has well said t ! unanimity ( ! exp]ts is ! te/ by :i* "o may decide :at is a sci5tific fact & :at is m]e dispute4 ,f ?is x is easy to judge t wisdom ( life is /ill 9 a bad way & w h to wait = its sci5tific trans=mation4 ,we decl>$ und]/&+ itself to be ! special object ( philosophy & %all n[ attempt to outl9e ! results s f> obta9$ by x4 ,"o ( ! fir/ requirem5ts = ! education ( ! object ( philosophy is to recall its v>i\s names4 ,! und]/&+1 or ! p[] ( k1 is also call$ intellig5ce1 intellect1 m9d1 _s1 reason1 p[] ( cognition1 ( conception1 ( di/9ction1 ( imag9ation1 ( judgm5t1 & ( draw+ conclusions4 ,! attempt has frequ5tly be5 made to analyze und]/&+ or to dissect x into its v>i\s p>ts & to specialize !m by ! help ( ^? names4 ,especially logic kn[s h[ to give p>ticul> explanations ( :at is imag9ation1 a conception1 a judgm5t1 & a conclusion4 ,x has ev5 divid$ ^! sections into subsections1 s t a tra9$ logician might reproa* me ) be+ ignorant = apply+ v>i\s names to intellig5ce1 because only ! common p conf\nd ^? names & use !m z synonyms1 :ile sci5ce has long us$ !m 9 _! prop] ord] = designat+ special p>ts ( intellig5ce4 ,to su* a reproa*1 ,i answ] t ,ari/otle & ! subsequ5t =mal logicians h made "s pretty po9t$ obs]vations & excell5t arrangem5ts 9 ?is field4 ,b ^! prov$ to be premature or inadequate1 because ! obs]vations on :i* ! anci5t intellectual explor]s reli$ 7 too scanty4 ,?is scant9ess ( ! obs]vations made 9 reg>d to intellig5ce1 & by intellig5ce1 has kept ! human race 9 ! mazes ( intellectual bondage & by ?is my/icism has ev5 prev5t$ ! mo/ advanc$ m9ds f p5etrat+ deep] into ?is obscure "q4 ,! hi/ory ( philosophy is n ! hi/ory ( a useless /ruggle1 b yet a hi/ory ( a h>d /ruggle ) ! "q3 ,:at is1 :at does1 ( :at p>ts consi/s1 & ( :at nature is und]/&+1 intellig5ce1 reason1 intellect1 etc48 ,s long z ?is "q is unsettl$1 ! que/ion] is entitl$ to disp5se ) any & all sections & subsections ( ! intellectual object & to reg>d ! v>i\s names z synonym\s4 ,! ma9 accompli%m5t 9 ! solution ( ?is "q is ! ev] cle>] & precis] k ( our days t ! nature ( ! human intellect is ( ! same k9d1 g5us or quality z ! :ole ( nature4 ,9 ord] t ! !ory ( und]/&+ may be able to elucidate ?is po9t1 x mu/ dive/ itself1 m or less1 ( ! "* ( a speciality & occupy itself ) all ( nature1 assume ! "* ( cosmogony4 ,x is pr9cipally an a*ievem5t ( philosophy t we n[ "k def9itely & d[n to ! m9ute/ detail t ! human m9d is a def9ite & limit$ "p ( ! unlimit$ univ]se4 ,j z a piece ( oak wood has ! tw(old quality ( p>tak+ n alone1 ) its oak5 nature1 ( ! g5]al nature ( wood1 b also ( ! unlimit$ g5]ality ( all nature1 s is ! intellect a limit$ specialty1 :i* has ! quality ( be+ univ]sal z a "p ( ! univ]se & ( be+ consci\s ( its own & ( all univ]sality4 ,! b\ndless univ]sal cosmic nature is embodi$ 9 ! intellect1 9 ! animal z well z 9 man1 ! same z x is embodi$ 9 ! oak wood1 9 all o!r wood1 9 all matt] & =ce4 ,! worldly moni/ic nature :i* is mortal & immortal1 limit$ & unlimit$1 special & g5]al1 all 9 "o1 is f\nd 9 ev]y?+1 & ev]y?+ is f\nd 9 nature--und]/&+ or ! p[] ( k is no exception4 ,x is ?is tw(old nature ( ! univ]se1 ?is be+ at ! same "t limit$ & unlimit$1 ?is reflection ( its et]nal ess5ce & et]nal tru? 9 *ang+ ph5om5a1 :i* has r5d]$ its und]/&+ v difficult = ! human m9d4 ,?is intricate quality has be5 repres5t$ by religion 9 ! fanta/ic picture ( two worlds1 sep>at+ ! temporal f ! et]nal1 ! limit$ f ! unlimit$1 too unreasonably f>4 ,b n[adays ! inde/ructibility ( matt] & ! et]nity ( mat]ial =ces is a matt] ( fact accept$ by natural sci5ce4 ,! positive outcome ( philosophy1 !n1 is ! k ( ! moni/ic way 9 :i* ! seem+ duality ( ! univ]se is active 9 ! human und]/&+4 ,,iii ,,z ,,to ,,h[ ,,! ,,intellect ,,is ,,limit$ ,,& ,,unlimit$ ,und]/&+ taught by exp]i5ce no long] muses ab\t univ]sal nature1 b acquires a k ( x by special /udies4 ,by degrees philosophy1 fir/ unconsci\sly & lately cle>ly & pla9ly1 has tak5 up ! problem ( asc]ta9+ ! limits ( und]/&+4 ,?is philosophical problem fir/ assum$ ! =m ( polemics4 ,x became oppos$ to ! religi\s dogma :i* repres5t$ ! human m9d z a small1 subs]vi5t1 limit$ & re/rict$ emanation ( ! unlimit$ div9e _s4 ,?is t]re/rial emanation 0 reg>d$ z too limit$ to und]/& & f9d its div9e s\rce4 ,! /udy ( ! limits ( ! und]/&+ has n[ emancipat$ itself f ?is dogma1 b n to su* an ext5t t !re is no long] any my/]i\s obscurity float+ ar\nd ! und]/&+ & intellig5ce1 & especially ar\nd ! "q :e!r ! human m9d c p5etrate only into "s ?+s :ile o!rs w rema9 9 ! unscrutable d>kness ( fai? & intuition1 or :e!r x may p5etrate boldly & )\t h9drance into ! inf9ity ( ! physical & *emical univ]se4 ,we "h desire to claim z a positive outcome ( philosophy t x has at la/ acquir$ ! cle> & exact k t a socall$ inf9ite _s1 9 ! religi\s s5se1 is a fanta/ic1 unsci5tific conception4 ,9 ! natural s5se ( ! ^w1 ! human p[]s ( und]/&+ are univ]sal & yet 9 spite ( _! univ]sality !y are1 q naturally1 limit$4 ,! human und]/&+ has its limits1 :y %\ld x n8 ,only drop ! illusion t a d>k my/]y is conceal$ beyond ^! limits4 ,! und]/&+ is a =ce among o!rs1 & ev]y?+ t is locat$ alongside ( o!r ?+s is limit$ & re/rict$ by !m4 ,we c und]/& ev]y?+1 b we c also t\*1 see1 he>1 feel1 & ta/e ev]y?+4 ,we also h ! p[] ( mov+ ab\t1 & o!r qualities4 ,"o art limits ano!r1 & yet ea* is unlimit$ 9 its own field4 ,! v>i\s human p[]s belong toge!r & con/itute toge!r ! human weal?4 ,be c>eful n to sep>ate ! p[] ( und]/&+ f o!r natural p[]s4 ,9 a c]ta9 s5se x mu/ be sep>at$1 because x is ! special object ( our /udy1 b x mu/ always be rememb]$ t su* a sep>ation has only a !oretical value4 ,j z our p[] ( vision c see ev]y?+1 s our und]/&+ c grasp ev]y?+4 ,let u look a little clos] at ?is /atem5t4 ,h[ c we see ev]y?+8 ,n f any s+le /&po9t4 ,9 t s5se our p[]s ( vision are limit$4 ,b :at is n visible 9 ! di/ance1 becomes s on approa*+ ne>] to x4 ,:at "o eye _c see1 t ( o!rs c1 & :at is invisible to ! nak$ eye1 is reveal$ by ! telescope & microscope4 ,nev]!less ! vision rema9s limit$1 ev5 ?\gh x may be ! %>pe/1 & arm$ ) ! be/ artificial means4 ,ev5 if we reg>d all ! eyes ( ! pa/ & future g5]ations ( humanity z organs ( ! univ]sal human vision1 ?is vision /ill rema9s limit$4 ,nev]!less1 no "o w compla9 ab\t ! limits ( human p[]1 because we _c see s\nds ) our eyes or he> ! light ) our e>s4 ,! und]/&+ ( man is limit$1 j z 8 vision is4 ,! eye c look ?r\gh a glass pane1 b n ?r\gh a plate ( iron4 ,yet no "o w call any eye limit$1 because x _c see ?r\gh a block ( metal4 ,^! dra/ic examples are v opportune1 because !re are c]ta9 wise m5 :o reflectively lay _! f+] on _! nose & call att5tion to ! limits ( our intellect 9 t s5se1 j z if ! k ga9$ on e>? by sci5tific means 7 only a nom9al1 n a real1 und]/&+ & kn[+4 ,! human intellect is ?us degrad$ to ! position ( a sub/itute ( "s high] intellect :i* is n discov]$1 b mu/ be believ$ to exi/ 9 ! small head ( a fairy or 9 ! l>ge head ( an almighty be+ above ! cl\ds4 ,w\ld any "o try to make u believe t !re is a great & almighty eye t c look ?r\gh blocks ( metal ! same z ?r\gh glass8 ,! idea ( a spiritual organ ) an inf9ite und]/&+ is j z s5seless4 ,an unlimit$ s+le ?+1 an unlimit$ s+le be+1 is impossible1 unless we reg>d ! :ole _w1 ! _w )\t beg9n+ & )\t end1 ! inf9ite _w1 z a unit4 ,)9 ?is _w ev]y?+ is subject to *ange1 b no?+ c g beyond its g5us )\t los+ its "n & "*4 ,!re are v>i\s k9ds ( fire1 b none t does n burn1 none :i* has n ! g5]al nature ( fire4 ,nei!r is !re any wat] )\t ! g5]al nature ( wat]1 nor a _s t is elevat$ above ! g5]al nature ( spirits4 ,9 our days ( cle> conceptions ! t5d5cy t[>d ! transc5d5tal is m]e fanta/ic vapor+4 ,x is n alone unsci5tific1 x is fanta/ic1 to ?9k ev5 af> ( a high] p[] ( ?\ght or und]/&+ ?an ! human "o4 ,"o might z well ?9k ( a high] horse :i* runs ) eight1 sixte51 or sixte5 hundr$ legs & c>ries away 8 rid] 9 a high] air at a high] spe$ ?an t ( ! w9d or ! light4 ,x is a "p ( ! a*ievem5ts ( philosophy1 ( correct me?ods ( ?\ght1 ( ! art ( ?\ght or dialectics1 to "k t we mu/ use all conceptions1 )\t exception1 9 a limit$1 rational1 commonplace way1 unless we wi% to /ray into t region :]e !re are m\nta9s )\t valleys & :]e e !ory ( und]/&+ loses its m9d4 ,x is true t all ?+s1 includ+ our und]/&+1 may be improv$4 ,ev]y?+ develops1 :y %\ld n our intellects d s8 ,at ! same "t we may "k a priori t our intellect mu/ rema9 limit$1 ( c\rse n limit$ 9 ! s5se ( ! dunce1 j z our eyes w nev] become s %>p t !y c see ?r\gh metal blocks4 ,e individual has its limit$ bra91 b humanity1 s ! positive a*ievem5ts ( philosophy h %[n1 has an intellect ( z univ]sal a p[] z any t c be imag9$1 requir$1 or f\nd1 9 heav5 or on e>?4 ,we ma9ta9 t philosophy s f> has acquir$ some?+ positive1 has left u a legacy1 & t ?is consi/s 9 a cle> revelation ( ! me?od ( us+ our intellect 9 ord] to produce excell5t pictures ( nature & its ph5om5a4 ,= ! purpose ( mak+ ! read] famili> ) ?is me?od1 ) ?is legacy ( philosophy1 we mu/ ent] m closely into ! ess5ce ( ! in/rum5t :i* lifts all ! treasures ( sci5ce4 ,we are especially int]e/$ 9 ! "q1 :e!r x is a f9ite or inf9ite & univ]sal in/rum5t ) :i* we g fi%+ = tru?4 ,x is ! cu/om to belittle ! faculties ( ! human und]/&+1 9 ord] to keep x "u ! supremacy ( ! div9e metaphysical augurs4 ,x is q easy to see1 !re=e1 t ! "q ( ! ess5ce ( our p[]s ( und]/&+ is intimately relat$ to1 or ev5 id5tical )1 ! "q ( h[ we may be p]mitt$ to use !m1 :e!r !y %\ld be us$ only = ! inve/igation ( ! limit$1 f9ite1 or also = ! /udy ( ! et]nal1 inf9ite1 & immeasurable4 ,we object "h to ! t5d5cy ( belittl+ ! human m9d4 ,ab\t a hundr$ ye>s ago1 ! philosoph] ,kant f\nd x appropriate to draw ! sword aga9/ ^? :o play$ fa/ & loose ) ! human m9d1 aga9/ ! socall$ metaphysicians4 ,!y _h made a miracul\s ?+ ( ! in/rum5t ( ?\ght1 a matt] = effusions4 ,9 ord] to be able cle>ly to /ate ! outcome ( philosophy1 we mu/ acqua9t ! read] ) ! fact t ?is in/rum5t ( ?\ght1 9 its way1 is "o ( ! be/ & mo/ magnific5t ?+s 9 exi/5ce1 b t1 at ! same "t1 x is b\nd to its g5]al k9d or g5us4 ,! human und]/&+ p]ceives q p]fectly1 b we mu/ n h an exagg]at$ idea ( its p]fection1 any m ?an we w\ld ( a p]fect eye or e>1 t1 be !y ev] s p]fect1 _c see ! grass gr[ or he> ! fleas c\gh4 ,god is a _s1 says ! bible1 & ,god is inf9ite4 ,if he is a _s1 an intellect1 su* z man1 !n x w\ld be fair to assume t man's intellect is also inf9ite1 or ev5 is ! div9e _s itself :i* has tak5 up its abode 9 ! human bra9s4 ,p cudgel$ _! bra9s ) su* confus$ conceptions1 s long z ! object ( mod]n philosophy1 ! intellect1 0 a my/]y4 ,n[ x is recogniz$ z a f9ite1 natural ph5om5on1 an en]gy or a =ce :i* is n ! inf9ite1 ?\gh x is1 l all o!r matt] & =ce1 a "p ( ! inf9ite1 et]nal1 immeasurable4 ,leav+ all religi\s notions aside1 ! inf9ite1 immeasurable1 et]nal1 is n p]sonal1 b objective2 x is no long] ref]r$ to z a mascul9e1 b z a neut]4 ,x may be call$ by _m names1 su* z ! univ]se1 ! cosmos1 or ! _w4 ,9 ord] to und]/& cle>ly t ! _s :i* we h 9 our m9ds1 is a f9ite "p ( ! _w1 we mu/ get a little bett] acqua9t$ ) ?is inf9ite1 et]nal _w4 ,our physical _w _c h any o!r _w beside x1 because x is ! univ]se4 ,)9 ! univ]se !re are _m worlds1 :i* all ( !m make out ! cosmos1 :i* has nei!r a beg9n+ nor an end 9 "t & space4 ,! cosmos rea*es across all "t & space1 9 heav5 & on e>?1 & ev]y:]e4 ,b h[ d ,i "k :at ,i /ate 9 su* an (fh& mann]8 ,well1 ! k ( ! univ]se1 ( ! inf9ite1 is giv5 to u p>tly by bir? & p>tly by exp]i5ce4 ,?is k is inh]5t 9 man j z language is1 viz41 9 ! g]m1 & exp]i5ce gives u a pro( ( ! inf9ite 9 a negative way1 = we nev] le>n ! beg9n+ or ! end ( any?+4 ,on ! contr>y1 exp]i5ce has %[n u positively t all socall$ beg9n+s & ends are only int]connections ( ! inf9ite1 immeasurable1 inexhau/ible1 & unfa?omable univ]se4 ,comp>$ to ! weal? ( ! cosmos ! intellect is only a poor fell[4 ,h[ev]1 ?is does n prev5t x f be+ ! mo/ p]fect in/rum5t = cle>ly & pla9ly reflect+ ! f9ite ph5om5a ( ! inf9ite univ]se4 ,,iv ,,! ,,univ]sality ,,( ,,nature ,! positive outcome ( philosophy conc]ns itself ) specify+ ! nature ( ! human m9d4 ,x %[s t ?is special nature ( m9d does n occupy an exceptional position1 b belongs ) ! :ole ( nature 9 ! same organization4 ,9 ord] to %[ ?is1 philosophy mu/ n discuss ! human m9d z if x 7 some?+ sep>ate f nature1 b mu/ r deal ) its g5]al nature4 ,& s9ce ?is g5]al nature ( our intellect is ! same ( :i* e o!r ?+ p>takes1 x foll[s t nature 9 g5]al1 or ! univ]se1 or ! cosmos1 all ( :i* is ! same ?+1 are an indisp5sable object 9 ! special /udy ( ! nature ( ! human m9d4 ,we h already said t ! exp]i5c$ und]/&+ ( ! pres5t day no long] muses ov] nature 9 g5]al 9 ! fanta/ic & m]e introspective mann] z ( old1 b r seeks to obta9 a k ( x by special /udy4 ,9 s do+ we d n =get t ! /udy ( specialties at ! same "t ?r[s a light on ! g5]al relation ( ?+s1 ( :i* e species is b a "p4 ,s9ce ! human m9d is a "p ( ! :ole ( nature1 viz41 t "p :i* has ! desire & long+ to obta9 a conception ( all ! o!r p>ts1 & m ?an t1 to und]/& ! int]connection betwe5 ! p>ts & ! undivid$ & inf9ite :ole1 x is easy to compreh5d ! fact t ! philosoph]s h occupi$ !mselves s mu* ) ! mo/ real & mo/ p]fect be+4 ,:e!r ?is be+ 0 call$ ,god1 or sub/ance1 or idea1 or ! absolute1 or nature1 or matt]1 all ( ^! t]ms _c prev5t u today f approa*+ inf9ite nature ) sob] s5ses1 9 ord] to ga91 by its help1 a lifelike picture ( ! human intellect1 :i* is n a my/ical be+1 b a reasonable "p ( ! same nature t lives reasonably & intelligibly 9 all o!r p>ts ( nature4 ,! inexp]i5c$ p[]s ( di/9ction :i* did n und]/& _! function1 magnifi$ ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! inf9ite & its f9ite ph5om5a out ( all proportion4 ,n[ t we h made ! philosophical exp]i5ce t ! g5]al z well z ! special nature ( ! human intellect admits only ( mod]ate & b\nd$ di/9ctions1 we arrive at ! conclusion t ! immeasurable1 all-p]fect1 & et]nal be+ is compos$ ( f9ite1 comm5surable1 imp]fect1 & transi5t ?+s 9 su* a way t ! univ]sal be+ comb9es 9 itself all p]fections z well z all imp]fections4 ,?is contradictory univ]sal be+1 ?is nature to :i* all contradictory attributes may be simultane\sly assign$1 9 a c]ta9 s5se puts ! old rule to %ame t y _c at ! same "t affirm & d5y ! pr$icate ( any subject4 ,nature comprises all & is all4 ,reason & unreason1 be+ & n be+1 all ^! contradictions are conta9$ 9 x4 ,outside ( x !re are no affirmations & no contradictions4 ,s9ce ! human m9d et]nally moves 9 affirmations & negations1 9 ord] to obta9 a cle> picture ( ?+s1 x has an int]m9able task 9 und]/&+ ! int]m9able object4 ,our bra9 is suppos$ to solve ! contradictions ( nature4 ,if x kn[s en\gh ab\t itself to realize t x is n an exception f g5]al nature1 b a natural "p ( ! same :ole--al?\gh x calls itself _s--!n x also kn[s & mu/ "k t its cle>ness c diff] b mod]ately f ! g5]al confusion1 t ! solution ( ! problem _c diff] mat]ially f ! problem itself4 ,! contradictions are solv$ only by reasonable diff]5tiation1 only by ! sci5ce ( und]/&+ :i* %[s t extravagant diff]5ces are no?+ b extravagant speculations4 ,! human und]/&+ incl9es to exagg]ations 9 its untra9$ /ate1 & x is a relic ( untra9$ habits to diff]5tiate 9 an absolute mann] ! spiritual f ! re/ ( nature1 to make a too extravagant di/9ction betwe5 x & ! physical body4 ,x is ! m]it ( philosophy to h giv5 u a cle> doctr9e ( ! use ( ! intellect1 & ?is doctr9e culm9ates 9 ! rule n to make exagg]at$1 b only graduat$ di/9ctions4 ,= ?is purpose x is necess>y to realize t !re is only "o be+ & t all o!r socall$ be+s are b m9or expressions ( ! same g5]al be+1 :i* we designate by ! "n ( nature or univ]se4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! human b5t to exagg]ation1 ! human und]/&+ has be5 reg>d$ z a be+ ( a diff]5t nature f t ( natural be+s :i* exi/ outside ( ! intellect4 ,b x mu/ be rememb]$ t e "p ( nature is ano!r individual piece ( x1 &1 fur!rmore1 t e o!r & diff]5t "p is really no?+ diff]5t b a uni=m piece ( ! same g5]al nature4 ,! ?+ is mutual3 ,! g5]al nature exi/s only 9 its _m individual p>ts1 & ^! 9 _! turn exi/ only 91 ) & by ! g5]al cosmic be+4 ,nature :i* is divid$ by ! human und]/&+ into ,ea/ & ,we/1 ,s\? & ,nor?1 & into a hundr$ ?\s& o!r nam$ p>ts1 is yet an undivid$ :ole ( :i* we may say ) c]ta9ty t x has z _m innum]able beg9n+s & ends z x is )\t beg9n+ & end1 z x is ! inf9ite itself4 ,x is well kn[n t !re is no?+ new "u ! sun4 ,no?+ is creat$1 no?+ disappe>s1 & yet !re is a cont9u\s *ange4 ,! bra9 ( man has a "r & a left side1 a top & a bottom1 a front & a back "p1 an int]ior & an ext]ior4 ,& ! inn]mo/ ( ! bra9 aga9 has two sides or qualities1 a physical & a spiritual4 ,!y are s little divid$ t ! t]m bra9 has two mean+s1 designat+ n[ ! physical bra91 n[ its m5tal functions4 ,9 speak+ "h exclusively ( ! m9d1 we tacitly assume its insep>able connection ) ! physical body4 ,! mat]ial bra9 & ! m5tal bra9 are two bra9s t toge!r make "o4 ,?us two1 ?ree1 f\r1 or innum]able ?+s are yet "o ?+4 ,! human und]/&+ 0 end[$ by nature ) ! faculty ( embrac+ ! inf9ite v>iety ( ! univ]se z a unit1 z a s+le conception4 ,! unity ( nature is z true & real z its multiplicity4 ,to say t _m are "o & "o _m is n nons5se1 b simply a truism :i* becomes cle> :5 und]/&+ ! positive outcome ( philosophy4 ,a read] unfamili> ) ?is our product ( philosophy /ill foll[s ! habit ( reg>d+ ! physical body z some?+ diff]5t f ! m9d4 ,a di/9ction betwe5 ^! two is q ju/ifi$1 b ?is mann] ( classification mu/ n be ov]done4 ,! read] %\ld rememb] t he also is 9 ! habit ( reg>d+ su* het]og5e\s ?+s z axes1 scissors1 & knives z *ildr5 ( ! same family by ref]r+ to !m collectively z cutt+ tools4 ,! outcome ( philosophy n[ dem&s t we apply ! same me?od to ! object ( our special /udy1 ! human bra94 ,we mu/ h5ce=? es*ew all eff]vesc5t flights ( imag9ation & reg>d ! p[]s ( ! human m9d z *ildr5 ( ! same family z all o!r physical p[]s1 ^: immortal "m is ! univ]se4 ,! univ]se is inf9ite n alone 9 ! matt] ( "t & space1 b also 9 t ( ! v>iety ( its products4 ,! human bra9s :i* x produces are likewise int]nally & ext]nally ( an inf9ite diff]5tiation1 al?\gh ?is does n prev5t !m f =m+ a common gr\p uni=m 9 its way4 ,to gr\p ! ph5om5a ( nature1 ! *ildr5 ( ! univ]se1 9 su* a way by classes1 families1 & species t !y may be easily grasp$1 t is ! task ( ! sci5ce ( und]/&+1 ! "w & con/itution ( ! p]ceiv+ human bra94 ,to und]/& simply means to obta9 a g5]al & at ! same "t a detail$ view ( ! processes & products ( ! univ]se by gr\p+ !m 9 a fa%ion simil> to t us$ = ! vegetable k+dom by botany & = ! animal k+dom by zoology4 ,x goes )\t argum5t t we1 ! limit$ *ildr5 ( ! unlimit$ univ]se1 are able to solve ?is problem only 9 a limit$ way4 ,h[ev]1 ?is natural physical limitation ( ! human und]/&+ mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) ! abject mis]y :i* slavi% & s5tim5tal metaphysics attribute to x4 ,! inf9ite univ]se is by no means nigg>dly 9 its gifts to ! human und]/&+4 ,x op5s its :ole dep?s to our intellectual und]/&+ & p]ception4 ,our intellect is a "p ( ! inexhau/ible univ]se & !re=e p>takes ( its inexhau/ible nature4 ,t "p ( nature :i* is kn[n by ! "n ( intellect is limit$ only to ! ext5t t ! "p is small] ?an ! :ole4 ,v ,,! ,,und]/&+ ,,z ,a ,,"p ,,( ,,! ,,human ,,s\l ,! human intellect or und]/&+1 ! special object ( all philosophy1 is a "p1 & 9 our case ! mo/ prom95t "p1 ( ! human s\l4 ,gu/av ,!odore ,fe*n]1 a =gott5 /> on ! lit]>y firmam5t1 pos$ ! "q ( ! s\l 9 8 "t & attempt$ to answ] x4 ,9 s do+ he clo!d ! result ( pa/ philosophies 9 a peculi> g>b :i* look$ fanta/ic en\gh at fir/ sight4 ,he reg>ds ! outcome ( philosophy m]ely z an individual product & he is s full ( v5]ation = ! anci5t t]ms1 su* z immortal s\ls1 ,god1 ,*ri/ianity1 t he does n c>e to dismiss !m1 no matt] h[ r\ghly he h&les _! ess5ce4 ,fe*n] ext5ds ! possession ( a s\l to human be+s1 animals1 plants1 /ones1 planets2 9 %ort1 to ! :ole _w4 ,?is is simply say+ t ! human s\l is ( ! same nature z all ! re/ ( ! _w1 or vice v]sa1 t all natural ?+s h ! same nature z ! human s\l4 ,n only animals1 b also /ones & planets h some?+ analog\s to our human s\l4 ,fe*n] is n fanta/ic at bottom1 & yet h[ fanta/ical x s\nds to he> him say3 ,i w5t out walk+ on a spr+ morn+4 ,! fields 7 gre51 ! birds 7 s++1 ! dew sp>kl$1 ! smoke rose t[>d ! cl\ds4 ,"h & !re a human be+ /irr$4 ,a glory ( light 0 diffus$ ov] x all4 ,x 0 only a small piece ( ! ,e>?4 ,x 0 only a %ort mom5t ( its exi/5ce4 ,& yet1 z ,i took all ?is 9 ) an ev]-wid5+ und]/&+1 ,i felt n alone ! beauty1 b also ! tru? t x is an angel :o is ?us pass+ ?r\gh ! sky ) 8 ri*1 fre% & bloom+ nature1 8 liv+ face upturn$ to ! heav5s4 ,& ,i ask$ myself h[ x is t man c ev] become s /unt$ t he sees no?+ b a dry clod 9 ! ,e>? & looks = angels above & beyond x1 nev] f9d+ !m any:]e4 ,b p call ?is s5tim5tal dream+4 ,! ,e>? is a globe1 & :at x is besides may be f\nd 9 ! museums ( natural hi/ory4 ,?us writes ,fe*n]4 ,n[ !re c be no objection to comp>+ ! beautiful ,e>? & ! />s ar\nd x ) angels1 any m ?an !re c be to ! lov] call+ 8 swee!>t an angel ( ,god4 ,! ,e>?1 ! ,moon1 & ! />s are accord+ to ,fe*n]'s t]m9ology angelic be+s ) s\ls2 m$iators betwe5 man & ,god4 ,he kn[s v well t ?is is no?+ b a matt] ( analogy & t]m9ology1 he is z a!i/ic z ! mo/ a!i/ic1 b 8 fondness & rev]5ce = ! traditional t]ms lead him to attribute a s\l to ! mat]ial _w & to give to ?is great & inf9ite s\l a div9e "n4 ,if we waive ?is religi\s hobby ( ,fe*n]'s1 !re /ill rema9s 8 peculi>ity ( us+ words & names 9 a symbolical s5se4 ,x is no?+ b ! old poetic way ( call+ a swee!>t's eyes heav5ly />s & ! />s ( ! blue heav5s lovely eyes1 :i* makes a sn[y hill ( a woman's brea/1 a zephyr ( ! w9d1 a nymph ( a spr+ ( wat]1 & an erlk+ ( an old will[ tree4 ,?is poetic lic5se has fill$ ! :ole _w ) good & evil spirits1 m]maids1 fairies1 elfs1 & gobl9s4 ,?is is n a bad way ( speak+1 s long z we keep 9 m9d1 l a poet1 :at we are do+ & t we are consci\sly us+ symbolical t]ms4 ,fe*n] does ?is only to a c]ta9 ext5t4 ,a little sple5 rema9s 9 8 bra94 ,x is ?is sple5 :i* ,i int5d to deal ) 9 ! prop] light1 9 ord] to ?us demon/rate ! outcome ( philosophy4 ,fe*n] is n aw>e t 8 univ]sal s\l reflects only "o half ( our pres5t outcome ( philosophical /udy4 ,! o!r half1 :i* r5d]s an und]/&+ ( ! :ole possible1 consi/s 9 ! p]ception t n only are all mat]ial ?+s end[$ ) a s\l1 b t all s\ls1 includ+ ! human ones1 are ord9>y ?+s4 ,philosophy has n only deifi$ ! _w & inspir$ x ) a s\l1 b has also secul>iz$ ,god & ! s\ls4 ,?is is ! :ole tru?1 & ea* by itself is only a "p4 ,ap>t f psy*ology1 :i* treats ( ! individual human s\l1 !re has lately aris5 a psy*ology ( nations :i* reg>ds ! individual s\ls z p>ts ( ! univ]sal human s\l1 z individual pieces con/itut+ an aggregate s\l :i*1 decid$ly1 is m ?an a simple aggregation ( numb]s4 ,! s\l ( ! psy*ology ( nations has ! same relation to ! individual s\ls t mod]n political economy has to private economy4 ,prosp]ity 9 g5]al is a diff]5t "q & deals ) diff]5t matt]s ?an ! amass+ ( weal? = y\r individual pocket4 ,grant$ t ! national s\l is ess5tially diff]5t f ! individual s\l1 :at w\ld be ! nature ( ! univ]sal animal s\l1 includ+ ! s\ls ( lions1 tig]s1 flies1 elephants1 mice1 etc48 ,if we n[ ext5d ! g5]alization f>!r & include 9 our psy*ology ! vegetable & ! m9]al k+dom1 ! v>i\s _w bodies1 our sol> sy/em1 & f9ally ! :ole univ]se1 :at else c\ld t signify ?an a m]e rhetorical climax8 ,m]e g5]alization is "o-sid$ & leads to fanta/ical dreams4 ,by ?is me?od "o c trans=m any?+ into ev]y?+4 ,x is necess>y to supplem5t g5]alization by specialization4 ,we wi% to h ! elephants sep>at$ f ! fleas1 ! mice f ! lice1 at ! same "t nev] =gett+ ! unity ( ! special & ! g5]al4 ,?is s9 ( omission has (t5 be5 committ$ by ! zoologi/s 9 ! museums & ! botani/s 9 _! plant collections1 & philosophical inve/igators ( ! s\l l ,fe*n] h drift$ into ! o!r extreme ( g5]alization )\t specialization4 ,! positive outcome ( philosophy1 !n1 9 its ab/ract outl9e1 is at pres5t ! doctr9e t ! g5]al mu/ be conceiv$ 9 its relation to its special =ms1 & ^! =ms 9 _! univ]sal int]connection1 9 _! qualities z p>ts ( nature 9 g5]al4 ,true1 su* an ab/ract outl9e reveals v little4 ,9 ord] to grasp its concrete significance1 we mu/ p5etrate into its details1 into ! special aspects ( ?is doctr9e4 ,! title ( ,critique ( ,reason1 :i* ,kant gave to 8 special /udy1 is at ! same "t a fitt+ t]m = all philosophical rese>*4 ,reason1 ! ess5tial "p ( ! human s\l1 raises ! critique ( reason1 ! sci5ce ( philosophy1 to ! position ( ! mo/ ess5tial "p ( psy*ology4 ,b :y d we call ?is ! mo/ ess5tial "p8 ,is n ! mat]ial _w & its und]/&+ z ess5tial z reason1 z intellect1 :i* b5ds to ! task ( explor+ ?is _w8 ,surely1 x is1 & ,i d n use ! ^w ess5tial 9 ?is s5se4 ,i call ! intellect ! mo/ ess5tial "p ( ! s\l1 & ! s\l ! mo/ ess5tial "p ( ! _w1 only 9 s f> z ^! p>ts are ! special condition ( all sci5tific /udy & because ! inve/igation ( ! g5]al nature ( sci5tific /udy is my special object & purpose4 ,:e!r ,i endeavor to expla9 ! g5]al nature ( sci5tific /udy1 :e!r ,i inve/igate ! intellect or ! !ory ( und]/&+1 x all am\nts to ! same ?+4 ,let u approa* our task once m f ! side ( ,fe*n]'s univ]sal s\l4 ,) 8 extravagant animation ( all ?+s1 ) 8 plant1 /one1 & /> s\ls1 he c help u to prove t ! g5]al nature ( t p>ticle ( s\l :i* is call$ reason1 intellect1 _s1 or und]/&+1 is n s extraord9>ily diff]5t f ! g5]al nature ( /ones or trees z ! old "t ideali/s & mat]iali/s 7 wont to ?9k4 ,z ,i said be=e1 ,fe*n] is a poet1 & a poet sees simil>ities :i* a matt]-(-fact bra9 _c p]ceive4 ,b at ! same "t we mu/ admit t ! matt] ( fact bra9 :i* _c see any?+ b m]e di/9ctions is a v poor bra94 ,! philosoph]s be=e me h taught me t a good bra9 sees ! simil>ities & ! diff]5ces at ! same "t & kn[s h[ to discrim9ate betwe5 !m4 ,a sob] poetry & ! comb9ation ( poetic qualities ) a compreh5sive & univ]sal levelhead$ness & discrim9ation1 ^! are ! m>ks ( a good head4 ,/ill ! poore/ z well z ! mo/ tal5t$ bra9s p>take ( ! g5]al bra9 nature1 :i* consi/s 9 ! und]/&+ t l & unlike1 g5]al & special1 are int]relat$4 ,! "o is nev] )\t ! o!r1 b bo? are always toge!r4 ,if ! di/9ction betwe5 m5 & /ones is s trifl+ t a tal5t$ bra9 l ,fe*n]'s c ju/ly speak ( !m bo? z be+ animat$1 surely ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! body & s\l _c be s great t !re is n ! lea/ simil>ity & community betwe5 !m4 ,h[ev]1 ?is escap$ ,fe*n]'s notice4 ,is n ! air or ! sc5t ( fl[]s an e!real body8 ,reason is also call$ und]/&+1 & x is a positive a*ievem5t ( philosophy to h arriv$ at ! k t ?is und]/&+ does n admit ( any exagg]at$ di/9ctions4 ,9 o!r words1 all ?+s are s closely relat$ t a good poet may trans=m any?+ into ev]y?+4 ,c natural sci5ce d z mu*8 ,ah1 ! g5tlem5 ( t sci5ce are also progress+ well4 ,!y trans=m dry sub/ance into liquid1 & liquid into gas2 !y *ange gravity into heat & heat into me*anical p[]4 ,& !y are do+ ?is )\t =gett+ to discrim9ate1 z happ5$ to our ,fe*n]4 ,x is n en\gh to "k t ! body has a s\l & ! s\l a body1 n en\gh to "k t ev]y?+ has a s\l4 ,x is also necess>y to discrim9ate betwe5 ! peculi>ities & details ( ! human1 animal1 plant1 & o!r s\ls1 tak+ c>e n to exagg]ate _! diff]5ces to ! extreme ( mak+ !m s5seless4 ,we d n int5d to foll[ ?is !ory ( a univ]sal s\l any fur!r4 ,fe*n] decl>es himself t x mu/ be admitt$ at ! outset t ! :ole "q ( a s\l is a "q ( fai?4444 ,analogy is n a conv9c+ pro(4444 ,we c no m prove ! exi/5ce ( a s\l ?an we c disprove x4 ,h[ev]1 f ! "t ( ,c>tesius x has be5 an accept$ fact 9 ! _w ( philosoph]s t ! consci\sness ( ! human s\l is ! be/ pro( ( its exi/5ce4 ,! mo/ positive sci5ce 9 ! _w is ! empirical self-obs]vation ( ! ?9k+ s\l4 ,?is subject is ! mo/ conspicu\s object imag9able1 & x is ! positive outcome ( philosophy to h giv5 an excell5t description ( ! life & actions ( ?is s\l p>ticle call$ consci\sness or und]/&+4 ,if ! und]/&+ is a "p ( ! human s\l & ?is s\l an evid5t & positive "p ( ! univ]sal life1 !n1 cle>ly1 ev]y?+ p>tak+ ( ?is life1 su* z pieces ( wood & /ones scatt]$ ar\nd1 is relat$ to ?is s\l4 ,individual human s\ls1 national s\ls1 animal s\ls1 pieces ( wood1 lumps ( /one1 _w bodies1 are all *ildr5 ( ! same common univ]sal nature4 ,b !re are s _m *ildr5 t !y mu/ be classifi$ into ord]s1 classes1 families1 etc41 9 ord] to "k !m ap>t4 ,on acc\nt ( _! lik5ess1 ! s\ls belong toge!r 9 "o class & ! bodies 9 ano!r1 & ea* requires m detail$ classification4 ,?us we f9ally arrive at ! class ( human s\ls =m+ a dep>tm5t by !mselves1 because !y all h a common g5]al "*4 ,! manufactur]s "k t ! "w ( t5 labor]s produces m & is ( a diff]5t quality ?an ! "w ( a s+le labor] multipli$ by t54 ,likewise ! g5]al human s\l1 or any national s\l1 expresses itself diff]5tly f ! sum ( ! v>i\s individual s\ls compos+ x4 ,m ev51 ! v individual s\l diff]s at v>i\s times & places1 s t ! individual s\l is z manifold z any national s\l4 ,has ! plant a s\l8 ,has ! e>? a s\l8 ,h !y a s\l analog\s to t ( man8 ,t is ! "q4 ,?us asks ,fe*n]4 ,j z my s\l ( today has some?+ analog\s to my s\l ( ye/]day1 s x has also ) ! s\l ( my bro!r1 & f9ally ) ! s\ls ( animals1 plants1 /ones1 etc41 prov+ t ev]y?+ is m or less analog\s4 ,a h]d ( %eep is analog\s to yond] flock ( small1 :ite cl\ds 9 ! sky1 & a poet has ! lic5se to call ^? small cl\ds little %eep4 ,9 ! same way ,fe*n] is ju/ifi$ 9 prop\nd+ 8 !ory ( a univ]sal s\l4 ,is x n necess>y1 h[ev]1 to make a di/9ction betwe5 poetry & tru?8 ,my bro!r's s\l & my own are s\ls 9 ! true s5se ( ! ^w1 b ! s\ls ( /ones--!y are only s figuratively speak+4 ,at ?is po9t ,i want to call ! read]'s att5tion to ! fact t we mu/ n pass lightly ov] ! valuation ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! true & ! figurative s5se ( a ^w4 ,words are names :i* d n1 & _c1 h any o!r function ?an t ( symbolic illu/ration4 ,my s\l1 y\rs1 or any o!r1 are only 9 conception ! same s\ls4 ,:5 ,i say t ,john ,fla!ad has ! same s\l z y & ,i1 my int5tion is simply to indicate t he has some?+ :i* is common to y & me & to all m54 ,8 s\l is made 9 ! image ( our s\ls4 ,b :]e %all we draw ! l9e 9 ?is comp>ison ( images8 ,:at is n an image 9 ! ab/ract1 & :at is m ?an an image 9 ! concrete8 ,tru? & fiction are n totally diff]5t4 ,! poet speaks ! tru? & true und]/&+ p>takes l>gely ( ! nature ( poetry4 ,philosophy has truly p]ceiv$ ! nature ( ! s\l1 & especially t "p ( x ) :i* we are deal+1 t is1 reason or und]/&+4 ,?is in/rum5t has ! function ( furni%+ to our head a picture ( ! processes ( ! _w outside ( x1 to describe ev]y?+ t is ar\nd u & to analyze ! univ]se1 itself a ph5om5on1 ) all its ph5om5a z a process ( inf9ite v>iety 9 "t & space4 ,if ?is c\ld be accompli%$ ) ! !ory ( a univ]sal s\l1 !n ,fe*n] w\ld be ! greate/ philosoph] t ev] 04 ,b he lacks ! und]/&+ t ! intellect :i* has to comb9e all ?+s )9 a g5]al wrapp]1 mu/ also consid] ! o!r side ( ! "q1 t ( specification4 ,t1 ( c\rse1 _c be a*iev$ by any philosoph]4 ,x mu/ be ! "w ( all sci5ce1 & philosophy z a doctr9e ( sci5ce mu/ ackn[l$ge t4 ,,vi ,,consci\sness ,,is ,,end[$ ,,) ,,! ,,faculty ,,( ,,kn[+ ,,z ,,well ,,z ,,) ,,! ,,feel+ ,,( ,,! ,,univ]sality ,,( ,,all ,,nature ,9 ! hi/orical c\rse ( philosophy1 !re has be5 mu* discussion z to :]e our k comes f1 :e!r any ( x1 or h[ mu* ( x1 is innate1 & h[ mu* acquir$ by exp]i5ce4 ,)\t any innate faculties no k c\ld h be5 ga!r$ ) any am\nt ( exp]i5ce1 & )\t any exp]i5ce ev5 ! be/ faculties w\ld rema9 b>r54 ,! results ( sci5ce 9 all dep>tm5ts are due to ! int]action ( subject & object4 ,!re c\ld be no subjective faculty ( vision unless !re 7 some?+ objective to be se54 ,! possession ( a faculty ( vision c>ries ) x ! practical p]=mance ( see+4 ,"o _c h ! faculty ( vision )\t see+ ?+s4 ,( c\rse1 ! two may be sep>at$1 b only 9 !ory1 n 9 practice1 & ?is !oretical sep>ation mu/ be accompani$ by ! recollection t ! sep>at$ faculty is only a conception d]iv$ f ! practical function4 ,faculty & function are comb9$ & belong toge!r4 ,man does n acquire consci\sness1 ! faculty ( und]/&+1 until he kn[s some?+1 & 8 p[] gr[s ) ! p]=mance ( ?is function4 ,! read] w rememb] t we h m5tion$ z an a*ievem5t ( philosophy ! und]/&+ ( ! fact t we mu/ n make any exagg]at$ di/9ctions4 ,h5ce we mu/ n make any su* di/9ction betwe5 ! innate faculty ( und]/&+ & ! acquir$ k4 ,x is an e/abli%$ univ]sal rule t ! human intellect kn[s ( no absolute sep>ation ( any two ?+s1 al?\gh x is free to sep>ate ! univ]se into its p>ts = ! purpose ( und]/&+4 ,n[1 if ,i claim t ! conception ( ! univ]se is innate 9 u1 ! read] mu/ n conclude t ,i believe 9 ! old prejudice ( ! human intellect be+ l a receptacle fill$ ) ideas ( ! true1 ! beautiful1 ! good1 & s =?4 ,no1 ! intellect c create its ideas & concepts only by self-production & ! _w ar\nd x mu/ furni% ! mat]ials = ?is purpose4 ,b su* a production presupposes an innate faculty4 ,consci\sness1 ! k ( be+1 mu/ be pres5t1 be=e any special k c be acquir$4 ,consci\sness signifies ! k ( be+4 ,x means hav+ at lea/ a fa9t inkl+ ( ! fact t be+ is ,! univ]sal idea4 ,be+ is ev]y?+2 x is ! ess5ce ( ev]y?+4 ,)\t x !re _c be any?+1 because x is ! univ]se1 ! inf9ite4 ,consci\sness is 9 itself ! consci\sness ( ! inf9ite4 ,! innate consci\sness ( man is ! k ( inf9ite exi/5ce4 ,:5 ,i "k t ,i exi/1 !n ,i "k myself z a "p ( exi/5ce4 ,t ?is exi/5ce1 ?is _w1 ( :i* ,i am b a p>ticle ) all o!rs1 mu/ be an inf9ite _w1 does inde$ n dawn on me until ,i beg9 to analyze ! conception ( be+ ) an exp]i5c$ in/rum5t ( ?\ght4 ,! read]1 9 und]tak+ ?is "w ) su* an in/rum5t1 w at once discov] t ! conception ( ! inf9ite is innate to 8 consci\sness1#h & t no faculty ( conception is possible )\t ?is conception4 ,! faculty ( conception1 und]/&+1 ?\ght1 means above all ! faculty ( grasp+ ! univ]sal concept4 ,! intellect _c h any conception :i* is n m or less cle>ly or fa9tly bas$ on ! concept ( ! univ]se4 ,cogito1 ergo sum4 ,i ?9k1 !re=e1 ,i am4 ,:atev] ,i imag9e is !re1 at lea/ 9 imag9ation4 ,( c\rse1 ! imag9$ & ! real ?+ are diff]5t1 yet ?is diff]5ce does n exce$ ! limits ( ! univ]sal exi/5ce4 ,creatures ( fiction & real creatures are n s radically diff]5t t !y w\ld n all ( !m fit into ! g5]al g5d] ( be+4 ,! mann]1 ! =m ( be+1 are diff]5t4 ,gobl9s exi/ 9 fiction & ,poli% ,jews exi/ 9 a tangible =m1 b !y bo? exi/4 ,! g5]al exi/5ce comprises ! body & ! s\l1 fiction & tru?1 gobl9s & ,poli% ,jews4 ,x is no m inconceivable t ! faculty ( univ]sal und]/&+ %\ld be innate 9 u ?an t circles come into ?is _w r\nd1 two m\nta9s h a valley betwe5 !m1 wat] is liquid & fire burns4 ,all ?+s h a c]ta9 composition 9 !mselves1 !y are born ) x4 ,does t require any explanation8 ,! fl[]s :i* gradually gr[ on plants1 ! p[]s & wisdom t gr[ 9 m5 9 ! c\rse ( ye>s1 are no m easily expla9$ ?an su* innate faculties1 & ! latt] are no m wond]ful ?an ^? acquir$ lat]4 ,! be/ explanation _c deprive ! wond]s ( nature ( _! natural m>vel\sness4 ,x is a mi/ake to assume t ! faculty ( explanation :i* is locat$ 9 ! human bra91 is a de/roy] ( ! belief 9 natural m>vels4 ,philosophy :i* makes ?is faculty ( explanation & ! nature ( its explanations ! object ( its special /udy gives u a new & mu* bett] und]/&+ ( ?is old miracle mak]4 ,x de/roys ! belief 9 metaphysical miracles by %[+ t physical nature is s univ]sal t x absolutely excludes e o!r =m ( exi/5ce ?an ! natural "o f ?is _w ( wond]s4 ,i & _m ( my read]s f9d 9 our bra9s ! actual consci\sness t ?is g5]al nature ( :i* ! intellect is a "p is an inf9ite nature4 ,i call ?is consci\sness innate1 al?\gh x is acquir$4 ,! po9t t ,i wi% to impress on ! read] is t ! diff]5ce g5]ally made betwe5 innate & acquir$ qualities is n s extraord9>y t ! innate ne$ n to be acquir$ & ! acquir$ does n presuppose some?+ innate4 ,! "o contradicts ! o!r only 9 ^? bra9s :o d n und]/& ! positive outcome ( philosophy4 ,su* ?9k]s d n "k h[ to make reasonable di/9ctions & exagg]ate 9 consequ5ce4 ,!y h n grasp$ ! conciliation ( all diff]5ces & contradictions 9 univ]sal nature by :i* all contradictions are solv$4 ,philosophy has endeavor$ to und]/& ! intellect4 ,9 demon/rat+ ! positive outcome ( philosophy1 we mu/ expla9 t philosophical und]/&+ z well z any o!r does n rise out ( ! isolat$ faculty ( und]/&+1 b out ( ! univ]sal nature4 ,! womb ( our k & und]/&+ mu/ n be s\ght 9 ! human bra91 b 9 all nature :i* is n only call$ ! univ]se1 b is actually univ]sal4 ,9 ord] to prove ?is latt] ass]tion1 ,i ref] to ! fact t ?is conception1 ?is consci\sness ( ! inf9ite 9 ! develop$ intellect1 is 9 a mann] innate4 ,if ! read] wi%es to object to my indiscrim9ately mix+ ! innate faculty ) ! acquir$ und]/&+1 ,i beg him to consid] t ,i am endeavor+ to prove t any & all di/9ction made by ! intellect ref]s 9 reality to ! insep>able p>ts ( ! "o undivid$ univ]se4 ,f ?is x foll[s t ! admir$ & my/]i\s intellect is n a miracle1 or at lea/ no great] m>vel ?an any o!r "p ( ! g5]al m>vel :i* is id5tical ) ! inf9itely wond]ful g5]al nature4 ,"s p love to repres5t consci\sness z some?+ sup]natural1 to draw an unduly %>p l9e ( sep>ation betwe5 ?9k+ & be+1 ?\ght & reality4 ,b philosophy1 :i* occupies itself p>ticul>ly ) consci\sness1 has asc]ta9$ t su* a %>p contra/ is unw>rant$1 n 9 h>mony ) ! reality1 & n a fai?ful lik5ess ( reality & tru?4 ,9 ord] to und]/& :at philosophy has accompli%$ 9 ! way ( insight into ! function ( ! discrim9at+ intellect1 we mu/ nev] lose sight ( ! fact t !re is only a mod]ate di/9ction ( degree betwe5 purely imag9>y ?+s & socall$ real ?+s4 ,nei!r ! natural condition ( our faculty ( ?\ght1 nor ! univ]sality ( g5]al nature1 p]mit ( an exagg]at$ di/9ction betwe5 ! reality ( creations ( imag9ation & ( really tangible ?+s4 ,at ! same "t ! exig5cies ( sci5ce dem& cle> illu/rations & s we mu/ di/+ui% betwe5 ^! two k9ds ( reality4 ,x is true t 9 common usage ! m]e ?\ght & ! purely imag9>y ?+s are set ap>t f nature & reality z some?+ diff]5t & antagoni/ic4 ,yet ! rules ( language h]et(ore 9 vogue _c prev5t ! spread ( ! additional k t ! univ]se1 or g5]al nature1 is s unlimit$ t x c e/abli% a conciliation betwe5 ^! limit$ antagonisms4 ,! cat & ! dog1 = in/ance1 are pron\nc$ enemies1 b nev]!less zoology recognizes !m z be+ legitimate dome/ic companions4 ,human consci\sness is1 9 ! fir/ place1 individual4 ,e human individual has its own4 ,b ! peculi>ity ( my consci\sness1 ( y\rs1 & t ( o!rs1 is t ( be+ n alone ! consci\sness ( ! individual 9 "q1 b also ! g5]al consci\sness ( ! univ]se1 at lea/ t is its possibility & mission4 ,n e individual is consci\s ( ! univ]sality ( g5]al nature1 o!rwise !re w\ld be none ( t di/ract+ dualism4 ,nor w\ld !re be any necessity = volumes & volumes ( philosophy to tea* u t a limit1 a ?+1 or a _w outside ( ! univ]sal1 is a nons5sical idea1 an idea :i* is contr>y to s5se & reason4 ,we may well say1 = ?is reason1 t our consci\sness1 our intellect1 is only 9 a mann] ( speak+ our own1 :ile x is 9 fact a consci\sness1 an intellect belong+ to univ]sal nature4 ,x c no m be d5i$ t our consci\sness is an attribute ( ! inf9ite univ]se ?an x c be d5i$ t ! sun1 ! moon & ! />s are4 ,s9ce ?is intellectual faculty belongs to ! inf9ite & is its *ild1 we mu/ n wond] t ?is univ]sal faculty ( ?\ght is born ) ! capability ( grasp+ ! conception ( a univ]se4 ,& :oev] does no long] wond] at ?is1 mu/ f9d x explicable1 mu/ realize t ! fact ( univ]sal consci\sness is ?us expla9$4 ,to expla9 ! my/]i\s may be reg>d$ z ! :ole function ( und]/&+1 ( intellect4 ,if we succe$ 9 dive/+ ( its my/]ies ! fact t ! concept ( an inf9ite univ]se is f\nd 9 ! limit$ human m9d1 we h !n expla9$ ?is fact itself & sub/antiat$ our cont5tion t ! ?+s ar\nd u are expla9$ by _! accurate reflection 9 our bra94 ,we summ>ize ! nature ( consci\sness1 its actions1 life1 & aims 9 ^! words3 ,x is ! sci5ce ( inf9ite be+2 x seeks to obta9 an accurate conception ( ?is be+ & to expla9 its m>vel\sness4 ,b we h by no means exhau/$ its life & aims 9 ^! words4 ,) all ! p[] ( language1 we c convey b a vague idea ( ! imm5sity ( ! object "u discussion4 ,:oev] desires to "k m ab\t x1 mu/ "w = 8 own progress by obs]vation & /udy4 ,?is mu* may be safely said3 ,?is "q is no m my/]i\s ?an any o!r "p ( ! g5]al my/]y4 ,,footnote3 #h ,e4 g41 giv5 ) 8 consci\sness4--,,editor4 ,,vii ,,! ,,relation%ip ,,or ,,id5tity ,,( ,,_s ,,& ,,nature ,!re is a natural law ( analogy :i* expla9s t all ?+s belong+ to ! univ]se are memb]s ( ! same family1 t !y are relat$ to "o ano!r by bonds :i* p]mit ( ! greate/ v>iety 9 individual diff]5ces & are n nullifi$ ev5 by ! di/ance betwe5 extremes4 ,if we grasp ! mean+ ( ^! words 9 _! full be>+1 we recognize ! outcome ( philosophy up to date4 ,!y tea* u h[ to use our intellect 9 ord] to obta9 an accurate picture ( ! univ]se4 ,! intellect is also call$ by ! "n ( faculty ( discrim9ation4 ,if 9 ! sci5ce ( ! p[]s ( ?is faculty we place ourselves on ! /&po9t ( pres5t-day natural k1 we possess ! cle> & pla9 insight t !re are no exagg]at$ di/9ctions1 no unrelat$ extremes1 9 ! univ]se4 ,! inf9ite is relat$ to ! f9ite4 ,= all develop$ & p]i%able ?+s are ! direct (fspr+ ( ! imp]i%able1 ( ! et]nal univ]se4 ,g5]al nature & its special p>ts are insep>ably int]lac$4 ,!re is no?+ among all t has a "n :i* is fundam5tally diff]5t f o!r ?+s kn[n by "n4 ,!re w h>dly be any objection aga9/ ^! s5t5ces1 until we proce$ to draw _! la/ consequ5ces4 ,if all ?+s are relat$ & )\t exception *ildr5 ( ! univ]se1 x foll[s t m9d & matt] mu/ also be two y>ds ( clo? f ! same piece4 ,h5ce ! diff]5ce betwe5 human und]/&+ & o!r natural human faculties mu/ n be magnifi$ into t ( irreconcilable extremes4 ,9 ord] to become accu/om$ to sci5tific di/9ctions1 ! read] %\ld consid] t a man c rema9 "u ! sway ( a belief 9 gho/s only s long z he ignores ! relation%ip ( all exi/+ ?+s4 ,he believes 9 real gho/s ^: reality is suppos$ to be radically diff]5t f 8 own4 ,su* a di/9ction is exagg]at$ & illogical1 & :oev] believes 9 x does n "k h[ to discrim9ate sci5tifically & has n ! full use ( 8 critical faculties4 ,j z common p>lance opposes art to nature & !n =gets t art is a "p ( nature1 simil>ly z night is a "p ( day1 s ! language ( ! believ] 9 gho/s does n "k t reason & wood1 m9d & matt]1 9 spite ( all _! diff]5ces1 are two p>ts ( ! same :ole1 two expressions ( ! same univ]sal reality4 ,ev]y?+ is real & true1 because 9 ! la/ in/ance ! univ]se is all1 is ! only tru? & reality4 ,s ,i call x a slip ( ! tongue to speak ( natural nature z oppos$ to natural art or artificial nature1 ( imag9>y reality z di/9ct f real reality4 ,!re ought to be a diff]5t "n = ! day ( twelve h\rs ?an = ! day ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 s t x might be bett] und]/ood t day & night are n fundam5tally diff]5t1 b two prongs ( ! same =k4 ,j z ! faculty ( ?9k+ is innate 9 ! *ild1 & gr[s ) its developm5t1 s mank9d's faculty ( ?\ght gr[s & has hi!rto express$ itself 9 a language :i* gave only in/9ctive conceptions ( ! composition ( ! human bra9 & ( its functions4 ,! con/ruction ( languages expla9s 9 a way ! condition ( ! human m9d :i* _h only inadequate k ( itself s f>4 ,^? %ortcom+s ( spee* :i* ,i call$ slips ( ! tongue 7 n und]/ood until suffici5t progress _h be5 made 9 ! explanation ( ! process ( ?9k+1 & n[ ^! same %ortcom+s (f] an excell5t means ( repres5t+ & demon/rat+ ! results ( enlight5m5t4 ,! m9d is to give to man a picture ( ! _w1 ! language is ! bru% ( ! m9d4 ,x pa9ts by its con/ruction ! univ]sal relation%ip ( all ?+s ref]r$ to 9 ! beg9n+ ( ?is *apt]1 & x does s 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,x gives to ea* ?+ n only its own "n1 b also adds to x ano!r indicat+ its family1 & ano!r indicat+ its race1 ano!r = ! species1 ! g5us1 & f9ally a g5]al "n :i* proclaims t all ?+s are p>ts ( ! "o indivisible unit :i* is call$ _w1 exi/5ce1 univ]se1 cosmos4 ,?is diagrammatic con/ruction ( language furni%es u ) an illu/ration ( ! graduat$ relation%ip ( ?+s & ( ! way 9 :i* ! human race arrives at its k1 its p]ceptions or pictures4 ,we said t philosophy is t endeavor :i* seeks to ?r[ light on ! process ( human ?\ght4 ,?is "w has be5 r5d]$ v difficult by ! unavoidable misund]/&+ ( ! univ]sal relation%ip j m5tion$4 ,! transc5d5tali/s insi/ above all t ! process ( ?9k+ & its product1 ?\ght1 %\ld n be class$ among ord9>y physics1 n z a "p ( physical nature1 b z ! creature ( ano!r nature :i* c>ries ! my/]i\s "n ( metaphysics4 ,t su* a nature & su* a sci5ce is nei!r possible nor real is prov5 by ! con/ruction ( language :i* normally describes ev]y?+ z be+ closely relat$ & corroborates ?is by its abnormal %ortcom+s :i* we call$ slips ( ! tongue4 ,! %ortcom+s ( language :i* demon/rate ! positive outcome ( philosophy consi/ 9 occasionally giv+ insuffici5tly significant names to ?+s belong+ to a gr\p 9 :i* ! di/9ction betwe5 individuals1 species1 g5]a1 & families is n cle>ly def9$4 ,x is n disc]nible1 = in/ance1 :e!r ! t]m cat applies to a dome/ic cat or to a tig]1 because t t]m is us$ = a l>ge class ( animals ( :i* ! dome/ic cat is ! ar*-type4 ,b x may be t ?is illu/ration is n well *os5 = ! purpose ( demon/rat+ t slip ( ! tongue :i* is suppos$ to give u an exact appreciation ( ! positive outcome ( philosophy4 ,let u f9d ano!r & bett] illu/ration :i* w be a transition f ! inadequate to ! adequate & ?us ?r[ s mu* m light on ! obscurities ( language4 ,ano!r & bett] example ( ! inadequacies ( language is ! di/9ction betwe5 fi% & meat4 ,9 ?is case1 we entirely lack a g5]al t]m = meat1 "o k9d ( :i* is furni%$ by aquatic animals & ! o!r by t]re/rial animals4 ,n[ let ! read] apply ?is %ortcom+ ( language to ! di/9ction betwe5 physics & metaphysics1 or betwe5 ?\ght & reality4 ,we lack a t]m :i* w fully indicate ! relation betwe5 ^! two4 ,?\ghts are inde$ real ?+s4 ,true1 !re is a diff]5ce :e!r ,i h "o hundr$ doll>s 9 imag9ation or 9 reality 9 my pocket4 ,/ill we mu/ n exagg]ate ?is diff]5ce into some?+ transc5d5tal4 ,pa9t$ money or imag9$ money are 9 a way also real1 t is 9 imag9ation4 ,9 o!r words1 language lacks a t]m :i* w cle>ly express ! diff]5t realities )9 ! compass ( ! unit4 ,! und]/&+ ( ^! peculi>ities ( language is calculat$ to promote ! insight & enlight5m5t 9 reg>d to t secret lamp :i* man is c>ry+ 9 8 bra9 & ) :i* he lights up ! ?+s ( ?is _w4 ,! cultivation ( ! !ory ( und]/&+1 ! critique ( reason1 has an elem5t>y significance = ! elucidation ( all ?+s4 ,?is is n say+ t philosophy1 t special sci5ce ) :i* we are "h deal+1 is a univ]sal sci5ce 9 ! s5se 9 :i* antiquity conceiv$ ( x4 ,b x is univ]sal nev]!less 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ! alphabet & o!r prim>y topics are univ]sal4 ,e "o mu/ use 8 bra9s & %\ld !re=e take pa9s to und]/& its processes4 ,?\gh ! k ( ^! does n make o!r ef=ts unnecess>y1 /ill x expla9s _m ideas1 x elucidates ! nature ( ?9k+ :i* e "o is do+ & :i* is frequ5tly us$ 9 a m ru?less mann] ?an a dog w\ld treat a rag4 ,! in]tia :i* has prev5t$ ! "o-sid$ ideali/s on ! "o h& & ! "o-sid$ mat]iali/s on ! o!r f com+ to a peaceful und]/&+ may be trac$ to "o ( ^? slips ( ! tongue4 ,we lack ! "r t]ms = designat+ ! relation%ip betwe5 spiritual ph5om5a1 su* z our ideas1 conceptions1 judgm5ts & conclusions & _m o!r ?+s on "o side & ! tangible1 pond]able1 comm5surable ?+s on ! o!r4 ,true1 ! reason = ?is lack ( t]ms is ! abs5ce ( und]/&+1 & = ?is reason ! dispute is n "o ( m]e words1 al?\gh x c be allay$ only by an improvem5t ( our t]m9ology4 ,bue*n]1 9 8 well-kn[n "w on ,=ce & ,matt]1 likewise ov]looks ?is po9t1 ! same z all prior mat]iali/s1 because !y are z onesid$ly insi/5t on _! matt] z ! ideali/s are on _! idea4 ,qu>rel & /rife mean confusion1 only peace w br+ light4 ,! contra/ betwe5 matt] & m9d f9ds its conciliation 9 ! positive outcome ( philosophy :i* tea*es t all di/9ctions mu/ be reasonable1 because nei!r our in/rum5t ( ?\ght nor ! re/ ( nature ju/ify any exagg]at$ di/9ctions4 ,9 ord] to elucidate ! moot "q1 no?+ is requir$ b ! insight t ideas :i* nature develops 9 ! human bra9 are mat]ials = ! "w ( our und]/&+1 ?\gh n mat]ials = ! "w ( our h&s4 ,philosophy has made mat]ial ef=ts to grasp ! und]/&+ & its conceptions & is /ill mak+ !m 9 ! same way 9 :i* *emi/ry is work+ = ! und]/&+ ( sub/ances & physics = ! und]/&+ ( =ces4 ,sub/ances1 =ces1 ideas1 conceptions1 judgm5ts1 conclusions1 k & p]ceptions1 accord+ to ! positive outcome ( philosophy1 mu/ be reg>d$ z diff]5ces or v>ieties ( ! same moni/ic g5us4 ,! diff]5tiation ( ?+s no m contradicts _! unity ?an _! unity contradicts _! diff]5tiation4 ,d>w9 exp&$ ! conception ( species & ?us contribut$ to a bett] und]/&+ ( zoology4 ,philosophy exp&s ! conception ( species /ill f> beyond ! ,d>w9ian def9ition 9 tea*+ u to consid] ! species z little g5]alities & ! l>ge/ g5us1 ! absolute or ! cosmos z ! all 9 "o1 ! all-embrac+ species4 ,9 ord] to closely connect ! worm & ! elephant1 ! l[e/ & ! highe/ animal1 ! vegetable & ! animal k+dom1 ! inorganic & ! organic1 z memb]s ( ! same species or g5us 9 a reasonable way1 we mu/ keep acc\nt ( ! gradations 9 nature1 ! transitions1 ! connect+ l9ks & connect+ ideas4 ,embryology1 :i* %[s t ! life ( ! highe/ animal develops ?r\gh ! /ages ( ! animal g5us1 has greatly promot$ ! und]/&+ ( ! common nature ( all animals4 ,! cont9uity 9 ! natural gradation ( ?+s is p]fect1 because !re are no gradations :i* are n repres5t$1 because !re are no diff]5ces betwe5 ! v>i\s grades :i* nature does n fill by an int]m$i>y =m4444 ,!re is no abrupt diff]5ce 9 nature1 no metaphysical jump1 no vacuum1 no gap 9 ! ord] ( ! _w1 says a well-kn[n au?or ( our times ^: "n ,i %all n m5tion1 because ,i wi% to base my argum5t on ! ackn[l$g$ facts r ?an on names ( au?orities4 ,:at ,d>w9 taught u 9 relation to animal life1 viz41 t !re are no fundam5tal diff]5ces betwe5 species1 t is taught by philosophy 9 reg>d to ! univ]se4 ,! und]/&+ ( ! latt] is r5d]$ difficult by ! habit ( mak+ a transc5d5tal di/9ction betwe5 matt] & m9d4 ,,viii ,,und]/&+ ,,is ,,mat]ial ,:e!r we say t philosophy has ! und]/&+ = ! object ( its /udy1 or :e!r we say t philosophy inve/igates ! me?od ( utiliz+ subjective und]/&+ 9 ord] to arrive at g5u9e1 correct1 excell5t1 objective k1 t is only a matt] ( us+ diff]5t t]ms = ! same process4 ,x makes no diff]5ce :e!r we designate ! object ( our special sci5ce z a ?+ or z a process4 ,x is mu* m ess5tial to und]/& t ! di/9ction betwe5 ! ?+ & its action is 9 ?is in/ance ( little consequ5ce4 ,accord+ to mod]n natural sci5ce all exi/5ce is resolv$ into motion4 ,x is well kn[n n[ t ev5 rocks d n /& /ill1 b are cont9u\sly active1 gr[+ & decay+4 ,! und]/&+1 ! intellect1 is an active object1 or an objective action1 ! same z sun%9e1 ! fl[ ( wat]s1 gr[+ ( trees1 dis9tegration ( rocks1 or any o!r natural ph5om5on4 ,also ! und]/&+1 ! ?9k+ :i* takes place consci\sly or unconsci\sly 9 ! human bra91 is a ph5om5on ( z indubitable actuality z ! mo/ mat]ial ( !m4 ,x _c 9 ! lea/ %ake our cont5tion ( ! mat]ially p]ceptible nature ( intellectual activity t we become aw>e ( ?is activity by an int]nal1 n by an ext]nal1 s5se4 ,:e!r a /one is ext]nally p]ceptible or ?\ght int]nally1 :at diff]5ce does ?is slight di/9ction make 9 ! inconte/able fact t bo? p]ceptions are ( equal mat]ial1 natural & s5se-p]ceptible k9d8 ,:y %\ld n ! action ( ! bra9 belong 9 ! same category z ! action ( ! he>t8 ,& ?\gh ! movem5t ( ! he>t be int]nal & t ( ! tongue ( ! night+ale ext]nal1 :at is to prev5t u f consid]+ ^! two movem5ts f ! high] viewpo9t ( natural or mat]ial processes8 ,if ! function ( ! he>t may be ref]r$ to z mat]ial1 :y n ! function ( ! bra98 ,true1 ! pres5t usages ( language are 9 conflict ) ?is mode ( ?\ght4 ,b x mu/ be rememb]$ t e sci5ce comes into conflict ) usages ( language by progressive developm5t4 ,! discov]y ( e new ?+ 9 plant & animal life compels ! discov]] to inv5t a new t]m or *ange ! mean+ ( an old "o4 ,! t]m mat]ial has n _h a well def9$1 b r an indef9ite mean+ s f>4 ,n[1 s9ce x is necess>y1 9 ord] to und]/& ! function ( ! bra9 to remove x f ! class ( transc5d5tal or metaphysical conceptions & assign to x a place among ! mat]ial ?+s1 ! "q arises3 ,:at w be ! mo/ appropriate t]m = x8 ,! mat]ial & ! spiritual are bo? two species ( ! same g5us4 ,h[ are we to designate ! species1 h[ ! g5us8 ,= ! sake ( complete cle>ness1 we require ?ree diff]5t names1 "o = ea* species & a common g5]al "n4 ,b s9ce we are mu* less conc]n$ ab\t ! "n ?an ab\t ! und]/&+ ( ^! facts :i* _c be well expla9$ )\t t]ms1 we d n insi/ dogmatically on call+ ! und]/&+ mat]ial4 ,x is suffici5t to po9t out t ! function ( ! he>t & ( ! bra9 bo? belong to ! same class1 no matt] :e!r ?is class be call$ mat]ial1 real1 physical1 or :at n4 ,s long z language has n e/abli%$ a def9ite mean+ = ^! t]ms1 all ( !m s]ve equally well & are equally deceptive4 ,! positive outcome ( philosophy :i* culm9ates 9 plac+ ! !ory ( und]/&+ 9 ! same class ) all o!r !ories1 _c be easily demon/rat$ on acc\nt ( a natural confusion ( ?\ght :i* arises f an equally natural confusion ( language4 ,9 ! special dep>tm5t ( h&icraft z well z 9 t ( sci5tific bra9 "w ! t]m9ology is well sy/ematiz$1 :ile 9 ! g5]al affairs ( life & sci5ce !re is a confusion :i* is z great 9 ! matt] ( conceptions z 9 t ( apply+ ! t]ms by :i* ^? awkw>d conceptions are express$4 ,:]ev] und]/&+ is cle>1 !re ! language is also cle>4 ,! man :o does n und]/& %oemak+ does n und]/& its t]m9ology4 ,?is is n say+ t ! und]/&+ ( a trade & ! und]/&+ ( its t]m9ology are id5tical1 b only indicat+ _! actual connection4 ,if ! read] has _h a glimpse ( ! enormity ( ! "w ( m ?an two ?\s& ye>s ( philosophy 9 ord] to /ate :at little we "k today ( its a*ievem5t 9 ! sci5ce ( und]/&+1 he w n be v mu* surpris$ at ! difficulties we "h meet ) 9 f9d+ t]ms = its demon/ration4 ,! function ( ! bra9 is z mat]ial z t ( ! he>t4 ,! he>t & its function are two ?+s1 b !y are dep5d5t "o ^u ! o!r s t "o _c exi/ )\t ! o!r4 ,! function may p>tly be felt4 ,we feel ! he>t beat+1 ! bra9 work+4 ,! work+ ( ! he>t may ev5 be felt by t\*1 :i* is n ! case ) ! work+ ( ! bra94 ,b x w\ld be a mi/ake to imag9e t our k ( ! function ( ! he>t is exhau/$ by our p]ception ( x ?r\gh ! t\*4 ,once we h ov]come ! habit ( mak+ exagg]at$ di/9ctions betwe5 ?+s1 & h le>n$ to consid] ! diff]5ces ( ?+s z well z _! int]connection1 we c easily und]/& t ! sci5ce ( ! function ( ! he>t is an inf9ite sci5ce :i* is connect$ ) all o!rs4 ,! he>t _c "w )\t ! blood1 ! blood _c exi/ )\t food1 & ?is is connect$ ) ! air1 ! plants1 ! animals1 ! sun1 & ! moon4 ,! function ( ! bra9 & its product1 ! und]/&+1 is likewise insep>able f ! univ]sal int]dep5d5ce ( ?+s4 ,! heal? ( ! blood :i* is produc$ by ! action ( ! he>t is no m & no less a mat]ial ph5om5on ?an ! total k ( sci5ce :i* appe>s z a product ( bra9 life4 ,al?\gh we repres5t ! doctr9e ( ! mat]ial nature ( und]/&+ z ! positive outcome ( philosophy1 ?is is n proclaim+ ! victory ( t n>r[ mat]ialism :i* has be5 spread+ itself p>ticul>ly s9ce ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,on ! contr>y1 ?is me*anical mat]ialism :olly misund]/&s ! nature ( ! problem4 ,x tea*es t ! faculty ( ?\ght is a function ( ! bra91 ! bra9 is ! object ( /udy & its function1 ! faculty ( ?\ght1 is fully expla9$ z a bra9 quality or function4 ,?is mat]ialism is enamor$ ( me*anics1 idolizes x1 does n reg>d x z a "p ( ! _w1 b z ! sole sub/ance :i* comprises ! :ole univ]se4 ,because x misund]/&s ! relation ( ?+ & function1 ( subject & pr$icate1 x has no inkl+ ( ! fact t ?is relation :i* x h&les 9 su* a matt]-(-fact way1 b n at all sci5tifically1 may be an object wor?y ( /udy4 ,! mat]iali/ ( ! old s*ool is too horny-h&$ to consid] ! function or quality ( und]/&+ z an object wor?y ( a sep>ate sci5tific dep>tm5t4 ,we1 on ! o!r h&1 foll[ ! sugge/ion ( ,sp9oza1 :o requir$ ( ! philosoph]s t !y %\ld consid] ev]y?+ 9 ! light ( et]nity4 ,9 s do+ we f9d t ! tangible ?+s1 su* z ! bra91 are qualities ( nature1 & t 9 ! same way ! socall$ functions are natural ?+s1 sub/antial p>ts ( ! univ]se4 ,n only tangible objects are ?+s1 b also ! rays ( ! sun & ! sc5t ( fl[]s belong to ?is category1 & p]ceptions are no exception to ! rule4 ,b all ^! ?+s are only relative ?+s1 s9ce !y are qualities ( ! "o & absolute :i* is ! only ?+1 ! ?+ itself1 well kn[n to e "o by ! "n ( ! univ]se1 or cosmos4 ,,ix ,,! ,,f\r ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,logic ,s9ce ?is "w wi%es to demon/rate ! positive outcome ( philosophy1 ! read] may ask ! au?or :at are 8 pro(s t in/ead ( ! qu9tess5ce ( ?\s&s ( ye>s ( philosophical "w he is n (f]$ ! elaboration ( any individual philosoph]1 or ev5 t ( ! au?or himself4 ,9 reply ,i wi% to say t my "w w\ld be r5d]$ uselessly volum9\s by quotations f ! works ( ! mo/ prom95t philosophical writ]s1 )\t prov+ any?+1 s9ce ! words ( "o (t5 contradict ^? ( ano!r4 ,:at is said by ,kant1 ,fi*te1 ,s*ell+1 or ,hegel1 9 "o place ( any ( _! works1 is at lea/ consid]ably modifi$1 if n contradict$1 9 ano!r place ( ! same "w4 ,x is ( little consequ5ce1 h[ & by ^: help ,i h arriv$ at ! positive outcome ( philosophy z "h r5d]$4 ,:e!r x is ! actual outcome or n c be judg$ only by ! exp]t1 & e op9ion is necess>ily v subjective4 ,"u ! circum/ances ,i1 z au?or1 claim t my op9ion is wor? z mu* z any o!r1 & ! read] may !re=e accept my assurance4 ,z to ! fur!r value ( t :i* ,i (f]1 x is a peculi>ity ( ! subject "u discussion t e read] c>ries x & its exp]i5ces )9 himself & may1 )\t consult+ any o!r au?or1 at once draw 8 own conclusions ab\t my views1 provid$ he has acquir$ ! necess>y tra9+ 9 ?\ght4 ,:at a travel] tells u ab\t ! int]ior ( ,africa mu/ ei!r be believ$ to ! lett] or v]ifi$ by ! acc\nts ( o!r travel]s4 ,b :at ,i say ab\t logic w1 ,i hope1 f9d its corroboration 9 ! logic ( e read+ bra94 ,! !ory ( und]/&+ :i* has become ! special object ( philosophy1 is no?+ else1 & _c be any?+ else1 b exp&$ logic4 ,_m practical rules & laws ( ?is dep>tm5t are kn[n & recogniz$ s9ce ! "t ( ,ari/otle4 ,b ! "q :e!r !re is "o _w or two1 a natural & unnatural1 or sup]natural z x is call$ ) pref]5ce1 t is ! po9t :i* has giv5 mu* tr\ble to philosophy & :i* w influ5ce ! heal? ( logic s long z x is undecid$4 ,dr4 ,fri$ri* ,dittes1 director ( ! in/itute ( p$agogy 9 ,vi5na1 has publi%$ a ,s*ool ( ,p$agogy1 sev]al editions ( :i* h appe>$1 9 :i* he gives mu* att5tion to logic4 ,dittes is a prom95t p$agogue1 well kn[n ?r\gh 8 writ+s4 ,he conf9es himself 9 8 ,s*ool to tea*+ only t :i* is well e/abli%$ & accept$ )\t a d\bt4 ,z a practical man :o addresses himself ma9ly to tea*]s ( prim>y grades1 he w\ld n place himself on ! p9nacle ( ! outcome ( philosophy1 ev5 if he c\ld4 ,he mu/ conf9e himself to t :i* is well e/abli%$1 :i* is f> remov$ f ! disputes ( ! day4 ,b x may "h s]ve z a :et/one by ! help ( :i* we may give to ! positive product ( philosophy its late/ & greate/ %>pness4 ,he writes "r 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! fir/ "p3 ,our ideas are z manifold z ! objects to :i* !y ref]4 ,sev]al ?+s may h _m or few1 or at lea/ "o quality1 9 common4 ,/ill !y may also be totally diff]5t4 ,?is la/ po9t1 viz41 t !re may be ?+s :i* are totally diff]5t f "o ano!r1 is ! "o :i* is decid$ly reject$ by t sci5ce :i* has ris5 to ! em95ce ( ! positive acquisition ( philosophy4 ,!re c be no natural ?+s :i* are totally diff]5t f "o ano!r1 because !y mu/ all ( !m h 9 common ! quality ( be+ natural4 ,x s\nds v commonplace to say t !re are no unnatural ?+s 9 nature4 ,s9ce ! la/ wit* 0 burnt1 ev]ybody is suffici5tly enlight5$ to "k t4 ,b ! logical conclusions ( natural monism h n yet be5 drawn4 ,true1 natural sci5ce1 prop]ly socall$1 is busily engag$ 9 arriv+ at !m4 ,b s mu* m /rife is !re 9 ! sci5ce ( m9d & !re is no o!r rem$y b a well f\nd$ !ory ( und]/&+ :i* tea*es t nature is n alone absolute nature1 b also ! nature ( ! absolute4 ,f ?is doctr9e x necess>ily foll[s t all ?+s are n individually indep5d5t1 b relat$ by sex1 dep5d5t *ildr51 pr$icates ( ! moni/ic unity ( ! _w4 ,! ar* f\nta9 ( ! human _s1 says ,dittes1 is p]ception4444 ,:e!r p]ception z su* discloses to u ! true nature ( ?+s1 or :e!r x makes u famili> only ) _! ph5om5a1 ?is is n to be discuss$ by logic4 ,! practical p$agogue :o conf9es himself to ! education ( *ildr5's bra9s or :o wi%es at mo/ to influ5ce su* tea*]s z educate *ildr5's bra9s1 is q "r 9 be+ satisfi$ ) ! old traditional ,ari/otlean logic4 ,b 9 ! s*ool ( ! human race1 ?is logic has n be5 suffici5t4 ,= ?is reason ! philosoph]s h broa*$ ! "q :e!r p]ception1 ! ar* f\nta9 ( ! human _s1 is a true or a deceptive f\nta94 ,! product ( ! philosophical inve/igation :i* we "h (f] am\nts to ! decl>ation t ! logicians are greatly mi/ak5 ab\t ! ar* f\nta94 ,x is a c>d9al error ( anci5t logic to reg>d p]ception z ! ultimate s\rce f :i* ! human m9d dips its k4 ,x is nature :i* is ! ultimate s\rce1 & our p]ception is b ! m$iator ( und]/&+4 ,& its product1 recogniz$ tru?1 is n tru? itself1 b m]ely a =mal picture ( x4 ,univ]sal nature is ! ar* f\nta91 is ! et]nal & imp]i%able tru? itself1 & our p]ception1 l e o!r "p ( univ]sal exi/5ce1 is only an attribute1 a p>ticle ( absolute nature4 ,! human m9d1 ) ^: nature logic is deal+1 is no m an indep5d5t ?+ ?an any o!r1 b simply a ph5om5on1 a reflex or pr$icate ( nature4 ,to conf\nd true p]ceptions or p]ceiv$ tru?s ) g5]al tru?1 ) ! non plus ultra ( all tru?s1 is equival5t to reg>d+ a sp>r[ z ! bird 9 g5]al1 or a p]iod ( civilization z civilization itself1 :i* w\ld mean ! clos+ ( ! door to all fur!r developm5t4 ,mod]n philosophy1 beg9n+ ) ,bacon ( ,v]ulam & clos+ ) ,hegel1 c>ries on a con/ant /ruggle ) ! ,ari/otlean logic4 ,! product ( ?is /ruggle1 ! outcome ( philosophy1 does n d5y ! old rules ( traditional logic1 b adds a new & decid$ly high] circle ( logical p]ception to ! =m] ones4 ,= ! sake ( bett] und]/&+ x may be well to give to ?is circle a special title1 ! special "n ( !ory ( und]/&+1 :i* is sometimes call$ dialectics4 ,9 ord] to demon/rate ! ess5tial cont5ts ( ?is philosophical product by an inve/igation ( ! fundam5tal laws ( traditional logic & to expla9 x !reby1 ,i ref] once m to ! tea*] ( elem5t>y logic1 ,dittes4 ,"u ! caption ( ,pr9ciples ( ,judgm5t he tea*es3 ,s9ce judg+1 l all ?9k+1 aims at ! p]ception ( tru?1 ! rules h be5 s\ght aft] by :i* ?is purpose might be accompli%$4 ,z univ]sally applicable rules1 z pr9ciples or laws ( ?\ght1 ! foll[+ f\r h be5 nam$3 7#a7 ,! law ( uni=mity 7id5tity74 7#b7 ,! law ( contradiction4 7#c7 ,! law ( ! exclud$ ?ird4 7#d7 ,! law ( adequate cause4 ,s mu* s*ola/ic talk has be5 indulg$ 9 ov] ^! f\r pr9ciples1 t ,i c h>dly br+ myself to discuss !m fur!r4 ,b s9ce my purpose1 ! demon/ration ( ! positive outcome ( philosophy1 consi/s 9 ?r[+ a new light on ! logic conta9$ 9 ^! f\r s-call$ pr9ciples or laws1 ,i am compell$ to lay b>e _! inmo/ k]nel4 ,! fir/ pr9ciple1 !n1 decl>es t ,a is ,a1 or to speak ma!matically1 e quantity is equal to itself4 ,9 pla9 ,engli%3 a ?+ is :at x is2 no ?+ is :at x is n4 ,*>act]s :i* are exclud$ by any conception mu/ n be attribut$ to x4 ,! squ>e is exclud$ f ! conception ( a circle1 !re=e ! pr$icate squ>e mu/ n be giv5 to a circle4 ,= ! same reason a /raight l9e mu/ n be crook$1 & a lie mu/ n be true4 ,n[ ?is s-call$ law ( ?\ght may be well en\gh = h\sehold use1 :]e no?+ b kn[n quantities are "u consid]ation4 ,a ?+ is :at x is4 ,"r is n left & "o hundr$ is n "o ?\s&4 ,:oev] is nam$ ,pet] or ,paul rema9s ,pet] or ,paul all 8 life4 ,?is1 ,i say1 is all "r = h\sehold use4 ,b :5 we consid] matt]s f ! wid] po9t ( view ( cosmic univ]sal life1 !n ?is fam\s law ( ?\ght proves to be no?+ b an exp$i5t 9 logic :i* is n adequate to ! nature ( ?+s1 b m]ely a means ( mutual und]/&+ = u human be+s4 ,h5ce ! left bank ( ! ,rh9e is n ! "r1 because we h agre$ t 9 nam+ ! banks ( a riv] we w turn our backs to ! s\rce & our faces to ! m\? ( ! riv] & !n designate ! banks z "r & left4 ,su* a way ( di/+ui%+1 ?9k+1 & judg+ is good & practical1 s long z ?is n>r[ /&po9t is accompani$ by ! consci\sness ( its n>r[ness4 ,hi!rto ?is has n be5 ! case4 ,?is det]m9$ logic has ov]look$ t ! p]ception :i* is produc$ by its rules is n tru?1 n ! real _w1 b only gives an ideal1 m or less accurate1 reflection ( x4 ,pet] & ,paul1 :o accord+ to ! law ( id5tity are ! same all _! lives1 are 9 fact diff]5t fell[s e m9ute & e day ( _! lives1 & all ?+s ( ?is _w are1 l ^? two1 n con/ant1 b v v>iable quantities4 ,! ma!matical po9ts1 ! /raight l9es1 ! r\nd circles1 are ideals4 ,9 reality e po9t has a c]ta9 dim5sion1 e /raight l9e1 :5 se5 ?r\gh a magnify+ glass1 is full ( _m crook$ turns1 & ev5 ! r\nde/ circle1 accord+ to ! ma!maticians1 consi/s ( an inf9ite numb] ( /raight l9es4 ,! traditional logic1 !n1 decl>es ) its law ( id5tity1 or 9 ! words ( ,dittes law ( uni=mity1 t ,pet] & ,paul are ! same fell[s f beg9n+ to end1 or t ! we/]n m\nta9s rema9 ! same we/]n m\nta9s s long z !y exi/4 ,! product ( mod]n philosophy1 on ! o!r h&1 decl>es t ! id5tity ( p1 woods1 & rocks is insep>ably l9k$ to _! opposite1 _! incessant trans=mation4 ,! old s*ool logic treats ?+s1 ! objects ( p]ception1 l /]eotyp$ m\lds1 :ile ! philosophically exp&$ logic consid]s su* treatm5t adequate = h\sehold use only4 ,! logical h\sehold use ( /]eotyp$ conceptions ext5ds1 & %\ld ext5d1 to all ( sci5ce4 ,! consid]ation ( ?+s z rema9+ ! same is indisp5sable1 & yet x is v salubri\s to "k & rememb] t ! ?+s are n only ! same p]man5t & /]eotyp$1 b at ! same "t v>iable & 9 fl[4 ,t is a contradiction1 b n a s5seless "o4 ,?is contradiction has confus$ ! m9ds & giv5 mu* tr\ble to ! philosoph]s4 ,! solution ( ?is problem1 ! elucidation ( ?is simple fact1 is ! positive product ( philosophy4 ,i h j decl>$ t logic s f> did n "k t ! p]ception produc$ by its pr9ciples does n (f] u tru? itself1 b only a m or less accurate picture ( x4 ,i h fur!rmore cont5d$ t ! positive outcome ( philosophy has mat]ially add$ to ! cle>ness ( ! portrait ( ! human m9d4 ,logic claims to be ! doctr9e ( ! =ms & laws ( ?\ght4 ,dialectics1 ! product ( philosophy1 aims to be ! same1 & its fir/ p>agraph decl>es3 ,n ?\ght produces tru?1 b be+1 ( :i* ?\ght is only t "p :i* is engag$ 9 secur+ a picture ( tru?4 ,! fact result+ f ?is /atem5t may easily confuse ! read]1 viz41 t ! philosophy :i* has be5 bequea!d to u by logical dialectics1 or dialectic logic1 mu/ expla9 n alone ?\ght1 b also ! orig9al ( :i* ?\ght is a reflex4 ,:ile1 !re=e1 traditional logic tea*es 9 its fir/ law t all ?+s are equal to !mselves1 ! new dialectics tea*es n only t ?+s are equal to !mselves & id5tical f />t to f9i%1 b also t ^! same ?+s h ! contradictory quality ( be+ ! same & yet widely v>iable4 ,if x is a law ( ?\ght t we ga9 z accurate z possible a conception ( ?+s by ! help ( ?\ght1 x is at ! same "t a law ( ?\ght t all ?+s1 processes1 & proce$+s are n ?+s b resemble ! color ( t silk :i*1 al?\gh equal to itself & id5tical ?r\gh\t1 /ill plays f "o color into ano!r4 ,! ?+s ( :i* ! ?9k+ ?+ or human intellect is "o are s f> f be+ "o & ! same f beg9n+ to end t !y are 9 tru? & fact )\t beg9n+ & end4 ,& z ph5om5a ( nature1 z p>ts ( inf9ite nature1 !y only seem to h a beg9n+ & end1 :ile !y are 9 reality b natural trans=mations aris+ tempor>ily f ! inf9ite & return+ into x aft] a :ile4 ,natural tru? or true nature1 )\t beg9n+ & end1 is s contradictory t x only expresses itself by %ift+ ph5om5a :i* are nev]!less q true4 ,to old l9e logic ?is contradiction appe>s s5seless4 ,x insi/s on its fir/1 second1 & ?ird law1 on its id5tity1 its law ( contradiction & exclud$ ?ird1 :i* mu/ be ei!r /raight or crook$1 cold or w>m1 & excludes all int]m$i>y conceptions4 ,& 9 a way x is "r4 ,= e-day use x is all "r to deal 9 ?is summ>y fa%ion ) ?\ghts & words4 ,b x is at ! same "t judici\s to le>n f ! positive outcome ( philosophy t 9 reality & tru? ?+s d n come to pass s ideally4 ,! logical laws ?9k q correctly ( ?\ghts & _! =ms & applications4 ,b !y d n exhau/ ?9k+ & its ?\ghts4 ,!y ov]look ! consci\sness ( ! inexhau/ibl5ess ( all natural creations1 ( :i* ! object ( logic1 human und]/&+1 is a "p4 ,?is object did n fall f heav51 b is a f9ite "p ( ! inf9ite :i* actually has ! contradictory quality ( possess+ 9 & ) its logical nature t univ]sal nature :i* is sup]ior to all logic4 ,f ?is critique ( ! ?ree fir/ fundam5tal laws ( logic x is app>5t t ! human und]/&+ is n only ev]y:]e id5tical1 b also diff]5t 9 ea* individual & has a hi/orical developm5t4 ,we are1 ( c\rse1 logically entitl$ to consid] ?is faculty l all o!rs by itself & give x a bir?day4 ,:]ev] man beg9s1 !re und]/&+1 ! faculty ( ?\ght1 beg9s4 ,b we are philosophically & dialectically no less entitl$1 & x is ev5 our duty1 to "k t ! faculty ( und]/&+1 ! same z its human be>]1 has no beg9n+1 9 spite ( ! fact t we ascribe a beg9n+ to !m4 ,:5 we trace ! hi/orical developm5t ( ^! two1 ( man & und]/&+1 backw>d to _! orig91 we arrive at a transition to ! animal & see _! special nature m]g+ into g5]al nature4 ,! same is f\nd 9 trac+ ! developm5t ( ! individual m9d4 ,:]e does consci\sness beg9 9 ! *ild8 ,be=e1 at1 or aft] bir?8 ,consci\sness arises f its opposite1 unconsci\sness1 & returns to x4 ,9 consequ5ce we reg>d ! unconsci\s z ! sub/ance & ! consci\s z its pr$icate or attribute4 ,& ! fix$ conceptions :i* we make = ourselves ( ! units or ph5om5a ( ! natural sub/ance are recogniz$ by u z necess>y means 9 expla9+ nature1 b at ! same "t x is necess>y to le>n f dialectics t all fix$ conceptions are float+ 9 a liquid elem5t4 ,! inf9ite sub/ance ( nature is a v mobile elem5t1 9 :i* all fix$ ?+s appe> & s9k1 ?us be+ tempor>ily fix$ & yet n fix$4 ,n[ let u briefly review ! f\r? fundam5tal law ( logic1 accord+ to :i* ev]y?+ mu/ h an adequate cause4 ,?is law is likewise v well wor?y ( att5tion1 yet x is v inadequate1 because ! "q :at %\ld be our conception ( ! _w & :at is ! con/itution ( ! mo/ highly develop$ ?9k+ faculty ( ! _w requires ! answ]3 ! _w1 9 :i* ev]y?+ has its adequate cause1 is nev]!less1 includ+ consci\sness & ! faculty ( ?\ght1 )\t beg9n+1 end1 & cause1 t is1 a ?+ ju/ifi$ 9 itself & by itself4 ,! law ( ! adequate cause applies only to pictures made by ! human m9d4 ,9 our logical pictures ( ! _w ev]y?+ mu/ h its adequate cause4 ,b ! orig9al1 ! univ]sal cosmos1 has no cause1 x is its own cause & effect4 ,to und]/& t all causes re/ on ! causeless is an important dialectic k :i* fir/ ?r[s ! requisite light on ! law ( ! necessity ( an adequate cause4 ,=mally ev]y?+ mu/ h its cause4 ,b really ev]y?+ has n only "o cause1 b innum]able causes4 ,n alone fa!r & "m are ! cause ( my exi/5ce1 b also ! gr& p>5ts & great gr& p>5ts1 toge!r ) ! air !y brea!d1 ! food !y ate1 ! e>? on :i* !y walk$1 ! sun :i* w>m$ ! e>?1 etc4 ,n a ?+1 n a process1 n a *ange is ! adequate cause ( ano!r1 b ev]y?+ is r caus$ by ! univ]se :i* is absolute4 ,:5 philosophy began its c>e] ) ! int5tion ( und]/&+ ! _w1 x soon discov]$ t ?is purpose c\ld be accompli%$ only by special /udy4 ,:5 x *ose und]/&+1 or ! faculty ( ?\ght1 z ! special object ( its /udy1 x sep>at$ its specific object too f> f ! g5]al exi/5ce4 ,its logic1 9 oppos+ ?\ght to ! re/ ( exi/5ce1 =got ! int]connection ( ! opposites1 =got t ?\ght is a =m1 a species1 an individuality :i* belongs to ! g5us ( exi/5ce1 ! same z fi% to ! g5us ( meat1 night to ! g5us ( day1 art to nature1 ^w to action1 & dea? to life4 ,x does n attempt to explore ! ess5ce ( ?\ght = its own sake1 b = ! purpose ( discov]+ ! rules ( explor+ & ?9k+ correctly4 ,x c\ld n v well arrive at ^? covet$ rules1 s long z x idealiz$ tru? transc5d5tally & elevat$ x f> above ! ph5om5a4 ,all ph5om5a ( nature are true p>ts ( tru?4 ,ev5 error & lies are n oppos$ to tru? 9 t exagg]at$ s5se 9 :i* ! old /yle logic repres5ts !m1 :i* tea*es t two contradictory pr$icates mu/ n be simultane\sly appli$ to ! same subject1 t any "o subject is ei!r true or false1 & t any ?ird alt]native is out ( ! "q4 ,su* /atem5ts are due to an entire misconception ( tru?4 ,tru? is ! absolute1 univ]sal sum ( all exi/+ ?+s1 ( all ph5om5a ( ! pa/1 pres5t1 & future4 ,tru? is ! real univ]se f :i* errors & lies are n exclud$4 ,9 s f> z /ray ?\ghts1 giants & br[nies1 lies & errors are really exi/+1 ?\gh only 9 ! imag9ation ( m51 to t ext5t !y are true4 ,!y belong to ! sum ( all ph5om5a1 b !y are n ! :ole tru?1 n ! inf9ite sum4 ,& ev5 ! mo/ positive k is no?+ b an excell5t picture ( a c]ta9 "p4 ,! pictures 9 our m9ds h ?is 9 common ) _! orig9als t !y are true4 ,all errors & lies are true errors & true lies1 h5ce are n s f> remov$ f tru? t "o %\ld belong to heav5 & ! o!r to et]nal damnation4 ,let u rema9 human4 ,s9ce old l9e logic ) its f\r pr9ciples 0 too n>r[m9d$1 its developm5t _h to produce t dialectics :i* is ! positive outcome ( philosophy4 ,?is sci5ce ( ?\ght s exp&$ reg>ds ! univ]se z ! truly univ]sal or inf9ite1 9 :i* all contradictions slumb] z 9 ! womb ( conciliation4 ,:e!r ! new logic %all h ! same "n z ! old1 or assume ! sep>ate title ( !ory ( und]/&+ or dialectics1 is simply a "q ( t]ms :i* mu/ be decid$ by consid]ations ( exp$i5cy4 ,x ,,! ,,function ,,( ,,und]/&+ ,,on ,,! ,,religi\s ,,field ,we took our dep>ture f ! fact t philosophy is se>*+ = und]/&+4 ,! fir/ & pr9cipal acquisition ( philosophy 0 ! p]ception t its object is n to be f\nd 9 a transc5d5tal g5]ality4 ,:oev] wi%es to obta9 und]/&+1 mu/ conf9e himself to some?+ special1 )\t1 h[ev]1 ?r\gh ?is limitation los+ sight ( all measure & aim to su* an ext5t t he =gets ! inf9ite g5]ality4 ,a mod]n psy*ologi/ :o occupies himself ) ,?\ghts on ,enlight5m5t1 :i* topic is evid5tly relat$ to ours1 says3 ,real & g5u9e enlight5m5t c proce$ only f religi\s motives4 ,express$ 9 our language1 ?is w\ld mean3 ,e g5u9e und]/&+1 e true conception or k1 mu/ be bas$ on ! cle> consci\sness t ! inf9ite univ]se is ! ar* fundam5t ( all ?+s4 ,und]/&+ & true enlight5m5t are id5tical4 ,x is true1 say ! ,?\ghts on ,enlight5m5t1 t all enlight5m5t takes ! =m ( /ruggles on acc\nt ( ! nature ( him :o is to be enlight5$ & ( ! object ab\t :i* he is to be in=m$4 ,b x is a /ruggle = religion1 n aga9/ x4 ,! au?or1 ,pr(essor ,laz>us1 says 9 8 preface t he does n wi% ! read] to base 8 op9ion on any s+le deta*$ s5t5ce4 ,e s+le s5t5ce1 he says1 may be te/$ z to its value1 b ! :ole ( my views on religion & enlight5m5t _c be recogniz$ f any s+le "o ( !m4 ,z ?is wi% is entirely ju/ifi$ & z our position is some:at support$ by 8 psy*ological treatm5t ( enlight5m5t1 we %all comply ) 8 wi% & seek to grasp ! mean+ ( 8 /atem5ts on ! religi\s nature ( enlight5m5t 9 _! entirety1 n z isolat$ s5t5ces4 ,we ev5 g a /ep f>!r ?an ,pr(essor ,laz>us1 by ext5d+ to und]/&+ :at he says ab\t enlight5m5t1 viz41 t g5u9e k & enlight5m5t mu/1 s to say1 take _! dep>ture f religi\s motives4 ,b we diff] a little z to :at motives are religi\s4 ,laz>us ref]s1 s f> z ,i c see1 to ideas & ! ideal1 :ile we1 ?anks to ! positive outcome ( philosophy1 und]/& ! t]ms religion & religi\s to ref] to ! univ]sal int]dep5d5ce ( ?+s4 ,obvi\sly ! divid+ l9e betwe5 heat & cold is drawn by ! human m9d4 ,! po9t select$ = ?is purpose is ! freez+ po9t ( wat]4 ,"o might j z well h select$ any o!r po9t4 ,evid5tly ! divid+ l9e betwe5 t :i* is religi\s & t :i* is irreligi\s is z indet]m9ate z t betwe5 hot & cold4 ,nei!r any univ]sity nor any usage ( language c decide t1 nor is ! pope a sci5tific au?ority 9 ! matt]4 ,x is ma9ly due to ! socall$ hi/orical s*ool t a ?+ is consid]$ n alone by its pres5t condition1 b by its orig9 & decl9e4 ,:at1 !n1 is religion & religi\s8 ,! feti% cult1 ! animal cult1 ! cult ( ! ideal & spiritual creator1 or ! cult ( ! real human m9d8 ,:]e are we to beg9 & :]e to end8 ,if ! anci5t ,g]mans reg>d$ ! great oak z sacr$ & religi\s1 :y %\ld n art & sci5ce become religi\s among ! mod]n ,g]mans8 ,9 ?is s5se1 ,laz>us is correct4 ,! enlight5m5t :i* 0 head$ 9 ,france by ,voltaire & ! encyclop$i/s1 9 ,g]many by ,less+ & ,kant1 ! enlight5m5t :i* came z a /ruggle = reason & aga9/ religion1 0 !n 9 fact a /ruggle = religion1 n aga9/ x4 ,by ?is means "o may make ev]y?+ out ( any?+4 ,b ?is has to be le>n$ fir/ 9 ord] to recognize h[ our m9d ought to be adju/$1 s t x may p]ceive t n only ev]y?+ is ev]y?+1 b t ea* ?+ also has its own place4 ,we wi% to become cle> 9 our m9ds h[ x is possible1 & reconcilable ) s\nd conception1 t su* an anti-religi\s /ruggle z t c>ri$ on dur+ t p]iod ( enlight5m5t c nev]!less be a /ruggle = & 9 ! int]e/ ( religion4 ,we wi% to f9d out h[ "o may aboli% religion & at ! same "t ma9ta9 x4 ,?is is easily und]/ood1 if we rememb] ! repeat$ly quot$ dialectic rule accord+ to :i* our und]/&+ mu/ nev] exagg]ate ! di/9ctions betwe5 two ?+s4 ,we mu/ n too widely sep>ate ! religi\s f ! secul> field4 ,( c\rse1 ! religi\s field is 9 heav51 :ile ! secul> is naturally 9 ! pr(ane univ]se4 ,hav+ become aw>e t ev5 religi\s imag9ation1 toge!r ) its heav5 & _s creator1 are pr(ane conceptions 9 spite ( _! alleg$ transc5d5talism1 we f9d religion 9 ! secul> field1 & ?us ?is field has 9 a way become religi\s4 ,! religi\s & ! pr(ane inf9ite h some?+ 9 common1 at lea/ ?is t ! indef9ite religi\s "n may also be appli$ to ! secul> or pr(ane inf9ity4 ,all culture1 e condition ( humanity or ( a nation1 has its roots z well z its b\nds 9 hi/ory1 says our ,pr(essor ( psy*ology4 ,%\ld n religion1 :i* accord+ to ! words ( a ,g]man emp]or mu/ be pres]v$ = ! p1 also h its b\nds 9 hi/ory8 ,or does x belong to ! inf9ite & mu/ x exi/ =ev]8 ,9 ord] to free hi/ory ( its b\nds1 x is necess>y to avail ourselves ( ! positive outcome ( philosophy & to demon/rate t no?+ is inf9ite b ! inf9ite itself1 :i* has ! d\ble nature ( be+ inf9ite & insep>able f ! f9ite ph5om5a ( nature4 ,! :ole ( nature is et]nal1 b none ( its individual ph5om5a is1 al?\gh ev5 ! imp]i%able :ole is compos$ ( p]i%able p>ts4 ,! relation ( ! con/ant :ole ( nature to its v>iable p>ts1 ! relation ( ! g5]al to ! specialties compos+ x1 includes1 if we fully grasp x1 a p]fect conception ( ! human m9d z well z ( ! und]/&+ & enlight5m5t :i* x acquires4 ,?is m9d _c enlight5 itself z to its special nature )\t obs]v+ h[ x came to enlight5 itself z to ! nature ( o!r specialties4 ,we !n f9d t x has likewise enlight5$ itself on religi\s ph5om5a by recogniz+ !m z a "p1 z a v>iation1 ( ! g5]al ph5om5on ( ! con/ant1 et]nal1 natural univ]se4 ,h5ce secul> nature1 :i* is at ! same "t et]nal & temporal1 is ! "m ( religi\s nature4 ,( c\rse1 ! *ild p>takes ( ! nature ( ! "m4 ,religion1 hi/orically consid]$1 arises f nature1 b ! det]m9ation ( ! date ( ! beg9n+ ( ?is specialty is left z mu* to ! *oice ( man z t ( ! po9t :]e ! cold & ! w>m meet4 ,! g5]al movem5t ( nature1 f :i* arise its specialties1 proce$s 9 inf9ite "t4 ,its trans=mations are s gradual t e det]m9$ po9t con/itutes an arbitr>y act :i* is at ! same "t arbitr>y & necess>y2 necess>y = ! human be+ :o wi%es to ga9 a conception ( x4 ,a p]fect conception ( religion1 !re=e1 goes "r to ! c5t] ( ! "q1 to ! po9t :]e ! religi\s specialty rea*es a *>act]i/ic /age1 to its freez+ po9t1 s to say4 ,f ?is /&po9t1 heat & cold may be %>ply def9$2 likewise religion4 ,if we say1 = in/ance1 t religion is ! conception ( a sup]natural _s :o rules nature1 & ! read] ?9ks ?is def9ition some:at appropriate1 ! simple demon/ration ( ! a*ievem5ts ( philosophy 9 ! field ( und]/&+ or dialectics proves t ?is religi\s conception is unt5able 9 ?is _w ( ! human m9d :i* kn[s h[ to obta9 a logical picture ( its exp]i5ces4 ,to desire to pres]ve religion = ! p z a %>ply def9$ & f9ite ?+ is contr>y to all logic & equival5t to swimm+ aga9/ ! tide4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is equally illogical to id5tify religion aft] ! mann] ( ,laz>us ) ! conception ( natural inf9ity or inf9ite nature1 because t promotes m5tal haz9ess4 ,! laws ( ?\ght obta9$ by philosophical rese>* give u consid]able enlight5m5t ab\t ! inf9ite mat]ial process1 ! nature ( :i* is sublime en\gh to be wor?y ( religi\s devotion1 & yet special & matt]-(-fact en\gh to wa% ! dim eyes ) natural cle>ness4 ,we h already se5 9 prec$+ *apt]s t we mu/ fir/ def9e our /&po9t be=e we c decide :i* is ! "r or left bank ( a riv]4 ,s x is also 9 ! matt] ( aboli%+ & ma9ta9+ religion = ! p4 ,x c be done ! mom5t we ext5d ! discussion to ! realm ( inf9ity4 ,! conception ( inf9ity1 call$ sub/ance by ,sp9oza1 monad by ,leibniz1 ?+ itself by ,kant1 ! absolute by ,hegel1 is inde$ necess>y 9 ord] to expla9 any?+1 n only by ! f\r? root1 b by ! inf9ite root ( ! adequate reason4 ,to t ext5t we are agre$ t enlight5m5t1 or und]/&+ z we say1 is n alone a /ruggle aga9/ religion1 b also = x4 ,9 ! !ory ( und]/&+ acquir$ by philosophy1 !re is conta9$ a decisive repeal ( religion4 ,nev]!less we say ) ,laz>us3 ,! p[] ( enlight5m5t & its aim are n express$ 9 negation1 n 9 t :i* is n believ$1 b 9 t :i* is believ$1 v5]at$1 & pres]v$4 ,& yet e enlight5+ p]ception1 e und]/&+ result+ f enlight5m5t1 is a negation4 ,9 seek+ enlight5m5t1 = in/ance1 on und]/&+1 x is necess>y1 9 ord] to prove t x is a natural ph5om5on1 to d5y ! religi\s elem5t 9 s f> z x assumes ! exi/5ce ( a div9e *ief _s ^: second>y copy ! human _s is suppos$ to be4 ,or1 9 ord] to ga9 enlight5m5t on ! nature ( ! univ]se1 9 ord] to realize t x is a truly univ]sal univ]se1 we are compell$ to d5y ! exi/5ce ( e high] _w1 includ+ ! religi\s4 ,b if we desire to become enlight5$ z to h[ x is t religion may n alone be d5i$1 b also pres]v$1 we mu/ transf] its orig9 f an illogical o!r _w into ! natural & logical univ]se4 ,?us religion becomes natural & nature religi\s4 ,if wor%ip is conf9$ to ! idolization ( ! sun or ! cat1 e "o realizes ! temporality ( ! matt]4 ,& if we re/rict wor%ip to ! adoration ( ! great omnipot5t _s1 e "o realizes ! temporality ( ?is adoration :o has acquir$ an accurate conception ( ! small human _s4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 we ext5d religi\s wor%ip to ev]y?+ :i* has ev] be5 v5]at$1 or w ev] be v5]at$1 by human be+s1 9 o!r words1 if we ext5d ! conception ( religion to ! entire univ]se1 !n x assumes a v f>-rea*+ significance4 ,?is is ! ess5ce ( enlight5m5t on religion3 ,t we may at w exp& or contract our conceptions1 t all ?+s are alike to ! ext5t ( repres5t+ only "o nature1 t all fanta/ical ideas1 all good & evil spirits & gho/s1 no matt] h[ sup]naturally conceiv$1 are all natural4 ,! ess5tial ?+ 9 ! enlight5m5t acquir$ by philosophical /udy is ! appreciation ( ! fact t und]/&+1 enlight5m5t1 sci5ce1 etc41 are n cultivat$ = _! own sake1 b mu/ s]ve ! purpose ( human developm5t1 ! mat]ial int]e/s ( :i* dem& a correct m5tal picture ( ! natural processes4 ,we h *os5 ! religi\s idea = discussion 9 ?is *apt] s t x may s]ve z a means ( illu/rat+ ! nature ( ?\ght 9 g5]al4 ,we reg>d x z ! m]it ( philosophy to h unveil$ ?is nature4 ,pr(essor ,laz>us is q a pleas+ companion4 ,he is a f9e ?9k]1 saturat$ ) ! tea*+s ( ! philosoph]s1 n ov]fond ( any p>ticul> s*ool1 & only ab\t two h&s' bread? remov$ f our position4 ,b ?is is j en\gh to demon/rate by 8 %ortcom+s ! advantages ( our position :i* proves t ! "p ( ! human s\l p]=m+ ! "w ( ?9k+ is und]/ood by u at lea/ two h&s' bread? bett] ?an by ?is prom95t psy*ologi/4 ,! function ( enlight5m5t is to recognize t no ph5om5on c be an effect :i* has n ano!r ph5om5on z its cause1 & to se>* = ! sole cause ( e effect1 not+ all its p>ts & _! consecutive divisions4 ,^! words describe ! m5tal "w p]=m$ by ! human bra9 fairly well1 b /ill !y require a little addition1 to ! effect t ! m5tal "w is no exception f any o!r ph5om5a1 all ( :i* h n alone _! special1 b also "o g5]al cause4 ,! cause ( all causes1 ( :i* religion is mak+ an idol1 mu/ be pr(an$1 s to speak1 by ! cult ( sci5ce1 s t ! above def9ition ( ,laz>us reg>d+ enlight5m5t w\ld read z foll[s3 ,! sole & true cause ( all effects is ! univ]se1 or ! g5]al int]dep5d5ce ( all ?+s4 ,b ?is is n by f> ! full scope ( enlight5m5t4 ,x is fur!r necess>y1 z ,laz>us well says1 to note all its p>ts & _! consecutive divisions4 ,we fur!r add3 ,! univ]sal cause mu/ be und]/ood n alone 9 its consecutive p>ts1 b also 9 its co-ord9ate p>ts4 ,x is only !n t und]/&+1 enlight5m5t1 become p]fect4 ,we !n f9d t aft] all ! relation betwe5 cause & effect1 or ! relation betwe5 ! univ]sal tru? & its natural ph5om5a1 is n a v tr5*ant "o1 b a relative "o4 ,enlight5m5t advances 9 v>i\s1 9 all1 fields ( m5tal life4 ,religi\s enlight5m5t has long be5 recogniz$ z ! mo/ ess5tial1 ju/ly s1 & = _m reasons1 ! *ief ( !m be+ t religi\s enlight5m5t is ! mo/ important & h5ce ! mo/ bitt]ly conte/$4 ,?us religi\s enlight5m5t is a "p ( univ]sal1 cosmic1 enlight5m5t4 ,x is a confus+ expression to say t x is conf9$ to all fields ( m5tal life4 ,we believe to be %$d+ m light on ! "q by say+ t !re is enlight5m5t 9 all fields1 n alone 9 ! m5tal1 b also 9 ! cosmic1 :i* unites bo? ! mat]ial & m5tal4 ,to classify ?is field1 t is ! exhau/ive task ( our und]/&+1 t its exhau/ive def9ition4 ,,xi ,,! ,,di/9ction ,,betwe5 ,,cause ,,& ,,effect ,,is ,,"o ,,( ,,! ,,means ,,( ,,und]/&+ ,! processes ( ! human m9d & _! subjective composition _c be analyz$ 9 a pure /ate & )\t reg>d to _! objective effects any m ?an h&iwork c be expla9$ )\t ! raw mat]ial to be h&l$ & ! products d]iv$ !refrom1 any m ?an any "w c be describ$ 9 a pure /ate )\t reg>d to ! product4 ,t is ! sad defect ( old "t logic :i* is an ob/acle to its fur!r advance3 x lit]ally te>s ?+s out ( _! connections & =gets ! necessity ( int]dep5d5ce ov] ! ne$ ( special /udy4 ,! in/rum5t :i* produces ?\ght & k 9 ! human bra9 is n an isolat$ ?+1 nor an isolat$ quality4 ,x is connect$ n only ) ! bra9 & ! n]v\s sy/em1 b also ) all qualities ( ! s\l4 ,true1 ?9k+ is diff]5t f feel+1 b x is nev]!less a feel+ ! same z gladness & sorr[4 ,?\ght is call$ incompreh5sible & ! he>t unfa?omable4 ,x is ! function ( sci5ce1 ( ?9k+ & ?\ght1 to fa?om & compreh5d :at z yet is n fa?om$ & n compreh5d$4 ,j z ?9k+ & und]/&+ are p>ts ( ! human s\l1 s ! latt] is a "p ( physical & intellectual man4 ,toge!r ) ! physical developm5t ( man1 ( ! species z well z ( ! individual1 ! s\l also develops & ) x t "p :i* is ! special object ( ! !ory ( und]/&+1 viz41 ?\ght & ?9k+4 ,n alone does physical developm5t produce intellectual developm5t1 b1 vice v]sa1 ! und]/&+ reacts on ! physical _w4 ,! "o is n m]ely a cause1 nor ! o!r m]ely an effect4 ,?is obsolete di/9ction does n suffice = ! full und]/&+ ( _! int]relations4 ,we pay a tribute to ! ?\ghts on enlight5m5t ( ,pr(essor ,laz>us quot$ 9 ! previ\s *apt] by ackn[l$g+ t !y ?r[ s mu* light on a c]ta9 po9t t little m ?an ! dot ov] ! i is requir$ 9 ord] to cle> up a bad misund]/&+ ab\t ! relation ( cause & effect4 ,s9ce ! "t ( ,ari/otle ?is relation has be5 call$ a category4 ,we h already not$ ! /atem5t :i* *>act]izes ! age ( enlight5m5t z "o 9 :i* ! causal category1 or let u say ! di/9ction betwe5 cause & effect1 became ! dom9ant issue4 ,o!r p]iods live ) _! und]/&+1 ) _! ?\ghts1 9 o!r categories4 ,?\gh ! anci5t ,greeks knew ! di/9ction betwe5 cause & effect1 yet x 0 f> f be+ ! dom9ant po9t ( view 9 _! se>* aft] sci5tific und]/&+4 ,in/ead ( reg>d+1 z we d today1 ev]y?+ z effects :i* 7 produc$ by prec$+ causes1 !y saw 9 e process1 9 e ph5om5on1 a means :i* _h a purpose4 ,! category ( means & purpose dom9at$ ! ,greeks4 ,socrates admir$ ! k ( nature display$ by ,anaxagoras1 ! /ories he c\ld tell ( sun1 moon1 & />s4 ,b z ,anaxagoras _h omitt$ to disclose ! reasonable purpose ( ! processes ( nature1 ,socrates did n ?9k mu* ( su* a natural sci5ce4 ,at t p]iod ! means & ! purpose 7 ! measure ( reason1 ! h&le ( ! m9d1 ! category ( und]/&+2 today causes & effects h tak5 _! places4 ,betwe5 ! gold5 age ( ,greece & ! era ( mod]n sci5ce1 ! socall$ night ( ! ,middle ,ages1 ! epo* ( sup]/ition1 ext5ds4 ,if !n y />t$ out on a voyage & fir/ met an old woman1 x meant mis=tune = y4 ,wall5/e9 ca/ ! horoscope be=e he direct$ 8 troops4 ,und]/&+ 0 ga!r$ f ! flight ( a bird1 ! cry ( an animal1 ! con/ellations ( />s1 ! meet+ ) an old woman4 ,! category ( t p]iod 0 ! sign & its consequ5ces4 ,& accord+ to ,laz>us1 ^! ?+s 7 believ$ by bra9s :i* 7 by no means dull4 ,i ref] to a "n :i* fills u all ) v5]ation3 ,kepl] believ$ 9 a/rology1 9 ! category ( ! sign & its consequ5ce1 toge!r ) ! ?9k]s ( ! ?\s& ye>s be=e him & ( 8 own c5tury4 ,a/rology 0 a sci5ce = _m c5turies1 promot$ toge!r ) a/ronomy 444 & by ! same p4 ,! peculi> ?+ 9 ?is /atem5t is ! ref]5ce to ! category ( sign & consequ5ce z a sci5ce4 ,?is category has no long] a place 9 mod]n sci5ce4 ,may n our mod]n viewpo9t1 ! category 9 :i* our pres5t day sci5ce ?9ks1 ! category ( cause & effect1 be equally transitory8 ,! anci5ts h accompli%$ la/+ sci5tific results 9 spite ( _! purposes4 ,m$iaeval sup]/ition ) its signs1 its a/rology & al*emy1 has likewise bequea!d to u a few valuable sci5tific products4 ,&1 on ! o!r h&1 ev5 ! greate/ p>tisans ( mod]n sci5ce d n d5y t x is m>r$ by v>i\s adv5tur\s vag>ies4 ,! categories ( means & purposes1 ( signs & consequ5ces1 are /ill 9 vogue today & w be pres]v$ toge!r ) t ( causes & effects4 ,! k t ?is latt] category is likewise b a hi/orical "o & ex]ts b tempor>ily a dom9at+ influ5ce on sci5ce belongs to ! positive outcome ( philosophy1 & ,pr(essor ,laz>us1 ) all 8 advanc$ /&po9t1 has rema9$ beh9d ?is result by ab\t a y>d4 ,k9dly note t x is n ! ext9ction ( ! relation betwe5 cause & effect :i* we pr$ict1 b m]ely t ( its dom9ance4 ,:oev] skips lightly ov] ! curr5t ( life1 w be greatly %ock$ :5 read+ t we place ! fundam5tal pill> ( all p]ception1 ! category ( cause & effect1 9 ! same pass+ boat 9 :i* ! prophets & a/rolog]s rode4 ,"o is v prone to belittle ! fai? ( o!rs by ! "n ( sup]/ition & honor "o's own sup]/ition by ! title ( sci5ce4 ,once we h grasp$ ! fact t our intellect has no o!r purpose ?an t ( trac+ a human picture ( cosmic processes1 & t its p5etration ( ! int]ior ( nature1 its und]/&+1 expla9+1 p]ceiv+1 kn[+1 etc41 is no?+ else1 & _c be any?+ else1 t mom5t x loses its my/]i\s1 transc5d5tal metaphysical "*4 ,we also und]/& !n1 t ! great _s above ! cl\ds :o is suppos$ to create ! _w out ( no?+1 c\ld v well s]ve ! m9d z a means ( expla9+ ?+s4 ,& x is ! same ) ! category ( cause & effect1 :i* is a spl5did means ( assi/+ explanation1 b /ill w n suffice = ! requirem5ts ( all "t to come4 ,! p]ception t ! great _s above ! cl\ds is a free inv5tion ( ! small human m9d has become s widely spread t we may well pass on ov] x to o!r ?+s4 ,among ! que/ions n[ on ! ord] ( bus9ess is ! "o :e!r ! causes ) :i* mod]n sci5ce op]ates s widely are n 9 a way creators 9 m9iature :i* produce _! effects 9 a sleight-(-h& way4 ,& ?is errone\s notion is1 inde$1 ! curr5t conception4 ,if a /one falls into ! wat]1 x is ! cause ( ! undulations1 b n _! creator4 ,x is only a co-op]ator1 = ! liquid & ela/ic qualities ( ! wat] also act z a cause4 ,if ! /one falls into butt]1 x creates at be/ b "o undulation1 & if ?is /ony creator falls on ! h>d gr\nd1 x is all up ) ! creation ( undulations4 ,?is %[s t causes are n creators1 b r effects :i* are n effect$1 b effect !mselves4 ,! category ( cause & effect is a good help 9 explanation1 s long z x is accompani$ by ! philosophical consci\sness t ! :ole ( nature is an inf9ite sea ( trans=mations1 :i* are n creat$ by "o great or _m small creators1 b :i* create !mselves4 ,a well-kn[n philosophical au?or expresses himself 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,dur+ ! fir/ weeks ( its exi/5ce1 ! *ild has no p]ception ei!r ( ! _w )\t1 or ( its own body1 or ( its s\l4 ,h5ce its feel+ is n accompani$ by ! consci\sness ( an int]action betwe5 ^! ?ree factors4 ,x does n suspect its causes4 ,we see t s\l1 body1 & out] _w are call$ ! ?ree factors ( feel+4 ,n[ note h[ ea* "o ( ^! ?ree causes or factors is1 s to say1 ! /ore h\se ( innum]able factors or causes1 all ( :i* cause ! feel+ ( ! *ild4 ,! s\l consi/s ( _m s\l p>ts1 ! body ( _m bodily p>ts1 & ! out] _w consi/s ( s _m p>ts t x w\ld consi/ ( t5 times m p>ts1 if !re 7 any m ?an innum]able4 ,!re is no d\bt t ! *ild's feel+1 or any o!r1 does n exi/ indep5d5tly1 b is dep5d5t on ! s\l1 ! body1 & ! out] _w4 ,?is con/itutes ! indubitable int]relation ( all ?+s4 ,9 ! w9d+ processes ( ! self-agitat$ univ]se1 ! category ( cause & effect s]ves z a means ( enlight5m5t1 by giv+ our m9d its help 9 ! sy/ematization ( processes4 ,if ! drop ( a /one prec$es1 ! undulations ( ! wat] foll[2 if s\l1 body1 & out] _w are pres5t1 feel+ foll[s4 ,! positive outcome ( philosophy does n reject ! s]vices ( ! category ( cause & effect4 ,x only rejects ! my/ical elem5t 9 t category 9 :i* _m p1 ev5 among ^? ) a sci5tific education1 /ill believe4 ,!re is no wit*craft 9 ?is matt]1 b simply a me*anical sy/ematization & classification ( natural ph5om5a 9 ! ord] ( _! appe>ance4 ,s long z wat] rema9s wat] & reta9s its liquid & ela/ic prop]ties1 & s long z a /one is a /one1 a pond]\s fell[ /rik+ ! wat] heavily1 j s long w ! spla% ( ! /one be surely & inevitably foll[$ by undulations ( ! wat]4 ,s long z s\l1 body1 & out] _w reta9 _! kn[n prop]ties1 !y w ) unfail+ precision produce feel+4 ,x is no m surpris+ t we c affirm ?is on ! /r5g? ( our exp]i5ce ?an t we h a category ( cause & effect4 ,!re exi/s no?+ extraord9>y b ! condition ( ?+s1 & 9 ?is respect all ?+s are alike1 s t human und]/&+1 cause & effect1 or any o!r category1 are no m extraord9>y ?an any o!r condition4 ,! only wond] is ! univ]se1 b ?is1 be+ a univ]sal wond]1 is at ! same "t trivial1 = no?+ is s famili> z t :i* is common to all4 ,by ! help ( ! viewpo9t ( cause & effect1 man ?r[s light on ! ph5om5a ( nature4 ,cause & effect s]ve to enlight5 u ab\t ! _w4 ,! way1 ! me?od1 by :i* ?is enlight5m5t is produc$1 is ! special object ( our /udy4 ,we d n d5y t cause & effect s]ve u z a means1 b only z "o ( _m4 ,we honor ! category ( cause & effect f> too mu* :5 we reg>d x z ! panacea4 ,we h se5 t =m]ly o!r viewpo9ts s]v$ ! same purpose & /ill o!rs exi/ today1 "s ( :i* h a prospect ( be+ valu$ m highly 9 ! future ?an cause & effect4 ,?is category s]ves v well = ! explanation ( processes :i* foll[ "o ano!r4 ,b !re are o!r ph5om5a :i* occur side by side1 & ^! mu/ also be elucidat$4 ,= su* a purpose1 ! category ( g5us & species is q z s]viceable4 ,haeckel speaks some:at slight+ly ( museum zoologi/s & h]b>ium botani/s1 because !y m]ely classify animals & plants accord+ to g5]a & species4 ,! mod]n zoologi/s & botani/s d n simply consid] ! multiplicity ( animals & plants :i* exi/ simultane\sly1 b also ! *ronological ord] ( ! *anges & trans=mations1 & 9 ?is way !y h ga9$ mu* m ( a life-picture ( ! zoological & botanical _w1 a picture n alone ( its be+1 b also ( its gr[+1 ( aris+ & decl9+4 ,und\bt$ly ! k ( ! museum zoologi/s & h]b>ium botani/s 0 meag]1 n>r[1 me*anical1 & mod]n sci5ce (f]s a f> bett] portrait ( tru? & life4 ,/ill ?is is no reason = ov]e/imat+ ! value ( analysis by cause & effect4 ,?is me?od supplem5ts ! category ( g5us & species4 ,x assi/s 9 enlight5+1 x helps 9 ! process ( ?\ght1 b x does n r5d] o!r =ms ( ?\ght sup]flu\s4 ,x is ess5tial = ! !ory ( und]/&+1 to recognize ! special =ms ( ?\ght ( old & new times z peculi>ities :i* h a common nature4 ,?is common nature ( ! process ( ?\ght1 und]/&+1 enlight5m5t1 is a "p ( ! univ]sal _w process1 & n greatly diff]5t f x4 ,! conception ( a cause p>tly expla9s ! ph5om5a ( ! univ]se2 b s does ! conception ( a purpose & ( a species1 9 fact1 s d all conceptions4 ,9 ! univ]se all p>ts are causes1 all ( !m caus$1 produc$1 creat$1 & yet !re is no creator1 no produc]1 no cause4 ,! g5]al produces ! special1 & ! latt] 9 turn produces by reaction ! g5]al4 ,! category ( ! g5]al & ! special1 ( ! univ]se & its p>ts1 conta9s all o!r categories 9 ! g]m4 ,9 ord] to expla9 ! process ( ?\ght1 we mu/ expla9 x z a "p ( ! univ]sal process4 ,x has n caus$ ! creation ( ! _w1 nei!r 9 a !ological nor 9 an ideali/ s5se1 nor is x a m]e effect ( ! bra9 sub/ance1 z ! mat]iali/s ( ! eighte5? c5tury repres5t$ x4 ,! process ( ?\ght & its und]/&+ is a peculi>ity ( ! univ]sal cosmos4 ,! relation ( ! g5]al to ! special is ! cle> & typical category und]ly+ all o!r categories4 ,"o might also apply o!r names to ?is category1 = in/ance1 ! "o & ! _m2 ! ess5ce & ! =m2 ! sub/ance & its attributes2 tru? & its ph5om5a1 etc4 ,h[ev]1 a "n is b a brea? & a s\nd2 und]/&+ & compreh5sion are :at we want 9 ! fir/ place4 ,,xii ,,m9d ,,& ,,matt]3 ,,:i* ,,is ,,prim>y1 ,,:i* ,,second>y8 ,x is ! m]it ( ! philosophical outcome to h deliv]$ ! process ( und]/&+ f its my/ic elem5ts4 ,s long z cause & effect are n recogniz$ z a =m ( ?\ght belong+ to ! same species ) _m o!r =ms ( ?\ght1 all ( :i* s]ve ! common purpose ( illum9at+ ! cosmic processes = ! human m9d by a symboliz$ picture compos$ ( v>i\s conceptions1 j s long w some?+ my/]i\s adh]e to ! category ( cause & effect4 ,philosophy is p>ticul>ly engag$ 9 illum9at+ ! und]/&+4 ,x has le>n$ en\gh ( its specialty to "k t x is a "p ( ! univ]se p]=m+ ! special function ( arrang+ ! _w ( ph5om5a & its small] circles accord+ to relations ( consangu9ity & *ronology4 ,su* an arrangem5t pres5ts a sci5tific picture ( ! _w4 ,! well-kn[n diagram ( conceptions us$ by logicians1 consi/+ ( a l>ge circle symboliz+ ! g5]al1 inside ( :i* small] circles cross+ & encircl+ "o ano!r repres5t ! specialties1 is a fitt+ aid 9 expla9+ ! me?od by :i* ! faculty ( und]/&+ arrives at its sci5tific results4 ,sci5ce 9 g5]al is ! sum ( all special k9ds ( k1 diff]+ f !m 9 no great] degree ?an ! human body f ! v>i\s organs ( :i* x is compos$4 ,a bodily organ c no m exi/ outside ( ! body ?an any p>ticul> k c exi/ outside ( ! g5]ality ( all sci5ces4 ,no metaphysics is possible "u ?is condition4 ,z surely z we "k t two m\nta9s _c be )\t a valley betwe5 !m1 j s surely d we "k t no?+ 9 heav51 on e>?1 or 9 any o!r place c lie outside ( ! g5]al circle ( ?+s4 ,outside ( ! worldly _w !re c be no o!r little _w4 ,a logically con/itut$ human m9d _c ?9k diff]5tly4 ,& x is likewise impossible to discov] su* an outside _w by ! help ( & )9 ! limits ( exp]i5ce1 because ?\ght is insep>able f exp]i5ce & !re c be no exp]i5ce )\t ?\ght4 ,a man :o has a head ^u 8 %\ld]s--& !re c be no man )\t a head--_c exp]i5ce any unworldly metaphysical _w4 ,! faculty ( exp]i5ce1 :i* includes ! faculty ( und]/&+ or p]ception1 is m]ely empirical4 ,our settl$ conviction ( ! unity ( ! univ]se is an inborn logic4 ,! unity ( ! _w is ! supreme & mo/ univ]sal category4 ,a clos] look at x at once reveals ! fact t x c>ries its opposite1 ! inf9ite multiplicity1 "u its he>t or 9 its womb4 ,! g5]al is pregnant ) specialties4 ,?is is a comp>ison1 & comp>isons limp4 ,a "m has o!r qualities beside t ( mo!rhood1 :ile ! univ]se1 or ! absolute g5]ality1 is no?+ b ! be>]1 ! cause1 ( all special & sep>ate ?+s4 ,x is pure mo!rhood :i* c no m be )\t *ildr5 ?an ! *ildr5 )\t a "m4 ,9 ?is way1 no cause c be )\t effects4 ,a cause )\t an effect--let u dismiss x4 ,! *ild is z mu* a cause 9 mo!rhood z x is its effect & product4 ,9 ! same way ! univ]se has nev] be51 & c\ld n be conceiv$1 )\t ! _m special *ildr5 :i* x c>ries 9 its womb4 ,if ?\ght wi%es to make = itself a picture1 a conception ( ! cause ( all causes1 x mu/ necess>ily take cognizance ( ! effects4 ,?\ght may v well sep>ate "o f ! o!r1 b _c ?9k correctly )\t ! consci\sness t its sep>at+ & di/+ui%+ is only a =mality4 ,imag9+1 conceiv+1 kn[+1 p]ceiv+1 are s _m =malities4#i ,b philosophy took its dep>ture f ! opposite1 ! wrong1 view4 ,x reg>d$ p]ceiv+1 und]/&+1 z ! ma9 ?+4 ,x did n use sci5ce z a =mality1 z some?+ second>y1 z some?+ s]v+ a nature1 a cause1 a purpose1 a high] reason1 b x />t$ ) ! illogical & irrelevant assumption t ! specialty ( m9d1 und]/&+1 conceiv+1 judg+1 di/+ui%+1 is ! prim>y1 supreme1 self-con/itut$ cause & purpose1 in/ead ( be+ an elem5t 9 logic4 ,ev5 9 ,hegel's logic1 :i*1 by ! way1 has giv5 u mu* light on ! process ( ?\ght1 ?is conf\nd+ ( ! orig9al ) ! copy is ! cause ( an almo/ imp5etrable my/icism4 ,n nature1 b sci5ce is to ^? ideali/ philosoph]s ! s\rce ( tru?4 ,! true idea surpass$ ev]y?+ ) !m4 ,?is idea is =c$ by ,hegel to roll ab\t1 & w9d1 & twi/ z if x 7 n a natural *ild1 b a metaphysical dragon4 ,b we _c d5y t 9 ^! twi/+s & w9d+s ( ! ,hegelian dragon ! condition ( ! m9d is expos$ 9 all its peculi>ities & nak$ness4 ,accord+ to ,hegel's !osophical op9ion ,i d n become aw>e ( my fri5d 9 mat]ial int]c\rse & bodily t\*4 ,hegel's m>k ( a true fri5d is n t he proves true 9 life1 b t he corresponds to 8 idea4 ,! idea ( true fri5d%ip is = ! ideali/ ! measure ( fri5dly tru?1 j z ,plato measures ! ideal or true condition ( /ates & cook+ pots ( ?is valley ( sorr[s by ! /&>d ( an idea ( ! /ate1 or an idea ( ! cook+ pot1 suppos$ to be d]iv$ f "s o!r _w4 ,x is surely a valuable gift ( nature t ! human m9d c =m its ideals4 ,b x is a gift t has also caus$ mu* tr\ble & :i* requires = its high] developm5t ! cle> und]/&+ t ideals are con/ruct$ out ( real mat]ials4 ,)\t ?is und]/&+ ! human race w nev] succe$ 9 mak+ a reasonable use ( its ideal faculty4 ,! beautiful ideal ( true fri5d%ip may /imulate u to emulation4 ,b ! k t x is no?+ b an ideal :i* 9 reality is always mix$ ) a little fals5ess s]ves z no mean antidote aga9/ s5tim5tal transc5d5talism4 ,& ! same holds true ( tru?1 lib]ty1 ju/ice1 equality1 bro!rhood1 etc4 ,! /riv+ aft] an ideal is v good1 b x does no h>m to be consci\s ( ! fact & cle>ly see t any ideal c nev] be realiz$ )\t "s admixture ( its opposite4 ,:at is x t ,less+ says8 ,if ,god 7 to (f] me ! se>* = tru? 9 8 left h&1 & tru? 9 8 "r1 ,i %\ld grasp 8 left h& & say3 ,fa!r1 keep tru?1 x is = y alone4 ,x has n be5 ! task ( philosophy to give u a true m9d picture ( ! _w4 ,?is x _c d1 ?is _c be done by any sci5tific specialty4 ,x may be done by ! totality ( sci5ces1 & ev5 by !m only approximately4 ,ev5 ) !m /riv+ is a high] tru? & ( high] value ?an kn[+4 ,i repeat1 !n3 ,x is n ! p>ticul> task ( philosophy to furni% a true picture ( ! _w1 b r to inve/igate ! me?od by :i* ! human m9d arrives at its _w pictures4 ,t is its "w1 & x is ! object ( ?is book to sket* its outl9e4 ,a sket* is 9 itself an inexact piece ( "w4 ,i may be blam$ = jumbl+ toge!r su* t]ms z _w1 cosmos1 univ]se1 nature1 or su* o!rs z ideas1 judgm5t1 conclusion1 ?\ght1 m9d1 intellect1 etc41 & = us+ !m z synonyms :5 _m ( !m h already be5 assign$ _! fix$ mean+ 9 ! classification ( sci5ce4 ,b ?is is ! po9t :i* ,i emphasize1 t ! me?od ( sci5ce1 ( ?\ght1 has ! tw(old nature ( mak+ fix$ t]ms & /ill rema9+ pliable4 ,sci5ce n only def9es :at ?is or t is1 b also h[ x moves1 h[ x orig9ates1 passes away1 & /ill rema9s2 h[ x is fix$ & yet at ! same "t mov+4 ,! real be+ ( :i* sci5ce treats1 viz41 ! univ]se1 is n alone pres5t1 b also pa/ & future1 & x is n alone ?is or t1 b x is ev]y?+4 ,ev5 no?+ is some?+ belong+ to ! aggregate life4 ,?is dialectic /atem5t is r incompreh5sible to ! unphilosophical bra94 ,no?+ & some?+ are conceptions s widely div]g+ f "o ano!r 9 ! unphilosophical m9d t !y seem f> m ap>t ?an heav5ly bliss is suppos$ to be sep>at$ f e>?ly mis]y1 accord+ to ! decl>ations ( cl]gym54 ,cl]gym5 are transc5d5tal logicians1 & x is likewise transc5d5tal to reg>d no?+ z an absolute no?+4 ,x _c be d5i$ t x is at lea/ a conception or a t]m4 ,!re=e1 :e!r little or mu*1 x is some?+4 ,we _c get out ( exi/5ce1 out ( ! univ]se1 any m ?an ,mu5*haus5 c pull himself out ( a swamp by 8 pigtail4 ,!re c be no absolute no?+1 because ! absolute is synonym\s ) ! univ]se1 & ev]y?+ else is relative4 ,s x is also ) no?+4 ,x simply has ! significance ( n be+ ! ma9 ?+4 ,to say3 ,?is is no?+ means x is n t :i* is ess5tial at ?is "t & place4 ,?is man is no?+ simply means t he is n a man out ( ! ord9>y1 & x does n at all signify t he is no?+ at all4 ,! category ( be+ & n be+1 l all categories1#aj :i* appe> z some?+ fix$ to ! s\nd b ill-in=m$ m9d1 is really some?+ %ift+4 ,its poles fuse & fl[ into "o ano!r1 its diff]5ces are n p]fectly radical4 ,^! categories give u an illu/ration ( ! mobile univ]se1 :i* is a unit compos$ ( its opposite1 multiplicity4 ,! positive outcome ( philosophy has = its climax ! und]/&+ t ! _w is multif>i\s1 & t ?is multiplicity is uni=m 9 possess+ ! univ]sal nature 9 common4 ,! sci5ces mu/ repres5t ^! objects 9 su* a contradictory way1 because all ?+s live 9 reality 9 ?is contradiction4 ,:at ! museum zoologi/s & ! h]b>ium botani/s h accompli%$ on ! field ( zoology & botany 9 ! category ( space1 has be5 accept$ by ! ,d>w9ians ) ! addition ( ! v>iety ( ^? subjects 9 ! category ( "t4 ,ei!r class ( sci5ti/s categorizes1 classifies1 sy/ematizes4 ,! *emi/s d ! same ) sub/ances & =ces1 & s does ,hegel ) 8 categories ( be+ & n be+1 quantity & quality1 sub/ance & attribute1 ?+ & quality1 cause & effect1 etc4 ,he makes all ?+s fl[ into "o ano!r1 rise1 pass1 move1 & he is "r 9 do+ s4 ,ev]y?+ moves & belongs toge!r4 ,b t :i* ,hegel miss$ & :i* is add$ by u consi/s 9 ! fur!r p]ception t ! fl[ & ! v>iability ( ! categories j quot$ is only an illu/ration ( ! necess>y v>iability & int]action ( all ?\ghts & conceptions1 :i* are1 & mu/ be1 no?+ b illu/rations & reflexes ( ! univ]sal life4 ,h[ev]1 ! ideali/ philosoph]s :o h all ( !m contribut$ mat]ially t[>d ?is ultimate special k1 are /ill m or less "u ! mi/ak5 impression t ! process ( ?9k+ is ! true process & ! true orig9al1 & t ! true orig9al1 nature or ! mat]ial univ]se1 is only a second>y ph5om5on4 ,we n[ insi/ on hav+ x und]/ood t ! cosmic int]action ( ph5om5a1 ! univ]sal liv+ _w1 is ! tru? & life4 ,is ! _w a concept8 ,is x an idea8 ,x may be conceiv$ & grasp$ by ! m9d1 b x does & is m ?an t4 ,x surpasses our und]/&+ 9 ! pa/1 ! pres5t1 & ! future4 ,x is inf9ite 9 quantity & quality4 ,h[ d we "k t8 ,we say 9 ! same brea? t we d n "k ev]y?+ :i* is pass+1 has pass$1 & w pass 9 ! _w2 we d n und]/& ! :ole1 & yet we claim to h fully und]/ood t ?is :ole univ]se is n a m]e idea1 b some?+ absolute1 some?+ m ?an a conception or an intuitive k1 some?+ real & true1 some?+ inf9ite4 ,h[ d we solve ?is contradiction8 ,! sci5ce ( ! limitation ( ! individual & ( ! collective human intellect is id5tical ) ! univ]sal concept2 9 o!r words1 x is innate 9 ! human intellect to "k t x is a limit$ "p ( ! absolute univ]se4 ,?is intellectual faculty ( ours is no less natural & aborig9al ?an ! faculty ( trees to become gre5 9 summ] & t ( ! spid]s to spread _! nets4 ,al?\gh ! intellect is a limit$ "p ( ! unlimit$ & aw>e ( ?is fact1 yet its faculty ( kn[+1 und]/&+1 judg+1 is a univ]sal "o4 ,no intellect is possible or conceivable :i* c d m ?an ! in/rum5t ( ?\ght giv5 by nature to ! human race4 ,we may inde$ conceive ( a m5tal giant4 ,b :5 we take a clos] look1 e "o w p]ceive t ?is m5tal giant _c get outside ( ! traditional race ( ?9k]s1 unless he is suppos$ to be ! creature ( imag9ation4 ,?9k+1 kn[+1 und]/&+1 are univ]sal4 ,i c p]ceive all ?+s 9 ab\t ! same way t ,i c see all cobble /ones4 ,i c see !m all1 b ,i _c see ev]y?+ t !y are compos$ (1 ,i _c see1 = in/ance1 t !y are heavy & pond]able4 ,9 ! same way all ?+s may be p]ceiv$1 b n ev]y?+ t belongs to !m4 ,!y d n dissolve 9 und]/&+1 9 o!r words1 und]/&+ is only a "p ( ! univ]se1 all ( :i* may be p]ceiv$1 b ! und]/&+ ( :i* is n ! :ole1 s9ce our intellect is b a "p ( ! univ]se4 ,ev]y?+ may be und]/ood1 b und]/&+ is n ev]y?+4 ,e pug-dog is a dog1 b e dog is n a pug-dog4 ,! conflict ( idealism & mat]ialism re/s on ?is same conflict betwe5 g5us & subord9ate species4 ,! ideali/ inc>nate cont5ds t all ?+s are ideas1 :ile we /rive to make him see t ideal ?+s & mat]ial ?+s are two species ( ! same g5us1 & t !y %\ld be giv5 a common family or g5]al "n beside _! special "n1 on acc\nt ( _! common nature & = ! purpose ( a s\nd logic4 ,:]ev] ?is und]/&+ has be5 acquir$1 ! qu>rel betwe5 ideali/s & mat]iali/s appe>s 9 ! light ( a m]e b&y+ ( words4 ,ev]y?+ is l>ge1 ev]y?+ is small1 ev]y?+ ext5d$ ?r\gh space & "t1 ev]y?+ cause & ev]y?+ effect1 ev]y?+ a :ole & a "p1 because ev]y?+ is ! ess5ce ( ev]y?+1 because ev]y?+ is conta9$ 9 ! all1 ev]y?+ relat$1 ev]y?+ connect$1 ev]y?+ int]dep5d5t4 ,! conception ( all z ! absolute1 ! cont5t ( :i* consi/s ( innum]able relativities1 ! concept ( ! all z ! univ]sal tru? :i* reflects _m ph5om5a1 t is ! basis ( ! sci5ce ( und]/&+4 ,,footnotes3 #i ,a ,by means ( :i* we picture & expla9 ! moni/ic int]relation ( all ?+s1 call$ univ]se1 nature & cosmos4--,,editor4 #aj ,t is1 l all categories t are subdivisions ( ! absolute be+1 ( g5]al exi/5ce1 p]ta9+ only to ! ph5om5a or specialties :i*1 h[ev]1 9 _! entirety con/itute ! absolute be+ or moni/ic nature4--,,editor4 ,,xiii ,,! ,,ext5t ,,to ,,:i* ,,! ,,d\bts ,,( ,,! ,,possibility ,,( ,,cle> ,,& ,,accurate ,,und]/&+ ,,h ,,be5 ,,ov]come ,a contemporane\s pr(essor ( philosophy1 ,kuno ,fis*]1 ( ,j5a1 says3 ,! problem ( mod]n philosophy is ! und]/&+ ( ?+s4 ,b ?is problem does n occupy mod]n philosophy alone2 x 0 also consid]$ by anci5t philosophy4 ,ev5 m1 x belongs to ! :ole _w4 ,all ! _w1 ,i mean ! :ole human _w1 & especially ! sci5ces1 se>* aft] und]/&+4 ,i d n say ?is = ! purpose ( sett+ ! ,pr(essor "r1 = ,i ackn[l$ge t he is a fairly des]v+ philosoph]4 ,if ,i c>$ to g ?r\gh 8 works1 ,i %\ld surely f9d o!r passages :i* /ate ! problem ( philosophy m accurately & concretely1 to ! effect t philosophy does n /rive m]ely = ! indef9ite und]/&+ ( ?+s1 b r = ! special und]/&+ ( t p>ticul> ?+ :i* be>s ! "n ( und]/&+4 ,philosophy at ! climax ( its developm5t seeks to und]/& und]/&+4 ,x has s]i\sly attempt$ ! solution ( ?is problem s long z m5 ?9k1 s f> z our hi/orical records g4 ,aft] t :i* we h already said ab\t ! beg9n+ & ! end ( ?+s & ab\t _! immortality1 x w be easily und]/ood t ! ?+ call$ und]/&+ has no m hi/orical beg9n+ ?an all ! re/4 ,! kn[n gr[s out ( ! unkn[n1 ! consci\s out ( ! unconsci\s4 ,our mod]n consci\sness1 ?\gh agreeably cultivat$1 is /ill an undevelop$1 unconsci\s consci\sness4 ,nev]!less1 developm5t has gone f> en\gh to make x pla9 t und]/&+ is anti-religi\s4 ,especially ! und]/&+ ( und]/&+1 ! outcome ( positive philosophy1 has a pron\nc$ anti-religi\s1 & to t ext5t de/ructive1 t5d5cy4 ,b "o %\ld n h an exagg]at$ idea ( ?is de/ruction4 ,"h1 "u ?is sun1 no?+ is de/roy$ )\t leav+ ! basis = ! gr[? ( new life f ! ru9s4 ,x belongs to ! conception ( ! univ]se to und]/& t x is ! ma9 conception requir$ = ! conception ( conception1 = ! und]/&+ ( und]/&+4 ,! hi/ory ( philosophy beg9s ) ! decay ( hea!n religion1 & ! hi/ory ( mod]n philosophy ) ! decay ( ,*ri/ian religion4 ,s9ce religion mu/ be pres]v$ = ! p accord+ to ! (ficial decl>ations ( ! rul]s1 ! (ficial pr(essors are n cle> & accurate exp\nd]s ( ! positive outcome ( philosophy4 ,no matt] h[ great ! "w ( ,sp9oza1 ,leibniz1 ,kant1 & ,hegel may be1 yet ! foll[]s ( ,kant & ,hegel h no fre$om ( rese>*1 & ,kuno ,fis*]1 al?\gh v close to ! root ( ! subject1 is nev]!less doom$ to rema9 9 ! my/ification ( ! function ( conceiv+ & ( und]/&+4 ,8 pr(ession cl\ds 8 judgm5t4 ,nature1 says ?is pr(essor1 is reg>d$ z ! fir/ object ( und]/&+1 z ! pr9ciple f :i* ev]y?+ else foll[s4 ,9 ?is respect mod]n philosophy is naturali/ic4 ,x is tak5 = grant$ t nature c be und]/ood1 or t ! possibility ( und]/&+ ?+s is giv54 ,mod]n philosophy makes ?is assumption dogmatically4444 ,! ,kantian philosophy1 on ! o!r h&1 assumes a critical1 n a dogmatic1 attitude t[>d ! possibility ( und]/&+4 7,sy/em ( ,logic & ,metaphysics1 by ,kuno ,fis*]1 second edition1 pages #ajd & #aji47 ,9 ?is latt]1 critical1 /age1 ! subject is kept r hot by ! pr(essors ( philosophy4 ,! critics are /ill engag$ 9 exclaim+3 ,be amaz$1 oh _w6 ,h[ is und]/&+ possible8 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !re is no?+ to be amaz$ at4 ,:y is n ! naturali/ic philosoph] consi/5t by recogniz+ 8 special object1 und]/&+1 z a natural object8 ,! supposition t an und]/&+ ( ?+s is possible1 is nei!r a supposition nor any?+ dogmatic4 ,! philosoph]s %\ld ab&on _! old hobby ( try+ to prove any?+ by syllogisms4 ,n[adays1 a case is n sub/antiat$ by words1 b by facts1 by de$s4 ,! sci5ces are suffici5tly equipp$1 & ?us ! possibility ( und]/&+ is demon/rat$ beyond a d\bt4 ,b1 say ! critics :o are s wise t !y he> ! grass gr[+1 are ^? p]ceptions :i* are produc$ by ! exact sci5ces really p]ceptions8 ,are !y n simply sub/itutes8 ,^? sci5ces recognize only ! ph5om5a ( ?+s2 b :]e is ! und]/&+ :i* p]ceives ! tru?8 ,we %all (f] x to !m4 ,y are naturali/s4 ,well1 !n1 nature is ! tru?4 ,or are y spirituali/s :o make a metaphysical di/9ction betwe5 ! tru? & ! ph5om5on8 ,to und]/& means to di/+ui% & judge4 ,! semblance mu/ be di/+ui%$ f ! tru?1 b n 9 an excessive mann]4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ev5 ! mo/ evil semblance is a natural ph5om5on1 & ! sublime/ tru? is only reveal$ by ph5om5a1 j because x is natural4 ,b ! old logic _c /& any contradictions4 ,semblance & tru? are contradictions = x & !y _c be reconcil$ by x4 ,b ! irreconcilable simply consi/s 9 ent]ta9+1 9 ?is moni/ic _w1 ?\ghts :i* are suppos$ to be totally diff]5t4 ,h5ce old /yle logic lacks entirely ! m$iat+ mann] ( ?\ght :i* does n elevate und]/&+ & its faculty ( ?\ght to ! skies1 b is satisfi$ to reg>d x z a v valuable1 b /ill natural1 quality4 ,! old logic c\ld n con/ruct any valid rules ( ?\ght1 because x ?\ght too transc5d5tally ( ?9k+ itself4 ,x 0 n satisfi$ t ?\ght is only a faculty1 a mode ( do+1 a "p ( true nature1 b ! nature ( tru? 0 spiritualiz$ by x into a transc5d5tal be+4 ,in/ead ( grasp+ ! conception ( _s ) blood & fle%1 x tries to dissolve blood & fle% into ideas4 ,t w\ld be well en\gh1 if su* a solution ( ! riddles 7 meant to h no o!r significance ?an t ( symbols4 ,! old logic conta9s long *apt]s ab\t ! pro(s ( tru?4 ,x is suppos$ to be id5tical ) ! idea & to be prov5 by ideas4 ,?is w\ld be all "r1 if we rema9$ consci\s ( ! second>y relation 9 :i* ! idea & und]/&+ /& to tru?4 ,b old l9e logic is n consci\s ( ?is relation4 ,on ! contr>y4 ,its consci\sness di/orts t relation4 ,x elevates ! m9d to ! fir/ place & relegates blood & fle% to ! la/4 ,! necessity ( a conception is prov5 by ! impossibility ( its opposite4 ,an idea is contradict$ by prov+ its impossibility4 ,?is impossibility is demon/rat$ :5 x c be prov5 t a ?+ is at ! same "t ,a & n-,a1 or :5 x c be %[n t a ?+ is nei!r ,a nor n-,a4 ,! fir/ mode ( pro( is call$ ant9omy1 ! second1 dilemma4 ,9 ?is repres5tation ( ! logical pro( mu* is said ( ! ?+1 = in/ance ?is3 ,a ?+ _c be at ! same "t /raight & crook$1 true & untrue1 light & d>k4 ,! excell5ce ( ?is doctr9e is easily app>5t1 because x is ov]look$ t ! concept ?+ is n a fix$1 b a v>iable "o4 ,if a /raight l9e is a ?+1 & a crook$ l9e ano!r ?+1 & if ^! two ?+s are held to be oppos$ to "o ano!r1 !n ! above logic is ! mo/ ju/ifi$ 9 ! _w4 ,b :o claims t !re are n _m /raight l9es :i* are crook$ at "o end1 :i* run /raight on = a c]ta9 di/ance & !n turn8 ,:o w def9e to u :at a l9e is8 ,a l9e may be compos$ ( #aj1 #bj1 #cj1 etc41 p>ts1 & ea* "p is a l9e4 ,be=e any?+ to ! po9t c be said ab\t ! logical laws1 x is necess>y to say above all h[ x /&s ) ! relation ( ! :ole to its p>ts1 ( ! univ]se to its subdivisions4 ,! old !ological "q ( ,god & 8 creatures1 ! old metaphysical "q ( ! unity & ! multiplicity1 ( tru? & its ph5om5a1 reason & consequ5ce1 etc41 9 "o ^w1 ! "q ( metaphysical categories mu/ be solv$ & settl$ be=e ! def9ition ( ! m9or factors ( und]/&+1 ! que/ions ( =mal logic1 c be attempt$4 ,:at is a ?+8 ,a cl]gyman w\ld answ]3 ,only ,god is some?+1 ev]y?+ else is no?+6 ,& we say3 ,only ! univ]se is some?+1 & ev]y?+ 9 x consi/s ( vacillat+1 *ang+1 prec>i\s1 v>icolor$1 fluid1 v>iable ph5om5a or relativities4 ,9 our times1 up to :i* ! !ologians h speculat$ s mu* & contribut$ s little to und]/&+1 "o c h>dly t\* on ! ,god concept )\t annoy+ ! read]4 ,yet x is v ess5tial = a ?or\gh und]/&+ ( ! human m9d to po9t out t ! ,god concept & ! univ]se concept are analog\s concepts4 ,n 9 va9 h ! fir/ m9ds ( mod]n philosophy1 su* z ,c>tesius1 ,sp9oza1 ,leibniz1 occupi$ !mselves s closely ) ! ,god concept4 ,!y inv5t$ ! socall$ ontological pro( ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god4 ,?is pro( if appli$ to ! univ]se1 te/ifies to its div9ity4 ,a metaphysical cl\d pu%] z well z ! physical cosmos are fundam5tally concepts ( ! mo/ p]fect be+4 ,x makes little diff]5ce :e!r we say t ! concept ( ! univ]se1 or ( ! cosmos1 or ( ! mo/ p]fect be+ is innate 9 man4 ,if ?is concept 7 n exi/+1 x w\ld lack ! ma9 ?+ requir$ = its p]fection4 ,h5ce ! mo/ p]fect be+ mu/ exi/4 ,& x does4 ,x is ! univ]se1 & ev]y?+ belongs to its exi/5ce4 ,no?+ is exclud$ f x1 lea/ ( all und]/&+4 ,! latt] is1 !re=e1 n only possible1 b a fact1 :i* is prov5 by ! v concept ( ! mo/ p]fect be+4 ,?is ought to be suffici5t to help u ov] ! d\bts ( ! critics1 especially ov] ,kantian criticism1 or r dualism4 ,kant did n c>e to accept ! dogma ( ! possibility ( und]/&+ )\t exam9ation2 he wi%$ to inve/igate fir/4 ,he !n discov]$ t we may und]/& correctly1 provid$ we rema9 ) our und]/&+ on ! field ( common exp]i5ce2 9 o!r words1 9 ! physical univ]se1 & refra9 f digress+ into ! metaphysical heav54 ,b he did n und]/& t ! metaphysical heav5 aga9/ :i* he w>ns u w\ld be an obsolete /&po9t 9 our days4 ,he /ill p]mits t transc5d5tal possibility to rema9 & :ile he w>ns u n to /ray into x ) our und]/&+ he omits to tell u to also keep away f x ) our intuition4 ,kant /ruggles ab\t betwe5 ! ?+ z ph5om5on & ! ?+ itself4 ,! =m] is mat]ial & may be und]/ood1 ! latt] is sup]natural & may be believ$ or div9$4 ,) ?is doctr9e1 he aga9 made und]/&+1 ! object ( mod]n philosophy1 problematical1 ?us invit+ u to inve/igate fur!r4 ,?is we h done1 & x is n[ ! positive outcome ( philosophy to "k cle>ly & def9itely & und]/& t und]/&+ is n only a "p ( ?is _w ( ph5om5a1 b a true "p ( ! g5]al tru?1 beside :i* !re is no o!r tru?1 & :i* is ! mo/ p]fect be+4 ,philosophy took its dep>ture f confus$ wrangl+ ab\t t :i* is & t :i* is n1 especially f ! religi\s disappo9tm5ts met by ! ,greek nation :5 its _w ( deities dissolv$ into phantasms4 ,humanity dem&s a positive1 /rong1 unequivocal1 reliable und]/&+4 ,n[1 9 ?is _w ( ours1 ! solid is s mix$ ) ! fluid1 ! imp]i%able ) ! p]i%able1 t a total sep>ation is impossible4 ,nev]!less our intellect cat*es itself cont9ually mak+ sep>ations & di/9ctions4 ,%\ld n t appe> my/]i\s to x8 ,! necess>y & natural result 0 ! problem ( ! !ory ( und]/&+1 ! special "q ( philosophy3 ,:i* is ! way to an indubitably cle> & positive und]/&+8 ,! summit ( ,grecian philosophy be>s ! "n ( ,ari/otle4 ,he 0 a practical man :o did n l to /ray into ! di/ance :5 he c\ld f9d good ?+s ne> by1 & he did n conc]n himself ab\t ! desc5t ( und]/&+4 ,its platonic orig9 f an ideal _w w5t in/9ctively aga9/ 8 gra94 ,he1 !re=e1 took hold ( ! "q at ! ne>e/ end & analyz$ ! positive k available at t "t4 ,b s9ce ,grecian sci5ce & ! k ( ,ari/otlean times 7 r slim1 8 attempt to demon/rate logic did n produce any decisive results4 ,b x _h be5 discov]$ t x 0 possible to make positive d$uctions f fix$ premises4 ,ari/otle clung to ?is4 ,he %[$ cle>ly & def9itely1 excell5tly & sub/antially1 h[ logical d$uctions %\ld be made 9 ord] to arrive at positive und]/&+4 ,all dogs are wat*ful4 ,my pug-dog is a dog1 !re=e x is wat*ful4 ,:at c be m evid5t8 ,:y1 !n1 speculate ab\t ,god1 fre$om1 & immortality1 :5 indubitable k may be obta9$ by ! =mal me?od ( exact d$uctions8 ,b ,ari/otle _h ov]look$ some?+1 or1 be+ a practical man1 p]haps ov]look$ x int5tionally4 ,! premise f :i* he d$uct$ ! wat*fulness ( dogs 9 g5]al1 0 h&$ d[n by tradition & _h be5 accept$ on fai?4 ,b 0 x f\nd$ on fact8 ,c\ld !re n be "s dogs :o lack$ ! quality ( wat*fulness1 & might n our pug-dog be v unreliable1 9 spite ( all exact d$uctions8 ,9 ! case ( ! pug-dog ?is w\ld n be ( v great mom5t4 ,b :at ab\t ! "q ( ! beg9n+ & end ( ! _w1 or ! "q ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god8 ,! ,grecian gods _h be5 outgr[n by ,ari/otle4 ,! hi/ory ( logic1 & ( philosophy 9 g5]al1 is int]rupt$ by ,*ri/ianity & by ! decl9e ( ! antique _w1 until ! re=mation op5s a new era4 ,! ,ca?olic *ur* _h1 9 its own way1 ?or\ghly settl$ ! great que/ions ( ! true nature ( ?+s1 ( beg9n+ & end1 reason & consequ5ce4 ,b :5 x1 & ) x ,*ri/ianity1 began to dis9tegrate1 disbelief once m pos$ 9 ! bra9s ( ! philosoph]s ! old "q3 ,h[ d we obta9 reliable & true und]/&+8 ,reliability & tru? 7 at t "t /ill id5tical4 ,bacon & ,desc>tes are ! m5 :o />t$ ! inve/igation4 ,bo? ( !m 7 disgu/$ ) ,ari/otle & ) 8 =mal logic1 p>ticul>ly ) ! subtleties ( s*ola/icism4 ,x did n satisfy ?is new epo* to f\nd positive und]/&+ on traditional cont5tions & exact d$uctions !refrom4 ,x is a radical epo* &1 !re=e1 epo*-mak+4 ,! new philosoph]s h ! aim ( unequivocal und]/&+ 9 common ) ! anci5t philosoph]s4 ,bacon /ill connects himself ) ! /ock 9 trade ( ! pa/4 ,8 hi/orian says ( him t "o %\ld n reit]ate t ,bacon took 8 dep>ture f exp]i5ce1 = ?is means no?+ or no?+ m ?an t ,columbus 0 a m>9] :ile ! ma9 ?+ is t he discov]$ ,am]ica4444 ,he want$ to f9d a new logic correspond+ to ! new life4444 ,! inv5tive human m9d has creat$ ! new "t1 ! compass1 ! p[d]1 ! art ( typography4444 ,he want$ a new logic :i* correspond$ to ! _s ( inv5tion4 ,he1 ! philosoph] ( inv5tion1 0 ,"l ,*ancellor ( ,engl&1 0 a man ( ! _w4 ,n only himself1 b also 8 sci5ce1 0 too ambiti\s1 too full ( en]gy1 too _w-embrac+1 = him to bury himself 9 solitude4 ,t is a glory = a philosoph]1 b at ! same "t an ob/acle = 8 special task1 = ! new logic4 ,he recogniz$ ! import ( 8 task only 9 its g5]al outl9es4 ,b 8 contempor>y & successor ,desc>tes approa*$ ! matt] m radically & po9t$ly4 ,al?\gh 9 rec5t times ! human m9d _h demon/rat$ its positive faculty ( und]/&+ 9 natural sci5ces1 especially by inv5tions1 /ill x 0 prejudic$ by religi\s improbabilities 9 its great premises deal+ ) ! ess5ce ( ?+s & m51 ) ! good1 true1 & beautiful1 z ! anci5ts call$ x4 ,9 ord] to end 8 d\bts1 ,desc>tes elevates radical d\bt to ! position ( a pr9ciple & ( a />t+ po9t = all und]/&+4 ,!n he _c d\bt t he is at lea/ se>*+ = tru?4 ,he :o does n believe 9 any und]/&+1 any sci5ce1 any inv5tions1 _c d\bt at all ev5ts t ! impulse = und]/&+ is !re4 ,x1 at lea/1 is und5iable4 ,cogito1 ergo sum--,i ?9k1 !re=e ,i am--t is a premise :i* _c be %ak54 ,! re/1 ?9ks ,desc>tes1 may be d$uct$ by ,ari/otlean me?ods4 ,) ?is ?\ght1 ! philosoph] ( mod]n times relaps$ into ! old error t any?+ positively true c\ld be asc]ta9$ ) logical =mulas4 ,8 consci\sness ( ! ?\ghts /irr+ 9 8 bra91 ,i might say 8 fle% & blood1 conv9c$ him by matt]-(-fact evid5ce ( ! reality ( _! exi/5ce4 ,?is fact _h hi!rto be5 misund]/ood4 ,x is claim$ t ,desc>tes c\ld conv9ce himself only ( ! exi/5ce ( 8 s\l1 ( 8 ?\ght1 by evid5ce4 ,no1 my feel+1 my sight1 my he>+1 etc41 are j z evid5t to me z my ?9k+1 & simultane\sly ) sight & he>+ t :i* is he>d & se54 ,! sep>ation ( subject & object c & mu/ be m]ely a =mality4 ,! ,desc>tian !sis has be5 di/ort$ into ! /atem5t t no?+ is evid5t to man b 8 own subjective conception4 ,& ! ideology has be5 c>ri$ to ! extreme ( call+ ! :ole _w an idea1 a phantasmagoria4 ,true1 ,desc>tes ne$$ ,god 9 ord] to be sure t 8 conceptions did n *eat him4 ,9 ord] to prove t we no long] ne$ su* extravagant means 9 our times1 ,i %all devote ano!r *apt] to ?is subject4 ,,xiv ,,cont9uation ,,( ,,! ,,discussion ,,on ,,! ,,diff]5ce ,,betwe5 ,,d\btful ,,& ,,evid5t ,,und]/&+ ,let u divide ! hi/ory ( civilization into two p]iods4 ,9 ! fir/1 ! less civiliz$ p]iod1 ! d\btful p]ceptions pr$om9ate1 9 ! second p]iod ! evid5t ones4 ,our special inve/igation ( ! correct way ( evid5t und]/&+ began 9 ! fir/ p]iod 9 :i* ! d\btful p]ceptions1 commonly call$ errors1 pr$om9at$4 ,9 ?is p]iod1 ! gods rule 9 heav5 & imag9ation on e>?4 ,to get rid ( errors meant orig9ally to lose gods & heav54 ,! ideal _w 0 ! cause ( metaphysics4 ,metaphysics :i* drew ! inve/igation ( ! sup]natural into ! circle ( its activity1 did s = ! purpose ( enlight5+ ! human m9d4 ,?us its problem 0 f ! outset ( a tw(old nature4 ,x desires to ?r[ light on ! natural process ( ?\ght1 :i* 0 tempor>ily unbalanc$ by a b5t = ! sup]natural1 & = ?is reason x fir/ loses itself 9 ! cl\ds4 ,:ile human reason has n[ become sob]]1 ! mean+ ( ! t]m metaphysics has also be5 sob]$ d[n4 ,our contemporane\s metaphysicians speak no long] ( su* transc5d5tal ?+s z ! anci5ts did4 ,pres5t day metaphysics occupies itself ) su* ab/ract ideas z ! ?+ & no?+1 be+ & com+ into be+1 matt] & =ce1 tru? & error4 ,p>ticul>ly ! inve/igation ( d\btful1 errone\s1 & evid5t or true und]/&+1 :i* we "h discuss1 is a "p ( metaphysics4 ,! t]m metaphysics1 !n1 has a d\ble mean+1 "o ( !m transc5d5tal & extravagant1 ! o!r natural & )9 sob] limits4 ,our sob] task ( demon/rat+ ! positive outcome ( philosophy t acquir$ sob] me?ods 9 deal+ ) und]/&+ also compels u to face transc5d5tal metaphysics1 :i* sob]s d[n 9 ! c\rse ( "t & develops into its opposite1 into pure1 b>e1 nak$ physics4 ,! div9e has become human1 ! transc5d5tal sob]1 & s und]/&+ gr[s ev] m unequivocal & evid5t 9 ! progress ( hi/ory4 ,9 ord] to become cle> on ! problem ( und]/&+1 we mu/ cease to turn our eyes to any "o individual op9ion1 ?\ght1 k1 or p]ception4 ,we mu/ r consid] ! process ( und]/&+ 9 its entirety4 ,we !n notice ! developm5t f d\bt to evid5ce1 f errors to true und]/&+4 ,at ! same "t we become aw>e h[ unwise x 0 to ent]ta9 su* an exagg]at$ idea ( ! contra/ betwe5 tru? & error4 ,:oev] se>*es = true & evid5t und]/&+ w n f9d x 9 ,j]usalem1 nor 9 ,j]i*o1 nor 9 ! _s2 n 9 any s+le ?+1 b 9 ! univ]se4 ,!re ! kn[n em]ges f ! unkn[n s gradually t no beg9n+ c be trac$4 ,und]/&+ comes into be+ & gr[s1 is p>tly errone\s & p>tly accurate1 becomes m & m evid5t4 ,b !re is nev] an absolutely true und]/&+ any m ?an !re c be an absolutely faulty "o4 ,only ! univ]se1 b n any s+le ?+1 is absolute1 imp]i%able1 & impregnable4 ,9 ord] to accurately def9e und]/&+1 we mu/ sep>ate x f misund]/&+1 b n too f>1 n excessively1 o!rwise ! ?+ becomes extravagant4 ,! limit$ =mal logic tea*es1 inde$1 t ! same ?+ _c be affirm$ & d5i$ at ! same "t1 affirmation & d5ial be+ contradictions4 ,b su* a logic is v n>r[4 ,h]bs are n we$s4 ,we$s are ! negation ( h]bs1 & /ill we$s are h]bs4 ,an errone\s und]/&+ is a negation ( a true und]/&+1 error is n tru?1 & /ill x exi/s 9 tru?4 ,!re is no absolute error any m ?an p]ceptions are ! tru? itself4 ,all p]ceptions are & rema9 no?+ b symbols or reflections ( tru?4 ,we d n wi% to conf\nd error ) tru? & make a /ew ( !m1 b r und]/& !m bo?4 ,! mix+ is done by ! man :o opposes !m z irreconcilable contradictions4 ,let u fir/ note ! mi/ake committ$ 9 s do+4 ,by s oppos+ error & tru? some?+ is done :i* is n int5d$1 n kn[n4 ,! int5tion is to confront ! errone\s und]/&+ ) tru?4 ,= ?is purpose1 error is assum$ to be ! same z errone\s und]/&+1 :i* may be admitt$2 b true und]/&+ & tru? are two diff]5t ?+s & mu/ be kept sep>ate1 if we wi% to arrive at cle> & unmi/akable results4 ,if we =mulate ! "q 9 ?is way3 ,h[ d errone\s & true und]/&+ diff]1 we are ne>] to ! desir$ cl>ity by two sol> di/ances4 ,we !n f9d t error & und]/&+ d n exclude "o ano!r1 b are two species ( ! same g5us1 two individuals ( ! same family4 ,two times two is n alone f\r2 ?is is only a "p ( ! tru?2 x is also f\r times "o1 or eight times "o-half1 or "o plus ?ree1 or sixte5 times "o-qu>t]1 etc4 ,! man :o fir/ obs]v$ t ! sun circl$ ar\nd ! e>? once a day1 committ$ a mi/ake1 yet he made a true p]ception4 ,! app>5t circulation ( ! sun 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs ar\nd ! e>? is a sub/antial "p ( ! und]/&+ :i* illum9es ! relation ( ! motion ( ! sun & ( ! e>?4 ,no tru? is m]ely simple1 b x is at ! same "t compos$ ( an inf9ite numb] ( p>tial tru?s4 ,! semblance mu/ n be contradictorily sep>at$ f tru?1 9 an extravagant s5se1 b is "p ( tru?1 j z all errors contribute t[>d true und]/&+4 ,9 s f> z all p]ceptions are limit$1 !y are errors1 p>tial tru?s4 ,true und]/&+ requires above all ! back+ ( ! consci\s recognition t x is a limit$ "p ( ! unlimit$ univ]se4 ,! cosmic relation ( ! :ole to its p>ts1 ( ! g5]al to ! special1 mu/ be consid]$ 9 ord] to get a cle> conception ( ! nature ( ! human und]/&+4 ,und]/&+ or k1 ?9k+1 p]ceiv+1 reason+1 mu/1 = ! purpose ( inve/igation1 n be excessively sep>at$ f o!r ph5om5a4 ,9 a way1 e object :i* is *os5 = special /udy is isolat$4 ,9 say+1 9 a way1 ,i mean t ! sep>ation ( ! objects ( /udy f o!r _w objects mu/ be consci\sly mod]ate1 n exagg]at$4 ,! sep>ation ( ! intellect f o!r objects or subjects :5 inve/igat+ !m1 mu/ be accompani$ by ! recognition t su* a sep>ation is n excessive1 b only =mal4 ,9 sep>at+ a bo>d1 = ! purpose ( /udy+ its condition1 f o!r bo>ds or ?+s & f9d+ t x is black1 ,i mu/ /ill rememb] t ?is bo>d is black only on acc\nt ( its int]dep5d5ce ) ! :ole _w process2 t ! blackness :i* x possesses is n ( its own mak+1 b t light1 & eyes1 & ! :ole cosmic connection belong to x4 ,9 ?is way e special p]ception becomes a proportionate "p 9 ! *a9 ( univ]sal p]ceptions1 & ?is aga9 a proportionate "p ( ! univ]sal life4 ,t ?is evid5t univ]sal life is n a m]e semblance1 n a gho/1 n a baseless imag9ation1 b ! tru?1 is made evid5t to ! ?9k+ man by 8 consci\sness1 reason1 common s5se4 ,true1 he has be5 deceiv$ by !m1 sometimes4 ,b x requires no logic1 no syllogi/ic pro(1 to "k t !y are tell+ ! tru? 9 ?is respect4 ,x is nev]!less important to give ?is pro(1 because by x ! peculi> nature ( our intellect is reveal$1 ( ! object ! /udy ( :i* is ! special conc]n ( philosophy4 ,?is pro(1 t ! univ]se is ! univ]sal tru?1 0 fir/ attempt$ by philosophy 9 an indirect way1 by ca/+ ab\t 9 va9 = a metaphysical tru?4 ,! philosoph] ,kant 0 no d\bt ! ?9k] :o conf9$ ! use ( und]/&+ mo/ /rictly to ! doma9 ( exp]i5ce4 ,n[1 if we recognize t ?is field is univ]sal1 we become aw>e t ! assum$ ,kantian limitation is n a limitation at all4 ,! human m9d is a univ]sal in/rum5t1 ! special productions ( :i* all belong to g5]al tru?4 ,?\gh we make a di/9ction betwe5 ! d\btful & ! positive1 ! outcome ( philosophy tea*es u t x mu/ be no excessive di/9ction1 b mu/ be back$ up by ! consci\sness t all evid5ce is compos$ ( probabilities1 ( ph5om5a ( tru?1 ( p>ts ( tru?4 ,! ?9k+ und]/&+--?is is ! result ( philosophy--is no m evid5t ?an any?+ else & d]ives its exi/5ce n f itself1 b f ! univ]sal life4 ,?is univ]sal life f :i* ?\ght d]ives its p]ceptions1 f :i* und]/&+ d]ives its enlight5m5t1 does n only exi/ z a g5]al ?+1 b also 9 ! =m ( inf9itely v>i$ individualities4 ,& g5]alization1 ! relation ( ?+s1 _! numb] & ext5sion1 are no m1 & no less1 inf9ite ?an individualization & specialization4 ,e tree 9 ! =e/1 e gra9 ( a pile ( s&1 are individual1 sep>ate1 di/9ct4 ,e p>ticle ( e gra9 ( s& is di/9ctly individual4 ,& ! inf9ite individualization ( nature goes s f> t1 j z ! human individual is diff]5t e day1 e h\r1 e mom5t1 s is ! individual gra9 ( s&1 ev5 ?\gh its trans=mations 7 n to become noticeable until aft] ?\s&s ( ye>s1 by accumulat$ *anges4 ,by classify+ ?is contradictory1 inf9itely g5]al & inf9itely individual nature 9 gr\ps accord+ to "t & space1 9 classes1 g5]a1 families1 species1 ord]s1 & o!r subdivisions1 we are disc]n+ & und]/&+4 ,9 ! univ]se1 e gr\p is an individual & e individual is a gr\p4 ,! uni=mity ( nature is n great] ?an its v>iety4 ,bo? ( !m are inf9ite4 ,we di/+ui% betwe5 "t & space4 ,e mom5t is compos$ ( little mom5ts4 ,! smalle/ division ( "t _c be d5om9at$ any m ?an ! l>ge/1 j because !re is no smalle/ & no l>ge/ 9 ! univ]se1 nei!r 9 "t nor 9 space4 ,atoms are gr\ps4 ,z smalle/ p>ts !y exi/ only 9 our ?\ghts & ?us give excell5t s]vice 9 *emi/ry4 ,! consci\sness t !y are n tangible1 b only m5tal ?+s1 does n detract f _! usefulness1 b height5s x /ill m4 ,x is ! nature ( human intellig5ce to divide1 classify1 gr\p4 ,we divide ! _w into f\r c>d9al po9ts2 we also divide x into two k+doms1 ! k+dom ( ! m9d & ! k+dom ( nature2 ! latt] we aga9 subdivide into ! organic & ! inorganic1 or p]haps into ! m9]al1 vegetable1 & animal k+doms4 ,9 %ort1 sci5ce seeks to illum9e ! univ]se by division4 ,! "q !n arises3 ,:i* is ! g5u9e & true division8 ,:]e does ! v>iety ( sci5ce1 its undecid$ vacillation end1 & :5 does und]/&+ become /able8 ,! read] %\ld rememb] t ! ?+s1 ! objects ( und]/&+1 are n fix$1 b also v>iable objects1 & t ! :ole univ]se is mov+1 progress+2 t especially ! human m9d becomes m & m afflu5t f c5tury to c5tury1 f ye> to ye>1 & t = ?is reason sci5ce is n alone compell$ to fix ?+s1 b also to rema9 9 fl[4 ,! fix$ & ! fluid are n s widely sep>at$ 9 sci5ce any m1 t ! evid5ce c\ld n be evid5t & yet at ! same "t a little d\btful4 ,man & 8 und]/&+ are progressive1 & = ?is reason he mu/ progress by exp]i5ce 9 8 classifications1 conceptions1 & sci5ces4 ,! fix$1 impregnable1 socall$ apodictical facts are no?+ b tautologies1 if se5 at close range4 ,aft] x has become common usage to call only heavy & tangible ?+s bodies1 x is an apodictical fact t all bodies are heavy & tangible4 ,if ! conceptions ( vapor1 wat] & ice are re/rict$ by common usage & by sci5ce to ! ?ree /ages ( aggregation ( ! same sub/ance1 !n we ne$ n wond] at our firm assurance t ! wat] w always rema9 fluid 9 all "t to come1 also above ! />s4 ,?is signifies no?+ m ?an t we conceive ( ! ?+s z solid :i* we call solid1 & ( ^? z fluid :i* we call fluid1 b x does n *ange ! fact t our faculty ( und]/&+ or p]ceiv+ gives u only an approximate picture ( natural processes1 9 :i* ! solid & ! fluid are nei!r :olly oppos$ nor diff]5t1 b :]e ! positive & ! negative gradually fl[ into "o ano!r4 ,! philosoph]s produc$ a v good conception ( und]/&+ by develop+ ! concept ( tru? /ep by /ep & f9ally com+ to q exact results4 ,b ?is q exact mu/ only be accept$ 9 a reasonable s5se1 n 9 an extravagant "o4 ,tru? z ! inf9ite1 z ! sum total ( all ?+s & qualities1 is 9 itself q "r1 b x _c be accurately reproduc$1 n ev5 by means ( ! m9d1 ( reason1 or und]/&+4 ,! means is small] ?an ! purpose1 is subord9ate to purpose4 ,s is our faculty ( und]/&+ only a subord9ate s]vant ( tru?1 ( ! univ]se4 ,! latt] is absolutely evid5t1 true1 indubitable1 & positive4 ,x does n vitiate ! sublimity ( ?is _w 9 ! lea/ t x is veil$ by appe>ances1 by error1 by untru?4 ,on ! contr>y4 ,)\t s9 !re is no virtue1 & )\t error !re is no und]/&+1 no tru?4 ,! negative1 ! weakness1 ! s9 & error1 are ov]come1 & !reby tru? %9es 9 full spl5dor4 ,! univ]se1 ! g5]al tru?1 is a progressive ?+4 ,x is absolute1 b n at any fix$ "t or place1 b only 9 ! comb9$ unity ( all "t & space4 ,x is sometimes said t ?is is too mu* = our intellect1 t we _c und]/& ?is4 ,x is true t we _c squeeze ?is into any ( our categories1 ( our fundam5tal conceptions1 unless we place ! category ( illimit$ & indet]m9able & inf9ite tru? at ! beg9n+ ( !m4 ,if t is n q cle> & pla91 x %\ld s]ve to tea* u t ! category ( cle> & pla9 human und]/&+ is de/9$ to recognize its function z a subord9ate factor ( nature4 ,su* an und]/&+ ( und]/&+1 su* a high] consci\sness /&+ ev] beh9d u1 promotes a meek pride or a pr\d meekness :i* is well di/+ui%$ f ! m5tal pov]ty ( !ologians1 f ! transc5d5tal di/9ction betwe5 ,god & ! _w1 betwe5 creator & creature4 ,to u ! p]i%able s\l is n a n>r[-m9d$ s]vant = :om ! plans ( ! imp]i%able mon/] s\l are incompreh5sible4 ,a philosophically educat$ & self-und]/&+ m9d is a "p ( absolute nature4 ,?is m9d is n only a limit$ human m9d1 b ! m9d ( ! inf9ite et]nal1 omnipot5t univ]se f :i* x d]iv$ ! faculty ( kn[+ ev]y?+ kn[able4 ,b :5 ?is m9d dem&s ! ability to absolutely "k ev]y?+1 x dem&s t k %\ld be ev]y?+1 x becomes transc5d5tal & insol5t1 x misconceives ! relation ( sci5ce to inf9ity4 ,! latt] is m ?an sci5ce1 x is ! object ( sci5ce4 ,,xv ,,conclusion ,! philosoph] ,h]b>t decl>es3 ,if ! mean+ ( a ^w 7 det]m9$ by ! use to :i* x is put by ?is or t p]son1 !n ! t]m metaphysics w\ld be ambigu\s & sc>cely compreh5sible4 ,if "o wi%es to "k :at mean+ ( ?is t]m has be5 h&$ d[n to u by tradition1 he %\ld read ! anci5t metaphysicians & _! foll[]s1 f ,ari/otle to ,wolff & 8 s*ool4 ,x w !n be f\nd t ! concepts ( be+1 ( its quality1 ( cause & effect1 ( space & "t1 h be5 ! objects ( ?is sci5ce ev]y:]e 444 t x has be5 attempt$ to analyze !m logically & t ?is has l$ to all sorts ( disputes4 ,^! disputes 444 det]m9$ ! concept ( metaphysics4 ,su* a decl>ation is "r en\gh to furni%1 by ! help ( a little criticism on our "p1 a sket* ( ! positive outcome ( philosophy4 ,metaphysics has always be5 ! pr9cipal "p ( philosophy4 ,9 ! fir/ s5t5ce ( 8 ,h&book = ! ,elem5ts ( ,philosophy1 ,h]b>t def9es philosophy z ! analysis ( ideas4 ,accord+ to ?is1 metaphysics w\ld h to analyze ! special ideas ( be+1 etc4 ,n[ x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! idea ( be+ is n s mu* a special concept z ! g5]al idea :i* comprises all ideas & all ?+s4 ,ev]y?+ belongs to be+1 & to und]/& t is too mu* = metaphysics4 ,h5ce x came into difficulties4 ,n[ our au?ority has j expla9$ to u t ! concept ( metaphysics 0 n s mu* det]m9$ by ! "w x accompli%$ z by disputes4 ,x did n "w1 b only made ! logical attempt to analyze ! concept ( be+4 ,9 s do+ x l$ to disputes & did n di/+ui% itself v mu* z a sci5ce4 ,! latt]1 ,kant has told u 9 8 preface to 8 ,critique ( ,pure ,reason1 is recogniz$ by its agreem5ts1 n by its disputes4 ,! metaphysical disputes 7 ov]come by philosophic sci5ce1 :i* is ! /udy ( ideas or und]/&+1 by arriv+ at a cle> & pla9 !ory ( und]/&+1 ! demon/ration ( :i* ,i h "h attempt$4 ,! faculty ( und]/&+ _h be5 transmitt$ to u by our sup]/iti\s ance/ors z a ?+ ( ano!r _w4 ,b ! illusion ( ano!r _w is a metaphysical "o & l$ to disputes ab\t ! idea ( be+4 ,! positive outcome ( philosophy assures u & demon/rates t !re is only "o _w1 t ?is _w is ! ess5ce ( all be+1 t !re are _m modes ( be+1 b t !y all belong to ! same common nature4 ,?us philosophy has unifi$ ! concept ( be+ & ov]come metaphysics & its disputes4 ,univ]sal be+ has only "o quality1 ! natural "o ( g5]al exi/5ce4 ,at ! same "t ?is quality is ! ess5ce ( all special qualities4 ,j z ! concept ( h]bs includes all h]bs1 ev5 we$s1 s ! concept ( be+ comprises n only t :i* is1 b also t :i* is n1 :i* 0 once ^u a "t & :i* w be 9 ! future4 ,to free ! concept ( be+ f its metaphysical disputes1 is a v difficult ?+ = ^? :o attribute an extravagant mean+ to ! fir/ pr9ciple ( logic :i* says3 ,any subject c h only "o ( two radically diff]5t pr$icates1 because x _c be at ! same "t ,a & n-,a4 ,all previ\s sci5ce ( und]/&+ has really revolv$ ar\nd ?is /atem5t4 ,x is bas$ on some?+ plausible1 b /ill m on misund]/&+4 ,only :5 we h become aw>e ( :at has f9ally be5 ! outcome ( ! sci5ce ( und]/&+1 only :5 ?is /atem5t is back$ up by ! positive product ( philosophy1 does ?is /ubbornly ma9ta9$ & mu* conte/$ /atem5t receive a la/+ value by its j modification4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 a subject is n a fix$1 b a v>iable concept4 ,9 ! la/ analysis1 z we h suffici5tly expla9$ 9 ?is "w1 !re is only "o sole univ]sal subject :i* is n[h]e radically diff]5t4 ,! fir/ pr9ciple ( ! old & tri$ ,ari/otlean logic tells u t a man1 a subject1 :o is lame _c move ab\t ) alacrity4 ,b ,i h a fri5d :o 0 totally lame & :o today jumps ab\t briskly2 !re is no contradiction 9 ?is4 ,b if ,i tell ano!r man ab\t my lame fri5d & 9 ! c\rse ( my /ory h ?is lame subject all ( a sudd5 jump+ ov] *airs & tables1 !n su* a ?+ is inconceivable & ,i contradict myself4 ,su* a contradiction is a violation ( all logic1 b n because agility & lam5ess are totally diff]5t pr$icates :i* _c be attribut$ to ! same subject1 nor because ! contradiction _c exi/4 ,be+ is full ( contradictions1 b !y are n simultane\s or )\t m$iation4 ,a logical spee* or /ory mu/ n =get to m$iate4 ,by m$iation1 all contradictions are solv$4 ,& ?is is ! outcome ( philosophy4 ,9 discordant metaphysics1 be+ & n be+ are irreconcilable & mutually exclusive contradictions4 ,metaphysics is 9 d\bt :e!r ?is common exi/5ce is real or only app>5t1 or :e!r !re is n some:]e 9 a heav5 above ! cl\ds an entirely diff]5t life4 ,b philosophy is n[ fully aw>e t ev5 ! mo/ fictiti\s be+ is s positively real t any negation :i* appe>ances may attribute to x is outclass$ by affirmation to ! utt] discomfiture ( ! =m]4 ,be+ & its affirmation is absolute1 negation & n be+ are only relative4 ,be+ is ev]y:]e & always dom9ant1 s t !re is no non-exi/5ce4 ,?\gh we may say t ?is or t is no?+1 yet we mu/ rema9 consci\s t any?+ we may call no?+ is /ill some?+ v positive4 ,!re _c be any ignorance :i* does n at lea/ "k a little4 ,!re is no evil :i* _c be trans=m$ into good4 ,! ?+s t h be51 w be1 & are1 all ( !m are4 ,!re is no non-exi/5ce4 ,x is at lea/ a ^w1 ?\gh x does n convey any mean+4 ,! _w & our language are ( s positive a "* t ev5 a mean+less ^w /ill means some?+4 ,no?+ _c be express$4 ,! sup]/ition ( ano!r true _w :i* floats above ?is _w ( ph5om5a or is secretly hidd5 beh9d x has s vitiat$ logic t x is n[ difficult to remove ! discordant metaphysical concept ( be+ f ! human m9d4 ,! belief 9 some?+ absolutely diff]5t w n easily disappe>4 ,x is especially difficult to demon/rate t conceiv$ ?+s are ( ! same nature z real ?+s1 t bo? ( !m really belong to true nature4 ,conceiv$ ?+s are pictures1 real pictures1 pictures ( reality4 ,all ! limbs ( an imag9>y dragon are copi$ f nature4 ,su* creations ( imag9ation are di/+ui%$ f tru?s only by _! fanciful composition4 ,to connect nature & human life accord+ to ! giv5 ord]1 t is ! :ole function ( und]/&+4 ,kn[+1 ?9k+1 und]/&+1 expla9+1 has n1 & _c h1 any o!r function b t ( describ+ ! processes ( exp]i5ce by division or classification4 ,! fam\s sci5ti/ ,haeckel may call ?is contemptu\sly museum zoology & h]b>ium botany1 b he simply %[s t he has n grasp$ ! secret ( ! intellect1 b /ill wond]s at x 9 a metaphysical way1 ! same z 8 pr$ecessors4 ,:at ,d>w9 asc]ta9$ ab\t ! orig9 ( species & ab\t ! transitions & evolutions 9 organic life is a v valuable expansion ( museum zoology4 ,:oev] expects any?+ else f ! nature ( intellectual faculties1 %[s t he is n famili> ) ! outcome ( philosophy1 t he has n emancipat$ himself f ! va9 wond]+ & its accompany+ edification1 :i* ! wond] ( human intellig5ce caus$ to primitive ignorance4 ,und]/&+ has hi!rto be5 9 error ab\t itself & 01 !re=e1 inadequately equipp$ = ! task ( giv+ a true acc\nt ( its relatives1 ( ! ph5om5a ( nature & life4 ,nev]!less x has acquir$ tra9+ 9 ! c\rse ( culture & has progressively accompli%$ bett] ?+s4 ,its errors h nev] be5 valueless1 & its tru?s w nev] be suffici5t4 ,t ?is is s1 is n due to ! defective condition ( our intellig5ce1 b to ! inexhau/ibl5ess ( be+1 ! indescribable weal? ( nature4 ,! self-consci\s1 philosophically tra9$ und]/&+ & intellig5ce has n[ ! means ( kn[+ t ! accuracy ( all inve/igation is limit$1 t = ?is reason all its future results w be affect$ by error4 ,b a sci5ce :i* is back$ up by su* an enlight5$ und]/&+1 is reconcil$ to its limitations & trans=ms !m into a hall ( glory4 ,self-consci\s limitation is aw>e ( its p>tn]%ip 9 ! absolute p]fection ( ! univ]se4 ,! self-consci\s intellect improv$ by ! positive product ( philosophy kn[s t x c und]/&1 describe1 ! :ole _w 9 a natural1 s5sible way4 ,!re is no?+ t c resi/ x4 ,b 9 ! s5se ( a transc5d5tal metaphysics1 our und]/&+ is n wor?y ( t "n4 ,9 return1 ?is metaphysics is pure vag>y 9 ! eyes ( critical reason4 ,tak+ its dep>ture f fanta/ical ideals1 f contradictions1 especially betwe5 be+ & n be+1 metaphysics has gradually trans=m$ itself 9 ! c\rse ( civilization & become philosophy1 :i* 9 its turn has progress$ /ep by /ep ! same z all o!r sci5ce4 ,philosophy 0 at fir/ impell$ by ! nebul\s desire = univ]sal _w wisdom & has f9ally assum$ ! =m ( a lucid special inve/igation ( ! !ory ( und]/&+4 ,?is !ory is "p1 & ! mo/ ess5tial "p at t1 ( psy*ology or ! sci5ce ( ! s\l4 ,mod]n psy*ologi/s h at lea/ div9$1 if n recogniz$1 t ! human s\l is n a metaphysical ?+1 b a ph5om5on4 ,l ,pr(essor ,haeckel1 !y also compla9 ab\t ! dead classification 9 _! specialty4 ,! human s\l is pres5t$ to !m z a multitude ( faculties4 ,!re is ! faculty ( und]/&+1 ( feel+1 ( p]ceiv+1 etc41 )\t numb] & end4 ,b h[ is life infus$ into !m8 ,:]e is ! consi/5t connection8 ,!re is1 = in/ance1 ! conception & feel+ ( beauty 9 ! human s\l4 ,! beautiful aga9 is divid$ into ! arti/ically beautiful & ! e?ically beautiful1 & ea* ( ^! into o!r subdivisions4 ,!re is beside ! beautiful also ! pretty1 ! *>m+1 ! graceful1 ! dignifi$1 ! noble1 ! solemn1 ! spl5did1 ! pa!tic1 ! t\*+4 ,psy*ology also treats ( ! ridicul\s1 ( ! joke1 ! wit1 ! satire1 ! irony1 ! humor1 ( a ?\s& subtleties & di/9ctions1 ! ideological sep>ation ( :i* x attempts j z d botany1 zoology1 & e o!r sci5ce 9 _! field4 ,to all ( !m1 be+ is ! object ( /udy4 ,:at is ! use ( metaphysics "u ^! circum/ances8 ,only because x _h 9 m9d a diff]5t be+1 a transc5d5tal "o1 c\ld x induce ,kant to sum up all 8 /udies 9 ! "q3 ,h[ is metaphysics possible z a sci5ce8 ,x is ! m]it ( philosophy to h demon/rat$ t metaphysics is possible only z fanta/ical speculation4 ,x is ! bus9ess ( metaphysics to treat be+ transc5d5tally4 ,x is ! bus9ess ( special sci5ces to classify be+ aft] ! mann] ( h]b>ium botany4 ,classical ord] is already pres5t 9 ! vegetable k+dom1 o!rwise no speciali/ 9 botany c\ld classify x4 ,b ! objective arrangem5t ( ! vegetable k+dom 9 inf9itely m multi=m ?an ! subjective arrangem5t ( botany4 ,! latt] is always excell5t1 if x corresponds to ! sci5tific progress ( its p]iod4 ,:oev] is look+ = absolute botany or psy*ology1 or = any o!r absolute sci5ce1 misund]/&s ! univ]sally natural "* ( ! absolute z well z ! relative special "* ( ! human faculty ( und]/&+4 ,philosophy famili> ) its hi/orical a*ievem5t und]/&s be+ z ! inf9ite mat]ial ( life & sci5ce :i* is tak5 up by ! special sci5ces & classifi$ by !m4 ,x tea*es ! speciali/s to rememb] ?r\gh\t all _! classifications accord+ to dep>tm5ts & concepts t all specialties are connect$ by life & n s sep>at$ 9 life z !y are 9 sci5ce1 b t !y are fl[+ & pass+ into "o ano!r4 ,?us our sci5ce ( und]/&+ f9ally culm9ates 9 ! rule3 ,?\ %alt %>ply divide & subdivide & f>!r subdivide to ! utmo/ ! univ]sal concept1 ! concept ( ! univ]se1 b ?\ %alt be back$ up by ! consci\sness t ?is m5tal classification is a =mality by :i* man seeks = ! sake ( 8 in=mation to regi/] & to place 8 exp]i5ce2 ?\ %alt fur!rmore rema9 aw>e ( ?y lib]ty to progressively improve ! exp]i5ce acquir$ by ?yself 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 by modify+ ?y classification4 ,?+s are ideas1 ideas are names1 & ?+s1 ideas1 & names are subject to cont9u\s p]fection4 ,/able motion & mobile /ability con/itute ! reconcil+ contradiction :i* enables u to reconcile all contradictions4 ,,! ,,end