,,omphalos3 ,,an ,,attempt ,,to ,,untie ,,! ,,geological ,,knot4 ,,by ,,philip ,,h5ry ,,gosse1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,,) ,,fifty-,,six ,,illu/rations ,,on ,,wood4 ,greek3 ,auxanetai de ta zoa panta1 osa e*ei omphalon1 dia t\ omphal\4 ,,ari/42 ,hi/4 ,anim4 vii4 #h4 ,,london3 ,,john ,,van ,,voor/2 ,,pat]no/] ,,r[4 #aheg4 ,,london3 ,r4 ,,clay1 ,,pr9t]1 ,,bread ,,/reet ,,hill4 ,,preface4 ,y h n all[$ = ! w9d1 ,hub]t1 said ,locksley1 9 ,ivanhoe2 or t _h be5 a bett] %ot4 ,i rememb]1 :5 ,i 0 9 ,newf\ndl&1 "s five-&-tw5ty ye>s ago1 ! disa/r\s wreck ( ! brig ,elizabe?1 :i* belong$ to ! firm 9 :i* ,i 0 a cl]k4 ,! ma/] _h made a good obs]vation ! day be=e1 :i* _h det]m9$ 8 latitude "s miles nor? ( ,cape ,/4 ,francis4 ,a ?ick fog com+ on1 he sail$ boldly by compass1 kn[+ t1 accord+ to 8 latitude1 he c\ld well wea!r t promontory4 ,b lo6 ab\t midnight ! %ip plung$ "r aga9/ ! cliffs ( ,f]ryl&1 ?irty miles to ! s\?1 cru%+ 9 h] b[s to ! w9dlass2 & pres5tly w5t d[n1 ! crew b>ely sav+ _! lives4 ,! capta9 _h n all[$ = ! pol> curr5t1 :i* 0 sett+1 l a sluice1 to ! s\?w>d1 betwe5 ! ,gr& ,bank & ! l&4 ,:5 x 0 satisfactorily asc]ta9$ t ! heav5ly body1 n[ kn[n z ,uranus1 0 a planet1 its normal pa? 0 soon laid d[n accord+ to ! recognis$ law ( gravitation4 ,b x w\ld n take ?is pa?4 ,!re 7 deviations & anomalies 9 its obs]v$ c\rse1 :i* c\ld 9 n[ise be ref]r$ to ! op]ation ( any kn[n pr9ciple4 ,a/ronom]s 7 sorely puzzl$ to expla9 ! irregul>ities1 & to reconcile facts ) laws4 ,v>i\s hypo!ses 7 propos$3 "s d5i$ ! facts2 t is1 ! obs]v$ places ( ! planet1 boldly assum+ t ! obs]v]s _h be5 9 error3 o!rs sugge/$ t p]haps ! physical laws1 :i* _h be5 suppos$ to gov]n ! :ole cele/ial ma*9]y1 did n rea* s f> z ,uranus's orbit4 ,! secret is n[ kn[n3 !y _h n all[$ = ! di/urbances produc$ by ,neptune4 ,9 ea* ( ^! cases ! conclusions 7 legitimately d$uc$ f ! recognis$ premises4 ,hub]t's skill$ eye _h calculat$ ! di/ance2 8 exp]i5ce _h taught him ! requisite angle at :i* to %oot1 ! exact am\nt ( =ce necess>y1 & e o!r elem5t prop] to insure ! desir$ result1 except "o4 ,!re 0 an elem5t :i* he _h ov]look$2 & x spoil$ 8 calculations4 ,he _h =gott5 ! w9d4 ,! ma/] ( ! ill-fat$ brig _h calculat$ 8 latitude correctly2 he knew ! rate ( 8 vessel's spe$2 ! compass _h %[$ him ! p>allel on :i* to /e]4 ,^! premises ought to h secur$ a safe conclusion2 & s !y w\ld1 b = an unrecognis$ p[] t vitiat$ all2 he 0 n aw>e ( ! sil5t & secret curr5t1 t 0 e h\r sett+ him to ! s\? ( 8 suppos$ latitude4 ,! pa? ( ,uranus _h be5 calculat$ by ! a/ronom]s ) scrupul\s c>e1 & e kn[n elem5t ( di/urbance _h be5 consid]$2 n by "o1 b by _m4 ,b = ! fact t ! planet _h be5 previ\sly se5 9 positions q inconsi/5t ) su* a pa?1 x w\ld h be5 set d[n z beyond controv]sy correct4 ,/ubborn fact1 h[ev]1 w\ld n give way2 & h5ce ! dilemma1 till ,le ,v]ri] sugge/$ ! unse5 antagoni/4 ,i v5ture to sugge/ 9 ! foll[+ pages an elem5t1 hi!rto ov]look$1 :i* di/urbs ! conclusions ( geologi/s respect+ ! antiquity ( ! e>?4 ,_! calculations are s\nd on ! recognis$ premises2 b !y h n all[$ = ! ,law ( ,pro*ronism 9 ,creation4 ,! enunciation ( ?is pr9ciple w lie 9 a nut-%ell2 ! read] w f9d x at p4#abd2 or p4#cdg4 ,all ! re/ ( ! book is illu/ration4 ,i d n claim orig9ality = ! ?\ght :i* ,i h "h endeav\r$ to "w out4 ,x 0 sugge/$ to me by a ,tract1 :i* ,i met ) "s doz5 ye>s ago1 or m2 ! title ( :i* ,i h =gott53 ,i am pretty sure x 0 anonym\s1 b x 0 publi%$ by ,campbell1 ( #a1 ,w>wick ,squ>e4 ,:e!r x is /ill 9 pr9t ,i d n "k2 ,i nev] saw ano!r copy4 ,if ! au?or is alive1 & if he %\ld happ5 to ca/ 8 eye on ?is volume1 he w d\btless recognise 8 own bantl+1 & accept ?is my ackn[l$gm5t4 ,! g]m ( ! argum5t1 h[ev]1 ,i h f\nd1 s9ce ^! pages 7 writt51 9 ,! ,m9]al & ,mosaical ,geologies1 ( ,granville ,p5n 7#ahbb74 ,! /ate ( physical sci5ce :5 he wrote did n enable him to press ! argum5t to a demon/ration1 z ,i h endeav\r$ to d2 = he c\ld n ref] to /ructural peculi>ities z s5sible records ( pa/ processes1 insep>able f newly creat$ organisms4 ,i w\ld n be consid]$ z an oppon5t ( geologi/s2 b r z a co-se>*] ) !m aft] t :i* !y value z highly z ,i d1 ,,tru?4 ,! pa? :i* ,i h pursu$ has l$ me to a conclusion at v>iance ) !irs4 ,i h a "r to expect t x be weigh$2 let x n be imput$ to vanity if ,i hope t x may be accept$4 ,b :at ,i mu* m ard5tly desire is1 t ! ?\s&s ( ?9k+ p]sons1 :o are sc>cely satisfi$ ) ! extant reconciliations ( ,scriptural /atem5ts & ,geological d$uctions1--:o are sil5c$ b n conv9c$1--may f9d1 9 ! pr9ciple set =? 9 ?is volume1 a /able re/+-place4 ,i h writt5 x 9 ! con/ant pray] t ! ,god ( ,tru? w deign s to use x2 & if ,he d1 to ,him be all ! glory6 ,p4 ,h4 ,g4 ,,m>y*ur*1 ,,torquay1 ,octob]1 #aheg4 ,,cont5ts4 ,i ,,! ,,cause4 ,evid5ce ( ! ,s5ses (t5 delusive--,d$uctions ( ,reason fallible--,ess5tials sometimes ov]look$--,discrepancy betwe5 ,scripture & ,geological ,conclusions--,pa9ful ,dilemma--,ef=ts to escape f x--,supremacy ( ,tru?--,v>i\s ,attempts at ,reconciliation--,d5\nc]s--,op9ions ( ,br[n--,blackwood--,macbrair--,ure--,p5n --,"y--,cockburn-- ,mill]--,s$gwick--,turn]--,sumn]--,*alm] s--,h>ris--,gray-- ,conybe>e--,hit*cock--,pye ,smi?--,protopla/--,babbage-- ,p[ell--,ve/iges--,amplitude ( ,*oice ,page #a-bi ,,ii4 ,,! ,,witness ,,= ,,! ,,macro-,,*ronology4 ,a ,c\rt ( ,inquiry--,! ,witnesses--,te/imony ( ,"o--,/rata ( ,?ames ,tunnel--( ,h]t=d%ire--( ,york%ire--( ! ,globe--,granite--,granitic ,/rata--,organic ,rema9s--,silurian ,sy/em--,corals--,trilobites--,mollusks- -,devonian ,sy/em--,old ,r$ ,s&/one--,its ,=mation--,fi%es--,c>bonif]\s ,sy/em--,coral ,lime/one--,mill/one ,grit--,coal--,pr$om9ance ( ,c>bonic ,acid--,ext5t & ,?ickness ( ,coal-,fields--,=mation ( ,coal--,conjecture z to its ,age--,ant$iluvian ,!ory unt5able--,sauroid ,fi%es--,e>lie/ ,reptiles--,footpr9ts ( ,frogs #cj-ec ,,iii4 ,,! ,,same--7cont9u$47 ,di/urbances ( ,/rata--,int]nal ,heat--,*anges ( ,l& & ,sea--,new ,r$ ,s&/one--,footpr9ts--,labyr9?odon--,lias ,=mation--,cr9oids--,ammonites--,belemni tes--,fi%es--,m>9e ,reptiles--,i*?yosaur--,plesiosaur--,eur opean ,ar*ipelago--,oolitic ,=mation--,cycads--,megalosaur-- ,bat-,liz>ds--,iguanodon--,hylaeosaur--, e>lie/ ,mammal--,*alk ,=mation--,infusoria--,diatomaceae--,_! ,m9ut5ess & ,numb]s--,*amb]$ ,cephalopods--,mosasaur--,end ( ,second>y ,=mations--,convulsions--,basalt--,upre> + ( ,m\nta9 ,*a9s--,london ,clay--,plants & ,animals--,fi%es--,reptiles--,birds--,ma mmals--,anoplo!rium--,condition ( ,europe--,d9o!rium--,ma/odon--,mammo?--, trees--,crag ,=mation--,t]ti>y ,fauna--,bone ,caves--,kirkdale--,erratic ,blocks--,glaci]s--,slo?s--,m>supials--, birds--,rais$ ,bea*es--,human ,p]iod--,moho--,pres5t ,cosmical ,op]ations--,riv] ,deltas--,coral ,beefs--,volcanoes--,*anges ( ,level--,e>?y ,deposits--,/alagmite--,%ells--,recapitu lation4 #ed-aja ,,iv4 ,,! ,,cross-,,exam9ation4 ,gr&eur ( ! ,evid5ce--,propos$ ,l9e ( ,objection--,x is b circum/antial--,example ( ,confusion ( ,?\ght--,analysis ( ! ,reason+---,dep5d5t on ! exhau/ive ,p[] ( ,obs]vation--,relation ( ,prec$5ce & ,sequ5ce--,( ,cause & ,effect--,=ce ( my ,position4 #ajb-aji ,v4 ,,po/ulates4 ,! ,creation ( ,matt]--,! ,p]si/5ce ( ,species4 #aaj-aab ,,vi4 ,,laws4 ,! ,c\rse ( ,nature a ,circle--,illu/rations--,sc>let ,runn]--,lady-f]n--,hawkmo?--,plumul>ia- -,c[--,univ]sality ( ! ,law--,creation an ,irruption into a ,circle--,false ,witness to ,pa/ ,processes--,pro*ronism & ,dia*ronism--,ph5om5a illusory--,recapitulation #aac-abf ,,vii4 ,,p>allels ,,& ,,prec$5ts4 7,plants47 ,ideal ,t\r on ,creation-,day--,*ronological ,inve/igations--,qu]i$ ,age ( a ,tree-f]n--,data = ! ,inquiry--,developm5t ( ! ,leaves--,leaf-sc>s--,report--,its manife/ ,error--,selag9ella--,bamboo-- ,c\*-grass--,screw-p9e--,pa%iuba--,sug> ,palm--,areca--,rattan--,agave--,travell ]'s ,tree--,butt]fly ,fl[]--,or*is--,gladiolus--,grass-tree-- ,:ite ,lily--,te/ud9>ia--,caff]-,bread--,fig-- ,banyan--,euphorbia-- ,tulip-tree--,bignonia--,loran?us--,pric kly ,pe>--,mangrove--,silk-cotton-tree--,loc u/-tree--,re/riction ( ! ,inquiry--,uni=m ,te/imony to ,untru? #abg-aha ,,viii4 ,,p>allels ,,& ,,prec$5ts4 7,inv]tebrate ,animals47 ,resumption ( ! ,exam9ation--,sea,pen--,millepore-- ,madrepore--,organ-pipe--,m$usa--,sea-ur *9--,fea!r-/>-- ,tapeworm--,s]pula--,t]ebella--,:ite-ant --,golia?-beetle-- ,gnat--,case-fly--,melic]ta--,julus--,bu pre/is--,%ore-crab-- ,b>nacle--,lepralia--,botryllus--,clavag ella--,prickly ,v5us--,scorpion ,/romb--,tig] ,c[ry--,?orny ,murex--,pe>ly ,nautilus--,cuttlefi% #ahb-bci ,,ix4 ,,p>allels ,,& ,,prec$5ts4 7,v]tebrate ,animals47 ,exam9ation ( ! ,v]tebrata--,sword-fi%--,gilt-head-- ,lam9ae ( ,scales--,%>k--,arrangem5t ( ,tee?--,_! ,/ructure--,tree-frog--,metamorphosis--, rattlesnake-- ,crocodile--,tortoise--,lam9ae ( ,plates--,skull ( ,cass[>y--,peacock--,humm+-bird--,trogon --,/ructure & ,gr[? ( ,fea!rs--,:alebone ( ,:ale--,horn ( ,ibex--,horn ( ,/ag--,tee? ( ,horse--,( ,babir\ssa--,( ,hippopotamus--,tusk ( ,elephant--,mol>s ( ,elephant #bdj-bgc ,x4 ,,p>allels ,,& ,,prec$5ts4 7,man47 ,exam9ation ( ,primal ,man--,blood--,its ,=mation--,its ,oxyg5ation--,nails--,hair--,bones--,tee ?--,all =m$ by successive ,processes--,/ature--,?yroid ,c>tilage--,be>d--,developm5t ( ,tee?--,proportion ( ,bloods--,condition ( ,skeleton--,navel--,false ,conclusion #bgd-bia ,,xi4 ,,p>allels ,,& ,,prec$5ts4 7,g]ms47 ,assumption ( adult ,developm5t at ,creation--,its ,reasonabl5ess--,! ,position waiv$--,assumption ( ! ,g]m-,hypo!sis--,d\ble ,cocoa-nut--,coral ,tree--,tulip--,e>?-pea--,mangrove--,m$u sa--,connexion ( ,g]ms ) ,p>5t--,9 ,e*9od]ms--,9 ,annelids--,9 ,insects--,egg ( ,butt]fly--,( ,nut ,weevil--,( ,bots--,( ,i*neumon--,( ,pill ,*af]--,( ,gall-fly--,( ,lace-fly--,( ,spid]--,( ,gipsy ,mo?--,( ,coccus--,( ,saw-fly--,( ,cockroa*--,( ,dirt-daub]--,metamorphosis ( ,/>-fi%--,eggs atta*$ to ,bra*ionus--,vivip>\s ,prog5y ( ,rotif]--,( ,asplan*na--,( ,daphnia--,egg-purse ( ,%>k--,economy ( ,sur9am ,toad--,egg ( ,f[l--,foetus ( ,kang>oo--,umbilicus #bib-ccd ,,xii4 ,,! ,,conclusion4 ,uni=mity ( ,results--,pro*ronism ( ,organic ,nature--,ph5om5a inadequate to settle ,*ronology--,hi/oric ,te/imony alone oracul>--,famili> ,illu/ration--,objections met--,analogy betwe5 an ,organism & a ,_w--,illu/ration f a ,tree--,analogy betwe5 ! ,life ( a ,species & t ( an ,individual--,hi/ory ,div9ely ,project$--,gr& ,plan ( ,nature--,dia*ronic ,exi/5ce n necess>y--,deceptive ,ph5om5a insep>able f ,creat$ ,organisms--,illu/rations abundant--,hypo!sis ( ! ,life-hi/ory ( ! ,globe--,supposition ( #aheg be+ ! ,era ( ,creation--,:at its ,/ate8--,m9ut5ess & ,v]ity ( ,pro(s ( ,life pres5t no ,difficulty--,coprolites--,faecal ,residua 9 newly-creat$ ,animals--,cyclical n ,organic ,condition ! ,te/ ( ,pro*ronism--,illu/rations f ! inorganic ,_w--,riv]s--,ocean ,curr5ts--,cele/ial ,bodies--,velocity ( ,light--,records ( ,entities actually pass$--,no ,tree has ,leaves--,plates ( ,te/ud9>ia--,leaf-sc>s ( ,palm--,column ( ,n]ita--,sp9es ( ,murex--,madreporic ,plate ( ,cribella--,hilum ( ,se$--,navel ( ,mammal--,argum5t ( ,great & ,small--,old ,hypo!sis ( ,lusus ,naturae--,demon/ration ( a ,law--,effect ( ?is ,pr9ciple on ! ,/udy ( ,geology--,summ+ up #cce-cgb ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations4 ,,page ,geological ,section ( ,york%ire #ce ,calym5e ,blum5ba*ii #da ,cephalaspis #dd ,labyr9?odon #eg ,snake-neck$ ,m>9e ,liz>ds #ei ,megalosaurus ,buckl&i #fa ,bat-liz>ds #fb ,hylaeosaurus armatus #fc ,mammo? #gd ,moho #hd ,g]m9ation ( ,sc>let-runn] #aad ,diagram ( ,bean #aaf ,f]n #aag ,hawkmo? #aai ,polype #abj ,c[ #aba ,leaf-sc>s ( ,tree-f]n #acb ,roots ( ,iri>tea #aci ,travell]'s ,tree #adh ,corm ( ,gladiolus #aec ,section ( ,lily-bulb #aeg ,te/ud9>ia #aei ,encephal>tos #afb ,twig ( ,tulip-tree #afg ,"y ,plant ( ,loran?us #aga ,silk-cotton ,tree #age ,section ( ,exog5\s ,tree #agi ,muricat$ ,madrepore #ahe ,organ-pipe #ahg ,comatula & ,"y #aid ,s]pula #bjj ,golia? ,beetle & ,pupa case #bjf ,l>va ( ,case-fly #bji ,melic]ta #baj ,lepas #bah ,botryllus #bbd ,clavagella #bbf ,dione ,v5]is #bbh ,murex t5uisp9a #bcc ,scale ( ,gilt-head #bdb ,plates ( ,tortoise #bea ,gr[? ( a ,fea!r #bed ,horns ( ,/ag #beh ,skull ( ,babir\ssa #bfb ,skull ( ,hippopotamus #bfe ,skull ( ,elephant #bfg ,gr[? ( ,hair #bgh ,section ( ,human ,too? #bhb ,g>d5 ,tulip #bih ,g]m9ation ( ,e>?-pea #cjj ,se$ ( ,mangrove #cjc ,lace-fly & ,eggs #cab ,bra*ionus ) ,eggs #cbb ,pregnant ,asplan*na #cbc ,h5's ,egg #cbi ,gyroc]as #cga ,greek3 ,,ho ,,omphalos4 ,i4 ,,! ,,cause4 ,is !re n a cause8--#a ,,sam4 xvii4 #bi4 ,an em95t philosoph] has obs]v$ t no?+ c be m common or frequ5t ?an to appeal to ! evid5ce ( ! s5ses z ! mo/ un]r+ te/ ( physical effects4 ,x is by ! organs ( s5se1 & by ^! alone1 t we c acquire any k ( ! qualities ( ext]nal objects1 & ( _! mutual effects :5 br\ght to act "o ^u ano!r1 :e!r me*anically1 physically1 or *emically2 & x might1 !re=e1 n unreasonably be suppos$1 t :at is call$ ! evid5ce ( ! s5ses mu/ be admitt$ to be conclusive1 z to all ! ph5om5a develop$ by su* reciprocal action4 ,nev]!less1 ! fallacies are numb]less into :i* ^? are l$ :o take :at !y consid] ! imm$iate results ( s5sible impressions1 )\t submitt+ !m to ! sev]e control & discipl9$ analysis ( ! und]/&+4#a ,if ?is v]dict is confess$ly true ) reg>d to _m obs]vations :i* we make on ?+s imm$iately pres5t to our s5ses1 mu* m likely is x to be true ) respect to conclusions :i* are n ! imm$iate results ( s5sible impressions1 b are m]ely d$uc$ by a process ( reason+ f su* impressions4 ,& if ! direct evid5ce ( our s5ses is to be receiv$ ) a prud5t res]ve1 because ( ?is possibility ( error1 ev5 :5 we h no evid5ce ( an oppos+ "*1 /ill m necess>y is ! ex]cise ( caution 9 judg+ ( facts assum$ to h occurr$ at a p]iod f> remov$ f our own exp]i5ce1 & :i* /& 9 contradiction 7at lea/ app>5t1 prima facie1 contradiction7 to cr$ible hi/oric te/imony4 ,nay1 ! caveat acquires a greatly int5sifi$ =ce1 :5 ! te/imony ) :i* ! assum$ facts are1 or seem to be1 at v>iance1 is no less a te/imony ?an ,8 :o orda9$ ! facts1 :o made ! objects ( inve/igation2 ! te/imony ( ! ,creator ( all ?+s2 ! te/imony ( ,him :o is1 f et]nity to et]nity1 ,greek3 ,,ho ,,apseudes ,,!os6 ,i hope ,i %all n be deem$ c5sori\s 9 /at+ my fe> t ^? :o cultivate ! physical sci5ces are n always suffici5tly m9dful ( ! ,humanum e/ err>e4 ,:at we h inve/igat$ ) no little lab\r & pati5ce1 :at we h se5 ) our eyes _m _m times1 9 _m aspects1 & "u _m circum/ances1 we naturally believe firmly2 & we are v prone to atta* ! same assurance ( c]ta9ty to ! inf]5ces we h1 bona fide1 & ) scrupul\s c>e to elim9ate error1 d$uc$ f our obs]vations1 z to ! obs]vations !mselves2 & we are apt to =get t "s elem5t ( error may h crept into our actual inve/igations1 & /ill m probably into our d$uctions4 ,ev5 if our obs]vations be s simple1 s pat5t1 s num]\s1 z almo/ to preclude ! possibility ( mi/ake 9 !m1 & our process ( reason+ f !m be )\t a flaw1 /ill we may h ov]look$ a pr9ciple1 :i*1 ?\gh p]haps n v obvi\s1 ought to ent] into ! inve/igation1 & :i*1 if recognis$1 w\ld greatly modify our conclusions4 ,9 ?is volume ,i v5ture to sugge/ su* a pr9ciple to ! consid]ation ( geologi/s4 ,x w n be d5i$ t ,geology is a sci5ce t /&s peculi>ly 9 ne$ ( be+ cultivat$ ) t salut>y self-di/ru/ t ,i h above allud$ to4 ,?\gh a /rong & heal?y *ild1 x is z yet b an infant4 ,! objects on :i* its s5ses h be5 ex]cis$1 its ,greek3 ta blepom5a1 are inde$ pla9 en\gh & num]\s en\gh1 :5 once discov]$2 b ! inf]5ces drawn f !m1 its ,greek3 bebaia1 f9d _! sph]e 9 ! mo/ v5]ably remote antiquity1--an antiquity m5surable n by ye>s or c5turies1 b by secula seculorum4 ,& ! dicta1 :i* its vot>ies re/ on z c]titudes1 are at v>iance ) ! simple lit]al s5se ( ! words ( ,god4 ,i am n assum+ "h t ! ,inspir$ ,^w has be5 rightly read2 ,i m]ely say t ! pla9 /raight=w>d mean+1 ! mean+ t lies manife/ly on ! face ( ! passages 9 "q1 is 9 opposition ) ! conclusions :i* geologi/s h =m$1 z to ! antiquity & ! g5esis ( ! globe on :i* we live4 ,p]haps ! simple1 sup]ficial s5se ( ! ,^w is n ! correct "o2 b x is at lea/ t :i* its read]s1 le>n$ & unle>n$1 _h be5 g5]ally cont5t ) be=e2 & :i* w\ld1 ,i suppose1 sc>cely h be5 que/ion$1 b = :at appe>$ ! exig5cies ( geological facts4 ,n[ :ile !re are1 unhappily1 n a few infidels1 pr(ess$ or conceal$1 :o eag]ly seize on any app>5t discrepancy betwe5 ! works & ! ,^w ( ,god1 9 ord] t !y may invalidate ! tru? ( ! latt]1 !re are1 especially 9 ?is c\ntry1 _m names ( ! highe/ rank 9 physical 7&1 among o!r bran*es1 9 geological7 sci5ce1 to :om ! v]acity ( ,god is z de> z life4 ,!y _c be> to see x impugn$2 !y "k t x _c be ov]?r[n2 !y are assur$ t ,he :o gave ! ,^w1 & ,he :o made ! worlds1 is ,"o ,jehovah1 :o _c be inconsi/5t ) ,himself4 ,b !y _c %ut _! eyes to ! />tl+ fact1 t ! records :i* seem legibly writt5 on ,8 creat$ works d flatly contradict ! /atem5ts :i* seem to be pla9ly express$ 9 ,8 ^w4 ,"h is a dilemma4 ,a mo/ pa9ful "o to ! rev]5t m9d6 ,& _m rev]5t m9ds h lab\r$ h>d & long to escape f x4 ,x is unfair & di%one/ to class our m5 ( sci5ce ) ! infidel & a!i/4 ,!y did n rejoice 9 ! dilemma2 !y saw x at fir/ dimly1 & hop$ to avoid x4#b ,at fir/ !y believ$ t ! mighty processes :i* are record$ on ! ev]la/+ m\nta9s might n only be h>moniz$ )1 b might af=d beautiful & conv9c+ demon/rations ( ,holy ,scripture4 ,!y ?\ght t ! deluge ( ,noah w\ld expla9 ! /ratification1 & ! ant$iluvian era acc\nt = ! organic fossils4 ,z ! /one book 0 fur!r read1 ?is mode ( explanation appe>$ to _m unt5able2 & !y retract$ _! adh]5ce to x4 ,to a m9d rightly con/itut$1 ,tru? is above e ?+3 !re is no su* ?+ z a pi\s fraud2 ! v idea is an impi\s lie3 ,god is light1 & 9 ,him is no d>kness at all2 & t religion :i* c be ma9ta9$ only by dissembl+ or d5y+ tru?1 _c proce$ f ,him t is ,holy1 ,him t is ,true1 b f him :o is a li>1 & ! fa!r ( x4 ,_m upright & ard5t cultivators ( ! "y sci5ce felt t tru? w\ld be compromis$ by a p]si/5ce 9 ^? explanations :i* _h hi!rto pass$ curr5t4 ,! discrepancy betwe5 ! read+s 9 ,sci5ce & ! hi!rto un*all5g$ read+s 9 ,scripture1 became manife/4 ,p>tisans began to array !mselves on ei!r side2 "s1 jeal\s = ! hon\r ( ,god1 knew little ( sci5ce1 & ru%$ into ! field ill-prep>$ = ! conflict2 "s1 jeal\s = sci5ce1 b little conv]sant ) ,scripture1 & c>+ less = x1 7 will+ to ?r[ ov]bo>d its au?ority altoge!r3 o!rs1 :o knew t ! writ+s 7 f ! same ,h&1 knew !re=e t !re mu/ be "s way ( reconcil+ !m1 & set !mselves to f9d x out4 ,h !y succe$$8 ,if ,i ?\ght s1 ,i w\ld n publi% ?is book4 ,_m1 ,i d\bt n1 h be5 conv9c$ by ea* ( ! s*emes by :i* ! discrepant /atem5ts h be5 s\ght to be h>moniz$4 ,ea* ( !m has _h suffici5t plausibility to conv9ce its prop\nd]2 &1 probably1 o!rs too4 ,& "s ( !m h atta9$ a l>ge measure ( public confid5ce4 ,yet if any "o ( !m is true1 x c]ta9ly has n comm&$ univ]sal ass5t4 ,let u exam9e h[ f> !y agree among !mselves1 :o propose to reconcile ,scripture & ,sci5ce1 ! ,mosaic & ! ,m9]al ,geologies4 ,& fir/1 x is1 p]haps1 "r to repres5t ! op9ions ( ^? :o /& by ! lit]al acceptation ( ! ,div9e ,^w4 ,!re h be5 "s1 inde$1 :o refuse to ent]ta9 ! "q ( reconciliation1 tak+ ! high gr\nd t1 z ! ,^w ( ,god is & mu/ be true1 x is impi\s to set any evid5ce 9 competition ) x4 ,i _c b say1 my sympa?ies are f> m ) ^! ?an ) ^? :o1 at ! opposite pole ( ! argum5t1 w\ld make sci5tific d$uction p>am\nt1 & make ! ,^w g to ! wall4 ,b1 !n1 we ought to be q sure t we h got ! v ,^w ( ,god2 &1 s f> f be+ impi\s1 x seems highly prop] & "r1 :5 conflict+ evid5ce appe>s to fl[ out ( :at is indubitably ,god's "w1 to exam9e afre% ! witnesses on bo? sides1 t we may n make ei!r te/ify :at x does n4 ,^? good m5 :o m]ely d5\nce ,geology & geologi/s1 ,i d n quote4 ,!re are ! facts1 writt5 & engrav5 9 /ones1 & t by ! f+] ( ,god4 ,h[ c !y be acc\nt$ =8 ,"s h rec\rse to ! assumption t ! natural processes by :i* *anges 9 ! e>?'s surface are n[ go+ on1 may h op]at$ 9 ant$iluvian times ) a rapidity & p[] ( :i* we c =m little conception f :at we are cognisant (4 ,! ,rev4 ,j4 ,mellor ,br[n takes ?is gr\nd1 adduc+ ! analogies ( /eam-p[] & electricity1 z effect+ 9 a few mom5ts or h\rs1 :at =m]ly w\ld h requir$ sev]al days or weeks to accompli%4 ,god's mo/ trem5d\s ag5cies may h be5 employ$ 9 ! beg9n+ ( 8 works4 ,if1 = in/ance1 x %\ld be conc$$ t ! granitic or basaltic /rata 7 once 9 a /ate ( fusion1 !re is no reason :y we %\ld n call 9 ! aid ( supposition to produce a rapid refrig]ation4 ,we may surr\nd ! globe ) an atmosph]e 7n z yet w>m$ by ! rays ( ! newly k9dl$ sun7 m int5sely cold ?an t ( ,saturn4 ,! degree ( cold may h be5 su* z to cool d[n ! liquid granite & basalt 9 a few h\rs1 & r5d] x cong5ial to animal & vegetable life2 :ile ! gelid air ar\nd ! globe may h be5 mollifi$ by ! ab/ract$ caloric4#c ,a writ] 9 ,blackwood 7xli4 #aha2 xlii4 #fij71 9 l mann]1 adh]es to ! lit]al s5se ( ,g5esis & ! ,decalogue1 & alludes to ! great ag5cies--! magnetic1 electrical1 & e!real influ5ces--probably in/rum5tal 9 all ! ph5om5a ( nature1 z be+ f> m p[]ful ?an is g5]ally suspect$4 ,mr4 ,macbrair--:o does n1 h[ev]1 appe>1 f ! am\nt ( 8 acqua9tance ) sci5ce1 compet5t to judge ( ! physical evid5ce--supposes /ratification to h proce$$ ) imm5se rapidity1 because lime/one is n[ deposit$ 9 "s wat]s at ! rate ( six in*es p] annum4 ,because a mass ( timb]1 t5 miles 9 l5g?1 0 collect$ 9 ! ,mississippi1 9 ?irty-eight ye>s1 he consid]s t a capital coal field might be =m$ 9 a s+le c5tury4 ,alluvial /rata are mud lavas eject$ f volcanoes4 ,! :ole difficulty ( fossil rema9s is got rid ( by ignor+ ! di/9ctions ( species1 & assum+ t ! anci5t animals & ! rec5t ones are id5tical4 ,! ,pt]odactyle & ! ,plesiosaurus he does n allude to4#d ,accord+ to ,dr4 ,ure1--,! demiurgic week 444 is manife/ly compos$ ( six work+ days l our own1 & a day ( re/1 ea* ( equal l5g?1 &1 !re=e1 conta9+ an ev5+ & a morn+1 measur$ by ! rotation ( ! e>? r\nd its axis4444 ,nei!r reason nor revelation w ju/ify u 9 ext5d+ ! orig9 ( ! mat]ial sy/em beyond six ?\s& ye>s f our own days4 ,! _w !n receiv$ its sub/ance1 =m1 & motions f ! volition ( ! ,omnipot5t4 ,8 !ory ( ! /ratification ext5ds ov] ! :ole ant$iluvian era4 ,he supposes t successive irruptions ( ! c5tral heat broke up ! primitive /rata & deposit$ ! second>y & t]ti>y4 ,! basaltic or trap ph5om5a lead to ! conclusion t su* upheav+s & subv]sions 7 n conf9$ to "o epo* ( ! ant$iluvian _w1 b t1 coeval ) its bir?1 !y p]vad$ ! :ole p]iod ( its duration4444 ,! ,deluge--t univ]sal transflux ( ! ocean--0 ! la/ & greate/ ( ^! t]raque\s convulsions4#e ,ano!r class ( ?is s*ool ( int]pret]s ref]s ! /ratification ( ! e>?1 ei!r to ! deluge alone1 or to t convulsion conjo9$ ) ! "o :i* is consid]$ to h tak5 place on ! ?ird day ( ! ,mosaic n>rative4 ,p]haps ! mo/ em95t writ] ( ?is class is ,mr4 ,granville ,p5n1 ^: op9ions may be ?us cond5s$4 ,he supposes t ?is globe has und]gone only two revolutions4 ,! fir/ 0 ! viol5t rupture & depression ( ! surface to become ! b$ ( ! sea1 & ! simultane\s elevation ( ! o!r portion to become dry l&1--! !atre ( t]re/rial exi/5ce4 ,?is fir/ revolution took place be=e ! creation ( any organiz$ be+s4 ,! second revolution 0 at ! ,noa*ic ,flood1 :5 ! =m] b$ ( ! sea 0 elevat$ to become ! dry l&1 ) all its organic accumulations ( sixte5 c5turies1 :ile ! =m] l& 0 correspond+ly depress$ & ov]fl[$4 ,! e>? mu/1 !re=e1 necess>ily exhibit manife/ & univ]sal evid5ces ( ! va/ app>5t ru9 occasion$ by its fir/ viol5t disruption & depression2 ( ! pres5ce & op]ation ( ! m>9e fluid1 dur+ ! long int]val :i* succe$$2 & ( ! action & effects ( t fluid 9 its ultimate retreat4#f ,mr4 ,fairholme#g s ne>ly agrees ) ! above1 t ,i ne$ n quote 8 op9ions 9 detail4 ,ano!r class1 repres5t$ by ,dr4 ,"y & ! ,rev4 ,sir ,w4 ,cockburn1 ,dean ( ,york1 h ma9ta9$ ) consid]able p[]1 back$ by no mean geological k1 t ! deluge is a suffici5t v]a causa = ! /ratification ( ! globe1 & = ! fossilization ( ! organic rema9s4 ,dr4 ,"y supposes t an equable climate prevail$ all ov] ! globe 9 ! ant$iluvian p]iod4 ,7 ! highe/ m\nta9s transf]r$ to ! equatorial regions1 ! mo/ ext5sive oceans remov$ t[>ds ! poles1 & fr+$ ) a bord] ( ar*ipelago1--:ile l&s ( mod]ate height occupi$ mo/ ( ! int]m$iate spaces1 betwe5 ^! ar*ipelagos & ! equatorial m\nta9s2 !n a temp]ature1 almo/ uni=m1 w\ld prevail ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,?is p]petual summ] w\ld acc\nt = ! prodigi\s quantities ( animal & vegetable rema9s3--e region teem$ ) life4 ,at ! ,flood1 ! b$ ( ! ocean mu/ h be5 elevat$1 & ! dry l& at ! same "t depress$1 an expansive =ce act+ f bel[ to heave up ! ocean's b$4 ,to ?is ag5cy are attribut$ ! va/ masses ( granite1 gneiss1 basalt1 & o!r rocks ( igne\s orig91 :i* seem to h be5 =c$ upw>ds 9 a /ate ( fusion1 into _! pres5t l(ty /ations4 ,! anci5t b$ ( ! ocean may h consi/$ ( num]\s lay]s ( s&1 clay1 lime1 & o!r sub/ances1 includ+ corals & m>9e %ells1--to a c]ta9 degree consolidat$ into rocks4 ,by ! progressive ris+ ( ! wat]s & ! curr5ts s made1 fre% mat]ials w\ld be convey$ to ! dep?s ( ! ocean1 s t ! magnesian lime/one1 ! salif]\s b$s1 ! lias1 c41 w\ld be deposit$4#h ,! ,dean ( ,york1 9 l mann]1 consid]s t ! convulsions produc$ by ! ,deluge1 are suffici5t to acc\nt = all ! /ratification & fossil rema9s4 ,t ! gradual rise ( ! wat]s1 & _! p5etration into ! recesses ( ! rocks1 w\ld cause successive volcanic eruptions2 ! e>li] ( :i* w\ld inclose m>9e fi%es & reptiles2 !n o!rs 9 turn1 ! pa*yd]ms & great reptiles ( ! pla9s2 &1 f9ally1 ! creatures m exclusively t]re/rial4 ,t ^! repeat$ heav+s ( mighty volcanoes rais$ great "p ( :at _h be5 ! bottom ( ! sea1 above its level1 & t h5ce ! pres5t l& _h be5 = sixte5 c5turies "u wat]4 ,t ! animals :i* ent]$ ! ark1 7 n select$ till aft] _m species _h already p]i%$ 9 ! e>li] convulsions1 & h5ce ! numb] ( ext9ct species n[ exhum$4#i ,my read] w k9dly be> 9 m9d t ,i am n exam9+ ^! op9ions2 ,i adduce !m z examples ( ! div]sity ( judgm5t t /ill prevails on a "q :i* "s affect to consid] z settl$ beyond ! approa* ( d\bt4 ,a totally diff]5t solution ( ! difficulty has be5 s\ght 9 ! hypo!sis1 t ! six days ( ! ,inspir$ ,record signify six successive p]iods ( imm5se ?\gh ( undef9$ duration4 ,?is op9ion is z old z ! ,fa!rs at lea/1#aj & n a few able ma9ta9]s ( x belong to our own times4 ,x has be5 put =?1 h[ev]1 ) mo/ p[]1 by a late lam5t$ geologi/1 ^: wond]ful vig\r ( description & felicity ( illu/ration1 h done1 p]haps1 m ?an ! ef=ts ( any o!r liv+ man1 to r5d] 8 fav\rite sci5ce popul>4 ,p]haps ,i c sc>cely set 8 views 9 a m /rik+ light ?an he himself has done 9 8 own peculi>ly graphic report ( a conv]sation1 :i* he su/a9$ ) "s humble inquir]s 9 ! ,paleontological ,gall]y ( ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,i la/ pass$1 says ,mr4 ,hugh ,mill]1 ?r\gh ?is wond]ful gall]y at ! "t :5 ! attraction ( ! ,great ,exhibition _h fill$ ,london ) curi\s visitors f all p>ts ( ! empire2 & a gr\p ( intellig5t me*anics1 fre% f "s manufactur+ t[n 9 ! midl& c\nties1 7 saunt]+ on ?r\gh its *amb]s imm$iately be=e me4 ,!y /ood amaz$ b5ea? ! dragons ( ! ,oolite & ,lias2 &1 ) m ?an ! admiration & wond] ( ! disciples ( old1 :5 contemplat+ ! huge /ones ( ! ,temple1 !y turn$ to say1 9 almo/ ! old words1 ',lo6 ma/]1 :at mann] ( great bea/s are ^!8' ',^! are1' ,i repli$1 '! sea-mon/]s & creep+ ?+s ( ! second great p]iod ( organic exi/5ce4' ,! reply seem$ satisfactory1 & we pass$ on toge!r to ! t]m9al ap>tm5ts ( ! range appropriat$ to ! t]ti>y organisms4 ,& !re1 be=e ! enorm\s mammals1 ! me*anics aga9 /ood 9 wond]1 & turn$ to inquire4 ,anticipat+ ! qu]y1 ,i said1 ',& ^! are ! huge bea/s ( ! e>?1 & ! cattle ( ! ?ird great p]iod ( organic exi/5ce2 & yond] 9 ! same ap>tm5t1 y see1 b at its f>!r end1 is ! fam\s fossil ,man ( ,guadal\pe1 lock$ up by ! petrifactive ag5cies 9 a slab ( lime/one4' ,! me*anics aga9 seem$ satisfi$2 &1 ( c\rse1 _h ,i enc\nt]$ !m 9 ! fir/ *amb] ( ! suite1 & _h !y que/ion$ me respect+ ! organisms ) :i* x is occupi$1 ,i w\ld h told !m t !y 7 ! rema9s ( ! h]bs & trees ( ! fir/ great p]iod ( organic exi/5ce4 ,b 9 ! *amb] ( ! mammals we p>t$1 & ,i saw !m no m4#aa ,a l>ge & influ5tial section ( ! /ud5ts ( ,geology reg>d ?is hypo!sis z unt5able4 ,g5]ally !y may be describ$ z hold+ t ! hi/ory :i* is record$ 9 ! igne\s & fossilif]\s /rata does n come into ! sacr$ n>rative 9 any %ape4 ,z1 h[ev]1 t n>rative comm5ces ) ! beg9n+1 & comes d[n to hi/oric times1 ! facts s record$ mu/ f9d _! *ronology )9 its b\nds4 ,_! place is accord+ly fix$ by ?is s*ool ( int]pretation betwe5 ! actual primordial creation 7,g54 i4 #a71 & ! *aotic /ate 7v]4 #b74 ,let u he> an able & eloqu5t geologi/1 ,pr(essor ,s$gwick1 on ! hypo!sis j m5tion$ ( ! elongation ( ! six days3-- ,!y c]ta9 excell5t ,*ri/ian writ]s on ! subject ( ,geology h n d5i$ ! facts e/abli%$ by ?is sci5ce1 nor h !y conf\nd$ ! nature ( physical & moral evid5ce2 b !y h prematurely 7&1 !re=e1 )\t an adequate k ( all ! facts ess5tial to ! argum5t7 endeav\r$ to br+ ! natural hi/ory ( ! e>? into a lit]al accordance ) ! ,book ( ,g5esis2 fir/1 by greatly ext5d+ ! p]iods ( "t impli$ by ! six days ( creation2 & secondly1 by endeav\r+ to %[ t "u ?is new int]pretation ( its words1 ! n>rative ( ,moses may be suppos$ to compreh5d1 & to describe 9 ord]1 ! successive epo*s ( ,geology4 ,x is to be fe>$ t tru? may1 9 ?is way1 receive a d\ble injury2 & ,i am c]ta9 t ! argum5t j allud$ to has be5 unsuccessful4--,we mu/ consid] ! old /rata ( ! e>? z monum5ts ( a date long ant]ior to ! exi/5ce ( man1 & to ! times contemplat$ 9 ! moral records ( 8 creation4#ab ,_m able !ologians1 :o1 ?\gh well acqua9t$ ) natural sci5ce1 c sc>cely be consid]$ z geologi/s1 h be5 satisfi$ ) ?is solution ( ! problem4 ,?us ,%>on ,turn]3-- ,:at int]val occurr$ betwe5 ! fir/ creation ( ! mat]ial sub/ance ( our globe1 & ! m&ate = light to desc5d ^u x1 :e!r mon?s1 ye>s1 or ages1 is n 9 ! slighte/ degree notic$ 9 ! ,sacr$ ,record4 ,geology may %ort5 or ext5d its duration1 z x may f9d prop]4#ac ,?us ! pres5t ,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury3-- ,we are n call$ ^u to d5y ! possible exi/5ce ( previ\s worlds1 f ! wreck ( :i* our globe 0 organiz$1 & ! ru9s ( :i* are n[ furni%+ matt] = our curiosity4#ad ,?us ,dr4 ,*alm]s3-- ,! pres5t economy ( t]re/rial ?+s 0 rais$ ab\t six ?\s& ye>s ago on ! basis ( an e>? !n )\t =m & void2 :ile1 = aught ( in=mation we h 9 ! ,bible1 ! e>? itself may be=e ?is "t h be5 ! !atre ( _m l5g!n$ processes1 ! dwell+-place ( old] economies t h n[ gone by1 b :]e( ! ve/iges subsi/ ev5 to ! pres5t day1 bo? to ! ne$less al>m ( ^? :o befri5d ,*ri/ianity1 & ! unw>rantable triumph ( ^? :o h assail$ x4#ae ,?us ,dr4 ,h>ris3-- ,! fir/ v]se ( ,g5esis 0 design$ to ann\nce ! absolute orig9ation ( ! mat]ial univ]se by ! ,almighty ,creator2 &1 pass+ by an indef9ite int]val1 ! second v]se describes ! /ate ( our planet imm$iately prior to ! ,adamic creation2 & ! ?ird v]se beg9s ! acc\nt ( ! six days' "w4#af ,?us ,mr4 ,gray3-- ,t an antec$5t /ate ( ! e>? exi/$ be=e ! record$ ,mosaical epo*1 w cle>ly come out to view by ! consid]ation ( ! t]ms us$ 9 ! second v]se4 ,!re 0 at t p]iod1 accord+ to ! express ,mosaic record1 ant]ior to ! six days' r$uction into ord]1 exi/+ e>? & exi/+ wat]4#ag ,probably ! majority ( our able/ geologi/s1 m5 :o h devot$ _! lives to ! /udy & elucidation ( geological ph5om5a1 are to be f\nd among ^? :o advocate ?is s*eme ( reconcil+ ^? ph5om5a ) ! /atem5ts ( ! ,holy ,scriptures4 ,?us "o ( ! e>lie/ cultivators ( ! sci5ce1 ! ,rev4 ,dr4 ,conybe>e3-- ,i reg>d ,g54 i4 #a z an univ]sal proposition1 int5d$ to contradict all ! hea!n sy/ems :i* suppos$ ! et]nity ( matt] or poly!ism2 & v]4 #b ,i reg>d z proce$+ to take up our planet 9 a /ate ( ru9 f a =m] condition1 & describ+ a succession ( ph5om5a effect$ 9 "p by ! laws ( nature 7:i* are no m ?an our expression ( ,god's obs]v$ me?od ( work+71 & 9 "p by ! imm$iate ex]cise ( ,div9e p[] 9 direct+ & creat+4#ah ,dr4 ,hit*cock1 ,presid5t ( ,amh]/ ,college1 ,u4,s41 gives 9 8 adhesion to ?is pr9ciple4 ,aft] summ+ up ! evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ! e>?'s high antiquity1 he inquires1 ,:o w hesitate to say t x ought to settle ! int]pretation ( ! fir/ v]se ( ,g5esis1 9 fav\r ( t mean+ :i* all[s an int]v5+ p]iod betwe5 ! creation ( matt] & ! creation ( light8 ,?is int]pretation ( ,g5esis is entirely suffici5t to remove all app>5t collision betwe5 ,geology & revelation4 ,x gives ! geologi/ full scope = 8 l>ge/ speculations conc]n+ ! age ( ! _w4 ,x p]mits him to ma9ta9 t its fir/ condition 0 z unlike to ! pres5t z possible1 & all[s him "t en\gh = all ! *anges ( m9]al con/itution & organic life :i* its /rata reveal4 ,x supposes t all ^! are pass$ ov] 9 sil5ce by ! sacr$ writ]s1 because irrelevant to ! object ( revelation2 b full ( int]e/ & in/ruction to ! m5 ( sci5ce :o %\ld aft]w>ds take pleasure 9 explor+ ! works ( ,god4 ,x supposes ! six days' "w ( creation to h be5 conf9$ entirely to ! fitt+ up ! _w 9 its pres5t condition1 & furni%+ x ) its pres5t inhabitants4 ,?us1 :ile x gives ! wide/ scope to ! geologi/1 x does n encroa* ^u ! lit]alities ( ! ,bible2 & h5ce x is n /range t x %\ld be almo/ univ]sally adopt$ by geologi/s1 z well z by _m em95t div9es4#ai ,dr4 ,pye ,smi?1 accept+ ! imm5se undef9$ int]val betwe5 ! ev5t ( ! fir/ v]se1 & ! condition *ronicl$ 9 ! second1 held ! some:at rem>kable op9ion t ! t]m e>? 9 t v]se1 & ?r\gh\t ! :ole description ( ! six days1 is design$ to express ! "p ( our _w :i* ,god 0 adapt+ = ! dwell+ ( man & ! animals connect$ ) him4 ,& t portion he conceiv$ to h be5 a "p ( ,asia1 ly+ betwe5 ! ,caucasian ridge1 ! ,caspian ,sea1 & ,t>t>y on ! nor?1 ! ,p]sian & ,indian ,seas on ! s\?1 & ! high m\nta9 ridges :i* run at consid]able di/ances on ! ea/]n & we/]n flank4 ,! :ole ( ! six days' creation 0 conf9$1 on ?is hypo!sis1 to ! re-/ock+1 ) plants & animals1 ( ?is limit$ region aft] an inundation caus$ by its subsid5ce4 ,! flood ( ,noah 0 no?+ m ?an a second ov]fl[+ ( ! same region1 by an elevation ( ! b$ ( ! ,p]sian & ,indian ,seas1 or a subsid5ce ( ! inhabit$ l& t[>ds ! s\?4#bj ,! au?or ( ,! ,protopla/ has made ! v orig9al sugge/ion1 t ! geological p]iods may h occurr$ dur+ ! p>adisaical condition ( man1 :i* he ?9ks 0 ( an indef9itely protract$ duration1 human *ronology comm5c+ at ! ,fall4 ,we h no data 9 ,scripture f :i* to ga!r c]ta9 in=mation1 & ,adam may h liv$ unfall5 "o day1 or millions ( ye>s4 ,! ye>s ( ! fir/ man's mortal life began to be reckon$ :5 8 immortality ceas$4 ,he 0 n9e hundr$ & ?irty ye>s old3#ba he _h be5 n9e hundr$ & ?irty ye>s gradually decay+1 sl[ly dy+4 ,x may1 inde$1 be said t no man c\ld h surviv$ ^? convulsions ( nature1 ( :i* traces h be5 discov]$ 9 ! e>?'s cru/4 ,i w\ld reply to ?is2--,fir/1 t we h no reason to suppose t ^! *anges affect$ ! :ole globe at once2 !y may h be5 p>tial & successive2 & ! _w's ,ed5 may h be5 a spot peculi>ly exempt$ f _! influ5ce4 ,secondly1 t ,adam's body be=e ! fall 0 n con/itut$ z ours n[ are2 x 0 incorruptible & immortal3 physical ph5om5a c\ld h _h no delet]i\s effect ^u him4 ,:y %\ld we f9d any difficulty 9 suppos+ t ! geological *anges :i* appe> to h pass$ ^u ! globe1 aft] its creation1 & be=e its curse1 7 to ! fir/ man s\rces ( ev]-r5ew+ admiration1 delight1 & advantage8 ,incl9+ to ! belief t bo? ! animal fell & ! animal curse 7 consid]ably antec$5t to ! s9 ( ,adam1 ,i see no difficulty 9 ! admission1 t animal dea? may also h prevail$ prior to t ev5t4#bb ,:ile all ^? writ]s ^: op9ions ,i h cit$1 feel x m or less incumb5t on !m to seek a reconciliation betwe5 ! words ( ,inspiration & ! ph5om5a ( ,geology1 !re are n a few :o decl9e ! task altoge!r4 ,"s em95t 9 sci5ce seem1 by _! entire avoidance ( ! "q1 to all[ judgm5t to g by default4 ,o!rs m boldly d5y t ! two c be accommodat$4 ,mr4 ,babbage appe>s to ?9k ! ar*aic ,hebrew s insup]ably obscure a language1 t no confid5ce c be put 9 our con/ructions ( its /atem5ts2 an op9ion :i*1 if true1 w\ld make ! revelation ( ,god to u1 ) all its glori\s types1 & promises1 & prophecies1 m dubi\s ?an ! read+s ( ,egyptian papyri1 or ! deciph]m5t ( ,assyrian cunei=ms4 ,on ?is notion1 h[ev]1 ,dr4 ,pye ,smi? obs]ves3--,all compet5t s*ol>s1 ( :atev] op9ions & p>ties !y may be 9 o!r respects1 w agree to reject any imputation ( unc]ta9ty ) respect to ! means ( asc]ta9+ ! s5se ( ! language4 ,o!rs f9d no difficulty 9 und]/&+ ! ,hebrew1 b 9 believ+ x4 ,pr(essor ,bad5 ,p[ell sees 9 ! pla91 unv>ni%$ n>rative ( ! ,holy ,_s1 only my? & poetry3 x 0 n int5d$ = an hi/orical n>rative at all2 & he ?9ks 7,i hope incorrectly71 t !re is a pretty g5]al agreem5t ) 8 views4 ,mo/ rational p]sons1 he says1 n[ ackn[l$ge ! failure ( ! v>i\s attempts to reconcile ! difficulty betwe5 ,geology & ,scripture by any k9d ( v]bal int]pretation2 !y h le>nt to see t ! 'six days ( ?\s&s ( ye>s' h1 aft] all1 no m correspond5ce ) any?+ 9 ,geology ?an ) any sane int]pretation ( ! text4 ,& t ! 'imm5se p]iod at ! beg9n+1' foll[$ by a rec5t lit]al great cata/rophe1 & f9al recon/ruction 9 a week1 is1 if possible1 m /rangely at v>iance ) sci5ce1 ,scripture1 & common s5se4 ,yet :ile !y viz4 ! 'rational p]sons1' ?us view ! lab\rs ( ! ,bible-geologi/s z fruitless attempts1 !y (t5 d n see--1 c4 c4#bc ,( c\rse ?is gives up ! au?ority ( ,scripture altoge!r2 &1 consi/5tly en\gh1 ! au?or is sev]e ^u ! preval5t indiscrim9ate & un?9k+ ,bibliolatry4 ,if 9 any in/ance ! lett] ( ! n>rative or =m ( expression may be f\nd irreconcilably at v>iance ) physical tru?1#bd we may all[1 to ^? :o pref] x1 ! alt]native ( und]/&+ !m ei!r z religi\s tru?s1 repres5t$ "u s5sible images1 or z descriptions ( ev5ts accord+ to ! preconceptions ( ! writ]s1 or ! traditions ( ! age4 ,! au?or ( ,ve/iges ( ! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,creation prop\nds a !ory ( organic orig9 mu* m wor?y ( ,god1 ?an t mean view1 :i* supposes ,him to come 9 on frequ5t occasions ) new fiats or special int]f]5ces4 ,coolly b[+ aside ,8 au?ority1 ?is writ] has hat*$ a s*eme1 by :i* ! imm$iate ance/or ( ,adam 0 a ,*impanzee1 & 8 remote ance/or a ,maggot6 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 review+ ?is array ( op9ions1 is !re n suffici5t gr\nd = reg>d+ ) caution ! claim to c]ta9ty :i* has be5 boldly put =? = ! conclusions ( ,geology8 ,x _c be d5i$ t !re is "h room = a v consid]able amplitude ( *oice among discordant hypo!ses4 ,all _c be true1 unless on ! pr9ciple :i* 0 claim$ = ! ,*ur* by ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t--,cum enim ecclesia du>um expositionum ub]tate gaudeat1 non esse eam ad unius p5uriam re/rig5dam6 ,i d n = a mom5t int5d to put all ^! hypo!ses & assumptions on ! same level4 ,!y v>y widely z to _! t5abl5ess1 & z to _! preval5ce4 ,b if we leave out ( view ! fe>s ( ^? :o1 f insuffici5t acqua9tance ) sci5ce1 are n compet5t to adjudicate on its positions1 & ^? :o despise or decl9e ,biblical au?ority altoge!r on ?is subject1 we h /ill a some:at wide range to *oose f4 ,%all we accept ! ant$iluvian1 or ! diluvian /ratification8 ! six ages or ! six days ( creation8 ! irruptions ( int]nal fire t occurr$ *iliads be=e ,man 0 made--^? dur+ 8 protract$ p>adisaic /ate1 or ^? at ! "t ( ! ,flood8--! ext5sion ( ! ,mosaic record to univ]sal nature1 or its limitation to a region ( s\?-we/]n ,asia8 ,i am n blam+1 f> less despis+1 ! ef=ts t h be5 made = h>moniz+ ! tea*+s ( ,scripture & sci5ce4 ,i he>tily sympa?ise ) !m4 ,:at else c\ld good m5 d8 ,!y c\ld n %ut _! eyes to ! facts :i* ,geology reveals3 to h said !y 7 n facts w\ld h be5 simply absurd4 ,grant+ t ! :ole tru? 0 be=e !m--! :ole evid5ce--!y c\ld n arrive at o!r conclusions ?an ^? j record$2 &1 !re=e1 ,i d n blame _! discrepancy int] se4 ,! true key has n z yet be5 appli$ to ! w>ds4 ,until x be1 y may =ce ! lock1 b y _c op5 x4 ,:e!r ! key (f]$ 9 ! foll[+ pages w op5 ! lock1 rema9s to be se54 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,witness ,,= ,,! ,,macro-,,*ronology4 ,y %all well & truly try1 & a true deliv]ance make1444 & a true v]dict give1 accord+ to ! evid5ce4--7,jury ,oa?47 ,a ,high ,c\rt ( ,inquiry has be5 sitt+ n[ = a good _m ye>s1 ^: object is to det]m9e a *ronological "q ( mu* int]e/4 ,x is no less ?an ! age ( ! globe on :i* we live4 ,c\nsel h be5 he>d on bo? sides1 & witnesses h be5 call$1 & mo/ ( ! judges h consid]$ t an ov]:elm+ prepond]ance ( te/imony is 9 fav\r ( an immeasurably va/ antiquity4 ,a s+le ,witness on ! o!r side1 h[ev]1 has depos$ 9 a contr>y s5se3 &1 ?\gh he has said b little1 "s ( ^? :o h he>d ! cause atta* su* weight to 8 te/imony1 t !y d n feel satisfi$ to let x be ov]borne4 ,c\nsel on ! =m] side h1 inde$1 cross-exam9$ ! ,witness1 & dissect$ 8 te/imony ) mu* skill1 & !y cont5d t :at he said has be5 misund]/ood by ! m9ority2 & t1 z 8 words may at lea/ be> a s5se :i* w\ld n contradict ^? ( ! oppos+ witness1 ! cle>1 copi\s1 & unv>y+ deposition previ\sly made1 ought to comm& ! v]dict ( ! ,c\rt4 ,! m9ority are sil5c$1 b n satisfi$2 !y "k n h[ to give up ! ,witness on ^: v]acity !y h be5 wont to rely2 b !y are unable to answ] ! argum5ts br\ght aga9/ him4 ,c\nsel = ! ,bra*y-*ronology speaks4 ,we respectfully ask ! ,c\rt = ano!r he>+4 ,w our le>n$ bro!r p]mit 8 witness briefly to recapitulate 8 te/imony1 & we w endeav\r to exam9e x once m2 = we ?9k we %all be able to detect "s flaw 9 x8 ,rule grant$4 ,,witness ,,= ,,! ,,macro-,,*ronology4 ,! foll[+1 !n1 is ! sub/ance ( :at ! witness deposes4 ,he is n a liv+ witness2 8 te/imony1 !re=e1 is n oral1 b writt5--li?ograph$1 9 fact4 ,x consi/s ( a numb] ( docum5ts1 :i* are c\*$ 9 a language & "* n to be und]/ood )\t "s previ\s /udy1 b yet v capable ( translation--v cle> & unmi/akeable4 ,! foll[+1 ,i say1 is a cond5s$ summ>y ( ! lead+ po9ts4 ,if a curi\s p]son _h wat*$ ! process ( mak+ ! excavations t 7 prelim9>y to ! bor+ ( ! ,?ames ,tunnel1 he w\ld h obs]v$ t ! lab\r]s expos$ successive lay]s ( e>?1 diff]+ mu* 9 col\r1 consi/5cy1 & g5]al "*4 ,fir/1 an accumulation ( soil1 consi/+ ( decay$ vegetable & animal matt]1 m+l$ ) brok5 pott]y1 & o!r rubbi% ( man's production1 0 remov$2 !n a lay] ( s&1 gravel1 & riv] mud2 !n a b$ ( r$di% clay2 !n a lay] ( clay1 mix$ ) silt or f9e s&y mud2 !n a ?9 lay] ( silt1 mu* fill$ ) %ells2 !n a /ratum ( /iff blue clay2 !n a lay] ( clay ( m mottl$ "*1 conta9+ a portion ( silt1 & "s %ells2 !n a /ratum ( v firm clay1 s solid t x requir$ to be brok5 ) w$ges2 !n a b$ ( gravel & s& ( a gre5 col\r2 & f9ally1 a simil> lay]1 b ( a co>s] texture4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! hundr$ feet or s ( p]p5dicul> dep? ?us expos$1 he w\ld h se5 a succession ( lay]s1 app>5tly deposit$ ^u "o ano!r4 ,b z yet he w\ld h =m$ a v inadequate notion ( ! /ratification ( ! e>?'s cru/4 ,) ! k ?us ga9$1 h[ev]1 let him n[ make a little excursion into ,h]t=d%ire2 we w suppose at ! "t :5 ! cutt+s = ! ,great ,nor!rn ,railway 7 be+ made4 ,:5 he came ne> ,*e%unt1 he w\ld see t ! ,london clay1 :i* he f\nd und]ly+ ! ,?ames1 crops out1 or disappe>s by ! /ratum com+ obliquely to ! surface4 ,he w\ld see1 h[ev]1 ano!r b$ ( clay--! pla/ic clay--b5ea? ?is1 :i* n[ =ms ! sup]ficial /ratum1 & cont9ues to d s1 till he gets beyond ,h]t=d4 ,!re ?is /ratum crops out2 & ! *alk1 :i* = "s "t he has se5 to und]lie ! pla/ic clay1 n[ comes to ! surface4 ,bus9ess or pleasure calls him to ,bridl+ton on ! ,york%ire coa/2 & he det]m9es to make a p$e/rian t\r across ! diamet] ( ,engl& to ,:itehav54 ,he soon recognises ! *alk1 :i* con/itutes ! ,wolds1 & rises to ab\t #hjj feet above ! sea level4 ,bel[ its esc>pm5t he traces ! ,kimm]idge clay1 ! upp]mo/ ( a s]ies ( /rata m ?an #b1jjj feet 9 ?ickness1 t con/itute ! ,oolitic sy/em--includ+1 among o!rs1 ! corall9e oolite1 ! calc>e\s grit1 ! cornbra%1 ?91 b ri* 9 fossils2 ! l[] s&/one & coal ( ! ,clevel& hills1 ! alum %ale1 ! m>l/one1 & ! l[] lias %ale4 ,!n comes a /ratum ( ! salif]\s sy/em or ! new r$ s&/one1 ) ! r$ m>ls1 p]haps n mu* %ort ( a ?\s& feet deep4 ,bel[ !m ! obs]v] f9ds ! /rata ( ! magnesian lime/one =mation1 = ne>ly #djj feet1 re/+ on ! great coal =mations ( va/ dep?4 ,( ^! ! coal field ( ! ,we/ ,rid+ is n less ?an #d1jjj feet 9 dep?1 & b5ea? x lie ! mill/one grit1 & ! m\nta9 lime/one1 #b1ejj feet m1 ! latt] display$ 9 noble gr&eur on ! faces ( ^? wall-l precipices t inclose ! romantic dales ( ! ,swale & ! ,ure1 & t subsequ5tly t[] 9 magnific5t altitude on ! sides ( ,p5nygant & ,+lebor\gh4 ,illu/ration3 ,,geological ,,section ,,( ,,york%ire4 ,on ! we/]n esc>pm5t ( ! ,p5n9e ridge1 j z ! travell] is ent]+ ,we/morel&1 he w\ld detect ! bottom ( ! lime/one2 & "h he w\ld h an opportunity ( see+1 :at is r>e 9 ^! p>ts1 a /ratum ( ! old r$ s&/one1 ly+ betwe5 ! =m] & ! slaty rocks ( ! ,cumbrian =mations4 ,& "h at l5g?1 9 ! wild & magnific5t sc5]y ( ^! m\nta9s1 he sees ! primitive & transition s]ies1 ! gre5/one1 ! si5ite1 & ! granite1 ea* ( :i* is disc]nible 9 succession on ! face ( "o or o!r ( ! l(ty ,fells ( ,cumb]l&4 ,our travell] n[ comes home1 &1 mus+ on :at he has se51 c\nts up "s ?irty or m di/9ct /rata ly+ 9 regul> succession "o on ano!r4 ,b he has n se5 all ! _w1 nor ev5 all ,engl&2 b he reads ! results ( _m indep5d5t obs]vations1 & f9ds t :ile1 = ! mo/ "p1 ! /rata :i* he has se5 are common to ! :ole surface ( ! globe1 & :ile ! ord] ( _! sup]position is inv>iable ev]y:]e1 o!rs are 9 "s p>ts add$1 :ile p]haps "s ( ^? :i* he has obs]v$ are locally abs5t4 ,?us he is able to =m a m di/9ct idea ( ! /ratification ( ! e>?'s cru/ z a :ole4 ,x is compos$ ( ab\t =ty di/9ct =mations1 g5]ally increas+ 9 ?ickness z we g d[nw>ds1 s t ! :ole _c be mu* less ?an t5 miles 9 dep?1 suppos+ !m 9 any locality to be all pres5t1 & to be ly+ 9 ! horizontal plane4 ,ma!maticians h satisfactorily det]m9$ t ! mean d5sity ( ! globe is ab\t five-&-a-half times t ( wat]1 or ab\t twice t ( granite1 a fact inconsi/5t ) any o!r supposition ?an t ! int]ior is occupi$ by sub/ances ma9ta9$ 9 a fluid /ate by int5se heat4 ,! l[e/ po9t t has yet be5 pat5t to human obs]vation is occupi$ by ! granite1 a comp\nd rock1 :i* be>s evid5t m>ks ( hav+ be5 once 9 a /ate ( fusion1 & ( hav+ cool$ sl[ly1 & t "u imm5se pressure1 contract+ & cry/alliz+ z x p>t$ ) its heat4 ,!re is e reason to believe t ! granite is n def9$ at its inf]ior surface1 b t x m]ges into ! molt5 mass1 probably /ill solidify+4 ,aft] ! out] portion ( ! granite _h cool$ suffici5tly to become solid1 !re is evid5ce t x 0 cov]$ by wat]1 agitat$ by p[]ful curr5ts1 & probably 9 a heat$ /ate4 ,! action ( ^! curr5ts dis9tegrat$ ! rock1 & deposit$ ! con/itu5t sub/ances at ! bottom ( ! sea--on ! surface1 & 9 ! holl[s1 ( ! granite4 ,= !re is reason to ?9k t ! contraction ( ! primitive rock 9 ! process ( cool+1 produc$ irregul> undulations or crumpl+s ( ! surface1 & frequ5t fractures & dislocations1 elevat+ "s p>ts & depress+ o!rs4 ,! gneiss1 ! mica-s*i/1 & ! clay-slate1 :i* are f\nd imm$iately ov]ly+ ! granitic rock 9 /rata ( va/ ?ickness1 are b ! compon5ts ( granite1 sep>at$ & re>rang$4 ,if we imag9e common granite co>sely p\nd$1 & ?r[n into a vessel ( wat]1 x w arrange itself at ! bottom ( ! vessel 9 a condition v mu* l t ( gneiss1 :i* is inde$ no?+ else ?an /ratifi$ granite4 ,if ! wat] 9 :i* ! p\nd$ rock is ?r[n is mov+ along at a sl[ rate1 & ! clayey portion ( ! granite1 call$ felsp>1 happ5s to be some:at decompos$1 z x (t5 is1 !n ! felsp> 7:i* is s truly clay t x makes ! be/ possible mat]ial = ! use ( ! pott]ies7 & ! ?9 %9+ plates ( mica1 w be c>ri$ fur!r by ! wat] ?an ! lumps ( :ite qu>tz or fl9t s&1 :i*1 ) ! o!r two +r$i5ts1 made up ! granite2 & ! two =m] w be deposit$ 9 lay]s1 :i*1 by pass+ a galvanic curr5t ?r\gh !m1 w\ld 9 "t become mica-s*i/4 ,if ! mica 7 abs5t1 or if ! clay 7 deposit$ )\t x1 ow+ to any cause1 !n a simil> galvanic curr5t w\ld turn ! deposit into some?+ l clay-slate4#be ,! deposition ( ^! /rata1 be+ =m$ out ( granite1 supposes ! pre-exi/5ce ( t rock2 & z !y occur 9 va/ ?icknesses1 ev5 ( _m ?\s& feet1 !n sep>ation1 deposition1 & reconsolidation mu/ h occupi$1 h[ev] rapidly we may suppose ! processes to h be5 accompli%$1 consid]able p]iods ( "t4 ,9 ^! l[] rocks1 no trace ( organic rema9s has be5 f\nd4 ,! %oreless ocean t cov]$ ! cool+ surface ( ! e>?'s cru/1 h>b\r$ no polype or sponge1 no rhizopod or infusorium1 & ! angles & clefts ( ! granite 7 fr+$ by no fucus1 or conf]va3 all 0 wa/e & void4 ,& if c]ta9 p>ts 7 elevat$ above ! wat]s1 ! bleak & b>r5 po9ts 7 n clo!d ) grass1 or moss1 or ev5 a li*51 & no animal w&]$ ov] _! ridges4 ,or1 if su* did exi/1 ei!r 9 l& or wat]1 all ve/iges ( _! pres5ce h be5 de/roy$ by ! ag5cy ( ! int5se heat t subsequ5tly prevail$4 ,b1 9 ! num]\s /rata t ov]lie ! rocks ( granitic orig91 !re are f\nd1 9 v>y+ abundance1 pro(s t1 :5 !y 7 deposit$1 ! surface ( our e>? _h become ! abode ( organic life4 ,zoophytes liv$ 9 ! ocean1 "s ( :i* 7 engag$ 9 secret+ lime f ! wat]1 & deposit+ x 9 coral-reefs2 /alk$ & jo9t$ ,/>-fi%es wav$ l lilies ( /one f ! subm]g$ rocks2 ,sea-worms tw9$ ov] ! mud2 mail$ ,cru/aceans swam to & fro2 & ,mollusks1 bo? bivalve & univalve1 crawl$ ov] ! l$ges or repos$ 9 ! crevices4 ,! rema9s ( ^! occur 9 ! ,silurian rocks t lie imm$iately on ! primitive granitic =mations ( ,cumb]l& & ,nor? ,wales4 ,! con/ruction ( ! coral-reefs ( t deposit1 9 p>ticul>1 mu/ h occupi$ a l5g!n$ p]iod1 cont9u+ to g on1 mon? aft] mon?1 ye> aft] ye>1 c5tury aft] c5tury1 until at l5g? ! dep? *ang$1 9 :i* !y c\ld mo/ conv5i5tly live1 or1 ow+ to "s o!r cause1 _! lab\rs 7 br\ght to a close1 & !y disappe>$ f among/ exi/+ species4#bf ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,trilobite4 7,calym5e ,blum5ba*ii47 a4 ext5d$2 back view4 b4 roll$ up2 side view4 c4 roll$ up2 front view4 ,n a s+le species1 or ev5 a s+le g5us ( ^? e>ly /rata1 is id5tical ) any t exi/s n[4 ,! ,coral-polypes1 = in/ance1 :ile alli$ to ours1 are q di/9ct f !m1 ?\gh end[$ ) simil> p[]s & habits1 s t we may reason f analogy on ! laws ( _! deposits4 ,! ,trilobites 7 alli$ to ! t9y wat]-fleas 7,entomo/raca7 ( ! pres5t day3 l ! ,oniscidae 7wood-lice1 buttons1 c47 ( our g>d5s1 !y _h ! habit ( roll+ _! plat$ bodies into a ball4 ,^! are f\nd 9 great numb]s1 _! rema9s (t5 heap$ on "o ano!r4 ,! ,mollusca ( ^? seas 7 *iefly ( ! class ,cephalopoda--"o ( ! lea/ popul\s n[-a-days1 b !n exi/+ 9 va/ numb] & v>iety2 ! ,bra*iopoda1 ,con*if]a1 & ,ga/ropoda1 71 h[ev]1 well repres5t$ also4 ,su* 7 ! inhabitants ( ! sea dur+ ! ,silurian p]iod1 9 :i* a s]ies ( solid deposits 7 made1 ! aggregate1 probably1 exce$+ #ej1jjj feet 9 ?ickness4 ,ea* deposit1 ?\gh n m ?an a few in*es 9 dep?1 is provid$ ) its own writt5 /ory1 its sacr$ memor&a1 assur+ u ( ! regul>ity & ord] t prevail$1 & ( ! p]fect uni=mity ( plan4 ,ov] all ^!1 h[ev]1 we see laid ! /rata ( ! ,devonian sy/em1 especially ! old r$ s&/one1 :i* 9 "s places atta9s a ?ickness ( #aj1jjj feet4 ,x is compos$ ( a co>se agglom]ation ( brok5 fragm5ts ( ! old granitic rocks1 roll$ & toss$ ab\t1 app>5tly by ! ev]-break+ waves ( %+le-bea*es1 until ! h>de/ /ones are worn into r\nd$ pebbles by long & con/ant attrition4 ,an exam9ation ( ! old r$ s&/one1 z is se5 9 ,h]e=d%ire1 w aid u 9 =m+ a notion ( ! "t requir$ = its production4 ,x is compos$ ( fragm5ts obta9$ by ! dis9tegration ( m anci5t rocks1 :i*1 by a long process ( roll+ toge!r 9 a break+ sea1 or 9 ! b$ ( a rapid curr5t1 h lo/ all _! angles4 ,! pebbles1 ?us worn1 h at l5g? settl$1--! heavie/ l[e/1--& ! :ole has be5 consolidat$ into firm rock4 ,9 _m places1 says ,dr4 ,pye ,smi?1 ! upp] "p ( ?is va/ =mation is ( a clos] gra91 %[+ t x 0 produc$ by ! la/ & f9e/ deposits ( clayey & s&y mud1 t+$1 z ! :ole is1 ) oxides & c>bonates ( iron1 usually r$1 b (t5 ( o!r hues4 ,b1 frequ5tly1 ! l[] portions1 sometimes disp]s$ heaps1 &1 sometimes1 ! entire =mation1 consi/ ( va/ masses ( conglom]ate1 ! pebbles be+ compos$ ( qu>tz1 granite1 or "s o!r ( ! e>lie/ k9ds2 & ?us %[+ ! previ\s rocks1 f ^: de/ruction !y h be5 compos$4 ,let any p]son fir/ acquire a conception ( ! ext5t ( ?is =mation1 & ( its dep?1 (t5 _m hundr$s1 &1 sometimes1 two or ?ree ?\s& feet2 7b su* a conception c sc>cely be =m$ )\t actual inspection27 !n let him attempt to foll[ out ! processes :i* ! cle>e/ evid5ce ( our s5ses %[s to h tak5 place2 & let him be reluctant & sceptical to ! utmo/ t he c1 he _c avoid ! impression t ages innum]able mu/ h roll$ ov] ! _w1 9 ! mak+ ( ?is s+le =mation4#bg ,"h1 ,fi%es are add$ to ! ,inv]tebrate ,animals4 ,a sort ( ,%>k ) ! m\? t]m9al1 in/ead ( b5ea? ! head1 0 ! e>lie/ repres5tative ( ?is class4 ,b closely foll[+ on ?is1 7 "s curi\s species1 envelop$ 9 plate mail1 & rem>kable = ! s+ul>ity ( _! =ms1 z ! ,cephalaspis & ! ,pt]i*?ys4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cephalaspis4 ,?is great p]iod pass$ away1 & 0 succe$$ by t ( ! ,c>bonif]\s deposits1 indicative ( a va/ *ange 9 ! physical "* ( ! e>?'s surface & atmosph]e4 ,?is *ange ( "* may be briefly summ$ up z consi/+ ( an imm5se abundance ( lime 9 ! ocean1 & ( an equally va/ *>ge ( c>bonic acid 9 ! atmosph]e4 ,/rata ( lime/one1 #b1ejj feet 9 ?ickness1 7 accumulat$ 9 ! ocean by ! lab\rs ( ,coral-polypes1 alli$ to1 b totally di/9ct f1 ^? :i* _h previ\sly exi/$ 9 ! prim>y sy/em4 ,on ! floor ( a %all[ sea1 :i* !n occupi$ ! middle ( :at is n[ ,engl&1 ! coral reefs rose p]petually t[>ds ! day1 atom by atom1 ! /rata on :i* !y 7 f\nd$ sl[ly & /eadily s9k+ ev] to a l[] level1 :ile successive g5]ations ( ! indu/ri\s zoophytes wr\ght upw>ds1 to ma9ta9 _! position )9 rea* ( ! light & w>m?4 ,:at p]iod ( "t 0 requisite = ! aggregation ( coral /ructure to ! p]p5dicul> ?ickness ( #b1ejj feet8 ,:ile ?is 0 go+ on1 o!r ,inv]tebrata 7 liv+ 9 ! %all[ seas1 mo/ly diff]+ f ! old] species1 :i* _h become by ?is "t ext9ct4 ,encr9ites & ,sea-ur*9s exi/$2 "s ,=am9if]a 7 a/oni%+ly abundant2 ! ,cephalopoda & ! ,bra*iopoda pres5t$ a va/ v>iety ( species2 & ab\t sev5ty sorts ( ,fi%es1 mo/ly ,%>ks1 *>act]is$ ! age4 ,on ! coral lime/one lies a sort ( conglom]ate1 kn[n z ! mill/one grit2 & on ?is is laid t s\rce ( ,brita9's em95ce1 ! coal4 ,! coal measures ( ,s\? ,wales are e/imat$ at #ab1jjj feet 9 ?ickness4 ,! pr(usion ( vegetable life t mu/ h comb9$ to make ! coal 9 ^!1 has no p>allel 9 ?is age2 no1 n 9 ! teem+ =e/s ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 or ! great isles ( ! ,ori5tal ,ar*ipelago4 ,! circum/ances :i* fav\r$ ?is enorm\s developm5t ( plants1 seem nev] to h be5 repeat$ 9 subsequ5t ages1 s9ce ! coal measures :i* are f\nd 9 ! lat] /rata are ?9 & inconsid]able1 comp>$ ) ^? we are consid]+4 ,m4 ,adolphe ,brogni>t sugge/s t 9 ?is p]iod1 f "s s\rce or o!r1 c>bonic acid 0 g5]at$ 9 va/ abundance2 or1 at lea/1 t x exi/$ 9 ! air1 9 a f> great] proportion ?an x does n[2 & x is s+ul>ly confirmatory ( 8 view1 t t]re/rial animals1 to :i* ?is gas is fatal1 h left almo/ no traces ( _! exi/5ce1 dur+ ! age ( ^! va/ =e/s--a circum/ance o!rwise /range & unacc\ntable4 ,^? p>ts1 says ,mr4 ,an/$1 ( ! great c>bonif]\s s]ies :i* g5]ally include ! b$s ( coral1 consi/ ( muddy & s&y b$s1 alt]nat+ ) "o ano!r1 & ) ! coal itself4 ,"s ( !m w\ld appe> to be ( fre%-wat]1 & "s ( m>9e orig92 & !y ab\nd1 = ! mo/ "p1 ) rema9s ( ! leaves ( ,f]ns & f]n-l trees1 toge!r ) ! cru%$ trunks ( ^! & o!r trees1 ^: sub/ance may h contribut$ to =m ! great accumulations ( bitum9is$ & o!r vegetable c>bon obta9$ f ^! /rata4 ,x is n easy to communicate su* an idea ( b$s ( coal z %all enable ! read] to und]/& cle>ly ! nature ( ! circum/ances "u :i* !y may h be5 deposit$1 & ! "t requir$ = ?is purpose4 ,! actual total ?ickness ( ! diff]5t b$s 9 ,engl& v>ies consid]ably 9 diff]5t di/ricts1 b appe>s to am\nt1 9 ! ,lanca%ire coal-field1 to z mu* z #aej feet4 ,9 ,nor? ,am]ica !re is a coal-field ( va/ ext5t1 9 :i* !re appe>s at lea/ z great a ?ickness ( workable coal z 9 any "p ( ,engl&2 :ile 9 ,belgium & ,france ! ?ickness is (t5 mu* less consid]able1 al?\gh ! b$s ?ick5 aga9 /ill fur!r to ! ea/4 ,b ?is acc\nt ( ! ?ickness ( ! b$s gives a v imp]fect notion ( ! quantity ( vegetable matt] requir$ to =m !m2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 ! rate ( increase ( vegetables1 & ! quantity annually br\ght d[n by "s great riv]s1 bo? ( ! ea/]n & we/]n cont95ts1 is beyond all measure great] ?an is ! case 9 our dri] & cold] climate4 ,c]ta9 k9ds ( trees :i* contribut$ l>gely to ! =mation ( ! coal1 seem to h be5 almo/ entirely succul5t1 & capable ( be+ squeez$ into a small compass dur+ p>tial decomposition4 ,?is squeez+ process mu/ h be5 conduct$ on a gr& scale1 bo? dur+ & aft] ! =mation ( sep>ate b$s2 & ea* b$ 9 succession 0 probably soon cov]$ up by muddy & s&y accumulations1 n[ alt]nat+ ) ! coal 9 ! =m ( %ale & grit-/one4 ,sometimes1 trunks ( trees caught 9 ! mud w\ld be reta9$ 9 a slant+ or ne>ly v]tical position1 :ile ! s&s 7 accumulat+ r\nd !m2 sometimes ! :ole w\ld be quietly buri$1 & soon cease to exhibit any ext]nal m>ks ( vegetable orig94#bh ,to relate ! v>i\s /eps 9 ! =mation ( a b$ ( coal1 & ! gradual sup]position ( "o b$ ^u ano!r1 by :i* at l5g? ! :ole gr\p ( ! coal-measures 0 complet$1 w\ld involve an am\nt ( detail little adapt$ to ^! pages2 & :5 x is rememb]$ t ! woody fibres1 aft] be+ deposit$1 _h to be completely *ang$1 & ! :ole "* ( ! vegetable modifi$1 be=e x c\ld be r$uc$ to ! bitum9\s1 brittle1 almo/ cry/all9e m9]al n[ dug out ( ! e>? = fuel1 x w r seem que/ionable :e!r ! orig9 ( coal 0 c]ta9ly & necess>ily vegetable1 ?an reasonable to d\bt ! importance ( ! *ange t has tak5 place1 & ! exi/5ce ( extraord9>y means to produce t *ange4 ,no?+1 h[ev]1 is m c]ta9 ?an t all coal 0 once vegetable2 = 9 mo/ cases woody /ructure may be detect$ "u ! microscope2 & ?is1 if n 9 ! coal 9 its ord9>y /ate1 at lea/ 9 ! burnt a%es :i* rema9 aft] x has be5 expos$ to ! action ( heat1 & has lo/ its bitum9\s & semi-cry/all9e "*4 ,?is has be5 too well & too frequ5tly prov$ by actual exp]im5t1 to require m ?an ! m]e /atem5t ( ! fact4#bi ,an em95t practical geologi/ ?us essays to guess ! age ( ! coal-fields1 & ( ! s&/one t und]lies x4 ,! great tract ( peat ne> ,/irl+ has dem&$ = its =mation two ?\s& ye>s2 = its regi/ry is pres]v$ by ! ,roman works bel[ x4 ,x is b a s+le b$ ( coal4 ,%all we multiply x by #ajj8 ,we %all n exce$1--f> f x1--did we all[ #bjj1jjj ye>s = ! production ( ! coal-s]ies ( ,newca/le1 ) all its rocky /rata4 ,a ,scotti% lake does n %oal at ! rate ( half a foot 9 a c5tury2 & t c\ntry pres5ts a v]tical dep? ( f> m ?an #c1jjj feet 9 ! s+le s]ies ( ! olde/ s&/one4 ,no s\nd geologi/ w accuse a comput] ( exce$+1 if he all[ #fjj1jjj ye>s = ! production ( ?is s]ies alone4 ,& yet :at are ! coal deposits1 & :at ! olde/ s&/one1 comp>$ to ! entire mass ( ! /rata8#cj ,! conjecture1 t ! :ole ( ! vegetable mat]ial n[ con/itut+ ! coal1 0 ! gr[? ( ! ant$iluvian c5turies1 & t x 0 float$ away & deposit$ by ! flood1 is unt5able4 ,9 n a few in/ances trunks are f\nd brok51 & worn by wat]-action2 b ! great mass w>rants ! conclusion t trees ( va/ dim5sions & ( close array--d5se1 maje/ic =e/s1 su* z n[ occur only 9 ! mo/ humid regions ( ! tropics--7 subm]g$ 9 _! native abodes1 ly+ :]e !y fell1 & :]e !y h left ! impressions1 side by side1 on ! upp] & "u surfaces ( ! %ale1 ( _! delicate peculi>ities ( /ructure1 :i* w\ld h be5 totally oblit]at$1 if ! trees _h be5 sea-borne & %ore-roll$1 z pret5d$4 ,! result ( a c>eful & m9ute exam9ation ( ! ph5om5a ( coal1 by ,mr4 ,b9ney1 is1 t ! vegetable matt] n[ =m+ coal _h gr[n 9 va/ m>9e swamps1 subject$ to a s]ies ( subsid5ces ) long int]vals ( repose2 t ! trees1 & p]haps small] plants1 7 subm]g$ "u tranquil wat]1 9 ! places ( _! gr[?2 & t v inconsid]able portions1 if any1 ( ! b$s1 are ow+ to drift+4#ca ,:ile ! coal 0 9 process ( deposition1 ! sea 0 occupi$ ) ,inv]tebrata1 n widely diff]+ f ^? :i* _h m>k$ ! previ\s eras4 ,fi%es1 h[ev]1 7 advanc+ 9 developm5t2 & sev]al new & /range =ms1 "s ( !m ( gigantic dim5sions & =midable armature1 7 introduc$4 ,^! 7 *iefly rem>kable = _! aff9ities ) ,reptiles 7:5ce !y are (t5 call$ ,sauroid ,fi%es72 & "o ( !m--,megali*?ys--0 fami%$ ) jaws ( s]ri$ tee?1 surpass+ ^? ( ! crocodile4 ,) ^! 7 associat$ o!r & m ord9>y ,fi%es2 & sw>ms ( ,%>ks ( _m species1 & v>y+ mu* 9 size1 rov$ ?r\gh ! sea1 ma9ta9+ ! same pirate "* z _! repres5tatives ( our mod]n seas--fi]ce1 subtle1 voraci\s1 & p[]ful4 ,at ?is "t1 too1 appe>$ ! e>lie/ ,reptiles1 *iefly ( ! ,amphibia sub-class4 ,"s ( ^! are kn[n only by _! foot-pr9ts2 & ! late ,hugh ,mill] has graphically describ$ ! appe>ance ( "s ( ^!1 :i*1 he met ) m>k+ ! ro( ( a coal-m9e1 f\r hundr$ feet bel[ ! surface4 ,^! mu/ h be5 ,batra*ia ( l>ge size1 z ! =e feet 7 ?irte5 in*es ap>t across ! brea/4#cb ,!y w be allud$ to aga94 ,) ^! exceptions1 rema9s ( t]re/rial animals are1 z has already be5 obs]v$1 r>e 9 ?is =mation4 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,witness ,,= ,,! ,,macro-,,*ronology4 7,,cont9u$47 ,always di/ru/ v pla9 cases3 bew>e le/ a snake sudd5ly />t out ^u y1 9 ! %ape ( "s conceal$ & utt]ly unexpect$ difficulty4--,,w>r53 ,law ,/udies4 ,we h hi!rto be5 consid]+ ! /rata z if !y _h rema9$ p]man5t :5 once deposit$1 subject to no *ange1 save ! successive sup]position ( o!r /rata ^u !m4 ,b ?is is v f> f be+ true4 ,enorm\s displacem5ts1 upheav+s1 contortions1 & fractures1 are obs]v$ 9 ! /rata1 :i* tell ( mighty =ces hav+ be5 at "w ^u !m aft] _! =mation4 ,! explanation ( ^! ph5om5a is due to ! int]nal heat1 :i* ev] & anon seems to conc5trate its action on "s special po9t1 seek+ & f9d+ v5t = itself by "s alt]ation 9 ! already consolidat$ cru/4 ,sometimes1 ! mode ( action has be5 ! transmission ( undulations ?r\gh ! cru/1 produc+ e>?quakes1 crack+ & =c+ ap>t /rata already petrifi$1 & b5d+ & v>i\sly contort+ ^? t h b p>tially become solid4 ,sometimes1 ! fi]y impulse is suffici5tly conc5trat$ to break ?r\gh ! sup]9cumb5t mat]ials1 =c+ a passage = ! molt5 & inc&esc5t rock1 :i* !n fl[s =? f ! surface1 p5etrates into ! cracks & fissures ( ! fractur$ /rata1 & frequ5tly spreads into ! holl[s & ov] ! summits ( ! late/ =mations4 ,x is ow+ to su* causes z ^!1 t we f9d ! rocky lay]s s (t5 incl9$ at v>i\s angles to ! horizon1 in/ead ( be+ p>allel to x1 z !y w\ld be ( c\rse deposit$2 occasionally /&+ q p]p5dicul>ly1 & ev5 to a small ext5t rev]s$4 ,! outcropp+ ( =mations1 ! long l9es ( cliff runn+ across a c\ntry 9 p>allel s]ies1 7crag & tail17 ! dipp+ ( /rata f "s c5tral po9t or ridge1 & ! non-correspond5ce betwe5 ! bottom ( "o /ratum & ! top ( ! und]ly+ "o1--are all ph5om5a ( ?is sort ( p[]ful action1 :i* has be5 m or less en]getic at all p]iods4 ,aft] ! deposit ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 ! int]nal fire appe>s to h enjoy$ a lull ( its en]gy1 if n a complete cessation1 until ! ,coal ,measures 7 complete4 ,!n ! long tranquility 0 aga9 brok51 & concussions s ext5sive & viol5t ensu$1 t h>dly a s+le squ>e mile ( c\ntry c any:]e be f\nd :i* is n full ( fractur$ & contort$ /rata1 ! record ( subt]ranean movem5ts1 :i* mo/ly occurr$ betwe5 ! ,c>bonif]\s & ! ,premian deposits4 ,! effects ( ^! convulsions 7 manife/ 9 ! *ang$ relations ( l& & sea1 exi/+ cont95ts & isl&s be+ dislocat$1 sev]$1 & swall[$ up1 :ile o!rs 7 elevat$ f ! dep?s ( ! previ\s ocean4 ,x 0 f ! wave-worn mat]ials ?us obta9$ f pre-exi/+ /rata1 t ! ,new ,r$ ,s&/one 0 consolidat$4 ,x consi/s *iefly ( s& & mud1 ) few organic rema9s2 & ! hiatus ?us f\nd1 9 animals & vegetables1 seems to be almo/ a complete "o betwe5 ! organisms ( ! prec$+ & ! succe$+ p]iods4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ traces ( ! e>?'s t5ants dur+ ! ,new ,r$ =mation1 consi/ ( foot-tracks impress$ by ! progress ( animals along ! yield+ mud betwe5 ! ranges ( high & l[ tide4 ,!y af=d a rem>kable example 7n1 ,i ?9k1 suffici5tly dwelt on7 ( ! extreme rapidity ) :i* deposits 7 consolidat$2 s9ce ! tracks mu/ h be5 made1 & ! mat]ial consolidat$1 dur+ ! few h\rs1 at mo/1 t int]v5$ betwe5 ! recess & ! reflux ( ! tide2 s9ce1 if ! mud _h n s soon become solid1 ! fl[ ( ! sea w\ld h in/antly oblit]at$ su* m>ks1 z x does n[ on our %ores4 ,illu/ration3 ,,labyr9?odon ,,pa*ygna?us4 ,! pr9cipal animal1 ^: foot-pr9ts h be5 id5tifi$1 0 an enorm\s ,frog 7,labyr9?odon71 z big z a hippopotamus1 b app>5tly alli$1 9 its s]ri$ tee?1 & 9 ! bony plates ) :i* x 0 cov]$1 to ! ,crocodiles1 :i* 7 its associates4 ,x is curi\s t m>ks 9 ! same mat]ial h *ronicl$ ! s]p5t9e trail ( a ,sea-worm1 ! scrat*+s ( a ,crab1 ! ripple ( ! wavelets1 & ev5 ! drops ( a pass+ %[]2 ! la/ reveal+1 by _! m>g9s1 ! direction ( ! w9d by :i* ! slant+ ra9 0 driv54 ,if ! ,triassic =mations display b little evid5ce ( organic exi/5ce1 ! lack is suppli$ by ! abundance ( su* records1 :i* is conta9$ 9 ! ,oolitic sy/em1 & specially 9 its l[e/ compon5t1--! ,lias4 ,animals n[ exi/$ 9 pr(usion1 b ( species :i* 7 = ! mo/ "p peculi>4 ,! coral-mak+ ,polypes exi/$ n 7or v r>ely7 9 ! seas ( t age1 b lime 0 secret$ by an unusual numb] ( ,cr9oid ,e*9od]ms1 :i* seem to h fr+$ ! rocks & float+ pieces ( timb]1 mu* z ,b>nacles d n[4 ,among ! ,mollusca n[ began to appe> ! inhabitants ( ^? v elegant %ells1 ! ,ammonites1 alli$ to ! ,nautilus ( our ,s\!rn seas1 :i* may be consid]$ z ! l+]+ repres5tative ( ^? sw>ms ( %ell$ ,cephalopoda4 ,!y 7 accompani$ by _! ne> relations1 ! ,belemnites1 m resembl+ a ,cuttle1 ) a long int]nal1 po9t$ %ell4 ,fi%es1 *iefly belong+ to a curi\sly arm$ tribe ( ,%>ks1 toge!r ) "s enclos$ 9 bony-mail l pavem5t1 7 pres5t 9 ! %all[s1 :]e ! ,lias 0 probably deposit$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,snake-,,neck$ ,,m>9e ,,liz>ds4 ,plesiosaurus doli*odeirus & ,p4 macrocephalus4 ,b ! mo/ *>act]i/ic animals 7 great m>9e ,reptiles1 ( /range & unc\? =ms1 to :i* ! pres5t _w pres5ts u no kn[n analogy4 ,"o ( ^! 0 ! ,i*?yosaurus1 :i* closely resembl$ a porpoise 9 =m1 b ?irty or =ty feet 9 l5g?1 ) a v]tical fi%-l tail1 & two pairs ( paddles2 a m\? set ) /\t crocodilian tee?1 & enorm\s eyes4 ,ano!r =m 0 t ( ! ,plesiosaurus1 sc>cely less 9 size ?an its fell[1 :i* 9 ! outl9e ( its body x resembl$3 x 0 di/+ui%$1 h[ev]1 by an extraord9>y l5g? ( neck1 sl5d] & swan-l1 consi/+ ( ?irty or =ty v]tebrae4 ,x adds to ! int]e/ ( ^! great m>9e ,reptiles1 t ar\nd _! fossil skeletons are pres]v$ pellets ( excrem5t 7kn[n z ,coprolites7 conta9+ fragm5ts ( bone1 tee?1 & scales ( fi%es1 :i* cle>ly reveal ! nature ( _! food4 ,9 "s in/ances1 ! /oma* & inte/9es ( ^! great c>nivor\s creatures1 fill$ ) half-dige/$ food1 h left indubitable traces ( _! pres5ce 9 situ4 ,aga91 ! geography ( ! ,globe *ang$4 ,new l&s arose f ! sea1 & old l&s p>tially or :olly sank4 ,! ,g]man ,ocean1 & "p ( ,we/]n ,europe1 ( our maps1 7 a great gr\p ( isl&s4 ,! ,oolitic =mation 0 deposit$4 ,! g5]al "* ( ! organization ( ?is p]iod diff]$ little f t ( ! ,lias4 ,new =ms ( plants1 su* z ,cycadeae1 7 abundant1 )1 consid]able numb]s ( ,corals1 ,encr9ites1 ,sea-ur*9s & ,mollusks4 ,macrur\s ,cru/acea1 mu* l ^? ( our times 7b ess5tially diff]5t 9 species71 inhabit$ ! sea1 & "s ,beetles & ,flies repres5t$ ! ,insects ( ! l&4 ,! ,fi%es & ,m>9e ,reptiles 7 pretty mu* ! same ) ^? ( ! ,lias1 ?\gh !y receiv$ "s important additions4 ,illu/ration3 ,,megalosaurus ,,buckl&i4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 among ! t]re/rial ,v]tebrata t we mu/ look = ! *>act]i/ic organisms ( ?is age4 ,& ^! are1 /ill1 ,reptiles4 ,! huge ,megalosaurus1 ) a body z big z an elephant's1 /ood high on 8 legs1 & /ret*$ op5 a pair ( gap+ jaws1 set ) jagg$ tee?4 ,! ,pt]odactyles flew ab\t1--c>nivor\s liz>ds1 ) ! body & w+s ( bats1#cc except t ! membrane 0 /ret*$ ^u ! enorm\sly develop$ little f+]2--creatures1 p]haps1 ! mo/ unlike to any?+ famili> to u1 ( all fossil =ms4 ,&1 9 ! m>%y m>g9s ( ! great riv] valley :i* =m$ ! ,weald5 ( our ,s\?-ea/]n di/ricts1 ! giant ,iguanodon1 & 8 fell[1 ! ,hylaeosaurus1 wag$ _! peaceful w>f>e on ! succul5t plants t became _! unresi/+ prey4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bat-,,liz>ds4 ,pt]odactylus crassiro/ris1 & ,p4 breviro/ris4 ,illu/ration3 ,,hylaeosaurus ,,armatus4 ,! circle ( animal life 0 complet$ 9 ?is epo*1 ?us f>1 t e class 0 repres5t$ by "s "o or m ( its con/itu5t species4 ,no fossil skeletons ( ,birds h1 inde$1 be5 f\nd s l[ z ! ,oolite1 b num]\s foot-pr9ts ( "s ( ! ,grallatores are f\nd 9 a s&/one ( ?is p]iod2 & 9 ! ,/onesfield slate1 :i* is contempor>y ) x1 a g5us ( ,mammalia has be5 discov]$1--a small ,m>supial1 alli$ to ! ,opossums ( ,am]ica4 ,! duration ( ! ,oolitic p]iod mu/ h be5 consid]able4 ,! lias sea-bottom 0 succe$$ fir/ by a s&y1 & !n by a calc>e\s deposit1 & ! animals 7 modifi$ accord+ly4 ,! deposit ( c>bonate ( lime1 :i* took place "u circum/ances t caus$ x to attract ar\nd its nodules ! organic p>ticles1 :5ce ! "n oolite 7egg-/one7 is d]iv$1 0 n cont9u\s1 b repeat$ at int]vals4 ,! %ells ( ,mollusks 7 develop$ 9 great abundance1 & accumulations ( ^! =m$ ?ick b&s1 :i* consolidat$ into lay]s ( %ell-lime/one4 ,?ree hundr$ feet ( /rata1 l>gely compos$ ( organic rema9s1 7 =m$ be=e ! clay 0 deposit$ :i* made ! ,/onesfield & contemporane\s slates4 ,once m ! dry l& sank1 probably by sl[ successive subsid5ces1 & ! sea fl[$ _m fa?oms deep above ! great ,european ar*ipelago4 ,& ^u its quiet bottom settl$ d[n1 fir/ a few s&y & clayey b$s1 & !n ! great lay] ( ! ,*alk4 ,creatures ( v m9ute size & l[ grades ( organization 7 n[ play+ a v important "p4 ,a l>ge portion ( ! lime t 0 deposit$1 9 ! =m ( a pure c>bonate1 0 d\btless suppli$ by ! ,coral /ructures1 :i*1 7 exce$+ly num]\s2 ! polypidoms be+ gnaw$ d[n by /rong-jaw$ fi%es t f$ ^u ! ,zoophytes4 ,=am9if]a also 7 abundant1 & contribut$ to ! supply4 ,nodules ( fl9t exi/ 9 ! ,*alk1 sometimes scatt]$1 sometimes arrang$ 9 b&s4 ,two s\rces are indicat$ = ?is sub/ance4 ,"o is ,sponge1 ! mo/ common k9ds ( :i* are compos$ ( skeletons ( silice\s spicula2 & ^! c be disc]n$ ) ! microscope 9 ! int]ior ( ! *alk-fl9ts4 ,b millions ^u millions ( ,infusoria swam ?r\gh ! wat]s1 & _m ( ^! 7 encas$ 9 silice\s loricae1 :ile ! rocks & sea-we$s 7 fr+$ ) z incalculably num]\s examples ( silice\s ,diatomaceae1 ^: elegant =ms are recognisable )\t difficulty ?r\gh\t ! ,*alk4 ,! inconceivable abundance ( ^! =ms may be illu/rat$ by ! (t5-cit$ fact1 t :ole /rata ( solid rock appe> to be s exclusively compos$ ( _! solid rema9s1 t a cube ( "o-t5? ( an in* is comput$ by ,ehr5b]g to conta9 five hundr$ millions ( individuals4 ,! increase ( ^! organisms is v rapid1 & _! duration proportionately %ort2 b all[+ = ?is1 :at p]iod w\ld elapse be=e ! successive g5]ations ( entities1 ( :i* =ty-"o ?\s& millions are requir$ to make a cubic in*1 w\ld h accumulat$ into solid /rata f\rte5 feet 9 ?ickness8 ,)\t paus+ to exam9e ! :ole ,cretace\s fauna1 we may obs]ve t ! ,mollusca ) *amb]$ %ells--! ,ammonites & _! allies--7 develop$ 9 s+ul> v>iety & pr(usion dur+ ?is p]iod1 aft] :i* !y sudd5ly disappe>$ f ! ocean4 ,! ,fi%es pres5t little t is rem>kable2 ( ,birds1 few1 & ( ,mammals1 no rema9s exi/2 & ! ,reptiles1 :ile n absolutely ext9ct1 are few & r>e4 ,"o great m>9e =m1 h[ev]1 ! ,mosasaurus1 0 add$ to _! numb]4 ,at l5g? ! sea ceas$ to deposit *alk1 & its b$ appe>s to h be5 sl[ly elevat$1 until all ! animals t _h inhabit$ ! wat]s ( t =mation 7 de/roy$2 s t _! race & g5]ation p]i%$4#cd ,! gr& epo* ( ,second>y ,=mations 0 clos$4 ,x 0 foll[$ by an ext5sive disruption ( ! !n exi/+ /rata1 & by *anges & modifications s great z to alt] ! :ole face ( nature4 ,x w\ld appe> t a long p]iod ( "t elaps$ be=e new] b$s 7 ?r[n d[n1 s9ce ! *alky mud n only _h "t to h>d5 into *alk1 b ! surface ( ! *alk itself 0 mu* rubb$ & worn4 ,dur+ ?is protract$ p]iod1 eruptions ( molt5 rock occurr$ ( enorm\s ext5t1 produc+ ! ,basaltic =mation :i* cov]s ! ,*alk 9 ! nor? ( ,irel&1 & 9 "s ( ! ,hebrides4 ,9 ! s\? ( ,europe ! ,pyr5ees 7 elevat$1 & ! ,ap5n9es & ,c>pa?ians 7 pu%$ to a great] altitude ?an be=e1 if !y 7 n !n =m$4 ,! ,alps & ! ,caucasus also exp]i5c$ a s]ies ( upw>d movem5ts1 cont9u+ ?r\gh a consid]able range ( ! ,t]ti>y epo*4 ,! ri* collections ( vegetable rema9s--*iefly fruits & se$s--t h be5 made f ! ,london ,clay1 %[ t ! e>lie/ l& ( ?is p]iod 0 clo!d ) a great abundance & v>iety ( plants2 & ^! are ( su* alliances z w\ld n[ require a tropical climate4 ,_m species ( ,palms1 ,screw-p9es1 ,g\rds1 ,pip]aceae1 ,mimoseae1 & o!r ,legum9osae1 ,malvaceae1 & ,conif]ae1 dropp$ _! woody pods & fruits :]e n[ ^! pages are writt52 & ! animals manife/ no less int]e/+ an approximation to exi/+ =ms ?an ! plants4 ,! ,zoophytes1 ! ,e*9od]ms1 ! ,=am9if]a1 ! ,worms1 ! ,cru/acea1 ! ,mollusca1 ! ,fi%es & ! ,reptiles ( ! ,eoc5e b$s1 exhibit a great prepond]ance ( agreem5t ) ^? t n[ exi/1 s f> z g5us is conc]n$1 ?\gh ! species are /ill almo/ :olly di/9ct4 ,! approximation is p>ticul>ly m>k$ 9 ! ,mollusc\s sub-k+dom1 by ! almo/ entire disappe>ance ( ! hi!rto sw>m+ ,bra*iopod & ,cephalopod =ms1 & ! progressive sub/itution = !m ( ! ,con*if]a & ,ga/ropoda1 :i* _h1 h[ev]1 ?r\gh\t ! ,second>y epo*1 be5 gradually com+ =w>d to _! pres5t pr$om9ance 9 nature4 ,among ! ,fi%es1 ! ,placoid type 0 dim9i%$ 9 numb]2 & ^? t 7 produc$ 7 mo/ly ,%>ks & ,rays1 ( mod]n g5]a2 b ! *ief diff]5ce 0 ! paucity ( ^? mail$ =ms 7,ganoids71 :i* 7 s abundant dur+ ! ,oolitic p]iod4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,ct5oid & ,cycloid =ms1 :i* _h begun to make _! appe>ance 9 small numb]s 9 ! ,*alk1 are well repres5t$4 ,9 bo? ?is defici5cy & ?is pl5itude1 !re is a v decid$ approa* to exi/+ conditions2 = ! ,ganoids are almo/ unkn[n ) u1 :ile ! la/-nam$ two ord]s are abundant4 ,repres5tatives ( our ,p]*es1 ,maigres1 ,mack]els1 ,bl5nies1 ,h]r+s1 & ,cods1 7 num]\s2 di/9ct1 h[ev]1 f ! pres5t species4 ,b n a s+le memb] ( ! great ,salmon family 0 yet introduc$4 ,! great ,saurian ,reptiles _h entirely disappe>$1 & 7 q unrepres5t$ 9 ! t]ti>y b$s1 except by a ,crocodile or two1 & a small ,liz>d4 ,turtles 71 h[ev]1 num]\s1 bo? ( ! m>9e & lacu/r9e k9ds2 & !re is an int]e/+ /rang]1 9 ! =m ( a l>ge ,s]p5t1 alli$ to our ,py?ons1 "s tw5ty feet 9 l5g?4 ,birds & ,mammals began n[ to assume _! place on ! l&4 ,! ,london ,clay pres5ts u ) a little ,vulture2 & ! ,p>is bas9 conta9s remnants ( species repres5t+ ! ,raptores1 ! ,rasores1 ! ,grallatores1 & ! ,natatores4 ,! ,quadrup$s came 9 9 "s =ce2 n develop$ f ! l[e/ to ! highe/ scale ( organization2 = ! ,monkey & ! ,bat occur 9 s&s1 c]ta9ly n lat]1 if n e>li]1 ?an ! ,london ,clay1 contemporane\sly ) ! ,racoon1 & be=e ! exi/5ce ( any ,rod5t or ,cetacean4 ,"s ,c>nivora1 z ! ,wolf & ! ,fox1 roam$ ! woods1 b ! "* ( ! epo* 0 giv5 by ! ,pa*yd]ms4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 7 n ! massive colossi t br[se 9 ! ,african or ,indian jungles ( our days2 no ,elephant1 no ,rh9oc]os1 no ,hippopotamus 0 z yet =m$4 ,b sev]al k9ds ( ,tapir wall[$ 9 ! morasses2 & a goodly numb] ( l>gi% bea/s1 ^: aff9ities 7 ) ! ,pa*yd]mata1 :ile _! analogies 7 ) ! ,rum9antia1 s]v$ z sub/itutes = ! latt] ord]1 :i* 0 :olly want+4 ,^! int]e/+ quadrup$s1 =m+ ! g5us ,anoplo!rium1 7 rem>kable = two peculi>ities1--_! feet 7 two-to$1 & _! tee? 7 rang$ 9 a cont9u\s s]ies1 )\t any int]val betwe5 ! incisors & ! mol>s4 ,!y v>i$ 9 size f t ( an ass to t ( a h>e4 ,! physical conditions ( our e>?1 :5 x 0 t5ant$ by ^! creatures1 is ?us describ$3--,all ! great pla9s ( ,europe1 & ! di/ricts ?r\gh :i* ! pr9cipal riv]s n[ run1 7 !n subm]g$2 9 all probability1 ! l& *iefly ext5d$ 9 a we/]ly direction1 f> out into ! ,atlantic1 possibly tr5d+ to ! s\?1 & connect+ ! we/]n %ores ( ,engl& ) ! volcanic isl&s (f ! we/ coa/ ( ,africa4 ,! great m\nta9 *a9s ( ,europe1 ! ,pyr5ees1 ! ,alps1 ! ,ap5n9es1 ! m\nta9s ( ,greece1 ! m\nta9s ( ,bohemia1 & ! ,c>pa?ians1 exi/$ !n only z *a9s ( isl&s 9 an op5 sea4 ,elevatory movem5ts1 hav+ an ea/ & we/ direction1 _h1 h[ev]1 already comm5c$1 & 7 produc+ important results1 lay+ b>e ! ,weald5 di/rict 9 ! s\?-ea/ ( ,engl&4 ,! s\!rn & c5tral ,european di/rict1 & p>ts ( we/]n ,asia1 7 ! recipi5ts ( calc>e\s deposits 7*iefly ! skeletons ( ,=am9if]a71 =m+ ! ,ap5n9e lime/one2 :ile num]\s isl&s 7 gradually lift$ above ! sea1 & fragm5ts ( di/urb$ & fractur$ rock 7 wa%$ ^u ! neighb\r+ %all[s or coa/-l9es1 =m+ b$s ( gravel cov]+ ! ,*alk4 ,! b$s ( ,nummulites & ,miliolites1 contemporane\s ) ^? conta9+ ! ,%eppey plants & ! ,p>is quadrup$s1 seem to indicate a deep sea at no great di/ance f %ore1 & r5d] x probable t !re 7 frequ5t alt]nations ( elevation & depression1 p]haps ! result ( di/urbances act+ 9 ! direction already allud$ to4 ,! %ores ( ! isl&s & ma9 l& 71 h[ev]1 occasionally l[ & swampy1 riv]s br++ d[n mud 9 :at is n[ ! s\?-ea/ ( ,engl&1 & ! neighb\rhood ( ,brussels1 b deposit+ ext5sive calc>e\s b$s ne> ,p>is4 ,deep inlets ( ! sea1 e/u>ies1 & ! %ift+ m\?s ( a riv]1 7 also affect$ by num]\s alt]ations ( level n suffici5t to de/roy1 b p[]ful en\gh to modify1 ! animal & vegetable species !n exi/+2 & ^! movem5ts 7 cont9u$ = a long "t4#ce ,aft] ! elevation ( ! m\nta9 summits ( ,europe above ! sea1 & :ile ! same causes 7 /ill 9 op]ation1 deposits 7 be+ made 9 ! n>r[ int]v5+ seas ( ! ,ar*ipelago1 su* z ! pres5t s\? ( ,france1 ! valleys ( ! ,rh9e & ,danube1 ! ea/]n di/ricts ( ,engl& & ,portugal4 ,^! deposits 7 p>tly m>9e & p>tly lacu/r9e2 ! =m] consi/+ l>gely ( loose s&s1 m+l$ ) %ells & gravel4 ,9 ,switz]l& is a ?ick mass ( conglom]ate2 & 9 ! di/rict ar\nd ,may5ce1 !re is a s]ies ( fre%-wat] lime/ones1 & s&/ones *>g$ ) organic rema9s4 ,! *anges :i* took place dur+ ?is comp>atively rec5t epo* 7 n sudd51 b gradual2 ! results ( op]ations :i* 7 probably go+ on )\t int]mission1 & p]haps h n yet ceas$4 ,! l& 0 m & m upheav$1 till at l5g?1 :at _h be5 an ar*ipelago ( isl&s became a cont95t1 & ,europe assum$ ! =m :i* x be>s on our maps4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ addition to ! natural hi/ory ( ! ,mioc5e1 or ,middle ,t]ti>y p]iod1 0 ! ,d9o!rium--a huge ,pa*yd]m1 twice z l>ge z an elephant1 ) a tapir-l proboscis1 & two great tusks curv+ d[nw>d f ! l[] jaw4 ,x 01 d\btless1 aquatic 9 its habits1 & possibly 7= its h9d] p>ts are n kn[n71 x may h be5 alli$ to ! ,dugong & ,manatee1 ^? :ale-l ,pa*yd]ms1 ) a broad horizontal tail1 in/ead ( po/]ior limbs4 ,o!r great h]bivor\s bea/s roam$ ov] ! new-made l&4 ,! ,ma/odons1 closely alli$ to ! ,elephant1 _h _! head-qu>t]s 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 b ext5d$ also to ,europe4 ,& ! ,elephants !mselves1 ( sev]al species1 7 spread ov] ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 ev5 to ! pol> regions4 ,! ,hippopotamus1 ! ,rh9oc]os1 & o!r creatures1 n[ exclusively tropical1 7 also inhabitants ( ! same nor!rn latitudes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,mammo?4 ,f "s specim5s ( ,elephants & ,rh9oc]oses ( ?is p]iod1 :i* seem to h be5 buri$ 9 avalan*es1 & ?us to h be5 pres]v$ f decomposition1 ev5 ( ! m transitory p>ts1 z muscle & sk91 we le>n some?+ ( ! climate t prevail$4 ,! v fact ( _! pres]vation1 by ! antiseptic p[] ( fro/1 %[s t x 0 n a tropical climate 9 :i* !y liv$2 & ! clo?+ ( ?ick wool1 fur1 & hair1 :i* protect$ ! sk9 ( ! ,mammo?1 or ,sib]ian ,elephant1 t5ds to ! same conclusion4 ,at ! same "t1 ^? regions 7 n s int5sely cold z !y are n[4 ,= ! di/rict 9 :i* ! rema9s ( ,elephants & _! associates are f\nd1 9 almo/ incr$ible abundance1 is t inhospitable coa/ ( nor!rn ,asia :i* b\nds ! ,pol> ,sea4 ,! trees ( a temp]ate climate--! oak1 ! bee*1 ! maple1 ! popl>1 & ! bir*--:i* n[ atta9 _! highe/ limit some:]e ab\t #gj deg4 ( nor? latitude1 & !re are dw>f$ to m9ute %rubs1 appe> !n to h gr[n at ! v v]ge ( ! pol> bas92 & t 9 ! condition ( va/ & luxuriant =e/s1 p]haps occupy+ %elt]$ valleys betwe5 m\nta9s ^: /eep sides 7 cov]$ ) sn[1 already become p]5nial1 & ev] & anon roll+ d[n 9 ov]:elm+ avalan*es1 su* z ^? :i* n[ occasionally desc5d into ! valleys ( ! ,swiss ,alps4 ,! coa/ ( ,suffolk displays a =mation kn[n z ! ,crag--a local "n = gravel--:i* re/s p>tly on ! *alk2 b1 z x lies 9 o!r p>ts ov] ! ,london ,clay1 x is assign$ to ! lat] ,t]ti>y1 or :at is call$ ! ,pleioc5e p]iod4 ,x is divid$ into ! corall9e & ! r$ crag1 ! latt] be+ upp]mo/ :]e !y exi/ toge!r1 & !re=e be+ ! m rec5t4 ,! ,corall9e ,crag is ne>ly compos$ ( corals & %ells1 ! =m] almo/ :olly ext9ct n[2 b ! latt] conta9+ upw>ds ( sev5ty species /ill exi/+ 9 ! adjac5t seas4 ,! ,r$ ,crag conta9s few zoophytes1 b is rem>kable = ! rema9s ( at lea/ five species ( ,:ales4 ,o!r ,mammalia occur 9 ?is =mation1 among :i* are ! r$ de] & ! wild bo> ( mod]n ,europe4 ,! gradual b rapid approximation ( ! ,t]ti>y fauna to t ( ! pres5t surface is well indicat$ by ,mr4 ,lyell's table 7#ahda7 ( rec5t & fossil species 9 ! ,engli% =mations3-- ,p]-c5tage ,no4 ( ,p]iods4 ,localities4 ( fossils rec5t4 comp>$4 ,eoc5e ,london & ,hamp%ire #a or #b #djj ,mioc5e ,r$ & ,corall9e #bj to #cj #dej ,crag1 ,suffolk ,old] ,pleioc5e ,mamalif]\s or ,norwi* #fj to #gj #aaa ,crag ,new] ,pleioc5e ,m>9e /rata ne> #he to #ij #afj ,glasg[ ,po/ ,pleioc5e ,fre%-wat] ( ! valley #ii to #ajj #dj ( ! ,?ames ,x is to ?is p]iod t are assign$ ! animals ^: bones are f\nd 9 a/oni%+ numb]s 9 lime/one cav]ns1 z1 = example1 t notable "o at ,kirkdale1 9 ,york%ire1 :i* 0 exam9$ by ,pr(essor ,buckl&4 ,?is is a cave 9 ! ,oolitic lime/one1 ) a ne>ly level floor1 :i* 0 cov]$ ) a deposit ( mud1 on :i* an irregul> lay] ( sp>ry /alagmite _h =m$ by ! dripp+ ( wat] f ! l[ ro(1 c>ry+ lime 9 solution4 ,b5ea? ?is cru/ ! rema9s 7 f\nd4 ,( ! animals to :i* ! bones belong$1 six 7 ,c>nivora1 viz4 hya5a1 felis1 be>1 wolf1 fox1 weasel2 f\r ,pa*yd]mata1 viz4 elephant1 rh9oc]os1 hippopotamus1 horse2 f\r ,rum9antia1 viz4 ox1 & ?ree species ( de]2 f\r ,rod5tia1 viz4 h>e1 rabbit1 wat]-rat1 m\se2 five ,birds1 viz4 rav51 pigeon1 l>k1 duck1 snipe4 ,! bones 7 almo/ univ]sally brok52 ! fragm5ts exhibit$ no m>ks ( roll+ 9 ! wat]1 b a few 7 corrod$2 "s 7 worn & poli%$ on ! convex surface2 _m ind5t$1 z by ! can9e tee? ( c>nivor\s animals4 ,9 ! cave ! peculi> excrem5t ( hya5as 7album graecum7 0 common2 ! rema9s ( ^! pr$aci\s bea/s 7 ! mo/ abundant ( all ! bones2 _! tee? 7 f\nd 9 e condition1 f ! milk-too? to ! old worn /ump2 & f ! :ole evid5ce ,dr4 ,buckl& adopt$ ! conclusion1 9 :i* almo/ e subsequ5t writ] has acquiesc$1 t ,kirkdale ,cave 0 a d5 ( hya5as dur+ ! p]iod :5 elephants & hippopotami 7n ( exi/+ species7 liv$ 9 ! nor!rn regions ( ! globe1 & t !y dragg$ into x = food ! bodies ( animals :i* frequ5t$ ! vic9ity4#cf ,?us 9 ^! spots we f9d1 obs]ves ,pr(essor ,an/$1 writt5 9 no obscure language1 a portion ( ! e>ly hi/ory ( our isl& aft] x _h acquir$ its pres5t =m1 :ile x 0 clo!d ) vegetation1 & :5 its pla9s & =e/s 7 peopl$ by _m ( ! species :i* /ill exi/ !re2 b :5 !re also dwelt ^u x l>ge c>nivor\s animals1 pr[l+ ab\t ! =e/s by night1 & retir+ by day to ^! natural d5s4 ,9 our own c\ntry1 & 9 _m o!r p>ts ( ! _w1 we f9d fragm5ts ( /one di/ribut$ ov] ! surface1 sometimes 9 ! =m ( enorm\s blocks1 be>+ 9 _! fre% angles evid5ce t !y h be5 little di/urb$ s9ce _! disruption1 b sometimes mu* rubb$ & worn1 & brok5 into small] pieces1 till !y =m :at is kn[n z gravel4 ,9 _m cases ! orig9al rock f :i* ^! masses h be5 sep>at$ does n exi/ 9 ! vic9ity ( _! locality2 & x is n till we rea* a di/ance1 (t5 ( hundr$s ( miles1 t we f9d ! =mation ( :i* !y are a compon5t "p4 ,v>i\s causes h be5 sugge/$ = ! transport ( ^! erratic blocks1 ( :i* ! mo/ satisfactory is ! ag5cy ( ice1 ei!r z sl[-mov+ glaci]s1 or z oceanic iceb]gs4 ,! common =m ( a glaci]1 says ,pr(essor ,j4 ,=bes1 is a riv] ( ice fill+ a valley1 & p\r+ d[n its mass into o!r valleys yet l[]4 ,x is n a froz5 ocean1 b a froz5 torr5t4 ,its orig9 or f\nta9 is 9 ! ramifications ( ! high] valleys & gorges1 :i* desc5d among/ ! m\nta9s p]petually sn[-clad4 ,b :at gives to a glaci] its mo/ peculi> & *>act]i/ic feature is1 t x does n belong exclusively or necess>ily to ! sn[y region already m5tion$4 ,! sn[ disappe>s f its surface 9 summ] z regul>ly z f t ( ! rocks :i* su/a9 its mass4 ,x is ! prolongation or outlet ( ! w9t]-_w above2 its gelid mass is protrud$ into ! mid/ ( w>m & p9e-clad slopes & gre5-sw>d1 & sometimes rea*es ev5 to ! bord]s ( cultivation4#cg ,! glaci] moves onw>d ) a sl[ b /eady m>* t[>ds ! m\? ( its valley4 ,its l[e/ /ratum c>ries ) x num]\s fragm5ts ( rock1 :i*1 press$ by ! weight ( ! mighty mass1 scrat* & ind5t ! surfaces ov] :i* !y move1 & sometimes poli% !m4 ,^! m>ks are se5 on _m rock-surfaces n[ expos$1 & !y are difficult to expla9 on any o!r hypo!sis ?an t ( glacial action4 ,b ! alt]nate influ5ce ( summ] & w9t]--! p]colation ( ra9 into ! m\nta9 fissures1 & ! expansion ( freez+--dislodge great angul> fragm5ts ( rock1 :i* fall on ! glaci] b5ea?4 ,sl[ly b surely ^! !n ride away t[>ds ! m\? ( ! valley1 till !y rea* a po9t :]e ! w>m? ( ! climate does n p]mit ! ice to proce$2 ! blocks !n are deposit$ z ! mass melts4 ,b if ! climate itself 7 elevat$1 or if ! surface 7 l[]$ s z to imm]se ! glaci] 9 ! sea1 x w\ld melt ?r\gh\t its c\rse1 & !n ! blocks w\ld be f\nd arrang$ 9 long l9es or mora9es1 su* z we see n[ 9 _m places4 ,if ! glaci]-valley deb\* on ! sea1 ! ice gradually projects m & m1 until ! motions ( ! waves break (f a great mass1 :i* floats away1 c>ry+ on its surface ! accumulation ( b\ld]s1 gravel1 & o!r debris :i* x _h acquir$ dur+ its =mation4 ,x is n[ an iceb]g1 :i*1 c>ri$ by ! s\!rn curr5ts1 approa*es a w>m] climate1 melts1 & deposits its c>go1 p]haps hundr$s ( leagues f ! valley :]e x 0 %ipp$1 & z fre% z :5 its compon5t fru/a 7 deta*$ f ! primitive rock4 ,if ! abundance ( su* erratic blocks & =eign gravel seem to require a great] am\nt ( glacial action ?an is n[ extant1 x has be5 sugge/$ t ! volcanic en]gy :i* elevat$ ,europe may h be5 succe$$ by a measure ( subsid5ce be=e ! l& atta9$ its pres5t p]man5t condition4 ,h5ce !re may h be51 dur+ ! ,t]ti>y epo*1 m\nta9 *a9s ( great elevation1 suffici5t to supply ! glaci]s1 :i*1 on _! subsid5ce1 melt$ on ! spot :]e !y 7 subm]g$1 or float$ away z iceb]gs on ! pelagic curr5ts1 till !y gr\nd$ on ! bays & inlets ( o!r %ores1 :i* 7 subsequ5tly elevat$ aga94 ,?us a l>ge portion ( ! animals :i* !n inhabit$ ^! isl&s 7up to t "t1 p]haps1 unit$ to ! cont95t7 w\ld be dr[n$1 & _m species q oblit]at$1 a few alone rema9+ to connect our pres5t fauna ) t ( ! subm]g$ area1 :5 ! l& rose aga9 to its exi/5t /ate4 ,x w\ld n mat]ially augm5t ! =ce ( ! evid5ce already adduc$ on ! "q ( *ronology1 to exam9e 9 detail ! fossil rema9s ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 ,au/ralia1 & ,new ,zeal&4 ,! gigantic ,slo?s#ch ( ! fir/1 ! gigantic ,m>supials ( ! second1 & ! gigantic ,birds ( ! ?ird1 h[ev] int]e/+ individually1 & especially z %[+ t a prevail+ type gov]n$ ! fauna 9 ea* locality !n z n[--are all =mations ( ! ,t]ti>y p]iod1 & "s ( !m1 at lea/1 seem to h run on ev5 into ! pres5t epo*4 ,inde$1 x is n q c]ta9 t ! enorm\s birds ( ,new ,zeal& & ,madagasc> are ev5 yet ext9ct4 ,! ph5om5on ( rais$ sea-bea*es is "o ( great int]e/1 & seems to be connect$ ) ! alt]nate elevations & depressions ( ! ,t]ti>y epo*1 p]haps m>k+ ! successive /eps ( ! upheaval ( ! l&4 ,9 sev]al p>ts ( ,engl& ! coa/-l9e exhibits "o or m %elves p>allel ) ! exi/+ sea-bea*1 & cov]$ ) simil> %+le1 s&1 & sea-%ells4 ,& ! same ph5om5on is exhibit$ on a /ill m gigantic scale 9 ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,mr4 ,d>w9#ci f\nd t = a di/ance ( at lea/ #a1bjj miles f ! ,rio de la ,plata to ! ,/raits ( ,magellan on ! ea/]n side1 & = a /ill long] di/ance on ! we/1 ! coa/-l9e & ! int]ior h be5 rais$ to a height ( n less ?an #ajj feet 9 ! nor!rn "p1 b z mu* z #djj feet 9 ,patagonia4 ,all ?is *ange has tak5 place )9 a comp>atively %ort p]iod2 = 9 ,valp>aiso1 :]e ! effect is mo/ consid]able1 mod]n m>9e deposits1 ) human rema9s1 are se5 at ! height ( #a1cjj feet above ! sea4 ,at :at exact po9t1 geologically1 ! p]iod ( human hi/ory beg9s1 x is impossible to say4 ,no evid5ce ( ,man's pres5ce has occurr$ old] ?an ! late/ ,t]ti>y deposits1 :i* ins5sibly m]ge into ! ,alluvial4 ,x seems c]ta9 t human rema9s h be5 f\nd 9 *ronological association ) ^? ( animals long ext9ct1 & !re appe>s no reason to d\bt t "s species ( animals1 z ! ,iri% ,de]1 ! ,moa ( ,new ,zeal&1 & ! ,dodo ( ! ,mauritius1 h disappe>$ f creation )9 a p]iod ( a few c5turies4#dj ,x is n improbable t ! la/ ( ! ,moho race may h liv$ only long en\gh to grace ! pages ( ! ,birds ( ,au/ralia4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,moho4 ,x is z important z x is int]e/+1 to obs]ve t ! same k9ds ( physical op]ations h be51 )9 ! pres5t epo*1 & are /ill1 go+ on1 z ^? ^: results are *ronicl$ 9 ! rocks4 ,/rata ( alluvium are con/antly be+ =m$ on a scale :i*1 ?\gh x does n sudd5ly affect ! outl9e ( coa/s1 & !re=e appe>s small1 yet is great 9 reality4 ,! ,ganges is e/imat$ to p\r into ! ,indian ,ocean ne>ly #f1djj millions ( tons ( mud e ye>2 & its delta is a triangle ^: sides are two hundr$ miles long4 ,! delta ( ! ,mississippi is ( ab\t ! same size1 & x advances /eadily into ! ,gulf ( ,mexico at ! rate ( a mile 9 a c5tury4 ,! accumulation ( riv]-mud is gradually fill+ up ! ,adriatic ,sea4 ,f ! nor!rnmo/ po9t ( ! ,gulf ( ,trie/e to ! s\? ( ,rav5na1 !re is an un9t]rupt$ s]ies ( rec5t accessions ( l&1 m ?an a hundr$ miles 9 l5g?1 :i*1 )9 ! la/ tw5ty c5turies1 h increas$ f two to tw5ty miles 9 bread?4 ,! coral-polypes are work+ /ill ) great en]gy4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 m5tions two or ?ree examples ( ! rate ( increase1 "o ( :i* only ,i %all cite4 ,9 ! lagoon ( ,keel+ ,atoll1 a *annel 0 dug = ! passage ( a s*oon] built ^u ! isl&1 ?r\gh ! reef into ! sea2 9 t5 ye>s aft]w>d1 :5 x 0 exam9$1 x 0 f\nd almo/ *ok$ up ) liv+ coral4 ,volcanic action is busy 9 _m p>ts ( ! e>?1 p\r+ =? cl\ds ( a%es & torr5ts ( molt5 rock2 & in/ances are n want+ 9 :i* new isl&s h be5 rais$ f ! b$ ( ! ocean by ?is means1 )9 ! sph]e ( hi/ory4 ,sl[ & p]man5t *anges ( level are /ill be+ produc$ on ! e>?'s cru/4 ,! bottom ( ! ,baltic has be51 = sev]al c5turies at lea/1 9 process ( cont9u\s elevation1 ! effects ( :i* are palpable4 ,_m rocks =m]ly cov]$ are n[ p]man5tly expos$2 *annels betwe5 islets1 =m]ly us$1 are n[ clos$ up1 & b$s ( m>9e %ells h become b>e4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! :ole area ( ! ,pacific ,polynesia seems subsid+4 ,deposits are be+ made by wat]s :i* hold e>?y sub/ances 9 solution4 ,! pr9cipal ( ^! is lime4 ,sev]al rem>kable examples ( ?is k9d are quot$ by ,sir ,*>les ,lyell1 9 "o ( :i* !re is a ?ickness ( #bjj or #cjj feet ( trav]t9e ( rec5t deposit1 :ile 9 ano!r a solid mass ?irty feet ?ick 0 deposit$ 9 ab\t tw5ty ye>s4 ,he also /ates t !re are o!r c\ntless places 9 ,italy :]e ! con/ant =mation ( lime/one may be se51 :ile ! same may be said ( ,auv]gne & o!r volcanic di/ricts4 ,9 ! ,azores1 ,icel&1 & else:]e1 silica is deposit$ (t5 to a consid]able ext5t4 ,deposits ( asphalt & o!r bitum9\s products occur 9 o!r places4#da ,! floors ( lime/one cav]ns are frequ5tly /rewn ) fossil bones1 :i* are imb$d$ 9 /alagmite1 & ?is incru/ation is /ill 9 progress ( =mation4 ,x is rem>kable t 9 ?is deposit alone we obta9 ! bones ( ,man 9 a fossil condition4 ,! two creations1--! ext9ct & ! extant1--or r ! pro*ronic & ! dia*ronic--"h unite4 ,b !re is no l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 !m2 !y m]ge ins5sibly into ea* o!r4 ,! bones ( ,man1 & ev5 8 implem5ts & fragm5ts ( pott]y1 are f\nd m+l$ ) ! skeletons ( ext9ct animals 9 ! caves ( ,devon%ire1 9 ^? ( ,brazil1#db & 9 ^? ( ,franconia4 ,9 ,p]u1 "s scores ( human skeletons h be5 f\nd 9 a b$ ( trav]t9e1 associat$ ) m>9e %ells2 ! /ratum itself be+ cov]$ by a deep lay] ( vegetable soil1 =m+ ! face ( a hill cr[n$ ) l>ge trees4 ,f a v int]e/+ pap] by ,m4 ,m>cel de ,s]res1 x appe>s indubitable t ! exi/+ %ells ( ! ,m$it]ranean are ev5 n[ pass+ 9 numb]s into ! fossil /ate1 & t n 9 quiet spots only1 b :]e ! sea is subject to viol5t agitations4 ,specim5s ( common species1 completely petrifi$1 h be5 conv]t$ into c>bonate ( lime at ! same "t t !y h lo/ ! animal matt] :i* !y orig9ally conta9$4 ,_! h>dness & solidity are great] ?an ^? ( "s petrifi$ species f t]ti>y =mations4 ,9 ! collection ( ,m4 ,d\met1 ,mayor ( ,cette1 !re exi/s an an*or :i* exhibits ! same circum/ances1 & :i* is also cov]$ ) a lay] ( solid calc>e\s matt]4 ,?is conta9s specim5s ( ,pect51 ,c>dium1 & ,o/rea1 completely petrifi$1 & ! h>dness ( :i* is equal to t ( fossil species f second>y =mations4 ,on ! surface ( ! deposit 9 :i* ! an*or is imb$d$1 !re are ,anomiae & ,s]pulae1 :i* 7 liv+ :5 ! an*or 0 got out ( ! sea2 ^! pres5t no trace ( alt]ation4#dc ,?us we h br\ght d[n ! record to an era embrac$ by human hi/ory1 & ev5 to individual exp]i5ce2 & we confid5tly ask1 ,is x possible1 is x imag9able1 t ! :ole ( ! ph5om5a :i* occur bel[ ! diluvial deposits c h be5 produc$ )9 six days1 or sev5te5 c5turies8 ,let u recapitulate ! pr9cipal facts4 #a4 ,! cru/ ( ! e>? is compos$ ( _m lay]s1 plac$ "o on ano!r 9 regul> ord]4 ,all ( ^! are solid1 & mo/ are ( great d5sity & h>dness4 ,mo/ ( !m are ( va/ ?ickness1 ! aggregate n be+ less ?an f sev5 to t5 miles4 #b4 ,! e>li] ( ^! 7 made & consolidat$ be=e ! new] 7 =m$2 = 9 sev]al cases1 x is demon/rable t ! latt] 7 made out ( ! debris ( ! =m]4 ,?us ! compact & h>d granite 0 dis9tegrat$ gra9 by gra92 ! compon5t granules 7 roll$ a:ile 9 ! sea till _! angles 7 rubb$ d[n2 !y 7 sl[ly deposit$1 & !n consolidat$ 9 lay]s4 #c4 ,a simil> process goes on aga9 & aga9 to =m o!r /rata1 all occupy+ long "t1 & all presuppos+ ! e>li] ones4#dd #d4 ,aft] "s /rata h be5 =m$ & solidifi$1 convulsions =ce !m upw>d1 contort !m1 break !m1 split !m asund]4 ,melt$ matt] is driv5 ?r\gh ! outlets1 fills ! ve9s1 spreads ov] ! surface1 settles into ! holl[s1 cools & solidifies4 #e4 ,aft] ! outfl[+ & consolidation ( ^! volcanic /reams1 ! action ( runn+ wat] cuts !m d[n1 cleav+ b$s ( imm5se dep? ?r\gh _! sub/ance4 ,mr4 ,p\lett ,scrope1 speak+ ( ! solidifi$ /reams ( basalt1 9 ! volcanic di/rict ( ,s\!rn ,france1 obs]ves3-- ,^! anci5t curr5ts h s9ce be5 corrod$ by riv]s1 :i* h worn ?r\gh a mass ( #aej feet 9 height1 & =m$ a *annel ev5 9 ! granite rocks b5ea?1 s9ce ! lava fir/ fl[$ into ! valley4 ,9 ano!r spot1 a b$ ( basalt1 #afj feet high1 has be5 cut ?r\gh by a m\nta9 /ream4 ,! va/ excavations effect$ by ! erosive p[] ( curr5ts along ! valleys :i* fe$ ! ,arde*e1 s9ce _! invasion by lava-curr5ts1 prove t ev5 ! mo/ rec5t ( ^! volcanic eruptions belong to an era incalculably remote4#de #f4 ,a s]ies ( organic be+s appe>s1 lives1 g5]ates1 dies2 lives1 g5]ates1 dies2 = ?\s&s & ?\s&s ( successive g5]ations4 ,t9y polypes gradually build up gigantic masses ( coral1--m\nta9s & reefs--microscopic =am9if]a accumulate /rata ( calc>e\s s&2 /ill m m9ute infusoria--=ty millions to ! in*--make slates1 _m y>ds ?ick1 ( _! %ells alone4 #g4 ,! species at l5g? die out--a process :i* we h no data to measure1#df ?\gh we may reasonably conclude x v long4 ,sometimes ! :ole exi/+ fauna seems to h come to a sudd5 viol5t end2 at o!rs1 ! species die out "o by "o4 ,9 ! =m] case sudd5ly1 9 ! latt] progressively1 new creatures supply ! place ( ! old4 ,n only d species *ange2 ! v g5]a *ange1 & *ange aga94 ,=ms ( be+s1 /range be+s1 be+s ( unc\? %ape1 ( mighty f]ocity & p[]1 ( gigantic dim5sions1 come 91 run _! specific race1 propagate _! k9ds g5]ation aft] g5]ation1--& at l5g? die out & disappe>2 to be replac$ by o!r species1 ea* approa*+ ne>] & ne>] to famili> =ms4 #h4 ,?\gh ^! e>ly creatures 7 unp>allel$ by any?+ exi/+ n[1 yet !y 7 animals ( l /ructure & economy ess5tially4 ,we c det]m9e _! analogies & aff9ities2 appo9t !m _! prop] places 9 ! ord]ly plan ( nature1 & %[ h[ beautifully !y fill hiatuses !re94 ,!y _h %ells1 cru/s1 plates1 bones1 horns1 tee?1 exactly correspond+ 9 /ructure & function to ^? ( rec5t animals4 ,9 "s cases we f9d ! "y ) its milk-tee? by ! side ( its dam ) well-worn gr9d]s4 ,! fossil excrem5t is se5 n only dropp$1 b ev5 9 ! alim5t>y canal4 ,bones be> ! m>ks ( gnaw+ tee? t dragg$ !m & crack$ !m1 & f$ ^u !m4 ,! foot-pr9ts ( birds & frogs1 ( crabs & worms1 are impr9t$ 9 ! soil1 l ! fai?ful impression ( a seal4#dg #i4 ,millions ( =e/-trees sprang up1 t[]$ to heav51 & fell1 to be cru%$ into ! coal /rata :i* make our w9t] fires4 ,hundr$s ( feet measure ! ?ickness ( :at 7 once succul5t plants1 b press$ toge!r l pap]-pulp1 & consolidat$ "u a weight absolutely imm5surable4 ,yet !re rema9 ! scales ( _! /ems1 ! elegant reticulat$ patt]ns ( _! b>k1 ! delicate trac]y ( _! leaf-n]ves1 indelibly depict$ by an unpat5t$ process ( nature-pr9t+4 ,& :5 we exam9e ! record1--! =ms ( ! leaves1 ! /ructure ( ! tissues1 we get ! same result z be=e1 t ! plants belong$ to a flora :i* _h no species 9 common ) t :i* adorns ! mod]n e>?4 ,v gradually1 & only aft] _m successions1 n ( individual g5]ations1 b ( ! cycles ( species1 g5]a1 & ev5 families1 did ! vegetable creation con=m itself to ours4#dh #aj4 ,at l5g? ! species bo? ( plants & animals grew1--n by alt]ation ( _! specific *>act]s1 b by replacem5t ( species by species--m & m l :at we h n[ on ! e>?1 & f9ally m]g$ into our pres5t flora & fauna1 ab\t ! "t :5 we f9d ! fir/ geological traces ( ,,man4 #aa4 ,dur+ ! c\rse ( ^! successive cycles ( organic life1 ! map ( ! _w has *ang$ _m times4 ,up to a late p]iod ! ocean wa%$ ov] ,mont ,blanc & ,m\nt ,ar>at2 ! cont95t ( ,europe 0 a wide sea2 !n x 0 a ,polynesia1 !n an ,ar*ipelago ( great isl&s1 !n a ,cont95t mu* l>g] ?an x is n[1 ) ,engl& unit$ to x1 & ! solid l& /ret*+ f> away into ! ,atlantic2--!n x sank aga91 & 0 aga9 rais$1 n all at once1 b by sev]al /ages1 ea* ( :i* has left its coa/ l9e1 & its %+le bea*4 ,all ^! *anges mu/ h be5 ! "w ( va/ p]iods ( "t4 ,except+ possibly1 b n c]ta9ly1 ! high] p>ts ( "s m\nta9s1 :i* at widely diff]5t epo*s h be5 upheav$1 & made to elevate & pi]ce ! /ratifi$ masses :i* once lay ov] !m1 !re is sc>cely a spot on ! e>?'s surface :i* has n be5 _m times 9 succession ! bottom ( ! sea1 & a portion ( dry l&4 ,9 ! majority ( cases1 x is %[n1 by physical evid5ces ( ! mo/ decisive k9d1 t ea* ( ^? successive conditions 0 ( extremely long duration2 a duration :i* x w\ld be presumptu\s to put into any e/imate ( ye>s or c5turies2 = any alt]ation1 ( :i* ve/iges occur 9 ! zoological /ate & ! m9]al con/itution ( ! e>?'s pres5t surface1 furni%es no analogy 7) reg>d to ! nature & cont9uance ( causes71 t approa*es 9 greatness ( "* to ^? *anges ^: evid5ces are disc]nible 9 almo/ any two cont9u\s /rata4 ,x is an inevitable inf]5ce1 unless we are dispos$ to ab&on ! pr9ciples ( fair reason+1 t ea* "o ( su* *anges 9 organic life did n take place till aft] ! next prec$+ condition ( ! e>? _h cont9u$ ?r\gh a duration1 comp>$ ) :i* six ?\s& ye>s appe> an inconsid]able fraction ( "t4#di #ab4 ,! climate ( our atmosph]e has und]gone correspond+ mutations4 ,at "o "t ! ,palms1 ! ,treef]ns1 ! ,cycads ( ! tropical jungles f\nd _! cong5ial home "h3 ! ,elephant1 ! ,rh9oc]os1 & ! ,tig] roam$ ov] ,engl&2 nay1 dwelt 9 c\ntless ho/s on ! nor!rn %ores ( ,sib]ia3 !n ! climate gradually cool$ to a temp]ate condition3 !n x became cold1 & glaci]s & iceb]gs 7 its *>act]i/ic features3 f9ally x became temp]ate aga94 #ac4 ,! iceb]gs & ! glaci]s 7 ! %ips & railways ( pa/ epo*s2 !y 7 freight$ ) _! heavy b wor?less c>goes ( rock-b\ld]s & gravel1 & set out on _! long voyages & travels1 ov] sea & l&1 sometimes writ+ _! log-books 9 ineffaceable scrat*es on ! rocky tables ov] :i* !y pass$1 & at l5g? dis*>g+ _! freights 9 h>b\rs & bays1 on inl& pla9s1 on m\nta9 sides & summits1 :]e !y rema9 unclaim$1 free = any trad] 9 su* commodities1 )\t ! c]emony ( produc+ ! orig9al bill ( lad+4 ,let ! rema9d] be told 9 ! words ( "o ( our mo/ eloqu5t & able geologi/s1 ,pr(essor ,s$gwick4 ,! fossils demon/rate ! "t to h be5 long1 ?\gh we _c say h[ long4 ,?us we h g5]ation aft] g5]ation ( %ell-fi%1 t h liv$ & di$ on ! spots :]e we f9d !m2 v (t5 demon/rat+ ! lapse ( _m ye>s = a few p]p5dicul> in*es ( deposit4 ,9 "s b$s we h l>ge1 cold-blood$ reptiles1 creatures ( long life4 ,9 o!rs1 we h traces ( anci5t =e/s1 & enorm\s fossil trees1 ) conc5tric r+s ( /ructure1 m>k+ ! ye>s ( gr[?4 ,ph5om5a ( ?is k9d are repeat$ aga9 & aga92 s t we h ?ree or f\r di/9ct sy/ems ( deposit1 ea* =m$ at a di/9ct p]iod ( "t1 & ea*1 *>act]is$ by its peculi> fossils4 ,coeval ) ! ,t]ti>y masses1 we h enorm\s lacu/r9e deposits2 sometimes made up ( v f9e ?9 lam9ae1 m>k+ sl[ tranquil deposits4 ,among ^! lam9ae1 we c f9d sometimes ! leaf-%$d+s & ! insects ( successive seasons4 ,among !m also we f9d almo/ m\nta9-masses ( ! ,indusioe tubulatoe ! cases ( ,phryganeoe1 & o!r %$d+s ( insects1 ye> aft] ye>4 ,aga91 /reams ( anci5t lava alt]nate ) "s ( ^! lacu/r9e t]ti>y deposits4 ,9 c5tral ,france1 a great /ream ( lava caps ! lacu/r9e lime/one4 ,at a subsequ5t p]iod ! wat]s h excavat$ deep valleys1 cutt+ d[n into ! lacu/r9e rock-m>ble _m hundr$ feet2 &1 at a new] epo*1 ant]ior to ! au!ntic hi/ory ( ,europe1 new crat]s h op5$1 & fre% /reams ( lava h run d[n ! exi/+ valleys4 ,ev5 9 ! ,t]ti>y p]iod we h ?us a s]ies ( demon/rative pro(s ( a long succession ( physical ev5ts1 ea* ( :i* requir$ a long lapse ( ages = its elaboration4 ,aga91 z we pass d[nw>ds f ! bottom ,t]ti>y b$s to ! ,*alk1 we in/antly f9d new types ( organic life4 ,! old species1 :i* exi/ 9 millions ( individuals 9 ! upp] b$s1 disappe>1 & new species are f\nd 9 ! *alk imm$iately bel[4 ,?is fact indicates a long lapse ( "t4 ,_h ! *alk & upp] b$s be5 =m$ simultane\sly at ! same p]iod z ! support]s ( ! diluvial !ory repres5t1 _! organic rema9s mu/ h be5 m or less mix$2 b !y are n4 ,aga91 at ! base ( ! ,t]ti>y deposits re/+ on ! ,*alk1 we (t5 f9d great masses ( conglom]ate or %+le1 made up ( *alk-fl9ts roll$ by wat]4 ,^! sep>ate ! ,*alk f ! ov]ly+ b$s1 & _m ( ! roll$ fl9ts conta9 c]ta9 petrifi$ *alk-fossils4 ,n[1 e su* fossil proves ! foll[+ po9ts3-- #a4 ,!re 0 a "t :5 ! organic body 0 alive at ! bottom ( ! sea4 #b4 ,x 0 aft]w>ds imb$d$ 9 ! cretace\s deposit4 #c4 ,x became petrifi$2 a v sl[ process4 #d4 ,! ,*alk 01 by "s *ange ( m>9e curr5ts1 wa%$ away1 or degrad$1 i4 e4 worn away "u ! atmosph]e by ! wea!r & casualties1 a process sl[ almo/ beyond description1 & ! solid fl9ts & fossils ?us deta*$ f _! imb$d+s1 7 roll$ into %+les4 #e4 ,aft]w>ds1 ^! %+les 7 cov]$ up1 & buri$ "u ,t]ti>y deposits4 ,9 ?is way ( int]pretation1 a section ( a few p]p5dicul> feet indicates a ,,long lapse ( "t1 & ! co-ord9ate fact ( ! entire *ange ( organic types1 betwe5 ! b$s above & ^? bel[1 falls 9 ) ! prec$+ inf]5ce1 & %[s ! lapse ( "t to h be5 ,,v ,,long4#ej ,,iv4 ,,! ,,cross-,,exam9ation4 ,:5 ! fact itself _c be prov$1 t :i* comes ne>e/ to ! pro( ( ! fact is ! pro( ( ! circum/ances t necess>ily & usually att5d su* facts2 & ^! are call$ presumptions1 & n pro(s1 = !y /& in/ead ( ! pro(s ( ! fact1 till ! contr>y be prov$4--,,gilb]t2 ,,law ,,( ,,evid5ce4 ,su*1 !n1 is ! evid5ce = ! macro-*ronology4 ,i hope ,i h summ$ x up fairly2 ( c\rse1 _m details ,i h be5 =bidd5 to adduce by want ( space1 b !y w\ld h be5 ( ! same k9d z ^? br\ght =w>d4 ,i am n consci\s ( hav+ 9 any degree cu%ion$1 or conceal$1 or und]/at$ a s+le pro( :i* w\ld h help$ ! conclusion4 ,a mighty array ( evid5ce x c]ta9ly is1 & su* z appe>s at fir/ sight to compel our ass5t to ! sequ5t claim$ = x4 ,i mu/ confess t ,i h no sympa?y ) ! reason+s ( ^?1 h[ev] ,i hon\r _! design1 :o c f9d a suffici5t cause = ^! ph5om5a 9 ! natural op]ations ( ! ,ant$iluvian c5turies1 or 9 ! convulsion t clos$ !m4 ,b is !re no o!r alt]native8 ,am ,i compell$ to accept ! conclusions drawn f ! ph5om5a ?us witness$ unto1 z und5iable facts1 s9ce !y refuse to be normally circumscrib$ )9 ! limits ( ! hi/oric p]iod8 ,i v]ily believe !re is ano!r1 & a p]fectly legitimate solution4 ,my fir/ bus9ess is to exam9e1 &1 if ,i c1 to disprove ?is te/imony4 ,if ,i c %[ ! witness to be liable to error2 if ,i c adduce a pr9ciple :i* invalidates all 8 pro(s2 if ,i c make x und5iably manife/ t1 9 a case precisely p>allel1 simil> conclusions1 d$uc$ f exactly analog\s ph5om5a1 w\ld be notori\sly false2 if ,i c d ?is1 ,i ?9k ,i h a "r to dem& t ! witness be b[$ out ( c\rt1 z p]fectly nugatory & wor?less 9 ?is cause4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !re is no?+ "h b circum/antial evid5ce2 !re is no direct te/imony to ! facts s\ght to be e/abli%$4 ,let x n seem unfair to make ?is di/9ction2 x is "o ( great importance4 ,no witness has depos$ to actual obs]vation ( ! processes above enum]at$2 no "o has appe>$ 9 c\rt :o decl>es he actually saw ! liv+ ,pt]odactyle fly+ ab\t1 or he>d ! w9ds sigh+ 9 ! tops ( ! ,lepidod5dra4 ,y w say1 ,x is ! same ?+2 we h se5 ! skeleton ( ! "o1 & ! cru%$ trunk ( ! o!r1 & !re=e we are z sure ( _! pa/ exi/5ce z if we _h be5 !re at ! "t4 ,no1 x is n ! same ?+2 x is n q ! same ?+2 ,,n ,,q4 ,/rong z is ! evid5ce1 x is n q s /rong z if y _h actually se5 ! liv+ ?+s1 & _h be5 consci\s ( ! pass+ ( "t :ile y saw !m live4 ,x is only by a process ( reason+ t y inf] !y liv$ at all4#ea ,! process is some?+ l ?is4 ,"h is an object 9 a mass ( /one1 :i* has a def9ite =m1--! =m ( ! bone ( a bea/4 ,! m m9utely y exam9e x1 ! m po9ts ( resemblance y f9d2 y say1 ,if ?is is a bone1 x ought to h s & s--condyles1 sc>s = ! atta*m5t ( muscles 9 p>ticul> spots1 a cavity = ! reception ( m>r[1 a m>k = ! ins]tion ( ! ligam5t2 y look = ea* ( ^!1 & f9d all 9 ! v conditions y h prescrib$2 x is n only a bone1 b a p>ticul> bone1 ! ?igh-bone1 = in/ance4 ,"h 9 ! same block ( /one is ano!r object3 y "w x out2 x is ano!r bone2 its jo9t accurately fits ! prec$+2 x answ]s precisely to ! tibia ( a mammal4 ,o!r bones at l5g? appe>1 & y h got a p]fect skeleton1 no "p r$undant1 none want+2 ! mo/ m9ute1 ! mo/ elaborate1 ! mo/ delicate portions ( ! osse\s frame ( a mammal are pres5t1 & e "o exactly correspond5t to ! re/ 9 size1 9 maturity1 9 fit4 ,ea* bone1 out ( ! scores1 displays exactly ^? *>act]s1 & no o!r1 :i* an anatomi/ w\ld h said be=eh& x ought to h4 ,all[+ = ! diff]5ce ( species1 ! skeleton1 :5 work$ out ( its matrix1 & set up1 is precisely l t ( ! little bea/ at ^: dea? y 7 actually pres5t1 ^: bones y clean$ ) y\r own h&s1 & m\nt$ = y\r own museum4 ,x w\ld be z reasonable to d5y t ! "o is ! skeleton ( a real animal z ! o!r4 ,?us f> !re is matt] ( fact--obs]v$1 witness$ fact2 y h f\nd 9 a /one a real skeleton4 ,y imm$iately inf] t ?is skeleton once belong$ to a liv+ animal1 t brea!d1 & f$1 & walk$ ab\t1 exactly z animals d n[4 ,?is conclusion seems s obvi\s & unavoidable1 t we naturally conclude x to re/ on ! same f\ndation z ! fact t ! object is a skeleton1 or t x 0 9 ! /one4 ,b really x re/s on a totally diff]5t f\ndation2 x is a conclusion d$uc$ by a process ( reason+ f c]ta9 assum$ premises4 ,myriads1 p]haps millions ( skeletons ( animals l ?is "o h come at diff]5t times "u human obs]vation1 :i* h be5 obvi\sly ref]rible to creatures t1 )9 ! same sph]e ( obs]vation1 _h be5 alive4 ,no simil> skeleton has ev] come )9 ! range ( record$ obs]vation t c\ld be ref]r$ to any o!r s\rce ?an t ( a quondam liv+ animal4 ,on ^! premises y build ! conclusion t a skeleton mu/1 at "s "t or o!r1 h belong$ to a liv+ animal4 ,& x may seem an impregnable position2 b yet its validity altoge!r dep5ds on ! exhau/ive p[] ( human obs]vation4 ,if ,i c\ld %[1 to y\r satisfaction1 t a skeleton might h exi/$2 /ill m1 if ,i c\ld %[ y t a skeleton mu/ h exi/$2 /ill m1 if ,i c\ld prove t myriads ( skeletons1 precisely l ?is1 mu/ h exi/$1 )\t ev] hav+ =m$ p>ts ( antec$5t liv+ bodies2 y w\ld y\rself ackn[l$ge t y\r conclusions 7 unt5able4 ,! utmo/ y c\ld affirm1 w\ld be1 t possibly1 p]haps probably1 ! skeleton y _h f\nd 9 ! /one _h at "s "t belong$ to a liv+ animal1 b t1 s f> z any recognis$ premises exi/1 !re 0 no c]ta9ty ab\t x4 ,b ! premises h n be5 fairly /at$4 ,!re is m ?an ! relation ( prec$5ce & sequ5ce 9 :at we "k ( ! connexion betwe5 skeletons & liv+ animals2 !re is ! relation ( cause & effect4 ,x is n only t univ]sal exp]i5ce has decl>$ ! fact t e skeleton 0 once "p ( a liv+ body2 x has %[n t ! v /ructure & nature ( ! skeleton impli$ liv+ body4 ,! skeleton1 9 e "p1 displays a reg>d = ! advantages ( ! liv+ animal2 x is built expressly = x2 by itself x is no?+--a ma*9e )\t any object2 its jo9ts1 its cavities1 its apophyses1 its processes1 all h special ref]5ce to tissues & organs :i* are n "h n[1 b :i* belong to ! liv+ body4 ,& !n exp]i5ce has %[n t ! skeleton is made 9 a p>ticul> mann]4 ,! bone is deposit$1 atom by atom1 9 liv+ organic cells1 :i* are =m$ by liv+ blood1 :i* implies a liv+ animal4 ,! microscopic texture ( y\r /one-girt skeleton does n diff] f t ( ! skeleton :i* y clean$ f ! muscles ) y\r own h&s2 & !re=e y inf] t x 0 con/ruct$ 9 ! same way1 namely1 by ! blood ( a liv+ body4 ,well1 ,i come back1 not)/&+1 to my position1--t y\r "r to affirm ?is mu/ altoge!r dep5d on ! exhau/ive p[] ( t exp]i5ce on :i* y build4 ,& x w be ov]?r[n1 if ,i c %[ t skeletons h be5 made 9 "s o!r way ?an by ! ag5cy ( liv+ blood4 ,c ,i d ?is8 ,i ?9k ,i c4 ,at lea/ ,i ?9k ,i c %[ en\gh greatly to dim9i%1 if n altoge!r to de/roy1 ! confid5ce ) :i* y inf]r$ ! exi/5ce ( va/ p]iods ( pa/ "t f geological ph5om5a4 ,i c adduce a pr9ciple1 hav+ ! univ]sality 7)9 its prop] sph]e7 ( ,,law1 hi!rto unrecognis$1 ^: t5d5cy is to invalidate ! te/imony ( y\r witness4 ,v4 ,,po/ulates4 ,a little philosophy incl9e? a man's m9d to a!ism2 b dep? 9 philosophy br+e? m5's m9ds ab\t to religion2 = :ile ! m9d ( man looke? ^u second causes scatt]$1 x may sometimes re/ 9 !m1 & g no f>!r2 b :5 x beholde? ! *a9 ( !m conf$]ate & l9k$ toge!r1 x mu/ ne$s fly to ,provid5ce & ,deity4--,,bacon4 ',:at 0 ! op9ion ( ,py?agoras conc]n+ wildf[l8' ',t ! s\l ( our gr&-dam might haply inhabit a bird4' ',:at ?9ke/ ?\ ( 8 op9ion8' ',i ?9k nobly ( ! s\l1 & 9 n[ise receive 8 op9ion4' ,,%akspe>e4 ,z )\t "s common gr\nd x is impossible to reason1 ,i %all take = grant$ ! two foll[+ pr9ciples3-- ,i4 ,,! ,,creation ,,( ,,matt]4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,p]si/5ce ,,( ,,species4 ,i4 ,if any geologi/ take ! position ( ! necess>y et]nity ( matt]1 disp5s+ ) a ,creator1 on ! old gr\nd1 ex nihilo nihil fit1--,i d n argue ) him4 ,i assume t at "s p]iod or o!r 9 pa/ et]nity !re exi/$ no?+ b ! ,et]nal ,god1 & t ,he call$ ! univ]se into be+ out ( no?+4 ,,ii4 ,i dem& also1 9 opposition to ! developm5t hypo!sis1 ! p]petuity ( specific *>act]s1 f ! mom5t :5 ! respective creatures 7 call$ into be+1 till !y cease to be4 ,i assume t ea* organism :i* ! ,creator educ$ 0 /amp$ ) an indelible specific "*1 :i* made x :at x 01 & di/+ui%$ x f ev]y?+ else1 h[ev] ne> or l4 ,i assume t su* "* has be51 & is1 indelible & immutable2 t ! *>act]s :i* di/+ui% species f species n[1 7 z def9ite at ! fir/ in/ant ( _! creation z n[1 & are z di/9ct n[ z !y 7 !n4 ,if any *oose to ma9ta91 z _m d1 t species 7 gradually br\ght to _! pres5t maturity f humbl] =ms1--:e!r by ! =ce ( appet5cy 9 individuals1 or by progressive developm5t 9 g5]ations--he is welcome to 8 hypo!sis1 b ,i h no?+ to d ) x4 ,^! pages w n t\* him4 ,i believe1 h[ev]1 !re is a l>ge prepond]ance ( ! m5 ( sci5ce1#eb at lea/ 9 ?is c\ntry1 :o w be at "o ) me "h4 ,!y ackn[l$ge ! almighty fiat ( ,god1 z ! en]gy :i* produc$ be+2 & !y ma9ta9 t ! specific "* :i* ,he !n /amp$ on 8 organic creation rema9s un*angeable4 ,,vi4 ,,laws4 ----,greek3 ton tro*on tes g5eseos4--,,james iii4 #f4 ,! c\rse ( nature is a circle4 ,i d n mean ! plan ( nature2 ,i am n speak+ ( a circul> arrangem5t ( species1 g5]a1 families1 & classes1 z ma9ta9$ by ,mac,leay1 ,swa9son1 & o!rs4 ,_! !ories may be true1 or !y may be false2 ,i decide no?+ conc]n+ !m2 ,i am n allud+ to any plan ( nature1 b to its c\rse1 cursus1--! way 9 :i* x runs on4 ,?is is a circle4 ,"h is 9 my g>d5 a sc>let runn]4 ,x is a sl5d] tw9+ /em "s ?ree feet long1 beset ) leaves1 ) a gr[+ bud at "o end1 & ) ! o!r ins]t$ 9 ! e>?4 ,:at 0 x a mon? ago8 ,a t9y %oot protrud+ f betwe5 two ?ick fle%y leaves sc>cely rais$ above ! gr\nd4 ,a mon? be=e t8 ,! ?ick fle%y leaves 7 two oval cotyl$ons1 closely appress$ face to face1 ) ! m9ute plumule betwe5 !m1 ! :ole enclos$ 9 an unbrok51 tightly-fitt+1 spott$1 lea!ry coat4 ,x 0 a bean1 a se$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,g]m9ation ,,( ,a ,,sc>let ,,runn]4 a4 ,! ripe bean1 %[+ ! hilum at 992 b4 ,! same bean1 ) "o cotyl$on remov$1 to %[ ! plumule4 c4 ,a simil> bean1 tw5ty-f\r h\rs aft] plant+4 d4 ,! same1 on ! six? day aft] plant+4 e4 ,! same1 on ! twelf? day4 f4 ,! same1 on ! f\rte5? day4 ,n4,b4 ,f b1 c1 d1 e1 ! front cotyl$on has be5 cut away1 to %[ ! progress ( ! plumule4 ,0 ?is ! comm5cem5t ( its exi/5ce8 ,o no6 ,six mon?s e>li] /ill x 0 snugly ly+1 ) sev]al o!rs l itself1 9 a gre5 fle%y pod1 to ! int]ior ( :i* x 0 organically atta*$4 ,a mon? be=e t1 ?is same pod ) its cont5ts 0 ! c5tre ( a sc>let butt]fly-l fl[]1 ! bottom ( its pi/il1 )9 :i*1 if y _h split x op51 y w\ld h disc]n$ ! t9y beans1 ^: hi/ory we are trac+ backw>ds1 ea* imb$d$ 9 ! s(t gre5 tissue1 b no bigg] ?an ! eye ( a cambric ne$le4 ,b :]e 0 ?is fl[]8 ,x 0 "o ( _m t gl[$ on my g>d5 wall all ?r\gh la/ summ]2 ea* clu/] spr++ z a bud f a sl5d] tw9+ /em1 :i* 0 ! exact c\nt]p>t ( t ) :i* we comm5c$ ?is little life-hi/ory4 ,& ?is e>li] /em1--:at ( x8 ,x too _h be5 a %oot1 a pair ( cotyl$ons ) a plumule1 a se$1 an integral "p ( a c>pel1 :i* 0 a "p ( an e>li] fl[]1 t exp&$ f an e>li] bud1 t grew out ( an e>li] /em1 t _h be5 a /ill e>li] se$1 t _h be5--& backw>d1 ad inf9itum1 = aught t ,i c p]ceive4 ,! c\rse1 !n1 ( a sc>let runn] is a circle1 )\t beg9n+ or end3--t is1 ,i mean1 )\t a natural1 a normal beg9n+ or end4 ,= at :at po9t ( its hi/ory c y put y\r f+]1 & say1 ,"h is ! comm5cem5t ( ?is organism1 be=e :i* !re is a blank2 "h x began to exi/8 ,!re is no su* po9t2 no /age :i* does n look back to a previ\s /age1 on :i* ?is /age is inevitably & absolutely dep5d5t4 ,to "s ( my read]s ?is may be r5d]$ m cle> by ! accompany+ diagram3---- ,illu/ration3 legume--re$--cotyl$ons--%oot--/em--bud-- fl[]--c>pel ,illu/ration3 !ca--spore--pro?allus--sporal frond--tuft--caudex--f]tile frond--sorus ,see t magnific5t tuft ( ,lady-f]n on yond] bank1 ar*+ its exquisitely cut fronds s elegantly on e side4 ,a few ye>s ago ?is ample cr[n 0 b a s+le small frond1 :i* y w\ld probably n h recognis$ z t ( a ,lady-f]n4 ,some:at e>li] ?an ?is1 ! plant 0 a m9ute flat gre5 expansion 7pro?allus71 ( no def9ite outl9e1 v mu* l a ,liv]wort4 ,?is _h be5 previ\sly a ?ree-sid$ spore ly+ on ! damp e>?1 :i!r x _h be5 j]k$ by ! rupture ( a capsule 7!ca74 ,= ?is spore1 ?\gh s small z to be visible only by microscopic aid1 _h a previ\s hi/ory1 :i* may be trac$ )\t difficulty4 ,x 0 g5]at$ ) hundr$s m1 9 "o ( _m capsules1 :i*1 7 cr[d$ toge!r1 b5ea? ! oval bit ( membrane1 t cov]$ "o ( ! br[n spots 7sori71 :i* 7 develop$ 9 ! "u surface ( ! fronds ( an e>li] ,lady-f]n4 ,t e>li] individual _h 9 turn pass$ ?r\gh ! same /ages ( sporal frond1 pro?allus1 spore1 !ca1 sorus1 frond1 pro?allus1 spore1 !ca1 sorus1 frond1 pro?allus1 c4--ad inf9itum4 ,?is s\nd+-w+$ ,hawkmo?1 :i* l a gigantic bee is buzz+ ar\nd ! jasm9e 9 ! deep5+ twilight1 hov]+ ev] & anon to probe ! />ry fl[]s t make ! ev5+ air almo/ palpable ) fragrance1--?is mo?1 :at /ory ( a life c he tell8 ,ne>ly a ye> ( exi/5ce he has sp5t z a helpless1 almo/ motionless pupa1 buri$ 9 ! s(t e>?1 f :5ce he has em]g$ b ?is ev5+4 ,ab\t a twelvemon? ago he 0 a great fat gre5 cat]pill> ) an ar*+ horn ov] 8 rump1 work+ ev] h>d] & h>d] at dev\r+ popl> leaves1 & gr[+ ev] fatt] & fatt]4 ,b be=e t he _h "o day bur/ =? a little wriggl+ worm1 f a globul> egg glu$ to a leaf4 ,:5ce came ! egg8 ,x 0 develop$ )9 ! ov>y ( a p>5t ,hawkmo?1 ^: hi/ory is b an endless rotation ( ! same /ages1--pupa1 l>va1 egg1 mo?1 pupa1 l>va1 c4 c4 ,illu/ration3 l>va--pupa--mo?--egg ,behold ?is specim5 ( ,plumul>ia1 a %rub-l zoophyte1 compris+ )9 its popul\s bran*es "s tw5ty ?\s& polypes4 ,e individual cell1 n[ inhabit$ by its t5tacl$ ,hydra1 has 9 its turn budd$ out f a bran*1 :i* 0 itself b a lat]al process f ! c5tral axis4 ,& ?is 0 b ! prolongation ( :at 0 at fir/ a s+le cell1 %oot+ up f a creep+ root-?read4 ,a little e>li] ?an ?is1 !re 0 nei!r cell nor root-?read1 b ! organism exi/$ 9 ! =m ( a planule1 a m9ute s(t-bodi$1 pe>-%ap$ worm1 cov]$ ) cilia1 t crawl$ sl[ly ov] ! /ones & sea-we$s4 ,:5ce came x8 ,a few h\rs be=e1 x _h em]g$ f ! m\? ( a vase-l cell1 "o ( ! ov>ian capsules1 :i* /udd$ ! /em ( an old well-peopl$ ,plumul>ia-%rub1 & :i* _h be5 gradually develop$ f its sub/ance by a process analog\s to budd+4 ,& !n if we foll[ ! hi/ory ( ?is e>li] %rub backw>d1 x w only lead u ?r\gh exactly correspond5t /ages1 primal cell1 planule1 ov>ian capsule1 /em1 & s on int]m9ably4 ,illu/ration3 primal cell--axis--bran*--polype--capsule--plan ule ,once m4 ,! c[ t peacefully rum9ates "u ! grateful %ad[ ( yond] spread+ bee*1 01 a ye> or two ago1 a gamesome heif] ) budd+ horns4 ,! ye> be=e1 %e 0 a bleat+ calf1 :i* aga9 _h be5 a brea?less foetus wrapp$ up 9 ! womb ( its "m4 ,e>li] /ill x _h be5 an un=m$ embryo2 & yet e>li]1 an embryonic vesicle1 a microscopically m9ute cell1 =m$ out ( "o ( ! compon5t cells ( a /ill e>li] /ructure1--! g]m9al vesicle ( a fecundat$ ovum4 ,b ?is ovum1 :i* is ! remote/ po9t to :i* we c trace ! hi/ory ( our c[ z an individual1 01 be=e x assum$ a di/9ct individuality1 an undi/+ui%able con/itu5t ( a viscus1--! ov>y1--( ano!r c[1 an ess5tial "p ( h] /ructure1 a portion ( ! tissues ( h] body1 to be trac$ back1 !re=e1 ?r\gh all ! /ages :i* ,i h enum]at$ above1 to ! tissues ( ano!r p>5t c[1 !nce to ^? ( a =m]1 & s on1 ?r\gh a vi/a ( rec$+ c[s1 z long z y *oose to foll[ x4 ,illu/ration3 embryo--foetus--calf--heif]--c[--ovum--g ]m4 vesicle--embr4 vesicle ,?is1 !n1 is ! ord] ( all organic nature4 ,:5 once we are 9 any portion ( ! c\rse1 we f9d ourselves runn+ 9 a circul> groove1 z endless z ! c\rse ( a bl9d horse 9 a mill4 ,x is evid5t t !re is no "o po9t 9 ! hi/ory ( any s+le creature1 :i* is a legitimate beg9n+ ( exi/5ce4 ,& ?is is n ! law ( "s p>ticul> species1 b ( all3 x p]vades all classes ( animals1 all classes ( plants1 f ! que5ly palm d[n to ! protococcus1 f ! monad up to man3 ! life ( e organic be+ is :irl+ 9 a ceaseless circle1 to :i* "o kn[s n h[ to assign any comm5cem5t1--,i w n say any c]ta9 or ev5 probable1 b any possible1 comm5cem5t4 ,! c[ is z inevitable a sequ5ce ( ! embryo1 z ! embryo is ( ! c[4 ,look+ only at nature1 or look+ at x only ) ! lights ( exp]i5ce & reason1 ,i see n h[ x is possible to avoid "o ( ^! two !ories1 ! developm5t ( all organic exi/5ce out ( gase\s elem5ts1 or ! et]nity ( matt] 9 its pres5t =ms4 ,creation1 h[ev]1 solves ! dilemma4 ,i h1 9 my po/ulates1 begg$ ! fact ( creation1 & ,i %all n1 !re=e1 attempt to prove x4 ,creation1 ! sov]eign fiat ( ,almighty ,p[]1 gives u ! comm5c+ po9t1 :i* we 9 va9 seek 9 nature4 ,b :at is creation8 ,x is ! sudd5 bur/+ into a circle4 ,s9ce !re is no "o /age 9 ! c\rse ( exi/5ce1 :i*1 m ?an any o!r af=ds a natural comm5c+ po9t1 :atev] /age is select$ by ! arbitr>y w ( ,god1 mu/ be an unnatural1 or r a pret]-natural1 comm5c+ po9t4 ,! life-hi/ory ( e organism comm5c$ at "s po9t or o!r ( its circul> c\rse4 ,x 0 creat$1 call$ into be+1 9 "s def9ite /age4 ,possibly1 v>i\s creatures diff]$ 9 ?is respect2 p]haps "s began exi/5ce 9 "o /age ( developm5t1 "s 9 ano!r2 b e sep>ate organism _h a di/9ct po9t at :i* x began to live4 ,be=e t po9t !re 0 no?+2 ?is p>ticul> organism _h till !n no exi/5ce2 its hi/ory pres5ts an absolute blank2 x 0 n4 ,b ! :ole organisation ( ! creature ?us newly call$ into exi/5ce1 looks back to ! c\rse ( an endless circle 9 ! pa/4 ,its :ole /ructure displays a s]ies ( developm5ts1 :i* z di/9ctly witness to =m] conditions z d ^? :i* are pres5t$ 9 ! c[1 ! butt]fly1 & ! f]n1 ( ! pres5t day4 ,b :at =m] conditions8 ,! conditions ?us witness$ unto1 z be+ necess>ily impli$ 9 ! pres5t organisation1 7 non-exi/5t2 ! hi/ory 0 a p]fect blank till ! mom5t ( creation4 ,! pa/ conditions or /ages ( exi/5ce 9 "q1 c inde$ be z triumphantly inf]r$ by legitimate d$uction f ! pres5t1 z c ^? ( our c[ or butt]fly2 !y re/ on ! v same evid5ces2 !y are id5tically ! same 9 e respect1 except 9 ?is "o1 t !y 7 unreal4 ,!y exi/ only 9 _! results2 !y are effects :i* nev] _h causes4 ,p]haps x may help to cle> my argum5t if ,i divide ! pa/ developm5ts ( organic life1 :i* are necess>ily1 or at lea/ legitimately1 inf]rible f pres5t ph5om5a1 into two categories1 sep>at$ by ! viol5t act ( creation4 ,^? unreal developm5ts ^: app>5t results are se5 9 ! organism at ! mom5t ( its creation1 ,i w call pro*ronic1 because "t 0 n an elem5t 9 !m2 :ile ^? :i* h subsi/$ s9ce creation1 & :i* h _h actual exi/5ce1 ,i w di/+ui% z dia*ronic1 z occurr+ dur+ "t4 ,n[1 aga9 ,i repeat1 !re is no imag9able diff]5ce to s5se betwe5 ! pro*ronic & ! dia*ronic developm5t4 ,e argum5t by :i* ! physiologi/ c prove to demon/ration t yond] c[ 0 once a foetus 9 ! ut]us ( its dam1 w apply ) exactly ! same p[] to %[ t ! newly creat$ c[ 0 an embryo1 "s ye>s be=e its creation4 ,look aga9 at ! diagram by :i* ,i h repres5t$ ! life-hi/ory ( ?is animal4 ,! only mode 9 :i* x c beg9 is by a sudd5 sov]eign act ( p[]1 an irruption into ! circle4 ,y may *oose :]e ! irruption %all occur2 !re mu/ be a bur/+-9 at "s po9t4 ,suppose x is at calf2 or suppose x is at embr4 vesicle4 ,put a waf] at ! po9t y *oose1 say ! latt]4 ,?is !n is ! real1 actual comm5cem5t ( a circle1 to be h5ce=? ceaseless4 ,b ! embryonic vesicle necess>ily implies a g]m9al vesicle1 & ?is necessitates an ovum1 & ! ovum necessitates an ov>y1 & ! ov>y necessitates an entire animal1--& ?us we h got a qu>t] r\nd ! circle 9 back developm5t2 we are irresi/ibly c>ri$ along ! pro*ronic /ages1--! /ages ( exi/5ce :i* 7 be=e exi/5ce comm5c$1--z if !y _h be5 dia*ronic1 actually occurr+ )9 our p]sonal exp]i5ce4 ,if ,i "k1 z a hi/oric fact1 t ! circle 0 comm5c$ :]e ,i h put my waf]1 ,i may beg9 x !re2 b !re is1 & c be1 no?+ 9 ! ph5om5a to indicate a comm5cem5t !re1 any m ?an any:]e else1 or1 inde$1 any:]e at all4 ,! comm5cem5t1 z a fact1 ,i mu/ le>n f te/imony2 ,i h no means :atev] ( inf]r+ x f ph5om5a4 99 99 99 99 99 ,p]mit me1 !re=e1 to repeat1 z hav+ be5 prov$1 ^! two propositions3-- ,,all ,,organic ,,nature ,,moves ,,9 ,a ,,circle4 sc,creation is a viol5t irruption into ! circle ( nature4_/sc ,,vii4 ,,p>allels ,,& ,,prec$5ts4 7,plants47 ,:]e wa/ ?\ :5 ,i laid ! f\ndations ( ! e>?8 decl>e1 if ?\ ha/ und]/&+4--,,job xxxviii4 #d4 ,s9ce e organism1 consid]+ x1 ?r\gh\t its g5]ations1 z an unit1 has be5 creat$1 or made to comm5ce exi/5ce1 x is manife/ t x 0 creat$ or made to comm5ce exi/5ce at "s mom5t ( "t4 ,i w ask "s k9d geological read] to imag9e t mom5t1 & to accompany me 9 an ideal t\r ( inspection among ! creatures1 tak+ up ea* = exam9ation at ! in/ant t x has be5 call$ into exi/5ce4 ,d n be al>m$6 ,i am n ab\t to assume t ! mom5t 9 "q 0 six ?\s& ye>s ago1 & no m2 ,i w n rule ! actual date at all2 y1 my geological fri5d1 %all settle ! *ronology j z y please1 or1 if y l x bett]1 we w leave ! *ronological date out ( ! inquiry1 z an elem5t n relevant to x4 ,x may h be5 six hundr$ ye>s ago1 or six ?\s&1 or sixty times six millions2 let x = ! pres5t rema9 an indet]m9ate quantity4 ,only please to rememb] t ! date 0 a reality1 :e!r we c fix x or n2 x 0 z precise a mom5t z ! mom5t 9 :i* ,i write ?is ^w4 ,well !n1 l two ( ^? morn+ />s :o1 :5 ! f\ndations 7 fa/5$1 %\t$ = joy1 we w1 9 imag9ation1 take our /& on ?is r\nd _w at exactly ---- m9utes pa/ ---- o'clock1 on ! morn+ ( ! ----? ( ----1 9 ! ye> ,b4,c4 ----4 ,! noble ,tree-f]n be=e u 7,alsophila aculeata7 has ?is in/ant be5 call$ into be+ by ! creat+ voice ( ,god4 ,"h x /&s1 lift+ up its column> /em1 & spread+ its m9utely frett$ fronds all ar\nd1 9 a vault$ canopy above our heads1 ?r\gh ! filagree "w ( ^: expanse ! sunbeams play 9 a s(t gre5 radiance4 ,x has ?is in/ant be5 creat$4 ,b ,i w suppose1 fur!r1 t we h ! p[] to call into our c\ncil "s exp]i5c$ botani/2 :o is n acqua9t$1 z we are1 ) ! fact ( ?is j rec5t creation1 & :om we w ask to give u 8 op9ion on ! age ( ?is beautiful plant4 ,! ,botani/4--,y wi% to asc]ta9 ! age ( ?is ,alsophila4 ,i "k ( no data by :i* ?is c be det]m9$ ) precision1 b ,i c indicate x approximately4 ,let u take x 9 ord]4 ,! mo/ rec5t developm5t is ! gr[+ po9t 9 ! c5tre ( ! ar*+ cr[n ( leaves4 ,ar\nd ?is y w\ld see1 if y\r eyes 7 above ! plane1 close r+-l bodies1 or1 p]haps1 m l snail-%ells1 protrud+ f ! gr[+ bud2 !n "y leaves1 p>tially op5$ 9 v>i\s degrees1 b coil$ up scroll-wise at _! tips1 & ar\nd ^! ! elegant frett$ fronds1 :i* exp& broadly outw>ds 9 a radiat+ mann]1 & ar* d[nw>ds4 ,n[ e "o ( ^! broad fronds 0 at fir/ a compactly coil$ r+2 b x has1 9 ! c\rse ( developm5t1 uncoil$ itself1 gr[+ at ! same "t f its extremity1 & f ! extremity ( ea* ( its =m]ly wrapp$-up p9nae & p9nules1 until at l5g? x has atta9$ ! expanse y behold4 ,?is process has c]ta9ly occupi$ sev]al days4 ,b let u look f>!r4 ,! out]mo/ fronds t compose ?is exquisite cupola1 y see1 are ne>ly nak$2 inde$1 ! extreme out]mo/ are q nak$1 be+ /ripp$ ( _! v]dant hon\rs1 _! p9nae & p9nules1 & left m]e dry & sapless /icks1--! long & tap] midribs ( :at 7 once gre5 fronds1 z graceful z ^? t n[ surm\nt !m4 ,"s ( !m1 y see1 are hang+ d[nw>d1 almo/ deta*$ f ! /em1 & ready to drop at ! fir/ brea? ( w9d4 ,n[ rememb]1 ea* ( ^! br[n unsightly /icks 0 once a frond1 t _h pass$ ?r\gh all ! /eps ( uncoil+ f its circ9ate condition4 ,?is :ole process has c]ta9ly occupi$ sev]al mon?s4 ,look1 n[1 bel[ ^! )]$ midribs1 lift+ up ! mo/ droop+ ( !m4 ,! /em is m>k$ ) great oval sc>s2 & see1 ?is old frond-rib has come (f 9 my h&1 leav+ j su* a sc>1 & add+ "o m to ! numb] t 7 !re be=e4 ,& look d[n ! /em2 x is /udd$ all ov] ) ^! oval sc>s4 ,!re are a hundr$ & fifty at lea/2 b ,i _c c\nt !m ne>ly all1 = t[>ds ! l[] "p !y become m undef9$1 & ! gr[? ( ! /em has ?r[n !m fur!r ap>t2 & besides1 !re is1 z y obs]ve1 a matt$ mass ( tangl$ rootlets1 l t>r$ tw9e1 :i*1 spr++ f betwe5 ! l[] sc>s1 increases d[nw>ds1 till ! :ole inf]ior extremity ( ! /em is encas$ 9 ! dank & reek+ mass4 ,y c h no d\bt t e "o ( ^! sc>s indicates :]e a leaf has gr[n1 :]e x has wav$ its "t1 & :5ce1 aft] dea? & decay1 x at l5g? sl\gh$ away4 ,! =m ( ! upp]mo/1 :i* are n di/ort$ by age1 agrees exactly ) ! outl9e ( ! bulg+ base ( ! c&elabrum-l frond2 ! arrangem5t ( ! sc>s is t ( ! fronds2 & y may notice 9 e sc> m>ks :]e ! horse%oe-%ap$ plates ( woody fibre h be5 brok5 (f1 :i* once pass$ into ! int]ior ( ! /em f ! midrib ( ! frond4 ,^! sc>s1 !n1 are ocul> demon/rations ( =m] fronds2 we may no m d\bt t fronds 7 once gr[+ f ^! spots1 ?an we may t ! gre5 & leafy ar*es 7 once coil$ up 9 a circ9ate v]nation4 ,!y are ! record ( ! pa/ hi/ory ( ?is organism1 & !y evid5tly rea* f> back into "t4 ,! p]iodic ratio ( developm5t ( new fronds may be1 p]haps1 r\ghly e/imat$ at six 9 ! c\rse ( a ye>4 ,n[ !re are ab\t a doz5 unfold$ or unfold+1 z _m )]+ midribs1 & ab\t a hundr$ & fifty leaf-sc>s t we c c\nt ) ease1 n reckon+ su* z are indi/9ct1 nor su* z are conceal$ b5ea? ! tangl$ drap]y ( roots4 ,illu/ration3 ,,leaf-,,sc>s ,,( ,,tree-,,f]n4 ,i h no hesitation1 !n1 9 pron\nc+ ?is plant to be ?irty ye>s old2 x is probably mu* old]1 b x is1 at lea/1 z old z ?is4 ,su* is ! report ( our botanical advis]2 su* is 8 argum5t2 & we _c b admit t x is invuln]able2 8 conclusion is inevitable1 b = "o fact1 :i* he is n aw>e (4 ,!re is "o objection1 h[ev]1 to :i* x is op5--a fatal "o2 y & ,i "k t ! ,tree-f]n is n five m9utes old1 = x 0 creat$ b ?is mom5t4 ,"h is ano!r act ( creation4 ,x may be ! same day z t ( ! ,tree-f]n1 or "o z remote z y please f x1 be=e or aft]4 ,a few mom5ts ago ?is 0 a great mass ( r\gh1 nak$ lime/one1 b by creative en]gy x has be5 sudd5ly clo!d ) a luxuriant mantle ( ,selag9ella4 ,h[ exquisitely beautiful ! aggregation ( flatt5$ bran*+ /ems1 /udd$ ) _! t9y imbricat$ leaflets ( t5d] gre51 bloom$ ) blue6 & h[ ?ick & s(t ! c>pet t ?us conceals ! angles & po9ts & crevices ( ! unsightly /one6 ,broad z is ?is expanse ( v]dure1 cov]+ _m squ>e y>ds )\t a flaw1 & root$ z x is at t5 ?\s& po9ts ( its creep+ /em1 we %all yet f9d t x is "o unbrok5 /ructure4 ,our fri5d ! botani/ w\ld inf] unhesitat+ly t e "p ( ?is widespread ramification has orig9ally proce$$ f "o c5tral %oot1 & t sev]al ye>s' gr[? mu/ h concurr$ to =m ?is compact mass4 ,yet we "k t su* an inf]5ce w\ld be false4 ,! plant has be5 ?is in/ant call$ into be+4 ,on ! summit ( ?is r\nd$ hill is a v diff]5t plant f ! la/4 ,beautiful x also is1 b gr&eur & maje/y are its lead+ attributes4 ,x is a d5se & massive clump ( ! ,tulda ,bamboo4 ,h[ noble ^! /raight-jo9t$ /ems1 cyl9d]s ( poli%$ gre51 %oot+ _! po9ts "r upw>ds1 & t[]+ to a height ( eighty feet6 ,! num]\s panicles ( tufty blossom are gracefully b5d+ f ! summits1 & f ! tip ( e bran*1 nodd+ 9 ! breeze4 ,!re are scores ( ! tall /ems1 z /raight z an arr[1 beset at e jo9t ) div]g+ horizontal bran*es1 cross+ & recross+ 9 inextricable confusion4 ,& see1 amid/ ! cr[d1 !re are o!rs z ?ick & tall1 b )\t a s+le side-%oot1 clo!d1 h[ev]1 to atone = ! defici5cy1 9 swaddl+-clo!s peculi>ly _! own4 ,^! swa!d /ems are infant %oots1--vigor\s & promis+ *ildr51 inde$2 ^! br[n triangul> %ea?s1 cov]$ ) d[n1 are ! clo?+ ( infancy2 !y increase 9 numb]1 & are clos] toge!r t[>ds ! summit ( ! %oot1 :]e ! gr[+ po9t is rapidly ext5d+4 ,:5 ! /ems h atta9$ _! full height1 ^! %ea?s w fall (f1 ! poli%$ %afts w /& reveal$ 9 _! glossy beauty1 & ! lat]al po9t$ bran*es w at once />t =? f e jo9t1 & pi]ce horizontally ?r\gh ! d5se tangl$ bu%4 ,n[ ^! "y %oots d n be> te/imony to s great an age z y w\ld suppose4 ,! :ole sev5ty feet ( _! altitude h be5 atta9$ )9 ?irty days6 ,b !n _! massive size & vig\r indicate a mature age 9 ! clump4 ,= all ! hundr$ /ems t are cr[d$ toge!r 9 ?is d5se ,bamboo-clump are organically unit$2 !y are p>ts ( "o & ! same plant1 ! root-/ock ( :i* has be5 creep+ to & fro ye> aft] ye>1 s5d+ up 9 con/ant succession its arr[y /ems1 until x has atta9$ ! pres5t magnific5ce4 ,_m ye>s mu/ h elaps$ betwe5 ! pres5t condition ( ! grove1 & t ( ! sl5d] blade t %ot up f ! t9y se$ 9 ?is spot4 ,yes1 s y may ?9k4 ,b x is n s1 = ! great ,bamboo-clump has be5 creat$ 9 its pride & glory ?is v h\r6 ,yond] is a consid]able area ( l& cov]$ ) ! gre5 blades ( "y :eat1 & v heal?y & /rong x looks4 ,no1 x is ,c\*-grass6 ,! :ole gre5 sw>d :i* we see is a s+le plant2 ! creep+ /em ( :i* has spread its ramifications 9 all directions b5ea? ! surface ( ! soil2 & /ill ! long succul5t %oots are ext5d+ 9 e direction1 z %ewn by ! gre5 leaf-blades4 ,?is is a rapidly gr[+ plant1 x is true2 yet /ill !re mu/ be an accumulat$ gr[? ( _m mon?s "h1 if n ye>s6 ,no1 x 0 creat$ ?is morn+4 ,contra/+ ) ?is humble grass1 obs]ve t luxuriant ,screw-p9e4 ,see its s+ul> cr[n ( foliage at ! summit ( its equally s+ul> /em4 ,its great prickle-edg$ /iff leaves gr[ 9 long diagonal r[s1 ea* %ea?+ its successor1 & alt]nat+ ) ^? ( ! next r[4 ,h[ ri* & fragrant an od\r is diffus$ f its cr[d$ blossoms6 ,e "o ( ^? sword-l leaves is1 ( c\rse1 ! record ( a p]iod ( "t4 ,a tree ( ?is size makes a screw1 or imp]fect spire1 ( leaves 9 ab\t ?ree ye>s2 & !re are ab\t sixte5 pairs ( leaves 9 ea* screw1 :i* w give u ne>ly elev5 leaves = ! developm5t ( ea* season4 ,n[1 on ! trunk1 !re are num]\s wav$ l9es q cov]+ its surface1 :i* are ! traces ( old leaves t h 9 succession be5 produc$ & decay$ away2--! trunk is1 9 fact1 compos$ ( ^! leaf-bases4 ,by c\nt+ ^!1 we may obta9 !n an approximate notion ( ! age ( ?is plant2--an approximate notion only1 because 9 its "y /ages ! developm5t ( leaves probably took place m rapidly ?an x does n[4 ,!re are !n on ?is trunk ab\t "o hundr$ & fifty horizontal r[s ( sc>s1 & ea* r[ numb]s f\r leaf-bases1 s t ! trunk is inscrib$ ) an autographic record ( six hundr$ leaves4 ,if !n we reckon elev5 leaves z ! produce ( a s+le season1 & add ! f\r screws :i* are /ill fl\ri%+1 we %all obta9 a result ( ab\t fifty-five ye>s z ! age ( ?is ,p&anus4 ,?is1 = ! reason j assign$1 w\ld probably be consid]ably too mu*2 p]haps1 =ty ye>s w\ld be ne>] ! tru?4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 o!r m>ks ( age "h1 ?\gh !y are less def9ite4 ,! great h>dness ( ! surface-wood1 :i* we p]ceive on try+ to ind5t x1 is an indication ( age1 z x is produc$ by ! successive bundles ( woody fibre1 :i*1 ye> aft] ye>1 h pass$ d[n f ea* leaf1 curv+1 9 _! desc5t1 t[>ds ! circumf]5ce ( ! /em1 &1 !re=e1 con/antly augm5t+ ! d5sity ( ! out] portions4 ,ano!r v curi\s pro( ( age is se5 9 ! numb] ( a]ial roots :i* desc5d f v>i\s po9ts ( ! trunk t[>ds ! soil4 ,y w\ld at fir/ be incl9$ to ?9k !m po/s1 :i* a c>p5t] _h set to %ore up ! tree1 z props to prev5t its be+ bl[n d[n4 ,& truly ?is is _! purpose2 b !y are natural adjuncts1 n artificial4 ,^! ?ick rods1 "s ( :i* h n yet rea*$ ! gr\nd1 h be5 %ot =? 9 turn f ! /em1 9 ord] to af=d x additional support 9 ! loose s&y soil4 ,& m>k1 by ! way1 a beautiful contrivance "h4 ,because ! gr[+ t5d] extremity ( ! root has to pass ?r\gh ! sun-p>*$ air 9 its progress t[>ds ! e>?1 !re is a curi\s exfoliation ( its extremity1 =m+ a sort ( cup1 :i*1 collect+ ! scanty dews1 reta9s suffici5t moi/ure = ! refre%m5t ( ! spongy rootlet4 ,n[1 ,i say1 ^! support+ roots1 s9ce !y mu/ h orig9at$ f ! trunk1 aft] ! latt] _h atta9$ a consid]able height1 are s _m evid5ces--& cumulative evid5ces--( age1 ?\gh _! te/imony _c be s well made to be> on a kn[n p]iod z t ( ! leaf-bases4 ,%\ld we n !n be amply w>rant$ 9 ass]t+ ?is ,screw-p9e to be _m ye>s old1 if we 7 n assur$ t1 z a fact1 x has be5 ?is in/ant creat$8 ,illu/ration3 ,,roots ,,( ,,iri>tea4 ,a ph5om5on analog\s to t :i* we h j obs]v$ is pres5t$ by yond] ,pa%iuba ,palm 7,iri>tea exorhiza74 ,its /raight arr[y /em has %ot up to ! height ( fifty feet1 l a sl5d] iron column4 ,on ! summit !re is ! usual div]g5t cr[n ( leaves t di/+ui%es ?is mo/ graceful & que5ly tribe2 & at ! foot1 a tall op5 cone ( roots1 /rangely support+ ! column on its apex4 ,b :at mo/ /rikes att5tion 9 ?is tree1 & r5d]s x s peculi>1 is1 t ! roots are almo/ entirely above gr\nd4 ,!y spr+ out f ! /em1 ea* "o at a high] po9t ?an ! la/1 & ext5d diagonally d[nw>ds till !y approa* ! gr\nd1 :5 !y (t5 divide into _m rootlets1 ea* ( :i* secures itself 9 ! soil4 ,z fre% ones spr+ out f ! /em1 ^? bel[ become rott5 & die (f2 & x is n an uncommon ?+ to see a l(ty tree support$ entirely by ?ree or f\r roots1 s t a p]son may walk erect b5ea? !m1 or /& ) a tree sev5ty feet high gr[+ imm$iately ov] 8 head4 ,9 ! =e/s :]e ^! trees gr[1 numb]s ( "y plants ( e age may be se51 all m9iature copies ( _! p>5ts1 except t !y seldom possess m ?an ?ree legs1 :i* gives !m a /range & almo/ ludicr\s appe>ance4#ec ,?is tall ,pa%iuba be=e u1 h[ev]1 is support$ on sev]al scores ( roots1 9 v>i\s /ages ( developm5t1 "s desc5d+ ?r\gh ! air1 "s already fix$ 9 ! soil4 ,z ! pres5ce ( ^!1 moreov]1 implies ! decay & disappe>ance ( e>li] ones1 _! numb] & height may be accept$ z a fair te/imony to ! age ( ! tree2 indep5d5t ( :at we might h d$uc$ f ! trunk & o!r s\rces4 7,my read] w be> 9 m9d1 t1 ?r\gh\t ?is *apt]1 ,i am suppos+ t we h ! opportunity ( see+ ea* organism at ! mom5t foll[+ t ( its creation47 ,! ,iri>tea be=e u1 !n1 not)/&+ its m>ks ( maturity1 is b--a new-born infant1 ,i 0 ab\t to say1 r--a new-made adult4 ,ano!r & m massive ,palm appe>s1 :]e a mom5t ago !re 0 no?+ b smoo? gr\nd & empty air4 ,x is ! ,sug> ,palm 7,sagu]us sac*>if]71 rem>kable 9 its appe>ance = ! swa!s ( :at looks to be sackclo? ( hair1 9 :i* its /em is envelop$4 ,ea* ( its great p9nate leaves =ms ) ! dilat$ base ( its midrib a broad %ea?1 :i* spr+s out ( a loose fold ( ?is co>se clo? t is wrapp$ ar\nd x4 ,& n only ! bases ( ! /ill fl\ri%+ leaves are swa!d 9 ?is natural textile fabric1 b ! dead & dry leaf-bases ( ! =m] leaves1 :i* may be trac$ all d[n ! /em4 ,b let u look at ?is /range clo?3 :at is x8 ,x is compos$ ( ! ext]ior fibres ( ! leaf-bases !mselves1 :i* 9 process ( gr[? h p>tially sep>at$ !mselves1 & f :i* ! p>5*yma & ! lam9a h decay$ away4 ,! appe>ance ( a wov5 fabric is deceptive2 !re is no int]lac+2 b its semblance is produc$ by ! fibres ly+ 9 lay]s "o ov] ! o!r1 & by "s ( !m hav+ a direction at "r angles to ! o!rs4 ,orig9ally all ! fibres 7 p>allel & longitud9al1 b z !y h be51 9 ! gr[? ( ! leaf1 pull$ out lat]ally1 ! ma9 fibres1 :i* are indef9itely divisible1 h adh]$ to ea* o!r at v>i\s p>ts1 & ! result has be5 t innum]able con/itu5t fibrillae h be5 /ret*$ across f fibre to fibre4 ,e squ>e in*1 !n1 ( ?is sackclo? tells ( ! lapse ( "t2 ^! horse-hair-l fibres 7 once gre5 & vascul>1 enclos+ a s(t pulp2 9 %ort1 !y 7 a "p ( a v]dant leaf2 ! r$uction ( ea* cong]ies ( ve9s to ?is condition 0 a "w ( "t1 & ?is has be5 effect$ by _m leaf-bases 9 succession4 ,an exam9ation ( ?is gomuti1 z x is call$1 does n inde$ help u to id5tify ! actual int]val laps$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! plant2 b we may arrive at ?is f o!r consid]ations4 ,! great %ea?+ bases !mselves rema9 9 numb]s atta*$ to ! upp] portion ( ! /em1 ?\gh ! great] portion ( ! midrib ) ! p9nae has decay$ & fall52 & 9 ! l[] "p1 :]e ev5 ! bases h disappe>$1 /ill broad lat]al sc>s are left1 m>k+ (f ! /ipe into horizontal r+s1 :i* are n less conclusively c]ta9 evid5ces ( ! =m] exi/5ce ( simil> bases1 & !re=e1 /ill e>li]1 ( leaves4 ,! ,sug> ,palm developes & matures on an av]age six leaves e ye>4#ed ,on c\nt+ ! dry leaf-bases1 & ! sc>s1 ,i f9d on ?is trunk1 a hundr$ & tw5ty3 besides :i* !re are ab\t a doz5 exp&$ leaves1 & two visible1 :i* are n unfold$4 ,a hundr$ & ?irty-f\r leaves !n h left pro(s ( _! exi/5ce "h2 :i* divid$ by six1 gives ab\t tw5ty-two ye>s z ! age ( ?is ,palm4 ,?is is ! age ( ?is tree1 h[ev]1 s9ce x began to =m a /em2 b sev]al ye>s ( infancy mu/ be add$ to ! sum1 dur+ :i* its fronds sprang 9 succession f ! surface ( ! soil4 ,look at ?is ,areca4 ,by-&-by x w gr[ to ! l(tie/ /ature atta9$ by any ( its tribe1 & its noble cr[n ( leaves w wave on ! summit ( a sl5d] pill> a hundr$ & fifty feet 9 height4 ,b at pres5t x has no /em at all2 ! widely ar*+ leaves div]ge f a c5tral po9t :i* is bel[ ! surface ( ! soil4 ,"h1 !n1 are no dead leaf-bases2 "h are no old hi/orical sc>s3--h we any evid5ce ( pa/ "t "h8 ,yes1 surely4 ,see ?is fully develop$ leaf4 ,x is compos$ ( a /\t midrib1 along ! two opposite edges ( :i* gr[1 l ! be>ds ( a fea!r1 n>r[ sword-l leaflets1 sep>at$ f ea* o!r by int]vals ( ab\t two in*es4 ,b ?is p9nate condition1--:i* is s insep>able f ! develop$ leaf ( a great division ( ! ,palm tribe1 t our idea ( a palm-leaf almo/ always is t ( an enorm\s fea!r1--is by no means ! orig9al /ate4 ,obs]ve ?is "y leaf :i* is n yet ?or\ghly exp&$2 ! leaflets are1 inde$1 sep>at$ ev]y:]e1 except t ! tips ( all are connect$ by a v n>r[ ribbon ( ! common gre5 lam9a1 :i* runs f "o to ano!r4 ,9 ! fully op5$ leaves1 ?is has be5 torn ap>t & is n di/+ui%able4 ,b1 let u c>efully op5 ?is /ill y\ng] leaf1 :i* is protrud+ l a ?9 gre5 rod1 or r l a clos$ fan1 f ! c5tre ( ! cr[n4 ,we mu/ h&le x delicately1 = x is v t5d]4 ,n[ y see x is n p9nate at all2 ! leaf is z entire z a ,musa leaf1 :i*1 inde$1 x mu* resembles1 except t ea* half is fold$ transv]sely1 & !n ^! transv]se folds are pack$ "o on ano!r longitud9ally1 fan-fa%ion4 ,ea* ( ! transv]se folds answ]s to a future leaflet4 ,x is ! developm5t ( ! midrib 9 l5g? t te>s asund] ! divisions ( ! lam9a1 & conv]ts !m into sep>ate1 & by-&-by remote1 p9nae4 ,x is manife/ !n t e leaflet on ! midrib ( a p9nate-leav$ ,palm is a record ( pa/ "t1 z real z ! leaf-bases on ! trunk1 inasmu* z1 9 ea* case1 !re is ocul> pro( t ! conditions ( exi/5ce are diff]5t f :at !y h be54 ,& yet 9 ?is case1 ! evid5ces are fallaci\s1 s9ce ! ,areca be=e u has ev5 n[ be5 creat$4 ,"h is an extraord9>y plant4 ,?\gh no ?ick] ?an y\r little f+]1 x w be f\nd almo/ a qu>t] ( a mile 9 l5g?4#ee ,?is is a k9d ( ,cane 7,calamus72 its sl5d] jo9t$ & poli%$ /em is encas$ 9 ! closely-%ea?+ & tubul> bases ( ! leaves1 :i* are sp9y on _! midribs1 sp9y on _! p9nae1 & horridly sp9y on ! long & t\gh :ip-la% 9 :i* ! po9t ( ea* leaf t]m9ates4 ,?is l5g!n$ cord is /udd$1 at int]vals ( a few in*es1 ) :orls ( /\t & acute prickles :i* are hook$ backw>ds1 & p]=ms an important "p 9 ! economy ( ! plant4 ,we see h[ x sprawls along ! gr\nd a few y>ds1 !n climbs up a tall tree1 runs ov] ! summit1 desc5ds on ! opposite side to ! gr\nd1 m\nts ov] ano!r tree1 & ?us pursues its wormlike c\rse4 ,n[ z ! p9nate leaves are put =? at e jo9t1 ! =midably arm$ flagellum af=ds a secure holdfa/ to ! climb+ /em1 :i* o!rwise w\ld be liable to be bl[n pro/rate by ! fir/ gu/ ( w9d2 ! recurv$ hooks1 h[ev]1 cat* 9 ! leaves & twigs ( ! trees1 & effectually ma9ta9 ! dom9ation ( ! prickly intrud]4 ,x is obvi\s t e in* sprawl$ ov] by ?is trail+ /em supposes all ! previ\s in*es ( its l5g!n+ c\rse2 t e successive jo9t implies ! exi/5ce ( all ! e>li] jo9ts2 t e :orl ( sp9es involves ! developm5t ( e =m] :orl4 ,yet our reason+ is at fault2 !re has be5 z yet no succession2 ! developm5t has be5 simultane\s1 = x is ! developm5t1 n ( gr[?1 b ( creation4 ,en\gh ( ,palms4 ,look at ?is ,agave4 ,its ?ick1 fle%y1 glauc\s leaves1 ) sp9\s m>g9s & po9t$ ends1 are arrang$ 9 _m :orls on ! summit ( a /em1 :i* is sc>cely visible1 z x b>ely rises above ! soil4 ,f ! c5tre ( ! cr[n spr+s ! /ately fl[]-/alk1 itself a tree ( =ty feet 9 /ature1 hav+ a clu/] ( yell[ blossoms at ! extremities ( its c&elabra-l bran*es4 ,h we "h any clue to ! pa/ hi/ory ( ! plant8 ,! tall fl[]-/alk1 x is true1 is ( rapid gr[?1 its :ole /ature hav+ be5 atta9$ )9 ?ree or f\r weeks4 ,b ^? massive leaves6 ,ea* ( ^! la/s _m ye>s1 & _! developm5t is z sl[ z t ( ! fl[]-/alk is rapid4 ,c]ta9ly we _c assign to ?is individual1 9 ! v vig\r ( its infloresc5ce1 an antiquity less ?an half a c5tury1 & p]haps x may be consid]ably m4 ,y are altoge!r wrong2 = x is b j call$ into exi/5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,,travell]',s ,,tree4 ,we pass on1 & pause be=e a noble example ( "o ( ! /atelie/ ( plants1--! ,travell]'s ,tree 7,urania speciosa74 ,x is a great ,musace\s plant1 resembl+ "o ( ^? fans :i* 9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates ( ,am]ica are made by ladies out ( ! broad tail-fea!rs ( a turkey4 ,its leaves1 ( va/ size1 consi/ ( a broad oblong lam9a ( ! mo/ brilliant gre5 hue1 divid$ equally by a midrib :i* desc5ds 9 a smoo? cyl9drical petiole1 mu* long] ?an ! lam9a 7:i* is itself eight feet or m 9 l5g?74 ,ea* leaf-/alk t]m9ates bel[ 9 a great demi-%ea?1 out ( :i* spr+s ano!r1 9 a zigzag or di/i*\s fa%ion1 ! :ole div]g+1 z !y rise1 9 ! same plane4 ,bel[ ! alt]nately-%ea?+ leaves1 ( :i* !re are b eight at pres5t exi/+1 !re are ! bases ( o!rs1 n[ dead1 :i*1 :5 alive1 evid5tly foll[$ ! same arrangem5t2 & ^! give place yet l[] to r+s1 ea* p>tly surr\nd+ a massive conical /em4 ,i fe> we h no crit]ion = det]m9+ ! exact age ( su* a plant z ?is f actual obs]vations on its rate ( gr[?4 ,f ! fewness ( its exi/+ leaves !y probably endure a consid]able "t2 b at all ev5ts "h are indubitable evid5ces ( successive g5]ations ( leaves :i* are n[ pa/ & gone2 "s ( :i* are repres5t$ by )]$ rib-bases1 :ile old] ones h left b ! sc>s :i* indicate ! positions on ! trunk :]e once !y /ood4 ,"h are di/9ct te/imonies to ! lapse ( a consid]able p]iod ( "t s9ce ! magnific5t ,urania1 began its exi/5ce4 ,yet we %\ld err egregi\sly by giv+ cr$5ce to !m1 s9ce ^! developm5ts are all pro*ronic4 ,:at a lovely butt]fly6 ,nay1 x is a fl[]3 ?\gh x dances 9 ! air ) an insect's flutt]+ flight1 & seems to pres5t 9 its broad w+s ( yell[ & orange1 & 9 its long & sl5d] memb]s1 an insect's =m & hues1 x is b a fl[] fix$ at ! end ( a l5g!n$ /alk1 :i* hangs f1 a mass ( leaves & bulbs1 seat$ 9 ! =k ( ?is huge mahogany-tree4 ,we w neglect ! fl[]1 curi\s & beautiful z x is1 & exam9e ?is cr[d$ mass ( roots & fle%y leaves & oval bulbs4 ,trac+ ! sl5d] l5g!n$ foot/alk to its orig91 we see t x spr+s f ! l[] "p ( a flat1 ovate1 or ne>ly r\nd1 ridg$1 pseudo-bulb1 ( a purpli%-gre5 hue1 ( :i* !re are _m1 mu* cr[d$ toge!r4 ,! po9t ( issue ( ! fl[]-/alk is conceal$ by an envelop+ husky scale1 :i* is ! )]$ condition ( a =m] leaf4 ,f ! base ( ano!r bulb a ?ick obtuse cone is pu%+ =?1 :i* is ! comm5cem5t ( a new leaf-%oot2 & "h is "o consid]ably advanc$4 ,9 ?is latt] !re is no?+ v rem>kable2 x is a ?ick1 gr[+ %oot1 =m$ by fle%y leaves ne>ly d\bl$ toge!r1 ea* %ea!d by its pr$ecessor4 ,b soon ?is w cease to gr[1 & ! po9t w dilate into an oval bulb1 :i* w be a res]voir ( nutrim5t = ! future fl[]4 ,9 fact x w add ano!r to ! matt$ mass ( bulbs :i* are already accumulat$1 cr[n$ ) two great ?ick1 lea!ry1 ovate1 br[n-spott$ leaves1 & m>k$ ) ! sc>s ( ! leaves :i* are n[ gr[+1 b :i* w !n h sl\gh$ away4 ,9 ?is ,oncidium1 !n1 we h evid5tly a record ( _m bygone processes4 ,be=e ! fl[] c\ld op51 ! fl[]-/alk mu/ h be5 develop$2 be=e ?is1 ! pseudo-bulb mu/ h be5 =m$2 be=e ?is1 !re mu/ h be5 a well-=m$ leaf-%oot1 :i* mu/ h be5 fir/ a conical bud pu%+ =? f "s ant]ior bulb2--or1 if t %oot _h be5 ! fir/ ( ! mass1 !n x mu/ h look$ back to a se$1 :i* ( c\rse look$ back to ! capsule ( a pre-exi/5t fl[]1 & s on4 ,yet ?is is all fallaci\s2 = ! ,butt]fly-fl[] is b j creat$4 ,z beautiful1 if less curi\s1 is ! cr[d$ spike ( purple blossom t adorns ! tall /alk ( ?is t]re/rial ,or*is4 ,! fl[]-/alk spr+s f ! mid/ ( a few l>ge spott$ leaves1 :i* t]m9ate bel[ 9 an irregul> fle%y tub] ( glut9\s consi/5ce4 ,?is tub] is %rivell$1 & is 9 process ( exhau/ion & decay2 b a horizontal /em has pu%$ out und]gr\nd1 :i* has at its extremity a second tub]1 z yet immature1 b plump & swell+4 ,?is gr[+ tub] conta9s ! elem5ts ( ! leaves & fl[]-spike ( next season3 ! %rivell+ "o 01 la/ ye> at ?is p]iod1 9 exactly ! same condition z ! swell+ "o is n[2 x too 0 pu%$ out horizontally f a prec$+ "o :i* 0 !n %rivell+1 & s backw>d4 ,^! pre-exi/+ /ages c ) c]ta9ty be ann\nc$ by ! vegetable physiologi/2 :o yet w\ld be deceiv$ 9 ?is in/ance1 because ! plant has be5 b j creat$4 ,?is elegant ,gladiolus t displays its tall spike ( crimson blossoms f ! mid/ ( its flatt5$ fold$ leaves1 af=ds u a simil> example ( retrospective en]gy4 ,if ,i dig away ! light soil f ar\nd its base1 ,i discov] two globose corms1 fle%y swell+s ( ! /em1 accumulations ( nutrim5t obta9$ dur+ ! vegetative activity ( ! plant1 & de/9$ to support x dur+ ! season ( inaction1 & !re=e /or$ up = t purpose4 ,illu/ration3 ,,corm ,,( ,,gladiolus ,,9 ,,june4 ,! upp]mo/ ( ^! globose corms is t ( ! pres5t season2 x is z yet small & immature1 be+ 9 process ( =mation by ! assimilation1 consolidation1 & deposition ( new matt] by ! action ( ! leaves4 ,?is is %ea!d 9 ! tubul> bases ( ! leaves1 :i* exp& above2 & x is seat$ on a l>g]1 rip]1 & m sph]ical corm1 :i* is wrapp$ 9 a br[n fibr\s sk94 ,?is is ! matt] :i* 0 deposit$ 9 ! c\rse ( la/ spr+ & summ]1 & ! br[n sk9 is ! rema9s ( ! leaves ( la/ ye>4 ,?is corm has rema9$ inactive1 s9ce ! decay ( la/ ye>'s leaves1 until ?is w9t]1 :5 ! root fibres1 :i* we see desc5d+ f ! l[] surface1 began to =m1 & an upw>d prolongation ( ! /em foll[$1 :i*1 z x grew1 swell$ into ! upp] corm4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ! "u surface ( ! corm ( la/ season1 9 a depression surr\nd$ by ! :ite root-fibres1 !re are "s almo/ decay$ rema9s ( a deep br[n hue4 ,^! are ! la/ ve/iges ( ! prec$+ ye>'s corm1 & !y exhibit ! condition 9 :i* ! l>ge corm w be next spr+1 :5 ! small half-=m$ "o w be 9 ! /ate & position ( ?is l>g] "o1 & w 9 l mann] be surm\nt$ by its ris+ successor4 ,?us !re are 9 ?is plant ocul> pro(s ( two ye>s' hi/ory be=e ! pres5t2 yet ^! pro(s are invalidat$ by ! fact ( its creation ?is day4 ,behold n[ t s+ul> plant1 ! ,grass-tree 7,k+ia au/ralis71 display+ :at seems an imm5se tuft ( wiry grass elevat$ on ! summit ( a trunk :i* is =m$ ( ! unit$ bases ( myriads ( decay$ leaves1 ! repres5tatives ( _m g5]ations ( ^! organs4 ,! silv]y leaves :i* con/itute ! exi/+ cr[n1 & ! num]\s spikes ( blossom :i* /& up 9 a circle div]g+ f ! mid/ ( !m1 give to ?is plant a mo/ /rik+ effect4 ,t1 h[ev]1 is n our pres5t conc]n1 b ! evid5ces :i* we may be able to ga!r f x ( a previ\s hi/ory4 ,= "s di/ance bel[ ! liv+ leaves1 ! trunk is connect$ by ! )]$1 hang+1 b /ill p]si/5t leaves ( sev]al successive developm5ts1 a ragg$ drap]y1 ( :i* we might c]ta9ly say-- ----:5 unadorn'd1 adorn'd ! mo/4 ,! l[] portion ( ! /em is1 h[ev]1 de/itute ( ! decay$ leaves !mselves1 ! loz5ge-=m$ bases ( !m alone rema9+1 /ill sep>able1 inde$1 b suffici5tly compact to make 9 ! aggregate a sub-cyl9drical column ( loose texture1 :i* may 9 famili> p>lance be t]m$ a trunk4 ,?is portion is m>k$ by alt]nate enl>gem5ts & con/rictions ( ! outl9e1 :i* appe> to indicate seasonal gr[?s4 ,! specim5 be=e u is ab\t tw5ty feet 9 height1 exclusive ( ! cr[n2 suppos+ ^! swell+s to m>k a ye>'s gr[?1 & to be cont9u$ 9 ! same proportion on t "p ( ! trunk :i* is mask$ by ! decay$ leaves z on ! expos$ "p1 we %\ld conclude ?is tree to be ab\t ?irty-five ye>s old2 = !re are ab\t ?irty-f\r su* swell+s1 ea* ( :i* conta9s ab\t f\r hundr$ ( ! loz5ge-%ap$ bases ( ! fall5 leaves4#ef ,rememb]1 h[ev]1 t we are look+ at ! ,grass-tree1 n z x n[ appe>s on ! s&y pla9s ( ,we/]n ,au/ralia1 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 b z x came out ( ! h&s ( its ,almighty ,creator at "s precise b unkn[n p]iod ( pa/ "t4 ,?is ,:ite ,lily1 cr[n$ ) its clu/] ( nodd+ fl[]s1 magnific5tly beautiful1 ea* a fair emblem ( ! spotless purity ( a noble virg9--if we remove ! soil f its base1 we %all f9d t ! /em spr+s out ( a fle%y bulb4 ,?is is cov]$ ) ?ick yell[ scales1 by tak+ away ea* ( :i* 9 turn1 we see t ! bulb is made up ( su*1 surr\nd+ ! c5tral mass :i* has pu%$ upw>d1 9 ! =m ( ! /alk1 ) its leaves & fl[]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,section ,,( ,,lily-,,bulb ,,9 ,,july4 ,n[ ! :ole ( ?is beautiful array :i* we see 0 =m$ la/ summ]1 :51 if we _h divid$ ! bulb longitud9ally1 we %\ld h se5 e leaf1 e t9y blossom1 fold$ toge!r1 & mo/ snugly pack$ )9 ! encircl+ scales1 :i* are1 inde$1 undevelop$ leaves2 :ile f ! base ( ! bulb s =m$ we %\ld h se5 pu%$ up on ! outside ( x1 b yet )9 ! common envelope ( ! ext]ior scales1 ! fl[]-/em ( la/ season4 ,!re c\ld n possibly h be5 ?is raceme ( virg9 blossom1 if x _h n be5 =m$ dur+ ! prec$+ season )9 ! bulb2 s t its exi/5ce is a record ( a ye>'s gr[? at lea/4 ,yet ?is is ! fir/ h\r ( ! lovely ,lily's life2 an h\r ago x 0 n4 ,! face ( ! rugg$ cliff t rises p]p5dicul>ly above u 01 a few mom5ts ago1 q nak$ & b>e1 or div]sifi$ only by a few /unt$ prickly %rubs t sprang f its crevices4 ,n[1 by ! mighty fiat ( ,god1 x is 9 an in/ant fe/oon$ f top to bottom ) a mo/ graceful drap]y ( r\nd pale-gre5 leaves1 & sl5d] /ems no ?ick] ?an :ipcord1 & multitudes ( spiral t5drils t climb1 & hook1 & cat*1 & entw9e among ! ?orny bu%es1 & ar\nd ! angles & prom95ces ( ! rock4 ,we trace ?is curta9 ( v]dure d[nw>ds1 & f9d t x resolves itself into "s half a doz5 ( wiry-/ems1 t issue f diff]5t po9ts ( ! surface ( :at seems a b\ld] ( br[n /one1 or a block ( r\gh-hewn timb]1 at ! foot ( ! cliff4 ,illu/ration3 ,,te/ud9>ia4 ,?is angul> block is1 h[ev]1 wor?y ( clos] exam9ation4 ,x is ( no def9ite =m1 huge & unc\?1 ly+ z if ca/ accid5tally on ! gr\nd4 ,its :ole surface is divid$ into a multitude ( polyh$ral pieces1 t look z if !y _h be5 cut into ^! =ms by human art4 ,ea* division has a small angul> face1 & its sides display close p>allel l9es1 all foll[+ ! directions & angles ( ! out] face1 b ea* l9e enclos+ a slightly wid] area ?an ! "o above x4 ,^! woody plates closely resemble 9 _! angul> =ms & _! conc5tric l9es ! plates ( a ,tortoise's %ell1 & h5ce our botanical fri5d1 to :om we w appeal = an op9ion z to ! age ( ! block1 w call ! g5]ic "n ,te/ud9>ia4 ,well1 ,i _c give y any v precise judgm5t on ! matt]4 ,! block itself is ! tub] ( a sort ( yam1 :i* gr[s above gr\nd in/ead ( bel[4 ,x is a woody mass ( great age4 ,! angul> plates are ! b>k1 & !y are s divid$ 9 consequ5ce ( ! gradual gr[? ( ! tub]1 te>+ op5 its p]iph]y to obta9 m room4 ,! conc5tric l9es on ! edges ( ! plates w n give u any adequate idea ( ! age ( ! mass1 = ?\gh !y indicate seasonal gr[?s1 ! e>li] lay]s h be5 worn away 9 ! lapse ( ages1 & !re are _m lay]s ( b>k t h n yet be5 bur/ by ! expansive =ce ( ! gr[+ wood4 ,x is kn[n t ^! blocks are ( v sl[ gr[?2 9 tropical regions !y la/1 ) sc>cely p]ceptible increase1 f g5]ation to g5]ation4 ,f su* vague data z we possess1 ,i might loosely conjecture ?is tub] to be a ?\s& ye>s old4 ,we ?ank our sci5tific fri5d1 & ?9k x a v satisfactory report on an organism1 :i* we saw call$ into exi/5ce five m9utes ago1 be=e our eyes4 ,come away2 = ,i wi% y to look at ?is ,encephalal>tos4 ,a horrid plant x is1 a sort ( c>icature ( ! elegant ,palms1 some:at z if a f\nd] _h essay$ a cocoa-nut tree 9 ca/ iron4 ,out ( ! ?ick1 r\gh1 /iff /em spr+ a doz5 ( ar*+ fronds1 beset ) %>p1 sword-%ap$ leaflets1 b hav+ ! rigidity ( horn1 ( a greyi% hue1 all h>% & repulsive to excess4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ?is rigid coronal sits ! fruit1 l an imm5se p9e-cone4 ,! swell+ column t con/itutes ! /em is b a mass ( pi?1 surr\nd$ by a ?9 case ( wood1 & enclos$ by ! rema9s ( =m] leaves4 ,! :ole surface is cov]$ ) ! loz5ge-%ap$ sc>s ( ^!1 9 va/ numb]4 ,?\s&s ( ^! !re mu/ be 9 ?is trunk ( eight feet high1 & a foot ?ick4 ,! leaves ( ! exi/+ cr[n are few & v durable1 s t x w\ld be no unreasonable conjecture to suppose t ?is great ,cycadace\s plant is sev5 or eight c5turies old4 ,illu/ration3 ,,encephal>tos4 ,nay1 = ?is also has be5 creat$ ev5 n[6 ,:at %all we say to ?is s+ul> ph5om5on8 ,obs]ve yond] gigantic ,fig 7,ficus ,au/ralis7 gr[+ out ( ! face ( t va/ rocky precipice4 ,x is n s mu* to ! massive gr&eur ( ! trunk1 nor to ! widespread head ( d5se foliage1 t ,i call y\r att5tion1 z to ! broad expanse ( roots1 f ! ?ickness ( y\r body to t ( y\r little f+]1 :i* h cross$ & int]lac$ & sep>at$ & re-unit$1 9 all imag9able ways1 until ! :ole =ms a great flat network ( wood1 inve/+ ! surface ( ! rock1 & foll[+ all its projections & angles ) s+ul> fai?fulness1 = a space ( _m squ>e y>ds4 ,w\ld y n say1 admitt+ t ! ,figs are rapid gr[]s1 t _m ye>s mu/ h elaps$ s9ce ! m9ute se$ 0 dropp$ 9 yond] crevice1 by "s vagrant p>rot t wip$ 8 beak aft] breakfa/ on ! po9t ( rock8 ,w\ld y n say t _m ye>s mu/ h pass$ f ! "t :5 ! t9y %oot peep$ f ! rocky *9k1 to ! pres5t mom5t1 :5 ! leafy hon\rs ( ! cr[n above & ! woody wall ( ! roots bel[ comb9e to repay ! protection :i* ! plant 9 infancy receiv$ f its /ony fo/] "m8 ,( c\rse y w\ld2 & mo/ truly too1 did y n "k t ! ,fig-tree is n[ rejoic+ 9 ! fir/ h\r ( its new-creat$ be+4 ,s ) its noble cong5] "h1 ! _m-trunk$ ,banyan 7,ficus ,indica74 ,al?\gh n an old tree1 its canopy ( broad d[ny leaves is already support$ by s _m second>y trunks1 t x is n easy to say :i* ( ! l>g] /ems is ! "m trunk1 & :i* ! hopeful daught]s4 ,e "o ( ^! /ems1 "s j protrud+ f ! horizontal limbs1 o!rs hang+ midway betwe5 ! leafy ro( & ! e>?1 "s j ins]t+ _! sl5d] spongy tips into ! soil1 o!rs ?ick & pill>-l--is an evid5ce ( progressive developm5t1 & !re=e ( laps$ "t2 only = ! qualify+ fact1 t ! developm5t 9 ?is case is pro*ronic4 ,"h is ! great ,euphorbia gr&id5s ( ,africa4 ,its /\t trunk is m>k$ ) a numb] ( holes1 "s f\r or five in*es ap>t1 arrang$ 9 p]p5dicul> r[s4 ,9 "s cases !y are r depressions or pitt+s ?an holes1 & look l :at w\ld result f bor+s made ) an aug] 9 pit* 9 w>m wea!r1 ! m>g9s ( :i* _h ne>ly clos$1 subsequ5tly4 ,:at is ! explanation ( ^! m>ks8 ,!y are all records ( "t4 ,f ea* ( ^! spots once grew "o ( ^? angul> prickly bran*es1 t look l our commone/ sorts ( ,cactus1 & :i* are n[ conf9$ to ! summit ( ! trunk1 ar*+ out f x1 some:at l ! bran*es ( a c&le/ick4 ,x is ! habit ( ?is plant1 :5 ! /em has acquir$ a c]ta9 ?ickness1 t ! bran*es %\ld1 aft] a "t1 decay & drop (f at ! po9t ( _! union ) ! trunk1 or r a little bel[ ! surface1 s z to leave ! %all[ holes or pits :i* we see4 ,aft] _! decad5ce1 ! gr[+ b>k gradually swells ar\nd ! sc>s1 & has a t5d5cy to oblit]ate !m4 ,?is may acc\nt = ! non-appe>ance ( !m on ! l[] p>ts ( ! /em4 ,"h1 !n1 are demon/rations ( sev]al successive /ages ( developm5t4 ,fir/1 ! /em mu/ h be5 9 exi/5ce be=e any lat]al bran*es c\ld h sprung f x4 ,secondly1 ! bran* %ot out4 ,?irdly1 x put =? its sp9es & leaves4 ,f\r?ly1 x di$ & sl\gh$ away4 ,fif?ly1 ! gr[+ b>k encroa*$ on1 & f9ally oblit]at$ ! cicatrice4 ,9 ?is individual1 all ^! /ages are illusory1 or r !y are pro*ronic4 ,see ?is noble ,tulip-tree 7,liriod5dron tulipif]um71 a giant ( ?is primeval =e/2 its t[]+ trunk is cr[n$ ) a head ( l>ge massy foliage1 ( a ri* deep v]dure1 among :i* %9e numb]s ( great gold5 tulip-l blossoms1 z fragrant z beautiful4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 ! leaves t gr[ on ! t]m9al twigs t ,i wi% y specially to notice4 ,^!1 :i*1 z y see1 are l>ge1 & ( a rem>kably elegant =m1 are fix$ at ! end ( long petioles1 :i* are set alt]nately on ! twig4 ,notice1 n[1 ! mann] ( _! developm5t2 ! "y unexp&$ leaves gr[ )9 two l>ge leaf-l bracts1 =m+ an oval sac1 :i*1 z ! "y leaf increases1 swell1 & at l5g? bur/1 & are left on ea* side ( ! base ( ! leaf-/alk4 ,!re is a succession ( ^!4 ,on ?is gr[+ twig1 = in/ance1 ,i f9d ?ree leaves already exp&$ 7a a a 9 ! accompany+ figure71 & z _m pairs ( ^! bracts 7b b b7 at _! bases2 ! twig is t]m9at$ by a pair 7c7 convex outw>dly1 & ^: edges are 9 contact ) ea* o!r2 if1 n[1 ,i cut (f "o ( ^! 7z repres5t$ at d71 ,i expose ! next leaf 7e7 fold$ toge!r1 & b5t d[nw>d1 9 its pretty mann] ( v]nation2 beside x is ano!r pair ( bracts 7f71 ^: edges are n only 9 contact1 b mutually adh]5t1 & t ) consid]able =ce4 ,on te>+ ^! ap>t1 ,i discov] ano!r small] leaf1 & ano!r small] pair ( adh]+ bracts1 :i* aga9 conta9 a simil> set1 only yet m m9ute1 & s on 9 succession1 till ,i c no long] trace !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,twig ,,( ,,tulip-,,tree4 ,n[ x is manife/ t ! upp]mo/ ( ! ?ree leaves1 toge!r ) ! develop+ t]m9al bud1 0 at "o "t enclos$ 9 ! pair ( bracts imm$iately bel[ its base2 t1 be=e t1 ! middle leaf1 ) all above x1 0 simil>ly inc>c]at$ 9 its own prop] tracts2 &1 at a p]iod ant]ior to t1 ! l[e/ leaf also4 ,ea* pair ( bracts is !re=e a record ( a pa/ p]iod2 & toge!r !y te/ify to a succession ( pa/ p]iods4 ,& yet _! comb9$ te/imony is utt]ly wor?less1 because ! noble tree 0 creat$ 9 its magnific5ce ?is v day4 ,! beautiful tw9] 7,bignonia71 :i* has ca/ its ample fe/oons ov] ! topmo/ bran*es ( yond] t[]+ ,mora-tree1 almo/ conceal+ ! natural foliage ) its own elegantly p9nate leaves1 & adorn+ x ) its gorge\s trumpet-%ap$ fl[]s1 is di/+ui%$ by a curi\s prop]ty1 indicative ( ! ye>s t h pass$ ov] x4 ,9 its adult maturity1 z we n[ see x--! glory ( ?is tropical =e/--we %\ld f9d1 if we cut across ! ma9 /em1 t its wood is divid$ into lobes arrang$ 9 a radiate or />-l fa%ion1 l ! divisions se5 on divid+ an orange transv]sely2 & ^! lobes are ?irty-two 9 numb]4 ,b ?is condition has n exi/$ ?r\gh ! life ( ! plant4 ,! wood has always be5 lob$1 b ! numb] ( ! divisions has v>i$1 & t 9 geometrical ratio4 ,be=e ! pres5t /age1 ! con/itu5t lobes 7 sixte51 :i* became ?irty-two by ! subdivision ( ea*4 ,9 an e>li] /age !re 7 eight lobes1 &1 e>li] /ill1 f\r1 :i* 0 ! comm5c+ numb]2 ! duplication hav+ proce$$ 9 ea* case by ! fission ( ea* ( ! exi/+ lobes into two4#eg ,n[ ?\gh ?is ph5om5on w af=d u1 on ! data we at pres5t possess1 no insight into ! age ( ! plant1 consid]$ z an actual *ronological p]iod1 an exam9ation ( a transv]se section w\ld always det]m9e :i* /age is !n pres5t1 &1 by consequ5ce1 h[ _m previ\s /ages h be5 pass$ ?r\gh4 ,& ?us we obta9 a di/9ct clue to ! =m] hi/ory ( ! organism1 ?\gh we _c m>k x (f into mon?s & ye>s4 ,yet ! fact ( creation /ultifies all ! conclusions t we might =m f su* premises2 s9ce x does1 ipso facto1 contradict e su* ?+ z a previ\s hi/ory4 ,on ?is ,anona !re is an intrud] m /rictly p>asitical2 x is a ,loran?us1 ) long1 club-%ap$1 ri*ly-col\r$ blossoms4 ,! bran*es ( ! support+ tree--a nurse :o fe$s h] fo/]-*ild on h] own vital juices--are ov]-spread = a l>ge space ) ! %oots2 :i*1 spr++ ea* f its own disk1 appe> l s _m di/9ct individuals1 b are really all p>ts ( a s+le plant1 spr++ f a s+le se$4 7,= ?is curi\s fact we are indebt$ to ! obs]vations ( ,mr4 ,griffi?1 :o has inve/igat$ ! s+ul> hi/ory ( ^! p>asites47 ,! ripe se$s firmly adh]e to ! sub/ance on :i* !y are appli$1 by means ( _! viscid envelope1 :i* soon h>d5s into a transp>5t glue4 ,9 ! c\rse ( two or ?ree days1 ! radicle curves t[>ds its support1 &1 z soon z x rea*es x1 becomes dilat$ & flatt5$4 ,an union is gradually =m$ betwe5 ! woody sy/em ( ! p>asite & t ( ! /ock1 aft] :i* ! =m] lives exclusively on ! latt]1 ! fibres ( ! suck]-l root ( ! p>asite exp&+ on ! wood ( ! support 9 ! =m ( a pate d'oie4 ,up to t "t ! p>asite _h be5 n\ri%$ by its own album51 :i* is n[ exhau/$4 ,z soon z ! "y p>asite has acquir$ ! height ( "o or two in*es1 :5 an additional supply ( n\ri%m5t is requir$1 a lat]al %oot is s5t out1 :i* is1 especially t[>ds ! po9t1 ( a gre5 col\r4 ,?is at "o1 or two1 & subsequ5tly at v>i\s po9ts1 adh]es to ! support by means ( suck]-l productions1 :i* are precisely simil> 9 /ructure & mode ( atta*m5t to ! orig9al sem9al "o4 ,! fibres ( ! p>asite nev] p5etrate beyond _! orig9al atta*m5t2 9 ! adult ! suck]-be>+ %oots frequ5tly run to a consid]able di/ance1 _m plants be+ lit]ally cov]$ ) p>asites1 all ( :i* h orig9at$ f "o & ! same se$4#eh ,illu/ration3 ,,"y ,,plant ,,( ,,loran?us4 ,9 ?is case1 aga91 h[ delusive w\ld be any inf]5ce ( actual lapse ( "t d$uc$ f ! condition ( a plant1 :i* _h be5 creat$ z an adult capable ( reproduc+ its race6 ,"h is a great imp5etrable ?icket ( ,prickly ,pe>4 ,! delicate sulphur-hu$ fl[]s exp& _! broad bosoms to ! sun1 & ! swell+ fruit b5ea? is already putt+ on its lovely blu% ( crimson4 ,h[ curi\s are ! leafless b leaf-l dilatations ( ! /em--^! flat oval plates ( p>5*yma1 /udd$ ) clu/]s ( woody & mo/ acute sp9es6--,e "o ( ^! expansions is an expression ( "t1 z !y are ( c\rse successive1 ?\gh sev]al may be =m$ 9 a s+le season2 & n only s1 b ! tufts ( sp9es1 :i* gr[ at ! po9ts ( int]section ( cross+ l9es1 9 a network patt]n1 are all successive1 appe>+ 9 turn z ! exp&$ jo9t ( ! /em gr[s out4 ,! jo9t$ dilatations !mselves are1 h[ev]1 transitory2 9 ! sl[ lapse ( ye>s ! common woody axis enl>ges1 & ! int]spaces betwe5 ! oval plates become gradually fill$ up ) cellul> tissue1 & ?us are oblit]at$2 ! /em1 z may be se5 9 ! c5tral "p ( ?is spread+ ?icket1 becom+ r\nd1 almo/ smoo?1 & ( d5se woody texture4 ,?is condition is ! result ( _m ye>s1 y say4 ,x is s1 9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( nature2 b 9 ! case be=e u1 x has be5 educ$ 9 a totally diff]5t mann]1 & by a totally diff]5t en]gy1 viz4 pro*ronically1 by ! omnipot5t fiat ( ! ,creator4 ,we h em]g$ f ! =e/ glooms1 & are come )9 ! light & ! music ( ! sp>kl+ sea4 ,& "h at its m>g91 wa%$ by its wavelets1 !re has be5 sudd5ly creat$ a ,mangrove tree 7,rhizophora71 de/9$ to be1 d\btless1 ! fruitful p>5t ( a grove1 :i* by & by w fr+e ?is flat & muddy %ore = miles1 %utt+ out ! light & air :i* n[ freely play ov] ! bea*1 & keep+ 91 b5ea? a long canopy ( d5se & lea!ry foliage1 ! murky vap\rs :i* w rise f ! decomposition ( its successive exuviations4 ,z yet x is a s+le tree1 b 9 its p]fection ( maturity4 ,& see h[ *>act]i/ically we f9d "h t s+ul> /ructure1 or r habit1 :i* 9 ,mangroves ( normal developm5t w\ld be ! effect ( age4 ,! trunk spr+s f ! union ( a numb] ( sl5d] ar*es1 ea* =m+ ! quadrant ( a circle1 ^: extremities p5etrate into ! muddy soil4 ,^! are ! roots ( ! tree--!re are no o!rs--t %oot out 9 ?is ar*$ =m f ! base1 or cr[n ( ! /em1 tak+ a v regul> curve ( six feet or m 9 l5g? be=e !y dip into ! mud4 ,! l>g] ar*es s5d out second>y %oots f _! sides1 :i* take ! same curv$ =m1 b 9 a direction at "r angles to ! =m]2 & ?us a complex array ( vault$ l9es is =m$1 :i*1 to ! crabs t run b5ea?--if !y 7 only able to in/itute ! comp>ison1 mu/ be l ! ro(-gro9s ( "s ,go?ic *ur*1 suppos+ ! int]spaces to be op5 to ! sky4 ,n[1 normally1 x w\ld require a lapse ( sev]al ye>s f ! fir/ dip ( ! radicle ( ! se$ into ! s(t soil1 to =m ^! ar*es1 & to lift ! axis ( ! tree a foot or eighte5 in*es above ! surface4 ,b "h ! same result is a*iev$ 9 a mom5t1 by ! ex]cise ( creative p[]4 ,look at ?is ,eriod5dron4 ,:at a magnific5t accumulation ( vegetable cells is "h6 ,its colossal trunk rises 9 nak$ maje/y1 a massive column1 to ! height ( a hundr$ feet1 )\t a bran*4 ,& !n :at bran*es6 ,^? limbs !mselves are ( ! bulk ( ord9>y =e/ trees2 !y break out1 ?ree or f\r on ! same plane1 & radiate horizontally to a va/ di/ance1 support+ a noble flat ro( ( inwov5 %ade4 ,illu/ration3 ,,silk-,,cotton ,,tree4 ,p]haps ! mo/ rem>kable feature ( ?is maje/ic tree is f\nd at ! foot ( ! trunk1 :i* s5ds out va/ spurs1 radiat+ 9 all directions1 & ext5d+ to a circle ( sev5ty or eighty feet 9 diamet]4 ,^! spurs take ! =m ( p]p5dicul> walls ( timb]1 commonly n m ?an six or eight in*es ?ick1 pretty equal 9 _! ?ickness ?r\gh\t1 & v>y+ 9 height f fifte5 or tw5ty feet1 :]e !y spr+ f ! trunk1 to ! po9t :]e !y ent] ! soil4 ,n[ ! ,silk-cotton tree has n _h ?is =m ?r\gh its life4 ,:5 "y1 say up to tw5ty or ?irty ye>s old1 !re 0 no appe>ance ( spurs2 ! trunk 0 cov]$ ) a gre5 b>k1 & 0 /udd$ ) great triangul> l[ sp9es1 an in* 9 diamet]4 ,&1 :at _h a curi\s effect1 ! middle ( ! /em swell$ into an ovate =m1 q symmetrical on all sides4 ,b1 z ye>s pass$1 ! v5tricose =m ( ! trunk 0 gradually lo/2 ! b>k became ( a ho>y grey hue or ev5 almo/ :ite2 ! ?ree-sid$ prickles disappe>$ f ! bole1 & 7 reta9$ only on ! upp] surfaces ( ! limbs2 & ! great lat]al buttresses began to fill up ! angles :i* _h hi!rto exi/$ betwe5 ! trunk & ! ma9 horizontal & sup]ficial roots4 ,i call$ ! noble tree be=e u an accumulation ( vegetable cells4 ,& view$ 9 t aspect1 :at an irresi/ible evid5ce ( ! lapse ( "t does ?is va/ organism pres5t to u6 s9ce ! :ole ( ?is imm5se /ructure orig9at$ 9 a s+le cell1 :i*1 by repeat$ acts ( self-division#ei 7or1 possibly1 o!r modes ( reproduction71 has gradually built up ! mass4 ,yet su* a retrospect w\ld be mo/ fallaci\s 9 ! case be=e u1 s9ce ! plant1 z a p]fect comp\nd organism1 ) its p>ts--root1 trunk1 limbs & leaves1 & its tissues--cellul>1 fibr\s1 & vascul>1 has be5 produc$ by ! in/antane\s putt+ =? ( ! ,div9e volition4 ,once aga94 ,m gigantic ev5 ?an ! t[]+ ,ceiba1 ?is imm5se ,locu/-tree 7,hym5aea7 appe>s to p5etrate ! v sky ) its cr[d ( foliage1 :i* is s remote f ! e>?1 t our eyes _c avail to disc]n ! =ms ( ! leaves4 ,! /raight column> trunk1 l "s triumphal monum5t 9 ! mid/ ( a great metropolis1 is ( s va/ a bulk t a doz5 ( su* m5 z y & ,i c\ld sc>cely embrace x ) /ret*$ arms & jo9$ h&s4#fj ,c our fri5d1 ! vegetable physiologi/1 help u "h to =m a notion ( ! "t :i* w\ld be requir$ = ! production ( ?is tree 9 ! ord9>y way8 ,x is ! la/ fav\r we w ask ( him to-day4 ,come1 ,sir1 give u y\r ?\ghts on ! matt]4 ,! ,botani/4--,!re is a pr9ciple :i*1 9 trees ( ?is "*1 namely1 su* z are ( exog5\s /ructure1 w det]m9e ! age ) v close accuracy4 ,ea* g5]ation ( leaves s5ds d[n woody fibres1 :i* unite into a cyl9d] on ! outside ( ! wood previ\sly =m$1 & b5ea? ! b>k4 ,n[1 z ^! cyl9d]s are 9 g5]al suffici5tly di/9ct1 9 ^? trees :i* r5ew _! leaves b once 9 a ye>1 x w be en\gh to c\nt ! conc5tric circles :i* appe> on a transv]se section ( ! trunk1 & we %all obta9 ! numb] ( ye>s dur+ :i* ! tree has exi/$4 ,9 ! case ( ?is great ,locu/1 ! rule1 to be sure1 is r difficult ( application 9 t way2 a transv]se section ( ?is trunk w\ld co/ a little lab\r4 ,b ) ?is circul> saw1 :i* ,i always c>ry ab\t ) me = inve/igations ( ?is sort1 ,i c take out a horizontal cyl9d] on ea* ( two or ?ree sides ( ! tree1 by c\nt+ ! lay]s 9 :i* ,i c =m a tol]ably accurate e/imate ( ! numb] 9 ! :ole diamet]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,section ,,( ,,exog5\s ,,tree4 ,see2 9 ^! cyl9d]s1 :i* d n mat]ially diff]1 !re are sev5ty-two lay]s 9 a foot1 t is1 ea* lay] is "o-six? ( an in* wide4 ,! trunk is1 at ! "p ,i h te/$1 ab\t fifty feet 9 diamet]1 or tw5ty-five feet 9 radius2 :i* w\ld !re=e conta9 j eighte5 hundr$ su* lay]s4 ,z ! deposition ( new wood1 h[ev]1 is g5]ally m abundant 9 y\? & middle life ?an 9 age1 ! lay]s are probably a little wid]1 t is1 few] 9 a giv5 space1 z we approa* ! c5tre4 ,= ?is we mu/ make all[ance1 & may conjecture t ?is tree is probably n less ?an "o ?\s& five hundr$ ye>s old4 ,n[ :e!r ! premises ( ! botani/ w be> out ?is conclusion or n1 is n a vital "q4 ,= ! "q at issue is1 n1 ,h[ long x has liv$1 b1 ,:e!r x has liv$ at all1 be=e ! pres5t mom5t4 ,x is en\gh = our po9t t ! tree does1 9 its conc5tric zones1 af=d ocul> evid5ce ( successive epo*s ( gr[?4 ,& ! pro( ( ?is w\ld be equally good1 if t5 lay]s 7 deposit$ 9 a ye>1 or if "o deposit 7 made e t5 ye>s2 equally good1 if !re 7 fifte5 hundr$ zones1 or if !re 7 b five4 ,x w\ld be easy to confirm ! te/imony ( ! zones by t ( o!r p>ts ( ! /ructure4 ,! dim5sions ( ! tree itself be> a fix$ &1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 recognisable ratio to its age2 e leaf on a giv5 twig has be5 successively develop$ f a leaf-bud1 ! op5+ ( :i* & its elongation into a twig occupi$1 normally1 a def9ite p]iod2 ea* b\gh1 ea* ( ^? mighty limbs1 0 once a twig1 0 once an undevelop$ leaf-bud1 ^: expansion to its pres5t condition 0 a process1 ( :i* "t 0 an insep>able &1 )9 c]ta9 limits1 a m5surable elem5t4 ,if1 !n1 we 7 preclud$ f exam9+ any o!r organism1 z x proce$$ f ! =mative h& ( its ,creator1 ?an ?is s+le tree1 we %\ld be amply w>rant$ 9 inf]r+ a pa/ exi/5ce 7be x long] or %ort]1 :i* is no matt]7 f ! ph5om5a ( its /ructure1 :i* inf]5ce ! fact ( its creation w\ld flatly contradict4 ,,viii4 ,,p>allels ,,& ,,prec$5ts4 7,inv]tebrate ,animals47 ,!re is a k9d ( "* 9 ?y life ,t to ?' obs]v] do? ?y hi/ory ,fully unfold4---- 7,%akspe>e47 ,leav+ ! vegetable k+dom1 ^? organisms :i*1 ?\gh beautiful inde$ & in/ructive1 are yet inanimate1 let u seek o!rs :i* are end[$ ) a high] /yle ( life1 a life :i* is di/+ui%$ by a measure ( consci\sness ( ! ext]ior _w1 & a p]ception ( relations to x4 ,let u look = animals4 ,we retrace our /eps to ! v]ge ( ! rippl+ sea1 :]e ! belt ( umbrage\s ,mangroves fr+es its m>g94 ,b5ea? ! ar*+ roots ( ^! are n[ repos+ 9 ! w>m sunlit %all[s _m creatures :i* numb] ?is z ! fir/ day ( _! exi/5ce4 ,x is _! natal1 or r 7to make a ^w7 _! creatal day4 ,"h is a specim5 ( ! ,sea-p5 7,p5natula71 closely resembl+ a r ?ick & fle%y fea!r1 ) its quill-end ins]t$ 9 ! t5aci\s m>l :i* con/itutes ! floor ( ! sea along ?is %ore1 & ) ! great] "p ( its body1 includ+ all ! p9nat$ portion1 erect1 & wav+ lightly 9 ! g5tle swell ( ! bay4 ,its c5tral /em is beset on ea* side ) ab\t tw5ty-five horizontal purple p9nae1 & ea* p9na be>s f five to fifte5 polypes ) eight t5tacles ea*4 ,let u wade out to yond] reef4 ,see ?is great mass ( ,millepore1 gr[+ 9 ?9 irregul> p]p5dicul> plates1 :i* jo9 ea* o!r at v>i\s angles1 s z to =m a l>ge op5 honeycomb-l /ructure1 mu* resembl+ ! second /oma* ( an ox4 ,x is cov]$ ) :at appe>s a ?9 /ratum ( fawn-col\r$ jelly1 b ?is consi/s ( innum]able disks1 :i* protrude f myriads ( orifices n l>g] ?an ^? produc$ by ! punctures ( a f9e ne$le2 z we may disc]n by t\*+ ! s(t slimy surface1 :5 ! :ole retires1 & leaves app>5t only ! :ite /ony surface dott$ ) numb]less holes1 )9 :i* ! disks h disappe>$1 & :5ce !y w aga9 pres5tly re-appe>4 ,"h too is a massive %rub ( /one1 a noble example ( ! ,muricat$ ,madrepore4 ,x consi/s ( a great multitude ( %ort tran*es1 :i* are !mselves bran*$ & bran*$ aga91 e "p cov]$ ) little mammill>y w>ts1 & pi]c$ ) innum]able holes 9 :i* /& radiat+ plates ( ! common /one4 ,out ( ^! plat$ orifices1 especially ^? t[>ds ! tips ( ! bran*es1 = ! old] ones are empty & dead1 we see p]petually peep+ =?1 exp&+ = an in/ant1 & !n coyly )draw+1 lovely little gre5 disks1 surr\nd$ ) ?read-l t5tacles2 & f ! extreme end ( ea* bran* !re protrudes "o exactly simil> to ! re/ 9 all respects1 except t x is ne>ly twice z l>ge4 ,"h !n are ! liv+ ar*itects2 ^! h secret$ )9 _! gelat9\s membranes ! calc>e\s atoms1 ^: aggregate =ms ! /ony %rub be=e u4 ,%all we try to e/imate ! numb] ( polypes t h be5 occupi$ 9 build+ ?is tree8 ,!re are ab\t a hundr$ bran*es1 :i*1 tak5 "o ) ano!r1 & foll[$ along ! s9u\s c\rse ( _! _m bran*lets1 we may e/imate to av]age a cont9u\s l5g? ( eight feet ea*2 t is1 #hjj feet ( bran* 9 all4 ,n[ we may consid] ^! bran*es z av]ag+ a ?ickness ( two in*es & a half 9 circumf]5ce1 :i* gives u a surface ( #bd1jjj squ>e in*es4 ,f9ally1 !re are ab\t t5 polype-cells 9 ea* squ>e in*2 & ?us !re are or h be5 9 ?is coral-mass1 ne>ly a qu>t] ( a million ( polype inhabitants4 ,illu/ration3 ,,muricat$ ,,madrepore4 ,b look at ?is d>k crimson edifice ( _m /ories1 ti] above ti]1 ea* horizontal floor ( r$ /one su/a9$ by a multitude ( sl5d] cyl9drical pill>s4 ,:5 we look closely at !m1 we see t ! pill>s are tubes1 p]=at+ "o or m ( ! floors1 f ! l[e/ ti] to ! upp]mo/4 ,h we any clue to ! age ( ^! corals1 or to t ( ei!r ( !m1 suppos+ we did n "k t !y h be5 creat$ to-day8 ,n def9itely1 p]haps2 b indef9itely we h1 c]ta9ly4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,sea-p51 ! polypes h all be5 =m$ 9 succession2 z also 9 t ( ! /ony ,millepore & ,madrepore1 ) ?is addition1 t e newly =m$ polype deposit$ an increase to ! /ony sub/ance1 :i* ?us w5t on increas+ till ! great foliat$ or ramifi$ mass t we see 0 =m$4#fa ,& s1 ) ?is s]ies ( floors & pill>s1 :i* is ! solid portion ( ano!r coral-polype1 ! ,organ-pipe 7,tubipora musica74 ,illu/ration3 ,,organ-,,pipe4 ,e "o ( ^! /ories has be5 =m$ 9 succession4 ,f ! tips ( "s ( ! tubes we see protrud+ an elegant polype ( an em]ald-gre5 hue1 hav+ eight />ry t5tacles1 & giv+ (f f its base an envelop+ membrane1 :i* spreads ov] ! rim ( ! tube & desc5ds on ! outside to ! floor4 ,by means ( ?is vascul> membrane1 bo? tube & floor h be5 =m$4 ,calc>e\s p>ticles1 deposit$1 "o by "o1 9 its sub/ance1 gradually built up ! tube ( ! prim>y polype1 or probably ! tubes ( ! fir/ s]ies1 ! basem5t or gr\nd-floor4 ,:5 ^! tubes _h arriv$ at a c]ta9 height1 all simultane\sly began to develope ! fle%y membrane horizontally1 :i* exp&$ until t f ea* t\*$ t f its neighb\r1 ) :i* x unit$4 ,mean:ile ! calc>e\s deposition w5t on 9 ?is horizontal lay]1 & ?us ! fir/ floor 0 made4 ,n[ f ! liv+ vascul> upp] surface ( ?is lay] sprang up at c]ta9 spots buds1#fb (f%oots ( ! common fle%1 :i* soon rose into columns1 &1 by a process ( calc>e\s deposition1 became tubes ) t]m9al polypes1 :i* 9 turn spread out a horizontal lay]1 & ?us ! second floor 0 built4 ,h5ce a new race ( polypes budd$1 :i* by & by =m$ ! ?ird floor2 & s on 9 succession1 until ! s]ies _h atta9$ ! height :i* we see4 ,if we assume "o ( ^! /ories to be ! gr[? ( a ye>1#fc we h ocul> evid5ce 9 ?is specim5 ( six ye>s' age1 = "h are six successive floors4 ,b no3 = x 0 creat$ complete1 z we see x1 ?is v h\r4 ,yond] goes a ,m$usa1 pump+ its way labori\sly1 yet n ineffectively1 j b5ea? ! surface ( ! cle> wave4 ,x is a great affair1 ne>ly a foot 9 diamet]4 ,h we1 f m]ely exam9+ its appe>ance & /ructure1 any crit]ion by :i* we c guess :e!r x has liv$ an h\r1 or a ye>1 or t5 ye>s8 ,surely we h2 = ?is mass ( cle> jelly is compos$1 l all o!r organic bodies1 ( cells1 :i* h be5 gradually g5]at$1 by nutrition & assimilation1 f ! embryo4#fd ,?is process mu/ h occupi$ _m mon?s1 if n sev]al ye>s2 b ! hi/ory ( ?is ,m$usa did n beg9 :5 x took its pres5t umbrella-l =m4 ,%all we trace x back a little f>!r8 ,at "s "t back1 !n1 ?is creature deta*$ itself z ! t]m9al "o ( _m little sauc]-l bodies1 :i* _h be5 = "s "t previ\sly =m+ by ! gradual con/riction ( a ?ick fle%y /em4 ,be=e ! con/riction began to be visible1 ?is /em 0 ! body ( a :ite ,hydra=m polype1 affix$ by its base1 & furni%$ at its free extremity ) ?irty-two t5tacles4 ,x _h liv$ sev]al ye>s 9 ?is =m1 develop+ _m ,hydroid polypes1 j l itself1 by successive gemmations4 ,be=e x took ?is %ape1 :i* x assum$ gradually1 its t5tacles be+ develop$ 9 geometrical progression1 #cb f #af1 f #h1 f #d1--;x 0 a s(t ovoid planule clo!d ) vibratile cilia1 :i* swam freely 9 ! sea1 l an ,infusorium4 ,?us ! physiologi/ w\ld confid5tly assign to ?is ,m$usa an exi/5ce ( sev]al ye>s1 z an indep5d5t organism2 nor c\ld 8 conclusions be controv]t$1 except by ! k ( ! fact t ! ,m$usa has be5 b j n[ creat$4 ,we pass on4 ,"h is an ,e*9us4 ,let x be borne 9 m9d /ill1 t we h1 9 idea1 ! p[] ( pursu+ our rese>*es on ea* creature at ! mom5t :i* foll[s t ( its creation2 & t1 :5 t actually 0 is ( no consequ5ce to our inve/igation4 ,"h !n is ?is new-made ,e*9us spha]a1 a some:at conical globe ( ?ree in*es diamet]1 :i* is cov]$ ) a =e/ ( sp9es1 p$icell>iae1 & suck]s1 & :i* glides maje/ically along1 ) an ev5 b sl[ progress1 ov] rock & reef4 ,its vitals are enclos$ 9 a holl[ box ( calc>e\s %ell1 :i* is built up ( ne>ly a ?\s& pieces4 ,?is specim51 :i* is r bel[ ?an above ! av]age size1 is =m$ ( t5 m]idional r[s ( l>ge plates 7! int]ambulacral71 & t5 ( small 7! ambulacral74 ,! =m] s]ies are ea* compos$ ( ?irty-two plates1 mak+ 9 all ?ree hundr$ & tw5ty2 ! latt] h j d\ble t numb]1 mak+ six hundr$ & =ty2 ?us ?is ,ur*9's box is built up ( n9e hundr$ & sixty plates2 e "o ( :i* is ( def9ite %ape & angle1 & fits into ! angles ( its fell[s ) ! accuracy ( ! mo/ skilfully con/ruct$ cab9et-"w4 ,n[ e "o ( ^! plates is an eloqu5t witness to ! pa/ life-hi/ory ( ! ,sea-ur*94 ,= ! reason :y ! enclos+ box is made ( s _m pieces is1 t x might gradually exp& & enl>ge its capacity ) ! ev] increas+ requirem5ts ( ! s(t organs )94 ,e plate is envelop$ by a vascul> fle%1 f :i* ! calc>e\s p>ticles are deposit$ 9 a con/ant & p]fectly uni=m ratio2 & ?us all ! con/itu5t plates are cont9ually enl>g$ by additions to bo? ! int]nal & ext]nal surfaces 7increas+ _! /r5g?71 & to _! sutural m>g9s 7increas+ _! comb9$ capacity71 until ! adult dim5sions are atta9$4 ,! size ( ! new-born ,e*9us is n ne>ly equal to t ( "o ( ^! plates1 & ! progressive increase ( ! plates by deposition on _! edges has c]ta9ly tak5 sev]al ye>s to accompli%4#fe ,! same result is inf]rible f ! /ructure ( ! sp9es ) :i* e plate is arm$4 ,ea* ( ^! is a v long cone ( calc>e\s matt]1 arrang$ 9 m9ute oval *amb]s1 divid$ by ?9 glassy walls1 & deposit$ p>ticle by p>ticle f ! ?9 /ratum ( liv+ fle% ) :i* ea* has be5 inve/$ f its fir/ embryonic developm5t4 ,b ( ?is ,e*9us1 z ( ! ,m$usa be=e1 we f9d a hi/ory ant]ior to ei!r box or sp9es4 ,its fir/ appe>ance 9 ?is /age ( exi/5ce 0 z a b>ely-visible circul> disk1 con/ruct$ on ! outside ( ! /oma* ( a s+ul> transp>5t organism1 mu* l a ,m$usa1 b ( a domul> =m ) f\r or six legs1 /iff5$ by calc>e\s rods1 & a cr[n+ p9nacle4 ,= "s undef9$ "t ?is gelat9\s dome _h be5 glid+ ) a /ately movem5t ?r\gh ! op5 sea1 be=e !re 0 ! lea/ trace ( ! disk1 :i* aft]w>ds grew to ! ,e*9us4 ,9 its e>lie/ condition ! dome itself 0 a s(t1 sph]ical1 mulb]ry-l ,infusorium1 cov]$ ) vibratile cilia2 ?is alt]$ its =m to t ( a ?ree-sid$ pyramid1 & ?is to ! vault$ dome4 ,cle>ly1 !re=e1 we h a "r to inf] a pa/ hi/ory ( ! ,ur*91 & t ( n a few di/9ct /ages4 ,b no2 ! specim5 has comm5c$ its hi/ory )9 an h\r6 ,yond] ,fea!r-/> 7,comatula7 notice2 :i*1 hav+ j n[ />t$ into mature life at ! almighty fiat ( its ,creator1 goes c>e]+ joy\sly ?r\gh ! sea1 exp&+ & contract+ its _m-jo9t$ & fea!ry arms1 z if x _h be5 accu/om$ to ! alt]nation = a long life1 & ev] & anon settl+ itself by grasp+ ! po9ts ( rock ) its dorsal claws4 ,y w\ld h>dly ?9k t ^? flexible & sl5d] arms 7 made ( /one3 yet !y are2 e jo9t ( ! /ems & ( _! p9nae is a v]tebra ( /one 7preci\s /ones1 y w say--topaz & ruby--f _! brilliant hues71 :i* has be5 =m$ & deposit$ atom by atom1 by ! sl[ & gradual process ( secretion ( calc>e\s matt]2 ! lime hav+ be5 prim>ily collect$ f ! sea-wat] :i* held x 9 solution4 ,at lea/1 su* is ! physiological d$uction4 ,illu/ration3 ,,comatula ,,& ,,"y4 ,b !re 0 a p]iod 9 ! ,comatula's hi/ory :5 x 0 n a free-swimm+ />1 b a lily-l fl[] ( t5 sl5d] fr+$ petals1 seat$ at ! summit ( a long /alk1 ) a c5tral column> axis ( /one4 ,be=e t1 ! fl[]-head _h a bud-l figure1 & ! petals 7 m9ute & de/itute ( lat]al fr+es2 & e>li] /ill1 x 0 a t9y gelat9\s club )\t any developm5t ( /one1 affix$ by a spread+ base1 & %oot+ =? f ! top a few pellucid processes4 ,e>li] /ill1 x 01 no d\bt1 an infusory-l gemmule1 clo!d ) cilia4 ,?r\gh all ^! successive /ages1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 occupi$ a consid]able p]iod ( "t1 we %\ld c]ta9ly affirm ! ,fea!r-/> to h pass$1 did we n "k t x has ?is v h\r bur/ into exi/5ce4 ,t ,pan!r1 ^: tawny fur /udd$ ) black rosettes appe>$ s beautiful z he b\nd$ ) agile grace f glade to glade j z we em]g$ f ! =e/1 conta9s )9 8 inte/9es1 ?\gh y _c see x1 a mature ,tapeworm4 ,! body ( ?is p>asite consi/s ( "s hundr$s ( squ>e flatt5$ segm5ts1 ea* ( :i* includes a complicat$ g5]ative app>atus1 equal to ! production ( ?\s&s ( f]tile ova4 ,is n ?is an evid5ce ( age8 ,=1 fir/ ( all1 consid] t ! =mation ( ea* ( ^! hundr$s ( jo9ts has be5 a "w ( developm5t f ! ant]ior p>ts2 & !re=e !y record z _m di/9ct & successive processes z !re are segm5ts4 ,&1 secondly1 rememb] t ! ,ta5ia did n comm5ce exi/5ce z a ,ta5ia1 nor 9 ! conditions 9 :i* x n[ exi/s1 )9 ! b[els ( ! ,pan!r4 ,x looks back to ano!r =m1 & to ano!r liv+ nidus4 ,!re 0 a "t :5 ?is p>asitic creature _h no ribbon-l body ( flatt5$ g5]ative segm5ts4 ,!re 01 inde$1 ! same curi\s head1 a t9y globose knob at ! extremity ( a sl5d] neck1 furni%$ ) ! same array z n[1 ( r[s ( hooks & suck+ disks4 ,b 9 place ( ! segm5ts1 ! neck m]g$ into a membran\s bladd] di/5d$ ) cle> fluid4 ,x 0 n a ,ta5ia !n1 b a ,cy/ic]cus4 ,its home 0 at t "t ! int]ior ( a liv+ animal on ^: vitaliz$ juices x 0 su/a9$1 b t animal 0 widely diff]5t f its pres5t patron4 ,x 0 an ,antelope1 t cropp$ ! wiry grass & aromatic %rubs ( ! arid pla94 ,e>li] /ill1 ! g]m ( ?is ,ta5ia 0 an egg ly+ on ! gr\nd1 hav+ be5 dis*>g$ f ! rectum ( ano!r ,pan!r1 9 ! b[els ( :i* x _h be5 develop$ by "o ( ! segm5ts ( a =m] ,ta5ia4 ,let u n[ trace ! hi/ory ( ?is organism onw>ds f ! po9t at :i* we h arriv$ 9 our retrograde rese>*es4 ,! p>5t ,ta5ia1 /ill snugly ensconc$ 9 its obsc5e abode1 p>tially matur$ & !n sep>at$ ! ultimate g5]ative segm5t1 conta9+ _m ?\s&s ( ova1 f> advanc$ t[>ds p]fection4 ,! deta*$ segm5t n[ became enclos$ 9 ! faeces ( ! ,c>nivore1 & 0 at l5g? dis*>g$1 envelop$ 9 ! pellet4 ,! eggs1 acquir+ maturity1 7 hat*$1 & ! infant worms individually scatt]$ !mselves among ! surr\nd+ h]bage4#ff ,"o ( ^! 0 dev\r$ ) ! h]bage by a graz+ ,antelope1 & hav+ safely escap$ ! p]il\s ordeals ( ma/ication & rum9ation1 pass$ into ! /oma* ( t ,rum9ant1 :5ce x soon made its way by "s unkn[n b un]r+ r\te to ! liv]1 9 ! p>5*yma ( :i* organ x rapidly develop$ ! cy/1 :i* gave to ! pres5t /age its prop] "*4 ,! ,antelope fell a prey to ! f]oci\s ,cat2 its fle% 0 quickly dige/$ 9 ! /oma*1 b ! ga/ric juice produc$ no effect on ! ,cy/ic]cus4 ,?is p>asite _h m]ely *ang$ its resid5ce = "o m commodi\s1 or at lea/ m suitable = its fur!r developm5t4 ,x pres5tly atta*$ itself to ! walls ( ! inte/9e by means ( its oral hooks & suck]s1 &1 gett+ rid ( its vesicul> sac1 ) its fluid cont5ts1 probably by absorption1 x began to develop1 jo9t by jo9t1 t imm5se ribbon1 :i* x possesses n[1 & :i* con/itutes x a ,tapeworm4 ,su* is ! /range ev5tful hi/ory ( ?is repulsive creature2 a hi/ory legitimately d$ucible1 9 all its /ages1 f its pres5tly-exi/+ condition4 ,b x is a hi/ory altoge!r illusory4 ,! ,ta5ia nev] 0 a ,cy/ic]cus3 ! ,pan!r is z yet guiltless ( capricide3 x is ?is mom5t call$ into be+1 & ! ,tapeworm beg9s exi/5ce )9 x4 ,?is lump ( r$ s&/one t has be5 roll$ ab\t 9 ! sea1 till all its po9ts & angles are worn smoo?1 is n[ r\gh5$ aga9 by ! close & firm adhesion ( extrane\s sub/ance1 9 ! =m ( a clu/] ( %elly pipes1 :i* tw9e irregul>ly ov] ! surface ( ! b\ld]1 & !n />t up erect ) op5 m\?s4 ,^! are ! tubes ( a species ( ,s]pula1 & ! worm itself is se5 n[ sl[ly em]g+ f "o ( !m1 & introduc+ its conical /opp]1 & elegant fans ( :ite & sc>let filam5ts1 to ! g5ial daylight4 ,obs]ve1 h[ev]1 t ! tubes are n ( ! same diamet] ?r\gh\t4 ,at ! po9t :]e !y />t up f contact ) ! /one1 !y are consid]ably small] ?an at ! tip2 & if we trace back ! adh]5t portion along its tortu\s c\rse1 we f9d t x con/antly dim9i%es until x is b a sl5d] :ite ?read ( /one4 ,n[ ?is sl5d] extremity 0 =m$ fir/2 & z ! worm itself grew1 s x progressively requir$ a l>g] & yet a l>g] habitation2 :i* 0 readily provid$ ( ! due dim5sions1 because ! mat]ial1 :i* is lime/one1 0 secret$ by ! swoll5 coll> ( ! worm1 & be+ freely p\r$ out z requir$1 0 m\ld$ ( ! prop] calibre by ! rotatory motion ( ! animal1 comb9$ ) ! special use ( c]ta9 tactile organs = ! purpose4 ,! %elly tubes !mselves af=d u ocul> evid5ce n only ( _! progressive =mation1 b also ( ! successive /eps by :i* ?is 0 effect$4 ,= at c]ta9 int]vals ( _! l5g? we p]ceive r+s ( ! common /ony sub/ance1 :i* m>k ! rim or m\? ( ! tube z x exi/$ aft] ea* p]iodic increase4 ,! m\? ( ! tube is1 z we see1 slightly exp&$ 9 a trumpet fa%ion2 b z ! g5]al cyl9drical figure is to be ma9ta9$1 ! next deposit ( calc>e\s matt] is n made at ! v edge ( ! lip1 b on a r+ a little way )9 ! m>g91 :5ce x is c>ri$ up1 leav+ ! =m] m>g9 slightly project+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,s]pula4 ,:o c\ld hesitate to ass]t t a hi/ory ( pa/ "t is legibly writt5 9 ! annulations ( ^! /ony tubes8 ,& yet ! creatures1 ) _! tubes1 h be5 b ?is in/ant creat$4 ,b "h is a tube ( q ano!r con/ruction1 ?\gh inhabit$ by a k9dr$ worm4 ,x is :olly built up ( s&1 ! inimitable ar*itecture ( ! indwell+ ,t]ebella1 :o has ?us succe$$ 9 p]=m+ a task :i* defi$ ! ef=ts ( t too indu/ri\s artizan1--! famili> ( ! r5[n$ ,mi*ael ,scott4#fg ,our worm has c]ta9ly spun a rope ( s&1 & "o :i* holds toge!r ) surpris+ t5acity4 ,! in/rum5t :i* our little ar*itect wr\ght ) are ! long t5tacles1 :i*1 l a tangl$ tuft ( yell[ sew+-cotton1 twi/ & tw9e ov] ! floors ( s&y pools4 ,no?+ at fir/ sight seems less adequate = ! purpose ?an ^? v sl5d]1 s(t1 & flexible ?reads4 ,dr4 ,williams %all tell u h[ !y are us$4 ,!y consi/ ( holl[ flatt5$ tubul> filam5ts1 furni%$ ) /rong muscul> p>ietes4 ,! b& may be roll$ longitud9ally into a cyl9drical =m1 s z to inclose a holl[ cyl9drical space1 if ! two edges ( ! b& meet2 or a semi-cyl9drical space1 if !y only imp]fectly meet4 ,?is inimitable me*anism enables ea* filam5t to take up & firmly grasp1 at any po9t ( its l5g?1 a molecule ( s&2 or1 if plac$ 9 a l9e> s]ies1 a r[ ( molecules4 ,b s p]fect is ! disposition ( ! muscul> fibres at ! extreme free end ( ea* filam5t1 t x is gift$ ) ! two-fold p[] ( act+ on ! suck+ & on ! muscul> pr9ciple4 ,:5 ! t5tacle is ab\t to seize an object1 ! extremity is drawn 91 9 consequ5ce ( ! sudd5 reflux ( fluid 9 ! holl[ int]ior2 by ?is movem5t a cup-%ap$ cavity is =m$1 9 :i* ! object is securely held by atmosph]ic pressure2 ?is p[] is1 h[ev]1 imm$iately aid$ by ! contraction ( ! circul> muscul> fibres4 ,su*1 !n1 are ! m>vell\s in/rum5ts by :i* ^! peaceful worms con/ruct _! habitations4#fh ,s9ce ! sl5d] t5tacles are ! implem5ts by :i* ! s&-tube is ?us built up1 x is manife/ t ! exi/5ce ( ! tube mu/ be subsequ5t to ! exi/5ce ( ! t5tacles4 ,b ! ,t]ebella 0 at "o "t )\t t5tacles2 s t its hi/ory c]ta9ly rea*es back to a date ant]ior to ! exi/5ce ( a tube4 ,sev]al /ages ( life h int]v5$ betwe5 t di/+ui%$ by ! pres5t worm-=m1 & its infant condition1 :5 x swam z a ciliat$ undivid$ monad4 ,s1 at lea/1 we conclude f physiological data2 b our conclusions are false1 because contradict$ by ! fact t ! mature animal ) its case has be5 j n[ creat$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,let u =sake ! ocean-%ore1 & walk aga9 ?r\gh ! glades ( ! virg9 =e/4 ,a ,:ite-ant 7,t]mes7 crosses our pa?1 &1 by track+ him home1 we spe$ily discov] 8 dwell+1 an enorm\s /ructure compos$ ( gnaw$ wood cem5t$ ) an animal secretion1 & =m$ into ?9 b v firm & h>d lay]s4 ,sw>ms ( lab\r]s are pass+ 9 & out2 &1 on our break+ away a portion ( ! edifice1 out come cr[d+ ! w>riors1 ) =midable jaws ext5d$ widely1 ready = ! fight4 ,9 ! int]ior we f9d num]\s *amb]s /or$ ) food1 & nurs]ies occupi$ by "y & eggs1 ! numb] ( :i* is e h\r increas+ by ! oviposition ( ! gravid female1--! que5 ( ! city--:o is lodg$ 9 an ap>tm5t 9 ! v c5tre ( ! :ole4 ,! entire edifice has be5 built ar\nd h]2 %e is ! hope ( ! colony1 ! only "m 9 ?is va/ assemblage4 ,x is !re=e ?r\gh h] t we mu/ look = a pa/ hi/ory2 & 9 h] we f9d x4 ,"s mon?s ago1 :5 %e 0 n m ?an "o ?\s&? "p z l>ge z %e is n[1 ?\gh !n adult1 %e migrat$ f "s o!r city n less popul\s ?an ?is is n[4 ,x 0 j be=e ! p]iodical ra9s1 :51 at ! "t ( ! great annual sw>m+1 myriads ( w+$ males & females 7 evolv$ f ! pupa /ate1 & flew out f _! native city4 ,?is individual female 0 f\nd by "s ( ! work]s t n[ compose ?is colony1 & 0 imm$iately select$ to be at once _! prison] & _! que54 ,we ?us trace our great egg-lay+ ,t]mes to a city ( la/ ye>'s build+1 9 :i* = a "t %e 0 9 an immature condition z a nymph1 & be=e t pass$ a /ill less-develop$ /age z a l>va4 ,h5ce h] life-hi/ory goes yet f>!r back to an egg1 orig9ally laid by a =m] female 9 exactly ! same circum/ances z ^? 9 :i* we f9d ?is gu>d$ & immur$ individual4 ,?us we reason2 b ! female1 ) h] ho/ ( att5dants1 & ! h\se1 :i* is insep>able f _! pres5t /age ( exi/5ce1 has be5 creat$ to-day4 ,see t creature :i* ) l\d r++ hum is :irl+ r\nd & r\nd ! tassel-l blossoms ( ?is noble ,eug5ia4 ,y w\ld ?9k x a bird f its massive size1 b x fla%es & sp>kles 9 ! sun1 l a great jewel4 ,n[ x sudd5ly alights on "o ( ! crimson fl[]s1 & y may p]ceive t x is a beetle2--a beetle ( va/ size1 & glitt]+ l a lump ( burni%$ metal2--x be>s ! "n ( ,golia?1--a giant clad 9 poli%$ arm\r4 ,?is is 8 fir/ h\r ( exi/5ce2 n[ = ! fir/ "t has 8 n]v\s sy/em respond$ to ! /imulus ( ! sweet air & g5ial sun%9e4 ,an h\r ago he _h no n]v\s sy/em2 no sy/em ( any sort2 no life2 no be+2 no any?+2--he 0 n until ?is h\r4 ,yet if we 7 to ask a fri5d conv]sant ) entomology 8 op9ion on ! age ( ?is insect1 he w\ld imm$iately give x2 n1 h[ev]1 z an op9ion1 = he w\ld repudiate ! unc]ta9ty :i* su* a ^w implies1 b z an indubitable fact1 re/+ on ! infallible gr\nds ( con/ant obs]vation & undeviat+ exp]i5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,,golia? ,,beetle1 ,,& ,,pupa ,,case4 ,?is f9e ,golia?us1 he w\ld say1 has n long1 probably1 em]g$ f a holl[ case ( oval =m1 made ( p>ticles ( e>? agglut9at$ toge!r by a secretion f ! m\? ( ! l>va1 & conceal$ "u ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,)9 t sepul*re x has left its c]em5ts1--! %rivell$ sk9 ( ! pupa1 9 :i* x _h be5 wrapp$ up motionless l a mummy1 = sev]al weeks prior to its appe>ance z a glitt]+ beetle4 ,! con/ruction ( ! oval cell 0 ! la/ act ( ! l>va1 a ?ick1 massy1 heavy-bodi$ grub1 :i* _h fatt5$ = ye>s by fe$+ on ! roots ( plants b5ea? ! soil4 ,f\r ye>s pass$ away#fi :ile yon beetle lay on its side1 d>kly lab\r+ at ?is occupation2 & be=e t x 0 a m9ute egg = "s weeks4 ,! specim5 be=e u _c be f> %ort ( five ye>s old4 ,no su* ?+3 ! witness is at fault3 ! ,golia?us is n an h\r old4 ,take notice ( ! sw>m ( ,gnats1 :i*1 l a dim cl\d1 are unit+ 9 *oral dance & song 9 ! beam ( ! sett+ sun4 ,e memb] ( ! b& t w9ds 8 %rill horn1 has _h an aquatic be=e he _h an a]ial exi/5ce4 ,a week 0 sp5t1 9 lob/]-%ape1 ) two brea?+ tubes on ! summit ( 8 body1 9 pass+ alt]nately f ! bottom to ! top ( yond] /agnant pool1 & !n back f ! top to ! bottom4 ,& a mon? 0 occupi$ 9 pretty ne>ly ! same employm5t1 b 9 ano!r mask1--9 fi%-l =m1 ) ! />-tipp$ brea?+-tube project+ f ! side ( ! tail4 ,b = "s mon?s e>li] /ill x 0 a little l5ticul> egg1 :i* 0 agglut9at$ ) a numb] ( o!rs into an oval concave boat1 t float$ to & fro on ! surface ( ! pool4 ,& !re 0 some?+ wor? obs]v+ 9 t t9y skiff ( eggs2 = x did1 9 its artful con/ruction1 c>ry ! evid5ce ( "t back to a =m] g5]ation4 ,! eggs individually & sep>ately w\ld h sunk to ! bottom ( ! wat]2 x 01 h[ev]1 ess5tial to _! life t !y %\ld be 9 contact ) ! air z well z ) ! wat]4 ,h5ce !y 7 s arrang$ 9 ! aggregate1 t ! mass %\ld swim1 ?\gh ! con/itu5t individuals c\ld n4 ,to effect ?is1 ! p>5t ,gnat1 re/+ on ! calm surface ( ! pool1 cross$ h] two h9d legs1 & laid an egg p]p5dicul>ly 9 ! angle s made3 o!rs 7 add$ 9 succession1 all ma9ta9+ ! p]p5dicul> position1 all glu$ toge!r by a cem5t t resi/s wat]1 b s arrang$1 ! cross$ legs be+ /ill ! m\ld1 t ! outl9e %\ld be sp9dle-%ap$1 :ile ! summits ( ! c5tral eggs1 be+ a little l[] ?an ^? ( ! out] ones1 gave a concavity to ! boat4 ,s buoyant 0 x :5 f9i%$1 & ! "m's legs )drawn1 t ev5 a drop ( wat] fall+ full ^u x f above1 w\ld h fail$ to subm]ge x4 ,!re x float$1 week aft] week1 & mon? aft] mon?1 all ?r\gh ! w9t]1 till ! g5ial sun ( spr+ hat*$ ! fi%-l l>vae to beg9 _! wriggl+ exi/5ce b5ea? ! surface4 ,n[ may we n say ) confid5ce1 t ! s\nd+-w+$ insect looks back to ! pupa1 ! pupa to ! l>va1 ! l>va to ! egg-boat8 ,& m1 t ! =m ( ! boat1--a =m s ess5tial t x c\ld n h liv$ )\t x1--look$ back to ! cross$ feet ( ! "m-gnat1 ! impress ( ^: angle its extremities su/a9$8 ,( c\rse we might reason ?us3 b yet we %\ld be at fault2 = ! r++ sw>m ( m]ry ,gnats has be5 ?is v ev5+ creat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,l>va ,,( ,,case-,,fly4 ,! ,case-flies 7,phryganea7 t look l delicate mo?s ( sob]-br[n hue1 flitt+ ov] ! surface ( ! pond1 h1 l ! ,gnats1 sp5t a consid]able "t "u wat]4 ,:5 !y 7 l>vae1 !y indu/ri\sly collect$ small %ells1 fragm5ts ( /one1 bits ( re$1 & ! l matt]s1 &1 connect+ !m toge!r ) /rong silk1 made out ( !m sl5d] tubes1 9 :i* !y %elt]$ _! s(t bodies f h>m1 :ile _! h>d poli%$ heads & %\ld]s project$ f ! op5 end4 ,& aft] hav+ liv$ ?r\gh ! w9t] 7at lea/1 b ,i r ?9k m ?an "o w9t]7 9 ?is /ate1 ea* clos$ up ! entrance ( 8 ca/le1 by sp9n+ across its op5 end1 a transv]se scre5 ( lattice-"w1 made ( v /rong & /\t silk1 :i*1 :ile x %\ld s]ve ! purpose ( keep+ out evil-m9d$ intrud]s1 dur+ ! helpless inaction ( ! pupa1 %\ld at ! same "t admit ! free +ress & egress ( wat] necess>y = its respiration4 ,! life ( ! l>va1 & ! ex]cise ( ^!1 its curi\s in/9cts1 are1 toge!r ) ! duration ( ! pupa /age1 insep>able prec$5ts ( ! imago /ate 9 :i* we n[ obs]ve ! fly+ insects4 ,no1 n insep>able2 = 9 ?is case1 at lea/1 !y _h no exi/5ce 9 "t2 !y are pro*ronic developm5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,melic]ta4 ,9 ?is pond at our feet !re is an object wor?y ( a mom5t's obs]vation1 m9ute ?\gh x is1 = x is only visible z a speck to ! unassi/$ eye4 ,on "o ( ! :orl-filam5ts ( ?is tuft ( ,myriophyllum1 !re /&s up a cyl9drical tube1 firmly adh]5t to ! plant by its foot1 b free at its upp] end4 ,small z x is1 ?is *imney is built up ( hundr$s ( pellets1 solid1 r\nd1 & yell[2 plac$ 9 symmetrical ord]1 & firmly cem5t$ toge!r4 ,:at has made ?is tube8 ,ha6 "h is ! little ar*itect ready to answ] = himself2 he ?ru/s out 8 head & %\ld]s f 8 *imney-top1 & ann\nces 8 sci5tific cognom5 z ,melic]ta r+5s4 ,look6 he is 9 ! v act ( build+ n[4 ,did y see him sudd5ly b[ d[n 8 head & lay a brick on ! top ( ! la/ c\rse8 ,& n[ he is busy mak+ ano!r brick2 8 m\ld is a t9y cup-%ap$ cavity j bel[ 8 *92 8 mat]ial ! float+ floccose atoms ( vegetable refuse4 ,cilia along 8 fl[]-l face collect ^! atoms into a /ream1 & p\r !m into ! cup2 & cilia )9 ! cup :irl !m rapidly r\nd & r\nd 9 _m rotations1 until ) ! aid ( mucus !y are some:at consolidat$ into a r\nd pellet4 ,! brick is made1 & no?+ rema9s b t x be deposit$ next ! =m]1 9 regul> progression1 & ?is is done by ! t9y ,greek3 tekton1 sudd5ly b5d+ 8 head =w>d1 & br++ ! *9-cup ) exact precision to ! spot4 ,& h[ long has he be5 engag$ 9 ?is piece ( "w8 ,little m ?an a day4 ,x 0 comm5c$ ye/]day1 :5 ! creature 0 n m ?an "o-?ird z l>ge z he is n[4 ,b he _h liv$ a few h\rs be=e ! comm5cem5t ( 8 "w4 ,he 0 a rov] be=e he began to be a h\se-keep]4 ,9 t e>ly /age ( y\? & fre$om1 be=e he _h made up 8 m9d to settle 9 life1 he _h no *9-cup1 no fl[]-l face1 & ( c\rse no tube4 ,a cyl9drical gelat9\s pellucid worm1 he issu$ out ( ! egg1 ) a bru% ( cilia on 8 cr[n1 & danc$ wayw>dly ?r\gh ! wat]4 ,:ile ?us occupi$1 8 =m und]w5t "s prelim9>y modifications1 & at l5g? 0 suffici5tly matur$1 to enable him to *oose a spot = ! pass+ ( 8 future life1 & to comm5ce ! build+ on :i* he is /ill engag$4 ,n s4 ,! pellet :i* he deposit$ :5 we began to look at him1 0 ! fir/ he _h ev] made2 he _h be5 creat$ b t mom5t2 & all ! previ\s pellets ( ! case _h be5 call$ into be+ j z we saw !m4 ,!y 7 built up pro*ronically4 ,i te> a piece ( b>k f ! trunk ( ?is half-decay$ tree1 & h disclos$ amid/ ! rank-smell+ damp & rott5 wood1 a l>ge ,julus1 a sl[-mov+ creature1 ) "s hundr$-&-fifty little tw9kl+ feet4 ,z ?is specim5 has atta9$ its adult condition1 x mu/ be at lea/ two ye>s old2 = x does n acquire its reproductive organs & p]fect developm5t till t age4#gj ,?is creature has pass$ ?r\gh a r curi\s hi/ory ( evolutions4 ,! egg f :i* x 0 produc$ 0 lodg$ 9 a *amb] excavat$ by ! p>5t1 a few in*es bel[ ! surface ( ! rott5 m\ld4 ,f ?is egg proce$$ a little kidney-%ap$ body1 )\t limbs or motion1 completely envelop$ 9 a swa! ( delicate transp>5t membrane4 ,ab\t a =tnight x rema9$ 9 ?is helpless /ate1 dur+ :i* its organs _h be5 =m+ out ( ! con/itu5t cells1 by repeat$ subdivision1 & def9ite arrangem5t4 ,at l5g? x bur/ its c]em5t1 & a m9ute ,julus appe>$1 n m ?an #a_/bjj? ( an in* 9 l5g?1 compos$ ( a head ) ant5nae1 & a body ( eight segm5ts1 ( :i* ! fir/ ?ree c>ri$ ea* a pair ( legs4 ,all ! multitud9\s limbs :i* we see 9 ?is adult h be5 produc$ 9 successive m\lt+s1 & all ! num]\s segm5ts h be5 produc$ by ! subdivision ( ! la/ b "o1--t is ! jo9t prec$+ ! anal "o1--six at a "t4 ,by ! "t ! little animal 0 ready = ! second sl\gh+1 t is1 9 ab\t a week aft] ! prec$+1 ?ree m pairs ( feet 7 se51 :i* _h budd$ f ! f\r?1 fif?1 & six? segm5ts1 b :i* 7 z yet closely pack$ d[n b5ea? ! inve/+ sk92 ! sev5? segm5t also 0 obscurely m>k$ into six divisions4 ,! sk9 0 n[ ?r[n (f1 & ^! *anges 7 p]fect$2 ! little ,julus n[ _h six pairs ( feet1 & ?irte5 segm5ts4 ,?is process 0 repeat$ aga9 & aga92 ! new limbs always develop+ on ! segm5ts la/ produc$1 & six new segm5ts be+ always =m$ out ( ! exi/+ p5ultimate4 ,& by ?is gradual succession ( developm5t1 ! animal has atta9$ ! numb] ( limbs & segm5ts :i* we n[ p]ceive4 ,! ant5nae & ! eyes h likewise pass$ ?r\gh successive /ages4 ,we h a "r to inf] ! lapse ( a p]iod suffici5t to produce ^! *anges1 = we see _! indubitable results2 b our inf]5ce w\ld only lead u a/ray1 because we h n all[$ = a di/urb+ influ5ce1--t ( ! ,law ( ,creation4 ,?is is ! ,julus's fir/ h\r ( life4 ,see1 on ! trunk ( t t[]+ ,c$rela1 a r\nd hole1 out ( :i* a l>ge ,beetle is 9 ! act ( em]g+4 ,x is a noble ,bupre/is1 encas$ 9 glitt]+ mail1 ( ! mo/ refulg5t metallic spl5d\r1 crimson1 gold1 & gre54 ,c we f9d any clue to 8 age8 ,yes3 ! :ite grab has riot$ & fatt5$ 9 its burr[s 9 ! timb] ( ?is tree = _m ye>s2 ev] gnaw+ away ) its horny aug]-l jaws ! solid wood 9 tortu\s gall]ies1 :i* con/antly enl>g$1 z x progressively grew1 :ile its wake1 z x advanc$1 0 p>tially fill$ by its ordure4 ,! old tree is1 no d\bt1 p]=at$1 ?r\gh & ?r\gh1 by its w9d+ corridors1 z l>ge z y\r middle f+]4 ,z soon z ! v]m9 _h pass$ ?is 8 nonage1 :i*1 z ,i say1 may h occupi$ a doz5 ye>s at lea/1#ga he sank into 8 %ort pupa-sleep1 & "h we see him pay+ 8 fir/ visit to ! light ( day4 ,true2 ?is is 8 fir/ exp]i5ce ( daylight1 & inde$ ( any?+2 = all ! pupa-sleep & ! l>va-lab\r 7 pro*ronic 9 ?is case4 ,! ,beetle is j creat$4 ,h>k to t holl[ ro>6 ,!re is no mi/ak+ t maje/ic s\nd4 ,x is ! voice ( ! _m-s\nd+ sea4 ,yond] ?r\gh ! trees we cat* a glimpse ( its %9+ face1 & "h we are at ! v]ge ( ! cliffs1 aga9/ ^: feet ! waves are break+ 9 :ite foam4 ,we w clamb] d[n to ! rocks4 ,9 ?is we$-fr+$ tide-pool !re is a f9e specim5 ( ! ,%ore-crab 7,c>c9us mo5as74 ,x is a male j arriv$ at ! p]fection ( adult age2 its c>apace smoo? & :olly d>k-gre5 9 hue1 its "u p>ts ruf\s orange4 ,its claws4 are l>ge & %>p2 & ! promptitude ) :i* x pres5ts ^! =midable weapons1 ext5d$ to ! utmo/1 %[s h[ consci\s x is ( its w>like p[]s4 ,to all appe>ance ?is ,crab is sev]al ye>s old2#gb ,i mean 9 ?is 8 pres5t p]fect or imago =m4 ,:5 ?is =m 0 fir/ assum$1 ! diamet] ( ! c>apace 0 n m ?an an eigh? ( an in*2 x is n[ two in*es2 a great _m p]iodical sl\gh+s ( ! cru/ mu/ h occurr$ to accompli% ?is sixte5-fold increase4 ,b f\r di/9ct metamorphoses 7 pass$ be=e ! comm5cem5t ( ?is =m4 ,!re 0 ! ,grapsoid =m ) ! outl9e ( ! c>apace ne>ly p>allel-sid$1 & ! d5tations on ! sides4 ,be=e ?is !re 0 ! ,megalopa =m1 ) ! c>apace ovate1 & ! abdom5 project+ beh9d4 ,be=e ?is !re 0 ! ,zoea =m1 ) ! c>apace ris+ into a tall erect sp9e1 sessile eyes1 no claws1 & ! abdom5 a sl5d] jo9t$ cord end+ 9 a triangul> plate4 ,& be=e ?is1 !re 0 ! egg1 :i* 0 laid by ! "m ,crab1 & c>ri$ by h] = a consid]able "t atta*$ to ! false feet ( h] abdom54 ,all ^! evid5ces ( age1 cle> & unansw]able ?\gh !y are1 are yet fallaci\s1 because ! ,crab has be5 creat$ b ?is morn+4 ,on ?is sea-wa%$ bran* ( a tree1 :i* has be5 bl[n (f by "s tempe/1 & c>ri$ into ! ocean1 !re is a s+le ,b>nacle 7,lepas74 ,x consi/s ( a h& ( _m pairs ( fr+$ f+]s1 protect$ by a %ell ( five pieces1 & a long flexible c>tilag9\s /alk1 by ! l[] extremity ( :i* x adh]es to ! timb]4 ,! %elly valves are all cross$ by /rongly m>k$ l9es runn+ ov] _! surfaces 9 a direction p>allel ) ea* o!r1 & ) ! out] m>g9s ( ea* valve4 ,^!1 l ! correspond+ foliations 9 ! tube ( ! ,s]pula1 indicate ! successive /ages ( gr[?2 ! outl9es ( e valve hav+ /ood at ea* ( ^! gr[? l9es 9 succession4 ,on ea* ( ! scutal valves 9 ?is individual ,i c c\nt ab\t #bfj gr[?-l9es3 if we suppose "o ( ^! to be made 9 a week1#gc & ! increase to proce$ uni=mly ?r\gh\t ! ye>1 we mu/ conclude ! valve to h be5 j five ye>s 9 mak+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,lepas4 ,?is animal1 l o!rs we h already exam9$1 _h1 moreov]1 a hi/ory be=e ! fir/ ve/ige ( a valve 0 =m$4 ,x _h pass$ ?r\gh sev]al metamorphoses2 9 its pupa /age x _h ! =m ( a ,cypris1 & 9 ?is condition x fir/ became adh]5t to ! timb]3 be=e ?is x 0 a l>va1 hav+ a g5]al resemblance to ano!r ,wat]flea1 ! ,cyclops1 especially 9 its y\ng] /ages3 9 ?is /ate x m\lt$ sev]al times4 ,nor 0 ?is ! beg9n+ ( its life2 = !re 0 ! /ill e>li] condition common to all ^! classes ( animals1 viz4 t ( ! egg1 :i* 0 laid & c>ri$ = "s "t by ! p>5t ,b>nacle1 & at l5g? hat*$ :ile )9 ! valves ( h] %ell4 ,?us1 ?r\gh a c\rse ( sev]al ye>s we are able to trace back ! exi/5ce ( ?is ,cirrip$1 to its p>5t ( a =m] g5]ation4 ,b our conclusions are altoge!r vitiat$ by ! simple fact t ?is individual is ! fir/ ( its species2 x nev] _h a p>5t2 x nev] 0 an egg4 ,f ! rocky pool be=e u ,i h pick$ up a r\gh pebble1 ! surface ( :i* is incru/$ ) a delicate "w ( /ony lace4 ,?is fabric1 too f9e to be resolv$ by ! unassi/$ eye1 consi/s ( ! oval cells ( a species ( ,lepralia4 ,!re are "s hundr$s ( cells 9 ?is pat*1 :i* altoge!r does n cov] a squ>e in* ( ! pebble2 & !y are all made aft] "o patt]n1 & set 9 a v regul> mann]1 9 qu9cunx4 ,ea* is a m9ute slipp]-%ap$ box ( /one1 ) ! orifice set r\nd ) sp9es = ! protection ( ! inmate1 a transp>5t1 elegant1 & s5sitive ,polypide1 :i* be>s on its head a coronet ( ciliat$ t5tacles4 ,i am n go+ to describe ! int]e/+ /ructure & economy ( ?is atom ( life2 b m]ely wi% to direct y\r att5tion to "o po9t1--! evid5ce :i* x af=ds ( ! lapse ( pa/ "t4 ,e "o ( ^! hundr$s ( /ony cells1 toge!r ) its liv+ t5ant1 0 normally produc$ by a process ( gemmation2 ea* hav+ budd$ =? f ! side ( its pr$ecessor z a knob ( cle> gelat9\s fle%1 9 ! mid/ ( :i* 0 develop$1 fir/ ! cell1 & !n ! polypide1--! latt] appe>+ 9 a rudim5t>y condition1 & gradually acquir+ its prop] organs1 be=e ! orifice ( ! cell 0 op5$4 ,i said e "o ( ! cells 0 ?us =m$2 b ,i ought to h except$ a s+le cell1 :i*1 ?\gh 9 n[ise diff]+ f ! re/ 9 =m or /ructure1 _h a v diff]5t orig94 ,?is 0 ! primal cell1 & its beg9n+ 0 z foll[s3 ,a m9ute atom ( a sc>let hue1 & ( a semi-elliptical %ape1 0 "o day :irl+ r\nd & r\nd ) rapid gyrations 9 ! op5 sea4 ,x 0 ( s(t consi/5ce1 cov]$ ) /rongly vibrat+ cilia1 & furni%$ ) "s /\t] setae4 ,aft] enjoy+ its motile in/9cts a:ile1 x settl$ d[n on ?is pebble1 & became /ation>y4 ,pres5tly x secret$ & deposit$ calc>e\s matt] ar\nd at1 l a coat+ ( ! ?9ne/ glass1 ! r$ p>5*yma rec$+ f ! hyal9e wall t[>ds ! c5tre4 ,soon an orifice ) ?ick5$ edges appe>$ on ! upp] side1 & m9ute sp9es grew f ! edges1 :i* quickly l5g!n$4 ,x 0 n[ a ,lepralia cell1 & n[ ! polypide 0 develop$1 & protrud$ its m\? f ! orifice1 surr\nd$ by its elegant bell ( ciliate t5tacles4 ,?is solit>y cell became ! p>5t ( hundr$s m1 by ! gemmative process :i* ,i h already describ$4 ,b ! r$ swimm+ atom2--:5ce came t8 ,well1 x 0 %ot out f ! int]ior ( a previ\s ,lepralia1 ! result n ( a gemmative b ( a g5]ative act4 ,x orig9at$ 9 ano!r pat* simil> to ! "o :i* incru/s ?is pebble1 & t1 9 l mann]1 & by exactly simil> /ages1 look$ back to an ant]ior pat*1 & s on4 ,plausible z ?is inf]5ce is1 x is false2 = ! little aggregation ( cells & polypides has be5 call$ into exi/5ce by ! ,div9e fiat1 ?is v in/ant4 ,we are /ill at ! sea-%ore4 ,)9 ! long & n>r[ crevices into :i* ^! l[-ly+ l$ges ( %ale are split1 innum]able tufts ( sea-we$1--olive1 purple1 & gre51--are p]petually wav+ 9 ! wa% ( ! sea4 ,on "o ( ^! bran*+ %rubs ( ,phyllophora1 !re is adh]+1 app>5tly ca/ !re by accid5t1 an irregul> mass ( pellucid jelly4 ,x firmly cleaves to ! alga1 enclos+ ! bases ( sev]al bran*es )9 its firm b gelat9\s sub/ance4 ,?is knob ( jelly is a comp\nd animal ( ! g5us ,botryllus1 & x has j be5 creat$ z we see x4 ,9 ord] to und]/& its nature1 look at x m closely4 ,enclos$ 9 ! cle> purpli%-grey jelly1 9 ! mid/ ( scatt]$ light] specks1 we see sev]al />-l figures ( bright hues1 9 :i* yell[ & r$ are pr$om9ant2 ! symmetrical arrangem5t ( :i* pleases ! eye1 & rem9ds u ( "s ornam5tal patt]n design$ by human art4 ,ea* /> is compos$ ( sev]al 7?ree1 sev51 t5 or m7 pe>-%ap$ animals1 ) _! small] ends meet+ 9 ! c5tre ar\nd a common orifice1 f :i* a curr5t ( wat] is dis*>g$4 ,n[ ?is assemblage ( animals be>s evid5ce ( progressive developm5t4 ,"s "t ago a t9y egg 0 dis*>g$ f a p>5t ,botryllus1 :i* pres5tly produc$ a little active tadpole-l l>va1 call$ a sp9ule4 ,?is swam actively by means ( its wriggl+ tail2 b at l5g? x settl$ head d[nw>d on ?is piece ( sea-we$4 ,imm$iately ! head adh]$1 by an effus$ cem5t1 to its support2 ! tail n[ gradually disappe>$2 & ! r\nd head1 9 ! mid/ ( a mass ( jelly-l cem5t1 began to display two orifices on its surface4 ,x soon assum$ a pe>-l %ape1 & ?us ! fir/ ,botryllus 0 =m$4 ,f ! side ( ?is pe>1 ano!r 0 develop$ by gemmation1 & a ?ird on ! opposite side2 ! small] ends ( all 7 9 contact1 & ! orifices ( ^! extremities began to m]ge into "o2 :ile ! l>ge ends div]g$4 ,a f\r? & a fif? pe> 7 successively produc$ 9 ! same mode1 until a /> or sy/em 0 =m$4 ,mean:ile ! surr\nd+ mass ( liv+ jelly _h be5 comm5surately enl>g+1 & a new ,botryllus1 sep>ate f ! o!r />1 _h be5 produc$ 9 ! jelly1 :i* 0 ! comm5c+ po9t ( a second sy/em2 & ?us1 by degrees1 ! comp\nd mass ( sy/ems has gr[n to its pres5t /ate ( developm5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,botryllus4 a1 portion ( "o sy/em & ( a mass1 on ,phyllophora rub5s2 b1 an egg c1 sp9ule2 d1 ! same1 atta*$2 e1 ! tail absorb$2 f1 ! "y ,botryllus4 ,all magnifi$4 ,?is process has be5 "o ( "t3 ! adhesion ( ! sp9ule took place 9 ab\t sixte5 h\rs aft] its escape f ! egg4 ,! appe>ance ( ! two orifices 0 :5 ! little animal 0 f\r days old2 & by ! end ( a week a second pe> _h budd$4 ,! atta9m5t ( ! pres5t condition may h occupi$ ab\t six mon?s4 ,nay2 "t has be5 no elem5t 9 ?is developm5t2 x is pro*ronic developm5t2 x is ! developm5t ( creation1 n ( nature4 ,behold t ruffl+ ( ! smoo? surface ( ! wat]2 x is caus$ evid5tly by ! =cible ejection ( a curr5t f "s s\rce a little way b5ea? ! surface4 ,yes1 x proce$s f ! orifice 9 ?is mass ( calc>e\s grit2 :]e ! protrud+ pipe ( %ell indicates ! snug =tress ( a ,clavagella4 ,i w c>efully break away a little ( ! s(t /one1 & we %all see ! curi\s /ructure m cle>ly4 ,ha6 ,i h split (f a piece :i* nicely exposes ! :ole burr[1 )\t hav+ mat]ially injur$ ! creature or 8 %ell4 ,y see x is a bivalve ,mollusk ) "o valve firmly imb$d$ & cem5t$ into ! /ony wall ( its *amb]4 ,b ! h9d] end ( ?is valve is cont9u$ into a %elly tube1 int5d$ to protect ! siphons1 :i* is c>ri$ ?r\gh ! gall]y =m+ ! entrance into ! *amb]1 & op5s by a wide orifice 9 ! free wat] outside4 ,x is to ?is tube t ,i call y\r att5tion4 ,illu/ration3 ,,clavagella4 ,y obs]ve t on its out] surface !re are sev]al foliat$ expansions ( ! %elly sub/ance1 surr\nd+ x l s _m frills at pretty regul> int]vals4 ,ea* ( ^! foliations is a p]man5t record ( a c]ta9 epo*4 ,! t]m9al "o is ! m>g9 ( ! tube-wall ev]t$4 ,! "o bel[ ?is 0 at "s pa/ p]iod ! ev]sion ( ! m>g9 at :at 0 at t "t ! extremity4 ,! ?ird frill _h 9 l mann] t]m9at$ ! tube /ill e>li]2 & s ) ! f\r? & fif?4 ,x is impossible to look at ^! expansions1 & n to believe t !y h be5 =m$ 9 succession1 9 ?is way1 by ! p]iodic gr[? ( ! tube4 ,!re 0 a "t :51 ! fir/ frill 0 n comm5c$2 :5 ! creature 0 a ,mollusk ) simple valves4 ,b ev5 ?is 0 n ! beg9n+ ( its hi/ory4 ,x 0 z a swimm+ ,infusory ) a broad ciliat$ disk1 & a la%+ flagellum1 t ! creature comm5c$ its indep5d5t c>e]2 & x 0 d\btless 9 ?is condition#gd t x f\nd its way into ! burr[ ( "s ,saxicava4 ,"h its t9y transp>5t valves 7 secret$2 ! left valve 0 soon cem5t$ to ! *amb]2 & !n ! creature began to secrete & =m ! tube ar\nd its siphons1 :i* 0 progressively enl>g$1 & adorn$ at e /age ( elongation by ^! witness+ frills--^: te/imony is record$ 9 imp]i%able /one4 ,:at c be m irresi/ible ?an su* evid5ce z ?is8 ,& yet we mu/ take exception to x on ! gr\nd t ?is is ! v h\r ( ! animal's creation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,dione ,,v5]is4 ,! elegant sp9\s %ell-fi% t we disc]n yond]1 half-buri$ 9 ! s&y floor ( ! sea--,i mean t lilac-t9t$ ,prickly ,v5us 7,dione ,v5]is7 ne$s no %elly protection = its siphons1 :i*1 z y may obs]ve1 are protrud$ to a great l5g?4 ,b a lesson n less in/ructive ?an t taught by ! tube-frills ( ! ,clavagella1 is inculcat$ by ! valves ( ! ,dione4 ,ne> ! h9d] m>g9 ( ea* valve !re is a ridge :i* runs f ! beak to ! front edge1 a ridge :i* be>s ! s]ies ( long sl5d] %elly sp9es1 t imp>ts su* a *>m to ?is %ell4 ,ea* ( ^! sp9es records an int]val 9 ! gr[? ( ! %ell4 ,!re are sixte5 di/9ctly enum]able2 ea* ( :i* may possibly m>k a ye>'s gr[?4 ,! increase ( bivalves1 h[ev]1 is sl[2 & x may be t a long] int]val ?an a ye> has int]v5$ betwe5 sp9e & sp9e4 ,= if we look m closely at ?is beautiful %ell1 we see t ! :ole ext]ior ( bo? valves is m>k$ ) conc5tric foliat$ ridges1 :i* are also indubitable l9es ( gr[?2 & t ^! are twice or ?rice z num]\s z ! sp9es1 f "o to five be+ int]calat$ betwe5 ^? :i* support ! prolongations ( ! %elly sub/ance4 ,ea* ( ^! conc5tric l9es has a hi/ory4 ,e l9e1 z well z e sp9e1 has be5 produc$ by a protrusion & ev]sion ( ! gl&ulig]\s edge ( ! mantle1 :i* !n secret$ & p\r$ out a copi\s deposit ( calc>e\s matt] along ! m>g9 ( ! previ\sly exi/+ valve4 ,9 ?is species ea* p]iodic deposit took ! =m ( a ridge slightly elevat$ above ! g5]al surface2 &1 because ! turn$ up m>g9 ( ! mantle inve/$ ! edge ( ! valve already =m$1 !re=e ! new lay]1 ) its elevat$ ridge1 0 conc5tric ) ! la/ edge1 :i* 0 conc5tric ) ! previ\s "o1 & s on1 ! common c5tre ( all be+ ! beak 7umbo7 at ! back ( ! valve4 ,! sp9es 7 =m$ 9 a mann] ess5tially simil>4 ,at e second or ?ird p]iod ( increase1 ! m>g9 ( ! mantle1 :i* is v v]satile & protrusile1 0 ?ru/ out1 at ! po9t :i* corresponds to ! sp9es1 into a long fle%y groove1 by ! r$uplication ( its edge4 ,)9 ?is groove ! calc>e\s secretion 0 p\r$ out2 & aft] x _h be5 all[$ a few mom5ts to h>d5 or set1 ! mantle-groove 0 cauti\sly )drawn1 & a new sp9e 0 expos$1 z a produc$ end to ! foliat$ ridge4 ,yet1 ?\gh ?is is ! normal & natural mode ( production1 bo? ( ! conc5tric l9e & ( ! sp9es1 x w\ld be illusory to conclude t !y h be5 s produc$ 9 ! pres5t example4 ,! entire =mation ( ! ,dione be=e u has be5 ab-normal & pret]-natural3 x has be5 creat$1 n born3 ! :ole developm5t s legibly writt5 on ! %ell has be5 pro*ronic4 ,!re goes ! ,scorpion ,/romb 7,pt]oc]as scorpio71 crawl+ ov] ! rocks ) protrud$ head & t5tacles1 & be>+ 8 massive h\se on 8 back4 ,?is %elly h\se ( 8 w af=d u a good example ( /ructural developm5t4 ,! great dilat$ lip1 & ! long f+]-l processes ( its edge1 _h no exi/5ce 9 ! y\?ful days ( ! %ell2 !y are m>ks ( adult age3 :5 "y1 ! %ell 0 simply spiral1 ) a ?9 /raight lip b\nd+ a n>r[ ap]ture4 ,obs]ve also a f> m beautiful creature by its side1 ! ,tig] ,c[ry 7,cypraea tigris74 ,its %ell is n[ entirely envelop$ 9 ! meet+ w+s ( ! great fle%y mantle1 :i* is mottl$ ) *ang+ hues2 & its foot or crawl+ disk cov]s a space ?ree or f\r times z l>ge z ! %ell4 ,on lift+ x 9 our h&1 ! :ole ( ?is array ( s(t fle% has be5 rapidly retract$1 & has :olly disappe>$ )9 t v n>r[ orifice1 bord]$ ) too!d projections1 on ! "u side ( ! %ell1 :i* we c h>dly believe capable ( receiv+ a tw5tie? "p ( ! bulk t has vani%$ )9 x4 ,& n[ we see no?+ b ! %ell1 ) its smoo? r\nd$ back1 m>k$ ) d>k spots1 its :ite inf]ior surface cleft by ?is longitud9al d5ticulate ap]ture1 & its brilliant porcellan\s v>ni% ov] ! :ole4 ,n[ "h is evid5ce ( *ange & progress aga94 ,?is ,c[ry-%ell is v unlike t ( an ,olive1 ) a simple spire1 an oval body1 a smoo? ?9 lip1 & a wide orifice2 & z unlike t ( a ,nautilus4 ,yet x has pass$ ?r\gh bo? ( ^! /ages be=e x 0 disguis$ z we see x n[4 ,:5 x escap$ f ! egg-%ell1 x 0 a m9ute ,pt]opod1 ) two great ciliat$ disks1 inhabit+ a transp>5t nautiloid %ell1 & swimm+ giddily ab\t 9 a revolv+ fa%ion4 ,by & by1 ! t9y %ell increas$1 & ! out] :orl l5g!n$1 putt+ on a long-oval figure4 ,!n--t is1 aft] a consid]able p]iod occupi$ 9 increas+ ! dim5sions ( ! %ell 9 ?is =m--x began to assume ! adult appe>ance4 ,! out] lip1 :i* _h hi!rto be5 ?91 gradually ?ick5$ & encroa*$ ^u ! spire1 & ! mantle began to secrete & deposit on ! out] surface ! coat ( glassy enamel4 ,at l5g? ! ?ick5+ ( ! lips proce$$ to su* an ext5t z almo/ to conceal ! spire1 & to r$uce ! ap]ture to a n>r[ l9e1 ! edges ( :i* 7 n[ ?ickly plait$ ) ! too?-l ridges s *>act]i/ic ( ! g5us4 ,! lobes ( ! mantle n[ protrude ?r\gh ?is ap]ture2 &1 exp&+ on ea* side1 h deposit$ all ov] ! ext]ior ( ! %ell a coat ( glassy enamel1 /udd$ ) d>k r\nd spots or cl\ds1 :i* entirely conceals ! surface ) ! m>k+s t 7 =m]ly visible ^u x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,murex ,,t5uisp9a4 ,yond] ,?orny ,woodcock 7,murex t5uisp9a7 is a /ill m /rik+ %ell ?an ei!r1 & "o ^: p]iodic gr[?s are peculi>ly well m>k$4 ,x is cov]$ at regul> int]vals ) r[s ( %elly sp9es1 /ill long] & m num]\s ?an ^? we lately admir$ 9 ! ,dione4 ,ea* s]ies cr[ns a ?ick5$ ridge1 :i* runs across ! :orl1 z reg>ds ! direction ( its gr[?1 b longitud9ally z reg>ds ! g5]al figure ( ! %ell4 ,n[1 ! increase ( ! %ell 9 ! ,univalves is p]=m$ almo/ exactly z 9 ! ,bivalves2 namely1 by ! protrusion & ev]sion ( ! mantle on ! exi/+ edge4 ,&1 !re=e1 ea* ( ^! ?orny ridges1 sep>at$ z !y are by an int]val ( j two-?irds ( a :orl1 m>ks ! t]m9ation ( a new gr[?1 ! %elly matt] ris+ up at ! m>g9 9 ?is ?ick5$ ridge1 :i* bri/les ) elongat$ po9ts4 ,9 ?is specim5 we c trace t5 su* ridges1 :5ce we legitimately inf] t5 di/9ct p]iods ?r\gh :i* ?is animal has pass$1 besides ! nautiloid /age "u :i* all ! creatures ( ?is ,class comm5ce exi/5ce4 ,yet1 s9ce ea* ( ^! ?ree univalves has be5 ?is day creat$1 ^! inf]5ces are deceptive4 ,! ,scorpion-%ell 0 nev] o!rwise ?an dilat$ & digitat$4 ,! ,c[ry has nev] _h a lip t 0 n ?ick5$1 nor an ext]ior t 0 n porcellan\s4 ,! ,woodcock has nev] kn[n a mom5t 9 :i* its ?orns 7 less num]\s ?an !y are n[4 ,notice t f9e r\nd %ell c>ri$ along ! floor ( ! sea1 by means ( a great fle%y tortoise%ell-col\r$#ge body1 :i*1 ) a head ( _m spread+ t5tacles appli$ to ! gr\nd1 crawls ) a tol]ably quick progress4#gf ,x is ! ,pe>ly ,nautilus4 ,! amplitude ( ! beautiful nacre\s %ell is by no means a measure ( ! dim5sions ( ! animal2 = ?is m]ely sits )9 ! %all[ m\?1 l a ,wel% fi%]man 9 8 coracle4 ,if we remove ! creature1 we %all f9d ! cavity b\nd$ by a pe>ly floor1 9 ! c5tre ( :i* is a sl5d] tube runn+ d[n f x4 ,on break+ away ?is floor1 we expose an empty *amb]1 ) a simil> pe>ly floor1 ?r\gh :i* passes ! %elly tube1 cont9u$ ?r\gh ! middle ( ! *amb]1 & runn+ d[n to ! next4 ,?us we %\ld f9d ! :ole int]ior ( ! %ell occupi$ by a s]ies ( ^! empty *amb]s1 fifty or upw>ds 9 numb]1 ea* less ?an its pr$ecessor 7r successor1 if we reg>d !m 9 ! ord] ( developm5t71 until we c trace !m no long] 9 ! m9ute c5tre ( ! spire4 ,)\t dwell+ on ! function ( ^! *amb]s1 f>!r ?an to say t !y appe> admirably contriv$ to make ! animal ) its %ell ei!r heavi] or light] ?an ! surr\nd+ fluid1 by =c+ wat] into !m ?r\gh ! tube1 & ?us cond5s+ ! conta9$ air1 or by relax+ ! pressure1 & all[+ ! ela/icity ( ! air to exclude ! wat]1--our bus9ess is j ) ! =mation ( ! septa1 z an evid5ce ( p]iodic developm5t4#gg ,! septa are =m$ p]iodically1 b x mu/ n be suppos$ t ! %ell-muscles ev] become deta*$1 or t ! animal moves ! di/ance ( a *amb] all at once4 ,x is mo/ likely t ! adductors gr[ only 9 front1 & t a con/ant wa/e takes place beh9d1 s t !y are always mov+ onw>d1 except :5 a new septum is to be =m$2 ! septa indicate p]iodic re/s4#gh ,^! p]iodic alt]nations ( re/ & action1 h[ev]1 x is obvi\s1 c nev] h really exi/$ 9 an organism :i* has b ?is in/ant be5 creat$4 ,! appe>ances1 !re=e1 :i* indicate !m1 are illusory1 consid]$ z te/imonies to actual "t4 ,y are aw>e t :at is (t5 spoke ( z ! bone 9 ?is ,cuttlefi% 7,sepia (fic9alis71 is only a conceal$ %ell2 & ,i ne$ n to dissect ! animal to acqua9t y t x is a highly int]e/+ /ructure4 ,a des]v$ly em95t physiologi/ %all describe x = u4 ,! out] %elly portion ( ?is body consi/s ( horny lay]s1 alt]nat+ ) calcifi$ lay]s1 9 :i* la/ may be se5 a hexagonal arrangem5t4 ,! s(t1 friable sub/ance1 t occupies ! holl[ ( ?is boat-%ap$ %ell1 is =m$ ( a numb] ( delicate plates1 runn+ across x f "o side to ! o!r 9 p>allel directions1 b sep>at$ by int]vals sev]al times wid] ?an ! ?ickness ( ! plates2 & ^! int]vals are 9 great "p fill$ up by :at appe> to be fibres1 or sl5d] pill>s1 pass+ f "o plate or floor to ano!r4 ,a m c>eful exam9ation %[s1 h[ev]1 t in/ead ( a l>ge numb] ( deta*$ pill>s1 !re exi/s a comp>atively small numb] ( v ?91 s9u\s lam9ae1 :i* pass f "o surface to ! o!r1 w9d+ & d\bl+ ^u !mselves1 s t ea* lam9a occupies a consid]able space4 ,_! precise arrangem5t is be/ se5 by exam9+ ! p>allel plates1 aft] ! s9u\s lam9ae h be5 deta*$ f !m2 ! l9es ( junction be+ di/9ctly indicat$ ^u ^!4 ,by ?is arrangem5t1 ea* lay] is mo/ effectually support$ by ^? ) :i* x is connect$ above & bel[2 & ! s9uosity ( ! ?9 int]v5+ lam9ae1 answ]+ exactly ! same purpose z ! corrugation giv5 to iron plates = ! sake ( dim9i%+ _! flexibility1 adds greatly to ! /r5g? ( ?is curi\s texture1 :i* is at ! same "t light5$ by ! l>ge am\nt ( space betwe5 ! p>allel plates t int]v5es betwe5 ! s9uosities ( ! lam9ae4#gi ,n[ ! delicately ?9 calc>e\s plates h all be5 =m$ 9 succession1 ! fir/ =m$ be+ at ! out] "p & po/]ior t]m9ation ( ! %ell1 & ! succe$+ new lay]s ext5d+ always m =w>ds ?an ! edges ( ! old4#hj ,!y exhibit !n _m hundr$s ( di/9ct deposits1 ea* ! result ( a sep>ate process1 ea* ! "w ( a def9ite p]iod ( "t4 ,! cuttle-bone is an autographic record1 indubitably g5u9e1 ( ! ,cuttlefi%'s hi/ory4 ,yes1 x is c]ta9ly g5u9e2 x is z c]ta9ly autographic3 b x is n true4 ,t ,cuttle has be5 ?is day creat$4 ,,ix4 ,,p>allels ,,& ,,prec$5ts4 7,v]tebrate ,animals47 ,! organisation ( ! body at ea* epo* may be truly said to be ! resultant ( all ! mat]ial *anges :i* x has und]gone dur+ ! prec$+ p]iods4--,dr4 ,c>p5t]2 ,human ,physiology1 p4 #ijc4 ,! ,inv]tebrata !n agree 9 "o /ory1 & t /ory is ! same z :at ! plants _h told u be=e4 ,let u try if ! ,v]tebrate creatures be> !m out4 ,f ?is promontory we c look f> d[n into ! cle> pr(undity ( ! /ill & smoo? sea4 ,:at is t l>ge object t plays hi!r & ?i!r yond]1 n[ %oot+ ahead1 n[ re/+ on 8 o>s1 n[ turn+ on 8 c\rse1 n[ cutt+ ! surface1 n[ desc5d+ to ! dep?s8 ,x is a full-gr[n ,sword-fi%1 "s t5 feet long4 ,we are suffici5tly ne> him to disc]n t he has "o %ort b high dorsal f91 ne> ! head1 & a m9ute "o close to ! caudal1 ! :ole int]m$iate region be+ smoo?4 ,b ?is is a m>k ( adult age2 = 9 e>ly life ?is same species is furni%$ ) "o long & high dorsal1 :i* is cont9u\s f ! occiput to ! vic9ity ( ! tail-f94 ,! remotely divid$ dorsal "h tells ( _m ye>s ( life2 b tells deceitfully1 = ! ,sword-fi% is b j creat$4 ,ha6 ! ,sword-fi% has d>t$ away1 l lightn+1 aft] a f9ny victim4 ,see ) :at d\bl+s & w9d+s he pursues x1 & h[ ! t]rifi$ prey uses all its p[]s to escape f its gigantic enemy6 ,n[ !y ne> ! %ore2 & n[ ! fright5$ qu>ry has leap$ out ( ! sea ^u yond] flat %elf ( rock1 :]e x lies gasp+ & fl\nd]+1 deliv]$ inde$ f its pursu]1 b only to die by be+ dr[n$ 9 ! air4 ,we w desc5d f ! cliffs1 & look at x4 ,x is a ,gilt-head 7,*rysophrys aurata74 ,life is ext9ct n[2 b ! brilliant col\rs & f9e metallic reflections are sc>cely dimm$--! silv]y belly--! azure f9s--! sides t gleam l poli%$ /eel1 inlaid ) b&s ( burni%$ gold6 ,i w pluck a scale f ?is brilliant silv]y surface4 ,its h9d]1 or free edge1 is beset ) f9e flexible cry/all9e po9ts1 arrang$ 9 _m successive r[s1 ov]lapp+ ea* o!r4 ,! front1 or atta*$ edge1 is cut 9 a scollop$ patt]n1 ! extremities ( undulations t radiate f a common po9t beh9d ! c5tre4 ,! :ole surface1 except ! h9d] portion t is /udd$ ) imbricat$ po9ts1 is cov]$ ) an imm5se multitude ( f9e conc5tric l9es1 :i* foll[ ! =m ( ! g5]al outl9e4 ,^! are m>ks ( successive increase2 = e "o ( ! l9es is ! m>g9 ( a lam9a1 ! aggregation ( :i* makes up ! ?ickness ( ! scale4 ,! lam9ae c be sep>at$ by long mac]ation 9 wat]2 & !n we see t !y are laid "o on ano!r 9 regul> ord]1 ! upp]mo/ be+ ! smalle/1 & ! fir/ =m$2 ! la/ made1 :i* is ! l>ge/1 be+ n[ 9 contact ) ! sk94 ,illu/ration3 ,,scale ,,( ,,gil!ad4 ,e scale is !re=e a docum5t1 on :i* is indelibly writt5 ! record ( a multitude ( processes1 all effect$ 9 ! pa/ hi/ory ( ! fi%4 ,! successively deposit$ lam9ae are exactly analog\s to ^? ( calc>e\s sub/ance 9 ! %ell ( ! bivalve2#ha & ! evid5ce is ( exactly ! same "* z :at we lately read (f f ! valve ( ! ,dione4 ,b1 j z 9 t example1 too1 ! ov]rul+ fact ( rec5t creation precludes our d$uction ( "t f ! evid5ce1 s9ce x proves ! developm5t to h be5 pro*ronic4 ,i see yond] a m t]rific tyrant ( ! sea ?an ! ,sword-fi%4 ,x is ! grisly ,%>k 7,c>*>odon74 ,h[ /eal?ily he glides along1 cutt+ ! glitt]+ surface ( ! sea ) 8 dorsal1 & n[ & !n protrud+ j ! tip ( ! upp] lobe ( 8 caudal 9 ! wake ( ! o!r6 ,let u g & look into 8 m\?2 = nei!r animals nor elem5ts pres5t any imp$im5ts to ^! inve/igations ( ours4 ,is n ?is an awful array ( knives & lancets8 ,is n ?is a case ( surgical in/rum5ts en\gh to make y %udd]8 ,:at w\ld be ! amputation ( y\r leg to ?is r[ ( triangul> scalpels1 ea* an in* & a half 9 diamet]8 mov$1 too1 by ^! p[]ful muscles8 ,b obs]ve ! arrangem5t ( ^! mo/ =midable tee?4 ,!y are n conf9$ to a s+le r[ z ours are1 b ea* is succe$$ by ano!r ly+ beh9d x1 t by ano!r1 & ano!r1 & ano!r1--:y1 !re are a doz5 ranks ( tee?1 ly+ regul>ly pack$ "o beh9d ! o!r4 ,! object ( ?is arrangem5t is a con/ant supply ( new tee?1 z ^? 9 use become brok5 (f1 or wa/$ by ! sl\gh+ away ( ! ext]ior half-ossifi$ cru/ ( ! c>tilag9\s jaw1 to :i* _! base is fa/5$ by ligam5ts4 ,only "o r[1 ! out] "o1 is 9 use at once1 & ?is r[ /&s erect2 ! o!rs lie flat on ea* o!r 7m & m completely z !y rec$e f ! out] r[72 a res]ve ( weapons 9 read9ess = use1 :5 ^? n[ employ$ are done )4 ,!re is a cont9ual gr[? ( ! surface to :i* ! tee? are fa/5$1 f )9 outw>ds2 s t ea* ( ! res]ve r[s w 9 turn be br\ght to ! edge ( ! jaw1 :5 x w be ?r[n up into ! erect position1 :ile ! prec$+1 n[ turn$ out ( ! m\? by ! gradual ev]sion ( ! surface1 sl\ghs away & disappe>s z an useless incumbrance4 ,x foll[s1 !re=e1 t ! tee? :i* we n[ see erect & ?reat5+1 are ! successors ( =m] ones t h pass$ away1 & t !y 7 once dormant l ^? we see beh9d !m4 ,b p]haps y may say1 ,:at evid5ce is !re t ^! ev] _h any pr$ecessors8 t !y 7 n orig9ally ! front rank z !y are n[8 ,a v fair "q4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! great size ( ! too? indicates maturity2 & is 9 keep+ ) ! dim5sions ( ! animal1--"s tw5ty feet or s1--:i* are ^? ( an adult1 if n a full-gr[n individual4 ,b adult age implies previ\s y\? & infancy1 & a gradual gr[? f ! l5g? ( a few in*es to ?is =midable size4 ,! tee? are f\nd 9 ! embryo ,%>k :5 n m ?an a foot long2 & x is evid5t t _m successive g5]ations ( tee? h pass$ away betwe5 ^? pri/9e lancets ( a l9e 9 diamet]1 & ^! ( an in* & a half4 ,b /ay2 !re is a peculi>ity 9 ! /ructure ( ^! pres5t tee?1 :i* surely indicates _! place to be f> on 9 ! succession4 ,ea* is se5 to be f9ely s]rat$ on its two out] edges1--a provision :i*1 ( c\rse1 makes !m m effective divid]s ( fle% & bone4 ,b ?is /ructure is n f\nd 9 ! tee? ( "y individuals1 :i* up to a p]iod comp>atively advanc$1 h simply cutt+ edges4 ,h5ce we are compell$ by ! ph5om5a to inf] a long pa/ exi/5ce to ?is animal1 :i* yet has be5 call$ into be+ )9 an h\r4 ,on yond] twig sits a beautiful little ,tree-frog1 :i* y w\ld be ready to mi/ake = a leaf ( m ?an usually em]ald hue1 b = ! glitt]+ eye1 & ! l9e ( yell[ edg$ ) purple t passes d[n ! side4 ,d y notice ! frequ5t gulp+s ( ! ?roat8 ,^? are ! p]iodic inspirations ,( air1 by :i* ! creature brea!s2 =1 hav+ no ribs1 by means ( :i* to depress1 & s to exp&1 ! ?oracic cavity1 ! ,frog swall[s ! air by a volunt>y action4 ,^! air-gulps af=d u ano!r example ( ! sort ( evid5ce we are se>*+ =2 !y are s _m pro(s ( a pa/ hi/ory4 ,= ! ,tree-frog has n always swall[$ air2 !re 0 a p]iod 9 its life :5 x _h no lungs2 :5 x 0 an aquatic animal1 z exclusively a wat]-brea!r z any fi%4 ,fi%-l 9 =m x 0 !n1 z well z 9 habit2 x 0 a tadpole ) a long compress$ muscul> tail1 & ) ext]nal gills ( sev]al bran*es1 b z de/itute ( lungs z x 0 ( limbs4 ,any physiologi/1 look+ at our little gre5 ,tree-frog1 w\ld pron\nce )\t hesitation on ! /ages ?r\gh :i* x has pass$2 & w\ld describe ) ! mo/ p]fect confid5ce ! ord] 9 :i* !y took place2 ! gradual absorption ( ! bran*iae1 ! developm5t ( ! lungs1 ! %r9k+ up & f9al disappe>ance ( ! tail1 ! budd+ =? ( ! t9y rudim5t>y limbs1 ! h9d] pair fir/1 !n ! =e pair1 & ! subsequ5t division ( _! extremities into toes2--! metamorphosis ( ! little fi% into a little batra*ian1 & ! gradual gr[? & maturation ( ! latt]1--^! are facts1--! physiologi/ w\ld say1--z sure bo? z to _! actuality & z to _! ord]1 z t ! ,frog is a ,frog4 ,ah6 b ! physiologi/ is n aw>e ( a fact1 :i* invalidates all 8 conclusions bas$ ^u exp]i5ce1--! fact t ! little ,tree-frog has be5 creat$ b ?is v in/ant4 ,h>k6 t rattl+ noise is an admonition to u to tread circumspectly4 ,x is ! vibration ( ! horny caudal app5dages ( a ,rattlesnake4 ,& ,i see ! reptile coil$ up "u yond] %ad[+ leaf4 ,b our pres5ce is a privileg$ pres5ce1 & s we may h&le & exam9e him ) impunity4 ,! organ :i* produces ?is s\nd is compos$ ( a numb] ( holl[ horny capsules1 ea* "o fitt+ into ! next1 9 :i* x is reta9$ loosely by a protub]ance ( its surface4 ,^!1 be+ agitat$ at ! w ( ! animal1 produce t s\nd :i* we j n[ he>d4 ,! capsules are develop$ p]iodically1 "o be+ add$ to ! numb] already exi/+ e ye>1 until z _m z =ty are accumulat$4#hb ,?is individual1 !re=e1 hav+ five-&-tw5ty rattles1 mu/ be five-&-tw5ty ye>s old4 ,?is ,snake1 h[ev]1 has _h no pa/ ye>s2 x has _h no ye/]day4 ,its exi/5ce comm5c$ ?is h\r4 ,"h cr\*es1 among ! ?ick re$s1 ! ,levia?an ( ! riv]s1 ! mail$ ,crocodile4 ,8 body1 inve/$ ) bony ridg$ plates1 t rise into /rong s]rations along ! tail1 seems clo!d ) p[]2 & 8 long r[s ( int]lock+ tee?1 unveil$ by lips1 appe> gr9n+ ) p]petual rage4 ,an exp]i5c$ h]petologi/ w\ld n fail to f9d _m evid5ces ( age 9 ?is huge reptile4 ,fir/ ( all1 he w\ld po9t to its mon/r\s size2 !n to ! bread? & massive ?ickness ( ! d]mal plates4 ,! head1 he w\ld say1 9 ! rugg$ness ( its surface1 %[s ! same ?+1 = 9 y\? x 0 comp>atively smoo?2 & also 9 ! =m ( its outl9e2 = 9 ?is example its l5g? is d\ble its bread?1 :]eas 9 y\?1 ^! measurem5ts 7 ne>ly equal4 ,^! conical tee?1 too1 are by no means ! same individual tee? :i* exi/$ at fir/4 ,if y look at ! base ( "o1 y w see t x is holl[1 & t ! sides ( ?is portion are already 9 process ( absorption2 t ?is holl[ cone is a %ea? = ano!r too? b5ea?1 :i* is de/9$ to replace x2 z ?is has itself replac$ its pr$ecessor4 ,! l>ge size ( ! tee? :i* we see1 !re=e1 :i* accords ) ! dim5sions ( ! jaws1 is n a condition induc$ by gradual gr[?1 b by a succession ( sl\gh+s & replacem5ts2 & h5ce ! pres5t tee?1 9 _! size1 po9t conclusively to o!rs :i* h prec$$ !m1 b :i* h disappe>$4 ,yet no?+ c be m c]ta91 ?an t1 9 ?is ,crocodile1 :i* has be5 creat$ to-day1 ! successive tee? ?us witness$ to1 are b ideal1 t is pro*ronic1 tee?2 & t all ! o!r indications ( ! lapse ( "t1 9 ! developm5t ( ?is individual1 are liable to ! same exception4 ,see ?is solemn1 sl[-go+ ,tortoise1 %ut up 9 8 high-dom$ h\se ( bones4 ,x is ! beautiful ,te/udo p>dalis1 well nam$ f ! plates be+ elegantly spott$ & spla%$ ) black on a pale-yell[ gr\nd1 l ! fur ( ! pan!r4 ,?is is a r l>ge individual1 & ! numb] ( conc5tric l9es on ! plates ( 8 arm\r1--or may ,i n r say ! tiles :]e) 8 h\se is ro($8--is comm5surately great4 ,y see :at ,i mean4 ,ea* ( ! angul> plates has a small nucle> lam9a1 n 9 ! c5tre ( ! area1 = ! developm5t has be5 "o-sid$1 b on ! highe/ "p4 ,?is 0 ! plate 9 its e>lie/ =m1 or at lea/ ! e>lie/ ( :i* any trace is left2 = probably !re 7 o!rs yet e>li] & small]1 :i*1 on acc\nt ( _! ?9ness1 h be5 rubb$ away 9 ! travels ( ! old w&]]4 ,f ?is nucleus1 ! plate has be5 successively enl>g$1 to correspond ) ! g5]al gr[? ( ! animal1 by repeat$ additions ( new lam9ae to ! inf]ior surface2 ea* new lam9a be+ a little wid] 9 e direction ?an t :i* prec$$ x1 ?\gh n equally on all ! m>g9s2 & ?us ! plates assum$ ! =m ( a v l[ cone1 z y see1 always pres]v+ ! specific outl9e1 & manife/+ ! /ages ( increase1 by ! project+ edges ( ! successive lam9ae1 exactly z we saw lately 9 ! scales ( ! fi%4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plates ,,( ,,tortoise4 ,:e!r ^! lam9ae are increas$ 9 an annual ratio1 ,i am n sure1 nor is x important4 ,!re are1 ,i f9d1 ab\t =ty-five conc5tric l9es on "o plate 9 ?is specim51 besides o!rs :i* are evanesc5t4 ,h5ce x w\ld be q legitimate to inf] t ?is ,tortoise has pass$ ?r\gh at lea/ =ty-five di/9ct p]iods ( life1 ea* ( :i* has left a legible record ( its exi/5ce4 ,& yet1 ?is mom5t1 9 :i* we look at x1 is ! v fir/ mom5t ( its life2 ! conc5tric lay]s are evid5ces ( processes t nev] occurr$1 except pro*ronically4 ,see yond] /ately bird1 ne>ly ( ! height ( man1 m>*+ among ! luxuriant musa-groves1 & fe$+ on ! succul5t fruits4 ,!re is no?+ v admirable 9 its co>se1 black1 hair-l plumage2 b ! ri* hues ( its nak$ neck1 azure1 purple1 & sc>let1 ( ! mo/ vivid int5sity1 attract ! gaze4 ,! mo/ rem>kable feature 9 its physiognomy1 is ! s+ul>1 tall ridge ( horn on its head1 :i*1 l ! cre/$ helmet ( "s mail$ w>rior1 imp>ts an air ( m>tial pr[ess to ! bird1 little 9 accordance ) its peaceful habits4 ,?is protub]ance is altoge!r a developm5t ( age4 ,! skull1 9 ! y\? ( ! ,cass[>y1 0 sc>cely m elevat$ ?an t ( a *ick52 b 9 ! lapse ( ye>s1 ! bony ridge1 encas$ 9 horn1 has gradually elevat$ itself to ! height :i* x n[ possesses4 ,"h aga9 we h a record ( "t1 :i* is beli$ by ! fact ( ! bird's rec5t creation4 ,:at is ! glori\s tra9 ( ! ,peacock1 all fill$ ) eyes1 b a false witness ( ! same k9d8 ,x leads u to inf] t ! bird is ?ree ye>s old at lea/1 s9ce be=e t p]iod1 ! cov]t fea!rs1 :i* are to =m ! spl5did ornam5t ( maturity1 are n develop$4 ,:at are ! l5g!n$ tail-plumes ( mo/ refulg5t blue1 t adorn ! ,=k-tail$ ,humm+-bird 7,tro*ilus =ficatus72 :at ! gorge\sly gold5 tail ( ! ,respl5d5t ,trogon2 :at ! elegant lyre-%ap$ fea!rs ( ! ,m5ura2 :at ! lu/r\s plumage ( ! ,birds ( ,p>adise1--all ( :i* h be5 b ?is h\r creat$1--b s _m te/imonies1 unwor?y ( confid5ce1 to a pa/ hi/ory8 ,b1 fur!r1 e individual fea!r ( ?is beautiful array ( plumage concurs 9 be>+ its unblu%+ witness to ! same untru?4 ,:at says ! physiologi/1 :o is able to read (f ^! autographic records8 ,illu/ration3 ,,gr[? ,,( ,a ,,fea!r4 ,a little :ile ago1 ! tips ( ^! fea!rs 7 se5 ea* protrud+ f ! extremity ( a ?ick1 opaque tube2 & a little :ile be=e t1 ! tube itself1 0 a clos$ capsule1 imb$d$ 9 a deep follicle ( ! sk94 ,if y _h !n cut op5 ! capsule1 y w\ld h f\nd two conc5tric membran\s tubes inve/+ a highly vascul> secret+ pulp1 abundantly suppli$ ) n]ves & blood-vessels ?r\gh an orifice at ! bottom ( ! capsule1 & de/9$ to =m ! sub/ance ( ! com+ fea!r4 ,inde$1 y w\ld h se5 ! s(t1 newly-=m$ b>bs fold$ r\nd ! c5tral organiz$ matrix2 & bel[1 ! incipi5t quill1 fill$ ) ! liv+ pulp-cells1 & _! blood-vessels1 :i* 7 de/9$ subsequ5tly to )] up & collapse into ! light sk9ny pi? :i* y see 9 ! p]fectly matur$ fea!r4 ,^! are /ages :i* ea* ( ^! hundr$s ( fea!rs has pass$ ?r\gh2 & ^! are b a s+le g5]ation1 :i* h replac$ =m] s]ies t h be5 lo/ 9 ! process ( m\lt+1 e "o ( :i* _h 9 its turn pass$ ?r\gh exactly correspond+ /ages1 & s on backw>d1 till we rea* ! fir/ race ( fea!rs1 :i* 7 already p>tly develop$ :5 ! *ick bur/ =? f its imprison+ egg-%ell4 ,s says ! physiologi/2 b is he n mo/ egregi\sly 9 error1 s9ce ?is is ! day ( ^! lovely be+s' creation8 ,!re goes ! great ,:ale1 ! true ,:alebone ,:ale1 roll+ & wall[+ 9 ! tr\gh ( ! sea1 & expos+ 8 enorm\s black back l an isl& amid/ ! :ite foam1 :i* he /irs up1 mak+ ! deep to be ho>y4 ,we w use our privilege & take a peep into 8 m\?1 z we did j n[ into t ( ! ,%>k4 ,:at a cav]n6 & all bri/l+ ) long black hair6 ,:y x seems z if ! hair grew on ! wrong side ( 8 head--on ! inside in/ead ( ! outside6 ,nay1 :at y call hair is really ! ,:ale's tee?1 or :at repres5ts tee?4 ,?is is ! int]ior free fibr\s m>g9 ( ! bale51 :i* desc5ds 9 long triangul> plates f ! upp] jaw4 ,!re are ab\t two hundr$ plates on ea* side1 set face to face1 ) an int]val betwe51 & ! edges outw>d4 ,! inw>d edge runs (f into ^? long hair-l filam5ts1 :i* also ext5d f ! sl5d] tip4 ,& ! :ole =ms an effective sift+ app>atus1 by :i* ! volume ( sea-wat]1 :i* ! huge creature takes into 8 m\? 9 fe$+1 is dra9$ ( ! sea-blubb]s1 ! worms1 ! mollusks1 & o!r small matt]s1 :i* con/itute ! subsi/5ce ( ?is va/ body4 ,n[ ea* ( ^! f\r hundr$ plates1 "s twelve feet 9 l5g?1 has gr[n f a m9ute sort ( bud1 9 ! upp] jaw4 ,its base is holl[1 re/+ on ! =mative pulp :i* is develop$ f ! gum4 ,! pulp is und]/ood to be ! imm$iate orig9 ( ! hairy fr+e1 :ile a d5se vascul> sub/ance1 seat$ betwe5 ! bases ( ! plates1 =ms ! plate itself4 ,:5 ! plate rea*es a c]ta9 l5g?1 its diamet] has become greatly att5uat$1 & its tip is con/antly break+ away1 leav+ ! hair project+4 ,!re is !re=e a cont9ual disappe>ance ( ! sub/ance ( ! plates at ! tips1 & a cont9ual gr[? at ! base to supply ! defici5cy2 & ev5 m1 at lea/ dur+ ! p]iod ( adolesc5ce1 because ! actual dim5sions ( ! plates h to be increas$ 9 ! ratio ( ! gr[? ( ! :ole animal4 ,"h1 aga91 we read a record ( pa/ hi/ory4 ,! ,:ale is kn[n to be a long-liv$ animal2 & a p]iod ( _m ye>s mu/ h pass$ 9 br++ ^! plates ( bale5 to _! pres5t maturity4 ,yet ! va/ organism be=e u has be5 creat$ 9 its va/ness b to-day4 ,on ! mo/ prom95t %elf ( yond] precipice1 a %>p buttress ( nak$ lime/one1 /&s an ,ibex1 gu>d+1 l a wat*ful s5t9el1 ! h]d 9 ! %elt]$ valley :i* own 8 lead]%ip4 ,! pair ( noble horns1 :i* are at once 8 def5ce & 8 pride1 are m>k$ ?r\gh\t _! ample curve ) semi-r+s1 or knobs1 on _! ant]ior side4 ,^! af=d u an infallible crit]ion ( ! animal's age4 ,we c c\nt 9 ?is ,ibex f\rte5 ( su* prom95t bosses4 ,n[ ! horn 9 ^! animals is n %$ dur+ life1 b consi/s ( a p]si/5t %ea? ( horny sub/ance1 envelop+ a bony core4 ,until full adult age1 bo? ! core ( bone & ! %ea? ( horn are cont9ually gr[+2 & 9 ! spr+1 :5 !re is an unusual augm5tation ( vital en]gy 9 ! sy/em1 ! increase is m ?an usually rapid4 ,at ?is season1 ! new matt] deposit$ 9 ! corne\s %ea? accumulates 9 ! =m ( "o ( ^! bosses1 ea* ( :i* is !re=e produc$ at ! int]val ( a ye>4 ,z ! fir/ boss appe>s 9 ! second ye> ( ! animal's age1 we h b to add "o to ! numb] ( ! bosses on ea* horn1 & we h ! numb] ( ye>s :i* x has liv$4 ,! ,ibex be=e u is j fifte5 ye>s old4 ,illu/ration3 ,,horns ,,( ,,/ag2 ,9 _! successive developm5ts4 ,yon ,/ag t is rubb+ 8 bran*y hon\rs aga9/ a tree 9 ! glade1--c we apply ! same crit]ion to him8 ,n exactly3 = ! horns ( all ! ,de]-tribe are ( a diff]5t /ructure f ^? ( ! ,capradae4 ,!y are bones ( great solidity1 n inve/$ ) any corne\s %ea?1 b clo!d = a c]ta9 portion ( _! duration ) a liv+ vascul> sk91 & are %$ e ye> dur+ life & z con/antly r5ew$4 ,yet ! bony horns ( ! ,/ag are no less sure a crit]ion ( age1 at lea/ up to a c]ta9 p]iod--?an are ^? ( ! holl[-horn$ ,ibex4 ,9 ! spr+ ( ! second ye> ( ! ,fawn1 ! horns fir/ appe>1 seat$ on bony foot/alks t spr+ f ! frontal bone4 ,! sk9 t cov]s ^! knobs beg9s to swell & to become turgid ) blood suppli$ by enl>g+ art]ies4 ,lay]s ( bone are n[ deposit$1 p>ticle by p>ticle1 on ! foot/alks1 ) surpris+ rapidity1 produc+ ! budd+ horns1 :i* gr[ day by day1 /ill cov]$ by ! sk91 :i* gr[s also 9 a correspond+ ratio4 ,?is goes on till a simple rod ( bone is =m$1 )\t any bran*es4 ,:5 ?is is complete1 ! c\rse ( ! art]ies t suppli$ ! sk9 is cut (f by fre% osse\s p>ticles deposit$ 9 a ?ick r+ ar\nd ! base4 ,! envelop+ sk9 !n dies1 & is soon rubb$ (f4 ,aft] a few mon?s1 ! connexion ( ! n[ dead bone ) ! liv+ is dissolv$ by absorption1 & ! horns fall (f4 ,! next spr+ !y are r5ew$ aga91 b n[ ) a bran* or antl]2 & ! :ole falls aga9 9 autumn4 ,e spr+ sees !m r5ew$1 b always ) an increase ( developm5t2 & ?is increase is def9ite & well-kn[n2 s t ! age ( a ,/ag1 at lea/ ( "o 9 ! vig\r ( life1 c be readily & c]ta9ly /at$4 ,= example1 ! individual ,/ag be=e u1 n[ br[s+ s peacefully1 has ea* horn compos$ ( ! foll[+ elem5ts3--! beam1 or ma9 /em2 two br[-antl]s2 "o /em-antl]1 & a coronet ( f\r snags1 or royal-antl]s1 at ! summit4 ,?is condition is peculi> to ! sev5? developm5t1 to :i* if we add "o ye> = ! hornless /age ( fawnhood1 we obta9 eight ye>s1 z1 beyond all d\bt1 ! age ( ?is ,/ag4 ,bo? ( ^! examples1 h[ev]1 ! ,ibex & ! ,/ag1 ?\gh s conclusive1 & seem+ly s irrefragable1 are r5d]$ nugatory by ! oppos+ fact ( a j rec5t creation4 ,see ?is ,horse1 a newly creat$1 really wild ,horse1 ,wild z ! wild de]1 & untaught1 ,) spur & bridle undefil$1-- 8 sleek coat ( a dun m\se-col\r1 ) a black /ripe runn+ d[n 8 back1 & ) a full black mane & tail4 ,he has a wild spiteful glance2 & 8 eye1 & 8 lips n[ & !n drawn back display+ 8 tee?1 indicate no v amiable temp]4 ,/ill1 we want to look at ^? tee? ( 84 ,please to mod]ate y\r ranc\r1 g5]\s ,dobb91 & let u make an inspection ( _! condition6 ,n[ notice ^! peculi>ities4 ,! ?ird pair ( p]man5t incisors h appe>$1 & h atta9$ ! same level z _! fell[s2 all are m>k$ ) a c5tral holl[ on ! cr[n1 ! middle pair fa9tly3 ! can9es h acquir$ consid]able size2 !y pres5t a regul>ly-convex surface outw>dly1 )\t any m>ks ( groov+ on ! sides2 _! inn] side is concave2 _! edges %>p2 ! ?ird p]man5t mol> has displac$ its pr$ecessor ( ! milk set1 & ! six? is develop$4#hc ,?is condition ( ! tee? infallibly m>ks ! fif? ye> ( ! ,horse's age4 ,a ye> ago ! ?ird incisor 0 only j ris+2 ! can9es 7 small1 & /rongly groov$1 & ! ?ird milk gr9d] 0 yet exi/+4 ,a ye> h5ce1 ! c5tral incisors w be worn q flat1 & _! m>ks oblit]at$2 ! can9es w be fully gr[n tusks1 ! second mol> w h rea*$ its full height1 & all ! tee? w be ( ! same level4 ,we c !n ) p]fect confid5ce ass]t ?is to be a five-ye> old ,horse4 ,& yet1 if we d s1 we %all ass]t a palpable untru?1 = ! "y & vigor\s /allion has be5 creat$ to-day4 ,illu/ration3 ,,skull ,,( ,,babir\ssa4 ,9 ! ?ickets ( ?is nutmeg grove beside u !re is a ,babir\ssa2 let u exam9e him4 ,"h he is1 almo/ subm]g$ 9 ?is tepid pool4 ,g5tle sw9e ) ! circul> tusk1 please to op5 y\r pretty m\?6 ,"h are f\r incisors 9 ! upp] jaw2 at "o "t !re 7 six4 ,! can9es ( ! same jaw hav+ pi]c$ ?r\gh ! fle% & sk9 ( ! face1 h gr[n upw>d & curv$ backw>d l horns2 nay1 !y h ne>ly complet$ a circle1 & are ?reat5+ to re-ent] ! skull2 once ^! tusks _h n brok5 f ! gums4 ,!re are two pre-mol>s3 once !re 7 f\r4 ,!re are ?ree mol>s1 ( :i* ! fir/ is worn q smoo?3 once ?is surface 0 cr[n$ ) f\r cones2 b ! ?ird mol> _h n !n appe>$4 ,away to a broad] riv]4 ,"h wall[s & riots ! huge ,hippopotamus4 ,:at c we make ( 8 d5tition8 ,a /range array ( tee?1 inde$1 is "h2 z unc\? & hide\s a set z y may hope to see4 ,yes1 b ! gr\p is in/ructive4 ,we w take !m 9 detail4 ,look at ! l[] jaw fir/4 ,"h are two l>ge project+ incisors 9 ! middle1 ) _! tips worn away obliquely on ! out] side1 by ! action ( _! oppon5ts 9 ! upp] jaw1 :i* are also worn inw>dly4 ,! out] incisors1 bo? above & bel[1 are also mutually worn 9 l mann]4 ,! l[] can9es =m massive tusks1 curv$ 9 ! arc ( a circle1 gr\nd away obliquely by ! upp] pair2 :i* are %ort & simil>ly worn on _! front edges4 ,!re are ?ree pre-mol>s on ea* side1 bel[ & above1 mu* worn3 once !re 0 a f\r?1 b x 0 %$ e>ly4 ,la/ly1 we f9d ?ree mol>s1 ^: cr[ns are gr\nd d[n s z to expose two poli%$ areas ( a f\r-lob$ figure4 ,a little :ile ago1 ^! d\ble areas 7 trilobate1 b at fir/ !re 7 no smoo? areas at all2 = ^! are b sections1 m or less advanc$1 ( ! conical knobs1 ) :i* ! cr[n ( ! mol> 0 orig9ally arm$4#hd ,9 bo? ^! examples1 ! poli%$ surfaces ( ! tee?1 worn away by mutual action1 af=d /rik+ evid5ce ( ! lapse ( "t4 ,"s "o may possibly object1 h[ev]1 to ?is3 ,:at "r h y to assume t ^! tee? 7 worn away at ! mom5t ( its creation1 admitt+ ! animal to h be5 creat$ adult8 ,may !y n h be5 entire8 ,i reply1 ,impossible3 ! ,hippopotamus's tee? w\ld h be5 p]fectly useless to him1 except 9 ! gr\nd-d[n condition3 nay1 ! unworn can9es w\ld h effectually prev5t$ 8 jaws f clos+1 necessitat+ ! keep+ ( ! m\? wide op5 until ! attrition 0 p]=m$2 long be=e :i*1 ( c\rse1 he w\ld h />v$4 ,9 a natural condition ! mutual we>+ beg9s z soon z ! surface ( ! tee? come into contact ) ea* o!r2 t is1 z soon z !y h acquir$ a developm5t :i* con/itutes !m fit = use4 ,! degree ( attrition is m]ely a "q ( "t4 ,!re is no p]iod t c be nam$1 suppos+ ! exi/5ce ( ! p]fect$ tee? at all1 9 :i* ! evid5ce ( ?is action w\ld n be visible4 ,h[ di/9ct an evid5ce ( pa/ action1 & yet1 9 ! case ( ! creat$ individual1 h[ illusory6 ,illu/ration3 ,,skull ,,( ,,hippopotamus4 ,trampl+ 8 pa? ?r\gh wood & brake1 ,& canes1 :i*1 crackl+1 fall be=e 8 way1 ,& tassel-grass1 ^: silv]y fea!rs play ,o'ertopp+ ! "y trees1-- ,on comes ! ,elephant1 to slake ,8 ?ir/ at noon1 9 yon pellucid spr+s4 ,lo6 f 8 trunk upturn'd1 al(t he fl+s ,! grateful %[]3 & n[ ,pluck+ ! broad-leaf'd b\gh ,( yond] plane1 ) wav+ motion sl[1 ,fann+ ! languid air1 ,he waves x to & fro4 ,we w n be cont5t ) admir+ ! va/ size ( ! f9e ,dauntelah1 & ! maje/y ( 8 air & movem5t1 & ! intellig5ce manife/$ 9 all ! actions ( ! half-reason+ bea/1 z he explores ! amo5ities ( ! "y _w to :i* he has b ?is morn+ be5 introduc$4 ,we are out on ano!r sort ( sc5t3 let u try if we c glean any light f him on our pres5t "q4 ,&1 fir/1 we _c fail to notice 8 f9e pair ( tusks curv+ upw>ds almo/ to a semicircle4 ,ea* tusk is compos$ ( a va/ numb] ( ?9 cones ( ivory1 sup]impos$ "o on ano!r2 ev] increas+ by new ones =m$ )9 ! int]ior at ! base1 & m\ld$ ^u ! vascul> pulp :i* fills ! cavity1 & by :i* ! solid ivory is con/antly secret$ & deposit$4 ,ea* new cone pu%es fur!r & fur!r out ^? previ\sly deposit$1 & ?us ! tusk ev] gr[s 9 l5g? z x increases 9 age4 ,illu/ration3 ,,skull ,,( ,,elephant4 ,h[ _m ye>s h ^! tusks occupi$ 9 atta9+ _! pres5t diamet] & l5g?8 ,we _c tell3 )\t a transv]se section we _c det]m9e ! numb] ( lay]s ( :i* ea* consi/s3 & if we c\ld1 we %\ld yet require to "k :at ratio exi/s betwe5 ! deposition ( a cone ( ivory & a fix$ p]iod ( "t4 ,! cones1 h[ev]1 9 a tusk ( ^! dim5sions1 are v num]\s1 = !y are b ?92 & x is en\gh = our purpose t !y h occupi$ ! same numb] ( p]iods ( "t = _! =mation1 ?\gh we _c precisely indicate ! l5g? ( ^! p]iods4 ,leav+ ! tusks1 :i* are ! upp] incisors1 let u n[ exam9e ! mol>s4 ,& !re is 9 ^! a rem>kable peculi>ity ( developm5t1 :i* w assi/ u greatly 9 our *ronic inquiries4 ,be=e we look at !m x may be z well to consid] ?is peculi>ity4 ,! ,elephant has1 f fir/ to la/1 six1 or p]haps eight1 mol>s on ea* side ( ea* jaw2 b !re are nev] m ?an two p>tially1 or "o :olly1 9 use at once4 ,!y h orig9ally an unev5 surface1 produc$ by ! extremities ( a numb] ( :at may be consid]$ z s _m f+]-l con/itu5t tee?1 arrang$ 9 transv]se r[s1 cov]$ by h>d enamel1 & cem5t$ toge!r by a bony sub/ance4 ,^! po9ts are gradually worn d[n by ! process ( ma/ication1 & !n ! comp\nd too? appe>s cross$ by n>r[ c>t\*es1 or long ovals ( enamel1 ind5t$ at _! m>g9s4 ,! fir/ set ( mol>s1 i4 e4 ! fir/ comp\nd mol> or milk tee?1 beg9s to cut ! jaw eight or t5 days aft] bir?1 & ! gr9d]s ( ! upp] jaw appe> be=e ^? ( ! l[] "o4 ,^! milk-gr9d]s are n %$1 b are gradually worn away dur+ ! "t ! second set are com+ =w>d2 & z soon z ! body ( ! gr9d] is ne>ly worn away1 ! fangs beg9 to be absorb$4 ,f ! end ( ! second to ! beg9n+ ( ! six? ye>1 ! ?ird set come gradually =w>d z ! jaw l5g!ns1 n only to fill up ?is additional space1 b also to supply ! place ( ?is second set1 :i* are1 dur+ ! same p]iod1 gradually worn away1 & h _! fangs absorb$4 ,f ! beg9n+ ( ! six? to ! end ( ! n9? ye>1 ! f\r? set ( gr9d]s come =w>d to supply ! gradual wa/e ( ! ?ird set4 ,9 ?is mann] to ! end ( life1 ! ,elephant obta9s a set ( new tee?1 z ! old ones become unfit = ! ma/ication ( its food4 ,! milk-gr9d]s consi/ ea* ( f\r tee?1 or lam9ae2 ! second set ( gr9d]s ( eight or n9e lam9ae2 ! ?ird set ( twelve or ?irte52 ! f\r? set ( fifte51 & s on to ! sev5? or eigh? set1 :5 ea* gr9d] consi/s ( tw5ty-two or tw5ty-?ree3 & x may be add$1 t ea* succe$+ gr9d] takes at lea/ a ye> m ?an its pr$ecessor to be complet$4#he ,z ea* too? advances1 only a small portion pi]ces ! gum at once2 "o ( twelve or f\rte5 lam9ae1 = in/ance1 %[s only two or ?ree ( ^! ?r\gh ! gum1 ! rema9d] be+ z yet imb$d$ 9 ! jaw2 & 9 fact ! too? is complete at its =e "p1 :]e x is requir$ = ma/ication1 :ile beh9d x is /ill v incomplete2 ! lam9ae are successively p]fect$ z !y advance4 ,! mol> ( an ,elephant c nev]1 !re=e1 be se5 9 a p]fect /ate3 = if x is n worn 9 front1 ! back "p is n fully =m$ & is )\t fangs2 & :5 ! /ructure ( ! h9d] portion is p]fect$1 ! front "p is already gone4 ,:5 ! complex mol> cuts ! gum1 ! cem5t is fir/ rubb$ (f ! digital summits2 !n _! enamel cap is worn away1 & ! c5tral d5t9e comes into play ) a prom95t enamel r+2 ! digital processes are next gr\nd d[n to _! common unit+ base1 & a transv]se tract ( d5t9e1 ) its wavy bord] ( enamel1 is expos$2 f9ally1 ! transv]se plates !mselves are abrad$ to _! common base ( d5t9e1 & a smoo? & poli%$ tract ( t sub/ance is produc$4 ,f ?is basis ! roots ( ! mol> are develop$1 & increase 9 l5g?1 to keep ! worn cr[n on ! gr9d+ level1 until ! reproductive =ce is exhau/$4 ,:5 ! :ole ext5t ( a gr9d] has ?us successively come into play1 its la/ "p is r$uc$ to a long fang support+ a smoo? & poli%$ field ( d5t9e1 ) sometimes a few remnants ( ! bottom ( ! enamel folds at its h9d] "p4 ,!n1 hav+ become useless1 x is attack$ by ! absorb5t action1 by :i*1 & ! pressure ( ! succe$+ too?1 x is f9ally %$4#hf ,) ^! physiological facts asc]ta9$1 let u proce$ to ! det]m9ation ( ! actual age ( our noble ,dauntelah4 ,! mol> 9 pres5t use has a l5g? ( ab\t n9e in*es1 & a diamet] ( ?ree & a half4 ,its cr[n is cross$ by ab\t eighte5 enamel-plates2 ( :i* ! ant]ior ones are mu* worn away1 :ile ! h9d] ones c sc>cely be c\nt$ ) precision1 z !y h n :olly cut _! way ?r\gh ! gum4 ,^! *>act]s indicate ! fif? mol> 7or set ( mol>s7 ( ! :ole life-s]ies4 ,& ! foll[+ facts w help u n[ to fix ! actual age1 at lea/ approximately4 ,! fir/ mol> cuts ! gum at two weeks old1 is 9 full use at ?ree mon?s1 & is %$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! second ye>4 ,! second cuts ! gum at ab\t six mon?s1 & is %$ 9 ! fif? ye>4 ,! ?ird appe>s at two ye>s1 is 9 full use ab\t ! fif? ye>1 & f9ally disappe>s ab\t ! n9? ye>4 ,9 ! six? ye> ! f\r? breaks f ! gum1 & la/s till ! animal's tw5ty-fif? ye>4 ,! fif? cuts ! gum at ! tw5tie? ye>1 is entirely expos$ soon aft] ! =tie?1 & is ?ru/ out ab\t ! sixtie? ye>1 by ! advance ( ! six? mol>1 :i* appe>s at ab\t fifty ye>s old1 & probably la/s = half a c5tury m4 ,if o!rs succe$ ?is1--a sev5? & ev5 an eigh?1 z "s ass]t1--^! w\ld c>ry on ! ,elephant's life to two or ?ree c5turies1 9 accordance ) an anci5t op9ion1 :i* is 9 "s degree c\nt5anc$ by mod]n obs]vations4 ,to come back1 !n1 to ! case be=e u1 s9ce ! fif? mol> has its =e "p mu* worn1 & ! po/]ior lam9ae sc>cely yet protrud$ f ! gum1 x foll[s t ?is ,elephant is n[ n f> f ! =tie? ye> ( 8 life1 a d$uction :i* well agrees ) ! dim5sions ( 8 tusks1 & 8 appe>ance ( mature vig\r4 ,c y detect a flaw 9 ?is reason+8 ,& yet h[ baseless ! conclusion1 :i* assigns a pa/ exi/5ce ( =ty ye>s to a creature call$ into exi/5ce ?is v day4 ,x4 ,,p>allels ,,& ,,prec$5ts4 7,man47 ,once1 9 ! flight ( ages pa/1 ,!re liv$ a ,man1--& :o 0 he8 ,mortal1 h[e'er ?y lot be ca/1 ,t man resembl$ !e4--,,montgom]y4 ,we h knock$ at ! doors ( ! vegetable _w1 ask+ our que/ions2 !n at ^? ( ! l[] tribes ( ! brute creation1 & n[ at ^? ( ! high] =ms2 & we h receiv$ b "o answ]1--v>y+1 inde$1 9 t]ms1 b ess5tially ! same 9 mean+1--f all4 ,& n[ we h "o m application to make2 we h1 /ill 9 our ideal p]egr9ation1 to seek out ! newly-creat$ =m ( our fir/ prog5itor1 ! primal ,head ( ! ,human ,race4 ,& "h we behold him2 n l ! bea/s t p]i%1 b-- ,( f> nobl] %ape1 erect & tall1 ,godlike erect1 ) native hon\r clad1 ,9 nak$ maje/y1 z "l ( all4 ,! def9itive "q be=e u is ?is3 ,does ! body ( ! ,man j creat$ pres5t u ) any evid5ces ( a pa/ exi/5ce1 & if s1 :at are !y8 ,& t we may rightly judge ( ! matt]1 we w1 z on =m] occasions1 call 9 ! aid ( a skilful & exp]i5c$ physiologi/1 to :om we w di/9ctly put ! "q4 ,! ,physiologi/'s ,report4 ,9 reply+ to y\r inquiry conc]n+ ! pro(s ( a pa/ exi/5ce 9 ! ,man be=e me1 ,i mu/ treat ( him z a m]e animal1--a creature hav+ an organic be+4 ,&1 fir/1 ,i f9d e "p ( ! surface ( 8 body possess+ a ne>ly uni=m temp]ature1 :i* is high] ?an t ( ! surr\nd+ atmosph]e4 ,!re is1 moreov]1 on all p>ts ( ! body1 a t+e ( r$ness1 m or less vivid 9 c]ta9 regions4 ,! heat1 & ! c>nation t+e1 alike indicate ! pres5ce ( blood1 art]ial blood1 diffus$ ?r\gh\t1 &1 9 p>ticul>1 occupy+ ! capill>ies ( ! sup]ficial p>ts4 ,e drop ( ?is blood is prec$$ & succe$$ by o!r drops1 e "o ( :i* has be5 impell$ out ( ! he>t by its con/ant contractions4 ,b ! v exi/5ce ( ?is blood supposes ! pre-exi/5ce ( *yle & lymph1 out ( :i* x has be5 con/ruct$4 ,! *yle 0 =m$ out ( *yme1 *ang$ by ! action ( ! pancreatic & bili>y secretions4 ,*yme is food1 *emically alt]$ by ! action ( ! ga/ric juice4 ,s t ! blood1 n[ c\rs+ ?r\gh ! art]ies & ve9s1 implies ! previ\s process ( ! reception ( food4 ,& ^! pancreatic & bili>y secretions1 :i* are ess5tial to ! conv]sion ( *yme into *yle1--& !re=e into blood1--d y ask _! orig98 ,!y 7 prep>$1 ! "o by ! pancreas1 ! o!r by ! liv]1 f blood already exi/+1--blood previ\sly =m$ ( *yle ) ! addition ( bile1 c4--& s indef9itely4 ,aga91 ! blood 9 ^! capill>y art]ies is ( a bright sc>let hue1 :i* x d]ives f its be+ *>g$ ) oxyg54 ,?is x receiv$ 9 ! lungs1 p>t+ at ! same "t ) ! c>bon :i* x _h tak5 up 9 its =m] c\rse4 ,! lungs !n mu/ h exi/$ be=e ! blood c\ld be :]e & :at x is1 viz4 art]ial blood 9 ! capill>ies ( ! extremities2 be=e x 0 driv5 out ( ! he>t1 s9ce x 0 transmitt$ f ! lungs ?r\gh ! pulmon>y ve9s into ! he>t1 !nce to be pump$ into ! art]ial sy/em4 ,b s9ce all ! tissues ( ! body are =m$ f ! blood1 ! lungs 7 dep5d5t on already-exi/+ blood = _! exi/5ce4 ,& z ! =mative & nutri5t p[] is lodg$ exclusively 9 art]ial blood1 ! v blood out ( :i* ! lungs 7 organiz$ 0 dep5d5t on lungs = oxyg5ation1 )\t :i* x w\ld h be5 effete & useless4 ,"h !n is a cycle ( :i* ,i _c trace ! beg9n+4 ,b fur!r4 ,on ! extremities ( ! f+]s & ( ! toes1 !re are broad horny nails4 ,^! ,i trace d[n to ! curv$ l9e :]e !y issue f b5ea? ! sk91 & :5ce e p>ticle ( ea* nail has issu$ 9 succession4 ,!y are compos$ ( sev]al /rata ( polygonal cells1 :i* h all gr[n 9 r$uplications ( ! sk91 =m+ compress$ curv$ %ea?s 7follicles72 /ratum aft] /ratum ( cells hav+ be5 add$ to ! base-l9e1 z ! nail p]petually grew =w>ds4 ,ab\t ?ree mon?s elapse f ! em]g5ce ( a giv5 /ratum ( cells1 be=e t /ratum becomes t]m9al2 & !re=e ea* ( ^! tw5ty-f\r f+]- & toe-nails is a witness to ?ree mon?s' pa/ exi/5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,,gr[? ,,( ,,hair 7magnifi$74 ,! head is clo!d ) luxuriant hair1 compos$ ( a multitude ( individual fibres1 ea* ( :i* is an epid]mic app5dage1 ess5tially simil> to ! nails4 ,e hair is conta9$ at its basal extremity 9 a delicate follicle1 :]e x t]m9ates ar\nd a s(t vascul> bulb1 made up ( blood-vessels & n]ves4 ,on ! surface ( ?is liv+ bulb ! horny sub/ance is cont9ually secret$ & deposit$ 9 lay]s1 ea* ( :i* 9 succession pu%es =w>d ^? previ\sly made1 till ! tip extrudes f ! follicle ( ! sk91 aft] :i* x cont9ues to gr[ 9 ! same way1 z an ext]nal hair4 ,! tip is gradually worn away2 & ?us ! con/ant gr[? _c1 9 g5]al1 cause x to exce$ a c]ta9 giv5 l5g?4 ,ea* ( ! ?\s&s ( hairs ) :i* ?is maje/ic head is clo!d1 be>s witness to pa/ "t2 & z ! increase ( hair is ab\t an in* p] mon?1 & z ?is hair is ab\t f\r in*es 9 l5g?1 we h "h ?\s&s ( witnesses to at lea/ f\r mon?s ( previ\s hi/ory4 ,! bones :i* make up ! firm & /ately fabric ab\t :i* ?is human body is built1 are no productions ( a day4 ,long be=e ?is !y exi/$ 9 ! =m ( c>tilages4 ,9 ^!1 m9ute art]ies began to deposit p>ticles ( phosphate ( lime1 ar\nd c]ta9 c5tres ( ossification1 do+ _! "w 9 a det]m9ate ord]1 & 9 regul> l9es1 s z to =m cont9u\s fibres4 ,^! fibres1 aggregat$1 & connect$ by o!rs1 soon =m$ a texture ( spicula or ?9 plates4 ,n[ take z an example a cyl9drical holl[ bone1 z t ( ! ?igh4 ,"h ! spicula 7 arrang$ longitud9ally1 p>allel to ! axis ( ! bone3 pres]v+ ! g5]al =m ( ! c>tilage :i* con/itut$ its scaffold+4 ,b ! bone requir$ a progressive increase 9 size4 ,9 its e>ly /ate1 moreov]1 x 0 n holl[1 b solid4 ,*anges mu/ h tak5 place to br+ x to its pres5t dim5sions & condition4 ,^! 7 effect$ by ! actual removal ( "s p>ts1 simultane\sly ) ! deposition ( o!rs4 ,at a c]ta9 /age ( ossification1 cells 7 excavat$ by ! action ( ! absorb5t vessels1 :i* c>ri$ away portions ( bony matt] ly+ 9 ! axis ( ! cyl9drical bone4 ,_! place 0 suppli$ by an oily matt]1 :i* is ! m>r[4 ,z ! gr[? proce$$1 :ile new lay]s 7 deposit$ on ! outside ( ! bone1 & at ! end ( ! long fibres1 ! int]nal lay]s ne> ! c5tre 7 remov$ by ! absorb5t vessels1 s t ! cavity 0 fur!r enl>g$4 ,9 ?is mann] ! out]mo/ lay] ( ! "y bone gradually *ang$ its relative situation1 becom+ m & m deeply buri$ by ! new lay]s :i* 7 successively deposit$1 & :i* cov]$ & surr\nd$ x2 until by ! removal ( all ! lay]s situat$ ne> to ! c5tre1 x became ! inn]mo/ lay]1 & 0 itself de/9$ 9 its turn to disappe>1 leav+ ! new bone )\t a s+le p>ticle :i* _h ent]$ into ! composition ( ! orig9al /ructure4#hg ,^! processes h be5 ! sl[ & gradual "w ( ye>s1 ( ! lapse ( :i* ye>s ! bones are !mselves eloqu5t witnesses4 ,)9 ! m\? !re are _m tee?4 ,i w n n[ speak ( _! exact numb]1 nor ( "s o!r p>ticul>s conc]n+ !m1 because ,i mean to return to !m pres5tly2 b ,i look only at _! g5]al /ructure & orig94 ,ea* too? consi/s ( ?ree di/9ct p>ts1 ! c5tral portion1 :i* is ivory2 ! exce$+ly h>d1 poli%$1 glassy coat ( ! cr[n1 :i* is enamel2 & a ?9 lay] ( bone ar\nd ! fang1 :i* is ! cem5t4 ,be=e ei!r ( ^! appe>$1 a m9ute papill>y process ( vascul> pulp 0 =m$ 9 a cavity ( ! jaw4 ,ov] ! pulp 0 spread an excessively ?9 membrane1 :i* secret$ f ! blood1 & deposit$1 a ?9 %ell ( bony matt]1 or ivory1 m\ld$ on ! =m ( ! pulp4 ,successive lay]s ( ivory 7 !n add$1 f )92 ! pulp dim9i%+ 9 a correspond+ ratio4 ,! cavity ( ! jaw at ! same "t deep5$1 & ! pulp l5g!n$ d[nw>d into ! space ?us provid$2 lay]s ( bony sub/ance be+ gradually deposit$ ^u x1 z above4 ,illu/ration3 ,,section ,,( ,,human ,,too? 7magnifi$74 ,! cavity itself 0 l9$ ) a ?ick vascul> membrane1 unit$ to ! papilla at its base4 ,)9 ! space ly+ betwe5 ?is membrane & ! pulp1 !re 0 deposit$ f ! wall ( ! =m] a s(t1 granul>1 non-vascul> sub/ance1 kn[n z ! enamel organ4 ,! cells on ! inn] surface ( ?is sub/ance !n took ! =m ( long1 sub-p>allel prisms1 set 9 close array1 p]p5dicul> to ! surface ( ! too?4 ,e>?y matt] 0 progressively deposit$ 9 !m1 by :i* !y became ! exce$+ly d5se & h>d enamel ( ! cr[n4 ,! cem5t ( ! fang 0 !n =m$ by a slight modification ( ! process :i* _h produc$ ! enamel4 ,"h1 !n1 are sev]al di/9ct & important processes1 effect$ 9 regul> & immutable succession1 ea* requir+ "t = its p]=mance1 & all und5iably witness$-to by ! /ructure ( e too? "h se54 ,z ,i h ?us prov$ ! fact ( life exi/+ 9 ?is human body = "s "t previ\s to ! pres5t mom5t1 ,i n[ proce$ to inquire h[ f> its /ructure may ?r[ light on ! actual duration ( t pa/ life4 ,h[ f> c we asc]ta9 its *ronology8 ,! /ature ( ! ,man be=e me is ab\t six feet4 ,an infant at bir? is f eighte5 to tw5ty-"o in*es 9 l5g?4 ,at t5 ye>s old ! av]age /ature is ab\t f\r feet4 ,six feet may be tak5 z ! full adult height ( man2 & ?is is atta9$ f ! tw5ty-fir/ to ! tw5ty-fif? ye>4 ,! /ature ( ?is individual w\ld !re=e indicate an age n less ?an tw5ty-"o ye>s4 ,on ! front ( ! ?roat ,i p]ceive a /rongly-m>k$1 angul> prom95ce1 =m$ by ! union ( ! two plates ( ! ?yroid c>tilage4 ,! prom95ce ( ?is angle is due to ! enl>gem5t ( ! l>ynx2 & x is accompani$ by a deep5+ ( ! pit* ( ! voice1 produc+ ! full ri* s\nds t we h ?is in/ant he>d1 z ! ,man *ant$ 8 song ( praise4 ,^! tones1 & ?is projection ( ! ?yroid c>tilage1 are equally di/9ctive m>ks ( pub]ty1 & d n appe> till ab\t ! sixte5? or sev5te5? ye>4 ,! *91 & sides ( ! face1 are clo!d ) a d5se bu% ( crisp hair1--! be>d4 ,?is is a di/9ctive m>k ( ! adolesc5t p]iod1 & may be tak5 z indicat+ an age n less ?an tw5ty ye>s4 ,on aga9 exam9+ ! m\?1 ,i f9d ! tee? are ?irty-two 9 numb]2 viz41 f\r incisors1 two can9es1 f\r pre-mol>s1 & six true mol>s1 9 ea* jaw4 ,none ( ^! exi/$ 7at lea/ visibly7 dur+ ! fir/ sev5 ye>s ( life2 9 t p]iod !y 7 repres5t$ by ! milk-tee? ( infancy4 ,! appe>ance ( ! middle pair ( incisors occurr$ at ab\t ! eigh? ye>2 ! lat]al incisors at n9e2 ! fir/ pre-mol>s at t52 ! second at elev52 ! can9es at ab\t twelve2 ! second mol>s at ?irte5 or f\rte52 & ! ?ird mol>s1 or d5tes sapi5tiae1 at ab\t sev5te5 or eighte54 ,! /ate ( ! d5tition1 !n1 po9ts to an age c]ta9ly n less ?an ! p]iod j nam$4 ,h[ mu* m x may be1 we mu/ ga!r f o!r s\rces4 ,i come n[ to c]ta9 ph5om5a :i* are n appreciable to u on m]e ext]nal exam9ation2 b :i* ,i am able ) c]ta9ty to pr$icate4 ,& ! fir/ ( ^! is ! proportion ( art]ial to v5\s blood 9 ! capill>ies4 ,9 infancy1 ! art]ial capill>ies conta9 f> m blood ?an ! capill>y ve9s2 9 old age1 ! proportion is exactly rev]s$2 :]eas1 9 maturity1 ! ratio is j equal4 ,n[1 "h !re is a v small prepond]ance ( art]ial blood1 indicat+ a p]iod b slightly remote f maturity on ! side ( y\?2 well agree+ ) ! conclusion arriv$ at f previ\s premises1 ( "s tw5ty to five-&-tw5ty ye>s4 ,o!r & m m>k$ manife/ations occur 9 ! condition ( ! skeleton4 ,9 ! sp9e1 ,i f9d ! sp9\s & transv]se processes ( ! sev]al v]tebrae are complet$ by sep>ate epiphyses1 ! ossification ( :i* does n comm5ce till aft] pub]ty1 & ! f9al union ( :i* ) ! body ( ! bone does n occur till ab\t ! age ( tw5ty-five ye>s4 ,ea* v]tebra1 moreov]1 has atta9$ a smoo? annul> plate ( solid bone1 cov]+ a surface t 0 previ\sly r\gh & fissur$1 :i* is inv>iably add$ at ! same p]iod4 ,! ossification ( ! sacrum also has rea*$ its culm9at+ po9t4 ,at ! age ( pub]ty1 ! compon5t v]tebrae began to unite f bel[ upw>ds1 & ! two highe/ h n[ coalesc$2 :i* also m>ks a p]iod ( life n e>li] ?an ! tw5ty-fif? ye>4 ,! :ole unit$ mass1 moreov]1 is furni%$ on ea* side ) ?9 bony plates1 ! appe>ance ( :i* is no less *>act]i/ic ( ! same age4 ,ea* ( ! ribs is "h furni%$ ) two epiphyses1 "o = ! head & ! o!r = ! tub]cle2 ! ossification ( ^! began soon aft] pub]ty2 b _! union ) ! body ( ! bone1 z pres5t$ "h1 has tak5 sev]al ye>s to accompli%4 ,to come to ! limbs1 we f9d ! %\ld]-blade pres5t+ ?ree epiphyses1 "o = ! coracoid process1 "o = ! acromion1 & "o = ! l[] angle ( ! bone1 ! ossification ( :i* beg9s soon aft] pub]ty1 _! union ) ! body ( ! bone tak+ place betwe5 ! ages ( tw5ty-two & tw5ty-five ye>s4 ,! clavicle has an epiphysis at its /]nal end1 :i* beg9s to =m betwe5 ! eighte5? & tw5tie? ye>s1 & is unit$ to ! re/ ( ! bone a few ye>s lat]4 ,! consolidation ( ! %\ld]-bone 7hum]us7 is complet$ r e>li]2 ! l>ge piece at ! upp] end1 :i* is =m$ by ! coalesc5ce ( ! ossific c5tres ( ! head & two tub]osities1 unites ) ! %aft at ab\t ! tw5tie? ye>2 :il/ its l[] extremity is complet$ by ! junction ( ! ext]nal condyle1 & ( ! two p>ts ( ! articulat+ surface 7previ\sly unit$ ) ea* o!r71 at ab\t ! sev5te5? ye>1 & by t ( ! int]nal condyle 9 ! ye> foll[+4 ,! sup]ior epiphyses ( ! arm-bones 7radius & ulna7 unite ) _! respective %afts at ab\t ! age ( pub]ty2 ! inf]ior1 :i* are ( l>g] size1 at ab\t ! tw5tie? ye>4 ,! epiphyses ( ! metac>pal & phalangeal bones 7^? ( ! h& & f+]s7 are unit$ to _! pr9cipals at ab\t ! tw5tie? ye>4 ,9 ! ,l[] ,extremities1 ! process ( ossification is complet$ at ne>ly ! same p]iods z t ( ! correspond+ p>ts ( ! ,upp]4 ,! consolidation ( ! hipbones 7ilium1 is*ium1 & pubis7 to =m ! os innom9atum1 by ! ossification ( ! triradiate c>tilage t int]v5es betwe5 !m 9 ! socket ( ! ?igh 7acetabulum71 does n take place until aft] ! p]iod ( pub]ty2 & at ?is "t additional epiphyses beg9 to make _! appe>ance on ! cre/ ( ! ilium1 on its ant]ior inf]ior sp9e1 on ! tub]osity ( ! is*ium1 & on ! inn] m>g9 ( ! pubes1 :i* are n f9ally jo9$ to ! bone until ab\t ! tw5ty-fif? ye>4#hh ,! concurr5ce ( ^! conditions 9 ! skeleton1 ! ne>ly balanc$ ratio ( ! bloods1 ! p]fect$ d5tition1 ! be>d1 ! deep5$ voice1 ! prom95t l>ynx1 & ! /ature1 comb9e to po9t out1 ) infallible precision1 ! age ( ?is ,man1 z betwe5 tw5ty-five & ?irty ye>s4 ,s f>1 !n1 we c ) c]ta9ty trace back ! hi/ory ( ?is be+1 z an indep5d5t organism2 b did 8 hi/ory !n comm5ce8 ,o no2 we c c>ry him mu* f>!r back ?an ?is4 ,:at means ?is curi\s depression 9 ! c5tre ( ! abdom51 & ! corrugat$ knob :i* occupies ! cavity8#hi ,?is is ! ,,navel4 ,! corrugation is ! cicatrice left :]e once 0 atta*$ ! umbilical cord1 & :5ce its rema9s1 hav+ di$1 sl\gh$ away4 ,?is organ introduces u to ! foetal life ( ,man2 = x 0 ! l9k ( connexion betwe51 ! unborn infant & ! p>5t2 ! *annel1 ?r\gh ^: art]ies & ve9s ! oxyg5at$ & ! effete blood pass$ to & f ! p>5tal sy/em1 :5 z yet ! unus$ lungs _h n receiv$ "o brea? ( vital air4 ,& ?us ! life ( ! individual ,man be=e u passes1 by a necess>y retrogression1 back to ! life ( ano!r individual1 f ^: sub/ance 8 own sub/ance 0 =m$ by gemmation2 "o ( ! compon5t cells ( ^: /ructure 0 ! primordial cell1 f :i* h be5 develop$ successively all ! cells :i* n[ make up 8 mature & p]fect organism4 99 99 99 99 99 ,h[ is x possible to avoid ?is conclusion8 ,has n ! physiologi/ irrefragable gr\nds = x1 f\nd$ on univ]sal exp]i5ce8 ,has n obs]vation abundantly %[n1 t1 :]ev] ! bones1 fle%1 blood1 tee?1 nails1 hair ( man exi/1 ! aggregate body has pass$ ?r\gh /ages exactly correspond5t to ^? allud$ to above1 & has orig9at$ 9 ! ut]us ( a "m1 its foetal life be+1 s to speak1 a budd+ out ( h]s8 ,has ! comb9$ exp]i5ce ( mank9d ev] se5 a solit>y exception to ?is law8 ,h[1 !n1 c we refuse ! concession t1 9 ! individual be=e u1 9 :om we f9d all ! ph5om5a t we are accu/om$ to associate ) adult ,man1 repeat$ 9 ! mo/ exact v]isimilitude1 )\t a s+le flaw--h[1 ,i say1 c we hesitate to ass]t t su* 0 8 orig9 too8 ,& yet1 9 ord] to ass]t x1 we mu/ be prep>$ to adopt ! old ,pagan doctr9e ( ! et]nity ( matt]2 ex nihilo nihil fit4 ,b ^? ) :om ,i argue are preclud$ f ?is1 by my fir/ ,po/ulate4 ,,xi4 ,,p>allels ,,& ,,prec$5ts4 7,g]ms47 ,e cell1 l e individual ,plant or ,animal1 is ! product ( a previ\s organism ( ! same k9d4--7,,dr4 ,,c>p5t]1 ,comp4 ,physiol4 ,sec4 #cdg47 ,9 ! prec$+ examples ,i h assum$ t e organic entity 0 creat$ 9 t /age ( its be+ :i* con/itutes ! acme ( its peculi> developm5t2 :5 all its faculties are 9 _! highe/ p]fection1 & :5 x is be/ fitt$ to reproduce its own image4 ,f ! v nature ( ?+s ,i judge t ?is 0 ! actual fact2#ij s9ce1 if we suppose ! =mation ( ! primitive creatures 9 an undevelop$ or infant condition1 a p]iod w\ld require to lapse be=e ! increase ( ! species c\ld beg92 :i* "t w\ld be wa/$4 ,to ^?1 inde$1 :o receive z au?ority ! te/imony ( ! ,holy ,scripture1 ! matt] /&s on m ?an probable gr\nd2 = its /atem5ts1 z to ! condition ( ! ?+s creat$1 are cle> & full3 !y 7 n se$s1 & g]ms1 & eggs1 & embryos1--b ! tree yield+ fruit ^: se$ 0 9 itself1--great :ales1--w+$ f[l1--! bea/ ( ! e>?1--& man4#ia ,b ,i d n mean to %ield myself beh9d au?ority4 ,i h begg$ ! fact ( creation2 b n ! tru?1 nor ev5 ! exi/5ce1 ( any hi/oric docum5t describ+ x4 ,x is ess5tial to my argum5t t any su* be left entirely out ( ! "q2 &1 = ! pres5t1 ,i accord+ly ignore ! ,bible4 ,x is possible t "s oppon5t may object to my assumption ( maturity 9 creat$ organisms4 ,y\r d$uctions may be s\nd en\gh1 su* an "o may say1 provid$ y\r newly-creat$ ,locu/-tree _h s _m conc5tric cyl9d]s ( timb]1 y\r ,tree-f]n _h a well-develop$ /em ( leaf-bases1 y\r ,coral a great aggregation ( polype-cells1 y\r ,tortoise a c>apace ( _m-lam9at$ plates1 y\r ,elephant a half-worn set ( mol>s1 & y\r ,man a ?or\ghly ossifi$ skeleton4 ,b h[ d y "k t ei!r ( ^! organisms 0 creat$ 9 ?is mature /age8 ,i w n d5y t ea* 0 creat$1--0 call$ sudd5ly out ( non-entity into entity2 b ,i believe1 or at lea/ ,i *oose to believe1--t ea* 0 creat$ 9 ! simple/ =m 9 :i* x c exi/2 z ! se$1 ! gemmule1 ! ovum1 !--ahem6 ,pray g on6 y 7 ab\t to say ! infant1 or ! foetus1 or ! embryo1 probably2 pray make y\r selection3 :i* w y say8 ,well1 ,i h>dly "k4 ,because1 if ,i *oose ! new-born infant1 y w say1 ,its condition implies a n9e mon?s' pre-exi/5ce1 c]ta9ly2 n to speak ( ! absurdity ( a new-born infant be+ ca/ out into an op5 _w )\t a p>5t to fe$ x4 ,if ,i say1 ,! foetus1 or ! /ill m incipi5t embryo1 ,i involve1 at once1 a pre-exi/5t "m4 ,i am afraid y h me !re6 ,i ?9k ,i h4 ,h[ev]1 let u take up ! matt] ord]ly1 & proce$ on ! supposition t my previ\s examples mu/ be all cancell$1 & ! "q argu$ de novo1 on ! assumption t ea* organism 0 creat$ 9 its lea/ develop$ condition4 ,x w n be consid]$ necess>y1 ,i suppose1 to look at any int]m$iate condition ( ! organisms4 ,! argum5t :i* is bas$ ^u ! leaf-scales ( ! ,f]n or ! ,palm w\ld ess5tially apply to ei!r ( ^! plants :5 x fir/ issues f ! gr\nd4 ,at ! p]iod :5 x comprises b a s+le frond1 ! botani/ w\ld no m hesitate 9 pron\nc+ t ! organism _h pass$ ?r\gh /ages previ\s to t "o1 ?an he w\ld :5 x possesses an elongat$ /ipe2 ?\gh1 9 ! latt] case1 ! evid5ces ( ! pre-exi/5ce are m pat5t to ! un9/ruct$ eye4 ,he w\ld say1 ,! s+le frond implies1 ) absolute necessity1 a spore 9 ! "o case1 a se$ 9 ! o!r2 & we ne$ n to see ei!r1 to be assur$ t ?is mu/ h prec$$ ! leaf-/age4 ,b y g f>!r back /ill4 ,! plant 0 creat$ z a se$4 ,let u r5ew our imag9>y t\r at ! epo*1 or epo*s 7z _m z y please71 ( creation1 on ?is supposition4 ,"h is a v "y plant ( ! curi\s ,sey*elles ,palm or ,d\ble ,cocoa-nut 7,lodoicea ,se*ell>um74 ,a s+le frond is all t is yet develop$1 & ?is is z yet unexp&$1 ! p9nae be+ /ill fold$ on ! midrib1 l a fan4 ,trace ! frond d[n to its base4 ,x spr+s f a ?ick horizontal cyl9dric process1 :i* has also %ot d[n a radicle into ! soil4 ,we trace ! cyl9drical /em along ! surface ( ! soil1 & f9d1 ly+ on ! gr\nd1 among ! grass1 b n buri$1 a great d\ble nut1 some?+ l ! two hemisph]es ( a human bra91 or l a common cocoa-nut1 half split op5 & heal$4 ,out ( ?is ! ?ick /em has issu$2 & we f9d t x is only ! cotyl$on ( ! se$1 t has prolong$ its base 9 ! process ( g]m9ation1 9 ord] to ?r[ up1 cle> ( ! nut1 ! plumule & radicle4 ,we look at ! great nut1 & f9d1 on ! woody ext]ior ( ! fibr\s p]ic>p1 at ! side opposite to t :5ce issues ! cotyl$on1 a broad sc>4 ,:at is ?is8 ,x is ! m>k left by ! sev]ance ( a foot/alk1 :i* unit$ ! fruit to ! p>5t plant4 ,?is great drupe 0 once a small ov>y seat$ 9 ! c5tre ( a ?ree-petal$ fl[]1 :i*1 ) _m o!rs1 issu$ out ( a great spa!1 a mass ( infloresc5ce1 & hung d[n f ! base ( ! leafy coronal ( an adult palm-tree4 ,?is sc> is an irreproa*able witness ( ! exi/5ce ( ! p>5t palm4 ,"h1 ly+ on ! dry & du/y e>?1 is a br[n flat bean ( great h>dness4 ,?is is a se$ de/9$ by & by to produce t spl5did tree ,ery?r9a cri/a-galli4 ,b x has be5 j creat$4 ,?is bean be>s on "o ( its edges an oval sc>1 v di/9ctly m>k$1 call$ ! hilum4 ,?is 0 ! po9t ( atta*m5t ( a %ort column1 by :i* ! se$ 0 unit$ to "o ( ! sutures ( a long pod1 9 ! int]ior ( :i* x lay1 9 company ) sev]al o!rs l itself4 ,?is great legume or pod _h be5 ! bottom ( ! pi/il ( a papilionace\s fl[]1 cr[n$ by a t9y /igma1 lodg$ 9 a %ea? =m$ by ! unit$ /am5s1 & surr\nd$ by a corolla ( refulg5t sc>let petals4 ,( c\rse su* a fl[] 0 n an indep5d5t organism2 x 0 "o ( _m t adorn$ a great tree1 ! hi/ory ( ^: life w\ld c>ry u back ?r\gh sev]al g5]ations ( human ye>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,g>d5 ,,tulip4 ,fig4 #a4 ,a fl[] ) two petals remov$1 to %[ ! ov>y1 a4 ,fig4 #b4 ,! same ov>y1 m mature1 divid$ longitud9ally2 b1 ! unripe se$s1 pack$ on ea* o!r2 c1 a portion ( ! same c>pel1 f :i* ! se$s h be5 remov$4 ,?is s+le infold+ leaf1 t is j %oot+ f ! soil1 s small & feeble1--:at ( ?is8 ,!re are c]ta9ly no conc5tric cyl9d]s ( timb] "h3 c we trace a previ\s hi/ory ( ?is8 ,yes3 by c>efully remov+ ! soil f ! base1 we see t x orig9ates 9 a flat yell[ se$--! se$ ( a ,tulip4 ,"h aga9 we h no difficulty 9 detect+ evid5ce ( its =m] atta*m5t4 ,a great numb] ( ^! se$s 7 once closely pack$ "o on ano!r1 9 ea* ( ! ?ree c>pels t con/itut$ ! capsule4 ,& ?is capsule _h be5 ! oblong1 ?ree-sid$ ov>y1 :i* =m$ ! body ( ! pi/il 9 "s beautiful ,tulip4 ,d y obs]ve ^! two r\nd fle%y leaves1 j peep+ f ! s&y e>?8 ,!y are ! e>lie/ gr[?s ( a plant ( ,ara*is hypogaea4 ,9 ?is case aga91 to und]/& ! true relations ( ?is organism1 we mu/ expose x :olly to view4 ,b5ea? ! surface ( ! e>?1 !n1 ,i f9d t ^! se$-leaves are ! two halves 7cotyl$ons7 ( a k9d ( pea1 :i* 0 =m]ly enclos$ 9 a wr9kl$ sk9ny pod4 ,b :at is mo/ int]e/+ is t ! pod is "h1 ! cotyl$ons %oot+ out ( x4 ,&1 atta*$ to "o end ( ! pod1 "h is a sl5d] /alk1 n[ )]$ & dry1 :i* projects out ( ! gr\nd into ! air4 ,illu/ration3 ,,g]m9ation ,,( ,,e>?-,,pea4 ,n[ "h we h a beautiful l9k ( connexion ) ! pa/4 ,! plant be=e u does n rip5 its se$s1 & !n drop !m to c>e = !mselves1 z mo/ plants d4 ,! "y fruit1 in/ead ( be+ plac$ at ! bottom ( ! calyx1 z 9 o!r k9ds ( pulse1 is f\nd at ! bottom & 9 ! inside ( a long sl5d] tube1 :i* looks l a fl[]-/alk4 ,:5 ! fl[] has )]$1 & ! "y fruit is f]tiliz$1 no?+ b ! bottom ( ! tube ) its cont5ts rema9s4 ,at ?is p]iod a small po9t projects f ! summit ( ! "y fruit1 & gradually elongates1 curv+ d[nw>ds t[>ds ! e>?4 ,at ! same "t ! /alk ( ! fruit l5g!ns1 until ! small po9t /rikes ! e>?1 into :i* ! n[ half-gr[n fruit is spe$ily =c$1 & :]e x f9ally rip5s 9 :at w\ld seem a mo/ unnatural position4#ib ,! "y plant be=e u has be5 ?is mom5t creat$1 & creat$ 9 ?is incipi5t /age ( gr[?3 & yet !re is1 ev5 "h1 an indubitable evid5ce1 s f> z physical ph5om5a c af=d x1 ( a pa/ hi/ory4 ,x w\ld be utt]ly impossible to select any /age 9 ! life ( ! ,e>?-pea1 :i* did n connect itself1 visibly & palpably1 ) a previ\s /age4 ,let u return to ! %ore-lov+ ,mangrove4 ,y object to my assumption t x 0 creat$ z a tree1 ) a well-bran*$ /em elevat$ ^u a s]ies ( ar*+ roots2 & to my d$uction ( pre-laps$ ye>s = ! =mation ( ^? roots4 ,v well4 ,i give x up4 ,y all[ t ! primitive ,mangrove 0 creat$ 9 "s /age1 b y cont5d = ! g]m-/age1 ! simple/ condition ( ! plant1 :atev] t might be4 ,n[1 :]e %all we f9d x8 ,9 ! fir/ pair ( develop$ leaves8 ,!y c]ta9ly po9t back to ! cotyl$ons4 ,to ! cotyl$ons1 !n1 let u look4 ,lo6 ! "y plant is g]m9at+ be=e its connexion ) ! p>5t is sev]$4 ,x is ! s+ul> habit ( ?is tree1 t its se$s are already 9 a gr[+ condition1 :ile !y hang f ! twig4 ,ea* se$ is a long club-%ap$ body1 ) a bulb\s base & a sl5d] po9t1 m or less produc$4 ,:ile x yet hangs f ! bran*1 ! radicle & cr[n ( ! root beg9 to gr[1 & gradually l5g!n1 until ! tip rea*es ! soil1 :i* x p5etrates & ?us roots itself2 :ile ^? :i* dep5d f ! high] bran*es1 aft] gr[+ = a :ile1 drop1 &1 /ick+ 9 ! mud1 ?r[ out roots f "o end1 & leaves f ! o!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,se$ ,,( ,,mangrove4 ,:at h y ga9$1 !n1 9 ?is case1 by go+ back to ! g]m8 ,! g]m z decisively ass]ts its orig9ation f an already exi/+ organism--! p>5t tree--z ! fl\ri%+ tree witnesses its gradual developm5t f a g]m4 ,! ,mangrove c\ld n by possibility h be5 creat$ 9 any /age1 consi/5t ) ! id5tity ( ! species ) t :i* we behold n[ 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1--t did n %[ ocul> evid5ce ( a previ\s hi/ory2--evid5ce f ! nature ( ?+s fallaci\s4 ,x w\ld be m]ely tiresome to g on ?r\gh ! vegetable k+dom4 ,9 e plant ! simple/ condition--viz4 t ( a spore or se$--dep5ds on "s developm5t1 or process1 or s]ies ( processes1 t h prec$$ x4 ,nor does ! lapse ( "t betwe5 ! previ\s process & ! app>5t result at all de/roy _! necess>y connexion4 ,9 ! case ( ! curi\s ,misseltoes1 ! ovule does n appe> till ?ree mon?s aft] ! poll5 has be5 %$2 b :5 x does appe>1 its exi/5ce z an organism capable ( develop+ ! *>act]i/ic =m ( its species1 is z truly dep5d5t on ! previ\s exi/5ce ( ! poll51 z if n an h\r _h int]v5$4 ,suppos+ ! ess5tial conditions ( vegetable organisms to h be5 at ! fir/ :at !y are n[2 9 o!r words1 suppos+ specific id5tity to h be5 always ma9ta9$1--:i* ,i h dem&$ z a po/ulate = ?is argum5t1--x appe>s to me demon/rable1 t e plant 9 ! _w pres5t$ at ! mom5t ( its creation evid5ces pro*ronic developm5t1 9 n[ise to be di/+ui%$ f ^? on :i* we firmly rely z prov+ ! lapse ( "t4 ,b is ! case o!rwise 9 ! animal _w8 ,we trac$ back ! hi/ory ( our ,m$usa ?r\gh its m>vell\s s]ies ( gemmative developm5ts1 till we rea*$ ! m9ute ,infusory-l gemmule1 :i* is its simple/ =m4 ,n[ x is q legitimate to assume t ?is1 & n ! pulmonigrade umbrelli=m /age1 0 ! "o 9 :i* ! new-creat$ ,m$usa began exi/5ce4 ,h we1 !n1 got rid ( ! evid5ce ( pa/ "t1 :i* we d$uc$ f ! successive *anges ?r\gh :i* ! adult _h pass$8 ,:at is ?is ciliat$ planule1 & :5ce comes x8 ,x is ! embryo dis*>g$ f ! fr+$ ov>y ( a female ,m$usa2 x has already pass$ ?r\gh sev]al *anges ( col\r & =m4 ,x is n[ ( a deep yell[ col\r2 x has be5 violet2 x has be5 col\rless3 x is n[ %ap$ l a dumb-bell2 x 0 a globule2 x _h be5 a mulb]ry-mass4 ,yet e>li]1 x _h be5 a compon5t cell ( ! ov>ian b&1 :i* divid$ ! g5]ative cavity f t ( ! /oma*1 9 ! p>5t ,m$usa4 ,9 l mann] ! ciliat$ gemmule f :i* 0 =m$ ! pluteus ( ! ,ur*91 0 dep5d5t on ! exi/5ce ( a p>5t ,ur*92 ! monadi=m g]m f :i* 0 develop$ ! p5tacr9us ( ! ,fea!r-/>1 0 orig9ally hidd5 9 ! ov>ian tubes ( a p>5t ,fea!r-,/>3 ! infant ,s]pula t deposit$ ! fir/ atoms ( calc>e\s matt] z a comm5c$ tube1 _h begun its own exi/5ce 9 ! body ( a p>5t ,s]pula4 ,x is true ! evid5ce ( ! connexion betwe5 ! g]m & ! p>5t is n 9 ^! l[ =ms always pat5t to ! eye2 x is physiological4 ,b x is n less conclusive to "o :o is able to appreciate its =ce4 ,a physiologi/ is z sure t e g]m1 e ovum1 9 ! ,inv]tebrate animals1 0 produc$ by an animal ( a =m] g5]ation1 z he is ( ! same fact 9 a ,mammal1 :]e 8 eye c see ! sc> ( ! umbilical cord4 ,9 _m in/ances !re is /rong]1 or r m obvi\s & ord9>ily appreciable1 evid5ce ( ! l9k betwe5 ! pres5t & ! pa/ g5]ation1 ?an ! physiological dep5d5ce4 ,! _w ( ,insects1 :i*1 f its imm5sity1 & f ! high organic rank ( its memb]s1 af=ds u s exhau/less a m9e ( economical wond]s1--is ri* 9 examples to ! po9t4 ,a few ( ^! ,i %all cite4 ,! eggs ( _m ,insects are n dropp$ any:]e1 at r&om2 =1 z ! newly-born "y h limit$ p[]s ( locomotion1 & yet are 9 g5]al able to subsi/ only on "s p>ticul> k9d ( food1 x is necess>y t _! bir? %\ld occur 9 ! imm$iate proximity ( su* food3 & !re=e t ! egg %\ld be s plac$4 ,n[ ?is circum/ance w\ld n be specially notewor?y if ! locality select$ = ! deposition ( ! egg 7 ! same z t 9 :i* ! p>5t insect _h be5 accu/om$ to f9d its own private enjoym5ts3 we %\ld reasonably say t ! eggs 7 plac$ "h1 because ! p>5ts happ5$ to be "h4 ,! case1 h[ev]1 is v diff]5t4 ,we nev] f9d ! egg ( ! ,peacock ,butt]fly adh]+ to ! leaf ( a cabbage1 nor t ( ! ,g>d5 ,:ite to ! leaf ( a nettle2 b ! nettle is inv>iably select$ = ! =m]1 & a crucif]\s plant = ! latt]4 ,yet !re is no?+ 9 ! individual wants or lik+s ( ! ,butt]fly1 9 ei!r case1 to acc\nt = ?is4 ,bo? ! "o & ! o!r flutt] ?r\gh ! sunny air1 alight to dr9k ! wat] ( "s slu%y pool1 re/ on ! exp&+ fl[]s & probe !m = nect>1 or suck ! exud+ juices ( an ov]-ripe fruit4 ,b :5 did y ev] see ! gorge\s-ey$ ,peacock fe$+ on a nettle1 or ! ,:ite on a cabbage8 ,eag]ly z !y seek ^! plants1 x is solely = ! purpose ( deposit+ _! eggs :]e in/9ct tea*es !m _! unborn prog5y w f9d suitable food4 ,suppos+1 !re=e1 we _h f\nd ! egg ( ei!r ( ^! butt]flies at ! mom5t ( its creation1 we %\ld assur$ly h f\nd x on ! nettle or ! cabbage 7z ! case might be72 because to suppose x 9 any o!r situation w\ld be equival5t to suppos+ x s plac$ z t ! end ( its creation--! life ( ! species creat$--w\ld be ipso facto fru/rat$4 ,b1 f9d+ x s1 ! "q naturally arises1--,:y "h1 & n else:]e8 & ! only possible answ]1 on ! gr\nd ( ph5om5a1 is1 ,because ! p>5t *ose ?is situation = x4 ,& ?us we are inevitably ?r[n back to an ant]ior g5]ation1 :i* is equival5t to pa/ "t4 ,aga91 if we _h se5 ! egg ( ! ,nut ,weevil 7,balan9us nucum7 j come f ! creative h& ( ,god1 we %\ld c]ta9ly h f\nd x )9 ! immature s(t-%ell$ hazel-nut1 because !re alone w\ld ! grub :5 hat*$ meet ) food conv5i5t = x4 ,& yet if we _h s\ght 7ignorant ( ! fact ( its rec5t creation7 ! reason ( its be+ !re1 our acqua9tance ) entomology w\ld h po9t$ to ! p>5t beetle1 :o1 ) h] jaws plac$ at ! tip ( a long sl5d] sn\t1 _h bor$ a t9y hole 9 ! t5d] %ell1 & _h !n project$ ! egg f h] abdom5 into ! int]ior4 ,! eggs ( ! ,oe/ridae--= example1 ! ,worble ( ! ,ox 7,oe/rus bovis7 or ! ,bot ( ! ,%eep 7,oe4 ovis7--w\ld be discov]$ 9 no o!r circum/ances ?an b5ea? ! sk9 ( ! =m]1 & at ! edge ( ! no/rils ( ! latt]4 ,= ^! are ! respective situations 9 :i* ! egg is always deposit$1 t ( ! ,worble hat*+ 9 situ1 & =m+ a sup]ficial abscess 9 communication ) ! ext]nal air1 & t ( ! ,%eep-bot produc+ a l>va :i* crawls up ! no/rils ( ! poor animal1 till x f9ds a suitable re/+-place 9 ! frontal s9uses ( ! skull4 ,to suppose ! egg 9 any o!r circum/ances ?an ^? :i* ,i h m5tion$1 w\ld be to consign x to c]ta9 de/ruction4 ,yet does n its pres5ce !re be> witness to ! eclectic c>e ( ! p>5t ,gadfly1 ^: un]r+ in/9ct knew h[ to seek & select ! "r position8 ,if y _h set y\rself to look = ! egg ( a ,pimpla manife/ator1 a common ,cuckoo-fly1 :]e w\ld y h look$ = x1 b 9 ! fatty tissues ( a wild bee's grub1 t 0 lodg$ 9 a deep hole 9 "s old po/8 ,if y _h s\ght else:]e1 y w\ld surely h be5 disappo9t$4 ,& w\ld n its pres5ce !re be> te/imony to ! l5g!n$ ovipositor ( ! well-kn[n brisk & busy fly1 & to its rem>kable habits8#ic ,! grub ( ! ,pill ,*af] or ,tumble-dung ,beetle 7,phanaeus7 fe$s on ! ordure ( ,mammalia4 ,&1 9 ord] t ! newly-hat*$ "y may h a copi\s supply ( food at h&1 ! p>5t *af] ) its jaws deta*es a mass ( rec5t ordure1 :i* x !n rolls ov] ! gr\nd ) its h9d feet1 until x acquires a globul> =m1 & a coat+ ( e>? or s&4 ,an egg is !n deposit$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! ball1 :i* is roll$ into a hole made 9 ! e>? to receive x4 ,! coat+ ( e>? dry+ & h>d5+1 keeps ! int]ior ( ! mass fre% & moi/ until ! "y grub is hat*$1 :5 x at once beg9s to dev\r its sav\ry & delicate provision4 ,x w\ld be va9 to se>* = ! egg ( a ,cynips except )9 a vegetable gall1 or at lea/ )9 ! tissues ( a plant t are go+ to produce "o4 ,take z an example ,c4 qu]cus1 :i* produces ! spongy excresc5ce well kn[n z ! common ,oak-apple4 ,! female ,gall-fly is furni%$ ) an ovipositor 9 ! %ape ( a v f9e curv$ ne$le1 ) :i* %e punctures ! t5d] b>k ( an oak %oot1 lodg+ an egg 9 ! p]=ation4 ,/imulat$ by "s fluid1 probably1 :i* is p\r$ into ! w\nd at ! same "t1 ! sap =ms a peculi> tissue ar\nd ! egg1 swell+ into a l>ge ball1 on :i* ! "y grub beg9s to fe$ eag]ly1 & 9 :i* x f9ds ! only nutrim5t on :i* x c\ld subsi/4 ,n[1 if we _h f\nd ! egg ( a ,gall-fly newly creat$1 we %\ld c]ta9ly h f\nd x 9 a gall2 & ! gall w\ld h af=d$ u indubitable evid5ce ( ! w\nd+ ( ! vegetable tissues1 & ( ! organ1 secretion1 & in/9ct ( ! t9y fly by :i* ! process _h be5 effect$4 ,! evid5ce w\ld be irresi/ible1 b ( c\rse x w\ld be fallaci\s4 ,let u n[ look at a few examples 9 :i* ! egg is f\nd 9 inv>iable association n m]ely ) some?+ t ! p>5t has f\nd = x1 b ) some?+ t has proce$$ f h]1 a "p ( h]self4 ,( ?is nature are ! eggs ( t beautiful1 b mo/ cacodi\s1 lace-w+$ fly1 ,*rysopa p]la4 ,if y _h se5 "o ( ^! 7or m7 at ! in/ant ( its creation1 y w\ld h se5 a t9y oval body plac$ at ! extremity ( an ela/ic foot/alk half-an-in* 9 l5g?1 & z f9e z a hair1 /&+ erect f ! surface ( a leaf4 ,?is ?read is compos$ ( a gummy secretion1 evolv$ 9 a gl& atta*$ to ! oviduct ( ! female ,lace-fly4 ,:5 %e deposits an egg1 %e fir/ exudes a drop ( ?is gum on ! surface ( a leaf1 & !n1 elevat+ h] abdom51 ! viscid sub/ance is drawn out 9 a ?read1 :i* pres5tly h>d5+ 9 ! air1 ! egg is left at ! tip ( ! filam5t4 ,an exp]i5c$ entomologi/1 on see+ ?is object1 w\ld h no hesitation 9 decl>+ ! orig9 ( ! foot/alk to be ! gum-gl& ( ! female ,*rysopa2 & yet he w\ld c]ta9ly h drawn a false inf]5ce 9 ! case t ,i am suppos+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,lace-,,fly ,,& ,,eggs4 ,_m ,spid]s enclose _! eggs 9 an envelope1 ! produce ( _! own b[els4 ,take an int]e/+ example1 z n>rat$ by ! eloqu5t ,mr4 ,kirby4 ,!re is a ,spid] common "u clods ( e>? 7,lycosa saccata71 :i* may at once be di/+ui%$ by a :ite globul> silk5 bag1 ab\t ! size ( a pea1 9 :i* %e has deposit$ h] eggs1 atta*$ to ! extremity ( h] body4 ,nev] mis] clung to 8 treasure ) m t5aci\s solicitude ?an ?is spid] to h] bag4 ,?\gh app>5tly a consid]able incumbrance1 %e c>ries x ) h] ev]y:]e4 ,if y deprive h] ( x1 %e makes ! mo/ /r5u\s ef=ts = its recov]y2 & no p]sonal dang] c =ce h] to quit ! preci\s load4 ,are h] ef=ts ineffectual8 a /upefy+ melan*oly seems to seize h]2 &1 :5 depriv$ ( ?is fir/ object ( h] c>es1 exi/5ce itself appe>s to h lo/ its *>ms4 ,if %e succe$s 9 rega9+ h] bag1 or y re/ore x to h]1 h] actions demon/rate ! excess ( h] joy4 ,%e eag]ly seizes x1 & ) ! utmo/ agility runs (f ) x to a place ( security4 ,! atta*m5t ( ?is affectionate "m is n conf9$ to h] eggs4 ,aft] ! "y spid]s are hat*$1 !y make _! way out ( ! bag by an orifice :i* %e is c>eful to op5 = !m1 & )\t :i* !y c\ld nev] escape2 & !n1 l ! "y ( ! ,sur9am toad 7,rana pipa71 !y atta* !mselves 9 clu/]s ^u h] back1 belly1 head1 & ev5 legs2 & 9 ?is situation1 :]e !y pres5t a v s+ul> appe>ance1 %e c>ries !m ab\t ) h]1 & fe$s !m until _! fir/ m\lt1 :5 !y are big en\gh to provide _! own subsi/5ce4#id ,i waive ! argum5t d]iv$ f ! fact ( ! app>5t necessity ( ! "m's c>e = ! new-born "y4 ,b ! "m's c>e is indisp5sable to ! appe>ance ( ! "y at all2 n only because ! eggs are ! produce ( h] ov>y1 b also because ! envelope :i* protects !m is ! produce ( h] sp9n+-gl&s4 ,!re is a furry mo?1 by no means uncommon1 kn[n to collectors z ! ,gipsy 7,hypogymna disp>71 ! eggs ( :i* require to be protect$ by an elaborate cov]+1 ei!r f extremes ( temp]ature1 f light1 or f c]ta9 electric conditions ( ! atmosph]e4 ,! protection is af=d$ at ! exp5se ( ! hair :i* clo!d ! "m h]self4 ,h] ovipositor is furni%$ ) a pair ( nipp]s1 by means ( :i* %e plucks (f h] own hairs1 & makes ) !m a flat cu%ion on ! surface ( a leaf4 ,on ?is %e deposits h] eggs 9 successive lay]s2 & :5 ! full numb] is laid1 %e cov]s !m ) a ro( ( hair1 slant+ d[nw>ds & outw>ds f an apex1 s artfully arrang$1 l ! ?at* ( a cottage1 z effectually to ?r[ (f wat]2 ea* lay] ( hairs ov]lapp+ ! prec$+1 & all pres]v+ ! same direction1 s t1 :5 f9i%$1 ! "w resembles a smoo? & well bru%$ piece ( fur4 ,if1 !n1 a pat* ( eggs newly-creat$ _h be5 subject$ to our inspection1 we %\ld h f\nd !m snugly protect$ by _! conical ro( ( ?at*2 & :5 we came to exam9e ! ?at* microscopically1 we %\ld h f\nd x compos$ ( ! hairs ( ,hypogymna4 ,& ?us aga9 we %\ld h an indubitable & yet deceptive record ( a prec$+ exi/5ce4 ,! num]\s species ( ! g5us ,coccus1 to :i* we are indebt$ = co*9eal1 lac1 & o!r products valuable 9 comm]ce1 af=d me an illu/ration ( my argum5t1 m /rik+ ?an any ( ! above4 ,9 ! case ( ! lac insect 7,c4 lacca71 = example1 ! female resembles a little hemisph]ical scale on ! twig ( a tree4 ,at a c]ta9 p]iod ( h] life1 a pellucid1 glut9\s sub/ance beg9s to exude f ! m>g9s ( h] body1 :i* by & by completely cov]s x1 cem5t+ h] firmly to ! bran*1 f :i* %e nev] aft]w>ds moves4 ,%e n[ proce$s to lay h] eggs1 :i* "o by "o z !y are extrud$ are ?ru/ "u h]1 betwe5 h] abdom5 & ! surface ( ! bran*4 ,! result ( ?is is1 t :5 ! :ole are laid1 !y occupy pretty ne>ly ! same position 9 relation to ! "m z !y did be=e1 ) ?is exception1 t ! abdom9al integum5ts1 :i* be=e 7 b5ea? !m1 are n[ above !m1 & are 9 close contact ) ^? ( ! back1 s t bo? toge!r make a d\ble1 b /ill a ?91 ar*$ ro( ov] ! heap ( eggs1 :i* are ?us protect$ till ! hat*+ ( ! "y1 :5 !y eat _! way out ( _! long dead "m4 ,let me n[ make my usual application4 ,y say ! ,coccus 0 creat$ n an adult insect1 :i* w\ld involve ! pro*ronic /ages ( its metamorphosis1 b z a g]m1 t is an egg 7= ! g]m ( an insect is an egg1 & no?+ else73 well1 "h is a bat* ( ,coccus-eggs j creat$1 cov]$ ) ! scaly ro( :i* is necess>y to _! exi/5ce4 ,b ?is scale is n a record ( ! "m1 b ! "m h]self1 a pro*ronic "m1 ( c\rse6 ,o!r g5]a ( ?is wond]ful class ( animals yield u evid5ces ( a some:at diff]5t "*1 9 ! /ructures :i* ! p>5ts =m = ! reception ( _! eggs4 ,"o ( ! mo/ complex & elaborate pieces ( me*anism f\nd 9 any animal organ is ! ovipositor ( ! ,sawflies 7,t5?r$9idae74 ,i _c "h describe x at l5g?2 x may suffice to say t x consi/s ( two saw-plates1 work+ sep>ately & 9 opposite directions1 ! tee? ( :i* are cut into f9] tee?2 & two support+ plates1 v simil> to ! saws 9 %ape & appe>ance4 ,! :ole flat side ( ! saw is1 moreov]1 cov]$ ) m9ute %>p po9ts1 :i* give ! action ( a rasp to ! in/rum5t1 9 addition to t ( saw4 ,by means ( ?is complicat$ app>atus ! p>5t fly cuts a groove 9 ! twig ( ! prop] %rub1 say1 a rose-bu%4 ,:5 x is made1 ! plates are slightly sep>at$1 & an egg is laid 9 ! groove4 ,! saw is n[ )drawn1 & a fro?y secretion is deposit$1 :i* appe>s to be int5d$1 by its h>d5+1 to prev5t ! gr[? ( ! wood f clos+ ^u ! egg1 be=e ! "t ( hat*+ arrives4 ,if1 !n1 any ( ! species ( ,t5?r$o _h be5 call$ into primal exi/5ce z an egg1 x mu/ h be5 )9 su* a groove z ?is2 & ! groove1 if c>efully exam9$1 w\ld h pres5t$ evid5ces ( hav+ be5 =m$ & fill$ by ! curi\s implem5t ( ! p>5t fly4 ,^? obscure & obsc5e ,insects1 ! ,cockroa* tribe 7,blattadae71 secrete an extraord9>y cov]+ = ! protection ( _! eggs4 ,in/ead ( be+ laid sep>ately1 ! eggs are1 :5 deposit$1 enclos$ 9 a horny case1 or capsule1 v>iable 9 its =m 9 diff]5t species b g5]ally ( a m or less compress$ oval %ape1 resembl+ a small bean4 ,!re is a longitud9al slit 9 ! m>g9 ( ! capsule1 ea* side ( :i* is def5d$ by a n>r[ s]rat$ plate1 fitt+ closely to its fell[4 ,! inside ( ?is egg-case is divid$ into two spaces1 9 ea* ( :i* is a r[ ( sep>ate comp>tm5ts1 e "o enclos+ an egg1 s t ! :ole resembles ! pod ( "s legum9\s vegetable4 ,?is capsule1 ) its preci\s cont5ts1 is con/antly c>ri$ ab\t by ! female = a week or a =tnight1 & is !n fa/5$1 by means ( a glut9\s fluid1 9 "s safe locality4 ,! slit ( ! capsule is /rongly coat$ ) cem5t1 s z to be ev5 /rong] ?an ! o!r p>ts4 ,9 ?is capsule ! "y l>vae are hat*$1 & imm$iately dis*>ge a fluid :i* s(t5s ! cem5t1 & enables !m to pu% op5 ! slit1 ?r\gh :i* !y escape2 aft] _! exit ! slit %uts aga9 s closely1 t x appe>s z entire z be=e4 ,9 "s species x w\ld seem t ! females !mselves lib]ate _! (fspr+ by seiz+ ! capsule :5 ! l>vae are fit = escape1 & te>+ x ) ! aid ( _! =elegs f end to end1 by :i* means ! enclos$ l>vae are set at lib]ty4#ie ,x is impossible to read ?is description )\t be+ rem9d$ ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! bean or o!r legum9\s se$ l9ks itself ) a =m] g5]ation by means ( ! dehisc5t legume1 itself a production ( ! p>5t plant4 ,& ! same reason+ applies to ?is case1 z to ! o!r2--! egg1 if ! ,blatta 0 creat$ 9 t /age1 w\ld triumphantly %[ 9 ! pod ) :i* x 0 cov]$1 a record ( pa/ processes4 ,s1 once m1 ) ! imm5se tribes ( solit>y ,bees1 ,wasps1 & ,spheges4 ,i %all m5tion b "o example1 f my own exp]i5ce4 ,x is ! ,dirt ,daub] 7,pelopoeus flavipes7 ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,! female ( ?is elegant fly1 :5 ab\t to lay h] eggs1 builds up a tubul> ne/ ( cells ) f9e mud1 :i* %e makes by m+l+ & knead+ road-du/ ) h] saliva4 ,ea* tube consi/s ( sev]al cells1 sep>at$ by transv]se p>titions ( ! mort>2 & 9 ea*1 be=e %e closes x up1 %e lays a s+le egg1 :i* %e !n cov]s ) spid]s :i* are to con/itute ! food ( ! grub :5 hat*$1 & to la/ x dur+ ! :ole p]iod ( its l>val gr[?4 ,dead spid]s w\ld n d1 = _! bodies w\ld ei!r dry up1 or become putresc5t long be=e ! "y grub c\ld dev\r !m4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if a numb] ( ^! fi]ce & c>nivor\s creatures 7 immur$1 9 heal?1 !y w\ld soon de/roy "o ano!r4 ,to obviate ?is1 ! p>5t-fly +5i\sly /+s e spid] j suffici5tly to p>alyse1 )\t kill+ x4 ,?us ne>ly a score ( liv+ spid]s are pack$ away 9 a cell sc>cely l>g] ?an a lady's ?imble2 & ?us !y rema9 fre% & succul5t food = ! l>va1 n only till x is ready to beg9 its eat+ task1 b ev5 to ! close ( its repa/4 ,i ?9k ?is a p>ticul>ly in/ructive example4 ,! ,pelopoeus 0 indubitably creat$2 = x exi/s4 ,z indubitably x 0 creat$ 9 "s /age ( its cyclical life-hi/ory4 ,if z an imago1 !n ,i press ! argum5t f ! necessity ( its previ\s metamorphoses4 ,if z a pupa1 or a l>va1 or an egg1 ea* ( ^! conditions ( life 0 entirely pass$ z an inmate ( ! mud-wall$ cottage2 :i*1 cottage 0 built & /ock$ ) food by ! indu/ry & skill ( ! p>5t-fly4 ,! grub c\ld n h liv$ )\t ! /or$ spid]s2 ! spid]s c\ld n h be5 /or$ 7normally7 )\t ! ag5cy ( ! fly4 ,9 "s o!r in/ances ! connexion betwe5 g]m & p>5t is pat5t to ! eye4 ,! beautiful ,/>-fi%1 ,cribella1 passes ?r\gh all its infant metamorphoses1 *ang+ f an ovum to an ,infusory1 !nce to a ,pluteus 7or :at is analog\s to x71 !nce to a ,/>-fi%1 all 9 ! m>supium provid$ = ! occasion1 by ! draw+ toge!r ( ! arms ( ! pati5t "m4 ,! female ,bra*ionus c>ries its deposit$ eggs atta*$ to ! h9d] "p ( its body2 & ?us we c trace1 ?r\gh _! transp>5t coats1 ! gradual developm5t ( ! organs ( ! embryo1--! col\r$ eye1 ! rotatory cilia1 ! complex ma/ax1--& ev5 detect ! vigor\s movem5ts ( ^! & o!r p>ts1 :ile yet c>ri$ hi!r & ?i!r by ! p>5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,female ,,bra*ionus1 ,,) ,,eggs4 ,b fur!r1 9 ! class f :i* ,i h tak5 ?is la/ illu/ration--t ( ! ,,rotif]a--!re are examples ( vivip>\s g5]a2 & ^!1 because ( ! p]fect transp>5cy ( all ! integum5ts1 are peculi>ly in/ructive & g]mane to my argum5t4 ,9 ,rotif] macrurus ! ov>y ) its g]m9al vesicles is di/9ctly se5 occupy+ "o side ( ! animal4 ,f ?is "o ( ! vesicles enl>ges1 until x becomes a long-oval transluc5t sac1 ne>ly fill+ ! :ole left side ( ! visc]al cavity4 ,a k9d ( spasmodic movem5t is sudd5ly obs]v$ 9 ?is oblong ovum1 & in/antly we see1 9 its place1 a well-develop$ liv+ "y2 z di/9ctly visible z if x 7 exclud$4 ,x lies 9 a b5t position1 ) its foot upturn$2 is ne>ly half ! l5g? ( ! p>5t2 is furni%$ ) a proboscis1 ) a pair ( crimson eyes1 ) cili>y :eels1 ) a ma/ax ^: too!d hemisph]es frequ5tly "w vigor\sly1 & ) all ! visc]a prop] to ! species4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pregnant ,,asplan*na4 a4 ,unborn "y4 ,9 ! beautiful1 comp>atively l>ge1 & economically s+ul> g5us1 ,asplan*na1 ! same process ( developm5t c be wat*$ ) p]fect facility ?r\gh e /age4 ,9 ! body ( ! female p>5t1 z transp>5t z ! cle>e/ glass1 ! b&-l ov>y is se5 float+ 9 ! visc]al cavity1 ) sev]al ova 9 v>i\s degrees ( advancem5t4 ,we trace "o ( ^! till x becomes a manife/ly liv+ "y 9 ! ovisac1 ly+ along at ! bottom ( ! p>5tal cavity1 m ?an "o-?ird ( ^: volume is occupi$ by x3--suppos+ x to be a female infant4 ,all its organs1--! eyes1 ! jaws1 ! /oma*1 ! pancreatic gl&s1 ! ov>y ) its nuclei1 ! muscles1 ! rotatory cilia1 c4 c be trac$ ) ! utmo/ di/9ctness long be=e bir?1 & its motions are /rong & volunt>y4 ,nei!r 9 ?is case1 nor 9 t ( ,rotif]1 does ! "y animal pass ?r\gh any metamorphosis2 ! unborn "y has ! full developm5t ( ! p>5t1 9 e respect b size4 ,9 ea* case1 ! visible life-hi/ory ( ! individual comm5ces n at bir?1 b at a p]iod long antec$5t1 if inde$ x c be said to comm5ce at all1 :]e we see x gradually develop$ f a nucleus1 :i* 0 an integral "p ( ! p>5tal ov>y1 ev5 be=e t p>5t's bir?4 ,9 ! case ( ! amus+ little ,wat]-fleas 7,daphnia71 we h ano!r example ( vivip>\s g5]ation1 :i*1 ow+ to ! same cause z 9 ! ,,rotif]a1--! transp>5cy ( ! integum5t1 c be foll[$ ?r\gh all its /ages by ! eye ( ! obs]v]4 ,! eggs ( ?is little ,cru/acean are deposit$ 9 a special *amb] )9 ! valves ( ! p>5t1 :]e !y are hat*$4 ,! "y rema9 9 _! receptacle = a p]iod1 :i* v>ies accord+ to ! temp]ature1 b long en\gh = !m to und]go important *anges 9 /ructure1 & to pass _! fir/ m\lt4#if ,"h1 aga91 x is impossible to select a condition :i* does n take hold ( a pre-exi/5ce2 = ! y\nge/ indep5d5t /age is dep5d5t on e>li] /ages2 & ^! are pass$ 9 visible connexion ) ! p>5t4 ,x is true !re is 9 ?is g5us1 ano!r mode ( reproduction1 by means ( eggs :i* are ?r[n (f envelop$ 9 an organic cov]+1 call$ ! ephippium4 ,if ?is condition be select$ = ! argum5t ( my suppos$ oppon5t1 ,i reply t x am\nts to ne>ly ! same ?+2 only ! case w !n come into ! category ( ^? animals ^: e>lie/ /ages are protect$ by cov]+s =m$ f ! body ( ! p>5t1--l ! ,hypogymna1 & ! ,cockroa*1 already allud$ to4 ,:]e !n1 9 ^! species1 c we possibly select a /age ( life1 :i* is n insep>ably & ev5 visibly connect$ ) a previ\s /age8 ,if we come to ! v]tebrate creatures1 ! argum5t becomes assur$ly n less conv9c+4 ,! =midable ,%>k1 :i* we consid]$ z a well-too!d adult ready = slaught]1 let u suppose to h be5 creat$ 9 ! h>mlessness ( infancy4 ,x is a sl5d] ?+1 "s t5 or twelve in*es long1 b5t ^u itself1 inclos+ 9 ! r+ ?us made1 ! vitellus or yelk-bag1 ! cont5ts ( :i* are 9 process ( be+ absorb$ into ! abdom54 ,b ! :ole1--,%>k1 yelk-bag1 & all--is imprison$ 9 a br[n horny capsule1 t looks l a pill[-case1 ) long tapes app5d$ to ! f\r corn]s4 ,?is v peculi> protect+ capsule po9ts cle>ly to a peculi> /ructure 9 ! p>5t4 ,! embryo 0 n inclos$ 9 ! pill[-case1 at its fir/ =mation2 b1 9 ! c\rse ( its desc5t f ! ov>y ?r\gh ! oviduct1 x _h to pass a region ( ! latt]1 :]e 0 a ?ick gl&ul> mass1--! nidam5tal gl&1--^: (fice x 0 to secrete a d5se lay] ( album51 ) :i*1 ! embryo became inve/$4 ,?is sub/ance took ! =m ( ! flatt5$ purse1 or pill[-case1 ) produc$ angles1 above describ$1 & on its exclusion f ! duct assum$ a v t\gh horny consi/5ce1 & a d>k mahogany col\r4 ,! comp>ative anatomi/ w\ld1 !re=e1 )\t ! lea/ hesitation1 ref] ! orig9 ( ! inve/+ capsule to ! nidam5tal gl&s ( ! female ,%>k2 b suppos+ ! embryo to be b j creat$1 8 physiological sci5ce w\ld only lead him to a false conclusion4 ,if ! ,tree-frog af=d$ u evid5ce ( pre-exi/5t "t1 9 ! metamorphosis :i* x mu/ naturally h exp]i5c$ f ! tadpole to ! reptilian condition1 :at %all we say to t /range & unc\? memb] ( ! same class1--! ,sur9am ,toad 7,pipa78 ,little w\ld be ga9$ by select+ ! g]m-/age1 z ! presum$ epo* ( creation 9 ?is case2 =1 accord+ to ! extraord9>y economy ( ?is g5us1 ! male acts z midwife1 & ! female z wet-nurse1 to ! hopeful prog5y4 ,z fa/ z ! female deposits h] eggs1 ! male :o att5ds h] arranges !m on h] broad back1 to ! numb] ( fifty or upw>ds4 ,! contact ( ^! eggs ) ! sk9 appe>s to produce a sort ( inflammation2 ! sk9 ( ! back swells1 & becomes cov]$ ) pits or cells1 :i* enclose ea* a s+le egg1 ! surface ( ! back resembl+ ! clos$ cells ( a honeycomb4 ,! female n[ betakes h]self to ! wat]2 & 9 ^! cells ! eggs are n only hat*$1 b ! tadpoles und]go _! metamorphosis1 em]g+ 9 a p]fect condition1 ?\gh v small1 aft] a lapse ( eighty-two days f ! "t 9 :i* ! eggs 7 plac$ 9 _! respective pits4 ,to a tyro 9 animal physiology x might seem t ! smoo? r\nd$ egg ( a bird or a liz>d1 pres5ts an example ( an organism 9 ! simple/ possible condition1 & 9 a /age :i*1 if any c be1 is indep5d5t ( any?+ t w5t be=e4 ,b is x s8 ,let u see4 ,"h is ! egg ( ! common ,f[l4 ,i take x 9 my h&1 & p]ceive no?+ b an uni=m1 smoo?1 h>d1 :ite surface4 ,?is ,i break1 & f9d t x is a ?9 lay] ( calc>e\s sub/ance1 :i*1 on microscopical exam9ation1 proves to be compos$ ( m9ute polygonal p>ticles1 s agglut9at$ z to leave op5 spaces 9 ! int]/ices ( _! contigu\s angles4 ,bel[ ?is calc>e\s %ell ,i f9d a membrane 7membrana putam9is71 :i* seems1 f its ?9ness 9 mo/ p>ts1 to be s+le1 b :i* is sep>at$ into two lay]s at ! l>ge end ( ! egg4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h5',s ,,egg4 ,)9 ?is membrane !re is ano!r 7! *alaza7 :i*1 closely envelop+ ! yelk1 passes (f f x t[>ds ea* extremity ( ! egg 9 ! =m ( a twi/$ cord4 ,!n comes a delicate membrane 7memb4 vitelli7 9 close contact )1 & envelop+ ! orange-col\r$ yelk2 :i* latt] c>ries1 on "o po9t ( its globul> surface1 ! ?9 bla/od]m1 or g]m9al membrane4 ,! yelk-globe1 fa/5$ by its twi/$ *alazae1 is susp5d$ 9 a glairy fluid 7album571 :i* fills ! space betwe5 x & ! membrana putam9is4 ,?is fluid1 ?\gh app>5tly homog5e\s1 is really compos$ ( _m lay]s1 & ! inn]mo/ ( ^! x is :i* is cond5s$ into ! *alaza4 ,su*1 !n1 is ! complex /ructure ( ?is app>5tly simple object4 ,:at light c x ?r[ on our inquiry8 ,ea* ( ^! compon5t p>ts be>s witness to a succession ( pa/ p]iods4 ,! yelk ) its g]m 0 fir/ =m$1 escap+ nak$1 or clo!d only ) its own excessively delicate membrane1 f its ovisac into ! oviduct4 ,?r\gh ! c\rse ( ?is tube x n[ sl[ly desc5d$1 receiv+ successive inve/m5ts z x proce$$4 ,! album5 0 deposit$ lay] ^u lay] f ! muc\s membrane ( ! upp] "p ( ! oviduct2 ! fir/ depositions cond5s+ into ! *alaza4 ,by & by x came d[n to a region ( ! oviduct :]e a t5aci\s secretion 0 p\r$ out1 :i*1 inve/+ ! album51 soon h>d5$ into a sub/ance resembl+ ?9 p>*m5t1 & =m$ ! membrana putam9is2 two successive lay]s ( ?is 7 deposit$1 betwe5 :i* a bubble ( gas1 *iefly compos$ ( oxyg5 g5]at$ 9 ! int]val1 0 inclos$4 ,!n x desc5d$ /ill f>!r1 to a "p :]e ! l9+ membrane ( ! duct 0 end[$ ) ! p[] ( secret+ calc>e\s matt]1 :i*1 z above /at$1 0 deposit$ 9 a ?9 lay] ( polygonal atoms4 ,& n[1 hav+ receiv$ all its compon5ts1 & hav+ arriv$ at ! orifice ( ! duct1 ! egg 0 laid4 ,"h1 !n1 !re is abundant evid5ce ( successive processes1 :i* mu/ h prec$$ ! exi/5ce ( ?is complete & p]fect egg4 ,b !re is yet "o m evid5ce :i* ,i h res]v$ to ! la/1 because x is peculi>ly di/9ct & palpable1 ev5 to ! s5ses4 ,! *alaza1 we see1 is twi/$ at ea* pole ( ! yelk-globe1 until x resembles a piece ( tw9e3 :at is ! mean+ ( ?is8 ,x 01 z ,i obs]v$1 deposit$ z a loosely envelop+ membrane 9 ! upp] "p ( ! oviduct2 ! yelk-globe1 h[ev]1 0 progressively desc5d+2 &1 z x desc5d$1 x cont9ually revolv$ ^u its axis2 by means ( :i* rotation ! inve/+ membrane 0 ga!r$ at ea* pole into a spirally twi/$ cord1 /ret*+ f ! yelk to ! ends ( ! membrana putam9is4 ,?us x pres5ts u ) an unmi/akeable record ( :at took place 9 ! e>li] p]iods ( ! desc5t4 ,we saw di/9ct traces ( ! pa/ 9 ! /ructure ( a fea!r4 ,b ! fea!rs h already begun to develop be=e ! "y bird leaves ! egg4 ,& ! /ructure ( ! egg c>ries u back to ! oviduct ( ! p>5t-f[l4 ,at :at /age ( exi/5ce1 !n1 c\ld a bird1 by possibility1 h be5 creat$1 :i* did n pres5t di/9ct records ( pro*ronic developm5t8 ,if we come to ! ,,mammalia1 ! impossibility ( f9d+ su* a /age becomes only m & m obvi\s4 ,= x is a law 9 physiology1 t ! high] ! grade ( organization assign$ to any be+1 ! m x is assi/$ 9 infancy by ! p>5t4 ,?is law is rem>kably exemplifi$ 9 ! class ,,mammalia1 :i* unque/ionably ranks at ! head ( ! animal k+dom1 9 respect to degree ( intellig5ce & g5]al elevation ( /ructure4 ,x is ! univ]sal & mo/ prom95t *>act]i/ic ( ?is class1 t ! "y are reta9$ )9 ! body ( ! female p>5t1 until !y h made consid]able progress 9 _! developm5t2 t1 :il/ !re1 !y d]ive _! support almo/ imm$iately f h] blood2 & t !y are aft]w>ds n\ri%$ = "s "t by a secretion :i* %e af=ds4#ig ,! foetus ( ! ,kang>oo1 :5 expell$ f ! womb1 is sc>cely m ?an an in* 9 l5g?4 ,its limbs & its tail are inde$ =m$1 b ! imp]fect creature has be5 comp>$ to an e>?worm1 = ! col\r & semi-transp>5cy ( ! integum5t4 ,9 ?is condition x is unable to f9d & seize ! nipple1 & equally unable to draw su/5ance !refrom1 by its own unaid$ ef=ts4 ,! milk is eject$1 by ! muscul> action ( ! "m1 into ! ?roat ( ! foetus1 & !re is a peculi> & beautiful contrivance to obviate ! dang] ( ! inject$ fluid's pass+ into ! tra*ea in/ead ( ! oesophagus4 ,yet1 f ?is helpless nak$ condition to t ( ! active1 well-clo!d1 exp]i5c$ "y1 able to quit ! mat]nal p\* at w1 & flee to x = protection1 !re is a well-und]/ood & p]fectly appreciable concat5ation ( /ages1 ea* ( :i* looks back to1 & dep5ds on1 ^? previ\sly exi/+4 ,&1 dur+ ! :ole ( ^!1 ! "m's pres5ce is necess>y to ! com=t1 &1 = ! great] "p ( !m1 to ! v exi/5ce ( ! infant4 ,?us1 once m1 !re is no condition ( ! animal1 on :i* we may fix1 z be+ s simple1 z to h no retrospective hi/ory4 ,! umbilical cicatrix ,i h already allud$ to2 b ,i may be p]mitt$ to m5tion x aga92 because1 9 all ! high] ,,mammalia1 at lea/1 x exi/s1 ?r\gh\t life1 an eloqu5t witness to ! organic connexion ( ! individual ) a "m1 & !re=e to h] pre-exi/5ce4 ,if x 7 legitimate to suppose t ! fir/ individual ( ! species ,man 0 creat$ 9 ! condition answ]+ to t ( a new-born infant1 !re w\ld /ill be ! ne$ ( mat]nal milk = its su/5ance1 & mat]nal c>e = its protection1 = a consid]able p]iod2 :ile1 if we c>ry on ! sugge/$ /age to ! p]iod :5 ?is provision is no long] indisp5sable1 ! developm5t ( hair1 nails1 bones1 c41 w h proce$$ ?r\gh _m /ages4 ,&1 9 ei!r condition1 ! navel cord or its cicatrix rema9s1 to te/ify to some?+ ant]ior to bo?4 ,,xii4 ,,! ,,conclusion4 ,we h no exp]i5ce 9 ! creation ( worlds4 ,,*alm]s4 ,we h pass$1 9 review be=e u ! :ole organic _w3 & ! result is uni=m2 t no example c be select$ f ! va/ vegetable k+dom1 none f ! va/ animal k+dom1 :i* did n at ! in/ant ( its creation pres5t indubitable evid5ces ( a previ\s hi/ory4 ,?is is n put =? z a hypo!sis1 b z a necessity2 ,i d n say t x 0 probably s1 b t x 0 c]ta9ly s2 n t x may h be5 ?us1 b t x c\ld n h be5 o!rwise4 ,i d n t\* ! inorganic _w3 my acqua9tance ) *emi/ry is inadequate = ?is3 p]haps ! same law does n ext5d to ! inorganic elem5ts3 p]haps _! developm5ts1 & comb9ations are n1 l ! economy ( plants & animals1 ess5tially & exclusively cyclical3 p]haps c>bon & oxyg5 & hydrog5 c\ld be creat$ 9 conditions1 :i* obvi\sly did n dep5d on any previ\sly exi/+ conditions4 ,?is ,i d n "k3 ,i nei!r affirm nor d5y x4 ,b ,i ?9k ,i h demon/rat$ 9 ^! pages1 t su* a cyclical "* does atta* to1 & is insep>able f1 ! hi/ory ( all organic ess5ces2 & t creation c be no?+ else ?an a s]ies ( irruptions into circles3 t1 suppos+ ! irruption to h be5 made at :at "p ( ! circle we please1 & v>y+ ?is condition indef9itely at w1--we _c avoid ! conclusion t ea* organism 0 f ! fir/ m>k$ ) ! records ( a previ\s be+4 ,b s9ce creation & previ\s hi/ory are inconsi/5t ) ea* o!r2 z ! v idea ( ! creation ( an organism excludes ! idea ( pre-exi/5ce ( t organism1 or ( any "p ( x2 x foll[s1 t su* records are false1 s f> z !y te/ify to "t2 t ! developm5ts & processes ?us record$ h be5 produc$ )\t "t1 or are :at ,i h call$ pro*ronic4 ,nor is ?is conclusion 9 ! lea/ degree affect$ by ! actual *ronology ( creation4 ,! ph5om5a 7 equally eloqu5t1 & equally false1 :e!r any individual organism 7 creat$ six ?\s& ye>s ago1 or innum]able ages2 :e!r primitively1 or aft] ! successive creations & annihilations ( =m] organisms4 ,! law ( creation sup]s$es ! law ( nature2 s f>1 at lea/1 z ! organic _w is conc]n$4 ,! law ( nature1 e/abli%$ by univ]sal exp]i5ce1 is1 t its ph5om5a dep5d ^u c]ta9 natural antec$5ts3 ! law ( creation is1 t ! same ph5om5a dep5d ^u no antec$5ts4 ,! philosoph] :o %\ld inf] ! antec$5ts f ! ph5om5a alone1 )\t hav+ consid]$ ! law ( creation1 w\ld be liable to =m totally false conclusions4 ,9 ord] to be secure f error1 he mu/ fir/ assure himself t creation is elim9at$ f ! category ( facts :i* he is inve/igat+2 & ?is he c\ld d only :5 ! facts come )9 ! sph]e ( p]sonal obs]vation1 or ( hi/oric te/imony4 ,up to su* a p]iod ( antiquity z is cov]$ by cr$ible hi/ory1 & )9 su* a field ( obs]vation z hi/ory may be consid]$ fairly cognisant (1--! inf]5ce ( physical antec$5ts f physical ph5om5a1 9 ! animal or vegetable _w1 is legitimate & true4 ,b1 beyond t p]iod1 ,i _c safely d$uce ! same conclusion2 because ,i _c tell b t at any giv5 mom5t includ$ 9 my inquiry1 creation may h occurr$1 & h be5 ! absolute beg9n+ ( ! circul> s]ies4 ,! "q ( ! actual age ( any species1 :e!r plant or animal1 is "o :i* _c be answ]$1 except on hi/oric te/imony4 ,! sequ5ce ( cause & effect is n adequate to answ] x2 = a legitimate use ( ?is pr9ciple1 suppos+ x ! only elem5t ( ! inquiry1 w\ld inevitably lead u to ! et]nity ( all exi/+ organic life4 ,"o ( ! famili> /reet-exhibitions 9 ! metropolis is a t9y coa* & horses ( glitt]+ metal2 :i*1 by means ( simple ma*9]y1 c\rse r\nd & r\nd ! m>g9 ( a circul> table4 ,let u suppose two y\?s ( philosophical turn to come up dur+ ! process4 ,!y gaze = a :ile1 & "o asks 8 companion ! foll[+ "q4 ,h[ long d y suppose t coa* has be5 runn+ r\nd8 ,h[ long6 = an indef9ite p]iod1 = aught ,i "k4 ,i h c\nt$ tw5ty-two turns1 & c see no *ange3 nor c ,i sugge/ any po9t :]e ! c\rse c\ld h begun4 ,"h a %rewd lad1 c>ry+ a groc]'s basket1 breaks 94 ,oh no2 !re h be5 only six-&-tw5ty turns altoge!r4 ,f\r turns _h be5 made :5 y came up4 ,! :ole began by ! man tak+ ! c>riage out ( a box2 !n he set x d[n out !re1 j opposite to u1 & gave x a little pu% ) 8 f+]1 & x has be5 runn+ ev] s9ce4 ,i saw him d x4 ,n[ p]haps y w say t a glance at ! ma*9]y b5ea? ! table w\ld %[ 9 a mom5t h[ _m turns _h be5 made1 & h[ _m c\ld be made4 ,v true3 b :at if ! tramp _h lock$ up 8 clock-"w1 & w\ld n let y look at x8 ,! only evid5ce wor? a ru% is t ( ! lad :o saw ! :irligig set a-go+4 ,i wi% x to be di/9ctly und]/ood1 t ,i am n prov+ ! exact or approximate antiquity ( ! globe we inhabit4 ,i am n attempt+ to %[ t x has exi/$ = no m ?an six ?\s& ye>s4 ,i wi% ?is to be di/9ctly /at$1 because ,i am sure ,i %all meet ) _m oppon5ts unfair en\gh1 or illogical en\gh1 to misrepres5t or misund]/& my argum5t1 & s\nd ! trumpet ( victory1 because ,i _c demon/rate t4 ,all ,i set myself to d1 is to invalidate ! te/imony ( ! witness reli$ on = ! indef9itely remote antiquity2 to %[ t 9 a v l>ge & important field ( nature1 evid5ce exactly analog\s to t reli$ on w\ld inevitably lead to a false conclusion1 & mu/1 !re=e1 be reject$1 or receiv$ only cont+5tly2 receiv$ only z indicative ( probability1 & t only 9 ! abs5ce ( any positive witness to ! contr>y4 ,p]haps x may be object$1 t !re is no suffici5t analogy betwe5 ! ph5om5a f :i* ! pa/ hi/ory ( a s+le organism is inf]r$1 & ^? f :i* ! pa/ hi/ory ( a _w is inf]r$4 ,is !re n8 ,p]mit me to repeat an illu/ration ,i h already us$4 ,! geologi/ f9ds a fossil skeleton4 ,8 acqua9tance ) anatomy enables him to pron\nce t ! objects f\nd are bones4 ,he sees cyl9d]s1 condyles1 cavities = ! m>r[1 sc>s ( atta*m5t ( muscles & t5dons1 =am9a = ! passage ( n]ves & blood-vessels2 he f9ds ! int]nal /ructure1 no less ?an ! =m & surface1 su* z to leave n a d\bt t ^! are real bones4 ,n[ univ]sal exp]i5ce has taught him t bones imply ! exi/5ce ( fle%2 t fle% implies blood2 t blood implies life2 t life implies "t4 ,he !re=e concludes unhesitat+ly1 t ?is skeleton 0 once alive1 & t "t pass$ ov] x 9 t liv+ condition4 ,is n ?is process ( reason+ exactly p>allel to t :i* he w\ld h pursu$ if he _h exam9$ an animal ! mom5t aft] its creation1 7suppos+ ?is fact to be unkn[n to him17 & by :i* he w\ld 9 l mann] h inf]r$ pa/ "t8 ,& :]e is ! vital diff]5ce betwe5 ! two cases1 :i* w\ld op]ate to make a conclusion :i* is manife/ly false 9 ! "o case1 necess>ily true 9 ! o!r8 ,"o ( ! mo/ em95t ( liv+ botani/s has set =? 9 /rik+ t]ms ! p>allelism :i* ,i am sugge/+4 ,speak+ ( ! %oot z ! vegetable individual1 & ! woody trunk z a k9d ( ev]-accumulat+ gr\nd1 :i* supports successive g5]ations ( %oots1 he uses ! foll[+ comp>ison4 ,! hi/ory ( ! gr& developm5t ( nature on ! surface ( our globe pres5ts an analogy1 :i* may p]haps s]ve to set ?is relation 9 a cle> light4 ,! successive geological =mations sup]pos$ dur+ ! c\rse ( c\ntless ages1 pres5t1 buri$ 9 _! dep?s1 ! traces ( z _m =mations ( ! organic _w1 ea* ( :i* c>pet$ ! !n sup]ior /ratum ( ! e>? ) a new life1 until x f\nd its own grave 9 ! succe$+ =mation1 :5 a new upris+ ( organic life took its place4 ,9 ! same way1 ! /em ( a tree is a multi/ratifi$ gr\nd1 9 ^: lay]s ! hi/ory ( e>li] gr[?s is legibly pres]v$4 ,! numb] ( ! woody lay]s indicates ! numb] ( ! g5]ations :i* h p]i%$1 i4 e4 ! age ( ! :ole tree3 a di/9ct annual r+ is ! monum5t ( a vigor\s season1 an indi/9ct "o ( a bad season1 a sickly "o 7:i* is (t5 f\nd among heal?y ones7 indicates ! unheal?9ess ( ! foliage ( t p>ticul> ye>4 ,! practis$ woodman c deciph] _m facts ( ! pa/ 9 ! lay]s ( ! trunk2 e4g4 a good season = foliage or = se$1 damage by fro/ or by insects1 c4#ih ,9 ord] to p]fect ! analogy betwe5 an organism & ! _w1 s z to %[ t ! law :i* prevails 9 ! "o obta9s also 9 ! o!r1 x w\ld be necess>y to prove t ! developm5t ( ! physical hi/ory ( ! _w is circul>1 l t already %[n to *>act]ise ! c\rse ( organic nature4 ,& ?is ,i _c prove4 ,b nei!r1 z ,i ?9k1 c ! contr>y be prov$4 ,! life ( ! individual consi/s ( a s]ies ( processes :i* are cyclical4 ,9 ! tree ?is is %[n by ! successive gr[?s & dea?s ( s]ies ( leaves3 9 ! animal by ! developm5t & exuviation ( nails1 hair1 epid]mis1 c4 ,! life ( ! species consi/s ( a s]ies ( processes :i* are cyclical4 ,?is has be5 suffici5tly illu/rat$ 9 ! prec$+ pages1 9 ! successive developm5ts & dea?s ( g5]ations ( individuals4 ,we h reason to believe t species die out1 & are replac$ by o!r species1 l ! individuals :i* belong to ! species1 & ! organs :i* belong to ! individual4 ,b is ! life ( ! species a circle return+ into itself8 ,9 o!r words1 if we c\ld take a suffici5tly l>ge view ( ! :ole plan ( nature1 %\ld we disc]n t ! exi/5ce ( species ,greek3 d necess>ily involv$ ! pre-exi/5ce ( species ,greek3 g1 & mu/ inevitably be foll[$ by species ,greek3 e8 ,%\ld we be able to trace ! same sort ( relation betwe5 ! tig] ( ,b5gal & ! fossil tig] ( ! ,york%ire caves1 betwe5 ,elephas ,indicus & ,elephas primig5ius1 z subsi/s betwe5 ! leaves ( #aheg & ! leaves ( #ahef2 or betwe5 ! oak n[ fl\ri%+ 9 ,%]wood ,=e/ & t ( ,rob9 ,hood's day1 f ^: acorn x sprang8#ii ,i d>e n say1 we %\ld2 ?\gh ,i ?9k x highly probable4 ,b ,i ?9k y w n d>e to say1 we %\ld n4#ajj ,x is c]ta9 t1 :5 ! ,omnipot5t ,god propos$ to create a giv5 organism1 ! c\rse ( t organism 0 pres5t to 8 idea1 z an ev] revolv+ circle1 )\t beg9n+ & )\t end4 ,he creat$ x at "s po9t 9 ! circle1 & gave x ?us an arbitr>y beg9n+2 b "o :i* involv$ all previ\s rotations ( ! circle1 ?\gh only z ideal1 or1 9 o!r phrase1 pro*ronic4 ,is x n possible--,i d n ask = m--t1 9 l mann]1 ! natural c\rse ( ! _w 0 project$ 9 8 idea z a p]fect :ole1 & t ,he det]m9$ to create x at "s po9t ( t c\rse1 :i* act1 h[ev]1 %\ld involve previ\s /ages1 ?\gh only ideal or pro*ronic8 ,all naturali/s h speculat$ ^u ! great plan ( ,nature2 a gr& array ( organic ess5ces1 9 :i* e species %\ld be relat$ 9 l ratio to its fell[ species1 by c]ta9 aff9ities1 )\t gaps & )\t r$undancies2 ! :ole con/itut+ a beautiful & p]fect unity1 a h>moni\s s*eme1 wor?y ( ! inf9ite ,m9d t conceiv$ x4 ,su* a p]fect plan has nev] be5 pres5t$ by any exi/+ fauna or flora2 nor is x made up by unit+ ! fossil faunas & floras to ! rec5t ones2 yet ! discov]y ( ! fossil _w has made a v signal approa* to ! fill+ up ( ! great outl9e2 & ! m m9utely ?is has be5 inve/igat$1 ! m h hiatuses be5 bridg$ ov]1 :i* be=e yawn$ betwe5 species & species1 & l9ks ( connexion h be5 suppli$ :i* be=e 7 lack+4#aja ,x is n necess>y1--at lea/ x does n seem s to me1--t all ! memb]s ( ?is mighty commonweal? %\ld h an actual1 a dia*ronic exi/5ce2 anymore ?an t1 9 ! creation ( a man1 8 foetal1 infantile1 & adolesc5t /ages %\ld h an actual1 dia*ronic exi/5ce1 ?\gh ^! are ess5tial to 8 normal life-hi/ory4 ,nor w\ld _! dia*ronism be m c]ta9ly inf]rible f ! physical traces ( !m1 9 ! "o case ?an 9 ! o!r4 ,9 ! newly-creat$ ,man1 ! pro(s ( successive processes requir+ "t1 9 ! sk91 hairs1 nails1 bones1 c4 c\ld 9 no respect be di/+ui%$ f ! l pro(s 9 a ,man ( to-day2 yet ! developm5ts to :i* !y respectively te/ify are widely diff]5t f ea* o!r1 s f> z reg>ds ! elem5t ( "t4 ,:o w say t ! sugge/ion1 t ! /rata ( ! surface ( ! e>?1 ) _! fossil floras & faunas1 may possibly belong to a pro*ronic developm5t ( ! mighty plan ( ! life-hi/ory ( ?is _w1--:o w d>e to say t su* a sugge/ion is a self-evid5t absurdity8 ,if we _h no example ( su* a proc$ure1 we might be ju/ifi$ 9 deal+ cavali]ly ) ! hypo!sis2 b x has be5 %[n t1 )\t a solit>y exception1 ! :ole ( ! va/ vegetable & animal k+doms 7 creat$1--m>k6 ,i d n say may h be51 b ,,mu/ h be5 creat$--on ?is pr9ciple ( a pro*ronic developm5t1 ) di/9ctly traceable records4 ,x 0 ! law ( organic creation4 ,x may be object$1 t1 to assume ! _w to h be5 creat$ ) fossil skeletons 9 its cru/1--skeletons ( animals t nev] really exi/$1--is to *>ge ! ,creator ) =m+ objects ^: sole purpose 0 to deceive u4 ,! reply is obvi\s4 ,7 ! conc5tric timb]-r+s ( a creat$ tree =m$ m]ely to deceive8 ,7 ! gr[? l9es ( a creat$ %ell int5d$ to deceive8 ,0 ! navel ( ! creat$ ,man int5d$ to deceive him into ! p]suasion t he _h _h a p>5t8#ajb ,^! peculi>ities ( /ructure 7 insep>able f ! adult /age ( ^! creatures respectively1 )\t :i* !y w\ld n h be5 :at !y 74 ,! ,locu/-tree c\ld n h be5 an adult ,hym5aea1 )\t conc5tric r+s2--nay1 x c\ld n h be5 an exog5\s tree at all4 ,! ,dione c\ld n h be5 a ,dione )\t ^? foliations & sp9es t =m its g5]ic "*4 ,! ,man w\ld n h be5 a ,man )\t a navel4 ,to ! physiologi/ ?is is obvi\s2 b "s unsci5tific read] may say1 ,c\ld n ,god h creat$ plants & animals )\t ^! retrospective m>ks8 ,i di/9ctly reply1 ,no6 n s z to pres]ve _! specific id5tity ) ^? ) :i* we are famili>4 ,a ,tree-f]n )\t sc>s on ! trunk6 ,a ,palm )\t leaf-bases6 ,a ,bean )\t a hilum6 ,a ,tortoise )\t lam9ae on its plates6 ,a ,c>p )\t conc5tric l9es on its scales6 ,a ,bird )\t fea!rs6 ,a ,mammal )\t hairs1 or claws1 or tee?1 or bones1 or blood6 ,a ,foetus )\t a plac5ta6 ,i h inde$ writt5 ! prec$+ pages 9 va91 if ,i h n demon/rat$1 9 a multitude ( examples1 ! absolute necessity ( retrospective ph5om5a 9 newly-creat$ organisms4 ,b if x c be und5iably %[n 9 "o s+le example1 our failure to p]ceive x 9 n9ety-n9e o!r in/ances w\ld 9 n[ise invalidate ! d$uction f t "o4 ,grant$ t y c triumphantly convict me ( a non-sequitur1 9 n9ety-n9e out ( e hundr$ ( ! cases 9 :i* ,i h attempt$ to %[ ?is connexion2 /ill1 if ,i h conclusively prov$ t 9 "o solit>y in/ance an animal or a plant 0 creat$ ) b "o solit>y evid5ce ( pre-developm5t1 ! pr9ciple = :i* ,i cont5d is e/abli%$4 ,i tru/1 h[ev]1 x does n re/ on "o example1 nor on tw5ty1 nor on a hundr$4 ,x may be ?\ght t ,i h multipli$ my illu/rations ne$lessly3 t5 times z _m might h be5 giv54 ,i wi%$ to %[ t ! pro( is ( a cumulative "*3 a s+le good example w\ld1 inde$1 h e/abli%$ ! pr9ciple2 b ,i wi%$ to %[ h[ widely applicable x is2 t x is1 inde$1 ( univ]sal application 9 ! organic k+doms4 ,if1 !n1 ! exi/5ce ( retrospective m>ks1 visible & tangible pro(s ( processes :i* 7 pro*ronic1 0 s necess>y to organic ess5ces1 t !y c\ld n h be5 creat$ )\t !m1--is x absurd to sugge/ ! possibility 7,i d no m7 t ! _w itself 0 creat$ "u ! influ5ce ( ! same law1 ) visible tangible pro(s ( developm5ts & processes1 :i* yet 7 only pro*ronic8 ,admit = a mom5t1 z a hypo!sis1 t ! ,creator _h be=e 8 m9d a projection ( ! :ole life-hi/ory ( ! globe1 comm5c+ ) any po9t :i* ! geologi/ may imag9e to h be5 a fit comm5c+ po9t1 & end+ ) "s unimag9able acme 9 ! indef9itely di/ant future4 ,he det]m9es to call ?is idea into actual exi/5ce1 n at ! suppos$ comm5c+ po9t1 b at "s /age or o!r ( its c\rse4#ajc ,x is cle>1 !n1 t at ! select$ /age x appe>s1 exactly z x w\ld h appe>$ at t mom5t ( its hi/ory1 if all ! prec$+ eras ( its hi/ory _h be5 real4 ,j z ! new-creat$ ,man 01 at ! fir/ mom5t ( 8 exi/5ce1 a man ( tw5ty1 or five-&-tw5ty1 or ?irty ye>s old2 physically1 palpably1 visibly1 s old1 ?\gh n really1 n dia*ronically4 ,he appe>$ precisely :at he w\ld h appe>$ _h he liv$ s _m ye>s4 ,let u suppose t ?is pres5t ye> #aheg _h be5 ! p>ticul> epo* 9 ! project$ life-hi/ory ( ! _w1 :i* ! ,creator select$ z ! era ( its actual beg9n+4 ,at 8 fiat x appe>s2 b 9 :at condition8 ,its actual condition at ?is mom5t3--:atev] is n[ exi/5t w\ld appe>1 precisely z x does appe>4 ,!re w\ld be cities fill$ ) sw>ms ( m52 !re w\ld be h\ses half-built2 ca/les fall5 into ru9s2 pictures on arti/s' easels j sket*$ 92 w>drobes fill$ ) half-worn g>m5ts2 %ips sail+ ov] ! sea2 m>ks ( birds' foot/eps on ! mud2 skeletons :it5+ ! des]t s&s2 human bodies 9 e /age ( decay 9 ! burial-gr\nds4 ,^! & millions ( o!r traces ( ! pa/ w\ld be f\nd1 because !y are f\nd 9 ! _w n[2 !y belong to ! pres5t age ( ! _w2 & if x _h pleas$ ,god to call into exi/5ce ?is globe at ?is epo* ( its life-hi/ory1 ! :ole ( :i* lay l a map be=e 8 inf9ite m9d1 x w\ld c]ta9ly h pres5t$ all ^! ph5om5a2 n to puzzle ! philosoph]1 b because !y are insep>able f ! condition ( ! _w at ! select$ mom5t ( irruption into its hi/ory2 because !y con/itute its condition2 !y make x :at x is4 ,h5ce ! m9ut5ess & und5iabl5ess ( ! pro(s ( life :i* geologi/s rely on s confid5tly1 & pres5t ) su* ju/ifiable triumph1 d n 9 ! lea/ militate aga9/ my pr9ciple4 ,! m>ks ( ,hya5as' tee? on ! bones ( ,kirkdale cave2 ! infant skeletons associat$ ) adult skeletons ( ! same species2 ! abundance ( coprolites2 ! foot-tracks ( ,birds & ,reptiles2 ! glaci]-scrat*es on rocks2 & hundr$s ( o!r beautiful & mo/ irresi/ible evid5ces ( pre-exi/5ce1 ,i d n wi% to und]value1 nor to expla9 away4 ,on ! hypo!sis t ! actual comm5c+ po9t ( ! _w's hi/ory 0 subsequ5t to ! occurr5ce ( su* ?+s 9 ! p]fect ideal :ole1 ^! ph5om5a w\ld appe> precisely z if ! facts !mselves _h be5 dia*ronic1 in/ead ( pro*ronic1 z 0 really ! case4#ajd ,p]haps "s "o w say1 ,all ?is might be t5able1 suppos+ ! _w 7 an organism4 ,y\r argum5t goes to %[ t organic ess5ces 9 e /age ( _! exi/5ce pres5t pro(s ( pre-exi/5ce2 b :at analogy is !re betwe5 ! lifeless inorganic globe 79 :i* evid5ces ( pa/ processes are app>5t1 indep5d5t ( ! fossil organisms71 & a liv+ organic be+1--plant or animal8 ,i answ]1 ,! po9t 9 ! economy ( ! organic creatures1 on :i* _! pro*ronism re/s1 is n ! organic1 b ! circul> condition ( _! be+4 ,! problem1 !n1 to be solv$1 be=e we c c]ta9ly det]m9e ! "q ( analogy betwe5 ! globe & ! organism1 is ?is3--,is ! life-hi/ory ( ! globe a cycle8 ,if x is 7& !re are _m reasons :y ?is is probable71 !n ,i am sure pro*ronism mu/ h be5 evid5t at its creation1 s9ce !re is no po9t 9 a circle :i* does n imply previ\s po9ts4 ,at all ev5ts1 geologi/s _c prove t x is n4 ,:]ev] we c disc]n a cyclical condition1 !re ! law ( :i* ,i am treat+ mu/ hold good2 & x c]ta9ly obta9s 9 o!r ?+s beside organisms4 ,:5 ! inorganic cru/ ( ! globe 0 fir/ cleft to conta9 riv]s1 :5ce came ! wat] t fl[$ ?r\gh ! fissures8 ,a riv] is ! produce ( rivulets1 :i* issue f m\nta9 spr+s2 ^! orig9ate 9 ! wat] t p]colates ?r\gh ! soil2 & ?is is d]iv$ f ! ra9s1 & sn[s1 & dews1 t are deposit$ f ! atmosph]e4 ,b !re w\ld be no deposition f ! atmosph]e if ! wat] _h n fir/ be5 c>ri$ up by evaporation2 & ! vaporable fluid is obta9$ f ! moi/5$ soil2 f ! lakes & riv]s2 & f ! seas & oceans1 ^: loss is p]petually recruit$ f ! fl[+ riv]s4 ,"h1 !n1 we get a circle closely analog\s to t ( organic be+4 ,0 a giv5 drop ( wat] creat$ z a compon5t p>ticle ( a runn+ /ream8 ,its position & condition look$ back to ! m\nta9 spr+ :5ce x mu/ naturally h issu$4 ,0 x call$ into be+ 9 ! spr+8 ,x look$ up to ! surface1 :5ce x mu/ h ooz$4 ,0 x =m$ on ! surface8 ,x look$ to ! cl\ds1 :5ce x mu/ h dropp$4 ,0 x creat$ 9 ! cl\d8 ,x look$ d[n to ! surface ( ! lake or sea1 :5ce x mu/ h be5 rais$4 ,0 x creat$ 9 ! lake8 ,x look$ to ! riv]1 :5ce x mu/ h fl[$4 ,! *ief pelagic curr5ts1 :i* h hi!rto s (t5 be5 ! de/ruction ( ! navigator1 b :i* may yet become 8 able & subject s]vants1 fl[ 9 circul> sy/ems4 ,!re is su* an "o 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ! ,indian ,ocean1 kn[n z ! ,hurricane ,region2 ano!r imm5se "o ev] runn+ r\nd & r\nd ! ,nor? ,pacific2 &1 above all1 t wondr\s riv] ( hot wat]--a riv] ^: well-m>k$ banks are n solid e>?1 b cold wat]--! ,gulf ,/ream4 ,! fruit ( trees belong+ to ! torrid zone ( ,am]ica is annually ca/ a%ore on ! we/]n coa/s ( ,irel& & ,norway4 ,p5nant obs]ves t ! se$s ( plants :i* gr[ 9 ,jamaica1 ,cuba1 & ! adjac5t c\ntries1 are collect$ on ! %ores ( ! ,hebrides4 ,?i!r also b>rels ( ,fr5* w9e1 ! rema9s ( vessels wreck$ 9 ! ,we/ ,indian seas1 h be5 c>ri$4 ,9 #ahji ,8 ,maje/y's %ip ,little ,belt 0 disma/$ at ,halifax1 ,nova ,scotia1 & h] b[sprit 0 f\nd1 eighte5 mon?s aft]1 9 ! ,basque ,roads4 ,! ma9ma/ ( ! ,tilbury1 buri$ (f ,hispaniola 9 ! ,sev5 ,ye>s' w>1 0 br\ght to our %ores4#aje ,^! facts are dep5d5t on ! ea/w>d set ( ?is maje/ic curr5t2 & s is ano!r great physical fact ( immeasurable importance to u2--! sup]iority 9 temp]ature ( ! we/]n %ores ( ,europe ov] ! ea/]n %ores ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,! h>b\r ( ,/4 ,john's1 ,newf\ndl&1 is frequ5tly fa/ clos$ by ice 9 ! mon? ( ,june2 yet ! latitude ( ,/4 ,john's is consid]ably s\? ( t ( ! port ( ,bre/1 9 ,france4 ,impell$ by ! rotatory motion ( ! e>?1 & by ! trade-w9d1#ajf ! equatorial wat]s ( ! ,atlantic are ev] urg$1 a broad & rapid riv]1 into ! ,c>ibbean sea1 & ! ,gulf ( ,mexico1 ! n>r[+ %ores ( :i* compress ! /ream z 9 a funnel4 ,! ,&es "h pres5t a sl5d] b impregnable b>ri] to its fur!r progress we/w>d2 & ! tr5d ( ! ,i/hmus turns x to ! nor?w>d4 ,/ill f9d+ no outlet1 ! impati5t curr5t1 l a wild-bea/ pac+ r\nd its cage1 c\rses ! ,gulf ( ,mexico1 d\bles ! p59sula ( ,florida1 & pursues its way fir/ to ! nor?-ea/1 & !n to ! ea/1 cross+ ! ,atlantic 9 a retrograde direction1 until x laves ) its w>m bill[s ! coa/s ( ,europe4 ,"h x turns to ! s\?w>d1 & aft] embrac+ ! ,=tunate isles t lie (f ! ,african %ores1--! ,azores1 ! ,madeiras1 & ! ,can>ies1--x jo9s ! great equatorial set b5ea? ! trade-w9d1 & returns on its we/w>d c\rse4 ,?is mighty circulation ( wat] mu/ h be5 go+ on f ! in/ant t ! e>? comm5c$ rotat+ on its axis1 or 7grant+ ?is to h be5 *ronologically subsequ5t7 f ! in/ant ! ,atlantic occupi$ its pres5t b$4 ,:e!r soon] or lat]1 x comm5c$ at "s in/ant2 b at t in/ant all ! previ\s elem5ts ( ! circle 7 presuppos$1 & a b\ndless succession ( =m] circles4 ,an intellig5t /rang]1 look+ on ! movem5t imm$iately aft] its comm5cem5t1 b ignorant ( its orig91 w\ld n be able to assign any limit to its pa/ duration4 ,f 8 obs]vation ( ! velocity ( ! curr5t 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! circle1 he w\ld say ) confid5ce1--,^! id5tical p>ticles ( wat]1 :i* ,i see n[ urg$ on _! ceaseless c\rse t[>ds ! middle ( ! ,nor? ,atlantic1 71 ye/]day morn+ at ?is h\r1 9 ! latitude ( ! m\? ( ! ,*esapeake2 on ! morn+ be=e1 (f ,cape ,hatt]as1 on ! morn+ be=e t1 (f ,cape ,look\t2 & s backw>ds int]m9ably4 ,:e!r ! economy ( ! globe is circul>1 or n1 ,i am n 9 a position to %[4 ,b its movem5ts c]ta9ly are2 & s are ! movem5ts ( all ! myriad worlds ) :i* a/ronomy is conv]sant4 ,a/]oids1 planets1 satellites1 comets1 suns1--nay1 ev5 ! /ell> univ]se itself--obey 9 _! motions1 ! gr& univ]sal law ( circul>ity4 ,take any "o ( ^!2--our ,moon4 ,:5 its orbital motion comm5c$1 x comm5c$ at "s po9t or o!r ( ! circle :i* x describes 9 its c\rse ar\nd ! e>?4 ,! pre-exi/5ce1 or at lea/ ! co-exi/5ce1 ( ! ,e>?1 & also t ( ! ,sun1 are necess>y to its motion4 ,suppos+ x possible = a spectator1 furni%$ ) mod]n a/ronomical k1 to h look$ at t in/ant on ! newly-spun orb1 w\ld he n confid5tly h inf]r$1 f its position at t mom5t1 its position a week be=e8 ,w\ld he n h felt able to indicate ) unhesitat+ c]ta9ty ! sol> & lun> eclipses ( a c5tury or a *iliad be=e1 j z he n[ calculates ! "t ( ! eclipse t m>k$ ! dea? ( ,h]od ! ,great8 ,und\bt$ly he w\ld2 = he w\ld assume ! con/ancy ( ^? movem5ts :i* mod]n sci5ce has d$uc$ f ! obs]vations ( _m c5turies2 &1 grant+ him ! fact ( _! con/ancy1 we c\ld n invalidate 8 conclusions4 ,yet :at w\ld he h %[n8 ,! conditions & ph5om5a ( bodies be=e !y _h begun to exi/4 ,! conditions are legitimately d$ucible2 b !y are pro*ronic conditions4 ,! m5tion ( ! cele/ial orbs sugge/s to remembrance ! fam\s argum5t = ! va/ antiquity ( ! mat]ial univ]se1 f\nd$ on ! "t :i* is requir$ = ! propulsion ( light4 ,i believe x owes its orig9 to ,sir ,william ,h]s*el4 ,speak+ ( ! kn[n velocity ( light 9 connexion ) ! imm5se di/ance ( c]ta9 nebulae1 t em95t a/ronom] made ^! rem>ks3-- ,h5ce x foll[s1 t1 :5 we444 see an object ( ! calculat$ di/ance at :i* "o ( ^! v remote nebulae may /ill be p]ceiv$444 ! rays ( light :i* convey its image to ! eye mu/ h be5 m ?an n9ete5 hundr$ & t5 ?\s&1 t is1 almo/ two millions1 ( ye>s on _! way2 & t1 consequ5tly1 s _m ye>s ago1 ?is object mu/ already h _h an exi/5ce 9 ! sid]eal heav5s1 9 ord] to s5d out ^? rays by :i* we n[ p]ceive x4#ajg ,! notion has be5 amplifi$1 ) "s int]e/+ details1 by a writ] 9 ! ,scotti% ,congregational ,magaz9e = ,janu>y #ahdg2 :o ?us ?r[s ! /atem5ts into a tabul> =m1 & comm5ts on !m4 ,f ! ,moon1 light comes to ! e>? 9 #a-a_/d second ! ,sun 9 #h m9utes ,jupit] 9 #eb ,uranus 9 #b h\rs a fix$ ,/> ( #a/ magnitude -- #c to #ab ye>s #b;d #bj #c;d #cj #d? #de #e? #ff #f? #if #g? #ahj #ab? #djjj ,n[1 z we see objects by ! rays ( light pass+ f ^? objects to our eye1 x foll[s t we d n p]ceive ! heav5ly bodies1 z !y are at ! mom5t ( our see+ !m1 b z !y 7 at ! "t ! rays ( light by :i* we see !m left ^? bodies4 ,?us :5 we look at ! moon1 we see h]1 n z %e is at ! mom5t ( our behold+ h] disc1 b z %e 0 a second & a qu>t] be=e2 = in/ance1 we see h] n at ! mom5t ( h] ris+ above ! horizon1 b #a-a_/d second aft] %e has ris54 ,! sun also :5 he appe>s to u to h j pass$ ! m]idian1 has already pass$ x by #h m9utes4 ,s1 9 l mann]1 ( ! planets & ! fix$ />s4 ,we see ,jupit]1 n z he is at ! mom5t ( our cat*+ a sight ( him1 b z he 0 #eb m9utes be=e4 ,uranus appe>s to u1 n z he is at ! mom5t ( our discov]+ him1 b z he 0 #b h\rs previ\sly4 ,& a /> ( ! #ab? magnitude pres5ts itself to our eye z x 0 #d1jjj ye>s ago3 s t1 suppose su* a /> to h be5 annihilat$ #c1jjj ye>s back1 x w\ld /ill be visible on ! e>?'s surface = #a1jjj ye>s to come3 or1 suppose a /> ( ! same magnitude _h be5 creat$ at ! "t ! ,israelites left ,egypt1 x w n be p]ceptible on ! e>? = ne>ly #gjj ye>s f ?is date4 ,beautiful1 & at fir/ sight unansw]able z ?is argum5t is1 x falls to ! gr\nd be=e ! spe>-t\* ( our ,i?uriel1 ! doctr9e ( pro*ronism4 ,!re is no?+ m improbable 9 ! notion t ! s5sible undulation 0 creat$ at ! obs]v]'s eye1 ) all ! pre-requisite undulations pro*ronic1 ?an 9 ! notion t blood 0 creat$ 9 ! capill>ies ( ! fir/ human body4 ,! latt] we h se5 to be a fact3 is ! =m] an impossibility8 ,x may p]haps be said3--,! traces ( pro*ronism y h adduc$ 9 creat$ organisms may be grant$1 because !y are insep>able f ! presum$ condition ( ^? organisms respectively4 ,! blood 9 ! vessels1 ! hair1 ! tee?1 ! nails1 may af=d evid5ces ( pa/ processes2 b !n ^? are only pa/ /ages ( :at yet exi/s4 ,! case1 h[ev]1 is n p>allel ) ! fossil skeletons1 _m ( :i* h no connexion ) any?+ n[ exi/+4 ,! conc5tric r+s ( a timb]-tree are ess5tial to its adult /ate2 b h[ is ! exi/5ce ( ! ,pt]odactyle or ! ,mega!rium ess5tial to t ( ! rec5t ,draco volans1 or ! ,s\? ,am]ican ,slo?8 ,c y %[ 9 ! new-=m$ creature any trace ( "s organ :i* does n come into its pres5t condition ( be+1--( some?+ :i* has q pass$ away8 ,p]haps ,i c4 ,! v conc5tric r+s ( ! tree are consid]$ by botani/s z1 9 "s s5se1 dead4 ,! p>adoxical dictum ( ,s*leid51--,no tree has leaves1#ajh--;is gr\nd$ on ?is circum/ance1 t ! woody portion ( ! mass is ! in]t result ( =m] g5]ations1 & t ! pres5t race ( leaves is gr[+1 n out ( ! woody portion ( ! tree1 b out ( its h]bace\s extremities1 :i* gr[ ^u ! woody /em z ^u a gr\nd1 =m$ by ! process ( vegetation4 ,?is common gr\nd1 namely1 ! woody /em1 :i* is almo/ lifeless 9 comp>ison ) ! h]bace\s p>ts engag$ 9 active gr[?1 is annually cov]$ ) a vigor\s %ea? "u ! protect+ b>k2 & ?is %ea? is ! gr\nd ( ! n\ri%m5t ( all ! vegetat+ h]bace\s extremities4#aji ,! polygonal plates into :i* ! b>k ( ! ,te/ud9>ia divides1 n only %[ _m sup]pos$ lam9ae1 at any giv5 mom5t ( its adult condition1 b also be> witness1 9 ! broad exi/5t surface ( ea* "o1 to =m] lam9ae1 yet old] ?an ! olde/ n[ pres5t1 :i* h dis9tegrat$ & dropp$ (f4 ,! ,palm & ! ,tree-f]n %[1 9 _! trunk-sc>s1 evid5ces ( organs :i* h completely di$ away & disappe>$2 :ile1 betwe5 ^! sc>s & ! g5]ation ( liv+ fronds1 !re is1 at any giv5 mom5t ( ! tree's hi/ory1 a s]ies ( fronds :i* are q dead & dry1 b :i* h n yet disappe>$4 ,! ,n]ita1 a g5us ( beautiful %ells f ! tropical seas1 dissolves away & removes1 9 ! progress ( gr[?1 ! spiral column1 :i* orig9ally =m$ ! axis ( developm5t2 s t1 9 adult age1 ! spiral direction ( ! :ole te/ifies to ! pa/ exi/5ce ( a column :i* has q disappe>$4 ,9 t species ( ,murex1#aaj :i*1 on acc\nt ( ! long & sl5d] ro/ellum1 & ! sp9es ) :i* x is cov]$1 is kn[n to collectors z ! ,?orny ,woodcock 7,m4 t5uisp9a71 ! %elly sp9es ( ! e>li] :orls w\ld int]f]e ) su* z came1 9 process ( developm5t1 to be sup]pos$ on !m2 = !y cross ! area :i* is to be ! cavity enclos$ by ! advanc+ lip4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 remov$ by absorption2 b n s completely b t traces may /ill be discov]$ :]e !y =m]ly exi/$3 evid5ces ( ! quondam exi/5ce ( :at exi/s no long]4 ,t[>ds "o side ( ! upp] surface ( ! pretty ,/>-fi%1 ,cribella rosea1 7z 9 _m o!r species ( ,/>-fi%es17 !re is a curi\s little m>k1 kn[n z ! madreporic plate1 ! use ( :i* has greatly puzzl$ naturali/s4 ,s>s1 ! ,norwegian zoologi/1 has unveil$ ! my/]y4#aaa ,! "y l>va1 be=e x assumes ! /ell> =m1 is furni%$ ) a sort ( ?ick column1 divid$ into f\r div]g+ clubb$ arms1 :i* are adh]+ organs1 ancill>y to locomotion4 ,9 ! process ( developm5t1 h[ev]1 new locomotive organs are =m$2 & ?is f\r-fold column1 be+ no long] ne$$1 sl\ghs away2 & t s completely1 t n a trace ( its exi/5ce rema9s1 except ?is sc>1 or madreporic plate2 :i* is !re=e a p]man5t record ( some?+ t has q pass$ away4 ,b ! close/ p>allel to ! relation borne by ! skeleton ( an ext9ct species to an extant "o1 is pres5t$ by t ( ! hilum to a se$1 or ( ! umbilicus to a mammal4 ,ea* ( ^! is a legible & und5iable1 record ( a be+1 ^: individuality 0 totally di/9ct f t ( ! be+ by :i* x is pres5t$1 & ( :i* all ve/iges h disappe>$1 save ?is record4 ,nor is ! p>allel f\nd$ on obscure or r>e examples2 bo? ! umbilicus & ! hilum are g5]ally conspicu\s2 & bo? are ext5sively f\nd 9 _! respective k+doms1 ! =m] p]vad+ ! vivip>\s ,v]tebrata1 ! latt] *>act]is+ ! :ole ( ! cotyl$on\s types ( vegetation4 ,once m4 ,an objection may arise to ! reception ( ! pro*ronic pr9ciple1 on ! gr\nd t ! examples ,i h adduc$ are n to be comp>$1 9 po9t ( gr&eur1 ) ! mighty revolutions1 :i* are presum$ to h writt5 _! records 9 ! cru/ ( ! globe2 & t h5ce no analogy c be fairly drawn f "o to ! o!r4 ,to ! philosoph]1 h[ev]1 !re is no great or small1 z !re is none 9 ! works ( ,god4 ,we h e reason to believe t ,he has wr\ght by ! same laws 9 all portions ( 8 univ]se3 ! pr9ciple on :i* an apple falls f ! bran* to ! gr\nd1 is ! same z t :i* keeps ! planet ,neptune 9 ! sol> sy/em4 ,i h %[n t ! pr9ciple ( pro*ronic developm5t obta9s :]ev] we are able to te/ x2 t is1 :]ev] ano!r pr9ciple1 t ( cyclicism1 exi/s2 :e!r ! cycle be t ( a gnat's metamorphosis1 or ( a planet's orbit4 ,! di/9ction ( great or small1 gr& or mean1 does n apply to x4 ,if x _c be prov$ to be univ]sal1 x is only because we are n suffici5tly acqua9t$ ) "s ( ! economies ( nature to be able to pron\nce ) c]ta9ty :e!r !y are cyclical or n4 ,i am n aw>e ( any natural process1 9 :i* its exi/5ce c be absolutely d5i$4 ,& ?is makes all ! diff]5ce 9 ! _w betwe5 my position & t ( ! old simple-m9d$ obs]v]s1 ) :i* a sup]ficial read] might ?9k x to possess a good deal 9 common4 ,a c5tury ago1 p us$ to talk ( lusus naturae2 ( a c]ta9 pla/ic p[] 9 nature2 ( abortive or initiative attempts at mak+ ?+s :i* 7 nev] p]fect$2 ( imitations1 9 "o k+dom1 ( ! prop] subjects ( ano!r1 7z plants 7 suppos$ to be imitat$ by ! fro/ on a w9d[-pane1 & by ! d5dritic =ms ( metals74 ,/ill lat]1 _m p]sons h be5 incl9$ to take refuge f ! conclusions ( geology 9 ! absolute sov]eignty ( ,god1 ask+1--,c\ld n ! ,omnipot5t ,creator make ! fossils 9 ! /rata1 j z !y n[ appe>8 ,x has always be5 felt to be a suffici5t answ] to su* a dem&1 t no reason c\ld be adduc$ = su* an ex]cise ( m]e p[]2 & t x w\ld be unwor?y ( ! ,allwise ,god4 ,b ?is is a totally diff]5t ?+ f t = :i* ,i am cont5d+4 ,i am endeav\r+ to %[ t a gr& ,,law exi/s1 by :i*1 9 two great dep>tm5ts ( nature at lea/1 ! analogues ( ! fossil skeletons 7 =m$ )\t pre-exi/5ce4 ,an arbitr>y act+1 & an act+ on fix$ & g5]al laws1 h no?+ 9 common ) ea* o!r4 ,f9ally1 ! acceptance ( ! pr9ciples pres5t$ 9 ?is volume1 ev5 9 _! fulle/ ext5t1 w\ld n1 9 ! lea/ degree1 affect ! /udy ( sci5tific geology4 ,! "* & ord] ( ! /rata2 _! disruptions & displacem5ts & injections2 ! successive floras & faunas2 & all ! o!r ph5om5a1 w\ld be facts /ill4 ,!y w\ld /ill be1 z n[1 legitimate subjects ( exam9ation & inquiry4 ,i d n "k t a s+le conclusion1 n[ accept$1 w\ld ne$ to be giv5 up1 except t ( actual *ronology4 ,& ev5 9 respect ( ?is1 x w\ld be r a modification ?an a rel9qui%m5t ( :at is at pres5t held2 we might /ill speak ( ! inconceivably long duration ( ! processes 9 "q1 provid$ we und]/& ideal in/ead ( actual "t2--t ! duration 0 project$ 9 ! m9d ( ,god1 & n really exi/5t4 ,! zoologi/ w\ld /ill use ! fossil =ms ( non-exi/+ animals1 to illu/rate ! mutual analogies ( species & gr\ps4 ,8 recognition ( _! pro*ronism w\ld 9 n[ise int]f]e ) 8 endeav\rs to assign to ea* its position 9 ! scale ( organic be+4 ,he w\ld /ill legitimately treat x z an entity2 an ess5tial con/itu5t ( ! great ,plan ( ,nature2 because he w\ld recognise ! ,plan itself z an entity1 ?\gh only an ideal entity1 exi/+ only 9 ! ,div9e ,conception4 ,he w\ld /ill use ! /ony skeletons = ! inculcation ( lessons on ! skill & p[] ( ,god 9 creation2 & w\ld f9d !m a ri* m9e ( in/ruction1 af=d+ "s examples ( ! adaptation ( /ructure to function1 :i* are n yield$ by any extant species4 ,su* are ! elongation ( ! little f+] 9 ,pt]odactylus1 = ! ext5sion ( ! al> membrane2 & ! deflexion ( ! inf]ior incisors 9 ,d9o!rium1 = ! purposes ( digg+ or an*orage4 ,& /ill w\ld he f9d1 9 ! fossil =ms1 evid5ces ( t complac5cy 9 beauty1 :i* has prompt$ ! ,adorable ,workma/] to pa9t ! rose 9 blu%+ hues1 & to weave ! f9e lace ( ! dragonfly's w+4 ,! :orls ( ! ,gyroc]as1 ! foliace\s or zigzag sutures ( ! ,ammonites1 & ! radiat+ patt]n ( ,smi?ia1 are n less elegant ?an any?+ ( ! k9d 9 exi/+ creation1 9 :i*1 h[ev]1 !y h no p>allels4 ,9 %ort1 ! read+s ( ! /one book w be f\nd n less wor?y ( ,god :o wrote !m1 n less wor?y ( man :o deciph]s !m1 if we consid] !m z pro*ronically1 ?an if we judge !m dia*ronically1 produc$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,gyroc]as4 99 99 99 99 99 ,"h ,i close my lab\rs4 ,h[ f> ,i h succe$$ 9 accompli%+ ! task to :i* ,i b5t myself1 x is n = me to judge4 ,o!rs w det]m9e t2 & ,i am q sure x w be det]m9$ fairly1 on ! :ole4 ,to prev5t misappreh5sion1 h[ev]1 x may be z well to enunciate :at ! task 01 :i* ,i prescrib$1 especially because o!r 7collat]al1 hypo!tical7 po9ts h be5 moot$ 9 ^! pages4 ,all1 !n1 t ,i consid] myself responsible = is summ$ up 9 ^! s5t5ces3-- ,i4 ,! conclusions hi!rto receiv$ h be5 b inf]5ces d$uc$ f c]ta9 premises3 ! witness :o reveals ! premises does n te/ify to ! inf]5ces4 ,,ii4 ,! process ( d$uc+ ! inf]5ces has be5 liable to a va/ incom+ ( error1 aris+ f ! op]ation ( a ,law1 prov$ to exi/1 b hi!rto unrecognis$4 ,,iii4 ,! am\nt ( ! error ?us produc$ we h no means ( kn[+2 mu* less ( elim9at+ x4 ,,iv4 ,! :ole ( ! facts depos$ to by ?is witness are irrelevant to ! "q2 & ! witness is1 !re=e1 out ( c\rt4 ,v4 ,! field is left cle> & undisput$ = ! "o ,witness on ! opposite side1 ^: te/imony is z foll[s3-- ,,9 ,,six ,,days ,,jehovah ,,made ,,heav5 ,,& ,,e>?1 ,,! ,,sea1 ,,& ,,all ,,t ,,9 ,,!m ,,is4 ,,index4 ,agave1 #adg4 ,ammonites1 appe>ance (1 #eh4 pr(usion (1 #fe4 ,amphibia1 foot-pr9ts (1 #eb1 #ef4 ,anoplo!rium1 #fi4 ,ant$iluvian hypo!sis1 #i4 unt5able1 #ea4 ,babbage1 ,mr41 op9ions (1 #be4 ,babir\ssa1 #bfb4 ,bamboo1 #acd4 ,banyan1 #afd4 ,b>nacle1 developm5t (1 #bag4 ,basalt1 =mation (1 #ff1 #ia4 ,bea*es1 rais$1 #hc4 ,be>d1 #bhd4 ,beetle1 egg (1 #caj4 ,belemnites1 #eh4 ,bignonia1 #afh4 ,birds1 e>lie/1 #fi4 gigantic1 #hb4 fea!rs (1 #bec4 ,blackwood1 op9ions (1 #i4 ,blocks1 transport (1 #gh4 ,blood1 #bge1 #bhe4 ,bones1 /ructure (1 #bgi4 ,botryllus1 metamorphoses (1 #bbb4 ,bra*ionus1 eggs (1 #cba4 ,bracts1 developm5t (1 #aff4 ,br[n1 ,rev4 ,j4 ,m41 op9ions (1 #i4 ,bulbs1 gr[? (1 #aec1 #aef4 ,bupre/is1 #bad4 ,butt]flies1 eggs (1 #cjg4 ,butt]fly-fl[]1 #aej4 ,cabbage-palm1 #add4 ,c>bonif]\s deposits1 #dd4 ,case-flies1 #bji4 ,cass[>y1 #beb4 ,cav]ns1 bone1 #gf1 #hh4 ,ceiba1 #agd4 ,cephalaspis1 #dd4 ,*alk =mation1 #fd4 ,*alm]s1 ,dr41 op9ions (1 #ai4 ,*ronology ( globe1 #cj1 #cci4 ,circul>ity ( organic life1 #aac1 #ccf1 #cea4 ,clavagella1 #bbe4 ,coal1 age (1 #ej4 ext5t (1 #df4 orig9 (1 #dg4 ,coccus1 economy (1 #cae4 ,cockburn1 ,rev4 ,sir ,w41 op9ions (1 #ad4 ,cockroa*1 egg-case (1 #cah4 ,conybe>e1 ,dr41 op9ions (1 #bj4 ,coprolites1 #fj4 ,coral polypes1 #dj1 #da1 #de4 activity (1 #hf4 ,c\*-grass1 #ace4 ,c[1 circul> life (1 #aba4 ,c[ry1 #bca4 ,crab1 metamorphosis (1 #baf4 ,crag & tail1 #ee4 =mation1 #ge4 ,cr9oids1 abundance (1 #eh4 ,creation1 ext5t (1 #bb4 fact (1 #aaj4 law (1 #ccg1 #cfh4 p]iods (1 #ae4 ,:at is x8 #abc4 ,cribella1 metamorphosis (1 #cba4 ,crocodile1 #bdh4 ,cuckoo-fly1 egg (1 #cji4 ,cumbrian =mations1 #cf4 ,curr5ts1 oceanic1 #cef4 ,cuttlefi%1 %ell (1 #bcg4 ,cycads1 #fj4 ,cyclicism1 #ccf1 #cea4 ( ! globe1 #ced4 ( inorganic nature1 #cee4 ( cele/ial orbs1 #cei4 ,cy/ic]cus1 #aif4 ,daphnia1 economy (1 #cbe4 ,daub]1 economy (1 #cbj4 ,days ( creation1 #ae4 ,d$uctions1 fallible1 #b4 ,de]1 ,iri%1 #hd4 ,deltas1 #he4 ,deposits1 e>?y1 #hg4 ,depressions & elevations1 #ha4 ,developm5t hypo!sis1 #aaa4 ,devonian =mations1 #db4 ,dia*ronism1 #abe1 #cdf4 ,diatomaceae 9 *alk1 #fd4 ,d9o!rium1 #gb1 #cgj4 ,dione1 #bbh4 ,di/urbances ( /rata1 #ed1 #ff4 ,dodo1 #hd4 ,d\ble cocoa-nut1 #bif4 ,e>?-pea1 g]m9ation (1 #bii4 ,e*9us1 #aij4 ,eggs ( f[l1 #cbh4 ( insects1 #cjf4 ,elephant1 d5tition (1 #bff4 fossil1 #gc4 ,elevations & depressions1 #ha4 ,encephal>tos1 #afa4 ,euphorbia1 #afd4 ,ery?r9a1 #big4 ,fairholm1 ,mr41 op9ions (1 #ab4 ,fea!r1 gr[? (1 #bec4 ,fea!r-/>1 #aic1 #cje4 ,fig1 ,au/ralian1 #afb4 ,indian1 #afd4 ,fi%es1 cycloid1 #fh4 e>lie/1 #dd4 sauroid1 #eb4 ,fi%es1 scales (1 #bdb4 ,foetus ( kang>oo1 #ccc4 ,footpr9ts1 #eg4 ,=am9if]a1 #fd1 #gj4 ,frog1 #eg4 ,gall-fly1 egg (1 #caj4 ,ganges1 delta (1 #he4 ,geography1 *anges (1 #fj1 #ff1gj4 ,geology1 9 ne$ ( caution1 #d4 ,g]ms1 hypo!sis (1 #bid4 ,gilt-head1 #bda4 ,glaci]s1 !ory (1 #gi4 ,gladiolus1 #aeb4 ,globe1 *ronology (1 #cj4 cyclicism (1 #ced4 d5sity (1 #cg4 ,gnats1 egg-raft (1 #bjg4 ,golia?us1 #bje4 ,granite1 #cg4 decomposition & recon/ruction (1 #ch4 ,grass-tree1 #aed4 ,gray1 ,mr41 op9ions (1 #bj4 ,grit1 #df4 ,gulf-/ream1 #cef4 ,gyroc]as1 #cga4 ,hair1 gr[? (1 #bgh4 ,h>ris1 ,dr41 op9ions (1 #ai4 ,hawkmo?1 #aah4 ,h]t=d%ire1 /rata (1 #cc4 ,hippopotamus1 #bfc4 fossil1 #gc4 ,hit*cock1 ,dr41 op9ions (1 #ba4 ,horns ( ibex1 #beg4 /ag1 #beh4 ,horse1 #bfj4 ,hylaeosaurus1 #fb4 ,hypo!ses1 v>iety (1 #bg4 ,ibex1 #beg4 ,i*?yosaurus1 #ei4 ,iguanodon1 #fb4 ,infusoria 9 *alk1 #fd4 ,insects1 eggs (1 #cjf4 ,iri>tea1 #aci4 ,julus1 #bab4 ,kang>oo1 foetus (1 #ccc4 ,kirkdale cave1 #gg4 ,labyr9?odon1 #eg4 ,lace-fly1 egg (1 #caa4 ,lady-f]n1 #aaf4 ,law ( creation1 #ccg1 #cfh1 #cga4 ,leaf-sc>s ( f]n1 #acj4 ,lepralia1 #bai4 ,lias1 #eh4 ,light1 velocity (1 #cfj4 ,lily1 #aef4 ,lime/one coral1 #de4 ,locu/-tree4 #agg4 ,london clay1 #fg4 ,loran?us1 #afi4 ,lusus ,naturae1 #cfh4 ,macbrair1 ,mr41 op9ions (1 #aj4 ,madrepore1 #ahc4 ,mammal1 e>lie/1 #fc4 ,mammo?1 #gc4 ,man1 introduction (1 #hc4 /ructure (1 #bge4 ,mangrove1 #agc4 g]m9ation (1 #cja4 ,m>supials1 #hb4 ,ma/odon1 #gc4 ,m$usa1 #ahh1 #cjd4 ,megalosaurus1 #fa4 ,melic]ta1 #baj4 ,mill]1 ,hugh1 op9ions (1 #ae4 ,millepore1 #ahc4 ,moa1 #hd4 ,moho1 #hd4 ,moon1 cyclicism (1 #cei4 ,mosasaurus1 #fe4 ,mo?1 eggs (1 #cad4 ,m\nta9s1 upheav+ (1 #ff1 #gj4 ,murex1 #bcc1 #cfe4 ,nails1 gr[? (1 #bgg4 ,nature1 circul>ity (1 #aac4 plan (1 #cde1 #cfi4 ,nautilus1 #bce4 ,navel1 evid5ce f1 #bhi1 #ccd4 ,n]ita1 axis (1 #cfe4 ,noah's flood1 #f4 ,oe/ridae1 economy (1 #cji4 ,oolitic sy/em1 #eh1 #fj2 duration (1 #fc4 ,opossum1 #fc4 ,organ-pipe1 #ahe4 ,organic life a circle1 #aac1 #abb4 ,organisms1 e>lie/1 #dj4 ,or*is1 #aeb4 ,palm-leaf1 "y1 #ade4 ,p5n1 ,mr41 op9ions (1 #aa4 ,ph5om5a1 evid5ce (1 delusive1 #ccg4 ,plants ( ,london clay1 #fg4 ,pla/ic p[]1 #cfh4 ,plates ( tortoise1 #bej4 ,plesiosaurus1 #ei4 ,plumul>ia1 #aai4 ,p[ell1 ,pr(essor1 op9ions (1 #bf4 ,prickly pe>1 #agb4 ,pro*ronism1 #abe1 #cdf1 #cfh4 dep5d5t on cyclicism1 #ced4 ,protopla/1 op9ions (1 #bc4 ,pt]odactyle1 #fb1 #cgj4 ,ra9drops1 #eh4 ,rattan1 #ade4 ,rattlesnake1 #bdg4 ,reptiles1 ,m>9e1 #af1 #ei4 ,rh9oc]os1 fossil1 #gc4 ,roots1 a]ial1 ( fig1 #afc4 ( iri>tea1 #aci4 ( mangrove1 #agc4 ( p&anus1 #ach4 ,rotif]a1 vivip>\s1 #cbb4 ,sackclo? ( palms1 #ada4 ,s&/one1 age (1 #ej4 new r$1 #ef4 old r$1 #db4 ,saw-fly1 eggs (1 #cag4 ,scale ( fi%1 #bdb4 ,sc>let-runn]1 economy (1 #aac4 ,screw-p9e1 #acf4 ,scripture1 ef=ts to reconcile ) geology1 #e4 lit]al s5se (1 #d4 ,sea-ur*91 #aia1 #cje4 ,sea-p51 #ahb4 ,second>y epo*1 #ff4 ,s$gwick1 ,pr(essor1 on pa/ "t1 #ih4 op9ions (1 #ag4 ,selag9ella1 #acc4 ,s5ses1 evid5ce (1 #a4 ,s]p5t1 e>lie/1 #fh4 ,s]pula1 #aih1 #cje4 ,%>ks1 #eb1 #eh1 #bdc4 egg (1 #cbf4 ,%ells1 n[ fossiliz+1 #hi4 ,%ore-crab1 #baf4 ,silk-cotton tree1 #agd4 ,silurian =mations1 #dj4 ,skeleton1 human1 #bhf4 ,skeletons1 evid5ce f1 #aje1 #cdj4 ,slo?s1 fossil1 #hb4 ,smi?1 ,dr4 ,pye1 op9ions (1 #bb4 ,smi?ia1 elegance (1 #cga4 ,species1 p]si/5ce (1 #aaj4 ,spid]1 eggs (1 #cac4 ,/ag1 #beh4 ,/>-fi%1 madreporic plate (1 #cff4 ,/>s1 light f fix$1 #cfa4 ,/ature ( man1 #bhd4 ,/rata1 di/urbances (1 #ed4 numb] (1 #cg4 ,/rombus1 #bcj4 ,sug>-palm1 #ada4 ,sumn]1 ,dr41 op9ions (1 #ai4 ,sur9am toad1 #cbg4 ,sword-fi%1 #bdj4 ,tapeworm1 #aie4 ,tapir1 #fi4 ,tee? ( babir\ssa1 #bfb4 ,tee? ( crocodile1 #bdi4 elephant1 #bfh4 hippopotamus1 #bfc4 horse1 #bfa4 man1 #bha1 #bhe4 %>k1 #bdc4 ,t]mes1 #bjc4 ,t]ebella1 #bja4 ,t]ti>y epo*1 #ff4 fauna1 #gf4 ,te/imony1 div9e1 #b2 de> to _m sci5tific m51 #e2 by "s reject$1 #h4 ,te/ud9>ia1 #aeh4 ,?ames ,tunnel1 /rata (1 #cb4 ,?yroid c>tilage1 #bhd4 ,timb]1 r+s (1 #agh1 #cdb1 #cdi4 ,tortoise1 #bej4 ,t\r ( inspection1 #abg4 ,travell]'s tree1 #adh4 ,tree-f]n1 age (1 #abh4 ,tree-frog1 #bdf4 ,trilobites1 #da4 ,tru?1 value (1 #g4 ,tulip1 se$ (1 #bih4 ,tulip-tree1 #afe4 ,turn]1 ,%>on1 op9ions (1 #ah4 ,tusk ( elephant1 #bff4 ,ure1 ,dr41 op9ions (1 #aj4 ,v5us1 prickly1 #bbh4 ,ve/iges1 hypo!sis (1 #bg1 #aaa4 ,volcanic action1 #ee1 #ff1 #hf4 ,weevil1 economy (1 #cjh4 ,:alebone1 #bee4 ,:ite ant1 #bjc4 ,_w1 project$ hi/ory (1 #cea4 ,york%ire1 /rata (1 #cc4 ,"y1 ,dr41 op9ions (1 #ac4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,footnotes3 #a ,dr4 ,l>dn]2 ,museum ( ,sci5ce & ,art1 vol4 i4 p4 #ha4 #b ,z ,cuvi]1 ,buckl&1 & _m o!rs4 ,on ! "q :e!r ! ph5om5a ( ,geology c be compris$ )9 ! %ort p]iod =m]ly assign$ to !m1 ! ,rev4 ,samuel ,*>les ,wilts long ago obs]v$3 ,buckl&1 ,s$gwick1 ,fab]1 ,*alm]s1 ,conybe>e1 & _m o!r ,*ri/ian geologi/s1 /rove long ) !mselves to believe t !y c\ld3 & !y did n give up ! hope1 or seek = a new int]pretation ( ! sacr$ text1 till !y consid]$ !mselves driv5 f _! position by su* facts z we h /at$4 ,if1 ev5 n[1 a reasonable1 or we might say ,,possible solution 7 (f]$1 !y w\ld1 we feel p]suad$1 gladly rev]t to _! orig9al op9ion4--,*ri/ian ,obs]v]1 ,augu/1 #ahcd4 #c ,reflections on ,geology4 #d ,geology & ,geologi/s4 #e ,new ,sy/em ( ,geology4 #f ,m9]al & ,mosaic ,geologies1 p4 #dcj4 #g ,geology ( ,scripture4 #h ,scriptural ,geology1 passim4 #i ,lett] to ,buckl&1 #ae1 et seq4 #aj ,orig51 ,augu/9e1 c4 #aa ,te/imony ( ! ,rocks1 p4 #add #ab ,disc\rse 7#e? ,ed471 #aae4 #ac ,sac4 ,hi/4 ( ,_w4 #ad ,rec4 ( ,creation4 #ae ,nat4 ,!ology4 #af ,pre-,adamite ,e>?4 #ag ,h>mony ( ,scripture & ,geology4 #ah ,*ri/ian ,obs]v]1 #ahcd4 #ai ,religion ( ,geology1 ,lect4 ii4 #bj ,scripture & ,geology4 #ba ,i am n reply+ to any ( ^! conflict+ op9ions2 else1 ) respect to ?is "o1 ,i might consid] x suffici5t to adduce ! ipsissima v]ba ( ! inspir$ text4 ,n a ^w is said ( ,adam's be+ n9e hundr$ & ?irty ye>s old2 ! pla9 /atem5t is z foll[s3--,& all ! days t ,adam liv$ 7 n9e hundr$ & ?irty ye>s4 7,g54 v4 #e47 #bb ,protopla/1 pp4 #eh1 #ei2 p4 #cbe2 #b;d4 ,ed4 #bc ,unity ( ,worlds 7#ahef71 pp4 #dhh1 #dic4 #bd ,a geological tru? mu/ comm& our ass5t z p[]fully z t ( ! exi/5ce ( our own m9ds1 or ( ! ,deity himself2 & any revelation :i* /&s oppos$ to su* tru?s mu/ be false4 ,! geologi/ has !re=e no?+ to d ) reveal$ religion 9 8 sci5tific inquiries4--,ed9b4 ,review1 xv4 #af4 #be ,an/$'s ,anci5t ,_w1 #ah4 #bf ,an/$'s ,anci5t ,_w1 #cj4 #bg ,scripture & ,geology1 #cga4 7,ed4 #ahee47 #bh ,x is by no means unlikely t "s b$s ( coal 7 d]iv$ f ! mass ( vegetable matt] pres5t at "o "t on ! surface1 & subm]g$ sudd5ly4 ,x is only necess>y to ref] to ! acc\nts ( vegetation 9 "s ( ! extremely moi/1 w>m isl&s 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e1 :]e ! gr\nd is occasionally cov]$ ) eight or t5 feet ( decay+ vegetable matt] at "o "t1 to be satisfi$ t ?is is at lea/ possible4 #bi ,an/$'s ,anc4 ,_w1 #ge4 #cj ,m',cullo*'s ,sy/em ( ,geology1 i4 #ejf4 #ca ,orig9 ( ,coal4 #cb ,te/imony ( ! ,rocks1 p4 #gh4 #cc ,mr4 ,newman sugge/s t !y 7 m>supial bats 7,zoologi/1 p4 #abi74 ,i h adopt$ 8 attitudes1 b h n v5tur$ to give !m mammalian e>s4 #cd ,9 ,t5nant's ,li/ ( ,brit4 ,fossils 7#ahdg71 b two species--a ,bra*iopod & a ,ga/ropod--are m5tion$ z common to ! ,*alk & ! ,london ,clay4 ,!y are ,t]ebratula /riatula1 & ,pyrula ,smi?ii4 #ce ,an/$'s ,anc4 ,_w1 #bfg4 #cf ,reliquiae ,diluvianae4 #cg ,travels ?r\gh ! ,alps1 p4 #ai4 #ch ,pr(4 ,ow51 9 8 admirable acc\nt ( ! ,mylodon1 has m5tion$ a fact :i* br+s u v vividly into contact ) its p]sonal hi/ory4 ,he %[s t ! animal got its liv+ by ov]turn+ va/ trees1 do+ ! "w by ma9 /r5g?1 & fe$+ on ! leaves4 ,! fall ( ! tree might occasionally put ! animal 9 p]il2 & 9 ! specim5 exam9$ !re is pro( ( su* dang] hav+ be5 incurr$4 ,! skull _h und]gone two fractures dur+ ! life ( ! animal1 "o ( :i* 0 entirely heal$1 & ! o!r p>tially4 ,! =m] exhibits ! out] tables ( bone brok5 by a fracture f\r in*es long1 ne> ! orbit4 ,! o!r is m ext5sive1 & beh9d1 be+ five in*es long1 & ?ree broad1 & ov] ! bra94 ,! inn] plate _h 9 bo? ^! cases def5d$ ! bra9 f any s]i\s injury1 & ! animal seems to h be5 recov]+ f ! latt] accid5t at ! "t ( its dea?4 #ci ,naturali/'s ,voyage1 passim4 #dj ,! ,indians ( ,nor? ,am]ica knew t ! ,ma/odon _h a trunk2 a fact :i* 7?\gh ! anatomi/ inf]s x f ! bones ( ! skull7 x is difficult to imag9e !m to be acqua9t$ )1 except by tradition f ^? :o _h se5 ! liv+ animal4 #da ,an/$2 ,phys4 ,geography1 #hb4 #db ,an int]e/+ fact relat+ to ! ,brazilian caves 0 communicat$ to ,dr4 ,mantell4 ,m4 ,clauss51 9 ! c\rse ( 8 rese>*es1 discov]$ a cav]n1 ! /alagmite floor ( :i* 0 entire4 ,on p5etrat+ ! sp>ry cru/1 he f\nd ! usual ossif]\s b$2 b press+ engagem5ts compell$ him to leave ! deposit unexplor$4 ,aft] an int]val ( "s ye>s1 ,m4 ,clauss5 aga9 visit$ ! cav]n1 & f\nd ! excavation he _h made completely fill$ up ) /alagmite1 ! floor be+ z entire z on 8 fir/ entrance4 ,on break+ ?r\gh ?is newly-=m$ incru/ation1 x 0 f\nd to be di/9ctly m>k$ ) l9es ( d>k-col\r$ s$im5t1 alt]nat+ ) ! cry/all9e /alactite4 ,reason+ on ! probable cause ( ?is appe>ance1 ,m4 ,clauss5 sagaci\sly conclud$ t x arose f ! alt]nation ( ! wet & dry seasons4 ,dur+ ! dr\ght ( summ]1 ! s& & du/ ( ! p>*$ l& 7 waft$ into ! caves & fissures1 & ?is e>?y lay] 0 cov]$ dur+ ! ra9y season by /alagmite1 f ! wat] t p]colat$ ?r\gh ! lime/one1 & deposit$ calc-sp> on ! floor4 ,! numb] ( alt]nate lay]s ( sp> & s$im5t talli$ ) ! ye>s t _h elaps$ s9ce 8 fir/ visit2 & on break+ up ! anci5t b$ ( /alagmite1 he f\nd ! same natural regi/] ( ! annual v>iations ( ! seasons2 e lay] dug ?r\gh pres5t$ a uni=m alt]nation ( s$im5t & sp>2 & z ! botani/ asc]ta9s ! age ( an anci5t dicotyl$on\s tree f ! annual circles ( gr[?1 9 l mann] ! geologi/ attempt$ to calculate ! p]iod t _h elaps$ s9ce ! comm5cem5t ( ^! ossif]\s deposits ( ! cave2 & al?\gh ! inf]5ce1 f want ( "t & means to conduct ! inquiry ) precision1 c only be accept$ z a r\gh calculation1 yet x is int]e/+ to le>n t ! "t indicat$ by ?is natural *ronomet]1 s9ce ! ext9ct mammalian =ms 7 int]r$1 am\nt$ to _m ?\s& ye>s4--7,petrifactions & _! ,tea*+s1 p4 #dha47 #dc ,biblio!que ,univ]s41 ,m>*1 #aheb4 #dd ,x is n[ admitt$ by all compet5t p]sons1 t ! =mation ev5 ( ^? /rata :i* are ne>e/ ! surface1 mu/ h occupi$ va/ p]iods1 probably millions ( ye>s1 9 arriv+ at _! pres5t /ate4--,,babbage1 ,n9? ,bridgewat] ,treatise1 p4 #fg4 #de ,geology ( ,c5tral ,france4 #df ,?\gh p]fect k is n possess$1 yet !re are reasons = believ+ t ! duration ( life to te/acean individuals ( ! pres5t race is sev]al ye>s4 ,b :o c /ate ! proportion :i* ! av]age l5g? ( life to ! individual mollusc or con*if]1 be>s to ! duration appo9t$ by ! ,creator to ! species8 ,take any "o ( ! six or sev5 ?\s& kn[n rec5t species2 let x be a ,bucc9um1 ( :i* #abj species are asc]ta9$1 7"o ( :i* is ! commonly kn[n :elk27 or a ,cypraea1 compris+ ab\t z _m1 7a well-kn[n species is on almo/ e mantel-piece1 ! tig]-c[ry27 or an ,o/rea 7oy/]71 ( :i* #acj species are describ$4 ,we h reason to ?9k t ! individuals h a natural life ( at lea/ six or sev5 ye>s2 b we h no reason to suppose t any "o species has di$ out1 s9ce ! ,adamic creation4 ,may we !n1 = ! sake ( an illu/rative argum5t1 take ! duration ( te/acean species1 "o ) ano!r1 at "o ?\s& times ! life ( ! individual8 ,may we say six ?\s& ye>s8 ,we are deal+ v lib]ally ) our oppon5ts4 ,yet 9 exam9+ ! v]tical evid5ces ( ! cessations ( ! fossil species1 m>ks are f\nd ( an entire *ange 9 ! =ms ( animal life2 we f9d su* cessations & *anges to h occurr$ ,,_m times 9 ! ?ickness ( b a few hundr$ feet ( ^! late-rocks4--,,dr4 ,j4 ,,pye ,,smi?1 ,scripture & ,geology1 #e? ,ed4 p4 #cgf4 #dg ,"o ( ! lam9at$ =mations 9 ,auv]gne may be said to furni% a *ronomet] = itself4 ,x consi/s ( sixty feet ( silice\s & calc>e\s deposits1 ea* z ?9 z pa/ebo>d1 & be>+ ^u _! sep>at+ surfaces ! /ems & se$-vessels ( small wat]-plants 9 inf9ite numb]s2 & c\ntless multitudes ( m9ute %ells1 resembl+ "s species ( our common snail-%ells4 ,^! lay]s h be5 =m$ ) evid5t regul>ity1 & to ea* ( !m we may reasonably assign ! t]m ( "o season1 t is a ye>4 ,n[ ?irty ( su* lay]s frequ5tly d n exce$ "o in* 9 ?ickness4 ,let u av]age !m at tw5ty-five4 ,! ?ickness ( ! /ratum is at lea/ sixty feet2 & ?us we ga91 = ! :ole ( ?is =mation alone1 eighte5 ?\s& ye>s4--,,dr4 ,j4 ,p4 ,,smi?1 ,scripture & ,geology1 #e? ,edition1 p4 #acg4 #dh ,?is fact has n[ be5 v]ifi$ 9 almo/ all p>ts ( ! globe1 & has l$ to a conviction t at successive p]iods ( ! pa/ ! same area ( l& & wat] has be5 inhabit$ by species ( animals & plants z di/9ct z ^? :i* n[ p ! antipodes1 or :i* n[ co-exi/ 9 ! arctic1 temp]ate1 & tropical zones4 ,x appe>s t f ! remote/ p]iods !re has be5 ev] a com+ 9 ( new organic =ms1 & an ext9ction ( ^? :i* pre-exi/$ on ! e>?2 "s species hav+ endur$ = a long]1 o!rs = a %ort] "t2 b none hav+ ev] re-appe>$1 aft] once dy+ out4--,,lyell',s ,elem5ts ( ,geology1 p4 #bge4 #di ,j4 ,pye ,smi?1 ,scripture & ,geology1 #e? ,ed41 p4 #fi4 #ej ,9 ,dr4 ,pye ,smi?'s ,scripture & ,geology1 p4 #chb1 7,ed4 #ahee47 #ea ,i w\ld v5ture respectfully to sugge/ t ! foll[+ argum5t by ,mr4 ,babbage is vitiat$ ?r\gh\t by a conf\nd+ ( ! ph5om5a obs]v$ ) ! conclusions inf]r$ f !m4 ,:at1 !n1 h ^? accompli%$1 :o h re/rict$ ! ,mosaic acc\nt ( ! creation to t dim9utive p]iod1 :i* is1 z x 71 b a span 9 ! duration ( ! e>?'s exi/5ce1 & :o h imprud5tly reject$ ! te/imony ( ! s5ses1 :5 oppos$ to _! philological criticisms8 ,! v argum5ts :i* ,prote/ants h oppos$ to ! doctr9e ( transub/antiation1 w\ld1 if _! view ( ! case 7 correct1 be equally irresi/ible aga9/ ! ,book ( ,g5esis4 ,b let u consid] :at w\ld be ! conclusion ( any reasonable be+ 9 a p>allel case4 ,let u imag9e a manuscript writt5 ?ree ?\s& ye>s ago1 & pr(ess+ to be a revelation f ! ,deity1 9 :i* x 0 /at$ t ! col\r ( ! pap] ( ! v book n[ 9 ! read]'s h&s is black1 & t ! col\r ( ! ink 9 ! *>act]s :i* he is n[ read+ is :ite4 ,) t reasonable d\bt ( 8 own individual faculties :i* w\ld become ! inquir] into ! tru? ( a /atem5t said to be d]iv$ f s high an orig91 he w\ld ask all ^? ar\nd him1 :e!r to _! s5ses ! pap] appe>$ to be black1 & ! ink to be :ite4 ,if he f\nd ! s5ses ( o!r individuals agree ) 8 own1 !n he w\ld und\bt$ly pron\nce ! alleg$ revelation a =g]y1 & ^? :o prop\nd$ x to be ei!r deceiv$ or deceiv]s4--,n9? ,bridgewat] ,treatise1 p4 #fh4 #eb ,dr4 ,pye ,smi? calls ! hypo!sis ( progressive developm5t ! crude imp]t95ce ( a few =eign sophi/s1--& he /ates z a fact1 t all ! great geologi/s repudiate su* a notion ) abhorr5ce1 & give physical evid5ce ( its falsehood4--,scripture & ,geology1 7#e? ,ed47 p4 #dbj4 ,see also ,pr(essor ,ow5 9 ,rep4 ,brit ,assoc4 #ahdb2 ,pr(essor ,s$gwick1 9 ,disc\rse on ,/ud4 ( ,camb42 ,pr(essor ,:ewell1 9 ,hi/4 ( ,inductive ,sci5ces2 ,pr(essor ,an/$1 9 ,anc4 ,_w2 c4 #ec ,wallace's ,palms ( ! ,amazon1 p4 #ce4 #ed ,roxburgh4 #ee ,rumph1 v4 #ajj4 #ef ,my obs]vations re/ on ! f9e specim5 ( ?is plant pres]v$ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,dr4 ,h>vey1 h[ev]1 says1 ,! gr[? ( ! trunk 9 ,k+ia is v sl[1 & a specim5 ab\t t5 feet high may probably be "s hundr$s ( ye>s old4 ,report ( ,dubl4 ,univ4 ,zool4 & ,bot4 ,assoc4 = ,feb4 #be1 #aheg4 ,see ! note infra on page #ahh4 #eg ,gaudi*aud3 ,re*]*es ,g54 sur l',organographie1 p4 #abi4 #eh ,on ! developm5t ( ,loran?us1 c4 ,l9n4 ,tr4 xviii p4 #ga1 7abridg$74 #ei ,ea* & e plant is at fir/ a cell4--,new cells c nev] be =m$ ext]nally to1 b only )91 o!r cells already =m$4 7,a4 ,braun1 on ! ,veg4 ,indiv47 ,! process ( ! propagation ( cells1 by ! =mation ( new cells 9 _! int]ior1 is an univ]sal law 9 ! vegetable k+dom4 7,s*leid52 ,grundzuege74 ,cell-=mation 9 plants takes place only 9 ! cavities ( old] cells4 7,mohl1 on ! ,veg4 ,cell7 #fj ,see ,von ,m>tius1 on ! ,brazilian ,locu/s4 #fa ,! orig9 ( coral-/ocks is m9utely describ$ by ,ehr5b]g1 9 ! ,abh&l4 = #ahcb1 :]e he makes ! foll[+ rem>ks3--,! coral mass is nei!r a m]e /ructure compos$ ( _m animals arbitr>ily conjo9$1 z ,ellis suppos$2 nor "o s+le animal ) _m heads1 or ) simple furcations1 z ,cavol9i ma9ta9$2 nor a vegetable /em ) animal fl[]s1 z ,l9naeus express$ x2 x is a body ( families1 a liv+ tree ( consangu9ity2 ! s+le animals belong+ to x1 & cont9ually develop+ ^u ! prim>y ance/or1 are entirely isolat$ )9 !mselves1 & capable ( complete indep5d5ce1 al?\gh unable to a*ieve x4 #fb ,?is is n q 9 accord ) ,lam\r\x's acc\nt2 b x is m consi/5t ) :at we "k ( polype-gr[?4 #fc ,we lack precise data on :i* to f\nd conclusions z to ! actual rate ( gr[? ( _m animals4 ,sir ,john ,dalyell's fam\s ,act9ia1 n[ 9 ! possession ( ,dr4 ,flem+1 af=ds u a pro( t ! ,zoophytes are long-liv$1 & sl[ 9 atta9+ maturity4 ,x w be readily se51 h[ev]1 t ! argum5t 9 ! text does n dep5d on ! actual p]iod evolv$4 ,! lapse ( a p]iod ( "t1 no matt] h[ long1 is ! only ess5tial po9t4 #fd ,all ! compon5t cells ( any "o organism may be consid]$ z ! desc5dants ( ! primordial cell 9 :i* x orig9at$4 7,dr4 ,c>p5t]2 ,comp4 ,physiol42 p4 #cif4 #d? ,ed47 #fe ,i conclude s2 because ,i h kept specim5s ( ,e*9us1 n full gr[n1 9 heal?y condition1 = ne>ly a ye>1 )\t any p]ceptible increase 9 _! dim5sions4 #ff ,i am n aw>e t ?is /age ( ! ,entozoon has be5 actually obs]v$2 b f :at we "k ( its previ\s & subsequ5t hi/ory1 ! correctness ( ! /atem5t 9 ! text w sc>cely be disput$4 7,see ,pr(4 ,ow53 ,comp4 ,anat4 ( ,inv]teb4 ,ed4 #b4 p4 #gd47 #fg ,see ,notes to ,m>mion4 #fh ,report on ,brit4 ,annelida1 p4 #aid4 #fi ,we h no direct obs]vations1 t ,i am aw>e (1 on ! l>val /ate ( ! ,african ,golia?i2 b _! ne> ally1 ! ,cetonia aurata ( ,europe1 passes f\r ye>s 9 ! grub condition1 z does also ! ,melolon?a vulg>is1 ano!r lamellicorn beetle4 ,! ,lucanus c]vus1 or ,/ag-beetle1 cont9ues a l>va = six ye>s4 #gj ,fabre2 ,ann4 d4 ,sci4 ,nat42 iii4 #ahee4 #ga ,b4 spl5dida1 has be5 asc]ta9$ to h exi/$1 z an inmate ( ! wood ( a table1 = m ?an tw5ty ye>s4 7,l9n4 ,trans42 x4 #cii47 #gb ,! rate ( increase 9 dim5sions %[n by specim5s ( ?is species1 n[ s frequ5tly kept 9 ,aqu>ia1 w>rants ?is ass]tion2 ?\gh h[ _m ye>s a ,crab takes to atta9 adult size1 no exact obs]vations1 s f> z ,i "k1 te/ify4 #gc ,! exuvia ( ! cirri are sl\gh$ f ! ,balanidae ab\t e week 9 summ]2 & p]haps ?is process is coetane\s ) an addition to ! valves4 #gd ,mr4 ,brod]ip supposes x to h _h ! p[] ( swimm+ freely1 & ( seek+ its future habitation1 z a bivalve2 b ,lov5 _h n !n made kn[n to u ! embryog5y & metamorphosis ( ! ,con*if]a4 ,x is mu* m probable t ! case is z ,i h v5tur$ to assume 9 ! text4 #ge ,b5nett4 #gf ,rumphius4 #gg ,! p]iodical =mation ( ^! septa 9 ! progress ( gr[?1 is analog\s to t ( ! project+ ext]nal plates 9 ! ,w5dletrap1 & ( ! r[s ( sp9es 9 ! ,murex2 b ^? ext]nal processes consi/ ( ! opake calc>e\s lay] ( ! %ell1 :il/ ! int]nal processes 9 ! ,nautilus consi/ ( ! nacre\s lay]1 l ! septa 9 ! ,turritella4 ,?us ! embryo ,nautilus at fir/ inhabits a simple %ell1 l t ( mo/ univalve ,mollusca1 & manife/s1 accord+ to ! usual law1 ! g5]al type at ! e>ly /age ( its exi/5ce2 al?\gh x soon beg9s1 & app>5tly be=e hav+ quitt$ ! ovum1 to take on ! special =m4--,pr(4 ,ow5's ,lect4 on ,inv]tebrate ,anim4 p4 #eic1 #b;d ,ed4 #gh ,woodw>d's ,manual ( ! ,mollusca1 p4 #hc4 #gi ,c>p5t]1 on ! ,microscope1 c41 p4 #fjb4 #hj ,grant's ,comp4 ,anat41 #ec4 #ha ,see ,jones's ,g5]al ,outl9e1 p4 #ejf4 7,ed4 #ahda47 #hb ,su* is ! common /atem5t4 ,dr4 ,h>lan1 h[ev]1 obs]ves t ! rattle is ca/ annually ) ! sl\gh$ sk91 &1 consequ5tly1 no inf]5ce z to ! age ( ! animal c be drawn f ! numb] ( pieces :i* compose ! rattles4 7,j\rn4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci42 v4 #cfh47 ,i confess ?is appe>s to me to be a non sequitur2 = is x n q possible t "o may be add$ to ! numb] annually1 )\t involv+ ! actual p]petuity ( ! prec$+ ones8 ,x is evid5t t ! increase mu/ take place at "s "t or o!r1 & x seems to me m likely to occur at ! sl\gh+ ( ! sk91 t is1 annually1 ?an ei!r (t5] or seldom]4 #hc ,m>t9 ,on ! ,horse1 p4 #aaa4 #hd ,pr(essor ,ow5's ,odontography3--to :i* spl5did "w ,i am indebt$1 = ! engrav+s ( ^! skulls4 #he ,brew/]'s ,ed9burgh ,encyclopa$ia4 #hf ,ow5's ,odontogr4 p4 #fca4 #hg ,p5ny ,cyclopa$ia2 art4 ,,bone4 #hh ,dr4 ,c>p5t]'s ,human ,physiol4 p4 #iaf4 7,ed4 #ahee47 #hi ,sir ,?omas ,br[ne1 inde$1 d5ies ,adam a navel2 ,i presume1 h[ev]1 physiologi/s w r take my view4 ,sir ,?omas did n "k t ! pro*ronism :i* he ?\ght absurd p]vad$ e "p ( organic /ructure4 ,! foll[+ is 8 v]dict3-- ,ano!r ,mi/ake !re may be 9 ! ,picture ( our fir/ ,p>5ts1 :o aft] ! mann] ( !yre ,po/]itie are bo! del9eat$ ) a ,navill3 & ?is is obs]vable n only 9 ord9>ie & /ayn$ peeces1 b 9 ! ,au!nticke ,draughts ( ,vrb91 ,angelo1 & o!rs4 ,:i*1 notwy?/&ynge1 _c be all[$1 except wee impute t vnto ! fir/ ,cause1 :i* we impose n on ! second2 or :at wee d5y vnto ,nature1 wee impute vnto ,naturity x selfe2 t is1 t 9 ! fir/ & mo/e accomply%$ ,peece1 ! ,creator affect$ ,sup]fluities1 or ordayn$ ,p>ts )\te all ,vse or ,(fyce4--,pseudodoxia ,epidemica1 lib4 v42 cap4 v4 #ij ,blackwood1 9 an excell5t article on ,john/on's ,physical ,geography 7,april1 #ahdi71 says3--,adam mu/ h be5 creat$ 9 ! full possession ( manhood2 = if he _h be5 =m$ an infant1 he mu/ h p]i%$ ?r\gh m]e helplessness4 ,:5 ,god look$ on ?is _w1 & pron\nc$ all to be 'v good1'--:i* implies ! completion ( 8 purpose1 & ! p]fection ( 8 "w--is x possible to conceive t he look$ only on ! g]ms ( production1 on pla9s cov]$ ) eggs1 or seas fill$ ) spawn1 or =e/s /ill buri$ 9 ! capsules ( se$s2 on a creation utt]ly %apeless1 lifeless & sil5t1 in/ead ( ! myriads ( delight$ exi/5ce1 all enjoy+ ! fir/ s5se ( be+8 ,& an em95t ,geologi/ consid]s ! position indisputable1 z reg>ds man3--,to ! slighte/ rational consid]ation x mu/ be evid5t1 t ! fir/ human pair 7 creat$ 9 ! p]fection ( _! bodily organs & m5tal p[]s4--7,dr4 ,j4 ,p4 ,smi?2 ,script4 & ,geol42 #bai47 #ia ,g54 i4 #ab1 #ba1 #bf1 #bg4 #ib ,p5ny ,cyclop42 art4 ,,ara*is4 #ic ,l9n4 ,trans4 iii4 #bc4 #id ,introd4 to ,entom42 ,lett4 xi4 ,sec4 #b4 #ie ,jones2 ,nat4 ,hi/4 ,anim42 ii4 #aea4 #if ,cf4 ,mr4 ,lubbock 7,proc4 ,roy4 ,soc4 viii4 #ced71 ) ,dr4 ,baird 7,brit ,entomo/r4 p4 #hb74 #ig ,dr4 ,c>p5t]3 ,comp4 ,phys42 p4 #fae4 #ih ,dr4 ,alex4 ,braun1 ,on ! ,veget4 ,individual4 7,ann4 ,n4 ,h4 ,nov4 #ahee47 #ii ,x may be object$ t ,elephas primig5ius is absolutely di/9ct f ,e4 ,indicus4 ,i answ]1 ,yes1 specifically di/9ct2 & s am ,i di/9ct f my fa!r1--individually di/9ct4 ,b z individual di/9ctness does n preclude ! individual f be+ ! expon5t ( a circul> revolution 9 ! life-hi/ory ( ! species1 s specific di/9ctness may n preclude ! species f be+ ! expon5t ( a circul> revolution 9 "s high]1 unnam$1 life-hi/ory4 #ajj ,we may ass]t ( ! individual1 z well z ( ! species1 t x completes ! cycle ( its exi/5ce 9 a succession ( subord9ate g5]ations2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 we may affirm ( ! species1 t1 l ! individual1 x exhibits a det]m9ate cycle ( developm5t4 ,! species itself may be reg>d$ z an inf]ior 'mom5tum' ( a /ill m compreh5sive cycle ( developm5t4--,dr4 ,a4 ,braun1 ,on ! ,vegetable ,individual4 ,! species is an individual ( a high] rank4--,l9k3 ,elem5ts ( ,botanical ,sci5ce1 vi4 #aa4 ,species1 l individuals1 h a c]ta9 limit$ t]m ( exi/5ce4 ,x is ! fact1 t1 accord+ to "s g5]al law1 species ( animals are introduc$1 la/ = a limit$ p]iod1 & are !n succe$$ by o!rs p]=m+ ! same (fice4--,an/$'s ,anci5t ,_w1 #eb1 #ed4 #aja ,! unity ( ! plan ( organization1 & ! regul> succession ( animal =ms1 po9t out a beg9n+ ( ?is great k+dom on ! surface ( our globe1 al?\gh ! e>lie/ /ages ( its developm5t may n[ be effac$3 & ! cont9uity ( ! s]ies ?\gh all geological epo*s1 & ! gradual transitions :i* connect ! species ( "o =mation ) ^? ( ! next 9 succession1 di/9ctly indicate t !y =m ! p>ts ( "o creation1 & n ! het]og5e\s remnants ( successive k+doms begun & de/roy$3 s t1 :ile !y pres5t ! be/ records ( ! *anges :i* ! surface ( ! globe has und]gone1 !y likewise af=d ! be/ te/imony ( ! rec5t orig9 ( ! pres5t cru/ ( our planet1 & ( all its organic inhabitants4--,dr4 ,grant1 9 ,br4 ,sci4 ,annual = #ahci4 #ajb ,dr4 ,h>ris has ! foll[+ obs]vations3-- ,:y might n ,god h creat$ ! cru/ ( ! e>?1 j z x is1 ) all its numb]less /ratifications1 & div]sifi$ =mations1 complete8 ,& ! analogy = su* an ex]cise ( creative p[] is suppos$ to be f\nd 9 ! creation ( ,adam1 n z an infant1 b z an adult2 & 9 ! production ( ! full-siz$ trees ( ,ed54 ,to :i* ! reply is direct3 ! maturity ( ! fir/ man1 & ( ! objects ar\nd him1 c\ld n deceive him by imply+ t !y _h sl[ly gr[n to t /ate4 ,8 fir/ k 0 ! k ( ! contr>y4 ,he liv$1 p>tly1 9 ord] to proclaim ! fact ( 8 creation4 ,&1 c\ld 8 own body1 or any ( ! objects creat$ at ! same "t1 h be5 subject$ to a physiological exam9ation1 !y w\ld1 no d\bt1 h be5 f\nd to indicate _! miracul\s production 9 _! v de/itution ( all ! traces ( an e>ly gr[?2 :]eas ! %ell ( ! e>? is a cr[d$ /oreh\se ( evid5ce ( its gradual =mation4 ,s t ! "q1 express$ 9 o!r language1 am\nts to ?is3 ,might n ! ,god ( inf9ite tru? h enclos$ 9 ! e>?1 at its creation1 evid5ce ( its hav+ exi/$ ages be=e its actual production8 ,( c\rse1 ! objector w\ld disav[ su* a s5tim5t4 ,b su* appe>s to be ! real import ( ! objection2 &1 z su*1 x involves its own refutation4--,pre-,adamite ,e>?1 p4 #hc4 ,n[ ?is reason+ appe>$1 d\btless1 v triumphant to ! wor?y ,doctor3 & yet a v little acqua9tance ) physiology w\ld h taught him t he 0 enunciat+ an absurdity4 ,! v supposition :i* he consid]s z self-refut+1 is an indubitable physiological fact4 ,i h abundantly %[n1 9 ! text1 t ! cells :i* compose ! tree or ! animal are z und5iable evid5ces ( pa/ processes z ! conc5tric cyl9d]s ( timb]1 or ! sup]pos$ lay]s ( bone & scale4 #ajc ,i "h assume ! life-hi/ory ( ! globe to be repres5t$ by a /raight l9e1 because ,i _c prove x to be a circle4 ,i _c ev5 imag9e its circul>ity4 ,i d n mean ! possibility2--,i c imag9e t3 b ! mode ,i _c conceive4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 does n disprove ! possibility4 ,if man's sci5ce ext5d$ n beyond ! accumulat$ obs]vations ( 8 own life1 he w\ld probably be q incompet5t to conceive h[ ! life-hi/ory ( su* a tree z ! ,oak c\ld be a circle2 if he _h nev] se5 m ?an "o individual1 :i* 0 a tree :5 he 0 born1 & cont9u$ to fl\ri% till 8 dea?4 #ajd ,! exi/5ce ( ,coprolites--! fossiliz$ excrem5t ( animals--has be5 consid]$ a m ?an ord9>ily triumphant pro( ( real pre-exi/5ce4 ,w\ld x n be closely p>allel ) ! pres5ce ( faeces 9 ! inte/9es ( an animal at ! mom5t ( creation8 ,yet ?is appe>s to me demon/rable4 ,x may seem at fir/ sight ridicul\s1 & w probably be repres5t$ s2 b tru? is tru?4 ,i h already prov$ t blood mu/ h be5 9 ! art]ies & ve9s ( ! newly-creat$ ,man 7vide p4 #bgf1 supra71 & t blood presupposes *yle & *yme2 b :at became ( ! indige/ible residuum ( ! *yme1 :5 ! *yle 0 sep>at$ f x8 ,w\ld x n1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 be f\nd 9 ! inte/9es8 ,if ! pr9ciple is true1 t ! creat$ organism 0 exactly :at x w\ld h be5 _h x rea*$ t condition by ! ord9>y c\rse ( nature1 !n faecal residua mu/ h be5 9 ! inte/9es z c]ta9ly z *yle 9 ! lacteals1 or blood 9 ! capill>ies4 #aje ,blackwood2 ,april1 #ahdi2 p4 #dab4 #ajf ,/rictly speak+1 ! curr5t is a lagg+ beh9d ( ! wat]1 :i* _c keep pace ) ! spe$ communicat$ to ! solid cru/ ( ! globe at its equatorial regions4 ,! trade-w9d is ow+ to ! same cause4 #ajg ,philos4 ,trans4 = #ahjb2 p4 #dih4 #ajh ,beitrage1 p4 #aeb4 #aji ,dr4 ,a4 ,braun1 ,on ! ,veg4 ,indiv4 #aaj ,see ante1 p4 #bcc4 #aaa ,fauna ,littor4 ,norveg42 i4 #dg4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,m>9e ,,natural ,,hi/ory ,,class4 ,9 ! summ] ( #ahee1 ,i met1 at ,ilfracombe1 on ! coa/ ( ,nor? ,devon1 a small p>ty ( ladies & g5tlem51 :o =m$ !mselves into a ,class = ! /udy ( ,m>9e ,natural ,hi/ory4 ,!re 0 mu* to be done 9 ! way ( collect+1 mu* to be le>n$ 9 ! way ( /udy4 ,n a few species ( int]e/1 & "s r>ities1 fell "u our notice1 scatt]$ z we 7 ov] ! rocks1 & peep+ into ! pools1 almo/ e day = a mon?4 ,!n ! prizes 7 to be br\ght home1 & kept 9 little ,aqu>iums = ! /udy ( _! habits1 _! beauties to be inve/igat$ by ! pocket-l5s1 & ! m9ut] k9ds to be exam9$ "u ! microscope4 ,an h\r or two 0 sp5t on ! %ore e day on :i* ! tide & ! wea!r 7 suitable2 &1 :5 o!rwise1 ! occupation 0 v>i$ by an indoors' lesson1 on id5tify+ & comp>+ ! *>act]s ( ! animals obta9$1 ! specim5s !mselves af=d+ illu/rations4 ,?us ! two great desid]ata ( "y naturali/s 7 atta9$ simultane\sly2 !y le>n$ at ! same "t h[ to collect1 & h[ to det]m9e ! names & ! zoological relations ( ! specim5s :5 f\nd4 ,a little also 0 effect$ 9 ! way ( dr$g+ ! sea-bottom1 & 9 surface-fi%+ = ,m$usae1 c42 b our *ief att5tion 0 direct$ to %ore-collect+4 ,altoge!r1 ! exp]im5t 0 f\nd s agreeable1 t ,i propose to repeat x by =m+ a simil> p>ty e ye>1 if sp>$1 at "s suitable "p ( ! coa/4 ,su* ladies or g5tlem5 z may wi% to jo9 ! ,class %\ld give 9 _! names to me1 e>ly 9 ! summ]2 & any prelim9>y inquiries ab\t plans1 t]ms1 c4 %all meet ! requisite att5tion4 ,p4 ,h4 ,,gosse4 ,,m>y*ur*1 ,,torquay1 ,oct4 #aheg4