---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,transcriber's note3 ,the original book contains characters that are not available in this text format4 ,they have therefore been substituted according to the following scheme3 --,characters with a macron 7a line above the character7 as x --,superscripts as a carat followed by the superscript1 e4g4 ,,vie --,symbol used after q as a scribal abbreviation in ,latin as z ,many foreign and ,english words in the text and in the references occur in joined1 hyphenated and spaced forms with almost equal frequency4 ,these have not been modified for the sake of fidelity to the printed text4 ,this book was published in two volumes1 of which this is the second4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,,terrestrial ,,and ,,celestial ,,globes ,,their ,,history ,,and ,,construction ,,including ,a ,,consideration ,,of ,,their ,,value ,,as ,,aids ,,in ,,the ,,study ,,of ,,geography ,,and ,,astronomy ,,by ,,edward ,,luther ,,stevenson1 ,,ph4,d41 ,,ll4,d4 ,,member ,,of ,,the ,,hispanic ,,society ,,of ,,america ,,volume ,,ii ,illustration ,,new ,,haven3 ,,published ,,for ,,the ,,hispanic ,,society ,,of ,,america ,,by ,,the ,,yale ,,university ,,press ,,london ,,humphrey ,,milford ,,oxford ,,university ,,press ,,mdccccxxi ,,copyright1 #aiba1 ,,by ,,the ,,hispanic ,,society ,,of ,,america ,table of ,contents ,,page ,list of ,illustrations vii ,chapter ,x3 ,globes and ,globe ,makers of the ,early ,seventeenth ,century4 ,the ,dutch ,scientific ,masters and ,their ,preminent ,leadership4 #a ,the shifting of globe making interest to the northwest of ,europe at the close of the sixteenth century4--,the ,van ,langrens as leaders4--,jodocus ,hondius and his son ,henricus4--,willem ,jansz4 ,blaeu and his sons1 ,john and ,cornelius4--,the ,ferreri armillary sphere4--,globes of ,peter ,plancius4--,isaac ,habrecht4--,globes of ,mattheus ,greuter and their reproduction by ,rossi4--,manfredus ,settla4--,abraham ,goos4--,adam ,heroldt4 ,chapter ,,xi3 ,globes of the ,second ,half of the ,seventeenth ,century #gb ,certain striking tendencies exhibited in the matter of globe making in this period4--,the ,gottorp globes4--,weigel's globes4--,carlo ,benci4--,amantius ,moroncelli4--,castlemaine's immovable globe4--,the armillary of ,treffler4--,armillary sphere of ,gian ,battista ,alberti4--,the numerous globes of ,p4 ,vincenzo ,coronelli4--,certain anonymous globes of the period4--,johannes ,maccarius4--,jos4 ,antonius ,volpes4--,vitale ,giordani4--,george ,christopher ,eimmart4--,giuseppe ,scarabelli4--,giovanni ,battista4--,joseph ,moxon4--,the ,chinese globes of ,peking4 ,chapter ,,xii3 ,globes and ,globe ,makers of the ,first ,half of the ,eighteenth ,century--from ,delisle to ,ferguson #acg ,activities of ,guillaume ,delisle4--,jean ,dominique ,cassini and his reforms4--,vincenzo ,miot4--,the globes of ,gerhard and ,leonhard ,valk4--,activities of ,john ,senex4--,nicolas ,bion4--,the armillary sphere of ,carmelo ,cartilia4--,mattheus ,seutter of ,augsburg4--,robert ,morden4--,jean ,antoine ,nollet4--,johann ,gabriel ,doppelmayr of ,nrnberg4--,terrestrial globe of ,cusani4--,terrestrial globes of ,siena4--,the work of the monk ,pietro ,maria da ,vinchio4--,james ,ferguson of ,scotland4 ,chapter ,,xiii3 ,globes and ,globe ,makers of the ,second ,half of the ,eighteenth ,century #age ,few globe makers of striking distinction in this period4--,an apparent decrease in scientific interest in globes1 but an apparent increase in popular interest4--,gilles and ,didier ,robert de ,vaugondy4--,the work of ,desnos4--,globes of ,gian ,francesco ,costa the ,venetian4--,globes of ,akerman and ,akrel4--,the ,french globe makers ,rigobert ,bonne and ,lalande4--,charles ,messier and ,jean ,fortin4--,globes of ,george ,adams the ,elder1 of ,george ,adams the ,younger1 and of ,dudley ,adams4--,small globes of ,nathaniel ,hill4--,the work of ,innocente ,alessandri and ,pietro ,scaltaglia4--,charles ,francis ,delamarche4--,manuscript globes of ,vincenzo ,rosa4--,geographer and globe maker ,giovanni ,maria ,cassini4--,globes of ,william ,cary4 ,chapter ,,xiv3 ,the ,technic of ,globe ,construction--,materials and ,methods #aif ,general problems to be met4--,development from the simple armilla to the complex sphere4--,the references of ,ptolemy1 ,leontius ,mechanicus1 ,alfonso4--,behaim's leadership in practical globe making4--,materials employed4--,experiments in map projection4--,the beginning and rapid development of globe-gore construction4--,various examples of early gore maps4--,equatorial polar and ecliptic polar mountings4--,special features of celestial globe maps4--,globe mountings4--,varying sizes of globes4--,the uses of globes4--,moon globes and planetariums4 ,bibliographical ,list #bbj ,index of ,globes and ,globe ,makers #bdi ,general ,index #bgf ,list of ,illustrations ,frontispiece4 ,rembrandt's ,philosophers ,,vol4 ,,ii ,,fig4 ,,chapter ,x ,,page #hh4 ,terrestrial ,globe of ,jodocus ,hondius1 #afjj4 ,from original in ,library of ,henry ,e4 ,huntington1 ,new ,york #d #hi4 ,celestial ,globe of ,jodocus ,hondius1 #afjj4 ,from original in ,library of ,henry ,e4 ,huntington1 ,new ,york #h #ij4 ,dedication ,appearing on ,globe of ,jodocus ,hondius1 #afjj #f #ia4 ,terrestrial ,globe of ,jodocus ,hondius1 #afah4 ,from original in collection of ,the ,hispanic ,society of ,america1 ,new ,york #ad #ib4 ,portrait of ,willem ,jansz4 ,blaeu4 ,from engraving by ,falck #ah #ic4 ,terrestrial ,globe of ,willem ,jansz4 ,blaeu1 #afjf4 ,from original in collection of ,the ,hispanic ,society of ,america1 ,new ,york #cj #id4 ,terrestrial and ,celestial ,globes of ,willem ,jansz4 ,blaeu1 #afaf4 ,from originals in collection of ,the ,hispanic ,society of ,america1 ,new ,york #cb #ie4 ,terrestrial ,globe of ,willem ,jansz4 ,blaeu1 #afbb4 ,from original in collection of ,the ,hispanic ,society of ,america1 ,new ,york #cd #if4 ,section of ,jodocus ,hondius ,world ,map1 #afaa4 ,from ,stevenson's reproduction #dj #ig4 ,terrestrial ,globe of ,willem ,jansz4 ,blaeu1 #afbb4 ,from original in ,chigi ,library1 ,rome #dd #ih4 ,celestial ,globe of ,willem ,jansz4 ,blaeu1 #afbb4 ,from original in ,liceum ,foscarini1 ,venice #dd #ih;a4 ,terrestrial ,globe of ,willem ,jansz4 ,blaeu1 ca4 #afdj4 ,from original in ,royal ,library1 ,madrid #ff #ih;b4 ,celestial ,globe of ,willem ,jansz4 ,blaeu1 ca4 #afdj4 ,from original in ,royal ,library1 ,madrid #ff #ii4 ,portrait of ,peter ,plancius4 ,from an old print #df #ajj4 ,terrestrial ,globe of ,peter ,plancius1 #afad4 ,from original in ,astronomical ,museum1 ,rome #dh #aja4 ,terrestrial ,globe of ,isaac ,habrecht1 #afbe4 ,from original in the collection of ,the ,hispanic ,society of ,america1 ,new ,york #ej #ajb4 ,terrestrial ,globe of ,mattheus ,greuter1 #afcb4 ,from original in the collection of ,the ,hispanic ,society of ,america1 ,new ,york #ed #ajc4 ,terrestrial ,globe of ,mattheus ,greuter1 #afch4 ,from original in the collection of ,the ,hispanic ,society of ,america1 ,new ,york #fb #ajc;a4 ,terrestrial ,globe of ,dominico ,rossi 7,mattheus ,greuter71 #afie4 ,from original in the collection of ,the ,hispanic ,society of ,america1 ,new ,york #fd #ajc;b4 ,celestial ,globe of ,dominico ,rossi 7,mattheus ,greuter71 #afie4 ,from original in the collection of ,the ,hispanic ,society of ,america1 ,new ,york #fd ,,chapter ,,xi #ajd4 ,the ,gottorp ,armillary ,sphere1 #afeg4 ,from original in the ,national ,museum1 ,copenhagen #gd #aje4 ,terrestrial ,globe of ,silvester ,amantius ,moroncelli1 #afgb4 ,from original in ,marciana ,library1 ,venice #hd #ajf4 ,manuscript ,celestial ,globe 7,moroncelli871 ,late ,seventeenth ,century4 ,from original in ,library of ,william ,r4 ,hearst1 ,new ,york #ib #ajg4 ,portrait of ,earl of ,castlemaine4 ,from an old print #id #ajh4 ,globe of ,earl of ,castlemaine1 #afgi4 ,from ,coronelli's ,epitome ,cosmografica #id #aji4 ,globe of ,christopher ,treffler1 #afhc4 ,from ,coronelli's ,epitome ,cosmografica #ie #aaj4 ,portrait of ,p4 ,vincenzo ,coronelli4 ,from his ,atlante ,veneto #ih #aaa4 ,emblem of the ,venetian ,accademia ,cosmografica degli ,argonauti4 ,from ,coronelli's ,atlante ,veneto #ajj #aab4 ,terrestrial ,globe of ,p4 ,vincenzo ,coronelli1 #afhh4 ,from original in ,marciana ,library1 ,venice #aaj #aac4 ,celestial ,globe of ,p4 ,vincenzo ,coronelli1 #afhh4 ,from original in ,marciana ,library1 ,venice #aab #aad4 ,terrestrial ,globe of ,p4 ,vincenzo ,coronelli1 #afhh4 ,from original in ,landesmuseum1 ,zrich #aad #aae4 ,terrestrial ,globe of ,p4 ,vincenzo ,coronelli1 #afif4 ,from original in collection of ,the ,hispanic ,society of ,america1 ,new ,york #aaf #aae;a4 ,terrestrial ,globe of ,p4 ,vincenzo ,coronelli1 #afic4 ,from original in ,academy of ,sciences1 ,turin #aah #aae;b4 ,celestial ,globe of ,p4 ,vincenzo ,coronelli1 #afic4 ,from original in ,academy of ,sciences1 ,turin #abj #aaf4 ,portrait of ,joseph ,moxon4 ,from his ,mechanick ,exercises #abd #aag4 ,ancient ,mongolian ,armillary ,sphere1 ca4 #abgd4 ,from ,thompson's ,illustrations of ,china #acj #aag;a4 ,armillary ,sphere and ,celestial ,globe of ,ferdinand ,verbiest1 #afgc4 ,from ,thompson's ,illustrations of ,china #acb ,,chapter ,,xii #aah4 ,terrestrial ,globe of ,guillaume ,delisle1 #agjj4 ,from original in ,royal ,library1 ,madrid #adj #aah;a4 ,terrestrial ,globe of ,johann ,ludovicus ,andreae1 #agag4 ,from original in ,city ,historical ,museum1 ,frankfurt #ach #aai4 ,portrait of ,jean ,dominique ,cassini4 ,from an old print #adb #abj4 ,terrestrial ,globe of ,gerhard and ,leonhard ,valk1 #agej 7874 ,from original in collection of ,the ,hispanic ,society of ,america1 ,new ,york #add #abj;a4 ,southern ,hemisphere ,celestial ,globe by ,gerhard and ,leonhard ,valk1 with ,author and ,date ,legend1 #agej 7874 ,from original in collection of ,the ,hispanic ,society of ,america1 ,new ,york #adf #aba4 ,terrestrial ,globe of ,gerhard and ,leonhard ,valk1 #agej 7874 ,from original in collection of ,the ,hispanic ,society of ,america1 ,new ,york #adh #aba;a4 ,celestial ,globe of ,gerhard and ,leonhard ,valk1 #agej 7874 ,from original in collection of ,the ,hispanic ,society of ,america1 ,new ,york #aej #abb4 ,terrestrial ,globe of ,john ,senex1 #agic4 ,from original in ,royal ,library1 ,madrid #aeb #abc4 ,portrait of ,nicolas ,bion4 ,from an old print #adb #abd4 ,terrestrial ,globe of ,mattheus ,seutter1 #agaj4 ,from original in ,astronomical ,museum1 ,rome #aed #abe4 ,celestial ,globe of ,mattheus ,seutter1 #agaj4 ,from original in ,astronomical ,museum1 ,rome #aef #abe;a4 ,terrestrial ,globe of ,van ,lauen ,zonen1 #agde4 ,from original in ,city ,historical ,museum1 ,frankfurt #aeh #abf4 ,terrestrial ,globe of ,johann ,gabriel ,doppelmayr1 #agbh4 ,from original in collection of ,the ,hispanic ,society of ,america1 ,new ,york #afj #abf;a4 ,celestial ,globe of ,johann ,gabriel ,doppelmayr1 #agbh4 ,from the original in collection of ,the ,hispanic ,society of ,america1 ,new ,york #afb #abf;b4 ,celestial ,globe of ,johann ,puschner1 #agcj4 ,from original in ,math4 ,phys4 ,salon1 ,dresden #afd #abg4 ,portrait of ,james ,ferguson4 ,from an old print #afh #abg;a4 ,pocket ,globe of ,james ,ferguson1 #agej 7874 ,from original in collection of ,the ,hispanic ,society of ,america1 ,new ,york #agj #abg;b4 ,terrestrial ,globe of ,herman ,moll1 #agje4 ,from original in collection of ,the ,hispanic ,society of ,america1 ,new ,york #agj ,,chapter ,,xiii #abh4 ,terrestrial ,globe of ,pietro ,rosini1 #agfb4 ,from original in the ,university ,library1 ,bologna #ahj #abi4 ,armillary ,sphere of ,jean ,fortin1 #aghj4 ,from original in collection of ,the ,hispanic ,society of ,america1 ,new ,york #ahd #abi;a4 ,globe of ,l4 ,c4 ,desnos1 #aghb4 ,from original1 ,piacenza #agh #acj4 ,terrestrial ,globe of ,george ,adams1 #aghb4 ,from original in ,astronomical ,museum1 ,rome #ahf #acj;a4 ,terrestrial ,globe of ,nathaniel ,hill1 #aged4 ,from original in ,new ,york ,public ,library #ahh #aca4 ,terrestrial ,globe of ,giovanni ,maria ,cassini1 #agij4 ,from original in ,astronomical ,museum1 ,rome #aib #acb4 ,anonymous ,terrestrial ,globe1 ca4 #ahjj4 ,from original in collection of ,the ,hispanic ,society of ,america1 ,new ,york #aid ,,chapter ,,xiv #acc4 ,astrolabe4 ,from ,joseph ,moxon1 ,a ,tutor to ,astronomy and ,geography1 #afie #aig #acd4 ,globe ,gores of ,henricus ,glareanus1 #aebg4 ,from his ,geographia liber unus #bjc #ace4 ,gore ,map of ,leonardo da ,vinci1 ca4 #aeae #bjf #acf4 ,anonymous ,globe ,gores in ,plane ,map ,construction1 ca4 #aeej4 ,from original manuscript in ,john ,carter ,brown ,library1 ,providence #bjf #acg4 ,portrait of ,johann ,hevelius 7,hevel74 ,from his ,prodromus #bjh #ach4 ,constellation of ,orion by ,hevelius4 ,from his ,prodromus #bab #aci4 ,constellation ,ursa ,major4 ,from ,apianus ,cosmographicus liber1 #aebi #baj #adj4 ,terrestrial ,globe ,gores by ,johannes ,oterschaden1 ca4 #afge4 ,from original in collection of ,the ,hispanic ,society of ,america #bad #ada4 ,celestial ,globe ,gores by ,johannes ,oterschaden1 ca4 #afge4 ,from original in collection of ,the ,hispanic ,society of ,america #baf #adb4 ,engraved ,sections for ,globe ,horizon ,circle by ,johannes ,oterschaden1 ca4 #afge4 ,from original in collection of ,the ,hispanic ,society of ,america #baf #adc4 ,the ,orrery4 ,from an engraving by ,william ,pether after engraving by ,joseph ,wright #bah ,,chap4 ,,tailpieces ,x4 ,armillary ,sphere4 ,from ,blagrave1 ,mathematical ,jewel1 #aehe #ga ,,xii4 ,ship4 ,from ,jodocus ,hondius' ,world map1 #afaa #agd ,,xiv4 ,printer's ,mark of the ,blaeu ,press #bai ,chapter ,x ,globes and ,globe ,makers of the ,early ,seventeenth ,century4 ,the ,dutch ,scientific ,masters and ,their ,preminent ,leadership ,the shifting of globe making interest to the northwest of ,europe at the close of the sixteenth century4--,the ,van ,langrens as leaders4--,jodocus ,hondius and his son ,henricus4--,willem ,jansz4 ,blaeu and his sons1 ,john and ,cornelius4--,the ,ferreri armillary sphere4--,globes of ,peter ,plancius4--,isaac ,habrecht4--,globes of ,mattheus ,greuter and their reproduction by ,rossi4--,manfredus ,settla4--,abraham ,goos4--,adam ,heroldt4 ,as the first post-,columbian century came to its close the center of interest in great transoceanic exploration and discovery shifted to the northwest of ,europe1 to ,england1 and to the ,netherlands4 ,since expeditions were daily setting sail to all shores of the world1 ,quoniam in omnes mundi plagas quotidie magis magisque navigatur1 quoting the word of the enthusiastic ,hondius1 the chart and globe makers found their services in great demand1 globes both terrestrial and celestial being still regarded as essential to a navigator's complete outfit of sailing instruments4 ,the quick-witted ,netherlanders1 with well-developed business instincts1 engravers1 printers1 map and globe makers1 set to work to correct the old and to construct new seamen's cards to serve the seafarers in their enterprises1 and it was not long after entering this field of scientific endeavor that leadership by them was clearly attained4 ,although of ,danish origin1 perhaps logically the ,van ,langren family should have had first consideration in this chapter1 since father and sons came to be loyal supporters of their new homeland's interests1 and it was in the ,netherlands where were laid the scenes of their activities in the field here under consideration4 ,chronologically1 however1 they had place in the preceding chapter because their work as globe makers began in the early eighties of the sixteenth century4 ,they1 at least1 be it said to their credit1 led the way1 achieving some of their highest successes in the early seventeenth century4 ,this1 too1 was the time when the ,hondius1 the ,blaeu1 the ,jansson1 and the ,goos families came to the front to contribute their part1 in a very distinguished manner1 toward the promotion of the work so ably begun by their contemporary1 ,jacobus ,florentius van ,langren4 ,jodocus ,hondius 7#aefg-afaa7 was a native of ,wacken 7,fig4 #fj74a ,to this village his parents1 shortly before his birth1 had fled from ,ghent to escape the persecuting hand of ,count ,egmont4 ,the father1 ,oliver de ,hondt1 a modest teacher but a man very learned in theology1 had embraced the reformed faith and therefore became an outlaw by decree of the government4 ,on the arrest of ,egmont1 he with his family returned to ,ghent1 to remain but a short time1 for in the year #aefi we find a residence had been taken up at ,duffel near ,antwerp4 ,in this city two children were born1 a daughter whose name is now unknown and a son ,henry1 usually referred to as ,henry the ,elder4 ,jodocus at an early age gave evidence of possessing very remarkable talent for designing and engraving4 ,we are told that at the age of eight he began to apply himself to the art of portraiture1 of ivory carving1 and of copper engraving1 and that his father1 noting the exhibition of special talent in the son1 placed him as an apprentice with an engraver and sculptor in ,antwerp4 ,during this period of apprenticeship he carried on his studies of the fine arts1 also of ,latin1 ,greek1 and mathematics1 under the direction of his father1 at the same time applying himself to the work of map engraving4 ,it probably was about the year #aehe that he went to ,england1 where1 by reason of the talent he exhibited1 he found employment with the ,english geographers1 ,richard ,hakluyt and ,edward ,wright1 during which period he appears to have engraved and printed a small world map in hemispheres4 ,in the year #aeib he returned to ,amsterdam1 where he established himself as an engraver and printer1 turning his attention especially to the issue of geographical maps4#b ,among his friends he numbered the men most prominent in his field1 notably ,petrus ,bertius1 very learned as a geographer1 and ,petrus ,montanus4#c ,it appears to have been ,bertius who informed him of the intention of the heirs of ,mercator to dispose of that illustrious geographer's engraving and printing establishment1 and who perhaps negotiated the sale of the same4 ,at any rate1 we find that in the year #afjd ,jodocus ,hondius came into possession of the ,mercator copper plates of the ,ptolemy maps1 and at the same time he seems also to have acquired the greater part of the edition of ,mercator's ',atlas' of #afjb then remaining unsold4 ,in the year #afje ,hondius prepared and issued a third edition of the ,ptolemy maps2 in #afjf he issued a third edition of ,mercator's ',atlas'2 in #afjh he published a fourth edition2 in #afji and in #afaj other editions4#d ,it must have been in the year #afaa that he issued his great world map in two hemispheres1 bearing the title ,novissima ac exactissima totius orbis terrarum descriptio magna cura industria ex optimis quibusque tabulis ,geographicis et ,hydrographicis nuperrimisque doctorum virorum observationibus duobus planisphaerijs delineata4 ,auct4 ,i4 ,hondio4 ,this work has been recently issued in a superb facsimile of the only known extant original copy1 now in the possession of ,prince ,maximilian of ,waldburg zu ,wolfegg-,waldsee4#e ,of such superior excellence is the work of ,hondius1 as exhibited in this masterpiece1 that it justly entitles him to first place among those who1 up to this date1 had undertaken to construct world maps4 ,it seems to have been early in his career as engraver and printer that he prepared his first globe gores and issued his first celestial globe4 ,the director of the ,germanisches ,nationalmuseum of ,nrnberg1 in courteous communication1 reports that in the rich collection of that institution there is a ,hondius globe of the year #aeib1 which date1 if accurately read1 makes this to be the only known copy of what must be taken as his first issue4 ,the map is a colored copper engraving covering a ball of wood having a diameter of #fj cm4 ,the mounting of the globe1 which clearly is the original1 consists of the usual circles1 resting upon six wooden support columns4 ,a more detailed description of this particular example it has not been possible to obtain4#f ,not until the year #afjj does there appear to have been a second issue of his globes4 ,of this second issue a remarkably fine pair 7,figs4 #hh1 #hi7 was recently acquired by ,mr4 ,henry ,e4 ,huntington of ,new ,york ,city4#g ,excepting very slight damage to the celestial globe in the north polar region1 they may be said to be in practically as fine condition as they were when first given out from the master's workshop4 ,their complete history has not been obtainable1 but so remarkably well preserved are they that it seems quite probable they have been kept through all these years in the library case of some rich ,italian treasure-loving family4 ,there cannot be the slightest doubt of their age1 certainly none of the age of the spheres themselves1 but the exact date of the bronze mounting1 though clearly in the style of certain ,italian workmanship of the period1 is less easy to determine4 ,these globes have a diameter of about #cd cm4 and an entire height1 including the base1 of #gc cm4 ,the spheres on which have been pasted the twelve engraved gores are of papier-mch1 over which is a covering of plaster and a coating of thick varnish or shellac giving a smooth surface for the terrestrial and the celestial maps4 ,to each1 color was artistically applied by hand1 which still retains a richness of tone4 ,each is supplied with a bronze meridian and horizon circle and with an hour circle attached in the accustomed manner at the north pole4 ,these circles are appropriately graduated1 the horizon circle having1 in addition to its graduation into three hundred and sixty degrees1 a series of concentric circles engraved1 counting from the outermost1 with the names of the winds1 compass directions in the ,dutch language1 the names of the months1 and the signs of the zodiac4 ,each sphere with its circles is carried on a base composed of three artistically designed and engraved bronze supports1 these being attached at their lower extremities by an appropriately designed plate1 and in this plate has been set a compass1 still apparently in perfect condition1 the dial face of this compass having a diameter of #h cm4 ,aside from their scientific value for the student of geography and of astronomy1 these are fit pieces to adorn the library shelves of a prince among ,american book collectors1 as they must1 in keeping with the custom of the time1 have once adorned the shelves of an ,italian patrician book lover4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #hh4 ,terrestrial ,globe of ,jodocus ,hondius1 #afjj4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #hi4 ,celestial ,globe of ,jodocus ,hondius1 #afjj4 ,the terrestrial globe has the following dedication3 ,illustrissimo ,principi ,do ,mauritio ,nassau1 ,principi ,auraico1 ,comiti ,nassau1 etc4 ,gubernatori ,provinciarum ,foederataru ,summoque ,praefecto mari ,inferioris ,germaniae ,domino suo colendissimo4 ,jod4 ,hondius ,flander ,l4 ,m4 ,d4 ,d4 ,cum privilegio decem annorum4 ,to the illustrious ,prince ,d4 ,maurice of ,nassau1 ,prince of ,orange1 ,knight of ,nassau1 etc4 ,governor of the ,federated ,provinces and ,high ,prefect of the ,lower ,german ,ocean1 his ,most ,worshipful ,master1 ,jodocus ,hondius dedicates 7this globe74 ,with privilege for ten years4 ,this dedication is placed within an artistic cartouch 7,fig4 #ij7 which is surmounted with the coat of arms of the ,princes of ,nassau1 to which appropriate colors have been added4 ,to the left of the above is an address to the reader3 ,iod4 ,hond4 ,lectori ,s4 ,p4 ,quoniam crebriores in omnes mundi partes quotidie navigationes instituut unde situs ejusdem certius perspicitur atque innotescit2 nemini idcirco mirum spero visum iri1 si haec nostri globi descriptio ab aliis antehac in lucem editis plurimu discrepet4 ,quin uti par est1 nostrae diligentiae et curae favebit1 qua recens patefacta et cognita1 qua directiones1 latitudines et similia cogruenter distincta suis locis habentur4 ,quod ipsum in ducendis lineis ,directorii fecimus et peritis cumulate satisfactum confidimus4 ,postremo lectore benev4 rogam#i ut si quam loci alicujis pleniorem notitiam habeat eandem nobiscu1 provehedi boni publici gratia1 lubens comunicet4 vale4 ,hondius to the reader greeting4 ,inasmuch as frequent voyages into all parts of the world are undertaken every day1 whereby the several locations 7of places7 are more certainly seen and are made known1 ,i hope therefore no one will be surprised to find this delineation on our globe very different from that on most others previously issued4 ,but who1 as is right1 will not prefer our diligence and care1 whereby recently discovered and known lands1 and whereby directions1 latitudes1 and such like are all properly distinguished and are to be found in their places4 ,what we have done in drawing the lines of direction1 we trust will be satisfactory on the whole to experts4 ,finally1 we ask the kind reader that1 if he has fuller knowledge of any place1 that of his own free will he will communicate the same to us1 to the end of advancing the public welfare4 ,farewell4 ,within the ,arctic circle and north of ,north ,america is the title and date legend reading ,globus ,terrestris de integri revisus emendatus an4 #afjj4 ,globe of the entire earth revised and corrected in the year #afjj4 ,to the right of the dedicatory legend we find instruction given as to the method of finding the direction from one place to another1 of which one may be desirous of having knowledge2 it reads3 ,modus investigandi locoru directione4 ,duorum locorum in hoc globo quorum directionem scire cupis hoc est in quam coeli partem alter ab altero vergat1 primo longitudinis et latitudinis differentiam notabis1 qua cognita vertas globum donec ,rhumbus aliquis intersecet meridianum in latitudine primi loci1 deinde volvas versus ,ortum aut ,occasum1 prout res postulat1 donec gradus aequatoris numero aequales differentiae longitudinis duoru locorum meridianum pertranseant postea vide num assuptus ,rhumbus intersecet meridianum in latitudine loci4 ,quod si fecerit hic est horum locoru ,rhumbus sive linea directionem indicans3 sin secus1 alius assumendus est1 usque dum occurrat qui hoc praestiterit4 ,subjecimus scalam longitudinum4 ,of two places on this globe whose direction from one another you are desirous of knowing1 that is in what part of the heavens the one diverges from the other1 first of all note the difference of latitude and longitude4 ,this ascertained turn the globe until some one rhumb cuts the meridian in the latitude of the first place1 then turn to the east or to the west as is required1 until the degrees of the equator through which the meridians of the places pass equal in number the difference in longitude of the two places4 ,then note whether the selected rhumb cuts the meridian in the latitude of the place4 ,if it does so then this is the rhumb of these places or the line which shows the required direction3 but if it does not then another rhumb must be chosen until the condition is satisfied4 ,we subjoin a scale of longitudes4 ,other legends1 describing briefly some event in the history of discovery1 or describing briefly the characteristic features of some locality1 are exceedingly numerous4 ,as a record of the geographical knowledge of the time1 this ,hondius terrestrial globe map may justly be referred to as one of the most valuable of the period4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ij4 ,dedication ,appearing on ,globe of ,jodocus ,hondius1 #afjj4 ,for astronomical study the celestial globe is none the less valuable and interesting than is the terrestrial for the study of geography4 ,its descriptive title reads3 ,globus coelestis4 ,in quo ,stellae fixae omnes quae a ,n4 viro ,tycone ,brahe suma industria ac cura observatae sunt accuratissime designantur3 nec non ea quae a peritis4 nauclero ,petro ,theodori4 ,mateseos studioso annotatae sunt4 ,celestial globe1 in which all of the fixed stars which were observed by the illustrious ,tycho ,brahe1 with great care and industry1 are most accurately shown for the scientific student3 also those which were noted by the distinguished navigator ,peter ,theodorus4 ,the dedication differs somewhat from that on the terrestrial globe and reads3 ,clarissimis ,belgii luminibus sapientiae doctrinae et verae pietatis officinis ,academiae ,lugdunensis ,batavorum et ,francveriensis4 ,hos globos ad ,mathematicas artes promovendas manu propria se caelatas luculentissime dedicat consacratque ,jodocus ,hondius ann4 #afjj4 ,to the most renowned lights of ,belgium1 fountains of wisdom1 of doctrine and of true piety1 of the ,academy of ,leiden and of ,frankfurt these globes1 for the promotion of the mathematical arts and constructed with his own hands1 are dedicated and consecrated by ,jodocus ,hondius in the year #afjj4 ,the several constellations are artistically represented in appropriate figures which include1 in addition to those of ,ptolemy1 a considerable number in the southern hemisphere1 for which1 as the author states1 he made use of the observations of the navigator ,theodorus4 ,that star in the constellation ,cassiopeia1 which so greatly interested ,tycho ,brahe1 has a special but brief legend distinguishing it1 reading ,stella mirabilis quae insolito prae aliis fulgore ao #aegb p4 an4 et trientem apparuit4 ,remarkable star which appeared with brightness beyond all others in the year #aegb and for a year and one third4 ,a second pair of ,hondius' globes of the year #afjj is reported as belonging to ,count ,rocco ,giannini of ,lucca4 ,fiorini says of them that they have mountings of bronze1 resembling in this respect the pair described above1 but he adds that they are without inscriptions of special note4#h ,either the information which he received concerning them was inaccurate or there exists a very marked difference between these pairs1 the only ones it has been possible to locate4 ,in the year #afja ,hondius issued a pair of globes which were somewhat smaller than the preceding1 each having a diameter of #ba cm4 ,the inscription on the celestial globe1 in which appears the date of construction1 differs but little from that appearing on the issue of the year #afjj2 it reads3 ,globus coelestis in quo fixae omnes quae a ,n4 viro ,thicone ,brahe suma cura observatae sunt1 accuratissime designantur quibus adjuncta sunt circa ,pol4 ,australe stel4 quae a pertissimo nauclero ,petro ,theodori4 annotatae sunt simul accomodatae ad annum #afjj4 editus vero #afja4 ,celestial globe in which all the fixed stars which were observed with the utmost care by the illustrious ,tycho ,brahe and accurately noted1 to which are added the stars around the south pole which were observed by the skilful navigator ,peter ,theodorus4 ,adapted to the year #afjj1 but edited in the year #afja4 ,the general design of the figures of the several constellations agrees with that of the first edition1 the chief difference lying merely in the matter of size4 ,on the terrestrial globe is the following dedication3 ,serenissimis ,principibus ,alberto et ,isabellae ,cla4 austriacis ,brabantiae ,ducibus4 ,jodo4 ,hondius4 auctor et ,joan ,baptista ,vriendt4 ,antuerpiae4 ,to the ,most ,serene ,rulers ,albert and ,isabella1 the renowned ,princes of ,austrian ,brabant1 ,jodocus ,hondius author and ,john ,baptist ,veen 7dedicate this globe74 ,antwerp4 ,the author has added a rather lengthy address to the reader1 in which is interesting reference to the difficult problem of determining the longitude of places4#i ,hondius ,lectori ,s4 ,in locorum longitudine hactenus mirifice peccatum esse hydrographiae peritis satis constat3 ,regiones enim fere omnes descriptae sunt prout naucleri in suis navigationibus directionem duorum locorum ab uno loco ad alterum invenerunt1 idque nulla habita ratione loci tertii1 vel deviationis acus nauticae1 vel etiam directorii nautici1 quo indifferenter utuntur1 quamvis in uno non aeque ac in alio chalyben ille acus ponatur1 et a vero septentrione magis vel minus divertatur1 pro uso loci in quo directoria fabbricata sunt1 unde necessario longitudo locorum distorta est4 ,multi hos errores frustra conati sunt emendare per polares stellas1 alii per ,lunae cursum1 alii certius per eclipses4 ,verum hoc opus1 ille labor4 ,quis enim in tanta locorum multitudine eclipses observabit8 ,at cum jam tandem per variationem1 aut deviationem acus nauticae1 ut vocant1 locorum1 longitudo inveniatur1 operae praetium me facturum putavi si in hoc globo regiones omnes 7saltem quarum longitudo jam cognita est7 suis quasq veris longitudinis gradibus delineavero1 quamvis id non exigui laboris fuerit4 ,longitudines incepimus non ab ,insulis ,fortunatis ut ,ptolomeus1 sed ab iis quae aores vocantur quod acus nautica ibi recta in septentrionem vergat4 ,vale4 ,anno #afja4 ,hondius to the reader greeting4 ,in the matter of the longitude of places all hydrographers1 it is agreed1 have blundered marvelously1 since nearly all regions have been described as navigators1 in their voyages1 found the direction from one to another1 of any two places1 without reckoning having been taken from a third place1 or account having been taken of the variation of the nautical needle1 or even of nautical direction1 which they indefinitely make use of1 although in one place the needle does not point exactly as in another1 being deflected more or less from the true north according to the usage of the country in which the compass card employed was made1 and thus the longitude of places is made to vary4 ,many have tried in vain to eliminate these errors by the polar stars4 ,others have tried to do the same by noting the course of the moon1 and others again1 with more certainty1 by observations of eclipses2 but all this is with much labor1 and who will be able thus to get an accurate observation8 ,but now since the longitude of places has been sought through the variation or deviation of the needle1 as they say1 ,i thought it would be a work of merit if ,i noted on this globe all the regions 7at least all whose longitude is known7 each with its own degree of longitude although knowing this would be no little labor4 ,we have begun our reckoning of longitude not from the ,fortunate ,islands1 as did ,ptolemy1 but from those which are called the ,azores1 because there the nautical needle points directly to the north4 ,farewell4 ,in the year #afja4 ,these globes of #afja are composed of a hollow wooden shell1 over which have been pasted the twelve engraved gores4 ,they are mounted on well-constructed bases of copper from which rise the supports for the horizon circle1 on the surface of which are the usual graduations1 the calendar and zodiacal representations4 ,the meridian circles are of brass1 are graduated1 and have in addition the engraved designations ,zona torrida1 ,zona temperata1 ,zona frigida4 ,an example of each of these globes of #afja may be found in the ,museo ,municipale of ,milan1 and one of the celestial globes in the library of the ,seminario ,vescovile of ,rimini4 ,in the year #afac1 shortly after the death of ,jodocus ,hondius1 there was issued in ,amsterdam1 by ,adrian ,veen#aj and ,jodocus ,hondius1 ,jr41 a terrestrial and a celestial globe1 each having a diameter of about #ef cm4 ,the dedication of the first reads3 ,illustrissimis1 ,nobilissimis1 ,amplissimis et ,prudentissimis ,federatarum ,inferioris ,germaniae ,provinciarum ,ordinibus ac ,patribus ,patriae ,dominis ,suis ,clementissimis ,dedicabant ,jodocus ,hondius ,junior et ,adrianus ,veen4 ,in the year #afac4 ,to the ,most ,illustrious1 ,most ,noble1 ,most ,exalted1 ,most ,prudent ,lords of the ,federated ,provinces of the ,netherlands1 and ,fathers of their ,country1 their ,most ,benign ,masters1 ,jodocus ,hondius ,jr4 and ,adrian ,veen dedicate 7this globe74 ,the title of the terrestrial globe is given as ,globus terrestris summa cura ac diligentia a ,jodoco ,hondio piae memoriae inchoatus1 globosis autem directorii nautici lineis ab ,adriano ,venone ad usum navigantium accomodatus1 illiusque et ,jodoci ,hondii junioris ope et industria absolutus atque perfactus4 ,amsterodami #afac4 ,terrestrial globe begun with great care and diligence by ,jodocus ,hondius of pious memory1 furnished with the lines of nautical direction 7loxodromes7 for the use of navigators1 by ,adrian ,veen1 and finished by the industry and labor of the same and of ,jodocus ,hondius1 ,jr4 ,amsterdam #afac4 ,it seems probable that the ,jodocus ,hondius here referred to was ,henricus ,hondius1 who for reasons of business had taken the name of his father1 affixing the word ,junior4 ,the celestial globe to accompany the above terrestrial has the title1 ,globus coelestis in quo stellae fixae omnes1 quae a ,nob4 viro ,tychone ,brahe summa industria ac cura observatae sunt1 accuratissima designantur1 nec non circa polum austrum eae quae a ,peritiss4 nauclero ,petro ,theodorico et ,friderico ,houtmanno ,mathessos studioso annotatae sunt4 ,celestial globe on which are accurately depicted all the fixed stars that were observed by the illustrious ,tycho ,brahe1 with great industry and care3 also those stars around the south pole which were noted for the scientific student by the skilful navigator ,peter ,theodorus1 and by ,frederick ,houtmann4 ,surmounting the cartouch containing the above title is a portrait of ,tycho ,brahe with the legend ,effigies ,nob4 viri ,tychonis ,brahe ,dani ,domini de ,knudstrup4 ,summi ,mathematici4 ,aetatis #dg4 ,portrait of the illustrious ,tycho ,brahe1 ,danish ,lord of ,knudstrup1 the great mathematician1 in his #dgth year4 ,the dedication of this globe differs somewhat from the former1 reading1 ,illustrissimis1 ,amplissimis1 ,clarissimisque ,d4 ,d4 ,dominis ,ordinibus ,provinciarum ,foederis ,belgici1 ,donis suis ,clementissimis in assiduae ,gratitudinis memoriam1 ,dant ,dedicantque ,adrianus ,veen et ,jodocus ,hondius ,junior4 ,anno #afac4 ,to the ,illustrious1 the ,great1 the ,renowned ,lords of the ,provinces of ,united ,belgium1 their ,most ,benign ,masters1 as a token of constant gratitude1 ,adrian ,veen and ,jodocus ,hondius ,jr4 give and dedicate 7this globe74 ,in the year #afac4 ,there is evidence that ,hondius drew from the work of ,willem ,jansz4 ,blaeu for certain features of this edition1 in which he followed a practice of the time4 ,frequent complaint is to be met with1 that this borrowing was not always done with the proper note of credit4 ,we find1 for example1 that in the year #afjh ,blaeu presented a special plea to the ,states of ,holland and ,west ,friesland that he be made secure against the loss caused by pirated editions of his works4 ,he informed the ,states that he had given himself hope of being able to support his family in an honest way1 and that he would have succeeded with ,god's mercy and blessing1 if certain individuals engaged in the same business had not undertaken to copy his productions4#aa ,it seems probable that ,blaeu's complaint touched in some manner his large world map of the year #afje1 since there is striking resemblance between this and the world map of ,hondius issued in the year #afaa1 and1 as noted above1 we find that ,jodocus ,hondius' son1 signing himself ,jodocus ,hondius1 ,jr41 continued to borrow from his distinguished contemporary's work4 ,the practice of borrowing1 however1 seems to have been later reversed1 when ,blaeu1 undoubtedly noting the success of ,hondius' large globe of #afac1 decided himself to produce one yet larger1 as a result of which we have the splendid ,blaeu globe of #afbb4 ,a pair of this issue of the year #afac may be found in the ,biblioteca ,barbarini of ,rome1 and another pair in the ,biblioteca ,civico of ,treviso4 ,an example of the celestial globe may be found in the ,museo di ,strumenti ,antichi di ,astronomia e di ,fisica of ,florence4 ,in the year #afae we find that ,josef de ,rossi of ,milan undertook1 without giving proper credit1 the publication of the ,hondius globes of the year #afja4ab ,in size there is agreement1 but certain changes in dates are to be noted1 as in the address to the reader1 wherein we find #afae instead of #afja1 but in other respects there has been a literal transcription4 ,in the celestial globe of #afja we find the following reference to the recorded position of the fixed stars1 ,accomodata ad annum #afjj1 editus vero #afja1 whereas in the ,rossi copy we find accomodatae ad annum #afad editus vero #afae4 ,the dedication of this terrestrial globe of #afae reads3 ,illmo viro optimaraq artium amatori et ,fautori ,d4 ,paulo ,mellino ,romano4 ,josephus de ,rubeis ,mediolanensis devoti animi monumentum dat dicatque4 ,to the ,most ,illustrious1 the ,lover and ,promoter of the best arts ,d4 ,paulus ,mellinus of ,rome1 ,joseph de ,rossi of ,milan gives and dedicates this token of devoted friendship4 ,a copy of the terrestrial globe of #afae may be found in the private library of the ,italian artist1 ,lessi1 of ,florence1 and a copy of the celestial globe belongs to ,collegio ,romano of ,rome4 ,the ,hispanic ,society of ,america possesses a terrestrial globe signed ,jodocus ,hondius and dated #afah 7,fig4 #ia74 ,jodocus the elder died in the year #afaa1 and while the map of this globe may be a reprint of one which he had engraved1 it should be noted that it does not agree in all of its details with any other known globe of his1 and may therefore be the work of the son4 ,the sphere of papier-mch has a diameter of #bj cm4 and is supported on a base of wood which includes a horizon circle1 having pasted on its surface the usual representations of zodiacal signs1 the calendar1 and the names of the principal winds or directions4 ,this horizon circle rests upon four small turned legs joined at the bottom by cross bars1 covering which bars is a circular turned disc #bb cm4 in diameter1 from the center of which rises a short post4 ,through a slot in this post passes a graduated meridian circle within which the globe ball revolves4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ia4 ,terrestrial ,globe of ,jodocus ,hondius1 #afah4 ,the map is slightly water-stained1 but the ,american portion is particularly well preserved4 ,a crack in the sphere along the meridian of #aej degrees east extends from pole to pole1 and is rather a disfigurement than a serious injury to any part of the surface4 ,the map is a remarkably fine example of the ,dutch map engraver's art4 ,the lettering and the continental outlines were remarkably well cut in the copper plate used in the printing1 and in many places the luster of the ink is still preserved4 ,in the northern part of ,north ,america is the brief and interesting dedication ,clarissimis ,consultissimique ,nauticae ,belgicaeque ,federatarum ,inferioris ,germaniae ,regionum ,praefectis ,d4 ,d4 ,jodocus ,hondius4 ,to the most illustrious and most prudent prefects and seamen of ,belgium and of the region of lower ,germany1 ,jodocus ,hondius gives and dedicates 7this globe74 ,in the ,terra ,australis incognita is the address to the reader which is practically identical with that to be found on the ,hondius terrestrial globe of #afja1 omitting1 however1 the word ,vale and changing the date to #afah4 ,near the entrance to ,hudson's ,bay is a legend reading ,huc retrocesserunt ,amstelodamensis anno #afab4 ,from this bay an arm extends to the southwest which is referred to as ,the bay where ,hudson did winter1 and an arm extends to the southeast1 which is referred to as ,the ,bay of ,gosneres4 ,a few other brief legends are given1 referring to an event or to events supposed to have taken place in the locality in which they are placed4 ,small but artistically engraved ships sail the ,atlantic and the ,pacific1 and here and there a marine animal is represented4 ,loxodromic lines are made a conspicuous feature1 having their crossing centers at longitudes #j1 #ij1 #ahj1 and #bgj on the equator1 likewise on the prime meridian at latitude #ce degrees both north and south1 as well as at the same latitudes on the opposite side of the sphere1 where the prime meridian becomes the meridian of #ahj degrees4 ,in addition to this example belonging to ,the ,hispanic ,society's collection1 one may be found in the ,germanisches ,nationalmuseum of ,nrnberg4#ac ,not until the year #afdj do we find the name ,hondius again appearing on a dated globe4 ,attention has been called to the fact that ,henricus1 the son of ,jodocus1 continued1 with more or less diligence1 the work of map engraving and map printing1 which the latter had carried on so successfully in ,amsterdam until the time of his death4 ,we are told that a partnership in the business1 about the year #afci1 was formed by ,henricus ,hondius with ,johan ,janssonius1 his brother-in-law1 and that this business1 after the year #afdd1 passed entirely into the hands of the latter4 ,it was in the year #afdj that the firm referred to undertook the reissue of the ,hondius globes of earlier date4 ,these had a diameter of about #eb cm4 ,the gore maps1 consisting of twelve parts1 were made to extend to within twenty degrees of each pole1 the polar space being covered with the usual polar cap4 ,the address to the reader1 to be found on the terrestrial globe of the year #afac1 is repeated on this of #afdj1ad but the dedication differs somewhat in the two1 reading1 on those of the #afdj issue1 ,illustrissimis1 ,nobilissimis1 ,amplissimis et ,prudentissimis ,foederatarum ,inferioris ,germaniae provinciarum ,ordinibus ac ,patribus ,patriae ,dominis suis clementissimis dedicabat ,henricus ,hondius4 ,henricus ,hondius excudebat ,an4 #afdj4 ,to the ,most ,illustrious1 ,most ,noble1 ,most ,exalted and ,prudent ,lords of the ,united ,netherlands1 the ,fathers of their ,country1 his ,most ,clement ,master1 ,henricus ,hondius dedicates 7this globe74 ,constructed by ,henricus ,hondius in the year #afdj4 ,there have been added a number of interesting legends1 such as the following3 ,inter ,s4 ,laurentii et los ,romeros insulas vehemens admodum est versus ortum et occasum fluxus et refluxus maris4 ,between the islands of ,st4 ,lawrence and ,los ,romeros there is an exceedingly strong ebb and flow of the sea eastward and westward2 ,psitacorum regio sic a ,lusitanis appellata ob eorum avium ibidem magnitudinem4 ,the region of the parrots1 and this is so called by the ,portuguese because of the great number of these birds found here2#ae ,promontorium terrae australis distans #dej leucas a capite ,bonae ,spei et #fjj a ,s4 ,augustini4 ,this promontory of the southern land is distant #dej leagues from the ,cape of ,good ,hope1 and #fjj from ,cape ,st4 ,augustine2 ,accolae ,freti ,magellanici septentrionem versus procerae1 meridiem vero versus exiquae magnitidinis reperiuntur4 ,the inhabitants of the ,strait of ,magellan toward the north are of large size1 but toward the south they are of small stature2 ,lybia inferior quae hodie ,saara appellatur quae vox idem quod desertum significat4 ,lower ,lybia is called today ,sahara1 which word means desert4 ,in the ,hudson ,bay region we find1 ,in sinu ,maris ,hudsons ,bay vulgo dictus ubi ,m4 ,hudson hybernavit1 ibidem maris aestus non ultra duos pedes accrescebat1 quod et observabit ,d4 ,thomas ,jacobus a4 #afca in sinu ',james his ,bay' dicto et ubi mensuram duorum pedum non excedebat maris tumor4 ,in the bend of the sea called ,hudson's ,bay1 where ,hudson passed the winter1 the tide of the sea did not rise more than two feet1 which also was observed by ,thomas ,james in the year #afcaaf in the ,bay called ,james his ,bay where the rise of the sea likewise did not exceed two feet4 ,near the last-quoted legend we find1 ,thomas ,button hibernans in portu ,nelson ad altitudinem grad4 #eg observavit singulis ex horis aestum maris accrescere #ae pedes aut ultra1 qui flante ,zephiro solito magis instar plenilunii intumescebat4 ,sequenti aestate animadvertit quoque ad altitudinem grad4 #fj similes aestus maris qui nunc orientem versus nunc occidentem vergebant4 ,thomas ,button1#ag who passed the winter in ,port ,nelson1 at the high latitude of #eg degrees1 observed hour by hour the tide of the sea to rise #ae feet or more1 which tide1 with the accustomed wind blowing1 swelled very like a 7spring7 tide4 ,next summer he noticed at a latitude of #fj degrees similar ocean tides which now had an eastward flow and now a westward4 ,a legend has been added relating to the magnetic poles and to the difficulty of locating the same1 reading ,duos in hoc loco ,gerardus ,mercator et alii eundem secuti posuerunt ,polos magnetis1 unum respectu insularum capitis viridis1 alterum respectu insulae ,corvi et ,floridis3 cum vero de his nihil certi sit1 et quotidiana experientia nos aliter doceat de deviatione acus nauticae ambos omissimus4 ,gerard ,mercator and others following him have placed two magnetic poles in this locality1 one according to the direction indicated 7by the compass needle7 at the ,cape ,verde ,islands1 the other according to the direction indicated at the ,islands of ,corvus and ,flores3 but as nothing is known for a certainty concerning these1 and a daily experience teaches us otherwise concerning the variation of the magnetic needle1 we have omitted both poles4#ah ,the globes of this edition were supplied with the usual brass meridian circles1 wooden horizon circles1 on the surface of which was pasted the printed representation of the zodiacal signs1 the names of the months1 and of the principal winds or directions4 ,the celestial globe follows1 in its records1 more closely than does the terrestrial1 the issue of #afac4 ,the title legend1 the reference to ,tycho ,brahe1 and the reference to the star which appeared in the year #aegb in the constellation ,cassiopeia1 all agree with those in the earlier edition1 as do1 in the main1 the representations of the figures of the several ,ptolemaic constellations and those added in the southern hemisphere4 ,the dedication reads1 ,illustrissimis ,nobilissimis ,amplissimis ,clarissimisque ,d4 ,d4 ,dominis ,ordinibus ,provinciarum ,foederis ,belgici ,dominis suis ,clementissimis in assiduae gratitudinis memoriam dat1 dicat dedicatque ,illustriss4 ,amplit4 ,vest4 devotus ,henricus ,hondius4 ,to the ,most ,illustrious1 ,most ,noble1 ,most ,exalted1 ,most ,renowned ,lords of the ,united ,provinces of ,belgium1 his ,most ,clement ,masters1 as a memorial of constant gratitude1 gives and dedicates to ,your ,illustrious ,highnesses 7this globe74 ,henricus ,hondius4 ,a copy of each of these globes of #afdj may be found in the library of the ,seminario ,vescovile of ,portogruaro1 a copy of each in the ,biblioteca ,quiriniana of ,brescia1 and one of each1 though undated1 in the ,museo ,civico of ,vicenza4 ,if the ,van ,langren family and the ,hondius family brought renown to their country through the excellence of their work in the field of cartography1 so likewise did the ,blaeu family1 father and sons4 ,perhaps to ,willem ,jansz4 ,blaeu 7,fig4 #ib7 and his son1 ,john1 belongs first place in the long line of distinguished map and globe makers of the ,netherlands4#ai ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ib4 ,portrait of ,willem ,jansz4 ,blaeu4 ,a record which finds general acceptance tells us that ,willem ,blaeu was born in the village of ,alkmaar in the year #aega4bj ,of his childhood years very little is known4 ,it was some time in his early boyhood that he went to ,amsterdam1 where he found employment1 it appears1 at first in the house of a ,holland merchant1 and later as a joiner's apprentice4 ,we can be certain neither of the time when he decided to leave ,amsterdam1 nor of the exact circumstances which induced him to visit the island of ,hveen1 then belonging to ,denmark1 an event of much significance in his life4 ,we1 however1 cannot be far wrong in asserting the promptings for this visit to have been his early liking for mathematical1 geographical1 and astronomical studies4 ,it was here that he first came into intimate relations with ,tycho ,brahe1 the famous ,danish astronomer1 who1 in the year #aegf1 through princely favor1 came into possession of this island1 and1 as before noted1 had erected here his remarkably well-appointed astronomical observatory1 which he called ,uranienburg4#ba ,for nearly a quarter of a century this was one of the most famous centers in all ,europe for the study of astronomical science and of its practical application4 ,blaeu1 however1 was not the first of the young ,netherlanders to find the way to ,uranienburg to receive instruction from the great master4#bb ,of his sojourn on the island we have but little direct information4 ,it appears certain that he passed at least two years with ,tycho1 engaged the while in study and in the construction of mathematical and astronomical instruments4 ,that the relations between the two distinguished scientists continued to be of the most friendly character after ,blaeu returned to ,amsterdam is very certain4 ,not a few of those who in later years praised ,blaeu's scientific attainments refer to him as the pupil and longtime friend of ,brahe1 and ,blaeu himself1 in certain legends appearing on his globes and maps1 refers to him as his teacher4 ,it cannot be doubted that ,blaeu owed to his abode on the ,island of ,hveen the real foundation of his scientific knowledge1 both in the field of geography and astronomy1 as well as his knowledge of the construction and the skilful use of mathematical instruments4 ,we have reason for believing that a number of the instruments which served the great astronomer in his investigations#bc were the work of ,blaeu1 and it is an interesting fact1 as we know1 that ,brahe's observations1 here made1 formed the basis for ,kepler's calculations1 leading him to the discovery of the laws which immortalized his name4#bd ,it was perhaps late in the year #aeif or early in the year #aeig that ,blaeu returned to ,amsterdam1 where he soon established himself as a maker of mathematical instruments1 of maps and of globes1 and as an engraver and printer4 ,there is good reason for thinking that from the first he prospered in his undertakings1 and1 from incidental references to his activities1 it may be inferred that it was not long after #afjj he was in his own fully equipped house4 ,from his presses numerous works were issued1 the many examples of which1 still adorning the shelves of most prominent libraries1 are a monument to his great abilities4 ,on his ',paescarte1' one of his earliest publications1#be and usually referred to the year #afjf1 we read that it was ,ghedruckt t' ,amsterdam bij ,willem ,janssoon op't ,waeter inde ,sonnewijser1 a location often referred to in certain later publications as op' t water ,in de vergulde ,sonnewyser1 reference here being to the gilded sundial which1 as a business sign1 adorned the gable of his establishment4 ,it appears that in this originally selected locality his work was carried on until the year #afcg1 when his entire plant was moved into more commodious quarters in the ,blumengracht1 one year only before his death4 ,the sons1 ,john and ,cornelius1 succeeded to the business1 and to the former especially belongs the credit of issuing the most sumptuous atlas in that period of remarkable map making4#bf ,in the year #afgb practically the entire establishment was destroyed by fire4 ,willem ,blaeu's training admirably fitted him to serve his country in matters pertaining to its maritime interests1 and its calls as well as its rewards for service were not infrequent4 ,as proof of the confidence that his contemporaries had in his knowledge of geography and navigation1 the ,estates ,general of ,amsterdam1 ,january #c1 #afcc1 by resolution1 appointed him ,map ,maker of the ,republic1 an honorable position held by him until his death1 then being successively passed on to his son and to his grandson4#bg ,we are told that ,tycho had given to ,blaeu a copy of his astronomical observations before their publication1 that this copy was carried to ,amsterdam1 and that after a careful study of the records contained therein the latter began the practice of globe making4#bh ,the implication contained in this reference is that his first work as a globe maker was the preparation of material for a celestial globe1 but no such globe of his1 bearing date earlier than #afjb1 is known4 ,his first dated work appears to have been a terrestrial globe of the year #aeii4 ,in many of its features it gives evidence that ,mercator was the master followed1 notably in the representation of the loxodromic lines which radiate from the numerous wind or compass roses1 or from centers regularly placed on the surface of the globe4 ,this first issue has a diameter of #cd cm41 which is less than that of ,mercator's globe of the year #aeda1 but greater than that of the ,van ,langren globe of the year #aehe4bi ,the gores1 twelve in number1 were cut seven degrees from the poles1 the polar space being covered with a circular disc4 ,blaeu1 as many other globe makers of his period1 found that by thus dividing the engraved globe map a more nearly perfect covering for the sphere could be obtained4 ,meridians and parallels are drawn at intervals of ten degrees1 the prime meridian passing through the island of ,santa ,maria in the ,azores group4 ,in a conspicuously placed cartouch he presents his address to the reader4 ,spectatori meo ,s4 ,hanc terrae marisque faciem qui aspicis sic inspice ne dispicias3 multa hic mutata1 7sed nihil temere7 quae1 nisi attendas1 facile fugiant4 ,ratio constructionis in multis nova1 sed proba4 ,gibbum plano1 planum globo commutavimus3 duplicato labori3 sed certiori3 idque ut ventorum spirae justis per orbem trrarum gyris discurrerent3 hinc factum ut in omnibus terrae oris praeter parallelorum et meridianorum etiam plagae ratio nobis fuerit habenda4 ,quae quidem omnia attento spectatori facile apparebunt4 ,vale et fruere4 ,guilielmus ,jansonius ,alcmariensis auctor et sculptor4 #aeii4 ,greeting to my observer4 ,this representation of the earth and sea1 which thou beholdest1 be pleased to take note of in this manner4 ,many things here have been changed1 but nothing without reason1 and unless thou art attentive these things might easily escape thee4 ,the method of construction is in many points new1 but correct4 ,we have changed that which is relief into the flat1 and the flat into the globular1 a double labor but more nearly correct1 and we did this that the directions of the winds throughout the world might be given their proper 7loxodromic7 spirals3 and we have made a representation of the coast lines of all shores of the earth1 besides a representation of the parallels and meridians4 ,all this will be seen by the attentive observer4 ,farewell1 and may you be happy4 ,william ,jansz4 ,alcmar1 author and sculptor4 #aeii4 ,fiorini is of the opinion the expression multa hic mutata in the above quoted inscription indicates that the copies in which it is found are reprints of an earlier edition1 and that it has been inserted for the purpose of keeping the globe on sale4#cj ,is not the reference rather to this simple fact that ,blaeu borrowed much of his geographical information from others1 as he admits1 including ,mercator and ,van ,langren1 and that he had merely altered the same to the end of bringing his records to date8 ,the dedication reads ,noblissimis1 ,amplissimis1 ,clarissimis1 ,d4 ,d4 ,dominis ,ordinibus ,foederatarum ,inferioris ,germaniae ,provinciarum dignissimis fidis ,patriae ,patribus hoc terrae marisque ,theatrum ,l4 ,m4 ,q4 ,dat1 ,dicat1 ,dedicat ,cliens ,vester subjectis4 ,guilielmus ,jansonius ,alcmarianus4 ,to the ,most ,noble1 ,most ,distinguished1 ,most ,illustrious1 ,lords of the ,united ,provinces of ,lower ,germany1 ,fathers of their ,country this representation of the land and the sea gives1 grants1 and delivers your humble client ,willem ,jansz4 ,alcmar4 ,it will be noted that the family name ,blaeu was not employed in the signature1 but instead ,alcmar1 the name of his native place4 ,he apparently did not consider it essential always to employ the same name4 ,sometimes he gave this as ,guilielmus ,jansonius ,blaeu1 ,guil4 ,jansz4 ,blaeu1 ,guiljelmus ,blaeuw2 sometimes he gave it as ,guilielmus ,janssonius ,alcmarianus1 or ,guil4 ,jansz4 ,alcmar2 sometimes as ,guiljelmus ,caesius or ,j4 ,g4 ,caesius1 in which he had classicized his name ,blaeu2 sometimes the name is coupled with that of the son as ,guil4 et ,johan ,blaeu4 ,the legends on this globe are numerous which tell of great discoveries and explorations1 of which the principal ones are here quoted from ,baudet's readings from the ,leiden copy4 ,near the north pole we find ,hic tandem passi graviora ,batavi1 proxima tempestate diversum iam iter ingressi1 nostrum altius mundi verticem versus progressi1 ignotas quaerere terras1 et si qua proprior ad ,chinam aditus aggressi sunt4 ,mirum quid invenerint6 immane quid evenerit6 ,sic1 macte ,proles ,neptunia novisque honoribus hanc gentem nostram cumula1 male coepisti1 si hic sistas4 ,durum hoc1 sed perdura1 nec cede malis sed contra audentior ito4 ,fata viam expedient4 ,as far as this1 after suffering great hardships1 the ,dutch1 in recent times have progressed toward the top of the world1 seeking unknown lands1 and if there is any shorter way to ,china4 ,wonderful are their discoveries6 ,strange things have happened6 ,go on1 ,o blessed progeny of ,neptune1 and add new honors to our race4 ,you have begun ill if you stop here4 ,it is a hard task1 but endure4 ,do not yield to misfortune1 but on the contrary be more daring4 ,fate will clear the way4 ,in the same locality ,immortale nomen gloriam incomparabilem vobis1 ,columbe et ,americe comparastis1 ,qui primi has terras 7alteram orbis partem7 tot iam secula latentes adire1 detegere1 lustrare et utinam perlustrare voluistis3 ,fructs vero maximos multis perperistis4 ,ye have gained an immortal name1 and incomparable glory for yourselves1 ,columbus and ,americus1 who were the first to approach these lands to discover and disclose them 7the other part of the world7 unknown for so many centuries1 and ,i would that you had desired to explore them4 ,you have brought forth much fruit for the many4 ,another reads1 ,magnam porro gloriae partem ,ferdinande ,magellane1 iure tibi vendicas3 cui 444 vastae regionis ,australem terminum quaerere eamq4 freto cognimini nobis perviam facere lubuit licuit4 ,a large share of the glory thou doest rightly claim1 ,o ,ferdinand ,magellan1 to whom it was pleasing and to whom it was allowed to seek the southern bounds of a vast region1 and to open the ,strait for us that bears thy name2 also a legend referring to the ,cortereals1 ,utinam vero par eventus ,casparo ,cortereali contigisset1 qui iam ante maiori conatu quam successu transitum a ,borea attentaverat3 et quoties ,britannis idem fervide molientibus et aeris iniutiis gradum revocare coactis4 ,i wish that like success had come to ,gaspar ,cortereal1 who before1 with greater effort than achievement attempted to find a passage by way of the north4 ,likewise to the ,british 7,i wish success7 strenuously attempting the same but forced to retreat by reason of adverse weather4 ,as in the issue of his sheet maps1 ,blaeu was not always careful to add an exact date of preparation1 in the majority of instances1 indeed1 omitting the date altogether1 so also in the issue of his globes he frequently omitted dates or gave one which we know to have been later than was that of the original issue4 ,his geographical records serve us1 however1 as fairly accurate guides in the determination of these dates1 and what was so frequently true of the globes he constructed in the last years of his life was true of this his first4 ,we have1 for example1 copies of this bearing date #aeii1 which contains geographical records of the year #afaf1 indicating therefore a later reprint with a few alterations4 ,it was not until the year #afjc that he undertook the preparation of a celestial globe to serve as a companion of his first terrestrial4 ,this he dedicated1 ,illustrisso ,principi ac ,domio ,d4 ,mauritio1 ,principi ,auraico ,comiti de ,naussau etc41 ,marchioni ,veriae et ,flissingae etc41 ,domino suo ,clementissimo1 ,hos astriferum1 stellarum arte coelo deductarum1 coelum ,gratus ,m4,o4,d4,d4,c4,q4 ,guilielmus ,jansonius ,alcmarianus4 ,to the ,illustrious ,prince and ,lord ,d4 ,maurice1 ,prince of ,orange1 ,count of ,nassau1 etc41 ,marquis of ,veria and ,flissingen1 etc41 his ,most ,benign ,lord1 this globe of the stars brought down from heaven by art is gratefully dedicated by its maker with dutiful mind4 ,willem ,jansz4 ,alcmar4 ,in his title legend he makes particular reference to his teacher ,tycho1 which legend reads3 ,sphaera stellifera4 ,in qua ut speculo quondam firmamenti ,universaum ,syderu ornatum ac stellarum ordinem summa1 qua fieri potuit1 industria a ,guilielmo ,jansonio1 magni ,tychonis quondam discipulo1 accuratissime disposititum3 earumque numerum multo quam hactenus1 auctiorem ex observationibus recens4 a ,nob4 viro ,d4 ,tychone ,brahe1 astronomo incoparabili1 habitis1 depromta anno #afjj1 et quo deinceps seculo1 accommodata intueri liceat4 ,celestial sphere4 ,herein as in a mirror all the stars of the firmament are depicted1 and in proper order with the greatest possible industry and accuracy by ,willem ,janson the former pupil of the great ,tycho3 their number much increased from recent observations made by the noble ,d4 ,tycho ,brahe1 that incomparable astronomer1 taken from his observations made in the year #afjj1 and made with an accommodation for the coming century4 ,near this cartouch is a portrait of the great astronomer with his favorite motto1 ,non haberi1 sed esse4 ,near the south pole we find a reference to recent astronomical discoveries in the following words3 ,habetis hic1 ,astronomum studiosi1 trecentas et plures antarctici mundi vertici viciniores stellas1 ex observationibus secundum jam a ,frederico ,houtmanno1 majori studio et accommodatioribus instrumentis1 ad stellas a ,tychone positas factis1 depromptas3 auctiori numero et accuratiori dispositione vestro commodo et delectationi depictas ,a4 #afjc4 ,thou hast here1 ,o student of astronomy1 more than three hundred stars1 that are nearest the pole of the antarctic world1 from the observations made by ,frederick ,houtmann with further study and with more suitable instruments1 along with the stars that were located by ,tycho3 this increased number and this more accurate location having been set down for your use and delight in the year #afjc4 ,he adds here and there a brief legend in which he directs attention to recently discovered stars4 ,the purchase of a pair of these globes1 that of #aeii and of #afjc1 was reported in the year #ahhe by ,dr4 ,baumgrtner1#ca who refers to them as having a diameter of #cd cm41 as being well mounted and artistically colored4 ,on the first1 he notes1 are represented sea monsters swimming in the oceans1 and the natives of many of the little known regions appear in picture1 as1 for example1 in the region of ,patagonia1 near which appears the legend1 ,patagonae regio ubi incolae sunt gigantes4 ,the region of ,patagonia where giants live4 ,greenland is laid down as a small island1 as is also ,corea4 ,the region of ,bering ,sea shows clearly how inexact was the knowledge of the ,north ,pacific in his day1 and the same inexact geographic knowledge of the southern-most region of ,south ,america and of ,australia is strikingly recorded4 ,there are slight differences apparently existing between ,dr4 ,baumgrtner's globes and certain other known copies of the same date1 but differences which are of no special significance4 ,a pair of these globes was announced in the sales catalogue1 ,geographie cartographie voyage1 #ahia1 of ,frederik ,muller of ,amsterdam4 ,a geographical record on the terrestrial globe clearly indicates that it was not issued1 however1 until after #afaf1 although dated #aeii1 since it contains a reference to the ,van ,schouten voyage of #afae-afag4 ,it was on this voyage1 says ,van ,schouten in his ',journal1' that he gave the name ,staten ,lant to that region on the left as one enters the ,lemaire ,strait1 and the name ,isle of ,barnevelt to the island discovered in this strait4#cb ,both of these names appear on this globe4 ,it has in addition an interesting legend which might be taken to suggest that the globe was not constructed until the year #afhb1 although the gores1 save for this legend1 may have been printed much earlier4 ,this legend reads1 't ,amsteldam by ,joannes van ,ceulen1 ,joanniszoon op de hoek van de ,mol-steegh1 in de ,nieuwen ,atlas1 werd gedruckt en op nieu uytgegeven met ,praevilegie 444 alle de ,globes en ,spaeren by den ,heer ,joan ,blaeu ,zal4 nagelaten4 ,ao4 #afhb4 ,the celestial globe seems to agree with other known copies4 ,two copies of the terrestrial globe of #aeii and two of the celestial of #afjc may be found in the ,germanisches ,nationalmuseum of ,nrnberg4 ,a pair may be found in the ,biblioteca ,angelica of ,rome and a pair1 reported to be in good condition1 belongs to the ,biblioteca ,comunale of ,fano4 ,adam ,kstner reports1 in his ',geschichte der ,mathematik1' the purchase of a pair of this first edition of ,blaeu's globes4#cc ,according to a catalogue entry of objects belonging to the ,university of ,leiden in the year #agaf there is reference to two pairs of ,blaeu's globes4 ,only one pair of these1 however1 seems now to be known1 which pair a few years since was removed to the ,astronomical ,observatory4#cd ,in the year #afjb ,blaeu issued a terrestrial and a celestial globe1 each having a diameter of #bc cm4 ,in a legend on his terrestrial globe he refers to it as an improvement1 doubtless meaning that he had undertaken to bring its geographical records to date4 ,this globe he dedicates as follows3 ,noblisis ,illustris ,hollandiae ,zelandiae ac ,westphrisiae ordinibus1 ,p4,p4,p4 ,clementissis hanc terrae marisque aphaerum summa diligentia accuratissime fabricatam3 debiti honoris gratique animi testimonium ,l4,m4,d4,d4,d4 ,amstelodami4 ,guilielmus ,jansonius ,blaeu4 anno #afjb4 ,to the ,most ,noble1 ,most ,illustrious ,princes of ,holland1 ,zeeland and ,west ,friesland1 ,most ,benign ,rulers4 ,this sphere of the earth and sea1 accurately constructed with the utmost care is dedicated by ,willem ,jansz4 ,blaeu of ,amsterdam as a testimony of honor due and of a grateful mind4 ,in the year #afjb4 ,over this legend have been placed the coats of arms of the three provinces designated and near it a legend reading1 ,en denuo studiose ,geographiae1 terrestrem contractioriforma globum1 multo1 quam ante hac unquam1 emendatius et auctius confectum3 a ventorum spiris navigantium comodo1 exquisitius adornatum3 nec non navigationis curriculo1 ab ,oliverio van ,noort ,batavo in orbem peracto1 notatum4 ,auctor ,guilielmo ,iansonio ,blaeu4 ,here again1 ,o student of geography1 thou hast a terrestrial globe in smaller size1 much smaller than ever before1 and more accurately and completely furnished1 having the spiral directions of the winds 7the loxodromes7 represented for the use of navigators4 ,these have been carefully drawn1 and there is also indicated the course of circumnavigation of the ,dutchman ,oliver van der ,noort4#ce ,willem ,jansz4 ,blaeu author4 ,van der ,noort1 to whom reference is made in this legend1 had started out in the year #aeih1 hence his expedition was a recent event and was therefore thought worthy of reference4 ,he sailed through the ,strait of ,magellan1 reached the ,indies of the ,east1 and with four of his original ships returned to ,holland in the year #afja4 ,blaeu1 as he states1 marked on his globe the course of this expedition4 ,the celestial globe constructed as a companion of the former has a similar dedication reading1 ,nobilisis ,illustis ,hollandiae ,zelandiae ,westphrisiae ,ordinibus ,d4 ,d4 suis ,clementisis hunc astriferum inerrantium stellarum globum1 summa cura et industria adornatum debiti ossequii et gratitudinis 444 ,d4 ,d4 ,d4 ,guilielmus ,jansonius ,blaeu4 ,to the ,most ,noble1 and ,illustrious ,princes of ,holland1 ,zeeland1 and ,west ,friesland1 ,most ,benign ,rulers3 this celestial globe of the fixed stars1 prepared with the greatest care and industry is dedicated as a gift of obedience due and of gratitude4 ,william ,jansz4 ,blaeu4 ,a legend somewhat descriptive in character near the former reads1 ,habes hic ,astrophile stellarum inerantium ex certisis ,d4 ,ticho ,brahe 7mei quondam praeceptoris7 observationibus numero et dispositione prae aliis ano #afjj accomodatarum sphaeram accuratissime expolitam et ,australibus asterismis quod novum a ,federico ,houtmano observatis exornatam4 ,auctor ,guilielmo ,janso ,blaeu4 ,thou hast here1 ,o lover of the stars1 a globe of the fixed stars from the most accurate observations of ,d4 ,tycho ,brahe 7my onetime preceptor7 in their number and disposition1 besides other observations accommodated to the year #afjj1 finished and furnished with 7a representation7 of the southern stars which have of late been discovered by ,frederick ,houtmann4 ,willem ,jansz4 ,blaeu author4 ,stars varying in magnitude from the first to the sixth1 receive each an appropriate representation or sign1 and there is a separate distinguishing mark for the nebulae4 ,to each of the constellations is given its ,latin name4 ,in addition to the forty-eight constellations of ,ptolemy he gives the two sometimes referred to by the ancients1 ,bernice's ,hair and ,antinous1 adding1 with names1 more than ten constellations in the southern sky4 ,a legend in the constellation ,cepheus tells us1 with reference to one of its stars1 ,haec stupendae magnitudinis stella insolito fulgore anno #aegb in ,cassiopeia sede amicuit4 ,this star of great size and unwonted brilliancy appeared in the ,chair of ,cassiopeia4 ,in the constellation ,cygnus is a legend reading ,novam illam stellam quae anno #afjj primum in pectore ,cygni apparuit 7atque etiam nunc immota parte7 ex diligenti nostra ad eandem ,lyrae lucidae observatione ,longitudo #af #ae1 latitudo #ee #cj labore comperimus4 ,the new star which in the year #afjj first appeared in the breast of the ,swan and to the present has not altogether disappeared1 this we have located1 by diligent search in ,lyra long4 #af #ae and lat4 #ee #cj4 ,by reason of the fact that so few copies of this issue are known to exist1 it has been thought that for some reason ,blaeu issued a very limited number4 ,we know1 however1 that his terrestrial globes were highly valued and were much in demand1 because of the care with which they had been prepared1 because of the efforts to give information concerning the latest discoveries1 and because of his representation of the loxodromic lines which made them of special value to navigators2 that his celestial globes found favor by reason of the fact that he was known to be a pupil of ,tycho ,brahe1 and that he himself was known to be a mathematician and astronomer of distinction4 ,to the following known examples of the #afjb issue brief reference may be made4 ,in the ,accademia dei ,concordi of ,rovigo1 ,italy1 there may be found a fine pair4 ,the ,stadtbibliothek of ,nrnberg possesses a fine pair1 reported by the librarian to be in excellent condition1 and two copies of the celestial globe may be found in the ,germanisches ,nationalmuseum of the same city4 ,a copy of the terrestrial globe is to be found in the collection of the ,knigliches ,museum of ,cassel1 and one in the town of ,rdingen near ,schaffhausen4 ,the ,hispanic ,society of ,america possesses1 in its rich collection of globes1 a fine example of ,blaeu's terrestrial of the year #afjf 7,fig4 #ic74 ,it has a diameter of #ac4e cm41 is mounted on a substantial wooden base1 has a graduated meridian circle1 half of which1 however1 is missing1 a wooden horizon circle1 on the upper surface of which is pasted an engraved slip of paper with the usual graduation1 the calendar1 and the names of the zodiacal signs4 ,a legend in the great austral land which is called ,magallanica1 contains the date and refers to its dedication to ,blaeu's learned friend of ,edam1 ,cornelius ,petrius4 ,this legend reads ,omnium virtutu genere ornatissimo viro ,domino ,cornelio ,petreio ecclesiastae apud ,edamenses vigilantiss4 et mathematico eximio suo singulari hanc orbis sphaerae a se hoc modo delineatae ,l4 ,m4 ,q4 ,d4 ,d4 ,guilielmus ,blaeu4 ,anno ,d4 #afjf4 ,to ,dom4 ,cornelius ,petrius1 a man adorned with all virtue1 a most vigilant ecclesiastic among the people of ,edam and a mathematician of singular renown1 ,willem ,blaeu dedicates this terrestrial globe now completed by him in the year #afjf4 ,in the northern part of ,north ,america is the title legend reading ,nova et accurata terrae marisque sphaera denuo recognita et correcta a ,guilielmo ,blaeu4 ,a new and accurate sphere of the earth and sea newly revised and corrected by ,willem ,blaeu4 ,the globe ball is of hollow metal thinly covered with a preparation of plaster on which have been pasted the twelve engraved gores extending from pole to pole4 ,as in the case of the ,muller copy of the issue of #aeii this one1 though dated #afjf1 contains a record of the discoveries of the ,van ,schouten expedition1 that is1 the names ,staten ,lant1 ,i4 ,barnevelt1 and ,fr4 le ,maire1 discoveries made in the year #afaf1 as before mentioned4#cf ,the magnitude of the austral land is made to equal or to exceed that of the entire ,old ,world1 the most northern extension of which1 in the ,east ,indian region1 bears the name ,nova ,guinea4#cg ,its geographical information in general agrees with that so carefully recorded on the ,blaeu maps4 ,in the western and southern sections of ,north ,america the source of information has been largely ,spanish1 in the eastern the source has been ,french and ,english1 and in the northeast almost entirely ,english4 ,in the north ,atlantic we still find ,brazil1 ,maides1 and ,frisland1 the mythical islands of the ,zeno ,brothers1 and north of ,europe a record of the attempts of the ,netherlanders to reach ,nowaja ,semlja4 ,for so small a globe the detailed geographical information given is very remarkable4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ic4 ,terrestrial ,globe of ,willem ,jansz4 ,blaeu1 #afjf4 ,in addition to this example the ,british ,museum kindly sends the information that in its collection there is a copy of ,blaeu's terrestrial globe of the year #afjf1 agreeing in its dimensions with the copy in the collection of ,the ,hispanic ,society of ,america1 also of a celestial globe of the same date which appears to be a unique copy4 ,the ,hispanic ,society of ,america also possesses a terrestrial and a celestial globe1 the work of ,blaeu1 globes clearly issued as companion pieces 7,fig4 #id71 which appear to be the only copies known1 the latter dated #afaf1 the former undated4#ch ,the spheres have each a diameter of about #aj cm41 a substantial and artistic mounting of brass1 including meridian and horizon circles1 four twisted support columns1 and a circular base plate4 ,though small in size1 probably the smallest constructed by ,blaeu1 in their geographical and astronomical details they are remarkably full4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #id4 ,terrestrial and ,celestial ,globes of ,willem ,jansz4 ,blaeu1 #afaf4 ,the terrestrial globe1 in an artistic cartouch near the south pole1 is referred to as ,nova ,orbis ,terrarum ,descriptio ,auctor ,guilielmo ,blaeu4 ,a new description of the world by ,willem ,blaeu author4 ,unlike that of the year #afjf1 noted above1 it contains no reference to the expedition of ,van ,schouten and ,le ,maire1 and records only the ,strait of ,magellan at the southern extremity of ,south ,america4 ,continental contours1 even that of ,magallanica and of the ,new ,world1 agree in practically all details with his earlier globes and general world maps4 ,he has retained certain geographical names which appear more or less conspicuously on some of the earlier maps1 as ,estotiland north of ,labrador1 ,frisland and ,island in the north ,atlantic and ,norembega applied to the coast of ,maine4 ,the north ,pacific is entirely too narrow and the island of ,japan is located not far from the west coast of ,north ,america4 ,bering ,strait is well represented but is unnamed4 ,the map is not well preserved1 the chief injury to it being in the western part of ,north ,america and in the central and eastern ,pacific4 ,the celestial globe1 which is the companion of the former1 has a similar brass mounting4 ,it is remarkably well preserved and all inscriptions on the surface of the ball are easily legible4 ,it is made to revolve about the axis of the ecliptic4 ,the figures representing the several constellations have been artistically engraved1 and stars up to the sixth magnitude have appropriate and distinct representation4 ,a legend near the south pole reads ,sphaera stellata in qua ceu speculo ,stellae fixae ex accuratis ,nobilis viri ,d4 ,tychonis ,brahe observationibus ad annum #afjj accommodatae conspicuae sito ponuntur4 ,the starry sphere in which as in a mirror the fixed stars are placed by the accurate observations of the ,noble ,d4 ,tycho ,brahe1 accommodated to the year #afjj4 ,blaeu's earliest globes1 as has been noted1 were of small dimensions4 ,it must have been shortly after the year #afaf that he decided to undertake the construction of those of much greater size1 to the end of making his work the more serviceable2 but to this he may have been led in part1 as before noted1 by the success of the large globes of ,hondius of the year #afac4ci ,unfortunately it is not easy to determine the exact date of the several issues of his work appearing in the last twenty years of his life4 ,in general1 the date of the construction of the globes of these years is altogether wanting4 ,the dedications in the several reprints or editions vary1 as do many of the inscriptions1 while the large size of the globes remains practically the same4 ,one cannot feel certain that a date1 apparently given as the year of construction1 is accurate1 since it is very evident in the several reprints care was not always given to this detail4 ,the first issue of his large terrestrial globes seems to date from the year #afbb1 though the suggestion is not wanting that he had actually completed the celestial globe before the close of the year #afaf4 ,with but slight variation in the form of the expression1 we find on all examples of his largest globes the inscription ,amstelredami4 ,excusum in aedibus auctoris 4441 indicating at least that the printing was done in the author's ,amsterdam workshop4 ,all have a diameter of about #fh cm41 though the mountings of the several known examples differ somewhat4 ,the ,hispanic ,society of ,america possesses a fine example of the terrestrial globe1 dated #afbb 7,fig4 #ie74 ,the ball is formed of papier-mch1 having over its surface a thin coating of plaster made perfectly smooth and shellacked to receive the thirty-six engraved gores1 or twice eighteen half gores1 and the usual circular polar caps4 ,it is well preserved1 considering its great size and its age1 though somewhat injured in the region of the western ,mediterranean1 in the ,east ,indian ,islands1 in ,west ,africa1 in ,south ,america1 and in parts of the ,pacific ,ocean4 ,it is furnished with an elaborate wooden base1 a considerable part of which appears to have been added subsequent to that constituting the main support1 a horizon circle of wood1 and a meridian circle of brass4 ,the map is a fine example of the work done in the ,netherlands by the copper engravers and printers of the period1 in particular of the work which issued from the ,blaeu press4 ,continental outlines are well drawn1 lands and seas are crowded with geographical records1 including individual names and legends4 ,very artistically designed ships sail the oceans singly or in fleets1 and compass lines as well as loxodromic lines are very numerous1 radiating from centers distributed over the surface of the map4 ,much of the original color which had been artistically applied by hand still remains1 particularly on the southern hemisphere1 which has been less exposed to the light and to careless handling4 ,the author and date legend placed near the south pole in an artistic cartouch reads1 ,in ista quam exibimus1 terreni globi descriptione omnium regionum juxta et insularum1 quotquot hacetnus a nostris ,argonautis1 vel etiam ab aliarum gentium ,naucleris visae et notatae1 loca in suo secundum longitudinem et latitudinem situ1 summa sedulitate et industria disposita invenies1 quae res non solum ,geographiae studiosis jocunda1 verum etiam iis1 qui terras longe dissitas et sub alio sole calentes frequentent1 maxime utilis futura est4 ,in quorum gratiam etiam rhombus nauticos 7ita vocantur ,helices lineae secundum ventorum plagus delineatae7 quam accuratissime expressimus4 ,hunc igitur laborem nostrum ut tam ,gratis animis accipiatis1 quanta sedulitate a nobis est obitus1 ex aequo omnes rogatos volo4 ,guiljelmus ,caesius ,auctor4 ,anno ,,cicicccxxii4 ,in this terrestrial globe1 which we here present1 you will find all the regions and islands as far as they have been seen1 up to the present1 and marked by our navigators1 or have been seen and marked by the navigators of other nations1 placed in their own proper position of longitude and latitude1 with the greatest care and industry1 which not only will be a source of pleasure to the students of geography but also of the greatest utility to those who visit far distant shores1 which are warmed by another sun4 ,and for their benefit we have also inserted the nautical rhombs 7for so are designated the lines which show the direction of the winds74 ,this labor of ours ,i hope and pray you will accept with as much gratitude as we have bestowed care upon it4 ,willem ,caesius4 ,in the year #afbb4 ,a citation of all legends which the author has placed on his map would indeed fill many pages1 and but few of these are here quoted4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ie4 ,terrestrial ,globe of ,willem ,jansz4 ,blaeu1 #afbb4 ,in the southern hemisphere1 and particularly conspicuous by reason of the artistic cartouch in which it is placed1 we find a reference to the question of the proper location of the prime meridian1#dj somewhat lengthy but quoted here in full4 ,quamvis longitudinis initium arbitrarium esset1 ab occasu tamen ejus auspicium facere ideo veteribus placuit quod illic aliquis terrae limen esset1 qui ortum versus nullis expeditionibus deprehendi potuisset4 ,atque eam ob causam ,ptolemaeus 7cujus sedulitati et industriae ,geographiae incolumitatem omnes1 vel inviti1 debent7 ab ultimo termino occidentis cognito1 quae ,insulae in ,atlantico ,mari ,fortunatae dictae sunt1 auspicium fecit in eisque primum ,meridianum defixit3 quod theticum principium deinceps fere omnes ejus auctoritate moti retinuerunt4 ,interim hoc seculo nonnulli hoc principium ex ipsa natura eruendum censuere4 ,qua in re acus ,magneti junctae indicium sequendum sibi sumpserunt1 eumque primum ,meridianum statuunt quo in loco ea ,boream spectat ,quos plane allucinari addita illa ,magneti vis convincit1 penes quem nullum longitudinis arbitrium sit1 cum is ipse sub eodem meridiano varium habeat enclisin prout huic aut illi continenti vicinus fuerit4 ,sed et illi ipsi qui ita sentiunt1 ob instabile magnetis indicium1 in primo ,meridiano1 multum inter se dissentiunt4 ,quamobrem ut summo ,geographiae commodo1 certus aliquis ,meridianus tamquam primum principium servari et retineri possit1 ,ptolemaei vestigiis insistentes1 easdem ,insulas1 et iis ,junonem1 quae ,teneriffa vulgo creditur1 delegimus1 cujus excelsa illa et praerupta petra1 perpetuis nebulis obsessa1 ,indigenis ,el ,pico dicta1 primi ,meridiani terminus esto4 ,qua in re ab ,arabum longitudinibus 7qui extrema ,africae littora versus occidentem delegerunt71 vix unius gradus quadrante abimus diversi3 quod quoque monuisse operae pretium putavi4 ,although the beginning of longitude is arbitrarily selected nevertheless it pleased the ancients to begin the counting of it from the west1 because there was the limit of the earth1 as some thought1 while no expedition to the east was able to determine this4 ,therefore ,ptolemy1 to whose application and industry all men1 even though unwilling to admit it1 owe the preservation of geography 7geographical science71 made the location 7of the beginning of longitude7 in the farthest known limit of the west1 which is called the ,fortunate ,islands1 in the ,atlantic ,ocean1 and in them he fixed the first meridian4 ,this hypothetical beginning1 almost all who came after him retained because of his influence4 ,but in our century there are some who have said that this beginning should be taken from nature herself1 and in this matter they have taken the indication of the magnetic needle as their guide1 and fix the first meridian in that place in which the needle points to the true north3 ,that this is clearly an error is proved by this additional 7and peculiar7 property of the magnetic needle1 that on the same meridian it has a variation according as it is near to this or that continent4 ,but the very men who think this1 on account of the uncertainty of the variation1 disagree much among themselves as to where the first meridian is to be located1 and so for the highest good of geography1 that this same fixed meridian as a first beginning may be marked and be retained1 we ourselves1 following in the steps of ,ptolemy1 have chosen the same islands as he1 and from their number that one which is called ,juno1 or commonly ,tenerif2 of these 7islands7 that high and steep rock beset by perpetual clouds and called by the natives ,el ,pico1 shall for us be the location of the first meridian4 ,in this matter1 from the longitude of the ,arabs1 who selected the shore of ,africa farthest toward the west1 we vary scarcely the fourth part of a degree1 and this ,i thought worthy to be noted4 ,there is a brief but important legend near the ,strait of ,magellan reading1 ,fretum ,magellanicum1 sic dictum a ,ferdinando ,magellano ,lusitano1 qui omnium primus id aperuit atque emensus est1 anno #aebj1 ,franciscus ,draach et ,thomas ,candish1 uterque anglus ,fretum emensi sunt1 ille anno #aegi1 hic anno #aehg4 ,oliverius van ,noorth et ,georgius ,speilbergius1 uterque ,belga annis #afjj et #afae4 ,the ,strait of ,magellan1 so called by ,ferdinand ,magellan a ,portuguese who was the first to discover it and to sail through it in the year #aebj1 ,francis ,drake and ,thomas ,candish1 both ,englishmen1 sailed through the strait1 the one in the year #aegi1 the other in the year #aehg4 ,oliver van ,noort and ,george ,spilbergen1 both ,belgians in the years #afjj and #afae4 ,near the last-quoted legend we find ,fretum ,le ,maire a ,wilhem ,scouten ,hernano et ,jacobo ,le ,maire per eum inventum et lustratum ,ao #afaf4 ,the ,strait of ,le ,maire discovered and surveyed by ,wilhem ,scouten and ,jacob ,le ,maire in the year #afaf4 ,to the northwest in the ,pacific we find ,magellanus ad insulas has delatus1 cum in iis nec hominum ulla vestigia1 nec quicquam humano usui opportunum invenisset1 ,infortunatus nuncupavit4 ,magellan came to these islands and finding in them no trace of man nor of anything suitable for human use called them the ,unfortunate ,islands4 ,near ,new ,guinea is the information recorded ,novissime detecta et lustrata est a ,wilhelmo ,scouten anno #afaf4 ,very recently discovered and surveyed by ,wilhelm ,scouten in the year #afaf4 ,in the far north is a reference to the attempts made by numerous explorers to find a passage to the east by way of the north1 reading1 ,quemadmondum post apertum a ,lusitanis iter illud ad regiones orientales1 quod ,promontorium ,bonae ,spei navigantes circumducit non defuere qui et ante ,ferdinandum ,magellanum1 breviorem aliquam per ,septentrionem ,cauriumque ad easdem illas regiones opulentissimas ac toto orbe decantatus1 ,moluccas1 indagarent viam3 et nominatim quidem anno jam tum #aejj1 duobusque seqq4 ,gaspar et ,michael ,cortereales1 fratres lusitani1 et post eos anno #aejg1 ,sebastianus ,cabotus venetus3 ita et post superatum jam a praedicto ,magellano ,fretum1 quod de ejus nomine ,magellanicum dicitur1 extitere celebres aliquot praestantes naucleri1 qui ne codem quidem itinere contenti1 tum per easdem regiones septentrionales ,caurique tractus1 tum per ,aquilonaria quoque ,moscoviae ,tartariaeque littora1 idem tentaverint4 ,tales1 ut alios nunc omittam1 fruere anno #aeec ,hugo ,willoughbeus1 ,eques anglus1 annis #aegf et #gg ,martinus ,forbisherus1 et annis #aehe1 #hf1 #hg ,ioannes ,davisuis1 uterque itidem anglus1 item ,guilijelmus ,bernard et ,ioannes ,hugo ,linschotanus1 ,batavi1 annis #aeid1 #ie et #if4 ,quibus omnibus etsi1 post incredibiles exantlatos labores1 conatus non successissent1 non destitere tamen ,henricus ,hudsonus1 et ipse anglus ac post eum ,batavi quidam ,amsteredami emissi1 eandem terram 7quod dici solet7 reciprocare4 ,is ,hudsonus anno #afaa1 superato1 ad ,americae borealis oras1 sub latitudinis #fa1 #fb et #fc gradu1 ut indicat globus noster1 praelongo freto1 in exitu ejus engens ac late diffusum1 invenit pelagus3 cujus quidem detectio1 multis spem addidit fore ut tandem inibi transitus aliquis inveniatur4 ,utrum vero huic spei eventus sit responsurus1 propediem1 quod vovemus1 ipsum tempus ostendet4 ,when the way had been opened by the ,portuguese to the eastern regions which led the navigators round the ,cape of ,good ,hope1 there were some who said there was a way1 even before ,ferdinand ,magellan1 a shorter way by the north and the northwest to those opulent and world famous regions1 the ,moluccas4 ,to name these1 in #aejj1 the two brothers ,miguel and ,gaspar ,cortereal1 and after them in the year #aejg ,sebastian ,cabot a ,venetian1 and after the ,strait had been navigated by the aforesaid ,magellan1 which is called the ,strait of ,magellan after him1 there were certain famous and excellent navigators who1 not content with a knowledge of this passage1 attempted another both by the same northern and northwestern route and by the northern coasts of ,moscovie and ,tartary1 among these1 to omit others for the present1 there were in the year #aeec ,hugo ,willoughby an ,english ,knight3 in the years #aegf and #aegg ,martin ,frobisher3 in the years #aehe1 #hf1 #hg ,john ,davis1 both of the last named being ,englishmen3 also ,william ,bernard and ,john ,hugo ,linschoten1 ,dutchmen1 in the years #aeid1 #ie1 #if4 ,although none of these attempts1 in spite of the ,herculean labors1 were successful1 nevertheless ,henry ,hudson1 himself an ,englishman1 and after him certain ,dutchmen sent from ,amsterdam1 did not give up the attempts to find that land1 as it was called4 ,hudson himself1 in the year #afaa1 having navigated along the shore of ,north ,america in latitudes #fa1 #fb1 and #fc1 as our globe indicates1 a very long inlet at its farthest extremity discovered an immense and far-stretching sea1 the discovery of which gave hope to many that at last some outlet would be found therein4 ,whether the event would answer to this hope1 and we pray it may1 only time will tell4#da ,somewhat nearer the pole we read ,anno #aeid et seqq4 ,illmorum ,d4 ,d4 ,ordinum ,foederatorum1 anno vero #aeif ,amplismi ,senatus ,amsterodamensis jussu atque auspiciis4 ,fortissimus ,archithelassus ,iacobus ,heelmsterchius et cum eo pertissimus navarcha ,guilijelmus ,bernard filius uterque civis ,amsterodamensis viam per ,septentrionem ad regna ,cathayae et ,chinae indagaturi1 cum littora ,novae ,zemlae usque ad gradum latitudinis #gh perlustrassent1 neque immensis e glacie coacervatis montibus impedito1 ulterius possent tendere1 tertio postremoque itinere1 quo loco casam a nobis expressam vides1 hibernare coacti sunt4 ,in the year #aeid and the following years1 by the command and under the auspices of the illustrious ,lords of the ,united ,netherlands1 and in the year #aeif1 under the auspices of the distinguished ,senate of ,amsterdam1 the brave sea captain ,jacob ,heelmstrech1 and with him the skilful navigator ,william ,bernard's son1 both citizens of ,amsterdam1 sought passage by the north to the regions of ,cathay and ,china4 ,when they had passed the shore of ,nova ,zembla to latitude #gh1 without being stopped by the immense mountains of ice1 and could have gone further1 on this third and last journey they were compelled to pass the winter at the spot where you see a hut depicted by us4 ,in addition to the above legends we find such as ,hic anno #afaa ,h4 ,hudson hibernavit4 ,here in the year #afaa ,henry ,hudson passed the winter4 ,huc usque processit ,h4 ,hudson anno #afab4 ,as far as this ,henry ,hudson came in the year #afab4 ,in the western part of ,north ,america1 that is1 in ,nova ,albion1 there is a legend referring to the expedition of ,francis ,drake1 reading1 ,hoc loco ad latitu4 #db grad4 appulsus ,franciscus ,dracus in gentem incidit prorsus indolatricam1 et quod merito quis miretur ipso adeo mense ,junio prae frigoris quam acerrime saevientis vi coactus est1 terram hanc ,novae ,albionis nomine a se decoratam deserere4 ,in this place1 at latitude #db ,francis ,drake came upon a tribe wholly idolatrous and what is justly to be wondered at1 in the month of ,june he was compelled by the violence of the cold that raged here to desert this land of ,new ,albion which he distinguished with its name4#db ,the great inland sea appearing on the large world map of ,jodocus ,hondius of the year #afaa 7,fig4 #if71 and called ,mare ,septentrionale ,americae1 is here represented as ,lacus iste quantum ex accolis colligi potuit trecenta ut minimum miliaria in longitudinem pateat4 ,this lake1 as far as can be learned from the inhabitants1 stretches at least three hundred miles in length4#dc ,illustration3 ,fig4 #if4 ,section of ,jodocus ,hondius ,world ,map1 #afaa4 ,this representation is of particular interest in connection with a grant to the ,london ,company1 as expressed in its charter of the year #afji wherein the jurisdiction of the company is defined as extending ,in that part of ,america called ,virginia1 from the point of land called ,cape or ,point ,comfort1 all along the sea coast1 to the northward two hundred miles1 and from the said point of ,cape ,comfort1 all along the sea coast to the southward1 two hundred miles1 and all that space and circuit of land1 lying from the sea coast of the precinct aforesaid up into the land1 throughout from sea to sea1 west and northwest4#dd ,it is of further interest to note that on this globe of ,blaeu there appears for the first time on a dated map the representation of ,manhattan as an island4 ,the ,osservatorio ,astronomico1 located near ,florence1 possesses a fine pair of ,blaeu's large globes1 the terrestrial being signed1 at the conclusion of the address to the reader1 ,guiljelmus ,blaeu instead of ,guiljelmus ,caesius1 as on ,the ,hispanic ,society's copy1 although as on this copy the signature ,guiljelmus ,caesius anno #afbb appears on the celestial globe4 ,the dedications of these ,florentine examples read1 ,serenissimo ,potentissimoque ,principi ,ferdinando ,secondo ,magno ,etruriae ,duci1 ,domino ,suo ,clementissimo4 ,suos hosce ,coelestem et ,orbis ,terrarum ,globos accuratius pleniusque quam hanctenus descriptos editosque ,l4 ,m4 ,d4 ,c4 ,q4 ,humillimus ,cliens ,guilielmus ,blaeuw4 ,to the ,most ,serene1 ,most ,powerful ,prince ,ferdinand ,,ii1 ,prince of ,etruria1 his ,most ,clement ,lord1 these globes1 both celestial and terrestrial1 more carefully and more accurately depicted and edited than has been done previously1 ,willem ,blaeu ,his ,most humble client dedicates and consecrates4 ,it may here be noted that ,ferdinand ,,ii was of the house of ,medici and that he came to the throne in the year #afba4 ,a pair of ,blaeu's globes of #afbb1 signed ,guiljelmus ,caesius1 belongs to the ,biblioteca ,comunale of ,palermo1 reported to be without mountings and otherwise in bad condition4 ,most of the terrestrial globe map is missing but there remains enough of each to determine their original likeness to the preceding pair4 ,in the archaeological section of the ,biblioteca ,gambalunghiana of ,rimini there may be found a well-preserved pair1 each dated #afbb4 ,a terrestrial globe dated #afbb1 and a celestial clearly intended as its companion but dated #afaf and signed ,guilielmus ,janssonius1 belong to the ,biblioteca ,barbarini of ,rome4 ,if correctly dated it is evident that ,blaeu completed his work on this globe of large size in the same year that he completed his work on the smallest of all his globes1 to which attention has been called above4 ,these examples are in a fair state of preservation1 having each a base consisting of a single column supported on the backs of two satyrs who are seated with hands upraised4 ,a pair of these globes of #afbb may be found in the ,museo ,civico of ,venice with dedication differing from those which have been previously noted4 ,on these globes we read1 ,serenissimo ,potentissimo ,gustavo ,,ii ejus nomine ,suedorum ,gothorum1 ,vandalorum ,regi et ,principi hereditario1 ,magno ,duci ,finlandiae1 ,estmanniae1 ,westmanniaeque ,domino ,suo ,clementissimo1 ,suos hosce coelestem et ,ordis ,terrarum ,globos accuratius pleniusque quam hactenus descriptos ,l4 ,m4 ,d4 ,c4 ,q4 ,humillimus ,cliens ,guiljelmus ,caesius4 ,to the ,most ,serene and ,most ,powerful ,gustavus ,,ii1 ,king and ,hereditary ,prince of the ,swedes1 ,goths1 and ,vandals1 the ,mighty ,ruler of ,finland1 ,eastmania and ,westmania1 his ,most ,clement ,lord1 these his celestial and terrestrial globes more accurately and fully depicted and edited than previously1 ,willem ,caesius1 his humble client dedicates and consecrates4 ,a copy of the #afbb celestial globe1 signed ,guilielmus ,caesius1 belongs to the ,stadtbibliothek of ,nrnberg1 and a copy of the same1 dedicated to ,gustavus ,,ii of ,sweden1 is in the possession of ,reichsgraf ,hans von ,oppersdorf in ,oberglogau4 ,eleven additional pairs of ,blaeu's globes1 reprints1 and reissues1 not all agreeing in details1 but alike in their main features1 have been located4 ,these belong to the years #afbb-afdj1 having only an occasional record or date in legend to indicate1 though indefinitely1 the year of construction4 ,a very brief reference to these editions here follows4 ,a pair may be found in the ,osservatorio ,astronomico of ,bologna1 somewhat damaged by neglect and careless handling4 ,it seems probable1 though the records are imperfect1 that these are the globes referred to in an old catalogue of the ,specola ,library1 and that they have been in the observatory since its founding in the year #agbd4de ,the ,royal ,estense ,library of ,modena is in possession of a well-preserved pair of ,blaeu's large globes1 as the librarian has kindly informed the author4#df ,each is supplied with an artistic wooden base1 with a meridian and a horizon circle1 the whole being about #gi cm4 in height4 ,each is furnished with a domelike cover of pasteboard1 over the outside of which1 and crossing at right angles1 are two bands of carved leaves1 and in each of the four spaces thus formed is a decoration consisting of the lily of the ,royal ,house of ,france4 ,it appears not to be known how or when these globes came to the ,estense ,library2 perhaps as a gift to a prince of the ,ducal ,house of ,este1 from a member of the ,house of ,orleans1 or they were purchased perchance by an ,estense ambassador once having residence in ,holland1 as has been suggested4 ,other undated pairs of the #afbb and #afdj issues may be found in the ,seminario ,vescovile of ,chioggia1 in the ,museo di ,strumenti ,antichi of ,florence1 in the ,biblioteca ,governativo of ,lucca1 in the ,biblioteca ,nazionale of ,naples1 in the ,biblioteca ,chigi of ,rome 7,fig4 #ig71 in the ,collegio delle ,scuole ,pie of ,savona1 in the ,liceo ,marco ,foscarini of ,venice 7,fig4 #ih71 in the ,pinacoteca ,quirini of ,venice1 and in the private library of ,count ,francesco ,franco of ,venice4 ,a copy of the terrestrial only may be found in the ,biblioteca ,comunale of ,como1 in the ,knigl4 ,math4 ,phys4 ,salon in ,dresden1 in the ,istituto ,tecnico of ,florence1 in the ,biblioteca delle ,misione ,urbane of ,genoa1 in the ,germanisches ,nationalmuseum of ,nrnberg1 and a copy of the eighteen unmounted terrestrial globe gores1 probably of the year #afdg1 in the ,british ,museum4 ,a copy of the celestial globe only may be found in the ,biblioteca ,civico of ,aquila in the ,knigl4 ,math4 ,phys4 ,salon of ,dresden1 and one in the ,british ,museum1 which is reported1 however1 to have a diameter of only twenty-four inches4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ig4 ,terrestrial ,globe of ,willem ,jansz4 ,blaeu1 #afbb4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ih4 ,celestial ,globe of ,willem ,jansz4 ,blaeu1 #afbb4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ih;a4 ,terrestrial ,globe of ,willem ,jansz4 ,blaeu1 ca4 #afdj4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ih;b4 ,celestial ,globe of ,willem ,jansz4 ,blaeu1 ca4 #afdj4 ,the ,biblioteca ,barbarini of ,rome possesses four armillary spheres1 all appearing to be of the early seventeenth century4 ,a description of two of these1 neither signed nor dated1 it has not been possible to obtain2 two are the work of ,j4 ,paolo ,ferreri1 the one constructed in the year #afjb according to the brief record ,jo4 ,paulus ,ferrerius f4 f4 an4 #afjb1 and the other in the year #afbd being inscribed ,fco gio4 ,paulo ,ferreri ,rono ano #afbd4 ,professor ,uzielli has given to the author the information that these are of brass1 having each a graduated horizon circle supported by four half circles which in turn rest on a single brass column4 ,through this horizon circle passes an adjustable meridian circle #ci cm4 in diameter1 which is graduated and which supports other movable circles1 such as the colures carrying the polar circles1 the tropics1 which are graduated1 and the ecliptic1 a broad band inclined #bc-a_/b degrees to the equator1 likewise graduated and engraved with the names of the months and of the constellations of the zodiac4 ,within the circles of each of these spheres1 placed at what may be called their common center1 is a small solid sphere to serve as a representation of a terrestrial globe but without geographical details4 ,there appear to be but slight differences in the construction of these two armillary spheres1 the one of #afbd having certain circles which are slightly smaller than are the corresponding ones on that of earlier date4 ,from the same source it is learned that the artist1 ,tito ,lessi of ,florence1 possesses an armillary sphere signed and dated ,lud3 s ,sem3 s ,bon3 ,fac3 ,a4 ,d4 ,,mdcxii1 near which is a representation of a coat of arms with a dragon4 ,the sphere is of brass1 the diameter of its greatest circle being #fc cm4 ,we know nothing of the ,ludovico referred to as the maker1 but who1 as is noted1 was a ,bolognese4 ,the same artist1 as we are informed1 likewise possesses another unsigned and undated armillary sphere which presumably is of the early seventeenth century4 ,peter ,plancius 7#aeeb-afbb71 a native of ,drane-outer1 ,west ,flanders1 is especially remembered as a militant theologian 7,fig4 #ii7 and as one of the most influential men active in the shaping of the colonial policy of the ,states of the ,netherlands in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries4 ,his was indeed a stormy career wherein it touched the ,reformation movements4 ,in early life a monk1 he later became an ardent reformer supporting the ,calvinistic faith4 ,after passing some years in ,germany and in ,england in study1 he became1 in the year #aegh1 a pastor in the city of ,brussels4 ,when persecution threatened him1 he fled1 in the year #aehe1 to ,amsterdam1 where he again became a pastor1 exerting for many years a far-reaching influence in matters touching the relations of the reform movements and the state4 ,plancius1 however1 was not only learned in matters theological1 he was interested1 as stated above1 in ,dutch colonial enterprise1 was a geographer1 and a map and globe maker of great distinction4 ,he in part planned and actively supported the ,dutch expeditions of ,barents1 ,hemskerken1 ,linschoten1 and ,le ,maire1 who undertook to find new routes to the ,indies1 both ,east and ,west4 ,he assisted in the organization of the ,east ,india ,company1 which company made large contributions to the commercial prosperity of the ,netherlands4#dg ,he was instrumental1 with his countryman1 ,william ,usselinx1 and others1 in organizing the ,west ,india ,company4#dh ,he took an active part in the planting of ,new ,amsterdam in the ,new ,world1 and in the establishment of ,batavia in ,java4 ,he was counselor for twenty-five years in practically all matters pertaining to the welfare of the peoples of the ,netherlands4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ii4 ,portrait of ,peter ,plancius4 ,as map maker ,plancius appears to have begun his activities shortly after taking up a residence in ,amsterdam4 ,his great world map in two hemispheres1 one of his first productions1 and one which may in part have served ,blaeu and ,hondius in the preparation of their masterpieces1 of the years #afje and #afaa1 respectively1 was issued in the year #aeib1 a unique copy of which belongs to the ,collegio del ,corpus ,christi of ,valencia4#di ,this map1 bearing the title ,nova et exacta terrarum orbis tabula geographica ac hydrographica1 is composed of eighteen sheets1 which1 when joined1 give a world map measuring #adf by #bcc cm4 ,blundeville makes interesting reference to this map under the following caption3 ,a ,plaine and full ,description of ,petrus ,plancius his vniuersall ,mappe1 seruing both for ,sea and ,land1 and by him lately put forth in the yeere of our ,lord #aeib4 ,in which ,mappe are set downe many more places1 as well of both the ,indies1 as ,afrique1 together with their true ,longitudes and ,latitudes1 than are to be found either in ,mercator his ,mappe1 or in any other ,moderne ,mappe whatsoeuer3 ,and this ,mappe doth show what ,riches1 ,power1 or ,commodities1 as what kind of ,beasts both wild and tame1 what ,plants1 ,fruits1 or ,mines any ,region hath1 and what kinds of ,merchandize do come from euery ,region4 ,also the diuers ,qualities and ,manners of the ,people1 and to whom they are subiect4 ,also who be the most mightie and greatest ,princes of the ,world3 ,a ,mappe meet to adorne the ,house of any ,gentleman or ,merchant1 that delighteth in ,geographie3 and herewith this ,booke is also meete to be bought1 for that it plainely expoundeth euery thing contained in the said ,mappe4#ej ,blundeville notes further that ,plancius drew another map of the whole earth in two hemispheres1 employing the polar projection4 ,he does not give the date of this map1 but it presumably was issued shortly after that of #aeib4 ,a ,plancius world map in two hemispheres1 bearing title ,orbis terrarum typus de integro multis in locis amendatus1 auctore ,petro ,plancio #aeid1 appears in the account of ,linschoten's expedition of #aeii4ea ,it is a well-drawn map1 containing much valuable geographical data4 ,like ,mercator1 ,hondius1 and ,blaeu1 ,plancius also undertook the construction of globes4 ,of these the oldest known appears to have been begun as early as the year #afab1 the date appearing in the following dedication1 ,nobilissimis ,amplissimis ,consultissimis ac ,prudentissimis ,dominis ,consulariis ,thalassiarchis atque ,thalatto ,oratoribus ,hollandiae ,zelandiae et ,frisiae occidentalis nec non ,magnificis ac ,clarissimis ,dominis ,consulibus praeclarissimi ,emporii ,amstelodami1 ,petrus ,kaerius humillimus cliens ,l4 ,m4 ,q4 dat1 dicat1 dedicat4 ,anno #afab4 ,to the ,most ,noble1 ,exalted1 ,learned and ,prudent ,consular ,lords and ,orators ,maritime of ,holland1 ,zeeland and ,west ,friesland1 also to the ,great and ,distinguished ,lords ,counselors of the ,renowned ,emporium of ,amsterdam1 ,peter ,kaerius their humble client gives and dedicates 7this globe74 ,in the year #afab4 ,below the legend is engraved ,petrus ,kaerius excudit ann4 #afad1 the date here given clearly indicating the year of issue4 ,not far from the dedicatory legend appears the following3 ,ipsa experientia peritos ,naucleros docuit volubiles libellas magnetis virtute infectas in ,insulis ,corvi et ,florum ,mundi polos recte respicere3 idcirco ibi1 taquam a communi ,mundi ,magn4 ,meridiano ,logitud4 justis de causis initum sumunt ,petrus ,kaerius et ,abrahamus ,goos patrueles sculptores4 ,experience itself has taught skilful mariners that loose leaves when under the electrical influence1 in the islands of ,corvo and ,flores1 turn directly toward the poles of the world1 and for this reason it is here1 as a common magnetic meridian of the world1 that ,peter ,kaerius and ,abraham ,goos his cousin1 engravers1 locate with reason the beginning of longitude4 ,the customary address to the reader1 though here not so designated1 reads1 ,in hujus nostri ,globi delineatione ubique castigatissimas ,tabulas ,hydrographicas ac ,geographicas sequuti sumus1 quibus ,germani1 ,hispani1 ,galli1 ,itali1 ,angli1 ,scoti1 ,dani1 ,norvegi1 ,suedi nec non et navigationibus utuntur3 ad quae omnia comparanda nulli nec labori nec sumptui pepercimus3 ventorum quoque regimmes ad usum navigantium admussim accomodavimus3 quemadmodum artis periti1 proprius inspiciendo1 reperient4 ,vale ac frere4 ,petrus ,plancius4 ,in the delineation of this our globe1 we have everywhere followed the most correct hydrographic and geographic tables which the ,germans1 ,spaniards1 ,french1 ,italians1 ,english1 ,scotch1 ,danes1 ,norwegians and ,swedes use in their voyages4 ,in doing this we have spared no labor nor expense4 ,the directions of the winds 7loxodromic lines7 we have laid down with great exactness for the use of sailors1 as those experienced in navigation will see on close inspection4 ,farewell and be happy4 ,peter ,plancius4 ,this gives us definitely to understand that this terrestrial globe was the work of ,plancius4 ,the sphere is covered with a world map engraved on twelve gores1 truncated at latitude #gj degrees1 the polar spaces being covered by the usual circular discs1 each having in this case a radius of twenty degrees4 ,on his celestial globe1 probably issued at the same time as the terrestrial just referred to1 and intended as a companion of the same1 having the same dimensions1 we find the following legend3 ,in hac coelesti sphaera stellae affixae majore quam hactenus numero ac accuratiore industria delineantur4 ,novos ,asterismos in philomatheom gratiam de integro addidi3 quae omnia secundum ,astronomorum ,principis ,tychonis ,brahe1 ac meam observationem verae suae ,longitudinis ac ,latitudinis ad annum ,christi #afae restitui4 ,petrus ,plancius4 ,in this celestial sphere the fixed stars to a greater number than previously and with more exactness are depicted4 ,i have added for the use of the student some entirely new star readings according to the prince of astronomers ,tycho ,brahe1 and also my own observations of their true latitude and longitude adapting these to the year of ,christ #afae4 ,peter ,plancius4 ,it then will be noted that the position of the stars located thereon is computed to the year #afae4 ,in the southern hemisphere is a portrait of ,tycho ,brahe with the inscription ,d4 ,tyco ,brahe ,summ4 ,mathematic1 below which is the legend ,tabula continens quantum quovis proposito anno vel addendum vel demendum sit ,logitudini affixarum3 nam hae #gj annorum et #e mensis spacio unicum gradu secundu signoru ordine1 super ,pol4 ,zod4 progrediuntur4 ,table indicating how much for any given year is to be added to or to be subtracted from the longitude of the fixed stars4 ,for these in the space of #gj years and #e months move one degree reckoned on the signs of the zodiac4 ,but one pair of ,plancius' globes can now be located1 this pair having been acquired a few years since for the ,museo ,astronomico of ,rome 7,fig4 #ajj74 ,they are reported to be in excellent condition4 ,the spheres are of wood covered with plaster1 having a diameter of about #ba cm41 upon which the gores have been pasted4 ,wind roses are numerous1 from which the usual direction or loxodromic lines radiate4 ,ships and sea monsters add to the decoration of the terrestrial globe map1 and the figures of the several constellations have been artistically drawn4 ,each globe is furnished with a wooden base1 having its horizon circle supported by four columns which are joined below by crossbars4 ,each has a brass meridian circle within which the globe is adjusted to revolve4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ajj4 ,terrestrial ,globe of ,peter ,plancius1 #afad4 ,fiorini reports information received from ,gabriel ,marcel of the ,bibliothque ,nationale and ,captain ,f4 v4 ,ortroy that there may be found in the ,stein ,museum of ,antwerp a terrestrial globe of copper1 neither signed nor dated1 but which is thought to be the work of ,peter ,plancius4#eb ,additional information concerning this globe has not been obtainable4 ,isaac ,habrecht 7#aehi-afcc71 physician and mathematician1 was a native of ,strassburg1 where he passed the greater part of his life4#ec ,incidental references to him assure that he was regarded in his day as a man of much ability4 ,among his publications1 not numerous but scholarly1 reference here may be made to his ',tractatum de planiglobio coelesti terrestri1' issued in ,latin in the year #afbh1 and again in the year #afff in both ,latin and ,german1 by ,johann ,christoph ,sturm of ,nrnberg4#ed ,in this work ,habrecht describes his terrestrial and celestial globes1 constructed1 it appears1 a few years previous to the issue of the publication4 ,the ,hispanic ,society of ,america possesses a fine example of what appears to be his first terrestrial globe 7,fig4 #aja74 ,it is undated1 but internal evidence assures us that it was not constructed prior to the year #afab4 ,near the ,arctic circle and north of the representation of ,hudson's ,bay we read ,huc usque retrocesserunt ,amstelodamenses anno #afab4 ,at this point the ,amsterdam 7explorers7 turned about in the year #afab4 ,his first celestial globe1 referred to below1 seems clearly to be of the year #afai1 and there is reason for placing his first terrestrial globe in the same year1 since1 in their size1 and in many of their general features there is agreement4 ,the globe ball of wood has a diameter of #bj cm4 ,its horizon circle1 which has pasted on its upper surface the usual information relative to the names of the months1 to the principal directions1 and to the signs of the zodiac1 is supported by four turned legs joined below by crossing bars1 these bars in turn supporting a carved circular disc with a raised center through a slot in which the meridian circle is made to pass4 ,the whole is indeed a remarkably well-preserved example of ,habrecht's work4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aja4 ,terrestrial ,globe of ,isaac ,habrecht1 #afbe4 ,in an artistic cartouch to the south of the ,east ,indian ,islands and within ,terra ,australis is the following signed dedication3 ,perillustri et ,generossissimo ,dno ,dno ,eberardo ,dynaste in ,rappolstein4 ,hohenaccio et ,geroltzeccio ad ,vogasinum ,divi ,mathiae ,,ii ,imp4 nec non ,sereniss4 ,maximiliani ,archiducis ,austriae4 ,p4 ,m4 ,camerario et ,citeriorum ,ordinum ,provincialium ,praesidi ,magnifico3 ex antiqua ,duca ,spoleti familia oriundo3 ,domino meo ,clementissio ,triplicem hunc globum3 ,coelestem scilicet3 convexum et concavum et hunc terrestrem novissimae editionis et correctionis4 ,d4 ,d4 ,d4 ,isaacus ,habrect ,phil4 et med4 d4 ,argentinensis4 ,to the ,most ,illustrious and ,most ,generous ,lord ,eberhardt ,ruler in ,ruppelstein1 ,hohenau and ,geroldseck in the ,vosges1 ,divine ,emperor ,matties ,,ii and also the ,most ,serene ,maximilian ,archduke of ,austria1 the ,exalted ,president of the ,provincial ,orders of the ,cameria1 and those on this side of the mountains1 sprung from the ,ancient ,ducal ,family of ,spoleto1 my ,most ,gracious ,lord1 this triple globe1 that is celestial1 convex and concave terrestrial1 corrected according to the latest information1 gives and dedicates ,isaac ,habrecht1 philosopher and physician of ,strassburg4 ,in the northern part of ,north ,america is a legend referring to the expeditions of ,davis1 ,schouten1 and ,le ,maire reading1 ,versus ,articum polum ulterior transgressus hactenus ab ,herculis licet ,davis ,angli labore id examinatus fuerit sicut et circa antarcticum fretum noviter a ,guilielmo ,schout detectum ,le ,maire nuncupatum extremus adhuc navigationum est terminus4 ,quamvis nullus dubitet maxima totius orbis magnalia sub polis delitescere quorum detectionem forsitan summus ,deus suo tempore reservat4 ,typis ,jacop4 ab ,heyden ,argentinae4 ,toward the ,arctic pole the last voyage up to the present was made1 with ,herculean labors1 by ,davis an ,englishman4 ,around the ,antarctic a strait has lately been discovered by ,william ,schouten and named ,le ,maire1 and this1 up to the present1 is the extreme limit of navigation1 although no one doubts that the greatest wonders of all the world lie hidden under the poles1 the discovery of which1 it may be that ,almighty ,god reserves for his own time4 ,printed by ,jacob von ,heyden of ,strassburg4 ,it is probable that the ,jacob von ,heyden here referred to was a relative of ,christian ,heyden of ,nrnberg1 mathematician and globe maker of renown4#ee ,below the legend last quoted is a brief one reading1 ,america septentrionalis a ,christoforo ,colombo #adib detecta4 ,north ,america discovered by ,christopher ,columbus in the year #adib4 ,this appears to have been quoted from the ,hondius globe of the year #afah4 ,the austral continent is referred to as ,terra ,australis incognita1 and near ,new ,guinea is inscribed the following1 likewise quoted from ,hondius3 ,sic dicta quod ejus littora locoruqz ,guineae ,affricanae multum sint similia4 ,dicitur a nonnullis ,terra de ,piccinaculi2 et sit ne insula an pars continentis ,australis incertum est4 ,so called because its shores are much like those of ,african ,guinea4 ,it is called by some the land of ,piccinaculi3 and it is uncertain whether it is an island or a part of the ,australian continent4 ,a considerable number of brief legends appear upon different parts of the globe map1 each having a local significance4 ,in coloring the map attention was given to the representation of territorial boundaries which gives an added interest to the globe4 ,the ,meridianus ,primus is made to pass through the ,island of ,corvo1 and other meridians are drawn at intervals of ten degrees4 ,the loxodromic lines1 as on the ,hondius globes1 are made a conspicuous feature of the map1 having their crossing centers at longitudes #j1 #ij1 #ahj1 and #bgj on the equator1 and on the prime meridian at latitude #ce both north and south1 as well as at the same latitude on the opposite side of the sphere1 where the prime meridian becomes the meridian of #ahj4 ,habrecht appears to have followed somewhat closely the globes of ,hondius for his geographical data4 ,in addition to the ,habrecht terrestrial globe in ,the ,hispanic ,society's collection1 two other copies are known1 which likewise are undated4 ,one of these belongs to the ,biblioteca ,comunale of ,sondrio1 and the other to the ,archivo ,municipale of ,asti4 ,of the celestial globes of ,habrecht four copies have been located2 one being in the ,biblioteca ,comunale of ,sondrio1 in a good state of preservation2 one in the ,germanisches ,nationalmuseum of ,nrnberg1 wanting1 however1 the original mounting1 having its map engraved1 as stated in a legend1 by ,jacob von ,heyden et ,johann ,christoph ,weigel2 one in the ,biblioteca ,comunale of ,asti2 one in the ,royal ,museum of ,cassel4 ,it is strikingly evident that ,habrecht followed in the main the work of ,willem ,jansz4 ,blaeu1 and ,jodocus ,hondius for his celestial globes4 ,as the year #afai was selected as the one in which star positions were to be recorded1 it is probable1 as intimated above1 that these globes were constructed in that year4 ,each of the globes referred to is reported as retaining the brilliant coloring which had been laid on by hand4 ,garcia de ,cspedes1 writing in #afjf1ef calls attention to a globe1 concerning which nothing farther is known1 referring to it as a ,globillo que hizo en ,portugal aquel grau ,piloto que se emborrachana cuyo nombre no me acuerdo4 ,a small globe constructed in ,portugal by a great pilot1 whose name is unknown1 but who was a great drunkard4 ,in the year #ahic ,baron ,nordenskild presented to the ,royal ,geographical ,society a facsimile in gores of a globe map1 which fact is noted in that society's ,journal4 ,the globe is one of silver1 bearing the author and date legend ,johann ,hauer4 #afbj4 ,the record tells of its having been presented in the year #afcb to ,gustavus ,adolphus and that it is now one of the treasures of the ,national ,museum of ,stockholm4 ,the engraved map is of the ,hondius or the ,mercator type presenting in the main the best geographical knowledge of the time4 ,its many legends are in the ,latin language2 the lettering1 though small1 is easily legible4 ,the engraver has adorned the seas with ships and with such marine animals as are frequently to be found in the maps of the period4#eg ,it has been previously noted that the employment of engraved gore maps in globe construction was not received with general favor in ,italy in the sixteenth century1 although ,mercator's globes were copied to some extent1 as were those of ,de ,mongenet4 ,toward the close of the century1 the preference for manuscript globes1 or for engraved bronze or copper globes seems gradually to have yielded to a belief in the more practical method of construction which had established itself in the ,north4 ,originality1 however1 does not appear to have been a striking feature of ,italian endeavor in this method of globe making4 ,there was an occasional manifestation of independence and individuality1 it is true1 but in general there was a disposition to copy1 and the early seventeenth century furnishes us an example in the reissue by ,giuseppe de ,rossi of the work of ,jodocus ,hondius1 but without credit1 as has been previously observed4 ,among those who attained distinction in ,italy in the first half of the seventeenth century in the construction of globes having engraved gore maps1 may be named ,mattheus ,greuter4 ,he was born in ,strassburg in the year #aeef1 where he learned designing and engraving4 ,in early life he went to ,lyons in ,france where he carried on his work1 but later he removed to ,avignon1 adding to his art in this city that of type cutting4 ,we next find him in ,rome1 busily engaged in the work of engraving1 in which he had become exceedingly proficient1 winning for himself a high place among the ,italian artists of his day4 ,map engraving1 we learn1 early claimed his attention1 and among his masterpieces in this field may be mentioned a large map of ,italy4 ,of this work no copy is at present known1 but it is thought that it probably served ,magini as a model for his ,italia which was published in the year #afbj4 ,it could not have been long after he had taken up his residence in ,rome1 where he became a naturalized citizen1 that he began the preparation of his first terrestrial globe1 which he issued in the year #afcb4 ,so well did he perform his work that he is entitled to rank with the leading globe makers of the ,netherlands4 ,an excellent example of this first issue may be found in the ,museum of ,the ,hispanic ,society of ,america 7,fig4 #ajb71 this being one of the most valuable in its large collection4 ,it has a diameter of #ej cm41 and is mounted on a wooden base having four feet1 which1 though evidently very old1 is clearly not the original base4 ,it is furnished with a narrow wooden horizon circle which is not graduated1 and the calendar and other representations1 which one usually finds pasted on this circle in early globes1 are entirely wanting4 ,the meridian circle of iron1 likewise1 is not graduated1 and like the wooden base is not a part of the original mounting4 ,the sphere itself is remarkably well preserved1 there being scarcely a noticeable injury to its surface save the slight discoloration of age4 ,the engraved gore map covering the papier-mch ball1 which is of very light construction1 is composed of twelve sections1 or rather of twenty-four1 since each of the sections is cut at the equator1 and the poles are covered with small circular discs4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ajb4 ,terrestrial ,globe of ,mattheus ,greuter1 #afcb4 ,in the south ,atlantic and near the great southern continent1 in a neat cartouch surmounted by the coat of arms of the ,boncompagni family of ,bologna1 is the following dedication3 ,illustrissimo et ,excellentissimo ,principi ,d4 ,iacobo ,boncompagno ,sorae ,arcisque ,duci ,marchioni ,vignolae ,aquini ,comiti ,dno suo colendissimo4 ,mattheus ,greuter ,humill4 obseqii ergo4 ,d4 ,d4 ,to the ,most ,illustrious and ,excellent ,prince ,lord ,jacob ,boncompagni1 ,duke of ,sora and ,arce1 ,marquis of ,vignola and ,count of ,aquino1 his ,most ,worshipful ,lord ,mattheus ,greuter with humble obedience dedicates 7this globe74 ,iacopo ,boncompagni1 to whom ,greuter dedicated his work1 belonged to a famous family of ,bologna4#eh ,he was born in ,sora in the year #afac and died in the year #afcf4 ,it was his great-grandfather1 ,hugo1 who1 in the year #aegb1 at the age of seventy1 became ,pope ,gregory ,,xiii1 and who immortalized himself through his reform of the calendar4 ,iacopo1 the grandfather of that member of the family to whom ,greuter dedicated his globe1 was in position1 at the time of the elevation of his father to the ,papacy1 to have bestowed upon him great honors and riches4 ,he was nominated ,castellan of ,st4 ,angelo1 and shortly thereafter1 receiving the title ,general of the ,holy ,church1 was sent to ,ancona with a commission to defend the maritime regions of the papal states4 ,he was soon thereafter admitted to the nobility of ,rome1 of the ,kingdom of ,naples1 and of ,venice4 ,through the riches of the ,papacy he was able to purchase from ,alfonso ,,ii of ,este the ,marquisate of ,vignola for seventy-five thousand ,roman scudi1 the ,duchy of ,sora and of ,arce from the ,duke of ,urbino for one hundred and ten thousand ducats1 and the lands of ,arpino and ,roccasecca1 together with the ,county of ,aquino from ,alfonso of ,avalon1 ,marquis of ,guasto1 for one hundred and forty thousand ducats4 ,in the austral continent1 and on the opposite side of the globe to that on which the dedication is placed is an address to the reader which is inscribed in a neat cartouch1 reading ,in ista quam exhibemus terreni globi descriptione omnium regionum iuxta et insularum quotquot hactenus ab ,argonautis tam ,lusitaniae quam aliarum gentium ,naucleris visae et notatae loca in suo secundu longitudinem et latitudinem situ suma sedulitate et industria disposita invenies quae res non solum ,geographiae studiosis jucuda1 verum etiam ijs1 qui terras longe dissitas et sub alio sole calentes frequentent1 maxime utilis futura est4 ,huc igitur laborem nostrum ut tam gratis animis acceptatis sedulitate a nobis est obitus ex aequo omnes rogatos volo4 ,mattheus ,greuter auctor4 ,excudit ,roma ,anno ,,mdcxxxii4 ,on this globe which we exhibit1 you will find all the regions and islands as far as they have hitherto been seen and noted by navigators of ,portugal and of other nations1 set down in their proper positions of latitude and longitude with the greatest care and industry4 ,this will be pleasing not only to students of geography but it will be especially useful to those who visit far distant lands 7which are7 warmed by another sun4 ,i hope therefore that all those whom ,i ask will accept this labor of ours with as much gratitude as we have employed care upon it4 ,matthew ,greuter maker4 ,made in ,rome in the year #afcb4 ,this address agrees with that on the ,blaeu terrestrial globe of #afbb except that ,blaeu wrote vel etiam ab aliarum gentium 4441 whereas ,greuter writes tam ,lusitaniae quam aliarum gentium 4441 and ,blaeu inserted a reference to the loxodromes he had drawn on his map1 which loxodromes ,greuter1 omitting1 had therefore no occasion for such reference4 ,in the inscription referring to the prime meridian1 ,greuter again borrowed from ,blaeu with scarcely an alteration1 as he did in his reference to recent discoveries made for the purpose of finding a way to the ,east by the ,north4 ,blaeu's legend in the vicinity of the ,tiborone ,island1 that near the ,cape of ,good ,hope1 and that near the ,strait of ,magellan were all copied literally by ,greuter1 and likewise that referring to the ,le ,maire ,strait4 ,greuter employed1 in general1 for the names of the regions of the ,old ,world and for the seas1 the ,latin language1 though he wrote ,mar del ,nort for the ,atlantic and ,mar del ,zur for the ,pacific4 ,for the names of the ,new ,world he used the ,spanish or the ,portuguese1 but occasionally the ,english1 the ,french1 the ,dutch1 or the language native to the region bearing the name4 ,for the names of the cities he generally employed the language of the country or the ,italian language4 ,numerous ships are represented sailing the seas1 and the pictures of sea monsters are many4 ,a few wind roses adorn the map1 but1 as before stated1 loxodrome lines1 regarded in general at that time as of great importance to sailors who had occasion to make use of the chart or the globe1 were omitted by ,greuter4 ,hudson ,bay1 which is left nameless1 is represented without a definite coast line in the north1 but through a wide and extended channel it opens into ,fretum ,davis4 ,the ,st4 ,lawrence ,river appears to drain a lake1 which may be taken from its location to be ,lake ,ontario2 but the remaining four ,great ,lakes appear as one great inland sea with an outlet of somewhat uncertain character northward toward ,hudson ,bay4 ,the geographical representations in this region are of special historical interest1 as are indeed the geographical records in the several sections of ,north ,america1 particularly in the ,south and the ,west4 ,as a companion to the terrestrial globe of the year #afcb1 ,greuter prepared a celestial globe of the same dimensions1 and with similar mountings1 which he issued in the year #afcf4 ,he gives due credit1 in one of his legends1 to ,tycho ,brahe and to ,willem ,blaeu as sources of information for his representation of the stars and the several constellations1 following1 in particular1 ,blaeu's globe of #afbb4 ,his explanatory legend reads ,in hoc coelesti ,globo notantur omnes stellae fixie an annum #afcf accomodatae q iuxta observatione ,nob4 viri ,tychonis ,brahe1 in max illo ,iansonii1 ano #afbb edito1 positae sunt additis stellis q peritisso nauclero ,petro ,theod3 circa ,pol4 ,aust4 notatae su novisque ,asterismis et stellis min4 apparetib'1 ab aliis sum studio observatis1 omnia in ,philomatico gratia copiosa delineata4 ,romae1 #afcf1 ,m4 ,greuter4 ,in this celestial globe are noted all the fixed stars accommodated to the year #afcf1 which are placed 7on the map7 according to the observations of the noble ,tycho ,brahe in that great 7work7 of ,jansson 7,blaeu71 edited in the year #afbb1 to which are added the stars noted by the skilful navigator ,peter ,theodori around the south pole and the new and less apparent stars observed by others with great zeal4 ,all these have been represented for the use of the student4 ,at ,rome1 #afcf4 ,m4 ,greuter4 ,as to how much he thought should be added to or subtracted from the longitude of the fixed stars each year1 to the end of taking due note of the precession of the equinoxes1 he copied ,plancius literally4 ,the equatorial circle1 the tropics1 the polar circles1 the equinoxes1 the solstitial colures1 the ecliptic1 and twelve meridians are all represented4 ,the constellations include the ,ptolemaic1 with the addition of those recently discovered and named in the southern hemisphere4 ,the figures of the several constellations are well drawn1 having their names in ,latin or in ,arabic1 and are artistically colored in most of the copies of the globe known4 ,greuter's globes all appear to have been made in the same size1 and they have the same general construction1 with the exceptions noted below4 ,a pair of these globes1 that is1 of the terrestrial1 of the year #afcb and the celestial of #afcf1 may be found in the following public and private libraries and museums in addition to those above mentioned3 ,scuole ,comunale of ,ancona2 in the ,biblioteca ,comunale of ,bologna2 in the ,biblioteca ,comunale of ,camarino2 in the ,seminario ,vescovile of ,carpi2 in the ,biblioteca ,comunale and also in the ,museo ,agabiti of ,fabriano2 in the ,biblioteca ,comunale of ,ferrara2 in the ,biblioteca di ,santa ,maria ,nuova of ,florence2 in the ,biblioteca ,comunale of ,gubbio2 in the ,biblioteca ,governativo of ,lucca2 in the ,biblioteca ,capitolari of ,reggio2 in the ,museo ,astronomico1 also in the ,biblioteca ,chigi and the ,biblioteca ,vittorio ,emanuele of ,rome2 in the ,biblioteca ,comunale of ,sanseverino2 in the ,biblioteca ,gonzaga of ,mantua2 in the ,biblioteca ,universitario of ,messina2 in the ,biblioteca ,nazionale of ,milan2 in the ,museo ,civico of ,modena2 in the ,museo di ,fisica and also in the ,seminario ,vescovile of ,padua2 in the ,biblioteca ,palatina of ,parma and a pair in the possession of ,joseph ,baer ,company of ,frankfurt1 #aiad4 ,a copy of the terrestrial globe of the year #afcb1 in addition to the one described above as belonging to ,the ,hispanic ,society of ,america1 may be found in the ,biblioteca ,comunale of ,bassano2 in the ,ateneo of ,brescia2 in the ,museo di ,fisica of ,catania2 in the ,archivo di ,stato of ,venice4 ,in private libraries copies of these globes may be found in the possession of the ,general ,antonio ,gandolfi of ,bologna2 of ,sr4 ,p4 ,marezio ,bazolle1 once belonging to the ,counts of ,piloni of ,belluno2 of ,professor ,luigi ,bailo of ,treviso2 of ,sr4 ,d4 ,luigi ,belli of ,genga4 ,a copy of the celestial globe of the year #afcf may be found in the ,biblioteca ,comunale of ,serra ,s4 ,quirico1 and also a copy in the library of ,mr4 ,w4 ,b4 ,thompson of ,yonkers1 ,n4 ,y4 ,it does not appear that ,greuter himself issued other editions of his globes4 ,his death occurred in the year #afch1 and in this same year what may be called a second edition of his globes of the years #afcb and #afcf1 having the same dimensions1 was offered to the public4 ,it has been noted above that one ,giuseppe de ,rossi of ,milan reprinted in ,rome1 in the year #afae1 the ,hondius terrestrial and celestial globes of #afja1 making but slight alterations in the same but giving the impression that he was the original author4 ,it was perhaps a near relative of this ,milanese engraver and printer1 ,giovanni ,battista de ,rossi1 who in the year #afch reprinted in ,rome the ,greuter globes with but few changes1 none of which can be considered of special import save the introduction of his own name as printer instead of that of ,greuter4 ,it may1 however1 be noted that both globes are dated #afcf1 that below the ,tropic of ,capricorn on the terrestrial globe is the legend ,si stampa da ,gio ,batta de ,rossi ,milanese in ,piazza ,navona4 ,roma1 and that the title legend of the celestial reads ,in hac coelesti sphaera stellae fixae majori quam hactenus numero et accuratiori industria delineantur novis ,asterismis in ,philomaticom gratiam de integro additis3 quae omnia secundum ,astronomorum ,principis ,tychonis ,brahe et aliorum observationem verae suae longitudini ac latitudini ad annum ,christi #afcf restituta sunt4 ,romae ,matteus ,greuter exc4 #afcf4 ,in this celestial globe are shown the fixed stars in greater number than previously1 and with greater care and industry1 the new constellations being added for the sake of the student4 ,all these1 according to the observations of the ,prince of ,astronomers1 ,tycho ,brahe1 and likewise the observations of others1 have been assigned to their proper latitude and longitude for the year of ,christ #afcf4 ,made at ,rome by ,mattheus ,greuter #afcf4 ,a pair of these globes of the second edition may be found in the private library of ,cav4 ,giampieri-,carletti of ,piticchio in the ,marche2 in a private library of ,ancona 7owner unknown72 in the ,seminario ,vescovile of ,toscanella4 ,a copy of the terrestrial globe may be found in the ,seminario ,vescovile of ,macerata2 and of the celestial in the library of ,count ,francesco ,conestabile of ,perugia4 ,the ,hispanic ,society of ,america has in its collection a unique globe which is clearly the work of ,mattheus ,greuter 7,fig4 #ajc71 although issued by ,giovanni ,battista de ,rossi1 as is attested by the legend1 ,si ,stampa da ,gio ,batta de ,rossi ,milanese in ,piazza ,navona ,roma4 ,this legend1 appearing in a neat cartouch1 occupies the same position in the southern hemisphere1 near the prime meridian1 as that in which one finds the dedication of his first issue1 but that part of the cartouch in the earlier issue showing the coat of arms of the ,boncompagni family is here left blank4 ,the title of the first issue is repeated save in the concluding words4 ,here we read ,in iste quam exhibimus 444 ,mattheus ,greuter auctor4 ,excudit ,romae #afch4 ,other legends1 such as those in the northern part of ,north ,america beginning1 ,post apertum a ,lusitanis 4441 that southeast of ,africa beginning1 ,quam longitudinis initium 4441 and the briefer ones referring to the discovery of the ,cape of ,good ,hope1 to the expedition of ,schouten1 and to that of ,magellan1 are identical in the two editions4 ,it1 however1 is to be noted that many of the briefer legends appearing in the first edition are wanting in this of the year #afch1 and that in the latter the place names are greatly reduced in number4 ,it is further particularly worthy of note that the ,north ,american continent in this later issue is very much altered in its outline4 ,california appears as an island1 ,insula ,california1 and is separated from the great northwestern section of ,north ,america1 which is likewise represented1 though somewhat doubtfully1 as an island1 by the ,stretto di ,anian1 while the ,estreito de ,jeso separates the ,new ,world from ,asia4 ,the globe ball has a diameter of #bf cm4 ,its mounting is of wood4 ,it has a broad horizon circle1 on which are the representations of the signs of the zodiac1 the calendar1 the ,roman and the ,italian names of the winds or directions appearing in concentric circles1 the whole being supported on a base consisting of four exquisitely carved and rather heavy support columns which are joined below by carved cross bracings4 ,its meridian circle is a comparatively recent and very clumsy substitute of wood for the original which doubtless was of brass4 ,it is very seldom that one finds a globe of a date so early as is this which is so well preserved4 ,the engraved map has the freshness of a new and unused print1 excepting a very slight yellow tinge which is the contribution of age4 ,on this globe map may be found one of the earliest attempts to give boundary lines to territorial divisions in the ,new ,world such as ,virginia1 ,la ,florida1 ,nuovo ,mexico1 ,n4 ,amsterdam1 ,n4 ,suetia4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ajc4 ,terrestrial ,globe of ,mattheus ,greuter1 #afch4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ajc;a4 ,terrestrial ,globe of ,dominico ,rossi 7,mattheus ,greuter71 #afie4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ajc;b4 ,celestial ,globe of ,dominico ,rossi 7,mattheus ,greuter71 #afie4 ,attention has previously been called to the reproduction in ,italy of the ,hondius globes by ,giuseppe de ,rossi in the year #afae4 ,it appears that to the ,rossi family belonged a number of map engravers and art printers during the seventeenth century and particularly to that branch making its home in the city of ,rome4 ,as globe makers we however find them playing the rle of copyists rather than that of independent producers4 ,in ,the ,hispanic ,society's collection of old globes may be found a pair in an excellent state of preservation signed ,dominici de ,rubeis 7,rossi71 and dated #afie4 ,each globe ball is composed of papier-mch1 having a diameter of #di cm4 and each is covered with a map printed on twelve gores1 with a small circular disc for the polar space 7,figs4 #ajc;a1 #ajc;b74 ,in the ,list of ,globe ,makers other examples are noted4 ,in the ,south ,pacific1 on the terrestrial globe1 one finds the inscription ,romae ex ,chalcographia ,dominici de ,rubeis1 heredis #gj4 ,jacobi1 ad templum ,s4 ,mariae de ,pace1 ,anno #afie4 ,dominico1 whose name here appears1 achieved considerable distinction as the publisher1 with his relative ,giovanni ,giacomo de ,rossi1 of an atlas of one hundred and fifty-two maps1 one of the finest examples of ,italian cartography of the period4 ,in a cartouch in the ,south ,atlantic1 on this globe1 we find the name ,mattheus ,greuter given as the engraver1 whose work has been referred to above1 clearly suggesting that ,rossi had merely reissued a globe of earlier date1 since ,greuter had died in the year #afch4 ,a careful examination of the globe map confirms the suggestion1 since no record is made of geographical discoveries after the year #afcj4 ,in the region of the ,north ,pole the discoveries of the ,english and of the ,dutch are recorded to the year #afbh1 and it may further be noted that in this same northern region the islands of ,frislanda and ,brasil are laid down1 while in ,greenland is a reference to the location of the fabled ,monastery of ,st4 ,thomas4 ,references are made in legends to the discoveries of ,magellan1 ,lemaire1 ,schouten1 ,frobisher1 ,davis1 ,hudson1 and ,drake4 ,the region about ,new ,york is called ,nieu ,nederland4 ,one can recognize the representation of the ,st4 ,lawrence1 and the ,mississippi4 ,in the western region of the ,new ,world there appears to be considerable confusion as to the geography of the country1 apparently the result of reading1 without understanding1 the records of the ,spanish and of the ,english4 ,one finds1 for example1 ,california represented as an island1 and a double representation of the ,strait of ,anian4 ,the ,spanish1 ,french1 ,english1 ,dutch1 and ,latin languages have been employed in names and legends4 ,the mounting of the globe is artistic and substantial1 consisting of the usual horizon circle1 octagonal on its outer edge1 but circular on the inner edge to receive the globe ball1 and having pasted on its upper surface the usual engraved paper strips and all that there is engraved thereon in the best examples of globe making4 ,the meridian circle of wood1 within which the sphere is made to revolve1 is graduated4 ,the supporting base consists of four exquisitely turned columns1 braced at bottom with correspondingly well-turned crossbars4 ,the celestial globe has a mounting altogether like that of the terrestrial1 and in the character of the map engraving there is agreement4 ,the figures of the several constellations are copies of these drawn by ,tycho ,brahe1 and all have been exquisitely colored4 ,stars from the first to the sixth magnitude are represented1 while special attention is called to the new star in ,cassiopeia first appearing in the year #aegb1 and to the comets of the years #aeig and #afaf4 ,near ,ursa ,major is the author and date legend reading ,in hoc ,caelesto ,globo notantur omnes stellae fixae1 ad annum #afcf accommodatae1 quae iuxta observationes ,tychonis ,brahae maximo illo ,jansonii anno #afbb edito positae sunt1 additis stellis quae a nauclero ,petro ,theod4 circa ,polum ,australem notatae sunt 444 ,romae ex chalcographia ,dominici de ,rubeis1 her4 ,jo4 ,jac4 de ,rubeis anno #afie4 ,the twelve gores of the map have been mounted so as to join at the north and south poles of the ecliptic1 there however being a small covering disc at each pole1 so frequently employed since ,mercator's day1 the globe itself being made to revolve on its equatorial axes4 ,to the makers of armillary spheres in the first half of the seventeenth century there may be added the name of ,adam ,heroldt1 a native of ,germany4 ,we know little1 however1 of the extent of his activities4 ,one example of his work is known1 which bears the simple inscription engraved near the south polar circle ,adam ,heroldt fecit ,romae anno dni ,,mdcil4 ,made by ,adam ,heroldt in the year #afdi4 ,this sphere once belonged to the astronomer ,de ,gasparis of ,naples1 but passed some years since into the collection of the ,museo ,astronomico of ,rome4 ,it is constructed entirely of brass1 the diameter of the largest circle being about #ad cm4 ,its several circles1 including the polar1 the equatorial1 the zodiacal1 and the horizon1 are graduated1 the last-named having engraved on its surface the names of the months and of the winds1 and resting on two semicircles1 which in turn are supported by an artistically designed foot4 ,the entire height of the sphere is about #bj cm4 ,at the north pole is an hour circle bearing the inscription ,index ,hor3 ,italic4 ,within and at the common center of the several circles is a small ball representing the terrestrial sphere1 which has a diameter of but #a cm41 and within the circle of the ecliptic and cordinated with it is a ring carrying the sun1 while within this is one for the moon4 ,the piece may be referred to as a fine example of the armillary sphere of the period4 ,manfredo ,settla 7#afjj-afhj7ei1 a nobleman of ,italy1 was in his day a distinguished promoter of science and art1 and an intelligent collector of rare objects1 which he brought together in a museum of his own founding4 ,this he described in a work bearing title ',museum ,septalianum1' which was published in ,italian in the year #afff by ,scarabelli4 ,this museum later passed into the possession of the ,ambrosiana of ,milan1 where it has been considered one of the choicest additions4 ,settla had included globes in his collection1 among which there has previously been mentioned that made by the ,cremonese ,gianelli1 in the year #aedi4 ,but not only was he a collector2 he likewise became interested in the actual work of globe construction4 ,among the objects coming to the ,ambrosiana from his museum is an armillary sphere bearing the inscription1 ,manfredus ,settalius fecit ,,mdcxlvi4#fj ,it is described as a sphere having a base of brass1 its several circles including those representing the zodiac1 the equator1 the meridians1 and the horizon1 all being movable on a common axis1 on which axis at the common center of the circles is a small ball #d cm4 in diameter1 representing the earth4 ,to this sphere rather extravagant praise is given in the descriptive catalogue referred to above4 ,there is a third armillary sphere belonging to the ,settla collection1 which is of silver and which probably was constructed near the middle of the seventeenth century1 although it is neither signed nor dated4 ,it is #dj cm4 in height1 having a circle representing the ecliptic #ae cm4 in diameter1 which is graduated1 having on its upper surface engraved figures representing the twelve zodiacal constellations4 ,the meridian circle has a diameter of #af cm41 the horizon a diameter of #af cm4 and a breadth of #c cm41 on the upper surface of which have been engraved the names of the months1 and the signs of the zodiac4 ,in addition to the parts mentioned it has two small polar circles1 and at the common center a small silver ball #a cm4 in diameter representing the earth4 ,attention has been previously called to the transfer of the business of ,jodocus ,hondius into the hands of the son-in-law1 ,johan ,janssonius1 and of ,abraham ,goos1 by whom it was carried on after the year #afdj4 ,this firm continued to issue the ,hondius globes1 modifying them from issue to issue with the addition of some of the latest geographical information obtainable4 ,in the year #afdh1 with ,johan ,janssonius as editor and ,abraham ,goos as author and engraver1 there was issued a pair of these revised ,hondius globes1 each having a diameter of #hg cm4 ,on the terrestrial globe we read ,amstelodami ,edebat ,joannes ,jansonius ,sculpebat magnoque studio componebat ,abrahamus ,goos ,amstelodamensis4 ,amsterdam4 ,edited by ,johan ,jansonius4 ,composed with much study and engraved by ,abraham ,goos a native of ,amsterdam4 ,further details concerning this globe have not been obtainable1 but it is very certain1 although differing in size1 it contains practically all the features common to the earlier editions of the ,hondius terrestrial globes1 and especially of the later ones4 ,the celestial globes have the following inscription3 ,sphaera nova summo studio summaque diligentia atque industria ,clarissimi viri ,d4 ,adriani ,metii ,watheseos apud ,frunequeranos ,professoris ,ordinarii ad abacos ,nobilissimi viri ,thiconis ,brahe configurata observationibus quamplurimis tum circa polum arcticum a discipulo suo ,houtmanno adhibitis aucta et in annum #afbj reducta4 ,edente ,joanne ,jansonio #afdh4 ,a new globe constructed with the greatest industry1 zeal and diligence accommodated to the tables of the most noble ,tycho ,brahe1 enlarged by very many observations1 those around the ,arctic pole being made by myself1 and those around the ,antarctic by his disciple ,houtmann4 ,all1 accommodated to the year #afcj4 ,constructed by ,johan ,jansonius1 #afdh4 ,a pair of these globes may be found in the library of the ,marquis ,borromeo of ,milan4 ,,notes #a ,dictionary of ,national ,biography4 ,vol4 ,,xxvii1 p4 #bdb2 ,aa1 ,a4 ,j4 v4 d4 ,biographische ,woordenboek der ,nederlanden4 ,haarlem1 #ahec4 ,hondius1 ,jodocus1 to which notice there is appended a list of short bibliographical references2 ,kramm1 ,c4 ,de ,leven en ,werken der ,hollandsche en ,vlaamsche ,kunstenaars4 ,amsterdam1 #aheg-ahfa4 ,hondius1 ,jodocus4 #b ,see for an interesting example of his early work his world map printed at ,the ,hague in the year #aeie4 ,this map1 in two hemispheres1 lays down the track of ,drake's circumnavigation1 #aegg-aehj1 and that of ,cavendish1 #aehf-aehh4 ,an original of this may be found in the ,grenville ,library of the ,british ,museum1 a reproduction in the work referred to below1 n4 #db4 #c ,aa1 op4 cit41 ,bertius1 ,petrus de1 ,montanus1 ,petrus4 ,see also ,kramm1 op4 cit4 #d ,for a list of the ,hondius ,atlases of various dates see ,phillips1 ,p4 ,l4 ,a list of ,geographical ,atlases4 ,washington1 #aiji-aiad4 #c vols4 #e ,stevenson1 ,e4 ,l41 and ,fischer1 ,j4 ,map of the ,world by ,jodocus ,hondius1 with the title1 ',novissima ac exactissima totius orbis terrarum descriptio magna cura industria ex optimis quibusque tabulis ,geographicis et ,hydrographicis nuperrimisque doctorum virorum observationibus duobus planisphaerijs delineata4 ,auct4 ,i4 ,hondio4' ,new ,york1 #aijg4 ,facsimile in eighteen large sheets with key map and text4 #f ,there is much doubt as to the correct reading of the date4 #g ,these globes were acquired by ,mr4 ,huntington at the auction sale held in the rooms of the ,american ,art ,association1 ,november #bd1 #aiaf4 ,they were listed in the catalogue of ,art treasures and ,antiquities from the famous ,davanzati ,palace1 and the ,villa ,pia1 ,florence1 ,italy1 under ,no4 #ege as a pair of sixteenth century ,italian globes4 ,no other printed reference than that contained in this catalogue has hitherto appeared4 ,it is hardly probable that a finer pair of these early ,holland globes can be found in any of the museums or private libraries of ,europe4 #h ,fiorini4 ,sfere terrestre e celesti4 p4 #bfe4 #i ,wagner1 ,h4 ,lehrbuch der ,geographie4 ,leipzig1 #aijc4 pp4 #gh-ha2 ,frisius1 ,g4 ,de principiis astronomiae et cosmographiae4 ,antwerp1 #aecj4 ,chap4 titled ,de novo modo inveniendi longitudinem2 ,ptolemaeus4 ,geographia4 ,chap4 #d4 ,ptolemy here refers to an eclipse of the moon1 in the year #cca ,b4,c41 which was observed in ,arbela the fifth hour1 in ,carthage the second hour4 ,he therefore noted a difference in time of three hours between the two places1 and he therefore concluded the difference in longitude to be #dc degrees4 ,since the actual difference in longitude is but #cd degrees his error was of considerable magnitude1 which found expression in his maps1 and in the maps of those who followed him1 as the greatest of geographical teachers1 well into the seventeenth century4 ,the method of determining longitude by means of the observation of the eclipses of the moon remained practically the only method until the end of the fifteenth century4 ,attention may here be called to work of ,cassini and of other astronomers of his period4 ,see ,,ii1 #ada4 #aj ,aa1 op4 cit41 ,veen1 ,adrien1 also ,kramm1 op4 cit4 #aa ,baudet1 ,p4 ,j4 ,h4 ,leven en werken van ,willem ,jansz4 ,blaeu4 ,utrecht1 #ahga4 pp4 #aef-aeh2 ,extract uit de ,resol4 der ,staten van ,holland en ,west-,vriesland1 #e ,aug4 #afjh4 #ab ,fiorini1 op4 cit41 p4 #bga4 #ac ,information kindly furnished by the director4 #ad ,see ,,ii1 #aa4 #ae ,the parrot particularly interested the early explorers who visited the ,south ,american coast4 ,see the artistic representation appearing on the ,cantino map1 in apparently the oldest extant representation of an ,american landscape4 #af ,voyages of ,fox and ,james to the ,northwest4 ,ed4 by ,christy ,miller for the ,hakluyt ,society4 ,london1 #ahid4 ,see especially the second part of ,vol4 ,,ii1 ,the strange and dangerous voyage of ,captain ,thomas ,james1 ,london1 #afcc4 #ag ,the voyage of ,thomas ,button was made in the years #afab-afac1 an account of which is given in ,voyages of ,fox and ,james1 ,vol4 ,i4 pp4 #afb-bja4 #ah ,bauer1 ,l4 ,a4 ,principal ,facts ,relating to the ,earth's ,magnetism4 7,in3 ,united ,states ,magnetic ,declination ,tables and ,isogonic ,charts for #aijb4 ,washington1 #aijb47 ,printed also as a separate2 ,wolkenhauer1 ,a4 ,beitrge zur ,geschichte der ,kartographie und ,nautik des #ae bis #ag ,jahrhundert4 ,mnchen1 #aijd2 ,hellmann1 ,g4 ,ueber die ,kentniss der magnetischen ,deklination vor ,christopher ,columbus4 7,in3 ,meteorologische ,zeitschrift4 ,braunschweig1 #aijf47 ,gilbert1 ,w4 ,de ,magnete4 ,london1 #afjj1 and reissued in translation in #ahic4 ,this work is one of great significance in its treatment of magnetism and electricity4 ,see especially ,bk4 ,,iv on ,variation1 ,pedro ,medina in his ,art de ,navigar1 ,valladolid1 #aede1 contended that the magnetic needle always points to the true north2 ,stevenson1 ,e4 ,l4 ,early ,spanish ,cartography of the ,new ,world4 7,in3 ,proceedings of the ,american ,antiquarian ,society4 ,worcester1 #aiji47 ,attention is called in this paper to certain errors in early ,spanish maps1 probably due to a failure to note properly the declination of the magnetic needle4 #ai ,baudet1 op4 cit42 same author4 ,nachscrift1 #ahgb2 same author4 ,notice sur la part prise par ,willem ,jansz4 ,blaeu dans la dtermination des longitudes terrestres4 ,utrecht1 #ahge4 ,stevenson1 ,e4 ,l4 ,willem ,janszoon ,blaeu 7#aega-afch71 a sketch of his life and work with an especial reference to his large world map of #afje with facsimile4 ,new ,york1 #aiad2 ,aa1 op4 cit41 ,vol4 ,,ii4 pp4 #egh-ehj2 ,dozy1 ,c4 ,m4 ,willem ,janszoon ,blaeu4 7,in3 ,tijdschrift van het ,nederlandsch ,aardrijkskundig ,genootschap4 ,amsterdam1 #ahhg4 pp4 #bjf-bae472 ,tiele1 ,p4 ,a4 ,leven en werken van ,willem ,jansz4 ,blaeu door ,p4 ,j4 ,baudet4 7,in3 ,de ,gids4 ,amsterdam1 #ahgb4 ,dorde ,serie1 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #cef-cfg472 ,tiele1 ,p4 ,a4 ,nederlandsche ,bibliographie van ,land- en ,volkerkunde4 ,amsterdam1 #ahhd4 ,see this work for a bibliography of the works of ,blaeu4 #bj ,baudet1 op4 cit41 pp4 #gg-aad4 #ba ,see reference to ,tycho ,brahe1 ,i1 #ahc4 #bb ,see ,i1 #ahd4 #bc ,pictures of these instruments may be found in ,le grand ,atlas4 #bd ,kepler1 ,j4 ,astronomia nova 444 ,de ,motibus ,stellae ,martis4 ,prague1 #afji2 ,allgemeine deutsche ,biographie1 ,kepler1 ,johann2 ,wolf1 ,geschichte der ,astronomie1 pp4 #bha-caj4 #be ,in his earliest maps and charts ,blaeu clearly had as his main purpose that of being of service to navigators4 #bf ,blaeu1 ,j4 ,le grand ,atlas ou ,cosmographie ,blaviane4 ,amsterdam1 #affc-afga4 #ab ,vols4 ,practically the same work in the ,latin1 the ,dutch1 and the ,spanish languages4 ,a bibliographical list of ,blaeu's principal geographical publications is given in ,stevenson1 op4 cit41 pp4 #fe-fg1 in ,phillips1 op4 cit41 and in ,tiele1 op4 cit4 #bg ,stevenson1 op4 cit41 p4 #be4 #bh ,gnard1 ,p4 ,m4 ,n4 ,j4 ,les globes de ,guillaume ,blaeu4 7,in3 ,bulletin ,socit ,gographie d',anvers4 ,anvers1 #ahhc4 ,vol4 ,,viii1 pp4 #aei-afj472 ,baudet1 op4 cit41 pp4 #ce-eb2 ,stevenson1 op4 cit41 pp4 #ae1 #dc-ej4 #bi ,the ,mercator globe has a diameter of #da cm4 and the ,van ,langren a diameter of #cb cm4 #cj ,fiorini1 op4 cit41 p4 #bdb4 #ca ,baumgrtner1 ,j4 ,zwei alte ,globen von ,blaeu4 ,erdkugel von #aeii und ,himmel-,globis von #afjc4 7,in3 ,das ,ausland4 ,stuttgart1 #ahhe4 ,no4 #ae1 pp4 #bii-cjj47 #cb 7,in3 ,hakluyt ,society ,publications1 ,ser4 ,,ii1 ,vol4 ,,xviii1 pp4 #ahg1 #ahi47 #cc ,kstner1 ,a4 ,g4 ,geschichte der ,mathematik1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #hf4 #cd ,catalogus librorum1 tam impressorum1 quam manuscriptorum1 ,bibliothecae publicae ,universitatis ,lugduno-,batavae4 ,lugduni apud ,batavos1 #agaf4 p4 #ejj4 #ce ,van der ,noort sailed in the year #aeih4 #cf ,see reference in note #cb above4 #cg ,compare the austral land on this globe with that on ,mercator's globe of #aeda1 on the ,hondius globe of #afjj1 on the ,spano globe of #aeic1 et al4 #ch ,photographs of these globes were reproduced in ,stevenson1 ,willem ,janszoon ,blaeu4 p4 #dd4 #ci ,see ,,ii1 #ac4 #dj ,there was much discussion throughout these years as to the proper location of the prime meridian4 #da ,asher1 ,g4 ,m4 ,henry ,hudson the ,navigator4 7,in3 ,hakluyt ,society ,publications4 ,london1 #ahfj4 ,ser4 ,i1 ,vol4 #bg47 #db ,drake1 ,sir ,f4 ,the ,world ,encompassed1 with introduction by ,vaux1 ,w4 ,s4 ,w4 7,in3 ,hakluyt ,society ,publications4 ,london1 #ahed4 ,first ,series1 #af47 #dc ,stevenson and ,fischer4 ,world ,map of ,jodocus ,hondius4 ,the evolution of a knowledge of the ,great ,lakes region and its cartographical representation should prove to be a topic of absorbing interest4 #dd ,brown1 ,a4 ,the ,genesis of the ,united ,states4 ,boston and ,new ,york1 #ahia4 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #bbi4 ,historians of this period in ,american history1 with scarcely an exception1 have taken it for granted that the expression from sea to sea means from the ,atlantic to the ,pacific1 apparently not stopping to inquire as to the geographical notions entertained at the time of the granting of the ,charter concerning the regions in question4 ,the interpretation here offered takes into consideration the fact that ,jodocus ,hondius1 perhaps the most distinguished geographer and map maker of his day1 was much in favor in ,england at the time of the formation of the ,london ,company and was much consulted concerning the geography of the ,new ,world4 ,what he thought of the ,virginia region to the west and northwest he has laid down in his large world map4 ,it seems all but proven that the statement from sea to sea west and northwest means from the ,atlantic to the great but indefinite inland sea ,mare ,septentrionale ,americae4 ,to interpret this expression as meaning from the ,atlantic to the ,pacific shows the historian1 as ,freeman has stated it1 in bondage to the modern map4 ,here is a striking illustration of the importance attaching to the study of historical geography1 and to its subordinate branch1 historical cartography4 ,blaeu1 ,plancius1 ,greuter1 and others1 if not so clear and emphatic in their presentation of this region1 evidently entertained practically the same geographical notion as ,hondius4 #de ,fiorini1 op4 cit41 p4 #beg4 #df ,letter to the author signed and dated1 ,d4 ,fana1 #bh_/a_/aiad4 #dg ,founded in the year #afjb4 #dh ,jameson1 ,j4 ,f4 ,willem ,usselinx1 ,founder of the ,dutch and ,swedish ,west ,india ,companies4 ,new ,york1 #ahhg4 #di ,wieder1 ,f4 ,c4 ,de ,wereldkaart van ,petrus ,plancius in het ,colegio del ,corpus ,cristi te ,valencia4 7,in3 ,tijdschrift van het ,nederlandsch ,aardrijkskundig ,genootschap4 ,leiden1 #aiae4 pp4 #cja-cah47 #ej ,blundeville4 ,exercises4 pp4 #bde-bgh4 ,in this volume pages are numbered on recto only4 #ea ,linschoten1 ,j4 ,h4 v4 ,itinerarium ofte schipvaert naer dost ofte ,portugaels ,indien4 ,groningen1 #afad4 #eb ,fiorini1 op4 cit41 p4 #bgh4 #ec ,doppelmayr1 op4 cit41 pp4 #aja1 #aae1 #aaf4 #ed ,see ,doppelmayr4 #ee ,see reference to ,christian ,heyden1 ,i1 #aef4 #ef ,garcia de ,cspedes4 ,regimiento de ,navigacion4 ,madrid1 #afjf4 p4 #adh4 #eg ,royal ,geographical ,journal1 ,london4 ,london1 #ahic4 p4 #chd4 #eh ,baglione1 ,g4 ,le vite de' pittori1 scultori1 architetti ed intagliatori dal pontificato di ,gregorio ,,xiii del #aegb fino ai tempi di ,urbano ,,viii nel #afdb4 ,napoli1 #agdc4 p4 #bhb2 ,vaugondy1 ,r4 d4 ,essai sur l'histoire de la ,gographie4 ,paris1 #agge4 p4 #ahi2 ,magini1 ,a4 ,italia di ,gio3 ,al ,serenissimo ,ferdinando ,gonzaga duca di ,mantova e di ,monferrato1 cum privilegio4 ,bononiae1 ,,mdcxx4 #ei ,litta1 ,p4 ,le famiglie celebri d',italia4 ,milano1 #ahai4 #fj ,fiorini1 op4 cit41 pp4 #bii-cja4 ,illustration3 ,armillary ,sphere4 ,from ,blagrave1 ,mathematical ,jewel1 #aehe ,chapter ,,xi ,globes of the ,second ,half of the ,seventeenth ,century ,certain striking tendencies exhibited in the matter of globe making in this period4--,the ,gottorp globes4--,weigel's globes4--,carlo ,benci4--,amantius ,moroncelli4--,castlemaine's immovable globe4--,the armillary of ,treffler4--,armillary sphere of ,gian ,battista ,alberti4--,the numerous globes of ,p4 ,vincenzo ,coronelli4--,certain anonymous globes of the period4--,joannes ,maccarius4--,jos4 ,antonius ,volpes4--,vitale ,giordani4--,george ,christopher ,eimmart4--,giuseppe ,scarabelli4--,giovanni ,battista4--,joseph ,moxon4--,the ,chinese globes of ,peking4 ,among the globes constructed in the second half of the seventeenth century there were none which surpassed in scientific value1 if indeed any equaled1 those sent out from the workshops of the ,netherland masters in the first half4 ,the work of ,p4 ,vincenzo ,coronelli1 the ,venetian monk1 crowns the period4 ,his abilities were of a high order1 and entitle him to a place among the world's great map and globe makers1 but the traces of his influence seem not to be so pronounced as were those of his immediate northern predecessors4 ,the period was one which lent encouragement to some extravagance in globe making4 ,the earliest of those constructed in the post-,columbian years1 as has been noted1 were of small size1 but before the close of the sixteenth century we occasionally find one of large dimensions1 as1 for example1 that of the great ,danish astronomer1 ,tycho ,brahe4 ,blaeu's globes of the year #afbb were thought to be of extraordinary size1 but the half century here under consideration furnishes us with examples of globes having gigantic proportions1 globes such1 for example1 as would have pleased the ,greek geographer1 ,strabo1#fa who thought that one to be of value should have a diameter of at least ten feet4 ,the ,gottorp globe1 the globes of ,weigel1 the ,coronelli globes constructed for ,louis ,,xiv1 were not such as would lend themselves to easy duplication1 certainly not as to size1 ranging as they did from about nine to fifteen feet4 ,of real value they possessed but little4 ,they were interesting mechanical curiosities1 representing a tendency in globe construction which might be referred to as the ultrapractical4 ,in the following century we find the opposite extreme exemplified in what were known as pocket globes4 ,the so-called ,gottorp globe1 constructed in the years #afed-affd1 at the instance of ,duke ,frederick of ,holstein-,gottorp1 we may refer to as the first one of importance of the period1 as it was one of the largest1 being1 however1 rather an object#fb of interest by reason of its peculiar construction1 than one of great scientific importance for the study of astronomy and geography4 ,this globe1 about eleven feet in diameter1 was prepared by ,andreas ,busch of ,limberg under the direction of ,adam ,oelschlger 7,olearius7#fc 7#aeii-afga71 ,duke ,frederick's librarian and court mathematician4 ,the world map on the outer surface of the sphere included a record of the recent discoveries according to the most reliable sources of information4 ,it was furnished with a brass meridian circle1 and within this it was so adjusted as to make one revolution every twenty-four hours4 ,the pole elevation could not be altered1 it being permanently set for the latitude of ,gottorp1 that is1 for latitude #ed #cj'4 ,its horizon circle was broad1 and served as a platform upon which an observer might walk1 he being thus enabled to examine the terrestrial map to the best advantage4 ,a door was provided which could be opened and closed1 permitting not less than twelve persons to enter the sphere at one time4 ,on its inner surface was represented the entire expanse of the sky with the several constellations properly located1 having their figures carefully outlined2 the several stars being placed according to calculation for the year #agjj1 and each star was gilded that it might the more easily be seen4 ,from the inner axis was suspended a circular gallery or platform from which the machine could be set in motion1 and from which1 as representing the horizon1 one might observe the rising and the setting of the stars4 ,the whole interior was lighted by two small lamps4 ,at the center of the sphere1 the inner surface of which1 as stated above1 represented the starry heavens1 was placed a small ball1 about #ae cm4 in diameter1 representing the earth4 ,the great globe1 driven by water power1 was therefore made to appear to revolve around this central terrestrial globe4 ,a representation of the sun1 made of glass1 had its own proper motion along the circle of the ecliptic1 and a representation of the moon likewise was made to move in its own proper course4 ,this globe1 in the year #agac1 was presented by the grandson of ,duke ,frederick to ,czar ,peter the ,great of ,russia4 ,a note in the ,royal ,geographical ,journal refers to this as a seventeenth-century globe1 adding in substance that the ,st4 ,petersburg ,academy of ,sciences has lately installed at ,tsarskoe ,selo this large globe1 weighing some three and one half tons1 constructed in the seventeenth century for ,duke ,frederick of ,holstein1 under the superintendence of ,olearius1 the astronomer and traveler4 ,on its completion it was placed in the castle of ,gottorp1 from which fact it became known as the ,gottorp globe4 ,it was presented to the ,academy in the year #agbe and up to the present has remained in the ,zological ,museum4#fd ,information has been kindly given by the director of the ,national ,museum of ,copenhagen that an exceedingly fine armillary sphere 7,fig4 #ajd7 may be found in the ,museum of ,national ,history in the ,friedricksborg ,castle4 ,from the catalogue of this institution we learn that it was constructed in the year #afeg by ,andreas ,busch1 under the guidance of ,adam ,olearius1 for ,frederick ,,iii of ,holstein-,gottorp4 ,as will be noted from the illustration it is an elaborately constructed piece of mechanism4 ,what we may term the globe proper is composed of six great circles on which are the fixed constellations1 having the several stars represented in silver4 ,through the mechanism passes a steel bar which carries a ball of brass representing the sun1 which is at the center of the complicated system of circles4 ,around the sun are six circles of brass representing the orbits of the planets each carrying a small silver angel4 ,that part of the mechanism which represents the equator and the zodiac is calculated to make one revolution in #be1jjj years4 ,in the base of the globe has been placed the clockwork by which the several movements of circles and planets are effected1 and time is told by the striking of hours and quarters4 ,topping the piece is a small armillary sphere representing the ,ptolemaic system4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ajd4 ,the ,gottorp ,armillary ,sphere1 #afeg4 ,we are likewise informed that in the ,national ,museum's collections may be found a celestial globe which is attributed to ,petrus ,theodorus4 ,it is of gilded brass1 having a diameter of #bd cm41 and while undated presumably is of the last quarter of the seventeenth century4 ,the globe ball is supported by a bronze figure of ,atlas1 the whole standing #hf cm4 in height4 ,tycho ,brahe is the accredited authority for the representation of the several fixed stars4 ,erhard ,weigel 7#afbe-afii7fe has place among the globe makers of the period as one who sought to reform1 and1 in some measure1 to popularize both astronomical and geographical science1 particularly the former1 applying his own inventive ability to that end in the matter of globe construction4 ,in this he appears to have been rather more ingenious than practical4 ,he seems to have achieved special distinction in his day as theologian1 philosopher1 astrologer1 and mathematician4 ,weigel was a native of the ,rhenish ,palatinate4 ,under many difficulties1 on account of the poverty of the family1 he acquired the necessary educational training for admission into the ,university of ,halle4 ,here he soon found himself in favor with ,professor ,bartholemeus ,schimpfer1#ff who was counted one of the leading astrologers of the time4 ,in addition to the youthful student's general duties as secretary to the professor1 there was assigned to him the task of calendar making4 ,this was a task which especially appealed to him1 and he soon had a following1 as a tutor1 among those students who like himself found the astrological science one of absorbing interest4 ,led by the fact that students from the ,university of ,leipzig came to him for instruction1 he transferred his residence from ,halle to this ,university1 thinking thereby to improve his opportunities for mathematical studies4 ,here he continued his astrological work1 not so much1 it appears1 because of a genuine belief in the practical value of the science1 as such2 the rather because he found in its pursuit a good source of income4#fg ,his theological bent soon led him to a conclusion that the science of astrology rested upon a very unsubstantial foundation4 ,if ,god be the creator and supporter of the universe1 what an insignificant part1 thought he1 can the stars play in determining the destiny of the individual4 ,in the year #afed he became a professor of mathematics in the ,university of ,jena and sprang immediately into favor as a lecturer4#fh ,naturalism1 as heralded in his day1 appealed to him and he became an outspoken opponent of the ,latinists and of the ,scholastics4 ,when his knowledge of mathematics failed him he was inclined to resort to theology as a subject furnishing endless themes and illustrative material4 ,from his early belief in astrology he turned to astronomy1 but he remained a visionary1 making some contribution to the science but none of lasting value4 ,he appears to have been particularly distressed over the heathen names of the several constellations and the figures which so long had been employed to represent them1 regarding such representations as sacrilegious and wholly unworthy the great inventive genius of man4 ,all this he wished to have swept from the heavens1 proposing to substitute for the same the coats of arms of the ruling houses of ,europe4#fi ,for ,ursa ,major he proposed the name ,elephas with the figure of the ,danish elephant1 for ,orion the name ,aquila biceps and the ,austrian double eagle1 for ,hercules the name ,eques cum districto gladio and the insignia of ,poland1 for ,leo the name tria ,castella cum ,aureo ,vellere and the insignia of ,spain1 for ,erichthonius the name ,lilia tria and the insignia of ,france1 for ,lyra the name ,citharae and the insignia of ,britain1 running thus through the entire list4 ,in assigning his new names to the constellations he endeavored1 in so far as possible1 to assign them to such relative position in the heavens as the respective countries or houses occupied on earth4 ,in one of his publications#gj ,weigel describes his several mechanical devices1 including his globes1 to which he refers as ,globus ,mundanus1 ,viceglobus1 ,globus coelestis perpetuus1 and ,geocosmus1 the latter being referred to by the author as a useful terrestrial globe1 which exhibits not only all countries1 but the time of the day and of the year in all localities2 also the wind and the rain and volcanic eruptions4 ,coronelli gives a brief description of the same1 which he calls a ,pancosmo1 o ,mondo ,universale1 from which1 in the main1 the following is taken4#ga ,this machine1 he says1 has a circumference of thirty-two feet1 being constructed in the form of an armillary sphere4 ,on its surface the stars are represented1 each in its proper size and place1 and ,coronelli1 perhaps indirectly quoting ,weigel's own opinion of his production1 notes its real superiority to nature1 for he states that the stars1 as represented1 can be seen at all hours of the day and night and as well in sunshine or rain4 ,this ,pancosmo was made to appear1 in its mounting1 as if standing or resting on the clouds1 the whole being supported by two statues each eight feet in height1 the one representing ,hercules and the other ,athene4 ,through a door1 which was practically invisible1 the great sphere could be entered by a considerable number of persons at one time1 and be enjoyed by them1 implies ,coronelli1 some standing and some sitting4 ,it was so arranged within that when one half of the celestial sphere was lighted the other half remained in darkness1 the revolution of the sphere giving a representation of the rising and the setting of the stars4 ,at the center was placed a small terrestrial globe within which was a reservoir2 this could be made to serve in a representation of the subterranean fires which issued1 at times most opportune1 from the craters of volcanoes represented1 such as ,vesuvius and ,aetna in the south of ,italy1 others in the ,east ,indian ,islands and still others in ,america4 ,they give out steam1 flames1 and pleasant odors1 says ,coronelli1 which please the spectators4 ,by means of a screen and lantern it was made possible to represent the inhabitants of any country desired1 moving about as in actual life1 even the antipodes1 says the author1 with heads downward and feet upward4 ,at pleasure a breeze could be made to blow from any desired quarter1 meteors could be made to flit across the sky2 rain- and hailstorms1 lightning and thunder1 could be imitated4 ,on the surface of the terrestrial globe were represented the several countries of the earth1 likewise the several seas4 ,coronelli notes that which ,weigel seems to have regarded an especially commendable feature1 the grouping of the stars into new constellations1 which grouping was particularly designed to aid the memory4 ,this of all the large globes constructed in the period seems especially to have represented the ultrapractical1 and we have no knowledge that it was ever regarded in any other light than as a great mechanical wonder4 ,the final disposition of this ,pancosmo is unknown4 ,gnther doubts that globes such as ,weigel proposed to construct are still in existence4 ,he1 however1 refers to a globe in the collection of the ,germanisches ,museum which exhibits the constellations somewhat after ,weigel's plan4 ,that a certain preference manifested itself in ,italy1 during the greater part of the sixteenth century1 and among certain individuals interested in geographical and astronomical matters1 in engraved metal globes or in globes with manuscript maps1 has been previously noted4 ,an argument frequently advanced in opposition to that favoring the use of printed maps was that the manuscript globe could the more easily be made of large size1 indeed could easily be made of any desirable size4 ,the later years of the seventeenth century furnish us with excellent examples in proof that a preference for such globes lingered in certain circles in the peninsula4 ,carlo ,benci 7#afaf-afgf71 a ,silvestrian monk1 born in the ,tuscan town of ,montepulciano1 may be named as one of the foremost among the manuscript globe makers of the period4#gb ,at the age of twenty-one he entered the monastery of ,s4 ,benedetto of ,fabriano1 receiving in the ceremony attending his admission the name ,d4 ,doroteo4 ,one year later we find him in the monastery of ,s4 ,giovanni in ,montepulciano1 and in the year #afeb in the convent of ,s4 ,stefano del ,cacco of ,rome1 on entering which he changed his name to ,d4 ,carlo ,benci1 we are told1 attained to a place of eminence among men of learning in ,italy on account of his philosophical and theological studies4 ,in the year #afde he was chosen for an administrative office in his order1 and later he successively became sacristan1 curate prior1 and titular abb of ,s4 ,bonifazio near ,cingoli in the ,marche1 retaining to the end of his life the headship of the parish of ,s4 ,stefano4 ,to his fame as philosopher and theologian he seems to have added that of expert cosmographer1 winning through the wide extent of his interests the special favor of ,pope ,clement ,x1 who selected him as his spiritual adviser4 ,it must be noted1 however1 that his name nowhere appears especially conspicuous among contemporary writers on philosophical1 theological or scientific subjects1 and we have only the tangible evidence of his cosmographical interests in a fine pair of globes constructed in the year #afga1 now belonging to ,prince ,d4 ,camillo ,massimo of ,rome4 ,these globes have a diameter of about #a m4 and still retain the greater part of their original mounting1 which1 in each1 consists of a meridian circle 7this in the terrestrial globe is modern7 not graduated1 within which they are adjusted to revolve on their equatorial polar axes1 of a horizon band1 likewise not graduated1 being circular on the inner edge1 but octagonal on the outer1 the whole being supported by four turned legs joined by crossbars at their lower extremities4 ,both spheres are of papier-mch and are well preserved1 the terrestrial having suffered slightly more injury than the celestial4 ,the spheres are covered with somewhat irregular pieces of paper1 though carefully matched1 which are yellow with age4 ,on this paper surface the maps terrestrial and celestial were drawn with a stylus4 ,on a plate attached to the terrestrial globe we find a dedication to ,pope ,clement ,x1 this being surmounted with a coat of arms of the ,altieri family1 of which family ,pope ,clement was a member4 ,this dedication reads3 ,beatissimo ,padre4 ,non si debbono questi due globi rappresentanti il ,cielo e la ,terra da me con diligente studio composti consecrare ad altri che alla ,sta ,vra1 come quella1 che dell' uno maneggia le ,chiavi e dell' altra regge lo ,scettro4 ,considerava io1 che l' ,imperio di ,vra ,beatitne per non avere confini1 che lo restringano1 contanto vasto1 che non pu quasi essere da humano intendimo compreso1 poich non ha la ,terra1 n monte1 n fiume1 n l',oceano istesso1 che i termini gli prescriva1 n ha il ,cielo1 n ,asterismo1 n gruppo di stelle s folto che faccia sbarra et impedisca che l' autorit della ,sta ,v4ra non giunga alle porte dell' ,empireo1 che chiude e disserra a suo talento4 ,quindi riflettendo io sopra l'ampiezza o per cos dire incomprensibilit del suo sacro ,regno1 per agevolare il suo conoscimo mi disposi di portare quasi in compendio de l' uno e l'altro orbe1 cio ,celeste e ,terreno1 in queste due moli di giro non ordinario la descritione dove possa l'occhio con un semplice sguardo ravvisare ci che non pu la nostra mente con la sua acutezza comprendere1 e dove la ,s4ta ,v4ra1 sollevata tal' hora dal peso delle cure gravissime1 possa rivolgere le luci per contemplare la ,d4 grandezza del suo ,sacro dominio4 ,di qui spero che ,v4ra ,beatitudine sia per gradire queste mie deboli fatiche1 come di un suddito che porta il carattere di suo servitore attuale1 e che sia per misurare dalla grandezza di queste ,sfere l'eccesso delle obbligazioni che le professo4 ,e4 qui augurandole l'et e gl' anni di ,nestore1 le bacio humilmente prostrato a terra i ,santissimi piedi4 ,di ,s4 ,stefano del ,cacco di ,roma li #bh di ,dicembre #afga ,di ,v4ra ,beatitudine4 ,hummo ,devotmo ,obligmo servre e ,suddito ,d4 ,carlo ,benci ,monaco ,silvestrino4#gc ,most blessed ,father4 ,these two globes1 which represent the heavens and the earth1 constructed by myself with painstaking industry1 ought not to be dedicated to any one but to ,your ,holiness1 who with one hand controls the keys and with the other wields the scepter4 ,i reflect that the empire of ,your ,holiness1 having no boundaries to restrict it1 is so vast that it scarcely can be grasped by the human imagination1 since earth has not mountain1 river1 or even ocean that can set limits thereto2 nor is there sky1 or planet1 or star1 or constellation so dense as to check or hinder ,your ,holiness from reaching the gate of empyrean which ,you open and shut at will4 ,reflecting therefore upon the expanse1 and so to speak1 upon incomprehensibleness of ,your ,holiness' ,empire1 ,i determined1 with a view to furthering the knowledge of it to give a representation of both worlds 7that is of the celestial and of the terrestrial71 much reduced1 as it were1 upon these two spheres of no mean size1 on which the eye will be able at one glance to recognize what the human intellect with all its powers is impotent to grasp2 and over which ,your ,holiness1 when at times relieved from the pressure of overwhelming responsibilities1 will be able to cast your glance in order to view the aforesaid vastness of ,your ,dominion4 ,wherefore ,i trust that ,your ,holiness will be inclined to accept these my feeble labors1 as those of a subject whose real capacity is that of ,your ,holiness' servant1 and that ,you may be willing to take the great size of these globes as the measure of the vastness of the obligation which ,i avow myself under to ,your ,holiness4 ,and now wishing ,your ,holiness the age and the years of ,nestor1 ,i humbly prostrate myself upon the ground1 and kiss ,your ,most ,holy ,feet4 ,san ,stefano del ,cacco1 ,rome1 #bh1 ,december #afga4 ,your ,holiness' most humble1 most devoted1 and most obliged servant and subject1 ,dom ,carlo ,benci ,silvestrin monk4 ,near this dedication is a portrait of the ,pope1 the subscription reading ,clemens ,decimus ,pont4 ,max4 ,the terrestrial globe shows the parallels at intervals of ten degrees1 and the meridians at like intervals counting from that passing through the ,island of ,ferro which has been taken as the prime meridian4 ,the polar circles1 the tropics1 and the ecliptic are made especially prominent4 ,place names and legends are given either in ,latin or in ,italian1 some of the briefer legends taking note of geographical discoveries of special importance1 and clearly indicating that the author was well informed on the progress of discovery4 ,the celestial globe has represented on its surface both the equator and the ecliptic with their respective poles indicated2 circles of latitude and of longitude are omitted4 ,the year #afjj was selected as the normal year for recording the position of the stars1 and a statement is made noting the corrections becoming necessary by reason of the precession of the equinoxes4 ,only the ,ptolemaic constellations are given1 and the figures representing the same are very artistically drawn4 ,the famous star which appeared in the year #aegb and the position of numerous comets are indicated1 with the date of the appearance of each4 ,until the year #ahfb these globes were preserved in the ,altieri ,library1 when they were offered for sale and were purchased by ,prince ,d4 ,camillo ,massimo1 finding a place in his palace at the ,villa ,peretti4 ,if ,benci1 through his cosmographical studies1 as well as through his other studies1 brought fame to himself and to his order of ,silvestrin monks1 to ,amantius ,moroncelli1 likewise a member of this order and a contemporary1 no less credit should be given for his achievements as a maker of manuscript globes4#gd ,it has been noted that but one pair of ,benci's globes can now be located1 but no less than ten constructed by ,moroncelli may today be found in ,italian libraries and museums1 most of which possess both scientific and artistic value of a high order4 ,a pair of his earliest globes is in the possession of the ,biblioteca di ,s4 ,marco of ,venice 7,fig4 #aje74 ,these were probably constructed as early as the year #afgb for the monastery of ,cassenesi1 located on the ,island of ,s4 ,georgio ,maggiore4 ,the director of the ,s4 ,marco ,library informs the author#ge that they have a diameter of more than #b m41 and that through want of proper care they are in a very bad state of preservation1 being so darkened with age as to render their maps quite illegible4 ,on the terrestrial globe there is a portrait1 opposite which is a representation of the coat of arms of a bishop4 ,the celestial globe is somewhat better preserved1 having a title1 only a part of which can be deciphered1 reading ,in hoc coelesti globo adnotantur omnes stellae fixae ad annum 444 ac cometae1 and concluding ,extruxit ,d4 ,silvester ,amantius ,moroncellus ,fabrianensis benedictinus sub congregationem ,silvestri ,abbatis4 ,venetiis in ,augustissima bibliotheca ,s4 ,georgii ,majoris4444 ,the director of the library reads the date as #afhc1 others have thought it to be #afgb4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aje4 ,terrestrial ,globe of ,silvester ,amantius ,moroncelli1 #afgb4 ,in the ,biblioteca ,alessandrini of ,rome may be found two manuscript globes of ,moroncelli1 a terrestrial and a celestial1 each having a diameter of about #hh cm4 ,these spheres are covered with paper gores fashioned as are printed gore maps1 eighteen in number1 the polar space being covered with semicircular sections1 two in number for each pole4 ,on this paper covering the maps were drawn by hand4 ,each of the globes is furnished with a brass meridian circle and a horizon circle of wood1 the whole being supported by a plane base4 ,under the portrait of ,pope ,innocent ,,xi is the following inscription3 ,regnante ,innocentio ,,xi4 ,hos cosmographicos globos toto studio construxit1 calamoque conscripsit1 ,d4 ,silvester ,amantius ,mon4 ,benedictinus ,cong4 ,silvestrin4 ,ann4 ,d4 ,,mdclxxvii4 ,in the ,pontificate of ,innocent ,,xi these cosmographic spheres were constructed with all zeal1 and completed with the pen1 by ,d4 ,silvester ,amantius a monk of the ,benedictine order and of the ,silvestrin ,congregation4 ,in the year #afgg4 ,the legend containing the usual address to the reader is taken from ,greuter's globe of #afcb or from ,blaeu's globe of #afbb1gf concluding1 however1 with the following1 ,d4 ,silvester ,amantius ,moroncellus ,fabrianensis ,monachus ,silvestrinus auctor1 construxit et notavit4 ,aetatis suae an4 #bg4 #afgi4 ,d4 ,silvester ,amantius ,moroncelli of ,fabriano1 a monk of the ,silvestrin order2 constructed and lettered 7this globe7 in the #bgth year of his age4 #afgi4 ,on the terrestrial globe meridians and parallels are indicated at intervals of ten degrees1 the prime meridian passing through the ,canary ,islands4 ,on the celestial globe is the following legend or inscription3 ,laudatissimum ,astronomiae studium atquum sit difficilimum1 jucunditas tamen cum difficultate conjungitur1 prospere ut homines et coelum potius quam calcata intueri4 ,creator noster omnipotens cetera animantia per terram sternere jussit1 at homines non sic1 sed totum ad sidera extolli4 ,pronaque cum spectent animalia cetera terrae ,os homini sublime dedit coelumque videre ,jussit1 et erectos ad sidera tollere vultus4 ,et ideo optimum erat ut aliquod exemplum sub oculis hic opponeretur quod non immerito in medio sapientiae sistit1 ut sciant non aliter quam et per sapientiam ipsum posse cognosci4 ,in isto igitur per ipsum coelestium siderum ordinem cognoscent et nomina astrorum juxta exactum observationem ,hipparchi1 ,ptolomei1 ,alphonsi1 et ,copernici per ,ticonem ,brahe ad trutinam examinatiae1 et ne octium me opprimeret1 in istud quod cernunt per me accurate delineata4 ,ita ut omnes cognoscant in vita quod post mortem omnibus opto valeant4 ,romae apud ,s4 ,stephanum supra ,caccum die ,,vi men4 ,jan4 ,,mdclxxx4 ,d4 ,silvester ,amantius ,moroncellus ,fabrianensis ,mon4 ,congis ,silvestrinorum4 ,the much lauded study of astronomy1 although it is very difficult1 yet pleasure is joined with the difficulty1 for it is a happier lot for men to look at the sky1 than to look at the road trodden by their feet2 our ,omnipotent ,creator ordained that other living beings should be prone on the earth1 that man should not be so1 but should be wholly lifted up to the stars4 ,for while other living beings look earthward1 ,he has given man an uplifted countenance and bidden him look heavenward1 and raise his uplifted face toward the stars4 ,and therefore it was good that some example should be placed here under his eyes1 which might assist him to stand in the midst of wisdom1 so that men might understand that ,god could be known in no otherwise than by wisdom4 ,on this globe therefore1 and by its aid will be known the order and the names of the celestial stars according to the exact observations of ,hipparchus1 ,ptolemy1 ,alfonso1 and ,copernicus1 and arranged for general use by ,tycho ,brahe2 and that idleness might not oppress me1 accurately depicted by me1 according to their discoveries4 ,this ,i have done in order that all men may know in their lifetime what ,i hope they may all attain to know after their death4 ,at ,rome1 from ,s4 ,stevens on the hill1 ,january #fth1 #afhj4 ,d4 ,silvester ,amantius ,moroncelli of ,fabriano1 a monk of the ,silvestrin ,congregation4 ,the tropics1 the polar circles1 and the ecliptic are represented1 and the figures of the several constellations are artistically drawn1 the effect being heightened by skilful shading4 ,the ,biblioteca ,municipale of ,fermo possesses a fine manuscript terrestrial globe made by ,moroncelli and dated #agac4 ,this globe is not a perfect sphere1 having a polar diameter of #ahj cm4 and an equatorial diameter of #aid cm4 ,the ball is composed of thin strips of wood extending from pole to pole1 having first1 over the same1 a covering of heavy parchment paper1 and over this somewhat irregular but well-joined pieces of fine draughting paper4 ,it is furnished with a meridian circle of iron1 a horizon circle of wood1 the whole resting on a wooden base4 ,the author and date legend1 placed in a shield-shaped cartouch1 reads1 ,opus meccanicum hoc mirifice compositum ab ,ill4 mo ,domino ,philippo ,antonio ,morrono ,archipresbitero ,firmno ,mirificentius vere geographice distinctum a ,revmo ,p4 ,abb4 ,d4 ,silvestro ,amantio ,moroncello ,fabrianensi4 ,anno a ,redemptore nato ,,mdccxiii4 ,this mechanical work was marvelously constructed by the ,illustrious ,d4 ,philip ,antony ,morono1 ,archdeacon of ,fermo4 ,its geographical details were wonderfully inserted by the ,rev4 ,father ,abbot ,d4 ,silvester ,amantius ,moroncelli of ,fabriano1 in the year of ,redemption1 #agac4 ,in a cartouch similar to that containing the legend just quoted1 though much larger and resting on a representation of the imperial eagle of ,fermo1 having a white cross on its breast and the motto ,firmum firma fides ,romanorum colonia1 there is drawn a picture of the city of ,fermo with a red background4 ,near the ,tropic of ,cancer1 on the meridian of #bej degrees1 there is a shield with the coat of arms of the ,morone family1 and below the ,tropic of ,cancer1 on the meridian of #bjj degrees1 is the coat of arms of the author1 likewise within a shield and artistically sketched4 ,the picture of a ,moor and of a black eagle1 around which is a band of blue with three golden stars1 the whole surmounted by a prelate's black hat with tassels1 the ,moor indicating the origin of the name ,moroncelli1 and the prelate's hat honoring the author's intimate friend1 ,gian ,francesco ,albani1 who became ,pope ,clement ,,xi and who had nominated him a domestic prelate4 ,in longitude #aac degrees1 in a shield1 is the coat of arms of this pope1 at the right of which is the inscription1 ,implebitur vaticinium1 at the left ,replebitur majestate omnis terra1 and below ,irradiatibur evangelio1 studio recentis ,clementiae et ,successorum4 ,there are two or three additional shields1 in one of which is an illegible inscription1 and one has been left blank4 ,although meridians and parallels are indicated1 loxodromic lines are wanting1 which so generally appear on those globes constructed in the ,netherlands4 ,the nomenclature is either ,latin1 ,italian or local4 ,mythological and allegorical figures are numerous1 as are also representations of sea monsters and sailing ships4 ,a pair of ,moroncelli's globes1 in excellent condition1 may be found in the ,accademia ,etrusca of ,cortona4 ,these are reported to have come to the ,academy in the year #agbg as a gift from the ,abb ,onofrio ,baldelli4 ,they have each a diameter of about #hj cm41 are mounted on plain bases1 and are furnished with the usual meridian circles within which they may be revolved4 ,on the terrestrial globe a legend is placed within a shieldlike cartouch surmounted with a coat of arms of the patrician family ,baldelli of ,cortona1 and reads1 ,virorum probitas1 eruditio et virtus existimationem exigunt4 ,haec in ,illmo ,d4 ,abb4 ,onofrio ,baldelli ,patritio ,cortonensi mirifice effulgent4 ,ne dum in ,humanis ,artibus summopere praedito4 ,verum etiam in ,magnanimitatem laudabili3 ,dum ad complementum ,bibliotechae1 pro ,studiorum ,concivium utilitate et eruditione1 ab ipso erectae1 globos etiam cosmographicos1 licet etiam dispendio trescentorum scutorum libenter auxit4 ,quamobrem tantis meritis coactus ,d4 ,silr ,amantius ,moroncelli ,fabrianens3 ,abb3 ,bened4 ,congr4 ,silvestrinorum ,auctor ad perpetuam rei memoriam ,monumentum hoc posuit ,ann4 ,sal4 ,,mdccxiv4 ,the uprightness of men1 their learning and virtue call for respect2 these qualities marvelously shine forth in the illustrious lord ,abbot ,onofri ,baldelli of patrician rank of ,cortona2 not only was he endowed beyond others in the humanities1 but also he was praiseworthy for his magnanimity4 ,to furnish the library erected by him1 for the use and the instruction of his student fellow citizens1 he generously contributed these cosmographic globes1 although they cost #cjj scudi4 ,wherefore1 being executed by his great abilities1 ,d4 ,silvester ,amantius ,moroncelli of ,fabriano1 ,benedictine ,abbot of the ,silvestrin ,congregation1 has erected this monument for their perpetual remembrance of his generosity4 ,in the year of our ,salvation #agad4 ,a second legend in a less decorative cartouch reads1 ,orbis ,terraquei1 juxta presentem notitiam1 cum multa adhuc invenienda remaneant1 non solum in ,terra ,australi incognita1 verum etiam in ,septentrionalibus ,americae ,superioris ubi molta ,jam occulta manent a ,d4 ,silvestro ,amantio ,moroncelli ,fabrianensi ,abb3 ,bened3 ,congr4 ,silvest4 ,cosmographo ,reginae ,svecorum1 nec non ,sapientiae ,rom4 ,anno etatis sue1 #fd1 ,red4 vo4 ,,mdccxv4 ,in our present knowledge of the terraqueous world much yet remains to be discovered1 not only in the unknown lands of the south1 but also in the northern regions of ,north ,america where many things are still undiscovered4 ,d4 ,silvester ,amantius ,moroncelli of ,fabriano1 ,benedictine ,abbot of the ,silvestrin ,congregation1 ,cosmographer of the ,queen of ,sweden and also of the ,roman ,academy 7made this globe7 in the #fdth year of his age1 and in the year of ,redemption1 #agae4 ,the parallels and meridians are drawn at intervals of five degrees1 and one compass is placed in the southern hemisphere4 ,both ,latin and ,italian have been employed for the geographical names4 ,the celestial globe contains the figures of the several constellations exquisitely drawn1 the name of each being given in ,latin1 in ,arabic1 and in ,greek4 ,one finds on this globe but the one short legend reading ,stella praeclara et peregrina ,anno ,d4 #aegb et per annum et quatuor menses1 scilicet a principio ,novvemb4 usque ad ultimum ,martii #aegc4 ,a very bright and wandering star 7appearing7 in the year #aegb and for one year and four months1 visible from the first of ,november to the last of ,march #aegc4 ,another fine pair of ,moroncelli's manuscript globes1 constructed in the year #agaf1 is to be found in the ,biblioteca ,casanatense of ,rome4 ,they have each a diameter of about #afj cm4 and are mounted on plain octagonal bases4 ,the terrestrial has a graduated meridian of brass1 a horizon circle of wood1 likewise graduated and having indicated on its surface the several signs of the zodiac1 the names of the months1 and of the principal winds4 ,on the surface of the globe1 the parallels and the meridians are drawn at intervals of five degrees1 the prime meridian passing through the most western island of the ,canaries4 ,the address to the reader1 like that on the globe in the ,alessandrian ,library1 is practically a copy of the one to be found on the ,greuter globe of the year #afcb4 ,a lengthy legend relating to the prime meridian reads3 ,ut recta methodo ad cognitionem ,geographie deveniamus1 ,principium desumere a po ,meridiano1 a quo longitudo habetur1 debemus4 ,unde sic4 ,quamvis igitur ,longitudinis initium arbitrarium sit1 ab occasu tamen ejus auspicium facere ideo ,veteribus placuit quod illic aliquis ,terre limes esset inventus qui ,ortum versus nullus expeditionibus deprehendi potuisset atque eam ob causam ,ptolemeus cujus sedulitati ac industriae ,geographie incolumitatem omnes vel inviti debent ab ultimo termino ,occidentis cognito que ,insule in ,atlantico mari ,fortunate olim dicte nunc ,canariae vocantur auspicium fecit4 ,in iisque ,primum meridianum defixit quod theticum principium deinceps fere omnes ejus auctoritate moti retinuerunt4 ,nunnulli quidem ,seculo transacto principium tenendum censuere ubi ,acus ,magneti junctae recta in boream spectat3 ,sed multum inter se dissentientes allucinantur4 ,nos autem ,ptolomei vestigiis insistentes easdem ,insulas delegimus et ,lineam meridionalem in ,insula ,de ,ferro dicta que de ,fortunatis ut olim et de ,canariis nunc1 una de ,principalibus est fiximus4 ,that we may come to the right method for acquiring a knowledge of geography we must make a beginning from the first meridian from which longitude is reckoned4 ,although the beginning of longitude is arbitrary it pleased the ancients to make this beginning from the west because there was found a limit of the earth which could not be found by voyages toward the east4 ,for this reason ,ptolemy1 to whose application and industry all men owe the preservation of geography though grudgingly1 made the beginning from the farthest known bounds of the west1 which are the ,fortunate ,islands in the ,atlantic ,ocean1 but now called the ,canary ,islands4 ,in these he fixed the first meridian1 and this hypothetical beginning almost all who have followed him have been led by his authority to retain4 ,not a few in the century just passed have thought that the beginning should be made where the magnetic needle points directly to the north4 ,but these1 as they disagree among themselves are mistaken4 ,we follow in the footsteps of ,ptolemy and have chosen the same island1 and placed the meridian line in the ,island of ,ferro1 one of the principal islands of the ,fortunate group now called the ,canaries4 ,in addition to the one just quoted there are a few other legends relating to geographical discoveries which contain allusions1 very similar to the many which may be found on certain other globes of the period1 adding little or nothing that is new4 ,the celestial globe1 mounted practically the same as the terrestrial1 contains the following legend3 ,ecce damus methodo ,ptolemaica seu ,orteliana coelestium siderum quotquot hodie extare comperimus schemata1 situs et ut decet reperiuntur perfecta4 ,sunt enim ex descriptionibus ,hipparchi1 ,ptolomei1 ,alphonsi1 ,copernici1 per ,tyconem ,brahe ad trutinam examinata1 nec non ,joannis ,bayeri1 qui ,uranometriam per imagines in tabulis aeneis expressit4 ,et nunc per me ,d4 ,silvestrum ,amantium ,moroncelli ,fabrianen ,abbatem ,bened4 ,congreg4 ,silv4 calamo descripta coloribusque effigiata adattataque ad ,ann4 #agaf4 ,observe that we give after the method of ,ptolemy or ,ortelius the settings of the stars of heaven1 as far as they have1 to the present1 been discovered1 and as far as their positions have been made known4 ,we have employed the descriptions of ,hipparchus1 ,ptolemy1 ,alfonso1 and ,copernicus1 as tested and confirmed by ,tycho ,brahe1 and also by the observations of ,johannes ,bayer1 who expressed the star system 7of ,tycho ,brahe7 objectively in brass tables1 now by myself ,d4 ,silvester ,amantius ,moroncelli of ,fabriano1 ,benedictine ,abbot of the ,silvestrin ,congregation4 ,all these have been expressed in letters and represented in colors1 and accommodated to the year #agaf4 ,there is given a second legend of some importance reading1 ,tabula continens quantum quovis proposito anno vel addendum vel demendum sit longitudini affixarum4 ,stellae enim spatio septuaginta ,annorum et quinque mensium unicum gradum secondum ,asterismorum ordinem super ,polum ,zodiaci progrediuntur ab ,occasu ad ,orientem4 ,ex hujusmodi ,regula invenitur ,sidera migrasse a ,mundi creatione usque ad hunc annum #fiae1 ,gr4 #ih1 ,m4 #dg1 ,s4 #bj4 ,et ab adventu ,d4 ,n4 ,j4 ,c4 usque ad hunc annum #agaf1 ,gr4 #bd1 ,m4 #cj1 ,s4 #be4 ,table noting how much must be added to or subtracted from the longitude of the fixed stars in any given year4 ,the stars move from west to east one degree in the space of seventy years and five months according to the order of the constellations of the zodiac4 ,from this rule it is found that the stars have moved from the creation of the world a period of #fiae years to the present #ih degrees1 #dg minutes and #bj seconds1 and from the advent of ,our ,lord ,jesus ,christ to this year #agaf1 #bd degrees1 #cj minutes1 and #be seconds4 ,in addition to the above-mentioned examples of ,moroncelli's work1 there may be cited a number of allusions to others which cannot now be located4 ,fiorini notes first a fine cosmographic sphere designed to represent both the terrestrial and the celestial1 having a circumference of #b4fb palms1 and probably constructed for the patrician family ,trevisiani4#gg ,it appears that it later passed into the hands of ,prince ,lucio ,odescalchi of ,milan1 and in the year #ahdi was taken to ,rome1 after which it appears that all trace of it was lost4 ,it is said to have been a very artistic piece1 brilliantly colored with numerous pictures executed in miniature1 and to have been dated #afij4 ,the anonymous biographer of ,moroncelli1 whose account exists only in manuscript and is frequently cited by ,fiorini1 notes that ,moroncelli constructed a manuscript globe for ,queen ,christina of ,sweden4#gh ,this has been thought by ,porti to be the globe just referred to1 but the identity is doubtful4 ,again ,fiorini makes allusion to the probable existence at one time of a pair of ,moroncelli's globes in the ,monasterio ,biblioteca of ,s4 ,benedetto of ,fabriano1 and of still another pair in the ,collegio ,de ,vecchi of the same city1 but of these nothing at present is known4#gi ,the anonymous biography likewise alludes to one of his celestial globes which he constructed and dedicated to ,cardinal ,alessandro ,albani of ,urbino4 ,in this the author undertook1 like certain others of his day1 to substitute for the ,greek mythological characters or figures representing the several constellations1 pictures of biblical objects and characters1 or of individuals selected from ,christian martyrology4#hj ,while this particular globe cannot now be located1 there is a small one of similar character which belongs to the ,accademia ,etrusca of ,cortona1 having a diameter of about #bg cm41 its map being partly in manuscript and partly printed4 ,there is the following author and date legend3 ,sacrometria omnium asterismorum coelestium figuris ,aecclesiasticis reformatorum a ,rev4 ,abb4 ,d4 ,sil4 ,amantio ,moroncelli ,fabrianen4 ,silvestrino ,ann4 #agaj4 ,sacred measurements of all the heavenly stars expressed in ecclesiastical notation by the ,rev4 ,d4 ,silvester ,amantius ,moroncelli of ,fabriano1 a ,silvestrian1 in the year #agaj4 ,a brief descriptive legend reads1 ,in hac coelesti sphaera ,stellae affixae majori quam hactenus numero et accuratiori industria delineantur novis asterismis in ,philomateoru gratiam de integro additis3 quae omnia secondum ,astronomorum ,principis ,thyconis ,brahe et aliorum observationem verae suae ,longitudini ac ,latitudini ad annum ,christi #afcf restituta sunt4 ,in this celestial sphere the fixed stars are depicted in greater number than previously and with more accurate care1 the new stars being added for the use of the student2 all of which1 according to the observations of that ,prince of astronomers ,tycho ,brahe1 and of others1 are given with their true latitude and longitude1 and accommodated to the year of ,christ #afcf4 ,this library of ,cortona possesses a manuscript of ,moroncelli titled ,sacrometria omnium asterismorum continens schemata figuris ecclesiasticis expressa ,silvestri ,amantii ,moroncelli ,fabrianensis ecc4 anno #agjg4 ,sacred measurement of all the stars being a scheme expressing in ecclesiastical notation by ,silvester ,amantius ,moroncelli of ,fabriano in the year #agjg4 ,the constellations he divides into three groups3 the boreal from #a-ai1 the zodiacal from #bj-ca1 the southern from #cb-eh1 giving to each a new name4 ,hercules1 for example1 he changed to ,samson2 ,lyra to ,david2 ,cassiopeia to ,eve2 ,virgo to ,virgo ,maria ,assumpta in ,coelum4 ,one can scarcely affirm that ,moroncelli exerted a wide-reaching influence1 nevertheless he has1 for his day1 a place of considerable prominence among globe makers4 ,mr4 ,william ,r4 ,hearst of ,new ,york possesses an exceedingly fine manuscript celestial globe which circumstances have not left it possible to identify4 ,he has courteously furnished the photograph from which it is here shown in illustration 7,fig4 #ajf74 ,once belonging to ,mr4 ,stanford ,white1 it probably was purchased in ,italy1 passing in the year #aijg into the hands of ,mr4 ,hearst4 ,in the sales catalogue of ,the ,american ,art ,society it is referred to as a globe of the sixteenth century4 ,there1 however1 is reason for assigning it to the latter part of the seventeenth century1 as there is reason for attributing it to the ,abbot ,silvester ,amantius ,moroncelli4 ,if the authorship is correctly attributed it may be counted one of great value4 ,the figures of the several constellations are well colored4 ,the mounting is of wrought iron1 with gilt ornaments4 ,the globe itself has a diameter of about #ij cm41 while its entire height1 including the tripod base1 is about #bjj cm4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ajf4 ,manuscript ,celestial ,globe 7,moroncelli871 ,late ,seventeenth ,century4 ,roger ,palmer 7,fig4 #ajg71 ,count of ,castlemaine 7#afcd-agje71ha published1 in the year #afgi1 a work bearing the title ',the ,english globe being a stabil and immobil one1 performing what the ordinary globes do1 and much more4' ,in this he described a globe of his own invention1 having a diameter of about one foot4 ,it does not appear that the ,earl especially distinguished himself in matters either geographical or astronomical4 ,as a diversion from his other interests which claimed his attention1 he appears to have turned to the construction of a globe for which he claimed an especial superiority over all others1 primarily on account of its simplicity4 ,he set forth in his descriptive text more than twenty of its superior features1 and it is interesting to note that ,moxon thought well enough of the work to reissue it in the year #afif4hb 7,fig4 #ajh47 ,illustration3 ,fig #ajg4 ,,roger ,,palmer ,,earl of ,,castlemain4 from an ,original by ,sir ,g ,kneller at ,strawberry ,hill4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ajh4 ,globe of ,earl of ,castlemaine1 #afgi4 ,coronelli gives us the following information concerning a rather remarkable globe which he had occasion to examine in the city of ,augsburg1 of which he made a drawing for the ,venetian ,academy 7,fig4 #aji71 as he tells us1 afterward reproducing the same in his ',epitome ,cosmografica4'#hc ,this globe he says was the invention of ,christopher ,treffler of ,augsburg and was constructed by ,christopher ,rad1 jeweler to ,his ,majesty the ,emperor1 in the year #afhc4 ,he calls it an ,automaton ,sphaeridicum1 that is1 a celestial globe provided with an automatic movement1 so contrived as to exhibit accurately the course of the stars1 and to indicate the years1 months1 days1 hours1 and minutes1 together with the eclipses for seventeen years in advance4 ,at the top of the instrument was placed a little sphere by means of which one could represent certain celestial phenomena1 past and future4 ,this mechanism1 says ,coronelli1 is ornamented with great ingenuity1 good taste1 and all regardless of expense4 ,in its construction eighteen hundred ounces of gold and silver had been used4 ,its height was seven feet1 and at the bottom it measured four feet1 the entire work rising in the manner of a pyramid above its support of four artistically designed figures4 ,this globe1 says ,coronelli1 which we have seen and handled1 and of which we have an exceedingly high opinion1 was for sale at eight thousand thaler1 and had been fully described in a duodecimo volume printed by the ,house of ,koppmeyer1 in the year #afhc4hd ,it is not known what became of this globe which ,coronelli found to be so worthy of his commendation4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aji4 ,globe of ,christopher ,treffler1 #afhc4 ,the ,atheneo of ,brescia possesses an armillary sphere1 having on one of its armillae an inscription which tells us that it was constructed by ,gian ,battista ,alberti in the year #afhh1 for ,count ,martinengo4#he ,the graduated horizon circle1 on which appear the names of the sixteen principal winds or directions1 rests upon two semicircles1 which in turn rest on a support of brass ornamented by six allegorical figures4 ,in this supporting base there has been placed a compass4 ,its graduated hour circle is furnished with a movable index1 such as had become common in globe construction4 ,five prominent circles represent the equator1 the tropics1 and the polar circles1 to which is added a zodiacal band which is graduated and bears the names and the symbolical figures of the twelve constellations1 and the names of the months4 ,two rings for the purpose of indicating celestial latitude and longitude are placed within the above-named circles and carry representations of the sun and the moon4 ,a contemporary of ,alberti1 ,giovanni ,maccari of ,mirandola1 likewise a maker of armillary spheres1 is known to us through one only1 but a fine example of his work4#hf ,this sphere belongs to the ,liceo ,spallanzi of ,regio ,emilia4 ,the meridian circle1 having a diameter of about #af cm41 is graduated both for latitude and co-latitude by fives4 ,adjusted to this meridian is a circle representing the colures1 likewise graduated both for latitude and co-latitude1 but by tens1 and adjusted to these are the polar circles1 the tropics1 and the equator4 ,on the zodiacal circle are engraved the names of the twelve constellations1 the names of the days1 and on the inner surface the inscription ,joannes ,maccarius ,mirandulanus ,feccit #afhi4 ,the supporting base is triangular in shape1 having a compass placed in the center4 ,within the three angles of this base shields have been placed1 the one bearing the inscription ,anno ,domini #afhi1 the second the name ,jo ,vulpis ,mirandulanus ,domus1 by whom the work was probably ordered2 the third has a representation of a fox1 the emblem of the ,volpi family4 ,in addition to the above the base is ornamented with a bronze scroll1 to the points of which are attached semicircles which support the horizon circle4 ,this circle has a diameter of about #ae cm41 on which are engraved the usual zodiacal names and signs1 the names of the months1 and of the principal winds or directions4 ,an hour circle is placed at the south pole with a movable index1 and within1 at the common center of the circles1 a small sphere to represent the terrestrial globe1 through which the polar axis is made to pass4 ,in the ,biblioteca ,estense of ,modena there may be found three armillary spheres apparently of about the same date as the two just described4#hg ,one of the three bears the inscription ,jos ,antus ,vulpes ,mirandula ,domin4 anno ,domini #afhi4 ,the other two1 somewhat larger in size than the preceding1 give us no particular indication of the maker1 and no exact date of construction4 ,they may be the work of ,alberti or of ,maccari4 ,in ,italy's long line of illustrious geographers1 cartographers1 and globe makers none has rank in advance of ,p4 ,vincenzo ,maria ,coronelli 7#afej-agah74hh ,his achievements within his field were prodigious4#hi ,while1 as noted above1 there is wanting the evidence that his influence was extended in striking manner into transalpine countries1 he seems at least to have won the enthusiastic recognition of contemporary men of science1 as one worthy of honor for his great achievements4 ,he was a native of ,ravenna 7,fig4 #aaj71 a member of the ,franciscan ,order of monks1 serving in the last years of his life as its general4 ,it was in his young manhood that he went to ,venice1 which city became the scene of the greater part of his literary and scientific activities4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aaj4 ,portrait of ,p4 ,vincenzo ,coronelli4 ,more than four hundred maps were drawn1 engraved1 and printed by him in the ,franciscan ,convent located on one of the ,venetian islands1 and known as the ,gran ,casa del ,frari1 where he lived with other brothers of the ,order4 ,it was in this convent that ,coronelli founded1 in the year #afhj1 the first geographical society1 to which he gave the name ,accademia ,cosmografo degli ,argonauti1#ij which in its organization followed somewhat that of certain other learned societies owing their origin to the literary and scientific activities of the renaissance period4 ,its membership1 in the course of years1 included men of distinction in other cities of ,italy and in the ,north2 men famous for their achievements and for their interest in geographical science1 literary men1 men who held high rank in ,europe's aristocracy1 cardinals1 prelates1 princes1 and monarchs4#ia ,the society became one of the most active of the period1 and the list of publications which issued from its press1 each bearing the argonautic emblem or device--a ship on a terrestrial globe with the motto ,plus ,ultra 7,fig4 #aaa7--;is a long one4#ib ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aaa4 ,emblem of the ,venetian ,accademia ,cosmografica degli ,argonauti4 ,so great had become the fame of ,coronelli as early as the year #afhe1 that he was honored with the title ,cosmografo della ,serenissima ,republica1 and was granted an annual allowance of four hundred florins1 and a copyright privilege protecting him in his right to print and publish any of his works for a period of twenty-five years4#ic ,we have no definite information as to the circumstances attending ,coronelli's first interest in globe construction4 ,it appears that his first work in this line1 a pair of large manuscript globes1 opened immediately to him a path to fame1 for these had come to adorn the library of the ,duke of ,parma to whom the ,french ,cardinal1 d',estres1 in the year #afhj had occasion to pay a visit and they immediately won the cardinal's interest4 ,a pair of such globes1 thought he1 for so runs the story1 would be a source of great delight to ,his ,majesty the ,french ,king1 ,louis ,,xiv4 ,learning that the construction of still larger globes was altogether possible1 but that their removal from ,italy to ,france would be attended with great difficulty1 he persuaded ,coronelli to accept an invitation to take up a residence in ,paris1 there to direct the construction of a terrestrial and a celestial globe1 sparing neither labor nor expense that they might be worthy of presentation to the ,grand ,monarch4 ,if ,olearius could construct a globe ten feet and more in diameter for ,duke ,frederick of ,holstein1 and ,weigel one of similar dimensions for the demonstration of his theories1 why1 thought ,coronelli1 should ,i not undertake the preparation of those at least fifteen feet in diameter1 which in all the details of globe construction should be made to surpass any that had hitherto been conceived8 ,the author himself has given us the first though brief description of his completed work1#id and the royal astronomer1 ,la ,hire1 supplemented this description in his little volume published in the year #agjd1 when the globes had been placed in the ,chteau ,marly4#ie ,in the author's own account he alludes to the globes as having been constructed at ,paris under his direction1 and by order of the ,most ,eminent ,cardinal d',estres1 for the service of ,his ,most ,christian ,majesty4 ,great care was especially exercised in the construction of the machinery designed for the rotation of the spheres1 the author being especially proud of the fact that1 so delicate was this mechanism1 each could be set in motion by a single finger4 ,he further gives us to understand that each sphere was so well fashioned one could design upon its surface all the degrees in the manner in which a turner designs any circle on a ball without having it removed from the turner's lathe1 and that the material of which they were constructed was so solid and so well joined that each was able to sustain the weight of thirty men4 ,each was furnished with a door through which a considerable number of persons might enter at one time1 their presence within affecting in no wise the solidity of construction4 ,each was covered with fine canvas so carefully laid on that none of the joints could be seen1 giving a surface smooth as ivory4 ,the meridian and horizon circles were of bronze1 the whole being supported by columns which were richly ornamented4 ,in the base1 between the four columns supporting the meridian circles1 large compasses were placed1 being so designed as properly to indicate the needle's declination4 ,on the celestial globe the greater and the lesser circles were represented in gilt bronze1 and were so graduated for both latitude and longitude1 ascension and declination1 that it was made easy for an astronomer to pass from one co-ordinate to the other without the aid of trigonometry4 ,on a fine background of ultramarine the several constellations with their respective figures were represented1 each of the planets and fixed stars being gilded in order to give it due prominence4 ,the author so designed his star map as to represent the appearance of the heavens at the time of the birth of the ,grand ,monarch1#if as is told in the following dedication engraved on a brass tablet and attached to the surface of the sphere3 ,a l',auguste ,majest de ,louis le ,grand l',invincible1 l',heureux1 le ,sage1 le ,conquerant4 ,cesar ,cardinal d',estres a consacr ce globe celeste1 ou toutes les etoilles du firmament1 et les planetes sont places au lieu mesme1 ou elles estoient a la naissance de ce ,glorieux ,monarque1 afin de conserver a l'eternite une image fixe de cette heureuse disposition1 sous laquelle la ,france a receu le plus grand present1 que le ciel ait iamais fait a la terre4 ,m4,,dc4,,lxxxiii4 ,to ,his ,august ,majesty ,louis the ,great1 the ,invincible1 the ,happy1 the ,wise1 the ,conquering4 ,cesar ,cardinal d',estres has dedicated this celestial globe1 on which all the stars of heaven and the planets are placed in the same position in which they were at the birth of the ,glorious ,monarch1 in order to preserve throughout eternity a fixed image of that happy disposition under which ,france has received the most noble present which ,heaven has ever made to earth4 ,on the terrestrial globe1 which in its general features resembled the celestial1 the seas were painted blue and the land white1 that the several names and legends might appear the more distinct4 ,a portrait of the ,king was placed above a cartouch containing the dedication1 resembling that on the celestial globe1 reading ,a l',auguste ,majeste de ,louis le ,grand l',invincible1 l',heureux1 le ,sage1 le ,conquerant4 ,cesar ,cardinal d',estres a consacr ce globe terrestre1 pour rendre un continuel hommage a sa ,glore1 et a ses ,heroiques ,vertus1 en mostrant les pays ou mille grandes ,actions ont est executes et par ,luy ,mesme1 et par ses ,ordres1 a l'estonnement de tant de nations1 qu'il avroit pu soumetre a son empire1 si sa ,moderation n'eust arrest le ,cours de ,ses ,conquestes1 et prescrit des bornes a ,sa ,valeur1 plus grande encore que sa ,fortune4 ,m4,,dc4,,lxxxiii4 ,to ,his ,august ,majesty ,louis the ,great1 the ,invincible1 the ,happy1 the ,wise1 the conquering4 ,cesar ,cardinal d',estres has dedicated this terrestrial globe1 in order to render perpetual homage to ,his ,glory and to ,his ,heroic ,virtue in representing the countries wherein a thousand great acts have been performed both by ,himself and by his ,order1 to the astonishment of all nations1 which ,he would have been able to bring under his subjection if his moderation had not restrained the course of his ,conquests and prescribed bounds to his ,courage yet greater than his ,fortune4 ,m4,,dc4,,lxxxiii4 ,below this dedication1 likewise below the corresponding dedication on the celestial globe1 we read ,cet ouvrage a et invent et achev par le ,pre ,coronelli ,venitien des4 ,min4 ,conv4 ,this work was conceived and accomplished by ,p4 ,coronelli1 a ,venetian of the ,minorite ,order4 ,in his brief description1 the author says that he has shown on his terrestrial globe all ancient and modern discoveries1 basing the same on the maps1 the observations1 and the reports of the most renowned geographers1 to which he has added the results of his own studies not recorded on other globes nor in other maps4 ,special mention is made of information given concerning the interior regions of ,africa1 noting that besides outlining the ,monomotapa and ,abyssinia countries1 we have been the first to describe correctly the source as well as the course of the ,nile ,river correcting1 by many degrees the errors of the ancients4 ,andrea ,baba1 public censor and secretary of the ,argonauts1 notes1 in his letter to the reader appearing in the first volume of the ',atlante ,veneto1' that the author of the two globes1 constructed for the ,king of ,france1 had obtained numerous authentic reports of geographers and explorers1 which he had included in his work4 ,ludolf1 writing in the year #afia concerning ,ethiopia1 records ,ethiopia3 ,nostram tabulam chorographicam comunicavimus cum ,p4 ,vincentio ,coronellio1 nunc cosmographo ,veneto1 qui eam adhibuit in globis quos ,cardinalis ,estresius pro rege ,galliae construi fecit1 maximos1 qui unquam visi fuerint4 ,ibi in ,globo terrestri ,habessina et ,nilus secundum nostram delineationem visitur4 ,satis mature eam communicaverim ,adamo ,oleario1 cum insignem globum1 qui ,gottorfii cernitur1 construeret1 sed ille mihi1 ut tum temporis juveni1 fidem non habuit4 ,ethiopia3 we made known our chorographic record to ,p4 ,vincentio ,coronelli now cosmographer of ,venice1 who included it on his globe which ,cardinal d',estres had made for the ,king of ,france1 the largest globe ever seen4 ,there1 on the terrestrial globe1 ,abyssinia and the ,nile are seen following our representation4 ,quite a long time ago we made this known to ,adam ,olearius1 when he was making the renowned globe which may be seen at ,gottorp1 but he1 as ,i was then a young man1 did not have confidence in me4#ig ,marcel1 in writing of the ,portuguese in ,africa1 observed3 ,si nous examinons les cartes de ,mercator1 de ,bertius1 de ,hondius1 de ,meursius1 de ,sanson1 de ,duval1 nous y trouvons un cours du ,cuama ou ,zanbsi absolument fantaisiste4 ,il faut arriver au fameux globe de ,coronelli pour y trouver en #afhc le cours de ,zambse trac comme sur la carte que nous reproduisons4 ,il est vident que ce gographe vnitien a pu consulter des documents portugais aujourd'hui perdus1 cartes ou relations de voyages1 qui viendraient jeter un jour infiniment prcieux sur les explorations des ,portugais et les relations qu'ils entretenaient avec les populations belliqueuses du bassin du ,chir4 ,if we examine the maps of ,mercator1 of ,bertius1 ,hondius1 ,meureius1 ,sanson1 ,duval1 we will find the course of the ,cuama or ,zambesi absolutely fantastic4 ,one must examine the famous globe of ,coronelli to find in #afhc the course of the ,zambesi represented as on the map which we reproduce4 ,it is evident that the ,venetian geographer had been able to consult ,portuguese documents which today are lost1 maps or accounts of ,voyages which would throw light of great value on the explorations of the ,portuguese and the relations they had with the warlike people of the basin of the ,chir4#ih ,coronelli adorned his globe map with very artistic representations of merchant ships sailing over the ocean highways1 and with elaborate pictures of many naval battles4 ,it was in the year #agjd that these globes were placed in the royal ,chteau ,marly1#ii where they remained until the year #agbb1 when they were placed in the old ,palace of the ,louvre4 ,a final resting place was found for them in the ,royal ,library1 now known as the ,bibliothque ,nationale1 in a room especially constructed to receive them4 ,recent information from the library notes that1 on account of certain reconstructive work1 they have been placed in an inaccessible part of the building1 and cannot be photographed4 ,the success of this first endeavor to construct globes of large size led other ,princes to entertain the thought of adorning their palaces with similar productions4 ,it is not known1 however1 that the great ,venetian actually set himself to the task of duplicating his ,french masterpieces2 we have rather the assurance1 as is noted below1 that he thought better of a plan for issuing globes of smaller size1 whose map records should contain practically all he had been able to include in his large work4 ,the ,royal ,estense ,library of ,modena possesses a manuscript1 cited by ,fiorini1 which assures us that ,coronelli had been approached with a proposition to construct for ,francis ,,ii of ,modena a pair of globes equal in size to those he had prepared for the ,french ,king4 ,this document reads3 ,rispondendo il ,p4re ,cosmografo ,coronelli alii di lei questiti per la fabbrica delli globi1 gli dice1 che il far tanto grandi1 quanta sar la capacit della stanza1 e bisognando fabbricare anco una stanza dentro del ,globo1 resta solo che il ,principe che la desidera1 habbia curiosit e volont do spendere2 limitandosi per il ,p4 ,cosmografo alia grandezza di ,globi di diametro di quindici piedi1 dice1 che per il solo pagamento di materiali1 e degli ,artifici1 si ricercano ducento doppie2 che per delineare la ,geografia1 scriveri1 collocarvi le stelle1 ed assegnare il luogo alle figure vi vorr di spesa quattrocento doppie4 ,per accomodare il luogo che sia capace per la fabrica delli ,globi di questa grandezza1 vi vogliono cinquanta doppie4 ,per gli ornamenti della ,pittura1 ,miniatura1 ,scultura1 et altri1 si potr fare quella spesa che parer pi propria al ,principe1 che desidera2 mentre in questi si pu o meno4 ,e perch il ,principe conosca il genio dell' autore in questa materia1 osserver nella picciolezza delle due mostre1 ch'esibisce1 confrontandole colle migliori carte1 di qual perfetione e pulizia sarebbe questa di quindici piedi4 ,il ,p4 ,coronelli per ricompensa desidera una pensione annua sua vita durante di quella soma che parer propria alia generosit del ,principe4 ,s'aggiunge1 un quinternetto della supputazione delle stelle d',orione1 perch il ,principe osservi l'accrescimento delle stelle di questa costellazione1 come sono accresciute di gran numero tutte le altro del ,globo del ,cielo del ,p4 ,coronelli4 ,father ,coronelli1 in reply to your questions regarding the construction of the globes which you say you wish to have made as large as the capacity of the room will allow1 and with space in the globe itself1 says that all that is necessary is to know how much his ,excellency the ,prince should wish to expend4 ,however ,father ,coronelli limits himself to the construction of globes of fifteen feet in diameter1 for which the cost of the material alone and of the workmanship is two hundred doubloons4 ,for outlining the geographical map1 for the proper placing of the stars1 and the representation of the figures1 the cost will be four hundred doubloons4 ,to arrange a place for globes of this size another fifty doubloons will be necessary4 ,for the decorations1 the miniatures and engravings ,his ,excellency can spend as much as he desires4 ,in order that ,his ,excellency the ,prince may appreciate the great genius of the author in this matter1 he will please take note of the two small globes which he exhibits1 7and think7 how perfect and attractive those fifteen feet in diameter will be in comparison with the best of maps4 ,father ,coronelli desires1 as compensation1 an annual pension for life1 such sum as ,his ,excellency the ,prince considers sufficiently generous4 ,we enclose an account showing the representation of the stars of ,orion1 in order that the ,prince may note the increase in the number of the stars in this constellation1 and also note how all of the other constellations as represented on the globe of ,father ,coronelli show an increase in the number of stars4#ajj ,there is no evidence known that this work was actually undertaken by our ,venetian globe maker1 the presumption being that the matter did not receive further consideration4 ,as an expression of appreciation for the honors shown to him by the ,academy of the ,argonauts1 ,coronelli decided to issue his ,paris globes reduced in size1 choosing a diameter of three and one half feet or about #ajg cm4 instead of fifteen feet4 ,his globes1 therefore1 of the year #afhh were the largest to date in which engraved gore maps had been employed in construction4 ,in one of his legends he thus alludes to the ,academy4 ,il genio della virt raccomanda all'eternit il nome di ,cesare ,cardinale eminentissimo d',estres1 ,duca e ,pari ,francia1 mentre fece elaborare per ,ludovico il ,magno dal ,p4 ,coronelli due gran ,globi l'idea dei quali ha poi epilogata in questi per l',accademia cosmografica degli ,argonauti4 ,l'anno ,,mdclxxxviii4 ,the genius of virtue commends to posterity the name of ,cesar1 most eminent ,cardinal d',estres1 ,duke and ,peer of ,france1 since he had constructed for ,louis the ,great by ,p4 ,coronelli two large globes1 the idea of which he then summarized herewith for the ,cosmographical ,academy of the ,argonauts4 ,in the year #afhh4 ,the dedication1 the same as that on the celestial globe1 reads as follows3 ,alla ,serenissima ,republica e ,serinissimo ,principe ,francesco ,morosini ,doge di ,venezia ,capitan ,gen3 de ,mare4 ,vincenzo ,coronelli ,m4 ,c4 ,suddito ,cosmografo e ,lettore publico4 ,to the ,most ,serene ,republic and the ,most ,serene ,prince ,francesco ,morosini1 ,doge of ,venice1 ,captain ,general of the ,sea1 by ,vincenzo ,coronelli ,m4 ,c41 the above mentioned cosmographer and public reader4 ,placed below this legend in a cartouch containing the portrait of the author is the inscription ,p4 ,v4 ,coronelli ,m4 ,c4 ,cosmografo ,publico4 ,there is an inscription on the celestial globe which reads1 ,si presentano a ,v4 ,serenit li ,globi del ,mondo1 ,teatro delle cospicue attioni de' ,principi1 perch mentre corre il terzo decimo secolo 7ch' quasi la quarta parte della vita d'esso7 ne' quali la ,serenissima ,republica agisse ugualmente e collo splendore delle lettre e col luminoso dell'armi1 ,vede l',universale delle genti col mezzo di ,stampa cos reguardevole sin dove si vada sempre pi estendendo la gloria del ,veneto ,nome4 ,quella che se ne assume l',accademia ,cosmografica degli ,argonauti nella presente dedicazione e chi vive di ,v4 ,v4 ,coronelli ,cosmografo della medesima4 ,there are hereby presented to ,your ,serene ,highness these globes of the world1 the scene of the remarkable deeds of ,princes1 in order that while the thirteenth century is passing 7which makes nearly a fourth part of the life of the world7 wherein the ,most ,serene ,republic has proceeded equally with the splendor of letters and the brilliancy of arms may be seen by the universality of the races2 by means of this so important publication however there is more widely spread the glory of the ,venetian name2 of which glory a portion is assumed by the ,cosmographical ,academy of the ,argonauts1 in the present dedication1 and by him who lives by our permission1 ,coronelli1 ,cosmographer of the same4 ,the author selected the year #agjj as that in which to indicate the position of the stars which he represented on his globe1 referring to this fact in his legend4 ,l'epoca di questo globo perfissa nell'anno futuro #agjj acciocch l'arte in quest' opera precorra quel tempo che per natura dovr consumarla4 ,prevenendo questo globo tardo il ,corso veloce del ,cielo1 comparisce presente il secolo venturo acci possi ognuno con ordine pi facile ridurre agli anni scorsi le stelle fisse colla sottrazione di #ea secondi come piace a ,ticone1 o #ej seguendo il parere del ,ricciolo4 ,volendo specolare il sistema degli anni anco posteriore all'epoca stabilita1 aggiungasi proporzionalmente al #agjj che seguir la riduttione senza errore sensibile per tutto lo spazio di #djj anni4 ,the epoch of this globe is fixed for the year #agjj1 in order that the labor in its construction may have the time which naturally will be required for its completion4 ,as this belated globe anticipates the rapid movement of the sky1 the coming century appears as though present1 anyone may be able in easier fashion to change to past years the fixed stars1 by the subtraction of fifty-one seconds as ,tycho reckons1 or fifty according to the opinion of ,ricciola4 ,if one desires to speculate also upon the system of the years posterior to the established epoch1 let him add proportionally to #agjj1 and the change will follow without sensible error for the entire period of #djj years4 ,to the constellations he makes the following reference3 ,furono osservate molte stelle in vicinanza del ,polo antartico incognite non solo agli ,egizij e ,greci1 ma ancora a ,ticone ,brahe4 ,osserv parimente ,federico ,houtmano1 nell',isola ,sumatra1 molte stelle vicine al ,polo medesimo1 le quali essendo state incognite agli accinnati autori1 le ridussero in #ac costellazioni cio ,fenice ,colomb ,mosca1 ,pesce volante1 ,camaleonte1 ,triangolo ,australe1 ,uccello ,indiano1 ,pavone1 l',uomo ,indiano1 la ,gru1 il ,toucan1 l',hindro e il dorado2 altri dopo v'hanno aggiunto la ,nube ,grande1 la ,picciola e la ,romboide4 ,noi abbiamo arricchito questo ,globo d'un maggior numero di stelle1 scoperte dall' ,hallei ,inglese1 che si trasport a tal effetto nell',isola ,s4 ,elena1 coll'aggiunta d'altre osservatione1 cos do questo come d'altri scritton4 ,there have been observed many stars in the vicinity of the ,antarctic pole1 unknown not only to the ,egyptians and ,greeks1 but also to ,tycho ,brahe4 ,there have been observed likewise by ,frederick ,houtmann1 on the ,island of ,sumatra1 many stars near the same pole which having been unknown to the above-mentioned authors1 they reduced to #ac constellations1 namely the ,phoenix1 the ,dove1 the ,fly1 the ,flying ,fish1 the ,chameleon1 the ,southern ,triangle1 the ,indian ,bird1 the ,peacock1 the ,indian ,man1 the ,crane1 the ,toucan1 the ,water-,snake1 and the ,goldfish2 others since then have been added to these1 the ,greater ,cloud and the ,lesser1 and the ,rhomboid4 ,we have enriched this globe with a considerable number of stars discovered by the ,englishman ,halley1 who was sent to the ,island of ,st4 ,helena for this purpose1 with the addition of other observations as they have written4 ,thirty-eight constellations are designated in the northern hemisphere1 twelve in the zodiac1 and thirty-three in the southern hemisphere1 thus adding thirty-five to the number as given by ,ptolemy4 ,instead of ,ptolemy's #ajbb catalogued stars1 including fifteen of the first magnitude1 forty-five of the second1 two hundred and eight of the third1 four hundred and seventy-four of the fourth1 two hundred and seventeen of the fifth1 forty-nine of the sixth1 and forty which were nebular and indistinct1 ,coronelli gives the number as #aijb1 including eighteen of the first1 sixty-eight of the second1 two hundred and thirty-seven of the third1 four hundred and ninety-six of the fourth1 four hundred and eighty-nine of the fifth1 five hundred and sixteen of the sixth1 and seventy-eight which were nebular and indistinct4 ,five of the latter1 having been discovered in the previous one hundred and twenty-five years1 had wholly or in part disappeared in ,coronelli's day1 of which1 that making its appearance in the constellation ,cassiopeia in the year #aegb disappeared in the year #aegd1 that discovered in the year #aeif in the ,whale was rapidly diminishing in size1 that discovered by ,tycho ,brahe in the ,swan in the year #afjj ceased to be visible in the year #afbi to reappear in the year #afei1 that in the ,serpent larger than the planet ,jupiter which was visible but thirteen months1 that in the head of the ,swan discovered in the year #afgj and still visible4 ,coronelli seems to have made every endeavor to produce maps for his terrestrial globes which should omit nothing of real interest and value to geographers1 navigators1 and explorers4 ,he added a rather unusual number of legends1 explanatory and informative in character1 but never seemed to crowd the space which he had at his disposal4 ,so exquisitely engraved were his maps that he was able to avoid the appearance of confusion noticeable on certain other globes of his century1 as1 for example1 in the ,old ,world parts of ,blaeu's globe of #afbb4 ,it is very evident that many pages would be required for anything like a detailed description of his records1 and the great majority must necessarily be omitted4 ,to those quoted above a few1 however1 may be added4 ,blaeu's reference to the prime meridian was cited in full as was that of ,moroncelli2 ,coronelli's reference is here likewise cited1 which1 it will be noted1 is not without errors4 ,it is one having to do with problems concerning the determination of longitude1 hence involving interests of vital concern to navigation4 ,del primo meridiano4 ,sono in questo #gb meridiani1 #cf con linee continuate1 le altre sono di punti1 da ciascuno dei quali diviso in ,g4 #e di longitudine che il corso del ,sole in un terzo d'oro4 ,li ,geografi antichi e moderni non convengono nel luogo dove passa il primo meridiano2 tra li primi ,eratostene l'ha posto alle ,colonne d',hercole1 ,marino di ,tyr all',isole ,fortunate1 ,tolomeo nella sua ,geografia ha seguito la stessa opinione2 ma ne' suoi libri di ,astronomia l' ha passato per ,alessandria d',egitto4 ,tra li moderni ,ismaele ,abulfeda lo segna a ,cadiz1 ,alfonzo a ,toledo1 ,pigafetta et ,herrera hanno fatto il medisimo2 ,copernico lo pone a ,freudenburgo2 ,renoldo a ,monte ,reale o ,konisberg2 ,keplero a ,uraniburgo2 ,longo ,montano a ,kopenhagen2 ,lansbergius a ,goes2 ,ricciolo a ,bologna4 ,gli ,atlanti di ,jansonio e di ,blaeu a ,monte ,pico4 ,per continuare l'origine della mia ,geografia ho posto in questo ,globo il primo meridiano nella parte pi occidentale della ,isola di ,ferro1 com'onche per seguire il ,decreto di ,luigi ,,xiii1 che col consiglio de' ,geog4 nel #afcd lo determin in questo stesso luogo4 ,concerning the first meridian4 ,there are represented on this #gb meridians1 #cf with continuous lines--the others are marked1--by each of which it is divided into #e degrees of longitude1 which is the course of the sun in one third of an hour4 ,the ancient and modern geographers do not agree upon the place through which the first meridian passes3 among the former1 ,eratosthenes put it at the ,pillars of ,hercules2 ,marinus of ,tyre at the ,canary ,islands2 ,ptolemy in his geography has followed the same opinion1 but in his books on astronomy he has located it as running through ,alexandria in ,egypt4 ,among the moderns1 ,ismail ,aboulfeda puts it at ,cadiz2 ,alfonso at ,toledo2 ,pigafetta and ,herrera have done the same2 ,copernicus puts it at ,freudenberg2 ,reinhold at ,mount ,royal 7,knigsberg72 ,kepler at ,uranienburg2 ,longomontanus at ,copenhagen2 ,lansberg at ,goa2 ,ricciola at ,bologna2 the atlases of ,jansson and ,blaeu at ,mount ,pico4 ,to continue the precedent of my geography ,i have on this globe placed the first meridian in the most western part of the ,island of ,ferro1--as also to follow the decree of ,louis ,,xiii1 who on the advice of the geographers in #afcd assigned it to this same place4 ,california he lays down as an island1 west of which is a legend relating to ,nuova ,albione1 and north in the ,pacific one relating to ,stretto di ,anian4 ,there is reference to the route to ,goa1 which is placed near the ,island of ,madagascar4 ,the reference to the ,zambesi ,river clearly gives evidence of acquaintance with ,portuguese records of which we have no other knowledge4 ,this legend reads1 ,rio ,zambese3 ,citt e fortezza di ,tete de ,portugal2 ,fortezza di ,s4 ,estevao2 ,minere di ,ferro2 ,minere d'argento che il ,re di ,monom4 promise al ,re di ,spagna nel #afjd2 ,fortezza di ,chicova4 ,zambesi ,river3 ,city and fortress of ,tete of ,portugal2 fortress of ,s4 ,estevao2 iron mines2 silver mines which the ,king of ,monomotapa promised to the ,king of ,spain in #afjd2 fortress of ,chicova4 ,like the other leading map makers of the period he has indicated the course of certain transoceanic expeditions1 occasionally noting the distance sailed on each successive day1 with other valuable and interesting information relating to the position of the sun and the moon1 to atmospheric conditions1 to the appearance of sea birds and of certain marine animals4 ,globes of this #afhh edition may be found in the ,biblioteca ,comunale of ,fano2 in the ,biblioteca ,comunale of ,faenza2 in the ,knigliche ,mathematisch-,physikalischer ,salon of ,dresden1 celestial undated2 in the ,biblioteca ,civico of ,bergamo2 in the ,biblioteca ,gonzaga of ,mantua2 in the ,biblioteca ,marciana of ,venice 7,figs4 #aab1 #aac72 in the ,museo ,civico of ,venice2 in the ,biblioteca ,universitario of ,naples2 in the ,palazzo ,manin of ,passeriano4 ,the twelve gores of the terrestrial globe may be found in the ,british ,museum2 a fine copy of the twelve gores may also be found in the ,library of ,congress1 ,washington2 a copy of the mounted terrestrial globe belongs to the ,biblioteca ,emanuele of ,rome2 three copies of this globe in addition to the pair referred to above belong to the ,museo ,civico of ,venice4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aab4 ,terrestrial ,globe of ,p4 ,vincenzo ,coronelli1 #afhh4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aac4 ,celestial ,globe of ,p4 ,vincenzo ,coronelli1 #afhh4 ,it appears that ,coronelli's terrestrial globe gores of the year #afhh1 which were frequently reissued1 were but little altered in the several editions4 ,his celestial globe in successive issues seems to have been much altered4 ,france had specially honored the ,venetian globe maker in giving to him every facility for the production of his great masterpieces1 the ,marly globes4 ,the ,socit ,gallica of ,paris decided1 in the year #afic1 to add to his honors1 and to give expression to an appreciation of his merits through the publication of a new edition of his globes1 at least of the celestial1 the ,venetian terrestrial of #afhh being made to serve as a companion4 ,in the following legend we have information concerning the date1 and concerning the participants in its preparation3 ,orbis coelesti typus4 ,opus a ,coronelli ,serenissimae ,reipublicae ,cosmographo inchoatum ,societatis ,gallicae sumptibus absolutum1 ,lutetiae ,parisiorum4 ,anno ,n4 ,s4 ,,mdcxciii4 ,delin4 ,arnoldus ,deuvez ,regiae ,acad4 ,pictor2 ,sculp4 ,i4 ,b4 ,nolin ,reg4 ,chr4 ,calcographus4 ,representation of a celestial globe4 ,a work begun by ,coronelli1 the cosmographer of the ,venetian ,republic2 finished at the expense of the ,french ,society at ,paris in the year #afic4 ,drawn by ,arnold ,deuvez painter of the ,royal ,academy2 ,i4 ,b4 ,nolin ,royal ,cartographer1 draughtsman4 ,the ,parisian ,society did not find it necessary to substitute the ,french language in the legends for the language of the author1 as appears in the address to the reader1 which of course is not ,coronelli phrasing4 ,amico lettore4 ,rappresenta questa ,globo le ,costellazioni del ,firmamento1 quali agli occhi nostri compariscono e non come negli altri esposte1 poich nel centro loro bisogna immaginarsi d'essore per intenderle4 ,le stelle d'esso calcolate all',epoca #agjj sono pubblicati4 ,quelle comprese dalle ,costellazioni di ,baiero1 come le pi cognite1 perch con maggiore facilit si possino colle nostre confrontare1 sono accompagnate cogli caratteri greci e latini da es so usati4 ,le stelle1 ch' appresso ,baiero1 restano informi1 sono1 da noi segnate di giallo2 le ,nuove colorite di minio2 le osservate dal ,p4 ,antelmo di verde1 quelle dell' ,hallei di pavonazzo1 l'altre di ,hevelio di lacca2 le corrette da ,baiero di ,cinabro1 e l'osservazioni fatte dagli altri autori si distinguono nel nostro ,epitome ,cosmografico1 stampato in ,venetia nel #afic4 ,in questo pure vengono dilucidati gli ,numeri1 ,caratteri1 le ,frezze1 che passano diametralmente per le stelle1 la loro ,obliquit1 ,lunghezza1 l',acume1 gli ,pianeti che l'accompagnano2 il moto diario delle ,comete1 disegnate di molti secoli1 ed ogni altro perticolare che per l'angustia del sito non permesso esprimere senza il di cui libra non possono avere uso gli ,globi presenti che pure restano descritti nel nostro ,atlante ,veneto non per cos diffusamente4 ,dear reader4 ,this globe represents the constellations of the firmament as they appear to our eyes and not as shown by others1 since it is necessary to imagine that one is in their center in order to conceive them4 ,the stars of the globe are represented as calculated for the year #agjj4 ,those included in the constellations of ,bayer1 as the best known1 in order that they1 with greater ease may be compared with ours1 are designated by the ,greek and ,latin characters used by him4 ,stars1 which according to ,bayer remain undetermined1 are indicated by us as yellow2 the new ones colored with red2 those observed by ,p4 ,antelmo1 with green1 those of ,halley with violet1 the others of ,hevelius with lake color2 the stars corrected by ,bayer with cinnabar2 and the observations made by other authors are distinguished in our ,cosmographical ,epitome1 printed in ,venice in #afic4 ,in this also are elucidated the numbers1 characters1 the lines that pass diametrically through the stars1 their obliquity1 length1 extremity1 the planets that accompany them1 the daily movement of the comets1 traced for many centuries1 and every other particular which because of the limitations of space it is not here permitted to express1--without which book it is not possible to make use of the present globes1 which are also described in our ,venetian ,atlas1 but not so detailed4 ,pairs of his globes are very numerous which include the terrestrial of the year #afhh1 now and then with some modifications1 and the celestial of the year #afic1 these being usually1 but not in all instances dated1 the latter being the ,paris issue or apparently a slightly modified ,venetian edition of the same4 ,it must be admitted that it is not easy to classify the copies of his globes which followed his first issue of the year #afhh1 but which have the same dimensions4 ,in not a few of these provision was made for a special dedication1 the cartouch for such dedication being often left blank1 to be filled when occasion seemed to offer for the bestowal of the special honor4 ,some of these globes containing such special dedication are known1 to which reference is made below4 ,examples of ,coronelli's work belonging to this group may be found in the following libraries or museums3 ,in the ,landesmuseum of ,zrich 7,fig4 #aad72 in the ,seminario ,vescovile of ,aversa2 in the ,biblioteca ,comunale of ,bologna2 in the ,archivo di ,stato of ,bologna2 in the ,biblioteca ,privato of ,professor ,liuzzi of ,bologna2 in the ,convento dell' ,osservanza of ,bologna2 in the ,museo di ,strumenti ,antichi of ,florence2 in the ,museo ,civico of ,genoa2 a copy of the celestial in the ,british ,museum of ,london2 in the ,biblioteca ,brancacciana of ,naples2 in the ,biblioteca ,nazionale of ,naples2 in the ,biblioteca ,nazionale of ,palermo2 in the ,biblioteca ,antoniana of ,padua2 in the ,bibliothque ,nationale of ,paris2 in the ,biblioteca ,classense of ,ravenna2 in the ,biblioteca ,lancisiana of ,rome2 in the ,accademia delle ,scienze of ,turin2 in the ,seminario ,patriarcale of ,venice2 in the ,biblioteca ,comunale of ,vicenza2 of the terrestrial in the ,royal ,library of ,madrid4 ,the ,vicenza examples1 also those in the ,archivo di ,stato of ,bologna and in the ,biblioteca ,nazionale of ,palermo1 are dedicated to the ,eminentissimo e reverendissimo ,principe ,cardinal ,pietro ,ottoboni4 ,the interesting brief legend1 reading ,alexander a ,via ,veronensis sculpsit on the celestial globe1 gives us clearly to understand that there were ,venetian issues of that edition which made its first appearance in ,paris under the auspices of the ,socit ,gallica4 ,the gores of this issue ,coronelli printed in his ',atlante ,veneto1' ,volume ,,xi4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aad4 ,terrestrial ,globe of ,p4 ,vincenzo ,coronelli1 #afhh4 ,in the year #afif ,coronelli made an extensive ,european tour which carried him as far as ,england1 an account of which he published in ,venice in the following year under the title ',viaggio de ,venezia fino in ,inghilterra4' ,in this work the author describes an edition of his globes which he referred to as having a diameter of un piede e mezzo1 or about #dh cm41 prepared in ,london and dedicated to the ,english ,king ,william ,,iii1 of which it has been possible to locate several examples4 ,a particularly fine copy of the terrestrial may be found in the collection of ,the ,hispanic ,society of ,america 7,fig4 #aae71 agreeing in all its details with the other copies1 in so far1 at least1 as the information obtained seems to indicate4 ,in an elaborately decorated cartouch near the south polar region is the dedicatory inscription1 reading ,globum hujusmodi ,terraqueum ,guglielmo invictissimo ac potentissimo ,magnae ,britaniae etc4 ,regi ,dicat1 ,vocat4 consecrat4 ,pater1 ,magister ,vincentius ,coronelli ,mon4 ,con4 ,s4 ,francisci ,serenissimae ,venetorum ,reipublicae ,cosmographus ,,mdclxxxxvi4 ,londini4 ,this terrestrial globe1 ,father and ,master ,vincentio ,coronelli1 ,brother of the ,franciscan ,order and ,cosmographer of the ,venetian ,republic1 dedicates1 names and consecrates to ,william ,,iii1 the ,invincible and ,mighty ,king of ,great ,britain4 ,not far from the above is a somewhat elaborate representation of the king's coat of arms with the motto ,hony soit qui mal y pense4 ,je maintienderay4 ,its mounting consists of a narrow graduated meridian circle of wood which is made to pass1 in the usual manner1 through a horizon circle of wood1 the outer edge of which is octagonal4 ,the upper surface of this horizon circle is covered with an engraved horizon sheet giving within concentric circles the names of the zodiacal constellations1 names of the months with the names of the prominent saints1 the names of the principal winds1 and of the principal directions in ,italian4 ,it has a supporting base of four artistically turned columns with binding crossbars extending from each post to a central circular plate #ag cm4 in diameter1 carrying the post through a slot in which the meridian circle is made to pass4 ,the north pole is topped with a thin pasteboard hour circle and pointer4 ,the globe map is composed of twelve gores which are truncated in latitude #hj degrees both north and south1 the polar spaces being covered with circular discs1 and are cut on the line of the equator4 ,the sphere is exceedingly light in weight1 being composed of papier-mch4 ,in every particular the globe is one remarkably well preserved1 and is one of the finest examples of early globe making in the society's collection4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aae4 ,terrestrial ,globe of ,p4 ,vincenzo ,coronelli1 #afif4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aae;a4 ,terrestrial ,globe of ,p4 ,vincenzo ,coronelli1 #afic4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aae;b4 ,celestial ,globe of ,p4 ,vincenzo ,coronelli1 #afic4 ,in geographical names the map records are very full1 these being given either in ,italian1 ,spanish1 ,latin1 ,dutch1 ,english1 or in the native language of the country in which they appear4 ,curiously enough in many instances the author appears to give his own peculiar spelling1 approaching therein1 to the best of his ability1 the spelling suggested by the pronunciation of the several names4 ,legends are exceedingly numerous1 many of them recording incidents relating to certain expeditions or to certain discoveries1 such as the expedition of ,magellan2 early expeditions along the west coast of ,north ,america1 including reference to ,cortes1 ,ulloa1 ,alaron1 ,cabrillo1 ,guzman1 ,drake2 expeditions to the ,east ,indies1 including that of ,le ,maire1 ,hoorn1 ,van ,diemen1 ,chaumont1 and others4 ,boundary lines of local regions1 in both the ,old and the ,new ,world are exceedingly numerous1 which fact in itself gives a somewhat unique value to the map as of geographical and historical value4 ,california appears as an island1 and a great stretch of ocean appears between northwest ,north ,america and northeast ,asia wherein is located land with indefinite outline marked1 ,terra de ,jesso ,jeco1 ,yedco1 ,esso et ,sesso ,scoperta dagli ,hollandesi l'anno #afdc4 ,the map of ,north ,america is particularly of interest and value1 especially for the region of the ,united ,states4 ,pictures of ships sailing the ocean1 those of the oriental peoples as well as those of the occidental are numerous1 as are also pictures representing seal fishing1 and pictures representing the methods of capturing polar bears and whales4 ,it is interesting to note that loxodromic lines or sailing lines have disappeared from such maps1 that the map and the chart are here seen to merge4 ,the celestial globe of this edition has practically the same dedication as the terrestrial1 the word ,terraqueum alone being changed to ,coelestem4 ,there is on this the following address3 ,amico ,lettore4 ,oltre ai molti ,globi delineati dal ,p4 ,cosmografo ,coronelli per ,sovrani diversi di varie e vaste misure1 ne ha ultimamente composti e stampati di cinque grandezze a pubblico beneficio1 fra i quali i pi comodi ed esatti sono i presenti4 ,i numeri che accompagnano le stelle calcolate all'epoca del #agjj2 cos l'altre notizie1 ad uso dei medesimi ,globi1 vengono nel suo ,epitome ,cosmografico diffusamente spiegati4 ,dear reader4 ,besides the many globes delineated by the cosmographer ,p4 ,coronelli1 for divers ,sovereigns1 he has recently composed and printed some in five sizes for the use of the public1 among which the most convenient and exact are the present ones4 ,the numbers that accompany the stars are calculated for the epoch #agjj2 moreover the other particulars for the use of these same globes are extensively developed in his ,epitome ,cosmografico4 ,in the reference to the several constellations there is repeated1 with but slight alteration1 the statements made on his larger globes1 the position of the fixed stars being referred to the year #agjj4 ,examples of the #afif edition of ,coronelli's globes may be found in the ,seminario ,vescovile of ,finale2 in the ,biblioteca ,franzoniana of ,genoa2 in the ,germanisches ,nationalmuseum of ,nrnberg2 in the ,biblioteca ,comunale of ,perugia2 in the ,museo ,civico of ,trieste2 a copy of the terrestrial in the ,biblioteca ,nazionale of ,florence1 and one in the ,certosa of ,pisa2 the unmounted gores of the celestial in the ,museo ,astronomico of ,rome4 ,the globes of the year #afif were reissued in the year #afii1 with certain unimportant alterations4 ,it may be noted that as in certain copies of the #afic edition the cartouch designed for a dedicatory inscription was left blank1 that the author might insert the name of the recipient whom he might choose to honor4 ,so in his globes of the year #afii he left a like blank space1 but in the terrestrial globe he inscribed what he evidently felt he should want to insert in each instance--a dedication in blank1 as it were1 reading ,d4 ,d4 ,d4 ,pater ,magister ,vincentius ,coronelli ,mon3 ,con3 ,francisci ,serenissimae ,venetorum ,reipublicae ,cosmographus ,,mdclxxxxix4 ,one example has been located in which the name of the honored individual has been inserted1 reading1 in addition to the author and date as above1 ,illustrissimo et ,praexcelso ,nobili ,viro ,d4 ,d4 ,comiti ,aloysio ,paoluccio ,militiae ,sanctae ,apostolicae ,sedis in ,piceno ,praefecto1 this copy being in the ,biblioteca ,privato of ,sr4 ,remigio ,salotti of ,modena4 ,copies of each of the #afii issue may also be found in the ,biblioteca ,marucelliana of ,florence2 in the ,biblioteca ,vittorio ,emanuele of ,rome2 in the ,biblioteca of the ,marquis ,piero ,bargagli of ,rome2 a copy of the terrestrial in the ,museo ,astronomico of ,rome1 a copy of the same in the ,biblioteca ,nazionale of ,florence1 and a copy in the ,certosa of ,pisa4 ,in one of his own publications issued in ,venice in the year #afig ,coronelli tells us of an edition of his celestial globe which he was preparing4#aja ,he announces ,to the ,public that the large celestial globe1 three and one half feet in diameter1 which he was then having rengraved and which would exhibit all of the artistic features of the ,paris edition of #afic1 would be one of superior excellence4 ,he adds that the many corrections and additions1 as the parts already completed clearly indicate1 would make it one very exact1 and its completion was promised before the end of the year #afih4 ,this celestial globe was issued in ,venice in the year #afii1 edited1 according to an inscribed legend1 by ,coronelli and the ,academy of the ,argonauts4 ,we cannot with certainty locate a copy of this globe4 ,perhaps it may be found in one of the undated examples1 now known1 of the size designated4 ,the ,abbot ,gimma1 to whom reference has been made1 informs us that ,coronelli constructed other globes1 the same having diameters respectively six1 four1 and two inches1 and in the ',epitome ,cosmografica' of the author1 under the paragraph heading1 ,opere stampate dal ,padre ,coronelli1 we read that he constructed celestial and terrestrial globes three inches in diameter for the pocket4 ,in ,volume ,x of the ',atlanta ,veneto1' under the title ,globi del ,coronelli1 the gores of these globes are reproduced1 and from these reprints we are able to get certain information concerning them4 ,but one pair of his six-inch globes has been located and none of the smaller size1 this one pair being the unmounted gores1 twelve in number for each globe1 to be found in the ,british ,museum4 ,the terrestrial has the following dedication3 ,hos ,globos ,terraqueum ac ,coelestem dicat et donat ,r4 mo ,p4 ,d4 ,sigismundo ,pollitio a ,placentia ,praeposito ,generali ,monarchorum ,ermitorum ,s4 ,hyeronimi ,congreg4 ,lombardiae ,p4 ,m4 ,coronelli ,cosmographus ,p4 ,these globes1 a terrestrial and a celestial ,p4 ,m4 ,coronelli gives and dedicates to the ,rev4 ,p4 ,d4 ,sigismund ,pollitus head of the congregation of ,hermit ,monks of ,st4 ,jerome of ,lombardy4 ,at ,placentia4 ,and the celestial has the following1 ,r4 mo ,p4 ,d4 ,sigismundo ,pollitio ,praep4 ,generali ,mon4 ,erem4 ,s4 ,hyeron4 ,to the ,rev4 ,p4 ,d4 ,sigismund ,pollitus4 ,general of the ,hermit ,monks of ,st4 ,jerome4 ,three other inscriptions of the celestial globe read respectively ,auct4 ,p4 ,vincentius ,coronelli ,cosmog4 ,publ41 ,stellae supput4 fuerunt ad annum #agjj1 and ,venetiis4 ,in ,academiae ,cosmog4 ,argon4 ,fiorini makes brief mention of a rather remarkable armillary sphere1 cut out of a solid block of alabaster1 now belonging to the ,museo ,civico of ,siena4#ajb ,it is neither signed nor dated1 but was probably constructed toward the close of the seventeenth century4 ,it has two meridian circles1 circles representing the tropics whose outer circumference is #ff cm41 polar circles having a circumference of #ba cm41 and circles representing the solstitial colures and the equator1 the latter having an outer circumference of #gb cm4 ,all circles are graduated1 but in the case of the polar circles the numbers of the degrees are not marked4 ,in addition to the above-mentioned circles1 there is one representing the zodiac which is exceedingly heavy1 on which have been cut the signs of the several constellations and the names of the months4 ,this assemblage of armillae is adjusted to revolve within a brass circle1 the whole resting upon a base of alabaster4 ,at the common center is a small ball mounted on a metallic rod which passes through the poles of the circles4 ,this small terrestrial sphere has a diameter of #h cm41 and around it are two small circles probably intended to represent the path of the moon and of the planet ,mercury4 ,word has been received of another armillary sphere of about #agjj1 though undated1 constructed by ,vitale ,giordani 7#afcc-agaa71 a mathematician of some note in his day4 ,this sphere belongs to the ,biblioteca ,lancisiana of ,rome1 which1 as noted above1 possesses one by ,barocci of the year #aegj4ajc ,the idea of constructing large manuscript globes1 such as were those of ,benci and of ,moroncelli1 was taken up by ,giuseppe ,scarabelli of ,mirandola1 who appears to have won special distinction in his day as an engineer4#ajd ,although the large globes1 terrestrial and celestial1 three braccia 7ca4 #bjj cm47 in diameter1 which he is known to have made1 assisted by his son ,massimo1 cannot now be located1 we are told that they were of such size and quality that their equal could not be found in ,milan1 in ,venice1 or in ,rome4 ,in what has been stated above concerning globe makers of ,italy in the late seventeenth century and the early eighteenth1 it has been noted that a number of those most prominent were members of some one or other of the many monastic orders4 ,benci and ,moroncelli were of the ,silvestrin ,congregation2 ,coronelli was a ,minorite1 being honored with an election to the office of ,general of the ,franciscan ,order4 ,it was in the late seventeenth century that ,giovanni ,battista da ,cassine1#aje a ,capuchin monk1 began to achieve distinction as a map and globe maker1 in particular1 however1 through the maps he drafted of the various provinces of his order which he described in his ',descrizione cosmografica della ,provincie e dei ,conventi de ,,ff3 ,min4 ,cappuccini di ,s4 ,francesco4'#ajf ,he was a native of ,cassine in the district of ,alessandria1 and entered in early life into the ,convent of the ,immaculata ,concezzione of ,milan4 ,he tells us1 in his introduction to his work noted above1 that he constructed two globes for the library of his convent in ,milan1 a terrestrial and a celestial1 adding1 ,quondam aedificabam1 simul et delineabam pro ,bibliotheca nostra ,immacolatae ,conceptionis duos satis grandes ,globos nimirum coelestem unum1 terrestrem alium4 ,i once designed and constructed for our library of the ,immaculate ,conception1 two large globes1 one a terrestrial1 the other a celestial4 ,we do not know the exact date of the construction of these globes1 but it probably was near #agjj4ajg ,it is further probable that these globes were examples of ,italy's best productions within this field4 ,they1 however1 cannot now be located1 having disappeared at the time of the dissolution of the convent in the year #ahaj4 ,george ,christopher ,eimmart 7#afch-agje71 a native of ,ravensburg1 was one of ,germany's most famous mathematicians of the seventeenth century4#ajh ,he is reported to have been for some time associated with ,erhard ,weigel in the ,university of ,jena1 where he won distinction for himself in his mathematical and law studies4 ,it was about the year #afeh1 after the death of his father1 that he became especially interested in the art of copper engraving1 and in the year #affj he established himself in this business in the city of ,nrnberg4 ,the study of mathematics1 however1 continued to interest him1 and we soon find him giving especial attention to astronomical science1 to the construction of astronomical instruments1 such as quadrants1 sextants1 telescopes1 astronomical clocks1 and celestial spheres4 ,in one of the fortifications of the city he erected a small observatory1 in which he carried on his astronomical studies1 evincing1 as the months passed1 much interest in giving practical instruction to many of the young students of the city1 among whom may be named ,johannes ,philipp ,wrzelbauer1 who later was ennobled by ,emperor ,leopold on account of his scientific attainments1 and who at the time of the reception of this honor changed his name to ,wurzelbau4 ,eimmart counted among his friends1 with whom he was in constant communication1 ,leibnitz1 ,cassini1 ,la ,hire1 ,flamsteed1 ,hevel1 and others4 ,his correspondence with these distinguished men of science1 together with his numerous papers relating to his mathematical and astronomical studies1 are still preserved in manuscript1 filling no less than fifty-seven volumes4#aji ,in the year #afie he published a description of an armillary sphere which he had constructed to represent the ,copernican system1 but this cannot now be located4#aaj ,in the year #agje1 the year of his death1 he issued a pair of globes1 an example of each being now kept in the ,museo ,astronomico of ,rome4 ,these spheres of papier-mch1 each having a diameter of about #cj cm41 are supplied each with a base of wood1 consisting of four turned columns1 which support a horizon circle of wood1 on which are the usual engraved concentric circles bearing respectively the names of the principal directions or winds1 the names of the zodiacal constellations1 with their respective figures1 the names of the principal festivals1 and names of the saints4 ,they are made to revolve within a graduated meridian circle which is adjusted to move within the horizon circle4 ,the globe balls are covered with engraved gore maps1 each consisting of twelve sections cut at the equatorial line and in latitude #hj degrees1 the polar areas being covered with a circular disc1 having the necessary radius of ten degrees4 ,on the terrestrial globe we find the following author and date legend3 ,cum geographica ,orbis ,terrarum descriptio secundum long4 et lat4 non nisi vel per peregrinationes marittimas vel observationes coelestes emendatior in dies prodeat1 istud autem per experimenta propria 7quo ad exiguam saltem partem7 perfecisse1 e' mille1 vix uni contigat2 ,oportuit nos ,recentiorum accuratissimis observationibus insistore et quatenus cum veritate congruant vel discrepent exactiori tuo judicio relinquest4 ,nos eadem loca bona fide1 nihil immutantes1 prout ab auctoribus novissimis accepimus usui tuo exhibibemus4 ,norimbergae apud ,g4 ,c4 ,eimmartum ,ao ,christi #agje4 ,since the geographical description of the earth according to latitude and longitude1 both by maritime voyages and by celestial observations becomes more accurate day by day1 it happens to scarcely any one man to perfect 7a globe7 by his own observations for these can be partial only4 ,therefore it behooves us to make use of the most accurate modern observations4 ,in so far as they agree with the truth or depart from it is left for you with your more exact judgment to decide4 ,we1 for our part1 exhibit for your use the places in all good faith1 as we have received them from the latest authorities and have changed nothing4 ,nrnberg4 ,by ,g4 ,c4 ,eimmart1 #agje4 ,meridians and parallels are represented at intervals of five degrees1 the ecliptic and the equator being graduated4 ,compass roses are numerous1 from which radiate numerous loxodromic lines4 ,the several compass roses are located on the equator1 and at latitude #ce degrees and #gj degrees both north and south1 where these parallels are crossed by the prime meridian and the meridians of #ij degrees1 of #ahj degrees1 and of #bgj degrees4 ,in the southern hemisphere of the celestial globe is the following inscription3 ,loca stellarum coelesti huic ,globo insertarum a ,jo4 ,hevelio astronomo insigni ad ann4 #agjj complet4 sumo studio ac diuturnis vigiliis restituta sunt2 quae in hujusmodi ,typum ad perpetuam ,coeli conformitatem juxta modum quem ,problema inferius adjectum praescribit noviter redacta a ,g4 ,c4 ,eimmarto4 ,the position of the stars inscribed on this celestial globe were determined by ,j4 ,hevelius1 renowned astronomer1 and completed to the year #agjj through deep study and nightly vigils4 ,and these observations on this globe are made perpetually to conform1 according to the method which is described below1 and these have been revised by ,g4 ,c4 ,eimmart4 ,attention is called to the stars of the various magnitudes up to the seventh by an appropriate illustration of each placed in a small but artistically designed wreath4 ,latin names are given to the several constellations and to a number of the individual stars1 though one finds an occasional ,arabic name4 ,among the several constellations one notes certain modern names such as ,scutum ,subiescianum4 ,in addition to the pair referred to above1 a copy of the celestial globe may be found in the ,biblioteca ,civico of ,bergamo4 ,joseph ,moxon 7#afbg-agjj7 7,fig4 #aaf7 was an ,english mathematician and hydrographer of great distinction4#aaa ,his earliest business1 dating from about #afee1 was that of a maker and vender of mathematical instruments1 but he later turned his attention toward the designing of letters and the making of printing types1 achieving1 for his work in this field1 a very remarkable reputation4 ,it was in his early years1 when especially interested in making mathematical instruments in his shop in ,russell ,street1 at ,the ,sign of the ,atlas1 that his thought was turned toward geography1 astronomy1 and navigation2 at any rate1 he published in the year #afeg an edition of ,edward ,wright's ',certain errors in navigation detected and corrected4'#aab ,in #afei he published in ,london the first edition of his important work which he called ',a ,tutor to ,astronomy and ,geography1 or an easie and speedy way to know the ,use of both the ,globes1 ,celestial and ,terrestrial4' ,this work1 frequently reissued during his lifetime1 was followed at intervals by a number of publications chiefly relating to the art of printing4#aac ,as to the importance he attached to his own knowledge of globes1 he states on the title-page of his book on their uses that he explains therein ,more fully and amply than hath yet been set forth1 either by ,gemma ,frisius1 ,metius1 ,hues1 ,wright1 ,blaeu1 or any others that have taught the ,use of the ,globes3 and that so ,plainly and ,methodically1 that the meanest ,capacity may at first ,reading apprehend it1 and with a little ,practice grow expert in these ,divine ,sciences4 ,in his address ,to the ,reader1 appearing as an introduction to this same work1 he gives us further word not only concerning his own globes1 but an interesting insight into what a globe maker of that time conceived as essential points to be noted when directing attention to his own special work4 ,though somewhat lengthy1 it is here quoted as an interesting early statement4 ,he observes in his introductory paragraph that he is writing not to expert ,practitioners but to ,learners2 to whom ,examples may prove more ,instructive than ,precepts4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aaf4 ,portrait of ,joseph ,moxon4 ,besides1 he states1 ,i hope to encourage those by an ample liberal plainness to fall in love with the ,studies1 that formerly have been disheartened by the ,crabbed brevity of those ,authors that have in ,characters as it were rather writ ,notes for their own ,memories1 than sufficient ,documents for their ,readers ,instructions4 ,the ,globes for which this ,book is written are new ,globes that ,i set forth1 which as ,i told you in my ,epistle to the ,reader of ,blaws ,book differ somewhat from other ,globes2 and that both the ,celestial and the ,terrestrial2 mine being the latest done of any1 and to the accomplishing of which1 ,i have not only had the help of all or most of the best of other ,globes1 ,maps1 ,plates1 and ,sea-drafts of ,new discoveries that were then extant for the ,terrestrial ,globe1 but also the ,advice and directions of divers able ,mathematicians both in ,england and ,holland for ,tables and ,calculations both of ,lines and ,stars for the ,celestial2 upon which globe ,i have placed every ,star that was observed by ,tycho ,brahe and other ,observers1 one degree of ,longitude farther in the ,ecliptick than they are on any other ,globes3 so that whereas on other ,globes the places of the ,stars were correspondent with their places in ,heaven #fi ,years ago1 when ,tycho observed them1 and therefore according to his ,rule want almost a degree of their true places in ,heaven at this ,time3 ,i have set every ,star one degree farther in the ,ecliptick1 and rectified them on the ,globe according to the true place they had in ,heaven in the ,year #afga4 ,on the ,terrestrial ,globe ,i have inserted all the ,new ,discoveries that have been made1 either by our own ,forraign ,navigators1 and that bothe in the ,east1 ,west1 ,north1 and ,south parts of the ,earth4 ,in the ,east ,indies we have in the latter ,times many spacious places discovered1 many ,islands inserted1 and generally the whole ,draught of the ,country rectified and amended1 even to the ,coast of ,china1 ,japan1 ,giloli c4 ,in the ,south ,sea between the ,east and ,west ,indies are scattered many ,islands1 which for the uncertain knowledge former ,times had of them are either wholly left out of other ,globes1 or else laid down so erroneously that little of credit can be attributed unto them4 ,california is found to be an ,island1 though formerly supposed to be part of the main ,continent1 whose ,north-,west shoar was imagined to thrust itself forth close to the ,coasts of ,cathaio1 and so make the supposed ,straights of ,anian4 ,the ,western ,shoars of the ,west ,indies are more accurately described than formerly1 as you may see if you compare my ,terrestrial ,globe3 that ,i have lately set forth with the ,journals of the latest ,navigators3 ,and if you compare them with other ,globes you will find #e1 #f1 yea #g degrees difference in ,longitude in most ,places of these ,coasts4 ,magellanica which heretofore was thought to be part of the ,south ,continent called ,terra ,incognita is now also found to be an ,island4 ,all that ,tract of ,land called ,terra ,incognita ,i have purposely omitted1 because as yet we have no certainty whether it be ,land or ,sea2 unless it be of some parts lately found out by the ,dutch1 who having a convenient ,port at ,batavia in ,java1 have from there sent forth ,ships ,southward1 where they have found several very large countries2 one whereof they have called ,hollandia ,nova1 another ,zelandia ,nova1 another ,anthoni van ,diemans ,land2 and divers others2 some whereof lie near our ,antipodes2 as you may see by my terrestrial ,globes4 ,again1 ,far to the ,northwards there are some ,new ,discoveries1 even within six degrees of the ,pole3 ,the ,drafts to the ,north ,eastwards ,i have laid down even as they were described by the ,searchers of those parts for a passage into the ,east ,indies4 ,and also the ,discoveries of ,baffin1 ,captain ,james1 and ,capt4 ,fox 7our own ,country-men7 that attempted the finding a passage that way into the ,south ,sea4 ,i also told you what difference there is in several ,authors about placing the first ,meridian1 which is the beginning of ,longitude2 that ,ptolemy placed it at the ,fortunate ,islands1 which ,mr4 ,hues pag4 #d4 chap4 #a4 in his ,treatise of ,globes proves to be the ,islands of ,cabo ,verde1 and not those now called the ,canary ,islands2 because in his ,time they were the farthest place of the ,discovered ,world towards the setting of the ,sun2 ,others placed it at ,pico in ,teneriffa2 ,others at ,corvus and ,flora2 because under that ,meridian the ,compass had no ,variation1 but did then duly respect the ,north and ,south2 ,others for the same ,reason begin their ,longitude at ,st4 ,michaels2 and ,others between the ,islands of ,flores and ,fayal3 ,and the ,spaniards of late by reason of their great ,negotiation in the ,west ,indies1 have begun their ,longitude at ,toledo there1 and contrary to all others account it ,westwards4 ,therefore ,i1 seeing such diversity among all ,nations1 and as yet an ,uniformity at home1 chose with our own ,country-men to place my ,first ,meridian at the ,ile ,gratiosa1 one of the ,iles of ,azores4 ,by the different placing of this first ,meridian it comes to pass that the ,longitude of ,places are diversely set down in different ,tables2 ,for those ,globes or ,maps that have their first ,meridian placed to the ,eastwards of ,gratiosa1 have all places counted ,eastwards from the ,meridian of ,gratiosa1 and their first ,meridian in a greater number of degrees of ,longitude1 and that according as the ,arch of ,difference is4 ,at the conclusion of this work we find printed a catalogue of his books1 maps1 and instruments1 including globes celestial and terrestrial of all sizes1 and1 what is of considerable interest and value1 the price of each given4#aad ,we know that the ,chinese1 very many centuries ago1 manifested a considerable interest in astronomy2 nor was there wanting with them an interest in geography4 ,it was1 however1 especially in the former science they may be said to have made contributions of real value4 ,an unreliable record1 telling us of the interest exhibited by the ,emperor ,shun1 reigning more than two thousand years before the beginning of the ,christian era1 notes that he made use of an armillary sphere in his study of the stars4 ,little is there to assure us that prior to the time of ,kblai ,kaan 7#abaf-abid7 there were those who turned their attention to the construction of globes4 ,that great ,mongol ,emperor's astronomer ,ko-,shun-,king1 having demonstrated the superiority of his astronomical wisdom1 was directed to institute reforms in ,chinese chronology and to construct for purposes of scientific investigations such instruments as he thought to be necessary4 ,accordingly he removed from the old observatory an armillary sphere dating from #ajdi1 substituting in its place a number of large and small instruments1 two of which have survived to our day--an armillary sphere and a celestial globe1 which may be said to date from about the year #abgd4 ,these instruments of the astronomer ,ko-,shun-,king had place in an observatory which he had erected on the site of an ancient structure at the southeast corner of the ,tartar city wall1 being raised above the parapet4 ,there they remained until the year #afgc when the ,jesuit astronomer ,father ,ferdinand ,verbiest judged them to be useless and persuaded the ,emperor to pull them down and put up new ones of his own contriving4#aae ,the old instruments were stored away at the foot of the terrace1 and of these1 as before noted1 but two now remain4 ,le ,comte refers to the celestial globe as one well cast1 and having a diameter of about three feet1 the degrees and minutes being marked both longitudinally and latitudinally4 ,an early description tells us that its equator is in the center1 equidistant from the two poles1 in each case a quarter of a circumference4 ,the ecliptic is elevated above and depressed below the equator1 in each case barely twenty-four degrees4 ,the elevations and depressions of the moon in its orbit being variable1 a bamboo hoop1 divided into degrees equally throughout1 is used to verify the intersections with the ecliptic and accordingly is moved from time to time4 ,the globe rests on a square box1 the north and south poles being respectively above and below the surface fully forty degrees1 half of the globe being visible and half concealed4 ,toothed wheels1 set in motion by machinery concealed within the box1 are so adjusted as to cause the globe to revolve4 ,the armillary sphere 7,fig4 #aag7 stands at the east end of the court4 ,it is an instrument of huge dimensions being described in early records somewhat as follows1 in each reference there being allusion to its beautiful workmanship1 and to its design as possessing remarkable excellence4 ,the supporting base of the piece has a mythological significance4 ,the four dragons1 which play such a part in the ,chinese geomancy1 are here represented as chained to the earth1 while upholding the spheres4 ,its substantial horizon circle1 crossed at right angles by a double ring representing an azimuth circle1 forms the outer supporting framework4 ,the upper surface of the horizon circle is divided into twelve equal parts1 marked by the several ,chinese cyclical characters applied to the twelve hours into which the day and night was divided4 ,around the outside of this horizon circle these twelve characters appear again1 with the ,chinese names for the several points of the compass4 ,on the inside of this circle one finds the names of the twelve ,states into which the ancient ,empire was divided1 each ,state being thought of as under the influence of a particular quarter of the heavens4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aag4 ,ancient ,mongolian ,armillary ,sphere1 ca4 #abgd4 ,inside this frame is placed an equatorial circle within which is a series of movable circles made to turn on polar pivots attached to the azimuth circle4 ,these movable circles consist of an equatorial circle1 a double ring ecliptic1 an equinoctial colure1 and a double ring solstitial colure4 ,the equator is divided into twenty-eight unequal portions marked by the names of as many constellations of very ancient origin4 ,the ecliptic is divided into twenty-four equal parts according with the divisions of the year4 ,within the circles just described there is a double revolving meridian with a double axis and within this a fixed tube for taking sights4 ,all the circles of this armillary sphere are divided into #cfe-a_/d degrees corresponding to the days of the year and each degree is divided into hundreds4 ,at the corners of the base outside the dragons are four miniature rocks in bronze1 with the respective inscriptions ,keen ,shan1 northwest or celestial mountain2 ,kwan ,shan1 southwest or terrestrial mountain2 ,seuen-,shan1 or southeast mountain2 ,kan ,shan1 northeast mountain4 ,when the astronomer ,pre ,ferdinand ,verbiest 7#afbc-afhh71aaf undertook the survey and management of mathematics for the ,emperor he1 like his predecessor ,ko-,shun-,king four hundred years before1 began his task1 as noted above1 by ordering the removal of the old instruments from the observatory and the construction of new ones4 ,six of these are referred to in the records of the period as possessing especial merit1 including a zodiacal armillary sphere six feet in diameter1 an equinoctial armillary sphere six feet in diameter1 a horizon azimuth likewise six feet in diameter1 a quadrant having a radius of six feet1 a sextant with a radius of eight feet1 and a celestial globe having a diameter of six feet4 ,the armillary spheres have each but four circles1 being of excellent workmanship1 and having mountings of elaborate ,chinese designs4 ,that which especially interests us here is the celestial globe 7,fig4 #aag;a7 which ,le ,compte describes somewhat in detail4 ,this in my ,opinion1 he says1 is the fairest and best fashioned of all the ,instruments4 ,the ,globe itself is brazen1 exactly round and smooth2 the ,stars well made1 and in their true places1 and all ,circles of proportional breadth and thickness4 ,it is besides so well hung1 that the least touch moves it1 and tho' it is above two thousand weight1 the least ,child may elevate it to any ,degree4 ,on its large concave ,bases are placed opposite four ,dragons1 whose ,hair standing up on end1 support a noble ,horizon commendable for its breadth1 its several ,ornaments1 and the delicacy and niceness of the ,work4 ,the ,meridian in which the ,pole is fixed rests upon ,clouds that issue out of the ,bases1 and slides easily between them1 its ,motion being facilitated by some hidden ,wheels1 and moves with it the whole ,globe to give it the required ,elevation4 ,besides which1 the ,horizon1 ,dragons and two brazen ,beams1 which lie cross in the ,center of the ,bases ,concavity1 are all moved at pleasure without stirring the ,bases which still remain fixed2 this facilitates the due placing of the ,horizon1 whether in respect of the ,natural ,horizon1 or in respect of the ,globe4 ,i wonder how ,men who live six thousand ,leagues from us could go through such a piece of ,work2 and ,i must own1 that if all the ,circles which are divided1 had been corrected by some of our ,workmen1 nothing could be more perfect in this kind4 ,this piece1 it may be noted1 was carried away to ,potsdam at the close of the ,boxer ,rebellion1 copies of them being left in the old observatory4 ,the ,treaty of ,versailles directed that the originals should be returned to their early home4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aag;a4 ,armillary ,sphere and ,celestial ,globe of ,ferdinand ,verbiest1 #afgc4 ,,notes #fa ,see ,i1 #h4 #fb ,coronelli1 ,v4 ,epitome ,cosmografica4 ,colonia1 #afic4 pp4 #ccj-cca4 #fc ,allgemeine deutsche ,biographie1 ,olearius2 ,varenius1 ,b4 ,geographia generalis4 ,cambridge1 #afgb4 ,bk4 ,,iii1 chap4 xxxii2 ,moller1 ,g4 ,i4 ,cimbria literata4 ,hanniae1 #agdd4 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #aie3 ,moller says3 ,nec silentio sunt involvenda duo admiranda orbis authomata astronomico-cosmographica1 juxta delineationem ipsius ingeniosissimam ,a4 #afed et seqq4 ab ,and4 ,boschio ,mechanico ,dedalaeo et in ,mathesi versatissimo1 dirigente laborem ,ad4 ,oleario1 ,principis hujus sui etiam mathematici1 fabrefacta1 quibus similis ,europam1 imo orbem majorem universum1 non vidisse1 praeter ,olearium ,heun4 ,heuningi et ,d4 ,g4 ,morphosius sunt persuasi4444 ,weidler1 ,j4 ,f4 ,historia astronomiae4 ,wittenberg1 #agda1 p4 #eda4 ,weidler says3 ,globum a4 #afed ,fredericus dux ,holsatiae1 dirigente opus ,adamo ,oleario1 e cupro fabrefieri et in arce ,gortorpiensi curaverat4 ,diameter ejus #aj-a_/b pedes capiebat1 totusque globus rotis1 flumine circumjactis movebatur4 #fd ,gnther-,fiorini4 ,erd- und ,himmelsgloben1 p4 #hc2 ,royal ,geographical ,journal4 ,london1 #aija4 p4 #bai4 #fe ,bartholomaei1 ,f4 ,erhard ,weigel2 ein ,beitrag zur ,geschichte der mathematischen ,wissenschaften auf den deutschen ,universitten im ,,xvi ,jahrhundert4 7,in3 ,zeitschrift fr ,mathematik und ,physik4 ,leipzig1 #ahfh4 ,sup4 ,heft4 pt4 #a472 ,allgemeine deutsche ,biographia1 ,weigel1 ,erhard4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aag;a4 ,armillary ,sphere and ,celestial ,globe of ,ferdinand ,verbiest1 #afgc4 #ff ,schimpfer was a native of ,nrnberg and active in his profession about the middle of the seventeenth century4 #fg ,bartholomaei1 op4 cit4 #fh ,bartholomaei1 referring to the popularity of ,weigel as a lecturer1 states that some of his lectures were given in the open because there was no available room sufficiently large to accommodate his hearers4 #fi ,weigel1 ,e4 ,sphaerica ,euclidea methodo conscripta2 accessit globorum heraldicorum ipsiusque pancosmi descriptio et usus4 ,jenae1 #afhh2 ,wolf1 ,geschichte der ,astronomie1 pp4 #dbj-dbg4 ,in a very early day the ,venerable ,bede had suggested a change from the heathen names of the several constellations to ,christian names4 ,see in this connection ,schiller1 ,j4 ,coelum stellatum christianum4 ,augsburg1 #afbg4 ,schiller was a pupil of the famous astronomer1 ,johannes ,bayer1 from whom he probably received his impulse to inaugurate a reform in the matter of naming the constellations4 ,schiller felt much annoyed that heathen names for stars and star groups should be retained by ,christian peoples1 and it was probably with ,bayer that he worked out his scheme for a new nomenclature4 ,to the twelve signs of the zodiac1 for example1 he gave the names of the twelve apostles4 ,for the constellation ,perseus he proposed the ,apostle ,paul1 for the ,great ,bear the ,ship of ,peter1 for ,hercules the ,three ,kings1 for ,cassiopeia the name ,maria ,magdalena1 for ,auriga ,saint ,jerome2 he further proposed to change the name ,ophiuchus to ,pope ,benedict1 ,pegasus to the ,angel ,gabriel1 ,orion to ,joseph1 ,canis ,major to ,king ,david1 the ,ship ,argo to the ,ark of ,noe1 the ,centaur to ,abraham1 the ,peacock to ,eve4 ,it was proposed to change the name ,sun to ,christ1 the ,moon to ,maria1 ,saturn to ,adam1 ,jupiter to ,moses1 ,mars to ,joshua1 ,venus to ,john the ,baptist1 and ,mercury to ,elias4 ,the suggestions of ,schiller1 of ,bayer1 and of their contemporaries1 or near contemporaries1 ,schickard1 ,bartsch1 and ,harsdrfer1 with the added support of ,weigel1 seem to have found little favor among astronomers4 #gj ,weigel1 ,e4 ,universi corporis pansophici prodromus4 ,jena1 #afgb2 same author4 ,beschreibung der verbesserten ,himmels- und ,erdgloben4 ,jena1 #afha4 #ga ,coronelli1 op4 cit41 pp4 #cca-ccb2 ,wolf1 op4 cit41 pp4 #dbf-dbg1 n4 #af2 ,gnther-,fiorini1 op4 cit41 p4 #he1 n4 #gb ,fiorini1 op4 cit41 pp4 #cjh-caj4 #gc ,quoted by ,fiorini1 op4 cit41 pp4 #cjf-cjg4 #gd ,practically the only information we have concerning ,moroncelli1 aside from that which may be gained from his globes1 is contained in a manuscript preserved in the ,biolioteca ,municipale of ,fabriano1 titled1 ,vite dei ,monaci ,illustri di ,s4 ,benedetto in ,fabriano1 by the ,monk ,feliziani1 who died in the year #afhc4 ,extracts from this have courteously been sent the author in reply to letters of inquiry4 ,see also ,fiorini1 op4 cit41 p4 #caj4 #ge ,letter from the director1 ,dr4 ,g4 ,coggiola1 dated ,january #d1 #aiad4 #gf ,see ,,ii1 #cd4 #gg ,fiorini1 op4 cit41 p4 #cbc4 #gh ,christina1 daughter of ,gustavus ,adolphus2 succeeded her father as ruler of ,sweden4 ,in the year #afed she abdicated the throne1 became a devout ,catholic and passed a considerable part of her remaining years in ,rome1 residing at first in the ,palazzo ,farnese1 and later in the ,palazzo ,riario1 bringing together in the latter place of residence a large collection of books and objects of art4 ,much of her collection later passed to the ,vatican4 #gi ,fiorini1 op4 cit41 p4 #cbc4 #hj ,see note #i1 above4 #ha ,coronelli1 op4 cit41 pp4 #cbe-ccj2 ,dictionary of ,national ,biography1 ,palmer1 ,roger 7,count of ,castlemaine71 to which is appended a somewhat lengthy list of bibliographical references4 #hb ,moxon1 ,j4 ,the ,english globe1 being a stabil and immobil one1 performing what the ordinary globes do1 and much more4 ,invented and described by the ,right honorable1 the ,earl of ,castlemaine4 ,the second edition corrected by ,j4 ,moxon4 ,london1 #afif4 #hc ,coronelli1 op4 cit41 p4 #ccc4 #hd ,it has been impossible to locate a copy of this work or to get further information concerning ,treffler4 #he ,fiorini1 op4 cit41 p4 #cgf4 #hf ,fiorini1 op4 cit41 p4 #cgg4 #hg ,briefly described in a letter received by the author from the ,biblioteca ,estense of ,modena4 #hh ,fiorini1 ,m4 ,vincenzo ,coronelli ed i suoi globi cosmografici4 7,in3 ,annuario ,astro-,meteorologico4 ,roma1 #ahic472 ,rigobon4 ,biografia e studi del ,p4 ,vincenzo ,coronelli4 7,in3 ,archivo ,veneto1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 pt4 i1 p4 #bfg472 ,ginanni1 ,p4 ,p4 ,memorie storico critiche degli scrittori ,ravennati4 ,faenza1 #agfi4 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #afb2 ,pasolini1 ,s4 ,huomini illustri di ,ravenna antica ed altri degni professori di lettere ed armi4 ,bologna1 #agjc4 p4 #fc4 #hi ,among his more important works the following may here be cited3 ,atlante ,veneto1 nel quale si contiene la descrittione 444 degl' ,imperij4 ,regni1 ,provincie1 e ,stati dell' ,universo4 ,venetia1 #afia-afif4 #c ,vols4 in #d pts42 ,biblioteca universale sacro-profano1 antico-moderna4 ,venezia1 #agja-agjf4 ,vols4 ,i-,,viii1 but not completed beyond ,caque2 ,epitome ,cosmografica1 o compendiosa introduttione all' ,astronomia1 ,geographia1 et ,idrografia4 ,colonia1 #afic2 ,viaggi del ,p4 ,c4 ,venetia1 #afig3 ,the ,royal ,almanack3 containing a succinct account of the remarkable actions of ,k4 ,william ,,iii3 with the year and the day of the month when each happened4 ,tr4 from ,italian into ,english4 ,london1 #afif4 ,see also ,giannini1 ,g4 ,titoli della opere 444 stampate dal anno #agjd1 dal ,p4 ,m4 ,c4 444 publicate dall' ,accademia degli ,argonauti in aggiunta dell' indice gi dato in luce4 ,venetia1 #agjh4 #ij ,not until the following century does it appear that such societies were organized north of the ,alps4 #ia ,see list given by ,coronelli1 ,epitome1 in introductory pages under heading ,catalogo 444 #ib ,see ,coronelli4 ,epitome4 #ic ,this privilege is quoted by ,coronelli1 ,epitome1 in introductory pages4 #id ,coronelli4 ,epitome1 pp4 #ccd-cdb4 #ie ,la ,hire1 ,p4 de4 ,description et explication des ,globes qui sont placs dans les pavillons du ,chteau de ,marly par ordre de ,sa ,majest4 ,paris1 #agjd4 #if ,born ,september #af1 #afch4 #ig ,ludolf1 ,h4 ,jobi ,ludolfi 444 ad suam historiam ,aetiopicam ante hac editam commentarius4 ,francforti ad ,moenum1 #afia4 p4 #bb4 #ih ,marcel1 ,g4 ,les ,portugais dans l',africe ,australe4 7,in3 ,revue de ,gographie4 ,paris1 #ahij47 #ii ,this chteau was erected in the year #afic4 #ajj ,cited by ,fiorini1 op4 cit41 p4 #cch4 #aja ,viaggi1 del ,p4 ,c4 p4 #bh4 ,he gives us in this work a statement of prices for his globes as follows3 ,globes of various sizes4 ,celestial and terrestrial three and one half feet in diameter1 with the addition of many stars and of newly discovered lands1 painted and varnished1 without supports1 #ajj ducats ,l4#bfj3 ,the same with their supports and with meridian of brass #abdj3 ,the same one foot and a half in diameter with their pedestals and with brass meridians #aee3 ,the same six and a half inches in diameter with feet and with meridians ,l4#ca3 ,the same four and a half inches in diameter with their feet and with meridians #bd3af ,the same two and a half inches in diameter with their feet and with meridians #ah3ab #ajb ,fiorini1 op4 cit41 p4 #cgh4 #ajc ,fiorini1 op4 cit41 p4 #cgi4 #ajd ,fiorini1 op4 cit41 p4 #cgj4 #aje ,porena1 ,f4 ,un cartografo italiano del principio del secolo ,,xviii4 7,in3 ,memorie della ,societ geog4 ital4 ,roma1 #ahie4 ,vol4 ,v1 pt4 #a1 p4 #de47 #ajf ,published in ,mediolani1 #agab4 #ajg ,bernardo1 ,f4 da ,bologna4 ,biblioteca ,scriptorum ,ordinis ,minorum ,s4 ,francisci ,capucinorum4 ,venetiis1 #agdg4 #ajh ,doppelmayr1 op4 cit41 p4 #abg4 #aji ,laland states that these fifty-seven came into the possession of the ,jesuit ,college of ,polotzk in ,russia4 #aaj ,eimmarto1 ,g4 ,c4 ,sphaerae armillaris a ,georgio ,christophoro ,eimmarto ex aurichalco constitutae1 interius systema planetarum ex mente ,copernici repraesentatis1 brevis elucidatio1 ,ed4 ,jo4 ,christ4 ,sturmio-,altdorfii1 #afie4 #aaa ,dictionary of ,national ,biography1 ,vol4 ,,xxxix1 p4 #bdb4 #aab ,this work was first published in ,london in the year #aeii4 #aac ,as a result of ,moxon's interest in this field we have from him one of the most satisfactory of the early manuals of typography1 bearing the title ',mechanick ,exercises or the ,doctrine of ,handy-,works applied to the ,art of ,printing1' ,london1 #afhc4 ,this work was reprinted1 line-for-line and page-for-page of the original1 with preface and notes by ,theodore ,l4 ,devinne4 ,new ,york1 #ahif4 #b ,vols4 #aad ,it is from the last-mentioned work that the following citations are made3 ,books4 ,moxon1 ,j4 ,a ,tutor to ,astronomy and ,geography1 or the ,use of both the ,globes1 ,celestial and ,terrestrial2 by ,joseph ,moxon1 ,a ,member of the ,royal ,society1 and ,hydrographer to the ,kings most ,excellent ,majesty4 ,price #es4 ,the ,use of the ,copernican ,spheres1 teaching to solve the ,phaenomena by them1 as easily as by the ,ptolomaick ,spheres2 by ,joseph ,moxon1 c4 ,price #ds4 ,the ,use of ,astronomical ,playing ,cards1 teaching an ordinary capacity by them to be acquainted with all the ,stars of ,heaven2 to know their places1 ,colours1 ,natures and ,bignesses4 ,also the ,poetical ,reasons for every ,constellation4 ,very useful1 pleasant and delightful for all lovers of ,ingeniety4 ,by ,joseph ,moxon1 c4 ,price #f;d4 ,the ,astronomical ,cards4 ,by ,joseph ,moxon1 c4 ,price plain #as4 ,coloured #as4 #f;d4 best coloured1 and the ,stars ,gilt1 #es4 ,geographical ,playing ,cards1 wherein is exactly described all the ,kingdoms of the ,earth1 curiously engraved4 ,price ,plain #as4 ,coloured #bs4 best ,coloured and ,gilt #es4 the ,pack4 ,the ,english ,globe1 invented by the ,right ,honourable1 the ,earl of ,castlemaine 7and of which this ,book shews the use7 containing about a ,foot in ,diameter1 are made by ,joseph ,moxon4 ,price ordinary made up #djs4 and with the projection described in ,section #f4 of this ,book4 ,price #ejs4 ,to the above is added the following interesting information3 ,a ,catalogue of ,,globes1 ,celestial and ,terrestrial1 ,spheres1 ,maps1 ,sea-,plates1 ,mathematical ,instruments1 and ,books1 with their prizes1 made and sold by ,joseph ,moxon1 on ,ludgate-,hill1 at the ,sign of ,atlas4 ,,globes #bf ,inches ,diameter4 ,the price #bjl4 the ,pair4 ,,globes near #ae ,inches ,diameter4 ,the ,price #dl4 ,,globes #h ,inches ,diameter4 ,the price #bl4 ,,globes #f ,inches ,diameter4 ,the price #al4 #ajs4 ,,concave ,,hemispheres of the ,starry ,orb1 which serves for a ,case to a ,terrestrial ,globe of #c ,inches ,diameter1 made portable for the pocket4 ,price #aes4 ,,spheres1 according to the ,copernican ,hypothesis1 both ,general and ,particular1 #bj ,inches ,diameter4 ,price of the ,general #el4 of the ,particular #fl4 of both together #ajl4 ,,spheres1 according to the ,ptolomaick ,system1 #ad ,inches ,diameter4 ,price #cl4 ,,spheres1 according to the ,ptolomaick ,system1 #h ,inches ,diameter4 ,price #al4 #ajs4 #aae ,the following works may be cited for further reference to these early ,chinese globes of ,peking3 ,wylie1 ,a4 ,mongol astronomical instruments in ,peking4 7,in3 ,chinese ,researches1 ,shantung1 #ahig1 ,part ,,iii1 pp4 #a-bj472 ,le ,comte1 ,l4 ,d4 ,memories and ,observations4 ,london1 #afii2 ,du ,halde1 ,j4 ,b4 ,description gographique de l'empire de la ,china4 ,paris1 #agce2 ,yule1 ,h4 ,travels of ,marco ,polo4 ,london1 #ahic4 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #ddh-def1 with four illustrations4 #aaf ,carton1 ,abb ,c4 ,biographique sur le ,pre ,ferdinand ,verbiest4 ,bruges1 #ahci2 ,thompson1 ,j4 ,illustrations of ,china and its people4 ,london1 #ahgd4 ,vol4 iv4 ,chapter ,,xii ,globes and ,globe ,makers of the ,first ,half of the ,eighteenth ,century--from ,delisle to ,ferguson ,activities of ,guillaume ,delisle4--,jean ,dominique ,cassini and his reforms4--,vincenzo ,miot4--,the globes of ,gerhard and ,leonhard ,valk4--,activities of ,john ,senex4--,nicolas ,bion4--,the armillary sphere of ,carmelo ,cartilia4--,mattheus ,seutter of ,augsburg4--,robert ,morden4--,jean ,antoine ,nollet4--,johann ,gabriel ,doppelmayr of ,nrnberg4--,terrestrial globe of ,cusani4--,terrestrial globes of ,siena4--,the work of the monk ,pietro ,maria da ,vinchio4--,james ,ferguson of ,scotland4 ,among the numerous globe makers of the eighteenth century1 there are few1 if any1 entitled to rank with ,blaeu or ,hondius1 with ,greuter or ,coronelli of the seventeenth4 ,there was much written during the period1 it is true1 on the value of globes in geographical and astronomical studies1 and there were many globes constructed1 of which a very considerable number still have a place in our libraries1 museums1 and private collections4 ,with the improvements in scientific map construction1 improvements amounting to a complete reformation1 and ushered in during the closing years of the seventeenth century and the opening years of the eighteenth1 by such men as ,riccioli1 ,picard1 ,cassini1 and ,delisle1 not to mention a number of their distinguished immediate predecessors and contemporaries1 the last above-named working through the patronage of the ,royal ,academy of ,science of ,france1#aag--with these improvements there appears to have been a decline in the relative value which the late sixteenth and the seventeenth centuries set upon globes4 ,once regarded as an essential part of a seaman's instruments for use in navigation1 they gave place1 just as the portolan chart of the earlier day gave place1 to an improved sailor's chart4 ,globe makers1 however1 of this period1 such as ,delisle and ,bion1 as ,gerhard and ,leonhard ,valk1 as ,vaugondy and ,fortin1 as ,ferguson and ,adams1 have an honorable place in the history of globes and of globe construction4 ,france was leading at the turn of the seventeenth century in the field of geographical and astronomical science1 a fact in part due to the generous subsidy allowed by royalty4 ,guillaume ,delisle 7#afge-agbf71 perhaps the greatest among the reformers active in these years in improving the methods of map construction1 was a native of ,paris1 in which city he passed practically his entire life4#aah ,the father1 ,claude ,delisle1 famous as a teacher of history and geography1 inspired in his son a particular love for the latter subject1 or perhaps this may the better be referred to as a love for historical geography4 ,the period was one in which there was much emphasis placed upon the relationship existing between the two branches of study1 and it is interesting to note that this phase of geographical study is again coming into favor4#aai ,doubtless it was in part the influence of ,cassini's teaching which found expression in ,delisle's lifelong efforts to eliminate the numerous errors which he had found existing in the maps of his day1 efforts which even in his early life won for him distinction as a map maker4 ,in the year #agjj1 when he was but twenty-five years of age1 there appeared under his name a world map and likewise maps of the several continents4#abj ,in these there was exhibited much originality1 they being constructed in the main on the basis of astronomical observations which had been made at the ,royal ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aah;a4 ,terrestrial ,globe of ,johann ,ludovicus ,andreae1 #agag4 ,academy4 ,hitherto the ,ptolemaic cartography had exerted an overpowering influence4 ,errors in the location of places still remained on the maps1 attributable in large part to that ancient cosmographer1 who continued for so long a period a most influential teacher of geography and map making after the renaissance of his ',cosmographia' in the early fifteenth century4 ,among the greatest errors still to be found in the maps in ,delisle's day was the excessive length given to the ,mediterranean1 this being about sixty-two degrees of longitude instead of its correct length1 which is about forty-two1 and the extension of ,asia much too far to eastward1 together with other errors following upon these4#aba ,delisle1 having the support of the ,royal ,academy1 and of the ,king himself1 was able to carry through the reforms in map construction1 the fundamental principles of which1 it is true1 had been suggested before his day1 based upon such astronomical observations as were those of ,cassini1 ,picard1 and ,la ,hire1 wherein there had been an attempt to determine the exact location in longitude of important places on the earth's surface and wherein they had been aided by the use of the telescope4 ,through the employment of this instrument they were able to fix the exact time of eclipses and determine the time of the transit of the moons of ,jupiter4#abb ,in the ',journal des ,savants' of the year #agjj is given a letter addressed to the engraver and map maker1 ,nolin1 and signed ,delisle4 ,in this there is reference to a manuscript globe of the year #afif1 the implication being that ,guillaume was its author4#abc ,the probability is that we have here a letter written by ,claude1 the father1 it being hardly probable that the son drafted a globe map at the age of twenty-one4 ,we1 however1 know1 as before stated1 that he achieved great distinction through the maps he published in the year #agjj1 when he was but twenty-five1 and we are also informed that even at the age of eight he attracted attention to himself through the maps he drew to illustrate ancient history4 ,in the same year that he published his epoch-making maps he issued the first edition of his globes1 those having a diameter of about #ca cm4 and those having a diameter of about #ae cm4 ,the globe balls were constructed of papier-mch covered with plaster over which were pasted the gore maps1 each map composed of twelve parts with the usual polar discs4 ,the engraver1 we are told1 in a brief legend on the terrestrial globe1 was ,carolus ,simonneau1 ,car4 ,simon4 del4 et sculpsit4 ,on the larger of the terrestrial globes is the title legend ,globe terrestre dress sur les observations de l',acadmie ,royale des sciences et autres mmoires1 and a dedication reading1 ,son ,altesse ,royale ,monseigneur ,le ,duc de ,chartres4 ,par son trs humble et trs obissant serviteur ,g4 ,de l',isle ,gographie4 ,berey sculpsit4 ,the celestial globe bears the title1 ,globe cleste calcul pour l'an #agjj4 ,sur les observations les plus rcents4 ,par4 ,g4 ,de l',isle ,gographe1 and is dedicated ,son ,altesse ,royale ,monseigneur le ,duc de ,chartres4 ,par son trs humble et trs obissant ,serviteur ,de l',isle1 with the following reference to the privilege ,paris ,chez l',auteur sur le ,quai de l',horologe la ,couronne de ,diamans4 ,avec ,privilge du ,roy pour #bj ans4 #agjj4 ,while it has not been possible to obtain a detailed description of ,delisle's globe maps1 they are referred to as giving practically the same information as his plane maps1 many of the latter to be found in our important library collections1 and cannot be considered rare4#abd ,the several constellations which he has represented on his celestial globes are those of ,ptolemy to which have been added two in the northern hemisphere and thirteen in the southern1 and the year chosen for the representation of the position of the stars is #agjj4 ,in general the names chosen for the several constellations are ,french1 though a few are in ,latin4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aah4 ,terrestrial ,globe of ,guillaume ,delisle1 #agjj4 ,a pair of ,delisle's globes may be found in the ,knigliches ,museum of ,cassel1 dated #agji2 a pair dated #agjj in the ,museo di ,strumenti ,antichi of ,florence1 and a terrestrial globe dated #agjj in the ,real ,biblioteca of ,madrid 7,fig4 #aah74 ,weigel1 ,castlemaine1 ,coronelli1 and ,treffler1 as has been noted1 represented a tendency in globe construction in their day which we have referred to as the ultrapractical4 ,it was impossible that their ideas should find anything like a general acceptance and approval4 ,a globe eleven or fifteen feet in diameter1 in the better judgment of astronomers and geographers1 could not be counted as possessing superior scientific value1 and globes of such dimensions seem only to have won the praise of the novelty-loving contemporaries1 and the same general criticism may be passed upon the smaller globes of ,castlemaine and ,treffler4 ,perhaps1 however1 one may well add that in all this a desire was expressing itself for improvement in globe construction4 ,in this connection attention may be called to a plan for reform in globe making proposed by ,jean ,dominique ,cassini 7#afbe-agab71 one of the most famous astronomers of the period4#abe ,cassini was a native of ,prinaldo1 ,italy 7,fig4 #aai74 ,early in life he became interested in the study of astronomy1 and at the age of twenty-five received an appointment as professor of this science at the ,university of ,bologna4 ,recommended by ,colbert as one worthy his royal master's patronage1 ,cassini in #affi accepted the invitation of ,louis ,,xiv to fill the chair of astronomy in the ,collge de ,france1 a position once held by ,pierre ,gassendi4#abf ,in #afga he became the director of the ,royal ,observatory of ,paris1 a position held in succession by four generations of his family4 ,to him we owe the determination of the rotation periods of ,jupiter1 ,venus1 and ,mars1 the discovery of four of ,saturn's satellites and the determination of their periods of revolution4 ,he devoted much time and study to the problem of the obliquity of the ecliptic1 to the precession of the equinoxes1#abg and to the determination of the latitude and longitude of places4#abh ,this precession1 he found1 could not be represented on a celestial globe such as hitherto had been constructed1 and he set himself to the task of devising one on a new plan4 ,the position of the constellations1 as indicated on the ordinary celestial globe1 he1 as others1 noted would soon be found to be inaccurate4 ,what he proposed was a globe capable of such adjustment as to obviate this difficulty2 in other words1 he proposed the construction of a globe by means of which this perpetual change might be indicated1 or one which would serve to indicate the position of the several constellations at any time1 past1 present or future4 ,it was to ,nicolas ,bion1 map and globe maker of ,paris that the astronomer ,cassini entrusted the manufacture of such an instrument1 and it is from him that we have a brief description of its peculiar features4#abi ,he tells us that the sphere on which the several constellations were represented was enclosed within a number of armillae representing the celestial circles1 that is1 the colures1 the ecliptic1 the tropics1 the equator1 and the polar circles4 ,this inner sphere was attached to a meridian circle at the poles of its equator1 within which circle it turned as the ordinary sphere1 and it was also attached to the same meridian at the poles of the ecliptic4 ,around this polar axis of the ecliptic the sphere1 with the attached meridian1 could be made to revolve1 the pole of the equator in its revolution tracing a circle having a radius of twenty-three and a half degrees1 a complete revolution being made to represent a period of twenty-five thousand two hundred years1 or the time required for the complete precession of the equinox according to his reckoning4 ,this pole in its circle of revolution could be immovably set at any desired point to represent any time past or future1 and the sphere then revolved around the pole of the equator4 ,the several stars or constellations could thus be represented in their proper position for the time selected4 ,bion's reference to this globe seems to assure us that he completed its construction1 yet no trace of it has been left1 unless we have such in a record to be found in the history of the ,royal ,academy for the year #agbg4 ,in this we find that a globe constructed on the principle laid down by ,cassini was presented to the ,academy1 in the year designated1 by ,outhier1 a priest of ,besanon4#acj ,this globe1 which has disappeared1 had the double movements1 one about the axis of the equator and one about the axis of the ecliptic4 ,it was a globe which would represent the daily and annual movements of the sun1 the difference between the true and the mean time1 the movements of the moon and its phases1 the eclipses1 and the passing of the several fixed stars across the meridian4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aai4 ,portrait of ,jean ,dominique ,cassini4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #abc4 ,portrait of ,nicolas ,bion4 ,vincenzo ,miot1 a little-known ,italian globe maker of the early eighteenth century1 holds a place among the men who were interested in this field1 through one extant example of his work1 this being a small celestial1 having a diameter of about #ag cm4#aca ,its author and date legend reads1 ,sphaera ,mundi majoribus et minoribus circulis distincta praecipuisque stellis in nostro ,horizonte conspicuis ornata ad annum #agaj4 ,studio et opera ,d4 ,vincentio ,miot4 ,world globe marked by large and small circles1 and adorned with the principal stars visible in our horizon calculated for the year #agaj4 ,by the learning and labor of ,d4 ,vincentio ,miot4 ,the sphere is covered with an engraved map showing the several constellations and the principal celestial circles4 ,its twelve segments are fashioned to terminate at the poles of the ecliptic1 instead of at the poles of the equator1 a practice not uncommon4 ,the globe has a simple mounting of wood1 is reported to be in good condition1 and may be found in the ,liceo ,marco ,foscarini of ,venice1 to which library it came1 in the year #ahjg1 from the ,convent of ,s4 ,georgio ,maggiore4 ,it is not a little surprising that our information is so meager concerning men as active in the field of map and globe making as were ,gerhard and ,leonhard ,valk in the latter part of the seventeenth and early eighteenth century4 ,we cannot be certain of their relationship2 apparently they were not brothers1 as has been sometimes stated4 ,if there is not left to us a biographical word by any admiring or appreciative contemporary of these praiseworthy ,netherlanders1 there is extant a very considerable amount of their work which warrants our giving them rank well toward the van of those interested in their particular field4 ,of the two1 ,gerhard seems to have been the more prominent1 his name very frequently appearing as the engraver or maker of many of the maps one finds in the collective atlases of the early eighteenth century4#acb ,with ,leonhard he was the maker of globes1 large and small1 ranging from about #g cm4 to #df cm4 in diameter1 of which a very considerable number may still be found in our libraries and museums4 ,in an undated work published by ,gerhard on the uses of celestial and terrestrial globes1#acc he tells us of the improvements he introduced1 noting that he had attempted to give the location of the stars on his celestial globe as late as #agjj1 while on those issued prior to his own1 the dates selected were in general #afdj or #affj4 ,the suggestion contained herein is that he at least began the construction of his globes as early as #agjj1 although none are now known bearing date so early4#acd ,there appears to be an example of his work in the ,university ,library of ,ghent1 dated #agjg1 but a description of this it has not been possible to obtain4 ,the date most commonly found on the ,valk globes is #agej1 all of which1 if correctly dated1 were issued long after their death4 ,the ,hispanic ,society of ,america possesses three pairs of the ,valk globes1 each apparently dated #agej1 though in some instances1 as noted below1 these dates have been altered by skilfully cutting out the last two figures of the original and inserting the number #ej4 ,the diameter of each of the largest pair is #df cm4 7,fig4 #abj74 ,each is supplied with a graduated meridian circle of brass1 the celestial being furnished with a brass hour circle and pointer1 and the terrestrial with a brass quadrant of altitude4 ,each is further furnished with a broad horizon circle of wood on which has been pasted an engraved paper giving the names of the signs of the zodiac1 the various chronological signs1 such as golden numbers1 epacta1 and dominical letters1 the names of the months1 and points of the compass1 including both the old and the new nomenclature for the directions of winds1 as ,borro ,lybicus or ,noord-,west1 ,zephyrus or ,west4 ,the under supports of the globes consist in each instance of four turned columns attached at their lower extremities by crossbars on which rests a circular turned plate #db cm4 in diameter4 ,from the center of these plates rises a post #aj cm4 in length through a notch in which the brass meridian circle is made to pass in moving the globes to an adjustment for any desired altitude4 ,the gores of each are twelve in number1 those of the terrestrial globe having an equatorial mounting while those of the celestial globe have an ecliptic mounting1 that is1 the meridian lines pass from pole to pole of the ecliptic instead of from pole to pole of the equator4 ,in each1 the gores have been truncated twenty degrees from the poles1 the polar space being covered by circular discs4 ,the engraving of both the terrestrial and the celestial map is exquisitely done1 and much of the color originally applied by hand yet remains4 ,the several figures representing the constellations are copies of the figures as represented by ,hevelius in his ',prodromus ,astronomiae1' and reference to this great astronomer is made in the title legend quoted below4 ,these figures are among the most artistic representations to be found on any of the globes of the period1 which the author is preparing to reissue in facsimile as a by-product of these globe studies4 7,fig4 #abj;a47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #abj4 ,terrestrial ,globe of ,gerhard and ,leonhard ,valk1 #agej 7874 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #abj;a4 ,southern ,hemisphere of ,celestial ,globe by ,gerhard and ,leonhard ,valk1 with ,author and ,date ,legend1 #agej 7874 ,between the constellations ,cetus and ,phoenix on the celestial globe is a cartouch which appears to have been pasted over an older title1 reading1 ,uranographia ,syderum et ,stelarum in ,singulis ,syderibus conspicuarum1 exhibens ,delineatonem accuratissimam qua ex observationibus ,astronomi plane ,singularis ,johannis ,hevelii usque ad finem anni ,,mdcc emendata est4 ,nova praeterea methodo additus est ex mente ,lotharii ,zumbach ,m4,d4 et ,mathem4 ,cearis ,horizon ad ,meridianum ,amstelaedamensem accurate per annos plures quam ducentos ,lunae ,syzygias indicans praeter annos communes et bissextiles4 ,opera et ,studio ,gerhardi et ,leonhardi ,valk ,amstelaedamensium #agej4 ,uranography of the constellations and of the single stars1 exhibiting an accurate delineation 7of the same7 corrected from the observations of the renowned astronomer ,johannes ,hevelius1 and conformed to the year #agjj4 ,besides a new method is added1 the invention of ,lothar ,zumbach1 ,m4 ,d41 and a renowned mathematician1 accurately exhibiting the horizon on the meridian of ,amsterdam for more than #bjj years1 also the changes of the moon in addition to the common years and leap years4 ,by the learning and the labor of ,gerhard and ,leonhard ,valk1 citizens of ,amsterdam1 #agej4 ,near the constellation ,argo appears the dedication to the ,burgomaster of ,amsterdam and ,president of the ,east ,india ,company1 ,johannes ,trip ,j4 ,u4 ,d4 7#affd-agcb74 ,in this there is1 of course1 conclusive evidence that the globe must have been made before the year #agcb4 ,the dedication reads1 ,viro amplissima dignitate ac meritorum ,splendore1 conspicuo ,johanni ,trip ,j4 ,u4 ,d4 ,reipublicae ,amstelaedamensis ,consuli ,gravissimo1 ,societatis ,indiae ,orientalis ,moderatori integerrimo ,toparchae in ,berkenroden iustissimo hanc ,universi ,orbis ,terrarum ,faciem e qu par est reverentia ,d4 ,d4 ,d4 ,gerhardus et ,leonhardus ,valk4 ,to ,john ,tripp ,j4 ,u4 ,d41 ,consul of the ,amsterdam ,republic1 ,president of the ,east ,india ,company1 the upright and honorable magistrate of ,berkenrode1 a man conspicuous by reason of his great worth and the splendor of his achievements1 this globe is dedicated with reverence which is befitting by ,gerhard and ,leonhard ,valk4 ,near the first legend has been pasted the following brief printed statement1 ,propter motum1 ,stellarum fixarum versus ortum post annum #agej additione #c_/d gr4 ,correctio ,longitudinum ut instituatur monendus ,uranophilus4 ,because of the movement of the fixed stars toward the east since the year #agej1 the student of astronomy is advised to correct the longitude by the addition of #c_/d of a degree4 ,the terrestrial globe map1 composed of eighteen gores1 is filled with interesting geographical details1 with geographical names and brief explanatory legends1 being a fine example of the superior cartographical work published in that century in the ,netherlands4 ,there is something of an exaggeration in the representation by waving line of the several coasts and river courses1 all of which appears to have been done for artistic effect rather than for a desire to be strictly accurate4 ,in the ,new ,world we find such regional names as ,penn-,sylvania1 the first part of the name being north of ,lake ,ontario1 also ,carolina1 ,virginia1 ,belgia ,nova1 ,anglia1 ,scotia ,nova4 ,many provincial names are given in ,south ,america with boundary lines drawn4 ,california is represented as an island1 stretching northward to ,fretum ,aniani4 ,to the west of this stretches as far as the northeast coast of ,asia1 through about seventy-five degrees of longitude with definitely drawn southern coast line but extending indefinitely northward1 a continental region bearing the legend ,terra incognita sive terra ,esonis4 ,loxodromic lines are represented as on the best globes of the period radiating from numerous compass roses located along the meridians #j degrees1 #ahj degrees1 and #bgj degrees4 ,frobisher's ,strait is strangely duplicated at the southern extremity of ,greenland4 ,the title legend of this terrestrial globe1 placed in the southern ,pacific1 reads1 ,universi ,orbis ,terrarum ,facies cum industria ac fide ,secundum certissimas et novissimas ,praestantissimiorum ,geographorum ,observationes denuo luci exposita2 cuique praeterea longitudinis et latitudinis gradus ,secundum ,uranographiam novam1 ac proinde c4 rei veritate sunt inscripti per ,gerhardum et ,leonhardum ,valk1 ,amstelaedamenses #agej1 cum privilegio4 ,a representation of the land of the whole earth exhibited with industry and accuracy according to the most reliable and the most recent observations of the most renowned geographers1 on which1 in addition the degrees of latitude and longitude according to a new method and also in accord with truth1 have been inserted by ,gerhard and ,leonhard ,valk4 ,amsterdam4 #agej4 ,with privilege4 ,in the second pair of ,valk globes belonging to ,the ,hispanic ,society of ,america 7,fig4 #aba71 both terrestrial and celestial have diameters of about #cj cm4 ,the mounting of these globes is practically the same as that in the larger pair4 ,an author and date legend appearing in the ,pacific to the west of ,south ,america reads3 ,cosmotheore4 ,coelesti nostro ,globo1 ,par et plane ,novus4 ,hic ,terrestris ,ut existeret3 certo facias3 ,errore ,veterum ,sublat1 ,non tantum ,utrisque ,orbis ,longitudines ac ,latitudines1 per reiteratas ,neotericorum ,observationes4 ,hicc esse restitutas2 ,sed et nullum typis ,emendatiorum pro diisse1 ,hoc igitur ,novissim tam diu fruere1 ,donec1 sub ,majori forma1 ,meo aere ,alios excudemus4 ,ger4 et ,leon4 ,valk ,calcographi ,amstelaedami4 ,revis4 ,ao #agej ,cum ,privilegio4 ,cosmotherium4 ,that this terrestrial globe might equal 7be a companion to7 our celestial globe and entirely new1 be assured that after correcting the errors of those who have preceded us1 not only the longitudes and latitudes of each sphere have been corrected by the repeated observations of later astronomers1 but likewise no 7globe7 has appeared more carefully corrected in the printing4 ,this most recent globe therefore make use of until in a larger form at my own expense we ,gerhard and ,leonhard ,valk1 engravers shall construct others4 ,amsterdam4 ,revised to the year #agej4 ,with privilege4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aba4 ,terrestrial ,globe of ,gerhard and ,leonhard ,valk1 #agej 7874 ,a dedication1 such as appears on the first pair referred to1 is wanting4 ,there is no particular improvement to be noted in this revision4 ,california is still laid down as an island4 ,the uncertainty as to the outline of ,holandia ,nova is a striking feature1 as is the omission of an austral continent4 ,geographical details are less numerous than in the larger pair1 but in the matter of the engraving of the map it exhibits practically the same characteristics4 ,the celestial globe map has the author and date legend placed near the constellation ,cetus4 ,it reads1 ,uranographia ,coelum omne hic ,complectens1 illa pro ut aucta1 et ad annum #agej ,completum ,,magno ab ,,hevelio correcta est2 ita ejus ex ,prototypis1 sua noviter haec ,ectypa veris ,astronomiae cultoribus exhibet et consecrant ,,ger4 et ,,leon4 ,,valk1 ,amstelaedamenses4 ,cum ,privilegio4 ,star-,map comprising the entire heavens according as it has been corrected to the end of the year #agej by the ,great ,hevelius2 so from his prototype ,gerhard and ,leonhard ,valk present and dedicate these their own recent copies to the true lovers of astronomy4 ,with privilege4 ,near this legend1 now appearing as a part of the original engraving1 is that which1 in the larger globe referred to above1 had been pasted on as a separate slip1 reading ,propter motum 444 ,uranophilus4 ,near the constellation ,hydra is the legend reading ,monitum ,novis hisce ,sphaeris ,novissimus4 ,ex praescripto ,lotharii ,zum-,bach ,med4 ,doct4 unus1 et alter additus ,horizon3 ,quorum ,is1 qui huic ,caelesti singularis1 ,praeter ,communes atque ,bissextilem1 ,ut exactior1 ,luminarium indigetur ,locus ad ,meridianum ,amstelodamens4 ,plus quam per ,ducentos ,annos1 ,suis ,mensium ,diebus ,appositas ,lunae ,syzygias1 ,medi ,tempore ,medias1 ,ingenios ,methodo et eruit1 et exhibet4 ,notice4 ,to these our spheres1 in accord with the directions of ,lothar ,zum-,bach1 ,doctor of ,medicine1 there has been added one very recent1 and also a second horizon2 of these two the one which belongs to the celestial globe has in addition the common and bissextile years1 in order that the location of the stars may the more exactly be discovered2 it both works out and exhibits by an ingenious method1 according to the meridian of ,amsterdam1 over a space of more than two hundred years the syzygies of the moon placed opposite their proper days of the month1 the middle ones being in the middle time4 ,each of these globes is well preserved1 the colors originally applied remaining particularly bright in the southern hemispheres1 these being better protected from light and from injuries incident to the more exposed upper surfaces4 ,in the third pair of ,valk globes belonging to ,the ,hispanic ,society 7,fig4 #aba;a7 the diameter of each is about #bc cm4 ,in geographical details1 in legends1 etc41 each of these agrees with the preceding second pair4 ,it is1 however1 to be noted that the date on the terrestrial globe has the figure #ej appearing in the date #agej skilfully inserted after the removal of the original1 and that the loxodromic lines are on this more numerous2 indeed1 it is one of the most interesting globes examined for the representation of these lines1 which become curiously1 but necessarily1 somewhat intricate in their crossings as they approach the poles4 ,of the three pairs of these globes referred to above1 this third pair seems to be the best preserved2 the only injury to be especially noted is that appearing on the celestial1 this being a crack in the surface extending from pole to pole4 ,the original colors in each are particularly well preserved4 ,in addition to the examples of ,valk globes referred to above as belonging to the ,university of ,ghent and to ,the ,hispanic ,society of ,america1 a pair may be found in the ,knigliches ,museum of ,cassel1 said by ,gerland to be dated #agae1 and to have each a diameter of #de cm41 also a terrestrial globe in the same museum said to be dated1 though doubtless erroneously1 #agjj1 and to have a diameter of #bc cm41 also a celestial globe of the same date having a diameter of #cj cm4 ,in the ,mathematische ,salon of ,dresden is a celestial globe having a diameter of #cj cm41 and a pair in the ,museo di ,fisica of ,bologna1 the diameter of each being about #df cm4 ,the date has not been ascertained4 ,in the ,germanisches ,nationalmuseum of ,nrnberg may be found a well-preserved pair of the ,valk globes said to be dated #agjj and to have each a diameter of #ca cm4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aba;a4 ,celestial ,globe of ,gerhard and ,leonhard ,valk1 #agej 7874 ,john ,senex1 a noted ,english cartographer and engraver 7d4 #agdi71ace appears to have given some attention to the construction of globes1 which were sold at his establishment in ,salisbury ,court1 ,london4 ,in the year #agad we find his name associated with that of ,john ,maxwell in the issue of ',the ,english ,atlas1' and in #agba he appears as the editor of ',a ,new ,general ,atlas4' ,it was in the year #agbj that he made a representation to the ,house of ,commons on the subject of ,a ,new ,globular ,projection1 with the thought of eliciting encouragement for the employment of better methods in map construction4 ,he became a ,fellow of the ,royal ,society in #agbh1 and in #agch read before that society a noted paper on his ,contrivance to make the ,poles of the ,diurnal ,motion in a ,celestial ,globe pass round the ,poles of the ,ecliptic4 ,this globe was to be so adjusted as to exhibit not only the risings and the settings of the stars in all ages and in all latitudes1 but the other phenomena likewise1 that depend upon the motion of the diurnal axis round the annual axis4 ,from what is stated in this paper one is led to associate his idea with that of ,cassini1 to which attention was directed above4 ,if1 however1 such a globe was constructed as that referred to in this scientific address it is not now known4 ,five of his globes have been located1 two of them undated1 and three of them dated #agic1 which1 if the correct date of issue1 it will be noted1 is more than fifty years after his death4 ,a pair of his globes may be found in the ,bibliothque ,nationale of ,paris undated4 ,these are reported as having a diameter of about #dj cm4 ,they are furnished with brass meridian circles1 with horizon circles of wood1 and each with a wooden base4 ,the dedication reads3 ,philosopho ac ,geometrae summo ,do ,isaaco ,newton1 equiti1 ,regalis ,societatis ,londini1 ad scientias promovendas institutae1 ,praesidi dignissimo1 ejusdemque consilio et sodalibus hos ,globos qua par est humilitate ,d4,d4 ,c4 ,johannes ,senex4 ,london4 ,to the great philosopher and geometrician ,sir ,isaac ,newton1 ,knight1 most worthy ,president of the ,royal ,society of ,london1 for the promotion of knowledge1 and to the ,committee and ,members of the same ,society these globes with befitting humility are dedicated by ,c4 ,john ,senex4 ,london4 ,further descriptive details of these globes it has not been possible to obtain4 ,the ,biblioteca ,real of ,madrid possesses a terrestrial globe by ,senex 7,fig4 #abb71 which bears the title legend1 ,a new and most correct ,globe of the ,earth laid down from the latest observations from the most judicious astronomers1 navigators1 travelers1 by ,john ,senex1 ,f4 ,r4 ,s4 ,now made and sold by ,dudley ,adams 7only7#acf with all the latest discoveries together with many new improvements etc4 #agic4 ,this globe has a diameter of about #dj cm41 is furnished with a broad band which serves as a horizon circle1 a meridian circle of brass within which it is made to revolve1 and a tripod base4 ,its three fluted support columns are strengthened in their position by three curved iron braces which carry at their juncture a short carved post1 through a slot in which the brass meridian is movable4 ,while the surface of the sphere is somewhat injured1 being crossed by numerous cracks1 the engraved map is fairly legible in all of its parts4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #abb4 ,terrestrial ,globe of ,john ,senex1 #agic4 ,the ,british ,museum likewise possesses one of ,senex's terrestrial globes1 which seems to be practically like that to be found in the ,madrid ,library4 ,it will have been noted that many of those reputed to have been globe makers in these early years did not actually apply themselves to the constructive mechanical work1 this being passed over to skilled artisans1 to workers in metal and wood1 to engravers and to mathematical instrument makers1 who1 if possessing generally recognized ability1 often insisted on having their names associated in the author legends with the real authors of the globes4 ,nicolas ,bion 7#afeb-agcc7 may be cited as an excellent example of such a skilful workman1 achieving in his day great distinction as a globe maker4#acg ,he seems not to have thought of himself as one meriting special honors as geographer1 cartographer or astronomer 7,fig4 #abc74 ,by reason of his marked abilities1 exhibited in the manufacture of mathematical instruments1 he was honored by his royal patron with the title ,engineer of the ,king for ,mathematical ,instruments4 ,through his principal work1#ach a treatise on the construction and uses of globes in which the subject is treated in both a theoretical and a practical manner1 he is entitled to rank with the leaders of the century in this particular field of scientific endeavor4 ,true to the spirit of the age ,bion gave much thought to the idea of reform in the matter of globe construction1 especially in the matter of fashioning globe gores and their attachment to the surface of the sphere4 ,he seems to have prospered in his business1 and we are told by his son that he constructed numerous armillary spheres1 likewise many terrestrial and celestial globes of various sizes4 ,reference is made above to a task assigned to him by the great astronomer1 ,cassini4#aci ,a few of the globes of this distinguished man have been located4 ,fiorini reports#adj that one of his celestial globes may be found in the private library of ,count ,malvezzi de' ,medici of ,bologna1 having a diameter of about #cb cm4 ,its twelve gores have been cut at latitude #gj degrees both north and south1 the polar spaces being covered by four sectors instead of by the usual circular disc4 ,the globe is made to revolve on its equatorial axis1 not on the axis of the ecliptic4 ,it has a simple mounting1 including a meridian circle of brass and a horizon circle of wood4 ,star names are given in ,french and in ,latin4 ,the dedication reads1 ,ddi et prsent ,monseigneur le ,dauphin par son trs humble et trs obissant ,bion1 but there appears to be some uncertainty about the date1 which is probably between #agjj and #agaj4 ,there is one of ,bion's terrestrial globes dated #agab and dedicated to ,monseigneur le ,duc de ,berry1 in the ,istituto tecnico of ,florence1 which is reported to be in a good state of preservation4 ,loxodromic lines are drawn on the map in accord with the best practices of the time1 which radiate from wind or compass roses1 one being placed on the equator and one at latitude #ce degrees south4 ,a third terrestrial globe made by ,bion may be found in the ,osservatorio ,astronomico of ,rome1 which is wanting both dedication and place of publication4 ,the ,osservatorio ,astronomico also possesses a fine armillary sphere1 the work of ,carmelo ,cartilia1#ada the diameter of whose largest or meridian circle is about #bf cm4 ,it is described by a former director of the observatory as being made of brass1 and a companion of a globe constructed by ,bion1 having a similar mounting4 ,the equatorial circle1 the tropics1 and the colures have the usual graduation4 ,the ecliptic consists of a band #d cm4 in width1 having engraved on its surface the signs of the zodiac and the days of the months4 ,at the north pole is attached an hour circle with index4 ,at the common center of the circles is a small ball #bg mm4 in diameter representing the earth1 through which the axis of the ecliptic passes4 ,around this small ball is adjusted a circle on which is engraved the word ,luna4 ,there is an additional small circle which represents the course of the sun1 and attached to this is a silvered ball to represent that luminary4 ,circles are provided representing the planets1 on which we find such names as ,marti1 ,giove1 ,saturno1 and circles around the sun representing the course of the planets ,mercury and ,venus4 ,on one of the supporting arms of the sphere is the author and date legend1 reading1 ,carmelus ,cartilia et ,francalancia ,siculus fecit ,taurini anno di #agbj4 ,mattheus ,seutter 7#afgh-agef7 was a map and globe maker of this period1 whose activities centered in the city of ,augsburg4#adb ,his early training as engraver was received in the establishment of ,johann ,baptista ,homann in the city of ,nrnberg1 but in the year #agjg he established himself in his native city1 ,augsburg1 setting up an independent business for the production of maps1 globes1 and mathematical instruments4 ,seutter holds his place in the history of cartography not so much by reason of the high quality of the work done as by reason of the quantity4#adc ,the number of maps1 large and small1 battle plans and city plans1 charts geneological1 chronological1 and heraldic1 which he published may be counted by the hundreds1 the majority being modified copies of maps and charts which others had previously issued4 ,as a reward for the dedication of his large atlas to the ,emperor ,charles ,,vi1 issued in the year #agbe1 he was named ,imperial ,geographer1 a title which had been held by ,homann until his death in the year #agbg4 ,following the practice of the more prominent map makers of the period1 ,seutter turned his attention to globe construction1 and not a few examples of his work can still be found4 ,some of his globes were of large size1 having a diameter of about #afj cm4 ,the terrestrial as well as the celestial globe balls he covered with twelve engraved sections1 or twice twelve1 these being cut at the line of the equator1 and at latitude sixty-seven both north and south1 the polar space being covered1 as was usual1 with a circular cap or disc4 ,the mountings of these globes consist of a wooden meridian circle and a graduated wooden horizon circle1 having each on the upper surface the usual concentric rings with the names of the months1 the names and signs of the zodiacal constellations1 and the names of the principal winds1 the whole being supported by two semicircles attached below to a single columnar base #bh cm4 in length4 ,a brief author legend reads1 ,globus terrestris juxta recentissimas observation3 et navigation3 peritissimor3 ,geograph3 delineat4 cura et sumptibus ,matth4 ,seutteri ,calcogr3 ,august4 ,terrestrial globe according to the most recent observations and voyages of the most skilled geographers4 ,made by the labor and at the expense of ,mattheus ,seutter renowned engraver4 ,the maps on these globes present no features of special scientific value1 the author following in the main the best contemporary geographical and astronomical records4 ,it should1 however1 be noted that he introduced an improvement in the construction and printing of the circular polar discs4 ,to the end of remedying the difficulty in attaching this part of the covering1 having observed1 as others1 that the paper would expand with the application of paste1 and could therefore not be adjusted with the strictest accuracy and nicety1 he conceived the idea of cutting from this disc a very small section or small sections1 so that when it was applied to the sphere after being moistened with the paste the amount of stretching was sufficient to cover the space4 ,in other words1 he made his circular disc one of #cej degrees instead of one having the full #cfj degrees4 ,in this connection1 it might be noted that the quality of the paper was an element always to be taken into account in calculating the amount of expansion after moistening4 ,a pair of ,seutter's globes may be found in the ,biblioteca ,comunale of ,macerata4 ,a copy of the terrestrial is reported in #ahib to have been in the private library of ,professor ,maximilian ,tono of ,venice1 a pair in the ,museo ,astronomico of ,rome 7,figs4 #abd1 #abe7 and also in this museum may be found a complete set of the gores for one of his terrestrial as well as a set for one of his celestial globes1 but which by ,professor ,jacoli of ,venice have been thought to be reprints and not originals4 ,a copy of the celestial globe may be found in the ,biblioteca ,universitario of ,urbino4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #abd4 ,terrestrial ,globe of ,mattheus ,seutter1 #agaj4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #abe4 ,celestial ,globe of ,mattheus ,seutter1 #agaj4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #abe;a4 ,terrestrial ,globe of ,van ,lauen ,zonen1 #agde4 ,robert ,morden1#add active in ,london in the closing years of the seventeenth and early years of the eighteenth century as map and globe maker1 seems1 however1 not to have won for himself a place of particular prominence1 his maps not being held in especially high repute4 ,he was for some time associated with ,thomas ,cockrill at ,the ,sign of the ,atlas in ,cornhill4 ,morden1 however1 published a small work on geography and navigation in the year #agjb1 in which he attempted to set forth the value attaching to globes for those interested in the general subject of which he treated in his work4#ade ,while his map publications are numerous1 it has been possible to locate only the gores of one of his globes1 which gores may be found in the ,british ,museum4 ,of the twelve sections which made up a complete set for covering a sphere about #ce cm4 in diameter1 but nine remain1 three having disappeared4 ,jean ,antoine ,nollet1 a ,french physicist 7#agjj-aggj71 was a man of science held in high esteem in his day4#adf ,in his early years he entered the ,college of ,clermont1 later studied philosophy at the ,university of ,paris1 where1 against the wishes of his parents1 he finally turned his attention to the study of the natural sciences1 particularly to experimental physics4 ,early in his career he was honored with membership in the ,royal ,academy of ,sciences of ,paris and in other similar organizations in ,europe4 ,in the year #agci he was called to the ,court of ,sardinia1 where he gave lessons in physics to the ,duke of ,savoy4 ,later he was called to the ,university of ,turin1 and was here especially honored by having his name associated with those who were the founders of the institution4 ,in the year #agec he was called to the chair of physics at the ,college of ,navarre1 which position he so acceptably filled that he received the title ,master of ,physics and of ,natural ,history for the ,royal ,children of ,france4 ,his published works1 which are very numerous1 treat of his studies in the physical sciences1 particularly in the field of electricity4 ,nollet's instruments1 made for use in the study of the physical sciences1 included terrestrial and celestial globes1 six of which have been located1 dated #agbh and #agcj4 ,the spheres are of papier-mch1 having each a diameter of about #ce cm4#adg ,the engraved maps covering the spheres are composed of twelve gores1 which are cut at the line of the equator but extend to the poles1 omitting therefore the usual polar circular discs4 ,each is furnished with a horizon circle of wood1 on the surface of which is the usual paper covering with the names of the principal directions1 of the zodiacal constellations1 and of the names of the months in concentric circles4 ,each also has a graduated meridian circle1 the whole resting on a base of four turned and rather artistically fashioned columns4 ,his terrestrial globes have the following title3 ,globe terrestre dress sur les observations les plus nouvelles et le plus exactes approuves par ,mrs de l',acadmie ,royale des sciences4 ,paris avec privilge du ,roi4 ,mont par l'auteur4 ,terrestrial globe made according to the most recent and the most exact and approved observations by the ,royal ,academy of ,sciences4 ,paris1 with the approval of the ,king4 ,made by the author4 ,the dedication reads ,ddi et prsent ,s4 ,a4 ,madame ,la ,duchesse du ,maine par son trs-humble et trs-obissant serviteur ,nollet ,lic4 en ,thologie4 #agbh4 ,dedicated and presented to ,her ,highness the ,duchess of ,maine by her very humble and very obedient servant ,nollet ,licentiate in ,theology4 #agbh4 ,numerous inscriptions relate to well-known geographical discoveries4 ,meridian and parallel circles are drawn on the globe at intervals of five degrees1 the principal ones1 including the equator1 the tropics1 and polar circles1 being made especially prominent4 ,the prime meridian1 passing through the ,island of ,ferro1 is designated premier mridien de l',isle ,fer4 ,dclaration du ,roi ,louis ,,xiii du ,juil4 #afcd4 ,the celestial globe is titled ,globe cleste calcul pour l'anne #agcj sur les observations les plus nouvelles et les plus exactes4 ,paris avec privilge du ,roi4 ,bailleul le jeune sculpsit4 ,mont par l'auteur4 ,celestial globe calculated to the year #agcj according to the most recent and the most exact observations4 ,paris1 with the privilege of the ,king4 ,bailleul the younger engraver4 ,constructed by the author4 ,it is dedicated ,ddi et prsent ,s4 ,a4 ,s4 ,monseigneur le ,comte de ,clermont par son trs-humble et trs-obissant serviteur ,nollet de la ,socit des ,arts4 #agcj4 ,dedicated and presented to ,his ,most ,serene ,highness ,seigneur ,the ,count of ,clermont by his very humble and very obedient servant ,nollet of the ,society of ,arts4 #agcj4 ,the equatorial circle and the ecliptic1 as represented on the map1 are graduated1 but the tropics and the polar circles are merely drawn as continuous black lines4 ,the figures representing the several ,ptolemaic constellations are artistically drawn and retain much of their original color1 which was added by hand at the time of construction4 ,of ,nollet's globes a pair may be found in the ,biblioteca ,maldotti of ,guastalla1 a pair in the ,seminario ,vescovile of ,mondovi1 a copy of the terrestrial in the ,archivo ,fenaroli of ,brescia1 and a copy of the celestial in the ,museo ,astronomico of ,rome4 ,johann ,gabriel ,doppelmayr 7#afga-agej7 was one of ,nrnberg's famous eighteenth-century mathematicians who was especially distinguished as writer1 translator1 editor1 and teacher4#adh ,a part of his early training he received at the ,egedian ,gymnasium of his native town1 where from #agjd to the time of his death he was actively engaged as teacher of mathematics and physics4 ,in the year #afif we find him registered as a student of law at the ,university of ,altdorf1 though turning betimes with much enthusiasm to the study of mathematics under the direction of ,joh4 ,christoph ,sturm4 ,in the year #agjj1 after some months passed at the ,university of ,halle1 he determined to add to his equipment for his life work such experience as could be gained through travel2 accordingly he visited in turn the more important cities of his own country and those of ,holland and ,england1 spending in his travels a period of ten years4 ,among his more important publications may be mentioned a translation of the ',astronomy' of ,thomas ,street1#adi a work by ,bion in a ,german translation from the ,french1 which at the same time he enlarged4#aej ,his ',einleitung zur ,geographie1' appearing as an introduction to ,homann's ',atlas' issued in the year #agad1 and his ',atlas ,coelestis1' issued in the year #agdb1 are among his more important works original in character1 which he published on the subject of geography and astronomy4 ,his principal work is his ',notes' on the mathematicians and artists of ,nrnberg4#aea ,it was doubtless through his connection with the cartographical establishment of ,homann that he felt induced to undertake the construction of his globes1 examples of which exist dated #agbh4 ,in the collection belonging to ,the ,hispanic ,society of ,america 7,fig4 #abf7 there may be found a fine example of his terrestrial globes1 which has a diameter of about #cb cm4 ,over a carefully prepared hollow wooden ball twelve gores1 cut at the line of the equator and five degrees from each pole1 have been pasted4 ,the small polar spaces lying between latitudes #he degrees1 both north and south1 are covered by circular discs1 having a diameter of but ten degrees1 on the one is engraved ,polus ,arcticus and on the other ,polus ,antarcticus4 ,the globe is furnished with a narrow graduated meridian of brass within which the sphere turns on its polar axis1 a horizon circle of wood1 circular on its inner edge but octagonal on the outer4 ,the engraved paper strip containing the zodiacal figures1 calendar1 and directions1 has practically disappeared4 ,the base support consists of four small turned columns of wood1 attached at their lower extremities by crossbars over which is a circular plate1 provision having been made for insertion into its surface of a compass1 which instrument1 however1 has disappeared4 ,excepting slight damage to its horizon circle the globe may be said to be in an excellent state of preservation4 ,in a neat cartouch in the ,north ,pacific is the title legend reading1 ,globus terrestris in quo locorum insigniorum situs terraeque facies secundum praecipuas celeberrimorum nostri aevi ,astronomorum et ,geographorum observationes opera ,joh4 ,gabr4 ,doppelmaieri ,mathem4 ,prof4 ,publ4 ,norib4 exhibentur1 concinnatus a ,joh4 ,georg4 ,puschnero ,chalcographo ,norib4 ,a4 ,c4 #agbh4 ,terrestrial globe on which the position of the principal places on the surface of the earth are shown according to the principal observations of the most celebrated astronomers and geographers of our times by the labor of ,john ,gabriel ,doppelmayr1 mathematician1 professor and publisher of ,nrnberg4 ,engraved by ,john ,george ,puschner1 engraver of ,nrnberg#aeb in the year #agbh4 ,an interesting legend in the ,south ,pacific tells us ,exprimit ,globus hic noster quicquid ,geographia recens ex ,observationibus fide dignis suppeditat tam in situ locorum plurium1 quam in terrarum novarum etiam mariumque ambitu4 ,meridianus primus per ,insulam ,fer inter ,canarias 7quae olim ,fortunatae dicebantur7 occidentalissimam ductus a quo ,parisiensis ,meridianus ,probatissimarum ,observationum testimonio #bj ,gradibus1 ,noribergensis vero #bh ,gr4 #dj ,min3 distat4 ,this globe of ours shows that which the latest geographical information furnishes from the trustworthy observations both as regards the location of new places and the extent of the new lands and seas4 ,the first meridian passes through the ,island of ,ferro in the ,canary ,islands 7called the ,fortunate ,islands71 which is the most western point and from which the meridian of ,paris1 according to the testimony of the most approved observations differs by #bb degrees1 while that of ,nrnberg differs by #bh degrees and #dj minutes4 ,around this legend are the engraved portraits of famous explorers1 ,mart4 ,bohemus ,norimbegus1 ,americus ,vesputi1 ,franc4 ,draco1 ,schouten1 ,georg ,spilbergius1 ,r4 ,p4 ,tachard1 ,wilh4 ,dampier1 ,mon4 de la ,salle1 ,thomas ,candisch1 ,olivirius a ,nord1 ,ferdin4 ,magellanicus1 ,christ4 ,columbus4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #abf4 ,terrestrial ,globe of ,johann ,gabriel ,doppelmayr1 #agbh4 ,while the representation of the world is not so detailed in certain respects as we find1 for example1 on the ,valk globes1 there nevertheless is the evidence that the author wished to include such information as in his judgment should be recorded4 ,there are records of interest in the newly explored regions of ,america4 ,california is laid down as a peninsula4 ,in about latitude #da degrees there appears a ,drake record reading ,pt4 ,f4 ,drack4 ,fretum ,anian is represented at latitude #de degrees4 ,sixty degrees to the west of this is the somewhat indefinitely indicated coast line of ,terra ,borealis incognita detecta ,dom4 ,ioh4 de ,gama1 this being separated from the coast of ,kamtzadalia ,terra ,jedso by ,fretum ,vries4 ,the recently explored regions in the ,far ,east1 as in ,australia1 ,new ,zealand1 ,van ,diemen's ,land1--each1 however1 being represented as imperfectly known1--are made very prominent4 ,there are scarcely any map records of the period more interesting than are those to be found on this globe of ,doppelmayr's4 ,the routes of ,magellan1 #aeai2 ,nord1 #afjj2 ,roggeveen1 #agbb2 ,dampier1 #agjj2 ,tasman1 #afbd2 ,loys1 #agjh2 ,lemaire1 #afaf1 are all laid down4 ,in latitude #fj degrees south and longitude #cjj degrees we find1 ,port detecta per ,fr4 ,drack1 and again in latitude #fg degrees south and longitude #caj1 ,i4 deton detecta per ,f4 ,drack4 ,to accompany his terrestrial globe1 ,doppelmayr issued a celestial globe bearing the same date4 ,a title legend on the latter reads1 ,globus coelestis novus ,stellarum fixarum loca secundum celeberrimi astronomi ,dantiscicani ,joannis ,hevelii ,catalogum ad annum #agcj compl4 sistens opera ,joh4 ,gabr4 ,doppelmaieri ,m4 ,p4 ,p4 exhibitus a ,johanne ,georgio ,puschnero ,chalcographo ,noribergensi4 ,a4 ,c4 #agbh4 ,a new celestial globe giving the location of the fixed stars according to the record of the celebrated ,danish astronomer ,johannes ,hevelius conforming to the year #agcj1 by the labor of ,johannes ,gabriel ,doppelmayr1 mathematician1 professor1 publisher1 engraved by ,johannes ,george ,puschner1 engraver of ,nrnberg1 in the year #agbh4 ,in size and in general features of construction these globes seem to agree1 being scientifically and carefully constructed4 ,a pair of these globes may be found in the ,biblioteca ,capitolare of ,verona1 a pair in the ,geographisches ,institute of ,gttingen1 a copy of the celestial in the ,mathematical ,salon of ,dresden1 a copy of the terrestrial in the ,museo di ,fisica of ,pavia1 a pair dated #agbh in the ,germanisches ,nationalmuseum of ,nrnberg1 a pair dated #agcf1 #bj cm4 in diameter1 and three copies each of his globes issued in #agcj1 #bj cm4 in diameter1 and a celestial globe dated #agcj and #bj cm4 in diameter1 in ,dresden4 7,fig4 #abf;a47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #abf;a4 ,celestial ,globe of ,johann ,gabriel ,doppelmayr1 #agbh4 ,fiorini notes the existence of a large terrestrial globe belonging to the ,marquis ,luigi ,cusani1#aec which probably was constructed in the early eighteenth century1 perhaps before #agcj1 by order of ,cardinal ,agostino ,cusani4 ,the globe1 unsigned and undated1 is of papier-mch1 having a diameter of about #abj cm4 ,the paper gores with which the sphere is covered are not all of like form1 but all are cut at the line of the equator and at latitude #hj both north and south1 the usual circular disc being provided for covering the polar areas4 ,on its surface the map has been drawn by hand1 and practically all of the geographical names recorded are in the ,italian language4 ,the globe is mounted on a solid base1 having a heavy horizon circle of wood1 which is graduated1 and on its surface are the names and the signs of the several zodiacal constellations1 the names of the months and of the principal winds or directions4 ,the meridian circle1 within which the sphere revolves1 is of brass and is graduated4 ,it is reported to be in a good state of preservation4 ,the ,biblioteca ,comunale of ,siena possesses two anonymous terrestrial globes1 according to report of ,fiorini1 the one having a map in manuscript1 the other having an engraved map4#aed ,the first of these1 unsigned and undated1 probably of the second quarter of the century1 has a diameter of about #abj cm4 ,the sphere is of wood1 the surface of which is covered with mastic or varnish1 and on this the map has been drawn4 ,it is constructed to revolve within its simple mounting of wood by means of a crank4 ,the title legend reads ,globe terrestre ,dress selon les observations de l',acad4 ,royale de ,paris et des autres ,acad4 plus clbrs d',europe4 ,terrestrial globe constructed according to the observations of the ,royal ,academy of ,paris and of other ,academies the most celebrated in ,europe4 ,in addition to the above legend one finds the following inscription3 ,on a pris la longitude des villes principales des ,tables de ,mur ,philippe de ,la ,hire4 ,les autres villes ou il n' a point d'observations sont icy places en la mme distance des villes principales dans la quelle on les voit dans les cartes de ,m4 ,guillaume de l',isle4 ,the longitudes of the principal towns have been taken from the tables of ,mur ,philippe de ,la ,hire4#aee ,the other towns which have not been located from observation are placed at the same distance from the principal towns as they are located on the maps of ,m4 ,guillaume de l',isle4 ,it seems probable that this globe was constructed in ,france1 and from the particular references to ,la ,hire and ,delisle one may infer1 as noted above1 that it belongs to the early eighteenth century4 ,parallels and meridians are drawn on the surface of the globe at intervals of ten degrees1 and one conspicuous wind rose with sixteen radiating lines is placed in latitude #cj degrees north and longitude #cej degrees counting from the prime meridian1 which passes through the ,island of ,ferro4 ,this globe1 it is thought1 came to the ,siena ,library about the year #ahaj1 at the time of ,french rule in ,tuscany1 together with the library of the ,convent of ,s4 ,augustine1 but how it came to have place in the ,augustine convent is unknown4 ,the second ,sienese terrestrial globe1 like the one just described1 probably belongs to about the same date4#aef ,it has the following legend conspicuously placed3 ,globo terracqueo corretto et accresciuto secondo le nuove scoperte4 ,anno #agdd4 ,in ,roma nella ,calcografia del ,r3,c3,a3 al ,pi di ,marmo4 ,terrestrial globe corrected and enlarged according to recent discoveries4 #agdd4 ,in ,rome in the engraving establishment of ,r4 ,c4 ,a4 at the foot of the marble4 ,the globe ball is of wood1 having a diameter of about #ej cm4 ,additional information concerning this globe it has not been possible to obtain4 ,copies of it may be found in the ,biblioteca ,comunale of ,imola1 in that of ,osimo1 in that of ,savignano1 and in the ,seminario ,vescovile of ,ivrea4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #abf;b4 ,celestial ,globe of ,johann ,puschner1 #agcj4 ,in the ,museo di ,strumenti ,antichi of ,florence there is a well-preserved armillary sphere1#aeg having the usual large circles the outer one measuring about #ae cm4 in diameter1 of four lesser ones and of these there are two small ones representing the sun and the moon4 ,the meridian and the equator are graduated1 as is likewise the ecliptic1 having engraved on its surface the names of the principal winds in the ,italian language1 and the ecliptic having engraved in ,latin on its surface the names of the signs of the zodiac4 ,on one of the arms which supports the horizon circle is the author and date legend1 reading1 ,joseph ,torricelli ,f4 ,florentiae #agci4 ,fiorini thinks it probable that ,joseph was a relative of ,evangelista ,torricelli1 inventor of the barometer4 ,pietro ,maria da ,vinchio1 a monk of the order of ,st4 ,francis1 deserves a word of special praise for the skill with which he labored as a map and globe maker about the middle of the eighteenth century4#aeh ,he seems to have followed in the main the work of ,moroncelli1 and that of the unknown maker of the ,cusani globe1 yet he should be counted a workman possessing greater technical ability4 ,his first pair of globes have a diameter of about #fj cm4 ,the mounting consists of a meridian and a horizon circle of wood1 the whole resting on a somewhat elaborate wooden base4 ,the gores with which he covered his spheres are in each instance eighteen in number1 but each gore has been cut into three sections--at the parallel of #dj degrees1 both north and south1 and also at the parallel of #hj degrees1 the polar spaces having the usual circular disc covering4 ,the terrestrial globes have represented on their surfaces the polar and the tropical circles1 also the ecliptic and the equator1 together with the several parallels and meridians at intervals of ten degrees4 ,artistic wind roses are placed at each of the equinoctial points1 each with points representing the eight principal directions4 ,the title legend reads1 ,globus terrestris juxta geographicas mappas novissime editas accurate descriptus1 in quibus1 exactiori observatione praemissa1 errores multiplices sunt emendati1 qui in veteri geographia detinebantur impressi4 ,f4 ,petri ,mariae a ,vinchio opus et labor #agci4 ,terrestrial globe accurately delineated according to the most recent geographical maps in which1 by more exact observations1 numerous errors are corrected which continued to be printed in the old geography4 ,fra ,peter ,maria a ,vinchio1 his work and labor1 #agci4 ,the celestial globe1 similar in its construction in practically every respect to the preceding1 has its system of circles represented according to the equatorial system instead of the ecliptic system4 ,all of the ,ptolemaic constellations are represented1 the figures of the several constellations being very artistically painted4 ,its dedication reads1 ,illmo ac ,revmo ,d4 ,d4 ,petro ,hieronymo ,caravadossi ,episcopo ,casalensi ,ordinis ,praedicatorum parvum hoc ,firmamentum dicatum a ,f4 ,petro ,maria de ,vinchio ,ord4 ,min4 ,stric4 ,obser4 operis auctor4 #agde4 ,dedicated to the ,illustrious and ,reverend ,d4 ,d4 ,peter ,hieronymus ,caravadossi ,bishop of ,casale of the ,preaching ,friars1 by ,fra4 ,peter ,maria de ,vinchio of the ,strict ,minorite ,order1 who is the author of this work1 in the year #agde4 ,the pair just described may be found in the ,biblioteca ,seminario ,maggiore of ,casale ,monferrato4 ,fiorini is of the opinion that these globes1 presented to the learned ,father ,pietro ,girolamo ,caravadossi of the ,preaching ,friars1 ,bishop of ,casale1 must have been given by him to the seminary library1 that they might serve in the education of the priests4 ,it is even probable that the two globes came to the library by a direct clause in the will of the bishop1 since it is known that he bequeathed to the same library all of his books and an annual sum1 that the library might be used not only by the members of the seminary but by the general public as well4 ,not long after the completion of the pair just described1 da ,vinchio undertook the construction of a second and larger pair4 ,these he began in the year #agdf and completed in the year #agea4 ,these globes have a diameter of about #aje cm4 ,like the preceding they are of papier-mch4 ,each is furnished with a meridian and a horizon circle of wood1 and a somewhat elaborate supporting base4 ,on the parchment covering of the spheres the maps have been drawn by hand4 ,on the terrestrial globe the meridians and the parallels are represented at intervals of ten degrees4 ,place names1 the names of the seas and of the rivers are in the ,italian language or in the language of the country claiming possession4 ,very many of the discoveries are referred to in appropriate legends4 ,the title and date legend reads ,d4 ,o4 ,m4 ,globus terraqueus ,juxta geographicas mappas novissime editas accurate descriptus1 in quibus1 exactiori observatione praemissa1 longitudinum1 latitudinumque punctis verius universe compertis1 errores multiplices sunt emendati1 qui in veteri geographia detinebantur impressi4 ,inferius scripti mens1 labor1 ars1 et opus4 ,f4 ,petrus ,maria a ,vinchio4 ,in ,conventu ,s4 ,m4 de ,templo ,casalis annis #agdf-agdg-agdh4 ,d4 ,o4 ,m4 ,terrestrial globe accurately described according to the latest geographical maps in which by a more exact observation and by a truer location of the points of longitude and latitude many errors have been corrected which continued to be printed in the old geographies4 ,what follows is the work and labor of ,fra4 ,peter ,maria a ,vinchio1 made in the ,convent of ,santa ,maria at the ,temple in ,casale in the years #agdf-agdg-agdh4 ,the celestial globe is similarly mounted1 having a title legend which reads ,globus coelestis ,circa quem spectabiliores1 magisque obviae stellae juxta dispositionem et situm1 longitudinis scilicet ac latitudinis gradu1 in quo ab ,auctore ,universi in ,firmamento sunt positae1 dispositae inspiciuntur2 singulis tamen figuris a ,poetis ideatis1 ab ,astromomis diductae1 et assignatae novissime auctus4 ,f4 ,maria a ,vinchio ,o4 ,m4 ,s4 ,o4 ,anno #agej4--,opifex4--#agea4 ,celestial globe in which are to be seen more clearly and more distinctly set forth the stars according to their places and positions1 that is1 their degrees of longitude and latitude where they have been placed in the firmament by the ,creator of the ,universe4 ,to which have been added the figures of the constellations idealized by the poets1 brought to earth and assigned their true places by astronomers4 ,f4 ,maria a ,vinchio of the ,strict ,order of the ,minorites maker4 ,in the year #agej-agea4 ,the figures of the constellations are well drawn and are colored1 the names of these constellations being given in ,latin4 ,this pair of ,maria's globes may be found in the ,biblioteca ,municipale of ,alessandria1 in which town he probably lived at the time of their construction1 and probably at the convent of the ,capuchin monks4 ,prefixed to his ',select ,mechanical ,exercises1' first issued in the year #aggc1 ,james ,ferguson 7#agaj-aggf71 ,scotch experimental philosopher1 physicist1 and astronomer 7,fig4 #abg71 gives us a most interesting specimen of autobiography4#aei ,it is a remarkable story of native genius and of self-instruction4 ,herein he tells us how the child of poor parents1 with an unquenchable desire for scientific knowledge1 proceeded in his early years1 step by step1 until at length he attained to a position of great renown1 not only in his own country but as well in other lands4 ,he tells of his early interest in simple mechanical problems and of his attempts at the solution of the same1 but what is of special interest here1 he relates how it was he became interested in geography and in the construction of globes and orreries4 ,from a description of a globe he had found in ',gordon's ,geographical ,grammar1' as he tells us1 ,i made a globe in three weeks turning the ball thereof out of a piece of wood4 ,this he covered with paper and delineated thereon the map of the world4 ,he was happy to find1 as he says1 that by using the globe1 which was the first ,i ever saw1 ,i could solve the problems4 ,in his second attempt at globe making1 his boyish ingenuity particularly exhibited itself4 ,finding two large globular stones on the top of a neighbor's gate-posts1 he painted on one of these1 with oil colors1 a map of the terrestrial globe1 and on the other a map of the celestial1 from a planisphere of the stars which he had copied on paper from a celestial globe belonging to a neighboring gentleman4 ,the poles of the painted globes stood toward the poles of the heavens4 ,on each the twenty-four hours were placed around the equinoctial so as to show the time of day when the sun shone out1 by the boundary where the half of the globe at any time enlightened by the sun was parted from the other half in the shade3 the enlightened parts of the terrestrial globe answering to the like enlightened parts of the earth at all times3 so that whenever the sun shone on the globe one might see to what place the sun was then rising1 to what place it was setting1 and all the places where it was then day or night1 throughout the earth4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #abg4 ,portrait of ,james ,ferguson4 ,turning his attention especially to the movements of the stars1 he contrived an orrery to show the motions of the earth and the moon1 of the sun and the planets1 both diurnal and annual1 and it was in his first literary attempt1 published in the year #agdf1 that he described ',the ,use of a ,new ,orrery4' ,ferguson published many works on scientific subjects1 lectured extensively before learned societies1 was honored with the royal bounty of ,king ,george ,,iii1 and became a member of the ,royal ,society without initiatory or annual fees4 ,of globes constructed by ,ferguson other than those he contrived in his boyhood days1 eight copies are known4 ,in the collection of ,the ,hispanic ,society of ,america 7,fig4 #abg;a71 there appears to be a unique example of his first published globe work1 constructed perhaps as early as the year #agej1 since it records the route followed by the ,englishman1 ,george ,anson1 in circumnavigating the earth in his expedition or expeditions of the years #agdj-agdd1 and omits reference to the expeditions of ,captain ,cook4 ,the terrestrial globe1 a solid wooden ball1 #g cm4 in diameter1 is enclosed in a black leather covering1 on the inner surface of which is pasted an engraved gore map of the celestial sphere4 ,it appears to be constructed as were those referred to by ,moxon in his catalogue of globes which were made and sold by himself on ,ludgate ,hill1 that is1 concave hemispheres of the ,starry ,orb which serve for a case to a ,terrestrial ,globe of #c inches in diameter1 made portable for the ,pocket4 ,the covering of this ,ferguson globe is made to open on the line of the celestial equator4 ,in a neat cartouch placed in the ,north ,pacific is the author and title legend reading1 ,a ,new ,globe of the ,earth by ,james ,ferguson4 ,the meridians are drawn at intervals of fifteen degrees1 the prime meridian passing through ,greenwich1 and the parallels are drawn at intervals of ten degrees1 being graduated on the meridian of #ade degrees west1 excepting the tropics and the polar circles1 which are drawn in their proper latitudes1 respectively #bc-a_/b degrees from the equator and #bc-a_/b degrees from the poles4 ,ferguson followed such geographical records as were laid down by ,hondius in his world map of the year #afaa1 or by ,greuter in his globe map of the year #afcb in the ,north ,pacific region1 indicating there the existence of a great expanse of ocean1 between northwest ,north ,america and northeast ,asia4 ,anian ,st4 is marked as separating a somewhat indefinitely outlined coast from ,america4 ,the ,antarctic continent is altogether omitted2 the only inscription appearing in that region is ,the ,south ,pole4 ,geographical names are as numerous as one could expect to find them on a globe of such small dimensions4 ,the figures on the celestial map pasted on the inner surface of the terrestrial globe covering representing the several constellations have been very artistically drawn4 ,both the terrestrial and the celestial parts of this combination globe are remarkably well preserved4 ,a second and later example of this ,ferguson globe may be found in the ,harvard ,university ,library1 once belonging to ,ebenezer ,storer of the class of #agdg4 ,it came into the possession of the ,university in the year #aiad4 ,in addition to the globes of ,ferguson1 just described1 two pairs are known1 dated each #aghb1 subsequent to the author's death1 it will be noted1 each having a diameter of #cj cm4 ,these are mounted in the usual manner with wooden horizon and brass meridian circles1 with support base columns of wood4 ,on the terrestrial globes ,english is the language employed1 while all names of the constellations on the celestial globes are in ,latin4 ,as on the small terrestrial globe in ,the ,hispanic ,society's collection1 the route of ,admiral ,anson is indicated1 omitting that of ,captain ,cook1 and numerous brief legends are given referring to various geographical discoveries4 ,one pair of these globes may be found in the ,biblioteca ,comunale of ,palermo and the other pair in the ,osservatorio ,meteorico of ,syracuse4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #abg;a4 ,pocket ,globe of ,james ,ferguson1 #agej 7874 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #abg;b4 ,terrestrial ,globe of ,herman ,moll1 #agje4 ,,notes #aag ,this society was founded in the year #afff by ,louis ,,xiv1 after the model of the ,royal ,society of ,london4 ,it was liberally endowed and supported1 its members devoting themselves to the science of physics1 mathematics1 astronomy1 botany1 zoology1 and medicine4 ,the observatory1 founded in the year #affg1 was an adjunct of the society4 #aah ,niceron1 ,j4 ,f4 ,delisle4 7,in3 ,mmoires pour servir l'histoire des ,hommes illustres dans la rpublique des lettres4 ,paris1 #agbi4 ,vol4 #a1 p4 #bad472 ,fontenelle1 ,b4 le ,b4 de4 loge des acadmiciens4 la ,haye1 #agca4 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #cbd-cci2 ,sandier1 ,c4 ,die ,reformation der ,kartographie um #agjj4 ,mnchen1 #aije4 pp4 #ad-ba4 #aai ,not that there is less of interest in physical1 in commercial1 in descriptive geography1 but that there is a decided tendency in this day to stress what is sometimes called human geography1 which consists in emphasizing the relation of geographical study to real life4 #abj ,this work appears to have established his reputation4 ,in the year #agjb he became a member of the ,academy1 not as a geographer--this department was not established until the year #agcj--;but as an astronomer under ,cassini4 ,sandler1 loc4 cit42 ,vivien de ,saint-,martin1 ,m4 ,histoire de la gographie4 ,paris1 #ahge4 p4 #dbc4 ,this last-named author says3 ,la ,mappemonde de ,guillaume ,delisle et ses cartes particulires des quarte partie du monde1 publies en #agjj1 remenrent enfin pour la premire fois leurs vritables places et leurs dimensions relles les parties orientales de l'ancien continent4 ,quelle que fussent les amliorations de dtail que dt recevoir par la suit la carte du monde1--et ces amliorations etaient immens1--l'honneur d'en avoir apr la rforme radical suffit pour terniser le nom ,guillaume ,delisle4 #aba ,sandler1 op4 cit4 ,this was an error having its origin in ,ptolemy's geography1 as set down in the ,ptolemy maps4 ,the two most significant errors in the ,ptolemaic cartography were 7a7 the representation of the ,indian ,ocean as an enclosed sea2 7b7 the too great extension in longitude given to the ,mediterranean ,sea4 ,a correction of the first of these errors followed quickly after the discovery of the sea route to the ,indies of the ,east4 ,as a result incident to the second error the ,asiatic regions were extended much too far eastward1 the maps as late as the seventeenth century showing the coast of ,china to lie at least twenty-five degrees too far in that direction4 ,the invention of the telescope in the first decade of the seventeenth century and of the pendulum clock about the middle of the century made possible a more accurate determination of the location of places1 and an improvement in map construction soon followed4 ,see also ,wolf1 ,geschichte1 pp4 #cee-cfb2 #cfi-cgc4 #abb ,wolf1 op4 cit41 pp4 #djj-djc4 ,this came to be but one of the many methods employed in the effort to determine longitude4 ,one of the most interesting and most recent is that in which wireless telegraphy has been called into service4 ,see ,hoogewerff1 ,capt4 ,j4,a4 ,washington-,paris ,longitude by radio signals by ,f4,b4 ,littell and ,g4,a4 ,hill4 7,in3 ,astronomical ,journal4 ,albany1 #aiae47 #abc ,see ,nolin and ,delisle4 7,in3 ,mmoire pour l'histoire des sciences et des beaux arts4 ,trvoux1 #agjb4 p4 #aff472 ,nolin4 7,in3 ,nouvelle biographie472 ,lelewel4 ,gographie du moyen ge1 ,,ii4 p4 #bjb2 ,sandler1 op4 cit41 p4 #ae4 #abd ,sandler1 op4 cit41 reproduces ,delisle's world map of #agjj1 pl4 iv4 #abe ,wolf1 op4 cit41 pp4 #ddi-deb2 ,mmoires pour servir a l'histoire des sciences et a celle de l'observatoire royal de ,paris4 ,paris1 #ahaj4 pp4 #bee-cji2 ,cassini1 ,jean-,dominique4 7,in3 ,nouvelle biographie47 ,in this last article may be found a long list of ,cassini's publications4 #abf ,gassendi1 ,pierre4 7,in3 ,nouvelle biographie47 ,gassendi achieved distinction for his works on astronomical subjects4 ,in the year #afde he was appointed ,professor of ,mathematics in the ,collge ,royal of ,paris1 a position he held with interruptions until his death4 #abg ,the term ,precession of the ,equinoxes1 as used in astronomy1 refers to the slow retrograde motion of the equinoctial point to the west1 or contrary to the order of the signs of the zodiac1 this precession being estimated by ,hipparchus to be one degree in one hundred years2 in sixty-nine years by ,ptolemy2 in sixty-six years by ,albategnius2 in seventy years by ,cassini1 but it is now estimated to be one degree in about seventy and one half years4 ,for one complete revolution of this equinoctial point through the twelve signs of the zodiac ,hipparchus estimated a period of #cf1jjj years would be required2 according to ,ptolemy a period of #bd1hdj years2 according to ,albategnius #bc1gfj years2 according to ,cassini #be1bjj years2 whereas the period is now estimated to be a little more than #be1hjj years4 ,an important consequence of the precession of the equinoxes lies in the fact that the zodiacal constellations do not agree with the signs with which they coincided in ancient times1 i4e41 in the beginnings of astronomical science4 ,the first star of ,aries1 which at the time of ,eudoxus was at the intersection of the equator and the ecliptic1 or at the equinoctial colure1 has continued to increase its position in longitude4 ,at the time of ,ptolemy this was #f degrees #dj minutes4 ,its longitude is now about #ca degrees1 which places it entirely out of its original sign4 #abh ,among the more important works of ,cassini bearing upon this particular subject may be mentioned1 ,mthode pour trouver la diffrence des longitudes des lieux par les observations correspondantes des phases des clipses de soleil #afgj4 7,in3 ,histoire de l',acadmie ,royale des ,sciences4 ,paris1 #agcc4 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #acc472 ,la mthode de dterminer les longitudes des lieux de la terre par les observations des satellites de ,jupiter4 7,in3 ,mmoires de l',acadmie4 ,paris1 #agdc4 ,vol4 ,x1 p4 #efi472 ,de la mthode de dterminer les longitudes des lieux de la terre par les observations des satellites de ,jupiter4 7,in3 ,observations physiques et mathmatiques4 ,paris1 #afhh4 pp4 #bcb-bgh472 ,les hypothses et les tables des satellites de ,jupiter1 rformees sur de nouvelles observations4 7,in3 ,mmoires de l',acadmie1 #afic4 ,paris1 #agcj4 ,vol4 ,,viii1 p4 #cfc472 ,mthode de dterminer les longitudes des lieux de la terre par des toiles fixes et des plantes par la ,lune4 7,in3 ,mmoires de l',acadmie4 ,paris1 #agjc47 #abi ,see p4 #cdi of ,bion's work referred to below1 n4 #bb4 #acj ,histoire de l',acadmie ,royale des ,sciences4 ,paris1 #agbg4 #aca ,fiorini4 ,sfere terrestri e celesti4 pp4 #dja-djb4 #acb ,zedler1 ,j4 ,h4 ,groses universallexikon aller ,wissenschaften und ,kunste4 ,leipzig-,halle1 #agde4 ,vol4 #df1 p4 #aec2 ,gnther1 ,erd- und ,himmelsgloben1 p4 #ajg1 n4 #a1 reports that two of his ,atlases1 one of which is a particularly fine example of work representing astronomical geography1 may be found in the ,k4 ,hof und ,staatsbibliothek of ,mnchen4 ,more than one hundred and twenty-five maps of ,gerhard and ,leonhard ,valk are listed by ,phillips in his excellent work on ,atlases in the ,library of ,congress4 ,see index4 #acc ,praxis astronomiae utrisque ut et geographiae exercita per usum ,globi coelestis et terrestris tum et ,planetolabii4 ,amstelodami1 sumptibus ,gerhardi ,valk ,calcographi apud quem prostant una globis et ,planetolabio4 n4 d4 #acd ,there is considerable doubt as to the date assigned to the ,valk globes in the ,knigliche ,museum of ,cassel1 and to those in the ,germanisches ,nationalmuseum of ,nrnberg4 ,see reference to these above1 p4 #aej4 #ace ,senex1 ,john1 with appended short bibliographical list4 7,in3 ,dictionary of ,national ,biography47 #acf ,see reference below1 ,chap4 ,,xiii1 to ,adams4 #acg ,bion1 ,nicolas1 with portrait4 7,in3 ,nouvelle biographie4 ,paris1 #ahec47 #ach ,bion1 ,nicolas4 ,usage des globes clestes et terrestres1 et des sphres1 suivant les diffrents systmes du monde4 ,paris1 #afii4 ,this work was reissued no less than six times before #agea1 there being added to the title in the sixth edition1 ,prcd d'un ,trait de ,cosmographie4 ,sixime dition1 revue et corrige par le ,sieur ,n4 ,bion1 ingnieur du ,roi pour les instruments de ,mathmatique1 sur le ,quai de l',orloge du ,palais1 au ,soleil d'or1 o trouv des ,sphres et des ,globes de toutes faons2 same author4 ,trait de la construction et des principaux usages des instruments de mathmatique4 ,paris1 #ageb4 ,bion's work was translated into ,english by ,edward ,stone and published in ,london1 #agbc1 under the title ',bion's construction and principal use of mathematical instruments4' #aci ,see p4 #adb4 #adj ,fiorini1 op4 cit41 pp4 #djb-dje4 #ada ,fiorini1 op4 cit41 pp4 #dcj-dca4 #adb ,seutter1 ,mattheus4 7,in3 ,allgemeine deutsche ,biographie472 ,sandler1 ,c4 ,mattheus ,seuter und seine ,landkarten4 7,in3 ,mitteilungen des ,vereins fr ,erdkunde zu ,leipzig4 ,leipzig1 #ahid4 pp4 #e-ch47 ,this article contains a brief biography1 a list of his several map publications1 his colaborers1 and a special consideration of his landkarten4 #adc ,see the list as given by ,sandler1 op4 cit4 #add ,morden1 ,robert4 7,in3 ,dictionary of ,national ,biography47 #ade ,morden1 ,r4 ,an introduction to astronomy1 geography1 navigation1 etc41 made easy by the description and uses of the coelestial and terrestrial globes1 in seven parts4 ,london1 #agjb4 ,a list of his maps and principal geographical works is given in the article referred to in note #bh4 ,see also ,british ,museum ,catalogue of ,printed ,books and ,maps4 #adf l'loge de l',abb ,nollet4 7,in3 ,histoire de l',acadmie ,royale des ,sciences4 ,paris1 #aggc4 p4 #aba472 ,querard1 ,j4 ,m4 ,la ,france ,littraire4 ,paris1 #ahbf-ahdb4 #aj vols4 ,vol4 ,,vi1 p4 #ddd2 ,nollet1 l',abb1 ,jean ,antoine4 7,in3 ,nouvelle biographie47 #adg ,fiorini1 op4 cit41 pp4 #djg-dji4 #adh ,doppelmayr1 ,johann ,gabriel4 7,in3 ,allgemeine deutsche ,biographie47 #adi ,street1 ,t4 ,astronomia ,carolina4 ,a new theory of the celestial motions4 ,london1 #affa4 #aej ,this was a translation of ,bion's ,trait de la construction et des principaux usages des instruments de mathmatique1 to which he gave a general title ',neuerfnete mathematische ,werkschule4' ,leipzig1 #agac4 ,to the title of a later edition of this translation was prefixed1 ,dritte ,erfnung1 ,nrnberg1 #agda4 ,the reference is to a technical school of ,nrnberg4 #aea ,doppelmayr1 ,johann ,gabriel4 ,historische ,nachricht von nrnbergischen ,mathematiscis und ,knstlern4 ,nrnberg1 #agcj4 #aeb ,doppelmayr1 op4 cit4 #aec ,fiorini1 op4 cit41 p4 #cid4 #aed ,fiorini1 op4 cit41 pp4 #dad-dae4 #aee ,a noted ,french geometrician1 professor of mathematics at the ,collge ,royal de ,france1 and at l',acadmie d',architecture1 #afdj-agah4 #aef ,fiorini1 op4 cit41 p4 #dae4 #aeg ,fiorini1 op4 cit41 pp4 #dca-dcb4 #aeh ,fiorini1 op4 cit41 pp4 #daj-dad4 #aei ,ferguson1 ,james4 ,select mechanical exercises with a short account of the life of the author by himself4 ,london1 #aggc2 ,ferguson1 ,james4 7,in3 ,a biographical dictionary of eminent ,scotsmen1 originally edited by ,robert ,chambers1 revised by ,rev4 ,thos4 ,thompson4 ,london1 #ahef472 ,ferguson1 ,james4 7,in3 ,dictionary of ,national ,biography47 ,the last two articles contain extensive references to ,ferguson's works1 many of which are of a high order of merit4 ,illustration3 ,ship4 ,from ,jodocus ,hondius' ,world map1 #afaa ,chapter ,,xiii ,globes and ,globe ,makers of the ,second ,half of the ,eighteenth ,century ,few globe makers of striking distinction in this period4--,an apparent decrease in scientific interest in globes1 but an apparent increase in popular interest4--,gilles and ,didier ,robert de ,vaugondy4--,the work of ,desnos4--,globes of ,gian ,francesco ,costa the ,venetian4--,globes of ,akerman and ,akrel4--,the ,french globe makers ,rigobert ,bonne and ,lalande4--,charles ,messier and ,jean ,fortin4--,globes of ,george ,adams the ,elder1 of ,george ,adams the ,younger1 and of ,dudley ,adams4--,small globes of ,nathaniel ,hill4--,the work of ,innocente ,alessandri and ,pietro ,scaltaglia4--,charles ,francis ,delamarche4--,manuscript globes of ,vincenzo ,rosa4--,geographer and globe maker ,giovanni ,maria ,cassini4--,globes of ,william ,cary4 ,during the second half of the eighteenth century there is a continued interest in globe construction1 yet the period is not one which is at all striking by reason of the good quality of the work done in this field4 ,since the latter part of the sixteenth century and the early part of the seventeenth1 when1 as has been noted1 globes were so generally thought to be an essential part of a seaman's outfit of navigating instruments1 there had been a remarkable improvement in the construction of sailors' charts resulting from carefully devised methods for the determination of geographical position and the employment of the results in map construction4 ,the plane or sheet chart was again regarded as a more convenient1 a more handy guide in navigation than was the globe4 ,if plane chart making had improved so had plane map making4 ,there must1 however1 have been a considerable popular interest in globes1 judging from the number which we know were constructed1 and from the number of publications issued which were intended to point out the particular value attaching to globes in geographical and astronomical instruction1 to explain their construction1 and to indicate the character of the problems which1 by their use1 could be easily solved4 ,the interest in such objects in this period1 perhaps we may say1 was rather more extensive than intensive1 having more of a popular than of a scientific character4 ,among the most prominent ,french map and globe makers of this period were ,gilles ,robert de ,vaugondy 7#afhh-agff7 and ,didier ,robert de ,vaugondy 7#agbc-aghf71 father and son1 reference usually being made to these men in geographical literature under the name ,robert or ,vaugondy4#afj ,gilles1 the grandson of ,nicolas ,sanson1#afa who had achieved first rank among geographers in his day for his maps and atlases1 proved himself to be a worthy member of the family4 ,he doubtless owed his earliest enthusiasm for geographical science to an inheritance of the maps1 atlases1 and other geographical publications of the grandfather1 many of which he reissued1 adding to the same his own valuable and independent work4 ,didier seems to have possessed talents none the less brilliant than were those exhibited by the father1 and upon him1 in succession1 the king conferred the title ,royal ,geographer4 ,in addition to his issue of maps and atlases1 the father1 often referred to simply as ,robert de ,vaugondy1 became interested in the construction of globes1 issuing his first pair1 which must have been of small size1 in the year #agea1 in which work he doubtless was assisted by the son4 ,the king1 it appears1 being so well pleased with these1 directed the construction of others of larger dimensions1 and in the same year a pair was issued1 each globe having a diameter of about #dh cm4#afb ,in the same preface#afc it is stated that the king gave orders for a terrestrial globe with map in manuscript1 the same to have a diameter of about six feet1 and the author further notes that when this work shall have been completed and presented to ,his ,majesty1 ,i shall give an explanation of the work which ,i shall have been obliged to put upon the mechanical construction of the ball1 also a description of the allegorical ornaments which will adorn the globe support1 and a description of the geographical labor ,i shall have expended4 ,there appearing no later reference to this particular work1 it seems hardly probable that it was ever actually undertaken4 ,delamarche gives us to understand that the king could not have been altogether pleased with ,vaugondy's first work1 observing that while it was done to the satisfaction of the ,prince1 he would have received the compensation due his talents and painstaking labor if the order of the king had been followed4#afd ,wherein he failed we do not know4 ,it may have been this fact which discouraged him in his thought of undertaking the larger work4 ,in the construction of his globes having a diameter of #dh cm4 he was assisted by the engravers1 ,de la ,haye and ,gobin1 the results being the production of a terrestrial and a celestial globe map of superior excellence4 ,while it has not been possible to obtain photographs of any of the ,vaugondy globes1 his map of the world dated #agea is doubtless much the same as his globe map1 presenting geographical records as he thought proper to present them1 including a representation of the route of a number of the recent exploring expeditions4 ,copies of his globes of the year #agea cannot now be located1 but reproductions of the same1 the terrestrial dated #aggc and the celestial dated #agfd1 may be found in the ,biblioteca ,governativa of ,lucca1 in the ,biblioteca ,real of ,caserta1 and a copy of the celestial in the ,osservatorio ,patriarcale of ,venice4 ,shortly after the first issue of the globes in the year #agea ,vaugondy constructed other pairs1 each having a diameter of #bc cm4 ,these are dated #aged1 copies of which may be found in the ,biblioteca ,palatina of ,parma 7two copies of the celestial71 in the ,pinacoteca ,quirini of ,venice1 and a pair in the ,palazzo of the ,marquis of ,spinola of ,tassarolo4 ,l4 ,c4 7,pierre-,joseph 87 ,desnos1 a contemporary and an intimate friend of ,didier ,robert de ,vaugondy1 was a ,danish geographer of distinction1 winning for himself in early life the favor of his king and the title ,geographical ,engineer4#afe ,a considerable number of his maps are known1 and especially worthy of note is his atlas1 titled ',atlas ,gnral et lmentaire1' dated ,paris1 #aggh1 there being other editions of the same with modifications4 ,it has been possible to locate a few of his globes4 ,the first1 a celestial1 appears to have been issued as early as the year #agej1 a copy of which may be found in the ,liceo of ,reggio1 as there may also be found in the same collection a ,desnos terrestrial globe dated #agfj4 ,these have each a diameter of about #bb cm4 and are reputed to be in an excellent state of preservation4 ,on the brass meridian circle of the second1 one reads1 ,se fait et se vendre chez ,desnos rue ,st4 ,julien le pauvre #agec1 which legend suggests an issue of the same as early as the date given1 and this idea finds support in an engraved legend referring to this particular issue as being one revised and corrected4 ,there is additional support for the belief that a pair was issued in the year #agec in the fact that this date appears on the base of the celestial globe4 ,the ,desnos maps are all well engraved and1 like others of the period1 much was made of indicating the routes of many of the famous explorers1 including a reference to the success of ,bering as follows1 ,les ,moscovites ont recouvr ici en #agdc sur les terres basses4 ,in this we have one of the very early references to the ,russian successes in this region4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #abi;a4 ,globe of ,l4 ,c4 ,desnos1 #aghb4 ,in the year #aged ,desnos issued a pair of globes somewhat larger in size1 giving to them a diameter of about #bf cm4 ,copies of these globes may be found in the private library of the ,marquis ,lalatta ,costerbosa of ,parma4 ,in their general features they resemble the previous edition1 with every evidence that the author wished to bring his records to date and to make them quite as full as his space would allow1 noting in one of his inscriptions1 ,nous n'avons trac que par des points la figure des terres que l',admiral ,de ,font dtaille dans se lettre que ,mr4 ,delisle a rdu publique1 en attendant l'authenticit de cette lettre1 se que les relations des nouvelles dcouvertes rendent probable4 ,in the year #aggb1 it appears1 he issued a third edition1 noting that he had made use of the most recent observations of the ,royal ,academy of ,sciences of ,paris1 bringing his star records down to the year #aggj4 ,copies of this edition are in ,piacenza4 ,gian ,francesco ,costa1 a ,venetian engineer1 architect1 and engraver1 gave some attention to the construction of globes4#aff ,in the year #aged he prepared and issued1 for the ,venetian ,academy1 a terrestrial and a celestial globe1 each about #bd cm4 in diameter1 basing the former on the work of ,delisle and the latter on the observations and records of the ,english astronomer1 ,john ,flamsteed4#afg ,there is little of special value attaching to the globes of ,costa4 ,they give merely the well-known geographical and astronomical records of the day4 ,copies of his celestial globe may be found in the ,biblioteca ,municipale of ,cagli and in the ,osservatorio ,astronomico of ,rome4 ,fiorini refers to a copy of the terrestrial as belonging to the ,biblioteca ,universitorio of ,urbino1 and to one in the private library of ,canon ,ettore ,fronzi of ,senigallia4 ,there is said to be a fine manuscript terrestrial globe1 dated #agef1 in the private library of ,professor ,maximilian ,tono1 director of the ,osservatorio ,patriarcale di ,s4 ,maria della ,salute in ,venice4 ,the ball is of wood1 over which is a coating of varnish1 and on this a world map has been drawn by hand4 ,it appears to have been constructed merely for the personal use of the maker1 ,p4 ,francesco ,grandi4 ,in ,andrea ,akerman we find a native of ,sweden interested in the matter of globe making4 ,observing him to be one in possession of commendable talents1 the ,academy of ,sciences of ,stockholm1 about the year #agej1 granted to him a subsidy for the establishment of a workshop in ,upsala4 ,here he undertook the construction of a terrestrial and of a celestial globe4 ,so successful was his enterprise that1 we are told1 his productions found favor not only among those interested in his field within his own country1 but among those similarly interested in ,denmark1 ,germany1 and ,russia4 ,lalande makes mention of his work published through the ,geographical ,society of ,upsala1 dated #aggf1 noting that they had a diameter of about #bb inches4#afh ,a copy of his celestial globe may be found in the ,osservatorio ,astronomico of ,milan1 having a diameter of about #ei cm4 ,it has an author and date legend1 reading ,globus coelestis ex ,catalogo ,brittanico et ,de la ,caillii observationibus ad annum #ahjj cura ,soc4 ,cosmog4 ,upsal4 delineatus ab ,andrea ,akerman ,reg4 ,s4 ,s4 ,apt4 sculptore #agff4 ,a pair of ,akerman's globes may also be found in the ,geographisches ,institut of ,gttingen1 the terrestrial dated #agei1 and the celestial dated #agfj and dedicated to the ,president of the ,academy of ,sciences by the ,geographical ,society of ,upsala4 ,his globes1 it appears1 were reissued by ,frederick ,akrel1#afi an engraver who had assisted him in his work4 ,the reissue of the ,akerman globes dated #aggi contained corrections and additions which brought them to date1 a fact which is noted in the following legend3 ,globus terraqueus cura ,societatis cosmographicae ,upsalensis1 editus ab ,andr4 ,akerman ,nunc emendatus4444 opera ,frederici ,akrel #aggi4 ,terrestrial globe issued under the auspices of the ,cosmographical ,society of ,upsala1 edited by ,andrea ,akerman1 now corrected4444 the work of ,frederick ,akrel #aggi4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #abh4 ,terrestrial ,globe of ,pietro ,rosini1 #agfb4 ,the ,biblioteca ,universitario of ,bologna possesses a very interesting manuscript terrestrial globe 7,fig4 #abh71 the work of ,p4 ,d4 ,pietro ,rosini1 an ,olivetan monk4 ,word from the librarian with photograph kindly sent#agj gives us the information that this splendid globe was constructed in the year #agfb1 that it is a fine example of the period and is in an excellent state of preservation4 ,it has a diameter of about #aej cm41 being one of the largest constructed in ,italy4 ,the sphere is constructed of wooden plates securely braced4 ,it has a meridian circle of heavy brass1 a horizon circle of wood1 having on its upper surface the usual representations referring to the constellations of the zodiac1 the names of the months1 and the principal directions4 ,the circle on its inner edge is fashioned to receive the sphere1 but it has an outer edge which is octagonal4 ,over the surface of the ball irregular pieces of paper were pasted and on this the geographical map was drawn by hand4 ,practically all geographical names are in the ,italian language1 as are the few geographical legends4 ,the author and date legend in ,latin reads1 ,d4 ,petrus ,rosini de ,lendinara ,monus ,olivus fecit ann3 #agfb4 ,d4 ,petrus ,rosini of ,lendinara1 an ,olivetan monk made this in the year #agfb4 ,fiorini cites a reference to a letter written by ,rosini wherein he is referred to as a professor1 noting that other information concerning him seems to be unobtainable4 ,from the fact of his having constructed a terrestrial globe and of his reference in his letter to an eruption of ,mount ,vesuvius1 one would obtain the impression that he was a lover of scientific studies1 and especially of geography4 ,rigobert ,bonne 7#agbg-agid71 a distinguished ,french hydrographer and engineer1 achieved likewise a very considerable reputation as a geographer and cartographer2 indeed1 the great majority of his scientific publications were within the field of geography4#aga ,with ,joseph ,jrme ,le ,franais de ,lalande 7#agcb-ahjg71 one of the most famous of ,french astronomers1#agb he undertook the construction of a terrestrial and a celestial globe on which it was proposed to record in particular all of the most recent discoveries in both the field of geography and that of astronomy4 ,to these globes they gave a diameter of about #ca cm41 following1 in constructing the gore maps with which each sphere was covered1 the method of ,bion1 giving very careful consideration to the fact that the paper on which the maps were printed would expand somewhat unevenly when moistened with the paste used in the mounting4 ,it seems probable that ,bonne completed the terrestrial globe about the year #agga1 and ,lalande the celestial about the year #agge1 and that the engraving of the maps was entrusted to ,lattr1 who had at this time a place of marked distinction in the profession he represented4 ,lalande says of the first issue of their work3 ,m4 ,lattr1 ,graveur ordinaire de ,mgr4 le ,dauphin et de ,m4 le ,duc d',orleans1 publiera vers la fin de cette anne #agga1 deux globes d'un pied de diamtre1 faites avec le plus grand soin1 et sur les observations les plus rcentes dessines avec une nouvelle exactitude2 ,m4 ,bonne s'est charg du globe terrestre1 et je suis occup actuellement du globe cleste4 ,ces globes seront en mme temps rduits #h pouces et six2 chaque assortissement aura des sphres du mme diamtre4 ,les prix seront annoncs dans les journaux4 ,a short time later these globe makers issued a publication in which they especially described their work1 and ,lalande noted in his ',bibliographie astronomique' under the year #agge3 ,on trouve dans le ,globe cleste toutes les toiles alors connues1 toutes les constellations nouvelles de la ,caille1 celle que j'avais introduite sous le nom de ,messier1 et toutes les dcouvertes gographiques obtenues depuis quelques annes par plusieurs voyages autour du monde4 ,on trouve ces globes chez ,lamarche1 rue du ,foin4 ,while it has not been possible to locate a pair of the first edition of these globes1 there may be found in the ,osservatorio ,astronomico of ,palermo an undated terrestrial globe by ,bonne and a celestial1 clearly intended as a companion piece1 dated #aggi4 ,in all probability they are but reprints of the first edition1 having the same diameters1 that is1 about #ca cm4 ,each is furnished with a graduated horizon circle of wood1 a graduated horizon circle of brass1 and a small brass hour circle marked from ,i to ,,xii1 the whole being supported by three turned columns4 ,they are reported as being well preserved4 ,a pair has likewise been located in the ,geographisches ,institut of ,gttingen4 ,the ,british ,museum possesses a small terrestrial globe #g cm4 in diameter1 signed ,n4 ,lane and dated #aggf4 ,over a sphere of wood has been pasted the engraved gore map1 which gives but little geographical information4 ,it has not been possible to obtain a biographical reference to this globe maker1 who probably was an unimportant printer of maps in ,london at this time4 ,charles ,messier 7#agcj-ahag71 a ,french astronomer1 map1 and globe maker1 was a native of ,lorraine4#agc ,in the year #agea he went to ,paris1 where he soon became associated with ,delisle1 first as his secretary1 during which period he gave striking proof of his abilities1 and later as his trusted assistant4 ,his fame quickly extended to other lands1 and he became a member of the ,academy of ,sciences of ,berlin1 also of the ,academy of ,sciences of ,st4 ,petersburg1 each of which organizations published a considerable number of his scientific papers4 ,it appears that his fame as an astronomer rested chiefly on his investigations of the nature and the movements of comets1 becoming known as le furet des comtes4 ,messier's contemporary and intimate associate was ,jean ,fortin 7#agej-ahca71 whose fame as a scientist rests primarily upon his work as a maker of mathematical instruments4 ,like ,bonne and ,lalande1 who labored jointly in the construction of terrestrial and celestial globes1 ,messier and ,fortin were active in the same field4 ,in the year #aghj they placed on sale at the shop of ,fortin in ,rue de la ,harpe pairs of their globes1 each having a diameter of about #ca cm4 ,lalande refers to them as ,globes d'un pied de diamtre4 ,chez ,fortin4 ,paris #aghj4 ,le ,globe cleste par ,messier3 ,les toiles rduites #ahjj1 d'aprs les tables que j'avais faites pour mon ,globe4 ,le ,globe terrestre par ,fortin d'aprs les nouvelles dcouvertes gographiques4 ,it has not been possible to locate a copy of ,fortin's terrestrial globe1 but an example of ,messier's celestial may be found in the ,osservatorio ,meteorico of the ,university of ,parma1 in the ,istituto di ,fisica of the ,university of ,siena1 in the ,biblioteca ,s4 ,scolastica e ,s4 ,benedetto in ,subiaco1 and in the ,liceo ,machiavelli of ,lucca4 ,copies of a celestial globe by ,fortin1 each about #bb cm4 in diameter1 may be found in the ,convento dei ,frati della ,missione of ,chieri1 in the ,biblioteca ,comunale of ,correggio1 and in the ,liceo ,andrea ,doria of ,novi4 ,the ,hispanic ,society of ,america possesses a good example of ,fortin's work 7,fig4 #abi71 this being an armillary sphere1 having at the common center of its system of circles a terrestrial globe about #e cm4 in diameter4 ,it is without date1 but probably was constructed about the year #aghj4 ,in the ,south ,pacific within a cartouch is the inscription ,a ,paris chez le ,sr4 ,fortin4 ,rue de la ,harpe4 ,this example is #da cm4 in height1 having a graduated horizon circle #ca cm4 in diameter1 supported on a turned wooden base by four arms or quadrants4 ,the terrestrial globe map of twelve gores is much darkened with age but gives in good outline the several continents with a few geographical names4 ,its armillae are of pasteboard1 consisting of a supporting meridian circle within which the several celestial circles can be revolved on the extended polar axis of the terrestrial globe4 ,these celestial circles represent the zodiac1 on the surface of which are given the names of the several zodiacal constellations and the names of the months1 the meridian circles1 the tropics1 the equator1 the two polar circles with an hour circle at the north pole1 all of these being so attached as not to permit of independent motion4 ,attached to one of the meridian circles is a device for representing eclipses1 the one of the sun and the other of the moon4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #abi4 ,armillary ,sphere of ,jean ,fortin1 #aghj4 ,george ,adams1 the elder 7fl4 #agfj71 maker of mathematical instruments and optician to ,his ,majesty ,george ,,iii of ,england1 won great distinction for himself as a maker of terrestrial and celestial globes1 and as a writer on geographical and astronomical subjects4 ,with him in his work were associated his sons ,george 7#agej-agie7 and ,dudley1 to whom1 after the death of the brother1 fell the management of the business4 ,we know of ,dudley's success in his work1 which he must have carried on well into the first quarter of the nineteenth century1 though we know neither the date of his birth nor of his death4 ,in the year #agff the elder ,adams issued the first edition of a very useful work on globes1 including a consideration of their construction and their uses4#agd ,in the year #ahaj appeared the thirtieth edition of this work1 with a preface and additions by the son1 ,dudley4 ,the title of the work suggests that the first issue was prepared as a description of globes which the author had just put upon the market1 but globes of his bearing a date so early seem to be unknown4 ,none have been located which appear to have been issued earlier than the year #aggb1 after which time we know there were repeated issues signed either ,g4 ,adams or ,d4 ,adams4 ,a pair of the date #aghb may be found in the ,museo ,astronomico of ,rome4 ,these appear to be in a fair state of preservation 7,fig4 #acj74 ,each has a diameter of about #df cm41 being furnished with a graduated brass meridian circle within which the sphere revolves1 a graduated horizon circle of wood1 having pasted thereon the usual records referring to the zodiacal constellations and to the time reckoning4 ,this horizon circle rests upon four supporting arms or quadrants1 which in turn are carried by a tripod base of wood4 ,the spheres are of pasteboard with plaster of ,paris covering1 on which the respective maps have been pasted1 each map being composed of twenty-four gores or biangles1 or of twice twenty-four1 since each is cut on the line of the equator to facilitate mounting4 ,the geographical records given on the terrestrial globe map are practically such as one could find on the best plane maps of the period1 always1 however1 in this connection remembering that those regions which had not been visited or carefully charted by explorers gave to the map maker considerable latitude for a play of his imagination4 ,it is interesting1 for example1 here to note that ,adams appears to have been very uncertain about his information relative to the western and southwestern part of the present ,united ,states4 ,he seems to have caught from some explorer's account that the ,colorado ,river flows westward1 emptying directly into the ,pacific1 and he so marks it1 giving1 however1 to the river the name ,st4 ,bartholomew4 ,the celestial globe revolves on the axis of the equator1 the gores being made to terminate at the poles of the ecliptic4 ,constellations are represented so far as they have been named by astronomers to date1 the several figures being artistically drawn1 on which color has been somewhat sparingly employed4 ,each constellation is given its old name with an ,english translation2 star names1 when given1 are frequently in ,arabic1 ,latin or ,chinese1 and are distinguished by ,greek letters4 ,recently discovered stars are so marked as to be easily distinguished4 ,in addition to the above1 a pair of ,adams globes may be found in the ,osservatorio ,astronomico of ,naples and a pair in the ,biblioteca ,classense of ,ravenna4 ,a copy of the terrestrial may be found in the ,seminario ,vescovile of ,padua4 ,a copy of the terrestrial dated #aghe may be found in the ,biblioteca ,real of ,madrid1 agreeing in general with the preceding except in the mounting4 ,the author and date legend appears in a neat cartouch in the ,north ,pacific1 reading3 ,britanniarum ,rigi ,augustissimo ,georgio ,tertio ,scientiarum ,cultori pariter et praefidio ,globum hunc ,terrestrem4 ,omnes hactenus exploratios terrarum tractus4 ,ad ,observationes ,navigantium ,itinerantium et ,astronomorum recentiores1 accuratissime descriptos exhibentem ,grati animi et pietatis monumentum ,d4 ,d4 ,q4 ,omni cultu et officio devinctissimus4 ,g4 ,adams4 ,londini apud ,g4 ,adams artificem regium in vico 787 ,fleet ,street1 #aghe4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #acj4 ,terrestrial ,globe of ,george ,adams1 #aghb4 ,the ,american ,geographical ,society possesses a pair of the ,adams globes1 the gift of ,mrs4 ,thomas ,f4 ,byrnes1 dated #agig1 and made by ,dudley ,adams ,globe ,maker to the ,king1 ,inst4 ,maker to his ,majesty ,optician to ,h4 ,r4 ,h4 the ,prince of ,wales4 ,no4 #fj ,fleet ,street1 ,london4 ,they are in a fair state of preservation1 the celestial1 however1 being somewhat damaged through attempts to turn the sphere1 which does not move freely on its axis within the meridian and the horizon circle4 ,these are mounted on a high tripod base and are movable right or left1 just as they are movable for elevation or depression of the pole in the usual manner4 ,it does not appear that additions or corrections were made for this issue4 ,nathaniel ,hill of ,london1 active as a map engraver about the middle of the eighteenth century1 likewise turned his attention to the construction of globes4#age ,those of his make now known1 however1 are very small1 consequently they present but meager geographical details4 ,like certain productions of ,james ,ferguson1 the ,hill globes might be referred to as pocket globes4 ,the ,new ,york ,public ,library possesses a fine example of his work 7,fig4 #acj;a71 bearing the title and author legend placed in the ,north ,pacific1 ,a ,new ,terrestrial ,globe by ,nath4 ,hill #aged4 ,this globe has a diameter of #g cm4 ,it is furnished with a graduated meridian circle1 surmounted at the north pole with an hour circle and pointer4 ,the graduation is somewhat unusual1 beginning as it does with #j degrees at either pole and marked by tens on the right half of the circle through #ij degrees or to the equator1 and with #ij degrees at either pole and marked by tens on the left to #j degrees at the equator4 ,the horizon circle of wood has represented on its surface the names of the zodiacal constellations1 the names of the months1 and the thirty-two compass directions1 and rests upon a base of four branching arms or quadrants1 which in turn are supported by three widely spreading feet1 this base being fashioned and carved in the ,chippendale style4 ,the sphere is covered with the usual twelve gores truncated in latitude both north and south at about #fh degrees and has the polar spaces covered by circular discs4 ,the entire piece1 including the map1 is remarkably well preserved4 ,the ,pacific is called ,the ,great ,south ,sea1 while just off the coast of ,s4 ,america we read ,pacific ,sea4 ,between ,n4 ,america and ,asia is a great open sea1 ,alaska being omitted4 ,we find such names given as ,florida1 ,virginia1 ,carolina1 ,maryla3 the ,missouri ,river is called the ,long ,r4 ,the meridian on which the graduation in latitude is represented is #aej degrees west1 passing through the ,pacific slightly to the west of ,california4 ,in ,s4 ,america there are numerous regional names given1 including ,brazil1 ,peru1 ,terra firma1 ,chili4 ,in the ,east ,indies we find ,new ,holland1 ,new ,zeeland1 neither with completed coast line4 ,an attached card tells us that this globe was ,presented to the ,new ,york ,public ,library by ,mrs4 ,henry ,draper1 ,oct4 #i1 #aijh4 ,there likewise may be found in the ,british ,museum a copy1 presumably of this same globe1 dated #aged1 and a copy in the ,bibliothque ,nationale of ,paris1 signed and dated4 ,this ,paris copy is furnished with a cover opening along the line of the equator and having on its inner surface a representation of the celestial sphere which is neither signed nor dated1 but which is in a good state of preservation4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #acj;a4 ,terrestrial ,globe of ,nathaniel ,hill1 #aged4 ,fiorini refers to certain pairs of globes being apparently copies of the work of ,gian ,francesco ,costa without credit being noted4 ,these globes1 inferior in the matter of engraving to the work of ,costa1 were issued as the work of ,innocente ,alessandri and ,pietro ,scaltaglia4#agf ,the terrestrial globe bears the inscription1 ,nova et accurata descrizione del ,globo ,terracqueo dirizzato sopra le pi recenti ,osservazioni del ,sigr ,delisle e degli ultimi viaggiatori4 ,per uso dell' ,accademia ,veneta4 ,composto da ,innocente ,alessandri e ,pietro ,scaltaglia incisori in rame4 ,l' anno #aghd4 ,matteo ,viani in ,campo ,s4 ,bartolamio4 ,venezia4 ,new and accurate description of the ,terrestrial globe based on the most recent observations of ,sr4 ,delisle and the latest explorers4 ,for the use of the ,venetian ,academy4 ,composed by ,innocente ,alessandri and ,pietro ,scaltaglia1 copper engravers4 ,in the year #aghd4 ,mattio ,viani in ,campo ,s4 ,bartolamio4 ,venice4 ,a legend very similar to that on the terrestrial globe appears on the celestial1 reading1 ,globo celeste nel quale sono accuratamente descritte le stelle fisse col loro preciso numero e ,magnitudini secondo il ,catalogo ,brittanico del ,sigr ,flamstadio4 ,per uso dell' ,accademia ,veneta4 ,composto da ,innocente ,alessandri e ,pietro ,scaltaglia incisori in ,rame4 ,l'anno #aghd4 ,matteo ,viani in ,campo ,s4 ,bartolamio4 ,venezia4 ,celestial ,globe in which is accurately described the fixed stars with their precise number and magnitude according to the ,british ,calendar of ,sr4 ,flamsteed4 ,for the use of the ,venetian ,academy4 ,composed by ,innocente ,alessandri and ,pietro ,scaltaglia copper engravers4 ,in the year #aghd4 ,matteo ,viani in ,campo ,s4 ,bartolamio4 ,venice4 ,a copy of the terrestrial globe belongs to the ,biblioteca ,comunale of ,cagli1 likewise one may be found in the office of the ,eredit ,bottrigari of ,bologna4 ,copies of the celestial may be found in the ,museo ,astronomico of ,rome1 in the ,seminario ,vescovile of ,brescia1 in the ,tipolitografia ,roberto of ,bassano4 ,somewhat later it appears that the bookdealer ,viani reissued the terrestrial globe1 undated1 perhaps with the thought of bringing them to date1 that they might not be crowded out of the market by the recently constructed globes by ,giovanni ,maria ,cassini4 ,the inscription on this globe reads1 ,nova et accurata descrizione del ,globo ,terracqueo dirizzato sopra le pi recenti ,osservazioni del ,sigr dell' ,isle e degli ultimi viaggiatori e del ,cap4 ,cook negli ultimi suoi viaggi4 ,in ,vena appo ,mattio ,viani in ,campo ,s4 ,bartolomeo4 ,new and accurate description of the ,terrestrial globe based on the most recent observations of ,sr4 ,delisle and on the records of the most recent navigators and of ,captain ,cook in his last voyages4 ,in ,venice by ,mattio ,viani in ,campo ,s4 ,bartolomeo4 ,copies of this issue may be found in the ,museo ,astronomico of ,rome1 in the library of the artist ,giuseppe ,bortognoni of ,bologna1 in the library of ,sr4 ,fenaroli of ,brescia1 in the ,biblioteca ,vescovile of ,rimini1 and in the ,tipolitografia ,roberto of ,bassano4 ,among the geographers of this period who were contributing to ,french leadership may be named ,charles ,francis ,delamarche 7#agdj-ahag74 ,he was a native of ,paris1 in which city1 under the patronage of ,king ,louis ,,xv1 he carried on his activities as map and globe maker1 conducting at the same time a shop for their distribution4 ,he seems to have patterned his globe work largely after that of ,gilles and ,didier ,robert de ,vaugondy1 giving to his completed products practically the same dimensions and mounting4 ,his earliest examples bear the date #aghe1 of which only one copy1 a celestial globe1 has been located1 this now belonging to the ,osservatorio ,meteorico of ,venice4 ,in the year #agia1 he constructed a pair of globes each having a diameter of about #ah cm41 only the terrestrial being dated1 and in the same year he issued his treatise which doubtless was intended to serve as an explanatory text for these globes1 at the same time advertising and popularizing his productions4#agg ,examples of this issue may be found in the ,biblioteca di ,brera of ,milan1 and in the ,liceo ,carlo ,alberto of ,novara4 ,a copy of the terrestrial may be found in the ,istituto ,nautico of ,palermo1 and a copy of the celestial in the ,convento dei ,frati della ,missione of ,chieri4 ,it could not have been long after this issue of #agia that he undertook the construction of a terrestrial globe about #ca cm4 in diameter1 a copy of which may be found in the ,istituto di ,fisico of the ,university of ,siena4 ,we know that like his contemporary1 ,fortin1 he also constructed armillary spheres1 one example of which it has been possible to locate4 ,fiorini thus refers to it1 his citation being given in free translation4#agh ,it is a ,copernican sphere1 that is1 having a representation of the sun placed at the common center of the armillae instead of a representation of the earth as in the ,ptolemaic sphere4 ,it may be found in the palace of ,sr4 ,scaramucci in ,s4 ,maria a ,monte in the province of ,florence4 ,attached to a base of wood about #bj cm4 in height is an iron rod #ce cm4 long4 ,this rod passes through the several rings1 about which they can be revolved1 each being in its movement independent of the others4 ,the first circle about the central sun represents the orbit of ,mercury1 and has written upon it loign du ,soleil #hecg1 inclin #g degr41 fait sa rvolution en #hg jours1 #bc heures1 #ej m4 ,the second represents the orbit of ,venus1 having written upon it the distance #aeibh-a_/b diameters of the earth1 inclination #c degrees and #bb minutes2 it completes its revolution in #bbbd days #af hours and #da minutes4 ,in a space much larger than that which separates the other circles1 there is the orbit of the earth1 upon which is written that this planet passes over the ecliptic in #cfe days #e hours and #di minutes1 and that it is #bbjjj diameters distant from the sun4 ,this ring representing the orbit of the earth is opened for the insertion of a representation of the moon1 adjusted to revolve on an adjusted pivot4 ,armillae have been provided representing the orbits of ,mars1 of ,jupiter1 and of ,saturn with statements concerning their respective distances from the sun and their respective periods of revolution4 ,the outer and larger armillae represent the colures1 the ecliptic1 and the horizon1 and on the last the inscription1 ,paris chez ,delamarche ,gog4 ,rue du ,foin ,saint ,jacques au ,collge de ,mre ,gervais4 ,in the year #agic ,vincenzo ,rosa1 a little-known ,italian cosmographer1 constructed two terrestrial globes1 the maps of which being in manuscript4 ,the spheres are of papier-mch covered with a light coating of plaster4 ,each of these globes has a diameter of about #ajj cm4 ,an inscription in ,italian reads1 ,vincenzo ,rosa fece nel #agic n4 #bd4 ,la geografia quasi tutta delle carte di ,robert del ,vaugondy e di ,de-la-,marche4 ,made by ,vincent ,rosa in the year #agic n4 #bd4 ,the geographical information is almost entirely from the maps of ,robert de ,vaugondy and of ,delamarche4 ,one copy may be found in the ,biblioteca ,universitario of ,pavia1 and the other in the ,liceo ,foscolo of the same city4 ,fiorini notes that the n4 #bd4 of the first is given as n4 #ba4 in the second4#agi ,the last important globe maker of the eighteenth century in ,italy was ,giovanni ,maria ,cassini 7fl4 #agij71 an engraver1 and a geographer of distinction1 to the truth of which statement his excellent work gives testimony4 ,as evidence of his interest in the matter of globe construction we have the introduction to his ',nuovo atlante geografico universale 4441' wherein he gives carefully devised rules for the construction of globe gores1 and in addition we still find a number of his completed globes1 particularly in ,italian museums and libraries4 ,these globes 7,fig4 #aca71 dated1 the terrestrial #agij1 and the celestial #agib1 have each a diameter of about #ce cm41 each covering map being composed of twelve gores cut at latitude #hj degrees both north and south1 the polar space having the usual circular disc covering4 ,each is furnished with a brass meridian circle within which the sphere may be revolved1 an hour circle1 a horizon circle1 on the surface of which are the usual concentric circles with the names of the several zodiacal constellations1 the names of the months1 and the principal directions4 ,the terrestrial globe has an author and date legend reading1 ,globo terrestre delineato sulle ultime osservazioni con i viaggi e nuove scoperte del ,cap4 ,cook inglese4 ,in ,rome4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aca4 ,terrestrial ,globe of ,giovanni ,maria ,cassini1 #agij4 ,in ,the ,hispanic ,society's collection is a terrestrial globe 7,fig4 #acb71 being a solid wooden ball #ba cm4 in diameter1 over which has been pasted the gore map composed of twelve sections1 each cut at the parallel of #gj degrees both north and south1 the polar space being covered with circular discs each forty degrees in diameter4 ,it is neither signed nor dated but is clearly of ,german origin1 since practically all geographical names and legends are in the ,german language4 ,the title1 placed within a circle to the west of ,australia1 ,neu ,holland1 reads ,die ,erde nach den neusten ,entdeckungen und besten ,charten entworfen4 ,its date cannot be far from #ahjj1 perhaps a little later1 seeing that it assigns the name ,nord ,amerikanischer ,staat to the region east of the ,mississippi ,river1 except to ,florida which extends westward to this river4 ,we find but one actual date given1 this referring to the discovery of a small group of the ,gesellschafts ,inseln1 reading ,inseln welche die ,spanier entdekt haben sollen #aggc4 ,it is constructed to revolve within a graduated meridian circle of brass and an octagonal horizon of wood1 on which are indicated in picture the twelve signs of the zodiac1 the calendar1 and the thirty-two winds or directions1 the whole resting on four plain supports of wood strengthened below by light crossbars4 ,the map is one well drawn for the period1 and the engraving of the several names and legends has been most skilfully done4 ,regional names are numerous1 but there has not been an overcrowding of the map with minute details4 ,on the west coast of ,north ,america1 for example1 we find such names as ,norfolk1 ,neu ,cornwallis1 ,neu ,hanover1 ,neu ,georgia1 ,neu ,albion1 ,neu ,navarre1 ,mexico oder ,neu ,spanien4 ,central ,america with the ,west ,indies is called ,mittel ,america oder ,west ,indien4 ,in ,south ,america we find ,neu ,granada1 ,peru1 ,chili1 ,brasilien1 but ,prasilisches ,meer4 ,certain localities are especially distinguished by the addition of color1 as the coast of ,australia except the southern coast1 which is marked with a dotted line4 ,many of the ,east ,indian islands and the islands of the ,indian ,ocean are outlined in color1 as also the coast of ,vorder ,indien1 and ,hinter ,indien1 the coast of ,arabien1 and certain other sections4 ,the geography of the interior of ,africa is not as well represented as on many an earlier map1 a fact particularly noticeable with reference to the ,nile ,river4 ,the prime meridian is made to pass through ,cape ,verde1 to the west of which1 stretching practically along its entire length1 we read ,der ,amerikanische ,ocean4 ,among the globe makers of the eighteenth century whose work carries us over into the nineteenth may be named ,william ,cary 7#agei-ahbe74ahj ,at first associated with ,ramsden1 a renowned mechanic1 he established himself in an independent business in ,london in the year #agij4 ,he is reputed to have constructed the first transit circle made in ,england1 which circle had a diameter of two feet and was provided with a reading microscope4 ,one of his circles of the above date1 #da cm4 in diameter1 is reported as belonging to the ,observatory of ,zrich4 ,in addition to the altitude1 azimuth1 sextant1 reflecting and refracting telescopic1 and microscopic instruments made by him1 he interested himself in the construction of terrestrial and celestial globes4 ,those examples of his to which reference may here be made do not appear to be of the highest order1 perhaps due to the fact that he was primarily an instrument maker and not a geographer or an astronomer4 ,further1 the majority of his globes which have been located bear dates subsequent to the year #ahjj1 and therefore do not properly call for reference here4 ,in the private library of ,sr4 ,vittorio ,bianchini of ,macerata four of the ,cary globes may be found1 three celestial and one terrestrial dated #agii4 ,a celestial globe of the same date may be found in the ,osservatorio ,astronomico of ,rome1 but its companion1 a terrestrial globe1 bears the date #ahae4 ,extant ,cary globes of the early nineteenth century may be considered numerous4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #acb4 ,anonymous ,terrestrial ,globe1 ca4 #ahjj4 ,notes #afj ,nouvelle biographie gnrale1 ,robert de ,vaugondy1 ,gilles1 ,robert de ,vaugondy1 ,didier1 with references to their works4 #afa ,sanson was the author of numerous maps and atlases4 ,his works are extensively referred to by ,phillips in his ,list of ,geographical ,atlases4 ,see also list of his works in ,britannica1 ,sanson1 ,nicolas4 #afb ,these are referred to in the preface of a work titled ',usages des ,globes cleste et terrestre1 faits par ordre du ,roi1 par le ,s4 ,robert de ,vaugondy1 fils4' ,paris1 #agea4 #afc ,see work referred to in preceding note4 #afd ,cited by ,fiorini1 ,sfere terrestri e celesti1 p4 #dag1 n4 #b4 #afe ,fiorini1 op4 cit41 p4 #dai4 #aff ,fiorini1 op4 cit41 p4 #dba4 #afg ,john ,flamsteed 7#afdf-agai7 was the first astronomer royal1 author of ',atlas ,coelestis' and other works treating of astronomical subjects4 ,the figures of the several constellations appearing in this atlas were drawn by ,james ,thornhill4 ,artistically they are not equal to those appearing in ,hevelius' ,prodromus astronomiae4 #afh ,akerman1 ,a4 ,globes cleste et terrestre de vingt-deux pouces4 ,upsala1 #agff4 #afi ,poppe4 ,ausfrliche ,geschichte der ,anwendung aller krummen ,linien in mechanischen ,knsten und in der ,architektur4 ,nrnberg1 #ahhb4 p4 #fe4 #agj ,letter and information from the ,librarian dated ,jan4 #ad1 #aiad4 #aga ,reference to his publications in ,nouvelle biographie1 ,bonne1 ,rigobert4 #agb ,nouvelle biographie1 ,lalande1 ,joseph ,jerome4 ,this is an excellent article with references to his numerous publications4 ,his ',bibliographie astronomique1' ,paris1 #ahjc1 has been of particular value in the preparation of this work4 ,see also ,nouveaux globes1 cleste et terrestre1 d'un pied de diamtre par ,m4 ,de la ,lande et ,m4 ,bonne1 avec l'explication en une brochure in-#ab4 ,paris1 #agge4 ,lalande1 op4 cit41 refers to a work titled ',usage du ,plantaire ou sphre mouvante de ,copernic1 qui se trove chez ,fortin1 ingnieur-mcanicien du ,roi4' ,paris1 #aggc4 ,fortin issued a ,french edition of ,flamsteed's ,atlas under the title ',atlas cleste de ,flamsteed approuv par l',acadmie ,royale des ,sciences4 ,seconde dition par ,m4 ,j4 ,fortin ,ingnieur-,mcanicien du ,roi et de la ,famille ,royale pour les ,globes et les ,sphres4' ,paris1 #aggf4 #agc ,nouvelle biographie1 ,messier1 ,charles1 with a very long list of his publications4 #agd ,adams1 ,g4 ,a treatise describing and explaining the construction and the use of new celestial and terrestrial globes1 designed to illustrate in the most easy manner the phenomena of the earth and heavens1 with a great variety of astronomical and geographical problems4 ,london1 #agff2 ,a treatise on the construction of globes4 ,london1 #agfi2 ,geometrical and geographical essays1 containing a description of mathematical instruments4 ,london1 #agia2 ,astronomical and geographical essays4 ,london1 #agie4 #age ,we find that ,nathl4 ,hill engraved the title-page and maps in an atlas by ,lewis ,morris4 ,plans and ,harbours1 etc4 ,london1 #agdh4 #agf ,fiorini1 op4 cit41 p4 #dci4 #agg ,delamarche1 ,c4 ,f4 ,les usages de la ,sphre et des ,globes cleste et terrestre4 ,paris1 #agia4 #agh ,fiorini1 op4 cit41 p4 #dcb4 #agi ,fiorini1 op4 cit41 p4 #dda4 #ahj ,dictionary of ,national ,biography1 ,cary1 ,william2 ,wolf1 ,geschichte der ,astronomie1 pp4 #efb1 #efc4 ,chapter ,,xiv ,the ,technic of ,globe ,construction--,materials and ,methods ,general problems to be met4--,development from the simple armilla to the complex sphere4--,the references of ,ptolemy1 ,leontius ,mechanicus1 ,alfonso4--,behaim's leadership in practical globe making4--,materials employed4--,experiments in map projection4--,the beginning and rapid development of globe-gore construction4--,various examples of early gore maps4--,equatorial polar and ecliptic polar mountings4--,special features of celestial globe maps4--,globe mountings4--,varying sizes of globes4--,the uses of globes4--,moon globes and planetariums4 ,in this concluding chapter it is not proposed to consider in detail the technical features of globe construction1 as these features have presented themselves in the long period which has been under review2 the rather to give1 somewhat in the nature of a summary1 a general word as to the development of the simple armilla of the ancients1 in continued succession1 receiving ripeness and perfection in such celestial spheres as were those of ,mohammed ben ,helal1 of ,tycho1 of ,hondius1 or of ,blaeu2 into the terrestrial spheres of ,schner1 of ,mercator1 of ,greuter1 or of ,coronelli4 ,we have seen that during these years there were problems mechanical1 mathematical1 and artistic continually arising1 in the solution of which talent of a high order was often exhibited2 problems having to do with the kind of material to be employed1 with the shaping and the graduation of the rings or circles1 with the construction of the supporting bases which entered into the completed product1 with the engraving of the map on the surface of the metal sphere1 or with the designing and the engraving of the plates for the printing of the map to be used in covering the prepared ball1 and the fitting of the same to its curved surface4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #acc4 ,astrolabe4 ,the principal astronomical instrument employed by such ancient astronomers as ,eudoxus1 ,timocharis1 and ,hipparchus appears to have been at first but a single metal ring1 perhaps of brass4 ,at any rate their instruments must have been exceedingly simple1 perhaps the simplest form of the astrolabe 7,fig4 #acc71 yet they sufficed as aids in the solution of such astronomical problems as suggested themselves in that early day4 ,the addition of a second ring to the simple instrument gave further aid to the observer in his efforts to determine the declination and the right ascension of any of the heavenly bodies4 ,these rings came to be considered1 the first as a celestial meridian circle1 the second as a celestial horizon circle1 and in the passing years others were added to represent the ecliptic1 the colures1 the tropics1 the polar circles1 and the orbits of the several planets1 until we have the fully developed armillary sphere of a ,vopel or a ,santucci4#aha ,relative to globes proper in antiquity1 it will have been noted that in general there is an element of uncertainty as to their exact character1 which speaks out in the numerous allusions to them4 ,none has survived to our day save the ,atlante ,farnese4 ,this globe of marble is not so mounted as to permit its revolution1 resting as it does upon the shoulders of the mythical ,atlas1 yet in its representation of the figures of the several constellations1 then recognized by astronomers1 it differs practically but little from the celestial globes1 that is1 solid spheres1 constructed a millennium and a half later4#ahb ,we cannot1 however1 draw the conclusion from this one example that such globes were generally looked upon as practical instruments for use in astronomical studies1 yet there clearly were those who did so regard them4 ,doubtless the globe or globes to which ,ptolemy alludes were intended to be of practical value4 ,he tells us they should be constructed of brass1 and as before noted1 he describes the use and the construction of such instruments4 ,like the maps he probably made1 though none survives1 it is not difficult1 from his description1 to reconstruct them4 ,such celestial globes as ,ptolemy may have prepared were doubtless adjustable1 but were not made to revolve by mechanical device such as we frequently meet with in globes of the seventeenth and the eighteenth centuries1 nor were they like the mechanical contrivance of ,archimedes1 clearly intended to represent the movements of the celestial bodies1 and perhaps their movements relative to the earth4 ,no description of ,archimedes' mechanism survives by means of which it could now be reproduced with anything like a satisfactory degree of certainty4 ,the allusions of ,leontius ,mechanicus1 referred to in ,chapter ,,iii1 read like a globe maker's instructions of the eighteenth century4 ,he knew his ,ptolemy whom he followed in the main1 but he wrote as one who clearly did not sense the approaching decline of interest in the physical sciences4 ,and what can be said of the methods and the materials for globe making during the period of the so-called middle ages8 ,the survivals1 and these are only of the later years of the period1 are of ,arabic origin1 which1 without exception1 appear to have been intended primarily for use in astronomical studies4 ,they are either armillary spheres1 or metal balls1 on the surface of which are the engraved representations of the starry heavens1 with the figures of the several constellations4 ,without a known exception these are of small size1 and if furnished at all with mounting1 only that of a simple character4 ,there is reason for thinking that such astronomical instruments were made in great numbers1 and that they were to be found in practically all ,arabic observatories4#ahc ,the interesting allusions in ,king ,alfonso's ',libros del ,saber de ,astronomia1' from which citations may be found in our ,chapter ,,iv1 give us information concerning both methods and materials which might be employed in globe construction in his day4 ,it is not there stated that the author had information concerning the actual use of the more than twenty named materials which might be chosen for their manufacture4 ,he does1 however1 lead us to infer that there may have been experiments by his contemporaries in which trial was made of the fitness of the several materials named1 his conclusion being that wood or brass was the most suitable4 ,it has previously been noted that globes appear to have been made now and then for use in the monastic schools1 but we find no detailed description of their special character4 ,here and there1 it is true1 may be found reference to the adjustability of their parts1 and to their rings which made them serviceable for furthering astronomical studies4 ,the inference is fair that the globes of these ,christian schools were armillary spheres1 and were not solid or hollow balls on the surface of which the starry firmament or the earth had been depicted4 ,behaim's globe of the year #adib seems to represent a radical departure in globe construction4 ,his idea appears to have been novel4 ,he employed a mould in the making of his globe ball1 and over the surface of this completed ball pasted irregular strips of parchment which furnished a suitable ground for the draughting of the map with its geographical outlines and its artistic adornments in color4 ,behaim's globe mounting was of the simplest character1 consisting of a metal meridian circle within which the sphere could be revolved1 a horizon circle of like material1 the whole resting upon a tripod base4 ,although effort was made to establish in ,nrnberg an institute wherein globe making might be taught especially1 the plan seems not to have carried1 and such as were later produced in this city were merely the output of the mathematical instrument maker's shop or of the geographical establishments4 ,throughout all the early years of the modern period1 metal globes continued to find favor1 to the making of which skilled workmen in the thriving industrial centers of ,southern ,germany1 ,southeastern ,france1 ,northern ,switzerland1 and ,northern ,italy set themselves4 ,brass1 copper1 silver1 and gold were employed very frequently in their construction1 the last-named metals being used in the making of globes primarily for ornamental purposes4#ahd ,globes with manuscript maps1 as before noted1 seemed to find especial favor in ,italy1 in the making of which much artistic skill was displayed4 ,the spheres for such globes were usually of wood either solid or hollow1 of well-fashioned strips of wood1 canvas covered1 the whole carefully glued and braced that the spherical shape might not be affected with time4 ,in the preparation of the sphere to receive the manuscript map1 workmen proceeded much as did ,behaim1 pasting over its surface irregular strips of parchment or paper1 adding occasionally a groundwork of paint suitable for taking the sketch of the draughtsman4 ,as the years passed1 and the engraved map found increasing favor1 practically all globe balls1 with exceptions as noted above1 were made either of plaster shot through and through with a binding material1 usually of fiber1 and fashioned over a mould1 or of a preparation of papier-mch4 ,the increasing interest in globes and globe making manifesting itself in the early years of the sixteenth century led to the devising of methods for their more rapid construction4 ,if the opening years of the sixteenth century witnessed a rapid expansion of geographical knowledge1 none the less did they witness an improvement in the making of maps wherein this expanding knowledge could fittingly be recorded4 ,it is interesting to note how rapidly change was made from one method of map draughting to another in the search for a projection which might prove itself to be altogether suitable4 ,as a result of this striving we have for example the projection of ,donnus ,nicolas ,germanus employed in his maps of the geographer ,ptolemy1 and often referred to as the ,donis projection4#ahe ,then we find the stereographic meridional#ahf and the stereographic polar1#ahg the cordiform single and double#ahh which seem to have been a development from the orthographic projection well represented in the map of ,johannes ,stabius 7,fig4 #de7 who appears to have been the first to give the method prominence4 ,in addition to the projections mentioned there were many modifications1 to suit the notions of the draughtsmen1 which were employed in the early sixteenth century4#ahi ,with the fuller realization of the fact that the earth is a sphere1 the desire accurately to represent in the maps its spherical surface continued to seek for expression1 an expression that would do least violence to the fact that the degrees of latitude and longitude vary in length1 particularly those of longitude as one passes from the equator toward the poles or from the poles toward the equator4 ,if the earth is a sphere then why could a map so draughted as truly to represent the surface of a sphere not be counted the most acceptable8 ,this must have been the argument of those who especially applied themselves to the designing of maps suitable for a spherical surface1 that is1 for application to a globe ball4 ,who first conceived the idea of fashioning globe gore maps we do not know4 ,fiorini cites evidence#aij that ,francesco ,rosselli 7#adde-aeaj71 a printer of large and small maps in ,florence1 included in his productions gore maps to be used in globe construction1 and this probably before the year #aejg1 but none of his work of this character has come down to us4 ,the so-called ,waldseemller gores are the oldest known1 of which but one copy is extant4#aia ,by some they are thought to have been constructed for his globe to which he refers in his ',cosmographiae ,introductio1' but they are unsigned and undated4 ,they are somewhat crude and much manipulation would be required to fit them to the surface of a sphere4 ,before the first quarter of the sixteenth century had passed other globe gore maps made their appearance1 such as those undoubtedly the work of ,schner or of the ,schnerian school1 or such as the gores of ,boulengier#aib exquisitely engraved and printed1 though so far as we know never used in covering the surface of a sphere4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #acd4 ,globe ,gores of ,henricus ,glareanus1 #aebg4 ,the artist ,albrect ,drer 7#adga-aebh71 as we are informed1 was one of the earliest to set himself to the solution of the problem having to do with the development of a spherical surface into a flat surface1 yet he never seems to have thought an exact mathematical solution possible4 ,it was a problem1 he realized1 in which there could be but an approximate solution4 ,in trying to illustrate what he thought to be the nearest approach to the same he found himself led to the idea of the globe gore4#aic ,of his illustration1 he said1 ,die sphera oder ein ,kugel wenn man sie durch jr mittag linien zerschneydet1 und in ,planum legt1 so gewinnt sie ein ,gestalt eines ,kam1 wie ich das hie hat auffgerissen4 ,should one divide the sphere or ball on the line of the equator and lay this out as a plane1 one has the figure of a comb1 as is here shown4 ,drer worked out a simple rule for the construction of the globe biangles1#aid which rule served measurably well for the purpose intended4 ,while it would not be inappropriate to give here a rsum of his formula1 as well as the formulae of others who set themselves to a like task1 we should in so doing be carried into a field rather more technical than seems fitting for our purpose4#aie ,two years after ,drer had published his observations on this subject ,henricus ,loriti ,glareanus 7#adhh-aeea7 issued a small treatise on geography1#aif devoting his ,chapter ,,xix bearing title ',de inducendo papyro in globo' to globe-gore construction4 ,he proposed the employment of twelve gores or biangles 7,fig4 #acd7 so arranged for printing that the shorter diameter of each should represent #cj degrees of longitude1 the sum therefore representing #cfj degrees or the equatorial circumference of the globe they were intended to cover2 the longer diameter of each gore representing the semicircumference of the globe and extending from pole to pole1 that is1 a meridian4 ,we do not know that his formula for gore construction was closely followed by any globe maker of the period1 nor does ,glareanus himself appear to have attempted a practical application of his method1 at least we have no evidence that he ever actually attempted to construct a globe4 ,he1 however1 had made an important contribution toward the solution of the problem of how best to multiply these instruments which were increasingly recognized as of great value in geographical and astronomical studies4 ,the general method of gore map making rapidly found favor despite such practical difficulties1 for example1 as arose from the peculiarity inseparable from the quality inherent in any and all paper1 that is1 its irregular expansion when moistened4 ,this difficulty the globe makers1 of course1 were continually seeking to overcome or reduce to a minimum1 as the years passed1 through a careful selection of paper to be used1 through a more skilful manipulation of the paper made moist by the application of the paste or glue employed in attaching the map to the surface of the sphere1#aig and through a more careful working out of the mathematical problem having to do with the proper proportions of each of the gores4 ,drer had proposed the employment of sixteen segments1 ,waldseemller1 ,schner1 ,boulengier1 and ,glareanus had thought twelve a more suitable number4 ,as the years passed we find a preference manifesting itself now for twelve1 now for sixteen1 now for eighteen1 twenty-four1 or thirty-six with a more common preference for the smaller number4 ,the several biangles for the maps alluded to above were fashioned to extend from pole to pole in what we may call the equatorial system2 ,mercator1 as has been noted1 introduced the novel idea of truncating his gores twenty degrees from each pole1 preparing as a covering for the remaining polar space a circular disc1 having the required diameter of forty degrees4#aih ,this plan he proposed for the practical reason that a paper covering for a sphere so constructed could be applied with greater ease and with greater accuracy than one consisting of complete biangular figures1 remembering the tendency of the paper to expand and the difficulty in avoiding folds4 ,as there was much inclination among map makers to experiment in the matter of map projection so there was an inclination to experiment1 as the years passed1 in the matter of design for the globe gores4 ,in the so-called ,da ,vinci gores we find them drawn in two groups of four each 7,fig4 #ace71 and instead of the globe biangle we have the globe equilateral triangle4 ,their application to a spherical surface could only have been made with difficulty1 if at all2 indeed we cannot be certain that in so outlining a map of the world the draughtsman's intention was to use it in globe construction4 ,the plan seems never to have been followed by any of the other map makers1 or by any globe maker4 ,we find an interesting early instance in which the gore map construction was clearly employed merely as a method for plane map making1 a method having certain very commendable features 7,fig4 #acf74 ,the author of this map is unknown4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ace4 ,gore ,map of ,leonardo da ,vinci1 ca4 #aeae4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #acf4 ,anonymous ,globe ,gores in ,plane ,map ,construction1 ca4 #aeej4 ,in referring to unusual forms in gore construction attention may again be called to the map of ,alonso de ,santa ,cruz and to that of ,antonius ,florianus1 in which maps the plan was hemispherical1#aii the central point in the construction of each hemisphere1 a northern and a southern1 being the pole1 the circumference of the circle in which the thirty-six gores were drawn1 representing the equator4 ,but again we do not know that such a gore map was ever employed in globe construction though the method1 it seems1 would lend itself to that end4 ,it can be readily understood that numerous modifications in the matter of globe-gore construction and their application to the surface of the sphere1 more or less detailed in character1 were introduced as the years passed1 but the modifications were by no means at all times in the line of improvement4#bjj ,the technical skill of the present day does not surpass that which one occasionally finds exhibited in the work of some three hundred years ago4 ,in the matter of geographical record terrestrial globe maps stand with the plane maps of the same period4 ,while they are by no means as numerous as the plane maps1 there attaches to them an importance no less historically significant4 ,not infrequently they give us records not to be found elsewhere4 ,in their general features1 differences can hardly be said to exist between plane maps and globe maps4 ,in the matter of adornment there is similarity2 each following the practice of the time when constructed4 ,as pictures and legends hold a place of prominence1 particularly on mediaeval maps1#bja so even to the close of the period we have had under consideration1 that is1 the end of the eighteenth century1 these adornments have place on globe maps1 sometimes few1 sometimes many1 the same1 if in picture1 exhibiting the inhabitants of land and sea1 if merely a legend1 giving information of geographical importance on the terrestrial globe and of astronomical importance on the celestial1 these legends being often placed in an artistic cartouch4 ,to the printed or engraved globe map1 color was generally added by hand with an effect often very artistic1 in contrast with which the modern machine methods of color printing are deplorably crude4 ,on most terrestrial globe maps meridian circles are represented at intervals of ten1 twenty1 or thirty degrees1 the prime meridian on which the degrees of latitude are marked being usually made very conspicuous1 and to the close of the period under consideration usually made to pass through the ,cape ,verde ,islands or the ,canaries1 a point always to be carefully noted in attempting to get a reading for the longitude of any particular place4 ,parallels are usually drawn at intervals similar to those of meridians1 the equator on which the degrees of longitude are marked1 the tropics1 and the polar circles being always conspicuous4 ,the ecliptic or zodiac is usually indicated encircling the globe from the solstitial point on the tropics1 intersecting the equator at the two opposite equinoctial points1 through which as through the solstitial points the colures are made to pass4 ,hues states that ,those lines which a ship1 following the direction of the ,magnetic ,needle1 describeth on the surface of the ,sea1 ,petrus ,nonius calleth in the ,latin ,rumbos1 borrowing the appellation of his ,countrymen the ,portugals2 which word1 since it is now generally received by learned writers to express them by1 we also will use the same1 that is1 rhumbs or rhumb-lines4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #acg4 ,portrait of ,johann ,hevelius 7,hevel74 ,these were represented on the globe1 first by ,mercator1 by greater or lesser circles or winding lines1 and were intended to be of aid to seamen in navigating from port to port across the great oceans4 ,in their representation on the globe map cognizance was taken of the fact that all meridians of all places pass through both poles1 crossing the equator therefore at right angles and all other circles parallel to it1 and that if the navigator's course is in any other direction than toward one of the poles he is continually changing his horizon and his meridian4 ,the rhumbs as drawn were made to cut all meridians of all places at equal angles and to respect the same quarters of the world1 that is1 direction1 whatever the horizon4 ,rhumbs can represent great circles only when they coincide with the equator or with any meridian4#bjb ,in the matter of draughting1 printing1 and mounting celestial globe gore maps the method employed may in general be said to be identical with that followed in terrestrial globe construction4 ,it should1 however1 be noted that in pasting the gores on the surface of the sphere they were often so applied as to have their points or angles meet at the pole of the ecliptic1 in what may be called the ecliptic system1 instead of applying them to meet at the poles of the equator1 the globe itself being generally so mounted as to revolve in the equatorial system1 its poles of revolution being attached to the meridian circle4#bjc ,the figures of the several constellations were usually drawn with care1 occasionally with high artistic taste1 as those drawn by ,hevelius 7,fig4 #acg7 and copied by ,gerhard and ,leonhard ,valk for their celestial globes 7,fig4 #ach74 ,the several stars represented on the map1 the majority of them being either lettered or named1 were usually from the first to the sixth magnitude1 each represented in its proportional size1 while an explanatory table for the several magnitudes was usually given on some one of the gores4 ,the stars and the figures of the several constellations1 let it be noted1 were not made to appear on the surface of the sphere1 with rare exceptions1 in their relative location as they appear to the observer who beholds them from his position on the surface of the earth1 but are reversed4 ,to the astronomer the earth is but a point in space1 to the layman1 so far as mere appearance is concerned1 it is the center about which the starry heavens appear to revolve4 ,with the pole 7north for us in the northern hemisphere7 as the center of the dial face the stars appear to move in a direction the reverse of that in which the hands of a clock are made to move4 ,the astronomer1 that is1 the celestial globe maker1 thinks of himself as placed beyond the vaulted heavens in which the stars appear to be located1 and as looking down upon this vaulted dome as on the surface of his celestial globe4 ,an illustration may here well serve us4 ,as one observes serves ,ursa ,major on any starry night1 which constellation we commonly call the ,great ,dipper1 the bowl of the dipper1 which is located in the body and flank of the bear1 leads in its apparent motion around the pole star1 being followed by the handle of the dipper or the tail of the bear 7,fig4 #aci74 ,on the surface of the celestial sphere1 however1 the position of bowl and handle was usually reversed1 the constellation appearing as it would to the beholder who finds himself beyond the stars4 ,naturally the planets could not be represented on the surface of a solid celestial sphere2 only in the armillary sphere or the orrery could they find place4 ,in these instruments we generally find them represented1 each with its circle or orbit properly given1 and relatively properly placed4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ach4 ,constellation ,ursa ,major4 ,in the geographical records as they appear on the several terrestrial globe maps1 it is to be admitted that the authors1 with rare exceptions1 undertook to set down what they thought to be fact1 shall we say the real tangible geographical fact or facts4 ,the maker of the star map1 on the contrary1 clearly gave his imagination play1 not in his attempt to mark in the proper location the several stars as they came to be known and catalogued1 but in the draughting of the figures of the several constellations4 ,the imaginative figures of the ancients1 of ,eudoxus1 of ,aratus1 of ,ptolemy and others survived throughout the period we have had under consideration1 and to the forty-eight constellations of ,ptolemy others from time to time were added until more than one hundred have been named and figured4 ,in general the several constellations1 as the various astronomers and makers of star maps have conceived them1 may be said to be identical1 while some of the names which have been proposed have been accepted but for a time only and then rejected4 ,some of the groups to which names have been given have later been divided1 thus giving rise to a new group name and to the draughting of an appropriate figure for this new group4#bjd ,attention has been called to certain suggested changes in the names of constellations as given by the ancients1 as for example those suggested by the ,venerable ,bede1 by ,johannes ,bayer1 by ,julius ,schiller proposing that biblical or ,christian names should be substituted for pagan names1 and for these changes there was of course suggested an appropriate change in the figures for the several constellations4 ,the proposal of ,erhard ,weigel has likewise been noted urging a substitution of the several coats of arms or heraldic devices of the ,european dynasties for the figures which had been so long and so generally accepted4 ,there seems scarcely to be the need of stating that the names and figures of the ancients remain4#bje ,a comparison of the work of the several artists who have set their hand to the draughting of figures for the numerous constellations is not without interest4 ,attention may here be directed in passing to the decidedly oriental cast of these figures as they appear on ,arabic globes4#bjf ,it is to be regretted that in the present very practical or scientific day the star map1 wanting the figures of the constellations or giving them in but the faintest outline1 has come to supplant the artistic and not unscientific creations of earlier years4 ,the earliest references we have to globes1 that is1 to solid balls or spheres1 make mention of their mountings1 that is1 to their encasing circles and their bases4 ,the simplest mounting consisted of but a meridian and a horizon circle with probably a simple supporting base4 ,the earliest spheres were doubtless made to revolve just as the globes of today1 around their polar axes which turn within sockets firmly attached to the meridian circle4 ,this meridian circle of brass or wood was usually graduated from one to ninety degrees1 that is1 from the equator to the poles1 and being adjustable relative to the horizon circle1 a globe could be set with a polar elevation for any desired latitude4 ,those who have had occasion to refer to the construction and the uses of the globe more or less in detail1 make mention of what they call its threefold position4 ,in the first of these positions either pole may be at the vertical point1 the equator and the horizon being parallel or coinciding4 ,this they termed a parallel sphere4 ,in the second position the equator and the horizon circle are set at right angles4 ,this they called a right sphere4 ,in the third position1 which was called an oblique sphere1 the pole could be set at any elevation from zero to ninety degrees1 counting from the horizon circle4 ,in illustration of this third position it may be said that for the latitude of ,new ,york ,city1 the north pole of the globe should be elevated #dj degrees #dh minutes above this circle4 ,more conspicuous by reason of its width and importance in the mounting of the globe than the meridian is the horizon circle4 ,it is through notches in this circle at the north and south points that the meridian circle passes1 the notches also serving as gauges to keep the meridian from inclining more to the one side of the horizon circle than to the other4 ,on the upper surface of this circle there were usually represented several concentric circles1 the same being either engraved thereon1 if it were of metal1 and printed or pasted thereon if of wood1 just as the globe map proper which covered the surface of the sphere4 ,the number of concentric circles1 and the information carried in each1 varied1 nor was the order of the circles invariably the same4 ,those globes giving fullest information exhibit ten or more of these circles4 ,that one which was innermost and next to the body of the globe was divided into twelve parts1 each part carrying the name of one of the signs of the zodiac with its character1 and each divided into thirty equal parts or degrees1 these being numbered by tens1 as #j1 #aj1 #bj1 #cj4 ,next to the circle of signs1 always remembering that the order might vary1 was that containing the calendar including the names of the months1 as ,january1 ,february1 ,march1 etc41 the days of the week being either distinguished by numbers or names4 ,the old calendar was likewise usually given and so represented as to show the beginning of each month ten days earlier than in the new calendar4 ,here also were given the names of the church festival days4 ,in the next circle were the names of the winds or directions1 and first the ,greek1 ,latin or ,italian names of the eight1 twelve or sixteen winds1 as ,greco1 ,libeccio1 ,ponente1 ,maestro1 and next the names or initials of the thirty-two compass directions1 the same generally in ,english or ,dutch abbreviations4 ,it may further be noted that a compass was often fixed in the horizon circle's upper face4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ach4 ,constellation of ,orion by ,hevelius4 ,a complete globe was further furnished with a quadrant of altitude1 ninety degrees in length1 this being attached at one end to the meridian circle1 yet movable to any degree of the meridian1 though commonly set at the zenith4 ,this quadrant served for measuring altitudes or for finding amplitudes or azimuths4 ,the small hour circle1#bjg fitted to the meridian1 its center being the pole and for us the north1 was marked with the twenty-four hours of the day1 each hour being again divided into halves and quarters4 ,an index attached to the axis of the globe pointed out successively the hours as the globe was revolved4 ,the use of this hour circle was to indicate the time of the successive mutations1 including the rising and the setting of the celestial bodies and the time of their passing successively the meridians4 ,as a compass was often set into the horizon circle so also we frequently find a large or small compass set into that plate which in certain globes was employed as a support1 tying together1 as it were1 the lower extremities of the base columns4#bjh ,it will have been noted that the globes referred to in the preceding pages varied greatly as to size1 from the small ball representing the earth1 and but a few centimeters in diameter1 to be found in the center of those armillary spheres representing the ,ptolemaic geocentric system1 to the great globe of ,coronelli fifteen feet in diameter constructed for ,louis ,,xiv of ,france4 ,with rare exceptions metal globes were made small in size4 ,those globe balls or spheres1 in the construction of which a mould was employed1 usually had a diameter under #ej cm41 although we find some of them twice this size4 ,such spheres had the advantage of lightness though often were frail in structure and liable to lose their perfect sphericity4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #adj4 ,terrestrial ,globe ,gores by ,johannes ,oterschaden1 ca4 #afge4 ,in the matter of special ornamentation or decoration1 to be observed in globe mountings1 individual taste was given unlimited freedom to express itself1 and in certain instances it will have been noted that these mountings were exceedingly elaborate4 ,primarily we may say that globes were constructed for the useful purpose of promoting geographical and astronomical studies1 generally recording the latest and best geographical or astronomical information and in form superior to that which could be set down on the plane map1 but they also had a place of importance1 secondary we may call it1 on account of their decorative value4 ,they came to be considered almost essential as adornments for the libraries of princes1 of prosperous patricians1 and of plodding students1 and their mountings were often especially fashioned for the places they were to occupy4 ,they seemed to lend an air of scholarly respectability2 to suggest that their possessors wished to pay1 certainly a modicum of homage to the sciences which globes were calculated to promote4 ,a brief concluding word may well be added touching those globes which may of course be classed as celestial1 but which are known as moon globes and planetariums or orreries4 ,there could be no practical value in an attempt to set forth a map of the surface of the stars1 nor of the planets while our knowledge is so limited1 although ,schiaparelli has undertaken1 with measurable success1 to map the surface of ,mars1#bji and it would be next in order to construct a ,mars globe4 ,of the surface of our moon much is known and maps of it have been constructed1 as indeed have been moon globes4 ,we are informed that about the middle of the seventeenth century the ,danish astronomer1 ,hevelius1 who designed so successfully star maps1 entertained the idea of constructing a moon globe1#baj but we do not know that he set his hand to the work4 ,a century later it appears that the ,french astronomer ,la ,hire actually completed a moon globe1#baa but it has been possible to obtain only the briefest reference to it4 ,tobias ,mayer of ,nrnberg1 a contemporary of ,la ,hire1 set himself to the draughting of gore maps#bab intended for use in the manufacture of moon globes4 ,mayer found employment in the ,homann establishment of ,nrnberg1 being regarded as an exceedingly skilful draughtsman1 able to sketch on his draughting sheet that which he saw through his telescope4 ,his plan contemplated the making of twelve gores or segments1 six for the northern half of the moon and six for the southern4 ,his plan1 of course1 would enable him to represent but one side of the moon1--that turned toward the earth1--although it appeared that he contemplated the addition of two segments on which1 in at least a fragmentary manner1 he was to represent what we may call the border of the opposite side of the moon4 ,mayer seems not to have completed his work1 since we find nowhere an example of his finished product4 ,it was not until near the close of the eighteenth that we again meet with an attempt to construct a moon globe and it seems that the task was accomplished by the ,englishman1 ,john ,russel4 ,it was in the year #agif that he proposed to raise by subscription the necessary funds for making his undertaking a success4 ,his globe has a diameter of #ab inches1#bac and was furnished with the necessary adjustable shield that the moon's waxing and waning could be represented4 ,that this moon globe was actually constructed1 although no copy has been located1 we are informed by ,wolf4 ,such attempts as were made in the nineteenth century with a good measure of success do not here call for consideration4 ,it has been previously noted that the so-called globe of ,archimedes may have been a sort of planetarium1 and that during the middle ages such instruments were constructed and employed in astronomical instruction4 ,none1 however1 have come down to us out of those early years4 ,astronomers of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries1 as we know1 made frequent use of planetariums1 such for example as were constructed by the ,dutch astronomer1 ,christiaan ,haygens 7#afbi-afie7 for the illustration of planetary motion according to the ,copernican system4 ,each of the planets was represented in his machine by a small ball1 attached to an arm1 which could be made to move through an orbit around the sun4 ,in the more complicated machines the several planetary moons1 such as the moons of ,jupiter1 were represented and were made to perform their proper motions4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ada4 ,celestial ,globe ,gores by ,johannes ,oterschaden1 ca4 #afge4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #adb4 ,engraved ,sections for ,globe ,horizon ,circle by ,johannes ,oterschaden1 ca4 #afge4 ,in the eighteenth century the instrument maker1 ,george ,graham 7#afge-agea71 constructed a complicated planetarium1 in honor of ,charles ,boyle1 ,earl of ,orrery 7#afgf-agca71 which he called an orrery4 ,his machines1 varying much in the character of construction1 were especially popular in the eighteenth century4 ,the nineteenth century saw them frequently in use for purposes of instruction and the regret may well be expressed that for serious purposes they seem to have lost favor4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #adc4 ,the ,orrery4 ,,notes #aha ,see ,fig4 #ef1 ,i1 #aaf4 #ahb ,compare for example ,figs4 #h and #hi4 #ahc ,consult the ',fihrist' referred to in ,chap4 ,,iii1 n4 #d4 #ahd ,note such examples as the globe of ,robertus de ,bailly1 ,i1 #ajh1 the ,lenox globe1 ,i1 #gb1 the ,nancy globe1 ,i1 #ajb1 and the ,morgan globe in the ,metropolitan ,museum1 ,i1 #bjj4 #ahe ,see ,fig4 #c4 #ahf ,see ,fig4 #dc4 #ahg ,see ,apianus' ,cosmographicus liber4 #ahh ,as for example the ,world map of ,mercator of the year #aech1 an original copy of which may be found in the ,new ,york ,public ,library1 also a copy in the ,library of ,the ,american ,geographical ,society4 #ahi ,d',avezac1 ,m4 ,a4 ,p4 ,coup d'oeil historique sur la projection des cartes de gographie4 7,in3 ,bulletin de la ,socit de ,gographie de ,paris4 ,paris1 #ahfc1 pp4 #bgd ff472 ,breusing1 ,a4 ,das ,verebnen der ,kugeloberflche4 ,leipzig1 #ahib2 ,zondervan1 ,h4 ,allgemeine ,kartenkunde4 ,leipzig1 #ahia2 ,fiorini1 ,m4 ,le projezioni delle carte geografiche4 ,bologna1 #ahha4 ,the literature relative to map projection is very extensive4 #aij ,fiorini4 ,sfere terrestri e celesti4 pp4 #ic-ajb4 #aia ,see ,fig4 #cb4 #aib ,see ,fig4 #dj4 #aic ,drer1 ,a4 ,underweysung der ,mesung mit dem ,zirkel und ,richtscheyd1 in ,linien ebnen und ganzen ,corporen4 ,nrnberg1 #aebe4 #aid ,buchlein1 pp4 #e ff4 #aie ,consult ,gnther4 ,erd- und ,himmelsgloben4 pp4 #gb-gc2 ,kstner4 ,geschichte der ,mathematik4 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #fhd4 ,see ,gnther1 op4 cit41 chaps1 vii1 x1 xii1 xiii1 xiv1 with numerous references4 #aif ,henrici ,glareani poetae laureati de geographia liber unus4 ,basileae1 #aebg4 #aig ,there is an interesting bit of information given by ,coronelli in his ',epitome ,cosmografica' relative to the making of an adhesive material for use in the mounting of globe maps4 #aih ,see ,fig4 #fa4 #aii ,see ,figs4 #ei and #ff4 #bjj ,such1 for example1 as might consist of zonal strips1 one for the torrid1 one for each of the temperate1 and one for each of the polar zones4 ,such strips perhaps could not properly be termed gores4 #bja ,pictures are a particularly striking feature of the cloister maps of the middle ages4 ,the idea of such adornments may have come down from ,greek or ,roman days4 ,plutarch tells us in his ',theseus' that ,geographers crowd into the edge of their maps parts of the world about which they have no knowledge1 adding notes in the margins to the effect that only deserts full of wild beasts and impassable marshes lie beyond4 ,jonathan ,swift1 humorously referring to maps of the early period1 writes3 ,so geographers in ,afric maps ,with savage pictures fill their gaps ,and o'er unhabitable downs ,place elephants for want of towns4 ,the early map makers as illustrators should be an interesting theme for a special monograph4 #bjb ,nonius1 ,p4 ,de arte atque ratione navigandi4 ,conimbriae1 #aegc1 lib4 ,,ii1 c4 xxi1 xxiv2 ,hues4 ,tractatus de ,globis 7,hakluyt ,soc4 ,pub474 pp4 #abg-adg4 #bjc ,for illustration of the method1 see ,fig4 #hi4 #bjd ,burritt1 ,l4 ,h4 ,the geography of the heavens4 ,new ,york1 #ahcc2 ,allen1 ,r4 ,h4 ,star names and their meanings2 ,wolf4 ,geschichte der ,astronomie4 pp4 #ahh-aia1 #dbj-dbg2 ,olcott1 ,w4 ,t4 ,starlore of all ages4 ,new ,york1 #aiaa4 #bje ,the literature relating to this particular branch of astronomy is extensive4 ,wolf1 loc4 cit41 with references4 #bjf ,see especially ,fig4 #ac4 #bjg ,see ,fig4 #aba;a4 #bjh ,see ,fig4 #hh4 #bji ,wolf1 ,r4 ,handbuch der ,astronomie1 ihre ,geschichte und ,litteratur4 ,zrich1 #ahic4 pp4 #dea ff42 ,frobesius4 ,bibliographie ,selenographorum4 ,helmstdt1 #agah4 #baj ,hevelius1 ,j4 ,selenographiae sive ,lunae descriptio4 ,danzig1 #afdg4 pp4 #dib ff42 ,bziat1 ,l4 ,c4 ,la vie et les travaux de ,jean ,hvlius4 #baa ,lalande4 ,bibliographie astronomique1 ,la ,hire4 #bab ,mayer1 ,t4 ,abhandlung ber die ,umwlzung des ,mondes um seine ,achse und die scheinbare ,bewegung der ,mondflecke4 ,nrnberg1 #agej2 same1 ,bericht von den ,mondskugeln1 welche bei der kosmographischen ,gesellschaft in ,nrnberg aus neuen ,beobachtungen verfertigt werden4 ,nrnberg1 #agej4 #bac ,russel1 ,j4 ,a description of the selenographia1 an apparatus for exhibiting the phaenomena of the moon2 together with an account of some of the purposes to which it may be applied4 ,london1 #agig4 ,in his effort to obtain funds for the construction of his globe he issued an announcement which he called a ,proposal for publishing by subscription a ,globe of the ,moon4 ,illustration3 ,printer's ,mark of the ,blaeu ,press ,bibliographical ,list ,the following bibliographical list includes the works referred to in the body of the foregoing pages1 with certain additions of those touching incidentally globe making and globe makers4 ,it is a suggestive list1 not one that can be called exhaustive4 ,practically all those works in which the subject of geography and of astronomy has been treated historically may be consulted with interest and profit4 ,,aa1 ,a4 ,j4 ,v4 ,d4 ,biographisch ,woordenboek der ,nederlanden4 ,haarlem1 #aheb-ahgh4 ,,abraham ,,ben ,,chijah4 ,liber de ,sphaera4 #aaje4 ,,ms4 ,,abulfeda1 ,i4 ,e4 ,i4 ,takwim al ,boldan 7,geography74 ,tr4 by ,m4 ,reinaud into ,french4 ,paris1 #ahdh-ahhc4 ,,adams1 ,g4 ,a treatise describing and explaining the construction and the use of new celestial and terrestrial globes1 designed to illustrate in the most easy manner the phenomena of the earth and heavens4 ,london1 #agff4 ,astronomical and geographical essays4 ,london1 #agie4 ,a treatise on the construction of globes4 ,london1 #agfi4 ,geometrical and geographical essays1 containing a description of mathematical instruments4 ,london1 #agia4 ,,akerman1 ,a4 ,globes cleste et terrestre de vingt-deux pouces4 ,upsala1 #agff4 ,,albertus ,,magnus 7,albert of ,bollstdt74 ,opera omnia4 ,ed4 by ,p4 ,jammy4 ,leyden1 #afea4 #ba vols4 ,,alfonso ,x4 ,libros del ,saber de ,astronomia del ,rey ,d4 ,alfonso ,x de ,castilla4 ,ed4 by ,don ,manuel ,rico y ,sinobas4 ,madrid1 #ahfc-ahfg4 #e vols4 ,,allen1 ,r4 ,h4 ,star names and their meanings4 ,new ,york1 #ahii4 ,,allgemeine ,,deutsche ,,biographie4 ,leipzig4 ,,allgemeine ,,geographische ,,ephemeriden4 ,see ,,zach1 ,f4 ,v4 ,,amari1 ,m4 ,storia dei ,musulmani di ,sicilia4 ,firenze1 #ahfh4 ,,american ,,scenic ,,and ,,historic ,,preservation ,,society4 ,fifteenth ,annual ,report4 ,new ,york1 #aiaj4 ,,andrea1 ,m4 ,j4 ,l4 ,zweifache ,sternkugel oder ,himmelskugel4 n4 p41 #agbd4 ,,annales ,,de ,g,,ographie4 ,paris1 #ahia--4 ,,annuario ,,astro-,,meteorologico con efemeridi nautichi4 ,venezia1 #ahhb--4 ,,anonymous4 ,treatise of the use of globes celestial and terrestrial4 ,london1 #afdg4 ,,anonymous4 ,w4 ,j4 ,blaeus ,antheil an der ,bestimmung der ,erdlangen4 ,stuttgart1 #ahge4 ,portraits des hommes et des femmes illustrs par renaissance1 n4 p41 #agib4 ,,aratus4 ,the ,phaenomena and ,diosemia of ,aratus4 ,tr4 by ,j4 ,lamb4 ,london1 #ahdg4 ,,archaeologia4 ,london1 #ahfe4 ,,archer1 ,g4 ,m4 ,henry ,hudson1 the ,navigator4 7,in3 ,hakluyt ,society ,publications4 ,london1 #ahfj47 ,,arco1 ,c4 ,,de4 ,delle arti e degli artifici di ,mantova4 ,mantova1 #aheg4 ,,aristotle4 ,de ,coelo4 ,tr4 by ,t4 ,taylor1 with title ,on the ,heavens from the ,greek with copious elucidations4 ,london1 #ahjg4 ,,arx1 ,j4 ,v4 ,geschichte des ,kantons ,st4 ,gallen4 ,st4 ,gallen1 #ahaj4 ,,aschbach1 ,j4 ,die ,wiener ,universitt und ihre ,humanisten im ,zeitalters ,kaiser ,maximilians ,i4 ,wien1 #ahgg4 ,,assemani1 ,g4 ,globus coelestis cufico-arabicus ,veliterni ,musei ,borgiani4 ,patavii1 #agij4 ,,ausland1 ,,das4 ,stuttgart1 #ahbh--4 ,,averdunk1 ,h4 and ,,muller-,,reinhard1 ,j4 ,gerhard ,mercator und die ,geographen unter seinen ,nachkommen4 7,in3 ,petermanns ,mitteilungen4 ,gotha1 #aiad4 ,ergnzungsheft1 ,nr4 #ahb47 ,,avezac1 ,m4 ,a4 ,p4 ,,de4 ,notice des dcouvertes faites au moyen ge dans l',ocean ,atlantique4 ,paris1 #ahde4 ,coup d'oeil historique sur la projection des cartes4 7,in3 ,bulletin de la ,socit de ,gographie4 ,paris1 #ahfc47 ,martin ,hylacomylus ,waltzemller1 ses ouvrages et ses collaborateurs4 ,paris1 #ahfg4 ,sur un globe terrestre trouv ,laon1 antrieur la dcouverte de l',amrique4 7,in3 ,bulletin de la ,socit de ,gographie4 ,paris1 #ahfj47 ,,azurara1 ,g4 ,e4 ,,de4 ,the ,chronicle of the discovery and conquest of ,guinea done into ,english by ,c4 ,r4 ,beazley and ,e4 ,prestage4 7,in3 ,hakluyt ,society ,publications4 ,london1 #ahif-ahii4 #b vols47 ,,bacon1 ,r4 ,opus ,maius4 ,oxford1 #ahig4 ,,badia1 ,j4 ,,del4 ,egnazio ,danti cosmografo e matematico4 ,firenze1 #ahhb4 ,la bottega di ,alesandro di ,francisco ,rosselli merciaje e stampatore 7#aebe74 ,firenze1 #ahid4 ,,del ,,badia1 ,j4 ,egnazio ,danti cosmografo e matematico4 ,firenze1 #ahhb4 ,,baglione1 ,g4 ,le vite de pittori1 scultori1 architetti et intagliatori dal pontificato di ,gregorio ,,xiii del #aegb fino a tempo di ,papa ,urbano ,,viii nel #afdb4 ,napoli1 #agcc4 ,,bailly1 ,f4 ,the catalogues of ,ptolemy1 ,ulug ,beigh1 ,tycho ,brahe1 ,halley1 ,hevelius deduced from the best authorities4 ,london1 #ahdc4 ,,bartholomaei1 ,f4 ,erhard ,weigel3 ein ,beitrag zur ,geschichte der mathematischen ,wissenschaften auf den deutschen ,universitten im ,,xvi ,jahrhundert4 7,in3 ,zeitschrift fr ,mathematik und ,physik4 ,leipzig1 #ahfh47 ,,baudet1 ,p4 ,j4 ,h4 ,leven en werken van ,willem ,jansz4 ,blaeu4 ,uitgegeven door het provincial ,utrechtsch genootschap van kunsten en wetenschappen4 ,utrecht1 #ahga4 ,notice sur la part prise par ,willem ,jansz4 ,blaeu dans le dtermination des longitudes terrestres4 ,utrecht1 #ahge4 ,,bauer1 ,l4 ,a4 ,principal facts relating to the earth's magnetism4 7,in3 ,united ,states ,magnetic ,declination ,tables and ,isogonic ,charts4 ,washington1 #aijb47 ,,baumg,,rtner1 ,j4 ,zwei alte ,globen von ,blaeu3 ,erdkugel von #aeii und ,himmel-,globen von #afjc4 7,in3 ,das ,ausland4 ,stuttgart1 #ahhe47 ,,bayer1 ,j4 ,uranometria1 sive omnium asterismorum schemata quinquaginta et unum in totidem tabulis nova methoda delineata4 ,augustae ,vindel1 #afjc4 ,,beazley1 ,c4 ,r4 ,the ,dawn of ,modern ,geography4 ,london1 #ahig-aijf4 #c vols4 ,globe of #aeic4 7,in3 ,royal ,geographical ,journal4 ,london1 #aijd47 ,prince ,henry the ,navigator4 ,new ,york1 ,london1 #ahie4 ,see ,gomez1 ,e4 ,see ,azurara1 ,g4 ,e4 ,,beda4 ,opuscula scientifica4 ,ed4 by ,j4 ,a4 ,giles4 ,london1 #ahdc4 ,,beigel1 ,w4 ,nachricht von einer ,arabischen ,himmelskugel mit ,kufischer ,schrift welche im ,chrfurstlichen ,mathematischen ,salon zu ,dresden aufbewahrt wirt4 7,in3 ,bodes ,astronomisches ,jahrbuch fr das ,jahr #ahjh4 ,berlin1 #ahjh47 ,,berger1 ,h4 ,die geographischen ,fragmente des ,eratosthenes4 ,leipzig1 #ahhj4 ,entwickelung der ,geographie der ,erdkugel bei den ,hellenen4 7,in3 ,grenzboten4 ,leipzig1 ,jahrgang #ci47 ,geschichte der wissenschaftlichen ,erdkunde der ,griechen4 ,leipzig1 #aijc4 ,die geographischen ,fragmente des ,hipparchus4 ,leipzig1 #ahfi4 ,,bernardo1 ,f4 ,biblioteca scriptorum ,ordinis ,minorum ,s4 ,francisci ,capucinorum4 ,venetia1 #agdg4 ,,berthoud1 ,f4 ,histoire de la mesure du temps par les horologes4 ,paris1 #ahjb4 ,,bertolotti1 ,a4 ,artisti in relazione coi ,gonzaga ,signori di ,mantova4 ,modena1 #ahhe4 ,,beste1 ,g4 ,a true discourse of the late voyages of discovery1 for the finding of a passage to ,cathaya1 by the northweast undeer the conduct of ,martin ,frobischer ,generall4 ,london1 #aegh4 ,,beyer1 ,j4 ,descriptio globi coelestis et terrestris nova ratione composuiti4 ,hamburgi1 #agah4 ,b,,ziat1 ,l4 ,c4 ,la vie et les travaux de ,jean ,hevelius4 ,rome1 #ahgf4 ,,bion1 ,n4 ,l'usage des globes cleste et terrestre1 et des sphres suivant les differens systmes du monde4 ,ed4 by ,n4 ,bion 7son74 ,paris1 #agea4 ,the construction and principal uses of mathematical instruments4 ,tr4 from the ,french by ,edmond ,stone4 ,london1 #agbc4 ,,bion1 ,n4 ,trait de la construction et des principaux usages des instruments de mathmatique4 ,paris1 #ageb4 ,,blaeu1 ,g4 7,w4 ,j47 ,institution astronomique de l'usage des globes et sphres4 ,amstelodami1 #afdb4 ,guilielmi ,blaeu institutio astronomica de usu globorum sphaerarum caelestium ac terrestrium4 ,amsterdam1 #afee4 ,ed4 by ,j4 ,blaeu4 ,tafelen van de declinatie der sonne1 ende der voornaemste vaste sterren4 ,amsterdam1 #afbe4 ,,blaeu1 ,j4 ,le ,grande ,atlas ou ,cosmographie ,blaviane4 ,amsterdam1 #affc-afga4 #ab vols4 ,,blagrave1 ,j4 ,the ,mathematical ,jewel4 ,london1 #aehe4 ,,blau1 ,m4 ,mmoires de la ,socit ,royal de ,nancy4 ,nancy1 #ahcf4 ,,blundeville1 ,t4 ,mr4 ,blundeville his ,exercises4 ,london1 #aeid4 ,,bode1 ,j4 ,e4 ,astronomisches ,jahrbuch4 ,berlin1 #agha-ahbf4 ,,bollettino ,,della ,,societ ,,geografica ,,italiano4 ,roma1 #ahfh4 ,,bourgeat1 ,j4 ,b4 tudes sur ,vincent de ,beauvais4 ,paris1 #ahef4 ,,bourne1 ,e4 ,g4 ,spain in ,america4 ,new ,york1 #aijd4 ,,brahe1 ,t4 ,astronomiae instauratae mechanica4 ,noribergae1 #afhb4 ,tychonis ,brahe mathim3 eminent3 ,dani opera omnia4 ,ed4 by ,j4 ,g4 ,schonvetteri4 ,francofurti1 #afdh4 ,epistolarum astronomicarum libri4 ,uraniburgi1 #aeif4 ,,brandst,,tter1 ,f4 ,a4 ,hevel's ,leben und seine ,bedeutsamkeit4 ,danzig1 #ahfa4 ,,brehaut1 ,e4 ,an ,encyclopedist of the ,dark ,ages1 ,isidore of ,seville4 7,in3 ,studies in ,history1 ,economics and ,public ,law1 ,columbia ,university4 ,new ,york1 #aiab47 ,,breusing1 ,a4 ,gerhard ,kremer1 genannt ,mercator1 der deutsche ,geograph4 ,duisbourg1 #ahfi4 ,leitfaden durch das ,wiegenalter der ,kartographie bis zum ,jahre #afjj4 ,frankfurt1 #ahhc4 ,das ,verebnen der ,kugelflche4 ,bremen1 #ahic4 ,,brion1 ,m4 ,tablettes astronomique ou abrg lmentaire de la sphre et des diffrens systmes1 avec l'usage des globes4 ,paris1 #aggd4 ,,british ,,museum ,,catalogue ,,of ,,printed ,,books4 ,london1 #ahda--4 ,,britten1 ,f4 ,j4 ,old clocks and watches and their makers4 ,london1 #ahii4 ,,brown1 ,a4 ,the genesis of the ,united ,states4 ,boston and ,new ,york1 #ahia4 ,b,,dinger1 ,m4 ,ueber ,gerberts wissenschaftliche und politische ,stellung4 ,kassel1 #ahea4 ,,bulletin ,,of ,,the ,,american ,,geographical ,,society4 ,new ,york1 #aheb--4 ,,bulletin ,,de ,,la ,,soci,t ,,de ,g,,ographie ,d',,anvers4 ,anvers1 #ahgf--4 ,,bulletin ,,de ,,la ,,soci,t ,,de ,g,,ographie ,,de ,,paris4 ,paris1 #ahbb--4 ,,bulletin ,,de ,g,,ographie ,,historique ,,et ,,descriptive4 ,paris1 #ahid--4 ,,bunbury1 ,e4 ,h4 ,history of ,ancient ,geography4 ,london1 #ahhc4 #c vols4 ,,burritt1 ,l4 ,h4 ,the geography of the heavens4 ,new ,york1 #ahcc4 ,,campano ,,da ,,novara1 ,g4 ,liber de ,sphaera2 de modo fabricandi ,sphaeram solidam2 de compositione quadrantis2 de quadratura circuli4 ,,mss4 #acth ,century4 ,see ,lalande4 ,bibliographie astronomique4 ,,cantor1 ,m4 ,vorlesungen ber ,geschichte der ,mathematik4 ,leipzig1 #ahid4 ,,cardella1 ,l4 ,memorie storiche di ,cardinali della ,sancta ,romana ,chiesa4 ,roma1 #agib-agig4 #i vols4 ,,cartwright1 ,j4 ,isabella d',este4 ,london1 #aijc4 ,,cassini1 ,g4 ,m4 ,nuovo atlante geografico universale4 ,roma1 #agib-ahja4 #c vols4 ,,cassini1 ,j4 ,d4 ,mthode pour trouver la diffrence des longitudes des lieux par les observations correspondantes des phases des clipses de soleil1 #afgj4 7,in3 ,histoire de l',acadmie ,royale des ,sciences4 ,paris1 #agcc47 ,la mthode de dterminer les longitudes des lieux de la terre par les observations des satellites de ,jupiter1 #afgf4 7,in3 ,mmoires de l',acadmie4 ,paris1 #agdc47 ,les hypothses et les tables des satellites de ,jupiter reformes sur de nouvelles observations1 #afic4 7,in3 ,mmoires de l',acadmie4 ,paris1 #agcj47 ,mthode de dterminer les longitudes des lieux de la terre par des toiles fixes et des plantes par la ,lune1 #agjc4 7,in3 ,mmoires de l',acadmie4 ,paris1 #agjc47 ,,castellani4 ,catalogo rageonato delle pi rare o pi importanti opera geografiche a stampa che si conservano nella ,biblioteca del ,collegio ,romano4 ,roma1 #ahgf4 ,,catalogue ,g,n,,ral ,,des ,,manuscrits ,,des ,,biblioth,,ques ,,publiques ,,de ,,france4 ,paris1 #ahig4 ,,catalogus ,,librorum1 tam impressorum1 qua1 manuscriptorum1 bibliothecae publicae universitatis ,lugduno-,batavos4 ,lugduni apud ,batavos1 #agaf4 ,,ceradini1 ,g4 ,a propositio dei due globi ,mercatoriani1 #aeda-aeea4 ,milano1 #ahid4 ,c,,spedes1 ,g4 ,,de4 ,see ,garcia de ,cspedes4 ,,chabas1 ,f4 ,ouvres diverses publies par ,g4 ,maspero4 ,paris1 #aijb4 ,,chambers1 ,r4 7revised by ,t4 ,thompson74 ,a biographical dictionary of eminent ,scotsmen4 ,london1 #ahef4 ,,chatel1 ,m4 ,note sur une globe terrestre--de la succession de ,titon du ,tillet4 7,in3 ,mmoire lus la ,sorbonne4 ,paris1 #ahfe47 ,,cheyneius1 ,j4 ,de sphaerae seu globi coelestis fabrica brevis praeceptio4 ,douay1 #aege4 ,,chytraeus1 ,s4 ,de nova stella4 ,rostock1 #aegg4 ,,cicero1 ,m4 ,t4 ,de ,republica4 ,tr4 by ,g4 ,g4 ,hardingham4 ,london1 #ahhd4 ,epistolae ad ,atticum4 ,lugduni1 #aedh4 ,,clemens1 ,c4 ,musie1 sive bibliothecae tam privatae quam publical extructis4 ,lugduni1 #afce4 ,,clement1 ,d4 ,bibliothque curieuse1 historique et critique4 ,gttingen1 #agej-agfj4 ,,coester1 ,a4 ,ueber die grosse astronomische ,knstler in den ,kasseler ,museum4 7,in3 ,zeitschrift des ,vereins fr ,hessische ,geschichte und ,landeskunde4 ,kassel1 #ahgd47 ,,columbus1 ,f4 ,see ,ulloa1 ,a4 ,,compt-,,rendu1 ,,congr,s ,,des ,,americanistes4 ,paris1 #ahgg4 ,,coote1 ,c4 ,h4 7,ed47 ,johann ,schner1 a reproduction of the globe of #aebc long lost3 his dedicatory letter and the ,de ,moluccis ,maximilianus ,transylvanus1 with a new translation and notes on the globe4 ,with an introduction and bibliography4 ,london1 #ahhh4 ,see ,stevens1 ,h4 ,johann ,schner4 ,,copernicus1 ,n4 ,de revolutionibus orbium coelestium4 ,noribergae1 #aedc4 ,,coronelli1 ,v4 ,epitome ,cosmografica4 ,cologne1 #afic4 ,atlante ,veneto4 ,venetia1 #afia-afif4 #c vols4 ,biblioteca universale sacro-profano1 antico-moderna4 ,venezia1 #agja-agjf4 ,viaggi del ,p4 ,c4 ,venetia1 #afig4 ,the ,royal ,almanack containing a succinct account of the remarkable actions of ,k4 ,william ,,iii2 with the year and the day of the month when each happened4 ,tr4 from ,italian into ,english4 ,london1 #afif4 ,,cosmas ,,indicopleustes4 ,topographia ,christiana4 ,tr4 by ,j4 ,m4 ,mc,crindle as ,christian ,topography4 7,in3 ,hakluyt ,society ,publications4 ,london1 #ahig47 ,,costard1 ,g4 ,a ,history of ,astronomy with application to ,geography1 ,history and ,chronology1 occasionally exemplified by the ,globe4 ,london1 #agfg4 ,,covens1 ,c4 ,handleiding tot de kennis en het gebruik der hemelen aard-globen4 ,amsterdam1 #ahjb4 ,,cuneiform ,,texts from ,babylonian ,tablets1 c41 in the ,british ,museum4 ,london1 #aijf4 ,pt4 xxii1 plate #dh4 ,,dahlgren1 ,e4 ,w4 ,map of the ,world by ,alonzo de ,santa ,cruz4 ,text and facsimile of map4 ,stockholm1 #ahib4 ,d',,arco1 ,c4 ,delle arti e degli artefici di ,mantova4 ,mantova1 #aheg4 ,,dasypodius1 ,k4 ,horologii astronomici argentorati in summo templo erecti descriptio4 ,strassburg1 #aehj4 ,warhafftige ,auslegung des astronomischen ,uhrwerkes zu ,strassburg4 ,strassburg1 #aegh4 ,d',,avezac1 ,m4 ,a4 ,p4 ,see ,avezac1 ,m4 ,a4 ,p4 de4 ,,davis1 ,j4 ,the ,worldes ,hydrographical ,discription4 ,london1 #aeie4 ,,davis1 ,j4 ,manual to accompany the star globe1 containing a complete course of problems and illustrations of the fundamental principles of geography4 ,allegheny ,city1 #ahhd4 ,,de ,,costa1 ,b4 ,f4 ,the globe of ,ulpius1 with a view of the globe1 ,portrait of ,pope ,marcellus ,,ii1 and text ,illustrations4 7,in3 ,magazine of ,american ,history4 ,new ,york1 #ahgi47 ,verrazano the explorer4 7,in3 ,magazine of ,american ,history4 ,new ,york1 #ahha47 ,the ,nancy ,globe4 7,in3 ,magazine of ,american ,history4 ,new ,york1 #ahha47 ,the ,lenox ,globe4 7,in3 ,magazine of ,american ,history4 ,new ,york1 #ahgi47 ,,de ,,la ,,hire1 ,p4 ,see ,la ,hire1 ,p4 de4 ,,delamarche1 ,c4 ,f4 ,les usages de la sphre1 et des globes clestes et terrestres1 selon le hypothses de ,ptolme de ,copernic4 ,paris1 #agia4 ,,delambre1 ,j4 ,b4 ,j4 ,histoire de l'astronomie ancien4 ,paris1 #ahag4 ,,del ,,badia1 ,j4 ,see ,badia1 ,j4 del4 ,,delphinus1 ,j4 ,a4 ,tractatus de globis coelestibus et motibus4 ,bologna1 #aeei4 ,,de ,,morgan1 ,a4 ,the globes celestial and terrestrial4 ,london1 #ahde4 ,,denza1 ,p4 ,f4 ,globi celesti della ,specola ,vaticana4 ,torino1 #ahid4 ,,desimoni1 ,c4 ,intorno al ,fiorentino ,giovanni ,verrazzano4 ,genova1 #ahha4 ,,desjardins1 ,e4 ,la ,table de ,peutinger d'aprs l'original conserv ,vienne4 ,paris1 #ahif4 ,,deutsche ,,geographische ,,bl,,tter4 ,bremen1 #ahgg--4 ,,deutsche ,,rundschau ,f,r ,,geographie ,,und ,,statistik4 ,leipzig1 #ahhb4 ,,dictionary ,,of ,,national ,,biography4 ,london1 #ahhe--4 ,,didier1 ,r4 ,,de ,v4 ,usages des globes clestes et terrestres faits par ordre du ,roi par le ,s4 ,robert de ,vaugondy1 fils4 ,paris1 #agea4 ,,dilworth1 ,t4 ,a new and complete description of the terrestrial and celestial globes1 with their several uses4 ,london1 #agid4 ,,diodorus4 ,the historical library of ,diodorus the ,sicilian1 in fifteen books4 ,tr4 by ,g4 ,booth4 ,london1 #ahad4 ,,doppelmayr1 ,j4 ,g4 ,historische ,nachrichten von den ,nrnbergischen ,mathematicis und ,knstlern4 ,nrnberg1 #agcj4 ,tractatus de fabrica et usu instrumentorum astronomicorum1 ,nic4 ,bion1 en ,allemand4 ,nrnberg1 #agba4 ,,dorn1 ,b4 ,description of an ,arabic celestial globe4 7,in3 ,transactions of the ,royal ,asiatic ,society4 ,london1 #ahbi47 ,drei in der kaiserlichen ffentlichen ,bibliothek zu ,st4 ,petersburg befindliche astronomische ,instrumente mit arabischen ,inschriften4 7,in3 ,mmoires de l',acadmie-,imperiale des ,sciences de ,st4 ,ptersbourg4 ,st4 ,ptersbourg1 #ahfe47 ,,dozy1 ,c4 ,m4 ,willem ,janszoon ,blaeu4 7,in3 ,tijdschrift van het ,nederlandsch ,aardrijkskundig ,genootschap1 gevestigt to ,amsterdam1 #ahhg4 #b;de ,serie47 ,,drach1 ,k4 ,a4 ,v4 ,die zu ,marburg im mathematisch-physikalischen ,institute befindliche ,globusuhr ,wilhelm ,,iv von ,hessen4 ,marburg1 #ahid4 ,,drake1 ,,sir ,f4 ,the world encompassed2 with introduction by ,w4 ,s4 ,w4 ,vaux4 7,in3 ,hakluyt ,society ,publications4 ,london1 #ahed47 ,,drechsler1 ,a4 ,katalog der ,sammlung des ,knigl4-,mathematisch-,physikalischen ,salon zu ,dresden4 ,dresden1 #ahgd4 ,der arabische ,himmelsglobus angefertigt zu ,maragha4 ,dresden1 #ahgc4 ,,dreyer1 ,j4 ,l4 ,e4 ,tycho ,brahe1 a picture of scientific life and work in the sixteenth century4 ,edinburgh1 #ahij4 ,,dr,,ber1 ,w4 ,kartographie bei den ,naturvlkern ,erlangen1 #aijc4 ,,dryander 7,,enzinas71 ,j4 ,sphaerae materialis sive globi coelestis descriptio4 ,neuss1 #aeha4 ,,dubois1 ,p4 ,histoire de l'horologerie depuis son origine jusqu' nos jours4 ,paris1 #ahdi4 ,,dummler1 ,e4 ,ekkehart ,,iv von ,st4 ,gallen4 ,berlin1 #ahfi4 ,d,,rer1 ,a4 ,underweysung der ,mesung mit dem ,zirkel und ,richtscheyd in ,linien1 ,ebnen und ganzen ,corporen4 ,nrnberg1 #aebe4 ,see ,thausing1 ,m4 ,,eames1 ,w4 ,a list of the editions of ,ptolemy's ,geography1 #adge-agcj4 ,new ,york1 #ahhf4 ,,eckert1 ,j4 ,tycho ,brahe und seine ,planetensystem4 ,basel1 #ahdf4 ,,elter1 ,a4 ,de ,henrico ,glareano geographo et antiquissima forma ,americae commentatio2 ,festschrift der ,bonner ,universitt4 ,bonn1 #ahif4 ,,enciclopedia ,,universal ,,illustrada4 ,madrid4 ,,eratosthenes4 ,see ,berger1 ,h4 ,,erhard1 ,h4 ,a4 ,geschichte der ,wiederaufblhens wissenschaftliche ,bildung1 vornehmlich in ,teutschland bis zum ,anfange der ,reformation4 ,magdeburg1 #ahbg4 ,,espada1 ,j4 ,,de ,,la4 ,relaciones geograficas de ,indias4 ,madrid1 #ahhe4 ,,estreicher1 ,t4 ,ein ,erdglobus aus dem ,anfange des ,,xvi ,jahrhundert1 in der ,jagellonischen ,bibliothek4 7,in3 ,bulletin ,international de l',academie des ,sciences de ,cracovie4 ,cracovie1 #aijj47 ,,fanning1 ,m4 ,a treatise upon the uses of globes both celestial and terrestrial4 ,london1 #agfj4 ,,feliziani4 ,vite dei ,monaci ,illustri di ,s4 ,benedetto in ,fabriano4 7,,ms4 in ,biblioteca ,municipale1 ,fabriano1 ca4 #afhj47 ,,fellner1 ,r4 ,kompendium der ,naturwissenschaften an der ,schule zu ,fulda4 ,berlin1 #ahgi4 ,,fenning1 ,d4 ,a new and easy guide to the use of the globes4 ,dublin1 #aghg4 ,,ferguson1 ,j4 ,lectures on select subjects in mechanics1 hydrostatics1 pneumatics1 optics1 and astronomy4 ,new edition1 by ,c4 ,f4 ,partington4 ,london1 #ahdc4 ,select mechanical exercises with a short account of the life of the author by himself4 ,london1 #aggc4 ,,fink1 ,k4 ,pomponius ,mela und seine ,geographie4 ,rosenheim1 #ahha4 ,,fiorini1 ,m4 ,le projezioni cordiformi nella cartografia4 7,in3 ,bolletino della ,societa ,geografica ,italiano4 ,roma1 #ahhi47 ,le sfere cosmografichi e specialmente le sfere terrestri4 7,in3 ,bolletino della ,societa ,geografica ,italiano4 ,roma1 #ahic-ahid47 ,sfere terrestri e celesti di autore italiano oppere fatte o conservate in ,italia4 ,roma1 #ahih4 ,gerardo ,mercatore e le sue carte geografiche4 7,in3 ,bolletino della ,societa ,geografica ,italiana4 ,roma1 #ahij47 ,le projezioni delle carte geografiche4 ,bologna1 #ahha4 ,vincenzo ,coronelli ed i suoi globi cosmografici4 7,in3 ,annuario ,astro-,meteorologico4 ,roma1 #ahic47 ,erd- und ,himmelsgloben1 ihre ,geschichte und ,konstruction4 ,nach dem italienischen ,matteo ,fiorinis frei bearbeitet von ,siegmund ,gnther4 ,leipzig1 #ahie4 ,,fischer1 ,j4 ,the ,discovery of the ,northmen in ,america with special relation to their early cartographical ,representation4 ,translated from the ,german by ,b4,h4 ,soulsby4 ,london1 #aijc4 ,the globe-goblet of ,wolfegg4 7,in3 ,united ,states ,catholic ,historical ,society ,historical ,records and ,studies4 ,new ,york1 #aiac47 ,,flamsteed1 ,j4 ,atlas cleste de ,flamsteed approuv par l',acadmie ,royal des ,sciences4 ,ed4 by ,m4,j4 ,fortin4 ,paris1 #aggf4 ,,fontenelli1 ,b4 ,,le ,b4 ,,de4 loge des acadmiciens4 la ,haye1 #agca4 ,,foppens1 ,j4 ,f4 ,bibliotheca ,belgica4 ,brussels1 #agci4 ,,forbiger1 ,a4 ,handbuch der alten ,geographie1 nach den ,quellen bearbeitet4 ,leipzig1 #ahdb-ahdh4 ,,fortin1 ,j4 ,usage du planitaire ou sphre mouvante de ,copernic1 qui se trouv chez ,fortin1 ingniur-mcanicin du ,roi4 ,paris1 #aggc4 ,,fox4 ,see ,voyages of4 ,,friedrich1 ,r4 ,materialien zur ,begriffsbestimmung des orbis terrarum4 ,leipzig1 #ahhg4 ,,frisius1 ,g4 ,de principiis astronomiae et cosmographiae4 ,antwerp1 #aecj4 ,,fritzsche1 ,o4 ,f4 ,glarean1 sein ,leben und seine ,schriften4 ,frauenfeld1 #ahij4 ,,fumano1 ,a4 ,hieronymi ,fracastorii ,veronensis opera omnia4 n4 p41 n4 d4 ,,funks1 ,c4 ,b4 ,anweisung zur ,kentnis der ,gestirne auf zwei ,planiglobien und zwei ,sternkugeln nach ,bayer und ,vaugondy4 ,leipzig1 #aggg4 ,,gaedechens1 ,o4 ,c4 ,die ,antiken des ,frstlich ,waldechen ,museums zu ,arolsen4 ,arolsen1 #ahfb4 ,,gallois1 ,l4 ,les ,gographes allemands de la ,renaissance4 ,paris1 #ahij4 ,de ,orontio ,finaeo ,gallico ,geographo4 ,paris1 #ahij4 ,le ,gymnase ,vosgien4 7,in3 ,bulletin de la ,socit de ,gographie de l',est4 ,paris1 #aijj47 ,amric ,vespuce et les ,gographes de ,saint-,di4 ,firenze1 #ahii4 ,,gallucci1 ,g4 ,p4 ,de fabrica et usu hemisphaerii ,uranici tractatus4 ,venezia1 #aefi4 ,,garcaens1 ,j4 ,de tempore sive de ortu et occasu stellarum fixarum1 de usu globi coelestis4 ,wittenberg1 #aefe4 ,,garcia ,,de ,c,,spedes4 ,regimiento de navigation4 ,madrid1 #afjf4 ,,gardner1 ,e4 ,g4 ,princes and ,poets of ,ferrara4 ,london1 #aijd4 ,,garthe1 ,c4 ,beschreibung des ,kosmosglobus4 ,mnchen1 #ahcj4 ,,gassendi1 ,p4 ,tychonis ,brahei ,vita1 accessit ,nicolai ,copernici1 ,georgii ,peurbachii et ,johannis ,regiomontani ,vita4 ,pariciis1 #afed4 ,tychonis ,brahei equitis ,dani astronorum coryphaei ,vita4 ,hagae1 #afee4 ,opera ,omnia4 ,leipzig1 #afeh4 ,,gayangos1 ,p4 ,,de4 ,history of the ,mohammedan ,dynasties in ,spain4 ,london1 #ahec4 #b vols4 ,,gemma ,,phrysius4 ,de principiis astronomiae et cosmographiae1 de usu globi1 de orbis divisione ac insulis4 ,antwerp1 #aecj4 ,g,,nard1 ,p4 ,m4 ,n4 ,j4 ,les globes de ,guillaume ,blaeu4 7,in3 ,bulletin de la ,socit ,gographie d',anvers4 ,anvers1 #ahhc47 ,les ,globes du gographe ,arnould ,florent van ,langren et de ,guillem ,blaeu4 7,in3 ,bulletin de la ,socit ,gographie d',anvers1 #ahhc47 ,,geographische ,,zeitschrift4 ,leipzig1 #ahie--4 ,,gerbert4 ,letters1 publie avec une introduction et des notes par ,j4 ,havet4 ,paris1 #ahhi4 ,,gerland1 ,e4 ,beitrge zur ,geschichte der ,physik4 7,in3 ,leopoldiana4 ,leipzig1 ,heft #ah47 ,,ghillany1 ,f4 ,w4 ,geschichte des ,seefahrers ,ritter ,martin ,behaim1 nach den ltesten vorhandenen ,urkunden bearbeitet4 ,nrnberg1 #ahec4 ,der ,erdglobus des ,martin ,behaim von #adib und der des ,johann ,schner von #aebj4 ,nrnberg1 #ahdb4 ,,ghymmius1 ,g4 ,vita celeberrimi clarissimiq viri ,gerardi ,mercatoris4 7,in3 ,atlas ,gerardo ,mercatore4 ,dusseldorpii1 #aeie47 ,,gilbert1 ,w4 ,de magnete4 ,london1 #afjj4 ,tr4 and reissued1 ,london1 #ahic4 ,,ginanni1 ,g4 ,titoli della opere stampate dal anno #agjd1 dal ,p4,m4,c4 7,coronelli71 publicate dall' ,academia degli ,argonauti in aggiunta dell' indice gia dato in luci4 ,venetia1 #agjh4 ,memoria ,storico critiche degli ,scrittori ,ravennati4 ,faenza1 #agfi4 ,,giornale ,,di ,,litterati ,d' ,,italia4 ,venezia1 #agai4 ,,glareanus1 ,h4 ,henrici ,glareani poetae laureati de geographia liber unus ab ipso autore recognitus4 ,friburguni ,brisgaudiae1 #aecj4 ,,globus ,,mundi4 ,declaratio1 sive descriptio mundi et totius orbis terrarum globulo rotundo comparati ut sphaera solida4 ,strassburg1 #aeji4 ,,gmelin1 ,l4 ,untersatz eines ,globus von ,philipp ,apian4 7,in3 ,stuttgrter ,gewerbhalle4 ,stuttgart1 #ahhe47 ,,gomez1 ,e4 ,,de4 ,chronicle of the ,discovery and ,conquest of ,guinea4 ,tr4 by ,c4,r4 ,beazley and ,e4 ,prestage4 ,london1 #ahif4 #b vols4 ,,gori-,,gandellini1 ,g4 ,notizie storiche degl' intagliatori4 ,siena1 #agga4 ,notizie istoriche degl' intagliatori di ,giovanni ,gori ,gandellini4 ,siena1 #ahjh4 ,g,,ttingische ,,gelehrte ,,anzeigen4 ,gttingen1 #ahjb--4 ,,graf1 ,j4 ,h4 ,ein ,astrolabium mit ,erdkugel aus dem ,jahre #aede1 von ,kaspar ,vopellius4 7,in3 ,jahresbericht der ,geographischen ,gesellschaft zu ,mnchen4 ,mnchen1 ,heft #ae47 ,,grant1 ,r4 ,history of ,physical ,astronomy4 ,london1 #aheb4 ,,gravier1 ,n4 ,f4 ,histoire de ,saint-,di4 ,epinal1 #ahcf4 ,,grenzboten1 ,,die4 ,leipzig1 ,berlin1 #ahgc--4 ,,grimm1 ,j4 ,l4 ,erluterungen zu dem pneumatisch-portativen ,erd-,globus4 ,berlin1 #ahcb4 ,,grunert1 ,j4 ,a4 ,loxodromische ,trigonometrie4 ,leipzig1 #ahfi4 ,,gummere1 ,s4 ,r4 ,definitions and elementary observations in astronomy2 also problems on the globes4 ,philadelphia1 #ahbb4 ,g,,nther1 ,s4 ,die ,lehre von der ,erdkrmmung und ,erdbewegung bei den ,oxidentalen im ,mittelalter4 ,halle1 #ahgg4 ,die kosmographischen ,anschauungen des ,mittelalters4 7,in3 ,deutsche ,rundschau fr ,geographie und ,statistik4 ,leipzig1 #ahhb47 ,peter und ,philipp ,apian4 ,zwei deutsche ,mathematiker und ,kartographen4 ,prag1 #ahhb4 ,die mnchner ,globen ,philipp ,apianus4 7,in3 ,jahrbuch fr ,mnchner ,geschichte4 ,mnchen1 #ahhh47 ,erd- und ,himmelsgloben1 ihre ,geschichte und ,construction4 ,nach dem italienischen ,matteo ,fiorinis frei bearbeitet4 ,leipzig1 #ahie4 ,johann ,werner von ,nrnberg und seine ,beziehungen zur mathematischen und physikalischen ,erdkunde4 7,in3 ,studien zur ,geschichte der mathematischen und physikalischen ,geographie4 ,halle1 #ahgh47 ,geschichte des mathematischen ,unterrichtes im deutschen ,mittelalter bis zum ,jahre #aebe4 ,berlin1 #ahhg4 ,geschichte der loxodromischen ,kurve4 7,in3 ,studien zur ,geschichte der mathematischen und physikalischen ,geographie4 ,halle1 #ahgi47 ,die ,lehre von ,erdrundung und ,erdbewegung im ,mittelalter bei den ,arabern und ,hebrern4 7,in3 ,studien zur ,geschichte der mathematischen und physikalischen ,geographie4 ,halle1 #ahgg47 ,martin ,behaim4 ,bamberg1 #ahij4 ,die mathematische ,sammlung des ,germanischen ,museums zu ,nrnberg4 7,in3 ,leopoldiana4 ,jena1 ,heft #ad47 ,,habrecht1 ,i4 ,tractatus de planiglobis coelestis et terrestris4 ,strassburg1 #afbh4 ,,hadradauer1 ,c4 ,v4 ,die ,feldzeugmeister ,ritter v4 ,hauslabsche ,kartensammlung4 7,in3 ,mitteilungen der k4 k4 ,geographischen ,gesellschaft zu ,wien4 ,wien1 #ahhf47 ,,hahn1 ,e4 ,jakob ,stampfer1 ,goldschmied1 ,medailleur und ,stempelschneider von ,zrich4 7,in3 ,mitteilungen der ,antiquarischen ,gesellschaft4 ,zrich1 #aiae47 ,,hahn1 ,f4 ,g4 ,die ,klassiker der ,erdkunde und ihre ,bedeutung fr die geographische ,forschung der ,gegenwart4 7,in3 ,knigsberger ,studien47 ,,hakluyt1 ,r4 ,the principal ,navigations1 ,voyages and ,discoveries of the ,english ,nation4 ,london1 #aehi4 ,a ,discourse concerning ,western ,planting4 ,ed4 by ,c4 ,dean4 7,in3 ,documentary ,history of the ,state of ,maine4 ,cambridge1 #ahgg47 ,,hakluyt ,,society ,,publications4 ,london1 #ahdg--4 ,,hall1 ,c4 ,f4 ,life among the ,esquimaux4 ,new ,york1 #ahfd4 ,,hall1 ,e4 ,h4 ,gerard ,mercator1 his ,life and ,work4 7,in3 ,journal of ,the ,american ,geographical ,society4 ,new ,york1 #ahgh47 ,giovanni ,verrazzano and his ,discoveries in ,north ,america4 7,in3 ,fifteenth ,annual ,report of the ,american ,scenic and ,historical ,preservation ,society4 ,new ,york1 #aiaj47 ,,halma1 ,n4 ,les ,phnomenes d',aratus de ,soles et de ,germanicus ,caesar avec les ,scholies de ,thon1 les ,catasterismes d',eratosthnes et la ,sphre de ,leontius traduit pour la premire fois en ,franais sur les manuscrits de la ,bibliothque du ,roi4 ,paris1 #ahba4 ,,halma1 ,n4 ,commentaire de ,thon d',alexandrie sur le premier livre de la composition mathmatique de ,ptolome traduit pour la premire fois du grec en ,franais1 sur les manuscrits de la ,bibliothque du ,roi4 ,paris1 #ahba4 ,examen des monumens astronomiques des anciens4 ,paris1 #ahcj4 ,,hamburgische ,,festschrift zur ,erinnerung an die ,entdeckung von ,amerika4 ,hamburg1 #ahib4 ,,hantsch1 ,v4 ,die deutschen ,geographen der ,renaissance4 7,in3 ,geographische ,zeitschrift4 ,leipzig1 #ahig47 ,,hardingham1 ,g4 ,g4 ,see ,cicero4 ,,harris1 ,j4 ,the ,description and the ,use of the ,globes1 and the ,orrery4 ,london1 #agea4 ,astronomical dialogue between a gentleman and a lady wherein the doctrine of the sphere1 the uses of the globe and the elements of astronomy and geography are explained in a pleasant and familiar way4 ,london1 #agai4 ,the description and use of the celestial and terrestrial globe4 ,london1 #agjc4 ,,harrisse1 ,h4 ,jean et ,sbastien ,cabot4 ,paris1 #ahfb4 ,dcouverte et volution cartographique de ,terre-,neuve4 ,paris1 ,london1 #aijj4 ,bibliotheca ,americana ,vetustissima4 ,a ,description of the ,works relating to ,america published between the years #adia and #aeea4 ,new ,york1 #ahff4 ,bibliotheca ,americana ,vetustissima4 ,additions4 ,paris1 #ahgb4 ,fernand ,colomb1 sa vie1 ses oeuvres4 ,paris1 #ahgb4 ,le ,voyage de ,verrazzano4 ,paris1 #ahgf4 ,un nouveau globe ,verrazanien4 ,paris1 #ahie4 ,les ,corte-,real et leurs ,voyages au ,nouveau-,monde4 ,paris1 #ahhc4 ,notes pour servir l'histoire1 la bibliographie et la cartographie de la ,nouvelle ,france et des pays adjacents1 #aede-agjj4 ,paris1 #ahgb4 ,the ,discovery of ,north ,america4 ,paris1 ,london1 #ahib4 ,,havemann1 ,m4 ,h4 ,astrea1 in qua de hypothesibus astronomicis disseritur1 coelestis globus probe explicatur4 ,rostock1 #afbd4 ,,havet1 ,j4 ,see ,gerbert4 ,,heeren4 ,eine japanische ,erdkugel4 7,in3 ,mitteilung der ,gesellschaft fr ,erd- und ,volkerkunde ,ostasiens4 ,vol4 ,i47 ,,heis1 ,e4 ,neuer ,himmels-,atlas4 ,coeln1 #ahgb4 ,,heitze1 ,e4 ,zur ,geschichte der alten ,strassburger ,universitt4 ,strassburg1 #ahhe4 ,,hellmann1 ,c4 ber die ,kentniss der magnetischen ,deklination vor ,christopher ,columbus4 7,in3 ,meteorologische ,zeitschrift4 ,braunschweig1 #ahif47 ,,herodotus4 ,historia4 ,tr4 by ,g4 ,c4 ,mc,caulay with the title ,the ,history of ,herodotus4 ,london1 #ahij4 #b vols4 ,,herrera1 ,a4 ,,de4 ,historia ,general de los hechos de los castellanos en las ,islas i tierra firme del ,mar oceano4 ,madrid1 #afja4 ,new edition ed4 by ,a4 ,g4 ,barcia4 ,madrid1 #agcj4 ,,herrera1 ,a4 ,,de4 ,see ,stevens1 ,j4 ,,hevelius1 ,j4 ,prodromius astronomiae sen novae tabulae ,solares4 ,selenographiae sive ,lunae descriptio4 ,danzig1 #afdg4 ,,heyer1 ,a4 ,drei ,mercator ,karten in der ,breslauer ,stadtbibliothek4 7,in3 ,zeitschrift fr ,wissenschaftliche ,geographie4 ,weimar1 #ahij47 ,drei ,karten von ,gerhard ,mercator4 ,europa-,britische ,inseln-,weltkarte4 ,facsimile-,lichtdruck nach ,originalen der ,stadtbibliothek zu ,breslau4 ,berlin1 #ahia4 ,,heynfogel1 ,c4 ,sphaera materialis geteuscht durch ,conrad ,heynfogel von ,nuremberg1 eyn anfangk oder fundament deryhenen die da lust haben zu der ,kunst der ,astronomie4 ,kln1 #aeai4 ,,hire1 ,p4 ,,de ,,la4 ,see ,de la ,hire1 ,p4 ,,histoire ,,de ,l',,acad,,mie ,,de ,,paris4 ,paris1 #afii4 ,,hock4 ,gerbert oder ,papst ,sylvester ,,ii und sein ,jahrhundert4 ,wien1 #ahcg4 ,,hocker1 ,j4 ,l4 ,einleitung zur ,erkentnis und ,gebrauch der ,erd- und ,himmelskugeln4 ,nrnberg1 #agcd4 ,,hoefler1 ,a4 ,netze1 ,oberflche und ,kubikinhalt des ,zylinderstutzes und der ,kugel4 7,in3 ,zeitschrift fr mathemat4 und naturwissenschafts ,unterricht4 #ah ,jahrgang47 ,,homer4 ,iliad4 ,various editions4 ,odyssey4 ,various editions4 ,,hondius1 ,j4 ,tractatus de globis coelesti et terrestri eorumque usu4 ,amsterdam1 #afag4 ,tractaet afte ,handelinge van gebruijck der ,himelscher ende ,aertscher ,globe4 ,amsterdam1 #afab4 ,,honter1 ,j4 ,rudimentorum cosmographicorum ,joan ,honteri coronensis1 libri ,,iii cum tabellis geographicis elegantissimis4 ,tiguri1 #aedi4 ,,hood1 ,d4 ,the use of both the globes1 celestial and terrestrial1 most plainly delivered in form of a dialogue4 ,london1 #aeib4 ,,hortensius1 ,m4 ,onderwiis van de hemelsche end aerdsche ,globen4 ,amsterdam1 #afbj4 ,,hues1 ,r4 ,a learned treatise of ,globes both coelestiall and terrestriall1 with their several uses4 ,written first in ,latin by ,mr4 ,robert ,hues1 afterward illustrated with notes by ,io4 ,isa4 ,pontanus4 ,and now lastly made ,english by ,j4 ,chilmead4 ,london1 #afci4 ,tractatus de globis coelesti et terrestri eorumque usu4 ,amstelodame1 #afag4 ,tractatus de ,globis et eorum ,usu4 ,a treatise descriptive of the ,globes constructed by ,emery ,molyneux1 and published in #aeib4 ,ed4 by ,c4 ,r4 ,markham4 7,in3 ,hakluyt ,society ,publications4 ,london1 #ahhi47 ,,hultsch1 ,f4 ,archimedes4 7,in3 ,real-enzyklopaedie der ,klassischen alterthums ,wissenschaft von ,paulys ,wissowa4 ,stuttgart1 #ahid--47 ber den ,himmelsgloben des ,archimedes4 7,in3 ,zeitschrift fr ,mathematik und ,physik4 ,bd4 #bb4 ,leipzig47 ,,humboldt1 ,a4 ,examen ,critique4 ,paris1 #ahcf-ahci4 #e vols4 ,kritische ,untersuchungen4 ,berlin1 #aheb4 ,,humius1 ,j4 ,sphres de ,copernic et de ,ptolome avec l'usage et construction des tables spheriques de ,regiomontanus4 ,paris1 #afcg4 ,,iconografia di uomini sommi nelle science e arti italiane4 ,napoli1 #ahed4 ,,ideler1 ,l4 ,untersuchungen ber den ,ursprung und die ,bedeutung den ,sternnamen4 ,berlin1 #ahji4 ,historische ,untersuchung ber die astronomischen ,beobachtungen der ,alten4 ,berlin1 #ahjf4 ,,international ,,congress ,,of ,,americanists4 ,london1 #ahie4 ,,irving1 ,w4 ,the life of ,christopher ,columbus4 ,new ,york1 #ahib4 #c vols4 ,,isaac ,,ben ,,lateph4 ,liber de figura mundi4 n4 p41 #abhj4 ,,ms4 ,,isaiah4 ,the ,book of the ,prophet ,isaiah4 ,,isidorus4 ,etymologiae4 ,ed4 ,w4 ,m4 ,lindsay4 ,oxford1 #aiaa4 7,in3 ,patrologiae4 ,migne1 ,j4 ,p4 ,vols4 #ha-id4 ,paris1 #ahfb-ahgh47 ,de natura rerum4 ,ed4 ,becker1 ,g4 ,berolini1 #aheg4 ,,israel1 ,a4 ,b4 ,a new treatise on the use of the globes4 ,saint ,louis1 #ahge4 ,,jahrbuch ,f,r ,m,,nchner ,,geschichte4 ,mnchen1 #ahhg-ahid4 ,,jahresbericht ,,der ,,geographischen ,,gesellschaft ,,zu ,m,,nchen4 ,mnchen1 #ahfi-aijd4 ,,jahresbericht ,,des ,,vereins ,f,r ,,erdkunde ,,zu ,,dresden4 ,dresden1 #ahfe-ahia4 ,,jameson1 ,j4 ,f4 ,willem ,usselinx1 ,founder of the ,dutch and ,swedish ,west ,india ,companies4 ,new ,york1 #ahhg4 ,,jennings1 ,d4 ,an introduction to the use of the globe and orrery4 ,london1 #ageb4 ,,jomard1 ,e4 ,f4 ,les monuments de la gographie ou receuil d'anciennes cartes europennes et orientales1 publies en facsimile de la grandeur des originaux4 ,paris1 #ahed4 ,,jonge1 ,j4 ,k4 ,j4 ,,de4 ,opkomst van het ,nederlandesch gezag in ,oost-,indie1 #aeie-afaj4 ,gravenhaag1 #ahfb4 ,,joppi1 ,v4 ,i pittori e scultori cornici e i loro discendenti4 7,in3 ,miscellanea publicata dela ,r4 ,deputazione ,veneta sopra gli studi di storia patria4 ,venezia1 #ahha4 #e vols47 ,,jourdain4 ,mmoire sur l'observatoire de ,maragha4 ,paris1 #ahaj4 ,,journal ,,of ,,the ,,american ,,geographical ,,society4 ,new ,york4 ,see ,bulletin of the ,american ,geographical ,society4 ,,journal ,,of ,,the ,,royal ,,geographical ,,society4 ,london1 #ahcj--4 ,k,,stner1 ,a4 ,g4 ,geschichte der ,mathematik seit der ,wiederherstellung der ,wissenschaften bis an das ,ende des achtzehnten ,jahrhunderts4 ,gttingen1 #agif-ahjj4 #d vols4 ,,keith1 ,t4 ,problmes amusans d'astronomie et de sphre3 suivis de leur solutions4 ,paris1 #ahbe4 ,,kepler1 ,j4 ,astronomia ,nova4 ,prague1 #afji4 ,joannis ,kepleri ,opera ,omnia4 ,ed4 ,frisch4 ,frankfurt1 #aheh4 ,,king1 ,c4 ,w4 ,antique ,gems and ,rings4 ,,kobalt1 ,a4 ,m4 ,bairisches ,gelehrten-,lexikon4 ,landshut1 #agie4 ,,kohl1 ,j4 ,g4 ,die beiden ltesten ,general-,karten von ,amerika4 ,ausgefhrt in den ,jahren #aebg und #aebi auf befehl ,kaiser ,karl ,v4 ,im ,besitz der grossherzoglichen ,bibliothek zu ,weimar4 ,weimar1 #ahfj4 ,history of the ,discovery of ,maine4 7,in3 ,documentary ,history of the ,state of ,maine4 ,portland1 #ahfi47 ,,korth1 ,l4 ,die ,klner ,globen des ,kaspar ,vopelius4 7,in3 ,globus4 ,braunschweig1 #ahhc47 ,,kraft1 ,g4 ,w4 ,kurtze ,einleitung zur mathematischen und natrlichen ,geographie1 nebst dem ,gebrauch der ,erdkugel und ,landkarten4 ,st4 ,petersburg1 #aghc4 ,,kramm1 ,c4 ,de ,leven en ,werken der ,hollandische en ,vlaamsche ,kunstenaars4 ,amsterdam1 #aheg-ahfa4 ,,kretschmer1 ,k4 ,die ,entdeckung ,amerikas in ihrer ,bedeutung fr die ,geschichte des ,weltbildes4 ,berlin1 #ahib4 #b vols4 ,die physische ,erdkunde im christlichen ,mittelalter4 ,wien1 #ahhi4 ,der ,globus ,johannes ,schner von ,jahre #aebj4 ,berlin1 #ahih4 ,,krumbacher1 ,k4 ,geschichte der byzantinischen ,litteratur von ,justinian bis zum ,ende des ostrmischen ,reiches 7#ebg-adec74 ,mnchen1 #ahig4 ,k,,nssberg4 ,der ,astronom1 ,mathematiker1 und ,geograph ,eudoxus von ,cneidus4 ,dinkelsbhl1 #ahhh4 ,,lach4 ,anleitung zur ,kentniss der ,sternnamen4 ,leipzig1 #agif4 ,,lacroix1 ,s4 ,f4 ,introduction la connaissance de la sphre4 ,paris1 #ahcb4 ,,lactantius4 ,institutiones divinae4 ,ed4 ,cellarius1 #afih4 ,,la ,,hire1 ,p4 ,,de4 ,description et explication des ,globes qui sont placs dans les pavillons du chteau de ,marly par ordre de ,sa ,majest4 ,paris1 #agjd4 ,,lalande1 ,j4 ,j4 ,,le ,f4 ,bibliographie astronomique1 avec l'histoire de l'astronomie depuis #agha jusqu' #ahjb4 ,paris1 an ,,xi4 ,bibliographie astronomique4 ,paris1 #ahjc4 ,astronomie4 ,paris1 #agfd4 #b vols4 ,,et ,,bonne1 ,m4 ,nouveaux globes1 d'un pied de diamtre1 avec explication en une brochure4 ,paris1 #agge4 ,,lamarche1 ,m4 ,les usages de la sphre et des globes cleste et terrestre1 selon les hypothses de ,ptolme et de ,copernic1 successeur de ,fortin pour la construction des globes1 sphres1 etc4 ,paris1 #agij4 ,,lamb1 ,j4 ,see ,aratus4 ,,lapage1 ,h4 ,les globes du ,lorrain ,jean ,l',hosti4 7,in3 ,mmoires de la ,socit d'archologie ,lorraine4 ,nancy1 #ahhc47 ,,las ,,casas1 ,b4 ,,de4 ,historia de las ,indias4 ,madrid1 #ahge-ahgf4 ,,laurenberg1 ,p4 ,g4 ,astrea1 sive de genuino globi coelestis usu et officiis liber ,,iii in quibus universae apparentiae mobilis pri mi per globum demonstrantur4 ,leyden1 #afji4 ,,lelewel1 ,j4 ,gographie du moyen ge4 ,bruxelles1 #aheg4 #c vols4 ,la gographie des ,arabes4 ,paris1 #ahea4 ,,lenquick1 ,c4 ,b4 ,hevelius oder ,anekdoten und ,nachrichten von diesem berhmten ,manne4 ,danzig1 #aghj4 ,,leopoldina4 ,halle1 #ahei4 ,,leybourn1 ,w4 ,an introduction to astronomy and geography being a plain and easie treatise of the globes4 ,london1 #afge4 ,,linden1 ,h4 ,v4 ,alexander ,,vi and the demarcation of the maritime and colonial domains of ,spain and ,portugal1 #adic-adid4 7,in3 ,american ,historical ,review4 ,new ,york1 #aiaf47 ,,linschoten1 ,j4 ,h4 v4 ,itinerarium ofte schipvaert naer dost ofte ,portugaels ,indien4 ,groningen1 #afad4 ,,litta1 ,p4 ,la famiglie celebri d',italia4 ,milano1 #ahai4 ,,lobdell1 ,b4 ,s4 ,the atlas globe manual3 a guide to the study of terrestrial globes4 ,chicago1 #aijd4 ,,lockyer1 ,j4 ,n4 ,the dawn of ,astronomy4 ,new ,york1 #ahid4 ,,lowitz1 ,g4 ,m4 ,description complete ou second avertisement sur les grands globes1 clestes et terrestres1 auxquels la socit cosmographique establi ,nrnberg1 fait travailler4 ,nrnberg1 #agdi4 ,commentatis de figura et divisione segmentorum1 quibus magni globi coelestes et terrestres abducuntur4 7,in3 ,comment4 ,soc4 ,reg4 ,scient4 ,gtt4 ,ant4 ,gttingen1 #aggh47 ,homannischer ,bericht von ,verfertigung grosser ,weltkugel4 ,nrnberg1 #agdf4 ,,lud1 ,g4 ,speculum ,orbis4 ,strassburg1 #aejg4 ,,ludolf1 ,h4 ,jobi ,ludolfi 444 ad suam historiam ,aetiopicam ante hac editam commentarius4 ,francforti1 #afia4 ,,luksch1 ,m4 ,j4 ,zwei ,denkmale alter ,kartographie4 7,in3 ,mitteilung der k4 k4 ,geographischen ,gesellschaft zu ,wien4 ,wien1 #ahhf47 ,,mabillon1 ,j4 ,veterum analectorum4 ,paris1 #afgf4 ,,mccaulay1 ,g4 ,c4 ,see ,herodotus4 ,,mccrindle1 ,j4 ,m4 ,see ,cosmas ,indicopleustes4 ,,macnutt1 ,f4 ,a4 ,letters of ,cortes to ,charles ,v4 ,new ,york1 #aijh4 #b vols4 ,,macrobius4 ,commentarii in somnium ,scipionis4 ,ed4 by ,gronovius4 ,lige1 #afgj4 ,m,,dler1 ,j4 ,h4 ,v4 ,geschichte der ,himmelskunde von der ltesten bis auf die neuste ,zeit4 ,braunschweig1 #ahgc4 #b vols4 ,,magini1 ,a4 ,italia di ,gio3 ,al ,serenissimo ,ferdinando ,gonzaga duca di ,mantova e di ,monferrato1 cum privilegio4 ,bononiae1 #afbj4 ,,major1 ,r4 ,h4 ,memoir on a mappemonde by ,leonardo da ,vinci1 being the earliest map hitherto known containing the name ,america2 now in the ,royal ,collection at ,windsor4 ,london1 #ahfe4 ,the life of ,prince ,henry of ,portugal surnamed the ,navigator4 ,london1 #ahfh4 ,,marcel1 ,g4 ,reproduction de cartes de globes relatifs la dcouverte de l',amrique de ,,xvie au ,,xviiie sicle4 ,paris1 #ahic4 ,note sur une sphre terrestre faite en cuivre la fin du ,,xvie sicle4 ,rouen1 #ahia4 ,note sur une mission gographique en ,suisse par ,gabriel ,marcel4 7,in3 ,bulletin de la ,socit de ,gographie4 ,paris1 #ahii47 ,louis ,boulenger d',alby4 7,in3 ,bulletin de ,gographie1 ,historique1 et ,descriptive4 ,paris1 #ahif47 ,franois de ,mongenet1 gographe franc-comtois4 7,in3 ,bulletin de ,gographie1 ,historique1 et ,descriptive4 ,paris1 #ahhi47 ,les ,portugais dans l',africe ,australe4 7,in3 ,revue de gographie4 ,paris1 #ahij47 ,un globe manuscrit de l'cole de ,schner4 ,paris1 #ahij4 ,,marchese1 ,r4 ,memoire dei pi illustri pittori1 scultori1 ed architetti ,dominicani4 ,bologna1 #ahgi4 ,,marcou1 ,j4 ,sur l'origine du nom ,amrique4 7,in3 ,bulletin de la ,socit de ,gographie4 ,paris1 #ahbb47 ,,margry1 ,p4 ,la conqute des les ,canaries4 ,paris1 #ahif4 ,,marinelli1 ,g4 ,la geografia e di padri della chiesa4 ,roma1 #ahhc4 ,die ,erdkunde bei den ,kirchenvtern4 ,tr4 by ,l4 ,neumann4 ,leipzig1 #ahhd4 ,venezia nella storia di geografia4 ,venezia1 #ahhi4 ,,martin1 ,b4 ,an essay on the nature and the utility of ,globes4 ,london1 #ageh4 ,the description and use of the orrery of a new construction4 ,london1 #agga4 ,,maurolico1 ,f4 ,d4 ,francesco ,maurolyci abbatis ,messanensis opuscula mathematica nunc primum in lucem edita4 ,venetiis1 #aege4 ,,maury1 ,r4 ,m4 ,martin ,behaim's ,globe1 and his influence upon geographical science4 7,in3 ,journal of ,the ,american ,geographical ,society4 ,new ,york1 #ahgc47 ,,mayer1 ,e4 ,geschichte des ersten ,meridians4 ,triest1 #ahgh4 ,,mayer1 ,t4 ,bericht von den ,mondskugeln1 welche bei der cosmographischen ,gesellschaft in ,nrnberg aus neuen ,beobachtungen verfertigt werden4 ,nrnberg1 #agea4 ,abhandlung ber die ,umwalzung des ,mondes um seine ,achse und die scheinbare ,bewegung der ,mondflecke4 ,nrnberg1 #agej4 ,,mayer1 ,t4 7d4 jung47 ,vollstndige und grundliche ,anweisung zum ,verzeichnen der ,land-1 ,see- und ,himmelscharten1 und der ,netze zu ,conoglobien und ,kugeln4 ,erlangen1 #agid4 ,,mead4 ,the construction of maps and globes4 ,london1 #agag4 ,,medina1 ,p4 ,art de ,navigar4 ,valladolid1 #aede4 ,m,,moires ,,pour ,l',,histoire des sciences et des beaux arts4 ,trvoux1 #agjb4 ,m,,moires ,,de ,,la ,,soci,t ,,royal ,,de ,,nancy4 ,nancy1 #ahcf4 ,m,,moires ,,de ,l',,academie ,,de ,,st4 ,,petersburg4 ,st4 ,petersburg1 #agbe--4 ,m,,moires pour servir l'histoire des sciences et a celle de l',observatoire royal de ,paris4 ,paris1 #ahaj4 ,,merbitz1 ,j4 ,sphaera armilaris4 ,lipsiae1 #agjb4 ,,mercator1 ,g4 ,declaratio insigniorum utilitatum1 quae sunt in globi terrestri1 coelesti et annulo astronomico4 ,ed4 by ,j4 v4 ,raemdonck4 ,st4 ,nicolas1 #ahhh4 ,atlas1 sive cosmographiae meditationes de fabrica mundi et fabricati figura4 ,duisburg1 #aeie4 ,orbis imago4 ,louvain1 #aech4 ,globus terrae4 ,louvain1 #aeda4 ,globus coeli4 ,louvain1 #aeea4 ,nova et aucta orbis terrae descriptio ad usum navigatium emendate accommodata4 ,duisburg1 #aefi4 ,,merlo1 ,j4 ,j4 ,nachrichten vom ,leben und den ,werken klner ,kunstler4 ,kln1 #ahej4 ,,meteorologische ,,zeitschrift4 ,braunschweig1 #ahhd4 ,,metius1 ,a4 ,de usu utriusque globi tractatus4 ,franeker1 #afbd4 ,,meucci1 ,f4 ,la ,sfera armillare di ,tolomeo construita da ,antonio ,santucci4 ,firenze1 #ahgf4 ,il globo celeste arabico del seculo ,,xi esistente nel ,gabinetto degli ,strumenti ,antichi di ,astronomia1 di ,fisica di ,mathematica del ,r4 ,istituto di studi ,superiori illustrato de ,f4 ,meucci4 ,firenze1 #ahgh4 ,,michow1 ,h4 ,caspar ,vopell1 ein klner ,kartenzeichner des ,,xvi ,jahrhunderts4 7,in3 ,hamburgische ,festschrift zur ,erinnerung an die ,entdeckung von ,amerika4 ,hamburg1 #ahib47 ,,miller1 ,c4 ,see ,voyages of ,fox and ,james4 ,,miller1 ,k4 ,die ,weltkarte des ,beatus1 #ggf nach ,christus4 ,stuttgart1 #ahie4 ,die ,weltkarte des ,castorius1 genannt ,peutingersche ,tafel4 ,ravensburg1 #ahhg4 ,mappae ,mundi1 die ltesten ,weltkarten4 ,stuttgart1 #ahif-ahih4 ,,mitteilungen ,,der ,k4 ,k4 ,,geographischen ,,gesellschaft ,,zu ,,wien4 ,wien1 #aheg--4 ,,mitteilungen ,,der ,,naturforschenden ,,gesellschaft ,,zu ,,bern4 ,bern1 #ahdc4 ,,mitteilungen ,,der ,,geographischen ,,gesellschaft ,,zu ,,hamburg4 ,hamburg1 #ahgf--4 ,,mitteilungen ,,der ,,antiquarische ,,gesellschaft ,,in ,z,,rich4 ,zrich1 #aiae4 ,,molineaux1 ,t4 ,a concise introduction to the knowledge of the globes2 with problems1 examples and a series of occasional exercises4 ,london1 #ahdf4 ,,moleti1 ,g4 ,discorso1 nel quale con via facile e brave si dichiarono e insegnano tutti i termini e tutte le regole appartenenti alla ,geografia4 ,venezia1 #aegc4 ,,moll1 ,j4 ,c4 ,a4 ,johannes ,stffler von ,justingen1 ein ,characterbild aus dem ersten ,halbjahrhundert der ,universitt ,tbingen4 ,lindau1 #ahgg4 ,,moller1 ,g4 ,i4 ,cimbria literata4 ,hanniae1 #agdd4 ,,mollinger1 ,j4 ,b4 ,lehrbuch der wichtigsten ,kartenprojectionen mit besonderer ,berucksichtigung der sterographischen ,bonneschen und ,mercator ,projection4 ,zrich1 #ahhb4 ,,mollweide1 ,s4 ,beschreibung der kunstlichen ,erd- und ,himmelsglobus4 ,leipzig1 #ahcj4 ,,montucla1 ,j4 ,e4 ,histoire des mathematiques4 ,paris1 #agii-ahjb4 ,,morden1 ,r4 ,an introduction to astronomy1 geography1 navigation c4 made easy by the celestial and terrestrial globes4 ,london1 #agjb4 ,,more1 ,e4 ,a supplement to the treatise of the use of globes4 ,london1 #agea4 ,,moriggia1 ,r4 ,p4 ,f4 ,la nobilit di ,milano4 ,milano1 #aeie4 ,,moxon1 ,j4 ,a tutor to astronomy and geography1 or an easie and speedy way to know the use of both the globes1 coelestial and terrestrial4 ,london1 #afgj4 ,the ,english ,globe1 being a stabil and immobil one1 performing what the ordinary globes do1 and much more4 ,invented and described by the ,right ,honourable and ,earl of ,castlemaine4 ,london1 #affe4 ,m,,llenhoff4 7,in3 ,deutsche ,alterthumskunde4 ,berlin1 #ahie4 p4 #bdh47 ,the author refers to ,crates' globe as the outcome of a controversy4 ,,muller1 ,e4 ,catalogue de ,geographie1 ,cartographie1 ,voyages1 ,no4 #ic4 ,amsterdam1 #ahia4 ,,mullinger1 ,j4 ,b4 ,the ,schools of ,charles the ,great4 ,new ,york1 #aiaa4 ,,munsterus1 ,s4 ,globi compositio ,jo4 ,schoneri4 ,antuerpiae1 #aehd4 ,,murphy1 ,h4 ,c4 ,inquiry into the authenticity of ,verrazano's claims4 ,new ,york1 #aijc4 ,,murr1 ,c4 ,g4 v4 ,diplomatische ,geschichte des portuguesischen berhmten ,ritter ,martin ,behaim aus ,originalurkunden4 ,nrnberg1 #aggh4 ,,myritius1 ,j4 ,opusculum geographicum rarum4 ,ingolstadii1 #aeij4 ,,nachrichten ,,von ,,der ,,gesellschaft ,,der ,,wissenschaften ,,zu ,g,,ttingen4 #ahid4 ,,narrien1 ,j4 ,an historical account of the origin and progress of astronomy4 ,london1 #ahej4 ,,navarrete1 ,m4 ,f4 ,,de4 ,noticia biografia de ,alonso de ,santa ,cruz4 ,madrid1 #ahce4 ,collecion de los ,viages4 ,madrid1 #ahbe4 ,,neale1 ,m4 ,description of a new globe4 ,london1 #agea4 ,,nettin4 ,description d'un globe cleste dont les poles peuvent tre transpose4 ,haarlem1 #ageg4 ,,newton1 ,w4 ,the use of the globes4 ,london1 #ahed4 ,,niceron1 ,j4 ,f4 ,delisle4 7,in3 ,mmoires pour servir l'histoire des hommes illustres dans la rpublique des lettres4 ,paris1 #agbi47 ,,nicolas1 ,a4 ,biblioteca ,hispana4 ,roma1 #afgb4 ,,niebuhr1 ,c4 ,beschreibung von ,arabien4 ,kopenhagen1 #aggb4 ,,nordenski,,ld1 ,a4 ,e4 ,facsimile ,atlas4 ,stockholm1 #ahhi4 ,periplus4 ,stockholm1 #ahig4 ,om en marklig globkarta fran ,borian of sextonde seklet4 ,stockholm1 #ahhd4 7,see also translation by ,v4 ,a4 ,elfwing1 under the title1 ,a remarkable globe map of the sixteenth century1 with facsimile1 and published in ,journal of the ,american ,geographical ,society4 ,new ,york1 #ahhd47 ,,nouvelle ,,biographie4 ,paris1 #aheb-ahgj4 ,,nu,,ez1 ,p4 ,trado da ,sphera4 ,lisbon1 #aecg4 ,de arte atque ratione navigandi4 ,conimbricae1 #aegc4 ,,oberhummer1 ,e4 ,zwei handschriftliche ,karten des ,glareanus in der ,mnchener ,universitts ,bibliothek4 7,in3 ,jahresbericht der ,geographischen ,gesellschaft zu ,mnchen4 ,mnchen1 #ahib47 ,leonardo da ,vinci and the art of the renaissance in its relations to geography4 7,in3 ,royal ,geographical ,journal4 ,london1 #aiji47 ,,olcott1 ,w4 ,t4 ,starlore of all ages4 ,new ,york1 #aiaa4 ,,oldham1 ,y4 ,h4 ,the ,english ,globe by the ,right ,honourable the ,earl of ,castlemaine1 made and sold by ,f4 ,moxon4 ,,ortelius1 ,a4 ,theatrum orbis terrarum4 ,antwerp1 #aegj4 ,,ortroy1 ,f4 ,v4 ,bibliographie de l'oeuvre de ,pierre ,apian4 ,besanon1 #aijb4 ,l'oeuvre gographique de ,mercator4 ,brssel1 #ahic4 ,,palmer1 ,r4 7,count ,castlemaine74 ,the ,english ,globe1 being a stabil and immobil one performing what ordinary globes do and much more4 ,london1 #afgi4 ,,pantaleon1 ,h4 ,prosographia heorem atque illustrorum visorum4 ,basel1 #aefe4 ,,pappus4 ,collectionum mathematicae4 ,tr4 into ,german by ,c4 ,j4 ,gerhardt4 ,halle1 #ahga4 ,collectionum mathematicae4 ,ed4 by ,f4 ,commandino4 ,urbino1 #aehh4 ,,pasolini1 ,s4 ,huomini illustri di ,ravenna antica ed altri degni professori di lettere ed armi4 ,bologna1 #agjc4 ,,passeri1 ,g4 ,b4 ,atlas ,farnesianus ,marmoreus insigne vetustatis monumentum4 7,in3 ,goris ,thesarus ,gemmarum antiquarum astriferarum4 ,firenze1 #agej4 ,vol4 ,,iii47 ,,peschel1 ,o4 ,geschichte der ,erdkunde bis auf ,c4 ,ritter und ,a4 v4 ,humboldt4 ,berlin1 #ahgg4 ,,petrus1 ,n4 ,des globes clestes et terrestres4 ,amsterdam1 #aehh4 ,,peurbach1 ,g4 ,de fabrica et usu globorum coelestium4 ,,phillips1 ,p4 ,l4 ,list of ,geographical ,atlases in the ,library of ,congress1 with bibliographical notes4 ,washington1 #aiji4 #c vols4 ,descriptive list of maps of the ,spanish ,possessions in the ,united ,states1 #aejb-ahbj4 ,washington1 #aiab4 7,the ,lowery ,collection47 ,,picard1 ,m4 ,voyage d',uranibourg1 ou observations astronomiques fait en ,dannemarck4 7,in3 ,mmoires de l',acadmie ,royale des ,sciences de ,paris depuis #afff jusqu' #afii4 ,paris1 ,t4 ,,vii47 ,,piccolomini1 ,a4 ,della grandezza della terra el dell' acqua4 ,venetia1 #aeeh4 ,della sfero del mondo4 ,venetia1 #aeeb4 ,,pigafetta1 ,a4 ,magellan's ,voyage around the ,world4 ,the original text of the ,ambrosian ,,ms4 with ,english translation1 notes1 bibliography and index4 ,ed4 by ,j4 ,a4 ,robertson4 ,cleveland1 #aijf4 #c vols4 ,,pigeon1 ,j4 ,description d'une sphre mouvante d'un globe monte d'une faon particulire1 d'un nouveau planisphere pour les distances et les grosseur des plantes2 le tout selon l'hypothse de ,copernic4 ,paris1 #agad4 ,,plato4 ,phaedo4 ,,plinius1 ,c4 ,historia ,naturalis4 ,paris1 #agga-aghb4 7,also in numerous editions47 ,,plutarch4 ,de facie in orbe lunae4 ,,poggendorff1 ,j4 ,c4 ,biographisch-literarisches ,handwrterbuch4 ,leipzig1 #ahfc4 ,,polidori1 ,p4 ,de vita gestis et moribus ,marceli ,,ii1 ,pontificis ,maximi commentarius4 ,romae1 #agdd4 ,,poppe4 ,ausfrliche ,geschichte der ,anwendung aller krummen ,linien in mechanischen ,kunsten und in der ,architektur4 ,nrnberg1 #ahhb4 ,,porena1 ,f4 ,la ,geografia in ,roma e il mappamondo ,vaticano4 7,in3 ,bolletino della ,societa ,geografica ,italiana4 ,roma1 #ahhh47 ,un cartografo italiano del principio del secolo ,,xviii4 7,in3 ,bolletino della ,societa ,geografica ,italiano4 ,roma1 #ahie47 ,orbis ,picta d',agrippa4 ,roma1 #ahhc4 ,,prince1 ,c4 ,l4 ,phenomena4 ,a literal translation of the astronomy and meteorology of ,aratus4 ,lewes1 #ahie4 ,,ptolemeus1 ,c4 ,almagest 7,syntaxis74 ,ed4 by ,halma4 ,paris1 #ahac4 ,also numerous editions4 ,geographia4 7,various editions47 ,see ,eames1 ,w41 also ,stevens1 ,h4 ,n4 ,,quad1 ,m4 ,deutscher ,nation ,herlichkeit4 ,kln1 #afji4 ,europae universalis et particularis ,descriptio1 ein ,beitrag zur ,geschichte der deutschen ,kartographie4 ,frankenthal1 #ahib4 ,,querard1 ,j4 ,m4 ,l'loge de l',abb ,nollet4 7,in3 ,histoire de l',acadmie ,royale des ,sciences1 ,anne #aggj4 ,paris1 #aggc47 ,,quetelet1 ,l4 ,a4 ,j4 ,histoire des sciences mathmatiques et physiques chez les ,belges4 ,brussel1 #ahga4 ,,raemdonck1 ,j4 v4 ,de groote ,kaart van ,vlaanderen vervaardigd in #aedj door ,g4 ,mercator4 ,antwerp1 #ahhb4 ,grard de ,cramer ou ,mercator1 ,gographe ,flamand4 ,rponse la ,confrence du ,dr4 ,breusing 444 tenue ,duisbourg1 le #cj mars1 #ahfi4 ,st4 ,nicolas1 #ahgj4 ,grard ,mercator sa vie et ses oeuvres4 ,st4 ,nicolas1 #ahfi4 ,la ,gographie ancienne de la ,palestine4 ,lettre de ,grard ,mercator1 mai #bb1 #aefg4 ,st4 ,nicolas1 #ahhd4 ,les sphres terrestre et cleste de ,grard ,mercator 7#aeda-aeea74 ,st4 ,nicolas1 #ahgd4 ,orbis ,imago4 7,in3 ,annales du ,cercle ,archologique du ,pays de ,waas4 ,st4 ,nicolas1 #ahhb47 ,sur les exemplaires des grandes cartes de ,mercator2 ,orte de ,flandre de ,mercator2 ,relations entre 444 ,mercator et 444 ,plantin4 ,st4 ,nicolas1 #ahhd4 ,,ramusio1 ,g4 ,b4 ,navigationi et viaggi4 ,venezia1 #aeej4 ,,raumer1 ,f4 ,v4 ,geschichte der ,hohenstaufen und ihre ,zeit4 ,leipzig1 #ahgh4 ,,ravenstein1 ,e4 ,g4 ,the voyages of ,diego ,co and ,bartholomeu ,diaz4 7,in3 ,journal of the ,royal ,geographical ,society4 ,london1 #aijj47 ,martin ,behaim1 his ,life and his ,globe4 ,london1 #aijh4 ,,raynaud1 ,a4 ,le continent austral1 hypothses et dcouvertes4 ,paris1 #ahic4 ,,regiomontanus1 ,j4 ,epytome in almagestum ,ptolemaei4 ,venezia1 #adif4 ,,reinganum4 ,geschichte der ,erd- und ,lnderabbildungen der ,alten1 besonders der ,griechen und ,rmer4 ,jena1 #ahci4 ,,restout1 ,j4 ,galaerie franaise4 ,paris1 #agga-aggb4 #b vols4 ,,rico ,y ,,sinobas4 ,see ,alfonso ,x4 ,,rigobon4 ,biografia e studi del ,p4 ,vincenze ,coronelli4 7,in3 ,archivio ,veneto4 ,venezia4 ,vol4 ,,iii47 ,,robert ,,de ,,vaugondy1 ,d4 ,usages des globes cleste et terrestre1 fait par ordre du ,roi4 ,paris1 #agea4 ,description et usages de la sphre armillaire suivant le systme de ,copernic4 ,paris1 #agga4 ,,robertson1 ,j4 ,a4 ,see ,pigafetta4 ,,rommerick4 ,sphrologia1 oder kurtze bersicht1 wie sowohl die ,himmel- als die ,erdkugel beschaffen und zu gebrauchen4 ,lemgo1 #agde4 ,,rosenthal1 ,l4 ,catalogue ,no4 #ajj4 ,mnchen1 #ahic4 ,auktions ,katalogue der ,bibliothek ,lebris4 ,mnchen1 #ahie4 ,,royal ,,asiatic ,,society ,,publications4 ,london1 #ahbc4 ,,ruge1 ,s4 ,aus der ,sturm- und ,drangperiode der ,geographie4 7,in3 ,zeitschrift fr ,wissenschaftliche ,geographie4 ,wien1 #ahhe47 ,abhandlungen und ,vortrge zur ,geschichte der ,erdkunde4 ,dresden1 #ahhh4 ,,ruge1 ,w4 ,ein ,globus von ,gemma ,frisius4 7,in3 ,internationaler ,amerikanisten-,kongress1 vierzehnte ,tagung4 ,stuttgart1 #aijd47 ,,ruscelli1 ,g4 ,la ,geografia di ,claudio ,tolomeo ,alessandrino nuovamente tradotto di greco in italiano4 ,venezia1 #aefa4 ,espositioni et introduttioni universali sopra tutta la ,geografia di ,tolomeo4 ,venezia1 #aefa4 ,,russel1 ,j4 ,a description of the selenographia4 ,london1 #agig4 ,,sacco1 ,b4 ,de italicarum rerum varietate et elegantiae4 ,papiae1 #aefe4 ,,sacrobosco4 ,see ,chap4 ,,iv1 n4 #bc4 ,,sandersonus1 ,g4 ,tractatus de globis et eorum usu4 ,london1 #aeid4 ,,sandler1 ,c4 ,die ,reformation der ,kartographie um #agjj4 ,mnchen1 #aije4 ,die ,anianstrasse und ,marco ,polo4 7,in3 ,zeitschrift der ,gesellschaft fr ,erdkunde zu ,berlin4 ,berlin1 ,vol4 #bi47 ,johan ,baptista ,homann1 ein ,beitrag zur ,geschichte der ,kartographie4 7,in3 ,zeitschrift der ,gesellschaft fr ,erdkunde zu ,berlin4 ,berlin1 ,vol4 #ba47 ,mattheus ,seutter und seine ,landkarten4 7,in3 ,mitteilungen des ,vereins fr ,erdkunde zu ,leipzig4 ,leipzig1 #ahid47 ,,santarem1 ,v4 ,,de4 ,atlas compos de mappemondes et de cartes hydrographique et historique depuis le ,,xie jusqu' au ,,xiiie sicle4 ,,santarem1 ,v4 ,,de4 ,notice sur plusieurs monuments gographiques inedits4 7,in3 ,bulletin de la ,socit de ,gographie4 ,paris1 #ahdg47 ,,sanuto1 ,l4 ,geografia di ,livio ,sanuto distinta in ,,xii libri4 ,venezia1 #aehh4 ,,saverien1 ,m4 ,dictionaire universel de mathmatique et physique4 ,paris1 #agec4 ,description et usage de la sphre et des globes4 ,paris1 #agej4 ,,schanz1 ,m4 ,geschichte der rmischen ,litteratur bis zum ,gesetzgebungswerk des ,kaisers ,justinian4 ,mnchen1 #ahij4 ,,schedler1 ,j4 ,an illustrated manual for the use of the terrestrial and celestial globes4 ,new ,york1 #ahge4 ,,schefer1 ,c4 ,h4 ,a4 ,le discours de la navigation de ,jean et ,raoul ,parmentier4 ,paris1 #ahhd4 ,,scheibel4 ,erluterungen und ,zustze zu den vollstndigen ,unterricht vom ,gebrauch der knstlichen ,himmels- und ,erdkugel4 ,breslau1 #aghe4 ,,scheik4 ber die ,himmelsgloben des ,anaximander und des ,archimedes4 ,hanau1 #ahdc4 ,,schier4 ,globus coelestis arabicus4 7,in3 ,zeitschrift fr ,allgemeine ,erdkunde4 ,vol4 #af47 ,,schiller1 ,j4 ,coelum stallatum ,christianum1 ad majorum ,dei omnipotentis sanctaeque ejus ecclesiae gloriam1 obductis gentilium simularis eidem domino et creatori suo1 postliminio quasi restitutum sociali opera ,jo4 ,bayeri4 ,augustae1 #afbg4 ,,schmidt1 ,c4 ,histoire littraire de l',alsace la fin du ,,xve et au commencement du ,,xvie sicle4 ,paris1 #ahgi4 ,,schmidt1 ,m4 ,c4 ,p4 ,zur ,geschichte der geographischen ,literature bei ,griechen und ,rmern4 ,berlin1 #ahhg4 ,,schnitzler4 ,tractatio astronomica de globo coelesti4 ,wittenbergi1 #affa4 ,,sch,,ner1 ,j4 ,luculentissima quaeda terrae totius descriptio4 ,noribergae1 #aeae4 ,solidi ac spherici corporis sive ,globi ,astronomici ,canones ,usum expedit praxim eiusde expromtes4 ,nurenbergae1 #aeag4 ,appendicis ,joannis ,schner ,charolipolitani in ,opusculum ,globi ,astriferi nuper ab eode editu4 ,nurenbergae1 #aeah4 ,de ,nuper sub ,castiliae ac ,portugaliae ,regibus ,serenissimis repertis ,insulis ac ,regionibus1 ,joanis ,schner ,charolipolitani ,epistola ,globus ,geographicus1 seriem navigationum annotantibus4 ,timiripae 7,kirchehrenbach71 #aebc4 ,globisteliferi sive sphaerae stellarum fixaru usus1 explicationes1 quibus quicquid de primo mobili demonstrari solet1 id universum prope continentur1 ,directionum ante ipsarum quas vocant1 ratio accuratiss1 est exposita4 ,norimbergae1 #aecc4 ,joannis ,schneri ,carlostadii ,opusculum ,geographicum ex diversorum libris ac cartis summa cura diligentia collectum1 accommodatum ad recenter elaboratum ab eodem globum descriptiones terrenae4 ,ex urbi ,norica1 #cc 7#aecc74 ,opera ,mathematica ,joannis ,schneri ,carlostadii in unum volumen congesta4 ,norinbergae1 #aeea4 ,,sch,,ner1 ,j4 ,tabulae astronomicae1 quas vvlgo1 quia omni difficultate obscuritate carent ,resolutas vocant4 ,noribergae1 #aefa4 pt4 #a ,no4 #b ,globi ,stelliferi1 sive sphaerae stellarum fixarum usus1 et ,explicationes4 ,,schonvetteri1 ,j4 ,g4 ,see ,brahe1 ,t4 ,,schoot1 ,k4 ,cursus mathematicus seu absoluta omnium mathematicarum disciplinarum ,encyclopaedia4 ,wrzburg1 #affa4 ,,schreiber1 ,h4 ,l4 ,glareanus seine ,freunde und seine ,zeit4 ,freiburg1 #ahcg4 ,,schricker1 ,a4 ,z4 ,zur ,geschichte der ,universitt ,strassburg4 ,strassburg1 #ahgb4 ,,schroter4 ,anweisung zur rechtigen ,anfertigung einer ,himmels- und ,erdkugel4 7,in3 ,bodes ,astronomisches ,jahrbuch fr #aghc4 ,berlin1 #aghf47 ,,schuller1 ,r4 ,r4 ,arcerca del ,yslario ,general de ,alonso de ,santa ,cruz4 7,in3 ,proceedings of the ,,xviii ,session of the ,international ,congress of ,americanists4 ,london1 #aiac47 ,,schwilgu1 ,c4 ,description abrge de l'horologe astronomique de la cathdrale de ,strasbourg4 ,strasbourg1 #ahef4 ,,scoti1 ,j4 ,c4 ,de sphaerae seu globi coelestis fabrica praeceptio4 ,douay1 #aege4 ,,sedillot1 ,l4 ,a4 ,matriaux pour servir l'histoire compare des sciences mathmatiques chez les grecs et les orientaux4 ,paris1 #ahde4 ,histoire des ,arabes4 ,paris1 #ahed4 ,mmoire sur les instruments astronomiques des ,arabes4 ,paris1 #ahda4 ,,seidlitz1 ,w4 ,v4 ,allgemeines historisches ,portrtwerk4 ,mnchen1 #ahid4 #e vols4 ,,simoni1 ,,de4 ,see ,desimoni4 ,,smit1 ,p4 ,cosmographia of ,verdeelinge van de gehele wereld4 ,amsterdam1 #afhi4 7#b;d edition1 #agbj47 ,,solinus1 ,j4 ,collectanea4 ,ed4 by ,t4 ,mommsen4 ,berlin1 #ahie4 ,collectanea4 ,tr4 by ,a4 ,golding into ,english4 ,london1 #aehg4 ,,soulsby1 ,b4 ,h4 ,see ,fischer1 ,j4 ,,specht1 ,f4 ,a4 ,geschichte des ,unterrichtswesens in ,deutschland von den ltesten ,zeiten bis zur ,mitte des ,,xiii ,jahrhunderts4 ,stuttgart1 #ahhe4 ,,sprenger4 ,succinta praxis et usus globi coelestis et terrestris4 ,frankfurt1 #affe4 ,,stackhouse1 ,t4 ,the rationale of the globes1 or a development of the principles on which the operations of these useful instruments are founded4 ,london1 #ahje4 ,,stanley ,,of ,,alderley1 ,,lord4 ,the first voyage around the world by ,magellan4 7,in3 ,hakluyt ,society ,publications4 ,london1 #ahgd4 ,tr4 of ,pigafetta's account47 ,,steinhauser1 ,a4 ,stabius redivivus1 eine ,reliquie aus dem #aften ,jahrhundert4 7,in3 ,zeitschrift fr ,wissenschaftliche ,geographie4 ,weimar1 #ahhe47 ,,stevens1 ,h4 ,historical and ,geographical ,notes4 ,new ,haven1 #ahfi4 ,johann ,schner1 ,professor of ,mathematics in ,nrnberg4 ,a ,reproduction of his ,globe of #aebc long lost1 his ,dedicatory ,letter to ,reymer von ,streytperk and the ,de ,moluccis of ,maximilianus ,transylvanus1 with new translation and notes on the ,globe by ,henry ,stevens4 ,ed4 with an ,introduction and ,bibliography by ,c4 ,h4 ,coote4 ,london1 #ahhh4 ,,stevens1 ,h4 7,son74 ,ptolemy's ,geography1 a brief account of all the printed editions down to #agcj4 ,london1 #aijh4 ,,stevenson1 ,e4 ,l4 ,martin ,waldseemller and the early ,lusitano-,germanic ,cartography of the ,new ,world4 7,in3 ,bulletin of ,the ,american ,geographical ,society4 ,new ,york1 #aijd47 ,maps illustrating early ,discovery and ,exploration in ,america1 #aejb-aecj2 reproduced by photography from the original manuscripts4 ,twelve maps on one hundred and twenty-four sheets1 each map in the size of the original1 with explanatory text and key maps4 ,new ,brunswick1 #aijf4 ,map of the ,world by ,jodocus ,hondius1 #afaa4 ,facsimile of the unique original1 measuring #afj x #bdf cm41 in the ,library of ,his ,highness ,prince ,max von ,waldburg zu ,wolfegg-,waldsee1 with explanatory text4 ,issued jointly with ,professor ,j4 ,fischer4 ,new ,york1 #aijg4 ,marine ,world ,chart of ,nicolo de ,canerio ,januensis 7ca47 #aejb4 ,facsimile of the unique original1 measuring #aae x #bbe cm41 in the ,archives du ,service ,hydrographique de la ,marine1 with critical text4 ,new ,york1 #aijh4 ,early ,spanish ,cartography of the ,new ,world with special reference to the ,wolfenbttel-,spanish ,map and the work of ,diego ,ribero4 7,in3 ,proceedings of the ,american ,antiquarian ,society4 ,worcester1 #aiji47 ,genoese ,world ,map1 #adeg4 ,facsimile of an original parchment manuscript measuring #db x #ha cm41 in the ,biblioteca ,nazionale ,centrale of ,florence1 with critical text4 ,new ,york1 #aiab4 ,willem ,janszoon ,blaeu4 ,a sketch of his life and work1 with an especial reference to his large ,world ,map of #afje reproduced in facsimile of the unique original measuring #acd x #bdd cm41 in the ,library of ,the ,hispanic ,society of ,america4 ,new ,york1 #aiad4 ,facsimiles of ,portolan ,charts1 including sixteen charts with explanatory text4 ,new ,york1 #aiaf4 ,portolan ,charts1 their origin and characteristics4 ,new ,york1 #aiaa4 ,,stobnicza1 ,j4 ,introductio in ,ptholomei ,cosmographiam4 ,krakow1 #aeab4 ,,stoffler1 ,j4 ,de artificiosa globi terrestris compositione4 ,marburg1 #aecg4 ,,stower1 ,c4 ,the ,printer's ,grammar4 ,london1 #ahjh4 ,,strabo4 ,geographia4 ,tr4 by ,h4 ,l4 ,jones4 ,the ,geography of ,strabo4 ,new ,york1 #aiag4 #h vols4 ,,street1 ,t4 ,astronomia ,carolina3 a new theory of celestial motions4 ,london1 #affa4 ,,stricker1 ,a4 ,z4 ,zur ,geschichte der ,universitt ,strassburg4 ,strassburg1 #ahgb4 ,,sturm1 ,j4 ,c4 ,sphaerae armillaris a ,georgio ,christoph4 ,eimmarto ex auro-chalco constitutae4 ,altdorfii1 #afie4 ,,susemihl4 ,geschichte der griechischen ,litteratur der alexandriner ,zeit4 ,leipzig1 #ahia4 ,,suter1 ,h4 ,die ,mathematiker und ,astronomen der ,araber und ihre ,werke4 ,das ,mathematischenverzeichnis im ,fihrist des ,ibn ,ali ,ja'kub an ,nadim1 zum erstenmale volstndig ins deutsch bersetzt und mit ,anmerkungen versehen4 7,in3 ,abhandlungen zur ,geschichte der ,mathematik4 ,leipzig1 #ahib47 ,,taisnier1 ,j4 ,liber de usu sphaerae materialis4 ,coloniae1 #aeei4 ,,tannery1 ,p4 ,recherches sur l'histoire de l'astronomie ancienne4 ,paris1 #ahic4 ,,tarducci1 ,f4 ,di ,giovanni e ,sebastiano ,caboto4 ,venezia1 #ahib4 ,,tessier1 ,a4 ,di ,cesare ,vercellio e de suoi dipinti e disegni in una collezione di libri dei secoli ,,xv e ,,xvi4 ,roma1 #ahgf4 ,,thatcher1 ,j4 ,b4 ,christopher ,columbus4 ,new ,york1 #aijc4 #c vols4 ,,thausing1 ,m4 ,drer1 ,geschichte seines ,leben und seiner ,kunst4 ,leipzig1 #ahgf4 ,,thevet1 ,a4 ,les vrais portraits et vies des hommes illustres4 ,paris1 #aehd4 #b vols4 ,,thiele1 ,p4 ,a4 ,leven en werken van ,willem ,jansz4 ,blaeu door ,p4 ,j4 ,baudet4 7,in3 ,de ,gids4 ,amsterdam1 #ahgb47 ,nederlandsche bibliographie van ,land- en ,volkerkunde4 ,amsterdam1 #ahhd4 ,t4 ,r4 ,a brief treatise of the use of the globe celestiall and terrestriall4 ,london1 #afdg4 ,,tiraboschi1 ,g4 ,storia della litteratura italiana4 ,roma1 #aghb-aghe4 #d vols4 ,,tozer1 ,h4 ,f4 ,a history of ancient ,geography4 ,cambridge1 #ahig4 ,,transylvanus1 ,m4 ,de ,moluccis insulis4 ,colonae1 #aebc4 ,,trithemius4 ,epistolae familiares4 ,haganoae1 #aecf4 ,,ulloa1 ,a4 ,histoire del ,s4 ,d4 ,fernando ,colombo nella quali s'ha particulare e vera relazione della vita e de' fatti dell' ,ammiraglio ,d4 ,christoforo ,colombo suo padre4 ,venice1 #aega4 ,,uzielli1 ,g4 ,l'epistolario ,colombo-,toscanelliano e di ,danti4 7,in3 ,bolletino della ,societ ,geografica ,italiana4 ,roma1 #ahhi47 ,e ,,amat ,,di ,s4 ,,filippo1 ,p4 ,studi biografici e bibliografici sulla storia della geografia in ,italia4 ,roma1 #ahhb4 #b vols4 ,,valk1 ,g4 ,praxis astronomiae utriusque ut et geographiae exercita per usum ,globi coelestis et terrestris tum et planetolabii4 ,amstelodami4 n4 d4 ,,varnhagen1 ,f4 ,a4 ,,de4 ,jo4 ,schner e ,p4 ,apianus 7,benewitz7 influencia de um e outro e de varios de seus contemporaneos na adopo do nome ,america4 ,vienne1 #ahgb4 ,,van ,,ortroy1 ,f4 ,see ,ortroy1 ,f4 v4 ,,varenius1 ,b4 ,geographia generalis4 ,amstelodami1 #afej4 ,cambridge1 #afgb4 ,,vasari1 ,g4 ,lives of the painters4 ,tr4 by ,mrs4 ,j4 ,foster4 ,london1 #ahej-ahee4 #e vols4 ,,vaugondy1 ,r4 ,,de4 ,essai sur l'histoire de la ,gographie4 ,paris1 #agge4 ,,vespucci1 ,a4 ,quatuor navigationes4 ,see ,waldseemller1 ,m4 ,cosmographiae introductio4 ,,vignaud1 ,h4 ,histoire critique de la ,grande ,entreprise de ,christophe ,colomb4 ,paris1 #aiaa4 #b vols4 ,toscanelli and ,columbus4 ,london1 #aijb4 ,,vincent ,,of ,,beauvais4 ,speculum ,maius4 ,,vincent1 ,r4 ,p4 ,histoire de l'ancienne image miraculeus de ,ntre ,dame de ,sion4 ,nancy1 #afih4 ,,violier4 ,l'usage de la sphre du globe1 et des cartes1 pour la gographie4 ,genve1 #agjd4 ,,visconte1 ,p4 ,e4 ,nota intorno un antico globo celeste scolpito in marmo porino conservato presso ,monsignore ,g4 de ,marchesi ,zacchia uditore della ,s4 ,rota romano4 ,roma1 #ahce4 ,,vivien ,,de ,,saint-,,martin4 ,histoire de la ,gographie et des dcouvertes gographiques depuis les temps les plus reculs jusqu' nos jours4 ,avec atlas4 ,paris1 #ahgc4 ,nouveau ,dictionaire de ,gographie ,universelle4 ,paris1 #ahgi-aijj4 #aj vols4 ,,vogelin1 ,j4 ,der hymelischen ,sphern4 ,vienna1 #aecj4 ,,vossius1 ,g4 ,j4 ,de universae mathesos natura et constitutione liber1 cui subiungitur coronologio mathematicorum4 ,amstelodami1 #afej4 ,,voyages ,,of ,,fox ,,and ,,james4 ,ed4 by ,c4 ,miller4 7,in3 ,hakluyt ,society ,publications4 ,london1 #ahid47 ,,wachsmuth4 ,de ,cratete ,mallota4 ,leipzig1 #ahfj4 ,,wagenaer1 ,l4 ,j4 ,spieghel der ,zeevaert van de navigatie der westersche ,zee4 ,leyden1 #aehd4 ,,wagner1 ,h4 ,lehrbuch der ,geographie4 ,leipzig1 #aijc4 ,die dritte ,weltkarte ,peter ,apians vom ,jahr #aeca und die psudo-,apianische ,weltkarte von #aeea4 7,in3 ,nachrichten von der ,k4 ,gesellschaft der ,wissenschaften zu ,gttingen4 ,gttingen1 #ahib47 ,die ,weltkarte des ,paolo ,toscanelli4 7,in3 ,nachrichten von der ,gesellschaft der ,wissenschaften zu ,gttingen4 ,gttingen1 #ahid47 ,,waldseem,,ller1 ,m4 ,cosmographiae introductio cum quibusdam geometriae ac astronomiae principiis ad eam rem necessariis4 ,insuper quatuor ,americi ,vespucci navigationes4 ,universalis ,cosmographie descriptio tam in folido qz plano eis etiam insertis que ,ptholomeo ignota a nuperis reperta sunt4 ,deodate1 #aejg4 ,the ,cosmographiae ,introductio of ,martin ,waldseemller in facsimile1 followed by the ,four ,voyages of ,amerigo ,vespucci with their ,translation into ,english4 ,ed4 by ,c4 ,g4 ,herbermann4 7,in3 ,catholic ,historical ,society ,publications4 ,new ,york1 #aijg47 ,,wallace1 ,j4 ,a new treatise on the use of the globes1 and practical astronomy4 ,new ,york1 #ahab4 ,,wauvermans1 ,h4 ,e4 ,histoire de l'cole cartographique belge et anveroise au ,,xvi sicle4 ,anvers1 #ahie4 ,,weidler1 ,j4 ,f4 ,historia astronomiae4 ,vitembergae1 #agda4 ,,weigel1 ,e4 ,pancosmus1 sive machina nova1 totius mundi superioris phaenomena velut ad vivium experimens4 ,jenae1 #afia4 ,,weigel1 ,e4 ,sphaerica euclidea methodo conscripta3 accessit globorum heraldicorum ipsiusque pancosmi descriptio et usus4 ,jenae1 #afhh4 ,descriptio novorum globorum1 coelestis et terrestris4 ,jenae1 #agab4 ,universi corporis pansophici prodromus4 ,jenae1 #afgb4 ,beschreibung der verbesserten ,himmels- und ,erdgloben4 ,jena1 #afha4 ,euclidea methodo conscripta3 accessit globorum heraldicorum ipsiusque pancosmi descriptio et usus4 ,jena1 #afhh4 ,,werner1 ,k4 ,gerbert von ,aurillac1 die ,kirche und die ,wissenschafte seiner ,zeit4 ,wien1 #ahgh4 ,,west1 ,a4 ,f4 ,alcuin and the rise of ,christian ,schools4 ,new ,york1 #ahib4 ,,white1 ,a4 ,d4 ,a ,history of the ,warfare of ,science with ,theology in ,christendom4 ,new ,york1 #ahie-ahig4 #b vols4 ,,wieder1 ,f4 ,c4 ,de ,globe van ,langren ,ao #afab4 ,amsterdam1 #aiae4 ,de ,wereldkaart van ,petrus ,plancius in het ,colegio del ,corpus ,cristi te ,valencia4 ,leiden1 #aiae4 ,,wieser1 ,f4 ,r4 v4 ,der verschollen ,globus des ,johannes ,schner von #aebc4 7,in3 ,sitzungsbericht der kaiserliche ,akademie der ,wissenschaften in ,wien4 ,wien1 #ahhh47 ,die ,karte des ,bartolomeo ,columbo ber die vierte ,reise des ,admirals4 ,innsbruck1 #ahic4 ,die ,karten von ,amerika in den ,islario ,general des ,alonso de ,santa ,cruz1 ,cosmografo ,mayor des ,kaisers ,karl ,v mit der spanischen ,original ,texte und einer kritischen ,einleitung4 ,innsbruck1 #aijh4 ,magalhes-,strasse und ,australkontinent auf den ,globen des ,johannes ,schner4 ,innsbruck1 #ahha4 ,,williamson1 ,h4 ,a manual of problems on the globe4 ,new ,york1 #ahhf4 ,,wilson1 ,j4 ,trigonometry3 with an introduction to the use of both ,globes1 and projection of the sphere in plano4 ,edinburgh1 #agad4 ,,winship1 ,g4 ,p4 ,cabot ,bibliography4 ,london1 #aijj4 ,,winsor1 ,j4 ,narrative and ,critical ,history of ,america4 ,boston1 #ahhi4 #h vols4 ,christopher ,columbus and how he received and imparted the spirit of discovery4 ,boston and ,new ,york1 #ahib4 ,,witty1 ,j4 ,treatise of the sphere4 ,london1 #agad4 ,,wolf1 ,r4 ,notizen zur ,geschichte der ,mathematik in der ,schweiz1 ,conrad ,dasypodius4 7,in3 ,mitteilungen der naturforschenden ,gesellschaft zu ,bern4 ,bern1 #ahde47 ,geschichte der ,astronomie4 ,mnchen1 #ahgg4 ,johannes ,keppler und ,joost ,brgi4 ,zrich1 #ahgb4 ,,wolkenhauer1 ,a4 ,beitrge zur ,geschichte der ,kartographie und ,nautik des #ae bis #ag ,jahrhundert4 ,mnchen1 #aijd4 ,,wollweber4 ,globuskunde4 ,freiburg1 #ahhe4 ,,wright1 ,e4 ,the correction of certain errors in navigation4 ,london1 #aeii4 ,the description and use of the sphere4 ,london1 #afac4 ,,wright1 ,g4 ,the description and ,use of both the ,globes1 the ,armillary ,sphere1 and ,orrery exemplified in a variety of problems in ,astronomy4 ,london1 #aghc4 ,,wright1 ,t4 ,the ,use of the ,globes or the general doctrine of the ,sphere4 ,london1 #agdj4 ,,yule1 ,h4 ,the ,book of ,sir ,marco ,polo1 the ,venetian1 concerning the ,kingdoms and ,marvels of the ,east4 ,london1 #aijc4 #b vols4 ,,zach1 ,f4 v4 ,monatliche ,korrespondence4 ,gotha1 #ahjf4 ,allgemeine geographische ,ephemeriden4 ,weimar1 #ahjj-ahcj4 ,,zedler1 ,j4 ,h4 ,grosses ,universal-,lexikon aller ,wissenschaften und ,kunste4 ,leipzig-,halle1 #agde4 ,,zeitschrift ,,der ,,gesellschaft fr ,erdkunde zu ,berlin4 ,berlin1 #ahff--4 ,,zeitschrift ,f,r ,,mathematik ,,und ,,physik4 ,leipzig1 #ahef--4 ,,zeitschrift ,,des ,,vereins ,f,r ,,hessische ,,geschichte ,,und ,,landeskunde4 ,kessel1 #ahcd--4 ,,zeitschrift fr ,wissenschaftliche ,geographie4 ,weimar1 ----4 ,,ziegler1 ,a4 ,martin ,behaim1 der geistige ,entdecker ,amerikas4 ,dresden1 #ahei4 ,regiomantanus1 ein geistiger ,vorlufer des ,columbus4 ,dresden1 #ahgd4 ,,zieglerus1 ,j4 ,de sphaerae solidae constructione4 ,basilae1 #aecf4 ,,zimmermann1 ,j4 ,j4 ,coniglobium nocturnale stelligerum seu conus ,actrolabicus geminus4 ,hamburg1 #agjd4 ,,zimmermann1 ,m4 ,coniglobium4 ,le ,globe cleste transport sur deux cones4 ,hambourg1 #aggj4 ,hans ,melich und ,herzog ,albrecht ,v4 ,mnchen1 #ahhe4 ,z,,ckler1 ,o4 ,geschichte der ,beziehungen zwischen ,theologie und ,naturwissenschaft4 ,gutersloh1 #ahgg4 ,,zondervan1 ,h4 ,allgemeine ,kartenkunde4 ,leipzig1 #aija4 ,index of ,globes and ,globe ,makers ,table including alphabetical list of globe makers1 the location of individual examples1 the kind of globe indicated by asterisk 7997 whether terrestrial 7,ter471 celestial 7,cel471 armillary sphere 7,arm471 the date of the globe 7,date71 the diameter expressed in centimeters 7,diam471 and where mention has been made in the text1 a reference to volume and page 7e4g41 ,,ii1 #ahe74 ,ter4,cel4,arm4,date,diam4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,adams1 ,,dudley 7fl4 #agig71 ,,ii1 #ahe4 ,american ,antiquarian ,society1 ,worcester1 ,,ii1 #ahf 99 99 #agig #df ,american ,geographical ,society1 ,new ,york1 ,,ii1 #ahf 99 99 #agig #df ,,adams1 ,,george1 ,,sr4 7fl4 #agfj71 ,,ii1 #ahd4 ,british ,museum1 ,,ii1 #ahe 99 99 #agfi #df ,british ,museum1 ,,ii1 #ahe 99 99 #aggb #df ,,adams1 ,,george1 ,,jr4 7#agej-agie71 ,,ii1 #ahe4 ,university ,library1 ,bologna1 ,,ii1 #ahf 99 #aghb #df ,royal ,library1 ,madrid1 ,,ii1 #ahf 99 #aghb #df ,capodimonte ,observatory1 ,naples1 ,,ii1 #ahf 99 99 #aghb #df ,episcopal ,seminary1 ,padua1 ,,ii1 #ahf 99 #aghb #df ,classense ,library1 ,ravenna1 ,,ii1 #ahf 99 99 #aghb #df ,astronomical ,museum1 ,rome1 ,,ii1 #ahe 99 99 #aghb #df ,,akerman1 ,,andrea 7#agah-aggh71 ,,ii1 #agi4 ,geographical ,institute1 ,gttingen1 ,,ii1 #ahj 99 #agei #cj ,geographical ,institute1 ,gttingen1 ,,ii1 #ahj 99 #aggi #cj ,astronomical ,observatory1 ,milan1 ,,ii1 #ahj 99 #agff #ei ,,alberti1 ,,gian ,,battista 7fl4 #afge71 ,,ii1 #if4 ,atheneum1 ,brescia1 ,,ii1 #if 99 #afhh 8 ,,alsufi ,,abul ,,hassan 7ca4 #ajjj74 ,see reference in text1 ,i1 #bh 99 8 8 ,,andreae1 ,,johann 7fl4 #agbj74 ,city ,historical ,museum1 ,frankfurt1 ,,ii1 #adj 99 99 #agag #de ,royal ,museum1 ,cassel 99 #agbe #be ,hiersemann1 ,karl1 ,leipzig 7,cat4 #dhc7 99 99 #agbf #ad ,,anonymous 7not otherwise listed--arranged alphabetically according to locality74 ,royal ,museum1 ,cassel 99 99 #agbe #g ,royal ,museum1 ,cassel 99 #agbe #e ,cusani ,palace1 ,chignolo1 ,,ii1 #afc 99 #agbe #abj ,references in the ',fihrist1' ,i1 #bh 99 99 8 8 ,laurentian ,library1 ,florence1 ,i1 #aff 99 #aege #cb ,laurentian ,library1 ,florence1 ,i1 #aff 99 #aege #bc ,laurentian ,library1 ,florence1 ,i1 #aff 99 8 8 ,laurentian ,library1 ,florence1 ,i1 #aff 99 8 8 ,national ,library1 ,florence1 ,i1 #aff 99 #aege #aj ,national ,library1 ,florence1 ,i1 #aff 99 99 #aege #e ,muse ,ariana1 ,geneva 99 99 #afjj8 8 ,communal ,library1 ,imola1 ,,ii1 #afd 99 #agdd #ej ,episcopal ,seminary1 ,ivrea1 ,,ii1 #afd 99 #agdd #ej ,british ,museum1 ,london 99 #aeij #be ,record ,sixth ,international ,geographical ,congress1 ,london 99 99 99 #aehj 8 ,library ,sir ,a4 ,w4 ,franks1 ,london 99 #aefi 8 ,ambrosiana ,library1 ,milan1 ,,ii1 #ff 99 #afej 8 ,royal ,estense ,library1 ,modena1 ,,ii1 #ig 99 #afhi 8 ,royal ,estense ,library1 ,modena1 ,,ii1 #ig 99 8 8 ,royal ,bavarian ,court and ,state ,library1 ,munich1 ,i1 #agg 7numerous examples7 99 99 99 8 8 ,library ,w4 ,r4 ,hearst1 ,new ,york1 ,,ii1 #ib 99 #agjj 8 #ij ,the ,hispanic ,society of ,america1 ,new ,york1 ,,ii1 #aib 99 #ahjj #ba ,metropolitan ,museum1 ,new ,york1 ,i1 #bja 99 #aege #h ,library ,professor ,david ,e4 ,smith1 ,new ,york 7,italian7 99 #ag;c #af ,library ,professor ,david ,e4 ,smith1 ,new ,york 7,french7 99 #ag;c #h ,library ,professor ,david ,e4 ,smith1 ,new ,york 7,italian7 99 #ag;c #aa ,library ,professor ,david ,e4 ,smith1 ,new ,york 7,arabic7 99 #ag;c #ba ,library ,professor ,david ,e4 ,smith1 ,new ,york 7,arabic7 99 #ag;c #ae ,library ,professor ,david ,e4 ,smith1 ,new ,york 7,german7 99 #ah;c #i ,library ,professor ,david ,e4 ,smith1 ,new ,york 7,french7 99 #ah;c #f ,library ,professor ,david ,e4 ,smith1 ,new ,york 7,hindu7 99 #ah;c #aj ,library ,professor ,david ,e4 ,smith1 ,new ,york 7,italian7 99 #ah;c #i ,library ,professor ,david ,e4 ,smith1 ,new ,york 7,japanese7 99 #ah;c #bb ,german ,national ,museum1 ,nrnberg 99 #af;c #ad ,german ,national ,museum1 ,nrnberg 99 #afhf #aa ,german ,national ,museum1 ,nrnberg 99 #ag;c #db ,national ,library1 ,paris1 ,i1 #ajf 99 #aege #ab ,national ,library1 ,paris1 ,i1 #ajg 99 #aege #ba ,astronomical ,observatory1 ,peking1 ,,ii1 #abi 99 #ajgd 8 ,victor ,emanuel ,library1 ,rome1 ,,ii1 #afe 99 99 #aege #gj ,communal ,library1 ,siena1 ,,ii1 #afd 99 99 #agdd #de ,collection ,john ,wanamaker1 ,new ,york 99 #ag;c #aej ,collection ,john ,wanamaker1 ,new ,york 99 #ag;c #cj ,communal ,library1 ,savignano1 ,,ii1 #afd 99 #agdd #ej ,communal ,library1 ,siena1 ,,ii1 #afc 99 #agcj #abj ,communal ,library1 ,siena1 ,,ii1 #abj 99 #afij #ff ,library ,professor ,tono1 ,venice1 ,,ii1 #agi 99 #agef 8 ,library ,admiral ,acton1 ,i1 #gi 99 8 8 ,,apianus 7,,benewitz71 ,,peter 7#adie-aeeb71 ,i1 #agf4 ,see reference in text1 ,i1 #agf 99 99 8 8 ,,apianus 7,,benewitz71 ,,philip 7fl4 #aege71 ,,ii1 #agh4 ,royal ,bavarian ,library1 ,munich1 ,,ii1 #agh4 99 99 #aegf #aah ,,archimedes 7#bhg-bab ,b4 ,c474 ,see reference in text1 ,i1 #ae 99 8 8 ,,atlante ,,farnese 7#bej ,b4 ,c4 ca474 ,national ,museum1 ,naples1 ,i1 #ae 99 8 8 ,,bailly1 ,,robertus 7fl4 #aebe71 ,i1 #aje4 ,library ,j4 ,p4 ,morgan1 ,new ,york1 ,i1 #ajf 99 #aecj #ad ,national ,library1 ,paris1 ,i1 #aje 99 #aecj #ad ,b4 ,f4 ,math4 ,phys4 ,salon1 ,dresden1 ,i1 #bae 99 #afjj #ab ,,barrocci1 ,,giovanni ,,maria 7fl4 #aefj71 ,i1 #afe4 ,lancisiana ,library1 ,rome1 ,i1 #afe 99 #aegj #cf ,,basso 7,,pilizzoni ,,or ,,pelliccioni71 ,,francesco 7fl4 #aefj74 ,national ,library1 ,turin1 ,i1 #afc 99 #aegj #ag ,,battista1 ,,giovanni1 ,,da ,,cassine 7fl4 #aefj74 ,see reference in text1 ,,ii1 #aba 99 99 #agjj8 8 ,,behaim1 ,,martin 7#adei-aejf71 ,i1 #dg4 ,german ,national ,museum1 ,nrnberg1 ,i1 #dh 99 #adib #ej ,,belga1 ,,guilielmus ,,nicolo 7fl4 #afjj74 ,bodel ,nyenhuis1 ,leyden 7gores7 99 #afjc 8 ,,benci1 ,,carlo 7fl4 #affj71 ,,ii1 #gi4 ,palace ,prince ,massimo1 ,rome1 ,,ii1 #hj 99 99 #afga #abj ,,bembo1 ,,pietro 7#adgj-aedg74 ,see reference in text1 ,i1 #abj 99 #aedg 8 ,,beyer1 ,,johann 7fl4 #agbj74 ,royal ,museum1 ,cassel 99 99 #agah #cj ,,bion1 ,,nicolas 7#afej-agcc71 ,,ii4 #aeb4 ,malvezzi ,library1 ,bologna1 ,,ii1 ,i#ec 99 #agaj 8 ,technical ,institute1 ,florence1 ,,ii1 ,i#ec 99 #agab 8 ,astronomical ,museum1 ,rome1 ,,ii1 #aed 99 #agab 8 ,,blaeu1 ,,willem ,,jansz4 7#aega-afch71 ,,ii1 #ah-dd4 ,muller1 ,frederick1 ,amsterdam1 ,,ii1 #bg 99 #aeii #cd ,muller1 ,frederick1 ,amsterdam1 ,,ii1 #bg 99 #afjc #cd ,communal ,library1 ,fano1 ,,ii1 #bg 99 #aeii #cd ,communal ,library1 ,fano1 ,,ii1 #bg 99 #afjc #cd ,library ,dr4 ,baumgrtner1 ,gttingen1 ,,ii1 #bf 99 #aeii #cd ,library ,dr4 ,baumgrtner1 ,gttingen1 ,,ii1 #bf 99 #afjc #cd ,university ,library1 ,gttingen1 ,,ii1 #bf 99 #aeii #cd ,library ,adam ,kstner1 ,gttingen1 ,,ii1 #bg 99 #aeii #cd ,library ,adam ,kstner1 ,gttingen1 ,,ii1 #bg 99 #afjc #cd ,university ,library1 ,leiden1 ,,ii1 #bg 99 #aeii #cd ,university ,library1 ,leiden1 ,,ii1 #bg 99 #afjc #cd ,german ,national ,museum1 ,nrnberg1 ,,ii1 #bg 99 #aeii #cd ,german ,national ,museum1 ,nrnberg1 ,,ii1 #bg 99 #aeii #cd ,german ,national ,museum1 ,nrnberg1 ,,ii1 #bg 99 #afjc #cd ,german ,national ,museum1 ,nrnberg1 ,,ii1 #bg 99 #afjc #cd ,angelica ,library1 ,rome1 ,,ii1 #bg 99 #aeii #cd ,angelica ,library1 ,rome1 ,,ii1 #bg 99 #aeii #cd ,angelica ,library1 ,rome1 ,,ii1 #bg 99 #afjc #cd ,angelica ,library1 ,rome1 ,,ii1 #bg 99 #afjc #cd ,royal ,museum1 ,cassel1 ,,ii1 #cj 99 #afjb #bd ,city ,library1 ,nrnberg1 ,,ii1 #cj 99 99 #afjb #bd ,german ,national ,museum1 ,nrnberg1 ,,ii1 #cj 99 99 #afjb #bd ,german ,national ,museum1 ,nrnberg1 ,,ii1 #cj 99 #afjb #bd ,concordia ,academy1 ,rovigo1 ,,ii1 #cj 99 99 #afjb #bd ,city ,library1 ,rdlingen1 ,,ii1 #cj 99 #afjb #bd ,british ,museum1 ,london1 ,,ii1 #ca 99 99 #afjf #ac ,the ,hispanic ,society of ,america1 ,new ,york1 ,,ii1 #cj 99 #afjf #ac ,the ,hispanic ,society of ,america1 ,new ,york1 ,,ii1 #cj 99 99 #afaf #aj ,muller1 ,frederick1 ,amsterdam 99 99 #afaf #aj ,public ,library1 ,aquila1 ,,ii1 #dd 99 #afbb #fg ,astronomical ,observatory1 ,bologna1 ,,ii1 #dc 99 99 #afbb #fg ,royal ,museum1 ,cassel1 ,,ii1 #dd 99 #afbb #fg ,episcopal ,library1 ,chioggia1 ,,ii1 #dd 99 99 #afbb #fg ,communal ,library1 ,como1 ,,ii1 #dd 99 #afbb #fg ,astronomical ,observatory1 ,florence1 ,,ii1 #da 99 99 #afbb #fg ,technical ,institute1 ,florence1 ,,ii1 #dd 99 #afbb #fg ,museum of ,ancient ,instruments1 ,florence1 ,,ii1 #dd 99 99 #afbb #fg ,mission ,brothers1 ,genoa1 ,,ii1 #dd 99 #afbb #fg ,governmental ,library1 ,lucca1 ,,ii1 #dd 99 99 #afbb #fg ,royal ,estense ,library1 ,modena1 ,,ii1 #dc 99 99 #afbb #fg ,national ,library1 ,naples1 ,,ii1 #dd 99 99 #afbb #fg ,the ,hispanic ,society of ,america1 ,new ,york1 ,,ii1 #dd 99 #afbb #fg ,city ,library1 ,nrnberg1 ,,ii1 #dc 99 #afbb #fg ,german ,national ,museum1 ,nrnberg1 ,,ii1 #dd 99 #afbb #fg ,library ,reichsgraf ,hans v4 ,oppersdorf1 ,oberglogau1 ,,ii1 #dc 99 #afbb #fg ,communal ,library1 ,palermo1 ,,ii1 #db 99 99 #afbb #fg ,gambalunga ,library1 ,rimini1 ,,ii1 #db 99 99 #afbb #fg ,barbarini ,library1 ,rome1 ,,ii1 #db 99 99 #afbb #fg ,chigi ,library1 ,rome1 ,,ii1 #dd 99 99 #afbb #fg ,scuole ,pie1 ,savona1 ,,ii1 #dd 99 99 #afbb #fg ,marco ,foscarini ,liceum1 ,venice1 ,,ii1 #dd 99 99 #afbb #fg ,city ,museum1 ,venice1 ,,ii1 #dd 99 #afbb #fg ,quirini ,pinacoteca1 ,venice1 ,,ii1 #dd 7#b copies7 99 99 #afbb #fg ,library ,count ,francesco ,franco1 ,vicenza1 ,,ii1 #dd 99 99 #afbb #fg ,math4 ,phys4 ,salon1 ,dresden1 ,,ii1 #dd 99 99 #afdj #gf ,british ,museum1 ,london1 ,,ii1 #dd 99 #afdj #bd ,british ,museum1 ,london1 ,,ii1 #dd 7gores7 99 #afdj #fj ,geographical ,institute1 ,utrecht 99 #afdj #fg ,royal ,library1 ,madrid 99 99 #afdj #fg ,,bode1 ,,johann ,,elert 7#agdg-ahbf74 ,german ,national ,museum1 ,nrnberg 99 #agij #cb ,,bonne1 ,,rigobert 7#agbg-agie71 ,,ii1 #aha4 ,see reference in text1 ,,ii1 #aha 99 #agga #ca ,astronomical ,observatory1 ,palermo1 ,,ii1 #aha 99 99 #aggi #ca ,library ,mrs4 ,c4 ,l4 ,f4 ,robinson1 ,hartford 99 #aggi #ca ,geographical ,institute1 ,gttingen1 ,,ii1 #ahb 99 99 #aggi #ca ,,bonifacius1 ,,natoli 7#aeej-afbj74 ,see ,gnther 7,e4 u4 ,h4 ,gl41 p4 #fh7 99 #aeeb8 8 ,,borsari1 ,,bonifacius 7fl4 #agfj74 ,city ,museum1 ,modena 99 #agfd #ah ,,boulengier1 ,,louis 7fl4 #aeae74 ,public ,library1 ,new ,york1 ,i1 #gi 99 #aeah8 #aa ,,boncompagni1 ,,hieronymo ,,de4 ,see reference in text1 ,i1 #afe 99 #aegj #bi ,,brahe1 ,,tycho 7#aedf-afja71 ,i1 #ahc4 ,see references in text1 ,i1 #ahe 99 99 #aehd #aej ,b,,chlin ,,globe 7,waldseemller874 ,see reference in text1 ,i1 #ga 99 #aeji 8 ,b,,hler1 ,,james ,a4 7fl4 #agij74 ,hiersemann1 ,karl1 ,leipzig 7,cat4 #dhc7 99 #agie #aj ,b,,nau1 ,,henry4 ,see reference in text1 ,i1 #fg 99 #aejg8 8 ,b,,rgi1 ,,jost 7#aeeb-afcc74 ,royal ,museum1 ,cassel1 ,i1 #aif 7numerous examples7 99 99 #aehe 8 ,royal ,museum1 ,cassel1 ,i1 #aif 99 #aehb #gb ,royal ,museum1 ,cassel1 ,i1 #aif 99 #aeib #gb ,royal ,museum1 ,cassel1 ,i1 #aif 99 #aeib #gb ,busch1 ,andreas 7fl4 #afej74 ,see also ,,olearius1 ,,adam1 and ,,gottorp1 ,,ii1 #gc4 ,national ,museum1 ,copenhagen1 ,,ii1 #gd 99 #afeg #abj ,tsarskoe ,selo ,castle1 ,,ii1 #gd 99 99 99 #affd #dda ,,cabot1 ,,john 7fl4 #adie74 ,see reference in text1 ,i1 #ec 99 #adig8 8 ,,caissar ,,ben ,,abul ,,alcasem 7fl4 #abbe74 ,national ,museum1 ,naples1 ,i1 #bi 99 #abbe #bb ,,campano1 ,,giovanni ,,da ,,novara 7fl4 #acjj74 ,see reference in text1 ,i1 #db 99 #acjc8 8 ,,caraffa1 ,,giovanni 7fl4 #aefa74 ,see reference in text1 ,i1 #aeb 99 #aege #fh ,,cartaro1 ,,mario 7fl4 #aege71 ,i1 #afg4 ,museum of ,ancient ,instruments1 ,florence1 ,i1 #afh 99 #aegg #af ,library ,mr4 ,reed1 ,new ,york1 ,i1 #afh 99 #aegg #af ,astronomical ,museum1 ,rome1 ,i1 #afh 99 99 #aegg #af ,astronomical ,museum1 ,rome1 ,i1 #afh 99 #aegg #af ,,cartilia1 ,,carmelo 7fl4 #agbj74 ,astronomical ,museum1 ,rome1 ,,ii1 #aed 99 #agbj #bf ,,cary1 ,,william 7#agei-ahbe71 ,,ii1 #aid4 ,western ,reserve ,historical ,society1 ,cleveland 99 #agii #ed ,library ,lorenzo ,novella1 ,loano 99 99 #agii #ed ,british ,museum1 ,london 99 #agii #ed ,library ,vittorio ,bianchini1 ,macerata1 ,,ii1 #aid 99 99 #agii #ed ,library ,vittorio ,bianchini1 ,macerata1 ,,ii1 #aid 7#b copies7 99 #agii #ed ,astronomical ,museum1 ,rome1 ,,ii1 #aid 99 99 #agii #ed ,library ,count ,vespignani1 ,rome 99 99 #agii #ed ,,cassini1 ,,giovanni ,,maria 7fl4 #agij71 ,,ii1 #aib4 ,communal ,school1 ,ancona 99 #agij #cd ,communal ,school1 ,ancona 99 #agib #cd ,liceum1 ,arpino 99 #agij #cd ,liceum1 ,arpino 99 #agib #cd ,maletesta ,library1 ,cesena 99 #agij #cd ,maletesta ,library1 ,cesena 99 #agib #cd ,communal ,library1 ,crevalcuore 99 #agij #cd ,communal ,library1 ,crevalcuore 99 #agib #cd ,collection ,john ,wanamaker1 ,new ,york 99 99 99 #agib #cd ,cathedral ,library1 ,perugia 99 #agij #cd ,cathedral ,library1 ,perugia 99 #agib #cd ,nautical ,institute1 ,palermo 99 #agij #cd ,nautical ,institute1 ,palermo 99 #agib #cd ,episcopal ,seminary1 ,rimini 99 #agij #cd ,episcopal ,seminary1 ,rimini 99 #agib #cd ,astronomical ,museum1 ,rome 99 #agij #cd ,astronomical ,museum1 ,rome 99 #agib #cd ,episcopal ,seminary1 ,vigevano 99 #agij #cd ,episcopal ,seminary1 ,vigevano 99 #agib #cd ,,castlemaine1 ,,earl ,,of 7,,roger ,,palmer7 7#afcd-agje71 ,,ii1 #id4 ,university ,library1 ,cambridge1 ,,ii1 #id 99 99 #afgi #bi ,,caucigh1 ,r4 ,p4 ,,michael 7fl4 #agbe74 ,german ,national ,museum1 ,nrnberg 99 #agbf #ag ,,celtes1 ,,conrad 7#adei-aejh74 ,see reference in text1 ,i1 #ed 99 99 #adie8 8 ,,chignolo ,,globe4 ,library ,marquis ,cusani1 ,chignolo 99 #agca #abj ,,cocco1 ,,jacomo 7fl4 #aege74 ,see reference in text1 ,i1 #aeb 99 #aege #fh ,,columbus1 ,,christopher 7#adea-aejf74 ,see reference in text1 ,i1 #eb 99 #adhj8 8 ,see reference in text1 ,i1 #eb 99 #aeja8 8 ,,columbus1 ,,bartholomew 7#adfj-aead74 ,see reference in text1 ,i1 #ec 99 #adhj8 8 ,,coronelli1 ,p4 ,,vincenzo 7#afej-agah71 ,,ii1 #ih4 ,national ,library1 ,paris1 ,,ii1 #ajj 99 99 #afhc #dge ,episcopal ,seminary1 ,aversa1 ,,ii1 #aad 99 99 #afhh #aaj ,city ,library1 ,bergamo1 ,,ii1 #aaa 99 99 #afhh #aaj ,communal ,library1 ,bologna1 ,,ii1 #aad 99 99 #afhh #aaj ,state ,archives1 ,bologna1 ,,ii1 #aad 99 99 #afhh #aaj ,convent ,osservanza1 ,bologna1 ,,ii1 #aad 99 99 #afhh #aaj ,library ,professor ,liuzzi1 ,bologna1 ,,ii1 #aad 99 #afhh #aaj ,royal ,library1 ,brussels1 ,,ii1 #aad 99 99 #afhh #aaj ,math4 ,phys4 ,salon1 ,dresden1 ,,ii1 #aaa 99 99 #afhh #aaj ,communal ,library1 ,faenza1 ,,ii1 #aaa 99 99 #afhh #aaj ,communal ,library1 ,fano1 ,,ii1 #aaa 99 99 #afhh #aaj ,museum of ,ancient ,instruments1 ,florence1 ,,ii1 #aad 99 99 #afhh #aaj ,city ,mission1 ,genoa1 ,,ii1 #aad 99 99 #afhh #aaj ,british ,museum1 ,london1 ,,ii1 #aad 7gores7 99 #afhh #aaj ,gonzaga ,library1 ,mantua1 ,,ii1 #aaa 99 99 #afhh #aaj ,astronomical ,observatory1 ,milan1 ,,ii1 #aad 99 99 #afhh #aaj ,brancascia ,library1 ,naples1 ,,ii1 #aad 99 99 #afhh #aaj ,national ,library1 ,naples1 ,,ii1 #aad 99 99 #afhh #aaj ,university ,library1 ,naples1 ,,ii1 #aaa 99 99 #afhh #aaj ,national ,library1 ,palermo1 ,,ii1 #aad 99 99 #afhh #aaj ,antonian ,library1 ,padua1 ,,ii1 #aad 99 99 #afhh #aaj ,library ,count ,manin1 ,passeriano1 ,,ii1 #aaa 99 99 #afhh #aaj ,classense ,library1 ,ravenna1 ,,ii1 #aad 99 99 #afhh #aaj ,cathedral ,library1 ,reggio1 ,,ii1 #aad 99 #afhh #aaj ,victor ,emanuel ,library1 ,rome1 ,,ii1 #aah 99 #afhh #aaj ,lancisiana ,library1 ,rome1 ,,ii1 #aad 99 99 #afhh #aaj ,academy of ,sciences1 ,turin1 ,,ii1 #aad 99 99 #afhh #aaj ,marciana ,library1 ,venice1 ,,ii1 #aaa 99 99 #afhh #aaj ,patriarchal ,seminary1 ,venice1 ,,ii1 #aad 99 #afhh #aaj ,civic ,museum1 ,venice1 ,,ii1 #aad 7#c copies7 99 #afhh #aaj ,communal ,library1 ,vicenza1 ,,ii1 #aad 99 #afhh #aaj ,episcopal ,seminary1 ,aversa1 ,,ii1 #aad 99 #afic #aaj ,city ,museum1 ,genoa1 ,,ii1 #aad 99 #afic #aaj ,british ,museum1 ,london1 ,,ii1 #aad 99 #afic #aaj ,national ,library1 ,paris1 ,,ii1 #aad 99 99 #afic #aaj ,academy of ,sciences1 ,turin1 ,,ii1 #aad 99 #afic #aaj ,library of ,congress1 ,washington1 ,,ii1 #aab 99 #afic #aaj ,episcopal ,seminary1 ,finale1 ,,ii1 #aah 99 99 #afif #dh ,national ,library1 ,florence1 ,,ii1 #aah 99 #afif #dh ,franzoniana1 ,genoa1 ,,ii1 #aah 99 99 #afif #dh ,the ,hispanic ,society of ,america1 ,new ,york1 ,,ii1 #aae 99 #afif #dh ,german ,national ,museum1 ,nrnberg1 ,,ii1 #aah 99 99 #afif #dh ,communal ,library1 ,perugia1 ,,ii1 #aah 99 99 #afif #dh ,certosa1 ,pisa1 ,,ii1 #aah 99 #afif #dh ,certosa1 ,pisa1 ,,ii1 #aah 99 #afii #dh ,astronomical ,museum1 ,rome1 ,,ii1 #aah 99 #afif #dh ,city ,museum1 ,trieste1 ,,ii1 #aah 99 99 #afif #dh ,marucellian ,library1 ,florence1 ,,ii1 #aah 99 99 #afii #dh ,hiersemann1 ,karl1 ,leipzig 99 #afii #dh ,library ,sr4 ,remigio ,salotti1 ,modena1 ,,ii1 #aah 99 99 #afii #dh ,certosa ,library1 ,perugia1 ,,ii1 #aah 99 #afii #dh ,astronomical ,museum1 ,rome1 ,,ii1 #aah 99 #afii #dh ,library ,giovanni ,bargagli1 ,rome1 ,,ii1 #aah 99 99 #afii #dh ,victor ,emanuel ,library1 ,florence1 ,,ii1 #aah 99 99 #afii #dh ,hiersemann1 ,karl1 ,leipzig 7gores7 99 #afii #dh ,british ,museum1 ,london1 ,,ii1 #aai 7gores7 99 #afii #dh ,royal ,library1 ,madrid ,see reference in text1 ,,ii1 #aai 99 99 #agjd #cfd ,atlante ,veneto of ,coronelli1 ,,ii1 #aai 7small globes7 99 99 8 8 ,,costa1 ,,gian ,,francesco 7fl4 #agge71 ,,ii1 #agi4 ,communal ,library1 ,cagli1 ,,ii1 #agi 99 #aged #bj ,astronomical ,museum1 ,rome1 ,,ii1 #agi 99 #aged #bj ,library ,sr4 ,fronzi1 ,senigallia1 ,,ii1 #agi 99 #aged #bj ,university ,library1 ,urbino1 ,,ii1 #agi 99 #aged #bj ,,crates 7fl4 #aej ,b4,c474 ,see reference in text1 ,i1 #g 99 #b;c 8 ,,cruz1 ,,alonso ,,de ,,santa 7#aejj-aegb71 ,i1 #aba4 ,royal ,library1 ,stockholm1 ,i1 #aba 7gores7 99 #aedb #ci ,,danti1 ,,ignazio 7#aecg-aehf71 ,i1 #aeh4 ,museum of ,ancient ,instruments1 ,florence1 ,i1 #afb 99 #aefg #bjj ,see reference in text1 ,i1 #afb 99 #aefg #bjj ,,dasypodius1 ,,conrad 7#aecb-afjj71 ,i1 #agc4 ,strassburg ,cathedral ,clock1 ,strassburg1 ,i1 #age 99 99 #aegd #hb ,,de ,,bure4 ,see ,,gilt ,,globe1 ,i1 #ih4 ,,delamarche1 ,,charles ,,fran,,ois 7#agdj-ahag71 ,,ii1 #aij4 ,patriarchal ,observatory1 ,venice1 ,,ii1 #aij4 99 #aghe #dh ,mission ,brothers ,convent1 ,chieri1 ,,ii1 #aij 99 #agia #ah ,hiersemann1 ,karl1 ,leipzig 7,cat4 #dhc7 99 99 #agia #ah ,national ,library1 ,milan1 ,,ii1 #aij 99 99 #agia #ah ,charles ,albert ,liceum1 ,novara1 ,,ii1 #aij 99 99 #agia #ah ,nautical ,institute1 ,palermo1 ,,ii1 #aij 99 #agia #ah ,palace ,sr4 ,scaramucci1 ,s4 ,maria a ,monte1 ,,ii1 #aia 99 #agia 8 ,physics ,museum1 ,siena1 ,,ii1 #aij 99 #agia #cj ,patriarchal ,observatory1 ,venice 99 #agia #ah ,,delisle1 ,,guillaume 7#afge-agbf71 ,,ii1 #ach4 ,museum of ,ancient ,instruments1 ,florence1 ,,ii1 #adj 99 #agjj #cb ,royal ,library1 ,madrid1 ,,ii1 #ada 99 #agjj #cb ,royal ,museum1 ,cassel1 ,,ii1 #adj 99 99 #agji #af ,,de ,,mongenet1 ,,fran,,ois 7fl4 #aeej71 ,i1 #adg4 ,library ,count ,pilloni1 ,belluno1 ,i1 #aej 99 #aeeb #i ,british ,museum1 ,london 7#ab gores71 ,i1 #aej 99 99 #aeeb #i ,new ,york ,public ,library1 ,new ,york 7#ab gores71 ,i1 #adh 99 99 #aeeb #i ,german ,national ,museum1 ,nrnberg1 ,i1 #adh 99 #aeeb #i ,british ,museum1 ,london 7#ab gores71 ,i1 #aej 99 #aefj #i ,library ,prince ,trivulzio1 ,milan1 ,i1 #aej 99 #aefj #i ,national ,library1 ,paris1 ,i1 #aej 99 99 #aefj #i ,astronomical ,museum1 ,rome1 ,i1 #aej 99 99 #aefj #i ,astronomical ,museum1 ,rome1 ,i1 #aej 99 #aefj #i ,,desnos1 ,l4 ,c4 7fl4 #agej71 ,,ii1 #agh4 ,spallanzani ,liceum1 ,reggio ,emilia1 ,,ii1 #agh 99 #agej #bb ,see reference in text1 ,,ii1 #agh 99 99 #agec 8 ,library ,marquis ,costerbosa1 ,parma1 ,,ii1 #agi 99 99 #aged #bf ,spallanzani ,liceum1 ,reggio ,emelia1 ,,ii1 #agh 99 #agfj #bb ,library ,alberoni ,college1 ,piacenza1 ,,ii1 #agi 99 99 #aggb #bf ,,deur1 ,,johannes 7fl4 #agbe74 ,frederick ,muller 7,cat4 ,maps and ,atlases71 ,amsterdam 99 99 #agbj #f ,,dondi1 ,,giovanni 7fl4 #acej71 ,i1 #acf4 ,see reference in text1 ,i1 #acf 99 #ad;,c 8 ,,doppelmayr1 ,,johann ,,gabriel 7#afga-agej71 ,,ii1 #aei4 ,math4 ,phys4 ,salon1 ,dresden1 ,,ii1 #afb 99 #agbh #cb ,the ,hispanic ,society of ,america1 ,new ,york1 ,,ii1 #afj 99 #agbh #cb ,city ,library1 ,nurnberg1 ,,ii1 #afj 99 #agbh #cb ,german ,national ,musum1 ,nrnberg1 ,,ii1 #afj 99 99 #agbh #cb ,physics ,museum1 ,pavia1 ,,ii1 #afb 99 #agbh #cb ,cathedral ,library1 ,verona1 ,,ii1 #afb 99 99 #agbh #cb ,math4 ,phys4 ,salon1 ,dresden1 ,,ii1 #afb 99 #agcj #bj ,geographical ,institute1 ,gottingen1 ,,ii1 #afb 99 99 #agcj #bj ,german ,national ,museum1 ,nurnberg 7#d copies71 ,,ii1 #afb 99 99 #agcj #bj ,library of ,congress1 ,washington 99 #agcj #bj ,german ,national ,museum1 ,nurnberg1 ,,ii1 #afb 99 99 #agcf #bj ,the ,hispanic ,society of ,america1 ,new ,york1 ,,ii1 #afj 99 99 #agcf #bj ,d,,rer1 ,,albrecht 7#adga-aebh74 ,see reference in text1 ,i1 #hh 99 99 #aeae 8 ,,edrisi 7#ajii-aafd74 ,see reference in text1 ,i1 #bg 99 #ab;,c 8 ,,eimmart1 ,,george ,,christopher 7#afch-agje71 ,,ii1 #abb4 ,see reference in text1 ,,ii1 #abb 99 #afie 8 ,city ,library1 ,bergamo1 ,,ii1 #abd 99 #agje #cj ,astronomical ,museum1 ,rome1 ,,ii1 #abb 99 99 #agje #cj ,,elcano1 ,,sebastian 7fl4 #aebj74 ,see reference in text1 ,i1 #hb 99 #aebf 8 ,,eudoxus 7fl4 #cff ,b4,c474 ,see reference in text1 ,i1 #ae 99 8 8 ,,emmoser1 ,,gerhard 7fl4 #aege71 ,i1 #agi4 ,metropolitan ,museum1 ,new ,york1 ,i1 #agi 99 #aegi #ac ,,farnese1 ,,atlante4 ,national ,museum1 ,naples1 ,i1 #ae 99 #c;c ,b4,c4 #fe ,,faber1 ,,samuel 7#afeg-agaf74 ,german ,national ,museum1 ,nrnberg 99 #agje #dh ,,ferguson1 ,,james 7#agaa-aggf71 ,,ii1 #afh4 ,harvard ,university ,library1 ,cambridge1 ,,ii1 #aga 99 99 #aghb #g ,karl ,hiersemann1 ,leipzig 99 99 #aghb #g ,the ,hispanic ,society of ,america1 ,new ,york1 ,,ii1 #afi 99 99 #aghb #g ,communal ,library1 ,palermo1 ,,ii1 #aga 99 99 #aghb #g ,meteorological ,observatory1 ,syracuse1 ,,ii1 #aga 99 99 #agbh #g ,,ferreri1 ,,giovanni ,,paolo 7fl4 #afjj71 ,,ii1 #dd4 ,barbarini ,library1 ,rome1 ,,ii1 #dd 99 #afjb #bc ,barbarini ,library1 ,rome1 ,,ii1 #dd 99 #afbd #ci ,,filiberto1 ,,emanuele 7fl4 #aege71 ,i1 #afe4 ,astronomical ,museum1 ,rome1 ,i1 #afe 99 #aege #bh ,,florianus1 ,,antonius 7fl4 #aeej71 ,i1 #aej4 ,harvard ,university ,library1 ,cambridge1 ,i1 #aeb 7#cf gores7 99 #aeee #be ,library ,professor ,giovanni ,marinelli1 ,florence1 ,i1 #aea 7#cf gores7 99 #aeee #be ,new ,york ,public ,library1 ,new ,york1 ,i1 #aeb 7#cf gores7 99 #aeee #be ,british ,museum1 ,london 7#cf gores71 ,i1 #aeb 99 #aeee #be ,library ,baron ,nordenskild1 ,stockholm1 ,i1 #aeb 7#cf gores7 99 #aeee #be ,victor ,emanuel ,library1 ,rome 7#cf gores71 ,i1 #aea 99 #aeee #be ,city ,library1 ,treviso 7#cf gores71 ,i1 #aea 99 #aeee #be ,state ,archives1 ,turin 7#cf gores71 ,i1 #aea 99 #aeee #be ,marciana ,library1 ,venice 7#cf gores71 ,i1 #aea 99 #aeee #be ,library of ,congress1 ,washington 7#cf gores71 ,i1 #aeb 99 #aeee #be ,,fortin1 ,,jean 7#agej-ahca71 ,,ii1 #ahd4 ,see reference in text1 ,,ii1 #ahd 8 8 ,convent of ,mission ,brothers1 ,chieri1 ,,ii1 #ahd 99 #aghj #bb ,communal ,library1 ,corregio1 ,,ii1 #ahd 99 #aghj #bb ,the ,hispanic ,society of ,america1 ,new ,york1 ,,ii1 #ahd 99 #aghj #bb ,dorian ,liceum1 ,novi1 ,,ii1 #ahd 99 #aghj #bb ,,fracastoro1 ,,girolamo 7#afth ,cent474 ,see reference in text1 ,i1 #acf 99 99 8 8 ,,frisius1 ,,gemma 7#aejh-aefe71 ,i1 #ajb4 ,see reference in text1 ,i1 #ajb 99 #aecj 8 ,francisceum ,gymnasium1 ,zerbst1 ,i1 #ajc 99 #aecj 8 ,francisceum ,gymnasium1 ,zerbst1 ,i1 #aje 99 #aecg 8 ,,furtembach1 ,,martin 7fl4 #aebe74 ,see reference in text1 ,i1 #aaj 99 #aece 8 ,,gerbert 7,,pope ,,silvester ,,ii7 7fl4 #ajjj74 ,see reference in text1 ,i1 #ch 99 99 #ajjj 8 ,,gessner1 ,,abraham 7#aeeb-afac71 ,i1 #aii4 ,library ,s4 ,j4 ,phillips1 ,london1 ,i1 #bah 99 99 #aeie 8 ,museum des ,cordeliers1 ,basel 7#c goblets71 ,i1 #bja 99 99 #afjj8 8 ,wolfegg ,castle1 ,wolfegg1 ,i1 #aii 99 99 99 #afjj8 8 ,national ,museum1 ,zrich1 ,i1 #bjj 99 99 #afjj8 8 ,,gianelli1 ,,giovanni 7fl4 #aeej71 ,i1 #ace4 ,ambrosiana ,library1 ,milan1 ,i1 #ace 99 #aedi #ad ,,gilt ,,globe4 ,national ,library1 ,paris1 ,i1 #ih 99 #aebg #bc ,,giordani1 ,,vitale 7#afcc-agaa71 ,,ii1 #abj4 ,lancisiana ,library1 ,rome1 ,,ii1 #abj 99 #afij 8 ,,glareanus1 ,,henricus 7#adhh-aeea71 ,,ii1 #bjc4 ,see reference in text1 ,,ii1 #bjc 7globe gores7 #aebg ,,globus ,,mundi4 ,see reference in text1 ,i1 #gb 99 #aeji 8 ,,gonzaga1 ,,gurzio 7fl4 #aeej71 ,i1 #aed4 ,see reference in text1 ,i1 #aed 99 #aefa #bjc ,,goos1 ,,abraham 7fl4 #afdj71 ,,ii1 #ff4 ,library ,marquis ,borromeo1 ,milan1 ,,ii1 #fg 99 99 #afdh #dd ,,gottorp ,,globe4 ,see ,,busch1 ,,andreas1 and ,,olearius1 ,,adam4 ,,grandi1 ,p4 ,,francesco 7fl4 #agej71 ,,ii1 #agi4 ,see reference in text1 ,,ii1 #agi 99 #agee #ba ,,green ,,globe4 ,national ,library1 ,paris1 ,i1 #gf 99 #aeae #bd ,,greuter1 ,,mattheus 7#aefd-afch71 ,,ii1 #ed4 ,library ,communal ,school1 ,ancona1 ,,ii1 #ei 99 #afcb #ej ,library ,communal ,school1 ,ancona1 ,,ii1 #ei 99 #afcf #ej ,communal ,library1 ,bassano1 ,,ii1 #fj 99 #afcb #ej ,library ,count ,piloni1 ,belluno1 ,,ii1 #fj 99 #afcb #ej ,library ,count ,piloni1 ,belluno1 ,,ii1 #fj 99 #afcf #ej ,communal ,library1 ,bologna1 ,,ii1 #ei 99 #afcb #ej ,communal ,library1 ,bologna1 ,,ii1 #ei 99 #afcb #ej ,library ,general ,antonio ,gandolfi1 ,bologna1 ,,ii1 #fj 99 #afcb #ej ,library ,general ,antonio ,gandolfi1 ,bologna1 ,,ii1 #ei 99 #afcf #ej ,atheneum1 ,brescia1 ,,ii1 #fj 99 #afcb #ej ,communal ,library1 ,carmarino1 ,,ii1 #ei 99 #afcb #ej ,communal ,library1 ,carmarino1 ,,ii1 #ei 99 #afcf #ej ,episcopal ,seminary1 ,carpi1 ,,ii1 #ei 99 #afcb #ej ,physics ,museum1 ,catania1 ,,ii1 #fj 99 #afcb #ej ,communal ,library1 ,fabriano1 ,,ii1 #ei 99 #afcb #ej ,communal ,library1 ,fabriano1 ,,ii1 #ei 99 #afcf #ej ,agabiti ,museum1 ,fabriano1 ,,ii1 #ei 99 #afcb #ej ,agabiti ,museum1 ,fabriano1 ,,ii1 #ei 99 #afcf #ej ,communal ,library1 ,ferrara1 ,,ii1 #ei 99 #afcb #ej ,communal ,library1 ,ferrara1 ,,ii1 #ei 99 #afcf #ej ,library ,santa ,maria ,nuova1 ,florence1 ,,ii1 #ei 99 #afcb #ej ,library ,santa ,maria ,nuova1 ,florence1 ,,ii1 #ei 99 #afcf #ej ,joseph ,baer1 ,frankfurt1 ,,ii1 #ei 99 #afcb #ej ,joseph ,baer1 ,frankfurt1 ,,ii1 #ei 99 #afcf #ej ,library ,sr4 ,luigi ,belli1 ,genga1 ,,ii1 #fj 99 #afcb #ej ,communal ,library1 ,gubbio1 ,,ii1 #ei 99 #afcb #ej ,communal ,library1 ,gubbio1 ,,ii1 #ei 99 #afcf #ej ,governmental ,library1 ,lucca1 ,,ii1 #ei 99 #afcb #ej ,governmental ,library1 ,lucca1 ,,ii1 #ei 99 #afcf #ej ,gonzaga ,library1 ,mantua1 ,,ii1 #ei 99 #afcb #ej ,gonzaga ,library1 ,mantua1 ,,ii1 #ei 99 #afcf #ej ,private ,library1 ,matelica 99 #afcb #ej ,private ,library1 ,matelica 99 #afcf #ej ,university ,library1 ,messina1 ,,ii1 #ei 99 #afcb #ej ,university ,library1 ,messina1 ,,ii1 #ei 99 #afcf #ej ,national ,library1 ,milan1 ,,ii1 #ei 99 #afcb #ej ,national ,library1 ,milan1 ,,ii1 #ei 99 #afcf #ej ,city ,library1 ,modena1 ,,ii1 #ei 99 #afcb #ej ,city ,library1 ,modena1 ,,ii1 #ei 99 #afcf #ej ,ludwig ,rosenthal1 ,munich 99 #afcb #ej ,the ,hispanic ,society of ,america1 ,new ,york1 ,,ii1 #ee 99 #afcb #ej ,physics ,museum1 ,padua1 ,,ii1 #ei 99 #afcb #ej ,physics ,museum1 ,padua1 ,,ii1 #ei 99 #afcf #ej ,episcopal ,seminary1 ,padua1 ,,ii1 #ei 99 #afcb #ej ,episcopal ,seminary1 ,padua1 ,,ii1 #ei 7#b copies7 99 #afcf #ej ,communal ,library1 ,palermo 99 #afcb #ej ,communal ,library1 ,palermo 99 #afcf #ej ,palatin ,library1 ,parma1 ,,ii1 #ei 99 #afcb #ej ,palatin ,library1 ,parma1 ,,ii1 #ei 99 #afcf #ej ,capitulary ,library1 ,reggio1 ,,ii1 #ei 99 #afcb #ej ,capitulary ,library1 ,reggio1 ,,ii1 #ei 99 #afcf #ej ,astronomical ,museum1 ,rome1 ,,ii1 #ei 99 #afcb #ej ,astronomical ,museum1 ,rome1 ,,ii1 #ei 99 #afcf #ej ,victor ,emanuel ,library1 ,rome1 ,,ii1 #ei 99 #afcb #ej ,victor ,emanuel ,library1 ,rome1 ,,ii1 #ei 99 #afcf #ej ,mercantile ,marine ,library1 ,rotterdam 99 #afcb #ej ,communal ,library1 ,sanseverino1 ,,ii1 #ei 99 #afcb #ej ,communal ,library1 ,sanseverino1 ,,ii1 #ei 99 #afcf #ej ,library ,canon ,luigi ,belli1 ,treviso1 ,,ii1 #fj 99 #afcb #ej ,library ,canon ,luigi ,belli1 ,treviso1 ,,ii1 #fj 99 #afcf #ej ,state ,archives1 ,venice1 ,,ii1 #fj 99 #afcb #ej ,chigi ,library1 ,rome1 ,,ii1 #ei 99 #afcf #ej ,communal ,library1 ,serra ,s4 ,quirico1 ,,ii1 #fj 99 #afcf #ej ,library ,w4 ,b4 ,thompson1 ,yonkers1 ,,ii1 #fj 99 #afcf #ej ,private ,library1 ,ancona1 ,,ii1 #fa 99 99 #afch #ej ,episcopal ,seminary1 ,macerata1 ,,ii1 #fa 99 #afch #ej ,library ,count ,conestabile1 ,perugia1 ,,ii1 #fa 99 #afch #ej ,library ,cav4 ,carlotti1 ,piticchio1 ,,ii1 #fa 99 99 #afch #ej ,episcopal ,seminary1 ,toscanella1 ,,ii1 #fa 99 99 #afch #ej ,joseph ,baer1 ,frankfurt 99 99 #afie #ej ,episcopal ,library1 ,benevento1 ,,ii1 #fc 99 99 #afie #ej ,technical ,institute1 ,casale ,monserrate1 ,,ii1 #fc 99 99 #afie #ej ,communal ,library1 ,ferrara1 ,,ii1 #fc 99 #afie #ej ,technical ,institute1 ,florence1 ,,ii1 #fc 99 99 #afie #ej ,badia of ,santa ,maria1 ,gretta ,ferrata1 ,,ii1 #fc 99 #afie #ej ,communal ,library1 ,imola1 ,,ii1 #fc 99 99 #afie #ej ,episcopal ,seminary1 ,ivrea 99 #afie #ej ,the ,hispanic ,society of ,america1 ,new ,york1 ,,ii1 #fb 99 99 #afie #ej ,communal ,library1 ,osimo 99 #afie #ej ,communal ,library1 ,palestrina 99 99 #afie #ej ,communal ,library1 ,savignano1 ,,ii1 #fc 99 #afie #ej ,cathedral ,library1 ,pescia 99 99 #afie #ej ,,habrecht1 ,,isaac 7fl4 #afbe71 ,,ii1 #ej4 ,communal ,library1 ,asti1 ,,ii1 #ec 99 99 #afai #ba ,royal ,museum1 ,cassel1 ,,ii1 #ec 99 #afbe #ba ,the ,hispanic ,society of ,america1 ,new ,york1 ,,ii1 #ej 99 #afbe #ba ,german ,national ,museum1 ,nrnberg1 ,,ii1 #ec 99 #afbe #ba ,communal ,library1 ,sondrio1 ,,ii1 #ec 99 99 #afbe #ba ,,hahn1 ,p4 ,g4 7#agci-agij74 ,german ,national ,museum1 ,nrnberg 99 #aghj 8 ,,hartmann1 ,,george 7fl4 #aece71 ,i1 #aag 99 99 ,,hauer1 ,,johann 7fl4 #afbe71 ,,ii1 #ec4 ,national ,museum1 ,stockholm1 ,,ii1 #ec 99 #afbj 8 ,,hauslab ,,globes4 ,library ,prince ,liechtenstein1 ,vienna1 ,i1 #ge 7#ab gores7 99 #aeae #cg ,library ,prince ,liechtenstein1 ,vienna1 ,i1 #ge 99 #aeae #cg ,,heyden1 ,,christian 7#aebf-aegf71 ,i1 #aef4 ,math4 ,phys4 ,salon1 ,dresden1 ,i1 #aef 99 #aefj #g ,,heroldt1 ,,adam 7fl4 #afej71 ,,ii1 #fd4 ,astronomical ,museum1 ,rome1 ,,ii1 #fe4 99 #afdi #ac ,,hill1 ,,nathaniel 7fl4 #agej71 ,,ii1 #ahg4 ,british ,museum1 ,london1 ,,ii1 #ahg 99 99 #aged #g ,new ,york ,public ,library1 ,new ,york1 ,,ii1 #ahh 99 #aged #g ,national ,library1 ,paris1 ,,ii1 #ahg 99 99 #aged #g ,,hipparchus 7fl4 #afj ,b4,c474 ,see reference in text1 ,i1 #ai 99 #b;c ,b4,c4 8 ,,homann1 ,,johann ,,baptista 7#affc-agbg71 ,,ii1 #aed4 ,german ,national ,museum1 ,nrnberg 99 99 #agae8 #g ,see reference in text1 ,,ii1 #aed4 ,,honter1 ,,johann 7fl4 #aedj74 ,see reference in text1 ,,ii1 #ic 99 #aedb 8 ,,hondius1 ,,henricus 7#aehj-afdd71 ,,ii1 #ah4 ,quirinal ,library1 ,brescia1 ,,ii1 #ah 99 99 #afdj #ec ,episcopal ,seminary1 ,portogruaro1 ,,ii1 #ah 99 99 #afdj #ec ,city ,museum1 ,vicenza1 ,,ii1 #ah 99 99 #afdj #ec ,,hondius1 ,,jodocus 7#aedf-afaa71 ,,ii1 #d4 ,german ,national ,museum1 ,nrnberg1 ,,ii1 #d 99 #aeib #fj ,library ,sr4 ,giannini1 ,lucca1 ,,ii1 #h 99 99 #afjj #cd ,library ,henry ,e4 ,huntington1 ,new ,york1 ,,ii4 #d 99 99 #afjj #cd ,municipal ,museum1 ,milan1 ,,ii1 #i 99 99 #afja #ba ,episcopal ,seminary1 ,rimini1 ,,ii1 #aa 99 #afja #ba ,museum of ,ancient ,instruments1 ,florence1 ,,ii1 #ac 99 #afac #ee ,barbarini ,library1 ,rome1 ,,ii1 #ac 99 99 #afac #ee ,city ,library1 ,treviso1 ,,ii1 #ac 99 99 #afac #ee ,library ,sr4 ,lessi1 ,florence1 ,,ii1 #ad 7,rossi7 99 #afae #ba ,astronomical ,museum1 ,rome1 ,,ii1 #ad 7,rossi7 99 #afae #ba ,private ,dutch ,collection1 ,,ii1 #fh1 n4 #ab 99 #afae #ba ,german ,national ,museum1 ,nrnberg1 ,,ii1 #ae 99 #afah #cd ,the ,hispanic ,society of ,america1 ,new ,york1 ,,ii1 #ad 99 #afah #ba ,,ibrahim ,,ibn ,,said-,,as-,,sahli 7fl4 #ajge71 ,i1 #bh4 ,museum of ,ancient ,instruments1 ,florence1 ,i1 #bh 99 #ajhj #bj ,,jaillot1 ,,charles ,,hubert ,,alexius 7#afdj-agab74 ,german ,national ,museum1 ,nrnberg 99 #agjj8 #da ,,jagellonicus4 ,jagellonicus ,library1 ,cracow1 ,i1 #gd 99 99 #aeaj #g ,,japanese ,,globe4 ,library ,professor ,david ,e4 ,smith1 ,new ,york 99 #afjj8 #aj ,,jonssonius1 ,,johann 7fl4 #afbj71 ,,ii1 #ff4 ,library ,leiden ,university1 ,leiden1 ,,ii1 #ff 7gores7 99 #afba #ab ,see reference in text1 ,,ii1 #ff 99 8 8 ,,julius ,,ii1 ,,pope 7#aejc-aeac74 ,see reference in text1 ,i1 #fb 99 #aejd #ie ,vatican ,observatory1 ,rome1 ,i1 #fb 99 #aejd #ie ,,keulen1 ,,johann ,,van 7fl4 #afge71 ,,ii1 #ff4 ,marine ,school1 ,rotterdam1 ,,ii1 #ff 7,blaeu1 #aeii7 99 #afhb #cd ,,klinger1 ,,johann ,,george 7fl4 #agij74 ,history ,museum1 ,frankfurt 99 #agib #be ,hiersemann1 ,karl1 ,leipzig 7,cat4 #dhc7 99 #agij #cb ,hiersemann1 ,karl1 ,leipzig 7,cat4 #dhc7 99 #agib #cb ,,ko-,,shun-,,king 7fl4 #abej74 ,astronomical ,observatory1 ,peking1 ,,ii1 #abi4 99 #abgd #aid ,,lane1 ,n4 7fl4 #agge71 ,,ii1 #ahc4 ,british ,museum1 ,london1 ,,ii1 #ahc 99 #aggf #g ,,laon ,,globe4 ,city ,library1 ,laon1 ,i1 #ea 99 #adic #af ,,lalande1 ,,joseph ,j,r,,me ,,le ,,fran,,ais 7#agcb-ahjg71 ,,ii1 #aha4 ,astronomical ,library1 ,palermo1 ,,ii1 #ahb 99 #aggi #cb ,l',,cuy1 ,,abb4 ,national ,library1 ,paris1 ,i1 #ahh 99 #aegh #be ,,legrand1 ,p4 7fl4 #agbj74 ,college of ,dijon1 ,dijon 7see ,laland1 ,bib4 ,astr47 99 #agbj #aij ,,lenox ,,globe4 ,new ,york ,public ,library1 ,new ,york1 ,i1 #gd 99 #aeaj #ac ,,leontius ,,mechanicus 7fl4 #eej74 ,see reference in text1 ,i1 #ba 99 8 8 ,,libri1 ,,francesco ,,dai4 ,see reference in text1 ,i1 #ajj1 #acf 99 #aebi 8 ,,liechtenstein ,,globe4 ,see reference in text1 ,i1 #gg 99 #aeae #cg ,,lud4 ,,sem4 7unknown74 ,library ,sr4 ,lissi1 ,florence1 ,,ii1 #de 99 #afab #bj ,,maccari1 ,,giovanni 7fl4 #afhe71 ,,ii1 #if4 ,liceum1 ,reggio ,emelia1 ,,ii1 #if 99 #afhi #af ,,magellan ,,globe4 ,see reference in text1 ,i1 #ha 99 #aeai 8 ,,maria1 ,,pietro 7fl4 #agde71 ,,ii1 #afe4 ,episcopal ,seminary1 ,casale1 ,,ii1 #aff 99 99 #agde #fj ,municipal ,library1 ,alessandria1 ,,ii1 #aff 99 99 #agea #aje ,,martyr1 ,,peter 7#adee-aebf74 ,see reference in text 99 #aead 8 ,,maurolico1 ,,francesco 7#adid-aege74 ,see reference in text1 ,,ii1 #afg 99 #aege 8 ,,mercator1 ,,gerhard 7#aeab-aeid71 ,i1 #abd4 ,convent ,adamont1 ,adamont1 ,i1 #acc 99 #aeda #da ,royal ,library1 ,brussels1 ,i1 #abg 99 #aeda ,royal ,library1 ,brussels1 ,i1 #aca 99 #aeea #da ,governmental ,library1 ,cremona1 ,i1 #acc 99 #aeda #da ,governmental ,library1 ,cremona1 ,i1 #acc 99 #aeea #da ,german ,national ,museum1 ,nrnberg1 ,i1 #acc 99 #aeda #da ,german ,national ,museum1 ,nrnberg1 ,i1 #acc 99 #aeea #da ,astronomical ,observatory1 ,paris1 ,i1 #acc 99 #aeda #da ,astronomical ,observatory1 ,paris1 ,i1 #acc 99 #aeea #da ,library ,marquis ,gherardi1 ,prato1 ,i1 #acc 99 #aeda #da ,library ,marquis ,gherardi1 ,prato1 ,i1 #acc 99 #aeea #da ,astronomical ,museum1 ,rome1 ,i1 #acd 7#b copies7 99 #aeda #da ,astronomical ,museum1 ,rome1 ,i1 #acd 99 #aeea #da ,city ,archives1 ,st4 ,nicolas1 ,i1 #acc 99 #aeda #da ,city ,archives1 ,st4 ,nicolas1 ,i1 #acc 99 #aeea #da ,monastery ,library1 ,stams1 ,i1 #acc 99 #aeda #da ,communal ,library1 ,urbania1 ,i1 #acd 99 #aeda #da ,communal ,library1 ,urbania1 ,i1 #acd 99 #aeea #da ,imperial ,library1 ,vienna1 ,i1 #acc 99 #aeda #da ,imperial ,library1 ,vienna1 ,i1 #acc 99 #aeea #da ,grand ,ducal ,library1 ,weimar1 ,i1 #acc 99 #aeda #da ,,messier1 ,,charles 7#agcj-ahag71 ,,ii1 #ahc4 ,machiavellian ,liceum1 ,lucca1 ,,ii1 #ahd 99 #aghj #ca ,city ,library1 ,nrnberg1 ,,ii1 #ahd 99 #aghj #ca ,meteorological ,observatory1 ,parma1 ,,ii1 #ahd 99 #aghj #ca ,physics ,museum1 ,siena1 ,,ii1 #ahd 99 #aghj #ca ,monastic ,library1 ,subiaco1 ,,ii1 #ahd 99 #aghj #ca ,,miot1 ,,vincenzo 7fl4 #agjj71 ,,ii1 #adc4 ,marco ,foscarini ,liceum1 ,venice1 ,,ii1 #adc4 99 #agaj #bc ,,mohammed ,,ben ,,helal 7fl4 #abge71 ,i1 #bi4 ,royal ,asiatic ,society1 ,london1 ,i1 #bi 99 #abge 8 ,,mohammed ,,ben ,,muwajid ,,al ,,ordhi 7fl4 #abge71 ,i1 #cj4 ,math4 ,phys4 ,salon1 ,dresden1 ,i1 #cj 99 #abgi #ad ,,mohammed1 ,,diemat ,,eddin 7fl4 #aege71 ,i1 #ca4 ,national ,library1 ,paris1 ,i1 #ca 99 #aegc #ae ,,moll1 ,,herman 7fl4 #agjj74 ,the ,hispanic ,society of ,america1 ,new ,york1 ,,ii1 #agj 99 #agjc #h ,,molyneux1 ,,emery 7fl4 #aeij71 ,i1 #aij4 ,royal ,museum1 ,cassel1 ,i1 #aie 7,sanderson7 99 #aeib #ff ,middle ,temple1 ,london1 ,i1 #aij 99 99 #aeib #ff ,,monachus1 ,,franciscus 7fl4 #aebe71 ,i1 #if4 ,see reference in text1 ,i1 #if 99 #aebe 8 ,,morden1 ,,robert 7fl4 #agjj71 ,,ii1 #aef4 ,british ,museum1 ,london1 ,,ii1 #aef 99 #afhc #ce ,,moroncelli1 ,,silvester ,,amantius 7#afeb-agai71 ,,ii1 #hc4 ,marciana ,library1 ,venice1 ,,ii1 #hc 99 99 #afgb #bjj ,alessandrian ,library1 ,rome1 ,,ii1 #hd 99 #afgi #hi ,alessandrian ,library1 ,rome1 ,,ii1 #hd 99 #afhj #hi ,see reference in text1 ,,ii1 #ib 7#b or more7 99 99 #afij #bf ,etruscan ,academy1 ,cortona1 ,,ii1 #ib 99 #agaj #bg ,communal ,library1 ,fermo1 ,,ii1 #hf 99 #agac #aid ,etruscan ,academy1 ,cortona1 ,,ii1 #hh 99 #agae #hj ,etruscan ,academy1 ,cortona1 ,,ii1 #ic 99 #agae #hj ,casanatense ,library1 ,rome1 ,,ii1 #hi 99 #agaf #afj ,casanatense ,library1 ,rome1 ,,ii1 #ij 99 #agaf #aej ,m4 ,p4 ,vallicellian ,library1 ,rome 99 99 #afjj #ee ,,moxon1 ,,joseph 7#afbg-agjj71 ,,ii1 #abd4 ,see reference in text1 ,,ii1 #abf 99 99 #agjj8 8 ,royal ,museum1 ,cassel 99 99 #agjj 8 ,,muth ,,brothers 7fl4 #agbj74 ,royal ,museum1 ,cassel 99 #agba #d ,,nancy ,,globe4 ,city ,library1 ,nancy1 ,i1 #ajb 99 #aedj #af ,,newton1 ,,george 7fl4 #aghj74 ,astronomical ,observatory1 ,padua 99 99 #aghg #ch ,,nollet1 ,,jean ,,antoine 7#agjj-aggj71 ,,ii1 #aeg4 ,library ,count ,fenaroli1 ,brescia1 ,,ii1 #aei 99 #agbh #ce ,maldotti ,library1 ,guastalla1 ,,ii1 #aei 99 #agbh #ce ,maldotti ,library1 ,guastalla1 ,,ii1 #aei 99 #agcj #ce ,episcopal ,seminary1 ,mondovi1 ,,ii1 #aei 99 #agbh #ce ,episcopal ,seminary1 ,mondovi1 ,,ii1 #aei 99 #agcj #ce ,astronomical ,museum1 ,rome1 ,,ii1 #aei 99 #agcj #ce ,,nordenski,,ld ,,gores4 ,library ,baron ,nordenskild1 ,stockholm1 ,i1 #gg 99 #aeah #aj ,,olearius1 ,,adam 7#afjj-afga71 ,,ii1 #gc4 ,see ,,busch1 ,,andreas1 and ,,gottorp1 ,,ii1 #gc4 ,,otterschaden1 ,,johann 7fl4 #afge74 ,the ,hispanic ,society of ,america1 ,new ,york1 ,,ii1 #bad1 #baf 7gores71 ,,ii1 #bad 99 99 #afge #ab ,,outhier 7fl4 #agbe74 ,see reference in text1 ,,ii1 #adc 99 #agbe8 8 ,,parmentier1 ,,jean 7fl4 #aecj74 ,see reference in text1 ,i1 #ii 99 8 8 ,,plancius1 ,,peter 7#aeeb-afbb71 ,,ii1 #de4 ,stein ,museum1 ,antwerp1 ,,ii1 #ej 99 #afad #bf ,astronomical ,museum1 ,rome1 ,,ii1 #dh 99 99 #afad #bf ,francisceum ,gymnasium1 ,zerbst1 ,i1 #adj 99 #afad #bf ,see reference in text1 ,,ii1 #ej 99 99 8 8 ,,pilot ,,globe4 ,see reference in text1 ,,ii1 #ec 99 #afjf 8 ,,platus1 ,,carolus 7fl4 #aehj71 ,i1 #ahj4 ,museum of ,ancient ,instruments1 ,florence1 ,i1 #ahj 99 #aegh #bj ,barbarini ,library1 ,rome1 ,i1 #ahj 99 #aeih #ad ,,posidonius 7fl4 #bfj ,b44,c47 ,see reference in text 7,ptolemy ',almagest'7 99 8 8 ,,praetorius1 ,,johannes 7#aecg-afaf71 ,i1 #aeh4 ,see reference in text1 ,i1 #aeh 99 99 #aeff #bh ,math4 ,phys4 ,salon1 ,dresden1 ,i1 #aeh 99 #aeff #bh ,math4 ,phys4 ,salon1 ,dresden1 ,i1 #aeh 99 #aefh #bh ,german ,national ,museum1 ,nrnberg1 ,i1 #aeh 99 99 #aeff #bh ,,ptolemy1 ,,claudius 7fl4 #aej ,a4,d471 ,i1 #e4 ,see reference in text1 ,i1 #e1 #ai 99 99 99 #aej 8 ,public ,library1 ,kahira1 ,i1 #bh 99 8 8 ,,puschner1 ,,johann ,,george 7fl4 #agcj71 ,,ii1 #afj4 ,math4 ,phys4 ,salon1 ,dresden1 ,,ii1 #afb 99 #agbh #bh ,math4 ,phys4 ,salon1 ,dresden1 ,,ii1 #afb 99 #agcj #bh ,university ,library1 ,gttingen1 ,,ii1 #afb 99 99 #agcj #bh ,,quirini ,,globe4 ,see ,,green ,,globe1 ,i1 #gf4 ,,ramusio ,,globes4 ,see reference in text1 ,i1 #acg 99 99 #aedj8 8 ,,ridhwan 7fl4 #agjj74 ,imperial ,library1 ,petrograd1 ,i1 #cb 99 #agja #ai ,,rinaldi1 ,,pier ,,vincenzo ,,dante 7fl4 #aeej74 ,see reference in text1 ,i1 #aeh 99 8 8 ,,roll1 ,,george1 and ,,reinhold1 ,,johannes 7fl4 #aehe74 ,math4 ,phys4 ,salon1 ,dresden1 ,i1 #aha 99 #aehf #ce ,royal ,library1 ,vienna1 ,i1 #aha 99 #aehh 8 ,astronomical ,observatory1 ,naples1 ,i1 #ahb 99 #aehi #ba ,,rosa1 ,,vincenzo 7fl4 #agij71 ,,ii1 #aia4 ,university ,library1 ,pavia1 ,,ii1 #aib 99 #agic #ih ,foscolo ,liceum1 ,pavia 99 #agic #ih ,,rosini1 ,,pietro 7fl4 #agfj71 ,,ii1 #ahj4 ,university ,library1 ,bologna1 ,,ii1 #ahj 99 #agfb #aej ,,rosselli1 ,,francesco 7fl4 #aebf74 ,see reference in text1 ,i1 #fd 99 8 8 ,,rossi1 ,,dominico4 ,see ,,greuter1 ,,mattheus4 ,,rovere1 ,,giulio ,,feltrio ,,dalla4 ,see reference in text1 ,i1 #aeb 99 #aege #ajd ,,rouen ,,globe4 ,see ,l',,cuy1 ,,abb1 ,i1 #ahh4 ,,sanderson1 ,,william 7fl4 #aeij74 ,see ,,molyneux1 ,,emery4 ,,santa ,,cruz1 ,,alonso ,,de 7#aejj-aegb71 ,i1 #aba4 ,royal ,library1 ,stockholm1 ,i1 #abb 99 #aedb ,,santucci1 ,,antonio 7fl4 #aeij71 ,i1 #bab4 ,museum of ,ancient ,instruments1 ,florence1 ,i1 #bac 99 #aeic #bb ,,sanuto1 ,,giulio 7fl4 #aefj74 ,see reference in text1 ,i1 #aed 99 #aefa 8 ,,scarabelli1 ,,giuseppe 7fl4 #afij74 ,see reference in text1 ,,ii1 #aba 99 99 #afij #ahh ,,scaltaolia1 ,,pietro 7fl4 #aghj71 ,,ii1 #ahh4 ,see also ,,viani1 ,,mattio ,,la ,,venezia4 ,roberti ,tipografia1 ,bassano1 ,,ii1 #ahi 99 #aghd #bc ,eredit ,bottrigari1 ,bologna1 ,,ii1 #ahi 99 #aghd #bc ,communal ,library1 ,brescia 99 #aghd #bc ,episcopal ,seminary1 ,brescia1 ,,ii1 #ahi 99 #aghd #bc ,communal ,library1 ,cagli1 ,,ii1 #ahi 99 #aghd #bc ,astronomical ,museum1 ,rome1 ,,ii1 #ahi 99 #aghd #bc ,,schiepp1 ,,christoff 7fl4 #aebe71 ,i1 #ajh4 ,national ,library1 ,paris 99 #aecj #bd ,,sch,,ner1 ,,johann 7#adgg-aedg71 ,i1 #hb4 ,city ,library1 ,frankfurt1 ,i1 #hd 99 #aeae #bg ,grand ,ducal ,library1 ,weimar1 ,i1 #hd 99 #aeae #bg ,library ,wolfegg ,castle 7gores7 99 #aeag 8 ,german ,national ,museum1 ,nrnberg1 ,i1 #hf 99 #aebj #hg ,see reference in text1 ,i1 #hg 99 #aebc 8 ,grand ,ducal ,library1 ,weimar1 ,i1 #ajh 99 #aecc #bg ,see reference in text1 ,i1 #ajh 99 #aecc #bg ,,senex1 ,,john 7fl4 #agdj71 ,,ii1 #aej4 ,hiersemann1 ,karl1 ,leipzig 99 8 #dj ,british ,museum1 ,london 7#ab gores7 99 #agbj #dj ,british ,museum1 ,london1 ,,ii1 #aeb 99 #agic #dj ,royal ,library1 ,madrid1 ,,ii1 #aeb 99 #agic #dj ,national ,library1 ,paris1 ,,ii1 #aea 99 99 #agic #dj ,,settalla1 ,,manfredo 7#afjj-afhj71 ,,ii1 #fe4 ,ambrosiana ,library1 ,milan1 ,,ii1 #fe 99 #afdf #ah ,,seutter1 ,,mattheus 7#afgh-agef71 ,,ii1 #aed4 ,communal ,library1 ,macerata1 ,,ii1 #aef 99 99 #agaj #bc ,astronomical ,museum1 ,rome1 ,,ii1 #aef 99 #agaj #bc ,astronomical ,museum1 ,rome1 ,,ii1 #aef 99 99 #agaj #bc ,see reference in text1 ,,ii1 #aef 99 #agaj #bc ,university ,library1 ,urbino1 ,,ii1 #aef 99 #agaj #bc ,library ,professor ,tono1 ,venice 99 #agaj #bc ,,spano1 ,,antonio 7fl4 #aeij71 ,i1 #bja4 ,library ,j4,p4 ,morgan1 ,new ,york1 ,i1 #bja 99 #aeic #h ,,stampfer1 ,,jacob 7#aeje-aegi74 ,see illustration1 ,i1 #ajb 99 99 #aeci 8 ,,st,,ffler1 ,,johannes 7#adeb-aeca71 ,i1 #ec4 ,liceum ,library1 ,constance1 ,i1 #ec 99 #adii #dh ,german ,national ,museum1 ,nrnberg 99 #adii #dh ,,strabo 7#ed ,b4 ,c4-#bd ,a4 ,d474 ,see reference in text1 ,i1 #h 99 8 8 ,,theodorus1 ,,peter 7fl4 #aeij71 ,,ii1 #ge4 ,national ,museum1 ,copenhagen1 ,,ii1 #ge 99 #aeie #bc ,,titon ,,du ,,tillet4 ,see reference in text1 ,i1 #ahh 99 #aehg 8 ,,torricelli1 ,,joseph 7fl4 #agcj71 ,,ii1 #afe4 ,museum of ,ancient ,instruments1 ,florence1 ,,ii1 #afe 99 #agci #ae ,,toscanelli1 ,,paolo 7#acig-adhb74 ,see reference in text1 ,i1 #eb 99 #adgd 8 ,,transilvanus1 ,,maximilian 7fl4 #aebj74 ,see reference in text 99 #aebb 8 ,,treffler1 ,,christopher 7fl4 #afhj71 ,,ii1 #id4 ,see reference in text1 ,,ii1 #ie 99 99 #afhc 8 ,,ulpius1 ,,euphrosinus 7fl4 #aedj71 ,i1 #aag4 ,library ,new ,york ,historical ,society1 ,new ,york1 ,i1 #aag 99 #aedb #ci ,,valk1 ,,gerhard 7#afbf-agbj71 ,,ii1 #adc4 ,physics ,museum1 ,bologna1 ,,ii1 #aej 99 99 #agjj #df ,royal ,museum1 ,cassel1 ,,ii1 #aej 99 #agjj8 #bc ,royal ,museum1 ,cassel1 ,,ii1 #aej 99 #agjj #cj ,math4 ,phys4 ,salon1 ,dresden1 ,,ii1 #aej 99 #agjj #cj ,german ,national ,museum1 ,nrnberg1 ,,ii1 #aej 99 99 #agjj #cj ,university of ,ghent1 ,ghent1 ,,ii1 #add 99 99 #agjg #cj ,royal ,museum1 ,cassel1 ,,ii1 #aej 99 99 #agae #df ,private ,dutch ,collection1 ,amsterdam 99 #agde #fb ,the ,hispanic ,society of ,america1 ,new ,york1 ,,ii1 #add 99 99 #agej #df ,the ,hispanic ,society of ,america1 ,new ,york1 ,,ii1 #add 99 99 #agej #cj ,the ,hispanic ,society of ,america1 ,new ,york1 ,,ii1 #add 99 99 #agej #bc ,frederick ,muller1 ,amsterdam 7,cat4 maps and atlases7 99 99 #agej #dj ,frederick ,muller1 ,amsterdam 7,cat4 maps and atlases7 99 99 #agej #bd ,,valk1 ,,leonhard 7fl4 #agjj74 ,see ,,valk1 ,,gerhard4 ,,van ,,langren1 ,,arnold ,,florentius 7fl4 #afjj71 ,i1 #bjd4 ,see reference in text1 ,i1 #bjd 99 #aehj #cb ,astronomical ,museum1 ,rome1 ,i1 #bje 99 #aehe #cb ,city ,museum1 ,frankfurt 99 #aeid #bi ,royal ,geog4 ,society1 ,amsterdam1 ,i1 #bjh 99 #afab #ec ,city ,museum1 ,ztphen1 ,i1 #bab 99 #afab #ec ,university of ,ghent1 ,ghent1 ,i1 #baj 99 #afaf #ec ,plantin-,moritus ,museum1 ,antwerp1 ,i1 #baa 99 99 #afbe #ec ,national ,library1 ,paris1 ,i1 #baj 99 #afbe #ec ,hiersemann1 ,karl1 ,leipzig 99 99 #afcj8 #ec ,,van ,,langren1 ,,jacob ,,florentius4 ,see ,,van ,,langren1 ,,arnold ,,florentius4 ,,vaugondy1 ,,giles ,,robert ,,de 7#afhh-agff71 ,,ii1 #agf4 ,see reference in text1 ,,ii1 #agf 99 99 #agea #dh ,see reference in text1 ,,ii1 #agg 99 99 8 #ahb ,palatin ,library1 ,parma1 ,,ii1 #agh 99 99 #aged #bc ,spinola ,palace1 ,tassarolo1 ,,ii1 #agh 99 99 #aged #bc ,quirini ,pinacoteca1 ,venice1 ,,ii1 #agh 99 #agfd #dh ,patriarchal ,observatory1 ,venice 99 #agfd #bc ,royal ,library1 ,caserta1 ,,ii1 #agg 99 #agfd #bc ,royal ,library1 ,caserta1 ,,ii1 #agg 99 #aggc #dh ,governmental ,library1 ,lucca1 ,,ii1 #agg 99 #agfd #bc ,governmental ,library1 ,lucca1 ,,ii1 #agg 99 #aggc #dh ,,veen1 ,,adrian 7fl4 #afae74 ,see ,,hondius1 ,,henricus4 ,,veldico1 ,,willem 7fl4 #aeaj74 ,see reference in text1 ,i1 #ff 99 #aejg 8 ,,verbiest1 ,,ferdinand 7#afbc-afhh71 ,,ii1 #aca4 ,astronomical ,observatory1 ,peking1 ,,ii1 #aca 99 #afgd #aij ,astronomical ,observatory1 ,peking1 ,,ii1 #aca 99 #afgd #cjj ,,verrazano1 ,,giovanni 7fl4 #aebe71 ,,ii1 #ih4 ,see reference in text1 ,,ii1 #ih 99 #aebe 8 ,,vespucci1 ,,amerigo 7#adea-aeab74 ,see reference in text 99 8 8 ,,viani1 ,,mattio ,,di ,,venezia 7fl4 #aghj71 ,,ii1 #ahh4 ,see also ,,scaltaglia1 ,,pietro4 ,roberti ,tipografia1 ,bassano1 ,,ii1 #aij 99 #aghd #bj ,studio ,sr4 ,bortognoni1 ,bologna1 ,,ii1 #aij 99 #aghd #bj ,library ,sr4 ,fenaroli1 ,brescia1 ,,ii1 #aij 99 #aghd #bj ,episcopal ,seminary1 ,rimini1 ,,ii1 #aij 99 #aghd #bj ,astronomical ,museum1 ,rome1 ,,ii1 #aij 99 #aghd #bj ,,vinci1 ,,leonardo ,,da 7#adeb-aeai74 ,windsor ,castle1 ,i1 #gh 99 #aead 8 ,,viseo1 ,,cardinal 7fl4 #aede74 ,see reference in text1 ,i1 #aeb 99 #aeej #hi ,,volpaja1 ,,girolamo ,,camillo 7fl4 #aefj71 ,i1 #aee4 ,museum of ,ancient ,instruments1 ,florence1 ,i1 #aee 99 #aeeg #ad ,museum of ,ancient ,instruments1 ,florence1 ,i1 #aef 99 #aefd #ac ,,volpi1 ,,jos4 ,,antonio 7fl4 #afhj71 ,,ii1 #ig4 ,city ,museum1 ,modena1 ,,ii1 #ig 99 #afhi 8 ,,vopel1 ,,caspar 7#adga-aefa71 ,i1 #aab4 ,city ,archives1 ,cologne1 ,i1 #aac 99 #aecb #bh ,city ,archives1 ,cologne1 ,i1 #aac 99 #aecf #bh ,city ,archives1 ,cologne1 ,i1 #aac 99 #aedb #bh ,national ,museum1 ,copenhagen1 ,i1 #aad 99 #aedc #aj ,library of ,congress1 ,washington1 ,i1 #aae4 99 99 #aedc #aj ,national ,museum1 ,washington1 ,i1 #aac 99 #aedc #aj ,library ,jodoco del ,badia1 ,florence1 ,i1 #aae 99 #aedd #aj ,city ,museum1 ,salzburg1 ,i1 #aaf 99 #aedd #aj ,library ,sr4 ,frey1 ,bern1 ,i1 #aaf 99 #aede #aj ,,vulpes1 ,,jos4 ,,antonius 7fl4 #afhe74 ,estense ,library1 ,modena1 ,,ii1 #ig 99 #afhi #ae ,,waldseem,,ller1 ,,martin 7ca4 #adgj-;ca4 #aebb71 ,i1 #fh4 ,see reference in text1 ,i1 #gj 99 #aejg 8 ,,weigel1 ,,erhard 7#afbe-afii71 ,,ii1 #ge4 ,see reference in text1 ,,ii1 #gg1 #gh 99 99 99 8 8 ,royal ,museum1 ,cassel 7silver7 99 #afii #cf ,royal ,museum1 ,cassel 7copper7 99 #afii #cf ,,wellington1 ,,lieutenant4 ,royal ,museum1 ,cassel 99 #agaj #g ,,weltkugel4 ,see reference in text1 ,i1 #gb 99 #aeji 8 ,,wooden ,,globe4 ,national ,library1 ,paris1 ,i1 #aaa 99 #aece #bj ,general ,index ,it will be noted that a threefold index has been made for this work4 ,the first part is the ,bibliographical ,list1 containing in alphabetical order the names of the authors cited1 together with the titles of their respective works4 ,the second part is the ,list of ,globes and ,globe ,makers1 which should be consulted especially for detailed biographical and descriptive references4 ,in this third part1 or ,general ,index1 reference has been made to a very considerable number of special items more or less fully touched upon in the foregoing pages1 with particular reference to the several libraries1 museums1 and private collections in which globes may be found1 the same being given under the name of the locality1 as ,florence1 ,london1 ,nrnberg1 ,paris1 ,rome1 with the name of the particular globe maker whose work is possessed given in brackets4 ,academy of ,sciences1 ,berlin1 ,,ii1 #ahc ,academy of ,sciences1 ,st4 ,petersburg1 ,,ii1 #ahc ,academy of ,sciences1 ,stockholm1 ,,ii1 #ahj ,acciaioli1 ,zenobio1 notes that ,barnaba ,canti possessed a globe1 ,i1 #fe ,acton1 ,admiral ,william1 obtains two early globes from ,count ,piloni1 ,i1 #gi-ha ,africa1 interior of1 well represented on ,coronelli globes1 ,,ii1 #ajc ,albertus ,magnus1 belief in a spherical earth1 ,i1 #dc ,alessandria1 ,municipal ,library 7,biblioteca ,municipale71 ,,ii1 #afh 7,maria7 ,alfonso ,x 7,the ,wise71 orders the preparation of a great astronomical work1 ,i1 #dj2 reference to globe making and to material for use in globe construction1 #dj1 #da ,alvares1 ,sebastian1 refers to a ,reynell globe1 ,i1 #hb ,america1 early names given to1 ,i1 #gd2 location of name on ,jagellonicus globe of #aeaj1 #gd1 #ge2 the name on ,schner globe of #aeae1 #hd1 #he2 appears four times on ,green globe of #aeae1 #gg2 its relation to ,asia1 #hh1 #id-if2 indicated as a separate continent on practically all maps of first quarter of sixteenth century1 #ie2 an ,asiatic connection indicated after #aebe1 #aji1 #aaj1 #abd2 ,mercator's representation and his influence1 #abf2 summary of the views relative to ,asiatic connection1 #agb1 #agc ,amsterdam1 ,royal ,geographical ,society 7,kon4 ,nederl4 ,aardrijkskundig ,genootschap71 ,i1 #bjh 7,van ,langren74 ,frederick ,muller1 ,,ii1 #bg 7,blaeu72 #bei 7,deur72 #bga 7,valk74 ,private collection1 ,,ii1 #bga 7,valk7 ,anaximander1 called the first scientific cartographer1 ,i1 #c ,ancona1 ,communal ,school 7,scuole ,comunale71 ,,ii1 #ei 7,greuter72 #aib 7,cassini74 ,private ,library1 #fa 7,greuter7 ,anson1 ,george1 navigator1 ,,ii1 #afi ,antilia1 laid down on ,behaim globe1 ,i1 #ej ,antipodes1 belief in existence of1 ,i1 #h1 #ac1 n4 #bf ,antoecians1 referred to by ,crates1 ,i1 #h ,antwerp1 ,plantin-,moritus ,museum1 ,i1 #baa 7,van ,langren74 ,stein ,museum1 ,,ii1 #ej 7,plancius7 ,aquila1 ,provincial ,library 7,biblioteca provinciale71 ,,ii1 #dd 7,blaeu7 ,aquinas1 ,thomas1 belief in a spherical earth1 ,i1 #dc ,arabic astronomers1 as globe makers1 ,i1 #bh ,arabs1 probably did not construct terrestrial globes1 ,i1 #bf2 constructed celestial globes1 #bg2 their interest in astronomy1 #bg2 their names and figures of the constellations1 #bg ,aratus1 astronomical poem of1 ,i1 #ae1 #bc1 n4 #c2 ideas followed by ,leontius1 #bb ,archimedes1 ,i1 #ae2 his globe or instrument for representing the movement of heavenly bodies1 #ae1 #af1 #ag ,argonauti1 ,accademia ,cosmografo degli1 first modern geographical society1 founded by ,coronelli1 #afhj1 ,,ii1 #ih ,aristotle1 his scientific basis for belief in a spherical earth1 ,i1 #f1 #ab1 n4 #ba ,armillary1 earliest form1 ,i1 #ah2 its development and system of circles1 #ai ,arpino1 ,liceum1 ,,ii1 #aib 7,cassini7 ,asimino or tausia1 a style employed in metal globe making1 ,i1 #aec ,asti1 ,communal ,library 7,biblioteca ,comunale71 ,,ii1 #ec 7,habrecht7 ,astrolabe1 earliest form1 ,i1 #ah1 ,,ii1 #aig2 its construction and use according to ,ptolemy1 ,i1 #ai ,atlantic ,islands1 mythical1 retained by ,mercator1 ,i1 #baj2 by ,blaeu1 ,,ii1 #ca ,austral continent1 on ,green globe1 #aeae1 ,i1 #gf2 on ,mercator globe1 and reasons for believing in its existence1 #acj2 on ,spano and ,hondius globes1 #bjd1 ,,ii1 #adh2 compare its representation on various globes ,aversa1 ,episcopal ,seminary 7,seminario ,vescovile71 ,,ii1 #aad 7,coronelli7 ,baba1 ,andrea1 secretary of the ,argonauti1 ,,ii1 #ajb ,bacon1 ,roger1 belief in a spherical earth1 ,i1 #dc ,baldelli1 ,abbot ,onofri1 presented a ,moroncelli globe to ,academy of ,cortona1 ,,ii1 #hh ,basel1 ,museum des ,cordeliers1 ,i1 #bja 7,gessner7 ,bassano1 ,communal ,library 7,biblioteca,comunale71 ,,ii1 #fj 7,greuter74 ,tipografia ,roberto1 ,,ii1 #ahi 7,scaltaglia72 #aij 7,viani7 ,bede1 the ,venerable1 belief in a spherical earth1 ,i1 #cg1 #ch ,behaim1 ,martin1 maker of oldest extant terrestrial globe1 ,i1 #dg2 certain of his globe legends cited1 #di-ea2 encourages globe construction in ,nrnberg1 #ea2 statement of expenses for the construction of his globe1 #ef1 n4 #h ,belluno1 ,library ,count ,piloni1 ,i1 #aej 7,de ,mongenet72 ,,ii1 #ei 7,greuter7 ,benevento1 ,episcopal ,library 7,biblioteca ,vescovile71 ,,ii1 #fc 7,greuter7 ,benevento1 ,friar ,marco da1 refers to globes in his edition of ,ptolemy1 #aejg1 ,i1 #fd ,bergamo1 ,city ,library 7,biblioteca ,civico71 ,,ii1 #aaa 7,coronelli72 #abd 7,eimmart7 ,bering1 ,vitus1 reference to his discovery by ,desnos1 ,,ii1 #agh ,bern1 ,library ,sr4 ,frey1 ,i1 #aaf 7,vopel7 ,bernard1 ,william1 explorer1 ,,ii1 #ch1 #dj ,bertius1 ,petrus1 noted geographer and friend of ,hondius1 ,,ii1 #c ,bion1 ,nicolas1 reform in globe construction1 ,,ii1 #aec ,blaeu1 ,willem ,jansz41 appointed official map maker1 ,,ii1 #ba2 variations in his signature1 #bc2 relations with ,tycho ,brahe1 #ai-ba2 refers to the new star discovered in #afjj1 #cj ,bollert1 ,roland1 patron of ,franciscus ,monachus1 ,i1 #ig ,bologna1 ,astronomical ,observatory 7,osservatorio ,astronomico71 ,,ii1 #dc 7,blaeu74 ,physics ,museum 7,museo di ,fisica71 ,,ii1 #aej 7,valk74 ,university ,library 7,biblioteca ,universitario71 ,,ii1 #ahj 7,rosini74 ,communal ,library 7,biblioteca ,comunale71 ,,ii1 #ei 7,greuter72 #aad 7,coronelli74 ,state ,archives 7,archivo di ,stato71 ,,ii1 #aad 7,coronelli74 ,convent ,osservanza 7,convento dell' ,osservanza71 ,,ii1 #aad 7,coronelli74 ,malvezzi ,library 7,archivio ,malvezzi71 ,,ii1 #aec 7,bion74 ,library ,general ,gandolfi1 ,,ii1 #ei 7,greuter74 ,library ,professor ,liuzzi1 ,,ii1 #aad 7,coronelli74 ,library ,bottrigari1 ,,ii1 #ahi 7,scaltaglia74 ,library ,bortognoni1 ,,ii1 #aij 7,viani7 ,boncompagni1 ,jocopo1 member of famous ,bolognese family1 to him ,greuter dedicates his globe of #afcb1 ,,ii1 #ee ,borgonone1 ,francesco ,mongonetto1 referred to as publisher of a globe1 ,i1 #adi ,boscoreale1 globe fresco1 ,i1 #ba ,brabant1 ,hondius dedicates a globe to ,albert and ,isabella of1 ,,ii1 #i ,brahe1 ,george1 uncle and teacher of ,tycho ,brahe1 ,i1 #ahc ,brahe1 ,tycho1 astronomical observations followed by ,hondius1 ,,ii1 #g1 #i1 #ab1 #ba2 by ,blaeu1 #be1 #bf1 #bi1 #cc1 #di2 by ,plancius1 #di2 by ,greuter1 #eh1 #fa1 #fd2 by ,moroncelli1 #he1 #ic2 reference to his remarkable star discovered in #aegb1 #h1 #ah1 #fd1 #fg1 #hi ,brescia1 ,quirinal ,library1 ,,ii1 #ah 7,hondius74 ,library ,count ,fenaroli1 ,,ii1 #aei 7,nollet72 #aij 7,viani74 ,atheneum1 ,,ii1 #fj 7,greuter72 #if 7,alberti74 ,episcopal ,seminary 7,seminario ,vescovile71 ,,ii1 #ahi 7,scaltaglia7 ,brognoli1 receives order for copies of ,pope ,julius ,,ii's globes1 ,i1 #fb ,brussels1 ,royal ,library1 ,i1 #abg 7,mercator72 ,,ii1 #aad 7,coronelli7 ,bunau1 ,henricus1 possessed a terrestrial globe1 ,i1 #fg ,brgi1 ,jost1 globe and clock maker1 said to have invented the pendulum clock1 ,i1 #aig ,burrow1 ,stephen1 ,i1 #aic ,button1 ,thomas1 explorer1 ,,ii1 #ag ,cabot1 ,john1 possessed a globe showing where he landed1 ,i1 #ec ,cabot1 ,sebastian1 explorer1 ,,ii1 #ci ,cagli1 ,communal ,library 7,biblioteca ,comunale71 ,,ii1 #agi 7,costa72 #ahi 7,scaltaglia7 ,calif al-,mansur1 interested in astronomy1 and celestial globes1 ,i1 #bg2 many of his successors likewise interested1 #bg ,california1 represented as an island by ,greuter1 ,,ii1 #fb2 by ,coronelli1 #aaa2 by ,valk1 #adg1 #adh ,camarino1 ,communal ,library 7,biblioteca ,comunale71 ,,ii1 #ei 7,greuter7 ,cambridge1 ,eng41 ,university ,library1 ,,ii1 #id 7,castlemaine7 ,cambridge1 ,mass41 ,harvard ,university1 ,i1 #aeb 7,florianus72 ,,ii1 #agj 7,ferguson7 ,camerarius1 refers to ,mercator globes for sale at ,frankfort1 ,i1 #acb ,campano1 ,giovanni1 a distinguished mediaeval writer on mathematics and on astronomical subjects1 ,i1 #db2 his ',tractatis de sphera solida1' #db ,candish 7,cavendish71 ,thomas1 explorer1 ,,ii1 #cg ,cano1 ,sebastian del1 reference in his will to a globe1 ,i1 #hb ,canti1 ,barnaba1 possessed a small globe1 ,i1 #fe ,carpi1 ,cardinal of1 possessed a globe1 ,i1 #aeb4 ,episcopal ,seminary 7,seminario ,vescovile71 ,,ii1 #ei 7,greuter7 ,carpini1 ,i1 #df ,casale ,monferrate1 ,technical ,institute 7,istituto ,tecnico71 ,,ii1 #fc 7,greuter74 ,episcopal ,seminary 7,seminario ,vescovile71 ,,ii1 #aff 7,maria7 ,caserta1 ,royal ,library 7,biblioteca ,reale71 ,,ii1 #agg 7,vaugondy7 ,cassel1 ,royal ,museum 7,knigliches ,museum71 ,i1 #aie 7,molyneux-,sanderson72 #aif 7,brgi72 ,,ii1 #cj1 #dd 7,blaeu72 #ec 7,habrecht72 #abf 7,moxon72 #adj 7,delisle72 #aej 7,valk72 #bdi 7,andrea72 #bej 7,anonymous72 #beb 7,beyer72 #bfh 7,muth ,brothers72 #bgc 7,weigel72 #bgc 7,wellington7 ,cassini1 ,jean ,dominique1 reforms globe making1 ,,ii1 #ada2 his discoveries in the field of astronomy1 #ada ,catania1 ,physics ,museum 7,museo di ,fisica71 ,,ii1 #fj 7,greuter7 ,celtes1 ,conrad1 made use of globes in geographical and astronomical instruction1 ,i1 #ed1 #ee ,cesena1 ,maletesta ,library 7,biblioteca ,maletesta71 ,,ii1 #aib 7,cassini7 ,cspedes1 ,garcia de1 reference to small globe1 ,,ii1 #ec ,chancellor1 ,richard1 explorer1 ,i1 #aic ,chteau ,marly1 ,coronelli's large globe constructed for ,louis ,,xiv placed in1 ,,ii1 #ii ,chieri1 ,convent of ,mission ,brothers 7,frati della ,missione71 ,,ii1 #ahd 7,fortin72 #beh 7,delamarche7 ,chignolo1 ,cusani ,palace1 ,,ii1 #afc 7,anonymous7 ,cicero1 allusion to ,archimedes' globe1 ,i1 #ae1 #af ,claudio de la ,baume1 to him ,de ,mongenet dedicates his terrestrial globe1 ,i1 #adi ,clement ,x1 ,pope1 ,benci dedicates to him his globe of #afga1 ,,ii1 #hj ,clermont1 ,count of1 ,nollet dedicates to him his celestial globe of #agcj1 ,,ii1 #aeh ,cleveland1 ,western ,reserve ,historical ,society1 ,,ii1 #bee 7,cary7 ,clocks1 globes as a part of1 ,i1 #eg1 n4 #ad ,cockrill1 ,thomas1 ,,ii1 #aef ,colbert1 ,jean ,baptiste1 proposes ,cassini for the ,chair of ,astronomy in ,collge de ,france1 ,,ii1 #ada ,college of ,navarre1 ,,ii1 #aeg ,cologne1 ,city ,archives1 ,i1 #aac 7,vopel7 ,colorado ,river1 referred to by ,adams as flowing directly westward into the ,pacific1 ,,ii1 #ahf ,columbus1 ,bartholomew1 sketch maps showing ,asiatic connection of the ,new ,world1 ,i1 #ie ,columbus1 ,christopher1 his place in the history of terrestrial globes1 ,i1 #eb2 interested in globes if not a maker of them1 #eb1 #ec2 said to have sent their ,catholic ,majesties a globe1 #ec ,como1 ,communal ,library 7,biblioteca ,comunale71 ,,ii1 #dd 7,blaeu7 ,compass1 variations referred to1 ,,ii1 #aj1 #ag ,constance1 ,liceum ,library1 ,i1 #ec 7,stffler7 ,constellations1 antiquity of star grouping1 ,i1 #a2 ,eudoxus' part in fixing names of1 #ae2 ,aratus' contribution1 #ae2 ,ptolemy's names of constellations1 #bd1 n4 #ad2 proposals of ,bede1 ,bayer1 ,schiller1 ,weigel1 ,moroncelli 7see reference to each72 those of the ,antarctic1 ,,ii1 #ajh2 #acc1 n4 #i ,cook1 ,captain1 referred to by ,viani1 ,,ii1 #ahi2 by ,cassini1 #aib ,copenhagen1 ,national ,museum1 ,i1 #aad 7,vopel72 ,,ii1 #gd 7,gottorp72 #ge 7,theodorus7 ,corfu1 ,archbishop of1 possessed a globe1 ,i1 #aeb ,coronelli1 ,vincenzo ,maria1 given title ,cosmografo della ,serenissima ,republica1 ,,ii1 #ih ,correggio1 ,communal ,library 7,biblioteca ,comunale71 ,,ii1 #ahd 7,fortin7 ,cortereal1 ,miguel and ,gaspar1 explorers1 ,,ii1 #ci ,cortona1 ,etruscan ,academy 7,accademia ,etrusca71 ,,ii1 #hh 7,moroncelli72 #ib1 #ic 7,moroncelli7 ,cosimo de' ,medici1 interested in maps and globes1 ,i1 #aei ,cosmas ,indicopleustes1 opposed the doctrine of a spherical earth1 ,i1 #cf ,cracow1 ,jagellonicus ,library1 ,i1 #gd 7,jagellonicus7 ,crates1 reputed the first to construct a globe1 ,i1 #g2 his idea concerning the earth's surface1 #h2 referred to by ,strabo1 #h ,cremona1 ,governmental ,library 7,biblioteca ,governativo71 ,i1 #acc 7,mercator7 ,crevalcuore1 ,communal ,library 7,biblioteca ,comunale71 ,,ii1 #aib 7,cassini7 ,cusani1 ,cardinal ,agostino1 ,,ii1 #afc ,dalberg1 ,bishop of ,worms1 receives a globe from ,johann ,stffler1 ,i1 #ed ,dante1 belief in a spherical earth1 ,i1 #dc ,danti1 ,ignazio1 called by ,duke ,cosimo to ,florence to decorate his palace1 ,i1 #aeh2 his work described by ,vasari1 #aei-afb ,dasypodius1 ,petrus1 father of ,conrad ,dasypodius1 ,i1 #agc ,da ,vinci1 ,leonardo1 peculiarities of his globe gores1 ,,ii1 #bje ,davis1 ,john1 explorer1 ,,ii1 #ch1 #ea1 #fc ,delisle1 ,claude1 father of ,guillaume1 ,,ii1 #ach ,diaz1 ,bartholomew1 turns the ,cape of ,good ,hope1 ,i1 #df ,dicaearchus1 introduces place orientation on the map1 ,i1 #d ,dijon1 ,college of ,dijon1 ,,ii1 #bff 7,legrand7 ,doppelmayr1 ,johann ,gabriel1 ,,ii1 #aei-afb2 portraits of famous explorers1 #afa2 marks the course of famous explorers1 #afb ,drake1 ,francis1 explorer1 ,,ii1 #cg1 #dj ,draper1 ,mrs4 ,henry1 presents ,nathan ,hill globe to ,new ,york ,public ,library1 ,,ii1 #ahh ,dresden1 ,math4 ,phys4 ,salon 7,mathematisch-,physikalischer ,salon71 ,i1 #cj 7,mohammed ben ,muwajed el ,ordhi72 #aef 7,heyden72 #aeh 7,praetorius72 #aha 7,roll and ,reinhold72 #bae 7,b4 ,f472 ,,ii1 #dd 7,blaeu72 #aaa 7,coronelli72 #aej 7,valk72 #afb 7,doppelmayr72 #afb 7,puschner7 ,drer1 ,albrecht1 on globe-gore construction1 ,,ii1 #bjb1 #bjc ,ecliptic ,mounting1 ,,ii1 #ade ,edrisi1 famous ,arabic geographer1 ,i1 #bg2 references to so-called globe of ,king ,roger1 #bg2 comments on the earth as a sphere1 #cc1 n4 #c ,egedian ,gymnasium1 ,nrnberg1 ,,ii1 #aei ,equatorial mounting1 ,,ii1 #ade ,eratosthenes1 represents curved surface of the earth on a plane1 ,i1 #e2 his measurement of the earth1 #e2 idea concerning a spherical earth1 #g2 probably made use of an armillary sphere1 #ah ,escorial1 possessed at one time an ,apianus globe1 ,i1 #agf ,este ,family of ,ferrara1 interest in geographical discovery1 ,i1 #fa1 #fb ,estres1 ,cardinal d'1 induces ,coronelli to construct a large globe for ,louis ,,xiv1 ,,ii1 #ii ,eudoxus1 ,i1 #ad2 made use of celestial globe1 #ae ,fabriano1 ,agabiti ,museum 7,museo ,agabiti71 ,,ii1 #ei 7,greuter74 ,communal ,library 7,biblioteca ,comunale71 ,,ii1 #ei 7,greuter7 ,faenza1 ,communal ,library 7,biblioteca ,comunale71 ,,ii1 #aaa 7,coronelli7 ,faletti1 ,giacomo1 purchases a globe from ,cardinal ,bembo1 ,i1 #abj ,fano1 ,communal ,library 7,biblioteca ,comunale71 ,,ii1 #bg 7,blaeu72 #aaa 7,coronelli7 ,fermo1 ,communal ,library 7,biblioteca ,comunale71 ,,ii1 #hf 7,moroncelli7 ,ferrara1 ,communal ,library 7,biblioteca ,comunale71 ,,ii1 #ei 7,greuter74 ,dukes of1 their interest in geographical discovery1 ,i1 #fa1 #fb ,ferrero1 ,cardinal ,gian ,stefano1 presents a globe to ,pope ,julius ,,ii1 ,i1 #fc ,fickler1 his inventory including globes in library of ,munich1 ,i1 #agg ,finale1 ,episcopal ,seminary 7,seminario ,vescovile71 ,,ii1 #aah 7,coronelli7 ,fischer1 ,professor ,joseph ,s4 ,j41 discovers copy of ,waldseemller map #aejg1 and publishes same in facsimile1 ,i1 #fg1 #fi2 cited1 #aii1 #bjj2 co-editor with ,e4 ,l4 ,stevenson of ,jodocus ,hondius world map of #afaa1 ,,ii1 #fg ,flamsteed1 ,john1 ,english astronomer1 ,,ii1 #agi ,florence1 ,museum of ,ancient ,instruments 7,museo di ,strumenti ,antichi71 ,i1 #bh 7,ibrahim72 #aee 7,volpaja72 #afb 7,danti72 #afh 7,cartaro72 #ahj 7,platus72 #bac 7,santucci72 ,,ii1 #dd 7,blaeu72 #aad 7,coronelli72 #adj 7,delisle72 #afe 7,torricelli74 ,library ,jodoco del ,badia1 ,i1 #aae 7,vopel74 ,library ,marquis ,bargagli1 ,,ii1 #aah 7,coronelli74 ,laurentian ,library 7,biblioteca ,laurentiana71 ,i1 #aff 7,anonymous74 ,library ,sr4 ,lessi1 ,,ii1 #ad 7,hondius-,rossi72 #de 7,lud4 ,sem474 ,library ,professor ,giovanni ,marinelli1 ,i1 #aeb 7,florianus74 ,marucellian ,library 7,biblioteca ,marucelliana71 ,,ii1 #aah 7,coronelli74 ,national ,library 7,biblioteca ,nazionale71 ,i1 #aff 7,anonymous72 ,,ii1 #aah 7,coronelli74 ,library ,santa ,maria ,nuova1 ,,ii1 #ei 7,greuter74 ,astronomical ,observatory 7,osservatorio ,astronomico71 ,,ii1 #da 7,blaeu74 ,technical ,institute 7,istituto ,tecnico71 ,,ii1 #dd 7,blaeu72 #fc 7,greuter72 #aec 7,bion7 ,florianus1 ,antonius1 peculiarities of his globe gores1 ,,ii1 #bjg ,franciscus ,monachus1 his hemispheres1 ,i1 #if ,frankfurt1 ,city ,historical ,museum1 ,i1 #hb 7,schner72 ,,ii1 #adj 7,andreae72 #bfe 7,klinger72 #bgb 7,van ,langren74 ,joseph ,baer1 ,,ii1 #bfc 7,greuter7 ,frederick ,,ii of ,denmark1 patron of ,tycho ,brahe1 ,i1 #ahd ,frederick1 ,duke of ,holstein1 ,gottorp globe constructed for1 ,,ii1 #gc1 #gd ,frederick ,,ii of ,sicily1 directs the construction of a celestial globe of gold1 ,i1 #ci2 his astronomical tent1 #dj ,frobisher 7,forbisher71 ,martin1 explorer1 ,,ii1 #ch1 #ci1 #fc ,fugger1 ,raymond1 ,augsburg patrician and patron1 ,i1 #aaj1 #aaa ,gallus1 ,c4 ,sulpicius1 describes a globe1 ,i1 #ae1 #af ,gemma ,frisius1 his relations to ,mercator1 ,i1 #ajc1 #ajd1 #aje ,geneva1 ,muse ,ariana1 ,i1 #bja 7small globe7 ,genga1 ,library ,sr4 ,luigi ,belli1 ,,ii1 #fj 7,greuter7 ,genoa1 ,mission ,brothers 7,frati della ,missione71 ,,ii1 #dd 7,blaeu74 ,city ,museum 7,museo ,civico71 ,,ii1 #aad 7,coronelli74 ,franzoniana ,library 7,biblioteca ,franzoniana71 ,,ii1 #aah 7,coronelli7 ,geography of the ,ancients1 works cited treating of1 ,i1 #aa1 n4 #d ,gerbert 7,pope ,sylvester ,,ii71 made use of celestial globes and armillary spheres1 ,i1 #ch1 #ci2 his purpose to construct a globe1 #ci ,germanus1 ,donnus ,nicolas1 his map projection1 ,,ii1 #bja ,germany as a center for the spread of information concerning the ,new ,world1 ,i1 #fg ,ghent1 ,university ,library1 ,i1 #baj 7,van ,langren72 ,,ii1 #add 7,valk7 ,gimma1 ,abbot1 reference to ,coronelli globes1 ,,ii1 #aai ,glareanus1 ,henricus1 proposals for globe-gore construction1 ,,ii1 #bjd1 #bje ,globe-goblets1 interest in their construction in second half of sixteenth century1 ,i1 #aih2 examples of1 #aii-bja ,globes1 definition by ,leontius1 ,i1 #bc2 materials entering into the construction of1 #ae1 #dj1 #da1 #ef1 n4 #h1 #ei1 #fj1 #acc1 #bja2 used for decorative purposes1 #fj1 #fa1 #aed1 #aii2 importance of globe legends 7see the many citations72 globe clocks1 #agc-age1 #aig1 #baf2 globe gores1 their use in globe construction1 #fj2 praised by ,ruscelli1 #aee1 #bjd-bjg2 globe making in sixteenth century1 general summary1 #agb1 #agc2 used by navigators1 ,,ii1 #a1 shifting of interest in1 #a2 striking tendencies in their construction in second half of seventeenth century1 #gb1 #gc 7,gottorp71 #gg 7,coronelli71 #ii1 #ajd1 #ada2 relative position of stars and constellations as represented on celestial globes1 #bji-baa2 uses and value as expressed by ,joseph ,moxon1 #abe2 moon globes1 #bae-bag ,glockenthon1 draughtsman of map on ,behaim's globe1 ,i1 #dh ,gnomon1 its construction and use1 ,i1 #ah ,gonzaga1 ,curtio1 constructs a large globe1 ,i1 #aed ,gttingen1 ,library ,dr4 ,baumgrtner1 ,,ii1 #bf1 #bg 7,blaeu74 ,geographical ,institute1 ,,ii1 #afb 7,doppelmayr72 #ahj 7,akerman74 ,university ,library1 ,,ii1 #afb 7,puschner7 ,gottorp globe1 striking peculiarities of1 ,,ii1 #gc1 #gd ,gran ,casa del ,frari1 center of ,coronelli's activities1 ,,ii1 #ih ,greeks1 reduced map making to a real science1 ,i1 #c2 survival of their ideas of a spherical earth during middle ages1 #ce ,greuter1 ,mattheus1 copied much from ,blaeu1 ,,ii1 #eg ,groland1 ,nikolaus1 a patron of ,behaim in the construction of his globe1 ,i1 #dh ,grotta1 ,ferrata1 ,badia of ,santa ,maria1 ,,ii1 #fc 7,greuter7 ,grniger1 ,johann1 printer of ,strassburg1 ,i1 #ga1 #gb ,guastalla1 ,maldotti ,library1 ,,ii1 #aei 7,nollet7 ,gubbio1 ,communal ,library 7,biblioteca ,comunale71 ,,ii1 #ei 7,greuter7 ,gustavus ,,ii1 ,king of ,sweden1 ,blaeu dedicated to him his globe of #afbb1 ,,ii1 #db ,habrecht1 ,isaac and ,josias1 globe and clock makers of ,schaffhausen1 ,i1 #agd ,hainzel1 ,johan and ,paul1 assisted ,tycho ,brahe in globe construction1 ,i1 #ahd ,hakluyt1 allusion to a globe at ,westminster1 ,i1 #ih ,hartford1 ,library ,mrs4 ,c4 ,l4 ,f4 ,robinson1 ,,ii1 #bed 7,bonne7 ,hartmann1 ,george1 his the earliest example of engraved celestial globe gores1 #aece1 ,i1 #aag ,hecataeus1 ,i1 #d ,heelmstrech1 ,jacob1 explorer1 ,,ii1 #dj ,henry the ,navigator1 his leadership in maritime enterprise1 ,i1 #df ,hercules ,i1 ,duke of ,ferrara1 ,i1 #fb ,heriot1 ,thomas1 explorer1 ,i1 #baj ,herlin1 ,christian1 friend and teacher of ,conrad ,dasypodius1 ,i1 #agd2 on the commission to restore the ,strassburg clock1 #agd ,herodotus1 quoted1 ,i1 #d ,hevelius1 ,johannes1 star maps used by ,eimmart1 ,,ii1 #abd2 by ,valk1 #ade1 #adi1 #bji ,hipparchus1 great astronomer1 ,i1 #e2 improved the gnomon1 #ah2 constructed a celestial globe1 #ai ,holzschuher1 ,george1 member of ,nrnberg ,city ,council1 ,i1 #dg2 supervises the construction of ,behaim globe1 #dh ,homann1 ,johann ,baptista1 named ,imperial ,geographer1 ,,ii1 #aee ,homer1 said to have considered the form of the earth as that of a circular disc1 ,i1 #d ,hondius1 ,jodocus1 refers to the superiority of his globes1 ,i1 #bjh ,hondt 7,hondius71 ,oliver de1 father of ,jodocus ,hondius1 ,,ii1 #b ,houtmann1 ,frederick1 astronomical observations of1 followed by ,van ,langren1 ,i1 #baa2 by ,hondius1 ,,ii1 #ab2 by ,blaeu1 #bf1 #bi1 #fg2 by ,coronelli1 #ajh ,hudson1 ,henry1 reference to his discoveries1 ,,ii1 #ae1 #ag1 #ci1 #dj1 #fc ,hulagu ,khan1 ,i1 #bh2 his observatory at ,maragha1 #bh ,hunt1 ,richard1 once owner of ,lenox globe1 ,i1 #gc ,hveen1 island given to ,tycho ,brahe1 where he erected his observatory ,uranienburg1 ,i1 #ahd ,imola1 ,communal ,library 7,biblioteca ,comunale71 ,,ii1 #fc 7,greuter72 #afd 7,anonymous7 ,ionic school of philosophers1 ,i1 #ad ,isabel of ,este1 ,i1 #fb ,italians1 favorable to manuscript globes1 ,,ii1 #bjj ,italy1 its people increasingly interested in maritime exploration in fourteenth and fifteenth century1 ,i1 #df ,ivrea1 ,episcopal ,seminary 7,seminario ,vescovile71 ,,ii1 #afd 7,anonymous72 #bfc 7,greuter7 ,james1 ,thomas1 explorer1 ,,ii1 #ag ,jomard1 ,e4 ,f41 obtains an ,arabic globe in ,egypt1 ,i1 #ca ,julius ,i 7,pope71 globe belonging to1 ,i1 #fb ,kahira1 ,public ,library1 ,i1 #bh 7,ptolemy7 ,kepler1 ,johann1 reference to ,apianus globe1 ,i1 #agg ,ko-,shun-,king1 ,chinese astronomer and globe maker1 ,,ii1 #abi ,kblai ,kaan1 interested in globe making1 ,,ii1 #abh ,lactantius1 allusion to ,archimedes' globe1 ,i1 #ag ,laon1 ,city ,library1 ,i1 #ea 7,laon globe7 ,latitude and longitude1 methods of determining1 ,,ii1 #ada1 #adb1 #aga1 n4 #ab ,lattr1 map engraver1 ,,ii1 #ahb ,leiden1 ,university ,library1 ,,ii1 #bg 7,blaeu72 #ff 7,janssonius74 ,bodel ,nyenhuis1 ,,ii1 #beb 7,belga7 ,leipzig1 ,karl ,hiersemann1 ,,ii1 #bed 7,bhler72 #beg 7,coronelli72 #beh 7,delamarche72 #bfj 7,ferguson72 #bfe 7,klinger72 #bgj 7,senex7 ,le ,maire1 ,jacob1 explorer1 ,,ii1 #ca1 #cb1 #ch1 #df1 #ea1 #fc ,leontius ,mechanicus1 ,i1 #ba2 a maker of globes and writer on globe construction1 #bb1 #bc ,leowitz1 ,cyprian1 ,i1 #ahd ,libri1 ,francesco1 globe maker1 ,i1 #ajj ,liechtenstein1 ,prince of1 his globe gore maps1 ,i1 #ga1 #ge ,linschoten1 ,john ,hugo1 explorer1 ,,ii1 #ch1 #ci1 #df ,loano1 ,library ,lorenzo ,novella1 ,,ii1 #aid 7,cary7 ,london1 ,british ,museum1 ,i1 #aej 7,de ,mongenet72 #aej 7,florianus72 ,,ii1 #ca1 #dd 7,blaeu72 #aad1 #aai 7,coronelli72 #aeb 7,senex72 #aef 7,morden72 #ahc 7,lane72 #ahe 7,adams72 #agg 7,hill72 #aid 7,cary72 #bej 7,anonymous74 ,royal ,asiatic ,society1 ,i1 #bi 7,mohammed ben ,helal74 ,middle ,temple1 ,i1 #aij 7,molyneux74 ,library ,s4 ,j4 ,phillips1 ,i1 #bah 7,gessner74 ,library ,sir ,a4 ,w4 ,franks1 ,,ii1 #bej 7,anonymous7 ,london ,company1 its territorial jurisdiction represented on ,hondius world map1 #afaa1 ,,ii1 #da1 #gj1 n4 #dd4 ,longitude1 on efforts to determine referred to1 ,,ii1 #aj1 #cf1 #fh1 n4 #i1 #aci ,longomontanus 7,severin71 pupil of ,tycho ,brahe1 ,i1 #ahd ,louis ,,xiv1 ,coronelli dedicates to him his great globe1 ,,ii1 #ajj1 #aja ,loxodrome 7,rhumb7 lines1 represented by ,mercator1 ,i1 #abh2 by ,hondius1 ,,ii1 #g2 by ,blaeu1 #bh1 #ce2 by ,habrecht1 #eb2 their purpose and their representation1 #bjh1 #bji ,lucca1 ,library ,sr4 ,giannini1 ,,ii1 #h 7,hondius74 ,governmental ,library 7,biblioteca ,governativo71 ,,ii1 #ei 7,greuter72 #dd 7,blaeu72 #agg 7,vaugondy74 ,machiavellian ,liceum1 ,,ii1 #ahd 7,messier7 ,macerata1 ,episcopal ,seminary 7,seminario ,vescovile71 ,,ii1 #fa 7,greuter74 ,communal ,library 7,biblioteca ,comunale71 ,,ii1 #aef 7,seutter74 ,library ,vittorio ,bianchini1 ,,ii1 #aid 7,cary7 ,madrid1 ,royal ,library 7,biblioteca ,real71 ,,ii1 #aeb 7,senex72 #aai 7,coronelli72 #ada 7,delisle72 #ahf 7,adams72 #bec 7,blaeu7 ,magellan1 ,ferdinand1 demonstrates his plan by use of a globe1 ,i1 #ha2 influence of his voyage on idea of ,american-,asiatic connection1 #if1 #aji1 #aaj ,maine1 ,duchesse of1 ,nollet dedicates to her his terrestrial globe of #agbh1 ,,ii1 #aeh ,maiollo1 ,vesconte de1 map of #aebg1 ,i1 #aje ,malcolm1 ,sir ,john1 presents ,arabic globe to ,asiatic ,society1 ,i1 #bi ,mandeville1 ,sir ,john1 ,i1 #aic ,manhattan1 oldest dated map reference to as an island on ,blaeu globe1 #afbb1 ,,ii1 #da ,mantua1 ,gonzaga ,library1 ,,ii1 #ei 7,greuter72 #aaa 7,coronelli7 ,map making1 reform in1 ,,ii1 #acg1 #ach1 #aci4 #aea1 #aga1 n4 #e ,maps1 early ,egyptian1 ,i1 #b2 early ,babylonian1 #c ,marinus1 introduces idea of inscribing on a map lines of latitude and longitude1 ,i1 #e ,matelica1 ,private ,library1 ,,ii1 #bfb 7,greuter7 ,maurice of ,nassau1 ,prince of ,orange1 ,hondius honors with a globe dedication1 ,,ii1 #e2 ,blaeu dedicates a globe to him1 #be ,maxwell1 ,john1 issued atlas with ,john ,senex1 ,,ii1 #aea ,mela1 ,pomponius1 geographer and map maker1 ,i1 #e ,mellinus1 ,paulus1 ,rossi dedicates to him a globe1 ,,ii1 #ad ,mercator1 ,gerhard1 his important maps of #aech1 ,i1 #abe2 of #aeed1 of #aefd1 of #aefi1 #abf2 peculiarities of his globe gores1 #abh2 reasons for his belief in an austral continent1 #acj ,meridian1 ,prime1 its location and efforts to determine same1 by ,hondius1 ,,ii1 #aa2 by ,blaeu1 #cf1 #cg2 by ,plancius1 #dh1 #eb2 by ,greuter1 #eg2 by ,moroncelli1 #hi2 by ,coronelli1 #aaj2 ,coronelli cites ,eratosthenes1 ,marinus1 ,ptolemy1 ,aboulfeda1 ,alfonso1 ,pigafetta1 ,herrera1 ,copernicus1 ,reinhold1 ,kepler1 ,longomontanus1 ,lansberg1 ,ricciola1 ,janssonius2 by ,moxon1 #abg2 by ,nollet1 #aeh ,messina1 ,university ,library 7,biblioteca ,universitario71 ,,ii1 #ei 7,greuter7 ,middle ,ages1 lack of interest in fundamental principles of geographical and astronomical science1 ,i1 #ce2 attitude toward the ,bible as the true source of geographical knowledge1 #cf2 survival of ,aristotelian doctrine of a spherical earth1 #cf2 theories did not call for an interest in globes1 #cf1 #cg ,milan1 ,ambrosiana ,library 7,biblioteca ,ambrosiana71 ,i1 #ace 7,gianelli72 ,,ii1 #fe 7,settla71 #ff 7,anonymous74 ,national ,library 7,biblioteca ,nazionale71 ,,ii1 #ei 7,greuter72 #aij 7,delamarche74 ,municipal ,museum 7,museo ,municipale71 ,,ii1 #i 7,hondius74 ,astronomical ,observatory 7,osservatorio ,astronomico71 ,,ii1 #aad 7,coronelli71 #ahj 7,akerman74 ,library ,prince ,trivulzio1 ,i1 #aej 7,de ,mongenet74 ,modena1 ,city ,museum 7,museo ,civico71 ,,ii1 #ei 7,greuter71 #ig 7,anonymous72 #bed 7,borsari74 ,royal ,estense ,library1 ,,ii1 #dc 7,blaeu74 ,library ,sr4 ,remigio ,salotti1 ,,ii1 #aah 7,coronelli7 ,monachus1 ,franciscus1 importance attaching to his hemispheres1 ,i1 #if1 #aci1 n4 #h ,monastic schools1 geographical and astronomical instruction given therein1 ,i1 #ch ,mondovi1 ,episcopal ,seminary 7,seminario ,vescovile71 ,,ii1 #aei 7,nollet7 ,montanus1 ,petrus1 noted geographer and friend of ,hondius1 ,,ii1 #c ,morono1 ,philip ,antonio1 constructed the mechanical parts of ,moroncelli globe1 ,,ii1 #hf ,melichs1 ,johann1 said to have adorned the ,apianus globe1 ,i1 #agh ,munich1 ,royal ,bavarian ,court and ,state ,library 7,k4 ,b4 ,hof- und ,staats ,bibliothek71 ,,ii1 #agg 7,anonymous72 #agh 7,apianus74 ,ludwig ,rosenthal1 ,,ii1 #bfb 7,greuter7 ,myrica1 ,caspar1 map engraver with ,mercator1 ,i1 #ajc1 #aje ,nancy1 ,lorraine ,museum1 ,i1 #ajb 7,nancy globe7 ,naples1 ,national ,museum 7,museo ,nazionale71 ,i1 #ae 7,atlante ,farnese72 #bi 7,caissar74 ,astronomical ,observatory 7,osservatorio ,astronomico71 ,i1 #ahb 7,roll and ,reinhold72 ,,ii1 #ahf 7,adams74 ,national ,library 7,biblioteca ,nazionale71 ,,ii1 #dd 7,blaeu72 #aad 7,coronelli74 ,university ,library 7,biblioteca ,universitario71 ,,ii1 #aaa 7,coronelli7 ,new ,york1 ,library ,william ,r4 ,hearst1 ,,ii1 #ib 7,anonymous74 ,the ,hispanic ,society of ,america1 ,,ii1 #ad 7,hondius72 #cj1 #dd 7,blaeu72 #ej 7,habrecht72 #ee1 #fb 7,greuter72 #aae 7,coronelli72 #add 7,valk72 #afj 7,doppelmayr72 #afi 7,ferguson72 #agj 7,moll72 #ahd 7,fortin72 #aib 7,anonymous72 #bad1 #baf 7,oterschaden74 ,library ,new ,york ,historical ,society1 ,i1 #aag 7,ulpius74 ,library ,henry ,e4 ,huntington1 ,i1 #bac 7,santucci871 ,,ii1 #d 7,hondius74 ,metropolitan ,museum1 ,i1 #agi 7,emmoser72 #bja 7,anonymous74 ,library ,j4 ,p4 ,morgan1 ,i1 #ajf 7,bailly72 #bja 7,spano74 ,new ,york ,public ,library1 ,i1 #gd 7,lenox72 #gi 7,boulengier72 #hg 7anonymous gores72 #adh 7,de ,mongenet72 #aeb 7,florianus72 ,,ii1 #ahh 7,hill74 ,library ,mr4 ,reed1 ,i1 #afh 7,cartaro74 ,library ,professor ,david ,e4 ,smith1 ,,ii1 #bej 7,anonymous74 ,collection ,john ,wanamaker1 ,,ii1 #bea 7,cassini7 ,noort1 ,oliver van der1 explorer1 ,,ii1 #bh1 #cg ,northeast passage1 referred to1 ,,ii1 #ch1 #dj ,northwest passage1 referred to1 ,,ii1 #bd1 #ch2 important searches for the passage mentioned by ,blaeu on globe1 #afbb1 #ci ,notker ,labeo1 probably used globes in his monastic school of ,st4 ,gallen1 ,i1 #ch ,novara1 ,charles ,albert ,liceum1 ,,ii1 #aij 7,delamarche7 ,novi1 ,dorian ,liceum1 ,,ii1 #ahd 7,fortin7 ,nrnberg1 ,german ,national ,museum 7,germanisches ,nationalmuseum71 ,i1 #dh 7,behaim72 #ec 7,stffler72 #hf 7,schoner72 #adh 7,de ,mongenet72 #acc 7,mercator72 #aeh 7,praetorius72 ,,ii1 #d1 #e 7,hondius72 #bg1 #cj1 #dd 7,blaeu72 #ec 7,habrecht72 #aah 7,coronelli72 #aej 7,valk72 #afj1 #afb 7,doppelmayr72 #bea 7,anonymous72 #bed 7,bode72 #bee 7,caucigh72 #bei 7,faber72 #bfd 7,hahn72 #bfd 7,homann72 #bfe 7,jaillot74 ,city ,library1 ,,ii1 #dc 7,blaeu72 #ahd 7,messier7 ,nutzel1 ,gabriel1 a patron of ,behaim in the construction of his globe1 ,i1 #dh ,oberglogau1 ,library ,reichsgraf ,hans v4 ,oppersdorf1 ,,ii1 #dc 7,blaeu7 ,oecumene1 the1 ,i1 #h ,osimo1 ,communal ,library 7,biblioteca ,comunale71 ,,ii1 #bfc 7,greuter7 ,padua1 ,antonian ,library 7,biblioteca ,antoniana71 ,,ii1 #aad 7,coronelli74 ,physics ,museum 7,museo di ,fisica71 ,,ii1 #ei 7,greuter74 ,episcopal ,seminary 7,seminario ,vescovile71 ,,ii1 #ei 7,greuter72 #ahf 7,adams74 ,astronomical ,observatory 7,osservatorio ,astronomica71 ,,ii1 #ahf 7,adams7 ,palermo1 ,archbishop of1 receives a globe from ,franciscus ,monachus1 ,i1 #ig ,palermo1 ,national ,library 7,biblioteca ,nazionale71 ,,ii1 #aad 7,coronelli74 ,communal ,library 7,biblioteca ,comunale71 ,,ii1 #db 7,blaeu72 #fc 7,greuter72 #aga 7,ferguson74 ,astronomical ,observatory 7,osservatorio ,astronomico71 ,,ii1 #ahb 7,lalande74 ,nautical ,institute 7,istituto ,nautico71 ,,ii1 #bee 7,cassini72 #aij 7,delamarche7 ,palestrina1 ,communal ,library 7,biblioteca ,comunale71 ,,ii1 #bfc 7,greuter7 ,paliano1 ,duke of1 possessed a globe1 ,i1 #aeb ,pappus1 defines mechanicians as those who understand globe making1 ,i1 #ag ,parias1 ,schner's explanation of its location1 ,i1 #he1 #hh ,paris1 ,astronomical ,observatory1 ,i1 #acc 7,mercator74 ,national ,library 7,bibliothque ,nationale71 ,i1 #ca 7,mohammed ,diemat ,eddin72 #gf 7,green globe72 #ih 7,gilt globe72 #aje 7,bailly72 #ajf1 #ajg 7,anonymous72 #ajh 7,schiepp72 #aaa 7,wooden globe72 #aej 7,de ,mongenet72 #baj 7,van ,langren72 ,,ii1 #ajj 7,coronelli72 #aea 7,senex72 #ahg 7,hill72 #ahh 7,l'cuy7 ,parma1 ,palatin ,library 7,biblioteca ,palatina71 ,,ii1 #ei 7,greuter72 #agh 7,vaugondy74 ,library ,marquis ,costerbosa1 ,,ii1 #agi 7,desnos74 ,meteorological ,observatory 7,osservatorio ,meteorologico71 ,,ii1 #ahd 7,messier7 ,passeriano1 ,library ,count ,manin1 ,,ii1 #aaa 7,messier7 ,pavia1 ,physics ,museum 7,museo ,fisica71 ,,ii1 #afb 7,doppelmayr74 ,university ,library 7,biblioteca ,universitario71 ,,ii1 #aib 7,rosa74 ,foscolo ,liceum1 ,,ii1 #aib 7,rosa7 ,pescia1 ,cathedral ,library 7,biblioteca ,capitulare71 ,,ii1 #bfc 7,greuter7 ,peking1 ,astronomical ,observatory1 ,,ii1 #abi 7,anonymous72 #abi 7,ko-,shun-,king72 #aca 7,verbiest7 ,pergamum1 ,crates exhibits his globe in1 ,i1 #h ,perioecians1 referred to by ,crates1 ,i1 #h ,perrenot1 ,nicols1 suggests to ,mercator the construction of a globe1 ,i1 #abg1 #abi ,perugia1 ,library ,count ,conestabile1 ,,ii1 #fa 7,greuter74 ,communal ,library 7,biblioteca ,comunale71 ,,ii1 #aah 7,coronelli74 ,cathedral ,library 7,biblioteca ,capitulare71 ,,ii1 #bee 7,cassini7 ,peter the ,great1 receives as present the ,gottorp globe1 ,,ii1 #gd ,petri1 ,nicolas1 issues a manual for the use of ,van ,langren globes1 ,i1 #bje ,petrius1 ,cornelius1 ,blaeu dedicated to him his globe of #afjf1 ,,ii1 #cj ,petrograd1 ,imperial ,library1 ,i1 #cb 7,ridhwan7 ,piacenza1 ,library ,alberoni ,college1 ,,ii1 #agi 7,desnos7 ,picard1 ,jean1 improves map making1 ,,ii1 #ach ,piccolomini1 ,alessandro1 refers to globes and globe making1 ,i1 #aeb ,piloni1 ,count1 once possessed two globes of early sixteenth century1 ,i1 #gi ,pinzon1 ,vincente1 ,yaez1 ,i1 #bjg ,pisa1 ,certosa1 ,,ii1 #beg 7,coronelli7 ,piticchio1 ,library ,cav4 ,giampieri-,carletti1 ,,ii1 #fa 7,greuter7 ,plancius1 ,peter1 map and globe maker1 ,,ii1 #df2 his large world map of #aeib1 #df ,pliny1 reasons for believing the earth to be a sphere1 ,i1 #aj ,plus ,ultra1 motto of the ,argonauti of ,venice1 ,,ii1 #ih ,polo1 ,marco1 ,i1 #df1 #bjf ,pontanus1 ,isaac1 refers to globe of ,brahe1 ,danti1 and ,santucci1 ,i1 #afc ,porcelaga1 ,zurelio1 sends a globe to ,roscelli1 ,i1 #aec ,portogruaro1 ,episcopal ,seminary 7,seminario ,vescovile71 ,,ii1 #ah 7,hondius7 ,prato1 ,library ,marquis ,gherardi1 ,i1 #acc 7,mercator7 ,precession of ,equinoxes1 ,,ii1 #ia1 #ada1 #agb1 n4 #aa2 method of representing by ,cassini1 #adb ,ptolemy1 ,claudius1 foremost ancient map maker1 ,i1 #e2 maps not popular in middle ages1 #e2 demonstrates the utility of lines of latitude and longitude1 #aj2 gives information on construction and use of the astrolabe1 #ai2 his ideas on globe construction1 #ai1 #bj1 ,,ii1 #aih2 his atlases1 ,i1 #ab1 n4 #ae2 his forty-eight constellations1 #bd1 n4 #ad ,pythagoreans1 their arguments supporting the spherical theory1 ,i1 #f ,rad1 ,christopher1 constructed the globe of ,christopher ,treffler1 ,,ii1 #id ,raleigh1 ,sir ,walter1 ,i1 #aid ,ravenna1 ,classense ,library 7,biblioteca ,classense71 ,,ii1 #aad 7,coronelli72 #ahf 7,adams7 ,reggio1 ,cathedral ,library 7,biblioteca ,capitolare71 ,,ii1 #ei 7,greuter72 #aad 7,coronelli74 ,spallanzani ,liceum1 ,,ii1 #agh 7,desnos72 #if 7,maccari7 ,ren1 ,duke of ,lorraine1 patron of culture and learning1 ,i1 #fh ,reymer von ,streytperg1 ,canon ,church of ,bamberg1 ,i1 #hf2 ,schner dedicates to him his globe of #aebc1 #hf ,riccioli1 ,giovanni ,battista1 improves map making1 ,,ii1 #acg ,rimini1 ,gambalunga ,library1 ,,ii1 #db 7,blaeu74 ,episcopal ,seminary 7,seminario ,vescovile71 ,,ii1 #aa 7,hondius72 #bee 7,cassini72 #aij 7,viani7 ,ringmann1 ,philesius1 member of ,st4 ,di coterie1 ,i1 #fh ,roger of ,sicily1 said to have possessed a silver globe1 ,i1 #bg ,romano1 ,giulio1 said to have decorated globe of ,pope ,julius ,,ii1 ,i1 #fd ,romans1 not especially interested in globe making1 ,i1 #bj1 #ba2 globes represented on ,roman coins and medals1 #ba1 #bd1 n4 #ag ,rome1 ,astronomical ,museum 7,museo ,astronomico71 ,i1 #acd 7,mercator72 #aej 7,de ,mongenet72 #afh 7,cartaro72 #bje 7,van ,langren72 ,,ii1 #dh 7,plancius72 #ad 7,hondius72 #ei 7,greuter72 #fe 7,heroldt72 #aah 7,coronelli72 #abd 7,eimmart72 #aef 7,seutter72 #aed 7,bion72 #aei 7,nollet72 #ahe 7,adams72 #ahi 7,scaltaglia72 #aij 7,viani72 #agi 7,costa72 #aed 7,cartilia74 ,angelica ,library 7,biblioteca ,angelica71 ,,ii1 #bg 7,blaeu74 ,alessandrina ,library1 ,,ii1 #hd 7,moroncelli74 ,barberini ,library 7,biblioteca ,barberini71 ,i1 #ahj 7,platus72 ,,ii1 #db 7,blaeu72 #ac 7,hondius72 #dd 7,ferreri74 ,campidoglio ,observatory1 ,,ii1 #aid 7,cary74 ,casanatense ,library1 ,,ii1 #hi 7,moroncelli74 ,chigi ,library1 ,,ii1 #dd 7,blaeu72 #ei 7,greuter74 ,victor ,emanuel ,library1 ,i1 #aea 7,florianus72 ,,ii1 #afe 7,anonymous72 #ei 7,greuter72 #aah 7,coronelli74 ,lancisiana ,library1 ,i1 #afe 7,barocci72 ,,ii1 #abj 7,giordani72 #aad 7,coronelli74 ,palace ,prince ,massimo1 ,,ii1 #hj 7,benci74 ,vallicellian ,library1 ,,ii1 #bfh 7,m4 ,p474 ,library ,count ,vespignani1 ,,ii1 #aid 7,gary74 ,vatican ,observatory 7,osservatorio ,vaticano71 ,i1 #fb 7,julius ,,ii7 ,rosenthal1 ,ludwig1 possessed as dealer certain old globes1 ,i1 #adg ,rosselli1 ,alexander1 map and probably globe gore printer1 ,i1 #fd ,rosselli1 ,francesco1 map printer of ,florence1 ,i1 #fd ,rossi1 ,josef de1 ,,ii1 #ac2 ,giovanni ,battista de1 #fa2 ,dominici de1 #fc ,rotterdam1 ,marine ,school1 ,,ii1 #ff 7,keulin72 #bfc 7,greuter7 ,rovigo1 ,concordia ,academy 7,accademia ,concordia71 ,,ii1 #cj 7,blaeu7 ,rubruquis1 ,i1 #df ,rdlingen1 ,city ,library1 ,,ii1 #cj 7,blaeu7 ,rudolphis1 ,mons4 ,r41 possessed a globe1 ,i1 #ff ,ruscelli1 ,girolamo1 direction for globe construction1 ,i1 #aec2 considered globes preferable to maps1 #aed ,sacrobosco 7,john of ,holywood71 ,i1 #dc2 supported the theory of a spherical earth1 #dc ,st4 ,di1 center of interest in geographical discovery and general culture1 ,i1 #fh2 its press first prints the name ,america1 ,i1 #gj ,st4 ,gall1 globe made for1 ,i1 #aih ,s4 ,maria a ,monte1 ,palace ,sr4 ,scaramucci1 ,,ii1 #aia 7,delamarche7 ,st4 ,nicholas1 ,city ,archives1 ,i1 #acc 7,mercator7 ,salviati1 ,cardinal ,giovanni1 asked ,vannelli to construct a globe for him1 ,i1 #ff ,salzburg1 ,city ,museum1 ,i1 #aaf 7,vopel7 ,sandacourt1 ,jean ,bassin de1 member of ,st4 ,di coterie1 ,i1 #fh ,sanderson1 ,william1 patron of ,molyneux1 ,i1 #aia ,sanseverino1 ,communal ,library 7,biblioteca ,comunale71 ,,ii1 #ei 7,greuter7 ,santa ,cruz1 ,alonso de1 location of copies of his ',yslario1' ,i1 #aba2 peculiarities of his globe gores1 ,,ii1 #bjg ,santucci1 ,antonio1 restores globe of ,ignazio ,danti1 ,i1 #afb ,sanuto1 ,giulio1 ,venetian map maker1 ,i1 #aed ,sanuto1 ,livio1 ,venetian nobleman and map maker1 ,i1 #aed ,savignano1 ,communal ,library 7,biblioteca ,comunale71 ,,ii1 #fc 7,greuter72 #afd 7,anonymous7 ,savona1 ,scuole ,pie1 ,,ii1 #dd 7,blaeu7 ,schimpfer1 ,bartholomeus1 astrologer and teacher of ,erhard ,weigel1 ,,ii1 #gf ,schner1 ,johann1 represents a strait south of ,south ,america on his globe of #aeae1 ,i1 #he ,schouten 7,shouten71 ,william van1 explorer1 ,,ii1 #bg1 #ca1 #ch1 #ea1 #fc ,scovus1 ,john1 the ,dane1 reference to his visit to ,greenland in #adgf1 ,i1 #aij ,senex1 ,john1 proposes a ,new globular projection1 ,,ii1 #aea ,senigallia1 ,library ,sr4 ,fronzi1 ,,ii1 #agi 7,costa7 ,serra ,s4 ,quirico1 ,communal ,library 7,biblioteca ,comunale71 ,,ii1 #fj 7,greuter7 ,seylor 7er71 ,johann1 patron of ,johann ,schner1 ,i1 #hc ,siena1 ,communal ,library 7,biblioteca ,comunale71 ,,ii1 #afc1 #afd 7,anonymous72 #ahd 7,messier72 #aij 7,delamarche7 ,signoria1 reference in its records to a globe placed in its orologia1 ,i1 #fe1 #ff ,smith1 ,buckingham1 obtains ,ulpius globe in ,madrid1 ,i1 #aag ,soncino1 ,raimondi de1 reference to ,cabot's globe1 ,i1 #ec ,sondrio1 ,communal ,library 7,biblioteca ,comunale71 ,,ii1 #ec 7,habrecht7 ,southwest passage1 referred to1 ,,ii1 #bd ,spilbergen1 ,george1 explorer1 ,,ii1 #cg ,stabius1 ,johannes1 peculiarities of his map projection1 ,,ii1 #bja ,stams1 ,monastery ,library1 ,i1 #acc 7,mercator7 ,stars1 remarkable1 referred to under ,tycho ,brahe1 ,,ii1 #ajh1 #aji ,stimmer1 ,tobias and ,josias1 assisted in constructing ,strassburg clock1 ,i1 #agd ,stockholm1 ,library ,baron ,nordenskild1 ,i1 #gg 7,nordenskiold gores72 #aeb 7,florianus74 ,royal ,library1 ,i1 #aba 7,santa ,cruz74 ,national ,museum1 ,,ii1 #ec 7,hauer7 ,strabo1 his suggested proof of the earth's sphericity1 ,i1 #f2 his idea as to the proper size of a globe to be useful1 #h1 #i2 described the use and construction of the astrolabe and celestial sphere1 #ai1 #bj ,strassburg clock1 described1 ,i1 #agf ,sturm1 ,johann ,christopher1 teacher of ,doppelmayr1 ,,ii1 #aei ,subiaco1 ,monastic ,library 7,monastero di ,s4 ,scolastica71 ,,ii1 #ahd 7,messier7 ,sylvester ,,ii1 ,pope1 proposed to construct a globe1 ,i1 #ci ,syracuse1 ,meteorological ,observatory1 ,,ii1 #aga 7,ferguson7 ,syrians1 belief in a circular earth and opposed to the spherical doctrine1 ,i1 #cf ,taisnero1 referred to by ,roscelli as a globe maker1 ,i1 #aed ,tassarolo1 ,spinola ,palace1 ,,ii1 #agh 7,vaugondy7 ,thales1 ,i1 #e1 #ad ,theodorus1 ,petrus1 astronomical observations followed by ,hondius1 ,,ii1 #h1 #i1 #ab ,tiesbach1 ,gabriel1 ,i1 #adh ,tiraboschi1 allusion to a globe belonging to ,cardinal ,bembo1 ,i1 #abj ,tolentino1 ,episcopal ,seminary 7,seminario ,vescovile71 ,,ii1 #bee 7,cassini7 ,torino1 ,state ,archives1 ,i1 #aea 7,florianus74 ,academy of ,sciences 7,accademia delle ,scienze71 ,,ii1 #aad 7,coronelli74 ,national ,library 7,biblioteca ,nazionale71 ,i1 #afc 7,basso7 ,toscanella1 ,episcopal ,seminary 7,seminario ,vescovile71 ,,ii1 #bfc 7,greuter74 ,toscanelli1 ,paolo1 said to have made use of globes1 ,i1 #eb ,transit circle1 first made by ,william ,cary1 ,,ii1 #aid ,treviso1 ,city ,library 7,biblioteca ,civico71 ,i1 #aea 7,florianus72 ,,ii1 #ac 7,hondius74 ,library ,canon ,luigi ,belli1 ,,ii1 #fj 7,greuter7 ,trieste1 ,city ,museum1 ,,ii1 #aah 7,coronelli7 ,trip1 ,john1 ,j4 ,u4 ,d41 globes dedicated to1 ,,ii1 #adf ,trithemius1 ,johannes1 purchases a terrestrial globe1 #aejg1 ,i1 #ff ,tsarskoe1 ,selo ,castle1 ,,ii1 #gd 7,gottorp7 ,uranienburg 7,uraniburg71 name given to ,tycho ,brahe's observatory1 ,i1 #ahd1 ,,ii1 #ai ,urbania1 ,communal ,library 7,biblioteca ,comunale71 ,i1 #acd 7,mercator7 ,urbino1 ,cardinal of1 possessed a globe1 ,i1 #aeb4 ,university ,library 7,biblioteca ,universitario71 ,,ii1 #aef 7,seutter72 #agi 7,costa7 ,usselinx1 ,william1 organizes the ,west ,india ,company1 ,,ii1 #df ,utrecht1 ,geographical ,institute1 ,,ii1 #bed 7,blaeu7 ,valencia1 ,arabic globe constructed in1 ,i1 #bh ,vannelli1 ,friar ,giuliano1 repairs clock and globe in ,florentine ,signoria1 ,i1 #fe2 makes globe for ,cardinal ,salviati1 #ff ,van der ,noort1 ,oliver1 reference to his voyage1 ,,ii1 #bh ,varthema1 ,ludovico1 referred to by ,van ,langren1 ,i1 #bjf ,veen1 ,adrian1 associated with ,hondius in globe making1 ,,ii1 #aa1 #ab1 #ac ,venice1 ,marciana ,library1 ,i1 #aea 7,florianus72 ,,ii1 #hc 7,moroncelli72 #aaa 7,coronelli74 ,city ,museum 7,museo ,civico71 ,,ii1 #dd 7,blaeu72 #aad 7,coronelli74 ,marco ,foscarini ,liceum 7,museo ,marco ,foscarini71 ,,ii1 #dd 7,blaeu72 #adc 7,miot74 ,quirini ,pinacoteca1 ,,ii1 #dd 7,blaeu72 #agh 7,vaugondy74 ,state ,archives1 ,,ii1 #fj 7,greuter74 ,patriarchal 7,seminario ,patriarcale71 ,,ii1 #aad 7,coronelli74 ,patriarchal ,observatory 7,osservatorio ,patriarcale71 ,,ii1 #bgb 7,vaugondy72 #beh 7,delamarche74 ,library ,prof4 ,maxim4 ,tono1 ,,ii1 #bgj 7,seutter7 ,verona1 ,cathedral ,library 7,biblioteca ,capitolare71 ,,ii1 #afb 7,doppelmayr7 ,verrazano1 ,hieronimus de1 map of #aebi1 ,i1 #ajf ,vesoul1 birthplace of ,franois ,de ,mongenet1 ,i1 #adg ,vicenza1 ,library ,count ,francesco ,franco1 ,,ii1 #dd 7,blaeu74 ,city ,museum 7,museo ,civico71 ,,ii1 #ah 7,hondius74 ,communal ,library 7,biblioteca ,comunale71 ,,ii1 #aad 7,coronelli7 ,vienna1 ,library ,prince ,liechtenstein1 ,i1 #ge 7,hauslab74 ,imperial ,library1 ,i1 #acc 7,mercator72 ,,ii1 #aha 7,roll and ,reinhold7 ,vigevano1 ,episcopal ,seminary 7,seminario ,vescovile71 ,,ii1 #aid 7,cassini7 ,vincent of ,beauvais1 belief in a spherical earth1 ,i1 #dc ,viseo1 ,cardinal1 possessed a terrestrial globe1 ,i1 #aeb ,volckamer1 ,paul1 a patron of ,behaim in the construction of his globe1 ,i1 #dh ,vosgian ,gymnasium of ,st4 ,di1 ,i1 #fh ,waldseemller1 ,martin1 his world map of #aejg1 ,i1 #fi2 allusion in his ,cosmographiae ,introductio to his globe1 #gj ,washington1 ,national ,museum1 ,i1 #aac 7,vopel74 ,library of ,congress1 ,i1 #aae 7,vopel72 #aeb 7,florianus72 ,,ii1 #aab 7,coronelli72 #bei 7,doppelmayr7 ,weigel1 ,erhard1 his proposed names for constellations1 ,,ii1 #gg2 peculiarities of his globes1 #gg1 #gh ,weimar1 ,grand ,ducal ,library1 ,i1 #hd1 #ajh 7,schner72 #acc 7,mercator7 ,welser1 patrician family of ,augsburg1 ,i1 #ajh ,werner1 ,johann1 his map projection1 ,i1 #aea ,william ,,iii1 ,king of ,england1 ,coronelli dedicates to him his globe of #afif1 ,,ii1 #aae ,william1 ,landgraf of ,cassel1 patron of science and general culture1 ,i1 #ahd ,willoughby1 ,hugo1 explorer1 ,,ii1 #ch1 #ci ,windsor ,castle1 ,i1 #gh 7,da ,vinci gores7 ,wolf1 ,john ,david1 acquires ,ulpius globe for ,new ,york ,historical ,society1 ,i1 #aag ,wolf1 ,peter1 receives a globe from ,johann ,stffler1 ,i1 #ed ,wolfegg ,castle1 ,i1 #aii 7,gessner72 ,,ii1 #bgj 7,schner7 ,worcester1 ,american ,antiquarian ,society1 ,,ii1 #ahf 7,adams7 ,wright1 ,edward1 ,english geographer1 ,,ii1 #c ,yonkers1 ,library ,w4 ,b4 ,thompson1 ,,ii1 #fj 7,greuter7 ,zeitung aus ,presillig ,landt1 as a source for ,schner's globe of #aeae1 ,i1 #he ,zerbst1 ,francisceum ,gymnasium1 ,i1 #ajc1 #aje 7,frisius72 ,i1 #adj 7,plancius7 ,zumbach1 ,lothar1 his reforms adopted by ,valk1 ,,ii1 #adf1 #adi ,zrich1 ,national ,museum1 ,i1 #bjj 7,gessner7 ,ztphen1 ,city ,museum1 ,i1 #bab 7,van ,langren7 #ajjj copies printed by the ,yale ,university ,press under direction of ,carl ,purington ,rollins1 in ,september1 #aiba4