,,! ,,life      ,,&      ,,writ+s       
,,(      ,,h5ry ,,fuseli1 ,,esq4 ,m4,a4 
,r4,a4      ,,keep]1 ,,& ,,pr(essor ,,( 
,,pa9t+ ,,to ,,!     ,,royal ,,academy  
,,9 ,,london2 ,,memb] ,,( ,,! ,,fir/    
,,class     ,,( ,,! ,,academy ,,( ,,/4  
,,luke ,,at ,,rome4      ,,! ,,=m]      
,,writt51 ,,& ,,! ,,latt] ,,edit$ ,,by  
,,john ,,kn[les1 ,f4,r4,s4              
,,correspond+ ,,memb] ,,( ,,!           
,,philosophical ,,society ,,at          
,,rott]dam1      ,,8 ,,executor4        
,animo vidit1 +5io complexus e/1        
eloqu5ti illum9avit4                    
,velleius ,pat]culus 9 ,cic]onem4       
,,9 ,,?ree ,,volumes4      ,,vol4 ,,ii4 
,,london3      ,,h5ry ,,colburn ,,&     
,,ri*>d ,,b5tley1      ,,new ,,burl+ton 
,,/reet4      ,,mdcccxxxi4              
,,london3     ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,samuel     
,,b5tley1     ,dorset ,/reet1 ,fleet    
,/reet4         ,,cont5ts     ,,(       
,,! ,,second ,,volume4       ,,lectures4
      ,i4 ,,anci5t ,,art                
,page #ag      ,,ii4 ,,art ,,( ,,!      

,,mod]ns                        #gc     
,,iii4 ,,inv5tion4--,,"p ,i4            
#aca      ,,iv4 ,,inv5tion4--,,"p ,,ii4 
#ahg      ,v4 ,,composition1            
,,expression                   #bcg     
,,vi4 ,,*i>oscuro                       
#bgc      ,,vii4 ,,on ,,design          
#cjc      ,,viii4 ,,col\r4--,,9 ,,fresco
 ,,pa9t+            #cbi      ,,ix4     
,,col\r4--,,oil ,,pa9t+                 
#cec      ,x4 ,,! ,,me?od ,,( ,,fix+ ,a 
,,/&>d ,,&     ,,def9+ ,,! ,,proportions
 ,,( ,,! ,,human     ,,frame1 ,,)       
,,directions ,,to ,,! ,,/ud5t     ,,9   
,,copy+ ,,! ,,life                      
#cga     ,,introduction4   ,x _c be     
consid]$ z sup]flu\s or assum+ to pres5t
 ! read] ( ! foll[+ lectures ) a succ9ct
 *>act]i/ic sket* ( ! pr9cipal te*nic   
in/ruction1 anci5t & mod]n1 :i* we      
possess3 ,i say1 a sket*1 = an elaborate
 & me?odical survey1 or a plan well     
dige/$ & /rictly foll[$1 w\ld dem& a    
volume4 ,^! obs]vations1 less writt5 = !
 man ( lett]s & cultivat$ ta/e1 ?an = ! 

/ud5t :o wi%es to in=m himself ( !      
hi/ory & progress ( 8 art1 are to direct
 him to ! s\rces f :i* my pr9ciples are 
d$uc$1 to enable him1 by comp>+ my      
au?ors ) myself1 to judge h[ f> ! !ory  
:i* ,i deliv]1 may be dep5d$ on z g5u9e1
 or ought to be reject$ z errone\s or   
false4  ,! works1 or fragm5ts ( works1  
:i* we possess1 are ei!r purely         
elem5t>y1 critically hi/orical1         
biographic1 or mix$ up ( all ?ree4 ,on !
 books purely elem5t>y1 ! van ( :i* is  
l$ by ,lion>do da ,v9ci & ,alb]t ,dur]1 
& ! re> by ,gh]>d ,lairesse1 z !        
pr9ciples :i* !y detail mu/ be suppos$  
to be already 9 ! /ud5t's possession1 or
 are occasionally int]wov5 ) ! topics ( 
! ,lectures1 ,i %all n expatiate1 b     
imm$iately proce$ to ! hi/orically      
critical writ]s2 :o consi/ ( all !      
anci5ts yet rema9+1 ,pausanias except$4 
,we may ?ank ,de/9y t1 9 ! g5]al wreck (
 anci5t art1 a suffici5t numb] ( entire 
& mutilat$ monum5ts h escap$ ! savage   
rage ( b>b>\s conque/1 & ! /ill m savage

 h& ( sup]/ition1 n only to prove t !   
pr9ciples :i* we deliv]1 =m$ ! body (   
anci5t art1 b to furni% u ) _! /&>d (   
/yle4 ,= if we _h no?+ to rely on to    
prove its exi/5ce ?an ! hi/oric &       
critical in=mation left u1 su* is ! *aos
 ( ass]tion & contradiction1 su* !      
*ronologic confusion1 & dissonance (    
dates1 t no?+ %ort ( a miracle c\ld     
guide u ?r\gh ! labyr9?1 & ! :ole w\ld  
assume a fabul\s aspect4 ,add to ?is !  
occupation & "* ( ! writ]s1 none ( !m a 
pr(essional man4 ,= ! rules (           
,p>rhasius1 ! volumes ( ,pamphilus1     
,apelles1 ,metrodorus1 all irrecov]ably 
lo/1 we mu/ rely on ! ha/y compilations 
( a w>rior1 or ! incid5tal rem>ks ( an  
orator1 ,pl9y & ,qu9tilian4 ,pl9y1      
au?oritative 9 8 v]dicts1 a ,roman 9    
decision1 0 r desir\s ( kn[+ mu*1 ?an ( 
kn[+ well2 ! o!r1 ?\gh1 z appe>s1 a man 
( exquisite ta/e1 0 too mu* occupi$ by 8
 own art to all[ ours m ?an a rapid     
glance4 ,9 ,pl9y1 x is necess>y1 & = an 
arti/ n v difficult1 to di/+ui% :5 he   

speaks f himself & :5 he deliv]s an     
extract1 h[ev] %ort2 :5ev] he does !    
fir/1 he is seldom able to sep>ate !    
k]nel f ! husk2 he is cr$ul\s1          
irrelevant1 ludicr\s4 ,! ,jupit] (      
,phidias1 ! ,doryphorus ( ,polycletus1 !
 ,aphrodite ( ,praxiteles1 ! ,demos (   
,p>rhasius1 ! ,v5us ( ,apelles1 provoke 
8 admiration 9 no great] degree ?an !   
cord drawn ov] ! horns & muzzle ( ! bull
 9 ! gr\p ( ,amphion1 ,zetus1 &         
,antiope2 ! spires & w9d+s ( ! s]p5ts 9 
t ( ! ,laocoon1 ! effect ( ! foam f !   
sponge ( ,protog5es1 ! p>tridge 9 8     
,jalysus1 ! grapes t impos$ on ! birds1 
& ! curta9 :i* deceiv$ ,zeuxis4 ,su* is 
,pl9y :5 he speaks f himself1 or p]haps 
f ! h9ts ( "s ,dilettante2 b :5 he      
deliv]s an extract1 8 in=mation is n    
only ess5tial & important1 b express$ by
 ! mo/ appropriate words4 ,su* is 8     
acc\nt ( ! glaz+-me?od ( ,apelles1 9    
:i*1 z ,reynolds has obs]v$1 he speaks !
 language ( an arti/2 su* is :at he says
 ( ! mann] 9 :i* ,protog5es embodi$ 8   

col\rs1 ?\gh x may require ! practice ( 
an arti/ to p5etrate 8 mean+4 ,no       
sculptor c\ld describe bett] 9 _m words 
?an he does 9 "o1 ! manoeuvre by :i*    
,nicias gave ! decid$ l9e ( correctness 
to ! models ( ,praxiteles2 ! ^w         
circumlitio1 %ap+1 r\nd+ ! moi/ clay ) !
 f+]1 is evid5tly a t]m ( art4 ,?us :5  
he describes ! me?od ( ,pausias1 :o1 9  
pa9t+ a sacrifice1 =e%ort5$ ! bull &    
?rew 8 %ade on "p ( ! surr\nd+ cr[d1 he 
?r[s be=e u ! dep?s ( ! sc5]y & its     
=cible *i>oscuro2 nor is he less happy1 
at lea/ 9 my op9ion1 :5 he translates ! 
deep aphorism by :i* ,eupompus direct$  
,lysippus to recur to ,nature1 & to     
animate ! rigid =m ) ! air ( life4  ,9 8
 dates he seldom errs1 & sometimes      
adju/s or corrects ! errors ( ,greek    
*ronology1 ?\gh n ) equal att5tion2 =   
:il/ he exposes ! impropriety ( ascrib+ 
to ,polycletus a /atue ( ,hephe/ion1 !  
fri5d ( ,alex&]1 :o liv$ a c5tury aft]  
him1 he ?9ks x wor? 8 :ile to repeat t  
,erynna1 ! contempor>y ( ,sappho1 :o    

liv$ ne>ly z _m ye>s be=e him1 celebrat$
 9 h] poems a "w ( 8 fri5d & fell[-s*ol>
 ,myron ( ,eleu!r4 ,8 text is at ! same 
"t s deplorably mutilat$ t x (t5 equally
 defies conjecture & int]pretation4     
,/ill1 f :at is g5u9e x mu/ be confess$ 
t he cond5ses 9 a few *apt]s ! cont5ts (
 volumes1 & fills ! :ole atmosph]e (    
art4 ,:atev] he tells1 :e!r ! mo/ pu]ile
 leg5d1 or ! be/ atte/$ fact1 he tells )
 dignity4  ,( ,qu9tilian1 ^: in=mation  
is all relative to /yle1 ! t5? *apt] ( !
 twelf? book1 a passage on ,expression 9
 ! elev5?1 & scatt]$ fragm5ts (         
obs]vations analog\s to ! process ( 8   
own art1 is all t we possess2 b :at he  
says1 ?\gh comp>atively small 9 bulk )  
:at we h ( ,pl9y1 leaves u to wi% = m4  
,8 review ( ! revolutions ( /yle 9      
pa9t+1 f ,polygnotus to ,apelles1 & 9   
sculpture f ,phidias to ,lysippus1 is   
succ9ct & rapid2 b ?\gh s rapid &       
succ9ct1 e ^w is pois$ by *>act]i/ic    
precision1 & c only be ! result ( long &
 judici\s inquiry1 & p]haps ev5 m9ute   

exam9ation4 ,8 !ory & ta/e sav\r nei!r (
 ! antiqu>y nor ! m]e ,dilettante2 he   
nei!r dwells on ! infancy ( art ) doat+ 
fondness1 nor melts its ess5tial & solid
 pr9ciples 9 ! crucibles ( m]ely curi\s 
or voluptu\s execution4  ,/ill less 9   
volume1 & /ill less int5tional are !    
%ort b important obs]vations on !       
pr9cipals ( art & ! epo*s ( /yle1       
scatt]$ ov] ne>ly all ! works ( ,cic]o1 
b *iefly 8 ,orator & ,rhetoric          
,in/itutions4 ,"s ( 8 introductions to  
^! books might furni% ! classic sc5]y ( 
,p\ss9 ) figures2 & ?\gh he seems to h  
_h little native ta/e = pa9t+ &         
sculpture1 & ev5 less ?an he _h ta/e =  
poetry1 he _h a conception ( nature2 &1 
) 8 usual acum51 comp>+ ! pr9ciples ( "o
 art ) ^? ( ano!r1 frequ5tly scatt]$    
useful h9ts1 or made p]t95t obs]vations4
 ,= _m ( ^! he might probably be indebt$
 to ,hort5sius1 ) :om1 ?\gh 8 rival 9   
eloqu5ce1 he liv$ on t]ms ( famili>ity1 
& :o 0 a man ( decl>$ ta/e & "o ( ! fir/
 collectors ( ! "t4  ,pausanias1 !      

,cappadocian1 0 c]ta9ly no critic1 & 8  
cr$ulity is at lea/ equal to 8          
curiosity2 he is (t5 little m ?an a     
nom5clator1 & ! indiscrim9ate *ronicl] (
 legitimate tradition & leg5d>y tra%2 b 
! m9ute & scrupul\s dilig5ce ) :i* he   
exam9$ :at fell "u 8 own eye1 amply     
makes up = :at he may want ( me?od or ( 
judgm5t4 ,8 description ( ! pictures (  
,polygnotus at ,delphi1 & ( ! ,jupit] ( 
,phidias at ,olympia1 are p]haps sup]ior
 to all t might h be5 giv5 by m5 ( m    
assum+ p[]s1 m9es ( in=mation1 &        
ine/imable legacies to our arts4  ,!    
,h]oics ( ! eld]1 & ! ,eicones1 or      
,picture ,gall]ies ( ! eld] & y\ng]     
,philo/ratus1 ?\gh p]haps n expressly   
writt5 = ! arti/1 & r to amuse ?an to   
in/ruct1 _c be suffici5tly consult$ by !
 epic or dramatic arti/4 ,! ,h]oics     
furni% ! /&>d ( =m & habits = ! ,grecian
 & ,troic w>riors1 f ,protesilaus to    
,p>is & ,euphorbus2 & he :o wi%es to    
acqua9t himself ) ! limits ! anci5ts    
prescrib$ to inv5tion1 & ! latitude !y  

all[$ to expression1 w f9d no bett]     
guide ?an an att5tive survey ( !        
subjects display$ 9 _! gall]ies4  ,su*  
are ! mo/ prom95t features ( anci5t     
criticism1 & ^? :i* we wi% ! arti/ to be
 famili> )2 ! innum]able h9ts1 maxims1  
anecdotes1 descriptions1 scatt]$ ov]    
,lucian1 ,aelian1 ,a!nu1 ,a*illes1      
,tatius1 ,tatian1 ,pollux1 & _m m1 may  
be consult$ to advantage by ! man ( ta/e
 & lett]s1 & probably may be neglect$   
)\t mu* loss by ! /ud5t4  ,( mod]n      
writ]s on art1 ,vas>i leads ! van2      
!ori/1 arti/1 critic1 & biograph] 9 "o4 
,! hi/ory ( mod]n art owes no d\bt mu*  
to ,vas>i2 he leads u f its cradle1 to  
its maturity1 ) ! anxi\s dilig5ce ( a   
nurse1 b he likewise has h] d]elictions2
 = m loquaci\s ?an ample1 & less        
discrim9at+ /yles ?an eag] to accumulate
 descriptions1 he is at an e>ly p]iod   
exhau/$ by ! sup]latives lavi%$ on      
inf]ior claims1 & =c$ into frigid       
rhapsodies & a/rologic nons5se to d     
ju/ice to ! great]4 ,he swe>s by !      

div9ity ( ,m4 ,agnolo4 ,he tells u      
himself t he copi$ e figure ( ! ,capella
 ,si/9a & ! ,/anze ( ,raffaello2 yet 8  
memory 0 ei!r s trea*]\s1#a or 8        
rapidity 9 writ+ s inconsid]ate1 t 8    
acc\nt ( bo? is a m]e heap ( errors &   
unp>donable confusion2 & "o might almo/ 
fancy t he _h nev] ent]$ ! ,vatican4 ,( 
,correggio he leaves u less in=m$ ?an ( 
,apelles4 ,ev5 ,bott>i1 ! le>n$ editor (
 8 "w1 8 c\ntryman & advocate aga9/ !   
compla9ts ( ,ago/9o ,c>racci & ,f$]igo  
,zuc*]o1 ?\gh ev] ready to fight 8      
battles1 is at a loss to acc\nt = 8     
mi/akes4 ,he has be5 call$ ! ,h]odotus (
 our art1 & if ! ma9 simplicity ( 8     
n>rative1 & ! desire ( heap+ anecdote on
 anecdote1 entitle him 9 "s degree to t 
appellation1 we ought n to =get1 t !    
in=mation ( e day adds some?+ to !      
au!nticity ( ! ,greek hi/orian1 :il/ e  
day furni%es matt] to "q ! cr$ibility ( 
! ,tuscan4  ,:at we f9d n 9 ,vas>i x is 
useless to se>* = amid ! rubbi% ( 8     
contempor>ies or foll[]s1 f ,condivi to 

,ridolfi1 & on to ,malvasia1 ^:         
criticism on ! /yle ( ,lodovico ,c>racci
 & 8 pupils 9 ! cloi/]s ( ,/4 ,mi*ele 9 
,bosco1 ne> ,bologna1 am\nt to little m 
?an a sonor\s rhapsody ( ill appli$ or  
empty metaphors & extravagant praise2   
till ! appe>ance ( ,lanzi1 :o 9 8       
',/oria ,pittorica della ,italia1' has  
avail$ himself ( all ! in=mation exi/+ 9
 8 "t1 has correct$ mo/ ( ^? :o wrote   
be=e him1 & ?\gh p]haps n possess$ (    
great discrim9ative p[]s1 has accumulat$
 m in/ructive anecdotes1 rescu$ m des]v+
 names f oblivion1 & op5$ a wid]        
prospect ( art ?an all 8 pr$ecessors4#b 
,! ,fr5* critics compos$ a complete     
sy/em ( rules4 ,du ,fresnoy sp5t 8 life 
9 compos+ & revis+ g5]al aphorisms 9    
,lat9 classic v]se2 "s on grant$1 "s on 
disputable1 "s on false pr9ciples4 ,?\gh
 ,horace 0 8 model1 nei!r ! ,poet's     
language nor me?od h be5 imitat$ by him4
 ,f ,du ,fresnoy himself1 we le>n n :at 
is ess5tial1 :at accid5tal1 :at         
sup]9duc$1 9 /yle2 f 8 text none ev]    

rose practically wis] ?an he sat d[n to 
/udy x3 if he be useful1 he owes 8      
usefulness to ! p5etration ( 8 ,engli%  
comm5tator2 ! notes ( ,reynolds1        
treasures ( practical obs]vation1 place 
him among ^? :om we may read ) pr(it4   
,:at c be le>nt f precept1 f\nd$ on     
prescriptive au?ority1 m ?an on !       
v]dicts ( nature1 is display$ 9 !       
volumes ( ,de ,piles & ,felibi52 a      
sy/em1 z x has be5 foll[$ by ! =m]      
/ud5ts ( _! academy1 & s5t out ) !      
successful combatants = ! premium to _! 
academic e/abli%m5t at ,rome1 to h its  
effici5cy prov$ by ! contemplation (    
,italian /yle & execution4 ,! timor\s   
c&idates = fame1 kn[+ its rules to be ! 
only road to success at _! return1      
:atev] be _! individual b5t ( "*1       
implicitly adopt !m1 & ! consequ5ce is1 
z may be suppos$1 t te*nical equality1  
:i* bord]s on m$iocrity4 ,aft] an exult+
 & eag] survey ( ! wond]s ! place       
exhibits1 !y all und]go a simil> c\rse (
 /udy4 ,six mon?s are allott$ to !      

,vatican1 & 9 equal portions divid$     
betwe5 ! ,fi]t ( ,m4 ,agnolo1 & ! m     
correct graces ( ,raffaello2 ! next six 
mon?s are 9 equal int]vals devot$ to !  
academic p[]s ( ,annibale ,c>racci1 & ! 
purity ( ! antique4  ,ab\t ! middle ( ! 
la/ c5tury ! ,g]man critics1 e/abli%$ at
 ,rome1 began to claim ! exclusive      
privilege ( tea*+ ! art1 & to =m a      
complete sy/em ( antique /yle4 ,!       
v]dicts ( ,m5gs & ,w9kelmann became !   
oracles ( ,antiqu>ies1 ,dilettanti1 &   
arti/s f ! ,pyr5ees to ! utmo/ ,nor? (  
,europe1 h be5 detail$1 & are n )\t _!  
influ5ce "h4 ,w9kelmann 0 ! p>asite ( ! 
fragm5ts t fell f ! conv]sation or !    
tablets ( ,m5gs1 a deep s*ol>1 & bett]  
fitt$ to comm5t a classic ?an to give   
lessons on art & /yle1 he reason$       
himself into frigid rev]ies & ,platonic 
dreams on beauty4 ,z f> z ! ta/e or !   
in/ructions ( 8 tutor direct$ him1 he is
 "r1 :5ev] !y are1 & betwe5 8 own le>n+ 
& ! tuition ( ! o!r1 8 hi/ory ( art     
deliv]s a speci\s sy/em & a prodigi\s   

numb] ( useful obs]vations4 ,he has n1  
h[ev]1 9 8 regulation ( epo*s1          
discrim9at$ /yles1 & ma/]s1 ) !         
precision1 att5tion1 & acum51 :i* f !   
advantages ( 8 situation & habits might 
h be5 expect$2 & disappo9ts u z (t5 by  
meagr5ess1 neglect1 & confusion1 z he   
(f5ds by lab\r$ & inflat$ rhapsodies on 
! mo/ celebrat$ monum5ts ( art4 ,to him 
,g]many owes ! %ackles ( h] arti/s1 & ! 
n>r[ limits ( _! aim2 f him !y h le>nt  
to sub/itute ! means = ! end1 & by a    
hopeless *ace aft] :at !y call beauty1  
to lose :at alone c make beauty int]e/+1
 expression & m9d4 ,! works ( ,m5gs     
himself are no d\bt full ( ! mo/ useful 
in=mation1 deep obs]vation1 & (t5       
consummate criticism4 ,he has trac$ &   
di/+ui%$ ! pr9ciples ( ! mod]ns f ^? ( !
 anci5ts2 & 9 8 comp>ative view ( !     
design1 col\r1 composition1 & expression
 ( ,raffaello1 ,correggio & ,tiziano1 ) 
lum9\s p]spicuity & deep precision1     
po9t$ out ! pr]ogative or inf]iority (  
ea*4 ,z an arti/ he is an in/ance ( :at 

p]sev]ance1 /udy1 exp]i5ce & enc\ragem5t
 c a*ieve to supply ! place ( g5ius4  ,(
 ,engli% critics1 ^: writ+s prec$$ !    
pres5t c5tury1 :e!r we consid] solidity 
( !ory or practical usefulness1 ! la/ is
 und\bt$ly ! fir/4 ,to comp>e ,reynolds 
) 8 pr$ecessors w\ld equally disgrace   
our judgm5t & impea* our gratitude4 ,8  
volumes c nev] be consult$ )\t pr(it1 & 
%\ld nev] be quitt$ by ! /ud5t's h&1 b  
to embody by ex]cise ! precepts he gives
 & ! means he po9ts out4   ,,footnotes3 
#a ,!re w be an opportunity to notice t 
incr$ible d]eliction ( rem9isc5ce :i*   
prompt$ him to transf] :at he _h rightly
 ascrib$ to ,giorgione1 9 ! ,flor5t9e   
edition1 #aeej1 to ! eld] ,palma 9 !    
subsequ5t ones4 ,see ,lecture on        
,*i>oscuro4  #b ,x ought n1 h[ev]1 to be
 disguis$1 t ! hi/ory ( art1 deviat+ f  
its real object1 has be5 swell$ to a    
diffuse catalogue ( individuals1 :o1 be+
 ! nursl+s ( diff]5t s*ools1 or pick+   
some?+ f ! real e/abli%]s ( art1 h done 
little m ?an repeat or mimic r ?an      

imitate1 at second h&1 :at _! ma/]s or  
pr$ecessors _h f\nd 9 nature1           
discrim9at$ & appli$ to art 9 ob$i5ce to
 its dictates4 ,)\t depreciat+ ! m]its (
 t multitude :o /r5u\sly pass$ life 9   
foll[+ o!rs1 x mu/ be pron\nc$ a task   
bel[ hi/ory to all[ !m m ?an a          
transitory glance2 nei!r novelty nor    
selection & comb9ation ( scatt]$        
mat]ials1 are entitl$ to s]i\s att5tion 
f him :o only inve/igates ! real        
progress ( art1 if novelty is prov$ to h
 add$ no?+ ess5tial to ! sy/em1 &       
selection to h only dilut$ en]gy1 & by a
 popul> amalgama to h be5 cont5t )      
captivat+ ! vulg>4 ,novelty1 )\t enl>g+ 
! circle ( fancy1 may delight1 b is ne>]
 alli$ to :im ?an to inv5tion2 & an     
,eclectic sy/em )\t equality ( p>ts1 z x
 orig9at$ 9 want ( compreh5sion1 tott]s 
on ! br9k ( m$iocrity1 s9ks art1 or     
splits x into crafts decorat$ ) !       
speci\s "n ( s*ools1 ^: memb]s1 au?oriz$
 by prescript1 embold5$ by dext]ity (   
h&1 enc\rag$ by ignorance1 or head+ a   

cabal1 subsi/ on m]e repetition1 ) few m
 legitimate claims to ! hon\rs ( hi/ory 
?an a rhapsodi/ to ^? ( ! poem :i* he   
recites4     ,,fir/ ,,lecture4  ,,anci5t
 ,,art4      ,tauta m5 oun pla/n kai    
graphen kai poitn paides ergasontai4    
ho de pas9 epan!i t\tois1 h *>is1 mallon
 de hapasai hama1     hoposai *>ites1   
kai hoposoi ertes p]i*oreuontes4 tis an 
mimsa/hai dynaito8                      
,,l\kian\ ,sam4 eikones4   ,,argum5t4   
,introduction4 ,greece ! legitimate p>5t
 ( ! ,art4--,summ>y     ( ! local &     
political causes4 ,conjectures on !     
me*anic     process ( ! ,art4 ,p]iod (  
prep>ation--,polygnotus--ess5tial       
/yle--,apollodorus--*>act]i/ic /yle4    
,p]iod (     e/abli%m5t--,zeuxis1       
,p>rhasius1 ,timan!s4 ,p]iod (          
ref9em5t--,eupompus ,apelles1 ,ari/ides1
 ,euphranor4     ,,fir/ ,,lecture4   ,! 
difficulties ( ! task prescrib$ to me1  
if !y d n prepond]ate are at lea/ equal 
to ! hon\r ( ! situation4 ,if1 to       
disc\rse on any topic ) tru?1 precision1

 & cle>ness1 be=e a mix$ or =tuit\s     
audi5ce1 be=e m5 nei!r initiat$ 9 !     
subject1 nor r5d]$ m9utely att5tive by  
expectation1 be no easy task1 h[ mu* m  
ardu\s mu/ x be to speak sy/ematically  
on an art1 be=e a select assembly1      
compos$ ( ,pr(essors ^: life has be5    
divid$ betwe5 !ory & practice1 (        
,critics ^: ta/e has be5 ref9$ by       
contemplation & comp>ison1 & ( ,/ud5ts1 
:o1 b5t on ! same pursuit1 look = ! be/ 
& always mo/ comp5di\s me?od ( ma/]+ !  
pr9ciples1 to arrive at its emolum5ts & 
hon\rs4 ,y\r lectur] is to in/ruct !m 9 
! pr9ciples ( 'composition2 to =m _!    
ta/e = design & col\r+2 to /r5g!n _!    
judgm5t2 to po9t out to !m ! beauties & 
imp]fections ( celebrat$ works ( art2 & 
! p>ticul> excell5cies & defects ( great
 ma/]s2 & f9ally1 to lead !m into !     
readie/ & mo/ efficaci\s pa?s ( /udy4'#c
 ,if1 ,g5tlem51 ^! directions presuppose
 9 ! /ud5t a suffici5t /ock ( elem5t>y  
k1 an exp]tness 9 ! rudim5ts1 n m]e     
wi%es b a p]emptory w ( improvem5t1 &   

judgm5t ) docility2 h[ mu* m d !y imply 
9 ! p]son select$ to address !m--k f\nd$
 on !ory1 sub/antiat$ & matur$ by       
practice1 a mass ( select & well dige/$ 
mat]ials1 p]spicuity ( me?od & comm& (  
words1 imag9ation to place ?+s 9 su*    
views z !y are n commonly se5 91 pres5ce
 ( m9d1 & t resolution1 ! result (      
consci\s vig\r1 :i*1 9 d>+ to correct   
errors1 _c be easily disc\nt5anc$4--,z  
conditions l ^! w\ld disc\rage abilities
 f> sup]ior to m9e1 my hopes (          
approbation1 mod]ate z !y are1 mu/ 9 a  
great measure dep5d on t indulg5ce :i*  
may grant to my w :at x w\ld refuse to  
my p[]s4  ,be=e ,i proce$ to ! hi/ory ( 
,/yle itself1 x seems to be necess>y t  
we %\ld agree ab\t ! t]ms :i* d5ote its 
object & p]petually recur 9 treat+ ( x2 
t my vocabul>y ( te*nic expression %\ld 
n cla% ) ! diction>y ( my audi5ce2 m9e  
is ne>ly t ( y\r late presid5t4 ,i %all 
conf9e myself at pres5t to a few ( ! mo/
 important2 ! words nature1 beauty1     
grace1 ta/e1 copy1 imitation1 g5ius1    

tal5t4 ,?us1 by nature ,i und]/& ! g5]al
 & p]man5t pr9ciples ( visible objects1 
n disfigur$ by accid5t1 or di/emp]$ by  
disease1 n modifi$ by fa%ion or local   
habits4 ,nature is a collective idea1 &1
 ?\gh its ess5ce exi/ 9 ea* individual (
 ! species1 c nev] 9 its p]fection      
inhabit a s+le object4 ,on beauty ,i d n
 mean to p]plex y or myself ) ab/ract   
ideas1 & ! romantic rev]ies ( platonic  
philosophy1 or to inquire :e!r x be !   
result ( a simple or complex pr9ciple4  
,z a local idea1 beauty is a despotic   
pr9cess1 & subject to ! an>*ies (       
despotism1 en?ron$ to-day1 de?ron$      
to-morr[4 ,! beauty we ackn[l$ge is t   
h>moni\s :ole ( ! human frame1 t unison 
( p>ts to "o end1 :i* en*ants u2 !      
result ( ! /&>d set by ! great ma/]s (  
our art1 ! anci5ts1 & confirm$ by !     
submissive v]dict ( mod]n imitation4 ,by
 grace ,i mean t artless balance (      
motion & repose sprung f "*1 f\nd$ on   
propriety1 :i* nei!r falls %ort ( !     
dem&s nor ov]leaps ! mode/y ( nature4   

,appli$ to execution1 x means t dext]\s 
p[] :i* hides ! means by :i* x 0 atta9$1
 ! difficulties x has conqu]$4 ,:5 we   
say ta/e1 we mean n crudely ! k ( :at is
 "r 9 art3 ta/e e/imates ! degrees (    
excell5ce1 & by comp>ison proce$s f     
ju/ness to ref9em5t4 ,our language1 or r
 ^? :o use x1 g5]ally conf\nd1 :5 speak+
 ( ! art1 copy ) imitation1 ?\gh        
ess5tially diff]5t 9 op]ation & mean+4  
,precision ( eye & ob$i5ce ( h& are !   
requisites ( ! =m]1 )\t ! lea/ pret5ce  
to *oice1 :at to select1 :at to reject2 
:il/ *oice direct$ by judgm5t or ta/e   
con/itutes ! ess5ce ( imitation1 & alone
 c raise ! mo/ dext]\s copyi/ to ! noble
 rank ( an arti/4 ,! imitation ( !      
anci5ts 01 ess5tial1 *>act]i/ic1 ideal4 
,! fir/ cle>$ nature ( accid5t1 defect1 
excresc5ce2 ! second f\nd ! /am5 :i*    
connects "* ) ! c5tral =m2 ! ?ird rais$ 
! :ole & ! p>ts to ! highe/ degree (    
unison4 ,( g5ius ,i %all speak ) res]ve1
 = no ^w has be5 m indiscrim9ately      
conf\nd$2 by g5ius ,i mean t p[] :i*    

enl>ges ! circle ( human k1 :i* discov]s
 new mat]ials ( nature1 or comb9es !    
kn[n ) novelty1 :il/ tal5t arranges1    
cultivates1 poli%es ! discov]ies (      
g5ius4  ,guid$ by ^! prelim9>ies we n[  
approa* t happy coa/1 :]e1 f an arbitr>y
 hi]oglyph1 ! palliative ( ignorance1 f 
a tool ( despotism1 or a pond]\s monum5t
 ( et]nal sleep1 art em]g$ into life1   
motion1 & lib]ty2 :]e situation1        
climate1 national "*1 religion1 mann]s &
 gov]nm5t conspir$ to raise x on t      
p]man5t basis1 :i* aft] ! ru9s ( !      
fabric itself1 /ill subsi/s & bids      
defiance to ! ravages ( "t2 z uni=m 9 ! 
pr9ciple z v>i\s 9 its applications1 !  
art ( ! ,greeks possess$ 9 itself &     
propagat$1 l its *ief object ,man1 !    
g]ms ( immortality4  ,i %all n detail "h
 ! reasons & ! co9cid5ce ( =tunate      
circum/ances :i* rais$ ! ,greeks to be !
 arbit]s ( =m4#d ,! /&>d !y erect$1 !   
cannon !y fram$1 fell n f ,heav53 b z !y
 fanci$ !mselves ( div9e orig91 &       
,religion 0 ! fir/ mov] ( _! art1 x     

foll[$ t !y %\ld endeav\r to inve/ _!   
au?ors ) ! mo/ p]fect =m2 & z ,man      
possesses t exclusively1 !y 7 l$ to a   
complete & intellectual /udy ( its      
elem5ts & con/itution2 ?is1 ) _!        
climate1 :i* all[$ t =m to gr[1 & to %[ 
itself to ! greate/ advantage2 ) _!     
civil & political in/itutions1 :i*      
e/abli%$ & enc\rag$ ex]cises & mann]s   
be/ calculat$ to develope its p[]s2 &   
above all t simplicity ( _! end1 t      
uni=mity ( pursuit :i* 9 all its        
d]ivations retrac$ ! great pr9ciple f   
:i* x sprang1 & l a c5tral /am5 drew x  
out into "o imm5se connect$ web (       
cong5ial imitation2 ^!1 ,i say1 are !   
reasons :y ! ,greeks c>ri$ ! art to a   
height :i* no subsequ5t "t or race has  
be5 able to rival or ev5 to approa*4    
,great z ^! advantages 71 x is n to be  
suppos$ t ,nature deviat$ f h] gradual  
progress 9 ! developem5t ( human        
faculties1 9 fav\r ( ! ,greeks4 ,greek  
,art _h h] infancy1 b ! ,graces rock$ ! 
cradle1 & ,love taught h] to speak4 ,if 

ev] leg5d des]v$ our belief1 ! amor\s   
tale ( ! ,cor9?ian maid1 :o trac$ ! %ade
 ( h] dep>t+ lov] by ! secret lamp1     
appeals to our sympa?y1 to grant x2 &   
leads u at ! same "t to "s obs]vations  
on ! fir/ me*anical essays ( ,pa9t+1 & t
 l9e> me?od :i*1 ?\gh pass$ ne>ly       
unnotic$ by ,w9kelmann1 seems to h      
cont9u$ z ! basis ( execution1 ev5 :5 ! 
in/rum5t = :i* x 0 *iefly adapt$ _h long
 be5 laid aside4  ,! etymology ( ! ^w   
us$ by ! ,greeks to express ,pa9t+ be+ !
 same ) t :i* !y employ = ,writ+1 makes 
! simil>ity ( tool1 mat]ials1 me?od1    
almo/ c]ta94 ,! tool 0 a /yle or p5 (   
wood or metal2 ! mat]ials a bo>d1 or a  
levigat$ plane ( wood1 metal1 /one1 or  
"s prep>$ comp\nd2 ! me?od1 lett]s or   
l9es4  ,! fir/ essays ( ! art 7         
,skiagrams1 simple outl9es ( a %ade1    
simil> to ^? :i* h be5 introduc$ to     
vulg> use by ! /ud5ts & p>asites (      
,physiognomy1 "u ! "n ( ,silh\ettes2 )\t
 any o!r addition ( "* or feature b :at 
! pr(ile ( ! object1 ?us del9eat$ c\ld  

af=d4  ,! next /ep ( ! art 0 !          
,monogram1 outl9es ( figures )\t light  
or %ade1 b ) "s addition ( ! p>ts )9 !  
outl9e1 & f t to ! ,mono*rom1 or pa9t+s 
( a s+le col\r on a plane or tablet1    
prim$ ) :ite1 & !n cov]$ ) :at !y call$ 
punic wax1 fir/ amalgamat$ ) a t\gh     
res9\s pigm5t1 g5]ally ( a r$1 sometimes
 d>k br[n1 or black col\r4 ,91 or r     
?r\gh ?is ?9 inky gr\nd1 ! outl9es 7    
trac$ ) a firm b pliant /yle1 :i* !y    
call$ ,ce/rum2 if ! trac$ l9e happ5$ to 
be incorrect or wrong1 x 0 g5tly effac$ 
) ! f+] or ) a sponge1 & easily replac$ 
by a fre% "o4 ,:5 ! :ole design 0       
settl$1 & no f>!r alt]ation int5d$1 x 0 
suff]$ to dry1 0 cov]$1 to make x       
p]man5t1 ) a br[n encau/ic v>ni%1 !     
lights 7 work$ ov] aga91 & r5d]$ m      
brilliant ) a po9t /ill m delicate1     
accord+ to ! gradual advance f m]e      
outl9es to "s indications1 & at la/ to  
masses ( light & %ade1 & f ^? to !      
sup]9duction ( diff]5t col\rs1 or !     
inv5tion ( ! ,poly*rom1 :i* by !        

addition ( ! p5cil to ! /yle1 rais$ !   
mezzot9to or /a9$ draw+ to a legitimate 
picture1 & at l5g? produc$ t vaunt$     
h>mony1 ! magic scale ( ,grecian        
col\r4#e  ,if ?is conjecture1 = x is n  
m1 on ! process ( l9e> pa9t+1 =m$ on !  
evid5ce & comp>ison ( passages always   
unconnect$1 & frequ5tly contradictory1  
be f\nd$ 9 fact1 ! raptur\s a/oni%m5t at
 ! suppos$ mom5tane\s production ( !    
,h]culanean danc]s & ! figures on !     
e>!rn vases ( ! anci5ts1 w cease2 or r1 
we %all no long] suff] ourselves to be  
delud$ by palpable impossibility (      
execution3 on a gr\nd ( levigat$ lime or
 on pott]s w>e1 no velocity or c]ta9ty  
atta9able by human h&s c conduct a full 
p5cil ) t degree ( ev5ness equal f      
beg9n+ to end ) :i* we see ^? figures   
execut$1 or if x c\ld1 w\ld ev] be able 
to fix ! l9e on ! glassy surface )\t its
 fl[+3 to make ! appe>ances we see1     
possible1 we mu/ h rec\rse to ! l9e>    
process t has be5 describ$1 & transf]   
our admiration1 to ! p]sev]ance1 !      

correctness ( pr9ciple1 ! elegance (    
ta/e t conduct$ ! arti/'s h&1 )\t       
presum+ to arm x ) contradictory p[]s3 !
 figures he drew & we admire1 are n !   
magic produce ( a w+$ p5cil1 !y are !   
result ( gradual improvem5t1 exquisitely
 f9i%$ mono*roms4  ,h[ long ! p5cil     
cont9u$ only to assi/1 :5 x began to    
engross & :5 x at la/ entirely supplant$
 ! ce/rum1 _c 9 ! p]plexity ( accid5tal 
report be asc]ta9$4 ,apollodorus 9 !    
#ic;d ,olymp4 & ,zeuxis 9 ! #id?1 are   
said to h us$ x ) fre$om & ) p[]4 ,!    
battle ( ! ,lapi? & ! ,c5taurs1 :i*     
accord+ to ,pausanias1 ,p>rhasius pa9t$ 
on ! %ield ( ! ,m9]va ( ,phidias1 to be 
*as$ by ,mys1 c\ld be no?+ b a mono*rom1
 & 0 probably design$ ) ! ce/rum1 z an  
in/rum5t ( great] accuracy4#f ,apelles &
 ,protog5es1 ne>ly a c5tury aft]w>ds1   
drew _! conte/$ l9es ) ! p5cil2 & t     
alone1 z delicacy & evanesc5t subtlety 7
 ! *>act]i/ic ( ^? l9es1 may give an    
idea ( _! me*anic excell5ce4 ,& yet 9 _!
 "t ! diagraphic process1#g :i* is ! v  

same ) ! l9e> "o we h describ$1 made a  
"p ( lib]al education4 ,& ,pausias (    
,sicyon1 ! contempor>y ( ,apelles1 &    
p]haps ! greate/ ma/] ( composition     
among/ ! anci5ts1 :5 employ$ to repair !
 decay$ pictures ( ,polygnotus at ,!spi1
 0 adjudg$ by g5]al op9ion to h         
egregi\sly fail$ 9 ! attempt1 because he
 _h sub/itut$ ! p5cil to ! ce/rum1 &    
ent]$ a conte/ ( sup]iority ) weapons n 
8 own4  ,"h x might seem 9 its place to 
say some?+ on ! ,encau/ic me?od us$ by !
 anci5ts2 7 x n a subject by ambiguity (
 expression & conjectural dispute s     
involv$ 9 obscurity t a true acc\nt (   
its process mu/ be despair$ (3 ! mo/    
probable idea we c =m ( x is1 t x bore  
"s resemblance to our oil-pa9t+1 & t !  
"n 0 adopt$ to d5ote ! use ( mat]ials1  
inflammable or prep>$ by fire1 ! suppos$
 durability ( :i*1 :e!r appli$ hot or   
cold1 au?oris$ ! t]ms enekause &        
inussit4  ,! fir/ great "n ( t epo* ( ! 
prep>atory p]iod :5 facts appe> to      
ov]balance conjecture1 is t (           

,polygnotus ( ,?asos1 :o pa9t$ ! poecile
 at ,a!ns1 & ! les*e or public hall at  
,delphi4 ,( ^! works1 b *iefly ( ! two  
l>ge pictures at ,delphi1 :i* repres5t$ 
sc5es subsequ5t to ! ev]sion ( ,troy1 & 
,ulysses consult+ ! _s ( ,tiresias 9    
,hades1 ,pausanias#h gives a m9ute &    
circum/antial detail2 by :i* we are l$  
to surmise1 t :at is n[ call$           
composition 0 totally want+ 9 !m z a    
:ole3 = he beg9s 8 description at "o end
 ( ! picture1 & f9i%es x at ! opposite  
extremity1 a s5seless me?od if we       
suppose t a c5tral gr\p1 or a pr9cipal  
figure to :i* ! re/ 7 9 a c]ta9 degree  
subord9ate1 attract$ ! eye2 x appe>s z  
pla9 t !y _h no p]spective1 ! s]ies (   
figures on ! second or middle gr\nd be+ 
describ$ z plac$ above ^? on ! =egr\nd1 
& ! figures 9 ! di/ance above ! :ole3 ! 
hone/ me?od too :i* ! pa9t] *ose (      
annex+ to _m ( 8 figures1 _! names 9    
writ+1 sav\rs mu* ( ! infancy (         
pa9t+4--,we %\ld h[ev] be cauti\s to    
impute solely to ignorance or           

imbecility1 :at might re/ on ! firm base
 ( p]man5t pr9ciple4 ,! g5ius (         
,polygnotus 0 m ?an t ( any o!r arti/   
be=e or aft]1 ,phidias p]haps alone     
except$1 a public g5ius1 8 works        
monum5tal works1 & ^! v pictures !      
votive (f]+s ( ! ,gnidians4 ,! art at t 
summit1 :5 ex]t+ its p[]s to record !   
feats1 consecrate ! acts1 p]petuate !   
rites1 propagate ! religion1 or to      
dissem9ate ! peculi> doctr9es ( a       
nation1 he$less ( ! rules prescrib$ to  
inf]ior excell5ce & humbl] pursuits1    
returns to its elem5ts1 leaps /rict     
possibility1 comb9es remote causes )    
pres5t effects1 connects local di/ance &
 unites sep>ate mom5ts4--,simplicity1   
p>allelism1 apposition1 take place (    
v>iety1 contra/1 & composition4--,su* 0 
! ,les*e pa9t$ by ,polygnotus2 & if we  
consid] ! v>iety ( p[]s t di/+ui%$ _m ( 
! p>ts1 we mu/ incl9e to ascribe !      
primitive arrangem5t ( ! :ole r to !    
arti/'s *oice & l(ty simplicity1 ?an    
want ( compreh5sion3 nature _h end[$ him

 ) t rectitude ( ta/e :i* 9 ! individuum
 discov]s ! /am5 ( ! g5us1 h5ce 8 /yle (
 design 0 ess5tial ) glimpses ( gr&eur#i
 & ideal beauty4 ,polygnotus1 says      
,ari/otle1 improves ! model4 ,8 inv5tion
 rea*$ ! conception ( undescrib$ be+1 9 
! dmon ,eurynomus2 fill$ ! *asm (       
description 9 ,!seus & ,piri?\s1 9      
,ariadne & ,phdra2 & improv$ its t]rors 
9 ! spectre ( ,tityus2 :il/ col\r to    
assi/ x1 became 9 8 h& an organ (       
expression2 su* 0 ! prophetic gl[ :i*   
/ill crimson$ ! *eeks ( 8 ,cass&ra 9 !  
"t ( ,lucian4#aj ,! improvem5ts 9 pa9t+ 
:i* ,pl9y ascribes to him1 ( hav+ dress$
 ! heads ( 8 females 9 v>iegat$ veils & 
b&eaus1 & rob$ !m 9 lucid drap]y1 ( hav+
 g5tly op5$ ! lips1 giv5 a glimpse ( !  
tee?1 & less5$ ! =m] monotony ( face1   
su* improvem5ts1 ,i say1 7 surely ! mo/ 
trifl+ "p ( a p[] to :i* ! age (        
,apelles & t ( ,qu9tilian paid equal    
homage3 nor c x add mu* to our e/eem =  
him1 to be told by ,pl9y t !re exi/$1 9 
! portico ( ,pompey1 a picture ( 8 ) !  

figure ( a w>rior 9 an attitude s       
ambigu\s z to make x a "q :e!r he 7     
asc5d+ or desc5d+4 ,su* a figure c\ld   
only be ! (fspr+ ( m5tal or te*nic      
imbecility1 ev5 if x resembl$ !         
celebrat$ "o ( a ,diom$e c>ry+ (f !     
palladium ) "o & hold+ a sword 9 ! o!r  
h&1 on ! intaglio inscrib$1 ,i ?9k1 ) ! 
"n ( ,dioscorides4  ,) ?is simplicity ( 
mann] & mat]ials ! art seems to h       
proce$$ f ,polygnotus1 ,aglaophon1      
,phidias1 ,pannus1 ,colotes1 & ,ev5or1 !
 fa!r ( ,p>rhasius1 dur+ a p]iod ( m or 
less disput$ ,olympiads1 to ! appe>ance 
( ,apollodorus ! ,a!nian1 :o appli$ !   
ess5tial pr9ciples ( ,polygnotus to !   
del9eation ( ! species1 by inve/igat+ ! 
lead+ =ms t discrim9ate ! v>i\s classes 
( human qualities & passions4 ,!        
acut5ess ( 8 ta/e l$ him to discov] t z 
all m5 7 connect$ by "o g5]al =m1 s !y 7
 sep>at$ ea* by "s pr$om9ant p[]1 :i*   
fix$ "* & b\nd !m to a class3 t 9       
proportion z ?is specific p[] p>took (  
individual peculi>ities1 ! f>!r x 0     

remov$ f a %>e 9 t h>moni\s sy/em :i*   
con/itutes nature1 & consi/s 9 a due    
balance ( all its p>ts2 !nce he drew 8  
l9e ( imitation1 & p]sonifi$ ! c5tral =m
 ( ! class1 to :i* 8 object belong$2 &  
to :i* ! re/ ( its qualities adm9i/]$   
)\t be+ absorb$3 agility 0 n suff]$ to  
de/roy firmness1 solidity1 or weight2   
nor /r5g? & weight agility2 elegance did
 n deg5]ate to effem9acy1 or gr&eur     
swell to hug5ess2 su* 7 8 pr9ciples (   
/yle3 8 expression ext5d$ !m to ! m9d1  
if we may judge f ! two subjects m5tion$
 by ,pl9y1 9 :i* he seems to h p]sonifi$
 ! *>act]s ( devotion & impiety2 t1 9 ! 
ador+ figure ( a prie/1 p]haps (        
,*ryses1 exp&+ 8 gratitude at ! %r9e ( !
 ,god ^: arr[s av5g$ 8 wrongs & re/or$ 8
 daught]3 & ?is1 9 ! figure ( ,ajax     
wreck$1 & f ! sea-swept rock hurl+      
defiance unto ! murky sky4 ,z nei!r ( ^!
 subjects c pres5t !mselves to a pa9t]'s
 m9d )\t a contra/ ( ! mo/ awful &      
t]rific tones ( col\r1 magic ( light &  
%ade1 & unlimit$ comm& ov] ! tools (    

art1 we may ) ,pl9y & ) ,plut>* consid] 
,apollodorus z ! fir/ ass]tor ( !       
p5cil's hon\rs1 z ! fir/ col\ri/ ( 8    
age1 & ! man :o op5$ ! gates ( art :i* !
 ,h]acleot ,zeuxis ent]$4#aa  ,f !      
ess5tial /yle ( ,polygnotus & ! specific
 discrim9ation ( ,apollodorus1 ,zeuxis1 
by comp>ison ( :at belong$ to ! g5us &  
:at to ! class1 fram$ at la/ t ideal =m1
 :i* 9 8 op9ion1 con/itut$ ! supreme    
degree ( human beauty1 or 9 o!r words1  
embodi$ possibility1 by unit+ ! v>i\s b 
homog5e\s p[]s scatt]$ among _m1 9 "o   
object1 to "o end4 ,su* a sy/em1 if x   
orig9at$ 9 g5ius1 0 ! consid]ate result 
( ta/e ref9$ by ! unremitt+ p]sev]ance )
 :i* he obs]v$1 consult$1 comp>$1       
select$ ! cong5ial b scatt]$ =ms (      
nature4 ,our ideas are ! (fspr+ ( our   
s5ses1 we are n m able to create ! =m ( 
a be+1 we h n se51 )\t retrospect to "o 
we "k1 ?an we are able to create a new  
s5se4 ,he ^: fancy has conceiv$ an idea 
( ! mo/ beautiful =m mu/ h compos$ x f  
actual exi/5ce1 & he alone c compreh5d  

:at "o degree ( beauty wants to become  
equal to ano!r1 & at la/ sup]lative4 ,he
 :o ?9ks ! pretty h&some1 w ?9k ! h&some
 a beauty1 & fancy he has met an ideal  
=m 9 a m]ely h&some "o1 :il/ he :o has  
comp>$ beauty ) beauty1 w at la/ improve
 =m ^u =m to a p]fect image2 ?is 0 !    
me?od ( ,zeuxis1 & ?is he le>nt f ,hom]1
 ^: mode ( ideal composition1 accord+ to
 ,qu9tilian1 he consid]$ z 8 model4 ,ea*
 individual ( ,hom] =ms a class1        
expresses & is circumscrib$ by "o       
quality ( h]oic p[]2 ,a*illes alone     
unites _! v>i\s b cong5ial en]gies4 ,!  
grace ( ,nireus1 ! dignity ( ,agamemnon1
 ! impetuosity ( ,hector1 ! magnitude1 !
 /eady pr[ess ( ! great1 ! velocity ( ! 
less] ,ajax1 ! p]sev]ance ( ,ulysses1 ! 
intrepidity ( ,diom$e1 are emanations ( 
en]gy t reunite 9 "o spl5did c5tre fix$ 
9 ,a*illes4 ,?is /&>d ( ! unison (      
homog5e\s p[]s exhibit$ 9 successive    
action by ! poet1 ! pa9t]1 invigorat$ no
 d\bt by ! contemplation ( ! works (    
,phidias1 transf]r$ to 8 own art &      

sub/antiat$ by =m1 :5 he select$ !      
cong5ial beauties ( ,croton to compose a
 p]fect female4 ,l ,phidias too1 he     
appe>s to h be5 less pa!tic ?an sublime1
 & ev5 9 8 female =ms m ample & augu/   
?an elegant or captivat+3 8 pr9ciple 0  
epic1 & ?is ,ari/otle ei!r consid]$ n or
 did n compreh5d1 :5 he refuses him !   
expression ( "* 9 action & feature3     
,jupit] on 8 ?rone encircl$ by !        
cele/ial synod1 & ,hel51 ! arbitress (  
,troy1 conta9$ probably ! pr9cipal      
elem5ts ( 8 /yle2 b he c\ld trace ! "m's
 agitation 9 ,alcm5a1 & 9 ,p5elope !    
pangs ( w$d$ love4  ,on ^? p[]s ( 8     
inv5tion :i* ,lucian relates 9 ! memoir 
inscrib$ ) ! "n ( ,zeuxis1 ,i %all      
res]ve my obs]vations = a fitt] mom5t4  
,( 8 col\r we "k little1 b x is n       
unreasonable to suppose t x emulat$ !   
beauties & ! gr&eur ( 8 design2 & t he  
ext5d$ light & %ade to masses1 may be   
impli$ f 8 peculi> me?od ( pa9t+        
mono*roms on a black gr\nd1 add+ !      
lights 9 :ite4#ab  ,! correctness (     

,p>rhasius succe$$ to ! g5ius ( ,zeuxis4
 ,he circumscrib$ 8 ample /yle1 & by    
subtle exam9ation ( outl9e e/abli%$ t   
/&>d ( div9e & h]oic =m :i* rais$ him to
 ! au?ority ( a legislator f ^:         
decisions !re 0 no appeal4 ,he gave to !
 div9e & h]oic "* 9 pa9t+1 :at          
,polycletus _h giv5 to ! human 9        
sculpture1 by 8 ,doryphorus1 a canon (  
proportion4 ,phidias _h discov]$ 9 ! nod
 ( ! ,hom]ic ,jupit] ! *>act]i/ic (     
maje/y1 incl9ation ( ! head3 ?is h9t$ to
 him a high] elevation ( ! neck beh9d1 a
 bold] protrusion ( ! front1 & !        
increas$ p]p5dicul> ( ! pr(ile4 ,to ?is 
conception ,p>rhasius fix$ a maximum2 t 
po9t f :i* desc5ds ! ultimate l9e (     
cele/ial beauty1 ! angle )9 :i* moves   
:at is inf]ior1 beyond :i* :at is       
port5t\s4 ,f ! head conclude to !       
proportions ( ! neck1 ! limbs1 !        
extremities2 f ! fa!r to ! race ( gods2 
all1 ! sons ( "o1 ,zeus2 d]iv$ f "o     
s\rce ( tradition1 ,hom]2 =m$ by "o     
arti/1 ,phidias3 on him measur$ & decid$

 by ,p>rhasius4 ,9 ! simplicity ( ?is   
pr9ciple1 adh]$ to by ! succe$+ p]iods1 
lies ! un9t]rupt$ progress & !          
unatta9able sup]iority ( ,grecian art4  
,) ?is pr]ogative1 :i* evid5tly implies 
a pr(\nd z well z g5]al k ( ! p>ts1 h[  
are we to reconcile ! criticism pass$ on
 ! int]m$iate p>ts ( 8 =ms z inf]ior to 
_! outl9e8 or h[ c\ld ,w9kelmann1 9     
contradiction ) 8 own pr9ciples1 expla9 
x1 by a want ( anatomic k8#ac h[ is x   
possible to suppose t he :o decid$ 8    
outl9e ) su* intellig5ce t x appe>$     
ambi5t1 & pron\nc$ ! p>ts t escap$ !    
eye1 %\ld h be5 un9=m$ ( its cont5ts8   
let u r suppose t ! defect ascrib$ to ! 
int]m$iate =ms ( 8 bodies1 if su* a     
fault !re 01 consi/$ 9 an affectation ( 
smoo?ness bord]+ on insipidity1 9 some?+
 effem9ately voluptu\s1 :i* absorb$ _!  
"* & ! idea ( ela/ic vig\r2 & ?is       
,euphranor seems to h h9t$ at1 :5 9     
comp>+ 8 own ,!seus ) t ( ,p>rhasius1 he
 pron\nc$ ! ,ionian's to h f$ on roses1 
8 own on fle%3#ad emasculate s(tness 0  

n1 9 8 op9ion1 ! prop] companion ( !    
cont\r1 or fl[]y fre%ness ( col\r an    
adequate sub/itute = ! /]n] t9ts ( h]oic
 =m4  ,none ( ! anci5ts seem to h unit$ 
or wi%$ to comb9e z man & arti/1 m      
qualities seem+ly incompatible ?an      
,p>rhasius4--,! volubility & o/5tati\s  
insol5ce ( an ,asiatic ) ,a!nian        
simplicity & urbanity ( mann]s2         
punctili\s correctness ) bl&i%m5ts (    
h&l+ & luxuri\s col\r1 & ) sublime &    
pa!tic conception1 a fancy libid9\sly   
sportive4#ae ,if he 0 n ! inv5tor1 he   
surely 0 ! greate/ ma/] ( allegory1     
suppos+ t he really embodi$ by signs    
univ]sally compreh5d$ t image ( !       
,a!nian ,d,,mos or p1 :i* 0 to comb9e & 
to express at once its contradictory    
qualities4 ,p]haps he trac$ ! j>r+      
bran*es to _! s\rce1 ! aborig9al moral  
pr9ciple ( ! ,a!nian "*1 :i* he made    
intuitive4 ,?is supposition alone c %$ a
 dawn ( possibility on :at else appe>s  
impossible4 ,we "k t ! p]sonification ( 
! ,a!nian ,dmos 0 an object ( sculpture 

& t its images by ,lyson & ,leo*>es#af 7
 publicly set up2 b !re is no clue to   
decide :e!r !y prec$$ or foll[$ !       
conceit ( ,p>rhasius4 ,x 0 repeat$ by   
,ari/olaus1 ! son ( ,pausias4  ,! decid$
 =ms ( ,p>rhasius1 ,timan!s ! ,cy?nian1 
8 competitor = fame1 attempt$ to inspire
 ) m9d & to animate ) passions4 ,no     
picture ( antiquity is m celebrat$ ?an 8
 immolation ( ,iphig5ia 9 ,aulis1 pa9t$1
 z ,qu9tilian in=ms u1 9 conte/ )       
,colotes ( ,teos1 a pa9t] & sculptor f !
 s*ool ( ,phidias2 cr[n$ ) victory at   
its rival exhibition1 & s9ce1 ! !me (   
unlimit$ praise f ! orators & hi/orians 
( antiquity1 ?\gh ! solidity or ju/ice (
 _! praise relatively to our art1 has   
be5 que/ion$ by mod]n criticism4 ,on ?is
 subject1 :i* n only conta9s !          
gradations ( affection f ! mo/ remote to
 ! close/ l9k ( humanity1 b appe>s to me
 to (f] ! faire/ specim5 ( ! limits :i* 
! !ory ( ! anci5ts _h prescrib$ to !    
expression ( pa?os1 ,i ?9k x my duty ! m
 circum/antially to expatiate1 z !      

c5sure pass$ on ! me?od ( ,timan!s1 has 
be5 sanction$ by ! highe/ au?ority 9    
matt]s ( art1 t ( y\r late ,presid5t1 9 
8 eigh? disc\rse at ! deliv]y ( !       
academic prize = ! be/ picture pa9t$ f  
?is v subject4  ,h[ did ,timan!s treat  
x8 ,iphig5ia1 ! victim orda9$ by !      
oracle to be (f]$ = ! success ( ! ,greek
 exp$ition aga9/ ,troy1 0 repres5t$ /&+ 
ready = immolation at ! alt>1 ! prie/1 !
 in/rum5ts ( dea? at h] side2 & ar\nd   
h]1 an assembly ( ! mo/ important ag5ts 
or witnesses ( ! t]rible solemnity1 f   
,ulysses1 :o _h dis5gag$ h] f ! embraces
 ( h] "m at ,myc51 to h] ne>e/ male     
relations1 h] uncle ,m5elaus1 & h] own  
fa!r1 ,agamemnon4 ,timan!s1 say ,pl9y & 
,qu9tilian ) surpris+ simil>ity (       
phrase1 :51 9 gradation he _h consum$ e 
image ( grief )9 ! rea* ( art1 f !      
unhappy prie/1 to ! deep] grief (       
,ulysses1 & f t to ! pangs ( k9dr$      
sympa?y 9 ,m5elaus1 unable to express ) 
dignity ! fa!r's woe1 ?rew a veil1 or if
 y w1 a mantle ov] 8 face4----,?is      

mantle1 ! pivot ( objection1            
indiscrim9ately borr[$1 z might easily  
be suppos$1 by all ! concurr5ts = !     
prize1 gave rise to ! foll[+ s]ies (    
criticisms3  ,be=e ,i conclude1 ,i _c   
avoid mak+ "o obs]vation on ! pictures  
n[ be=e u4 ,i h obs]v$1 t e c&idate has 
copi$ ! celebrat$ inv5tion ( ,timan!s 9 
hid+ ! face ( ,agamemnon 9 8 mantle2    
inde$ su* lavi% encomiums h be5 be/[$ on
 ?is ?\ght1 & t too by m5 ( ! highe/ "* 
9 critical k1--,cic]o1 ,qu9tilian1      
,val]ius ,maximus1 & ,pl9y1--& h be5    
s9ce re-e*o$ by almo/ e mod]n t has     
writt5 on ! ,arts1 t y\r adopt+ x c     
nei!r be wond]$ at1 nor blam$4 ,x appe>s
 n[ to be s mu* connect$ ) ! subject1 t 
! spectator w\ld p]haps be disappo9t$ 9 
n f9d+ unit$ 9 ! picture :at he always  
unit$ 9 8 m9d1 & consid]$ z indisp5sably
 belong+ to ! subject4 ,b x may be      
obs]v$1 t ^? :o praise ?is circum/ance 7
 n pa9t]s4 ,!y use x z an illu/ration   
only ( _! own art2 x s]v$ _! purpose1 & 
x 0 c]ta9ly n _! bus9ess to ent] into ! 

objections t lie aga9/ x 9 ano!r ,art4  
,i fe> we h b v scanty means ( excit+ ^?
 p[]s ov] ! imag9ation1 :i* make s v    
consid]able & ref9$ a "p ( poetry4 ,x is
 a d\bt ) me1 :e!r we %\ld ev5 make !   
attempt4 ,! *ief1 if n ! only occasion  
:i* ! pa9t] has = ?is artifice1 is1 :5 !
 subject is improp] to be m fully       
repres5t$1 ei!r = ! sake ( dec5cy1 or to
 avoid :at w\ld be disagreeable to be   
se52 & ?is is n to raise or increase !  
passions1 :i* is ! reason t is giv5 =   
?is practice1 b on ! contr>y to dim9i%  
_! effect4  ,mr4 ,falconet has obs]v$1 9
 a note on ?is passage 9 8 translation (
 ,pl9y1 t ! circum/ance ( cov]+ ! face (
 ,agamemnon 0 probably n 9 consequ5ce ( 
any f9e imag9ation ( ! pa9t]1--:i* he   
consid]s z a discov]y ( ! critics1--b   
m]ely copi$ f ! description ( !         
sacrifice1 z x is f\nd 9 ,euripides4  ,!
 words f :i* ! picture is suppos$ to be 
tak51 are ^!3 ,agamemnon saw ,iphig5ia  
advance t[>ds ! fatal alt>2 he groan$1  
he turn$ aside 8 head1 he %$ te>s1 &    

cov]$ 8 face ) 8 robe4  ,falconet does n
 at all acquiesce 9 ! praise t is be/[$ 
on ,timan!s2 n only because x is n 8    
inv5tion1 b because he ?9ks meanly ( ?is
 trick ( conceal+1 except 9 in/ances (  
blood1 :]e ! objects w\ld be too        
horrible to be se52 b1 says he1 '9 an   
afflict$ ,fa!r1 9 a ,k+1 9 ,agamemnon1  
y1 :o are a pa9t]1 conceal f me ! mo/   
int]e/+ circum/ance1 & !n put me (f )   
sophi/ry & a veil4 ,y are 7he adds7 a   
feeble pa9t]1 )\t res\rces3 y d n "k ev5
 ^? ( y\r ,art4 ,i c>e n :at veil x is1 
:e!r clos$ h&s1 arms rais$1 or any o!r  
action t conceals f me ! c\nt5ance ( !  
,h]o4 ,y ?9k ( veil+ ,agamemnon2 y h    
unveil$ y\r own ignorance4'  ,to :at    
,falconet has said1 we may add1 t       
suppos+ ?is me?od ( leav+ ! expression (
 grief to ! imag9ation1 to be1 z x 0    
?\ght to be1 ! inv5tion ( ! pa9t]1 & t x
 des]ves all ! praise t has be5 giv5 x1 
/ill x is a trick t w s]ve b once2 :oev]
 does x a second "t1 w n only want      
novelty1 b be ju/ly suspect$ ( us+      

artifice to evade difficulties4  ,if    
difficulties ov]come make a great "p ( !
 m]it ( ,art1 difficulties evad$ c      
des]ve b little comm5dation4  ,to ?is   
/r+ ( animadv]sions1 ,i subjo9 )        
diffid5ce ! foll[+ obs]vations3  ,!     
subject ( ,timan!s 0 ! immolation (     
,iphig5ia2 ,iphig5ia 0 ! pr9cipal       
figure1 & h] =m1 h] resignation1 or h]  
angui% ! pa9t]'s pr9cipal task2 ! figure
 ( ,agamemnon1 h[ev] important1 is m]ely
 accessory1 & no m necess>y to make !   
subject a completely tragic "o1 ?an t ( 
,clytemne/ra ! "m1 no m ?an t ( ,priam1 
to impress u ) sympa?y at ! dea? (      
,polyx5a4 ,x is !re=e a misnom] ( !     
,fr5* critic1 to call ,agamemnon '! h]o'
 ( ! subject4  ,nei!r ! ,fr5* nor !     
,engli% critic appe>s to me to h        
compreh5d$ ! real motive ( ,timan!s1 z  
conta9$ 9 ! words1 'dec]e1 pro          
dignitate1 & digne1' 9 ! passages (     
,tully1 ,qu9tilian1 & ,pl9y2#ag !y      
ascribe to impot5ce :at 0 ! =be>ance (  
judgm5t2 ,timan!s felt l a fa!r3 he did 

n hide ! face ( ,agamemnon1 because x 0 
beyond ! p[] ( 8 art1 n because x 0     
beyond ! possibility1 b because x 0     
beyond ! dignity ( expression1 because !
 inspir+ feature ( pat]nal affection at 
t mom5t1 & ! action :i* ( necessity mu/ 
h accompani$ x1 w\ld ei!r h de/roy$ !   
gr&eur ( ! "* & ! solemnity ( ! sc5e1 or
 subject$ ! pa9t] ) ! majority ( 8      
judges to ! imputation ( ins5sibility4  
,he mu/ ei!r h repres5t$ him 9 te>s1 or 
convuls$ at ! fla% ( ! rais$ dagg]1     
=gett+ ! *ief 9 ! fa!r1 or %[n him      
absorb$ by despair1 & 9 t /ate (        
/upefaction1 :i* levels all features &  
dead5s expression2 he might inde$ h *os5
 a f\r? mode1 he might h exhibit$ him   
fa9t+ & palsi$ 9 ! arms ( 8 att5dants1 &
 by ?is confusion ( male & female "*1   
m]it$ ! applause ( e !atre at ,p>is4 ,b 
,timan!s _h too true a s5se ( nature to 
expose a fa!r's feel+s or to te> a      
passion to rags2 nor _h ! ,greeks yet   
le>nt ( ,rome to /eel ! face4 ,if he    
made ,agamemnon be> 8 calamity z a man1 

he made him also feel x z a man4 ,x     
became ! lead] ( ,greece to sanction !  
c]emony ) 8 pres5ce1 x did n become !   
fa!r to see 8 daught] b5ea? ! dagg]'s   
po9t3 ! same nature t ?rew a real mantle
 ov] ! face ( ,timoleon1 :5 he assi/$ at
 ! puni%m5t ( 8 bro!r1 taught ,timan!s  
to ?r[ an imag9>y "o ov] ! face (       
,agamemnon2 nei!r height nor dep?1      
propriety ( expression 0 8 aim4  ,!     
critic grants t ! exp$i5t ( ,timan!s may
 be all[$ 9 'in/ances ( blood1' !       
support$ aspect ( :i* w\ld *ange a sc5e 
( commis]ation & t]ror into "o (        
abom9ation & horror1 :i* ought = ev] to 
be exclud$ f ! prov9ce ( art1 ( poetry z
 well z pa9t+3 & w\ld n ! face (        
,agamemnon1 uncov]$1 h _h ?is effect8 0 
n ! sc5e he mu/ h witness$ a sc5e (     
blood8 & ^: blood 0 to be %$8 t ( 8 own 
daught]--& :at daught]8 "y1 beautiful1  
helpless1 innoc5t1 resign$1--! v idea ( 
resignation 9 su* a victim1 mu/ ei!r h  
act$ irresi/ibly to procure h] relief1  
or ?r[n a veil ov] a fa!r's face4 ,a man

 :o is det]m9$ to sport wit at ! exp5ce 
( he>t alone c\ld call su* an exp$i5t   
ridicul\s--'z ridicul\s1' ,mr4 ,falconet
 cont9ues1 'z a poet w\ld be1 :o 9 a    
pa!tic situation1 in/ead ( satisfy+ my  
expectation1 to rid himself ( ! bus9ess1
 %\ld say1 t ! s5tim5ts ( 8 h]o are s f>
 above :atev] c be said on ! occasion1 t
 he %all say no?+4' ,& has n ,hom]1 ?\gh
 he does n tell u ?is1 act$ ^u a simil> 
pr9ciple8 has he n1 :5 ,ulysses         
addresses ,ajax 9 ,hades1 9 ! mo/ pa!tic
 & conciliatory mann]1 in/ead ( furni%+ 
him ) an answ]1 made him rema9 9        
indignant sil5ce dur+ ! address1 !n turn
 8 /ep & /alk away8 has n ! univ]sal    
voice ( g5u9e criticism ) ,long9us told 
u1 & if x _h n1 w\ld n ,nature's own    
voice tell u1 t t sil5ce 0 *>act]i/ic1 t
 x preclud$1 includ$1 & so>+ above all  
answ]1 consign$ ,ulysses = ev] to a s5se
 ( inf]iority8 ,nor is x necess>y to    
r5d] su* criticism contemptible to      
m5tion ! sil5ce ( ,dido 9 ,virgil1 or ! 
,niobe ( s*ylus1 :o 0 introduc$ veil$1 &

 cont9u$ mute dur+ h] pres5ce on ! /age4
  ,b 9 hid+ ,agamemnon's face1 ,timan!s 
loses ! hon\r ( inv5tion1 z he is m]ely 
! imitator ( ,euripides1 :o did x be=e  
him8#ah ,i am n prep>$ ) *ronologic     
pro(s to decide :e!r ,euripides or      
,timan!s1 :o 7 contempor>ies1 ab\t !    
p]iod ( ! ,peloponnesian w>1 fell fir/  
on ?is exp$i5t2 ?\gh ! sil5ce ( ,pl9y & 
,qu9tilian on t head1 seems to be 9     
fav\r ( ! pa9t]1 nei!r ( :om c\ld be    
ignorant ( ! celebrat$ drama (          
,euripides1 & w\ld n will+ly h suff]$ ! 
hon\r ( ?is ma/]-/roke ( an art !y 7 s  
mu* bett] acqua9t$ ) ?an pa9t+1 to be   
transf]r$ to ano!r f its real au?or1 _h 
! poet's claim be5 prior3 nor %all ,i   
urge t ! picture ( ,timan!s 0 cr[n$ )   
victory by ^? :o 7 9 daily habits (     
assi/+ at ! dramas ( ,euripides1 )\t    
hav+ _! v]dict impea*$ by ,colotes or 8 
fri5ds1 :o w\ld n h fail$ to avail      
!mselves ( s flagrant a pro( (          
inf]iority z ! want ( inv5tion1 9 ! "w (
 8 rival3--,i %all only ask1 :at is     

inv5tion8 if x be ! comb9ation ( ! mo/  
important mom5t ( a fact ) ! mo/ v>i$   
effects ( ! reign+ passion on ! *>act]s 
introduc$--! inv5tion ( ,timan!s consi/$
 9 %[+1 by ! gradation ( t passion 9 !  
faces ( ! assi/ant m\rn]s1 ! reason :y t
 ( ! pr9cipal "o1 0 hid4 ,?is he p]=m$1 
& ?is ! poet1 :e!r prior or subsequ5t1  
did n & c\ld n d1 b left x ) a sil5t    
appeal to our own m9d & fancy4  ,9      
presum+ to diff] on ! propriety ( ?is   
mode ( expression 9 ! picture ( ,timan!s
 f ! respectable au?ority ,i h quot$1 ,i
 am f> f a wi% to invalidate ! equally  
p]t95t & acute rem>ks made on ! dang] ( 
its imitation1 ?\gh ,i am decid$ly (    
op9ion t x is /rictly )9 ! limits ( our 
art4 ,if x be a 'trick1' x is c]ta9ly "o
 t 'has s]v$ m ?an once4' ,we f9d x     
adopt$ to express ! grief ( a beautiful 
female figure on a basso-relievo =m]ly 9
 ! palace ,valle at ,rome1 & pres]v$ 9 !
 ,admir&a ( ,s4 ,b>toli2 x is us$1 ?\gh 
) 8 own orig9ality1 by ,mi*ael ,angelo 9
 ! figure ( ,abijam1 to m>k unutt]able  

woe2 ,raphael1 to %[ t he ?\ght x ! be/ 
possible mode ( express+ remorse & !    
deepe/ s5se ( rep5tance1 borr[$ x 9 !   
expulsion f ,p>adise1 )\t any alt]ation1
 f ,masaccio2 & l him1 turn$ ,adam out )
 bo? 8 h&s be=e 8 face4 ,& h[ has he    
repres5t$ ,moses at ! burn+ bu%1 to     
express ! a/oni%$ awe ( human 9 !       
visible pres5ce ( div9e nature8 by a    
d\ble repetition ( ! same exp$i5t2 once 
9 ! ceil+ ( a ,/anza1 & aga9 9 ! loggia 
( ! ,vatican1 ) bo? 8 h&s be=e 8 face1  
or r ) 8 face imm]s$ 9 8 h&s4 ,z we _c  
suspect 9 ! ma/] ( expression ! unwor?y 
motive ( mak+ use ( ?is mode m]ely to   
avoid a difficulty1 or to d5ote !       
insupportable spl5d\r ( ! vision1 :i* 0 
s f> f be+ ! case1 t1 accord+ to ! sacr$
 record1 ,moses /epp$ out ( 8 way to    
exam9e ! ineffectual blaze3 we mu/      
conclude t ,nature h]self dictat$ to him
 ?is me?od z sup]ior to all he c\ld     
express by features2 & t he recogniz$ ! 
same dictate 9 ,masaccio1 :o c no m be  
suppos$ to h be5 acqua9t$ ) ! prec$5t ( 

,timan!s1 ?an ,%akspe>e ) t (           
,euripides1 :5 he made ,macduff draw 8  
hat ov] 8 face4  ,masaccio & ,raphael   
proce$$ on ! pr9ciple1 ,gh]>d ,lairesse 
copi$ only ! image ( ,timan!s1 & has    
p]haps incurr$ by x ! *>ge ( :at        
,long9us calls p>5?yrsos1 9 ! ill-tim$  
application ( supreme pa?os1 to an      
inadequate call4 ,agamemnon is introduc$
 cov]+ 8 face ) 8 mantle1 at ! dea? (   
,polyx5a1 ! captive daught] ( ,priam1   
sacrific$ to ! manes ( ,a*illes1 h]     
betro!d lov]1 trea*]\sly sla9 9 ! mid/ (
 ! nuptial c]emony1 by h] bro!r ,p>is4  
,! dea? ( ,polyx5a1 ^: *>ms _h be5      
productive ( ! greate/ disa/] t c\ld    
befall ! ,grecian army1 c\ld n p]haps   
provoke 9 its lead] emotions simil> to  
^? :i* he felt at t ( 8 own daught]3 x  
mu/ h[ev] be own$ t ! figure ( ! *ief is
 equally dignifi$ & pa!tic2 & t1 by !   
introduction ( ! spectre ( ,a*illes at !
 immolation ( ! damsel to 8 manes1 !    
arti/'s fancy has 9 "s degree aton$ = ! 
want ( discrim9ation 9 ! pr(essor4  ,su*

 7 ! arti/s1 :o1 accord+ to ! mo/       
correspond+ data1 =m$ ! /yle ( t second 
p]iod1 :i* fix$ ! end & e/abli%$ !      
limits ( art1 on ^: firm basis arose !  
luxuriant fabric ( ! ?ird or ! p]iod (  
ref9em5t1 :i* add$ grace & poli% to !   
=ms x c\ld n surpass2 am5ity or tru? to 
! tones x c\ld n invigorate2 magic &    
imp]ceptible transition to ! abrupt     
division ( masses2 gave dep? & r\ndness 
to composition2 at ! brea/ ( ,nature    
h]self caught ! passions z !y rose1 &   
famili>iz$ expression3 ,! p]iod (       
,apelles1 ,protog5es1 ,ari/ides1        
,euphranor1 ,pausias1 ! pupils (        
,pamphilus & 8 ma/] ,eupompus1 ^:       
au?ority obta9$ :at _h n be5 grant$ to 8
 great pr$ecessor & c\ntryman           
,polycletus1 ! new e/abli%m5t ( ! s*ool 
( ,sicyon4#ai  ,! lead+ pr9ciple (      
,eupompus may be trac$ 9 ! advice :i* he
 gave to ,lysippus 7z pres]v$ by ,pl9y71
 :om1 :5 consult$ on a /&>d ( imitation1
 he direct$ to ! contemplation ( human  
v>iety 9 ! multitude ( ! *>act]s t 7    

pass+ by1 ) ! axiom1 't ,nature h]self 0
 to be imitat$1 n an arti/4' ,excell5ce1
 said ,eupompus1 is ?y aim1 su*         
excell5ce z t ( ,phidias & ,polycletus2 
b x is n obta9$ by ! s]vile imitation ( 
works1 h[ev] p]fect1 )\t m\nt+ to !     
pr9ciple :i* rais$ !m to t height2 t    
pr9ciple apply to ?y purpose1 !re fix ?y
 aim4 ,he :o1 ) ! same fre$om ( access  
to ,nature z ano!r man1 cont5ts himself 
to approa* h] only ?r\gh 8 m$ium1 has   
resign$ 8 bir?-"r & orig9ality toge!r2 8
 ma/]'s mann] w be 8 /yle4 ,if ,phidias 
& ,polycletus h discov]$ ! sub/ance &   
e/abli%$ ! p]man5t pr9ciple ( ! human   
frame1 !y h n exhau/$ ! v>iety ( human  
appe>ances & human "*2 if !y h ab/ract$ 
! =ms ( maje/y & ^? ( beauty1 ,nature1  
comp>$ ) _! works1 w po9t out a grace t 
has be5 left = !e2 if !y h pre-occupi$  
man z he is1 be ?9e to give him t air ) 
:i* he actually appe>s4#bj  ,su* 0 !    
advice ( ,eupompus3 less l(ty1 less     
ambiti\s ?an :at ! dep>t$ epo* ( g5ius  
w\ld h dictat$1 b bett] suit$ to !      

times1 & bett] to 8 pupil's m9d4 ,:5 !  
_s ( lib]ty =sook ! public1 gr&eur _h   
left ! private m9d ( ,greece3 subdu$ by 
,philip1 ! gods ( ,a!ns & ,olympia _h   
migrat$ to ,pella1 & ,alex&] 0 become ! 
repres5tative ( ,jupit]2 /ill ^? :o _h  
lo/ ! sub/ance fondl$ ! %ad[ ( lib]ty2  
rhetoric mimick$ ! ?und]s ( oratory1    
sophi/ry & metaphysic debate t          
philosophy1 :i* _h guid$ life1 & ! gr&  
ta/e t _h dictat$ to art ! monum5tal    
/yle1 inve/$ gods ) human =m & rais$    
individuals to h]oes1 began to give way 
to ref9em5ts 9 appreciat+ ! degrees (   
elegance or ( resemblance 9 imitation3 !
 advice ( ,eupompus h[ev]1 f> f imply+ !
 abolition ( ! old sy/em1 recall$ 8     
pupil to ! exam5 ( ! great pr9ciple on  
:i* x _h e/abli%$ its excell5ce1 & to ! 
res\rces :i* its inexhau/ible v>iety    
(f]$ = new comb9ations4  ,t ,lysippus   
consid]$ x 9 t light1 8 devotion to !   
,doryphorus ( ,polycletus1 kn[n ev5 to  
,tully1 suffici5tly prov$4 ,t figure :i*
 compris$ ! pure proportions ( juv5ile  

vig\r1 furni%$ ! readie/ application =  
^? additional ref9em5ts ( v>iety1 "*1 & 
fle%y *>ms1 t made ! base ( 8 inv5tion3 
its symmetry direct+ 8 rese>*es amid !  
insidi\s play ( accid5tal *>ms1 & !     
claims ( inh]5t grace1 nev] suff]$      
imitation to deviate into incorrectness2
 :il/ its squ>5ess & elem5tal beauty    
melt$ 9 m famili> =ms on ! eye1 & f an  
object ( cold admiration became ! gl[+  
"o ( sympa?y4 ,su* 0 probably ! me?od   
=m$ by ,lysippus on ! advice (          
,eupompus1 m p]plex$ ?an expla9$ by !   
sup]ficial extract & ! rapid phrase (   
,pl9y4  ,f ! /atu>y's we may =m our idea
 ( ! pa9t]'s me?od4 ,! doctr9e (        
,eupompus 0 adopt$ by ,pamphilus !      
,amphipolitan1 ! mo/ sci5tific arti/ ( 8
 "t1 & by him communicat$ to ,apelles ( 
,cos1 or z ,lucian w h x1 ( ,ephesus1#ba
 8 pupil2 9 :om1 if we believe          
tradition1 ,nature exhibit$1 once1 a    
specim5 :at h] union ) education &      
circum/ances c\ld produce4 ,! "n (      
,apelles 9 ,pl9y is ! synonyme (        

unrivall$ & unatta9able excell5ce1 b !  
enum]ation ( 8 works po9ts out !        
modification :i* we ought to apply to t 
sup]iority2 x nei!r comprises exclusive 
sublimity ( inv5tion1 ! mo/ acute       
discrim9ation ( "*1 ! wide/ sph]e (     
compreh5sion1 ! mo/ judici\s & be/      
balanc$ composition1 nor ! deepe/ pa?os 
( expression3 8 great pr]ogative consi/$
 m 9 ! unison ?an 9 ! ext5t ( 8 p[]s2 he
 knew bett] :at he c\ld d1 :at ought to 
be done1 at :at po9t he c\ld arrive1 &  
:at lay beyond 8 rea*1 ?an any o!r      
arti/4 ,grace ( conception & ref9em5t ( 
ta/e 7 8 elem5ts1 & w5t h& 9 h& ) grace 
( execution & ta/e 9 f9i%2 p[]ful &     
seldom possess$ s+ly1 irresi/ible :5    
unit$3 t he built bo? on ! firm basis ( 
! =m] sy/em1 n on its subv]sion1 8      
well-kn[n conte/ ( l9es ) ,protog5es1 n 
a leg5d>y tale1 b a well-atte/$ fact1   
irrefragably proves3 :at ^? l9es 71     
drawn ) ne>ly miracul\s subtlety 9      
diff]5t col\rs1 "o ^u ! o!r or r )9 ea* 
o!r1 x w\ld be equally unavail+ &       

useless to inquire2 b ! coroll>ies we   
may d$uce f ! conte/1 are obvi\sly ^!1 t
 ! s*ools ( ,greece recogniz$ all "o    
elem5tal pr9ciple3 t acut5ess & fidelity
 ( eye & ob$i5ce ( h& =m precision2     
precision1 proportion2 proportion1      
beauty3 t x is ! 'little m or less1'    
imp]ceptible to vulg> eyes1 :i*         
con/itutes grace & e/abli%es !          
sup]iority ( "o arti/ ov] ano!r3 t ! k (
 ! degrees ( ?+s1 or ta/e1 presupposes a
 p]fect k ( ! ?+s !mselves3 t col\r1    
grace1 & ta/e are ornam5ts n sub/itutes 
( =m1 expression & "*1 & :5 !y usurp t  
title1 deg5]ate into spl5did faults4    
,su* 7 ! pr9ciples on :i* ,apelles =m$ 8
 ,v5us1 or r ! p]sonification ( ,female 
,grace1 ! wond] ( art1 ! despair (      
arti/s3 ^: outl9e baffl$ e attempt at   
em5dation1 :il/ imitation %runk f !     
purity1 ! =ce1 ! brilliancy1 ! evanesc5t
 gradations ( h] t9ts4#bb  ,! ref9em5ts 
( ! art 7 by ,ari/ides ( ,!bes appli$ to
 ! m9d4 ,! passions :i* tradition _h    
organiz$ = ,timan!s1 ,ari/ides caught z 

!y rose f ! brea/ or escap$ f ! lips (  
,nature h]self2 8 volume 0 man1 8 sc5e  
society3 he drew ! subtle discrim9ations
 ( m9d 9 e /age ( life1 ! :isp]s1 !     
simple cry ( passion & its mo/ complex  
acc5ts4 ,su*1 z hi/ory in=ms u1 0 !     
suppliant ^: voice y seem$ to he>1 su* 8
 sick man's half-ext+ui%$ eye & lab\r+  
brea/1 su* ,byblis expir+ 9 ! pangs (   
love1 & above all1 ! half-sla9 "m %udd]+
 le/ ! eag] babe %\ld suck ! blood f h] 
palsi$ nipple4 ,?is picture 0 probably  
at ,!bes :5 ,alex&] sack$ t t[n2 :at 8  
feel+s 7 :5 he saw x1 we may guess f 8  
s5d+ x to ,pella4 ,its expression1 pois$
 betwe5 ! angui% ( mat]nal affection & !
 pangs ( dea?1 gives to commis]ation an 
image1 :i* nei!r ! infant pite\sly      
c>ess+ 8 sla9 "m 9 ! gr\p (             
,epigonus1#bc nor ! absorb$ feature ( ! 
,niobe1 nor ! /ruggle ( ! ,laocoon1     
excites4 ,timan!s _h m>k$ ! limits t    
discrim9ate t]ror f ! excess ( horror2  
,ari/ides drew ! l9e t sep>ates x f     
disgu/4 ,8 subject is "o ( ^? t t\* !   

ambigu\s l9e ( a squeami% s5se4--,ta/e &
 smell1 z s\rces ( tragic emotion1 & 9  
consequ5ce ( _! p[]1 comm&+ ge/ure1 seem
 sc>cely admissible 9 art or on ! !atre1
 because _! extremes are ne>] alli$ to  
disgu/1 & loa?some or risible ideas1 ?an
 to t]ror4 ,! prophetic trance (        
,cass&ra1 :o sc5ts ! prep>$ murd] (     
,agamemnon at ! ?re%old ( ! om9\s hall2 
! desp]ate moan ( ,macbe?'s que5 on see+
 ! vision>y spot /ill uneffac$ infect h]
 h&1--are images snat*$ f ! lap (       
t]ror1--b soon w\ld cease to be s1 7 !  
arti/ or ! actress to in=ce ! dreadful  
h9t ) indiscreet expression or ge/ure4  
,?is1 completely und]/ood by ,ari/ides1 
0 z completely miss$ by 8 imitators1    
,raphael#bd 9 ! ,morbetto1 & ,p\ss9 9 8 
plague ( ! ,phili/9es4 ,9 ! gr\p (      
,ari/ides1 our sympa?y is imm$iately    
int]e/$ by ! "m1 /ill alive1 ?\gh       
mortally w\nd$1 helpless1 beautiful1 &  
=gett+ h]self 9 ! angui% = h] *ild1 ^:  
situation /ill suff]s hope to m+le ) our
 fe>s2 he is only approa*+ ! nipple ( ! 

"m4 ,9 ! gr\p ( ,raphael1 ! "m dead ( ! 
plague1 h]self an object ( apa?y1       
becomes "o ( disgu/1 by ! action ( !    
man1 :o b5d+ ov] h]1 at 8 utmo/ rea* (  
arm1 ) "o h& removes ! *ild f ! brea/1  
:il/ ! o!r1 appli$ to 8 no/rils1 b>s !  
effluvia ( dea?4 ,our feel+s ali5at$ f !
 "m1 come too late ev5 = ! *ild1 :o1 by 
8 languor1 already betrays ! mortal     
symptoms ( ! poison he imbib$ at ! p>5t 
corpse4 ,x is curi\s to obs]ve !        
p]mutation ( ideas :i* takes place1 z   
imitation is remov$ f ! s\rces ( nature3
 ,p\ss91 n cont5t ) adopt+ ! gr\p (     
,raphael1 once m repeats ! loa?some     
attitude 9 ! same sc5e2 he =got1 9 8    
eag]ness to r5d] ! idea ( contagion /ill
 m intuitive1 t he 0 av]t+ our feel+s ) 
ideas ( disgu/4  ,! ref9em5ts (         
expression 7 c>ri$ /ill f>!r by !       
disciple ( ,ari/ides1 ,euphranor !      
,i/hmian1 :o excell$ equally z pa9t] &  
/atu>y1 if we may =m our judgm5t f !    
,!seus he oppos$ to t ( ,p>rhasius1 & ! 
bronze figure ( ,alex&] ,p>is1 9 :om1   

says ,pl9y1#be ! umpire ( ! goddesses1 !
 lov] ( ,hel51 & yet ! murd] ( ,a*illes 
might be trac$4 ,?is acc\nt1 :i* is     
evid5tly a quotation ( ,pl9y's1 & n !   
assum$ v]dict ( a connoisseur1 has be5  
translat$ ) an emphasis x does n admit  
(1 to prove t an attempt to express     
diff]5t qualities or passions at once 9 
! same object1 mu/ naturally t5d to     
oblit]ate ! effect ( ea*4 ',pl9y1' says 
our critic1 'obs]ves1 t 9 a /atue (     
,p>is by ,euphranor1 y might discov] at 
! same "t ?ree diff]5t *>act]s3 !       
dignity ( a judge ( ! goddesses1 ! lov] 
( ,hel51 & ! conqu]or ( ,a*illes4 ,a    
/atue 9 :i* y endeav\r to unite /ately  
dignity1 y\?ful elegance1 & /]n val\r1  
mu/ surely possess none ( ^! to any     
em95t degree4' ,! p>aphrase1 x is fir/  
to be obs]v$1 l5ds itself ! mixtures to 
,pl9y x disapproves (2 we look 9 va9 = !
 coalition ( '/ately dignity1 /]n val\r1
 & y\?ful elegance1' 9 ! ,p>is he       
describes3 ! murd]] ( ,a*illes 0 n 8    
conqu]or4 ,b may n dignity1 elegance1 & 

val\r1 or any o!r n irreconcilable      
qualities1 be visible at once 9 a figure
 )\t de/roy+ ! prim>y feature ( its "*1 
or impair+ its expression8 ,let u appeal
 to ! ,apollo4 ,is he n a figure ( "* & 
expression1 & does he n possess all ?ree
 9 a supreme degree8 ,w x imply         
m$iocrity ( conception or confusion (   
"*1 if we 7 to say t 8 c\nt5ance1       
attitude1 & =m comb9es div9e maje/y1    
en*ant+ grace1 & l(ty indignation8 ,yet 
n all ?ree1 "o ideal :ole irradiat$ !   
m9d ( ! arti/ :o conceiv$ ! div9e       
semblance4 ,he gave1 no d\bt1 ! pref]5ce
 ( expression to ! action 9 :i* ! god is
 engag$1 or r1 f ! accompli%m5t ( :i* he
 rec$es ) l(ty & contemptu\s ease4--,?is
 0 ! fir/ impression :i* he meant to    
make ^u u3 b :at contemplation /ops "h8 
:at h9d]s u :5 we consid] ! beauty ( ^! 
features1 ! h>mony ( ^! =ms1 to f9d 9 !m
 ! ab/ract ( all 8 o!r qualities1 to    
roam ov] ! :ole hi/ory ( 8 at*ievem5ts8 
we see him ent] ! cele/ial synod1 & all 
! gods rise at 8 augu/ appe>ance2#bf we 

see him sweep ! pla9 aft] ,daphne2      
prec$e ,hector ) ! gis & disp]se !      
,greeks2 /rike ,patroclus ) 8 palm &    
decide 8 de/9y4--,& is ! figure frigid  
because its great idea is inexhau/ible8 
might we n say ! same ( ! infant        
,h]cules ( ,zeuxis or ( ,reynolds8 ,did 
n ! idea ( ! man inspire ! h& t fram$ ! 
mighty *ild8 8 magnitude1 8 cru%+ grasp1
 8 en]gy ( w1 are only ! g]m1 ! prelude 
( ! p[] t rid ! e>? ( mon/]s1 & :i* our 
m9d pursues4 ,su* 0 no d\bt ! ,p>is (   
,euphranor3 he made 8 "* s pregnant1 t  
^? :o knew 8 hi/ory might trace 9 x !   
orig9 ( all 8 future feats1 ?\gh fir/   
impress$ by ! expression allott$ to !   
pr$om9ant quality & mom5t4 ,! acute     
inspector1 ! elegant umpire ( female =m 
receiv+ ! conte/$ pl$ge ) a dignifi$    
pause1 or ) enam\r$ eag]ness pres5t+ x  
to ! arbitress ( 8 de/9y1 0 probably !  
pr$om9ant idea ( ! figure2 :il/ ! des]t]
 ( ,o5one1 ! s$uc] ( ,hel51 ! subtle    
ar*]1 t future murd]] ( ,a*illes1 lurk$ 
"u ! insidi\s eyebr[1 & 9 ! p5etrat+    

glance ( beauty's *os5 m9ion4 ,su*      
appe>$ to me ! "* & expression ( ! sitt+
 ,p>is 9 ! voluptu\s ,phrygian dress1   
=m]ly 9 ! cortile ( ! palace ,al!ims1 at
 ,rome4 ,a figure ne>ly colossal1 :i* _m
 ( y may rememb]1 & a fa9t idea ( :om   
may be ga!r$ f ! pr9t among ^? 9 !      
collection publi%$ ( ! ,museum          
,clem5t9um4 ,a "w1 9 my op9ion1 ( !     
highe/ /yle & wor?y ( ,euphranor1 ?\gh  
,i %all n v5ture to call x a repetition 
9 m>ble ( 8 bronze4  ,f ^! obs]vations  
on ! collat]al & unsolicit$ beauties :i*
 mu/ bran* out f ! prim>y expression ( e
 great idea1 x w n1 ,i hope1 be         
suspect$1 t ,i mean to invalidate !     
necessity ( its unity1 or to be !       
advocate ( p$antic subdivision4 ,all su*
 division dim9i%es1 all su* mixtures    
impair ! simplicity & cle>ness (        
expression3 9 ! gr\p ( ! ,laocoon1 !    
frigid ec/asies ( ,g]man criticism h    
discov]$ pity l a vap\r swimm+ on !     
fa!r's eyes2 he is se5 to suppress 9 !  
groan = 8 *ildr5 ! %riek = himself1--8  

no/rils are drawn upw>d to express      
indignation at unwor?y suff]+s1 :il/ he 
is said at ! same "t to implore cele/ial
 help4 ,to ^! are add$ ! w+$ effects ( !
 s]p5t-poison1 ! wri?+s ( ! body1 !     
spasms ( ! extremities3 to ! miracul\s  
organization ( su* expression1 ,ages&]1 
! sculptor ( ! ,laocoon1 0 too wise to  
lay claim4 ,8 figure is a class1 x      
*>act]izes e beauty ( virility v]g+ on  
age2 ! pr9ce1 ! prie/1 ! fa!r are       
visible1 b1 absorb$ 9 ! man1 s]ve only  
to dignify ! victim ( "o great          
expression2 ?\gh pois$ by ! arti/1 = u  
to apply ! compass to ! face ( !        
,laocoon1 is to measure ! wave fluctuat+
 9 ! /orm3 ?is tempe/u\s front1 ?is     
contract$ nose1 ! imm]sion ( ^! eyes1 & 
above all1 t long-drawn m\?1 are sep>ate
 & unit$1 seats ( convulsion1 features (
 nature /ruggl+ )9 ! jaws ( dea?4       
,,footnotes3  #c ,ab/ract ( ! ,laws ( ! 
,royal ,academy1 article ,pr(essors2    
page #ba4  #d ,?is has be5 done 9 a     
sup]ior mann] by ,j4 ,g4 ,h]d]1 9 8     

,ide5 zur ,philosophie d] ges*i*te d]   
,m5s*heit1 ,vol4 iii4 ,book #ac2 a "w   
translat$ "u ! title ( ,outl9es ( a     
,philosophy ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,man1 #dto4   
#e ,?is acc\nt is f\nd$ on ! conjectures
 ( ,mr4 ,riem1 9 8 ,treatise on die     
,mal]ey d] ,alt51 or ! ,pa9t+ ( !       
,anci5ts1 #dto4 ,b]l91 #aghg4  #f       
,pausanias ,attic4 c4 xxviii4 ,! ^w us$ 
by ,pausanias katagrapsai1 %[s t !      
figures ( ,p>rhasius 7 int5d$ = a       
,bassorelievo4 ,!y 7 9 pr(ile4 ,?is is !
 s5se ( ! ^w ,catagrapha 9 ,pl9y1 xxxv4 
c4 #h1 he translates x obliquas imag9es4
  #g ,by ! au?ority *iefly ( ,pamphilus 
! ma/] ( ,apelles1 :o taught at ,sicyon4
 ',hujus auctoritate1' says ,pl9y1 xxxv4
 #aj1 'effectum e/ ,sicyone primum1     
de9de et 9 tota ,grcia1 ut pu]i +5ui    
ante omnia diagraphic51 hoc e/1 picturam
 9 buxo1 doc]5tur1' c4 ,h>du91 contr>y  
to ! common editions1 reads inde$1 & by 
! au?ority1 he says1 ( all ! ,,mss4     
graphic51 :i* he translates3 ars        
'del9e&i1' desseign]1 b he has n prov$ t

 graphice means n m ?an design2 & if he 
_h1 :at 0 x t ,pamphilus taught8 he 0 n 
! inv5tor ( :at he _h be5 taught        
himself4 ,he e/abli%$ or r r5ew$ a      
p>ticul> me?od ( draw+1 :i* conta9$ !   
rudim5ts1 & facilitat$ ! me?od ( pa9t+4 
#h ,pausan4 ,phocica1 c4 xxv4 seq4  #i  
,?is ,i take to be ! s5se ( ,mege?os "h1
 :i* di/+ui%$ him1 accord+ to lian1 ,v>4
 ,hi/4 iv4 #c1 f ,dionysius ( ,colophon4
 ,! ^w ,teleiois 9 ! same passage3 kai  
en tois teleiois eirgazeto ta a?la1 ,i  
translate3 he aim$ at1 he s\ght 8 praise
 9 ! repres5tation ( ess5tial           
proportion2 :i* leads to ideal beauty4  
,! kreitt\s1 *eir\s1 homoi\s2 or !      
beltionas  ka?' hmas1  kai toi\t\s1     
*eironas1 ( ,ari/otle1 ,poetic4 c4 #b1  
by :i* he di/+ui%es ,polygnotus1        
,dionysius1 ,pauson1 confirms ! s5se    
giv5 to ! passage ( lian4  #aj ,p>ein to
 en]eu!s1 hoian tn ,kass&ran en t les*  
epoise tois ,delphois4 ,lucian3 eikones4
 ,?is1 & :at ,pausanias tells ( ! col\r 
( ,eurynomus 9 ! same picture1 toge!r ) 

! col\r$ drap]ies m5tion$ by ,pl9y2     
makes x evid5t1 t ! 'simplex color'     
ascrib$ by ,qu9tilian to ,polygnotus &  
,aglaophon1 implies less a s+le col\r1 z
 "s h suppos$1 ?an t simplicity always  
att5dant on ! infancy ( pa9t+1 :i*      
leaves e col\r unmix$ & crudely by      
itself4 ,inde$ ! ,poecile 7h poikil /oa7
 :i* obta9$ its "n f 8 pictures1 is     
alone a suffici5t pro( ( v>iety (       
col\rs4  #aa ,hic primus species        
exprim]e in/ituit1 ,pl9y xxxv4 #cf1 z   
species 9 ! s5se ,h>du9 takes x1 'oris  
et habitus v5u/as1' _c be refus$ to     
,polygnotus1 & ! arti/s imm$iately      
prec$+ ,apollodorus1 x mu/ mean "h !    
subdivisions ( g5]ic =m2 ! classes4  ,at
 ?is p]iod we may ) probability fix !   
inv5tion ( local col\r1 & tone2 :i*1    
?\gh /rictly speak+ x be nei!r ! light  
nor ! %ade1 is regulat$ by ! m$ium :i*  
t+es bo?4 ,?is1 ,pl9y calls 'spl5d\r4'  
,to ,apollodorus ,plut>* ascribes       
likewise ! inv5tion ( t9ts1 ! mixtures (
 col\r & ! gradations ( %ade1 if ,i     

conceive ! passage rightly3 ,apollodros 
ho ,zgraphos ,an?rpn prtos exeurn       
ph?oran kai apo*rs9 ,skias1 7,plut>*1   
,bellone an pace ,a?41 c4 #cdf47 ,?is 0 
! elem5t ( ! anci5t ,h>mog1 t           
imp]ceptible transition1 :i*1 )\t       
opacity1 confusion1 or h>dness1 unit$   
local col\r1 demit9t1 %ade1 & reflexes4 
#ab ',p9xit et mono*romata ex albo4'    
,pl9y1 xxxv4 #i4 ,?is ,ari/otle1 ,poet4 
c4 #f1 calls leukographe94  #ac ,9 l9eis
 extremis palmam adeptus----m9or tam5   
videtur1 sibi comp>atus1 9 m$iis        
corporibus exprim5dis4 ,pl9y1 xxxv4 #aj4
 ,"h we f9d ! inf]iority ( ! middle p>ts
 m]ely relative to himself4 ,comp>$ )   
himself1 ,p>rhasius 0 n all equal4  #ad 
,!seus1 9 quo dixit1 eundem apud        
,p>rhasium rosa pa/um esse1 suum v]o    
c>ne4 ,pl94 xxxv4 #aa4  #ae ,! epi!t :i*
 he gave to himself ( ,habrodiaitos1 !  
delicate1 ! elegant1 & ! epigram he is  
said to h compos$ on himself1 are kn[n3 
,see ,a!nu1 l4 xii4 ,he wore1 says lian1
 ,v>4 ,hi/4 ix4 #aa1 a purple robe & a  

gold5 g>l&2 he bore a /aff w\nd r\nd )  
t5drils ( gold1 & 8 s&als 7 ti$ to 8    
feet & ankles ) gold5 /raps4 ,( 8 easy  
simplicity we may judge f 8 dialogue )  
,socrates 9 ,x5ophon2 apomnmoneuatn1 l4 
iii4 ,( 8 libid9\s fancy1 besides :at   
,pl9y says1 f 8 ,ar*igallus1 & !        
,meleag] & ,atalanta m5tion$ by         
,suetonius 9 ,tib]io1 c4 #dd4  #af ,9 ! 
portico ( ! ,piru by ,leo*>es2 9 ! hall 
( ! ,five-hundr$1 by ,lyson2 9 ! back   
portico ( ! ,c]amicus !re 0 a picture ( 
,!seus1 ( ,democracy & ! ,demos1 by     
,euphranor4 ,pausan4 ,attic4 i4 #c4     
,ari/olaus1 accord+ to ,pl9y1 0 a pa9t]1
 ' sev]issimis4'  #ag ,cic]o ,oratore1  
#gc4 seq4--,9 alioque ponatur1 aliudque 
totum sit1 utrum dec]e an oport]e dicas2
 oport]e enim1 p]fectionem decl>at      
(ficii1 quo et semp] ut5dum e/1 et      
omnibus3 dec]e1 quasi aptum esse1       
cons5taneumque tempori et p]son2 quod   
cum 9 factis spissime1 tum 9 dictis     
valet1 9 vultu d5ique1 et ge/u1 et      
incessu4 ,contraque item d$ec]e4 ,quod  

si poeta fugit1 ut maximum vitium1 qui  
peccat1 etiam1 cum probam orationem     
aff+it improbo1 /ultove sapi5tis3 si    
d5ique pictor ille vidit1 cum immol&a   
,iphig5ia tri/is ,cal*as esset1 m/ior   
,ulysses1 mr]et ,m5elaus1 obvolv5dum    
caput ,agamemnonis esse1 quoniam summum 
illum luctum p5icillo1 non posset       
imit>i3 si d5ique hi/rio1 quid deceat   
qurit3 quid faci5dum oratori putemus8   
,m4 ,f4 ,qu9tilianus1 l4 ii4 c4         
#ad4--,op]i5da sunt qudam1 sive o/5di   
non deb5t1 sive exprimi pro dignitate   
non possunt3 ut fecit ,timan!s1 ut      
op9or1 ,ci?nius1 9 ea tabula qua ,colot5
 ,tejum vicit4 ,nam cum 9 ,iphig5i      
immolatione p9xisset tri/em ,cal*antem1 
tri/iorem ,ulyssem1 addidisset ,m5elao  
quem summum pot]at ars effic]e mrorem1  
consumptis affectibus1 non rep]i5s quo  
dign modo ,patris vultum possit         
exprim]e1 velavit ejus caput1 et sui    
cuique animo d$it /im&um4  ,x is evid5t 
to ! slighte/ consid]ation1 t bo? ,cic]o
 & ,qu9tilian lose sight ( _! premises1 

& contradict !mselves 9 ! motive !y     
ascribe to ,timan!s4 ,_! want (         
acqua9tance ) ! nature ( pla/ic         
expression made !m imag9e ! face (      
,agamemnon beyond ! p[] ( ! arti/4 ,!y 7
 n aw>e t by mak+ him wa/e expression on
 inf]ior actors at ! exp5ce ( a pr9cipal
 "o1 !y call him an improvid5t sp5d?rift
 & n a wise oeconomi/4  ,f ,val]ius     
,maximus1 :o calls ! subject ',luctuosum
 immolat ,iphig5i sacrificium' in/ead ( 
immol&1 little c be expect$ to !        
purpose4 ,pl9y1 ) ! dign ( ,qu9tilian   
has ! same confusion ( motive4  #ah ,x  
is obs]v$ by an +5i\s ,critic1 t 9 !    
trag$y ( ,euripides1 ! procession is    
describ$1 & ^u ,iphig5ia's look+ back on
 h] fa!r1 he groans1 & hides 8 face to  
conceal 8 te>s2 :il/ ! picture gives !  
mom5t t prec$es ! sacrifice1 & ! hid+   
has a diff]5t object & arises f ano!r   
impression4         ----hs d' eseid5    
,agamemnn anax      epi sphagas /ei*\san
 eis alsos korn      ane/5axe4 ,kampal9 
/repsas k>a      ,dakrya prog51 ommatn  

peplon pro!is4  #ai ,pl9y1 l4 xxxv4 c4  
#ah4  #bj ,lysippum ,sicyonium--aud5di  
rationem cepisse pictoris ,eupompi      
responso4 ,eum enim int]rogatum1 quem   
sequ]etur antec$5tium1 dixisse          
demon/rata hom9um multitud9e1 naturam   
ipsam imit&am esse1 non artificem4 ,non 
habet ,lat9um nom5 symmetria1 quam      
dilig5tissime cu/odivit1 nova intactaque
 ratione quadratas vet]um /aturas       
p]mut&o3 ,vulgoque dicebat1 ab illis    
factos1 quales ess5t1 hom9es3  se1      
quales vid]5tur esse4 ,pl94 xxxiv4 #h4  
#ba ,mallon de ,apells ho ,ephesios     
palai tautn pr\labe tn eikona2 ,kai g>  
au kai h\tos diabl!is pros              
,ptolemaion----                 ,l\kian\
 p]i t\ m4 rh4 ,p4 ,t4 ,d4  #bb ,apelles
 0 probably ! inv5tor ( :at arti/s call 
glaz+4 ,see ,reynolds on ,du ,fresnoy1  
note #cg4 vol4 iii4  #bc ,9 matri       
int]fect infante mis]abilit] bl&i5te4   
,pl94 l4 xxxiv4 c4 #i4  #bd ,a design ( 
,raphael1 repres5t+ ! lues ( ! ,trojans 
9 ,creta1 kn[n by ! pr9t ( ,m>c ,antonio

 ,raymondi4  #be ,reynolds' ,disc4 ,v4  
vol4 i4 p4 #abj4 ,euphranoris ,alex&]   
,p>is e/3 9 quo laudatur quod omnia     
simul intelligantur1 judex de>um1 amator
 ,hel51 et tam5 ,a*illis int]fector4    
,pl94 l4 xxxiv4 #h4  #bf ,see ! ,hymn   
7ascrib$ to ,hom]7 on ,apollo4          
,,second ,,lecture4  ,,art ,,( ,,!      
,,mod]ns4      ,,hoit9es ,h,,gemones    
,,kai ,,koiranoi ,,san4     ,,pl,,?yn   
,d' ,,ouk ,,an ,,eg ,,my?,,somai ,,oud' 
,,onom,n     ,,oud' ,,ei ,,moi ,,deka   
,,m5 ,,gl,,ssai1 ,,deka ,,de ,,/omat'   
,,ei51     ,,ph,n ,d' ,,arr,,ktos4      
,hom]4 ,iliad4 ,b4 #dhg4   ,,argum5t4   
,introduction--diff]5t direction ( !    
art4 ,prep>ative                        
/yle--,masaccio--,lion>do da ,v9ci4     
,/yle (     e/abli%m5t--,mi*ael ,angelo1
 ,raphael1 ,titiano1 ,correggio4        
,/yle ( ref9em5t1 & depravation4        
,s*ools--( ,tuscany1 ,rome1     ,v5ice1 
,lomb>dy4 ,! ,eclectic s*ool--,ma*9i/s4 
,! ,g]man     s*ool--,alb]t ,dur]4 ,!   
,flemi% s*ool--,rub5s4 ,! ,dut*         

s*ool--,rembrant4 ,obs]vations on art 9 
,switz]l&4 ,! ,fr5*     s*ool4 ,!       
,spani% s*ool4 ,engl&--,conclusion4     
,,second ,,lecture4   ,9 ! prec$+       
disc\rse ,i h endeav\r$ to impress y ) !
 g5]al features ( anci5t art 9 its      
diff]5t p]iods ( prep>ation1 e/abli%m5t 
& ref9em5t4 ,we are n[ arriv$ at ! epo* 
( its re/oration 9 ! fifte5? c5tury (   
our ra1 :5 religion & weal? r\s+        
emulation1 reproduc$ its p[]s1 b gave to
 _! ex]tion a v diff]5t direction4 ,!   
reign+ *ur* f\nd itself inde$ "u !      
necessity ( giv+ m spl5d\r to ! temples 
& mansions de/9$ to receive its vot>ies1
 ( subdu+ _! s5ses ) ! *>m ( appropriate
 images & ! exhibition ( ev5ts &        
actions1 :i* might /imulate _! zeal &   
inflame _! he>ts3 b ! sacr$ my/]ies (   
,div9e ,be+1 ! me?od adopt$ by          
,revelation1 ! duties its doctr9e       
impos$1 ! virtues x dem&$ f its foll[]s1
 fai?1 resignation1 humility1 suff]+s1  
sub/itut$ a m$ium ( art z mu* inf]ior to
 ! res\rces ( ,paganism 9 a physical    

s5se z incomp>ably sup]ior 9 a spiritual
 "o4 ,^? public cu/oms1 t p]haps z mu*  
t5d$ to spread ! infections ( vice z !y 
facilitat$ ! means ( art1 7 no m2 !     
h]oism ( ! ,*ri/ian & 8 beauty 7        
int]nal1 & p[]ful or exquisite =ms alli$
 him no long] exclusively to 8 ,god4 ,! 
*ief rep]tory ( ! arti/1 ! sacr$        
records1 furni%$ inde$ a sublime        
cosmogony1 sc5es ( patri>*al simplicity 
& a poetic race1 :i* left no?+ to regret
 9 ! loss ( hea!n my?ology2 b ! /em ( ! 
nation ^: hi/ory is its exclusive !me1  
if x ab\nd$ 9 *>act]s & p[]s fit = !    
exhibition ( passions1 did n teem ) =ms 
suffici5tly exalt$ to in=m ! arti/ &    
elevate ! art4 ,+r$i5ts ( a bas] ca/    
m+l$ _! alloy ) ! mat]ials ( gr&eur & ( 
beauty4 ,mona/ic leg5d & ! rubric (     
m>tyrology claim$ m ?an a legitimate %>e
 f ! lab\rs ( ! p5cil & ! *isel1 made   
nudity ! exclusive prop]ty ( emaciat$   
h]mits or decrepit age1 & if ! brea/ (  
manhood 0 all[$ to b>e its vig\r1 or    
beauty to exp& h] bosom1 ! antidotes (  

t]ror & ( horror 7 ready at _! side to  
*eck ! appreh5d$ infection ( _! *>ms4   
,:5 we add to ?is ! het]og5e\s /ock on  
:i* ! reviv+ sy/em ( arts 0 graft$1 a   
race inde$ inhabit+ a g5ial climate1 b  
itself ! fces ( b>b>ity1 ! remnants (   
,go?ic adv5tur]s1 humanis$ only by !    
cross1 m\ld]+ amid ! ru9s ( ! temples !y
 _h demoli%$1 ! batt]$ fragm5ts ( !     
images _! rage _h cru%$1--:5 we add ?is1
 ,i say1 we %all less wond] at ! languor
 ( mod]n art 9 its rise & progress1 ?an 
be a/oni%$ at ! vig\r by :i* x adapt$ & 
rais$ mat]ials p>tly s unfit &          
defective1 p>tly s contam9at$1 to !     
magnific5t sy/em :i* we are to          
contemplate4  ,sculpture _h already     
produc$ respectable specim5s ( its      
reviv+ p[]s 9 ! basso-relievos ( ,lor5zo
 ,ghib]ti1 "s works ( ,donato1 & ! ,*ri/
 ( ,philippo ,brunelles*i1#bg :5 ! fir/ 
symptoms ( imitation appe>$ 9 ! frescoes
 ( ,tommaso da ,/4 ,giovanni1 commonly  
call$ ,masaccio1 f ! total neglect ( 8  
appe>ance & p]son4#bh ,masaccio fir/    

conceiv$ t p>ts are to con/itute a :ole2
 t composition ought to h a c5tre2      
expression1 tru?2 & execution1 unity3 8 
l9e des]ves att5tion1 ?\gh 8 subjects l$
 him n to inve/igation ( =m1 & !        
%ortness ( 8 life =bade 8 ext5d+ ^?     
elem5ts :i* ,raphael1 ne>ly a c5tury    
aft]w>d1 c>ri$ to p]fection--x is       
suffici5tly glori\s = him to h be5 m ?an
 once copi$ by t great ma/] (           
expression1 & 9 "s degree to h be5 !    
h]ald ( 8 /yle3 ,masaccio lives m 9 !   
figure ( ,paul prea*+ on ! areopgus1 ( !
 celebrat$ c>toon 9 our possession1 & 9 
! borr[$ figure ( ,adam expell$ f       
p>adise 9 ! loggia ( ! ,vatican1 ?an 9 8
 own mutilat$ or ret\*$ rema9s4  ,!     
essays ( ,masaccio 9 imitation &        
expression1 ,&rea ,mantegna#bi attempt$ 
to unite ) =m2 l$ by ! contemplation ( !
 antique1 fragm5ts ( :i* he ambiti\sly  
scatt]$ ov] 8 works3 ?\gh a ,lomb>d1 &  
born prior to ! discov]y ( ! be/ anci5t 
/atues1 he seems to h be5 acqua9t$ ) a  
v>iety ( *>act]s1 f =ms t rem9d u ( !   

,apollo1 ,m]cury or ,meleag]1 d[n to !  
fauns & satyrs3 b 8 ta/e 0 too crude1 8 
fancy too grotesque1 & 8 compreh5sion   
too weak to adv]t f ! p>ts t rema9$ to !
 :ole t inspir$ !m3 h5ce 9 8 figures (  
dignity or beauty we see n only ! meagre
 =ms ( common models1 b ev5 _! defects  
tack$ to ideal ,torsos2 & 8 fauns &     
satyrs1 in/ead ( native luxuriance (    
gr[? & ! sportive app5dages ( mix$ be+1 
are decorat$ ) h]aldic excresc5ces &    
arabesque absurdity4 ,8 triumphs are    
kn[n to y all2 !y are a copi\s inv5tory 
( classic lumb]1 swept toge!r ) m       
indu/ry ?an ta/e1 b full ( valuable     
mat]ials4 ,( expression he 0 n ignorant3
 8 burial ( ,*ri/ furni%$ ,raphael ) !  
composition1 & "s ( ! features &        
attitudes 9 8 picture on ! same subject 
9 ! palace ( ! ,borgheses1--! figure (  
,/4 ,john1 h[ev]1 left out by ,raphael1 
proves t ,mantegna sometimes mi/ook     
grimace = ! highe/ degree ( grief4 ,8   
oil-pictures exhibit little m ?an !     
elaborate angui% ( missal-pa9t+2 8      

frescoes1 de/roy$ at ! con/ruction ( !  
,clem5t9e museum1 _h fre%ness1 fre$om1 &
 imitation4  ,to ,luca ,signorelli1 (   
,cortona1#cj nature m ?an aton$ = ! want
 ( ^? advantages :i* ! /udy ( ! antique 
_h (f]$ to ,&rea ,mantegna4 ,he seems to
 h be5 ! fir/ :o contemplat$ ) a        
discrim9at+ eye 8 object1 saw :at 0     
accid5t & :at ess5tial2 balanc$ light & 
%ade1 & decid$ ! motion ( 8 figures4 ,he
 =e%ort5$ ) equal boldness &            
intellig5ce1 & !nce x is1 probably1 t   
,vas>i fancies to h discov]$ 9 ! la/    
judgm5t ( ,mi*ael ,angelo traces (      
imitation f ! ,lunetta1 pa9t$ by ,luca1 
9 ! *ur* ( ! ,madonna1 at ,orvieto2 b ! 
p[]s :i* animat$ him !re1 & be=e at     
,arezzo1 are no long] visible 9 ! ,go?ic
 m$ley ) :i* he fill$ two comp>tm5ts 9 !
 *apel ( ,sixtus ,,iv4 at ,rome4  ,su* 0
 ! dawn ( mod]n art1 :5 ,lion>do da     
,v9ci#ca broke =? ) a spl5d\r :i*       
di/anc$ =m] excell5ce3 made up ( all !  
elem5ts t con/itute ! ess5ce ( g5ius1   
fav\r$ by education & circum/ances1 all 

e>1 all eye1 all grasp2 pa9t]1 poet1    
sculptor1 anatomi/1 ar*itect1 eng9e]1   
*emi/1 ma*9i/1 musician1 man ( sci5ce1 &
 sometimes empiric1#cb he laid hold ( e 
beauty 9 ! en*ant$ circle1 b )\t        
exclusive atta*m5t to "o1 dismiss$ 9 h] 
turn ea*4 ,fitt] to scatt] h9ts ?an to  
tea* by example1 he wa/$ life1          
insatiate1 9 exp]im5t4 ,to a capacity   
:i* at once p5etrat$ ! pr9ciple & real  
aim ( ! art1 he jo9$ an inequality (    
fancy t at "o mom5t l5t him w+s = !     
pursuit ( beauty1 & ! next1 flung him on
 ! gr\nd to crawl aft] de=mity3 we owe  
him *i>oscuro ) all its magic1 we owe   
him c>icature ) all its incongruities4  
,8 notions ( ! mo/ elaborate f9i% & 8   
want ( p]sev]ance 7 at lea/ equal3--want
 ( p]sev]ance alone c\ld make him ab&on 
8 c>toon de/9$ = ! great c\ncil-*amb] at
 ,flor5ce1 ( :i* ! celebrat$ conte/ (   
horsem5 0 b "o gr\p2 = to him :o c\ld   
organize t composition1 ,mi*ael ,angelo 
himself ought r to h be5 an object (    
emulation ?an ( fe>3 & t he 0 able to   

organize x1 we may be c]ta9 f ! rema9+  
imp]fect sket* 9 ! ',etruria ,pittrice2'
 b /ill m f ! admirable pr9t ( x by     
,edel9ck1 aft] a draw+ ( ,rub5s1 :o 0   
,lion>do's great admir]1 & has said mu* 
to impress u ) ! beauties ( 8 ,la/      
,supp] 9 ! refectory ( ! ,dom9icans at  
,milano1 ! only "o ( 8 great works :i*  
he c>ri$ to ultimate f9i%1 ?r\gh all its
 p>ts1 f ! head ( ,*ri/ to ! lea/       
important "o3 x p]i%$ soon aft] him1 &  
we c e/imate ! loss only f ! copies t   
survive4  ,b>tolomeo della ,porta1 or di
 ,s4 ,m>co1 ! la/ ma/] ( ?is p]iod1#cc  
fir/ gave gradation to col\r1 =m1 &     
masses to drap]y1 & a grave dignity1    
till !n unkn[n1 to execution4 ,if he 7 n
 end[$ ) ! v]satility & compreh5sion (  
,lion>do1 8 pr9ciples 7 less mix$ ) base
 matt] & less apt to mislead him4 ,z a  
memb] ( a religi\s ord]1 he conf9$      
himself to subjects & *>act]s ( piety2 b
 ! few nudities :i* he all[$ himself to 
exhibit1 %[ suffici5t intellig5ce & /ill
 m /yle3 he =e%ort5$ ) tru? & boldness1 

& :5ev] ! figure did admit ( x1 made 8  
drap]y ! vehicle ( ! limb x inve/s4 ,he 
0 ! true ma/] ( ,raphael1 :om 8 tuition 
wean$ f ! meanness ( ,pietro ,p]ug9o1 & 
prep>$ = ! mighty /yle ( ,mi*ael ,angelo
 ,buon>otti4  ,sublimity ( conception1  
gr&eur ( =m1 & bread? ( mann] are !     
elem5ts ( ,mi*ael ,angelo's /yle4#cd ,by
 ^! pr9ciples he select$ or reject$ !   
objects ( imitation4 ,z pa9t]1 z        
sculptor1 z ar*itect1 he attempt$1 &    
above any o!r man succe$$1 to unite     
magnific5ce ( plan & endless v>iety (   
subord9ate p>ts ) ! utmo/ simplicity &  
bread?4 ,8 l9e is uni=mly gr&3 "* &     
beauty 7 admitt$ only z f> z !y c\ld be 
made subs]vi5t to gr&eur4 ,! *ild1 !    
female1 meanness1 de=mity1 7 by him     
indiscrim9ately /amp$ ) gr&eur4 ,a begg>
 rose f 8 h& ! patri>* ( pov]ty2 ! hump 
( 8 dw>f is impress$ ) dignity2 8 wom5  
are m\lds ( g5]ation2 8 infants teem ) !
 man2 8 m5 are a race ( giants4 ,?is is 
! 't]ribil via' h9t$ at by ,ago/9o      
,c>racci1 ?\gh p]haps z little und]/ood 

by ! ,bolognese z by ! bl9de/ ( 8       
,tuscan ador]s1 ) ,vas>i at _! head4 ,to
 give ! appe>ance ( p]fect ease to ! mo/
 p]plex+ difficulty1 0 ! exclusive p[] (
 ,mi*ael ,angelo4 ,he is ! inv5tor (    
epic pa9t+1 9 t sublime circle ( !      
,si/9e *apel :i* exhibits ! orig91 !    
progress1 & ! f9al disp5sations (       
!ocracy4 ,he has p]sonifi$ motion 9 !   
gr\ps ( ! c>toon ( ,pisa2 embodi$       
s5tim5t on ! monum5ts ( ,/4 ,lor5zo1    
unravell$ ! features ( m$itation 9 !    
,prophets & ,sibyls ( ! ,si/9e *apel2 & 
9 ! ,la/ ,judgem5t1 ) e attitude t v>ies
 ! human body1 trac$ ! ma/]-trait ( e   
passion t sways ! human he>t4 ,?\gh z   
sculptor1 he express$ ! "* ( fle% m     
p]fectly ?an all :o w5t be=e or came    
aft] him1 yet he nev] submitt$ to copy  
an individual2 ,julio ! second only     
except$1 & 9 him he repres5t$ ! reign+  
passion r ?an ! man4#ce ,9 pa9t+ he     
cont5t$ himself ) a negative col\r1 & z 
! pa9t] ( mank9d1 reject$ all m]etrici\s
 ornam5t4#cf ,! fabric ( ,/4 ,pet]1     

scatt]$ into inf9ity ( j>r+ p>ts by     
,bramante & 8 successors1 he conc5trat$2
 susp5d$ ! cupola1 & to ! mo/ complex   
gave ! air ( ! mo/ simple ( edifices4   
,su*1 take him all 9 all1 0 ,m4 ,angelo1
 ! salt ( art3 sometimes he no d\bt _h 8
 mom5ts ( d]eliction1 deviat$ into      
mann]1 or p]plex$ ! gr&eur ( 8 =ms )    
futile & o/5tati\s anatomy3 bo? met )   
armies ( copyi/s2 & x has be5 8 fate to 
h be5 c5sur$ = _! folly4  ,! inspiration
 ( ,mi*ael ,angelo 0 foll[$ by ! mild]  
g5ius ( ,raphael ,sanzio1#cg ! fa!r (   
dramatic pa9t+2 ! pa9t] ( humanity2 less
 elevat$1 less vigor\s1 b m ins9uat+1 m 
press+ on our he>ts1 ! w>m ma/] ( our   
sympa?ies4 ,:at effect ( human          
connexion1 :at feature ( ! m9d1 f !     
g5tle/ emotion to ! mo/ f]vid bur/ (    
passion1 has be5 left unobs]v$1 has n   
receiv$ a *>act]i/ic /amp f t exam9] (  
man8 ,m4 ,angelo came to nature1 nature 
came to ,raphael--he transmitt$ h]      
features l a lucid glass1 un/a9$1       
unmodifi$4 ,we /& ) awe be=e ,m4        

,angelo1 & tremble at ! height to :i* he
 elevates u--we embrace ,raphael1 &     
foll[ him :]ev] he leads u4 ,en]gy1 )   
propriety ( "* & mode/ grace1 poise 8   
l9e & det]m9e 8 correctness4 ,p]fect    
human beauty he has n repres5t$2 no face
 ( ,raphael's is p]fectly beautiful2 no 
figure ( 81 9 ! ab/ract1 possesses !    
proportions t c\ld raise x to a /&>d (  
imitation3 =m to him 0 only a vehicle ( 
"* or pa?os1 & to ^? he adapt$ x 9 a    
mode & ) a tru? :i* leaves all attempts 
at em5dation hopeless4 ,8 inv5tion      
connects ! utmo/ /ret* ( possibility ) !
 mo/ plausible degree ( probability1 9 a
 mann] t equally surprises our fancy1   
p]suades our judgm5t1 & affects our     
he>t4 ,8 composition always ha/5s to !  
mo/ necess>y po9t z its c5tre1 & f t    
dissem9ates1 to t leads back z rays1 all
 second>y ones4 ,gr\p1 =m1 & contra/ are
 subord9ate to ! ev5t1 & common-place   
ev] exclud$4 ,8 expression1 9 /rict     
unison ) & decid$ by "*1 :e!r calm1     
animat$1 agitat$1 convuls$1 or absorb$  

by ! inspir+ passion1 unmix$ & pure1    
nev] contradicts its cause1 equally     
remote f tam5ess & grimace3 ! mom5t ( 8 
*oice nev] suff]s ! action to /agnate or
 to expire2 x is ! mom5t ( transition2 !
 crisis big ) ! pa/ & pregnant ) !      
future4--,if1 sep>ately tak51 ! l9e (   
,raphael has be5 excell$ 9 correctness1 
elegance1 & en]gy2 8 col\r f> surpass$ 9
 tone1 & tru?1 & h>mony2 8 masses 9     
r\ndness1 & 8 *i>oscuro 9               
effect--consid]$ z in/rum5ts ( pa?os1 !y
 h nev] be5 equall$2 & 9 composition1   
inv5tion1 expression1 & ! p[] ( tell+ a 
/ory1 he has nev] be5 approa*$4  ,:il/ !
 sup]ior pr9ciples ( ! art 7 receiv+ !  
homage ( ,tuscany & ,rome1 ! inf]ior b m
 allur+ *>m ( col\r began to spread its 
fasc9ation at ,v5ice1 f ! pallet (      
,giorgione da ,ca/el ,franco#ch1 &      
irresi/ibly entranc$ e eye t approa*$ ! 
magic ( ,titiano ,vecelli ( ,cador4#ci  
,to no col\ri/ be=e or aft] him1 did    
,nature unveil h]self ) t dignifi$      
famili>ity 9 :i* %e appe>$ to ,titiano4 

,8 organ1 univ]sal & equally fit = all  
h] exhibitions1 r5d]$ h] simple/ to h]  
mo/ comp\nd appe>ances ) equal purity & 
tru?4 ,he p5etrat$ ! ess5ce & ! g5]al   
pr9ciple ( ! sub/ances be=e him1 & on ^!
 e/abli%$ 8 !ory ( col\r4 ,he inv5t$ t  
bread? ( local t9t :i* no imitation has 
atta9$2 & fir/ express$ ! negative      
nature ( %ade3 8 are ! *>ms ( glaz+1 & !
 my/]y ( reflexes1 by :i* he deta*$1    
r\nd$1 connect$1 or enri*$ 8 objects4 ,8
 h>mony is less indebt$ to ! =ce ( light
 & %ade1 or ! artifices ( contra/1 ?an  
to a due balance ( col\r1 equally remote
 f monotony & spots4 ,8 backgr\nds seem 
to be dictat$ by nature4 ,l&scape1 :e!r 
x be consid]$ z ! transcript ( a spot1  
or ! ri* comb9ation ( cong5ial objects1 
or z ! sc5e ( a phnom5on1 dates its     
orig9 f him3 he is ! fa!r (             
portrait-pa9t+1 ( resemblance ) =m1 "* )
 dignity1 & co/ume ) subord9ation4      
,ano!r *>m 0 yet want+ to complete !    
r\nd ( art--h>mony3 x appe>$ ) ,antonio 
,lti1#dj call$ ,correggio1 ^: works x   

att5d$ l an en*ant$ _s4 ,! h>mony & !   
grace ( ,correggio are prov]bial3 !     
m$ium :i* by bread? ( gradation unites  
two opposite pr9ciples1 ! coalition (   
light & d>kness by imp]ceptible         
transition1 are ! elem5t ( 8 /yle4--,?is
 inspires 8 figures ) grace1 to ?is _!  
grace is subord9ate3 ! mo/ appropriate1 
! mo/ elegant attitudes 7 adopt$1       
reject$1 p]haps sacrific$ to ! mo/      
awkw>d ones1 9 compliance ) ?is imp]i\s 
pr9ciple3 p>ts vani%$1 7 absorb$1 or    
em]g$ 9 ob$i5ce to x4 ,?is unison ( a   
:ole1 pr$om9ates ov] all t rema9s ( him1
 f ! va/ness ( 8 cupolas to ! smalle/ ( 
8 oil-pictures4--,! h>mony ( ,correggio1
 ?\gh assi/$ by exquisite hues1 0       
entirely indep5d5t ( col\r3 8 great     
organ 0 *i>oscuro 9 its mo/ ext5sive    
s5se2 comp>$ ) ! expanse 9 :i* he       
floats1 ! effects ( ,lion>do da ,v9ci   
are little m ?an ! dy+ ray ( ev5+1 & !  
conc5trat$ fla% ( ,giorgione discordant 
abruptness4 ,! bl& c5tral light ( a     
globe1 imp]ceptibly glid+ ?r\gh lucid   

demit9ts into ri* reflect$ %ades1       
composes ! spell ( ,correggio1 & affects
 u ) ! s(t emotions ( a delici\s dream4 
,su* 0 ! +5uity t prep>$1 & su* ! g5ius 
t rais$ to its height ! fabric ( mod]n  
art4 ,be=e we proce$ to ! next epo*1 let
 u make an obs]vation4  ,=m n y\r       
judgm5t ( an arti/ f ! exceptions :i* 8 
conduct may furni%1 f ! ex]tions (      
accid5tal vig\r1 "s deviations into o!r 
walks1 or "s unprem$itat$ flights (     
fancy1 b f ! pr$om9ant rule ( 8 sy/em1 !
 g5]al pr9ciple ( 8 works4 ,! l9e & /yle
 ( ,titian's design1 sometimes exp&     
!mselves l ^? ( ,mi*ael ,angelo4 ,8     
,abraham prev5t$ f sacrific+ ,isaac2 8  
,david ador+ ov] ! giant-trunk (        
,golia?2 ! ,fri> escap+ f ! murd]] ( 8  
companion 9 ! =e/1 equal 9 l(t9ess (    
conception & /yle ( design1 _! mighty   
tone ( col\r & d>+ execution3 ! heads & 
gr\ps ( ,raphael's frescoes & portraits 
sometimes gl[ & palpitate ) ! t9ts (    
,titian1 or coalesce 9 masses ( h>mony1 
& undulate ) graces sup]ior to ^? (     

,correggio2 :o 9 8 turn once rea*$ !    
highe/ summit ( inv5tion1 :5 he embodi$ 
sil5ce & p]sonifi$ ! my/]ies ( love 9 ! 
voluptu\s gr\p ( ,jupit] & ,io2 & aga9  
exce$$ all competition ( expression 9 ! 
div9e features ( 8 ,ecce-,homo4 ,b ^!   
sudd5 irradiations1 ^! fla%es ( p[] are 
only exceptions f _! wont$ pr9ciples2   
pa?os & "* own ,raphael = _! ma/]1 col\r
 rema9s ! doma9 ( ,titian1 & h>mony !   
sov]eign mi/ress ( ,correggio4  ,!      
resemblance :i* m>k$ ! two fir/ p]iods (
 anci5t & mod]n art vani%es altoge!r z  
we ext5d our view to ! consid]ation ( ! 
?ird1 or t ( ref9em5t1 & ! orig9 (      
s*ools4 ,! pre-em95ce ( anci5t art1 z we
 h obs]v$1 0 less ! result ( sup]ior    
p[]s1 ?an ( simplicity ( aim & uni=mity 
( pursuit4 ,! ,helladic & ! ,ionian     
s*ools appe> to h concurr$ 9 direct+ _! 
in/ruction to ! gr& pr9ciples ( =m &    
expression3 ?is 0 ! /am5 :i* !y drew out
 into "o imm5se connect$ web4 ,! tal5ts 
t succe$$ g5ius1 appli$ & direct$ _!    
indu/ry & poli% to decorate ! e/abli%$  

sy/em1 ! ref9em5ts ( ta/e1 grace1       
s5tim5t1 col\r1 adorn$ beauty1 gr&eur1 &
 expression4 ,! ,tuscan1 ! ,roman1 !    
,v5etian1 & ! ,lomb>d s*ools1 :e!r f    
incapacity1 want ( education1 ( adequate
 or dignifi$ enc\ragem5t1 meanness (    
conception1 or all ^! toge!r1 sep>at$1 &
 9 a %ort "t sub/itut$ ! m$ium = ! end4 
,mi*ael ,angelo liv$ to see ! electric  
%ock :i* 8 design & /yle _h giv5 to art1
 propagat$ by ! ,tuscan & ,v5etian      
s*ools1 z ! o/5tati\s vehicle ( puny    
conceits & emblematic quibbles1 or !    
palliative ( empty pomp & degrad$       
luxuriance ( col\r4 ,he _h be5 copi$ b 0
 n imitat$ by ,&rea ,vannuc*i1 surnam$  
,del ,s>to1 :o 9 8 s]ies ( pictures on !
 life ( ,john ! ,bapti/1 9 pref]5ce     
adopt$ ! meag] /yle ( ,alb]t ,dur]4 ,!  
arti/ :o appe>s to h p5etrat$ deepe/ to 
8 m9d1 0 ,pelegr9o ,tibaldi1 (          
,bologna2#da celebrat$ z ! pa9t] ( !    
frescoes 9 ! academic in/itute ( t city1
 & z ! ar*itect ( ! ,escurial "u ,philip
 ,,ii4 ,! compositions1 gr\ps1 & s+le   

figures ( ! in/itute exhibit a s+ul>    
mixture ( extraord9>y vig\r & pu]ile    
imbecility ( conception1 ( "* &         
c>icature1 ( /yle & mann]4 ,polypheme   
grop+ at ! m\? ( 8 cave = ,ulysses1 &   
olus grant+ him fav\rable w9ds1 are     
/rik+ in/ances ( bo?3 ?an ! ,cyclops1   
,mi*ael ,angelo himself nev] conceiv$ a 
=m ( savage en]gy1 ) attitude & limbs m 
9 unison2 :il/ ! god ( w9ds is degrad$  
to a scanty & ludicr\s semblance (      
,!rsites1 & ,ulysses ) 8 companions     
trave/i$ by ! semi-b>b>\s look & co/ume 
( ! age ( ,con/ant9e or ,attila2 ! mann]
 ( ,mi*ael ,angelo is ! /yle ( ,pelegr9o
 ,tibaldi2 f him ,golzius1 ,hemsk]k1 &  
,sprang] borr[$ ! comp5dium ( !         
,tuscan's peculi>ities4 ,) ?is mighty   
tal5t1 h[ev]1 ,mi*ael ,angelo seems n to
 h be5 acqua9t$1 b by t unacc\ntable    
weakness incid5t to ! greate/ p[]s1 & ! 
sev]e remembranc] ( _! vanity1 he became
 ! sup]9t5dant & assi/ant tutor ( !     
,v5etian ,seba/iano#db1 & ( ,daniel     
,ricci>elli1 ( ,volt]ra#dc2 ! fir/ (    

:om1 ) an exquisite eye = individual1 _h
 no s5se = ideal col\r1 :il/ ! o!r r5d]$
 great dilig5ce & mu* anatomical        
erudition1 useless by meag]ness ( l9e & 
/]ility ( ideas3 h[ f> ,mi*ael ,angelo  
succe$$ 9 initiat+ ei!r 9 8 pr9ciples1 !
 f>-fam$ pictures ( ! resuscitation (   
,laz>us1 by ! fir/1 once 9 ! ca!dral (  
,n>bonne1 & s9ce inspect$ by u all at ! 
,lyceum "h1#dd & ! fresco ( ! desc5t f !
 cross1 9 ! *ur* ( ,la ,tr9it del       
,monte1 at ,rome1 by ! second1          
suffici5tly ev9ce3 pictures :i* comb9e !
 mo/ het]og5e\s pr9ciples4 ,! gr\p (    
,laz>us 9 ,seba/ian del ,piombo's & t ( 
! wom51 ) ! figure ( ,*ri/1 9 ,daniel   
,ricci>elli's1 n only brea! ! sublime   
conception t inspir$1 b ! ma/]-h& t %ap$
 !m3 (fspr+s ( ,mi*ael ,angelo himself1 
models ( expression1 /yle1 & bread?1 !y 
ca/ on all ! re/ an air ( inf]iority1 & 
only s]ve to prove ! incongruity (      
p>tn]%ip betwe5 unequal p[]s2 ?is       
inf]iority h[ev] is respectable1 :5     
comp>$ ) ! depravations ( ,mi*ael       

,angelo's /yle by ! rema9d] ( ! ,tuscan 
s*ool1 especially ^? ( ,giorgio         
,vas>i1#de ! mo/ sup]ficial arti/ & !   
mo/ ab&on$ mann]i/ ( 8 "t1 b ! mo/ acute
 obs]v] ( m5 & ! mo/ dextr\s flatt]] (  
pr9ces4 ,he ov]:elm$ ! palaces ( !      
,m$ici & ( ! popes1 ! conv5ts & *ur*es (
 ,italy1 ) a deluge ( m$iocrity1 comm5d$
 by rapidity & %ameless 'bravura' ( h&3 
he alone did m "w ?an all ! arti/s (    
,tuscany toge!r1 & to him may be truly  
appli$1 :at he _h ! insol5ce to say (   
,t9toretto1 t he turn$ ! art into a     
boy's toy4  ,:il/ ,mi*ael ,angelo 0     
doom$ to lam5t ! p]v]sion ( 8 /yle1 dea?
 prev5t$ ,raphael f witness+ ! gradual  
decay ( 84 ,! exub]ant f]tility ( ,julio
 ,pipi call$ ,romano1#df & ! less       
ext5sive b classic ta/e ( ,polydoro da  
,c>avagio des]t$ inde$ ! /&>d ( _! ma/]1
 b ) a dignity & magnitude ( compass :i*
 comm& respect4 ,x is less f 8 tutor$   
works 9 ! ,vatican1 ?an f ! colossal    
conceptions1 ! pa!tic or sublime        
allegories1 & ! voluptu\s rev]ies :i*   

en*ant ! palace del ,t1 ne> ,mant\a1 t  
we mu/ =m our e/imate ( ,julio's p[]s2  
!y 7 ( a size to *all5ge all            
competition1 _h he unit$ purity ( ta/e &
 delicacy ( m9d ) en]gy & l(t9ess (     
?\ght2 z !y are1 !y resemble a mighty   
/ream1 sometimes fl[+ 9 a full & limpid 
ve91 b (t5] turbid ) rubbi%4 ,he has    
left specim5s ( composition f ! mo/     
sublime to ! mo/ extravagant2 to a      
primeval simplicity ( conception 9 8    
my?ologic subjects1 :i* transports u to 
! gold5 age ( ,hesiod1 he jo9$ a rage = 
! grotesque2 to uncommon p[]s (         
expression a decid$ atta*m5t to de=mity 
& grimace1 & to ! w>me/ & mo/ g5ial     
imag]y ! mo/ ung5ial col\r4  ,) ne>ly   
equal1 b /ill m mix$ f]tility1          
,francesco ,primaticcio#dg propagat$ !  
/yle & ! conceptions ( 8 ma/] ,julio on 
! ,gallic side ( ! ,alps1 & ) !         
assi/ance ( ,nicolo1 commonly call$     
,dell' ,abbate aft] him1 fill$ ! palaces
 ( ,francis ,i4 ) my?ologic & allegoric 
works1 9 frescoes ( an en]gy & dep? (   

tone till !n unkn[n4 ,!irs 0 ! cyclus ( 
pictures f ! ,odyssea ( ,hom] at        
,fonta9bleau1 a m9e ( classic &         
picturesque mat]ials3 !y are de/roy$1 & 
we may e/imate _! loss1 ev5 ?r\gh !     
disguise ( ! mann]$ & feeble et*+s (    
,!odore ,van ,tuld54  ,! compact /yle ( 
,polydoro1#dh =m$ on ! antique1 su* z x 
is exhibit$ 9 ! be/ s]ies ( ! ,roman    
milit>y bassrelievoes1 is m monum5tal1  
?an imitative or *>act]i/ic4 ,b !       
virility ( 8 ta/e1 ! impassion$ motion (
 8 gr\ps1 ! simplicity1 bread?1 & nev]  
excell$ elegance & probability ( 8      
drap]y1 ) ! =cible *i>oscuro ( 8        
compositions1 make u regret ! n>r[ness (
 ! walk to :i* he conf9$ 8 p[]s4  ,no   
pa9t] ev] pa9t$ 8 own m9d s =cibly z    
,mi*ael ,angelo ,am]igi1 surnam$ ,il    
,c>avaggi4#di ,to none nature ev] set   
limits ) a m decid$ h&4 ,d>kness gave   
him light2 into 8 melan*oly cell light  
/ole only ) a pale reluctant ray1 or    
broke on x1 z fla%es on a /ormy night4  
,! mo/ vulg> =ms he recomm5d$ by ideal  

light & %ade1 & a trem5d\s bread? (     
mann]4  ,! aim & /yle ( ! ,roman s*ool  
des]ve little fur!r notice "h1 till !   
appe>ance ( ,nicolas ,p\ss9#ej a        
,fr5*man1 b graft$ on ! ,roman /ock4    
,br$ "u ,qu9t9 ,v>91 a ,fr5* pa9t] (    
m$iocrity1 he f\nd on 8 arrival 9 ,italy
 t he _h m to unle>n ?an to foll[ ( 8   
ma/]'s pr9ciples1 r5\nc$ ! national "*1 
& n only ) ! utmo/ ard\r adopt$1 b      
suff]$ himself to be :olly absorb$ by ! 
antique4 ,su* 0 8 atta*m5t to ! anci5ts1
 t x may be said he less imitat$ _! _s  
?an copi$ _! relics & pa9t$ sculpture2 !
 co/ume1 ! my?ology1 ! rites ( antiquity
 7 8 elem5t2 8 sc5]y1 8 l&scape1 are    
pure classic gr\nd4 ,he has left        
specim5s to %[ t he 0 sometimes sublime1
 & (t5 9 ! highe/ degree pa!tic1 b      
hi/ory 9 ! /ricte/ s5se 0 8 prop]ty1 & 9
 t he ought to be foll[$4 ,8 ag5ts only 
appe>1 to tell ! fact2 !y are subord9ate
 to ! /ory4 ,sometimes he attempt$ to   
tell a /ory t _c be told3 ( 8 hi/oric   
dignity ! celebrat$ s]ies ( ,sacram5ts2 

( 8 sublimity1 ! vision he gave to      
,coriolanus2 ( 8 pa!tic p[]1 ! infant   
,pyrrhus2 & ( ! va9 attempt to tell by  
figures :at words alone c tell1 !       
te/am5t ( ,eudamidas1 are /rik+         
in/ances4 ,8 eye1 ?\gh impress$ ) ! t9t1
 & bread?1 & imitation ( ,titiano1      
seldom inspir$ him to *>m ) col\r2      
crudity & pat*es frequ5tly de=m 8       
effects4 ,he is unequal 9 8 /yle (      
design2 sometimes 8 compreh5sion fails  
him2 he supplies1 l ,pietro ,te/a1 ideal
 heads & torsos ) limbs & extremities   
transcrib$ f ! model4 ,:e!r f *oice or  
want ( p[] he has seldom execut$ 8      
conceptions on a l>g] scale ?an t :i*   
be>s 8 "n1 & :i* has p]haps z mu*       
contribut$ to make him ! d>l+ ( ?is     
c\ntry1 z 8 m]it4  ,! wildness (        
,salvator ,rosa#ea opposes a p[]ful     
contra/ to ! classic regul>ity ( ,p\ss94
 ,t]rific & gr& 9 8 conceptions (       
inanimate nature1 he 0 r$uc$ to attempts
 ( hid+ by boldness ( h&1 8 inability ( 
exhibit+ h] impassion$1 or 9 ! dignity (

 "*3 8 l9e is vulg>3 8 magic visions1   
less f\nd$ on pr9ciples ( t]ror ?an on  
my?ologic tra% & caprice1 are to !      
probable comb9ations ( nature1 :at !    
p>oxysms ( a fev] are to ! flights (    
vigor\s fancy4 ,?\gh s mu* extoll$ & s  
ambiti\sly imitat$1 8 b&itti are a m$ley
 made up ( />vel+ models1 %r$s & bits ( 
arm\r f 8 lumb]-room1 bru%$ into notice 
by a d>+ p5cil4 ,salvator 0 a satyri/ & 
a critic1 b ! rod :i* he _h ! insol5ce  
to lift aga9/ ! nudities ( ,mi*ael      
,angelo1 & ! ana*ronism ( ,raphael1 w\ld
 h be5 bett] employ$ 9 *a/is+ 8 own     
misconceptions4  ,! pr9ciple ( ,titiano1
 less pure 9 itself & less decid$ 9 its 
object ( imitation1 did n suff] s mu* f 
its m or less appropriate application by
 8 successors1 z ! =m] two4 ,col\r once 
9 a v high degree atta9$1 disda9s       
subord9ation & engrosses ! :ole4 ,mutual
 simil>ity attracts1 body t5ds to body1 
z m9d to m9d1 & he :o has once ga9$     
supreme dom9ion ov] ! eye1 w h>dly      
resign x to c\rt ! m coy approbation (  

m9d1 ( a few oppos$ to ne>ly all4 ,add  
to ?is ! "* ( ! place & ! nature ( !    
enc\ragem5t held out to ! ,v5etian      
arti/s4 ,v5ice 0 ! c5tre ( comm]ce1 !   
repository ( ! ri*es ( ! globe1 !       
spl5did toy-%op ( ! "t3 its *ief        
inhabitants pr9cely m]*ants1 or a       
patrician race elevat$ to rank by       
accumulations f trade1 or naval pr[ess2 
! bulk ( ! p1 me*anics or artisans1     
adm9i/]+ ! means1 & 9 _! turn f$ by !   
produce ( luxury4 ,( su* a sy/em1 :at   
c\ld ! art be m ?an ! p>asite8 ,religion
 itself _h ex*ang$ its gravity = !      
allurem5ts ( e> & eye1 & ev5 sanctity   
disgu/$1 unless array$ by ! gorge\s h& (
 fa%ion4--,su* 01 su* w always be !     
bir?-place & ! !atre ( col\r3 & h5ce x  
is m matt] ( wond] t ! fir/ & greate/   
col\ri/s %\ld s long h =eborne to ov]/ep
 ! mode/y ( nature 9 ! use ( t allur+   
m$ium1 ?an t !y yield$ by degrees to its
 gold5 solicitations4#eb  ,! pr9ciple ( 
,correggio vani%$ ) its au?or1 ?\gh x   
f\nd num]\s imitators ( its p>ts4 ,s9ce 

him1 no eye has conceiv$ t expanse (    
h>mony ) :i* ! voluptu\s s5sibility ( 8 
m9d arrang$ & en*ant$ all visible       
nature4 ,8 grace1 s mu* vaunt$ & s      
little und]/ood1 0 adopt$ & improv$ to  
elegance by ,francesco ,mazzuoli1 call$ 
,il ,p>megiano1#ec b in/ead ( mak+ h] ! 
measure ( propriety1 he degrad$ h] to   
affectation3 9 ,p>megiano's figures     
action is ! adjective ( ! po/ure2 !     
accid5t ( attitude2 !y 'make !mselves   
air1 into :i* !y vani%4' ,t dis5gag$    
play ( delicate =ms1 ! ',sueltezza' ( ! 
,italians1 is ! pr]ogative ( ,p>megiano1
 ?\gh ne>ly always obta9$ at ! exp5se ( 
proportion4 ,8 gr&eur1 z consci\s z 8   
grace1 sacrifices ! motive to ! mode1   
simplicity to contra/3 8 ,/4 ,john loses
 ! f]v\r ( ! apo/le 9 ! orator2 8 ,moses
 ! dignity ( ! lawgiv] 9 ! savage4 ,)   
incr$ible =ce ( *i>oscuro1 he unit$ bl& 
effects & fasc9at+ hues1 b _! frequ5t   
ru9s tea* ! important lesson1 t !       
mixtures :i* anticipate ! beauties ( "t1
 are big ) ! se$s ( premature decay4    

,su* 0 ! /ate ( ! art1 :51 t[>ds !      
decl9e ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 ,lodovico    
,c>racci1#ed ) 8 c\s9s ,ago/9o#ee &     
,annibale1 f\nd$ at ,bologna t eclectic 
s*ool1 :i* by select+ ! beauties1       
correct+ ! faults1 supply+ ! defects &  
avoid+ ! extremes ( ! diff]5t /yles1    
attempt$ to =m a p]fect sy/em4 ,b z !   
me*anic "p 0 _! only object1 !y did n   
p]ceive t ! project$ union 0            
incompatible ) ! lead+ pr9ciple ( ea*   
ma/]4 ,let u he> ?is plan f ,ago/9o     
,c>racci himself1 z x is laid d[n 9 8   
sonnet#ef on ! +r$i5ts requir$ to =m a  
p]fect pa9t]1 if t may be call$ a sonnet
 :i* has m ! air ( m$ical prescription4 
',take1' says ,ago/9o1 '! design (      
,rome1 ,v5etian motion & %ade1 !        
dignifi$ tone ( ,lomb>dy's col\r1 !     
t]rible mann] ( ,mi*ael ,angelo1 ! j    
symmetry ( ,raphael1 ,titiano's tru? (  
nature1 & ! sov]eign purity (           
,corregio's /yle3 add to ^! ! decorum & 
solidity ( ,tibaldi1 ! le>n$ inv5tion ( 
,primaticcio1 & a little ( ,p>megiano's 

grace3 b to save s mu* /udy1 su* we>y   
lab\r1 apply y\r imitation to ! works   
:i* our de> ,nicolo has left u "h4' ,(  
su* advice1 balanc$ betwe5 ! tone (     
regul> bre$+ & ! cant ( an empiric1 :at 
c\ld be ! result8 excell5ce or          
m$iocrity8 :o ev] imag9$ t a multitude (
 dissimil> ?reads c\ld compose an uni=m 
texture1 t dissem9ation ( spots w\ld    
make masses1 or a little ( _m ?+s       
produce a legitimate :ole8 indiscrim9ate
 imitation mu/ end 9 ! ext9ction ( "*1 &
 t 9 m$iocrity1--! ciph] ( art4  ,& 7 ! 
,c>racci su*8 sep>ate ! precept f !     
practice1 ! arti/ f ! tea*]2 & !        
,c>racci are 9 possession ( my          
submissive homage4 ,lodovico1 f> f      
implicitly subscrib+ to a ma/]'s        
dictates1 0 ! sworn pupil ( nature4 ,to 
a mode/ /yle ( =m1 to a simplicity      
em95tly fitt$ = ^? subjects ( religi\s  
gravity :i* 8 ta/e pref]r$1 he jo9$ t   
solemnity ( hue1 t sob] twilight1 ! air 
( cloi/]$ m$itation1 :i* y h s (t5 he>d 
recomm5d$ z ! prop] tone ( hi/oric      

col\r4 ,too (t5 cont5t to re> ! humbl]  
graces ( 8 subject1 he seldom c\rt$     
elegance1 b always :5 he did1 ) enviable
 success4 ,ev5 n[1 ?\gh ne>ly 9 a /ate (
 evanesc5ce1 ! ?ree nymphs 9 ! g>d5 sc5e
 ( ,/4 ,mi*ele 9 ,bosco1 seem m\ld$ by !
 h&1 inspir$ by ! brea? ( love4 ,ago/9o1
 ) a s+ul> mode/y :i* prompt$ him r to  
propagate ! fame ( o!rs by 8 grav]1 ?an 
by /eady ex]tion to rely on 8 own p[] = 
p]petuity ( "n1 comb9$ ) "s le>n+ a     
cultivat$ ta/e1 correctness1 ?\gh n     
elegance ( =m1 & a corregiesque col\r4  
,annibale1 sup]ior to bo? 9 p[] (       
execution & academic pr[ess1 0 inf]ior  
to ei!r 9 ta/e1 & s5sibility & judgm5t2 
= ! mo/ /rik+ pro( ( ?is inf]iority ,i  
appeal to 8 ma/]-"w1 ! "w on :i* he re/s
 8 fame1 ! gall]y ( ! ,f>nese palace3 a 
"w ^: uni=m vig\r ( execution no?+ c    
equal b its imbecility & incongruity (  
conception4 ,if impropriety ( ornam5t 7 
to be fix$ by def9ition1 ! subjects ( ! 
,f>nese gall]y might be quot$ z ! mo/   
decisive in/ances4 ,criticism has       

attempt$ to dismiss ,paolo ,v]onese &   
,t9toretto f ! prov9ce ( legitimate     
hi/ory ) ! contemptu\s appellation (    
ornam5tal pa9t]s1 n = hav+ pa9t$        
subjects inapplicable to ! public &     
private palaces1 ! *ur*es & conv5ts1 :i*
 !y 7 employ$ to decorate1 b because !y 
treat$ !m sometimes )\t reg>d to co/ume1
 or ! simplicity due to sacr$1 h]oic or 
allegoric subjects3 if ?is be j1 :]e    
%all we class him1 :o ) ! ,capella      
,si/9a1 & ! ,vatican be=e 8 eye1 fills !
 mansion ( religi\s au/]ity & episcopal 
dignity ) a *aotic s]ies ( trite fable &
 bac*analian revelry1 )\t allegory1 void
 ( allusion1 m]ely to gratify ! pu]ile  
o/5tation ( dauntless execution &       
academic vig\r8 if ! praise giv5 to a "w
 be n always transf]able to its ma/]2   
if1 z ,milton says1 '! "w "s praise & "s
 ! ar*itect1' let u admire ! spl5d\r1 ! 
exub]ance1 ! conc5tration ( p[]s        
display$ 9 ! ,f>nese gall]y1 :il/ we    
lam5t _! misapplication by ,annibale    
,c>racci4  ,! het]og5e\s pr9ciple ( !   

eclectic s*ool soon op]at$ its own      
dissolution3 ! great tal5ts :i* !       
,c>racci _h tutor$1 soon f\nd _! own    
bias1 & ab&on$ !mselves to _! own       
peculi> ta/e4 ,b4 ,s*idone di$ "y 9     
#afae4 ,b>to4 ,s*idone1 ,guido ,r5i1#eg 
,giovanni ,lanfranco1 ,francesco        
,albani1 ,dom5ico ,zampi]i1 & ,francesco
 ,b>bi]i1 call$ ,gu]c9o1 diff]$ z mu* 9 
_! objects ( imitation z _! names4      
,s*idone1 all ( ^: m9d 0 9 8 eye1       
embrac$1 & (t5 to mean] subjects appli$ 
! h>mony & col\r ( ,correggio1 :il/     
,lanfranco /rove1 b /rove )\t success1  
to foll[ him ?r\gh ! expanse ( 8        
creation & masses4 ,grace attract$      
,guido1 b x 0 ! /udi$ grace ( !atres3 8 
female =ms are ab/racts ( antique       
beauty1 att5d$ by langui%+ attitudes1   
array$ by voluptu\s fa%ions4 ,8 male    
=ms1 transcripts ( models1 su* z are    
f\nd 9 a g5ial climate1 are sometimes   
highly *>act]i/ic ( dignifi$ manhood or 
apo/olic f]v\r1 l 8 ,pet] & ,paul1 =m]ly
 9 ! ,zampi]i at ,bologna3 sometimes    

/ately1 c\rte\s1 insipid1 l 8 ,p>is     
att5d+ ,hel51 m ) ! air ( an ambassador1
 by proxy1 ?an c>ry+ h] (f ) a lov]'s   
f]v\r4 ,8 ,aurora des]v$ to prec$e a m  
maje/ic sun1 & h\rs less clumsy--8 col\r
 v>ies ) 8 /yle1 sometimes bl& &        
h>moni\s1 sometimes vigor\s & /]n1      
sometimes flat & insipid4 ,albani1      
*iefly attract$ by s(t my?ologic        
conceits1 =m$ n]eids & oreads on plump  
,v5etian models1 & contra/$ _! pe>ly    
hues ) ! rosy t9ts ( loves1 ! juicy br[n
 ( fauns & satyrs1 & ri* m>9e or sylvan 
sc5]y4 ,dom5i*9o1 m ob$i5t ?an ! re/ to 
8 ma/]s1 aim$ at ! beauty ( ! antique1 !
 expression ( ,raphael1 ! vig\r (       
,annibale1 ! col\r ( ,lodovico1 & mix+  
some?+ ( ea*1 fell %ort ( all2 :il/     
,gu]c9o broke l a torr5t ov] all        
academic rules1 & ) an ungov]nable it* (
 copy+ :atev] lay 9 8 way1 sacrific$    
m9d1 =m & co/ume1 to effects ( col\r1   
fi]c5ess ( *i>oscuro1 & intrepidity (   
h&4  ,su* 0 ! /ate ( art :5 ! _s (      
ma*9]y1 9 submission to ! vanities &    

up/>t pride ( papal nepotism1 de/roy$   
:at yet 0 left ( mean+2 :5              
equilibration1 contra/1 gr\p+1 engross$ 
composition1 & p\r$ a deluge ( gay      
common-place ov] ! platfonds1 panels &  
cupolas ( palaces & temples4 ,^? :o c\ld
 n conceive a figure s+ly1 scatt]$      
multitudes2 to c\nt1 0 to be poor4 ,!   
ra9b[ & ! seasons 7 ransack$ = _! hues1 
& e eye became ! tribut>y ( ! great b   
abus$ tal5ts ( ,pietro da ,cortona1 & ! 
fasc9at+ b debau*$ & empty facility (   
,luca ,giordano4#eh  ,! same revolution 
( m9d t _h organiz$ ! arts ( ,italy1    
spread1 )\t visible communication1 to   
,g]many1 & t[>ds ! decl9e ( ! fifte5?   
c5tury1 ! unc\? essays ( ,m>t9 ,s*n1    
,mi*ael ,wolgemu?1 & ,albre*t ,altorf]1 
7 succe$$ by ! f9] poli% & ! m dextr\s  
me?od ( ,alb]t ,dur]4 ,! indiscrim9ate  
use ( ! words g5ius & tal5t has p]haps  
n[h]e caus$ m confusion ?an 9 !         
classification ( arti/s4 ,alb]t ,dur] 0 
9 my op9ion a man ( great +5uity1 )\t   
be+ a g5ius4 ,he /udi$1 &1 z f> z 8     

p5etration rea*$1 e/abli%$ c]ta9        
proportions ( ! human frame1 b he did n 
inv5t a /yle3 e "w ( 8 is a pro( t he   
want$ ! p[] ( imitation1 ( conclud+ f   
:at he saw1 to :at he did n see1 t he   
copi$ r ?an select$ ! =ms t surr\nd$    
him1 & sans remorse tack$ de=mity &     
meag]ness to fulness1 & sometimes to    
beauty4#ei ,su* is 8 design2 9          
composition copi\s )\t ta/e1 anxi\sly   
precise 9 p>ts1 & unm9dful ( ! :ole1 he 
has r %[n u :at to avoid ?an :at to     
foll[4 ,he sometimes _h a glimpse ( !   
sublime1 b x 0 only a glimpse3 ! exp&$  
agony ( ,*ri/ on ! m\nt ( ,olives1 & !  
my/ic conception ( 8 figure (           
,melan*oly1 are ?\ghts ( sublimity1 ?\gh
 ! expression ( ! la/ is weak5$ by !    
rubbi% he has ?r[n ab\t h]4 ,8 ,knight  
att5d$ by ,dea? & ! ,fi5d1 is m         
caprici\s ?an t]rible2 & 8 ,adam & ,eve 
are two common models %ut up 9 a rocky  
dungeon4 ,if he approa*$ g5ius 9 any "p 
( art1 x 0 9 col\r4 ,8 col\r w5t beyond 
8 age1 & z f> excell$ 9 tru? & bread? & 

h&l+ ! oil col\r ( ,raphael1 z ,raphael 
excels him 9 e o!r quality4 ,i speak (  
easel-pictures--8 drap]y is broad ?\gh  
mu* too angul>1 & r snapp$ ?an fold$4   
,alb]t is call$ ! fa!r ( ! ,g]man s*ool1
 ?\gh he nei!r re>$ s*ol>s1 nor 0       
imitat$ by ! ,g]man arti/s ( 8 or !     
succe$+ c5tury4 ,t ! exportation ( 8    
works to ,italy %\ld h effect$ a        
tempor>y *ange 9 ! pr9ciples ( "s       
,tuscans :o _h /udi$ ,mi*ael ,angelo1 ( 
,&rea del ,s>to1 & ,jacopo da ,pontormo1
 is a fact :i* proves t m9ds at c]ta9   
p]iods may be subject to epidemic       
influ5ce z well z bodies4  ,lucas (     
,leyd5#fj 0 ! ,dut* imitator ( ,alb]t2 b
 ! =ms ( ,aldegrav]1 ,sebald ,beheim1 & 
,george ,p5tz1 appe> to h be5 ! result (
 c>eful inspection ( ,m>c ,antonio's    
pr9ts f ,raphael1 ( :om ,p5tz 0 probably
 a s*ol>2 & ere long ! /yle ( ,mi*ael   
,angelo1 z adopt$ by ,pelegr9o ,tibaldi1
 & spread by ! grav] ( ,giorgio         
,mantuano1 provok$ ^? c>avans ( ,g]man1 
,dut*1 & ,flemi% /ud5ts1 :o on _! return

 f ,italy1 at ! c\rts ( ,prague &       
,muni*1 9 ,fl&]s & ! ,ne!rl&s1 introduc$
 t prepo/]\s mann]1 ! bloat$ excresc5ce 
( diseas$ bra9s1 :i* 9 ! =m ( man left  
no?+ human1 di/ort$ action & ge/ure )   
insanity ( affectation1 & dress$ !      
gewgaws ( *ildr5 9 colossal %apes2 !    
/yle ( ,golzius & ,sprang]1 ,heynz & ab 
,a*3 b ?\gh cont5t to fe$ on ! husks (  
,tuscan design1 !y imbib$ ! col\r (     
,v5ice1 & spread ! elem5ts ( t excell5ce
 :i* di/+ui%$ ! succe$+ s*ools ( ,fl&]s 
& ( ,holl&4  ,?is frantic pilgrimage to 
,italy ceas$ at ! app>ition ( ! two     
meteors ( art1 ,pet] ,paul ,rub5s1#fa & 
,rembr&t ,van ,rhyn2 bo? ( :om disda9+  
to ackn[l$ge ! usual laws ( admission to
 ! temple ( fame1 boldly =g$ _! own     
keys1 ent]$ & took possession1 ea*1 ( a 
mo/ conspicu\s place by 8 own p[]4      
,rub5s1 born at ,cologne1 9 ,g]many1 b  
br\ght up at ,antw]p1 !n ! depository ( 
we/]n comm]ce1 a s*ool ( religi\s &     
classic le>n+1 & ! pomp\s seat (        
,au/rian & ,spani% sup]/ition1 met ^!   

advantages ) an ard\r & success ( :i*   
ord9>y m9ds c =m no idea1 if we comp>e !
 p]iod at :i* he is said to h s]i\sly   
appli$ himself to pa9t+1 "u ! tuition ( 
,o?o ,van ,ve51 ) ! unb\nd$ p[] he _h   
acquir$ ov] ! in/rum5ts ( art :5 he set 
out = ,italy2 :]e we in/antly discov]   
him n z ! pupil1 b z ! successful rival 
( ! ma/]s ^: works he _h select$ = !    
objects ( 8 emulation4 ,end[$ ) a full  
compreh5sion ( 8 own "*1 he wa/$ n a    
mom5t on ! acquisition ( excell5ce      
incompatible ) its f]v\r1 b flew to !   
c5tre ( 8 ambition1 ,v5ice1 & soon      
comp\nd$ f ! spl5d\r ( ,paolo ,v]onese &
 ! gl[ ( ,t9toretto1 t florid sy/em (   
mann]$ magnific5ce :i* is ! elem5t ( 8  
art & ! pr9ciple ( 8 s*ool4 ,he fir/    
spread t ideal pallet1 :i* r$uc$ to its 
/&>d ! v>iety ( nature1 & once me?odiz$1
 :il/ 8 m9d tun$ ! me?od1 %ort5$ or     
sup]s$$ individual imitation4 ,8 s*ol>s1
 h[ev] dissimil> 9 !mselves1 saw ) ! eye
 ( _! ma/]2 ! eye ( ,rub5s 0 become !   
sub/itute ( nature3 /ill ! m9d alone t  

_h balanc$ ^! t9ts1 & weigh$ _! p[]s1   
c\ld apply !m to _! objects1 & det]m9e  
_! use 9 ! pomp\s display ( hi/oric &   
allegoric magnific5ce2 = t !y 7 select$1
 = t ! gorge\s nosegay swell$3 b :5 9 ! 
progress ( deprav$ practice !y became ! 
m]e palliatives ( m5tal impot5ce1 empty 
repres5tatives ( !mselves1 ! support]s (
 no?+ b clumsy =ms & clumsi] conceits1  
!y c only be consid]$ z spl5did         
improprieties1 z ! sub/itutes = wants   
:i* no col\r c palliate & no t9t supply4
  ,9 ?is c5sure ,i am "u no appreh5sion 
( be+ suspect$ to include ei!r !        
illu/ri\s "n ( ,v&yck1#fb or t (        
,abraham ,diep5beck4 ,v&yck1 m elegant1 
m ref9$1 to graces1 :i* ! g5ius ( ,rub5s
 disda9$ to c\rt1 jo9$ t exquisite ta/e 
:i*1 9 foll[+ ! g5]al pr9ciple ( 8 ma/]1
 mod]at$1 & adapt$ its application to 8 
own pursuits4 ,8 sph]e 0 portrait1 & !  
imitation ( ,titiano insur$ him ! second
 place 9 t4 ,! fancy ( ,diep5beck1 ?\gh 
n s exub]ant1 if ,i be n mi/ak51 excell$
 9 sublimity ! imag9ation ( ,rub5s3 8   

,bell]ophon1 ,dioscuri1 ,hippolytus1    
,ixion1 ,sisyphus1 fe> no competitor    
among ! productions ( 8 ma/]4           
,rembr&t#fc 01 9 my op9ion1 a g5ius ( ! 
fir/ class 9 :atev] relates n to =m4 ,9 
spite ( ! mo/ port5t\s de=mity1 & )\t   
consid]+ ! spell ( 8 *i>oscuro1 su* 7 8 
p[]s ( nature1 su* ! gr&eur1 pa?os1 or  
simplicity ( 8 composition1 f ! mo/     
elevat$ or ext5sive arrangem5t to !     
meane/ & mo/ homely1 t ! be/ cultivat$  
eye1 ! pure/ s5sibility1 & ! mo/ ref9$  
ta/e dwell on !m1 equally en?rall$4     
,%akspe>e alone except$1 no "o comb9$ ) 
s mu* transc5dant excell5ce s _m1 9 all 
o!r m5 unp>donable faults--& reconcil$ u
 to !m4 ,he possess$ ! full empire (    
light & %ade1 & ( all ! t9ts t float    
betwe5 !m3 he t+$ 8 p5cil ) equal       
success 9 ! cool ( dawn1 9 ! noon-day   
ray1 9 ! livid fla%1 9 evanesc5t        
twilight1 & r5d]$ d>kness visible4 ,?\gh
 made to b5d a /eadfa/ eye on ! bold]   
ph5om5a ( ,nature1 yet he knew h[ to    
foll[ h] into h] calme/ abodes1 gave    

int]e/ to insipidity or baldness1 &     
pluck$ a fl[] 9 e des]t4 ,none ev] l    
,rembr&t knew to improve an accid5t into
 a beauty1 or give importance to a      
trifle4 ,if ev] he _h a ma/]1 he _h no  
foll[]s2 ,holl& 0 n made to compreh5d 8 
p[]4 ,! succe$+ s*ool ( col\ri/s 7      
cont5t to tip ! cottage1 ! hamlet1 !    
boor1 ! ale-pot1 ! %ambles1 & ! haze (  
w9t]1 ) ori5t hues1 or ! gl[ ( sett+    
summ] suns4  ,9 turn+ our eye to        
,switz]l& we %all f9d great p[]s )\t    
great names1 ^? ( ,hans ,holbe9#fd &    
,francis ,mola only except$4 ,b !       
scrupul\s precision1 ! high f9i%1 & !   
,tizianesque col\r ( ,hans ,holbe91 make
 ! lea/ "p ( 8 excell5ce = ^? :o h se5 8
 ,designs ( ! ,passion1 & t s]ies (     
emblematic gr\ps1 kn[n "u ! "n (        
,holbe9's ,dance ( ,dea?4 ,f ,bel9zona  
to ,basle1 inv5tion appe>s to h be5 !   
*>act]i/ic ( ,helvetic art3 ! works (   
,tobias ,/imm]1 ,*ri/oph] ,mur]1 ,jo/   
,amman1 ,got?>d ,r+gli1 are m9es (      
inv5tion1 & exhibit a /yle ( design1    

equally pois$ betwe5 ! emaciat$ dryness 
( ,alb]t ,dur] & ! bloat$ corpul5ce (   
,golzius4  ,! se$s ( m$iocrity :i* !    
,c>racci _h attempt$ to scatt] ov]      
,italy1 f\nd a m b5ign soil1 & re>$ an  
abundant h>ve/ 9 ,france3 to mix up a   
comp\nd f some?+ ( e excell5ce 9 !      
catalogue ( art1 0 ! pr9ciple ( _! !ory 
& _! aim 9 execution4 ,x is 9 ,france   
:]e ,mi*ael ,angelo's "r to ! title ( a 
pa9t] 0 fir/ que/ion$4 ,! fi]c5ess ( 8  
l9e1 z !y call x1 ! purity ( ! antique1 
& ! *>act]i/ic =ms ( ,raphael1 are only 
! road to ! academic vig\r1 ! librat$   
/yle ( ,annibale ,c>racci1 & f t !y     
appeal to ! model2 9 composition !y     
consult m ! artifice ( gr\p+1 contra/ & 
ri*ness1 ?an ! subject or propriety2 _! 
expression is dictat$ by ! !atre4 ,f !  
uni=mity ( ?is process1 n to all[ t !   
s*ool ( ,france (f]s respectable        
exceptions1 w\ld be unju/2 )\t recurr+  
aga9 to ! "n ( ,nicolas ,p\ss91 ! works 
( ,eu/a*e le ,sueur1#fe ,*>les le ,brun1
 ,seba/i5 ,b\rdon1 & sometimes ,pi]re   

,mign>d1 conta9 orig9al beauties & ri*  
mat]ials4 ,le ,sueur's s]ies ( pictures 
9 ! ,*>treux exhibit ! features (       
contemplative piety1 9 a purity ( /yle &
 a placid bread? ( mann] t moves ! he>t4
 ,8 dignifi$ ,m>tyrdom ( ,/4 ,laur5ce1 &
 ! ,burn+ ( ! ,magic ,books at ,ephesus1
 brea! ! _s ( ,raphael4 ,! p[]ful       
compreh5sion ( a :ole1 only equall$ by !
 fire :i* p]vades e "p ( ! ,battles (   
,alex&]1 by ,*>les le ,brun1 w\ld       
entitle him to ! highe/ rank 9 hi/ory1  
_h ! *>act]s be5 less mann]$1 _h he n   
ex*ang$ ! ,argyraspids & ! ,mac$onian   
phalanx = ! compact legion>ies ( !      
,trajan pill>2 _h he di/+ui%$ ,greeks f 
b>b>ians1 r by national feature & =m ?an
 by acc\trem5t & arm\r4 ,! ,sev5 ,works 
( ,*>ity by ,seb4 ,b\rdon teem )        
surpris+ pa!tic & always novel images2 &
 9 ! ,plague ( ,david1 by ,pi]re        
,mign>d1 our sympa?y is r\s$ by en]gies 
( t]ror & comb9ations ( woe1 :i* escap$ 
,p\ss9 & ,raphael himself4  ,! ob/9acy (
 national pride1#ff p]haps m ?an !      

neglect ( gov]nm5t or ! fr[n (          
sup]/ition1 conf9$ ! lab\rs ( ! ,spani% 
s*ool1 f its obscure orig9 at ,sevilla  
to its brighte/ p]iod1 )9 ! n>r[ limits 
( individual imitation4 ,b ! degree (   
p]fection atta9$ by ,diego ,velasquez1  
,joseph ,rib]a1 & ,murillo1 9 pursu+ !  
same object by means z diff]5t z        
successful1 impresses u ) deep respect =
 ! v>iety ( _! p[]s4  ,t ! great /yle   
ev] receiv$ ! homage ( ,spani% g5ius1   
appe>s n2 nei!r ,alfonso ,b]ruguette1   
nor ,pellegr9o ,tibaldi1 left foll[]s3 b
 t ! eyes & ! ta/e f$ by ! sub/ance (   
,spagnuoletto & ,murillo1 %\ld )\t      
reluctance h submitt$ to ! gay          
volatility ( ,luca ,giordano1 & !       
o/5tati\s flims9ess ( ,seba/ian ,conca1 
w\ld be matt] ( surprise1 did we n see !
 same pr9ciples successfully pursu$ 9 ! 
platfonds ( ,antonio ,raphael ,m5gs1 !  
pa9t] ( philosophy1 z he is /yl$ by 8   
biograph] ,d',az>a4 ,! c>toons ( !      
frescoes pa9t$ = ! royal palace at      
,madrid1 repres5t+ ! apo!osis ( ,trajan 

& ! temple ( ,r5[n1 exhibit less ! /yle 
( ,raphael 9 ! nuptials ( ,cupid &      
,psy*e at ! ,f>nes9a1 ?an ! gorge\s b   
empty bu/le ( ,pietro da ,cortona4  ,f  
?is view ( art on ! ,cont95t1 let u ca/ 
a glance on its /ate 9 ?is c\ntry1 f !  
age ( ,h5ry ,,viii4 to our own4--,f t   
p]iod to ?is1 ,brita9 nev] ceas$ p\r+   
its c>avans ( noble & weal?y pilgrims   
ov] ,italy1 ,greece1 & ,ionia1 to pay _!
 devotions at ! %r9es ( virt & ta/e3 n  
cont5t ) ador+ ! obscure idols1 !y h    
ransack$ _! temples1 & none return$ )\t 
"s %>e 9 ! spoil3 9 plai/] or 9 m>ble1  
on canvass or 9 gems1 ! arts ( ,greece &
 ,italy 7 transport$ to ,engl&1 & :at   
,petronius said ( ,rome1 t x 0 easi] to 
meet !re ) a god ?an a man1 might be    
said ( ,london4 ,)\t inquir+ into !     
p]man5t & accid5tal causes ( !          
inefficacy ( ^! ef=ts ) reg>d to public 
ta/e & support ( art1 x is obs]vable1 t1
 :il/ ,francis ,i4 0 busi$1 n to        
aggregate a mass ( pa9t$ & *isell$      
treasures m]ely to gratify 8 own vanity1

 & brood ov] !m ) /]ile av>ice1 b to    
scatt] ! se$s ( ta/e ov] ,france1 by    
call+1 employ+1 enri*+ ,&rea del ,s>to1 
,ru/ici1 ,rosso1 ,primaticcio1 ,cell9i1 
,niccolo2 9 ,engl&1 ,holbe9 &           
,torregiano "u ,h5ry1 & ,f$]igo ,zuc*]o 
"u ,elizabe?1 7 condemn$ to go?ic "w &  
portrait pa9t+4 ,*>les inde$ call$      
,rub5s & 8 s*ol>s to provoke ! lat5t    
,engli% sp>k1 b ! effect 0 int]cept$ by 
8 de/9y4 ,8 son1 9 possession ( !       
c>toons ( ,raphael1 & ) ! magnific5ce ( 
,:itehall be=e 8 eyes1 suff]$ ,v]io to  
contam9ate ! walls ( 8 palaces1 or      
degrad$ ,lely to pa9t ! ,cymons &       
,iphig5ias ( 8 c\rt2 :il/ ! mann] (     
,knell] swept completely :at yet might  
be left ( ta/e "u 8 successors3 su* 0 ! 
equally contemptible & deplorable /ate (
 ,engli% art1 till ! g5ius ( ,reynolds  
fir/ rescu$ f ! mann]$ depravation (    
=eign]s 8 own bran*1 & soon ext5d+ 8    
view to ! high] dep>tm5ts ( art1 jo9$ t 
select body ( arti/s :o address$ ! ev]  
op5 e>1 ev] att5tive m9d ( our ,royal   

,f\nd]1 ) ! fir/ idea ( ?is e/abli%m5t4 
,8 b5efic5ce soon gave x a place & a "n1
 8 augu/ patronage1 sanction1 &         
individual enc\ragem5t3 ! annually      
increas$ m]its ( ?irty exhibitions 9 ?is
 place1 ) ! collat]al ones contriv$ by !
 speculations ( comm]ce1 h told !       
surpris+ effects3 a mass ( self-taught &
 tutor$ p[]s bur/ ^u ! g5]al eye1 &     
unequivocally told ! _w :at might be    
expect$ f ! concurr5ce ( public         
enc\ragem5t--h[ f> ?is has be5 or may be
 grant$ or )held1 x is n "h my prov9ce  
to surmise3 ! plans lately adopt$ & n[  
organiz+ )9 ^! walls = ! dignifi$       
propagation & support ( art1 :e!r fo/]$ 
by ! great1 or left to _! own en]gy1 mu/
 soon decide :at may be produc$ by !    
unison ( ,briti% g5ius & tal5t1 & :e!r !
 pa9t]s' s*ool ( t nation :i* claims !  
=emo/ hon\rs ( mod]n poetry1 :i* has    
produc$ ) ,reynolds1 ,hog>?1            
,ga9sbor\gh1 & ,wilson1 %all submit to  
cont5t !mselves ) a subord9ate place    
among ! s*ools we h enum]at$4           

,,footnotes3  #bg ,see ! acc\nt ( ?is 9 
,vas>i2 vita di ,p4 ,brunelles*i1 tom4  
ii4 #aad4 ,x is ( wood1 & /ill exi/s 9 !
 *apel ( ! family ,gondi1 9 ! *ur* ( ,s4
 ,m>ia ,novella4 ,i "k t ne> a c5tury   
be=e ,donato1 ,giotto is said to h work$
 9 m>ble two basso-relievoes on !       
campanile ( ! ca!dral ( ,flor5ce2 !y    
probably excel ! /yle ( 8 pictures z mu*
 z ! bronze works execut$ by ,&rea      
,pisani1 f 8 designs1 at ! door ( !     
,batti/]io4  #bh ,masaccio da ,s4       
,giovanni di ,vald>no born 9 #adjb1 is  
said to h di$ 9 #addc4 ,he 0 ! pupil (  
,masol9o da ,panicale4  #bi ,&rea       
,mantegna di$ at ,mant\a1 #aeje4 ,a     
monum5t erect$ to 8 memory 9 #aeag1 by 8
 sons1 gave rise to ! mi/ake ( dat+ 8   
dea? f t p]iod4  #cj ,luca ,signorelli  
di$ at ,cortona #aeba1 ag$ #hb4  #ca    
,lion>do da ,v9ci is said to h di$ 9    
#aeag1 ag$ #ge1 at ,p>is4  #cb ,! fly+  
birds ( pa/e1 ! lions fill$ ) lilies1 ! 
liz>ds ) dragons' w+s1 horn$ & silv]$   
ov]1 sav\r equally ( ! boy & ! quack4 ,x

 is s+ul> en\gh t !re exi/s n ! smalle/ 
h9t ( ,lor5zo de ,m$ici hav+ employ$ or 
notic$ a man ( su* p[]s & su* e>ly      
celebrity2 ! leg5d :i* makes him g to   
,rome ) ,juliano de ,m$ici at ! access (
 ,leo ,x41 to accept employm5t 9 !      
,vatican1 :e!r suffici5tly au!ntic or n1
 furni%es a *>act]i/ic trait ( ! man4 ,!
 ,pope pass+ ?r\gh ! room allott$ = !   
pictures1 & in/ead ( designs & c>toons1 
f9d+ no?+ b an app>atus ( di/ill]y1 (   
oils & v>ni%es1 exclaim$1 ,oim1 co/ui   
non  p] f> nulla1 da *e com9cia a p5s>e 
alla f9e innanzi il pr9cipio dell' op]a6
 ,f an admirable sonnet ( ,lion>do1     
pres]v$ by ,lomazzo1 he appe>s to h be5 
s5sible ( ! incon/ancy ( 8 own temp]1 & 
full ( wi%es1 at lea/1 to correct x4    
,mu* has be5 said ( ! hon\r he receiv$  
by expir+ 9 ! arms ( ,francis ,i4 ,x 0  
inde$ an hon\r1 by :i* de/9y 9 "s degree
 aton$ to t mon>* = 8 future disa/] at  
,pavia4  #cc ,fr ,b>tolomeo di$ at      
,flor5ce #aeag1 at ! age ( #dh4  #cd    
,mi*ael ,angelo ,buon>otti1 born at     

,ca/el-,caprese 9 #adgd1 di$ at ,rome   
#aefd1 ag$ #ij4  #ce ,l                 
,silanion--',apollodorum fecit1 fictorem
 et ipsum1 s$ int] cunctos              
dilig5tissimum artis et inimicum sui    
judicem1 crebro p]fecta signa frang5tem1
 dum sati>e cupiditatem nequit artis1 et
 ideo insanum cognom9atum4 ,hoc 9 eo    
expressit1 nec hom9em ex re fecit s$    
,iracundiam4' ,pl94 l4 xxxiv4 #g4  #cf  
,:5 ,m4 ,angelo pron\nc$ oil-pa9t+ to be
 ,arte da donna e da huom9i agiati e    
inf+>di1 a maxim to :i* ! fi]ce ,v5etian
 mann] has giv5 an air ( p>adox1 he     
spoke relatively to fresco3 x 0 a la% on
 ! %ort-sight$ insol5ce ( ,seba/ian del 
,piombo1 :o want$ to p]suade ,paul      
,,iii4 to h ! ,la/ ,judgem5t pa9t$ 9    
oil4 ,t he _h a s5se = ! beauties (     
oil-col\r1 its gl[1 its juice1 its      
ri*ness1 its pulp1 ! praises :i* he     
lavi%$ on ,titiano1 :om he call$ ! only 
pa9t]1 & 8 patronage ( ,fr ,seba/ian    
himself1 evid5tly prove4 ,:5 "y1 ,m4    
,angelo attempt$ oil-pa9t+ ) success2 ! 

picture pa9t$ = ,angelo ,doni is an     
in/ance1 & probably ! only entire "w ( !
 k9d t rema9s4 ,! ,laz>us1 9 ! picture  
de/9$ = ! ca!dral at ,n>bonne1 rejects !
 claim ( e o!r h&4 ,! ,l$a1 ! c>toon (  
:i*1 =m]ly 9 ! palace ( ! ,vec*ietti at 
,flor5ce1 is n[ 9 ! possession ( ,w4    
,lock1 ,esq4 0 pa9t$ 9 di/emp] 7a       
temp]a72 all small or l>ge oil-pictures 
%[n z 81 are copies f 8 designs or      
c>toons1 by ,m>cello ,v5u/i1 ,giacopo da
 ,pontormo1 ,batti/a ,franco1 &         
,seba/ian ( ,v5ice4  #cg ,raphael       
,sanzio1 ( ,urb9o1 di$ at ,rome #aebj1  
at ! age ( #cg4  #ch ,giorgio ,b>b>elli1
 f 8 size & beauty call$ ,giorgione1 0  
born at ,ca/el ,franco1 9 ! t]ritory (  
,v5ice1 #adgh1 & di$ at ,v5ice1 #aeaa4  
#ci ,titiano ,vecelli1 or1 z ! ,v5etians
 call him1 ,tizin1 born at ,cador 9 !   
,friulese1 di$ at ,v5ice1 #aegf1 ag$    
#ii4  #dj ,! bir? & life ( ,antonio     
,allegri1 or1 z he call$ himself1 ,lti1 
surnam$ ,correggio1 is m involv$ 9      
obscurity ?an ! life ( ,apelles4 ,:e!r  

he 0 born 9 #adij or #adid is n         
asc]ta9$2 ! "t ( 8 dea? 9 #aecd is m    
c]ta94 ,! be/ acc\nt ( him has und\bt$ly
 be5 giv5 by ,a4 ,r4 ,m5gs 9 8 ,memorie 
conc]n5ti la vita e le op]e di ,antonio 
,allegri d5om9ato il ,correggio4 ,vol4  
ii4 ( 8 works1 publi%$ by ! ,spani>d ,d4
 ,g4 ,niccola d',az>a4  #da ,pelegr9o   
,tibaldi di$ at ,milano 9 #aeib1 ag$    
#gj4  #db ,seba/iano1 aft]w>ds call$    
,del ,piombo f ! (fice ( ! papal signet1
 di$ at ,rome 9 #aedg1 ag$ #fb4  #dc    
,daniel ,ricci>elli1 ( ,volt]ra1 di$ 9  
#aeff1 ag$ #eg4  #dd ,n[ ! fir/ ornam5t 
( ! exquisite collection ( ,j4 ,j4      
,ang]/e91 ,esq4--,s9ce pur*as$ = !      
,national ,gall]y4--,,editor4  #de      
,giorgio ,vas>i1 ( ,arezzo1 di$ 9 #aehd1
 ag$ #fh4  #df ,julio ,pipi1 call$      
,romano1 di$ at ,mant\a 9 #aedf1 ag$    
#ed4  #dg ,francesco ,primaticcio1 made 
,abb de ,/4 ,m>t9 de ,troyes1 by        
,francis1 ,i41 di$ 9 ,france #aegj1 ag$ 
#hj4  #dh ,polydoro ,cald>a da          
,c>avaggio 0 assass9at$ at ,mess9a 9    

#aedc1 ag$ #ea4  #di ,mi*ael ,angelo    
,am]igi1 surnam$ ,il ,c>avaggi1 knight (
 ,malta1 di$ #afji1 ag$ #dj4  #ej       
,nicolas ,p\ss91 ( ,&ely1 di$ at ,rome  
#affe1 ag$ #ga4  #ea ,salvator ,rosa1   
surnam$ ,salvatoriello1 di$ at ,rome    
#afgc1 ag$ #ei4  #eb ,( ! portraits :i* 
,raphael 9 fresco scatt]$ ov] !         
compositions ( ! ,vatican1 we %all f9d  
an opportunity to speak4 ,b 9 oil ! real
 /yle ( portrait began at ,v5ice )      
,giorgione1 fl\ri%$ 9 ,seba/ian del     
,piombo1 & 0 c>ri$ to p]fection by      
,titiano1 :o fill$ ! masses ( ! fir/ )\t
 entangl+ himself 9 ! m9ute details ( ! 
second4 ,t9toretto1 ,bassan1 & ,paolo ( 
,v]ona1 foll[$ ! pr9ciple ( ,titiano4   
,aft] ^!1 x migrat$ f ,italy to reside )
 ! ,spani>d ,diego ,velasquez2 f :om    
,rub5s & ,v&yck attempt$ to transplant x
 to ,fl&]s1 ,france1 & ,engl&1 ) unequal
 success4 ,france seiz$ less on !       
delicacy ?an on ! affectation ( ,v&yck1 
& soon turn$ ! art ( repres5t+ m5 & wom5
 into a m]e remembranc] ( fa%ions &     

airs4 ,engl& _h possess$ ,holbe91 b x 0 
res]v$ = ! ,g]man ,lely1 & 8 successor  
,knell]1 to lay ! f\ndation ( a mann]1  
:i*1 by pret5d+ to unite portrait )     
hi/ory1 gave a retrograde direction =   
ne> a c5tury to bo?4 ,a mob ( %eph]ds & 
%eph]desses 9 fl[+ wigs & dress$ curls1 
ruffl$ ,endymions1 humble ,junos1 )]$   
,hebes1 surly ,allegroes1 & smirk+      
,p5si]osas1 usurp$ ! place ( tru?1      
propriety & "*4 ,ev5 ! lam5t$ p[]s ( !  
greate/ pa9t] :om ?is c\ntry & p]haps   
our age produc$1 long va9ly /ruggl$1 &  
sc>cely 9 ! eve ( life succe$$ to       
emancipate u f ?is da/>d ta/e4  #ec     
,francesco ,mazzuoli1 call$ ,il         
,p>megiano1 di$ at ,casal ,maggiore 9   
#aedj1 at ! age ( #cf4 ,! magnific5t    
picture ( ! ,/4 ,john1 we speak (1 0    
begun by ord] ( ! ,lady ,m>ia ,bufal9a1 
& de/9$ = ! *ur* ( ,/4 ,salvadore del   
,lauro at ,citt di ,ca/ello4 ,x probably
 nev] receiv$ ! la/ h& ( ! ma/]1 :o fl$ 
f ,rome1 :]e he pa9t$ x1 at ! sack+ ( t 
city1 "u ,*>les ,b\rbon1 9 #aebg2 x     

rema9$ 9 ! refectory ( ! conv5t della   
,pace = sev]al ye>s1 0 c>ri$ to ,citt di
 ,ca/ello by ,mess] ,giulio ,bufal9i1 & 
is n[ 9 ,engl&4 ,! ,moses1 a figure 9   
,fresco at ,p>ma1 toge!r ) ,raphael's   
figure ( ,god 9 ! vision ( ,ezekiel1 is 
said1 by ,mr4 ,mason1 to h furni%$ ,gray
 ) ! head & action ( 8 b>d3 if t 0 !    
case1 he w\ld h done well to acqua9t u )
 ! poet's me?od ( mak+ ',placidis coire 
immitia4'  #ed ,lodovico ,c>racci di$ at
 ,bologna #afai1 ag$ #fd4  #ee ,ago/9o  
,c>racci di$ at ,p>ma 9 #afjb1 at ! age 
( #dd4 ,8 is ! ,/4 ,girolamo 9 !        
,c]tosa1 ne> ,bologna2 81 ! ,!tis ) !   
n]eids1 cupids1 & tritons1 9 ! gall]y ( 
! palace ,f>nese4 ,:y1 z an engrav]1 he 
%\ld h wa/$ 8 p[]s on ! l>ge plate f !  
,crucifixion1 pa9t$ by ,t9toretto1 9 !  
hospitio ( ! s*ool ( ,/4 ,rocco1 a      
picture1 ( :i* he c\ld n express ! tone1
 its greate/ m]it1 is n easily unriddl$4
 ,annibale ,c>racci di$ at ,rome 9      
#afji1 at ! age ( #di4  #ef     ,,sonnet
 ,,( ,,ago/9o ,,c>racci4       ,*i f>si 

un buon ,pittor c]ca1 e desia1      ,il 
disegno di ,roma habbia alla mano1      
,la mossa coll' ombr> ,v5eziano1      ,e
 il degno colorir di ,lomb>dia1         
,di ,mi*el' ,angiol la t]ribil via1     
,il v]o natural di ,tiziano1      ,del  
,correggio lo /il puro1 e sovrano1      
,e di un ,rafel la giu/a simetria4      
,del ,tibaldi il decoro1 e il fondam5to1
        ,del dotto ,primaticcio         
l'inv5t>e1        ,e un po di gratia del
 ,p>migian9o4         ,ma s5za tanti    
/udi1 e tanto /5to1        ,si ponga    
l'opre solo ad imit>e1        ,*e qui   
lasciocci il no/ro ,niccol9o4           
,malvasia1 au?or ( ! ,fels9a ,pittrice1 
has made ?is sonnet ! text to 8 dr[sy   
rhapsody on ! frescoes ( ,lodovico      
,c>racci & "s ( 8 s*ol>s1 9 ! cloi/]s ( 
,/4 ,mi*ele 9 ,bosco1 by ,bologna4 ,he  
circumscribes ! ',mossa ,v5eziana1' ( ! 
sonnet1 by ',quel /repitoso motivo e    
quel div9colam5to' peculi> to           
,t9toretto4  #eg ,guido ,r5i di$ 9      
#afdb1 ag$ #fh4 ,giov4 ,lanfranco di$ at

 ,naples 9 #afdg1 ag$ #ff4 ,franc4      
,albani di$ 9 #affj1 ag$ #hb4 ,dom5ico  
,zampi]i1 call$ ,il ,dom5i*9o1 di$ 9    
#afda1 ag$ #fj4 ,franc4 ,b>bi]i ( ,c5to1
 call$ ,il ,gu]c9o1 f a ca/ 9 8 eye1 di$
 9 #affg1 ag$ #gf4  #eh ,pietro         
,b]ret9i1 ( ,cortona1 ! pa9t] ( ! ceil+ 
9 ! ,b>b]9i hall1 & ( ! gall]y 9 ! less]
 ,pamphili palace1 ! v]nal suavity ( ^: 
fresco t9ts no p5cil ev] equall$1 di$ at
 ,rome 9 #affi1 ag$ #gc4 ,luca          
,giordano1 nicknam$ ,fa-pre/o1 or       
,dispat*1 f ! rapidity ( 8 execution1 ! 
greate/ ma*9i/ ( 8 "t1 di$ 9 #agje1 ag$ 
#gf4  #ei ,we are in=m$ by ! ,editor ( !
 ,lat9 translation ( ,alb]t ,dur]'s     
book1 on ! symmetry ( ! p>ts ( ! human  
frame1 7,p>isiis1 9 (fic9a ,c>oli ,p]i] 
9 vico ,bellovaco1 sub ,bell]ophonte1   
#aeeg1 fol47 t1 dur+ ,alb]t's /ay at    
,v5ice1 :]e he resid$ = a %ort "t1 to   
procure r$ress f ! ,signoria = ! =g]y ( 
,m>c ,antonio1 he became famili> )      
,giovanni ,bell9i3 & t ,&rea ,mantegna1 
:o _h he>d ( 8 arrival 9 ,italy1 & _h   

conceiv$ a high op9ion ( 8 execution &  
f]tility1 s5t him a message ( invitation
 to ,mant\a1 = ! express purpose ( giv+ 
him an idea ( t =m ( :i* he himself _h  
obta9$ a glimpse f ! contemplation ( !  
antique4 ,&rea 0 !n ill1 & expir$ be=e  
,alb]t1 :o imm$iately prep>$ to set out 
= ,mant\a1 c\ld pr(it by 8 in/ructions4 
,?is disappo9tm5t1 says my au?or1 ,alb]t
 nev] ceas$ to lam5t dur+ 8 life4 ,h[   
fit ! ,mant\an 0 to in/ruct ! ,g]man1 is
 n ! "q "h2 b ,alb]t's regret seems to  
prove t he felt a want :i* 8 model c\ld 
n supply2 & t he _h too j an idea ( !   
importance ( ! art to be pr\d ( dext]ity
 ( f+] or facility ( execution1 :5      
employ$ on objects ess5tially defective 
or comp>atively trifl+4 ,! foll[+       
p]sonal acc\nt ( ,alb]t des]ves to be   
giv5 9 ! ,lat9 ,editor's own words3 ',e 
,pannonia oriundum accepimus--,erat     
caput argutum1 oculi micantes1 nasus    
hone/us et quem ,greci ,tetragnon       
vocant2 proc]iusculum collum1 pectus    
amplum1 ca/igatus v5t]1 femora n]vosa1  

crura /abilia3 s$ digitis nihil dixisses
 vidisse elegantius4'  ,alb]t ,dur] 0 ! 
s*ol> ( ,m>t9 ,s*n & ,mi*ael ,wolgemu?1 
& di$ at ,nuremb]g 9 #aebh1 ag$ #eg4    
#fj ,lucas ,jacob1 call$ ,lucas (       
,leyd51 & by ! ,italians1 ,luca         
d',oll&a1 di$ at ,leyd5 9 #aecc4  #fa   
,pet] ,paul ,rub5s1 ( ,cologne1 !       
disciple ( ,adam ,van ,ort & ,o?o       
,v5ius1 di$ at or ne> ,antw]p 9 #afda1  
ag$ #fc4  ,see ! admirable "* giv5 ( him
 by ,sir ,jo%ua ,reynolds1 annex$ to 8  
j\rney to ,fl&]s1 vol4 ii4 ( 8 ,works4  
#fb ,an?ony ,v&yck di$ 9 ,london1 #afda1
 at ! age ( #db4--,! poetic conception (
 ,abraham ,diep5beck may be e/imat$ f ! 
,temple des ,muses ( ,mr4 de ,m>olles2  
re-edit$ b n improv$ by ,b]n>d ,pic>t4  
#fc ,rembr&t di$1 at ,am/]dam 8 9 #afgd1
 ag$ #fh4  #fd ,hans ,holbe91 ( ,basle1 
di$ 9 ,london1 #aedd1 at ! age ( #df4   
,pet] ,francis ,mola1 ! s*ol> (         
,giuseppe d',arp9o & ,franc4 ,albani1 0 
born at ! village ( ,coldre1 ( ! diocese
 ( ,bal]na1 9 ! bailliage ( ,m5drisio1 9

 #afba1 & di$ at ,rome 9 #afff4  #fe    
,eu/a*e le ,sueur1 br$ "u ,simon ,voet1 
di$ at ,p>is 9 #afee1 at ! age ( #hh4 ,8
 fell[-s*ol> & ov]be>+ rival1 ,*>les le 
,brun1 di$ 9 #afij1 ag$ #ga4  #ff ,= !  
be/ acc\nt ( ,spani% art1 see ,lett]a di
 ,a4 ,r4 ,m5gs a ,don ,antonio ,ponz4   
,op]e di ,m5gs1 vol4 ii4 ,m5gs 0 born at
 ,ausig1 9 ,bohemia1 9 #agbh1 & di$ at  
,rome 9 #aggi4     ,,?ird ,,lecture4    
,,inv5tion4  ,,"p ,i4      ----,,ti ,t' 
,,ar ,,au ,,ph?oneeis1 ,,eri,,ron       
,,aoidon     ,,t]pe91 ,,opp ,,oi ,,noos 
,,ornytai8 ,,oy ,,ny ,t' ,,aoidoi       
,,aitioi1 ,,alla ,,po?i ,,zeus ,,aitios1
 ,,ho/e ,,did,,s9     ,,&ras9           
,,alph,,/,,s91 ,,op,s ,,e!l,,s9         
,,eka/,i4                 ,hom]4 ,odyss4
 ,a4 #cdf4   ,,argum5t4                 
,introduction4 ,discrim9ation ( ,poetry 
& ,pa9t+4 ,g5]al     idea (             
,inv5tion--its "r to select a subject f 
,nature     itself4                     
,visiones--,!on--,agasias4 ,c>toon (    
,pisa--,inc5dio del     ,borgo4         

,specific idea ( ,inv5tion3 ,epic       
subjects--,mi*ael     ,angelo4 ,dramatic
 subjects--,raphael4 ,hi/oric           
subjects--,p\ss91     c4 ,inv5tion has a
 "r to adopt ideas--examples4 ,duplicity
 (     subject & mom5t inadmissible4    
,transfiguration ( ,raphael4     ,,?ird 
,,lecture4   ,! brilliant anti!sis      
ascrib$ to ,simonides1 t 'pa9t+ is mute 
poesy & poetry speak+ pa9t+1' made1 ,i  
appreh5d1 no "p ( ! te*nic sy/ems (     
antiquity3 = ?is we may dep5d on ! g5]al
 practice ( its arti/s1 & /ill m safely 
on ! philosophic discrim9ation (        
,plut>*#fg1 :o tells u1 t z poetry &    
pa9t+ resemble ea* o!r 9 _! uni=m       
address to ! s5ses1 = ! impression !y   
mean to make on our fancy & by t on our 
m9d1 s !y diff] z ess5tially 9 _!       
mat]ials & _! modes ( application1 :i*  
are regulat$ by ! div]sity ( ! organs !y
 address1 e> & eye4 ,successive action  
communicat$ by s\nds1 & "t1 are ! m$ium 
( poetry2 =m display$ 9 space1 &        
mom5tane\s en]gy1 are ! elem5t ( pa9t+4 

,z if ^! premises be true1 ! di/9ct     
repres5tation ( cont9u$ action is refus$
 to an art :i* _c express ev5 9 a s]ies 
( subjects1 b by a suppos$ m5tal ef=t 9 
! spectator's m9d1 ! regul> succession (
 _! mom5ts1 x becomes evid5t1 t in/ead (
 attempt+ to impress u by !             
indiscrim9ate usurpation ( a pr9ciple   
out ( its rea*1 x ought *iefly to rely =
 its effect on its great *>act]i/ics    
space & =m1 s+ly or 9 apposition4 ,9 =ms
 alone ! idea ( exi/5ce c be r5d]$      
p]man5t4 ,s\nds die1 words p]i% or      
become obsolete & obscure1 ev5 col\rs   
fade1 =ms alone c nei!r be ext+ui%$ nor 
miscon/ru$2 by application to _! /&>d   
alone1 description becomes intelligible 
& di/9ct4 ,?us ! effectual idea (       
corporeal beauty c /rictly exi/ only 9 !
 pla/ic arts3 = z ! notion ( beauty     
arises f ! pleasure we feel 9 ! h>moni\s
 co-op]ation ( ! v>i\s p>ts ( "s        
fav\rite object to "o end at once1 x    
implies _! imm$iate co-exi/5ce 9 ! mass 
!y compose2 & !re=e c be di/9ctly       

p]ceiv$ & convey$ to ! m9d by ! eye     
alone3 h5ce ! repres5tation ( =m 9      
figure is ! physical elem5t ( ! ,art4   
,b z bodies exi/ 9 "t z well z 9 space2 
z ! pleasure aris+ f ! m]e symmetry ( an
 object is z transi5t z x is imm$iate2 z
 h>mony ( p>ts1 if ! body be ! ag5t ( an
 int]nal p[]1 dep5ds = its pro( on _!   
application1 x foll[s1 t ! exclusive    
exhibition ( in]t & unemploy$ =m1 w\ld  
be a mi/ake ( ! m$ium = ! end1 & t "* or
 action is requir$ to make x an int]e/+ 
object ( imitation4 ,& ?is is ! moral   
elem5t ( ! art4  ,^? important mom5ts !n
 :i* exhibit ! unit$ ex]tion ( =m & "* 9
 a s+le object or 9 p>ticipation )      
collat]al be+s1 at once1 & :i* ) equal  
rapidity & pregnancy give u a glimpse ( 
! pa/ & lead our eye to :at foll[s1     
furni% ! true mat]ials ( ^? te*nic p[]s1
 t select1 direct1 & fix ! objects (    
imitation to _! c5tre4  ,! mo/ em95t (  
^!1 by ! explicit ackn[l$gm5t ( all     
ages1 & ! sil5t te/imony ( e brea/1 is  
inv5tion4 ,he ^: eye a?w>t ! outw>d cru/

 ( ! rock p5etrates into ! composition (
 its mat]ials1 & discov]s a gold m9e1 is
 surely sup]ior to him :o aft]w>ds      
adapts ! metal = use4 ,colombo1 :5 he f 
a/ronomic & physical inductions conclud$
 to ! exi/5ce ( l& 9 ! opposite         
hemisph]e1 0 surely sup]ior to ,am]igo  
,vespucci :o took possession ( its      
cont95t2 & :5 ,newton improv+ accid5t by
 m$itation1 discov]$ & e/abli%$ ! laws (
 attraction1 ! projectile & c5trifuge   
qualities ( ! sy/em1 he gave ! clue to  
all :o aft] him appli$ x to ! v>i\s     
bran*es ( philosophy1 & 0 9 fact ! au?or
 ( all ! b5efits accru+ f _! application
 to society4 ,hom]1 :5 he means to give 
! pr9cipal feature ( man1 calls him     
inv5tor 7alph/s74  ,f :at we h said x is
 cle> t ! t]m inv5tion nev] ought to be 
s f> miscon/ru$ z to be conf\nd$ ) t (  
creation1 incompatible ) our notions (  
limit$ be+1 an idea ( pure a/oni%m5t1 & 
admissible only :5 we m5tion            
,omnipot5ce3 to inv5t is to f9d3 to f9d 
some?+1 presupposes its exi/5ce some:]e1

 implicitly or explicitly1 scatt]$ or 9 
a mass3 nor %\ld ,i h presum$ to say s  
mu* on a ^w ( a mean+ s pla91 _h x n    
be51 & 7 x n daily conf\nd$1 & by       
fa%ionable au?orities too1 ) ! t]m      
creation4  ,=m1 9 its wide/ mean+1 !    
visible univ]se t envelopes our s5ses1 &
 its c\nt]p>t ! invisible "o t agitates 
our m9d ) visions br$ on s5se by fancy1 
are ! elem5t & ! realm ( inv5tion2 x    
discov]s1 selects1 comb9es ! possible1 !
 probable1 ! kn[n1 9 a mode t /rikes )  
an air ( tru? & novelty1 at once4       
,possible /rictly means an effect d]iv$ 
f a cause1 a body compos$ ( mat]ials1 a 
coalition ( =ms1 ^: union or co-ag5cy   
imply 9 !mselves no absurdity1 no       
contradiction3 appli$ to our art1 x     
takes a wid] latitude2 x means !        
repres5tation ( effects d]iv$ f causes1 
or =ms comp\nd$ f mat]ials1 het]og5e\s &
 incompatible among !mselves1 b r5d]$ s 
plausible to our s5ses1 t ! transition (
 "o "p to ano!r seems to be acc\nt$ = by
 an air ( organization1 & ! eye glides  

imp]ceptibly or ) satisfaction f "o to !
 o!r & ov] ! :ole3 t ?is 0 ! condition  
on :i*1 & ! limits )9 :i* alone !       
anci5ts p]mitt$ inv5tion to repres5t :at
 0 /rictly speak+ impossible1 we may )  
plausibility surmise f ! picture (      
,zeuxis1 describ$ by ,lucian 9 ! memoir 
to :i* he has prefix$ t pa9t]'s "n1 :o 0
 probably "o ( ! fir/ adv5tur]s 9 ?is   
species ( imag]y4--,zeuxis _h pa9t$ a   
family ( c5taurs2 ! dam a beautiful     
female to ! middle1 ) ! l[] p>ts        
gradually slid+ into ! mo/ exquisite =ms
 ( a "y ,!ssalian m>e1 half recl9$ 9    
playful repose & g5tly paw+ ! velvet    
gr\nd1 (f]$ h] human nipple to "o infant
 c5taur1 :il/ ano!r gre$ily suck$ ! f]9e
 udd] bel[1 b bo? ) _! eyes turn$ up to 
a lion-:elp held ov] !m by ! male c5taur
 _! fa!r1 ris+ above ! hillock on :i* ! 
female recl9$1 a grim feature1 b ^:     
f]ocity 0 some:at temp]$ by a smile4  ,!
 sc5]y1 ! col\r1 ! *i>oscuro1 ! f9i% ( !
 :ole 0 no d\bt equal to ! /yle & !     
conception4 ,?is picture ! arti/        

exhibit$1 expect+ t ju/ice f !          
p5etration ( ! public :i* ! g5ius des]v$
 t taught him to give plausibility to a 
comp\nd ( het]og5e\s =ms1 to inspire !m 
) suitable s\l1 & to imitate ! laws (   
exi/5ce3 he 0 mi/ak54 ,! novelty ( !    
conceit eclips$ ! art t _h embodi$ x1 ! 
arti/ 0 absorb$ 9 8 subject1 & ! unb\nd$
 praise be/[$1 0 t ( idle re/less       
curiosity1 gratifi$4 ,sick ( gods &     
goddesses1 ( demigods & pure human      
comb9ations1 ! ,a!nians pant$ only = :at
 0 new4 ,! arti/1 z haughty z irritable1
 ord]$ 8 picture to be )drawn2 ,cov] x1 
,mic*io1 said he to 8 att5dant1 cov] x &
 c>ry x home1 = ?is mob /ick only to !  
clay ( our art4--,su* 7 ! limits set to 
inv5tion by ! anci5ts2 secure )9 ^!1 x  
defi$ ! ridicule ?r[n on t grotesque    
conglut9ation :i* ,horace exposes2 gu>d$
 by ^!1 _! my?ology scatt]$ its         
metamorphoses1 made e elem5t its        
tribut>y1 & transmitt$ ! privilege to u1
 on equal conditions3 _! ,scylla & !    
,portress ( ,hell1 _! dmons & our       

spectres1 ! %ade ( ,patroclus & ! gho/ (
 ,hamlet1 _! naiads1 nymphs1 & oreads1 &
 our sylphs1 gnomes1 & fairies1 _!      
furies & our wit*es1 diff] less 9       
ess5ce1 ?an 9 local1 tempor>y1 social   
modifications3 _! common orig9 0 fancy1 
op]at+ on ! mat]ials ( nature1 assi/$ by
 leg5d>y tradition & ! curiosity        
implant$ 9 u ( div+ into ! invisible2#fh
 & !y are suff]$ or invit$ to mix ) or  
sup]9t5d real ag5cy1 9 proportion ( !   
analogy :i* we discov] betwe5 !m &      
ourselves4 ,p9d> praises ,hom] less = t 
'w+$ p[]' :i* :irls incid5t on incid5t )
 su* rapidity1 t absorb$ by ! :ole1 &   
drawn f ! impossibility ( s+le p>ts1 we 
swall[ a tale too gross to be believ$ 9 
a dream2 ?an = ! great] p[] by :i* he   
contriv$ to connect 8 imag9>y creation )
 ! realities ( nature & human           
passions2#fi )\t ?is ! fiction ( ! poet 
& ! pa9t] w leave u /upifi$ r by its    
insol5ce1 ?an impress$ by its p[]1 x w  
be consid]$ only z a sup]ior k9d (      
leg]dema91 an ex]tion ( +5uity to no    

adequate end4  ,be=e we proce$ to !     
process & ! me?ods ( inv5tion1 x is n   
sup]flu\s to adv]t to a "q :i* has (t5  
be5 made1 & by "s has be5 answ]$ 9 !    
negative2 :e!r x be )9 ! arti/'s prov9ce
 or n1 to f9d or to comb9e a subject f  
himself1 )\t hav+ rec\rse to tradition  
or ! /ores ( hi/ory & poetry8 ,:y n1 if 
! subject be )9 ! limits ( art & !      
comb9ations ( nature1 ?\gh x %\ld h     
escap$ obs]vation8 ,%all ! imm$iate     
av5ues ( ! m9d1 op5 to all its obs]v]s1 
f ! poet to ! noveli/1 be %ut only to ! 
arti/8 %all he be r$uc$ to receive z    
alms f !m :at he has a "r to %>e z      
common prop]ty8 ,ass]tions l ^!1 say 9  
o!r words1 t ! ,laocoon owes !          
impression he makes on u to 8 "n alone1 
& t if tradition _h n told a /ory &     
,pl9y fix$ x to t "w1 ! arti/'s         
conception ( a fa!r ) 8 sons1 surpris$ &
 entangl$ by two s]p5ts )9 ! recesses ( 
a cav]n or lonesome dell1 0 inadmissible
 & transgress$ ! laws ( inv5tion4 ,i am 
mu* mi/ak51 if1 s f> f los+ its p[] ov] 

u ) its traditional sanction1 x w\ld n  
r\se our sympa?y m =cibly1 & press !    
subject clos] to our brea/1 7 x consid]$
 only z ! repres5tation ( an incid5t    
common to humanity4 ,! anci5ts 7 s      
conv9c$ ( _! "r to ?is disput$          
pr]ogative t !y assign$ x its own class1
 & ,!on ! ,samian is m5tion$ by         
,qu9tilian1 :om none w accuse or suspect
 ( conf\nd+ ! limits ( ! arts1 9 8 li/ (
 prim>y pa9t]s1 z ow+ 8 celebrity to t  
intuition into ! sudd5 movem5ts (       
nature1 :i* ! ,greeks call$ phantasias1 
! ,romans visiones1 & we might          
circumscribe by ! phrase ( 'unprem$itat$
 conceptions' ! re-production (         
associat$ ideas2 he expla9s :at he      
und]/ood by x 9 ! foll[+ passage adapt$ 
to 8 own pr(ession1 rhetoric4#gj ',we   
give1' says he1 '! "n ( visions to :at !
 ,greeks call phantasies2 t p[] by :i* !
 images ( abs5t ?+s are repres5t$ by !  
m9d ) ! en]gy ( objects mov+ be=e our   
eyes3 he :o conceives ^! rightly w be a 
ma/] ( passions2 8 is t well-temp]$     

fancy :i* c imag9e ?+s1 voices1 acts1 z 
!y really exi/1 a p[] p]haps 9 a great  
measure dep5d5t on our w4 ,= if ^!      
images s pursue u :5 our m9ds are 9 a   
/ate ( re/1 or fondly f$ by hope1 or 9 a
 k9d ( wak+ dream1 t we seem to travel1 
to sail1 to fight1 to h>angue 9 public1 
or to dispose ( ri*es we possess n1 &   
all ?is ) an air ( reality1 :y %\ld we n
 turn to use ?is vice ( ! m9d8--,suppose
 ,i am to plead ! case ( a murd]$ man1  
:y %\ld n e supposable circum/ance ( !  
act float be=e my eyes8 ,%all ,i n see !
 murd]] unaw>es ru% 9 ^u him8 9 va9 he  
tries to escape--see h[ pale he         
turns--he> y n 8 %rieks1 8 entreaties8 d
 y n see him fly+1 /ruck1 fall+8 w n 8  
blood1 8 a%y semblance1 8 groans1 8 la/ 
expir+ gasp1 seize on my m9d8'  ,p]mit  
me to apply ?is organ ( ! orator = "o   
mom5t to ! poet's process3 by ?is       
radiant recollection ( associat$ ideas1 
! spontane\s ebullitions ( nature1      
select$ by obs]vation1 treasur$ by      
memory1 class$ by s5sibility & judgm5t1 

,%akspe>e became ! supreme ma/] (       
passions & ! rul] ( our he>ts3 ?is      
embodi$ 8 ,fal/aff & 8 ,%ylock1 ,hamlet 
& ,le>1 ,juliet & ,rosal9d4 ,by ?is p[] 
he saw ,w>wick uncov] ! corpse ( ,glo/]1
 & swe> to 8 assass9ation & 8 tugs =    
life2 by ?is he made ,banquo see ! weird
 si/]s bubble up f e>?1 & 9 _! own air  
vani%2 ?is is ! h& t /ruck ^u ! bell :5 
,macbe?'s dr9k 0 ready1 & f h] *amb]    
pu%$ 8 dream+ wife1 once m to me?odize !
 murd] ( h] gue/4  ,& ?is 0 ! p[] (     
,!on2#ga su* 0 ! unprem$itat$ conception
 t inspir$ him ) ! idea ( t w>rior1 :o 9
 ! words ( lian1 seem$ to embody !      
t]rible graces & ! en?usia/ic furor ( ! 
god ( w>4 ,impetu\s he ru%$ onw>d to    
oppose ! sudd5 incursion ( enemies2 )   
%ield ?r[n =w>d1 & high br&i%$ fal*ion1 
8 /ep z he swept on1 seem$ to dev\r !   
gr\nd3 8 eye fla%$ defiance2 y fanci$ to
 he> 8 voice1 8 look d5\nc$ p]dition &  
slaught] )\t m]cy4 ,?is figure1 s+le &  
)\t o!r accompanim5ts ( w> ?an :at !    
havock ( ! di/ance %[$1 ,!on deem$      

suffici5t to answ] ! impression he      
int5d$ to make on ^? :om he _h select$  
to inspect x4 ,he kept x cov]$1 till a  
trumpet1 prep>$ = ! purpose1 aft] a     
prelude ( m>tial symphonies1 at once1 by
 8 comm&1 blew ) invigorat$ fi]c5ess a  
signal ( attack--! curta9 dropp$1 !     
t]rific figure appe>$ to />t f !        
canvass1 & irresi/ibly assail$ ! a/oni%$
 eyes ( ! assembly4  ,to prove !        
relation ( lian no hyp]bolic leg5d1 ,i  
ne$ n insi/ on ! magic effect :i* !     
union ( two si/] p[]s mu/ produce on !  
s5ses3 ( :at our art alone & unassi/$   
may p]=m1 ! mo/ unequivocal pro( exi/s  
)9 ^! walls2 y\r eyes1 y\r feel+s1 & y\r
 fancy h long anticipat$ x3 ^: m9d has n
 n[ recall$ t wond] ( a figure1 !       
misnam$ gladiator ( ,agasias1 a figure1 
^: trem5d\s en]gy embodies e elem5t (   
motion1 :il/ its pa!tic dignity ( "*    
en=ces sympa?ies1 :i* ! undisguis$      
f]ocity ( ,!on's w>rior 9 va9 solicits4 
,b ! same irradiation :i* %[$ ! soldi]  
to ,!on1 %[$ to ,agasias ! lead]3 ,!on  

saw ! passion1 ,agasias#gb its rule4  ,b
 ! mo/ /rik+ in/ance ( ! em95t place due
 to ?is intuitive faculty among !       
pr9cipal organs ( inv5tion1 is t        
celebrat$ p]=mance1 :i* by ! unit$      
te/imony ( contempor>y writ]s1 & !      
evid5t traces ( its imitation1 scatt]$  
ov] ! works ( contempor>y arti/s1       
contribut$ alone m to ! re/oration ( art
 & ! revolution ( /yle1 ?an ! unit$ ef=t
 ( ! two c5turies t prec$$ x3 ,i mean ! 
a/oni%+ design commonly call$ ! ,c>toon 
( ,pisa1 ! "w ( ,mi*ael ,agnolo         
,buon>rotti1 begun 9 competition )      
,lion>do da ,v9ci1 & at int]vals f9i%$  
at ,flor5ce4 ,?is "w1 ^: celebrity      
subject$ ^? :o _h n se5 x to !          
sup]cili\s contempt ( ! lucki] ones :o  
_h2 :i* 0 ! common c5tre ( attraction to
 all ! /ud5ts ( ,tuscany & ,romagna1 f  
,raphael ,sanzio to ,ba/ian da ,/4      
,gallo1 call$ ,ari/otile1 f 8 loquaci\s 
descants on its beauties2 ?is ine/imable
 "w itself is lo/1 & its de/ruction is )
 too mu* appe>ance ( tru? fix$ on ! mean

 villa9y ( ,baccio ,b&9elli1 :o1 9      
possession ( ! key to ! ap>tm5t :]e x 0 
kept1 dur+ ! revolution>y tr\bles ( !   
,flor5t9e republic1 aft] mak+ :at use he
 ?\ght prop] ( x1 is said to h torn x 9 
pieces4 ,/ill we may =m an idea ( its   
pr9cipal gr\ps f "s anci5t pr9ts &      
draw+s2 & ( its composition f a small   
copy n[ exi/+ at ,holkham1 ! outl9es (  
:i* h be5 lately et*$4 ,crude1 disguis$1
 or feeble1 z ^! specim5s are1 !y w     
prove bett] guides ?an ! half-in=m$     
rhapsodies ( ,vas>i1 ! meagre acc\nt (  
,ascanio ,condivi1 bett] ?an ! m]e      
anatomic v]dict ( ,b5v5uto ,cell9i1 :o  
d5ies t ! p[]s aft]w>d ex]t$ 9 !        
,capella ,si/9a1 arrive at half its     
excell5ce4#gc  ,x repres5ts an imag9>y  
mom5t relative to ! w> c>ri$ on by !    
,flor5t9es aga9/ ,pisa3 & exhibits a    
num]\s gr\p ( w>riors1 r\s$ f _! ba?+ 9 
! ,arno1 by ! sudd5 signal ( a trumpet &
 ru%+ to arms4 ,?is composition may )\t 
exagg]ation be said to p]sonify )       
unexampl$ v>iety t motion1 :i* ,agasias 

& ,!on embodi$ 9 s+le figures3 9 imag9+ 
?is transi5t mom5t f a /ate ( relaxation
 to a /ate ( en]gy1 ! ideas ( motion1 to
 use ! bold figure ( ,dante1 seem to h  
%[]$ into ! arti/'s m9d4 ,f ! *ief1     
ne>ly plac$ 9 ! c5tre1 :o prec$es1 & ^: 
voice accompanies ! trumpet1 e age (    
human agility1 e attitude1 e feature (  
al>m1 ha/e1 hurry1 ex]tion1 eag]ness1   
bur/ into s _m rays1 l sp>ks fly+ f !   
hamm]4 ,_m h rea*$1 "s boldly /ep1 "s h 
leap$ on ! rocky %ore2 "h two arms em]g+
 f ! wat] grapple ) ! rock1 !re two h&s 
cry = help1 & _! companions b5d ov] or  
ru% on to assi/ !m2 (t5 imitat$1 b      
inimitable is ! ard5t feature ( ! grim  
vet]an ^: e s9ew lab\rs to =ce ov] !    
dripp+ limbs 8 clo!s1 :il/ gna%+ he     
pu%es ! foot ?r\gh ! r5d+ g>m5t4 ,he is 
contra/$ by ! sl5d] elegance ( a half   
av]t$ y\?1 :o1 ?\gh eag]ly buckl+ !     
arm\r to 8 ?igh1 me?odizes ha/e2 ano!r  
sw+s ! high-rais$ haub]k on 8 %\ld]1    
:il/ "o :o seems a lead]1 m9dless (     
dress1 ready = combat1 & ) br&i%$ spe>1 

ov]turns a ?ird1 :o cr\*$ to grasp a    
weapon--"o nak$ himself1 buckles on !   
mail ( 8 companion1 & he1 turn$ t[>d !  
enemy1 seems to /amp impati5tly !       
gr\nd4--,exp]i5ce & rage1 old vig\r1 "y 
velocity1 exp&$ or contract$1 vie 9     
ex]tions ( en]gy4 ,yet 9 ?is sc5e (     
tumult "o motive animates ! :ole1       
eag]ness to engage ) subord9ation to    
comm&2 ?is pres]ves ! dignity ( action1 
& f a /raggl+ rabble *anges ! figures to
 m5 ^: legitimate conte/ int]e/s our    
wi%es4  ,?is intuition into ! pure      
emanations ( nature1 ,raphael ,sanzio   
possess$ 9 ! mo/ enviable degree1 f !   
utmo/ conflict ( passions1 to ! en*ant+ 
r\nd ( g5tl] emotion1 & ! ne>ly sil5t   
h9ts ( m9d & "*4 ,to ?is he devot$ !    
trem5d\s sc5]y ( t magnific5t fresco1   
kn[n to y all "u ! "n ( ! ,inc5dio del  
,borgo1 9 :i* he sacrific$ ! hi/oric &  
my/ic "p ( 8 subject to ! effusion ( !  
v>i\s passions r\s$ by ! sudd5 t]rors ( 
nocturnal conflagration4 ,x is n = !    
fa9t appe>ance ( ! miracle :i* approa*es

 ) ! pontiff & 8 tra9 9 ! back-gr\nd1 t 
,raphael invites our eyes2 !            
p]turbation1 necessity1 hope1 fe>1      
dang]1 ! pangs & ef=ts ( affection      
grappl+ ) ! enrag$ elem5ts ( w9d & fire1
 display$ on ! =egr\nd1 furni% ! pa!tic 
motives t press on our he>ts4 ,t "m1 :o 
b half awake or r 9 a wak+ trance1      
drives h] *ildr5 in/9ctively be=e h]2 t 
pro/rate female half cov]$ by h] /ream+ 
hair1 ) elevat$ arms implor+ ,heav52 t  
o!r :o ov] ! flam+ t5em5t1 he$less ( h] 
own dang]1 absorb$ 9 mat]nal agony1     
boldly rea*es ov] to drop ! babe into ! 
out/ret*$ arms ( its fa!r2 t common son 
( nature1 :o c>eless ( ano!r's woe1     
int5t only on 8 own safety1 lib]ates a  
leap f ! burn+ wall2 ! vigor\s y\? :o   
foll[$ by an ag$ "m be>s ! palsi$ fa!r  
on 8 %\ld] f ! ru%+ wreck2 ! nimble     
grace ( ^? helpless females t va9ly     
/rive to adm9i/] relief--^! are ! real  
objects ( ! pa9t]'s aim1 & leave !      
pontiff & ! miracle1 ) tap]1 bell &     
cl]gy--unhe$$ 9 ! di/ance4  ,i %all n at

 pres5t expatiate 9 trac+ f ?is s\rce ! 
novel comb9ations ( affection by :i*    
,raphael contriv$ to int]e/ u 9 8 num]\s
 repetitions ( ,madonnas & ,holy        
,families1 select$ f ! w>me/ effusions (
 dome/ic ende>m5t1 or 9 ,milton's       
phrase1 f all ! *>ities ( fa!r1 son1 &  
"m4 ,nor %all ,i foll[ x 9 its m        
contam9at$ desc5t1 to ^? repres5tations 
( local mann]s & national modifications 
( society1 ^: *>act]i/ic discrim9ation &
 humor\s exub]ance1 = in/ance1 we admire
 9 ,hog>?1 b :i*1 l ! fleet+ passions ( 
! day1 e h\r contributes some?+ to      
oblit]ate1 :i* soon become un9telligible
 by "t1 or deg5]ate into c>icature1 !   
*ronicle ( sc&al1 ! hi/ory-book ( !     
vulg>4  ,inv5tion 9 its m specific s5se 
receives its subjects f poetry or       
au!nticat$ tradition2 !y are epic or    
sublime1 dramatic or impassion$1 hi/oric
 or circumscrib$ by tru?4 ,! fir/       
a/oni%es2 ! second moves2 ! ?ird in=ms4 
,! aim ( ! epic pa9t] is to impress "o  
g5]al idea1 "o great quality ( nature or

 mode ( society1 "s great maxim1 )\t    
desc5d+ to ^? subdivisions1 :i* ! detail
 ( "* prescribes3 he pa9ts ! elem5ts )  
_! own simplicity1 height1 dep?1 ! va/1 
! gr&1 d>kness1 light2 life1 dea?2 !    
pa/1 ! future2 man1 pity1 love1 joy1    
fe>1 t]ror1 peace1 w>1 religion1        
gov]nm5t3 & ! visible ag5ts are only    
eng9es to =ce "o irresi/ible idea ^u !  
m9d & fancy1 z ! ma*9]y ( ,ar*im$es s]v$
 only to convey de/ruction1 & ! :eels ( 
a wat* s]ve only to tell "t4  ,su* is ! 
fir/ & g5]al s5se ( :at is call$ !      
sublime1 epic1 allegoric1 lyric         
sub/ance4 ,hom]1 to impress "o =cible   
idea ( w>1 its orig91 its progress1 &   
its end1 set to "w innum]able eng9es (  
v>i\s magnitude1 yet none b :at uni=mly 
t5ds to en=ce ?is & only ?is idea2 gods 
& demigods are only actors1 & nature b !
 sc5e ( w>2 no "* is discrim9at$ b :]e  
discrim9ation discov]s a new look ( w>2 
no passion is rais$ b :at is bl[n up by 
! brea? ( w>1 & z soon absorb$ 9 its    
univ]sal blaze3--,z 9 a conflagration we

 see turrets1 spires1 & temples         
illum9at$ only to propagate ! horrors ( 
de/ruction1 s ?r\gh ! /ormy page (      
,hom]1 we see 8 h]o9es & h]oes b by !   
light t bla/s !m4  ,?is is ! pr9ciple ( 
t div9e s]ies ( frescoes1 ) :i* "u !    
pontificates ( ,julius ,,ii4 & ,paul    
,,iii4 ,mi*ael ,angelo adorn$ ! l(ty    
comp>tm5ts ( ! ,capella ,si/9a1 & f a   
mode/y or a pride = ev] to be lam5t$1   
only n occupi$ ! :ole ( its ample sides4
 ,its subject is !ocracy or ! empire (  
religion1 consid]$ z ! p>5t & que5 (    
man2 ! orig91 ! progress1 & f9al        
disp5sation ( ,provid5ce1 z taught by ! 
sacr$ records4 ,amid ?is imag]y (       
primeval simplicity1 ^: sole object is !
 relation ( ! race to its ,f\nd]1 to    
look = m9ute discrim9ation ( "*1 is to  
inv]t ! pr9ciple ( ! arti/'s inv5tion3  
"h is only ,god ) man4 ,! veil ( et]nity
 is r5t2 "t1 space1 & matt] teem 9 !    
creation ( ! elem5ts & ( e>?2 life      
issues f ,god & adoration f man1 9 !    
creation ( ,adam & 8 mate2 transgression

 ( ! precept at ! tree ( k proves !     
orig9 ( evil1 & ( expulsion f ! imm$iate
 int]c\rse ) ,god2 ! oeconomy ( ju/ice &
 grace comm5ces 9 ! revolutions ( !     
,deluge1 & ! cov5ant made ) ,noah2 & !  
g]ms ( social "* are trac$ 9 ! subsequ5t
 sc5e betwe5 him & 8 sons2 ! awful synod
 ( prophets & sibyls are ! h]alds ( !   
,r$eem]1 & ! ho/ ( patri>*s ! p$igree ( 
! ,son ( ,man2 ! braz5 s]p5t & ! fall ( 
,haman1 ! giant subdu$ by ! /ripl+ 9    
,golia? & ,david1 & ! conqu]or de/roy$  
by female weakness 9 ,judi?1 are types (
 8 my/]i\s progress1 till ,jonah        
pron\nces him immortal2 & ! magnific5ce 
( ! ,la/ ,judgm5t1 by %[+ ! ,savi\r 9 ! 
judge ( man1 sums up ! :ole1 & reunites 
! ,f\nd] & ! race4  ,su* is ! _s ( !    
,si/9e ,*apel1 & ! outl9e ( its g5]al   
inv5tion ) reg>d to ! cycle ( its       
subjects--z 9 _! *oice !y lead to ea*   
o!r )\t int]m$iate *asms 9 ! transition2
 z ea* prec$+ "o prep>es & directs !    
conduct ( ! next1 ?is ! foll[+2 & z !   
intr9sic v>iety ( all1 conspires to !   

simplicity ( "o great end4 ,! specific  
inv5tion ( ! pictures sep>ate1 z ea*    
con/itutes an indep5d5t :ole1 des]ves   
our consid]ation next3 ea* has its      
c5tre1 f :i* x dissem9ates1 to :i* x    
leads back all second>y po9ts2 arrang$1 
hid1 or display$1 z !y are m or less    
organs ( ! inspir+ plan3 ea* rigor\sly  
is circumscrib$ by its g5]ic "*2 no     
inf]ior1 m]ely conv5tional1 tempor>y1   
local1 or disp>ate beauty1 h[ev] 9      
itself allur+1 is admitt$2 ea* f9ally   
turns ^u t transi5t mom5t1 ! mom5t (    
susp5se1 big ) ! pa/1 & pregnant ) !    
future2 ! action n[h]e expires1 = action
 & int]e/ t]m9ate toge!r4 ,?us 9 !      
,creation ( ,adam1 ! ,creator borne on a
 gr\p ( att5dant spirits1 ! p]sonifi$   
p[]s ( ,omnipot5ce1 moves on t[>d 8 la/1
 be/ "w1 ! "l ( 8 creation3 ! immortal  
sp>k1 issu+ f 8 ext5d$ arm1 electrifies 
! new-=m$ be+1 :o trembl+ly alive1 half 
rais$1 half recl9$1 ha/5s to meet 8     
,mak]4 ,9 ! =mation ( ,eve1 ! a/oni%m5t 
( life1 j organis$1 is absorb$ 9 !      

sublim] s5tim5t ( adoration2 p]fect1    
?\gh n all dis5gag$ f ! side ( h] dream+
 mate1 %e moves ) fold$ h&s & humble    
dignity t[>ds ! maje/ic ,=m ^: half     
rais$ h& attracts h]--:at words c       
express ! equally bl& & irresi/ible     
velocity ( t my/]i\s ,be+1 :o =ms ! sun 
& moon1 & already pa/1 leaves ! e>?1    
completely =m$1 beh9d him8 ,"h          
apposition is ! symbol ( imm5sity4#ge   
,f ^! specim5s ( inv5tion ex]t$ 9 ! m   
num]\s compositions ( ?is sublime cycle1
 let me fix y\r att5tion = a few mom5ts 
on ! p[]s x displays 9 ! s+le figures ( 
! ,prophets1 ^? organs ( embodi$        
s5tim5t3 _! expression & attitude1 :il/ 
x exhibits ! unequivocal m>ks ( inspir$ 
contemplation 9 all1 & ) equal v>iety1  
en]gy1 & delicacy1 /amps "* on ea*2     
exhibits 9 ! occupation ( ! pres5t mom5t
 ! traces ( ! pa/ & h9ts ( ! future4    
,esaiah1 ! image ( inspiration1 sublime 
& l(ty1 ) an attitude expressive ( !    
sacr$ trance 9 :i* m$itation on !       
,messiah _h imm]s$ him1 />ts at ! voice 

( an att5dant g5ius1 :o seems to        
pron\nce ! words1 to u a *ild is born1  
to u a son is giv54 ,daniel1 ! humbl]   
image ( eag] dilig5ce1 transcribes f a  
volume held by a /ripl+1 ) a ge/ure     
natural to ^? :o1 absorb$ 9 ! progress (
 _! subject1 are he$less ( conv5i5ce2 8 
po/ure %[s t he _h inspect$ ! volume f  
:i* n[ he is turn$1 & %all return to x  
imm$iately4 ,za*>iah p]sonifies         
consid]ation2 he has read1 & pond]s on  
:at he reads4 ,inquiry moves 9 !        
dignifi$ activity ( ,joel1 ha/5+ to op5 
a sacr$ scroll1 & to comp>e ! scriptures
 ) ea* o!r4 ,eze*iel1 ! f]vid feature ( 
fancy1 ! se] ( resurrection1 repres5t$ z
 on ! field /rewn ) bones ( ! dead1     
po9ts d[nw>d & asks1 c ^! bones live8 ! 
att5dant angel1 borne on ! w9d t        
agitates 8 locks & ! prophet's ve/m5ts1 
) rais$ arm & f+]1 pron\nces1 !y %all   
rise3 la/1 ,j]emiah1 subdu$ by grief &  
exhau/$ by lam5tation1 s9ks 9 sil5t woe 
ov] ! ru9s ( ,j]usalem4 ,nor are !      
sibyls1 ^? female oracles1 less         

expressive1 less individually m>k$--!y  
are ! e*o1 ! c\nt]p>t ( ! prophets2     
,vigilance1 ,m$itation1 ,in/ruction1    
,div9ation1 are p]sonifi$4 ,if ! arti/  
:o1 absorb$ by ! uni=m p[] & magnitude (
 execution1 saw only bread? & nature 9  
_! figures1 mu/ be told t he has        
discov]$ ! lea/ "p ( _! excell5ce2 !    
critic :o *>ges !m ) affectation1 c only
 be dismiss$ ) our contempt4  ,on !     
imm5se pla9 ( ! ,la/ ,judgm5t1 ,mi*ael  
,angelo has w\nd up ! de/9y ( man1      
simply consid]$ z ! subject ( religion1 
fai?ful or rebelli\s2 & 9 "o g5]ic mann]
 has di/ribut$ happ9ess & mis]y1 ! g5]al
 feature ( passions is giv51 & no m4--,b
 _h ,raphael m$itat$ t subject1 he w\ld 
und\bt$ly h appli$ to our sympa?ies = 8 
*oice ( imag]y2 he w\ld h comb9$ all    
possible emotions ) ! utmo/ v>iety (    
probable or real "*3 a fa!r meet+ 8 son1
 a "m torn f h] daught]1 lov]s fly+ into
 ea* o!r's arms1 fri5ds = ev] sep>at$1  
*ildr5 accus+ _! p>5ts1 enemies         
reconcil$2 tyrants dragg$ be=e !        

tribunal by _! subjects1 conqu]ors hid+ 
!mselves f _! victims ( c>nage2 innoc5ce
 decl>$1 hypocrisy unmask$1 a!ism       
conf\nd$1 detect$ fraud1 triumphant     
resignation2 ! mo/ prom95t features (   
connubial1 frat]nal1 k9dr$              
connexion4--,9 a ^w1 ! heads ( t inf9ite
 v>iety :i* ,dante has m9utely scatt]$  
ov] 8 poem--all dome/ic1 politic1       
religi\s relations2 :atev] is n local 9 
virtue & 9 vice3 & ! sublimity ( !      
greate/ ( all ev5ts1 w\ld h be5 m]ely ! 
m9i/] ( sympa?ies & passions4#gf  ,if   
op9ions be divid$ on ! respective       
advantages & disadvantages ( ^! two     
modes2 if to "s x %\ld appe>1 ?\gh f    
consid]ation ( ! plan :i* guid$ ,mi*ael 
,angelo ,i am f> f subscrib+ to _!      
notions1 t ! sc5]y ( ! ,la/ ,judgm5t    
might h ga9$ m by ! dramatic            
introduction ( v>i$ pa?os1 ?an x w\ld h 
lo/ by ! d]eliction ( its g5]ic         
simplicity2 !re c1 ,i believe1 be b "o  
op9ion ) reg>d to ! me?ods adopt$ by him
 & ,raphael 9 ! inv5tion ( ! mom5t t    

*>act]ises ! creation ( ,eve3 bo? arti/s
 appli$ = x to _! own m9ds1 b ) v       
diff]5t success3 ! elevation ( ,mi*ael  
,angelo's s\l1 inspir$ by ! op]ation (  
creation itself1 furni%$ him at once ) !
 feature t /amps on human nature its mo/
 glori\s pr]ogative3 :il/ ! *>act]i/ic  
subtilty1 r ?an s5sibility ( ,raphael's 
m9d1 9 ?is in/ance1 (f]$ no?+ b a frigid
 succ$aneum2 a symptom incid5t to all1  
:5 aft] ! subsid$ a/oni%m5t on a great &
 sudd5 ev5t1 ! m9d recollect+ itself1   
pond]s on x ) inquisitive surmise4 ,9   
,mi*ael ,angelo1 all self-consid]ation  
is absorb$ 9 ! sublimity ( ! s5tim5t :i*
 issues f ! augu/ ,pres5ce t attracts   
,eve2 h] e>?ly1 9 ,milton's expression1 
by 8 heav5ly ov]p[]$1 p\rs itself 9     
adoration3 :il/ 9 ! inimitable ca/ (    
,adam's figure1 we trace ! h9t ( t half 
consci\s mom5t :5 sleep began to give   
way to ! vivacity ( ! dream inspir$4 ,9 
,raphael1 creation is complete--,eve is 
pres5t$ to ,adam1 n[ awake3 b nei!r !   
new-born *>ms1 ! submissive grace &     

virg9 purity ( ! beaute\s image3 nor !  
awful pres5ce ( h] ,introductor1 draw   
him f 8 m5tal trance into effusions (   
love or gratitude2 at ease recl9$1 )    
f+]s po9t+ at himself & 8 new mate1 he  
seems to me?odize ! surpris+ ev5t t took
 place dur+ 8 sleep1 & to :isp] ! words 
fle% ( my fle%4  ,?us1 b f> bett]       
adapt$1 has ,raphael p]sonifi$          
,dialogue1 mov$ ! lips ( ,soliloquy1    
unb5t or wr9kl$ ! features & arrang$ !  
limbs & ge/ure ( ,m$itation1 9 !        
pictures ( ! ,p>nassus & ( ! s*ool (    
,a!ns1 p>ts ( ! imm5se allegoric drama t
 fills ! /anzas1 & displays ! brighte/  
ornam5t ( ! ,vatican2 ! immortal monum5t
 ( ! t[]+ ambition1 unlimit$ patronage1 
& ref9$ ta/e ( ,julius ,,ii4 & ,leo ,x41
 its cycle repres5ts ! orig91 !         
progress1 ext5t1 & f9al triumph ( *ur*  
empire1 or ecclesia/ic gov]nm5t2 9 !    
fir/ subject1 ( ! ,p>nassus1 ,poetry l$ 
back to its orig9 & fir/ duty1 ! h]ald &
 int]pret] ( a fir/ ,cause1 9 ! univ]sal
 language ( imag]y address$ to ! s5ses1 

unites man1 scatt]$ & savage1 9 social &
 religi\s b&s4 ,:at 0 ! surmise ( ! eye 
& ! wi% ( he>ts1 is gradually made !    
result ( reason1 9 ! *>act]s ( ! s*ool (
 ,a!ns1 by ! rese>*es ( philosophy1 :i* 
f bodies to m9d1 f corporeal h>mony to  
moral fitness1 & f ! duties ( society1  
asc5ds to ! doctr9e ( ,god & hopes (    
immortality4 ,"h revelation 9 its /rict]
 s5se comm5ces1 & conjecture becomes a  
glori\s reality3 9 ! composition ( !    
,dispute on ! ,sacram5t1 ! ,savi\r aft] 
asc5sion seat$ on 8 ?rone1 ! atte/$ ,son
 ( ,god & ,man1 surr\nd$ by 8 types1 !  
prophets1 patri>*s1 apo/les & ! ho/s (  
heav51 in/itutes ! my/]ies & initiates 9
 8 sacram5t ! heads & presbyt]s ( ! *ur*
 militant1 :o 9 ! awful pres5ce ( _!    
,ma/] & ! cele/ial synod1 discuss1      
expla91 prop\nd 8 doctr9e4 ,t ! sacr$   
my/]y %all cle> all d\bt & subdue all   
h]esy1 is taught 9 ! miracle ( !        
blood-/a9$ waf]2 t )\t arms1 by ! arm ( 
,heav5 itself1 x %all release its       
vot>ies1 & defeat its enemies1 !        

deliv]ance ( ,pet]1 ! ov]?r[ (          
,heliodorus1 ! flight ( ,attila1 !      
captive ,s>ac5s1 be> te/imony2 t ,nature
 itself %all submit to its p[] & !      
elem5ts obey its m&ates1 ! *eck$        
conflagration ( ! ,borgo1 decl>es2 till 
ha/5+ to its ultimate triumphs1 its     
union ) ! /ate1 x is proclaim$ by !     
vision ( ,con/ant9e1 confirm$ by ! r\t (
 ,max5tius1 e/abli%$ by ! imp]ial       
pupil's receiv+ baptism1 & submitt+ to  
accept 8 cr[n at ! feet ( ! mitr$       
pontiff4  ,su* is ! rapid outl9e ( !    
cycle pa9t$ or design$ by ,raphael on ! 
comp>tm5ts ( ! /anzas sacr$ to 8 "n4 ,"h
 is ! mass ( 8 p[]s 9 poetic conception 
& execution2 "h is e p]iod ( 8 /yle1 8  
emancipation f ! n>r[ %ackles ( ,pietro 
,p]ug9o1 8 discrim9ations ( *>act]i/ic  
=m1 on to ! h]oic gr&eur ( 8 l9e4 ,"h is
 t ma/]-tone ( fresco pa9t+1 ! real     
in/rum5t ( hi/ory1 :i* ) its silv]      
purity & bread? unites ! gl[ ( ,titiano 
& ,correggio's t9ts4 ,ev]y:]e we meet ! 
sup]iority ( g5ius1 b m or less         

impressive1 ) m or less felicity 9      
proportion z ea* subject 0 m or less    
susceptible ( dramatic treatm5t4 ,f !   
bl& en?usiasm ( ! ,p>nassus1 & ! s$ate  
or eag] features ( m$itation 9 ! ,s*ool 
( ,a!ns1 to ! /]n] traits ( dogmatic    
controv]sy 9 ! dispute ( ! sacram5t1 & !
 symptoms ( religi\s conviction or      
inflam$ zeal at ! mass ( ,bols5a4 ,n !  
miracle1 z we h obs]v$1 ! fe>s & t]rors 
( humanity inspire & seize u at !       
conflagration ( ! ,borgo3 if 9 !        
,heliodorus ! sublimity ( ! vision      
balances sympa?y ) a/oni%m5t1 we foll[ !
 rapid m9i/]s ( grace to _! rev5ge1 less
 to rescue ! temple f ! gripe (         
sacrilege1 ?an inspir$ by ! palpitat+   
graces1 ! helpless innoc5ce1 !          
def5celess beauty ( ! females & *ildr5  
scatt]$ ar\nd2 & ?us we =get ! vision ( 
! lab>um1 ! angels & ,con/ant9e 9 !     
battle1 to plunge 9 ! wave ) ,max5tius1 
or to %>e ! agonies ( ! fa!r :o         
recognizes 8 own son 9 ! enemy he slew4 
,) :at propriety ,raphael introduc$     

portrait1 ?\gh 9 its mo/ dignifi$ &     
elevat$ s5se1 into "s compositions ( !  
great "w :i* we are contemplat+1 ,i %all
 n n[ discuss2 ! allegoric "p ( ! "w may
 acc\nt = x3 he has1 h[ev]1 by its      
admission1 /amp$ t bran* ( pa9t+ at once
 ) its ess5tial feature1 "*1 & has      
assign$ x its place & rank3 ennobl$ by  
"*1 x rises to dramatic dignity2        
de/itute ( t1 x s9ks to m]e me*anic     
dext]ity1 or floats1 a bubble ( fa%ion4 
,portrait is to hi/oric pa9t+ 9 art1 :at
 physiognomy is to pa?ognomy 9 sci5ce2 t
 %[s ! "* & p[]s ( ! be+ :i* x          
del9eates1 9 its =mation & at re/3 ?is  
%[s x 9 ex]tion4 ,bembo1 ,bramante1     
,dante1 ,gonzaga1 ,savon>ola1 ,raphael  
himself may be consid]$ 9 ! inf]ior     
light ( m]e *>act]i/ic ornam5t2 b       
,julius ! ,second au!nticat+ ! miracle  
at ! mass ( ,bols5a1 or borne into !    
temple1 r to au?orize ?an to witness !  
puni%m5t inflict$ on its spoil]2 ,leo ) 
8 tra9 calmly fac+ ,attila1 or decid+ on
 8 tribunal ! fate ( ! captive ,s>ac5s1 

tell u by _! pres5ce t !y are ! h]oes ( 
! drama1 t ! action has be5 contriv$ =  
!m1 is subord9ate to !m1 & has be5      
compos$ to illu/rate _! "*4 ,= z 9 !    
epic1 act & ag5t are subord9ate to !    
maxim1 & 9 pure hi/ory are m]e organs ( 
! fact2 s ! drama subord9ates bo? fact &
 maxim to ! ag5t1 8 "* & passion3 :at 9 
!m 0 end is b ! m$ium "h4  ,su* 7 !     
pr9ciples on :i* he treat$ ! beautiful  
tale ( ,amor & ,psy*e3 ! allegory (     
,apuleius became a drama "u ! h& (      
,raphael1 ?\gh x mu/ be own$1 t ) e *>m 
( sc5ic gradation & lyric imag]y1 its   
*>act]s1 z exquisitely *os5 z acutely   
discrim9at$1 exhibit less ! ob/acles &  
real object ( affection1 & its f9al     
triumph ov] m]e appetite & sexual       
in/9ct1 ?an ! voluptu\s hi/ory ( 8 own  
fav\rite passion4 ,! fa9t light ( !     
maxim vani%es 9 ! spl5d\r :i* exp&s be=e
 our fancy ! en*ant$ circle ( wanton    
dalliance & amor\s atta*m5t4  ,b ! p[] (
 ,raphael's inv5tion ex]ts itself *iefly
 9 subjects :]e ! drama1 dive/$ ( epic  

or allegoric fiction1 meets pure hi/ory1
 & elevates1 invigorates1 impresses !   
pregnant mom5t ( a real fact1 ) "* &    
pa?os4 ,! summit ( ^! is t magnific5t   
s]ies ( col\r$ designs commonly call$ ! 
,c>toons1 s well kn[n to y all1 "p ( :i*
 we happily possess2 =m]ly :5 complete &
 unit$1 & n[1 9 ! copies ( ! tape/ry    
annually exhibit$ 9 ! colonnade ( !     
,vatican1 !y repres5t 9 ?irte5          
compositions ! orig91 sanction1 economy1
 & progress ( ! ,*ri/ian religion4 ,9   
:atev] light we consid] _! inv5tion1 z  
p>ts ( "o :ole relative to ea* o!r1 or  
indep5d5t ea* ( ! re/1 & z s+le         
subjects1 !re c be sc>cely nam$ a beauty
 or a my/]y ( :i* ! ,c>toons furni% n an
 in/ance or a clue2 !y are pois$ betwe5 
p]spicuity & pregnancy ( mom5t2 we %all 
h opportunities to speak ( all or !     
great] "p ( !m1 b t ( ,paul on !        
,areopagus w furni% u at pres5t )       
conclusions = ! rema9d]4  ,x repres5ts !
 ,apo/le ann\nc+ 8 ,god f ! height ( !  
,areopagus4 ,en?usiasm & curiosity make 

up ! subject2 simplicity ( attitude     
inve/s ! speak] ) sublimity2 !          
p>allelism ( 8 action invigorates 8     
en]gy2 situation gives him comm& ov] !  
:ole2 ! light 9 :i* he is plac$1        
attracts ! fir/ glance2 he appe>s !     
organ ( a sup]ior ,p[]4 ,! assembly1    
?\gh select$ ) *>act]i/ic art = !       
purpose1 are ! natural (fspr+ ( place & 
mom5t4 ,! involv$ m$itation ( ! ,/oic1 !
 ,cynic's ironic sne]1 ! incr$ul\s smile
 ( ! elegant ,epicurean1 ! eag]         
disputants ( ! ,academy1 ! elevat$      
att5tion ( ,plato's s*ool1 ! rankl+     
malice ( ! ,rabbi1 ! ,magician's my/]i\s
 glance1 repeat 9 l\d] or 9 l[] tones ! 
novel doctr9e2 b :il/ curiosity &       
m$itation1 l\d debate & fix$ prejudice1 
tell1 pond] on1 repeat1 reject1 discuss 
x1 ! animat$ ge/ure ( conviction 9      
,dionysius & ,dam>is1 ann\nce ! p[] (   
its t5ets1 & h9t ! e/abli%$ belief (    
immortality4  ,b ! p[]s ( ,raphael 9    
comb9+ ! drama ) pure hi/oric fact1 are 
be/ e/imat$ :5 comp>$ ) ^? ex]t$ by o!r 

ma/]s on ! same subject4 ,= ?is we      
select f ! s]ies we exam9e t :i*        
repres5t$ ! ,massacre1 z x is call$1 ( !
 ,innoc5ts1 or ( ! infants at ,be?lem2  
an orig9al1 preci\s "p ( :i* /ill rema9s
 9 ! possession ( a fri5d ( art among u4
 ,on ?is subject ,baccio ,b&9elli1      
,t9toretto1 ,rub5s1 ,le ,brun1 & ,p\ss91
 h tri$ _! v>i\s p[]s4  ,! ,massacre ( !
 ,infants by ,baccio ,b&9elli1 contriv$ 
*iefly to exhibit 8 anatomic skill1 is a
 complicat$ tableau ( e contortion (    
human attitude & limbs t prec$es        
dislocation2 ! expression floats betwe5 
a /udi$ imag]y ( frigid horror &        
loa?some abom9ation4  ,! /ormy bru% (   
,t9toretto swept individual woe away 9  
g5]al masses4 ,two imm5se w+s ( light & 
%ade divide ! composition1 & hide ! want
 ( s5tim5t 9 tumult4  ,to ,rub5s1       
magnific5ce & contra/ dictat$ ! actors &
 ! sc5e4 ,a l\d lam5t+ dame1 9 velvet   
robes1 ) gold5 locks di%evell$1 & wide  
ext5d$ arms1 meets our fir/ glance4     
,beh9d1 a gr\p ( /eel-clad satellites   

op5 _! r[s ( spe>s to admit ! nimble1   
nak$ m9i/]s ( murd]1 *>g$ ) _! infant   
prey1 )9 _! ranks1 ready to close aga9  
aga9/ ! frantic mo!rs :o pursue !m3 !   
pomp\s gloom ( ! palace 9 ! middle gr\nd
 is set (f by cottages & village sc5]y 9
 ! di/ance4  ,le ,brun surr\nd$ !       
allegoric tomb ( ,ra*el ) rapid horsem51
 receiv+ ! *ildr5 :om ! assass9s tore f 
_! p>5ts' arms1 & /rew$ ! field ) infant
 slaught]4  ,p\ss9 ti$ 9 "o vigor\s gr\p
 :at he conceiv$ ( blood-tra9$ villany &
 mat]nal fr5zy4 ,:il/ ,raphael1 9       
dramatic gradation1 disclos$ all ! "m   
?r\gh e image ( pity & ( t]ror2 ?r\gh   
te>s1 %rieks1 resi/ance1 rev5ge1 to !   
/unn$ look ( despair2 & trac$ ! villa9 f
 ! palpitations ( sc>ce initiat$ crime  
to ! s$ate gr9 ( vet]an murd]4  ,hi/ory1
 /rictly s call$1 foll[s ! drama3       
fiction n[ ceases1 & inv5tion consi/s   
only 9 select+ & fix+ ) dignity1        
precision1 & s5tim5t1 ! mom5ts (        
reality4 ,suppose t ! arti/ *oose ! dea?
 ( ,g]manicus--,he is n to give u !     

highe/ images ( g5]al grief :i*         
impresses ! features ( a p or a family  
at ! dea? ( a belov$ *ief or fa!r2 = ?is
 w\ld be epic imag]y3 we %\ld h         
,a*illes1 ,hector1 ,niobe4 ,he is n to  
mix up *>act]s :i* obs]vation &         
comp>ison h po9t$ out to him z ! fitte/ 
to excite ! gradations ( sympa?y2 n     
,admetus & ,alce/e1 n ,meleag] &        
,atalanta2 = ?is w\ld be ! drama4 ,he is
 to give u ! idea ( a ,roman dy+ amid/  
,romans1 z tradition gave him1 ) all !  
real modifications ( "t & place1 :i* may
 s]ve unequivocally to discrim9ate t    
mom5t ( grief f all o!rs4 ,g]manicus1   
,agripp9a1 ,caius1 ,vitellius1 !        
legates1 ! c5turions at ,antio*2 ! h]o1 
! husb&1 ! fa!r1 ! fri5d1 ! lead]1 !    
/ruggles ( nature & sp>ks ( hope mu/ be 
subject$ to ! physiognomic "* & !       
features ( ,g]manicus1 ! son ( ,drusus1 
! ,cs> ( ,tib]ius4 ,mat]nal1 female1    
connubial passion1 mu/ be t+$ by        
,agripp9a1 ! woman absorb$ 9 ! ,roman1  
less lov] ?an companion ( h] husb&'s    

gr&eur3 ev5 ! bur/s ( fri5d%ip1         
atta*m5t1 allegiance1 & rev5ge1 mu/ be  
/amp$ by ! milit>y1 c]emonial1 &        
di/9ctive co/ume ( ,rome4  ,! judici\s  
obs]vation ( all ?is does n r$uce !     
hi/oric pa9t] to ! anxi\sly m9ute detail
 ( a copyi/4 ,firm he re/s on ! true    
basis ( art1 imitation3 ! fix$ "* ( ?+s 
det]m9es all 9 8 *oice1 & m]e float+    
accid5t1 transi5t modes & :ims ( fa%ion1
 are /ill exclud$4 ,if defects1 if      
de=mities are repres5t$1 !y mu/ be      
p]man5t1 !y mu/ be inh]5t 9 ! "*4 ,edw>d
 ! ,fir/ & ,ri*>d ! ,?ird mu/ be m>k$1 b
 m>k$1 to /r5g!n r ?an to dim9i% !      
int]e/ we take 9 ! man2 ?us ! de=mity ( 
,ri*>d w add to 8 t]ror1 & ! enorm\s    
/ride ( ,edw>d to 8 dignity4 ,if my     
limits p]mitt$1 y\r own recollection    
w\ld disp5se me f expatiat+ 9 examples  
on ?is m famili> bran* ( inv5tion4 ,!   
hi/ory ( our own times & ( our own      
c\ntry has produc$ a specim51 9 ! dea? (
 a milit>y h]o1 z excell5t z (t5        
imitat$1 :i*1 ?\gh respect =bids me to  

"n x1 _c1 ,i tru/1 be abs5t f y\r m9d4  
,su* are ! /rict] outl9es ( g5]al &     
specific inv5tion 9 ! ?ree pr9cipal     
bran*es ( our art2 b z _! ne> alliance  
all[s n always a /rict discrim9ation (  
_! limits2 z ! m9d & fancy ( m51 ^u !   
:ole1 consi/ ( mix$ qualities1 we seldom
 meet ) a human p]=mance exclusively    
made up ( epic1 dramatic1 or pure       
hi/oric mat]ials4  ,novelty & feel+s w  
make ! rigid hi/orian sometimes laun*   
out into ! m>vell\s1 or w>m 8 bosom &   
extort a te>2 ! dramati/1 9 gaz+ at "s  
trem5d\s feature1 or ! pomp ( sup]ior   
ag5cy1 w drop ! *a9 ( sympa?y & be      
absorb$ 9 ! sublime2 :il/ ! epic or     
lyric pa9t] =gets 8 solit>y gr&eur1     
sometimes desc5ds & mixes ) 8 ag5ts4    
,?us ,hom] gave ! feature ( ! drama 9   
,hector & ,&roma*e1 9 ,irus & ,ulysses2 
! _s f ! prison-h\se /alks l ! %ade (   
,ajax1 9 ,%akspe>e2 ! daught] ( ,soranus
 plead+ = h] fa!r1 & ,octavia encircl$  
by c5turions1 melt l ,ophelia & ,alce/e1
 9 ,tacitus2 ?us ,raphael p]sonifi$ !   

g5ius ( ! riv] 9 ,jo%ua's passage ?r\gh 
! ,jordan1 & aga9 at ! c]emony (        
,solomon's inauguration2 & ?us ,p\ss9   
rais$ be=e ! sc>$ eye ( ,coriolanus1 !  
fr[n+ vision ( ,rome1 all arm$1 ) h]    
att5dant1 ,=tune4  ,^! g5]al excursions 
f "o prov9ce ( ! art into ^? ( its      
cong5ial neighb\rs1 grant$ by judici\s  
inv5tion to ! arti/1 let me apply to !  
grant ( a m specific lic5ce#gg3 ,horace1
 ! mo/ judici\s ( critics1 :5 treat+ on 
! use ( poetic words1 tells 8 pupils1 t 
! adoption ( an old ^w1 r5d]$ novel by a
 skilful con/ruction ) o!rs1 w entitle !
 poet to ! praise ( orig9al diction4 ,! 
same w be grant$ to ! judici\s adoption 
( figures 9 art4  ,f> f impair+ !       
orig9ality ( inv5tion1 ! unprem$itat$   
discov]y ( an appropriate attitude or   
figure 9 ! works ( antiquity1 or ( !    
great old ma/]s aft] ! revival1 & its   
adoption1 or ! apt transposition ( "o   
misplac$ 9 "s inf]ior "w1 w add lu/re to
 a p]=mance ( comm5surate or sup]ior    
p[]1 by a k9d coalition ) ! re/1        

imm$iately furni%$ by nature & !        
subject4 ,9 su* a case x is easily      
discov]$ :e!r a subject h be5 *os5 m]ely
 to borr[ an idea1 an attitude or       
figure1 or :e!r _! em95t fitness procur$
 !m _! place4 ,an adopt$ idea or figure 
9 a "w ( g5ius is a foil or a companion 
( ! re/2 b an idea ( g5ius borr[$ by    
m$iocrity1 te>s all associate %r$s1 x is
 ! giant's ?umb by :i* ! pigmy (f]$ !   
measure ( 8 own littl5ess4 ,we /amp !   
plagi>y on ! borr[]1 :o1 )\t fit        
mat]ials or adequate conceptions ( 8    
own1 seeks to %elt] impot5ce "u purlo9$ 
vig\r2 we leave him ) ! full praise (   
inv5tion1 :o by ! h>mony ( a :ole proves
 t :at he adopt$ might h be5 8 own      
(fspr+ ?\gh anticipat$ by ano!r4 ,if he 
take n[1 he soon may give4 ,?us ,mi*ael 
,angelo scatt]$ ! ,torso ( ,apollonius 9
 e view1 9 e direction1 9 gr\ps & s+le  
figures1 ov] ! composition ( ! ,la/     
,judgm5t2 & 9 ! ,lunetta ( ,judi? & h]  
,maid gave an orig9al turn to figures   
adopt$ f ! gem ( ,pi] ,m>ia da ,pescia3 

if ! figure ( ,adam dismiss$ f ,p>adise1
 by ,raphael1 /ill own ,masaccio = its  
inv5tor1 he c sc>cely be said to h      
furni%$ m ?an ! h9t ( t en?usiasm &     
en]gy :i* we admire 9 ,paul on !        
,areopagus3 9 ! picture ( ! cov5ant )   
,noah1 ! sublimity ( ! vision1 & !      
graces ( ! "m entangl$ by h] babes1 f9d 
_! orig9als 9 ! ,si/9e ,*apel1 b !y are 
equall$ by ! f]v\r :i* conceiv$ !       
,patri>*1 :o1 ) ! infant press$ to 8    
bosom1 ) fold$ h&s1 & pro/rate on 8     
knees1 adores4 ,:at figure or :at ge/ure
 9 ! ,c>toon ( ,pisa has n be5 imitat$8 
,raphael1 ,p>megiano1 ,p\ss91 are       
equally indebt$ to x2 9 ! ,sacram5t (   
,baptism1 ! la/ did little m ?an        
transcribe t knot ( p[]s1 ! fi]ce       
feature ( ! vet]an1 :o1 eag] to pull on 
8 clo!s1 pu%es 8 foot ?r\gh ! r5d+      
g>m5t4--,su* are ! indulg5ces :i*       
inv5tion grants to fancy1 ta/e1 &       
judgm5t4  ,b a limit$ fragm5t (         
obs]vations mu/ n presume to exhau/ :at 
9 itself is inexhau/ible2 ! features (  

inv5tion are multipli$ be=e me z my p[]s
 decrease3 ,i %all !re=e no long]       
trespass on y\r pati5ce1 ?an by fix+ y\r
 att5tion = a few mom5ts on "o ( its    
bolde/ flights1 ! transfiguration (     
,raphael2 a p]=mance equally celebrat$ &
 c5sur$2 9 :i* ! mo/ judici\s (         
inv5tors1 ! pa9t] ( propriety1 is said  
to h n only wre/l$ = ext5t ( in=mation )
 ! hi/orian1 b attempt$ to leap !       
b\nd>ies1 &1 ) a less discrim9at+ ?an   
d>+ h&1 to remove ! e/abli%$ limits ( ! 
art1 to h arbitr>ily comb9$ two actions1
 & consequ5tly two diff]5t mom5ts4  ,7  
?is *>ge f\nd$1 ,i might cont5t myself )
 obs]v+1 t ! ,transfiguration1 m ?an any
 o!r ( ,raphael's oil-pictures1 0 a     
public p]=mance1 de/9$ by ,julio de     
,m$ici1 aft]w>d ,clem5t ,,vii4 = 8      
ar*i-episcopal *ur* at ,n>bonne2 t x 0  
pa9t$ 9 conte/ ) ,seba/ian del ,piombo1 
assi/$ 9 8 rival picture ( ,laz>us by   
,mi*ael ,angelo2 & ?us1 consid]+ x z    
fram$ on ! simple pr9ciples ( !         
monum5tal /yle1 e/abli%$ 9 my fir/      

disc\rse on ! pictures ( ,polygnotus at 
,delphi1 ,i might frame a plausible     
excuse = ! mod]n arti/2 b ,raphael is   
above ! assi/ance ( subt]fuge1 & x is   
suffici5t to exam9e ! picture1 9 ord] to
 prove ! futility ( ! *>ge4 ,raphael has
 connect$ ) ! transfiguration n ! cure (
 ! maniac1 b 8 pres5tation = x2 if1     
accord+ to ! #gh;,gospel record1 ?is    
happ5$ at ! foot ( ! m\nta91 :il/ !     
app>ition took place at ! top1 :at      
improbability is !re 9 assign+ ! same   
mom5t to bo?8  ,raphael's design 0 to   
repres5t ,jesus z ! ,son ( ,god1 & at ! 
same "t z ! reliev] ( human mis]y1 by an
 unequivocal fact4 ,! transfiguration on
 ,tabor1 & ! miracul\s cure :i* foll[$ !
 desc5t ( ,jesus1 unit$1 furni%$ t fact4
 ,! difficulty 0 h[ to comb9e two       
successive actions 9 "o mom5t3 he       
ov]came x by sacrific+ ! mom5t ( ! cure 
to t ( ! app>ition1 by imply+ ! less]   
miracle 9 ! great]4 ,9 subord9at+ ! cure
 to ! vision he obta9$ sublimity1 9     
plac+ ! cr[d & ! pati5t on ! =egr\nd1 he

 ga9$ room = ! full ex]tion ( 8 dramatic
 p[]s2 x 0 n necess>y t ! dmoniac %\ld  
be repres5t$ 9 ! mom5t ( recov]y1 if its
 c]ta9ty c\ld be express$ by o!r means3 
x is impli$1 x is plac$ beyond all d\bt 
by ! glori\s app>ition above2 x is made 
ne>ly intuitive by ! uplift$ h& & f+] ( 
! apo/le 9 ! c5tre1 :o )\t hesitation1  
undismay$ by ! ob/9acy ( ! dmon1 unmov$ 
by ! clam\r ( ! cr[d & ! pusillanim\s   
scepticism ( "s ( 8 companions1 ref]s ! 
fa!r ( ! maniac 9 an au?oritative mann] 
= c]ta9 & spe$y help to 8 ma/]#gi on !  
m\nta9 above1 :om1 ?\gh unse51 8        
attitude at once connects ) all t passes
 bel[2 "h is ! po9t ( contact1 "h is t  
union ( ! two p>ts ( ! fact 9 "o mom5t1 
:i* ,ri*>dson & ,falconet c\ld n        
discov]4   ,,footnotes3  #fg ,hyl kai   
tropois mimses diaph]\si4               
,pl\t>* ,p4 ,a?4 kata ,p4  ka?' e4 end4 
,see ,less+'s ,laokoon4 ,b]l91 #agff4   
#hvo4  #fh ,all m9ute detail t5ds to    
de/roy t]ror1 z all m9ute ornam5t1      
gr&eur4 ,! catalogue ( ! cauldron's     

+r$i5ts 9 ,macbe?1 de/roys ! t]ror      
att5dant on ! my/]i\s d>kness (         
pret]natural ag5cy2 & ! s]aglio trapp+s 
( ,rub5s1 annihilate 8 h]oes4  #fi ,eg  
de pleon elpomai      ,logon ,odysseos1 
pa!n1      ,dia ton hadyep g5e/h'       
,homron      ,epei pseudeess9 hoi potana
 ge ma*ana      ,semnon epe/i ti4 sophia
 de      ,kleptei p>agoisa my?ois4      
,p9d>4 ,nem4 ,z4  #gj ,m4 ,f4           
,qu9tilianus1 l4 xii4                   
#aj4--;,concipi5dis visionibus 7quas    
,,phantasias vocant7 ,!on ,samius--e/   
pr/antissimus4  ,at quomodo fiet ut     
afficiamur8 neque enim sunt motus 9     
no/ra pote/ate4 ,t5tabo etiam de hoc    
dic]e4 ,quas phantasias ,grci vocant1   
nos san visiones appellamus2 p] quas    
imag9es r]um abs5tium ita reprs5tantur  
animo1 ut eas c]n]e oculis ac prs5tes   
hab]e videamur3 has quisquis b5e        
concep]it1 is erit 9 affectibus         
pot5tissimus4 ,hunc quidam dicunt       
euphantasiton1 qui sibi res1 voces1     
actus1 secundum v]um optume f+et3 quod  

quidem nobis vol5tibus facile cont+et4  
,nam ut int] otia animorum et spes      
inanes1 et velut somnia qudam           
vigilantium1 ita nos h de quibus        
loquimur1 imag9es p]sequuntur1 ut       
p]egr9>i1 navig>e1 proeli>i1 populos    
alloqui1 diviti>um quas non habemus1    
usum videamur dispon]e2 nec cogit>e1 s$ 
fac]e3 hoc animi vitium ad utilitatem   
non transf]emus8 ut hom9em occisum qu]>1
 non omnia qu 9 re prs5ti accidisse     
cr$ibile e/1 9 oculis habebo8 non       
p]cussor ille subitus erumpet8 non      
expavescet circumv5tus8 exclamabit1 vel 
rogabit1 vel fugiet8 non f]i5tem1 non   
concid5tem videbo8 non animo sanguis1 et
 pallor et gemitus1 extremus d5ique     
expirantis hiatus insidebit8            
,idem1 l4 vi4 c4 #aa4  ,!on1 numb]$ ) ! 
',proc]es' by ,qu9tilian1 by ,pl9y )    
less discrim9ation is plac$ among !     
',primis ,proximos2' & 9 "s passage (   
,plut>*1 unacc\ntably c5sur$ =          
impropriety ( subject1 atopia1 9        
repres5t+ ! madness ( ,ore/es4  #ga     

,ailian\ poik4 hi/or4 l4 ii4 c4 #dd4    
,!nos t\ ,zgraph\ polla m5 kai alla     
homologei tn *eir\rgian aga?n ousan1 at>
 oun kai tode to gramma4----,kai eipes  
an auton en?\sian1 hsp] ex ,areos       
man5ta4----,kai sphatte9 blepn1 kai     
apeiln di' hol\ t\ s*matos1 hoti md5os  
pheisetai4  #gb ,! "n ( ,agasias1 !     
s*ol> or son ( ,dosi!os1 ! ,ephesian1   
occurs n 9 anci5t record2 & :e!r he be !
 ,egesias ( ,qu9tilian or ( ,pl9y1 or ^!
 ! same1 _c be asc]ta9$2 ?\gh ! /yle (  
sculpture & ! =m ( ! lett]s 9 !         
inscription are n mu* at v>iance ) ! "* 
:i* ! =m] gives to ! age & /yle ( ,calon
 & ,egesias2 ,signa--duriora et         
,tuscanicis proxima4 ,! impropriety (   
call+ ?is figure a gladiator has be5 %[n
 by ,w9kelmann1 & on 8 rem>k1 t x       
probably exhibits ! attitude ( a soldi]1
 :o signaliz$ himself 9 "s mom5t (      
dang]1 ,less+ has f\nd$ a conjecture1 t 
x is ! figure ( ,*abrias1 f ! foll[+    
passage ( ,corn4 ,nepos3 ,elucet maxime 
inv5tum ejus 9 proelio1 quod apud ,!bas 

fecit1 cm ,boetiis subsidio v5isset4    
,namque 9 eo victori fid5te summo duce  
,agesilao1 fugatis jam ab eo            
conductitiis cat]vis1 reliquam phalangem
 loco vetuit c$]e2 obnixoque g5u scuto1 
projectaque ha/a1 impetum excip]e ho/ium
 docuit4 ,id novum ,agesilaus intu5s1   
progr$i non e/ ausus1 suosque jam       
incurr5tes tub revocavit4 ,hoc usque eo 
9 ,grcia fam celebratum e/1 ut illo /atu
 ,*abrias sibi /atuam fi]i volu]it1 qu  
public ei ab ,a!ni5sibus 9 =o con/ituta 
e/4 ,ex quo factum e/1 ut po/ea a?let1  
ct]ique artifices 8 /atibus 9 /atutis   
pon5dis ut]5tur1 9 quibus victoriam     
ess5t adepti8  ,on ?is passage1 simple &
 unp]plex$1 if we except ! words ct]ique
 artifices1 :]e some?+ is evid5tly      
dropp$ or *ang$1 !re c1 ,i tru/1 be b "o
 op9ion--t ! manoeuvre ( ,*abrias 0     
def5sive1 & consi/$ 9 giv+ ! phalanx a  
/ation>y1 & at ! same "t imp5etrable    
po/ure1 to *eck ! progress ( ! enemy2 a 
repulse1 n a victory 0 obta9$2 ! ,!bans 
7 cont5t to ma9ta9 _! gr\nd1 & n a ^w is

 said by ! hi/orian1 ( a pursuit1 :5    
,agesilaus1 />tl$ at ! contrivance1     
call$ (f 8 troops3 b ! w>rior ( ,agasias
 ru%es =w>d 9 an assail+ attitude1 :il/ 
) 8 head & %ield turn$ upw>ds he seems  
to gu>d himself f "s attack above him4  
,less+1 aw>e ( ?is1 to make ! passage   
squ>e ) 8 conjecture1 is r$uc$ to a     
*ange ( punctuation1 & accord+ly        
transposes ! decisive comma aft] scuto1 
to g5u1 & reads obnixo g5u1 scuto       
projectque ha/1--docuit4 ,?is alone     
might w>rant u to dismiss 8 conjecture z
 less solid ?an d>+ & acute4  ,! /atue  
erect$ to ,*abrias 9 ! ,a!nian =um 0    
probably ( brass1 = /atua & /atu>ius1 9 
,pl9y at lea/1 w1 ,i believe1 always be 
f\nd relative to figures & arti/s 9     
metal2 su* 7 ^? :i* at an e>ly p]iod !  
,a!nians d$icat$ to ,h>modios &         
,ari/ogiton3 f !m ! cu/om spread 9 e    
direction1 & iconic figures 9 metal1    
began1 says ,pl9y1 to be ! ornam5ts ( e 
municipal =um4  ,f ano!r passage 9      
,nepos1 ,i 0 once will+ to f9d 9 our    

figure an ,alcibiades 9 ,phrygia1 ru%+ f
 ! flames ( ! cottage fir$ to de/roy    
him1 & gu>d+ himself aga9/ ! javel9s &  
arr[s :i* ! gang ( ,sysami?res & ,bagoas
 %[]$ on him at a di/ance4 ,ille1 says !
 hi/orian1 sonitu flamm excitatus1 quod 
gladius ei erat subductus1 famili>is sui
 subal>e telum eripuit et--flamm vim    
transit4 ,quem1 ut ,b>b>i inc5dium      
effugisse vid]unt1 telis em9us missis1  
int]fec]unt4 ,sic ,alcibiades annos     
circit] quadrag9ta natus1 diem obiit    
supremum4  ,su* is ! age ( our figure1 &
 x is to be notic$ t ! "r arm & h&1 n[  
arm$ ) a lance1 are mod]n2 if x be      
object$1 t ! figure is iconic1 & t !    
head ( ,alcibiades1 cut (f aft] 8 dea?1 
0 c>ri$ to ,ph>nabazus1 & 8 body burn$  
by 8 mi/ress2 x might be obs]v$ 9 reply1
 t bu/s & figures ( ,alcibiades mu/ h   
be5 frequ5t 9 ,greece1 & t ! expression 
f\nd its s\rce 9 ! m9d ( ,agasias4 ,on  
?is conjecture1 h[ev]1 ,i %all n insi/3 
let u only obs]ve t ! "*1 =ms &         
attitude1 might be turn$ to bett] use   

?an :at ,p\ss9 made ( x4 ,x might =m an 
admirable ,ulysses be/rid+ ! deck ( 8   
%ip to def5d 8 companions f ! desc5d+   
fangs ( ,scylla1 or r1 ) indignation &  
angui%1 see+ !m already snat*$ up &     
wri?+ 9 ! my/]i\s gripe3       ,aut> eg 
katadys klyta teu*ea1 kai dyo d\re      
,makr' en *]s9 heln1 eis ikria nos      
eba9on      ,prrs----ekamon de moi osse 
,pant papta9onti pros eroeidea petrn    
,skepsam5os de----      d tn enosa podas
 kai *eiras hyp]!n      ,hypsos         
aeirom5n4----                 ,odyss4   
,m4 #bch4 seq4  #gc ,sebb5e il div9o    
,mi*el ,agnolo fece la gran ,cappella di
 ,papa ,julio1 dappoi non arriv a que/o 
segno mai alla met1 la sua virt non     
aggiunse mai alla =za di quei primi     
/udi4 ,vita di ,b5v5uto ,cell9i1 p4     
#ac4--,vas>i1 z appe>s f 8 own acc\nt1  
nev] himself saw ! c>toon3 he talks ( an
 inf9ity ( combatants on horseback1#gd (
 :i* !re nei!r rema9s nor ev] c h exi/$ 
a trace1 if ! picture at ,holkham be !  
"w ( ,ba/iano da ,/4 ,gallo4 ,?is he    

saw1 = x 0 pa9t$1 at 8 own desire1 by t 
ma/]1 f 8 small c>toon 9 #aedb1 & by    
means ( ,monsignor ,jovio transmitt$ to 
,francis ,i4 :o highly e/eem$ x2 f 8    
collection x h[ev] disappe>$1 & no      
m5tion is made ( x by ! ,fr5* writ]s =  
ne> two c5turies4 ,x 0 probably discov]$
 at ,p>is1 b\ght & c>ri$ to ,engl& by ! 
late ,"l ,leice/]4 ,t ,vas>i1 on        
inspect+ ! copy1 %\ld n h correct$ !    
confus$ acc\nt he gives ( ! c>toon f    
he>say1 c be wond]$ at only by ^? :o are
 unacqua9t$ ) 8 "* z a writ]4 ,"o       
solit>y horse & a drumm] on ! imag9>y   
backgr\nd ( ! gr\ps engrav$ by ,ago/9o  
,v5etiano1 are all ! cavalry rema9+ (   
,vas>i's squadrons1 & c z little belong 
to ,mi*el ,agnolo z ! spot on :i* !y are
 plac$4  #gd ,! foll[+ are 8 own words3 
,si v$eva dalle div9e mani di           
,mi*elagnolo *i affrett>e lo arm>si p]  
d>e ajuto a'compagni1 altri affibbi>si  
la corazza1 e molti mett] altre armi    
indosso1 ed inf9iti combatt5do a cavallo
 com9ci>e la zuffa4                     

,vas>i1 ,vita di ,m4 ,a4 ,b4 p4 #ahc4   
ed4 ,bott>i4  #ge ,ho de ps mege?ynei ta
 ,daimonia8----,tn hormn autn kosmik    
dia/mati katametrei4                    
,long9us1  #i4  #gf ,mu* has be5 said ( 
! loss we h suff]$ 9 ! m>g9al draw+s :i*
 ,mi*ael ,angelo drew 9 8 ,dante4       
,inv5tion may h suff]$ 9 be+ depriv$ (  
!m2 !y c1 h[ev]1 h be5 little m ?an h9ts
 ( a size too m9ute to admit ( mu*      
discrim9ation4 ,! true t]rors ( ,dante  
dep5d z mu* ^u ! m$ium 9 :i* he %[s1 or 
gives u a glimpse ( 8 figures1 z on _!  
=m4 ,! *>act]i/ic outl9es ( 8 fi5ds1    
,mi*ael ,angelo p]sonifi$ 9 ! dmons ( ! 
,la/ ,judgm5t1 & invigorat$ ! undisguis$
 appetite1 f]ocity or craft ( ! brute1  
by traits ( human malignity1 cruelty1 or
 lu/4 ,! ,m9os ( ,dante1 9 ,mess]       
,biagio da ,ces5a1 & 8 ,*>on1 h be5     
recogniz$ by all2 b less ! %iv]+ wret*  
held ov] ! b>ge by a hook1 & evid5tly   
tak5 f ! foll[+ passage 9 ! xxiid ( !   
,inf]no3--       ,et ,graffiacan1 *e gli
 era pi di contra      ,gli arroncigli  

l'impegolate *iome2      ,e trasse 'l s1
 *e mi p>ve una lontra4  ,none has      
notic$ z imitations ( ,dante 9 ! xxiv?  
book1 ! a/oni%+ gr\ps 9 ! ,lunetta ( !  
braz5 s]p5t2 none ! v>i\s h9ts f !      
,inf]no & ,purgatorio scatt]$ ov] !     
attitudes & expressions ( ! figures ris+
 f _! graves4 ,9 ! ,lunetta ( ,haman1 we
 owe ! sublime conception ( 8 figure to 
! subsequ5t passage 9 ! xvii? c4 (      
,purgatory3       ,poi piobbe d5tro al' 
alta phantasia      ,un ,crucifisso1    
dispettoso e fi]o      ,nella sua vi/a1 
e lo qual si moria4  ,! basso-relievo on
 ! bord] ( ! second rock1 9 ,purgatory1 
furni%$ ! idea ( ! ,annunziata1 pa9t$ by
 ,m>cello ,v5u/i f 8 design1 9 ! sacri/y
 ( ,/4 ,giov4 ,lat]an1 by ord] (        
,tommaso de' ,cavali]i1 ! select fri5d &
 fav\rite ( ,mi*ael ,angelo4  ,we are   
told t ,mi*ael ,angelo repres5t$ !      
,ugol9o ( ,dante1 inclos$ 9 ! t[] (     
,pisa3 if he did1 8 own "w is lo/2 b if1
 z "s suppose1 ! basso-relievo ( t      
subject by ,pi]9o da ,v9ci be tak5 f 8  

idea1 not)/&+ ! great] latitude1 :i* !  
sculptor might claim1 9 dive/+ ! figures
 ( drap]y & co/ume2 he appe>s to me to h
 err$ 9 ! means employ$ to r\se our     
sympa?y4 ,a sull5 b muscul> "*1 ) gr\ps 
( muscul> bodies & =ms ( /r5g?1 ab\t    
him1 ) ! allegoric figure ( ! ,arno at  
_! feet1 & t ( fam9e hov]+ ov] _! heads1
 are n ! fi]ce ,go?ic *ief1 depriv$ (   
rev5ge1 brood+ ov] despair 9 ! /ony     
cage2 are n ! exhau/$ agonies ( a fa!r1 
petrifi$ by ! helpless groans ( an      
expir+ family1 (f]+ _! own bodies = 8   
food1 to prolong 8 life4  #gg ,dix]is   
egregi1 notum si callida v]bum          
,r$did]it junctura novum4----           
,q4 ,horat4 ,flacci de ,a4 ,p4 v4 #dg4  
#gh ,matt4 xvii4 #e1 #f4 ,see ,fiorillo1
 ges*i*te1 c4 #ajd4 seq4  #gi ,! vision 
on ,tabor1 z repres5t$ "h1 is ! mo/     
*>act]i/ic produc$ by mod]n art4 ,:e!r  
we consid] ! action ( ! apo/les ov]p[]$ 
by ! div9e effulg5ce1 & divid$ betwe5   
adoration & a/oni%m5t1 or ! =ms ( !     
prophets asc5d+ l flame1 & attract$ by !

 lucid c5tre1 or ! maje/y ( ,jesus      
himself1 ^: c\nt5ance is ! only "o we "k
 expressive ( 8 sup]human nature4 ,t !  
unison ( su* p[]s %\ld n1 = once1 h     
dis>m$ ! burlesque ( ! ,fr5* critic1    
r\ses equal surprise & indignation4     
,,f\r? ,,lecture4  ,,inv5tion4  ,,"p    
,,ii4      ,,ph?on]a ,d' ,,allos ,,an,r 
,,blep,n1     ,,gn,,man ,,k5ean ,,skot,i
 ,,kyl9dei     ,,*amaipetoisan4         
,,p9d>4 ,,nem4 ,,eid4 ,d4   ,,argum5t4  
,*oice ( subjects2 divid$ into positive1
 negative1     repulsive4--,obs]vations 
on ! ,p>]ga1 or ,accessories (          
,inv5tion4     ,,f\r? ,,lecture4   ,!   
imitation ( ,nature1 z x pres5ts itself 
9 space & figure1 be+ ! real sph]e (    
pla/ic ,inv5tion1 x foll[s1 t :atev] c  
occupy a place & be circumscrib$ by     
l9es1 *>act]is$ by =m1 sub/antiat$ by   
col\r & light & %ade1 )\t provok+       
incr$ulity1 %ock+ our conception by     
absurdity1 av]t+ our eye by loa?som5ess 
or horror1 is /rictly )9 its prov9ce3 b 
?\gh all ,nature seem to teem ) objects 

( imitation1 ! ,*oice ( subjects is a   
po9t ( great importance to ! ,arti/2 !  
conception1 ! progress1 ! f9i%1 & !     
success ( 8 "w dep5d ^u x4 ,an apt &    
advantage\s subject r\ses & elevates    
,inv5tion1 invigorates1 promotes1 & adds
 delight to lab\r2 :il/ a dull or       
repulsive "o bre$s ob/acles at e /ep1   
dejects & we>ies--! ,arti/ loses 8      
lab\r1 ! spectator 8 expectation4  ,!   
fir/ dem& on e "w ( art is t x con/itute
 "o :ole1 t x fully pron\nce its own    
mean+1 t x tell itself2 x ought to be   
indep5d5t2 ! ess5tial "p ( its subject  
ought to be compreh5d$ & und]/ood )\t   
collat]al assi/ance1 )\t borr[+ its     
comm5t>y f ! hi/orian or ! poet2 = z we 
are soon we>i$ ) a poem ^: fable &      
motives rea* u only by ! borr[$ light ( 
annex$ notes1 s we turn our eye         
discont5t$ f a picture or a /atue ^:    
mean+ dep5ds on ! *>ity ( a ,cic]one1 or
 mu/ be fet*$ f a book4  ,z ! condition 
t ea* "w ( art %\ld fully & ess5tially  
tell its own tale1 und\bt$ly n>r[s !    

quantity ( admissible objects1 s+ly     
tak51 to rem$y ?is1 to enl>ge ! range ( 
subjects1 ,inv5tion has contriv$ by a   
,cyclus or s]ies to tell ! mo/ important
 mom5ts ( a long /ory1 its beg9n+1 its  
middle1 & its end3 = ?\gh "s ( ^! may n1
 9 !mselves1 admit ( di/9ct             
discrim9ation1 !y may receive & imp>t   
light by connection4  ,( him :o         
und]takes ?us to p]sonify a tale1 ! fir/
 dem& is1 t 8 ,inv5tion dwell on ! firm 
basis ( ! /ory1 on its mo/ important &  
significant mom5ts1 or its pr9cipal     
actors4 ,next1 z ! nature ( ! art :i* is
 conf9$ to ! app>ition ( s+le mom5ts    
=ces him to leap _m int]m$iate ones1 he 
_c be said to h inv5t$ ) propriety1 if  
he neglect imp]ceptibly to fill ! *asm  
occasion$ by _! omission2 &1 f9ally1 t  
he %all n int]rupt or lose ! lead+ ?read
 ( 8 plan 9 que/ ( episodes1 9 ! display
 ( subord9ate or adv5titi\s beauties4   
,on ! obs]vation ( ^! rules dep5ds !    
p]spicuity ( 8 "w1 ! int]e/ we take 9 x1
 &1 consequ5tly1 all t c be ga9$ by !   

adoption ( a hi/oric s]ies4  ,:5 =m1    
col\r1 ) conception & execution1 are    
d$uct$ f a "w1 its subject1 ! unwr\ght  
/uff only1 ! nak$ mat]ials rema91 & ^!  
we divide into ?ree classes4  ,! fir/   
are positive1 advantage\s1 comm5surate )
 & adapt$ = ! art4 ,! :ole ( ! "w lies  
prep>$ 9 _! g]m1 & spontane\sly meets ! 
re>+ h& ( ! ,arti/4  ,! second class1   
compos$ ( subjects negative & un9t]e/+ 9
 !mselves1 dep5ds entirely on ! mann] ( 
treat+2 su* subjects owe :at !y c be to 
! g5ius ( ! ,arti/4  ,! repulsive1 !    
subjects :i* _c pron\nce _! own mean+1  
con/itute ! ?ird class4 ,on !m g5ius &  
tal5t are equally wa/$1 because ! he>t  
has no m$ium to r5d] !m intelligible4   
,ta/e & execution may recomm5d !m to our
 eye1 b nev] c make !m g5]ally          
impressive1 or /amp !m ) p]spicuity4    
,to beg9 ) advantage\s subjects1        
imm$iately above ! sc5es ( vulg> life1 (
 animals1 & common l&scape1 ! simple    
repres5tation ( actions purely human1   
appe>s to be z ne>ly relat$ to ! art z  

to ourselves2 _! effect is imm$iate2 !y 
want no explanation2 f !m1 !re=e1 we    
beg9 our scale4 ,! next /ep leads u to  
pure hi/oric subjects1 s+ly or 9 a      
s]ies2 beyond ^! ! del9eation ( "*1 or1 
prop]ly speak+1 ! drama1 invites2       
imm$iately above ?is we place ! epic )  
its my?ologic1 allegoric1 & symbolic    
bran*es4  ,on ^! f\r bran*es (          
,inv5tion1 z ,i h treat$ diffusely 9 !  
lecture publi%$ on ?is subject1 & s9ce  
successively 9 ^! prelections1 ,i %all n
 at pres5t circum/antially dwell1 b z   
succ9ctly z possible rem9d y only ( _!  
specific diff]5ce & elem5ts4  ,! fir/   
class1 :i*1 )\t mu* boldness ( metaphor1
 may be said to draw its sub/ance       
imm$iately f ! lap ( ,nature1 to be z   
elem5tal z h] emotions1 & ! passions by 
:i* %e sways u1 f9ds its e*o 9 all      
he>ts1 & imp>ts its *>m to e eye2 f !   
mutual c>esses ( mat]nal affection &    
infant simplicity1 ! :isp]s ( love or   
eruptions ( jeal\sy & rev5ge1 to !      
t]rors ( life1 /ruggl+ ) dang]1 or      

grappl+ ) dea?4 ,! ,madonnas ( ,raphael2
 ! ,ugol9o1 ! ,paolo & ,frances (       
,dante2 ! ,conflagration ( ! ,borgo2 !  
,niobe protect+ h] daught]2 ,hmon pi]c+ 
8 own brea/1 ) ,antigone hang+ dead f 8 
arm1#hj owe ! sympa?ies !y call =? to _!
 assimilat+ p[]1 & n to ! names !y be>3 
)\t names1 )\t ref]5ce to "t & place1 !y
 w\ld impress ) equal en]gy1 because !y 
f9d _! c\nt]p>t 9 e brea/1 & speak !    
language ( mank9d4 ,su* 7 ! ,phantasi ( 
! anci5ts1 :i* mod]n art1 by            
indiscrim9ate laxity ( application1 9   
:at is call$ ,fancy-,pictures1 has m    
debas$ ?an imitat$4 ,a "m's & a lov]'s  
kiss acquire _! value f ! lips !y press1
 & suff]+ de=mity m+les disgu/ ) pity4  
,hi/oric ,inv5tion adm9i/]s to tru?4    
,hi/ory1 z contradi/+ui%$ f arbitr>y or 
poetic n>ration1 tells u n :at might be1
 b :at is or 02 circumscribes !         
probable1 ! gr&1 & ! pa!tic1 ) tru? (   
"t1 place1 cu/om2 gives local habitation
 & a "n3 its ag5ts are ! pure organs ( a
 fact4 ,hi/oric plans1 :5 suffici5tly   

di/9ct to be told1 & f\nd$ on ! basis ( 
human nature1 h t pr]ogative ov] m]e    
natural imag]y1 t :il/ !y bespeak our   
sympa?y1 !y int]e/ our intellect4 ,we 7 
pleas$ ) ! =m] z m51 we are attract$ by 
?is z memb]s ( society3 b\nd r\nd )     
public & private connections & duties1  
taught curiosity by education1 we wi% to
 regulate our conduct by comp>isons (   
analog\s situations & simil> modes (    
society3 ^! ,hi/ory furni%es2           
transplants u into o!r times2 empires & 
revolutions ( empires pass be=e u )     
memorable facts & actors 9 _! tra9--!   
legislator1 ! philosoph]1 ! discov]]1 ! 
poli%]s ( life1 ! w>rior1 ! div9e1 are !
 pr9cipal inhabitants ( ?is soil3 x is  
p]haps unnecess>y to add1 t no?+        
trivial1 no?+ grovell+ or mean1 %\ld be 
suff]$ to approa* x4 ,?is is ! dep>tm5t 
( ,tacitus & ,p\ss94 ,! exhibition ( "* 
9 ! conflict ( passions ) ! rights1 !   
rules1 ! prejudices ( society1 is !     
legitimate sph]e ( dramatic inv5tion4 ,x
 inspires1 x agitates u by reflect$     

self-love1 ) pity1 t]ror1 hope & fe>2   
:atev] makes ev5ts1 & "t & place1 !     
m9i/]s ( "* & pa?os1 let fiction or     
reality compose ! tissue1 is its        
legitimate claim3 x di/+ui%es & raises  
itself above hi/oric repres5tation by   
lay+ ! *ief int]e/ on ! actors1 & m\ld+ 
! fact into m]e situations contriv$ = _!
 exhibition3 !y are ! end1 ?is ! m$ium4 
,su* is ! inv5tion ( ,sophocles &       
,%akspe>e1 & uni=mly t ( ,raphael4 ,!   
actors1 :o 9 ,p\ss9 & ! re/ ( hi/oric   
pa9t]s %9e by ! spl5d\r ( ! fact1       
reflect x 9 ,raphael ) unborr[$ rays3 !y
 are ! lum9\s object to :i* ! action    
po9ts4  ,( ! epic plan1 ! l(tie/ species
 ( human conception1 ! aim is to a/oni% 
:il/ x in/ructs2 x is ! sublime allegory
 ( a maxim4 ,"h ,inv5tion arranges a    
plan by g5]al ideas1 ! selection ( ! mo/
 prom95t features ( ,nature1 or         
fav\rable modes ( society1 visibly to   
sub/antiate "s great maxim4 ,if x admits
 hi/ory = its basis1 x hides ! limits 9 
its gr&eur2 if x select *>act]s to      

conduct its plan1 x is only 9 ! g5us1 _!
 features reflect1 _! passions are k9dl$
 by ! maxim1 & absorb$ 9 its univ]sal   
blaze3 at ?is elevation heav5 & e>? m+le
 _! b\nd>ies1 m5 are rais$ to demigods1 
& gods desc5d4 ,?is is ! sph]e ( ,hom]1 
,phidias1 & ,mi*ael ,agnolo4  ,allegory1
 or ! p]sonification ( invisible physic 
& metaphysic ideas1 ?\gh n bani%$ f !   
regions ( ,inv5tion1 is equally         
inadmissible 9 pure epic1 dramatic1 &   
hi/oric plans1 because1 :]ev] x ent]s1 x
 mu/ rule ! :ole4#ha ,x rules )         
propriety ! my/ic drama ( ! ,vatican1   
:]e ! *>act]s display$ are only ! v>i$  
in/rum5ts ( a my/]y by :i* ! *ur* 0     
e/abli%$1 & ,julio & ,leone are !       
allegoric image1 ! repres5tatives ( t   
*ur*2 b ! epic1 dramatic1 & hi/oric     
pa9t] embelli% ) poetry or del9eate )   
tru? :at ei!r 0 or is suppos$ to be     
real2 !y mu/ !re=e conduct _! plans by  
p]sonal & sub/antial ag5cy1 if !y mean  
to excite t cr$ibility1 )\t :i* x is n 9
 _! p[] to create an int]e/ 9 !         

spectator or ! read]4  ,t great         
pr9ciple1 ! necessity ( a moral t5d5cy  
or ( "s doctr9e useful to mank9d 9 !    
:ole ( an epic p]=mance1 admitt$1 are we
 !re=e to sacrifice ! uni=mity ( its    
p>ts1 & ?us to lose t cr$ibility :i*    
alone c impress u ) ! importance ( !    
maxim t dictat$ to ! poet n>ration & to 
! arti/ imag]y8 ,are ! ag5ts sometimes  
to be real be+s1 & sometimes ab/ract    
ideas8 ,is ! ,zeus ( ,hom]1 ( ^:        
almighty w ! b>d1 at ! v ?re%old ( 8    
poem1 proclaims himself only ! h]ald1 by
 ! purbl9d acut5ess ( a comm5tator1 to  
be turn$ into !r2 & ,juno1 j arriv+ f h]
 cele/ial toilet1 *ang$ into air1 to    
procure f _! my/ic embraces ! allegoric 
(fspr+ ( v]nal impregnation8 ,:5 ,m9]va1
 by h] weight1 makes ! *>iot ( ,diom$e  
groan1 & ,m>s w\nd$1 ro>s ) ! voice ( t5
 ?\s&1 are !y no?+ b ! symbol ( milit>y 
discipl9e1 & ! s\nd ( ! battle's ro>8 or
 ,ate1 seiz$ by h] hair1 & by ,zeus da%$
 f ! battlem5ts ( heav51 is %e only a   
metaphysic idea8 ,=bid x1 ,s5se6 ,z well

 might we say1 t ,milton1 :5 he call$ ! 
port]ess ( hell1 ,satan's daught]1 ,s91 
& 8 son & dread antagoni/1 ,dea?1 meant 
only to impress u ) ideas ( privation & 
non5tity1 & sacrific$ ! real ag5ts ( 8  
poem to an unskilful *oice ( names8 ,yet
 x is _! "n t has bewild]$ 8 comm5tator 
& biograph] 9 criticisms equally cold1  
repugnant & incongru\s1 on !            
admissibility & inadmissibility (       
allegory 9 poems ( suppos$ reality4 ,:at
 becomes ( ! int]e/ ! poet & ! arti/    
mean to excite 9 u1 if1 9 ! mom5t (     
read+ or contemplat+1 we d n believe :at
 ! "o tells & ! o!r %[s8 ,x is t magic  
:i* places on ! same basis ( exi/5ce1 & 
amalgamates ! my?ic or sup]human1 & !   
human p>ts ( ! ,ilias1 ( ,p>adise ,lo/1 
& ( ! ,si/9e ,*apel1 t enraptures1      
agitates1 & :irls u along z read]s or   
spectators4  ,:5 ,p\ss9 repres5t$       
,coriolanus 9 ! ,volscian camp1 he plac$
 be=e him 9 suppliant attitude 8 "m1    
wife1 & *ildr51 ) a tra9 ( ,roman       
matrons kneel+1 & beh9d !m ! erect &    

fr[n+ =m ( an arm$ female1 accompani$ by
 ano!r ) /ream+ hair1 recumb5t on a     
:eel4 ,on ^! two1 unse5 to all else1    
,coriolanus1 p]plex$ 9 ! extreme1 9 an  
attitude ( despair1 8 sword half drawn1 
z if to slay himself1 fixes 8 sc>$ eyes3
 :o discov]s n t he is 9 a trance1 & 9 !
 female w>rior recognises ! tutel>y     
g5ius ( ,rome1 & h] att5dant ,=tune1 to 
t]rify him into compliance8 ,%all we    
disgrace ) ! frigid conceit ( an        
allegory ! p[]ful inv5tion :i* disclos$ 
to ! pa9t]'s eye ! agitation 9 !        
,roman's brea/ & ! prop] mom5t =        
fiction8 ,:o is n /ruck by ! sublimity (
 a vision :i*1 )\t dim9i%+ ! cr$ibility 
( ! fact1 adds to its importance1 &     
raises ! h]o1 by mak+ him submit n to ! 
impulse ( private ties1 b to ! imp]i\s  
de/9y ( 8 c\ntry8  ,among ! paltry      
subt]fuges contriv$ by dulness to       
palliate ! want ( inv5tion1 ! labori\s  
p$antry ( emblems ranks =emo/1 by :i*   
arbitr>y & conv5tional signs h be5      
sub/itut$ = "* & expression4 ,if !      

ass]tion ( ,s4 ,johnson1 t ! pla/ic arts
 c illu/rate1 b _c in=m1 be false z a   
g5]al maxim1 x ga9s an air ( tru? )     
reg>d to ?is hi]oglyphic mode ( ex*ang+ 
sub/ance = signs2 & ! /ory :i* he adds 9
 pro(1 ( a "y girl's mi/ak+ ! usual     
figure ( ,ju/ice ) a /eel-y>d = a       
*]ry-woman1 becomes "h appropriate4 ,!  
*ild _h se5 _m /all & m>ket-wom51 &     
always ) a /eel-y>d or a pair ( scales1 
b nev] a figure ( ,ju/ice2 & x might z  
well be pret5d$ t "o n initiat$ 9 !     
,egyptian my/]ies %\ld discov] 9 !      
,sc>abu ( an obelisk ! summ] sol/ice1 z 
t a *ild1 a girl1 or a man n acqua9t$ ) 
,cs> ,ripa1 or "s o!r emblem-co9]1 %\ld 
f9d 9 a female hold+ a balance ov] h]   
eyes1 9 ano!r ) a bridle 9 h] h&1 9 a   
?ird lean+ on a brok5 pill>1 & 9 a f\r? 
load$ ) *ildr51 ! symbols ( ,ju/ice1    
,temp]ance1 ,=titude & ,*>ity4 ,if ^!   
signs be at all admissible1 !y ought1 at
 lea/1 to receive z mu* light f ! =m1 ! 
"*1 & expression ( ! figures !y         
accompany1 z !y reflect on !m1 else !y  

become burlesque1 in/ead ( be+          
attributes4 ,?\gh ?is rage = emblem did 
n become epidemic be=e ! lapse ( !      
sixte5? c5tury1 :5 ! ,cavali]i ( ! art1 
! ,zuc*>i1 ,vas>i & ,porta's und]took to
 deliv] m "w ?an _! bra9s c\ld furni% ) 
?\ght1 yet ev5 ! philosoph]s ( ! art1 9 
! classic days ( ,julio & ,leo1 _c be   
said to h be5 entirely free f x4 ,:at   
analogy is !re betwe5 an o/ri* at ! side
 ( a female ) a balance 9 h] h&1 & !    
idea ( ,ju/ice8 ,yet ?us has ,raphael   
repres5t$ h] 9 a /anza ( ! ,vatican4    
,nor has he be5 con/ant to ! same       
emblem1 z on ! ceil+ ( ano!r /anza1 he  
has introduc$ h] ) a scale1 & arm$ ) a  
sword4 ,! ,night ( ,m4 ,agnolo1 on !    
,m$icean tombs1 might c]ta9ly be tak5 = 
:at %e pr(esses to be1 )\t ! assi/ance (
 ! mask1 ! poppies1 & ! owl at h] feet1 
= ! dom9ion ( sleep is p]sonifi$ 9 h]   
expression & po/ure3 p]haps ev5 h]      
beautiful companion1 ^: fa9tly /ret*+   
attitude & half-op5$ eyes express !     
symptoms ( approa*+ morn1 might be      

conceiv$ = its repres5tative2#hb b no   
/ret* ( fancy c1 9 _! male associates1  
rea* ! symbols ( full day & eve1 or 9 ! 
females ( ! monum5t ( ,julio ,,ii4 !    
ideas ( contemplative & active life4    
,to means s arbitr>y1 confus$ &         
prec>i\s1 ! anci5ts nev] desc5d$3 _!    
g5]al ideas _h an uni=m & g5]al typus1  
:i* inv5tion nev] presum$ to alt] or to 
transgress2 b ?is typus lay less 9 !    
attributes ?an 9 ! "* & =m4 ,! inv]t$   
tor* & moon-fl[] 7 ! accompanim5ts1 & n 
! sub/itutes1 ( ,dea? & ,sleep2 nei!r   
,psy*e nor ,victory dep5d$ on h] w+s4   
,m]cury 0 recogniz$ )\t ! caduceus or   
purse1 & ,apollo )\t 8 b[ or lyre2 v>i\s
 & simil>1 ! bran*es ( "o family1 _!    
lead+ l9es desc5d$ f t full type (      
maje/y :i* ,phidias1 ! ar*itect ( gods1 
_h /amp$ on 8 ,jupit]4 ,:e!r we ought to
 consid] ! son ( ,*>midas z ! inv5tor or
 ! regulator ( ?is supreme & irremovable
 /&>d1 matt]s n1 f him ! anci5t writ]s  
date ! epo* ( my?ic inv5tion2 no        
revolutions ( /yle *ang$ ! "* ( 8 =ms1  

tal5t only poli%$ ) m or less success   
:at 8 laws _h e/abli%$4 ,phidias1 says  
,qu9tilian1 0 fram$ to =m gods2         
,phidias1 says ,pl9y1 gave 9 8 ,jupit] a
 new motive to religion4  ,:e!r or n1   
aft] ! re/oration ( art1 ! ,supreme     
,be+1 ! et]nal ess5ce ( incompreh5sible 
p]fection1 ought ev] to h be5 approa*$  
by ! feeble ef=ts ( human conception1 x 
is n my (fice to discuss1 p]haps x ought
 n--b s9ce x has1 z ! ,roman ,*ur* has  
embodi$ div9e sub/ance1 & call$ on our  
arts = an auxili>y1 x 0 to be expect$ t1
 to make assi/ance effectual1 a full    
type1 a supreme /&>d ( =m1 %\ld h be5   
e/abli%$ = ! au?or & ! ag5ts ( ! sacr$  
circle3 b1 be x f ! tyranny ( religi\s  
b>b>ians1 or inability1 or to avoid !   
imputation ( copy+ ea* o!r1 pa9t]s &    
sculptors1 widely diff]+ among !mselves 
9 ! conception ( div9e or sa9t$ =m & "*1
 agree 9 no?+ b attributes & symbols3   
triangul> glories1 angelic m9i/ry &     
m9/relsy1 ! col\rs ( ! drap]y2 ! cross1 
! spe>1 ! /igmata2 ! desc5d+ dove2 9    

implem5ts ( ecclesia/ic p[] or in/rum5ts
 ( m>tyrdom4  ,! ,biblic expression1 z x
 is translat$1 ( ! ,anci5t ( ,days--:i* 
means1 ,he t exi/$ be=e "t1 furni%$ !   
primitive arti/s1 in/ead ( an image (   
supreme maje/y1 only ) ! ho>y image (   
age3 & su* a figure borne along by a    
globe ( angels1 & cr[n$ ) a k9d (       
episcopal mitre1 recurs on ! bronzes (  
,lor5zo ,ghib]ti4 ,! sublime m9d ( ,m4  
,agnolo1 so>+ beyond ! idea (           
decrepitude & puny =mality1 /rove to =m 
a type 9 ! elem5tal en]gy ( ! ,creator (
 ,adam1 & d>t$ life f ,8 ext5d$ h&1 b 9 
! ,creator ( ,eve sunk aga9 to ! idea ( 
age4 ,raphael /rove to comp\nd a =m f   
,m4 ,angelo & 8 pr$ecessors1 to comb9e  
en]gy & rapidity ) age3 9 ! ,loggia he  
foll[s ,m4 ,agnolo1 9 ! ,/anza ! prior  
arti/s2 "h 8 gods are affable & mild1   
!re rapid1 & p]haps m viol5t ?an        
en]getic4 ,aft] ^! two great names1 x 7 
pr(anation to "n ! attempts ( _!        
successors4  ,! same fluctuation        
p]plexes ! effigy ( ! ,savi\r4 ,lion>do 

da ,v9ci attempt$ to unite p[] ) calm   
s]5ity1 b 9 ! ,la/ ,supp] alone presses 
on our he>ts by humanity ( c\nt5ance4 ,!
 ,infant ,*ri/ ( ,m4 ,agnolo is a       
sup]human conception1 b z man & ,r$eem] 
) 8 cross1 9 ! ,m9]va1 he is a figure z 
mann]$ 9 =m & attitude1 z av]t+ by /]n  
sev]ity2 &1 z ! ,judge ( ,mank9d 9 !    
,la/ ,judgm5t1 he seems to me z unwor?y 
( ! arti/'s m9d z ( 8 ma/]-h&4 ,! ,*ri/s
 ( ,raphael1 z infants1 are seldom m ?an
 lovely *ildr52 z a man1 ! pa9t] has    
pois$ ,8 =m betwe5 *ur* tradition & !   
dignifi$ mildness ( 8 own "*4  ,two     
extremes appe> to h co-op]at$ to imp$e !
 e/abli%m5t ( a type 9 ! =mation ( !    
,savi\r3 by "o ,he is conv]t$ into a "* 
( my?ology1 ! o!r debases ,him to !     
dregs ( mank9d4  ,! "* correspond+ ) t (
 ,*ri/1 says ,m5gs1#hc ought to be a    
comp\nd ( ! *>act]s ( ,jupit] & (       
,apollo1 all[+ only = ! accid5tal       
expression ( ! mom5t4 ,:at magic %all   
amalgamate ! sup]human airs ( ,rhea's & 
,latona's sons1 ) pati5ce 9 suff]+ &    

resignation8 ,! critic 9 8 exultation   
=got ! lead+ feature ( 8                
,ma/]--condesc5d+ humility4 ,9 ! race ( 
,jupit] maje/y is (t5 temp]$ by         
emanations ( beauty & ( grace1 b nev]   
s(t5$ to w>m humanity4 ,"h lies !       
knot3--  ,! ,savi\r ( mank9d ext5d+ 8   
arm to relieve1 )\t visible means1 !    
afflict$1 ! hopeless1 ! dy+1 ! dead1 is 
a subject t visits ) awe ! brea/ ( e "o 
:o calls himself aft] ,8 "n2 ! arti/ is 
9 ! sph]e ( adoration4  ,an exalt$ sage 
desc5d+ to e b5efic5t (fice ( humanity1 
in/ruct+ ignorance1 n only =giv+ b      
excus+ outrage1 press+ 8 enemy to 8     
brea/1 comm&s ! sympa?y ( e man1 ?\gh he
 be no believ]2 ! arti/ is 9 ! sph]e (  
s5tim5t4  ,b a mean man1 m>k$ ) !       
features ( a mean race1 surr\nd$ by a   
begg>ly1 ill-%ap$ rabble & /upid        
cr[ds--may be mi/ak5 = a juggl]1 t      
claims ! att5tion ( no man4 ,( ?is let  
,art bew>e4  ,f ^! obs]vations on       
positive we n[ proce$ to ! class (      
negative subjects4 ,negative we call ^? 

:i* 9 !mselves possess little t is      
significant1 hi/orically true or        
attractive1 pa!tic or sublime1 :i* leave
 our he>t & fancy li/less & 9 apa?y1    
?\gh by ! art ) :i* !y are execut$ !y   
allure & reta9 ! eye3 "h1 if ev]1 !     
arti/ creates 8 own "w1 9 rais+1 by     
+5i\s comb9ation1 t to a positive       
subject :i* 9 its p>ts is none1 or m]ely
 passive4  ,! fir/ rank among ^! claims 
t my/ic class ( monum5tal pictures1     
allusive to my/]ies ( religion &        
religi\s in/itutions1 asylums1 *>ities2 
or votive pictures ( ^? :o d$icate (f]+s
 ( gratitude = life sav$ or happ9ess    
conf]r$3 9 ^! ! male & female patrons ( 
su* cre$s1 societies & p]sons1 prophets1
 apo/les1 sa9ts1 w>riors & doctors1 ) & 
)\t ! donor or ! suppliant1 comb9e 9    
apposition or gr\ps1 & are suff]$ to    
flank ea* o!r )\t incurr+ ! indignation 
due to ana*ronism1 z !y are always plac$
 9 ! pres5ce ( ! ,div9e ,be+1 be=e :om !
 di/ance ( epo*s1 place & races1 !      
cu/oms1 dress & habits ( diff]5t        

nations1 are suppos$ to vani%2 & !      
pres5t1 pa/ & future to exi/ 9 ! same   
mom5t4  ,^!1 :i* ! simplicity (         
primitive art dismiss$ )\t m inv5tion   
?an elevat+ ! ,madonna ) ! infant       
,savi\r1 & arrang+ ! sa9ts & suppliants 
9 =mal p>allels b5ea?1 ! g5ius ( great] 
ma/]s (t51 ?\gh n always1 trans=m$ to   
organs ( sublimity1 or connect$ 9 an    
assemblage ( int]e/+ & highly pleas+    
gr\ps1 by inv5t+ a congru\s action or   
sc5]y1 :i* spread w>m? ov] a subject t1 
simply consid]$1 ?reat5$ to freeze !    
behold]4 ,let u give an in/ance4  ,!    
,madonna1 call$ ,dell' ,impannato1 by   
,raphael1 is "o ( ^!3 x is s call$      
because he introduc$ 9 ! back-gr\nd !   
old ,italian l95 or pap] w9d[4 ,m>ia is 
repres5t$ /&+ or rais+ h]self to (f] !  
,infant to ,/4 ,elizabe?1 :o /ret*es out
 h] arms to receive him4 ,m>y ,magdal5  
beh9d1 & b5d+ ov] h]1 po9ts to ,/4      
,john1 & c>esses ! *ild2 he ) infant9e  
joy escapes f h] t\*1 & look+ at h]1    
leaps up to 8 "m's neck4 ,/4 ,john1 z ! 

pr9cipal figure1 is plac$ 9 ! =e-gr\nd  
on a leop>d's sk91 & ) rais$ h& seems to
 prophesy ( ,*ri/2 he appe>s to be eight
 or t5 ye>s old1 ,*ri/ sc>cely two4 ,at 
?is ana*ronism1 or ! mu* bold] "o       
committ$ 9 ! admission ( ,m4 ,magdal51  
:o 0 probably y\ng] ?an ,*ri/1 ^? only w
 be %ock$ :o h n consid]$ ! nature ( a  
votive picture3 ?is 0 d$icat$ to ,/4    
,john1 z ! tutel>y sa9t ( ,flor5ce1 &   
be=e x 0 transf]r$ to ! ,pitti ,gall]y1 
0 ! alt>-piece 9 a dome/ic *apel ( !    
,m$icean family4#hd  ,! great] "p ( ?is 
audi5ce are acqua9t$1 "s are famili>1 ) 
! celebrat$ pa9t+ ( ,correggio1 =m]ly   
treasur$ 9 ! ,pilotta ( ,p>ma2          
transport$ to ! ,l\vre & aga9 replac$4  
,9 ! inv5tion ( ?is "w1 :i* exhibits ,/4
 ,j]ome1 to :om x is d$icat$1 pres5t+ 8 
translation ( ! ,scriptures1 by ! h& (  
an angel1 to ! infant seat$ 9 ! lap ( ! 
,madonna1 ! patron ( ! piece is         
sacrific$ 9 place to ! female & angelic 
gr\p :i* occupies ! middle4 ,! figure t 
*iefly attracts1 has1 by its suavity1 = 

c5turies attract$1 & /ill absorbs !     
g5]al eye1 is t *>m+ "o ( ! ,magdal51 9 
a half kneel+1 half recumb5t po/ure1    
press+ ! foot ( ,jesus to h] lips4 ,by  
do+ ?is1 ! pa9t] has1 und\bt$ly1 (f]$ to
 ! ,graces ! bolde/ & mo/ enam\r$       
sacrifice :i* !y ev] receiv$ f art4 ,he 
has be5 rew>d$1 accord+ly1 = !          
impropriety ( h] usurp+ ! fir/ glance1  
:i* ought to fix itself on ! ,div9ity1 &
 ! ,sa9t vani%es 9 ! amor\s gaze on h]  
*>ms4 ,if ! ,magdal5 has long possess$ !
 "r ( be+ pres5t :]e ! ,madonna         
presides1 %e ought to assi/ ! purpose ( 
! picture 9 subord9ate entreaty2 h]     
action %\ld h be5 t ( supplication2 z x 
is1 x is ! effusion ( fondl+1 unmix$    
love4  ,! true m$ium betwe5 dry         
apposition & exub]ant contra/1 appe>s to
 h be5 kept by ,titian1 9 an alt>-piece 
( ! ,franciscans1 or ,frati1 9 spite (  
,fr5* selection1 /ill at ,v5ice2 & ( :i*
 ! simple gr&eur has be5 balanc$ by     
,reynolds aga9/ ! artificial spl5d\r (  
,rub5s 9 a simil> subject4 ,x probably 0

 :at x repres5ts1 ! ?anks-(f]+ ( a noble
 family1 = "s victory obta9$1 or conque/
 made 9 ! ,morea4 ,! heads ( ! family1  
male & female1 pres5t$ by ,/4 ,francis1 
occupy ! two w+s ( ! composition1       
kneel+1 & ) h&s jo9$ 9 pray]1 9         
attitudes ne>ly p>allel4 ,elevat$ 9 !   
c5tre1 ,/4 ,pet] /&s at ! alt>1 betwe5  
two columns1 8 h& 9 ! ,gospel-book1 !   
keys be=e him1 address+ ! suppliants4   
,above him1 to ! "r1 appe>s ! ,madonna1 
hold+ ! infant1 & ) b5ign c\nt5ance1    
seems to sanction ! c]emony4 ,two /ripl+
 *]ubs on an airy cl\d1 "r ov] ! c5tre1 
re> ! cross2 an arm$ w>rior ) ! /&>d (  
victory1 & beh9d him a turban$ ,turk or 
,moor1 approa* f ! left & r\nd ! :ole4  
,su* is ! inv5tion ( a "w1 :i*1 :il/ x  
fills ! m9d1 refuses utt]ance to words2 
( :i* x is difficult to say1 :e!r x     
subdue m by simplicity1 comm& by        
dignity1 p]suade by propriety1 assuage  
by repose1 or *>m by contra/4 ,a great  
"p ( ^! gr\ps consi/s ( portraits 9     
habilim5ts ( ! "t1 deep1 vivid1         

brilliant2 b all are completely subject 
to ! tone ( gravity t emanates f !      
c5tre2 a sacr$ sil5ce enwraps ! :ole2   
all gleams & no?+ fla%es4 ,/eady to 8   
purpose1 & p5etrat$ by 8 motive1 ?\gh   
brood+ ov] e "p ( 8 "w1 ! arti/ appe>s  
n[h]e4#he  ,next to ?is high] class (   
negative subjects1 ?\gh mu* l[]1 may be 
plac$ ! magnific5ce ( ornam5tal pa9t+1 !
 pomp\s ma*9]y ( ,paolo ,v]onese1       
,pietro da ,cortona1 & ,rub5s4 ,spl5d\r1
 contra/1 & pr(usion1 are ! spr+s ( its 
inv5tion4 ,! pa9t]1 n ! /ory1 is !      
pr9cipal subject "h4 ,dazzl$ by piles ( 
,palladian ar*itecture1 tables set out )
 regal luxury1 t]rasses ( plate1 cr[ds (
 ,v5etian nobles1 pages1 dw>fs1         
gold-coll>$ ,moors1 & *oirs ( vocal &   
in/rum5tal music1 embr[n$ & tun$ by     
m]idian skies1 :at eye has "t to        
discov]1 9 ! brilliant *aos1 ! visit (  
,*ri/ to ,simon ! ,ph>isee1 or ! sob]   
nuptials ( ,canah8 b :5 ! *>m dissolves1
 ?\gh av[$ly wond]s ( disposition1      
col\r1 & unlimit$ p[]s ( all-grasp+     

execution1 if consid]$ 9 any o!r light  
?an z ! luxuri\s trapp+s ( o/5tati\s    
weal?1 judgm5t mu/ pron\nce !m om9\s    
pl$ges ( irreclaimable depravity ( ta/e1
 glitt]+ masses ( port5t\s incongruities
 & colossal baubles4  ,! next place to  
repres5tation ( pomp among negative     
subjects1 b f> bel[1 we assign to       
,portrait4 ,n t *>act]i/ic portrait by  
:i* ,silanion1 9 ! face ( ,apollodorus1 
p]sonifi$ habitual indignation2         
,apelles1 9 ,alex&]1 sup]human ambition2
 ,raphael1 9 ,julio ! ,i,id41 pontifical
 fi]c5ess2 ,titian1 9 ,paul ,i,i,id41   
te/y age ) prie/ly subtlety2 & 9        
,ma*iavelli & ,cs> ,borgia1 ! wily      
features ( conspiracy & treason4--,n t  
portrait by :i* ,rub5s contra/$ !       
physiognomy ( philosophic & classic     
acut5ess ) t ( g5ius 9 !                
conv]sation-piece ( ,grotius1 ,meursius1
 ,lipsius1 & himself2 n ! nice &        
delicate discrim9ations ( ,v&yk1 nor t  
p[] :i*1 9 our days1 sub/antiat$ hum\r 9
 ,/]ne1 com$y 9 ,g>rick1 & m5tal &      

corporeal /rife1 to use 8 own words1 9  
,samuel ,johnson4 ,on t broad basis1    
portrait takes its exalt$ place betwe5  
hi/ory & ! drama4 ,! portrait ,i mean is
 t common "o1 z widely spread z conf9$ 9
 its pr9ciple2 ! remembranc] (          
insignificance1 m]e human resemblance1 9
 attitude )\t action1 features )\t      
mean+1 dress )\t drap]y1 & situation )\t
 propriety4 ,! aim ( ! arti/ & ! sitt]'s
 wi% are conf9$ to ext]nal lik5ess2 t   
deep]1 nobl] aim1 ! p]sonification ( "*1
 is nei!r requir$1 nor1 if obta9$1      
recognis$4 ,! bett] arti/1 condemn$ to  
?is task1 c "h only di/+ui% himself f 8 
dull] bro!r by execution1 by invok+ !   
assi/ance ( back-gr\nd1 *i>oscuro &     
picturesque effects1 & ?us sometimes    
produces a "w :i* delights ! eye1 &     
leaves u1 :il/ we lam5t !               
misapplication1 ) a /rong impression ( 8
 p[]2 him we see1 n ! insignificant     
individual t usurps ! c5tre1 "o we nev] 
saw1 c>e n if we nev] see1 & if we d1   
rememb] n1 = 8 head c p]sonify no?+ b 8 

opul5ce or 8 pret5ce2 x is furniture4   
,if any bran* ( art be once debas$ to a 
m]e article ( fa%ionable furniture1 x w 
seldom elevate itself above ! ta/e & !  
caprice ( ! own]1 or ! dictates (       
fa%ion2 = its success dep5ds on bo?2 &  
?\gh !re be n a bauble ?r[n by !        
sportive h& ( fa%ion :i* ta/e may n cat*
 to advantage1 x w seldom be all[$ to d 
x1 if fa%ion dictate ! mode4 ,s9ce      
lib]ty & comm]ce h m levell$ ! ranks (  
society1 & m equally diffus$ opul5ce1   
private importance has be5 increas$1    
family connections & atta*m5ts h be5 m  
num]\sly =m$1 & h5ce portrait pa9t+1 :i*
 =m]ly 0 ! exclusive prop]ty ( pr9ces1  
or a tribute to beauty1 pr[ess1 g5ius1  
tal5t1 & di/+ui%$ "*1 is n[ become a k9d
 ( family cal5d>1 engross$ by ! mutual  
*>ities ( p>5ts1 *ildr51 bro!rs1        
nephews1 c\s9s1 & relatives ( all       
col\rs4  ,to portrait pa9t+1 ?us        
circum/anc$1 we subjo91 z ! la/ bran* ( 
un9t]e/+ subjects1 t k9d ( l&scape :i*  
is entirely occupi$ ) ! tame del9eation 

( a giv5 spot2 an enum]ation ( hill &   
dale1 clumps ( trees1 %rubs1 wat]1      
mead[s1 cottages1 & h\ses1 :at is       
commonly call$ ,views4 ,^!1 if n assi/$ 
by nature1 dictat$ by ta/e1 or *os5 =   
"*1 may delight ! own] ( ! acres !y     
enclose1 ! inhabitants ( ! spot1 p]haps 
! antiqu>y or ! travell]1 b to e o!r eye
 !y are little m ?an topography4 ,!     
l&scape ( ,titian1 ( ,mola1 ( ,salvator1
 ( ! ,p\ss9s1 ,claude1 ,rub5s1          
,elzheim]1 ,rembr&t & ,wilson1 spurns   
all relation ) ?is k9d ( map-"w4 ,to !m1
 nature disclos$ h] bosom 9 ! v>i$ light
 ( ris+1 m]idian1 sett+ suns2 9         
twilight1 night & dawn4 ,height1 dep?1  
solitude1 /rike1 t]rify1 absorb1 bewild]
 9 _! sc5]y4 ,we tread on classic or    
romantic gr\nd1 or w&] ?r\gh !          
*>act]i/ic gr\ps ( ri* cong5ial objects4
 ,! usual *oice ( ! ,dut* s*ool1 :i*    
frequ5tly exhibits no m ?an ! transcript
 ( a spot1 bord]s1 inde$1 ne>] on !     
negative k9d ( l&scape2 b imitation w n 
be entitl$ to ! pleasure we receive1 or 

! admiration we be/[1 on _! g5ial works1
 till x has le>nt to give an air ( *oice
 to necessity1 to imitate _! hues1      
spread _! masses1 & to rival ! t\* ( _! 
p5cil4  ,subjects :i* _c 9 _! :ole      
compass be br\ght be=e ! eye1 :i* appeal
 = ! be/ "p ( _! mean+ to ! erudition ( 
! spectator & ! ref9em5ts ( s5tim5tal   
en?usiasm1 seem equally to defy ! p[]s (
 inv5tion4 ,! lab\r ( dis5tangl+ ! =m]1 
dissolves ! mom5t>y magic ( ! fir/      
impression1 & leaves u cold3 ! second   
evaporates "u ! gross] t\* ( s5sual art4
 ,x may be m ?an d\bt$ :e!r !           
resignation ( ,alce/is c ev] be made    
intuitive3 ! pa?os ( ! /ory consi/s 9 ! 
h]oic resolution ( ,alce/is to save h]  
husb&'s life by resign+ h] own4 ,n[ !   
art c %[ no m ?an ,alce/is dy+3 ! cause 
( h] dea?1 h] elevation ( m9d1 !        
dis9t]e/$ h]oism ( h] resolution to die1
 are beyond its p[]4  ,raffaelle's      
celebrat$ ,donation ( ! ,keys to ,/4    
,pet] 9 ! ,c>toon be=e u1 z             
ineffectually /ruggles ) m ?an !        

irremovable obscurity1 ) ! ambiguity ( !
 subject3 a num]\s gr\p ( grave & dev\t 
*>act]s1 9 attitudes ( anxi\s debate &  
eag] curiosity1 press =w>d to witness ! 
behe/s ( a p]son :o1 ) "o h&1 seems to h
 consign$ two massy keys to _! =emo/    
companion on 8 knees1 & ) ! o!r h& po9ts
 to a flock ( %eep1 graz+ beh9d4 ,:at   
associat+ p[] c f9d ! connection betwe5 
^? keys & ! pa/ur+ h]d8 or discov] 9 an 
obtrusive allegory ! only real motive ( 
! emotions t inspire ! apo/olic gr\p8 ! 
arti/'s mo/ det]m9$ admir]1 if n ! slave
 ( pontifical au?ority1 ready to        
transub/antiate :atev] comes be=e him1  
mu/ conf9e 8 homage to ! p[] t int]e/s u
 9 a composition )\t a subject4         
,p\ss9's extoll$ picture ( ! ,te/am5t ( 
,eudamidas is ano!r pro( ( ! inefficacy 
to repres5t ! en?usiasm ( s5tim5t by !  
ef=ts ( art4 ,! figures h simplicity1 ! 
expression en]gy1 x is well compos$1 9  
%ort1 x possesses e requisite b t :i*   
alone c\ld make x :at x pret5ds to      
be3--y see an eld]ly man on 8 dea?-b$2 a

 physician1 p5sive1 ) 8 h& on ! man's   
brea/1 8 wife & daught] desolate at !   
foot ( ! b$2 "o1 :o resembles a not>y1  
eag]ly writ+2 a buckl] & a lance on !   
wall2 & ! simple implem5ts ( ! sc5e1    
tell u ! =m] occupation & ! circum/ances
 ( ,eudamidas2--b 8 legacy--! secure    
reliance on ! fri5d to :om he bequea?s 8
 daught]--! noble acceptance &          
magnanimity ( t fri5d1--^! we ought to  
see1 & seek 9 va9 = !m2 :at is repres5t$
 9 ! picture may be z well appli$ to any
 o!r man :o di$1 made a w1 & left a     
daught] & a wife1 z to ! ,cor9?ian      
,eudamidas4  ,?is is n ! only in/ance 9 
:i* ,p\ss9 has mi/ak5 erudition & detail
 ( circum/ances = evid5ce4 ,!           
,exposition ( ,infant ,moses on ! ,nile1
 is a picture z mu* celebrat$ z ! =m]3 a
 woman %oves a *ild plac$ 9 a basket f !
 %ore4 ,a man m\rnfully p5sive walks (f 
foll[$ by a boy :o turns t[>ds ! woman &
 connects ! gr\ps2 a girl 9 ! back-gr\nd
 po9ts to a di/ance1 :]e we discov] !   
,egyptian pr9cess1 & ?us anticipate !   

fate ( ! *ild4 ,! /atue ( a riv] god    
recumb5t on ! sph9x1 a t[n ) l(ty       
temples1 pyramids & obelisks1 tell      
,memphis & ! ,nile2 & smok+ brick-kilns 
/ill ne>] allude to ! s]vitude & toil ( 
,israel 9 ,egypt3 n "o circum/ance is   
omitt$ t c\ld contribute to expla9 !    
mean+ ( ! :ole2 b ! repulsive subject   
completely baffl$ ! pa9t]'s endeav\r to 
%[ ! real motive ( ! action4 ,we _c     
p5etrate ! cause t =ces ^! p to expose !
 *ild on ! riv]1 & h5ce our sympa?y &   
p>ticipation langui%1 we turn f a       
subject t gives u dang] )\t fe>1 to     
admire ! expression ( ! p>ts1 ! classic 
elegance1 ! h>mony ( col\rs1 ! ma/]y (  
execution4         99       99       99 
99       99  ,! importance ( "s second>y
 po9ts ( inv5tion1 ( sc5]y1 back-gr\nd1 
drap]y1 ornam5t1 is frequ5tly su*1 t1   
indep5d5t ( ! want ( m ess5tial p>ts1 if
 possess$ 9 a v em95t degree1 !y h s+ly 
rais$ f insignificance to e/eem1 names t
 _h few o!r rights to consid]ation2 &   
neglect$1 9 spite ( sup]ior             

compreh5sion1 9 ! *oice or conception ( 
a subject1 9 defiance ( /yle & p]haps ( 
col\r1 ( expression1 & sometimes        
composition1 (t5 h left little b apa?y  
to ! contemplation ( works produc$ by m5
 ( sup]ior grasp & ess5tial excell5ce4  
,few] w\ld admire ,p\ss9 7 he depriv$ ( 
8 sc5]y1 ?\gh ,i %all n ass]t ) ,m5gs1 t
 9 8 works ! subject is m frequ5tly !   
app5dix ?an ! pr9ciple ( ! back-gr\nd2  
:at "r c\ld ! great] "p ( ,&rea del     
,s>to's hi/oric compositions claim to   
our att5tion1 if depriv$ ( ! p>allelism1
 ! repose & space 9 :i* 8 figures are   
arrang$1 or ! ample drap]ies t inve/ !m1
 & hide ) solemn simplicity _! vulg>ity 
( "* & limbs3 x (t5 requires no         
inconsid]able degree ( m5tal p[] &      
te*nic discrim9ation to sep>ate !       
sublimity ( ,mi*ael ,agnolo1 & ! pa?os (
 ,raffaelle f ! total neglect or !      
incongruities ( sc5]y & back-gr\nd1 :i* 
frequ5tly involve or clog _!            
conceptions1 to add by fancy ! place on 
:i* _! figures ought to /&1 ! horizon t 

ought to elevate or surr\nd !m1 & !     
masses ( light & %ade indol5tly neglect$
 or sacrific$ to high] pr9ciples4 ,h[   
deeply ! importance ( sc5]y & situation1
 ) _! prop] degree ( f9i%1 7 felt by    
,tiziano1 be=e & aft] 8 emancipation f !
 %ackles ( ,giov4 ,bell9o1 e "w ( 8 dur+
 ! c\rse ( ne>ly a c5t5>y practice      
proves3 to select two f all1 ! ,m>tyrdom
 ( ! ,dom9ican ,pet]1 t summ>y ( 8      
accumulat$ p[]s1 & ! ,pres5tation ( !   
,virg91 "o ( 8 fir/ hi/oric essays1 owe1
 if n all1 _! greate/ effect1 to sc5]y3 
l(t9ess & solitude ( site assi/ !       
sublimity ( ! desc5d+ vision to         
consecrate ! actors beyond :at _!       
*>act]s & /yle ( limbs c\ld claim1 &    
r5d] ! fir/ an object ( submissive      
admiration1 :il/ its simple gr&eur r5d]s
 ! second "o ( *e]ful & indulg5t        
acquiesc5ce2 & reconciles u to a detail 
( portrait-pa9t+1 & ! impropriety (     
associat+ dome/ic & vulg> imag]y ) a    
consecrat$ subject4  ,x is = ^! reasons 
t ! importance ( sc5]y & back-gr\nd has 

be5 s mu* insi/$ on by ,reynolds2 :o    
frequ5tly decl>$1 t :atev] prep>atory   
assi/ance he might admit 9 ! drap]ies or
 o!r p>ts ( 8 figures1 he always made x 
a po9t to keep ! arrangem5t ( ! sc5]y1 !
 disposition & ultimate f9i% ( !        
back-gr\nd to himself4  ,by ! *oice &   
sc5]y ( ! back-gr\nd we are frequ5tly   
enabl$ to judge h[ f> a pa9t] ent]$ into
 8 subject1 :e!r he und]/ood its nature1
 to :at class x belong$1 :at impression 
x 0 capable ( mak+1 :at passion x 0     
calculat$ to r\se3 ! s$ate1 ! solemn1 ! 
sev]e1 ! awful1 ! t]rible1 ! sublime1 ! 
placid1 ! solit>y1 ! pleas+1 ! gay1 are 
/amp$ by x4 ,sometimes x ought to be    
negative1 entirely subord9ate1 rec$+ or 
%r9k+ into itself2 sometimes m positive1
 x acts1 invigorates1 assi/s ! subject1 
& claims att5tion2 sometimes its =ms1   
sometimes its col\r ought to comm&4--,a 
subject 9 itself bord]+ on ! usual or   
common1 may become sublime or pa!tic by 
! back-gr\nd alone1 & a sublime or      
pa!tic "o may become trivial & un9t]e/+ 

by x3 a female lean+ h] head on h] h& on
 a rock might easily sugge/ itself to   
any pa9t] ( portrait1 b ! means ( mak+  
?is figure int]e/+ to ^? :o are n       
conc]n$ 9 ! lik5ess1 7 n to be pick$ f !
 mixtures ( ! palette3 ,reynolds f\nd ! 
secret 9 contra/+ ! tranquillity &      
repose ( ! p]son by a tempe/u\s sea & a 
/ormy %ore 9 ! di/ance2 & 9 ano!r female
 contemplat+ a tremul\s sea by a placid 
moonlight1 he connect$ elegance )       
sympa?y & desire4  ,:atev] connects !   
individual ) ! elem5ts1 :e!r by abrupt  
or imp]ceptible means1 is an in/rum5t ( 
sublimity1 z1 :atev] connects x 9 ! same
 mann] )1 or te>s x f ! species1 may    
become an organ ( pa?os3 9 ?is          
discrim9ation lies ! rule by :i* our    
art1 to a/oni% or move1 ought to *oose !
 sc5]y ( its subjects4 ,x is n by !     
accumulation ( inf]nal or magic ma*9]y1 
di/9ctly se51 by ! introduction (       
,hecate & a *orus ( female demons &     
wit*es1 by surr\nd+ him ) successive    
app>itions at once1 & a range ( %ad[s   

mov+ above or be=e him1 t ,macbe? c be  
made an object ( t]ror1--to r5d] him s y
 mu/ place him on a ridge1 8 d[n-da%$   
eye absorb$ by ! murky abyss2 surr\nd ! 
horrid vision ) d>kness1 exclude its    
limits1 & %e> its light to glimpses4    
,?is art ( giv+ to ! pr9cipal figure !  
comm& ( ! horizon1 is p]haps ! only     
pr9ciple by :i* mod]n art might h ga9$  
an advantage ov] t ( ! anci5ts1 &       
improv$ ! dignity ( composition1 _h x   
be5 /eadily pursu$ by its great re/or]s1
 ! pa9t]s ( ,julio ,,ii4 & ,leone ,x41  
?\gh we f9d x m att5d$ to 9 ! monum5tal 
imag]y ( ! ,capella ,si/9a ?an 9 !      
,/anze & ! ,c>toons ( ,raffaello1 :i*   
be+ (t5] pa!tic or intellectual ?an     
sublime1 suff]$ less by neglect+ x4  ,! 
same pr9ciple :i* has develop$ 9 ! cone1
 ! =m g5]ally mo/ prop] = compos+ a s+le
 figure or a gr\p1 conta9s ! reason :y !
 pr9cipal figure or gr\p %\ld be ! mo/  
elevat$ object ( a composition1 &       
locally comm& ! accid5ts ( sc5]y &      
place4 ,! ,apollo ( ,belv$]e1 s+ly or 9 

a gr\p1 0 surely n compos$ to move at ! 
bottom ( a valley1 nor ! ,zeus (        
,phidias to be cov]$ ) a ro(4  ,!       
improprieties att5dant on ! neglect (   
?is pr9ciple are1 p]haps1 9 no "w (     
em95ce m (f5sively evid5t ?an 9 !       
celebrat$ ,resuscitation ( ,laz>us by   
,seba/ian del ,piombo1 ^: composition1  
if composition x des]v$ to be call$1    
seems to h be5 dictat$ by ! back-gr\nd4 
,x usurps ! fir/ glance2 x p>tly buries1
 ev]y:]e ?rongs1 & 9 ! mo/ important    
place squeezes ! subject into a corn]4  
,! horizon is at ! top1 ,jesus1 ,m>ia1 &
 ,laz>us at ! bottom ( ! sc5e4 ,?\gh its
 plan & gr\ps rec$e 9 dim9i%$ =ms1 !y   
advance 9 gl>+ opaque col\r1 nor c x    
avail 9 excuse ( ! arti/1 to say t !    
multitude ( figures admitt$ are *>act]s 
*os5 to %[ 9 diff]5t modes ( expression 
! effect ( ! miracle1 :il/ _! numb]     
gives celebrity to x & discrim9ates x f 
! obscure trick ( a juggl]3 all ?is1 if 
x _h be5 done1 ?\gh p]haps x has n1 = by
 f> ! great] "p are n spectators1 might 

h be5 done ) subord9ation3 ! mo/ au!ntic
 pro( ( ! reality ( ! miracle ought to h
 beam$ f ! c\nt5ance ( ,him :o p]=m$ x1 
& ( ! re/or$ man's si/]4--,9 e "w some?+
 mu/ be fir/1 some?+ la/2 t is ess5tial1
 ?is optional2 t is pres5t by its own   
"r1 ?is by c\rtesy & conv5i5ce4#hf  ,!  
rival picture ( ! resuscitation (       
,laz>us1 ! ,transfiguration ( ,*ri/ by  
,raffaello1 avoids ! inconv5i5ce (      
indiscrim9ate cr[d+1 & ! imp]t95t       
luxuriance ( sc5]y :i* we h c5sur$1 by !
 artifice ( escap+ f :at is /rictly     
call$ back-gr\nd1 & exclud+ x altoge!r3 
! action on ! =e-gr\nd is ! basis &     
,*ri/ ! apex ( ! cone1 & :at !y might h 
suff]$ f dim9ution ( size is comp5sat$  
by elevation & spl5d\r4 ,9 sacrific+ to 
?is pr9ciple ! rules ( a p]spective :i* 
he 0 s well acqua9t$ )1 ,raffaello      
succe$$ to unite ! beg9n+1 ! middle1 & !
 end ( ! ev5t :i* he repres5t$ 9 "o     
mom5t2 he escap$ e atom ( common-place  
or unnecess>y embelli%m5t ) a simplicity
 & s artless an air1 t few b ! dull1 !  

petulant1 & ! p$ant1 c refuse him _!    
ass5t1 admiration & sympa?y2 if he has  
n1 /rictly speak+1 embodi$ possibility1 
he has p]haps done m1 he has done :at   
,hom] did1 by hid+ ! unmanageable b less
 ess5tial "p ( 8 mat]ials1 he has       
trans=m$ x to probability4  ,i h said t 
by ! *oice ( sc5]y alone we may (t51 if 
n always1 judge h[ f> an arti/ has      
p5etrat$ 8 subject1 :at emotion 9 treat+
 x he meant to excite4 ,no subjects c   
elucidate ?is ) s mu* p]spicuity z ^?   
g5]ally di/+ui%$ by ! "n ( ,madonnas3   
subjects /amp$ ) a my/]y ( religion1 &  
orig9ally contriv$ "u ! bl& images (    
mat]nal fondness to subdue ! he>t4 ,9   
exam9+ ! consid]able numb] ( ^? by      
,raffaello1 we f9d g5]ally "s reciprocal
 feature ( filial & p>5tal love1 !      
*>ities ( fa!r1 son1 & "m1 sometimes    
v>i$ by infant play & female c>esses1   
sometimes dignifi$ by cele/ial m9i/ry & 
homage2 ! ende>m5ts ( ! nurs]y select$ &
 embodi$ by =ms m *>m+ ?an exalt$1 less 
beautiful ?an g5ial--accord+ly ! *oice (

 sc5]y consi/s seldom 9 m ?an a pleas+  
accompanim5t3 ! fl[] & ! %rub1 ! rivulet
 & grove1 enamel ! seat or emb[] !      
repose ( ! sacr$ pilgrims "u ! s]5ity ( 
a placid sky1 exp&$ or break+ ?r\gh     
trees1 or %elt]+ ru9s2 :il/ 9 ^?        
surr\nd$ by dome/ic sc5]y1 a w>m recess 
veils ! "m1 n[ hid+ h] d>l+ f pr(ane    
aspect1 n[ press+ him to h] bosom1 or   
contemplat+ 9 sil5t rapture 8 *>ms      
display$ on h] lap--accompanim5ts &     
actions1 ?\gh appropriate1 )\t allusion 
to ! my/]i\s p]sonages !y pr(ess to     
exhibit--to discrim9ate !m ! *air1 !    
w9d[1 ! saddle on :i* ,joseph sits 9 "o1
 ! fl[]s :i* he kneel+ pres5ts 9 ano!r1 
! cradle1 ! ba?1 are call$ on4          
,raffaello 0 less p5etrat$ by a dev\t   
?an by an amor\s pr9ciple2 8 design 0   
less to /amp mat]nal affection ) ! seal 
( religion ?an to consecrate ! face he  
ador$2 8 ,holy ,families1 ) "o          
exception1 are ! apo!osis ( 8 ,=n>9a4   
,?is exception1 z x proves :at _h be5   
advanc$ ( ! re/1 s x proves likewise t !

 omission ( its beauties 9 !m 0 m a     
matt] ( *oice ?an want ( compreh5sion4  
,?an ! face & attitude ( ! ,madonna (   
,v]sailles1 kn[n f a pr9t by ,edel9ck1  
copi$ by ,giac4 ,frey1 nature & art     
comb9$ nev] (f]$ to ! s5se & he>t a m   
exalt$ s5tim5t1 or m correspond5t =ms4  
,! face /ill1 inde$1 (f]s 8 fav\rite    
l9es1 l9es n ( supreme beauty1 b !y h   
assum$ a sanctity :i* is 9 va9 look$ = 9
 all its si/] faces3 s]i\s )\t sev]ity1 
pure )\t insipidity1 humble ?\gh        
maje/ic1 *>m+ & mode/ at once1 & )\t    
affectation graceful3 face & figure     
unite :at we c conceive ( mat]nal       
beauty1 equally pois$ betwe5 effusion ( 
affection & ! my/]i\s s5tim5t (         
sup]iority 9 ! awful ,infant1 :om %e    
b5ds to receive f 8 slumb]s4  ,! bl&    
imag]y ( ,raffaello 0 exalt$ to a type (
 devotion by ,m4 ,angelo1 & place &     
sc5]y are adju/$ ) allegoric or         
prophetic ornam5t3 ?us 9 ! picture pa9t$
 = ,angelo ,doni1 :]e ! enraptur$ "m    
receives ! ,infant f ! h&s ( ,joseph1 ! 

sc5e beh9d exhibits ! new sacram5t 9    
v>i$ gr\ps ( ,bapti/s1 imm]s+ !mselves  
or issu+ f ! f\nt4 ,9 ano!r1 repres5t+ !
 annunciation1 we discov] 9 ! awful     
twilight ( a recess1 ! figure ( ,moses  
break+ ! tables he receiv$ on ,s9ai1 an 
allusion to ! abolition ( ! old law--an 
infr+em5t ( ,jewi% habits1 = ! figure is
 n an app>ition1 b a /atue1 readily     
=giv5 to its allegoric beauty4 ,ev5 9 ^?
 subjects relat+ to ,*ri/ & 8 family1   
:]e ! back-gr\nd is de/itute ( allusive 
ornam5t1 x appe>s ! seat ( m$itation or 
virg9 purity1 & consecrates ! s5tim5t or
 action ( ! figures1 z 9 ! salutation ( 
,/4 ,giovanni 9 ,lat]ano1 & 9 t :]e     
,m>ia contemplates h] son spread 9 h]   
lap1 & seems to b5d "u ! pres5tim5t ( ! 
t]rible mom5t :i* %all spread him at h] 
feet1 "u ! cross2 b 9 t monum5tal image 
( ,jesus expir$ on ! cross1 ) ! ,madonna
 & ,john on ea* side1 :at is ! sc5]y b !
 e*o ( ! subject8 ,! surr\nd+ elem5t    
sympa?ises ) ! woe ( ! suff]]s 9 ! two  
m\rn+ ,g5ii em]g+ f ! air--a sublime    

conception1 :i* ,vas>i fanci$ to h      
successfully imitat$ & p]haps improv$1  
:5 9 a repetition ( ! same subject1 he  
trave/i$ !m to ,phoebus & ,diana        
ext+ui%+ _! orbs1 z symbols ( sun & moon
 eclips$4#hg  ,:at has be5 said ( !     
luxuriance ( ,p\ss9's sc5]y1 leads to t 
intemp]ate abuse :i* allots x a great]  
space1 a m conspicu\s situation1 a high]
 f9i% & effect ?an ! importance ( !     
subject itself p]mits--by :i*1 unity is 
de/roy$1 & x becomes d\btful to :at     
class a "w belongs1 :e!r x be a mixture 
( two or m1 or all1 :]e portrait )      
ar*itecture1 l&scape ) hi/ory = ma/]y   
/riv+1 ea* rules a mom5t4 ,x _c be d5i$ 
t "s ( ! noble/ works ( art are liable  
to ?is imputation1 & t ! fond admiration
 ( ! detail$ beauties 9 ! sc5]y ( !     
,pietro ,m>tire ( ,titian1 if x does n  
detract f ! ma9 purpose = :i* ! picture 
0 or ought to h be5 pa9t$1 c]ta9ly adds 
no?+ to its real int]e/--nature f9i%es  
all1 b an attempt to mimic nature's     
univ]sality palsies ! h& ( art2 !       

celebrat$ ,c5e1 or ,supp]-,sc5es (      
,paolo ,cagli>i c escape ?is imputation 
only by be+ class$ z models ( ornam5tal 
pa9t+2 & 7 x n kn[n1 t not)/&+ _!       
gr&eur1 propriety1 & pa?os (            
composition1 ! ,c>toons ( ,raffaello _h 
be5 orig9ally de/9$ /ill m = popul>     
amusem5t ?an ! pois$ admiration ( select
 judges1 x w\ld be difficult to excuse  
or to acc\nt = ! exub]ance1 n seldom !  
impropriety ( accompanim5t & ( sc5]y1 ) 
:i* "s ( !m are load$3 9 ! ,c>toon ( !  
miracul\s draught ( fi%es1 p]haps       
,giovanni d',ud9e w\ld n h be5 all[$ to 
treat u ) fac-similes ( ! h]ons ( ! lake
 on its =e-gr\nd2 9 t ( ,paul on !      
,areopagus1 !re w\ld probably h be5 less
 agglom]ation ( f9i%$1 unf9i%$1 or half 
demoli%$ build+s2 9 ! ,miracle ( ,pet] &
 ,john1 ! pr9cipal ag5ts w\ld sc>cely h 
be5 hemm$ 9 by a b>b>ic colonnade1 load$
 ) pr(ane ornam5t2 or 9 ! ,massacre ( ! 
,infants1 ! humble cottages ( ,be?lehem 
be5 trans=m$ to piles ( ,ionian         
ar*itecture1 girt ) gods 9 int]column>  

ni*es1 & ! metropolitan pomp ( ,rome4   
,,footnotes3  #hj ,! gr\p 9 ! ,ludovisi1
 ev] s9ce its discov]y1 absurdly misnam$
 ,ptus & ,arria1 not)/&+ "s dissonance (
 ta/e & execution1 may ) m plausibility 
claim ! title ( ,hmon & ,antigone4  #ha 
,! :ole ( ! gall]y ( ,luxemburg by      
,rub5s is b a bran* ( its magnific5ce3  
g5]al z ! elem5ts1 univ]sal & p]man5t z 
! affections ( human nature1 allegory   
breaks ! fett]s ( "t1 x unites )        
b\ndless sway my?ologic1 feodal1 local  
incongruities1 fleet+ modes ( society & 
fugitive fa%ions3 ?us1 9 ! picture (    
,rub5s1 ,m9]va1 :o in/ructs1 ! ,graces t
 surr\nd ! royal maid5 at ! poetic f\nt1
 are n :at !y are 9 ,hom]1 ! real       
tutress ( ,telema*us1 ! real dress]s (  
,v5us1 !y are ! symbols only ( !        
education :i* ! pr9cess receiv$4 ,9 t   
sublime design ( ,mi*ael ,agnolo1 :]e a 
figure is r\s$ by a desc5d+ g5ius f 8   
repose on a globe1 on :i* he yet        
recl9es1 & ) surprise discov]s !        
phantoms ( ! passions :i* he c\rt$1     

unmask$ 9 wild confusion flitt+ r\nd    
him1 ,m4 ,agnolo 0 less ambiti\s to     
express ! nature ( a dream1 or to       
bespeak our att5tion to its picturesque 
effect & p[]ful contra/s1 ?an to impress
 u ) ! lesson1 t all is vanity & life a 
f>ce1 unless engag$ by virtue & !       
pursuits ( m9d4  #hb ,l',aurora         
,sonnac*iosa4  #hc ,speak+ ( ! figure ( 
,*ri/ by ,raphael 9 ! ,madonna del      
,spasimo1 he calls x ,una ,figura d'un  
,c>att]e fra quel di ,giove1 e quello   
d',apollo2 quale effettivam5te deve ess]
 quello1 *e corrisponde a ,cri/o1       
aggiung5dovi soltanto l'espressione     
accid5tale della passione1 9 cui si     
rappres5ta4 ,op]e #aa4 #hc4  #hd ,x is  
engrav$ by ,villam5a4  #he ,!           
composition1 & 9 "s degree ! l9es1 b    
nei!r its tone nor effect1 may be f\nd  
among ! et*+s1 ( ,le ,fevre4  #hf ,i _c 
quit ?is picture )\t obs]v+1 t x pres5ts
 ! mo/ incontrov]tible evid5ce ( !      
incongruities aris+ f ! j>r+ coalition (
 ! gr& & ornam5tal /yles4 ,! gr\p (     

,laz>us may be said to conta9 ! mo/     
valuable relic ( ! classic "t ( mod]n1 &
 p]haps ! only specim5 left ( ,m4       
,agnolo's oil-pa9t+2 an op9ion :i* w    
sc>cely be disput$ by him :o has exam9$ 
! mann] ( ! ,si/9e ,*apel1 & 9 8 m9d    
comp>$ x ) ! gr\p ( ! ,laz>us1 & t ) !  
/yle & treatm5t ( ! o!r p>ts4  #hg ,9 a 
picture :i* he pa9t$ at ,rome = ,b9do   
,altoviti1 x repres5t$ ,un ,cri/o quanto
 il vivo1 levato di croce1 e po/o 9 t]ra
 a' pi$i della ,madre2 e nell' aria     
,febo1 *e oscura la faccia del sole1 e  
,diana quella della ,luna4 ,nel paese   
poi1 oscurato da que/e ,t5ebre1 si      
veggiono spezz>si alcuni monti di       
pietra1 mossi dal t]remoto1 e c]ti corpi
 morti di santi risorg5do1 uscire de    
sepolcri 9 v>i modi2 il quale quadro1   
f9ito *e fu1 p] sua grazia non          
dispiacque al maggior pittore1 scultore1
 e ar*itetto1 *e sia /ato a' tempi no/ri
 passati8 ,! complim5t 0 n paid to ,m4  
,agnolo himself1 = ! ^w passati tells t 
he 0 no m1 b x levi$ a tribute on       

po/]ity4                 ,vita di       
,giorgio ,vas>i4     ,,fif? ,,lecture4  
,,composition1 ,,expression4            
,,polla ,d' ,,en     ,,k>diais ,,&r,n   
,,ebalon     ,h,,rai ,,polyan!moi ,,ar  
,,*aia ,,sophisma?'4 ,,hapan ,d'        
,,eurontos ,,ergon4                     
,,p9d>4 ,,olymp4 ,p4   ,,argum5t4       
,elem5ts ( ,composition2 ,gr\p+2 ,m4    
,agnolo2 ,correggio2     ,raffaello2    
,bread?2--,expression2 its ,classes1 its
 ,limits4     ,,fif? ,,lecture4         
,inv5tion is foll[$ by ,composition4    
,composition1 9 its /rict] s5se1 is !   
dress] ( ,inv5tion1 x sup]9t5ds !       
disposition ( its mat]ials4             
,composition has physical & moral       
elem5ts3 ^? are ,p]spective & ,light )  
%ade2 ^!1 ,unity1 ,propriety &          
,p]spicuity2 )\t ,unity x _c span its   
subject2 )\t ,propriety x _c tell !     
/ory2 )\t ,p]spicuity x cl\ds ! fact )  
confusion2 de/itute ( light & %ade x    
misses ! effect1 & he$less ( p]spective 
x _c f9d a place4  ,composition1 l all  

o!r p>ts ( /yle1 _h a gradual progress2 
x began 9 monotony & apposition1 em]g$  
to c5tre & dep?1 e/abli%$ itself on     
h>mony & masses1 0 debau*$ by contra/ & 
by gr\p+1 & f9ally supplant$ by ma*9]y1 
common-place1 & mann]4  ,( sculpture1 z 
infant pa9t+ _h borr[$ its fir/ !ory (  
=ms1 s x probably borr[$ its me?od (    
arrang+ !m2 & ?is is ,apposition1 a     
collat]al arrangem5t ( figures necess>y 
= tell+ a s+le or ! scatt]$ mom5ts ( a  
fact4 ,if /atu>y indulg$ 9 ! comb9ation 
( num]\s gr\ps1 su* z ^? ( ! ,niobe1 x  
might dispose !m 9 composition1 x might 
fix a c5tre & its rays1 & s produce an  
illusion z f> z col\rless =m is capable 
( giv+ x4 ,b sculpture1 :5 x 0 fir/     
consult$ by pa9t+1 0 n yet arriv$ at t  
p]iod :i* all[$ ! display ( su*         
magnific5ce2 a s+le figure or a s+le    
gr\p c\ld n suffici5tly in=m ! pa9t]2 he
 0 r$uc$ to consult basso-relievo1 & (  
t1 ,apposition is ! elem5t4  ,& 9 ?is   
light we ought to contemplate a great "p
 ( ! ,capella ,si/9a4 ,its plan 0       

monum5tal1 & "s ( its comp>tm5ts 7      
allott$ to ,apposition1 n because ,m4   
,agnolo 0 a sculptor1 b because x 0 a m 
compreh5sive m$ium to exhibit 8 g5]al   
plan ?an ! n>r[] scale ( composition4   
,he admitt$ & l a ma/] treat$           
composition1 :5ev] 8 subject f !        
primeval simplicity ( elem5tal nature   
retreat$ )9 ! clos] b\nds ( society3 8  
,patri>*s1 8 ,prophets & 8 ,sibyls1 s+ly
 consid]$ or z gr\ps1 ! sc5]y ( ! ,braz5
 ,s]p5t1 ( ,david & ( ,judi?1 ( ,noah & 
8 sons1 are models ( ! r\nde/ & gr&e/   
composition4 ,:at pr9ciple ( composition
 d we miss 9 ! creation ( ,adam & (     
,eve8 ,c x grasp ) m unity1 *>act]ise ) 
m propriety1 pres5t ) bright]           
p]spicuity1 give great] tru? ( place or 
r\nd ) m effect8 ,if collat]al          
arrangem5t be ! rul+ plan ( ! ,la/      
,judgm5t1 if po9t ( sight & l9e> & a]ial
 p]spective 9 :at is elevat$1 comes =w>d
 or rec$es1 if artificial masses &      
o/5tati\s r\ndness1 on ! :ole1 be       
absorb$ by design or sacrific$ to high] 

pr9ciples1 :at effects has ! greate/ p[]
 ( ma*9]y ev] contriv$ to emulate !     
conglobation ( ^? /ruggl+ gr\ps :]e     
light & %ade adm9i/]$ to t]ror or       
sublimity8 ,:at1 to emulate ! boat (    
,*>on disembogu+ its crew ( crim9als1   
flung 9 a murky mass ( %ade across !    
pallid concave & bleak bla/ ( light t   
bl[s x on u8 ,a meteor 9 ! realms (     
*i>oscuro :i* obscures :atev] ! mo/ d>+ 
s]vants ( t p[] else:]e produc$4  ,if ! 
plan ( ,m4 ,agnolo mu/ be e/imat$ by o!r
 pr9ciples1 8 process mu/ be settl$ by  
o!r rules ?an ! plan & process (        
,correggio at ,p>ma4 ,?\gh ! fir/ &     
greate/1 ,correggio 0 no m ?an a        
,ma*9i/4 ,x 0 less ! ,assumption ( !    
,virg91 less a monum5t ( triumphant     
,religion he m$itat$ to exhibit by      
sublimity ( conception or *>act]i/ic    
composition1 ?an by ! ultimate p[]s (   
l9e> & a]ial p]spective at an elevation 
:i* dem&$ ecc5tric & viol5t =e-%ort5+1  
set (f & tun$ by magic light & %ade1 to 
embody ! m$ium 9 :i* ! actors 7 to move2

 & to ! spl5d\r & l(t9ess ( t he        
accommodat$ ! subject & subord9at$ !    
ag5ts4 ,h5ce 8 "w1 ?\gh mov+ 9 a flood (
 h>mony1 is n legitimate ,composition4  
,! synod t surr\nds ! glory1 ! glory    
itself t embosoms ! ,virg9 & h] angelic 
*oir1 ,*ri/ :o precipitates himself to  
meet ! glory1 are equally absorb$ 9 !   
bravura ( ! vehicle1 !y radiate1 reflect
 & mass1 b %[ u little m ?an limbs4 ,?is
 makes ! cupola ( ,correggio less epic  
or dramatic ?an ornam5tal4 ,! te*nic "p 
( ,composition alone1 ?\gh c>ri$ to !   
highe/ pit* ( p]fection1 if its         
o/5tation absorb ! subject1 /amps       
inf]iority on ! ma/]4 ,take away ,hom]'s
 language1 & y take mu*1 b y leave !    
epic poet unimpair$2 take x f ,virgil1  
/rip him ( ! maje/y1 ! gl[1 ! propriety 
( 8 diction1 & ! rema9d] ( 8 claim to   
epic poetry w ne>ly be r$uc$ to :at he  
borr[$ f ,hom]'s plan4 ,:at is x we     
rememb] :5 we leave ! cupolas (         
,correggio8 :at :5 we leave ! ,*apel (  
,sixtus8 ,!re1 a man :o transf]r$ to a  

colossal scale ! dictates ( 8 drap$ or  
nak$ model1 appli$ !m ) a compreh5sive  
eye & set !m (f by magic light & %ade & 
wide exp&$ h>mony ( tone2 "h an epic    
plan comb9$ & told 9 simple modes (     
gr&eur4 ,ea* man gave :at he _h3        
,correggio1 limbs & effect2 ,m4 ,agnolo1
 be+1 =m & mean+4 ,if ! cupola (        
,correggio be 9 its k9d unequall$ by    
e>li] or succe$+ plans1 if x leave f>   
beh9d ! effusions ( ,lanfran*i & ,pietro
 da ,cortona1 x 0 n ! less _! model2 !  
ornam5tal /yle ( ma*9i/s dates n ! less 
its orig9 f him4  ,v>i\s are ! %apes 9  
:i* ,composition embodies its subject & 
pres5ts x to our eye4 ,! cone or        
pyramid1 ! globe1 ! grape1 flame &      
/ream1 ! circle & its segm5ts1 l5d _!   
figure to elevate1 conc5trate1 r\nd1    
diffuse !mselves or undulate 9 its      
masses4 ,x t[]s 9 ! ,apollo1 x d>ts its 
flame =w>d 9 ! w>rior ( ,agasias1 its   
lamb5t spires w9d upw>d ) ! ,laocoon2 x 
inv]ts ! cone 9 ! ,h]cules ( ,glycon1 x 
d\bles x or undulates 9 ,v5us & !       

,graces4 ,9 ! bl& c5tral light ( a globe
 imp]ceptibly glid+ ?r\gh lucid         
demi-t9ts into ri* reflect$ %ades1 x    
composes ! spell ( ,correggio1 &        
entrances l a delici\s dream2 :il/ l a  
torr5t x ru%es f ! h& ( ,t9torett ov] ! 
trembl+ canvass 9 enorm\s w+s ( light & 
%ade1 & sweeps all individual importance
 9 g5]al effects4 ,b :e!r its gr\ps be  
imbr[n$ on a lucid sky1 or em]ge f      
d>kness1 :e!r x break l a m]idian sun on
 ! reflect$ object ) ,rub5s1 or f       
,rembr&t1 fla% on x 9 lightn+1 :atev] be
 its =m or its effect1 if x be m or less
 ?an :at x ought to be--a vehicle1 if x 
bran* n out ( ! subject z ! produce (   
its root1 if x d n conta9 all t         
di/+ui%es x f o!r subjects1 if x leave  
out aught t is *>act]i/ic & exclusively 
its own1 & admit :at is sup]flu\s or    
common-place--x is no long] composition1
 x is gr\p+ only1 an o/5tati\s or       
useless scaffold+ ab\t an edifice )\t a 
base2 su* 0 n ! ,composition (          
,raffaello4  ,! lead+ pr9ciple (        

,raffaello's composition is t simple    
air1 t artlessness :i* p]suades u t 8   
figures h be5 less compos$ by skill ?an 
gr\p$ by ,nature2 t ! fact mu/ h happ5$ 
z we see x repres5t$4 ,simplicity taught
 him to grasp 8 subject1 propriety to   
give x "* & =m1 & p]spicuity to give x  
bread? & place4 ,! ,s*ool ( ,a!ns 9 !   
,vatican1 ! ,dea? ( ,ananias1 & !       
,sacrifice at ,ly/ra1 among ! ,c>toons1 
may s]ve z in/ances4  ,a metaphysical   
composition1 if x be num]\s1 w be (t5]  
mi/ak5 = dilapidation ( fragm5ts ?an    
regul> di/ribution ( mat]ials4 ,! ,s*ool
 ( ,a!ns communicates to few m ?an an   
arbitr>y assemblage ( speculative gr\ps4
 ,yet if ! subject be ! dramatic        
repres5tation ( ,philosophy1 z x prep>es
 = active life1 ! p>ts ( ! build+ are n 
connect$ ) m regul> gradation ?an ^?    
gr\ps4 ,ar*im$es & ,py?agoras1 ,plato & 
,socrates1 ,ari/otle & ,democritus1     
,epictetus1 ,diog5es & ,ari/ippus1 9    
diff]5t degrees ( *>act]i/ic modes1 tell
 "o great doctr9e1 t1 fitt$ by physical 

& intellectual h>mony1 man asc5ds f     
himself to society1 f society to ,god4  
,= ?is1 gr\p balances gr\p1 action is   
contra/$ by repose1 ea* weight has its  
c\nt]poise2 unity & v>iety %$ h>mony ov]
 ! :ole4  ,9 ! ,c>toon ( ,ananias1 at ! 
fir/ glance1 & ev5 be=e we are made     
acqua9t$ ) ! p>ticul>s ( ! subject1 we  
become p>tn]s ( ! sc5e4 ,! disposition  
is amphi!atric1 ! sc5]y a spaci\s hall1 
! he>t ( ! action is ! c5tre1 ! w+s     
assi/1 elucidate1 connect x ) ! ends4 ,!
 apoplectic man be=e u is evid5tly !    
victim ( a sup]natural p[]1 inspir+ !   
apo/olic figures1 :o on ! rais$ plat=m )
 ?reat5+ arm pron\nc$1 & ) ! ^w en=c$ 8 
doom4 ,! t]ror occasion$ by ! sudd5     
/roke is be/ express$ by ! features (   
y\? & middle age on ea* side ( ! suff]]2
 x is in/antane\s1 because its %ock has 
n yet spread beyond !m1 a contrivance n 
to int]rupt ! dignity due to ! sacr$    
sc5e1 & to /amp ! "* ( dev\t att5tion on
 ! assembly4 ,:at prec$$ & :at foll[$ is
 equally impli$ 9 _! occupation1 & 9 !  

figure ( a matron ent]+ & absorb$ 9     
c\nt+ money1 ?\gh %e approa*es ! fatal  
c5tre1 & :om we may suppose to be       
,sapphira1 ! accomplice & ! wife (      
,ananias1 & ! devot$ p>tn] ( 8 fate4 ,9 
?is composition ( ne> ?irty figures1    
none c be po9t$ out z a figure ( common 
place or m]e conv5i5ce2 legitimate      
(fspr+s ( "o subject1 !y are l9k$ to ea*
 o!r & to ! c5tre by "o common *a91 all 
act & all h room to act2 repose         
alt]nates ) en]gy4  ,! ,sacrifice at    
,ly/ra1 ?\gh z a :ole x has m (         
collat]al arrangem5t ?an dep? (         
,composition1 z x traces 9 ! mom5t ( its
 *oice ! motive t produc$ & %[s !       
disappo9tm5t t *ecks x1 has collect$    
actors & faces ! mo/ suitable to express
 bo?3 actors & features ( godlike       
dignity1 sup]/iti\s devotion & eag]     
curiosity3 ! sc5e is ! ve/ibule ( !     
temple ( ,h]mes1 & ,paul1 ! suppos$     
repres5tative ( t deity1 ?\gh n plac$ 9 
! c5tre or a c5tral light1 by 8         
elevation1 ge/ure1 & ! :ole ( !         

composition /ream+ t[>d him1 comm&s !   
fir/ glance4 ,at ! v onset ( ! c]emony !
 sacrific] is arre/$ 9 ! act ( smit+ !  
victim1 by ! out/ret*$ arm ( a "y man   
bur/+ ?r\gh ! hymn+ ?rong ( prie/s &    
victim>ii1 obs]v+ ,paul indignant r5d+ 8
 g>m5t 9 horror ( ! idolatr\s p]v]sion (
 8 miracle4#hh ,! miracle itself is     
p]sonifi$ 9 t *>act]i/ic figure ( !     
heal$ man1 :o ) eyes fla%+ joy &        
gratitude on ! ,apo/le1 & h&s jo9$ 9    
adoration1 ru%es 91 accompani$ by an ag$
 man ( gravity & rank1 :o1 lift+ up "p (
 ! g>m5t t cov]$ 8 ?igh1 atte/s him to h
 be5 ! id5tic own] ( ^? crut*es t =m]ly 
support$ him1 ?\gh n[ z useless ?r[n on 
! pavem5t4  ,among ! ,c>toons :i* we d n
 possess1 & probably exi/ only 9 !      
tape/ries ( ,rome & ,madrid1 & engrav+s 
copi$ f !m1 ! ,resurrection ( ,*ri/ & 8 
,asc5sion1 equally m>k ,raphael's       
discrim9ative p[]s 9 _! contra/$        
compositions4 ,! ,resurrection d]ives   
its int]e/ f ! convulsive rapidity1 !   
,asc5sion f its calmness ( motion4 ,9 t1

 ! h]o l a ball ( fire %oots up f !     
bur/+ tomb & s9k+ c]em5ts1 & scatt]s    
a/oni%m5t & dismay4 ,:at appreh5sion d>$
 n to suspect1 :at fancy c\ld n dream (1
 no eye _h ev] beheld & no tongue ev]   
utt]$1 blazes be=e u3 ! passions d>t 9  
rays resi/less f ! c5tre4 ,fe>1 t]ror1  
conviction1 wre/le ) dignity & c\rage 9 
! c5turion2 convulse brutality1 ov]:elm 
viol5ce1 en]vate resi/ance1 absorb      
incr$ulity 9 ! gu>d4 ,! :ole is         
tempe/u\s4 ,! ,asc5sion is ! maje/ic la/
 ( _m simil> sc5es3 no long] ) !        
rapidity ( a conqu]or1 b ) ! calm s]5ity
 ( triumphant p[]1 ! ,h]o is borne up 9 
spl5d\r1 & gradually vani%es f ^? :o by 
repeat$ visions _h be5 taught to expect 
:atev] 0 amaz+4 ,sil5t & compos$1 ) eyes
 m absorb$ 9 adoration ?an wond]1 !y    
foll[ ! glori\s emanation2 till address$
 by ! :ite-rob$ mess5g]s ( _! dep>t$ k+1
 !y relapse to ! feel+s ( m54  ,we h    
consid]$ hi!rto ! m5tal "p (            
,raffaello's composition1 let u say a ^w
 ( ! te*nic4 ,8 excell5ce 9 ?is is      

bread? ( masses1 & ( positive light &   
%ade4  ,bread?1 or t quality ( execution
 :i* makes a :ole s pr$om9ate ov] ! p>ts
 z to excite ! idea ( un9t]rupt$ unity  
amid ! greate/ v>iety1 mod]n art1 z x   
appe>s to me1 owes to ,m4 ,agnolo4 ,!   
bread? ( ,m4 ,agnolo resembles ! tide & 
ebb ( a mighty sea3 waves approa*1      
arrive1 retreat1 b 9 _! rise & fall1    
em]g+ or absorb$1 impress u only ) !    
image ( ! p[] t raises1 t directs !m2   
:il/ ! discrepance ( obtrud+ p>ts 9 !   
works ( ! infant ,flor5t9e1 ,v5etian &  
,g]man s*ools1 di/racts our eye l !     
numb]less break]s ( a %all[ riv]1 or z !
 brambles & creep]s t entangle ! pa?s ( 
a wood1 & in/ead ( %[+ u our road1      
p]plex u only ) !mselves4 ,by bread? !  
arti/ puts u into imm$iate possession ( 
! :ole1 & f t1 g5tly leads u to !       
exam9ation ( ! p>ts accord+ to _!       
relative importance3 h5ce x foll[s1 t 9 
a repres5tation ( organiz$ surfaces1    
bread? is ! judici\s display ( fullness1
 n a sub/itute ( vacuity4 ,bread? might 

be easily obta9$ if empt9ess c\ld give  
x4 ,yet ev5 9 t degrad$ /ate1 if        
gratification ( ! eye be a fir/         
indisp5sable duty ( an art t c impress u
 only by t organ1 x is pref]able to !   
lab\r$ display ( p>ts ambiti\sly ?rong+ 
= admittance at ! exp5se ( ! :ole2 to t 
p]plex$ dilig5ce :i* we>ies u ) imp$im5t
 be=e we c p5etrate a mean+ or arrive at
 ! subject1 ^: cle> idea mu/ be fir/    
obta9$ be=e we c judge ( ! propriety or 
impropriety ( p>ts4 ,! pr9ciple :i*     
con/itutes ! bread? ( ,raphael 0 nei!r s
 absolute nor s compreh5sive z t ( ,m4  
,agnolo's4 ,b 8 p]spicacity soon        
discov]$1 t great1 un9t]rupt$ masses (  
light & %ade1 bespeak1 satisfy1 conduct 
& give repose to ! eye2 t opposition (  
light & %ade gives p]spicuity4 ,conv9c$ 
( ?is1 he let _! mass fall z broad on 8 
figures z _! importance1 attitude &     
relation to ea* o!r p]mitt$1 & z seldom 
z possible1 int]rupt$ x4 ,masses ( %ade 
he oppos$ to light1 & lucid ones to     
%ade4 ,! /rict obs]vation ( ?is rule    

appe>s to be ! cause :y e figure (      
,raffaello1 h[ev] small1 ev5 at a       
consid]able di/ance1 describes itself1 &
 /rikes ! eye ) di/9ctness2 s t ev5 !   
comp>atively dim9utive figures ( 8      
,loggia are easily discrim9at$ f !      
,cortile bel[4 ,to ?is maxim he rema9$  
fai?ful 9 all 8 works1 a few in/ances   
except$1 :5 in/ead ( light & %ade he    
sep>at$ figures by reflexes ( a diff]5t 
col\r2 exceptions m dictat$ by necessity
 ?an *oice1 & :i* s]ve r to confirm ?an 
to impair ! rule4  ,x _c be d5i$ t1 if  
?is positive opposition gave sup]ior    
di/9ctness1 x occasion$ sometimes       
abruptness4 ,ea* "p is broad1 b         
sep>ation is too visible4 ,reflexes he  
uni=mly neglects1 &1 f :atev] cause1 is 
(t5 inatt5tive to transition2 he does n 
suffici5tly connect ) bread? ( demi-t9t 
! two extremes ( 8 masses2 &1 ?\gh mu*  
less 9 fresco ?an 9 oil1 seems n always 
to h _h a di/9ct idea ( ! gradations    
requir$ completely to r\nd z well z to  
spread a :ole2 to h be5 m anxi\s to     

obta9 bread? itself ?an its elem5tal    
h>mony4  ,x does n appe> t ! great ma/]s
 ( legitimate composition 9 ! sixte5?   
c5tury att5d$ to or und]/ood !          
advantages :i* elevation ( site & a l[  
horizon are capable ( giv+ to a subject4
 ,!y place u 9 ! gall]y to behold _!    
sc5es2 b1 f want ( keep+1 ! horizontal  
l9e becomes a p]p5dicul>1 & drops !     
di/ance on ! =egr\nd2 ! m remote gr\ps d
 n approa*1 b fall or /& ^u ! =emo/     
actors4 ,z ?is imp$es ! pr9ciples (     
unity & gr&eur 9 num]\s compositions1 s 
x impairs ea* individual =m2 :i*1 to be 
gr&1 ought to rise upw>d 9 mod]ate      
=e%ort5+1 comm& ! horizon1 or be 9      
contact ) ! sky4 ,rev]se ?is plan 9 !   
composition ( ,pietro ,m>tyre by        
,tizian1 let ! horizontal l9e be rais$  
above ! fri> on ! =e-gr\nd1 space1      
l(t9ess1 & unity1 vani% toge!r4 ,:at    
gives sublimity to ,rembr&t's ,ecce     
,homo m ?an ?is pr9ciple8--a            
composition1 :i* ?\gh complete1 hides 9 
its gr&eur ! limits ( its sc5]y4 ,its =m

 is z a pyramid ^: top is lo/ 9 ! sky1 z
 its base 9 tumultu\s murky waves4 ,f ! 
fluctuat+ cr[ds :o inundate ! base ( !  
tribunal1 we rise to ,pilate1 surr\nd$ &
 p]plex$ by ! v>i$ f]ocity ( ! sangu9>y 
synod1 to ^: remorseless gripe he       
surr5d]s 8 w&2 & f him we asc5d to !    
sublime resignation ( innoc5ce 9 ,*ri/1 
& reg>dless ( ! ro> bel[1 securely      
repose on 8 c\nt5ance4 ,su* is ! gr&eur 
( a conception1 :i* 9 its blaze absorbs 
! abom9able detail ( mat]ials too vulg> 
to be m5tion$2 _h ! mat]ials be5 equal  
to ! conception & composition1 ! ,ecce  
,homo ( ,rembr&t1 ev5 unsupport$ by !   
magic ( its light & %ade1 or 8 spell (  
col\rs1 w\ld h be5 an assemblage (      
sup]human p[]s4         99       99     
99       99       99  ,f>1 too f>1 f    
hav+ answ]$ all ! dem&s ( composition1  
my limits =ce me1 & my subject requires1
 to give a fa9t sket* ( ! mo/ prom95t   
features ( ,expression1 its assi/ant &  
int]pret]4 ,!y int]weave !mselves s     
closely ) ea* o!r1 & bo? ) ,inv5tion1 t 

we c sc>cely conceive "o )\t suppos+ !  
pres5ce ( ! re/1 & apply+ ! pr9ciples ( 
ea* to all2 /ill !y are sep>ate p[]s1 & 
may be possess$ s+ly4 ,! figure ( ,*ri/ 
by ,m4 ,agnolo 9 ! ,m9]va1 embrac+ 8    
cross & ! in/rum5ts ( suff]+1 is        
sublimely conceiv$1 p[]fully arrang$2 b 
nei!r 8 features nor expression are ^? (
 ,*ri/4  ,expression is ! vivid image ( 
! passion t affects ! m9d2 its language1
 & ! portrait ( its situation4 ,x       
animates ! features1 attitudes1 &       
ge/ures1 :i* ,inv5tion select$1 &       
,composition arrang$2 its pr9ciples1 l  
!irs1 are simplicity1 propriety1 &      
en]gy4  ,x is important to di/+ui% !    
mat]ials & ! _s ( expression4 ,to give  
?is we mu/ be ma/]s ( ! =ms & ( ! hues t
 embody x4 ,)\t tru? ( l9e no true      
expression is possible2 & ! passions1 ^:
 inw>d en]gy /amp$ =m on feature1       
equally reside1 fluctuate1 fla% or l[]  
on x 9 col\r1 & give x en]gy by light & 
%ade4  ,to make a face speak cle>ly & ) 
propriety1 x mu/ n only be well         

con/ruct$1 b h its own exclusive "*4    
,?\gh ! elem5t ( ! passions be ! same 9 
all1 !y nei!r speak 9 all ) equal en]gy1
 nor are circumscrib$ by equal limits4  
,?\gh joy be joy1 & ang] ang]1 ! joy ( !
 sangu9e is n t ( ! phlegmatic1 nor !   
ang] ( ! melan*oly t ( ! fi]y "*2 & !   
discrim9ations e/abli%$ by complexion   
are equally conspicu\s 9 ^? ( climate1  
habit1 education1 & rank4 ,expression   
has its classes4 ,decebalus & ,syphax1  
?\gh bo? det]m9$ to die1 meet dea? ) eye
 z diff]5t z hues4 ,! tremul\s emotion (
 ,hector's brea/ :5 he approa*es ,ajax1 
is n ! palpitation ( ,p>is :5 he        
discov]s ,m5elaus2 ! fr[n ( ! ,h]cynian 
,phantom may repress ! ard\r1 b _c      
subdue ! dignity ( ,drusus2 ! fe> (     
,m>ius _c s9k to ! panic ( ! ,cimb]1 :o 
drops ! dagg] at ent]+ 8 prison1 nor !  
a/oni%m5t ( ,hamlet deg5]ate into !     
fright ( vulg> fe>4  ,le ,sueur 0 n aw>e
 ( ?is :5 he pa9t$ 8 ,alex&]4 ,p]haps no
 picture is1 9 spite ( common s5se1 (t5]
 quot$ = its expression ?an ,alex&] sick

 on 8 b$1 ) ! cup at 8 lips1 obs]v+ !   
calumniat$ physician4 ,! mann] 9 :i* he 
is repres5t$ is z inconsi/5t ) ! /ory z 
injuri\s to ! "* ( ! ,mac$onian h]o4 ,! 
,alex&] ( ,le ,sueur has ! pry+ look ( a
 spy4 ,he :o 0 capable ( t look w\ld no 
m h v5tur$ on quaff+ a s+le drop ( !    
suspect$ m$ic9e1 ?an on ! conque/ ( !   
,p]sian empire4 ,if ,alex&]1 :5 he drank
 ! cup1 _h n ! mo/ positive fai? 9 !    
incorruptibility ( ,philippus1 he 0 m   
?an an idiot1 he 0 a felon aga9/ himself
 & a traitor to 8 army1 ^: safety dep5d$
 on ! success ( ! exp]im5t4 ,8          
expression ought to be op5 & unconc]n$  
confid5ce--z t ( 8 physician1 a         
contemptu\s smile1 or curiosity susp5d$ 
by indignation1 or ! indiff]5ce ( a m9d 
consci\s ( innoc5ce1 & fully rely+ on   
its be+ kn[n to 8 fri5d4 ,le ,sueur1    
in/ead ( ^!1 has giv5 him little m ?an a
 /upid />e & vulg> =m4  ,! emanations ( 
! passions1 :i* pa?ognomy has r$uc$ to !
 f\r pr9cipal s\rces ( calm emotion1    
joy1 grief simple1 or ) pa91 &          

t]ror2--may be divid$ into int]nal &    
ext]nal ones3 ^? h9t _! action only1 !y 
influ5ce a feature or "s extremity3 ^!  
ext5d _! sway ov] ! :ole frame--!y      
animate1 agitate1 depress1 convulse1    
absorb =m4 ,! sy/ematic design]s (      
pa?ognomy h giv5 _! elem5t1 _! extremes1
 ! mask2 ! anci5ts h e/abli%$ _! te*nic 
/&>d1 & _! degrees ( admissibility 9    
art4 ,! ,apollo is animat$2 ! ,w>rior ( 
,agasias is agitat$2 ! dy+ ,gladiator or
 h]ald suff]s 9 depression2 ! ,laocoon  
is convuls$2 ! ,niobe is absorb$4 ,!    
great] ! m5tal vig\r1 dignity1 or       
habitual self-comm& ( a p]son1 ! less   
p]ceptible to sup]ficial obs]vation or  
vulg> eyes w be ! emotion ( 8 m9d4 ,!   
great] ! pr$om9ance ( fancy ov]         
intellect1 ! m ungov]nable ! conceits ( 
self-importance1 s mu* ! m w passion    
p>take ( outw>d & less dignifi$ en]gy4  
,! ,jupit] ( ,hom] manife/s 8 w & p[] by
 ! m]e contraction ( 8 eyebr[s2         
,socrates 9 ! ,s*ool ( ,a!ns only moves 
8 f+]1 & ,ovid 9 ! ,p>nassus only lays x

 ov] 8 lips1 & bo? say en\gh2 b ,a*illes
 ?r[s himself headlong1 & is prev5t$ f  
slay+ himself by ! grasp ( 8 fri5d4     
,only !n1 :5 passion or suff]+ become   
too big = utt]ance1 ! wisdom ( anci5t   
art has borr[$ a feature f tranquillity1
 ?\gh n its air4 ,= e be+ seiz$ by an   
enorm\s passion1 be x joy or grief1 or  
fe> sunk to despair1 loses ! "* ( its   
own individual expression1 & is absorb$ 
by ! p[] ( ! feature t attracts x4      
,niobe & h] family are assimilat$ by    
extreme angui%2 ,ugol9o is petrifi$ by !
 fate t swept ! /ripl+ at 8 foot1 &     
sweeps 9 pangs ! re/4 ,! metamorphoses (
 anci5t my?ology are f\nd$ on ?is       
pr9ciple1 are allegoric4 ,clytia1       
,biblis1 ,salmacis1 ,n>cissus1 tell only
 ! resi/less p[] ( sympa!tic attraction4
  ,simil> pr9ciples aw>d to ,raffaello !
 palm ( expression among ! mod]ns3 driv5
 to extremes aft] 8 demise by ,julio    
,romano & a long int]val ( languor1 x   
seem$ to revive 9 ,dom5i*9o2 ,i say     
seem$1 = 8 s5sibility 0 n support$ by   

equal compreh5sion1 elevation ( m9d1 or 
dignity ( motion2 8 s5tim5t wants       
propriety1 he is a mann]i/ 9 feel+1 &   
tacks ! imag]y ( ,!ocritus to ! subjects
 ( ,hom]4 ,a detail ( petty ?\gh amiable
 conceptions1 is r calculat$ to dim9i%  
?an to en=ce ! en]gy ( a pa!tic :ole3 a 
lovely *ild tak+ refuge 9 ! lap or bosom
 ( a lovely "m1 is an idea ( nature1 &  
pleas+ 9 a l[ly1 pa/oral or dome/ic     
subject2 b1 p]petually recurr+1 becomes 
common-place1 & amid ! t]rors ( m>tyrdom
 is a %r$ sew$ to a purple robe4 ,9 t\*+
 ! *>act]i/ic circle t surr\nds !       
,ananias ( ,raffaello1 y t\* ! electric 
*a91 a g5u9e sp>k irresi/ibly d>ts f !  
la/ z f ! fir/1 p5etrates1 subdues2 at !
 ,m>tyrdom ( ,/4 ,agnes by ,dom5i*9o1 y 
saunt] among ! adv5titi\s mob ( a lane1 
:]e ! silly *at ( neighb\r+ gossips     
ann\nces a topic z silly1 till y f9d )  
indignation1 t in/ead ( a brok5 pot or a
 petty !ft1 y are to witness a sc5e =   
:i* heav5 op5s1 ! angels desc5d1 &      
,jesus rises f 8 ?rone4  ,x is h[ev] b  

ju/ice to obs]ve1 t !re is a subject 9  
:i* ,dom5i*9o has n unsuccessfully      
wre/l$1 &1 9 my op9ion1 ev5 excell$     
,raffaello2 ,i mean ! demoniac boy among
 ! s]ies ( frescoes at ,grotto ,f]rata3 
t inspir$ figure is evid5tly ! organ (  
an int]nal1 sup]ior1 pret]natural ag5t1 
d>t$ upw>d )\t contortion1 & consid]$ z 
unconnect$ ) ! /ory1 nev] to be conf\nd$
 ) a m]ely tumultu>y di/ort$ maniac1 :i*
 is n p]haps ! case ( ! boy 9 !         
,transfiguration2 ! subject too be+ )9 !
 range ( ,dom5i*9o's p[]s1 dome/ic1 !   
:ole ( ! p]sons introduc$ is *>act]i/ic3
 awe1 ) reliance on ! ,sa9t :o op]ates !
 miracle or cure1 & t]ror at ! r$\bl$   
fury ( 8 son1 m>k ! ru/ic fa!r2 nor c\ld
 ! agoniz+ female ) ! infant 9 h] arm1 z
 %e is ! "m1 be ex*ang$ to advantage1 & 
) propriety occupies t place :i* !      
fondl+ females 9 ! pictures ( ,/4       
,seba/ian1 ,/4 ,&rew1 & ,/4 ,agnes only 
usurp4  ,! ,m>tyrdom1 or r ! brutally   
o/5tati\s murd] ( ,/4 ,agnes leads u to 
! limits ( expression3 sympa?y & disgu/ 

are ! irreconcileable p>allels t mu/ =  
ev] sep>ate legitimate t]ror & pity f   
horror & av]sion4 ,we _c sympa?ise ) :at
 we dete/ or despise1 nor fully pity :at
 we %udd] at or loa!4 ,s little 7 ^!    
limits und]/ood by ! mod]ns1 ,m4 ,agnolo
 except$1 t ev5 ! humanity & delicacy ( 
,raffaello did n gu>d him f excursions  
into ! realms ( horror & loa?som5ess3 x 
is difficult to conceive :at c\ld       
provoke him to make a f9i%$ design ( !  
inhumanities t accompany ! m>tyrdom (   
,/4 ,felicitas at :i* ev5 description   
%udd]s2 a design made on purpose to be  
disp]s$ ov] ,europe1 p]petuat$ & made   
kn[n to all by ! grav] ( ,m>c ,antonio3 
,0 x to prove to ,alb]t ,dur] & !       
,g]mans ( 8 "t t !y _h n exhau/$ !      
s\rces ( abom9ation8 ,he made an equal  
mi/ake 9 ! ,morbetto1 :]e1 ?\gh n ) s   
lavi% a h& z ,p\ss9 aft] him1 in/ead ( !
 moral effects ( ! plague1 he has       
p]sonifi$ ! effluvia ( putrefaction4    
,:at he _h n p5etration to avoid1 c\ld n
 be expect$ to be %unn$ by 8 s*ol>s4    

,julio ,romano delight$ 9 /udi$ images (
 torture z well z ( ! mo/ ab&on$        
lic5ti\sness4 ,among 8 contempor>ies1   
,correggio ev5 attempt$ to give a ze/ to
 ! mo/ wanton cruelty by an affectation 
( grace 9 ! picture ( ! ,sa9ts ,placido 
& ,flavia3 b ! enam\r$ trance ( ,placido
 ) 8 neck half cut1 & ! an!m t quiv]s on
 ! lips ( ,flavia :il/ a sword is ent]+ 
h] side1 9 va9 bespeak our sympa?y1 =   
:il/ we dete/ ! felons :o slaught] !m1  
we loa! to inspect ! actual process ( ! 
crime2 mangl+ is contagi\s1 & spreads   
av]sion f ! slaught]man to ! victim4 ,if
 ,/4 ,b>?olomew & ,/4 ,erasmus are      
subjects = pa9t+1 !y c only be s be=e1 &
 nei!r "u nor aft] ! op]ation ( ! knife 
or w9dlass4 ,a decollat$ m>tyr repres5t$
 ) 8 head 9 8 h&1 z ,rub5s did1 & a     
headless corpse ) ! head ly+ by x1 z    
,correggio1 c only prove ! brutality1   
/upidity1 or bigotry ( ! employ]1 & !   
callus or v5ality ( ! arti/4  ,!        
gradations ( expression )91 close to1 & 
beyond its limits _c p]haps be elucidat$

 ) great] p]spicuity ?an by comp>ison2 &
 ! diff]5t mom5ts :i* ,julio ,romano1   
,v&yke & ,rembr&t1 h select$ to repres5t
 ! subject ( ,samson betray$ by         
,delilah1 (f]s "o ( ! faire/ specim5s   
furni%$ by art4 ,consid]+ x z a drama1  
we may say t ,julio =ms ! plot1 ,v&yke  
unravels x1 & ,rembr&t %[s ! extreme ( !
 cata/rophe4  ,9 ! composition ( ,julio1
 ,samson1 satiat$ ) pleasure1 plung$    
into sleep1 & /ret*$ on ! gr\nd1 re/s 8 
head & presses ) 8 arm ! ?igh ( ,delilah
 on "o side1 :il/ on ! o!r a nimble     
m9ion busily1 b ) timor\s caution1 f+]s 
& clips 8 locks2 su* is 8 fe>1 t1 to be 
firm1 he re/s "o knee on a foot-/ool    
trembl+ly wat*+ ! sleep]1 & ready to    
escape at 8 lea/ motion4 ,delilah1 seat$
 betwe5 bo?1 fix$ by ! weight ( ,samson1
 w>ily turns h] head t[>d a troop (     
w>riors 9 ! back gr\nd1 ) ! left arm    
/ret*$ out %e beckons _! lead]1 ) ! f+] 
( ! "r h& %e presses h] lip to enjo9    
sil5ce & noiseless approa*4 ,! ,h]culean
 make & lion port ( ,samson1 8 p]turb$  

?\gh pond]\s sleep1 ! quiv]+ agility ( !
 curl$ fav\rite employ$1 ! h>lot graces 
& m]etrici\s elegance contra/$ by equal 
firmness & s5se ( dang] 9 ,delilah1 !   
attitude & look ( ! grim vet]an :o heads
 ! ambu%1 :il/ !y give u ! clue to all t
 foll[$1 keep u 9 anxi\s susp5se1 we    
palpitate 9 brea?less expectation2 ?is  
is ! plot4  ,! t]rors :i* ,julio made u 
=ebode1 ,v&yke summons to our eyes4 ,!  
my/]i\s lock is cut2 ! dread$ victim is 
r\s$ f ! lap ( ! h>lot-prie/ess4 ,/>t+  
unconsci\s ( 8 dep>t$ p[]1 he attempts  
to spr+ =w>d1 & ) "o ef=t ( 8 mighty    
brea/ & exp&$ arms to da% 8 foes to !   
gr\nd & fl+ ! al>m$ traitress f him--9  
va92 %orn ( 8 /r5g? he is borne d[n by !
 weight ( ! mail$ *ief t ?r[s himself ^u
 him1 & ov]p[]$ by a ?rong ( infuriate  
satellites4 ,b ?\gh ov]p[]$1 less agha/ 
?an indignant1 8 eye fla%es reproa* on !
 p]fidi\s female ^: :e$l+ c>esses drew !
 fatal secret f 8 brea/2 ! plot is      
unfold$1 & :at succe$s1 too horrible = !
 s5se1 is left to fancy to brood ^u1 or 

drop x4  ,?is mom5t ( horror ! gigantic 
b b>b>\s g5ius ( ,rembr&t *ose1 &1 )\t a
 metaphor1 execut$ a subject1 :i*       
humanity1 judgm5t & ta/e taught 8       
rivals1 only to treat2 he displays a    
sc5e :i* no eye b t ( ,domitian or ,n]o 
c\ld wi% or be> to see4 ,samson1 /ret*$ 
on ! gr\nd1 is held by "o ,phili/9e "u  
him1 :il/ ano!r *a9s 8 "r arm1 & a ?ird 
cl5*+ 8 be>d ) "o1 drives a dagg] into 8
 eye ) ! o!r h&4 ,! pa9 t bla/s him1    
d>ts expression f ! contortions ( ! m\? 
& 8 gna%+ tee? to ! crampy convulsions (
 ! leg da%$ high into ! air4 ,"s fi5d-l 
features gl>e ?r\gh ! gloomy light :i*  
discov]s ,delilah1 h] "w n[ done1 slid+ 
(f1 ! %e>s 9 h] left1 ! locks ( ,samson 
9 h] "r h&4 ,if h] figure1 elegant1     
attractive1 su* z ,rembr&t nev] conceiv$
 be=e or aft]1 des]ve our wond] r ?an   
our praise1 no words c d ju/ice to !    
expression t animates h] face1 & %[s h] 
less %r9k+ f ! horrid sc5e ?an exult+ 9 
be+ its cause4 ,su* is ! "w ^: magic (  
col\r1 tone & *i>oscuro irresi/ibly     

entrap ! eye1 :il/ we dete/ ! brutal    
*oice ( ! mom5t4#hi  ,let u 9 conclusion
 contra/ ! /]n pa?os ( ?is sc5]y ) !    
placid emotions ( a mild] subject1 9 !  
celebrat$ pictures :i* repres5t !       
,communion or dea? ( ,/4 ,j]ome by      
,ago/9o ,c>acci & 8 s*ol> ,dom5i*9o--t  
an alt>-piece 9 ! ,c]tosa ne> ,bologna1 
?is 9 ! *ur* ( ,/4 ,girolamo della ,c>it
 at ,rome2 b = "s "t bo? exhibit$ 9 !   
gall]y ( ! ,l\vre at ,p>is4 ,:at ,i h to
 say on ! ,inv5tion1 ,expression1       
,*>act]s1 ,tone & ,col\r ( ei!r is !    
result ( obs]vations lately made on bo? 
9 t gall]y1 :]e !n !y 7 plac$ ne>ly     
opposite to ea* o!r4  ,9 ea* picture1   
,/4 ,j]ome1 br\ght f 8 cell to receive !
 sacram5t1 is repres5t$ on 8 knees1     
support$ by dev\t att5dants2 9 ea* !    
(ficiat+ prie/ is 9 ! act ( adm9i/]+ to 
! dy+ sa9t2 ! same cl]ical society fills
 ! portico ( ! temple 9 bo?1 9 bo? !    
sc5e is witness$ f above by infant      
angels4  ,! g5]al op9ion is 9 fav\r ( ! 
,pupil1 b if 9 ! economy ( ! :ole       

,dom5i*9o surpasses 8 ma/]1 he appe>s to
 me greatly inf]ior bo? 9 ! "* &        
expression ( ! h]o4 ,dom5i*9o has       
repres5t$ ,piety sc>cely /ruggl+ )      
decay1 ,ago/9o triumphant ov] x1 8 sa9t 
becomes 9 ! place :]e he is1 a sup]ior  
be+1 & is inspir$ by ! approa*+ god3 t (
 ,dom5i*9o seems divid$ betwe5          
resignation1 m5tal & bodily imbecility &
 desire4 ,! sa9t ( ,ago/9o is a lion1 t 
( ,dom5i*9o a lamb4  ,9 ! sac]dotal     
figure adm9i/]+ ! viaticum1 ,dom5i*9o   
has less improv$ ?an correct$ ! unwor?y 
*oice ( 8 ma/]4 ,! prie/ ( ,ago/9o is "o
 ( ! ,frati ,god5ti ( ,dante1 be=e !y   
receiv$ ! inf]nal hood2 a gross1 fat1   
self-conceit$ t]re/rial feature1 a      
c\nt5ance equally pro( to elevation1    
pity or ?\ght4 ,! prie/ ( ,dom5i*9o is a
 m9i/] ( grace1 /amp$ ) ! sacr$ humility
 t *>act]iz$ 8 ma/]1 & p5etrat$ by !    
function ( :i* he is ! in/rum5t4  ,we   
are m impress$ ) ! graces ( y\? ?an !   
en]gies ( manhood v]g+ on age3 9 ?is    
respect1 z well z t ( contra/ ) !       

decrepitude ( ,/4 ,j]ome1 ! placid      
contemplative beauty ( ! "y deacon on ! 
=egr\nd ( ,dom5i*9o1 w probably please m
 ?an ! poetic trance ( ! assi/ant fri> )
 ! light$ tap] 9 ! =egr\nd ( ,ago/9o4   
,?is mu/ h[ev] be obs]v$1 t z ,dom5i*9o 
?\ght prop] to introduce sup]natural    
witnesses ( ! c]emony 9 imitation ( 8   
ma/]1 _! effect seems less ornam5tal1 & 
m int]wov5 ) ! plan1 by be+ p]ceiv$ by !
 actors !mselves4  ,if ! att5dant       
*>act]s 9 ! picture ( ,ago/9o are m     
num]\s1 & h on ! :ole1 furni%$ ! h9ts ( 
admission to ^? ( ,dom5i*9o1 ?is1 ) "o  
exception1 may be said to h us$ m       
propriety & judgm5t 9 ! *oice4 ,bo? h   
introduc$ a man ) a turban1 & op5$ a    
portico to *>act]ize an ,asiatic sc5e4  
,) reg>d to composition1 ,dom5i*9o      
und\bt$ly ga9s ! palm4 ,! disposition on
 ! :ole he owes to 8 ma/]1 ?\gh he      
rev]s$ x1 b he has cle>$ x ( t          
oppressive bu/le :i* r involves & cr[ds 
! pr9cipal actors 9 ,ago/9o ?an att5ds  
!m4 ,he spreads tranquillity ) space1 & 

repose )\t vacuity4  ,) ?is corresponds 
! tone ( ! :ole4 ,! ev5+-fre%ness ( an  
ori5tal day t+es e "p2 ! m$ium ( ,ago/9o
 p>takes too mu* ( ! fumigat$ inside ( a
 ,ca?olic *apel4  ,! drap]ies ( bo? are 
*>act]i/ic1 & unite subord9ation )      
dignity1 b _! col\r is *os5 ) m judgm5t 
by ,dom5i*9o2 ! imbr[n$ gold & ample    
folds ( ! robe ( ! adm9i/]+ prie/ are m 
g5ial ?an ! cold blue1 :ite & yell[ on !
 prie/ ( 8 ma/]2 9 bo?1 p]haps1 ! :ite  
drap]ies on ! =egr\nd figures h too     
little /r5g? = ! c5tral col\rs1 b x is m
 p]ceiv$ 9 ,c>racci ?an 9 ,dom5i*9o4  ,!
 =ms ( ! sa9t 9 ,c>racci are gr&] & m   
ideal ?an 9 ! sa9t ( ,dom5i*9o2 "s h ev5
 ?\ght !m too vigor\s3 bo?1 9 my op9ion1
 are 9 h>mony ) ! emotion ( ! face &    
expression ( ei!r4 ,! eag]ness t        
animates ! c\nt5ance ( ! "o may be      
suppos$ to spread a mom5t>y vig\r ov] 8 
frame4 ,! m5tal d]eliction ( c\nt5ance 9
 ! o!r ) equal propriety relaxes &      
palsies ! limbs :i* dep5d on x4  ,!     
col\r ( ,c>racci's sa9t is mu* m        

*>act]i/ic ( fle%y ?\gh ne>ly bloodless 
sub/ance ?an t *os5 by 8 rival1 :i* is  
)]$1 %rivell$1 lea!ry 9 ! lights1 & e>?y
 9 ! %ades2 b ! head ( ! (ficiat+ prie/ 
9 ,dom5i*9o1 :e!r consid]$ z a specim5 (
 col\r indep5d5t ( ! re/ or z set (f by 
x1 = tru?1 tone1 fre%ness1 en]gy1 is n  
only ! be/ ,dom5i*9o ev] pa9t$1 b p]haps
 ! be/ t c be conceiv$4   ,,footnotes3  
#hh ,a miracle means an act p]=m$ by    
virtue ( an unkn[n law ( ,nature4  #hi  
,! =m1 b n ! s\l1 ( ,julio's composition
 has be5 borr[$ by ,rub5s1 or ! ma/] ( !
 well-kn[n picture 9 ! gall]y ( ,dulwi* 
college4 ,few c be unacqua9t$ ) ! "w (  
,v&yke1 spread by ! be/ engrav]s ( t    
s*ool4 ,! picture ( ,rembr&t is ! *ief  
ornam5t ( ! collection 9 ! g>d5-h\se ( !
 ,s*nborn family1 9 "o ( ! suburbs (    
,vi5na3 has be5 et*$ on a l>ge scale1 & 
!re is a copy ( x 9 ! gall]y at ,cassel4
 ,a circum/antial acc\nt ( x may be f\nd
 9 ! ,eigh? ,lett]1 vol4 iii4 ( ,ktn]'s 
,travels4     ,,six? ,,lecture4         
,,*i>oscuro4      ,non fumum ex fulgore1

 s$ ex fumo d>e lucem4                  
,horat4 de ,arte ,poet4 ,l4 #adc4       
,,argum5t4      ,def9ition4--,lion>do da
 ,v9ci4--,giorgione4--,antonio da       
,correggio4     ,,six? ,,lecture4   ,!  
t]m ,*i>oscuro1 adopt$ f ! ,italian1 9  
its prim>y & simple/ s5se means !       
division ( a s+le object into light &   
%ade1 & 9 its wide/ compass comprises _!
 di/ribution ov] a :ole composition3    
:e!r ! fir/ d]ive its spl5d\r by be+    
expos$ to a direct light1 or f col\rs 9 
its nature lum9\s2 & :e!r ! second owe  
_! obscurity directly to ! privation (  
light1 or be produc$ by col\rs 9        
!mselves opaque4 ,its exclusive p[] is1 
to give sub/ance to =m1 place to figure1
 & to create space4 ,x may be consid]$ z
 legitimate or spuri\s3 x is legitimate 
:51 z ! imm$iate (fspr+ ( ! subject1 its
 disposition1 ext5t1 /r5g? or sweetness 
are subs]vi5t to =m1 expression1 &      
invigorate or illu/rate "*1 by height5+ 
! prim>y actor or actors1 & subord9at+ !
 second>y2 x is spuri\s :5 f an assi/ant

 aspir+ to ! rights ( a pr9cipal1 x     
becomes a sub/itute = indisp5sable or m 
ess5tial dem&s4 ,z su*1 x has (t5 be5   
employ$ by ! ma*9i/s ( diff]5t s*ools1 =
 :om x became ! refuge ( ignorance1 a   
palliative = an incurable disease1 & !  
asylum ( empt9ess2 /ill1 z ev5 a res\rce
 ( ?is k9d proves a c]ta9 vig\r ( m9d1 x
 surprises into some?+ l unwill+        
admiration & =c$ applause4  ,( e subject
 ,unity is ! s\l3 unity1 ( c\rse1 is    
insep>able f legitimate *i>oscuro3 h5ce 
! individual light & %ade ( e figure t  
makes "p ( a giv5 or *os5 subject1 :e!r 
natural or ideal1 z well z ! m comp\nd  
"o ( ! diff]5t int]m$iate gr\ps1 mu/ act
 z s _m rays emanat+ f "o c5tre &       
t]m9ate1 blaz+1 evanesc5t1 or obscur$1 9
 r\nd+ x to ! eye4  ,tru? is ! next     
requisite ( *i>oscuro1 :atev] be !      
subject4 ,"s x att5ds )\t ambition1     
cont5t ) common effects2 "s x           
invigorates or inspires3 b 9 ei!r case1 
let ! effect be t ( usual exp&$         
day-light1 or artificial & cond5s$1 x   

ought to be regulat$ by tru? 9 ext5t1   
/r5g?1 brilliancy1 s(tness1 & above all1
 by simplicity 9 its positive & purity 9
 its negative p>ts4 ,z %ade is ! m]e    
abs5ce ( light1 x _c1 except f reflexes1
 possess any hue or col\r ( its own1 &  
acquires all its *>ms f transp>5cy4  ,b 
to ! rules :i* art prescribes to        
,*i>oscuro1 to r\nd ea* figure ( a      
composition ) tru?1 to connect x ) !    
neighb\r+ gr\ps1 & bo? ) ! :ole--x adds1
 t all ?is %\ld be done ) /rict adh]5ce 
to propriety1 at ! lea/ possible exp5se 
( ! subord9ate p>ts1 & ) ! utmo/        
atta9able degree ( effect &             
h>mony--dem&s :i* x is n my duty to     
inquire1 :e!r !y ent]$ ev] ) equal      
evid5ce ! m9d ( any "o arti/1 anci5t or 
mod]n3 :e!r1 if x be grant$ possible t  
!y did1 !y 7 ev] balanc$ ) equal        
imp>tiality2 & grant ?is1 :e!r !y ev] 7 
or c\ld be execut$ ) equal felicity4 ,a 
"* ( equal univ]sal p[] is n a human    
"*--& ! ne>e/ approa* to p]fection c    
only be 9 c>ry+ to excell5ce "o great   

quality ) ! lea/ alloy ( defects4 ,?us 9
 ! ,s*ool ( ,a!ns1 ,raffaello's great   
aim be+ to embody on ! same sc5e !      
gradations1 v>ieties & utmo/ po9t (     
human culture z x proce$s f ! individual
 to society1 & f t asc5ds to ,god2 he   
suff]$ expression & "* to prepond]ate   
ov] effect & comb9ation ( masses1 &     
contriv+ to unite ! opposite w+s ) !    
c5tre by entrance & exit at ea*         
extremity1 z f> z expression c\ld d x1  
succe$$1 to make :at 9 itself is little 
m ?an apposition ( s+le figures or      
deta*$ gr\ps1 "o gr& :ole4--,i say1 z f>
 z expression c\ld satisfy a m9d        
qualifi$ to contemplate & p5etrate 8    
pr9ciple1 h[ev] unsatisfi$ a m]ely      
picturesque eye might w&] ov] a scatt]$ 
assemblage ( figures equally illum9at$ &
 unconnect$ by a comm&+ mass ( light &  
%ade4  ,f ?is defici5cy ( effect 9 !    
composition we speak (1 x is evid5t1 t  
m]e natural light & %ade1 h[ev]         
sep>ately or individually true1 is n    
always legitimate ,*i>oscuro 9 art4     

,nature %$s or )holds h] ray            
indiscrim9ately1 & e object has :at %>e 
x c obta9 by place & position1 :i* x is 
! bus9ess ( art to arrange by fix+ a    
c5tre & di/ribut+ ! rays accord+ to ! m 
or less important claims ( ! subject3 z 
long z x regulates itself by /rict      
obs]vance ( t pr9ciple1 x matt]s n :e!r 
its pr9cipal mass radiate f ! middle1   
w9d 9 undulat+ %apes1 d>t 9 decid$ beams
 f ! extremities2 emanate f "o s\rce1 or
 borr[ additional effect f subord9ate   
ones3 let x m\nt l flame or desc5d 9    
lightn+2 da% 9 /]n tones t]ror on ! eye1
 em]g5t f a d>k or lum9\s m$ium2 ?r\gh  
twilight imm]se itself 9 imp5etrable    
gloom or gradually vani% 9 voluptu\s    
repose1 guid$ by ! subject ! mo/ d>+    
division ( light & %ade becomes natural 
& legitimate1 & ! mo/ regul>1 spuri\s & 
illegitimate )\t x4  ,to atta9 9 !      
execution ! highe/ possible & wide/     
exp&$ effect ( light1 ) equal dep? &    
transp>5ce 9 ! %ade1 brilliancy ( col\r 
is less requir$ ?an unison3 a sov]eign  

tone mu/ p]vade ! :ole1 :i*1 ?\gh       
arbitr>y & dep5d5t on *oice1 decides all
 subord9ate ones1 z ! tone ( ! fir/     
in/rum5t 9 a regul> conc]t tunes all !  
re/2 _! effect entirely dep5ds on be+ 9 
unison ) x1 & discord is produc$ :5ev]  
!y revolt3 by ?us unit+ itself ) ! :ole1
 ! simple/ tone well manag$ may become1 
n only h>moni\s1 b ri* & spl5did1 x is  
!n ! tone ( ,nature3 :il/ ! mo/         
brilliant "o1 if contradict$ or         
disappo9t$ by ! detail ( ! inf]ior1 may 
become heavy1 lea!rn1 & discordant4     
,?\gh e "w ( ,correggio is an           
illu/ration ( ?is pr9ciple1 & none )    
bright] evid5ce ?an 8 ,notte1 9 :i* !   
c5tral light ( ! infant irradiates !    
:ole2 p]haps ! mo/ decisive1 because !  
mo/ appropriate pro( ( x1 is 9 its      
companion ! less kn[n picture ( ,/4     
,seba/ian1 at ,dresd52 9 :i* ! c5tral   
light ( a glory1 n only surprises ! eye 
) all ! spl5d\r ( a sun1 ?\gh its col\r 
is a yell[ comp>atively fa9t1 & t]m9ates
 9 br[n1 b t+es ! :ole1 p]fectly        

transp>5t1 ) its emanation4  ,t n be=e !
 lapse ( two hundr$ ye>s aft] !         
resurrection ( ,art1 ! discov]y (       
,*i>oscuro1 z a pr9ciple ( beauty 9 s+le
 figures & ( effect 9 composition1 %\ld 
be aw>d$ to ,lion>do da ,v9ci1 a patri>*
 ( t s*ool :i* "t has %[n ( all o!rs !  
lea/ incl9$ to appreciate its           
advantages1 is at once a pro( ( !       
s+ul>ity t m>ks ! local di/ribution (   
p[]s1 & ( ! inconceivable sl[ness :i*   
att5ds human p]ception 9 ! progress (   
/udy3 b )\t g5]ally admitt+ :at has be5 
said ) m en]gy ?an judgm5t or reg>d to  
tru?1 t mod]n art lit]ally sprang f !   
lo9s ( ,lion>do1 x mu/ be grant$ t no "w
 ant]ior or contempor>y ) 8 essays 9    
,*i>oscuro n[ exi/s to disprove 8 claim 
to ! fir/ vision ( its h>mony2 its magic
 l5t ! *>m1 by :i* 8 females allure1 to 
=ms nei!r ideal nor mu* v>i$2 si/]s ( "o
 family1 !y attract by ! light 9 :i* !y 
radiate1 by ! %ade t veils !m--= !      
features ( ,giotto's or ,memmi's        
,madonnas or virg9-sa9ts float+ 9 ! same

 m$ium1 w\ld require little m to be _!  
equals4  ,?is pr9ciple ,lion>do seems   
seldom if ev] to h ext5d$ to relieve or 
recomm5d 8 l>g] compositions & male     
figures1 if we except ! gr\p ( cont5d+  
horsem5 :i* made or 0 int5d$ = "s "p ( 8
 rival ,c>toon 9 ! ,sala del ,consiglio3
 a knot ( supreme p[]s 9 ,composition & 
,*i>oscuro3 ?\gh1 z we "k x *iefly f a  
copy ( ,p4 ,p4 ,rub5s engrav$ by        
,edel9ck1 ! gross evid5ce ( ,flemi%     
lib]ties tak5 ) ! /yle1 makes x probable
 t ! orig9al simplicity ( light & %ade  
has be5 invigorat$ by ! artificial      
contra/s ( ! copyi/4 ,lion>do's op5     
sc5]y1 t+$ ) ! gl>eless ev5ness ( pla9  
daylight1 seldom w>rants effects s      
conc5trat$4 ,uno/5tati\s gravity m>ks ! 
*>act]s ( 8 ,la/ ,supp]1 & 9 sob] ev5+  
tones m>k$ probably ! ,*i>oscuro ( !    
gr\ps & sc5]y1 if we may be all[$ to =m 
our judgm5t f ! little t rema9s         
unimpair$ by ! ravages ( "t & ! m b>b>\s
 ones ( r5ovators4  ,to ! discov]y (    
c5tral radiance ! g5ius ( ,lion>do )    

equal p5etration add$ its c\nt]p>t1     
purity ( %ade & ! coalesc5ce ( bo? ?r\gh
 imp]ceptible demi-t9ts4 ,:atev] tone ( 
light he *ose1 he nev] =got t ! %ade    
int5d$ to set x (f 0 only its abs5ce1 & 
n a positive col\r1 & t bo? 7 to be     
h>moniz$ by demi-t9ts compos$ ( bo?2 a  
pr9ciple ( :i* no s*ool ant]ior to him  
has left a trace4  ,t ! discov]y ( a    
pr9ciple big ) advantages z obvi\s z    
important to art %\ld h be5 res]v$ = !  
p5etration ( ,lion>do1 h[ev] s+ul>1 is  
less /range ?an t1 :5 discov]$ & its    
p[]s demon/rat$1 x %\ld1 ) ! exception (
 "o "n1 h n only met ) no imitators1 b )
 an ambigu\s & ev5 disc\rag+ reception f
 ! pupils ( 8 own s*ool1 & "s next alli$
 to x4 ,vas>i1 8 panegyri/ r ?an        
biograph]1 talks ( x m z a s+ul>        
phnom5on ?an z an evid5t pr9ciple1 &    
av[+ t he introduc$ a c]ta9 dep? ( %ade 
into oil-pa9t+1 :i* enabl$ succe$+      
arti/s to relieve _! figures m          
=cibly1#ij p]sev]$ to discol\r walls &  
pannels ) wa%y flat insipidity4         

,b>tolomeo della ,porta alone appe>s to 
h _h suffici5t compass ( m9d to grasp   
its en]gy & connect x ) col\r3 f him1   
?r\gh ,&rea del ,s>to d[n to ,pietro    
,b]ett9i1 :o ow$ 8 effects r to         
opposition ( t9ts ?an to legitimate     
,*i>oscuro1 ! ,tuscan s*ool gradually   
suff]$ x to dw9dle into evanesc5ce4     
,unless we 7 to consid] its a/oni%+     
effects 9 "s ( ,mi*ael ,angelo's works 9
 ! light ( imitations r ?an z emanations
 ( 8 own g5ius2 :i* p]haps we are ! less
 w>rant$ to presume1 z he seems to h    
paid no att5tion to ,lion>do's discov]y 
9 its brighte/ p]iod2 = ! gr\ps ( 8     
celebrat$ c>toon exhibit little m ?an   
individual light & %ade4  ,:at ! ,tuscan
 s*ool treat$ ) neglect1 ! ,roman appe>s
 n to h be5 eag] to adopt3 if ,raffaello
 did n rema9 a /rang] to ! !ories (     
,lion>do & ,fr ,b>tolomeo1 he suff]$ !  
pr9ciple to lie dormant2 = no production
 ( 8 dur+ 8 int]c\rse ) !m is m>k$ by   
conc5tration ( light or purity ( %ade or
 subord9ate masses3 nor is ! int]val    

betwe5 8 la/ dep>ture f ,flor5ce & 8    
entrance ( ! ,vatican discrim9at$ by any
 visible progress 9 mass+ & illum9at+ a 
:ole3 ! upp] & l[] p>ts ( ! ,dispute on 
! ,sacram5t1 cut %e] asund]1 z a :ole1  
are little reliev$ 9 ei!r2 & if !       
,p>nassus & ! ,s*ool ( ,a!ns h ! beg9n+1
 middle1 & end ( legitimate composition1
 !y owe x to expression & feel+2 nor c !
 m vigor\s display ( ,*i>oscuro 9 !     
works ( ! second /anza1 ! ,deliv]ance ( 
,pet]1 ! ,fall ( ,heliodorus1 ! ,attila1
 ! ,mass ( ,bols5a be ref]r$ to a       
pr9ciple ( imitation1 :5 we see x       
neglect$ 9 a subject :]e x might h rul$ 
) absolute sway1 9 ! ,inc5dio del       
,borgo1 & on ! :ole 9 e ,composition ( !
 ?ird & f\r? /anza2 a s]ies ( evid5ce t 
,raffaello consid]$ ,*i>oscuro z a      
subord9ate vehicle1 & nev] suff]$ its   
bl&i%m5ts or en]gies to absorb mean+ or 
to supplant expression & =m3#ia b !     
h>mony :i* imm$iately aft] him ,giulio  
,pipi1 & ,polydoro only except$1 ! re/ (
 8 pupils _h sacrific$ or consecrat$ to 

high] beauties1 _! successors1 !        
subsequ5t ,roman s*ool f ! ,zucc>i ?r\gh
 ,giuseppe ,ces>i d[n to ,c4 ,m>atta1 if
 !y did n entirely lose 9 a heavy       
display ( academic p$antry1 or de/roy by
 ! remorseless bravura ( mann]$         
practice1 ! uni=mly pollut$ by ba/>d    
!ories & adult]at$ me?ods ( %ade4  ,:5  
,i say t ! ,roman s*ool uni=mly err$ 9  
_! pr9ciple ( %ade1 ,i h n =got ,m4     
,angelo da ,c>avaggio1 ^: d>ks are 9 su*
 p]fect unison ) ! lights ( 8 *i>oscuro1
 t ,a4 ,c>acci decl>$ he did n gr9d     
col\r b fle% itself = 8 t9ts 7*e mac9ava
 c>ne71 & :om = t reason & on su*       
au?ority ,i *oose r to consid] z ! head 
( 8 own s*ool ?an z ! memb] ( ano!r3 9  
"s ( 8 surviv+ works1 b f> m frequ5tly 9
 ^? :i* )\t suffici5t au!nticity are    
ascrib$ to him1 an abrupt transition f  
light to d>kness1 )\t an int]v5+        
demi-t9t1 has (f5d$ ! eye & provok$ !   
s>casm ( an em95t critic3 b z long z !  
picture ( ! ,entomb+ ( ,*ri/ 9 ! ,*iesa 
,nuova at ,rome may be appeal$ to2 z    

long z ! ,pilgrim's kneel+ be=e !       
,madonna ) ! *ild 9 h] arms1 ( ,/4      
,ago/9o at ,rome1 %all reta9 _! tone2 or
 ! ,infant ,jesus1 once 9 ! ,spada      
palace1 cru%+ ! s]p5t's head1 %all resi/
 ! ravages ( "t--x w be difficult to    
produce 9 simil> works ( any o!r ma/] or
 any o!r s*ool1 f ,lion>do d[n to       
,rembr&t1 a sy/em ( *i>oscuro :i* %all  
equal ! sev]e yet mell[ en]gy ( ! fir/2 
! dep>t+ ev5+ ray & veil$ gl[ ( !       
second2 or1 ) unimpair$ h>mony1 ! bold  
decision ( masses & /]n light & %ade ( !
 ?ird4  ,! homage sp>+ly grant$ or      
call\sly refus$ to *i>oscuro by ! two   
s*ools ( design 0 ) implicit devotion   
paid to x by ! nurse ( col\r1 ! s*ool ( 
,v5ice4 ,:e!r z tradition1 on ! au?ority
 ( ,vas>i1 ma9ta9s1 !y receiv$ x z a    
pr9ciple ( imitation f ! p]spicacity1 or
 z a native discov]y f ! g5ius (        
,giorgione ,b>b>elli1 ?\gh f :at has be5
 advanc$ on bo? sides ( ! "q1 x w\ld be 
presumptu\s positively to decide on     
ei!r1 x mu/ be all[$1 t if ! ,v5etian   

receiv$ a h9t f ! ,flor5t9e1 he ext5d$ x
 ?r\gh a sy/em1 ! h>mony ( :i* 0 all 8  
own1 & excell$ 9 bread? & am5ity ! light
 :i* x c\ld n surpass 9 spl5d\r1 add$   
transp>5ce to purity ( %ade1 r\nd$ by   
reflexes & discov]$ by ! contra/ ( deep 
) a]ial col\r1 t en]gy ( effect :i* m]e 
*i>oscuro c\ld n h rea*$1 & :i* 0 c>ri$ 
ne> p]fection by ,paolo ,cagli>i4       
,among ! v>i$ mis*ief p\r$ into ?is     
c\ntry by ! rapaci\s sophi/ry ( trad]s &
 ! ambiti\s cullibility ( weal?y        
collectors1 no fraud p]haps has be5 m   
de/ructive to ! g5u9e appreciation (    
orig9al /yles ?an ! baptism ( pictures )
 names n _! own3 by ?is prolific me?od  
worse ones ?an ^? ( ,lu9i1 ,aretusi1    
,timoteo della ,vite1 ,bonifacio1 are   
daily grac$ ) ! hon\rs due to ,lion>do1 
,correggio1 ,raffaello1 ,tizian2 ?\gh   
none h suff]$ m by ! multiplication ?an 
,giorgione1 :om %ortness ( life1 a      
peculi> fatality ( circum/ances1 & !    
ravages ( "t1 h conspir$ to r5d] "o ( ! 
sc>ce/ z well z lea/ au!nticat$ arti/s  

ev5 9 ,italy3 to :om 8 e>lie/ & late/   
biograph]s h be5 z critically unju/ z   
*ronologically inatt5tive2 ,vas>i by    
transf]r+ to ano!r 8 pr9cipal "w2       
,fiorillo by mak+ him pa9t ! portrait ( 
,calv9 ! ,re=m]4#ib  ,to =m our op9ion  
!re=e ( ,giorgione's *i>oscuro f a few  
portraits or s+le figures1 if           
legitimate1 (t5 re/or$1 or f ! crumbl+  
remnants ( 8 decay$ frescoes1 w\ld be to
 =m an e/imate ( a magnific5t fabric f  
"s loose fragm5t or /one3 to d full     
ju/ice to 8 p[]s we mu/ h rec\rse to 8  
surpris+ "w 9 ! ,s*ool ( ,s4 ,m>co at   
,v5ice2 a composition ^: t]rific graces 
,vas>i descants on ) a f]v\r inf]ior    
only to ! arti/'s own inspiration1 ?\gh 
he unacc\ntably ascribes x to ! eld]    
,palma4#ic  ,9 ! ,s*ool ( ,s4 ,m>co he  
pa9t$ ! /ory ( ! %ip :i* conducts ! body
 ( ,/4 ,m>k ?r\gh a horrible tempe/1 )  
o!r b>ges assail$ by furi\s w9ds2 &     
besides1 gr\ps ( arial app>itions1 &    
v>i\s =ms ( fi5ds :o v5t _! bla/s aga9/ 
! vessels1 t by d9t ( o>s & en]gy ( arms

 /rive to =ce _! way ?r\gh ! m\nta9\s & 
ho/ile waves :i* ?reat5 to subm]ge !m4  
,y he> ! h[l+ bla/1 y see ! grasp & fi]y
 ex]tion ( ! m51 ! fluctuation ( !      
waves1 ! lightn+ t bur/s ! cl\ds1 ! o>s 
b5t by ! flood1 ! flood broke by ! o>s1 
& da%$ to spray by ! s9ews ( ! r[]s4    
,:at m8 ,9 va9 ,i lab\r to recollect a  
picture t equals ! t]rors ( ?is ^:      
design1 inv5tion1 & col\r make ! canvass
 tremble6 ,(t5 :5 he f9i%es1 an arti/1  
absorb$ 9 ! contemplation ( p>ts1 =gets 
! ma9 po9t ( a design1 & z ! spirits    
cool1 loses ! ve9 ( 8 en?usiasm2 b ?is  
man1 nev] los+ sight ( ! subject1 guid$ 
8 conceit to p]fection4  ,! effect ( ?is
 "w1 :5 x drew su* a /ream ( eulogy f   
lips else s frugal 9 ,v5etian praise1   
may be guess$ at f ! impression x makes 
9 its pres5t decay--= ev5 n[1 x might   
defy ! competition ( ! mo/ t]rific      
specim5s 9 *i>oscuro1 ! boat ( ,*>on 9  
,m4 ,angelo's ,la/ ,judgm5t1 p]haps1    
only except$4 ,yet its ma/] 0 defraud$ (
 its glory by 8 panegyri/1 :il/ x 0     

excit+ ! wond] & curiosity ( e behold]3 
,lanzi is ! only hi/orian :o notices its
 rema9s1 & ! real au?or2#id we look 9   
va9 = x 9 ,ridolfi1 :o 9 8 ,life (      
,giorgione treats u in/ead ( x ) a      
delectable acc\nt ( a night-piece :i* he
 pa9t$1 exhibit+ ! tragi-com$y ( ca/rat+
 a cat4  ,x has be5 treat$ z a mi/ake to
 conf9e ! *i>oscuro ( a subject         
exclusively to "o s\rce2 nor c x be     
d\bt$ t (t5 x is & has be5 prov$ to be  
bo? necess>y & advantage\s to admit m2  
?is is h[ev] a lic5ce to be grant$ )    
consid]able caution1 & x appe>s to be ! 
privilege ( sup]ior p[]s to raise a     
subject1 by ! admission ( subord9ate1   
sometimes div]g+1 sometimes opposite    
/reams ( light1 to assi/ & invigorate ! 
effect ( ! prim>y "o1 )\t impair+ t     
unity :i* alone c ensure a bread? to    
effect1 )\t :i* ea* "p1 = ma/]y /riv+1  
soon w\ld be lo/ 9 confusion1 or crumble
 into fragm5ts4 ,! be/ in/ances ( !     
advantages ga9$ by ! sup]9duction (     
artificial light1 appe> to be ! ,pietro 

,m>tire & ! ,s4 ,lor5zo ( ,tiziano3 if  
selection c be made f ! works ( a ma/]1 
:]e to c\nt is to *oose4 ,9 ! fir/1 !   
/]n light ( ev5+ f> advanc$ 9 !         
backgr\nd1 is comm&$ by ! cele/ial      
emanation bur/+ f above1 wrapp+ ! summit
 9 spl5d\r1 & diffus+ itself 9 rays m or
 less devi\s ov] ! sc5]y4 ,! subject (  
,s4 ,lor5zo1 a nocturnal sc5e1 admits   
light f two s\rces--! fire b5ea? !      
,sa9t1 & a rais$ tor*3 b receives its   
pr9cipal spl5d\r f ! arial reflex ( !   
vision on high1 :i* %$s its mitigat+ ray
 on ! m>tyr4  ,! nocturnal /udies (     
,t9toretto f models & artificial gr\ps h
 be5 celebrat$3 ^!1 prep>$ 9 wax or     
clay1 he arrang$1 rais$1 susp5d$1 to    
produce masses1 =e%ort5+1 & v>iety (    
effect3 x 0 !nce he acquir$ t decision (
 *i>oscuro unkn[n to m exp&$ daylight1  
by :i* he divid$ 8 bodies1 & ^? w+s (   
obscurity & light by :i* he sep>at$ !   
gr\ps ( 8 composition1 ?\gh ! mell[ness 
( 8 eye ne>ly always in/ruct$ him to    
connect ! two extremes by some?+        

int]m$iate t p>took ( bo?1 z ! extremes 
!mselves by reflexes ) ! back-gr\nd or !
 sc5]y4 ,! g5]al rapidity ( 8 process1  
by :i* he baffl$ 8 competitors & (t5    
ov]:elm$ himself1 did n inde$ always    
p]mit him to att5d delib]ately to ?is   
pr9ciple1 & (t5 hurri$ him into an abuse
 ( practice1 :i* 9 ! lights turn$ bread?
 into mann]$ or insipid flatness1 & 9 ! 
%ad[s into total ext9ction ( p>ts3 ( all
 ?is1 he has 9 ! s*ools ( ,s4 ,rocco &  
,m>co giv5 ! mo/ unque/ionable in/ances2
 ! ,resurrection ( ,*ri/ & ! ,massacre (
 ! ,innoc5ts1 compreh5d e *>m by :i*    
*i>oscuro fasc9ates its vot>ies3 9 !    
,vision1 dewy dawn melts into deep b    
pellucid %ade1 itself r5t or reflect$ by
 cele/ial spl5d\r & angelic hues3 :il/ 9
 ! ,infant-massacre at ,be?lehem        
alt]nate %eets ( /ormy light & agitat$  
gloom da% horror on ! a/oni%$ eye4  ,he 
pursu$1 h[ev]1 ano!r me?od to create1   
)\t m assi/ance f *i>oscuro ?an         
individual light & %ade1 an effect      
equival5t & p]haps sup]ior to :at !     

utmo/ /ret* ( its p[]s c\ld h produc$1 9
 ! ,crucifixion ( ! ,alb]go1 or         
,gue/-room ( ,s4 ,rocco1 ! l>ge/ & mo/  
celebrat$ ( 8 works4 ,! multitud9\s     
rabble disp]s$ ov] t picture1 7= su*1 r 
?an composition1 "o gr\p except$1 t     
assemblage ( accid5tal figures des]ves  
to be call$17 he connect$ by a sov]eign 
tone1 +ulph+ ! :ole 9 "o mass ( om9\s   
twilight1 an eclipse1 or :at prec$es a  
/orm1 or hurricane1 or e>?quake2 nor    
suff]+ ! captive eye to re/ on any o!r  
object ?an ! fa9t gleam hov]+ ov] ! head
 ( ! ,savi\r 9 ! c5tre1 & 9 /ill fa9t]  
tones dy+ on ! sa9t$ gr\p ga!r$ b5ea? ! 
,cross4 ,yet ?is ne>ly sup]human        
contrivance1 :i* raises above admiration
 a "w ^: incongru\s p>ts else mu/ h sunk
 x b5ea? m$iocrity1 ,ago/9o ,c>racci1 9 
8 pr9t1 ) *alcographic callus1 has      
totally ov]look$2 = not)/&+ ! iron sky t
 ov]hangs ! :ole1 he has spread1 if n   
sun%9e1 ! mo/ decl>$ daylight f end to  
end1 nor left ! eye un9=m$ ( "o motley  
article1 or "o blade ( grass4  ,)       

,iacopo ,robu/i may be nam$1 ?\gh adopt$
 by ano!r s*ool1 ,belis>io ,cor5zio1 an 
,a*an ,greek1 8 pupil1 8 imitator 9 !   
magic ( *i>oscuro1 & ) /ill less        
compunction 8 rival 9 dispat* & rapidity
 ( h&3 ! imm5se compositions 9 :i* he   
ov]fl[$1 he encompass$1 & c>ri$ to      
irresi/ible c5tral spl5d\r by /reams (  
%ade1 & hemm$ 8 glories 9 ) cl\ds1 or   
%[]y1 or pregnant ) ?und]4 ,! mona/]ies 
& *ur*es ( ,naples & its dep5d5cies     
ab\nd 9 8 frescoes4  ,! m adscititi\s   
effects ( *i>oscuro produc$ by !        
opposition ( d>k to lucid1 opaque to    
transp>5t bodies1 & cold to w>m t9ts1   
?\gh fully und]/ood by ! :ole ,v5etian  
s*ool1 7 ne>ly c>ri$ to p]fection by    
,paolo ,cagli>i4 ,!re is no v>iety (    
h>moni\s or p[]ful comb9ation 9 ! empire
 ( col\r1 z a sub/itute ( light & %ade1 
:i* did n emanate f 8 eye1 v>iegate 8   
canvass1 & invigorate 8 sc5]y4 ,_m ( 8  
works1 h[ev]1 & pr9cipally ! masses     
scatt]$ ov] 8 ,supp]s1 prove t he 0 ma/]
 ( t legitimate *i>oscuro :i*1 indep5d5t

 ( col\r1 animates composition3 b !     
gaiety ( 8 m9d1 :i* inspir$ him )       
subjects ( magnific5ce & spl5d\r1 (     
num]\s assemblies canopi$ by s]5e skies 
or rov+ l(ty palaces1 made him seek 8   
effects (t5] 9 oppos$ t9ts1 ?an 9 p[]ful
 dep?s ( light & %ade4  ,b all prec$+1  
contempor>y1 & subsequ5t s*ools1 ) _!   
unit$ p[]s ( *i>oscuro1 7 f> excell$ bo?
 9 compass & magnitude ( its application
 by ! g5ius ( ,antonio ,allegri1 f !    
place ( 8 nativity surnam$ ,correggio4  
,to !m light & %ade 0 only necess>y z ! 
m or less employ$1 or ob$i5t att5dant on
 design1 composition1 & col\r4 ,b       
design1 composition1 & col\r1 7 no m ?an
 ! submissive vehicles1 or en*ant$      
m9i/]s ( its *>ms to ,correggio4 ,if1   
/rictly speak+1 he 0 n ! inv5tor ( its  
elem5t1 he fully spann$ its measure1 &  
exp&$ ! p[]s ( its h>mony ?r\gh ,heav5 &
 e>?2 9 8 eye & h& x became ! organ (   
sublimity2 ! process ( 8 cupolas made x 
no long] a "q :e!r an art circumscrib$  
by l9es & figure c\ld convey ideas (    

reality & imm5sity at once4 ,entranc$ by
 8 spell1 & lapp$ 9 8 elysium1 we are n 
aw>e ( ! wide diff]5ce betwe5 !         
conception ( ! m$ium1 ! place1 space1 & 
mode 9 :i* c]ta9 be+s ought1 or may be  
suppos$ to move1 & t ( ^? be+s !mselves2
 & =get1 ?\gh fully adequate to ! fir/1 
t ,correggio 0 unequal to ! second2 t   
?\gh he c\ld build ,heav51 he c\ld n p  
x4 ,if ,m4 ,agnolo f\nd 9 ! dep? ( 8 m9d
 & 9 gr&eur ( l9e ! means ( r5d]+ !     
imm$iate effect ( w & p[] intuitive 9 ! 
,creation ( ,adam1 by d>t+ life f ! f+] 
( ,omnipot5ce1 ! coalition ( light &    
d>kness op5$ to ! entranc$ eye (        
,correggio ! means ( embody+ ! ,mosaic  
,let !re be light1 & creat$ light 9 t   
/ream ( glory :i*1 issu+ f ! div9e      
,infant 9 8 ,notte1 proclaims a ,god4   
,if ,?\ght be p]sonifi$ 9 ! ,prophets & 
,sibyls ( ! ,si/9e ,*apel1 he has made  
,sil5ce audible 9 ! slumb]+ twilight t  
surr\nds ! ,z+>a2 & fill$ ! gloom :i*   
enbosoms ,jupit] & ,io1 ) ! :isp]s (    
,love4  ,& ?\gh p]haps we %\ld be ne>]  

tru? by ascrib+ ! cause ( ,correggio's  
magic to ! happy con=mation ( 8 organs1 
& 8 calm s]5ity ( m9d1 ?an to ,platonic 
ec/asies1 a poet might at lea/ be all[$ 
to say t 8 s\l1 absorb$ by !            
contemplation ( inf9ity1 so>$ above !   
sph]e ( measurable p[]s1 kn[+ t e object
 ^: limits c be di/9ctly p]ceiv$ by !   
m9d1 mu/ be )9 its grasp2 & h[ev] gr&1  
magnific5t1 beautiful1 or t]rific1 fall 
%ort ( ! conception itself1 & be less   
?an sublime4--,9 ?is1 f :atev] cause1   
consi/s ! real spell ( ,correggio--:i*  
nei!r ,p>megiano nor ,annibale ,c>racci 
seem to h be5 able to p5etrate3 !       
,bolognese c]ta9ly n2 = if we believe   
himself 9 8 lett]s to ,ludovico1        
expressive ( 8 emotions at ! fir/ sight 
( ,correggio's cupolas1 he conf9es 8    
admiration to ! =e%ort5+ & grace ( =ms1 
! successful imitation ( fle%1 & rigor\s
 p]spective4  ,( ,correggio's num]\s    
pret5d+ imitators ,ludovico ,c>racci    
appe>s to be ! only "o :o p5etrat$ 8    
pr9ciple3 ! axiom1 t ! less ! traces    

appe> ( ! means by :i* a "w has be5     
produc$1 ! m x resembles ! op]ations (  
nature1 is n an axiom likely to spr+ f !
 infancy ( art4 ,! ev5 col\r1 veil$     
spl5d\r1 ! solemn twilight2 t tone (    
devotion & cloi/]$ m$itation1 :i*       
,ludovico ,c>racci spread ov] 8 works1  
c\ld arise only f ! contemplation ( "s  
prec$+ /yle1 analog\s to 8 own feel+s & 
its comp>ison ) nature2 & :]e c\ld t be 
met ) 9 a degree equal to :at he f\nd 9 
! inf9ite unity & v>iety ( ,correggio's 
effusions8 ,!y inspir$ 8 frescoes 9 !   
cloi/]s ( ,/4 ,mi*ele 9 ,bosco3 !       
=e%ort5+s ( ! muscul> ,lab\r]s at !     
,h]mitage1 & ( ! pond]\s ,dmon t mocks  
_! toil1 ! w>like spl5d\r 9 ! homage (  
,totila1 ! nocturnal conflagration (    
,monte ,cass9o1 ! wild graces ( d]ang$  
beauty1 & ! insidi\s *>ms ( ! si/]      
nymphs 9 ! g>d5-sc5e1 equally proclaim !
 pupil ( ,correggio4  ,8 triumph 9 oil  
is ! alt>-piece ( ,/4 ,john prea*+1 9 a 
*apel ( ! ,c]tosa at ,bologna1 ^: lights
 seem embr[n$ by a gold5 veil1 & ! %ad[y

 gleam ( ,vallombrosa2 ?\gh he sometimes
 indulg$ 9 tones au/]e1 pron\nc$1 &     
h>dy3 su* is ! ,flagellation ( ,*ri/ 9 !
 same *ur*1 ^: trem5d\s dep? ( fle%-t9ts
 contra/s ! op5 wide-exp&$ sky1 & less  
conveys ?an da%es its t]rors on !       
a/oni%$ s5se4  ,! s*ools ( ,bologna1    
,p>ma1 ,milano1 ) m or less g5iality1   
imitat$ _! pr$ecessors1 b add$ no new   
features to ! !ory ( light & %ade4 ,z to
 its progress on ?is side ( ! ,alps1 x  
is bett] to say no?+ ?an little on !    
wide range ( ,rub5s1 & ! miracles (     
,rembr&t4   ,,footnotes3  #ij ,nella    
arte della pittura aggiunse co/ui alla  
mani]a del colorire ad olio1 una c]ta   
oscurit2 donde hanno dato i mod]ni gran 
=za e rilievo alle loro figure4 ,vas>i  
vita di ,lion4 da ,v9ci1 p4 #eei4 ed4   
#aeej4  #ia ,9 ! great] "p ( ! ,c>toons1
 x does n appe> t *i>oscuro _h m ?an an 
ord9>y %>e ( att5tion4  ,9 ! ,miracul\s 
,draught pla9 day-light prevails4  ,9 ! 
,miracle at ! ,temple-gate a m =cible & 
m sublime effect w\ld h be5 obta9$ f a  

cupola-light & pill>s d>k5$ on !        
=egr\nd4  ,9 ! ,excecation ( ,elymas1   
composition & expression owe little ( _!
 r\ndness & evid5ce to *i>oscuro4       
,apposition seems to h arrang$ !        
,sacrifice at ,ly/ra4  ,if ,dionysius & 
,dam>is1 9 ! c>toon ( ! ,areopagus1 _h m
 =cibly refract$ by d>k col\rs or %ade1 
! light aga9/ ! speak]1 effect & subject
 w\ld h ga9$4  ,consid]$ individually or
 9 masses1 ! *i>oscuro 9 ! c>toon (     
,ananias appe>s to be p]fect2 b !       
,donation ( ! ,keys owes :at impression 
x makes on u 9 a great measure to !     
skillful di/ribution ( its light & %ade4
  #ib ,9 ! foll[+ absurd description ( !
 well-kn[n picture 9 ! ,palace ,pitti3  
,x consi/s ( ?ree half-figures1 "o ( :i*
 repres5ts ,m>t9 ,lu!r 9 ! habit ( an   
,augu/9e ,monk1 :o plays on a h>psi*ord3
 ,calv9 /&s by him 9 a *ori/]'s dress1 )
 a viol9 9 8 h&3 opposite y see a "y    
lively girl 9 a bonnet ) a plume ( :ite 
fea!rs2 by h] ,giorgione meant to       
repres5t ! not$ ,ca?>9e1 ,lu!r's mi/ress

 & wife1 c4 ,fiorillo1 vol4 ii4 p4 #fc4 
,to expose ! ignorant cr$ulity :i*      
dictat$ ?is passage1 x is suffici5t to  
obs]ve1 t ,giorgione di$ #aeaa1 & t     
,calv9 0 born #aejh4  #ic ,9 e edition (
 ! ,vite subsequ5t to 8 own ( #aeej4 ,! 
foll[+ passage des]ves to be giv5 9 8   
own words3 ,giorgione di ,ca/el franco2 
il quale sfum le sue pitture e dette una
 t]ribil' mov5zia a c]te cose come  una 
/oria nella ,scuola di ,san ,m>co a     
,v5ezia1 dove  un tempo turbido *e      
tuona1 et trema il dip9to1 et le figure 
si muovono  si spiccano da la tavola p] 
una c]ta oscurit di ombre b5e           
intese4--,proemio della t]za ,p>le delle
 ,vite1 p4 #eeh4  #id ,a la ,scuola di  
,s4 ,m>co la ,tempe/ ,s$ata dal ,santo1 
ove fra le altre cose sono tre remiganti
 ignudi1 pregiatissimi pel disegno1 e p]
 le attitud9i4 ,lanzi ,/oria1 c4 ,tomo  
,,ii4 p>te prima4 ,scuola ,v5eta4       
,,sev5? ,,lecture4  ,,on ,,design4      
,,sev5? ,,lecture4   ,x is p]haps       
unnecess>y to premise1 t by ! ^w ,design

 ,i mean "h n :at t ^w d5otes 9 a g5]al 
s5se1 ! plan ( a :ole1 b :at x applies 9
 its n>r[e/ & mo/ specific s5se1 ! draw+
 ( ! figures & compon5t p>ts ( !        
subject4 ,! ,arts ( ,design h be5 s     
d5om9at$ f _! ne>ly exclusive p[] (     
repres5t+ ,=m1 ! base & pr9cipal object 
( pla/ic 9 contradi/9ction to vocal     
imitation4 ,9 =ms alone ! idea ( exi/5ce
 c be r5d]$ intuitive & p]man5t4        
,languages p]i%2 words succe$ ea* o!r1  
become obsolete & die2 ev5 col\rs1 !    
dress]s & ornam5ts ( bodies1 fade2 ,l9es
 alone c nei!r be oblit]at$ nor         
miscon/ru$2 by application to _! /&>d   
alone1 discrim9ation takes place1 &     
description becomes intelligible4 ,"h is
 ! only o/5sible seat ( corporeal       
,beauty2 "h only x c /rictly exi/2 =1 z 
! notion ( ,beauty arises f ! pleasure  
we feel 9 ! h>moni\s co-op]ation ( !    
compon5t =ms ( "s fav\rite object t[>ds 
"o end at once--x implies _! imm$iate   
co-exi/5ce 9 ! mass !y compose2 & z t   
imm$iately & at once c be p]ceiv$ &     

convey$ to ! m9d by ! eye               
alone1--,figure is ! legitimate vehicle 
( ,beauty1 & ,design ! physical elem5t (
 ! ,art4  ,( ,design1 ! elem5t is       
correctness & /yle2 its ext9ction1      
incorrectness & mann]4 ,on ! fir/       
pr9ciple ( correctness1 or ! p[] ( copy+
 & draw+ ) precision ! proportions ( any
 object s+ly1 or 9 relation ) o!rs1--z x
 may be consid]$ 9 ! light ( an elem5t>y
 qualification )\t :i* none w\ld presume
 to ent] himself a /ud5t ( !            
,academy1--,i %\ld p]haps =be> to speak1
 did ,i n consid] x z ! basis ( ,design1
 & 7 ,i n appreh5sive t f ! preval5t b5d
 ( ! reign+ ta/e1 y d n lay on x all !  
/ress y ought1 & t1 if y neglect !      
acquisition ( ! p[] to copy ) purity &  
precision any giv5 object1 y w nev]     
acquire t ( imitat+ :at y h *os5 = y\r  
model4  ,our language g5]ally conf\nds1 
or r ^? :o use x1 :5 !y speak ( ! art1 !
 two words copy & imitation1 ?\gh       
ess5tially diff]5t 9 _! op]ation1 z well
 z _! mean+4 ,an eye geometrically j1 ) 

a h& implicitly ob$i5t1 is ! requisite (
 ! =m]1 )\t all *oice1 )\t selection1   
am5dm5t1 or omission2 :il/ *oice1       
direct$ by judgm5t & ta/e1 con/itutes ! 
ess5ce ( imitation1 & raises ! humble   
copyi/ to ! noble rank ( an arti/4  ,^? 
:o h /opp$ %ort at ! acquisition ( ! =m]
 faculty h made a means _! end1 h debas$
 ! design] to ! s]vile ?\gh useful      
draughtsman ( natural hi/ory3 & ^? :o h 
aspir$ to ! second )\t ga9+ ! fir/1 h   
sub/itut$ air = sub/ance1 & attempt$ to 
raise a spl5did fabric on a quicks&3 !  
fir/ h ret>d$ ! progress ( ! art2 !     
second h p]v]t$ its nature3 ea* has     
err$1 to prove t ! coalition ( bo? is   
indisp5sable4  ,x has be5 said by a high
 au?ority )9 ^! walls1 & inde$ 9 ! :ole 
prov9ce ( mod]n art1 t z pa9t+ is !     
/ud5t's ultimate aim1 ! soon] y acquire 
! p[] ( us+ ! p5cil1 ! bett]2 b ,i am   
p]suad$ t we %\ld p]v]t ! mean+ ( !     
great arti/ we speak (1 7 we to         
conclude1 t by ?is obs]vation r ?an     
precept1 he meant to disc\rage !        

acquisition ( correctness4 ,! zeal\s    
vot>y ( ,m4 ,agnolo c\ld nev] mean ?is2 
he 0 too well acqua9t$ ) ! process ( t  
great man's /udies1 :o plac$ ! compass 9
 ! eye1 n to f9d 9 ! precision ) :i* he 
_h trac$ ! elem5ts1 ! f\ndation ( 8     
/yle4 ,8 bread?1 he knew1 0 only !      
vehicle ( 8 compreh5sion1 & n vacuity2 =
 bread? might easily be obta9$1 if      
empt9ess c give x4 ,all he meant to say 
01 t x matt]$ n :e!r y acquir$          
correctness by ! p5cil1 ! crayon1 or !  
p51 & t1 z ! sculptor models1 ! pa9t]   
may pa9t 8 l9e2 = ?\gh nei!r he :o      
anxi\sly =ms l9es )\t ! p[] ( embody+   
!m1 nor he :o floats loosely on masses (
 col\r1 c be said to design1 ?is be+    
m]ely ! slave ( a bru%1 t ( a po9t1 yet 
bo? tools may s]ve alt]nately or        
indiscrim9ately ! purposes ( ! real     
design]4 ,x is ) ! same int5tion (      
emancipat+ y\r practice f an exclusive &
 slavi% atta*m5t to any p>ticul> tool1 t
 y are rem9d$ by ! same au?ority ( !    
prov]bial expression ,io t5go il disegno

 alle punta dei p5nelli1 ,my design is  
at ! po9t ( my bru%2--?\gh ,i am afraid 
! expression is dignifi$ ) ! great "n ( 
,correggio ?r\gh a lapse ( memory1 z x  
appe>s f ,vas>i t x 0 ! petulant        
effusion ( ,girolamo da ,trevigi1 an    
obscure pa9t]1 9 d]ision ( ! elaborate  
c>toon prep>$ by ,pi]9o del ,vaga = 8   
fresco-pa9t+ 9 ! great saloon ( !       
,palace ,doria at ,g5oa4  ,! same       
au?ority has repeat$ly told u1 t if we  
mean to be correct1 we mu/ scrut9ize !  
pr9ciples on :i* ! anci5ts re>$ _! =ms4 
,:at 7 ^? pr9ciples8  ,i %all n digress 
9 se>* ( !m to t primitive epo* :5 !    
ce/rum p]=m$ ! functions ( light & %ade1
 & p]haps suppli$ l9e> pa9t+ ) ! fa9t   
hues ( a /a9$ draw+2 nor yet to ! second
 p]iod1 :5 practice _h r5d]$ ! arti/    
bold]1 & ! p5cil assi/$ ! ce/rum2 :5    
,p>rhasius1 on ! subtile exam9ation (   
l9e & outl9e1 e/abli%$ ! canon ( div9e &
 h]oic =m2 we %all f9d !m ackn[l$g$ )   
equal submission 9 ! brighte/ ra (      
,grecian execution1 & ! hon\r (         

exclusively possess+ !m conte/$ by ! mo/
 em95t names ( t ra1 ,apelles &         
,protog5es4 ,! "n ( ,apelles1 9 anci5t  
record1 is ! synonyme ( unrivall$ &     
unatta9able excell5ce--he is ! fav\rite 
mortal 9 :om1 if we believe tradition1  
,nature exhibit$ = once a specim5 ( :at 
h] union ) education & circum/ances c\ld
 produce2 ?\gh ! enum]ation ( 8 works by
 ,pl9y po9ts out ! modification :i* we  
ought to apply to ! idea ( t sup]iority4
 ,x consi/$ m 9 ! union ?an 9 ! ext5t ( 
8 p[]s2 he knew bett] :at he c\ld d1 :at
 ought to be done1 at :at po9t he c\ld  
arrive1 & :at lay beyond 8 rea*1 ?an any
 o!r arti/4 ,grace ( conception &       
ref9em5t ( ta/e 7 8 elem5ts1 & w5t h& 9 
h& ) grace ( execution & ta/e 9 f9i%4 ,t
 he built bo?1 n on ! prec>i\s &        
volatile bl&i%m5ts ( col\r1 or !        
delusive *>ms ( light & %ade1 b on !    
solid f\ndation ( =m1 acquir$ by        
precision & ob$i5ce ( h&--n only !      
confess$ inability ( succe$+ arti/s to  
f9i% 8 ultimate ,v5us1 b 8 well-kn[n    

conte/ ( l9es ) ,protog5es 7! correcte/ 
f9i%] ( 8 "t71 n a leg5d>y tale1 b a    
well atte/$ fact1 irrefragably proves4  
,! panel on :i* !y 7 drawn made "p ( !  
,imp]ial collection 9 ! ,palatium1 exi/$
 9 ! "t ( ,pl9y1 & 0 inspect$ by him2 _!
 evanesc5t subtilty1 ! only trait by :i*
 he m5tions !m1 0 n1 z x appe>s1 !      
effect ( "t1 b ( a delicacy1 sweep1 &   
fre$om ( h& ne>ly miracul\s4 ,:at !y 71 
drawn 9 diff]5t col\rs1 & ) ! po9t ( a  
bru%1 "o ^u ! o!r1 or r )9 ea* o!r1 x   
w\ld be equally unavail+ & useless = our
 purpose to enquire2 b ! coroll>ies we  
may d$uce f ! conte/ are obvi\sly ^!3 t 
all consi/s ( elem5ts2 t ! s*ools (     
,greece concurr$ 9 "o elem5tal pr9ciple1
 fidelity ( eye1 & ob$i5ce ( h&2 t ^! =m
 precision1 precision proportion1#ie    
proportion symmetry1 & symmetry ,beauty3
 t x is ! little m or less1 imp]ceptible
 to vulg> eyes1 :i* con/itutes ,grace1 &
 e/abli%es ! sup]iority ( "o arti/ ov]  
ano!r3 t ! k ( ! degrees ( ?+s1 or      
,ta/e1 presupposes a comp>ative k ( ?+s 

!mselves3 t col\r1 grace1 & ta/e are    
companions1 n sub/itutes ( =m1          
expression1 & "*1 &1 :5 !y usurp t      
title1 deg5]ate into spl5did faults4    
,?is precision ( h& & eye presuppos$1 we
 n[ come to its application & object1   
,imitation1 :i* re/s on ,nature4        
,imitation is prop]ly divid$ into       
,iconic & ,ideal4 ,iconic imitation is  
conf9$ to an individuum or model1 ^:    
p>ts x del9eates accord+ to _! "* &     
ess5ce1 already di/+ui%+ ! native &     
inh]5t1 f ! accid5tal & adv5titi\s p>ts4
 ,by ! fir/ x =ms its /&>d1 & ei!r omits
 or subord9ates ! second to !m1 s z n to
 imp$e or to affect ! h>mony ( a :ole4  
,?is is prop]ly ! prov9ce ( ! ,portrait 
& ! /rictly ,hi/oric pa9t]1 ^: *ief     
object & ess5tial requisite is ,tru?4   
,portrait 9 g5]al1 cont5t to be direct$ 
by ! rules ( ,physiognomy1 :i* %[s !    
animal be+ x repres5ts at re/1 seldom   
calls = aid on ,pa?ognomy1 :i* exhibits 
t be+ agitat$1 or at lea/ animat$ & 9   
motion2 b :5 x does--&1 ?\gh 9 a g5tl]  

mann] ?an ,hi/ory1 x always ought to d  
x--x diff]s 9 no?+ f t1 b 9 ext5t &     
degree1 & already proce$s on ! firm     
p]man5t basis ( ,,nature4  ,by ,nature1 
,i und]/& ! g5]al & p]man5t pr9ciples ( 
visible objects1 n disfigur$ by accid5t 
or di/emp]$ by disease1 n modifi$ by    
fa%ion or local habits4 ,nature is a    
collective idea1 & ?\gh its ess5ce exi/ 
9 ea* individual ( ! species1 c nev] 9  
its p]fection inhabit a s+le object3 our
 ideas are ! (fspr+ ( our s5ses2 )\t a  
previ\s k ( _m c5tral =ms1 ?\gh we may  
copy1 we c no m imitate1 or1 9 o!r      
words1 rise to ! pr9ciple ( action &    
p5etrate ! "* ( our model1 ?an we c hope
 to create ! =m ( a be+ we h n se51 )\t 
retrospect to "o we h4 ,meanness ( mann]
 is ! infallible consequ5ce t results f 
! exclusive rec\rse to "o model3 :y else
 are ^? :o h mo/ closely adh]$ to1 & mo/
 dev\tly /udi$ ! model1 exactly ! mo/   
incorrect1 ! mo/ remote f ! real human  
=m8 ,c !re be any ?+ m disgu/+ to an eye
 accu/om$ to h>mony ( frame1 ?an !      

/>vel+ =ms ( ,alb]t ,dur]1 unless x be !
 swampy excresc5ces ( ,rembr&t8 !       
figures ( ! =m]1 proportions )\t        
symmetry2 ^? ( ! ,dut* arti/1 uni=m     
ab/racts ( lumpy or meagre de=mity3 &   
yet ! ,g]man 0 a sci5tific man1 _h      
measur$1 _h 9 8 op9ion r$uc$ to         
pr9ciples1 ! human frame2 :il/ !        
,dut*man1 =m only except$1 possess$ e   
p[] t con/itutes g5ius 9 art1 seldom    
excell$ 9 inv5tion & composition1 & !   
creator ( t magic comb9ation ( col\r )  
*i>oscuro1 nev] p]haps be=e1 & surely   
nev] s9ce atta9$4 ,& did n ! greate/    
ma/] ( col\r b "o1 ,t9toretto1 if we    
believe 8 biograph] ,ridolfi1 decl>e1 t 
to design f natural bodies1 or :at is ! 
same1 f ! model1 0 ! task ( m5 exp]i5c$ 
9 art1 inasmu* z ^? bodies 7 g5]ally    
de/itute ( grace & a good =m4 ,we are   
in=m$ by ! ,lat9 ,editor ( ,alb]t       
,dur]'s book on ! ,symmetry ( ! ,human  
,body1 t dur+ 8 /ay at ,v5ice he 0      
reque/$ by ,&rea ,mantegna1 :o _h       
conceiv$ a high op9ion ( 8 execution &  

c]ta9ty ( h&1 to pay him a visit at     
,mant\a1 = ! express purpose ( giv+ him 
an idea ( t =m1 ( :i* he himself _h _h a
 glimpse f ! contemplation ( ! ,antique4
 ,&rea 0 !n ill1 & expir$ be=e ,alb]t   
c\ld pr(it by 8 in/ructions3#if ?is     
disappo9tm5t1 says ! au?or ( ! anecdote1
 ,alb]t nev] ceas$ to lam5t dur+ 8 life4
 ,h[ fit ! ,mant\an 0 to in/ruct !      
,g]man1 is n ! "q "h2 ! fact proves t   
,alb]t felt a want :i* he f\nd 8 model  
c\ld n supply1 & _h too j an idea ( !   
importance ( ! art to be pr\d ( dext]ity
 ( f+] or facility ( execution1 :5 ex]t$
 only to transcribe or p]petuate        
defects--?\gh ^! defects1 almo/         
incr$ible to tell1 soon aft] invad$     
,italy1 gave a *eck to ! imitation ( ,m4
 ,agnolo1 supplant$ 8 =ms1 & produc$ a  
tempor>y revolution ( /yle 9 ! ,tuscan  
,s*ool1 ( :i* ! frescoes ( ,&rea del    
,s>to & ,franciabigio 9 ,s4 ,giovanni   
dei ,s*ol*i1 & ! latt] productions (    
,jacopo da ,puntormo are indisputable   
pro(s4 ,b )\t recurr+ to o!r pro(s1 !   

me?od adopt$ by ! ,academy 9 ! process (
 /udy1 appe>s to be f\nd$ on !          
insuffici5cy ( ! model = atta9+         
correctness4 ,:y has x decre$ t ! /ud5t1
 be=e he be p]mitt$ to /udy life1 %\ld  
devote a c]ta9 p]iod to ! /udy ( !      
,antique8 ,if y fancy ! motive lay 9 !  
comp>ative facility ( draw+ f a         
motionless object1 y l5d y\r own        
misconception to ! ,academy2 =1 ?\gh 9  
g5]al x be und\bt$ly m easy to draw an  
immoveable object ?an "o t1 h[ev]       
imp]ceptibly1 is 9 p]petual motion1 &   
always v>ies its po9ts ( sight1 x _c be 
! case :5 appli$ to ! ,antique2 = :]e is
 ! great "n among ! mod]ns t ev] c\ld   
rea* ! l9e & ! proportions ( ! anci5ts8 
,m4 ,agnolo fill$ "p ( ! ,capella ,si/9a
 ) imitations1 & sometimes transcripts (
 ! ,torso1--w any "o /& =? & say t he   
rea*$ x8 ,comp>e ! ,re/oration (        
,montorsoli1 ,giacomo della ,porta &    
,b]n9i1 or ,baccio ,b&9ello's ,laocoon1 
) ! re/ ( ! figures1 or ! orig9al1 &    
deplore ! palpable inf]iority4 ,:at 0 x 

t ! ,academy int5d$ by mak+ ! ,antique !
 basis ( y\r /udies8 :at8 b to lead y to
 ! s\rces ( ,=m2 to initiate y 9 ! true 
elem5ts ( human ess5ce2 to enable y to  
judge at y\r transition f ! m>ble to    
life :at 0 sub/ance & possession 9 !    
individual1 & :at excresc5ce & want1 :at
 homog5e\s1 :at discordant1 :at de=mity1
 :at beauty4 ,x int5d$1 by mak+ y       
acqua9t$ ) a v>iety ( figures1 to       
qualify y = class+ !m accord+ to "* &   
function1 :at exclusively belongs to "s 
or "o1 & :at is ! common law ( all2 to  
make y s5sible t ! union ( simplicity & 
v>iety produces h>mony1 & t monotony or 
confusion comm5ces :]e ei!r is neglect$1
 or ea* intrudes ^u ! o!r2 9 %ort1 to   
supply by its /ores1 z f> z "t &        
circum/ances p]mitt$1 :at ! public      
grant$ to ! arti/s ( ,greece2 :at       
,zeuxis dem&$ & obta9$ f ! p ( ,croton2 
:at ,eupompus po9t$ out to ,lysippus2   
:at ,raffaello1 ) bett] w ?an success1  
se>*$ 9 8 own m9d2 & :at ,&rea          
,mantegna1 h[ev] unqualifi$ to f9d      

himself1 desir$ to impress on ! m9d (   
,alb]t ,dur]--a /&>d ( ,,=m4#ig  ,i %all
 n "h recapitulate ! reasons & !        
co9cid5ce ( =tunate circum/ances :i*    
rais$ ! ,greeks to ! legislation ( =m3 !
 /&>d !y erect$1 ! canon !y set1 fell n 
f heav52 b z !y fanci$ !mselves ( div9e 
orig91 & religion 0 ! fir/ mov] ( _!    
art1 x foll[$ t !y %\ld endeav\r to     
inve/ _! au?ors ) ! mo/ p]fect =ms1 &   
f9d+ t ! privilege ( man1 !y 7 l$ to a  
complete & reason$ /udy ( 8 elem5ts &   
con/itution2 ?is ) _! climate1 :i* all[$
 t =m to gr[ & to %[ itself to ! greate/
 advantage1 ) _! civil & political      
in/itutions1 :i* e/abli%$ & enc\rag$    
ex]cises1 mann]s1 & opportunities1 ( all
 o!rs be/ calculat$ to re>1 accompli%1 &
 produce t =m1 gave 9 successive p]iods 
bir? to t /yle :i* beg9n+ ) ! ess5ce1   
proportion1 proce$$ to "*1 & rose to its
 height by unit+ bo? ) ,beauty4 ,( all  
?ree classes specim5s 9 suffici5t numb]s
 h surviv$ ! ravages ( "t1 ! mo/        
consid]able ( :i*1 accumulat$ )9 ^!     

walls1 =m ! ample /ores ( in=mation :i* 
! ,academy displays be=e its /ud5ts2    
b--,i say x ) reluctance1 ?\gh z tea*]  
my (fice1 z y\r read] my duty1 dem&     
x--displays n always ) adequate success4
 ,too (t5 ! precipitation ) :i*         
admission f ! ,pla/] to ! ,life-room is 
solicit$2 ! total neglect ( ! ,antique  
aft] !y h once invad$ ! model1 & !      
equally slov5ly1 au?oritative1 & un9=m$ 
mann] ( draw+ f x1 prove ! sup]ficial   
impression ( ! =ms previ\sly (f]$ to _! 
selection4 ,! reason ( all ?is lies     
p]haps 9 a too e>ly admission to ei!r   
room4 ,!y ent] )\t elem5ts1 & proce$ )\t
 success2 !y are set to arrange & poli% 
be=e !y are acqua9t$ ) ! r\gh mat]ials4 
,to "o or bo? ( ^! causes x is probably 
ow+1 t "s consid] x /ill z an undecid$  
"q :e!r ! /ud5t1 :5 admitt$ to draw f ! 
liv+ model1 %\ld conf9e himself to draw+
 punctili\sly :at he sees be=e him1 or  
ex]cise t judgm5t :i* 8 c\rse 9 !       
,antique ,academy has matur$1 & draw =ms
 correspond+ ) ea* o!r4 ,to me1 aft]    

consid]+ c>efully :at has be5 advanc$ on
 ei!r side1 x appe>s demon/rat$1 t !    
/ud5t is admitt$ to ! life to avail     
himself ( ! k he acquir$ f ! previ\s    
/udy ( classic =ms4 ,"h ! (fice & !     
ess5tial duties ( ! visitor1 ,i speak ) 
def]5ce1 beg91 to confirm him :]e he is 
"r1 to *eck presumption1 to l5d him 8   
own eyes1 &1 if x be necess>y1 to       
conv9ce him by demon/ration & example4  
,b ! human sy/em _c be compreh5d$ by m]e
 contemplation1 or ev5 ! copy ( !       
surface4 ,! c5tre ( its motion mu/ be   
fix$1 ju/ly to m>k ! emanation ( ! rays4
 ,! un9t]rupt$ undulation ( outw>d =ms1 
! waves ( life1 orig9ate )91 &1 )\t be+ 
trac$ to t s\rce1 in/ruct less ?an      
conf\nd4 ,! real basis ( sight is k1 & t
 k is int]nal2 = ?\gh1 to speak )       
,milton1 9 ,poetry gods & demigods1     
vital 9 e "p1 all he>t1 all eye1 all e>1
 z !y please limb !mselves1 & col\r1    
%ape1 & size assume z likes !m be/2 9   
,art _! sub/ance is built on ! brittle  
/r5g? ( bones1 !y act by human elem5ts1 

& to desc5d mu/ rise3 h5ce1 ?\gh a deep 
& subtle k ( anatomy be less necess>y to
 ! pa9t] ?an to ! physician or surgeon2 
?\gh ! visible be 8 sph]e & det]m9e 8   
limits1 a precise & accurate acqua9tance
 ) ! skeleton1 ! basis ( ! ma*9e1 is    
indisp5sable2 he mu/ make himself ma/] (
 ! muscles1 t5dons1 & ligam5ts t knit ! 
bones or cov] & surr\nd !m1 _!          
antagonismus ( action & reaction1 _!    
issues1 _! ins]tions1 & ! v>iety ( %apes
 :i* !y assume1 :5 accord+ to _!        
relative =e%ort5+s1 laxity1 position1 !y
 indicate en]gy or slackness ( action or
 ( frame1 its great] or less ela/icity1 
furni% ! *>act]s ( ! passions1 & by _!  
irritability 9 l\d] or fa9t] tones      
become ! e*oes ( e impression4  ,nor c  
,physiognomy1 ! companion ( ,anatomy1   
:i* f ! measure ( ! solid p>ts asc]ta9s 
! precise proportion ( ! moveable1 be   
disp5s$ )4 ,!re h be51 p]haps !re are1  
tea*]s ( art1 :o1 :il/ !y admit         
physiognomy 9 ! mass1 refuse to         
ackn[l$ge x 9 detail1 or 9 o!r words1 :o

 admit a language1 & reject its elem5ts3
 z if ! :ole h>mony ( e proportionate   
object did n consi/ 9 ! correspond5ce ( 
s+ly imp]ceptible1 or seem+ly           
insignificant elem5ts1 & w\ld n become a
 de=m$ mass )\t !m4 ,let ! twelf? "p (  
an in* be add$ to1 or tak5 f1 ! space   
betwe5 ! upp] lip ( ! ,apollo1 & ! ,god 
is lo/4  ,! want ( ?is necess>y         
qualification is "o ( ! *ief causes (   
,,mann]1 ! capital blemi% ( ,design1 9  
contradi/9ction to ,/yle3 ,/yle p]vades 
& consults ! subject1 & co-ord9ates its 
means to its dem&s2 ,mann] subord9ates !
 subject to its means4 ,a ,mann]i/ is ! 
paltry epitomi/ ( ,nature's imm5se      
volume2 a juggl]1 :o pret5ds to mimic ! 
inf9ite v>iety ( h] mat]ials by ! va9   
display ( a few fragm5ts ( crock]y4 ,he 
produces1 n inde$ ! mon/] :i* ,horace   
recomm5ds to ! mir? ( 8 fri5ds1 ! (fspr+
 ( grotesque fancy1 & reject$ ) equal   
disda9 or incr$ulity by ! vulg> & ref9$1
 b o!rs n less disgu/+1 ?\gh p]haps     
conf9$ to a n>r[] circle ( judges4      

,mann]i/s may be divid$ into ?ree       
classes3  #a/4 ,^? :o nev] consult      
,nature1 b at second h&2 only see h]    
?r\gh ! m$ium ( "s prescription1 & fix  
h] to ! te/ ( a peculi> =m4  #bndly4 ,^?
 :o p]sev]e to look = h] or to place h] 
on a spot :]e %e _c be f\nd1 "s         
individual "o or analog\s models2 &     
#crdly4 ,^? :o1 )\t asc5d+ to !         
pr9ciple1 cont5t !mselves ) jumbl+      
toge!r an aggregate ( /yle & model1 tack
 de=mity to beauty1 & meanness to       
gr&eur4  ,( all ,ta/e1 ! /&>d lies 9 !  
middle betwe5 extravagance & scant9ess2 
! be/ becomes a flaw1 if c>ri$ to an    
extreme1 or indiscrim9ately appli$4 ,!  
,apollo1 ! ,h]cules ( ,glycon1 & !      
figure misnam$ ,gladiator1 are ea*      
models ( /yle 9 _! respective classes2 b
 _! excell5ce w\ld become a flaw if     
indiscrim9ately appli$ to ! di/9ct dem& 
( diff]5t subjects4 ,nei!r ! ,apollo1 ! 
,h]cules1 nor ! ,gladiator1 c s+ly      
supply ! =ms ( a ,!seus1 ,meleag]1 or   
,a*illes1 any m ?an ! h]oes on ,monte   

,cavallo !irs4 ,x mu/ h[ev] be own$1 t  
he w\ld commit a m v5ial error1 & come  
ne>] to ! =m we require 9 ! ,a*illes (  
,hom]1 :o %\ld sub/itute ! =m ( !       
,apollo or ,h]cules ) ! motion ( !      
,gladiator to ! real =m1 ?an he :o %\ld 
copy him f ! be/ individual he c\ld meet
 )3 ! reason is cle>1 !re is a great]   
analogy betwe5 _! =m & action & t (     
,a*illes1 ?an betwe5 him & ! be/ model  
we "k alive4 ,f ! same pr9ciple1 he :o 9
 a subject ( pure hi/ory w\ld attempt to
 introduce ! g5]ic & patri>*al =ms 9 !  
,capella ,si/9a w\ld become ludicr\s by 
! excess ( contra/2 = to him ! organic  
*>act]i/ics ( national proportion are   
little less ess5tial ?an to !           
draughtsman ( natural hi/ory or !       
portrait pa9t]4 ,! skull ( an ,european1
 ?\gh t+$ ) ,african hues1 w n          
assimilate ) ! legitimate skull ( a     
negro1 nor c ! foot ( ,meleag]1 or ev5 (
 ! ,laocoon1 ev] be ex*ang$ = t ( a     
,mongul or ,*9ese2 & he has probably    
mi/ak5 8 in=mation1 :o fancies t !      

expression1 gait1 & limbs ( ! ,apollo c 
f9d _! c\nt]p>t on ! ,apala*ian m\nta9s1
 or are relat$ to ! unconqu]$ tribes (  
,florida4  ,! lea/ p>donable ( all      
,mann]i/s appe>s to be he :o applies to 
meanness to furni% him ) ! in/rum5ts to 
dignity & gr&eur4 ,he :o relies = all ^u
 8 model1 %\ld treat no o!r subject b 8 
model2 & ,i w v5ture to say1 t ev5 !    
extravagant =ms1 &1 if y w1 c>icatures (
 ,goltzius s$uc$ by ,sprang] are        
pref]able to ^? ( ,alb]t ,dur] or       
,c>avaggio1 ?\gh recomm5d$ by !         
precision ( ! "o & ! *i>oscuro ( ! o!r1 
:5 appli$ to a pure h]oic or symbolic   
subject2 = ?\gh ecc5tric & extreme1 !y  
are ecc5tricities & extremes ( ! great  
/yle1 9 :i* meanness ( conception is (  
all o!r blemi%es ! lea/ excusable4 ,f   
?is blemi% ! mighty g5ius ( ,raffaello1 
be=e x em]g$ f ! dregs ( ,pietro        
,p]ug9o1 0 n entirely free2--:e!r f     
timidity or languor ( conception1 !     
,*ri/ 9 ! ,dispute on ! ,sacram5t1 ?\gh 
! pr9cipal figure1 ! c5tre f :i* all !  

re/ l radii emanate & ought to emanate 9
 due subord9ation1 is a tame1 mean      
figure1 &1 ! placidity ( ! face p]haps  
except$1 = ev5 t has a t9cture (        
meanness1 inf]ior to all ! patri>*s &   
doctors ( t num]\s composition4  ,! ?ird
 class1 or ^? :o mix up a motley        
assemblage ( ideal beauty & common      
nature1 su* z 0 p\nd$ toge!r by ,pietro 
,te/a & ,gh]>d ,lairesse1 & f :i* nei!r 
,guido nor ,p\ss9 7 entirely free--?\gh 
p]haps n /rictly *>geable ) ! absolute  
impropriety ( ! fir/ & ! l[ness ( !     
second class1 mu/ be cont5t ) :at we c  
sp>e ( disapprobation f ei!r3 !y        
surprise u into pleasure by glimpses (  
"* & =m1 & z (t5 disappo9t u by !       
obtrusion ( het]og5e\s or vulg> =ms4 ,b 
?is disappo9tm5t is n s g5]al1 because  
we want t critical acqua9tance ) !      
pr9ciples ( anci5t art :i* c assign ea* 
trunk its head1 ea* limb its c\nt]p>t3 a
 want ev5 n[ s frequ5t1 not)/&+ ! boa/$ 
ref9em5ts ( ,roman & ,g]man criticisms1 
t a ,m]cury1 if he h left 8 caduceus1   

may ex*ange 8 limbs ) a ,meleag]1 & he )
 an ,ant9\s2 p]haps a ,jupit] on ,ida 8 
torso ) t ( a ,h]cules anapauom5os1 an  
,ariadne be turn$ into ! head ( a       
hornless ,bac*us1 & an ,isis be         
sub/itut$ = e ideal female4             
,,footnotes3  #ie ,analogia4 ,vitruv4   
,comm5sio8  #if ,if ?is happ5$ at all1 x
 mu/ h happ5$ be=e #aeje1 at lea/ be=e !
 expiration ( t ye>3 ,giov4 ,bell9o1 )  
:om ! au?or ( ! preface makes ,alb]t    
acqua9t$ too1 di$ 9 #aeab4 ,alb]t ,dur] 
0 born 9 #adga4  #ig ,idealismus4       
,,eigh? ,,lecture4  ,,col\r4--,,9       
,,fresco ,,pa9t+4     ,,eigh? ,,lecture4
   ,! ,pa9t]'s art may be consid]$ 9 a  
d\ble light1 ei!r z ex]t+ its p[] ov] ! 
s5ses to rea* ! intellect & he>t1 or    
m]ely z _! h&maid1 tea*+ its graces to  
*>m _! organs = _! amusem5t only3 9 !   
fir/ light1 ! s5ses1 l ! re/ ( its      
mat]ials1 are only a vehicle2 9 !       
second1 !y are ! pr9cipal object & !    
ultimate aim ( its endeav\rs4  ,i %all n
 enquire "h :e!r ! ,arts1 z m]e m9i/]s (

 s5sual pleasure1 /ill des]ve ! "n (    
lib]al1 or are compet5t exclusively to  
fill up ! "t ( an intellectual be+4     
,nature1 & ! ma/]s ( ,art1 :o pron\nce !
 v]dicts ( ,nature 9 ,poetry & ,pa9t+1 h
 decid$1 t !y nei!r c atta9 _! highe/   
degree ( accompli%m5t1 nor c be consid]$
 z useful assi/ants to ! happ9ess (     
society1 unless !y subord9ate ! vehicle1
 :atev] x be1 to ! real object1 & make  
s5se ! m9i/] ( m9d4  ,:5 ?is is _!      
object1 ,design1 9 its mo/ ext5sive z 9 
its /ricte/ s5se1 is _! basis2 :5 !y    
/oop to be ! m]e play?+s1 or debase     
!mselves to be ! debau*]s ( ! s5ses1 !y 
make ,col\r _! insidi\s f\ndation4  ,!  
greate/ ma/] ( ,col\r 9 our "t1 ! man :o
 might h be5 ! rival ( ! fir/ col\ri/s 9
 e age1 ,reynolds1 9 8 public in/ruction
 uni=mly p]si/$ to treat ,col\r z a     
subord9ate pr9ciple4 ,?\gh fully aw>e t1
 )\t possess+ at lea/ a compet5t %>e (  
its numb]less fasc9at+ qualities1 no    
man1 let 8 /yle ( design or p[]s (      
inv5tion be :at !y may1 c ei!r hope =   

pr(essional success1 or c ev5 prop]ly be
 call$ a pa9t]1 & giv+ x z 8 op9ion1 on 
! au?ority ( tradition1 ! excell5ce ( ! 
rema9+ monum5ts 9 sculpture1 & !        
discov]$ ?\gh inf]ior relics ( anci5t   
pa9t+1 t1 if ! col\r$ ma/]pieces (      
antiquity _h desc5d$ to u 9 tol]able    
pres]vation1 we might expect to see     
works design$ 9 ! /yle ( ! ,laocoon1    
pa9t$ 9 t ( ,titian2--he /ill p]si/$ 9 !
 doctr9e t ev5 ! col\r ( ,titian1 f> f  
add+ to ! sublimity ( ! ,great /yle1    
w\ld only h s]v$ to ret>d1 if n to      
degrade1 its impression4 ,he knew !     
usurp+1 ! ambiti\s pr9ciple insep>able f
 ,col\r1 & !re=e ?\ght x 8 duty1 by mak+
 x ! basis ( ornam5tal /yles1 n to *eck 
its legitimate rights1 b to gu>d aga9/  
its indiscrim9ate dem&s4  ,x is n = me1 
7:o h c\rt$ & /ill cont9ue to c\rt      
,col\r z a despair+ lov] c\rts a        
disda9ful mi/ress17 to presume1 by add+ 
my op9ion1 to degrade ! great "o        
deliv]$2 b ! atta*m5ts ( fancy ought n  
to regulate ! motives ( a tea*]1 or     

direct 8 plan ( art3 x becomes me !re=e 
to tell y1 t if ! pr9ciple :i* animates 
! art gives rights & privilege to ,col\r
 n its own2 if f a m$ium1 x raises x to 
a repres5tative ( all2 if :at is claim$ 
9 va9 by =m & m9d1 x fondly grants to   
col\r2 if x div]t ! public eye f high]  
beauties to be absorb$ by its lures--!n 
! art is degrad$ to a m]e vehicle (     
s5sual pleasure1 an implem5t ( luxury1 a
 beautiful b trifl+ bauble1 or a spl5did
 fault4  ,to ,col\r1 :5 its bl& purity  
t+es ! face ( innoc5ce & spr\t+ life1 or
 its magic *>m traces 9 imp]ceptible    
transitions ! =ms ( beauty2 :5 its w>m &
 ensangu9$ vig\r /amps ! vivid pr9ciple 
t animates full-gr[n y\? & ! p[]ful     
frame ( manhood1 or 9 pal] gradations   
m>ks animal decl9e2 :5 its v>ieties give
 tru? ) "* to individual imitation1 or  
its m compreh5sive tone p]vades ! sc5es 
( sublimity & expression1 & dictates !  
m$ium 9 :i* !y ought to move1 to /rike  
our eye 9 h>mony2--to ,col\r1 ! florid  
att5dant ( =m1 ! m9i/] ( ! passions1 !  

h]ald ( en]gy & "*1 :at eye1 n t+$ by   
disease or des]t$ by ,nature1 refuses   
homage8  ,b ( ,col\r1 :5 equally x      
ov]:elms ! =ms ( infancy1 ! milky g]m ( 
life1 & ! def9$ l9es ( manhood & (      
beauty ) lumpy pulp2 :5 f ! dress] ( !  
,graces x becomes ! h&maid ( de=mity1 & 
) _! spoils decks h] limbs--%akes h&s ) 
meanness1 or haunts ! recesses (        
loa?som5ess & horror#ih--:5 x ex*anges  
fle% = roses1 & vig\r =                 
vulg>ity--absorbs "* & tru? 9 hues (    
flatt]y1 or *anges ! tone dem&$ by      
sublimity & pa?os into a mann]$ m$ium ( 
playful t9ts2--( ,col\r ! slave ( fa%ion
 & usurp] ( propriety1 if /ill its *>ms 
reta9 our eye1 :at m9d uns$uc$ by       
prejudice or habit c =be> to lam5t !    
abuse8  ,! pr9ciples ( ,col\r1 z v>i$1  
are z immutable z ^? ( ,nature4 ,!      
gradations ( ! sy/em t connects light ) 
%ade are imm5se1 b ! v>iety ( its       
imitation is regulat$ by ! result ( _!  
union1 ,simplicity--,cle>ness if obta9$ 
by ,h>mony6  ,simplicity repres5ts ( e  

individual its unity1 its :ole4 ,light1 
& its organ ! eye1 %[ u ! :ole ( a be+  
be=e its p>ts1 & !n diffuse !mselves 9  
visual rays ov] ! limbs4 ,light ) its   
own velocity fixes a po9t1 ! focus ( its
 p[]2 b z no c5tral light c be conceiv$ 
)\t radiation1 nor a c5tral =m )\t      
ext5sion1 _! union produces t immutable 
law ( h>mony :i* we call bread?4  ,"o   
po9t is ! brighte/ 9 ! eye z on !       
object2 ?is is ! po9t ( light3 f x 9 all
 directions ! exi/5t p>ts advance or    
rec$e1 by1 be=e1 beh9d ea* o!r2 ! two   
extremes ( light & %ade make a :ole1 :i*
 ! local or ess5tial col\r def9es1--its 
coalition ) ! demi-t9t1 ! %ade &        
reflexes1 r\nds1--& ! correspond5ce (   
ea* col\r ) all1 tunes4  ,! pr9ciples t 
regulate ! *oice ( col\rs are 9 !mselves
 z inv>iable z ! light f :i* !y spr+1 & 
z ! %ade t absorbs !m4 ,_! economy is   
nei!r arbitr>y nor phanta/ic4 ,( ?is e  
"o may conv9ce himself :o c contemplate 
a prism4 ,:atev] ! col\rs be1 !y foll[  
ea* o!r 9 regul> ord]2 !y em]ge f1 !y   

fl[ into ea* o!r4 ,no confusion c break 
or ?w>t _! gradations1 f blue to yell[1 
f yell[ to r$2 ! flame ( e light1 )\t a 
prisma1 e/abli%es ?is immutable scale4  
,f ?is !ory y w n expect t ,i %\ld ent] 
into *emic disquisitions on ! mat]ials1 
or into te*nic ones on ! me?ods ( pa9t+4
 ,:5 y are told t simplicity & keep+ are
 ! basis ( purity & h>mony1 t "o col\r  
has a great] p[] ?an a comb9ation ( two1
 t a mixture ( ?ree impairs t p[] /ill  
m1 y are 9 possession ( ! great elem5tal
 pr9ciples necess>y = ! economy ( y\r   
palette4 ,me?od1 h&l+1 & ! modes (      
execution are taught by trial1          
comp>ison1 & p]sev]+ practice1 b *iefly 
by ! nature1 ( ! object y pursue4 ,!    
lessons ( repetition1 disappo9tm5t1 &   
blund]1 impress m =cibly ?an ! lessons (
 all ma/]s4 ,n t ,i mean to depreciate  
or to level ! comp>ative value or       
inf]iority ( mat]ials1 or t in/ruction  
:i* may %ort5 y\r road to ! ess5tial    
p>ts ( /udy2 b he is z f> f ,nature :o  
sees h] only ?r\gh ! m$ium ( 8 ma/]1 z  

he f col\r :o fancies x lies 9 co/ly1   
sc>ce1 or f9e mat]ials1 9 curi\s        
prep>ations1 or m\ldy secrets1 9 light1 
9 d>k1 9 smoo?1 9 r\gh1 or 9 absorb5t   
gr\nds3 x may be 9 all1 b is 9 none (   
^!4 ,! ma/]s ( anci5t col\r _h = _!     
basis only f\r1 & ?is simplicity made   
,reynolds conclude t !y mu/ h be5 z     
great 9 col\r z 9 =m4 ,he :o _c make use
 ( ! wor/ mu/ disgrace ! be/ mat]ials2 &
 he ^: palette is set or regulat$ by    
ano!r's eye1 r5\nces 8 own1 & mu/ become
 a mann]i/4 ,!re is no comp5di\s me?od (
 becom+ great2 ! price ( excell5ce is   
lab\r1 & "t t ( immortality4  ,col\r1 l 
,design1 has two ess5tial p>ts1         
,imitation & ,/yle4 ,x beg9s 9 gl>e1 is 
caught by deception1 em]ges to          
imitation1 is f9i%$ by /yle1 & debau*$  
by mann]4  ,gl>e is always ! fir/       
feature ( a savage or an infant ta/e4 ,!
 timid or b>b>\s beg9n]1 afraid (       
impair+ ! spl5d\r by dim9i%+ ! mass1    
exults 9 ! ,egyptian gl>e :i* he spreads
 ov] a surface unbrok5 by t9t & n       

reliev$ by %ade4 ,su* are 9 g5]al !     
flam+ remnants ( feudal decoration4 ,?is
 is ! /age ( missal pa9t+2 :at ,dante   
call$ allum9>1 ! art ( ,cimabue2 its    
ta/e cont9u$1 ?\gh 9 degrees less %ock+1
 to ! "t ( ,m4 ,agnolo & ,raffaello4    
,gods1 & mo!rs ( ,gods1 ,apo/les &      
,m>tyrs1 attract$ devotion 9 proportion 
to ! m or less gaudy col\rs 9 :i* !y 7  
array$4 ,x 0 = ?is reason t ,julius !   
,second wi%$ ,m4 ,agnolo _h add$ to !   
maje/y ( ! ,patri>*s & ,sibyls by gold &
 lapis lazuli4  ,deception foll[s gl>e2 
attempts to sub/itute by =m or col\r !  
image = ! ?+1 always m>k ! pu]ility (   
ta/e1 ?\gh sometimes its decrepitude4 ,!
 microscopic precision ( ,d5n]1 & ev5 ! 
fa/idi\s1 ?\gh broad] detail ( ,gh]>d   
,d\w1 7 symptoms ( its dotage4 ,! conte/
 ( ,zeuxis & ,p>rhasius1 if n a frolic1 
0 an ef=t ( pu]ile dext]ity4 ,b         
,deception1 ?\gh at its ultimate pit*   
nev] m ?an ! successful mimicry ( abs5t 
objects1 & = itself bel[ ! aim ( art1 is
 ! "m ( ,imitation4 ,we mu/ p5etrate !  

sub/ances ( ?+s1 acqua9t ourselves ) _! 
peculi> hue & texture1 & col\r !m 9     
detail1 be=e we c hope to seize _!      
pr9ciple & give _! g5]al air4  ,tiziano 
lab\r$ fir/ to make facsimiles ( ! /uffs
 he copi$1 be=e he *ang$ !m into drap]y1
 & gave !m local value & a place2 he    
le>nt fir/ to di/+ui% t9t f t9t1 & give 
! skeleton ( col\r1 be=e he embold5$    
himself to take ! greate/ quantity (    
col\r 9 an object = ! :ole2 to pa9t fle%
 :i* ab\nd$ 9 demi-t9ts1 entirely 9     
demi-t9ts1 & to deprive ( all1 t :i* _h 
b a few4 ,x 0 9 ! s*ool ( ,deception he 
le>nt ! diff]5ce ( diaphan\s & opaque1 (
 firm & juicy col\r2 t ?is refracts & t 
absorbs ! light1 & h5ce _! place2 ^? t  
cut & come =w>d1 fir/1 & ^? :i* m or    
less p>take ( ! surr\nd+ m$ium 9 v>i\s  
degrees ( di/ance4 ,x 0 "h he le>nt !   
contra/ ( ! t9ts1 ( :at is call$ w>m &  
cold1 & by _! balance1 diffusion1 e*o1  
to poise a :ole4 ,8 eye z musical1 if ,i
 may be all[$ ! metaphor1 z 8 e>1       
ab/ract$ "h1 t col\r acts1 affects1     

delights1 l s\nd2 t /]n & deep-ton$ t9ts
 r\se1 det]m9e1 invigorate ! eye1 z     
w>like s\nd or a deep bass ! e>2 & t    
bl&1 rosy1 gray1 & v]nal t9ts soo!1 *>m1
 & melt l a sweet melody4  ,su* 7 !     
pr9ciples ^: gradual evolution produc$ t
 col\r$ imitation :i*1 f> beyond !      
fasc9ation ( ,giorgione1 irresi/ibly    
entranc$ e eye t approa*$ ! magic (     
,tiziano ,vecelli4 ,to no col\ri/ be=e  
or aft] him1 did ,nature unveil h]self )
 t dignifi$ famili>ity 9 :i* %e appe>$  
to ,tiziano4 ,8 organ1 univ]sal &       
equally fit = all h] exhibitions1 r5d]$ 
h] simple/ to h] mo/ comp\nd appe>ances 
) equal purity & tru?4 ,he p5etrat$ !   
ess5ce & ! g5]al pr9ciple ( ! sub/ances 
be=e him1 & on ^! e/abli%$ 8 !ory (     
col\r4 ,he inv5t$ t bread? ( local t9t  
:i* no imitation has atta9$1 & fir/     
express$ ! negative nature ( %ade3 8 are
 ! *>ms ( glaz+1 & ! my/]y ( reflexes1  
by :i* he deta*$1 r\nd$1 correct$ or    
enri*$ 8 objects4 ,8 h>mony is less     
indebt$ to ! =ce ( light & %ade1 or !   

artifices ( contra/1 ?an to a due       
balance ( col\r equally remote f        
monotony & spots4 ,8 tone spr+s out ( 8 
subject1 solemn1 grave1 gay1 m9aci\s1 or
 soo?+2 8 eye t+$ ,nature ) gold )\t    
impair+ h] fre%ness3 %e dictat$ 8 sc5]y4
 ,l&scape1 :e!r x be consid]$ z !       
transcript ( a spot1 or ! ri* comb9ation
 ( cong5ial objects1 or z ! sc5e ( a    
ph5om5on1 z subject & z backgr\nd1 dates
 its orig9 f him4 ,he is ! fa!r (       
portrait-pa9t+1 ( resemblance ) =m1 "* )
 dignity1 & co/ume ) subord9ation4      
,col\r may be consid]$ relatively to !  
:ole or ! detail ( ! p>ts t compose a   
picture4 ,9 t po9t ( view x dep5ds on ! 
*oice ( a sov]eign tone2 9 ?is on !     
skilful disposition1 gradation1 r\nd+1 &
 v>iety ( ! subord9ate tones1 _!        
pr9cipal light1 ! local col\r1 ! half   
t9ts1 ! %ades1 & ! reflexes4  ,! g5]al  
regulation ( ! prim>y tone1 & ! specific
 arrangem5t ( ! subord9ate ones = !     
r\nd+ ( e figure1 is ! same4 ,9 bo?1 !  
att5tion is to be direct$ to obta9 a    

pr9cipal mass ( light1 & a pr$om9ant    
col\r4 ,?is is to be support$ by !      
mutual assi/ance & reciprocal relief (  
second>y ones1 mu/ be associat$ ) !     
demi-t9t & ! %ades1 & recall$ & reliev$ 
by ! reflexes4  ,:5 treat+ on           
,*i>oscuro1 we h obs]v$ :at may n[ be   
appli$ to ,col\r1 t ! prim>y tone dep5ds
 on *oice1 & is arbitr>y2 b x decides   
all ! re/1 z ! tone ( ! fir/ viol9 9 a  
regul> conc]t tunes all ! voices & all !
 in/rum5ts4 ,its effect entirely dep5ds 
on ! union ( ! surr\nd+ tones ) x1 & has
 no o!r value b :at x d]ives f contra/4 
,by ?is ! simple/ tone1 well manag$1 may
 become ri*1 spl5did1 & h>moni\s2 x is  
!n ! tone ( nature2 :il/ ! mo/ brilliant
 col\r1 if contradict$ or disappo9t$ by 
! detail ( inf]ior ones1 may become     
heavy1 lea!rn1 & discordant4  ,! be/    
illu/ration ( ^! pr9ciples is 9 !       
celebrat$ ,notte ( ,correggio1 :]e !    
,infant f ! c5tre t+es ! :ole ) 8 rays2 
b p]haps /ill m 9 its companion at      
,dresd51 ! less kn[n picture ( ,/4      

,seba/ian2 = to produce union & tone 9 !
 ne>ly equilat]al composition ( a votive
 picture1 requir$ a deep] compreh5sion &
 a /eadi] eye4 ,l ! picture ( ,raffaello
 at ,foligno1 x repres5ts ! ,madonna ) !
 ,infant 9 h] arms1 ?ron$ on cl\ds1 9 a 
c5tral glory ( sunny radiance1 att5d$ by
 angels1 & surr\nd$ by angelic =ms3 bel[
 are ,/4 ,gem9ian ) a maid5 by 8 side1  
,/4 ,rocco & ,seba/ian ti$ to a tree4 ,!
 fir/ surprise is caus$ by ! c5tral     
light ( ! glory1 :i* has all ! spl5d\r (
 a sun1 ?\gh its col\r is a yell[       
comp>atively fa9t1 & t]m9ates 9 br[n4 ,!
 ,madonna1 dress$ 9 a robe ( gl[+ lake &
 a d>k blue mantle1 seems to />t f ?is  
body ( light z f a sombre gr\nd1 & z !  
,infant f h]4 ,! c>nation ( bo? is ( a  
l[ t9t1 to support ! keep+ ( _! di/ance4
 ,! two angels at h] side1 9 t9ts       
reflect$ f ! c5tre1 address ! ,sa9ts    
bel[1 & connect ! upp] ) ! l[] "p ( !   
picture1 :i* em]ges f ! d>ksome cl\ds on
 :i* !y /&1 & ga!rs its tones ( light f 
! emanations ( ! c5tral "o1 b 9         

subord9ate fla%es1 vani%+ f twilight    
into massy %ade4 ,by ^? :o h n se5 ?is  
picture1 a fa9t idea ( its tone may be  
=m$ f ! votive "o ( ,p>megiano1 at !    
,m>quis ( ,ab]corn's1 :i*1 _h x receiv$ 
its la/ h>mony1 w\ld probably h emulat$ 
! pr9ciple ( t we h describ$4  ,! tones 
fit = ,poetic pa9t+ are l its /yles (   
design1 g5]ic or *>act]i/ic4 ,! =m] is  
call$ negative1 or compos$ ( little m   
?an *i>oscuro2 ! second admits1 ?\gh n  
ambiti\sly1 a great] v>iety &           
subdivision ( t9t4 ,! fir/ is ! tone (  
,m4 ,agnolo1 ! second t ( ,raffaello4 ,!
 sov]eign in/rum5t ( bo? is und\bt$ly ! 
simple1 broad1 pure1 fre%1 & limpid     
vehicle ( ,fresco4 ,fresco1 :i* does n  
admit ( t ref9$ v>iety ( t9ts t are !   
privilege ( oil pa9t+1 & f ! rapidity ) 
:i* ! e>?s1 its *ief mat]ials1 are      
absorb$1 requires ne>ly imm$iate        
t]m9ation1 is = ^? v reasons ! imm$iate 
m9i/] & ! apte/ vehicle ( a great       
design4 ,its elem5t is purity & bread? (
 t9t4 ,9 no o!r /yle ( pa9t+ c\ld !     

g5]ic =ms ( ,m4 ,agnolo h be5 divid$1 l 
night & day1 into t bread? ( light &    
%ade :i* /amps _! "*4 ,! silv] purity ( 
,correggio is ! (fspr+ ( ,fresco2 8 oil 
pa9t+s are fa9t & ta9t$ emanations ( !  
fre%ness & limpidezza 9 8 ,frescoes4    
,oil1 :i* r\nds & conglut9ates1 spreads 
less ?an ! %eety m$ium ( ,fresco1 & if  
/ret*$ into bread? beyond its natural   
tone1 z ! spirits :i* are us$ to        
ext5uate its glue escape1 returns ^u    
itself1 & (t5] =ms surfaces ( d\gh1 or  
wood1 or cru/1 ?an fle%y fibre4 ,oil    
imp$$ ! bread? ev5 ( ! elem5tal col\rs (
 ,tiziano 9 ! ,salute4 ,! m9ute process 
insep>able f oil1 is ! reason :y ,m4    
,agnolo decl>$ oil pa9t+ to be a woman's
 me?od1 or ( idle m54 ,! ma/] ( ! col\r 
we see 9 ! ,si/9a c\ld h no o!r3 = ?\gh 
col\r be ! lea/ consid]able ( t         
con/ellation ( p[]s t blaze 9 its       
comp>tm5ts1 x is n ! la/ or lea/        
accompli%m5t ( ! "w4 ,! fle% ( !        
academic figures on ! frames ( ! ceil+  
is a fle% ev5 n[ sup]ior to all ! fle% (

 ,annibale ,c>racci 9 ! ,f>nese1 g5]ally
 pale ?\gh n cold1 & nev] bricky ?\gh   
sometimes sangu9e4 ,! ,j]emiah among !  
,prophets1 gl[s ) ! gl[ ( ,tiziano1 b 9 
a bread? unkn[n to ,giorgione & to him4 
,! ,eve "u ! ,tree has ! bl& pe>ly      
h>mony ( ,correggio2 & "s ( ! bodies 9  
air on ! l[] "p ( ! ,la/ ,judgem5t1 less
 impair$ by "t or accid5t ?an ! re/1 =  
juice & w>m? may /ill defy all          
competition4 ,8 col\r sometimes ev5     
bord]s on *>act]i/ic v>iety1 z 9 !      
composition ( ! ,braz5 ,s]p5t4 ,t a man 
:o ma/]$ 8 mat]ials ) su* p[]1 did      
reject ! c]ta9 imp$im5ts & ! prec>i\s & 
inf]ior beauties ( oil1 :i* ,seba/ian   
del ,piombo propos$ = ! execution ( !   
,la/ ,judgem5t1 & :o puni%$ him = !     
proposal ) 8 disda9 = life1 _c be wond]$
 at4 ,if ,i h m5tion$ p>ticul> beauties 
( col\r1 x 0 m = o!rs ?an to express :at
 /rikes me mo/4 ,! p>ts1 9 ! process ( e
 man's "w1 are always m>k$ ) m or less  
felicity2 & great z ! beauties ( ^? :i* 
,i di/+ui%$ are1 !y w\ld n be beauties 9

 my eye1 if obta9$ by a pr9ciple        
discordant f ! re/4  ,! object ( my     
admiration 9 ,m4 ,agnolo's col\r is !   
tone1 t compreh5sive union ( t9t & hue  
spread ov] ! :ole1 :i* seems less !     
effect ( successive lab\r ?an a sudd5 & 
in/antane\s exhalation1 "o pr9ciple (   
light1 local col\r1 demi-t9t & %ade4    
,ev5 ! col\rs ( ! drap]ies1 ?\gh p]haps 
too di/9ct1 & (t5 gay] ?an ! gravity (  
_! we>]s or ! subject all[$1 are absorb$
 by ! g5]al tone1 & appe> s only on     
repeat$ inspection or sep>ation f ! re/4
 ,raffaello did n come to 8 great "w ) !
 f9i%$ sy/em1 ! absolute p[] ov] !      
mat]ials1 & ! consci\s au?ority ( ,m4   
,agnolo4 ,?\gh ! augu/ plan :i* 8 m9d _h
 conceiv$1 admitt$ ( lyric & allegoric  
ornam5t1 x 01 ^u ! :ole1 a drama &      
*>act]i/ic3 he c\ld n !re=e apply to its
 mass ! g5]ic col\r ( ! ,si/9a4 ,h5ce we
 see him /ruggl+ at ! onset betwe5 !    
elem5ts ( t tone :i* ! del9eation (     
subdivid$ "* & passions dem&$1 & ! long 
imbib$ habits & %ackles ( 8 ma/]4 ,b "o 

great picture decid$ ! /ruggle4 ,?is is 
evid5t f ! diff]5ce ( ! upp] & l[] "p ( 
! ,dispute on ! ,sacram5t4 ,! upp] is ! 
summit ( ,pietro ,p]ug9o's /yle1        
dignifi$ & enl>g$2 ! l[] is 8 own4 ,e   
feature1 limb1 motion1 ! drap]ies1 !    
lights & %ades ( ! l[] "p1 are ton$ &   
v>i$ by "*4 ,! florid bloom ( y\? t+$ ) 
! gl[ ( eag]ness & impati5ce to be      
admitt$2 ! /]n] & m vigor\s t9t ( long  
initiat$ & au?oritative manhood2 !      
inflam$ suffusion ( disputative zeal2 ! 
sickly hue ( cloi/]$ m$itation2 ! br[n &
 sun-t+$ h]mit1 & ! pale decrepit eld]1 
contra/ ea* o!r2 b contra/$ z !y are1 _!
 :ole action & col\r rema9 subord9ate to
 ! g5]al hue diffus$ by ! s]5e solemnity
 ( ! surr\nd+ m$ium1 :i* is itself      
t9ctur$ by ! effulg5ce f above4 ,a      
suffici5t balance ( light & %ade ma9ta9s
 ! :ole1 ?\gh m att5tion be paid to     
individual discrim9ation ?an masses4 ,9 
! economy ( ! detail we f9d ! lights no 
long] s :ite1 ! local col\r no long] s  
crude1 ! passages to ! demi-t9ts n s mu*

 spott$ ) r$1 nor ! demi-t9ts !mselves (
 s gre5 a ca/ z 9 ! f\r ,symbolic       
,pictures on gold5 gr\nds ( ! ceil+4  ,x
 appe>s to me ^u ! :ole1 t = a g5]al    
*>act]i/ic tone1 ,raffaello has nev]    
exce$$ ! purity ( ?is picture4 ,if 9 !  
,s*ool ( ,a!ns he has excell$ x 9       
individual t9ts1 9 t9ts t rival less ?an
 *all5ge ! gl[ & juice ( ,titian1 !y are
 scatt]$ m 9 fragm5ts ?an 9 masses1 & at
 ! exp5se or ) neglect ( g5]al unison1  
if we except ! c5tral & connect+ figure 
( ,epictetus4 ,! pr$om9ance ( t5d] fle%1
 & :ite or t9t$ drap]y on ! =egr\nd1    
:il/ ! m di/ant gr\ps are embr[n$ by    
mascul9e t9ts & drap]ies ( deep] hue1   
prove1 t if ,raffaello c\ld comm&       
individual col\r1 he _h n p5etrat$ its  
g5]al pr9ciple4  ,! ,p>nassus 9 ! same  
room has a rul+ tone1 b n ! tone ( a    
poetic fancy4 ,arial fre%ness 0 8 aim1 &
 he is only frigid4 ,its pr9cipal actors
 are ideals ( div9e nature1 & ought to  
move 9 a cele/ial m$ium1 & ,raffaello _h
 no m an adequate col\r ?an adequate =ms

 = ei!r4 ,b :atev] is *>act]i/ic1 f !   
sublimity ( ,hom] to ! submissive       
affable c\rtesy ( ,horace & ! direct+   
f+] ( ,p9d>1 is inimitable & 9 tune4  ,!
 ultimate p[]s ( ,raffaello1 &1 z f> z  
,i c judge1 ( ,fresco1 appe> to me      
collect$ 9 ! a/oni%+ picture ( !        
,heliodorus4 ,?is is n ! place to dwell 
on ! l(t9ess ( conception1 ! mighty /yle
 ( design1 ! ref9$ & appropriate *oice (
 "*1 ! t]ror1 fe>s1 hopes1 palpitation (
 expression1 & ! f> m ?an ,corregiesque 
graces ( female =ms2 ! ,col\r only1     
consid]$ z a :ole or 9 subord9ation1 is 
our object4 ,?\gh by ! *oice ( !        
composition ! back-gr\nd1 :i* is !      
sanctu>y ( ! temple1 embr[n$ ) gold1    
diffuses a w>m] gleam ?an ! sc5]y ( !   
=egr\nd1 its op5 area1 yet by ! dext]\s 
managem5t ( oppos+ to its glaz$ ca/ a   
mass ( vigor\s & crud] fle% t9ts1 a     
fi]c] ebullition ( impassion$ hues1--!  
fla% ( /eel & iron arm\r1 & drap]ies (  
indigo1 deep black & gl[+ crimson1 !    
=egr\nd ma9ta9s its place1 & all is     

h>mony4  ,manifold z ! subdivisions ( "*
 are1 angelic1 dev\t1 au?oritative1     
viol5t1 brutal1 vigor\s1 helpless1      
delicate2 & v>i\s z ! t9ts ( ! passions 
t sway !m appe>1 elevat$1 w>m$1 inflam$1
 depress$1 appall$1 agha/1 !y are all   
unit$ by ! g5]al tone t diffuses itself 
f ! int]ior repose ( ! sanctu>y1 smoo!ns
 ! :irlw9d t fluctuates on ! =egr\nd1 & 
gives an air ( temp]ance to ! :ole4     
,,footnote3  #ih ,s4 ,b>tolomeo del     
,spagnuoletto4 ,s4 ,aga?a ,m>tirizzata  
nelle poppe di ,seb4 del ,piombo4 ,il   
,porco ,sv5trato di ,o/ade4 ,il ,macello
 dei ,c>racci4 ,la ,caccia ,pidoc*i di  
,murillo4     ,,n9? ,,lecture4          
,,col\r4--,,oil ,,pa9t+4     ,,n9?      
,,lecture4   ,hav+ f9i%$ ! prec$+       
lecture ) obs]vations on ,fresco1 a     
me?od ( pa9t+ almo/ z mu* out ( use z   
public enc\ragem5t1 & p]haps bett] fitt$
 = ! s]5e ,italian ?an ! moi/ air ( m   
nor!rn climates1 ,i n[ proce$ to ,oil   
,pa9t+4 ,! g5]al m$ium ( pa9t is ,oil2 &
 9 t1 accord+ to ! division ( our       

illu/ri\s comm5tator on ,du ,fresnoy1   
all ! modes ( h>mony1 or ( produc+ t    
effect ( col\rs :i* is requir$ 9 a      
picture1 may be r$uc$ to ?ree1 two ( :i*
 belong to ! ,gr& /yle1 & ! o!r to !    
,ornam5tal4 ,! fir/ may be call$ !      
,roman mann]1 :]e ! col\rs are ( a full 
& /rong body1 su* z are f\nd 9 !        
,transfiguration4 ,! next is t h>mony   
:i* is produc$ by :at ! anci5ts call$ ! 
corruption#ii ( ! col\rs1 by mix+ &     
break+ !m till !re is a g5]al union 9 ! 
:ole1 )\t any ?+ t %all br+ to y\r      
remembrance ! pa9t]'s palette or !      
orig9al col\rs3 ?is may be call$ !      
,bolognian /yle1 & x is ?is hue & effect
 ( col\rs :i* ,ludovico ,c>racci seems  
to h endeav\r$ to produce1 ?\gh he did n
 c>ry x to t p]fection :i* we h se5 s9ce
 8 "t 9 ! small works ( ! ,dut* s*ool1  
p>ticul>ly ,jan ,/e51 :]e art is        
completely conceal$1 & ! pa9t]1 l a     
great orator1 nev] draws ! att5tion f ! 
subject on himself4 ,! la/ mann] belongs
 prop]ly to ! ornam5tal /yle1 :i* we    

call ! ,v5etian1 be+ fir/ practis$ at   
,v5ice1 b is p]haps bett] le>n$ f       
,rub5s3 "h ! brighte/ col\rs possible   
are admitt$1 ) ! two extremes ( w>m &   
cold1 & ^! reconcil$ by be+ disp]s$ ov] 
! picture1 till ! :ole appe>s l a bun* (
 fl[]s4  ,z ,i p]fectly co9cide ) ?is   
division1 & ! practical coroll>ies d$uc$
 f x1 :at ,i h to say relatively to ea* 
( ^! classes or /yles w r be a k9d (    
comm5t>y on x ?an a text conta9+ a      
doctr9e ( my own4  ,if ! ,roman /yle (  
,hi/oric col\r be ! /yle ( ,raffaello 9 
! ,transfiguration1 x di$ ) him2 x is   
c]ta9ly n t ,roman /yle :i* di/+ui%es t 
s*ool f ,giulio ,romano to ,c>lo        
,m>atti4  ,?\gh ! ,transfiguration be m 
rem>kable = ! *>act]i/ic division ( its 
p>ts ?an = its masses1 yet x has m ?an !
 bread?1 a clos] alliance & l>g]        
proportion ( correspond5t col\rs1 & a   
mu* pur] !ory ( %ade ?an we meet ) 9 !  
subsequ5t pictures ( ! same s*ool2 !    
picture at ,g5oa ( ! ,lapidation ( ,/4  
,/eph51 by ,giulio ,romano1 only        

except$1 :i* 0 probably soon aft] fram$ 
on ! pr9ciples ( ! ,transfiguration4  ,!
 crud5ess ( col\r & asp]ity ( tone      
obs]vable 9 ! ,roman ,s*ool1 ?\gh f\nd$ 
on simplicity1 is p]haps a great] pro( (
 _! want ( eye & ta/e ?an ( a pure      
hi/oric pr9ciple4 ,h>mony ( col\r       
consi/s 9 ! due balance ( all1 equally  
remote f monotony & f spots4 ,?\gh ea*  
"p ( ,roman pictures be pa9t$ )         
suffici5t bread? ( mann]1 _! discordance
 is su* t !y d n coalesce into "o :ole1 
b appe> unconnect$ fragm5ts 9           
apposition4 ,_! !ory ( %ade is s        
defective1 t ! p>ts depriv$ ( light ( ! 
same body1 or ! same piece ( drap]y1 are
 n effac$1 b col\r$4 ,if ! positive r$s 
& blues ( ! ,roman s*ool invigorate !   
eye1 !y likewise comm& x1 & c\nt]act !  
gr&eur ( ,hi/ory 9 a degree n mu*       
inf]ior to ! bad effect produc$ by !    
imitation ( /uffs discrim9at$ accord+ to
 _! texture2 _! bright asp]ity1 & bleak 
purity1 equally p]v]t ! negative &      
subord9ate "* ( drap]y1 & attract a l>g]

 %>e ( att5tion f ! behold] ?an !y      
des]ve4 ,a ,madonna 9 ! h&s ( ,c>lo     
,m>atti1 & sometimes ev5 ( ,raffaello1  
at lea/ 9 8 e>li] productions1 is ! lea/
 visible "p ( h]self4 ,! mo/ celebrat$  
,madonna ( ,&rea del ,s>to1 ?\gh 9      
,fresco1 is c]ta9ly m indebt$ to h]     
drap]y ?an h] face1 p]haps /ill m to !  
sack on :i* h] husb& re/s1 & f :i* !    
picture got its "n4  ,f ?is c5sure we   
ought to except ,m4 ,angelo ,c>avaggi1 &
 ,&rea ,sac*i1 ^: works1 ?\gh else s    
dissimil> 9 pr9ciple & execution1       
co9cide 9 r$uc+ col\r frequ5tly to      
little m ?an *i>oscuro2 ! "o = melan*oly
 & =cible1 ! o!r = vision>y or          
devotional effects4  ,! ,pilgrims ador+ 
! ,madonna ) ! ,infant 9 ,/4 ,ago/9o1 by
 ! =m]1 seem n pa9t$ b t+$ 9 ! la/ gold5
 ray ( dep>t+ eve2 :il/ ! ,vision ( ,/  
,romualdo1 by ! latt]1 surr\nds u ) gray
 twilight & gradual evanesc5ce4  ,a     
g5]al /yle ( col\rs ?us amalgamat$1     
appe>s to me a pr9ciple mu* sup]ior to t
 ( corruption ( !m1 :i* ,plut>* m5tions 

z ! inv5tion ( ,apollodorus ! ,a!nian1  
:5 pa9t+ _h sc>cely em]g$ f ! l9e>      
process1 & x requir$ "s c\rage to wield 
a bru%4 ,if ! anci5ts ev] possess$ !    
,bolognese corruption ( col\rs1 x mu/ h 
be5 9 p]iods ( ref9em5t4 ,! ,ph?ora (   
,apollodorus 0 probably ! inv5tion (    
demi-t9ts1 ! effect ( :i* is produc$ by 
corrupt+ or l[]+ ! elem5tal purity ( !  
two ( :i* x is compos$4 ,! axiom1 t !   
less ! traces appe> ( ! means by :i* a  
"w has be5 produc$1 ! m x resembles !   
op]ations ( nature1--is n an axiom      
likely to spr+ f ! infancy ( ,art4  ,!  
ev5 col\r1 veil$ spl5d\r1 ! solemn      
twilight1 t tone ( devotion & cloi/]$   
m$itation :i* ,lodovico ,c>racci spread 
ov] 8 works1 c\ld arise only f !        
contemplation ( v>i\s prec$+ /yles1 or  
_! comp>ison ) nature & ! object ( 8    
*oice4  ,! ideal ( 8 /yle is a h>mony   
equally remote f affect$ brilliancy &   
vulg> resemblance ( t9ts4 ,its elem5t is
 gravity1 & :5ev] ?is inspires n its    
imitation1 x w be less s]i\s ?an sull51 

flat n ev51 heavy )\t vig\r1 & !        
despat*+ tool ( m$iocrity4  ,if ?is be t
 dignifi$ col\r ( ,lomb>dy1 recomm5d$ by
 ,ago/9o ,c>racci1 8 own picture ( !    
,communion ( ,/4 ,j]ome1 & ! ,dead ,*ri/
 among ! ,m>ies by ,annibale1 7:i* we h 
se5 "h17 except$1 its pr9ciple 0 n      
adopt$ by t ?ird rul] ( ! ,c>racci      
s*ool1 nor any ( its pupils4  ,annibale1
 f want ( feel+s1 *ang$ ! mild ev5+ ray 
( 8 ,c\s9 to ! sull5 light ( a cl\dy    
day1 & 9 ! exultation ( me*anic p[]     
swims on 8 "w l oil3 ,guido 0 too gay & 
affect$2 ,gu]c9o too cutt+ & vulg>2     
,albano too airy & insub/antial = x4 ,"u
 ! h& & guid$ by ! s5sibility (         
,lodovico1 x communicat$ itself ev5 to !
 op5 silv]y tone ( ,fresco4  ,9 !       
cloi/]s ( ,/4 ,mi*ele 9 ,bosco1 x       
equally mod]ates ! deep-ton$ t9ts ( !   
muscul> lab\r]s ( ! h]mitage & ( !      
pond]\s demon :o mocks _! toil1 ! w>like
 spl5d\r 9 ! homage ( ,totila1 ! fla% ( 
! nocturnal conflagration1 & ! ?ree     
insidi\s ,nymphs 9 ! g>d5 sc5e1 :o ev5  

n[1 ?\gh ne>ly 9 a /ate ( evanesc5ce1   
seem m\ld$ by ! h& & t+$ by ! brea? (   
,love2 all are sa9t$ by ?is solemn tone4
  ,its triumph 9 ,oil is ! alt>-piece ( 
,/4 ,john prea*+1 9 a *apel ( ! ,c]tosa1
 ^: lights seem embr[n$ by a gold5 veil1
 & ! %ad[y gleam ( ,valombrosa2 b       
,lodovico sometimes indulg$ 9 tones     
au/]e1 pron\nc$1 & h>dy4 ,su* is !      
,flagellation ( ,*ri/ 9 ! same *ur*1 (  
:i* ! trem5d\s dep? ( fle%-t9ts contra/s
 ! op51 wide-exp&$ sky1 & less conveys1 
?an da%es its t]rors on ! a/oni%$ s5se4 
,! ?ird1 or ,ornam5tal /yle1 c\ld       
sc>cely arise 9 any o!r /ate ( ,italy   
?an ,v5ice4 ,v5ice 0 ! c5tre ( comm]ce1 
! repository ( ! ri*es ( ! globe1 !     
spl5did toy-%op ( ! "t3 its *ief        
inhabitants pr9cely m]*ants1 or a       
patrician race elevat$ to rank by       
accumulations f trade or naval pr[ess2 !
 bulk ( ! p me*anics or artisans1       
adm9i/]+ ! means1 &1 9 _! turn1 f$ by ! 
produce ( luxury4 ,( su* a sy/em1 :at   
c\ld ! ,art be m ?an ! p>asite8         

,religion itself _h ex*ang$ its gravity 
= ! allurem5ts ( e> & eye1 & ev5        
sanctity disgu/$1 unless array$ by !    
gorge\s h& ( fa%ion4 ,su* 01 su* w      
always be ! bir?-place & ! !atre (      
,col\r2 & h5ce x is m matt] ( wond] t ! 
fir/ & greate/ col\ri/s %\ld s long h   
=eborne to ov]/ep ! mode/y ( ,nature 9 !
 use ( t allur+ m$ium1 ?an t !y         
sacrific$1 9 "p1 propriety to its gold5 
solicitation4  ,i say 9 "p1 = ,tiziano  
p]haps nev]1 ,paolo & ,t9toretto1 ?\gh  
by mu* too (t51 yet n always1 spread !  
en*ant+ nosegay1 :i* is ! *>act]i/ic (  
?is /yle1 ) indiscrim9ate h&4 ,! /yle ( 
,tiziano may be divid$ into ?ree p]iods3
 :5 he copi$1 :5 he imitat$1 :5 he /rove
 to g5]alize1 to elevate1 or invigorate 
! tones ( ,nature4 ,! fir/ is anxi\s &  
precise1 ! second beautiful & voluptu\s1
 ! ?ird sublime4 ,9 ! second ! p>ts lead
 to ! :ole1 9 ?is ! :ole to ! p>ts2 x is
 t ma/]-/yle :i* 9 discrim9at$ tones    
imp>ts to ornam5t a monum5tal gr&eur4 ,x
 gave t cele/ial col\r :i* consid]ation 

l an angel spread ov] ! ,salutation 9   
,/4 ,rocco2 ! col\r t wafts its wide    
expanse & elem5tal purity ov] !         
primitive sc5es ( 8 ,abel1 ,abraham1 &  
,david1 9 ! ,salute2 ! col\r t t+$ )    
artless solemn maje/y ! ,apo!osis ( !   
,virg9 9 ! *ur* de' ,frati1 embodi$     
adoration 9 its portraits1 & *ang$ !    
robes ( pomp & w>like glitt] to s]vants 
( simplicity4 ,su* is ! tone :i*        
diffuses its t]rors & its glories 9     
,pietro ,m>tyre ov] ! m>tyr$ h]mits ( ! 
m\nta9 =e/1 & taught ! pa9t]'s eye to   
glance f heav5 to e>?1 f e>? to heav54  
,if ?is be ornam5t1 :at b ! ,vatican c !
 s*ools ( ,design oppose to its gr&eur &
 propriety6  ,if all ornam5t be         
allegoric1 if x imply some?+ allusive to
 ! place1 ! p]son1 or ! design = :i* x  
is contriv$1 f t ( a public build+ or a 
temple1 to t ( a libr>y or ! decorations
 ( a toilette1 h[ h ! s*ools ( ,design1 
aft] ! demise ( ,m4 ,agnolo &           
,raffaello1 obs]v$ its pr9ciple8        
,annibale ,c>racci1 ) ! ,capella ,si/9a 

& ! ,vatican be=e 8 eye1 has fill$ !    
mansion ( ,episcopal dignity ) a *aotic 
s]ies ( trite fable & bac*analian       
revelry1 )\t allegory1 void ( allusion1 
m]ely to gratify ! pu]ile o/5tation (   
dauntless execution & academic skill4 ,&
 if we adv]t to a great] "n1 t (        
,pellegr9o ,tibaldi1 is x easy to       
discov] :at relation exi/s betwe5 !     
adv5tures ( ,ulysses & ! purposes &     
pursuits ( ! academical ,in/itute (     
,bologna8 & is x suffici5t to exculpate 
him f impropriety ( *oice 9 8 plan1 if  
we say t ! ceil+ ( ,pellegr9o ,tibaldi  
is a doctr9e ( /yle1 & t design & /yle  
are ! pr9cipal pursuit ( ! /ud5ts8  ,b  
p]haps x is n to ,tiziano1 b to         
,t9toretto & ,paolo ,cagli>i1 t !       
debau*]ies ( ,col\r & bl9d submission to
 fasc9at+ t9ts1 ! rage ( scatt]+ fl[]s  
to no purpose1 are ascrib$4 ,let u      
select f ,t9toretto's mo/ ext5sive "w ! 
,scola ( ,/4 ,rocco1 ! mo/ ext5sive     
composition1 & 8 ackn[l$g$ ma/]piece1 ! 
,crucifixion1 & comp>e its tone ) t (   

,rub5s & ( ,rembr&t = ! same subject4   
,:at impression feels he1 :o = ! fir/ "t
 ca/s a glance on ! imm5se sc5]y ( t "w8
 a :ole ^: numb]less p>ts are connect$  
by a l[]+1 m\rnful1 m9aci\s tone4 ,a    
g5]al fe>ful sil5ce hu%es all ar\nd !   
c5tral figure ( ! ,savi\r susp5d$ on !  
cross1 8 fa9t+ "m1 & a gr\p ( male &    
female m\rn]s at 8 foot3--a gr\p (      
col\rs t less imitate ?an rival ,nature1
 & t+$ by grief itself2 a scale ( tones 
= :i* ev5 ,tiziano (f]s to me no        
p>allel3 yet all equally ov]ca/ by !    
lurid tone t /a9s ! :ole1 & l a meteor  
hangs 9 ! sickly air4 ,:atev] inequality
 or d]elictions ( feel+1 :atev]         
improprieties ( common place1 ( local & 
antique co/ume1 ! ma/]'s rapidity       
admitt$ to fill 8 space1 & !y are great1
 all vani% 9 ! p[] :i* compresses !m    
into a s+le po9t1 & we d n detect !m    
till we recov] f our t]ror4  ,! picture 
( ,rub5s1 :i* we oppose to ,t9toretto1 0
 pa9t$ = ! *ur* ( ,/4 ,walburgha at     
,antw]p1 aft] 8 return f ,italy1 & has  

be5 m9utely describ$1 & z exquisitely   
criticis$ by ,reynolds3 ,*ri/1 he says1 
is nail$ to ! cross1 ) a numb] ( figures
 ex]t+ !mselves to raise x4 ,! inv5tion 
( ?r[+ ! cross obliquely f "o corn] ( ! 
picture to ! o!r1 is f9ely conceiv$2    
some?+ 9 ! mann] ( ,t9toretto3 s f>     
,reynolds4 ,9 ,t9toretto x is ! cross ( 
"o ( ! crim9als t !y attempt to raise1  
:o ca/s 8 eye on ,*ri/ already rais$4 ,!
 body ( ,*ri/ is ! gr&e/1 9 my op9ion1 t
 ,rub5s ev] pa9t$2 x seems to be imitat$
 f ! ,torso ( ,apollonius1 & t ( !      
,laocoon4 ,h[ f> x be *>act]i/ic (      
,*ri/1 or correspond5t ) ! situation1 ,i
 %all n "h enquire2 my object is ! rul+ 
tone ( ! :ole1 & ( ?is ! criticism quot$
 says n a ^w1 ?\gh mu* ( local col\r &  
gray & o*ry balance4 ,w\ld s great a    
ma/] ( tone z ,reynolds h =got ?is      
ma/]-key1 if he _h f\nd x 9 ! picture8  
,! fact is1 ! picture has no o!r ?an !  
pa9t]'s usual tone3 ,rub5s came to 8 "w 
) gay te*nic exultation1 &1 by ! magic (
 8 palette1 *ang$ ! t]rors ( ,golgo?a to

 an en*ant$ g>d5 & clu/]s ( fl[]s4      
,rembr&t1 ?\gh on a small] scale ( size 
& composition1 conc5trat$ ! trem5d\s    
mom5t 9 "o fla% ( pallid light4 ,x      
breaks on ! body ( ,*ri/1 %iv]s d[n 8   
limbs1 & vani%es on ! arm\r ( a         
crucifix2 ! re/ is gloom4  ,( ,paolo    
,v]onese1 :o 0 by f> ! mo/ intemp]ate & 
florid ( ornam5tal ma/]s1 ! political   
allegories on ! platfonds & comp>tm5ts (
 ! ,ducal ,palace1 & ! religi\s leg5ds  
pa9t$ 9 ! refectories ( ! conv5ts1 or z 
alt>-pieces 9 ! *ur*es ( ,v5ice1 diff]  
mat]ially 9 tone & /yle4 ,^? 7 pa9t$ = !
 ,s5ate1 ^! = ! p2 & ! sup]ior ord]s 7  
suppos$ to be bett] judges ( real gr&eur
 & propriety1 ?an mona/ic ignorance & ! 
bigot$ & vulg> majority ( ! cr[ds t     
?rong$ ! *ur*es4  ,if1 !re=e1 ,i 7 able 
to diss5t 9 any ?+ relative to ,col\r f 
! great ,ma/] ^: classification ,i      
comm5t1 ,i %\ld probably hesitate on !  
advice ( adopt+ ! palette ( ,rub5s = !  
regulation ( ! tones t compose !        
,v5etian /yle1 ( :i* 8 fl[]y t9t =m$ b a

 "p4 ,:at has be5 said ( ,m4 ,agnolo 9  
,,=m1 may be said ( ,rub5s 9 ,,col\r3 !y
 _h b "o4 ,z ! "o came to ,nature1 &    
m\ld$ h] to 8 g5]ic =m1 ! o!r came to   
,nature & t+$ h] ) 8 col\r--! col\r (   
gay magnific5ce4 ,he levell$ 8 subject  
to 8 /yle1 b seldom if ev] 8 /yle ) 8   
subject2 :atev] be ! subject ( ,rub5s1  
leg5d1 allegoric1 /em1 m\rnful1         
m>tyrdom1 fable1 epic1 dramatic1 lyric1 
grave or gay--! hues t embody1 ! air t  
t+es !m1 is indiscrim9ate expanse ( gay 
magnific5ce4 ,if ! economy ( 8 col\rs be
 t ( an imm5se nosegay1 he has n always 
connect$ ! +r$i5ts ) a prismatic eye2 ! 
balance ( ! iris is n arbitr>y1 !       
balance ( 8 col\r (t5 is4 ,x 0 n to be  
expect$ t correctness ( =m %\ld be !    
object ( ,rub5s1 ?\gh he 0 ma/] ( draw+1
 & ev5 ambiti\s 9 ! display ( anatomic  
k2 b !re is no mode ( incorrectness1    
unless :at directly militat$ aga9/ 8    
/yle1 su* z meagr5ess1 ( :i* 8 works d n
 set an example4 ,8 male =ms1 g5]ally ! 
brawny pulp ( slaught]m52 8 females1    

hillocks ( roses 9 ov]:elm$ muscles1    
grotesque attitudes1 & di/ort$ jo9ts1   
are swept along 9 a gulph ( col\rs1 z   
h]bage1 trees & %rubs are :irl$1 toss$1 
& absorb$ by inundation4  ,b :5ev] a    
subject comes g5ially )9 ! vortex ( 8   
mann]1 su* z t ( ! ,gall]y ( ,luxemb\rg1
 x !n is n only *>act]i/ically excell5t1
 b includes ne>ly a sup]human union (   
p[]s4 ,9 :atev] light we consid] t      
a/oni%+ "w1 :e!r z a s]ies ( ! mo/      
sublime conceptions1 regulat$ by an     
uni=m compreh5sive plan1 or z a sy/em ( 
col\rs & tones1 exalt+ ! subject1 &     
second$ by magic execution1 :atev] may  
be its ,v5etian or ,flemi% flaws (      
my?ology & ,*ri/ianity1 ideal &         
contempor>y co/ume promiscu\sly         
display$1 x leaves all plans ( ,v5etian 
allegory f> beh9d1 & rivals all _!      
execution2 if x be n equal 9 simplicity1
 or emulate 9 *>act]i/ic dignity1 !     
plans ( ,m4 ,agnolo & ,raffaello1 x     
excels !m 9 ! display ( t magnific5ce   
:i* no mod]n eye c sep>ate f ! idea (   

,maje/y4   ,,footnote3  #ii ,ph?ora4    
,,t5? ,,lecture4      ,,! ,,me?od ,,(   
,,fix+ ,a ,,/&>d ,,& ,,def9+     ,,!    
,,proportions ,,( ,,! ,,human ,,frame1  
,,) ,,directions ,,to     ,,! ,,/ud5t   
,,9 ,,copy+ ,,! ,,life4     ,,t5?       
,,lecture4   ,! me?ods ( fix+ a /&>d &  
def9+ ! proportions ( ! human frame1 are
 ei!r analytic or syn!tic1 f ! :ole to !
 p>ts1 or f ! p>ts to ! :ole1 & h be5   
promiscu\sly adopt$4 ,! human is !      
measure ( p]fection 9 ,vitruvius2 he    
applies its rules to ar*itecture1 &     
inde$ to e object ( ta/e4  ,! l5g? (    
human proportion 9 ,vitruvius1 measur$  
by a p]p5dicul>1 or a horizontal1 f !   
middle f+] po9ts ( bo? arms ext5d$1 is  
t5 heads1 ! head measur$ f ! *9 to !    
hair-roots ( ! front2 & eight if ! head 
be measur$ f ! extremity ( ! *9 to !    
v]tex ( ! cr[n4 ,?ree is ! fav\rite     
numb] by :i* ! !ori/s ( proportion h    
divid$ ! human /ructure1 z conta9+ a    
beg9n+1 a middle1 & an end2 & ,pl9y     
obs]ves t we atta9 ! half ( our gr[? 9 !

 ?ird ye>4 ,! body1 z well z all its    
memb]s1 consi/s ( ?ree ma9 p>ts1 :i*    
correspond ) ea* o!r1 9 ! same          
proportion z ! p>ts ( ! subord9ate      
memb]s among !mselves3 ! head & body are
 9 ! same unison ( measure ) ! ?ighs &  
legs1 z ! ?ighs ) ! legs & feet1 or !   
upp] "p ( ! arm to ! elb[ & ! h&4 ,?us !
 face is divid$ into ?ree p>ts1 or ?ree 
times ! l5g? ( ! nose3 nev] into f\r1 z 
"s h imag9$2 = ! upp] "p ( ! head1 f !  
hair-roots on ! front to ! top1 measur$ 
p]p5dicul>ly1 has only ?ree-f\r?s ( !   
nose l5g?1 or is 9 proportion to ! nose 
z n9e to twelve4  ,! rules ( proportion 
orig9at$1 probably1 ) sculpture1 b 9 !  
progress ( art receiv$ _! f9al          
det]m9ation f ! pa9t]3 ?is is ! praise (
 ,p>rhasius1 & ,praxiteles appli$ to    
,nicias = ! ultimate decision & ref9em5t
 ( 8 =ms4 ,! foot 0 ! ma9 m$ium ( anci5t
 measurem5t2 & six feet1 accord+ to     
,vitruvius1 became ! measur$ l5g? (     
proportion = _! /atues4 ,measure is !   
me?od ( asc]ta9+ an unkn[n quantity f a 

kn[n "o2 & ! proportion ( ! foot is     
subject to less v>iation ?an ! head or  
face4 ,lomazzo1 :5 he makes ! foot (    
,h]cules ! sev5? "p ( 8 l5g?1 & fixes t5
 faces z ! /&>d ( anci5t proportion = a 
,v5us1 n9e = a ,juno1 & eight =         
,neptune1 talk$ f fancy1 & reli$ on !   
cr$ulity ( 8 read]4  ,?is relation ( !  
foot to ! :ole fabric1 z e/abli%$ by    
,nature1 ! anci5ts regulat$ accord+ to  
ideal or div9e1 & human or *>act]i/ic   
proportions4 ,( ! ,apollo1 ^: height is 
some:at m ?an sev5 heads1 ! /&+ foot is 
?ree in*es ( a ,roman palm long] ?an !  
head4 ,! ,m$icean ,v5us1 h[ev] 'suelt1' 
h[ev] small h] head1 has 9 l5g? no m ?an
 sev5 heads & a half2 & yet h] foot     
measures a palm & a half1 & ! :ole      
height ( ! figure six palms & a half4   
,( su* obs]vations on proportion x w\ld 
be easi] to cont9ue a long s]ies ?an to 
make !m intelligible or useful )\t      
actual demon/ration or figures4 ,f      
,vitruvius ) 8 comm5tators1 & ,lion>do  
da ,v9ci1 to ,alb]t ,dur]1 ,lomazzo1 &  

,j]ome ,c>dan1 f ! correct$ measurem5ts 
( ,du ,fresnoy & ,de ,piles1 to         
,watelet1 ,w9kelman1 & ,lavat]1 x w\ld  
be easy to %[ t ! mass ( v>iance1       
peculi>ity1 & contradiction1 greatly    
ov]balances ! co9cid5ce ( exp]im5t &    
measure4 ,! descriptions ( ! proportions
 ( ! human frame1 says ,m5gs1 are       
inf9ite1 b seldom agree among !mselves4 
,"s are too obscure to give ! arti/ a   
cle> idea2 "s h too mu* limit$ !        
comb9ations :i* might produce1 or are   
capable (1 proportions homog5e\sly      
uni=m3 o!rs1 on ! contr>y1 h1 l ,alb]t  
,dur]1 display$ a great quantity &      
v>iety ( proportions1 to little purpose 
= any "o :o %\ld n *oose to imitate 8   
ta/e4 ,! ord9>y me?od is t ( divid+ !   
figure into a fix$ numb] ( heads or     
faces2 b ?is division is ( m use to !   
sculptor ?an ! pa9t]1 :o nev] c see ! j 
size ( ! head1 because p]spective hides 
at lea/ a ?ird ( ! upp] f\r?2 nor does !
 bread? ( ! limbs1 9 pa9t+1 admit (     
sculpture measure1 z !y w\ld appe>      

meagre & scanty on a flat surface1 9    
comp>ison ( ! mass !y circumscribe 9    
p]spective2 because ! habit ( look+ at  
objects ) bo? eyes swells _! mass beyond
 its j diamet]1 9 reality z well z 9    
sculpture4 ,?is diff]5ce ( limbs !      
anci5ts obs]v$ 9 _! be/ basso-relievoes2
 !y exce$ 9 volume ! limbs ( _! /atues4 
,su* are ! =ms ( ! sacrific+ gr\p 9 !   
g>d5s ( ! ,m$icean ,villa at ,rome1     
repres5t$ 9 ! ,admir&a ( ,santes        
,b>toli1 & imitat$ by ,raffaello 9 !    
,c>toon ( ! ,sacrifice at ,ly/ra4  ,!   
pa9t] is inf9itely m 9 want ( v>iety ?an
 ! sculptor1 & consequ5tly _c submit to 
! same re/riction ( rule4 ,raffaello1 :o
 9 a c]ta9 s5se did no m ?an multiply ! 
antique /yle ( ! second ord]1 unit+ x ) 
a c]ta9 air ( tru? n )9 ! rea* (        
sculpture1 :e!r f rule or ta/e1 made use
 ( e k9d ( proportion )\t a seem+       
pr$ilection = any4 ,!re are figures ( 8 
:i* h little m ?an six heads & a half3  
su* z ! ,/4 ,pet] 9 ! ,c>toon ( !       
,temple ,gate2 a proportion insuff]able 

9 any o!r pa9t] b ,raffaello4  ,x is    
reasonable to suppose1 t 9 endeav\r+ to 
=m a /&>d or a canon ( proportion = !   
human figure1 ! ,greeks began ) ! head1 
its =m1 its position1 ! mann] 9 :i* x is
 atta*$ to ! trunk2 !y f\nd t man alone 
c>ries 8 head erect1 & t !nce he d]ives 
a face & a c\nt5ance4 ,( all ! brute    
creation1 :at is call$ ! head is only an
 extremity ( ! horizontal body1 ^: "u   
p>ts are %ov$ =w>d to seek food or seize
 prey2 front & upp] "p are driv5 back1  
are %ort5$1 &1 9 m ?an "o g5us1 h>dly   
p]ceivable4 ,! m ! brute is rais$ be=e &
 erects ! neck1 ! m x ga9s v>iety (     
aspect2 /ill x hangs =w>d1 an app5dix to
 ! trunk3 x _c be prop]ly said to h a   
head2 ! etymology ( ! ^w implies an     
erect position4 ,a head1 /rictly speak+1
 is ! pr]ogative ( man1 =m$ b5ea? a     
skull :i* r\nds ! =ehead & det]m9es !   
face4 ,! m ! front rec$es & incl9es to !
 horizontal1 s mu* ! ne>] a head        
approa*es ! =m ( a brute2 ! m x incl9es 
to ! p]p5dicul>1 ! m x ga9s ( man4 ,?is 

obs]vation has be5 demon/rat$ 9 ! lea/  
fallible mann] by ,camp]1 ! anatomi/1   
:o1 by a contrivance equally +5i\s &    
unequivocal1 appe>s to h asc]ta9$1 n    
only ! diff]5ce ( ! faceal l9e 9        
animals1 b t :i* discrim9ates nations4  
,plac+ ! skull or head to be measur$    
into a k9d ( sa% or frame1 pi]c$ at     
equidi/ant int]vals to admit ! plummet &
 horizontal & p]p5dicul> ?reads1 he     
draws a /raight l9e f ! ap]ture ( ! e>  
to ! "u "p ( ! nose1 & ano!r f ! utmo/  
projection ( ! frontal bone to ! mo/    
prom95t "p ( ! upp] jaw4 ,! :ole is     
divid$ into n9ety or ev5 "o hundr$      
degrees1 f ! actual maximum & m9imum (  
,nature to ^? ( ,art4 ,birds describe ! 
smalle/ angles1 :i* wid5 9 proportion z 
! animal approa*es ! human =m3 ! heads (
 apes rea* f =ty-two to fifty degrees1  
:i* la/ approa*es man4 ,! ,negro &      
,kalmuck rea* sev5ty1 ! ,european       
eighty2 ! anci5t ,roman arti/s asc5d$ to
 n9ety-five1 ! ,greeks rais$ ! ideal f  
n9ety to "o hundr$ degrees4 ,:at goes   

beyond ?is l9e becomes port5t\s2 ! head 
appe>s mis%ap51 & assumes ! appe>ance ( 
a hydrocephalus4 ,x is ! limit set by   
,art1 & e/abli%$ on ?is physical        
pr9ciple3 t ! m ! =m ( ! head recl9es to
 ! horizontal or ov]%oots ! giv5        
p]p5dicul>1 ! m ! maxill are protrud$ or
 ! m ! front1 ! less x reta9s ( ! true  
human =m1 & deg5]ates into brute or     
mon/]4  ,f a head s det]m9$1 arose an   
h>moni\s sy/em ( features4 ,"u a front z
 full z op51 ! frontal muscles assum$ ! 
seat ( mean+2 ! cavity ( ! eyes became  
deep]1 & took a regul> & equal di/ance f
 ! c5tre ( ! nose1 a feature ( :i* few (
 ! mod]ns ev] _h a di/9ct idea2 ! m\? & 
lips 7 %ap$ = organs ( comm& &          
p]suasion1 r ?an appetite2 & ! apodosis 
( ! :ole1 resolution & support1 0 giv5 9
 ! *94  ,f a head s regulat$1 & plac$ on
 ! mo/ beautiful ( all columns1 ! neck1 
! ?9k+ arti/ c\ld n fail to conclude to 
! re/ ( ! body4 ,z ! "u p>ts ( ! head 7 
subord9ate to ! front1 s 0 ! l[] "p ( ! 
torso to ! brea/4 ,! organs ( m]e       

nutrition1 or appetite1 & secretion1    
rec$$ & 7 subject$ to ! nobl] seats (   
action & vig\r4 ,su* h>mony ( sy/em 0 n 
only ! result ( num]ic proportion1 (    
l5g? & bread? ( p>ts2 x 0 ! conception (
 "o indivisibly connect$ :ole1 v>i\sly  
uni=m3--god1 goddess1 h]o1 h]o9e1 male1 
female1 infancy1 y\?1 virility & age1   
maje/y1 en]gy1 agility1 beauty1 "*1 &   
passions1 direct$ ! me?od ( treatm5t1 & 
=m$ ,,/yle4  ,! sculptur$ monum5ts left 
by ! anci5ts1 t h escap$ ! wreck ( "t & 
compose ! magnific5t collections ( !    
,academy & ! ,museum1 amply prove t ^!  
ass]tions are n ! vision>y brood ( fancy
 & sangu9e wi%es1 :il/ !y (f] to ! /ud5t
 advantages :i*1 p]haps1 no anci5t1     
c]ta9ly no mod]n s*ools ev] c\ld or c   
(f] to !irs1 n ev5 t ( =m]ly ! real &   
/ill ! nom9al metropolis ( ,art--,rome4 
,^! monum5ts may be aptly divid$ into   
?ree classes3  #a/4 ,imitations1 n      
seldom transcripts ( ,ess5tial ,nature4 
#bnd4 ,homog5e\s del9eations ( ,"*2 &   
#crd4 ,! highe/ & la/--,ideal ,figures4 

,! fir/ %[s to advantage :at exi/s or   
exi/$2 ! second collects 9 "o           
individual1 :at is scatt]$ 9 8 class2 ! 
?ird subord9ates exi/5ce & "* to beauty 
& sublimity4  ,! a/oni%+ rema9s ( gods1 
demigods1 & h]oes treasur$ 9 ! ,museum1 
f ! ,p>!non & ! ,temple ( ,phigalia1    
con/itute ! fir/ epo*4 ,!y e/abli% !    
elem5ts ( proportion1 !y %[ :at is      
ess5tial 9 ! composition & con/ruction (
 ! human frame4 ,! arti/'s pr9ciple     
rema9$1 h[ev]1 negative2 he und]/ood !  
be/ he saw1 b did n attempt to add1 or  
conclude f :at 01 to :at might be4 ,^!  
works are commonly consid]$ z ! produce 
( ! s*ool ( ,phidias1 & ! sub/antiation 
( 8 pr9ciples3 if !y are1 & !re c be    
little d\bt b !y are1 x mu/ be own$1 t !
 eulogies lately lavi%$ on !m1 z        
pres5t+1 ev5 on _! mutilat$ & batt]$    
surfaces1 m ( ! real texture ( ! human  
frame1 a bett] discrim9ation ( bone1    
muscle1 & t5don1 ?an mo/ ( ! works      
ascrib$ to m advanc$ p]iods1 little     
agree ) ! v]dict ( ! anci5ts1 z pron\nc$

 by ,pl9y1 on ! real "* ( ,phidias1 !   
ar*itect ( gods1 fitt] to frame         
div9ities ?an m51 & leave him little m  
%>e 9 ! =mation ( our figures ?an !     
conception4 ,9 behold+ !m1 we say1 su*  
is man1 real unsophi/icat$ man1 man w>m 
f ! h& ( ,nature1 b n yet di/+ui%$ by h]
 endless v>iety & diff]5ce ( "*4 ,!     
,dioscuri ( ! ,quir9al1 ! ,lapi? 9      
conflict ) ! ,c5taurs f ! ,p>!non1 & !  
h]oes f ! fabric ( ,ict9us1 are bro!rs1 
& only diff] 9 size & f9i%2 :il/ !      
,pana!naic processions (f] ! unv>i$     
transcript ( ,a!nian y\?4  ,del9eation (
 "* =ms ! second class ( ! figures 9 our
 possession1 & ! di/+ui%+ feature ( its 
arti/s4 ,!y f\nd t1 z all 7 connect$ by 
! g5us & a c5tral pr9ciple ( =m1 s !y 7 
divid$ into classes1 & f ea* o!r sep>at$
 by an individual /amp1 by "*3 to unite 
?is ) ! simplicity ( ! g5]ic pr9ciple 0 
_! aim2 ! symmetry prescrib$ by g5]al   
proportion 0 modifi$ & adapt$1 n        
sacrific$1 to ! dem&s ( ! peculi>       
quality :i* di/+ui%$ ! attribute !y     

und]took to p]sonify4 ,?us ! ,h]cules ( 
,glycon1 ?\gh ! symbol ( absolute1      
irresi/ible1 & uni=m /r5g?1 appe>s to be
 swift z a /ag & ela/ic l a ball2 & ?us 
,agasias1 ! au?or ( :at ! b>b>ity (     
cu/om /ill cont9ues to misname ! ,fight+
 ,gladiator1 ?\gh its /yle1 evid5tly    
,iconic1 be m connect$ ) individual ?an 
g5]ic nature1 has spread ov] its :ole ! 
rapidity ( lightn+1 & sub/antiat$ 9 its 
motion all ,hom] says ( ,hector ru%+    
?r\gh ! %att]$ portals ( ! ,grecian     
wall--t1 at t in/ant1 no?+ c\ld h /opp$ 
him b a ,god4  ,! w\nd$ ,cornicul>ius1  
kn[n by ! "n ( ! ,dy+ ,gladiator1 !     
,savage :ett+ 8 knife to excoriate      
,m>syas1 ! enrag$ ,%eph]d ,boy          
ludicr\sly trans=m$ to a "y ,patroclus1 
are too undisguis$ portraits to des]ve  
be+ rank$ ) ?is high] class ( *>act]i/ic
 del9eation4 ,we ) m exultation subjo9  
to x ! ,pa!tic ,gr\ps :i*1 to ! hi/oric 
arti/1 at once disclose ! :ole ext5t &  
limits ( dramatic composition--! agonies
 ( ,niobe & h] ,prog5y2 ! pangs ( !     

,laocoon2 ,m5elaus rais+ ,patroclus sla9
 by ,hector2 ! ,w>rior :o des]ves to be 
call$ ,hmon1 ) ,antigone1 self-sla91    
hang+ on 8 arm--! s(t] & m famili>      
expression ( ?ra & ,!seus1 mat]nal      
enquiry & filial simplicity2 ,ore/es &  
,pylades p\r+ libations to ,agamemnon's 
%ade2 ,v5us expo/ulat+ ) ,amor1 ,amor   
embrac+ ,psy*e3 works ( diff]5t p]iods &
 diff]5t /yles1 b true to ! same un]r+  
pr9ciples1--pr9ciples n ab&on$ 9 !      
lascivi\s dream ( ! ,h]maphrodite1 !    
gross sonor\s repose ( ! ,faun1 & !     
tott]+ inebriety ( ,h]cules4  ,! arti/s 
( ! ?ird epo* conclud$ f exi/5ce to     
possibility4 ,! simple purity ( ! fir/1 
& ! en]getic h>moni\s v>iety ( ! second 
p]iod1 7 its bases2 x amalgamat$ _!     
artless angul> l9e & rigid precision ) !
 suavity ( undulat+ cont\rs1 elegance ( 
attitude1 ! s(t inflexions ( fle%3 &    
creat$ a /&>d ( ideal beauty :i*        
regulat$ ! :ole1 f ! mo/ prom95t1       
conspicu\s1 & int]e/+1 to ! mo/ remote &
 m9ute p>ts4 ,! ,apollo1 ! ,v5us1 !     

,torso1 arose to prove t 9 ! same degree
 z 9 an image ( art ! idea ( simplicity1
 or ( "o1 pr$om9ates1 x w p>take (      
gr&eur2 & t 9 ! degree z ! idea ( v>iety
 prevails1 x w p>take ( beauty3 v>iety  
leads to simplicity 9 images ( beauty1  
simplicity to v>iety 9 images ( gr&eur1 
& ! union ( bo? produces ! sublime4     
,su* are ! spl5did1 & ,i repeat x1      
unp>allel$ advantages t surr\nd y2 b    
le/1 by _! speci\s display1 ,i %\ld be  
suspect$ ( m en?usiasm ?an becomes !    
sob] (fice ( a tea*]1 & y be l$ to      
delusive expectations & false           
conclusions1 rememb] t1 ?\gh ev5 ! be/  
direct$ lab\r _c supply :at ,nature has 
refus$1 /ill x rema9s an exp]im5t       
uni=mly sanction$ by "t1 t )\t unwe>i$  
toil1 ob/9ate p]sev]ance1 & submissive  
resignation1 nei!r ! !ory nor ! practice
 ( ! art c be fully acquir$1 & t )\t !m 
g5ius is a bubble & tal5t a trifle4  ,& 
n[ p]mit me to f9i% ?is fragm5t (       
obs]vations on ,design ) a few rem>ks on
 our mutual situation1 z tea*]s & z     

pupils ( ?is ,in/itution3 if !          
advancem5t ( art be ! cause & ! ultimate
 aim ( its f\ndation4  ,:5 9 recomm5d+ !
 antique z ! /ud5t's guide 9 copy+ !    
life1 ,i comp>atively might h seem$ to  
depreciate ! s]vile adh]5ce to ! model1 
,i 0 p]fectly aw>e t ! use ( life alone 
c supply ! arti/ ) ! real expression1 & 
consequ5tly ! real appe>ances ( bones & 
muscles 9 v>i$ action4 ,x w n be        
suspect$1 ,i tru/1 t ,i meant to        
recomm5d ! frigid introduction ( t m>ble
 /yle1 t p$antic /iffness1 :i*1 "u !    
abus$ "n ( correctness1 frequ5tly       
disfigures ! lab\rs ( ^? :o1 at too late
 a p]iod = successful attempts at *ang+ 
_! mann]1 abjure or lose ! c\rage to use
 :at !y _h le>nt be=e1 & cont5t !mselves
 ) be+ ! tame transcrib]s ( ! dead      
lett]1 in/ead ( ! _s ( ! anci5ts1 &     
import]s ( no?+ b =ms & attitudes (     
/one4  ,x is to life we mu/ recur1--to  
w>m1 fle%y1 g5ial life1--= animat$ =ms4 
,to ,nature & life ,zeuxis appli$1 to   
embody ! =ms ( ,polycletus & ,alcam5es3 

& :at 0 ! pr]ogative ( ,lysippus1 b to  
give ! air1 ! morbidezza1 ! s(t         
transitions1 ! illusions ( palpitat+    
life1 to bronze & m>ble8 ,! p$antry (   
geometrically /raight l9es is n only no 
idealism1 x is a solecism 9 ,nature4    
,organization1 y\r object1 is insep>able
 f life2 motion f organization3 :]e     
organization & life are1 !re is a seat (
 life1 a punctum sali5s1 act+ ?r\gh ve9s
 & bran*+ art]ies1 consequ5tly )        
pulsation1 & by t1 undulat+ & r\nd+ !   
passages ( p>ts to p>ts4 ,( ! milli>ds (
 commas1 or po9ts1 t ,nature m$iately or
 imm$iately produces1 no two are alike3 
h[1 !n1 c\ld %e produce /raight l9es1   
:i* are all simil>1 & by _! nature cut1 
divide1 int]rupt1 de/roy8  ,! prov9ce   
delegat$ by ! ,academy to its tea*]s mu/
 be1--:]e hope promises success & sp>ks 
( g5ius appe>1 to fo/]1 to enc\rage2 b  
:]e necessity comm&s1 r to det] ?an to  
delude1 & ?us to *eck ! progress ( t    
comp5di>y me?od1 :i*1 accord+ to y\r    
late ,presid5t1 has ru9$ ! ,arts ( e    

c\ntry1 by r$uc+ execution to a recip1  
sub/itut+ mann] = /yle1 ornam5t =       
sub/ance1 & giv+ admission to m$iocrity4
  ,if ! /ud5ts ( ?is ,academy mu/ be    
suppos$ to h ov]come ! rudim5ts1 & to be
 arriv$ at t po9t f :i* x may be        
discov]$ :e!r ,nature int5d$ !m = m]e   
craftsm5 or real arti/s1 ne> t po9t1    
:]e1 9 ! phrase ( ,reynolds1 g5ius beg9s
 & rules end1 x behoves u n to mi/ake ! 
m]e *ildr5 ( necessity1 or ! pl$ges (   
vanity1 = ! real nursel+s ( public hope1
 or ! future support]s ( ! b5efic5t     
e/abli%m5t t re>s !m4 ,in/ruction1 x is 
true1 may put !m 9 possession ( e       
atta9able "p ( ! ,art 9 a dec5t degree2 
!y may le>n to draw ) tol]able          
correctness1 to col\r ) tol]able effect1
 to put _! figures toge!r tol]ably well1
 & to furni% _! faces ) a tol]able      
expression--x may n be easy = any "o to 
pick any ?+ intol]ably bad out ( _!     
works2 b :5 !y h done all ?is--& almo/  
all may d all ?is1 = all ?is may be     
taught--!y w f9d !mselves exactly at !  

po9t :]e all t gives value to ,art      
beg9s--,g5ius1 :i* _c be taught--at !   
?re%old ( ! ,art1 9 a /ate ( m$iocrity4 
,gods1 m51 & fame1 says ,horace1 reject 
m$iocrity 9 poets4 ,:y8 ,nei!r ,poetry  
nor ,pa9t+ spr+ f ! necessities (       
society1 or furni% necess>ies to life2  
(fspr+s ( fancy1 leisure1 & l(ty        
contemplation1 organs ( religion &      
gov]nm5t1 ornam5ts ( society1 & too (t5 
m]e *>ms ( ! s5ses & in/rum5ts ( luxury1
 !y d]ive _! excell5ce f novelty1       
degree1 & poli%4 ,:at none indisp5sably 
want1 all may wi% =1 b few only are able
 to procure1 acquires its value f "s    
exclusive quality1 f\nd$ on intr9sic or 
"s conv5tional m]it1 & t1 or an equal   
sub/itute1 m$iocrity _c rea*3 h5ce1 by  
suff]+ x to invade ! prov9ce ( g5ius &  
tal5t1 we rob ! pl\gh1 ! %op1 ! loom1 ! 
s*ool1 p]haps ! desk & pulpit1 ( a ?\s& 
useful h&s4 ,a good me*anic1 a tru/y    
lab\r]1 an hone/ tradesman1 are be+s m  
important1 ( great] use to society1 &   
bett] support]s ( ! /ate1 ?an an arti/  

or a poet ( m$iocrity4 ,:5 ,i !re=e say 
t x is ! duty ( ! ,academy to det] r ?an
 to delude1 ,i am n afraid ( hav+       
advanc$ a p>adox ho/ile to ! progress ( 
real ,art4 ,! capacities t "t w         
disclose1 g5ius & tal5ts1 _c be det]r$  
by ! exposition ( difficulties1 & x is !
 int]e/ ( society t all else %\ld4      
,,end ,,( ,,! ,,second ,,volume4        
,,london3      ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,samuel    
,,b5tley1      ,dorset ,/reet1 ,fleet   
,/reet4          99       99       99   
99       99   ,,transcrib]',s ,,notes   
,obvi\s typos h be5 sil5tly correct$4   
,all oe-ligatures h be5 simplifi$ to oe4
  ,idiosyncratic spell+s h be5 left     
un*ang$4 ,?is includes inconsi/5t       
spell+s ( prop] names & capitalisation4 
,!re are num]\s ,greek quotations1 :i* h
 be5 conv]t$ f ,greek to ,romanis$      
script4 ,!y are m>k$ by equals signs1 l 
?is4 ,a few am5dm5ts are not$ bel[4     
,italicis$ words & phrases are m>k$ l   
?is4   ,! foll[+ corrections are wor?   
special note3  p4 #ai3 ,alcibides *ang$ 

to ,alcibiades4  p4 #cc footnote #i3 h  
ka?' 7r\gh brea?+7 *ang$ to  ka?' 7smoo?
 brea?+71 & kai *ang$ to  kai4  p4 #dc  
footnote #ae3 ,abrodiaitos 7smoo?       
brea?+7 *ang$ to ,habrodiaitos 7r\gh    
brea?+74  p4 #adc3 prli>i *ang$ to      
proeli>i4  p4 #ade footnote #ga3 a t>   
*ang$ to at>4  p4 #aej footnote #gb3 l9e
 ref]5ce correct$ f #cbh to #bch4  p4   
#aei3 ,goliah *ang$ to ,golia?4  p4 #afa
 footnote #ge3 ,hormn 7capital lett]7   
*ang$ to hormn 7l[] case74  p4 #bhd3    
,fra4 *ang$ to ,fr4