from the ,google ,print project47 ,,roman ,,sepulcral ,,inscriptions4 ,,london3 ,,printed ,,by ,,woodfall ,,and ,,kinder1 ,,angel ,,court1 ,,skinner ,,street4 ,,roman ,,sepulcral ,,inscriptions3 ,,their ,,relation ,,to ,,archaeology1 ,,language1 ,,and ,,religion4 ,,dm ,,simpliciae ,,florentine ,,anime ,,innocentissime ,,qve ,,vixit ,,menses ,,decem ,,felicivs ,,simplex ,,pater ,,fecit ,,lec ,,vi ,v ,,from ,a ,,sarcophagus ,,in ,,the ,,york ,,museum4 ,,by ,,john ,,kenrick1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,s4,a4 ,,london4 ,,john ,,russell ,,smith1 #cf1 ,,soho ,,square4 ,,york3 ,r4 ,,sunter1 ,,stonegate2 ,h4 ,,sotheran1 ,,coney ,,street4 ,m4,,dccc4,,lviii4 ,this little work originated in two papers1 read before the ,yorkshire ,philosophical ,society4 ,they were designed to direct the attention of the members to the monuments preserved in their own ,museum1 and at the same time to show how the labours of the antiquary connect themselves with the history of manners1 institutions1 and opinions4 ,the subject1 ,i believe1 has not been specially treated of in this country before1 and as the remains of antiquity are now studied with more enlarged views than in a former age1 it may have an interest for a wider circle than that to which the original papers were addressed4 ,j4 ,k4 ,,contents4 ,,page ,,importance ,,of ,,sepulcral ,,monuments ,,as ,,materials ,,of ,,history #a ,,greek ,,sepulcral ,,inscriptions #b ,,roman ,,inscriptions ,,in ,,britain1 ,,gaul1 ,,spain1 ,,and ,,africa #c ,,roman ,,sepulcres ,,extramural #e ,,the ,,ustrinum #g ,,addresses ,,to ,,travellers #h ,,warnings ,,to ,,violators #i ,,right ,,of ,,interment #aa ,,protests ,,against ,,alienation ,,by ,,heirs #ab ,,appendages ,,to ,,sepulcres #ad ,,commemorative ,,rites #ae ,,mention ,,of ,,causes ,,of ,,death #ah ,,complaints ,,of ,,the ,,inefficacy ,,of ,,medicine #ai ,,old ,,forms ,,of ,,language #bj ,,approximation ,,of ,,latin ,,to ,,italian #bc ,,record ,,of ,,trades ,,and ,,professions #bd ,,theatrical ,,performers #bf ,,implements ,,represented ,,on ,,tombs #bh ,,average ,,length ,,of ,,life #cj ,,simplicity ,,of ,,roman ,,lapidary ,,style #cb ,,topics ,,of ,,praise #ce ,,parental ,,regrets #cf ,,filial ,,affection #ch ,,conjugal ,,affection #dj ,,law ,,of ,,divorce #de ,,inscriptions ,,on ,,favourite ,,animals #dg ,,religious ,,faith ,,and ,,sentiment #dh ,,topics ,,of ,,consolation #ej ,,moral ,,reflexions #ea ,,belief ,,in ,,immortality #eb ,,epicurean ,,sentiments #ed ,,doubtful ,,hopes #ee ,,superstition ,,and ,,scepticism #ef ,,the ,,old ,,religions ,,obsolete #eg ,,worship ,,of ,,strange ,,gods #eh ,,contrast ,,of ,,pagan ,,and ,,christian ,,monuments #ei ,,works ,,on ,,inscriptions #fj ,,forgeries #fa ,,roman ,,burial ,,clubs #fe ,,roman ,,sepulcral ,,inscriptions4 ,the memorials of the dead hold a remarkable place among the materials of history4 ,the very existence of nations is in many cases attested only by their sepulcral monuments1 which serve to trace the course of their migrations1 and yield us a scanty knowledge of their usages1 and of the state of civilization among them4 ,where the art of writing has been unknown1 this knowledge must1 indeed1 be vague and inferential2 we may gather the race from the form of the skull1 the rank or occupation from the contents of the grave2 but we learn nothing of the individual character or social relations of its tenant2 he is only one of the countless multitude who illacrimabiles ,urguentur ignotique longa ,nocte4 ,even among nations who have possessed the art of writing1 and used it profusely for sepulcral purposes1 we may be disappointed in the hope of gaining any idea of individual character from inscriptions on the dead4 ,from the hieroglyphics with which the ,egyptian mummies and funeral tablets are covered we seldom learn more than the state and function of the deceased4 ,the ,greek inscriptions are more communicative1 but their ,greek3 epigrammata epitymbia1 of which so large a number are preserved in the ,anthology1 are rather poetical exercises than the expression of genuine1 personal sentiment2 and those which have come down to us in brass or marble are brief and meagre4 ,roman sepulcral monuments of the republican times are rare2 but those of the family of ,scipio1#a the earliest with which we are acquainted1 exhibit a character entirely different from the ,greek4 ,they at once display the genius of the people1 and give a picture of strong individuality4 ,the following ,saturnian verses are inscribed on the tomb of ,publius ,scipio1 the son of the great ,africanus4 ,quei apicem1 insigne ,dialis ,flaminis1 gesistei ,mors perfecit tua ut tibi essent omnia brevia1 ,honos1 fama virtusque1 gloria atque ingenium4 ,quibus sei in longa licuisset tibi utier vita ,facile facteis superasses gloriam majorum4 ,quare lubens te in gremium1 ,scipio1 recipit ,terra1 ,publi1 prognatum ,publio1 ,corneli4 ,in the imperial times sepulcral inscriptions became very numerous1 especially as cremation fell into disuse1 and the sarcophagus took the place of the urn1 which rarely exhibits any designation of the person whose ashes it contains4 ,they have furnished the philologer1 the archaeologist1 and the historian1 with a multitude of materials for their respective branches of study4 ,the site of ,eburacum has supplied a considerable number of them1 some of which have perished or been removed1#b while others are contained in the ,museum of the ,yorkshire ,philosophical ,society4 ,with the exception of one1 they are formal and jejune2 yet the fact that the ,society possesses so many may lead its members to take an interest in an attempt to illustrate the whole subject from the more ample treasures of other collections4 ,what has been said of the general brevity and dryness of our own inscriptions is true of those found in ,england generally4 ,there are very few in the collections of ,horsley and his successors1 which are distinguished either by their execution or their style4 ,for the most part they are a simple record of the age and status of the deceased1 a large proportion being the tombs of military men4 ,the number and character of sepulcral monuments are an index of the population and wealth of a district or country2 their language1 of the prevalence of the ,roman dominion4 ,rome1 of course1 has furnished the largest number4 ,the north of ,italy1 when it ceased to be ,gallic1 became entirely ,roman2 and its chief cities1 ,verona1 ,milan1 ,brescia1 ,padua1 have proved more productive of ,latin inscriptions than the south1 where the ,greek language was extensively used4 ,the southern parts of ,gaul early became a ,roman province2 and its cities are full of ,roman antiquities1 among which inscriptions bear a conspicuous part4 ,several classics of the ,silver age--,seneca1 ,martial1 ,quinctilian1 ,silius ,italicus--were born in the southern cities of ,spain1 and the ,spanish inscriptions1 though less important than might have been expected from this circumstance1 bear testimony to the wide diffusion of the ,latin language in that country4 ,northern ,africa was occupied by the ,romans1 with a temporary interruption during the conquest of the ,vandals1 for eight centuries4 ,though the country people retained the old ,punic language1#c the ,latin must have been in general use in the cities1 for ,african bishops and writers were the founders of ,latin eloquence in the ,christian ,church4 ,since the ,french possession of ,algeria the ancient sites of ,roman colonies have been explored1 and already a copious harvest of ,latin inscriptions has been the result4 ,but ,britain was remote and poor1 late occupied by the ,romans and early abandoned4 ,even during its occupation they were rather garrisoned in the towns1 which they built and fortified1 than mingled with the conquered people4 ,we need not wonder1 therefore1 that our inscriptions are chiefly military1 or that when the ,romans withdrew they left few traces of their occupancy in the language of ,britain4 ,it was the all but universal practice in the ancient world to inter the bodies or ashes of the dead beyond the limits of the cities4 ,even in ,egypt1 where the practice of embalmment might have rendered it safe to retain them in the vicinity of the living1 the cemeteries of the great cities were placed on the opposite side of the ,nile4 ,lycurgus1 indeed1 is said to have ordered interments to be made within the limits of ,sparta1 with the view of producing familiarity with the aspect of death4 ,the ,athenians1 on the contrary1 devoted the most beautiful suburb of their city1 the ,ceramicus without the walls1 to the interment of their dead1 and the space beyond the walls of the ,piraeus appears to have been occupied with tombs4#d ,if the ,romans ever buried within their houses1 it must have been at a time when their territory did not extend beyond the walls of the city1 for the prohibition of the ,twelve ,tables is precise2 ,,hominem ,,mortuum ,,in ,,urbe ,,ne ,,sepelito1 ,,neve ,,urito4 ,the principal roads at ,rome seem to have been lined with sepulcres for a considerable distance1 especially the ,appian1 the ,regina ,viarum1 as it is termed by ,statius4#e ,atticus was buried at the fifth milestone from the city on this road1 ,gallienus at the ninth4#f ,no urn or sarcophagus has been found within the walls of ,roman ,york1 but the traces of interment begin immediately beyond the gates4 ,on the southern side1 which was not included in the fortifications of ,eburacum1 the ground near the river was occupied by suburban villas1 whose site is indicated by the elaborate pavements which have been dug up2 but at the ,mount1 half a mile from the river one of the principal cemeteries of the city began1 extending along the road which led to ,calcaria4 ,sepulcral remains have also been found near the other outlets from the city4 ,while we acknowledge that in thus banishing the remains of the dead from the precincts of the living the ancients showed more wisdom than modern nations1 we cannot but wonder that they should have allowed the disagreeable process of burning the dead to be carried on so near their habitations4 ,the site of the ustrinum at ,york has not been clearly ascertained2 if at ,clifton1 where many urns have been found1 it was at a moderate distance from the gate2 but at ,pompeii it was only about a furlong from the gate on the principal road1 and at ,aldborough close to the wall4#g ,the ,romans had1 even in their smaller municipia1 ,boards of ,health--such1 at least1 ,i take to be the meaning of ,novemvir and ,triumvir ,valetudinarius2#h and it may seem extraordinary that they did not remove the ustrinum to a greater distance4 ,its effect could scarcely be neutralized1 even by the profusion of odoriferous gums and oils which were employed at funerals4#i ,augustus forbade the burning of bodies within fifteen stadia of the city4 ,the only one whose site has been ascertained in the neighbourhood of ,rome is near the fifth milestone on the ,appian ,way4#aj ,the ustrinum at ,litlington1#aa the only one of its kind1 ,i believe1 whose site has been ascertained in ,england1 was a rectangular space enclosed by walls1 and not in the vicinity of any large town4 ,both here and at ,aldborough the ustrinum was also a cemetery4 ,the cemetery of ,roman ,london was in ,spital-fields4 7,arch4 #cf1 #bjf47 ,the position of the ,roman sepulcres along the great thoroughfares explains the frequent apostrophe from the tenant of the tomb to the traveller3 ,,siste ,,viator2 ,,tu ,,qui ,,via ,,flaminia ,,transis ,,resta ,,ac ,,relege2 ,,viatores ,,salvete ,,et ,,valete2 forms which have sometimes been copied1 not very appropriately1 in churchyards and cemeteries4 ,the traveller is frequently addressed with some moral reflexion2 ,,vixi ,,ut ,,vivis1 ,,morieris ,,ut ,,sum ,,mortuus2 occasionally of rather an ,epicurean character1 as that of ,prima ,pompeia2 ,,fortuna ,,spondet ,,multa ,,multis1 ,,praestat ,,nemini1 ,,vive ,,in ,,dies ,,et ,,horas1 ,,nam ,,proprium ,,est ,,nihil#ab4 ,the tenant of the tomb sometimes invites the passer-by to offer for him the customary prayer1 ,,sit ,,tibi ,,terra ,,levis 7,s4,t4,t4,l474 ,praevenere diem vitae crudelia fata ,et raptam inferna me posuere rate4 ,hoc lecto elogio juvenis miserere jacentis1 ,et dic discedens1 ,sit tibi terra levis#ac4 ,the traveller is called upon from the interior of the tomb to halt and refresh himself1 and give a portion to the deceased in the form of a funeral libation2 ,,misce1 ,,bibe1 ,,da ,,mihi4 ,being placed beside public roads1 monuments were liable to pollutions of various kinds1 which the ,manes deprecate1 sometimes threatening vengeance on the offenders4 ,one of the most frequent of these violators was the writer on the wall1 to whom the side of a sepulcral monument offered a tempting field for the exercise of his vocation4 ,,scriptor ,,parce ,,hoc ,,opus is not the address of an author to his critic1 but of a husband to the wall-scribbler1 entreating him not to disfigure the monument of his wife4#ad ,as a frequent purpose of these placards was to recommend candidates for office1 success is promised1 on condition that the monument should not be written upon4 ,,ita ,,candidatus ,,fiat ,,honoratus ,,tuus1 ,,et ,,tu ,,felix ,,scriptor1 ,,si ,,hic ,,non ,,scripseris4 ,,inscriptor ,,rogo ,,te ,,ut ,,transeas ,,hoc ,,monumentum4 ,,qoius ,,candidati ,,nomen ,,inscriptum ,,fuerit1 ,,repulsam ,,ferat1 ,,neque ,,honorem ,,ullum ,,gerat4#ae ,in an early state of society there would be little danger that the site on which interments had taken place should be converted to ordinary purposes4 ,the violation of a sepulcre was severely punished by the ,roman law1 and is deprecated on grounds of humanity in some inscriptions1 threatened with divine vengeance in others4 ,fabius ,augurinus offers this wish for him who should spare the tomb of his wife and child2#af ,,sic ,,nunquam ,,doleas ,,atque ,,triste ,,suspires ,,quantum ,,doloris ,,titulus ,,iste ,,testatur4 ,another pleads1#ag ,sacratam cunctis sedem ne laede viator4 ,hanc tibi nascenti fata dedere domum4 ,another#ah utters the awful imprecation1 ,,quisquis ,,hoc ,,sustulerit ,,aut ,,laeserit1 ,,ultimus ,,suorum ,,moriatur4 ,the act of dedication is often recorded on the tomb with the addition ,sub ascia1 and the figure of an adze or hatchet#ai4 ,but ,roman burial places had no legal sanctity1 like that which our churchyards enjoy2 they were taken from out the fields and gardens which bordered the highway1 and the temptation was great on the part of the heir to re-annex the ground to his property4 ,the inscriptions on ,roman sepulcres indicate the care which those who caused them to be erected took1 to prevent their being either alienated to other purposes1 or taken possession of by others than those for whom they were designed4 ,the area which the tomb and its appurtenances should occupy1 is carefully defined2 ,,hic ,,locus ,,patet ,,in ,,frontem ,,pedes ,,xx42 ,,in ,,agrum ,,pedes ,,xxv42 occasionally we meet with much larger dimensions4 ,if the ground had been granted by another for this purpose1 the words of the grant were sometimes inscribed on the monument4 ,the right of using the sepulcre for placing sarcophagi1 or urns1 is defined commonly by the words1 ,,sibi ,,suisque ,,fecit2 frequently permission is given for the interment of freedmen and freedwomen with their master4 ,sometimes leave is given to introduce into the columbarium a limited number of ollae1 or funeral urns1#bj or1 on the other hand1 an individual is prohibited by name from sharing or even approaching the sepulcre2 ,,excepto ,,hermete ,,liberto ,,quem ,,volo ,,propter ,,delicta ,,sua ,,aditum1 ,,ambitum ,,nec ,,ullum ,,accessum ,,habeat ,,in ,,hoc ,,monumento4 ,in another inscription1 ,,secundina ,,liberta1 ,,impia ,,in ,,patronum ,,suum1 is forbidden to be interred in his tomb4#ba ,the churlish declaration1 ,,in ,,hoc ,,monumento ,,socium ,,habeo ,,nullum is a rare exception1 and in general the sepulcral inscriptions give a pleasing idea of the relation between masters and their households4 ,the collection of ,gruter contains many pages of inscriptions expressive of the reciprocal feelings of masters and patrons1 slaves and freedmen2 and an equally copious and pleasing record of the feelings of slaves and freedmen towards their fellows4 ,the heir was the object of especial jealousy2 ,,hoc ,,monumentum ,,haeredem ,,non ,,sequitur 7,h4,m4,h4,n4,s47 is a regular formula2 the contrary stipulation1 that the monument should go to the heir is most uncommon4#bb ,the prohibition to alienate is expressed with all the fulness of legal phraseology2 ,,hoc ,,monumentum1 ,,cum ,,aedificio ,,superposito ,,neque ,,mutabitur1 ,,neque ,,vaeniet1 ,,neque ,,donabitur1 ,,neque ,,pignori ,,obligabitur1 ,,neque ,,ullo ,,modo ,,abalienabitur1 ,,ne ,,de ,,nomine ,,exeat ,,familiae ,,suae1#bc and is sometimes enforced by a fine to the municipality1 to the ,roman people or the vestal virgins and the ,pontifices1 to secure the exaction of which one-fourth is to go to the informer4 ,legal chicanery was greatly dreaded as the means of defeating the purpose of the builder of the monument3 hence we often find the protestation1 ,,huic ,,monumento ,,dolus ,,malus ,,abesto2 sometimes with the addition ,,et ,,jurisconsultus1 a combination which1 in countries where the civil law is practised1 is a standing jest against the jurisconsults4#bd ,to preclude one source of cavil we find a man protesting on his tomb1 in an inscription by which he directs a statue to be erected to him1 that when he made his will1 he had a sound and disposing mind2 ,,sanus1 ,,sana ,,quoque ,,mente ,,integroque ,,consilio1 ,,memor ,,conditionis ,,humanae1 ,,testamentum ,,feci4#be ,it is recorded on the pyramid of ,c4 ,cestius that the monument had been erected in #ccj days1 arbitratu ,pontii ,cl4 ,melae heredis et ,pothi liberti1 the heir not having been trusted alone with the execution4 ,so in ,horace 7,sat4 #b1 #e1 #aje71 ----,sepulcrum ,permissum arbitrio sine sordibus extrue4 ,in one inscription1 it is made the condition of inheritance1 that the monument should be begun in three days after the testator's death1 and its model is prescribed4 ,a son apologizes to his father for having erected a humble monument to him on the ground of the smallness of the inheritance2 ,si major auctoritas patrimoni mei fuisset1 ampliori titulo te prosecutus fuissem1 piissime pater4#bf ,with this distrust of posterity1 it was natural that men should erect their monuments in their own lifetime1 leaving to their heirs only the duty of inserting the years of their age2 for the year of the decease1 which the ,romans marked by the ,consuls1 is rarely given4 ,,sibi ,,vivus ,,fecit 7sometimes se vivo1 se vivis even me vivus1 se vivus7 is often found1 as on the sarcophagus of ,m4 ,diogenes ,verecundus1 formerly in ,york4 ,mindus ,zosimus ,senior tells us plainly on his tomb his reason for not leaving the choice to his heir2 he was afraid of his discharging the duty in a shabby way4 ,vivus mi feci1 ne post me lentius heres ,conderet exiguo busta suprema rogo4#bg ,a body once placed in a tomb could not be transferred to another without the permission of the pontiffs1 nor could the tomb even be repaired1 if the reparation involved the moving of the remains1 without the sanction of the authorities4 ,we find on the tomb of a freedman a copy of the petition which he had presented to be allowed to remove the bodies of his wife and son1 which he had temporarily placed in an obruendarium1 or sarcophagus of clay1 to a monument of marble1 ut quando ego esse desiero1 pariter cum iis ponar4#bh ,besides the monument itself1 various appendages to it are mentioned in the ,roman sepulcral inscriptions4 ,the area was occupied by buildings designed to be used in the annual commemorations of the deceased for which his will provided4 ,we read of a diaeta1 or summer-house2 a solarium1 or open balcony2 an accumbitorium1 or entertaining room2 an apparitorium1 in which the tables and benches used by the guests were kept4 ,the ground annexed to the monument frequently contained a well1 a cistern or a piscina1 whence water for the funeral rites might be drawn1 and a grove1 whence wood might be cut for a sacrifice4 ,if situated in a garden1 the monument was called cepotaphium4 ,a building was erected1 sometimes a permanent aedificium1 sometimes a simple nubilare or shed1 to receive the person who guarded the tomb 7locus habitationis tutelae causa71 and this office was generally entrusted to a freedman1 who was called aedituus#bi4 ,the inscriptions often record the sum which the deceased has bequeathed for an annual celebration at his tomb1 commonly on his birthday4 ,this was variously performed2 sometimes by libations of wine and milk 7profusiones71 or by the scattering of roses on the tomb 7rosalia71 accompanied by a feast4 ,l4 ,,ogius ,,patroclus1 ,,hortos ,,cum ,,aedificio ,,huic ,,sepulcro ,,juncto ,,vivus ,,donavit1 ,,ut ,,ex ,,reditu ,,eorum ,,largius ,,rosae ,,et ,,escae ,,patrono ,,suo ,,et ,,quandoque ,,sibi ,,ponerentur4#cj ,we find a testator directing that an annual feast1 for which he leaves #abe denarii1 should be held by the pagani1 or rural inhabitants of the district1 on his birthday1 or1 if this condition were neglected1 that the building and the legacy should go to the ,college of ,physicians1 and to his freedmen1 that they might feast on that day4 ,,quod ,,si ,,factum ,,non ,,erit1 ,,tum ,,hic ,,locus1 ,,ut ,,supra ,,scriptum ,,est ,,cum ,,annuis ,,cxxv4 7denariis7 ,,in ,,perpetuum ,,ad ,,collegium ,,medicorum ,,et ,,ad ,,libertos ,,meos ,,pertineat1 ,,ut ,,die ,,natale ,,meo ,,epulentur4#ca ,we must not attach ideas of too great dignity to the ,college of ,physicians4 ,every legal incorporation among the ,romans was a college1 and the medical body included practitioners of every grade1 even to the veterinary surgeon and the midwife4#cb ,another tribute of honour for which we find testators making provision is the lighting a lamp in the monument1 or feeding it with oil4 ,all who have explored the remains of ,roman antiquities are aware how frequently lamps are found in connection with sepulcral monuments4 ,the following inscription invites passers-by to perform this service3#cc-- ,quisquis huic tumulo posuit ardente lucernam ,illius cineres aurea terra tegat4 ,in order that these rites might be duly performed1 the monument carefully secures the right puteum adeundi1 hauriendi1 coronandi1 sacrificandi1 ligna sumendi1 mortuos mortuasve inferendi2 as well as of itus1 actus1 aditus1 introitus1 ambitus4 ,law delighted then1 as now1 in exhaustive enumerations4 ,to secure the perpetual celebration of these funeral honours was one object for which the alienation of the ground was so strictly forbidden4 ,titus ,a,elius1 a freedman of ,augustus1 leaves the monument which he and his wife had erected1 to his freedmen1 freedwomen1 and their descendants1 ,,ita ,,ut ,,ne ,,de ,,nomine ,,suo ,,aut ,,familia ,,exeat2 ,,ut ,,possit ,,memoriae ,,suae ,,quam ,,diutissime ,,sacrificari4#cd ,to these annual commemorative offerings allusion is made in a poetical inscription by a husband to his wife1 snatched away in youth4#ce ,lac tibi sit ,cybeles1 sint et rosa grata ,diones1 ,et flores grati ,nymphis et lilia serta4 ,sintque precor1 meritae qui nostra parent tibi dona ,annua1 et hic manes placida tibi nocte quiescant1 ,et super in nido ,marathonia cantet aedon4 ,it is not common to find in ,roman sepulcral inscriptions specific mention of the cause of death4 ,a father thus records his son's early death by the falling in of a well3#cf-- ,parva sub hoc titulo ,festi sunt ossa ,papiri ,quae moerens fato condidit ipse pater4 ,qui si vixisset domini jam nomina ferret4 ,hunc casus putei detulit ad cineres4#cg ,the following inscription records the death of a male and female slave1 crushed by a crowd in the ,capitol1 who had1 perhaps1 come together to see ,british captives led in chains1 in a triumphal procession3#ch-- ,ummidiae ,manes tumulus tegit iste simulque ,primigeni vernae1 quos tulit una dies4 ,nam ,capitolinae compressi examine turbae ,supremum fati competiere diem4 ,a,elius ,proculinus1 on the tomb of his wife1 bestows an imprecation on those who had shortened her life by magic incantations4 ,,carminibus ,,defixa ,,jacuit ,,per ,,tempora ,,muta1 ,,ut ,,ejus ,,spiritus1 ,,vi ,,extorqueretur ,,quam ,,naturae ,,redderetur4 ,,cujus ,,admissi ,,vel ,,manes ,,vel ,,di ,,coelestes ,,erunt ,,sceleris ,,vindices4#ci ,the wounded affections had their victims4 ,p4 ,l4 ,modestus raises a monument to ,telesinia ,crispinilla1 ,,conjugi ,,sanctissimae1 ,,quae ,,ob ,,desiderium ,,fili ,,sui ,,piissimi ,,vivere ,,abominavit ,,et ,,post ,,dies ,,xv ,,fati ,,ejus ,,animo ,,despondit4#dj ,of a similar excess of maternal grief1 causing the death of his wife1 ,cerialius ,calistio gently complains2 ,,dum ,,nimis ,,pia ,,fuit ,,facta ,,est ,,impia4#da ,communis and ,casia inscribe a monument to the memory of a daughter who died at the age of fifteen1 and of a son1 ,,qui ,,post ,,desiderium ,,sororis ,,suae ,,una ,,die ,,supervixit4#db ,the following distich records the death of ,antonia ,maura from her attendance on her sick husband3-- ,itala me rapuit crudeli funere tellus1 ,dum foveo nimia sedulitate virum4 ,the complaint that physicians were in vain is of ancient date4#dc ,ussere ardentes intus mea viscera morbi1 ,vincere quos medicae non potuere manus4 ,pliny has not preserved the name of the unhappy man whose monument declared ,,turba ,,medicorum ,,se ,,periisse1#dd that he had died of a multitude of doctors4 ,nor do the surgeons escape reproach for their want of skill4 ,,medici ,,male ,,membra ,,secarunt2 ,,corpori ,,quod ,,super ,,est ,,tumulum ,,tibi ,,feci appears to be the address of a master to his gladiator1 who1 though mangled1 had gained the victory1 but lost his life from unskilful treatment of his wounds4#de 99 99 99 99 99 ,inscriptions are curious to the scholar1 as a record of the changes which the ,latin language underwent in successive ages4 ,manuscripts imperfectly answer this purpose1 because transcribers were very apt1 either from habit or a desire to render their labours more saleable1 to change old forms for new1 especially in orthography4 ,sepulcral inscriptions1 being commonly the work of private individuals1 represent more exactly the language of common life than public monuments4 ,they serve the same purpose to the philologer1 as provincial dialects1 in which the old language of a country is often preserved1 when obliterated in correct and fashionable speech4 ,from the inscriptions in the tomb of the ,scipios in the beginning of the third century1 ,b4,c41 down to the establishment of ,christianity1 after which a cessation of ,pagan formulae gradually takes place1 we have a succession of about six centuries4 ,i will mention a few instances1 collected from funeral inscriptions1 which either throw light on the history of the ,latin language1 or illustrate that vulgar idiom and pronunciation1 which has influenced the formation of the modern ,italian4 ,the analogy of the ,greek1 and the form paterfamilias1 would lead to the conclusion that the genitive of the first declension had been originally formed in s1 next deprived of its final letter and becoming ai1 and finally contracted into ae4#df ,i have not observed in the sepulcral inscriptions any genitives of common nouns of this declension formed in s1 but we find ,faustines1 ,bellones1 ,midaes1 as genitives of proper names1 which1 according to grammatical rule1 would be formed in ae4 ,the dative feminine in abus is allowed by grammarians in cases where ambiguity of sex would arise from the use of is1 as in deabus1 filiabus1 libertabus2 but we find it used in inscriptions where no such ambiguity exists1 as in nymphabus1 fatabus1 and even horabus4 ,what is more remarkable is the extension of this formation of the dative to the second declension1 in such words as diibus and amicibus4 ,some departures from ordinary usage may1 no doubt1 be accounted for by the circumstance that in ,italy1 as in ,england1 the ,muse of the cemetery was an unlettered ,muse4 ,hic jacit#dg in a ,latin inscription no more proves that there was no distinction between the neuter and the active verb1 than here lays in an ,english churchyard4 ,nor can we argue from such constructions as cum quam bene vixi1 ab aedem1 that cum and ab governed the accusative2 or from such a concord as hunc collegium1 that nouns in um were once masculine4 ,but in many instances what seem at first only vulgar solecisms will be found to have a warrant in analogy4 ,dua as a neuter for duo#dh is called a barbarism by ,quinctilian 7#a1 #e1 #ae72 yet he acknowledges that every one said duapondo1 and that ,messala maintained it to be correct4 ,evento for eventui1 spirito for spiritui1 show that the double mode of declension was not confined to domus4 ,solo for soli has the authority of ,cato1 who used soli for solius1 and of ,terence1 who used solae for the same case4#di ,fatus suus on a monument might seem a blunder1 but malus fatus occurs in ,petronius ,arbiter 7p4 #bgj74 ,we find in an inscription#ej ,diva1 precor1 ,tellus alvo complectere sancta ,ossua quorum in hoc nomina sunt lapide4 and ossuarium1 the vase which received the burnt bones1 shows that ossua was a legitimate form4 ,the use of carere with an accusative#ea 7,filios duos caruit3 ,dulcem carui lucem1 cum te amisi ego conjunx7 has a parallel in ,plautus4 ,the usual construction of compos is with a genitive1 but it is not a solecism1 when ,l4 ,statius ,diodorus inscribes a tablet to ,god1 ,quod se precibus compotem fecisset2 for ,livy 7#c1 #ce7 uses it with an ablative4 ,the use of susum for sursum explains the ,latin sus 7in susque deque7 and the ,italian su4 ,meses for menses1 senu for sinu1 laguna for lacuna1 longitia 7lunghezza7 for longitudo1 so for sum1 all occurring in sepulcral inscriptions1 show the inclination of the ,latin language towards the ,italian4 ,the ,italian prefixes an i to a word which begins with s and a consonant1 when it follows one ending with a consonant1 as iscambio1 iscoglio1 ispirito2 and we find in inscriptions iscribit1 ispiritus4#eb ,poor letter ,h was treated with the same barbarous caprice of old as now1 being omitted where it should stand1 and interpolated where it should not4 ,thus we meet with ora1 ortulus1 omo1 ospitium1 onestus2 and on the other hand1 haediculus1 helephantus1 horiundus1 hordini1 ,hosiris1 and post hobitum4 ,those who omit the aspirate1 however1 are always more numerous than those who insert it2 in ,italy they ultimately gained the ascendancy1 and it is banished in pronunciation from modern ,italian1 which follows in this respect the usage of the old ,romans1 who said aedos and ircos4#ec ,the frequent substitution of b for v on later monuments1 bibi for vivi1 bixit for vixit1 lebo for levo1 habe for ave1 was caused by b being pronounced both in ,greek and ,latin with a slight aspiration1#ed whence we find ,greek writers representing ,varro by ,greek3 ,barrhon1 and ,flavius by ,greek3 ,phlabios4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the record of the trades and professions of the deceased1 which the ,roman sepulcral inscriptions contain1 often afford a curious insight into the differences of manners and customs between the ancient and the modern world4 ,they supply the deficiencies of the notices in books1 or explain obscure and solitary passages in the classics4 ,one difference is obvious4 ,there was no false shame in acknowledging the humble station which the deceased had filled in life4 ,the dealer in pigs is recorded as a negotiator suarius2 the female greengrocer as a negotiatrix frumentaria et leguminaria1 who kept a stall beside one of the flights of steps descending to the ,tiber4#ee ,it would not be mentioned now on the tomb of a medical practitioner1 that he had begun by practising his art in many market-places fora multa secutus4#ef ,perhaps the most remarkable instance of the difference between ancient and modern ideas in this respect is furnished by the tomb of ,a,emilia ,irene1 whose husband calls himself stupidus gregis urbani1 the clown of the city company of mountebanks4#eg ,the profession still finds candidates1 but their vocation would hardly be recorded on their funeral monuments4 ,the difference of feeling in ancient times may1 perhaps1 be accounted for from the circumstance1 that these mountebanks exhibited at festivals in honour of the gods1 and so acquired a certain respectability4 ,the ,christian writer1 ,arnobius1 reproaches the ,pagans with this practice4 ,mimis dei delectantur stupidorum capitibus rasis1 factis et dictis turpibus1 fascinorum ingentium rubore4#eh ,l4 ,cornelius ,januarius is recorded on his monument to have been the fanaticus of the temples of ,isis1 ,serapis1 and ,bellona1 that is1 one of those who were hired by the priests to stimulate the zeal of votaries by wild and frantic gestures1 supposed to indicate the inspiration of the divinity4#ei ,the ,grex ,romanus inscribe a monument to the actor of pantomimes1 ,pylades1 who first brought the ,ion and ,troades of ,euripides on the ,roman stage1 and for his admirable acting had received the compliment of decurional ornaments from the most considerable cities of ,italy4#fj ,the sepulcral inscriptions bear testimony to the minute subdivisions of the arts of public amusement4 ,we owe to one of them the knowledge1 that when ,greek mimes 7farces7 were performed to the populace at ,rome1 a viva voce explanation in the ,latin language answered the purpose of a translated libretto4#fa ,ursus ,togatus glorifies himself in his inscription1 as the first who had exhibited feats of graceful dexterity with a ball of glass1 for the amusement of those who frequented the baths of ,trajan1 ,agrippa1 ,titus1 and ,nero4#fb ,the ancient sleight-of-hand men appear to have at least rivalled the ,indian jugglers4 ,one of them has even been thought worthy of commemoration by the ,byzantine historian1 ,nicephorus ,gregoras4#fc ,he could throw up a glass-ball into the air and catch it as it fell on the point of his finger-nail1 the end of his elbow1 and other parts of his body4 ,another inscription boasts that the subject of it could transfix an arrow in its flight with another arrow4 ,instances are recorded of early proficiency in theatrical arts4 ,eucharis1 who died at the age of fourteen1 declares herself on her tomb to have been ,docta1 erodita paene ,musarum manu2 ,quae modo nobilium ludos decoravi choro ,et ,graeca in scena prima populo apparui4 ,a still more remarkable instance of precocity is that of ,l4 ,valerius1 who in his thirteenth year was crowned in the ,capitol in a contest of ,latin poetry4#fd ,the theatrical inscriptions1 which generally relate to ,greeks1 are of a boastful character1 foreign to the genius of the ,romans4 ,the death of ,vitalis1 an actor and mimic1 must have been a public calamity1 eclipsing the gaiety of nations1 if we believe his epitaph4 ,me viso rabidi subito cecidere furores2 ,ridebat summus me veniente dolor4 ,non licuit quenquam mordacibus urere curis1 ,nec rerum incerta mobilitate trahi4 ,vincebat cunctos praesentia nostra timores1 ,et mecum felix quaelibet hora fuit4 ,fingebam vultus1 habitus ac verba loquentum ,ut plures uno crederes ore loqui4 ,ipse etiam1 quem nostra oculis geminabat imago1 ,horruit in vultu se magis esse meo4 i4 e4 the person imitated was startled to find the imitation look more like him than himself6#fe ,one instance1 however1 of a different kind we may quote1 which for its expressive simplicity might be placed on the monument of a ,macready4 ,,ingenuum ,,comoedum1 ,,propter ,,singularem ,,artis ,,prudentiam ,,et ,,morum ,,probitatem4 ,the latter quality appears to have been rare among theatrical performers1 and we can forgive the fierce zeal of the ,christian ,fathers against the stage1 when we read on the tomb of a girl who was training for pantomime1-- ,cujus in octava lascivia surgere messe ,coeperat1 et dulces fingere nequitias4#ff ,before leaving what may be called the external peculiarities of ,roman sepulcral inscriptions1 we may notice the custom of placing on the tomb representations of the implements employed by the deceased in his occupation4 ,the tomb of a baker1 discovered a few years since near the ,porta ,maggiore at ,rome1 was constructed in the form of an oven1 and sculptured on it were the loaves1 the kneading trough1 and the mill worked by an ass4#fg ,from the tomb of ,cossutius1 a carpenter1 we learn the form of the square1 plumb-line1 compasses1 callipers1 and chisel1 the last being exactly in the form of the celt1 about which antiquaries have learnedly written4 ,the ornatrix1 or tirewoman1 announces her vocation in life by a mirror1 with a phial of perfume2 the tabellarius1 or postman1 by a theca graphiaria1 or pen-and-ink case2 the mensor aedificiorum1 by a decempeda1 or ten-foot rule2 the cultrarius1 or cutler1 by knives4 ,the occurrence of these emblems on ,christian tombs is said to have given rise to the reputation of unauthorized martyrdoms1 the cutler being supposed to have been flayed alive1 the wool-carder to have been torn to pieces with iron combs1 the blacksmith to have been tortured with the forceps1 the carpenter to have been sawn in two4#fh ,this custom continued in the middle ages4 ,a tombstone in the museum of the ,yorkshire ,philosophical ,society has a bell and a melting-pot engraved upon it1 indicating that it covered the tomb of a bell-founder1 and similar emblems have been found in ,bakewell ,church and elsewhere4#fi ,at the present day military and naval monuments alone display professional emblems4 ,it does not appear possible from the inscriptions on tomb-stones to deduce any inference respecting the average length of human life in the centuries which they embrace4 ,they usually record with exactness the age of the deceased2 often with the mention of the months1 days1 and hours2 but they are only fragments of the record of mortality as it originally existed1 and that record was itself very imperfect4 ,vast numbers were1 of course1 burnt or buried1 to whom no monument was raised4 ,there were pits without the ,esquiline ,gate1 in which the common people were buried promiscuously4 ,according to the statement of ,ulpian1 who wrote in the reign of ,alexander ,severus1 registers of population1 age1 sex1 disease and death had been kept with exactness by the censors for ten centuries1 and from observations grounded on these1 according to ,dr4 ,bissett ,hawkins's ,medical ,statistics1#gj from which ,i quote1 the expectation or mean term of human life among the ,romans was thirty years2 while that of ,england1 according to ,mr4 ,finlaison1 is fifty for the easy classes of society1 and forty-five for the whole population4 ,i do not put much faith in bills of mortality of the time of ,servius ,tullius1 considering the rarity even of historical documents in the early ages of ,rome4 ,the monuments1 too1 are1 in a large proportion of cases1 to military men1 who appear to have been cut off at very early ages4 ,but many reasons may be given why the average of life should be shorter than in ,england4 ,there was no provision for the poor among them1 unless the irregular profusion of congiaria can be called so2 there were no public hospitals2 the city was in many parts unhealthy2 their clothing not favourable to cleanliness1 though remedied1 in some measure1 by the bath2 and life was often shortened by suicide1 which was regarded as venial if not meritorious4 ,the average yielded by the inscriptions would certainly be low2 ,i have noticed one death at #ajb years1#ga #ij of which were passed without disease1 and one at #ajj1gb one at #ib1gc but these are rare4 ,valerius ,julianus inscribes a monument to his son1 who was three years old1 and his mother 7mammulae71 who was #hj4 ,dispara damna lege ,parcarum et stamina dispara2 ,haec ridenda mihi est1 hic lacrymandus erit4 ,haec namque emeritos bis quadraginta per annos ,vixit2 at hic tertio ,consule natus obit4 ,cur modo tam praeceps1 iterum tam sera fuisti ,funeris amborum dic rea ,persephone4 ,vix lucem vidisse satis qui vivere posset2 ,vivere quae nollet vix potuisse mori4#gd ,we now approach a more interesting inquiry4 ,what light do the ,roman sepulcral inscriptions throw upon the social relations1 the domestic affections1 the religious belief of the people from whom they originate8 ,the voice of nature speaks more truly from the tomb than anywhere else2 and if monumental phrases at last become formulary and unmeaning1 in their origin at least they carry with them a deep significance1 and express a genuine sentiment4 ,we feel curious to know how a people so different from ourselves in manners and religion expressed themselves1 in reference to the most solemn event of human existence4 ,for what qualities did they praise their departed friends8 ,whether true or false1 in reference to the individual1 the monumental panegyric will1 at all events1 teach us what was the standard of virtue in the conceptions of the times4 ,in what language did they express their affection or regret8 ,with what hopes respecting the future did they bid them farewell8 ,the ,roman lapidary style was well adapted to express feeling or describe character with energetic conciseness1 and in this respect stands in striking contrast with the diffuse and overloaded epitaphs in which the moderns delight4 ,a loquacious or boastful epitaph in ,latin excites the suspicion of the critic of inscriptions1 unless it is evidently of the latest age of heathenism4#ge ,the use of the ,latin language has been of no avail in checking the prolixity of modern composers2 the ,italians alone have caught the true spirit of classical antiquity1 and can compress much meaning into a few words4 ,the language of genuine sorrow is simple and concise4 ,what could convey to the heart the feeling of a mother's grief and affection more forcibly1 than the apostrophe1 ,,ave ,,luci1 ,,praerepte ,,matri6 or ,,fili ,,bene ,,quiescas6 ,,mater ,,tua ,,rogat ,,te ,,ut ,,me ,,ad ,,te ,,recipias4 ,the inscription of the sarcophagus in our ,museum1 ,d4 ,m4 ,,simpliciae ,,florentinae1 ,,animae ,,innocentissimae1 ,,quae ,,vixit ,,menses ,x41 ,,simplicius ,,pater ,,fecit1 would have gained nothing in pathos by the elaborate description of a father's sorrow4 ,neither would the inscription placed by her parents on ,cornelia ,anniana1 who died just when her prattle was beginning to delight their ears4 ,,filiae ,,dulcissimae1 ,,jam ,,garrulae1 ,,bimulae ,,nondum4#gf ,the great majority of records of the dead content themselves with the mention of the name1 station1 and age1 or with such a brief and modest encomium as is expressed in the words ,,homini ,,optimo ,,et ,,singularis ,,exempli4 ,we sometimes1 indeed1 find in epitaphs a play upon a name1 hardly consistent with our notions of the true style of such compositions4 ,yet a genuine sorrow might be struck with the relation between the name and the character1 such as the second of these inscriptions notices1 or find relief in the playful allusion in the third4 ,on the tomb of ,aper#gg was inscribed this distich3-- ,innocuus ,aper ecce jaces1 non ,virginis ira ,nec ,meleager atrox perfodit viscera ferro4 ,and on the tomb of ,glyconis1#gh-- ,hoc jacet in tumulo secura ,glyconis honesto4 ,dulcis nomine erat1 anima quoque dulcior usque4 ,on that of ,floridus1 inscribed1 it should seem1 with a flower1#gi-- ,quod vixi1 flos est4 ,servat lapis hoc mihi nomen4 ,noli ,deos ,manes2 flos satis est titulo4 ,what our writers on heraldry call canting and the ,french1 armes parlantes1 i4 e4 figures allusive to family names1 was not unknown to the ,romans2 it is found on their coins2 as a steer 7vitulus7 on the denarius of ,q4 ,voconius ,vitulus2 a murex1 on that of ,furius ,purpureo2 a foot1 on that of ,crassipes1 and a flower on that of ,aquillius ,florus4#hj ,in those inscriptions which enter into a fuller enumeration of public services1 one difference is striking to a person accustomed to modern ones1 namely1 the absence in the former of all mention of acts of social benevolence4 ,it is true that the erection of a fountain1 the construction of a road1 the dedication of a temple1 the exhibition of gladiatorial and floral games1 the bequest of a legacy for an annual feast1 and similar acts of popular munificence1 are often commemorated1 as titles of honour2 but ,i do not remember to have met with a record1 originating in pagan times1 of a life devoted to the alleviation of misery1 to the relief of indigence1 to the removal of ignorance and vice4 ,such virtues belong especially to the school of ,christianity4 ,the following inscription would be proved by its tenor to relate to a ,christian woman1 even if the date did not fix it to the middle of the fifth century of our aera4 ,,deo ,,fidelis1 ,,dulcis ,,marito1 ,,nutrix ,,famillae1 ,,cunctis ,,humilis1 ,,placato ,,puro ,,corde1 ,,amatrix ,,pauperum4#ha ,when parents erect a funeral monument to their children1 the inscription very frequently embodies the sentiment of ,cato the elder1 in ,cicero de ,senectute 7c4 #bc71 the inversion of the order of nature which the performance of such a duty by the parent involves4 ,catonem1 cujus a me corpus crematum est2 quod contra decuit ab illo meum4 ,thus in an inscription at ,naples by ,calvidius to his son1 who had died at the age of #bj2 ,,quod ,,filius ,,patri ,,facere ,,debuit ,,pater ,,fecit ,,filio2 and in another2 ,,quod ,,filia ,,patri ,,facere ,,debuerat ,,mors ,,immatura ,,fecit ,,ut ,,faceret ,,pater4 ,the sentiment is concisely expressed in the following distich3-- ,quod decuit natam patri praestare sepulto ,hoc contra natae praestitit ipse pater4#hb ,a mother1 burying her son1 who died at the age of #ce1 complains1 ,,hunc ,,leges ,,leti ,,praeposterae ,,eripuere ,,matri1 ,,quae ,,ut ,,annis ,,morte ,,quoque ,,esset ,,prior4 ,parents not only call themselves infelicissimi1 for the loss of their children1 but impii and crudeles1 because they survive them4 ,children from their premature grave endeavour to moderate their parents' grief1 by laying the blame upon the ,fates4 ,nec tibi nec nobis aeternum vivere cessit3 ,quod pueri occipimus ,fata querenda putes4#hc ,a father justifies himself to his daughter1 for not having died and mingled his ashes with hers1 by his duty to his surviving children4 ,quae tibi cunque mei potuerunt pignora amoris ,nata1 dari1 populo sunt lacrumante data4 ,et volui majora nimis2 sed cura meorum ,fida tui prohibet me cinerem esse rogi4#hd ,mothers regret1 under the loss of their children1 that they had ever become mothers4 ,cernis ut orba meis1 hospes monumenta locavi1 ,et tristis senior natos miseranda requiro4 ,exemplis referenda mea est deserta senectus1 ,ut steriles vere possint gaudere maritae4#he ,haec quaecunque legis1 devoto pectore1 mater ,da lacrimas1 et me sic peperisse dole4 ,hic jacet1 extinctus crudeli funere1 natus ,ultima vivendi qui mihi causa fuit4#hf ,the sentiment of the following inscription frequently occurs on monuments1 and has been imitated in modern times4 ,,mater ,,monumentum ,,fecit ,,moerens ,,filio1 ,,ex ,,quo ,,nihil ,,unquam ,,doluit1 ,,nisi ,,cum ,,is ,,non ,,fuit4#hg ,we learn from the sepulcral inscriptions that the ,romans had the same familiar substitutes as ourselves for the formal appellations of father and mother1 mamma and tata4 ,the following inscription is found at ,rome3 ,d4,m4 ,,zetho ,,corinthus ,,tata ,,ejus ,,et ,,nice ,,mamma4 ,,vixit4 ,,ann4 ,i4 ,d4 ,,vi4#hh ,these again had their affectionate diminutives1 mammula and tatula4 ,it is probable1 however1 that the use of them was confined to freedmen1 and to that class of society4 ,in one instance#hi a man erects a monument to his aged bonne1 ,,nonnae ,,suae4 ,the word is not found in classical ,latinity2 but it is the undoubted original of nun1 and may suggest that conventual vows were originally taken chiefly by aged females4 ,in ,italy at the present day it is the familiar name for grandmother4 ,the inscriptions of children on the tombs of their parents1 as might be expected1 are more brief and general1 expressive of gratitude and filial piety3 ,,matri ,,dulcissimae1 ,,pientissimae1 or ,,piissimae1 ,,carissimae1 ,,optimae2 ,,patri ,,amabili1 ,,optimo2 or conjointly ,,parentibus ,,optimis1 is the usual style of these inscriptions4 ,the monument of ,meia records that she was the mother of seven sons who had joined in raising a monument of ,parian marble to her memory4 ,meia fui1 felix septem circumdata natis2 ,dum vixi adstabat turba tenella mihi4 ,ut mihi grata vicem natorum turba referret ,hoc mihi de ,pario marmore struxit opus4#ij ,i must observe here1 by way of caution1 that the authors of fictitious inscriptions have been nowhere more active than in producing sentimental inscriptions4 ,that on ,julia ,alpinula was received as genuine by ,johannes ,mueller1 the historian of ,switzerland and pronounced by ,lord ,byron to be the most pathetic of human compositions4 ,,julia ,,alpinula ,,hic ,,jaceo4 ,,infelicis ,,patris ,,infelix ,,proles ,,deae ,,aventicae ,,sacerdos4 ,,exorare ,,patris ,,necem ,,non ,,potui4 ,,male ,,mori ,,in ,,fatis ,,illi ,,erat4 ,,vixi ,,ann4 ,,xxiii4 ,the hint was taken from ,tacitus 7,hist4 #a1 #fh71 where ,caecina is said to have put ,julius ,alpinus1 the chief man of ,aventicum1 to death4 ,it was sent by ,paulus ,gulielmus1 a notorious literary impostor1 to ,lipsius1 but the original has never been seen1 and it is now universally admitted to be a forgery4 ,not a few of the poetical inscriptions in ,burmann's ,anthologia are of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries4 ,it was certainly1 however1 by no fraud of the author that the beautiful lines in ,jortin's ,lusus ,poetici beginning1-- ,quae te tam tenera rapuerunt ,poeta juventa1 have been received into collections as ancient4 ,among the sepulcral inscriptions arising out of the relations of life1 those of husbands and wives are naturally the most common4 ,the celebrated speech of ,metellus ,numidicus the ,censor1 when exhorting the ,romans to marriage1 does not indicate a high appreciation of the female sex4 ,if1 said he1 ,o ,quirites1 we could do without wives1 we should all like to be free from the annoyance2 but since nature has so arranged things that we can neither live comfortably with them nor at all without them1 we should put up with a temporary inconvenience for the sake of a permanent benefit4 ,gellius1 who reports the speech1 naturally remarks that this was no very powerful recommendation of matrimony1 and that he should rather have said that in general marriage had no troubles2 that if they sometimes seem to occur1 they were few and light and easy to be borne1 and were thrown into the shade by greater pleasures and advantages2 and that the troubles which did arise did not happen to all1 nor by the fault of nature1 but from the fault and injustice of husbands4 ,castricius1 on the other hand1 vindicated ,metellus1 and maintained that as ,censor he was bound to tell the whole truth1 known to himself and admitted by every one else4#ia ,on such a subject it is not fair to take the evidence of books1 in which1 in ancient times at least1 only one side is heard2 or of satirists1 who are1 one and all1 caricaturists1 and very generally ill-tempered men2 or of poets1 whose own lives were flagrantly licentious2 nor to draw conclusions respecting the character of ,roman women generally from a few notorious examples of vice in elevated stations4 ,i believe that we may obtain a truer as well as a more favourable conception of the conjugal relation in the imperial times1 from the sepulcral inscriptions4 ,they proceed from the middle classes1 who give its moral character to a community2 they are very numerous1 and ,i cannot but believe the testimony which they bear to the general happiness of the married state4 ,the few inscriptions on women which have come down to us from the times of the republic1 show what were the practical1 unostentatious1 and home-keeping qualities which were prized in the ,roman matron1 yet not without those gifts of pleasant speech and graceful carriage which set off the more solid virtues of female character4 ,hospes quod deico paullum est3 asta ac pellige4 ,heic est sepulcrum pulcrum pulcrai feminae4 ,nomen parentes nominarunt ,claudiam4 ,suom mareitom corde dilexit souo4 ,gnatos duo creavit3 horunc alterum ,in terra linquit1 alium sub terra locat4 ,sermone lepido1 tum autem incessu commodo1 ,domum servavit1 lanam fecit4 ,dixi4 ,abei4#ib ,the same qualities are predominant in an inscription of later date4 ,,hic ,,sita ,,est ,,amymone ,,marci ,,optima ,,et ,,pulcherrima1 ,,lanifica1 ,,pia1 ,,pudica1 ,,frugi1 ,,casta1 ,,domiseda4#ic ,intellectual accomplishments1 however1 were not overlooked4 ,,juliae ,,luc4 ,,filiae ,,tyranniae ,,vixit ,,ann4 ,,xx4,m4,,viii4 ,,quae ,,moribus ,,pariter ,,et ,,disciplina ,,coeteris ,,feminis ,,exemplo ,,fuit1 ,,autarcius ,,nurui4 ,,laurentius ,,ucsori4#id ,the married life of the ,romans appears to have been remarkably free from those domestic differences which ,paley1 according to a well-known anecdote1 considered to be a useful corrective of its dulness4 ,,conjux ,,incomparabilis1 ,,cum ,,qua ,,vixi ,,xxx ,,annos ,,sine ,,querela2 ,,sine ,,jurgio2 ,,sine ,,dissidio2 ,,sine ,,aemulatione2 ,,sine ,,ulla ,,animi ,,laesione1 are testimonies constantly occurring on the part of husbands to their wives4 ,the collection of ,fabretti contains several inscriptions1 declaring that this harmony had continued during half a century of married life4#ie ,the monuments erected by wives to their husbands are less numerous1 but they bear the same testimony to conjugal harmony4 ,d4,m4 ,d4 ,,juni ,,primigenio ,,qui ,,vixit ,,annis ,,xxxv ,,junia ,,pallas ,,fecit1 ,,conjugi ,,karissimo ,,et ,,pientissimo ,,de ,,se ,,benemerenti1 ,,cum ,,quo ,,vixit ,,annis ,,xv ,,menses ,,vi ,,dulciter ,,sine ,,querela4#if ,we find a husband recording on the tomb of his wife his vow never to contract a second marriage4 ,,tempius ,,hermeros ,,conjugi ,,carissimae ,,fecit ,,con 7sic7 ,,qua ,,vixit ,,annos ,,xviii ,,sine ,,querela4 ,,cujus ,,desiderio ,,juratus ,,est ,,se ,,post ,,eam ,,uxorem ,,non ,,habiturum4#ig ,it is not an unfrequent sentiment1 that the death of the wife was the very first cause of sorrow that she had given to her husband1 as in the following example at ,rome4 ,t4 ,,fl4 ,,capito ,,conjugi ,,castissimae ,,piissimae ,,et ,,de ,,se ,,optime ,,meritae1 ,,de ,,qua ,,nullum ,,dolorem ,,nisi ,,acerbissimae ,,mortis ,,ejus ,,acceperat4#ih ,one inscription might seem to indicate a different feeling1 a husband saying of his wife on her monument1 ,,cujus ,,in ,,die ,,mortis ,,gratias ,,maximas ,,egi ,,apud ,,deos ,,et ,,apud ,,homines2 and the editor1 ,orelli1 remarks upon it mirum dicterium6--a strange sarcasm4 ,it would1 indeed1 be not only strange1 but brutal1 in the sense which he attributes to it1 but it surely admits the more candid construction that the husband had seen his wife suffering long and was grateful for her release4 ,it may be illustrated by another4 ,,omidia ,,basilissa ,,vixit ,,annos ,,xxv4 ,,quae ,,post ,,longas ,,et ,,varias ,,infirmitates ,,hominibus ,,exempta ,,est4 ,,misera ,,vale4 ,,macedo ,,maritus4#ii ,such too1 was the import of the consolation which ,c4 ,publicius addresses to his parents4 ,tempera jam genitor lacrimis1 tuque1 ,o optima mater1 ,desine jam flere3 poenam non sentio mortis4 ,poena fuit vita2 requies mihi morte parata est4#ajj ,death sometimes came speedily to blight the prospects of happiness4 ,d4 ,m4 ,l4 ,,arulenus ,,sosimus ,,fecit ,,clodiae ,,charidi ,,suae ,,conjugi ,,dulcissimae1 ,,quae ,,si ,,ad ,,vitae ,,metam ,,pervenisset1 ,,non ,,hominibus ,,neque ,,dis ,,invidisset2 ,,set ,,vix ,,secum ,,vixit ,,dies ,,xv4#aja ,the following inscription beautifully expresses the wish that the harmony in which ,p4 ,manlius ,surus and his wife had lived might be prolonged in the joint resting-place of their remains2 ,,ut ,,concors ,,vivorum ,,animus ,,stetit1 ,,ita ,,concors ,,mortuorum ,,cinis ,,hic ,,jaceat4#ajb ,it is sometimes recorded on the tombs of mothers by their husbands or their children1 that they had fulfilled the duty which the philosopher ,favorinus urged on the ,roman matrons1#ajc and ,tansillo and ,roscoe on the women of ,italy and ,england1 that of being nurse as well as mother4 ,,gratiae ,,alexandriae1 ,,insignis ,,exempli ,,ac ,,pudicitiae1 ,,quae ,,etiam ,,filios ,,suos ,,propriis ,,uberibus ,,educavit1 ,,pudens ,,maritus4 ,,liciniae ,,processae1 ,,matri ,,piae ,,nutrici ,,dulcissimae1 ,,crescens ,,fecit4#ajd ,we find traces1 however1 of the effects of the facility of divorce4 ,northern superstition has represented a mother as disquieted in her grave by the ill-usage of her children1 and coming in nightly visions to terrify their stepmother into better treatment of them2 but a ,roman mother lived to record on the tomb of her son that he had been poisoned by his stepmother4 ,d4 ,m4 ,l4 ,,hostili ,,ter ,,silvani ,,ann4 ,,xxiv4 ,m4 ,,ii4 ,d4 ,,xv4 ,,mater ,,filio ,,piissimo4 ,,misera ,,et ,,in ,,luctu ,,aeternali ,,beneficio 7,,veneficio7 ,,novercae4#aje ,another conjugal tribute discloses a singular result of the same state of the law4 ,t4 ,sentius ,januarius and ,l4 ,terentius ,trophimus jointly raise a memorial to ,hostilia ,capriola4#ajf ,she must have been married to the one after having been divorced from the other2 and as they agree in calling her ,,conjugi ,,bene ,,merenti1 we must suppose the first marriage to have been dissolved without criminality on her part4 ,such an association would seem strange1 even in those continental countries1 where a divorced wife may sit at table between her first and second husband4 ,i will conclude this subject of the affectus conjugum by the quotation of a beautiful inscription1 said to have been found on a monument at ,rome1 which is figured in ,gruter4#ajg ,it purports to be a dialogue between ,atimetus1 a freedman of ,tiberius ,caesar1 and his deceased wife 7collibertae et contubernali7 ,claudia ,homonoea1 the husband professing his desire to die and rejoin his wife2 the wife expressing her hope1 that what had been taken from her own life might be added to his4 ,it has not escaped suspicion1 though the majority of critics admit its genuineness4 ,if genuine1 it proceeds from the golden age of ,latin literature2 if the work of a scholar of the sixteenth century1 it will still have an interest for the reader of taste4 ,tu qui secura procedis mente parumper ,siste gradum quaeso1 verbaque pauca lege4 ,,homonoea4 ,illa ego quae claris fueram praelata puellis ,hoc ,homonoea brevi condita sum tumulo4 ,cui formam ,paphie1 ,charites tribuere decorem2 ,quam ,pallas cunctis artibus erudiit4 ,nondum bis denos aetas mea viderat annos3 ,injecere manus invida fata mihi4 ,nec pro me queror hoc1 morte est mihi tristior ipsa ,moeror ,atimeti conjugis ille mei4 ,,atimetus4 ,si pensare animas sinerent crudelia fata ,et posset redimi morte aliena salus1 ,quantulacumque meae debentur tempora vitae ,pensarem pro te1 cara ,homonoea libens4 ,at nunc1 quod possum1 fugiam lucemque deosque ,ut te matura per ,styga morte sequar4 ,,homonoea4 ,parce tuam conjux1 fletu quassare juventam1 ,fataque moerendo sollicitare mea4 ,nil prosunt lacrimae1 nec possunt fata moveri3 ,viximus3 hic omnes exitus unus habet4 ,parce3 ita non unquam similem experiare dolorem1 ,et faveant votis numina cuncta tuis4 ,quodque mihi eripuit more immatura juventae ,id tibi victuro proroget ulterius4 ,we know from the ,latin poets that favourite animals were honoured by a monument 7,lusciniae tumulum si ,thelesina dedit1 ,martial1 #g1 #hf74 ,the following inscription on a pet greyhound is found in the ,anthologia3-- ,docta per incertas audax discurrere silvas ,collibus hirsutas atque agitare feras2 ,non gravibus vinclis unquam consueta teneri1 ,verbera nec niveo corpore saeva pati4 ,molli namque sinu domini dominaeque jacebam1 ,et noram in strato lassa cubare toro4 ,et plus quam licuit muto canis ore loquebar2 ,nulli latratus pertimuere meos4#ajh ,d4 ,m4 is even prefixed to the epitaph on a ,barbary mare 7equa ,gaetulica71 named ,speudusa 7,greek3 speudousa71 who is declared to be fleet as the wind1 flabris compar4 ,after the example of the ,greeks1 the ,romans gave significant names to their race and chariot horses1 several of which are preserved on the monument of ,diodes1 the driver of the ,red ,faction4#aji 99 99 99 99 99 ,there still remains the most interesting of all the subjects of inquiry which the ,roman sepulcral inscriptions suggest1 what was the state of religious feeling and belief among the people with whom they originated8 ,the natural affections1 springing from sources which exist in every human breast1 will express themselves with a certain similarity in all ages and countries4 ,but there is a wide difference in the religious faith and sentiment with which the bereavements of life are met1 and which find their record on the funeral monument4 ,one remarkable contrast strikes us on comparing ancient with modern1 ,heathen with ,christian inscriptions--the entire absence in the former of anything like resignation to the will of a superior ,power1 or any acknowledgment of a benevolent purpose in a painful dispensation4 ,if the gods are alluded to it is in the way of complaint4 ,,manus ,,lebo 7levo7 ,,contra ,,deum ,,qui ,,me ,,innocentem ,,sustulit1#aaj is a bold defiance of ,providence4 ,cornelius ,victor1 who died at the age of thirty-one1 complains that his virtues had not secured him a longer life4 ,,vixi ,,semper ,,bene ,,ut ,,volui4 ,,neminem ,,laesi4 ,,cur ,,mortuus ,,sim ,,nescio2#aaa while ,marsilia ,stabilis regrets that her eminent piety could not purchase exemption from the common destiny4 ,si pietate aliquam redimi fatale fuisset1 ,marsilia ,stabilis prima redemta forem4#aab ,if such a feeling of impatience and complaint could be allowed1 we might sympathize with ,t4 ,claudius ,hermes1 who inscribes a monument1 ,,merulae ,,uxori ,,bene ,,de ,,se ,,merenti ,,et ,,campilio ,,albuno ,,infanti ,,dulcissimo ,,quos ,,dii ,,irati ,,uno ,,die ,,aeterno ,,somno ,,dederunt4#aac ,antinous and ,panthea1 who placed on the tomb of their infant daughter ,isiatis the sentiment1 ,,quam ,,di ,,amaverunt ,,hac ,,moritur ,,infas1 appear from their names to have been ,greeks1 and to have copied the ,greek poet ,menander4#aad ,nor does the deceased speak from the tomb with any words of consolation to those who are left behind1 except that cold comfort1 the solamen miseris socios habuisse doloris4 ,c4 ,gavius ,primigenius1 who died at the age of seven1 thus addresses his mother3-- ,desine jam mater lacrimis renovare querelas ,namque dolor talis non tibi contigit uni4#aae ,the possibility that longer life might have been vicious or unhappy is urged as a motive to abstain from grief1 as in the inscription on ,lucia ,toreuma1 who died at the age of nineteen3-- ,exiguo1 vitae spacio feliciter acto ,effugi crimen longa senecta tuum4#aaf ,there would be no difficulty in deciding between the two following inscriptions1 in each of which a deceased mother addresses her surviving husband and children1 which of them proceeded from a ,heathen and which from a ,christian source3-- ,care marite mihi1 dulcissima nata valete1 ,et memores nostris semper date justa sepulcris4#aag ,parcite vos lacrimis dulces cum conjuge natae ,viventemque ,deo credits flere nefas4#aah ,nor are inscriptions wanting which declare the vanity of human wishes1 and the fallaciousness of human hopes2-- ,decipimur votis et tempore fallimur1 et mors ,deridet curas2 anxia vita nihil1 is a distich which frequently occurs4#aai ,,vive ,,laetus ,,quique 7quicunque7 ,,vivis4 ,,vita ,,parvum ,,munus ,,est ,,mox ,,exorta ,,est ,,sensim ,,vigescit ,,deinde ,,sensim ,,deficit1 expresses a similar sentiment4 ,the sentiment on the tomb of ,vettius ,hermes1 ,,mater ,,genuit ,,me1 ,,mater ,,recepit1 is not very different from that of ,scripture1 ,dust thou art1 and to dust thou shalt return4 ,the inscription1 ,c4 ,,pompeius ,,euphrosynus ,,et ,,junia ,,gemella ,,uxor ,,ejus ,,ex ,,omnibus ,,bonis ,,suis ,,hoc ,,sibi ,,sumpserunt1 that the grave in which they lay was all they had retained of their possessions1 reminds us of the passage1 ,we brought nothing into this world1 and it is certain that we can take nothing out4 ,these and similar sentiments express truths forced everywhere on man's notice1 and which may be looked for in many countries1 and under many religions4 ,the inquiry1 to which we might especially expect that the sepulcral inscriptions would furnish a full reply1 is1 what was the belief of the ,romans1 in the ages to which these memorials belong1 respecting the condition of man after death4 ,the almost universal commencement of epitaphs with ,diis ,manibus1 or the abbreviation ,d4 ,m41 might seem to indicate an universal belief in the continued existence of the spiritual part of his nature4 ,for the divine ,manes were the disembodied spirits of men1 waiting1 according to those who believed in the transmigration of souls1 for reunion with another body2 or1 according to a more popular conception1 lingering around the tomb1 acutely sensitive to any violation or neglect1 and gratified by the tokens of remembrance and affection2 or in a still different view1 the presiding deities of the world of spirits exercising a control over its inhabitants4 ,such must have been the conception of ,furia ,spes1 when in the inscription upon her husband's tomb she addresses a prayer to the ,manes1 that she might be permitted to see him in her nightly dreams4 ,,peto ,,vos ,,manes ,,sanctissimae1 ,,commendatum ,,habeatis ,,meum ,,conjugem ,,et ,,velitis ,,huic ,,indulgentissimi ,,esse1 ,,horis ,,nocturnis ,,ut ,,eum ,,videam4 ,,et ,,etiam ,,me ,,fato ,,suo ,,addere ,,velit1 ,,ut ,,et ,,ego ,,dulcius ,,et ,,celerius ,,apud ,,eum ,,pervenire ,,possim4#abj ,how far the formulary mention of the ,dii ,manes on sepulcres may be taken as a proof of the continued existence of the belief in which it undoubtedly originated is a question very difficult to decide4 ,pliny1 while he ridicules the superstition1 acknowledges the existence of the belief4#aba ,juvenal1 on the contrary1 declares that the belief in the ,manes did not extend beyond the nursery3-- ,esse aliquid ,manes et subterranea regna---- ,nec pueri credunt nisi qui nondum aere lavantur4 ,sat4 #b1 #adi4 ,i should receive with caution the testimony of a poetical censor of his age1 who naturally fixes his eye on those circumstances only which justify his fierce indignation4 ,nor do ,i draw any inference unfavourable to the belief in a future existence from such expressions as domus aeterna1 quies aeterna1 and others of the same kind4 ,they are found on ,christian sepulcres1 and may have a reference to the body1 which it was hoped might never be disturbed in its peaceful resting-place4 ,it is natural also to regard the grave as a place of repose from the toils1 the pains1 and the troubles of life1 without believing it to be the be-all and the end-all of man's history4 ,even the inscription1 ,d4 ,m4 ,,et ,,somno ,,aeternali4 ,,securitati ,,memoriaeque ,,perpetuae ,,aeliae ,,flaviae ,,melitanae1#abb may not involve that disbelief which the words eternal sleep seem to us to imply4 ,from the list of doubters1 at all events1 must be excluded ,t4 ,claudius ,panoptes1 who erects a monument to his two daughters1 in obedience to a vision 7ex viso71 and placed this challenge to sceptics on their tomb4 ,,tu ,,qui ,,leges ,,et ,,dubitas ,,manes ,,esse1 ,,sponsione ,,facta ,,invoca ,,nos ,,et ,,intelliges4#abc ,on the other hand1 it is not to be denied that many inscriptions breathe a very ,epicurean spirit4 ,,amici ,,dum ,,vivimus ,,vivamus1 was an exhortation rather to the enjoyment than the improvement of life4 ,the inscription on the tomb of ,publius ,clodius1 ,,quod ,,comedi ,,et ,,ebibi ,,tantum ,,meum ,,est1 seems copied from that of ,sardanapalus4#abd ,such sentiments1 openly professed1 revolt our moral taste4 ,the most determined modern votary of luxury and pleasure would not imitate ,claudius ,secundus1 in declaring1 ,,hic ,,secum ,,habet ,,omnia4 ,,balnea ,,vina ,,venus ,,corrumpunt ,,corpora ,,nostra4 ,,sed ,,vitam ,,faciunt ,,balnea ,,vina ,,venus4#abe ,public opinion1 and1 indeed1 public authority1 now impose restraints on the profession of irreligious or immoral sentiments1 which were unknown to the more free-spoken ,romans4 ,in truth1 at the time to which our inscriptions belong1 though there was a national cultus1 there cannot be said to have been a national religion4 ,even when their epitaphs imply a hope of a future existence1 it is of that doubtful and hypothetical kind1 with the expression of which ,tacitus closes his life of ,agricola4 ,si quis piorum ,manibus locus2 si1 ut sapientibus placet1 non cum corpore extinguuntur magnae animae1 placide quiescas4 ,suscipe nunc conjunx1 si quis post funera sensus1 ,debita sacratis ,manibus officia4#abf ,the expression of a more confident hope1 as in the two following inscriptions1 does not exclude the suspicion that there it may be rather poetical imagery than religious faith4 ,atilia ,marcella thus speaks in the name of her deceased husband ,fabatus3-- ,terrenum corpus1 coelestis spiritus in me2 ,quo repetente sedem suam nunc vivimus illic1 ,et fruitur superis aeterna in luce ,fabatus4#abg ,the mother of ,theodote thus consoles herself for the loss of her daughter1 who was hardly five years old4 ,virginis hic tenerae1 lector miserere sepultae2 ,unius huic lustri vix fuit acta dies4 ,o quam longinquae fuerat dignissima vitae ,heu6 cujus vivit nunc sine fine dolor-- ,sola tamen tanti restant solatia luctus ,quod tales animae protinus astra petunt4#abh ,upon the whole the evidence1 negative even more than positive1 of the ,roman sepulcral inscriptions1 abundantly confirms the testimony of heathen as well as ,christian writers1 to the absence of any definite and practical belief in a future state1 in the three or four first centuries after the ,christian aera4 ,yet few would be able tranquilly to acquiesce in the doctrine of annihilation4 ,they sought in other sources for that assurance which neither religion nor philosophy could afford them4 ,never was the practice of magic1 incantations1 necromancy1 and mysteries more prevalent than during the period in which ,christianity was slowly supplanting the ancient superstitions4 ,it was evident that the fulness of the times was come1 and that if the world were not to be divided between the victims of religious imposture and the disciples of ,epicurus1 light from on high must visit the earth4 ,other inscriptions1 not properly sepulcral1 afford the same proof of the loss of all vital power in the old religion4 ,among all the religious monuments which the ,museum of the ,yorkshire ,philosophical ,society contains1 there is not one to ,jupiter1 ,juno1 ,minerva1 or any of the great gods of the popular creed4 ,there is one to ,hercules--a hero1 not a god2 one to ,fortune--a deified personification2 one to the ,genius of the place--an elegant creation of poetry2 one to the fictitious deity of the ,emperor4 ,the gods of the barbarians have evidently dethroned those of ,greece and ,rome4 ,the legate of a ,roman ,legion records that he has rebuilt from the foundation a temple of the ,egyptian ,serapis4 ,a ,roman commander must have constructed the cave in which the mystic rites of the ,asiatic ,mithras were performed4 ,we have an altar to the tutelary goddess of ,brigantia2 to ,viterineus1 a local deity of the neighbourhood of ,hadrian's ,wall2 and1 lastly1 to the god ,arciacon1 wholly unknown but from this unique inscription4 ,it is evident that the popular religion was altogether a creed outworn4 ,art had familiarized men with the human representations of their deities2 and even by the perfection of its visible and material works had destroyed the belief in their spiritual existence and invisible power4 ,philosophy had exposed the folly of an anthropomorphic polytheism2 poetry and the stage had made the gods contemptible4 ,nothing was left which could awaken reverence or love3 instead of aiding1 the popular religion checked the impulse of the mind to connect the ideas of infinitude and deity4 ,but in the gods of the barbarous nations1 who had remained without art1 and without a mythology converting gods into men1 there was something obscure1 mysterious1 and indefinite2 something on which imagination could fasten1 and which it could readily invest with supernatural attributes4 ,he who looked on the ,apollo of the ,belvedere with no other feeling than that he beheld the triumph of the sculptor's art in action and expression1 was overcome with a religious awe when he gazed on the unmeaning faces and half-bestial forms of ,egyptian deities4 ,the genius of ,rome was tolerant of all religions but the true2 a hearty belief in the gods of his own ,pantheon would not have prevented a ,roman soldier from doing homage to those of the country in which he was quartered1 and seeking thus to gain their favour or avert their displeasure4 ,but this will not account for the extensive diffusion of the worship of ,phrygia and ,thrace1 ,persia and ,egypt1 throughout the ,roman empire4 ,it was certainly an indication of a restless longing for something that could supply nourishment to the craving for religious faith which exists in the heart of man1 and feeds itself on superstition when it can find no purer aliment4 ,among the sights of modern ,rome there is none more interesting than that long gallery of the ,vatican called ,delle ,lapidi4 ,on the right-hand wall are encased the sepulcral and other monuments of emperors1 consuls and commanders of legions1 with their numerous and pompous titles2 inscriptions to the gods and their priests4 ,the elaborate and tasteful ornaments1 the finely-cut letters1 the classical ,latinity--all indicate the rank and station of those by whom or in whose honour they were raised4 ,on the left are the ,christian monuments1 chiefly supplied by the ,catacombs1 which1 during the ages of the obscurity and persecution of the ,church1 served the ,christians for sanctuary and cemetery1 and even for a temporary dwelling-place4 ,the slabs from their tombs are of coarse material--not ,parian1 or ,carrara marble1 or ,egyptian porphyry2 the letters are rudely made1 the spelling and the syntax betray the humble rank and imperfect literary attainments of those who supplied them4 ,no mention is made of ample space allotted to the tomb1 no anxious care is expressed to perpetuate the inheritance or provide for a long succession of occupants4 ,the ,christian perhaps fell asleep in the expectation that the second coming of his ,lord1 to call the tenants of the tomb to judgment1 would not be delayed beyond a few years4 ,the ,roman of family had three names2 the ,christian had no gens with which to claim affinity2 he was a proletarian1 a mere unit amidst the millions4 ,one simple name served to identify him2 his sepulcre might even be nameless--a circumstance of most rare occurrence in regard to ,pagan tombs4#abi ,how strikingly does the contrast confirm the declaration of the ,apostle1 that not many wise men after the flesh1 not many mighty1 not many noble were called4#acj ,but to this contrast there is another side4 ,the heathen monuments represent a decayed and dying superstition2 the ,christian1 a living and triumphant faith--the weak things of the world chosen to confound the strong4 ,their inscriptions speak of resignation1 peace1 and confidence2 their emblems1 the ,good ,shepherd1 the ,dove1 the ,anchor1 the ,ark of ,noah1 all breathe the same peaceful1 humble1 and yet hopeful spirit4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the literature of what the ,germans call ,epigraphik1 that branch of archaeology which treats of inscriptions1 is uncommonly rich--so rich1 indeed1 as to be embarrassing4 ,the scholars of ,italy1 with ,muratori and ,maffei at their head1 have been pre-eminent in their labours1 which alone would form a library4 ,the inscriptions of ,gaul and ,helvetia1 and of the ,roman settlements on the ,rhine and ,danube1 have been illustrated in special works4 ,those of our country may be found in ,horsley's ,britannia ,illustrata1 in the later work of ,lysons1 in ,dr4 ,bruce's ,roman ,wall1 and ,stuart's ,caledonia ,illustrata4 ,the great repository1 in which all that was known at the commencement of the eighteenth century has been collected1 is the ,inscriptiones ,antiquae totius orbis ,romani1 four volumes1 folio1 begun by ,joseph ,scaliger1 and enlarged by the successive labours of ,gruter and ,graevius4 ,these1 with the folios of ,fabretti and ,reinesius1 are indispensable in the library of an archaeologist1 who devotes himself to the study of inscriptions4 ,the general scholar will find an admirable selection in the work of ,orelli1 to which a supplemental volume has been lately added by ,henzen4#aca ,the monuments are carefully classified2 they are illustrated1 without being overwhelmed with notes1 and more care is taken than in any previous collection1 to separate the spurious from the genuine inscriptions4 ,nowhere has mischievous ingenuity been more actively at work than in the forgery of ,latin inscriptions1 especially in the sixteenth century1 when the revival of classical studies gave value to every relic of antiquity1 and the infancy of archaeological science rendered imposture easy4 ,among those who have deserved the reprobation of scholars by their forgeries1 ,pyrrhus ,ligorius stands pre-eminent4 ,ligorio was a ,neapolitan by birth1 a skilful artist and architect1 who1 with considerable taste for antiquities1 but little knowledge1 employed himself in making collections of drawings of ancient buildings1 and copies of inscriptions and medals1 which1 when bound in volumes1 he sold at high prices to the munificent patrons of learning who then abounded in ,italy4 ,thirty-five of these volumes1 in imperial folio1 are in the ,royal ,library of ,turin1 and others are1 or were1 in the ,library of the ,vatican1 and of the princely families of ,rome4 ,the temptation of gain was too strong for his honesty1 and finding invention easier than research and discovery1 he began to forge inscriptions in order to make up his volumes4 ,he is said to have been ignorant of the ,latin language1 but either this must be a mistake1 or he was aided by some one of superior attainments to his own3 for many of his forgeries prove the skill with which they were made1 by the currency which they have obtained4 ,he has frequently combined fragments of different inscriptions2 or taken names from the ,consular ,fasti1 and inserted them so as to give his patchwork an air of genuineness4 ,there can be no doubt that he really copied many inscriptions2 but his bad faith has cast a shade over everything which rests on his sole authority4 ,he is by no means the only one who has brought on himself the malison of antiquaries and historians1 by thus corrupting the sources of historical evidence4 ,the greatest caution is necessary in citing an inscription1 of which the alleged original no longer exists1 if it be not vouched by unexceptionable authority4 ,on the other hand1 some reputations which had been tarnished by the suspicion of the forgery of ancient inscriptions1 have been vindicated by ,time4 ,the name of ,cyriac of ,ancona was once a bye-word among scholars for a shameless impostor1 who had passed his own inventions on the world as genuine remains of antiquity4 ,yet he is now admitted to have acted with good faith1#acb although through haste and ignorance he may have copied inaccurately and been imposed upon by others4 ,it is ascertained that the collection of ,spanish inscriptions which has passed under his name1 and which has given rise to the heaviest imputations against him1 was fraudulently put forth and attributed to him4 ,inscriptions have also been rejected on grounds of taste by critics1 who did not sufficiently reflect1 that in an age when all other style had been corrupted by affectation and bombast1 the lapidary style could hardly have retained its original character of modesty1 conciseness1 and simplicity4 ,many sepulcral inscriptions1 some of which have been quoted in the preceding pages1 are preserved in ,,ms4 collections1 and have been introduced into the ,anthologia ,latina1 which was begun by ,scaliger1 and continued by ,pithoeus2 and attained its most complete form in the hands of ,peter ,burmann4#acc ,about #djj sepulcral inscriptions are included in it1 extending from the time of the ,scipios1 even down to the twelfth century after the birth of ,christ1 and including of course many which are the production of ,christian authors4 ,some of more recent composition have found their way into these collections2 but the majority attest their own genuineness by their unrefined phraseology1 and their violation of the laws of prosody--faults which no modern scholar would have allowed himself to commit4 ,,addendum ,,to ,,page #g1 ,,note #b4 ,as ,i have not seen the existence of burial clubs among the ,romans noticed in any work on ,roman antiquities1 ,i will give some extracts from the monument referred to4 ,it was found at ,lanuvium1 a town of ancient fame for the worship of ,juno ,sospita1 about nineteen miles from ,rome on the ,via ,appia4 ,the inhabitants of this town appear1 out of flattery towards the ,emperor ,hadrian1 in whose reign the marble was erected1 to have formed themselves into a college for paying divine honours to ,diana and ,antinous2 a singular combination1 which shows at once the degraded condition of the people1 and the heartless formality of the established religion1 which could be prostituted to such a purpose4 ,the privilege of forming a college--or as we should say a body corporate--was most sparingly conceded1 and most jealously restricted under the ,emperors1 who dreaded all secret associations as nurseries of treason4 ,with this primary object of forming a college of the ,cultores ,dianae et ,antinoi they combined that of a burial club1 not forgetting the festivities which formed so important a part of all acts of religion among the ,romans4 ,to prevent disputes1 the laws of the association were inscribed on marble1 and probably set up in the temple of the two deities4 ,an amphora of good wine was to be presented to the club by a new member2 the sum of one hundred sesterces to be paid as entrance-money1 and five asses per month as subscription4 ,their meetings were not to take place oftener than once a month4 ,if any one omitted payment for 444 months 7the marble is here mutilated7 no claim could be made1 even though he had directed it by will4 ,in case of the death of one who had paid his subscription regularly1 three hundred sesterces were allotted for his funeral expenses1 out of which1 however1 fifty were to be set apart for distribution at the cremation of the body4 ,the funeral was to be a walking one4 ,if any one died more than twenty miles from ,lanuvium1 and his death was announced1 three delegates from the college were to repair to the place where he had died to perform his funeral1 and render an account to the people4 ,fraud was to be punished by a fourfold fine4 ,twenty sesterces each were to be allowed the delegates for travelling expenses1 going and returning4 ,if the death had taken place more than twenty miles from ,lanuvium1 and no notice had been sent1 the person who had performed the funeral was to send a sealed certificate1 attested by seven ,roman citizens1 on the production of which the usual sum for the expenses was to be granted4 ,if a member of the college had left a will1 only the heir named in it could claim anything4 ,if he died intestate1 the quinquennales1 or magistrates of the municipium1 and the people generally1 were to direct how the funeral should take place4 ,if any member of the college in the condition of a slave should die1 and his body1 through the unjust conduct of his master or mistress1 should not be given up for burial1 his funeral should be celebrated by his bust being carried in procession4 ,no funeral of a suicide was to take place4 ,there are many other rules tending to preserve order and promote good fellowship1 but these are all which relate to the burial club4 ,i subjoin extracts from the original4 ,the purpose of the incorporation of the college is thus declared3-- ,,collegium ,,salutare ,,dianae ,,et ,,antinoi ,,constitutum ,,ex ,,senatus ,,populique ,,romani ,,decreto ,,quibus ,,coire ,,convenire ,,collegiumque ,,habere ,,liceat4 ,,qui ,,stipem ,,menstruam ,,conferre ,,voleat ,,in ,,funera1 ,,in ,,id ,,collegium ,,coeant1 ,,neque ,,sub ,,specie ,,ejus ,,collegii ,,nisi ,,semel ,,in ,,mense ,,coeant1 ,,conferendi ,,causa ,,unde ,,defuncti ,,sepeliantur4 ,,tu ,,qui ,,novos 7,,novus7 ,,in ,,hoc ,,collegio ,,intrare ,,voles1 ,,prius ,,legem ,,perlege ,,et ,,sic ,,intra1 ,,ne ,,postmodum ,,queraris1 ,,aut ,,heredi ,,tuo ,,controversiam ,,relinquas4 ,,lex ,,collegi ,,placuit ,,universis1 ,,ut ,,quisquis ,,in ,,hoc ,,collegium ,,intrare ,,voluerit1 ,,dabit ,,kapitulari ,,nomine ,h4,s4 7,,sestertios7 ,c4 ,,nummos1 ,,et ,,vini ,,boni ,,amphoram1 ,,item ,,in ,,menses ,,sing4 ,,asses ,v4 ,,item ,,placuit ,,ut ,,quisquis ,,mensibus ,,continuis ,,non ,,pariaverit1 ,,et ,,ei ,,humanitus ,,acciderit1 ,,ejus ,,ratio ,,funeris ,,non ,,habebitur1 ,,etiam ,,si ,,testamentum ,,factum ,,habuerit4 ,,item ,,placuit ,,ut ,,quisquis ,,ex ,,hoc ,,corpore ,,nummos ,,pariatus ,,decesserit ,,eum ,,sequentur ,,ex ,,arca ,h4,s4 ,,ccc ,,nummi1 ,,ex ,,qua ,,summa ,,decedent ,,exequiari ,,nomine ,h4,s4 ,l4 ,,nummi1 ,,qui ,,ad ,,rogus 7,,rogos7 ,,dividentur1 ,,exequiae ,,autem ,,pedibus ,,fungentur4 ,,item ,,placuit ,,quisquis ,a ,,municipio ,,ultra ,,milliaria ,,xx ,,decesserit1 ,,et ,,nuntiatum ,,fuerit1 ,,eo ,,exire ,,debebunt ,,electi ,,ex ,,corpore ,,nostro ,,homines ,,tres1 ,,qui ,,funeris ,,ejus ,,curam ,,agant ,,et ,,rationem ,,populo ,,reddere ,,debebunt ,,sine ,,dolo ,,malo1 ,,et ,,si ,,quit 7,,quid7 ,,in ,,eis ,,fraudis ,,causa ,,inventum ,,fuerit ,,eis ,,multa ,,esto ,,quadruplum ,,quibus 7,,funeraticium7 ,,ejus ,,dabitur4 ,,hoc ,,amplius ,,viatici ,,nomine1 ,,ultro ,,citro1 ,,singulis ,h4,s4 ,,xx ,,nummi4 ,,quod ,,si ,,longius ,a ,,municipio ,,supra ,,milliaria ,,xx ,,decesserit ,,et ,,nuntiari ,,non ,,potuerit1 ,,tum ,,is ,,qui ,,eum ,,funeraverit ,,testator ,,rem ,,tabulis ,,signatis ,,sigillis ,,civium ,,romanorum ,,vii ,,et ,,probata ,,causa ,,funeraticium ,,ejus ,,satisdato4 ,,neque ,,patrono ,,neque ,,patronae ,,neque ,,domino ,,neque ,,dominae ,,neque ,,creditori ,,ex ,,hoc ,,collegio ,,ulla ,,petitio ,,esto ,,nisi ,,si ,,quis ,,testamento ,,heres ,,nominatus ,,erit4 ,,si ,,quis ,,intestatus ,,decesserit ,,is ,,arbitrio ,,quinquennalium ,,et ,,populi ,,funerabitur4 ,,item ,,placuit ,,quisquis ,,ex ,,hoc ,,collegio ,,servus ,,defunctus ,,fuerit1 ,,et ,,corpus ,,ejus ,a ,,domino ,,dominave ,,iniquitate ,,sepulturae ,,datum ,,non ,,fuerit1 ,,neque ,,tabellas ,,fecerit1 ,,ei ,,funus ,,imaginarium ,,fiet4 ,,item ,,placuit ,,quisquis ,,ex ,,quacumque ,,causa ,,mortem ,,sibi ,,adsciverit ,,ejus ,,ratio ,,funeris ,,non ,,habebitur4 ,,item ,,placuit ,,ut ,,quisquis ,,servus ,,ex ,,hoc ,,collegio ,,liber ,,factus ,,fuerit1 ,,is ,,dare ,,debebit ,,vini ,,boni ,,amphoram4 ,this curious document affords an additional proof how much ancient life is found to resemble the modern1 when we gain an insight into its interior through the medium of its monuments4 ,by this means institutions and customs which have been thought peculiar to recent or mediaeval times may be traced upwards1 through ,rome and ,greece1 even to the fountains of civilization in ,egypt and the ,east4 ,,the ,,end4 ,woodfall and ,kinder1 ,printers1 ,angel ,court1 ,skinner ,street1 ,london4 ,the ground on which the ,museum1 ,library1 and ,lecture-,theatre1 with the ,botanic ,garden and ,observatory1 of the ,yorkshire ,philosophical ,society stand1 was originally covered by the monastic buildings of the abbey of ,st4 ,mary4 ,in a portion of the same buildings was established the court and palace of the ,lord ,president of the ,council of the ,north4 ,the tyrannical proceedings of this ,council1 especially under the presidency of the ,earl of ,strafford1 had a great share in bringing about the fate both of the ,earl himself and his royal master4 ,this remarkable succession of occupancy suggested the following inscription1 in which it may be observed that it is to monkery1 not to the religion of the ,middle ,ages universally1 that the epithet in the ninth line is applied4 ,,quo4 ,,primum4 ,,loco ,,coenobium4 ,,beatae4 ,,virginis4 ,,mariae ,,deinde4 ,,procuratoris4 ,,regii4 ,,palatium4 ,,stetit ,,comitatus ,,eboracensis ,,has4 ,,aedes4 ,,collata4 ,,pecunia4 ,,exstructas ,,omnium4 ,,disciplinarum4 ,,studiis4 ,,dicavit4 ,,tu4 ,,qui4 ,,legis4 ,,agnosce ,,nostri4 ,,saeculi4 ,,felicitatem ,,quo4 ,,animis4 ,,hominum4 ,,superstitione4 ,,liberatis ,,tyrannorum4 ,,violentia4 ,,legibus4 ,,fraenata ,,harum4 ,,ipsis4 ,,in4 ,,sedibus4 ,,licuit4 ,,philosophiae ,,domicilium4 ,,suum4 ,,collocare4 ,,publications ,,by ,,the ,,rev4 ,,john ,,kenrick4 ,,an ,,essay ,,on ,,primaeval ,,history4 ,price #es4 ,ambagibus aevi ,obtegitur densa caligine mersa vetustas4 ,,silius ,,italicus4 ,,ancient ,,egypt ,,under ,,the ,,pharaohs4 #b ,vols4 #hvo4 ,price #cjs4 ,greek3 ,ariprepeon genos andron1 ,hoi protoi biotoio diestesanto keleuthous1 ,protoi d' himeroentos epeiresanto arotrou1 ,protoi de grammesi polon diemetenresanto1 ,thymo phrassamenoi loxon dromon eelioio4 ,,dionysii ,periegesis1 #bcb4 ,,phoenicia4 #a ,vol4 ,with ,maps and ,illustrative ,plates4 ,price #afs4 ,phoenices1 solers hominum genus et ad belli pacisque munia eximium2 literas et literarum opera aliasque etiam artes1 maria navibus adire1 classe confligere1 imperitare gentibus commenti4--,,pomp4 ,,mela1 ,i4 #ab4 ,,london3 ,t4 ,,fellowes1 ,,ludgate ,,street4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,the tomb of the ,scipios on the ,appian ,way was discovered in the year #aghj1 and its inscriptions have been illustrated by the two ,viscontis4 ,they are now in the ,vatican4 ,the oldest of them1 that of ,l4 ,c4 ,scipio ,barbatus1 is of the beginning of the third century ,b4,c4 #b ,see ,proceedings of ,yorkshire ,philos4 ,society1 vol4 i4 p4 #ec4 #c ,hieronym4 ad ,es4 #g1 #ad4 ,augustin ,tract4 #ae in ,evang4 ,joann4 #d ,kirchmann de ,funer4 ,rom4 c4 #bj1 #ba4 ,dodwell1 #a1 #dbh4 #e ,sylv4 #b1 #b1 #ac4 #f ,c4 ,nep4 ,att4 #bb4 ,vict4 ,epit4 #fj4 #g ,h4 ,e4 ,smith1 ,reliquiae ,isurianae4 #h ,morcelli de ,stylo ,inscr4 ,lat4 p4 #cfc4 ,orelli1 ,inscr4 #ciih1 #i4 ,the ,romans had also their ,burial ,clubs4 ,see the regulations of one1 ,henzen1 #fjhf4 #i ,plin4 ,n4 ,h4 #abda4 ,periti rerum asseverant non ferre ,arabiam tantum annuo foetu1 quantum ,nero novissimo ,poppaeae suae die concremaverit4 ,juv4 ,sat4 #d1 #ajh4 ,matutino sudans ,crispinus amomo1 ,quantum vix redolent duo funera4 #aj ,fabretti1 p4 #bcj4 #aa ,archaeologia1 vol4 #bf1 p4 #bgj4 #ab ,gruter1 p4 #hih4 ,orelli1 #fbcg4 #ac ,anthol4 #d1 #bga4 #ad ,mommsen1 ,inscr4 ,neap4 #dace4 #ae ,henzen1 ,suppl4 ad ,orell4 #figf1 #g4 #af ,fabretti1 p4 #fab4 #ag ,orelli1 #dhei4 #ah ,reines1 p4 #ajjj4 #ai ,the various and unsatisfactory conjectures of the learned respecting this phrase may be seen in ,facciolati s4 v4 ,ascia4 ,it occurs especially on monuments in ,lyons and ,southern ,gaul4 #bj ,reines1 p4 #gfc4 #ba ,gruter1 pp4 #hdd1 #hfb4 ,augustus forbade his daughter ,julia to be interred in his monument4--,sueton4 ,octavianus1 c4 #aja4 #bb ,orelli1 #dcig4 ,fabretti p4 #ia4 #bc ,gruter1 p4 #gfb1 #e4 #bd ,orelli1 #dcij4 #be ,orelli1 #dcfj4 #bf ,morcelli1 de ,stilo ,inscr4 p4 #ajc4 #bg ,meyer1 ,anthol4 ,lat4 #aagh4 ,singular is the inscription1 ,semiramiae ,licinianae1 quam loco filiae diligo1 ob merita ejus vivus vivae feci4--,orelli1 #dfgf4 #bh ,gruter1 p4 #fjg1 #a4 #bi ,reines1 p4 #chh1 #ec4 ,we find 7,gruter1 p4 #cii1 #a7 ten jugera of land bequeathed tutelae nomine4 #cj ,orelli1 #djgj4 #ca ,fabretti1 p4 #bcb4 #cb ,medicus jumentarius4 ,orelli1 #dbbi1 #dbca4 ,valeria ,verecunda is called on her monument ,iatromeia 7physician-midwife7 regionis suae prima4--,grut4 p4 #aaaj4 #cc ,gruter1 p4 #aadh1 ,petron4 ,arb4 p4 #chh4 ,i have printed these lines as hexameter and pentameter1 for which they appear to have been intended1 though the author was ill at these numbers4 ,faults of prosody are very common in the poetical inscriptions1 and prose and verse are sometimes singularly intermixed4 #cd ,fabretti1 p4 #gae4 #ce ,anthol4 ,lat4 #d1 #aee4 #cf ,meyer ,anthol4 #adch4 #cg ,orelli1 #biij4 #ch ,anthol4 #d1 #aja4 #ci ,from a monument recently discovered at ,lambaesa1 in ,northern ,africa4 ,the ellipsis of magis before quam is found in ,latin authors1 especially ,tacitus4--,see ,germ4 #g4 ,cedere loco consilii quam formidinis arbitrantur4 ,a similar complaint of death by magic occurs on the grave of a boy of four years old at ,verona4--,maffei1 ,mus4 ,veron4 #agj4 #dj ,mommsen1 ,inscr4 ,neap4 #dhgj4 #da ,gruter1 p4 #hca1 #f4 #db ,orelli1 #dfjj4 #dc ,gruter1 p4 #cdj4 #dd ,nat4 ,hist4 #bi1 #a4 #de ,orelli1 #didd4 #df ,see ,priscian1 vi4 #a1 who quotes from old ,latin authors1 monetas for monetae2 escas for escae2 and vias for viae4 #dg ,orelli1 #bggh4 ,he observes1 jacit est etiam in aliis ,britannicis4 #dh ,orelli1 #dedd4 ,dua obrendaria4 #di ,prisc4 vi4 #a4 #ej ,anthol4 ,meyer1 #adbd4 #ea ,gruter1 p4 #egb4 #eb ,fabretti1 pp4 #aac1 #ege4 #ec ,quinct4 #a1 #e1 #bj4 #ed ,b nec penitus caret aspiratione1 nec eam plene possidet4 ,prisc4 #a1 #e1 #bf4 #ee ,ab scala ,mediana4 ,orelli1 #cjic4 ,the grammarians condemn the use of scala in the singular as a solecism4 7,quinct4 #a1 #e1 #af74 ,m4 ,abudius ,luminaris1 who raises this monument1 had married his own freedwoman2 ,patronus idemque conjux4 ,there are inscriptions by freedmen to patronae1 who were also their wives4 ,such marriages were forbidden by ,severus1 unless under the sanction of a judge2 and when the patrona was of such humble rank1 ut ei honestae sint vel liberti sui nuptiae4 ,fabretti1 p4 #bij4 ,anicia ,glycera 7,orell4 #dfdi7 records her gratitude to her husband1 qui ex imo ordine ad summum me perduxit honorem1 as from a slave he had made her his wife4 ,the ,greek slave would often be1 in manners and culture1 superior to the ,roman master4 #ef ,spon4 ,misc4 p4 #adc4 ,there has been a great controversy respecting the medical men of ,rome--whether they were slaves2 the monuments show them to have been commonly ,greek freedmen4 #eg ,orelli1 #bfde4 #eh ,p4 #bci4 ,juv4 #e1 #agj4 ,an imitation of the caput rasum appears to be still the professional costume of the clown4 #ei ,grut4 p4 #cab1 #g4 ,juv4 #b1 #aab4 ,quinct4 #aa1 #c4 #fj ,see in ,smith's ,dictionary1 s4 v4 ,bathyllus1 an account of the furore of the ,romans for the pantomimic representations and their vicissitudes of imperial favour or prohibition4 #fa ,l4 ,marius ,austus ,enuntiator ab scaena ,graeca4 ,orelli1 #bfad4 #fb ,grut4 p4 #fcg1 #a4 #fc ,hist4 #h1 #aj4 #fd ,grut4 p4 #ccb4 ,the contest took place ,a4,d4 #aaj4 #fe ,mai ,auct4 ,class #e1 p4 #dad4 #ff ,anthol4 iv4 #ceg4 ,lucian1 ,greek3 peri orcheseos--,kathesai katauloumenos theludrian anthropon oron1 esthesi malakais kai asmasin akolastois enabrunomenon1 kai mimoumenon erotika gynaia ton palai tas machlotatas ,phaidras kai ,parthenopas kai ',podopas tinas4 ,a truer representation1 it is to be feared1 of what pantomime actually was1 than the semi-serious defence of ,lucian1 who makes the theatre a school of self-knowledge and self-control1 and the education of the dancer a course of mythological and poetical learning4 #fg ,bulletino dell ,istit4 ,arch4 #ahch1 p4 #afe4 ,the inscription is1 ,fuit ,atistia uxor mihei1 femina opituma1 quoius corporis reliquiae quod superant sunt in hoc panario4--,henzen1 #gbfh4 #fh ,maitland on the ,catacombs1 p4 #ach4 #fi ,archaeol4 ,journal1 #d1 #ee4 #gj ,p4 #f4 #ga ,gruter1 p4 #ibf-h4 #gb ,gruter1 p4 #ijd4 #gc ,fabretti1 p4 #efj1 who observes1 ,in tanto inscriptionum sepulcralium numero rari admodum reperiuntur qui longam senectutem expleverint4 #gd ,orelli1 #dhdi4 #ge ,such is that otherwise elegant epitaph on ,fl4 ,merobaudes1 of the year #dce ,a4,d4 ,a,eque forti et docto viro1 tam facere laudanda quam aliorum facta laudare praecipuo4 ,castrensi experientia claro1 facundia vol otiosorum studia supergresso1 cui a crepundiis par virtutis et eloquentiae cura4 ,ingenium ita fortitudini ut doctrinae natum1 stilo et gladio pariter exercuit1 nec in umbra vel latebris mentis vigorem torpere passus4 ,inter arma literis militabat et in ,alpibus acuebat eloquium4 ,ideo illi cessit in proemium non verbena vilis nec otiosa hedera1 honor capitis ,heliconius1 sed imago aere formata1 quo rari exempli viros1 seu in castris probatos1 seu optimos vatum1 antiquitas honorabat4 ,this inscription was engraved on the base of a statue dug out of the ,forum ,ulpii at ,rome1 in the beginning of the present century4 ,fragments of the poetry of ,merobaudes1 and his ,panegyric on the consulship of ,aetius have been found by ,niebuhr in a ,,ms4 at ,st4 ,gal1 and are published in the ,corp4 ,script4 ,hist4 ,byzant4 vol4 xxiv4 ,the ,christianity of ,merobaudes1 like that of ,boethius1 is ambiguous4 #gf ,henzen1 #gcgd4 #gg ,gruter1 p4 #fbd4 #gh ,gruter1 p4 #fed4 #gi ,anthol4 ,meyer1 #abbh4 #hj ,eckhel1 ,doctr4 ,num4 pl4 ,,ii4 vol4 v4 p4 #ij4 #ha ,orelli1 #dfeg4 #hb ,anthol4 iv4 #bca4 #hc ,gruter1 p4 #gah4 #hd ,gruter1 p4 #ajjj4 ,anthol4 iv4 #bbb4 #he ,anthol4 iv4 #bfe4 #hf ,anthol4 ii4 #dff4 #hg ,orelli1 #dfji4 #hh ,orelli1 #bhac4 ,several examples may be seen in ,gruter1 p4 #ffc4 ,tata1 for father1 is still in use among the lower classes in ,rome4 ,see ,bunsen1 ,philosophy of ,universal ,history1 vol4 i4 p4 #ajc4 #hi ,orelli1 #bhae4 #ij ,gruter1 p4 #gcc1 #i4 ,more correctly in ,meyer1 ,anthol4 #adjc4 #ia ,noctes ,att4 #a1 #f4 #ib ,gruter1 p4 #gfi1 #i4 #ic ,fabretti1 p4 #beb4 #id ,orelli1 #dfeh4 #ie ,fabretti1 p4 #bfg4 #if ,gruter1 p4 #gig4 #ig ,orelli1 #dfbc4 #ih ,fabretti1 p4 #bge1 where many similar examples are collected4 #ii ,gruter1 p4 #hac1 #c4 #ajj ,gruter1 p4 #ajcf1 #b4 ,liberties are taken with prosody in this as in other poetical epitaphs4 #aja ,gruter1 p4 #geh1 #d4 #ajb ,gruter1 p4 #dce1 #b4 #ajc ,see his exhortation in ,gellius1 ,noct4 ,att4 #ab1 #a4 #ajd ,fabretti1 p4 #ahg4 ,that feeding by hand was also common among the ,romans is evident from the occurrence of earthen bottles used for this purpose4 ,the ,museum of the ,yorkshire ,philosophical ,society contains several specimens of them4 ,see also the ,abbe ,cochet's ,normandie ,souterraine1 p4 #acj4 #aje ,orelli1 #dfjd4 #ajf ,orelli1 #bffj4 #ajg ,gruter1 p4 #fjg4 ,meyer1 ,anthologia1 #abgd4 #ajh ,antholog4 iv4 #djb4 #aji ,gruter1 p4 #ccg4 ,comp4 ,gibbon1 c4 xl4 #b4 #aaj ,gruter1 p4 #hbj4 ,the hands uplifted in protest are sculptured on the monument4 #aaa ,gruter1 p4 #ijh4 #aab ,reines1 p4 #gji4 #aac ,orelli1 #dgif4 #aad ,greek3 ,on hoi theoi philousin apothneskei neos4 ,menander1 ,greek3 ,dis ,exapatontos4 ,gruter1 p4 #fhh4 #aae ,orelli1 #dhbi4 #aaf ,ibid41 #dheb4 #aag ,ibid41 #ejgj4 #aah ,maitland on the ,catacombs4 ,its date is ,a4,d4 #dgb4 #aai ,gruter1 p4 #fgg1 #ab4 ,orelli1 #dhde4 #abj ,gruter1 p4 #ghf1 #e4 #aba ,post sepulturam variae ,manium ambages4 ,omnibus a suprema die eadem quae ante primum1 nec magis a morte sensus ullus aut corpori aut animae1 quam ante natalem4 ,eadem enim vanitas in futurum etiam se propagat et in mortis quoque tempora ipsa sibi vitam mentitur1 alias immortalitatem animae1 alias transfigurationem1 alias sensum inferis dando1 et ,manes colendo1 et ,deum faciendo qui jam etiam homo esse desierit1 #g1 #ee4 #abb ,gruter1 p4 #gea1 #c4 #abc ,orelli1 #gcdf4 #abd ,cic4 ,tusc4 v4 #ce4 ,a similar inscription is given by ,morcelli1 p4 #dca4 ,d4 ,m4 ,t4 ,flavius ,martialis ,h4 ,s4 ,e4 ,quod edi bibi1 mecum habeo2 quod reliqui perdidi4 #abe ,gruter1 p4 #fae1 #aa4 #abf ,fabretti1 p4 #hj4 #abg ,gruter1 p4 #ggb1 #h4 #abh ,anthol4 iv4 #aca4 #abi ,fabretti1 p4 #ede4 #acj ,maitland1 ,church in the ,catacombs1 p4 #aj4 #aca ,inscriptionum ,latinarum selectarum amplissima collectio4 ,edidit ,jo4 ,casp4 ,orellius4 #b voll4 ,turici1 #ahbh4 ,vol4 tertium1 edidit ,gulielmus ,henzen4 ,turici1 #ahef4 #acb ,see ,orelli1 vol4 ,i1 p4 #ce1 who quotes ,tiraboschi ,storia della ,litteratura ,italiana1 ,t4 ,,vi4 ,p4 ,i4 p4 #bfc4 ,ed4 di ,milano4 #acc ,a useful and critical edition has been published under the following title3--,anthologia ,veterum ,latinorum ,epigrammatum et ,poematum4 ,editionem ,burmannianam digessit et auxit ,henricus ,meyerus1 ,turicensis4 ,tom ,,ii4 #h4 ,lipsiae1 #ahce4 ,transcriber's ,notes3 ,passages in italics are indicated by italics4 ,the original text contains letters with diacritical marks that are not represented in this text version4 ,the original text includes ,greek characters4 ,for this text version these letters have been replaced with transliterations4 ,the original text includes an intentional blank space4 ,this is represented by in this text version4