,fri$ri* ,nietzs*e                      
,! ,dawn ( ,day                         
,translat$ by                           
,john ,mc,farland ,k5n$y    ,au?or ( 8,!
 ,qu9tess5ce ( ,nietzs*e01 8,religions &
 ,philosoph]s (                         
! ,ea/0        ,!re are _m dawns :i* h  
yet to %$ _! light4--,,rig-,,v$a4       
,new ,york                              
,! ,mac,millan ,company                 
#aiaa            ,,cont5ts              
,introduction4  ,au?or's ,preface4      
,book ,i4  ,book ,,ii4  ,book ,,iii4    
,book ,,iv4  ,book ,v4  ,footnotes      
,,introduction4      ,:5 ,nietzs*e call$
 8 book ,! ,dawn ( ,day1 he 0 f> f giv+ 
x a m]ely fanciful title to attract !   
att5tion ( t l>ge section  ( ! public   
:i* judges books by _! titles r ?an by  
_!  cont5ts4 ,! ,dawn ( ,day repres5ts1 
figuratively1 ! dawn (  ,nietzs*e's own 
philosophy4 ,hi!rto he _h be5           
consid]ably influ5c$  9 8 outlook1 if n 
9 8 actual ?\ghts1 by ,s*op5hau]1       
,wagn]1  & p]haps also ,comte4 ,human1  

all-too-,human1 belongs to a p]iod (    
transition4 ,aft] 8 rupture ) ,bayreu?1 
,nietzs*e is1 9 bo? p>ts  ( t "w1 try+  
to /& on 8 own legs1 & to rega9 8       
spiritual  fre$om2 he is feel+ 8 way to 
8 own philosophy4 ,! ,dawn ( ,day1      
writt5 9 #ahha "u ! invigorat+ influ5ce 
( a ,g5oese spr+1 is  ! dawn ( ?is new  
,nietzs*e4 8,) ?is book ,i op5 my       
campaign aga9/  morality10 he himself   
said lat] 9 8 autobiography1 ! ,ecce    
,homo4    ,j z 9 ! case ( ! books writt5
 9 8 prime--,! ,joyful ,wisdom1         
,z>a?u/ra1 ,beyond ,good & ,evil1 & ,!  
,g5ealogy ( ,morals--we  _c fail to be  
impress$ 9 ?is "w by ,nietzs*e's deep   
psy*ological  insight1 ! insight t %[$  
him to be a p[]ful judge ( m5 &  ?+s    
unequall$ 9 ! n9ete5? or1 p]haps1 any   
o!r c5tury4 ,"o  example ( ?is is se5 9 
8 se>*+ analysis ( ! ,apo/le ,paul      
7,aphorism #fh71 9 :i* ! s\l ( ! 8,fir/ 
,*ri/ian0 is ru?lessly  & reali/ically  
laid b>e to u4 ,nietzs*e's summ+-up ( ! 
,f\nd]  ( ,*ri/ianity--= ( c\rse1 z is  

n[ g5]ally recognis$1 x 0  ,paul1 & n   
,*ri/1 :o f\nd$ ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*--has n 
yet call$  =? ^? bitt] attacks f        
!ologians t might h be5 expect$1  ?\gh  
"o reason = ?is app>5t neglect is no    
d\bt t ! portrait  is s true1 & 9 ^!    
circum/ances sil5ce is c]ta9ly gold5 on 
!  "p ( def5d]s ( ! fai?1 :o are        
o!rwise1 z a rule1 loquaci\s  en\gh4    
,nor has ! taunt 9 ,aphorism #hd elicit$
 an answ] f !  qu>t] :i!r x 0 direct$2 &
 ! 8free0 7n to say di%one/7            
int]pretation ( ! ,bible by ,*ri/ian    
s*ol>s & !ologians1 :i*  is /ill proce$+
 m]rily1 is n[ be+ turn$ to ,nietzs*e's 
own  writ+s4 ,= ! philosoph]'s works are
 n[ be+ 8expla9$ away0 by  ,g]man       
!ologians 9 a mo/ nave & d>+ fa%ion1 & )
 an ability  :i* has no d\bt be5 acquir$
 z ! result ( c5turies ( skilful        
int]pretation ( ! ,holy ,writ4    ,nor  
are pr(essional !ologians ! only ones :o
 h fail$ to answ]  ,nietzs*e2 = 9 o!r   
?an religi\s matt]s ! majority ( savants
  h n succe$$ 9 plumb+ 8 dep?s4 ,!re is1

 = example1 !  "q ( race4 ,t5 ye>s ago1 
tw5ty ye>s aft] ! publication (  ,!     
,dawn ( ,day1 ,nietzs*e's c\ntrym5      
en?usia/ically hail$ a book  :i* has    
rec5tly be5 translat$ into ,engli%1     
,*amb]la9's  ,f\ndations (  ! ,n9ete5?  
,c5tury4 ,9 ?is book ! ,teutons are     
said to be sup]ior to all ! o!r peoples 
9 ! _w1 ! reason  giv5 be+ t !y h kept  
_! race pure4 ,x is due to ?is purity  (
 race t !y h produc$ s _m great m52 = e 
8good0 man 9  hi/ory is a ,teuton1 & e  
bad man some?+ else4 ,consid]able skill 
is exhibit$ by ! au?or 9 fil*+ f 8      
oppon5ts ! ,lat9s _!  be/ trump c>ds1 & 
likewise ! trump c>d1 ,jesus ,*ri/1 f ! 
,jews2 = ,jesus ,*ri/1 accord+ to       
,*amb]la9's v plausible  argum5t1 0 n a 
,jew b an ,aryan1 i4e4 a memb] ( t great
 family  ( :i* ! ,teutons are a bran*4  
,:at w\ld ,nietzs*e h said to ?is       
leg]dema98 ,he has con/antly  po9t$ out 
t ! ,teutons are s f> f be+ a pure race 
t !y  h1 on ! contr>y1 done ev]y?+ 9 _! 
p[] to ru9 ev5 !  idea ( a pure race =  

ev]4 ,= ! ,teutons1 ?r\gh _! ,re=mation 
& _! ,puritan revolt 9 ,engl&1 & !      
philosophies develop$ by !  democracies 
t necess>ily foll[$1 7 ! spiritual =be>s
 ( !  ,fr5* ,revolution & ( !           
,sociali/ic rgime "u :i* we are  beg9n+ 
to suff] n[adays4 ,?us ?is noble race   
has left no?+ undone  to blot out ! la/ 
remnant ( race 9 ,europe1 & x ev5 /&s 9 
!  way ( ! creation ( a new race4 ,& )  
su* a record 9 hi/ory !  ,g]mans write  
books1 eulogis+ !mselves z ! salt ( !   
e>?1 !  p ( peoples1 ! race ( races1    
:ile 9 tru? !y are no?+ else  ?an       
n\veaux-ri*es endeav\r+ to draw up a    
dec5t p$igree =  !mselves4 ,we "k t     
hone/y is n a pr]equisite ( su*         
p$igrees1  & t patriotism may be        
consid]$ z a good excuse ev5 = a wrong  
p$igree2 b ! race-p&emonium t foll[$ !  
publication ( ,mr4  ,*amb]la9's book 9  
,g]many 0 really a v unwise proce$+ 9   
view  ( ! false & mislead+ docum5t      
produc$4 ,:at1 x may be ask$  aga91 w\ld
 ,nietzs*e h said if he _h he>d 8       

c\ntrym5 scream+  odes to _! own glory z
 ! 8fl[] ( ,europe08 ,he w\ld assur$ly h
  dismiss$ _! exalt$ pret5sions ) a     
good-natur$ smile2 = 8  /udy ( hi/ory _h
 %[n him t ev5 slaves mu/ h _!          
saturnalia  n[ & !n4 ,b z to 8          
philosophical answ] !re c be no d\bt2  =
 9 ,aphorism #bgb ( ,! ,dawn ( ,day !re 
is a s+le s5t5ce :i*  completely refutes
 ! view ( mod]n racemong]s l ,*amb]la9 &
 8  foll[]s3 8,x is probable10 we read1 
8t !re are no pure races1 b  only races 
:i* h become purifi$1 & ev5 ^! are      
extremely r>e40  ,!re are ev5 /rong]    
expressions to be met ) 9 8,peoples &   
,c\ntries0 7,aphorism #bj2 see !        
,g5ealogy ( ,morals1 p4 #bbf73 8,:at    
quagmires & m5dacity mu/ !re be ab\t if 
x is possible1 9 !  mod]n ,european     
hot*-pot*1 to raise ! "q ( #8race'60 &  
aga91  9 ,aphorism #ba3 8,maxim--to     
associate ) no man :o takes any "p 9 !  
m5daci\s race-sw9dle40    ,a man l      
,nietzs*e1 :o makes s little impression 
^u mank9d 9  g5]al1 is c]ta9ly n1 z "s p

 h ?\ght & op5ly said1 a  public dang]1 
s ! gu>dians ( ! ,/ate ne$ n be uneasy4 
,!re is  little dang] ( ,nietzs*e's     
revolutionis+ ei!r ! masses or !        
classes2 =1 z ,goe! us$ to say1         
8,seulem5t celui qui ressemble le       
peuple1 l'meut40 ,nietzs*e's voice has z
 yet h>dly be5 lift$ 9 ?is  c\ntry2 &1  
until x is fully he>d1 bo? masses &     
classes w calmly  proce$ on _! way to ! 
extremes ( democracy & an>*y1 z !y n[   
appe> to be do+4 ,an>*y1 ?\gh1 may be   
too /rong a ^w2 = !re  is "s d\bt :e!r1 
?r\gh\t ,europe & ,am]ica at all ev5ts1 
!  p are n n[ too weak ev5 = an>*y4 ,a  
revolt is a sign (  /r5g? 9 a slave2 b  
our mod]n slaves h no /r5g? left4    ,9 
! meantime1 h[ev]1 x w h become cle> t  
,nietzs*e tri$  to /op ?is ?reat5+      
degradation ( ! human race1 t he        
endeav\r$ to supplant ! morality (      
altruism--! cause ( ?is  degradation--by
 ano!r1 a sup]-,*ri/ian morality1 & t he
 has  succe$$ 9 ?is aim1 if n :]e !     
masses & ! classes are  conc]n$1 at any 

rate 9 ! case ( t small m9ority ( ?9k]s 
to  :i* he really wi%$ to appeal4 ,& ?is
 m9ority is naturally grateful  to !    
philosoph] = hav+ suppli$ !m ) a        
morality :i* enables  !m to be 8good0   
)\t be+ fools--an unpleasant comb9ation 
:i*1  un=tunately1 ! ,naz>5e morality is
 seldom able to avoid4 ,?is  ,naz>5e    
morality has d\btless its own m]its1 &  
its 8good0 & 8evil0  9 _m cases co9cide 
) ours2 b common s5se & c]ta9           
intellectual qualities are n too highly 
appreciat$ 9 ! table (  ,*ri/ian values 
7see1 = in/ance1 #a ,cor4 iii4 #ai71    
:5ce x w be  obs]v$ t ! enlight5m5t ( a 
,*ri/ian is n always q equal  to 8      
o!rwise excell5t int5tions4 ,we         
,nietzs*ians1 h[ev]1 mu/ %[  t pati5ce  
to !m :i* !y always pret5d to %[ to _!  
oppon5ts4 ,nietzs*e himself1 inde$1     
recomm5ds ?is 9 ,aphorism #ajc (  ?is   
book1 an aphorism :i* is almo/ too well 
kn[n to ne$ repetition2  = x likewise   
disproves ! grotesque ?\gh widely       
circulat$  supposition t all k9ds (     

immorality w\ld be indulg$ 9 "u !  sway 
( ! 8,immorali/ic0 philosoph]3    8,i   
%\ld n1 ( c\rse1 d5y--unless ,i 7 a     
fool--t _m actions  :i* are call$       
immoral %\ld be avoid$ & resi/$2 & 9 !  
same  way t _m :i* are call$ moral %\ld 
be p]=m$ & enc\rag$2  b ,i hold t 9 bo? 
cases ^! actions %\ld be p]=m$ f        
motives o!r ?an ^? :i* h prevail$ up to 
! pres5t "t4 ,we  mu/ le>n anew 9 ord] t
 at la/1 p]haps v late 9 ! day1 we  may 
be able to d some?+ m3 feel anew40    ,9
 reg>d to ! translation itself--:i* owes
 a good deal to _m  excell5t sugge/ions 
made by ,mr4 ,?omas ,common--x adh]es1 z
 a rule1  closely to ! ,g]man text2 & 9 
only two or ?ree in/ances has a         
slightly fre] r5d]+ be5 adopt$ 9 ord] to
 make ! s5se q  cle>4 ,!re are "o or two
 cases 9 :i* a punn+ or d\ble mean+     
c\ld n be adequately r5d]$ 9 ,engli%3   
e4g4 ,aphorism #ej1 :]e !  ,g]man ^w    
8,raus*0 means bo? 8intoxication0 & also
 8elation0 7i4e4  ! exalt$ feel+s ( !   
religi\s fanatic74 ,aga91 we h          

8,e9leid10  8,e9leidigkeit10 9 ,aphorism
 #fc--words :i* d n q correspond to     
pity1 compassion1 or fell[-feel+1 & :i*1
 inde$1 are n yet kn[n  to ,g]man       
lexicograph]s4 ,a lit]al translation1   
8"o-feel+10 w\ld be  almo/ mean+less4   
,:at is actually signifi$ is t bo?      
suff]] &  sympa?is] h n]ves & feel+s 9  
common3 an exp]i5ce :i*  ,s*op5hau]1 z  
,nietzs*e rightly po9ts out1 mi/ook =   
compassion or  pity 78,mitleid071 & :i* 
lack$ a ^w1 ev5 9 ,g]man1 until ! lat]  
psy*ologi/ co9$ 8,e9leid40 ,aga91 9     
,aphorism #eed we h a play ^u  ! words  
8,vors*ritt0 7lead+1 guidance7 &        
8,=ts*ritt0 7progress74    ,all ^!1     
h[ev]1 are trifl+ matt]s 9 comp>ison ) !
 sub/ance  ( ! book1 & !y are ( m int]e/
 to philologi/s ?an to  psy*ologi/s4 ,x 
is = psy*ologi/s t ?is book 0 writt52 & 
su* m9ds1 some:at r>e 9 our "t1 may read
 9 x ) mu* pr(it4    ,j4 ,m4 ,k5n$y4    
,,london1 ,septemb] #aiaa4              
,,au?or',s ,,preface4      ,9 ?is book  
we f9d a 8subt]re/rial0 at "w1 digg+1   

m9+1  und]m9+4 ,y c see him1 always     
provid$ t y h eyes = su*  deep "w1--h[  
he makes 8 way sl[ly1 cauti\sly1 g5tly b
 surely1  )\t %[+ signs ( ! we>9ess t   
usually accompanies a long  privation ( 
light & air4 ,he might ev5 be call$     
happy1 despite 8  lab\rs 9 ! d>k4 ,does 
x n seem z if "s fai? 7 lead+ him  on1  
"s solace recomp5s+ him = 8 toil8 ,or t 
he himself desires  a long p]iod (      
d>kness1 an un9telligible1 hidd51       
enigmatic some?+1  kn[+ z he does t he w
 9 "t h 8 own morn+1 8 own  r$emption1 8
 own rosy dawn8--,yea1 v]ily he w       
return3 ask him n  :at he seeke? 9 !    
dep?s2 = he himself w tell y1 ?is app>5t
  ,trophonius & subt]re/rial1 :5soev] he
 once aga9 becomes man4 ,"o  easily     
unle>ns h[ to hold "o's tongue :5 "o has
 = s long be5 a  mole1 & all alone1 l   
him4--          #b4      ,inde$1 my     
indulg5t fri5ds1 ,i w tell y--"h1 9 ?is 
late  preface17#a7 :i* might easily h   
become an obitu>y or a fun]al           
oration--:at ,i s\ght 9 ! dep?s bel[3 = 

,i h come back1 &--,i  h escap$4 ,?9k n 
t ,i w urge y to run ! same p]il\s      
risk6 or t ,i w urge y on ev5 to ! same 
solitude6 ,= :oev]  proce$s on 8 own pa?
 meets nobody3 ?is is ! feature ( "o's  
8own  pa?40 ,no "o comes to help him 9 8
 task3 he mu/ face ev]y?+ q             
alone--dang]1 bad luck1 wick$ness1 f\l  
wea!r4 ,he goes 8 own way2  &1 z is only
 "r1 meets ) bitt]ness & occasional     
irritation  because he pursues ?is 8own 
way0 ( 83 = in/ance1 ! k t  n ev5 8     
fri5ds c guess :o he is & :i!r he is    
go+1 & t  !y ask !mselves n[ & !n3      
8,well8 ,is he really mov+ at all8 ,has 
he /ill 444 a pa? be=e him80--,at t "t  
,i _h und]tak5 some?+  :i* c\ld n h be5 
done by ev]ybody3 ,i w5t d[n into !     
deepe/  dep?s2 ,i tunnell$ to ! v       
bottom2 ,i />t$ to inve/igate &  une>?  
an old fai? :i* = ?\s&s ( ye>s we       
philosoph]s us$  to build on z ! safe/ (
 all f\ndations--:i* we built on aga9 & 
aga9 al?\gh e previ\s /ructure fell 93  
,i began to und]m9e our  fai? 9 morals4 

,b ye d n und]/& me8--          #c4     
,s f> x is on ,good & ,evil t we h      
m$itat$ lea/ pr(\ndly3  ?is 0 always too
 dang]\s a subject4 ,consci5ce1 a good  
reputation1  hell1 & at times ev5 !     
police1 h n all[$ & d n all[ (          
imp>tiality2 9 ! pres5ce ( morality1 z  
be=e all au?ority1 we  mu/ n ev5 ?9k1   
mu* less speak3 "h we mu/ obey6 ,ev]    
s9ce !  beg9n+ ( ! _w1 no au?ority has  
p]mitt$ itself to be made !  subject (  
criticism2 & to criticise morals--to    
look ^u morality z a  problem1 z        
problematic--:at6 0 t n--is t           
n--immoral8--,b  morality has at its    
disposal n only e means ( intimidation  
:]e) to keep itself free f critical h&s 
& in/rum5ts (  torture3 its security    
lies r 9 a c]ta9 art ( en*antm5t1 9  :i*
 x is a pa/ ma/]--x kn[s h[ to          
8enrapture40 ,x c (t5  p>alyse !        
critical w ) a s+le look1 or ev5 s$uce x
 to  itself3 yea1 !re are ev5 cases :]e 
morality c turn ! critical  w aga9/     
itself2 s t !n1 l ! scorpion1 x ?ru/s ! 

/+  into its own body4 ,morality has =  
ages be5 an exp]t 9 all k9ds (  devilry 
9 ! art ( conv9c+3 ev5 at ! pres5t day  
!re is no  orator :o w\ld n turn to x = 
assi/ance 7only he>k5 to our  an>*i/s1 =
 in/ance3 h[ morally !y speak :5 !y w\ld
 fa9  conv9ce6 ,9 ! end !y ev5 call     
!mselves 8! good & ! j074  ,morality has
 %[n h]self to be ! greate/ mi/ress (   
s$uction ev]  s9ce m5 began to disc\rse 
& p]suade on e>?--&1 :at conc]ns u      
philosoph]s ev5 m1 %e is ! v]itable     
,circe ( philosoph]s4 ,=1  to :at is x  
due t1 f ,plato onw>ds1 all !           
philosophic ar*itects  9 ,europe h built
 9 va98 t ev]y?+ :i* !y !mselves        
hone/ly believ$ to be a]e p]5nius       
?reat5s to subside or is  already laid 9
 ru9s8 ,oh1 h[ wrong is ! answ] :i*1 ev5
 9 our own  day1 rolls glibly (f !      
tongue :5 ?is "q is ask$3 8,because  !y 
h all neglect$ ! pr]equisite1 !         
exam9ation ( !  f\ndation1 a critique ( 
all reason0--t fatal answ] made by      
,kant1 :o  has c]ta9ly n !reby attract$ 

u mod]n philosoph]s to firm] &  less    
trea*]\s gr\nd6 7&1 "o may ask apropos (
 ?is1 0 x n  r /range to dem& t an      
in/rum5t %\ld criticise its own value  &
 effectiv5ess8 t ! intellect itself %\ld
 8recognise0 its own  wor?1 p[]1 &      
limits8 0 x n ev5 j a little ridicul\s87
 ,!  "r answ] w\ld r h be51 t all       
philosoph]s1 includ+ ,kant  himself 7   
build+ "u ! s$uctive influ5ce (         
morality--t !y  aim$ at c]ta9ty & 8tru?0
 only 9 appe>ance2 b t 9 reality  _!    
att5tion 0 direct$ t[>ds 8maje/ic moral 
edifices10 to use  once m ,kant's       
innoc5t mode ( expression1 :o deems x 8 
8less  brilliant1 b n undes]v+0 task &  
"w 8to level ! gr\nd &  prep>e a solid  
f\ndation = ! erection ( ^? maje/ic     
moral  edifices0 7,critique ( ,pure     
,reason1 ii4 #beg74 ,alas6 ,he did n    
succe$  9 8 aim1 q ! contr>y--z we mu/  
ackn[l$ge to-day4 ,) ?is  exalt$ aim1   
,kant 0 m]ely a true son ( 8 c5tury1 :i*
 m ?an  any o!r may ju/ly be call$ !    
c5tury ( exaltation3 & ?is he  =tunately

 cont9u$ to be 9 respect to ! m valuable
 side ( ?is  c5tury 7) t solid piece (  
s5suality1 = example1 :i* he  introduc$ 
into 8 !ory ( k74 ,he1 too1 _h be5 bitt5
 by !  moral t>antula1 ,r\sseau2 he1    
too1 felt weigh+ on 8 s\l t moral       
fanaticism ( :i* ano!r disciple (       
,r\sseau's1 ,robespi]re1 felt &         
proclaim$ himself to be ! executor3 de  
fond] sur la t]re l'empire de  la       
sagesse1 de la ju/ice1 et de la v]tu4   
7,spee* ( ,june #d?1 #agid47 ,on  ! o!r 
h&1 ) su* a ,fr5* fanaticism 9 8 he>t1  
no "o c\ld  h cultivat$ x 9 a less      
,fr5*1 m deep1 m ?or\gh & m  ,g]man     
mann]--if ! ^w ,g]man is /ill p]missible
 9 ?is s5se--?an  ,kant did3 9 ord] to  
make room = 8 8moral k+dom10 he f\nd    
himself compell$ to add to x an         
indemon/rable _w1 a logical  8beyond0--t
 0 :y he requir$ 8 critique ( pure      
reason6 ,9 o!r  words1 he w\ld n h want$
 x1 if he _h n deem$ "o ?+ to be  m     
important ?an all ! o!rs3 to r5d] 8     
moral k+dom  unassailable by--or1 bett] 

/ill1 invisible to1 reason1--= he felt  
too  /rongly ! vuln]ability ( a moral   
ord] ( ?+s 9 ! face (  reason4 ,=1 :5   
confront$ ) nature & hi/ory1 :5         
confront$ )  ! +ra9$ immorality ( nature
 & hi/ory1 ,kant 01 l all good  ,g]mans 
f ! e>lie/ times1 a pessimi/3 he believ$
 9 morality1 n  because x is demon/rat$ 
?r\gh nature & hi/ory1 b despite its    
be+ /eadily contradict$ by !m4 ,to      
und]/& ?is 8despite10 we  %\ld p]haps   
recall a some:at simil> trait 9 ,lu!r1 t
 o!r great  pessimi/1 :o once urg$ x ^u 
8 fri5ds ) true ,lu!ran audacity3  8,if 
we c\ld conceive by reason alone h[ t   
,god :o %[s s mu* wra?  & malignity c\ld
 be m]ciful & j1 :at use %\ld we h =    
fai?80 ,=1 f ! e>lie/ times1 no?+ has   
ev] made a deep]  impression ^u ! ,g]man
 s\l1 no?+ has ev] 8tempt$0 x m1 ?an  t 
d$uction1 ! mo/ dang]\s ( all1 :i* = e  
true ,lat9 is a  s9 aga9/ ! intellect3  
cr$o quia absurdum e/4--,) x ,g]man     
logic  ent]s = ! fir/ "t into ! hi/ory (
 ,*ri/ian dogma2 b ev5  to-day1 a ?\s&  

ye>s lat]1 we ,g]mans ( ! pres5t1 late  
,g]mans 9  e way1 cat* ! sc5t ( tru?1 a 
possibility ( tru?1 at ! back  ( ! fam\s
 fundam5tal pr9ciple ( dialectics ) :i* 
,hegel secur$  ! victory ( ! ,g]man _s  
ov] ,europe--8contradiction moves !  _w2
 all ?+s contradict !mselves40 ,we are  
pessimi/s--ev5 9 logic4          #d4    
,b logical judgm5ts are n ! deepe/ & mo/
 fundam5tal to :i*  ! d>+ ( our         
suspicion desc5ds3 ! confid5ce 9 reason 
:i* is  insep>able f ! validity ( ^!    
judgm5ts1 is1 z confid5ce1 a  moral     
ph5om5on 444 p]haps ,g]man pessimism has
 yet to take its la/  /ep8 ,p]haps x has
 once m to draw up its 8cr$o0 opposite  
its  8absurdum0 9 a t]rible mann]8 ,& if
 ?is book is pessimi/ic ev5 9  reg>d to 
morals1 ev5 above ! confid5ce 9         
morals--%\ld x n be a  ,g]man book = t v
 reason8 ,=1 9 fact1 x repres5ts a      
contradiction1 & "o :i* x does n fe>3 9 
x confid5ce 9 morals  is retract$--b :y8
 ,out ( morality6 ,or h[ %all we call t 
:i*  takes place 9 x--9 u8 = our ta/e   

incl9es to ! employm5t (  m mode/       
phrases4 ,b !re is no d\bt t to u       
likewise !re  speake? a 8?\ %alt02 we   
likewise obey a /rict law :i* is set    
above  u--& ?is is ! la/ cry ( morals   
:i* is /ill audible to u1 :i*  we too   
mu/ live3 "h1 if any:]e1 are we /ill m5 
( consci5ce1  because1 to put ! matt] 9 
pla9 words1 we w n return to t  :i* we  
look ^u z decay$1 outliv$1 & sup]s$$1 we
 w n  return to some?+ 8unwor?y (       
belief10 :e!r x be call$ ,god1  virtue1 
tru?1 ju/ice1 love ( "o's neighb\r1 or  
:at n2 we w n  p]mit ourselves to op5 up
 a ly+ pa? to old ideals2 we are        
?or\ghly  & unalt]ably oppos$ to any?+ t
 w\ld int]c$e & m+le )  u2 oppos$ to all
 =ms ( pres5t-day fai? & ,*ri/ianity2   
oppos$ to  ! lukew>mness ( all          
romanticism & fa!rl&ism2 oppos$ also to 
!  arti/ic s5se ( enjoym5t & lack (     
pr9ciple :i* w\ld fa9 make u  wor%ip :]e
 we no long] believe--= we are          
arti/s--oppos$1 9 %ort1  to all ?is     
,european fem9ism 7or idealism1 if ?is  

t]m be ?\ght  pref]able7 :i* ev]la/+ly  
8draws upw>d10 & :i* 9 consequ5ce       
ev]la/+ly 8l[]s0 & 8degrades40 ,yet1 be+
 m5 ( ?is  consci5ce1 we feel t we are  
relat$ to t ,g]man uprightness &  piety 
:i* dates back ?\s&s ( ye>s1 al?\gh we  
immorali/s &  a!i/s may be ! late &     
unc]ta9 (fspr+ ( ^! virtues--yea1 we    
ev5 consid] ourselves1 9 a c]ta9        
respect1 z _! heirs1 !  executors ( _!  
inmo/ w3 a pessimi/ic w1 z ,i h already 
po9t$ out1 :i* is n afraid to d5y       
itself1 because x d5ies itself  ) joy6  
,9 u is consummat$1 if y desire a       
=mula--!  autosuppression ( morals4     
#e4      ,b1 aft] all1 :y mu/ we        
proclaim s l\dly & ) su* int5sity  :at  
we are1 :at we want1 & :at we d n want8 
,let u look at ?is  m calmly & wisely2 f
 a high] & m di/ant po9t ( view4 ,let  u
 proclaim x1 z if among ourselves1 9 s  
l[ a tone t all ! _w  fails to he> x &  
u6 ,above all1 h[ev]1 let u say x       
sl[ly4444  ,?is preface comes late1 b n 
too late3 :at1 aft] all1 d five or six  

ye>s matt]8 ,su* a book1 & su* a        
problem1 are 9 no hurry2 besides1  we   
are fri5ds ( ! l5to1 ,i & my book4 ,i h 
n be5 a  philologi/ 9 va9--p]haps ,i am 
"o yet3 a tea*] ( sl[ read+4 ,i  ev5    
come to write sl[ly4 ,at pres5t x is n  
only my habit1 b ev5 my  ta/e--a p]v]t$ 
ta/e1 maybe--to write no?+ b :at w drive
 to  despair e "o :o is 89 a hurry40 ,= 
philology is t v5]able art  :i* exacts f
 its foll[]s "o ?+ above all--to /ep to 
"o side1  to leave !mselves sp>e mom5ts1
 to gr[ sil5t1 to become sl[--!         
leisurely art ( ! goldsmi? appli$ to    
language3 an art :i* mu/  c>ry out sl[1 
f9e "w1 & atta9s no?+ if n l5to4 ,= ?is 
v reason philology is n[ m desirable ?an
 ev] be=e2 = ?is  v reason x is ! highe/
 attraction & incitem5t 9 an age (      
8"w03 t is to say1 ( ha/e1 ( unseemly & 
immod]ate hurry-skurry1  :i* is int5t ^u
 8gett+ ?+s done0 at once1 ev5 e book1  
:e!r old or new4 ,philology itself1     
p]haps1 w n 8get ?+s done0  s hurri$ly3 
x tea*es h[ to read well3 i4e4 sl[ly1   

pr(\ndly1  att5tively1 prud5tly1 ) inn] 
?\ghts1 ) ! m5tal doors aj>1  ) delicate
 f+]s & eyes 444 my pati5t fri5ds1 ?is  
book appeals  only to p]fect read]s &   
philologi/s3 le>n to read me well6      
,,ruta1 ,,ne> ,,g5oa1    ,autumn1 #ahhf4
            ,,book ,i4          #a4     
,,subsequ5t ,,judgm5t4--,all ?+s t      
endure = a long "t are little by  little
 s greatly p]meat$ by reason t _! orig9 
9 unreason  becomes improbable4 ,does n 
almo/ e exact /atem5t ( an orig9  /rike 
u z p>adoxical & sacrilegi\s8 ,inde$1   
does n ! true  hi/orian con/antly       
contradict8          #b4                
,,prejudice ,,( ,,! ,,le>n$4--,savants  
are q correct 9 ma9ta9+ !  proposition t
 m5 9 all ages believ$ t !y knew :at 0  
good  & evil1 praisewor?y & blamable4 ,b
 x is a prejudice ( ! le>n$  to say t we
 n[ "k x bett] ?an any o!r age4         
#c4      ,a ,,"t ,,= ,,ev]y?+4--,:5 man 
assign$ a sex to all ?+s1 he did n      
believe t he 0 m]ely play+2 b he ?\ght1 
on ! contr>y1 t  he _h acquir$ a pr(\nd 

insight3--x 0 only at a mu* lat] p]iod1 
& !n only p>tly1 t he ackn[l$g$ !       
enormity ( 8 error4 ,9  ! same way1 man 
has attribut$ a moral relation%ip to    
ev]y?+ t  exi/s1 ?r[+ ! cloak ( e?ical  
significance ov] ! _w's  %\ld]s4 ,"o day
 all t w be ( j z mu* value1 & no m1 z  
! am\nt ( belief exi/+ to-day 9 !       
mascul9ity or fem99ity (  ! sun47#b7    
#d4      ,,aga9/ ,,! ,,fanciful         
,,di%>mony ,,( ,,! ,,sph]es4--,we mu/   
once m sweep  out ( ! _w all ?is false  
gr&eur1 = x is contr>y to !  ju/ice t   
all ?+s ab\t u may claim4 ,& = ?is      
reason we mu/  n see or wi% ! _w to be m
 di%>monic ?an x is6          #e4       
,,be ,,?ankful6--,! mo/ important result
 ( ! pa/ ef=ts ( humanity is  t we ne$  
no long] g ab\t 9 cont9ual fe> ( wild   
bea/s1  b>b>ians1 gods1 & our own       
dreams4          #f4      ,,! ,,juggl]  
,,& ,,8 ,,c\nt]p>t4--,t :i* is wond]ful 
9 sci5ce is  contr>y to t :i* is        
wond]ful 9 ! art ( ! juggl]4 ,= !  latt]
 w\ld wi% to make u believe t we see a v

 simple causality1  :]e1 9 reality1 an  
exce$+ly complex causality is 9         
op]ation4  ,sci5ce1 on ! o!r h&1 =ces u 
to give up our belief 9 ! simple        
causality exactly :]e ev]y?+ looks s    
easily compreh5sible & we  are m]ely !  
victims ( appe>ances4 ,! simple/ ?+s are
 v  8complicat$0--we c nev] be          
suffici5tly a/oni%$ at !m6          #g4 
,,reconceiv+ ,,our ,,feel+ ,,(          
,,space4--,is x real or imag9>y ?+s :i* 
h built up ! great] proportion ( man's  
happ9ess8 ,x is c]ta91 at  all ev5ts1 t 
! ext5t ( ! di/ance betwe5 ! highe/ po9t
 (  happ9ess & ! l[e/ po9t ( unhapp9ess 
has be5 e/abli%$ only  ) ! help (       
imag9>y ?+s4 ,z a consequ5ce1 ?is k9d ( 
a  conception ( space is always1 "u !   
influ5ce ( sci5ce1 becom+  small] &     
small]3 9 ! same way z sci5ce has taught
 u1 & is  /ill tea*+ u1 to look ^u ! e>?
 z small--yea1 to look ^u !  entire sol>
 sy/em z a m]e po9t4          #h4       
,,transfiguration4--,p]plex$ suff]]s1   
confus$ dream]s1 ! hy/]ically           

ec/atic--"h we h ! ?ree classes into :i*
 ,raphael divid$  mank9d4 ,we no long]  
consid] ! _w 9 ?is light--& ,raphael    
himself  d>e n d s3 8 own eyes w\ld %[  
him a new transfiguration4          #i4 
,,conception ,,( ,,! ,,morality ,,(     
,,cu/om4--,9 comp>ison ) ! mode ( life  
:i* prevail$ among m5 = ?\s&s ( ye>s1 we
 m5 ( ! pres5t  day are liv+ 9 a v      
immoral age3 ! p[] ( cu/om has be5      
weak5$ to a rem>kable degree1 & ! s5se (
 morality is s ref9$  & elevat$ t we    
might almo/ describe x z volatilis$4 ,t 
is :y  we late com]s exp]i5ce su*       
difficulty 9 obta9+ a fundam5tal        
conception ( ! orig9 ( morality3 & ev5  
if we d obta9 x1 our  words (           
explanation /ick 9 our ?roats1 s co>se  
w\ld !y s\nd if  we utt]$ !m6 or to s   
great an ext5t w\ld !y seem to be a sl&]
  ^u morality6 ,?us1 = example1 !       
fundam5tal clause3 morality is  no?+    
else 7&1 above all1 no?+ m7 ?an ob$i5ce 
to cu/oms1 (  :atsoev] nature !y may be4
 ,b cu/oms are simply ! traditional way 

( act+ & valu+4 ,:]e !re is no tradition
 !re is no morality2  & ! less life is  
gov]n$ by tradition1 ! n>r[] ! circle ( 
morality4 ,! free man is immoral1       
because x is 8 w to dep5d ^u  himself & 
n ^u tradition3 9 all ! primitive /ates 
( humanity  8evil0 is equival5t to      
8individual10 8free10 8arbitr>y10       
8unaccu/om$10  8un=ese510               
8incalculable40 ,9 su* primitive        
conditions1 always  measur$ by ?is /&>d1
 any action p]=m$--n because tradition  
comm&s x1 b = o!r reasons 7e4g4 on      
acc\nt ( its individual  utility71 ev5 =
 ! same reasons z _h be5 =m]ly e/abli%$ 
by  cu/om--is t]m$ immoral1 & is felt to
 be s ev5 by ! v man :o  p]=ms x1 = x   
has n be5 done out ( ob$i5ce to !       
tradition4    ,:at is tradition8 ,a     
high] au?ority1 :i* is obey$1 n because 
x  comm&s :at is useful to u1 b m]ely   
because x comm&s4 ,& 9 :at  way c ?is   
feel+ = tradition be di/+ui%$ f a g5]al 
feel+  ( fe>8 ,x is ! fe> ( a high]     
intellig5ce :i* comm&s1 ! fe>  ( an     

incompreh5sible p[]1 ( some?+ t is m ?an
  p]sonal--!re is sup]/ition 9 ?is fe>4 
,9 primitive times !  doma9 ( morality  
includ$ education & hygi5ics1 m>riage1  
m$ic9e1  agriculture1 w>1 spee* &       
sil5ce1 ! relation%ip betwe5 man &  man1
 & betwe5 man & ! gods--morality requir$
 t a man %\ld  obs]ve h] prescriptions  
)\t ?9k+ ( himself z individual4        
,ev]y?+1 !re=e1 0 orig9ally cu/om1 &    
:oev] wi%$ to raise  himself above x1 _h
 fir/ ( all to make himself a k9d (     
lawgiv] &  m$ic9e-man1 a sort (         
demi-god--9 o!r words1 he _h to create  
cu/oms1  a dang]\s & fe>ful ?+ to       
d6--,:o is ! mo/ moral man8 ,on ! "o    
h&1 he :o mo/ frequ5tly obeys ! law3    
e4g4 he :o1 l !  ,brahm9s1 c>ries a     
consci\sness ( ! law ab\t ) him :]ev] he
  may g1 & introduces x into ! smalle/  
divisions ( "t1 cont9ually  ex]cis+ 8   
m9d 9 f9d+ opportunities = obey+ ! law4 
,on !  o!r h&1 he :o obeys ! law 9 ! mo/
 difficult cases4 ,! mo/  moral man is  
he :o makes ! greate/ sacrifices to     

morality2 b :at  are ! greate/          
sacrifices8 ,9 answ]+ ?is "q sev]al     
diff]5t  k9ds ( morality w be develop$3 
b ! di/9ction betwe5 !  morality ( ! mo/
 frequ5t ob$i5ce & ! morality ( ! mo/   
difficult ob$i5ce is ( ! greate/        
importance4 ,let u n be deceiv$  z to ! 
motives ( t moral law :i* requires1 z an
 indication (  morality1 ob$i5ce to     
cu/om 9 ! mo/ difficult cases6          
,self-conque/  is requir$1 n by reason (
 its useful consequ5ces = ! individual2 
b t cu/om & tradition may appe> to be   
dom9ant1 9 spite ( all  individual c\nt]
 desires & advantages4 ,! individual    
%all sacrifice  himself--s dem&s !      
morality ( cu/om4    ,on ! o!r h&1 ^?   
morali/s :o1 l ! foll[]s ( ,socrates1   
recomm5d self-control & sobriety to !   
individual z 8 greate/  possible        
advantage & ! key to 8 greate/ p]sonal  
happ9ess1 are  exceptions--& if we      
ourselves d n ?9k s1 ?is is simply due  
to  our hav+ be5 br\ght up "u _!        
influ5ce4 ,!y all take a new  pa?1 &    

!reby br+ d[n ^u !mselves ! utmo/       
disapproval ( all  ! repres5tatives ( ! 
morality ( cu/om4 ,!y sev] _! connection
  ) ! community1 z immorali/s1 & are1 9 
! fulle/ s5se ( !  ^w1 evil ones4 ,9 !  
same way1 e ,*ri/ian :o 8s\ght1 above   
all  ?+s1 8 own salvation10 mu/ h seem$ 
evil to a virtu\s ,roman (  ! old s*ool4
 ,:]ev] a community exi/s1 & consequ5tly
 also a  morality ( cu/om1 ! feel+      
prevails t any puni%m5t = !  violation (
 a cu/om is inflict$1 above all1 on !   
community3 ?is  puni%m5t is a           
sup]natural puni%m5t1 ! manife/ations & 
limits (  :i* are s difficult to und]/&1
 & are inve/igat$ ) su*  sup]/iti\s fe>4
 ,! community c compel any "o memb] ( x 
to make  good1 ei!r to an individual or 
to ! community itself1 any ill          
consequ5ces :i* may h foll[$ ^u su* a   
memb]'s action4 ,x c  also call d[n a   
sort ( v5geance ^u ! head ( ! individual
 by  endeav\r+ to %[ t1 z ! result ( 8  
action1 a /orm ( div9e  ang] has bur/   
ov] ! community1--b1 above all1 x reg>ds

 ! guilt  ( ! individual m p>ticul>ly z 
its own guilt1 & be>s !  puni%m5t ( !   
isolat$ individual z its own            
puni%m5t--8,morals10 !y  bewail 9 _!    
inn]mo/ he>t1 8morals h gr[n lax1 if su*
 de$s z  ^! are possible40 ,& e         
individual action1 e individual mode (  
?9k+1 causes dread4 ,x is impossible to 
det]m9e h[ mu* ! m  select1 r>e1 &      
orig9al m9ds mu/ h suff]$ 9 ! c\rse ( "t
  by be+ consid]$ z evil & dang]\s1 yea1
 because !y ev5 look$  ^u !mselves z    
su*4 ,"u ! dom9at+ influ5ce ( ! morality
  ( cu/om1 orig9ality ( e k9d came to   
acquire a bad consci5ce2 &  ev5 n[ ! sky
 ( ! be/ m9ds seems to be m ov]ca/ by   
?is  ?\ght ?an x ne$ be4          #aj4  
,,c\nt]-,,motion ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,s5se ,,(
 ,,morality ,,& ,,! ,,s5se ,,(          
,,causality4--,z ! s5se ( causality     
increases1 s does ! ext5t ( !  doma9 (  
morality decrease3 = e "t "o has be5    
able to grasp !  necess>y effects1 & to 
conceive !m z di/9ct f all incid5tals  &
 *ance possibilities 7po/ hoc71 "o has1 

at ! same "t1  de/roy$ an enorm\s numb] 
( imag9>y causalities1 :i* _h  hi!rto   
be5 believ$ 9 z ! basis ( morals--! real
 _w is mu*  small] ?an ! _w ( our       
imag9ation--& ea* "t also "o ca/s  away 
a c]ta9 am\nt ( "o's anxi\sness &       
co]cion1 & "s ( our  rev]5ce = !        
au?ority ( cu/om is lo/3 morality 9     
g5]al  und]goes a dim9ution4 ,he :o1 on 
! o!r h&1 wi%es to increase x  mu/ "k h[
 to prev5t results f becom+             
controllable4          #aa4             
,,morals ,,& ,,m$ic9es ,,( ,,! ,,p4--,e 
"o is cont9u\sly occupi$ 9  br++ m or   
less influ5ce to be> ^u ! morals :i*    
prevail 9 a  community3 mo/ ( ! p br+   
=w>d example aft] example to %[  !      
alleg$ relation%ip betwe5 cause &       
effect1 guilt & puni%m5t1  ?us uphold+ x
 z well f\nd$ & add+ to ! belief 9 x4 ,a
 few  make new obs]vations ^u ! actions 
& _! consequ5ces1 draw+  conclusions    
!refrom & lay+ d[n laws2 a small] numb] 
raise  objections & all[ belief 9 ^! ?+s
 to become weak5$4--,b !y  are all alike

 9 ! crude & unsci5tific mann] 9 :i* !y 
set  ab\t _! "w3 if x is a "q (         
objections to a law1 or examples  or    
obs]vations ( x1 or ( its pro(1         
confirmation1 expression or  refutation1
 we always f9d ! mat]ial & me?od        
entirely valueless1 z  valueless z !    
mat]ial & =m ( all popul> m$ic9e4       
,popul>  m$ic9es & popul> morals are    
closely relat$1 & %\ld n be  consid]$ & 
valu$1 z is /ill cu/om>y1 9 s diff]5t a 
way3 bo?  are mo/ dang]\s & make-believe
 sci5ces4          #ab4                 
,,consequ5ce ,,z ,,adjuvant             
,,cause4--,=m]ly ! consequ5ces ( an     
action 7  consid]$1 n z ! result ( t    
action1 b a volunt>y  adjuvant--i4e4 on 
! "p ( ,god4 ,c a great] confusion be   
imag9$8  ,entirely diff]5t practices &  
means h to be br\ght into use =  actions
 & effects6          #ac4      ,,t[>ds  
,,! ,,new ,,education ,,(               
,,mank9d4--,help u1 all ye :o are       
well-dispos$ & will+ to assi/1 l5d y\r  
aid 9 ! endeav\r to d  away ) t         

conception ( puni%m5t :i* has swept ov] 
! :ole  _w6 ,no we$ m h>mful ?an ?is6 ,x
 is n only to ! consequ5ces  ( our      
actions t ?is conception has be5        
appli$--& h[ horrible &  s5seless x is  
to confuse cause & effect ) cause &     
puni%m5t6--b  worse has foll[$3 ! pure  
accid5tality ( ev5ts has be5 robb$ (    
its innoc5ce by ?is execrable mann] (   
int]pret+ conception (  puni%m5t4 ,yea1 
!y h ev5 pu%$ _! folly to su* extremes t
  !y w\ld h u look ^u exi/5ce itself z a
 puni%m5t--f :i*  x w\ld appe> t !      
education ( mank9d _h hi!rto be5 confid$
  to cranky gaol]s & hangm54            
#ad4      ,,! ,,signification ,,(       
,,madness ,,9 ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,(          
,,morality4--,if1 despite t  =midable   
pressure ( ! 8morality ( cu/om10 "u :i* 
all human  communities liv$--?\s&s (    
ye>s be=e our own era1 & dur+ our  own  
era up to ! pres5t day 7we ourselves are
 dwell+ 9 ! small  _w ( exceptions1 &1 z
 x 71 9 an evil zone73--if1 ,i say1 9   
spite ( all ?is1 new & div]g5t ideas1   

valuations1 & impulses h  made _!       
appe>ance "t aft] "t1 ?is /ate ( ?+s has
 be5  br\ght ab\t only ) ! assi/ance ( a
 dreadful associate3 x 0  insanity almo/
 ev]y:]e t pav$ ! way = ! new ?\ght &   
ca/  (f ! spell ( an old cu/om &        
sup]/ition4 ,d ye und]/& :y ?is  _h to  
be done ?r\gh insanity8 by some?+ :i* is
 9 bo? voice &  appe>ance z horrify+ &  
incalculable z ! demoniac :ims ( w9d  & 
sea1 & consequ5tly call+ = l dread &    
respect8 by some?+  be>+ ^u x ! signs ( 
entire lack ( consci\sness z cle>ly z  !
 convulsions & foam ( ! epileptic1 :i*  
appe>$ to typify !  insane p]son z !    
mask & speak+-trumpet ( "s div9e be+8 by
  some?+ t inspir$ ev5 ! be>] ( ! new   
?\ght ) awe &  fe> ( himself1 & t1      
suppress+ all remorse1 drove him on to  
become  its prophet & m>tyr8--,well1 9  
our own "t1 we cont9ually he> !  /atem5t
 reit]at$ t g5ius is t9ctur$ ) madness  
in/ead ( good  s5se4 ,m5 ( e>li] ages 7 
f> m incl9$ to believe t1  :]ev] traces 
( insanity %[$ !mselves1 a c]ta9        

proportion (  g5ius & wisdom 0 likewise 
pres5t--some?+ 8div9e10 z !y  :isp]$ to 
"o ano!r4 ,m ?an ?is1 !y express$ _!    
op9ions on  ! po9t ) suffici5t emphasis4
 8,all ! greate/ b5efits ( ,greece  h   
sprung f madness10 said ,plato1 sett+ on
 record ! op9ion (  ! entire anci5t _w4 
,let u take a /ep fur!r3 all ^? sup]ior 
m51 :o felt !mselves irresi/ibly urg$ on
 to ?r[ (f ! yoke (  "s morality or o!r1
 _h no o!r res\rce--if !y 7 n really    
mad--?an to feign madness1 or actually  
to become insane4 ,& ?is holds  good =  
innovators 9 e dep>tm5t ( life1 & n only
 9 religion  & politics4 ,ev5 ! re=m] ( 
! poetic metre 0 =c$ to ju/ify  himself 
by means ( madness4 7,?us ev5 d[n to    
g5tl] ages madness  rema9$ a k9d (      
conv5tion 9 poets1 ( :i* ,solon1 =      
in/ance1 took  advantage :5 urg+ !      
,a!nians to reconqu] ,salamis47--8,h[ c 
"o  make "o's self mad :5 "o is n mad & 
d>e n feign to be s80  ,almo/ all !     
em95t m5 ( antiquity h giv5 !mselves up 
to ?is  dreadful mode ( reason+3 a      

secret doctr9e ( artifices & dietetic   
juggl]y grew up ar\nd ?is subject & 0   
h&$ d[n f g5]ation  to g5]ation1 toge!r 
) ! feel+ ( ! innoc5ce1 ev5 sanctity1  (
 su* plans & m$itations4 ,! means (     
becom+ a m$ic9e-man among  ! ,indians1 a
 sa9t among ,*ri/ians ( ! ,middle ,ages1
 an angecok among  ,gre5l&]s1 a ,pagee  
among ,brazilians1 are ! same 9 ess5ce3 
s5seless  fa/+1 cont9ual ab/5tion f     
sexual int]c\rse1 isolation 9 a         
wild]ness1 asc5d+ a m\nta9 or a pill>1  
8sitt+ on an ag$ will[  t looks out ^u a
 lake10 & ?9k+ ( absolutely no?+ b :at  
may give rise to ec/asy or m5tal        
d]angem5ts4    ,:o w\ld d>e to glance at
 ! des]t ( ! bitt]e/ & mo/  sup]flu\s   
agonies ( _s1 9 :i* probably ! mo/      
productive m5  ( all ages h p9$ away8   
,:o c\ld li/5 to ! sighs ( ^? lonely  & 
tr\bl$ m9ds3 8,o ye heav5ly p[]s1 grant 
me madness6 ,madness1 t  ,i at l5g? may 
believe 9 myself6 ,v\*safe delirium &   
convulsions1  sudd5 fla%es ( light &    
p]iods ( d>kness2 fright5 me ) su*      

%iv]+ & fev]i%ness z no mortal ev]      
exp]i5c$ be=e1 )  clang+ noises & haunt+
 spectres2 let me gr[l & :9e & creep    
ab\t l a bea/1 if only ,i c come to     
believe 9 myself6 ,i am dev\r$  by d\bt4
 ,i h sla9 ! law1 & ,i n[ dread ! law z 
a liv+ p]son  dreads a corpse4 ,if ,i am
 n above ! law1 ,i am ! mo/ ab&on$ (    
wret*es4 ,:5ce come? ?is new _s t       
dwelle? )9 me b f  y8 ,prove to me1 !n1 
t ,i am "o ( y--no?+ b madness w  prove 
x to me40 ,& only too (t5 does su* a    
f]v\r atta9 its object3  at ! v "t :5   
,*ri/ianity 0 giv+ ! greate/ pro( ( its 
f]tility 9 ! production ( sa9ts &       
m>tyrs1 believ+ t x 0  ?us prov+ itself1
 ,j]usalem conta9$ l>ge lunatic asylums 
=  %ipwreck$ sa9ts1 = ^? ^: la/ sp>k (  
good s5se _h be5  qu5*$ by ! floods (   
insanity4          #ae4      ,,! ,,mo/  
,,anci5t ,,means ,,( ,,solace4--,fir/   
/age3 ,9 e mis=tune or  discom=t man    
sees some?+ = :i* he mu/ make somebody  
else suff]1  no matt] :o--9 ?is way he  
f9ds out ! am\nt ( p[] /ill rema9+  to  

him2 & ?is consoles him4 ,second /age3  
,9 e mis=tune or  discom=t1 man sees a  
puni%m5t1 i4e4 an expiation ( guilt & ! 
means by :i* he may get rid ( ! malici\s
 en*antm5t ( a real or  app>5t wrong4   
,:5 he p]ceives ! advantage :i* mis=tune
 br+  ) x1 he believes he ne$ no long]  
make ano!r p]son suff] =  x--he gives up
 ?is k9d ( satisfaction1 because he n[  
has ano!r4          #af4      ,,fir/    
,,pr9ciple ,,( ,,civilisation4--,among  
savage tribes !re is a c]ta9  category (
 cu/oms :i* appe> to aim at no?+ b      
cu/om4 ,!y  !re=e lay d[n /rict1 &1 on !
 :ole1 sup]flu\s regulations  7e4g4 !   
rules ( ! ,kam*adales1 :i* =bid sn[ to  
be scrap$ (f  ! boots ) a knife1 coal to
 be /uck on ! po9t ( a knife1 or a      
piece ( iron to be put into ! fire--&   
dea? to be ! portion ( e  "o :o %all act
 contr>iwise67 ,yet ^! laws s]ve to keep
 p  cont9ually rem9d$ ( ! cu/om1 & !    
imp]ative necessity on _!  p>ts to con=m
 to x3 & all ?is 9 support ( ! great    
pr9ciple  :i* /&s at ! beg9n+ ( all     

civilisation3 any cu/om is bett]  ?an   
none4          #ag4      ,,goodness ,,& 
,,malignity4--,at fir/ m5 impos$ _! own 
p]sonalities on  ,nature3 ev]y:]e !y saw
 !mselves & _! l1 i4e4 _! own  evil &   
caprici\s temp]am5ts1 hidd51 z x 71     
beh9d cl\ds1  ?und]-/orms1 wild bea/s1  
trees1 & plants3 x 0 !n t !y  decl>$    
,nature 0 evil4 ,aft]w>ds !re came a "t1
 t ( ,r\sseau1  :5 !y s\ght to di/+ui%  
!mselves f ,nature3 !y 7 s tir$  ( ea*  
o!r t !y wi%$ to h sep>ate little       
hid+-places :]e  man & 8 mis]y c\ld n   
p5etrate3 !n !y inv5t$ 8nature is       
good40          #ah4      ,,! ,,morality
 ,,( ,,volunt>y ,,suff]+4--,:at is !    
highe/ enjoym5t = m5  liv+ 9 a /ate ( w>
 9 a small community1 ! exi/5ce ( :i* is
  cont9ually ?reat5$1 & ! morality ( :i*
 is ! /ricte/  possible8 i4e4 = s\ls :i*
 are vigor\s1 v9dictive1 malici\s1 full 
( suspicion1 ready to face ! dire/      
ev5ts1 h>d5$ by privation &  morality8  
,! enjoym5t ( cruelty3 j z1 9 su* s\ls &
 9 su*  circum/ances1 x w\ld be reg>d$ z

 a virtue to be +5i\s &  insatiable 9   
cruelty4 ,su* a community w\ld f9d its  
delight 9  p]=m+ cruel de$s1 ca/+ aside1
 = once1 ! gloom ( con/ant  anxiety &   
precaution4 ,cruelty is "o ( ! mo/      
anci5t enjoym5ts at  _! fe/ivities4 ,z a
 consequ5ce x is believ$ t ! gods       
likewise  are pleas$ by ! sight (       
cruelty & rejoice at x--& 9 ?is way !   
belief is spread t volunt>y suff]+1     
self-*os5 m>tyrdom1 has a  high         
signification & value ( its own4 ,9 !   
community cu/om gradually  br+s ab\t a  
practice 9 con=mity ) ?is belief3       
h5ce=w>d  p become m suspici\s ( all    
exub]ant well-be+1 & m  confid5t z !y   
f9d !mselves 9 a /ate ( great pa92 !y   
?9k  t ! gods may be unfav\rable to !m  
on acc\nt ( happ9ess1 &  fav\rable on   
acc\nt ( pa9--n compassionate6 ,=       
compassion is look$  ^u ) contempt1 &   
unwor?y ( a /rong & awe-inspir+ s\l--b  
agreeable to !m1 because ! sight ( human
 suff]+ put ^! gods  into good hum\r &  
makes !m feel p[]ful1 & a cruel m9d     

revels 9  ! s5sation ( p[]4 ,x 0 ?us t !
 8mo/ moral man0 ( !  community 0       
consid]$ z su* by virtue ( 8 frequ5t    
suff]+1  privation1 labori\s exi/5ce1 & 
cruel mortification--n1 to repeat x     
aga9 & aga91 z a means ( discipl9e or   
self-control or a desire =  individual  
happ9ess--b a a virtue :i* r5d]s ! evil 
gods  well-dispos$ t[>ds ! community1 a 
virtue :i* cont9ually wafts up  to !m ! 
od\r ( an expiatory sacrifice4 ,all ^?  
intellectual  lead]s ( ! nations :o     
rea*$ ! po9t ( be+ able to /ir up !     
sluggi% ?\gh prolific mire ( _! cu/oms  
_h to possess ?is factor  ( volunt>y    
m>tyrdom z well z insanity 9 ord] to    
obta9  belief--especially1 & above all1 
z is always ! case1 belief 9  !mselves6 
,! m _! m9ds foll[$ new pa?s1 & 7       
consequ5tly  torm5t$ by pricks (        
consci5ce1 ! m cruelly !y battl$ aga9/  
_! own fle%1 _! own desires1 & _! own   
heal?--z if !y 7  (f]+ ! gods a         
comp5sation 9 pleasure1 le/ ^! gods %\ld
 wax  wro? at ! neglect ( anci5t cu/oms 

& ! sett+ up ( new aims4    ,let no "o  
be too ha/y 9 ?9k+ t we h n[ entirely   
fre$  ourselves f su* a logic ( feel+6  
,let ! mo/ h]oic s\ls among u  "q       
!mselves on ?is v po9t4 ,! lea/ /ep =w>d
 9 !  doma9 ( free ?\ght & individual   
life has be5 a*iev$ 9 all ages  to !    
accompanim5t ( physical & intellectual  
tortures3 & n only  ! m]e /ep =w>d1 no6 
b e =m ( movem5t & *ange has  r5d]$     
necess>y innum]able m>tyrs1 ?r\gh\t !   
entire c\rse (  ?\s&s ( ye>s :i* s\ght  
_! pa?s & laid d[n _!  f\ndation-/ones1 
ye>s1 h[ev]1 :i* we d n ?9k ( :5 we     
speak  ab\t 8_w-hi/ory10 t ridicul\sly  
small division ( mank9d's  exi/5ce4 ,&  
ev5 9 ?is s-call$ _w-hi/ory1 :i* 9 ! ma9
 is  m]ely a great deal ( noise ab\t !  
late/ novelties1 !re is no m  important 
!me ?an ! old1 old trag$y ( ! m>tyrs :o 
tri$ to  move ! mire4 ,no?+ has be5 m   
de>ly b\ght ?an ! m9ute  portion ( human
 reason & feel+ ( lib]ty ^u :i* we n[   
pride  ourselves4 ,b x is ?is v pride   
:i* makes x almo/ impossible =  u to-day

 to be consci\s ( t enorm\s lapse ( "t1 
prec$+ !  p]iod ( 8_w-hi/ory0 :5        
8morality ( cu/om0 held ! field1 & to   
consid] ?is lapse ( "t z ! real &       
decisive epo* t  e/abli%$ ! "* ( mank9d3
 an epo* :5 suff]+ 0  consid]$ z a      
virtue1 cruelty z a virtue1 hypocrisy z 
a virtue1  rev5ge z a virtue1 & ! d5ial 
( ! reason z a virtue1 :]eas1 on  ! o!r 
h&1 well-be+ 0 reg>d$ z a dang]1 long+ =
 k  z a dang]1 peace z a dang]1         
compassion z a dang]3 an epo* :5  be+   
piti$ 0 look$ ^u z an insult1 "w z an   
insult1 madness z a  div9e attribute1 & 
e k9d ( *ange z immoral & pregnant )    
ru96 ,y imag9e t all ?is has *ang$1 & t 
humanity mu/  likewise h *ang$ its "*8  
,oh1 ye poor psy*ologi/s1 le>n to  "k   
y\rselves bett]6          #ai4          
,,morality ,,& ,,/upefaction4--,cu/om   
repres5ts ! exp]i5ces ( m5 (  e>li]     
times 9 reg>d to :at !y consid]$ z      
useful & h>mful2 b  ! feel+ ( cu/om     
7morality7 does n relate to ^! feel+s z 
su*1 b to ! age1 ! sanctity1 & !        

unque/ion$ au?ority ( !  cu/om4 ,h5ce   
?is feel+ h9d]s our acquir+ new         
exp]i5ces &  am5d+ morals3 i4e4 morality
 is oppos$ to ! =mation ( new &  bett]  
morals3 x /upefies4          #bj4       
,,free-,,do]s ,,&                       
,,free-,,?9k]s4--,comp>$ ) free-?9k]s1  
free-do]s are  at a disadvantage1       
because x is evid5t t m5 suff] m f !    
consequ5ces ( actions ?an ( ?\ghts4 ,if 
we rememb]1 h[ev]1 t  bo? seek _! own   
satisfaction1 & t free-?9k]s h already  
f\nd _! satisfaction 9 reflection ^u &  
utt]ance ( =bidd5  ?+s1 !re is no       
diff]5ce 9 ! motives2 b 9 respect ( !   
consequ5ces ! issue w be decid$ aga9/ ! 
free-?9k]1 provid$  t x be n judg$ f !  
mo/ sup]ficial & vulg> ext]nal          
appe>ance1 i4e4 n z e "o w\ld judge x4  
,we mu/ make up = a  good deal ( !      
calumny ) :i* m5 h cov]$ all ^? :o h1   
by _! actions1 brok5 away f ! au?ority (
 "s cu/om--!y are  g5]ally call$        
crim9als4 ,e "o :o has hi!rto ov]?r[n a 
law (  e/abli%$ morality has always at  

fir/ be5 consid]$ z a wick$  man3 b :5 x
 0 aft]w>ds f\nd impossible to          
re-e/abli% ! law1  & p gradually became 
accu/om$ to ! *ange1 ! epi!t 0  *ang$ by
 sl[ degrees4 ,hi/ory deals almo/       
exclusively ) ^!  wick$ m51 :o lat] on  
came to be recognis$ z good m54         
#ba4      8,,fulfilm5t ,,( ,,!          
,,law40--,9 cases :]e ! obs]vance ( a   
moral precept  has l$ to diff]5t        
consequ5ce f t expect$ & promis$1 & does
  n be/[ ^u ! moral man ! happ9ess he _h
 hop$ =1 b leads  r to mis=tune & mis]y1
 ! consci5ti\s & timid man has  always 8
 excuse ready3 8,some?+ 0 lack+ 9 !     
prop] c>ry+  out ( ! law40 ,if ! wor/   
comes to ! wor/1 a deeply-suff]+ &      
d[n-trodd5 humanity w ev5 decree3 8,x is
 impossible to c>ry out !  precept      
fai?fully3 we are too weak & s9ful1 &1 9
 ! dep?s ( our  s\l1 incapable (        
morality3 consequ5tly we h no claim to  
happ9ess  & success4 ,moral precepts &  
promises h be5 giv5 = bett] be+s  ?an   
ourselves40          #bb4      ,,works  

,,& ,,fai?4--,prote/ant tea*]s are /ill 
spread+ ! fundam5tal  error t fai? only 
is ( consequ5ce1 & t works mu/ foll[    
naturally ^u fai?4 ,?is doctr9e is      
c]ta9ly n true1 b x is s  s$uctive 9    
appe>ance t x has succe$$ 9 fasc9at+ q  
o!r  intellects ?an t ( ,lu!r 7e4g4 !   
m9ds ( ,socrates & ,plato73  ?\gh ! pla9
 evid5ce & exp]i5ce ( our daily life    
prove !  contr>y4 ,! mo/ assur$ k & fai?
 _c give u ei!r !  /r5g? or ! dext]ity  
requir$ = action1 or ! practice 9 t     
subtle & complicat$ me*anism :i* is a   
pr]equisite = any?+ to  be *ang$ f an   
idea into action4 ,!n1 ,i say1 let u    
fir/ &  =emo/ h works6 & ?is means      
practice6 practice6 practice6 ,!        
necess>y fai? w come lat]--be c]ta9 ( t6
          #bc4      ,,9 ,,:at ,,respect 
,,we ,,are ,,mo/ ,,subtle4--,by ! fact  
t1 = ?\s&s (  ye>s1 ?+s 7nature1 tools1 
prop]ty ( all k9ds7 7 ?\ght to be  alive
 & to possess s\ls1 & able to h9d] &    
int]f]e ) !  designs ( man1 ! feel+ (   
impot5ce among m5 has become great] &  m

 frequ5t ?an x ne$ h be53 = "o _h to    
secure "o's ?+s  l m5 & bea/s1 by means 
( =ce1 compulsion1 flatt]y1 treaties1   
sacrifices--& x is "h t we may f9d !    
orig9 ( ! great]  numb] ( sup]/iti\s    
cu/oms1 i4e4 ( an important1 p]haps     
p>am\nt1 & nev]!less wa/$ & useless     
division ( mank9d's  activity6--,b s9ce 
! feel+ ( impot5ce & fe> 0 s /rong1 &  =
 su* a l5g? ( "t 9 a /ate ( con/ant     
/imulation1 ! feel+  ( p[] 9 man has be5
 develop$ 9 s subtle a mann] t1 9 ?is   
respect1 he c comp>e fav\rably ) ! mo/  
delicately-adju/$  balance4 ,?is feel+  
has become 8 /ronge/ prop5sity3 & !     
means  he discov]$ = creat+ x =m almo/ !
 entire hi/ory ( culture4          #bd4 
,,! ,,pro( ,,( ,a ,,precept4--,! wor? or
 wor?lessness ( a recipe--t =  bak+     
bread1 = example--is prov$1 g5]ally     
speak+1 by ! result  expect$ com+ to    
pass or n1 provid$1 ( c\rse1 t !        
directions  giv5 h be5 c>efully foll[$4 
,! case is diff]5t1 h[ev]1 :5  we come  
to deal ) moral precepts1 = "h ! results

 _c be  asc]ta9$1 int]pret$1 & div9$4   
,^! precepts1 inde$1 are bas$  ^u       
hypo!ses ( b little sci5tific value1 !  
pro( or refutation (  :i* by means (    
results is impossible3--b 9 =m] ages1 :5
 all  sci5ce 0 crude & primitive1 & :5 a
 matt] 0 tak5 = grant$  on ! smalle/    
evid5ce1 !n ! wor? or wor?lessness ( a  
moral  recipe 0 det]m9$ z we n[ det]m9e 
any o!r precept3 by ref]5ce  to !       
results4 ,if ! natives ( ,alaska believe
 9 a comm& :i* says3  8,?\ %alt n ?r[ a 
bone into ! fire or give x to a dog10   
?is w  be prov$ by ! w>n+3 8,if ?\ do/  
?\ wilt h no luck :5  hunt+40 ,yet1 9 "o
 s5se or ano!r1 x almo/ inv>iably happ5s
 t  "o has 8no luck :5 hunt+40 ,x is no 
easy matt] to refute ! wor?  ( ! precept
 9 ?is way1 ! m s z x is ! community1 & 
n  ! individual1 :i* is reg>d$ z ! be>] 
( ! puni%m5t2 &1  aga91 "s occurr5ce is 
almo/ c]ta9 to happ5 :i* seems to prove 
! rule4          #be4      ,,cu/oms ,,& 
,,beauty4--,9 ju/ice to cu/om x mu/ n be
 ov]look$ t1  9 ! case ( all ^? :o con=m

 to x :ole-he>t$ly f ! v  />t1 ! organs 
( attack & def5ce1 bo? physical &       
intellectual1  beg9 to wa/e away2 i4e4  
^! individuals gradually become m       
beautiful6 ,= x is ! ex]cise ( ^! organs
 & _! correspond+  feel+s t br+s ab\t   
ugl9ess & helps to pres]ve x4 ,x is =   
?is reason t ! old baboon is ugli] ?an !
 "y "o1 & t !  "y female baboon mo/     
closely resembles man1 & is h5ce ! mo/  
h&some4--,let u draw f ?is our own      
conclusions z to ! orig9 (  female      
beauty6          #bf4      ,,animals ,,&
 ,,morals4--,! rules insi/$ ^u 9 polite 
society1 su*1 =  example1 z ! avoidance 
( ev]y?+ ridicul\s1 fanta/ic1           
presumptu\s2 ! suppression ( "o's       
virtues j z mu* z ( "o's  mo/ viol5t    
desires1 ! in/ant br++ ( "o's self d[n  
to !  g5]al level1 submitt+ "o's self to
 etiquette & self-depreciation3  all    
?is1 g5]ally speak+1 is to be f\nd1 z a 
social morality1 ev5  9 ! l[e/ scale ( !
 animal _w--& x is only 9 ?is l[ scale  
t we see ! inn]mo/ plan ( all ^! amiable

 precaution>y  regulations3 "o wi%es to 
escape f "o's pursu]s & to be aid$ 9  ! 
se>* = plund]4 ,h5ce animals le>n to    
control & to disguise  !mselves to su*  
an ext5t t "s ( !m c ev5 adapt ! col\r  
( _! bodies to t ( _! surr\nd+s 7by     
means ( :at is kn[n  z ! 8*romatic      
function074 ,o!rs c simulate dea?1 or   
adopt !  =ms & col\rs ( o!r animals1 or 
( s&1 leaves1 moss1 or fungi  7kn[n to  
,engli% naturali/s z 8mimicry074    ,x  
is 9 ?is way t an individual conceals   
himself beh9d !  univ]sality ( ! g5]ic  
t]m 8man0 or 8society10 or adapts &     
atta*es himself to pr9ces1 ca/es1       
political p>ties1 curr5t op9ions  ( !   
"t1 or 8 surr\nd+s3 & we may easily f9d 
! animal  equival5t ( all ^? subtle     
means ( mak+ ourselves happy1 ?ankful1  
p[]ful1 & fasc9at+4 ,ev5 t s5se ( tru?1 
:i* is at bottom  m]ely ! s5se (        
security1 is possess$ by man 9 common ) 
!  animals3 we d n wi% to be deceiv$ by 
o!rs or by ourselves2 we he>  ) "s      
suspicion ! prompt+s ( our own passions1

 we control  ourselves & rema9 on ! wat*
 aga9/ ourselves4 ,n[1 ! animal does    
all ?is z well z man2 & 9 ! animal      
likewise self-control  orig9ates 9 !    
s5se ( reality 7prud5ce74 ,9 ! same way1
 ! animal  obs]ves ! effects x ex]cises 
on ! imag9ation ( o!r bea/s3 x  ?us     
le>ns to view itself f _! position1 to  
consid] itself  8objectively02 x has its
 own degree ( self-k4 ,! animal judges  
! movem5ts ( its fri5ds & foes1 x le>ns 
_! peculi>ities by  he>t & acts         
accord+ly3 x gives up1 once & = all1 !  
/ruggle  aga9/ individual animals (     
c]ta9 species1 & x likewise recognises1 
9 ! approa* ( c]ta9 v>ieties1 :e!r _!   
int5tions are  agreeable & peaceful4 ,! 
beg9n+s ( ju/ice1 l ^? ( wisdom--9      
%ort1 ev]y?+ :i* we "k z ! ,socratic    
virtues--are ( an  animal nature3 a     
consequ5ce ( ^? in/9cts :i* tea* u to   
se>*  = food & to avoid our enemies4 ,if
 we rememb] t ! high] man has  m]ely    
rais$ & ref9$ himself 9 ! quality ( 8   
food & 9 !  conception ( :at is contr>y 

to 8 nature1 x may n be go+ too f>  to  
describe ! entire moral ph5om5on z ( an 
animal orig94          #bg4      ,,!    
,,value ,,( ,,! ,,belief ,,9 ,,sup]human
 ,,passions4--,! in/itution (  m>riage  
/ubbornly upholds ! belief t love1      
al?\gh a passion1 is  nev]!less capable 
( duration z su*1 yea1 t la/+1 lifelong 
love  may be tak5 z a g5]al rule4 ,by   
means ( ! t5acity ( a noble  belief1 9  
spite ( su* frequ5t & almo/ cu/om>y     
refutations--!reby  becom+ a pia        
fraus--m>riage has elevat$ love to a    
high] rank4 ,e  in/itution :i* has      
conc$$ to a passion ! belief 9 !        
duration (  ! latt]1 & responsibility = 
?is duration1 9 spite ( ! nature  ( !   
passion itself1 has rais$ ! passion to a
 high] level3 & he  :o is !nce=? seiz$ )
 su* a passion does n1 z =m]ly1 ?9k     
himself l[]$ 9 ! e/imation ( o!rs or    
br\ght into dang] on t  acc\nt1 b on !  
contr>y believes himself to be rais$1   
bo? 9 !  op9ion ( himself & ( 8 equals4 
,let u recall in/itutions &  cu/oms :i*1

 out ( ! fi]y devotion ( a mom5t1 h     
creat$ et]nal  fidelity2 out ( !        
pleasure ( ang]1 et]nal v5geance2 out ( 
despair1  et]nal m\rn+2 out ( a s+le    
ha/y ^w1 et]nal obligation4 ,a great    
deal ( hypocrisy & falsehood came into !
 _w z ! result ( su*  trans=mations2 b  
ea* "t1 too1 at ! co/ ( su*             
disadvantages1 a  new & sup]human       
conception :i* elevates mank9d4         
#bh4      ,,/ate ,,( ,,m9d ,,z          
,,argum5t4--,:5ce arises )9 u a *e]ful  
read9ess  = action8--su* is ! "q :i* has
 greatly occupi$ ! att5tion  ( m54 ,!   
mo/ anci5t answ]1 & "o :i* we /ill he>1 
is3 ,god is  ! cause2 9 ?is way ,he     
gives u to und]/& t ,he approves ( our  
actions4 ,:51 9 =m] ages1 p consult$ !  
oracles1 !y did s  t !y might return    
home /r5g!n$ by ?is *e]ful read9ess2 &  
e "o answ]$ ! d\bts :i* came to him1 if 
alt]native actions  sugge/$ !mselves1 by
 say+3 8,i %all d :atev] br+s ab\t t    
feel+40 ,!y did n decide1 9 o!r words1 =
 :at 0 mo/  reasonable1 b ^u "s plan !  

conception ( :i* imbu$ ! s\l  ) c\rage &
 hope4 ,a *e]ful outlook 0 plac$ 9 !    
scales z an  argum5t & prov$ to be      
heavi] ?an reasonabl5ess2 = ! /ate (    
m9d 0 int]pret$ 9 a sup]/iti\s mann] z !
 action ( a god :o  promises success2 & 
:o1 by ?is argum5t1 lets 8 reason speak 
z !  highe/ reasonabl5ess4 ,n[1 let !   
consequ5ces ( su* a prejudice be        
consid]$ :5 %rewd m51 ?ir/+ = p[]1      
avail$ !mselves (  x--& /ill d s6 8,br+ 
ab\t ! "r /ate ( m9d60--9 ?is way y  c d
 )\t all argum5ts & ov]come e objection6
          #bi4      ,,actors ,,(        
,,virtue ,,& ,,s94--,among ! anci5ts :o 
became celebrat$ =  _! virtue !re 7 _m1 
x w\ld seem1 :o act$ to !mselves1       
especially ! ,greeks1 :o1 be+ actors by 
nature1 mu/ h act$ q  unconsci\sly1 see+
 no reason :y !y %\ld n d s4 ,9         
addition1  e "o 0 /riv+ to outdo "s "o  
else's virtue ) 8 own1 s  :y %\ld !y n h
 made use ( e artifice to %[ (f _!      
virtues1 especially among !mselves1 if  
only = ! sake ( practice6 ,(  :at use 0 

a virtue :i* "o c\ld n display1 & :i*   
did n "k  h[ to display                 
itself6--,*ri/ianity put an end to !    
c>e] ( ^!  actors ( virtue2 in/ead x    
devis$ ! disgu/+ o/5tation &  p>ad+ (   
s9s3 x br\ght into ! _w a /ate (        
m5daci\s  s9fulness 7ev5 at ! pres5t day
 ?is is consid]$ z bon ton among        
or?odox ,*ri/ians74          #cj4       
,,ref9$ ,,cruelty ,,z ,,virtue4--,"h we 
h a morality :i* is bas$ entirely  ^u   
our ?ir/ = di/9ction--d n !re=e ent]ta9 
too high an  op9ion ( x6 ,inde$1 we may 
well ask :at k9d ( an impulse x is1 &   
:at is its fundam5tal signification8 ,x 
is s\ght1 by our appe>ance1 to  grieve  
our neighb\r1 to ar\se 8 envy1 & to     
awak5 8 feel+s (  impot5ce &            
degradation2 we endeav\r to make him    
ta/e ! bitt]ness  ( 8 fate by dropp+ a  
little ( our honey on 8 tongue1 &1 :ile 
conf]r+ ?is suppos$ b5efit on him1 look+
 %>ply & triumphantly  into 8 eyes4     
,behold su* a man1 n[ become humble1 &  
p]fect 9 8 humility--& seek  ^? = :om1  

?r\gh 8 humility1 he has = a long "t be5
  prep>+ a torture2 = y are sure to f9d 
!m6 ,"h is ano!r man  :o %[s m]cy t[>ds 
animals1 & is admir$ = do+ s--b !re are 
c]ta9 p on :om he wi%es to v5t 8 cruelty
 by ?is v means4  ,look at t great      
arti/3 ! pleasure he enjoy$ be=eh& 9    
conceiv+ ! envy ( ! rivals he _h        
out/ripp$1 refus$ to let 8  p[]s lie    
dormant until he became a great man--h[ 
_m bitt] mom5ts 9  ! s\ls ( o!r m5 has  
he ask$ = z paym5t = 8 own greatness6   
,! nun's *a/ity3 ) :at ?reat5+ eyes %e  
looks into ! faces (  o!r wom5 :o live  
diff]5tly f h]6 :at a v9dictive joy %9es
 9  ^? eyes6 ,! !me is %ort1 & its      
v>iations1 ?\gh !y might well  be       
innum]able1 c\ld n easily become        
tiresome--= x is /ill too  p>adoxical a 
novelty1 & almo/ a pa9ful "o1 to affirm 
t !  morality ( di/9ction is no?+1 at   
bottom1 b joy 9 ref9$ cruelty4  ,:5 ,i  
say 8at bottom10 ,i mean "h1 e "t 9 !   
fir/ g5]ation4  ,=1 :5 ! habit ( "s     
di/+ui%$ action becomes h]$it>y1 its    

root1 s to speak1 is n transmitt$1 b    
only its fruits 7= only  feel+s1 & n    
?\ghts1 c become h]$it>y73 &1 if we     
presuppose  t ?is root is n re9troduc$  
by education1 9 ! second g5]ation  ! joy
 9 ! cruelty is no long] felt3 b only   
pleasure 9 ! habit  z su*4 ,?is joy1    
h[ev]1 is ! fir/ degree ( ! 8good40     
#ca4      ,,pride ,,9 ,,_s4--,! pride ( 
man1 :i* /rives to oppose ! !ory (  our 
own desc5t f animals & e/abli%es a wide 
gulf betwe5 nature  & man himself--?is  
pride is f\nd$ ^u a prejudice z to :at !
 m9d  is2 & ?is prejudice is relatively 
rec5t4 ,9 ! long prehi/orical  p]iod (  
humanity x 0 suppos$ t ! m9d 0 ev]y:]e1 
& m5  did n look ^u x z a p>ticul>      
*>act]i/ic ( _! own4 ,s9ce1  on !       
contr>y1 ev]y?+ spiritual 7includ+ all  
impulses1  malici\sness1 & incl9ations7 
0 reg>d$ z common prop]ty1 &            
consequ5tly accessible to ev]ybody1     
primitive mank9d 0 n a%am$ (  be+       
desc5d$ f animals or trees 7! noble     
races ?\ght !mselves  hon\r$ by su*     

leg5ds71 & saw 9 ! spiritual t :i*      
unites u  ) nature1 & n t :i* sev]s u f 
h]4 ,?us man 0 br\ght  up 9 mode/y--&   
?is likewise 0 ! result ( a prejudice4  
#cb4      ,,! ,,brake4--,to suff]       
morally1 & !n to le>n aft]w>ds t ?is k9d
  ( suff]+ 0 f\nd$ ^u an error1 %ocks u4
 ,= !re is a unique  consolation 9      
ackn[l$g+1 by our suff]+1 a 8deep] _w ( 
tru?0  ?an any o!r _w1 & we w\ld mu* r  
suff] & feel ourselves  above reality by
 do+ s 7?r\gh ! feel+ t1 9 ?is way1 we  
approa* ne>] to t 8deep] _w ( tru?071   
?an live )\t  suff]+ & h5ce )\t ?is     
feel+ ( ! sublime4 ,?us x is pride1  & !
 habitual fa%ion ( satisfy+ x1 :i*      
opposes ?is new  int]pretation (        
morality4 ,:at p[]1 !n1 mu/ we br+ into 
op]ation  to get rid ( ?is brake8       
,great] pride8 ,a new pride8            
#cc4      ,,! ,,contempt ,,( ,,causes1  
,,consequ5ces1 ,,& ,,reality4--,^?      
un=tunate  occurr5ces :i* take place at 
times 9 ! community1 su* z sudd5  /orms1
 bad h>ve/s1 or plagues1 lead memb]s ( !

 community to suspect  t (f5ces aga9/   
cu/om h be5 committ$1 or t new cu/oms   
mu/  be inv5t$ to appease a new demoniac
 p[] & caprice4 ,suspicion &  reason+ ( 
?is k9d1 h[ev]1 evade an inquiry into ! 
real &  natural causes1 & take !        
demoniac cause = grant$4 ,?is is "o     
s\rce ( ! h]$it>y p]v]sion ( ! human    
intellect2 & ! o!r  "o foll[s 9 its     
tra91 =1 proce$+ on ! same pr9ciple1 p  
paid mu* less att5tion to ! real &      
natural consequ5ces ( an action  ?an to 
! sup]natural consequ5ces 7! s-call$    
puni%m5ts &  m]cies ( ! ,div9ity74 ,x is
 comm&$1 = in/ance1 t c]ta9  ba?s are to
 be tak5 at c]ta9 times3 & ! ba?s are   
tak51 n =  ! sake ( cleanl9ess1 b       
because ! comm& has be5 made4 ,we are n 
taught to avoid ! real consequ5ces (    
dirt1 b m]ely ! suppos$  displeasure ( !
 gods because a ba? has be5 omitt$4 ,"u 
!  pressure ( sup]/iti\s fe>1 p began to
 suspect t ^!  ablutions 7 ( mu* great] 
importance ?an !y seem$2 !y ascrib$     
inn] & supplem5t>y mean+s to !m1        

gradually lo/ _! s5se (  & pleasure 9   
reality1 & f9ally reality is consid]$ z 
valuable  only to ! ext5t t x is a      
symbol4 ,h5ce a man :o is "u !  influ5ce
 ( ! morality ( cu/om comes to despise  
causes fir/ ( all1  secondly            
consequ5ces1 & ?irdly reality1 & weaves 
all 8 high]  feel+s 7rev]5ce1 sublimity1
 pride1 gratitude1 love7 into an imag9>y
  _w3 ! s-call$ high] _w4 ,& ev5 to-day 
we c see !  consequ5ces ( ?is3 :]ev]1 & 
9 :atev] fa%ion1 man's feel+s  are      
rais$1 t imag9>y _w is 9 evid5ce4 ,x is 
sad to h to say  x2 b = ! "t be+ all    
high] s5tim5ts mu/ be look$ ^u  )       
suspicion by ! man ( sci5ce1 to s great 
an ext5t are !y  int]m+l$ ) illusion &  
extravagance4 ,n t !y ne$  necess>ily be
 suspect$ p] se & = ev]2 b !re is no    
d\bt  t1 ( all ! gradual purifications  
:i* await humanity1 !  purification ( ! 
high] feel+s w be "o ( ! sl[e/4         
#cd4      ,,moral ,,feel+s ,,&          
,,conceptions4--,x is cle> t moral      
feel+s are  transmitt$ 9 su* a way t    

*ildr5 p]ceive 9 adults viol5t          
pr$ilections & av]sions = c]ta9 actions1
 & !n1 l born apes1  imitate su* likes &
 dislikes4 ,lat] on 9 life1 :5 !y are   
?or\ghly p]meat$ by ^! acquir$ &        
well-practis$ feel+s1 !y  ?9k x a matt] 
( propriety & decorum to provide a k9d (
  ju/ification = ^! pr$ilections &      
av]sions4 ,^!  8ju/ifications10 h[ev]1  
are 9 no way connect$ ) ! orig9 or !    
degree ( ! feel+3 p simply accommodate  
!mselves to ! rule  t1 z rational be+s1 
!y mu/ give reasons = _! pros & cons1   
reasons :i* mu/ be assignable &         
acceptable into ! b>ga94 ,up to  ?is    
ext5t ! hi/ory ( ! moral feel+s is      
entirely diff]5t f  ! hi/ory ( moral    
conceptions4 ,! fir/-m5tion$ are p[]ful 
be=e ! action1 & ! latt] especially aft]
 x1 9 view ( !  necessity = mak+ "o's   
self cle> 9 reg>d to !m4          #ce4  
,,feel+s ,,& ,,_! ,,desc5t ,,f          
,,judgm5ts4--8,tru/ 9 y\r feel+s60 ,b   
feel+s comprise no?+ f9al1 orig9al2     
feel+s are bas$ ^u !  judgm5ts &        

valuations :i* are transmitt$ to u 9 !  
%ape (  feel+s 7incl9ations1 dislikes74 
,! inspiration :i* spr+s f a  feel+ is !
 gr&*ild ( a judgm5t--(t5 an errone\s   
judgm5t6--&  c]ta9ly n "o's own judgm5t6
 ,tru/+ 9 our feel+s simply means  obey+
 our gr&fa!r & gr&mo!r m ?an ! gods )9  
ourselves3 our reason & exp]i5ce4       
#cf4      ,a ,,fooli% ,,piety1 ,,)      
,,arri,,re-,,p5s,,es4--,:at6 ! inv5tors 
( anci5t  civilisations1 ! fir/ mak]s ( 
tools & tape l9es1 ! fir/  build]s (    
vehicles1 %ips1 & h\ses1 ! fir/ obs]v]s 
( ! laws  ( ! heav5s & ! multiplication 
tables--is x cont5d$ t !y  7 entirely   
diff]5t f ! inv5tors & obs]v]s ( our own
 "t1  & sup]ior to !m8 ,& t ! fir/ sl[  
/eps =w>d 7 ( a  value :i* has n be5    
equall$ by ! discov]ies we h made ) all 
our travels & circumnavigations ( ! e>?8
 ,x is ! voice (  prejudice t speaks    
?us1 & argues 9 ?is way to depreciate ! 
importance ( ! mod]n m9d4 ,& yet x is   
pla9 to be se5 t1 9  =m] times1 haz>d 0 
! greate/ ( all discov]]s & obs]v]s &  !

 b5evol5t prompt] ( ^! +5i\s anci5ts1 & 
t1 9 ! case  ( ! mo/ insignificant      
inv5tion n[ made1 a great] intellect1   
discipl9e1 & sci5tific imag9ation are   
requir$ ?an =m]ly exi/$  ?r\gh\t long   
ages4          #cg4      ,,wrong        
,,conclusions ,,f ,,usefulness4--,:5 we 
h demon/rat$ ! highe/  utility ( a ?+1  
we h nev]!less made no progress t[>ds an
  explanation ( its orig92 9 o!r words1 
we c nev] expla91 by m]e  utility1 !    
necessity ( exi/5ce4 ,b precisely !     
contr>y op9ion  has be5 ma9ta9$ up to ! 
pres5t "t1 ev5 9 ! doma9 ( ! mo/  exact 
sci5ce4 ,9 a/ronomy1 = example1 h we n  
he>d x /at$ t  ! 7suppos$7 usefulness ( 
! sy/em ( satellites--7replac+ ! light  
:i* is dim9i%$ 9 int5sity by ! great]   
di/ance ( ! sun1 9  ord] t ! inhabitants
 ( ! v>i\s cele/ial bodies %\ld n want  
= light7--0 ! f9al object ( ?is sy/em & 
expla9$ its orig98  ,:i* may rem9d u ( !
 conclusions ( ,*ri/oph] ,columbus ,!   
e>?  has be5 creat$ = man1 ergo1 if !re 
are c\ntries1 !y mu/ be  inhabit$4 8,is 

x probable t ! sun w\ld ?r[ 8 rays on   
no?+1  & t ! nocturnal vigils ( ! />s   
%\ld be wa/$ ^u  untravell$ seas &      
unpeopl$ c\ntries80          #ch4       
,,impulses ,,trans=m$ ,,by ,,moral      
,,judgm5ts4--,! same impulse1 "u !      
impression ( ! blame ca/ ^u x by cu/om1 
develops into ! pa9ful  feel+ ( c[>dice1
 or else ! pleasurable feel+ ( humility1
 9  case a morality1 l t ( ,*ri/ianity1 
has tak5 x to its he>t &  call$ x good4 
,9 o!r words1 ?is in/9ct w fall "u !    
influ5ce ( ei!r a good consci5ce or a   
bad "o6 ,9 itself1 l e  in/9ct1 x does n
 possess ei!r ?is or inde$ any o!r moral
  "* & "n1 or ev5 a def9ite accompany+  
feel+ ( pleasure or  displeasure2 x does
 n acquire all ^! qualities z its second
 nature  until x comes into contact )   
impulses :i* h already be5 baptiz$  z   
good & evil1 or has be5 recognis$ z !   
attribute ( be+s  already weigh$ & valu$
 by ! p f a moral po9t ( view4 ,?us  !  
anci5t conception ( envy diff]$ entirely
 f ours4 ,hesiod reckons  x among !     

qualities ( ! good1 b5evol5t ,eris1 & x 
0 n  consid]$ z (f5sive to attribute "s 
k9d ( envy ev5 to ! gods4  ,?is is easy 
to und]/& 9 a /ate ( ?+s inspir$ ma9ly  
by  emulation1 b emulation 0 look$ ^u z 
good1 & valu$ accord+ly4    ,! ,greeks 7
 likewise diff]5t f u 9 ! value !y set  
^u  hope3 !y conceiv$ x z bl9d &        
deceitful4 ,hesiod 9 "o ( 8 poems  has  
made a /rong ref]5ce to x--a ref]5ce s  
/rong1 inde$1 t no  mod]n comm5tator has
 q und]/ood x2 = x runs contr>y to !    
mod]n m9d1 :i* has le>nt f ,*ri/ianity  
to look ^u hope z a  virtue4 ,among !   
,greeks1 on ! o!r h&1 ! portal lead+ to 
a  k ( ! future seem$ only p>tly clos$1 
&1 9 innum]able  in/ances1 x 0 impress$ 
^u !m z a religi\s obligation to inquire
  into ! future1 9 ^? cases :]e we rema9
 satisfi$ ) hope4 ,x  ?us came ab\t t ! 
,greeks1 ?anks to _! oracles & se]s1    
held  hope 9 small e/eem1 & ev5 l[]$ x  
to ! level ( an evil & a  dang]4    ,!  
,jews1 aga91 took a diff]5t view ( ang] 
f t held by u1 &  sanctifi$ x3 h5ce !y h

 plac$ ! sombre maje/y ( ! wra?ful  man 
at an elevation s high t a ,european _c 
conceive x4 ,!y  m\ld$ _! wra?ful & holy
 ,jehovah aft] ! images ( _! wra?ful  & 
holy prophets4 ,comp>$ ) !m1 all !      
,europeans :o h  exhibit$ ! greate/ wra?
 are1 s to speak1 only second-h&        
creatures4          #ci4      ,,!       
,,prejudice ,,conc]n+ 8,,pure           
,,_s40--,:]ev] ! doctr9e ( pure         
spirituality has prevail$1 its excesses 
h result$ 9 ! de/ruction  ( ! tone ( !  
n]ves3 x taught t ! body %\ld be        
despis$1  neglect$1 or torm5t$1 & t1 on 
acc\nt ( 8 impulses1 man himself  %\ld  
be tortur$ & reg>d$ ) contempt4 ,x gave 
rise to gloomy1  /ra9$1 & d[nca/        
s\ls--:o1 besides1 ?\ght !y knew !      
reason (  _! mis]y & h[ x might possibly
 be reliev$6 8,x mu/ be 9 !  body6 ,= x 
/ill ?rives too well60--su* 0 _!        
conclusion1 :il/  ! fact 0 t ! body1    
?r\gh its agonies1 prote/$ "t aft] "t   
aga9/ ?is nev]-end+ mock]y4 ,f9ally1 a  
univ]sal & *ronic  hyp]-n]v\sness seiz$ 

^u ^? virtu\s repres5tatives ( ! pure   
_s3 !y le>n$ to recognise joy only 9 !  
%ape ( ec/asies &  o!r prelim9>y        
symptoms ( insanity--& _! sy/em rea*$   
its climax  :5 x came to look ^u ec/asy 
z ! highe/ aim ( life1 & z !  /&>d by   
:i* all e>?ly ?+s mu/ be condemn$4      
#dj4      ,,m$itations ,,^u             
,,obs]vances4--,num]\s moral precepts1  
c>elessly drawn  f a s+le ev5t1 quickly 
became incompreh5sible2 x 0 z difficult 
a matt] to d$uce _! int5tions ) any     
degree ( c]ta9ty z x 0  to recognise !  
puni%m5t :i* 0 to foll[ ! break+ ( !    
rule4  ,d\bts 7 ev5 held reg>d+ ! ord] (
 ! c]emonies2 b1 :ile  p guess$ at r&om 
ab\t su* matt]s1 ! object ( _!          
inve/igations increas$ 9 importance1 x 0
 precisely ! greate/  absurdity ( an    
obs]vance t develop$ into a holy (      
holies4 ,let u  n ?9k too little ( !    
en]gy wa/$ by man 9 ?is reg>d ?r\gh\t   
?\s&s ( ye>s1 & lea/ ( all ( ! effects (
 su* m$itations  ^u obs]vances6 ,"h we  
f9d ourselves on ! wide tra9+-gr\nd (  !

 intellect--n only d religions develop &
 cont9ue to increase  )9 its b\nd>ies3 b
 "h also is ! v5]able1 ?\gh dreadful1   
primeval _w ( sci5ce2 "h gr[ up ! poet1 
! ?9k]1 !  physician1 ! lawgiv]4 ,!     
dread ( ! un9telligible1 :i*1 9 an      
ambigu\s fa%ion1 dem&$ c]emonies f u1   
gradually assum$ !  *>m ( ! intricate1 &
 :]e man c\ld n unravel he le>nt to     
create4          #da4      ,,to         
,,det]m9e ,,! ,,value ,,( ,,! ,,vita    
,,contemplativa4--,let u n =get1 z  m5  
lead+ a contemplative life1 :at k9d (   
evil & mis=tunes h  ov]tak5 ! m5 ( !    
vita activa z ! result (                
contemplation--9  %ort1 :at sort (      
contra-acc\nt ! vita activa has to (f]  
u1 if  we exhibit too mu* boa/fulness   
be=e x ) respect to our good de$s4  ,x  
w\ld %[ u1 9 ! fir/ place1 ^? s-call$   
religi\s natures1  :o pr$om9ate among ! 
lov]s ( contemplation & consequ5tly     
repres5t _! commone/ type4 ,!y h at all 
times act$ 9 su* a  mann] z to r5d] life
 difficult to practical m51 & tri$ to   

make  !m disgu/$ ) x1 if possible3 to   
d>k5 ! sky1 to oblit]ate !  sun1 to ca/ 
suspicion ^u joy1 to depreciate hope1 to
 p>alyse !  active h&--all ?is !y knew  
h[ to d1 j z1 = mis]able times &        
feel+s1 !y _h _! consolations1 alms1    
bless+s1 & b5$ictions4  ,9 ! second     
place1 x c %[ u ! arti/s1 a species ( m5
 lead+  ! vita contemplativa1 r>] ?an ! 
religi\s elem5t1 b /ill  (t5 to be met  
)4 ,z be+s1 ^! p are usually intol]able1
  caprici\s1 jeal\s1 viol5t1 qu>relsome3
 ?is1 h[ev]1 mu/ be d$uc$  f ! joy\s &  
exalt+ effects ( _! works4    ,?irdly1  
we h ! philosoph]s1 m5 :o unite religi\s
 & arti/ic  qualities1 comb9$1 h[ev]1 ) 
a ?ird elem5t1 namely1 dialectics &  !  
love ( controv]sy4 ,!y are ! au?ors (   
evil 9 ! same s5se z  ! religi\s m5 &   
arti/s1 9 addition to :i* !y h we>i$ _m 
( _! fell[-m5 ) _! passion = dialectics1
 ?\gh _! numb]  has always be5 v small4 
,f\r?ly1 ! ?9k]s & sci5tific work]s4    
,!y b r>ely /rove aft] effects1 &       
cont5t$ !mselves )  sil5tly /ick+ to _! 

own groove4 ,?us !y br\ght ab\t little  
envy  & discom=t1 & (t51 z objects (    
mock]y & d]ision1 !y  s]v$1 )\t wi%+ to 
d s1 to make life easi] = ! m5 ( !  vita
 activa4 ,la/ly1 sci5ce end$ by becom+ (
 mu* advantage to all2  & if1 on acc\nt 
( ?is utility1 _m ( ! m5 :o 7 de/9$  = !
 vita activa are n[ sl[ly mak+ _! way   
along ! road to  sci5ce 9 ! sweat ( _!  
br[1 & n )\t bra9-rack+ &  mal$ictions1 
?is is n ! fault ( ! cr[d ( ?9k]s &     
sci5tific work]s3 x is 8self-wr\ght     
pa9407#c7          #db4      ,,orig9 ,,(
 ,,! ,,vita ,,contemplativa4--,dur+     
b>b>\s ages1 :5  pessimi/ic judgm5ts    
held sway ov] m5 & ! _w1 ! individual1 9
  ! consci\sness ( 8 full p[]1 always   
endeav\r$ to act 9  con=mity ) su*      
judgm5ts1 t is to say1 he put 8 ideas   
into  action by means ( hunt+1 robb]y1  
surprise attacks1 brutality1 &  murd]3  
includ+ ! weak] =ms ( su* acts1 z f> z  
!y are  tol]at$ )9 ! community4 ,:5 8   
/r5g? decl9es1 h[ev]1 &  he feels tir$1 
ill1 melan*oly1 or satiat$--consequ5tly 

becom+  tempor>ily void ( wi%es or      
desires--he is a relatively bett] man1 t
  is to say1 less dang]\s2 & 8          
pessimi/ic ideas w n[ dis*>ge  !mselves 
only 9 words & reflections--^u 8        
companions1 = example1  or 8 wife1 8    
life1 8 gods1--8 judgm5ts w be evil     
ones4 ,9  ?is frame ( m9d he develops   
into a ?9k] & prophet1 or he adds to  8 
sup]/itions & inv5ts new obs]vances1 or 
mocks 8 enemies4  ,:atev] he may devise1
 h[ev]1 all ! productions ( 8 bra9 w    
necess>ily reflect 8 frame ( m9d1 su* z 
! increase ( fe> &  we>9ess1 & ! l[]    
value he attributes to action &         
enjoym5t4 ,!  sub/ance ( ^! productions 
mu/ correspond to ! sub/ance ( ^!       
poetic1 ?\ghtful1 & prie/ly moods2 !    
evil judgm5t mu/ be supreme4    ,9 lat] 
ye>s1 all ^? :o act$ cont9u\sly z ?is   
man did 9 ^?  special circum/ances--i4e4
 ^? :o gave out pessimi/ic judgm5ts1 &  
liv$ a melan*oly life1 poor 9 action--7 
call$ poets1 ?9k]s1  prie/s1 or         
8m$ic9e-m540 ,! g5]al body ( m5 w\ld h  

lik$ to  disreg>d su* p1 because !y 7 n 
active en\gh1 & to turn  !m out ( !     
community2 b !re 0 a c]ta9 risk 9 do+ s3
 ^!  inactive m5 _h f\nd out & 7 foll[+ 
! tracks ( sup]/ition  & div9e p[]1 & no
 "o d\bt$ t !y _h unkn[n means ( p[]  at
 _! disposal4 ,?is 0 ! value :i* 0 set  
^u ! anci5t race  ( contemplative       
natures--despis$ z !y 7 9 j ! same      
degree z  !y 7 n dread$6 ,9 su* a mask$ 
=m1 9 su* an ambigu\s aspect1  ) an evil
 he>t & (t5 ) a tr\bl$ head1 did        
,contemplation make  its fir/ appe>ance 
on e>?3 bo? weak & t]rible at ! same "t1
  despis$ 9 secret1 & cov]$ 9 public ) e
 m>k ( sup]/iti\s  v5]ation4 ,"h1 z     
always1 we mu/ say3 pud5da origo6       
#dc4      ,,h[ ,,_m ,,=ces ,,mu/ ,,n[   
,,be ,,unit$ ,,9 ,a ,,?9k]4--,to rise   
sup]ior to  consid]ations ( ! s5ses1 to 
raise "o's self to ab/ract              
contemplations3 ?is is :at 0 =m]ly      
reg>d$ z elevation2 b n[  x is n        
practicable = u to %>e ! same feel+s4   
,luxuriat+ 9  ! mo/ %ad[y images ( words

 & ?+s2 play+ ) ^? invisible1           
inaudible1 imp]ceptible be+s1 0 consid]$
 z exi/5ce 9 ano!r  & high] _w1 a _w t  
sprang f ! deep contempt felt =  ! _w   
:i* 0 p]ceptible to ! s5ses1 ?is        
s$uctive & wick$  _w ( ours4 8,^!       
ab/racta no long] mislead u1 b !y may   
lead  u0--) su* words m5 so>$ al(t4 ,x 0
 n ! sub/ance ( ^!  intellectual sports1
 b ! sports !mselves1 :i* 0 look$ ^u z  
8! high] ?+0 9 ! primeval ages ( sci5ce4
 ,h5ce we h ,plato's  admiration =      
dialectics1 & 8 en?usia/ic belief 9 !   
necess>y  relation%ip ( dialectics to ! 
good man :o has ris5 sup]ior to !       
consid]ations ( 8 s5ses4 ,x 0 n only k t
 0  discov]$ little by little1 b also ! 
diff]5t means ( acquir+ x1  ! conditions
 & op]ations :i* prec$e k 9 man4 ,& x   
always seem$ z if ! newly-discov]$      
op]ation or !  newly-exp]i5c$ condition 
7 n a means ( acquir+ k1 b  0 ev5 !     
sub/ance1 goal1 & sum-total ( ev]y?+ t 0
 wor?  kn[+4 ,:at does ! ?9k]           
require8--imag9ation1 inspiration1      

ab/raction1 spirituality1 inv5tion1     
pres5tim5t1 induction1 dialectics1      
d$uction1 criticism1 ability to collect 
mat]ials1 an imp]sonal mode (  ?9k+1    
contemplation1 compreh5siv5ess1 & la/ly1
 b n lea/1  ju/ice1 & love = ev]y?+ t   
exi/s--b ea* "o ( ^! means  0 at "o "t  
consid]$1 9 ! hi/ory ( ! vita           
contemplativa1 z  a goal & f9al purpose1
 & !y all secur$ = _! inv5tors t  p]fect
 happ9ess :i* fills ! human s\l :5 its  
f9al purpose dawns  ^u x4          #dd4 
,,orig9 ,,& ,,mean+4--,:y does ?is ?\ght
 come into my m9d aga9 &  aga91 always 9
 m & m vivid col\rs8--t1 9 =m] times1   
inve/igators1 9 ! c\rse ( _! se>* = !   
orig9 ( ?+s1  always ?\ght t !y f\nd    
some?+ :i* w\ld be ( ! highe/           
importance = all k9ds ( action &        
judgm5t3 yea1 t !y ev5  inv>iably       
po/ulat$ t ! salvation ( mank9d dep5d$  
^u insight  into ! orig9 ( ?+s--:]eas   
n[1 on ! o!r h&1 ! m we  exam9e into    
orig9s1 ! less d !y conc]n our int]e/s3 
on !  contr>y1 all ! valuations &       

int]e/$ness :i* we h plac$ ^u  ?+s beg9 
to lose _! mean+1 ! m we retrogress :]e 
k  is conc]n$ & approa* ! ?+s !mselves4 
,! orig9 becomes (  less significance 9 
proportion z we acquire insight into x2 
:il/  ?+s ne>e/ to ourselves1 ar\nd & )9
 u1 gradually beg9 to  manife/ _! weal? 
( col\rs1 beauties1 enigmas1 & div]sity 
(  mean+1 ( :i* e>li] humanity nev]     
dream$4 ,9 =m] ages ?9k]s  us$ to move  
furi\sly ab\t1 l wild animals 9 cages1  
/eadily gl>+  at ! b>s :i* hemm$ !m 91 &
 at times spr++ up aga9/ !m  9 a va9    
endeav\r to break ?r\gh !m3 & happy     
inde$ 0 he :o  c\ld look ?r\gh a gap to 
! out] _w & c\ld fancy t he saw  some?+ 
( :at lay beyond & af> (f4          #de4
      ,a ,,tragic ,,t]m9ation ,,to      
,,k4--,( all ! means ( exaltation1 human
  sacrifices h at times done mo/ to     
elevate man4 ,& p]haps ! "o  p[]ful     
?\ght--! idea ( self-sacrific+          
humanity--might be made to  prevail ov] 
e o!r aspiration1 & ?us to prove !      
victor ov]  ev5 ! mo/ victori\s4 ,b to  

:om %\ld ! sacrifice be made8 ,we may   
already swe> t1 if ev] ! con/ellation ( 
su* an idea appe>$ on  ! horizon1 ! k ( 
tru? w\ld rema9 ! s+le b enorm\s  object
 ) :i* a sacrifice ( su* a nature w\ld  
be  comm5surate--because no sacrifice is
 too great = x4 ,9 ! meantime !  problem
 has nev] be5 exp\nd$ z to h[ f>        
humanity1 consid]$ z a  :ole1 c\ld take 
/eps to enc\rage ! advancem5t ( k2 &    
ev5 less z to :at ?ir/ = k c\ld impel   
humanity to !  po9t ( sacrific+ itself )
 ! light ( an anticipat$ wisdom 9 its   
eyes4 ,:51 p]haps1 ) a view to !        
advancem5t ( k1 we are  able to ent]    
into communication ) ! inhabitants ( o!r
 />s1 &  :51 dur+ ?\s&s ( ye>s1 wisdom w
 h be5 c>ri$ f />  to />1 ! en?usiasm ( 
k may rise to su* a dizzy height6       
#df4      ,,d\bt ,,9 ,,d\bt4--8,:at a   
good pill[ d\bt is = a well-balanc$     
head60  ,?is say+ ( ,montaigne always   
made ,pascal angry1 = nobody ev] want$  
a good pill[ s mu* z he did4 ,:atev] 0 !
 matt] ) him8          #dg4      ,,words

 ,,block ,,up ,,our ,,pa?4--,:]ev]      
primitive m5 put d[n a ^w1 !y  ?\ght !y 
_h made a discov]y4 ,h[ diff]5t ! case  
really 06--!y  _h come ^u a problem1 &1 
:ile !y ?\ght !y _h solv$ x1 !y  _h 9   
reality plac$ an ob/acle 9 ! way ( its  
solution4 ,n[1 )  e new piece ( k1 we   
/umble ov] petrifi$ words &  mummifi$   
conceptions1 & w\ld r break a leg ?an a 
^w 9 do+  s4          #dh4      8,,"k   
,,?yself0 ,,is ,,! ,,:ole ,,(           
,,sci5ce4--,only :5 man %all h acquir$  
a k ( all ?+s w he be able to "k        
himself4 ,= ?+s are  b ! b\nd>ies ( man4
          #di4      ,,! ,,new           
,,fundam5tal ,,feel+3 ,,our ,,f9al      
,,corruptibility4--,9 =m] times  p s\ght
 to %[ ! feel+ ( man's greatness by     
po9t+ to 8  div9e desc5t4 ,?is1 h[ev]1  
has n[ become a =bidd5 pa?1 = !  ape /&s
 at its entrance1 & likewise o!r fe>some
 animals1 %[+  _! tee? 9 a kn[+ fa%ion1 
z if to say1 ,no fur!r ?is way6 ,h5ce  p
 n[ try ! opposite direction3 ! road    
along :i* humanity is  proce$+ %all /& z

 an indication ( _! greatness & _!      
relation%ip to ,god4 ,b alas6 ?is1 too1 
is useless6 ,at ! f> end (  ?is pa? /&s 
! fun]al urn ( ! la/ man & grave-digg]  
7)  ! inscription1 ,nihil humani a me   
ali5um puto74 ,to :atev] height  mank9d 
may h develop$--& p]haps 9 ! end x w n  
be s high  z :5 !y began6--!re is z     
little prospect ( _! atta9+ to a  high] 
ord] z !re is = ! ant & ! e>wig to ent] 
into k9%ip  ) ,god & et]nity at ! end ( 
_! c>e] on e>?4 ,:at is to come  w drag 
beh9d x t :i* has pass$3 :y %\ld any    
little />1 or  ev5 any little species on
 t />1 =m an exception to t et]nal      
drama8 ,away ) su* s5tim5talities6      
#ej4      ,,belief ,,9                  
,,inebriation4--,^? m5 :o h mom5ts (    
sublime ec/asy1 &  :o1 on ord9>y        
occasions1 on acc\nt ( ! contra/ & !    
excessive  we>+ away ( _! n]v\s =ces1   
usually feel mis]able & desolate1  come 
to consid] su* mom5ts z ! true          
manife/ation ( _! real  selves1 ( _!    
8ego10 & _! mis]y & dejection1 on ! o!r 

h&1  z ! effect ( ! 8non-ego04 ,?is is  
:y !y ?9k ( _!  environm5t1 ! age 9 :i* 
!y live1 & ! :ole _w 9 :i* !y  h _! be+1
 ) feel+s ( v9dictiv5ess4 ,?is          
intoxication  appe>s to !m z _! true    
life1 _! actual ego2 & ev]y:]e else  !y 
see only ^? :o /rive to oppose & prev5t 
?is intoxication1  :e!r ( an            
intellectual1 moral1 religi\s1 or       
arti/ic nature4    ,humanity owes no    
small "p ( its evils to ^! fanta/ic     
en?usia/s2  = !y are ! insatiable s[]s (
 ! we$ ( discont5t ) "o's  self & "o's  
neighb\r1 ( contempt = ! _w & ! age1 &1 
above all1 ( _w-lassitude4 ,an entire   
hell ( crim9als c\ld n1  p]haps1 br+    
ab\t su* un=tunate & f>-rea*+           
consequ5ces1 su*  heavy & disquiet+     
effects t corrupt e>? & sky1 z are      
br\ght  ab\t by t 8noble0 little        
community ( unbridl$1 fanta/ic1 half-mad
  p--( g5iuses1 too--:o _c control      
!mselves1 or exp]i5ce any  inw>d joy1   
until !y h lo/ !mselves completely3     
:ile1 on !  o!r h&1 ! crim9al (t5 gives 

a pro( ( 8 admirable  self-control1     
sacrifice1 & wisdom1 & ?us ma9ta9s ^!   
qualities 9  ^? :o fe> him4 ,?r\gh him  
life's sky may at times seem ov]ca/ &   
?reat5+1 b ! atmosph]e ev] rema9s brisk 
&  vigor\s4--,fur!rmore1 ^! en?usia/s   
br+ _! entire /r5g? to  be> on ! task ( 
imbu+ mank9d ) belief 9 inebriation z 9 
life  itself3 a dreadful belief6 ,z     
savages are n[ quickly corrupt$ & ru9$  
by 8fire-wat]10 s likewise has mank9d 9 
g5]al be5 sl[ly ?\gh  ?or\ghly corrupt$ 
by ^! spiritual 8fire-wat]s0 (          
intoxicat+  feel+s & by ^? :o keep alive
 ! crav+ = !m4 ,x may yet be  ru9$      
!reby4          #ea4      ,,su* ,,z ,,we
 ,,/ill ,,are4--8,let u be indulg5t to !
 great "o-ey$60 said  ,/u>t ,mill1 z if 
x 7 necess>y to ask = indulg5ce :5 we   
are  will+ to believe & almo/ to wor%ip 
!m4 ,i say3 ,let u be indulg5t  t[>ds ! 
two-ey$1 bo? great & small2 =1 su* z we 
are n[1 we  %all nev] rise beyond       
indulg5ce6          #eb4      ,,:]e     
,,are ,,! ,,new ,,physicians ,,( ,,!    

,,s\l8--,x is ! means ( consolation  :i*
 h /amp$ life ) t fundam5tal melan*oly  
"* 9  :i* we n[ believe3 ! wor/ disease 
( mank9d has aris5 f !  /ruggle aga9/   
diseases1 & app>5t rem$ies h 9 ! long   
run  br\ght ab\t worse conditions ?an ^?
 :i* x 0 int5d$ to remove  by _! use4   
,m51 9 _! ignorance1 us$ to believe t ! 
/upefy+  & intoxicat+ means1 :i* appe>$ 
to act imm$iately1 ! s-call$            
8consolations10 7 ! true heal+ p[]s3 !y 
ev5 fail$ to obs]ve  t !y _h (t5 to pay 
= _! imm$iate relief by a g5]al &       
pr(\nd det]ioration 9 heal?1 t ! sick   
ones _h to suff] f  ! aft]-effects ( !  
intoxication1 !n f ! abs5ce ( !         
intoxication1 &1 lat] on1 f a feel+ (   
disquietude1 depression1  n]v\s />ts1 & 
ill-heal?4 ,aga91 m5 ^: illness _h      
advanc$ to a  c]ta9 ext5t nev] recov]$ f
 x--^? physicians ( ! s\l1  univ]sally  
believ$ 9 & wor%ipp$ z !y 71 took c>e ( 
t4    ,x has be5 ju/ly said ( ,s*op5hau]
 t he 0 "o :o aga9 took !  suff]+s (    
humanity s]i\sly3 :]e is ! man :o w at  

l5g? take  ! antidotes aga9/ ^! suff]+s 
s]i\sly1 & :o w pillory !  unhe>d-(     
quack]y ) :i* m51 ev5 up to our own age1
 & 9 !  mo/ sublime nom5clature1 h be5  
wont to treat ! illnesses ( _!  s\ls8   
#ec4      ,,abuse ,,( ,,! ,,consci5ti\s 
,,ones4--,x is ! consci5ti\s1 & n !     
unscrupul\s1 :o h suff]$ s greatly f    
exhortations to p5it5ce  & ! fe> ( hell1
 especially if !y happ5$ to be m5 (     
imag9ation4 ,9 o!r words1 a gloom has   
be5 ca/ ov] ! lives ( ^?  :o _h !       
greate/ ne$ ( *e]fulness & agreeable    
images--n only  = ! sake ( _! own       
consolation & recov]y f !mselves1 b  t  
humanity itself might take delight 9 !m 
& absorb a ray ( _!  beauty4 ,alas1 h[  
mu* sup]flu\s cruelty & torm5t h be5    
br\ght  ab\t by ^? religions :i* inv5t$ 
s96 & by ^? m5 :o1 by  means ( su*      
religions1 desir$ to rea* ! highe/      
enjoym5t ( _!  p[]6          #ed4       
,,?\ghts ,,on ,,disease4--,to soo! !    
imag9ation ( ! pati5t1 9 ord]  t he may 
at lea/ no long] keep on ?9k+ ab\t 8    

illness1 &  ?us suff] m f su* ?\ghts ?an
 f ! compla9t itself1 :i*  has be5 !    
case hi!rto--t1 x seems to me1 is       
some?+6 & x is  by no means a trifle6 ,&
 n[ d ye und]/& our task8          #ee4 
,,! 8,,ways40--,s-call$ 8%ort cuts0 h   
always l$ humanity to run great  risks3 
on he>+ ! 8glad tid+s0 t a 8%ort cut0 _h
 be5 f\nd1  !y always left ! /raight    
pa?--& lo/ _! way4          #ef4        
,,! ,,apo/ate ,,( ,,! ,,free ,,_s4--,is 
!re any "o1 !n1 :o s]i\sly  dislikes    
pi\s p :o hold =mally to _! belief8 ,d  
we n1 on !  contr>y1 reg>d !m ) sil5t   
e/eem & pleasure1 deeply regrett+  at ! 
same "t t ^! excell5t p d n %>e our own 
feel+s8 ,b :5ce arises t sudd51 pr(\nd1 
& unreasonable  dislike = ! man :o1 hav+
 at "o "t possess$ fre$om ( _s1  f9ally 
becomes a 8believ]08 ,9 ?9k+ ( him we   
involunt>ily  exp]i5ce ! s5sation ( hav+
 beheld "s loa?some spectacle1 :i*  we  
mu/ quickly efface f our recollection4  
,%\ld we n turn our backs  ^u ev5 ! mo/ 
v5]at$ man if we ent]ta9$ ! lea/        

suspicion (  him 9 ?is reg>d8 ,n1 inde$1
 f a moral po9t ( view1 b because  (    
sudd5 disgu/ & horror6 ,:5ce comes ?is  
%>pness ( feel+8  ,p]haps we %all be    
giv5 to und]/& t1 at bottom1 we are n q 
c]ta9 ( our own selves8 ,or t1 e>ly 9   
life1 we build r\nd  ourselves h$ges ( !
 mo/ po9t$ contempt1 9 ord] t1 :5 old   
age  makes u weak & =getful1 we may n   
feel incl9$ to bru% our own  contempt   
away f u8    ,n[1 speak+ frankly1 ?is   
suspicion is q errone\s1 & :oev]  =ms x 
kn[s no?+ ( :at agitates & det]m9es !   
free _s3  h[ little1 to him1 does !     
*ang+ ( an op9ion seem contemptible  p] 
se6 ,on ! contr>y1 h[ highly he prizes !
 ability to *ange an  op9ion z a r>e &  
valuable di/9ction1 especially if he c  
reta9 x  f> into old age6 ,& 8 pride 7n 
8 pusillanimity7 ev5 rea*es s  high z to
 be able to pluck ! fruits ( ! sp]n]e se
 sp]ni & !  sp]n]e se ipsum3 )\t 8 be+  
tr\bl$ by ! s5sation ( fe>  ( va9 &     
easy-go+ m54 ,fur!rmore1 ! doctr9e ( !  
innoc5ce (  all op9ions appe>s to him to

 be z c]ta9 z ! doctr9e ( !  innoc5ce ( 
all actions3 h[ c\ld he act z judge &   
hangman be=e !  apo/ate ( intellectual  
lib]ty6 ,on ! contr>y1 ! sight ( su* a  
p]son w\ld disgu/ him z mu* z ! sight ( 
a nause\s illness  disgu/s ! physician3 
! physical repulsion caus$ by ev]y?+    
spongy1 s(t1 & suppurat+ mom5t>ily      
ov]comes reason & ! desire  to help4    
,h5ce our goodwill is ov]come by !      
conception ( ! mon/r\s  di%one/y :i* mu/
 h ga9$ ! upp] h& 9 ! apo/ate f !  free 
_s3 by ! conception ( a g5]al gnaw+ :i* 
is eat+ its  way d[n ev5 to ! framework 
( ! "*4          #eg4      ,,o!r ,,fe>s1
 ,,o!r ,,safeties4--,*ri/ianity         
ov]spread life ) a new &  unlimit$      
insecurity1 !reby creat+ new safeties1  
enjoym5ts &  recreations1 & new         
valuations ( all ?+s4 ,our own c5tury   
d5ies !  exi/5ce ( ?is insecurity1 &    
does s ) a good consci5ce1 yet x  cl+s  
to ! old habit ( ,*ri/ian c]ta9ties1    
enjoym5ts1 recreations1  &              
valuations6--ev5 9 its noble/ arts &    

philosophies4 ,h[ feeble &  worn out mu/
 all ?is n[ seem1 h[ imp]fect & clumsy1 
h[ arbitr>ily  fanatical1 &1 above all1 
h[ unc]ta93 n[ t its horrible contra/   
has be5 tak5 away--! ev]-pres5t fe> ( ! 
,*ri/ian = 8  et]nal salvation6         
#eh4      ,,*ri/ianity ,,& ,,!          
,,emotions4--,9 ,*ri/ianity we may see a
 great popul>  prote/ aga9/ philosophy3 
! reason+ ( ! sages ( antiquity _h      
)drawn m5 f ! influ5ce ( ! emotions1 b  
,*ri/ianity w\ld  fa9 give m5 _!        
emotions back aga94 ,) ?is aim 9 view1 x
 d5ies  any moral value to virtue su* z 
philosoph]s und]/ood x--z a victory  ( !
 reason ov] ! passions--g5]ally condemns
 e k9d ( goodness1  & calls ^u !        
passions to manife/ !mselves 9 _! full  
p[] &  glory3 z love ( ,god1 fe> ( ,god1
 fanatic belief 9 ,god1 bl9d  hope 9    
,god4          #ei4      ,,error ,,z ,a 
,,cordial4--,let p say :at !y w1 x is   
nev]!less  c]ta9 t x 0 ! aim (          
,*ri/ianity to deliv] mank9d f !  yoke (
 moral engagem5ts by indicat+ :at x     

believ$ to be !  %orte/ way to          
p]fection3 exactly 9 ! same mann] z a   
few  philosoph]s ?\ght !y c\ld disp5se )
 t$i\s & labori\s  dialectics1 & !      
collection ( /rictly-prov$ facts1 & po9t
 out a  royal road to tru?4 ,x 0 an     
error 9 bo? cases1 b nev]!less a  great 
cordial = ^? :o 7 worn out & despair+ 9 
!  wild]ness4          #fj4      ,,all  
,,_s ,,f9ally ,,becomes                 
,,visible4--,*ri/ianity has assimilat$ !
  entire spirituality ( an incalculable 
numb] ( m5 :o 7 by nature  submissive1  
all ^? en?usia/s ( humiliation &        
rev]5ce1 bo?  ref9$ & co>se4 ,x has 9   
?is way fre$ itself f its own orig9al   
ru/ic co>s5ess--( :i* we are vividly    
rem9d$ :5 we look at !  olde/ image (   
,/4 ,pet] ! ,apo/le--& has become a v   
intellectual  religion1 ) ?\s&s (       
wr9kles1 arrire-p5ses1 & masks on its   
face4 ,x has made ,european humanity m  
clev]1 & n only cunn+ f  a !ological    
/&po9t4 ,by ! _s :i* x has ?us giv5 to  
,european humanity--9 conjunction ) !   

p[] ( abnegation1 & v  (t5 9 conjunction
 ) ! pr(\nd conviction & loyalty ( t    
abnegation--x has p]haps *isell$ & %ap$ 
! mo/ subtle  individualities :i* h ev] 
exi/$ 9 human society3 !                
individualities ( ! high] ranks ( !     
,ca?olic cl]gy1 especially  :5 ^! prie/s
 h sprung f a noble family1 & h br\ght  
to  _! "w1 f ! v beg9n+1 ! innate grace 
( ge/ure1 !  dom9at+ glance ( ! eye1 &  
beautiful h&s & feet4 ,"h ! human  face 
acquires t spiritualisation br\ght ab\t 
by ! cont9ual ebb &  fl[ ( two k9ds (   
happ9ess 7! feel+ ( p[] & ! feel+ (     
submission7 aft] a c>efully-plann$ mann]
 ( liv+ has conqu]$ !  bea/ 9 man4 ,"h  
an activity1 :i* consi/s 9 bless+1 =giv+
  s9s1 & repres5t+ ! ,almighty1 ev]     
keeps alive 9 ! s\l1 &  ev5 9 ! body1 ! 
consci\sness ( a supreme mission2 "h we 
f9d  t noble contempt conc]n+ ! p]i%able
 nature ( ! body1 (  well-be+1 & (      
happ9ess1 peculi> to born soldi]s3 _!   
pride  lies 9 ob$i5ce1 a di/9ctly       
ari/ocratic trait2 _! excuse & _!       

idealism arise f ! enorm\s impossibility
 ( _! task4 ,!  surpass+ beauty &       
subtleties ( ^! pr9ces ( ! ,*ur* h      
always prov$ to ! p ! tru? ( ! ,*ur*2 a 
mom5t>y  brutalisation ( ! cl]gy 7su* z 
came ab\t 9 ,lu!r's "t7 always  t5d$ to 
enc\rage ! contr>y belief4 ,& w\ld x be 
ma9ta9$ t  ?is result ( beauty & human  
subtlety1 %[n 9 h>mony ( figure1        
intellect1 & task1 w\ld come to an end )
 religions8 & t no?+  high] c\ld be     
obta9$1 or ev5 conceiv$8          #fa4  
,,! ,,ne$ful ,,sacrifice4--,^? e>ne/1   
able1 & j m5 ( pr(\nd  feel+s1 :o are   
/ill ,*ri/ians at he>t1 owe x to        
!mselves to make  "o attempt to live = a
 c]ta9 space ( "t )\t ,*ri/ianity6 !y   
owe x to _! fai? t !y %\ld ?us = once   
take up _! abode  89 ! wild]ness0--if = 
no o!r reason ?an t ( be+ able to       
pron\nce on ! "q z to :e!r ,*ri/ianity  
is ne$ful4 ,s f>1  h[ev]1 !y h conf9$   
!mselves to _! own n>r[ doma9 &  insult$
 e "o :o happ5$ to be outside ( x3 yea1 
!y ev5 become  highly irritat$ :5 x is  

sugge/$ to !m t beyond ?is little  doma9
 ( !irs lies ! great _w1 & t ,*ri/ianity
 is1 aft]  all1 only a corn] ( x6 ,no2  
y\r evid5ce on ! "q w be  valueless     
until y h liv$ ye> aft] ye> )\t         
,*ri/ianity1 &  ) ! inmo/ desire to     
cont9ue to exi/ )\t x3 until1 inde$1 y  
h )drawn f>1 f> away f x4 ,x is n :5 y\r
 no/algia urges  y back aga91 b :5 y\r  
judgm5t1 bas$ on a /rict comp>ison1     
drives y back1 t y\r homecom+ has any   
significance6--,m5 ( com+  g5]ations w  
deal 9 ?is mann] ) all ! valuations ( ! 
pa/2  !y mu/ be volunt>ily liv$ ov]     
aga91 toge!r ) _!  contr>ies1 9 ord] t  
su* m5 may f9ally acquire ! "r (  %ift+ 
!m4          #fb4      ,,on ,,! ,,orig9 
,,( ,,religions4--,h[ c any "o reg>d 8  
own op9ion (  ?+s z a revelation8 ,?is  
is ! problem ( ! =mation ( religions3   
!re has always be5 "s man 9 :om ?is     
ph5om5on 0 possible4 ,a  po/ulate is t  
su* a man already believ$ 9 revelations4
 ,sudd5ly1  h[ev]1 a new idea occurs to 
him "o day1 8 idea2 & ! entire          

bless$ness ( a great p]sonal hypo!sis1  
:i* embraces all exi/5ce  & ! :ole _w1  
p5etrates ) su* =ce into 8 consci5ce t  
he d>e n ?9k himself ! creator ( su*    
bless$ness1 & he  !re=e attributes to 8 
,god ! cause ( ?is new idea & likewise  
! cause ( ! cause1 believ+ x to be !    
revelation ( 8 ,god4 ,h[  c\ld a man be 
! au?or ( s great a happ9ess8 ask 8     
pessimi/ic  d\bts4 ,b o!r lev]s are     
secretly at "w3 an op9ion may be        
/r5g!n$ by "o's self if x be consid]$ z 
a revelation2 & 9  ?is way all its      
hypo!tic nature is remov$2 ! matt] is   
set beyond  criticism & ev5 beyond d\bt3
 x is sanctifi$4 ,x is true t1 9  ?is   
way1 a man l[]s himself to play+ ! rle (
 8m\?piece10 b  8 ?\ght w end by be+    
victori\s z a div9e ?\ght--! feel+  (   
f9ally ga9+ ! victory conqu]s ! feel+ ( 
degradation4 ,!re  is also ano!r feel+ 9
 ! backgr\nd3 if a man raises 8 products
  above himself1 & ?us app>5tly detracts
 f 8 own wor?1 !re  nev]!less rema9s a  
k9d ( joyfulness1 pat]nal love1 &       

pat]nal  pride1 :i* comp5sates man--m   
?an comp5sates man--= ev]y?+4           
#fc4      ,,hatr$ ,,( ,,"o',s           
,,neighb\r4--,suppos+ t we felt t[>ds   
our neighb\r z  he does                 
himself--,s*op5hau] calls ?is           
compassion1 ?\gh x w\ld be  m correct to
 call x auto-passion1 fell[-feel+--we   
%\ld be  compell$ to hate him1 if1 l    
,pascal1 he ?\ght himself hateful4 ,&   
?is 0 probably ! g5]al feel+ ( ,pascal  
reg>d+ mank9d1 &  also t ( anci5t       
,*ri/ianity1 :i*1 "u ,n]o1 0 8convict$0 
(  odium g5]is humani1 z ,tacitus has   
record$4          #fd4      ,,!         
,,brok5-,,he>t$ ,,ones4--,*ri/ianity has
 ! in/9ct ( a hunt] =  f9d+ out all ^?  
:o may by hook or by crook be driv5 to  
despair--only a v small numb] ( m5 c be 
br\ght to ?is despair4  ,*ri/ianity lies
 9 wait = su* z ^?1 & pursues !m4       
,pascal made  an attempt to f9d out :e!r
 x 0 n possible1 ) ! help ( !  v subtle/
 k1 to drive ev]ybody into despair4 ,he 
fail$3 to  8 second despair4            

#fe4      ,,brahm9ism ,,&               
,,*ri/ianity4--,!re are c]ta9 precepts =
 obta9+ a  consci\sness ( p[]3 on ! "o  
h&1 = ^? :o already "k h[ to  control   
!mselves1 & :o are !re=e already q us$  
to !  feel+ ( p[]2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 = ^? 
:o _c control  !mselves4 ,brahm9ism has 
giv5 its c>e to ! =m] type ( man2       
,*ri/ianity to ! latt]4          #ff4   
,,! ,,faculty ,,( ,,vision4--,dur+ !    
:ole ( ! ,middle ,ages x 0 believ$  t ! 
real di/+ui%+ trait ( high] m5 0 !      
faculty ( hav+  visions--t is to say1 ( 
hav+ a grave m5tal tr\ble4 ,&1 9 fact1  
! rules ( life ( all ! high] natures ( !
 ,middle ,ages 7!  religiosi7 7 drawn up
 ) ! object ( mak+ man capable ( vision6
  ,little wond]1 !n1 t ! exagg]at$ e/eem
 = ^! half-mad  fanatics1 s-call$ m5 (  
g5ius1 has cont9u$ ev5 to our own days4 
8,!y h se5 ?+s t o!rs d n see0--no d\bt6
 & ?is fact  %\ld inspire u ) caution   
:]e !y are conc]n$1 & n )  belief6      
#fg4      ,,! ,,price ,,(               
,,believ]s4--,he :o sets su* a value on 

be+ believ$ 9 has  to promise heav5 9   
recomp5se = ?is belief3 & e "o1 ev5 a   
?ief on ! ,cross1 mu/ h suff]$ f a      
t]rible d\bt &  exp]i5c$ crucifixion 9 e
 =m3 o!rwise he w\ld n buy 8  foll[]s s 
de>ly4          #fh4      ,,! ,,fir/    
,,*ri/ian4--,! :ole _w /ill believes 9 !
 lit]>y c>e]  ( ! 8,holy ,gho/10 or is  
/ill influ5c$ by ! effects ( ?is belief3
  :5 we look into our ,bibles we d s = !
 purpose ( 8edify+  ourselves10 to f9d a
 few words ( com=t = our mis]y1 be x    
great or  small--9 %ort1 we read        
ourselves into x & out ( x4 ,b :o--ap>t 
f a few le>n$ m5--"k t x likewise       
records ! hi/ory ( "o (  ! mo/ ambiti\s 
& importunate s\ls t ev] exi/$1 ( a m9d 
full  ( sup]/ition & cunn+3 ! hi/ory ( !
 ,apo/le ,paul8  ,nev]!less1 )\t ?is    
s+ul> hi/ory1 )\t ! tribulations &      
passions ( su* a m9d1 & ( su* a s\l1 !re
 w\ld h be5 no  ,*ri/ian k+dom2 we %\ld 
h sc>cely h ev5 he>d ( a little  ,jewi% 
sect1 ! f\nd] ( :i* di$ on ! ,cross4 ,x 
is true t1 if  ?is hi/ory _h be5        

und]/ood 9 "t1 if we _h read1 really    
read1  ! writ+s ( ,/4 ,paul1 n z !      
revelations ( ! 8,holy ,gho/10 b  )     
hone/ & indep5d5t m9ds1 oblivi\s ( all  
our p]sonal  tr\bles--!re 7 no su*      
read]s = fifte5 c5turies--x w\ld h  be5 
all up ) ,*ri/ianity long ago3 s se>*+ly
 d ^! writ+s  ( ! ,jewi% ,pascal lay b>e
 ! orig9s ( ,*ri/ianity1 j z !  ,fr5*   
,pascal let u see its de/9y & h[ x w    
ultimately p]i%4  ,t ! %ip ( ,*ri/ianity
 ?rew ov]bo>d no inconsid]able "p (  its
 ,jewi% balla/1 t x 0 able to sail into 
! wat]s ( !  hea!n & actually did d s3  
?is is due to ! hi/ory ( "o s+le  man1  
?is apo/le :o 0 s greatly tr\bl$ 9 m9d &
 s wor?y (  pity1 b :o 0 also v         
disagreeable to himself & to o!rs4      
,?is man suff]$ f a fix$ idea1 or r a   
fix$ "q1 an  ev]-pres5t & ev]-burn+ "q3 
:at 0 ! mean+ ( !  ,jewi% ,law8 &1 m    
especially1 ! fulfilm5t ( ?is ,law8 ,9 8
  y\? he _h done 8 be/ to satisfy x1    
?ir/+ z he did = t  highe/ di/9ction :i*
 ! ,jews c\ld imag9e--?is p1 :i* rais$  

! imag9ation ( moral l(t9ess to a great]
 elevation ?an any o!r  p1 & :i* alone  
succe$$ 9 unit+ ! conception ( a holy   
,god  ) ! idea ( s9 consid]$ z an (f5ce 
aga9/ ?is hol9ess4 ,/4  ,paul became at 
once ! fanatic def5d] & gu>d-(-hon\r (  
?is ,god  & ,8 ,law4 ,ceaselessly battl+
 aga9/ & ly+ 9 wait = all  transgressors
 ( ?is ,law & ^? :o presum$ to d\bt x1  
he 0  pitiless & cruel t[>ds all        
evil-do]s1 :om he w\ld fa9 h  puni%$ 9 !
 mo/ rigor\s fa%ion possible4    ,n[1   
h[ev]1 he 0 aw>e 9 8 own p]son ( ! fact 
t su* a man  z himself--viol5t1 s5sual1 
melan*oly1 & malici\s 9 8  hatr$--c\ld n
 fulfil ! ,law2 & fur!rmore1 :at seem$  
/range/  ( all to him1 he saw t 8       
b\ndless crav+ = p[] 0 cont9ually       
provok$ to break x1 & t he c\ld n help  
yield+ to ?is impulse4  ,0 x really 8!  
fle%0 :i* made him a trespass] "t &     
aga98 ,0  x n r1 z x aft]w>ds occurr$ to
 him1 ! ,law itself1 :i*  cont9ually %[$
 itself to be impossible to fulfil1 &   
s$uc$ m5 into  transgression ) an       

irresi/ible *>m8 ,b at t "t he _h n     
?\ght ( ?is means ( escape4 ,z he       
sugge/s "h & !re1 he _h  _m ?+s on 8    
consci5ce--hatr$1 murd]1 sorc]y1        
idolatry1  debau*]y1 drunk5ness1 &      
orgia/ic revelry1--& to h[ev] great an  
ext5t he tri$ to soo! 8 consci5ce1 &1   
ev5 m1 8 desire =  p[]1 by ! extreme    
fanaticism ( 8 wor%ip = & def5ce ( !    
,law1 !re 7 times :5 ! ?\ght /ruck him3 
8,x is all 9 va96 ,!  angui% ( !        
unfulfill$ ,law _c be ov]come40 ,lu!r   
mu/ h  exp]i5c$ simil> feel+s1 :51 9 8  
cloi/]1 he endeav\r$ to  become ! ideal 
man ( 8 imag9ation2 &1 z ,lu!r "o day   
began to  hate ! ecclesia/ical ideal1 & 
! ,pope1 & ! sa9ts1 & ! :ole  cl]gy1 ) a
 hatr$ :i* 0 all ! m deadly z he c\ld n 
av[  x ev5 to himself1 an analog\s feel+
 took possession ( ,/4 ,paul4 ,!  ,law 0
 ! ,cross on :i* he felt himself        
crucifi$4 ,h[ he hat$ x6  ,:at a grudge 
he ow$ x6 ,h[ he began to look r\nd on  
all sides to f9d  a means = its total   
annihilation1 t he might no long] be    

oblig$ to  fulfil x himself6 ,& at la/ a
 lib]at+ ?\ght1 toge!r ) a  vision--:i* 
0 only to be expect$ 9 ! case ( an      
epileptic l  himself--fla%$ into 8 m9d3 
to him1 ! /]n uphold] ( ! ,law--:o1  9 8
 inn]mo/ he>t1 0 tir$ to dea? ( x--!re  
appe>$ on !  lonely pa? t ,*ri/1 ) !    
div9e effulg5ce on ,8 c\nt5ance1  &     
,paul he>d ! words3 8,:y p]secute/ ?\   
,me80    ,:at actually took place1 !n1 0
 ?is3 8 m9d 0 sudd5ly  enlight5$1 & he  
said to himself3 8,x is unreasonable to 
p]secute ?is  ,jesus ,*ri/6 ,"h is my   
means ( escape1 "h is my complete       
v5geance1  "h & n[h]e else h ,i !       
de/roy] ( ! ,law 9 my h&s60 ,!  suff]] f
 angui%$ pride felt himself re/or$ to   
heal? all at once1  8 moral despair     
disappe>$ 9 ! air2 = morality itself 0  
bl[n  away1 annihilat$--t is to say1    
fulfill$1 !re on ! ,cross6 ,up to  t "t 
t ignom9i\s dea? _h seem$ to him to be !
 pr9cipal  argum5t aga9/ ! 8,messiah%ip0
 proclaim$ by ! foll[]s ( ! new         
doctr9e3 b :at if x 7 necess>y = do+    

away ) ! ,law8 ,!  enorm\s consequ5ces (
 ?is ?\ght1 ( ?is solution ( ! enigma1  
danc$ be=e 8 eyes1 & he at once became !
 happie/ ( m54 ,!  de/9y ( ! ,jews1 yea1
 ( all mank9d1 seem$ to him to be       
int]tw9$  ) ?is in/antane\s fla% (      
enlight5m5t3 he held ! ?\ght (  ?\ghts1 
! key ( keys1 ! light ( lights2 hi/ory  
w\ld h5ce=?  revolve r\nd him6 ,= f t "t
 =w>d he w\ld be ! apo/le (  !          
annihilation ( ! ,law6 ,to be dead to   
s9--t meant to be dead to  ! ,law also2 
to be 9 ! fle%--t meant to be "u ! ,law6
 ,to be "o  ) ,*ri/--t meant to h       
become1 l ,him1 ! de/roy] ( ! ,law2  to 
be dead ) ,him--t meant likewise to be  
dead to ! ,law4 ,ev5 if x  7 /ill       
possible to s91 x w\ld n at any rate be 
possible to s9  aga9/ ! ,law3 8,i am    
above ! ,law10 ?9ks ,paul2 add+1 8,if ,i
 7 n[  to ackn[l$ge ! ,law aga9 & to    
submit to x1 ,i %\ld make ,*ri/ an      
accomplice 9 ! s902 = ! ,law 0 !re = !  
purpose ( produc+  s9 & sett+ x 9 !     
=egr\nd1 z an emetic produces sickness4 

,god  c\ld n h decid$ ^u ! dea? ( ,*ri/ 
_h x be5 possible to  fulfil ! ,law )\t 
x2 h5ce=?1 n only are all s9s expiat$1 b
  s9 itself is aboli%$2 h5ce=? ! ,law is
 dead2 h5ce=? 8!  fle%0 9 :i* x dwelt is
 dead--or at all ev5ts dy+1 gradually   
wa/+  away4 ,to live = a %ort "t long]  
amid ?is decay6--?is is !  ,*ri/ian's   
fate1 until ! "t :51 hav+ become "o )   
,*ri/1 he  arises ) ,him1 %>+ ) ,*ri/ ! 
div9e glory1 & becom+1 l  ,*ri/1 a 8,son
 ( ,god40 ,!n ,paul's exaltation 0 at   
its height1 & )  x ! importunity ( 8    
s\l--! ?\ght ( union ) ,*ri/ made him   
lose all %ame1 all submission1 all      
con/ra9t1 & 8 ungov]nable  ambition 0   
%[n to be revell+ 9 ! expectation (     
div9e glories4    ,su* 0 ! fir/         
,*ri/ian1 ! inv5tor ( ,*ri/ianity6 be=e 
him  !re 7 only a few ,jewi% sect>ies4  
#fi4      ,,inimitable4--,!re is an     
enorm\s /ra9 & di/ance betwe5 envy &    
fri5d%ip1 betwe5 self-contempt & pride3 
! ,greek liv$ 9 !  =m]1 ! ,*ri/ian 9 !  
latt]4          #gj4      ,,! ,,use ,,( 

,a ,,co>se ,,intellect4--,! ,*ri/ian    
,*ur* is an encyclopdia (  primitive    
cults & views ( ! mo/ v>i$ orig92 & is1 
9  consequ5ce1 well adapt$ to mission>y 
"w3 9 =m] times %e  c\ld--& /ill does--g
 :]ev] %e w\ld1 & 9 do+ s always f\nd   
some?+ resembl+ h]self1 to :i* %e c\ld  
assimilate h]self &  gradually sub/itute
 h] own _s = x4 ,x is n to :at is       
,*ri/ian  9 h] usages1 b to :at is      
univ]sally pagan 9 !m1 t we h to        
attribute ! developm5t ( ?is univ]sal   
religion4 ,h] ?\ghts1 :i*  h _! orig9 at
 once 9 ! ,judaic & 9 ! ,hell5ic _s1 7  
able f ! v beg9n+ to raise !mselves     
above ! exclusiv5ess  & subtleties (    
races & nations1 z above prejudices4    
,al?\gh we may  admire ! p[] :i* makes  
ev5 ! mo/ difficult ?+s coalesce1 we    
mu/ nev]!less n ov]look ! contemptible  
qualities ( ?is  p[]--! a/oni%+ co>s5ess
 & n>r[ness ( ! ,*ur*'s intellect  :5 x 
0 9 process ( =mation1 a co>s5ess :i*   
p]mitt$ x to  accommodate itself to any 
diet1 & to dige/ contradictions l       

pebbles4          #ga4      ,,!         
,,*ri/ian ,,v5geance ,,aga9/            
,,rome4--,p]haps no?+ is m fatigu+  ?an 
! sight ( a cont9ual conqu]or3 = m ?an  
two hundr$ ye>s  ! _w _h se5 ,rome      
ov]com+ "o nation aft] ano!r1 ! circle  
0 clos$1 all future seem$ to be at an   
end1 ev]y?+ 0 done ) a  view to its la/+
 = all "t--yea1 :5 ! ,empire built any?+
 x  0 erect$ ) a view to be+ a]e        
p]5nius4 ,we1 :o "k only !  8melan*oly (
 ru9s10 c sc>cely und]/& t totally      
diff]5t  melan*oly ( et]nal build+s1 f  
:i* m5 endeav\r$ to save  !mselves z be/
 !y c\ld--) ! light-he>t$ fancy ( a     
,horace1  = example4 ,o!rs s\ght diff]5t
 consolations = ! we>9ess :i*  0 closely
 ak9 to despair1 aga9/ ! dead5+ k t f   
h5ce=? all progress ( ?\ght & he>t w\ld 
be hopeless1 t !  huge spid] sat ev]y:]e
 & m]cilessly cont9u$ to dr9k all !     
blood )9 its rea*1 no matt] :]e x might 
spr+ =?4 ,?is mute1  c5tury-old hatr$ ( 
! we>i$ spectators aga9/ ,rome1 :]ev]   
,rome's  dom9ation ext5d$1 0 at l5g?    

v5t$ 9 ,*ri/ianity1 :i* unit$  ,rome1 8!
 _w10 & 8s90 into a s+le conception4 ,! 
,*ri/ians took  _! rev5ge on ,rome by   
proclaim+ ! imm$iate & sudd5 de/ruction 
( ! _w2 by once m introduc+ a future--= 
,rome _h be5 able to  trans=m ev]y?+    
into ! hi/ory ( its own pa/ & pres5t--a 
future 9 :i* ,rome 0 no long] ! mo/     
important factor2 & by  dream+ ( ! la/  
judgm5t--:ile ! crucifi$ ,jew1 z !      
symbol (  salvation1 0 ! greate/ d]ision
 on ! sup]b ,roman prtors 9 !  prov9ces2
 = n[ !y seem$ to be only ! symbols (   
ru9 & a  8_w0 ready to p]i%4            
#gb4      ,,! 8,,life ,,aft]            
,,dea?40--,*ri/ianity f\nd ! idea (     
puni%m5t 9 hell  9 ! entire ,roman      
,empire3 = ! num]\s my/ic cults h hat*$ 
?is idea ) p>ticul> satisfaction z be+ !
 mo/ fecund egg (  _! p[]4 ,epicurus    
?\ght he c\ld d no?+ bett] = 8 foll[]s  
?an to te> ?is belief up by ! roots3 8  
triumph f\nd its f9e/  e*o 9 ! m\? ( "o 
( 8 disciples1 ! ,roman ,lucretius1 a   
poet (  a gloomy1 ?\gh aft]w>ds         

enlight5$1 temp]am5t4 ,alas6 8 triumph  
_h come too soon3 ,*ri/ianity took "u   
its special protection ?is  belief 9    
subt]ranean horrors1 :i* 0 already      
beg9n+ to die away 9  ! m9ds ( m52 & t 0
 clev] ( x4 ,=1 )\t ?is audaci\s  leap  
into ! mo/ complete paganism1 h[ c\ld x 
h prov$ itself  victori\s ov] !         
popul>ity ( ,mi?ras & ,isis8 ,9 ?is way 
x manag$  to br+ timor\s folk ov] to its
 side--! mo/ en?usia/ic adh]5ts (  a new
 fai?6 ,! ,jews1 be+ a p :i*1 l !       
,greeks1 & ev5 9  a great] degree ?an ! 
,greeks1 lov$ & /ill love life1 _h n    
cultivat$ t idea to any great ext5t3 !  
?\ght ( f9al dea? z  ! puni%m5t ( !     
s9n]1 dea? )\t resurrection z an extreme
  m5ace3 ?is 0 suffici5t to impress ^!  
peculi> m51 :o did n  wi% to get rid (  
_! bodies1 b hop$1 ) _! ref9$           
,egypticism1  to pres]ve !m = ev]4 7,a  
,jewi% m>tyr1 ab\t :om we may read 9 !  
,second ,book ( ! ,maccabees1 w\ld n ?9k
 ( giv+ up 8 inte/9es1  :i* _h be5 torn 
out3 he want$ to h !m at ! resurrection3

 q  a ,jewi% *>act]i/ic67    ,?\ghts (  
et]nal damnation 7 f> f ! m9ds ( ! e>ly 
,*ri/ians3 !y ?\ght !y 7 deliv]$ f dea?1
 & await$ a  trans=mation f day to day1 
b n dea?4 7,:at a curi\s effect !  fir/ 
dea? mu/ h produc$ on ^! expectant p6   
,h[ _m  diff]5t feel+s mu/ h be5 m+l$   
toge!r--a/oni%m5t1  exultation1 d\bt1   
%ame1 & passion6 ,v]ily1 a subject wor?y
 ( a great  arti/67 ,/4 ,paul c\ld say  
no?+ bett] 9 praise ( 8 ,savi\r ?an  t  
he _h op5$ ! gates ( immortality to     
ev]ybody--he did n  believe 9 !         
resurrection ( ^? :o _h n be5 sav$3 m   
?an  ?is1 by reason ( 8 doctr9e ( !     
impossibility ( c>ry+ out !  ,law1 & (  
dea? consid]$ z a consequ5ce ( s91 he   
ev5 suspect$  t1 up to t "t1 no "o _h   
become immortal 7or at all ev5ts only a 
v few1 solely ow+ to special grace & n  
to any m]its ( _!  own73 x 0 only 9 8 "t
 t immortality _h begun to op5 its      
gates--& only a few ( ! elect w\ld      
f9ally ga9 admittance1 z !  pride ( !   
elect _c help say+4    ,9 o!r places1   

:]e ! impulse t[>ds life 0 n s /rong z  
among  ! ,jews & ! ,*ri/ian ,jews1 & :]e
 ! prospect ( immortality did  n appe>  
to be m valuable ?an ! prospect ( a f9al
 dea?1 t  pagan1 yet n altoge!r         
un-,jewi% addition ( ,hell became a v   
useful  tool 9 ! h&s ( ! mission>ies3 !n
 arose ! new doctr9e t  ev5 ! s9n]s & ! 
unsav$ are immortal1 ! doctr9e ( et]nal 
damnation1 :i* 0 m p[]ful ?an ! idea ( a
 f9al dea?1 :i*  !reaft] began to fade  
away4 ,x 0 sci5ce alone :i* c\ld ov]come
  ?is idea1 at ! same "t bru%+ aside all
 o!r ideas ab\t dea? &  an aft]-life4   
,we are poor] 9 "o p>ticul>3 ! 8life    
aft] dea?0 has  no fur!r int]e/ = u6 an 
indescribable bless+1 :i* is z yet too  
rec5t to be consid]$ z su* ?r\gh\t ! _w4
 ,& ,epicurus is once  m triumphant4    
#gc4      ,,= ,,! 8,,tru?06--8,! tru? ( 
,*ri/ianity 0 atte/$ by ! virtu\s  lives
 ( ! ,*ri/ians1 _! firmness 9 suff]+1 _!
 un%akable  belief & above all by !     
spread & increase ( ! fai? 9 spite (    
all calamities40--,t's h[ y talk ev5 n[4

 ,! m's ! pity4 ,le>n1  !n1 t all ?is   
proves no?+ ei!r 9 fav\r ( tru? or aga9/
  x2 t tru? mu/ be demon/rat$ diff]5tly 
f consci5ti\sness1  & t ! latt] is 9 no 
respect :atev] an argum5t 9 fav\r ( !   
=m]4          #gd4      ,a ,,*ri/ian    
,,arri,,re-,,p5s,e4--,w\ld n ?is h be5 a
 g5]al  res]vation among ,*ri/ians ( !  
fir/ c5tury3 8,x is bett] to  p]suade   
ourselves into ! belief t we are guilty 
r ?an t we  are innoc5t2 = x is         
impossible to asc]ta9 ! disposition ( s 
p[]ful a judge--b x is to be fe>$ t he  
is look+ out only =  ^? :o are consci\s 
( guilt4 ,be>+ 9 m9d 8 great p[]1 x is  
m likely t he w p>don a guilty p]son ?an
 admit t any "o is  innoc5t1 9 8        
pres5ce40 ,?is 0 ! feel+ ( poor         
prov9cial folk  9 ! pres5ce ( ! ,roman  
prtor3 8,he is too pr\d = u to d>e to be
  innoc5t40 ,& may n ?is v s5tim5t h    
made its influ5ce felt  :5 ! ,*ri/ians  
endeav\r$ to picture to !mselves !      
aspect ( !  ,supreme ,judge8            
#ge4      ,,nei!r ,,european ,,nor      

,,noble4--,!re is some?+ ,ori5tal &     
fem99e 9  ,*ri/ianity1 & ?is is %[n 9 ! 
?\ght1 8,:om ! ,"l love?1 ,he  *a/5e?02 
= wom5 9 ! ,ori5t consid] ca/igations & 
! /rict  seclusion ( _! p]sons f ! _w z 
a sign ( _! husb&'s  love1 & compla9 if 
^! signs ( love cease4          #gf4    
,,if ,,y ,,?9k ,,x ,,evil1 ,,y ,,make   
,,x ,,evil4--,! passions become evil &  
malignant :5 reg>d$ ) evil & malignant  
eyes4 ,x is 9 ?is way  t ,*ri/ianity has
 succe$$ 9 trans=m+ ,eros &             
,aphrodite--sublime  p[]s1 capable (    
idealisation--into helli% g5ii & phantom
 gobl9s1 by  means ( ! pangs :i* e      
sexual impulse 0 made to raise 9 !      
consci5ce ( ! believ]s4 ,is x n a       
dreadful ?+ to trans=m  necess>y &      
regul> s5sations into a s\rce ( inw>d   
mis]y1 & ?us  arbitr>ily to r5d] int]ior
 mis]y necess>y & regul> 9 ! case  ( e  
man6 ,fur!rmore1 ?is mis]y rema9s secret
 ) ! result  t x is all ! m deeply      
root$1 = x is n all m5 :o h !  c\rage1  
:i* ,%akespe>e %[s 9 8 sonnets1 ( mak+  

public _!  ,*ri/ian gloom on ?is po9t4  
,mu/ a feel+1 !n1 always be call$ evil  
aga9/ :i* we are =c$ to  /ruggle1 :i* we
 mu/ re/ra9 ev5 )9 c]ta9 limits1 or1 9  
giv5  cases1 bani% entirely f our m9ds8 
,is x n ! habit ( vulg> s\ls  always to 
call an enemy evil6 & mu/ we call ,eros 
an enemy8 ,! sexual  feel+s1 l ! feel+s 
( pity & adoration1 possess ! p>ticul>  
*>act]i/ic t1 9 _! case1 "o be+         
gratifies ano!r by !  pleasure he       
enjoys--x is b r>ely t we meet ) su* a  
b5evol5t  arrangem5t 9 nature4 ,& yet we
 calumniate & corrupt x all by our bad  
consci5ce6 ,we connect ! procreation (  
man ) a bad consci5ce6    ,b ! outcome (
 ?is diabolisation ( ,eros is a m]e     
f>ce3 ! 8demon0  ,eros becomes an object
 ( great] int]e/ to mank9d ?an all !    
angels  & sa9ts put toge!r1 ?anks to !  
my/]i\s ,mumbo-,jumboism ( !  ,*ur* 9   
all ?+s erotic3 x is due to ! ,*ur* t   
love /ories1  ev5 9 our own "t1 h become
 ! "o common int]e/ :i* appeals to  all 
classes ( p--) an exagg]ation :i* w\ld  

be incompreh5sible  to antiquity1 & :i* 
w n fail to provoke ro>s ( laught] 9    
com+ g5]ations4 ,all our poetis+ & ?9k+1
 f ! highe/ to  ! l[e/1 is m>k$1 & m ?an
 m>k$1 by ! exagg]at$ importance  be/[$ 
^u ! love /ory z ! pr9cipal item ( our  
exi/5ce4  ,po/]ity may p]haps1 on ?is   
acc\nt1 come to ! conclusion t its      
entire legacy ( ,*ri/ian culture is     
ta9t$ ) n>r[ness &  insanity4           
#gg4      ,,! ,,tortures ,,( ,,!        
,,s\l4--,! :ole _w raises a %\t ( horror
 at !  pres5t day if "o man presumes to 
torture ! body ( ano!r3 !  indignation  
aga9/ su* a be+ bur/s =? almo/          
spontane\sly4 ,nay2  we tremble ev5 at !
 v ?\ght ( torture be+ inflict$ on a man
 or  an animal1 & we und]go unspeakable 
mis]y :5 we he> ( su* an act  hav+ be5  
accompli%$4 ,b ! same feel+ is exp]i5c$ 
9 a v  mu* less] degree & ext5t :5 x is 
a "q ( ! tortures ( !  s\l & !          
dreadfulness ( _! infliction4           
,*ri/ianity has introduc$  su* tortures 
on an unprec$5t$ scale1 & /ill cont9ues 

to prea*  ?is k9d ( m>tyrdom--yea1 x ev5
 compla9s innoc5tly ( backslid+  &      
indiff]5ce :5 x meets ) a /ate ( s\l :i*
 is free f  su* agonies4 ,f all ?is x n[
 results t humanity1 9 ! face (         
spiritual racks1 tortures ( ! m9d1 &    
in/rum5ts ( puni%m5t1  behaves ev5      
to-day ) ! same awesome pati5ce &       
indecision :i* x  exhibit$ 9 =m] times 9
 ! pres5ce ( ! cruelties practis$ on  ! 
bodies ( m5 or animals4 ,hell has       
c]ta9ly n rema9$ m]ely an  empty s\nd2 &
 a new k9d ( pity has be5 devis$ to     
correspond to !  newly-creat$ fe>s (    
hell--a horrible & pond]\s compassion1  
hi!rto  unkn[n2 ) p 8irrevocably        
condemn$ to hell10 z1 = example1 !      
,/ony ,gue/ gave ,don ,juan to und]/&1 &
 :i*1 dur+ ! ,*ri/ian  era1 %\ld (t5 h  
made ! v /ones weep4    ,plut>* pres5ts 
u ) a gloomy picture ( ! /ate ( m9d ( a 
sup]/iti\s man 9 pagan times3 b ?is     
picture pales :5 comp>$  ) t ( a        
,*ri/ian ( ! ,middle ,ages1 :o supposes 
t no?+  c save him f 8torm5ts ev]la/+40 

,dreadful om5s appe> to him3  p]haps he 
sees a /ork hold+ a snake 9 8 beak &    
hesitat+ to  swall[ x4 ,or all nature   
sudd5ly becomes pale2 or bright1 fi]y   
col\rs  appe> across ! surface ( ! e>?4 
,or ! gho/s ( 8 dead  relations approa* 
him1 ) features %[+ traces ( dreadful   
suff]+s4 ,or ! d>k walls ( ! room 9 :i* 
! man is sleep+ are  sudd5ly light$ up1 
& !re1 amid/ a yell[ flame1 he p]ceives 
in/rum5ts ( torture & a motley horde (  
snakes & devils4  ,*ri/ianity has surely
 turn$ ?is _w ( ours into a fe>ful      
habitation by rais+ ! crucifix 9 all    
p>ts & !reby proclaim+  ! e>? to be a   
place 8:]e ! j man is tortur$ to dea?60 
,&  :5 ! ard\r ( "s great prea*] = once 
disclos$ to ! public  ! secret suff]+s (
 ! individual1 ! agonies ( ! lonely     
s\ls1  :51 = example1 ,:itefield prea*$ 
8l a dy+ man to ! dy+10  n[ bitt]ly     
weep+1 n[ viol5tly /amp+ 8 feet1 speak+ 
passionately1 9 abrupt & incisive tones1
 )\t fe>+ to turn !  :ole =ce ( 8 attack
 ^u any "o individual pres5t1 exclud+   

him  f ! assembly ) excessive           
h>%ness--!n inde$ did x seem z if  ! e>?
 7 be+ trans=m$ into a 8field ( evil40  
,! huge cr[ds  7 !n se5 to act z if     
seiz$ ) a sudd5 attack ( madness3 _m  7 
9 fits ( angui%2 o!rs lay unconsci\s &  
motionless2 o!rs1  aga91 trembl$ or r5t 
! air ) _! pi]c+ %rieks4 ,ev]y:]e  !re 0
 a l\d brea?+1 z ( half-*ok$ p :o 7     
gasp+ =  ! brea? ( life4 8,inde$10 said 
an eye-witness once1 8almo/ all !       
noises appe>$ to come f p :o 7 dy+ 9 !  
bitt]e/  agony40    ,let u nev] =get t x
 0 ,*ri/ianity :i* fir/ turn$ !  dea?-b$
 into a b$ ( agony1 & t1 by ! sc5es :i* 
took place  !re1 & ! t]rify+ s\nds :i* 7
 made possible !re = !  fir/ "t1 x has  
poison$ ! s5ses & ! blood ( innum]able  
witnesses & _! *ildr54 ,imag9e ! ord9>y 
man :o c nev]  efface ! recollection (  
words l ^!3 8,oh1 et]nity6 ,w\ld t ,i   
_h no s\l6 ,w\ld t ,i _h nev] be5 born6 
,my s\l is damn$1 damn$2  lo/ = ev]6    
,six days ago y might h help$ me4 ,b n[ 
all is ov]4  ,i belong to ! devil1 & )  

him ,i w g d[n to hell4 ,break1 break1  
ye poor he>ts ( /one6 ,ye w n break8    
,:at m c be done =  he>ts ( /one8 ,i am 
damn$ t ye may be sav$6 ,!re he is6     
,yea2 !re  he is6 ,come1 good devil6    
,come60          #gh4      ,,av5g+      
,,ju/ice4--,mis=tune & guilt3 ^! two ?+s
 h be5 put on  "o scale by ,*ri/ianity2 
s t1 :5 ! mis=tune :i* foll[s a  fault  
is a s]i\s "o1 ?is fault is always judg$
 accord+ly to be a  v he9\s "o4 ,b ?is 0
 n ! valuation ( antiquity1 & t is  :y  
,greek trag$y--9 :i* mis=tune & puni%m5t
 are discuss$ at  l5g?1 & yet 9 ano!r   
s5se--=ms "p ( ! great lib]ators ( !    
m9d to an ext5t :i* ev5 ! anci5ts       
!mselves c\ld n realise4  ,!y rema9$    
+5u\s en\gh n to set up an 8adequate    
relation0  betwe5 guilt & mis=tune4 ,!  
guilt ( _! tragic h]oes is1 inde$1  !   
little pebble t makes !m /umble1 & on   
:i* acc\nt !y  sometimes happ5 to break 
an arm or knock out an eye4 ,^u ?is !   
feel+ ( antiquity made ! comm5t1 8,well1
 he %\ld h gone 8 way  ) m caution &    

less pride40 ,x 0 res]v$ = ,*ri/ianity1 
h[ev]1 to say3 8,"h we h a great        
mis=tune1 & beh9d ?is great  mis=tune   
!re mu/ lie a great fault1 an equally   
s]i\s fault1  ?\gh we _c cle>ly see x6  
,if1 wret*$ man1 y d n feel x1 x  is    
because y\r he>t is h>d5$--& worse ?an  
?is w happ5 to y60    ,besides ?is1     
antiquity c\ld po9t to examples ( real  
mis=tunes1  mis=tunes t 7 pure &        
innoc5t2 x 0 only ) ! adv5t (           
,*ri/ianity t all puni%m5t became       
well-m]it$ puni%m5t3 9  addition to ?is 
x r5d]s ! imag9ation ( ! suff]] /ill m  
suff]+1 s t ! victim1 9 ! mid/ ( 8      
di/ress1 is seiz$  ) ! feel+ t he has   
be5 morally reprov$ & ca/ away4 ,poor   
humanity6 ,! ,greeks _h a special ^w to 
/& = ! feel+ (  indignation :i* 0       
exp]i5c$ at ! mis=tune ( ano!r3 among   
,*ri/ian peoples ?is feel+ 0 prohibit$ &
 0 n p]mitt$ to  develop2 h5ce ! reason 
:y !y h no "n = ?is m virile  bro!r (   
pity4          #gi4      ,a             
,,proposal4--,if1 accord+ to ! argum5ts 

( ,pascal & ,*ri/ianity1 our  ego is    
always hateful1 h[ c we p]mit & suppose 
o!r p1 :e!r  ,god or m51 to love x8 ,x  
w\ld be contr>y to all good pr9ciples to
 let  ourselves be lov$ :5 we "k v well 
t we des]ve no?+ b  hatr$--n to speak ( 
o!r repugnant feel+s4 8,b ?is is ! v    
,k+dom ( ,grace40 ,!n y look ^u y\r love
 = y\r neighb\r z a  grace8 ,y\r pity z 
a grace8 ,well1 !n1 if y c d all ?is1   
!re is  no reason :y y %\ld n g a /ep   
fur!r3 love y\rselves ?r\gh  grace1 & !n
 y w no long] f9d y\r ,god necess>y1 & !
 entire  drama ( ! ,fall & ,r$emption ( 
mank9d w rea* its la/ act 9  y\rselves6 
#hj4      ,,! ,,compassionate           
,,*ri/ian4--,a ,*ri/ian's compassion 9 !
 pres5ce (  8 neighb\r's suff]+ has     
ano!r side to x3 viz4 8 pr(\nd          
suspicion ( all ! joy ( 8 neighb\r1 ( 8 
neighb\r's joy 9  ev]y?+ t he wills & is
 able to d4          #ha4      ,,!      
,,sa9t',s ,,humanity4--,a sa9t _h fall5 
into ! company ( believ]s1  & c\ld no   
long] /& _! cont9ually express$ hatr$ = 

s94 ,at  la/ he said to !m3 8,god creat$
 all ?+s1 except s93 !re=e x is  no     
wond] t ,he does n l x4 ,b man has      
creat$ s91 & :y1  !n1 %\ld he dis[n ?is 
only *ild ( 8 m]ely because x is n      
reg>d$ ) a fri5dly eye by ,god1 its     
gr&fa!r8 ,is t human8  ,hon\r to :om    
hon\r is due--b "o's he>t & duty mu/    
speak1 above  all1 9 fav\r ( ! *ild--&  
only 9 ! second place = ! hon\r (  !    
gr&fa!r60          #hb4      ,,!        
,,!ological ,,attack4--8,y mu/ arrange t
 ) y\rself2 = y\r  life is at           
/ake60--,lu!r x is :o sudd5ly spr+s ^u u
 ) ^!  words & imag9es t we feel ! knife
 at our ?roats4 ,b we ?r[ him  (f ) !   
words ( "o high] & m consid]ate ?an he3 
8,we ne$  =m no op9ion 9 reg>d to ?is or
 t matt]1 & ?us save our s\ls  f tr\ble4
 ,=1 by _! v nature1 ! ?+s !mselves _c  
compel u to express an op9ion40         
#hc4      ,,poor ,,humanity6--,a s+le   
drop ( blood too mu* or too little 9 !  
bra9  may r5d] our life unspeakably     
mis]able & difficult1 & we may suff]  m 

f ?is s+le drop ( blood ?an ,prome!us f 
8 vulture4 ,b  ! wor/ is :5 we d n "k t 
?is drop is caus+ our  suff]+s--& we ?9k
 x is 8! devil60 ,or 8s960          #hd4
      ,,! ,,philology ,,(               
,,*ri/ianity4--,h[ little ,*ri/ianity   
cultivates !  s5se ( hone/y c be inf]r$ 
f ! "* ( ! writ+s ( its  le>n$ m54 ,!y  
set out _! conjectures z audaci\sly z if
 !y 7  dogmas1 & are b seldom at a      
disadvantage 9 reg>d to !  int]pretation
 ( ,scripture4 ,_! cont9ual cry is3 8,i 
am "r1 = x  is writt50--& !n foll[s an  
explanation s %ameless & caprici\s  t a 
philologi/1 :5 he he>s x1 mu/ /&        
/ock-/ill betwe5 ang]  & laught]1 ask+  
himself aga9 & aga93 ,is x possible8 ,is
 x  hone/8 ,is x ev5 dec5t8    ,x is    
only ^? :o nev]--or always--att5d *ur* t
 und]e/imate !  di%one/y ) :i* ?is      
subject is /ill dealt 9 ,prote/ant      
pulpits2  9 :at a clumsy fa%ion ! prea*]
 takes advantage ( 8 security f         
int]ruption2 h[ ! ,bible is p9*$ &      
squeez$2 & h[ ! p  are made acqua9t$ ) e

 =m ( ! art ( false read+4    ,:5 all is
 said & done1 h[ev]1 :at c be expect$ f 
! effects  ( a religion :i*1 dur+ !     
c5turies :5 x 0 be+ firmly  e/abli%$1   
enact$ t huge philological f>ce conc]n+ 
! ,old  ,te/am5t8 ,i ref] to t attempt  
to te> ! ,old ,te/am5t f !  h&s ( !     
,jews "u ! pretext t x conta9$ only     
,*ri/ian  doctr9es & belong$ to !       
,*ri/ians z ! true p ( ,israel1  :ile ! 
,jews _h m]ely arrogat$ x to !mselves   
)\t au?ority4  ,?is 0 foll[$ by a mania 
( w\ld-be int]pretation & falsification1
  :i* c\ld n "u any circum/ances h be5  
alli$ ) a good  consci5ce4 ,h[ev]       
/rongly ,jewi% savants prote/$1 x 0     
ev]y:]e  s$ul\sly ass]t$ t ! ,old       
,te/am5t allud$ ev]y:]e to ,*ri/1  &    
no?+ b ,*ri/1 m especially ,8 ,cross1 & 
?us1 :]ev]  ref]5ce 0 made to wood1 a   
rod1 a ladd]1 a twig1 a tree1 a will[1  
or  a /aff1 su* a ref]5ce c\ld n b be a 
prophecy relat+ to ! wood  ( ! ,cross3  
ev5 ! sett+-up ( ! ,unicorn & ! ,braz5  
,s]p5t1  ev5 ,moses /ret*+ =? 8 h&s 9   

pray]--yea1 ! v spits on  :i* ! ,ea/]   
lambs 7 roa/$3 all ^! 7 allusions to !  
,cross1 &1 z x 71 preludes to x6 ,did   
any "o :o kept on ass]t+  ^! ?+s ev]    
believe 9 !m8 ,let x n be =gott5 t !    
,*ur* did n %r9k f putt+ int]polations 9
 ! text ( !  ,septuag9t 7e4g4 ,ps4 xcvi4
 #aj71 9 ord] t %e might lat] on make   
use ( ^! int]polat$ passages z ,*ri/ian 
prophecies4 ,!y 7  engag$ 9 a /ruggle1 &
 ?\ght ( _! foes r ?an ( hone/y4        
#he4      ,,subtlety ,,9 ,,p5ury4--,take
 c>e n to laugh at ! my?ology ( !       
,greeks  m]ely because x s little       
resembles y\r own pr(\nd metaphysics6 ,y
  %\ld admire a p :o *eck$ _! quick     
intellect at ?is po9t1  & = a long "t   
aft]w>ds _h tact en\gh to avoid ! dang] 
(  s*ola/icism & hair-splitt+           
sup]/ition4          #hf4      ,,!      
,,*ri/ian ,,int]pret]s ,,( ,,!          
,,body4--,:atev] orig9ates 9 !  /oma*1 !
 inte/9es1 ! beat+ ( ! he>t1 ! n]ves1 ! 
bile1  ! se$--all ^? indispositions1    
debilities1 irritations1 & ! :ole       

cont+5cy ( t ma*9e ab\t :i* we "k s     
little--a ,*ri/ian l  ,pascal consid]s x
 all z a moral & religi\s ph5om5on1 ask+
  himself :e!r ,god or ! devil1 good or 
evil1 salvation or damnation1 is  !     
cause4 ,alas = ! un=tunate int]pret]6   
,h[ he mu/ di/ort &  worry 8 sy/em6 ,h[ 
he mu/ di/ort & worry himself 9 ord] to 
ga9  8 po9t6          #hg4      ,,!     
,,moral ,,miracle4--,9 ! doma9 (        
morality1 ,*ri/ianity kn[s (  no?+ b !  
miracle2 ! sudd5 *ange 9 all valuations1
 ! sudd5  r5\ncem5t ( all habits1 !     
sudd5 & irresi/ible pr$ilection =  new  
?+s & p]sons4 ,*ri/ianity looks ^u ?is  
ph5om5on z !  "w ( ,god1 & calls x ! act
 ( reg5]ation1 ?us giv+ x a unique  &   
incomp>able value4 ,ev]y?+ else :i* is  
call$ morality1 &  :i* be>s no relation 
to ?is miracle1 becomes 9 consequ5ce a  
matt]  ( indiff]5ce to ! ,*ri/ian1 &    
inde$1 s f> z x is a feel+ (  well-be+ &
 pride1 an object ( fe>4 ,! canon (     
virtue1 ( !  fulfill$ law1 is e/abli%$ 9
 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 b 9 su* a way z  to be

 ! canon ( impossible virtue3 m5 :o /ill
 aspire to moral  p]fections mu/ come to
 und]/&1 9 ! face ( ?is canon1 t !y  are
 fur!r & fur!r remov$ f _! aim2 !y mu/  
despair (  virtue1 & end by ?r[+        
!mselves at ! feet ( ! ,m]ciful ,"o4    
,x is only 9 rea*+ a conclusion l ?is t 
moral ef=ts on !  "p ( ! ,*ri/ian c /ill
 be reg>d$ z possess+ any value3 !      
condition t ^! ef=ts %all always rema9  
/]ile1 pa9ful1 &  melan*oly is !re=e    
indisp5sable2 & x is 9 ?is way t ^?     
ef=ts c\ld /ill avail to br+ ab\t t     
mom5t ( ec/asy :5 man  exp]i5ces !      
8ov]fl[ ( grace0 & ! moral miracle4 ,?is
 /ruggle  = morality is1 h[ev]1 n       
necess>y2 = x is by no means uncommon  =
 ?is miracle to happ5 to ! s9n] at ! v  
mom5t :5 he is1 s  to speak1 wall[+ 9 ! 
mire ( s93 yea1 ! leap f ! deepe/ &  mo/
 ab&on$ s9fulness into its contr>y seems
 easi]1 &1 z a cle>  pro( ( ! miracle1  
ev5 m desirable4    ,:at1 = ! re/1 may  
be ! signification ( su* a sudd51       
unreasonable1 & irresi/ible revolution1 

su* a *ange f ! dep?s  ( mis]y into !   
heights ( happ9ess8 7might x be a       
disguis$  epilepsy87 ,?is %\ld at all   
ev5ts be consid]$ by ali5i/s1 :o h      
frequ5t opportunities ( obs]v+ simil>   
8miracles0--= example1 !  mania ( murd] 
or suicide4 ,! relatively 8m pleasant   
consequ5ces0 9  ! case ( ! ,*ri/ian make
 no important diff]5ce4          #hh4   
,,lu!r1 ,,! ,,great                     
,,b5efactor4--,lu!r's mo/ important     
result is !  suspicion :i* he awak5$    
aga9/ ! sa9ts & ! entire ,*ri/ian  vita 
contemplativa2 only s9ce 8 day has an   
un-,*ri/ian vita  contemplativa aga9    
become possible 9 ,europe1 only s9ce !n 
has  contempt = laym5 & worldly activity
 ceas$4 ,lu!r cont9u$ to be an  hone/   
m9]'s son ev5 aft] he _h be5 %ut up 9 a 
mona/]y1 &  !re1 = lack ( o!r dep?s &   
8bor+s10 he desc5d$ into himself1  &    
bor$ t]rify+ & d>k passages ?r\gh 8 own 
dep?s--f9ally  com+ to recognise t an   
introspective & sa9tly life 0 impossible
  to him1 & t 8 innate 8activity0 9 body

 & s\l w\ld end by be+  8 ru94 ,= a long
 "t1 too long1 inde$1 he endeav\r$ to   
f9d !  way to hol9ess ?r\gh ca/igations2
 b at l5g? he made up 8 m9d1  & said to 
himself3 8,!re is no real vita          
contemplativa6 ,we h be5  deceiv$4 ,!   
sa9ts 7 no bett] ?an ! re/ ( u40 ,?is 0 
truly a  ru/ic way ( ga9+ "o's case2 b =
 ! ,g]mans ( t p]iod x  0 ! only prop]  
way4 ,h[ edifi$ !y felt :5 !y c\ld read 
9  _! ,lu!ran cate*ism3 8,ap>t f ! ,t5  
,comm&m5ts !re is no  "w :i* c\ld f9d   
fav\r 9 ! eyes ( ,god--^! mu*-boa/$     
spiritual works ( ! sa9ts are purely    
imag9>y60          #hi4      ,,d\bt ,,z 
,,s94--,*ri/ianity has done all x       
possibly c\ld to draw a circle  r\nd    
itself1 & has ev5 gone s f> z to decl>e 
d\bt itself to be a  s94 ,we are to be  
precipitat$ into fai? by a miracle1 )\t 
! help  ( reason1 aft] :i* we are to    
float 9 x z ! cle>e/ & lea/  equivocal (
 elem5ts--a m]e glance at "s solid      
gr\nd1 ! ?\ght t  we exi/ = "s purpose  
o!r ?an float+1 ! lea/ movem5t ( our    

amphibi\s nature3 all ?is is a s96 ,let 
x be not$ t1 foll[+ ?is  decision1 !    
pro(s & demon/ration ( ! fai?1 & all    
m$itations  ^u its orig91 are prohibit$ 
z s9ful4 ,*ri/ianity wants bl9dness  &  
fr5zy & an et]nal swan-song above !     
waves "u :i* reason has  be5 dr[n$6     
#ij4      ,,egoism ,,v]sus              
,,egoism4--,h[ _m are !re :o /ill come  
to !  conclusion3 8,life w\ld be        
intol]able 7 !re no ,god60 ,or1 z is    
said  9 ideali/ic circles3 8,life w\ld  
be intol]able if its e?ical             
signification 7 lack+40 ,h5ce !re mu/ be
 a ,god--or an e?ical  signification (  
exi/5ce6 ,9 reality ! case /&s ?us3 ,he 
:o is  accu/om$ to conceptions ( ?is    
sort does n desire a life )\t  !m1 h5ce 
^! conceptions are necess>y = him & 8   
pres]vation--b :at a presumption x is to
 ass]t t ev]y?+  necess>y = my          
pres]vation mu/ exi/ 9 reality6 ,z if my
  pres]vation 7 really necess>y6 ,:at if
 o!rs held ! contr>y  op9ion8 if !y did 
n c>e to live "u ! conditions ( ^! two  

articles ( fai?1 & did n reg>d life z   
wor? liv+ if !y 7  realis$6--,& t is !  
pres5t position ( affairs4          #ia4
      ,,! ,,hone/y ,,( ,,god4--,an      
omnisci5t & omnipot5t ,god :o does n ev5
  take c>e t ,8 int5tions %all be       
und]/ood by ,8 creatures--c\ld  ,he be a
 ,god ( goodness8 ,a ,god1 :o1 = ?\s&s (
 ye>s1 has p]mitt$  innum]able d\bts &  
scruples to cont9ue un*eck$ z if !y 7 ( 
no importance 9 ! salvation ( mank9d1 & 
:o1 nev]!less1  ann\nces ! mo/ dreadful 
consequ5ces = any "o :o mi/akes 8  tru?8
 ,w\ld he n be a cruel god if1 be+      
himself 9 possession ( !  tru?1 he c\ld 
calmly contemplate mank9d1 9 a /ate (   
mis]able  torm5t1 worry+ its m9d z to   
:at 0 tru?8    ,p]haps1 h[ev]1 he really
 is a ,god ( goodness1 & 0 unable to    
express ,himself m cle>ly8 ,p]haps he   
lack$ intellig5ce en\gh =  ?is8 ,or     
eloqu5ce8 ,all ! worse6 ,= 9 su* a case 
he may h be5  deceiv$ himself 9 reg>d to
 :at he calls 8 8tru?10 & may n be  f> f
 be+ ano!r 8poor1 deceiv$ devil60 ,mu/  

he n !re=e  exp]i5ce all ! torm5ts (    
hell at see+ ,8 creatures suff]+ s  mu* 
"h bel[--& ev5 m1 suff]+ ?r\gh all      
et]nity--:5 he  himself c nei!r advise  
nor help !m1 except z a deaf & dumb     
p]son1 :o makes all k9ds ( equivocal    
signs :5 8 *ild or 8 dog  is ?reat5$ ) !
 mo/ fe>ful dang]8 ,a di/ress$ believ]  
:o  argues ?us might be p>don$ if 8 pity
 = ! suff]+ ,god 7  great] ?an 8 pity = 
8 8neighb\rs02 = !y are 8 neighb\rs no  
long] if t mo/ solit>y & primeval be+ is
 also ! greate/  suff]] & /&s mo/ 9 ne$ 
( consolation4    ,e religion %[s "s    
traits ( ! fact t x owes its orig9 to a 
/ate ( human intellectuality :i* 0 z yet
 too "y & immature3  !y all make light (
 ! necessity = speak+ ! tru?3 z yet !y  
"k no?+ ( ! duty ( ,god1 ! duty ( be+   
cle> & tru?ful 9  ,8 communications )   
m54 ,no "o 0 m eloqu5t ?an ,pascal 9    
speak+ ( ! 8hidd5 ,god0 & ! reasons :y  
,he _h to keep ,himself  hidd51 all (   
:i* indicates cle>ly en\gh t ,pascal    
himself c\ld  nev] make 8 m9d easy on   

?is po9t3 b he speaks ) su* confid5ce  t
 "o is l$ to imag9e t he mu/ h be5 let  
into ! secret at  "s "t or o!r4 ,he     
seem$ to h "s idea t ! deus  absconditus
 bore a few slight traces ( immorality2 
& he felt too mu*  a%am$ & afraid (     
ackn[l$g+ ?is to himself3 consequ5tly1 l
 a  man :o is afraid1 he spoke z l\dly z
 he c\ld4          #ib4      ,,at ,,!   
,,dea?-,,b$ ,,( ,,*ri/ianity4--,all     
truly active m5 n[ d )\t  inw>d         
,*ri/ianity1 & ! mo/ mod]ate & ?\ghtful 
m5 ( !  intellectual middle classes     
possess only a k9d ( modifi$            
,*ri/ianity2  t is1 a peculi>ly         
simplifi$ ,*ri/ianity4 ,a ,god :o1 9 8  
love1  orda9s ev]y?+ s t x may be be/ = 
u1 a ,god :o gives u our  virtue & our  
happ9ess & !n takes !m away f u1 s t    
ev]y?+ at l5g? goes on smoo?ly & !re is 
no reason left :y we  %\ld take life ill
 or grumble ab\t x3 9 %ort1 resignation 
&  mode/y rais$ to ! rank ( div9ities--t
 is ! be/ & mo/  lifelike remnant (     
,*ri/ianity n[ left to u4 ,x mu/ be     

rememb]$1  h[ev]1 t 9 ?is way           
,*ri/ianity has develop$ into a s(t     
moralism3 in/ead ( 8,god1 fre$om1 &     
immortality10 we h n[ a k9d  ( b5evol5ce
 & hone/ s5tim5ts1 & ! belief t1 9 !    
entire  univ]se1 b5evol5ce & hone/      
s5tim5ts w f9ally prevail3 ?is is  !    
eu?anasia ( ,*ri/ianity4          #ic4  
,,:at ,,is ,,tru?8--,:o w n be pleas$ ) 
! conclusions :i* !  fai?ful take su*   
delight 9 com+ to8--8,sci5ce _c be true2
 = x  d5ies ,god4 ,h5ce x does n come f 
,god2 & consequ5tly x _c be  true--=    
,god is tru?40 ,x is n ! d$uction b !   
premise :i* is  fallaci\s4 ,:at if ,god 
7 n exactly tru?1 & if ?is 7 prov$8  ,& 
if he 7 in/ead ! vanity1 ! desire = p[]1
 ! ambitions1  ! fe>1 & ! enraptur$ &   
t]rifi$ folly ( mank9d8          #id4   
,,rem$y ,,= ,,! ,,displeas$4--,ev5 ,paul
 already believ$ t "s sacrifice  0      
necess>y to take away ! deep displeasure
 :i* ,god exp]i5c$  conc]n+ s93 & ev]   
s9ce !n ,*ri/ians h nev] ceas$ to v5t  !
 ill-hum\r :i* !y felt ) !mselves ^u "s 

victim or  ano!r--:e!r x 0 8! _w10 or   
8hi/ory10 or 8reason10 or joy1 or  !    
tranquillity ( o!r m5--some?+ good1 no  
matt] :at1 _h to die  = _! s9s 7ev5 if  
only 9 effigie76          #ie4      ,,! 
,,hi/orical ,,refutation ,,z ,,!        
,,decisive ,,"o4--,=m]ly x 0 s\ght to   
prove t !re 0 no ,god--n[ x is %[n h[ ! 
belief t a ,god  exi/$ c\ld h orig9at$1 
& by :at means ?is belief ga9$  au?ority
 & importance3 9 ?is way ! c\nt]pro( t  
!re is no  ,god becomes unnecess>y &    
sup]flu\s4--,9 =m] times1 :5 !          
8evid5ces ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god0 :i* _h be5
 br\ght =w>d 7  refut$1 a d\bt /ill     
rema9$1 viz4 :e!r bett] pro(s c\ld n be 
f\nd ?an ^? :i* _h j be5 refut$3 at t "t
 ! a!i/s  did n und]/& ! art ( mak+ a   
tabula rasa4          #if4      8,,9    
,,hoc ,,signo ,,v9ces40--,to :atev]     
degree ( progress ,europe may h  atta9$ 
9 o!r respects1 :]e religi\s affairs are
 conc]n$ x has  n yet rea*$ ! lib]al    
navet ( ! anci5t ,brahm9s1 :i* proves   
t1 9 ,india1 f\r ?\s& ye>s ago1 p       

m$itat$ m pr(\ndly  & transmitt$ to _!  
desc5dants m pleasure 9 m$itat+ ?an is  
! case 9 our own days4 ,= ^? ,brahm9s   
believ$ 9 ! fir/ place  t ! prie/s 7 m  
p[]ful ?an ! gods1 & 9 ! second place  t
 x 0 obs]vances :i* con/itut$ ! p[] ( ! 
prie/s3 z a  result ( :i* _! poets 7    
nev] tir$ ( glorify+ ^?  obs]vances     
7pray]s1 c]emonies1 sacrifices1 *ants1  
improvis$ melodies7  z ! real disp5s]s (
 all b5efits4 ,al?\gh a c]ta9 am\nt (   
sup]/ition & poetry 0 m+l$ ) all ?is1 ! 
pr9ciples 7  true6 ,a /ep fur!r1 & !    
gods 7 ca/ aside--:i* ,europe likewise  
w h to d be=e v long6 ,"o m /ep fur!r1 &
 prie/s &  int]m$i>ies c\ld also be     
disp5s$ )--& !n ,buddha1 ! tea*]  ( !   
religion ( self-r$emption1 appe>$4 ,h[  
f> ,europe is /ill  remov$ f ?is degree 
( culture6 ,:5 at l5g? all ! cu/oms &   
obs]vances1 ^u :i* re/s ! p[] ( gods1   
prie/s1 & savi\rs1  %all h be5 de/roy$1 
:5 z a consequ5ce morality1 9 ! old     
s5se1 w be dead1 !n !re w come 444 yea1 
:at w come !n8  ,b let u refra9 f       

speculat+2 let u r make c]ta9 t  ,europe
 w retrieve t :i*1 9 ,india1 amid/ ?is p
 ( ?9k]s1  0 c>ri$ out ?\s&s ( ye>s ago 
z a comm&m5t ( ?\ght6    ,scatt]$ among 
! diff]5t nations ( ,europe !re are n[ f
 t5 to  tw5ty millions ( m5 :o no long] 
8believe 9 ,god0--is x too mu* to  ask t
 !y %\ld give ea* o!r "s indication or  
password8 ,z soon  z !y recognise ea*   
o!r 9 ?is way1 !y w also make !mselves  
kn[n to ea* o!r2 & !y w imm$iately      
become a p[] 9 ,europe1  &1 happily1 a  
p[] among ! nations6 among ! classes6   
betwe5 ri*  & poor6 betwe5 ^? :o comm&1 
& ^? :o obey6 betwe5 ! mo/  re/less & ! 
mo/ tranquil1 tranquillis+ p6           
,,book ,,ii4          #ig4      ,,"o    
,,becomes ,,moral--b n because "o is    
moral6 ,submission to morals may  be due
 to slavi%ness or vanity1 egoism or     
resignation1 dismal fanaticism  or      
?\ghtlessness4 ,x may1 aga91 be an act (
 despair1 su* z  submission to !        
au?ority ( a rul]2 b !re is no?+ moral  
ab\t  x p] se4          #ih4            

,,alt]ations ,,9 ,,morals4--,morals are 
con/antly und]go+ *anges &              
trans=mations1 occasion$ by successful  
crimes4 7,to ^!1 = example1  belong all 
innovations 9 moral judgm5ts47          
#ii4      ,,:]e9 ,,we ,,are ,,all       
,,irrational4--,we /ill cont9ue to draw 
conclusions f  judgm5ts :i* we consid] z
 false1 or doctr9es 9 :i* we no long]   
believe1--?r\gh our feel+s4             
#ajj4      ,,awak+ ,,f ,a               
,,dream4--,noble & wise m5 once ^u a "t 
believ$ 9 !  music ( ! sph]es2 !re are  
/ill noble & wise m5 :o believe 9  8!   
moral significance ( exi/5ce10 b !re w  
come a day :5 ?is  music ( ! sph]es also
 w no long] be audible to !m4 ,!y w     
awake & p]ceive t _! e>s h be5 dream+4  
#aja4      ,,op5 ,,to ,,d\bt4--,to      
accept a belief simply because x is     
cu/om>y implies  t "o is di%one/1       
c[>dly1 & lazy4--,mu/ di%one/y1 c[>dice1
 &  laz9ess1 !re=e1 be ! prim>y         
conditions ( morality8          #ajb4   
,,! ,,mo/ ,,anci5t ,,moral              

,,judgm5ts4--,:at attitude d we assume  
t[>ds !  acts ( our neighb\r8--,9 ! fir/
 place1 we consid] h[ !y may  b5efit    
ourselves--we see !m only 9 ?is light4  
,x is ?is effect :i*  we reg>d z !      
int5tion ( ! acts1--& 9 ! end we come to
 look  ^u ^! int5tions ( our neighb\r z 
p]man5t qualities 9 him1 &  we call him1
 = example1 8a dang]\s man40 ,triple    
error6 ,triple & mo/  anci5t mi/ake6    
,p]haps ?is inh]itance comes to u f !   
animals &  _! faculty ( judgm5t6 ,mu/ n 
! orig9 ( all morality be s\ght  9 ^!   
dete/able n>r[-m9d$ conclusions3        
8,:atev] injures me is  evil 7some?+    
injuri\s 9 itself71 :atev] b5efits me is
 good  7b5eficial & pr(itable 9 itself71
 :atev] injures me once or sev]al  times
 is ho/ile p] se2 :atev] b5efits me once
 or sev]al times is  fri5dly p] se40 ,o 
pud5da origo6 ,is n ?is equival5t to    
int]pret+ ! contemptible1 occasional1 & 
(t5 m]ely accid5tal  relations ( ano!r  
p]son to u z 8 prim>y & mo/ ess5tial    
qualities1 & affirm+ t t[>ds himself & e

 "o else he is  only capable ( su*      
actions z we ourselves h exp]i5c$ at 8  
h&s  once or sev]al times6 ,& is n ?is  
?or\gh folly bas$ ^u ! mo/  immode/ (   
all m5tal res]vations3 namely1 t we     
ourselves mu/ be !  /&>d ( :at is good1 
s9ce we det]m9e good & evil8            
#ajc4      ,,!re ,,are ,,two ,,classes  
,,( ,,p ,,:o ,,d5y ,,morality4--,to d5y 
morality may  mean1 9 ! fir/ place1 to  
d5y ! moral inducem5ts :i*1 m5  pret5d1 
h urg$ !m on to _! actions1--:i* is     
equival5t to  say+ t morality m]ely     
consi/s ( words & =ms1 "p ( t  co>se &  
subtle deceit 7especially self-deceit7  
:i* is *>act]i/ic  ( mank9d1 & p]haps m 
especially ( ^? m5 :o are celebrat$  =  
_! virtues4 ,9 ! second place1 x may    
mean our d5y+ t moral  judgm5ts are     
f\nd$ on tru?s4 ,x is admitt$ 9 su* a   
case t ^!  judgm5ts are1 9 fact1 !      
motives ( ! actions1 b t 9 ?is way  x is
 really errors z ! basis ( all moral    
judgm5ts :i* urge m5 on  to _! moral    
actions4 ,?is is my po9t ( view2 b ,i   

%\ld be f> f  d5y+ t 9 v _m cases a     
subtle suspicion 9 accordance ) !  =m]  
po9t ( view--i4e4 9 ! _s ( ,la          
,ro*ef\cauld--is also  ju/ifiable1 & 9  
any case ( a high g5]al utility4--,!re=e
 ,i d5y  morality 9 ! same way z ,i d5y 
al*emy1 i4e4 ,i d5y its hypo!ses2  b ,i 
d n d5y t !re h be5 al*emi/s :o believ$ 
9 ^!  hypo!ses & bas$ _! actions ^u !m4 
,i also d5y immorality--n  t innum]able 
p feel immoral1 b t !re is any true     
reason  :y !y %\ld feel s4 ,i %\ld n1 ( 
c\rse1 d5y--unless ,i 7 a  fool--t _m   
actions :i* are call$ immoral %\ld be   
avoid$ &  resi/$2 & 9 ! same way t _m   
:i* are call$ moral %\ld be  p]=m$ &    
enc\rag$2 b ,i hold t 9 bo? cases ^!    
actions  %\ld be p]=m$ f motives o!r ?an
 ^? :i* h prevail$ up  to ! pres5t "t4  
,we mu/ le>n anew 9 ord] t at la/1      
p]haps  v late 9 ! day1 we may be able  
to d some?+ m3 feel anew4          #ajd4
      ,,our ,,valuations4--,all actions 
may be ref]r$ back to valuations1 & all 
valuations are ei!r "o's own or adopt$1 

! latt] be+ by f> !  m num]\s4 ,:y d we 
adopt !m8 ,?r\gh fe>1 i4e4 we ?9k x m   
advisable to pret5d t !y are our own1 & 
s well d we accu/om  ourselves to d s t 
x at la/ becomes second nature to u4 ,a 
valuation ( our own1 :i* is !           
appreciation ( a ?+ 9 accordance  ) !   
pleasure or displeasure x causes u & no 
"o else1 is  some?+ v r>e inde$6--,b mu/
 n our valuation ( our  neighb\r--:i* is
 prompt$ by ! motive t we adopt 8       
valuation 9  mo/ cases--proce$ f        
ourselves & by our own decision8 ,(     
c\rse1 b  !n we come to ^! decisions    
dur+ our *ildhood1 & seldom *ange  !m4  
,we (t5 rema9 dur+ our :ole lifetime !  
dupes ( our *ildi%  & accu/om$ judgm5ts 
9 our mann] ( judg+ our fell[-m5 7_!    
m9ds1 rank1 morality1 "*1 &             
repreh5sibility71 & we f9d x  necess>y  
to subscribe to _! valuations4          
#aje4      ,,pseudo-,,egoism4--,! great 
majority ( p1 :atev] !y may ?9k &  say  
ab\t _! 8egoism10 d no?+ = _! ego all _!
 life long1  b only = a phantom ( ?is   

ego :i* has be5 =m$ 9 reg>d to !m  by _!
 fri5ds & communicat$ to !m4 ,z a       
consequ5ce1 !y all live  9 a haze (     
imp]sonal & half-p]sonal op9ions & (    
arbitr>y &1  z x 71 poetic valuations3 !
 "o always 9 ! head ( ano!r1 &  ?is     
head1 aga91 9 ! head ( somebody else--a 
que] _w ( phantoms  :i* manages to give 
itself a rational appe>ance6 ,?is haze (
 op9ions  & habits gr[s 9 ext5t & lives 
almo/ indep5d5tly ( ! p x  surr\nds2 x  
is x :i* gives rise to ! imm5se effect (
 g5]al  judgm5ts on 8man0--all ^? m51 :o
 d n "k !mselves1 believe 9 a  bloodless
 ab/raction :i* !y call 8man10 i4e4 9 a 
fiction2 &  e *ange caus$ 9 ?is         
ab/raction by ! judgm5ts ( p[]ful       
individualities 7su* z pr9ces &         
philosoph]s7 produces an  extraord9>y & 
irrational effect on ! great            
majority1--= ! simple  reason t n a s+le
 individual 9 ?is haze c oppose a real  
ego1 an  ego :i* is accessible to &     
fa?om$ by himself1 to ! univ]sal pale   
fiction1 :i* he c\ld !reby de/roy4      

#ajf4      ,,aga9/ ,,def9itions ,,(     
,,moral ,,aims4--,on all sides we n[ he>
 ! aim (  morals def9$ z ! pres]vation &
 advancem5t ( humanity2 b ?is  is m]ely 
! expression ( a wi% to h a =mula & no?+
 m4  ,pres]vation :]e98 advancem5t :i!r8
 ,^! are que/ions :i* mu/  at once be   
ask$4 ,is n ! mo/ ess5tial po9t1 ! answ]
 to ?is  :]e98 & :i!r8 left out ( !     
=mula8 ,:at results !refrom1  s f> z our
 own actions & duties are conc]n$1 :i*  
is n already  tacitly & in/9ctively     
und]/ood8 ,c we suffici5tly und]/& f    
?is =mula :e!r we mu/ prolong z f> z    
possible ! exi/5ce (  ! human race1 or  
br+ ab\t ! greate/ possible             
disanimalisation (  man8 ,h[ diff]5t !  
means1 i4e4 ! practical morals1 w\ld h  
to  be 9 ! two cases6 ,suppos+ t !      
greate/ possible rationality 7  giv5 to 
mank9d1 ?is c]ta9ly w\ld n gu>antee !   
longe/ possible  exi/5ce = !m6 ,or      
suppos+ t _! 8greate/ happ9ess0 0  ?\ght
 to be ! answ] to ! que/ions put1 d we  
!reby mean !  highe/ degree ( happ9ess  

:i* a few individuals might atta91 or an
  incalculable1 ?\gh f9ally atta9able1  
av]age /ate ( happ9ess =  all8 ,& :y    
%\ld morality be ! way to x8 ,has n     
morality1  consid]$ z a :ole1 op5$ up s 
_m s\rces ( displeasure z to lead  u to 
?9k t man up to ! pres5t1 ) e new       
ref9em5t (  morality1 has become m & m  
discont5t$ ) himself1 ) 8  neighb\r1 & )
 8 own lot8 ,has n ! mo/ moral ( m5     
hi!rto  believ$ t ! only ju/ifiable /ate
 ( mank9d 9 ! face ( morals  is t ( !   
deepe/ mis]y8          #ajg4      ,,our 
,,"r ,,to ,,our ,,folly4--,h[ mu/ we    
act8 ,:y mu/ we act8 ,s f> z !  co>se & 
imm$iate ne$s ( ! individual are        
conc]n$1 x is easy to  answ] ^!         
que/ions1 b ! m we ent] ^u ! m important
 &  m subtle doma9s ( action1 ! m does !
 problem become unc]ta9  & ! m arbitr>y 
its solution4 ,an arbitr>y decision1    
h[ev]1 is  ! v ?+ t mu/ be exclud$      
"h1--?us comm&s ! au?ority (  morals3 an
 obscure uneas9ess & awe mu/ rel5tlessly
 guide man 9 ^?  v actions ! objects &  

means ( :i* he _c at once p]ceive4  ,?is
 au?ority ( morals und]m9es our ?9k+    
faculty 9 reg>d to  ^? ?+s conc]n+ :i* x
 might be dang]\s to ?9k wrongly1--x  is
 9 ?is way1 at all ev5ts1 t morality    
usually ju/ifies itself to  its accus]s4
 ,wrong 9 ?is place means dang]\s2 b    
dang]\s to :om8  ,x is n1 z a rule1 !   
dang] ( ! do] ( ! action :i* !          
support]s ( au?oritative morals h 9     
view1 b _! own dang]2 !  loss :i* _! p[]
 & influ5ce might und]go if ! "r to act 
accord+ to _! own great] or less]       
reason1 h[ev] wilfully &  fooli%ly1 7   
accord$ to all m54 ,!y on _! "p make    
unhesitat+  use ( _! "r to arbitr>9ess &
 folly1--!y ev5 comm& 9 cases  :]e x is 
h>dly possible1 or at all ev5ts v       
difficult1 to answ]  ! que/ions1 8,h[   
mu/ !y act1 :y mu/ !y act80 ,& if !     
reason  ( mank9d gr[s ) su* extraord9>y 
sl[ness t x 0 (t5  possible to d5y its  
gr[? dur+ ! :ole c\rse ( humanity1 :at  
is  m to blame = ?is ?an ?is solemn     
pres5ce1 ev5 omnipres5ce1 (  moral      

comm&s1 :i* d n ev5 p]mit ! individual  
"q ( h[  & :y to be ask$ at all8 ,h we n
 be5 educat$ precisely 9 su* a  way z to
 make u feel pa!tic1 & ?us to obscure   
our vision at !  v "t :5 our reason %\ld
 be able to see z cle>ly & calmly z     
possible--i4e4 9 all high] & m important
 circum/ances8          #ajh4      ,,"s 
,,!ses4--,we %\ld n give ! individual1 9
 s f> z he desires  8 own happ9ess1 any 
precepts or recomm5dations z to ! road  
lead+  to happ9ess2 = individual        
happ9ess arises f p>ticul> laws t  are  
unkn[n to anybody1 & su* a man w only be
 h9d]$ or ob/ruct$  by recomm5dations   
:i* come to him f outside s\rces4 ,^?   
precepts  :i* are call$ moral are 9     
reality direct$ aga9/ individuals1 & d  
n by any means make = ! happ9ess ( su*  
individuals4 ,!  relation%ip ( ^!       
precepts to ! happ9ess & well-be+ (     
mank9d is equally slight1 = x is q      
impossible to assign a  def9ite         
conception to ^! words1 & /ill less c !y
 be employ$ z  guid+ />s on ! d>k sea ( 

moral aspirations4 ,x is a prejudice to 
?9k t morality is m fav\rable to !      
developm5t ( ! reason  ?an immorality4  
,x is errone\s to suppose t ! unconsci\s
 aim 9  ! developm5t ( e consci\s be+   
7namely1 animal1 man1 humanity1  etc47  
is its 8greate/ happ9ess03 on ! contr>y1
 !re is a p>ticul>  & incomp>able       
happ9ess to be atta9$ at e /age ( our   
developm5t1 "o t is nei!r high nor l[1 b
 q an individual  happ9ess4 ,evolution  
does n make happ9ess its goal2 x aims   
m]ely at  evolution1 & no?+ else4 ,x is 
only if humanity _h a univ]sally        
recognis$ goal t we c\ld propose to d   
?is or t3 = ! "t  be+ !re is no su*     
goal4 ,x foll[s t ! pret5sions (        
morality  %\ld n be br\ght into any     
relation%ip ) mank9d3 ?is w\ld be  m]ely
 *ildi% & irrational4 ,x is q ano!r ?+  
to recomm5d a  goal to mank9d3 ?is goal 
w\ld !n be some?+ t w\ld dep5d ^u  our  
own w & pleasure4 ,provid$ t mank9d 9   
g5]al agre$ to  adopt su* a goal1 x c\ld
 !n impose a moral law ^u itself1 a law 

:i* w\ld1 at all ev5ts1 be impos$ by _! 
own free w4 ,up to n[1  h[ev]1 ! moral  
law has _h to be plac$ above our own    
free w3  /rictly speak+1 m5 did n wi% to
 impose ?is law ^u !mselves2  !y wi%$ to
 take x f some:]e1 to discov] x1 or to  
let  !mselves be comm&$ by x f some:]e4 
#aji4      ,,self-,,control ,,&         
,,mod]ation1 ,,& ,,_! ,,f9al            
,,motive4--,i f9d n m ?an  six          
ess5tially diff]5t me?ods = combat+ !   
vehem5ce ( an  impulse4 ,fir/ ( all1 we 
may avoid ! occasion = satisfy+ !       
impulse1 weak5+ & mortify+ x by refra9+ 
f satisfy+ x =  long & ev]-l5g!n+       
p]iods4 ,secondly1 we may impose a sev]e
 &  regul> ord] ^u ourselves 9 reg>d to 
! satisfy+ ( our appetites4  ,by ?us    
regulat+ ! impulse & limit+ its ebb &   
fl[ to fix$  p]iods1 we may obta9       
int]vals 9 :i* x ceases to di/urb u2 &  
by  beg9n+ 9 ?is way we may p]haps be   
able to pass on to ! fir/  me?od4 ,9 !  
?ird place1 we may delib]ately give     
ourselves ov] to an  unre/ra9$ & unb\nd$

 gratification ( ! impulse 9 ord] t we  
may become disgu/$ ) x1 & to obta9 by   
means ( ?is v disgu/  a comm& ov] !     
impulse3 provid$1 ( c\rse1 t we d n     
imitate  ! rid] :o rides 8 horse to dea?
 & breaks 8 own neck 9 do+  s4 ,= ?is1  
unhappily1 is g5]ally ! outcome ( !     
application (  ?is ?ird me?od4    ,9 !  
f\r? place1 !re is an intellectual      
trick1 :i* consi/s 9  associat+ ! idea (
 ! gratification s firmly ) "s pa9ful   
?\ght1 t aft] a little practice ! ?\ght 
( gratification is  itself imm$iately   
felt z a v pa9ful "o4 7,= example1 :5 ! 
,*ri/ian accu/oms himself to ?9k ( !    
pres5ce & scorn ( !  devil 9 ! c\rse (  
s5sual enjoym5t1 or ev]la/+ puni%m5t 9  
hell = rev5ge by murd]2 or ev5 m]ely ( !
 contempt :i* he w  meet ) f ^? ( 8     
fell[-m5 :om he mo/ respects1 if he     
/eals  a sum ( money1 or if a man has   
(t5 *eck$ an int5se desire =  suicide by
 ?9k+ ( ! grief & self-reproa*es ( 8    
relations &  fri5ds1 & has ?us succe$$ 9
 balanc+ himself ^u ! edge (  life3 =1  

aft] "s practice1 ^! ideas foll[ "o     
ano!r 9 8 m9d  l cause & effect47 ,among
 in/ances ( ?is k9d may be m5tion$ !    
cases ( ,"l ,byron & ,napoleon1 9 :om ! 
pride ( man revolt$ &  took (f5ce at !  
prepond]ance ( "o p>ticul> passion ov] !
  collective attitude & ord] ( reason4  
,f ?is arises ! habit &  joy ( tyrannis+
 ov] ! crav+ & mak+ x1 z x 71 gna% its  
tee?4 8,i w n be a slave ( any          
appetite10 wrote ,byron 9 8 di>y4  ,9 ! 
fif? place1 we may br+ ab\t a           
dislocation ( our p[]s by  impos+ ^u    
ourselves a p>ticul>ly difficult &      
fatigu+ task1 or by  delib]ately        
submitt+ to "s new *>m & pleasure 9 ord]
 ?us to  turn our ?\ghts & physical p[]s
 into o!r *annels4 ,x comes to !  same  
?+ if we tempor>ily fav\r ano!r impulse 
by af=d+ x  num]\s opportunities (      
gratification1 & ?us r5d]+ x !  squ&]] (
 ! p[] :i* w\ld o!rwise be comm&e]$1 s  
to  speak1 by ! tyrannical impulse4 ,a  
few1 p]haps1 w be able to re/ra9  !     
p>ticul> passion :i* aspires to         

dom9ation by grant+ _! o!r  kn[n        
passions a tempor>y enc\ragem5t & lic5se
 9 ord] t !y  may dev\r ! food :i* !    
tyrant wi%es = himself alone4    ,9 !   
six? & la/ place1 ! man :o c /& x1 &    
?9ks x  reasonable to weak5 & subdue 8  
entire physical & psy*ical              
organisation1 likewise1 ( c\rse1 atta9s 
! goal ( weak5+ a s+le  viol5t in/9ct2  
z1 = example1 ^? :o />ve _! s5suality & 
at ! same "t _! vig\r1 & (t5 de/roy _!  
reason into !  b>ga91 su* z !           
ascetics4--,h5ce1 %unn+ ! opportunities1
  regulat+ ! impulse1 br++ ab\t satiety 
& disgu/ 9 ! impulse1  associat+ a      
pa9ful idea 7su* z t ( discr$it1 disgu/1
 or  (f5d$ pride71 !n ! dislocation (   
"o's =ces1 & f9ally g5]al  debility &   
exhau/ion3 ^! are ! six me?ods4 ,b ! w  
to combat  ! viol5ce ( a crav+ is beyond
 our p[]1 equally ) ! me?od we  adopt & 
! success we may h 9 apply+ x4 ,9 all   
?is process our  intellect is r m]ely ! 
bl9d in/rum5t ( ano!r rival crav+1  :e!r
 x be ! impulse to repose1 or ! fe> (   

disgrace & o!r  evil consequ5ces1 or    
love4 ,:ile 8we0 ?us imag9e t we are    
compla9+ ( ! viol5ce ( an impulse1 x is 
at bottom m]ely "o  impulse :i* is      
compla9+ ( ano!r1 i4e4 ! p]ception ( !  
viol5t suff]+ :i* is be+ caus$ u        
presupposes t !re is  ano!r equally or m
 viol5t impulse1 & t a /ruggle is imp5d+
  9 :i* our intellect mu/ take "p4      
#aaj4      ,,t ,,:i* ,,opposes4--,we may
 obs]ve ! foll[+ process 9 ourselves1 & 
,i %\ld l x to be (t5 obs]v$ & confirm$4
 ,!re arises 9 u  ! sc5t ( a k9d (      
pleasure hi!rto unkn[n to u1 &          
consequ5tly a  new crav+4 ,n[1 ! "q is1 
,:at opposes itself to ?is crav+8 ,if  x
 be ?+s & consid]ations ( a common k9d1 
or p :om we hold  9 no v high e/eem1 !  
aim ( ! new crav+ assumes ! appe>ance  (
 a 8noble1 good1 praisewor?y feel+1 & "o
 wor?y ( sacrifice03 all  ! moral       
dispositions :i* h be5 inh]it$ w adopt x
 & w  add x to ! numb] ( ^? aims :i* we 
consid] z moral--& n[ we  imag9e t we   
are no long] /riv+ aft] a pleasure1 b   

aft] a  morality1 :i* greatly increases 
our confid5ce 9 our aspirations4        
#aaa4      ,,to ,,! ,,admir]s ,,(       
,,objectiv5ess4--,he :o1 z a *ild1 has  
obs]v$ 9 8  p>5ts & acqua9tances 9 !    
mid/ ( :om he has gr[n up1 c]ta9  v>i$ &
 /rong feel+s1 ) b little subtle        
disc]nm5t &  incl9ation = intellectual  
ju/ice1 & has !re=e employ$ 8 be/  p[]s 
& 8 mo/ preci\s "t 9 imitat+ ^! feel+s1 
w  obs]ve 9 himself :5 he arrives at    
ye>s ( discretion t e new  ?+ or man he 
meets ) excites 9 him ei!r sympa?y or   
av]sion1  envy or contempt4 ,"u !       
dom9ation ( ?is exp]i5ce1 :i* he is     
p[]less to %ake (f1 he admires          
neutrality ( feel+ or 8objectivity0  z  
an extraord9>y ?+1 z some?+ connect$ )  
g5ius or a v  r>e morality1 & he _c     
believe t ev5 ?is neutrality is m]ely  !
 product ( education & habit4           
#aab4      ,,on ,,! ,,natural ,,hi/ory  
,,( ,,duty ,,& ,,"r4--,our duties are ! 
claims :i*  o!rs h ^u u4 ,h[ did !y     
acquire ^! claims8 ,by ! fact t  !y     

consid]$ u z capable ( mak+ & hold+     
agreem5ts &  contracts1 by assum+ t we 7
 _! l & equals1 & by  consequ5tly       
entru/+ some?+ to u1 br++ u up1 educat+ 
u1 &  support+ u4 ,we d our duty1 i4e4  
we ju/ify t conception ( our  p[] = !   
sake ( :i* all ^! ?+s 7 done = u4 ,we   
return  !m 9 proportion z !y 7 met$ out 
to u4 ,x is ?us our pride t  ord]s u to 
d our duty--we desire to re-e/abli% our 
own indep5d5ce by  oppos+ to t :i* o!rs 
h done = u some?+ t we d =  !m1 = 9 t   
way ! o!rs invade our sph]e ( p[]1 &    
w\ld =  ev] h a h& 9 x if we did n make 
reprisals by means ( 8duty10  & ?us     
encroa* ^u _! p[]4 ,! rights ( o!rs c   
only h  reg>d to t :i* lies )9 our p[]2 
x w\ld be unreasonable on  _! "p to     
require some?+ f u :i* does n belong to 
u4 ,to  put ! matt] m accurately1 _!    
rights c only relate to :at !y  imag9e  
to be 9 our p[]1 provid$ t x is some?+ t
 we  ourselves consid] z be+ 9 our p[]4 
,! same error may easily occur  on ei!r 
side4 ,! feel+ ( duty dep5ds ^u our hav+

 ! same  belief 9 reg>d to ! ext5t ( our
 p[] z o!r p h1 i4e4  t we c promise    
c]ta9 ?+s & und]take to d !m freely     
78free  w074    ,my rights consi/ ( t "p
 ( my p[] :i* o!rs h n only  conc$$ to  
me1 b :i* !y wi% to ma9ta9 = me4 ,:y d  
!y d x8  ,on ! "o h& !y are actuat$ by  
wisdom1 fe> & prud5ce3 :e!r  !y expect  
some?+ simil> f u 7! protection ( _!    
rights71  :e!r !y consid] a /ruggle ) u 
z dang]\s or inopportune1 or  :e!r !y   
see a disadvantage to !mselves 9 e      
dim9ution ( our  p[]1 s9ce 9 t case we  
%\ld be ill adapt$ = an alliance )  !m  
aga9/ a ho/ile ?ird p[]4 ,on ! o!r h&   
rights are grant$  by donations &       
cessions4 ,9 ?is latt] case1 ! o!r p h n
  only en\gh p[]1 b m ?an en\gh1 s t !y 
c give up a  portion & gu>antee x to !  
p]son to :om !y give x3 :]eby !y        
presuppose a c]ta9 re/rict$ s5se ( p[] 9
 ! p]son ^u :om  !y h be/[$ ! gift4 ,9  
?is way rights arise3 recognis$ &       
gu>ante$ degrees ( p[]4 ,:5 ! relations 
( p[]s to "o ano!r  are mat]ially *ang$1

 rights disappe> & new ones are =m$1 z  
is  demon/rat$ by ! con/ant flux &      
reflux ( ! rights ( nations4  ,:5 our   
p[] dim9i%es to any great ext5t1 !      
feel+s ( ^? :o  hi!rto gu>ante$ x und]go
 "s *ange3 !y consid] :e!r !y  %all once
 aga9 re/ore u to our =m] possession1 & 
if !y d n  see _! way to d ?is !y d5y   
our 8rights0 f t "t =w>d4 ,9  ! same    
way1 if our p[] increases to a          
consid]able ext5t ! feel+s  ( ^? :o     
previ\sly recognis$ x1 & ^: recognition 
we no long]  require1 likewise *ange3 !y
 w !n try to r$uce our p[] to its  =m]  
dim5sions1 & !y w endeav\r to int]f]e 9 
our affairs1  ju/ify+ _! int]f]5ce by an
 appeal to _! 8duty40 ,b ?is is  m]ely  
useless ^w-quibbl+4 ,:]e "r prevails1 a 
c]ta9 /ate &  degree ( p[] is ma9ta9$1 &
 all attempts at its augm5tation &      
dim9ution are resi/$4 ,! "r ( o!rs is ! 
concession ( our  feel+ ( p[] to ! feel+
 ( p[] 9 ^! o!rs4 ,:5ev] our  p[] %[s   
itself to be ?or\ghly %att]$ & brok51   
our rights  cease3 on ! o!r h&1 :5 we h 

become v mu* /rong]1 !  rights ( o!rs   
cease 9 our m9ds to be :at we h hi!rto  
admitt$  !m to be4 ,! man :o aims at be+
 j1 !re=e1 mu/ keep a  con/ant look\t = 
! *anges 9 ! indicator ( ! scales 9 ord]
  t he may prop]ly e/imate ! degrees (  
p[] & "r :i*1 )  ! cu/om>y transitor9ess
 ( human ?+s1 reta9 _! equilibrium =    
only a %ort "t & 9 mo/ cases cont9ue to 
rise & fall4 ,z a  consequ5ce x is ?us v
 difficult to be 8j10 & requires mu*    
exp]i5ce1 good int5tions1 & an unusually
 l>ge am\nt ( good s5se4          #aac4 
,,/riv+ ,,= ,,di/9ction4--,:5 we /rive  
aft] di/9ction we mu/  ceaselessly keep 
our eyes fix$ on our neighb\r & endeav\r
 to  asc]ta9 :at 8 feel+s are2 b !      
sympa?y & k :i* are  necess>y to satisfy
 ?is desire are f> f be+ inspir$ by     
h>mlessness1 compassion1 or k9dness4 ,on
 ! contr>y1 we wi% to  p]ceive or f9d   
out 9 :at way our neighb\r suff]s f u1  
ei!r  int]nally or ext]nally1 h[ he     
loses control ov] himself & yields to  !
 impression :i* our h& or ev5 our m]e   

appe>ance makes on him4  ,ev5 :5 he :o  
aspires to di/9ction makes or wi%es to  
make a joyful1  elevat+1 or *e]ful      
impression1 he does n enjoy ?is success 
9 t  he rejoices1 exalts1 or *e]s 8     
neighb\r1 b 9 t he leaves 8  impress on 
! latt]'s s\l1 *ang+ its =m & dom9at+ x 
accord+ to 8 w4 ,! desire = di/9ction is
 ! desire to subject  "o's neighb\r1 ev5
 if x be m]ely 9 an indirect fa%ion1 "o 
only  felt or ev5 only dreamt (4 ,!re is
 a long s]ies ( /ages 9 ?is             
secretly-desir$ w to subdue1 & a v      
complete record ( !m w\ld  p]haps almo/ 
be l an excell5t hi/ory ( culture f !   
e>ly  di/ortions ( b>b>ism d[n to !     
c>icatures ( mod]n ov]-ref9em5t  &      
sickly idealism4    ,?is desire =       
di/9ction entails ^u our neighb\r--to   
indicate only a  few rungs ( ! long     
ladd]--torture fir/ ( all1 foll[$ by    
bl[s1 !n  t]ror1 anxi\s surprise1 wond]1
 envy1 admiration1 elevation1 pleasure1 
joy1 laught]1 d]ision1 mock]y1 sne]s1   
sc\rg+ & self-inflict$  torture4 ,!re at

 ! v top ( ! ladd] /&s ! ascetic &      
m>tyr1 :o himself exp]i5ces ! utmo/     
satisfaction1 because he  inflicts on   
himself1 z a result ( 8 desire =        
di/9ction1 t pa9  :i* 8 opposite1 !     
b>b>ian on ! fir/ rung ( ! ladd]1       
inflicts ^u ^? o!rs1 ^u :om & be=e :om  
he wi%es to  di/+ui% himself4 ,! triumph
 ( ! ascetic ov] himself1 8             
introspective glance1 :i* beholds a man 
split up into a suff]] & a  spectator1 &
 :i* h5ce=? nev] looks at ! outside _w b
 to  ga!r f x1 z x 71 wood = 8 own      
fun]al pyre3 ?is f9al  trag$y ( ! desire
 = di/9ction :i* %[s u only "o p]son :o1
  s to speak1 is consum$ int]nally--t is
 an end wor?y ( !  beg9n+3 9 bo? cases  
!re is an inexpressible happ9ess at !   
sight  ( torture2 inde$1 happ9ess       
consid]$ z a feel+ ( p[] develop$  to ! 
utmo/1 has p]haps nev] rea*$ a high]    
pit* ( p]fection on  e>? ?an 9 ! s\ls ( 
sup]/iti\s ascetics4 ,?is is express$ by
  ! ,brahm9s 9 ! /ory ( ,k+ ,visvamitra1
 :o obta9$ s mu*  /r5g? by ?\s&s ( ye>s 

( p5ance t he und]took to con/ruct a    
new heav54 ,i believe t 9 ! entire      
category ( inw>d exp]i5ces  ! p ( our "t
 are m]e novices & clumsy guess]s :o    
8try to  h a %ot at x03 f\r ?\s& ye>s   
ago mu* m 0 kn[n ab\t  ^! execrable     
ref9em5ts ( self-enjoym5t4 ,p]haps at t 
"t !  creation ( ! _w 0 imag9$ by "s    
,h9du dream] to h be5 an  ascetic       
op]ation :i* a god took ^u himself6     
,p]haps ?is god may h  wi%$ to jo9      
himself to a mobile nature z an in/rum5t
 ( torture 9  ord] ?us to feel 8        
happ9ess & p[] d\bl$6 ,& ev5 suppos+ him
  to h be5 a god ( love3 :at a delight x
 w\ld h be5 = him to  create a suff]+   
mank9d 9 ord] t he himself might suff]  
div9ely  & sup]-humanly f ! sight ( !   
cont9ual torture ( 8  creatures1 & ?us  
to tyrannise ov] himself6 ,&1 aga91     
suppos+ him  to h be5 n only a god (    
love1 b also a god ( hol9ess1 we c      
sc>cely conceive ! ec/asies ( ?is div9e 
ascetic :ile creat+ s9s  & s9n]s &      
et]nal puni%m5t1 & an imm5se place (    

et]nal  torture bel[ 8 ?rone :]e !re is 
a cont9ual weep+ & wail+  & gna%+ (     
tee?6    ,x is n by any means impossible
 t ! s\l ( a ,/4 ,paul1 a ,dante1 or  a 
,calv91 & p l !m1 may once h p5etrat$   
into !  t]rify+ secrets ( su*           
voluptu\sness ( p[]1 & 9 view ( su*     
s\ls we may well ask :e!r ! circle ( ?is
 desire = di/9ction  has come to a close
 ) ! ascetic4 ,might x n be possible = !
  c\rse ( ?is circle to be trav]s$ a    
second "t1 by unit+ !  fundam5tal idea (
 ! ascetic1 & at ! same "t t ( a        
compassionate ,deity8 ,9 o!r words1 pa9 
w\ld be giv5 to o!rs 9  ord] t pa9 might
 be giv5 to "o's self1 s t 9 ?is way "o 
c\ld triumph ov] "o's self & "o's pity  
to enjoy ! extreme  voluptu\sness (     
p[]4--,=give me ^! digressions1 :i* come
 to my  m9d :5 ,i ?9k ( all !           
possibilities 9 ! va/ doma9 ( psy*ical  
debau*]ies to :i* "o may be l$ by !     
desire = p[]6          #aad4      ,,on  
,,! ,,k ,,( ,,! ,,suff]]4--,! /ate (    
sick m5 :o h suff]$  long & t]ribly f ! 

torture inflict$ ^u !m by _! illness1  &
 ^: reason has nev]!less n be5 9 any way
 affect$1 is n  )\t a c]ta9 am\nt (     
value 9 our se>* = k--q ap>t  f !       
intellectual b5efits :i* foll[ ^u e     
pr(\nd solitude  & e sudd5 & ju/ifi$    
lib]ation f duties & habits4 ,! man  :o 
suff]s sev]ely looks =? ) t]rible       
calmness f 8 /ate (  suff]+ ^u outside  
?+s3 all ^? little ly+ en*antm5ts1 by   
:i* ?+s are usually surr\nd$ :5 se5     
?r\gh ! eye ( a heal?y  p]son1 h vani%$ 
f ! suff]]2 8 own life ev5 lies !re     
be=e him1 /ripp$ ( all bloom & col\r4   
,if by *ance x has happ5$  t up to !n he
 has liv$ 9 "s k9d ( dang]\s fantasy1   
?is  extreme dis5*antm5t ?r\gh pa9 is ! 
means1 & possibly ! only  means1 (      
extricat+ him f x4 7,x is possible t ?is
 is :at  happ5$ to ! ,f\nd] (           
,*ri/ianity :5 susp5d$ f ! ,cross2 =  ! 
bitt]e/ words ev] pron\nc$1 8,my ,god1  
,my ,god1 :y ha/ ,?\  =sak5 ,me80 if    
und]/ood 9 _! deepe/ s5se1 z !y ought to
 be  und]/ood1 conta9 ! evid5ce ( a     

complete disillusionm5t &  enlight5m5t 9
 reg>d to ! deceptions ( life3 9 t mom5t
 (  supreme suff]+ ,*ri/ obta9$ a cle>  
insight into ,himself1 j z 9  ! poet's  
n>rative did ! poor dy+ ,don ,quixote47 
,! =midable t5sion ( ! intellect t wi%es
 to hold its own  aga9/ pa9 %[s ev]y?+ t
 "o n[ looks ^u 9 a new light1 &  !     
inexpressible *>m ( ?is new light is (t5
 p[]ful en\gh to  )/& all ! s$uctiv5ess 
( suicide & to make ! cont9uation (     
life seem v desirable to ! suff]]4 ,8   
m9d scornfully turns to !  w>m &        
com=table dream-_w 9 :i* ! heal?y man   
moves ab\t  ?\ghtlessly1 & he ?9ks )    
contempt ( ! noble/ & mo/  *]i%$        
illusions 9 :i* he =m]ly indulg$4 ,he   
exp]i5ces delight  9 conjur+ up ?is     
contempt z if f ! dep?s ( hell1 & ?us   
inflict+ ! bitt]e/ suff]+s ^u 8 s\l3 x  
is by ?is  c\nt]poise t he be>s up aga9/
 physical suff]+--he feels t  su* a     
c\nt]poise is n[ ess5tial6 ,9 "o t]rible
 mom5t (  cle>-sight$ness he says to    
himself1 8,be = once ?9e own accus] &   

hangman2 = once reg>d ?y suff]+ z a     
puni%m5t :i* ?\ ha/  inflict$ on ?yself6
 ,enjoy ?y sup]iority z a judge3 bett]  
/ill1  enjoy ?9e own w & pleasure1 ?y   
tyrannical arbitr>9ess6 ,raise  ?yself  
above ?y life z above ?y suff]+1 & look 
d[n into !  dep? ( reason & unreason60  
,our pride revolts z x nev] did be=e1 x 
exp]i5ces an incomp>able  *>m 9 def5d+  
life aga9/ su* a tyrant z suff]+ & aga9/
 all  ! ins9uations ( ?is tyrant1 :o    
w\ld fa9 urge u to give evid5ce  aga9/  
life1--we are tak+ ! "p ( life 9 ! face 
( ?is tyrant4  ,9 ?is /ate ( m9d we take
 up a bitt] /& aga9/ all pessimism 9    
ord] t x may n appe> to be a consequ5ce 
( our condition1 &  ?us humiliate u z   
conqu]$ ones4 ,! *>m ( be+ j 9 our      
judgm5ts 0 also nev] great] ?an n[2 = n[
 ?is ju/ice is a  triumph ov] ourselves 
& ov] s irritat$ a /ate ( m9d t         
unfairness ( judgm5t might be excus$1--b
 we w n be excus$1 x is  n[1 if ev]1 t  
we wi% to %[ t we ne$ no excuse4 ,we    
pass ?r\gh  d[nright orgies ( pride4    

,& n[ appe>s ! fir/ ray ( relief1 (     
recov]y1 & "o ( its fir/  effects is t  
we turn aga9/ ! prepond]ance ( our      
pride3 we call  ourselves fooli% & va91 
z if we _h und]gone "s unique exp]i5ce4 
,we humiliate ungratefully ?is          
all-p[]ful pride1 ! aid ( :i*  enabl$ u 
to endure ! pa9 we suff]$1 & we call    
vehem5tly = "s  antidote = ?is pride3 we
 wi% to become /rang]s to ourselves & to
  be fre$ f our own p]son aft] pa9 has  
=cibly made u p]sonal too  long4 8,away 
) ?is pride10 we cry1 8x 0 only ano!r   
illness &  convulsion60 ,once m we look 
long+ly at m5 & nature & recollect  ) a 
sorr[ful smile t n[ s9ce ! veil has     
fall5 we reg>d _m  ?+s conc]n+ !m 9 a   
new & diff]5t light1--b we are refre%$  
by once m see+ ! s(t5$ lights ( life1 & 
em]ge f t  fe>fully dispassionate       
daylight 9 :i* we z suff]]s saw ?+s &   
?r\gh ?+s4 ,we d n get angry :5 we see !
 *>ms ( heal?  resume _! play1 & we     
contemplate ! sight z if trans=m$1 g5tly
  & /ill fatigu$4 ,9 ?is /ate we _c li/5

 to music )\t  weep+4          #aae4    
,,! ,,s-,,call$ 8,,ego40--,language & ! 
prejudices ^u :i* language is  bas$ v   
(t5 act z ob/acles 9 our pa?s :5 we     
proce$ to explore  int]nal ph5om5a &    
impulses3 z "o example1 we may in/ance !
 fact  t !re are only words to express !
 sup]lative degrees ( ^!  ph5om5a &     
impulses4 ,n[1 x is our habit no long]  
to obs]ve  accurately :5 words fail u1  
s9ce x is difficult 9 su* cases to  ?9k 
) precision3 9 =m] times1 ev51 p        
involunt>ily came to  ! conclusion t :]e
 ! doma9 ( words ceas$1 ! doma9 (       
exi/5ce ceas$ also4 ,wra?1 hatr$1 love1 
pity1 desire1 recognition1  joy1 pa93   
all ^! are names indicat+ extreme       
conditions2 ! mild]  & middle /ages1 &  
ev5 m p>ticul>ly ! ev] active l[]       
/ages1 escape our att5tion1 & yet x is  
!y :i* weave ! w>p &  wo( ( our "* &    
de/9y4 ,x (t5 happ5s t ^! extreme       
outbur/s--& ev5 ! mo/ mod]ate pleasure  
or displeasure ( :i* we  are actually   
consci\s1 :e!r 9 p>tak+ ( food or li/5+ 

to a  s\nd1 is possibly1 if prop]ly     
e/imat$1 m]ely an extreme               
outbur/1--de/roy ! texture & are !n     
viol5t exceptions1 9 mo/  cases !       
consequ5ces ( "s conge/ions1--& h[      
easily z su* c  !y mislead ! obs]v]6 z  
inde$ !y mislead ! p]son act+6 ,we  are 
all ( u n :at we appe> to be accord+ to 
! conditions =  :i* alone we h          
consci\sness & words1 & consequ5tly     
praise &  blame4 ,we fail to recognise  
ourselves aft] ^! co>se outbur/s :i*    
are kn[n to ourselves alone1 we draw    
conclusions f data :]e !  exceptions    
prove /rong] ?an ! rules2 we mis9t]pret 
ourselves 9  read+ our own ego's        
pron\ncem5ts1 :i* appe>$ to be s cle>4  
,b  our op9ion ( ourselves1 ?is s-call$ 
ego :i* we h arriv$ at by  ?is wrong    
me?od1 contributes h5ce=? to =m our "* &
  de/9y4          #aaf4      ,,!        
,,unkn[n ,,_w ,,( ,,! 8,,subject40--,:at
 m5 h f\nd x s difficult to  und]/& f ! 
mo/ anci5t times d[n to ! pres5t day is 
_!  ignorance 9 reg>d to !mselves1 n    

m]ely ) respect to good &  evil1 b      
some?+ ev5 m ess5tial4 ,! olde/ (       
illusions lives on1  namely1 t we "k1 & 
"k precisely 9 ea* case1 h[ human action
 is  orig9at$4 ,n only 8,god :o looks   
into ! he>t10 n only ! man :o  acts &   
reflects ^u 8 action1 b ev]ybody does n 
d\bt t he  und]/&s ! ph5om5a ( action 9 
e "o else4 8,i "k :at ,i want  & :at ,i 
h done1 ,i am free & responsible = my   
act1 & ,i make  o!rs responsible = _!   
acts2 ,i c m5tion by its "n e moral     
possibility & e int]nal movem5t :i*     
prec$es an act1--ye may act  z ye w1 ,i 
und]/& myself & ,i und]/& y all60 ,su* 0
 :at  e "o ?\ght once ^u a "t1 & almo/ e
 "o ?9ks s ev5  n[4 ,socrates & ,plato1 
:o 9 ?is matt] 7 great sceptics &       
admirable innovators1 7 nev]!less       
int5sely cr$ul\s 9 reg>d to  t fatal    
prejudice1 t pr(\nd error1 :i* holds t  
8,! "r  k mu/ necess>ily be foll[$ by ! 
"r action40 ,9 hold+  ?is pr9ciple !y 7 
/ill ! heirs ( ! univ]sal folly &       
presumption t k exi/s conc]n+ ! ess5ce (

 an action4    8,x w\ld inde$ be        
dreadful if ! compreh5sion ( ! ess5ce ( 
a  "r action 7 n foll[$ by t "r action  
itself0--?is 0 !  only mann] 9 :i* ^!   
great m5 ?\ght x necess>y to demon/rate 
?is idea1 ! contr>y seem$ to !m to be   
inconceivable & mad2 &  nev]!less ?is   
contr>y corresponds to ! nak$ reality   
:i* has be5  demon/rat$ daily & h\rly f 
"t immemorial4 ,is x n a 8dreadful0     
tru? t all t we "k ab\t an act is nev]  
suffici5t to accompli%  x1 t ! bridge   
connect+ ! k ( ! act ) ! act  itself has
 nev] yet be5 built8 ,acts are nev] :at 
!y appe> to u to  be4 ,we h tak5 great  
pa9s to le>n t ext]nal ?+s are n z  !y  
appe> to u4--,well6 ,x is ! same )      
int]nal ph5om5a4 ,all moral  acts are 9 
reality 8some?+ diff]5t10--we _c say    
any?+ m  ab\t !m1 & all acts are        
ess5tially unkn[n to u4 ,! g5]al        
belief1 h[ev]1 has be5 & /ill is q !    
contr>y3 ! mo/  anci5t realism is aga9/ 
u3 up to ! pres5t humanity has ?\ght1   
8,an  action is :at x appe>s to be40 7,9

 re-read+ ^! words a v  expressive      
passage f ,s*op5hau] occurs to me1 & ,i 
w quote x z  a pro( t he1 too1 )\t !    
slighte/ scruple1 cont9u$ to adh]e  to  
?is moral realism3 8,ea* "o ( u is 9    
reality a compet5t &  p]fect moral      
judge1 kn[+ exactly good & evil1 made   
holy by lov+  good & despis+ evil1--su* 
is e "o ( u 9 s f> z ! acts (  o!rs & n 
8 own are "u consid]ation1 & :5 he has  
m]ely to  approve or disapprove1 :il/ ! 
burd5 ( ! p]=mance ( ! acts is  borne by
 o!r %\ld]s4 ,e "o is !re=e ju/ifi$ 9   
occupy+ z  confessor ! place ( ,god407  
#aag4      ,,9 ,,prison4--,my eye1 :e!r 
x be ke5 or weak1 c only see a c]ta9    
di/ance1 & x is )9 ?is space t ,i live &
 move3 ?is horizon  is my imm$iate fate1
 great] or less]1 f :i* ,i _c escape4   
,?us1  a conc5tric circle is drawn r\nd 
e be+1 :i* has a c5tre & is  peculi> to 
himself4 ,9 ! same way our e> encloses u
 9 a small space1  & s likewise does our
 t\*4 ,we measure ! _w by ^! horizons   
)9 :i* our s5ses conf9e ea* ( u )9      

prison walls4 ,we say  t ?is is ne> & t 
is f> di/ant1 t ?is is l>ge & t is      
small1 t "o ?+ is h>d & ano!r s(t2 & ?is
 appreciation (  ?+s we call s5sation--b
 x is all an error p] se6 ,accord+ to ! 
numb] ( ev5ts & emotions :i* x is on an 
av]age possible = u to  exp]i5ce 9 a    
giv5 space ( "t1 we measure our lives2  
we call !m  %ort or long1 ri* or poor1  
full or empty2 & accord+ to ! av]age  ( 
human life we e/imate t ( o!r be+s1--&  
all ?is is an error  p] se6    ,if we _h
 eyes a hundr$ times m pi]c+ to exam9e !
 ?+s t  surr\nd u1 m5 w\ld seem to u to 
be enorm\sly tall2 we c ev5  imag9e     
organs by means ( :i* m5 w\ld appe> to u
 to be (  immeasurable /ature4 ,on ! o!r
 h&1 c]ta9 organs c\ld be s =m$  z to   
p]mit u to view entire sol> sy/ems z if 
!y 7 contract$  & br\ght close toge!r l 
a s+le cell3 & to be+s ( an inv]se  ord]
 a s+le cell ( ! human body c\ld be made
 to appe> 9 its  con/ruction1 movem5t1 &
 h>mony z if x 7 a sol> sy/em 9  itself4
 ,! habits ( our s5ses h wrapp$ u up 9 a

 tissue ( ly+  s5sations :i* 9 _! turn  
lie at ! base ( all our judgm5ts &  our 
8k10--!re are no means ( exit or escape 
to ! real _w6  ,we are l spid]s 9 our   
own webs1 &1 :atev] we may cat* 9 !m1  x
 w only be some?+ t our web is capable (
 cat*+4          #aah4      ,,:at ,,is  
,,our ,,neighb\r8--,:at d we conceive ( 
our neighb\r except 8  limits3 ,i mean t
 :]eby he1 z x 71 engraves & /amps      
himself 9  & ^u u8 ,we c und]/& no?+ (  
him except ! *anges :i*  take place ^u  
our own p]son & ( :i* he is ! cause1 :at
 we "k  ( him is l a holl[1 modell$     
space4 ,we impute to him ! feel+s  :i* 8
 acts ar\se 9 u1 & ?us give him a wrong 
& inv]t$  positivity4 ,we =m him aft]   
our k ( ourselves into a satellite  (   
our own sy/em1 & if he %9es ^u u1 or    
gr[s d>k1 & we 9 any  case are !        
ultimate cause ( 8 do+ s1 we nev]!less  
/ill believe  ! contr>y6 ,o _w (        
phantoms 9 :i* we live6 ,o _w s p]v]t$1 
topsy-turvy & empty1 & yet dreamt ( z   
full & upright6          #aai4          

,,exp]i5ce ,,& ,,inv5tion4--,to h[ev]   
high a degree a man c atta9 to  k (     
himself1 no?+ c be m incomplete ?an !   
conception  :i* he =ms ( ! in/9cts      
con/itut+ 8 individuality4 ,he c        
sc>cely "n ! m common in/9cts3 _! numb] 
& =ce1 _!  flux & reflux1 _! action &   
c\nt]action1 &1 above all1 ! laws  ( _! 
nutrition1 rema9 absolutely unkn[n to   
him4 ,?is nutrition1  !re=e1 becomes a  
"w ( *ance3 ! daily exp]i5ces ( our     
lives  ?r[ _! prey n[ to ?is in/9ct & n[
 to t1 & ! in/9cts  gradually seize ^u  
x2 b ! ebb & fl[ ( ^! exp]i5ces does  n 
/& 9 any rational relation%ip to !      
nutritive ne$s ( ! total  numb] ( !     
in/9cts4 ,two ?+s1 !n1 mu/ always happ53
 "s  crav+s w be neglect$ & />v$ to     
dea?1 :ile o!rs w be  ov]f$4 ,e mom5t 9 
! life ( man causes "s polyp\s arms ( 8 
be+ to gr[ & o!rs to )] away1 9         
accordance ) ! nutrim5t  :i* t mom5t may
 or may n br+ ) x4 ,our exp]i5ces1 z ,i 
h  already said1 are all 9 ?is s5se     
means ( nutrim5t1 b scatt]$  ab\t ) a   

c>eless h& & )\t discrim9ation betwe5 ! 
hungry  & ! ov]f$4 ,z a consequ5ce ( ?is
 accid5tal nutrition ( ea*  p>ticul> "p1
 ! polypus 9 its complete developm5t w  
be some?+  j z =tuit\s z its gr[?4      
,to put ?is m cle>ly3 let u suppose t an
 in/9ct or crav+ has  rea*$ t po9t :5 x 
dem&s gratification1--ei!r ! ex]cise (  
its p[] or ! dis*>ge ( x1 or ! fill+ up 
( a vacuum 7all ?is  is metaphorical    
language71--!n x w exam9e e ev5t t      
occurs 9  ! c\rse ( ! day to asc]ta9 h[ 
x c be utilis$ ) ! object  ( fulfill+   
its aim3 :e!r ! man runs or re/s1 or is 
angry1 or  reads or speaks or fights or 
rejoices1 ! unsatiat$ in/9ct wat*es1 z  
x 71 e condition into :i* ! man ent]s1  
&1 z a rule1 if x  f9ds no?+ = itself x 
mu/ wait1 /ill unsatisfi$4 ,aft] a      
little  :ile x becomes feeble1 & at !   
end ( a few days or a few mon?s1 if  x  
has n be5 satisfi$1 x w )] away l a     
plant :i* has n  be5 wat]$4 ,?is cruelty
 ( *ance w\ld p]haps be m conspicu\s if 
all ! crav+s 7 z vehem5t 9 _! dem&s z   

hung]1 :i*  refuses to be satisfi$ )    
imag9>y di%es2 b ! great majority (  our
 in/9cts1 especially ^? :i* are call$   
moral1 are ?us easily  satisfi$1--if x  
be p]mitt$ to suppose t our dreams s]ve 
z  comp5sation to a c]ta9 ext5t = !     
accid5tal abs5ce ( 8nutrim5t0  dur+ !   
day4 ,:y 0 la/ night's dream full (     
t5d]ness & te>s1  t ( ! night be=e amus+
 & gay1 & ! previ\s "o adv5tur\s  &     
engag$ 9 "s cont9ual obscure se>*8 ,h[  
does x come ab\t t  9 ?is dream ,i enjoy
 indescribable beauties ( music1 & 9 t  
"o ,i  so> & fly upw>ds ) ! delight ( an
 eagle to ! mo/ di/ant  heights8    ,^! 
inv5tions 9 :i* our in/9cts ( t5d]ness1 
m]rim5t1 or  adv5tur\sness1 or our      
desire = music & m\nta9s1 c h free play 
& scope--& e "o c recall /rik+          
in/ances--are int]pretations  ( our     
n]v\s irritations dur+ sleep1 v free &  
arbitr>y  int]pretations ( ! movem5ts ( 
our blood & inte/9es1 & !  pressure (   
our arm & ! b$ cov]+s1 or ! s\nd ( a    
*ur* bell1  ! wea!rcocks1 ! mo?s1 & s   

on4 ,t ?is text1 :i* on ! :ole  is v mu*
 ! same = "o night z ano!r1 is s        
diff]5tly  comm5t$ ^u1 t our creative   
reason imag9es su* diff]5t causes  = !  
n]v\s irritations ( "o day z comp>$ )   
ano!r1 may be  expla9$ by ! fact t !    
prompt] ( ?is reason 0 diff]5t  to-day f
 ye/]day--ano!r in/9ct or crav+ wi%$ to 
be satisfi$1  to %[ itself1 to ex]cise  
itself & be refre%$ & dis*>g$3 ?is      
p>ticul> "o be+ at its height to-day &  
ano!r "o be+ at its  height la/ night4  
,real life has n ! fre$om (             
int]pretation  possess$ by dream life2 x
 is less poetic & less unre/ra9$--b is x
  necess>y = me to %[ t our in/9cts1 :5 
we are awake1 likewise  m]ely int]pret  
our n]v\s irritations & det]m9e _!      
8causes0 9  accordance ) _! requirem5ts8
 t !re is no really ess5tial  diff]5ce  
betwe5 wak+ & dream+6 t ev5 9 comp>+    
diff]5t  degrees ( culture1 ! fre$om ( !
 consci\s int]pretation ( ! "o  is n 9  
any way inf]ior to ! fre$om 9 dreams ( !
 o!r6 t our  moral judgm5ts & valuations

 are only images & fantasies conc]n+    
physiological processes unkn[n to u1 a  
k9d ( habitual language to  describe    
c]ta9 n]v\s irritations8 t all our      
s-call$ consci\sness  is a m or less    
fanta/ic comm5t>y ( an unkn[n text1 "o  
:i* is  p]haps unkn[able b yet felt8    
,consid] "s insignificant occurr5ce4    
,let u suppose t "s day z we  pass along
 a public /reet we see "s "o laugh+ at  
u4 ,9 accordance  ) :atev] crav+ has    
rea*$ its culm9at+ po9t )9 u at t       
mom5t1 ?is incid5t w h ?is or t         
signification = u2 & x  w be a v diff]5t
 occurr5ce 9 accordance ) ! class ( m5  
to  :i* we belong4 ,"o man w take x l a 
drop ( ra91 ano!r w  %ake x (f l a fly1 
a ?ird p]son w try to pick a qu>rel on  
acc\nt ( x1 a f\r? w exam9e 8 g>m5ts to 
see if !re is  any?+ ab\t !m likely to  
cause laught]1 & a fif? w 9  consequ5ce 
?9k ab\t :at is ridicul\s p] se1 a six? 
w be  pleas$ at hav+ involunt>ily       
contribut$ to add a ray ( sun%9e &  mir?
 to ! _w1--9 all ^! cases "s crav+ is   

gratifi$1 :e!r  ang]1 combativ5ess1     
m$itation1 or b5evol5ce4 ,?is in/9ct1   
:atev]  x may be1 has seiz$ ^u t incid5t
 z its prey3 :y t p>ticul>  "o8         
,because1 hungry & ?ir/y1 x 0 ly+ 9     
ambu%4    ,n long ago at #aa o'clock 9 !
 morn+ a man sudd5ly collaps$ &  fell   
d[n 9 front ( me z if /ruck by lightn+4 
,all ! wom5 :o 7  ne> at once gave      
utt]ance to cries ( horror1 :ile ,i set 
! man on 8  feet aga9 & wait$ until he  
recov]$ 8 spee*4 ,dur+ ?is "t no  muscle
 ( my face mov$ & ,i exp]i5c$ no        
s5sation ( fe> or pity2 ,i  simply did  
:at 0 mo/ urg5t & reasonable & calmly   
proce$$ on my  way4 ,suppos+ "s "o _h   
told me on ! previ\s ev5+ t at #aa      
o'clock on ! foll[+ day a man w\ld fall 
d[n 9 front ( me l  ?is1 ,i %\ld h      
suff]$ all k9ds ( agonies 9 ! int]val1  
ly+  awake all night1 & at ! decisive   
mom5t %\ld also p]haps h  fall5 d[n l ! 
man in/ead ( help+ him2 = 9 ! meantime  
all  ! imag9able crav+s )9 me w\ld h _h 
leisure to conceive &  to comm5t ^u ?is 

incid5t4 ,:at are our exp]i5ces1 !n8    
,mu* m  :at we attribute to !m ?an :at  
!y really are4 ,or %\ld we p]haps  say t
 no?+ is conta9$ 9 !m8 t exp]i5ces 9    
!mselves are  m]ely works ( fancy8      
#abj4      ,,to ,,tranquillise ,,!      
,,sceptic4--8,i don't "k at all :at ,i  
am do+4 ,i don't  "k 9 ! lea/ :at ,i    
ought to d60--,y are "r1 b be sure (    
?is3  y are be+ done at e mom5t6 ,mank9d
 has at all times mi/ak5 !  active = !  
passive3 x is its et]nal grammatical    
blund]4          #aba4      ,,cause ,,& 
,,effect4--,on ?is mirror--& our        
intellect is a mirror--some?+  is go+ on
 t indicates regul>ity3 a c]ta9 ?+ is   
ea* "t  foll[$ by ano!r c]ta9 ?+4 ,:5 we
 p]ceive ?is & wi% to give  x a "n1 we  
call x cause & effect1--fools t we are6 
z if 9 ?is  we _h und]/ood or c\ld      
und]/& any?+6 ,=1 ( c\rse1 we h  se5    
no?+ b ! images ( causes & effects1 & x 
is j ?is  figurativ5ess :i* r5d]s x     
impossible = u to see a m  sub/antial   
relation ?an t ( sequ5ce6          #abb4

      ,,! ,,purposes ,,9 ,,nature4--,any
 imp>tial inve/igator :o exam9es !      
hi/ory ( ! eye & its =m 9 ! l[]         
creatures1 & sees h[ !  visual organ 0  
sl[ly develop$1 _c help recognis+ t     
sight 0  n ! fir/ purpose ( ! eye1 b    
probably only ass]t$ itself :5  pure    
haz>d _h contribut$ to br+ toge!r !     
app>atus4 ,"o s+le  example ( ?is k9d1 &
 ! 8f9al purposes0 fall f our eyes l    
scales4          #abc4                  
,,reason4--,h[ did reason come into !   
_w8 ,z is only prop]1 9 an  irrational  
mann]2 by accid5t4 ,we %all h to guess  
at ?is accid5t z  a riddle4             
#abd4      ,,:at ,,is ,,volition8--,we  
laugh at a man :o1 /epp+ out ( 8 room at
 !  v m9ute :5 ! sun is ris+1 says1 8,x 
is my w t ! sun  %all rise02 or at him  
:o1 unable to /op a :eel1 says1 8,i wi% 
x to  roll02 or1 aga91 at him :o1 ?r[n 9
 a wre/l+ mat*1 says1 8,"h ,i  lie1 b "h
 ,i wi% to lie40 ,b1 jok+ ap>t1 d we n  
act l "o  ( ^! ?ree p]sons :5ev] we use 
! expression 8,i wi%08          #abe4   

,,on ,,! ,,doma9 ,,( ,,fre$om4--,we c   
?9k _m m ?+s ?an we c d  &              
exp]i5ce--i4e4 our faculty ( ?9k+ is    
sup]ficial & is  satisfi$ ) :at lies on 
! surface1 x does n ev5 p]ceive ?is     
surface4 ,if our intellect 7 /rictly    
develop$ 9 proportion to our  p[]1 & our
 ex]cise ( ?is p[]1 ! prim>y pr9ciple ( 
our  ?9k+ w\ld be t we c und]/& only t  
:i* we are able to  d--if1 inde$1 !re is
 any und]/&+ at all4 ,! ?ir/y man is    
)\t wat]1 b ! creations ( 8 imag9ation  
cont9ually br+ !  image ( wat] to 8     
sight1 z if no?+ c\ld be m easily       
procur$4  ,! sup]ficial & easily        
satisfi$ "* ( ! intellect _c  und]/&    
real ne$1 & ?us feels itself sup]ior4 ,x
 is pr\d ( be+  able to d m1 to run     
fa/]1 & to rea* ! goal almo/ )9 !       
tw9kl+ ( an eye3 & 9 ?is way ! doma9 (  
?\ght1 :5  contra/$ ) ! doma9 ( action1 
volition1 & exp]i5ce1 appe>s to  be !   
doma9 ( lib]ty1 :ile1 z ,i h already    
/at$1 x is no?+  b ! doma9 (            
sup]ficiality & self-suffici5cy4        

#abf4      ,,=getfulness4--,x has nev]  
yet be5 prov$ t !re is su* a ?+ z       
=getfulness3 all t we "k is t we h no   
p[] ov]  recollection4 ,9 ! meantime we 
h fill$ up ?is gap 9 our p[] )  ! ^w    
8=getfulness10 exactly z if x 7 ano!r   
faculty add$ to  our li/4 ,b1 aft] all1 
:at is )9 our p[]8 ,if t ^w fills up  a 
gap 9 our p[]1 might n ! o!r words be   
f\nd capable ( fill+  up a gap 9 ! k :i*
 we possess ( our p[]8          #abg4   
,,= ,a ,,def9ite ,,purpose4--,( all     
human actions probably ! lea/ und]/ood  
are ^? :i* are c>ri$ out = a def9ite    
purpose1 because !y h  always be5 reg>d$
 z ! mo/ intelligible & commonplace to  
our  intellect4 ,! great problems c be  
pick$ up 9 ! highways & byways4         
#abh4      ,,dream+ ,,&                 
,,responsibility4--,y w\ld wi% to be    
responsible =  ev]y?+ except y\r dreams6
 ,:at mis]able weakness1 :at lack (     
logical c\rage6 ,no?+ conta9s m ( y\r   
own "w ?an y\r dreams6  ,no?+ belongs to
 y s mu*6 ,sub/ance1 =m1 duration1      

actor1  spectator--9 ^! com$ies y act z 
y\r complete selves6 ,& yet x is  j "h t
 y are afraid & a%am$ ( y\rselves1 & ev5
 ,o$ipus1  ! wise ,o$ipus1 d]iv$        
consolation f ! ?\ght t we _c be  blam$ 
= :at we dream4 ,f ?is ,i mu/ conclude t
 ! great  majority ( m5 mu/ h "s        
dreadful dreams to reproa* !mselves  )4 
,if x 7 o!rwise1 to h[ great an ext5t   
w\ld ^! nocturnal  fictions h be5       
exploit$ 9 ! int]e/s ( man's pride6 ,ne$
 ,i add  t ! wise ,o$ipus 0 "r1 t we are
 really n responsible =  our dreams any 
m ?an = our wak+ h\rs1 & t ! doctr9e (  
free w has z its p>5ts man's pride &    
s5se ( p[]6 ,p]haps ,i say  ?is too (t52
 b t does n prove t x is n true4        
#abi4      ,,! ,,alleg$ ,,combat ,,(    
,,motives4--,p speak ( ! 8combat (      
motives10  b !y designate by ?is        
expression t :i* is n a combat (        
motives at all4 ,:at ,i mean is t1 9 our
 m$itative consci\sness1 !  consequ5ces 
( diff]5t actions :i* we ?9k we are able
 to c>ry out  pres5t !mselves           

successively1 "o aft] ! o!r1 & we comp>e
 ^!  consequ5ces 9 our m9d4 ,we ?9k we h
 come to a decision conc]n+  an action  
aft] we h e/abli%$ to our own           
satisfaction t !  consequ5ces ( ?is     
action w be fav\rable4 ,be=e we arrive  
at ?is  conclusion1 h[ev]1 we (t5       
s]i\sly worry because ( ! great         
difficulties we exp]i5ce 9 guess+ :at ! 
consequ5ces are likely to  be1 & 9 see+ 
!m 9 _! full importance1 )\t            
exception--&1  aft] all ?is1 we mu/     
reckon up any =tuit\s elem5ts t are     
likely  to arise4 ,!n comes ! *ief      
difficulty3 all ! consequ5ces :i* we  h 
) su* difficulty det]m9$ "o by "o mu/ be
 weigh$ on "s  scales aga9/ ea* o!r2 & x
 only too (t5 comes ab\t t1 ow+  to !   
diff]5ce 9 ! quality ( all ! conceivable
 consequ5ces1 bo?  scales & weights are 
lack+ = ?is casui/ry ( advantage4       
,ev5 suppos+1 h[ev]1 t 9 ?is case we are
 able to ov]come !  difficulty1 & t m]e 
haz>d has plac$ 9 our scales results :i*
  p]mit ( a mutual balance1 we h n[1 9 !

 idea ( ! consequ5ces  ( a p>ticul>     
action1 a motive = p]=m+ ?is v action1 b
 only  "o motive6 ,:5 we h f9ally decid$
 to act1 h[ev]1 we are fairly  (t5      
influ5c$ by ano!r ord] ( motives ?an ^? 
( ! 8image (  ! consequ5ces40 ,:at br+s 
?is ab\t may be ! habitual work+ (  our 
inn] ma*9]y1 or "s little enc\ragem5t on
 ! "p ( a p]son  :om we fe> or hon\r or 
love1 or ! love ( com=t :i* pref]s to d 
t :i* lies ne>e/2 or "s /irr+ ( !       
imag9ation provok$ at  ! decisive mom5t 
by "s ev5t ( trifl+ importance2 or "s   
physical  influ5ce :i* manife/s itself q
 unexpect$ly2 a m]e :im br+s x  ab\t2 or
 ! outbur/ ( a passion :i*1 z x         
accid5tally happ5s1 is  ready to bur/   
=?--9 a ^w1 motives op]ate :i* we d n   
und]/&  v well1 or :i* we d n und]/& at 
all1 & :i* we c nev]  balance aga9/ "o  
ano!r 9 advance4    ,x is probable t a  
conte/ is go+ on among ^! motives too1 a
  driv+ backw>ds & =w>ds1 a ris+ & l[]+ 
( ! p>ts1 & x  is ?is :i* w\ld be ! real
 8conte/ ( motives10 some?+ q  invisible

 & unkn[n to u4 ,i h calculat$ !        
consequ5ces & !  successes1 & 9 do+ s h 
set a v necess>y motive 9 ! l9e (       
combat ) ! o!r motives1--b ,i am z      
little able to draw up ?is  battle l9e z
 to see x3 ! battle itself is hidd5 f my
 sight1 z  likewise is ! victory1 z     
victory2 = ,i c]ta9ly come to "k :at ,i 
%all f9ally d1 b ,i _c "k :at motive has
 9 ! end prov$ to  be ! victor4         
,nev]!less1 we are decid$ly n 9 ! habit 
( tak+  all ^! unconsci\s ph5om5a into  
acc\nt1 & we g5]ally conceive (  !      
prelim9>y /ages ( an action only s f> z 
!y are consci\s3  ?us we mi/ake ! combat
 ( ! motives = a comp>ison ( ! possible 
consequ5ces ( diff]5t actions1--a mi/ake
 t br+s ) x mo/  important consequ5ces1 
& consequ5ces t are mo/ fatal to !      
developm5t ( morals4          #acj4     
,,aims8 ,,w8--,we h accu/om$ ourselves  
to believe 9 two k+doms1 !  doma9 (     
purposes & volition1 & ! doma9 ( *ance4 
,9 ?is latt]  doma9 ev]y?+ is done      
s5selessly1 !re is a cont9ual go+ to &  

fro )\t any "o be+ able to say :y or    
:]e=e4 ,we /& 9 awe (  ?is p[]ful realm 
( ! great cosmic /upidity1 = 9 mo/      
in/ances  we le>n to "k x :5 x falls d[n
 ^u ! o!r _w1 t ( aims  & int5tions1 l a
 slate f a ro(1 always ov]:elm+ "s      
beautiful purpose ( ours4    ,?is belief
 9 ^! two k+doms arises f anci5t        
romanticism &  leg5d3 we clev] dw>fs1 ) 
all our w & aims1 are int]f]$ )1  knock$
 d[n1 & v (t5 cru%$ to dea? by ^?       
ultra-/upid  giants1 ! accid5ts1--b 9   
spite ( ?is we %\ld n l to be  depriv$ (
 ! fe>ful poetry ( _! proximity1 = ^!   
mon/]s v  (t5 make _! appe>ance :5 life 
9 ! spid]'s web ( def9ite aims  has     
become too tiresome or too anxi\s = u1 &
 !y sometimes br+  ab\t a div9e div]sion
 :5 _! h&s = once te> ! :ole web 9      
pieces1--n t ^! irrational be+s ev]     
int5d to d :at !y d1  or ev5 obs]ve x4  
,b _! co>se & bony h&s r5d our web z if 
x  7 ?9 air4    ,moira 0 ! "n giv5 by ! 
,greeks to ?is realm ( ! incalculable  &
 ( sublime & et]nal limit$ness2 & !y set

 x r\nd _! gods  l a horizon beyond :i* 
!y c\ld nei!r see nor act1--) t  secret 
defiance ( ! gods :i* "o meets ) 9      
diff]5t nations2 !  gods are wor%ipp$1 b
 a f9al trump c>d is held 9 read9ess to 
play  aga9/ !m4 ,z in/ances ( ?is we may
 recollect t ! ,indians &  ! ,p]sians1  
:o conceiv$ all _! gods z hav+ to dep5d 
^u !  sacrifices ( mortals1 s t if x    
came to ! wor/ ! mortals c\ld1  at lea/1
 let ! gods die ( />vation2 or ! gods ( 
! /ubborn &  melan*oly ,sc&9avians1 :o  
enjoy$ a quiet rev5ge 9 ! ?\ght t  a    
twilight ( ! gods 0 to come z "s        
comp5sation = ! p]petual  fe> :i* _!    
evil gods caus$ !m4 ,! case (           
,*ri/ianity 0 v  diff]5t1 = its ess5tial
 feel+s 7 n ^? ( ! ,indians1  ,p]sians1 
,greeks1 or ,sc&9avians4 ,*ri/ianity    
comm&$ its disciples  to wor%ip 9 ! du/ 
! _s ( p[]1 & to kiss ! v du/4 ,x  gave 
! _w to und]/& t ?is omnipot5t 8realm ( 
/upidity0 0  n s /upid z x seem$1 & t   
we1 on ! contr>y1 7 /upid :5  we c\ld n 
p]ceive t beh9d ?is realm /ood ,god     

,himself3 ,he :o1  al?\gh fond ( d>k1   
crook$ & wond]ful ways1 at la/ br\ght   
ev]y?+ to a 8glori\s end40 ,?is new my? 
( ,god1 :o _h hi!rto  be5 mi/ak5 = a    
race ( giants or ,moira1 & :o 0 n[      
,himself !  sp9n] & weav] ( webs &      
purposes ev5 m subtle ?an ^? ( our  own 
intellect--s subtle1 inde$1 t !y appe>  
to be incompreh5sible  & ev5            
unreasonable--?is my? 0 s bold a        
trans=mation & s d>+  a p>adox t !      
ov]-ref9$ anci5t _w c\ld n resi/ x1     
h[ev]  extravagant & contradictory ! ?+ 
seem$3 =1 let x be said 9  confid5ce1   
!re 0 a contradiction 9 x1--if our      
intellect _c  div9e ! intellect & aims (
 ,god1 h[ did x div9e ?is quality (  its
 intellect & ?is quality ( ,god's       
intellect8    ,9 m mod]n times1 inde$1 !
 d\bt has increas$ z to :e!r !  slate t 
falls f ! ro( is really ?r[n by 8,div9e 
love10 &  mank9d aga9 h>ks back to ! old
 romance ( giants & dw>fs4 ,let u  le>n 
!n1 = x is "t we did s1 t ev5 9 our     
suppos$ sep>ate  doma9 ( aims & reason !

 giants likewise rule4 ,& our aims &    
reason are n dw>fs1 b giants4 ,& our own
 webs are j z (t5 &  z clumsily r5t by  
ourselves z by ! slate4 ,& n ev]y?+ is  
purpose t is call$ purpose1 & /ill less 
is ev]y?+ w t is  call$ w4 ,& if y come 
to ! conclusion1 8,!n !re is only "o    
doma91 t ( /upidity & haz>d80 x mu/ be  
add$ t possibly  !re is only "o doma91  
possibly !re is nei!r w nor aim1 & we   
may only h imag9$ ^! ?+s4 ,^? iron h&s (
 necessity t  %ake ! dice-box ( *ance   
cont9ue _! game indef9itely3 h5ce1 x    
mu/ happ5 t c]ta9 ?r[s p]fectly resemble
 e degree (  appropriat5ess & good s5se4
 ,x may be t our own volunt>y acts &    
purposes are m]ely su* ?r[s1 & t we are 
too circumscrib$ &  va9 to conceive our 
extremely circumscrib$ /ate6 t we       
ourselves  %ake ! dice-box ) iron h&s1 &
 d no?+ 9 our mo/ delib]ate  actions b  
play ! game ( necessity4 ,possibly6 ,to 
rise beyond ?is  8possibly0 we %\ld     
inde$ h be5 gue/s 9 ! ,und]world1 play+ 
at  dice & bett+ ) ,pros]p9e at ! table 

( ! goddess h]self4          #aca4      
,,moral ,,fa%ions4--,h[ moral judgm5ts z
 a :ole h *ang$6 ,! greate/  m>vels ( ! 
morality ( antiquity1 su* z ,epictetus1 
knew no?+ (  ! glorification1 n[ s      
common1 ( ! _s ( sacrifice1 ( liv+  =   
o!rs3 aft] ! fa%ion ( morality n[       
prevail+ we %\ld really  call !m        
immoral2 = !y f\ght ) all _! /r5g? = _! 
own  ego & aga9/ all sympa?y = o!rs1    
especially = ! suff]+s &  moral         
imp]fections ( o!rs4 ,p]haps !y w\ld    
reply to u by say+1  8,if y feel        
y\rselves to be su* dull & ugly p1 by   
all means  ?9k ( o!rs m ?an y\rselves4  
,y w be q "r 9 do+  s60          #acb4  
,,! ,,la/ ,,e*oes ,,( ,,*ri/ianity ,,9  
,,morals4--8,on n'e/ bon que p> la piti3
  il faut donc qu'il y ait quelque piti 
dans t\s nos s5tim5ts0--s says  morality
 n[adays4 ,& h[ does ?is come ab\t8 ,!  
fact t ! man :o  p]=ms social1          
sympa!tic1 dis9t]e/$1 & b5evol5t actions
 is n[  consid]$ z ! moral man3 ?is is  
p]haps ! mo/ g5]al effect1 !  mo/       

complete trans=mation1 t ,*ri/ianity has
 produc$ 9 ,europe2  p]haps 9 spite (   
itself1 & n by any means because ?is 0  
"p (  its ess5tial doctr9e4 ,b ?is 0 !  
residuum ( ^? ,*ri/ian  feel+s t        
prevail$ at ! "t :5 ! contr>y & ?or\ghly
  selfi% fai? 9 ! 8"o ?+ ne$ful10 !     
absolute importance (  et]nal & p]sonal 
salvation1 toge!r ) ! dogmas ^u :i* ?is 
belief _h re/$1 7 gradually rec$+1 & :5 
! auxili>y beliefs  9 8love0 & 8love (  
"o's neighb\r10 h>monis+ ) !            
extraord9>y practice ( *>ity by ! ,*ur*1
 7 !reby com+ to  ! front4 ,! m p       
gradually became sep>at$ f ! dogmas1 !  
m did !y seek "s sort ( ju/ification =  
?is sep>ation 9 a  cult ( ! love (      
humanity3 n to fall %ort 9 ?is respect (
 !  ,*ri/ian ideal1 b to excel x if     
possible1 0 ! secret /imulus (  all !   
,fr5* free-?9k]s f ,voltaire to ,augu/e 
,comte2 & ?is  latt] ) 8 fam\s moral    
=mula 8vivre p\r autrui0 has inde$      
out-*ri/ianis$ ev5 ,*ri/ianity6    ,x 0 
,s*op5hau] 9 ,g]many & ,john ,/u>t ,mill

 9 ,engl& :o 7  ! means ( br++ into !   
greate/ prom95ce ?is doctr9e (          
sympa!tic affections & ( pity or utility
 to o!rs z a pr9ciple (  action2 b ^! m5
 !mselves 7 only e*oes4 ,f ab\t ! "t (  
! ,fr5* ,revolution ^! doctr9es h       
manife/$ !mselves 9  v>i\s places )     
enorm\s =ce4 ,s9ce !n !y h %[n !mselves 
9 _! co>se/ z well has _! mo/ subtle =m1
 & all ,sociali/ic  pr9ciples h almo/   
involunt>ily tak5 _! /& on ! common     
gr\nd ( ?is doctr9e4 ,at ! pres5t "t !re
 is p]haps no m  widely spread prejudice
 ?an t ( ?9k+ t we "k :at really &      
truly con/itutes morality4 ,e "o n[     
seems to le>n ) satisfaction  t society 
is beg9n+ to adapt ! individual to !    
g5]al ne$s1  & t x is at ! same "t !    
happ9ess & sacrifice ( ea* "o to        
consid] himself z a useful memb] &      
in/rum5t ( ! :ole4 ,!y h  /ill1 h[ev]1  
d\bts z to ! =m 9 :i* ?is :ole is to be 
look$  =1 :e!r 9 a /ate already exi/+1  
or 9 "o :i* has yet to be  e/abli%$1 or 
9 a nation1 or 9 an int]national        

bro!rhood1 or 9 new  & small economic   
communities4 ,on ?is po9t !re is /ill   
mu*  reflection1 d\bt1 /ruggl+1         
excitem5t1 & passion2 b x is pleasant  &
 wond]ful to obs]ve ! unanimity ) :i* ! 
8ego0 is call$ ^u  to practice          
self-d5ial1 until1 9 ! =m ( adaptation  
to ! :ole1 x  once aga9 secures its own 
fix$ sph]e ( rights & duties1--until1   
inde$1 x has become some?+ q new &      
diff]5t4 ,no?+ else is  be+ attempt$1   
:e!r admitt$ or n1 ?an ! complete       
trans=mation1 ev5 ! weak5+ & suppression
 ( ! individual3 !  support]s ( !       
majority nev] tire ( enum]at+ &         
ana!matis+  all t is bad1 ho/ile1 lavi%1
 exp5sive1 & luxuri\s 9 ! =m (          
individual exi/5ce t has hi!rto         
prevail$2 !y hope t society  may be     
adm9i/]$ 9 a *eap]1 less dang]\s1 m     
uni=m1 & m  h>moni\s way :5 no?+ is left
 b l>ge corporations & _!  memb]s4 ,all 
t is consid]$ z good :i* 9 any way      
corresponds to  ?is desire = gr\p+ m5   
into "o p>ticul> society1 & to ! m9or   

crav+s :i* necess>ily accompany ?is     
desire1--?is is ! *ief moral  curr5t (  
our "t2 sympa?y & social feel+s are     
work+ h& 9  glove4 7,kant is /ill       
outside ( ?is movem5t3 he expressly     
tea*es t  we %\ld be ins5sible to !     
suff]+s ( o!rs if our b5evol5ce is  to h
 any moral value1--a doctr9e :i*        
,s*op5hau]1 v angrily1 z  may easily be 
imag9$1 describ$ z ! ,kantian           
absurdity47          #acc4      8,,no   
,,long] ,,?9k+ ,,( ,,"o',s              
,,self40--,let u s]i\sly consid] :y we  
%\ld jump into ! wat] to rescue "s "o :o
 has j fall5 9  be=e our eyes1 al?\gh we
 may h no p>ticul> sympa?y = him4 ,we  d
 x = pity's sake2 no "o ?9ks n[ b ( 8   
neighb\r1--s says  ?\ghtlessness4 ,:y d 
we exp]i5ce grief & uneas9ess :5 we see 
"s "o spit blood1 al?\gh we may be      
really ill-dispos$ t[>ds him  & wi% him 
no good8 ,out ( pity2 we h ceas$ to ?9k 
(  ourselves1--s says ?\ghtlessness     
aga94 ,! tru? is t 9 our pity--,i  mean 
by ?is :at we errone\sly call 8pity0--we

 no long] ?9k  consci\sly ( ourselves1 b
 q unconsci\sly1 exactly z :5  slipp+ we
 unconsci\sly make ! be/ c\nt]-motions  
possible 9 ord]  to recov] our balance1 
& 9 do+ s cle>ly use all our            
intellig5ce4  ,a mi%ap to ano!r (f5ds u2
 x w\ld br+ our impot5ce1 or p]haps  our
 c[>dice1 into /rong relief if we c\ld d
 no?+ to help him2 or  9 itself x w\ld  
give rise to a dim9ution ( our hon\r 9 !
 eyes (  o!rs & ( ourselves4 ,or aga91  
accid5ts t happ5 to o!rs act z  f+]-po/s
 to po9t out our own dang]1 & ev5 z     
indications ( human  p]il & frailty !y c
 produce a pa9ful effect ^u u4 ,we %ake 
(f  ?is k9d ( pa9 & (f5ce1 & balance x  
by an act ( pity beh9d  :i* may be hidd5
 a subtle =m ( self-def5ce or ev5       
rev5ge4 ,t at  bottom we /rongly ?9k (  
ourselves may easily be div9$ f !       
decision t we arrive at 9 all cases :]e 
we c avoid ! sight (  ^? :o are suff]+  
or />v+ or wail+4 ,we make up our m9ds n
  to avoid su* p :5 we c approa* !m z   
p[]ful & helpful  ones1 :5 we c safely  

reckon ^u _! applause1 or wi% to feel ! 
contra/ ( our own happ9ess1 or1 aga91 :5
 we hope to get rid ( our  own bor$om4  
,x is mislead+ to call ! suff]+ t we    
exp]i5ce at  su* a sight1 & :i* may be (
 a v diff]5t k9d1 commis]ation4  ,= 9   
all cases x is a suff]+ f :i* ! suff]+  
p]son be=e  u is free3 x is our own     
suff]+1 j z 8 suff]+ is 8 own4 ,x  is   
?us only ?is p]sonal feel+ ( mis]y t we 
get rid ( by acts (  compassion4        
,nev]!less1 we nev] act ?us f "o s+le   
motive3 z x  is c]ta9 t we wi% to free  
ourselves f suff]+ !reby1 x is  also    
c]ta9 t by ! same action we yield to an 
impulse ( pleasure4  ,pleasure arises at
 ! sight ( a contra/ to our own         
condition1 at !  k t we %\ld be able to 
help if only we wi%$ to d s1 at  ! ?\ght
 ( ! praise & gratitude :i* we %\ld ga9 
if we did  help1 at ! v act ( help+1 9 s
 f> z ?is might prove successful  7&    
because some?+ :i* is gradually se5 to  
be successful gives  pleasure to ! do]72
 b ev5 m p>ticul>ly at ! feel+ t our    

int]v5tion br+s to an end "s deplorable 
inju/ice1--ev5 ! outbur/  ( "o's        
indignation is invigorat+4    ,all ?is1 
includ+ ev5 ?+s /ill m subtle1 comprises
 8pity40 ,h[  clumsily ) ?is "o ^w does 
language fall f\l ( su* a complex &     
polyphon\s organism6 ,t pity1 on ! o!r  
h&1 is id5tical ) !  suff]+ ! sight (   
:i* br+s x ab\t1 or t x has a           
p>ticul>ly subtle & p5etrat+            
compreh5sion ( x3 ?is is 9              
contradiction to exp]i5ce1 & he :o has  
glorifi$ pity "u ^! two  heads lack$    
suffici5t exp]i5ce 9 ! doma9 ( morals4  
,t is :y ,i  am seiz$ ) "s d\bts :5     
read+ ( ! incr$ible ?+s  attribut$ by   
,s*op5hau] to pity4 ,x is obvi\s t he   
!reby wi%$  to make u believe 9 ! great 
novelty he br\ght =w>d1 viz41 t  pity--!
 pity :i* he obs]v$ s sup]ficially &    
describ$ s  badly--0 ! s\rce ( all & e  
pa/ & future moral action1--&  all ?is  
precisely because ( ^? faculties :i* he 
_h begun by  attribut+ to x4    ,:at is 
x 9 ! end t di/+ui%es m5 )\t pity f m5  

:o are  really compassionate8 ,9        
p>ticul>1 to give m]ely an approximate  
indication1 !y h n ! s5sitive feel+ =   
fe>1 ! subtle  faculty = p]ceiv+ dang]3 
nor yet is _! vanity s easily w\nd$  if 
some?+ happ5s :i* !y might h be5 able to
 prev5t1--!  caution ( _! pride comm&s  
!m n to int]f]e uselessly ) !  affairs (
 o!rs2 !y ev5 act on ! belief t e "o    
%\ld help  himself & play 8 own c>ds4   
,aga91 9 mo/ cases !y are m  habituat$  
to be>+ pa9 ?an compassionate m51 & x   
does n seem at  all unju/ to !m t o!rs  
%\ld suff]1 s9ce !y !mselves h  suff]$4 
,la/ly1 ! /ate ( s(t-he>t$ness is z     
pa9ful to !m z  is ! /ate ( /oical      
impassability to compassionate m53 !y h 
only  disda9ful words = s5sitive he>ts1 
z !y ?9k t su* a /ate (  feel+ is       
dang]\s to _! own manl9ess & calm       
brav]y1--!y conceal  _! te>s f o!rs &   
wipe !m (f1 angry ) !mselves4 ,!y       
belong to a diff]5t type ( egoi/s f !   
compassionate m51--b to  call !m1 9 a   
di/9ct s5se1 evil & ! compassionate ones

 good1 is  m]ely a moral fa%ion :i* has 
_h its inn+s1 j z ! rev]se  fa%ion _h   
also its inn+s1 & a long inn+s1 too4    
#acd4      ,,to ,,:at ,,ext5t ,,we ,,mu/
 ,,bew>e ,,( ,,pity4--,pity1 9 s f> z x 
actually  gives rise to suff]+--& ?is   
mu/ be our only po9t ( view "h--is a    
weakness1 l e o!r indulg5ce 9 an        
injuri\s emotion4 ,x  increases suff]+  
?r\gh\t ! _w1 & al?\gh "h & !re a  c]ta9
 am\nt ( suff]+ may be indirectly       
dim9i%$ or remov$  altoge!r z a         
consequ5ce ( pity1 we mu/ n br+ =w>d ^! 
occasional consequ5ces1 :i* are on !    
:ole insignificant1 to ju/ify  ! nature 
( pity :i*1 z has already be5 /at$1 is  
prejudicial4  ,suppos+ t x prevail$1 ev5
 if only = "o day1 x w\ld br+  humanity 
to utt] ru94 ,9 itself ! nature ( pity  
is no bett] ?an  t ( any o!r crav+2 x is
 only :]e x is call$ = &  prais$--& ?is 
happ5s :5 p d n und]/& :at is injuri\s  
9 x1 b f9d 9 x a sort ( joy--t a good   
consci5ce becomes  atta*$ to x2 x is    
only !n t we will+ly yield to x1 & d n  

%r9k f ackn[l$g+ x4 ,9 o!r circum/ances 
:]e x is  und]/ood to be dang]\s1 x is  
look$ ^u z a weakness2 or1 z 9 !  case (
 ! ,greeks1 z an unheal?y p]iodical     
emotion ! dang] ( :i*  might be remov$  
by tempor>y & volunt>y dis*>ges4 ,if a  
man 7 to  und]take ! exp]im5t (         
delib]ately devot+ 8 att5tion to !      
opportunities af=d$ by practical life = 
! ex]cise ( pity1 &  7 ov] & ov] aga9 to
 picture 9 8 own m9d ! mis]y he might   
meet ) 9 8 imm$iate surr\nd+s1 he w\ld  
inevitably become  melan*oly & ill4 ,if1
 h[ev]1 he wi%$ 9 any s5se ( ! ^w to    
s]ve humanity z a physician1 he w\ld h  
to take _m precautions )  respect to ?is
 feel+1 z o!rwise x w\ld p>alyse him at 
all  critical mom5ts1 und]m9e !         
f\ndations ( 8 k1 & unn]ve  8 helpful & 
delicate h&4          #ace4      ,,ar\s+
 ,,pity4--,among savages m5 ?9k ) a     
moral %udd] ( !  possibility ( becom+ an
 object ( pity1 = su* a /ate !y reg>d z 
depriv$ ( all virtue4 ,pity+ is         
equival5t to despis+3 !y d n  want to   

see a contemptible be+ suff]1 = ?is w\ld
 af=d !m no  enjoym5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 to 
behold "o ( _! enemies suff]+1  "s "o   
:om !y look ^u z _! equal 9 pride1 b :om
 torture  _c induce to give up 8 pride1 
& 9 g5]al to see "s "o suff]  :o refuses
 to l[] himself by appeal+ = pity--:i*  
w\ld 9 _!  eyes be ! mo/ pr(\nd &       
%ameful humiliation--?is is ! v joy (   
joys4 ,su* a spectacle excites ! deepe/ 
admiration 9 ! s\l ( !  savage1 & he    
ends by kill+ su* a brave man :5 x is 9 
8 p[]1  aft]w>ds accord+ fun]al hon\rs  
to ! unb5d+ "o4 ,if he _h  groan$1      
h[ev]2 if 8 c\nt5ance _h lo/ its        
expression ( calm  disda92 if he _h %[n 
himself to be contemptible1--well1 9 su*
 a case  he might h be5 all[$ to live l 
a dog3 he w\ld no long] h  ar\s$ ! pride
 ( ! spectator1 & pity w\ld h tak5 !    
place (  admiration4          #acf4     
,,happ9ess ,,9 ,,pity4--,if1 z is ! case
 among ! ,h9dus1 we decree ! end  & aim 
( all intellectual activity to be ! k ( 
human mis]y1  & if = g5]ation aft]      

g5]ation ?is dreadful resolution be     
/eadily adh]$ to1 pity 9 ! eyes ( su* m5
 ( h]$it>y pessimism  comes to h a new  
value z a pres]v] ( life1 some?+ t helps
 to  make exi/5ce endurable1 al?\gh x   
may seem wor?y ( be+ reject$  ) horror &
 disgu/4 ,pity becomes an antidote to   
suicide1 a s5tim5t  :i* br+s pleasure ) 
x & enables u to ta/e sup]iority 9 small
  doses4 ,x gives "s div]sion to our    
m9ds1 makes our he>ts full1  bani%es fe>
 & le?>gy1 & incites u to speak1 to     
compla91 or to  act3 x is a relative    
happ9ess :5 comp>$ ) ! mis]y ( !  k t   
hamp]s ! individual on e side1 bewild]s 
him1 &  takes away 8 brea?4 ,happ9ess1  
h[ev]1 no matt] ( :at nature x may  be1 
gives u air & light & fre$om ( movem5t4 
#acg4      ,,:y ,,d\ble ,,!             
8,,ego08--,to view our own exp]i5ces 9 !
 same light z we  are 9 ! habit ( look+ 
at ^? ( o!rs is v com=t+ & an  advisable
 m$ic9e4 ,on ! o!r h&1 to look ^u !     
exp]i5ces (  o!rs & adopt !m z if !y 7  
our own--:i* is call$ = by !  philosophy

 ( pity--w\ld ru9 u 9 a v %ort "t3 let u
 only make  ! exp]im5t )\t try+ to      
imag9e x any long]6 ,! fir/ maxim  is1 9
 addition1 und\bt$ly m 9 accordance )   
reason & goodwill  t[>ds reason2 = we   
e/imate m objectively ! value &         
significance ( an ev5t :5 x happ5s to   
o!rs1--! value1 =  in/ance1 ( a dea?1   
loss ( money or sl&]4 ,b pity1 tak+ z   
its  pr9ciple ( action ! injunction1    
8,suff] ! mis=tune ( ano!r z  mu* z he  
himself10 w\ld lead ! po9t ( view ( !   
ego ) all its  exagg]ations & deviations
 to become ! po9t ( view ( ! o!r  p]son1
 ! sympa?is]3 s t we %\ld h to suff] at 
! same "t  f our own ego & ! o!r's ego4 
,9 ?is way we w\ld volunt>ily  ov]load  
ourselves ) a d\ble irrationality1      
in/ead ( mak+ !  burd5 ( our own z light
 z possible4          #ach4             
,,becom+ ,,m ,,t5d]4--,:5ev] we love "s 
"o & v5]ate & admire  him1 & aft]w>ds   
come to p]ceive t he is suff]+--:i*     
always  causes u ! utmo/ a/oni%m5t1 s9ce
 we _c b feel t !  happ9ess we d]ive f  

him mu/ fl[ f a sup]abundant s\rce (    
p]sonal happ9ess--our feel+s ( love1    
v5]ation1 & admiration are  ess5tially  
*ang$3 !y become m t5d]2 t is1 ! gap t  
sep>ates u seems to be bridg$ ov] & !re 
appe>s to be an approa*  to equality4 ,x
 n[ seems possible to give him some?+ 9 
return1 :il/  we _h previ\sly imag9$ him
 z be+ altoge!r above our gratitude4    
,our ability to requite him = :at we h  
receiv$ f him ar\ses 9  u feel+s ( mu*  
joy & pleasure4 ,we endeav\r to asc]ta9 
:at c  be/ calm ! grief ( our fri5d1 &  
we give x to him2 if he wi%es =  k9d    
words1 looks1 att5tions1 s]vices1 or    
pres5ts1 we give !m2 b1  above all1 if  
he w\ld l to see u suff]+ f ! sight ( 8 
suff]+1 we pret5d to suff]1 = all ?is   
secures = u ! enjoym5t  ( active        
gratitude1 :i* is equival5t 9 a way to  
good-natur$ rev5ge4  ,if he wants none (
 ^! ?+s1 & refuses to accept !m f u1 we 
dep>t f him *ill$ & sad1 almo/ mortifi$2
 x appe>s to u z if  our gratitude _h   
be5 decl9$1 & on ?is po9t ( hon\r ev5 ! 

be/  ( m5 is /ill some:at t\*y4 ,x      
results f all ?is t ev5 9 !  be/ case   
!re is some?+ humiliat+ 9 suff]+1 &     
some?+  elevat+ & sup]ior 9 sympa?y1--a 
fact :i* w keep ! two  feel+s ap>t = ev]
 & ev]4          #aci4      ,,high] ,,9 
,,"n ,,only4--,y say t ! morality ( pity
 is a high]  morality ?an t ( /oicism8  
,prove x6 ,b take c>e n to measure !    
8high]0 & 8l[]0 degrees ( morality once 
m by moral y>d/icks2  = !re are no      
absolute morals4 ,s take y\r y>d/ick f  
some:]e  else1 & be on y\r gu>d6        
#adj4      ,,praise ,,& ,,blame4--,:5 a 
w> has come to an unsuccessful          
conclusion we try  to f9d ! man :o is to
 blame = ! w>2 :5 x comes to a          
successful  conclusion we praise ! man  
:o is responsible = x4 ,9 all           
unsuccessful cases attempts are made to 
blame somebody1 = non-success  gives    
rise to dejection1 aga9/ :i* ! s+le     
possible rem$y is  involunt>ily appli$2 
a new incitem5t ( ! s5se ( p[]2 & ?is   
incitem5t is f\nd 9 ! condemnation ( !  

8guilty0 "o4 ,?is guilty  "o is n p]haps
 ! scapegoat ( ! faults ( o!rs2 he is   
m]ely !  victim ( ! feeble1 humiliat$1 &
 depress$ p :o wi% to prove  ^u "s "o t 
!y h n yet lo/ all _! p[]4 ,ev5         
self-condemnation aft] a defeat may be !
 means ( re/or+ ! feel+  ( p[]4    ,on !
 o!r h&1 glorification ( ! orig9ator is 
(t5 b an equally  bl9d result ( ano!r   
in/9ct t dem&s its victim1--& 9 ?is case
  ! sacrifice appe>s to be sweet &      
attractive ev5 = ! victim4 ,?is  happ5s 
:5 ! feel+ ( p[] is satiat$ 9 a nation  
or a society by  s great & fasc9at+ a   
success t a we>9ess ( victory sup]v5es  
& pride wi%es to be dis*>g$3 a feel+ (  
self-sacrifice is ar\s$  & looks = its  
object4 ,?us1 :e!r we are blam$ or      
prais$ we  m]ely1 z a rule1 provide     
opportunities = ! gratification ( o!rs1 
& are only too (t5 caught up & :irl$    
away = our neighb\rs to  dis*>ge ^u u _!
 accumulat$ feel+s ( praise or blame4 ,9
 bo?  cases we conf] a b5efit ^u !m =   
:i* we des]ve no cr$it &  !y no ?anks4  

#ada4      ,,m ,,beautiful ,,b ,,less   
,,valuable4--,picturesque morality3 su* 
is !  morality ( ^? passions *>act]is$  
by sudd5 outbur/s1 abrupt  transitions2 
pa!tic1 impressive1 dreadful1 & solemn  
attitudes &  ge/ures4 ,x is !           
semi-savage /age ( morality3 nev] let u 
be tempt$  to set x on a high] plane    
m]ely on acc\nt ( its /hetic *>ms4      
#adb4      ,,sympa?y4--,9 ord] to und]/&
 our neighb\r1 t is1 9 ord] to          
reproduce 8 s5tim5ts 9 ourselves1 we    
(t51 no d\bt1 plumb ! cause  ( 8 feel+s1
 z1 = example1 by ask+ ourselves1 ,:y is
 he sad8 9  ord] t we may become sad    
ourselves = ! same reason4 ,b we mu*  m 
frequ5tly neglect to act ?us1 & we      
produce ^! feel+s 9  ourselves 9        
accordance ) ! effects :i* !y exhibit 9 
!  p]son we are /udy+1--by imitat+ 9 our
 own body ! expression ( 8  eyes1 8     
voice1 8 gait1 8 attitude 7or1 at any   
rate1 ! lik5ess (  ^! ?+s 9 words1      
pictures1 & music71 or we may at lea/   
endeav\r  to mimic ! action ( 8 muscles 

& n]v\s sy/em4 ,a l feel+ w  !n spr+ up 
9 u z ! result ( an old association (   
movem5ts &  s5tim5ts :i* has be5 tra9$  
to run backw>ds & =w>ds4 ,we h  develop$
 to a v high pit* ?is knack ( s\nd+ !   
feel+s (  o!rs1 & :5 we are 9 ! pres5ce 
( any "o else we br+ ?is  faculty ( ours
 into play almo/ involunt>ily1--let !   
inquir] obs]ve  ! animation ( a woman's 
c\nt5ance & notice h[ x vibrates &      
quiv]s ) animation z ! result ( !       
cont9ual imitation &  reflection ( :at  
is go+ on ar\nd h]4    ,x is music1     
h[ev]1 m ?an any?+ else t %[s u :at     
pa/-ma/]s we are 9 ! rapid & subtle     
div9ation ( feel+s &  sympa?y2 = ev5 if 
music is only ! imitation ( an imitation
 (  feel+s1 nev]!less1 despite its      
di/ance & vagu5ess1 x (t5  enables u to 
p>ticipate 9 ^? feel+s1 s t we become   
sad )\t  any reason = feel+ s1 l ! fools
 t we are1 m]ely because we  he> c]ta9  
s\nds & rhy?ms t someh[ or o!r rem9d u (
 !  intonation & ! movem5ts1 or p]haps  
ev5 only ( ! behavi\r1 (  sorr[ful p4 ,x

 is relat$ ( a c]ta9 ,dani% k+ t he 0   
wr\ght up to su* a pit* ( w>like        
en?usiasm by ! song ( a m9/rel  t he    
sprang to 8 feet & kill$ five p]sons ( 8
 assembl$ c\rt3  !re 0 nei!r w> nor     
enemy2 !re 0 r ! exact opposite2 yet  ! 
p[] ( ! retrospective inf]5ce f a feel+ 
to ! cause ( x  0 suffici5tly /rong 9   
?is k+ to ov]p[] bo? 8 obs]vation &  8  
reason4 ,su*1 h[ev]1 is almo/ inv>iably 
! effect ( music  7provid$ t x ?rills   
u71 & we h no ne$ ( su* p>adoxical      
in/ances to recognise ?is1--! /ate (    
feel+ into :i* music  transports u is   
almo/ always 9 contradiction to !       
appe>ance ( our  actual /ate1 & ( our   
reason+ p[] :i* recognises ?is actual   
/ate & its causes4    ,if we inquire h[ 
x happ5$ t ?is imitation ( ! feel+s (   
o!rs has become s common1 !re w be no   
d\bt z to ! answ]3 man  be+ ! mo/ timid 
( all be+s because ( 8 subtle & delicate
  nature has be5 made famili> ?r\gh 8   
timidity ) ?is sympa?y =1  & rapid      
compreh5sion (1 ! feel+s ( o!rs1 ev5 (  

animals4 ,=  c5tury aft] c5tury he saw  
dang] 9 ev]y?+ t 0 unfamili> to  him1 9 
any?+ t happ5$ to be alive1 & :5ev] !   
spectacle (  su* ?+s & creatures came   
be=e 8 eyes he imitat$ _! features  &   
attitude1 draw+ at ! same "t 8 own      
conclusion z to ! nature  ( ! evil      
int5tions !y conceal$4 ,?is             
int]pretation ( all  movem5ts & all     
facial *>act]i/ics 9 ! s5se ( int5tions1
 man  has ev5 br\ght to be> on ?+s      
inanimate1--urg$ on z he 0 by !         
illusion t !re 0 no?+ inanimate4 ,i     
believe t ?is is !  orig9 ( ev]y?+ t we 
n[ call a feel+ = nature1 t s5sation  ( 
joy :i* m5 exp]i5ce at ! sight ( ! sky1 
! fields1 !  rocks1 ! =e/s1 ! /orms1 !  
/>s1 ! l&scapes1 & spr+3  )\t our old   
habits ( fe> :i* =c$ u to suspect beh9d 
ev]y?+ a k9d ( second & m recondite     
s5se1 we %\ld n[  exp]i5ce no delight 9 
nature1 9 ! same way z m5 & animals d n 
cause u to rejoice if we h n fir/ be5   
det]r$ by t s\rce (  all und]/&+1       
namely1 fe>4 ,= joy & agreeable         

surprise1 &  f9ally ! feel+ ( ridicule1 
are ! y\ng] *ildr5 ( sympa?y1 &  ! mu*  
y\ng] bro!rs & si/]s ( fe>4 ,! faculty (
 rapid  p]ception1 :i* is bas$ on !     
faculty ( rapid dissimulation1          
decreases 9 pr\d & autocratic m5 &      
nations1 z !y are less timid2  b1 on !  
o!r h&1 e category ( und]/&+ &          
dissimulation  is well kn[n to timid    
peoples1 & among !m is to be f\nd ! real
  home ( imitative arts & sup]ior       
intellig5ce4    ,:51 proce$+ f ! !ory ( 
sympa?y su* z ,i h j outl9$1  ,i turn my
 att5tion to ! !ory1 n[ s popul> & almo/
 sacrosanct1  ( a my/ical process by    
means ( :i* pity bl5ds two be+s into "o1
  & ?us p]mits !m imm$iately to und]/&  
"o ano!r1 :5 ,i  recollect t ev5 s cle> 
a bra9 z ,s*op5hau]'s delight$ 9 su*    
fanta/ic nons5se1 & t he 9 8 turn       
transplant$ ?is delight into  o!r lucid 
& semi-lucid bra9s1 ,i feel unlimit$    
a/oni%m5t &  compassion4 ,h[ great mu/  
be ! pleasure we exp]i5ce 9 ?is s5seless
  tomfool]y6 ,h[ ne> mu/ ev5 a sane man 

be to insanity z soon z he  li/5s to 8  
own secret intellectual desires6--,:y   
did ,s*op5hau]  really feel s grateful1 
s pr(\ndly indebt$ to ,kant8 ,he reveal$
 on  "o occasion ! und\bt$ answ] to ?is 
"q4 ,"s "o _h spok5 (  ! way 9 :i* !    
qualitias occulta ( ,kant's ,categorical
 ,imp]ative  might be got rid (1 s t !  
!ory itself might be r5d]$              
intelligible4 ,:]eupon ,s*op5hau] gave  
utt]ance to ! foll[+  outbur/3 8,an     
intelligible ,categorical ,imp]ative6   
,prepo/]\s idea6  ,/ygian d>kness6 ,god 
=bid t x %\ld ev] become intelligible6  
,!  fact t !re is actually some?+       
un9telligible1 t ?is mis]y (  ! und]/&+ 
& its conceptions is limit$1            
conditional1 f9al1 &  deceptive1--?is is
 beyond "q ,kant's great gift40 ,let any
 "o  consid] :e!r a man c be 9          
possession ( a desire to ga9 an insight 
into moral ?+s :5 he feels himself      
com=t$ f ! />t by a  belief 9 !         
inconceivabl5ess ( ^! ?+s6 "o :o /ill   
hone/ly  believes 9 illum9ations f      

above1 9 magic1 9 gho/ly appe>ances1  & 
9 ! metaphysical ugl9ess ( ! toad6      
#adc4      ,,woe ,,to ,,u ,,if ,,?is    
,,impulse ,,%\ld ,,rage6--,suppos+ t !  
impulse t[>ds  devotion & c>e = o!rs    
78sympa!tic affection07 7 d\bly z  /rong
 z x n[ is1 life on e>? c\ld n be       
endur$4 ,let x only be  consid]$ h[ _m  
fooli% ?+s e "o ( u does day by day &   
h\r by h\r1 m]ely out ( solicitude &    
devotion = himself1 & h[  unbe>able he  
seems 9 do+ s3 & :at !n w\ld x be l if  
we 7  to become = o!r p ! object ( !    
/upidities & importunities  ) :i* up to 
! pres5t !y h only torm5t$ !mselves6    
,%\ld  we n !n take precipitately to our
 heels z soon z "o ( our  neighb\rs came
 t[>ds u8 ,& w\ld x n be necess>y to    
ov]:elm  ?is sympa!tic affection ) !    
abuse t we n[ res]ve = egoism8          
#add4      ,,clos+ ,,our ,,e>s ,,to ,,! 
,,compla9ts ,,( ,,o!rs4--,:5 we let our 
sky be  cl\d$ by ! compla9ts & suff]+ ( 
o!r mortals1 :o mu/ be>  ! consequ5ces (
 su* gloom8 ,no d\bt ^? o!r mortals1 9  

addition  to all _! o!r burd5s6 ,if we  
are m]ely to be ! e*oes ( _!  compla9ts1
 we _c accord !m ei!r help or com=t2 nor
 c we d s  if we 7 cont9ually keep+ our 
e>s op5 to li/5 to !m1--unless we  h    
le>nt ! art ( ! ,olympians1 :o1 in/ead (
 try+ to make  !mselves unhappy1        
endeav\r$ to feel edifi$ by ! mis=tunes 
(  mank9d4 ,b ?is is some?+ too         
,olympian = u1 al?\gh1 9 our  enjoym5t (
 trag$y1 we h already tak5 a /ep t[>ds  
?is ideal  div9e cannibalism4           
#ade4      8,,unegoi/ic40--,?is man is  
empty & wi%es to be fill$1 t "o is      
ov]-full & wi%es to be empti$3 bo? ( !m 
feel !mselves urg$ on  to look = an     
individual :o c help !m4 ,& ?is         
ph5om5on1  int]pret$ 9 a high] s5se1 is 
9 bo? cases kn[n by ! same "n1  8love40 
,well8 & c\ld ?is love be some?+        
unegoi/ic8          #adf4      ,,look+  
,,beyond ,,our ,,neighb\r4--,:at8 ,ought
 ! nature ( true morality to  consi/ = u
 9 fix+ our eyes ^u ! mo/ direct &      
imm$iate  consequ5ces ( our action = o!r

 p1 & 9 our com+ to a  decision         
accord+ly8 ,?is is only a n>r[ &        
b\rgeois morality1 ev5  ?\gh x may be a 
morality3 b x seems to me t x w\ld be m 
sup]ior & lib]al to look beyond ^!      
imm$iate consequ5ces = our  neighb\r 9  
ord] to enc\rage m di/ant purposes1 ev5 
at ! risk (  mak+ o!rs suff]1--z1 =     
example1 by enc\rag+ ! _s (  k 9 spite (
 ! c]ta9ty t our free-?\ght w h !       
in/ant effect ( plung+ o!rs into d\bt1  
grief1 & ev5 worse  afflictions4 ,h we n
 at lea/ ! "r to treat our neighb\r z we
  treat ourselves8 ,& if1 :]e we are    
conc]n$1 we d n ?9k 9 su* a  n>r[ &     
b\rgeois fa%ion ( imm$iate consequ5ces &
 suff]+s1 :y  %\ld we be compell$ to act
 ?us 9 reg>d to our neighb\r8 ,suppos+  
t we felt ready to sacrifice ourselves1 
:at is !re to prev5t u  f sacrific+ our 
neighb\r toge!r ) ourselves1--j z ,/ates
 &  ,sov]eigns h hi!rto sacrific$ "o    
citiz5 to ! o!rs1 8= !  sake ( ! g5]al  
int]e/10 z !y say8    ,we too1 h[ev]1 h 
g5]al int]e/s1 p]haps ev5 m g5]al ?an   

!irs3 s :y may we n sacrifice a few     
individuals ( ?is g5]ation  = ! b5efit (
 g5]ations to come8 s t _! affliction1  
anxiety1  despair1 blund]s1 & mis]y may 
be deem$ ess5tial because a new pl\gh   
is to break up ! gr\nd & r5d] x f]tile =
 all4 ,f9ally1 we  communicate !        
disposition to our neighb\r by :i* he is
 enabl$ to  feel himself a victim3 we   
p]suade him to c>ry out ! task = :i* we 
employ him4 ,are we !n devoid ( all     
pity8 ,if1 h[ev]1 we wi% to  a*ieve a   
victory ov] ourselves beyond our pity1  
is n ?is a high] &  m lib]al attitude & 
disposition ?an t 9 :i* we only feel    
safe  aft] hav+ asc]ta9$ :e!r an action 
b5efits or h>ms our  neighb\r8 ,on !    
contr>y1 x is by means ( su*            
sacrifice--includ+ !  sacrifice (       
ourselves1 z well z ( our neighb\rs--t  
we %\ld  /r5g!n & elevate ! g5]al s5se (
 human p[]1 ev5 suppos+  t we atta9 no?+
 m ?an ?is4 ,b ev5 ?is itself w\ld be a 
positive increase ( happ9ess4 ,!n1 if   
ev5 ?is 444 b n a ^w  m6 ,y h und]/ood  

me at a glance4          #adg4      ,,! 
,,cause ,,( 8,,altruism40--,m5 h on !   
:ole spok5 ( love ) s mu*  emphasis &   
adoration because !y h hi!rto always _h 
s little (  x1 & h nev] yet be5 satiat$ 
) ?is food3 9 ?is way x became  _!      
ambrosia4 ,if a poet wi%$ to %[ univ]sal
 b5evol5ce 9 !  image ( a ,utopia1 he   
w\ld c]ta9ly h to describe an agonis+ & 
ridicul\s /ate ( ?+s1 ! l ( :i* 0 nev]  
se5 on  e>?1--e "o w\ld be surr\nd$1    
importun$1 & sigh$ =1 n z  at pres5t1 by
 "o lov]1 b by ?\s&s1 by ev]ybody inde$1
 z !  result ( an irresi/ible crav+ :i* 
w\ld !n be z vehem5tly  insult$ & curs$ 
z selfi%ness has be5 by m5 ( pa/ ages4  
,! poets  ( ?is new condition ( ?+s1 if 
!y _h suffici5t leisure to write1  w\ld 
be dream+ ( no?+ b ! blissful & loveless
 pa/1 !  div9e selfi%ness ( yore1 & !   
wond]ful possibilities 9 =m]  times (   
rema9+ alone1 n be+ run aft] by "o's    
fri5ds1 & (  ev5 be+ hat$ & despis$--or 
any o!r odi\s expressions :i* !         
beautiful animal _w 9 :i* we live *ooses

 to co94          #adh4      ,,look+    
,,f> ,,ahead4--,if1 9 accordance ) !    
pres5t def9ition1 only  ^? actions are  
moral :i* are done = ! sake ( o!rs1 & = 
_! sake only1 !n !re are no moral       
actions at all6 ,if1 9 accordance  )    
ano!r def9ition1 only ^? actions are    
moral :i* spr+ f  our own free w1 !n !re
 are no moral actions 9 ?is case ei!r6  
,:at is x1 !n1 t we designate ?us1 :i*  
c]ta9ly exi/s &  wi%es z a consequ5ce to
 be expla9$8 ,x is ! result ( a few     
intellectual blund]s2 & suppos+ t we 7  
able to free ourselves  f ^! errors1 :at
 w\ld !n become ( 8moral actions08 ,x is
 due to  ^! errors t we h up to ! pres5t
 attribut$ to c]ta9 actions  a value    
sup]ior to :at 0 !irs 9 reality3 we     
sep>at$ !m f  8egoi/ic0 & 8non-free0    
actions4 ,:5 we n[ set !m once m 9 !    
latt] categories1 z we mu/ d1 we c]ta9ly
 r$uce _! value 7_!  own e/imate (      
value7 ev5 bel[ its reasonable level1   
because 8egoi/ic0  & 8non-free0 actions 
h up to ! pres5t be5 "u-valu$ ow+ to  t 

alleg$ pr(\nd & ess5tial diff]5ce4    ,9
 future1 !n1 w ^! v actions be less     
frequ5tly p]=m$1  s9ce !y w be less     
highly e/eem$8 ,inevitably6 ,or at all  
ev5ts =  a fairly long "t1 z long z !   
scale ( valuations rema9s "u !  react+  
influ5ce ( =m] mi/akes6 ,b we make "s   
return = ?is by  giv+ back to m5 _! good
 c\rage = ! c>ry+ out ( actions t  are  
n[ reput$ to be selfi%1 & ?us re/ore _! 
value1--we relieve  m5's bad consci5ces6
 & z up to ! pres5t egoi/ic actions h   
be5  by f> ! mo/ frequ5t1 & w be s to   
all et]nity1 we free !  :ole conception 
( ^! actions & ( life f its evil        
appe>ance6  ,?is is a v high & important
 result4 ,:5 m5 no long] believe        
!mselves to be evil1 !y cease to be s4  
,,book ,,iii4          #adi4            
,,little ,,unconv5tional ,,actions ,,are
 ,,necess>y6--,to act occasionally 9    
matt]s ( cu/om aga9/ our own bett]      
judgm5ts2 to yield 9 practice  :ile     
res]v+ our own intellectual lib]ty2 to  
behave l ev]ybody  else & ?us to %[     

ourselves amiable & consid]ate to all1  
to  comp5sate !m1 z x 71 ev5 if only to 
"s ext5t1 = our  unconv5tional          
op9ions--all ?is among _m tol]ably      
lib]al-m9d$ m5  is look$ ^u n only z    
p]missible b ev5 z 8hon\rable10         
8humane10  8tol]ant10 & 8unp$antic10 or 
:atev] f9e words may be us$ to lull  to 
sleep ! intellectual consci5ce4 ,s1 =   
example1 "o man1 al?\gh  he may be an   
a!i/1 has 8 infant baptiz$ 9 ! usual    
,*ri/ian  fa%ion2 ano!r goes ?r\gh 8    
p]iod ( milit>y s]vice1 ?\gh he  may    
sev]ely condemn all hatr$ betwe5        
nations2 & a ?ird runs into !  ,*ur* ) a
 girl because %e comes f a religi\s     
family1 & makes  8 v[s to a prie/ )\t   
feel+ a%am$ ( x4 8,x is ( no  importance
 if "o ( u does :at e "o else does & has
 done0--s  says ignorant prejudice6 ,:at
 a pr(\nd mi/ake6 ,= no?+ is (  great]  
importance ?an t a p[]ful1              
long-e/abli%$1 & irrational  cu/om %\ld 
be once aga9 confirm$ by ! act ( "s "o  
:o is  recognis$ z rational4 ,9 ?is way 

! proce$+ is ?\ght to be  sanction$ by  
reason itself6 ,all hon\r to y\r        
op9ions6 b little  unconv5tional actions
 are ( /ill great] value4          #aej4
      ,,! ,,haz>d ,,( ,,m>riages4--,if  
,i 7 a god1 & a b5evol5t god1 !         
m>riages ( m5 w\ld cause me m           
displeasure ?an any?+ else4 ,an         
individual c make v great progress )9 ! 
sev5ty ye>s ( 8  life--yea1 ev5 )9 ?irty
 ye>s3 su* progress1 inde$1 z to        
surprise  ev5 ! gods6 ,b :5 we !n see   
him expos+ ! inh]itance &  legacy ( 8   
/ruggles & victories1 ! laurel cr[n ( 8 
humanity1  on ! fir/ conv5i5t peg :]e   
any female may pick x to pieces =  him2 
:5 we obs]ve h[ well he c acquire & h[  
little he is capable  ( pres]v+ 8       
acquisitions1 & h[ he does n ev5 dream t
 by  procreation he might prep>e a /ill 
m victori\s life1--we !n1  inde$1 become
 impati5t & say1 8,no?+ c 9 ! end result
 f  humanity1 individuals are wa/$1 =   
all rationality ( a great advance  (    
humanity is r5d]$ impossible by ! haz>d 

( m>riages3 let u  cease f be+ !        
assidu\s spectators & fools ( ?is       
aimless  drama60 ,x 0 9 ?is mood t !    
gods ( ,epicurus )drew long ago to  _!  
div9e seclusion & felicity3 !y 7 tir$ ( 
m5 & _! love  affairs4          #aea4   
,,"h ,,are ,,new ,,ideals ,,to          
,,inv5t4--,at a "t :5 a man is 9 love he
 %\ld  n be all[$ to come to a decision 
ab\t 8 life & to det]m9e once  & = all !
 "* ( 8 society on acc\nt ( a :im4 ,we  
ought  publicly to decl>e invalid ! v[s 
( lov]s1 & to refuse !m  p]mission to   
m>ry3 & ?is because we %\ld treat       
m>riage itself mu*  m s]i\sly1 s t 9    
cases :]e x is n[ contract$ x w\ld n    
usually be all[$ 9 future6 ,are n !     
majority ( m>riages su* t  we %\ld n c>e
 to h !m witness$ by a ?ird p>ty8 ,& yet
 ?is  ?ird p>ty is sc>cely ev] lack+--! 
*ild--& he is m ?an a  witness2 he is ! 
:ipp+-boy & scapegoat4          #aeb4   
,,=mula ,,( ,,oa?4--8,if ,i am n[ tell+ 
a lie ,i am no long] an hon\rable  man1 
& e "o may say s to my face40 ,i        

recomm5d ?is =mula 9  place ( ! pres5t  
judicial oa? & its cu/om>y invocation to
 !  ,deity3 x is /rong]4 ,!re is no     
reason :y ev5 religi\s m5 %\ld  oppose  
x2 = z soon z ! cu/om>y oa? no long]    
s]ves1 all !  religi\s p w h to turn to 
_! cate*ism1 :i* says1 8,?\  %alt n take
 ! "n ( ! ,"l ?y ,god 9 va940           
#aec4      ,,! ,,malcont5t4--,he is "o (
 ! brave old w>riors3 angry )           
civilisation because he believes t its  
object is to make all good  ?+s--hon\r1 
rew>ds1 & fair wom5--accessible ev5 to  
c[>ds4          #aed4      ,,consolation
 ,,amid ,,p]ils4--,! ,greeks1 9 ! c\rse 
( a life t 0  always surr\nd$ by great  
dang]s & cataclysms1 endeav\r$ to f9d 9 
m$itation & k a k9d ( security ( feel+1 
a la/ refugium4  ,we1 :o live 9 a mu* m 
secure /ate1 h introduc$ dang] into     
m$itation & k1 & x is 9 life itself t we
 endeav\r to  f9d repose1 a refuge f    
dang]4          #aee4      ,,ext9ct     
,,scepticism4--,haz>d\s ent]prises are  
r>] 9 mod]n times ?an  9 antiquity & 9 !

 ,middle ,ages1 probably because mod]n  
times h no  m belief 9 om5s1 oracles1   
/>s1 & soo?say]s4 ,9 o!r words1 we  h   
become incapable ( believ+ 9 a future   
:i* is res]v$ = u1  z ! anci5ts did1    
:o--9 contradi/9ction to ourselves--7   
mu* less  sceptical reg>d+ t :i* is to  
be ?an t :i* is4          #aef4         
,,evil ,,?r\gh ,,exub]ance4--8,oh1 t we 
%\ld n feel too happy60--su* 0  ! secret
 fe> ( ! ,greeks 9 _! be/ age4 ,t is :y 
!y  prea*$ mod]ation to !mselves4 ,& we8
          #aeg4      ,,! ,,wor%ip ,,(   
,,natural ,,s\nds4--,:at signification c
 we f9d 9 ! fact  t our culture is n    
only indulg5t to ! manife/ations (      
grief1  su* z te>s1 compla9ts1          
reproa*es1 & attitudes ( rage &         
humility1  b ev5 approves !m & reckons  
!m among ! mo/ noble & ess5tial         
?+s8--:ile1 on ! o!r h&1 ! _s ( anci5t  
philosophy look$  d[n ^u !m ) contempt1 
)\t admitt+ _! necessity 9 any  way4    
,let u rememb] h[ ,plato--:o 0 by no    
means "o ( ! mo/ inhuman  ( !           

philosoph]s--speaks ( ! ,philoctetus ( !
 tragic /age4 ,is x  possible t our     
mod]n culture is want+ 9 8philosophy08  
or1 9  accordance ) ! valuations ( ^?   
old philosoph]s1 d we p]haps  all =m "p 
( ! 8mob08          #aeh4      ,,!      
,,climate ,,= ,,flatt]y4--,9 our day    
flatt]]s %\ld no long] be s\ght  at !   
c\rts ( k+s1 s9ce ^! h all acquir$ a    
ta/e =  milit>ism1 :i* _c tol]ate       
flatt]y4 ,b ?is fl[] ev5 n[ (t5  gr[s 9 
abundance 9 ! neighb\rhood ( bank]s &   
arti/s4          #aei4      ,,!         
,,reviv]s4--,va9 m5 value a fragm5t ( ! 
pa/ m highly f !  mom5t :5 !y are able  
to revive x 9 _! imag9ation 7especially 
if  x is difficult to d s71 !y w\ld ev5 
l if possible to raise x  f ! dead4     
,s9ce1 h[ev]1 ! numb] ( va9 p is always 
v  l>ge1 ! dang] pres5t$ by hi/orical   
/udies1 if an entire epo*  devotes its  
att5tion to !m1 is by no means small3   
too great an am\nt  ( /r5g? is !n wa/$  
on all sorts ( imag9able resurrections4 
,!  entire movem5t ( romanticism is     

p]haps be/ und]/ood f ?is po9t  ( view4 
#afj4      ,,va91 ,,gre$y1 ,,& ,,n ,,v  
,,wise4--,y\r desires are great] ?an y\r
  und]/&+1 & y\r vanity is ev5 great]   
?an y\r desires1--to  p ( y\r type a    
great deal ( ,*ri/ian practice & a      
little  ,s*op5hau]ian !ory may be       
/rongly recomm5d$4          #afa4       
,,beauty ,,correspond+ ,,to ,,!         
,,age4--,if our sculptors1 pa9t]s1 &    
musicians  wi% to cat* ! significance ( 
! age1 !y %\ld repres5t beauty z        
bloat$1 gigantic1 & n]v\s3 j z !        
,greeks1 "u ! influ5ce (  _! morality ( 
mod]ation1 saw & repres5t$ beauty 9 !   
,apollo di  ,belv$]e4 ,we %\ld1 inde$1  
call him ugly6 ,b ! p$antic             
8classici/s0 h depriv$ u ( all our      
hone/y6          #afb4      ,,! ,,irony 
,,( ,,! ,,pres5t ,,"t4--,at ! pres5t day
 x is ! habit (  ,europeans to treat all
 matt]s ( great importance ) irony1     
because1 z  ! result ( our activity 9 _!
 s]vice1 we h no "t to take !m  s]i\sly4
          #afc4      ,,aga9/            

,,r\sseau4--,if x is true t !re is      
some?+ contemptible ab\t  our           
civilisation1 we h two alt]natives3 (   
conclud+ ) ,r\sseau  t1 8,?is despicable
 civilisation is to blame = our bad     
morality10 or  to inf]1 contr>y to      
,r\sseau's view1 t 8,our good morality  
is to blame  = ?is contemptible         
civilisation4 ,our social conceptions ( 
good &  evil1 weak & effem9ate z !y are1
 & _! enorm\s influ5ce ov]  bo? body &  
s\l1 h _h ! effect ( weak5+ all bodies &
 s\ls  & ( cru%+ all unprejudic$1       
indep5d5t1 & self-reliant m51 !  real   
pill>s ( a /rong civilisation3 :]ev] we 
/ill f9d ! evil  morality to-day1 we see
 ! la/ crumbl+ ru9s ( ^! pill>s40 ,?us  
let p>adox be oppos$ by p>adox6 ,x is q 
impossible = ! tru? to  lie ) bo? sides3
 & c we say1 inde$1 t x lies ) ei!r8    
,decide = y\rself4          #afd4       
,,p]haps ,,premature4--,x w\ld seem at !
 pres5t "t t1 "u _m  diff]5t & mislead+ 
names1 & (t5 ) a great want ( cle>ness1 
^? :o d n feel !mselves atta*$ to morals

 & to e/abli%$  laws are tak+ ! fir/    
initial /eps to organise !mselves1 & ?us
  to create a "r = !mselves2 :il/       
hi!rto1 z crim9als1  free-?9k]s1 immoral
 m5 & miscreants1 !y h liv$ beyond !    
pale  ( ! law1 "u ! bane ( outlawry &   
bad consci5ce1 corrupt$ &  corrupt+4 ,on
 ! :ole1 we %\ld consid] ?is z "r &     
prop]1  al?\gh x may result 9 insecurity
 = ! com+ c5tury & compel  e "o to be>  
arms4--,!re is !reby a c\nt]=ce :i*     
cont9ually  rem9ds u t !re is no        
exclusively moral-mak+ morality1 & t a  
morality :i* ass]ts itself to !         
exclusion ( all o!r morality  de/roys   
too mu* s\nd /r5g? & is too de>ly b\ght 
by mank9d4 ,!  non-conv5tional & deviat+
 p1 :o are s (t5 productive &  inv5tive1
 mu/ no long] be sacrific$3 x mu/ nev]  
aga9 be consid]$  z a disgrace to dep>t 
f morality ei!r 9 actions or ?\ght2 _m  
new exp]im5ts mu/ be made ^u life &     
society1 & ! _w mu/ be  reliev$ f a huge
 weight ( bad consci5ce4 ,^! g5]al aims 
mu/ be  recognis$ & enc\rag$ by all ^?  

upright p :o are seek+  tru?4           
#afe4      ,a ,,morality ,,:i* ,,does   
,,n ,,bore ,,"o4--,! pr9cipal moral     
comm&m5ts :i*  a nation p]mits its      
tea*]s to emphasise aga9 & aga9 /& 9    
relation to its *ief defects1 & t is :y 
x does n f9d !m  tiresome4 ,! ,greeks1  
:o s (t5 fail$ to employ mod]ation1     
coolness1  fair-m9d$ness1 & rationality 
9 g5]al1 turn$ a will+ e> to !  f\r     
,socratic virtues1--!y /ood 9 su* ne$ ( 
!m1 & yet _h s  little tal5t = !m6      
#aff4      ,,at ,,! ,,p>t+ ,,( ,,!      
,,ways4--,%ame6 ,y wi% to =m "p ( a     
sy/em 9  :i* y mu/ be a :eel1 fully &   
completely1 or risk be+ cru%$ by  :eels6
 :]e x is und]/ood t ea* "o w be t :i* 8
  sup]iors make ( him6 :]e ! seek+ =    
8connections0 w =m "p  ( "o's natural   
duties6 :]e no "o feels himself (f5d$ :5
 he has  8 att5tion drawn to "s "o ) !  
rem>k1 8,he may be useful to y  "s "t02 
:]e p d n feel a%am$ ( pay+ a visit to  
ask =  somebody's int]cession1 & :]e !y 
d n ev5 suspect t by su* a  volunt>y    

submission to ^! morals1 !y are once & =
 all /amp$ z  ! common pott]y ( nature1 
:i* o!rs c employ or break up ( _!  free
 w )\t feel+ 9 any way responsible = do+
 s1--j z if  "o 7 to say1 8,p ( my type 
w nev] be lack+1 !re=e1 d  :at y w ) me6
 ,d n /& on c]emony60          #afg4    
,,unconditional ,,homage4--,:5 ,i ?9k ( 
! mo/ read ,g]man philosoph]1  ! mo/    
popul> ,g]man musician1 & ! mo/ di/+ui%$
 ,g]man  /atesman1 ,i _c b ackn[l$ge t  
life is n[ r5d]$ unusually  ardu\s = ^! 
,g]mans1 ?is nation ( unconditional     
s5tim5ts1 &  t1 too1 by _! own great m54
 ,we see ?ree magnific5t spectacles     
spread out be=e u3 on ea* occasion !re  
is a riv] ru%+ along 9  ! b$ :i* x has  
made = itself1 & ev5 s agitat$ t "o ?9ks
  at times x int5ds to fl[ uphill4 ,&   
yet1 h[ev] we might admire  ,s*op5hau]1 
:o w\ld n1 all ?+s consid]$1 l to h o!r 
op9ions ?an 88 ,:o 9 all great] & small]
 ?+s w\ld n[ %>e  ! op9ions ( ,ri*>d    
,wagn]1 al?\gh !re may be tru? 9 ! view 
express$ by "s "o3 viz4 t :]ev] ,wagn]  

gave or took (f5ce "s  problem lay      
hidd51--:i*1 h[ev]1 he did n une>? = u4 
,&1  f9ally1 h[ _m are !re :o w\ld be   
will+ & eag] to agree )  ,bism>ck1 if   
only he c\ld always agree ) himself1 or 
7 ev5 to %[  "s signs ( do+ s = !       
future6 ,x is true t x is by no means   
a/oni%+ to f9d /atesm5 )\t pr9ciples1 b 
) dom9ant  in/9cts2 a v]satile m9d1     
actuat$ by ^! dom9ant & viol5t  in/9cts1
 & h5ce )\t pr9ciples--^! qualities are 
look$ ^u z  reasonable & natural 9 a    
/atesman4 ,b1 alas1 ?is has up to !     
pres5t be5 s un-,g]man2 z un-,g]man z ! 
fuss made ab\t music &  ! discord & bad 
temp] excit$ ar\nd ! p]son ( ! musician2
 or  z un-,g]man z ! new & extraord9>y  
position tak5 up by  ,s*op5hau]3 he did 
n feel himself to be ei!r above ?+s or  
on 8  knees be=e !m--"o or o!r ( ^!     
alt]natives might /ill h be5  ,g]man--b 
he assum$ an attitude aga9/ ?+s6 ,h[    
incr$ible &  disagreeable6 to range "o's
 self ) ?+s & nev]!less be _!  adv]s>y1 
& f9ally ! adv]s>y ( "o's self1--:at c !

  unconditional admir] d ) su* an       
example8 ,& :at1 aga91 c he d  ) ?ree   
su* examples :o _c keep ! peace t[>ds "o
 ano!r6  ,"h we see ,s*op5hau] z !      
antagoni/ ( ,wagn]'s music1 ,wagn]      
attack+ ,bism>ck's politics1 & ,bism>ck 
attack+ ,wagn]ism &  ,s*op5hau]ism4 ,:at
 rema9s = u to d8 ,:]e %all we flee )   
our  ?ir/ = :olesale h]o-wor%ip6 ,w\ld x
 n be possible to *oose f  ! music ( !  
musician a few hundr$ b>s ( good music  
:i* appeal$  to ! he>t1 & :i* we %\ld l 
to take to he>t because !y are  inspir$ 
by ! he>t1--c\ld we n /& aside ) ?is    
small piece (  plund]1 & =get ! re/8 ,& 
c\ld we n make a simil> compromise  z   
reg>ds ! philosoph] & !                 
/atesman1--select1 take to he>t1 &  9   
p>ticul> =get ! re/8    ,yes1 if only   
=getfulness 7 n s difficult6 ,!re 0 once
 a v  pr\d man :o w\ld nev] on any      
acc\nt accept any?+1 good or evil1  f   
o!rs1--f any "o1 inde$1 b himself4 ,:5  
he want$ to =get1  h[ev]1 he c\ld n be/[
 ?is gift ^u himself1 & 0 ?ree times    

compell$ to conjure up ! spirits4 ,!y   
came1 li/5$ to 8 desire1  & said at la/1
 8,?is is ! only ?+ x is n 9 our p[] to 
give60  ,c\ld n ! ,g]mans take w>n+ by  
?is exp]i5ce ( ,manfr$8 ,:y1  !n1 %\ld !
 spirits be conjur$ up8 ,x is useless4  
,we nev] =get  :at we endeav\r to =get4 
,& h[ great w\ld be ! 8balance0 :i* we  
%\ld h to =get if we wi%$ h5ce=? to     
cont9ue :olesale  admir]s ( ^! ?ree     
great m56 ,x w\ld !re=e be f> m         
advisable to pr(it by ! excell5t        
opportunity (f]$ u to try  some?+ new1  
i4e4 to advance 9 ! _s ( hone/y t[>ds   
ourselves & become1 in/ead ( a nation ( 
cr$ul\s repetition & (  bitt] & bl9d    
animosity1 a p ( conditional ass5t &    
b5evol5t  opposition4 ,we mu/ come to   
le>n 9 ! fir/ place1 h[ev]1 t           
unconditional homage to p is some?+ r   
ridicul\s1 t a  *ange ( view on ?is po9t
 w\ld n discr$it ev5 ,g]mans1 & t  !re  
is a pr(\nd & memorable say+3 8,ce qui  
importe1 ce ne sont  po9t les p]sonnes3 
mais les *oses40 ,?is say+ is l ! man :o

  utt]$ x--great1 hone/1 simple1 &      
sil5t1--j l ,c>not1 !  soldi] &         
,republican4 ,b may ,i at ! pres5t "t   
speak ?us to  ,g]mans ( a ,fr5*man1 & a 
,republican into ! b>ga98 ,p]haps n3    
p]haps ,i mu/ n ev5 recall :at ,niebuhr 
9 8 "t d>$ to say to  ! ,g]mans3 t no "o
 _h made su* an impression ( true       
greatness  ^u him z ,c>not4             
#afh4      ,a ,,model4--,:at d ,i l ab\t
 ,?ucydides1 & h[ does x come t ,i      
e/eem him m highly ?an ,plato8 ,he      
exhibits ! mo/ wide-spread &  artless   
pleasure 9 ev]y?+ typical 9 m5 & ev5ts1 
& f9ds t  ea* type is possess$ ( a c]ta9
 quantity ( good s5se3 x is ?is  good   
s5se :i* he seeks to discov]4 ,he       
likewise exhibits a l>g]  am\nt (       
practical ju/ice ?an ,plato2 he nev]    
reviles or belittles  ^? m5 :om he      
dislikes or :o h 9 any way injur$ him 9 
!  c\rse ( 8 life4 ,on ! contr>y3 :ile  
see+ only types1 he  introduces some?+  
noble & additional into all ?+s &       
p]sons2 =  :at c\ld po/]ity1 to :i* he  

d$icates 8 "w1 d ) ?+s n  typical6 ,?us 
?is culture ( ! dis9t]e/$ k ( ! _w      
atta9s 9 him1 ! poet-?9k]1 a f9al       
m>vell\s bloom1--?is culture  :i* has   
its poet 9 ,sophocles1 its /atesman 9   
,p]icles1 its doctor 9  ,hippocrates1 & 
its natural philosoph] 9 ,democritus3   
?is culture :i*  des]ves to be call$ by 
! "n ( its tea*]s1 ! ,sophi/s1 &  :i*1  
unhappily1 f ! mom5t ( its baptism at   
once beg9s to gr[  pale &               
incompreh5sible to u1--= h5ce=w>d we    
suspect t ?is  culture1 :i* 0 combat$ by
 ,plato & all ! ,socratic s*ools1 mu/  h
 be5 v immoral6 ,! tru? ( ?is matt] is s
 complicat$ &  entangl$ t we feel       
unwill+ to unravel x3 s let ! old error 
7error v]itate simplicior7 run its old  
c\rse4          #afi4      ,,! ,,greek  
,,g5ius ,,=eign ,,to ,,u4--,ori5tal or  
mod]n1 ,asiatic or ,european3  comp>$ ) 
! anci5t ,greeks1 ev]y?+ is *>act]is$ by
 enormity  ( size & by ! revell+ 9 great
 masses z ! expression ( !  sublime1    
:il/ 9 ,pae/um1 ,pompeii1 & ,a!ns we are

 a/oni%$1 :5  contemplat+ ,greek        
ar*itecture1 to see ) :at small masses !
 ,greeks  7 able to express ! sublime1 &
 h[ !y lov$ to express x ?us4  ,9 ! same
 way1 h[ simple 7 ! ,greeks 9 ! idea :i*
 !y =m$  ( !mselves6 ,h[ f> we surpass  
!m 9 ! k ( man6 ,aga91 h[  full (       
labyr9?s w\ld our s\ls & our conceptions
 ( our s\ls appe>  9 comp>ison ) !irs6  
,if we _h to v5ture ^u an ar*itecture   
aft]  ! /yle ( our own s\ls--7we are too
 c[>dly = t67--a labyr9?  w\ld h to be  
our model4 ,t music :i* is peculi> to u1
 & :i*  really expresses u1 lets ?is be 
cle>ly se56 7= 9 music m5 let  !mselves 
g1 because !y ?9k !re is no "o :o c see 
!m hid+  beh9d _! music74          #agj4
      ,,ano!r ,,po9t ,,( ,,view4--,h[ we
 babble ab\t ! ,greeks6 ,:at d we       
und]/& ( _! art1 ! s\l ( :i* 0 ! passion
 = nak$  mascul9e beauty6 ,x 0 only by  
/>t+ !refrom t !y appreciat$  fem99e    
beauty4 ,= ! latt] !y _h ?us a          
p]spective q  diff]5t f ours4 ,x 0 !    
same 9 reg>d to _! love = wom53  _!     

wor%ip 0 ( a diff]5t k9d1 & s also 0 _! 
contempt4          #aga4      ,,! ,,food
 ,,( ,,! ,,mod]n ,,man4--,he has le>n$  
to dige/ _m ?+s2 nay1  almo/ ev]y?+2 x  
is 8 ambition to d s4 ,he w\ld1 h[ev]1  
be  really ( a high] ord] if he did n   
und]/& ?is s well3 homo  pamphagus is n 
! f9e/ type ( ! human race4 ,we live    
betwe5 a  pa/ :i* _h a m wayw>d & d]ang$
 ta/e ?an we1 & a future  :i* w possibly
 h a m select ta/e1--we live too mu*    
midway4          #agb4      ,,trag$y ,,&
 ,,music4--,m5 ( ess5tially w>like      
disposition1 su*1 =  example1 z ! anci5t
 ,greeks 9 ! "t ( s*ylus1 are difficult 
to  r\se1 & :5 pity once triumphs ov] _!
 h>dness !y are seiz$ z  by a k9d (     
gidd9ess or a 8demoniacal p[]10--!y feel
 !mselves  ov]p[]$ & ?rill$ by a        
religi\s horror4 ,aft] ?is !y become    
sceptical ab\t _! condition2 b z long z 
!y are 9 x !y enjoy  ! *>m ( be+1 z x 71
 outside !mselves1 & ! delight ( !      
m>vell\s mix$ ) ! bitt]e/ gall ( suff]+3
 ?is is ! prop]  k9d ( dr9k = fight+    

m51--some?+ r>e1 dang]\s1 &             
bitt]-sweet1 :i* does n (t5 fall to "o's
 lot4    ,trag$y appeals to s\ls :o feel
 pity 9 ?is way1 to ^? fi]ce &  w>like  
s\ls :i* are difficult to ov]come1 :e!r 
by fe> or pity1  b :i* lose no?+ by be+ 
s(t5$ f "t to "t4 ,( :at use1  h[ev]1 is
 trag$y to ^? :o are z op5 to !         
8sympa!tic  affections0 z ! sails ( a   
%ip to ! w9d6 ,:5 at ! "t ( ,plato  !   
,a!nians _h become m s(t5$ & s5sitive1  
oh1 h[ f> !y  7 /ill remov$ f ! gu%+    
emotions ( ! inhabitants ( our  mod]n   
t[ns & villages6 ,& yet ev5 !n !        
philosoph]s 7  beg9n+ to compla9 ( !    
injuri\s nature ( trag$y4 ,an epo* full 
(  dang] su* z t n[ beg9n+1 9 :i* brav]y
 & manl9ess are  ris+ 9 value1 w p]haps 
aga9 h>d5 s\ls to su* an ext5t t  !y w  
once m /& 9 ne$ ( tragic poets3 b 9 !   
meantime  ^! are some:at sup]flu\s1 to  
put x mildly4 ,= music1 too1 a bett]    
age may be approa*+ 7x w c]ta9ly be a m 
evil age67 :5  arti/s w h to make _!    
music appeal to /rongly individual      

be+s1 be+s :i* w h become h>d & :i* w be
 dom9at$ by  ! gloomy e>ne/ness ( _! own
 passion2 b ( :at use is music to  !    
little s\ls ( ! pres5t age :i* is fa/   
pass+ away1 s\ls t  are too un/eady1    
ill-develop$1 half-p]sonal1 inquisitive1
 & covet\s  ( ev]y?+8          #agc4    
,,! ,,flatt]]s ,,( ,,"w4--,9 !          
glorification ( 8"w0 & !  nev]-ceas+    
talk ab\t ! 8bless+ ( lab\r10 ,i see !  
same secret  arrire-p5se z ,i d 9 !     
praise be/[$ on imp]sonal acts ( a      
g5]al int]e/1 viz4 a fe> ( ev]y?+       
individual4 ,= at ! sight  ( "w--t is to
 say1 sev]e toil f morn+ till night--we 
h !  feel+ t x is ! be/ police1 viz4 t x
 holds e "o 9 *eck  & effectively h9d]s 
! developm5t ( reason1 ( gre$1 & (      
desire  = indep5d5ce4 ,= "w uses up an  
extraord9>y proportion ( n]v\s  =ce1    
)draw+ x f reflection1 m$itation1       
dreams1 c>es1 love1  & hatr$2 x dangles 
unimportant aims be=e ! eyes ( ! work] &
  af=ds easy & regul> gratification4    
,?us x happ5s t a society  :]e "w is    

cont9ually be+ p]=m$ w enjoy great]     
security1 &  x is security :i* is n[    
v5]at$ z ! supreme deity4--,& n[1       
horror ( horrors6 x is ! 8workman0      
himself :o has become dang]\s2  ! :ole  
_w is sw>m+ ) 8dang]\s individuals10 &  
beh9d !m  foll[s ! dang] ( dang]s--!    
individuum6          #agd4      ,,!     
,,moral ,,fa%ion ,,( ,a ,,comm]cial     
,,community4--,beh9d ! pr9ciple ( !     
pres5t moral fa%ion3 8,moral actions are
 actions p]=m$ out (  sympa?y = o!rs10  
,i see ! social in/9ct ( fe>1 :i* ?us   
assumes an intellectual disguise3 ?is   
in/9ct sets =? z its supreme1  mo/      
important1 & mo/ imm$iate pr9ciple t    
life %all be reliev$  ( all ! dang]\s   
*>act]i/ics :i* x possess$ 9 =m] times1 
& t e "o mu/ help ) all 8 /r5g? t[>ds ! 
atta9m5t  ( ?is end4 ,x is = t reason t 
only ^? actions :i* keep 9  view ! g5]al
 security & ! feel+ ( security ( society
 are  call$ 8good40 ,h[ little joy mu/  
m5 n[ h 9 !mselves :5 su* a  tyranny (  
fe> prescribes _! supreme moral law1 if 

!y make no  objection :5 comm&$ to turn 
_! eyes f !mselves & to look  aside f   
!mselves6 ,& yet at ! same "t !y h lynx 
eyes =  all di/ress & suff]+ else:]e6   
,are we n1 !n1 ) ?is gigantic  int5tion 
( ours ( smoo?+ d[n e %>p edge & corn] 9
 life1  utilis+ ! be/ means ( turn+     
mank9d into s&6 ,small1 s(t1 r\nd1      
inf9ite s&6 ,is t y\r ideal1 ye h>b+]s (
 ! 8sympa!tic  affections08 ,9 !        
meantime ev5 ! "q rema9s unansw]$ :e!r  
we are ( m use to our neighb\r 9 runn+  
imm$iately & cont9ually  to 8 help1--:i*
 = ! mo/ "p c only be done 9 a v        
sup]ficial way1 z o!rwise x w\ld become 
a tyrannical m$dl+ &  *ang+1--or by     
trans=m+ ourselves into some?+ :i* our  
neighb\r  c look ^u ) pleasure1--some?+1
 = example1 :i* may be comp>$  to a     
beautiful1 quiet1 & seclud$ g>d51       
protect$ by high walls  aga9/ /orms & ! 
du/ ( ! roads1 b likewise ) a hospitable
  gate4          #age4      ,,fundam5tal
 ,,basis ,,( ,a ,,culture ,,(           
,,trad]s4--,we h n[ an opportunity (    

wat*+ ! manifold gr[? ( ! culture ( a   
society ( :i* comm]ce  is ! s\l1 j z    
p]sonal rivalry 0 ! s\l ( culture among 
!  anci5t ,greeks1 & w>1 conque/1 & law 
among ! anci5t ,romans4 ,!  tradesman is
 able to value ev]y?+ )\t produc+ x1 &  
to value  x accord+ to ! requirem5ts ( !
 consum] r ?an 8 own  p]sonal ne$s4 8,h[
 _m & :at class ( p w consume ?is80 is  
8 "q ( que/ions4 ,h5ce1 he in/9ctively &
 incessantly employs  ?is mode (        
valuation & applies x to ev]y?+1 includ+
 !  productions ( art & sci5ce1 & (     
?9k]s1 s*ol>s1 arti/s1  /atesm51        
nations1 political p>ties1 & ev5 entire 
ages3 ) respect  to ev]y?+ produc$ or   
creat$ he inquires into ! supply & dem& 
9 ord] to e/imate = himself ! value ( a 
?+4 ,?is1 :5 once x  has be5 made !     
pr9ciple ( an entire culture1 work$ out 
to its mo/  m9ute & subtle details1 &   
impos$ ^u e k9d ( w &  k1 ?is is :at y  
m5 ( ! com+ c5tury w be pr\d (1--if  !  
prophets ( ! comm]cial classes are "r 9 
putt+ t c5tury  into y\r possession6 ,b 

,i h little belief 9 ^! prophets4 ,cr$at
  ,judu ,apella--to speak ) ,horace4    
#agf4      ,,! ,,criticism ,,( ,,our    
,,ance/ors4--,:y %\ld we n[ endure !    
tru?1 ev5  ab\t ! mo/ rec5t pa/8        
,because !re is n[ always a new g5]ation
  :i* feels itself 9 contradiction to ! 
pa/ & enjoys 9 ?is  criticism !         
fir/-fruits ( its s5se ( p[]4 ,9 =m]    
times ! new  g5]ation1 on ! contr>y1    
wi%$ to base itself on ! old & began to 
feel consci\s ( its p[]1 n only 9       
accept+ ! op9ions ( its  ance/ors b1 if 
possible1 tak+ !m ev5 m s]i\sly4 ,to    
criticise  ance/ral au?ority 0 9 =m]    
times a vice2 b at ! pres5t "t  our     
ideali/s beg9 by mak+ x _! />t+-po9t4   
#agg4      ,,to ,,le>n ,,solitude4--,o  
ye poor fell[s 9 ! great c5tres ( ! _w's
  politics1 ye "y & tal5t$ m51 :o1 urg$ 
on by ambition1 ?9k x  y\r duty to      
prop\nd y\r op9ion ( e ev5t ( ! day1--= 
some?+ is always happ5+1--:o1 by ?us    
mak+ a noise & rais+ a  cl\d ( du/1     
mi/ake y\rselves = ! roll+ *>iot (      

hi/ory2 :o1  because ye always li/51    
always suit ! mom5t :5 ye c put 9 y\r   
^w or two1 !reby lose all real          
productiv5ess4 ,:atev] may be y\r       
desire to accompli% great de$s1 ! deep  
sil5ce ( pregnancy nev]  comes to y6 ,! 
ev5t ( ! day sweeps y along l /raws be=e
 !  w9d :il/ ye lie "u ! illusion t ye  
are *as+ ! ev5t1--poor  fell[s6 ,if a   
man wi%es to act ! h]o on ! /age he mu/ 
n ?9k (  =m+ "p ( ! *orus2 he %\ld n ev5
 "k h[ ! *orus is made  up4             
#agh4      ,,daily ,,we> ,,& ,,te>4--,^!
 "y m5 are lack+ nei!r 9 "*1 nor  tal5t1
 nor zeal1 b !y h nev] _h suffici5t "t  
to *oose _!  own pa?2 !y h1 on !        
contr>y1 be5 habituat$ f ! mo/ t5d]  age
 to h _! pa? po9t$ out to !m4 ,at ! "t  
:5 !y 7  ripe en\gh to be s5t into !    
8des]t10 some?+ else 0 done )  !m4 ,!y 7
 turn$ to acc\nt1 e/rang$ f !mselves1 & 
br\ght  up 9 su* a way t !y became      
accu/om$ to be worn out by _! daily     
toil4 ,?is 0 impos$ on !m z a duty1 & n[
 !y _c d )\t  x2 !y w\ld n wi% x to be  

o!rwise4 ,! only ?+ t _c be  refus$ to  
^! poor bea/s ( burd5 is _!             
8holidays0--su* is !  "n !y give to ?is 
ideal ( leisure 9 an ov]work$ c5tury2   
8holidays10 9 :i* !y may = once be idle1
 idiotic1 & *ildi% to  _! he>t's cont5t4
          #agi4      ,,z ,,little ,,/ate
 ,,z ,,possible6--,all political &      
economic matt]s are n (  su* great value
 t !y ought to be dealt ) by ! mo/      
tal5t$  m9ds3 su* a wa/e ( intellect is 
at bottom worse ?an any /ate (  di/ress4
 ,^! matt]s are1 & ev] w be1 ! prov9ce (
 small]  m9ds1 & o!rs ?an ! small] m9ds 
%\ld n be at ! s]vice (  ?is work%op3 x 
w\ld be bett] to let ! ma*9]y "w itself 
to  pieces aga96 ,b z matt]s /& at !    
pres5t "t1 :5 n only d  all p believe t 
!y mu/ "k all ab\t x day by day1 b wi%  
likewise to be always busy ab\t x1 & 9 s
 do+ neglect _! own  "w1 x is a great & 
ridicul\s mi/ake4 ,! price t has to be  
paid  = ! 8public safety0 is f> too     
high1 &1 :at is madde/ ( all1 we  effect
 ! v opposite ( 8public safety0 a fact  

:i* our own de>  c5tury has und]tak5 to 
prove1 z if ?is _h nev] be5 prov$ be=e6 
,to make society secure aga9/ ?ieves &  
fire1 & to r5d] x  ?or\ghly fit = all   
k9ds ( trade & traffic1 & to trans=m !  
,/ate 9 a good & evil s5se into a k9d ( 
,provid5ce--^! aims are  l[1 m$iocre1 & 
n by any means indisp5sable2 & we %\ld n
 seek  to atta9 !m by ! aid ( ! highe/  
means & in/rum5ts :i*  exi/--means :i*  
we %\ld res]ve precisely = our highe/ & 
r>e/  aims6 ,our epo*1 h[ev] mu* x may  
babble ab\t economy1 is a  sp5d?rift3 x 
wa/es intellect1 ! mo/ preci\s ?+ ( all4
          #ahj4      ,,w>s4--,! great   
w>s ( our own day are ! outcome (       
hi/orical /udy4          #aha4          
,,gov]n+4--,"s p gov]n because ( _!     
passion = gov]n+2  o!rs 9 ord] t !y may 
n be gov]n$1--! latt] *oose x z !  less]
 ( two evils4          #ahb4      ,,r\gh
 ,,& ,,ready ,,consi/5cy4--,p say ( a   
man ) great respect1 8,he  is a "*0--t  
is1 :5 he exhibits a r\gh & ready       
consi/5cy1  :5 x is evid5t ev5 to !     

dulle/ eye4 ,b1 :5ev] a m subtle  &     
pr(\nd intellect sets itself up & %[s   
consi/5cy 9 a high]  mann]1 ! spectators
 d5y ! exi/5ce ( any "*4 ,t is :y  cunn+
 /atesm5 usually act _! com$y "u ! cloak
 ( a k9d (  r\gh & ready consi/5cy4     
#ahc4      ,,! ,,old ,,& ,,!            
,,"y4--8,!re is some?+ immoral ab\t     
,p>liam5ts10--s  _m p /ill ?9k1--8= 9 !m
 views ev5 aga9/ ! ,gov]nm5t  may be    
express$40--8,we %\ld always adopt t    
view ( a subject :i*  our graci\s ,"l   
comm&s10--?is is ! elev5? comm&m5t 9 _m 
an  hone/ old head1 especially 9 ,nor!rn
 ,g]many4 ,we laugh at x z an           
out-(-date fa%ion1 b 9 =m] times x 0 !  
moral law itself4  ,p]haps we %all aga9 
"s day laugh at t :i* is n[ consid]$ z  
moral by a g5]ation br\ght up "u a      
p>liam5t>y rgime1 namely1 !  policy (   
plac+ "o's p>ty be=e "o's own wisdom1 & 
( answ]+  e "q conc]n+ ! public welf>e 9
 su* a way z to fill !  sails ( ! p>ty )
 a fav\rable gu/ ( w9d4 8,we mu/ take t 
view  ( a subject :i* ! position ( our  

p>ty calls =0--su* w\ld be !  canon4 ,9 
! s]vice ( su* morals we may n[ behold e
 k9d (  sacrifice1 ev5 m>tyrdom &       
conque/ ov] "o's self4          #ahd4   
,,! ,,/ate ,,z ,a ,,production ,,(      
,,an>*i/s4--,9 c\ntries inhabit$ by     
tractable m5 !re are always a few       
backslid]s & intractable p4  ,= ! pres5t
 ! latt] h jo9$ ! ,sociali/s m ?an any  
o!r  p>ty4 ,if x %\ld happ5 t ^! p once 
come to h ! mak+  ( ! laws1 !y may be   
reli$ ^u to impose iron *a9s ^u         
!mselves1 & to practise a dreadful      
discipl9e1--!y "k !mselves6  & !y w     
endure ^! h>% laws ) ! k t !y  !mselves 
h impos$ !m--! feel+ ( p[] & ( ?is      
p>ticul>  p[] w be too rec5t among !m & 
too attractive = !m n to  suff] any?+ = 
its sake4          #ahe4                
,,begg>s4--,begg>s ought to be          
suppress$2 because we get angry bo? :5  
we  help !m & :5 we d n4          #ahf4 
,,bus9ess ,,m54--,y\r bus9ess is y\r    
greate/ prejudice1 x b9ds y to  y\r     
locality1 y\r society & y\r ta/es4      

,dilig5t 9 bus9ess b lazy  9 ?\ght1     
satisfi$ ) y\r paltr9ess & ) ! cloak (  
duty  conceal+ ?is cont5tm5t3 ?us y     
live1 & ?us y l y\r  *ildr5 to be4      
#ahg4      ,a ,,possible ,,future4--,is 
x impossible = u to imag9e a social /ate
 9  :i* ! crim9al w publicly d5\nce     
himself & dictate 8 own  puni%m5t1 9 !  
pr\d feel+ t he is ?us hon\r+ ! law :i* 
he himself has made1 t he is ex]cis+ 8  
p[]1 ! p[] ( a  lawmak]1 9 ?us puni%+   
himself8 ,he may (f5d = once1 b by 8    
own volunt>y puni%m5t he raises himself 
above 8 (f5ce1 & n only  expiates x by 8
 frankness1 greatness1 & calmness1 b    
adds to x a  public b5efit4--,su* w\ld  
be ! crim9al ( a possible future1 a     
crim9al :o w\ld1 x is true1 presuppose a
 future legislation bas$ ^u  ?is        
fundam5tal idea3 8,i yield 9 great ?+s z
 well z 9 small only  to ! law :i* ,i   
myself h made40 ,h[ _m exp]im5ts mu/ yet
 be  made6 ,h[ _m futures h yet to dawn 
^u mank9d6          #ahh4               
,,/imulants ,,& ,,food4--,nations are   

deceiv$ s (t5 because !y are always     
look+ = a deceiv]1 i4e4 a /imulat+ w9e =
 _! s5ses4 ,:5  !y c only h ?is w9e !y  
are glad to put up ev5 ) inf]ior  bread4
 ,intoxication is to !m m ?an           
nutrim5t--?is is ! bait )  :i* !y always
 let !mselves be caught6 ,:at1 to !m1   
are m5 *os5  f among !mselves--al?\gh !y
 may be ! mo/ exp]t speciali/s--z       
comp>$ ) ! brilliant conqu]ors1 or      
anci5t & magnific5t  pr9cely h\ses6 ,9  
ord] t he may inspire !m ) fai?1 !      
demagogue mu/ at lea/ exhibit to !m a   
prospect ( conque/ &  spl5d\r4 ,p w     
always obey1 & ev5 d m ?an obey1 provid$
  t !y c become intoxicat$ 9 do+ s4 ,we 
may n ev5 (f] !m  repose & pleasure )\t 
?is laurel cr[n & its madd5+ influ5ce4  
,?is vulg> ta/e :i* ascribes great]     
importance to intoxication ?an          
nutrition did n by any means orig9ate 9 
! l[] ranks ( !  population3 x 01 on !  
contr>y1 transplant$ !re1 & on ?is      
backw>d soil x gr[s 9 great abundance1  
:il/ its real orig9 mu/ be  s\ght among/

 ! highe/ intellects1 :]e x fl\ri%$ =   
?\s&s  ( ye>s4 ,! p is ! la/ virg9 soil 
^u :i* ?is brilliant  we$ c gr[4 ,well1 
!n1 is x really to ! p t we %\ld  entru/
 politics 9 ord] t !y may !reby h _!    
daily  intoxication8          #ahi4     
,,high ,,politics4--,:atev] may be !    
influ5ce 9 high politics (              
utilit>ianism & ! vanity ( individuals &
 nations1 ! %>pe/  spur :i* urges !m    
onw>ds is _! ne$ = ! feel+ ( p[]--a  ne$
 :i* rises n only 9 ! s\ls ( pr9ces &   
rul]s1 b also  gu%es =? f "t to "t f    
inexhau/ible s\rces 9 ! p4  ,! "t comes 
aga9 & aga9 :5 ! masses are ready to    
/ake _!  lives & _! =tunes1 _!          
consci5ces & _! virtue1 9 ord]  t !y may
 secure t highe/ ( all enjoym5ts & rule 
z a  victori\s1 tyrannical1 & arbitr>y  
nation ov] o!r nations 7or at all  ev5ts
 ?9k t !y d74    ,on occasions su* z ^!1
 feel+s ( prodigality1 sacrifice1 hope1 
confid5ce1 extraord9>y audacity1 &      
en?usiasm w bur/ =? s  abundantly t a   
sov]eign :o is ambiti\s or f>-sight$ w  

be able  to seize ! opportunity = mak+  
w>1 c\nt+ ^u ! good consci5ce  ( 8 p to 
hide 8 inju/ice4 ,great conqu]ors h     
always giv5  utt]ance to ! pa!tic       
language ( virtue2 !y h always be5      
surr\nd$ by cr[ds ( p :o felt !mselves1 
z x 71 9 a /ate  ( exaltation & w\ld    
li/5 to none b ! mo/ elevat$ oratory4 ,!
  /range madness ( moral judgm5ts6 ,:5  
man exp]i5ces ! s5sation (  p[] he feels
 & calls himself good2 & at exactly !   
same "t !  o!rs :o h to endure 8 p[]    
call him evil6--,hesiod1 9 8 fable (  ! 
epo*s ( man1 has twice 9 succession     
depict$ ! same epo*1 t  ( ! h]oes (     
,hom]1 & has ?us made two epo*s out (   
"o3 to ^?  :o liv$ "u ! t]rible iron    
heel ( ^? adv5tur\s despots1 or  _h he>d
 _! ance/ors speak ( !m1 ! epo* appe>$  
to be evil2  b ! desc5dants ( ^?        
*ivalric races wor%ipp$ x z ! 8good  old
 times10 & z an almo/ ideally blissful  
age4 ,! poet c\ld ?us n  help do+ :at he
 did1--8 audi5ce probably includ$ !     
desc5dants (  bo? races4          #aij4 

,,=m] ,,g]man ,,culture4--,:5 ! ,g]mans 
began to int]e/ o!r ,european  nations1 
:i* is n s v long ago1 x 0 ow+ to a     
culture :i*  !y no long] possess to-day1
 & :i* !y h inde$ %ak5 (f )  a bl9d     
ard\r1 z if x _h be5 "s disease2 & yet  
!y h n be5  able to replace x by any?+  
bett] ?an political & national lunacy4  
,!y h 9 ?is way succe$$ 9 becom+ ev5 m  
int]e/+ to o!r  nations ?an !y 7 =m]ly  
?r\gh _! culture3 & may t  satisfy !m6  
,x is nev]!less und5iable t ?is ,g]man  
culture has  fool$ ,europeans1 & t x did
 n des]ve ! int]e/ %[n 9 x1  & mu* less 
! imitation & emulation display$ by o!r 
nations 9  try+ to rival x4    ,let u   
look back = a mom5t ^u ,s*ill]1 ,wilhelm
 von ,humboldt1  ,s*lei]ma*]1 ,hegel1 & 
,s*ell+2 let u read _! correspond5ce &  
m+le = a "t ) ! l>ge circle ( _!        
foll[]s3 :at h !y  9 common1 :at        
*>act]i/ics h !y1 t fill u1 z we are n[1
  p>tly ) a feel+ ( nausea & p>tly )    
pitiful & t\*+  emotions8 ,fir/ & =emo/1
 ! passion = appe>+ at all co/s to be   

morally exalt$1 & !n ! desire = giv+    
utt]ance to brilliant1  feeble1 &       
inconsequ5tial rem>ks1 toge!r ) _! fix$ 
purpose (  look+ ^u ev]y?+ 7*>act]s1    
passions1 times1 cu/oms7 z              
beautiful--8beautiful10 alas1 9         
accordance ) a bad & vague ta/e1  :i*   
nev]!less pret5d$ to be ( ,hell5ic      
orig94 ,we behold 9 ^!  p a weak1       
good-natur$1 & gli/5+ idealism1 :i*1    
above all1  wi%$ to exhibit noble       
attitudes & noble voices1 some?+ at once
  presumptu\s & in(f5sive1 & animat$ by 
a cordial av]sion to 8cold0  or 8dry0   
reality--z also to anatomy1 complete    
passions1 & e k9d (  philosophical      
cont95ce & scepticism1 b especially     
t[>ds !  k ( nature 9 s f> z x 0        
impossible to use x z religi\s          
symbolism4    ,goe!1 9 8 own *>act]i/ic 
fa%ion1 obs]v$ f af> ^!  movem5ts (     
,g]man culture3 plac+ himself beyond _! 
influ5ce1  g5tly remon/rat+1 sil5t1 m & 
m confirm$ 9 8 own bett]  c\rse4 ,a     
little lat]1 & ,s*op5hau] also 0 an     

obs]v] ( ^!  movem5ts--a great deal ( ! 
_w & devilry ( ! _w _h aga9  be5 reveal$
 to him1 & he spoke ( x bo? r\ghly &    
en?usia/ically1 = !re is a c]ta9 beauty 
9 ?is devilry6 ,& :at  0 x1 !n1 t really
 s$uc$ ! =eign]s & prev5t$ !m f  view+  
?is movem5t z did ,goe! & ,s*op5hau]1   
or1 bett]1 f  ignor+ x altoge!r8 ,x 0 t 
fa9t lu/re1 t inexplicable  />light :i* 
=m$ a my/]i\s halo ar\nd ?is culture4 ,!
  =eign]s said to !mselves3 8,?is is all
 v v remote f u2 our  sight1 he>+1      
und]/&+1 enjoym5t1 & p[]s ( valuations  
are  lo/ "h1 b 9 spite ( t !re may be "s
 />s6 ,!re may be  some?+ 9 x6 ,is x    
possible t ! ,g]mans h quietly discov]$ 
"s corn] ( heav5 & settl$ !re8 ,we mu/  
try to come ne>] to  ^! ,g]mans40 ,s !y 
did beg9 to come ne>] to ! ,g]mans1 :ile
 n  s v long aft]w>ds ! ,g]mans put     
!mselves to "s tr\ble to get  rid ( ?is 
/>light halo3 !y knew only too well t !y
 _h n be5  9 heav51 b only 9 a cl\d6    
#aia4      ,,bett] ,,m54--,!y tell me t 
our art is meant = ! m5 ( ! pres5t  day1

 ^! gre$y1 unsatisfi$1 undiscipl9$1     
disgu/$1 & h>ass$  spirits1 & t x       
exhibits to !m a picture ( happ9ess1    
exaltation1  & unworldl9ess beside t (  
_! own brutality1 s t = once  !y may    
=get & brea! freely2 nay1 p]haps f9d t  
!y may d]ive  "s enc\ragem5t t[>ds      
flight & conv]sion f t oblivion4 ,poor  
arti/s1 ) su* a public z ?is2 half ( ^: 
?\ghts require !  att5tion ( a prie/1 & 
! o!r half ! att5tion ( an ali5i/6  ,h[ 
mu* happi] 0 ,corneille--8,our great    
,corneille60 z ,madame de ,svign        
exclaim$1 ) ! acc5t ( a woman 9 !       
pres5ce ( a :ole man1--h[  f> sup]ior 0 
8 audi5ce1 :i* he c\ld please ) pictures
 (  *ivalric virtues1 /rict duty1 g5]\s 
devotion1 & h]oic self-d5ial6  ,h[      
diff]5tly did he & !y love exi/5ce1 n z 
com+ f bl9d  & confus$ 8w10 :i* we curse
 because we _c de/roy x2 b  lov+ exi/5ce
 z a place1 s to speak1 :]e greatness   
jo9$ )  humanity is possible1 & :]e ev5 
! greate/ re/ra9t ( =m1 su*  z          
submission to ! caprice ( prie/s &      

pr9ces1 c\ld n suppress  ei!r ! pride1  
*ivalric feel+1 ! grace or ! intellect (
  individuals1 b c\ld1 on ! contr>y1 be 
felt z a *>m & inc5tive1  z a welcome   
contra/ to innate self-glorification &  
di/9ction & !  inh]it$ p[] ( volition & 
passion4          #aib4      ,,!        
,,desire ,,= ,,p]fect ,,oppon5ts4--,x _c
 be d5i$ t ! ,fr5* h  be5 ! mo/ ,*ri/ian
 nation 9 ! _w1 n because ! devotion (  
masses 9 ,france has be5 great] ?an     
else:]e1 b because ^?  ,*ri/ian ideals  
:i* are mo/ difficult to realise h      
become  inc>nat$ "h in/ead ( m]ely      
rema9+ fancies1 int5tions1 or  imp]fect 
beg9n+s4 ,take ,pascal1 = example1 !    
greate/ ( all  ,*ri/ians 9 8 comb9ation 
( ard\r1 intellect1 & hone/y1 &  consid]
 :at elem5ts _h to be comb9$ 9 8 case6  
,take ,fnelon1 !  mo/ p]fect &          
attractive embodim5t ( ecclesia/ical    
culture 9 all  its p[]3 a sublime gold5 
mean ( :om a hi/orian w\ld be tempt$ to 
prove ! impossibility1 :il/ 9 reality he
 0 m]ely ! p]fection (  some?+ exce$+ly 

difficult & improbable4 ,take ,madame de
 ,guyon among  h] companions1 ! ,fr5*   
,quieti/s3 & ev]y?+ t ! eloqu5ce  &     
ard\r ( ! ,apo/le ,paul has endeav\r$ to
 div9e ) reg>d to  ! ,*ri/ian's /ate (  
semi-div9ity1 ?is mo/ sublime1 lov+1    
sil5t1  & ec/atic /ate is se5 v]ifi$ 9  
h]1 )\t1 h[ev]1 t ,jewi%  obtrusiv5ess t
 ,paul %[$ t[>ds ,god--due 9 ! case (   
,madame de  ,guyon to ! real old ,fr5*  
artlessness 9 words & ge/ures1          
artlessness at once womanly1 subtle1 &  
di/+ui%$4 ,consid]1 aga91  ! f\nd] ( !  
,trappi/s--! la/ p]son :o really took   
s]i\sly !  ascetic ideal ( ,*ri/ianity1 
n because he 0 an exception among       
,fr5*m51 b because he 0 a true ,fr5*man3
 = up to our own day 8  gloomy          
organisation has n be5 able to          
acclimatise itself & to  prosp]1 except 
among ,fr5*m52 & x has foll[$ !m into   
,alsace &  ,alg]ia4    ,let u n =get !  
,hugu5ots1 ei!r3 t comb9ation ( a m>tial
 &  indu/rial _s1 ref9$ mann]s &        
,*ri/ian sev]ity1 has nev] be5  m       

beautifully exhibit$4 ,& x 0 at ,port   
,royal t ! great  ,*ri/ian erudition    
beheld its la/ era ( prosp]ity2 & 9     
,france m  ?an any:]e else great m5 "k  
h[ to prosp]4 ,?\gh n at all            
sup]ficial1 a great ,fr5*man has always 
8 app>5t sup]ficiality2--he  has1 s to  
speak1 a natural sk9 = 8 real cont5ts & 
dep?1--:ile1  on ! o!r h&1 ! dep? ( a   
great ,g]man is g5]ally1 z x 71  clos$  
up 9 an ugly-%ap$ box1 l an elixir1 :i*1
 by means ( a h>d  & curi\s cov]+1      
endeav\rs to pres]ve itself f ! light ( 
day  & ! t\* ( ?\ghtless h&s4 ,& n[ let 
u endeav\r to f9d out  :y a p l ! ,fr5*1
 s prolific 9 p]fect types ( ,*ri/ians1 
likewise necess>ily br\ght =? ! p]fect  
contr>y types1 ^? (  un*ri/ian          
free-?\ght6 ,! ,fr5* free-?9k]1 9 8 own 
inw>d  be+1 _h to fight aga9/ truly     
great m51 & n1 l !  free-?9k]s ( o!r    
nations1 m]ely aga9/ dogmas & sublime   
abortions4          #aic4      ,,esprit 
,,& ,,morals4--,! ,g]man1 :o possesses !
 secret ( kn[+ h[  to be t$i\s 9 spite (

 wit1 k1 & feel+1 & :o has  habituat$   
himself to consid] t$i\sness z moral1 is
 9 dread 9 !  pres5ce ( ,fr5* esprit le/
 x %\ld te> out ! eyes (  morality--b a 
dread m+l$ ) 8fasc9ation10 l t exp]i5c$ 
by  ! little bird 9 ! pres5ce ( !       
rattlesnake4 ,among/ all !  celebrat$   
,g]mans none possess$ m esprit ?an      
,hegel1 b he also  _h t great ,g]man    
dread ( x :i* br\ght ab\t 8 peculi> &   
defective /yle4 ,= ! nature ( ?is /yle  
resembles a k]nel1 :i* is  wrapp$ up s  
_m times 9 an out] cov]+ t x c sc>cely  
peep  ?r\gh1 n[ & !n glanc+ =? ba%fully 
& inquisitively1 l  8"y wom5 peep+ ?r\gh
 _! veils10 to use ! words ( t old      
woman-hat]1 s*ylus4 ,?is k]nel1 h[ev]1  
is a witty ?\gh (t5  imp]t95t joke on   
intellectual subjects1 a subtle & d>+   
comb9ation  ( words1 su* z is necess>y 9
 a society ( ?9k]s z gild+ = a          
sci5tific pill--b1 envelop$ z x is 9 an 
almo/ imp5etrable cov]1  x exhibits     
itself z ! mo/ ab/ruse sci5ce1 &        
likewise z ! wor/  possible moral       

t$i\sness4 ,"h ! ,g]mans _h a p]missible
 =m (  esprit & !y revell$ 9 x ) su*    
b\ndless delight t ev5  ,s*op5hau]'s    
unusually f9e und]/&+ c\ld n grasp      
x--dur+ !  :ole ( 8 life he ?und]$ aga9/
 ! spectacle t ! ,g]mans  (f]$ to him1 b
 he c\ld nev] expla9 x4          #aid4  
,,vanity ,,( ,,! ,,tea*]s ,,(           
,,morals4--,! relatively small success  
:i*  tea*]s ( morals h met ) may be     
expla9$ by ! fact t !y  want$ too mu* at
 once1 i4e4 !y 7 too ambiti\s & too fond
 (  lay+ d[n precepts = ev]ybody4 ,9 o!r
 words1 !y 7 beat+ !  air & mak+ spee*es
 to animals 9 ord] to turn !m into m52  
:at  wond]1 !n1 t ! animals ?\ght ?is   
t$i\s6 ,we %\ld r  *oose limit$ circles 
& endeav\r to f9d & promote morals = !m3
  = in/ance1 we %\ld make spee*es to    
wolves ) ! object ( turn+  !m into dogs2
 b1 above all1 ! greate/ success w rema9
 = !  man :o does n seek to educate ei!r
 ev]ybody or c]ta9 limit$  circles1 b   
only "o s+le individual1 & :o _c be     
turn$ to !  "r or left f 8 /raight      

purpose4 ,! la/ c5tury 0 sup]ior to     
ours precisely because x possess$ s _m  
individually educat$ m51 z  well z      
educators 9 ! same proportion1 :o _h    
made ?is _! life's  task1 & :o ) ?is    
task 7 dignifi$ n only 9 _! own eyes b  
9 ^? ( all ! rema9+ 8good society40     
#aie4      ,,! ,,s-,,call$ ,,classical  
,,education4--,alas6 we discov] t our   
life is  consecrat$ to k & t we %\ld ?r[
 x away1 nay1 t we  %\ld ev5 h to ?r[ x 
away if ?is consecration did n protect u
  f ourselves3 we repeat ?is c\plet1 & n
 )\t deep emotion3          ,!e1 ,fate1 
,i foll[1 ?\gh ,i fa9 w\ld n1      ,&   
yet ,i mu/1 ) _m a sigh & groan6      ,&
 !n1 9 look+ backw>ds ov] ! c\rse ( our 
lives1 we discov]  t !re is "o ?+ t _c  
be re/or$ to u3 ! wa/$ p]iod  ( our y\?1
 :5 our tea*]s did n utilise ^! ard5t & 
eag]  ye>s to lead u to ! k ( ?+s1 b    
m]ely to ?is s-call$  8classical        
education06 ,only ?9k ( ?is wa/$ y\?1 :5
 we 7  inoculat$ clumsily & pa9fully )  
an imp]fect k ( !  ,greeks & ,romans z  

well z ( _! languages1 contr>y to !     
highe/  pr9ciple ( all culture1 :i*     
holds t we %\ld n give food except  to  
^? :o hung] = x6 ,?9k ( t p]iod ( our   
lives :5 we _h  ma!matics & physics =c$ 
d[n our ?roats1 in/ead ( be+ fir/ (  all
 made acqua9t$ ) ! despair ( ignorance1 
in/ead ( hav+ our  little daily life1   
our activities1 & ev]y?+ occurr+ 9 our  
h\ses1  our work%ops1 9 ! sky1 & 9      
nature1 split up into ?\s&s (  problems1
 pa9ful1 humiliat+ & irritat+           
problems--& ?us hav+ our  curiosity made
 acqua9t$ ) ! fact t we fir/ ( all      
require a  ma!matical & me*anical k be=e
 we c be all[$ to rejoice  9 ! absolute 
logic ( ?is k6 ,if we _h only be5 imbu$ 
)  rev]5ce = ^? bran*es ( sci5ce1 if we 
_h only be5 made to  tremble )          
emotion--7 x only = once--at ! /ruggles1
 ! defeats1  & ! r5ew$ combats ( ^?     
great m51 ( ! m>tyrdom :i* is !  hi/ory 
( pure sci5ce6 ,b1 on ! contr>y1 we 7   
all[$ to develop  a c]ta9 contempt = ^? 
sci5ces 9 fav\r ( hi/orical tra9+1  =mal

 education7#d7 & 8classicism40    ,& we 
all[$ ourselves to be s easily deceiv$6 
,=mal education6 ,might  we n h po9t$ to
 ! be/ tea*]s at our high s*ools & ask$ 
laugh+ly1 8,:]e !n d !y keep _! =mal    
education8 &1 if x is  want+ 9 !m1 h[ c 
!y tea* x80 ,& classicism6 ,did we get  
any (  t in/ruction :i* ! anci5ts us$ to
 imp>t to _! y\?8 ,did we  le>n to speak
 or to write l !m8 ,did we ceaselessly  
ex]cise  ourselves 9 t duel ( spee*1    
dialectic8 ,did we le>n to move z       
beautifully & pr\dly z !y did1 & to     
excel z !y did 9  wre/l+1 ?r[+1 & box+8 
,did we le>n any?+ ( t practical        
asceticism ( all ! ,greek philosoph]s8  
,did we receive any tra9+ 9 a  s+le     
anci5t virtue1 & 9 ! way 9 :i* ! anci5ts
 7 tra9$  9 x8 ,0 n all m$itation ^u    
morals want+ 9 our education8--,&  h[   
mu* m ! only possible criticism on !    
subject ( morality1  ^? c\rage\s & e>ne/
 attempts to live accord+ to ?is or t   
morality6 ,did our tea*]s ev] /ir up a  
feel+ 9 u :i* ! anci5ts  valu$ m highly 

?an mod]ns8 ,did !y 9 ! _s ( ! anci5ts  
indicate to u ! divisions ( ! day & (   
life1 & ^? aims by  :i* ! lives ( !     
anci5ts 7 guid$8 ,did we le>n ! anci5t  
languages z we n[ le>n ! mod]n ones1    
viz4 t we might speak !m  flu5tly &     
well8 ,n[h]e c we f9d a real pr(ici5cy  
or any new  faculty z ! result ( ^?     
toilsome ye>s6 only ! k ( :at  m5 _h    
le>nt & 7 able to d 9 pa/ ages6    ,&   
:at k6 ,no?+ becomes cle>] to me ye> by 
ye> ?an !  fact t ! entire ,greek &     
anci5t mode ( life1 h[ev] simple &      
evid5t x mu/ seem to our eyes1 is 9 tru?
 v difficult to  und]/&1 & ev5 sc>cely  
accessible1 & t ! cu/om>y ease )  :i* we
 babble ab\t ! anci5ts is ei!r giddy    
levity or ! old  h]$it>y conceit ( our  
?\ghtlessness4 ,we are deceiv$ by words 
&  ideas :i* appe> to resemble our own1 
b beh9d !m !re is always  conceal$ a    
feel+ :i* mu/ be /range1                
incompreh5sible1 or pa9ful to  our mod]n
 conceptions4 ,& ^! are realms 9 :i*    
boys are all[$ to  roam ab\t6 ,en\gh3 we

 roam$ ab\t !m 9 our *ildhood1 & !re we 
became seiz$ ) an almo/ in]adicable     
antipa?y = all antiquity1 !  antipa?y   
aris+ f an intimacy :i* 0 app>5tly too  
great6 ,= s  great is ! conceit ( our   
classical tea*]s1 :o w\ld almo/ make x  
appe> t !y _h ga9$ full control ov] !   
anci5ts1 t !y pass  on ?is conceit to _!
 pupils1 toge!r ) ! suspicion t su* a   
possession is ( little use = mak+ p     
happy1 b is good en\gh  = hone/1 fooli% 
old book-worms4 8,let !m brood ov] _!   
treasure3  x is well wor?y ( !m60--,x is
 ) ?is unexpress$ ?\ght t we  complet$  
our classical education4 ,x c't be *ang$
 n[--= u1 at all  ev5ts6 ,b let u n ?9k 
( ourselves alone6          #aif4       
,,! ,,mo/ ,,p]sonal ,,que/ions ,,(      
,,tru?4--,:at am ,i really do+1 & :at d 
,i mean by do+ x8 ,t is ! "q ( tru? :i* 
is n taught  "u our pres5t sy/em (      
education1 & consequ5tly n ask$1 because
  !re is no "t = x4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we h  
always "t &  incl9ation = talk+ nons5se 
) *ildr51 r ?an tell+ !m  ! tru?2 =     

flatt]+ wom5 :o w lat] on be mo!rs1 r   
?an  tell+ !m ! tru?2 & = speak+ ) "y m5
 ab\t _! future  & _! pleasures1 r ?an  
ab\t ! tru?6    ,b :at1 aft] all1 are   
sev5ty ye>s6--,"t passes1 & !y soon come
 to  an end2 x matt]s z little to u z x 
does to ! wave to "k h[ &  :i!r x is    
roll+6 ,no1 x might ev5 be wisdom n to  
"k x4    8,agre$2 b x %[s a want ( pride
 n ev5 to inquire into ! matt]2  our    
culture does n t5d to make p pr\d40     
8,s mu* ! bett]60    8,is x really80    
#aig4      ,,enmity ,,( ,,! ,,g]mans    
,,t[>ds ,,enlight5m5t4--,let u consid] !
  contributions :i* 9 ! fir/ half ( ?is 
c5tury ! ,g]mans made to  g5]al culture 
by _! intellectual "w4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 
let u  take ! ,g]man philosoph]s3 !y w5t
 back to ! fir/ & olde/ /age  (         
speculation1 = !y 7 cont5t ) conceptions
 in/ead (  explanations1 l ! ?9k]s (    
dreamy epo*s--a pre-sci5tific type (    
philosophy 0 ?us reviv$ by !m4          
,secondly1 we h ! ,g]man  hi/orians &   
romantici/s3 _! ef=ts on ! :ole aim$ at 

re/or+  to ! place ( hon\r c]ta9 old &  
primitive s5tim5ts1 especially          
,*ri/ianity1 ! 8s\l ( ! p10 folk-lore1  
folk-spee*1  m$ivalism1 ,ori5tal        
asceticism1 & ,h9duism4 ,9 ! ?ird place1
 !re  are ! natural philosoph]s :o f\ght
 aga9/ ! _s ( ,newton &  ,voltaire1 &1 l
 ,goe! & ,s*op5hau]1 endeav\r$ to       
re-e/abli%  ! idea ( a deifi$ or        
diabolis$ nature1 & ( its absolute      
e?ical  & symbolical mean+4 ,! ma9 g5]al
 t5d5cy ( ! ,g]mans 0  direct$ aga9/    
enlight5m5t & aga9/ ^? social           
revolutions :i*  7 /upidly mi/ak5 = !   
consequ5ces ( enlight5m5t3 ! piety      
t[>ds ev]y?+ t exi/$ tri$ to become     
piety t[>ds ev]y?+  t _h ev] exi/$1 only
 9 ord] t he>t & m9d might be  p]mitt$  
to fill !mselves & gu% =? aga91 ?us     
leav+ no space  = future & novel aims4  
,! cult ( feel+ took ! place ( ! cult  (
 reason1 & ! ,g]man musicians1 z ! be/  
expon5ts ( all t is  invisible1         
en?usia/ic1 leg5d>y1 & passionate1 %[$  
!mselves m  successful 9 build+ up ! new

 temple ?an all ! o!r arti/s 9  words & 
?\ghts4    ,if1 9 consid]+ ^! details1  
we h tak5 into acc\nt ! fact t  _m good 
?+s 7 said & inve/igat$1 & t _m ?+s h   
s9ce !n be5 m fairly judg$ ?an on any   
previ\s occasion1 !re  yet rema9s to be 
said ( ! :ole t x 0 a g5]al dang]1 & "o 
by no means small1 to set k altoge!r    
bel[ feel+ "u !  appe>ance ( an entire &
 def9itive acqua9tance ) ! pa/--&1 to   
use t expression ( ,kant1 :o ?us def9$ 8
 own p>ticul> task--8,to  make way aga9 
= belief by fix+ ! limits ( k40 ,let u  
once  m brea! freely1 ! h\r ( ?is dang] 
is pa/6 ,& yet1 /range to  say1 ! v     
spirits :i* ^! ,g]mans conjur$ up ) su* 
eloqu5ce  h at l5g? become ! mo/ dang]\s
 = ! int5tions ( ^? :o  did conjure !m  
up3 hi/ory1 ! compreh5sion ( orig9 &    
developm5t1  sympa?y ) ! pa/1 ! new     
passion = feel+ & k1 aft]  !y _h be5 = a
 long "t at ! s]vice ( ?is obscure      
exalt$ &  retrograde _s1 h once m assum$
 ano!r nature1 & are n[  so>+ )         
out/ret*$ w+s above ! heads ( ^? :o once

 ^u a  "t conjur$ !m =?1 z new & /rong] 
g5ii ( t v  enlight5m5t to combat :i* !y
 _h be5 resuscitat$4 ,x is ?is          
enlight5m5t :i* we h n[ to c>ry         
=w>d1--c>+ no?+ = !  fact t !re has be5 
& /ill is 8a great revolution10 & aga9 a
  great 8reaction0 aga9/ x3 ^! are b    
playful cre/s ( foam :5  comp>$ ) !     
truly great curr5t on :i* we float1 &   
want to  float4          #aih4          
,,assign+ ,,pre/ige ,,to ,,"o',s        
,,c\ntry4--,x is ! m5 ( culture :o      
det]m9e ! rank ( _! c\ntry1 & !y are    
*>act]is$ by an  innum]able numb] (     
great inw>d exp]i5ces1 :i* !y h dige/$  
& c n[ value ju/ly4 ,9 ,france & ,italy 
?is fell to ! lot ( !  nobility2 9      
,g]many1 :]e up to n[ ! nobility has    
be51 z a rule1  compos$ ( m5 :o _h n mu*
 intellect to boa/ ab\t 7p]haps ?is  w  
soon cease to be ! case71 x 0 ! task ( !
 prie/s1 !  s*ool tea*]s & _!           
desc5dants4          #aii4      ,,we    
,,are ,,nobl]4--,fidelity1 g5]osity1    
conc]n = "o's good reputation3  ^! ?ree 

qualities1 comb9$ 9 "o s5tim5t1 we call 
noble1  di/+ui%$1 ari/ocratic2 & 9 ?is  
respect we excel ! ,greeks4 ,we  d n wi%
 to give ?is up at any co/ "u ! pretext 
t ! anci5t  objects ( ^! virtues h      
rightly fall5 9 e/eem1 b we wi%         
cauti\sly to sub/itute new objects = ^! 
mo/ preci\s &  h]$it>y impulses4 ,to    
und]/& :y ! s5tim5ts ( ! noble/  ,greeks
 mu/ be consid]$ z inf]ior & sc>cely    
respectable 9 !  pres5t age1 :]e we are 
/ill "u ! influ5ce ( ! *ivalric &       
feudal nobility1 we mu/ recall ! words (
 consolation to :i* ,ulysses  gave      
utt]ance 9 ! mid/ ( ! mo/ humiliat+     
situations1 8,be> )  x1 my de> he>t1 be>
 ) x6 ,?\ ha/ borne ) _m m sw9i%        
?+s7#e7 ?an ^!60 ,z an in/ance ( ?is    
my?ical example1 consid]  also ! tale ( 
t ,a!nian (fic]1 :o1 :5 ?reat5$ ) a /ick
  by ano!r (fic] 9 ! pres5ce ( ! entire 
g5]al /aff1 %ook (f  8 disgrace ) !     
words1 8,/rike1 b li/5 to me40 7,?is 0  
,!mi/ocles1 t +5i\s ,ulysses ( !        
classical epo*1 :o 0 j  ! man at ! mom5t

 ( disgrace to address to 8 8de> he>t0 t
  v]se ( com=t & affliction47    ,!     
,greeks 7 f> f mak+ light ( life & dea? 
because ( an  insult1 z we1 influ5c$ by 
a h]$it>y _s ( *ivalric  adv5tur\sness &
 self-devotion1 are 9 ! habit ( do+2 or 
f  look+ = opportunities ( hon\rably    
risk+ life & dea?1 z 9  duels2 or f     
valu+ ! pres]vation ( an un/a9$ "n      
7hon\r7 m  ?an ! acquirem5t ( an evil   
reputation1 :5 ! latt] 0 compatible  )  
glory & ! feel+ ( p[]2 or f rema9+      
fai?ful to !  prejudices & ! articles ( 
fai? ( a ca/e1 :5 ^! c\ld prev5t  !m f  
becom+ tyrants4 ,= ?is is ! ignoble     
secret ( ! good  ,greek ari/ocrat3 out (
 %e] jeal\sy he treats e "o ( ! memb]s  
( 8 ca/e z be+ on an equal foot+ )      
himself1 b he is ready at  e mom5t to   
spr+ l a tig] on 8 prey--despotism4 ,:at
 matt]  lies1 murd]s1 treason1 or !     
betrayal ( 8 native city to him6 ,ju/ice
  0 an extremely difficult matt] = p (  
?is k9d to  und]/&--nay1 ju/ice 0 almo/ 
some?+ incr$ible4 8,! j man0  0 to !    

,greeks :at 8! sa9t0 0 to ! ,*ri/ians4  
,:5 ,socrates1  h[ev]1 laid d[n ! axiom1
 8,! mo/ virtu\s man is ! happie/10  !y 
c\ld n tru/ _! e>s2 !y ?\ght !y _h he>d 
a madman  speak+4 ,=1 z a picture ( !   
happie/ man1 e nobleman _h 9 8  m9d !   
*eeky audacity & devilry ( ! tyrant :o  
sacrifices  ev]y?+ & e "o to 8 own      
exub]ance & pleasure4 ,among p  ^:      
imag9ation secretly rav$ ab\t su*       
happ9ess1 ! wor%ip ( !  ,/ate c\ld n1 ( 
c\rse1 h be5 too deeply implant$--b ,i  
?9k  t m5 ^: desire = p[] does n rage s 
bl9dly z t ( !  ,greek noblem5 no long] 
/& 9 ne$ ( su* idolatry ( ! ,/ate1 by   
means ( :i*1 9 pa/ ages1 su* a passion 0
 kept )9 due b\nds4          #bjj4      
,,endurance ,,( ,,pov]ty4--,!re is "o   
great advantage 9 noble extraction3 x   
makes u endure pov]ty bett]4            
#bja4      ,,! ,,future ,,( ,,!         
,,nobility4--,! be>+ ( ! ari/ocratic    
classes %[s  t1 9 all ! memb]s ( _! body
 ! consci\sness ( p[] is  cont9ually    
play+ its fasc9at+ game4 ,?us p (       

ari/ocratic  habits1 m5 or wom51 nev]   
s9k worn out into a *air2 :5 e "o  else 
makes himself com=table1 z 9 a tra91 =  
example1 !y avoid  recl9+ at _! ease2 !y
 d n appe> to get tir$ aft] /&+ at      
,c\rt = h\rs at a /ret*2 !y d n furni%  
_! h\ses 9 a  com=table mann]1 b 9 su* a
 way z to produce ! impression (  some?+
 gr& & impos+1 z if !y _h to s]ve z a   
resid5ce =  great] & tall] be+s2 !y     
reply to a provok+ spee* ) dignity  &   
cle>ness ( m9d1 & n z if sc&alis$1      
cru%$1 %am$1 or out  ( brea? 9 !        
plebeian fa%ion4 ,z ! ari/ocrat is able 
to pres]ve  ! appe>ance ( be+ possess$ (
 a sup]ior physical =ce :i* nev]  leaves
 him1 he likewise wi%es by 8 aspect (   
con/ant s]5ity &  civility (            
disposition1 ev5 9 ! mo/ try+           
circum/ances1 to convey  ! impression t 
8 m9d & s\l are equal to all dang]s &   
surprises4 ,a noble culture may         
resemble1 s f> z passions are conc]n$1  
ei!r a horseman :o takes pleasure 9 mak+
 8 pr\d & fi]y animal  trot 9 ! ,spani% 

fa%ion1--we h only to recollect ! age ( 
,l\is  ,,xiv41--or l ! rid] :o feels 8  
horse d>t away ) him l !  elem5tal =ces1
 to su* a degree t bo? horse & rid] come
 ne>  los+ _! heads1 b1 ow+ to !        
enjoym5t ( ! delight1 d keep  v cle>    
heads3 9 bo? ^! cases ?is ari/ocratic   
culture brea!s  p[]1 & if v (t5 9 its   
cu/oms only ! appe>ance ( ! feel+  ( p[]
 is requir$1 nev]!less ! real s5se (    
sup]iority cont9ues  con/antly to       
increase z ! result ( ! impression :i*  
?is display  makes ^u ^? :o are n       
ari/ocrats4    ,?is indisputable        
happ9ess ( ari/ocratic culture1 bas$ z x
 is on !  feel+ ( sup]iority1 is n[     
beg9n+ to rise to ev] high] levels2  =  
n[1 ?anks to ! free spirits1 x is h5ce=?
 p]missible & n  di%on\rable = p :o h   
be5 born & re>$ 9 ari/ocratic  circles  
to ent] ! doma9 ( k1 :]e !y may secure m
  intellectual consecrations & le>n     
*ivalric s]vices ev5 high] ?an  ^? ( =m]
 times1 & :]e !y may look up to t ideal 
(  victori\s wisdom :i* z yet no age has

 be5 able to set be=e itself  ) s good a
 consci5ce z ! p]iod :i* is ab\t to     
dawn4 ,la/ly1  :at is to be ! occupation
 ( ! nobility 9 ! future if x becomes  m
 evid5t f day to day t x is less & less 
indecorus to take  any "p 9 politics8   
#bjb4      ,,! ,,c>e ,,( ,,!            
,,heal?4--,we h sc>cely begun to devote 
any att5tion to  ! physiology (         
crim9als1 & yet we h already rea*$ !    
inevitable conclusion t betwe5 crim9als 
& madm5 !re is no really  ess5tial      
diff]5ce3 if we suppose t ! curr5t moral
 fa%ion (  ?9k+ is a heal?y way ( ?9k+4 
,no belief1 h[ev]1 is n[adays  m firmly 
believ$ 9 ?an ?is "o1 s we %\ld n !re=e 
%r9k  f draw+ ! inevitable conclusion & 
treat+ ! crim9al l a  lunatic--above    
all1 n ) haughty pitifulness1 b ) m$ical
 skill  & good w4 ,he may p]haps be 9   
ne$ ( a *ange ( air1 a *ange (  society1
 or tempor>y abs5ce3 p]haps ( solitude &
 new  occupations--v well6 ,he may      
p]haps feel t x w\ld be to 8  advantage 
to live "u surveillance = a %ort "t 9   

ord] ?us to  obta9 protection f himself 
& f a tr\blesome tyrannical  impulse--v 
well6 ,we %\ld make cle> to him !       
possibility & !  means ( cur+ him 7!    
ext]m9ation1 trans=mation1 & sublimation
 (  ^! impulses71 & also1 9 ! wor/      
cases1 ! improbability ( a  cure2 & we  
%\ld (f] to ! incurable crim9al1 :o has 
become a  useless burd5 to himself1 !   
opportunity ( committ+ suicide4 ,:ile   
hold+ ?is 9 res]ve z an extreme measure 
( relief1 we %\ld neglect  no?+ :i* w\ld
 t5d above all to re/ore to ! crim9al 8 
good  c\rage & fre$om ( _s2 we %\ld free
 8 s\l f all remorse1  z if x 7 some?+  
unclean1 & %[ him h[ he may atone = a   
wrong  :i* he may h done "s "o by       
b5efit+ "s "o else1 p]haps !  community 
at l>ge1 9 su* way t he might ev5 d m   
?an balance  8 previ\s (f5ce4    ,all   
?is mu/ be done ) ! greate/ tact6 ,!    
crim9al mu/1 above  all1 rema9 anonym\s 
or adopt an assum$ "n1 *ang+ 8 place (  
resid5ce frequ5tly1 s t 8 reputation &  
future life may suff] z  little z       

possible4 ,at ! pres5t "t x is true t ! 
man :o has  be5 injur$1 ap>t altoge!r f 
! mann] 9 :i* ?is injury might  be      
r$ress$1 wi%es = rev5ge 9 addition1 &   
applies to ! c\rts  t he may obta9 x--& 
?is is :y our dreadful p5al laws are    
/ill 9  =ce3 ,ju/ice1 z x 71 hold+ up a 
pair ( %opkeep]'s scales &  endeav\r+ to
 balance ! guilt by puni%m5t2 b c we n  
take a  /ep beyond ?is8 ,w\ld x n be a  
great relief to ! g5]al s5tim5t  ( life 
if1 :ile gett+ rid ( our belief 9 guilt1
 we c\ld also get  rid ( our old crav+ =
 v5geance1 & gradually come to believe t
  x is a ref9$ wisdom = happy m5 to     
bless _! enemies & to d good  to ^? :o h
 (f5d$ !m1 exactly 9 accordance ) ! _s (
  ,*ri/ian tea*+6 ,let u free ! _w f ?is
 idea ( s91 & take  c>e to ca/ out ) x !
 idea ( puni%m5t4 ,may ^! mon/r\s ideas 
h5ce=? live bani%$ f> f ! abodes (      
m5--if1 inde$1 !y mu/  live at all1 & d 
n p]i% f disgu/ ) !mselves4    ,let u n 
=get also1 h[ev]1 t ! injury caus$ to   
society & to  ! individual by ! crim9al 

is ( ! same species z t caus$ by  !     
sick3 = ! sick spread c>es & ill-hum\r2 
!y are  non-productive1 consume ! e>n+s 
( o!rs1 & at ! same "t  require         
att5dance1 doctors1 & support1 & !y     
really live on ! "t  & /r5g? ( ! heal?y4
 ,9 spite ( ?is1 h[ev]1 we %\ld         
designate z inhuman any "o :o1 = ?is    
reason1 w\ld wi% to wreak  v5geance on !
 sick4 ,9 pa/ ages1 inde$1 ?is 0        
actually done3 9  primitive conditions (
 society1 & ev5 n[ among c]ta9 savage   
peoples1 ! sick man is treat$ z a       
crim9al & z a dang] to !  community1 & x
 is believ$ t he is ! re/+-place ( c]ta9
  demoniacal be+s :o h ent]$ into 8 body
 z ! result ( "s  (f5ce he has          
committ$--^? ages & peoples hold t !    
sick are !  guilty6    ,& :at (         
ourselves8 ,are we n yet ripe = !       
contr>y conception8  ,%all we n be all[$
 to say1 8,! guilty are ! sick08 ,no2 ! 
h\r  = t has n yet come4 ,we /ill lack1 
above all1 ^? physicians :o  h le>nt    
some?+ f :at we h hi!rto call$ practical

 morals  & h trans=m$ x into ! art &    
sci5ce ( heal+4 ,we /ill lack  t int5se 
int]e/ 9 ^? ?+s :i* "s day p]haps may   
seem n  unlike ! 8/orm & /ress0 ( ^? old
 religi\s ec/asies4 ,!  ,*ur*es h n yet 
come into ! possession ( ^? :o look aft]
 our  heal?2 ! /udy ( ! body & ( diet>y 
are n yet among/ !  obligatory subjects 
taught 9 our prim>y & second>y s*ools2  
!re are  z yet no quiet associations (  
^? p :o are pl$g$ to "o  ano!r to d )\t 
! help ( law c\rts1 & :o r5\nce !       
puni%m5t & v5geance n[ met$ out to ^? :o
 h (f5d$ aga9/  society4 ,no ?9k] has z 
yet be5 d>+ en\gh to det]m9e ! heal?  ( 
society1 & ( ! individuals :o compose x1
 by ! numb] (  p>asites :i* x c support2
 & no /atesman has yet be5 f\nd to use  
! pl\gh%>e 9 ! _s ( t g5]\s & t5d] say+1
 8,if ?\  wilt till ! l&1 till x ) !    
pl\gh2 !n ! bird & ! wolf1  walk+ beh9d 
?y pl\gh1 w rejoice 9 !e--all creatures 
w rejoice  9 !e40          #bjc4        
,,aga9/ ,,bad ,,diet4--,fie ^u ! meals  
:i* p n[adays eat 9 hotels  & ev]y:]e   

else :]e ! well-(f classes ( society    
live6 ,ev5 :5  em95t m5 ( sci5ce meet   
toge!r _! tables groan "u ! weight  ( ! 
di%es1 9 accordance ) ! pr9ciple ( !    
bank]s3 !  pr9ciple ( too _m di%es & too
 mu* to eat4 ,! result ( ?is is  t d9n]s
 are prep>$ ) a view to _! m]e appe>ance
 r ?an  ! consequ5ces t may foll[ f eat+
 !m1 & t /imulat+  dr9ks are requir$ to 
help 9 driv+ away ! heav9ess 9 ! /oma*  
& 9 ! bra94 ,fie on ! dissolut5ess &    
extreme n]v\sness :i*  mu/ foll[ ^u all 
?is6 ,fie ^u ! dreams t su* repa/s br+6 
,fie ^u ! arts & books :i* mu/ be !     
des]t ( su* meals6  ,despite all ! ef=ts
 ( su* p _! acts w ta/e ( pepp] &       
ill-temp]1 or g5]al we>9ess6 7,! weal?y 
classes 9 ,engl& /& 9  great ne$ ( _!   
,*ri/ianity 9 ord] to be able to endure 
_! bad  dige/ions & _! heada*es47       
,f9ally1 to m5tion n only !  disgu/+ b  
also ! m pleasant side ( ! matt]1 ^! p  
are  by no means m]e gluttons3 our      
c5tury & its _s ( activity has m  p[]   
ov] ! limbs ?an ! belly4 ,:at !n is !   

mean+ ( ^!  banquets8 ,!y repres5t6 ,:at
 9 ,heav5's "n d !y repres5t8           
,rank8--no1 money6 ,!re is no rank n[6  
,we are all 8individuals06 b money  n[  
/&s = p[]1 glory1 pre-em95ce1 dignity1 &
 influ5ce2 money  at ! pres5t "t acts z 
a great] or less] moral prejudice = a   
man  9 proportion to ! am\nt he may     
possess4 ,nobody wi%es to hide x "u  a  
bu%el or display x 9 heaps on a table3  
h5ce money mu/ h "s  repres5tative :i* c
 be put on ! table--s behold our        
banquets6          #bjd4      ,,dan ,,& 
,,! ,,god ,,( ,,gold4--,:5ce arises ?is 
excessive impati5ce 9 our  day :i* turns
 m5 into crim9als ev5 9 circum/ances :i*
 w\ld be  m likely to br+ ab\t ! contr>y
 t5d5cy8 ,:at induces "o man to  use    
false weights1 ano!r to set 8 h\se on   
fire aft] hav+ insur$  x = m ?an its    
value1 a ?ird to take "p 9 c\nt]feit+1  
:ile  ?ree-f\r?s ( our upp] classes     
indulge 9 legalis$ fraud1 & suff]  f !  
pangs ( consci5ce t foll[ speculation & 
deal+s on !  ,/ock ,ex*ange3 :at gives  

rise to all ?is8 ,x is n real want1--=  
_! exi/5ce is by no means prec>i\s2     
p]haps !y h ev5 en\gh  to eat & dr9k )\t
 worry+1--b !y are urg$ on day & night  
by  a t]rible impati5ce at see+ _! weal?
 pile up s sl[ly1 & by an  equally      
t]rible long+ & love = ^! heaps ( gold4 
,9 ?is  impati5ce & love1 h[ev]1 we see 
re-appe> once m t fanaticism  ( ! desire
 = p[] :i* 0 /imulat$ 9 =m] times by !  
belief  t we 7 9 ! possession ( tru?1 a 
fanaticism :i* bore su*  beautiful names
 t we c\ld d>e to be inhuman ) a good   
consci5ce  7burn+ ,jews1 h]etics1 & good
 books1 & ext]m9at+ entire cultures     
sup]ior to ours1 su* z ^? ( ,p]u &      
,mexico74 ,! means ( ?is  desire = p[]  
are *ang$ 9 our day1 b ! same volcano is
 /ill  sm\ld]+1 impati5ce & intemp]ate  
love call = _! victims1 &  :at 0 once   
done 8= ! love ( ,god0 is n[ done = !   
love (  money1 i4e4 = ! love ( t :i* at 
pres5t af=ds u ! highe/  feel+ ( p[] & a
 good consci5ce4          #bje4      ,,!
 ,,p ,,( ,,israel4--,"o ( ! spectacles  

:i* ! next c5tury w  invite u to witness
 is ! decision reg>d+ ! fate ( !        
,european  ,jews4 ,x is q obvi\s n[ t !y
 h ca/ _! die & cross$  _! ,rubicon3 !  
only ?+ t rema9s = !m is ei!r to become 
ma/]s ( ,europe or to lose ,europe1 z !y
 once c5turies ago lo/  ,egypt1 :]e !y 7
 confront$ ) simil> alt]natives4 ,9     
,europe1  h[ev]1 !y h gone ?r\gh a      
s*ool+ ( eighte5 c5turies su* z  no o!r 
nation has ev] und]gone1 & ! exp]i5ces (
 ?is dreadful  "t ( probation h b5efit$ 
n only ! ,jewi% community b1 ev5  to a  
great] ext5t1 ! individual4 ,z a        
consequ5ce ( ?is1 !  res\rcefulness ( ! 
mod]n ,jews1 bo? 9 m9d & s\l1 is        
extraord9>y4 ,among/ all ! inhabitants (
 ,europe x is ! ,jews lea/  ( all :o try
 to escape f any deep di/ress by rec\rse
 to dr9k or to  suicide1 z o!r less     
gift$ p are s prone to d4 ,e ,jew c  f9d
 9 ! hi/ory ( 8 own family & ( 8        
ance/ors a long record  ( in/ances ( !  
greate/ coolness & p]sev]ance amid      
difficulties  & dreadful situations1 an 

artful cunn+ 9 fight+ ) mis=tune &      
haz>d4 ,& above all x is _! brav]y "u ! 
cloak ( wret*$  submission1 _! h]oic    
sp]n]e se sp]ni t surpasses ! virtues  (
 all ! sa9ts4    ,p wi%$ to make !m     
contemptible by treat+ !m contemptibly =
  ne>ly tw5ty c5turies1 & refus+ !m     
access to all hon\rable  positions &    
dignities1 & by pu%+ !m fur!r d[n into !
 mean]  trades--& "u ?is process inde$  
!y h n become any clean]4 ,b            
contemptible8 ,!y h nev] ceas$ = a mom5t
 f believ+  !mselves qualifi$ = ! v     
highe/ functions1 nor h ! virtues  ( !  
suff]+ ev] ceas$ to adorn !m4 ,_! mann] 
( hon\r+  _! p>5ts & *ildr51 !          
rationality ( _! m>riages &  m>riage    
cu/oms1 di/+ui%es !m among/ all         
,europeans4 ,besides ?is1  !y h be5 able
 to create = !mselves a s5se ( p[] &    
et]nal  v5geance f ! v trades t 7 left  
to !m 7or to :i* !y  7 ab&on$74 ,ev5 9  
palliation ( _! usury we _c help say+   
t1 )\t ?is occasional pleasant & useful 
torture inflict$ on  _! scorn]s1 !y w\ld

 h exp]i5c$ difficulty 9 pres]v+ _!     
self-respect = s long4 ,= our           
self-respect dep5ds ^u our ability to   
make reprisals 9 bo? good & evil ?+s4   
,nev]!less1 _! rev5ge  nev] urges !m on 
too f>1 = !y all h t lib]ty ( m9d1 &    
ev5 ( s\l1 produc$ 9 m5 by frequ5t      
*anges ( place1 climate1 &  cu/oms (    
neighb\rs & oppressors1 !y possess by f>
 ! greate/  exp]i5ce 9 all human        
int]c\rse1 & ev5 9 _! passions !y       
ex]cise ! caution :i* ?is exp]i5ce has  
develop$ 9 !m4 ,!y are  s c]ta9 ( _!    
intellectual v]satility & %rewdness t !y
  nev]1 ev5 :5 r$uc$ to ! dire/ /raits1 
h to e>n _! bread  by manual lab\r z    
common workm51 port]s1 or f>m h&s4 ,9 _!
  mann]s we c /ill see t !y h nev] be5  
inspir$ by *ivalric  & noble feel+s1 or 
t _! bodies h ev] be5 girt ) f9e        
weapons3 a c]ta9 obtrusiv5ess alt]nates 
) a submissiv5ess :i* is  (t5 t5d] &    
almo/ always pa9ful4    ,n[1 h[ev]1 t !y
 unavoidably int]-m>ry m & m ye> aft]   
ye> ) ! noble/ blood ( ,europe1 !y w    

soon h a consid]able  h]itage ( good    
intellectual & physical mann]s1 s t 9   
ano!r  hundr$ ye>s !y w h a suffici5tly 
noble aspect n to r5d]  !mselves1 z     
ma/]s1 ridicul\s to ^? :om !y w h       
subdu$4  ,& ?is is important6 & !re=e a 
settlem5t ( ! "q is /ill  premature4 ,!y
 !mselves "k v well t ! conque/ (       
,europe or  any act ( viol5ce is n to be
 ?\ght (2 b !y also "k t "s  day or o!r 
,europe may1 l a ripe fruit1 fall into  
_! h&s1 if !y  d n clut* at x too       
eag]ly4 ,9 ! meantime1 x is necess>y =  
!m  to di/+ui% !mselves 9 all dep>tm5ts 
( ,european di/9ction &  to /& 9 ! front
 rank3 until !y %all h advanc$ s f> z to
  det]m9e !mselves :at di/9ction %all   
mean4 ,!n !y w be call$  ! pione]s &    
guides ( ! ,europeans ^: mode/y !y w no 
long]  (f5d4    ,& !n :]e %all an outlet
 be f\nd = ?is abundant weal? ( great   
impressions accumulat$ dur+ su* an      
ext5d$ p]iod & repres5t+  ,jewi% hi/ory 
= e ,jewi% family1 ?is weal? ( passions1
 virtues1  resolutions1 resignations1   

/ruggles1 & conque/s ( all k9ds--:]e c  
x f9d an outlet b 9 great intellectual  
m5 & works6 ,on ! day :5  ! ,jews w be  
able to exhibit to u z _! own "w su*    
jewels &  gold5 vessels z no ,european  
nation1 ) its %ort] & less pr(\nd       
exp]i5ce1 c or c\ld produce1 :5 ,israel 
%all h *ang$ its  et]nal v5geance into  
an et]nal b5$iction = ,europe3 !n t     
sev5? day w once m appe> :5 old ,jehovah
 may rejoice 9 ,himself1  9 ,8 creation1
 9 ,8 *os5 p--& all1 all ( u1 w rejoice 
) ,him6          #bjf4      ,,!         
,,impossible ,,class4--,pov]ty1         
*e]fulness1 & indep5d5ce--x is  possible
 to f9d ^! ?ree qualities comb9$ 9 "o   
individual2  pov]ty1 *e]fulness1 &      
slav]y--?is is likewise a possible      
comb9ation3 & ,i c say no?+ bett] to !  
workm5 :o s]ve z  factory slaves2       
presum+ t x does n appe> to !m altoge!r 
to be  a %ameful ?+ to be utilis$ z !y  
are1 z ! screws ( a ma*9e  & ! /opgaps1 
z x 71 ( ! human _s ( inv5tion4 ,fie on 
!  ?\ght t m]ely by means ( high] wages 

! ess5tial "p ( _!  mis]y1 i4e4 _!      
imp]sonal enslavem5t1 might be remov$6  
,fie1 t  we %\ld all[ ourselves to be   
conv9c$ t1 by an increase ( ?is         
imp]sonality )9 ! me*anical work+ ( a   
new society1 ! disgrace  ( slav]y c\ld  
be *ang$ into a virtue6 ,fie1 t !re %\ld
 be a  regul> price at :i* a man %\ld   
cease to be a p]sonality & become a     
screw in/ead6 ,are y accomplices 9 !    
pres5t madness ( nations :i*  desire    
above all to produce z mu* z possible1 &
 to be z ri* z  possible8 ,w\ld x n be  
y\r duty to pres5t a c\nt]-claim to !m1 
& to %[ !m :at l>ge sums ( int]nal value
 are wa/$ 9 !  pursuit ( su* an ext]nal 
object8    ,b :]e is y\r int]nal value  
:5 y no long] "k :at x is to  brea!     
freely2 :5 y h sc>cely any comm& ov] y\r
 own selves1  & (t5 feel disgu/$ )      
y\rselves z ) "s /ale food2 :5 y        
zeal\sly /udy ! newspap]s & look        
envi\sly at y\r weal?y  neighb\r1 made  
covet\s by ! rapid rise & fall ( p[]1   
money1 &  op9ions2 :5 y no long] believe

 9 a philosophy 9 rags1 or 9 !  fre$om (
 _s ( a man :o has few ne$s2 :5 a       
volunt>y & idyllic  pov]ty )\t pr(ession
 or m>riage1 su* z %\ld suit ! m        
intellectual ones among y1 has become = 
y an object ( d]ision8 ,on  ! o!r h&1 ! 
pip+ ( ! ,sociali/ic rat-cat*]s :o wi%  
to  inspire y ) fooli% hopes is         
cont9ually s\nd+ 9 y\r e>s3 !y  tell y  
to be ready & no?+ fur!r1 ready f ?is   
day to ! next1  s t y wait & wait =     
some?+ to come f outside1 ?\gh  liv+ 9  
all o!r respects z y liv$ be=e--until   
?is wait+ is at  l5g? *ang$ into hung] &
 ?ir/ & fev] & madness1 & ! clay  ( !   
be/ia triumphans at la/ dawns 9 all its 
glory4 ,e "o (  y %\ld on ! contr>y say 
to himself3 8,x w\ld be bett] to        
emigrate  & endeav\r to become a ma/] 9 
new & savage c\ntries1 &  especially to 
become ma/] ov] myself1 *ang+ my place (
 abode  :5ev] ! lea/ sign ( slav]y      
?reat5s me1 endeav\r+ to avoid  nei!r   
adv5ture nor w>1 &1 if ?+s come to !    
wor/1 hold+  myself ready to die3 any?+ 

r ?an cont9u+ 9 ?is /ate (  disgraceful 
?raldom1 ?is bitt]ness1 malice &        
rebelli\sness60 ,?is  w\ld be ! prop]   
_s3 ! workm5 9 ,europe ought to make x  
cle>  t _! position z a class has become
 a human impossibility1 & n  m]ely1 z !y
 at pres5t ma9ta91 ! result ( "s h>d &  
aimless  arrangem5t ( society4 ,!y %\ld 
br+ ab\t an age ( great sw>m+  =? f !   
,european beehive su* z has nev] yet be5
 se51  prote/+ by ?is volunt>y & huge   
migration aga9/ ma*9es &  capital & !   
alt]natives t n[ ?reat5 !m ei!r ( becom+
  slaves ( ! ,/ate or slaves ( "s       
revolution>y p>ty4    ,may ,europe be   
fre$ f "o-f\r? ( h] inhabitants6 ,bo? %e
 & !y  w exp]i5ce a s5sation ( relief4  
,x is only f> 9 ! di/ance1 9  ! und]tak+
 ( va/ colonisations1 t we %all be able 
to obs]ve  h[ mu* rationality1 fairness1
 & heal?y suspicion "m ,europe has      
incorporat$ 9 h] sons--^! sons :o c\ld  
no long] endure life 9 !  home ( ! dull 
old woman1 always runn+ ! dang] ( becom+
 z  bad-temp]$1 irritable1 &            

pleasure-seek+ z %e h]self4 ,! ,european
  virtues w travel along ) ^! workm5 f> 
beyond ! b\nd>ies (  ,europe2 & ^? v    
qualities :i* on _! native soil _h begun
 to  deg5]ate into a dang]\s discont5t &
 crim9al incl9ations w1  :5 abroad1 be  
trans=m$ into a beautiful1 savage       
naturalness & w  be call$ h]oism2 s t at
 la/ a pur] air w\ld aga9 be waft$ ov]  
?is old1 ov]-populat$1 & brood+ ,europe 
( ours4 ,:at w\ld x  matt] if !re 0 a   
sc>city ( 8h&s08 ,p]haps p w\ld !n      
recollect t !y _h accu/om$ !mselves to  
_m wants m]ely because  x 0 easy to     
gratify !m--x w\ld be suffici5t to      
unle>n "s (  ^! wants6 ,p]haps also     
,*9am5 w\ld be call$ 91 & ^! w\ld  br+ )
 !m _! modes ( liv+ & ?9k+1 :i* w\ld be 
f\nd  v suitable = indu/ri\s ants4 ,!y  
w\ld also p]haps help to imbue  ?is     
fretful & re/less ,europe ) "s ( _!     
,asiatic calmness &  contemplation1     
&--:at is p]haps mo/ ne$ful ( all--_!   
,asiatic  /ability4          #bjg4      
,,! ,,attitude ,,( ,,! ,,g]mans ,,to    

,,morality4--,a ,g]man is capable (     
great  ?+s1 b he is unlikely to         
accompli% !m1 = he obeys :5ev] he  c1 z 
suits a naturally lazy intellect4 ,if he
 is ev] 9 ! dang]\s  situation ( hav+ to
 /& alone & ca/ aside 8 slo?1 :5 he f9ds
  x no long] possible to disappe> l a   
ciph] 9 a numb] 79 :i*  respect he is f>
 inf]ior to a ,fr5*man or an            
,engli%man71 he %[s 8  true /r5g?3 !n he
 becomes dang]\s1 evil1 deep1 &         
audaci\s1 &  exhibits to ! light ( day t
 weal? ( lat5t en]gy :i* he _h          
previ\sly c>ri$ hidd5 9 himself1 & 9 :i*
 no "o1 n ev5  himself1 _h ev] believ$4 
,:5 9 su* a case a ,g]man obeys         
himself--x  is v exceptional = him to d 
s--he does s ) ! same heav9ess1         
inflexibility1 & endurance ) :i* he     
obeys 8 pr9ce & p]=ms  8 (ficial duties3
 s t1 z ,i h said1 he is !n capable (   
great  ?+s :i* be> no relation to !     
8weak disposition0 he attributes to     
himself4    ,z a rule1 h[ev]1 he is     
afraid ( dep5d+ ^u himself alone1 he is 

afraid ( tak+ ! initiative3 t is :y     
,g]many uses up s _m  (ficials & s mu*  
ink4 ,light-he>t$ness is a /rang] to !  
,g]man2  he is too timid = x3 b 9       
entirely new situations :i* r\se him  f 
8 torpor he exhibits an almo/ frivol\s  
_s--he !n delights 9  ! novelty ( 8 new 
position z if x 7 "s intoxicat+ dr9k1 & 
he is1 z we "k1 q a connoisseur 9       
intoxication4 ,x ?us happ5s  t ! ,g]man 
( ! pres5t day is almo/ always frivol\s 
9 politics1  ?\gh ev5 "h he has !       
advantage & prejudice ( ?or\ghness &    
s]i\sness2 &1 al?\gh he may take full   
advantage ( ^! qualities  9 negotiations
 ) o!r political p[]s1 he nev]!less     
rejoices  inw>dly at be+ able = once 9 8
 life to feel en?usia/ic &  caprici\s1  
to %[ 8 fondness = innovations1 & to    
*ange p]sons1  p>ties1 & hopes z if !y 7
 masks4 ,^? le>n$ ,g]man s*ol>s1  :o    
hi!rto h be5 consid]$ z ! mo/ ,g]man (  
,g]mans1 7 &  p]haps /ill are z good z !
 ,g]man soldi]s on acc\nt ( _!  pr(\nd &
 almo/ *ildi% incl9ation to obey 9 all  

ext]nal ?+s1  & on acc\nt ( be+ (t5     
compell$ to /& alone 9 sci5ce & to      
answ] = _m ?+s3 if !y c only pres]ve _! 
pr\d1 simple1 &  pati5t disposition1 &  
_! fre$om f political madness at ^?     
times :5 ! w9d *anges1 we may yet expect
 great ?+s f !m--su*  z !y are or su* z 
!y 71 !y are ! embryonic /age (  some?+ 
high]4    ,s f> ! advantages &          
disadvantages ( ! ,g]mans1 includ+ ev5  
_! le>n$ m51 h be5 t !y 7 m giv5 to     
sup]/ition &  %[$ great] eag]ness to    
believe ?an any ( ! o!r nations2 _!     
vices are1 & always h be51 _! drunk5ness
 & suicidal  incl9ations 7! latt] a pro(
 ( ! clums9ess ( _! intellect1  :i* is  
easily tempt$ to ?r[ away ! re9s74 ,_!  
dang] is to be  s\ght 9 ev]y?+ t b9ds   
d[n ! faculties ( reason & un*a9s  !    
passions 7z1 = example1 ! excessive use 
( music & spirits71  = ! ,g]man passion 
acts contr>ily to its own advantage1 &  
is z  self-de/ructive z ! passions ( !  
drunk>d4 ,inde$1 ,g]man  en?usiasm is   
wor? less ?an t ( o!r nations1 = x is   

b>r54  ,:5 a ,g]man ev] did any?+ great 
x 0 done at a "t ( dang]1 or  :5 8      
c\rage 0 high1 ) 8 tee? firmly set & 8  
prud5ce on  ! al]t1 & (t5 en\gh 9 a fit 
( g5]osity4--,int]c\rse ) ^!  ,g]mans is
 inde$ advisable1 = almo/ e "o ( !m has 
some?+ to  give1 if we c only und]/& h[ 
to make him f9d x1 or r recov]  x 7= he 
is v untidy 9 /or+ away 8 k74    ,well3 
:5 p ( ?is type occupy !mselves )       
morals1 :at  precisely w be ! morality t
 w satisfy !m8 ,9 ! fir/ place1  !y w   
wi% to see idealis$ 9 _! morals _! s9c]e
 in/9ct =  ob$i5ce4 8,man mu/ h some?+  
:i* he c implicitly obey0--?is is  a    
,g]man s5tim5t1 a ,g]man d$uction2 x is 
! basis ( all ,g]man  moral tea*+4 ,h[  
diff]5t is ! impression1 h[ev]1 :5 we   
comp>e  ?is ) ! entire morality ( !     
anci5t _w6 ,all ^? ,greek  ?9k]s1 h[ev] 
v>i$ !y may appe> to u1 seem to         
resemble1 z  morali/s1 ! gymna/ic tea*] 
:o enc\rages 8 pupils by say+1  8,come1 
foll[ me6 ,submit to my discipl9e6 ,!n  
p]haps y may c>ry (f  ! prize f all !   

o!r ,greeks40 ,p]sonal di/9ction3 su* 0 
!  virtue ( antiquity4 ,submission1     
ob$i5ce1 :e!r public or private3  su* is
 ,g]man virtue4 ,long be=e ,kant set =? 
8 doctr9e ( !  ,categorical ,imp]ative1 
,lu!r1 actuat$ by ! same impulse1 said t
  !re surely mu/ be a be+ 9 :om man c\ld
 tru/ implicitly--x 0 8  pro( ( !       
exi/5ce ( ,god2 x 0 8 wi%1 co>s] & m    
popul>  ?an t ( ,kant1 t p %\ld         
implicitly obey a p]son & n an  idea1 & 
,kant also f9ally took 8 r\ndab\t r\te  
?r\gh morals  m]ely t he might secure   
ob$i5ce = ! p]son4 ,?is is inde$ !      
wor%ip ( ! ,g]man1 ! m s z !re is n[    
less wor%ip left 9  8 religion4    ,!   
,greeks & ,romans _h o!r op9ions on ^!  
matt]s1 & w\ld h  laugh$ at su* 8!re mu/
 be a be+03 x is "p ( ! boldness (  _!  
,s\!rn nature to take up a /& aga9/     
8implicit belief10 & to  reta9 9 _!     
inmo/ he>t a trace ( scepticism aga9/   
all & e  "o1 :e!r ,god1 man1 or idea4 ,!
 ?9k] ( antiquity w5t ev5  fur!r1 & said
 nil admir>i3 9 ?is phrase he saw       

reflect$ all  philosophy4 ,a ,g]man1    
,s*op5hau]1 goes s f> 9 ! contr>y       
direction  z to say3 admir>i id e/      
philosoph>i4 ,b :at if1 z happ5s n[ &   
!n1 ! ,g]man %\ld atta9 to t /ate ( m9d 
:i* w\ld enable  him to p]=m great ?+s8 
if ! h\r ( exception comes1 ! h\r (     
disob$i5ce8 ,i d n ?9k ,s*op5hau] is "r 
9 say+ t !  s+le advantage ! ,g]mans h  
ov] o!r nations is t !re are  m a!i/s   
among !m ?an else:]e2 b ,i d "k ?is3    
:5ev] !  ,g]man rea*es ! /ate 9 :i* he  
is capable ( great ?+s1 he  inv>iably   
raises himself above morals6 ,& :y %\ld 
he n8 ,n[ he has  some?+ new to d1 viz4 
to comm&--ei!r himself or o!rs6 ,b ?is  
,g]man morality ( 8 has n taught him h[ 
to comm&6 ,comm&+ has  be5 =gott5 9 x4  
,,book ,,iv4          #bjh4      ,a ,,"q
 ,,( ,,consci5ce4--8,n[1 9 summa1 tell  
me :at ?is new ?+ is  t y want40--8,we  
no long] wi% causes to be s9n]s &       
effects to be  execution]s40            
#bji4      ,,! ,,utility ,,( ,,!        
,,/ricte/ ,,!ories4--,p are indulg5t    

t[>ds a  man's moral weaknesses1 & 9 ?is
 connection !y use a co>se sieve1       
provid$ t he always pr(esses to hold !  
mo/ /rict moral !ories4  ,on ! o!r h&1 !
 lives ( free-?9k+ morali/s h always be5
  exam9$ closely ?r\gh a microscope1 9 !
 tacit belief t an error  9 _! lives    
w\ld be ! be/ argum5t aga9/ _!          
disagreeable  k47#f7          #baj4     
,,! 8,,?+ ,,9 ,,itself40--,we us$ to ask
 =m]ly3 ,:at is ! ridicul\s8--z  if !re 
7 some?+ above & beyond ourselves t     
possess$ !  quality ( provok+ laught]1 &
 we exhau/$ ourselves 9 try+ to  guess  
:at x 0 7a !ologian ev5 held t x might  
be 8! navet  ( s9074 ,at ! pres5t "t we 
ask3 ,:at is laught]8 h[ does x arise8  
,we h consid]$ ! po9t1 & f9ally rea*$ ! 
conclusion t  !re is no?+ :i* is good1  
beautiful1 sublime1 or evil 9 itself2 b 
r t !re are conditions ( s\l :i* lead u 
to attribute su*  qualities to ?+s      
outside ourselves & 9 u4 ,we h tak5 back
 _!  pr$icates f ?+s2 or we h at all    
ev5ts recollect$ t we h  m]ely l5t ! ?+s

 ^! pr$icates4 ,let u be c>eful t ?is   
insight does n cause u to lose ! faculty
 ( l5d+1 & t we d  n become at ! same "t
 weal?i] & m av>ici\s4          #baa4   
,,to ,,^? ,,:o ,,dream ,,(              
,,immortality4--,s y desire ! ev]la/+   
p]petuity ( ?is beautiful consci\sness (
 y\rselves8 ,is x n  %ameful8 ,d y =get 
all ^? o!r ?+s :i* w\ld 9 _! turn  h to 
support y = all et]nity1 j z !y h borne 
) y  up to ! pres5t ) m ?an ,*ri/ian    
pati5ce8 ,or d y ?9k t  y c inspire !m )
 an et]nally pleasant feel+ t[>ds       
y\rself8  ,a s+le immortal man on e>?   
w\ld imbue ev]yone ar\nd him ) su* a    
disgu/ = him t a g5]al epidemic ( murd] 
& suicide w\ld be  br\ght ab\t4 ,& yet1 
ye petty dwell]s on e>?1 ) y\r n>r[     
conceptions ( a few ?\s& little m9utes (
 "t1 ye w\ld wi% to be  an ev]la/+ burd5
 on ?is ev]la/+ univ]sal exi/5ce6 ,c\ld 
any?+ be m imp]t95t8 ,aft] all1 h[ev]1  
let u be indulg5t  t[>ds a be+ ( sev5ty 
ye>s3 he has n be5 able to ex]cise 8    
imag9ation 9 conceiv+ 8 own 8et]nal     

t$i\sness0--he _h n "t  en\gh = t6      
#bab4      ,,:]e9 ,,we ,,"k             
,,ourselves4--,z soon z "o animal sees  
ano!r x m5tally  comp>es itself ) x2 &  
m5 ( uncivilis$ ages did ! same4 ,!     
consequ5ce is t almo/ all m5 come to "k 
!mselves only z reg>ds  _! def5sive &   
(f5sive faculties4          #bac4       
,,m5 ,,^: ,,lives ,,h ,,be5             
,,failures4--,"s m5 are built ( su* /uff
 t  society is at lib]ty to d :at x     
likes ) !m--!y w d well 9  any case1 & w
 n h to compla9 ( hav+ fail$ 9 life4    
,o!r  m5 are =m$ ( su* peculi>          
mat]ial--x ne$ n be a p>ticul>ly  noble 
"o1 b simply r>]--t !y are sure to f>e  
ill except 9 "o  s+le in/ance3 :5 !y c  
live accord+ to _! own designs1--9 all  
o!r cases ! injury has to be borne by   
society4 ,= ev]y?+ t  seems to !        
individual to be a wa/$ or blight$ life1
 8 entire burd5  ( disc\ragem5t1        
p[]lessness1 sickness1 irritation1      
covet\sness1 is  attribut$ by him to    
society--& ?us a heavy1 vitiat$         

atmosph]e is  gradually =m$ r\nd        
society1 or1 9 ! mo/ fav\rable cases1 a 
?und]cl\d4          #bad4      ,,:at    
,,indulg5ce6--,y suff]1 & call ^u u to  
be indulg5t t[>ds y1  ev5 :5 9 y\r      
suff]+ y are unju/ t[>ds ?+s & m56 ,b   
:at does our indulg5ce matt]6 ,y1 h[ev]1
 %\ld take great]  precautions = y\r own
 sake6 ,t's a nice way ( comp5sat+      
y\rself  = y\r suff]+s1 by impos+ /ill  
fur!r suff]+ on y\r own  judgm5t6 ,y\r  
own rev5ge recoils ^u y\rselves :5 y />t
 revil+  some?+3 y dim y\r own eyes 9   
?is way1 & n ! eyes ( o!rs2  y accu/om  
y\rself to look+ at ?+s 9 ! wrong way1 &
 ) a  squ9t4          #bae4      ,,!    
,,morality ,,( ,,victims4--8,en?usia/ic 
sacrifice10 8self-immolation0--^!  are !
 cat*-words ( y\r morality1 & ,i will+ly
 believe t y1 z  y say1 8mean x         
hone/ly03 b ,i "k y bett] ?an y "k      
y\rselves1 if y\r 8hone/y0 is capable ( 
go+ arm 9 arm ) su* a  morality4 ,y look
 d[n f ! heights ( ?is morality ^u t o!r
  sob] morality :i* calls =             

self-control1 sev]ity1 & ob$i5ce2 y  ev5
 g s f> z to call x egoi/ic--& y are    
inde$ frank t[>ds  y\rselves 9 say+ t x 
displeases y--x mu/ displease y6 ,=1 9  
sacrific+ & immolat+ y\rselves ) su*    
en?usiasm1 y delight 9  ! intoxication (
 ! ?\ght t y are n[ "o ) ! p[]ful  be+1 
,god or man1 to :om y are consecrat+    
y\rselves3 y revel 9  ! feel+ ( 8 p[]1  
:i* is aga9 atte/$ by ?is sacrifice4    
,9 reality1 h[ev]1 y only appe> to      
sacrifice y\rselves2 = y\r  imag9ation  
turns y into gods & y enjoy y\rselves z 
su*4 ,judg$  f ! po9t ( view ( ?is      
enjoym5t1 h[ poor & feeble mu/ t  o!r   
8egoi/ic0 morality ( ob$i5ce1 duty1 &   
reason seem to y3 x  is displeas+ to y  
because 9 ?is in/ance true              
self-sacrifice &  self-surr5d] are call$
 =1 )\t ! victim ?9k+ himself to be     
trans=m$ into a god1 z y d4 ,9 a ^w1 y  
want intoxication &  excess1 & ?is      
morality :i* y despise takes up a /&    
aga9/  intoxication & excess--no wond] x
 causes y "s displeasure6          #baf4

      ,,evil ,,p ,,& ,,music4--,%\ld !  
full bliss ( love1 :i* consi/s 9        
unlimit$ confid5ce1 ev] h fall5 to ! lot
 ( p]sons o!r ?an  ^? :o are pr(\ndly   
suspici\s1 evil1 & bitt]8 ,= su* p      
enjoy 9 ?is bliss ! gigantic1 unlook$-=1
 & incr$ible exception  ( _! s\ls6 ,"o  
day !y are seiz$ ) t inf9ite1 dreamy    
s5sation :i* is entirely oppos$ to !    
rema9d] ( _! private &  public life1 l a
 delici\s enigma1 full ( gold5 spl5d\r1 
&  impossible to be describ$ by m]e     
words or similes4 ,implicit confid5ce   
makes !m spee*less--!re is ev5 a species
 ( suff]+ & heav9ess  9 ?is blissful    
sil5ce2 & ?is is :y s\ls t are ov]come )
  happ9ess g5]ally feel m grateful to   
music ?an o!rs & bett]  ones d3 = !y see
 & he> ?r\gh music1 z ?r\gh a col\r$    
mi/1  _! love becom+1 z x 71 m di/ant1 m
 t\*+1 & less  heavy4 ,music is ! only  
means t su* p h ( obs]v+ _!  extraord9>y
 condition & ( becom+ aw>e ( its pres5ce
 ) a  feel+ ( e/rangem5t & relief4 ,:5 !
 s\nd ( music rea*es !  e>s ( e lov] he 

?9ks3 8,x speaks ( me1 x speaks 9 my    
/ead2 x  kn[s ev]y?+60          #bag4   
,,! ,,arti/4--,! ,g]mans wi% to be      
transport$ by ! arti/ into a /ate  (    
dreamy passion2 by 8 aid ! ,italians wi%
 to re/ f _! real  passions2 ! ,fr5* wi%
 him to give !m an opportunity ( %[+ _! 
judgm5t & ( mak+ spee*es4 ,s let u be j6
          #bah4      ,,to ,,deal ,,l    
,,an ,,arti/ ,,) ,,"o',s                
,,weaknesses4--,if we mu/ positively h  
weaknesses & come 9 ! end to look ^u !m 
z laws beyond ourselves1  ,i wi% t      
ev]ybody may be possess$ ( z mu* arti/ic
 capacity z  w enable him to set (f 8   
virtues by means ( 8 weaknesses1 & to   
make u1 ?r\gh 8 weaknesses1 desir\s (   
acquir+ 8 virtues3 a  p[] :i* great     
musicians h possess$ 9 q an exceptional 
degree4  ,h[ frequ5tly d we notice 9    
,bee?ov5's music a co>se1 dogmatic1 &   
impati5t tone2 9 ,moz>t1 ! joviality (  
an hone/ man1 ^: he>t &  m9d h n ov]mu* 
to give u2 9 ,ri*>d ,wagn]1 an abrupt & 
aggressive re/lessness1 9 ! mid/ ( :i*1 

j z ! mo/ pati5t  li/5] is on ! po9t (  
los+ 8 temp]1 ! compos] rega9s 8  p[]s1 
& likewise ! o!rs4 ,?r\gh _! v          
weaknesses1 ^!  musicians h creat$ 9 u  
an ard5t desire = _! virtues1 & h  giv5 
u a palate :i* is t5 times m s5sitive to
 e note ( ?is  tuneful intellect1       
tuneful beauty1 & tuneful goodness4     
#bai4      ,,deceit ,,9                 
,,humiliation4--,by y\r fooli%ness y h  
done a great wrong to  y\r neighb\r &   
de/roy$ 8 happ9ess irretrievably--& !n1 
hav+  ov]come y\r vanity1 y humble      
y\rself be=e him1 surr5d] y\r           
fooli%ness to 8 contempt1 & fancy t1    
aft] ?is difficult sc5e1  :i* is an     
exce$+ly pa9ful "o = y1 ev]y?+ has be5  
set  "r1 t y\r own volunt>y loss ( hon\r
 comp5sates y\r neighb\r  = ! injury y h
 done to 8 happ9ess4 ,) ?is feel+ y take
  y\r leave com=t$1 believ+ t y\r virtue
 has be5 re-e/abli%$4    ,y\r neighb\r1 
h[ev]1 suff]s z int5sely z be=e4 ,he    
f9ds no?+  to com=t him 9 ! fact t y h  
be5 irrational & h told him  s3 on !    

contr>y1 he rememb]s ! pa9ful appe>ance 
y pres5t$ to  him :5 y 7 disp>ag+       
y\rself 9 8 pres5ce--x is z if ano!r    
w\nd _h be5 inflict$ on him4 ,he does n 
?9k ( rev5g+ himself1  h[ev]2 & _c      
conceive h[ a prop] balance c be /ruck  
betwe5  y & him4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 y h be5
 act+ t sc5e =  y\rself & be=e y\rself3 
y invit$ a witness to be pres5t1 n on  8
 acc\nt1 b on y\r own--don't deceive    
y\rself6          #bbj4      ,,dignity  
,,& ,,timidity4--,c]emonies1 (ficial    
robes & c\rt dresses1 grave  c\nt5ances1
 solemn aspects1 ! sl[ pace1 involv$    
spee*--ev]y?+1  9 %ort1 kn[n z          
dignity--are all pret5ces adopt$ by ^?  
:o are  timid at he>t3 !y wi% to make   
!mselves fe>$ 7!mselves or !  ?+s !y    
repres5t74 ,! fe>less 7i4e4 orig9ally ^?
 :o  naturally inspire o!rs ) awe7 h no 
ne$ ( dignity & c]emonies3  !y br+ into 
repute--or1 /ill m1 into                
ill-repute--hone/y &  /raight=w>d words 
& be>+1 z *>act]i/ics ( _!              
self-confid5t awefulness4          #bba4

      ,,! ,,morality ,,(                
,,sacrifice4--,! morality :i* is measur$
 by ! _s (  sacrifice is t ( a          
semi-civilis$ /ate ( society4 ,reason 9 
?is  in/ance ga9s a h>d-f\ght & bloody  
victory )9 ! s\l2 = !re  are p[]ful     
contr>y in/9cts to be ov]come4 ,?is _c  
be br\ght  ab\t )\t ! cruelty :i* !     
sacrifices to cannibal gods dem&4       
#bbb4      ,,:]e ,,fanaticism ,,is ,,to 
,,be ,,desir$4--,phlegmatic natures c be
 r5d]$  en?usia/ic only by be+          
fanaticis$4          #bbc4      ,,!     
,,dread$ ,,eye4--,no?+ is dread$ m by   
arti/s1 poets1 & writ]s  ?an ! eye :i*  
sees ?r\gh _! little deceptions &       
subsequ5tly  notices h[ (t5 !y h /opp$  
at ! b\nd>y :]e ! pa?s bran*  (f ei!r to
 innoc5t delight 9 !mselves or to !     
/ra9+ aft]  effect2 ! eye :i* *ecks !m  
:5 !y try to sell little ?+s  de>1 or :5
 !y try to exalt & adorn )\t be+ exalt$ 
!mselves2 ! eye :i*1 despite all !      
artifices ( _! art1 sees  ! ?\ght z x   
fir/ pres5t$ itself to !m1 p]haps z a   

*>m+  vision ( light1 p]haps also1      
h[ev]1 z a !ft f ! :ole _w1  or z an    
ev]yday conception :i* !y _h to exp&1   
contract1 col\r1  wrap up1 & spice1 9   
ord] to make some?+ out ( x1 in/ead ( ! 
?\ght mak+ some?+ out ( !m4--,oh1 ?is   
eye1 :i* sees 9 y\r  "w all y\r         
re/lessness1 inquisitiv5ess1 &          
covet\sness1 y\r  imitation &           
exagg]ation 7:i* is only envi\s         
imitation7 :i* kn[s  bo? y\r blu% ( %ame
 & y\r skill 9 conceal+ x f o!rs &      
int]pret+ x to y\rselves6          #bbd4
      ,,! 8,,edify+0 ,,elem5t ,,9 ,,our 
,,neighb\r',s ,,mis=tune4--,he is 9     
di/ress1  & /raightway ! 8compassionate0
 ones come to him & depict 8  mis=tune  
to him4 ,at la/ !y g away aga91 satisfi$
 & elevat$1  aft] hav+ gloat$ ov] !     
unhappy man's mis=tune & _! own1 &  sp5t
 a pleasant ,sunday aft]noon4           
#bbe4      ,,to ,,be ,,quickly          
,,despis$4--,a man :o speaks a great    
deal1 & speaks quickly1  soon s9ks      
exce$+ly l[ 9 our e/imation1 ev5 :5 he  

speaks  rationally--n only to ! ext5t t 
he annoys u p]sonally1 b f>  l[]4 ,= we 
conjecture h[ great a burd5 he has      
already prov$ to _m  o!r p1 & we ?us add
 to ! discom=t :i* he causes u all !    
contempt :i* we presume he has caus$ to 
o!rs4          #bbf4      ,,relations   
,,) ,,celebrities4--,a4 ,b :y d y %un   
?is great man8--,b4  ,i %\ld n l to     
misund]/& him4 ,our defects are         
incompatible )  "o ano!r3 ,i am         
%ort-sight$ & suspici\s1 & he we>s 8    
false  diamonds z will+ly z 8 real ones4
          #bbg4      ,,!                
,,*a9-,,we>]s4--,bew>e ( all ^?         
intellects :i* are b\nd 9  *a9s6 clev]  
wom51 = example1 :o h be5 bani%$ by fate
 to  n>r[ & dull surr\nd+s1 amid :i* !y 
gr[ old4 ,true1 !re !y  lie 9 ! sun1    
app>5tly lazy & half-bl9d2 b at e unkn[n
 /ep1  at ev]y?+ unexpect$1 !y />t up to
 bite3 !y rev5ge !mselves  on ev]y?+ t  
has escap$ _! k5nel4          #bbh4     
,,rev5ge ,,9 ,,praise4--,"h we h a      
writt5 page :i* is cov]$ )  praise1 & y 

call x flat2 b :5 y f9d out t rev5ge is 
conceal$ 9 ?is praise y w f9d x almo/   
too subtle1 & y w  exp]i5ce a great deal
 ( pleasure 9 its num]\s delicate & bold
  /rokes & similes4 ,x is n ! man       
himself1 b 8 rev5ge1 :i* is  s subtle1  
ri*1 & +5i\s3 he himself is sc>cely aw>e
 ( x4          #bbi4      ,,pride4--,ah1
 n "o ( y kn[s ! feel+ ( ! tortur$ man  
aft] he  has be5 put to ! torture1 :5 he
 is be+ c>ri$ back to 8 cell1  & 8      
secret ) him6--he /ill holds x 9 a      
/ubborn & t5aci\s  grip4 ,:at "k ye ( ! 
exultation ( human pride8          #bcj4
      8,,utilit>ian40--,at ! pres5t "t  
m5's s5tim5ts on moral ?+s run 9  su*   
labyr9?ic pa?s t1 :ile we demon/rate    
morality to "o man by  virtue ( its     
utility1 we refute x to ano!r on acc\nt 
( ?is utility4          #bca4      ,,on 
,,g]man ,,virtue4--,h[ deg5]ate 9 its   
ta/e1 h[ s]vile to dignities1  ranks1   
uni=ms1 pomp1 & spl5d\r mu/ a nation h  
be51 :5 x  began to consid] ! simple z !
 bad1 ! simple man 7s*li*t7 z  ! bad man

 7s*le*t76 ,we %\ld always oppose !     
moral bumpti\sness  ( ! ,g]mans ) ?is "o
 little ^w 8bad10 & no?+ else4          
#bcb4      ,,f ,a ,,dispute4--,a4       
,fri5d1 y h talk$ y\rself ho>se4--,b4   
,!n ,i  am refut$1 s let's drop !       
subject4          #bcc4      ,,!        
8,,consci5ti\s0 ,,ones4--,h y notic$ !  
k9d ( m5 :o atta* !  greate/ value to ! 
mo/ scrupul\s consci5ti\sness8 ,^? :o   
are  consci\s ( _m mean & petty         
s5tim5ts1 :o are anxi\sly ?9k+ (  & ab\t
 !mselves1 are afraid ( o!rs1 & are     
desir\s ( conceal+  _! inmo/ feel+s z f>
 z possible4 ,!y endeav\r to impose ^u  
!mselves by means ( ?is /rict           
consci5ti\sness & rigor\sness (  duty1 &
 by ! /]n & h>% impression :i* o!rs1    
especially _!  inf]iors1 _c fail to     
receive ( !m4          #bcd4            
,,dread ,,( ,,fame4--,a4 ,! endeav\r to 
avoid "o's r5[n1 ! int5tional  (f5d+ (  
"o's panegyri/s1 ! dislike ( he>+       
op9ions ab\t  "o's self1 & all ?r\gh fe>
 ( r5[n3 in/ances l ^! are to be  met )2

 !y actually exi/--believe x or n6--,b4 
,!y are f\nd1 no  d\bt6 ,!y exi/6 ,a    
little pati5ce1 ,sir ,arrogance6        
#bce4      ,,refus+ ,,?anks4--,we are   
p]fectly ju/ifi$ 9 refus+ a reque/1 b x 
is nev] "r to refuse ?anks--or1 :at     
comes to ! same ?+1 to  accept !m coldly
 & conv5tionally4 ,?is gives deep       
(f5ce--& :y8          #bcf4             
,,puni%m5t4--,a /range ?+1 ?is puni%m5t 
( ours6 ,x does n purify  ! crim9al2 x  
is n a =m ( expiation2 b1 on ! contr>y1 
x is  ev5 m defil+ ?an ! crime itself4  
#bcg4      ,,p>ty ,,grievances4--,9     
almo/ e p>ty !re is a ridicul\s1 b      
nev]!less some:at dang]\s grievance4 ,! 
suff]]s f x are ^?  :o h long be5 !     
fai?ful & hon\rable uphold]s ( ! doctr9e
  propagat$ by ! p>ty1 & :o sudd5ly     
rem>k t "o day a mu*  /rong] figure ?an 
!mselves has got ! e> ( ! public4 ,h[ c 
!y be> be+ r$uc$ to sil5ce8 ,s !y raise 
_! voices1 sometimes  *ang+ _! notes4   
#bch4      ,,/riv+ ,,= ,,g5tl5ess4--,:5 
a vigor\s nature has n an incl9ation    

t[>ds cruelty1 & is n always preoccupi$ 
) itself2 x  involunt>ily /rives aft]   
g5tl5ess--?is is its di/9ctive          
*>act]i/ic4 ,weak natures1 on ! o!r h&1 
h a t5d5cy t[>ds  h>% judgm5ts--!y      
associate !mselves ) ! h]oes ( !        
contempt  ( mank9d1 ! religi\s or       
philosophical traduc]s ( exi/5ce1 or !y 
take up _! position beh9d /rict habits &
 punctili\s 8call+s03 9  ?is way !y seek
 to give !mselves a "* & a k9d ( /r5g?4 
,?is is likewise done q involunt>ily4   
#bci4      ,a ,,h9t ,,to                
,,morali/s4--,our musicians h made a    
great discov]y4 ,!y h  f\nd out t       
int]e/+ ugl9ess is possible ev5 9 _!    
art2 ?is is  :y !y ?r[ !mselves ) su*   
en?usia/ic intoxication into ?is  ocean 
( ugl9ess1 & nev] be=e has x be5 s easy 
to make music4 ,x  is only n[ t we h got
 ! g5]al1 d>k-col\r$ backgr\nd1 ^u  :i* 
e lum9\s ray ( f9e music1 h[ev] fa9t1   
seems t+$ )  gold5 em]ald lu/re2 x is   
only n[ t we d>e to inspire our audi5ce 
) feel+s ( impetuosity & indignation1   

tak+ away _! brea?1 s  to speak1 9 ord] 
t we may aft]w>ds1 9 an int]val ( re/ful
  h>mony1 inspire !m ) a feel+ ( bliss  
:i* w be to ! g5]al  advantage ( a prop]
 appreciation ( music4    ,we h discov]$
 ! contra/3 x is only n[ t ! /ronge/    
effects  are possible--& *eap4 ,no "o   
bo!rs any m ab\t good music4 ,b y  mu/  
hurry up6 ,:5 any art has once made ?is 
discov]y1 x has b a  %ort space ( "t to 
live4--,oh1 if only our ?9k]s c\ld probe
 into !  dep?s ( ! s\ls ( our musicians 
:5 li/5+ to _! music6 ,h[  long we mu/  
wait until we aga9 h an opportunity (   
surpris+ !  inw>d man 9 ! v act ( 8 evil
 do+1 & 8 innoc5ce ( ?is  act6 ,= our   
musicians h n ! slighte/ suspicion t x  
is _!  own hi/ory1 ! hi/ory ( !         
disfigurem5t ( ! s\l1 :i* !y are        
transpos+ into music4 ,9 =m] times a    
good musician 0 almo/ =c$  by !         
exig5cies ( 8 art to become a good      
man--& n[6          #bdj4      ,,!      
,,morality ,,( ,,! ,,/age4--,! man :o   
imag9es t ! effect (  ,%akespe>e's plays

 is a moral "o1 & t ! sight ( ,macbe?   
irresi/ibly induces u to %un ! evil (   
ambition1 is mi/ak51 & he  is mi/ak5    
once m if he believes t ,%akespe>e      
himself ?\ght s4  ,he :o is truly       
obsess$ by an ard5t ambition takes      
delight 9 behold+  ?is picture (        
himself2 & :5 ! h]o is driv5 to         
de/ruction by 8  passion1 ?is is ! mo/  
pung5t spice 9 ! hot dr9k ( ?is delight4
  ,did ! poet feel ?is 9 ano!r way8 ,h[ 
royally & ) h[ little (  ! knave 9 him  
does 8 ambiti\s h]o run 8 c\rse f !     
mom5t (  8 great crime6 ,x is only f ?is
 mom5t t he becomes  8demoniacally0     
attractive1 & t he enc\rages simil>     
natures to  imitate him4--,!re is some?+
 demoniacal "h3 some?+ :i* is 9  revolt 
aga9/ advantage & life1 9 fav\r ( a     
?\ght & an impulse4  ,d y ?9k t ,tri/an 
& ,isolde are w>n+s aga9/ adult]y1 m]ely
  because adult]y has result$ 9 ! dea? (
 bo? ( !m8 ,?is w\ld be  turn+ poets    
upside d[n1 ^! poets :o1 especially     
,%akespe>e1 are 9  love ) ! passions 9  

!mselves1 & n less s ) ! read9ess  =    
dea? :i* !y give rise to3 ?is mood 9 :i*
 ! he>t no m  cl+s to life ?an a drop ( 
wat] does to ! glass4 ,x is n ! guilt  &
 its p]nici\s consequ5ces :i* int]e/s ^!
 poets--,%akespe>e z  little z          
,sophocles 79 ! ,ajax1 ,philoctetes1    
dipus7--h[ev] easy  x might h be5 9 !   
cases j m5tion$ to make ! guilt ! lev]  
( ! play1 x 0 c>efully avoid$ by !      
poets4    ,9 ! same way ! tragic poet by
 8 images ( life does n wi% to set  u   
aga9/ life4 ,on ! contr>y1 he exclaims2 
8,x is ! *>m ( *>ms1  ?is excit+1 *ang+1
 & dang]\s exi/5ce ( ours1 s (t5 gloomy 
& s (t5 ba!d 9 sun6 ,life is an         
adv5ture--:i*ev] side y may  take 9 life
 x w always reta9 ?is "*60--,?us speaks 
! poet  ( a re/less & vigor\s age1 an   
age :i* is almo/ intoxicat$ &  /upefi$  
by its sup]abundance ( blood & en]gy1 9 
an age m evil  ?an our own3 & ?is is :y 
x is necess>y = u to adapt &            
accommodate ourselves fir/ to ! purpose 
( a ,%akespe>ian play1 t  is1 by        

misund]/&+ x4          #bda4      ,,fe> 
,,& ,,intellig5ce4--,if t :i* is n[     
expressly ma9ta9$ is true1  viz4 t !    
cause ( ! black pigm5t ( ! sk9 mu/ n be 
s\ght 9  light1 might ?is ph5om5on      
p]haps be ! ultimate effect ( frequ5t   
fits ( passion accumulat$ = c5tury aft] 
c5tury 7& an afflux (  blood "u ! sk978 
:ile 9 o!r & m intellig5t races !       
equally frequ5t spasms ( fe> & blan*+   
may h result$ 9 !  :ite col\r ( !       
sk98--,= ! degree ( timidity is ! /&>d  
by  :i* ! intellig5ce may be measur$2 & 
! fact t m5 give  !mselves up to bl9d   
ang] is an indication t _! animal nature
 is  /ill ne> ! surface1 & is long+ = an
 opportunity to make its  pres5ce felt  
once m4 ,?us a br[ni%-grey w\ld probably
 be !  primitive col\r ( man--some?+ ( !
 ape & ! be>1 z is only  prop]4         
#bdb4      ,,indep5d5ce4--,indep5d5ce   
7:i* 9 its weake/ =m is call$ 8fre$om  (
 ?\ght07 is ! type ( resignation :i* !  
tyrannical man ends by  accept+--he :o =
 a long "t _h be5 look+ = some?+ to     

gov]n1  b )\t f9d+ any?+ except himself4
          #bdc4      ,,! ,,two          
,,c\rses4--,:5 we endeav\r to exam9e !  
mirror 9 itself we  discov] 9 ! end t we
 c detect no?+ !re b ! ?+s :i*  x       
reflects4 ,if we wi% to grasp ! ?+s     
reflect$ we t\* no?+ 9  ! end b !       
mirror4--,?is is ! g5]al hi/ory ( k4    
#bdd4      ,,delight ,,9                
,,reality4--,our pres5t incl9ation to   
take delight 9 reality--=  almo/ e "o ( 
u possesses x--c only be expla9$ by !   
fact t  we h tak5 delight 9 ! unreal =  
su* a long "t t we h got  tir$ ( x4 ,?is
 incl9ation 9 its pres5t =m1 )\t *oice &
  )\t ref9em5t1 is n )\t dang]--its lea/
 dang] is its want (  ta/e4             
#bde4      ,,! ,,subtlety ,,( ,,!       
,,feel+ ,,( ,,p[]4--,napoleon 0 greatly 
mortifi$ at  ! fact t he c\ld n speak   
well1 & he did n deceive himself 9  ?is 
respect3 b 8 ?ir/ = p[]1 :i* nev]       
despis$ ! slighte/  opportunity ( %[+   
itself1 & :i* 0 /ill m subtle ?an 8     
subtle intellect1 l$ him to speak ev5   

worse ?an he might h done4 ,x  0 9 ?is  
way t he rev5g$ himself ^u 8 own        
mortification 7he  0 jeal\s ( all 8     
emotions because !y possess$ p[]7 9 ord]
 to  enjoy 8 autocratic pleasure4    ,he
 enjoy$ ?is pleasure a second "t 9      
respect to ! e>s & judgm5t  ( 8 audi5ce1
 z if x 7 good en\gh = !m to be address$
 9  ?is way4 ,he ev5 secretly enjoy$ !  
?\ght ( bewild]+ _!  judgm5t & good ta/e
 by ! ?und] & lightn+ ( 8 highe/        
au?ority--t au?ority :i* lies 9 ! union 
( p[] & g5ius--:ile  bo? 8 judgm5t & 8  
good ta/e held fa/ pr\dly & indiff]5tly 
to ! tru? t he did n speak              
well4--,napoleon1 z ! complete &  fully 
develop$ type ( a s+le in/9ct1 belongs  
to anci5t humanity1  ^: *>act]i/ic--!   
simple con/ruction & +5i\s developm5t & 
realisation ( a s+le motive or a small  
numb] ( motives--may be easily  en\gh   
recognis$4          #bdf4               
,,ari/otle ,,& ,,m>riage4--,insanity    
makes its appe>ance 9 ! *ildr5 (  great 
g5iuses1 & /upidity 9 ^? ( ! mo/        

virtu\s--s says  ,ari/otle4 ,did he mean
 by ?is to invite exceptional m5 to     
m>ry8          #bdg4      ,,! ,,orig9   
,,( ,a ,,bad ,,temp]am5t4--,inju/ice &  
in/ability 9 ! m9ds (  c]ta9 m51 _!     
disord]$ & immod]ate mann]1 are !       
ultimate  consequ5ces ( ! innum]able    
logical inexactitudes1 sup]ficialities1 
& ha/y conclusions ( :i* _! ance/ors h  
be5 guilty4 ,m5 ( a  good temp]am5t1 on 
! o!r h&1 are desc5d$ f solid &         
m$itative races :i* h set a high value  
^u reason--:e!r =  praisewor?y or evil  
purposes is ( no great importance4      
#bdh4      ,,dissimulation ,,z ,a       
,,duty4--,k9dness has be5 be/ develop$  
by ! long  dissimulation :i* endeav\r$  
to appe> z k9dness3 :]ev] great  p[]    
exi/$ ! necessity = dissimulation ( ?is 
nature 0  recognis$--x inspires security
 & confid5ce1 & multiplies ! actual  sum
 ( our physical p[]4 ,falsehood1 if n   
actually ! "m1 is at  all ev5ts ! nurse 
( k9dness4 ,9 ! same way1 hone/y has be5
  br\ght to maturity by ! ne$ = a       

semblance ( hone/y & integrity3  9      
h]$it>y ari/ocracies4 ,! p]si/5t ex]cise
 ( su* a  dissimulation ends by br++    
ab\t ! actual nature ( ! ?+  itself3 !  
dissimulation 9 ! long run suppresses   
itself1 & organs  & in/9cts are !       
unexpect$ fruits 9 ?is g>d5 ( hypocrisy4
          #bdi4      ,,:o1 ,,!n1 ,,is   
,,ev] ,,alone4--,! fa9t-he>t$ wret* does
 n "k :at x  means to be lonely4 ,an    
enemy is always pr[l+ 9 8 tracks4 ,oh1 =
 !  man :o c\ld give u ! hi/ory ( t     
subtle feel+ call$  lonel9ess6          
#bej4      ,,night ,,& ,,music4--,x 0   
only at night "t1 & 9 ! semi-obscurity (
  d>k =e/s & cav]ns1 t ! e>1 ! organ (  
fe>1 0 able to  develop itself s well1 9
 accordance ) ! mode ( liv+ ( !         
timid--t is1 ! longe/ human epo* :i* has
 ev] yet exi/$3 :5 x  is cle> daylight !
 e> is less necess>y4 ,h5ce ! "* (      
music1  :i* is an art ( night &         
twilight4          #bea4                
,,/oical4--,! ,/oic exp]i5ces a c]ta9   
s5se ( *e]fulness :5 he  feels oppress$ 

by ! c]emonial :i* he has prescrib$ =   
himself3 he  enjoys himself !n z a rul]4
          #beb4      ,,consid]4--,! man 
:o is be+ puni%$ is no long] he :o has  
done !  de$4 ,he is always ! scapegoat4 
#bec4      ,,appe>ance4--,alas6 :at mu/ 
be be/ & mo/ resolutely prov$ is        
appe>ance itself2 = only too _m p lack  
eyes to obs]ve x4 ,b  x is s tiresome6  
#bed4      ,,^? ,,:o ,,anticipate4--,:at
 di/+ui%es poetic natures1 b is also a  
dang] = !m1 is _! imag9ation1 :i*       
exhau/s itself 9 advance3  :i*          
anticipates :at w happ5 or :at may      
happ51 :i* enjoys &  suff]s 9 advance1 &
 :i* at ! f9al mom5t ( ! ev5t or !      
action is already fatigu$4 ,"l ,byron1  
:o 0 only too famili> )  ?is1 wrote 9 8 
di>y3 8,if ev] ,i h a son he %all *oose 
a v  prosaic pr(ession--t ( a lawy] or a
 pirate40          #bee4                
,,conv]sation ,,on ,,music4--    ,a4    
,:at d y say to t music8    ,b4 ,x has  
ov]p[]$ me1 ,i c say no?+ ab\t x4 ,li/56
 !re x  is beg9n+ aga94    ,a4 ,all !   

bett]6 ,?is "t let u d our be/ to ov]p[]
 x4 ,w  y all[ me to add a few words to 
?is music8 & also to %[ y a  drama :i*  
p]haps at y\r fir/ he>+ y did n wi% to  
obs]ve8    ,b4 ,v well1 ,i h two e>s &  
ev5 m if necess>y2 move up clos]  to me4
    ,a4 ,we h n yet he>d :at he wi%es to
 say to u1 up to ! pres5t  he has only  
promis$ to say some?+--some?+ z yet     
unhe>d1 s he  gives u to und]/& by 8    
ge/ures1 = !y are ge/ures4 ,h[ he       
beckons6 ,h[ he raises himself up6 ,h[  
he ge/iculates6 & n[ ! mom5t  ( supreme 
t5sion seems to h come to him3 two m    
fanf>es1 & he  w pres5t u ) 8 sup]b &   
spl5didly-adorn$ !me1 rattl+1 z  x 71 ) 
preci\s /ones4    ,is x a h&some woman8 
or a beautiful horse8 ,en\gh1 he looks  
ab\t him  z if enraptur$1 = he mu/      
assemble looks ( rapture4 ,x is only n[ 
t 8 !me q pleases him3 x is only n[ t he
 becomes inv5tive  & risks new &        
audaci\s features4 ,h[ he =ces out 8    
!me6 ,ah1  take c>e6--he n only und]/&s 
h[ to adorn1 b also h[ to gloss x  ov]6 

,yes1 he kn[s :at ! col\r ( heal? is1 & 
he kn[s h[ to make  x up1--he is m      
subtle 9 8 self-consci\sness ?an ,i     
?\ght4 ,& n[  he is conv9c$ t he has    
conv9c$ 8 he>]s2 he sets (f 8           
impromptus z if !y 7 ! mo/ important ?+s
 "u ! sun3 he  po9ts to 8 !me ) an      
insol5t f+] z if x 7 too good =  ?is    
_w4--,ah1 h[ di/ru/ful he is6 ,he is    
afraid we may get tir$6--t  is :y he    
buries 8 melody 9 sweet notes4--,n[ he  
ev5 appeals to our  co>s] s5ses t he may
 excite u & ?us get u once aga9 into 8  
p[]4 ,li/5 to him z he conjures up !    
elem5t>y =ce ( tempe/u\s  & ?und]+      
rhy?ms6    ,& n[ t he sees t ^! ?+s h   
captivat$ our att5tion1  /rangle u1 &   
almo/ ov]:elm u1 he once aga9 v5tures to
 introduce  8 !me amid/ ?is play ( !    
elem5ts 9 ord] to conv9ce u1  confus$ & 
agitat$ z we are1 t our confusion &     
agitation are !  effects ( 8 miracul\s  
!me4 ,& f n[ onw>ds 8 he>]s believe  9  
him3 z soon z ! !me is he>d once m !y   
are rem9d$ ( its  ?rill+ elem5t>y       

effects4 ,! !me pr(its by ?is           
recollection--n[  x has become          
demoniacal6 ,:at a connoisseur ( ! s\l  
he is6 ,he ga9s  comm& ov] u by all !   
artifices ( ! popul> orator4 ,b ! music 
has /opp$ aga94    ,b4 ,& ,i am glad (  
x2 = ,i c\ld no long] be> li/5+ to y\r  
obs]vations6 ,i %\ld pref] t5 times ov] 
to let myself be deceiv$ to  kn[+ ! tru?
 once aft] y\r v]sion4    ,a4 ,t is j   
:at ,i wi%$ to he> f y4 ,! be/ p n[ are 
j l y3 y are q cont5t to let y\rselves  
be deceiv$4 ,y  come "h ) co>se1 lu/ful 
e>s1 & y d n br+ ) y y\r  consci5ce ( ! 
art ( li/5+4 ,on ! way "h y h ca/ away  
y\r intellectual hone/y1 & ?us y corrupt
 bo? art & arti/s4  ,:5ev] y applaud &  
*e] y h 9 y\r h&s ! consci5ce (  !      
arti/s--& woe to art if !y get to "k t y
 _c di/+ui%  betwe5 innoc5t & guilty    
music6 ,i d n inde$ ref] to 8good0 &    
8bad0 music--we meet ) bo? 9 ! two k9ds 
( music m5tion$6 b ,i  call innoc5t     
music t :i* ?9ks only ( itself &        
believes only 9  itself1 & :i* on acc\nt

 ( itself has =gott5 ! _w at  l>ge--?is 
spontane\s expression ( ! mo/ pr(\nd    
solitude :i*  speaks ( itself & )       
itself1 & has entirely =gott5 t !re  are
 li/5]s1 effects1 misund]/&+s & failures
 9 ! _w  outside4 ,9 %ort1 ! music :i*  
we h j he>d is precisely ( ?is  r>e &   
noble type2 & ev]y?+ ,i said ab\t x 0 a 
fable--p>don my  little trick if y w6   
,b4 ,oh1 !n y l ?is music1 too8 ,9 t    
case _m s9s %all be  =giv5 y6           
#bef4      ,,! ,,happ9ess ,,( ,,! ,,evil
 ,,ones4--,^! sil5t1 gloomy1 & evil m5  
possess  a peculi> some?+ :i* y _c      
dispute ) !m--an uncommon &  /range     
enjoym5t 9 ! dolce f> ni5te2 a sunset & 
ev5+ re/1  su* z none c enjoy b a he>t  
:i* has be5 too (t5 dev\r$1  lac]at$1 & 
poison$ by ! passions4          #beg4   
,,words ,,pres5t ,,9 ,,our ,,m9ds4--,we 
always express our ?\ghts ) ^?  words   
:i* lie ne>e/ to h&4 ,or r1 if ,i may   
reveal my full  suspicion2 at e mom5t we
 h only ! p>ticul> ?\ght = !  words t   
are pres5t 9 our m9ds4          #beh4   

,,flatt]+ ,,! ,,dog4--,y h only to /roke
 ?is dog's coat once1 & he  imm$iately  
splutt]s & gives (f sp>ks l any o!r     
flatt]]--& he  is witty 9 8 own way4 ,:y
 %\ld we n endure him ?us8              
#bei4      ,,! ,,quondam                
,,panegyri/4--8,he has n[ become sil5t  
n[ 9 reg>d to me1  al?\gh he kn[s ! tru?
 & c\ld tell x2 b x w\ld s\nd l         
v5geance--& he values tru? s highly1 ?is
 hon\rable man60          #bfj4      ,,!
 ,,amulet ,,( ,,dep5d5t ,,m54--,he :o is
 unavoidably dep5d5t ^u "s  ma/] ought  
to possess some?+ by :i* he c inspire 8 
ma/] )  fe>1 & keep him 9 *eck3         
integrity1 = example1 or probity1 or an 
evil tongue4          #bfa4      ,,:y   
,,s ,,sublime6--,oh1 ,i "k !m well ?is  
bre$ ( animals6 ,c]ta9ly x  pleases !m  
bett] to walk on two legs 8l a god0--b x
 pleases me  bett] :5 !y fall back on _!
 f\r feet4 ,?is is incomp>ably m        
natural = !m6          #bfb4      ,,!   
,,demon ,,( ,,p[]4--,nei!r necessity nor
 desire1 b ! love ( p[]1  is ! demon (  

mank9d4 ,y may give m5 ev]y?+           
possible--heal?1  food1 %elt]1          
enjoym5t--b !y are & rema9 unhappy &    
caprici\s1  = ! demon waits & waits2 &  
mu/ be satisfi$4 ,let ev]y?+ else  be   
tak5 away f m51 & let ?is demon be      
satisfi$1 & !n !y  w ne>ly be happy--z  
happy z m5 & demons c be2 b :y d ,i     
repeat ?is8 ,lu!r has already said x1 & 
bett] ?an ,i h done1 9  ! v]ses3        
8,& ?\gh !y take our life1      ,goods1 
hon\r1 *ildr51 wife1      ,yet is _!    
pr(it small1      ,^! ?+s %all vani%    
all1      ,! ,k+dom x rema9e?40      ,! 
,k+dom6 !re x is aga967#g7              
#bfc4      ,,contradiction ,,inc>nate   
,,& ,,animat$4--,!re is a physiological 
contradiction 9 :at is call$ g5ius3     
g5ius possesses on ! "o h& a  great deal
 ( savage disord] & involunt>y movem5t1 
& on ! o!r  h& a great deal ( sup]ior   
activity 9 ?is movem5t4 ,jo9$ to ?is a  
g5ius possesses a mirror :i* reflects ! 
two movem5ts beside "o  ano!r1 & )9 "o  
ano!r1 b (t5 oppos$ to "o ano!r4 ,g5ius 

9 consequ5ce ( ?is sight is (t5 unhappy1
 & if x feels its  greate/ happ9ess 9   
creat+1 x is because x =gets t precisely
  !n1 ) ! highe/ det]m9ate activity1 x  
does some?+ fanta/ic  & irrational 7su* 
is all art7 & _c help do+ x4            
#bfd4      ,,deceiv+ ,,"o',s            
,,self4--,envi\s m5 ) a discrim9at+     
intuition  endeav\r n to become too     
closely acqua9t$ ) _! rivals 9 ord]  t  
!y may feel !mselves sup]ior to !m4     
#bfe4      ,,!re ,,is ,a ,,"t ,,= ,,!   
,,!atre4--,:5 ! imag9ation ( a p beg9s  
to dim9i%1 !re arises ! desire to h its 
leg5ds repres5t$ on  ! /age3 x !n       
tol]ates ! co>se sub/itutes =           
imag9ation4 ,9  ! age ( ! epic          
rhapsodi/1 h[ev]1 ! !atre itself1 & !   
actor  dress$ up z a h]o1 =m an ob/acle 
9 ! pa? ( ! imag9ation  in/ead ( act+ z 
w+s = x--too ne>1 too def9ite1 too      
heavy1 &  ) too little ( dreaml& & !    
flights ( birds ab\t !m4          #bff4 
,,)\t ,,*>m4--,he lacks *>m & kn[s x4   
,ah1 h[ skilful he is 9  mask+ ?is      

defect6 ,he does x by a /rict virtue1   
gloomy looks1 &  acquir$ di/ru/ ( all   
m51 & ( exi/5ce itself2 by co>se je/s1  
by  contempt = a m ref9$ mann] ( liv+1  
by pa?os & pret5sions1  & by a cynical  
philosophy--yea1 he has ev5 develop$    
into a "*  ?r\gh ! cont9ual k ( 8       
defici5cy4          #bfg4      ,,:y ,,s 
,,pr\d8--,a noble "* is di/+ui%$ f a    
vulg> "o by !  fact t ! latt] has n at  
ready comm& a c]ta9 numb] ( habits  &   
po9ts ( view l ! =m]3 fate will$ t !y   
%\ld n be  8 ei!r by inh]itance or by   
education4          #bfh4      ,,!      
,,orator',s ,,scylla ,,& ,,*>ybdis4--,h[
 difficult x 0 9 ,a!ns to speak  9 su* a
 way z to w9 ov] ! he>]s to "o's cause  
)\t repell+  !m at ! same "t by ! =m 9  
:i* "o's spee* 0 ca/1 or  )draw+ _!     
att5tion f ! cause itself by ?is =m6 ,h[
  difficult x /ill is to write ?us 9    
,france6          #bfi4      ,,sick ,,p 
,,& ,,art4--,= all k9ds ( sadness &     
mis]y ( s\l we %\ld  fir/ ( all try a   
*ange ( diet & sev]e manual lab\r2 b 9  

su*  cases m5 are 9 ! habit ( hav+      
rec\rse to m5tal intoxicants1 to  art = 
example--:i* is bo? to _! own detrim5t &
 t ( art6 ,c  y n see t :5 y call = art 
z sick p y make ! arti/s  !mselves sick8
          #bgj4      ,,app>5t           
,,tol]ation4--,^? are good1 b5evol5t1 & 
rational words on &  9 fav\r ( sci5ce1  
b1 alas6 ,i see beh9d ^! words y\r      
tol]ation  ( sci5ce4 ,9 a corn] ( y\r   
inmo/ m9d y ?9k1 9 spite ( all y  say1 t
 x is n necess>y = y1 t x %[s           
magnanimity on y\r  "p to admit & ev5 to
 advocate x1 m especially z sci5ce on   
its  "p does n exhibit ?is magnanimity 9
 reg>d to y\r op9ion6 ,d y  "k t y h no 
"r :atev] to ex]cise ?is tol]ation8 t   
?is condesc5sion ( y\rs is an ev5 co>s] 
disp>agem5t ( sci5ce  ?an any ( t op5   
scorn :i* a presumptu\s prie/ or arti/  
might  all[ himself to indulge 9 t[>ds  
sci5ce8 ,:at is lack+ 9 y is a  /rong   
s5se = ev]y?+ t is true & actual1 y d n 
feel  griev$ & worri$ to f9d t sci5ce is
 9 contradiction to y\r own  s5tim5ts1 y

 are unacqua9t$ ) t int5se desire = k   
rul+ ov] y l a law1 y d n feel a duty 9 
! ne$ ( be+  pres5t ) y\r own eyes :]ev]
 k exi/s1 & to let no?+  t is 8kn[n0    
escape y4 ,y d n "k t :i* y are treat+  
) su* tol]ation6 & x is only because y d
 n "k x t y  c succe$ 9 adopt+ su* a    
graci\s attitude t[>ds x4 ,y1  =soo?1   
w\ld look ^u sci5ce ) hatr$ & fanaticism
 if x =  once ca/ its %9+ & illum9at+   
glance ^u y6 ,:at does x  matt] to u1   
!n1 if y d exhibit tol]ation--& t[>ds a 
phantom6  & n ev5 t[>ds u6--& :at d we  
matt]6          #bga4      ,,fe/ive     
,,moods4--,x is exactly ^? m5 :o aspire 
mo/ ard5tly t[>ds  p[] :o feel x        
indescribably agreeable to be ov]p[]$6  
to s9k  sudd5ly & deeply into a feel+ z 
into a :irlpool6 ,to suff] !  re9s to be
 snat*$ out ( _! h&1 & to wat* a movem5t
 :i*  takes !m !y "k n :]e6 ,:atev] or  
:oev] may be ! p]son or  ?+ t r5d]s u   
?is s]vice1 x is nev]!less a great      
s]vice3 we  are s happy & brea?less1 &  
feel ar\nd u an exceptional sil5ce1 z   

if we 7 9 ! mo/ c5tral b[els ( ! e>?4   
,to be = once  entirely p[]less6 !      
play?+ ( ! elem5t>y =ces ( nature6  ,!re
 is a re/fulness 9 ?is happ9ess1 a ca/+ 
away ( ! great  burd51 a desc5t )\t     
fatigue1 z if "o _h be5 giv5 up to !    
bl9d =ce ( gravity4    ,?is is ! dream (
 ! m\nta9 climb]1 :o1 al?\gh he sees 8  
goal  f> above him1 nev]!less falls     
asleep on ! way f utt] exhau/ion1  &    
dreams ( ! happ9ess ( ! contra/--?is    
ef=tless roll+ d[n  hill4 ,i describe   
happ9ess z ,i imag9e x to be 9 our      
pres5t-day  society1 ! badg]$1 ambiti\s 
society ( ,europe & ,am]ica4 ,n[ &  !n  
!y wi% to fall back into impot5ce--?is  
enjoym5t is (f]$  !m by w>s1 arts1      
religions1 & g5iuses4 ,:5 a man has     
tempor>ily  ab&on$ himself to a mom5t>y 
impression :i* dev\rs & cru%es          
ev]y?+--& ?is is ! mod]n fe/ive mood--he
 aft]w>ds becomes  fre]1 cold]1 m       
refre%$1 & m /rict1 & aga9 /rives       
tirelessly aft] ! contr>y ( all ?is3    
p[]4          #bgb4      ,,!            

,,purification ,,( ,,races4--,x is      
probable t !re are no pure races1  b    
only races :i* h become purifi$1 & ev5  
^! are extremely  r>e47#h7 ,we m (t5    
meet ) cross$ races1 among :om1 toge!r )
  ! defects 9 ! h>mony ( ! bodily =ms 7=
 example :5 ! eyes  d n accord ) ! m\?7 
we necess>ily always f9d defects (      
h>mony 9 habits & appreciations4        
7,liv+/one he>d "s "o say1 8,god  creat$
 :ite & black m51 b ! devil creat$ !    
half-ca/es407    ,cross$ races are      
always at ! same "t cross$ cultures &   
cross$  moralities3 !y are1 z a rule1 m 
evil1 cruel1 & re/less4 ,purity is  !   
f9al result ( innum]able adju/m5ts1     
absorptions1 &  elim9ations2 & progress 
t[>ds purity 9 a race is %[n by ! fact  
t ! lat5t /r5g? 9 ! race is m & m       
re/rict$ to a few  special functions1   
:il/ x =m]ly _h to c>ry out too _m & (t5
  contradictory ?+s4 ,su* a re/riction w
 always h ! appe>ance  ( an impov]i%m5t1
 & mu/ be judg$ ) prud5ce & mod]ation4  
,9  ! long run1 h[ev]1 :5 ! process (   

purification has come to a  successful  
t]m9ation1 all ^? =ces :i* 7 =m]ly wa/$ 
9 !  /ruggle betwe5 ! di%>moni\s        
qualities are at ! disposal ( !         
organism z a :ole1 & ?is is :y purifi$  
races h always become  /rong] & m       
beautiful4--,! ,greeks may s]ve u z a   
model ( a  purifi$ race & culture6--& x 
is to be hop$ t "s day a pure  ,european
 race & culture may arise4              
#bgc4      ,,praise4--,"h is "s "o :o1 y
 p]ceive1 wi%es to praise y3 y bite  y\r
 lips & brace up y\r he>t3 ,oh1 t t cup 
might g h5ce6 ,b  x does n1 x comes6 let
 u !re=e dr9k ! sweet impud5ce ( !      
panegyri/1 let u ov]come ! disgu/ &     
pr(\nd contempt t we feel  = ! inn]mo/  
sub/ance ( 8 praise1 let u assume a look
 (  ?ankful joy--= he wi%$ to make      
himself agreeable to u6 ,& n[ t  x is   
all ov] we "k t he feels greatly exalt$2
 he has be5  victori\s ov] u4 ,yes1 &   
also ov] himself1 ! villa96--= x 0 no   
easy matt] = him to wr+ ?is praise f    
himself4          #bgd4      ,,!        

,,rights ,,& ,,privileges ,,(           
,,man4--,we human be+s are ! only       
creatures  :o1 :5 ?+s d n g well ) u1 c 
blot ourselves out l a  clumsy          
s5t5ce1--:e!r we d s out ( hon\r =      
humanity or pity =  x1 or on acc\nt ( ! 
av]sion we feel t[>ds ourselves4        
#bge4      ,,! ,,trans=m$ ,,be+4--,n[ he
 becomes virtu\s2 b only = ! sake (     
hurt+ o!rs by be+ s4 ,don't pay s mu*   
att5tion to him4          #bgf4         
,,h[ ,,(t56 ,,h[ ,,unexpect$6--,h[ may  
m>ri$ m5 h "s morn+ awak5$  to ! fact t 
_! "y wife is dull1 al?\gh %e ?9ks q !  
contr>y6 n to speak ( ^? wives ^: fle%  
is will+ b ^:  intellect is weak6       
#bgg4      ,,w>m ,,& ,,cold             
,,virtues4--,c\rage is sometimes !      
consequ5ce ( cold &  un%ak5 resolution1 
& at o!r times ( a fi]y & reckless lan4 
,=  ^! two k9ds ( c\rage !re is only !  
"o "n6--b h[ diff]5t1  nev]!less1 are   
cold virtues & w>m virtues6 & ! man w\ld
 be a  fool :o c\ld suppose t 8goodness0
 c\ld only be br\ght ab\t by  w>m?1 & no

 less a fool he :o w\ld only attribute x
 to cold4 ,!  tru? is t mank9d has f\nd 
bo? w>m & cold c\rage v useful1  yet n  
(t5 en\gh to prev5t x f sett+ !m bo? 9 !
 category  ( preci\s /ones4             
#bgh4      ,,! ,,graci\s ,,memory4--,a  
man ( high rank w d well to develop a   
graci\s  memory1 t is1 to note all !    
good qualities ( p & rememb]  !m        
p>ticul>ly2 = 9 ?is way he holds !m 9 an
 agreeable  dep5d5ce4 ,a man may also   
act 9 ?is way t[>ds himself3 :e!r or n  
he has a graci\s memory det]m9es 9 ! end
 ! sup]iority1  g5tl5ess1 or di/ru/ )   
:i* he obs]ves 8 own incl9ations &      
int5tions1 & f9ally ev5 ! nature ( ^!   
incl9ations &  int5tions4          #bgi4
      ,,:]e9 ,,we ,,become              
,,arti/s4--,he :o makes an idol ( "s "o 
endeav\rs to  ju/ify himself 9 8 own    
eyes by idealis+ ?is p]son3 9 o!r words1
  he becomes an arti/ t he may h a cle> 
consci5ce4 ,:5 he suff]s  he does n     
suff] f 8 ignorance1 b f ! lie he has   
told  himself to make himself ignorant4 

,! inmo/ mis]y & desire ( su* a  man--& 
all passionate lov]s are includ$ 9 ?is  
category--_c be  exhau/$ by normal      
means4          #bhj4                   
,,*ildlike4--,^? :o live l *ildr5--^? :o
 h n to /ruggle =  _! daily bread1 & d n
 ?9k t _! actions h any ultimate        
signification--rema9 *ildlike4          
#bha4      ,,our ,,ego ,,desires        
,,ev]y?+4--,x w\ld seem z if m5 9 g5]al 
7 only  inspir$ by ! desire to possess3 
languages at lea/ w\ld p]mit ( ?is      
supposition1 = !y view pa/ actions f !  
/&po9t t we h  be5 put 9 possession (   
some?+--8,i h spok51 /ruggl$1           
conqu]$0--z if to say1 ,i am n[ 9       
possession ( my ^w1 my /ruggle1  my     
victory4 ,h[ gre$y man appe>s 9 ?is     
light6 he _c ev5 let !  pa/ escape him3 
he ev5 wi%es to h x /ill6          #bhb4
      ,,dang] ,,9 ,,beauty4--,?is woman 
is beautiful & intellig5t3 alas1 h[ mu* 
m intellig5t %e w\ld h become if %e _h n
 be5 beautiful6          #bhc4          
,,dome/ic ,,& ,,m5tal ,,peace4--,our    

habitual mood dep5ds ^u ! mood 9  :i* we
 ma9ta9 our habitual ent\rage4          
#bhd4      ,,new ,,?+s ,,z ,,old        
,,ones4--,_m p seem irritat$ :5 some?+  
new is  told !m3 !y feel ! asc5dancy :i*
 ! news has giv5 to ! p]son  :o has     
le>nt x fir/4          #bhe4      ,,:at 
,,are ,,! ,,limits ,,( ,,! ,,ego4--,!   
majority ( p take "u _!  protection1 z x
 71 some?+ t !y "k1 z if ! fact (  kn[+ 
x 0 suffici5t 9 itself to make x _!     
prop]ty4 ,!  acquisitiv5ess ( ! egoi/ic 
feel+ has no limits3 ,great m5 speak z  
if !y _h beh9d !m ! :ole ( "t1 & _h     
plac$ !mselves at  ! head ( ?is enorm\s 
ho/2 & good wom5 boa/ ( ! beauty (  _!  
*ildr51 _! clo!s1 _! dog1 _! physician1 
or _! native  t[n1 b ! only ?+ !y d>e n 
say is1 8,i am all t40 ,*i non  ha non  
--z !y say 9 ,italy4          #bhf4     
,,dome/ic ,,animals1 ,,pets ,,& ,,!     
,,l4--,c\ld !re be any?+ m  repugnant   
?an ! s5tim5tality :i* is %[n to plants 
& animals--&  ?is on ! "p ( a creature  
:o f ! v beg9n+ has made su*  ravages   

among !m z _! mo/ f]oci\s enemy1--& :o  
ends by ev5  claim+ affectionate feel+s 
f 8 weak5$ & mutilat$ victims6  ,be=e   
?is k9d ( 8nature0 man mu/ above all be 
s]i\s1 if he is any  sort ( a ?9k+ be+4 
#bhg4      ,,two ,,fri5ds4--,!y 7 fri5ds
 once1 b n[ !y h ceas$ to be s1  & bo? (
 !m broke (f ! fri5d%ip at ! same "t1 ! 
"o  because he believ$ himself to be too
 greatly misund]/ood1 & ! o!r  because  
he ?\ght he 0 kn[n too intimately--& bo?
 7 wrong6 ,=  nei!r ( !m knew himself   
well en\gh4          #bhh4      ,,!     
,,com$y ,,( ,,! ,,noble ,,s\ls4--,^? :o 
_c succe$ 9 exhibit+ a  noble & cordial 
famili>ity endeav\r to let ! nobl5ess ( 
_!  nature be se5 by _! ex]cise ( res]ve
 & /rictness1 & a c]ta9  contempt =     
famili>ity1 z if _! /rong s5se (        
confid5ce 7  a%am$ to %[ itself4        
#bhi4      ,,:]e ,,we ,,may ,,say ,,no?+
 ,,aga9/ ,,virtue4--,among c[>ds x is   
?\ght bad  =m to say any?+ aga9/ brav]y1
 = any expression ( ?is k9d  w\ld give  
rise to "s contempt2 & unfeel+ p are    

irritat$ :5  any?+ is said aga9/        
pity47#i7          #bij4      ,a        
,,wa/e4--,we f9d t ) irritable & abrupt 
p _! fir/ words  & actions g5]ally af=d 
no indication ( _! actual "*--!y  are   
prompt$ by circum/ances1 & are to "s    
ext5t simply reproductions  ( ! _s ( ^! 
circum/ances4 ,because1 h[ev]1 z ! words
 h  be5 utt]$ & ! de$s done1 ! subsequ5t
 words & de$s1  indicat+ ! real nature (
 su* p1 h (t5 to be us$ to  reconcile1  
am5d1 or ext+ui% ! =m]4          #bia4  
,,arrogance4--,arrogance is an          
artificial & simulat$ pride2 b x is     
precisely ! ess5tial nature ( pride to  
be incapable ( artifice1  simulation1 or
 hypocrisy--& ?us arrogance is !        
hypocrisy ( !  incapacity = hypocrisy1 a
 v difficult ?+1 & "o :i* is a  failure 
9 mo/ cases4 ,b if we suppose t1 z mo/  
frequ5tly happ5s1  ! presumptu\s p]son  
betrays himself1 !n a treble annoyance  
falls to  8 lot3 p are angry ) him      
because he has endeav\r$ to deceive  !m1
 & because he wi%$ to %[ himself sup]ior

 to !m1 & f9ally  !y laugh at him       
because he fail$ 9 bo? ^! endeav\rs4 ,h[
  e>ne/ly1 !re=e1 %\ld we dissuade our  
fell[-m5 f arrogance6          #bib4    
,a ,,species ,,( ,,misconception4--,:5  
we he> somebody speak x is (t5          
suffici5t = 8 pronunciation ( a s+le    
consonant 7! lett] r1 =  example7 to    
fill u ) d\bts z to ! hone/y ( 8 feel+s3
 we are  n accu/om$ to ?is p>ticul>     
pronunciation1 & %\ld h to make  x      
ourselves z x 7 arbitr>ily--x s\nds     
8=c$0 to u4 ,?is is !  doma9 ( ! greate/
 possible misconception3 & x is ! same )
 !  /yle ( a writ] :o has c]ta9 habits  
:i* are n ! habits (  ev]ybody4 ,8      
8artlessness0 is felt z su* only by     
himself1 &  precisely 9 reg>d to t :i*  
he himself feels to be 8=c$0 7because   
he has yield$ 9 ?is matt] to ! prevail+ 
fa%ion & to s call$  8good ta/e071 he   
may p]haps give pleasure & inspire      
confid5ce4          #bic4               
,,?ankful4--,"o sup]flu\s gra9 (        
gratitude & piety makes "o suff] z  f a 

vice--9 spite ( all "o's indep5d5ce &   
hone/y "o beg9s to  h a bad consci5ce4  
#bid4      ,,sa9ts4--,x is ! mo/ s5sual 
m5 :o f9d x necess>y to avoid wom5  & to
 torture _! bodies4          #bie4      
,,! ,,subtlety ,,( ,,s]v+4--,"o ( ! mo/ 
subtle tasks 9 ! great art (  s]v+ is t 
( s]v+ a m ?an usually ambiti\s man1 :o1
 inde$1  is excessively egoi/ic 9 all   
?+s1 b is entirely adv]se to be+  ?\ght 
s 7?is is "p ( 8 ambition74 ,he requires
 t ev]y?+  %all be accord+ to 8 own w & 
hum\r1 yet 9 su* a way z to  give him ! 
appe>ance ( always hav+ sacrific$       
himself1 & ( r>ely  desir+ any?+ =      
himself alone4          #bif4           
,,duell+4--,i ?9k x a great advantage1  
said "s "o1 to be able to fight  a      
duel--if1 ( c\rse1 x is absolutely      
necess>y2 = ,i h at all times  brave    
companions ab\t me4 ,! duel is ! la/    
means ( ?or\ghly  hon\rable suicide left
 to u2 b x is un=tunately a circuit\s   
means1  & n ev5 a c]ta9 "o4             
#big4      ,,p]nici\s4--,a "y man c be  

mo/ surely corrupt$ :5 he is taught to  
value ! l-m9d$ m highly ?an ! diff]5tly 
m9d$4          #bih4      ,,h]o-,,wor%ip
 ,,& ,,its ,,fanatics4--,! fanatic ( an 
ideal t possesses  fle% & blood is "r z 
a rule s long z he assumes a negative   
attitude1 & he is t]rible 9 8 negation3 
he kn[s :at he d5ies z  well z he kn[s  
himself1 = ! simple reason t he comes   
!nce1 t  he feels at home !re1 & t he   
has always ! secret fe> ( be+  =c$ to   
return !re "s day4 ,he !re=e wi%es to   
make 8 return  impossible by ! mann] ( 8
 negation4 ,z soon z he beg9s to affirm1
  h[ev]1 he p>tly %uts 8 eyes & beg9s to
 idealise 7frequ5tly  m]ely = ! sake (  
annoy+ ^? :o h /ay$ at home74 ,we might 
say t !re 0 some?+ arti/ic ab\t         
?is--agre$1 b !re is also  some?+       
di%one/ ab\t x4    ,! ideali/ ( a p]son 
imag9es ?is p]son to be s f> f him t  he
 c no long] see him di/9ctly1 & !n he   
trave/ies t :i* he  c j p]ceive into    
some?+ 8beautiful0--t is to say1        
symmetrical1  vaguely outl9$1 unc]ta94  

,s9ce he wi%es to wor%ip f af> t  ideal 
:i* floats on high 9 ! di/ance1 he f9ds 
x ess5tial to build  a temple = ! object
 ( 8 wor%ip z a protection f ! pr(anum  
vulgus4 ,he br+s into ?is temple = !    
object ( 8 wor%ip all !  v5]able &      
sanctifi$ objects :i* he /ill possesses1
 s t 8  ideal may b5efit by _! *>m1 & t1
 n\ri%$ 9 ?is way1 x may  gr[ m & m     
div9e4 ,9 ! end he really succe$s 9 =m+ 
8  ,god1 b1 alas = him6 !re is "s "o :o 
kn[s h[ all ?is has be5  done1 viz4 8   
intellectual consci5ce2 & !re is also "s
 "o :o1  q unconsci\sly1 beg9s to prote/
 aga9/ ^! ?+s1 viz4 !  deifi$ "o        
himself1 :o1 9 consequ5ce ( all ?is     
wor%ip1 praise1 &  inc5se1 n[ becomes   
completely unbe>able & %[s himself 9 !  
mo/  obvi\s & dreadful mann] to be      
non-div9e1 & only too human4    ,9 a    
case l ?is !re is only "o means ( escape
 left = su* a  fanatic2 he pati5tly     
suff]s himself & 8 fell[s to be         
maltreat$1  & int]prets all ?is mis]y 9 
maiorem dei gloriam by a new k9d (      

self-deceit & noble falsehood4 ,he takes
 up a /& aga9/ himself1 &  9 do+ s      
exp]i5ces1 z an int]pret] & ill-treat$  
p]son1  some?+ l m>tyrdom--& 9 ?is way  
he climbs to ! height ( 8  conceit4 ,m5 
( ?is k9d to be f\nd1 = example1 9 !    
ent\rage (  ,napoleon3 inde$1 p]haps x  
may h be5 he :o inspir$ ! s\l ( 8       
c5tury ) t romantic pro/ration 9 !      
pres5ce ( ! 8g5ius0 &  ! 8h]o10 :i* 0 s 
=eign to ! _s ( rationalism ( !  n9ete5?
 c5tury--a man ab\t :om ev5 ,byron 0 n  
a%am$ to say t  he 0 a 8worm comp>$ )   
su* a be+40 7,! =mul ( ?is  pro/ration h
 be5 discov]$ by ,?omas ,c>lyle1 t      
arrogant old  muddle-head & grumbl]1 :o 
sp5t 8 long life 9 try+ to romanticise  
! common s5se ( 8 ,engli%m53 b 9 va967  
#bii4      ,,! ,,appe>ance ,,(          
,,h]oism4--,?r[+ ourselves 9 ! mid/ (   
our enemies  may be a sign ( c[>dice4   
#cjj4      ,,condesc5d+ ,,t[>ds ,,!     
,,flatt]]4--,x is ! ultimate prud5ce (  
insatiably ambiti\s m5 n only to conceal
 _! contempt = man :i*  ! sight (       

flatt]]s causes !m3 b also to appe> ev5 
condesc5d+  to !m1 l a ,god :o c be no?+
 if n condesc5d+4          #cja4        
8,,/r5g? ,,( ,,"*40--8,:at ,i h said    
once ,i w d0--,?is mann] (  ?9k+ is     
believ$ to indicate great /r5g? ( "*4   
,h[ _m  actions are accompli%$1 n       
because !y h be5 select$ z be+ !  mo/   
rational1 b because at ! mom5t :5 we    
?\ght ( !m !y  influ5c$ our ambition &  
vanity by "s means or ano!r1 s t we d  n
 /op until we h bl9dly c>ri$ !m out4    
,?us !y /r5g!n 9  u our belief 9 our "* 
& our good consci5ce1 9 %ort our  /r5g?2
 :il/ ! *oice ( ! mo/ rational acts     
possible br+s  ab\t a c]ta9 am\nt (     
scepticism t[>ds ourselves1 & ?us       
enc\rages a s5se ( weakness 9 u4        
#cjb4      ,,once1 ,,twice1 ,,& ,,?rice 
,,true4--,m5 lie unspeakably & (t51 b !y
 d  n ?9k ab\t x aft]w>ds1 & g5]ally d n
 believe 9 x4          #cjc4      ,,!   
,,pa/ime ,,( ,,! ,,psy*ologi/4--,he ?9ks
 he kn[s me1 & fancies  himself to be   
subtle & important :5 he has any k9d (  

relations )  me2 & ,i take c>e n to     
undeceive him4 ,= 9 su* a case ,i %\ld  
suff] = x1 :ile n[ he wi%es me well     
because ,i ar\se 9 him a  feel+ (       
consci\s sup]iority4--,!re is ano!r1 :o 
fe>s t ,i ?9k  ,i "k him1 & feels a s5se
 ( inf]iority at ?is4 ,z a result he    
behaves 9 a timid & vacillat+ mann]1 9  
my pres5ce1 & endeav\rs  to mislead me 9
 reg>d to himself s t he may rega9 an   
asc5dancy  ov] me4          #cjd4       
,,! ,,de/roy]s ,,( ,,! ,,_w4--,:5 "s m5 
fail to accompli% :at !y  desire to d !y
 exclaim angrily1 8,may ! :ole _w p]i%60
 ,?is  odi\s feel+ is ! height ( envy   
:i* reasons ?us3 because ,i _c  h "o ?+ 
! :ole _w 9 g5]al mu/ h no?+6 ! :ole  _w
 %all n exi/6          #cje4            
,,gre$4--,:5 we set out to buy some?+   
our gre$ increases ) !  *eapness ( !    
object--,:y8 ,is x because ! small      
diff]5ces 9 price  make up ! little eye 
( gre$8          #cjf4      ,,! ,,greek 
,,ideal4--,:at did ! ,greeks admire 9   
,ulysses8 ,above all 8  capacity = ly+ &

 = tak+ a %rewd & dreadful rev5ge1 8 be+
  equal to circum/ances1 8 appe>+ to be 
nobl] ?an ! noble/ :5  necess>y1 8      
ability to be ev]y?+ he desir$1 8 h]oic 
p]t9acity1 hav+ all means )9 8 comm&1   
possess+ g5ius--!  g5ius ( ,ulysses is  
an object ( ! admiration ( ! gods1 !y   
smile  :5 !y ?9k ( x--all ?is is !      
,greek ideal6 ,:at is mo/ rem>kable     
ab\t x is t ! contradiction betwe5 seem+
 & be+ 0 n felt  9 any way1 & t z a     
consequ5ce x c\ld n be morally e/imat$4 
,7 !re ev] su* accompli%$ actors8       
#cjg4      ,,facta6 ,,yes1 ,,facta      
,,ficta6--,! hi/orian ne$ n conc]n      
himself )  ev5ts :i* h actually happ5$1 
b only ^? :i* are suppos$ to  h happ5$2 
= none b ! latt] h produc$ an effect4 ,!
 same  rem>k applies to ! imag9>y h]oes4
 ,8 !me--?is s-call$  _w-hi/ory--:at is 
x b op9ions on imag9>y actions & _!     
imag9>y motives1 :i* 9 _! turn give rise
 to op9ions & actions  ! reality ( :i*1 
h[ev]1 is at once evaporat$1 & is only  
effective z vap\r1--a cont9ual g5]at+ & 

impregnat+ ( phantoms  above ! d5se mi/s
 ( unfa?omable reality4 ,all hi/orians  
record  ?+s :i* h nev] exi/$1 except 9  
imag9ation4          #cjh4      ,,n ,,to
 ,,und]/& ,,trade ,,is ,,noble4--,to    
sell "o's virtue only at ! highe/       
price1 or ev5 to c>ry on usury ) x z a  
tea*]1 a civil s]vant1 or  an arti/1 =  
in/ance1 br+s g5ius & tal5t d[n to !    
level ( !  common tradesman4 ,we mu/ be 
c>eful n to be clev] ) our wisdom6      
#cji4      ,,fe> ,,& ,,love4--,! g5]al k
 ( mank9d has be5 fur!r$ to a  great]   
ext5t by fe> ?an by love2 = fe>         
endeav\rs to f9d out :o  ! o!r is1 :at  
he c d1 & :at he wants3 x w\ld be       
dang]\s &  prejudicial to be deceiv$ on 
?is po9t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 love is  induc$ 
by its secret crav+ to discov] z _m     
beautiful qualities z  possible 9 ! lov$
 object1 or to raise ?is lov$ object z  
high z  possible3 x is a joy & an       
advantage to love to be deceiv$ 9 ?is   
way--& ?is is :y x does x4              
#caj4      ,,good-,,natur$              

,,p4--,good-natur$ p h acquir$ _! "*  f 
! cont9ual fe> ( =eign attacks 9 :i* _! 
ance/ors  liv$1--^! ance/ors1 :o 7 9 !  
habit ( mitigat+ &  tranquillis+1 humbl+
 !mselves1 prev5t+1 di/ract+1 flatt]+1  
& apologis+1 conceal+ _! grief & ang]1 &
 pres]v+ an  unruffl$ c\nt5ance1--& !y  
ultimately bequea!d all ?is delicate  & 
well-=m$ me*anism to _! *ildr5 &        
gr&*ildr54 ,^!  latt]1 ?anks to _! m    
fav\rable lot1 did n exp]i5ce ?is  feel+
 ( dread1 b !y nev]!less cont9ue 9 !    
same groove4          #caa4      ,,!    
,,s-,,call$ ,,s\l4--,! sum-total ( ^?   
int]nal movem5ts :i* come  naturally to 
m51 & :i* !y c consequ5tly set 9 motion 
readily  & gracefully1 is call$ !       
s\l--m5 are look$ ^u z void ( s\l  :5 !y
 let x be se5 t _! inw>d emotions are   
difficult &  pa9ful to !m4              
#cab4      ,,! ,,=getful ,,ones4--,9    
outbur/s ( passion & ! delusions (      
dreams  & madness1 man r$iscov]s 8 own  
primitive hi/ory1 & t (  humanity3      
animality & its savage grimaces4 ,= once

 8 memory /ret*es  back into ! pa/1 :ile
 8 civilis$ condition is develop$ f !   
=getfulness ( ^! primitive exp]i5ces1 t 
is to say1 f !  fail+ ( ?is memory4 ,he 
:o1 z a =getful man ( a high] nature1   
has  always rema9$ alo( f ^! ?+s1 does n
 und]/& m5--b x is  an advantage if f "t
 to "t !re are individuals :o d n       
und]/& m51 individuals :o are1 s to     
speak1 creat$ f ! div9e  se$ & born (   
reason4          #cac4      ,,! ,,fri5d 
,,:om ,,we ,,want ,,no ,,long]4--,t     
fri5d ^: hopes we _c  satisfy we %\ld   
pref] to h z an enemy4          #cad4   
,,9 ,,! ,,society ,,( ,,?9k]s4--,9 !    
mid/ ( ! ocean ( becom+ we  adv5tur]s & 
birds ( passage wake up on an isl& no   
l>g] ?an a  small boat1 & "h we look    
r\nd u = a mom5t ) z mu* ha/e &         
curiosity z possible2 = h[ quickly may  
"s gale bl[ u away or "s  wave sweep ov]
 ! little isl& & leave no?+ ( u rema9+6 
,"h1  h[ev]1 ^u ?is little piece ( gr\nd
 we meet ) o!r birds (  passage & he> ( 
/ill e>li] ones1--& ?us we live toge!r =

 "o  preci\s m9ute ( recognition &      
div9+1 amid ! *e]ful flutt]+  ( w+s &   
joyful *irp+1 & !n adv5ture 9 _s f> out 
on !  ocean1 feel+ no less pr\d ?an !   
ocean itself4          #cae4      ,,p>t+
 ,,) ,,some?+4--,to give up "s ( our    
prop]ty1 or to waive a  "r1 gives       
pleasure :5 x d5otes great weal?4       
,g5]osity may be  plac$ 9 ?is category4 
#caf4      ,,weak ,,sects4--,^? sects   
:i* feel t !y w always rema9 weak hunt  
up a few intellig5t individual adh]5ts1 
wi%+ to make up 9 quality  :at !y lack 9
 quantity4 ,?is gives rise to no little 
dang] =  intellig5t m9ds4          #cag4
      ,,! ,,judgm5t ,,( ,,! ,,ev5+4--,! 
man :o m$itates ^u 8 day's &  life's "w 
:5 he has rea*$ ! end ( 8 j\rney & feels
 we>y1  g5]ally arrives at a melan*oly  
conclusion2 b ?is is n ! fault (  ! day 
or 8 life1 b ( we>9ess4--,9 ! mid/ (    
creative "w we d  n take "t1 z a rule1  
to m$itate ^u life & exi/5ce1 nor yet 9 
! mid/ ( our pleasures3 b if by a *ance 
?is did happ5 once we  %\ld no long]    

believe him to be "r :o wait$ = ! sev5? 
day  & = repose to f9d ev]y?+ t exi/s v 
beautiful4--,he _h  miss$ ! "r mom5t4   
#cah4      ,,bew>e ,,(                  
,,sy/emis]s6--,!re is a c]ta9 am\nt (   
com$y ab\t  sy/emis]s3 9 try+ to        
complete a sy/em & to r\nd (f its       
horizon  !y h to try to let _! weak]    
qualities appe> 9 ! same /yle z  _!     
/rong] ones4--,!y wi% to repres5t       
complete & uni=mly /rong  natures4      
#cai4      ,,hospitality4--,! object (  
hospitality is to p>alyse all ho/ile    
feel+  9 a /rang]4 ,:5 we cease to look 
^u /rang]s z enemies1  hospitality      
dim9i%es2 x fl\ri%es s long z its evil  
presupposition  does4          #cbj4    
,,! ,,wea!r4--,an exceptional & unc]ta9 
/ate ( ! wea!r makes m5  suspici\s ev5 (
 "o ano!r3 at ! same "t !y come to l    
innovations1 = !y mu/ div]ge f _!       
accu/om$ habits4 ,?is is  :y despots l  
^? c\ntries :]e ! wea!r is moral4       
#cba4      ,,dang] ,,9                  
,,innoc5ce4--,innoc5t p become easy     

victims 9 all  circum/ances because _!  
lack ( k prev5ts !m f  di/+ui%+ betwe5  
mod]ation & excess1 & f be+ betimes on  
_! gu>d aga9/ !mselves4 ,x is z a result
 ( ?is t innoc5t1  t is1 ignorant "y    
wom5 become accu/om$ to ! frequ5t       
enjoym5t  ( sexual int]c\rse1 & feel !  
want ( x v mu* 9 lat] ye>s  :5 _! husb&s
 fall ill or gr[ prematurely old4 ,x is 
on acc\nt (  ?is h>mless & or?odox      
conception1 z if frequ5t sexual         
int]c\rse  7 "r & prop]1 t !y come to   
exp]i5ce a ne$ :i*  aft]w>ds exposes !m 
to ! sev]e/ tribulations1 & ev5 worse4  
,consid]+ ! matt]1 h[ev]1 f a high] & m 
g5]al po9t (  view1 :oev] loves a man or
 a ?+ )\t kn[+ him or x1 falls a  prey  
to some?+ :i* he w\ld n love if he c\ld 
see x4 ,9 all cases  :]e exp]i5ce1      
precautions1 & prud5t /eps are requir$1 
x is !  innoc5t man :o w be mo/ ?or\ghly
 corrupt$1 = he has to dr9k  ) clos$    
eyes ! dregs & mo/ secret poison (      
ev]y?+ put be=e  him4 ,let u consid] !  
proc$ure ( all pr9ces1 *ur*es1 sects1   

p>ties1 & corporations3 ,is n ! innoc5t 
man always us$ z !  sweete/ bait = ! mo/
 dang]\s & wick$ traps8--j z ,ulysses   
avail$ himself ( ! s]vices ( ! innoc5t  
,neoptolemos to *eat !  old & infirm    
an*orite & ogre ( ,lemnos out ( 8 b[ &  
arr[s4  ,*ri/ianity1 ) its contempt = ! 
_w1 has made ignorance a                
virtue--innoc5ce1 p]haps because ! mo/  
frequ5t result ( ?is  innoc5ce is       
precisely1 z ,i h indicat$ above1 guilt1
 ! s5se (  guilt1 & despair3 ,9 o!r     
words1 a virtue :i* leads to ,heav5 by !
  circuit\s r\te ( ,hell2 = only !n c ! 
gloomy propyla (  ,*ri/ian salvation be 
?r[n op51 & only !n is ! promise ( a    
po/hum\s second innoc5ce effective4 ,?is
 is "o ( ! f9e/  inv5tions (            
,*ri/ianity6          #cbb4      ,,liv+ 
,,)\t ,a ,,doctor ,,:5 ,,possible4--,x  
seems to me t a sick man  lives m       
c>elessly :5 he is "u m$ical obs]vation 
?an :5 he  att5ds to 8 own heal?4 ,9 !  
fir/ case x suffices = him to obey      
/rictly all 8 ,doctor's prescriptions2 b

 9 ! second case he gives  m att5tion to
 ! ultimate object ( ^! prescriptions1  
namely1 8  heal?2 he obs]ves mu* m1 &   
submits himself to a m sev]e  discipl9e 
?an ! directions ( 8 physician w\ld     
compel him to d4    ,all rules h ?is    
effect3 !y di/ract our att5tion f !     
fundam5tal aim ( ! rule1 & make u m     
?\ghtless4 ,b to :at  heights (         
immod]ation & de/ruction w\ld m5 h ris5 
if ev] !y  _h completely & hone/ly left 
ev]y?+ to ! ,godhead z to _!  physician1
 & act$ 9 accordance ) ! words 8z ,god  
w06          #cbc4      ,,! ,,d>k5+ ,,( 
,,! ,,heav5s4--,d y "k ! v5geance ( ^?  
timid  p :o behave 9 society j z if !y  
_h /ol5 _! limbs8 ,!  v5geance ( !      
humble1 ,*ri/ian-l s\ls :o j manage to  
sl9k  quietly ?r\gh ! _w8 ,! v5geance ( 
^? :o always judge  ha/ily1 & are z     
ha/ily said to be 9 ! wrong8 ,! v5geance
 ( all  classes ( drunk>ds1 = :om !     
morn+ is always ! mo/ mis]able  "p ( !  
day8 & also ( all k9ds ( invalids & sick
 & depress$  p :o h no long] ! c\rage to

 become heal?y8    ,! numb] ( ^! petty  
v5geful p1 &1 ev5 m1 ! numb] (  _! petty
 acts ( rev5ge1 is incalculable4 ,! air 
ar\nd u is  cont9ually :izz+ ) ! dis*>g$
 arr[s ( _! malignity1 s  t ! sun & !   
sky ( _! lives become d>k5$ !reby1--&1  
alas6 n only !irs1 b m (t5 ours & o!r   
m5's3 & ?is is  worse ?an ! frequ5t     
w\nds :i* !y make on our sk9s & he>ts4  
,d  we n occasionally d5y ! exi/5ce ( ! 
sun & sky m]ely because  we h n se5 !m =
 s long8--,well !n1 solitude6 because ( 
?is1  solitude6          #cbd4      ,,! 
,,psy*ology ,,( ,,! ,,actor4--,x is !   
blissful illusion ( all great  actors to
 imag9e t ! hi/orical p]sonages :om !y  
are  repres5t+ 7 really 9 ! same /ate ( 
m9d z !y !mselves are  :5 int]pret+     
!m--b 9 ?is !y are v mu* mi/ak54 ,_!    
p[]s ( imitation & div9ation1 :i* !y    
w\ld fa9 exhibit z a  clairvoyant       
faculty1 p5etrate only f> en\gh to      
expla9 ge/ures1  acc5t1 & looks1 & 9    
g5]al any?+ ext]ior3 t is1 !y c  grasp !
 %ad[ ( ! s\l ( a great h]o1 /atesman1  

or w>rior1 or (  an ambiti\s1 jeal\s1 or
 desp]ate p]son--!y p5etrate fairly ne> 
to  ! s\l1 b !y nev] rea* ! inmo/ _s ( !
 man !y are  imitat+4    ,x w\ld1 inde$1
 be a f9e ?+ to discov] t in/ead (      
?9k]s1  psy*ologi/s1 or exp]ts we       
requir$ no?+ b clairvoyant actors to    
?r[ light ^u ! ess5ce ( any condition4  
,let u nev] =get1  :5ev] su* pret5sions 
are he>d1 t ! actor is no?+ b an  ideal 
ape--s mu* ( an ape is he1 inde$1 t he  
is n capable (  believ+ 9 ! 8ess5ce0 or 
9 ! 8ess5tial03 ev]y?+ becomes =  him   
m]ely p]=mance1 intonation1 attitude1   
/age1 sc5]y1 & public4          #cbe4   
,,liv+ ,,& ,,believ+ ,,ap>t4--,! means (
 becom+ ! prophet &  wond]-work] ( "o's 
age are ! same to-day z 9 =m] times3 "o 
mu/ live ap>t1 ) little k1 "s ideas1 & a
 great deal (  presumption--we !n f9i%  
by believ+ t mank9d _c d )\t u1  because
 x is cle> t we c d )\t x4 ,:5 we are   
inspir$ )  ?is belief we f9d fai?4      
,f9ally1 a piece ( advice to him :o ne$s
 x  7x 0 giv5 to ,wesley by ,boehl]1 8  

spiritual tea*]73 8,prea* fai?  until y 
h x2 !n y w prea* x because y h x60     
#cbf4      ,,kn[+ ,,our                 
,,circum/ances4--,we may e/imate our    
p[]s1 b n our p[]4  ,n only d           
circum/ances conceal x f u & %[ x to u  
"t ab\t1  b !y ev5 exagg]ate or dim9i%  
x4 ,we mu/ consid] ourselves z  v>iable 
quantities ^: productive capacity may 9 
fav\rable  circum/ances rea* ! greate/  
possible heights3 we mu/ !re=e  reflect 
^u ^! circum/ances1 & sp>e no pa9s 9    
/udy+ !m4          #cbg4      ,a        
,,fable4--,! ,don ,juan ( k--no         
philosoph] or poet has yet  succe$$ 9   
discov]+ him4 ,he is want+ 9 love = !   
?+s he  recognises1 b he possesses wit1 
a lu/ = ! hunt+ aft] k1  & ! intrigues 9
 connection ) x1 & he f9ds enjoym5t 9   
all  ^!1 ev5 up to ! highe/ & mo/ di/ant
 />s ( k--until at  la/ !re is no?+ left
 = him to pursue b ! absolutely injuri\s
  side ( k1 j z ! drunk>d :o ends by    
dr9k+ abs9! &  aqua=tis4 ,t is :y la/ ( 
all he feels a long+ = hell1 = ?is  is !

 f9al k :i* s$uces him4 ,p]haps ev5 ?is 
w\ld  disappo9t him1 z all ?+s d :i* "o 
kn[s6 & !n he w\ld h  to /& /ill = all  
et]nity1 a victim to et]nal deception1 &
  trans=m$ into 8 enemy1 ! ,/ony ,gue/1 
:o longs = an ev5+ meal  ( k :i* w nev] 
m fall to 8 %>e6 = ! :ole _w  ( ?+s w n 
h ano!r m\?ful left to (f] to ^! hungry 
m54          #cbh4      ,,:at           
,,ideali/ic ,,!ories ,,disclose4--,we   
are mo/ c]ta9 to f9d ideali/ic  !ories  
among unscrupul\sly practical m52 = su* 
m5 /& 9 ne$ (  ! lu/re ( ^! !ories = !  
sake ( _! reputation4 ,!y adopt  !m     
in/9ctively )\t by any means feel+      
hypocritical 9 do+  s--no m hypocritical
 ?an ,engli%m5 ) _! ,*ri/ianity & _!    
,sabba?-keep+4 ,on ! o!r h&1            
contemplative natures :o h to keep      
!mselves on ! gu>d aga9/ all k9ds (     
fantasies & :o dread to be  reput$ z    
en?usia/s1 are only to be satisfi$ ) h>d
 reali/ic  !ories3 !y take possession ( 
!m "u ! same in/9ctive  compulsion )\t  
!reby los+ _! hone/y4          #cbi4    

,,! ,,calumniators ,,( ,,*e]fulness4--,p
 :o h be5 deeply w\nd$ by  !            
disappo9tm5ts ( life look ) suspicion ^u
 all *e]fulness z  if x 7 some?+ *ildi% 
& pu]ile1 & reveal$ a lack ( common     
s5se t moves !m to pity & t5d]ness1 su* 
z "o w\ld exp]i5ce  :5 see+ a dy+ *ild  
c>ess+ 8 toys on 8 dea?-b$4 ,su* m5     
appe> to see hidd5 graves "u e rose2    
rejoic+s1 tumult1 &  *e]ful music appe> 
to !m to be ! volunt>y illusions ( a man
 :o  is dang]\sly ill & yet wi%es to    
take a mom5t>y draught f !  intoxicat+  
cup ( life4 ,b ?is judgm5t ab\t         
*e]fulness is m]ely  ! reflection ( !   
latt] on ! d>k backgr\nd ( we>9ess &    
ill-heal?3 9 itself x is some?+ t\*+1   
irrational1 & pitiable1  ev5 *ildlike & 
pu]ile1 b connect$ ) t second *ildhood  
:i*  foll[s 9 ! tra9 ( old age1 & is !  
h>b+] ( dea?4          #ccj4      ,,n   
,,yet ,,en\gh6--,x is n suffici5t to    
prove a case1 we mu/ also tempt  or     
raise m5 to x3 h5ce ! wise man mu/ le>n 
to convey 8 wisdom2  & (t5 9 su* a mann]

 t x may s\nd l fooli%ness6             
#cca4      ,,"r ,,&                     
,,limits4--,asceticism is ! prop] mode (
 ?9k+ = ^? :o  mu/ extirpate _! c>nal   
in/9cts1 because ^! are f]oci\s         
bea/s1--b only = su* p6          #ccb4  
,,! ,,bomba/ic ,,/yle4--,an arti/ :o    
does n wi% to put 8 elevat$  feel+s into
 a "w & ?us unburd5 himself1 b :o r     
wi%es to  imp>t ^! feel+s ( elevation to
 o!rs1 becomes pomp\s1 & 8  /yle becomes
 ! bomba/ic /yle4          #ccc4        
8,,humanity40--,we d n consid] animals z
 moral be+s4 ,b d y ?9k  t animals      
consid] u z moral be+s8 ,an animal :i*  
_h ! p[] (  spee* once said3 8,humanity 
is a prejudice f :i* we animals at lea/ 
d n suff]40          #ccd4      ,,!     
,,*>itable ,,man4--,! *>itable man      
gratifies a ne$ ( 8 own inw>d  feel+s :5
 do+ good4 ,! /rong] ?is ne$ is ! less  
does su* a  man try to put himself 9 !  
place ( ^? :o s]ve ! purpose (  gratify+
 8 desire3 he becomes indelicate &      
sometimes ev5 (f5sive4  7,?is rem>k     

applies to ! b5evol5ce & *>ity ( !      
,jews1 :i*1 z  is well kn[n1 is some:at 
m effusive ?an t ( o!r peoples477#aj7   
#cce4      ,,t ,,love ,,may ,,be ,,felt 
,,z ,,love4--,we mu/ be hone/ t[>ds     
ourselves1 &  mu/ "k ourselves v well   
inde$1 to be able to practise ^u o!rs  t
 humane dissimulation kn[n z love &     
k9dness4          #ccf4      ,,:at ,,are
 ,,we ,,capable ,,(8--,a man :o _h be5  
torm5t$ all day by 8 wick$  & malici\s  
son slew him 9 ! ev5+1 & !n ) a sigh (  
relief  said to ! o!r memb]s ( 8 family3
 8,well n[ we c sleep 9 peace40  ,:o    
kn[s :at circum/ances might drive u to6 
#ccg4      8,,natural40--,to be natural1
 at lea/ 9 8 defici5cies1 is p]haps !   
la/ praise t c be be/[$ ^u an artificial
 arti/1 :o is 9  o!r respects !atrical &
 half g5u9e4 ,su* a man w = ?is v       
reason boldly p>ade 8 defici5cies4      
#cch4      ,,consci5ce-,,sub/itute4--,"o
 man is ano!r's consci5ce3 & ?is is     
especially important :5 ! o!r has none  
else4          #cci4      ,,!           

,,trans=mation ,,( ,,duties4--,:5 our   
duties cease to be difficult (          
accompli%m5t1 & aft] long practice      
become *ang$ into agreeable  delights & 
ne$s1 !n ! rights ( o!rs to :om our     
duties 7?\gh  n[ our incl9ations7 ref]  
*ange into some?+ else3 t is1 !y  become
 ! occasion ( pleasant feel+s = u4      
,h5ce=? ! 8o!r10  by virtue ( 8 rights1 
becomes an object ( love to u in/ead (  
an  object ( rev]5ce & awe z =m]ly4 ,x  
is our own pleasure we seek  :5 we      
recognise & ma9ta9 ! ext5t ( 8 p[]4 ,:5 
! ,quieti/s  no long] felt _! ,*ri/ian  
fai? z a burd51 & exp]i5c$ _!  delight  
only 9 ,god1 !y took ! motto3 8,d all to
 ! glory ( ,god40  ,:atev] !y p]=m$     
h5ce=? 9 ?is s5se 0 no long] a          
sacrifice1 x 0 z mu* z to say1 8,ev]y?+ 
= ! sake ( our  pleasure40 ,to dem& t   
duty %\ld be always r burd5some1 z ,kant
  does1 is to dem& t x %all nev] develop
 into a habit or cu/om4  ,!re is a small
 residue ( ascetic cruelty 9 ?is dem&4  
#cdj4      ,,appe>ances ,,are ,,aga9/   

,,! ,,hi/orian4--,x is a suffici5tly    
demon/rat$  fact t human be+s come f !  
womb2 nev]!less :5 *ildr5 gr[  up & /&  
by ! side ( _! "m ?is hypo!sis appe>s v 
absurd--all appe>ances are aga9/ x4     
#cda4      ,,! ,,advantage ,,(          
,,ignorance4--,"s "o has said t 9 8     
*ildhood he  exp]i5c$ su* a contempt = !
 caprices & :ims ( a melan*oly          
temp]am5t t1 until he _h gr[n up & _h   
become a middle-ag$ man1  he did n "k   
:at 8 own temp]am5t 0 l3 x 0 precisely a
  melan*oly temp]am5t4 ,he decl>$ t ?is 
0 ! be/ ( all possible  k9ds (          
ignorance4          #cdb4      ,,d ,,n  
,,be ,,deceiv$6--,yes1 he exam9$ ! matt]
 f e side & y  ?9k him to be a man (    
pr(\nd k4 ,b he only wi%es to l[]  !    
price--he wants to buy x6          #cdc4
      ,a ,,moral ,,pret5ce4--,y refuse  
to be dissatisfi$ ) y\rselves or to     
suff] f y\rselves1 & ?is y call y\r     
moral t5d5cy6 ,v well2  ano!r may p]haps
 call x y\r c[>dice6 ,"o ?+1 h[ev]1 is  
c]ta91 & t is t y w nev] take a trip    

r\nd ! _w 7&  y y\rselves are ?is _w71 &
 y w always rema9 9 y\rselves  an       
accid5t & a clod on ! face ( ! e>?6 ,d y
 fancy t we :o  hold diff]5t views f y  
are m]ely expos+ ourselves out ( pure   
folly to ! j\rney ?r\gh our own des]ts1 
swamps1 & glaci]s1 &  t we are          
volunt>ily *oos+ grief & disgu/ )       
ourselves1 l  ! ,/ylites8          #cdd4
      ,,subtlety ,,9 ,,mi/akes4--,if    
,hom]1 z !y say1 sometimes nodd$1 he 0  
wis] ?an all ! arti/s ( sleepless       
ambition4 ,we mu/ all[ admir]s  to /op =
 a "t & take brea? by lett+ !m f9d fault
 n[ &  !n2 = nobody c be> an            
un9t]rupt$ly brilliant & untir+         
excell5ce--& in/ead ( do+ good su* a    
ma/] w\ld m]ely become a  taskma/]1 :om 
we hate :ile he prec$es u4              
#cde4      ,,our ,,happ9ess ,,is ,,n    
,,an ,,argum5t ,,ei!r ,,pro ,,or        
,,con4--,_m m5 are only  capable ( a    
small %>e ( happ9ess3 & x is n an       
argum5t aga9/  _! wisdom if ?is wisdom  
is unable to af=d !m a great] degree (  

happ9ess1 any m ?an x is an argum5t     
aga9/ m$ical skill t _m  p are          
incurable1 & o!rs always ail+4 ,may e "o
 h !  good =tune to discov] ! conception
 ( exi/5ce :i* w enable him  to realise 
8 greate/ %>e ( happ9ess6 ?\gh ?is w n  
necess>ily prev5t 8 life f be+ mis]able 
& n wor? envy+4          #cdf4      ,,! 
,,enemies ,,( ,,wom54--8,woman is our   
enemy0--,! man :o speaks to m5 9  ?is   
way exhibits an unbridl$ lu/ :i* n only 
hates itself b also  its means4         
#cdg4      ,,! ,,s*ool ,,( ,,!          
,,orator4--,:5 a man has kept sil5ce = a
 :ole ye> he  le>ns to /op *att]+1 & to 
disc\rse in/ead4 ,! ,py?agoreans 7  !   
be/ /atesm5 ( _! age4          #cdh4    
,,! ,,feel+ ,,( ,,p[]4--,note !         
di/9ction3 ! man :o wi%es to acquire  ! 
feel+ ( p[] seizes ^u any means1 & looks
 ^u no?+ z too  petty :i* c fo/] ?is    
feel+4 ,he :o already possesses p[]1    
h[ev]1 has gr[n fa/idi\s & ref9$ 9 8    
ta/es2 few ?+s c be  f\nd to satisfy    
him4          #cdi4      ,,n ,,s ,,v    

,,important4--,:5 we are pres5t at a    
dea?-b$ !re regul>ly  arises 9 u a ?\ght
 t we imm$iately suppress f a false s5se
 (  propriety3 ! ?\ght t ! act ( dy+ is 
less important ?an !  cu/om>y v5]ation (
 x w\ld wi% u to believe1 & t ! dy+  man
 has probably lo/ 9 8 life ?+s :i* 7 m  
important ?an he  is n[ ab\t to lose by 
8 dea?4 ,9 ?is case ! end is c]ta9ly n  
! goal4          #cej4      ,,! ,,be/   
,,way ,,to ,,promise4--,:5 a man makes a
 promise x is n m]ely !  ^w t promises1 
b :at lies unexpress$ beh9d ! ^w4 ,words
  inde$ weak5 a promise by dis*>g+ & us+
 up a p[] :i* =ms  "p ( t p[] :i*       
promises4 ,!re=e %ake h&s :5 mak+ a     
promise1 b put y\r f+] on y\r lips--9   
?is way y w make !  safe/ promises4     
#cea4      ,,g5]ally ,,misund]/ood4--,9 
conv]sation we sometimes obs]ve p       
endeav\r+ to set a trap 9 :i* to cat*   
o!rs--n out (  evil-m9d$ness1 z "o might
 suppose1 b f delight 9 _! own          
%rewdness4 ,o!rs aga9 prep>e a joke s t 
"s "o else may utt]  x1 !y tie ! knot s 

t o!rs may undo x3 n out ( goodwill1 z  
might be suppos$1 b f wick$ness1 & _!   
contempt = co>se  intellects4           
#ceb4      ,,c5tre4--,! feel+1 8,i am ! 
c5tre ( ! _w10 =cibly comes to u  :5 we 
are unexpect$ly ov]tak5 by disgrace3 we 
!n feel z if we 7  /&+ daz$ 9 ! mid/ ( a
 surge1 & dazzl$ by ! glance ( "o       
enorm\s eye :i* gazes d[n ^u u f all    
sides & looks u ?r\gh  & ?r\gh4         
#cec4      ,,fre$om ,,( ,,spee*4--8,!   
tru? mu/ be told1 ev5 if ! _w %\ld be   
%iv]$ 9 fragm5ts0--s cries ! em95t &    
gr&iloqu5t ,fi*te4--,yes1  c]ta9ly2 b we
 mu/ h x fir/4--,:at he really means1   
h[ev]1 is  t ea* man %\ld speak 8 m9d1  
ev5 if ev]y?+ 7 to be turn$  upside d[n4
 ,?is po9t1 h[ev]1 is op5 to dispute4   
#ced4      ,,! ,,c\rage ,,=             
,,suff]+4--,su* z we n[ are1 we are     
capable ( be>+ a  tol]able am\nt (      
displeasure1 & our /oma* is suit$ to su*
  indige/ible food4 ,if we 7 depriv$ (  
x1 inde$1 we %\ld p]haps  ?9k ! banquet 
( life insipid2 & if x 7 n = our        

will+ness  to suff] pa9 we %\ld h to let
 too _m pleasures escape u6             
#cee4      ,,admir]s4--,! man :o admires
 up to ! po9t t he w\ld be ready to     
crucify any "o :o did n admire1 mu/ be  
reckon$ among !  execution]s ( 8        
p>ty--bew>e ( %ak+ h&s ) him1 ev5 :5 he 
belongs to y\r own side4          #cef4 
,,! ,,effect ,,( ,,happ9ess4--,! fir/   
effect ( happ9ess is ! feel+ (  p[]1 &  
?is feel+ longs to manife/ itself1 :e!r 
t[>ds  ourselves or o!r m51 or t[>ds    
ideas & imag9>y be+s4 ,its mo/  common  
modes ( manife/ation are mak+ pres5ts1  
d]ision1 &  de/ruction--all ?ree be+ due
 to a common fundam5tal in/9ct4         
#ceg4      ,,moral ,,mosquitoes4--,^?   
morali/s :o are lack+ 9 ! love (  k1 &  
:o are only acqua9t$ ) ! pleasure ( giv+
 pa91  h ! _s & t$i\sness ( prov9cials4 
,_! pa/ime1 z cruel z  x is lam5table1  
is to obs]ve _! neighb\r ) ! greate/    
possible  clos5ess1 &1 unp]ceiv$1 to    
place a p9 9 su* position t he  _c help 
prick+ himself ) x4 ,su* m5 h pres]v$   

some?+ (  ! wick$ness ( s*oolboys1 :o _c
 amuse !mselves )\t hunt+  & tortur+    
ei!r ! liv+ or ! dead4          #ceh4   
,,reasons ,,& ,,_! ,,unreason4--,y feel 
a dislike = him1 & adduce  innum]able   
reasons = ?is dislike1 b ,i only believe
 9 y\r dislike  & n 9 y\r reasons6 ,y   
flatt] y\rself by adduc+ z a rational   
conclusion1 bo? to y\rself & to me1 t   
:i* happ5s to be m]ely a  matt] (       
in/9ct4          #cei4      ,,approv+   
,,( ,,some?+4--,we approve ( m>riage 9 !
 fir/ place because  we are n yet       
acqua9t$ ) x1 9 ! second place because  
we h  accu/om$ ourselves to x1 & 9 !    
?ird place because we h  contract$ x--t 
is to say1 9 mo/ cases4 ,& yet no?+ has 
be5  prov$ !reby 9 fav\r ( ! value (    
m>riage 9 g5]al4          #cfj4         
,,no ,,utilit>ians4--8,p[] :i* has      
greatly suff]$ bo? 9 de$ & 9  ?\ght is  
bett] ?an p[]lessness :i* only meets )  
k9d  treatm5t0--su* 0 ! ,greek way (    
?9k+4 ,9 o!r words1 ! feel+  ( p[] 0    
priz$ m highly by !m ?an any m]e utility

 or fair  r5[n4          #cfa4          
,,ugly ,,9 ,,appe>ance4--,mod]ation     
appe>s to itself to be q beautiful3 x   
is unaw>e ( ! fact t 9 ! eyes ( !       
immod]ate x seems co>se  & insipid1 &   
consequ5tly ugly4          #cfb4        
,,diff]5t ,,9 ,,_! ,,hatr$4--,!re are m5
 :o d n beg9 to hate until  !y feel weak
 & tir$3 9 o!r respects !y are fair-m9d$
 &  sup]ior4 ,o!rs only beg9 to hate :5 
!y see an opportunity =  rev5ge3 9 o!r  
respects !y c>efully avoid bo? secret & 
op5  wra?1 & ov]look x :5ev] !re is any 
occasion = x4          #cfc4      ,,m5  
,,( ,,*ance4--,x is pure haz>d :i* plays
 ! ess5tial "p 9 e  inv5tion1 b mo/ m5 d
 n meet ) ?is haz>d4          #cfd4     
,,*oice ,,( ,,environm5t4--,we %\ld     
bew>e ( liv+ 9 an environm5t :]e  we are
 nei!r able to ma9ta9 a dignifi$ sil5ce 
nor to express our  l(ti] ?\ghts1 s t   
only our compla9ts & ne$s & ! :ole  /ory
 ( our mis]y are left to be told4 ,we   
?us become dissatisfi$ )  ourselves & ) 
our surr\nd+s1 & to ! discom=t :i* br+s 

ab\t our compla9ts we add ! vexation :i*
 we feel at always be+ 9  ! position (  
grumbl]s4 ,b we %\ld1 on ! contr>y1 live
 9 a place  :]e we %\ld be a%am$ to     
speak ( ourselves & :]e x w\ld n be     
necess>y to d s4--,:o1 h[ev]1 ?9ks ( su*
 ?+s1 or ( ! *oice  9 su* ?+s8 ,we talk 
ab\t our 8fate10 brace up our %\ld]s1 & 
sigh1 8,un=tunate ,atlas t ,i am60      
#cfe4      ,,vanity4--,vanity is ! dread
 ( appe>+ to be orig9al4 ,h5ce x is a   
lack ( pride1 b n necess>ily a lack (   
orig9ality4          #cff4      ,,!     
,,crim9al',s ,,grief4--,! crim9al :o has
 be5 f\nd out does n suff]  because ( ! 
crime he has committ$1 b because ( !    
%ame &  annoyance caus$ him ei!r by "s  
blund] :i* he has made or by be+        
depriv$ ( 8 habitual elem5t2 & ke5      
disc]nm5t is necess>y to  di/+ui% su*   
cases4 ,e "o :o has _h mu* exp]i5ce (   
prisons  & re=matories is a/oni%$ at !  
r>e in/ances ( really g5u9e  8remorse10 
& /ill m s at ! long+ %[n to return to !
 old  wick$ & belov$ crime4             

#cfg4      ,,always ,,appe>+            
,,happy4--,:51 9 ! ,greece ( ! ?ird     
c5tury1  philosophy _h become a matt] ( 
public emulation1 !re 7 n a few         
philosoph]s :o became happy ?r\gh !     
?\ght t o!rs :o liv$  accord+ to diff]5t
 pr9ciples1 & suff]$ f !m1 c\ld n b     
feel envi\s ( _! happ9ess4 ,!y ?\ght !y 
c\ld refute ^!  o!r p ) _! happ9ess     
bett] ?an any?+ else1 & to  a*ieve ?is  
object !y 7 cont5t to appe> to be always
 happy2 b1  foll[+ ?is practice1 !y 7   
oblig$ to become happy 9 ! long  run6   
,?is1 = example1 0 ! case ( ! cynics4   
#cfh4      ,,! ,,cause ,,( ,,mu*        
,,misund]/&+4--,! morality ( increas+   
n]v\s  =ce is joyful & re/less2 !       
morality ( dim9i%+ n]v\s =ce1  t[>ds    
ev5+1 or 9 invalids & old p1 is passive1
 calm1 pati5t1  & melan*oly1 & n r>ely  
ev5 gloomy4 ,9 accordance ) :at we may  
possess ( "o or o!r ( ^! moralities1 we 
d n und]/& t  :i* we lack1 & we (t5     
int]pret x 9 o!rs z immorality &        
weakness4          #cfi4      ,,rais+   

,,"o',s ,,self ,,above ,,"o',s ,,own    
,,l[ness4--8,pr\d0 fell[s !y are  inde$1
 ^? :o1 9 ord] to e/abli% a s5se ( _!   
own dignity &  importance1 /& 9 ne$ (   
o!r p :om !y may tyrannise &            
oppress--^? ^: p[]lessness & c[>dice    
p]mits "s "o to make  sublime & furi\s  
ge/ures 9 _! pres5ce ) impunity1 s t !y 
require ! bas5ess ( _! surr\nd+s to     
raise !mselves = "o  %ort mom5t above _!
 own bas5ess6--,= ?is purpose "o man    
requires a  dog1 ano!r a fri5d1 a ?ird a
 wife1 a f\r? a p>ty1 a fif?1 aga91  "o 
v r>ely to be met )1 a :ole age4        
#cgj4      ,,to ,,:at ,,ext5t ,,! ,,?9k]
 ,,loves ,,8 ,,enemy4--,make x a rule   
nev] to  )hold or conceal f y\rself     
any?+ t may be ?\ght aga9/  y\r own     
?\ghts4 ,v[ x6 ,?is is ! ess5tial       
requirem5t ( hone/  ?9k+4 ,y mu/        
und]take su* a campaign aga9/ y\rself e 
day4 ,a  victory & a conqu]$ position   
are no long] y\r conc]n1 b t (  tru?--& 
y\r defeat also is no long] y\r conc]n6 
#cga4      ,,! ,,evil ,,(               

,,/r5g?4--,viol5ce z ! outcome (        
passion1 = example1 (  rage1 mu/ be     
und]/ood f ! physiological po9t ( view z
 an  attempt to avoid an imm95t fit (   
suffocation4 ,innum]able acts aris+  f  
animal spirits & v5t$ ^u o!rs are simply
 outlets = gett+  rid ( sudd5 conge/ion 
by a viol5t muscul> ex]tion3 & p]haps ! 
entire 8evil ( /r5g?0 mu/ be consid]$ f 
?is po9t ( view4  7,?is evil ( /r5g?    
w\nds o!rs un9t5tionally--x mu/ f9d an  
outlet some:]e2 :ile ! evil ( weakness  
wi%es to w\nd & to see  signs ( suff]+47
          #cgb4      ,,to ,,! ,,cr$it   
,,( ,,! ,,connoisseur4--,z soon z "s "o 
:o is no  connoisseur beg9s to pose z a 
judge we %\ld remon/rate1 :e!r x is  a  
male or female :ipp]-snapp]4 ,en?usiasm 
or delight 9 a ?+ or a  human be+ is n  
an argum5t2 nei!r is repugnance or      
hatr$4          #cgc4      ,,trea*]\s   
,,blame4--8,he has no k ( m50 means 9 ! 
m\? ( "s  8,he does n "k :at bas5ess    
is02 & 9 ! m\?s ( o!rs1 8,he does  n "k 
! exception & kn[s only too well :at    

bas5ess means40          #cgd4      ,,! 
,,value ,,( ,,sacrifice4--,! m ! rights 
( /ates & pr9ces are  que/ion$ z to _!  
"r to sacrifice ! individual 7= example1
 9  ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice1            
conscription1 etc471 ! m w !  value (   
self-sacrifice rise4          #cge4     
,,speak+ ,,too ,,di/9ctly4--,!re are    
sev]al reasons :y we articulate our     
words too di/9ctly3 9 ! fir/ place1 f   
di/ru/ ( ourselves :5  us+ a new &      
unpractis$ language2 secondly1 :5 we    
di/ru/ o!rs on  acc\nt ( _! /upidity or 
_! sl[ness ( compreh5sion4 ,! same      
rem>k applies to intellectual matt]s3   
our communications are sometimes  too   
di/9ct1 too pa9ful1 because if x 7      
o!rwise ^? to :om we  communicate our   
ideas w\ld n und]/& u4 ,consequ5tly !   
p]fect  & easy /yle is only p]missible  
:5 address+ a p]fect audi5ce4           
#cgf4      ,,pl5ty ,,( ,,sleep4--,:at c 
we d to ar\se ourselves :5 we are we>y &
  tir$ ( our ego8 ,"s recomm5d ! gambl+ 
table1 o!rs ,*ri/ianity1  & o!rs aga9   

electricity4 ,b ! be/ rem$y1 my de>     
hypo*ondriac1  is1 & always w be1 pl5ty 
( sleep 9 bo? ! lit]al & figurative     
s5se ( ! ^w4 ,?us ano!r morn+ w at l5g? 
dawn ^u u4 ,!  knack ( worldly wisdom is
 to f9d ! prop] "t = apply+ ?is  rem$y 9
 bo? its =ms4          #cgg4      ,,:at 
,,we ,,may ,,conclude ,,f ,,fanta/ic    
,,ideals4--,:]e our defici5cies are1    
!re also is our en?usiasm4 ,! en?usia/ic
 pr9ciple 8love y\r  enemies0 _h to be  
inv5t$ by ! ,jews1 ! be/ hat]s t ev]    
exi/$2 & ! f9e/ glorifications ( *a/ity 
h be5 writt5 by  ^? :o 9 _! y\? l$      
dissolute & lic5ti\s lives4             
#cgh4      ,,clean ,,h&s ,,& ,,clean    
,,walls4--,d n pa9t ! picture ei!r (    
,god or !  devil on y\r walls3 = 9 s do+
 y w spoil y\r walls z well z  y\r      
surr\nd+s47#aa7          #cgi4          
,,probable ,,& ,,improbable4--,a woman  
secretly lov$ a man1 rais$ him f>  above
 h]1 & said to h]self hundr$s ( times 9 
h] inmo/ he>t1 8,if  a man l t 7 to love
 me1 ,i %\ld look ^u x z a condesc5sion 

be=e :i* ,i %\ld h to humble myself 9 ! 
du/40--,& ! man  ent]ta9$ ! same feel+s 
t[>ds ! woman1 & 9 8 inmo/ he>t  he felt
 ! v same ?\ght4 ,:5 at la/ bo? _!      
tongues 7  loos5$1 & !y _h communicat$  
_! mo/ secret ?\ghts to "o  ano!r1 a    
deep & m$itative sil5ce ensu$4 ,!n !    
woman said 9 a  cold voice3 8,! ?+ is q 
cle>6 ,we are nei!r ( u t :i* we  lov$6 
,if y are :at y say y are1 & no?+ m1 !n 
,i h  humbl$ myself 9 va9 & lov$ y2 !   
demon misl$ me z well z y40  ,?is v     
probable /ory nev] happ5s--& :y doesn't 
x8          #chj4      ,,te/$           
,,advice4--,( all ! means ( consolation 
!re is none s  efficaci\s = him :o has  
ne$ ( x z ! decl>ation t 9 8 case  no   
consolation c be giv54 ,?is implies su* 
a di/9ction t !  afflict$ p]son w at    
once raise 8 head aga94          #cha4  
,,kn[+ ,,"o',s 8,,individuality04--,we  
too (t5 =get t 9 ! eyes (  /rang]s :o   
see u = ! fir/ "t we are q diff]5t be+s 
f  :at we consid] ourselves to be--9 mo/
 cases we exhibit no?+ m  ?an "o        

p>ticul> *>act]i/ic :i* cat*es ! eye ( !
 /rang]1  & det]m9es ! impression we    
make on him4 ,?us ! mo/ peaceful &      
fair-m9d$ man1 if only he has a big     
m\/a*e1 may1 z x 71 repose  9 ! %ade (  
?is m\/a*e2 = ord9>y eyes w m]ely see 9 
him  ! accessory ( a big m\/a*e1 t is to
 say1 a milit>y1 irascible1  &          
occasionally viol5t "*1 & w act         
accord+ly4          #chb4      ,,g>d5]s 
,,& ,,g>d5s4--,wet dre>y days1          
lonel9ess1 & unk9d words give  rise )9 u
 to conclusions l fungi2 "s morn+ we f9d
 t !y  h gr[n up 9 front ( u we "k n    
:5ce1 & !re !y sc[l at  u1 sull5 &      
morose4 ,woe to ! ?9k] :o in/ead ( be+ !
  g>d5] ( 8 plants1 is m]ely ! soil f   
:i* !y spr+4          #chc4      ,,!    
,,com$y ,,( ,,pity4--,h[ev] mu* we may  
feel = an unhappy fri5d (  ours1 we     
always act ) a c]ta9 am\nt ( ins9c]ity 9
 8 pres5ce3  we refra9 f tell+ him      
ev]y?+ we ?9k1 & h[ we ?9k x1 )  all !  
circumspection ( a doctor /&+ by !      
b$side ( a pati5t  :o is s]i\sly ill4   

#chd4      ,,curi\s ,,sa9ts4--,!re are  
pusillanim\s p :o h a bad op9ion (      
ev]y?+ t is be/ 9 _! works1 & :o at !   
same "t int]pret  & comm5t ^u !m badly3 
b also1 by a k9d ( rev5ge1 !y  ent]ta9 a
 bad op9ion ( ! sympa?y ( o!rs1 & d n   
believe 9  sympa?y at all2 !y are a%am$ 
to appe> to be c>ri$ away f  !mselves1 &
 feel a defiant com=t 9 appe>+ or becom+
  ridicul\s4--,/ates ( s\l l ^! are to  
be f\nd 9 melan*oly  arti/s4            
#che4      ,,va9 ,,p4--,we are l        
%op-w9d[s1 :]e we ourselves are         
con/antly  arrang+1 conceal+1 or sett+ 9
 ! =egr\nd ^? suppos$  qualities :i*    
o!rs attribute to u--9 ord] to deceive  
ourselves4          #chf4      ,,pa!tic 
,,& ,,na,,ve4--,x may be a v vulg> habit
 to let no opportunity  slip ( assum+ a 
pa!tic air = ! sake ( ! enjoym5t to be  
exp]i5c$ 9 imag9+ ! spectator /rik+ 8   
brea/ & feel+  himself to be small &    
mis]able4 ,consequ5tly x may also be !  
indication ( a noble m9d to make fun (  
pa!tic situations1 & to  behave 9 an    

undignifi$ mann] 9 !m4 ,! old1 w>like   
nobility (  ,france possess$ t k9d (    
di/9ction & delicacy4          #chg4    
,a ,,reflection ,,be=e                  
,,m>riage4--,suppos+ %e lov$ me1 :at a  
burd5 %e  w\ld be to me 9 ! long run6 & 
suppos+ t %e did n love me1  :at a mu*  
great] burd5 %e w\ld be to me 9 ! long  
run6 ,we h to  *oose betwe5 two diff]5t 
k9ds ( burd5s2 !re=e let u m>ry4        
#chh4      ,,rascality ,,) ,a ,,good    
,,consci5ce4--,x is exce$+ly annoy+ to  
be *eat$  9 small b>ga9s 9 c]ta9        
c\ntries1--9 ! ,tyrol1 =                
example1--because1 9 addition to ! bad  
b>ga91 we are compell$ to  accept ! evil
 c\nt5ance & co>se gre$9ess ( ! man :o  
has  *eat$ u1 toge!r ) 8 bad consci5ce &
 8 ho/ile feel+  aga9/ u4 ,at ,v5ice1 on
 ! o!r h&1 ! *eat] is highly delight$   
at 8 successful fraud1 & is n 9 ! lea/  
angry ) ! man he has  *eat$--nay1 he is 
ev5 incl9$ to %[ him "s k9dness1 & above
 all  to h a he>ty laugh ) him if he    
likes4--,9 %ort1 "o mu/ possess  wit & a

 good consci5ce 9 ord] to be a knave1 & 
?is w almo/  reconcile ! *eat$ "o ) !   
*eat47#ab7          #chi4      ,,r ,,too
 ,,awkw>d4--,good p :o are too awkw>d to
 be polite &  amiable promptly endeav\r 
to return an act ( polit5ess by an      
important  s]vice1 or by a contribution 
beyond _! p[]4 ,x is t\*+ to see  !m    
timidly produc+ _! gold co9s :5 o!rs h  
(f]$ !m  _! gild$ copp]s6          #cij4
      ,,hid+ ,,"o',s ,,intellig5ce4--,:5
 we surprise "s "o 9 ! act ( hid+  8    
intellig5ce f u we call him evil3 ! m s 
if we suspect t  x is 8 civility &      
b5evol5ce :i* h induc$ him to d s4      
#cia4      ,,! ,,evil ,,mom5t4--,lively 
dispositions only lie = a mom5t3 aft]   
?is  !y h deceiv$ !mselves1 & are       
conv9c$ & hone/4          #cib4      ,,!
 ,,condition ,,(                        
,,polit5ess4--,polit5ess is a v good ?+1
 & really  "o ( ! f\r *ief virtues      
7al?\gh ! la/71 b 9 ord] t x  may n     
result 9 our becom+ tiresome to "o ano!r
 ! p]son )  :om ,i h to deal mu/ be ei!r

 "o degree m or less polite ?an         
,i--o!rwise we %\ld nev] get on1 & !    
o9tm5t w\ld n only ano9t  u1 b w\ld     
cem5t u toge!r4          #cic4          
,,dang]\s ,,virtues4--8,he =gets no?+1 b
 =gives ev]y?+0--:]e=e  he %all be d\bly
 dete/$1 = he causes u d\ble %ame by 8  
memory  & 8 magnanimity4          #cid4 
,,)\t ,,vanity4--,passionate p ?9k      
little ( :at o!rs may ?9k2  _! /ate (   
m9d raises !m above vanity4             
#cie4      ,,contemplation4--,9 "s ?9k]s
 ! contemplative /ate peculi> to a  ?9k]
 is always ! consequ5ce ( a /ate ( fe>1 
9 o!rs always (  desire4 ,9 ! =m]1      
contemplation ?us seems alli$ to ! feel+
 (  security1 9 ! latt] to ! feel+ (    
surfeit--9 o!r words1 !  =m] are spirit$
 9 _! mood1 ! latt] ov]-satiat$ &       
neutral4          #cif4                 
,,hunt+4--,! "o is hunt+ = agreeable    
tru?s1 ! o!r =  disagreeable ones4 ,b   
ev5 ! =m] takes great] pleasure 9 ! hunt
  ?an 9 ! booty4          #cig4         
,,education4--,education is a           

cont9uation ( procreation1 & v (t5 a    
k9d ( supplem5t>y v>ni%+ ( x4           
#cih4      ,,h[ ,,to ,,recognise ,,!    
,,*ol]ic4--,( two p]sons :o are /ruggl+ 
toge!r1  or :o love & admire "o ano!r1 !
 m *ol]ic w always be at a              
disadvantage4 ,! same rem>k applies to  
two nations4          #cii4             
,,self-,,excuse4--,_m m5 h ! be/        
possible "r to act 9 ?is or t  way2 b z 
soon z !y beg9 to excuse _! actions we  
no long]  believe t !y are "r--& we are 
mi/ak54          #djj4      ,,moral     
,,pamp]+4--,!re are t5d]1 moral natures 
:o are a%am$ ( all  _! successes & feel 
remorse aft] e failure4          #dja4  
,,dang]\s ,,unle>n+4--,we beg9 by       
unle>n+ to love o!rs1 & end by  f9d+    
no?+ lovable 9 ourselves4          #djb4
      ,,ano!r ,,=m ,,(                  
,,tol]ation4--8,to rema9 a m9ute too    
long on r$-hot coals  & to be burnt a   
little does no h>m ei!r to m5 or to     
*e/nuts4 ,!  slight bitt]ness & h>dness 
makes ! k]nel all ! sweet]40--,yes1  ?is

 is y\r op9ion1 y :o enjoy ! ta/e6 ,y   
sublime cannibals6          #djc4       
,,diff]5t ,,pride4--,wom5 turn pale at !
 ?\ght t _! lov] may n  be wor?y ( !m2  
,m5 turn pale at ! ?\ght t !y may n be  
wor?y ( ! wom5 !y love4 ,i speak (      
p]fect wom51 p]fect m54 ,su*  m51 :o are
 self-reliant & consci\s ( p[] at ord9>y
 times1 gr[  diffid5t & d\btful (       
!mselves :5 "u ! influ5ce ( a /rong     
passion4 ,su* wom51 on ! o!r h&1 ?\gh   
always look+ ^u  !mselves z ! weak &    
devot$ sex1 become pr\d & consci\s (  _!
 p[] 9 ! great exception ( passion1--!y 
ask3 8,:o !n is  wor?y ( me80           
#djd4      ,,:5 ,,we ,,seldom ,,d       
,,ju/ice4--,c]ta9 m5 are unable to feel 
en?usiasm = a  great & good cause )\t   
committ+ a great inju/ice 9 "s o!r      
qu>t]3 ?is is _! k9d ( morality4        
#dje4      ,,luxury4--,! love ( luxury  
is root$ 9 ! dep?s ( a man's he>t3 x    
%[s t ! sup]flu\s & immod]ate is ! sea  
:]e9 8 s\l  pref]s to float4            
#djf4      ,,to ,,immortalise4--,let him

 :o wi%es to kill 8 oppon5t fir/ consid]
  :e!r by do+ s he w n immortalise him 9
 himself4          #djg4      ,,aga9/   
,,our ,,"*4--,if ! tru? :i* we h to utt]
 goes aga9/  our "*--z v (t5 happ5s--we 
behave z if we _h utt]$ a  clumsy       
falsehood1 & ?us r\se suspicion4        
#djh4      ,,:]e ,a ,,great ,,deal ,,(  
,,g5tl5ess ,,is ,,ne$$4--,_m natures h  
only !  *oice ( be+ ei!r public         
evil-do]s or secret sorr[-be>]s4        
#dji4      ,,illness4--,among illness   
are to be reckon$ ! premature approa* ( 
old  age1 ugl9ess1 & pessimi/ic         
op9ions--?ree ?+s t always g  toge!r4   
#daj4      ,,timid ,,p4--,x is ! awkw>d 
& timid p :o easily become  murd]]s3 !y 
d n und]/& slight b suffici5t means (   
def5ce  or rev5ge1 & _! hatr$1 ow+ to _!
 lack ( intellig5ce &  pres5ce ( m9d1 c 
conceive ( no o!r exp$i5t ?an           
de/ruction4          #daa4      ,,)\t   
,,hatr$4--,y wi% to bid f>ewell to y\r  
passion8 ,v well1 b  d s )\t hatr$ aga9/
 x6 ,o!rwise y h a second passion4--,!  

s\l ( ! ,*ri/ian :o has fre$ himself f  
s9 is g5]ally ru9$  aft]w>ds by ! hatr$ 
= s94 ,j look at ! faces ( ! great      
,*ri/ians6 !y are ! faces ( great hat]s4
          #dab4      ,,+5i\s ,,&        
,,n>r[-,,m9d$4--,he c appreciate no?+   
beyond himself1 &  :5 he wi%es to       
appreciate o!r p he mu/ always beg9 by  
trans=m+ !m into himself4 ,9 ?is1 h[ev]1
 he is +5i\s4          #dac4            
,,private ,,& ,,public ,,accus]s4--,wat*
 closely ! accus] & inquir]1--=  he     
reveals 8 true "*2 & x is n r>e = ?is to
 be a worse  "* ?an t ( ! victim ^:     
crime he is inve/igat+4 ,!  accus]      
believes 9 all innoc5ce t ! oppon5t ( a 
crime &  crim9al mu/ be by nature ( good
 "*1 or at lea/ mu/ appe> z  su*--& ?is 
is :y he lets himself g1 t is to say1 he
 drops 8  mask4          #dad4          
,,volunt>y ,,bl9dness4--,!re is a k9d ( 
en?usia/ic & extreme devotion  to a     
p]son or a p>ty :i* reveals t 9 our     
inmo/ he>ts we feel  ourselves sup]ior  
to ?is p]son or p>ty1 & = ?is reason we 

feel  indignant ) ourselves4 ,we bl9d   
ourselves1 z x 71 ( our own free  w to  
puni% our eyes = hav+ se5 too mu*4      
#dae4      ,,rem$ium ,,amoris4--,t old  
radical rem$y = love is n[ 9 mo/ cases  
z effective z x always 03 love 9 return4
          #daf4      ,,:]e ,,is ,,our   
,,wor/ ,,enemy8--,he :o c look aft] 8   
own affairs well1 &  kn[s t he c d s1 is
 z a rule conciliatory t[>ds 8 adv]s>y4 
,b to believe t we h "r on our side1 &  
to "k t we are  incapable ( def5d+      
x--?is gives rise to a fi]ce &          
implacable  hatr$ aga9/ ! oppon5t ( our 
cause4 ,let e "o judge accord+ly  :]e 8 
wor/ enemies are to be s\ght4           
#dag4      ,,! ,,limits ,,( ,,all       
,,humility4--,_m m5 may c]ta9ly h atta9$
 t  humility :i* says cr$o quia absurdum
 e/1 & sacrifices its reason2  b1 s f> z
 ,i "k1 n "o has atta9$ to t humility   
:i* aft]  all is only "o /ep fur!r1 &   
:i* says cr$a quia absurdus sum4        
#dah4      ,,act+ ,,! ,,tru?4--,_m a man
 is tru?ful1 n because he w\ld be a%am$ 

to exhibit hypocritical feel+s1 b       
because he w\ld n succe$ v  well 9      
induc+ o!rs to believe 9 8 hypocrisy4 ,9
 a ^w1 he has no  confid5ce 9 8 tal5t z 
an actor1 & !re=e pref]s hone/ly to  act
 ! tru?4          #dai4      ,,c\rage   
,,9 ,a ,,p>ty4--,! poor %eep say to _!  
bell-we!r3 8,only lead  u1 & we %all    
nev] lack c\rage to foll[ y40 ,b ! poor 
bell-we!r ?9ks 9 8 he>t3 8,only foll[   
me1 & ,i %all nev] lack  c\rage to lead 
y40          #dbj4      ,,cunn+ ,,( ,,! 
,,victim4--,:at a sad cunn+ !re is 9 !  
wi% to deceive  ourselves ) respect to !
 p]son = :om we h sacrific$  ourselves1 
:5 we give him an opportunity 9 :i* he  
mu/ appe> to u  z we %\ld wi% him to be6
          #dba4      ,,?r\gh            
,,o!rs4--,!re are m5 :o d n wi% to be   
se5 except ?r\gh  ! eyes ( o!rs3 a wi%  
:i* implies a great deal ( wisdom4      
#dbb4      ,,mak+ ,,o!rs ,,happy4--,:y  
is ! fact ( our mak+ o!rs happy m       
gratify+ to u ?an all o!r               
pleasures8--,because 9 s do+ we gratify 

fifty crav+s at "o "t4 ,tak5 sep>ately  
!y w\ld1 p]haps1 be v  small pleasures2 
b :5 put into "o h&1 t h& w be full] ?an
  ev] be=e--& ! he>t also4              
,,book ,v4          #dbc4      ,,9 ,,!  
,,great ,,sil5ce4--,"h is ! sea1 "h may 
we =get ! t[n4 ,x is  true t its bells  
are /ill r++ ! ,angelus--t solemn &     
fooli%  yet sweet s\nd at ! junction    
betwe5 day & night1--b "o mom5t  m6 n[  
all is sil5t4 ,yond] lies ! ocean1 pale 
& brilliant2 x  _c speak4 ,! sky is     
gli/5+ ) its et]nal mute ev5+ hues1  r$1
 yell[1 & gre53 x _c speak4 ,! small    
cliffs & rocks :i*  /ret* out into ! sea
 z if ea* "o ( !m 7 endeav\r+ to f9d  ! 
lonelie/ spot--!y too are dumb4         
,beautiful & awful inde$ is ?is  va/    
sil5ce1 :i* s sudd5ly ov]comes u & makes
 our he>t swell4    ,alas6 :at deceit   
lies 9 ?is dumb beauty6 ,h[ well c\ld x 
speak1 &  h[ evilly1 too1 if x wi%$6    
,its tongue1 ti$ up & fa/5$1 & its  face
 ( suff]+ happ9ess--all ?is is b malice1
 mock+ at y\r  sympa?y3 be x s6 ,i d n  

feel a%am$ to be ! play?+ ( su*  p[]s6 b
 ,i pity !e1 oh nature1 because ?\ mu/  
be sil5t1 ev5  ?\gh x be only malice t  
b9ds ?y tongue3 nay1 ,i pity !e = !     
sake ( ?y malice6    ,alas6 ! sil5ce    
deep5s1 & once aga9 my he>t swells )9   
me3 x is  />tl$ by a fre% tru?--x1 too1 
is dumb2 x likewise sne]s :5 !  m\?     
calls out some?+ to ?is beauty2 x also  
enjoys ! sweet malice  ( its sil5ce4 ,i 
come to hate speak+2 yea1 ev5 ?9k+4     
,beh9d e  ^w ,i utt] d ,i n he> !       
laught] ( error1 imag9ation1 &          
insanity8 ,mu/ ,i n laugh at my pity &  
mock my own mock]y8 ,oh sea1 oh  ev5+1  
ye are bad tea*]s6 ,ye tea* man h[ to   
cease to be a man4 ,is he  to give      
himself up to y8 ,%all he become z y n[ 
are1 pale1  brilliant1 dumb1 imm5se1    
repos+ calmly ^u himself8--exalt$ above 
himself8          #dbd4      ,,= ,,:om  
,,! ,,tru? ,,exi/s4--,up to ! pres5t "t 
errors h be5 !  p[] mo/ fruitful 9      
consolations3 we n[ expect ! same       
effects f  accept$ tru?s1 & we h be5    

wait+ r too long = !m4 ,:at  if ^! tru?s
 c\ld n give u ?is consolation we are   
look+ =8  ,w\ld t be an argum5t aga9/   
!m8 ,:at h ^! tru?s 9 common  ) ! sick  
condition ( suff]+ & deg5]ate m5 t !y   
%\ld  be useful to !m8 ,x is1 ( c\rse1  
no pro( aga9/ ! tru? ( a plant  :5 x is 
cle>ly e/abli%$ t x does n contribute 9 
any way to  ! recov]y ( sick p4 ,=m]ly1 
h[ev]1 p 7 s conv9c$  t man 0 ! ultimate
 end ( nature t !y believ$ t k  c\ld    
reveal no?+ t 0 n b5eficial & useful to 
man--nay1 !re  c\ld n1 %\ld n be1 any   
o!r ?+s 9 exi/5ce4    ,p]haps all ?is   
leads to ! conclusion t tru? z an entity
 & a  coh]5t :ole exi/s only = ^?       
natures :o1 l ,ari/otle1 are at  once   
p[]ful & h>mless1 joy\s & peaceful3 j z 
none b ^!  w\ld be 9 a position to seek 
su* tru?s2 = ! o!rs seek rem$ies  =     
!mselves--h[ev] pr\d !y may be ( _!     
intellect & its  fre$om1 !y d n seek    
tru?4 ,h5ce x comes ab\t t ^! o!rs  take
 no real joy 9 sci5ce1 b reproa* x = its
 coldness1 dryness1  & inhumanity4 ,?is 

is ! judgm5t ( sick p ab\t ! games ( !  
heal?y4--,ev5 ! ,greek gods 7 unable to 
adm9i/] consolation2 &  :5 at l5g? !    
entire ,greek _w fell ill1 ?is 0 a      
reason = !  de/ruction ( su* gods4      
#dbe4      ,,we ,,gods ,,9              
,,exile4--,ow+ to errors reg>d+ _!      
desc5t1 _!  uniqu5ess1 _! mission1 & by 
claims bas$ ^u ^! errors1 m5 h  aga9 &  
aga9 8surpass$ !mselves02 b ?r\gh ^!    
same errors !  _w has be5 fill$ )       
unspeakable suff]+1 mutual p]secution1  
suspicion1 misund]/&+1 & an ev5 great]  
am\nt ( individual  mis]y4 ,m5 h become 
suff]+ creatures 9 consequ5ce ( _!      
morals1 & ! sum-total ( :at !y h obta9$ 
by ^? morals is  simply ! feel+ t !y are
 f> too good & great = ?is _w1  & t !y  
are enjoy+ m]ely a transitory exi/5ce on
 x4 ,z yet !  8pr\d suff]]0 is ! highe/ 
type ( mank9d4          #dbf4      ,,!  
,,col\r-,,bl9dness ,,( ,,?9k]s4--,h[    
diff]5tly f u ! ,greeks mu/  h view$    
nature1 s9ce1 z we _c help admitt+1 !y 7
 q  col\r-bl9d 9 reg>d to blue & gre51  

believ+ ! =m] to be a  deep] br[n1 & !  
latt] to be yell[4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 !y  
us$  ! same ^w to describe ! col\r ( d>k
 hair1 ( ! corn-fl[]1 &  ! s\!rn sea2 & 
aga9 !y employ$ exactly ! same          
expression =  ! col\r ( ! gre5e/ h]bs1 !
 human sk91 honey1 & yell[  rais9s3 :5ce
 x foll[s t _! greate/ pa9t]s reproduc$ 
!  _w !y liv$ 9 only 9 black1 :ite1 r$1 
& yell[4 ,h[ diff]5t  & h[ mu* ne>] to  
mank9d1 !re=e1 mu/ nature h seem$ to    
!m1 s9ce 9 _! eyes ! t9ts ( mank9d      
pr$om9at$ also 9  nature1 & nature 01 z 
x 71 float+ 9 ! col\r$ e!r (  humanity6 
7blue & gre5 m ?an any?+ else dehumanise
 nature74 ,x  is ?is defect :i* develop$
 ! playful facility t *>act]is$ !       
,greeks ( see+ ! ph5om5a ( nature z gods
 & demi-gods--t is to  say1 z human =ms4
    ,let ?is1 h[ev]1 m]ely s]ve z a     
simile = ano!r supposition4 ,e  ?9k]    
pa9ts 8 _w & ! ?+s t surr\nd him 9 few] 
col\rs  ?an really exi/1 & he is bl9d to
 individual col\rs4 ,?is is  some?+ m   
?an a m]e defici5cy4 ,?anks to ?is ne>] 

approa* &  simplification1 he imag9es he
 sees 9 ?+s ^? h>monies ( col\rs  :i*   
possess a great *>m1 & may greatly enri*
 nature4 ,p]haps1  inde$1 x 0 9 ?is way 
t m5 fir/ le>nt to take delight 9  view+
 exi/5ce1 ow+ to its be+ fir/ ( all     
pres5t$ to !m 9  "o or two %ades1 &     
consequ5tly h>monis$4 ,!y practis$ ^!   
few  %ades1 s to speak1 be=e !y c\ld    
pass on to any m4 ,& ev5 n[  c]ta9      
individuals endeav\r to get rid ( a     
p>tial col\r-bl9dness  t !y may obta9 a 
ri*] faculty ( sight & disc]nm5t1 9 !   
c\rse ( :i* !y f9d t !y n only discov]  
new pleasures1 b  are also oblig$ to    
lose & give up "s ( _! =m] ones4        
#dbg4      ,,! ,,embelli%m5t ,,(        
,,sci5ce4--,9 ! same way t ! feel+ t    
8nature is ugly1 wild1 t$i\s--we mu/    
embelli% x 7embellir la                 
nature70--br\ght ab\t rococo            
horticulture1 s does ! view t  8sci5ce  
is ugly1 difficult1 dry1 dre>y & we>y1  
we mu/ embelli% x10  inv>iably gives    
rise to some?+ call$ philosophy4 ,?is   

philosophy sets  out to d :at all art & 
poetry endeav\r to d1 viz41 giv+        
amusem5t  above all else2 b x wi%es to d
 ?is1 9 con=mity ) its  h]$it>y pride1 9
 a high] & m sublime fa%ion be=e an     
audi5ce  ( sup]ior intellects4 ,x is no 
small ambition to create = ^!           
intellects a k9d ( horticulture1 !      
pr9cipal *>m ( :i*--l t  ( ! usual      
g>d5+--is to br+ ab\t an optical        
illusion 7by means (  temples1          
p]spective1 grottos1 w9d+ walks1 &      
wat]falls1 to speak 9  similes71        
exhibit+ sci5ce 9 a cond5s$ =m & 9 all  
k9ds (  /range & unexpect$ illum9ations1
 infus+ into x z mu* indecision1        
irrationality1 & dream9ess z w enable u 
to walk ab\t 9 x 8z 9  savage nature10 b
 )\t tr\ble & bor$om4    ,^? :o are     
possess$ ( ?is ambition ev5 dream ( mak+
 religion  sup]flu\s--religion1 :i*     
among m5 ( =m] times s]v$ z !  highe/   
k9d ( ent]ta9m5t4 ,all ?is is n[ runn+  
its c\rse1 &  w "o day atta9 its highe/ 
tide4 ,ev5 n[ ho/ile voices are be+     

rais$ aga9/ philosophy1 exclaim+3       
8,return to sci5ce1 to nature1 &  !     
naturalness ( sci5ce60 & ?us an age may 
beg9 :i* may discov]  ! mo/ p[]ful      
beauty precisely 9 ! 8savage & ugly0    
doma9s (  sci5ce1 j z x is only s9ce !  
"t ( ,r\sseau t we h  discov]$ ! s5se = 
! beauty ( high m\nta9s & des]ts4       
#dbh4      ,,two ,,k9ds ,,(             
,,morali/s4--,to see a law ( nature = ! 
fir/ "t1 & to  see x :ole 7= example1 ! 
law ( gravity or ! reflection ( light  &
 s\nd71 & aft]w>ds to expla9 su* a law1 
are two diff]5t ?+s  & conc]n diff]5t   
classes ( m9ds4 ,9 ! same way1 ^?       
morali/s  :o obs]ve & exhibit human laws
 & habits--morali/s )  discrim9at+ e>s1 
noses1 & eyes--diff] entirely f ^? :o   
int]pret _! obs]vations4 ,^! latt] mu/  
above all be inv5tive1  & mu/ possess an
 imag9ation untrammell$ by sagacity & k4
          #dbi4      ,,! ,,new          
,,passion4--,:y d we fe> & dread a      
possible return to b>b>ism8  ,is x      
because x w\ld make p less happy ?an !y 

are n[8 ,c]ta9ly  n6 ! b>b>ians ( all   
ages possess$ m happ9ess ?an we d3 let  
u n deceive ourselves on ?is po9t6--b   
our impulse t[>ds k  is too widely      
develop$ to all[ u to value happ9ess )\t
 k1  or ! happ9ess ( a /rong & fix$     
delusion3 x is pa9ful to u ev5  to      
imag9e su* a /ate ( ?+s6 ,our re/less   
pursuit ( discov]ies &  div9ations has  
become = u z attractive & indisp5sable z
 hapless  love to ! lov]1 :i* on no     
acc\nt w\ld he ex*ange =                
indiff]5ce1--nay1 p]haps we1 too1 are   
hapless lov]s6 ,k )9  u has develop$    
into a passion1 :i* does n %r9k f any   
sacrifice1  & at bottom fe>s no?+ b its 
own ext9ction4 ,we s9c]ely believe  t   
all humanity1 weigh$ d[n z x is by !    
burd5 ( ?is passion1  are b\nd to feel m
 exalt$ & com=t$ ?an =m]ly1 :5 !y _h  n 
yet ov]come ! long+ = ! co>s]           
satisfaction :i*  accompanies b>b>ism4  
,x may be t mank9d may p]i% ev5tually f 
?is passion =  k6--b ev5 t does n daunt 
u4 ,did ,*ri/ianity ev] %r9k  f a simil>

 ?\ght8 ,are n love & dea? bro!r & si/]8
 ,yes1 we  dete/ b>b>ism1--we all pref] 
t humanity %\ld p]i% r ?an  t k %\ld    
ent] into a /age ( retrogression4 ,&1   
f9ally1  if mank9d does n p]i% ?r\gh "s 
passion x w p]i% ?r\gh  "s weakness3 :i*
 w\ld we pref]8 ,?is is ! ma9 "q4 ,d we 
wi% its end to be 9 fire & light1 or 9 !
 s&s8          #dcj4      ,,likewise    
,,h]oic4--,to d ?+s ( ! wor/ possible   
od\r1 ?+s ( :i*  we sc>cely d>e to      
speak1 b :i* are nev]!less useful &     
necess>y1 is also h]oic4 ,! ,greeks 7 n 
a%am$ ( numb]+ ev5  ! cleans+ ( a /able 
among ! great tasks ( ,h]cules4         
#dca4      ,,! ,,op9ions ,,(            
,,oppon5ts4--,9 ord] to measure !       
natural subtlety or  weakness ( ev5 !   
clev]e/ heads1 we mu/ consid] ! mann] 9 
:i*  !y take up & reproduce ! op9ions ( 
_! adv]s>ies1 = !  natural measure ( any
 intellect is !reby reveal$4 ,! p]fect  
sage  involunt>ily idealises 8 oppon5t &
 frees 8 inconsi/5cies f  all defects & 
accid5talities3 he only takes up arms   

aga9/ him :5 he  has ?us turn$ 8 oppon5t
 into a god ) %9+ weapons4              
#dcb4      ,,inve/igator ,,&            
,,attempt]4--,!re is no exclusive me?od 
( kn[+ 9  sci5ce4 ,we mu/ deal ) ?+s    
t5tatively1 treat+ !m by turns  h>%ly or
 ju/ly1 passionately or coldly4 ,"o     
inve/igator deals )  ?+s l a policeman1 
ano!r l a confessor1 & yet a ?ird l an  
inquisitive travell]4 ,we =ce some?+ f  
!m n[ by sympa?y &  n[ by viol5ce3 ! "o 
is urg$ onw>d & l$ to see cle>ly by !   
v5]ation :i* ! secrets ( ! ?+s inspire 9
 him1 & ! o!r  aga9 by ! indiscretion & 
malice met ) 9 ! explanation ( ^!       
secrets4 ,we inve/igators1 l all        
conqu]ors1 explor]s1 navigators1 &      
adv5tur]s1 are m5 ( a d>+ morality1 & we
 mu/ put up ) our  liability to be 9 !  
ma9 look$ ^u z evil4          #dcc4     
,,see+ ,,) ,,new ,,eyes4--,presum+ t by 
! t]m 8beauty 9 art0 is always  impli$ !
 imitation ( some?+ t is happy--& ?is ,i
 consid] to be  true--accord+ z an age  
or a p or a great autocratic            

individuality  repres5ts happ9ess3 :at  
!n is disclos$ by ! s-call$ realism (   
our mod]n arti/s 9 reg>d to ! happ9ess (
 our epo*8 ,x is  und\bt$ly its type (  
beauty :i* we n[ und]/& mo/ easily &    
enjoy be/ ( any4 ,z a consequ5ce1 we are
 induc$ to believe t ?is  happ9ess :i*  
is n[ peculi> to u is bas$ on realism1  
on ! %>pe/  possible s5ses1 & on ! true 
conception ( ! actual--t is to say1  n  
^u reality1 b ^u :at we "k ( reality4 ,!
 results ( sci5ce  h already ga9$ s mu* 
9 dep? & ext5t t ! arti/s ( our  c5tury 
h involunt>ily become ! glorifi]s (     
sci5tific 8bless+s0  p] se4             
#dcd4      ,,int]cession4--,unpret5ti\s 
regions are subjects = great l&scape    
pa9t]s2 rem>kable & r>e regions =       
inf]ior pa9t]s3 = ! great  ?+s ( nature 
& humanity mu/ int]c$e 9 fav\r ( _!     
little1  m$iocre1 & va9 admir]s--:]eas !
 great man int]c$es 9 fav\r (  unassum+ 
?+s4          #dce4      ,,n ,,to ,,p]i%
 ,,unnotic$4--,x is n only once b       
cont9u\sly t our  excell5ce & greatness 

are con/antly crumbl+ away2 ! we$s t    
gr[ among ev]y?+ & cl+ to ev]y?+ ru9 all
 t is great 9  u--! wret*$ness ( our    
surr\nd+s1 :i* we always try to ov]look 
& :i* is be=e our eyes at e h\r ( ! day1
 ! innum]able  little roots ( mean &    
petty feel+s :i* we all[ to gr[ up all  
ab\t u1 9 our (fice1 among our          
companions1 or our daily lab\rs4 ,if we 
p]mit ^! small we$s to escape our notice
 we %all p]i% ?r\gh !m  unnotic$6--,&1  
if y mu/ p]i%1 !n d s imm$iately &      
sudd5ly2  = 9 t case y w p]haps leave   
pr\d ru9s beh9d y6 & n1  z is n[ to be  
fe>$1 m]ely molehills1 cov]$ ) grass &  
we$s--^! petty & mis]able conqu]ors1 z  
humble z ev]1 & too  wret*$ ev5 to      
triumph4          #dcf4                 
,,casui/ic4--,we are confront$ ) a v    
bitt] & pa9ful dilemma1 =  ! solution ( 
:i* n e "o's brav]y & "* are equal3  :51
 z pass5g]s on bo>d a /eam]1 we discov] 
t ! capta9 &  ! helmsman are mak+       
dang]\s mi/akes1 & t we are _!  sup]iors
 9 nautical sci5ce--& !n we ask         

ourselves3 8,:at w\ld  happ5 if we      
organis$ a mut9y aga9/ !m1 & made !m bo?
  prison]s8 ,is x n our duty to d s 9   
view ( our sup]iority8 &  w\ld n !y 9 _!
 turn be ju/ifi$ 9 putt+ u 9 irons =    
enc\rag+ disob$i5ce80    ,?is is a      
simile = high] & worse situations2 & !  
f9al "q  to be decid$ is1 ,:at gu>antees
 our sup]iority & our fai? 9  ourselves 
9 su* a case8 ,success8 b 9 ord] to d t 
we mu/ d !  v ?+ 9 :i* all ! dang]      
lies--n only dang]\s = ourselves1  b    
also = ! %ip4          #dcg4            
,,privileges4--,! man :o really owns    
himself1 t is to say1 he :o has  f9ally 
conqu]$ himself1 reg>ds x z 8 own "r to 
puni%1 to  p>don1 or to pity himself3 he
 ne$ n conc$e ?is privilege to any "o1  
?\gh he may freely be/[ x ^u "s "o      
else--a fri5d1 =  example--b he kn[s t 9
 do+ ?is he is conf]r+ a "r1 & t  rights
 c only be conf]r$ by "o :o is 9 full   
possession ( p[]4          #dch4        
,,man ,,& ,,?+s4--,:y does ! man n see !
 ?+s8 ,he himself is 9 !  way3 he       

conceals ! ?+s4          #dci4          
,,*>act]i/ics ,,( ,,happ9ess4--,!re are 
two ?+s common to all  s5sations (      
happ9ess3 a pr(usion ( feel+s1          
accompani$ by animal  spirits1 s t1 l ! 
fi%es1 we feel ourselves to be 9 our    
elem5t  & play ab\t 9 x4 ,good ,*ri/ians
 w und]/& :at ,*ri/ian  exub]ance means4
          #ddj4      ,,nev]             
,,r5\nce4--,r5\nc+ ! _w )\t kn[+ x1 l a 
nun1  results 9 a fruitless & p]haps    
melan*oly solitude4 ,?is has no?+  9    
common ) ! solitude ( ! vita            
contemplativa ( ! ?9k]3  :5 he *ooses   
?is =m ( solitude he wi%es to r5\nce    
no?+2 b  he w\ld on ! contr>y reg>d x z 
a r5unciation1 a melan*oly  de/ruction (
 8 own self1 if he 7 oblig$ to cont9ue 9
 ! vita  practica4 ,he =goes ?is latt]  
because he kn[s x1 because he kn[s      
himself4 ,s he jumps into 8 wat]1 & ?us 
ga9s 8 *e]fulness4          #dda4       
,,:y ,,! ,,ne>e/ ,,?+s ,,become ,,ev]   
,,m ,,di/ant ,,= ,,u4--,! m we give  up 
our m9ds to all t has be5 & w be1 ! pal]

 w become t  :i* actually is4 ,:5 we    
live ) ! dead & p>ticipate 9 _!  dea?1  
:at are our 8neighb\rs0 to u8 ,we gr[   
loneli] simply because  ! entire flood (
 humanity is surg+ r\nd ab\t u4 ,! fire 
t  burns )9 u1 & gl[s = all t is human1 
is cont9ually  increas+--& h5ce we look 
^u ev]y?+ t surr\nds u z if x  _h become
 m indiff]5t1 m %ad[y1--b our cold      
glance is  (f5sive4          #ddb4      
,,! ,,rule4--8,! rule always appe>s to  
me to be m int]e/+ ?an !                
exception0--:oev] ?9ks ?us has made     
consid]able progress 9  k1 & is "o ( !  
initiat$4          #ddc4      ,,on      
,,education4--,i h gradually come to see
 daylight 9 reg>d to ! mo/  g5]al defect
 9 our me?ods ( education & tra9+3      
nobody le>ns1  nobody tea*es1 nobody    
wi%es1 to endure solitude4              
#ddd4      ,,surprise ,,at              
,,resi/ance4--,because we h rea*$ ! po9t
 ( be+ able to  see ?r\gh a ?+ we       
believe t h5ce=? x c (f] u no fur!r     
resi/ance--& !n we are surpris$ to f9d t

 we c see ?r\gh x  & yet _c p5etrate    
?r\gh x4 ,?is is ! same k9d ( fooli%ness
  & surprise z t ( ! fly on a pane (    
glass4          #dde4      ,,:]e ,,!    
,,noble/ ,,are ,,mi/ak54--,we give "s "o
 at l5g? our de>e/ &  mo/ valu$         
possession1 & !n love has no?+ m to     
give3 b !  recipi5t ( ! gift w c]ta9ly n
 consid] x z 8 de>e/  possession1 & w   
consequ5tly be want+ 9 t full & complete
  gratitude :i* we expect f him4        
#ddf4      ,,hi]>*y4--,fir/ & =emo/1 !re
 are ! sup]ficial ?9k]s1 &  secondly !  
pr(\nd ?9k]s--su* z dive into ! dep?s ( 
a  ?+1--?irdly1 ! ?or\gh ?9k]s1 :o get  
to ! bottom ( a  ?+--:i* is ( mu* great]
 importance ?an m]ely div+ into its     
dep?s1--&1 f9ally1 ^? :o leap head =emo/
 into ! m>%3 ?\gh  ?is mu/ n be look$ ^u
 z indicat+ ei!r dep? or ?or\ghness6  ^!
 are ! lov]s ( obscurity47#ac7          
#ddg4      ,,ma/] ,,& ,,pupil4--,by     
caution+ 8 pupils aga9/ himself ! tea*] 
%[s 8 humanity4          #ddh4          
,,hon\r+ ,,reality4--,h[ c we look at   

?is exult+ multitude )\t  te>s &        
acquiesc5ce8 at "o "t we ?\ght little ( 
! object (  _! exultation1 & we %\ld    
/ill ?9k s if we ourselves _h n  come   
?r\gh a simil> exp]i5ce4 ,& :at may ^!  
exp]i5ces lead u  to6 :at are our       
op9ions6 ,9 ord] t we may n lose        
ourselves & our  reason we mu/ fly f    
exp]i5ces4 ,x 0 ?us t ,plato fl$ f      
actuality1 & wi%$ to contemplate ?+s    
only 9 _! pale m5tal  concepts3 he 0    
full ( s5sitiv5ess1 & knew h[ easily !  
waves (  ?is s5sitiv5ess w\ld dr[n 8    
reason4--,mu/ ! sage !re=e say1 8,i  w  
hon\r reality1 b ,i w at ! same "t turn 
my back to x  because ,i "k & dread x80 
,ought he to behave z c]ta9 ,african    
tribes  d 9 ! pres5ce ( _! sov]eign1 :om
 !y approa* backw>ds1 ?us  %[+ _!       
rev]5ce at ! same "t z _! dread8        
#ddi4      ,,:]e ,,are ,,! ,,poor ,,9   
,,_s8--,oh1 h[ greatly x goes aga9/ my  
gra9 to  impose my own ?\ghts ^u o!rs6  
,h[ ,i rejoice ov] e mood &  secret     
*ange )9 me z ! result ( :i* ! ?\ghts ( 

o!rs are  victori\s ov] my own6 b f "t  
to "t ,i enjoy an ev5 great]            
satisfaction1 :5 ,i am all[$ to give    
away my intellectual possessions1  l !  
confessor sitt+ 9 8 box & anxi\sly      
await+ ! arrival  ( "s di/ress$ p]son :o
 /&s 9 ne$ ( consolation1 & w be  only  
too glad to relate ! full mis]y ( 8     
?\ghts s t !  li/5]'s h& & he>t w once  
aga9 be fill$1 & ! tr\bl$ s\l  eas$6 ,n 
only has ! confessor no desire = r5[n3  
he w\ld fa9 %un  gratitude z well1 = x  
is obtrusive1 & does n /& 9 awe (       
solitude or sil5ce4    ,b to live )\t a 
"n1 & ev5 to be slightly sne]$ at2 too  
obscure to ar\se envy or enmity2 ) a    
head free f fev]1 a h&ful  ( k1 & a     
pocketful ( exp]i5ce2 a physician1 z x  
71 (  ! poor 9 _s1 help+ ?is "o or t "o 
^: head is tr\bl$  ) op9ions1 )\t !     
latt] p]ceiv+ :o has actually help$ him6
  )\t any desire to appe> to be 9 ! "r 9
 ! pres5ce ( 8  pati5t1 or to c>ry (f a 
victory4 ,to speak to him 9 su* a way t1
  aft] a %ort & almo/ imp]ceptible h9t  

or objection1 ! li/5] may  f9d out =    
himself :at is "r & pr\dly walk away6   
,to be l an  obscure & unkn[n inn :i*   
turns no "o away :o is 9 ne$1 b :i*  is 
aft]w>ds =gott5 & laugh$ at6 ,to be )\t 
any advantages ov]  o!rs--nei!r possess+
 bett] food nor pur] air1 nor a m *e]ful
  m9d--b always to be giv+ away1        
return+1 communicat+1 & becom+  poor]6  
,to "k h[ to be humble 9 ord] to be     
accessible to _m p  & humiliat+ to none6
 ,to take a great deal ( inju/ice on 8  
%\ld]s & creep ?r\gh ! cracks & crannies
 ( all k9ds (  errors1 9 ord] t we may  
rea* _m obscure s\ls on _! secret  pa?s6
 ev] 9 possession ( "s k9d ( love1 & "s 
k9d ( egoism  & self-enjoym5t6 9        
possession ( p[]1 & yet at ! same "t    
hidd5 & resign$6 con/antly bask+ 9 !    
sun%9e & sweetness (  grace1 & yet kn[+ 
t q ne> to u /&s ! ladd] lead+ to  !    
sublime6--t w\ld be life6 t w\ld inde$  
be a reason = a long  life6             
#dej4      ,,! ,,temptations ,,(        
,,k4--,a glance ?r\gh ! gate ( sci5ce   

acts  ^u passionate spirits z ! *>m (   
*>ms3 !y w probably become  dream]s1 or 
9 ! mo/ fav\rable cases poets1 s great  
is _! desire  = ! happ9ess ( ! man :o c 
disc]n4 ,does x n ent] into all  y\r    
s5ses1 ?is note ( sweet temptation by   
:i* sci5ce has ann\nc$  its joyful      
message 9 a ?\s& ways1 & 9 ! ?\s& & fir/
 way1  ! noble/ ( all1 8,begone1        
illusion6 = !n #8,woe is me' also       
vani%$1  & ) x woe itself is gone0      
7,m>cus ,aurelius74          #dea4      
,,= ,,:om ,a ,,c\rt ,,je/] ,,is         
,,ne$ful4--,^? :o are v beautiful1 v    
good1 & v p[]ful sc>cely ev] le>n ! full
 & nak$ tru? ab\t  any?+1--= 9 _!       
pres5ce we involunt>ily lie a little1   
because we  feel _! influ5ce1 & 9 view (
 ?is influ5ce convey a tru? 9 !  =m ( an
 adaptation 7by falsify+ ! %ades &      
degrees ( facts1 by  omitt+ or add+     
details1 & )hold+ t :i* is insusceptible
 (  adaptation74 ,if1 h[ev]1 9 spite (  
all ?is1 p ( ?is description  insi/ ^u  
he>+ ! tru?1 !y mu/ keep a c\rt je/]--a 

be+ )  ! madman's privilege ( be+ unable
 to adapt himself4          #deb4       
,,impati5ce4--,!re is a c]ta9 degree (  
impati5ce 9 m5 ( ?\ght &  action1 :i* 9 
cases ( failure at once drives !m to !  
opposite  camp1 induces !m to take a    
great int]e/ 9 x1 & to give !mselves  up
 to new und]tak+s--until "h aga9 !      
sl[ness ( _! success  drives !m away4   
,?us !y rove ab\t1 l s _m reckless      
adv5tur]s1  ?r\gh ! practices ( _m      
k+doms & natures2 & 9 ! end1 z !  result
 ( _! wide k ( m5 & ?+s1 acquir$ by _!  
unhe>d ( travel & practice1 & ) a c]ta9 
mod]ation ( _!  crav+1 !y become p[]ful 
practical m54 ,h5ce a defect 9 "*  may  
become ! s*ool ( g5ius4          #dec4  
,a ,,moral ,,int]regnum4--,:o is n[ 9 a 
position to describe t :i* w  "o day    
supplant moral feel+s & judgm5ts6--h[ev]
 c]ta9 we may be  t ^! are f\nd$ on     
error1 & t ! build+ erect$ ^u su*       
f\ndations _c be repair$3 _! obligation 
mu/ gradually dim9i%  f day to day1 9 s 
f> z ! obligation ( reason does n       

dim9i%6  ,to c>ry out ! task (          
re-e/abli%+ ! laws ( life & action is   
/ill beyond ! p[] ( our sci5ces (       
physiology & m$ic9e1 society  &         
solitude3 ?\gh x is only f !m t we c    
borr[ !  f\ndation-/ones ( new ideals 7b
 n ! ideals !mselves74 ,?us we  live a  
prelim9>y or aft] exi/5ce1 accord+ to   
our ta/es &  tal5ts1 & ! be/ we c d 9   
?is int]regnum is to be z mu* z         
possible our own 8reges10 & to e/abli%  
small exp]im5tal /ates4 ,we  are        
exp]im5ts3 if we want to be s6          
#ded4      ,a ,,digression4--,a book l  
?is is n int5d$ to be read ?r\gh at     
once1  or to be read al\d4 ,x is int5d$ 
m p>ticul>ly = ref]5ce1  especially on  
our walks & travels3 we mu/ take x up & 
put x d[n  aga9 aft] a %ort read+1 &1 m 
especially1 we ought n to be  among/ our
 usual surr\nd+s4          #dee4        
,,! ,,prim>y ,,nature4--,z we are n[    
br\ght up1 we beg9 by acquir+ a         
second>y nature1 & we possess x :5 ! _w 
calls u mature1 (  age1 effici5t4 ,a few

 h suffici5t ( ! s]p5t ab\t !m to ca/   
?is sk9 "s day1 :5 _! prim>y nature has 
come to maturity "u  x4 ,b 9 ! majority 
( p ! g]m ( x )]s away4          #def4  
,a ,,virtue ,,9 ,,process ,,(           
,,becom+4--,su* ass]tions & promises z  
^? (  ! anci5t philosoph]s on ! unity ( 
virtue & felicity1 or t (  ,*ri/ianity1 
8,seek ye fir/ ! ,k+dom ( ,god & ,8     
righte\sness1 &  all ^! ?+s %all be add$
 unto y10 h nev] be5 made )  absolute   
s9c]ity1 b always )\t a bad consci5ce   
nev]!less4  ,p 7 9 ! habit ( boldly lay+
 d[n pr9ciples--:i* !y  wi%$ to be      
true--exactly z if !y 7 tru? itself1 9  
spite ( all  appe>ances to ! contr>y1 & 
9 do+ ?is !y felt nei!r religi\s  nor   
moral compunction2 = x 0 9 honorem      
maiorem ( virtue or ( ,god  t "o _h gone
 beyond tru?1 )\t1 h[ev]1 any selfi%    
int5tion6    ,_m good p /ill act up to  
?is degree ( tru?fulness3 :5 !y  feel   
unselfi% !y ?9k x p]missible to treat   
tru? m lightly4 ,let  x be rememb]$ t ! 
^w hone/y is nei!r to be f\nd among !   

,socratic nor ! ,*ri/ian virtues3 x is  
"o ( our mo/ rec5t virtues1  n yet q    
mature1 frequ5tly miscon/ru$ &          
misund]/ood1 sc>cely  consci\s (        
itself--some?+ 9 embryo1 :i* we may ei!r
 promote or  *eck accord+ to our        
incl9ation4          #deg4      ,,f9al  
,,taciturnity4--,!re are "s m5 :o f>e l 
! digg] aft]  hidd5 treasures3 !y q     
accid5tally discov] ! c>efully-pres]v$  
secrets ( ano!r's s\l1 & z a result come
 into ! possession (  k :i* x is (t5 a  
heavy burd5 to be>4 ,9 c]ta9            
circum/ances we may "k ! liv+ & ! dead1 
& s\nd _! inmo/  ?\ghts to su* an ext5t 
t x becomes pa9ful to u to speak to     
o!rs ab\t !m3 at e ^w we utt] we are    
afraid ( be+  indiscreet4--,i c easily  
imag9e a sudd5 sil5ce on ! "p ( !  wise/
 hi/orian4          #deh4      ,,!      
,,great ,,prize4--,!re is a v r>e ?+1 b 
a v delightful "o1  viz4 ! man ) a      
nobly-=m$ intellect :o possesses at !   
same "t  ! "* & incl9ations1 & ev5 meets
 ) ! exp]i5ces1  suit$ to su* an        

intellect4          #dei4      ,,!      
,,magnanimity ,,( ,,! ,,?9k]4--,bo?     
,r\sseau & ,s*op5hau] 7 pr\d  en\gh to  
inscribe ^u _! lives ! motto1 ,vitam    
imp5d]e v]o4 ,&  h[ !y bo? mu/ h suff]$ 
9 _! pride because !y c\ld n  succe$ 9  
v]um imp5d]e vit6--v]um1 su* z ea* ( !m 
und]/ood x1--:5 _! lives ran side by    
side ) _! k l  an unc\? bass :i* is n 9 
tune ) ! melody4    ,k1 h[ev]1 w\ld be 9
 a bad way if x 7 measur$ out to e  ?9k]
 only 9 proportion z x c be adapt$ to 8 
own p]son4 ,&  ?9k]s w\ld be 9 a bad way
 if _! vanity 7 s great t !y  c\ld only 
endure su* an adaptation1 = ! noble/    
virtue ( a great  ?9k] is 8 magnanimity1
 :i* urges him on 9 8 se>* = k  to      
sacrifice himself & 8 life un%r9k+ly1   
(t5 %amefac$ly1 &  (t5 ) sublime scorn1 
& smil+4          #dfj4      ,,utilis+  
,,our ,,h\rs ,,( ,,dang]4--,^? m5 &     
conditions ^: e  movem5t may mean dang] 
to our possessions1 hon\r1 & life or    
dea?1  & to ^? mo/ de> to u1 we %all    
naturally le>n to "k ?or\ghly4          

,tib]ius1 = in/ance1 mu/ h m$itat$ mu* m
 deeply on !  "* & me?ods ( gov]nm5t ( !
 ,emp]or ,augu/us1 & mu/ h  kn[n f> m   
ab\t !m ?an ev5 ! wise/ hi/orian4    ,at
 ! pres5t day we all live1 relatively   
speak+1 9 a security :i*  is mu* too    
great to make u true psy*ologi/s3 "s    
survey _!  fell[-m5 z a hobby1 o!rs out 
( ennui1 & o!rs aga9 m]ely f  habit2 b  
nev] to ! ext5t !y w\ld d if !y 7 told  
8,disc]n or  p]i%60 ,z long z tru?s d n 
cut u to ! quick we assume an  attitude 
( contempt t[>ds !m3 !y /ill appe> to u 
too mu* l  ! 8w+$ dreams10 z if we c\ld 
or c\ld n h !m at our  discretion1 z if 
we c\ld likewise be ar\s$ f ^! tru?s z f
 a  dream6          #dfa4      ,,hic    
,,rhodus1 ,,hic ,,salta4--,our music1   
:i* c & mu/ *ange into  ev]y?+1 because 
l ! demon ( ! sea1 x has no "* ( its    
own3 ?is music 9 =m] times devot$ its   
att5tion to ! ,*ri/ian  savant1 &       
transpos$ 8 ideals into s\nds3 :y _c x  
likewise f9d  ^? bright]1 m *e]ful1 &   
univ]sal s\nds :i* correspond to  !     

ideal ?9k]8--a music :i* c\ld rock      
itself at ease 9 ! va/  float+ vaults ( 
! s\l8 ,s f> our music has be5 s great &
 s  good2 no?+ seem$ impossible to its  
p[]s4 ,may x !re=e prove  possible to   
create ^! ?ree s5sations at "o "t3      
sublimity1 deep &  w>m light1 & rapture 
( ! greate/ possible consi/5cy6         
#dfb4      ,,sl[ ,,cures4--,*ronic      
illnesses ( ! s\l1 l ^? ( ! body1 are  v
 r>ely due to "o gross (f5ce aga9/      
physical & m5tal reason1  b z a g5]al   
rule !y arise f innum]able & petty      
neglig5ces (  a m9or ord]4--,a man1 =   
example1 ^: brea?+ becomes a trifle     
weak]  e day1 & ^: lungs1 by inhal+ too 
little air1 are depriv$ (  _! prop]     
am\nt ( ex]cise1 w end by be+ /ruck d[n 
by "s  *ronic disease ( ! lungs4 ,! only
 rem$y = cases l ^! is a  c\ntless numb]
 ( m9or ex]cises ( a contr>y            
t5d5cy--mak+ x a  rule1 = example1 to   
take a long & deep brea? e qu>t] ( an   
h\r1 ly+ flat on ! gr\nd if possible4 ,=
 ?is purpose a clock :i*  /rikes !      

qu>t]s %\ld be *os5 z a lifelong        
companion4    ,all ^! rem$ies are sl[ & 
trifl+2 b yet ! man :o wi%es to  cure 8 
s\l w c>efully consid] a *ange1 ev5 9 8 
lea/  important habits4 ,_m a man w utt]
 a cold & angry ^w to 8  surr\nd+s t5   
times a day )\t ?9k+ ab\t x1 & he w =get
  t aft] a few ye>s x w h become a      
regul> habit ) him to put  8 surr\nd+s  
out ( temp] t5 times a day4 ,b he c also
 acquire  ! habit ( do+ good to !m t5   
times4          #dfc4      ,,on ,,!     
,,sev5? ,,day4--8,y praise ?is z my     
creation8 b ,i h only put  aside :at 0 a
 burd5 to me6 my s\l is above ! vanity (
  creators4--,y praise ?is z my         
resignation8 b ,i h only /ripp$  myself 
( :at _h become burd5some6 ,my s\l is   
above ! vanity ( !  resign$ ones60      
#dfd4      ,,! ,,donor',s               
,,mode/y4--,!re is su* a want ( g5]osity
 9 always pos+  z ! donor & b5efactor1 &
 %[+ "o's face :5 do+ s6 ,b to  give &  
be/[1 & at ! same "t to conceal "o's "n 
& fav\r6 or  n to h a "n at all1 l      

nature1 9 :om ?is fact is m  refre%+ to 
u ?an any?+ else--"h at la/ we no m meet
 ) !  giv] & be/[]1 no m ) a 8graci\s   
c\nt5ance40--,x is true t  y h n[ =feit$
 ev5 ?is com=t1 = y h plac$ a ,god 9    
?is nature--& n[ ev]y?+ is once aga9    
fett]$ & oppress$6 ,well8  are we nev]  
to h ! "r ( rema9+ alone ) ourselves8   
are we  always to be wat*$1 gu>d$1      
surr\nd$ by lead+ /r+s & gifts8 ,if  !re
 is always "s "o r\nd ab\t u1 ! be/ "p (
 c\rage &  k9dness w ev] rema9          
impossible ( atta9m5t 9 ?is _w4 ,are we 
n tempt$ to fly to hell be=e ?is        
cont9ual obtrusiv5ess ( heav51  ?is     
inevitable sup]natural neighb\r8 ,nev]  
m9d1 x 0 only a dream2  let u wake up6  
#dfe4      ,,at ,a ,,meet+4--    ,a4    
,:at are y look+ at8 y h be5 /&+ "h = a 
v long  "t4    ,b4 ,always ! new & ! old
 ov] aga96 ! helplessness ( a ?+  urges 
me on to plunge into x s deeply t ,i end
 by p5etrat+ to its  deepe/ dep?s1 &    
p]ceive t 9 reality x is n wor? s v mu*4
  ,at ! end ( all exp]i5ces ( ?is k9d we

 meet ) a k9d ( sorr[  & /upor4 ,i      
exp]i5ce ?is on a small scale sev]al    
times a day4          #dff4      ,a     
,,loss ,,( ,,r5[n4--,:at an advantage x 
is to be able to speak z a  /rang] to   
mank9d6 ,:5 !y take away our anonymity1 
& make u  fam\s1 ! gods deprive u (     
8half our virtue40          #dfg4       
,,d\bly ,,pati5t4--8,by do+ ?is y w hurt
 _m p40--,i "k t1  & ,i also "k t ,i    
%all h to suff] = x d\bly3 9 ! fir/     
place out ( pity = _! suff]+1 & secondly
 f ! rev5ge !y  w take on me4 ,b 9 spite
 ( ?is ,i _c help do+ :at ,i d4         
#dfh4      ,,! ,,k+dom ,,( ,,beauty ,,is
 ,,great]4--,we move ab\t 9 nature1     
cunn+ &  *e]ful1 9 ord] t we may        
surprise ev]y?+ 9 ! beauty peculi>  to  
x2 we make an ef=t1 :e!r 9 sun%9e or "u 
a /ormy sky1 to  see a di/ant "p ( !    
coa/ ) its rocks1 bays1 & olive & p9e   
trees "u an aspect 9 :i* x a*ieves its  
p]fection &  consummation4 ,?us also we 
%\ld walk ab\t among m5 z _!  discov]]s 
& explor]s1 met+ out to !m good & evil 9

 ord] t  we may unveil ! peculi> beauty 
:i* is se5 ) "s 9 ! sun%9e1  9 o!rs "u  
?und]-cl\ds1 or ) o!rs aga9 only 9      
twilight &  "u a ra9y sky4    ,are we !n
 =bidd5 to enjoy ! evil man l "s savage 
l&scape  :i* possesses its own bold &   
d>+ l9es & lum9\s effects1 :ile  ?is    
same man1 s long z he behaves well1 & 9 
con=mity ) ! law1  appe>s to u to be an 
error ( draw+1 & a m]e c>icature :i*    
(f5ds u l a defect 9 nature8--,yes1 ?is 
is =bidd53 = z yet we  h only be5       
p]mitt$ to seek beauty 9 any?+ t is     
morally  good1--& ?is is suffici5t to   
expla9 :y we h f\nd s little &  h be5   
compell$ to look = beauty )\t ei!r fle% 
or bones6--9  ! same way z evil m5 are  
famili> ) innum]able k9ds ( happ9ess    
:i* ! virtu\s nev] dream (1 we may also 
f9d among !m innum]able  types ( beauty1
 _m ( !m z yet undiscov]$4              
#dfi4      ,,! ,,inhumanity ,,( ,,!     
,,sage4--,! heavy & gr9d+ progress ( !  
sage1  :o 9 ! words ( ! ,buddhi/ song1  
8,w&]s lonely l !  rh9oc]os10 n[ & aga9 

/&s 9 ne$ ( pro(s ( a conciliatory &    
s(t5$ humanity1 & n only pro(s ( ^?     
accel]at$ /eps1 ^?  polite & sociable   
witticisms2 n only ( hum\r & a c]ta9    
self-mock]y1 b likewise ( contradictions
 & occasional returns to !  pr$om9at+   
inconsi/5cies4 ,9 ord] t he may n       
resemble ! heavy  roll] t rolls along l 
fate1 ! sage :o wi%es to tea* mu/ take  
advantage ( 8 defects1 & utilise !m = 8 
own adornm5t2 & :5  say+ 8despise me0 he
 w implore p]mission to be ! advocate ( 
a  presumptu\s tru?4    ,?is sage wi%es 
to lead y to ! m\nta9s1 & he w p]haps   
endang] y\r life3 !re=e z ! price ( 8   
enjoym5t he will+ly  au?orises y to take
 y\r rev5ge ei!r be=e or aft]w>ds on su*
 a  guide4 ,d y rememb] :at ?\ghts came 
into y\r head :5 he once l$  y to a     
gloomy cav]n ov] a slipp]y pa?8 ,y\r    
di/ru/ful he>t beat  rapidly1 & said    
inw>dly1 8,?is guide might surely d     
some?+ bett]  ?an crawl ab\t "h6 he is  
"o ( ^? idle p :o are full (            
curiosity--is x n do+ him too mu* hon\r 

to appe> to atta* any  value at all to  
him by foll[+ him80          #dgj4      
,,_m ,,at ,,! ,,banquet4--,h[ happy we  
are :5 we are f$ l ! birds by  ! h& ( "s
 "o :o ?r[s !m _! crumbs )\t exam9+ !m  
too closely1 or inquir+ into _!         
wor?9ess6 ,to live l a bird :i*  comes &
 flies away1 & does n c>ry its "n on its
 beak6 ,i take  great pleasure 9        
satisfy+ my appetite at ! banquet ( !   
_m4          #dga4      ,,ano!r ,,type  
,,( ,,love ,,= ,,"o',s                  
,,neighb\r4--,ev]y?+ t is agitat$1      
noisy1 fitful1 & n]v\s =ms a contra/ to 
! great passion :i*1  gl[+ 9 ! he>t (   
man l a quiet & gloomy flame1 & ga!r+   
ab\t x all t is flam+ & ard5t1 gives to 
man ! appe>ance (  coldness &           
indiff]5ce1 & /amps a c]ta9 impassiv5ess
 on 8  features4 ,su* m5 are            
occasionally capable ( %[+ _! love =  _!
 neighb\r1 b ?is love is diff]5t f t (  
sociable p  :o are anxi\s to please4 ,x 
is a mild1 contemplative1 & calm        
amiability3 ^! p1 z x 71 look out ( !   

w9d[s ( !  ca/le :i* s]ves !m z a       
/ronghold1 & consequ5tly z a prison2  = 
! outlook into ! f> di/ance1 ! op5 air1 
& a diff]5t _w  is s pleasant = !m6     
#dgb4      ,,n ,,ju/ify+ ,,oneself4--   
,a4 ,b :y are y n will+ to ju/ify       
y\rself8    ,b4 ,i c\ld d x 9 ?is       
in/ance1 z 9 doz5s ( o!rs2 b ,i despise 
! pleasure :i* lies 9 ju/ification1 =   
all t matt]s little to  me1 & ,i w\ld r 
be> a /a9$ reputation ?an give ^? petty 
folks ! spiteful pleasure ( say+1 8,he  
takes ^! ?+s v  s]i\sly40 ,?is is n     
true4 ,p]haps ,i ought to h m           
consid]ation  = myself1 & look ^u x z a 
duty to rectify errone\s op9ions ab\t   
myself--,i am too indiff]5t & too       
indol5t reg>d+ myself1 &  consequ5tly   
also reg>d+ ev]y?+ t is br\ght ab\t     
?r\gh my  ag5cy4          #dgc4         
,,:]e ,,to ,,build ,,"o',s ,,h\se4--,if 
y feel great & productive 9 solitude1   
society w belittle & isolate y1 & vice  
v]sa4 ,a p[]ful  mildness su* z t ( a   
fa!r3--:]ev] ?is feel+ takes possession 

( y1 !re build y\r h\se1 :e!r 9 ! mid/ (
 ! multitude1  or on "s sil5t spot4 ,ubi
 pat] sum1 ibi patria47#ad7             
#dgd4      ,,! ,,only                   
,,means4--8,dialectic is ! only means ( 
rea*+ ! div9e  ess5ce1 & p5etrat+ beh9d 
! veil ( appe>ance40 ,?is decl>ation  ( 
,plato 9 reg>d to dialectic is z solemn 
& passionate z t (  ,s*op5hau] 9 reg>d  
to ! contr>y ( dialectic--& bo? are     
wrong4  ,= t to :i* !y wi% to po9t out !
 way to u does n exi/4--,&  s f> h n all
 ! great passions ( mank9d be5 passions 
=  some?+ non-exi/5t8--& all _!         
c]emonies--c]emonies = some?+           
non-exi/5t also8          #dge4         
,,becom+ ,,heavy4--,y "k him n2 :atev]  
weights he may atta* to  himself he w   
nev]!less be able to raise !m all ) him4
 ,b y1  judg+ f ! weak flapp+ ( y\r own 
w+s1 come to ! conclusion  t he wi%es to
 rema9 bel[1 m]ely because he does burd5
 himself )  ^? weights4          #dgf4  
,,at ,,! ,,h>ve/ ,,?anksgiv+ ,,( ,,!    
,,intellect4--,!re is a daily increase  

& accumulation ( exp]i5ces1 ev5ts1      
op9ions ^u ^! exp]i5ces  & ev5ts1 &     
dreams ^u ^! op9ions--a b\ndless &      
delightful  display ( weal?6 its aspect 
dazzles ! eyes3 ,i c no long] und]/&  h[
 ! poor 9 _s c be call$ bless$6         
,occasionally1 h[ev]1 ,i  envy !m :5 ,i 
am tir$3 = ! sup]9t5d5ce ( su* va/ weal?
 is  no easy task1 & its weight         
frequ5tly cru%es all happ9ess4--,alas1  
if  only ! m]e sight ( x 7 suffici5t6   
,if only we c\ld be mis]s (  our k6     
#dgg4      ,,fre$ ,,f ,,scepticism4--   
,a4 ,"s m5 em]ge f a g5]al moral        
scepticism bad-temp]$ &  feeble1        
corrod$1 worm-eat51 & ev5 p>tly         
consum$--b ,i on ! o!r  h&1 m c\rage\s &
 heal?i] ?an ev]1 & ) my in/9cts        
conqu]$ once m4 ,:]e a /rong w9d bl[s1  
:]e ! waves are  roll+ angrily1 & :]e m 
?an usual dang] is to be fac$1 !re ,i   
feel happy4 ,i did n become a worm1     
al?\gh ,i (t5 _h to "w & dig  l a worm4 
,b4 ,y h j ceas$ to be a sceptic2 = y   
d5y6    ,a4 ,& 9 do+ s ,i h le>nt to say

 yea aga94          #dgh4      ,,let ,,u
 ,,pass ,,by4--,sp>e him6 ,leave him 9 8
 solitude6 ,d y wi% to cru%  him d[n    
entirely8 ,he became crack$ l a glass   
into :i* "s hot  liquid 0 p\r$          
sudd5ly--& he 0 su* a preci\s glass6    
#dgi4      ,,love ,,&                   
,,tru?fulness4--,?r\gh our love we h    
become dire (f5d]s  aga9/ tru?1 & ev5   
habitual dissimulators & ?ieves1 :o give
 out  m ?+s z true ?an seem to u to be  
true4 ,on ?is acc\nt !  ?9k] mu/ f "t to
 "t drive away ^? :om he loves 7n       
necess>ily ^? :o love him71 s t !y may  
%[ _! /+ &  wick$ness1 & cease to tempt 
him4 ,consequ5tly ! k9dness ( !  ?9k] w 
h its wan+ & wax+ moon4          #dhj4  
,,inevitable4--,no matt] :at y\r        
exp]i5ce may be1 any "o :o does n  feel 
well dispos$ t[>ds y w f9d 9 ?is        
exp]i5ce "s pretext  = disp>ag+ y6 ,y   
may und]go ! greate/ possible           
revolutions (  m9d & k1 & at l5g?1 ) !  
melan*oly smile ( !  convalesc5t1 y may 
be able to /ep out into fre$om & bright 

/illness1 & yet "s "o w say3 8,?is fell[
 looks ^u 8 illness  z an argum5t1 &    
takes 8 impot5ce to be a pro( ( !       
impot5ce (  all o!rs--he is va9 en\gh to
 fall ill t he may feel ! sup]iority  ( 
! suff]]40 ,& aga91 if somebody 7 to    
break ! *a9s t  b\nd him d[n1 & w\nd$   
himself sev]ely 9 do+ s1 "s "o else     
w\ld po9t at him mock+ly & cry3 8,h[    
awkw>d he is6 !re is a man  :o _h got   
accu/om$ to 8 *a9s1 & yet he is fool    
en\gh to bur/  !m asund]60              
#dha4      ,,two ,,g]mans4--,if we      
comp>e ,kant & ,s*op5hau] ) ,plato1     
,sp9oza1  ,pascal1 ,r\sseau1 & ,goe!1 ) 
ref]5ce to _! s\ls & n _!  intellects1  
we %all see t ! two fir/-nam$ ?9k]s are 
at a  disadvantage3 _! ?\ghts d n       
con/itute a passionate hi/ory (  _!     
s\ls--we are n l$ to expect 9 !m        
romance1 crises1  cata/rophies1 or dea? 
/ruggles4 ,_! ?9k+ is n at ! same "t  ! 
involunt>y biography ( a s\l1 b 9 ! case
 ( ,kant m]ely ( a  head2 & 9 ! case (  
,s*op5hau] aga9 m]ely ! description &   

reflection ( a "* 78! inv>iable07 & !   
pleasure :i* ?is  reflection causes1 t  
is to say1 ! pleasure ( meet+ ) an      
intellect ( ! fir/ ord]4    ,kant1 :5 he
 %imm]s ?r\gh 8 ?\ghts1 appe>s to u z an
 hone/  & hon\rable man 9 ! be/ s5se ( !
 words1 b likewise z an  insignificant  
"o3 he is want+ 9 bread? & p[]2 he _h n 
come  ?r\gh _m exp]i5ces1 & 8 me?od (   
work+ did n all[ him  suffici5t "t to   
und]go exp]i5ces4 ,( c\rse1 9 speak+ (  
exp]i5ces1 ,i d n ref] to ! ord9>y      
ext]nal ev5ts ( life1 b  to ^?          
fatalities & convulsions :i* occur 9 !  
c\rse ( ! mo/  solit>y & quiet life :i* 
has "s leisure & gl[s ) ! passion  =    
?9k+4 ,s*op5hau] has at all ev5ts "o    
advantage ov] him2 =  he at lea/ 0      
di/+ui%$ by a c]ta9 fi]ce ugl9ess (     
disposition1  :i* %[$ itself 9 hatr$1   
desire1 vanity1 & suspicion3 he 0 ( a  r
 m f]oci\s disposition1 & _h bo? "t &   
leisure to  indulge ?is f]ocity4 ,b he  
lack$ 8developm5t10 :i* 0 also want+  9 
8 range ( ?\ght3 he _h no 8hi/ory40     

#dhb4      ,,seek+ ,,"o',s              
,,company4--,are we !n look+ = too mu*  
:5 we seek !  company ( m5 :o h gr[n    
mild1 agreeable to ! ta/e1 & nutritive1 
l *e/nuts :i* h be5 put into ! fire &   
tak5 out j at !  "r mom5t8 ,( m5 :o     
expect little f life1 & pref] to accept 
?is little z a pres5t r ?an z a m]it (  
_! own1 z if x  7 c>ri$ to !m by birds &
 bees8 ,( m5 :o are too pr\d ev] to     
feel !mselves rew>d$1 & too s]i\s 9 _!  
passion = k  & hone/y to h "t = or      
pleasure 9 fame8 ,su* m5 we %\ld call   
philosoph]s2 b !y !mselves w always f9d 
"s m mode/  designation4          #dhc4 
,,satiat$ ,,) ,,mank9d4--    ,a4 ,seek =
 k6 ,yes6 b always z a man6 ,:at8 mu/ ,i
 always be  a spectator ( ! same com$y1 
& always play a "p 9 ! same com$y1  )\t 
ev] be+ able to obs]ve ?+s ) o!r eyes   
?an ^?8 &  yet !re may be c\ntless types
 ( be+s ^: organs are bett] adapt$  = k 
?an ours6 ,at ! end ( all _! se>*+ = k  
:at w m5 at l5g? come to "k8 ,_! organs6
 :i* p]haps is z  mu* z to say3 !       

impossibility ( k6 mis]y & disgu/6      
,b4 ,?is is a bad attack y h--reason is 
attack+ y6 to-morr[1  h[ev]1 y w aga9 be
 9 ! mid/ ( k1 & h5ce (                 
irrationality--t is to say1 delight$    
ab\t all t is human4 ,let u g  to ! sea6
          #dhd4      ,,go+ ,,our ,,own  
,,way4--,:5 we take ! decisive /ep1 &   
make up our m9ds  to foll[ our own pa?1 
a secret is sudd5ly reveal$ to u3 x is  
cle>  t all ^? :o _h hi!rto be5 fri5dly 
to u & on intimate t]ms  ) u judg$      
!mselves to be sup]ior to u1 & are (f5d$
 n[4 ,!  be/ among !m are indulg5t1 &   
are cont5t to wait pati5tly until we    
once m f9d ! 8"r pa?0--!y "k x1         
app>5tly4 ,o!rs make fun  ( u1 & pret5d 
t we h be5 seiz$ ) a tempor>y attack (  
mild insanity1 or spitefully po9t out "s
 s$uc]4 ,! m malici\s  say we are va9   
fools1 & d _! be/ to black5 our motives2
 :ile !  wor/ ( all see 9 u _! greate/  
enemy1 "s "o :o is ?ir/+ =  rev5ge aft] 
_m ye>s ( dep5d5ce1--& are afraid ( u4  
,:at1 !n1  are we to d8 ,my own op9ion  

is t we %\ld beg9 our sov]eignty by     
promis+ to all our acqua9tances 9       
advance a :ole ye>'s amne/y =  s9s ( e  
k9d4          #dhe4      ,,f>-,,(f      
,,p]spectives4--    ,a4 ,b :y ?is       
solitude8    ,b4 ,i am n angry )        
anybody4 ,b :5 ,i am alone x seems to me
 t  ,i c see my fri5ds 9 a cle>] & rosi]
 light ?an :5 ,i am )  !m2 & :5 ,i lov$ 
& felt music be/ ,i liv$ f> f x4 ,x w\ld
  seem t ,i mu/ h di/ant p]spectives 9  
ord] t ,i may ?9k well  ( ?+s4          
#dhf4      ,,gold ,,& ,,hung]4--,"h &   
!re we meet ) a man :o *anges into gold 
ev]y?+ t he t\*es4 ,b "s f9e evil day he
 w discov] t  he himself mu/ />ve ?r\gh 
?is gift ( 84 ,ev]y?+ ar\nd him is      
brilliant1 sup]b1 & unapproa*able 9 its 
ideal beauty1 & n[ he  eag]ly longs =   
?+s :i* x is impossible = him to turn   
into  gold--& h[ int5se is ?is long+6 l 
t ( a />v+ man = a  meal6 ,qu]y3 ,:at w 
he seize8          #dhg4                
,,%ame4--,look at t noble /e$ paw+ !    
gr\nd1 snort+1 long+ = a  ride1 & lov+  

its accu/om$ rid]--b1 %ameful to relate1
 ! rid]  _c m\nt to-day1 he is          
tir$4--,su* is ! %ame felt by ! we>y    
?9k] 9 ! pres5ce ( 8 own philosophy6    
#dhh4      ,,aga9/ ,,! ,,wa/e ,,(       
,,love4--,d we n blu% :5 we surprise    
ourselves 9 a  /ate ( viol5t av]sion8   
,well1 !n1 we %\ld also blu% :5 we f9d  
ourselves possess$ ( /rong affections on
 acc\nt ( ! inju/ice  conta9$ 9 !m4 ,m3 
!re are p :o feel _! he>ts weigh$  d[n &
 oppress$ :5 "s "o gives !m ! b5efit ( 8
 love &  sympa?y to ! ext5t t he        
deprives o!rs ( a %>e4 ,! tone ( 8      
voice reveals to u ! fact t we h be5    
specially select$ &  pref]r$6 b1 alas6  
,i am n ?ankful = be+ ?us select$3 ,i   
exp]i5ce )9 myself a c]ta9 feel+ (      
res5tm5t aga9/ him :o  wi%es to di/+ui% 
me 9 ?is way--he %all n love me at !    
exp5se  ( o!rs6 ,i %all always try to   
look aft] myself & to endure myself1  & 
my he>t is (t5 fill$ to ov]fl[+1 & ) "s 
reason4 ,to su*  a man no?+ ought to be 
giv5 ( :i* o!rs /& s greatly 9 ne$4     

#dhi4      ,,fri5ds ,,9 ,,ne$4--,we may 
occasionally rem>k t "o ( our fri5ds    
sympa?ises ) ano!r m ?an ) u4 ,8        
delicacy is tr\bl$  !reby1 & 8          
selfi%ness is n equal to ! task ( break+
 d[n 8  feel+s ( affection3 9 su* a case
 we %\ld facilitate ! sep>ation  = him1 
& e/range him 9 "s way 9 ord] to wid5 ! 
di/ance  betwe5 u4--,?is is also        
necess>y :5 we fall into a habit ( ?9k+ 
:i* might be detrim5tal to him3 our     
affection = him %\ld induce u  to ease 8
 consci5ce 9 sep>at+ himself f u by     
means ( "s  inju/ice :i* we volunt>ily  
take ^u ourselves4          #dij4       
,,^? ,,petty ,,tru?s4--8,y "k all t1 b y
 h nev] liv$ ?r\gh  x--s ,i w n accept  
y\r evid5ce4 ,^? #8petty tru?s'--y deem 
!m  petty because y h n paid = !m ) y\r 
blood60--,b are !y  really great1 simply
 because !y h be5 b\ght at s high a     
price8 &  blood is always too high a    
price6--8,d y really ?9k s8 ,h[ /+y y   
are ) y\r blood60          #dia4        
,,solitude1 ,,!re=e6--    ,a4 ,s y wi%  

to g back to y\r des]t8    ,b4 ,i am n a
 quick ?9k]2 ,i mu/ wait = myself a long
 "t--x is  always lat] & lat] be=e !    
wat] f ! f\nta9 ( my own ego  spurts =?1
 & ,i h (t5 to g ?ir/y long] ?an suits  
my  pati5ce4 ,t is :y ,i retire into    
solitude 9 ord] t ,i may n h  to dr9k f 
! common ci/]ns4 ,:5 ,i live 9 ! mid/ ( 
!  multitude my life is l !irs1 & ,i d n
 ?9k l myself2 b  aft] "s "t x always   
seems to me z if ! multitude wi%$ to    
bani%  me f myself & to rob me ( my s\l4
 ,!n ,i get angry ) all ^!  p1 & afraid 
( !m2 & ,i mu/ h ! des]t to become well 
dispos$ aga94          #dib4      ,,"u  
,,! ,,s\? ,,w9d4--    ,a4 ,i c no long] 
und]/& myself6 ,x 0 only ye/]day t ,i   
felt  myself s tempe/u\s & ard5t1 & at !
 same "t s w>m & sunny  & exceptionally 
bright6 b to-day6 ,n[ ev]y?+ is calm1   
wide1  oppressive1 & d>k l ! lagoon at  
,v5ice4 ,i wi% = no?+1 &  draw a deep   
brea?1 & yet ,i feel inw>dly indignant  
at ?is 8wi% =  no?+0--s ! waves rise &  
fall 9 ! ocean ( my melan*oly4    ,b4 ,y

 describe a petty1 agreeable illness4 ,!
 next w9d f !  nor?-ea/ w bl[ x away4   
,a4 ,:y s8          #dic4      ,,on     
,,"o',s ,,own ,,tree4--    ,a4 ,no      
?9k]'s ?\ghts give me s mu* pleasure z  
my own3 ?is1 (  c\rse1 proves no?+ 9    
fav\r ( _! value2 b ,i %\ld be fooli%   
to neglect fruits :i* are ta/eful to me 
only because !y happ5 to  gr[ on my own 
tree6--& ,i 0 once su* a fool4    ,b4   
,o!rs h ! contr>y feel+3 :i* likewise   
proves no?+ 9  fav\r ( _! ?\ghts1 nor   
yet is x any argum5t aga9/ _! value4    
#did4      ,,! ,,la/ ,,argum5t ,,( ,,!  
,,brave ,,man4--,!re are snakes 9 ?is   
little clump  ( trees4--,v well1 ,i w   
ru% into ! ?icket & kill !m4--,b by  do+
 t y w run ! risk ( fall+ a victim to   
!m1 & n !y  to y4--,b :at d ,i matt]8   
#die4      ,,our ,,tea*]s4--,dur+ our   
p]iod ( y\? we select our tea*]s &      
guides  f our own times1 & f ^? circles 
:i* we happ5 to meet )3  we h !         
?\ghtless conviction t ! pres5t age mu/ 
h tea*]s  :o w suit u bett] ?an any     

o!rs1 & t we are sure to f9d !m  )\t    
hav+ to look v f>4 ,lat] on we f9d t we 
h to pay a  heavy p5alty = ?is          
*ildi%ness3 we h to expiate our tea*]s 9
  ourselves1 & !n p]haps we beg9 to look
 = ! prop] guides4 ,we  look = !m       
?r\gh\t ! :ole _w1 includ+ ev5 pres5t & 
pa/  ages--b p]haps x may be too late1 &
 at ! wor/ we discov] t  !y liv$ :5 we 7
 "y--& t at t "t we lo/ our             
opportunity4          #dif4      ,,!    
,,evil ,,pr9ciple4--,plato has          
m>vell\sly describ$ h[ ! philosophic    
?9k] mu/ necess>ily be reg>d$ z ! ess5ce
 ( depravity 9 !  mid/ ( e exi/+        
society3 = z ! critic ( all its morals  
he is  naturally ! antagoni/ ( ! moral  
man1 &1 unless he succe$s 9  becom+ !   
legislator ( new morals1 he lives long 9
 ! memory ( m5  z an in/ance ( ! 8evil  
pr9ciple40 ,f ?is we may judge to h[    
great an ext5t ! city ( ,a!ns1 al?\gh   
fairly lib]al & fond (  innovations1    
abus$ ! reputation ( ,plato dur+ 8      
lifetime4 ,:at  wond] !n t he--:o1 z he 

has himself record$1 _h ! 8political    
in/9ct0 9 8 body--made ?ree diff]5t     
attempts 9 ,sicily1 :]e at  t "t a unit$
 ,m$it]ranean ,greek ,/ate appe>$ to be 
9 process (  =mation8    ,x 0 9 ?is     
,/ate1 & ) its assi/ance1 t ,plato ?\ght
 he c\ld  d = ! ,greeks :at ,mohamm$ did
 = ! ,arabs sev]al c5turies lat]3  viz4 
e/abli%+ bo? m9or & m important cu/oms1 
& especially  regulat+ ! daily life ( e 
man4 ,8 ideas 7 q practicable  j z      
c]ta9ly z ^? ( ,mohamm$ 7 practicable2 =
 ev5 mu*  m incr$ible ideas1 ^? (       
,*ri/ianity1 prov$ !mselves to be       
practicable6 a few haz>ds less & a few  
haz>ds m--& !n ! _w  w\ld h witness$ !  
,platonisation ( ,s\!rn ,europe2 &1 if  
we  suppose t ?is /ate ( ?+s _h cont9u$ 
to our own days1 we %\ld  probably be   
wor%ipp+ ,plato n[ z ! 8good pr9ciple40 
,b he 0  unsuccessful1 & s 8 traditional
 "* rema9s t ( a dream]  & a            
,utopian--/rong] epi!ts ?an ^! pass$    
away ) anci5t  ,a!ns4          #dig4    
,,! ,,purify+ ,,eye4--,we h ! be/ reason

 = speak+ ( 8g5ius0 9  m5--= example1   
,plato1 ,sp9oza1 & ,goe!--^: m9ds appe> 
to be b  loosely l9k$ to _! "* &        
temp]am5t1 l w+$ be+s  :i* easily       
sep>ate !mselves f !m1 & !n rise f>     
above !m4  ,on ! o!r h&1 ^? :o nev]     
succe$$ 9 cutt+ !mselves loose  f _!    
temp]am5t1 & :o knew h[ to give to x !  
mo/  intellectual1 l(ty1 & at times ev5 
cosmic expression 7,s*op5hau]1  =       
in/ance7 h always be5 v fond ( speak+   
ab\t _! g5ius4    ,^! g5iuses c\ld n    
rise above !mselves1 b !y believ$ t1    
fly :]e !y w\ld1 !y w\ld always f9d &   
recov] !mselves--?is  is _! 8greatness10
 & ?is c be greatness6--,! o!rs :o are  
entitl$ to ?is "n possess ! pure &      
purify+ eye :i* does n  seem to h sprung
 out ( _! temp]am5t & "*1 b sep>ately  f
 !m1 & g5]ally 9 contradiction to !m1 & 
looks out ^u !  _w z on a ,god :om x    
loves4 ,b ev5 p l ^! d n come  into     
possession ( su* an eye all at once3 !y 
require practice & a  prelim9>y s*ool ( 
sight1 & he :o is really =tunate w at ! 

"r mom5t also fall 9 ) a tea*] ( pure   
sight4          #dih4      ,,nev]       
,,dem&6--,y d n "k him6 x is true t he  
easily & readily  submits bo? to m5 &   
?+s1 & t he is k9d to bo?--8 only wi%   
is to be left 9 peace--b only 9 s f> z  
m5 & ?+s d n  dem& 8 submission4 ,any   
dem& makes him pr\d1 ba%ful1 & w>like4  
#dii4      ,,! ,,evil ,,"o4--8,only !   
solit>y are evil60--?us spake ,did]ot1 &
  ,r\sseau at once felt deeply (f5d$4   
,?us he prov$ t ,did]ot 0  "r4 ,inde$1 9
 society1 or amid social life1 e evil   
in/9ct is  compell$ to re/ra9 itself1 to
 assume s _m masks1 & to press itself  s
 (t5 into ! ,procru/ean b$ ( virtue1 t  
we are q ju/ifi$  9 speak+ ( ! m>tyrdom 
( ! evil man4 ,9 solitude1 h[ev]1 all   
?is disappe>s4 ,! evil man is /ill m    
evil 9 solitude--&  consequ5tly = him ^:
 eye sees only a drama ev]y:]e he is    
also  m beautiful4          #ejj4       
,,aga9/ ,,! ,,gra94--,a ?9k] may = ye>s 
at a "t =ce himself to  ?9k aga9/ !     
gra93 t is1 n to pursue ! ?\ghts t spr+ 

up )9 him1 b1 in/ead1 ^? :i* he is      
compell$ to foll[ by !  exig5cies ( 8   
(fice1 an e/abli%$ division ( "t1 or any
  arbitr>y duty :i* he may f9d x        
necess>y to fulfil4 ,9 ! long run1      
h[ev]1 he w fall ill2 = ?is app>5tly    
moral self-comm& w  de/roy 8 n]v\s sy/em
 z ?or\ghly & completely z regul>       
debau*]y4          #eja4      ,,mortal  
,,s\ls4--,:]e k is conc]n$ p]haps ! mo/ 
useful  conque/ t has ev] be5 made is ! 
ab&onm5t ( ! belief 9 !  immortality ( !
 s\l4 ,humanity is h5ce=? at lib]ty to  
wait3 m5  ne$ no long] be 9 a hurry to  
swall[ badly-te/$ ideas z !y _h to  d 9 
=m] times4 ,= 9 ^? times ! salvation (  
?is poor  8immortal s\l0 dep5d$ ^u !    
ext5t ( ! k :i* c\ld be  acquir$ 9 !    
c\rse ( a %ort exi/5ce3 decisions _h to 
be rea*$  f "o day to ano!r1 & 8k0 0 a  
matt] ( dreadful  importance6    ,n[ we 
h acquir$ good c\rage = errors1         
exp]im5ts1 & !  provisional acceptance (
 ideas--all ?is is n s v important6--& =
  ?is v reason individuals & :ole races 

may n[ face tasks s va/ 9  ext5t t 9 =m]
 ye>s !y w\ld h look$ l madness1 &      
defiance ( heav5 & hell4 ,n[ we h ! "r  
to exp]im5t ^u  ourselves6 ,yes1 m5 h ! 
"r to d s6 ! greate/ sacrifices h  n yet
 be5 (f]$ up to k--nay1 9 e>li] p]iods x
 w\ld h  be5 sacrilege1 & a sacrifice ( 
our et]nal salvation1 ev5 to surmise    
su* ideas z n[ prec$e our actions4      
#ejb4      ,,"o ,,^w ,,= ,,?ree         
,,diff]5t ,,conditions4--,:5 9 a /ate ( 
passion "o  man w be =c$ to let loose ! 
savage1 dreadful1 unbe>able animal4     
,ano!r :5 "u ! influ5ce ( passion w     
raise himself to a high1  noble1 & l(ty 
demean\r1 9 comp>ison ) :i* 8 usual self
  appe>s petty4 ,a ?ird1 ^: :ole p]son  
is p]meat$ ) nobility (  feel+1 has also
 ! mo/ noble /orm & /ress3 & 9 ?is /ate 
he  repres5ts ,nature 9 h] /ate (       
savag5ess & beauty1 & /&s only  "o      
degree l[] ?an ,nature 9 h] p]iods (    
greatness & s]5ity1  :i* he usually     
repres5ts4 ,x is :ile 9 ?is /ate (      
passion1  h[ev]1 t m5 und]/& him bett]1 

& v5]ate him m highly at  ^! mom5ts--=  
!n he is "o /ep ne>] & m ak9 to !m4 ,!y 
feel at once delight$ & horrifi$ at su* 
a sight & call x--div9e4          #ejc4 
,,fri5d%ip4--,! objection to a          
philosophic life t x r5d]s u useless  to
 our fri5ds w\ld nev] h aris5 9 a mod]n 
m9d3 x belongs r  to classical          
antiquity4 ,antiquity knew ! /rong]     
bonds ( fri5d%ip1  m$itat$ ^u x1 & almo/
 took x to ! grave ) x4 ,?is is !       
advantage x has ov] u3 we1 on ! o!r h&1 
c po9t to our  idealisation ( sexual    
love4 ,all ! great excell5cies ( anci5t 
humanity ow$ _! /ability to ! fact t man
 0 /&+ side by  side ) man1 & t no woman
 0 all[$ to put =w>d ! claim (  be+ !   
ne>e/ & highe/1 nay ev5 sole object ( 8 
love1 z !  feel+ ( passion w\ld tea*4   
,p]haps our trees d n gr[ s high n[  ow+
 to ! ivy & ! v9es t cl+ r\nd !m4       
#ejd4      ,,reconciliation4--,%\ld x !n
 be ! task ( philosophy to reconcile :at
  ! *ild has le>nt ) :at ! man has come 
to recognise8 ,%\ld  philosophy be !    

task ( "y m5 because !y /& midway betwe5
  *ild & man & possess int]m$iate       
necessities8 ,x w\ld almo/ appe>  to be 
s if y consid] at :at ages ( _! life    
philosoph]s are n[  9 ! habit ( sett+ =?
 _! conceptions3 at a "t :5 x is too    
late = fai? & too e>ly = k4             
#eje4      ,,practical ,,p4--,we ?9k]s h
 ! "r ( decid+ good ta/e 9 all  ?+s1 &  
if necess>y ( decree+ x4 ,! practical p 
f9ally  receive x f u3 _! dep5d5ce ^u u 
is incr$ibly great1 & is  "o ( ! mo/    
ridicul\s spectacles 9 ! _w1 little ?\gh
 !y  !mselves "k x & h[ev] pr\dly !y l  
to c>p at u unpractical  p4 ,nay1 !y    
w\ld ev5 g s f> z to belittle _!        
practical life  if we %\ld %[ a t5d5cy  
to despise x--:]eto at times we might be
  urg$ on by a slightly v9dictive feel+4
          #ejf4      ,,! ,,necess>y     
,,desiccation ,,( ,,ev]y?+              
,,good4--,:at6 mu/ we conceive ( a  "w  
exactly 9 ! _s ( ! age t has produc$ x8 
b we  exp]i5ce great] delight &         
surprise1 & get m in=mation out (  x :5 

we d n conceive x 9 ?is _s6 ,h y n      
rem>k$ t  e new & good "w1 s long z x is
 expos$ to ! damp air ( its  own age is 
lea/ valuable--j because x /ill has ab\t
 x all ! od\r  ( ! m>ket1 ( opposition1 
( mod]n ideas1 & ( all t is  transi5t f 
day to day8 ,lat] on1 h[ev]1 x dries up1
 its 8actuality0  dies away3 & !n only  
does x obta9 its deep lu/re & its       
p]fume--& also1 if x is de/9$ = x1 !    
calm eye ( et]nity4          #ejg4      
,,aga9/ ,,! ,,tyranny ,,( ,,tru?4--,ev5 
if we 7 mad en\gh to consid] all  our   
op9ions z tru?1 we %\ld nev]!less n wi% 
!m alone to  exi/4 ,i _c see :y we %\ld 
ask = an autocracy & omnipot5ce (  tru?3
 x is suffici5t = me to "k t x is a     
great p[]4 ,tru?1  h[ev]1 mu/ meet )    
opposition & be able to fight1 & we mu/ 
be  able to re/ f x at times 9          
falsehood--o!rwise tru? w gr[  tiresome1
 p[]less1 & insipid1 & w r5d] u equally 
s4          #ejh4      ,,n ,,to ,,take  
,a ,,?+ ,,pa!tically4--,:at we d to     
b5efit ourselves %\ld  n br+ u 9 any    

moral praise1 ei!r f o!rs or f          
ourselves1  & ! same rem>k applies to ^?
 ?+s :i* we d to please  ourselves4 ,x  
is look$ ^u z bon ton among sup]ior m5  
to refra9  f tak+ ?+s pa!tically 9 su*  
cases1 & to refra9 f all  pa!tic feel+s3
 ! man :o has accu/om$ himself to ?is   
has  retriev$ 8 navet4          #eji4   
,,! ,,?ird ,,eye4--,:at6 ,y are /ill 9  
ne$ ( ! !atre6 are y /ill  s "y8 ,be    
wise1 & seek trag$y & com$y :]e !y are  
bett]  act$1 & :]e ! incid5ts are m     
int]e/+1 & ! actors m  eag]4 ,x is inde$
 by no means easy to be m]ely a         
spectator 9 ^!  cases--b le>n6 & !n1    
amid all difficult or pa9ful situations1
 y  w h a little gate lead+ to joy &    
refuge1 ev5 :5 y\r passions  attack y4  
,op5 y\r /age eye1 t big ?ird eye (     
y\rs1 :i* looks  out into ! _w ?r\gh !  
o!r two4          #eaj4      ,,escap+   
,,f ,,"o',s ,,virtues4--,( :at acc\nt is
 a ?9k] :o does n  "k h[ to escape f 8  
own virtues occasionally6 ,surely a ?9k]
  %\ld be m ?an 8a moral be+06          

#eaa4      ,,! ,,temptress4--,hone/y is 
! great temptress ( all fanatics47#ae7  
,:at  seem$ to tempt ,lu!r 9 ! guise ( !
 devil or a beautiful woman1 &  f :i* he
 def5d$ himself 9 t unc\? way ( 81 0    
probably  no?+ b hone/y1 & p]haps 9 a   
few r>] cases ev5 tru?4          #eab4  
,,bold ,,t[>ds ,,?+s4--,! man :o1 9     
accordance ) 8 "*1 is  consid]ate &     
timid t[>ds p]sons1 b is c\rage\s & bold
 t[>ds  ?+s1 is afraid ( new & clos]    
acqua9tances1 & limits 8 old ones  9    
ord] t he may ?us make 8 incognito & 8  
inconsid]at5ess  co9cide ) tru?4        
#eac4      ,,limits ,,& ,,beauty4--,are 
y look+ = m5 ) a f9e culture8 ,!n y  w h
 to be satisfi$ ) re/rict$ views &      
sights1 exactly z  :5 y are look+ = f9e 
c\ntries4--,!re are1 ( c\rse1 su*       
panoramic m53 !y are l panoramic        
regions1 in/ructive &  m>vell\s3 b n    
beautiful4          #ead4      ,,to ,,! 
,,/rong]4--,ye /rong] & arrogant        
intellects1 we ask y = only  "o ?+3 ?r[ 
no fur!r burd5s ^u our %\ld]s1 b take "s

 (  our burd5s ^u y\r own1 s9ce ye are  
/rong]6 b ye delight 9 do+  ! exact     
contr>y3 = ye wi% to so>1 s t we mu/    
c>ry y\r burd5  9 addition to our       
own--we mu/ crawl6          #eae4       
,,! ,,increase ,,( ,,beauty4--,:y has   
beauty increas$ by ! progress (         
civilisation8 because ! ?ree occasions =
 ugl9ess appe> ev] m  r>ely among       
civilis$ m53 fir/1 ! wilde/ outbur/s (  
ec/asy2  secondly1 extreme bodily       
ex]tion1 &1 ?irdly1 ! necessity ( induc+
  fe> by "o's v sight & pres5ce--a matt]
 :i* is s frequ5t & (  s great          
importance 9 ! l[] & m dang]\s /ages (  
culture t  x ev5 lays d[n ! prop]       
ge/ures & c]emonials & makes ugl9ess a  
duty4          #eaf4      ,,n ,,to      
,,imbue ,,our ,,neighb\rs ,,) ,,our     
,,own ,,demon4--,let u 9 our age cont9ue
  to hold ! belief t b5evol5ce &        
b5efic5ce are !  *>act]i/ics ( a good   
man2 b let u n fail to add 8provid$ t  9
 ! fir/ place he exhibits 8 b5evol5ce & 
b5efic5ce t[>ds  himself40 ,= if he acts

 o!rwise--t is to say1 if he %uns1      
hates1 or  injures himself--he is       
c]ta9ly n a good man4 ,he !n m]ely saves
  himself ?r\gh o!rs3 & let ^! o!rs take
 c>e t !y d n  come to grief ?r\gh him1 
h[ev] well dispos$ he may appe> to be to
  !m6--b to %un & hate "o's own ego1 &  
to live 9 & = o!rs1  ?is has up to !    
pres5t1 ) z mu* ?\ghtlessness z         
conviction1  be5 look$ ^u z 8unselfi%10 
& consequ5tly z 8good40          #eag4  
,,tempt+ ,,into ,,love4--,we ought to   
fe> a man :o hates himself2 = we are    
liable to become ! victims ( 8 ang] &   
rev5ge4 ,let u !re=e  try to tempt him  
into self-love4          #eah4          
,,resignation4--,:at is resignation8 ,x 
is ! mo/ com=table position ( a  pati5t1
 :o1 aft] hav+ suff]$ a long "t f       
torm5t+ pa9s 9  ord] to f9d x1 at la/   
became tir$--& !n f\nd x4          #eai4
      ,,deception4--,:5 y wi% to act y  
mu/ close ! door ^u d\bt1 said a  man ( 
action4--,& are y n afraid ( be+ deceiv$
 9 do+ s8  repli$ ! man ( a             

contemplative m9d4          #ebj4       
,,et]nal ,,obsequies4--,bo? )9 & beyond 
! conf9es ( hi/ory we might  imag9e t we
 7 li/5+ to a cont9ual fun]al oration3  
we h  buri$1 & are /ill bury+1 all t we 
h lov$ be/1 our ?\ghts1  & our hopes1   
receiv+ 9 ex*ange pride1 gloria mundi--t
 is1 !  pomp ( ! graveside spee*4 ,x is 
?us t ev]y?+ is made good6  ,ev5 at !   
pres5t "t ! fun]al orator rema9s !      
greate/ public  b5efactor4              
#eba4      ,,exceptional                
,,vanity4--,yond] man possesses "o great
 quality :i* s]ves z  a consolation =   
him3 8 look passes ) contempt ov] !     
rema9d] (  8 be+1 & almo/ 8 entire "* is
 includ$ 9 ?is4 ,b he  recov]s f himself
 :51 z x 71 he approa*es 8 sanctu>y2    
already ! road lead+ to x appe>s to him 
to be an asc5t on broad  s(t /eps--&    
yet1 ye cruel ones1 ye call him va9 on  
?is acc\nt6          #ebb4      ,,wisdom
 ,,)\t ,,e>s4--,to he> e day :at is said
 ab\t u1 or ev5 to  endeav\r to discov] 
:at p ?9k ( u1 w 9 ! end kill ev5  !    

/ronge/ man4 ,our neighb\rs p]mit u to  
live only t !y may  ex]cise a daily     
claim ^u u6 ,!y c]ta9ly w\ld n tol]ate u
 if we  wi%$ to claim rights ov] !m1 &  
/ill less if we wi%$ to be "r6  ,9 %ort1
 let u (f] up a sacrifice to ! g5]al    
peace1 let u n  li/5 :5 !y speak ( u1 :5
 !y praise u1 blame u1 wi% = u1  or hope
 = u--nay1 let u n ev5 ?9k ( x4         
#ebc4      ,a ,,"q ,,(                  
,,p5etration4--,:5 we are confront$ )   
any manife/ation  :i* "s "o has p]mitt$ 
u to see1 we may ask3 :at is x meant to 
conceal8 ,:at is x meant to draw our    
att5tion f8 ,:at prejudices does  x seek
 to raise8 & aga91 h[ f> does ! subtlety
 ( !  dissimulation g8 & 9 :at respect  
is ! man mi/ak58          #ebd4      ,,!
 ,,jeal\sy ,,( ,,! ,,lonely             
,,ones4--,?is is ! diff]5ce betwe5      
sociable  & solit>y natures1 provid$ t  
bo? possess an intellect3 ! =m]  are    
satisfi$1 or ne>ly satisfi$1 ) almo/    
any?+ :atev]2 f  ! mom5t t _! m9ds h    
discov]$ a communicable & happy  v]sion 

( x !y w be reconcil$ ev5 ) ! devil     
himself6 ,b !  lonely s\ls h _! sil5t   
rapture1 & _! spee*less agony ab\t a    
?+3 !y hate ! +5i\s & brilliant display 
( _! inmo/  problems z mu* z !y dislike 
to see ! wom5 !y love too l\dly         
dress$--!y wat* h] m\rnfully 9 su* a    
case1 z if !y 7 j  beg9n+ to suspect t  
%e 0 desir\s ( pleas+ o!rs4 ,?is is !   
jeal\sy :i* all lonely ?9k]s &          
passionate dream]s exhibit )  reg>d to !
 esprit4          #ebe4      ,,!        
,,effect ,,( ,,praise4--,"s p become    
mode/ :5 highly prais$1  o!rs insol5t4  
#ebf4      ,,unwill+ ,,to ,,be ,a       
,,symbol4--,i sympa?ise ) pr9ces3 !y are
 n at  lib]ty to disc>d _! high rank ev5
 = a %ort "t1 & ?us !y  come to "k p    
only f ! v uncom=table position (       
con/ant  dissimulation--_! cont9ual     
compulsion to repres5t some?+ actually  
ends by mak+ solemn ciph]s ( !m4--,su*  
is ! fate ( all ^? :o  deem x _! duty to
 be symbols4          #ebg4      ,,!    
,,hidd5 ,,m54--,h y nev] come across ^? 

p :o *eck &  re/ra9 ev5 _! enraptur$    
he>ts1 & :o w\ld r become mute  ?an lose
 ! mode/y ( mod]ation8 & h y nev] met ^?
  emb>rass+1 & yet s (t5 good-natur$ p  
:o d n wi% to be  recognis$1 & :o "t &  
aga9 efface ! tracks !y h made 9 !  s&8 
& :o ev5 deceive o!rs z well z !mselves 
9 ord] to rema9  obscure & hidd58       
#ebh4      ,,unusual ,,=be>ance4--,x is 
(t5 no small indication ( k9dness to be 
unwill+ to criticise "s "o1 & ev5 to    
refuse to ?9k ( him4          #ebi4     
,,h[ ,,m5 ,,& ,,nations ,,ga9           
,,lu/re4--,h[ _m really individual      
actions are  left undone m]ely because  
be=e p]=m+ !m we p]ceive or suspect  t  
!y w be misund]/ood6--^? actions1 =     
example1 :i* h  "s intr9sic value1 bo? 9
 good & evil4 ,! m highly an age or a   
nation values its individuals1 !re=e1 & 
! m "r &  asc5dancy we accord !m1 ! m w 
actions ( ?is k9d v5ture to  make       
!mselves kn[n1--& ?us 9 ! long run a    
lu/re ( hone/y1 (  g5u95ess 9 good &    
evil1 w spread ov] entire ages &        

nations1 s  t !y--! ,greeks1 =          
example--l c]ta9 />s1 w cont9ue to  %$  
light = ?\s&s ( ye>s aft] _! s9k+4      
#ecj4      ,,digressions ,,( ,,!        
,,?9k]4--,! c\rse ( ?\ght 9 c]ta9 m5 is 
/rict  & inflexibly bold4 ,at times x is
 ev5 cruel t[>ds su* m51 al?\gh         
consid]$ individually !y may be g5tle & 
pliable4 ,) well-mean+  hesitation !y w 
turn ! matt] t5 times ov] 9 _! heads1 b 
w at l5g? cont9ue _! /rict c\rse4 ,!y   
are l /reams t  w9d _! way pa/ solit>y  
h]mitages3 !re are places 9 _! c\rse    
:]e ! /ream plays hide & seek ) itself1 
& indulges 9 %ort  idylls ) islets1     
trees1 grottos1 & cascades--& !n x ru%es
 ahead  once m1 passes by ! rocks1 &    
=ces its way ?r\gh ! h>de/  /ones4      
#eca4      ,,diff]5t ,,feel+s ,,t[>ds   
,,art4--,f ! "t :5 we beg9 to live z a  
h]mit1 consum+ & consum$1 our only      
company be+ deep & prolific  ?\ghts1 we 
expect f art ei!r no?+ m1 or else some?+
 q  diff]5t f :at we =m]ly expect$--9 a 
^w1 we *ange our ta/e4  ,= 9 =m] times  

we wi%$ to p5etrate = a mom5t by means (
 art  into ! elem5t 9 :i* we are n[ liv+
 p]man5tly3 at t "t we  dreamt ourselves
 into ! rapture ( a possession :i* we n[
 actually  possess4 ,inde$1 fl++ away f 
u = ! "t be+ :at we n[  h1 & imag9+     
ourselves to be poor1 or to be a *ild1 a
 begg>1 or a  fool1 may n[ at times fill
 u ) delight4          #ecb4            
8,,love ,,equalises40--,love wi%es to   
sp>e ! o!r to :om x devotes itself  any 
feel+ ( /rang5ess3 z a consequ5ce x is  
p]meat$ ) disguise  & simulation2 x     
keeps on deceiv+ cont9u\sly1 & feigns an
 equality  :i* 9 reality does n exi/4 ,&
 all ?is is done s in/9ctively  t wom5  
:o love d5y ?is simulation & con/ant    
t5d] trick]y1 &  h ev5 ! audacity to    
ass]t t love equalises 79 o!r words t  x
 p]=ms a miracle76    ,?is ph5om5on is a
 simple matt] if "o ( ! two p]mits      
himself or  h]self to be lov$1 & does n 
deem x necess>y to feign1 b leaves  ?is 
to ! o!r4 ,no drama1 h[ev]1 c\ld (f] a m
 intricate &  confus$ in/ance ?an :5 bo?

 p]sons are passionately 9 love ) "o    
ano!r2 = 9 ?is case bo? are anxi\s to   
surr5d] & to endeav\r  to con=m to !    
o!r1 & f9ally !y are bo? at a loss to "k
 :at  to imitate & :at to feign4 ,!     
beautiful madness ( ?is spectacle is    
too good = ?is _w1 & too subtle = human 
eyes4          #ecc4      ,,we          
,,beg9n]s4--,h[ _m ?+s does an actor see
 & div9e :5 he wat*es  ano!r on ! /age6 
,he notices at once :5 a muscle fails 9 
"s  ge/ure2 he c di/+ui% ^? little      
artificial tricks :i* are s  calmly     
practis$ sep>ately be=e ! mirror1 & are 
n 9 con=mity  ) ! :ole2 he feels :5 !   
actor is surpris$ on ! /age by 8  own   
inv5tion1 & :5 he spoils x amid ?is     
surprise4--,h[ diff]5tly1  aga91 does a 
pa9t] look at "s "o :o happ5s to be mov+
 be=e  him6 ,he w see a great deal t    
does n actually exi/ 9 ord] to  complete
 ! actual appe>ance ( ! p]son1 & to give
 x its full  effect4 ,9 8 m9d he        
attempts sev]al diff]5t illum9ations ( !
  same object1 & divides ! :ole by an   

additional contra/4--,oh1 t we  n[      
possess$ ! eyes ( su* an actor & su* a  
pa9t] = !  prov9ce ( ! human s\l6       
#ecd4      ,,small ,,doses4--,if we wi% 
a *ange to be z deep & radical z        
possible1 we  mu/ apply ! rem$y 9 m9ute 
doses1 b unremitt+ly = long p]iods4     
,:at great action c be p]=m$ all at     
once8 ,let u !re=e be  c>eful n to      
ex*ange viol5tly & precipitately ! moral
 conditions  ) :i* we are famili> = a   
new valuation ( ?+s1--nay1 we may ev5   
wi% to cont9ue liv+ 9 ! old way = a long
 "t to come1 until  probably at "s v    
remote p]iod we become aw>e ( ! fact t !
  new valuation has made itself !       
pr$om9at+ p[] )9 u1 & t  its m9ute doses
 to :i* we mu/ h5ce=? become accu/om$ h 
set up  a new nature )9 u4--,we n[ also 
beg9 to und]/& t ! la/  attempt at a    
great *ange ( valuations--t :i* conc]n$ 
itself )  political affairs 7! 8great   
revolution07--0 no?+ m ?an a  pa!tic &  
sangu9>y piece ( quack]y :i*1 by means (
 sudd5  crises1 0 able to inspire a     

cr$ul\s ,europe ) ! hope ( a sudd5      
recov]y1 & has !re=e made all political 
invalids impati5t &  dang]\s up to ?is v
 mom5t4          #ece4      ,,tru?      
,,requires ,,p[]4--,tru? 9 itself is no 
p[] at all1 9 spite ( all  t flatt]+    
rationali/s are 9 ! habit ( say+ to !   
contr>y4  ,tru? mu/ ei!r attract p[] to 
its side1 or else side ) p[]1 =  o!rwise
 x w p]i% aga9 & aga94 ,?is has already 
be5  suffici5tly demon/rat$1 & m ?an    
suffici5tly6          #ecf4      ,,!    
,,?umbscrew4--,x is disgu/+ to obs]ve ) 
:at cruelty e "o  *>ges 8 two or ?ree   
private virtues to ! acc\nt ( o!rs :o   
may  p]haps n possess !m1 & :om he      
torm5ts & worries ) !m4 ,let  u !re=e   
deal humanely ) ! 8s5se ( hone/y10      
al?\gh we may  possess 9 x a ?umbscrew )
 :i* we c worry to dea? all ^!          
presumptu\s egoi/s :o ev5 yet wi% to    
impose _! own beliefs ^u  ! :ole _w--we 
h tri$ ?is ?umbscrew on ourselves6      
#ecg4      ,,ma/]y4--,we h rea*$ ma/]y  
:5 we nei!r mi/ake nor hesitate 9  !    

a*ievem5t4          #ech4      ,,!      
,,moral ,,insanity ,,( ,,g5ius4--,9 a   
c]ta9 category ( great intellects we    
may obs]ve a pa9ful & p>tly horrible    
spectacle3 9 _! mo/  productive mom5ts  
_! flights al(t & into ! f> di/ance     
appe> to  be out ( h>mony ) _! g5]al    
con/itution & to exce$ _!  p[] 9 "o way 
or ano!r1 s t ea* "t !re rema9s a       
defici5cy1  & also 9 ! long run a       
defectiv5ess 9 ! entire ma*9]y1 :i*     
latt] is manife/$ among ^? highly       
intellectual natures by v>i\s  k9ds (   
moral & intellectual symptoms m regul>ly
 ?an by conditions  ( bodily di/ress4   
,?us ^? incompreh5sible *>act]i/ics ( _!
 nature--all _!  timidity1 vanity1      
hatefulness1 envy1 _! n>r[ & n>r[+      
disposition--& t too p]sonal & awkw>d   
elem5t 9 natures l  ^? ( ,r\sseau &     
,s*op5hau]1 may v well be ! consequ5ces 
( a  p]iodical attack ( he>t disease2 & 
?is 9 its turn may be ! result  ( a     
n]v\s compla9t1 & ?is latt] ! consequ5ce
 ( ----7#af7    ,s long z g5ius dwells  

)9 u we are full ( audacity1 yea1 almo/ 
mad1 & he$less ( heal?1 life1 & hon\r2  
we fly ?r\gh ! day z  free & swift z an 
eagle1 & 9 ! d>kness we feel z confid5t 
z an  owl4--,b let g5ius once leave u & 
we are in/antly ov]come by a  feel+ ( ! 
mo/ pr(\nd despond5cy3 we c no long]    
und]/&  ourselves2 we suff] f ev]y?+ t  
we exp]i5ce & d n  exp]i5ce2 we feel z  
if we 7 9 ! mid/ ( %elt]less rocks )  ! 
tempe/ rag+ r\nd u1 & we are at ! same  
"t l pitiful  *ildi% s\ls1 afraid ( a   
ru/le or a %ad[4--,?ree-f\r?s ( all !   
evil committ$ 9 ! _w is due to timidity2
 & ?is is above all a  physiological    
process4          #eci4      ,,d ,,y    
,,"k ,,:at ,,y ,,want8--,h y nev] be5   
tr\bl$ by ! fe> t  y might n be at all  
fitt$ = recognis+ :at is true8 by ! fe> 
t y\r s5ses might be too dull1 & ev5 y\r
 delicacy ( sight f>  too blunt8 ,if y  
c\ld only p]ceive1 ev5 once1 to :at     
ext5t y\r  volition dom9ates y\r sight6 
,h[1 = example1 y wi%$ ye/]day to  see m
 ?an "s "o else1 :ile to-day y wi% to   

see x diff]5tly6  & h[ f ! />t y 7      
anxi\s to see some?+ :i* w\ld be 9      
con=mity ) or 9 opposition to any?+ t p 
?\ght !y _h  obs]v$ up to ! pres5t4 ,oh1
 ^? %ameful crav+s6 ,h[ (t5 y  keep y\r 
eyes op5 = :at is efficaci\s1 = :at is  
soo?+1 j  because y happ5 to be tir$ at 
! mom5t6 ,always full ( secret          
pr$et]m9ations ( :at tru? %\ld be l1 s t
 y--y1  =soo?6--might accept x6 or d y  
?9k t to-day1 because y are z  froz5 &  
dry z a bright w9t] morn+1 & because    
no?+ is weigh+  on y\r m9d1 y h bett]   
eyesight6 ,are n ard\r & en?usiasm      
necess>y to d ju/ice to ! creations (   
?\ght8--& ?is inde$ is  :at is call$    
sight6 z if y c\ld treat matt]s ( ?\ght 
any  diff]5tly f ! mann] 9 :i* y treat  
m54 ,9 all relations )  ?\ght !re is !  
same morality1 ! same hone/y ( purpose1 
! same  arrire-p5se1 ! same slackness1 !
 same fa9t-he>t$ness--y\r  :ole lovable 
& hateful self6 ,y\r physical exhau/ion 
w l5d !  ?+s pale col\rs :il/ y\r       
fev]i%ness w turn !m into mon/]s6  ,does

 n y\r morn+ %[ ! ?+s 9 a diff]5t light 
f !  ev5+8 ,are y n afraid ( f9d+ 9 !   
cave ( all k y\r  own phantom1 ! veil 9 
:i* tru? is wrapp$ up & hidd5 f y\r     
sight8 ,is x n a dreadful com$y 9 :i* y 
s ?\ghtlessly wi% to  take "p8          
#edj4      ,,le>n+4--,mi*elangelo       
consid]$ ,raphael's g5ius z hav+ be5    
acquir$  by /udy1 & ^u 8 own z a natural
 gift3 le>n+ z oppos$ to  tal5t2 ?\gh   
?is is m]e p$antry1 ) all due respect to
 ! great  p$ant himself4 ,= :at is tal5t
 b a "n = an old] piece (  le>n+1       
exp]i5ce1 ex]cise1 appropriation1 &     
incorporation1 p]haps  z f> back z !    
times ( our ance/ors1 or ev5 e>li]6 ,&  
aga93 he  :o le>ns =ms 8 own tal5ts1    
only le>n+ is n su* an easy matt]  &    
dep5ds n only ^u our will+ness1 b also  
^u our be+ able to  le>n at all4        
,jeal\sy (t5 prev5ts ?is 9 an arti/1 or 
t pride :i*1 :5 x  exp]i5ces any /range 
feel+1 at once assumes an attitude (    
def5ce  in/ead ( an attitude ( s*ol>ly  
receptiv5ess4 ,raphael1 l ,goe!1  lack$ 

?is pride1 on :i* acc\nt !y 7 great     
le>n]s1 & n  m]ely ! exploit]s ( ^?     
qu>ries :i* _h be5 =m$ by !  manifold   
g5ealogy ( _! =efa!rs4 ,raphael vani%es 
be=e our eyes  z a le>n] 9 ! mid/ ( t   
assimilation ( :at 8 great rival  call$ 
8 8nature03 ?is noble/ ( all ?ieves     
daily c>ri$ (f a  portion ( x2 b be=e he
 _h appropriat$ all ! g5ius (           
,mi*elangelo he di$--& ! f9al s]ies ( 8 
works1 because x is !  beg9n+ ( a new   
plan ( /udy1 is less p]fect & good1 = ! 
simple  reason t ! great /ud5t 0        
int]rupt$ by dea? 9 ! mid/ ( 8  mo/     
difficult task1 & took away ) him t     
ju/ify+ & f9al goal  :i* he _h 9 view4  
#eda4      ,,h[ ,,we ,,%\ld ,,turn ,,to 
,,/one4--,by sl[ly1 v1 v sl[ly1 becom+  
h>d  l a preci\s /one1 & at la/ lie     
/ill1 a joy to all et]nity4             
#edb4      ,,! ,,philosoph] ,,& ,,old   
,,age4--,x is n wise to p]mit ev5+ to   
act z a  judge ( ! day2 = only too (t5 9
 ?is case we>9ess becomes !  judge (    
success & good w4 ,we %\ld also take !  

greate/  precautions 9 reg>d to ev]y?+  
connect$ ) old age & its  judgm5t ^u    
life1 m especially s9ce old age1 l !    
ev5+1 is  fond ( assum+ a new & *>m+    
morality1 & kn[s well en\gh h[ to       
humiliate ! day by ! gl[ ( ! ev5+ skies1
 twilight & a  peaceful & wi/ful sil5ce4
 ,! rev]5ce :i* we feel = an old man1   
especially if he is an old ?9k] & sage1 
easily bl9ds u to !  det]ioration ( 8   
intellect1 & x is always necess>y to br+
 to  light ! hidd5 symptoms ( su* a     
det]ioration & lassitude1 t is  to say1 
to uncov] ! physiological ph5om5on :i*  
is /ill conceal$  beh9d ! old man's     
moral judgm5ts & prejudices1 9 case we  
%\ld be  deceiv$ by our v5]ation = him1 
& d some?+ to ! disadvantage  ( k4 ,= x 
is n seldom t ! illusion ( a great moral
  r5ovation & reg5]ation takes          
possession ( ! old man4 ,bas+ 8  views  
^u ?is1 he !n proce$s to express 8      
op9ions on ! "w &  developm5t ( 8 life z
 if he _h only !n = ! fir/ "t become    
cle>sight$--& nev]!less x is n wisdom1 b

 fatigue1 :i* prompts  8 pres5t /ate (  
well-be+ & 8 positive judgm5ts4    ,!   
mo/ dang]\s indication ( ?is we>9ess is 
above all ! belief 9  g5ius1 :i* z a    
rule only arises 9 great & semi-great m5
 (  intellect at ?is p]iod ( _! lives3 !
 belief 9 an exceptional  position1 &   
exceptional rights4 ,! ?9k] :o ?us      
believes himself to  be inspir$ by g5ius
 h5ce=? deems x p]missible = him to take
  ?+s m easily1 & takes advantage ( 8   
position z a g5ius to  decree r ?an to  
prove4 ,x is probable1 h[ev]1 t ! ne$   
felt  by ! we>y intellect = alleviation 
is ! ma9 s\rce ( ?is  belief--x prec$es 
x 9 "t1 ?\gh appe>ances may indicate !  
contr>y4    ,at ?is "t too1 z ! result (
 ! love :i* all we>y & old p  feel =    
enjoym5t1 su* m5 z ^? ,i am speak+ ( wi%
 to enjoy !  results ( _! ?9k+ in/ead ( 
aga9 te/+ !m & scatt]+ !  se$s abroad   
once m4 ,?is leads !m to make _! ?\ghts 
palatable  & enjoyable1 & to take away  
_! dryness1 coldness1 & want (  flav\r2 
& ?us x comes ab\t t ! old ?9k] app>5tly

 raises  himself above 8 life's "w1 :ile
 9 reality he spoils x by infus+  into x
 a c]ta9 am\nt ( fantasy1 sweetness1    
flav\r1 poetic mi/s1 &  my/ic lights4   
,?is is h[ ,plato end$1 z did also t    
great & hone/  ,fr5*man1 ,augu/e ,comte1
 :o1 z a conqu]or ( ! exact sci5ces1  _c
 be mat*$ ei!r among ! ,g]mans or !     
,engli%m5 ( ?is  c5tury4    ,!re is a   
?ird symptom ( fatigue3 t ambition :i*  
actuat$ !  great ?9k] :5 he 0 "y1 & :i* 
c\ld n !n f9d any?+ to  satisfy x1 has  
also gr[n old1 &1 l "o t has no m "t to 
lose1 x beg9s to snat* at ! co>s] & m   
imm$iate means ( its  gratification1    
means :i* are peculi> to active1        
dom9at+1 viol5t1  & conqu]+             
dispositions4 ,f ?is "t onw>ds ! ?9k]   
wi%es to  f\nd in/itutions :i* %all be> 
8 "n1 in/ead ( erect+ m]e               
bra9-/ructures4 ,:at are n[ to him !    
e!real victories & hon\rs  to be met ) 9
 ! realm ( pro(s & refutations1 or !    
p]petuation  ( 8 fame 9 books1 or !     
?rill ( exultation 9 ! s\l ( !  read]8  

,b ! in/itution1 on ! o!r h&1 is a      
temple1 z he well  kn[s--a temple (     
/one1 a durable edifice1 :i* w keep its 
god alive  ) m c]ta9ty ?an ! sacrifices 
( r>e & t5d] s\ls47#ag7    ,p]haps1 too1
 at ?is p]iod ( 8 life ! old ?9k] w = ! 
fir/ "t meet ) t love :i* is fitt$ = a  
god r ?an = a  human be+1 & 8 :ole      
nature becomes s(t5$ & sweet5$ 9 !  rays
 ( su* a sun1 l fruit 9 autumn4 ,yes1 he
 gr[s m div9e &  beautiful1 ?is great   
old man1--& nev]!less x is old age &    
we>9ess :i* p]mit him to rip5 9 ?is way1
 to gr[ m sil5t1 &  to repose 9 ! lum9\s
 adulation ( a woman4 ,n[ x is all up ) 
8  =m] desire--a desire :i* 0 sup]ior   
ev5 to 8 own ego--= real  disciples1    
foll[]s :o w\ld c>ry on 8 ?\ght1 t is1  
true  oppon5ts4 ,?is desire arose f 8   
hi!rto undim9i%$ en]gy1 !  consci\s     
pride he felt 9 be+ able at any "t to   
become an oppon5t  himself1--nay1 ev5 ! 
deadly enemy ( 8 own doctr9e1--b n[ 8   
desire is = resolute p>tisans1 unwav]+  
comrades1 auxili>y =ces1  h]alds1 a     

pomp\s tra9 ( foll[]s4 ,he is n[ no     
long] able to be>  t dreadful isolation 
9 :i* e intellect t advances beyond !   
o!rs is compell$ to live4 ,f ?is "t =w>d
 he surr\nds himself  ) objects (       
v5]ation1 companion%ip1 t5d]ness1 &     
love2 b he  also wi%es to enjoy !       
privileges ( all religi\s p1 & to       
wor%ip :at he v5]ates mo/ highly 9 8    
little community--he w ev5  g z f> z to 
inv5t a religion = ! purpose ( hav+ a   
community4    ,?us lives ! wise old man1
 & 9 liv+ ?us he falls almo/            
imp]ceptibly into su* a deplorable      
proximity to prie/ly & poetic           
extravagances t x is difficult to       
recollect all 8 wise & sev]e  p]iod (   
y\?1 ! =m] rigid morality ( 8 m9d1 & 8  
truly  virile dread ( fancies & misplac$
 en?usiasm4 ,:5 he 0 =m]ly 9  ! habit ( 
comp>+ himself ) ! old] ?9k]s1 he did s 
m]ely  t he might measure 8 weakness    
aga9/ _! /r5g?1 & t he  might become    
cold] & m audaci\s t[>ds himself2 b n[  
he only  makes ?is comp>ison to         

intoxicate himself ) 8 own delusions4   
,=m]ly he look$ =w>d ) confid5ce to     
future ?9k]s1 & he ev5  took a delight 9
 imag9+ himself to be ca/ into ! %ade by
 _!  bright] light4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 he is   
mortifi$ to ?9k t he _c be  ! la/3 he   
endeav\rs to discov] "s way ( impos+ ^u 
mank9d1  toge!r ) ! inh]itance :i* he is
 leav+ to !m1 a re/riction  ( sov]eign  
?9k+4 ,he fe>s & reviles ! pride & !    
love (  fre$om ( individual m9ds3 aft]  
him no "o mu/ all[ 8 intellect to  gov]n
 ) absolute unre/riction3 he himself    
wi%es to rema9 = ev]  ! bulw>k on :i* ! 
waves ( ideas may break--^! are 8 secret
  wi%es1 & p]haps1 inde$1 !y are n      
always secret4    ,! h>d fact ^u :i* su*
 wi%es are bas$1 h[ev]1 is t he  himself
 has come to a halt be=e 8 tea*+1 & has 
set up 8  b\nd>y /one1 8 8?us f> & no   
f>!r40 ,9 canonis+ himself he  has drawn
 up 8 own dea? w>rant3 f n[ on 8 m9d _c 
develop  fur!r4 ,8 race is run2 ! h\r-h&
 /ops4 ,:5ev] a great ?9k]  tries to    
make himself a la/+ in/itution =        

po/]ity1 we may readily  suppose t he   
has pass$ ! climax ( 8 p[]s1 & is v     
tir$1  v ne> ! sett+ ( 8 sun4           
#edc4      ,,we ,,mu/ ,,n ,,make        
,,passion ,,an ,,argum5t ,,=            
,,tru?4--,oh1 y k9d-he>t$ &  ev5 noble  
en?usia/s1 ,i "k y6 ,y wi% to seem "r 9 
our eyes z  well z 9 y\r own1 b         
especially 9 y\r own6--& an irritable & 
subtle evil consci5ce s (t5 spurs y on  
aga9/ y\r v en?usiasm6  ,h[ +5i\s y !n  
become 9 deceiv+ y\r consci5ce1 & lull+ 
x  to sleep6 ,h[ y hate hone/1 simple1 &
 clean s\ls2 h[ y avoid  _! innoc5t     
glances6 ,t bett] k ^: repres5tatives !y
  are1 & ^: voice y he> only too        
di/9ctly )9 y\rselves :5  x que/ions y\r
 belief1--h[ y try to ca/ suspicion ^u x
 z a bad  habit1 z a disease ( ! age1 z 
! neglect & infection ( y\r own         
intellectual heal?6 ,x drives y on to   
hate ev5 criticism1 sci5ce1  reason6 ,y 
mu/ falsify hi/ory to make x te/ify 9   
y\r fav\r2 y  mu/ d5y virtues 9 case !y 
%\ld obscure ^? ( y\r own idols &       

ideals4    ,col\r$ images :]e argum5ts  
are ne$$6 ,ard\r & p[] (  expression6   
,silv] mi/s6 ,ambrosian nights6 well d y
 "k h[ to  enlight5 & to d>k5--to d>k5  
by means ( light6 & inde$ :5 y\r        
passion c no long] be kept )9 b\nds !   
mom5t comes :5 y say  to y\rselves1 8,n[
 ,i h won = myself a good consci5ce1 n[ 
,i am  exalt$1 c\rage\s1 self-d5y+1     
magnanim\s2 n[ ,i am hone/60 ,h[ y  long
 = ^! mom5ts :5 y\r passion w conf] ^u y
 full &  absolute rights1 & also1 z x 71
 innoc5ce4 ,h[ happy y are :5  engag$ 9 
battle & inspir$ ) ec/asy or c\rage1 :5 
y are  elat$ beyond y\rself1 :5 gnaw+   
d\bt has left y1 & :5 y c  ev5 decree3  
8,any man :o is n 9 ec/asy z we are _c  
by any *ance  "k :at or :]e tru? is40   
,h[ y long to meet ) ^? :o %>e  y\r     
belief 9 ?is /ate--:i* is a /ate (      
intellectual depravity--&  to set y\r   
own fire alight ) _! flames6 ,oh1 = y\r 
m>tyrdom1  y\r victory ( ! sanctifi$    
lie6 ,mu/ y really inflict s mu* pa9  ^u
 y\rselves8--,mu/ y8          #edd4     

,,h[ ,,philosophy ,,is ,,n[             
,,practis$4--,i c see q well t our      
philosophis+ y\?s1 wom51 & arti/s       
require f philosophy exactly  ! opposite
 ( :at ! ,greeks d]iv$ f x4 ,:at does he
 :o does n  he> ! cont9ual exultation t 
res\nds ?r\gh e spee* &  c\nt]-argum5t 9
 a ,platonic dialogue1 ?is exultation   
ov] ! new  inv5tion ( rational ?9k+1 "k 
ab\t ,plato or ab\t anci5t  philosophy8 
,at t "t s\ls 7 fill$ ) en?usiasm :5 !y 
gave  !mselves up to ! sev]e & sob]     
sport ( ideas1 g5]alisations1           
refutations1--t en?usiasm :i* p]haps ^? 
old1 great1 sev]e1 &  prud5t            
contrapunti/s 9 music h also kn[n4 ,at t
 "t ! ,greek  palate /ill possess$ t    
old] & =m]ly omnipot5t ta/e3 & by  !    
side ( ?is ta/e _! new ta/e appe>$ to be
 envelop$ 9 s mu*  *>m t ! div9e art (  
dialectic 0 sung by hesitat+ voices z if
  its foll[]s 7 intoxicat$ ) ! fr5zy (  
love4 ,t old =m (  ?9k+1 h[ev]1 0 ?\ght 
)9 ! b\nds ( morality1 & = x  no?+ exi/$
 b fix$ judgm5ts & e/abli%$ facts1 & x  

_h no  reasons b ^? ( au?ority4 ,?9k+1  
!re=e1 0 simply a matt]  ( repetition1 &
 all ! enjoym5t ( spee* & dialogue c\ld 
only lie  9 _! =m4    ,:]ev] ! sub/ance 
( a ?+ is look$ ^u z et]nal &           
univ]sally approv$1 !re is only "o great
 *>m1 ! *>m ( v>iable  =ms1 t is1 (     
fa%ion4 ,ev5 9 ! poets ev] s9ce ! "t (  
,hom]1 & lat] on 9 ! case ( ! sculptors1
 ! ,greeks did n enjoy  orig9ality1 b   
its contr>y4 ,x 0 ,socrates :o discov]$ 
ano!r  *>m1 t ( cause & effect1 ( reason
 & sequ5ce1 & we mod]ns  h become s us$ 
to x1 & h be5 br\ght up to ! necessity (
  logic t we look ^u x z ! normal ta/e1 
& z su* x _c b  be repugnant to ard5t & 
presumptu\s p4 ,su* p are pleas$ by     
:atev] /&s out boldly f ! normal3 _! m  
subtle ambition  leads !m to believe    
only too readily t !y are exceptional   
s\ls1  n dialectic & rational be+s1 b1  
let u say1 8intuitive0 be+s  gift$ ) an 
8inn] s5se10 or ) a c]ta9 8intellectual 
p]ception40  ,above all1 h[ev]1 !y wi%  
to be 8arti/ic natures0 ) a g5ius 9  _! 

heads1 & a demon 9 _! bodies1 &         
consequ5tly ) special  rights 9 ?is _w &
 9 ! _w to come--especially ! div9e     
privilege ( be+ incompreh5sible4    ,& p
 l ^! are 8go+ 9 =0 philosophy n[adays6 
,i fe> !y  w discov] "o day t !y h made 
a mi/ake--:at !y are look+  = is        
religion6          #ede4      ,,b ,,we  
,,d ,,n ,,believe ,,y4--,y w\ld fa9 pass
 = psy*ologi/s1 b we  %all n all[ x6    
,are we n to notice t y pret5d to be m  
exp]i5c$1 pr(\nd1 passionate1 & p]fect  
?an y actually are8--j  z we notice 9   
yond] pa9t] t !re is a trifl+           
presumptu\sness  9 8 mann] ( wield+ !   
bru%1 & 9 yond] musician t he br+s  =w>d
 8 !me ) ! desire to make x appe>       
sup]ior to :at x  really is4 ,h y       
exp]i5c$ hi/ory )9 y\rselves1           
commotions1  e>?quakes1 long & pr(\nd   
sadness1 & sudd5 fla%es ( happ9ess8  ,h 
y act$ fooli%ly ) great & little fools8 
,h y really  und]gone ! delusions & woe 
( ! good p8 & also ! woe &  ! peculi>   
happ9ess ( ! mo/ evil8 ,!n y may speak  

to me (  morality1 b n o!rwise6         
#edf4      ,,slave ,,& ,,ideali/4--,!   
foll[]s ( ,epictetus w\ld d\btless n be 
to  ! ta/e ( ^? :o are n[ /riv+ aft] !  
ideal4 ,! con/ant  t5sion ( 8 be+1 !    
indefatigable inw>d glance1 ! prud5t &  
res]v$ incommunicativ5ess ( 8 eye :5ev] 
x happ5s to gaze ^u  ! out] _w1 & above 
all1 8 sil5ce or laconic spee*3 all ^!  
are *>act]i/ics ( ! /ricte/ =titude1--& 
:at w\ld our  ideali/s1 :o above all    
else are desir\s ( expansion1 c>e = ?is8
  ,b 9 spite ( all ?is ! ,/oic is n     
fanatical4 ,he dete/s !  display & boa/+
 ( our ideali/s3 8 pride1 h[ev] great x 
may be1  is n eag] to di/urb o!rs4 ,x   
p]mits ( a c]ta9 g5tle approa*1  & has  
no desire to spoil anybody's good       
hum\r--nay1 x c ev5 smile4 ,a  great    
deal ( anci5t humanity is to be se5     
exemplifi$ 9 ?is ideal4  ,! mo/ excell5t
 feature ab\t x1 h[ev]1 is t ! ?9k] is  
completely free f ! fe> ( ,god1 /rictly 
believes 9 reason1 & is  no prea*] (    
p5it5ce4    ,epictetus 0 a slave3 8     

ideal man is )\t any p>ticul> rank1 &   
may exi/ 9 any grade ( society1 b above 
all he is to be s\ght 9 !  deepe/ & l[e/
 social classes1 z ! sil5t &            
self-suffici5t man  9 ! mid/ ( a g5]al  
/ate ( s]vitude1 a man :o def5ds himself
  alone aga9/ ! out] _w1 & is con/antly 
liv+ 9 a /ate ( !  highe/ =titude4 ,he  
is di/+ui%$ f ! ,*ri/ian especially1    
because ! latt] lives 9 hope 9 ! promise
 ( 8unspeakable glory10  p]mits pres5ts 
to be made to him1 & expects & accepts !
 be/  ?+s f div9e love & grace1 & n f   
himself4 ,epictetus1 on !  o!r h&1 nei!r
 hopes nor all[s 8 be/ treasure to be   
giv5 him--he  possesses x already1 holds
 x bravely 9 8 h&1 & defies ! _w  to    
take x away f him4 ,*ri/ianity 0 devis$ 
= ano!r class (  anci5t slaves1 = ^? :o 
_h a weak w & weak reason--t is to  say1
 = ! majority ( slaves4          #edg4  
,,! ,,tyrants ,,( ,,! ,,intellect4--,!  
progress ( sci5ce is at ! pres5t  "t no 
long] h9d]$ by ! purely accid5tal fact t
 man atta9s to  ab\t sev5ty ye>s1 :i* 0 

! case f> too long4 ,9 =m] times  p wi%$
 to ma/] ! entire ext5t ( k )9 ?is      
p]iod1  & all ! me?ods ( k 7 valu$      
accord+ to ?is g5]al  desire4 ,m9or     
que/ions & individual exp]im5ts 7 look$ 
^u z  unwor?y ( notice3 p want$ to take 
! %orte/ pa? "u !  impression t1 s9ce   
ev]y?+ 9 ?is _w seem$ to be arrang$ )  a
 view to man's ne$s1 ev5 ! acquirem5t ( 
k 0 regulat$ 9  view ( ! limits ( human 
life4    ,to solve ev]y?+ at a s+le     
/roke1 ) "o ^w--?is 0 ! secret  desire2 
& ! task 0 repres5t$ 9 ! symbol ( !     
,gordian knot or  ! egg ( ,columbus4 ,no
 "o d\bt$ t x 0 possible to rea* ! goal 
( k aft] ! mann] ( ,alex&] or ,columbus1
 & to settle all  que/ions ) "o answ]4  
8,!re is a my/]y to be solv$10 seem$ to 
be  ! aim ( life 9 ! eyes ( !           
philosoph]3 x 0 necess>y 9 !  fir/ place
 to f9d out :at ?is enigma 01 & to      
cond5se ! problem  ( ! _w into ! simple/
 enigmatical =mula possible4 ,! b\ndless
  ambition & delight ( be+ ! 8unravell] 
( ! _w0 *>m$ !  dreams ( _m a ?9k]3 no?+

 seem$ to him wor? tr\bl+ ab\t 9  ?is _w
 b ! means ( br++ ev]y?+ to a           
satisfactory  conclusion4 ,philosophy   
?us became a k9d ( supreme /ruggle = !  
tyrannical sway ov] ! intellect1 & no "o
 d\bt$ t su* a  tyrannical dom9ation 0  
res]v$ = "s v happy1 subtle1 +5i\s1     
bold1 & p[]ful p]son--a s+le            
individual6--& _m 7! la/ 0  ,s*op5hau]7 
fanci$ !mselves to be ?is privileg$     
p]son4    ,f ?is x foll[s t1 on ! :ole1 
sci5ce has up to ! pres5t  rema9$ 9 a r 
backw>d /ate ow+ to ! moral             
n>r[-m9d$ness  ( its disciples1 & t     
h5ce=? x w h to be pursu$ f a  high] & m
 g5]\s motive4 8,:at d ,i matt]80 is    
writt5 ov] !  door ( ! ?9k] ( ! future4 
#edh4      ,,victory ,,ov] ,,p[]4--,if  
we consid] all t has be5 v5]at$ up to ! 
pres5t z 8sup]human intellect0 or       
8g5ius10 we mu/ come to ! sad           
conclusion t1 consid]$ z a :ole1 !      
intellectuality ( mank9d  mu/ h be5     
extremely l[ & poor3 s little m9d has   
hi!rto be5  necess>y 9 ord] to feel at  

once consid]ably sup]ior to all ?is6    
,alas  = ! *eap glory ( 8g5ius06 ,h[    
quickly has x be5 rais$ to !  ?rone1 &  
its wor%ip gr[n into a cu/om6 ,we /ill  
fall on our knees  be=e p[]--accord+ to 
! old cu/om ( slaves--& nev]!less1 :5  !
 degree ( v5]ability comes to be        
det]m9$1 only ! degree (  reason 9 ! p[]
 w be ! decid+ factor4 ,we mu/ f9d out1 
inde$1  to h[ great an ext5t p[] has be5
 ov]come by some?+ high]1 :i*  x n[     
obeys z a tool & in/rum5t4    ,z yet1   
h[ev]1 !re h be5 too few eyes = su*     
inve/igations3  ev5 9 ! majority ( cases
 ! m]e valuation ( g5ius has almo/ be5  
look$ ^u z blasphemy4 ,& ?us p]haps     
ev]y?+ t is mo/  beautiful /ill takes   
place 9 ! mid/ ( d>kness & vani%es 9    
endless night almo/ z soon z x has made 
its appe>ance1--,i ref] to !  spectacle 
( t p[] :i* a g5ius does n lay out ^u   
works1 b  ^u himself z a "w1 t is1 8 own
 self-control1 ! purify+ (  8 own       
imag9ation1 ! ord] & selection 9 8      
inspirations &  tasks4 ,! great man ev] 

rema9s invisible 9 ! greate/ ?+ t       
claims wor%ip1 l "s di/ant />3 8 victory
 ov] p[] rema9s  )\t witnesses1 & h5ce  
also )\t songs & s+]s4 ,! hi]>*y  ( !   
great m5 9 all ! pa/ hi/ory ( ! human   
race has n yet  be5 det]m9$4            
#edi4      ,,flight ,,f ,,"o',s         
,,self4--,^? suff]]s f intellectual     
spasms :o are  impati5t t[>ds !mselves &
 look ^u !mselves ) a gloomy  eye--su* z
 ,byron or ,alfr$ de ,musset--& :o1 9   
ev]y?+ t !y d1  resemble runaway horses1
 & f _! own works d]ive only a transi5t 
joy & an ard5t passion :i* almo/ bur/s  
_! ve9s1 foll[$ by  /]ility &           
dis5*antm5t--h[ are !y able to be> up6  
,!y w\ld fa9  atta9 to some?+ 8beyond   
!mselves40 ,if we happ5 to be ,*ri/ians1
  & are seiz$ by su* a desire z ?is1 we 
/rive to rea* ,god & to  become "o )    
,him2 if we are a ,%akespe>e we %all be 
glad to p]i% 9  images ( a passionate   
life2 if we are l ,byron we long =      
actions1  because ^! deta* u f ourselves
 to an ev5 great] ext5t ?an  ?\ghts1    

feel+s1 & works4    ,& %\ld ! desire =  
p]=m+ great de$s really be at bottom    
no?+ b a flight f our own selves8--z    
,pascal w\ld ask u4 ,&  inde$ ?is       
ass]tion might be prov$ by consid]+ !   
mo/ noble  repres5tations ( ?is desire =
 action3 9 ?is respect let u  rememb]1  
br++ ! k ( an ali5i/ to our aid1 t f\r (
  ! greate/ m5 ( all ages :o 7 possess$ 
( ?is lu/ = action  7                   
epileptics--,alex&] ! ,great1 ,cs>1     
,mohamm$1 & ,napoleon2 &  ,byron        
likewise 0 subject to ! same compla9t4  
#eej4      ,,k ,,& ,,beauty4--,if m51 z 
!y are /ill 9 ! habit ( do+1  res]ve _! 
v5]ation & feel+s ( happ9ess = works (  
fancy &  imag9ation1 we %\ld n be       
surpris$ if !y feel *ill$ &  displeas$  
by ! contr>y ( fancy & imag9ation4 ,!   
rapture :i*  arises f ev5 ! smalle/1    
sure1 & def9ite /ep 9 advance into      
insight1 & :i* our pres5t /ate ( sci5ce 
yields to s _m 9 su*  abundance--?is    
rapture is 9 ! meantime n believ$ 9 by  
all ^? :o  are 9 ! habit ( feel+        

enraptur$ only :5 !y leave reality      
altoge!r & plunge into ! dep?s ( vague  
appe>ance--romanticism4  ,^! p look ^u  
reality z ugly1 b !y entirely ov]look ! 
fact t ! k ( ev5 ! uglie/ reality is    
beautiful1 & t  ! man :o c disc]n mu* & 
(t5 is 9 ! end v f> f  consid]+ z ugly !
 ma9 items ( t reality1 ! discov]y ( :i*
  has always inspir$ him ) ! feel+ (    
happ9ess4    ,is !re any?+ 8beautiful 9 
itself08 ,! happ9ess ( ^? :o c          
recognise augm5ts ! beauty ( ! _w1 ba?+ 
ev]y?+ t exi/s  9 a sunni] light3       
disc]nm5t n only envelops all ?+s 9 its 
own  beauty1 b 9 ! long run p]meates !  
?+s !mselves ) its  beauty--may ages to 
come be> witness to ! tru? ( ?is        
/atem5t6 ,9  ! meantime let u recall an 
old exp]i5ce3 two m5 s ?or\ghly  diff]5t
 9 e respect z ,plato & ,ari/otle 7     
agre$ 9 reg>d to  :at con/itut$ sup]ior 
happ9ess--n m]ely _! own & t ( m5  9    
g5]al1 b happ9ess 9 itself1 ev5 !       
happ9ess ( ! gods4 ,!y  f\nd ?is        
happ9ess to lie 9 k1 9 ! activity ( a   

well  practis$ & inv5tive und]/&+ 7n 9  
8intuition0 l ! ,g]man  !ologians &     
semi-!ologians2 n 9 visions1 l ! my/ics2
 &  n 9 "w1 l ! m]ely practical m574    
,simil> op9ions 7  express$ by ,desc>tes
 & ,sp9oza4 ,:at great delight mu/ all  
^! m5  h felt 9 k6 & h[ great 0 ! dang] 
t _! hone/y  might give way1 & t !y     
!mselves might become panegyri/s (  ?+s6
          #eea4      ,,future           
,,virtues4--,h[ has x come ab\t t1 ! m  
intelligible !  _w has become1 ! m all  
k9ds ( c]emonies h dim9i%$8 ,0  fe> s   
frequ5tly ! fundam5tal basis ( t awe :i*
 ov]came u at  ! sight ( any?+ hi!rto   
unkn[n & my/]i\s1 & :i* taught u  to    
fall ^u our knees be=e ! un9telligible1 
& to beg = m]cy8  ,& has ! _w1 p]haps1  
?r\gh ! v fact t we h gr[n less  timid1 
lo/ "s ( ! *>ms x =m]ly _h = u8 ,is x n 
possible  t our own dignity & /atel9ess1
 our =midable "*1 has  decreas$ toge!r )
 our _s ( dread8 ,p]haps we value ! _w  
& ourselves less highly s9ce we h begun 
to ?9k m boldly ab\t  x & ourselves8    

,p]haps !re w come a mom5t 9 ! future :5
 ?is  c\rage\s _s ( ?9k+ w h rea*$ su* a
 po9t t x w  feel itself so>+ 9 supreme 
pride1 f> above m5 & ?+s--:5 !  wise    
man1 be+ also ! bolde/1 w see himself & 
ev5 m  p>ticul>ly exi/5ce1 ! l[e/ ( all 
b5ea? himself8    ,?is type ( c\rage1   
:i* is n f> remov$ f excessive g5]osity1
  has be5 lack+ 9 humanity up to !      
pres5t4--,oh1 t our poets might  once   
aga9 become :at !y once 73 se]s1 tell+ u
 some?+ ab\t  :at might possibly happ56 
n[ t :at is real & :at is pa/ are  be+  
ev] m & m tak5 f !m1 & mu/ cont9ue to be
 tak5  f !m--= ! "t ( innoc5t c\nt]feit+
 is at an end6 ,let !m  try to enable u 
to anticipate future virtues1 or virtues
 t w nev]  be f\nd on e>?1 al?\gh !y may
 exi/ some:]e 9 !  _w6--purple-gl[+     
con/ellations & :ole ,milky ,ways ( !   
beautiful6 ,:]e are ye1 ye a/ronom]s ( !
 ideal8          #eeb4      ,,ideal     
,,selfi%ness4--,is !re a m sacr$ /ate   
?an t ( pregnancy8 ,to  p]=m e "o ( our 
actions 9 ! sil5t conviction t 9 "o way 

or ano!r x w be to ! b5efit ( t :i* is  
be+ g5]at$  )9 u--t x mu/ augm5t its    
my/]i\s value1 ! v ?\ght (  :i* fills u 
) rapture8 ,at su* a "t we refra9 f _m  
?+s  )\t hav+ to =ce ourselves to d s3  
we suppress ! angry ^w1 we  grasp ! h&  
=giv+ly2 our *ild mu/ be born f all t is
 be/  & g5tle/4 ,we %un our own h>%ness 
& brusqu5ess 9 case x %\ld  in/il a drop
 ( unhapp9ess into ! cup ( ! belov$     
unkn[n4  ,ev]y?+ is veil$1 om9\s2 we "k 
no?+ ab\t :at is go+ on1 b  simply wait 
& try to be prep>$4 ,dur+ ?is "t1 too1  
we exp]i5ce a  pure & purify+ feel+ (   
pr(\nd irresponsibility1 simil> to t    
felt by a spectator be=e a drawn curta92
 x is gr[+1 x is  com+ to light2 we h   
no?+ to d ) det]m9+ its value1 or !  h\r
 ( its arrival4 ,we are ?r[n back       
altoge!r ^u indirect1  b5efic5t &       
def5sive influ5ces4 8,some?+ great] ?an 
we are is  gr[+ "h0--su* is our mo/     
secret hope3 we prep>e ev]y?+ ) a  view 
to 8 bir? & prosp]ity--n m]ely ev]y?+ t 
is useful1 b  also ! noble/ gifts ( our 

s\ls4    ,we %\ld1 & c1 live "u !       
influ5ce ( su* a bless$  inspiration6   
,:e!r :at we are look+ =w>d to is a     
?\ght or a  de$1 our relation%ip to e   
ess5tial a*ievem5t is none o!r ?an  t ( 
pregnancy1 & all our va+lori\s boa/+    
ab\t 8will+0 &  8creat+0 %\ld be ca/ to 
! w9ds6 ,true & ideal selfi%ness        
consi/s 9 always wat*+ ov] & re/ra9+ !  
s\l1 s t our  productiv5ess may come to 
a beautiful t]m9ation4 ,?us 9 ?is       
indirect  mann] we mu/ provide = & wat* 
ov] ! good ( all2 & ! frame  ( m9d1 !   
mood 9 :i* we live1 is a k9d ( soo?+ oil
 :i*  spreads f> ar\nd u on ! re/less   
s\ls4--,/ill1 ^! pregnant ones  are     
funny p6 let u !re=e d>e to be funny    
also1 & n reproa*  o!rs if !y mu/ be !  
same4 ,& ev5 :5 ?is ph5om5on becomes    
dang]\s & evil we mu/ n %[ less respect 
to t :i* is  g5]at+ )9 u or o!rs ?an    
ord9>y worldly ju/ice1 :i* does  n all[ 
! judge or ! hangman to int]f]e ) a     
pregnant woman4          #eec4          
,,circuit\s ,,r\tes4--,:]e does all ?is 

philosophy mean to end ) its  circuit\s 
r\tes8 ,does x d m ?an transpose into   
reason1 s to  speak1 a cont9u\s & /rong 
impulse--a crav+ = a mild sun1 a bright 
& brac+ atmosph]e1 s\!rn plants1 sea    
breezes1 %ort meals ( meat1  eggs1 &    
fruit1 hot wat] to dr9k1 quiet walks =  
days at a "t1  little talk+1 r>e &      
cauti\s read+1 liv+ alone1 pure1 simple1
 &  almo/ soldi]-l habits--a crav+1 9   
%ort1 = all ?+s :i* are  suit$ to my own
 p]sonal ta/e8 a philosophy :i* is 9 !  
ma9 !  in/9ct = a p]sonal regim5--an    
in/9ct t longs = my air1 my  height1 my 
temp]ature1 & my k9d ( heal?1 & takes ! 
circuit\s  r\te ( my head to p]suade me 
to x6    ,!re are _m o!r & c]ta9ly m    
l(ty philosophies1 & n only  su* z are m
 gloomy & pret5ti\s ?an m9e--& are !y   
p]haps1  tak+ !m z a :ole1 no?+ b       
intellectual circuit\s r\tes ( !  same  
k9d ( p]sonal impulses8--,9 ! meantime  
,i look ) a new eye ^u  ! my/]i\s &     
solit>y flight ( a butt]fly high on !   
rocky banks  ( ! lake :]e s _m plants   

are gr[+3 !re x flies hi!r &  ?i!r1     
he$less ( ! fact t its life w la/ only  
"o m day1  & t ! night w be too cold =  
its w+$ fragility4 ,= x1 too1  a        
philosophy might be f\nd1 ?\gh x might n
 be my own4          #eed4              
,,lead+47#ah7--,:5 we praise progress we
 only praise ! movem5t & ^?  :o d n let 
u rema9 on ! same spot1 & 9 !           
circum/ances ?is  is c]ta9ly some?+1    
especially if we live among ,egyptians4 
,9  *angeable ,europe1 h[ev]1 :]e       
movem5t is 8und]/ood10 to use _!  own   
expression1 8z a matt] ( c\rse0--alas1  
if we only und]/ood  some?+ ab\t x      
too6--,i praise lead]s & =]unn]s3 t is  
to say1  ^? :o always leave !mselves    
beh9d1 & d n c>e 9 ! lea/  :e!r any "o  
is foll[+ !m or n4 8,:]ev] ,i halt ,i   
f9d myself  alone3 :y %\ld ,i halt6 !   
des]t is /ill s wide60--su* is !        
s5tim5t ( ! true lead]4          #eee4  
,,! ,,lea/ ,,important ,,are            
,,suffici5t4--,we ought to avoid ev5ts  
:5 we "k  t ev5 ! lea/ important ( !m   

frequ5tly en\gh leave a /rong           
impression ^u u--& ^! we _c avoid4--,!  
?9k] mu/ possess an  approximate canon (
 all ! ?+s he /ill wi%es to exp]i5ce4   
#eef4      ,,! ,,f\r ,,virtues4--,hone/ 
t[>ds ourselves1 & to all & ev]y?+      
fri5dly to u2 brave 9 ! face ( our      
enemy2 g5]\s t[>ds !  vanqui%$2 polite  
at all times3 su* d ! f\r c>d9al virtues
 wi% u  to be4          #eeg4           
,,m>*+ ,,aga9/ ,,an ,,enemy4--,h[       
pleasant is ! s\nd ( ev5 bad music &    
bad motives :5 we are sett+ out to m>*  
aga9/ an enemy6          #eeh4      ,,n 
,,conceal+ ,,"o',s ,,virtues4--,i love  
^? m5 :o are z transp>5t z  wat]1 & :o1 
to use ,pope's expression1 hide n f view
 ! turbid  bottom ( _! /ream4 ,ev5 !y1  
h[ev]1 possess a c]ta9 vanity1  ?\gh ( a
 r>e & m sublimat$ k9d3 "s ( !m w\ld wi%
 u to  see no?+ b ! mud1 & to take no   
notice ( ! cle>ness ( !  wat] :i*       
enables u to look "r to ! bottom4 ,no   
less a man ?an  ,gautama ,buddha has    
imag9$ ! vanity ( ^! few 9 ! =mula1     

8,let  y\r s9s appe> be=e m51 & conceal 
y\r virtues40 ,b ?is w\ld  exhibit a    
disagreeable spectacle to ! _w--x w\ld  
be a s9 aga9/  good ta/e4          #eei4
      ,,no?+ ,,9 ,,excess6--,h[ (t5 is !
 individual recomm5d$ to set up a  goal 
:i* x is beyond 8 p[] to rea*1 9 ord] t 
he may at lea/  atta9 t :i* lies )9 !   
scope ( 8 abilities & mo/  /r5u\s ef=ts6
 ,is x really s desirable1 h[ev]1 t he  
%\ld d  s8 ,d n ! be/ m5 :o try to act  
accord+ to ?is doctr9e1  toge!r ) _! be/
 de$s1 necess>ily assume a some:at      
exagg]at$  & di/ort$ appe>ance on acc\nt
 ( _! excessive t5sion8 & 9 !  future w 
n a grey mi/ ( failure envelop ! _w1 ow+
 to !  fact t we may see ev]y:]e /ruggl+
 a?letes & trem5d\s  ge/ures1 b n[h]e a 
conqu]or cr[n$ ) ! laurel1 & rejoic+  9 
8 victory8          #efj4      ,,:at    
,,we ,,are ,,free ,,to ,,d4--,we c act z
 ! g>d5]s ( our impulses1  &--:i* few p 
"k--we may cultivate ! se$s ( ang]1     
pity1  vanity1 or excessive brood+1 &   
make ^! ?+s fecund &  productive1 j z we

 c tra9 a beautiful plant to gr[ along  
trellis-"w4 ,we may d ?is ) ! good or   
bad ta/e ( a g>d5]1 &  z x 71 9 ! ,fr5*1
 ,engli%1 ,dut*1 or ,*9ese /yle4 ,we may
 let  nature take its own c\rse1 only   
trimm+ & embelli%+ a little "h  & !re2 &
 f9ally1 )\t any k or consid]ation1 we  
may  ev5 all[ ! plants to spr+ up 9     
accordance ) _! own natural  gr[? &     
limitations1 & fight out _! battle among
 !mselves1--nay1  we c ev5 take delight 
9 su* *aos1 ?\gh we may possibly h a h>d
  "t ) x6 ,all ?is is at our option3 b  
h[ _m "k t x is8 ,d  n ! majority ( p   
believe 9 !mselves z complete & p]fect  
facts8 & h n ! great philosoph]s set _! 
seal on ?is  prejudice ?r\gh _! doctr9e 
( ! un*angeability ( "*8          #efa4 
,,lett+ ,,our ,,happ9ess ,,also         
,,%9e4--,9 ! same way z pa9t]s are      
unable  to reproduce ! deep brilliant   
hue ( ! natural sky1 & are compell$  to 
use all ! col\rs !y require = _!        
l&scapes a few %ades  deep] ?an nature  
has made !m--j z !y1 by means ( ?is     

trick1  succe$ 9 approa*+ ! brilliancy &
 h>mony ( nature's own hues1 s  also mu/
 poets & philosoph]s1 = :om ! lum9\s    
rays ( happ9ess  are inaccessible1      
endeav\r to f9d an exp$i5t4 ,by pictur+ 
all ?+s  a %ade or two d>k] ?an !y      
really are1 _! light1 9 :i* !y  excel1 w
 produce almo/ exactly ! same effect z !
 sunlight1 &  w resemble ! light ( true 
happ9ess4--,! pessimi/1 on ! o!r  h&1 :o
 pa9ts all ?+s 9 ! blacke/ & mo/ sombre 
hues1 only  makes use ( bright flames1  
lightn+1 cele/ial glories1 & ev]y?+  t  
possesses a gl>+1 dazzl+ p[]1 & bewild]s
 our eyes3 to him  light only s]ves !   
purpose ( increas+ ! horror1 & ( mak+ u 
look ^u ?+s z be+ m dreadful ?an !y     
really are4          #efb4      ,,!     
,,settl$ ,,& ,,! ,,free4--,x is only 9 !
 ,und]world t we cat* a  glimpse ( t    
gloomy backgr\nd ( all t bliss (        
adv5ture :i*  =ms an ev]la/+ halo ar\nd 
,ulysses & 8 l1 rivall+ !  et]nal       
phosphoresc5ce ( ! sea1--t backgr\nd :i*
 we c nev]  =get3 ! "m ( ,ulysses di$ ( 

grief & ye>n+ = h] *ild4  ,! "o is driv5
 on f place to place1 & ! he>t ( ! o!r1 
!  t5d] /ay-at-home fri5d1 breaks ?r\gh 
x--s x always is4 ,affliction  breaks ! 
he>ts ( ^? :o live to see t ^? :om !y   
love be/  are des]t+ _! =m] views &     
fai?1--x is a trag$y br\ght ab\t  by !  
free spirits1--a trag$y :i*1 inde$1     
occasionally comes to _!  own k4 ,!n1   
p]haps1 !y too1 l ,ulysses1 w be =c$ to 
desc5d among ! dead to get rid ( _!     
sorr[ & to relieve _!  affliction4      
#efc4      ,,! ,,illusion ,,( ,,!       
,,moral ,,ord] ,,( ,,! ,,univ]se4--,!re 
is no 8et]nal  ju/ice0 :i* requires t e 
fault %all be aton$ & paid =1--!  belief
 t su* a ju/ice exi/$ 0 a t]rible       
delusion1 & useful  only to a limit$    
ext5t2 j z x is also a delusion t ev]y?+
 is  guilt :i* is felt z su*4 ,x is n ! 
?+s !mselves1 b !  op9ions ab\t ?+s t d 
n exi/1 :i* h be5 su* a s\rce (  tr\ble 
to mank9d4          #efd4      ,,by ,,! 
,,side ,,( ,,exp]i5ce4--,ev5 great      
intellects h only a h&-bread?           

exp]i5ce--9 ! imm$iate proximity ( ?is  
exp]i5ce _! reflection  ceases1 & its   
place is tak5 by unlimit$ vacuity &     
/upidity4          #efe4      ,,dignity 
,,& ,,ignorance4--,:]ev] we und]/& we   
become amiable1 happy1  & +5i\s2 & :5 we
 h le>nt en\gh1 & h tra9$ our eyes  &   
e>s1 our s\ls %[ great] pla/icity & *>m4
 ,we und]/& s  little1 h[ev]1 & are s   
insuffici5tly in=m$1 t x r>ely  happ5s t
 we seize ^u a ?+ & make ourselves      
lovable at ! same  "t1--on ! contr>y we 
pass ?r\gh cities1 nature1 & hi/ory )   
/iffness & indiff]5ce1 at ! same "t tak+
 a pride 9 our /iff  & indiff]5t        
attitude1 z if x 7 simply due to        
sup]iority4 ,?us  our ignorance & our   
m$iocre desire = k und]/& q well  h[ to 
assume a mask ( dignity & "*4           
#eff4      ,,liv+ ,,*eaply4--,! *eape/ &
 mo/ innoc5t mode ( life is t ( !  ?9k]2
 =1 to m5tion at once its mo/ important 
feature1 he has !  greate/ ne$ ( ^? v   
?+s :i* o!rs neglect & look ^u )        
contempt4 ,9 ! second place he is easily

 pleas$ & has no desire =  any exp5sive 
pleasures4 ,8 task is n difficult1 b1 s 
to speak1  s\!rn2 8 days & nights are n 
wa/$ by remorse2 he moves1 eats1  dr9ks1
 & sleeps 9 a mann] suit$ to 8          
intellect1 9 ord] t x  may gr[ calm]1   
/rong]1 & cle>]4 ,aga91 he takes        
pleasure 9 8  body & has no reason to   
fe> x2 he does n require society1 except
  f "t to "t 9 ord] t he may aft]w>ds g 
back to 8 solitude  ) ev5 great]        
delight4 ,he seeks & f9ds 9 ! dead      
comp5sation =  ! liv+1 & c ev5 replace 8
 fri5ds 9 ?is way--viz41 by seek+  out  
among ! dead ! be/ :o h ev] liv$4--,let 
u consid] :e!r  x is n ! contr>y desires
 & habits :i* h made ! life ( man       
exp5sive1 & z a consequ5ce difficult &  
(t5 unbe>able4 ,9 ano!r  s5se1 h[ev]1 ! 
?9k]'s life is c]ta9ly ! mo/ exp5sive1 =
  no?+ is too good = him2 & x w\ld be an
 intol]able privation =  him to be      
depriv$ ( ! be/4          #efg4      ,,9
 ,,! ,,field4--8,we %\ld take ?+s m     
*e]fully ?an !y des]ve2  especially     

because = a v long "t we h tak5 !m m    
s]i\sly  ?an !y des]v$40 ,s speak !     
brave soldi]s ( k4          #efh4       
,,poet ,,& ,,bird4--,! bird ,phnix %[$ !
 poet a gl[+ scroll :i* 0  be+ gradually
 consum$ 9 ! flames4 8,be n al>m$10 said
 ! bird1  8x is y\r "w6 ,x does n conta9
 ! _s ( ! age1 & to a  /ill less ext5t !
 _s ( ^? :o are aga9/ ! age3 s x mu/  be
 burnt4 ,b t is a good sign4 ,!re is _m 
a dawn ( day40          #efi4      ,,to 
,,! ,,lonely ,,ones4--,if we d n respect
 ! hon\r ( o!rs 9 our  soliloquies z    
well z 9 :at we say publicly1 we are n  
g5tlem54          #egj4                 
,,losses4--,!re are "s losses :i*       
communicate to ! s\l a sublimity 9  :i* 
x ceases f wail+1 & w&]s ab\t sil5tly1 z
 if 9 !  %ade ( "s high & d>k cypresses4
          #ega4      ,,!                
,,battle-,,field ,,disp5s>y ,,( ,,!     
,,s\l4--,:at is ! mo/ efficaci\s        
rem$y8--,victory4          #egb4        
,,life ,,%all ,,com=t ,,u4--,if1 l !    
?9k]1 we live habitually amid !  great  

curr5t ( ideas & feel+s1 & ev5 our      
dreams foll[ ?is  curr5t1 we expect     
com=t & peacefulness f life1 :ile o!rs  
wi%  to re/ f life :5 !y give !mselves  
up to m$itation4          #egc4         
,,ca/+ ,,"o',s ,,sk94--,! snake t _c ca/
 its sk9 p]i%es4 ,s too  ) ^? m9ds :i*  
are prev5t$ f *ang+ _! views3 !y cease  
to be m9ds4          #egd4      ,,nev]  
,,=get6--,! high] we so> ! small] we    
appe> to ^? :o _c  fly4          #ege4  
,,we ,,a]onauts ,,( ,,!                 
,,intellect4--,all ^? d>+ birds t so> f>
 &  ev] f>!r into space1 w some:]e or   
o!r be c]ta9 to f9d  !mselves unable to 
cont9ue _! flight1 & !y w p]* on a ma/  
or "s n>r[ l$ge--& w be grateful ev5 =  
?is mis]able  accommodation6 ,b :o c\ld 
conclude f ?is t !re 0 n an  endless    
free space /ret*+ f> 9 front ( !m1 & t  
!y _h  fl[n z f> z !y possibly c\ld8 ,9 
! end1 h[ev]1 all our great  tea*]s &   
pr$ecessors h come to a /&/ill1 & x is  
by no means  9 ! noble/ or mo/ graceful 
attitude t _! we>9ess has br\ght  !m to 

a pause3 ! same ?+ w happ5 to y & me6 b 
:at does  ?is matt] to ei!r ( u8 ,o!r   
birds w fly f>!r6 ,our m9ds &  hopes vie
 ) !m f> out & on high2 !y rise f> above
 our heads &  our failures1 & f ?is     
height !y look f> into ! di/ant horizon 
& see hundr$s ( birds mu* m p[]ful ?an  
we are1 /riv+ :i!r  we ourselves h also 
/riv51 & :]e all is sea1 sea1 & no?+ b  
sea6    ,& :]e1 !n1 are we aim+ at8 ,d  
we wi% to cross ! sea8 :i!r  does ?is   
ov]-p[]+ passion urge u1 ?is passion :i*
 we value m  highly ?an any o!r delight8
 ,:y d we fly precisely 9 ?is direction1
  :]e all ! suns ( humanity h hi!rto    
set8 ,is x possible t  p may "o day say 
( u t we also /e]$ we/w>d1 hop+ to  rea*
 ,india--b t x 0 our fate to be wreck$  
on ! inf9ite8 ,or1 my  bre?r58 or--8    
,,footnotes          #a ,! book 0 fir/  
publi%$ 9 #ahha1 ! preface be+ add$ to !
        second edition1 #ahhf4--,,tr4   
#b ,?is ref]s1 ( c\rse1 to ! diff]5t    
g5d]s ( ! n\ns 9        o!r languages4  
,9 ,g]man1 = example1 ! sun is fem99e1 &

 9        ,fr5* mascul9e4--,,tr4        
#c ,m4 ,h5ri ,alb]t po9ts out t ?is     
ref]s to a l9e ( ,paul        ,g]h>dt's 
well-kn[n song3 8,befiel du de9e ,wege40
 ,,tr4        #d 8,=mal education0 is ! 
"n giv5 9 ,g]many to ^? bran*es (       
le>n+ :i* t5d to develop ! logical      
faculties1 z oppos$ to        8mat]ial0 
education :i* deals ) ! acquisition (   
facts &        all k9ds ( 8useful0      
k4--,,tr4        #e ,! ref]5ce is to !  
,odyssey1 ,,xx4 #ah3 8 1 2              
4440 etc4 1 f 1 8a dog10 lit4        m  
dog-l1 i4e4 %ameless1 horrible1         
audaci\s4--,,tr4        #f ,if ?is      
aphorism seems obscure1 ! read] may take
 ,tol/oi z an        example ( ! fir/   
class & ,nietzs*e z an example ( !      
second4 ,tol/oi's inconsi/5cies are     
g5]ally gloss$ ov]1        because he   
pr(ess$ ! cu/om>y moral !ories ( ! age1 
:ile        ,nietzs*e has _h to endure !
 mo/ se>*+ criticism because he         
did n4 ,9 ,nietzs*e's case1 h[ev]1 !    
scrut9y has be5 9        va92 =1 hav+ no

 unworkable ,*ri/ian !ories to uphold1  
unlike        ,tol/oi1 ,nietzs*e's life 
is n a s]ies ( compromises4 ,! c>e]     
( ! great pagan philosoph] 01 9 ess5ce1 
mu* m sa9tly        ?an t ( ! great     
,*ri/ian4 ,h[ diff]5t f ,tol/oi1 too1   
0 t noble ,*ri/ian1 ,pascal1 :o1 f !    
inevitable cla% (        8 cre$ & 8     
nature1 di$ at ?irty-eight1 :ile 8 weak]
        epigone liv$ 9 ! fulness ( 8    
fame until he 0 ov]                     
eighty6--,,tr4        #g ,a hit at !    
,g]man ,empire1 :i* ,nietzs*e always    
despis$1 s9ce        x l$ to ! utt]     
ext9ction ( ! old ,g]man _s4 8,k+dom0   
79 8,k+dom ( ,god07 & 8,empire0 are bo? 
repres5t$ by ! "o        ,g]man ^w      
,rei*4--,,tr4        #h ,?is s5t5ce is a
 complete refutation ( a book :i* caus$ 
s        mu* /ir 9 ,g]many ab\t a decade
 ago1 & 9 ,engl& q        rec5tly1      
,*amb]la9's ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 9 :i* a   
purely        imag9>y ,teutonic race is 
held up z ! ,*os5 ,p ( !        _w4     
,nietzs*e says else:]e1 8,peoples &     

,c\ntries10 aphorism        #ba1        
8,associate ) no man :o takes "p 9 !    
m5daci\s        race-sw9dle40--,,tr4    
#i ,! fi]ce/ prote/s aga9/ ,nietzs*e's  
tea*+ ev5 n[ come        f ! 8unfeel+   
p40 ,h5ce ! difficulty--n[ happily      
pa/--( introduc+ him into ,anglo-,saxon 
c\ntries4--,,tr4       #aj ,! ,g]man    
,jews are well kn[n = _! *>ity1 by means
 ( :i*        !y probably wi% to prove t
 !y are n s bad z !                     
,anti-,semites pa9t !m4--,,tr4       #aa
 ,t is1 d n speak ei!r ( ,god or !      
devil4 ,! ,g]man prov]b        runs3    
8,man soll d5 ,teufel ni*t an die ,w&   
mal51 son/ kommt        er40--,,tr4     
#ab ,! case ( t o!r witty ,v5etian1     
,casanova4--,,tr4       #ac ,! play ^u !
 words grndli* 7?or\gh7 ?9k]s1 &        
,unt]grndli*5 7lit4 ^? und]gr\nd7 _c be 
r5d]$ 9        ,engli%4--,,tr4       #ad
 ,a v>iation ( ! well-kn[n prov]b1 ,ubi 
b5e1 ibi patria4--,,tr4       #ae ,h5ce 
! viol5ce ( all fanatics1 :o d n wi% to 
%\t d[n        ! out] _w s mu* z to %\t 

d[n _! own inn] enemy1 viz4             
tru?4--,,tr4       #af ,?is omission is 
9 ! orig9al4--,,tr4       #ag ,?is1 (   
c\rse1 ref]s to ,ri*>d ,wagn]1 z does   
also !        foll[+ p>agraph4--,,tr4   
#ah ,! play ^u ! words ,vors*ritt       
7lead+7 & ,=ts*ritt        7progress7 _c
 be r5d]$ 9 ,engli%4--,,tr4