f ! ,google ,pr9t project47             
,,roman ,,sepulcral ,,inscriptions4     
,,london3 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,woodfall ,,&   
,,k9d]1   ,,angel ,,c\rt1 ,,sk9n]       
,,/reet4       ,,roman ,,sepulcral      
,,inscriptions3    ,,_! ,,relation ,,to 
,,ar*aeology1 ,,language1 ,,&           
,,religion4        ,,dm ,,simpliciae    
,,flor5t9e         ,,anime              
,,innoc5tissime          ,,qve ,,vixit  
,,m5ses ,,decem       ,,felicivs        
,,simplex ,,pat] ,,fecit           ,,lec
 ,,vi ,v                  ,,f ,a        
,,s>cophagus ,,9 ,,! ,,york ,,museum4   
,,by ,,john ,,k5rick1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,s4,a4 
,,london4   ,,john ,,russell ,,smi?1    
#cf1 ,,soho ,,squ>e4   ,,york3   ,r4    
,,sunt]1 ,,/onegate2 ,h4 ,,so!ran1      
,,coney ,,/reet4   ,m4,,dccc4,,lviii4   
,?is little "w orig9at$ 9 two pap]s1    
read be=e ! ,york%ire ,philosophical    
,society4 ,!y 7 design$ to direct !     
att5tion ( ! memb]s to ! monum5ts       
pres]v$ 9 _! own ,museum1 & at ! same "t
 to %[ h[ ! lab\rs ( ! antiqu>y connect 

!mselves ) ! hi/ory ( mann]s1           
in/itutions1 & op9ions4 ,! subject1 ,i  
believe1 has n be5 specially treat$ ( 9 
?is c\ntry be=e1 & z ! rema9s (         
antiquity are n[ /udi$ ) m enl>g$ views 
?an 9 a =m] age1 x may h an int]e/ = a  
wid] circle ?an t to :i* ! orig9al pap]s
 7 address$4  ,j4 ,k4     ,,cont5ts4    
,,page    ,,importance ,,( ,,sepulcral  
,,monum5ts ,,z ,,mat]ials ,,( ,,hi/ory  
#a    ,,greek ,,sepulcral ,,inscriptions
                                        
#b    ,,roman ,,inscriptions ,,9        
,,brita91 ,,gaul1 ,,spa91 ,,& ,,africa  
#c    ,,roman ,,sepulcres ,,extramural  
#e    ,,! ,,u/r9um                      
#g    ,,addresses ,,to ,,travell]s      
#h    ,,w>n+s ,,to ,,violators          
#i    ,,"r ,,( ,,int]m5t                
#aa    ,,prote/s ,,aga9/ ,,ali5ation    
,,by ,,heirs                            
#ab    ,,app5dages ,,to ,,sepulcres     
#ad    ,,commemorative ,,rites          
#ae    ,,m5tion ,,( ,,causes ,,( ,,dea? 
#ah    ,,compla9ts ,,( ,,! ,,inefficacy 

,,( ,,m$ic9e                            
#ai    ,,old ,,=ms ,,( ,,language       
#bj    ,,approximation ,,( ,,lat9 ,,to  
,,italian                               
#bc    ,,record ,,( ,,trades ,,&        
,,pr(essions                            
#bd    ,,!atrical ,,p]=m]s              
#bf    ,,implem5ts ,,repres5t$ ,,on     
,,tombs                                 
#bh    ,,av]age ,,l5g? ,,( ,,life       
#cj    ,,simplicity ,,( ,,roman         
,,lapid>y ,,/yle                        
#cb    ,,topics ,,( ,,praise            
#ce    ,,p>5tal ,,regrets               
#cf    ,,filial ,,affection             
#ch    ,,conjugal ,,affection           
#dj    ,,law ,,( ,,divorce              
#de    ,,inscriptions ,,on ,,fav\rite   
,,animals                               
#dg    ,,religi\s ,,fai? ,,& ,,s5tim5t  
#dh    ,,topics ,,( ,,consolation       
#ej    ,,moral ,,reflexions             
#ea    ,,belief ,,9 ,,immortality       
#eb    ,,epicurean ,,s5tim5ts           
#ed    ,,d\btful ,,hopes                

#ee    ,,sup]/ition ,,& ,,scepticism    
#ef    ,,! ,,old ,,religions ,,obsolete 
#eg    ,,wor%ip ,,( ,,/range ,,gods     
#eh    ,,contra/ ,,( ,,pagan ,,&        
,,*ri/ian ,,monum5ts                    
#ei    ,,works ,,on ,,inscriptions      
#fj    ,,=g]ies                         
#fa    ,,roman ,,burial ,,clubs         
#fe     ,,roman ,,sepulcral             
,,inscriptions4   ,! memorials ( ! dead 
hold a rem>kable place among ! mat]ials 
( hi/ory4 ,! v exi/5ce ( nations is 9 _m
 cases atte/$ only by _! sepulcral      
monum5ts1 :i* s]ve to trace ! c\rse ( _!
 migrations1 & yield u a scanty k ( _!  
usages1 & ( ! /ate ( civilization among 
!m4 ,:]e ! art ( writ+ has be5 unkn[n1  
?is k mu/1 inde$1 be vague & inf]5tial2 
we may ga!r ! race f ! =m ( ! skull1 !  
rank or occupation f ! cont5ts ( !      
grave2 b we le>n no?+ ( ! individual "* 
or social relations ( its t5ant2 he is  
only "o ( ! c\ntless multitude :o       
illacrimabiles   ,urgu5tur ignotique    
longa   ,nocte4  ,ev5 among nations :o h

 possess$ ! art ( writ+1 & us$ x        
pr(usely = sepulcral purposes1 we may be
 disappo9t$ 9 ! hope ( ga9+ any idea (  
individual "* f inscriptions on ! dead4 
,f ! hi]oglyphics ) :i* ! ,egyptian     
mummies & fun]al tablets are cov]$ we   
seldom le>n m ?an ! /ate & function ( ! 
deceas$4 ,! ,greek inscriptions are m   
communicative1 b _! ,greek3 epigrammata 
epitymbia1 ( :i* s l>ge a numb] are     
pres]v$ 9 ! ,an?ology1 are r poetical   
ex]cises ?an ! expression ( g5u9e1      
p]sonal s5tim5t2 & ^? :i* h come d[n to 
u 9 brass or m>ble are brief & meagre4  
,roman sepulcral monum5ts ( ! republican
 times are r>e2 b ^? ( ! family (       
,scipio1#a ! e>lie/ ) :i* we are        
acqua9t$1 exhibit a "* entirely diff]5t 
f ! ,greek4 ,!y at once display ! g5ius 
( ! p1 & give a picture ( /rong         
individuality4 ,! foll[+ ,saturnian     
v]ses are inscrib$ on ! tomb ( ,publius 
,scipio1 ! son ( ! great ,africanus4    
,quei apicem1 insigne ,dialis ,flam9is1 
gesi/ei   ,mors p]fecit tua ut tibi     

ess5t omnia brevia1   ,honos1 fama      
virtusque1 gloria atque +5ium4   ,quibus
 sei 9 longa licuisset tibi uti] vita   
,facile facteis sup]asses gloriam       
majorum4   ,qu>e lub5s te 9 gremium1    
,scipio1 recipit   ,t]ra1 ,publi1       
prognatum ,publio1 ,corneli4  ,9 !      
imp]ial times sepulcral inscriptions    
became v num]\s1 especially z cremation 
fell into disuse1 & ! s>cophagus took ! 
place ( ! urn1 :i* r>ely exhibits any   
designation ( ! p]son ^: a%es x conta9s4
 ,!y h furni%$ ! philolog]1 !           
ar*aeologi/1 & ! hi/orian1 ) a multitude
 ( mat]ials = _! respective bran*es (   
/udy4 ,! site ( ,eburacum has suppli$ a 
consid]able numb] ( !m1 "s ( :i* h p]i%$
 or be5 remov$1#b :ile o!rs are conta9$ 
9 ! ,museum ( ! ,york%ire ,philosophical
 ,society4 ,) ! exception ( "o1 !y are  
=mal & jejune2 yet ! fact t ! ,society  
possesses s _m may lead its memb]s to   
take an int]e/ 9 an attempt to illu/rate
 ! :ole subject f ! m ample treasures ( 
o!r collections4  ,:at has be5 said ( ! 

g5]al brevity & dryness ( our own       
inscriptions is true ( ^? f\nd 9 ,engl& 
g5]ally4 ,!re are v few 9 ! collections 
( ,horsley & 8 successors1 :i* are      
di/+ui%$ ei!r by _! execution or _!     
/yle4 ,= ! mo/ "p !y are a simple record
 ( ! age & /atus ( ! deceas$1 a l>ge    
proportion be+ ! tombs ( milit>y m54 ,! 
numb] & "* ( sepulcral monum5ts are an  
index ( ! population & weal? ( a di/rict
 or c\ntry2 _! language1 ( ! preval5ce (
 ! ,roman dom9ion4 ,rome1 ( c\rse1 has  
furni%$ ! l>ge/ numb]4 ,! nor? ( ,italy1
 :5 x ceas$ to be ,gallic1 became       
entirely ,roman2 & its *ief cities1     
,v]ona1 ,milan1 ,brescia1 ,padua1 h     
prov$ m productive ( ,lat9 inscriptions 
?an ! s\?1 :]e ! ,greek language 0      
ext5sively us$4 ,! s\!rn p>ts ( ,gaul   
e>ly became a ,roman prov9ce2 & its     
cities are full ( ,roman antiquities1   
among :i* inscriptions be> a conspicu\s 
"p4 ,sev]al classics ( ! ,silv]         
age--,s5eca1 ,m>tial1 ,qu9ctilian1      
,silius ,italicus--7 born 9 ! s\!rn     

cities ( ,spa91 & ! ,spani%             
inscriptions1 ?\gh less important ?an   
might h be5 expect$ f ?is circum/ance1  
be> te/imony to ! wide diffusion ( !    
,lat9 language 9 t c\ntry4 ,nor!rn      
,africa 0 occupi$ by ! ,romans1 ) a     
tempor>y int]ruption dur+ ! conque/ ( ! 
,v&als1 = eight c5turies4 ,?\gh ! c\ntry
 p reta9$ ! old ,punic language1#c !    
,lat9 mu/ h be5 9 g5]al use 9 ! cities1 
= ,african bi%ops & writ]s 7 ! f\nd]s ( 
,lat9 eloqu5ce 9 ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,s9ce
 ! ,fr5* possession ( ,alg]ia ! anci5t  
sites ( ,roman colonies h be5 explor$1 &
 already a copi\s h>ve/ ( ,lat9         
inscriptions has be5 ! result4 ,b       
,brita9 0 remote & poor1 late occupi$ by
 ! ,romans & e>ly ab&on$4 ,ev5 dur+ its 
occupation !y 7 r g>rison$ 9 ! t[ns1 :i*
 !y built & =tifi$1 ?an m+l$ ) ! conqu]$
 p4 ,we ne$ n wond]1 !re=e1 t our       
inscriptions are *iefly milit>y1 or t :5
 ! ,romans )drew !y left few traces ( _!
 occupancy 9 ! language ( ,brita94  ,x 0
 ! all b univ]sal practice 9 ! anci5t _w

 to int] ! bodies or a%es ( ! dead      
beyond ! limits ( ! cities4 ,ev5 9      
,egypt1 :]e ! practice ( embalmm5t might
 h r5d]$ x safe to reta9 !m 9 ! vic9ity 
( ! liv+1 ! cemet]ies ( ! great cities 7
 plac$ on ! opposite side ( ! ,nile4    
,lycurgus1 inde$1 is said to h ord]$    
int]m5ts to be made )9 ! limits (       
,sp>ta1 ) ! view ( produc+ famili>ity ) 
! aspect ( dea?4 ,! ,a!nians1 on !      
contr>y1 devot$ ! mo/ beautiful suburb (
 _! city1 ! ,c]amicus )\t ! walls1 to ! 
int]m5t ( _! dead1 & ! space beyond !   
walls ( ! ,piraeus appe>s to h be5      
occupi$ ) tombs4#d ,if ! ,romans ev]    
buri$ )9 _! h\ses1 x mu/ h be5 at a "t  
:5 _! t]ritory did n ext5d beyond !     
walls ( ! city1 = ! prohibition ( !     
,twelve ,tables is precise2 ,,hom9em    
,,mortuum ,,9 ,,urbe ,,ne ,,sepelito1   
,,neve ,,urito4 ,! pr9cipal roads at    
,rome seem to h be5 l9$ ) sepulcres = a 
consid]able di/ance1 especially !       
,appian1 ! ,reg9a ,vi>um1 z x is t]m$ by
 ,/atius4#e ,atticus 0 buri$ at ! fif?  

mile/one f ! city on ?is road1 ,galli5us
 at ! n9?4#f ,no urn or s>cophagus has  
be5 f\nd )9 ! walls ( ,roman ,york1 b ! 
traces ( int]m5t beg9 imm$iately beyond 
! gates4 ,on ! s\!rn side1 :i* 0 n      
includ$ 9 ! =tifications ( ,eburacum1 ! 
gr\nd ne> ! riv] 0 occupi$ by suburban  
villas1 ^: site is indicat$ by !        
elaborate pavem5ts :i* h be5 dug up2 b  
at ! ,m\nt1 half a mile f ! riv] "o ( ! 
pr9cipal cemet]ies ( ! city began1      
ext5d+ along ! road :i* l$ to ,calc>ia4 
,sepulcral rema9s h also be5 f\nd ne> ! 
o!r outlets f ! city4 ,:ile we ackn[l$ge
 t 9 ?us bani%+ ! rema9s ( ! dead f !   
prec9cts ( ! liv+ ! anci5ts %[$ m wisdom
 ?an mod]n nations1 we _c b wond] t !y  
%\ld h all[$ ! disagreeable process (   
burn+ ! dead to be c>ri$ on s ne> _!    
habitations4 ,! site ( ! u/r9um at ,york
 has n be5 cle>ly asc]ta9$2 if at       
,clifton1 :]e _m urns h be5 f\nd1 x 0 at
 a mod]ate di/ance f ! gate2 b at       
,pompeii x 0 only ab\t a furlong f !    
gate on ! pr9cipal road1 & at ,aldbor\gh

 close to ! wall4#g ,! ,romans _h1 ev5 9
 _! small] municipia1 ,bo>ds (          
,heal?--su*1 at lea/1 ,i take to be !   
mean+ ( ,novemvir & ,triumvir           
,valetud9>ius2#h & x may seem           
extraord9>y t !y did n remove ! u/r9um  
to a great] di/ance4 ,its effect c\ld   
sc>cely be neutraliz$1 ev5 by ! pr(usion
 ( odorif]\s gums & oils :i* 7 employ$  
at fun]als4#i ,augu/us =bade ! burn+ (  
bodies )9 fifte5 /adia ( ! city4 ,! only
 "o ^: site has be5 asc]ta9$ 9 !        
neighb\rhood ( ,rome is ne> ! fif?      
mile/one on ! ,appian ,way4#aj ,! u/r9um
 at ,litl+ton1#aa ! only "o ( its k9d1  
,i believe1 ^: site has be5 asc]ta9$ 9  
,engl&1 0 a rectangul> space enclos$ by 
walls1 & n 9 ! vic9ity ( any l>ge t[n4  
,bo? "h & at ,aldbor\gh ! u/r9um 0 also 
a cemet]y4 ,! cemet]y ( ,roman ,london 0
 9 ,spital-fields4 7,ar*4 #cf1 #bjf47   
,! position ( ! ,roman sepulcres along !
 great ?or\ghf>es expla9s ! frequ5t     
apo/rophe f ! t5ant ( ! tomb to !       
travell]3 ,,si/e ,,viator2 ,,tu ,,qui   

,,via ,,flam9ia ,,transis ,,re/a ,,ac   
,,relege2 ,,viatores ,,salvete ,,et     
,,valete2 =ms :i* h sometimes be5 copi$1
 n v appropriately1 9 *ur*y>ds &        
cemet]ies4 ,! travell] is frequ5tly     
address$ ) "s moral reflexion2 ,,vixi   
,,ut ,,vivis1 ,,mori]is ,,ut ,,sum      
,,mortuus2 occasionally ( r an          
,epicurean "*1 z t ( ,prima ,pompeia2   
,,=tuna ,,spondet ,,multa ,,multis1     
,,prae/at ,,nem9i1 ,,vive ,,9 ,,dies    
,,et ,,horas1 ,,nam ,,proprium ,,e/     
,,nihil#ab4 ,! t5ant ( ! tomb sometimes 
invites ! pass]-by to (f] = him !       
cu/om>y pray]1 ,,sit ,,tibi ,,t]ra      
,,levis 7,s4,t4,t4,l474    ,praev5]e    
diem vitae crudelia fata     ,et raptam 
inf]na me posu]e rate4   ,hoc lecto     
elogio juv5is mis]]e jac5tis1     ,et   
dic disc$5s1 ,sit tibi t]ra levis#ac4   
,! travell] is call$ ^u f ! int]ior ( ! 
tomb to halt & refre% himself1 & give a 
portion to ! deceas$ 9 ! =m ( a fun]al  
libation2 ,,misce1 ,,bibe1 ,,da ,,mihi4 
,be+ plac$ beside public roads1 monum5ts

 7 liable to pollutions ( v>i\s k9ds1   
:i* ! ,manes deprecate1 sometimes       
?reat5+ v5geance on ! (f5d]s4 ,"o ( !   
mo/ frequ5t ( ^! violators 0 ! writ] on 
! wall1 to :om ! side ( a sepulcral     
monum5t (f]$ a tempt+ field = ! ex]cise 
( 8 vocation4 ,,scriptor ,,p>ce ,,hoc   
,,opus is n ! address ( an au?or to 8   
critic1 b ( a husb& to ! wall-scribbl]1 
entreat+ him n to disfigure ! monum5t ( 
8 wife4#ad ,z a frequ5t purpose ( ^!    
plac>ds 0 to recomm5d c&idates = (fice1 
success is promis$1 on condition t !    
monum5t %\ld n be writt5 ^u4 ,,ita      
,,c&idatus ,,fiat ,,honoratus ,,tuus1   
,,et ,,tu ,,felix ,,scriptor1 ,,si ,,hic
 ,,non ,,scrips]is4 ,,inscriptor ,,rogo 
,,te ,,ut ,,transeas ,,hoc ,,monum5tum4 
,,qoius ,,c&idati ,,nom5 ,,inscriptum   
,,fu]it1 ,,repulsam ,,f]at1 ,,neque     
,,honorem ,,ullum ,,g]at4#ae  ,9 an e>ly
 /ate ( society !re w\ld be little dang]
 t ! site on :i* int]m5ts _h tak5 place 
%\ld be conv]t$ to ord9>y purposes4 ,!  
violation ( a sepulcre 0 sev]ely puni%$ 

by ! ,roman law1 & is deprecat$ on      
gr\nds ( humanity 9 "s inscriptions1    
?reat5$ ) div9e v5geance 9 o!rs4 ,fabius
 ,augur9us (f]s ?is wi% = him :o %\ld   
sp>e ! tomb ( 8 wife & *ild2#af ,,sic   
,,nunquam ,,doleas ,,atque ,,tri/e      
,,suspires ,,quantum ,,doloris ,,titulus
 ,,i/e ,,te/atur4 ,ano!r pleads1#ag     
,sacratam cunctis s$em ne la$e viator4  
,hanc tibi nasc5ti fata d$]e domum4     
,ano!r#ah utt]s ! awful imprecation1    
,,quisquis ,,hoc ,,su/ul]it ,,aut       
,,laes]it1 ,,ultimus ,,suorum           
,,moriatur4 ,! act ( d$ication is (t5   
record$ on ! tomb ) ! addition ,sub     
ascia1 & ! figure ( an adze or          
hat*et#ai4 ,b ,roman burial places _h no
 legal sanctity1 l t :i* our *ur*y>ds   
enjoy2 !y 7 tak5 f out ! fields & g>d5s 
:i* bord]$ ! highway1 & ! temptation 0  
great on ! "p ( ! heir to re-annex !    
gr\nd to 8 prop]ty4 ,! inscriptions on  
,roman sepulcres indicate ! c>e :i* ^?  
:o caus$ !m to be erect$ took1 to prev5t
 _! be+ ei!r ali5at$ to o!r purposes1 or

 tak5 possession ( by o!rs ?an ^? = :om 
!y 7 design$4 ,! area :i* ! tomb & its  
appurt5ances %\ld occupy1 is c>efully   
def9$2 ,,hic ,,locus ,,patet ,,9        
,,frontem ,,p$es ,,xx42 ,,9 ,,agrum     
,,p$es ,,xxv42 occasionally we meet )   
mu* l>g] dim5sions4 ,if ! gr\nd _h be5  
grant$ by ano!r = ?is purpose1 ! words (
 ! grant 7 sometimes inscrib$ on !      
monum5t4 ,! "r ( us+ ! sepulcre = plac+ 
s>cophagi1 or urns1 is def9$ commonly by
 ! words1 ,,sibi ,,suisque ,,fecit2     
frequ5tly p]mission is giv5 = ! int]m5t 
( fre$m5 & fre$wom5 ) _! ma/]4          
,sometimes leave is giv5 to introduce   
into ! columb>ium a limit$ numb] (      
ollae1 or fun]al urns1#bj or1 on ! o!r  
h&1 an individual is prohibit$ by "n f  
%>+ or ev5 approa*+ ! sepulcre2         
,,excepto ,,h]mete ,,lib]to ,,quem      
,,volo ,,propt] ,,delicta ,,sua         
,,aditum1 ,,ambitum ,,nec ,,ullum       
,,accessum ,,habeat ,,9 ,,hoc           
,,monum5to4 ,9 ano!r inscription1       
,,secund9a ,,lib]ta1 ,,impia ,,9        

,,patronum ,,suum1 is =bidd5 to be      
int]r$ 9 8 tomb4#ba ,! *urli%           
decl>ation1 ,,9 ,,hoc ,,monum5to        
,,socium ,,habeo ,,nullum is a r>e      
exception1 & 9 g5]al ! sepulcral        
inscriptions give a pleas+ idea ( !     
relation betwe5 ma/]s & _! h\seholds4 ,!
 collection ( ,grut] conta9s _m pages ( 
inscriptions expressive ( ! reciprocal  
feel+s ( ma/]s & patrons1 slaves &      
fre$m52 & an equally copi\s & pleas+    
record ( ! feel+s ( slaves & fre$m5     
t[>ds _! fell[s4  ,! heir 0 ! object (  
especial jeal\sy2 ,,hoc ,,monum5tum     
,,ha]$em ,,non ,,sequitur               
7,h4,m4,h4,n4,s47 is a regul> =mula2 !  
contr>y /ipulation1 t ! monum5t %\ld g  
to ! heir is mo/ uncommon4#bb ,!        
prohibition to ali5ate is express$ ) all
 ! fulness ( legal phraseology2 ,,hoc   
,,monum5tum1 ,,cum ,,a$ificio           
,,sup]posito ,,neque ,,mutabitur1       
,,neque ,,va5iet1 ,,neque ,,donabitur1  
,,neque ,,pignori ,,obligabitur1 ,,neque
 ,,ullo ,,modo ,,abali5abitur1 ,,ne ,,de

 ,,nom9e ,,exeat ,,familiae ,,suae1#bc &
 is sometimes en=c$ by a f9e to !       
municipality1 to ! ,roman p or ! ve/al  
virg9s & ! ,pontifices1 to secure !     
exaction ( :i* "o-f\r? is to g to !     
in=m]4 ,legal *ican]y 0 greatly dread$ z
 ! means ( defeat+ ! purpose ( ! build] 
( ! monum5t3 h5ce we (t5 f9d !          
prote/ation1 ,,huic ,,monum5to ,,dolus  
,,malus ,,abe/o2 sometimes ) ! addition 
,,et ,,jurisconsultus1 a comb9ation :i*1
 9 c\ntries :]e ! civil law is practis$1
 is a /&+ je/ aga9/ ! jurisconsults4#bd 
,to preclude "o s\rce ( cavil we f9d a  
man prote/+ on 8 tomb1 9 an inscription 
by :i* he directs a /atue to be erect$  
to him1 t :5 he made 8 w1 he _h a s\nd &
 dispos+ m9d2 ,,sanus1 ,,sana ,,quoque  
,,m5te ,,integroque ,,consilio1 ,,memor 
,,conditionis ,,humanae1 ,,te/am5tum    
,,feci4#be ,x is record$ on ! pyramid ( 
,c4 ,ce/ius t ! monum5t _h be5 erect$ 9 
#ccj days1 arbitratu ,pontii ,cl4 ,melae
 h]$is et ,po?i lib]ti1 ! heir n hav+   
be5 tru/$ alone ) ! execution4 ,s 9     

,horace 7,sat4 #b1 #e1 #aje71           
----,sepulcrum   ,p]missum arbitrio s9e 
sordibus extrue4  ,9 "o inscription1 x  
is made ! condition ( inh]itance1 t !   
monum5t %\ld be begun 9 ?ree days aft] !
 te/ator's dea?1 & its model is         
prescrib$4 ,a son apologizes to 8 fa!r =
 hav+ erect$ a humble monum5t to him on 
! gr\nd ( ! smallness ( ! inh]itance2   
,si major auctoritas patrimoni mei      
fuisset1 ampliori titulo te prosecutus  
fuissem1 piissime pat]4#bf ,) ?is di/ru/
 ( po/]ity1 x 0 natural t m5 %\ld erect 
_! monum5ts 9 _! own lifetime1 leav+ to 
_! heirs only ! duty ( ins]t+ ! ye>s (  
_! age2 = ! ye> ( ! decease1 :i* !      
,romans m>k$ by ! ,consuls1 is r>ely    
giv54 ,,sibi ,,vivus ,,fecit 7sometimes 
se vivo1 se vivis ev5 me vivus1 se      
vivus7 is (t5 f\nd1 z on ! s>cophagus ( 
,m4 ,diog5es ,v]ecundus1 =m]ly 9 ,york4 
,m9dus ,zosimus ,s5ior tells u pla9ly on
 8 tomb 8 reason = n leav+ ! *oice to 8 
heir2 he 0 afraid ( 8 dis*>g+ ! duty 9 a
 %abby way4    ,vivus mi feci1 ne po/ me

 l5tius h]es     ,cond]et exiguo bu/a   
suprema rogo4#bg  ,a body once plac$ 9 a
 tomb c\ld n be transf]r$ to ano!r )\t !
 p]mission ( ! pontiffs1 nor c\ld ! tomb
 ev5 be repair$1 if ! rep>ation involv$ 
! mov+ ( ! rema9s1 )\t ! sanction ( !   
au?orities4 ,we f9d on ! tomb ( a       
fre$man a copy ( ! petition :i* he _h   
pres5t$ to be all[$ to remove ! bodies (
 8 wife & son1 :i* he _h tempor>ily     
plac$ 9 an obru5d>ium1 or s>cophagus (  
clay1 to a monum5t ( m>ble1 ut qu&o ego 
esse desi]o1 p>it] cum iis pon>4#bh     
,besides ! monum5t itself1 v>i\s        
app5dages to x are m5tion$ 9 ! ,roman   
sepulcral inscriptions4 ,! area 0       
occupi$ by build+s design$ to be us$ 9 !
 annual commemorations ( ! deceas$ = :i*
 8 w provid$4 ,we read ( a diaeta1 or   
summ]-h\se2 a sol>ium1 or op5 balcony2  
an accumbitorium1 or ent]ta9+ room2 an  
app>itorium1 9 :i* ! tables & b5*es us$ 
by ! gue/s 7 kept4 ,! gr\nd annex$ to ! 
monum5t frequ5tly conta9$ a well1 a     
ci/]n or a pisc9a1 :5ce wat] = ! fun]al 

rites might be drawn1 & a grove1 :5ce   
wood might be cut = a sacrifice4 ,if    
situat$ 9 a g>d51 ! monum5t 0 call$     
cepotaphium4 ,a build+ 0 erect$1        
sometimes a p]man5t a$ificium1 sometimes
 a simple nubil>e or %$1 to receive !   
p]son :o gu>d$ ! tomb 7locus            
habitationis tutelae causa71 & ?is (fice
 0 g5]ally entru/$ to a fre$man1 :o 0   
call$ a$ituus#bi4 ,! inscriptions (t5   
record ! sum :i* ! deceas$ has bequea!d 
= an annual celebration at 8 tomb1      
commonly on 8 bir?day4 ,?is 0 v>i\sly   
p]=m$2 sometimes by libations ( w9e &   
milk 7pr(usiones71 or by ! scatt]+ (    
roses on ! tomb 7rosalia71 accompani$ by
 a fea/4 ,l4 ,,ogius ,,patroclus1       
,,hortos ,,cum ,,a$ificio ,,huic        
,,sepulcro ,,juncto ,,vivus ,,donavit1  
,,ut ,,ex ,,r$itu ,,eorum ,,l>gius      
,,rosae ,,et ,,escae ,,patrono ,,suo    
,,et ,,qu&oque ,,sibi ,,pon]5tur4#cj ,we
 f9d a te/ator direct+ t an annual fea/1
 = :i* he leaves #abe d5>ii1 %\ld be    
held by ! pagani1 or rural inhabitants (

 ! di/rict1 on 8 bir?day1 or1 if ?is    
condition 7 neglect$1 t ! build+ & !    
legacy %\ld g to ! ,college (           
,physicians1 & to 8 fre$m51 t !y might  
fea/ on t day4 ,,quod ,,si ,,factum     
,,non ,,erit1 ,,tum ,,hic ,,locus1 ,,ut 
,,supra ,,scriptum ,,e/ ,,cum ,,annuis  
,,cxxv4 7d5>iis7 ,,9 ,,p]petuum ,,ad    
,,collegium ,,m$icorum ,,et ,,ad        
,,lib]tos ,,meos ,,p]t9eat1 ,,ut ,,die  
,,natale ,,meo ,,epul5tur4#ca ,we mu/ n 
atta* ideas ( too great dignity to !    
,college ( ,physicians4 ,e legal        
incorporation among ! ,romans 0 a       
college1 & ! m$ical body includ$        
practition]s ( e grade1 ev5 to ! vet]9>y
 surgeon & ! midwife4#cb  ,ano!r tribute
 ( hon\r = :i* we f9d te/ators mak+     
provision is ! light+ a lamp 9 !        
monum5t1 or fe$+ x ) oil4 ,all :o h     
explor$ ! rema9s ( ,roman antiquities   
are aw>e h[ frequ5tly lamps are f\nd 9  
connection ) sepulcral monum5ts4 ,!     
foll[+ inscription invites pass]s-by to 
p]=m ?is s]vice3#cc--    ,quisquis huic 

tumulo posuit ard5te luc]nam     ,illius
 c9]es aurea t]ra tegat4  ,9 ord] t ^!  
rites might be duly p]=m$1 ! monum5t    
c>efully secures ! "r puteum adeundi1   
hauri5di1 coron&i1 sacrific&i1 ligna    
sum5di1 mortuos mortuasve inf]5di2 z    
well z ( itus1 actus1 aditus1 introitus1
 ambitus4 ,law delight$ !n1 z n[1 9     
exhau/ive enum]ations4 ,to secure !     
p]petual celebration ( ^! fun]al hon\rs 
0 "o object = :i* ! ali5ation ( ! gr\nd 
0 s /rictly =bidd54 ,titus ,a,elius1 a  
fre$man ( ,augu/us1 leaves ! monum5t :i*
 he & 8 wife _h erect$1 to 8 fre$m51    
fre$wom51 & _! desc5dants1 ,,ita ,,ut   
,,ne ,,de ,,nom9e ,,suo ,,aut ,,familia 
,,exeat2 ,,ut ,,possit ,,memoriae ,,suae
 ,,quam ,,diutissime ,,sacrific>i4#cd   
,to ^! annual commemorative (f]+s       
allusion is made 9 a poetical           
inscription by a husb& to 8 wife1 snat*$
 away 9 y\?4#ce    ,lac tibi sit        
,cybeles1 s9t et rosa grata ,diones1    
,et flores grati ,nymphis et lilia s]ta4
   ,s9tque precor1 m]itae qui no/ra p>5t

 tibi dona   ,annua1 et hic manes       
placida tibi nocte quiescant1   ,et sup]
 9 nido ,m>a?onia cantet a$on4  ,x is n 
common to f9d 9 ,roman sepulcral        
inscriptions specific m5tion ( ! cause (
 dea?4 ,a fa!r ?us records 8 son's e>ly 
dea? by ! fall+ 9 ( a well3#cf--        
,p>va sub hoc titulo ,fe/i sunt ossa    
,papiri     ,quae mo]5s fato condidit   
ipse pat]4   ,qui si vixisset dom9i jam 
nom9a f]ret4     ,hunc casus putei      
detulit ad c9]es4#cg  ,! foll[+         
inscription records ! dea? ( a male &   
female slave1 cru%$ by a cr[d 9 !       
,capitol1 :o _h1 p]haps1 come toge!r to 
see ,briti% captives l$ 9 *a9s1 9 a     
triumphal procession3#ch--    ,ummidiae 
,manes tumulus tegit i/e simulque       
,primig5i v]nae1 quos tulit una dies4   
,nam ,capitol9ae compressi exam9e turbae
     ,supremum fati competi]e diem4     
,a,elius ,procul9us1 on ! tomb ( 8 wife1
 be/[s an imprecation on ^? :o _h %ort5$
 h] life by magic incantations4         
,,c>m9ibus ,,defixa ,,jacuit ,,p]       

,,tempora ,,muta1 ,,ut ,,ejus           
,,spiritus1 ,,vi ,,extorqu]etur ,,quam  
,,naturae ,,r$d]etur4 ,,cujus ,,admissi 
,,vel ,,manes ,,vel ,,di ,,coele/es     
,,erunt ,,scel]is ,,v9dices4#ci  ,!     
w\nd$ affections _h _! victims4 ,p4 ,l4 
,mode/us raises a monum5t to ,teles9ia  
,crisp9illa1 ,,conjugi ,,sanctissimae1  
,,quae ,,ob ,,desid]ium ,,fili ,,sui    
,,piissimi ,,viv]e ,,abom9avit ,,et     
,,po/ ,,dies ,,xv ,,fati ,,ejus ,,animo 
,,despondit4#dj ,( a simil> excess (    
mat]nal grief1 caus+ ! dea? ( 8 wife1   
,c]ialius ,cali/io g5tly compla9s2 ,,dum
 ,,nimis ,,pia ,,fuit ,,facta ,,e/      
,,impia4#da ,communis & ,casia inscribe 
a monum5t to ! memory ( a daught] :o di$
 at ! age ( fifte51 & ( a son1 ,,qui    
,,po/ ,,desid]ium ,,sororis ,,suae ,,una
 ,,die ,,sup]vixit4#db ,! foll[+ di/i*  
records ! dea? ( ,antonia ,maura f h]   
att5dance on h] sick husb&3--    ,itala 
me rapuit crudeli fun]e tellus1     ,dum
 foveo nimia s$ulitate virum4  ,!       
compla9t t physicians 7 9 va9 is (      

anci5t date4#dc    ,uss]e ard5tes intus 
mea visc]a morbi1     ,v9c]e quos m$icae
 non potu]e manus4  ,pl9y has n pres]v$ 
! "n ( ! unhappy man ^: monum5t decl>$  
,,turba ,,m$icorum ,,se ,,p]iisse1#dd t 
he _h di$ ( a multitude ( doctors4 ,nor 
d ! surgeons escape reproa* = _! want ( 
skill4 ,,m$ici ,,male ,,membra          
,,sec>unt2 ,,corpori ,,quod ,,sup] ,,e/ 
,,tumulum ,,tibi ,,feci appe>s to be !  
address ( a ma/] to 8 gladiator1 :o1    
?\gh mangl$1 _h ga9$ ! victory1 b lo/ 8 
life f unskilful treatm5t ( 8 w\nds4#de 
99       99       99       99       99  
,inscriptions are curi\s to ! s*ol>1 z a
 record ( ! *anges :i* ! ,lat9 language 
und]w5t 9 successive ages4 ,manuscripts 
imp]fectly answ] ?is purpose1 because   
transcrib]s 7 v apt1 ei!r f habit or a  
desire to r5d] _! lab\rs m saleable1 to 
*ange old =ms = new1 especially 9       
or?ography4 ,sepulcral inscriptions1 be+
 commonly ! "w ( private individuals1   
repres5t m exactly ! language ( common  
life ?an public monum5ts4 ,!y s]ve !    

same purpose to ! philolog]1 z prov9cial
 dialects1 9 :i* ! old language ( a     
c\ntry is (t5 pres]v$1 :5 oblit]at$ 9   
correct & fa%ionable spee*4 ,f !        
inscriptions 9 ! tomb ( ! ,scipios 9 !  
beg9n+ ( ! ?ird c5tury1 ,b4,c41 d[n to !
 e/abli%m5t ( ,*ri/ianity1 aft] :i* a   
cessation ( ,pagan =mulae gradually     
takes place1 we h a succession ( ab\t   
six c5turies4 ,i w m5tion a few         
in/ances1 collect$ f fun]al             
inscriptions1 :i* ei!r ?r[ light on !   
hi/ory ( ! ,lat9 language1 or illu/rate 
t vulg> idiom & pronunciation1 :i* has  
influ5c$ ! =mation ( ! mod]n ,italian4  
,! analogy ( ! ,greek1 & ! =m           
pat]familias1 w\ld lead to ! conclusion 
t ! g5itive ( ! fir/ decl5sion _h be5   
orig9ally =m$ 9 s1 next depriv$ ( its   
f9al lett] & becom+ ai1 & f9ally        
contract$ into ae4#df ,i h n obs]v$ 9 ! 
sepulcral inscriptions any g5itives (   
common n\ns ( ?is decl5sion =m$ 9 s1 b  
we f9d ,fau/9es1 ,bellones1 ,midaes1 z  
g5itives ( prop] names1 :i*1 accord+ to 

grammatical rule1 w\ld be =m$ 9 ae4 ,!  
dative fem99e 9 abus is all[$ by        
gramm>ians 9 cases :]e ambiguity ( sex  
w\ld arise f ! use ( is1 z 9 deabus1    
filiabus1 lib]tabus2 b we f9d x us$ 9   
inscriptions :]e no su* ambiguity exi/s1
 z 9 nymphabus1 fatabus1 & ev5 horabus4 
,:at is m rem>kable is ! ext5sion ( ?is 
=mation ( ! dative to ! second          
decl5sion1 9 su* words z diibus &       
amicibus4 ,"s dep>tures f ord9>y usage  
may1 no d\bt1 be acc\nt$ = by !         
circum/ance t 9 ,italy1 z 9 ,engl&1 !   
,muse ( ! cemet]y 0 an unlett]$ ,muse4  
,hic jacit#dg 9 a ,lat9 inscription no m
 proves t !re 0 no di/9ction betwe5 !   
neut] & ! active v]b1 ?an "h lays 9 an  
,engli% *ur*y>d4 ,nor c we argue f su*  
con/ructions z cum quam b5e vixi1 ab    
a$em1 t cum & ab gov]n$ ! accusative2 or
 f su* a concord z hunc collegium1 t    
n\ns 9 um 7 once mascul9e4 ,b 9 _m      
in/ances :at seem at fir/ only vulg>    
solecisms w be f\nd to h a w>rant 9     
analogy4 ,dua z a neut] = duo#dh is     

call$ a b>b>ism by ,qu9ctilian 7#a1 #e1 
#ae72 yet he ackn[l$ges t e "o said     
duapondo1 & t ,messala ma9ta9$ x to be  
correct4 ,ev5to = ev5tui1 spirito =     
spiritui1 %[ t ! d\ble mode ( decl5sion 
0 n conf9$ to domus4 ,solo = soli has ! 
au?ority ( ,cato1 :o us$ soli = solius1 
& ( ,t]5ce1 :o us$ solae = ! same       
case4#di ,fatus suus on a monum5t might 
seem a blund]1 b malus fatus occurs 9   
,petronius ,arbit] 7p4 #bgj74 ,we f9d 9 
an inscription#ej    ,diva1 precor1     
,tellus alvo complect]e sancta          
,ossua quorum 9 hoc nom9a sunt lapide4  
& ossu>ium1 ! vase :i* receiv$ ! burnt  
bones1 %[s t ossua 0 a legitimate =m4 ,!
 use ( c>]e ) an accusative#ea 7,filios 
duos c>uit3 ,dulcem c>ui lucem1 cum te  
amisi ego conjunx7 has a p>allel 9      
,plautus4 ,! usual con/ruction ( compos 
is ) a g5itive1 b x is n a solecism1 :5 
,l4 ,/atius ,diodorus inscribes a tablet
 to ,god1 ,quod se precibus compotem    
fecisset2 = ,livy 7#c1 #ce7 uses x ) an 
ablative4 ,! use ( susum = sursum       

expla9s ! ,lat9 sus 79 susque deque7 & !
 ,italian su4 ,meses = m5ses1 s5u = s9u1
 laguna = lacuna1 longitia 7lunghezza7 =
 longitudo1 s = sum1 all occurr+ 9      
sepulcral inscriptions1 %[ ! incl9ation 
( ! ,lat9 language t[>ds ! ,italian4  ,!
 ,italian prefixes an i to a ^w :i*     
beg9s ) s & a consonant1 :5 x foll[s "o 
end+ ) a consonant1 z iscambio1         
iscoglio1 ispirito2 & we f9d 9          
inscriptions iscribit1 ispiritus4#eb    
,poor lett] ,h 0 treat$ ) ! same b>b>\s 
caprice ( old z n[1 be+ omitt$ :]e x    
%\ld /&1 & int]polat$ :]e x %\ld n4 ,?us
 we meet ) ora1 ortulus1 omo1 ospitium1 
one/us2 & on ! o!r h&1 ha$iculus1       
helephantus1 horiundus1 hord9i1         
,hosiris1 & po/ hobitum4 ,^? :o omit !  
aspirate1 h[ev]1 are always m num]\s ?an
 ^? :o ins]t x2 9 ,italy !y ultimately  
ga9$ ! asc5dancy1 & x is bani%$ 9       
pronunciation f mod]n ,italian1 :i*     
foll[s 9 ?is respect ! usage ( ! old    
,romans1 :o said a$os & ircos4#ec ,!    
frequ5t sub/itution ( b = v on lat]     

monum5ts1 bibi = vivi1 bixit = vixit1   
lebo = levo1 habe = ave1 0 caus$ by b   
be+ pron\nc$ bo? 9 ,greek & ,lat9 ) a   
slight aspiration1#ed :5ce we f9d ,greek
 writ]s repres5t+ ,v>ro by ,greek3      
,b>rhon1 & ,flavius by ,greek3          
,phlabios4         99       99       99 
99       99  ,! record ( ! trades &     
pr(essions ( ! deceas$1 :i* ! ,roman    
sepulcral inscriptions conta91 (t5 af=d 
a curi\s insight into ! diff]5ces (     
mann]s & cu/oms betwe5 ! anci5t & !     
mod]n _w4 ,!y supply ! defici5cies ( !  
notices 9 books1 or expla9 obscure &    
solit>y passages 9 ! classics4 ,"o      
diff]5ce is obvi\s4 ,!re 0 no false %ame
 9 ackn[l$g+ ! humble /ation :i* !      
deceas$ _h fill$ 9 life4 ,! deal] 9 pigs
 is record$ z a negotiator su>ius2 !    
female gre5groc] z a negotiatrix        
frum5t>ia et legum9>ia1 :o kept a /all  
beside "o ( ! flights ( /eps desc5d+ to 
! ,tib]4#ee ,x w\ld n be m5tion$ n[ on !
 tomb ( a m$ical practition]1 t he _h   
begun by practis+ 8 art 9 _m            

m>ket-places =a multa secutus4#ef       
,p]haps ! mo/ rem>kable in/ance ( !     
diff]5ce betwe5 anci5t & mod]n ideas 9  
?is respect is furni%$ by ! tomb (      
,a,emilia ,ir5e1 ^: husb& calls himself 
/upidus gregis urbani1 ! cl[n ( ! city  
company ( m\ntebanks4#eg ,! pr(ession   
/ill f9ds c&idates1 b _! vocation w\ld  
h>dly be record$ on _! fun]al monum5ts4 
,! diff]5ce ( feel+ 9 anci5t times may1 
p]haps1 be acc\nt$ = f ! circum/ance1 t 
^! m\ntebanks exhibit$ at fe/ivals 9    
hon\r ( ! gods1 & s acquir$ a c]ta9     
respectability4 ,! ,*ri/ian writ]1      
,arnobius1 reproa*es ! ,pagans ) ?is    
practice4 ,mimis dei delectantur        
/upidorum capitibus rasis1 factis et    
dictis turpibus1 fasc9orum +5tium       
rubore4#eh ,l4 ,cornelius ,janu>ius is  
record$ on 8 monum5t to h be5 !         
fanaticus ( ! temples ( ,isis1 ,s]apis1 
& ,bellona1 t is1 "o ( ^? :o 7 hir$ by !
 prie/s to /imulate ! zeal ( vot>ies by 
wild & frantic ge/ures1 suppos$ to      
indicate ! inspiration ( ! div9ity4#ei  

,! ,grex ,romanus inscribe a monum5t to 
! actor ( pantomimes1 ,pylades1 :o fir/ 
br\ght ! ,ion & ,troades ( ,euripides on
 ! ,roman /age1 & = 8 admirable act+ _h 
receiv$ ! complim5t ( decurional        
ornam5ts f ! mo/ consid]able cities (   
,italy4#fj ,! sepulcral inscriptions be>
 te/imony to ! m9ute subdivisions ( !   
arts ( public amusem5t4 ,we owe to "o ( 
!m ! k1 t :5 ,greek mimes 7f>ces7 7     
p]=m$ to ! populace at ,rome1 a viva    
voce explanation 9 ! ,lat9 language     
answ]$ ! purpose ( a translat$          
libretto4#fa ,ursus ,togatus glorifies  
himself 9 8 inscription1 z ! fir/ :o _h 
exhibit$ feats ( graceful dext]ity ) a  
ball ( glass1 = ! amusem5t ( ^? :o      
frequ5t$ ! ba?s ( ,trajan1 ,agrippa1    
,titus1 & ,n]o4#fb ,! anci5t            
sleight-(-h& m5 appe> to h at lea/      
rivall$ ! ,indian juggl]s4 ,"o ( !m has 
ev5 be5 ?\ght wor?y ( commemoration by !
 ,byzant9e hi/orian1 ,nicephorus        
,gregoras4#fc ,he c\ld ?r[ up a         
glass-ball into ! air & cat* x z x fell 

on ! po9t ( 8 f+]-nail1 ! end ( 8 elb[1 
& o!r p>ts ( 8 body4 ,ano!r inscription 
boa/s t ! subject ( x c\ld transfix an  
arr[ 9 its flight ) ano!r arr[4         
,in/ances are record$ ( e>ly pr(ici5cy 9
 !atrical arts4 ,eu*>is1 :o di$ at ! age
 ( f\rte51 decl>es h]self on h] tomb to 
h be5    ,docta1 erodita pa5e ,mus>um   
manu2   ,quae modo nobilium ludos       
decoravi *oro   ,et ,graeca 9 sc5a prima
 populo app>ui4  ,a /ill m rem>kable    
in/ance ( precocity is t ( ,l4 ,val]ius1
 :o 9 8 ?irte5? ye> 0 cr[n$ 9 ! ,capitol
 9 a conte/ ( ,lat9 poetry4#fd ,!       
!atrical inscriptions1 :i* g5]ally      
relate to ,greeks1 are ( a boa/ful "*1  
=eign to ! g5ius ( ! ,romans4 ,! dea? ( 
,vitalis1 an actor & mimic1 mu/ h be5 a 
public calamity1 eclips+ ! gaiety (     
nations1 if we believe 8 epitaph4    ,me
 viso rabidi subito cecid]e furores2    
,ridebat summus me v5i5te dolor4   ,non 
licuit qu5quam mordacibus ur]e curis1   
,nec r]um inc]ta mobilitate trahi4      
,v9cebat cunctos praes5tia no/ra        

timores1     ,et mecum felix quaelibet  
hora fuit4   ,f+ebam vultus1 habitus ac 
v]ba loqu5tum     ,ut plures uno cr$]es 
ore loqui4   ,ipse etiam1 quem no/ra    
oculis gem9abat imago1     ,horruit 9   
vultu se magis esse meo4  i4 e4 ! p]son 
imitat$ 0 />tl$ to f9d ! imitation look 
m l him ?an himself6#fe ,"o in/ance1    
h[ev]1 ( a diff]5t k9d we may quote1 :i*
 = its expressive simplicity might be   
plac$ on ! monum5t ( a ,macready4       
,,+5uum ,,como$um1 ,,propt] ,,s+ul>em   
,,artis ,,prud5tiam ,,et ,,morum        
,,probitatem4 ,! latt] quality appe>s to
 h be5 r>e among !atrical p]=m]s1 & we c
 =give ! fi]ce zeal ( ! ,*ri/ian ,fa!rs 
aga9/ ! /age1 :5 we read on ! tomb ( a  
girl :o 0 tra9+ = pantomime1--    ,cujus
 9 octava lascivia surg]e messe         
,coep]at1 et dulces f+]e nequitias4#ff  
,be=e leav+ :at may be call$ ! ext]nal  
peculi>ities ( ,roman sepulcral         
inscriptions1 we may notice ! cu/om (   
plac+ on ! tomb repres5tations ( !      
implem5ts employ$ by ! deceas$ 9 8      

occupation4 ,! tomb ( a bak]1 discov]$ a
 few ye>s s9ce ne> ! ,porta ,maggiore at
 ,rome1 0 con/ruct$ 9 ! =m ( an ov51 &  
sculptur$ on x 7 ! loaves1 ! knead+     
tr\gh1 & ! mill work$ by an ass4#fg ,f !
 tomb ( ,cossutius1 a c>p5t]1 we le>n ! 
=m ( ! squ>e1 plumb-l9e1 compasses1     
callip]s1 & *isel1 ! la/ be+ exactly 9 !
 =m ( ! celt1 ab\t :i* antiqu>ies h     
le>n$ly writt54 ,! ornatrix1 or         
tirewoman1 ann\nces h] vocation 9 life  
by a mirror1 ) a phial ( p]fume2 !      
tabell>ius1 or po/man1 by a !ca         
graphi>ia1 or p5-&-ink case2 ! m5sor    
a$ificiorum1 by a decemp$a1 or t5-foot  
rule2 ! cultr>ius1 or cutl]1 by knives4 
,! occurr5ce ( ^! emblems on ,*ri/ian   
tombs is said to h giv5 rise to !       
reputation ( unau?oriz$ m>tyrdoms1 !    
cutl] be+ suppos$ to h be5 flay$ alive1 
! wool-c>d] to h be5 torn to pieces )   
iron combs1 ! blacksmi? to h be5 tortur$
 ) ! =ceps1 ! c>p5t] to h be5 sawn 9    
two4#fh ,?is cu/om cont9u$ 9 ! middle   
ages4 ,a tomb/one 9 ! museum ( !        

,york%ire ,philosophical ,society has a 
bell & a melt+-pot engrav$ ^u x1        
indicat+ t x cov]$ ! tomb ( a           
bell-f\nd]1 & simil> emblems h be5 f\nd 
9 ,bakewell ,*ur* & else:]e4#fi ,at !   
pres5t day milit>y & naval monum5ts     
alone display pr(essional emblems4  ,x  
does n appe> possible f ! inscriptions  
on tomb-/ones to d$uce any inf]5ce      
respect+ ! av]age l5g? ( human life 9 ! 
c5turies :i* !y embrace4 ,!y usually    
record ) exactness ! age ( ! deceas$2   
(t5 ) ! m5tion ( ! mon?s1 days1 & h\rs2 
b !y are only fragm5ts ( ! record (     
mortality z x orig9ally exi/$1 & t      
record 0 itself v imp]fect4 ,va/ numb]s 
71 ( c\rse1 burnt or buri$1 to :om no   
monum5t 0 rais$4 ,!re 7 pits )\t !      
,esquil9e ,gate1 9 :i* ! common p 7     
buri$ promiscu\sly4 ,accord+ to !       
/atem5t ( ,ulpian1 :o wrote 9 ! reign ( 
,alex&] ,sev]us1 regi/]s ( population1  
age1 sex1 disease & dea? _h be5 kept )  
exactness by ! c5sors = t5 c5turies1 & f
 obs]vations gr\nd$ on ^!1 accord+ to   

,dr4 ,bissett ,hawk9s's ,m$ical         
,/ati/ics1#gj f :i* ,i quote1 !         
expectation or mean t]m ( human life    
among ! ,romans 0 ?irty ye>s2 :ile t (  
,engl&1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,f9laison1 is   
fifty = ! easy classes ( society1 &     
=ty-five = ! :ole population4 ,i d n put
 mu* fai? 9 bills ( mortality ( ! "t (  
,s]vius ,tullius1 consid]+ ! r>ity ev5 (
 hi/orical docum5ts 9 ! e>ly ages (     
,rome4 ,! monum5ts1 too1 are1 9 a l>ge  
proportion ( cases1 to milit>y m51 :o   
appe> to h be5 cut (f at v e>ly ages4 ,b
 _m reasons may be giv5 :y ! av]age (   
life %\ld be %ort] ?an 9 ,engl&4 ,!re 0 
no provision = ! poor among !m1 unless !
 irregul> pr(usion ( congi>ia c be call$
 s2 !re 7 no public hospitals2 ! city 0 
9 _m p>ts unheal?y2 _! clo?+ n fav\rable
 to cleanl9ess1 ?\gh rem$i$1 9 "s       
measure1 by ! ba?2 & life 0 (t5 %ort5$  
by suicide1 :i* 0 reg>d$ z v5ial if n   
m]itori\s4 ,! av]age yield$ by !        
inscriptions w\ld c]ta9ly be l[2 ,i h   
notic$ "o dea? at #ajb ye>s1#ga #ij (   

:i* 7 pass$ )\t disease1 & "o at #ajj1gb
 "o at #ib1gc b ^! are r>e4 ,val]ius    
,julianus inscribes a monum5t to 8 son1 
:o 0 ?ree ye>s old1 & 8 "m 7mammulae71  
:o 0 #hj4    ,disp>a damna lege ,p>c>um 
et /am9a disp>a2     ,haec rid5da mihi  
e/1 hic lacrym&us erit4   ,haec namque  
em]itos bis quadrag9ta p] annos         
,vixit2 at hic t]tio ,consule natus     
obit4   ,cur modo tam praeceps1 it]um   
tam s]a fui/i     ,fun]is amborum dic   
rea ,p]sephone4   ,vix lucem vidisse    
satis qui viv]e posset2     ,viv]e quae 
nollet vix potuisse mori4#gd  ,we n[    
approa* a m int]e/+ inquiry4 ,:at light 
d ! ,roman sepulcral inscriptions ?r[ ^u
 ! social relations1 ! dome/ic          
affections1 ! religi\s belief ( ! p f   
:om !y orig9ate8 ,! voice ( nature      
speaks m truly f ! tomb ?an any:]e else2
 & if monum5tal phrases at la/ become   
=mul>y & unmean+1 9 _! orig9 at lea/ !y 
c>ry ) !m a deep significance1 & express
 a g5u9e s5tim5t4 ,we feel curi\s to "k 
h[ a p s diff]5t f ourselves 9 mann]s & 

religion express$ !mselves1 9 ref]5ce to
 ! mo/ solemn ev5t ( human exi/5ce4 ,=  
:at qualities did !y praise _! dep>t$   
fri5ds8 ,:e!r true or false1 9 ref]5ce  
to ! individual1 ! monum5tal panegyric  
w1 at all ev5ts1 tea* u :at 0 ! /&>d (  
virtue 9 ! conceptions ( ! times4 ,9 :at
 language did !y express _! affection or
 regret8 ,) :at hopes respect+ ! future 
did !y bid !m f>ewell8  ,! ,roman       
lapid>y /yle 0 well adapt$ to express   
feel+ or describe "* ) en]getic         
concis5ess1 & 9 ?is respect /&s 9 /rik+ 
contra/ ) ! diffuse & ov]load$ epitaphs 
9 :i* ! mod]ns delight4 ,a loquaci\s or 
boa/ful epitaph 9 ,lat9 excites !       
suspicion ( ! critic ( inscriptions1    
unless x is evid5tly ( ! late/ age (    
hea!nism4#ge ,! use ( ! ,lat9 language  
has be5 ( no avail 9 *eck+ ! prolixity (
 mod]n compos]s2 ! ,italians alone h    
caught ! true _s ( classical antiquity1 
& c compress mu* mean+ into a few words4
 ,! language ( g5u9e sorr[ is simple &  
concise4 ,:at c\ld convey to ! he>t !   

feel+ ( a "m's grief & affection m      
=cibly1 ?an ! apo/rophe1 ,,ave ,,luci1  
,,pra]epte ,,matri6 or ,,fili ,,b5e     
,,quiescas6 ,,mat] ,,tua ,,rogat ,,te   
,,ut ,,me ,,ad ,,te ,,recipias4 ,!      
inscription ( ! s>cophagus 9 our        
,museum1 ,d4 ,m4 ,,simpliciae           
,,flor5t9ae1 ,,animae ,,innoc5tissimae1 
,,quae ,,vixit ,,m5ses ,x41 ,,simplicius
 ,,pat] ,,fecit1 w\ld h ga9$ no?+ 9     
pa?os by ! elaborate description ( a    
fa!r's sorr[4 ,nei!r w\ld ! inscription 
plac$ by h] p>5ts on ,cornelia ,anniana1
 :o di$ j :5 h] prattle 0 beg9n+ to     
delight _! e>s4 ,,filiae ,,dulcissimae1 
,,jam ,,g>rulae1 ,,bimulae ,,nondum4#gf 
,! great majority ( records ( ! dead    
cont5t !mselves ) ! m5tion ( ! "n1      
/ation1 & age1 or ) su* a brief & mode/ 
encomium z is express$ 9 ! words ,,hom9i
 ,,optimo ,,et ,,s+ul>is ,,exempli4  ,we
 sometimes1 inde$1 f9d 9 epitaphs a play
 ^u a "n1 h>dly consi/5t ) our notions (
 ! true /yle ( su* compositions4 ,yet a 
g5u9e sorr[ might be /ruck ) ! relation 

betwe5 ! "n & ! "*1 su* z ! second ( ^! 
inscriptions notices1 or f9d relief 9 ! 
playful allusion 9 ! ?ird4 ,on ! tomb ( 
,ap]#gg 0 inscrib$ ?is di/i*3--         
,innocuus ,ap] ecce jaces1 non ,virg9is 
ira     ,nec ,meleag] atrox p]fodit     
visc]a f]ro4  ,& on ! tomb (            
,glyconis1#gh--    ,hoc jacet 9 tumulo  
secura ,glyconis hone/o4     ,dulcis    
nom9e erat1 anima quoque dulcior usque4 
,on t ( ,floridus1 inscrib$1 x %\ld     
seem1 ) a fl[]1#gi--    ,quod vixi1 flos
 e/4 ,s]vat lapis hoc mihi nom54        
,noli ,deos ,manes2 flos satis e/       
titulo4  ,:at our writ]s on h]aldry call
 cant+ & ! ,fr5*1 armes p>lantes1 i4 e4 
figures allusive to family names1 0 n   
unkn[n to ! ,romans2 x is f\nd on _!    
co9s2 z a /e] 7vitulus7 on ! d5>ius (   
,q4 ,voconius ,vitulus2 a murex1 on t ( 
,furius ,purpureo2 a foot1 on t (       
,crassipes1 & a fl[] on t ( ,aquillius  
,florus4#hj  ,9 ^? inscriptions :i* ent]
 into a full] enum]ation ( public       
s]vices1 "o diff]5ce is /rik+ to a p]son

 accu/om$ to mod]n ones1 namely1 !      
abs5ce 9 ! =m] ( all m5tion ( acts (    
social b5evol5ce4 ,x is true t !        
erection ( a f\nta91 ! con/ruction ( a  
road1 ! d$ication ( a temple1 !         
exhibition ( gladiatorial & floral      
games1 ! beque/ ( a legacy = an annual  
fea/1 & simil> acts ( popul> munific5ce1
 are (t5 commemorat$1 z titles ( hon\r2 
b ,i d n rememb] to h met ) a record1   
orig9at+ 9 pagan times1 ( a life devot$ 
to ! alleviation ( mis]y1 to ! relief ( 
indig5ce1 to ! removal ( ignorance &    
vice4 ,su* virtues belong especially to 
! s*ool ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,! foll[+        
inscription w\ld be prov$ by its t5or to
 relate to a ,*ri/ian woman1 ev5 if !   
date did n fix x to ! middle ( ! fif?   
c5tury ( our a]a4 ,,deo ,,fidelis1      
,,dulcis ,,m>ito1 ,,nutrix ,,famillae1  
,,cunctis ,,humilis1 ,,placato ,,puro   
,,corde1 ,,amatrix ,,paup]um4#ha  ,:5   
p>5ts erect a fun]al monum5t to _!      
*ildr51 ! inscription v frequ5tly       
embodies ! s5tim5t ( ,cato ! eld]1 9    

,cic]o de ,s5ectute 7c4 #bc71 ! inv]sion
 ( ! ord] ( nature :i* ! p]=mance ( su* 
a duty by ! p>5t involves4 ,catonem1    
cujus a me corpus crematum e/2 quod     
contra decuit ab illo meum4 ,?us 9 an   
inscription at ,naples by ,calvidius to 
8 son1 :o _h di$ at ! age ( #bj2 ,,quod 
,,filius ,,patri ,,fac]e ,,debuit ,,pat]
 ,,fecit ,,filio2 & 9 ano!r2 ,,quod     
,,filia ,,patri ,,fac]e ,,debu]at ,,mors
 ,,immatura ,,fecit ,,ut ,,fac]et       
,,pat]4 ,! s5tim5t is concisely express$
 9 ! foll[+ di/i*3--    ,quod decuit    
natam patri prae/>e sepulto     ,hoc    
contra natae prae/itit ipse pat]4#hb  ,a
 "m1 bury+ h] son1 :o di$ at ! age (    
#ce1 compla9s1 ,,hunc ,,leges ,,leti    
,,praepo/]ae ,,eripu]e ,,matri1 ,,quae  
,,ut ,,annis ,,morte ,,quoque ,,esset   
,,prior4 ,p>5ts n only call !mselves    
infelicissimi1 = ! loss ( _! *ildr51 b  
impii & crudeles1 because !y survive !m4
  ,*ildr5 f _! premature grave endeav\r 
to mod]ate _! p>5ts' grief1 by lay+ !   
blame ^u ! ,fates4    ,nec tibi nec     

nobis aet]num viv]e cessit3     ,quod   
pu]i occipimus ,fata qu]5da putes4#hc   
,a fa!r ju/ifies himself to 8 daught]1 =
 n hav+ di$ & m+l$ 8 a%es ) h]s1 by 8   
duty to 8 surviv+ *ildr54    ,quae tibi 
cunque mei potu]unt pignora amoris      
,nata1 d>i1 populo sunt lacrumante data4
   ,et volui majora nimis2 s$ cura      
meorum     ,fida tui prohibet me c9]em  
esse rogi4#hd  ,mo!rs regret1 "u ! loss 
( _! *ildr51 t !y _h ev] become mo!rs4  
,c]nis ut orba meis1 hospes monum5ta    
locavi1   ,et tri/is s5ior natos mis]&a 
requiro4   ,exemplis ref]5da mea e/     
des]ta s5ectus1   ,ut /]iles v]e poss9t 
gaud]e m>itae4#he      ,haec quaecunque 
legis1 devoto pectore1 mat]       ,da   
lacrimas1 et me sic pep]isse dole4      
,hic jacet1 ext9ctus crudeli fun]e1     
natus       ,ultima viv5di qui mihi     
causa fuit4#hf  ,! s5tim5t ( ! foll[+   
inscription frequ5tly occurs on         
monum5ts1 & has be5 imitat$ 9 mod]n     
times4 ,,mat] ,,monum5tum ,,fecit       
,,mo]5s ,,filio1 ,,ex ,,quo ,,nihil     

,,unquam ,,doluit1 ,,nisi ,,cum ,,is    
,,non ,,fuit4#hg  ,we le>n f ! sepulcral
 inscriptions t ! ,romans _h ! same     
famili> sub/itutes z ourselves = ! =mal 
appellations ( fa!r & "m1 mamma & tata4 
,! foll[+ inscription is f\nd at ,rome3 
,d4,m4 ,,ze?o ,,cor9?us ,,tata ,,ejus   
,,et ,,nice ,,mamma4 ,,vixit4 ,,ann4 ,i4
 ,d4 ,,vi4#hh ,^! aga9 _h _!            
affectionate dim9utives1 mammula &      
tatula4 ,x is probable1 h[ev]1 t ! use (
 !m 0 conf9$ to fre$m51 & to t class (  
society4 ,9 "o in/ance#hi a man erects a
 monum5t to 8 ag$ bonne1 ,,nonnae       
,,suae4 ,! ^w is n f\nd 9 classical     
,lat9ity2 b x is ! und\bt$ orig9al (    
nun1 & may sugge/ t conv5tual v[s 7     
orig9ally tak5 *iefly by ag$ females4 ,9
 ,italy at ! pres5t day x is ! famili>  
"n = gr&mo!r4  ,! inscriptions ( *ildr5 
on ! tombs ( _! p>5ts1 z might be       
expect$1 are m brief & g5]al1 expressive
 ( gratitude & filial piety3 ,,matri    
,,dulcissimae1 ,,pi5tissimae1 or        
,,piissimae1 ,,c>issimae1 ,,optimae2    

,,patri ,,amabili1 ,,optimo2 or         
conjo9tly ,,p>5tibus ,,optimis1 is !    
usual /yle ( ^! inscriptions4 ,! monum5t
 ( ,meia records t %e 0 ! "m ( sev5 sons
 :o _h jo9$ 9 rais+ a monum5t ( ,p>ian  
m>ble to h] memory4    ,meia fui1 felix 
septem circumdata natis2     ,dum vixi  
ad/abat turba t5ella mihi4   ,ut mihi   
grata vicem natorum turba ref]ret       
,hoc mihi de ,p>io m>more /ruxit        
opus4#ij  ,i mu/ obs]ve "h1 by way (    
caution1 t ! au?ors ( fictiti\s         
inscriptions h be5 n[h]e m active ?an 9 
produc+ s5tim5tal inscriptions4 ,t on   
,julia ,alp9ula 0 receiv$ z g5u9e by    
,johannes ,muell]1 ! hi/orian (         
,switz]l& & pron\nc$ by ,"l ,byron to be
 ! mo/ pa!tic ( human compositions4     
,,julia ,,alp9ula ,,hic ,,jaceo4        
,,infelicis ,,patris ,,infelix ,,proles 
,,deae ,,av5ticae ,,sac]dos4 ,,exor>e   
,,patris ,,necem ,,non ,,potui4 ,,male  
,,mori ,,9 ,,fatis ,,illi ,,erat4 ,,vixi
 ,,ann4 ,,xxiii4 ,! h9t 0 tak5 f        
,tacitus 7,hi/4 #a1 #fh71 :]e ,caec9a is

 said to h put ,julius ,alp9us1 ! *ief  
man ( ,av5ticum1 to dea?4 ,x 0 s5t by   
,paulus ,gulielmus1 a notori\s lit]>y   
impo/or1 to ,lipsius1 b ! orig9al has   
nev] be5 se51 & x is n[ univ]sally      
admitt$ to be a =g]y4 ,n a few ( !      
poetical inscriptions 9 ,burmann's      
,an?ologia are ( ! sixte5? & sev5te5?   
c5turies4 ,x 0 c]ta9ly1 h[ev]1 by no    
fraud ( ! au?or t ! beautiful l9es 9    
,jort9's ,lusus ,poetici beg9n+1--      
,quae te tam t5]a rapu]unt ,poeta       
juv5ta1  h be5 receiv$ into collections 
z anci5t4  ,among ! sepulcral           
inscriptions aris+ out ( ! relations (  
life1 ^? ( husb&s & wives are naturally 
! mo/ common4 ,! celebrat$ spee* (      
,metellus ,numidicus ! ,c5sor1 :5       
exhort+ ! ,romans to m>riage1 does n    
indicate a high appreciation ( ! female 
sex4 ,if1 said he1 ,o ,quirites1 we c\ld
 d )\t wives1 we %\ld all l to be free f
 ! annoyance2 b s9ce nature has s       
arrang$ ?+s t we c nei!r live com=tably 
) !m nor at all )\t !m1 we %\ld put up )

 a tempor>y inconv5i5ce = ! sake ( a    
p]man5t b5efit4 ,gellius1 :o reports !  
spee*1 naturally rem>ks t ?is 0 no v    
p[]ful recomm5dation ( matrimony1 & t he
 %\ld r h said t 9 g5]al m>riage _h no  
tr\bles2 t if !y sometimes seem to      
occur1 !y 7 few & light & easy to be    
borne1 & 7 ?r[n into ! %ade by great]   
pleasures & advantages2 & t ! tr\bles   
:i* did arise did n happ5 to all1 nor by
 ! fault ( nature1 b f ! fault &        
inju/ice ( husb&s4 ,ca/ricius1 on ! o!r 
h&1 v9dicat$ ,metellus1 & ma9ta9$ t z   
,c5sor he 0 b\nd to tell ! :ole tru?1   
kn[n to himself & admitt$ by e "o       
else4#ia ,on su* a subject x is n fair  
to take ! evid5ce ( books1 9 :i*1 9     
anci5t times at lea/1 only "o side is   
he>d2 or ( satiri/s1 :o are1 "o & all1  
c>icaturi/s1 & v g5]ally ill-temp]$ m52 
or ( poets1 ^: own lives 7 flagrantly   
lic5ti\s2 nor to draw conclusions       
respect+ ! "* ( ,roman wom5 g5]ally f a 
few notori\s examples ( vice 9 elevat$  
/ations4 ,i believe t we may obta9 a    

tru] z well z a m fav\rable conception (
 ! conjugal relation 9 ! imp]ial times1 
f ! sepulcral inscriptions4 ,!y proce$ f
 ! middle classes1 :o give its moral "* 
to a community2 !y are v num]\s1 & ,i _c
 b believe ! te/imony :i* !y be> to !   
g5]al happ9ess ( ! m>ri$ /ate4  ,! few  
inscriptions on wom5 :i* h come d[n to u
 f ! times ( ! republic1 %[ :at 7 !     
practical1 uno/5tati\s1 & home-keep+    
qualities :i* 7 priz$ 9 ! ,roman matron1
 yet n )\t ^? gifts ( pleasant spee* &  
graceful c>riage :i* set (f ! m solid   
virtues ( female "*4    ,hospes quod    
deico paullum e/3 a/a ac pellige4       
,heic e/ sepulcrum pulcrum pulcrai      
fem9ae4   ,nom5 p>5tes nom9>unt         
,claudiam4   ,suom m>eitom corde dilexit
 s\o4   ,gnatos duo creavit3 horunc     
alt]um   ,9 t]ra l9quit1 alium sub t]ra 
locat4   ,s]mone lepido1 tum autem      
incessu commodo1   ,domum s]vavit1 lanam
 fecit4 ,dixi4 ,abei4#ib  ,! same       
qualities are pr$om9ant 9 an inscription
 ( lat] date4 ,,hic ,,sita ,,e/         

,,amymone ,,m>ci ,,optima ,,et          
,,pul*]rima1 ,,lanifica1 ,,pia1         
,,pudica1 ,,frugi1 ,,ca/a1 ,,domis$a4#ic
 ,intellectual accompli%m5ts1 h[ev]1 7 n
 ov]look$4 ,,juliae ,,luc4 ,,filiae     
,,tyranniae ,,vixit ,,ann4              
,,xx4,m4,,viii4 ,,quae ,,moribus ,,p>it]
 ,,et ,,discipl9a ,,coet]is ,,fem9is    
,,exemplo ,,fuit1 ,,aut>cius ,,nurui4   
,,laur5tius ,,ucsori4#id ,! m>ri$ life (
 ! ,romans appe>s to h be5 rem>kably    
free f ^? dome/ic diff]5ces :i* ,paley1 
accord+ to a well-kn[n anecdote1        
consid]$ to be a useful corrective ( its
 dulness4 ,,conjux ,,incomp>abilis1     
,,cum ,,qua ,,vixi ,,xxx ,,annos ,,s9e  
,,qu]ela2 ,,s9e ,,jurgio2 ,,s9e         
,,dissidio2 ,,s9e ,,aemulatione2 ,,s9e  
,,ulla ,,animi ,,laesione1 are          
te/imonies con/antly occurr+ on ! "p (  
husb&s to _! wives4 ,! collection (     
,fabretti conta9s sev]al inscriptions1  
decl>+ t ?is h>mony _h cont9u$ dur+ half
 a c5tury ( m>ri$ life4#ie ,! monum5ts  
erect$ by wives to _! husb&s are less   

num]\s1 b !y be> ! same te/imony to     
conjugal h>mony4 ,d4,m4 ,d4 ,,juni      
,,primig5io ,,qui ,,vixit ,,annis ,,xxxv
 ,,junia ,,pallas ,,fecit1 ,,conjugi    
,,k>issimo ,,et ,,pi5tissimo ,,de ,,se  
,,b5em]5ti1 ,,cum ,,quo ,,vixit ,,annis 
,,xv ,,m5ses ,,vi ,,dulcit] ,,s9e       
,,qu]ela4#if ,we f9d a husb& record+ on 
! tomb ( 8 wife 8 v[ nev] to contract a 
second m>riage4 ,,tempius ,,h]m]os      
,,conjugi ,,c>issimae ,,fecit ,,con     
7sic7 ,,qua ,,vixit ,,annos ,,xviii     
,,s9e ,,qu]ela4 ,,cujus ,,desid]io      
,,juratus ,,e/ ,,se ,,po/ ,,eam ,,uxorem
 ,,non ,,habiturum4#ig ,x is n an       
unfrequ5t s5tim5t1 t ! dea? ( ! wife 0 !
 v fir/ cause ( sorr[ t %e _h giv5 to h]
 husb&1 z 9 ! foll[+ example at ,rome4  
,t4 ,,fl4 ,,capito ,,conjugi            
,,ca/issimae ,,piissimae ,,et ,,de ,,se 
,,optime ,,m]itae1 ,,de ,,qua ,,nullum  
,,dolorem ,,nisi ,,ac]bissimae ,,mortis 
,,ejus ,,accep]at4#ih  ,"o inscription  
might seem to indicate a diff]5t feel+1 
a husb& say+ ( 8 wife on h] monum5t1    

,,cujus ,,9 ,,die ,,mortis ,,gratias    
,,maximas ,,egi ,,apud ,,deos ,,et      
,,apud ,,hom9es2 & ! editor1 ,orelli1   
rem>ks ^u x mirum dict]ium6--a /range   
s>casm4 ,x w\ld1 inde$1 be n only       
/range1 b brutal1 9 ! s5se :i* he       
attributes to x1 b x surely admits ! m  
c&id con/ruction t ! husb& _h se5 8 wife
 suff]+ long & 0 grateful = h] release4 
,x may be illu/rat$ by ano!r4 ,,omidia  
,,basilissa ,,vixit ,,annos ,,xxv4      
,,quae ,,po/ ,,longas ,,et ,,v>ias      
,,infirmitates ,,hom9ibus ,,exempta     
,,e/4 ,,mis]a ,,vale4 ,,mac$o           
,,m>itus4#ii ,su* too1 0 ! import ( !   
consolation :i* ,c4 ,publicius addresses
 to 8 p>5ts4    ,temp]a jam g5itor      
lacrimis1 tuque1 ,o optima mat]1        
,des9e jam fl]e3 po5am non s5tio mortis4
   ,po5a fuit vita2 requies mihi morte  
p>ata e/4#ajj  ,dea? sometimes came     
spe$ily to blight ! prospects (         
happ9ess4 ,d4 ,m4 ,l4 ,,arul5us         
,,sosimus ,,fecit ,,clodiae ,,*>idi     
,,suae ,,conjugi ,,dulcissimae1 ,,quae  

,,si ,,ad ,,vitae ,,metam ,,p]v5isset1  
,,non ,,hom9ibus ,,neque ,,dis          
,,invidisset2 ,,set ,,vix ,,secum       
,,vixit ,,dies ,,xv4#aja ,! foll[+      
inscription beautifully expresses ! wi% 
t ! h>mony 9 :i* ,p4 ,manlius ,surus & 8
 wife _h liv$ might be prolong$ 9 ! jo9t
 re/+-place ( _! rema9s2 ,,ut ,,concors 
,,vivorum ,,animus ,,/etit1 ,,ita       
,,concors ,,mortuorum ,,c9is ,,hic      
,,jaceat4#ajb ,x is sometimes record$ on
 ! tombs ( mo!rs by _! husb&s or _!     
*ildr51 t !y _h fulfill$ ! duty :i* !   
philosoph] ,favor9us urg$ on ! ,roman   
matrons1#ajc & ,tansillo & ,roscoe on ! 
wom5 ( ,italy & ,engl&1 t ( be+ nurse z 
well z "m4 ,,gratiae ,,alex&riae1       
,,insignis ,,exempli ,,ac ,,pudicitiae1 
,,quae ,,etiam ,,filios ,,suos          
,,propriis ,,ub]ibus ,,educavit1 ,,pud5s
 ,,m>itus4 ,,lic9iae ,,processae1       
,,matri ,,piae ,,nutrici ,,dulcissimae1 
,,cresc5s ,,fecit4#ajd  ,we f9d traces1 
h[ev]1 ( ! effects ( ! facility (       
divorce4 ,nor!rn sup]/ition has         

repres5t$ a "m z disquiet$ 9 h] grave by
 ! ill-usage ( h] *ildr51 & com+ 9      
nightly visions to t]rify _! /epmo!r    
into bett] treatm5t ( !m2 b a ,roman "m 
liv$ to record on ! tomb ( h] son t he  
_h be5 poison$ by 8 /epmo!r4 ,d4 ,m4 ,l4
 ,,ho/ili ,,t] ,,silvani ,,ann4 ,,xxiv4 
,m4 ,,ii4 ,d4 ,,xv4 ,,mat] ,,filio      
,,piissimo4 ,,mis]a ,,et ,,9 ,,luctu    
,,aet]nali ,,b5eficio 7,,v5eficio7      
,,nov]cae4#aje ,ano!r conjugal tribute  
discloses a s+ul> result ( ! same /ate (
 ! law4 ,t4 ,s5tius ,janu>ius & ,l4     
,t]5tius ,trophimus jo9tly raise a      
memorial to ,ho/ilia ,capriola4#ajf ,%e 
mu/ h be5 m>ri$ to ! "o aft] hav+ be5   
divorc$ f ! o!r2 & z !y agree 9 call+ h]
 ,,conjugi ,,b5e ,,m]5ti1 we mu/ suppose
 ! fir/ m>riage to h be5 dissolv$ )\t   
crim9ality on h] "p4 ,su* an association
 w\ld seem /range1 ev5 9 ^? cont95tal   
c\ntries1 :]e a divorc$ wife may sit at 
table betwe5 h] fir/ & second husb&4  ,i
 w conclude ?is subject ( ! affectus    
conjugum by ! quotation ( a beautiful   

inscription1 said to h be5 f\nd on a    
monum5t at ,rome1 :i* is figur$ 9       
,grut]4#ajg ,x purports to be a dialogue
 betwe5 ,atimetus1 a fre$man ( ,tib]ius 
,caes>1 & 8 deceas$ wife 7collib]tae et 
contub]nali7 ,claudia ,homonoea1 ! husb&
 pr(ess+ 8 desire to die & rejo9 8 wife2
 ! wife express+ h] hope1 t :at _h be5  
tak5 f h] own life might be add$ to 84  
,x has n escap$ suspicion1 ?\gh !       
majority ( critics admit its g5u95ess4  
,if g5u9e1 x proce$s f ! gold5 age (    
,lat9 lit]ature2 if ! "w ( a s*ol> ( !  
sixte5? c5tury1 x w /ill h an int]e/ = !
 read] ( ta/e4    ,tu qui secura proc$is
 m5te p>ump]     ,si/e gradum quaeso1   
v]baque pauca lege4    ,,homonoea4      
,illa ego quae cl>is fu]am praelata     
puellis     ,hoc ,homonoea brevi condita
 sum tumulo4   ,cui =mam ,paphie1       
,*>ites tribu]e decorem2     ,quam      
,pallas cunctis artibus erudiit4        
,nondum bis d5os aetas mea vid]at annos3
     ,injec]e manus invida fata mihi4   
,nec pro me qu]or hoc1 morte e/ mihi    

tri/ior ipsa     ,mo]or ,atimeti        
conjugis ille mei4    ,,atimetus4    ,si
 p5s>e animas s9]5t crudelia fata       
,et posset r$imi morte ali5a salus1     
,quantulacumque meae deb5tur tempora    
vitae     ,p5s>em pro te1 c>a ,homonoea 
lib5s4   ,at nunc1 quod possum1 fugiam  
lucemque deosque     ,ut te matura p]   
,/yga morte sequ>4    ,,homonoea4       
,p>ce tuam conjux1 fletu quass>e        
juv5tam1     ,fataque mo]5do sollicit>e 
mea4   ,nil prosunt lacrimae1 nec       
possunt fata mov]i3     ,viximus3 hic   
omnes exitus unus habet4   ,p>ce3 ita   
non unquam similem exp]i>e dolorem1     
,et faveant votis num9a cuncta tuis4    
,quodque mihi eripuit m immatura juv5tae
     ,id tibi victuro proroget ult]ius4 
,we "k f ! ,lat9 poets t fav\rite       
animals 7 hon\r$ by a monum5t 7,lusc9iae
 tumulum si ,!les9a d$it1 ,m>tial1 #g1  
#hf74 ,! foll[+ inscription on a pet    
greyh\nd is f\nd 9 ! ,an?ologia3--      
,docta p] inc]tas audax discurr]e silvas
     ,collibus hirsutas atque agit>e    

f]as2   ,non gravibus v9clis unquam     
consueta t5]i1     ,v]b]a nec niveo     
corpore saeva pati4   ,molli namque s9u 
dom9i dom9aeque jacebam1     ,et noram 9
 /rato lassa cub>e toro4   ,et plus quam
 licuit muto canis ore loqueb>2         
,nulli latratus p]timu]e meos4#ajh  ,d4 
,m4 is ev5 prefix$ to ! epitaph on a    
,b>b>y m>e 7equa ,gaetulica71 nam$      
,speudusa 7,greek3 speud\sa71 :o is     
decl>$ to be fleet z ! w9d1 flabris     
comp>4 ,aft] ! example ( ! ,greeks1 !   
,romans gave significant names to _!    
race & *>iot horses1 sev]al ( :i* are   
pres]v$ on ! monum5t ( ,diodes1 ! driv] 
( ! ,r$ ,faction4#aji         99        
99       99       99       99  ,!re /ill
 rema9s ! mo/ int]e/+ ( all ! subjects (
 inquiry :i* ! ,roman sepulcral         
inscriptions sugge/1 :at 0 ! /ate (     
religi\s feel+ & belief among ! p ) :om 
!y orig9at$8 ,! natural affections1     
spr++ f s\rces :i* exi/ 9 e human brea/1
 w express !mselves ) a c]ta9 simil>ity 
9 all ages & c\ntries4 ,b !re is a wide 

diff]5ce 9 ! religi\s fai? & s5tim5t )  
:i* ! b]eavem5ts ( life are met1 & :i*  
f9d _! record on ! fun]al monum5t4 ,"o  
rem>kable contra/ /rikes u on comp>+    
anci5t ) mod]n1 ,hea!n ) ,*ri/ian       
inscriptions--! entire abs5ce 9 ! =m] ( 
any?+ l resignation to ! w ( a sup]ior  
,p[]1 or any ackn[l$gm5t ( a b5evol5t   
purpose 9 a pa9ful disp5sation4 ,if !   
gods are allud$ to x is 9 ! way (       
compla9t4 ,,manus ,,lebo 7levo7 ,,contra
 ,,deum ,,qui ,,me ,,innoc5tem          
,,su/ulit1#aaj is a bold defiance (     
,provid5ce4 ,cornelius ,victor1 :o di$  
at ! age ( ?irty-"o1 compla9s t 8       
virtues _h n secur$ him a long] life4   
,,vixi ,,semp] ,,b5e ,,ut ,,volui4      
,,nem9em ,,laesi4 ,,cur ,,mortuus ,,sim 
,,nescio2#aaa :ile ,m>silia ,/abilis    
regrets t h] em95t piety c\ld n pur*ase 
exemption f ! common de/9y4    ,si      
pietate aliquam r$imi fatale fuisset1   
,m>silia ,/abilis prima r$emta =em4#aab 
,if su* a feel+ ( impati5ce & compla9t  
c\ld be all[$1 we might sympa?ize ) ,t4 

,claudius ,h]mes1 :o inscribes a        
monum5t1 ,,m]ulae ,,uxori ,,b5e ,,de    
,,se ,,m]5ti ,,et ,,campilio ,,albuno   
,,infanti ,,dulcissimo ,,quos ,,dii     
,,irati ,,uno ,,die ,,aet]no ,,somno    
,,d$]unt4#aac ,ant9\s & ,pan!a1 :o plac$
 on ! tomb ( _! infant daught] ,isiatis 
! s5tim5t1 ,,quam ,,di ,,amav]unt ,,hac 
,,moritur ,,infas1 appe> f _! names to h
 be5 ,greeks1 & to h copi$ ! ,greek poet
 ,m5&]4#aad  ,nor does ! deceas$ speak f
 ! tomb ) any words ( consolation to ^? 
:o are left beh9d1 except t cold com=t1 
! solam5 mis]is socios habuisse doloris4
 ,c4 ,gavius ,primig5ius1 :o di$ at !   
age ( sev51 ?us addresses 8 "m3--       
,des9e jam mat] lacrimis r5ov>e qu]elas 
,namque dolor talis non tibi contigit   
uni4#aae  ,! possibility t long] life   
might h be5 vici\s or unhappy is urg$ z 
a motive to ab/a9 f grief1 z 9 !        
inscription on ,lucia ,toreuma1 :o di$  
at ! age ( n9ete53--    ,exiguo1 vitae  
spacio felicit] acto     ,effugi crim5  
longa s5ecta tuum4#aaf  ,!re w\ld be no 

difficulty 9 decid+ betwe5 ! two foll[+ 
inscriptions1 9 ea* ( :i* a deceas$ "m  
addresses h] surviv+ husb& & *ildr51 :i*
 ( !m proce$$ f a ,hea!n & :i* f a      
,*ri/ian s\rce3--    ,c>e m>ite mihi1   
dulcissima nata valete1     ,et memores 
no/ris semp] date ju/a sepulcris4#aag   
,p>cite vos lacrimis dulces cum conjuge 
natae     ,viv5temque ,deo cr$its fl]e  
nefas4#aah  ,nor are inscriptions want+ 
:i* decl>e ! vanity ( human wi%es1 & !  
fallaci\sness ( human hopes2--          
,decipimur votis et tempore fallimur1 et
 mors     ,d]idet curas2 anxia vita     
nihil1  is a di/i* :i* frequ5tly        
occurs4#aai ,,vive ,,laetus ,,quique    
7quicunque7 ,,vivis4 ,,vita ,,p>vum     
,,munus ,,e/ ,,mox ,,exorta ,,e/ ,,s5sim
 ,,vigescit ,,de9de ,,s5sim ,,deficit1  
expresses a simil> s5tim5t4 ,! s5tim5t  
on ! tomb ( ,vettius ,h]mes1 ,,mat]     
,,g5uit ,,me1 ,,mat] ,,recepit1 is n v  
diff]5t f t ( ,scripture1 ,du/ ?\ art1 &
 to du/ ?\ %alt return4 ,! inscription1 
,c4 ,,pompeius ,,euphrosynus ,,et       

,,junia ,,gemella ,,uxor ,,ejus ,,ex    
,,omnibus ,,bonis ,,suis ,,hoc ,,sibi   
,,sumps]unt1 t ! grave 9 :i* !y lay 0   
all !y _h reta9$ ( _! possessions1      
rem9ds u ( ! passage1 ,we br\ght no?+   
into ?is _w1 & x is c]ta9 t we c take   
no?+ out4  ,^! & simil> s5tim5ts express
 tru?s =c$ ev]y:]e on man's notice1 &   
:i* may be look$ = 9 _m c\ntries1 & "u  
_m religions4 ,! inquiry1 to :i* we     
might especially expect t ! sepulcral   
inscriptions w\ld furni% a full reply1  
is1 :at 0 ! belief ( ! ,romans1 9 ! ages
 to :i* ^! memorials belong1 respect+ ! 
condition ( man aft] dea?4 ,! almo/     
univ]sal comm5cem5t ( epitaphs ) ,diis  
,manibus1 or ! abbreviation ,d4 ,m41    
might seem to indicate an univ]sal      
belief 9 ! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( ! spiritual
 "p ( 8 nature4 ,= ! div9e ,manes 7 !   
disembodi$ spirits ( m51 wait+1 accord+ 
to ^? :o believ$ 9 ! transmigration (   
s\ls1 = reunion ) ano!r body2 or1       
accord+ to a m popul> conception1 l+]+  
ar\nd ! tomb1 acutely s5sitive to any   

violation or neglect1 & gratifi$ by !   
tok5s ( remembrance & affection2 or 9 a 
/ill diff]5t view1 ! presid+ deities ( !
 _w ( spirits ex]cis+ a control ov] its 
inhabitants4 ,su* mu/ h be5 ! conception
 ( ,furia ,spes1 :5 9 ! inscription ^u  
h] husb&'s tomb %e addresses a pray] to 
! ,manes1 t %e might be p]mitt$ to see  
him 9 h] nightly dreams4 ,,peto ,,vos   
,,manes ,,sanctissimae1 ,,comm5datum    
,,habeatis ,,meum ,,conjugem ,,et       
,,velitis ,,huic ,,indulg5tissimi       
,,esse1 ,,horis ,,nocturnis ,,ut ,,eum  
,,videam4 ,,et ,,etiam ,,me ,,fato ,,suo
 ,,add]e ,,velit1 ,,ut ,,et ,,ego       
,,dulcius ,,et ,,cel]ius ,,apud ,,eum   
,,p]v5ire ,,possim4#abj ,h[ f> ! =mul>y 
m5tion ( ! ,dii ,manes on sepulcres may 
be tak5 z a pro( ( ! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( !
 belief 9 :i* x und\bt$ly orig9at$ is a 
"q v difficult to decide4 ,pl9y1 :ile he
 ridicules ! sup]/ition1 ackn[l$ges !   
exi/5ce ( ! belief4#aba ,juv5al1 on !   
contr>y1 decl>es t ! belief 9 ! ,manes  
did n ext5d beyond ! nurs]y3--    ,esse 

aliquid ,manes et subt]ranea regna----  
,nec pu]i cr$unt nisi qui nondum a]e    
lavantur4                               
,sat4 #b1 #adi4  ,i %\ld receive )      
caution ! te/imony ( a poetical c5sor ( 
8 age1 :o naturally fixes 8 eye on ^?   
circum/ances only :i* ju/ify 8 fi]ce    
indignation4 ,nor d ,i draw any inf]5ce 
unfav\rable to ! belief 9 a future      
exi/5ce f su* expressions z domus       
aet]na1 quies aet]na1 & o!rs ( ! same   
k9d4 ,!y are f\nd on ,*ri/ian sepulcres1
 & may h a ref]5ce to ! body1 :i* x 0   
hop$ might nev] be di/urb$ 9 its        
peaceful re/+-place4 ,x is natural also 
to reg>d ! grave z a place ( repose f ! 
toils1 ! pa9s1 & ! tr\bles ( life1 )\t  
believ+ x to be ! be-all & ! end-all (  
man's hi/ory4 ,ev5 ! inscription1 ,d4   
,m4 ,,et ,,somno ,,aet]nali4            
,,securitati ,,memoriaeque ,,p]petuae   
,,aeliae ,,flaviae ,,melitanae1#abb may 
n involve t disbelief :i* ! words et]nal
 sleep seem to u to imply4 ,f ! li/ (   
d\bt]s1 at all ev5ts1 mu/ be exclud$ ,t4

 ,claudius ,panoptes1 :o erects a       
monum5t to 8 two daught]s1 9 ob$i5ce to 
a vision 7ex viso71 & plac$ ?is *all5ge 
to sceptics on _! tomb4 ,,tu ,,qui      
,,leges ,,et ,,dubitas ,,manes ,,esse1  
,,sponsione ,,facta ,,invoca ,,nos ,,et 
,,intelliges4#abc ,on ! o!r h&1 x is n  
to be d5i$ t _m inscriptions brea! a v  
,epicurean _s4 ,,amici ,,dum ,,vivimus  
,,vivamus1 0 an exhortation r to !      
enjoym5t ?an ! improvem5t ( life4 ,!    
inscription on ! tomb ( ,publius        
,clodius1 ,,quod ,,com$i ,,et ,,ebibi   
,,tantum ,,meum ,,e/1 seems copi$ f t ( 
,s>danapalus4#abd ,su* s5tim5ts1 op5ly  
pr(ess$1 revolt our moral ta/e4 ,! mo/  
det]m9$ mod]n vot>y ( luxury & pleasure 
w\ld n imitate ,claudius ,secundus1 9   
decl>+1 ,,hic ,,secum ,,habet ,,omnia4  
,,balnea ,,v9a ,,v5us ,,corrumpunt      
,,corpora ,,no/ra4 ,,s$ ,,vitam         
,,faciunt ,,balnea ,,v9a ,,v5us4#abe    
,public op9ion1 &1 inde$1 public        
au?ority1 n[ impose re/ra9ts on !       
pr(ession ( irreligi\s or immoral       

s5tim5ts1 :i* 7 unkn[n to ! m free-spok5
 ,romans4 ,9 tru?1 at ! "t to :i* our   
inscriptions belong1 ?\gh !re 0 a       
national cultus1 !re _c be said to h be5
 a national religion4  ,ev5 :5 _!       
epitaphs imply a hope ( a future        
exi/5ce1 x is ( t d\btful & hypo!tical  
k9d1 ) ! expression ( :i* ,tacitus      
closes 8 life ( ,agricola4 ,si quis     
piorum ,manibus locus2 si1 ut sapi5tibus
 placet1 non cum corpore ext+uuntur     
magnae animae1 placide quiescas4        
,suscipe nunc conjunx1 si quis po/ fun]a
 s5sus1     ,debita sacratis ,manibus   
(ficia4#abf  ,! expression ( a m        
confid5t hope1 z 9 ! two foll[+         
inscriptions1 does n exclude ! suspicion
 t !re x may be r poetical imag]y ?an   
religi\s fai?4 ,atilia ,m>cella ?us     
speaks 9 ! "n ( h] deceas$ husb&        
,fabatus3--    ,t]r5um corpus1 coele/is 
spiritus 9 me2   ,quo repet5te s$em suam
 nunc vivimus illic1   ,et fruitur      
sup]is aet]na 9 luce ,fabatus4#abg  ,!  
"m ( ,!odote ?us consoles h]self = !    

loss ( h] daught]1 :o 0 h>dly five ye>s 
old4    ,virg9is hic t5]ae1 lector      
mis]]e sepultae2     ,unius huic lu/ri  
vix fuit acta dies4   ,o quam long9quae 
fu]at dignissima vitae     ,heu6 cujus  
vivit nunc s9e f9e dolor--   ,sola tam5 
tanti re/ant solatia luctus     ,quod   
tales animae prot9us a/ra petunt4#abh   
,^u ! :ole ! evid5ce1 negative ev5 m ?an
 positive1 ( ! ,roman sepulcral         
inscriptions1 abundantly confirms !     
te/imony ( hea!n z well z ,*ri/ian      
writ]s1 to ! abs5ce ( any def9ite &     
practical belief 9 a future /ate1 9 !   
?ree or f\r fir/ c5turies aft] !        
,*ri/ian a]a4 ,yet few w\ld be able     
tranquilly to acquiesce 9 ! doctr9e (   
annihilation4 ,!y s\ght 9 o!r s\rces = t
 assurance :i* nei!r religion nor       
philosophy c\ld af=d !m4 ,nev] 0 !      
practice ( magic1 incantations1         
necromancy1 & my/]ies m preval5t ?an    
dur+ ! p]iod 9 :i* ,*ri/ianity 0 sl[ly  
supplant+ ! anci5t sup]/itions4 ,x 0    
evid5t t ! fulness ( ! times 0 come1 & t

 if ! _w 7 n to be divid$ betwe5 !      
victims ( religi\s impo/ure & !         
disciples ( ,epicurus1 light f on high  
mu/ visit ! e>?4  ,o!r inscriptions1 n  
prop]ly sepulcral1 af=d ! same pro( ( ! 
loss ( all vital p[] 9 ! old religion4  
,among all ! religi\s monum5ts :i* !    
,museum ( ! ,york%ire ,philosophical    
,society conta9s1 !re is n "o to        
,jupit]1 ,juno1 ,m9]va1 or any ( ! great
 gods ( ! popul> cre$4 ,!re is "o to    
,h]cules--a h]o1 n a god2 "o to         
,=tune--a deifi$ p]sonification2 "o to !
 ,g5ius ( ! place--an elegant creation (
 poetry2 "o to ! fictiti\s deity ( !    
,emp]or4 ,! gods ( ! b>b>ians h evid5tly
 de?ron$ ^? ( ,greece & ,rome4 ,! legate
 ( a ,roman ,legion records t he has    
rebuilt f ! f\ndation a temple ( !      
,egyptian ,s]apis4 ,a ,roman comm&] mu/ 
h con/ruct$ ! cave 9 :i* ! my/ic rites (
 ! ,asiatic ,mi?ras 7 p]=m$4 ,we h an   
alt> to ! tutel>y goddess ( ,brigantia2 
to ,vit]9eus1 a local deity ( !         
neighb\rhood ( ,hadrian's ,wall2 &1     

la/ly1 to ! god ,arciacon1 :olly unkn[n 
b f ?is unique inscription4 ,x is evid5t
 t ! popul> religion 0 altoge!r a cre$  
outworn4 ,art _h famili>iz$ m5 ) ! human
 repres5tations ( _! deities2 & ev5 by !
 p]fection ( its visible & mat]ial works
 _h de/roy$ ! belief 9 _! spiritual     
exi/5ce & invisible p[]4 ,philosophy _h 
expos$ ! folly ( an an?ropomorphic      
poly!ism2 poetry & ! /age _h made ! gods
 contemptible4 ,no?+ 0 left :i* c\ld    
awak5 rev]5ce or love3 in/ead ( aid+1 ! 
popul> religion *eck$ ! impulse ( ! m9d 
to connect ! ideas ( inf9itude & deity4 
,b 9 ! gods ( ! b>b>\s nations1 :o _h   
rema9$ )\t art1 & )\t a my?ology conv]t+
 gods into m51 !re 0 some?+ obscure1    
my/]i\s1 & indef9ite2 some?+ on :i*     
imag9ation c\ld fa/51 & :i* x c\ld      
readily inve/ ) sup]natural attributes4 
,he :o look$ on ! ,apollo ( ! ,belv$]e )
 no o!r feel+ ?an t he beheld ! triumph 
( ! sculptor's art 9 action &           
expression1 0 ov]come ) a religi\s awe  
:5 he gaz$ on ! unmean+ faces &         

half-be/ial =ms ( ,egyptian deities4 ,! 
g5ius ( ,rome 0 tol]ant ( all religions 
b ! true2 a he>ty belief 9 ! gods ( 8   
own ,pan!on w\ld n h prev5t$ a ,roman   
soldi] f do+ homage to ^? ( ! c\ntry 9  
:i* he 0 qu>t]$1 & seek+ ?us to ga9 _!  
fav\r or av]t _! displeasure4 ,b ?is w n
 acc\nt = ! ext5sive diffusion ( !      
wor%ip ( ,phrygia & ,?race1 ,p]sia &    
,egypt1 ?r\gh\t ! ,roman empire4 ,x 0   
c]ta9ly an indication ( a re/less long+ 
= some?+ t c\ld supply n\ri%m5t to !    
crav+ = religi\s fai? :i* exi/s 9 ! he>t
 ( man1 & fe$s itself on sup]/ition :5 x
 c f9d no pur] alim5t4  ,among ! sights 
( mod]n ,rome !re is none m int]e/+ ?an 
t long gall]y ( ! ,vatican call$ ,delle 
,lapidi4 ,on ! "r-h& wall are encas$ !  
sepulcral & o!r monum5ts ( emp]ors1     
consuls & comm&]s ( legions1 ) _! num]\s
 & pomp\s titles2 inscriptions to ! gods
 & _! prie/s4 ,! elaborate & ta/eful    
ornam5ts1 ! f9ely-cut lett]s1 !         
classical ,lat9ity--all indicate ! rank 
& /ation ( ^? by :om or 9 ^: hon\r !y 7 

rais$4 ,on ! left are ! ,*ri/ian        
monum5ts1 *iefly suppli$ by !           
,catacombs1 :i*1 dur+ ! ages ( !        
obscurity & p]secution ( ! ,*ur*1 s]v$ !
 ,*ri/ians = sanctu>y & cemet]y1 & ev5 =
 a tempor>y dwell+-place4 ,! slabs f _! 
tombs are ( co>se mat]ial--n ,p>ian1 or 
,c>r>a m>ble1 or ,egyptian porphyry2 !  
lett]s are rudely made1 ! spell+ & !    
syntax betray ! humble rank & imp]fect  
lit]>y atta9m5ts ( ^? :o suppli$ !m4 ,no
 m5tion is made ( ample space allott$ to
 ! tomb1 no anxi\s c>e is express$ to   
p]petuate ! inh]itance or provide = a   
long succession ( occupants4 ,! ,*ri/ian
 p]haps fell asleep 9 ! expectation t ! 
second com+ ( 8 ,"l1 to call ! t5ants ( 
! tomb to judgm5t1 w\ld n be delay$     
beyond a few ye>s4 ,! ,roman ( family _h
 ?ree names2 ! ,*ri/ian _h no g5s ) :i* 
to claim aff9ity2 he 0 a prolet>ian1 a  
m]e unit amid/ ! millions4 ,"o simple "n
 s]v$ to id5tify him2 8 sepulcre might  
ev5 be nameless--a circum/ance ( mo/ r>e
 occurr5ce 9 reg>d to ,pagan tombs4#abi 

,h[ /rik+ly does ! contra/ confirm !    
decl>ation ( ! ,apo/le1 t n _m wise m5  
aft] ! fle%1 n _m mighty1 n _m noble 7  
call$4#acj ,b to ?is contra/ !re is     
ano!r side4 ,! hea!n monum5ts repres5t a
 decay$ & dy+ sup]/ition2 ! ,*ri/ian1 a 
liv+ & triumphant fai?--! weak ?+s ( !  
_w *os5 to conf\nd ! /rong4 ,_!         
inscriptions speak ( resignation1 peace1
 & confid5ce2 _! emblems1 ! ,good       
,%eph]d1 ! ,dove1 ! ,an*or1 ! ,ark (    
,noah1 all brea! ! same peaceful1       
humble1 & yet hopeful _s4         99    
99       99       99       99  ,!       
lit]ature ( :at ! ,g]mans call          
,epigraphik1 t bran* ( ar*aeology :i*   
treats ( inscriptions1 is uncommonly    
ri*--s ri*1 inde$1 z to be emb>rass+4 ,!
 s*ol>s ( ,italy1 ) ,muratori & ,maffei 
at _! head1 h be5 pre-em95t 9 _! lab\rs1
 :i* alone w\ld =m a libr>y4 ,!         
inscriptions ( ,gaul & ,helvetia1 & ( ! 
,roman settlem5ts on ! ,rh9e & ,danube1 
h be5 illu/rat$ 9 special works4 ,^? (  
our c\ntry may be f\nd 9 ,horsley's     

,britannia ,illu/rata1 9 ! lat] "w (    
,lysons1 9 ,dr4 ,bruce's ,roman ,wall1 &
 ,/u>t's ,cal$onia ,illu/rata4 ,! great 
repository1 9 :i* all t 0 kn[n at !     
comm5cem5t ( ! eighte5? c5tury has be5  
collect$1 is ! ,inscriptiones ,antiquae 
totius orbis ,romani1 f\r volumes1      
folio1 begun by ,joseph ,scalig]1 &     
enl>g$ by ! successive lab\rs ( ,grut] &
 ,graevius4 ,^!1 ) ! folios ( ,fabretti 
& ,re9esius1 are indisp5sable 9 ! libr>y
 ( an ar*aeologi/1 :o devotes himself to
 ! /udy ( inscriptions4 ,! g5]al s*ol> w
 f9d an admirable selection 9 ! "w (    
,orelli1 to :i* a supplem5tal volume has
 be5 lately add$ by ,h5z54#aca ,!       
monum5ts are c>efully classifi$2 !y are 
illu/rat$1 )\t be+ ov]:elm$ ) notes1 & m
 c>e is tak5 ?an 9 any previ\s          
collection1 to sep>ate ! spuri\s f !    
g5u9e inscriptions4 ,n[h]e has mis*iev\s
 +5uity be5 m actively at "w ?an 9 !    
=g]y ( ,lat9 inscriptions1 especially 9 
! sixte5? c5tury1 :5 ! revival (        
classical /udies gave value to e relic (

 antiquity1 & ! infancy ( ar*aeological 
sci5ce r5d]$ impo/ure easy4 ,among ^? :o
 h des]v$ ! reprobation ( s*ol>s by _!  
=g]ies1 ,pyrrhus ,ligorius /&s          
pre-em95t4 ,ligorio 0 a ,neapolitan by  
bir?1 a skilful arti/ & ar*itect1 :o1 ) 
consid]able ta/e = antiquities1 b little
 k1 employ$ himself 9 mak+ collections (
 draw+s ( anci5t build+s1 & copies (    
inscriptions & m$als1 :i*1 :5 b\nd 9    
volumes1 he sold at high prices to !    
munific5t patrons ( le>n+ :o !n ab\nd$ 9
 ,italy4 ,?irty-five ( ^! volumes1 9    
imp]ial folio1 are 9 ! ,royal ,libr>y ( 
,tur91 & o!rs are1 or 71 9 ! ,libr>y ( !
 ,vatican1 & ( ! pr9cely families (     
,rome4 ,! temptation ( ga9 0 too /rong =
 8 hone/y1 & f9d+ inv5tion easi] ?an    
rese>* & discov]y1 he began to =ge      
inscriptions 9 ord] to make up 8        
volumes4 ,he is said to h be5 ignorant (
 ! ,lat9 language1 b ei!r ?is mu/ be a  
mi/ake1 or he 0 aid$ by "s "o ( sup]ior 
atta9m5ts to 8 own3 = _m ( 8 =g]ies     
prove ! skill ) :i* !y 7 made1 by !     

curr5cy :i* !y h obta9$4 ,he has        
frequ5tly comb9$ fragm5ts ( diff]5t     
inscriptions2 or tak5 names f ! ,consul>
 ,fa/i1 & ins]t$ !m s z to give 8       
pat*work an air ( g5u95ess4 ,!re c be no
 d\bt t he really copi$ _m inscriptions2
 b 8 bad fai? has ca/ a %ade ov] ev]y?+ 
:i* re/s on 8 sole au?ority4 ,he is by  
no means ! only "o :o has br\ght on     
himself ! malison ( antiqu>ies &        
hi/orians1 by ?us corrupt+ ! s\rces (   
hi/orical evid5ce4 ,! greate/ caution is
 necess>y 9 cit+ an inscription1 ( :i* !
 alleg$ orig9al no long] exi/s1 if x be 
n v\*$ by unexceptionable au?ority4 ,on 
! o!r h&1 "s reputations :i* _h be5     
t>ni%$ by ! suspicion ( ! =g]y ( anci5t 
inscriptions1 h be5 v9dicat$ by ,"t4 ,! 
"n ( ,cyriac ( ,ancona 0 once a bye-^w  
among s*ol>s = a %ameless impo/or1 :o _h
 pass$ 8 own inv5tions on ! _w z g5u9e  
rema9s ( antiquity4 ,yet he is n[       
admitt$ to h act$ ) good fai?1#acb      
al?\gh ?r\gh ha/e & ignorance he may h  
copi$ inaccurately & be5 impos$ ^u by   

o!rs4 ,x is asc]ta9$ t ! collection (   
,spani% inscriptions :i* has pass$ "u 8 
"n1 & :i* has giv5 rise to ! heavie/    
imputations aga9/ him1 0 fraudul5tly put
 =? & attribut$ to him4  ,inscriptions h
 also be5 reject$ on gr\nds ( ta/e by   
critics1 :o did n suffici5tly reflect1 t
 9 an age :5 all o!r /yle _h be5        
corrupt$ by affectation & bomba/1 !     
lapid>y /yle c\ld h>dly h reta9$ its    
orig9al "* ( mode/y1 concis5ess1 &      
simplicity4  ,_m sepulcral inscriptions1
 "s ( :i* h be5 quot$ 9 ! prec$+ pages1 
are pres]v$ 9 ,,ms4 collections1 & h be5
 introduc$ into ! ,an?ologia ,lat9a1 :i*
 0 begun by ,scalig]1 & cont9u$ by      
,pi?oeus2 & atta9$ its mo/ complete =m 9
 ! h&s ( ,pet] ,burmann4#acc ,ab\t #djj 
sepulcral inscriptions are includ$ 9 x1 
ext5d+ f ! "t ( ! ,scipios1 ev5 d[n to !
 twelf? c5tury aft] ! bir? ( ,*ri/1 &   
includ+ ( c\rse _m :i* are ! production 
( ,*ri/ian au?ors4 ,"s ( m rec5t        
composition h f\nd _! way into ^!       
collections2 b ! majority atte/ _! own  

g5u95ess by _! unref9$ phraseology1 & _!
 violation ( ! laws ( prosody--faults   
:i* no mod]n s*ol> w\ld h all[$ himself 
to commit4     ,,add5dum ,,to ,,page #g1
 ,,note #b4   ,z ,i h n se5 ! exi/5ce ( 
burial clubs among ! ,romans notic$ 9   
any "w on ,roman antiquities1 ,i w give 
"s extracts f ! monum5t ref]r$ to4 ,x 0 
f\nd at ,lanuvium1 a t[n ( anci5t fame =
 ! wor%ip ( ,juno ,sospita1 ab\t n9ete5 
miles f ,rome on ! ,via ,appia4 ,!      
inhabitants ( ?is t[n appe>1 out (      
flatt]y t[>ds ! ,emp]or ,hadrian1 9 ^:  
reign ! m>ble 0 erect$1 to h =m$        
!mselves into a college = pay+ div9e    
hon\rs to ,diana & ,ant9\s2 a s+ul>     
comb9ation1 :i* %[s at once ! degrad$   
condition ( ! p1 & ! he>tless =mality ( 
! e/abli%$ religion1 :i* c\ld be        
pro/itut$ to su* a purpose4 ,! privilege
 ( =m+ a college--or z we %\ld say a    
body corporate--0 mo/ sp>+ly conc$$1 &  
mo/ jeal\sly re/rict$ "u ! ,emp]ors1 :o 
dread$ all secret associations z        
nurs]ies ( treason4 ,) ?is prim>y object

 ( =m+ a college ( ! ,cultores ,dianae  
et ,ant9oi !y comb9$ t ( a burial club1 
n =gett+ ! fe/ivities :i* =m$ s         
important a "p ( all acts ( religion    
among ! ,romans4 ,to prev5t disputes1 ! 
laws ( ! association 7 inscrib$ on      
m>ble1 & probably set up 9 ! temple ( ! 
two deities4  ,an amphora ( good w9e 0  
to be pres5t$ to ! club by a new memb]2 
! sum ( "o hundr$ se/]ces to be paid z  
entrance-money1 & five asses p] mon? z  
subscription4 ,_! meet+s 7 n to take    
place (t5] ?an once a mon?4 ,if any "o  
omitt$ paym5t = 444 mon?s 7! m>ble is "h
 mutilat$7 no claim c\ld be made1 ev5   
?\gh he _h direct$ x by w4 ,9 case ( !  
dea? ( "o :o _h paid 8 subscription     
regul>ly1 ?ree hundr$ se/]ces 7 allott$ 
= 8 fun]al exp5ses1 out ( :i*1 h[ev]1   
fifty 7 to be set ap>t = di/ribution at 
! cremation ( ! body4 ,! fun]al 0 to be 
a walk+ "o4 ,if any "o di$ m ?an tw5ty  
miles f ,lanuvium1 & 8 dea? 0 ann\nc$1  
?ree delegates f ! college 7 to repair  
to ! place :]e he _h di$ to p]=m 8      

fun]al1 & r5d] an acc\nt to ! p4 ,fraud 
0 to be puni%$ by a f\rfold f9e4 ,tw5ty 
se/]ces ea* 7 to be all[$ ! delegates = 
travell+ exp5ses1 go+ & return+4 ,if !  
dea? _h tak5 place m ?an tw5ty miles f  
,lanuvium1 & no notice _h be5 s5t1 !    
p]son :o _h p]=m$ ! fun]al 0 to s5d a   
seal$ c]tificate1 atte/$ by sev5 ,roman 
citiz5s1 on ! production ( :i* ! usual  
sum = ! exp5ses 0 to be grant$4 ,if a   
memb] ( ! college _h left a w1 only !   
heir nam$ 9 x c\ld claim any?+4 ,if he  
di$ inte/ate1 ! qu9qu5nales1 or         
magi/rates ( ! municipium1 & ! p        
g5]ally1 7 to direct h[ ! fun]al %\ld   
take place4 ,if any memb] ( ! college 9 
! condition ( a slave %\ld die1 & 8     
body1 ?r\gh ! unju/ conduct ( 8 ma/] or 
mi/ress1 %\ld n be giv5 up = burial1 8  
fun]al %\ld be celebrat$ by 8 bu/ be+   
c>ri$ 9 procession4 ,no fun]al ( a      
suicide 0 to take place4 ,!re are _m o!r
 rules t5d+ to pres]ve ord] & promote   
good fell[%ip1 b ^! are all :i* relate  
to ! burial club4 ,i subjo9 extracts f !

 orig9al4 ,! purpose ( ! incorporation (
 ! college is ?us decl>$3--             
,,collegium ,,salut>e ,,dianae ,,et     
,,ant9oi ,,con/itutum ,,ex ,,s5atus     
,,populique     ,,romani ,,decreto      
,,quibus ,,coire ,,conv5ire             
,,collegiumque ,,hab]e ,,liceat4 ,,qui  
,,/ipem ,,m5/ruam ,,conf]re ,,voleat ,,9
 ,,fun]a1 ,,9 ,,id ,,collegium ,,coeant1
     ,,neque ,,sub ,,specie ,,ejus      
,,collegii ,,nisi ,,semel ,,9 ,,m5se    
,,coeant1 ,,conf]5di     ,,causa ,,unde 
,,defuncti ,,sepeliantur4      ,,tu     
,,qui ,,novos 7,,novus7 ,,9 ,,hoc       
,,collegio ,,intr>e ,,voles1 ,,prius    
,,legem     ,,p]lege ,,et ,,sic ,,intra1
 ,,ne ,,po/modum ,,qu]>is1 ,,aut ,,h]$i 
,,tuo     ,,controv]siam ,,rel9quas4    
,,lex ,,collegi ,,placuit ,,univ]sis1   
,,ut ,,quisquis ,,9 ,,hoc ,,collegium   
,,intr>e     ,,volu]it1 ,,dabit         
,,kapitul>i ,,nom9e ,h4,s4 7,,se/]tios7 
,c4 ,,nummos1 ,,et     ,,v9i ,,boni     
,,amphoram1 ,,item ,,9 ,,m5ses ,,s+4    
,,asses ,v4      ,,item ,,placuit ,,ut  

,,quisquis ,,m5sibus ,,cont9uis  ,,non  
,,p>iav]it1     ,,et ,,ei ,,humanitus   
,,accid]it1 ,,ejus ,,ratio ,,fun]is     
,,non ,,habebitur1 ,,etiam ,,si         
,,te/am5tum ,,factum ,,habu]it4         
,,item ,,placuit ,,ut ,,quisquis ,,ex   
,,hoc ,,corpore ,,nummos ,,p>iatus      
,,decess]it ,,eum     ,,sequ5tur ,,ex   
,,arca ,h4,s4 ,,ccc ,,nummi1 ,,ex ,,qua 
,,summa ,,dec$5t ,,exequi>i     ,,nom9e 
,h4,s4 ,l4 ,,nummi1 ,,qui ,,ad ,,rogus  
7,,rogos7 ,,divid5tur1 ,,exequiae       
,,autem     ,,p$ibus ,,fung5tur4        
,,item ,,placuit ,,quisquis ,a          
,,municipio ,,ultra ,,milli>ia ,,xx     
,,decess]it1 ,,et     ,,nuntiatum       
,,fu]it1 ,,eo ,,exire ,,debebunt        
,,electi ,,ex ,,corpore ,,no/ro ,,hom9es
     ,,tres1 ,,qui ,,fun]is ,,ejus      
,,curam ,,agant ,,et ,,rationem ,,populo
 ,,r$d]e ,,debebunt     ,,s9e ,,dolo    
,,malo1 ,,et ,,si ,,quit 7,,quid7 ,,9   
,,eis ,,fraudis ,,causa ,,inv5tum       
,,fu]it ,,eis ,,multa ,,e/o ,,quadruplum
 ,,quibus 7,,fun]aticium7 ,,ejus        

,,dabitur4 ,,hoc ,,amplius ,,viatici    
,,nom9e1 ,,ultro ,,citro1 ,,s+ulis      
,h4,s4 ,,xx     ,,nummi4      ,,quod    
,,si ,,longius ,a ,,municipio ,,supra   
,,milli>ia ,,xx ,,decess]it ,,et        
,,nunti>i     ,,non ,,potu]it1 ,,tum    
,,is ,,qui ,,eum ,,fun]av]it ,,te/ator  
,,rem ,,tabulis ,,signatis              
,,sigillis ,,civium ,,romanorum ,,vii   
,,et ,,probata ,,causa ,,fun]aticium    
,,ejus     ,,satisdato4      ,,neque    
,,patrono ,,neque ,,patronae ,,neque    
,,dom9o ,,neque ,,dom9ae ,,neque        
,,cr$itori     ,,ex ,,hoc ,,collegio    
,,ulla ,,petitio ,,e/o ,,nisi ,,si      
,,quis ,,te/am5to ,,h]es     ,,nom9atus 
,,erit4 ,,si ,,quis ,,inte/atus         
,,decess]it ,,is ,,arbitrio             
,,qu9qu5nalium ,,et ,,populi            
,,fun]abitur4      ,,item ,,placuit     
,,quisquis ,,ex ,,hoc ,,collegio ,,s]vus
 ,,defunctus ,,fu]it1 ,,et     ,,corpus 
,,ejus ,a ,,dom9o ,,dom9ave ,,iniquitate
 ,,sepulturae ,,datum ,,non ,,fu]it1    
,,neque ,,tabellas ,,fec]it1 ,,ei       

,,funus ,,imag9>ium ,,fiet4      ,,item 
,,placuit ,,quisquis ,,ex ,,quacumque   
,,causa ,,mortem ,,sibi ,,adsciv]it     
,,ejus     ,,ratio ,,fun]is ,,non       
,,habebitur4      ,,item ,,placuit ,,ut 
,,quisquis ,,s]vus ,,ex ,,hoc ,,collegio
 ,,lib] ,,factus ,,fu]it1     ,,is ,,d>e
 ,,debebit ,,v9i ,,boni ,,amphoram4     
,?is curi\s docum5t af=ds an additional 
pro( h[ mu* anci5t life is f\nd to      
resemble ! mod]n1 :5 we ga9 an insight  
into its int]ior ?r\gh ! m$ium ( its    
monum5ts4 ,by ?is means in/itutions &   
cu/oms :i* h be5 ?\ght peculi> to rec5t 
or m$iaeval times may be trac$ upw>ds1  
?r\gh ,rome & ,greece1 ev5 to ! f\nta9s 
( civilization 9 ,egypt & ! ,ea/4   ,,! 
,,end4   ,woodfall & ,k9d]1 ,pr9t]s1    
,angel ,c\rt1 ,sk9n] ,/reet1 ,london4   
,! gr\nd on :i* ! ,museum1 ,libr>y1 &   
,lecture-,!atre1 ) ! ,botanic ,g>d5 &   
,obs]vatory1 ( ! ,york%ire              
,philosophical ,society /&1 0 orig9ally 
cov]$ by ! mona/ic build+s ( ! abbey (  
,/4 ,m>y4 ,9 a portion ( ! same build+s 

0 e/abli%$ ! c\rt & palace ( ! ,"l      
,presid5t ( ! ,c\ncil ( ! ,nor?4 ,!     
tyrannical proce$+s ( ?is ,c\ncil1      
especially "u ! presid5cy ( ! ,e>l (    
,/raf=d1 _h a great %>e 9 br++ ab\t !   
fate bo? ( ! ,e>l himself & 8 royal     
ma/]4 ,?is rem>kable succession (       
occupancy sugge/$ ! foll[+ inscription1 
9 :i* x may be obs]v$ t x is to monk]y1 
n to ! religion ( ! ,middle ,ages       
univ]sally1 t ! epi!t 9 ! n9? l9e is    
appli$4    ,,quo4 ,,primum4 ,,loco      
,,co5obium4 ,,beatae4 ,,virg9is4 ,,m>iae
   ,,de9de4 ,,procuratoris4 ,,regii4    
,,palatium4 ,,/etit   ,,comitatus       
,,eborac5sis   ,,has4 ,,a$es4 ,,collata4
 ,,pecunia4 ,,ex/ructas   ,,omnium4     
,,discipl9>um4 ,,/udiis4 ,,dicavit4     
,,tu4 ,,qui4 ,,legis4 ,,agnosce         
,,no/ri4 ,,saeculi4 ,,felicitatem       
,,quo4 ,,animis4 ,,hom9um4              
,,sup]/itione4 ,,lib]atis               
,,tyrannorum4 ,,viol5tia4 ,,legibus4    
,,fra5ata   ,,h>um4 ,,ipsis4 ,,94       
,,s$ibus4 ,,licuit4 ,,philosophiae      

,,domicilium4 ,,suum4 ,,colloc>e4       
,,publications ,,by ,,! ,,rev4 ,,john   
,,k5rick4   ,,an ,,essay ,,on           
,,primaeval ,,hi/ory4  ,price #es4      
,ambagibus aevi   ,obtegitur d5sa       
calig9e m]sa vetu/as4                   
,,silius ,,italicus4   ,,anci5t ,,egypt 
,,"u ,,! ,,ph>aohs4  #b ,vols4 #hvo4    
,price #cjs4                  ,greek3   
,ariprepeon g5os &ron1   ,hoi protoi    
biotoio die/esanto keleu?\s1   ,protoi  
d' him]o5tos epeiresanto arotr\1        
,protoi de grammesi polon               
diemet5resanto1   ,?ymo phrassam5oi     
loxon dromon eelioio4                   
,,dionysii ,p]iegesis1 #bcb4            
,,pho5icia4  #a ,vol4 ,) ,maps &        
,illu/rative ,plates4 ,price #afs4      
,pho5ices1 sol]s hom9um g5us et ad belli
 pacisque munia eximium2 lit]as et      
lit]>um op]a aliasque etiam artes1 m>ia 
navibus adire1 classe conflig]e1        
imp]it>e g5tibus comm5ti4--,,pomp4      
,,mela1 ,i4 #ab4   ,,london3  ,t4       
,,fell[es1 ,,ludgate ,,/reet4           

,,footnotes3  #a ,! tomb ( ! ,scipios on
 ! ,appian ,way 0 discov]$ 9 ! ye>      
#aghj1 & its inscriptions h be5         
illu/rat$ by ! two ,viscontis4 ,!y are  
n[ 9 ! ,vatican4 ,! olde/ ( !m1 t ( ,l4 
,c4 ,scipio ,b>batus1 is ( ! beg9n+ ( ! 
?ird c5tury ,b4,c4  #b ,see ,proce$+s ( 
,york%ire ,philos4 ,society1 vol4 i4 p4 
#ec4  #c ,hi]onym4 ad ,es4 #g1 #ad4     
,augu/9 ,tract4 #ae 9 ,evang4 ,joann4   
#d ,kir*mann de ,fun]4 ,rom4 c4 #bj1    
#ba4 ,dodwell1 #a1 #dbh4  #e ,sylv4 #b1 
#b1 #ac4  #f ,c4 ,nep4 ,att4 #bb4 ,vict4
 ,epit4 #fj4  #g ,h4 ,e4 ,smi?1         
,reliquiae ,isurianae4  #h ,morcelli de 
,/ylo ,inscr4 ,lat4 p4 #cfc4 ,orelli1   
,inscr4 #ciih1 #i4 ,! ,romans _h also _!
 ,burial ,clubs4 ,see ! regulations (   
"o1 ,h5z51 #fjhf4  #i ,pl94 ,n4 ,h4     
#abda4 ,p]iti r]um assev]ant non f]re   
,arabiam tantum annuo foetu1 quantum    
,n]o novissimo ,poppaeae suae die       
concremav]it4 ,juv4 ,sat4 #d1 #ajh4     
,matut9o sudans ,crisp9us amomo1        
,quantum vix r$ol5t duo fun]a4  #aj     

,fabretti1 p4 #bcj4  #aa ,ar*aeologia1  
vol4 #bf1 p4 #bgj4  #ab ,grut]1 p4 #hih4
 ,orelli1 #fbcg4  #ac ,an?ol4 #d1 #bga4 
#ad ,momms51 ,inscr4 ,neap4 #dace4  #ae 
,h5z51 ,suppl4 ad ,orell4 #figf1 #g4    
#af ,fabretti1 p4 #fab4  #ag ,orelli1   
#dhei4  #ah ,re9es1 p4 #ajjj4  #ai ,!   
v>i\s & unsatisfactory conjectures ( !  
le>n$ respect+ ?is phrase may be se5 9  
,facciolati s4 v4 ,ascia4 ,x occurs     
especially on monum5ts 9 ,lyons & ,s\!rn
 ,gaul4  #bj ,re9es1 p4 #gfc4  #ba      
,grut]1 pp4 #hdd1 #hfb4 ,augu/us =bade 8
 daught] ,julia to be int]r$ 9 8        
monum5t4--,sueton4 ,octavianus1 c4 #aja4
  #bb ,orelli1 #dcig4 ,fabretti p4 #ia4 
#bc ,grut]1 p4 #gfb1 #e4  #bd ,orelli1  
#dcij4  #be ,orelli1 #dcfj4  #bf        
,morcelli1 de ,/ilo ,inscr4 p4 #ajc4    
#bg ,mey]1 ,an?ol4 ,lat4 #aagh4 ,s+ul>  
is ! inscription1 ,semiramiae           
,lic9ianae1 quam loco filiae diligo1 ob 
m]ita ejus vivus vivae feci4--,orelli1  
#dfgf4  #bh ,grut]1 p4 #fjg1 #a4  #bi   
,re9es1 p4 #chh1 #ec4 ,we f9d 7,grut]1  

p4 #cii1 #a7 t5 jug]a ( l& bequea!d     
tutelae nom9e4  #cj ,orelli1 #djgj4  #ca
 ,fabretti1 p4 #bcb4  #cb ,m$icus       
jum5t>ius4 ,orelli1 #dbbi1 #dbca4       
,val]ia ,v]ecunda is call$ on h] monum5t
 ,iatromeia 7physician-midwife7 regionis
 suae prima4--,grut4 p4 #aaaj4  #cc     
,grut]1 p4 #aadh1 ,petron4 ,arb4 p4     
#chh4 ,i h pr9t$ ^! l9es z hexamet] &   
p5tamet]1 = :i* !y appe> to h be5       
int5d$1 ?\gh ! au?or 0 ill at ^! numb]s4
 ,faults ( prosody are v common 9 !     
poetical inscriptions1 & prose & v]se   
are sometimes s+ul>ly int]mix$4  #cd    
,fabretti1 p4 #gae4  #ce ,an?ol4 ,lat4  
#d1 #aee4  #cf ,mey] ,an?ol4 #adch4  #cg
 ,orelli1 #biij4  #ch ,an?ol4 #d1 #aja4 
#ci ,f a monum5t rec5tly discov]$ at    
,lambaesa1 9 ,nor!rn ,africa4 ,!        
ellipsis ( magis be=e quam is f\nd 9    
,lat9 au?ors1 especially ,tacitus4--,see
 ,g]m4 #g4 ,c$]e loco consilii quam     
=mid9is arbitrantur4 ,a simil> compla9t 
( dea? by magic occurs on ! grave ( a   
boy ( f\r ye>s old at ,v]ona4--,maffei1 

,mus4 ,v]on4 #agj4  #dj ,momms51 ,inscr4
 ,neap4 #dhgj4  #da ,grut]1 p4 #hca1 #f4
  #db ,orelli1 #dfjj4  #dc ,grut]1 p4   
#cdj4  #dd ,nat4 ,hi/4 #bi1 #a4  #de    
,orelli1 #didd4  #df ,see ,priscian1 vi4
 #a1 :o quotes f old ,lat9 au?ors1      
monetas = monetae2 escas = escae2 & vias
 = viae4  #dg ,orelli1 #bggh4 ,he       
obs]ves1 jacit e/ etiam 9 aliis         
,britannicis4  #dh ,orelli1 #dedd4 ,dua 
obr5d>ia4  #di ,prisc4 vi4 #a4  #ej     
,an?ol4 ,mey]1 #adbd4  #ea ,grut]1 p4   
#egb4  #eb ,fabretti1 pp4 #aac1 #ege4   
#ec ,qu9ct4 #a1 #e1 #bj4  #ed ,b nec    
p5itus c>et aspiratione1 nec eam pl5e   
possidet4 ,prisc4 #a1 #e1 #bf4  #ee ,ab 
scala ,m$iana4 ,orelli1 #cjic4 ,!       
gramm>ians condemn ! use ( scala 9 !    
s+ul> z a solecism4 7,qu9ct4 #a1 #e1    
#af74 ,m4 ,abudius ,lum9>is1 :o raises  
?is monum5t1 _h m>ri$ 8 own fre$woman2  
,patronus idemque conjux4 ,!re are      
inscriptions by fre$m5 to patronae1 :o 7
 also _! wives4 ,su* m>riages 7 =bidd5  
by ,sev]us1 unless "u ! sanction ( a    

judge2 & :5 ! patrona 0 ( su* humble    
rank1 ut ei hone/ae s9t vel lib]ti sui  
nuptiae4 ,fabretti1 p4 #bij4 ,anicia    
,glyc]a 7,orell4 #dfdi7 records h]      
gratitude to h] husb&1 qui ex imo ord9e 
ad summum me p]duxit honorem1 z f a     
slave he _h made h] 8 wife4 ,! ,greek   
slave w\ld (t5 be1 9 mann]s & culture1  
sup]ior to ! ,roman ma/]4  #ef ,spon4   
,misc4 p4 #adc4 ,!re has be5 a great    
controv]sy respect+ ! m$ical m5 (       
,rome--:e!r !y 7 slaves2 ! monum5ts %[  
!m to h be5 commonly ,greek fre$m54  #eg
 ,orelli1 #bfde4  #eh ,p4 #bci4 ,juv4   
#e1 #agj4 ,an imitation ( ! caput rasum 
appe>s to be /ill ! pr(essional co/ume (
 ! cl[n4  #ei ,grut4 p4 #cab1 #g4 ,juv4 
#b1 #aab4 ,qu9ct4 #aa1 #c4  #fj ,see 9  
,smi?'s ,diction>y1 s4 v4 ,ba?yllus1 an 
acc\nt ( ! furore ( ! ,romans = !       
pantomimic repres5tations & _!          
vicissitudes ( imp]ial fav\r or         
prohibition4  #fa ,l4 ,m>ius ,au/us     
,enuntiator ab sca5a ,graeca4 ,orelli1  
#bfad4  #fb ,grut4 p4 #fcg1 #a4  #fc    

,hi/4 #h1 #aj4  #fd ,grut4 p4 #ccb4 ,!  
conte/ took place ,a4,d4 #aaj4  #fe ,mai
 ,auct4 ,class #e1 p4 #dad4  #ff ,an?ol4
 iv4 #ceg4 ,lucian1 ,greek3 p]i         
or*eseos--,ka!sai kataul\m5os !ludrian  
an?ropon oron1 e/hesi malakais kai      
asmas9 akola/ois enabrunom5on1 kai      
mim\m5on erotika gynaia ton palai tas   
ma*lotatas ,phaidras kai ,p>!nopas kai  
',podopas t9as4 ,a tru] repres5tation1 x
 is to be fe>$1 ( :at pantomime actually
 01 ?an ! semi-s]i\s def5ce ( ,lucian1  
:o makes ! !atre a s*ool ( self-k &     
self-control1 & ! education ( ! danc] a 
c\rse ( my?ological & poetical le>n+4   
#fg ,bullet9o dell ,i/it4 ,ar*4 #ahch1  
p4 #afe4 ,! inscription is1 ,fuit       
,ati/ia uxor mihei1 fem9a opituma1      
quoius corporis reliquiae quod sup]ant  
sunt 9 hoc pan>io4--,h5z51 #gbfh4  #fh  
,maitl& on ! ,catacombs1 p4 #ach4  #fi  
,ar*aeol4 ,j\rnal1 #d1 #ee4  #gj ,p4 #f4
  #ga ,grut]1 p4 #ibf-h4  #gb ,grut]1 p4
 #ijd4  #gc ,fabretti1 p4 #efj1 :o      
obs]ves1 ,9 tanto inscriptionum         

sepulcralium num]o r>i admodum          
rep]iuntur qui longam s5ectutem         
explev]9t4  #gd ,orelli1 #dhdi4  #ge    
,su* is t o!rwise elegant epitaph on    
,fl4 ,m]obaudes1 ( ! ye> #dce ,a4,d4    
,a,eque =ti et docto viro1 tam fac]e    
laud&a quam aliorum facta laud>e        
praecipuo4 ,ca/r5si exp]i5tia cl>o1     
facundia vol otiosorum /udia sup]gresso1
 cui a crepundiis p> virtutis et        
eloqu5tiae cura4 ,+5ium ita =titud9i ut 
doctr9ae natum1 /ilo et gladio p>it]    
ex]cuit1 nec 9 umbra vel latebris m5tis 
vigorem torp]e passus4 ,int] arma lit]is
 militabat et 9 ,alpibus acuebat        
eloquium4 ,ideo illi cessit 9 proemium  
non v]b5a vilis nec otiosa h$]a1 honor  
capitis ,heliconius1 s$ imago a]e =mata1
 quo r>i exempli viros1 seu 9 ca/ris    
probatos1 seu optimos vatum1 antiquitas 
honorabat4 ,?is inscription 0 engrav$ on
 ! base ( a /atue dug out ( ! ,=um      
,ulpii at ,rome1 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t  
c5tury4 ,fragm5ts ( ! poetry (          
,m]obaudes1 & 8 ,panegyric on !         

consul%ip ( ,aetius h be5 f\nd by       
,niebuhr 9 a ,,ms4 at ,/4 ,gal1 & are   
publi%$ 9 ! ,corp4 ,script4 ,hi/4       
,byzant4 vol4 xxiv4 ,! ,*ri/ianity (    
,m]obaudes1 l t ( ,boe?ius1 is ambigu\s4
  #gf ,h5z51 #gcgd4  #gg ,grut]1 p4     
#fbd4  #gh ,grut]1 p4 #fed4  #gi ,an?ol4
 ,mey]1 #abbh4  #hj ,eckhel1 ,doctr4    
,num4 pl4 ,,ii4 vol4 v4 p4 #ij4  #ha    
,orelli1 #dfeg4  #hb ,an?ol4 iv4 #bca4  
#hc ,grut]1 p4 #gah4  #hd ,grut]1 p4    
#ajjj4 ,an?ol4 iv4 #bbb4  #he ,an?ol4   
iv4 #bfe4  #hf ,an?ol4 ii4 #dff4  #hg   
,orelli1 #dfji4  #hh ,orelli1 #bhac4    
,sev]al examples may be se5 9 ,grut]1 p4
 #ffc4 ,tata1 = fa!r1 is /ill 9 use     
among ! l[] classes 9 ,rome4 ,see       
,buns51 ,philosophy ( ,univ]sal ,hi/ory1
 vol4 i4 p4 #ajc4  #hi ,orelli1 #bhae4  
#ij ,grut]1 p4 #gcc1 #i4 ,m correctly 9 
,mey]1 ,an?ol4 #adjc4  #ia ,noctes ,att4
 #a1 #f4  #ib ,grut]1 p4 #gfi1 #i4  #ic 
,fabretti1 p4 #beb4  #id ,orelli1 #dfeh4
  #ie ,fabretti1 p4 #bfg4  #if ,grut]1  
p4 #gig4  #ig ,orelli1 #dfbc4  #ih      

,fabretti1 p4 #bge1 :]e _m simil>       
examples are collect$4  #ii ,grut]1 p4  
#hac1 #c4  #ajj ,grut]1 p4 #ajcf1 #b4   
,lib]ties are tak5 ) prosody 9 ?is z 9  
o!r poetical epitaphs4  #aja ,grut]1 p4 
#geh1 #d4  #ajb ,grut]1 p4 #dce1 #b4    
#ajc ,see 8 exhortation 9 ,gellius1     
,noct4 ,att4 #ab1 #a4  #ajd ,fabretti1  
p4 #ahg4 ,t fe$+ by h& 0 also common    
among ! ,romans is evid5t f ! occurr5ce 
( e>!n bottles us$ = ?is purpose4 ,!    
,museum ( ! ,york%ire ,philosophical    
,society conta9s sev]al specim5s ( !m4  
,see also ! ,abbe ,co*et's ,norm&ie     
,s\t]ra9e1 p4 #acj4  #aje ,orelli1      
#dfjd4  #ajf ,orelli1 #bffj4  #ajg      
,grut]1 p4 #fjg4 ,mey]1 ,an?ologia1     
#abgd4  #ajh ,an?olog4 iv4 #djb4  #aji  
,grut]1 p4 #ccg4 ,comp4 ,gibbon1 c4 xl4 
#b4  #aaj ,grut]1 p4 #hbj4 ,! h&s       
uplift$ 9 prote/ are sculptur$ on !     
monum5t4  #aaa ,grut]1 p4 #ijh4  #aab   
,re9es1 p4 #gji4  #aac ,orelli1 #dgif4  
#aad ,greek3 ,on hoi !oi phil\s9        
apo?neskei neos4 ,m5&]1 ,greek3 ,dis    

,exapatontos4 ,grut]1 p4 #fhh4  #aae    
,orelli1 #dhbi4  #aaf ,ibid41 #dheb4    
#aag ,ibid41 #ejgj4  #aah ,maitl& on !  
,catacombs4 ,its date is ,a4,d4 #dgb4   
#aai ,grut]1 p4 #fgg1 #ab4 ,orelli1     
#dhde4  #abj ,grut]1 p4 #ghf1 #e4  #aba 
,po/ sepulturam v>iae ,manium ambages4  
,omnibus a suprema die eadem quae ante  
primum1 nec magis a morte s5sus ullus   
aut corpori aut animae1 quam ante       
natalem4 ,eadem enim vanitas 9 futurum  
etiam se propagat et 9 mortis quoque    
tempora ipsa sibi vitam m5titur1 alias  
immortalitatem animae1 alias            
transfigurationem1 alias s5sum inf]is   
d&o1 et ,manes col5do1 et ,deum faci5do 
qui jam etiam homo esse desi]it1 #g1    
#ee4  #abb ,grut]1 p4 #gea1 #c4  #abc   
,orelli1 #gcdf4  #abd ,cic4 ,tusc4 v4   
#ce4 ,a simil> inscription is giv5 by   
,morcelli1 p4 #dca4 ,d4 ,m4 ,t4 ,flavius
 ,m>tialis ,h4 ,s4 ,e4 ,quod edi bibi1  
mecum habeo2 quod reliqui p]didi4  #abe 
,grut]1 p4 #fae1 #aa4  #abf ,fabretti1  
p4 #hj4  #abg ,grut]1 p4 #ggb1 #h4  #abh

 ,an?ol4 iv4 #aca4  #abi ,fabretti1 p4  
#ede4  #acj ,maitl&1 ,*ur* 9 !          
,catacombs1 p4 #aj4  #aca ,inscriptionum
 ,lat9>um select>um amplissima          
collectio4 ,edidit ,jo4 ,casp4          
,orellius4 #b voll4 ,turici1 #ahbh4     
,vol4 t]tium1 edidit ,gulielmus ,h5z54  
,turici1 #ahef4  #acb ,see ,orelli1 vol4
 ,i1 p4 #ce1 :o quotes ,tirabos*i ,/oria
 della ,litt]atura ,italiana1 ,t4 ,,vi4 
,p4 ,i4 p4 #bfc4 ,ed4 di ,milano4  #acc 
,a useful & critical edition has be5    
publi%$ "u ! foll[+ title3--,an?ologia  
,vet]um ,lat9orum ,epigrammatum et      
,poematum4 ,editionem ,burmannianam     
digessit et auxit ,h5ricus ,mey]us1     
,turic5sis4 ,tom ,,ii4 #h4 ,lipsiae1    
#ahce4     ,transcrib]'s ,notes3        
,passages 9 italics are indicat$ by     
italics4  ,! orig9al text conta9s lett]s
 ) diacritical m>ks t are n repres5t$ 9 
?is text v]sion4  ,! orig9al text       
includes ,greek *>act]s4 ,= ?is text    
v]sion ^! lett]s h be5 replac$ )        
translit]ations4  ,! orig9al text       

includes an int5tional blank space4 ,?is
 is repres5t$ by  9 ?is text v]sion4