---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,transcrib]'s note3 ,! orig9al book conta9s *>act]s t are n available 9 ?is text =mat4 ,!y h !re=e be5 sub/itut$ accord+ to ! foll[+ s*eme3 --,*>act]s ) a macron 7a l9e above ! "*7 z x --,*>act]s ) a tilde above z x --,sup]scripts z a c>at foll[$ by ! sup]script1 e4g4 ,,vie --,! rev]s$ ,c us$ 9 ,roman num]als z ,c --,old ,g]man "* u ) a r+ diacritic above z ou --c ) scribal abbreviation above c1 mean+ etc41 z c --,symbol us$ aft] q or q z a scribal abbreviation 9 ,lat9 z z ,_m =eign & ,engli% words 9 ! text & 9 ! ref]5ces occur 9 jo9$1 hyph5at$ & spac$ =ms ) almo/ equal frequ5cy4 ,^! h n be5 modifi$ = ! sake ( fidelity to ! pr9t$ text4 ,?is book 0 publi%$ 9 two volumes1 ( :i* ?is is ! fir/4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,,t]re/rial ,,& ,,cele/ial ,,globes ,,_! ,,hi/ory ,,& ,,con/ruction ,,includ+ ,a ,,consid]ation ,,( ,,_! ,,value ,,z ,,aids ,,9 ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,geography ,,& ,,a/ronomy ,,by ,,edw>d ,,lu!r ,,/ev5son1 ,,ph4,d41 ,,ll4,d4 ,,memb] ,,( ,,! ,,hispanic ,,society ,,( ,,am]ica ,,volume ,i ,illu/ration ,,new ,,hav53 ,,publi%$ ,,= ,,! ,,hispanic ,,society ,,( ,,am]ica ,,by ,,! ,,yale ,,univ]sity ,,press ,,london ,,humphrey ,,mil=d ,,ox=d ,,univ]sity ,,press ,,mdccccxxi ,,copyright1 #aiba1 ,,by ,,! ,,hispanic ,,society ,,( ,,am]ica ,,affectionately ,,d$icat$ ,,to ,,my ,,wife ,,grace ,,my ,,*ildr5 ,,ka?>9e ,,& ,,edw>d ,table ( ,cont5ts ,,page ,li/ ( ,illu/rations xiii ,=eword xix ,*apt] ,i3 ,t]re/rial ,globes 9 ,antiquity #a ,! beg9n+s ( a/ronomical & ( geographical sci5ce4--,primitive attempts at map con/ruction1 z se5 9 ! ,babylonian plan ( ! _w4--,anaxim&] probably ! fir/ sci5tific c>tograph]4--,/atem5ts ( ,h]odotus4--,! place ( ,hecataeus1 ,hipp>*us1 ,m>9us1 ,ptolemy4--,! ,romans z map mak]s4--,! e>lie/ beliefs 9 a globul> e>?4--,?ales1 ! ,py?agoreans1 ,ari/otle4--,erato/h5es & 8 measurem5ts ( ! e>?4--,crates probably ! fir/ to con/ruct a t]re/rial globe4--,/atem5ts ( ,/rabo4--,ptolemy's /atem5ts conc]n+ globes & globe con/ruction4--,! allusions ( ,pl9y4 ,*apt] ,,ii3 ,cele/ial ,globes 9 ,antiquity #ad ,?ales' ideas1 probably n a globe mak]4--,eudoxus4--,! ,atlante ,f>nese4--,ar*im$es4--,allusion ( ,lactantius4--,pappus' allusions4--,armill>y sph]es4--,! a/ronom] ,hipp>*us4--,ptolemy4--,globes us$ = decorative purposes by ! ,romans4--,roman co9s4--,! ,byzant9e ,leontius ,me*anicus4 ,*apt] ,,iii3 ,globes ,con/ruct$ by ! ,arabs #bf ,foll[]s ( ,ptolemy4--,e>ly armill>y sph]es4--,int]e/ ( ! ,califs 9 globes & a/ronomical in/rum5ts4--,! record ( ! ',fihri/4'--,ibrahim4--,caiss>4--,mohamm $ b5 ,helal4--,mohamm$ el ,ordhi4--,! ,p>is globes4--,ridhwan ,ef5di4 ,*apt] ,,iv3 ,t]re/rial & ,cele/ial ,globes 9 ! ,*ri/ian ,middle ,ages #ce ,g5]al attitude ( ! p]iod t[>d ! !ories ( ! ,greeks & ! ,romans4--,scripture /atem5ts z s\rces ( in=mation4--,incl9ation ( c]ta9 e>ly writ]s to accept ! doctr9e ( a sph]ical e>?4--,! p>ticul> attitude ( ,pope ,sylve/] ,,ii4--,! ass]t$ int]e/ ( ,emp]or ,fr$]ick ,,ii 9 sci5tific /udies4--,alfonso ! ,wise & ! ,alfonsian tables4--,int]e/+ allusions 9 ,alfonso's "w to globes & globe con/ruction4--,giovanni ,campano ( ,nov>a & ! /atem5ts 9 8 ',tractatis de sph]a solida4'--,! attitude ( ,alb]tus ,magnus1 ,sacrobosco1 ,rog] ,bacon1 ,v9c5t ( ,beauvais1 ,dante4 ,*apt] ,v3 ,globes ,con/ruct$ 9 ! ,e>ly ,ye>s ( ! ,great ,geographical ,discov]ies #df ,increas+ int]e/ 9 geographical discov]y & m>itime ent]prise 9 ! f\rte5? & ! fifte5? c5tury4--,awak5$ int]e/ 9 globe con/ruction4--,m>t9 ,behaim & 8 globe ( ! ye> #adib4--,! ,laon globe4--,*ri/oph] & ,b>?olomew ,columbus & _! int]e/ 9 globes4--,john ,cabot & 8 globe4--,globes ( ,johannes ,/ffl]4--,conrad ,celtes & 8 "p 9 ar\s+ an int]e/ 9 globes4 ,*apt] ,,vi3 ,globes ( ! ,e>ly ,sixte5? ,c5tury #ei ,summ>y ( fifte5? c5tury globe *>act]i/ics4--,increas+ int]e/ 9 globes4--,globes ( ,pope ,julius ,,ii4--,fri> ,m>co da ,b5ev5to4--,importance ( ! ,rosselli family ( ,flor5ce4--,! globe ( ,b>naba ,canti4--,fri> ,giuliano ,vannelli4--,int]e/ ( ,tri!mius 9 globes4--,! ,bunau globe4--,waldseemll]'s map & globe4--,lie*t5/e9 globes4--,b*l9 ref]5ce4--,globus ,mundi4--,welt ,kugel4--,l5ox globe4--,jagellonicus globe4--,hauslab4--,gre5 globe ( ,p>is4--,nord5skild gores4--,s-call$ ,leon>do da ,v9ci gores4--,b\l5gi] gores4--,acton globes4--,globes ( ,magellan & ( del ,cano4--,globes ( ,s*n]4 ,*apt] ,,vii3 ,globes ( ! ,second ,qu>t] ( ! ,sixte5? ,c5tury #id ,globes indicat+ 7a7 an ,asiatic connection ( ! ,new ,_w1 7b7 globes express+ a d\bt ( su* ,old ,_w connection1 7c7 globes %[+ an indep5d5t position ( ! ,new ,_w4--,franciscus ,mona*us4--,hakluyt's ref]5ce4--,! ,gilt globe4--,p>m5ti]4--,francesco ,libri4--,nancy globe4--,globes ( ,gemma ,frisius4--,rob]tus de ,bailly4--,s*n] globe ( #aecc4--,s*iepp4--,furtemba*4--,p>is ,wood5 globe4--,vopel globes4--,santa ,cruz4--,h>tmann gores4--,important globe ( ,ulpius4--,c>d9al ,bembo's globes4--,m]cator's epo*-mak+ activity4--,fraca/ro4--,ramusio's ref]5ces to globes4--,gianelli4--,flor5ce cele/ial globe4 ,*apt] ,,viii3 ,globes & ,globe ,mak]s ( ! ,?ird ,qu>t] ( ! ,sixte5? ,c5tury #adf ,revival ( int]e/ 9 globe mak+ 9 ,italy4--,franois ,de ,mong5et ( ,france & ! repr9t ( 8 globe maps 9 ,italy4--,gore map ( ,antonius ,florianus4--,globe records left by ,aless&ro ,piccolom9i4--,ruscelli's directions = globe con/ruction4--,ref]5ce to ! "w ( ,sanuto & ,gonzaga4--,armill>y sph]e ( ,volpaja4--,excell5t workman%ip 9 ! cele/ial-t]re/rial globe ( ,*ri/ian ,heyd54--,metal globes ( ,johannes ,praetorius4--,vas>i's ref]5ce to ! "w ( ,ignazio ,danti4--,! iron globe ( ,francisco ,basso4--,armill>y sph]e ( ,giovanni ,b>rocci4--,! "w ( ,hi]onymo de ,boncompagni4--,emanuele ,filib]to4--,anonym\s globe ( #aege4--,laur5tian armill>y sph]es4--,small globes ( ! ,biblioteca ,nationale ( ,flor5ce4--,m>io ,c>t>o4 ,*apt] ,,ix3 ,globes & ,globe ,mak]s ( ! ,la/ ,qu>t] ( ! ,sixte5? ,c5tury #agb ,brief summ>y ( sixte5?-c5tury globe mak+4--,! close ( ! c5tury introduc+ u to ! great ,dut* globe mak]s4--,! clock mak] ,dasypodius4--,pet] & ,philip ,apianus4--,! armill>y sph]e ( ,c>lus ,platus4--,roll & ,re9hold4--,ty*o ,brahe & 8 influ5ce4--,titon du ,tillet4--,! t]re/rial globe ( ,r\54--,globes ( ,em]y ,molyneux4--,globes ( ,brgi4--,zri* globe4--,beak] globes4--,ivory globe ( ,antonio ,spano4--,! ,van ,langr5 globes4--,santucci4--,b4 ,f4 globe ( ,dresd54 ,li/ ( ,illu/rations ,frontispiece4 ,museum ( ,! ,hispanic ,society ( ,am]ica ,vol4 ,i ,,fig4 ,,page ,,*apt] ,i #a4 ,fragm5t ,map ( ,egyptian ,gold ,m9es4 ,f ,*abas #b #b4 ,tablet ,repres5t+ ,babylonian ,_w-,plan4 ,orig9al 9 ,briti% ,museum1 ,london #c #c4 ,ptolemy ,_w ,map4 ,f ,ebn]ianus manuscript 9 ,new ,york ,public ,libr>y1 ca4 #adff #d #d4 ,sections ( ,peut+] ,tables4 ,orig9al 9 ,imp]ial ,libr>y1 ,vi5na #f #e4 ,globe accord+ to ,crates4 ,f p5 draw+ #g #f4 ,globe accord+ to ,/rabo4 ,f p5 draw+ #i ,,*apt] ,,ii #g4 ,atlante ,f>nese1 ca4 #bjj ,b4,c4 ,f ,pass>i's ,atlas ,f>nesianus #ad #h4 ,atlante ,f>nese ,con/ellation ,figures4 ,f ,pass>i's ,atlas #af #i4 ,armill>y ,sph]e accord+ to ,ptolemy4 ,f orig9al ,vopel globe 9 ,national ,museum1 ,wa%+ton #bj #aj4 ,bosco ,reale ,roman ,fresco1 ca4 #ej ,a4,d4 ,f orig9al 9 ,metropolitan ,museum1 ,new ,york #bb #aa4 ,greek & ,roman ,co9s4 ,f orig9als 9 collection ( ,am]ican ,numismatic ,society1 ,new ,york #f #ab4 ,roman ,gems4 ,f ,k+'s ,antique ,gems & ,r+s #f ,,*apt] ,,iii #ac4 ,nor!rn ,hemisph]e ( ,globe by ,mohamm$ b5 ,helal1 #abge4 ,f ,dorn's reproduction ( orig9al 9 ,london ,asiatic ,society's collection #bh #ad4 ,globe ( ,mohamm$ b5 ,muwaj$ el ,ordhi1 #abgi4 ,f orig9al 9 ,ma?4 ,phys4 ,salon1 ,dresd5 #cj #ae4 ,globe ( ,diemat ,edd9 ,mohamm$1 #aegc4 ,f orig9al 9 ,national ,libr>y1 ,p>is #cb #ae;a4 ,anonym\s ,arabic ,globe1 #afce4 ,f orig9al 9 ,libr>y ,pr(essor ,david ,e4 ,smi?1 ,new ,york #cd ,,*apt] ,,iv #af4 ,! ,univ]se accord+ to ,cosmas ,indicopleu/es1 ,six? ,c5tury4 ,f reproduction by ,montfauon #cf #ag4 ,cosmas' ,illu/ration ,confut+ ! ,exi/5ce ( ,antipodal ,peoples4 ,f reproduction by ,montfauon #cg #ah4 ,h]e=d ,_w ,map1 ca4 #abhc #ch #ai4 ,! ,e>? ,pictur$ z a ,sph]e by ,nicolas d',oresme1 #acgg4 ,f reproduction 9 ,sant>em's ,atlas #ch #bj4 ,! ,con/ellation ,taurus4 ,f ,rico y ,s9obas' reproduction ( ,alfonsian ,tables #db ,,*apt] ,v #ba4 ,globe ( ,m>t9 ,behaim1 #adib4 ,f reproduction ( orig9al 9 ,libr>y ( ! ,am]ican ,geographical ,society1 ,new ,york #df #bb4 ,portrait ( ,m>t9 ,behaim4 ,f ,ghillany #dh #bc4 ,globe ( ,m>t9 ,behaim 9 ,hemisph]es4 ,f ,ghillany #ej #bd4 ,lor5zo ,lotto ,portrait ( ,columbus4 ,f orig9al belong+ to ,james ,w4 ,ellswor?1 ,new ,york #eb #be4 ,portrait ( ,seba/ian ,cabot1 ,son ( ,john ,cabot4 ,f engrav+ by ,rawle #ed ,,*apt] ,,vi #bf4 ,title-page ( ,johann ,s*n]'s ,t]rae ,descriptio1 #aeah4 ,f orig9al #fj #bg4 ,second ,title-page ( ,mauro ,fior5t9o's ,sph]a ,volg>e1 #aecg4 ,f orig9al #fa #bh4 ,holbe9's ,ambassadors4 ,f orig9al 9 ,national ,art ,gall]y1 ,london #fb #bi4 ,libr>y ( ,escorial4 ,f an old pr9t #fd #cj4 ,ca/le ( ,pr9ce ,waldburg de ,wolfegg4 ,f orig9al photograph #ff #ca4 ,_w ,map ( ,m>t9 ,waldseemll]1 #aejg4 ,f ,fis*] & von ,wies]'s reproduction #fh #cb4 ,globe ,gores ,attribut$ to ,m>t9 ,waldseemll]1 #aeji4 ,f orig9al belong+ to ,pr9ce ,lie*t5/e9 #gj #cc4 ,globus ,mundi1 #aeji4 ,f orig9al #gc #cd4 ,l5ox ,globe1 #aeaj4 ,f orig9al 9 ,new ,york ,public ,libr>y #gb #ce4 ,l5ox ,globe 9 ,hemisph]es4 ,f p5 draw+ #gb #cf4 ,jagellonicus ,globe1 #aeaj4 ,f orig9al 9 ,crac[ #gd #cg4 ,jagellonicus ,globe 9 ,hemisph]es4 ,f reproduction by ,e/rei*] #gd #ch4 ,gre5 ,globe1 #aeae4 ,f orig9al 9 ,national ,libr>y1 ,p>is #gf #ci4 ,lie*t5/e9 ,globe ,gores1 ca4 #aeah4 ,f orig9al belong+ to ,pr9ce ,lie*t5/e9 #gh #dj4 ,t]re/rial ,globe ,gores ( ,b\l5gi]1 ca4 #aeah4 ,f orig9al 9 ,new ,york ,public ,libr>y #hj #da4 ,portrait ( ,magellan4 ,f an old pr9t #hb #db4 ,portrait ( ,johann ,s*n]4 ,f an old engrav+ #hd #dc4 ,globe ( ,johann ,s*n] 9 ,hemisph]es1 #aeae4 ,f orig9al & ,jom>d's ,atlas--p5 draw+ #hd #dd4 ,we/]n ,hemisph]e ( ,johann ,s*n]'s ,globe1 #aebj4 ,f ,ghillany #hf #dd;a4 ,anonym\s ,globe ,gores1 ca4 #aedj4 ,f orig9al 9 ,new ,york ,public ,libr>y #hh #de4 ,/abius ,_w ,globe ,map1 #aeae4 ,f orig9al 9 ,imp]ial ,libr>y1 ,vi5na #hh #df4 ,nor!rn ,cele/ial ,hemisph]e ( ,albre*t ,dr]4 ,f orig9al 9 ,imp]ial ,libr>y1 ,vi5na #bh ,,*apt] ,,vii #dg4 ,b>?olomew ,columbus ,sket* ,map1 #aejf4 ,f reproduction by von ,wies] #ie #dh4 ,hemisph]es ( ,franciscus ,mona*us1 #aebf4 ,f 8 ,de orbis situ #if #di4 ,gilt ,globe1 ca4 #aebh4 ,f ,h>risse draw+ aft] ! orig9al 9 ,national ,libr>y1 ,p>is #ih #ej4 ,nancy ,globe1 ca4 #aecj4 ,f orig9al 9 ,nancy ,museum #ajj #ej;a4 ,globe ( ,jacob ,/amf]1 #aeci4 ,f orig9al 9 ,zri* #ajj #ej;b4 ,nancy ,globe 9 ,hemisph]es4 ,f ,blau's reproduction #ajb #ea4 ,portrait ( ,gemma ,frisius4 ,f an old pr9t #ajd #eb4 ,t]re/rial ,globe ( ,rob]tus de ,bailly--,n9e ( twelve gores exhibit+ ! map1 #aecj4 ,r$rawn = ,ros5?al's ,catalogue1 ,no4 #ajj #ajh #ec4 ,t]re/rial ,globe ( ,rob]tus de ,bailly1 #aecj4 ,f orig9al 9 ,libr>y ( ,j4 ,p4 ,morgan1 ,new ,york #ajh #ed4 ,s*n]'s ,t]re/rial ,globe1 #aecc 7,probable74 ,f 8 ,op]a ,ma!matica #aaj #ed;a4 ,s*n]'s ,cele/ial ,globe1 #aecc 7,probable74 ,f 8 ,op]a ,ma!matica #aab #ee4 ,p>is ,wood5 ,globe1 #aece4 ,f orig9al 9 ,national ,libr>y1 ,p>is #aad #ef4 ,vopel ,globe1 #aedc4 ,f orig9al 9 ! ,libr>y ( ,congress1 ,wa%+ton #aaf #ef;a4 ,we/]n ,hemisph]e ( ,vopel ,t]re/rial ,globe4 ,f de ,co/a's draw+ #ih #eg4 ,t]re/rial ,globe ( ,euphrosynus ,ulpius1 #aeda4 ,f orig9al 9 ,libr>y ,new ,york ,hi/orical ,society #aah #eh4 ,we/]n ,hemisph]e ( ,ulpius ,globe1 #aeda4 ,f ! draw+ by de ,co/a #aai #ei4 ,gore ,map ( ,alonso de ,santa ,cruz1 #aedb4 ,f ,dahlgr5's reproduction #abb #fj4 ,portraits ( ,g]h>d ,m]cator & ,jodocus ,hondius4 ,f an old pr9t #abd #fa4 ,six ( ,twelve ,t]re/rial ,globe ,gores by ,g]h>d ,m]cator1 #aeda4 ,f reproduction by van ,raemdonck #abh #fb4 ,t]re/rial ,globe ( ,g]h>d ,m]cator1 #aeda4 ,f orig9al 9 ,a/ronomical ,museum1 ,rome #acd ,,*apt] ,,viii #fc4 ,t]re/rial ,globe ,gores ( ,franois de ,mong5et1 #aeeb4 ,f orig9al 9 ,new ,york ,public ,libr>y #adh #fd4 ,cele/ial ,globe ,gores ( ,franois de ,mong5et1 #aeeb4 ,f orig9al 9 ,new ,york ,public ,libr>y #aej #fe4 ,globes ( ,franois de ,mong5et1 #aefj1 & ( ,gian ,francesco ,co/a1 #aghd #aej #ff4 ,globe ,gores ( ,antonius ,florianus1 #aeee4 ,f ,lafr]i's ,atlas #aeb #fg4 ,globe ( ,*ri/ian ,heyd51 #aefj4 ,f orig9al 9 ,ma?4 ,phys4 ,salon1 ,dresd5 #aef #fh4 ,globe ( ,johannes ,praetorius1 #aeff4 ,f orig9al 9 ,ma?4 ,phys4 ,salon1 ,dresd5 #aeh #fi4 ,t]re/rial ,globe ( ,m>io ,c>t>o1 #aegg4 ,f orig9al 9 possession ( ,mr4 ,re$1 ,new ,york #afh ,,*apt] ,,ix #gj4 ,/rassburg ,clock & ,globe ( ,conrad ,dasypodius1 #aegd4 ,f ,s*wilgu #agd #ga4 ,portrait ( ,pet] ,apianus4 ,f an old pr9t #agf #gb4 ,globes ( ,philip ,apianus1 #aegf4 ,f orig9als 9 ,k4 ,b4 ,h(- u4 ,/aatsbiblio!k1 ,muni* #agh #gc4 ,silv]-,gilt ,globe ( ,g]h>d ,emmos]1 #aegc4 ,f orig9al 9 ,metropolitan ,museum1 ,new ,york #ahj #gd4 ,globe ( ,george ,roll & ,johannes ,re9hold1 #aehf4 ,f orig9al 9 ,ma?4 ,phys4 ,salon1 ,dresd5 #ahb #ge4 ,portrait ( ,ty*o ,brahe4 ,f an engrav+ by ,korn5ip #ahd #gf4 ,int]ior ( ,ty*o ,brahe's ,obs]vatory at ,urani5burg4 ,f ,blaeu's ,atlas #ahf #gg4 ,globus ,magnus ( ,ty*o ,brahe1 #aehd4 ,f 8 ,a/ronomiae ,in/auratae ,me*anica #ahh #gh4 ,l'cuy ,t]re/rial ,globe1 ca4 #aegh4 ,f orig9al 9 ,national ,libr>y1 ,p>is #aij #gi4 ,t]re/rial ,globe ( ,em]y ,molyneux1 #aeib4 ,f orig9al 9 ,middle ,temple1 ,london #aib #hj4 ,anonym\s ,t]re/rial ,globe1 ca4 #aeie4 ,f orig9al 9 ,l&esmuseum1 ,zri* #aih #ha4 ,globe-,goblet ( ,abraham ,gessn]1 ca4 #afjj4 ,f orig9al 9 ,wolfegg ,ca/le1 ,wolfegg #bjj #hb4 ,gold ,globe-,goblet1 ca4 #aege4 ,f orig9al 9 ,metropolitan ,museum1 ,new ,york #bjj #hc4 ,ivory ,t]re/rial ,globe ( ,antonio ,spano1 #aeic4 ,f orig9al 9 ,libr>y ( ,j4 ,p4 ,morgan1 ,new ,york #bjb #hd4 ,s\? ,pol> ,region on ,globe ( ,antonio ,spano4 ,f orig9al 9 ,libr>y ( ,j4 ,p4 ,morgan1 ,new ,york #bjd #hd;a4 ,s\? ,pol> ,region on ,globe ( ,jodocus ,hondius1 #afjj4 ,f orig9al 9 ,libr>y ( ,h5ry ,e4 ,hunt+ton1 ,new ,york #bjd #he4 ,t]re/rial ,globe ( ,van ,langr51 #afab4 ,f orig9al 9 ,royal ,geographical ,society1 ,am/]dam #bjh #hf4 ,armill>y ,sph]e ( ,antonio ,santucci 7871 ca4 #aehj4 ,f orig9al 9 ,libr>y ( ,h5ry ,e4 ,hunt+ton1 ,new ,york #bad #hg4 ,cele/ial ,globe ( ,b4 ,f41 #afjj4 ,f orig9al 9 ,ma?4 ,phys4 ,salon1 ,dresd5 #baf ,,*ap4 ,,tailpieces ,,page ,,ii4 ,! ,egyptian ,gnomon4 ,f p5 draw+ #be ,,iii4 ,arabic ,cele/ial ,globe4 ,f ,dorn's illu/ration #cd ,v4 ,%ip4 ,f e>ly portolan *>t #eh ,,vi4 ,hont] ,globe4 ,f 8 ,rudim5ta cosmographica #ic ,,vii4 ,portuguese ,arms #ade ,,viii4 ,compass ,rose4 ,f ,m>t9es ,atlas1 #aehb #aga ,,ix4 ,base ( ,apianus ,globe1 #aegf #bah ,=eword4 ,hi!rto !re has n appe>$ 9 ,engli% a detail$ hi/orical treatise on globes t]re/rial & cele/ial4 ,! publications are some:at num]\s1 x is true1 9 :i* a v g5]al consid]ation has be5 giv5 to ! uses ( globes1 includ+ a ref]5ce to _! important /ructural features1 & to ! problems geographical & a/ronomical 9 ! solution ( :i* !y may be c\nt$ ( s]vice4 ,!re are a few /udies1 critical & hi/orical1 t\*+ c]ta9 select$ examples ( ! e>ly globe mak]'s h&iwork :i* c be cit$4 ,att5tion1 = example1 may "h be direct$ to ,sir ,clem5ts ,m>kham's valuable introduction to 8 excell5t ,engli% translation ( ,hues' ',tractatus de ,globis1' a "w orig9ally prep>$ = ! purpose ( furni%+ a description ( ! ,molyneaux globes1 9 :i* introduction he und]took to pass 9 review ! cele/ial & t]re/rial globes :i* prec$$ or 7 contemporane\s ) ! fir/ t 7 made 9 ,engl& 7#aeib7 s f> z a k ( !m has come d[n to u1 yet ! le>n$ au?or cites b a fraction ( ! _m globes ref]r$ to 9 ! foll[+ pages4 ,9 ,rav5/e9's ',behaim1 ,8 ,life & ,8 ,globe1' we h p]haps ! mo/ s*ol>ly treatm5t ( its k9d 9 any language1 b ! /udy is limit$ to ! "w ( "o man1 ! mak] ( ! olde/ extant t]re/rial globe1 :i* is dat$ #adib4 ,! bibliographical li/ :i* is app5d$ gives /rik+ evid5ce t !re has be5 a m or less ext5d$ int]e/ 9 ! g5]al subject ( ! use & ! con/ruction ( globes 9 ,france1 9 ,g]many1 9 ,engl&1 & 9 ,italy4 ,! au?or makes 9 ?is place special m5tion ( 8 indebt$ness to ! /udies ( ! di/+ui%$ ,italian s*ol>1 ,pr(essor ,matteo ,fior9i1 add+ t ) "s propriety 8 "n might h a place on ! title-page4 ,_h !re n be5 a ready access to 8 important works1 _h ! ,italian ,geographical ,society n s graci\sly express$ to ! au?or its will+ness = ! free use ( z mu* ( 8 publi%$ inve/igations z might be desir$1 = :i* x /ood 9 ! relation ( sponsor publi%]1 a will+ness :i* ,fior9i himself _h assur$ to any :o might h access to ! pr9t$ results ( 8 /udies )9 ?is field1 ! prep>ation ( ?is "w necess>ily w\ld h ext5d$ ov] a consid]able p]iod ( "t4 ,special m5tion mu/ be made ( 8 ',sf]e ,t]re/ri e ,cele/i di ,autore ,italiano oppure fatte o cons]vate 9 ,italia1' & ( 8 ',sf]e cosmografi*e e specialm5te le ,sf]e ,t]re/ri4' ,^! works h be5 ( v signal value = ! /udy ( ! ,italian globes & globe mak]s4 ,n an inconsid]able "p ( 8 descriptive details has be5 appropriat$1 be+ giv5 9 free translation or 9 p>aphrase1 quotation m>ks hav+ be5 omitt$4 ,special m5tion may also "h be made ( ,sigmund ,gn!r's int]e/+ little volume1 :i* he titles ',erd- und ,himmelsglob5 na* dem itali5is*5 ,matteo ,fior9is frei be>beitet4' ,?is has be5 ( special value = its bibliographical ref]5ces & = its %ort *apt]s on globe-gore con/ruction4 ,to attempt ! li/+1 ) description1 ( all globes kn[n to h be5 con/ruct$ f ! e>lie/ times to ! close ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 ! latt] be+ a some:at arbitr>y date1 is pret5ti\s4 ,! fact is fully appreciat$ t 9 _m in/ances ! description giv5 is all too brief4 ,_m ( ! individual t]re/rial globe maps ( ! p]iod 9 "q1 x %\ld be especially not$1 are ( ! greate/ hi/orical & sci5tific value2 b to h und]tak5 a m detail$ & a m critical /udy m]ely ( ^? :i* may be call$ ! mo/ important might well h dem&$ f> m "t & special rese>* ?an c\ld h be5 fitt+ly all[$ = a g5]al survey su* z has "h be5 plann$2 9 su* a c\rse we %\ld inde$ h be5 l$ afield f our purpose4 ,x _h be5 ?\ght :5 ?is /udy 0 fir/ und]tak5 t p]haps z _m z "o hundr$ exi/+ examples might be locat$1 & t 9 addition to ^! n a few important ref]5ces might be f\nd to "w actually done b n[ lo/4 ,in/ead ( ! "o hundr$1 m ?an eight hundr$ & fifty h be5 li/$1 & f ! int]e/+ exp]i5ce 9 collect+ mat]ial = ! "w1 ! pleasurable hope is ent]ta9$ t ! publi%$ record ( ?is ef=t w be 9 "s measure ! means ( br++ to light n a score b scores ( o!r examples4 ,indulg+ ?is hope !re h be5 add$ to ea* copy ( ! book a few blank pages = ! ins]tion ( a ref]5ce to any n m5tion$ 9 ! foll[+ pr9t$ pages4 ,! au?or begs 9 ?is connection to add an expression ( 8 grateful appreciation = any ^w :i* may be s5t to him conc]n+ unm5tion$ examples1 to ! end t 9 a revis$ edition su* examples may be fitt+ly not$4 ,! great w> *eck$ ! se>* = exi/+ examples1 & prev5t$ ! inclusion ( _m illu/rations :i* _h be5 promis$1 b ^! 7 promises :i* c\ld n be fulfill$4 ,an attempt has be5 made1 z be=e not$1 to treat ! subject hi/orically1 beg9n+ ) ! e>lie/ ref]5ces to ! belief 9 a sph]ical e>? & a sph]ical firmam5t encircl+ x4 ,x is n easy to fix1 ) any?+ l a satisfactory measure ( c]ta9ty1 ! beg9n+ ( globe con/ruction2 v naturally x 0 n until a sph]ical !ory conc]n+ ! heav5s & ! e>? _h be5 accept$1 & = ?is we are l$ back q to ,ari/otle & beyond1 back inde$ to ! ,py?agoreans if n yet f>!r4 ,we f9d allusions to cele/ial globes 9 ! days ( ,eudoxus & ,ar*im$es1 to t]re/rial globes 9 ! days ( ,crates & ,hipp>*us4 ,we f9d t ! ,greek geograph] ,/rabo gives u q a def9ite ^w conc]n+ _! value & _! con/ruction1 & t ,ptolemy is s def9ite 9 8 ref]5ces to !m z to lead to a belief t globes 7 by no means uncommon in/rum5ts 9 8 day1 & t !y 7 reg>d$ ( mu* value 9 ! /udy ( geography & a/ronomy1 p>ticul>ly ( ! latt] sci5ce4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 b "o example kn[n1 :i* has come d[n to u f t anci5t day1 ?is a cele/ial globe1 :i* is not$ bel[ & briefly describ$ z ! ,f>nese globe4 ,x is ( m>ble1 & is ?\ght by "s to date f ! "t ( ,eudoxus1 t is1 ?ree hundr$ ye>s be=e ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,to ! ,mohamm$ans belongs *ief cr$it = keep+ alive an int]e/ 9 a/ronomical /udies dur+ ! s-call$ ,*ri/ian middle ages1 & we f9d !m int]e/$ 9 globe con/ruction1 t is1 9 cele/ial globe con/ruction2 s f> z we h k1 x seems d\btful t !y und]took ! con/ruction ( t]re/rial globes4 ,among ! ,*ri/ian peoples ( ,europe 9 ?is same p]iod !re 0 n want+ an int]e/ 9 bo? geography & a/ronomy4 ,we are n[ le>n+ t ^? c5turies 7 n entirely b>r5 ( a c]ta9 int]e/ 9 sci5ces o!r ?an !ological4 ,9 ,ju/9ian's day1 or ne> x1 "o ,leontius ,me*anicus busi$ himself 9 ,con/ant9ople ) globe con/ruction1 & we h left to u 8 brief descriptive ref]5ce to 8 "w4 ,) /ress laid1 dur+ ! _m c5turies succe$+1 ^u matt]s p]ta9+ to ! religi\s life1 !re naturally 0 less conc]n ?an !re _h be5 9 ! humani/ic days ( classical antiquity z to :e!r ! e>? is sph]ical 9 =m or flat l a circul> disc1 nor 0 x ?\ght to matt] ov]mu* z to ! =m ( ! heav5s4 ,yet !re 0 no c5tury1 n ev5 9 ^? ages we happily are le>n+ to call no long] d>k1 t geography & a/ronomy 7 n /udi$ & taught1 & globes cele/ial z well z armill>y sph]es1 if n t]re/rial globes1 7 con/ruct$4 ,! ,v5]able ,b$e1 ,notk] ,labeo1 ,pope ,sylve/] ,i1 ! ,emp]or ,fr$]ick ,,ii1 & ,k+ ,alfonso ( ,ca/ile1 n to "n _m o!rs ( p]haps less] significance1 display$ an int]e/ 9 globes & globe mak+4 ,! mod]n age op5s ) an int]e/ 9 ! expansion ( ,europe ov]l& ea/w>d1 ) ?is int]e/ soon to be foll[$ by great] en?usiasm 9 transoceanic expansion4 ,) ! rapidly increas+ k conc]n+ ! hi!rto unkn[n or b little kn[n regions ( ! e>? came a desire = bett] map mak+1 came an int]e/ intellig5tly direct$ 9 ! con/ruction ( t]re/rial globes on :i* ! newly discov]$ p>ts might be repres5t$ 9 _! relative positions z !y are on ! real sph]ical e>?4 ,to ?is int]e/ ,m>t9 ,behaim gave /rik+ expression1 produc+ 9 ! ye> #adib 8 fam\s ,erdapfel ref]r$ to above z ! olde/ extant t]re/rial globe4 ,8 c5tury closes ) e evid5ce t ! sph]ical !ory1 z ,ari/otle _h express$ x ne>ly two ?\s& ye>s be=e1 c\ld alone be accept$ by geograph]s1 & if sph]ical1 ! fact c\ld be mo/ impressively taught by ! use ( a mat]ial repres5tation1 t is1 by means ( a t]re/rial globe4 ,! sixte5? c5tury op5$ ) a m>vel\sly increas$ int]e/ 9 geography1 ! result ( a climax rea*$ ?r\gh ! transoceanic discov]ies 9 :i* ,columbus l$ ! way4 ,if ! mak]s ( plane maps became n[ increas+ly active1 s ! mak]s ( globes 7 becom+ increas+ly num]\s1 & at fir/ 9 ! c\ntries ( trans-alp9e ,europe4 ,globes ( metal ) engrav$ maps1 z ! ,l5ox & ! ,jagellonicus copp] sph]es1 globes ) manuscript maps cov]+ a sph]e ( special composition1 z 7 ^? ( ,s*n]1 globes 9 ! prep>ation ( :i* engrav$ gore maps 7 employ$2 z ! ,waldseemll]1 ! ,b\l5gi]1 ! ,gemma1 & ! ,m]cator1 make _! appe>ance 9 ev] increas+ numb]s1 ! activity enc\rag$ by ^? int]e/$ 9 a sci5tific /udy ( geography & a/ronomy1 & notably by seam51 9 ^: collection ( navigator's in/rum5ts !y 7 long consid]$ to be ( ! greate/ importance4 ,h[ ! globe int]e/ 9 ! sev]al c\ntries ( ,europe f\nd expression dur+ ! sixte5?1 sev5te5?1 & eighte5? c5turies is fully set =? 9 ! foll[+ pages1 ) some?+ ( an attempt at a gr\p+ & a classification ( ! results1 to ! end ( mak+ m cle> ! tr5d ( t int]e/1 n[ quick5$1 n[ ret>d$1 by c]ta9 tempor>y or p]man5t national impulses4 ,x is especially int]e/+ to note h[ a c]ta9 sup]iority 9 globe mak+ exhibit$ itself1 n[ 9 "o c\ntry1 n[ 9 ano!r1 ) a l+]+ favor exhibit$ 9 ,italy = ! manuscript or ! metal globe1 :ile 9 ! ,nor?1 globes ) copp] engrav$ gore maps f\nd increas+ favor f ! fir/1 ) a c]ta9 climax rea*$ 9 ! ,ne!rl&s 9 ! days ( ,hondius & ,blaeu4 ,9 ! app5d$ tabulat$ li/ ( globes & globe mak]s1 x w be not$ t ! mak]s h be5 li/$ alphabetically1 t ! k9d ( globe has be5 indicat$1 :e!r t]re/rial1 cele/ial or armill>y sph]e1 ) ! date giv51 ?\gh sometimes only approximately1 & ) ! diamet] ( ea* globe record$ 9 c5timet]s1 s f> z obta9able ) an acceptable degree ( accuracy1 fractions !re( be+ omitt$1 ^! same measurem5ts be+ repeat$ 9 ! text ref]5ce to ea* individual example or edition4 ,! au?or _h be5 ambiti\s to include 9 8 illu/rations a reproduction ( ea* kn[n example or edition1 %[+ at lea/ ! g5]al appe>ance ( ea*1 b he fully realizes ! m or less unsatisfactory "* ( a small pr9t1 & ! unsatisfactory results ( an attempt to photograph ! curv$ surface ( a sph]e4 ,n a few ( ! _m examples w\ld prove to be ( ! greate/ int]e/ & sci5tific value c\ld ! entire map surface h be5 giv5 9 reproduction & 9 size to be easily legible4 ,x h[ev] c be readily und]/ood h[ su* an und]tak+ 0 necess>ily consid]$ to be unpractical4 ,out ( ! au?or's collection ( ab\t f\r hundr$ globe photographs1 a selection has be5 made ( ^? :i* x has be5 ?\ght w\ld be mo/ suitable = illu/rative purposes4 ,x is hop$ t ! prelim9>y /udy h]e) pres5t$ may lead to a numb] ( indep5d5t & ?or\gh inve/igations ( important individual examples1 to ! end ( cle>ly sett+ =? _! great docum5t>y value4 ,!re h be5 add$ to ! li/ ( illu/rations c]ta9 important leg5ds z !y appe> 9 ! orig9al1 likewise a numb] ( contempor>y portraits ( ! di/+ui%$ globe & map mak]s ( ! la/ ?ree c5turies4 ,9 mo/ in/ances important leg5ds h be5 cit$ 9 ! text 9 ! exact language ( ! orig9al1 to :i*1 ) v few exceptions1 a translation is add$4 ,! critical /ud5t w occasionally be some:at a/\nd$ at ! incorrectness ( ! language1 ,lat91 ,italian1 ,spani%1 ,fr5* or ,g]man1 9 ! orig9al4 ,! translations into ,engli%1 n infrequ5tly1 h be5 made ) difficulty2 accord+ly x w be not$ 9 "s in/ances t ! translation is conjectural4 ,no attempt has be5 made to correct errors2 on ! contr>y1 ! greate/ c>e has be5 ex]cis$ to adh]e fai?fully to ! orig9al z giv5 by ! map or globe mak]4 ,! bibliographical li/ app5d$ is full1 b complet5ess is n pret5d$4 ,practically all ( ! works cit$ h be5 consult$1 & c>e has be5 tak5 to include ^? held to be ( ! greate/ importance4 ,x w at lea/ s]ve z a work+ li/ = ^? /ud5ts :o may wi% to make fur!r inve/igations )9 ! field "u consid]ation4 ,an expression ( s9c]e/ ?anks is "h record$ to ! v _m libr>ians1 directors ( museums1 & private individuals :o h s graci\sly respond$ to reque/s = in=mation conc]n+ ! globes belong+ to _! sev]al collections4 ,! privilege s readily conc$$ = photograph+ ! sev]al examples1 & ! "t & tr\ble exp5d$ 9 hav+ ?is "w ( reproduction well done1 are no?+ less ?an a /rik+ evid5ce ( ! k9dlie/ frat]nal _s exi/+ among ^? engag$ 9 sci5tific & lit]>y pursuits ! _w ov]4 ,to ! reque/s pres5t$ ev5 ! antipodes h respond$4 ,9 conclud+1 ! au?or might ref] to 8 int]e/ 9 globes z dat+ f 8 e>ly boyhood days1 :51 9 t c\ntry s*ool 9 we/]n ,ill9ois1 be>+ ! "n ,lib]ty1 = x _h be5 e/abli%$ 9 ! fir/ ye>s ( ! ,civil ,w>1 he /udi$ 8 geography & inde$ 8 a/ronomy lessons ) ! aid ( a t]re/rial globe & an orr]y4 ,c x be t we h revis$ our educational me?ods s f> 9 ?is c\ntry z practically to h elim9at$ ! intellig5t use ( aids s valuable 9 ! /udy ( ! bran*es :i* globes conc]n8 ,!y ent] 9 fact b little into mod]n me?ods ( in/ruction4 ,if ?is "w c\ld be made to enc\rage _! ext5sive use1 & s]ve 9 _! rehabilitation z aids ( ine/imable int]e/ & value 9 geographical & a/ronomical /udies1 x w h s]v$ ! purpose :i* is mo/ pleas+ to ! au?or4 ,*apt] ,i ,t]re/rial ,globes 9 ,antiquity ,! beg9n+s ( a/ronomical & ( geographical sci5ce4--,primitive attempts at map con/ruction1 z se5 9 ! ,babylonian plan ( ! _w4--,anaxim&] probably ! fir/ sci5tific c>tograph]4--,/atem5ts ( ,h]odotus4--,! place ( ,hecataeus1 ,hipp>*us1 ,m>9us1 ,ptolemy4--,! ,romans z map mak]s4--,! e>lie/ beliefs 9 a globul> e>?4--,?ales1 ! ,py?agoreans1 ,ari/otle4--,erato/h5es & 8 measurem5ts ( ! e>?4--,crates probably ! fir/ to con/ruct a t]re/rial globe4--,/atem5ts ( ,/rabo4--,ptolemy's /atem5ts conc]n+ globes & globe con/ruction4--,! allusions ( ,pl9y4 ,! beg9n+s ( ! sci5ce ( a/ronomy & ( ! sci5ce ( geography are traceable to a remote antiquity4 ,! e>lie/ records :i* h come d[n to u out ( ! cradlel& ( civilization conta9 evid5ce t a lively int]e/ 9 cele/ial & t]re/rial ph5om5a 0 n want+ ev5 9 ! day ( hi/ory's dawn+4 ,! primitive cultural folk ( ! ,ori5t1 dwell]s 9 its great plateau regions1 its f]tile valleys1 & its des]t /ret*es 7 wont1 z we are told1 to wat* ! />s rise nightly 9 ! ea/1 sweep across ! great vault$ space above1 & set 9 ! we/ z if controll$ 9 _! app>5t movem5t by liv+ spirits4 ,to !m ?is exhibition 0 "o m>vel\s & awe-inspir+4 ,9 ! some:at /range gr\p+ ( ! />s !y e>ly fanci$ !y c\ld see ! =ms ( _m ( ! objects ab\t !m1 ( _m ( _! gods & h]oes1 & we f9d _! successors outl9+ ^! =ms 9 picture 9 _! repres5tations ( ! heav5s on ! mat]ial sph]es :i* !y con/ruct$4 ,crude & simple1 h[ev]1 7 _! a/ronomical !ories relative to ! %ape1 ! /ructure1 & ! magnitude ( ! great univ]se 9 :i* !y f\nd !mselves plac$4#a ,!n too1 z /at$1 !re 0 some?+ ( int]e/ to ! p ( t e>ly day 9 ! simple problems ( geography2 problems sugge/$ by ! physical features ( _! imm$iate environm5t2 problems aris+ z !y j\rney$ = trade or traffic1 or ! love ( adv5ture1 to regions n[ ne>1 n[ remote4 ,v anci5t records tell u ( ! attempts !y made1 primitive inde$ mo/ ( !m 71 to sket* 9 g5]al outl9e small areas ( ! e>?'s surface1 usually at fir/ ! homel& ( ! map mak]1 b to :i* !y add$ z _! k exp&$4 ,! e>ly ,egyptians1 = example1 z we long h kn[n1 made use ( r\gh outl9e draw+s 7,fig4 #a7b to repres5t c]ta9 features ( special sections ( _! c\ntry1 & rec5tly discov]$ tablets 9 ! l[] ,mesopotamian valley 7,fig4 #b7 int]e/+ly %[ u h[ f> advanc$ 9 ! matt] ( map mak+ ! inhabitants ( t l& 7 two ?\s& ye>s be=e ! ,*ri/ian era4#c ,we are likewise assur$1 ?r\gh ref]5ces 9 ! lit]ature ( classical antiquity1 t maps 7 made by ! e>ly ,greeks & ,romans1 & p]haps 9 great numb]s z _! civilization advanc$1 ?\gh none ( _! productions h surviv$ to our day4 ,to ! ,greeks inde$ belongs ! cr$it ( fir/ r$uc+ geography & map mak+ to a real sci5ce4#d ,no rec5t discov]y by ar*aeologi/ or by hi/orian1 int]e/+ z _m ( _! discov]ies h be51 seems to w>rant an alt]ation ( ?is /atem5t1 long accept$ z fact4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,fragm5t ,map ( ,egyptian ,gold ,m9es4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,tablet ,repres5t+ ,babylonian ,_w-,plan4 ,! cr$it ( be+ ! fir/ sci5tific c>tograph] has be5 g5]ally assign$ to ! ,greek ,anaxim&] ( ,miletus 7#faj-edg ,b4 ,c474#e ,:ile !re is n a detail$ description extant ( ! maps he is reput$ to h made1 we "k t he accept$ ! s-call$ ,hom]ic idea1 t ! e>? has ! =m ( a circul> disc1#f & is surr\nd$ by ! ,ocean ,/ream1 an idea g5]ally approv$ by ! ,ionic ,s*ool ( ,philosoph]s4#g ,x is n improbable t we h an allusion to ! "w ( ,anaxim&] 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ,h]odotus 7#dhd-djj8 ,b4 ,c471 :]e9 we are told t ,ari/agoras1 ! tyrant ( ,miletus1 :5 on a mission to ,cleom5es1 ! ,k+ ( ,sp>ta1 c>ri$ ) him a copp] plate on :i* 0 engrav$ ! :ole circuit ( ! e>?1 & likewise all ! ,seas & ,riv]s4#h ,9 ano!r passage1 ,h]odotus takes occasion to criticise maps ( ?is circul> "*4 ,i laugh1 he says1 :5 ,i see t1 ?\gh _m be=e ?is h drawn maps ( ! ,e>?1 yet no "o has set ! matt] =? 9 an intellig5t way2 see+ t !y draw ! ,ocean fl[+ r\nd ! ,e>?1 :i* is circul> z if drawn ) compasses1 & !y make ,asia equal 9 size to ,europe4 ,9 a few words ,i %all decl>e ! size ( ea* division & ( :at nature x is z reg>ds outl9e4#i ,x is1 h[ev]1 int]e/+ to obs]ve t ! fa!r ( hi/orical geography & ( hi/ory n[h]e records 8 idea ( a prop]ly con/ruct$ map1 & fur!r t ! circul> =m1 :i* he condemn$1 is "o :i* f\nd wide acceptance ev5 to ! close ( ! middle ages4 ,we are n def9itely in=m$ z to j ! c\rse ( improvem5t or advancem5t 9 e>ly sci5tific map mak+ among ! ,greeks1 yet n a few names are kn[n to u ( ^? :o made x a matt] ( special endeavor1 z !y specifically /at$1 to improve ! "w ( _! pr$ecessors4 ,we1 = example1 are told t ,hecataeus 7#eej-dhj ,b4 ,c471#aj likewise a native ( ,miletus1 improv$ ! maps ( ,anaxim&]1 & t sci5ti/s ( 8 day 7 a/oni%$ at 8 results2 t ,dicae>*us ( ,mass9a 7#cej-bij ,b4 ,c47#aa 0 ! fir/ to employ a c5tral l9e ( ori5tation on a map1 "o pass+ ?r\gh ! ,m$it]ranean ea/ & we/1 & t he repres5t$ on 8 map all ! l&s kn[n s9ce ! exp$ition ( ,alex&] ! ,great into ! ,f> ,ea/2 & fur!r1 t ,erato/h5es1 ! libr>ian ( ,alex&ria 7#bgf-aif ,b4 ,c471#ab 0 ! fir/ to attempt a repres5tation ( ! curv$ surface ( ! e>? on a plane 9 accord ) geometrical rules4 ,! sci5tific c>tographical ideas ( ,erato/h5es 7 fur!r develop$ by ,hipp>*us 7#ahj-abe ,b4 ,c471#ac :o is g5]ally ref]r$ to z ! greate/ a/ronom] ( antiquity1 & by ,m>9us ( ,tyre 7fl4 ca4 #ajj ,a4 ,d471#ad :o introduc$ ! idea ( inscrib+ l9es ( latitude & longitude on a map1 cross+ ! same at "r angles1 :i* l9es c\ld be made to s]ve ! useful purpose ( ori5tation & be ( assi/ance 9 giv+ prop] location to all kn[n places on ! e>?'s surface4 ,map mak+ 9 t e>ly p]iod rea*$ its climax 9 ! "w ( ,claudius ,ptolemy ( ,alex&ria 7ca4 #hg-aej ,a4 ,d474#ae ,8 ideas1 h[ev]1 seem n to h f\nd g5]al favor ) 8 contempor>ies1 nor ) ! geograph]s ( ! middle ages4 7,fig4 #c47 ,x 0 n until ! s-call$ p]iod ( great geographical discov]ies & explorations 9 ! fifte5? c5tury t he became a real tea*] )9 8 *os5 field4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,ptolemy ,_w ,map4 ,map mak+ & ! sci5ce ( geography 7 cont9u\sly progressive among ! ,greeks4 ,imp]ial ,rome witness$ little progress 9 ei!r field4 ,among ^? :o wrote 9 ! ,lat9 language1 ,pomponius ,mela 7fl4 ca4 #dc ,a4 ,d47#af & ,pl9y 7ca4 #bc-gi ,a4 ,d47#ag alone h rank ( importance4 ,9 ! matt] ( map con/ruction ! ,romans held to _m ( ! crud] me?ods & ideas ( ! ,greeks1 a fact :i* we le>n f ! fragm5t>y ref]5ces 9 _! lit]ature1 & f ! it9]>y or road maps 7,fig4 #d71 ( ! p]iod ( ! emp]ors1 :i* h come d[n to u4#ah ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,sections ( ,peut+] ,tables4 ,! idea ( a globul> e>? 0 at fir/ accept$ by ! geograph]s ( antiquity ) "s hesitancy4 ,t ,?ales 7#fdj-edh ,b4 ,c471#ai "o ( ! e>lie/ a/ronom]s & cosmograph]s1 op5ly support$ ?is !ory1 z is sometimes ass]t$1 is h>dly probable4 ,x is r to be assum$ t accord+ to 8 idea ! e>? has ! =m ( a cyl9d]1 & t x moves )9 a holl[ sph]e1 an idea upheld by ,anaxim&]1 8 disciple & successor1 to :om ref]5ce has be5 made above4 ,x 0 ! ,py?agorean philosoph]s :o appe> to h fir/ transf]r$ to ! e>? t :i* _h already be5 accept$ z a !ory relative to ! heav5s1 includ+ ! imag9>y circles & ! circul> or sph]ical =m1 app>5tly argu+ t ! e>? is a sph]e because t is ! mo/ p]fect =m1 t x is locat$ 9 ! c5t] ( ! univ]se because t is ! place ( honor1 & t x is at re/ because re/ is m dignifi$ ?an motion4#bj ,x h[ev] 0 ,ari/otle :o und]took1 9 ! mann] ( a philosoph]1 an elaborate def5se ( ! ,py?agorean doctr9e ( a globul> e>?1 support+ 8 argum5ts1 fir/1 ?r\gh a ref]5ce to su* positive pro( z may be f\nd 9 gravitation or ! t5d5cy ( all p>ticles ( matt] to =m !mselves ab\t ! middle & ?us make a sph]e1 & secondly1 ?r\gh a ref]5ce to ! appe>ance ( ! e>?'s %ad[ ca/ dur+ an eclipse ( ! moon4#ba ,a ?ird pro(1 s famili> to u today1 t di/ant objects z we approa* !m gradually reveal !mselves above ! horizon1 seems n to h occurr$ to ,ari/otle1 b 0 fir/ employ$ by ,/rabo4 ,x is evid5t1 says ! latt]1 t1 :5 p]sons on %ipbo>d are unable to see at a di/ance lights :i* are on a level ) ! eye1 ! cause ( ?is is ! curvature ( ! sea2 = if ^? lights are rais$ to a high] level1 !y become visible1 ev5 ?\gh ! di/ance is increas$2 & 9 l mann]1 if ! behold] atta9s a great] elevation he sees :at 0 previ\sly hidd54444 ,aga91 :5 m5 are approa*+ ! l& f ! sea1 ! p>ts ne>e/ ! %ore-l9e come m & m into view1 & objects :i* at fir/ appe>$ l[ atta9 a great] elevation4#bb ,aft] ! attempt _h be5 made to det]m9e ! circumf]5ce ( ! e>?1 z 0 done by ,erato/h5es ) m or less satisfactory results1 ! ?\ght1 v naturally1 0 sugge/$ ( mak+ an artificial repres5tation ( ! entire e>?1 s f> z !n und]/ood1 t is1 ( mak+ a t]re/rial globe4 ,!re is no intimation1 h[ev]1 9 any e>ly allusion to ,erato/h5es t he 0 a globe mak]1 or t he knew any?+ ab\t globe con/ruction4 ,we "k t he ?\ght ( ! e>? z a sph]e plac$ 9 ! c5t] ( ! univ]se1 ar\nd :i* ! cele/ial sph]e revolves e tw5ty-f\r h\rs4#bc ,/rabo1 at a mu* lat] date1 9 ref]r+ to ! geographical ideas ( ,erato/h5es1 c5sur$ him = 8 unnecess>ily elaborate pro(s ( ! e>?'s sph]ical "*1 app>5tly ?9k+ ! fact "o too well kn[n to require demon/ration4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,globe accord+ to ,crates4 ,x appe>s to h be5 ! gramm>ian ,crates ( ,mallos1 a contempor>y ( ,hipp>*us1 & a memb] ( ! ,/oic ,s*ool ( ,philosoph]s1 :o made ! fir/ attempt to con/ruct a t]re/rial globe 7,fig4 #e71 & t he exhibit$ ! same 9 ,p]gamum1 n f> f ! ye> #aej ,b4 ,c4#bd ,x seems to h be5 ,crates' idea t ! e>?'s surface1 :5 repres5t$ on a sph]e1 %\ld appe> z divid$ into f\r isl&-l habitable regions4 ,on ! "o hemisph]e1 :i* is =m$ by a m]idional plane cutt+ ! sph]e1 lies our own oecum5e or habitable _w1 & t ( ! ,antoecians 9 correspond+ longitude & 9 opposite latitude2 on ! o!r hemisph]e lies ! oecum5e ( ! ,p]ioecians 9 our latitude & 9 opposite longitude1 & t ( ! ,antipodes 9 latitude & longitude opposite to u4#be ,?r\gh ! =mulation & expression ( su* a !ory ! idea ( ! exi/5ce ( an antipodal p 0 put =? z a speculative problem1 an idea frequ5tly discuss$ 9 ! middle ages1 & settl$ only by ! actual discov]y ( antipodal regions & antipodal peoples 9 ! day ( great transoceanic discov]ies4#bf ,t ,/rabo1 at a lat] date1 _h ?is ,p]gam5ian example 9 m9d :5 /at+ c]ta9 rules to be obs]v$ 9 ! con/ruction ( globes seems probable1 s9ce he makes m5tion ( ,crates' globe4 ,/rabo alone among anci5t writ]s1 s f> z we at pres5t "k1 treats ( t]re/rial globes1 practically su* z we f9d 9 use at ! pres5t day4 ,he ?\ght t a globe to be s]viceable %\ld be ( l>ge size1 & 8 reason+ c readily be und]/ood1 = :at at t "t 0 really kn[n ( ! e>?'s surface 0 small inde$ 9 comp>ison ) :at 0 unkn[n4 ,%\ld "o n make use ( a sph]e ( l>ge dim5sions1 ! habitable regions 7,fig4 #f71 9 comp>ison ) ! e>?'s entire surface1 w\ld occupy b small space4 ,:at ,/rabo /ates 9 8 geography is int]e/+ & may "h well be cit$4 ,:oev] w\ld repres5t ! real e>?1 he says1 z ne> z possible by artificial means1 %\ld make a sph]e l t ( ,crates1 & ^u ?is draw ! quadrilat]al )9 :i* 8 *>t ( geography is to be plac$4 ,= ?is purpose h[ev] a l>ge globe is necess>y s9ce ! section m5tion$1 ?\gh b a v small portion ( ! entire sph]e1 mu/ be capable ( conta9+ prop]ly all ! regions ( ! habitable e>? & ( pres5t+ an accurate view ( !m to ^? :o wi% to consult x4 ,any "o :o is able w c]ta9ly d well to obta9 su* a globe4 ,b x %\ld h a diamet] ( n less ?an t5 feet2 ^? :o c n obta9 a globe ( ?is size1 or "o ne>ly z l>ge1 _h bett] draw _! *>ts on a plane surface ( n less ?an sev5 feet4 ,draw /raight l9es = ! p>allels1 & o!rs at "r angles to ^!4 ,we c easily imag9e h[ ! eye c transf] ! figure & ext5t 7( ^! l9es7 f a plane surface to "o t is sph]ical4 ,! m]idians ( ea* c\ntry on ! globe h a t5d5cy to unite 9 a s+le po9t at ! poles2 nev]!less on ! surface ( a plane map !re w\ld be no advantage if ! "r l9es alone :i* %\ld repres5t ! m]idians 7 drawn slightly to conv]ge4#bg ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,globe accord+ to ,/rabo4 ,x is n at all improbable t ,/rabo & ,ptolemy made consid]able advance 9 ! practical con/ruction ( t]re/rial globes1 = x seems reasonable to conclude t !y 7 9 possession ( su* objects :5 writ+1 z !y did1 conc]n+ !m4 ,ptolemy1 we may note1 expressly all[$ t ! size ( a globe %\ld be t :i* "o might desire1 & t x 0 n necess>y x %\ld be ( l>ge size4 ,x 0 ?is great ,alex&rian cosmograph] :o fir/ demon/rat$ ! sci5tific value ( draw+ on ! surface ( a globe or map ! network ( p>allels & m]idians1 & ( e/abli%+ by means ( ! two geographical cord9ates ! true geographical position ( e kn[n place4 ,to ! end ( mak+ globes m s]viceable he sugge/$ ! use ( a m]idian circle1 su* z is today employ$ 9 globe con/ruction1 pass+ ?r\gh bo? poles1 )9 :i* circle ! globe might be made to move freely on its axis4 ,he1 h[ev]1 9 ?is connection1 did n give te*nical directions = ! con/ruction ( t]re/rial globes1 b he says en\gh to assure u t ! art ( globe con/ruction 0 measurably well und]/ood 9 8 day1 & t ! ,greeks & ! ,romans consid]$ !m v useful in/rum5ts 9 ! /udy ( ! heav5s & ! e>?4#bh ,! allusions ( ! naturali/ ,pl9y 7#bc-gi7 to ! sph]ical %ape ( ! e>? give u no p>ticul> intimation t he knew ( ! exi/5ce ( t]re/rial globes1 b !y are int]e/+ z indicat+ a belief ( 8 "t 9 its sph]ical =m1 a belief1 judg+ f ! nature ( ! argum5t1 app>5tly drawn f ,ari/otle4 ,ref]r+ to ! %ape ( ! e>?1 he obs]ves t ev]yone agrees x has ! mo/ p]fect figure4 ,we always speak ( ! ball ( ! e>?1 & we admit x to be a globe b\nd$ by ! poles4 ,x has n inde$ ! =m ( an absolute sph]e1 f ! numb] ( l(ty m\nta9s & flat pla9s2 b if ! t]m9ation ( ! l9es be b\nd by a curve1 ?is w\ld compose a p]fect sph]e4 ,& ?is we le>n f argum5ts drawn f ! nature ( ?+s1 al?\gh n f ! same consid]ations :i* we h made use ( ) respect to ! heav5s4 ,= 9 ! heav5s ! holl[ convexity ev]y:]e b5ds on itself & leans ^u ! e>? z a c5t]1 :]eas ! e>? rises up solid & d5se l some?+ t swells up & is protrud$ outw>d4 ,! heav5s b5d t[>d ! c5t]1 :ile ! e>? goes out f ! c5t]1 ! cont9ual roll+ ( ! heav5s ab\t x =c+ its imm5se mass into ! =m ( a sph]e4#bi ,,notes #a ,mo/ ( ! l>g] g5]al works pres5t+ an hi/orical survey ( ! sci5ce ( a/ronomy give consid]ation to its beg9n+s1 not+ ! int]e/ 9 ! subject exhibit$ by ! e>ly ,egyptians1 ,assyrians1 ,babylonians1 & by o!r ,ea/]n peoples4 ,see ! introductory pages ( su* works z ,dalambre1 ,m4 ,hi/oire de l'a/ronomie anci5ne4 ,p>is1 #ahag2 ,locky]1 ,j4 ,n4 ,! ,dawn ( ,a/ronomy4 ,new ,york1 #ahid2 ,allan1 ,h4 ,a4 ,/> ,names & _! ,mean+s2 ,wolf1 ,r4 ,ges*i*te d] ,a/ronomie4 ,mn*51 #ahgg2 ,mdl]1 ,j4 ,h4 ,ges*i*te d] ,himmelskunde von d5 lte/5 bis auf die neu/e ,zeit4 ,brauns*weig1 #ahgc4 #b vols42 ,n>ri51 ,j4 ,n4 ,an ,hi/orical ,acc\nt ( ,orig9 & ,progress ( ,a/ronomy4 ,london1 #ahcc4 #b ,*abas1 ,f4 ,ouvres div]ses publies p> ,g4 ,masp]o4 ,p>is1 #aijb4 ,tome deuxime1 ,plate ,,ii1 p4 #bjh1 ,c>te ,egypti5ne de m9es d'or4 #c ,cunei=m ,texts f ,babylonian ,tablets1 etc41 9 ,briti% ,museum4 ,london1 #aijf4 ,vol4 #bb1 ,plate #dh4 ,?is ,babylonian plan ( ! _w illu/rates ! idea conc]n+ ! _w :i* 0 curr5t 9 ! late ,babylonian p]iod4 ,x repres5ts ! region ( ,babylonia1 ,assyria1 & ! neighbor+ di/ricts z a circul> pla9 surr\nd$ by ! ,p]sian ,gulf 7,ma-ra-tum74 ,! city ,babylon 7,babylu7 is indicat$ ne> ! c5t]1 & next to x ! l& ( ,assyria 7,a%%ur74 ,! position ( c]ta9 o!r cities is indicat$4 ,! di/rict t[>d ! s\?1 bord]+ ! ,p]sian ,gulf1 is repres5t$ z be+ full ( canals & m>%es4 ,t[>d ! nor? is m>k$ a di/rict :i* is ref]r$ to z m\nta9\s4 ,beyond ! circle is repres5t$ ! ,p]sian ,gulf1 & a numb] ( triangles po9t+ outw>d f ! circul> zone1 ea* be+ label$ region1 indicat+ a vague conception conc]n+ ! same4 #d ,num]\s works h be5 publi%$ ref]r+ to ! geography ( ! anci5ts4 ,m5tion may "h be made ( ! foll[+ z be+ important4 ,9 ea* may be f\nd ext5sive bibliographical ref]5ces4 ,b]g]1 ,h4 ,ges*i*te d] wiss5s*aftli*5 ,erdkunde d] ,grie*54 ,leipzig1 #ahhg-ahid4 ,?is "w 0 issu$ 9 f\r p>ts4 ,=big]1 ,a4 ,h&bu* d] alt5 ,geographie na* d5 ,quell5 be>beitet4 ,hamburg1 #ahgg2 ,s*midt1 ,m4 ,c4 ,p4 ,zur ,ges*i*te d] geographis*5 ,litt]atur bei d5 ,grie*5 und ,rm]n4 ,b]l91 #ahhg2 ,bunbury1 ,e4 ,h4 ,hi/ory ( ,anci5t ,geography4 ,london1 #ahhc4 #b vols42 ,toz]1 ,h4 ,f4 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,anci5t ,geography4 ,cambridge1 #ahig4 ,see also ,! ,hi/ory ( ,h]odotus2 ,! ,geography ( ,/rabo2 ,! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,pl9y2 ,! ,geography ( ,ptolemy4 #e ,s*midt1 op4 cit41 p4 #ab2 ,bunbury1 op4 cit41 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #abb2 ,b]g]1 op4 cit41 pt4 #a1 pp4 #h-ad4 #f ,iliad1 ,,xviii1 #ddf-ddg2 ,,xxi1 #bbe-bbh2 ,odyssey1 ,v1 #bhb2 ,,xii1 #chj4 #g ,!y indulg$ mu* 9 speculation conc]n+ ! physical con/itution ( ! _w4 #h ,h]odotus4 ,hi/oria4 ,bk4 ,v1 *ap4 #di4 ,citation f translation by ,macaulay1 ,g4 ,c4 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,h]odotus4 ,london1 #ahij4 #b vols4 #i ,h]odotus1 op4 cit41 ,bk4 ,,iv1 *ap4 #h1 #cf2 ,,ii1 #ba1 #bc4 #aj ,bunbury1 op4 cit41 ,vol4 ,i1 *ap4 v2 ,s*midt1 op4 cit41 p4 #ac2 ,b]g]1 op4 cit41 pt4 #a4 #aa ,cic]o4 ,epi/olae ad ,atticum4 vi4 #b2 ,bunbury1 op4 cit41 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #fag4 #ab ,b]g]1 op4 cit41 pt4 #c2 ,bunbury1 op4 cit41 ,vol4 ,i1 *ap4 xvi4 #ac ,b]g]1 op4 cit41 pt4 #c2 ,bunbury1 op4 cit41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 *ap4 xvii1 sec4 #a4 #ad ,bunbury1 op4 cit41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 *ap4 xxvi4 ,m>9us is kn[n to u only at second-h&4 ,ptolemy extols him 9 ! highe/ t]ms1 b he und]took to re=m 8 maps j z ,m>9us _h und]tak5 to re=m ! maps ( 8 pr$ecessors4 #ae ,bunbury1 op4 cit41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 *aps4 xxviii-xxix2 ,mollweide1 ,s4 ,die ,mappi]ungskun/ des ,ptolemaus4 7,93 ,za*s ,monatli*e ,korrespond5ce zur ,befrd]ung d] ,erd- und ,himmelskunde4 ,weim>4 ,bd4 #aa1 pp4 #cbb ff472 ,nord5skild1 ,a4 ,e4 ,facsimile ,atlas4 ,/ockholm1 #ahhi4 ,?is la/-nam$ "w gives consid]ation to ! ,atlas ( ,ptolemy1 to ! num]\s editions ( 8 ,geographia1 to 8 geographical errors4 ,! tw5ty-sev5 maps pr9t$ 9 ! #adij ,rome edition ( ! ,atlas are reproduc$4 ,see also ! pr9t$ li/s ( ! editions ( ,ptolemy's ,atlas by ,eames1 ,w41 ,w9sor1 ,j41 ,philipps1 ,p4 ,l4 #af ,bunbury1 op4 cit41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 *ap4 xxviii1 sec4 #b2 ,f9k4 ,mela und se9e ,geographie4 ,ros5heim1 #ahha4 ,mela titl$ 8 "w1 ,de situ orbis4 ,excell5t tr4 into ,engli% by ,gold+1 ,ar?ur4 ,london1 #aehe4 ,v>i\s pr9t$ editions1 fir/ 9 #adga4 #ag ,bunbury1 op4 cit41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 *ap4 xxiv4 ,v>i\s editions ( orig9al2 v>i\s ,engli% translations4 ,pl9y titl$ 8 "w1 ,naturalis hi/oria4 #ah ,mill]1 ,k4 ,die ,weltk>te des ,ca/orius1 g5annt ,peut+]s*e ,tafel4 ,rav5sburg1 #ahhg2 ,por5a1 ,f4 ,orbis pictus d',agrippa4 ,roma1 #ahhc2 ,desj>d9s1 ,e4 ,la ,table de ,peut+] d'aprs l'orig9al cons]v ,vi5ne4 ,p>is1 #ahif4 #ai ,lewis1 ,g4 ,c4 ,hi/orical survey ( ! ,a/ronomy ( ! ,anci5ts4 ,london1 #ahfb4 pp4 #hj ff42 ,b]g]1 op4 cit41 pt4 #a4 #bj ,bunbury1 op4 cit41 ,vol4 ,i1 *ap4 iv1 secs4 #d1 #e4 #ba ,a sci5tific f\ndation = ! sph]ical !ory seems n to ant$ate ,ari/otle4 ,see especially 8 "w1 ,de ,coelo1 ,bk4 ,,ii1 *ap4 #ad1 & = a good translation ( ?is "w by ,taylor1 ,t41 be>+ title1 ,on ! ,heav5s1 f ! ,greek ) copi\s elucidations4 ,london1 #ahjg4 ,plato's /atem5t 9 ,pha$o m]ely obs]ves t ! e>?1 if l a ball1 mu/ be susp5d$ )\t support 9 ! int]ior ( a holl[ sph]e4 ,see also ! ,book ( ,job1 *ap4 xxvi1 v4 #g1 :]e ref]5ce is made to ! e>? hang+ ^u no?+4 ,!re is "h probably ! expression ( an e>ly ,assyrian or ,babylonian belief 9 a sph]ical e>?4 #bb ,/rabo4 ,geographia4 ,bk4 ,i1 *ap4 #a1 #bj4 ,see translation by ,jones1 ,h4 ,l4 ,! ,geography ( ,/rabo4 ,new ,york1 #aiag4 #h vols4 #bc ,bunbury1 op4 cit41 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #fai-fbj4 #bd ,wa*smu?1 ,c4 ,de ,cratte ,mallota4 ,leipzig1 #ahfj2 ,b]g]1 ,h4 ,entwickelung d] ,geographie d] ,erdkugel bei d5 ,hell554 7,93 ,gr5zbot51 ,vol4 xxxiv1 pp4 #djh ff472 ,mll5h(f1 ,c4 7,93 ,deuts*e alt]?umskunde4 ,b]l91 #ahie4 p4 #bdh47 ,diodorus ,siculus attributes ! discov]y ( ! use ( ! globe to ,atlas ( ,libya4 #be ,b]g]4 ,ges*i*te1 pt4 #b1 p4 #ace2 ,fri$ri*1 ,r4 ,mat]iali5 zur ,begriffsbe/immung des ,orbis ,t]r>um4 ,leipzig1 #ahhg4 #bf ,a belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( antipodal peoples1 v cle>ly 0 accept$ by ,py?agoras1 ,erato/h5es1 ,crates1 ,posidonius1 ,ari/otle1 ,/rabo1 & lat] by ,capella4 ,num]\s o!rs presuppos$ ! e>? to be globul> 9 %ape4 ,see ,krets*m]1 ,k4 ,die physis*e ,erdkunde im *ri/li*5 ,mittelalt]4 ,wi51 #ahhi4 pp4 #ed-ei1 :]e9 ! au?or gives consid]ation to ! doctr9e ( ! antipodes z held 9 ! middle ages4 ,b]g]4 ,ges*i*te1 pt4 #c1 p4 #abi1 notes t ! idea ( ! e>?'s division into f\r p>ts or qu>t]s p]si/$ = c5turies aft] ,crates' day1 if n among sci5tific geograph]s1 at lea/ among ^? :o c\ld be said to h possess$ g5]al culture4 ,cleom$es1 ,ampelius1 ,nonnus1 & ,eum5ius m5tion ! idea z "o to be accept$4 ,see 9 ?is connection ! _w map ( ,macrobius1 a reproduction ( :i* may be f\nd 9 ,nord5skild1 op4 cit41 pl4 ,,xxxi4 ,see also ,mill]1 ,k4 ,die ,weltk>te des ,beatus1 #ggf na* ,*ri/us4 ,/uttg>t1 #ahie4 p4 #bh4 ,x 0 ?\ght t ,africa did n ext5d to ! equator1 or at lea/ 0 n habitable to ! equator4 ,bel[ ! equator !re 0 ?\ght to be wat] b beyond ! un9habitable & impassable torrid zone a habitable region4 ,! map ( ,lamb]tus well repres5ts ?is e>ly !ory4 ,pomponius ,mela call$ ! inhabitants ( ?is s\!rn region ,anti*?oni1 _! c\ntry be+ unkn[n to u because ( ! torrid zone int]v5+4 ,pl9y1 & aft] him ,sol9us1 says t = a long "t ! isl& ( ,taprobana 7,ceylon7 0 ?\ght to be ! region occupi$ by ! ,anti*?oni4 #bg ,/rabo1 op4 cit41 ,bk4 ,,ii1 *ap4 v1 #aj4 #bh ,ptolemy4 ,geographia4 ,bk4 ,i1 *ap4 #bb4 #bi ,pl9y1 op4 cit41 ,bk4 ,,ii1 *ap4 #fd2 ,bk4 ,,ii1 *ap4 #b4 ,*apt] ,,ii ,cele/ial ,globes 9 ,antiquity ,?ales' ideas1 probably n a globe mak]4--,eudoxus4--,! ,atlante ,f>nese4--,ar*im$es4--,allusion ( ,lactantius4--,pappus' allusions4--,armill>y sph]es4--,! a/ronom] ,hipp>*us4--,ptolemy4--,globes us$ = decorative purposes by ! ,romans4--,roman co9s4--,! ,byzant9e ,leontius ,me*anicus4 ,?\gh we f9d b an occasional ref]5ce to t]re/rial globes 9 ! lit]ature ( classical antiquity1 num]\s /atem5ts appe> !re9 :i* assure u t cele/ial globes1 solid balls z well z armill>y sph]es1 7 con/ruct$ 9 ^? e>ly c5turies1 = bo? practical & ornam5tal purposes4 ,!re exi/s1 h[ev]1 consid]able unc]ta9ty z to ! exact "* ( ! e>lie/ ( ^! globes4 ,! in=mation we h conc]n+ ! ,ionic ,s*ool ( ,philosoph]s1 ( :i* s*ool ,?ales is reput$ to h be5 ! f\nd]1 does n give u any satisfactory evid5ce t attempts 7 made by any ( _! numb] at a mat]ial repres5tation ( _! a/ronomical or geographical !ories4 ,!y 7 cont5t1 9 ! ma91 ) m]e philosophical or cosmical speculations4 ,! /atem5t1 !re=e1 t ,?ales himself con/ruct$ a cele/ial globe1 on :i* to repres5t 8 notion ( ! cry/al sph]e1 is n well au!nticat$4#cj ,:ile n assur$ to u by any positive /atem5t1 !re appe>s to be good reason = believ+ ! a/ronom] ,eudoxus ( ,cnidos 7#dji-cef ,b4 ,c47 made use ( a cele/ial globe on :i* to repres5t c]ta9 a/ronomical !ories :i* he ent]ta9$4#ca ,he travel$ 9 ,egypt 9 8 lat] life1 :]e he c>ri$ on 8 /udies1 & :]e he seems to h le>n$ ! con/ruction ( /> catalogues4 ,on 8 return to 8 own c\ntry he is report$ to h und]tak5 ! repres5tation ( ! sev]al con/ellations kn[n to him1 on a cele/ial sph]e4 ,! a/ronomical poem ( ,aratus 7fl4 #bgj ,b4 ,c471#cb s frequ5tly cit$ & copi$ 9 foll[+ c5turies1 is consid]$ to be a description ( ! con/ellations accord+ to ,eudoxus4 ,9 ! ,royal ,museum ( ,naples !re may be f\nd a l>ge m>ble cele/ial globe1 #fe cm4 9 diamet] 7,fig4 #g71 :i* ! my?ical ,atlas be>s on 8 %\ld]s1 ! /atue itself be+ #a4hf m4 9 height1 re/+ on "o knee4#cc ,?is v int]e/+ & arti/ic object 0 transf]r$ to ,naples museum f ! ,f>nese ,palace 9 ,rome1 h5ce is g5]ally ref]r$ to z ! ,atlante ,f>nesiano4 ,=ty-two con/ellations are repres5t$ on its surface 7,fig4 #h71 & ! five want+1 includ+ ,ursa ,major & ,ursa ,m9or1 probably owe _! abs5ce to ! oblit]ation :i* "t has br\ght ab\t4 ,f ! position ( ! sev]al con/ellations1 relative to ! int]sect+ po9ts ( ! ecliptic ) ! equator1 x is ?\ght t x mu/ h be5 con/ruct$ at lea/ ?ree hundr$ ye>s be=e ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,x seems !re=e to date f ab\t ! "t ( ,eudoxus1 be+ !n ! olde/ extant globe4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,atlante ,f>nese1 ca4 #bjj ,b4 ,c4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,atlante ,f>nese ,con/ellation ,figures4 ,we le>n f ,cic]o & f o!r e>ly writ]s t ,ar*im$es 7ca4 #bhg-bab ,b4 ,c471 ! celebrat$ geometrician ( ,syracuse1 con/ruct$ a globe or contrivance = ! purpose ( demon/rat+ ! movem5ts ( ! heav5ly bodies4 ,cic]o's /atem5ts imply t ! "w ( ,ar*im$es 0 well kn[n 9 8 day1 yet he ?\ght x m]it$ a special ^w ( comm5dation f himself4 ,i %all propose no?+ new to y1 he says1 nor t :i* ,i h inv5t$ or discov]$2 b ,i rememb] ,c4 ,sulpicius ,gallus1 a v le>n$ man1 z y "k1 :5 ?is appe>ance 79 ! heav5s7 0 spok5 (1 & he 01 by *ance1 at ! h\se ( ,m>cellus1 :o _h be5 consul ) him1 he describ$ a globe among ! spoils ( t opul5t & magnific5t city ( ,syracuse1 :5 captur$1 z ! only ?+ among all ! spoils :i* he ord]$ to be c>ri$ to 8 own h\se2 ab\t :i* globe ,i h (t5 he>d1 on acc\nt ( ! fame ( ,ar*im$es1 al?\gh ! "w itself 0 n v rem>kable1 = !re 0 ano!r f> m beautiful & m honor$ by ! common p1 made by ! same ,ar*im$es1 & plac$ 9 ! ,temple ( ,virtue by ! same ,m>cellus4 ,b aft]w>d :5 ,gallus began to expla9 sci5tifically ! object ( ! ma*9e1 ,i ?\ght !re 0 m +5uity 9 t ,sicilian ?an human nature 0 capable (4 ,= ,gallus in=m$ me t !re 0 ano!r anci5t inv5tion ( a solid & elaborately =m$ globe :i* 0 made by ,?ales1 ! ,milesian1 to revolve4 ,& aft]w>d ! same 01 by ,eudoxus ( ,cnidos1 ! disciple ( ,plato1 adorn$ ) ! fix$ />s ( heav51 & ) e ornam5t & embelli%m5t1 z describ$ by ,eudoxus1 & 0 _m ye>s aft]w>d celebrat$ by ,aratus1 n exactly 9 ! sci5tific language ( a/ronomy1 b ) ! graces ( poetry4 ,?is species ( globe inde$1 9 :i* ! sun & moon 7 made to revolve1 & five ( ^? />s :i* h be5 call$ travel]s1 & z x 7 w&]]s1 c\ld n possibly be exhibit$ on t solid sph]e4 ,& m especially 0 t inv5tion ( ,ar*im$es to be admir$1 = he _h s contriv$ t "o revolution ( ! ma*9e s]v$ someh[ to produce unequal & v>i$ movem5ts ?r\gh _! diff]5t pa?s4 ,= :5 ,gallus set ! globe 9 motion1 ! moon succe$$ ! sun by z _m turns ( ! brass :eel ( ! ma*9e z days 9 ! heav5s1 s t ! globe repres5t$ 9 ! heav5s ! same eclipse ( ! sun1 :5 ! moon arriv$ at a c]ta9 place or po9t1 z ! %ad[ ( ! e>? did :5 ! sun %one f ! opposite region4#cd ,lactantius' allusion to ,ar*im$es1 at a lat] date1 is p]haps d]iv$ f ,cic]o1 b x is none ! less int]e/+ z indicat+ a belief t su* a globe _h exi/$4 ,9 8 *>act]i/ic ve9 he ref]s to ! me*anical device1 f9d+ !re9 a support = 8 !ological argum5ts4 ,0 ,ar*im$es ( ,sicily able to contrive a lik5ess & repres5tation ( ! univ]se 9 holl[ brass1 he inquires1 9 :i* he s arrang$ ! sun & moon1 t !y effect$1 z x 7 e day1 motions unequal & resembl+ ! revolutions ( ! heav5s1 & t sph]e1 :ile x revolv$1 exhibit$ n only ! approa*es & ) draw+s ( ! sun or ! increase & wan+ ( ! moon1 b also ! unequal c\rse ( ! />s1 :e!r fix$ or w&]+8 ,0 x !n impossible = ,god to plan & create ! orig9al1 :5 ! skill ( man 0 able to repres5t !m by imitation8 ,w\ld ! /oic1 !re=e1 if he %\ld h se5 ! figures ( ! />s pa9t$ & fa%ion$ 9 t brass1 say t !y mov$ by _! own design1 & n by ! g5ius ( ! artific]8#ce ,gn!r notes t at ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5? book ( ! collection ( ,pappus1 geometrician ( ,alex&ria1 may be f\nd a ref]5ce to ^? skill$ 9 me*anical devices 9 :i* x is /at$ t ,me*anicians are ^? :o und]/& h[ to con/ruct cele/ial globes & to repres5t ! heav5s & ! c\rse ( ! />s mov+ 9 circles by means ( l circul> movem5ts ( wat]4#cf ,x has be5 ?\ght t 9 ?is passage we h a ref]5ce to a globe su* z 0 probably con/ruct$ by ,ar*im$es1 al?\gh ! ref]5ce is n to any p>ticul> example4 ,x seems n improbable t ! globe ( ,ar*im$es 0 made to revolve by an hydraulic contrivance1 & t x resembl$ a planet>ium or orr]y4#cg ,t ! sci5ce ( hydro/atics _h be5 develop$ by ,ar*im$es' "t to a high degree is v c]ta94 ,in/rum5ts = measur+ angles & di/ances 7 v e>ly employ$ 9 ! field ( a/ronomy z well z 9 ! field ( geography4 ,( ^! in/rum5ts ! ,egyptian gnomon appe>s to h be5 ! olde/4#ch ,9 its be/ =m x consi/$ ( a b[l hav+ a p]p5dicul> rod or /aff erect$ at ! c5tral po9t ( ! inn] curv$ surface4 ,?is rod ca/ a %ad[ ^u ! inn] surface ( ! b[l1 :i* _h be5 graduat$1 giv+ a read+ 9 degrees :i* furni%$ to ! obs]v] ! in=mation desir$4 ,"t br\ght improvem5ts & v>iations 9 ! con/ruction ( simple in/rum5ts ( ?is "*4 ,z e>ly z ! ?ird c5tury be=e ! ,*ri/ian era1 adju/able r+s1 or armillae1 = example1 7 employ$ by a/ronom]s to aid !m 9 ! solution ( _! problems1 :i* in/rum5ts lat] develop$1 z not$ bel[1 into ! m elaborate & complex armill>y sph]es4 ,! simple/ =m ( su* an in/rum5t appe>s to h be5 b a s+le graduat$ circle4 ,to ?is1 at a v e>ly date1 a second 0 add$1 ?us provid+ an in/rum5t 9 :i* "o ( ! circles 0 reg>d$ z fix$ 9 ! plane ( ! equator1 ! o!r1 int]sect+ ?is at "r angles1 s]v$ z a m]idian circle1 be+ movable ar\nd an axis :i* c\ld be call$ ! _w axis1 ! axis ( ! cele/ial sph]e1 or ! axis ( ! univ]se4 ,! position ( a cele/ial body 9 decl9ation c\ld be det]m9$ on ! m]idian circle1 & its "r asc5sion on ! fix$ or horizon circle4#ci ,x seems altoge!r probable t ,erato/h5es made use ( su* an in/rum5t 9 8 ef=ts to measure ! obliquity ( ! ecliptic4 ,he tells u t 9 8 "t "o ( l>ge dim5sions hung 9 ! portico ( ! academy ( ,alex&ria4#dj ,) ! addition ( o!r circles1 & ( an adju/able view-tube1 t m accurate & detail$ measurem5ts might be made1 ?is device1 9 ,hipp>*us' day1 came to be kn[n z an a/rolabe1 &1 aft] ! addition ( o!r r+s 9 lat] ye>s1 to be kn[n z an armill>y sph]e4 ,ev5 9 ?is la/ developm5t x 0 n a true sph]e on :i* c\ld be repres5t$ ! />ry con/ellations1 b an arrangem5t ( circles =m+ a sort ( imag9>y sph]e1 ! circles be+ int5d$ to repres5t ! relative position ( ! pr9cipal cele/ial circles4 ,?is in/rum5t seems1 at fir/1 to h be5 susp5d$1 :5 9 use1 b lat] 0 made to re/ ^u a base1 ! :ole adju/$ to revolve ar\nd an axis & )9 a graduat$ horizon circle4 ,9 ! e>lie/ examples1 ! e>? at ! c5t] ( ! circles1 x repres5t$ ! ,ptolemaic sy/em 7,fig4 #i72 9 ! lat] examples1 hav+ ! sun at ! c5t]1 x repres5t$ ! ,cop]nican sy/em4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,armill>y ,sph]e accord+ to ,ptolemy4 ,x is expressly /at$ by ,ptolemy t a cele/ial globe 0 con/ruct$ by ,hipp>*us1 :o is reput$ to h be5 ! f\nd] ( sph]ical trigonometry1#da & ,pl9y tells u t ,hipp>*us 0 ! inv5tor ( ! a/rolabe1#db :i* /atem5t probably means t he greatly improv$ ! simple armillae us$ at an e>li] date z an in/rum5t = a/ronomical calculations4 ,ptolemy1 9 8 ',syntaxis1' or ',almage/' z x 0 call$ by ! ,arabs1 devot$ a *apt] to ! me?od ( con/ruct+1 & to ! use ( ! a/rolabe1 :i* mu/ h closely resembl$ ! armill>y sph]e1 describ+ !re91 9 t]ms n altoge!r easy ( compreh5sion1 its sev]al r+s & cyl9d]s1 & ! me?od ( adju/+ ! same = purposes ( det]m9+ ! latitude & ! longitude ( cele/ial bodies4 ,he tells u also h[ to con/ruct a repres5tation ( ! sph]e ( ! fix$ />s by means ( a solid ball1 h[ to place !reon ! sev]al con/ellations1 & h[ to use ! same 9 ! /udy ( a/ronomical problems4 ,su* a globe1 he says1 %\ld be ( a d>k color1 t x might resemble ! night & n ! day4 ,8 description is detail$ z to ! prop] me?od ( proc$ure 9 m>k+ ! position ( ! cele/ial circles on ?is globe1 9 arrang+ ! movable r+s ( h>d & well poli%$ mat]ial1 9 graduat+ ! r+s & adju/+ !m to move ab\t an axis :i* is likewise an axis ( ! globe prop]4 ,9 m>k+ ! position ( ! fix$ />s1 we are told t ! prop] me?od is to comm5ce at "s con/ant & inv>iable po9t ( a c]ta9 con/ellation1 & he sugge/s t ! be/ />t+ po9t is ! fix$ /> 9 ,canis ,major1 t is1 ! s-call$ dog />1 or ,sirius4 ,! position ( ! o!r fix$ />s1 z !y foll[ 9 ! li/1 c\ld easily be det]m9$1 he says1 by mak+ ! globe to turn ^u ! poles ( ! zodiac1 ?us br++ ! graduat$ circle to ! prop] po9t ( ea*4 ,! />s c\ld be m>k$ ) yell[ or ) su* o!r color z "o might *oose1 hav+ due reg>d = _! brilliancy & magnitude4 ,! outl9e ( ea* ( ! con/ellations %\ld be made z simple z possible1 indicat+ ) light /rokes1 diff]+ b little 9 color f t ( ! surface ( ! globe1 ! figures :i* ! />s 9 ! sev]al con/ellations repres5t1 pres]v+ 9 ?is mann] ! *ief advantage ( su* repres5tation1 :i* %\ld be to make ! sev]al />s v prom95t )\t de/roy+1 by a v>iety ( color1 ! resemblance ( ! object to ! tru?4 ,x w be easy to make & to reta9 a prop] comp>ison ( ! />s if we repres5t ^u ! sph]e ! real appe>ance or magnitude ( ! sev]al />s4 ,:ile nei!r ! equator nor ! tropics c be repres5t$ on ! globe1 x w n be difficult to asc]ta9 ! prop] position ( ^! circles4 ,! fir/ c\ld be ?\ght ( z pass+ ?r\gh t po9t on ! graduat$ m]idian circle :i* is #ij degrees f ! poles4 ,! po9ts on ?is m]idian circle #bc degrees #ea m9utes 7sic7 ea* side ( ! equator w indicate ! position ( ! tropics1 t t[>d ! nor? ! summ] sol/itial circle1 t t[>d ! s\? ! w9t] sol/itial circle4 ,) ! revolution ( ! globe f ea/ to we/1 z ea* /> passes "u ! graduat$ m]idian circle1 we %\ld be able to asc]ta9 readily its di/ance f ! equator or f ! tropics4#dc ,t ! ,romans especially int]e/$ !mselves 9 globes1 ei!r cele/ial or t]re/rial1 is n at all probable1 because ( _! v practical incl9ations4 ,!re is evid5ce1 h[ev]1 t 9 ! "t ( ! emp]ors cele/ial globes 7 con/ruct$1 especially 9 ! /udios ( sculptors1 b ^! 7 made l>gely = decorative purposes1 hav+ !re=e an arti/ic r ?an a sci5tific value4 ,9 ! ye> #aijj !re 0 f\nd 9 a villa at ,bosco ,reale1 n f> f ,pompeii1 an int]e/+ fresco 7,fig4 #aj71 ?is be+ acquir$ by ! ,metropolitan ,museum ( ,new ,york 9 ! ye> #aijc4 ,x has be5 ref]r$ to z a sundial1 b 0 cle>ly int5d$ to repres5t1 9 outl9e1 a globe exhibit+ ! prom95t p>allels & a c]ta9 numb] ( ! m]idians4 ,x is n at all improbable t su* subjects 7 frequ5tly select$ = wall or floor decoration4#dd ,x appe>s t a/rolog]s at times made use ( globes 9 =eca/+ ev5ts4#de ,x may fur!r be not$ t on c]ta9 e>ly ,roman co9s !re may be f\nd ! repres5tation ( a globe 7,figs4 #aa1 #ab71 :i* p]haps _h z its prime significance ! repres5tation ( univ]sal dom9ion4#df ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,bosco ,reale ,roman ,fresco1 ca4 #ej ,a4 ,d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4 ,greek & ,roman ,co9s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4 ,roman ,gems4 ,n until ! day ( ! ,byzant9e ,emp]ors d we meet ) a real s*ol> :o made a p>ticul> /udy ( su* a/ronomical app>atus1 app>atus :i* he describes 9 a special treatise4 ,among hi/orical s*ol>s ! "w ( ,leontius ,me*anicus seems n to h f\nd ! recognition :i* x des]ves4#dg ,he appe>s to h be5 a practical man1 v active )9 ! field conc]n+ :i* he wrote1 & f 8 rem>kably detail$ description we are able to le>n some?+ ( ! ext5t to :i* globe te*nique 0 c>ri$ 9 ! days ( ! e>ly ,ea/]n ,emp]ors4 ,we at any rate le>n f him t globes 7 con/ruct$ 9 8 work%op1 :i* globes1 9 all important respects1 7 l ^? 9 use at ! pres5t "t1 be+1 = example1 provid$ ) a m]idian circle adju/$ to move ?r\gh not*es 9 a horizon circle4 ,! in=mation giv5 u by ,leontius1 :i* "h foll[s1 is 9 free translation or p>aphrase ( 8 treatise1 ! :ole be+ cond5s$4 ,he appe>s to h be5 a /ud5t ( a/ronomy1 z repres5t$ by ,aratus1 = he tells u t he _h endeavor$ to con/ruct a globe on :i* ! con/ellations & ! circles c\ld be made to con=m to ! records ( ! anci5t poet a/ronom]4 ,he tells u fur!r t he con/ruct$ ?is globe = ,elpidius1 an e/imable man ( lett]s1 & "o full ( zeal = /udy2 t at ! "t ( its con/ruction1 ?\gh he _h ! leisure1 he did n prep>e a description ( ! globe1 b on ! insi/5ce ( 8 fri5ds su* description he n[ propos$ to write4 ,?is appe>s to be ! raison d'tre = 8 treatise4 ,! importance ( adh]+ closely to ! /atem5ts ( ,aratus he insi/s ^u1 ?\gh admitt+ t writ]'s errors1 be+ conv9c$ t mo/ ( ! globes ( :i* "o _h k 9 8 day agre$ nei!r ) him nor ) ,ptolemy4 ,leontius fir/ directs att5tion to ,aratus' ?reefold plan 9 describ+ ! sev]al con/ellations1 9 :i* description t au?or speaks fir/ ( ! relation :i* "p be>s to "p 9 ea*2 second1 ( ! position ( ea* con/ellation relative to ! cele/ial circles1 z1 = example1 to ! tropics1 & ?ird1 its position 9 ! heav5s relative to ! con/ellations 9 ! zodiac4 ,he foll[s ?is /atem5t ) a some:at l5g?y ref]5ce to ! con/ellation ,ophiu*us1 or ! ,s]p5t1 9 explanation ( ! me?od ( description4 ,aft] hav+ ! surface ( ! globe portion$ out = ! repres5tation ( ! sev]al con/ellations & ! important circles1 he !n proce$s1 z he /ates1 to consid] ! execution1 by :i* he means repres5t+ 9 prop] color & outl9e ! sev]al figures1 & ! m\nt+ ( ! globe4 ,^u a prop]ly con/ruct$ support %\ld fir/ be plac$ ! horizon circle1 ?r\gh :i* a second circle %\ld be made to pass2 ?is second circle w s]ve z a m]idian4 ,^! circles1 he obs]ves1 w enclose ! ball1 all ! po9ts ( ! surface ( :i* %\ld be equally di/ant f ! inn] surface ( ! horizon & m]idian circles1 t is1 !re %\ld be a p]fect adju/m5t ( ! enclos+ r+s & ! enclos$ ball4 ,! surface ( ! sph]e %\ld be pa9t$ a d>k color1 z1 = example1 azure4 ,he sets =?1 ) consid]able detail1 ! prop] me?od ( proc$ure 9 locat+ ! sev]al pr9cipal circles1 ea* ( :i* %\ld be graduat$4 ,! zodiac %\ld be divid$ into twelve p>ts1 & ! con/ellations belong+ to ea* ( ! sev]al p>ts %\ld be designat$ by "n1 beg9n+ ) ,canc]1 foll[+ ?is ) ,leo1 ,virgo1 & s on1 "o aft] ! o!r4 ,9 giv+ ! globe a position :i* actually con=ms to ! _w1 ! pole %\ld be set to ! nor?1 & ! movem5t ( ! sky c !n be imitat$ by turn+ ! globe to ! left4 ,leontius1 by way ( summ>y & def9ition1 at ! conclusion ( 8 treatise1 speaks ( a sph]e z a solid hav+ a surface1 f all ! po9ts ( :i*1 if /raight p]p5dicul> l9es ( equal l5g? be drawn1 !y w rea* a po9t )9 call$ ! c5t]4 ,?is c5t] 9 ! great sph]e ( ! univ]se is ! e>?4 ,! poles ( ! sph]e are ! extremities ( ! axis on :i* x turns4 ,! horizon cuts ! sph]e into two hemisph]es1 ! "o sup]ior & ! o!r inf]ior to ! e>?4 ,! sky1 :i* is cont9ually turn+1 encircles all1 "o half ( x be+ above1 ! o!r bel[ ! e>?1 :i* is z f> remov$ f ! sup]ior "p ( ! heav5s z f ! inf]ior4#dh ,,notes #cj ,cic]o's allusion to ,?ales1 cit$ p4 #af1 is probably a ref]5ce to a tradition4 #ca ,wolf1 ,r4 ,ges*i*te d] ,a/ronomie4 ,mn*51 #ahgg1 p4 #aic2 ,gass5di1 ,p4 ,op]a ,omnia4 ,leipzig1 #afeh4 ,vol4 ,v1 p4 #cge4 ,see /atem5t by ,cic]o1 cit$ bel[1 p4 #ag4 #cb ,aratus' poem bore ! title1 ,pha5om5a4 ,see1 = an excell5t edition ( ?is poem1 ,pr9ce1 ,c4 ,l4 ,ph5om5a4 ,a lit]al translation ( ! a/ronomy & meteorology ( ,aratus4 ,lewes1 #ahie4 ,9 8 ,bibliographical rem>ks1 ! translator ref]s to "o hundr$ & n9ete5 editions ( ?is poem1 dat+ f ! fir/ pr9t$ at ,bonn 9 ! ye> #adgd4 ,see also n4 #ai 7#dh71 bel[4 #cc ,pass]i1 ,g4 ,b4 ,atlas ,f>nesianus ,m>moreus insigne vetu/atis monum5tum4 7,93 ,gori1 ,a4 ,f4 ,!saurus gemm>um antiqu>um a/rif]>um4 ,fir5ze1 #agej4 ,vol4 ,,iii472 ,d5za1 ,p4 ,f4 ,globi cele/i della ,specola ,vaticana4 7,93 ,publicazioni della ,specola ,vaticana4 ,tor9o1 #ahid4 pp4 xx-xxiii47 #cd ,cic]o4 ,de ,republica4 ,bk4 ,i1 *ap4 xiv4 ,! citation is f ! translation by ,h>d+ham1 ,g4 ,g4 ,! ,republic4 ,london1 #ahhd4 #ce ,lactantius4 ,in/itutiones div9ae4 ,bk4 ,,ii1 *ap4 v4 #cf ,pappus4 ,collectionum ma!matic>um4 ,edit$ by ,comm&9o4 ,urb9o1 #aehh4 ,bk4 ,,vii4 ,see especially ! introduction4 #cg ,hults*1 ,f4 b] d5 ,himmelsglobus des ,ar*im$es4 7,93 ,zeits*rift fr ,ma!matik und ,physik4 ,leipzig1 #ahgh4 ,bd4 #bb4 ,hi/4 ,litt4 ,abteilung1 p4 #ajf472 ,same au?or4 ,ar*im$es4 7,93 ,real-encyklopdie d] klassis*5 ,alt]?umswiss5s*aft47 #ch ,wolf1 op4 cit41 pp4 #abb-abd4 #ci ,wolf1 op4 cit41 pp4 #afj-aff4 #dj ,wolf1 op4 cit41 p4 #acj4 #da ,ptolemy1 ,c4 ,syntaxis4 7,almage/47 ,v>i\s editions4 ,bk4 ,,vii1 *ap4 #a4 ,?is "w 0 fir/ pr9t$ 9 ,v5ice1 #adif2 ! fir/ ,greek text 9 ,basel1 #aech4 ,see ,hues1 ,tractatus de ,globis1 = an analysis ( ?is "w4 #db ,pl9y4 ,hi/oria ,naturalis4 #dc ,ptolemy1 op4 cit41 ,bk4 ,v1 *ap4 i2 ,bk4 ,,vii1 *ap4 v2 ,bk4 ,,viii1 *ap4 iii4 ,ptolemy m5tions by "n =ty-eight con/ellations1 all ( :i* he probably obta9$ f ! e>li] ,greeks4 ,^! con/ellations1 ! names be+ /ill reta9$1 are3 ,! ,zodiac4 ,aries ,canc] ,libra ,capricornus ,taurus ,leo ,scorpio ,aqu>ius ,gem9i ,virgo ,sagitt>ius ,pisces ,! ,nor!rn ,hemisph]e4 ,&rom$a ,corona ,lyra ,ursa ,major ,aquila ,cygnus ,ophiu*us ,ursa ,m9or ,auriga ,delph9us ,pegasus ,sagitta ,botes ,draco ,p]seus ,cassiopeia ,equuleus ,s]p5s ,cepheus ,h]cules ,triangulum ,! ,s\!rn ,con/ellations4 ,ara ,cetus ,crat] ,lupus ,argo ,navis ,c5taurus ,eridanus ,orion ,canis ,major ,corona ,au/ralis ,hydra ,piscis ,au/ralis ,canis ,m9or ,corvus ,lepus #dd ,visconte1 ,p4 ,e4 ,nota intorno ad un' antico globo cele/e scolpito 9 m>mo por9o4 ,roma1 #ahce2 ,ga$e*5s1 ,r4 ,d] m>morne ,himmelsglobus des fr/li* ,walde*s*5 ,antik5kab9ettes zu ,arols54 ,gtt+51 #ahfb4 #de ,s*anz1 ,m4 ,ges*i*te d] rmis*5 ,litt]atur bis zum ,gesetzgebungsw]k des ,kais]s ,ju/9ian4 ,mn*51 #ahij4 ,see p4 #ge = a ref]5ce to ! a/rolog] ,nigidius ,figulus4 #df ,co9s on :i* !re appe>s a repres5tation ( a globe 7 num]\s4 ,att5tion may also "h be call$ to ! imp]ial insignia1 a "p ( :i* 0 a globe1 :i* ! emp]or 0 repres5t$1 9 ! pictures ( ! day1 z hold+ 9 8 h&4 ,see ,k+1 ,c4 ,w4 ,antique ,gems & ,r+s4 ,vol4 ,,ii1 plates xxvi & xxxviii4 #dg ,weidl]1 ,j4 ,f4 ,hi/oria a/ronomiae4 ,vitemb]gae1 #agda4 ,?is au?or is ( ! op9ion t ,leontius liv$ 9 ! eigh? c5tury1 p4 #bja2 ,susemihl4 ,ges*i*te d] ,grie*is*5 ,litt]atur d] alex&r9] ,zeit4 ,leipzig1 #ahia4 ,see ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #bid1 = a /atem5t ( ! belief t ,leontius liv$ 9 ! sev5? c5tury4 #dh ,halma1 ,n4 ,les ,ph5omnes d',aratus de ,soles1 et de ,g]manicus ,ces>2 avec les ,s*olies de ,?on1 les cata/]ismes d',erato/h5es et la sphre de ,leontius traduit 444 p> l',abb ,n4 ,halma4 ,gr4 avec ,fr4 ,p>is1 #ahba4 pp4 #fe-gc4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,egyptian ,gnomon4 ,f p5 draw+ ,*apt] ,,iii ,globes ,con/ruct$ by ! ,arabs ,foll[]s ( ,ptolemy4--,e>ly armill>y sph]es4--,int]e/ ( ! ,califs 9 globes & a/ronomical in/rum5ts4--,! record ( ! ',fihri/4'--,ibrahim4--,caiss>4--,mohamm $ b5 ,helal4--,mohamm$ el ,ordhi4--,! ,p>is globes4--,ridhwan ,ef5di4 ,9 pass+ f ! p]iod ( classical antiquity to ! s-call$ ,*ri/ian middle ages1 att5tion may fir/ be direct$ to ! activities ( ! ,arabs 9 ! field ( a/ronomy & geography1 9 s f> z _! activities _h to d ) ! con/ruction ( globes4#di ,! in=mation :i* we h1 conc]n+ _! a/ronomical /udies 9 p>ticul>1 is m detail$ ?an is t :i* has come d[n to u respect+ any o!r peoples :o may h be5 int]e/$ 9 ^! c5turies 9 ! same field ( /udy4 ,d\bt may be express$ at ! outset t ! ,arabs 7 int]e/$ 9 ! con/ruction ( t]re/rial globes1 s9ce ) ! matt] ( descriptive geography !y appe> to h be5 v little conc]n$1 a fact :i* _! imp]fect c>tographical attempts cle>ly demon/rate4#ej ,al?\gh ! !ory ( a globul> e>? 0 e>ly accept$ by _! le>n$ m51#ea !re is sc>cely a tru/wor?y allusion 9 lit]ature to ,arabic t]re/rial globes :i* c be cit$4 ,an occasional ref]5ce1 h[ev]1 has be5 made by mod]n writ]s to a globe said to h be5 con/ruct$ = ,k+ ,rog] ( ,sicily4 ,)\t cit+ 8 au?ority1 ,freyhe] ,f4 v4 ,za* /ates t ! olde/ t]re/rial globe :i* is kn[n 0 made = ,k+ ,rog] ,,ii ( ,sicily 9 ! twelf? c5tury1 & is especially rem>kable = ! value ( ! metal :i* 0 us$ 9 its con/ruction1 ?is be+ #djj p\nds ( silv]4 ,a k ( ?is globe w\ld n h come d[n to our day _h n ,edrisi1 a fam\s geograph] ( t "t1 giv5 an especial description ( ! same1 "u ! title ,no?atol mo/ak 7,pleasure ( ! ,s\l74#eb ,x is probable t ! ref]5ce "h is to a circul> disc made by ,edrisi1 or an armill>y sph]e1 b n to a t]re/rial globe4#ec ,z to ,arabic cele/ial globes1 a diff]5t situation pres5ts itself4 ,x is well kn[n t ! inhabitants ( ,arabia1 long be=e ! "t ( ,islam1 7 9 ! habit ( obs]v+ ! />s1 _m ( :i*1 z ,dorn has not$1 !y knew & designat$ by names tak5 f pa/oral life1 & sev]al ( :i* !y wor%ip$ z visible gods4#ed ,calif al-,mansur1 :o began 8 reign 9 #ged ,a4 ,d41 appe>s to h be5 ! fir/ to %[ a decid$ ta/e = a/ronomical sci5ce1 & = _m c5turies foll[+ him ?is int]e/ is /rik+ly pron\nc$ among ! p ( 8 c\ntry4#ee ,s*ol>s 7 eag]ly attract$ to ! works ( ,ptolemy1 :i* 7 _m times translat$ into ,arabic1 & comm5t>ies 7 writt5 ^u 8 description ( ! names & figures ( ! sev]al con/ellations4 ,! only alt]ation !y all[$ !mselves to make 9 ! names ( ! />s 0 to translate !m into _! own language1 or to sub/itute = ^? !y c\ld n und]/& o!r names t convey$ an idea to _! m9ds1 applicable to ! con/ellation be=e ! eyes4 ,&rom$a !y call$ ,! ,*a9$ ,lady2 ,cassiopeia !y call$ ,! ,lady 9 ! ,*air2 ,orion receiv$ ! "n ,! ,giant4 ,!y foll[$ 9 ! con/ruction ( _! armill>y sph]es & cele/ial globes ! description laid d[n 9 ,ptolemy's ',syntaxis1' modify+ ^! a/ronomical in/rum5ts1 f "t to "t1 z _! /udies direct$ !m4#ef ,! li/ ( califs int]e/$ 9 a/ronomy is a long "o1 bo? ( ^? :o rema9$ 9 ! orig9al homel&1 & ( ^? :o w5t to ! new home 9 ! ,ib]ian ,p59sula4#eg ,! ,mohamm$an ,hulagu ,khan1 = example1 erect$1 ab\t #abfd1 an obs]vatory 9 8 ,mongol capital1 ,m>agha1 ne> ,tabriz1 :i* long rema9$ a not$ c5t] = a/ronomical /udies4#eh ,?is obs]vatory1 h[ev]1 0 b "o ( a numb] ( simil> in/itutions erect$ ei!r by ! ,arabs or by ! ,p]sians4 ,we are told t ! con/ruction ( a/ronomical in/rum5ts 0 br\ght to a high degree ( p]fection by ^! peoples 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury4#ei ,! names ( _m ( ! ,arabic a/ronom]s :o 7 p>ticul>ly exp]t z globe mak]s are record$1 & !re 7 _m :o wrote on ! subject ( cele/ial sph]es1 armill>y sph]es1 & a/rolabes1 ev5 be=e ! t5? c5tury4#fj ,! au?or ( ! ',fihri/1' ,ibn ,ab ,ja'kb an-,nadm1 tells u t ,kurra b5 ,kamt al-,h>rn con/ruct$ a globe :i* he himself _h se54#fa ,?is1 he says1 0 made ( unblea*$ mat]ial f ,dabik1 & color$1 b t ! colors 7 mu* fad$4 ,ibn ,alnabdi1 :o 0 kn[n z a clev] me*anic1 m5tions two globes :i* he _h exam9$ & admir$ = _! excell5cy ( execution1 9 ! public libr>y ( ,kahira1 9 ! ye> #ajdc4 ,"o ( ^! globes1 he says1 0 made ( brass1 by ,ptolemy himself2 ! o!r1 ( silv]1 0 con/ruct$ by ,abul ,hassan ,alsufi1 = ! imm$iate use ( ! k+1 ,adad ,edd\la4#fb ,z a visible evid5ce ( ! int]e/ ( ! ,arabs 9 a/ronomical sci5ce1 & ( _! skill 9 ! con/ruction ( a/ronomical in/rum5ts1 we h pres]v$ to u1 besides num]\s a/rolabes1 no less ?an sev5 globes1 kn[n to h be5 con/ruct$ prior to ! ye> #afjj4 ,! olde/ "o extant is n[ 9 ! possession ( ! ,r4 ,i/ituto di ,/udi ,sup]iori ( ,flor5ce1 ,italy4#fc ,?is f9e example ( ! skill :i* 0 atta9$ by ! in/rum5t mak]s ( ,val5cia1 ,spa91 at "o "t a fl\ri%+ c5t] ( ,arabic culture1 appe>s to date f ! second half ( ! elev5? c5tury4 ,accord+ to an inscription on ! globe1 we le>n t x 0 made at ,val5cia by ,ibrahim ,ibn ,said-z-,sahli1 9 ! ye> #dgc ( ! ,hegira1 a date equival5t to #ajhj ,a4 ,d4 ,?is date ,pr(essor ,meucci f9ds confirm$ by a c>eful /udy ( ! position ( ! />s repres5t$ on ! globe4 ,he notes1 = example1 t ! /> ,regulus _h be5 plac$ at a di/ance ( #af degrees #dj m9utes f ! sign ( ,leo4 ,ptolemy1 9 ! ye> #adj ,a4 ,d41 gave ?is di/ance z #b degrees #cj m9utes4 ,accord+ to ,alb>egnius1 ?is /> advances ab\t "o degree e sixty-six ye>s4 ,s9ce #adj ,a4,d4 ! />1 !re=e1 w\ld h mov$ #ad degrees #aj m9utes1 :i* fact w\ld lead a/ronom]s to place ?is />1 ab\t #ajhj1 z x appe>s on ! globe4 ,! globe is ( brass1 #bj cm4 9 diamet]1 hav+ engrav$ on its surface =ty-sev5 con/ellations1 z giv5 by ,ptolemy1 omitt+ only ! ,cup1 ) #ajdb />s1 ea* ) its respective magnitude indicat$4 ,a second ,arabic cele/ial globe1 :i* dates f ! ye> #abbe1 has be5 describ$ 9 detail 9 a monograph by ,assemani1 :i* he issu$ 9 ! ye> #agij4fd ,?is rem>kably int]e/+ object belong$1 at ! "t1 to ! ext5sive & celebrat$ collection ( antiquities & curiosities ( ,c>d9al ,borgia1 9 ,velletri1 b may n[ be f\nd 9 ! ,museo ,nazionale ( ,naples4 ,x is compos$ ( two brass hemisph]es1 hav+ bo? horizon & m]idian circles1 ! :ole re/+ ^u f\r support+ feet4 ,a ,cufic inscription tells u t x 0 made by ,caiss> b5 ,abul ,casem b5 ,mosaf] ,alabiaki ,alhanefi1 9 ! ye> ( ! ,hegira #fbb4 ,caiss> probably 0 an a/ronom] at ! c\rt ( ,cairo1 & ! ,mohamm$an date z giv51 translat$ into ,*ri/ian reckon+1 gives u ! ye> #abbe4 ,9 ! ye> #ahbi ,dorn publi%$ a detail$ description ( an ,arabic globe :i* _h be5 deposit$ 9 ! museum ( ! ,asiatic ,society ( ,london 7,fig4 #ac7 by ,sir ,john ,malcolm4#fe ,x is ( brass1 has a diamet] ( #bd cm41 & is furni%$ ) a sub/antial m\nt+4 ,! peculi> features ( ! figures :i* repres5t ! sev]al con/ellations sugge/ ,p]sian workman%ip4 ,9 ! vic9ity ( ! s\? pole is an inscription 9 ,cufic *>act]s1 tell+ u t x 0 ,made by ! mo/ humble 9 ! supreme god1 ,mohamm$ b5 ,helal1 ! a/ronom] ( ,monsul1 9 ! ye> ( ! ,hegira #fgd4 ,?is ye> answ]s to ! ye> #abge ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 t is1 x 0 con/ruct$ ab\t ! same "t z ! ,borgian globe & t belong+ to ! ,dresd5 collection1 briefly describ$ bel[4 ,=ty-sev5 con/ellations are repres5t$4 ,on ! horizon circle1 9 _! respective places1 we f9d engrav$ ! words1 ,ea/1 ,we/1 ,s\?1 ,nor?4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4 ,nor!rn ,hemisph]e ( ,globe by ,mohamm$ b5 ,helal1 #abge4 ,! ,arabic globe1 to be f\nd 9 ! ,ma!matical ,salon ( ,dresd5 7,fig4 #ad71 has prov$ to be "o ( mu* int]e/ & sci5tific value to /ud5ts ( a/ronomy4#ff ,bode1 :o describ$ x 9 ! ye> #ahjh1 ref]s to its rem>kably f9e execution & to its ,cufic inscriptions z be+ among ! f9e/ extant specim5s ( e>ly ,arabic writ+4 ,! sph]e is ( brass1 hav+ a diamet] ( #ad cm41 & is compos$ ( two p>ts1 sep>able on ! l9e ( ! ecliptic4 ,x has a brass horizon circle1 on :i* is engrav$ at ! ea/ ! ^w ris+1 & at ! we/ ! ^w sett+4 ,x is n suppli$ ) a movable m]idian circle1 b )9 ! horizon circle1 f nor? to s\?1 & f ea/ to we/1 !re are two brass half circles1 ( ! same diamet] z ! horizon circle & s adju/$ z to =m "o piece ) x4 ,?r\gh su* an arrangem5t x is made possible to turn ! globe 9 any desir$ direction1 "o half ( x be+ at all times above ! horizon4 ,9 addition to ! above arrangem5t1 !re are two movable half circles1 atta*$ at ! z5i? po9t by a pivot4 ,^! half circles are graduat$1 & are movable1 mak+ x possible to f9d1 by means ( !m1 ! decl9ation & "r asc5sion ( any />4 ,! base1 :i* mu/ be comp>atively mod]n1 consi/s ( a circul> plate1 f :i* rise f\r turn$ support columns1 atta*$ at _! upp] extremities to ! two half circles ( brass1 on :i* re/s ! horizon circle4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4 ,globe ( ,mohamm$ b5 ,muwaj$ el ,ordhi1 #abgi4 ,! date ( con/ruction _c be f> f #abgi1 :i* is det]m9able f ! position ( ! />s engrav$ !reon1 relative1 = example1 to ! equ9octial po9ts4 ,! mak]'s "n1 ,mohamm$ b5 ,muwaj$ el ,ordhi1 appe>s ne> ! con/ellation ,ursa ,major1 & is inlaid 9 silv]4 ,!re appe>1 v arti/ically engrav$1 ! l9es repres5t+ ! pr9cipal circles1 ! outl9es ( ! sev]al con/ellations1 ) _! names1 "s ( ^! be+ inlaid ) silv]1 "s ) gold4 ,! equator & ! ecliptic are repres5t$ on ! surface ( ! sph]e1 ea* by two engrav$ p>allel l9es1 & are graduat$1 ! graduation 9 ea* in/ance be+ repres5t$ by f\r %ort & "o long l9e1 alt]nat+ ?us by fives ?r\gh\t ! entire ?ree hundr$ & sixty degrees4 ,! equator is inlaid ) gold1 ! o!r circles ) silv]4 ,! names ( ! twelve con/ellations 9 ! zodiac are alt]nately inlaid ) gold & silv]1 :ile all /> names1 except z indicat$1 are inlaid ) silv]4 ,! con/ellations repres5t$ numb] =ty-eight1 ! human figures all be+ clad1 turn+ ! front & "r face t[>d ! obs]v]4 ,! ,biblio?que ,nationale ( ,p>is possesses two anci5t ,arabic globes1 "o ( :i*1 nei!r sign$ nor dat$1 has be5 ?\ght to h be5 con/ruct$ 9 ! elev5? c5tury4#fg ,?is 0 obta9$ by ,jom>d1 9 ,egypt1 m ?an sixty ye>s ago4 ,x has a diamet] ( ab\t #ai cm41 is furni%$ ) a horizon circle1 :i* is upheld by f\r semicircul> arms1 ^!1 9 turn1 re/+ ^u a base compos$ ( f\r flat & r in>ti/ic supports4 ,! engrav+ on ! surface ( ! brass sph]e closely resembles t on ! ,dresd5 globe4 ,a detail$ description ( ?is globe has n be5 obta9able4 ,a second ,p>is ,arabic globe1#fh l ! prec$+1 belongs to ! ,biblio?que ,nationale 7,fig4 #ae74 ,x has a diamet] ( some?+ less ?an #ae cm41 & 0 con/ruct$ by ,diemat ,edd9 ,mohamm$1 9 ! ye> ( ! ,hegira #iha1 :i* 9 ! ,*ri/ian reckon+ corresponds to ! ye> #aegc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4 ,globe ( ,diemat ,edd9 ,mohamm$1 #aegc4 ,! ,imp]ial ,libr>y ( ,petrograd possesses an ,arabic globe1 con/ruct$ 9 ! ye> #agja4fi ,x is describ$ by ,dorn z a f9e example ( ! globe mak]'s art1 closely resembl+1 9 its g5]al features1 ! ,arabic globe 9 ! collection ( ! ,royal ,asiatic ,society ( ,london4 ,x has a diamet] ( ab\t #ai cm41 re/s ^u an ornam5tal tripod base1 & is adju/$ to turn )9 a brass circle1 :i* circle is fitt$ into a l>g] "o1 s m>k$ & graduat$ z to repres5t f\r conc5tric circles4 ,! fir/ or inn] circle1 repres5t+ ! horizon1 is divid$ into ?irty-six divisions ( t5 degrees ea*2 on ! second circle ! degrees are indicat$ by lett]s2 on ! ?ird circle appe> ! twelve signs ( ! zodiac & ! f\r pr9cipal directions1 ea/1 we/1 nor?1 s\?2 ! f\r? circle is divid$ into ?irty-six p>ts1 =m$ by ! ext5sion ( ! l9es :i* divide ! fir/1 or horizon circle1 into ?irty-six p>ts4 ,on ! la/ circle ! names ( "o hundr$ & f\r cities & c\ntries are giv54 ,n f> f ! nor? pole is an inscription :i* gives u ! "n ( ! mak] & ! date ( con/ruction4 ,!re9 we read t x 0 complet$ 9 ! ye> #aaac ( ! flight ( ! ,prophet1 or 9 ! ye> #agja ( ,*ri/ian reckon+1 by ,ridhwan1 = ,maulana ,hassan ,ef5di1 :o1 t[>d ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 0 director ( ! a/ronomical obs]vatory ( ,cairo1 & gave sub/antial enc\ragem5t to mak]s ( globes & ( o!r in/rum5ts employ$ 9 a/ronomical /udies4 ,! equator1 ! ecliptic1 & ! p>allels are repres5t$1 ! fir/ two by p>allel circles :i* are cross$ or jo9$ by l9es divid+ !m into sev5ty-two pr9cipal p>ts1 ea* "p be+ aga9 subdivid$ into fif?s4 ,! close resemblance ( ?is example to ! e>li] kn[n ,arabic globes sugge/s t !re 0 little1 if any1 progress among ^? peoples 9 ! art ( globe con/ruction s9ce ! elev5? c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae;a4 ,anonym\s ,arabic ,globe1 #afce4 ,,notes #di ,delambre1 ,j4 ,b4 ,j4 ,hi/oire de l',a/ronomie anci5ne4 ,p>is1 #ahag4 ,see ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #cgb1 #eaf1 conta9+ ref]5ces to globes1 cele/ial & t]re/rial1 con/ruct$ 9 ,india & 9 ,*9a ab\t ! ye>s #dej & #gbd ,a4,d4 #ej ,pes*el1 ,o4 ,ges*i*te d] ,erdkunde bis auf ,c4 ,ritt] und ,a4 ,v4 ,humboldt4 ,b]l91 #ahgg4 ,see pp4 #ade-afj1 :]e9 ref]5ce is made to _! lack ( int]e/ 9 descriptive geography2 ,beazley4 ,dawn ( ,mod]n ,geography4 ,vol4 ,i1 *ap4 vii4 #ea ,gn!r1 ,s4 ,/udi5 zur ,ges*i*te d] ma!matis*5 und physikalis*5 ,geographie4 ,halle1 #ahgg4 ,heft #b2 ,ibn ,ab ,ja'kb an-,nadm4 ,katb al-,fihri/ 7,book ( ,records71 ed4 by ,gu/av ,flugel4 ,leipzig1 #ahga-ahgb4 #b vols4 ,! great] "p ( ?is ,arabic "w 0 writt5 ab\t ! ye> #ihg ,a4 ,d4 ,edrisi /ates x z ! op9ion ( philosoph]s1 ( illu/ri\s savants1 & ( skill$ obs]v]s 9 ! k ( cele/ial bodies1 t ! e>? is r\nd z a sph]e4 ,see ,edrisi1 ,geography1 tr4 de l',arabe en franais p> ,p4 ,amde ,jaub]t4 7,93 ,receuel de voyages et de mmoires4 ,p>is1 #ahcj4 #b vols47 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #a4 #eb ,za*1 ,f4 v4 ,monatli*e ,korrespond5z4 ,go?a1 #ahjf4 ,vol4 ,,xiii1 p4 #aeg2 ,sut]1 ,h4 ,das ,ma!matik]-,v]zei*niss im ,fihri/4 7,93 ,zeits*rift fr ,ma!matik und ,physik4 ,leipzig1 #ahib47 ,?is "w conta9s _m ref]5ces to di/+ui%$ ori5tal s*ol>s :o treat$ 9 _! writ+s ! doctr9e ( ! sph]e1 ! a/rolabe1 & ! armill>y sph]e4 #ec ,witt/e91 ,t4 ,hi/oris*-a/ronomis*e ,fragm5te aus d] arabis*5 ,litt]atur4 7,93 ,abh&lung5 zur ,ges*i*te d] ,ma!matik4 ,leipzig1 #ahib4 ,heft #f1 p4 #ih47 ,! op9ion is "h express$ t a t]re/rial globe by ,edrisi nev] exi/$2 ,hadradau]1 ,c4 v4 ,die ,feldzeugmei/] ,ritt] von ,hauslabis*e ,k>t5sammlung4 7,93 ,mitteilung5 d] ,k4 ,k4 ,geographis*e ,gesells*aft zu ,wi54 ,wi51 #ahhf4 ,neue ,folge #ai1 pp4 #chg-chh47 ,! op9ion is express$ t ,edrisi con/ruct$ a planisph]e & n a globe4 ,am>i1 ,m4 ,/oria dei ,musulmani di ,sicilia4 ,fir5ze1 #ahfh4 pp4 #dec ff41 #ffi ff4 #ed ,dorn1 ,b4 ,description ( an ,arabic cele/ial globe4 7,93 ,transactions ( ! ,royal ,asiatic ,society4 ,london1 #ahbi4 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #cga-cib47 #ee ,dorn1 op4 cit4 #ef ,dorn1 op4 cit4 #eg ,see ! li/ z giv5 9 ! ,fihri/1 ref]r$ to 9 note #d4 ,nas] b5 ,moham$ ,abul ,gi\%1 ,k+ ( ,ca/ile1 is ref]r$ to z hav+ be5 mu* int]e/$ 9 a/ronomy1 9 :i* sci5ce he acquir$ su* pr(ici5cy z to enable him to con/ruct a numb] ( v useful a/ronomical in/rum5ts4 #eh ,lelewel1 ,j4 ,gographie du moy5 ge4 ,bruxelles1 #aheg4 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #aaf2 ,j\rda94 ,mmoire sur l'obs]vatoire de ,mragah4 ,p>is1 #ahaj4 ,x is well kn[n t "u ! direction ( ,nasr-,edd91 :o 0 call$ to ! *>ge ( ?is obs]vatory by ,hulagu ,khan1 a/ronomical in/rum5ts 7 con/ruct$4 #ei ,dorn1 op4 cit4 #fj ,see ! ,fihri/1 also a li/ z giv5 by ,dorn4 #fa ,dorn1 op4 cit4 #fb ,dorn1 op4 cit4 #fc ,meucci1 ,f4 ,il globo cele/e arabico del seculo ,,xi esi/5te nel ,gab9etto degli /rum5ti anti*i di ,a/ronomia1 ,ma!matica nel ,r4 ,i/ituto di ,/udi ,sup]iori4 ,fir5ze1 #ahgh4 #fd ,assemani1 ,s4 ,globus coele/is cufico-arabicus ,velit]ani ,musei ,borgiani4 ,patavii1 #agij4 #fe ,dorn1 op4 cit4 #ff ,beigel1 ,w4 ,na*ri*t von e9] ,arabis*5 ,himmelskugel mit ,kufis*] ,s*rift1 wel*e im kurfr/li*5 ,ma!matis*5 ,salon zu ,dresd5 aufbewahrt wird4 7,93 ,bodes ,a/ronomis*es ,jahrbu* fr das ,jahr #ahjh4 ,b]l91 #ahjh4 pp4 #ig ff472 ,dre*sl]1 ,a4 ,d] arabis*e ,himmelsglobus angef]tigt #abgi zu ,m]agha4 ,dresd51 #ahgc4 #fg ,s$illot1 ,l4 ,a4 ,mmoire sur les in/rum5ts a/ronomiques des ,arabes4 ,p>is1 #ahda4 pp4 #aag ff42 same au?or4 ,matriaux p\r s]vir l'hi/oire comp>e des sci5ces ma?matiques *ez les grecs et les ori5taux4 ,p>is1 #ahde4 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #ccd ff42 ,jom>d1 ,m4 ,monum5ts de la ,gographie4 ,p>is1 #ahed4 ,x is v d\btful t a date s e>ly %\ld be giv5 to ?is globe4 #fh ,in=mation c\rte\sly giv5 by ,m4 ,l4 ,valle4 #fi ,dorn1 ,b4 ,drei 9 d] kais]li*5 ff5tli*5 ,biblio!k zu ,/4 ,pet]sburg bef9dli*e a/ronomis*e ,in/rum5te mit arabis*5 ,ins*rift54 7,93 ,mmoires de l',acadmie ,impriale des ,sci5ces de ,/4 ,pt]sb\rg4 ,/4 ,pt]sb\rg1 #ahfe4 ,,vie s]ie1 ,tome ,,ix1 ,no4 #a47 ,illu/ration3 ,arabic ,cele/ial ,globe4 ,f ,dorn's illu/ration ,*apt] ,,iv ,t]re/rial & ,cele/ial ,globes 9 ! ,*ri/ian ,middle ,ages ,g5]al attitude ( ! p]iod t[>d ! !ories ( ! ,greeks & ! ,romans4--,scripture /atem5ts z s\rces ( in=mation4--,incl9ation ( c]ta9 e>ly writ]s to accept ! doctr9e ( a sph]ical e>?4--,! p>ticul> attitude ( ,pope ,sylve/] ,,ii4--,! ass]t$ int]e/ ( ,emp]or ,fr$]ick ,,ii 9 sci5tific /udies4--,alfonso ! ,wise & ! ,alfonsian tables4--,int]e/+ allusions 9 ,alfonso's "w to globes & globe con/ruction4--,giovanni ,campano ( ,nov>a & ! /atem5ts 9 8 ',tractatis de sph]a solida4'--,! attitude ( ,alb]tus ,magnus1 ,sacrobosco1 ,rog] ,bacon1 ,v9c5t ( ,beauvais1 ,dante4 ,= _m c5turies foll[+ ! fall ( ! ,we/]n ,roman ,empire1 !re appe>s to h be5 9 ,*ri/ian ,europe b little int]e/ 9 ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( geographical or a/ronomical sci5ce4 ,! !ories ( ! ,greeks & ! ,romans respect+ a sph]ical e>? & a sph]ical firmam5t encompass+ x1 9 illu/ration ( :i* !y _h con/ruct$ globes1 7 n entirely =gott51 b su* !ories 9 g5]al 7 consid]$ to be valueless1 h9drances r ?an helps to ! !ological beliefs ( ! new ,*ri/ian era4#gj ,?\gh ! e>ly ,*ur* ,fa!rs 7 incl9$ to reject ! idea ( a globul> e>?1#ga !re 7 n a few among !m :o f\nd ! !ory ( a circul> e>? an acceptable "o4 ,! latt]1 x is true1 0 an e>ly ,greek belief1 ref]r$ to above z hav+ be5 ent]ta9$ 9 ,hom]'s day1 & z hav+ be5 pass$ d[n to succe$+ c5turies1 b ,*ri/ian writ]s did n f9d 9 ! fact ( its pagan orig9 a p>ticul> argum5t = accept+ x2 on ! contr>y1 ! ,bible 0 held by _m to be ! f\nta9 ( all k1 & a sure guide no less 9 ! solution ( problems p]ta9+ to ! physical sci5ces ?an 9 ! solution ( problems p]ta9+ to fai? & doctr9e4 ,:at 0 conta9$ 9 ! ,scriptures f\nd a m ready acceptance ?an :at 0 to be f\nd 9 pagan writ]s4#gb ,isaiah's /atem5t1 ,x is ,he t sitte? ^u ! circle ( ! e>?1 0 reg>d$ z "o altoge!r adequate on :i* to f\nd a !ory ( ! =m ( ! e>?1 & x 0 accept$ by su* biblical int]pret]s z ,lactantius1 ,cosmas ,indicopleu/es 7,figs4 #af1 #ag71 ,diodorus ( ,t>sus1 ,*ryso/om1 ,sev]ian ( ,gabala1 by ^? :o 7 kn[n z ! ,syrians1 by ,procopius & ,decuil4#gc ,m51 h[ev]1 su* z ,basil1 ,gregory ( ,nyssa1 & ,philoponos incl9$ /rongly t[>d ! ,ari/otelian doctr9e ( a sph]ical e>?4#gd ,isidore ( ,seville appe>s to h be5 a support] ( ! sph]ical doctr9e1#ge z 0 also ! ,v5]able ,b$e1 :o1 9 8 ',de natura r]um1' upholds ! doctr9e ( a sph]ical e>? on practically ! same gr\nds z ^? advanc$ by ,ari/otle4#gf ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4 ,! ,univ]se accord+ to ,cosmas ,indicopleu/es1 ,six? ,c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4 ,cosmas' ,illu/ration ,confut+ ! ,exi/5ce ( ,antipodal ,peoples4 ,9 illu/ration ( ! doctr9e ( a circul> e>?1 t]re/rial globes c]ta9ly c\ld n h be5 ?\ght ( z hav+ any practical value4 ,) a rejection ( ! sph]ical !ory ( ! anci5ts v naturally w5t ! rejection ( _! globes4 ,! circul> or ,hom]ic !ory1 z not$ above1 _h its support]s1 ev5 to ! close ( ! middle ages1 b ! incl9ation is m or less m>k$1 ev5 z e>ly z ! sev5? c5tury1 to accept aga9 ! doctr9e ( a sph]ical e>?4 ,x seems to h come into prom95ce aga9 ) ! gr[+ belief 9 ! importance ( ! place ( ! e>? 9 ! univ]se4 ,aft] ! eigh? c5tury ?is !ory may be said to h _h a v g5]al acceptance by ^? :o1 ,fau/-l1 felt a desire = a l>g] fre$om f !ological re/ra9t ?an ! *ur* enc\rag$4 7,figs4 #ah1 #ai47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4 ,h]e=d ,_w ,map1 ca4 #abhc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4 ,! ,e>? ,pictur$ z a ,sph]e by ,nicolas d',oresme1 #acgg4 ,att5tion has be5 call$ to ! attitude ( ! writ+s ( ! ,anglo-,saxon ,*ur* ,fa!r1 ! ,v5]able ,b$e4 ,al?\gh we h no unque/ionable pro( t ,b$e1 or ,alcu91#gg :o 0 greatly influ5c$ by him1 insi/$ on ! use ( globes 9 geographical in/ruction1 !re is good reason = ?9k+ ^! s*ol>s w\ld h incl9$ to enc\rage _! use4 ,! mona/ic s*ools1 :i*1 9 ! me?ods ( in/ruction1 re/$ ^u ! plan wr\ght out by ,alcu9 = ! ,palace ,s*ool ( ,*>les ! ,great1 consid]$ globes to be app>atus ( great educational value4 ,pr(essor ,gn!r is incl9$ to ?9k x probable t cele/ial globes 7 us$ ?r\gh\t ! e>ly c5turies ( ?is m$iaeval p]iod 9 ! bett] s*ools1 ?\gh no positive /atem5t to t effect c be cit$4#gh ,we "k t an exact k ( ! movem5ts ( ! sun1 ( ! moon1 & ( ! con/ellations 0 consid]$ to be ( fir/ importance = ! prie/hood 9 ! middle ages1 s9ce x 0 ?r\gh a k ( _! movem5ts t ! times = ! obs]vance ( ! rigid *ur* rules 7 fix$4#gi ,! acquisition ( su* k c\ld be/ be secur$ ?r\gh ! use ( ! cele/ial globe4#hj ,we le>n f ,notk] ,labeo 7#iej-ajbb71 "o ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ tea*]s ( ! mona/ic s*ool ( ,/4 ,gall51 t he made use ( su* globes = a/ro-geographical in/ruction1 :i*1 9 _! important features1 7 l our mod]n cele/ial globes1 = he tells u !y 7 suppli$ ) all necess>y p>ts4 ,x seems evid5t t ^? ( :i* he made use c\ld be adju/$ to e desir$ altitude ( ! pole4#ha ,"o ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ s*ol>s ( ! t5? c5tury 0 ,bi%op ,g]b]t 7ca4 #idj-ajjc71 lat] ,pope ,sylve/] ,,ii1 ( ^: le>n+ we possess reliable evid5ce4#hb ,8 a/ronomical k s a/oni%$ 8 contempor>ies t he 0 ?\ght to be a necromanc] & 0 accus$ ( be+ 9 league ) ! evil "o4#hc ,he 0 a dilig5t /ud5t ( ! lit]ature ( antiquity1 :i* _h surviv$ to 8 day1 especially surpass+ all o!rs1 x is report$1 9 8 acqua9tance ) ! le>n+ ( pagan ,rome4 ,9 ! in/ruction :i* he gave 9 a/ronomical sci5ce he made use ( v>i\s in/rum5ts1 to ! end t 8 pupils might ! bett] und]/& ! subject1 among :i* in/rum5ts 7 cele/ial globes & armill>y sph]es4 ,^! 7 a s\rce ( mu* wond]m5t to 8 contempor>ies4 ,x is said t "o ( ^! in/rum5ts 0 s skilfully con/ruct$ t ev5 ! untra9$ by its use1 hav+ "o con/ellation po9t$ out1 w\ld be able to locate all o!rs ) ! aid ( a globe & )\t ! aid ( a tea*]4#hd ,9 a lett] to ! mona/ic tea*] ,con/antius1 ) :om ,g]b]t /ood 9 ! fri5dlie/ relations = _m ye>s at ,rheims1 he ref]s to ! con/ruction ( a cele/ial globe1 & 9 a m detail$ mann] he makes m5tion ( ?is :5 writ+ to ,remigius ( ,tri]4 ,9 f\r ( 8 lett]s to ?is la/ nam$ prelate1 ,g]b]t t\*es ^u 8 purpose to con/ruct a globe1 b on acc\nt ( ! add$ duties :i* 7 81 occasion$ by ! dea? ( ,ar*bi%op ,adalb]o1 he seems n to h be5 able to complete 8 "w4 ,he expresses himself1 9 ! ?ird "o ( ^! lett]s1 z hopeful t a favorable "t might yet come = him to take up ! plan1 b ! increas+ opposition ( 8 enemies left him no leisure = sci5tific labors ( ?is "*1 & x does n appe> t he turn$ 8 att5tion aga9 to globe mak+4#he ,! ?irte5? c5tury furni%es u ) ! names ( two di/+ui%$ pr9ces :o 7 especially active 9 advanc+ sci5tific /udies ( _! times4 ,"o ( ^! 0 ! ,hoh5/auf5 ,fr$]ick ,,ii1 conc]n+ :om we are in=m$ t he direct$ a le>n$ ,arabian1 :o soj\rn$ at 8 c\rt1 to con/ruct = him a cele/ial globe ( gold on :i* ! />s 7 to be repres5t$ by pe>ls4#hf ,we are fur!r told t z an outcome ( 8 fri5dly relations ) ! rul]s ( ! ,ea/1 ! ,sultan ( ,egypt s5t to him an a/ronomical t5t ( wond]ful con/ruction4 ,9 ?is ! sun & ! moon 7 repres5t$ & by means ( a skilfully con/ruct$ me*anism !y 7 made to rise & set1 m>k+ out ! h\rs ( day & night4#hg ,z a rul] ( l intellectual & sci5tific int]e/s1 ! ,ca/ilian1 ,alfonso ,x1 :o liv$ 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 kn[n z ,! ,wise & z ,! ,a/ronom]1 des]ves to be especially m5tion$4 ,by 8 ord] an elaborate a/ronomical "w 0 prep>$1 :i* holds a place ( fir/ importance among m$iaeval productions ( its "*4 ,9 ?is "w ! con/ruction ( globes is discuss$ 9 a v detail$ mann]1 m5tion be+ made ( e feature reg>d$ z belong+ to a prop]ly con/ruct$ cele/ial sph]e4 ,s significant are c]ta9 *apt]s ( ?is "w = ! hi/ory ( globes & ( globe mak+ t a free translation is "h giv5 ( t "p relat+ to mat]ials ( :i* globes may be con/ruct$4#hh ,a sph]e may be made ( _m mat]ials1 says ! au?or1 z ( gold1 or silv]1 or copp]1 or brass1 or iron1 or lead1 or t91 or ( a comb9ation ( ^! metals2 or !y may be made ( /one1 or clay1 or wood4 ,!y may also be made ( lea!r1 ( clo?1 ( p>*m5t 9 _m lay]s1 & ( _m o!r mat]ials :i* m5 employ :5 !y wi% to give an exhibition ( _! skill4 ,^?1 h[ev]1 :o h c>efully consid]$ ^! ?+s1 h decid$ t !re is no?+ m suitable ?an wood & = ! foll[+ reasons4 ,if ! globe %\ld be made ( gold1 only a v ri* man w\ld be able to possess x2 fur!rmore x w\ld be v heavy4 ,if x %\ld be made ( ?9 %eets ( gold x c\ld be easily ind5t$ & w\ld n long rema9 a p]fect sph]e4 ,if x %\ld be made small1 t :i* 0 repres5t$ !reon w\ld n appe> di/9ct4 ,! same ?+ may be said ( silv]1 al?\gh x is a metal /rong] ?an gold1 z x is likewise h>d]1 & !re=e is n s easily ind5t$4 ,copp] is a metal h>d] ?an ei!r silv] or gold1 b is s dry t x c n be easily fa%ion$ into a globe1 :i* %\ld always be well made4 ,brass1 :i* is l d>k color$ copp]1 may be m easily fa%ion$1 because x is m malleable ?an copp]1 & is /rong] ?an ei!r gold or silv]4 ,if1 h[ev]1 a globe made ( ?is mat]ial %\ld be ?9 x might easily lose its %ape1 & if ?ick x w\ld be v heavy4 ,( all metals1 h[ev]1 ?is is ! "o mo/ suitable = use 9 mak+ sph]es1 z x is ! "o mo/ commonly employ$4 ,a globe ( iron w\ld be v difficult to make & w\ld be v heavy1 & s9ce ! ru/ w\ld h to be remov$ f x v frequ5tly1 !re w\ld be mu* dang] ( de/roy+ ! figures4 ,a globe ( t91 if made ( a ?9 %eet1 c\ld be easily ind5t$1 & w\ld be v heavy if ! %eet ( :i* made 7 ?ick4 ,lead1 if ?91 w\ld (f] less resi/ance to injury ?an t91 & is a mat]ial mu* heavi]4 ,fur!rmore1 z lead is incl9$ to turn black1 ! figures & ! />s repres5t$ on a globe ( ?is mat]ial w\ld soon become s discolor$ z to be no long] visible4 ,!re is no way by :i* x c be clean$ )\t wip+ out ! figures4 ,al?\gh ! metal c\ld be comb9$ to =m t mat]ial ( :i* wat] jugs & buckets are made x w\ld be s fragile z to break l glass4 ,clay1 :i* is also us$ = ! mak+ ( wat] jugs1 mort>s1 & f\nta9s1 is n suitable = globes1 because if ?9 x w\ld break easily1 & if ?ick x w\ld be v heavy4 ,moreov] ?is mat]ial :5 prep>$ mu/ be bak$ 9 a kiln :i* fact r5d]s x unsuitable = use 9 mak+ sph]es4 ,a globe %\ld n be made ( /one1 s9ce if ?is 7 transp>5t ! figures c\ld n easily be se51 & su* mat]ial w\ld be v heavy4 ,x w\ld n be fitt+ to make s noble an object z a sph]e ( ! mat]ial ( :i* j>s are made4 ,lea!r w\ld n be suitable1 ?\gh x might be fa%ion$ into a p]man5t sph]ical %ape4 ,su* mat]ial %r9ks 9 hot wea!r or :5 br\ght ne> a fire4 ,clo? w\ld n be suitable1 ?\gh x 7 made v /rong1 s9ce heat w\ld cause x to %r9k1 & moi/ure w\ld cause x to lose its %ape1 & ?is same ?+ may be said ( p>*m5t4 ,a sph]e ( wood is /rong & is ( reasonable weight & may be made 9 ! mann] :i* we %all set =?4 ,! orig9al manuscript ( ?is "w is pr(usely illu/rat$1 includ+ repres5tations ( ! figures ( ! sev]al con/ellations 7,fig4 #bj74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4 ,! ,con/ellation ,taurus4 ,9 ! latt] "p ( ! ?irte5? c5tury ! ma!matician1 ,giovanni ,campano1 a native ( ,nov>a & x appe>s a p>ticul> fri5d & support] ( ,pope ,urban ,,iv1 won di/9ction = 8 s*ol>ly atta9m5ts 9 ! field ( a/ronomy4#hi ,9 addition to 8 "w1 titl$1 ',teorica planet>um1' :]e9 he comm5ts on ! subject ( a/ronomy & geometry1 & makes copi\s ref]5ces to ! ,greek geometrician ,euclid1 ^: works he _h translat$ into ,lat91 he prep>$ a treatise :i* he call$ ',tractatis de sph]a solida4' ,9 ! prologue to ?is "w1 aft] not+ t ! numb] ( a/ronomical in/rum5ts :i* h be5 con/ruct$ is l>ge1 he /ates t 9 ! ma9 !y agree 9 _! repres5tation ( ! movem5ts ( ! heav5s1 add+ t z ! heav5s are sph]ical1 sph]ical in/rum5ts are to be pref]r$4 ,9 8 fir/ *apt]1 aft] allud+ to ! a/ronomical in/rum5ts describ$ by ,ptolemy1 he proce$s to treat ( ! composition ( solid sph]es1 :i* he says may be made ( metal1 or bett]1 ( wood4 ,he gives rules = mak+ ! same by ! use ( ! la!1 & notes 9 conclusion x is well to make ! sph]e holl[ 9 ord] to light5 ! weight4 ,9 ! foll[+ *apt]s he treats ( ! inscription ( ! circles ( ! sph]e1 ( ! con/ruction ( ! sev]al r+s employ$ 9 ! m\nt+1 su* z ! horizon & ! m]idian circles1 & gives consid]ation to ! repres5tation ( ! sev]al con/ellations on ! surface ( ! ball4 ,9 ! second "p ( 8 treatise he gives in/ruction z to h[ to use ! in/rum5t 9 ! solution ( a/ronomical problems4 ,!re appe>s to be only ! slighte/ evid5ce t ,campano 0 acqua9t$ ) ! "w ( ,alfonso4 ,8 pres5tation ( ! subject1 9 all probability1 0 altoge!r indep5d5t ( a k ( ! ,alfonsian tables4 ,x is int]e/+ to obs]ve t 9 ! day :5 a/rology 0 9 great favor 9 ! univ]sities ( ,europe1 ,campano cont9u$ to be int]e/$ 9 g5u9e a/ronomical sci5ce4 ,alb]tus ,magnus1 9 8 ',lib] de coelo et mondo1'#ij devotes an entire *apt] to a !oretical consid]ation ( gravitation1 ass]t+ t ! e>? is sph]ical 7,sph]ica sive orbicul>is necess>io71 & proce$s to a demon/ration ( ! !ory1 9 :i* he practically foll[s ! argum5ts ( ,ari/otle1 t e p>ticle ( ! e>? away f ! c5t] is cont9ually 9 movem5t seek+ t c5t]1 ! result be+ ! =mation ( a sph]ical body4 ,he advances fur!r1 z argum5t 9 pro( ( a sph]ical e>?1 t ! %ad[ x ca/s 9 an eclipse ( ! moon is circul>4 ,sacrobosco 7,john ( ,holywood or ,halifax7 7fl4 #abcj71ia :o 0 active 9 ! fir/ half ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 mu* ( ! "t z pr(essor ( ma!matics 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,p>is1 prep>$ a "w be>+ ! title1 ',tractatus de spha]a1' be+ 9 "p a summ>y ( ! ',almage/' ( ,ptolemy4 ,9 ?is "w ! !ory ( a sph]ical e>? is support$ 9 mu* ! same mann] z 0 done by ,campano4 ,! ',tractatus' prov$ to be "o ( ! mo/ important quasi sci5tific geographical & a/ronomical textbooks ( ! lat] middle ages1 be+ frequ5tly copi$1 & frequ5tly pr9t$ aft] ! inv5tion ( t art4#ib ,fur!r ref]5ce might be made to a belief 9 a sph]ical e>?1 z held by ,rog] ,bacon 7#abad-abid71ic by ,?omas ,aqu9as 7#abbe-abgd71id by ,v9c5t ( ,beauvais 7#aaij-abfd71ie by ,dante 7#abfe-acba71if & /ill o!rs ( ! ?irte5?1 f\rte5?1 & fifte5? c5turies4 ,x %\ld1 h[ev]1 be /at$ t n[h]e 9 ! works ( ^! au?ors does !re appe> a ref]5ce to ! con/ruction ( t]re/rial globes1 & only incid5tally ! implication t !y knew ( or approv$ ! con/ruction ( cele/ial globes4 ,! increas+ int]e/ 9 geography & 9 a/ronomy 9 ! clos+ ye>s ( ! middle ages l$ mo/ naturally1 9 "t1 to mu* activity 9 globe con/ruction1 & to ?is fact att5tion is direct$ 9 ! foll[+ *apt]4 ,,notes #gj ,beazley's monum5tal "w1 previ\sly cit$1 consid]s ! geographical k ( ! ,*ri/ian middle ages1 f ! clos+ ye>s ( ! ,we/]n ,roman ,empire to ! e>ly ye>s ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,see especially ,vol4 ,i1 *ap4 vi2 ,vol4 ,,ii1 *ap4 vi2 ,vol4 ,,iii1 *ap4 vi4 ,m>9elli1 ,g4 ,die ,erdkunde bei d5 ,kir*vt]n4 ,leipzig1 #ahhd2 ,krets*m]1 ,k4 ,die physis*e ,erdkunde im *ri/li*5 ,mittelalt]4 ,wi51 #ahhi2 ,cosmas ,indicopleu/es4 ,*ri/ian ,topography1 tr4 by ,j4 ,m4 ,mc,crindle4 7,93 ,hakluyt ,society ,publications4 ,london1 #ahig72 ,gn!r1 ,s4 ,die kosmographis*5 ,ans*auung des ,mittelalt]s4 7,93 ,deuts*4 ,runds*au fr ,geographie und ,/ati/ik4 ,vol4 ,,iv1 pp4 #ace ff47 #ga ,zckl]1 ,o4 ,ges*i*te d] ,beziehung5 zwis*5 ,!ologie und ,naturwiss5s*aft4 ,gt]sloh1 #ahgg4 pp4 #abb ff42 ,:ite1 ,a4 ,d4 ,a ,hi/ory ( ! ,w>f>e ( ,sci5ce ) ,!ology 9 ,*ri/5dom4 ,new ,york1 #ahie-ahig4 ,see especially *aps4 ii-iii4 ,see also ref]5ces 9 note #a4 #gb ,isaiah1 *ap4 xl1 v4 #bj2 ,eze*iel1 *ap4 xxxviii1 v4 #ab2 ,job1 *ap1 xxvi1 v4 #g1 #aj2 ,psalm cxxxvi1 #f4 #gc ,note summ>y & citations 9 ,krets*m]1 op4 cit4 #gd ,note citations 9 ,krets*m]1 op4 cit4 #ge ,see 8 works1 ,etymologia1 #c1 #bd-ga1 & ,de natura r]um1 #i-bg4 ,brehaut1 ,e4 ,an ,encyclop$i/ ( ! ,d>k ,ages4 ,isidore ( ,seville4 7,93 ,/udies 9 ,hi/ory1 ,economics & ,public ,law1 ,columbia ,univ]sity4 ,new ,york1 #aiab4 ,vol4 xlviii1 ,no4 #a47 ,x mu/ be admitt$ t !re is consid]able incoh]5ce 9 ! views ( ! _w z express$ by ! great majority ( ! m$iaeval writ]s4 ,"o n infrequ5tly l&s 9 confusion :5 und]tak+ an inve/igation ( _! op9ions4 #gf ,b$a4 ,opuscula sci5tifica4 ,ed4 by ,j4 ,a4 ,giles4 ,london1 #ahdc4 ,see ,de natura r]um1 *ap4 xlvi1 titl$1 ,t]ram globo similem4 #gg ,we/1 ,a4 ,f4 ,alcu9 & ! ,rise ( ,*ri/ian ,s*ools4 ,new ,york1 #ahib2 ,mull+]1 ,j4 ,b4 ,! ,s*ools ( ,*>les ! ,great4 ,new ,york1 #aiaa2 ,felln]1 ,r4 ,komp5dium d] ,naturwiss5s*aft5 an d] ,s*ule zu ,fulda4 ,b]l91 #ahgi4 ,! real f\nd] ( ! mona/ic s*ools 0 ,hrabanus ,maurus1 :o 0 a pupil ( ,alcu91 & :o c>ri$ to ! mona/]y ( ,fulda t ,engli%man's love = ! ,quadrivium4 #gh ,gn!r1 ,s4-,fior9i1 ,m4 ,erd- und ,himmelsglob54 ,leipzig1 #ahie4 p4 #ai4 #gi ,spe*t1 ,f4 ,a4 ,ges*i*te des ,unt]ri*tswes5 9 ,deuts*l& von d5 lte/5 ,zeit5 bis zur ,mitte des ,,xiii ,jahrhund]ts4 ,/uttg>t1 #ahhe4 pp4 #abg ff4 #hj ,gn!r-,fior9i1 op4 cit41 p4 #ah1 n4 #d1 ref]s to a /> map made 9 ! mona/]y ( ,/4 ,em]an 9 ! e>ly fifte5? c5tury1 & n[ belong+ to ! ,k4 ,k4 ,h(- und ,/aats-,biblio!k ( ,muni*1 :i* 0 int5d$ = a ,compositio sp]e solido4 #ha ,arx1 ,j4 v4 ,ges*i*te des ,kantons ,/4 ,gall54 ,/4 ,gall51 #ahaj4 p4 #bfe4 #hb ,bd+]1 ,m4 b] ,g]b]ts wiss5s*aftli*e und politis*e ,/ellung4 ,m>burg1 #ahea2 ,w]n]1 ,k4 ,g]b]t von ,aurillac1 die ,kir*e und die ,wiss5s*aft se9] ,zeit4 ,wi51 #ahgh4 #hc ,bd+]1 op4 cit41 p4 #ch4 #hd ,spe*t1 op4 cit41 pp4 #ach-aci2 ,dumml]1 ,e4 ,ekkeh>t ,,iv von ,/4 ,gall54 7,93 ,zeits*rift fr deuts*es ,alt]tum4 ,b]l91 #ahfi4 ,neue ,folge1 ,vol4 #b1 p4 #bc47 ,! implication 9 ! la/ nam$ "w seems to be t globes 7 us$ 9 _m ( ! s*ools ( ?is e>ly day4 ,mabillon1 ,j4 ,vet]um analectorum4 ,p>is1 #afgf4 ,tom4 #b1 p4 #bab4 ,! /atem5t "h made cle>ly ref]s to ! use ( globes 9 a/ronomical in/ruction4 #he ,g]b]t1 ,lett]s (1 #ihc-iig1 publies avec une introduction et des notes p> ,j4 ,havet4 ,p>is1 #ahhi4 ,see especially ,nos4 #acd1 #adh1 #aeb1 #afb4 ,g]b]t ref]s1 9 ^! lett]s to ,remigius1 to a globe :i* he int5d$ to con/ruct4 #hf ,lelewel1 op4 cit41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #b4 #hg ,raum]1 ,f4 v4 ,ges*i*te d] ,hoh5/auf5 und ihre ,zeit4 ,leipzig1 #ahgh4 ,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #dic4 ,?is a/ronomical t5t has sometimes be5 ref]r$ to z a globe4 #hh ,libros del ,sab] de ,a/ronomia del ,rey ,d4 ,alfonso ,x de ,ca/illa4 ,compilados1 anotados y com5tados por ,don ,manuel ,rico y ,s9obas4 ,madrid1 #ahfc-ahfg4 ,see especially ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #aec ff4 #hi ,enciclop$ia ,univ]sal illu/rada1 ,campano2 ,tirabos*i1 ,g4 ,/oria della lett]atura italiana4 ,roma1 #aghb-aghe4 ,tom4 ,,iv1 lib4 ii1 cap4 ii1 v2 ,fior9i4 ,sf]e t]re/ri4 pp4 #dj-ef4 ,!re are num]\s manuscripts ( ,campano to be f\nd 9 ! ,univ]sity ,libr>y ( ,bologna1 9 ! ,ambrosiana ( ,milan1 & 9 ! ,libr>y ( ,san ,m>co 9 ,v5ice4 ,fior9i ref]s to a numb] ( writ]s :o may be said to h foll[$ & 9 "p copi$ ,campano4 #ij ,alb]tus ,magnus4 ,lib] de coelo et mundo4 ,lib4 ,,ii #d1 c4 #i4 ,= a %ort biography ( ,alb]tus see ,encyclopa$ia ,britannica1 ,alb]tus ,magnus4 #ia ,gn!r1 ,s4 ,ges*i*te des ma!matis*5 ,unt]ri*tes1 im deuts*5 ,mittelalt] bis zum ,jahre #aebe4 ,b]l91 #ahhg4 pp4 #ahd ff4 #ib ,catalogue ( ,pr9t$ ,books 9 ! ,briti% ,museum conta9s a li/ ( m ?an fifty editions1 ! fir/ be+ pr9t$ 9 ! ye> #adgb4 #ic ,biographies are num]\s4 ,see ,diction>y ( ,national ,biography1 ,rog] ,bacon1 ) bibliographical li/4 ,see ,bacon's ,opus ,magnus1 lib4 ,i1 #aeb-aec1 necesse e/ v]o mundum extra hab]e figuram sp]icam 4442 also lib4 ,,iv1 9 :i* he treats ( ! =m ( ! e>?4 #id ,see = a %ort biography ,n\velle biographie4 ,p>is1 #ahff4 ,?omas d',aqu94 #ie ,b\rgeat1 ,j4 ,b4 tudes sur ,v9c5t de ,beauvais4 ,p>is1 #ahef4 #if ,biographies ( ,dante are num]\s4 ,see 8 ,purgatorio1 ,canto ,,xxvii1 l9es #a-d1 ref]r+ to midday on ! ,ganges :5 x is dawn 9 ,j]usalem2 see also 8 ,aqua et ,t]ra1 :]e9 he gives expression to a belief 9 ! sph]ical !ory4 ,*apt] ,v ,globes ,con/ruct$ 9 ! ,e>ly ,ye>s ( ! ,great ,geographical ,discov]ies ,increas+ int]e/ 9 geographical discov]y & m>itime ent]prise 9 ! f\rte5? & ! fifte5? c5tury4--,awak5$ int]e/ 9 globe con/ruction4--,m>t9 ,behaim & 8 globe ( ! ye> #adib4--,! ,laon globe4--,*ri/oph] & ,b>?olomew ,columbus & _! int]e/ 9 globes4--,john ,cabot & 8 globe4--,globes ( ,johannes ,/ffl]4--,conrad ,celtes & 8 "p 9 ar\s+ an int]e/ 9 globes4 ,! f\rte5? c5tury witness$ among ! peoples ( ,italy & ( ! ,ib]ian coa/ regions a rapidly ris+ int]e/ 9 m>itime ent]prise4 ,! expansion ( ,europe1 :i* = two c5turies _h be5 ov]l& & ea/w>d1 0 n[ becom+ oceanic1 ) an outlook s\?w>d & we/w>d into ! ,atlantic4 ,9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 "u ! inspiration ( ,pr9ce ,h5ry ! ,navigator1 ! ,portuguese 7 feel+ _! way d[n ! coa/ ( ,africa1 add+ ye> by ye> to _! k ( hi!rto unkn[n l&s2#ig ! ,atlantic isl& gr\ps1 "o by "o1 7 discov]$ or r$iscov]$1#ih & 9 #adhg ,b>?olomew ,diaz turn$ ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope & op5$ a new way to ! ,indies ( ! ,ea/4#ii ,?r\gh all ^! ent]prises a new & vigor\s /imulus 0 giv5 to int]e/ 9 geographical /udies1 j z an awak5+ _h foll[$ ! disclosure ( ! ri*es ( ! ,ea/ by ,c>p9i1 ,rubruquis1 & especially by ,m>co ,polo 9 ! e>li] po/-crusad+ ye>s4#ajj ,out ( ?is lively int]e/ 9 all t p]ta9$ to ! expansion ( k conc]n+ ! v>i\s regions ( ! e>? came a desire = bett] map mak+1#aja & att5tion 0 aga9 intellig5tly direct$ to ! con/ruction ( t]re/rial globes on :i* to repres5t ! mo/ rec5tly discov]$ seas1 isl&s1 & cont95tal coa/s4 ,x 0 ,m>t9 ,behaim ( ,nrnb]g 7#adei-aejg71ajb :o1 9 s f> z we h k1 con/ruct$ "o ( ! fir/ mod]n t]re/rial globes 7,fig4 #ba71 & x may1 inde$1 be said ( 8 ,erdapfel1 z he call$ x1 t x is ! olde/ t]re/rial globe extant4 ,behaim 7,fig4 #bb7 belong$ to ! m]*ant class ( a fl\ri%+ ,s\? ,g]man city4 ,he took advantage ( ! opportunities :i* 7 (f]$ him = travel1 ?\gh x is h>dly probable t he is entitl$ to t r5[n z an ,african coa/ explor] ) :i* c]ta9 ( 8 biograph]s h attempt$ to cr[n him1 nor does x appe> t he is entitl$ to a v prom95t place among ! m5 fam$ 9 8 day = _! a/ronomical & nautical k4 ,x 0 d\btless = reasons prim>ily comm]cial t he fir/ f\nd 8 way to ,portugal1 :]e1 %ortly aft] 8 arrival1 probably 9 ! ye> #adhd1 he 0 honor$ by ,k+ ,john ) an appo9tm5t z a memb] ( a nautical or ma!matical ,junta4 ,dur+ 8 e>li] ye>s 9 ,portugal he 0 connect$ ) "o or m exp$itions d[n ! coa/ ( ,africa1 0 knight$ by ! k+1 presumably = 8 s]vices1 & made 8 home = "s ye>s on ! isl& ( ,fayal4 ,9 ! ye> #adij he return$ = a visit to 8 native city1 ,nrnb]g1 & !re is reason = believ+ t on ?is occasion he 0 receiv$ ) mu* honor by 8 fell[ t[nsm54 ,x 0 ! sugge/ion ( ,george ,holzs*uh]1 memb] ( ! ,city ,c\ncil1 & himself some:at fam$ z a travel]1 t ev5tually br\ght special r5[n to our globe mak]1 = he x 0 :o propos$ to 8 colleagues ( ! ,c\ncil t ,m>t9 ,behaim %\ld be reque/$ to und]take ! con/ruction ( a globe on :i* ! rec5t ,portuguese & o!r discov]ies %\ld be repres5t$4 ,f a record on ! globe itself1 plac$ )9 ! ,ant>ctic circle1 we le>n t ! "w 0 und]tak5 on ! au?ority ( ?ree di/+ui%$ citiz5s1 ,gabriel ,nutzel1 ,paul ,volckam]1 & ,nikolaus ,grol&4#ajc ,x is an int]e/+ fact t we are able to foll[ 9 detail ! con/ruction ( ! globe ?r\gh its sev]al /ages1 z ! acc\nts ( ,george ,holzs*uh]1 to :om 0 entru/$ ! g5]al sup]vision ( ! "w1 h be5 pres]v$4#ajd ,f 8 report1 pres5t$ at ! conclusion ( ! und]tak+1 we le>n ! names ( ^? :o p>ticipat$ 9 ! production ( ! globe2 we le>n ! am\nt receiv$ by ea* = 8 labors1 & t ! total co/ to ! city = ! complet$ product 0 some?+ less ?an sev5ty-five doll>s4 ,in=mation is giv5 !re9 z to ! division ( ! "w2 h[ ! sph]ical %ell 0 prep>$2 h[ ! vellum cov]+ 0 fitt$ to ! sph]e2 h[ ! r+s & ! globe supports 7 suppli$2 f9ally1 h[ ! arti/1 ,glock5?on1 transf]r$ ! map to ! prep>$ surface ( ! ball & add$ to ! same ! sev]al m9iatures1 illu/rat+ 9 ri* color a v>iety ( subjects4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4 ,globe ( ,m>t9 ,behaim1 #adib4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4 ,portrait ( ,m>t9 ,behaim4 ,! globe1 :i* /ill belongs to ! ,behaim family1 0 remov$ 9 ! ye> #aijg1 by ,b>on ,w4 ,behaim1 f 8 resid5ce 9 ,eg$i5platz1 ,nrnb]g1 to ! ,g]manic ,museum1 :]e x may n[ be f\nd4 ,x orig9ally /ood on a tripod base ( wood1 b ?is 0 lat] replac$ by "o ( iron4 ,! iron m]idian circle is d\btless ! "w ( ,behaim himself1 :ile its brass horizon circle probably dates f ! ye> #aeaj4aje ,9 8 s*ol>ly "w ,rav5/e9 ?us describes ?is rem>kable monum5t ( a p]iod 9 :i* !re 0 a rapid expansion ( geographical k4 ,! globe has a circumf]5ce ( #aeie mm41 consequ5tly a diamet] ( #ejg mm4 or #bj in*es4 ,only two great circles are laid d[n ^u x1 viz41 ! equator1 divid$ into #cfj degrees1 & ! ecliptic /udd$ ) ! signs ( ! zodiac4 ,! ,tropics1 ! ,arctic & ! ,ant>ctic circles are likewise %[n4 ,! only m]idian is drawn f pole to pole #hj degrees to ! we/ ( ,lisbon4 ,! sea is color$ a d>k blue1 ! l& a bright br[n or buff ) pat*es ( gre5 & silv]1 repres5t+ =e/s & regions suppos$ to be buri$ b5ea? p]5nial ice & sn[4 ,p]haps ! mo/ attractive feature ( ! globe consi/s ( #aaa m9iatures1 = :i* we are indebt$ to ,glock5?on's clev] p5cil4 ,! vacant space )9 ! ,ant>ctic circle is occupi$ by a f9e design ( ! ,nrnb]g eagle ) ! virg9's head1 associat$ ) :i* are ! arms ( ! ?ree *ief capta9s by ^: au?ority ! globe 0 made4444 ,!re are1 9 addition1 #dh flags 7includ+ #aj ( ,portugal7 & #ae coats ( arms1 all ( !m %[+ h]aldic colors4 ,! m9iatures repres5t a v>iety ( subjects4 ,=ty-eight ( !m %[ u k+s seat$ )9 t5ts or ^u ?rones2 full-l5g? portraits are giv5 ( f\r ,sa9ts 7,/4 ,pet]1 ,/4 ,paul1 ,/4 ,mat!w1 & ,/4 ,iago71 ( mission>ies in/ruct+ natives1 & ( travel]s4 ,elev5 vessels float ^u ! sea1 :i* is peopl$ by fi%es1 seals1 sea-lions1 sea-c[s1 sea-horses1 sea-s]p5ts1 m]m51 & a m]maid4 ,! l& animals include elephants1 leop>ds1 be>s1 camels1 o/ri*es1 p>rots1 & s]p5ts4444 ,! only fabul\s be+s :i* are repres5t$ among ! m9iatures are a m]man & a m]maid1 ne> ! ,cape ,v]de ,isl&s1 & two ,sciapodes 9 c5tral ,s\? ,africa1 b syr5s1 satyrs1 & m5 ) dogs' heads are ref]r$ to 9 "s ( ! leg5ds4 ,nor d we meet ) ! ',iudei clausi1' or ) a 'g>d5 ( ,ed51' /ill believ$ 9 by ,columbus4444 ,! globe is cr[d$ ) ov] #aajj place names & num]\s leg5ds 9 black1 r$1 gold1 or silv]4#ajf ,! leg5ds1 9 ! ,s\? ,g]man dialect ( ! p]iod1 are v num]\s 7,fig4 #bc71 & are ( great int]e/ to /ud5ts ( hi/ory & ( hi/orical geography4 ,! foll[+ w s]ve to indicate ! "* ( ,behaim's num]\s leg5ds4 ,na* cri/i uns]s lieb5 h]n gepurt #adca j> also regi]t 9 portugal j9fante don p$ro wurd5 na* notlusse zeg]i*t zway s*iff auf #b ,j> gespeis/ von d5 ho*geburn5 ,jnfant5 don he9ri*5 dess koniks aufs portogalli brud] zu erfahr5 wass d w] h9d] sanct ,jacob f9i/]re weli*e s*iff also g]/ segelt5 alweg na* d5 unt]gang d] sonn5 bey #ejj teuts*e meil5 zulet/ wurd5 sy a9s tags ansi*tig dies #aj inseln und aufs l&t trett5dt fund5 ni*ts dann wildness und vgel die w>5 s zam dass sy vor niem&t floh5 ab] von leutt5 od] ?i]5 mit vi] fss5 w> von wege d] wildnuss ke9s d>khum5 zu woh5 um desswill5 die vgel mit s*euh w>5 also wurd5 sy geheiss5 insuln dos azores das i/ auf teuts* s vil als d] habi*5 inseln und umb weli*e well5 d] knik von portugal das &] j> s*ikt #af s*iff mit all]ley zame ?i]e und liess auf j$e insel se9 tail ?un und d>zu multipliei]54 ,?is leg5d1 :i* lies to ! s\!a/ ( ! ,azores ,isl&s1 reads 9 translation3 #adca ye>s aft] ! bir? ( our de> ,"l1 :5 !re reign$ 9 ,portugal ! ,infant ,don ,p$ro1 ! infant ,don ,h5ry1 ! ,k+ ( ,portugal's bro!r1 _h fitt$ out two vessels & f\nd ) all t 0 ne$$ = two ye>s1 9 ord] to f9d out :at 0 beyond ! ,/4 ,jacob's ,cape ( ,f9i/]re4 ,! %ips ?us provision$ sail$ cont9u\sly to ! we/w>d = #ejj ,g]man miles1 & 9 ! end !y sight$ ^! t5 isl&s4 ,on l&+ !y f\nd no?+ b a wild]ness & birds :i* 7 s tame t !y fl$ f no "o4 ,b ( m5 or ( f\r foot$ animals none _h come to live !re because ( ! wildness1 & ?is acc\nts = ! birds n hav+ be5 %y4 ,on ?is gr\nd ! isl&s 7 call$ dos ,azores1 t is1 ,hawk ,isl&s1 & 9 ! ye> aft]1 ! k+ ( ,portugal s5t sixte5 %ips ) v>i\s tame animals & put "s ( ^! on ea* isl& !re to multiply4#ajg ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc4 ,globe ( ,m>t9 ,behaim 9 ,hemisph]es4 ,! foll[+ leg5d relates to ! isl&s ( ,antilia4 ,als man zelt na* cri/i gepurt #gcd j> als ganz hispania von dn heid5 auf affrica gewonon wurdt d wurdt bewont di obges*rib5 ,insuln ,antilia g5ant ,septe citade von e9em erzbis*(f von porto portigal mit se* &]n bis*(fs und &]n cri/5 man und fraw5 dj zu sciff von hispanie das gefloh5 komm5 mit ,irem vieh hab und gut anno #adad i/ e9 s*iff aus hispania ungef]t d>bei gewe/ am neg/54 ,9 ! ye> #gcd ( ,*ri/ :5 ! :ole ( ,spa9 _h be5 won by ! hea!n ( ,africa1 ! above isl& ,antilia call$ ,septa ,citade 7,sev5 ,cities7 0 inhabit$ by an ar*bi%op f ,porto 9 ,portugal1 ) six o!r bi%ops & o!r ,*ri/ians1 m5 & wom51 :o _h fl$ ?i!r f ,spa9 by %ip1 toge!r ) _! cattle1 belong+s & goods4 #adad a %ip f ,spa9 got nighe/ x )\t be+ endang]$4#ajh ,?r\gh ! inspiration ( ,behaim ! con/ruction ( globes 9 ! city ( ,nrnb]g became a new indu/ry to :i* ! art activities ( ! city greatly contribut$4 ,! *ief magi/rate induc$ 8 fell[ citiz5 to give in/ruction 9 ! art ( mak+ su* in/rum5ts1 yet ?is seems to h la/$ b a %ort "t1 = we le>n t n long aft] ! completion ( 8 n[ fam\s ,erdapfel1 ,behaim return$ to ,portugal1 :]e he di$ 9 ! ye> #aejg4 ,m>t9 ,behaim's map ( ! _w 0 drawn on p>*m5t :i* _h be5 pa/$ ov] a l>ge sph]e4 ,! ,laon globe1#aji app>5tly foll[+ closely 9 "t ! =m]1 is an engrav$ & gild$ copp] ball1 hav+ a diamet] ( #ag cm4 ,!re is evid5ce t at "o "t x 0 "p ( an a/ronomical clock4#aaj ,! engrav$ surface1 on :i* appe> ! outl9es ( cont95ts & isl&s1 is well pres]v$4 ,x has two m]idian circles1 :i* int]sect at "r angles & :i* c be mov$ ab\t a common axis1 likewise a horizon circle :i* is movable4 ,num]\s circles appe> engrav$ on ! surface ( ! ball1 includ+ m]idians & p>allels4 ,! prime m]idian passes ?r\gh ! ,madeira ,isl&s1 a fact :i* sugge/s a ,portuguese orig91 s9ce ^! isl&s are g5]ally ?\ght to h be5 discov]$ by ,lusitanian seam54 ,"o hundr$ & eighty degrees ea/ ( ?is prime m]idian1 a second m]idian is engrav$1 equally prom95t1 pass+ ?r\gh ! middle ( ! cont95t ( ,asia1 & #ij degrees /ill f>!r to ea/w>d is a ?ird4 ,ea* ( ^! m]idians is divid$ into degrees1 :i* are gr\p$ 9 fif?s & are numb]$ by t5s1 />t+ at ! equator4 ,! m]idians are int]sect$ by a numb] ( p>allels1 lightly engrav$ 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 less di/9ct 9 ! s\!rn1 & repres5t ! sev5 climates employ$ by ! cosmograph]s ( ! ,greek & ,roman p]iod1 z well z by ^? ( ! middle ages1 9 _! division ( ! e>?'s surface4 ,z to its geographical repres5tations1 ?is t]re/rial globe appe>s to be old] ?an t ( ,m>t9 ,behaim1 yet at ! s\!rn extremity ( ,africa we f9d ! "n ,mons ,nig]1 inscrib$ ) ! leg5d ,huc usque ,portugal5ses navigio p]v5]e #adic4 ,! great ent]prise ( ,*ri/oph] ,columbus 7,fig4 #bd71 :]e9 he may be said to h a*iev$ a f9al victory = ! doctr9e ( a sph]ical e>?1 entitl$ 8 "n to a place ( prom95ce 9 ! hi/ory ( t]re/rial globes4 ,t ,columbus himself con/ruct$ globes1 z has be5 sometimes inf]r$ f a /atem5t ( ,las ,casas1 may1 h[ev]1 be que/ion$1 s9ce ?is /atem5t t\*es ! reput$ correspond5ce betwe5 ,columbus & ,toscanelli1 :i* correspond5ce1 9 ! light ( ! v se>*+ /udies ( ,mr4 ,h5ry ,vignaud1 mu/ n[ be consid]$ to be ( d\btful au!nticity4#aaa ,x appe>s1 h[ev]1 f ?is lett] t ! fam\s ,italian cosmograph]1 ,pauolo ,toscanelli1 himself 0 accu/om$ to expla9 problems aris+ 9 ! field ( discov]y by ! use ( ! globe1 & ,las ,casas tells u t ,columbus resolv$ to write to him1 mak+ kn[n 8 int5tions1 :i* he desir$ to be able to fulfil1 & s5t to him a globe ?r\gh ,lor5zo ,gir>di1 a ,flor5t9e1 at t "t resid+ 9 ,lisbon4#aab ,f]d9& ,columbus1 ref]r+ to ?is incid5t1 says t ! globe 0 a small "o4#aac ,9 ref]r+ to ,b>?olomew1 ! son ( ,*ri/oph] ,columbus1 ,las ,casas obs]ves t he 0 a man ( prud5ce & ( great intellig5ce 9 all matt]s p]ta9+ to ! seas4 ,i believe n mu* less le>n$ 9 cosmography & 9 :at relates !reto1 ! mak+ ( navigator's *>ts & globes & o!r in/rum5ts ( t k9d4#aad ,aga91 we f9d 9 a lett] :i* ,*ri/oph] ,columbus direct$ to _! ,ca?olic ,maje/ies1 t he s5t to _! ,maje/ies a c]ta9 r\nd repres5tation4#aae ,none ( ^! ref]5ces to globes1 z be=e /at$1 necess>ily give u to und]/& t ,*ri/oph] ,columbus 0 a globe mak]4 ,c]ta9 x is t none is n[ kn[n attribut$ to him or to 8 son4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd4 ,lor5zo ,lotto ,portrait ( ,columbus4 ,! explor]1 ,john ,cabot 7#adej-adih7 7,fig4 #be71 is likewise reput$ to h be5 int]e/$ 9 ! con/ruction ( globes4 ,9 a dispat* s5t f ,london1 ,decemb] #ah1 #adig1 by ! envoy ,raimondi di ,sonc9o to ! ,duke ( ,milan1 we read t ?is ,ma/] ,john has a description ( ! _w on a map1 & also on a solid sph]e1 :i* he has made1 & x %[s :]e he l&$1 & t sail+ t[>d ! ea/ 7we/7 he _h pass$ f> beyond ! region ( ! ,tanais4#aaf ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4 ,portrait ( ,seba/ian ,cabot1 ,son ( ,john ,cabot4 ,t t]re/rial globes 7 con/ruct$ t[>d ! close ( ! fifte5? c5tury is ( significance1 n only z a response to a new desire = m ne>ly accurate repres5tation ( ! e>?'s surface ?an c\ld be set =? on a plane map1 b x is likewise significant by reason ( ! fact t su* globes z 7 con/ruct$ s]v$ to demon/rate ! value ( globe maps1 & ?is value once demon/rat$1 !y s]v$ to awak5 a /ill fur!r int]e/ 9 globe mak+1 :i* be>s abundant fruitage 9 ! foll[+ c5tury4 ,!re is a v rem>kable cele/ial globe ( ! fifte5? c5tury n[ belong+ to ! ,lyceum ,libr>y ( ,con/ance1 ,switz]l&4 ,x is ! "w ( ,johannes ,/ffl] 7#adeb-aeca71aag at "o "t a pa/or 9 ! t[n ( ,ju/+51 lat] a pr(essor ( ma!matics 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,tb+51 :]e he a*iev$ r5[n z ma!matician1 a/ronom]1 cosmograph]1 & me*anic4 ,x appe>s f ! title ( a publication attribut$ to ,/ffl]1 ',de artificiosa globi t]re/ris compositione1'#aah t he 0 a mak] ( t]re/rial globes1 ?\gh no su* globe ( 8 is n[ kn[n1 & f 8 lett]s to ,reu*l9 we le>n t he made no less ?an ?ree cele/ial globes4#aai ,"o ( ! latt] he s5t to 8 fri5d1 ,prob/ ,pet] ,wolf ( ,d5k5dorf1 :i* repres5t$ ! movem5ts ( ! sun & ( ! moon4 ,a second 0 con/ruct$ = ,bi%op von ,dalb]g ( ,worms1 on :i* ! />s 7 repres5t$ 9 gold4#abj ,no?+ fur!r is def9itely kn[n ( ^! two globes4 ,a ?ird 0 con/ruct$ = ,bi%op ,daniel ( ,con/ance1 :i* is ! "o n[ to be f\nd 9 t city's libr>y4#aba ,?is sph]e has a diamet] ( #dh cm41 re/s ^u a wood5 base1 & is furni%$ ) a m]idian & ) a horizon circle4 ,! =ty-eight con/ellations ( ,ptolemy are repres5t$ on a d>k backgr\nd & are outl9$ 9 accord ) recogniz$ traditions4 ,to a few ( ! con/ellations d\ble names are giv51 z ,h]cules & ,g5uflexus1 ,auriga & ,agitator4 ,/>s ( ! fir/ magnitude are especially di/+ui%$ by "n1 ! majority ( :i* are ( ,arabic orig91 & m ?an "o ?\s& />s are cle>ly indicat$4 ,to ! globe mak]s !mselves1 :o 7 active ag5ts 9 creat+ a dem& = globes1 !re %\ld "h be add$ ! "n ( ,conrad ,celtes 7#adei-aejh71abb ! di/+ui%$ ,g]man humani/1 z t ( "o :o contribut$ mo/ 9 ! fir/ ye>s ( mod]n times t[>d ar\s+ an int]e/ 9 ! use ( globes 9 ! s*ools4 ,as*ba*1 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ! ,vi5na ,univ]sity1#abc tells u ( ! s*ool f\nd$ 9 ,vi5na 9 ! ye> #aeaj by ! ,emp]or ,maximilian ,i1 & ( ! in/ruction giv5 9 ?is s*ool by ,celtes4 ,we are in=m$ t 9 8 lectures on ma!matical geography he introduc$ a good text ( ,ptolemy 9 ! orig9al ,greek2 ?is he translat$ into ,lat91 int]pret+ ! same 9 ,g]man1 expla9+ ! sev]al s5t5ces by ref]5ce to a t]re/rial & to a cele/ial globe4 ,hav+ no record t su* a me?od _h be5 e>li] employ$ we may !re=e conclude t ?is di/+ui%$ tea*] 0 ! fir/ to proce$ 9 ! mann] designat$1 t is1 he 0 ! fir/ 9 mod]n times to make use ( globes 9 geographical & a/ronomical in/ruction4 ,,notes #ig ,major1 ,r4 ,h4 ,life ( ,pr9ce ,h5ry ! ,navigator4 ,london1 #ahfh4 ,?is is "o ( ! fir/1 &1 at ! same "t1 "o ( ! mo/ satisfactory biographies ( ,pr9ce ,h5ry2 ,beazley1 ,c4 ,r4 ,pr9ce ,h5ry ! ,navigator4 ,new ,york1 #ahie2 ,azur>a1 ,gomez ,eannes de4 ,*ronicle ( ! ,discov]y & ,conque/ ( ,gu9ea4 ,tr4 & ed4 by ,*>les ,raymond ,beazley & ,edw>d ,pre/age4 7,hakluyt ,society ,publications4 ,london1 #ahif4 #b vols47 #ih ,d',avezac1 ,m4 ,a4 ,p4 ,description et hi/oire des les de l',afrique4 ,p>is1 #ahdh2 same au?or1 ,notice des dc\v]tes faites au moy5 ge dans l',ocan ,atlantique4 ,p>is1 #ahde2 same au?or1 ,les les fanta/iques de l',ocan occid5tal au moy5 ge4 ,p>is1 #ahde2 ,m>gry1 ,p4 ,la conqute des les ,can>ies4 ,p>is1 #ahif2 ,beazley4 ,dawn ( ,mod]n ,geography4 ,vol4 ,,iii1 *ap4 iv4 ,! ,can>y ,isl&s1 & p]haps o!rs 9 ! ea/]n ,atlantic1 7 kn[n to ! ,romans1 b appe> to h be5 lo/ to ! k ( ! ,europeans dur+ ! great] "p ( ! middle ages1 to be r$iscov]$ 9 ! p]iod 9 :i* mod]n geographical exploration 0 be+ ent]$ ^u4 #ii ,rav5/e91 ,e4 ,g4 ,! voyages ( ,diogo ,co & ,b>?olomew ,diaz4 7,93 ,geographical ,j\rnal4 ,london1 #aijj4 ,vol4 ,,xvi1 pp4 #fbe-fee47 #ajj ,beazley4 ,dawn ( ,mod]n ,geography4 ,vol4 ,,ii1 *ap4 v2 ,vol4 ,,iii1 *ap4 ii2 ,yule1 ,h4 ,! ,book ( ,sir ,m>co ,polo1 ! ,v5etian1 conc]n+ ! ,k+doms & ,m>vels ( ! ,ea/4 ,london1 #aijc4 #b vols4 #aja ,nord5skild1 ,a4 ,e4 ,facsimile ,atlas4 ,/ockholm1 #ahhi2 same au?or1 ,p]iplus4 ,/ockholm1 #ahig2 ,/ev5son1 ,e4 ,l4 ,portolan ,*>ts1 _! orig9 & *>act]i/ics4 ,new ,york1 #aiaa2 same au?or1 ,g5oese ,_w ,map1 #adeg4 ,new ,york1 #aiab2 same au?or1 ,facsimiles ( ,portolan ,*>ts4 ,new ,york1 #aiaf4 ,f ! above-nam$ li/ ( works1 to :i* num]\s additions might be made1 a g5]al notion ( ! beg9n+s ( mod]n c>tography c be obta9$4 #ajb ,doppelmayr1 ,j4 ,s4 ,hi/oris*e ,na*ri*t von d5 ,nrnb]gis*5 ,ma!maticis und ,kn/l]n4 ,nrnb]g1 #agcj4 pp4 #bg ff4 ,murr1 ,c4 ,g4 v4 ,diplomatis*e ,ges*i*te des portuguisis*5 b]hmt5 ,ritt]s ,m>t9 ,behaim aus ,orig9alurkund54 ,nrnb]g1 #aggh2 ,ghillany1 ,f4 ,w4 ,d] ,erdglobus des ,m>t9 ,behaim von #adib1 und d] des ,johann ,s*n] #aebj4 ,nrnb]g1 #ahdb2 same au?or1 ,ges*i*te des ,seefahr]s ,ritt] ,m>t9 ,behaim1 na* d5 lte/5 vorh&55 ,urkund5 be>beitet4 ,nrnb]g1 #ahec2 ,ziegl]1 ,a4 ,m>t9 ,behaim1 d] ,gei/ige ,entdeck] ,am]ikas4 ,dresd51 #ahei2 ,gn!r1 ,s4 ,m>t9 ,behaim4 ,bamb]g1 #ahij2 ,wies]1 ,f4 v4 ,magalhes-,/rasse und ,au/ralkont95t auf d5 ,glob5 des ,johannes ,s*n]4 ,innsbruck1 #ahha2 ,gallois1 ,l4 ,les ,gographes allem&s de la r5aissance4 ,p>is1 #ahij4 ,*ap4 iii2 ,rav5/e91 ,e4 ,g4 ,m>t9 ,behaim1 ,8 ,life & ,8 ,globe4 ,london1 #aijh2 ,h>risse1 ,h4 ,! ,discov]y ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,london1 #ahib4 pp4 #cia4 ,( ! above-nam$ works1 t by ,rav5/e9 is ! mo/ satisfactory1 be+ a mo/ s*ol>ly & sci5tific treatm5t ( 8 subject4 ,8 "w is inde$ a monum5t 9 ! field ( hi/orical geography4 ,( ! reproductions ( ! globe map1 none surpasses ! excell5t facsimile 9 ! =m ( globe gores :i* he prep>$ to accompany 8 /udies4 ,) ! utmo/ c>e he deciph]$ ! num]\s leg5ds & place names1 admitt+1 "h & !re1 ! possibility ( inaccuracy 9 ! read+s due to ! damag$ condition ( ! globe4 ,vignaud1 ,h41 9 8 ,toscanelli & ,columbus1 pp4 #ahb-ahf1 gives a li/ ( ! num]\s reproductions ( ! globe map1 ) a brief ^w conc]n+ ea*4 ,x may "h be add$ t an excell5t reproduction ( ! globe1 m\nt$ z is ! orig9al1 & made = ,dr4 ,w4 ,b4 ,james ( ,new ,york1 9 ,nrnb]g1 ! ,rav5/e9 gores be+ pa/$ ov] ! prep>$ ball1 may be se5 9 ! map dep>tm5t ( ,! ,am]ican ,geographical ,society4 ,a simil> reproduction ( ! globe1 ) m\nt+ ( wood in/ead ( iron1 0 obta9$ by ! au?or = exhibition 9 ! ,santa ,m>ia1 ,spa9's ,(ficial ,replica ( ! ,flag%ip ( ,admiral ,columbus1 :i* 0 to h be5 exhibit$ 9 ,san ,francisco 9 #aiae4 ,x fail$1 h[ev]1 to rea* its de/9ation1 & 0 return$ to ,*icago4 #ajc ,see ,fig4 #bc4 #ajd ,! itemiz$ /atem5t ( exp5ses1 deliv]$ to ! ,nrnb]g ,c\ncil by ,george ,holzs*uh]1 0 fir/ publi%$ by ,peitz1 ,j4 7,93 ,mitteilung5 des ,v]e9s fr die ,ges*i*te d] ,/adt ,nrnb]g1 ,heft #f4 ,nrnb]g1 #ahhf47 ,x is ( suffici5t int]e/ 9 ! hi/ory ( globe mak+ to be cit$ "h4 ,! translation is ,rav5/e9's1 pp4 #aaa-aab4 ,exp5diture on ! globe4 ,exp5diture1 ,nrnb]g1 ,augu/ #bf1 #adid4 ,bel[ is to be f\nd a /atem5t ( :at ,i1 ,george ,holzs*uh] h exp5d$ by ord] ( my lords ( ! city treasury1 ^u limn+ & o!rwise1 = mak+ ! 'apple1' or mappa mundi 9 ! %ape ( a sph]e1 & also = mak+ ! map = ! cl]k's (fice1 :i* ,mr4 ,m>t5 ,beham1 hav+ exp5d$ !reon 8 art & pa9s1 left beh9d = ! enjoym5t ( my lords ( ! wor%ipful c\ncil4 ,item fir/1 to ,glock5?on1 :o pa9t$ ! sph]e1 & sp5t #ae weeks ov] x1 fl4 #ad2 to 8 wife1 fl4 #a1 facit1 fl4 #ae1 lb4- dn4- 7#b #ajs47 ,item paid = a loam m\ld ov] :i* ! sph]e 0 to h be5 made1 z a guide = ,kalb]g]1 #bh dn42 also = l95 = ! fir/ sph]e1 #ba dn42 also = w9e & be]1 & o!r ?+s1 = ! limn]'s d9n] :il/ pa9t+ ! globe1 & occasionally also = ,peham2 & = bread = cleans+ ! globe1 & mak+ x nice1 fl4 #a1 lb4 #a1 dn4 #af2 also to ,gag5h>t = lett]+1 #af dn42 fecit1 miscellane\s exp5ses4 fl4 #a1 lb4 #c1 dn4 #ba 7#ads4 #e;d47 ,item paid ,glock5giess] = a m\ld brok5 by ,kalp]g]1 & r\nd :i* ,kalp]g] 0 to h made a l>ge sph]e1 bo? ?r\gh ,n4 ,gross & ,m4 ,peham fl4 #b1 lb4-1 dn4- 7#a47 ,item paid = :ite vellum 7p>*m5t7 cov]+ ! sph]e1 #hj dn42 also = a cov] l9$ ) sk9 to protect ! sph]e f du/1 #c lb41 #bj dn42 also to ! smi? = two iron hoops )9 :i* ! sph]e revolves1 #d lb4 #f dn42 also to ! jo9] = wood5 /& ( ! sph]e1 #d lb4 #f dn4 facit1 miscellane\s exp5ses fl4 #a1 lb4 #f1 dn4 #aj 7#ags4 #g;d47 ,item paid to ,mr4 ,m>t5 ,beham = a pr9t$ mappa mundi1 embrac+ ! :ole _w1 :i* 0 us$ = ! globe1 & is to be hung 9 ! t[n (fice1 #a fl4 #c lb42 also = pa9t+1 etc41 #a fl42 also = l9+ & glue+ 7m\nt+7 ! same1 #e lb4 #aj dn42 also to ! jo9] = a frame & two panels1 #a fl42 also to ! />* pa9t] = pa9t+ ^! panels1 #d lb4 #f dn42 facit fl4 #d1 lb4 #d1 dn4 #f 7#b #es47 ,item1 ,kalp]g] has n be5 paid = mak+ ! sph]e3 he dem&s #c fl41 b owes = ! l95 :i* 0 us$ = ! old t5t ov] ! 'beautiful f\nta91' 9 return = :i* he 0 to h made ! l>ge sph]e2 he _h also brok5 ! patt]n or m\ld = :i* #b guld5 7#bjs7 _h to be paid to ,glock5giess]2 he also promis$ ,mr4 ,m]t5 t if he taught him ! art ( cosmography or ! lay+ out 7plann+7 ( ! globe he w\ld make ano!r sph]e dur+ ! "t4 #aje ,an acc\nt ( ,octob] #af1 #aeaj1 reads1 ,item1 #a lb4 ,nov = a l>ge brass sign surr\nd+ ! map4 ,?is d\btless is a ref]5ce to ! globe4 ,ghillany attributes ?is "w to ,w]n]4 ,see also ,gn!r1 ,s4 ,johann ,w]n] von ,nrnb]g und se9e ,beziehung5 zur ma!matis*5 und physikalis*5 ,erdkunde4 ,halle1 #ahgh4 #ajf ,rav5/e91 op4 cit41 pp4 #ei-fj4 #ajg ,rav5/e91 op4 cit41 pp4 #ge-gf4 #ajh ,rav5/e91 op4 cit41 p4 #gg4 #aji ,d',avezac1 ,m4 ,a4 ,p4 ,sur un globe t]re/re tr\v a ,laon1 ant]ieur la dc\v]te de l',amrique4 7,93 ,bullet9 de la ,socit de ,gographie de ,france4 ,p>is1 #ahfj47 ,?is "w conta9s an ann\ncem5t ( ! discov]y ( ! globe1 toge!r ) a description ( ! same4 ,raemdonck1 ,j4 v4 ,les sphres cle/e et t]re/re de ,gr>d ,m]cator4 ,/4 ,nicolas1 #ahgd4 pp4 #be ff4 ,nord5skild4 ,facsimile ,atlas1 p4 #gc4 #aaj ,britt51 ,f4 ,j4 ,old clocks & wat*es & _! mak]s4 ,new ,york1 #aiaa2 ,b]?\d1 ,f4 ,hi/oire de la mesure du temps p> les horologes4 ,p>is1 #ahdi4 ,globe clocks1 or clocks ( :i* globes 7 a conspicu\s feature1 7 n uncommon 9 ?is p]iod4 ,see ! ref]5ce1 p4 #gc1 to ! ,l5ox globe1 ! ref]5ce1 p4 #gd1 to ! ,jagellonicus globe1 & ! ref]5ce1 p4 #agc1 to ! "w ( ,dasypodius4 #aaa ,vignaud1 ,h4 ,toscanelli & ,columbus4 ,london1 #aijb4 ,?is is a v rem>kable piece ( hi/orical criticism4 ,citation is giv5 = e /atem5t ( special importance1 includ+ a ref]5ce to ^? /ud5ts ( ! "q :o d n agree ) ! au?or's po9t ( view4 ,see also ?is di/+ui%$ au?or's "w1 ,hi/oire critique de la ,gr&e ,entreprise de ,*ri/ophe ,colomb4 ,p>is1 #aiaa4 #b vols4 #aab ,las ,casas1 ,b>tolom de4 ,hi/oria de las ,indias4 ,madrid1 #ahge4 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #ib4 #aac ,ulloa1 ,a4 ,hi/oire del ,s4 ,d4 ,f]n&o ,colombo4 ,v5ice1 #aega4 ,*ap4 vii1 p4 #ae4 ,see ,*ur*ill1 ,voyages1 also ,b\rne1 ,e4 ,g41 ,spa9 9 ,am]ica4 ,new ,york1 #aijd4 #aad ,las ,casas1 op4 cit41 pp4 #bbd ff4 #aae ,las ,casas1 op4 cit41 p4 #dh4 #aaf ,h>risse1 ,h4 ,jean et ,sba/i5 ,cabot4 ,p>is1 #ahfb4 ,doc4 ,x1 p4 #cbd2 ,t>ducci1 ,f4 ,di ,giovanni e ,seba/iano ,caboto4 ,v5ezia1 #ahib4 p4 #cea2 ,w9sor1 ,j4 ,n>rative & ,critical ,hi/ory ( ,am]ica4 ,bo/on1 #ahhd4 ,vol4 ,,iii1 pp4 #ed-ee4 ,h>risse & ,t>ducci pr9t ! lett] ( ,sonc9o 9 ! orig9al ,italian2 ,w9sor gives ! fir/ translation into ,engli% 7tr4 by ,pr(essor ,b4 ,h4 ,na%74 ,a v sup]ior "w = ref]5ce to ! ,cabots is3 ,w9%ip1 ,g4 ,p4 ,cabot ,bibliography4 ,london1 #aijj4 #aag ,moll1 ,j4 ,c4 ,a4 ,johannes ,/ffl] von ,ju/+51 e9 ,*>act]bild aus dem er/5 ,halbjahrhund]t d] ,univ]sitt ,tb+54 ,l9dau1 #ahgg4 #aah ,?is "w is ref]r$ to by ,moll 9 8 *apt] on ,/ffl]s ,s*rift54 #aai ,moll1 op4 cit41 *ap4 ix1 ,/ffl] als ,me*anik]1 ref]s to him z globe mak] & z clock mak]1 ) special m5tion ( 8 ?ree cele/ial globes4 #abj ,gn!r is 9 error 9 ref]r+ to ?is globe z ! "o n[ 9 ,con/ance4 #aba ,moll1 op4 cit41 pp4 #di-ea4 #abb ,gn!r1 ,s4 ,ges*i*te4 pp4 #bej ff4 #abc ,as*ba*1 ,j4 v4 ,die ,wi5] ,univ]sitt und ihre ,humani/5 im ,zeitalt]s ,kais] ,maximilians ,i4 7,93 ,ges*i*te d] ,wi5] ,univ]sitt4 ,wi51 #ahgg4 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #fb47 ,illu/ration3 ,%ip4 ,f e>ly portolan *>t ,*apt] ,,vi ,globes ( ! ,e>ly ,sixte5? ,c5tury ,summ>y ( fifte5? c5tury globe *>act]i/ics4--,increas+ int]e/ 9 globes4--,globes ( ,pope ,julius ,,ii4--,fri> ,m>co da ,b5ev5to4--,importance ( ! ,rosselli family ( ,flor5ce4--,! globe ( ,b>naba ,canti4--,fri> ,giuliano ,vannelli4--,int]e/ ( ,tri!mius 9 globes4--,! ,bunau globe4--,waldseemll]'s map & globe4--,lie*t5/e9 globes4--,b*l9 ref]5ce4--,globus ,mundi4--,welt ,kugel4--,l5ox globe4--,jagellonicus globe4--,hauslab4--,gre5 globe ( ,p>is4--,nord5skild gores4--,s-call$ ,leon>do da ,v9ci gores4--,b\l5gi] gores4--,acton globes4--,globes ( ,magellan & ( del ,cano4--,globes ( ,s*n]4 ,t]re/rial globes ( ! e>ly ye>s ( great geographical discov]ies1 t is1 ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 to :i* ref]5ce 0 made 9 ! prec$+ *apt]1 appe> to h be5 con/ruct$ ei!r ( metal1 on ! surface ( :i* ! map 0 engrav$1 ( :i* ! ,laon globe is an example2 ( a composition fa%ion$ into a ball ov] a m\ld on :i* /rips ( p>*m5t or pap] 7 !n pa/$1 hav+ ! map drawn by h&1 z ! ,behaim globe2 or ! ball 0 ( wood ) map 9 manuscript1 z 0 probably ! globe attribut$ to ,john ,cabot4 ,"h 7 beg9n+s1 & ! foll[+ c5tury witness$ a rem>kable increase ( int]e/ 9 globe con/ruction4 ,z ! true position ( places on ! e>?'s surface1 z well z ! di/ance betwe5 any two places1 c\ld be/ be repres5t$ on a globe1 c>tograph]s & globe mak]s became active 9 _! endeavors to meet ! desires ( ^? int]e/$ 9 geography4 ,!y no long] conf9$ !mselves to su* globes z ! ,behaim & ! ,laon1 :i*1 9 reality1 are arti/ically int]e/+ r ?an sci5tifically useful1 b !y s\ght to make use ( ! new inv5tion ( pr9t+4 ,maps giv+ ! outl9es ( cont95ts1 ) place names1 riv]s1 con/ellations1 & /> names 7 pr9t$ f wood blocks or f copp] engrav$ plates on pap] gores1 :i* 7 s fa%ion$ ma!matically t !y c\ld be made to fit ! surface ( a prep>$ ball1 ) c>eful adju/m5t & manipulation4 ,9 ?is mann] globes 9 great numb]s c\ld be prep>$1 ) ! add$ advantage t !y 7 all alike1 or simil>4 ,! sixte5? c5tury soon furni%$ rules = globe-gore con/ruction1 & :ile ! me?ods ( globe mak+ hi!rto common 7 n entirely giv5 ov]1 z _m arti/ic pieces ( ! p]iod1 :i* h come d[n to u1 te/ify1 ! new me?od 0 soon 9 g5]al favor & became 9 ! c\rse ( "t practically ! only me?od employ$4 ,x is ! globe mak]'s me?od today4 ,if ! actual numb] ( globes con/ruct$ %ortly be=e & %ortly aft] #aejj appe>s to h be5 small1 judg+ f ! numb] extant1 we (t5 f9d additional assurance ( int]e/ 9 su* in/rum5ts 9 ! use t 0 made ( !m = illu/rative purposes1 & = decoration4 ,t]re/rial & cele/ial globes1 z well z armill>y sph]es1 frequ5tly appe>$ on title-pages 7,figs4 #bf1 #bg71 9 pa9t+s 7,fig4 #bh71 or con/itut$ a "p ( libr>y furni%+s 7,fig4 #bi74abd ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf4 ,title-page ( ,johann ,s*n]'s ,t]rae ,descriptio1 #aeah4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg4 ,second ,title-page ( ,mauro ,fior5t9o's ,sph]a ,volg>e1 #aecg4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh4 ,holbe9's ,ambassadors1 ca4 #aecf4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bi4 ,libr>y ( ,escorial4 ,among ! ducal h\ses1 fam\s 9 ,italy 9 ?is p]iod = int]e/ 9 matt]s geographical1 none 0 m conspicu\s ?an 0 ! h\se ( ,e/e ( ,f]r>a4#abe ,we h an int]e/+ lett] dat$ ,rome1 ,janu>y #ag1 #aeji1 & writt5 by ,fioramonte ,brognoli to ,isabel ( ,e/e1 wife ( ,francis ,,ii1 ,m>quis ( ,mantua1 daught] ( ,h]cules ,i1 ,duke ( ,f]r>a1 :o 0 responsible = ! draught+ ( ! ,cant9o map ( ! ye> #aejb1abf & gr&daught] ( ,duke ,borso1 to :om ,donnus ,ni*olas ,g]manus d$icat$ or address$1 9 #adff1 8 tw5ty-sev5 ,ptolemy maps4#abg ,brognoli1 hav+ receiv$ f ! ,m>*ioness an ord] = a copy ( ! globes1 t]re/rial & cele/ial1 possess$ by ,pope ,julius ,,ii1 made reply t ! map & cele/ial signs :i* are pa9t$ on two solid sph]es 9 ! libr>y ( ! ,pope1 ( :i* y\r ,excell5cy w\ld l to h copies1 ,i h ord]$1 & ! same to be made by a good pa9t] ( ! ,palace1 :o tells me t x w take "s "t because ! matt] is q difficult4 ,i w n fail 9 c>e1 & w provide ! necess>y funds1 s t z soon z possible ,i w s5d !m to y by a tru/y mess5g]4#abh ,aga9 ! ,roman correspond5t wrote1 ! lett] be>+ date ,febru>y #a1 #aeje1 ,t ma/] pa9t] :o w\ld l to make copies ( ! map & ! zodiac :i* are 9 ! libr>y ( ! ,pope1 ab\t :i* ,y\r ,excell5cy wrote me "s "t ago1 tells me t to make !m ) l95 x w co/ m ?an =ty ducats1 b to draw !m on pap] accord+ to a c]ta9 design :i* is pa9t$ on canvas 9 t place1 x w\ld co/ v little4 ,i ?\ght ,i w\ld in=m ,y\r ,excell5cy be=e giv+ ! ord]1 t ,i might asc]ta9 y\r wi%es1 = ,i %all d exactly t :i* y desire4#abi ,febru>y #bj1 #aeje1 ! ,m>*ioness repli$ f ,mantua1 say+ t ! exp5se ( =ty ducats w n det] u1 if ! copy ( ! map & ( ! zodiac is well made & is simil> to t f\nd 9 ! libr>y ( ! ,pope4 ,y may ord] x to be made ) extreme dilig5ce & ) exactness4#acj ,! globe ( ,pope ,julius ,,ii1 9 "q1 mu/ !n h be5 con/ruct$ prior to #aeje1 see+ ?is to be ! ye> ( ! correspond5ce to :i* ref]5ce has be5 made above4 ,f ! p>tial description giv5 9 ! lett]s we are l$ to ! conclusion t !y 7 n engrav$ metal globes1 b _! maps 7 manuscript1 & 7 well decorat$ by h&4 ,! ,vatican ,museum is /ill 9 possession ( a cele/ial globe :i* may well be "o ( ^? once belong+ to ,pope ,julius ,,ii1 ! t]re/rial globe hav+ disappe>$4 ,f ! int]e/+ description ( ,d5za#aca we le>n t ?is rema9+ "o is a holl[ wood5 ball1 #ie cm4 9 diamet]4 ,t !re might be an ev5 surface on :i* to draw ! /> map1 a cov]+ ( pla/] _h be5 provid$1 #d mm4 9 ?ickness4 ,x is furni%$ ) a some:at elaborate base1 ornam5t$ ) sph9xes ) ! heads ( eagles & ! feet ( lions4 ,its horizon circle1 support$ by f\r qu>t] circles1 is a b& #e cm4 wide1 ! surface ( :i* is divid$ into five conc5tric circles1 )9 :i* are ! names ( ! sev]al signs ( ! zodiac 9 ,lat91 ! names ( ! days ( ! mon?1 & ! names ( ! eight pr9cipal w9ds 9 ! ,italian language4 ,along ! out] edge ( ?is horizon circle is ! foll[+ inscription1 ,daniel ,*assignet4 ,fecit4 ,romae #afag1 a "n & date cle>ly apply+ only to ?is circle or to ! globe's m\nt+4 ,x has a m]idian circle )9 :i* ! sph]e revolves4 ,on ! surface ( ! ball we f9d repres5t$ ! pr9cipal circles1 t is1 ! equator1 ! tropics1 ! pol> circles1 ) five m]idians1 & ! ecliptic1 its twelve signs be+ repres5t$ 9 gild$ *>act]s4 ,! coat ( arms1 pa9t$ ne> ! s\? pole1 is n t ( ,pope ,julius ,,ii1 b ( ,c>d9al ,gian ,/efano ,f]r]o1 ,bi%op ( ,bologna1 :o became a support] ( ,juliani della ,rov]e 9 8 c&idacy = ! papal (fice1 & to :i* (fice he 0 elect$1 becom+ kn[n z ,julius ,,ii4 ,fior9i ?9ks x probable t ! globe 0 pres5t$ by ,c>d9al ,f]r]o to ! ,pope1 & t :ile 9 8 possession ! coat ( arms 0 pa9t$ on its surface4 ,x is inde$ n improbable t x 0 orig9ally con/ruct$ = ! ,c>d9al4 ,contr>y to ! op9ion ( ,d5za1 ,fior9i's conclusion is t ! decoration ( ! globe is n to be attribut$ to ,giulio ,romano1 a di/+ui%$ pupil ( ,raphael1 & ! argum5ts pres5t$ seem acceptable4#acb ,z pro( ( an exi/+ int]e/ 9 globes1 9 ,italy1 9 ! fir/ ye>s ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 o!r ?an t giv5 by ! lett]s ( ,isabel ( ,e/e1 & ! globes ( ,pope ,julius1 we f9d an allusion to ! subject by ,fri> ,m>co da ,b5ev5to1 memb] ( ! ord] ( ,cele/9i & a r5[n$ ma!matician4 ,9 8 ',orbis nova descriptio1'#acc :i* he add$ to an edition ( ,ptolemy1 issu$ 9 ,rome 9 ! ye> #aejg or #aejh1 he alludes to ! difficulty ( repres5t+ ! e>? ^u a solid sph]e1 add+ t ! great] ! size ( ! same ! great] ! difficulty !re is 9 mov+ x1 & t ! l>g] ! globe ! m difficult x is to take 9 at a glance any consid]able "p ( ! map4 ,:ile mak+ no specific m5tion ( any ( ! globe mak]s ( ! "t1 8 ref]5ce to ! subject seems to assure u t globes 7 objects m or less famili> to /ud5ts ( geography 9 8 day4 ,fior9i cites at "s l5g? an inv5tory relat+ to ! pr9t+ e/abli%m5t ( ,alex&] ,rosselli ( ,flor5ce1 "u ^: fa!r1 ,francesco1 ?is e/abli%m5t became fam\s4#acd ,! fa!r di$ 9 ! ye> #aeaj1 b x is probable t ?is arti/1 pa9t]1 & m9iaturi/1 :o issu$ = 8 e/abli%m5t num]\s maps1 pr9t$1 likewise1 globe gores4 ,:ile ! inv5tory gives u intimation ( 8 great activity1 we h no fur!r k ( 8 "w z a globe mak] ?an is conta9$ !re94 ,x may well h be5 t ! con/ruction ( globes ) pr9t$ gore maps _h its orig9 9 ,flor5ce 9 ! v e>ly sixte5? c5tury1 & t a cr$it we h be5 accu/om$ to give to ,g]man map mak]s#ace is 9 reality due ! ,rosselli family ( ,italy1 p>ticul>ly ,francesco ,rosselli4 ,fior9i likewise alludes to a lett] writt5 by ,fri> ,z5obio ,acciaioli1 dat$ ,lucca1 ,may #ab1 #aeji1 & address$ to ! ,flor5t9e1 ,luigi ,pietro ,guicci>d9i1 bro!r ( ! di/+ui%$ hi/orian4#acf ,reque/ is made 9 ?is lett] t assi/ance & advice be giv5 to a bro!r monk1 ,b>naba ,canti1 :o _h be5 ask$ to describe a map on :i* ! newly discov]$ l&s 7 well drawn1 !re be+ writt5 on ! map ! hi/ory ( ! isl&s1 ) a description ( ! l&s & ( ! cu/oms ( ! peoples4 ,att5tion is likewise call$ to a globe :i* ,canti possess$1 x be+ designat$ z spha]ula or small4 ,! lett] fur!r notes1 ,cupit autem illam ,joannes teutonicus a/rologus1 ut ex suis ad me lit]is quas inclusas tibi 9 8 mitto1 vid]e pot]is4 ,john ! ,g]man a/ronom] desires ?is 7map87 z y w be able to see f 8 lett]s to me :i* enclos$ ,i s5d to y4 ,x is +5i\sly argu$ t ! ,joannes ref]r$ to 0 none o!r ?an ,john ,s*n]1 :o lat] became fam\s z ma!matician & z map & globe mak]1 & t ! globe ref]r$ to by ,acciaioli 0 "o 9 ! con/ruction ( :i* ! globe gores ( ,rosselli _h be5 us$1 s9ce ,joannes teutonicus 9 all probability w\ld n h ?\ght ( receiv+ f ,italy a manuscript globe4 ,= ! hi/ory ( globe mak+ z practic$ 9 ,flor5ce 9 ^! e>ly ye>s1 !re is 9 ! record ( ! delib]ations ( ! ,flor5t9e ,signoria1 dat$ ,decemb] #cj1 #aeae1 an entry ( int]e/4#acg ,! ,priors & ,gonfaloni]s direct$ att5tion to ! sph]e1 :i* _h be5 plac$ 9 ! orologia or clock room1 not+ t ! t]re/rial orb :i* _h be5 pa9t$ !reon 0 greatly damag$1 444 sup] qua depicta e/ figura et situs orbis t]r>um 444 deva/ata et male picta4 ,!y express$ a desire t x %\ld be fully repair$ & be made suitable z an adornm5t ( ! wond]ful clock1 & 9 keep+ ) ! rem>kable cele/ial sph]e :i* 0 plac$ ne> by3 ut similis sit et non discrepet1 9 sua qualitate1 a mirabili orologio pr$icto1 et a convic9a et mirabili palla1 ubi app>et figura et ambitus celi4 ,hav+ k ( ! ability & skill ( ,fri> ,giuliano ,vannelli1 x 0 decid$ to entru/ ! recon/ruction to him4 ,we le>n t on ,june #bh1 #aeaf1 ! ,signoria direct$ paym5t ( fifty l>ge flor9s be made to ,fri> ,giuliano1 9 addition to ! six already paid1 = ! pa9t$ sph]e2 t on ,july #ag1 #aeaf1 ! (fic]s ( ! ,monte ,comune direct$ ! paym5t ( fifty-six l>ge gold flor9s to ,don ,giuliani ,vanegli 9 appreciation ( 8 "w1 & z a rew>d = hav+ made "o ( ! two balls ( ! clock1 :i* is 9 ! l>ge room ( ! ,signoria1 :i* ball he bo? design$ & pa9t$1 %[+ on x ! entire univ]se1 accord+ to ,ptolemy & o!r au?ors :o deal ) ! subject4 ,fior9i notes t z at ?is "t ! t]re/rial sph]e 0 damag$ x probably 0 sev]al ye>s old1 & t if badly pa9t$ 7male picta7 ! inf]5ce is1 x fail$ to record ! late/ discov]ies4 ,if ! exact date ( ! con/ruction ( ! sph]es :i* adorn ?is clock _c be asc]ta9$1 x 0 at lea/ be=e #aejj4ach ,we h fur!r evid5ce ( ,vannelli's int]e/ 9 globe con/ruction conta9$ 9 a lett] dat$ ,rome1 ,novemb]1 #aebd1 & address$ to ,c>d9al ,giovanni ,salviati1 a legate ( ,lomb>dy4 ,y\r ,excell5cy has ask$ me to make = y a small ball de situ orbis1 ( ! size & "* ( t ( ,giovanni ,ruccellai4444 ,i h made ! said ball1 & h v>ni%$ x1 b ! wea!r be+ bad x w n be dry = eight or t5 days4444 ,y\r ,excell5cy also tells me t y w\ld l to h a l>ge globe simil> to t ( ,mons4 ,r4 ,rodulphis1 :i* ,i h begun4 ,if y desire t ,i %\ld g on ) ! "w1 ,i %all will+ly d s1 putt+ aside all o!r "w to s]ve y4#aci ,to ! int]e/ 9 globe mak+ nor? ( ! ,alps 9 ! fir/ qu>t] ( ! sixte5? c5tury att5tion may next be direct$4 ,9 a lett] writt5 by ,johannes ,tri!mius to ,vuilhelmus ,veldicus ,monapius1 dat$ ,augu/ #ab1 #aejg1 may be f\nd an e>ly allusion to globes4 ,he says3 ,orbem t]rae m>isqui et insul>um quem pul*re depictum 9 ,vuormotia scribis esse v5alem1 me quidem consequi posse obt>um1 s$ quadrag9ta pro illo exp5d]e flor5os1 nemo mihi facile p]suadet4 ,comp>avi autem mihi1 ante paucos dies1 pro a]e modico spha]am orbis pul*ram 9 quantitate p>va 444 ,i want$ to buy a f9ely pa9t$ globe ( ! e>?1 seas1 & isl&s1 :i* ,i wrote 0 = sale 9 ,worms1 b ,i c\ld h>dly be induc$ to give su* a price = x z =ty flor9s4 ,i pur*as$1 h[ev]1 a few days s9ce at a l[ price1 a beautiful t]re/rial globe ( small size4#adj ,he wrote fur!r1 ,h5ricum de ,bunau dies vita aud9i defunctum1 s$ libros eius et globum cosmographiae quem alim comp>avit ex (fic9a tua remanisse apud ,saxoniae ,pr9cipes1 quod tu exi/imas non aud9i4 ,i am in=m$ t ,h5ry ,bunau di$ "s "t ago1 b ,i nev] he>d x said t 8 books & ! cosmographical globe :i* he b\ght 9 y\r work%op rema9$ ) ! ,pr9ces ( ,saxony1 z y believe4#ada ,x has be5 ?\ght by "s t ! globe ref]r$ to z hav+ be5 pur*as$ 9 ,worms 0 ! globe ( ,waldseemll]4 ,s9ce ! discov]y 9 #aijb ( ! long-lo/ ,waldseemll] maps ( #aejg & ( #aeaf by ,pr(essor ,joseph ,fis*]1 ,s4,j41 9 ! libr>y ( ,pr9ce de ,waldburg-,wolfegg 7,fig4 #cj71 great int]e/ has c5t]$ especially 9 ! "w ( t e>ly ,g]man map mak]4 ,z ! new transatlantic discov]ies ( ! ,spani% & ! ,portuguese greatly quick5$ int]e/ 9 geographical sci5ce & made necess>y ! con/ruction ( new maps 9 rapid succession1 ,g]many1 already a l& 9 :i* ! r5aissance _s _h f\nd an en?usia/ic reception1 & ^: p 7 awake to e new int]e/1 soon became a c5t] = ! spread ( in=mation conc]n+ ! new regions4 ,comm]cially important trade cities ( ?is c\ntry _h be5 = "s "t 9 intimate t\* ) ! important m>itime trade c5t]s ( ,spa9 & ,portugal4 ,^w ( ! newe/ discov]ies 0 quickly c>ri$ ov] ! ,alps to ,france & to ,g]many1 & ! late/ publication ( ! writ] on matt]s geographical _h its ref]5ces to ! p>ts ( ! _w newly f\nd ( :i* ,ptolemy _h n kn[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj4 ,ca/le ( ,pr9ce ,waldburg de ,wolfegg4 ,"o ( ! fir/ ,g]man geograph]s ( ! c5tury1 & n[ ju/ly fam$ z "o ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ ( ! p]iod1 0 ,m>t9 ,waldseemll] 7ca4 #adgj-aebb ca471 ^: "n1 accord+ to ! practice ( ! "t1 0 classiciz$ z ,hylacomylus4#adb ,s significant 0 ! influ5ce ( ,waldseemll] 9 ! mapp+ ( ! ,new ,_w t a some:at detail$ ^w conc]n+ him may "h well be giv54 ,:5 ,duke ,r5 ( ,lorra9e 7#adea-aejh7 became a patron ( le>n+1 ) p>ticul> int]e/ 9 cosmography or geography1 ! c>tographical /udies ( ! ,g]mans began to h a place ( f>-rea*+ importance4 ,x 0 "u ?is enlight5$ duke t ! little t[n ( ,/4 ,di became a c5t] ( culture4 ,"h 0 organiz$ ! ,vosgian ,gymnasium1#adc a society ( le>n$ m5 n unlike ! ,platonic ,academy ( ,flor5ce or ! ,danubian ,society1 ,vi5na4 ,( ?is ,/4 ,di cot]ie none 0 m prom95t ?an ,jean ,bass9 de ,s&ac\rt1#add ! translator ( ! ',f\r ,voyages' ( ,am]igo ,vespucci f ! ,fr5* into ! ,lat91 ,lud1 ! ducal secret>y & au?or ( an important little "w ( b few pages1 :i* he call$ ',speculi orbis succ9ciss 4441'#ade & ,waldseemll]1 ! pr(essor ( cosmography1 ! au?or ( ! ',cosmographiae ,introductio 4441'#adf & a c>tograph] ( great skill1 :o1 ) ,r+mann1 plann$ & c>ri$ well on t[>d completion1 z e>ly z #aejg or #aejh1 an edition ( ,ptolemy1 :i* 9 #aeac 0 pr9t$ 9 ! city ( ,/rassburg4#adg ,x probably 0 z e>ly z #aeje t ! plan 0 "u consid]ation = a new translation ( ,ptolemy f ! ,greek into ! ,lat91 & t ?\ght p]haps _h its inspiration 9 ! lett]s ( ,vespucci1 9 :i* he gave an acc\nt ( 8 f\r voyages1 & 9 ! new *>t :i* b rec5tly _h fall5 into ! h&s ( ,r+mann4 ,^! *>ts1 says ,lud1 9 8 ',speculum1' came f ,portugal1 :i*1 if true1 leads "o to ! belief t !y exhibit$ g5u9e ,vespucian data4#adh ,:atev] ! tru? conc]n+ ! orig9 ( ^! *>ts1 t det]m9ation became a />t+ po9t = a mo/ important evolution 9 c>tographical hi/ory ( ! _w4#adi ,9 ,april1 #aejg1 ,waldseemll] _h writt5 to 8 fri5d1 ,am]ba*1 9 ,basel1 ,non cr$o te lat]e nos ,p?olomei cosmographiam1 recognitio et adiectis quibusdam novis tabulis impressuros 9 oppido ,divi ,deodati4444 ,solidum quod ad g5]ale ,p?olomei p>avimus nondum impressum e/1 erit autem impressum infra m5sis spacium4#aej ,i ?9k y "k already t ,i am on ! po9t ( pr9t+ 9 ! t[n ( ,/4 ,di 7,lorra9e71 ! ,cosmography ( ,ptolemy1 aft] hav+ add$ to ! same "s new maps4444 ! globe compris+ ,ptolemy 9 g5]al1 :i* we h prep>$1 is n yet pr9t$1 b w be s 9 a mon?4 ,:ile great int]e/ c5t]s 9 ^! new maps1 prep>$ = ! propos$ edition ( ,ptolemy1 a great] int]e/ n[ c5t]s 9 ! map to :i* ,waldseemll] repeat$ly alludes 9 ! ye>s #aejg-aeaa1 especially 9 8 ',cosmographiae ,introductio' 7,fig4 #ca71 :i* map x 0 ! good =tune ( ,pr(essor ,joseph ,fis*]1 ,s4 ,j41 to br+ to light 9 ! ye> #aijb1 z not$ above4#aea ,9 ! d$ication ( 8 little book to ! ,emp]or ,maximilian1 he says1 ,h9c factu e/ vt me libros ,p?olomei ad exepl> ,grecu quorunda ope p virili recognoscete quatuor ,am]ici ,vespucii navigationu lu/ratioes adiiciete3 totius orbis typu ta 9 solido qzplano 7velut preuiam qu&a ysagog57 p comuno /udiosoru vtilitate p>au]im4#aeb ,!re=e /udy+ to ! be/ ( my ability & ) ! aid ( sev]al p]sons1 ! ,books ( ,ptolemy f a ,greek copy1 & add+ ! ,relations ( ! ,f\r ,voyages ( ,am]igo ,vespucci1 ,i h prep>$ = ! g5]al use ( s*ol>s a map ( ! :ole _w1 l an introduction1 s to speak1 bo? 9 ! solid & on a plane4 ,waldseemll] says fur!r1 :]e9 he gives a description ( 8 new map1 ,propositum e/ hoc libello qu&am ,cosmographie introductione scrib]e2 quam nos tam 9 solido qz plano dep9ximus4 ,9 solido quidem spacio exclusi /rictissime4 ,s$ latius 9 plano4444#aec ,! purpose ( ?is little book is to write a description ( ! _w map1 :i* we h design$1 bo? z a globe & z a projection4 ,! globe ,i h design$ on a small scale1 ! map on a l>g]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca4 ,_w ,map ( ,m>t9 ,waldseemll]1 #aejg4 ,f ! above citation x appe>s t z e>ly z ,april1 #aejg1 ! same prep>ation _h be5 made = a globe t _h be5 made = ! issue ( a l>ge _w map4 ,! map1 z not$1 has be5 f\nd1 b nei!r a globe nor a set ( globe gores is kn[n be>+ ! indisputable evid5ce ( 8 au?or%ip4 ,9 ! libr>y ( ,pr9ce ,lie*t5/e91 h[ev]1 is a some:at crudely execut$ gore map 7,fig4 #cb7 :i*1 accord+ to c]ta9 c>tographical /ud5ts1 %\ld be accept$ z a copy ( ! "w to :i* ! allusions are made 9 ! ',cosmographiae4'#aed ,^! gores1 twelve 9 numb]1 & ea* #ab cm4 9 l5g?1 ?is l5g? repres5t+ ! l5g? ( a m]idian ( ! globe ball :i* ! gores c\ld be made to cov]1 7 pr9t$ f a wood engrav$ block4 ,!y exhibit ! ,old ,_w1 9 ! ma91 9 accord ) ! ,ptolemaic idea1 & ! ,new ,_w ) a close resemblance to ! ,can]io map record1 & t ( ,waldseemll]'s _w map ( #aejg4aee ,! ,nor? ,am]ican region is nameless1 b ! ,s\? ,am]ican region be>s conspicu\sly ! "n ,am]ica4 ,at int]vals ( t5 degrees l9es ( latitude & longitude are m>k$4 ,z a title to a li?ographic reproduction ( ?is map issu$ "s ye>s s9ce by ! ,pr9ce1 is ! subscription ,er/] g$ruckt] ,globus4 ,m>t9 ,hylocomylus 7,waltzemll]74 ,gehrt wahrs*e9li* zo se9em #aeji h]ausgegeb55 ,bu*e ,globus ,mundi4 ,fir/ pr9t$ globe4 ,m>t9 ,hylacomylus 7,waltzemll]74 ,probably belong+ to 8 ,globus ,mundus :i* appe>$ 9 #aeji4aef ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cb4 ,globe ,gores ,attribut$ to ,m>t9 ,waldseemll]1 #aeji4 ,t :i* adds special significance to ?is "y ,g]man's repres5tations ( ! new l&s1 s f> z our /udy ( globes is conc]n$1 is ! repeat$ recurr5ce ( 8 p>ticul> outl9es or cont\rs 9 ! globe maps ( ! fir/ qu>t] ( ! c5tury1 produc$ by su* c>tograph]s z ,johann ,s*n] ( ,nrnb]g1 & by ^? ( 8 s*ool1 z w be not$ bel[4 ,bo? ! globe & ! l>ge _w map 7 d\btless pr9t$ 9 l>ge numb]s & widely di/ribut$4 ,waldseemll] /ates 9 a leg5d on 8 m>9e *>t ( #aeaf t he _h pr9t$ 8 map ( #aejg 9 "o ?\s& copies1#aeg b "o ( :i* is n[ kn[n4 ,9 a little tract1 pr9t$ 9 ,/rassburg 9 ! ye> #aeji1 !re appe>s to be a ref]5ce to a globe :i* may be t con/ruct$ by ,waldseemll]4 ,x is ?is ref]5ce :i* ! ,pr9ce ( ,lie*t5/e91 z not$ above1 has tak5 z a ref]5ce to ! gore map1 a copy ( :i* is 9 8 collection4 ,! title ( ?is tract reads1 ,diss b*l9 saget wie die zwe dur*l*tig/e h]re h] ,f]n&us1 ,k4 zou ,ca/ili5 und h]r ,emanuel1 ,k4 zou4 ,portugal hab5 das weyte mr ersou*et unnd fund5 vil ,insul5 unnd e9 ,nwe welt von wild5 nack5d5 ,let5 vormals vnbekant4 ,g$ruct zu ,/rassburg dur* ,johane ,grnig] ,im ,i> ,m4,,ccccc4,,ix vff ,let>e4 ,wie du ab] dye ,kugel d bes*reibung d] gantz5n welt v]/on soltt wr/ die h]na* f9d5 vnnd les54 ,?is little book relates h[ ! two mo/ illu/ri\s ,lords ,f]d9&1 ,k+ ( ,ca/ile & ,emanuel1 ,k+ ( ,portugal h se>*$ ?r\gh ! wide seas & discov]$ _m isl&s & a new _w & nak$ peoples hi!rto unkn[n4 ,pr9t$ at ,/rassburg by ,johann ,grnig]4 ,9 ! ye> ,,mcccccix on ,let>o4 ,b h[ y %all und]/& ! globe & ! description ( ! :ole _w y w h]eaft] f9d out & read4#aeh ,h>risse ?9ks x probable t a real globe accompani$ & 0 sold ) ?is little volume4#aei ,9 ! same ye>1 #aeji1 !re issu$ f ! press ( ,grnig] a second volume1 9 "* some:at l ! prec$+1 b 9 ! ,lat9 language4 ,9 ?is ! allusion to ! globe is m def9ite1 = its title seems to assure u t x 0 prep>$ to accompany a real globe4 ,?is title reads1 ,globus mundi ,decl>atio siue descriptio mundi et totius orbis t]r>um4 globulo rotundo comp>ati vt sp]a solida4 ,qua cuiuis etia m$iocrit] docto ad oculu vid]e licet antipodes esse1 quos p$es no/ris oppositi sunt4 ,valete felicit] ex ,arg5t9a ultima ,augu/i4 ,anno po/ nat salutatore4 ,m4,d4ix4 ,johannes grnig] imprimebat4 ,adelpho ca/igatore4 ,! _w globe4 ,exposition or description ( ! _w & ( ! t]re/rial sph]e con/ruct$ z a r\nd globe simil> to a solid sph]e1 :]eby e man ev5 ( mod]ate le>n+ c see ) 8 own eyes t !re are antipodes ^: feet are opposite ours4444 ,f>ewell1 ,/rassburg on ! la/ day ( ,augu/ ,a4,d4 #aeji4 ,pr9t$ by ,johann ,grnig]4 ,correct$ by ,adolphus4#afj ,nei!r ! au?or ( ?is tract nor ! mak] ( ! globe is kn[n ( c]ta9ty4 ,!y h be5 attribut$ to ,gl>eanus z well z to ,waldseemll]4 ,!re is /ill a ?ird volume pr9t$ by ,grnig] 9 ?is ye>1 #aeji1 :i*1 h[ev]1 appe>s to be b little m ?an a ,g]man translation ( ! ',globus ,mundi4' ,! title1 slightly alt]$1 reads1 ,d] welt kugel ,bes*rybung d] ,welt und dess gatzen ,erttrei*s hie angezogt und v]glei*t e9] rotund5 kugeln die dan sund]li* gema*t hie zu gehor$e d>9 d] ,kauffma und e9 ietli*] seh5 und m]ck5 mag wie die m5s*5 unde gege uns wone un wie die son umbgang1 h]9 bes*rib5 mit vil seltzame d+e 7wood cut ( globe7 ,getru*t zu ,/rassburg4 ,von ,johanne ,grnig] 9 y>4 ,m4,d4ix4 uff o/]n4 ,johanne ,adelpho ca/igator4 ,description ( ! _w globe1 ( ! _w & ! entire t]re/rial sph]e "h con/ruct$ & made to resemble a r\nd ball & is s arrang$ t ! m]*ant & e man may cle>ly see h[ t m5 live und]nea? u1 & "h may be se5 h[ ! sun moves ab\t 7! e>?7 ) _m wond]ful ?+s4 ,pr9t$ at ,/rassburg4 ,by ,johann ,grnig] 9 ! ye> #aeji at ea/]4 ,johann ,adelpho corrector4#afa ,?is c z confid5tly be tak5 to ref] to a real globe z ! title 9 ! tract to :i* ref]5ce has j be5 made4 ,x is probable t we c obta9 "s idea ( ! appe>ance ( ! globe f ! small woodcut pr9t$ on ! title-page ( bo? ! ,lat9 & ! ,g]man editions1 ( :i* a conspicu\s feature is ! repres5tation ( a small l& area s\?we/ ( ,africa1 be>+ ! inscription ,nw welt 7,fig4 #cc74 ,z ! little book 0 issu$ 9 bo? ,lat9 & ,g]man1 ,h>risse ?9ks x probable t two editions ( ! globe likewise appe>$4#afb ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cc4 ,globus ,mundi1 #aeji4 ,! ,l5ox globe#afc is (t5 ref]r$ to z ! olde/ extant po/-,columbian globe4 ,x is an engrav$ copp] ball ( excell5t workman%ip1 #abg mm4 9 diamet] 7,figs4 #cd1 #ce71 nei!r sign$ nor dat$1 & is )\t m\nt+s4 ,a critical /udy ( its geographical records1 p>ticul>ly ( ! ,new ,_w repres5tations1 has l$ to ! conclusion t x 0 made z e>ly z #aeaj4 ,! two sections or hemisph]es ( :i* x is compos$ are jo9$ at ! equator4 ,nei!r p>allels nor m]idians are indicat$1 & ?\gh a /rik+ error appe>s 9 giv+ to ! ea/]n hemisph]e1 or ! ,old ,_w1 too great an ext5sion 9 longitude1 ! pr9cipal latitudes are well giv54 ,! globe 0 f\nd 9 ! ye> #ahej1 9 ,p>is1 by ,mr4 ,ri*>d ,hunt1 by :om x 0 pres5t$ to ,mr4 ,james ,l5ox1 & is n[ "o ( ! *oice/ objects 9 t great collector's libr>y1 :i* libr>y con/itutes an important "p ( ! ,new ,york ,public ,libr>y4 ,9 its ,new ,_w repres5tation1 ,s\? ,am]ica appe>s z a l>ge isl& hav+ ?ree regional names1 ,mundus ,novus1 ,t]ra ,sanctae ,crucis1 & ,t]ra de ,brazil4 ,isabel 7,cuba71 ,spagnolla 7,haiti71 & a few unnam$ isl&s belong+ to ! ,we/ ,indies h be5 outl9$4 ,9 ! place ( ,nor? ,am]ica !re are scatt]$ isl&s1 "o ( :i*1 locat$ ne> ! nor?we/ extremity ( ,t]ra de ,brazil1 be>s ! "n ,zipangri 7,japan71 & "o 9 ! f> nor?1 b unnam$1 cle>ly resembles ! ,cort]eal region1 z x appe>s on ! ,cant9o & on ! ,can]io map4 ,a few ( ! _m isl&s 9 ! ea/]n seas are designat$ by "n z ,taprobana1 ,madagasc>1 & ,seilan4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cd4 ,l5ox ,globe1 #aeaj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ce4 ,l5ox ,globe 9 ,hemisph]es4 ,a globe b little kn[n1 b resembl+ 9 a /rik+ mann] ! ,l5ox1 is t belong+ to ! ,jagellonicus ,univ]sity ,libr>y ( ,crac[1 ,pol&4#afd ,x is a gild$ copp] ball1 #g4c cm4 9 diamet] 7,figs4 #cf1 #cg71 & con/itutes a "p ( a f9e old clock ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,m]idians & p>allels are engrav$ & numb]$ on its surface at int]vals ( t5 degrees1 ! prime m]idian pass+ ?r\gh ! isl& ,f]ro4 ,:ile x is nei!r sign$ nor dat$1 !re is sc>cely a d\bt t x is z old z ! ,l5ox globe2 inde$1 ! geographical features ( ! two globes are s simil> t !y appe> to be ! "w ( ! same globe mak]1 or copies ( a common orig9al1 yet x is notewor?y t ! nom5clature ( ! ,jagellonicus globe is some:at ri*]4 ,! l>ge isl& :i* lies s\!a/ ( ,madagasc> & is nameless on ! ,l5ox appe>s on ! ,jagellonicus ) a v int]e/+ inscription1 read+ ,am]ica novit] rep]ta4 ,comp>+ ! coa/ ( ,mundus ,novus ) ! coa/ ( ?is ,am]ica novit] rep]ta1 ,tadeus ,e/rei*] f9ds support = ! belief t ! globe 0 con/ruct$ soon aft] ! ye> #aejg1 9 :i* ye> ,waldseemll] sugge/$ ! "n ,am]ica = ! region discov]$ by ,am]igo ,vespucci4 ,he1 h[ev]1 seems n to h notic$ ! possibility t ! inscription appe>+ on ?is l>ge isl& indicat$ n only an acqua9tance1 on ! "p ( ! ,jagellonicus c>tograph]1 ) ,waldseemll]'s sugge/ion z to ! "n ,am]ica1 b a belief t ,am]ica 0 actually locat$ 9 ?is p>ticul> region4 ,9 8 *apt] on climates ,waldseemll] says1 ,atqz 9 sexto climate ,ant>ctic v]sus p>s extrema ,africae nup] rep]ta ,zamzib> ,iauva m9or ,seula insule qu>ta orbis p>s 7quam quia ,am]icus inveuit ,am]ig5 quasi ,am]ici t]ra siue ,am]ica nuncup>e licet7 sitae sunt4 ,9 ! six? climate t[>d ! ,ant>ctic !re are situat$ ! f>!/ "p ( ,africa1 rec5tly discov]$1 ! isl&s ,zanzib>1 ! less] ,java1 & ,seula1 & ! f\r? "p ( ! e>?1 :i*1 because ,am]igo discov]$ x1 we may call ,am]ige1 ! l& ( ,am]igo1 s to speak1 or ,am]ica4#afe ,foll[+ ! above1 ,waldseemll] notes :at ,pomponius ,mela has to say conc]n+ ^! s\!rn climates1 t is1 conc]n+ ?is antipodal region4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cf4 ,jagellonicus ,globe1 #aeaj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cg4 ,jagellonicus ,globe 9 ,hemisph]es4 ,9 ! ri* c>tographical collection ( ,pr9ce ,lie*t5/e9 !re may be f\nd1 9 addition to ! globe gores ref]r$ to above1 an int]e/+ globe1 usually ref]r$ to z ! m\nt$ ,hauslab globe4#aff ,x is ( wood1 hav+ a diamet] ( ab\t #cg cm4 & is cov]$ ) a prep>ation on :i* a _w map has be5 drawn or pa9t$4 ,x is furni%$ ) a wood5 base1 a m]idian & a horizon circle ( brass1 & an axis ( iron on :i* x turns1 all ( :i* furni%+s1 h[ev]1 appe> to be ( lat] date ?an ! sph]e itself4 ,?\gh nei!r sign$ nor dat$1 x exhibits _m features :i* sugge/ a close relation%ip ) ! globes ( ,johann ,s*n]2 inde$1 x is n improbable t x is an e>ly example ( 8 workman%ip4 ,i am ( ! op9ion1 says ,luks*1 t ! globe ( ,s*n] ( #aeae & ! ,hauslab globe 7 drawn f "o common orig9al sket*1 a conclusion bas$ l>gely ^u ! fact t on ! two globes ! outl9es ( ! ,new ,_w are almo/ id5tical4 ,z to ! date :5 con/ruct$1 a comp>ison ) o!r globes ( ! second decade ( ! c5tury has l$ to ! conclusion t x mu/ h be5 prior to ! ye> #aeae1 & p]haps z e>ly z #aeac4 ,9 its repres5tation ( ! ,old ,_w1 ! l& is made to ext5d ?r\gh #bdj degrees1 c\nt+ f ! isl& ( ,porto ,santo1 ^: m]idian has be5 tak5 z ! prime m]idian4 ,! nor!rn section ( ! ,new ,_w is giv5 ! "n ,p>7ias71 ! la/ lett]s ( ! ^w hav+ be5 oblit]at$ by age1 :ile ! s\!rn section is call$ ,am]ica4 ,! great au/ral l& s\? ( ! apex ( ! s\!rn cont95t1 appe>+ on ! ,s*n] globe ( #aeae z ,brasilie regio1 is omitt$ on ! ,hauslab globe4 ,! cont95ts1 riv]s1 & m\nta9s repres5t$ are v d>k 9 color1 & 7 probably orig9ally blue1 black1 or r$1 & ! seas are a d>k blue4 ,! equator1 z drawn on ! surface ( ! sph]e1 is divid$ into degrees1 repres5t$ alt]nately 9 :ite & black1 & e t5? degree is indicat$ by an appropriate numb]1 beg9n+1 z /at$ above1 at ! isl& ( ,porto ,santo4 ,by way ( decoration a bord] ( gold is giv5 to ! l9es repres5t+ ! equator1 ! tropics1 & ! pol> circles4 ,9 ! geographical dep>tm5t ( ! ,biblio?que ,nationale ( ,p>is is a globe ref]r$ to 9 c>tographical lit]ature z ! ,gre5 globe1 or ! ,quir9i globe1 ! fir/ "n be+ giv5 to x by ,gabriel ,m>cel1#afg by reason ( ! prom95ce ( ! color gre5 employ$ 9 pa9t+ ! seas 7,fig4 #ch74 ,x is an unsign$ & undat$ wood5 sph]e1 #bd cm4 9 diamet]4 ,its surface appe>s to h be5 cov]$ ) a coat+ ( pa9t1 orig9ally :ite1 & on ?is ! _w map 0 drawn4 ,!re is mu* arti/ic skill display$ 9 ! coa/ configurations1 ) ! deeply %ad$ seabo>ds mak+ ! l& appe> to rise above ! ocean surface1 & 9 ! repres5tation ( ! isl&s1 mo/ ( :i* are made conspicu\s 9 r$ or gold4 ,! inscriptions 9 d>k br[n1 p]haps orig9ally black1 are neatly writt51 cle>ly sugge/+ t ! globe 0 con/ruct$ 9 ! fir/ qu>t] ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 p]haps z e>ly z #aeac or #aeae4 ,! equator1 ! tropics1 & ! pol> circles are trac$ 9 gold2 ! degrees ( latitude & longitude are m>k$ 9 r$1 & at int]vals ( t5 degrees4 ,! prime m]idian is made to pass ?r\gh ! ,cape ,v]de ,isl&s1 isl&s ref]r$ to z ,insule ,portugal5sium inv5te anno ,dom9i #adgb4 ,?is globe %[s a /rik+ resemblance to ^? ( ,s*n] ( #aeae1 a fact :i* has l$ ,m>cel to ref] x to ! ,s*n]ian s*ool1 ?\gh n to attribute x directly to ,s*n] himself4 ,a v important & int]e/+ feature ( ! globe is ! appe>ance ( ! "n ,am]ica no less ?an f\r times 9 ! ,new ,_w2 twice 9 :at we n[ call ,nor? ,am]ica & twice 9 ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,x is1 inde$1 ! olde/ kn[n c>tographical monum5t on :i* ! "n ,am]ica is giv5 bo? to ! nor? & ! s\? cont95tal areas4 ,9 ! s\!rn cont95t we read ,am]ica ab inu5tore nuncupata1 & ne> ! ,antilles ,i/e insule p] ,columbus g5u5sem almirantem et m&ato regis ca/elle inv5te sunt4 ,^! isl&s 7 discov]$ by ,columbus1 a ,g5oese admiral1 by comm& ( ! k+ ( ,ca/ile4 ,h>risse obs]ves t x appe>s ! c>tograph] ?\ght ( ,columbus z ! discov]] ( ! ,we/ ,india ,isl&s only1 & t he ?\ght ! honor ( ! discov]y ( ! ,am]ican cont95ts1 nor? & s\?1 belongs to ,vespucius4#afh ,an au/ral l& appe>s1 ?\gh nameless1 :i* ,s*n] call$ ,brasilie regio on 8 globe ( #aeae1 & ,brasilia inf]ior on 8 globe ( #aebj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ch4 ,! ,gre5 ,globe1 #aeae4 ,nord5skild has describ$ a set ( twelve globe gores1 engrav$ on wood1 belong+ to 8 own collection1 :i* he assigns to ! ye> #aeah4afi ,( ^! p>ticul> gores ?ree sets are kn[n2 "o be+ 9 ! collection ( ,pr9ce ,lie*t5/e9 7,fig4 #ci71 "o 9 ! ,biblio?que ,nationale1 & "o1 z not$1 9 ! possession ( ,nord5skild4 ,on ^! gore maps ,nor? ,am]ica be>s ! "n ,t]ra ,cuba & ,p>ias4 ,s\? ,am]ica has ! "n ,am]ica inscrib$ 9 l>ge lett]s1 ) an accompany+ leg5d read+ ,t]ra ,n\a ,inu5ta e/ ,anno #adig4 ,! ,new ,_w discov]$ 9 ! ye> #adig4agj ,! au/ral l&1 appe>+ on ! ,s*n] globes1 is want+4 ,by reason ( ! fact t ! names ( b two ,european cities are inscrib$1 ^! be+ ,+ol/adt & ,/4 ,jacobus1 ! sugge/ion has be5 made t ! map is ! "w ( ,apianus1 a celebrat$ geograph] ( ,+ol/adt1 au?or ( ! important map ( #aebj & a globe mak]4#aga ,9 _! g5]al features ^! gores are ( ! ,s*n]ian type1 :i* we may also *>act]ize z ,lusitano-,g]manic4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ci4 ,lie*t5/e9 ,globe ,gores1 ca4 #aeah4 ,9 ! ,royal ,collections ( ,w9dsor ,ca/le may be f\nd a set ( eight globe gores 7,fig4 #ace71 attribut$ by ,major to ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 b ) v little m reason = ! assignm5t ?an ! fact t !y 7 f\nd 9 a collection ( pap]s 9 ! h&writ+ ( t fam\s arti/4 ,!y are drawn z equilat]al triangles1 ea* repres5t+ "o eigh? ( ! e>?'s surface1 n z biangles1 :i* is ! usual =m = e>ly globe gores4#agb ,major describ$ ! map z ! olde/ kn[n on :i* ! "n ,am]ica appe>s1 giv+ z ! probable date ( con/ruction ! ye> #aead1 :i* date is ?\ght by ,h>risse to be five or six ye>s too e>ly4#agc ,su* a di/9ction z 0 claim$ = ! record ( ! "n ,am]ica by ,major1 be+ likewise assign$ at v>i\s times to o!r e>ly maps1 has at la/ be5 def9itely fix$ z belong+ to ! _w map ( ,waldseemll] ( #aejg4agd ,! outl9es ( ! ,new ,_w be> a resemblance to ^? f\nd 9 ! ,l5ox & ! ,jagellonicus globes4 ,! ,nor? ,am]ican region is repres5t$ by two isl&s1 "o ( :i* be>s ! "n ,bacal>1 ! o!r ,t]ra ,florida4 ,s\? ,am]ica1 a l>ge isl&1 has conspicu\sly inscrib$ ! "n ,am]ica1 toge!r ) a few prom95t coa/ names4 ,^! gores are *iefly ( int]e/ by reason ( _! peculi> =m4 ,an int]e/+ set ( globe gores ( ! fir/ qu>t] ( ! sixte5? c5tury is t attribut$ to ,b\l5gi]1 ( :i* b "o copy1 n[ belong+ to ! ,new ,york ,public ,libr>y1 is kn[n4#age ,^! gores1 twelve 9 numb] 7,fig4 #dj71 7 pr9t$ f a copp] engrav$ plate #ah by #cf cm4 9 size1 b be> nei!r date nor "n ( au?or4 ,! title appe>+ across ! bottom ( ! map reads1 ,vniv]salis cosmographie descriptio tam 9 solido quem plano4 ,!y 7 f\nd 9 a copy ( ,waldseemll]'s ',cosmographiae ,introductio1' pr9t$ at ,lyons by ,jean de la ,place1 b undat$4 ,h>risse gives z ! probable date ( ! publication betwe5 ,novemb] #bg1 #aeag1 & ,may #bf1 #aeah4agf ,) ?is engrav$ _w map 7 f\nd two o!r copp] plates1 "o be>+ ! title ,a/rolabium ,phisicum1 ! o!r ,motus novae sp]e et trepidacionis sp]e ,,mdxiv1 & sign$ ,artificis ,ludovici ,b\l5gi]1 ,allebie1 #aead4 ,z ?is edition ( ! ',cosmographiae' 0 prep>$ = ! press by ,b\l5gi]1#agg :o 9 8 day a*iev$ di/9ction z a ma!matician1 a/ronom]1 & geograph]1 ?is gore map has be5 ascrib$ to him4 ,x appe>s f a /atem5t on ! v]so ( a fold$ plate belong+ to ,*apt] ,,viii t a globe _h be5 prep>$ to accompany x4#agh ,?is /atem5t1 :ile n agree+ 9 all respects ) "o to be f\nd 9 ! edition ( #aejg1 is ( simil> import4 ,b\l5gi] /ates 9 8 d$icatory lett] t he _h not$ o!r globes :i* _h be5 previ\sly publi%$4 ,z a bit ( copp] engrav+ x is v arti/ically done2 its inscriptions1 coa/ outl9es1 & riv]s are drawn 9 s(t ornam5tal l9es4 ,t region repres5t+ ,nor? ,am]ica be>s simply ! "n ,nova1 :ile ,s\? ,am]ica is ref]r$ to z ,am]ica novit] rep]ta1 a word+ = ?is in=mation :i* else:]e appe>s only on ! ,jagellonicus globe4 ,^! gores are ( suffici5t dim5sions to cov] a ball #aa cm4 9 diamet]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dj4 ,t]re/rial ,globe ,gores ( ,b\l5gi]1 ca4 #aeah4 ,9 ! ye> #ahgg or #ahgh1 reports ,pr(essor ,f]d9&o ,jacoli1 ,admiral ,william ,acton acquir$ two int]e/+ & sci5tifically valuable t]re/rial globes ( ! e>ly sixte5? c5tury once belong+ to ,c\nt ,piloni ( ,belluno1 ,italy4#agi ,t "o appe>+ to be ! old] ( ! two resembles s closely ! ,p>is gre5 globe 9 size1 hav+ a diamet] ( #bd cm41 & 9 its details1 t !re is good reason = ?9k+ x to be ! "w ( ! same au?or4 ,l ! ,p>is globe x is nei!r sign$ nor dat$4 ,! surface ( ! ball is cov]$ ) a prep>ation ( pla/] on :i* ! geographical details h be5 writt54 ,seas & l&s are color$1 ! equator1 ! tropics1 & ! pol> circles are indicat$ by gild$ l9es4 ,m]idians are drawn at int]vals ( t5 degrees1 ! prime m]idian pass+ ?r\gh ! ,can>y ,isl&s1 & p>allels are likewise repres5t$ at int]vals ( t5 degrees4 ,! metal m]idian circle & ! /& ^u :i* ! sph]e re/s reta9 9 places "s ( ! old gild+4 ,pr(essor ,jacoli expresses ! op9ion t x may be ( ,spani% or ( ,portuguese orig91 an op9ion bas$ ^u ! nom5clature4 ,x seems1 h[ev]1 probable t ! au?or 0 an ,italian & t he m]ely employ$ ! ,spani% or ! ,portuguese s\rces1 z 0 s frequ5t1 & 9 s l>ge a measure necess>y1 9 t day4 ,9 ,africa ! au?or has repres5t$ ! ,peludes nili1 & two lakes into :i* sev]al riv]s fl[ hav+ _! s\rce 9 ! ,m\nta9s ( ! ,moon4 ,to ! s\!a/ ( ! cont95t is repres5t$ ,zanzib> insula1 & ne> ?is are a numb] ( small isl&s ) ! leg5d ,i/e insule ex m&ato regis ,portugalliae lu/rate sunt4 ,! isl&s ( ,ceylon & ,sumatra are laid d[n b are giv5 ! names ,taprobana & ,seula respectively4 ,9 ! int]ior ( ,asia we read ,c>ama civitas magna1 ne> ?is ,!bet prov9cia mais1 & bel[ ,hic dat prespit] ,johannes rex totius ,indiae4 ,9 ea/]n ,asia is ! "n ,catay & ne> ?is ! leg5d ,zumsay e/ qu$ civitas mag4 9 m$io lacus magnus1 ! ,p>is globe hav+ ,qu9say in/ead ( ,zumsay4 ,! ,new ,_w 9 its outl9es be>s /rik+ resemblance to ! e>ly globes ( ,s*n]4 ,along ! we/ coa/ ( ,s\? ,am]ica is ! leg5d ,tota i/a prov9cia inv5ta e/ p] m&atum regis ,ca/elle1 ne> ! same ,t]ra ultra incognita1 & ext5d+ along ! we/ coa/ ( ,nor? ,am]ica ,t]ra ult]ius incognita1 all ( :i* leg5ds1 9 id5tical word+1 appe> on ! ,p>is globe4 ,! ,antilles are ref]r$ to 9 ! leg5d i/e insule p] ,columbum ,g5u5sem ,almirantem ex m&ato regis ,ca/elle p]ite sunt1 & 9 ,s\? ,am]ica ,am]ica ab inv5tore nuncupata4 ,ne> ! we/ coa/ ( ,africa we f9d ,insule portugal5sium inv5te--dom9i #adgg1 "o ( :i* is call$ visionis insula4 ,! au?or has also repres5t$ an ,ant>ctic cont95t b has made no ref]5ce to x by specific "n or leg5d4 ,if ! ,p>is globe 0 con/ruct$ be=e #aebj1 z ,m>cel conclud$1 !re is likewise good reason :y ! ,acton globe %\ld also be assign$ to ! second decade ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,las ,casas1 9 8 ',hi/oria de las ,indias1' tells u t :5 ,magellan 7,fig4 #da7 (f]$ 8 s]vices to ! ,k+ ( ,spa9 = an exp$ition to ! ,moluccas he _h a globe to s]ve him 9 ! demon/ration ( 8 plan4 ,traa el ,magallanes vn ,globo bi5 p9tado1 en que toda la ti]ra e/aba1 y alli seal el cam9o que habia de llev>1 salvo que el e/ra*o dej1 de indu/ria1 en blanco1 porque alguno no se lo saltease4#ahj ,magellan _h a well pa9t$ globe1 :i* exhibit$ ! entire e>?1 & he %[$ !reby ! r\te :i* he ?\ght ( tak+1 b ) int5tion he _h left ! /rait blank s t no "o might le>n 8 secret4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #da4 ,portrait ( ,magellan4 ,o!r allusions to ?is globe we d n h1 unless !re is su* 9 a lett] writt5 by ,seba/ian ,alv>es to ,k+ ,don ,manuel1 dat$ ,seville1 ,july #ah1 #aeai4 ,9 giv+ in=mation conc]n+ ! plan ( ,magellan ,alv>es /ates3 ,a rrota que se diz que han de lev> he dirto ao cabo fryo fic&o lhe o brasy a mao dirta ate pas> a l9ha da p>tico e daly naveg> ao eloe/e e loes noroe/e dirtos a maluco a quall trra de maluco en vy as5tada na poma e c>ta que ea fez o fo de ,reynell a quall n era acabada qu&o caa seu pay veo por ele1 e seu pay acab\ tudo e pos e/as trras de maluco e p e/e pad]am se fazem todallas c>tas z quaes faz dio ,ribeiro e faz z agulhas quadrantes e esp]as1 porem n vay n>mada nem qr mais q ganh> de come] p seu eng5ho4 ,! c\rse :i* x is said !y are to take is /raight to ,cape ,frio1 ,brazil rema9+ on _! "r h& until !y rea* ! l9e ( dem>cation1 !nce !y are to navigate to ! we/ & we/-nor?we/ /raight to ,moluco1 :i* l& ( ,moluco ,i h se5 laid d[n on ! sph]e & map :i* ! son ( ,reynell made "h :i* 0 n complete :5 8 fa!r came "h = him2 & 8 fa!r f9i%$ x all1 & plac$ ^! isl&s ( ,moluco2 & aft] ?is patt]n all ! maps are made :i* ,diego ,ribeiro makes1 & he makes ! compasses1 quadrants & globes1 b he does n g 9 ! fleet1 nor does he wi% to d m ?an ga9 8 liv+ by 8 skill4#aha ,we f9d ref]5ce to a globe ( ?is e>ly p]iod z belong+ to ,juan ,seba/ian del ,cano1 ! ref]5ce !reto be+ conta9$ 9 8 w made on bo>d ! ,victoria1 ,june #bf1 #aebf1 & read+ ,una esf]a poma del mondo4#ahb ,x probably 0 made ( wood & pa9t$1 z !re is good reason = believ+ t su* z 7 c>ri$ by e>ly navigators on _! vessels 7 ( ?is "*4 ,h>risse ?9ks ?is globe w\ld probably prove to be "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ ( all = t p]iod1 exhibit+1 d\btless1 ! hypo!sis ( ,magellan relative to ! configuration ( ! s\?we/ coa/ ( ,s\? ,am]ica nor? ( #ej degrees s\? latitude4#ahc ,al?\gh ! w ( ,del ,cano is dat$ #aebf !re is reason = ?9k+ ! globe 0 con/ruct$ prior to #aebj4 ,among ! globe mak]s ( ! e>ly sixte5? c5tury none m]its great] di/9ction ?an ,johann ,s*n] ( ,nrnb]g 7#adgg-aedg7 7,fig4 #db71 ma!matician1 a/ronom]1 & geograph]4#ahd ,he 0 born 9 ,c>l/adt1 ,franconia1 held a *ur* (fice = "s ye>s 9 ,bamb]g1 & 9 ! ye> #aebf1 ^u ! advice ( ,melan*?on1 became a pr(essor ( ma!matics 9 ! gymnasium ( ,nrnb]g1 to ! fame ( :i* city1 z a sci5tific c5t]1 ,regiomontanus _h s greatly contribut$ 9 ! prec$+ c5tury4 ,8 activities z a globe mak] began z e>ly z ! second decade ( ! c5tury1 & 8 influ5ce soon became v pron\nc$4 ,9 ,nrnb]g he labor$ until ! "t ( 8 dea? 9 ! ye> #aedg1 edit+1 9 addition to 8 o!r activities1 ! lit]>y & sci5tific works ( ,regiomontanus & ( ,w]n]1 & ea* ye> until #aedc issu$ 8 s-call$ ,cal5d>s4 ,8 num]\s publications1 ma!matical1 a/ronomical1 & cosmographical1 alone entitle him to a place ( fir/ importance among ,g]man sci5tific lead]s ( 8 day4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #db4 ,portrait ( ,johann ,s*n]4 ,x 0 z e>ly z #aeae1 at ! co/ ( a weal?y patron1 ,johann ,seylor1 t he made 9 ,bamb]g :at has usually be5 accept$ z 8 fir/ globe1 two copies ( :i* are n[ kn[n1 & = :i* x has be5 ?\ght he wrote 8 tract be>+ title ',lucul5tissima qua$a t]rae totius descriptio 444 cum privilegio ,invictis ,romanor ,imp]a ,maximiliani p] acto annos3 ne quis imprimat3 aut imprim]e procuret codices has3 cum globis cosmographicis3 ,norib]gae #aeae4' ',a mo/ lum9\s description ( ! :ole e>? 444 ) ! privilege ( ! ,inv9cible ,emp]or ( ! ,romans1 ,maximilian1 = eight ye>s to ! effect t nobody %all pr9t or h any ( ^! books pr9t$1 ) ! cosmographic globe4'#ahe ,on ! leaf prec$+ fol4 #a is ! repres5tation ( a m\nt$ globe4 ,"o ( ,s*n]'s globes ( #aeae is to be f\nd 9 ! ,gr& ,ducal ,libr>y ( ,weim>1 & "o 9 ! ,city ,museum ( ,frankfurt 7,fig4 #dc74 ,wies]1#ahf aft] a c>eful comp>ison1 f9ds ^! globes to be practically alike 9 all details4 ,ea* is #bg cm4 9 diamet]1 hav+ ! usual m\nt+s ( brass1 ! :ole re/+ on a wood5 base4 ,:ile nei!r sign$ nor dat$1 !y answ] ! description conta9$ 9 ,s*n]'s little tract ref]r$ to above4 ,t region on ! globe :i* we may designate ,nor? ,am]ica1 he calls ,p>ias2 ! ,s\? ,am]ican cont95t be>s ! "n ,am]ica & ! au/ral l& ! "n ,brasilie regio4 ,9 addition to ^! pr9cipal regions he has repres5t$ ! l& discov]$ by ! ,cort]eals1 designat+ ! same z ,litus incognitum4 ,cuba be>s ! "n ,isabella & ,haiti ! "n ,spagnolla4 ,! feature :i* seems to give special int]e/ to ^! globes ( ,s*n] is ! repres5tation ( a /rait betwe5 ,am]ica & ,brasilie regio4 ,to ! significance ( ?is p>ticul> repres5tation ,wies] has giv5 v c>eful consid]ation4 ,he cites num]\s passages f ! tract ( ,s*n]1 & f ! ',copia d] new5 ,zeitung aus ,presillig ,l&t1'#ahg a publication :i* he f9ds good reason = believ+ appe>$ be=e #aeae1 & 9 :i* he f9ds an acceptable explanation ( ! orig9 ( ?is geographical notion repres5t$ by ,s*n]1 :i* ant$ates ! ,magellan exp$ition by a p]iod ( five ye>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dc4 ,globe ( ,johann ,s*n] 9 ,hemisph]es1 #aeae4 ,x is a po9t to be especially not$ t ! dom9ant cosmographical idea ( ! map mak]s ( ! fir/ qu>t] ( ! c5tury repres5t$ ! ,new ,_w regions z indep5d5t ( ,asia4 ,x is ! idea set =? 9 ! ,portuguese maps1 su* z ! ,cant9o & ! ,can]io2 x is ! idea :i* we f9d repres5t$ 9 ! ,waldseemll] maps & practically 9 all ! ,lusitano-,g]manic maps ( ! p]iod4#ahh ,s*n] _h writt5 9 8 tract ( #aeae1 ,hunc 9 modum t]ra quadrip>ita cognoscitur1 et sunt tres primae p>tes cont95tes1 id e/ t]ra firma4 ,s$ qu>ta e/ insula1 quia omniquoque m>i circumdata conspicitur4 ,x has n[ be5 asc]ta9$ t ! e>? is divid$ into f\r p>ts1 & ! fir/ ?ree p>ts are cont95ts1 t is1 ma9 l&s1 b ! f\r? "p is an isl& because we see x surr\nd$ on all sides by ! sea4#ahi ,) reg>d to ! relation ( ,p>ias to ,asia1 he /ates1 ,p>ias insula quae non e/ p>s vel portio prioris1 s$ specialis magna portio t]rae huius qu>tae p>tis mundi4 ,p>ias is n a "p or portion ( ! a=esaid c\ntry1 b a l>ge indep5d5t portion ( ! e>?1 9 t f\r? "p ( ! _w4#aij ,( ! globes con/ruct$ by ,s*n]1 none is m important ?an t be>+ date #aebj 7,fig4 #dd74aia ,! wood5 ball on :i* ! map has be5 drawn & color$ by h& has a diamet] ( ab\t #hg cm4 & re/s ^u a wood5 base4 ,ne> ! s\? pole is ! date #aebj 9 l>ge gilt lett]s & an inscription /at+ t x 0 made at ! exp5se ( ,johannes ,seyl] by ,jo4 ,s*n]4#aib ,x is app>5t t ! same s\rces 7 us$ = ! draft+ ( ! map on ?is globe t _h be5 us$ 9 ! case ( 8 e>li] globes1 b ! geographical in=mation on ?is la/ globe is mu* m detail$4 ,! ,new ,_w appe>s 9 five di/9ct p>ts1 ! fir/ ( :i* is call$ ,t]ra ,cort]ealis1 ! second ,t]ra de ,cuba1 ! ?ird ,insulae ,canibalorum siue ,antiglia1 ! f\r? ,t]ra nova1 ,am]ica vel ,brasilia sive ,papagelli ,t]ra1 & ! fif? ,brasilia inf]ior4 ,! globe is ri*ly decorat$ 9 colors1 & its num]\s descriptive leg5ds1 mo/ ( !m 9 ,lat91 give su* geographical in=mation z may be f\nd 9 mo/ ( ! important maps ( ?is e>ly p]iod4#aic ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dd4 ,we/]n ,hemisph]e ( ,johann ,s*n]'s ,globe1 #aebj4 ,9 #aebc ,s*n] issu$ a little tract ( f\r pages :i* he call$ ',de nup] sub ,ca/iliae ac ,portugaliae ,regibus ,s]5issimis rep]tis ,insulis ac ,regionibus1 ,joannis ,s*n] ,*>olipolitani epi/ola et ,globus ,geographicus1 s]iem navigationum annotantibus4 ,cl>issimo atque dis]tissimo viro ,do ,rym]o de ,/reytp]gk1 ecclesiae ,bab5b]g5sis ,canonico dictae4 ,timiripae1 ,anno ,inc>nat4 ,dni4 #aebc4' ',an epi/le ( ,john ,s*n] ( ,c>l/adt conc]n+ ! isl&s & regions rec5tly discov]$ by ! ,mo/ ,s]5e ,k+s ( ,ca/ile & ( ,portugal1 & a geographical globe = ! use ( m>k+ ! c\rse ( ^? navigations4 ,d$icat$ to ! mo/ di/+ui%$ & eloqu5t ,reym] von ,/reytp]g1 canon ( ! ,*ur* ( ,bamb]g4 ,timiripae 7,kir*-ehr5ba*74 ,9 ! ye> ( ! ,"l's inc>nation #aebc4'aid ,?\gh ,s*n] alone gives u su* in=mation z we possess conc]n+ ?is globe1 x has be5 ! subject ( mu* controv]sy1 & if recov]$ x d\btless w\ld prove to be an object ( mu* int]e/4 ,!re is1 9 ! op9ion ( ! au?or1 sc>cely ! slighte/ gr\nd = accept+ ! conclusions ( ,h5ry ,/ev5s & ,pr(essor v4 ,wies]1 t ! globe gores1 n[ 9 ! possession ( ! ,new ,york ,public ,libr>y 7,fig4 #dd;a71 & describ$ by !m z ! lo/ globe ( ,s*n] ( #aebc1 are ( ,s*n]ian orig94 ,! critical /udies ( ,h>risse are suffici5tly conv9c+ to set ?is "q at re/4#aie ,s*n] concludes 8 little tract 9 ! foll[+ words3 ,ego tam mirifice orbis p]vagationi nonnihil vol5s adiic]e1 ut quae lectu videantur mirabilia1 aspectu cr$antur prohabiliora1 ,globum hunc 9 orbis modum eff+]e /udui1 exempl> haud fallibile aemulatus1 quod ,hispani>um sol]tia cuidam viro honore conspicuo transmisit4 ,nec ob id quem antea glom]av]am abolitum iri vol5s1 quippe qui es tempor1 quantum phas erat hom9i abdita mundi p5etr>e1 abunde expressit1 modo sese consona admissione pati5tur1 quod inv5i5da inv5tis non ob/5t4 ,accipe igitur hunc a me =matum globum ea animi b5ignitate1 qua eum laborem ad tui nom9is honorem lub5s aggressus sum4 ,cognoscam pr(ecto meas lucubratiunculas tuae celsitud9i nullat5us despectui =e4 ,vale4 ,be+ desir\s ( mak+ "s small addition to ?is wond]ful survey ( ! e>?1 s t :at appe>s v extraord9>y to ! read] may appe> m likely1 :5 ?us illu/rat$1 ,i h be5 at ! pa9s to con/ruct ?is globe1 hav+ copi$ a v accurate "o :i* an +5i\s ,spani>d has s5t to a p]son ( di/9ction4 ,i d n h[ev] wi% to set aside ! globe ,i con/ruct$ "s "t s9ce1 z x fully %[$ all t _h1 at t "t1 be5 discov]$3 s t ! =m]1 z f> z x goes1 agrees ) ! latt]4 ,please !n to accept ?is globe 9 ! same fri5dly _s 9 :i* ,i und]took to con/ruct x = y\r gratification4 ,b ,i am sure y w n despise my humble attempt4 ,f>ewell4#aif ,?is /atem5t assures u t he _h con/ruct$ a globe at ! "t ( issu+ 8 tract1 & x gives u a fairly def9ite idea ( its ,new ,_w configurations1 & fur!r1 t 9 ! ma9 x agre$ ) 8 e>li] globes4 ,x seems probable1 h[ev]1 t 9 "s mann] he indicat$ an ,asiatic connection ( ! new l&s1 an idea :i* is s frequ5tly express$ 9 ! maps ( ! next qu>t] ( a c5tury1 especially 9 ! globe maps1 an idea n to be f9ally set at re/ until ! discov]y ( ,b]+ put an end to ! controv]sy4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dd;a4 ,anonym\s ,globe ,gores1 ca4 #aedj4 ,h[ ,s*n]1 & o!rs1 came to ! conclusion t ,p>ias 7,nor? ,am]ica7 is n a l>ge indep5d5t portion ( ! e>? 9 t f\r? "p ( ! _w1 b has an ,asiatic connection1 & h[ !y set d[n t conclusion 9 _! maps w receive consid]ation 9 ! foll[+ *apt]4 ,?\gh n a mak] ( globes1 9 s f> z we h def9ite k1 ,albre*t ,dr] turn$ 8 att5tion to ! draft+ ( maps1 two ( :i* h = u "h a c]ta9 int]e/4 ,9 ! ye> #aeae ,johannes ,/abius design$ a map ( ! ,old ,_w on a /]eographic projection 7,fig4 #de71 "o ( ! fir/ ( its k9d1 :i* ,dr] is said to h engrav$4 ,:ile ! map itself is ( little importance x is ( int]e/ z an attempt to repres5t 9 p]spective a sph]ical e>?4#aig ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #de4 ,/abius ,_w ,globe ,map1 #aeae4 ,dr] likewise und]took ! draft+ & engrav+ ( a cele/ial map 7,fig4 #df71 ?an :i* ( ?is "* !re appe>s to be none e>li] kn[n4 ,x 0 n s drawn z to make possible its application to ! surface ( a sph]e1 b its re%ap+ = t purpose c\ld n h be5 = him a difficult proposition4 ,he1 ) o!rs ( ?is "t1 0 giv+ ?\ght to ! problem ( globe-gore con/ruction4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #df4 ,nor!rn ,cele/ial ,hemisph]e ( ,albre*t ,dr]4 ,,notes #abd ,! illu/rations giv5 are typical1 & to "o famili> ) ! works ( ! p]iod on geographical & a/ronomical subjects1 o!rs sugge/ !mselves4 #abe ,= popul> acc\nts ( ! ,e/e family ( ,f]r>a1 see ,g>dn]1 ,e4 ,g4 ,pr9ces & ,poets ( ,f]r>a4 ,london1 #aijd2 ,c>twright1 ,j4 ,isabella d',e/e4 ,london1 #aijc4 #abf ,h>risse4 ,discov]y4 pp4 #dbb-dbe2 same au?or1 ,les ,corte-,real et leur voyages au ,n\veau ,monde4 ,p>is1 #ahhc1 ) reproduction ( ! we/]n half ( ! map1 9 colors2 ,/ev5son1 ,e4 ,l4 ,maps illu/rat+ e>ly discov]y & exploration 9 ,am]ica4 ,new ,brunswick1 #aijf4 ,no4 #a ( ?is s]ies is a reproduction ( ! ,cant9o map 9 ! size ( ! orig9al4 #abg ,fis*]1 ,j4 ,! ,discov]ies ( ! ,norsem5 9 ,am]ica4 ,london1 #aijc4 pp4 #aab-aah4 ,pr(essor ,fis*] enjoys ! di/9ction ( be+ ! =emo/ liv+ au?ority on ,ptolemy4 #abh ,d',arco1 ,c4 ,delle arti e degli artefici di ,mantova4 ,mantova1 #aheg4 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #ec4 #abi ,b]tolotti1 ,a4 ,arti/i 9 relazione coi ,gonzaga ,signori di ,mantova4 ,mod5a1 #ahhe4 p4 #adc4 7,93 ,e/r4 dagli ,atti e ,memorie delle ,deputazioni di /oria patria p] le ,prov9cie ,mod5esi e ,p>m5si4 ,srie ,,iii1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 p>te #a47 #acj ,h>risse4 ,discov]y4 p4 #dcd4 #aca ,d5za1 ,f4 ,globi cele/i della ,specola ,vaticana4 7,93 ,publicazioni della ,specola ,vaticana4 ,tor9o1 #ahid4 ,vol4 ,,iv1 p4 xvii47 #acb ,fior9i1 op4 cit41 pp4 #hh-hi4 #acc ,see ! edition ( ,ptolemy4 ,geographia--,,mdviii4 ,rome4 ,*ap4 xii4 #acd ,fior9i1 op4 cit41 pp4 #id-if1 ! citation be+ made f ,badia1 ,jodoco del4 ,la bottega di ,aless&ro di ,francesco ,rosselli m]ciaje e /ampatore 7#aebe74 7,93 ,miscellanea fior5t9a di erudizione e /oria4 ,luglio1 #ahid4 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #ad47 #ace ,za*1 ,f4 v4 ,monatli*e ,korrespond5ce4 ,go?a1 #ahjf4 ,vol4 ,,xiii1 p4 #aeg4 ,h>risse4 ,discov]y4 pp4 #dde-ddf4 #acf ,fior9i1 op4 cit41 p4 #ii4 #acg ,fior9i1 op4 cit41 p4 #aja4 #ach ,fior9i1 op4 cit41 p4 #gb4 #aci ,fior9i1 op4 cit41 p4 #ajb4 ,( ! fur!r int]e/ tak5 by ,c>d9al ,salviati 9 geography1 see ,/ev5son1 op4 cit41 ,no4 #g4 #adj ,tri!mius4 ,epi/olae famili>es4 ,haganoae1 #aecf4 p4 #bid4 #ada ,?is is "p ( ! lett] ( ,augu/ #ab4 #adb ,d',avezac1 ,m4 ,a4 ,p4 ,m>t9 ,hylacomylus ,walzemll] ses ouvrages et ses collaborateurs4 ,p>is1 #ahfg2 ,gallois4 ,les ,gographes4 ,*ap4 iv4 ,l'cole ,alsaci5ne-,lorra9e2 ,s*midt1 ,c4 ,hi/oire littraire de l',alsace a la f9 du ,,xve et au comm5cem5t du ,,xvie sicle4 ,p>is1 #ahgi4 #adc ,s*midt1 op4 cit41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #aaa2 ,humboldt1 ,a4 v4 ,kritis*e ,unt]su*ung54 ,b]l91 #aheb4 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #cfc2 ,gallois1 ,l4 ,le ,gymnase ,vosgi54 7,93 ,bullet9 de la ,socit de ,gographie de l',e/4 ,p>is1 #aijj4 pp4 #hh ff472 ,d',avezac1 op4 cit41 p4 #aa4 #add ,a canon ( ! ca!dral ( ,/4 ,di4 ,lud gives u ! in=mation t he 0 ! translator ( ! ,vespucci n>rative f ! ,fr5* into ! ,lat94 #ade ,gravi]1 ,n4 ,f4 ,hi/oire de ,sa9t-,di4 ,ep9al1 #ahcf4 p4 #bjb4 ,! au?or ref]s to ! "* ( ,lud & to ! influ5ce ( ! ,/4 ,di press4 ,copies ( ,lud's mo/ important little tract may be f\nd 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 & 9 ! ,imp]ial ,libr>y ( ,vi5na2 x 0 pr9t$ 9 ! ,/4 ,di 9 ! ye> #aejg4 #adf ,! full title ( ?is significant volume reads3 ',cosmographiae ,introductio cum quibusdam geometriae ac a/ronomiae pr9cipiis ad eam rem necess>iis1 insup] quatuor ,am]ici ,vespucci navigationes4 ,univ]salis ,cosmographie descriptio tam 9 solido qz plano eis etiam ins]tis que ,p?olomeo ignota a nup]is rep]ta sunt4' ',introduction to ,cosmography ) c]ta9 necess>y pr9ciples ( geometry & a/ronomy to :i* are add$ ! ,f\r ,voyages ( ,am]igo ,vespucci a repres5tation ( ! entire _w1 bo? 9 ! solid 7globe87 & project$ on ! plane1 includ+ also l&s :i* 7 unkn[n to ,ptolemy1 & h be5 rec5tly discov]$4' ,two editions ( ! "w appe>$ 9 #aejg1 & o!rs at lat] dates4 ,an excell5t reproduction ( ,waldseemll]'s book 9 facsimile1 ) ,engli% translation1 0 publi%$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,ca?olic ,hi/orical ,society "u ! title1 ',! ,cosmographiae ,introductio ( ,m>t9 ,waldseemll] 9 ,facsimile foll[$ by ! ,f\r ,voyages ( ,am]igo ,vespucci ) _! ,translation into ,engli%4' ,ed4 by ,c4 ,g4 ,h]b]mann4 ,new ,york1 #aijg4 #adg ,?is is "o ( ! be/ ( ! e>ly pr9t$ editions ( ,ptolemy4 #adh ,may x n h be5 ! ,can]io *>t to :i* allusion 0 made by ,lud1 or a *>t ( exactly t type8 ,see ,/ev5son1 ,e4 ,l4 ,m>9e ,_w ,*>t ( ,nicolo de ,can]io ,janu5sis 7ca47 #aejb4 ,) ,facsimile ( ! unique orig9al1 measur+ #aae x #bbe cm4 ,new ,york1 #aijh4 #adi ,/ev5son1 ,e4 ,l4 ,m>t9 ,waldseemll] & ! e>ly ,lusitano-,g]manic ,c>tography ( ! ,new ,_w4 ,new ,york1 #aijd4 7,93 ,bullet9 ( ! ,am]ican ,geographical ,society4 ,new ,york1 #aijh4 pp4 #aic-bae47 #aej ,s*midt1 ,c4 7,93 ,mmoires de la ,socit d',ar*ologie lorra9e4 ,nancy1 #ahge4 p4 #bbg47 #aea ,fis*]1 ,j4 & ,wies]1 ,f4 ,r4 v4 ,! olde/ map ) ! "n ,am]ica ( ! ye> #aejg & ! ,c>ta ,m>9a ( ! ye> #aeaf by ,m4 ,waldseemll] 7,ilacomilus74 ,innsbruck1 #aijc4 ,text 9 ,g]man & ,engli%1 ! maps 9 facsimile4 ,! au?ors 9 _! text h consid]$ su* matt]s z ! ,wolfegg collective volume1 a description ( ! two maps1 ! s\rces ( ,waldseemll]1 & ! influ5ce ( ! maps on ! subsequ5t c>tography1 especially ( ! ,new ,_w4 #aeb ,pr9t$ on fol4 ,aii4 #aec ,pr9t$ on ! back ( fold$ leaf at ! beg9n+ ( ,caput ,,ix4 #aed ,gallois4 ,les gographes4 p4 #dh2 ,fis*] & v4 ,wies]1 op4 cit41 p4 #ad4 #aee ,! crude "* ( ! map is 9 /rik+ contra/ ) ! _w map ( #aejg4 #aef ,?is is an excell5t reproduction ( ! gores1 copy ( :i* 0 c\rte\sly s5t ! au?or by ,pr9ce ,lie*t5/e94 #aeg ,pr9t$ 9 ! l[] corn] ( ! *>t on ! left1 ,g5]alem igitur totius orbis typum1 quem ante annos aucos absolutum non s9e gr&i labore ex ,ptolomei traditione 444 9 lucem edid]amus et 9 mille exempl>ia exprimi curav9ius4444 #aeh ,h>risse4 ,b4 ,a4 ,v4 ,no4 #fb4 #aei ,h>risse4 ,discov]y4 p4 #dfe4 #afj ,h>risse4 ,b4 ,a4 ,v4 ,no4 #fa4 #afa ,h>risse4 ,b4 ,a4 ,v4 ,no4 #cb1 ,ad4 #afb ,h>risse4 ,discov]y4 p4 #dff4 #afc ,de ,co/a1 ,b4 ,f4 ,! ,l5ox ,globe4 7,93 ,magaz9e ( ,am]ican ,hi/ory4 ,new ,york1 #ahgi4 pp4 #ebi-edj47 ,de ,co/a _h ! globe map r$rawn & pr9t$ 9 plane projection4 ,see = reproduction1 ,w9sor1 ,nord5skild1 ,encyclopa$ia ,britannica4 ,an excell5t reproduction f a direct photograph ( ! globe may be f\nd 9 ,/ev5son1 ,e4 ,l4 ,typical e>ly maps ( ! ,new ,_w4 7,93 ,bullet9 ( ! ,am]ican ,geographical ,society4 ,new ,york1 #aijg4 pp4 #bjb-bbd47 #afd ,e/rei*]1 ,t4 ,e9 ,erdglobus aus dem ,anfange des ,,xvi ,jh4 9 d] ,jagellonis*5 ,biblio!k4 7,93 ,bullet9 ,int]national de l',acadmie des ,sci5ces de ,cracovie4 ,cracovie1 #aijj4 pp4 #if-aje47 ,! con/ruction ( ! clockwork to be f\nd 9 ?is small copp] sph]e 9 ,la ,nature1 #ahib4 ,no4 #iif1 p4 #ge4 ,! globe is ref]r$ to by ,/ev5son1 ,e4 ,l41 9 ,m>t9 ,waldseemll] & ! ,lusitano-,g]manic ,c>tography ( ! ,new ,_w4 7,93 ,bullet9 ( ! ,am]ican ,geographical ,society4 ,new ,york1 #aijd4 pp4 #aic-bae47 #afe ,waldseemll]1 op4 cit41 ,caput vii4 #aff ,luks*1 ,m4 ,j4 ,zwei ,d5kmale alt] ,k>tographie4 ,wi51 #ahhf4 7,93 ,mitteilung d] k4 k4 ,geog4 ,gesells*aft4 ,wi51 #ahhf4 pp4 #cfd-cgc472 ,v>nhag51 ,f4 ,a4 ,jo4 ,s*n] e ,p4 ,apianus4 ,wi51 #ahgb4 ,on p4 #eb ! op9ion is express$ t ! globe 0 made 9 ,brix5 f ! fact t ?is relatively unimportant t[n is inscrib$4 ,h>risse4 ,discov]y4 pp4 #dia1 #dib2 ,nord5skild4 ,facsimile ,atlas4 p4 #gf4 #afg ,m>cel1 ,g4 ,un globe manuscrit de l'cole de ,s*n]4 ,p>is1 #ahhi4 7,93 ,bullet9 de gographie hi/orique et descriptive4 ,p>is1 #ahhi4 p4 #agc472 same au?or1 ,reproduction de c>te et de globes relatif la dc\v]te de l',amrique4 ,p>is1 #ahid4 pp4 #aa-ad4 #afh ,h>risse4 ,discov]y4 p4 #dij4 #afi ,nord5skild4 ,facsimile ,atlas4 p4 #gf2 reproduc$ on pl4 ,,xxxvii2 same au?or1 ,om en mrklig globak>ta frn brjan af sextonde seklet4 ,/ockholm1 #ahhd4 ,! latt] has be5 translat$ "u ! title1 ,a rem>kable globe map ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 ) facsimile1 by ,e4 ,a4 ,elfw+1 & publi%$ 9 ,j\rnal ( ! ,am]ican ,geographical ,society4 ,new ,york1 #ahhd4 #agj ,"h ! "n ,am]ica is m cle>ly assign$ to ! entire cont95t ?an 9 ! ,waldseemll] map4 #aga ,see bel[1 p4 #agf4 #agb ,major1 ,r4 ,h4 ,memoir on a mappemonde by ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 be+ ! e>lie/ map hi!rto kn[n conta9+ ! "n ,am]ica3 n[ 9 ! ,royal ,collection at ,w9dsor4 ,london1 #ahfe2 ,wies]4 ,magalhes-,/rasse4 pl4 ,,iii1 a reproduction ( ! gores %[+ ! ,new ,_w1 jo9$ 9 a hemisph]e2 d',adda1 ,m>quis ,girolamo4 ,leon>do da ,v9ci e la ,cosmografia4 7,93 ,la ,p]zev]anza4 ,milano1 #ahgj472 ,ri*t]1 ,j4 ,p4 ,lit]>y ,works ( ,da ,v9ci4 ,london1 #ahhc4 ,bo? d',adda & ,ri*t] d\bt ! ,da ,v9ci orig9 ( ^! gores4 #agc ,h>risse1 op1 cit41 p4 #ejd4 #agd ,see above1 p4 #fg4 #age ,nord5skild1 op4 cit41 p4 #gf2 reproduc$ on pl4 ,,xxxviii2 ,catalogue de livres app>t5ant ,m4 ,h4 ,tross4 ,p>is1 #ahha1 item #dibd1 ) a reproduction ( ! gores4 #agf ,h>risse1 op4 cit41 pp4 #did-dif4 #agg ,m>cel1 ,g4 ,l\is ,b\l5gi] d',alby4 ,p>is1 #ahij4 7,93 ,bullet9 de gographie hi/orique et descriptive4 ,p>is1 #ahij47 #agh ,?is /atem5t reads3 ,habes c&ide lector tabellam pre9sculptam tibi latitud9em graduum regionium 444 ,9 globo v]o diei quantitatem et noctis 444 sic compreh5d]e potes omni de regione tam p] globum quam p] sexag5>ium4 ,y h1 de> ,read]1 be=e y1 a small plate on :i* are inscrib$ ! degrees ( latitude ( ! c\ntries 444 on ! globe 7y see7 ! duration ( ! day & night 444 !reby y w be able to asc]ta9 7! position (7 e c\ntry by ! globe z well z by ! sex5nium4 #agi ,tessi]1 ,a4 ,di ,ces>e ,vecellio e de' suoi dip9ti e disegni 9 una ,collezione di libri dei secoli ,,xv e ,,xvi4 ,rome1 #ahgf4 7,93 ,bollett9o della ,societe geografica italiana4 ,rome1 #ahgf4 ,srie ,,ii1 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #ci-db47 ,tessi]'s disc\rse 0 deliv]$ at ! ,v5etian ,a!neum1 #ahge4 ,jacoli1 ,f41 likewise ref]s to ?is globe 9 ,gazzetta di ,v5ezia1 ,janu>y #ae1 #ahgf4 ,x is n kn[n j :at disposition has be5 made ( ! globes by ,admiral ,acton4 #ahj ,las ,casas4 ,hi/oria4 ,tomo ,,iv1 lib4 ,,iii1 cap4 ci1 p4 #cgg2 ,h]r]a1 ,a4 ,descriptione las ,indias ,ocid5tales4 ,madrid1 #agcj4 ,tomo ,,ii1 lib4 ,,ii1 cap4 xix1 p4 #eb4 #aha ,! fir/ voyage ar\nd ! _w by ,magellan4 ,tr4 by ,/anley ( ,ald]ley1 ,"l4 ,london1 #ahgd4 7,93 ,hakluyt ,society ,publications4 ,london1 #ahgd4 ,vol4 #eb1 p4 xliv472 ,pigafetta1 ,antonio4 ,magellan's ,voyage ar\nd ! _w4 ,! orig9al text ( ! ,ambrosian ,,ms41 ) ,engli% translation1 notes1 bibliography1 & index4 ,ed4 by ,rob]tson1 ,j4 ,a4 ,clevel&1 #aijf4 #ahb ,docum5tos in$itos por la ,hi/oria de ,espaa4 ,madrid1 #ahdg4 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #bfe4 #ahc ,h>risse1 op4 cit41 p4 #edd4 #ahd ,doppelmayr4 ,na*ri*t54 pp4 #de-ej2 ,v>nhag51 ,f4 ,a4 de4 ,jo4 ,s*n] e ,p4 ,apianus 7,b5ewitz7 influ5cia de um e outro e de v>ios de seus contemporaneos na adopo d nome ,am]ica4 ,vi5na1 #ahgb2 ,/ev5s1 ,h4 ,johann ,s*n]1 pr(essor ( ,ma!matics at ,nuremb]g2 a reproduction ( 8 globe ( #aebc long lo/2 8 d$icatory lett] to ,reym] von ,/reytp]ck & ! ',de ,moluccis' ( ,maximilianus ,transylvanus1 ) a new translation & notes ( ! globe4 ,ed4 ) an introduction & bibliography by ,coote1 ,c4 ,h4 ,london1 #ahhh4 pp4 xxxix-xliv conta9s a %ort biography ( ,s*n]2 ,algeme9e ,deuts*e ,biographie1 ,s*n]4 #ahe ,h>risse4 ,b4,a4,v4 ,no4 #hj4 ,! full title ) bibliographical ref]5ces are "h giv54 ,9 addition to ! m]e title we read ,cum ,globis cosmographicis3 sub mulcta qu9quag9ta flor5orum ,rh54 et amissione omnium exempl>ium4 ,) a cosmographical globe3 "u a f9e ( five hundr$ ,rh5i% flor9s & =feit+ all copies4 #ahf ,wies]4 ,magalhes-,/rasse4 ,see especially *ap4 iii1 ,d] ,globus ,s*n]s vom ,j4 #aeae1 & reproduction1 pl4 ,,ii2 ,reproduction 9 ,jom>d1 ,nos4 #ae-af4 #ahg ,h>risse4 ,b4,a4,v4 p4 xlix1 note #aef2 also ,nos4 #ii1 #ajj4 #ahh ,/ev5son4 ,m>t9 ,waldseemll] & ! e>ly ,lusitano-,g]manic ,c>tography4 #ahi ,s*n]4 ,lucul5tissima4 fol4 #fj4 #aij ,s*n]4 ,lucul5tissima4 v]so ( fol4 #fj4 #aia ,wies]1 op4 cit42 ,ghillany4 ,ges*i*te des ,seefahr]s ,ritt] ,m>t9 ,behaim4 pp4 #h-ab4 ,ghillany reproduces ! we/]n hemisph]e ( ! globe 9 ! orig9al colors2 ,kohl1 ,j4 ,g4 ,hi/ory ( ! ,discov]y ( ,ma9e4 7,93 ,docum5t>y hi/ory ( ! ,/ate ( ,ma9e4 ,portl&1 #ahfi47 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #aeh-afc4 ,?is conta9s a mu* r$uc$ reproduction ( ,ghillany's facsimile ( ! we/]n hemisph]e2 ,nord5skild1 op4 cit41 p4 #hj2 ,sant>em4 ,atlas4 pl4 #eb 7,h4 ,s4 ,a4 copy72 ,lelewel4 ,gographie du moy5 ge4 pl4 #df4 #aib ,! inscription reads z giv5 by ,ghillany4 #aic ,practically all ( ! works cit$ relat+ to ,s*n] treat m or less fully ( ! geographical features ( ,s*n]'s globes4 ,wies]'s "w is p>ticul>ly valuable4 #aid ,/ev5s1 op4 cit41 gives ?is lett] 9 facsimile ) translation2 ,wies]1 op4 cit41 pp4 #aah-abb1 repr9ts ! ,lat9 ( ?is lett]4 #aie ,h>risse1 op4 cit41 pp4 #eai-ebh4 #aif ,wies]1 op4 cit41 p4 #aba4 #aig ,ob]humm]1 ,e4 ,leon>do da ,v9ci & ! art ( ! r5aissance 9 its relation to geography4 7,93 ,! ,geographical ,j\rnal4 ,london1 #aiji4 ,see pp4 #efa-efi on ,albre*t ,dr]47 ,illu/ration3 ,hont] ,globe4 ,f 8 ,rudim5ta cosmographica ,*apt] ,,vii ,globes ( ! ,second ,qu>t] ( ! ,sixte5? ,c5tury ,globes indicat+ 7a7 an ,asiatic connection ( ! ,new ,_w1 7b7 globes express+ a d\bt ( su* ,old ,_w connection1 7c7 globes %[+ an indep5d5t position ( ! ,new ,_w4--,franciscus ,mona*us4--,hakluyt's ref]5ce4--,! ,gilt globe4--,p>m5ti]4--,francesco ,libri4--,nancy globe4--,globes ( ,gemma ,frisius4--,rob]tus de ,bailly4--,s*n] globe ( #aecc4--,s*eipp4--,furtemba*4--,p>is ,wood5 globe4--,vopel globes4--,santa ,cruz4--,h>tmann gores4--,important globe ( ,ulpius4--,c>d9al ,bembo's globes4--,m]cator's epo*-mak+ activity4--,fraca/ro4--,ramusio's ref]5ces to globes4--,gianelli4--,flor5ce cele/ial globe4 ,z 9 ! fir/ qu>t] ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 s 9 ! second we f9d engrav$ brass & copp] globes1 globes ) manuscript maps1 & ^? ) pr9t$ or engrav$ gore maps4 ,s9ce ! latt] 9 ?is p]iod h especially f\nd favor1 att5tion is m & m direct$ t[>d ! %ap+ ( ! segm5ts or gores ) t ma!matical nicety :i*1 z previ\sly /at$1 w\ld admit ( a p]fect or almo/ p]fect adju/m5t :5 !y 7 appli$ to ! surface ( a prep>$ ball4 ,to ! indep5d5t position ( ! ,new ,_w z repres5t$ on ! globe maps prior to #aebe att5tion has be5 call$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]1 b ! idea ( su* indep5d5ce1 x may "h be not$1 is "o contr>y to t v g5]ally ?\gh errone\sly ent]ta9$ by hi/orians :o h writt5 ( ! p]iod1 an error d\btless 9 l>ge measure due to a failure on _! "p to give prop] he$ to ! record ( ! maps z express+ ! geographical notions commonly accept$4 ,h>risse has well /at$ ! case 9 ref]r+ to ! geographical op9ions ( ! e>lie/ explor]s1 obs]v+ t ! mom5t se>* began = a wat]way lead+ f ,oceanus ,occid5talis to ,oceanus ,ori5talis1 t mom5t op9ion began to become conviction t a new cont95tal region _h be5 f\nd1 t a ,new ,_w _h be5 discov]$1#aih & practically all ( ! e>ly explor]s _h hope ( f9d+ su* a wat]way4 ,x is v true t m ?an two hundr$ ye>s pass$ f ,columbus' day be=e !re 0 positive pro( ( an indep5d5ce ( ! newly f\nd l&1 b ! e>lie/ map mak]s outl9$ x z if believ+ 9 its indep5d5ce ( an ,old ,_w or ,asiatic connection4#aii ,! s-call$ ,b>?olomew ,columbus sket* maps1#bjj probably drawn 9 ! fir/ decade ( ! sixte5? c5tury 7,fig4 #dg71 alone c be cit$1 among ! maps ( any p>ticul> importance 9 ! fir/ qu>t] ( ?is c5tury1 z di/9ctly indicat+ a belief 9 an ,asiatic connection4 ,att5tion 0 likewise call$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt] to ! fact t t[>d ! close ( ! c5tury's fir/ qu>t] ! idea t a v]itably indep5d5t new cont95t _h be5 f\nd 0 beg9n+ to be d\bt$4#bja ,?is d\bt seem$ to foll[ close ^u ! publication ( ! report ( ,magellan's exp$ition4#bjb ,x inde$ appe>s to be g5]ally accept$ t to ! report ( t rem>kable circumnavigation1 to ! lett]s ( ,cortes respect+ 8 ,mexican exp$ition1#bjc & to ! failure ( 8 & ( o!r ,spani% attempts to f9d a /rait nor? ( ! equator ?r\gh :i* "o might pass f ,oceanus ,occid5talis to ,oceanus ,ori5talis1#bjd ! *ang$ conception ( ! geography ( ! ,new ,_w 0 due4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dg ,b>?olomew ,columbus ,sket* ,map1 #aejf4 ,?is *ang$ conception seems to h f\nd fir/ expression1 on a map1 9 a little volume prep>$ by ,franciscus ,mona*us1 a fri> ( ,me*l91 ab\t #aebe4 ,! title ( ?is volume reads 9 "p1#bje ',de orbis situ ac descriptione4 ad ,reu]5diss4 ,d4 ar*iepiscopum ,panormitanum1 ,francisci1 ,mona*i ord9is ,franciscani1 epi/ola sane qu lucul5ta 444' ',a v excell5t lett] f ,franciscus1 a monk ( ! ,franciscan ,ord]1 to ! ,mo/ ,rev]5d ,ar*bi%op ( ,pal]mo1 t\*+ ! site & description ( ! _w1' ) a colophon read+ ,excudebat ,m>t9us ,caes>1 exp5sis hone/i viri ,rol&i ,bolla]t 444 ,m>t9us ,caes> prep>$ ?is at ! exp5se ( ! upright man ,rol& ,boll]t4 ,its two small woodcut maps repres5t+ ! _w 9 hemisph]es1 respectively ! ,old & ! ,new ,_w 7,fig4 #dh71 are ( /rik+ hi/orical int]e/1 :ile ! text conta9s _m ref]5ces :i* are ( importance = ! light !y ca/ ^u ! geographical op9ions ( ! "t respect+ ! ,new ,_w4 ,"h1 z not$1 ! ,new ,_w is fir/ repres5t$ on a map z hav+ di/9ctly an ,asiatic connection1 ! s\!rn cont95t 7,s\? ,am]ica7 be+ sep>at$ f ! nor!rn only by t n>r[ /rait :i* we f9d s prom95tly repres5t$ on ! ,maiollo map ( #aebg1 & !re call$ /retto dubitoso4#bjf ,:ile ^! hemisph]es _c !mselves be ref]r$ to z a globe1 !y may s]ve to give u a g5]al idea ( ! geographical repres5tations on ! globe1 :i*1 z appe>s probable1 0 at t "t con/ruct$ by ! au?or ( ! text4 ,to ! ,ecclesia/ical ,pr9ce1 to :om ,franciscus d$icat$ 8 little volume1 in=mation 0 s5t conc]n+ 8 globe on :i* he _h drawn by h& a map ( ! _w z he said1 ! reply to 8 lett] conta9+ ! foll[+ /atem5t1 ,orbis globum1 9 quo t]rae ac m>ia lucul5t] depicta sunt1 una cum epi/ola accepimus4 ,we accept ! globe ( ! _w on :i* ! l& & ! seas are elegantly depict$1 toge!r ) ! epi/le4#bjg ,be+ a gift x w\ld seem reasonable to conclude t ! globe 0 n duplicat$ & (f]$ = sale & t ! example ref]r$ to 0 !re=e probably unique4 ,! text ( ! ',de orbis situ 4441' z x appe>s1 0 pr9t$ because x 0 ?\ght !re 0 mu* conta9$ !re9 t 0 new & n 9 h>mony ) geographical ideas hi!rto express$4 ,! fir/ edition 0 undat$1 nor 0 ! second dat$1 b x agre$ 9 practically all p>ticul>s ) ! fir/ except+ a slight alt]ation 9 ! title4 ,a ?ird edition 0 issu$ 9 ! ye> #aefe1 & is /ill kn[n 9 _m copies1 ( :i* ,gallois gives an excell5t repr9t 9 8 biography ( ,orontius ,f9ius4#bjh ,x is 9 ! fir/ & second editions t ! hemisph]es appe>2 !y are want+ 9 ! ?ird1 b z a sub/itute !re= a small globe re/+ on a base appe>s on ! v]so ( ! title-page1 :i* 9 its g5]al features may be a repres5tation ( ,franciscus' globe4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dh4 ,hemisph]es ( ,franciscus ,mona*us1 #aebf4 ,hakluyt1 9 8 ',disc\rse on ,we/]n ,plant+1' alludes to an olde excell5t globe 9 ! ,que5es privie gallory at ,we/m9/] :i* also seeme? to be ( ,v]>sanus mak+e1 hav+e ! co/e describ$ 9 ,italian1 :i* laie? oute ! v selfe same /reite necke ( l&e 9 latitude ( #dj4 degrees1 ) ! sea joynn+e h>de on bo! sides1 z x do! on ,panama & ,nombre di ,dios2 :i* w\ld be a matt] ( s+ule importannce1 yf x %\lde be true1 z x is n unlikely4#bji ,to ?is p>ticul> globe we d n seem to be able to f9d any o!r allusion4 ,9 ! geographical dep>tm5t ( ! ,biblio?que ,nationale !re may be f\nd an exce$+ly well-execut$ globe1 nei!r sign$ nor dat$1 b :i* appe>s to h be5 con/ruct$ ab\t ! ye> #aebh4baj ,x is an unm\nt$ gild$ copp] sph]e 7,fig4 #di71 hav+ a diamet] ( ab\t #bc cm4 ,its title reads ,nova et integra univ]si orbs descriptio1 ,a new & complete description ( ! entire _w1 :i*1 ) all leg5ds & local names1 is engrav$ 9 small capitals4 ,bas$ ^u ! description we possess ( ! ,s*n] globe ( #aebc1 & ^u ! close resemblance ( its coa/ outl9es to ^? ( ! ,weim> globe ( #aecc1 !re is reason = assign+ x to ! ,s*n]ian s*ool4 ,x1 h[ev]1 is to be not$ t ! nom5clature ( ! nor!a/ coa/ ( ,nor? ,am]ica is v diff]5t f t :i* appe>s on ! la/-m5tion$ globe1 & t x m ne>ly resembles 9 t region ! simple cordi=m map ( ,orontius ,f9ius ( ! ye> #aecf4baa ,! late/ geographical in=mation :i* x records seems to relate to ! exp$ition ( ,v]razano4 ,9 ! region correspond+ to ! pres5t ,new ,engl&1 we f9d ! leg5d ,,t]ra ,,francesca ,,nup] ,,lu/rata4 ,! ,gulf ( ,mexico is call$ ,,s9us ,s4 ,,mi*aelis1 & ! ,c>ibbean ,sea1 ,,m>e ,,h]bidium4 ,9 ,s\? ,am]ica are ! conspicu\s leg5ds ,,am]ica ,,inv5ta #adig1 ,,brazilio ,,regio1 & ,,t]ra ,,nova4 ,! great ,ant>ctic l& be>s ! inscription ,,regio ,,patalis4 ,! ,amazon appe>s z a riv] ( consid]able l5g?1 ) num]\s tribut>ies4 ,! c\rse ( ,magellan's voyage1 s frequ5tly laid d[n on ! maps ( ! p]iod1 "h f9ds record 9 ! ?readlike l9e :i* encircles ! globe4 ,z 9 ! hemisph]es ( ,franciscus1 s "h1 ,am]ica is laid d[n z a "p ( ! ,asiatic cont95t4 ,! workman%ip ( ! globe is equal to ! be/ t "o c\ld f9d 9 ! ,italy1 ,france or ,g]many ( t day1 :ile ! few ,g]man words among ! num]\s ,lat9 names1 z ,bad51 ,brauns*weig1 & ,wi51 give "s support = ! claim t x is ( ,g]man orig94 ,a ,spani% orig91 z has sometimes be5 claim$ = x1 c h>dly be accept$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #di4 ,gilt ,globe1 ca4 #aebh4 ,p>m5ti]1 a native ( ! fam\s seaport ,dieppe1 _h 9 8 day1 z a mak] ( *>ts1 a v sub/antial reputation4 ,:e!r "o %\ld conclude f ref]5ces to him z a c>tograph] t he busi$ himself ) ! con/ruction ( globes _c be def9itely det]m9$1 z ^! ref]5ces indicate t 8 maps 7 m]ely con/ruct$ on a projection :i* enabl$ him 9 "s measure to repres5t ! curv$ surface ( ! e>?4 ,s*ef]1 9 8 "w ',le disc\rs de la navigation de ,jean et ,ra\l ,p]m5ti]1' says1 ,p]m5ti] e/oit bon cosmographe et gographe1 et p> lui ont e/ composez plusieurs mappes monde en globe et en plat et plusieurs c>tes m>9es1 sur les quelles plusieurs ont navigu seurem5t4 ,p>m5ti] 0 a good cosmograph] & geograph]1 & _m maps ( ! _w bo? 9 ! =m ( globes & z plane maps 7 made by him1 also num]\s m>9e *>ts by means ( :i* _m sail$ ! seas ) safety4#bab ,vas>i gives u in=mation conc]n+ "o ,francesco ,libri1 memb] ( a fam\s ,v]onese arti/ family1 :o won di/9ction z a globe mak] 9 ! e>ly sixte5? c5tury1 & :o app>5tly 0 mo/ active 9 ?is field ( endeavor ab\t ! ye> #aecj4 ,al?\gh all trace ( ! globes he is said to h con/ruct$ is lo/1 ,vas>i's ref]5ce is wor?y citation4 ,among o!r ?+s1 says t int]e/+1 if n always accurate1 ,italian biograph]1 he con/ruct$ a l>ge globe ( wood1 be+ f\r feet 9 diamet]2 ?is he !n cov]$ ext]nally ) a /rong glue1 s t !re %\ld be no dang] ( crack or o!r injury4 ,n[ ! globe or ball ?us con/ruct$ 0 to s]ve z a t]re/rial globe4 ,:]e=e :5 x _h be5 c>efully divid$ & exactly measur$ "u ! direction & 9 ! pres5ce ( ,fraca/ro & ,b>oldi1 bo? well v]s$ 9 physics & di/+ui%$ z cosmograph]s & a/rolog]s1 x 0 aft]w>d to be pa9t$ by ,francesco = a ,v5etian g5tleman1 ,mess] ,&rea ,navag]o1 a mo/ le>n$ orator & poet1 :o int5d$ to make a pres5t ( ! same to ,k+ ,francis ( ,france1 to :om he 0 ab\t to be s5t z ambassador f ! ,republic4 ,b sc>cely _h ,navag]o arriv$ 9 ,france & ent]$ on 8 (fice1 :5 he di$4 ,! "w consequ5tly rema9$ unf9i%$1 :i* 0 mu* to be regrett$ s9ce1 execut$ by ,francesco1 "u ! guidance & ) ! advice & assi/ance ( two m5 s di/+ui%$ z 7 ,fraca/ro & ,b>oldi1 x w\ld d\btless h turn$ out a v rem>kable production4 ,x rema9$ unf9i%$1 h[ev]1 z ,i h said1 & :at is worse1 ev5 t :i* _h be5 done receiv$ consid]able injury1 ,i "k n ( :at k9d1 9 ! abs5ce ( ,francesco2 yet spoil$ z x 01 ! globe 0 pur*as$ by ,mess] ,b>tolommeo ,loni*i :o has nev] be5 prevail$ ^u to give x up1 al?\gh he has be5 frequ5tly mu* entreat$ to d s1 & (f]$ l>ge sums ( money = x4 ,francesco _h made two small] globes be=e comm5c+ ! l>ge "o2 & ( ^! "o is n[ 9 ! possession ( ,mazzanti1 ,ar*deacon ( ! ca!dral ( ,v]ona2 ! o!r belong+ to ! ,c\nt ,raimondo della ,torre1 & is n[ ! prop]ty ( 8 son1 ! ,c\nt ,giovanni ,batti/a1 by :om x is v greatly valu$1 see+ t ?is also 0 con/ruct$ ) ! assi/ance & aft] measurem5ts ( ,fraca/ro1 :o 0 a v intimate fri5d ( ,c\nt ,raimondo4#bac ,z be=e not$1 ! exact date :5 ,francesco con/ruct$ 8 globes is unkn[n4 ,vas>i1 h[ev]1 in=ms u1 z not$ above1 t ! l>ge "o 0 con/ruct$ = ,&rea ,navag]o1 :o wi%$ to pres5t x to ! ,k+ ( ,france1 & t v %ortly aft] 8 arrival 9 ,france on 8 special mission 8 dea? occurr$1 :i* we "k to h be5 ! eigh? ( ,may1 #aebi4 ,x mu/ !re=e h be5 9 t ye> t ,francesco complet$ ! con/ruction ( 8 globe4 ,x w\ld be int]e/+ to "k ! geographical configuration ( ! ,new ,_w z laid d[n by ,fraca/ro & ,francesco on ?is l>ge globe1 rememb]+ t x 0 n long aft] ! mission ( ,navag]o to ,k+ ,francis t ! fir/ ,c>ti] exp$ition sail$ = ! we/]n cont95t4 ,we _c be c]ta91 z /at$1 ( its geographical data1 b x seems probable t x foll[$ ! ,v]razanian type z repres5t$1 = example1 9 ! ,maiollo map ( #aebg1 or 9 ! ,v]razano map ( #aebi4 ,! ,lorra9e ,museum ( ,nancy possesses a f9e globe1 nei!r sign$ nor dat$1 b :i* usually is ref]r$ to z ! ,nancy globe 7,figs4 #ej1 #ej;a71 & is ?\ght to h be5 con/ruct$ ab\t ! ye> #aecj4bad ,x is a silv] ball #af cm4 9 diamet]1 divid$ on ! l9e ( ! equator into hemisph]es1 & is support$ on a small /atue ( ,atlas4 ,! equator1 ! tropics1 ! pol> circles1 ! zodiac1 & "o m]idian circle pass+ ?r\gh ! we/]n "p ( ,asia 9 ! ,old ,_w & ?r\gh ! p59sula ( ,florida 9 ! ,new ,_w1 are repres5t$4 ,x is an object ( int]e/ n only = its sci5tific value 9 giv+ u a geographical record ( ! p]iod1 b x is also ( int]e/ = its f9e workman%ip1 hav+ its l& areas gild$ & its seas blue enamel$1 9 :i* sea mon/]s & %ips ( arti/ic design appe>4 ,we h ! record t 9 ! ye> #affb1 ,*>les ,,iv1 ,duke ( ,lorra9e1 pres5t$ x to ! *ur* ( ,ntre ,dame de ,sion 9 8 resid5ce city1 & t by ?is *ur* x 0 long us$ z a pyx4#bae ,!re is a /rik+ resemblance ( its l& configurations1 & ( its geographical nom5clature to t ( ! ,gilt globe1 ( ! ,wood5 globe1 & ( ! ,_w map ( ,orontius ,f9aeus ( #aeca4 ,! ,new ,_w is repres5t$ z a "p ( ! ,asiatic cont95t1 & ! c5tral section ( t region1 to :i* we may ref] z ,nor? ,am]ica1 is designat$ ,asia ,ori5talis & ,asia ,major4 ,to ! ea/ ( ^! names are num]\s regional names1 conspicu\s among :i* are ,t]ra ,francesca1 ,hispania ,major1 & ,t]ra ,florida4 ,! ,gulf ( ,mexico appe>s z ,m>e ,ca?ayum4 ,mexico be>s ! "n ,hispania ,nova1 :ile ! sea to ! we/ is nam$ ,m>e ,indicum ,au/rale4 ,! ,s\? ,am]ican cont95t is call$ ,am]ica ,nova1 & ! names are v num]\s :i* h be5 giv5 to ! v>i\s sections1 among :i* we f9d ,t]ra ,firma1 ,papagelli1 ,t]ra ,canibale1 ,p>ias1 & ,p]u ,prov9cia4 ,! l>ge au/ral l& be>s ! "n ,brasielie ,regio1 :i* "n is plac$ s\!a/ ( ,africa1 & ! "n ,patalis ,regio appe>s s\?we/ ( ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ej4 ,nancy ,globe1 ca4 #aecj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ej;a4 ,globe ( ,jacob ,/amf]1 #aeci4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ej;b4 ,nancy ,globe 9 ,hemisph]es4 ,gemma ,frisius 7#aejh-aeee71 a native ( ,docum 7,fig4 #ea71 & = a numb] ( ye>s pr(essor ( m$ic9e & ma!matics 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,l\va91#baf issu$ a little book1 9 ! ye> #aecj1 be>+ ! title ',de pr9cipiis ,a/ronomiae et ,cosmographiae1 deque usu globi1 ab eodem editi1 item de orbis divisione et insulis1 rebusque nup] inv5tis 444 ,antv]p1 #aecj4'bag ,x seems probable t ?is 0 issu$ to s]ve z explanatory text = a globe or globes he _h con/ruct$ or 0 prep>+ to con/ruct4 ,9 x we h "o ( ! e>lie/ te*nical yet practical explanations ( ! p>ts & uses ( ! globe1 & a some:at detail$ /atem5t h[ su* in/rum5ts may be s]viceably employ$ 9 cosmographical /udies4 ,on ! title-page !re appe>s ! repres5tation ( a globe re/+ on a base hav+ ?ree feet1 :i* has be5 ?\ght to be a repres5tation ( 8 complet$ "w4#bah ,we are told 9 8 ',epi/ola salutatoria1' at lea/ 9 an impli$ mann]1 t !re 7 to be num]\s copies ( ! globes1 see+ t !y 7 int5d$ = ! trade1 & ,roscelli's /atem5t w\ld lead u to believe t !y _h f\nd _! way into ,italy4 ,all copies1 h[ev]1 appe> to h be5 lo/ until a few ye>s s9ce1 :5 bo? a t]re/rial & a cele/ial globe ( ,frisius' mak+ 0 f\nd 9 ! ,gymnasium ,francisceum ( ,z]b/1 to :i* discov]y a v consid]able int]e/ & importance atta*es4 ,9 a pap] read be=e ! ,int]national ,congress ( ,am]icani/s 9 #aijd1 ,dr4 ,w4 ,walt] ,ruge1 all too briefly1 describes !m1 f :i* pap] ! foll[+ in=mation is tak54#bai ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ea4 ,portrait ( ,gemma ,frisius4 ,! t]re/rial globe1 he notes1 is n well pres]v$1 be+ 9 c]ta9 p>ts s injur$ z to r5d] ! inscriptions illegible2 b 9 ?is fact he1 h[ev]1 f9ds a c]ta9 comp5sation1 z ^! injuries are ( su* "* z to disclose ! mann] ( con/ruction4 ,! globe ball1 he f9ds1 consi/s ( two hemisph]es ( papi]-m* #c mm4 9 ?ickness ov] :i* is a lay] ( pla/] #a mm4 9 ?ickness4 ,on ! smoo? surface ?us furni%$ ! twelve gores ( :i* ! map is compos$ _h be5 pa/$1 ^! gores ext5d+ f pole to pole4#bbj ,?\gh undat$1 ! foll[+ inscription gives in=mation conc]n+ ! map mak] & ! engrav]s4 ,gemma ,frisius ,m$icus ac ,ma!maticus ex v>ijs descripsit geographicorum obs]vationibus1 atque 9 hanc =mam r$egit2 ,g]>dus ,m]cator ,rupelmundanus coelavit cum ,casp>e a ,myrica1 cui et sumptibus p]maximis et laboribus nequaquam m9oribus opus con/at4 ,gemma ,frisius1 physician & ma!matician1 made 7?is globe7 f ! v>i\s obs]vations ( geograph]s1 & fa%ion$ x 9 ?is =m4 ,g]h>d ,m]cator ( ,rupelmunde ) ,casp> ,miracus engrav$ 7x7 & exp5d$ on ! "w a l>ge sum & no little labor4 ,frisius appe>s 9 ?is leg5d z ! mak] ( ! map1 ) ,m]cator & ,myrica z ! engrav]s4 ,! date ( con/ruction is n giv51 b x cle>ly does n belong to ! issue ( #aecj ref]r$ to above4 ,we read1 = example1 along ! we/ coa/ ( ,s\? ,am]ica su* names z ,tumbes1 tang>a siue s4 mi*aelis1 & ,turic>ami fluvius1 & f9d t ?is we/ coa/ is sket*$ z f> z latitude #e degrees s\?4 ,s4 ,mi*aelis 0 f\nd$ 9 #aecb1 & in=mation conc]n+ ,piz>ro's discov]ies probably did n rea* ,europe until #aecd4 ,europe has /ill _m ( ! ,ptolemaic features1 z has also ! cont95t ( ,asia4 ,nor? ,am]ica1 :i* is r bett] drawn ?an on any ( ! e>li] maps1 has ! leg5d ,hispania ,maior a ,nuo ,gusmao devicta anno #aecj4 ,! we/ coa/ becomes a v indef9ite l9e at latitude #be degrees nor?1 at :i* po9t we read ,maton*el siue petra portus4 ,x !n sweeps nor!a/w>d 9 a flatt5$ curve to ,baccale>um ,regio ) its ,promotoriu agricule seu cabo del labrador4 ,f ! l& ar\nd ! nor? pole1 :i* is connect$ ) ,asia1 ! cont95t is sep>at$ by a n>r[ /rait :i* is ref]r$ to z ,fretum arcticum siue trium fratrum1 p> quod lusitani 9 ori5tem et ad ,indios et ,moluccas nauig>e conati sunt4 ,! ,arctic /rait or ! /rait ( ! ?ree bro!rs ?r\gh :i* ! ,portuguese attempt$ to sail to ! ,ea/ & to ! ,indies & ! ,moluccas4 ,no g5]al "n is giv5 to ,s\? ,am]ica1 b we f9d su* regional names z ,nw ,p]u ,prov9cia & ea/ ( ?is ,bresilia4 ,9 ! int]ior are su* leg5ds & local names z ,caxamalca fuit regis ,atabaliape1 ,cuzco1 ,c9*a1 ,collao4 ,! nom5clature %[s decid$ ,spani% influ5ce1 z we f9d la laguna poblada1 ,r4 de los esclavos1 ,r4 d4 los furmos1 ,cabo corto4 ,ruge fur!r notes ! f9d+ 9 ! same ,gymnasium ( ,z]b/ ( a cele/ial globe on :i* appe>s ! foll[+ leg5d1 ,faciebant ,gemma ,frisius m$icus ac ma!maticus1 ,gasp> a ,myrica ,g]>dus ,m]cator ,rupelmundanus anno a p>tu virg9eo #aecg4 ,gemma ,frisius physician & ma!matician1 ,gasp> ,myrica & ,g]h>d ,m]cator ( ,rupelmunde made ?is globe 9 ! ye> #aecg4 ,a comp>ison ( ?is leg5d ) t ( ! t]re/rial globe leads to ! some:at +5i\s argum5t t ! latt]1 ?\gh undat$1 is ! old] ( ! two4 ,we "k t ,m]cator 0 a pupil ( ,gemma ,frisius1#bba & t aft] leav+ 8 univ]sity /udies he f\nd employm5t ) ! ma/] 9 draught+ maps & 9 ! con/ruction ( ma!matical in/rum5ts4 ,9 ! dat$ leg5d ( #aecg ,m]cator & ,myrica appe> to h advanc$ 9 importance1 see+ t 9 ! undat$ leg5d !y are m]ely ref]r$ to z ! engrav]s1 :ile ,frisius alone is m5tion$ z ! mak] ( ! map4 ,s9ce ?is discov]y we are bett] in=m$ z to ! s\rce ( ,m]cator's in=mation :i* he gives 9 8 map ( #aech2 ! evid5ce be+ conclusive t 9 ! ma9 he foll[$ ! records ( ,frisius1 adapt+ 8 map1 h[ev]1 to ! d\ble cordi=m projection4#bbb ,h>risse describes a gild$ copp] globe1 belong+ to ! collection ( ! ,biblio?que ,nationale1 hav+ a diamet] ( #ad cm4 & be>+ ! au?or & date leg5d read+ ,rob]tus de ,bailly #aecj4bbc ,x is compos$ ( two p>ts r insecurely jo9$ on ! l9e ( ! equator1 & is entirely )\t m\nt+s4 ,! engrav+ ( ! names1 all 9 small capitals1 has be5 rem>kably well done4 ,9 outl9+ ! cont\r ( ! ,new ,_w ! draughtsman ( ! map has be5 influ5c$ by ! ,v]razanian data1 & al?\gh exhibit+ m9or diff]5ces 9 details !re is a /rik+ resemblance to ! map ( ,maiollo ( #aebg1bbd to t ( ,v]razano ( #aebi1bbe & to t ( ,ulpius ( #aeda4bbf ,! region call$ by ,maiollo ,francesca1 by ,v]razano ,v]razana sive ,gallia nova1 by ,ulpius ,v]razana sive ,nova ,gallia1 ,rob]tus calls ,v]razana4 ,9 addition we f9d su* names z ,,t]ra ,,laboratoris1 ,,ba*aliao1 ,,la ,,florida1 ,,t5u/itan1 ,,p>ias1 ,,mundus ,,novus1 ,,am]ica1 ,,/4 ,,crusis1 ,,t]ra ,,magellanica4 ,a second globe by ,rob]tus de ,bailly may be f\nd 9 ! libr>y ( ,mr4 ,j4 ,p4 ,morgan ( ,new ,york ,city 7,fig4 #eb74 ,?is example1 sign$ & dat$ ,rob]tus de ,bailly #aecj1 & acquir$ a few ye>s s9ce1 may be c\nt$ "o ( ! f9e/ metal globes ( ! p]iod4 ,none c be ref]r$ to :i* is 9 a bett] /ate ( pres]vation1 if we c accept its m\nt+ z ! orig9al4#bbg ,9 ,ros5?al's catalogue ,no4 #ajj x is ref]r$ to z a ,v]razzano-,globus1 :i* is cle>ly an error1 if !re 0 ?\ght ( ascrib+ x to ,giovanni ,v]razano1 ! explor]1 or to 8 bro!r ,hi]onimus1 ! *>t mak]4 ,! outl9es ( its map ( ! ,new ,_w are cle>ly ( ,v]razanian orig9 7,fig4 #ec71 :i* !re=e give to x a p>ticul> int]e/ & value4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eb4 ,t]re/rial ,globe ( ,rob]tas de ,bailly1 #aecj4 ,n9e ( twelve gores exhibit+ ! map4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ec4 ,t]re/rial ,globe ( ,rob]tus de ,bailly1 #aecj4 ,h>risse1 9 #ahif1 call$ att5tion to 8 discov]y ( two globes app>5tly ( ! e>ly f\r? decade ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,! fir/ ( ^! he ref]s to z a gild$ copp] sph]e ab\t #ab cm4 9 diamet]1 & fa%ion$ to conta9 ! me*anism by means ( :i* x is made to revolve4 ,x is nei!r sign$ nor dat$4 ,at ! extremity ( ! rod pass+ ?r\gh ! sph]e is an arrangem5t app>5tly = atta*m5t to a second piece ( me*anism1 probably a planet>ium4 ,x is surr\nd$ by a disc on :i* ! h\rs are engrav$ 9 ,roman num]als4 ,! geographical outl9es are cle>ly ( ,v]razanian orig91 repres5t+ ! ,new ,_w relatively long & n>r[ & hav+ no ,asiatic connection4 ,) few exceptions ! nom5clature is 9 ! ,lat9 language1 b we read = in/ance ,el pasaie de ,s4 ,mi*el & ,rio de las ,amazonas4 ,! "n ,am]ica appe>s only on ! s\!rn cont95t1 :]e we also f9d su* leg5ds z ,francisi ,piz>ri hoc m7onticu87 lo contra indos insignis victoria anno #aecc1 & (f ! coa/ ( ,p]u ,ult]ius incognitum4 ,! second ( ^! globes is likewise ( copp]1 hav+ a diamet] ( #ba cm4 & c>ries ! inscription ,*ri/(f ,s*iepp sculpsit4 ,augu/a1 :i* is plac$ ar\nd a c>t\* especially design$ = a repres5tation ( ! coat ( arms ( ! ,wels] family4 ,?is family1 x w be rememb]$1 figur$ conspicu\sly 9 connection ) ! ,g]man attempt at ! colonization ( ,v5ezuela4 ,! engrav$ title ( ! map is practically ! same z t to be f\nd on ! ,p>is gilt globe & reads ,nova et integra univ]si orbis descriptio4 ,x omits1 h[ev]1 ! leg5d ,francesca & ,v]razana sive nova ,gallia1 :i* fact may be due to its ,g]man orig94 ,! nom5clature 9 ,mexico & 9 ,s\? ,am]ica is v detail$4 ,! ,la ,plata ,riv]1 = example1 z 9 ! ,gilt globe & 9 ! ,wood5 globe1 is call$ ,s9us ,juliani2 ! ,pacific is call$ ,oceanus ,magnus ,gelanicus4 ,! au/ral l& is ref]r$ to z ,t]ra au/ralis nup] inv5ta1 s$ nondum pl5e exam9ata4 ,:ile ! fir/ ( ^! globes is unm\nt$1 ,s*eipp's globe is furni%$ ) gild$ m]idian & horizon circle1 ! :ole be+ support$ by a dolph9 on a pl9? ( ebony4 ,9 ! ye> #aecc ,johann ,s*n] issu$ a small tract be>+ ! title ',joannis ,s*on]i ,c>olo/adii ,opusculum ,geographicum ex div]sorum libris ac c>tis summa cura dilig5tia collectum1 accomodatum ad rec5t] elaboratum ab eodem globum descriptiones t]r5ae4' ',a geographical tract ( ,john ,s*n] ( ,c>l/adt1 extract$ f v>i\s books & maps ) mu* c>e & dilig5ce & arrang$ = a rec5tly elaborat$ globe1 be+ a description ( ! e>?4'#bbh ,?is little book 0 d$icat$ to ,john ,fr$]ick ( ,saxony ,ex urbe ,norica ,id4 ,novembris ,anno ,,mdxxxiii4 ,to x m ?an usual int]e/ atta*es4 ,z ! title /ates1 x 0 issu$ z an explanatory text = a new globe1#bbi :ile 9 ref]r+ to ! geography ( ! ,new ,_w x cle>ly sets =? a reason = ! *ang$ notion conc]n+ t geography1 to :i* allusion has already be5 made1#bcj a *ange f a belief 9 ! indep5d5t position ( ! new l&s to a belief t ^! l&s 7 b a "p ( ! cont95t ( ,asia4 ,) ref]5ce to ?is po9t ,s*n] says1 ,unde longissimo tractu occid5tem v]sus ab ,hispani t]ra e/1 quae ,mexico et ,temi/itan vocatur sup]iori ,india1 quam priores vocav]e ,qu9say id e/ civitatem coeli eorum l+ui4 ,by a v long circuit we/w>d1 />t+ f ,spa91 !re is a l& call$ ,mexico & ,temi/itan 9 ,upp] ,india1 :i* 9 =m] times 0 call$ ,qu9say1 t is ! city ( ,heav51 9 ! language ( ! c\ntry4 ,he adds ! /atem5t1 ,am]icus tam5 ,vesputius m>itima loca ,indiae sup]ioris ex ,hispaniis navigio ad occid5tem palu/rans1 eam p>tem que sup]iore ,indiae e/1 cr$idit esse insulam1 quam a suo nom9e voc>i in/itituit4 ,alii v]o nunc rec5tiores ,hydrographi eam t]ram ult]ius ex alia p>te inv5]unt esse cont95tem ,asiae nam sic etiam ad ,moluccas insulas sup]ioris ,indiae p]v5]unt4 ,am]icus ,vespuccius1 sail+ along ! coa/s ( ,upp] ,india1 f ,spa9 to ! we/1 ?\ght t ! said "p :i* is connect$ ) ,upp] ,india1 0 an isl& :i* he _h caus$ to be call$ aft] 8 own "n4 ,b n[ o!r hydrograph]s ( m rec5t date h f\nd t t l& 7,s\? ,am]ica7 & o!rs beyond con/itute a cont95t1 :i* is ,asia1 & s !y rea*$ z f> z ! ,molucca ,isl&s 9 ,upp] ,india4 ,a lat] passage 9 ?is tract is likewise int]e/+ 9 ?is connection4 ,aft] not+ t ,am]ica _h be5 call$ ! f\r? "p ( ! _w he adds1 ,modo v]o p] novissimas navigationes1 factas anno po/ ,*ri/um #aeai p] ,magellanum ducem navium invictissimi ,caes>is divi ,c>oli etc4 v]sus ,moluccas insulas1 quas alii ,moluquas vocant1 9 supremo ori5te positas1 eam t]ram inv5]unt esse cont95tem sup]ioris ,indiae1 quae p>s e/ ,asiae4 ,b v lately1 ?anks to ! v rec5t navigations accompli%$ 9 ! ye> #aeai ,a4 ,c4 by ,magellan1 ! comm&] ( ! exp$ition ( ! inv9cible1 ! div9e ,*>les etc4 t[>ds ! ,molucca ,isl&s1 :i* "s call ,maluquas :i* are situat$ 9 ! extreme ea/1 x has be5 asc]ta9$ t ! said c\ntry 7,am]ica7 0 ! cont95t ( ,upp] ,india1 :i* is a "p ( ,asia4 ,x seems v probable t ! globe ref]r$ to 9 ?is tract is "o ( ^? 7,figs4 #ed1 #ed;a71 be>+ nei!r date nor "n ( mak]1 to be f\nd 9 ! ,gr& ,ducal ,libr>y ( ,weim>4#bca ,?is conclusion1 x may be /at$1 is bas$ ^u ! fact ( a /rik+ agreem5t betwe5 ! configurations on ! globe & ! descriptions to be f\nd 9 ,s*n]'s tract4 ,! date #aecd1 :i* appe>s on ! support1 is d\btless ( lat] orig9 ?an ! globe itself1 j z ! date #aeaj inscrib$ on ! horizon circle ( ! ,behaim globe is kn[n n to indicate ! ye> 9 :i* t "w 0 complet$4 ,wies] expresses ! conviction t ?is globe is an improv$ reproduction ( ! "o con/ruct$ 9 ! ye> #aebc1 & he notes ! int]e/+ fact ( its configurations resembl+ closely ^? ( ! ,orontius ,f9aeus map ( #aeca1 believ+ t x 0 ! latt]1 h[ev]1 :o 0 ! borr[]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ed4 ,s*n]'s ,t]re/rial ,globe1 #aecc 7,probable74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ed;a4 ,s*n]'s ,cele/ial ,globe1 #aecc 7,probable74 ,! ,s*iepp globe1 ref]r$ to above1 appe>s to h be5 con/ruct$ = a memb] ( ! ,wels] family1 a ri* patrician ( ,s\? ,g]many4 ,to ,raymond ,fugg]1 likewise a ,s\? ,g]man patrician1 a memb] ( a ri* bank] family ( ,augsburg1 "o ,m>t9 ,furtemba* d$icat$ a t]re/rial globe :i* he _h con/ruct$ 9 ! ye> #aece4bcb ,?is date & ! word+ ( ! d$ication we get f a record ( ! ye> #aefe4 ,viro ,magnifico ,dn4 ,raymundo ,fugg]o1 ,invictissimorum ,c>oli ,v4 ,imp]atoris1 ,f]d9&i primi ,regis ,romanorum a ,consilijs1 prud5tissimo1 /udiosorum ,meca5asi1 paup]um ,*ri/i asylo cantatissimo1 ,m>t9us ,furt5ba*ius ,abusiacus1 ,a/rophilus typum hunc ,cosmographicum univ]salem composuit atque d$icavit ,anno a nato ,*ri/o ,m4,d4,,xxxv4 ,to ! ,magnific5t ,dn4 ,raymond ,fugg]1 mo/ compet5t c\nselor ( ! mo/ inv9cible ,pr9ce ,*>les ,v ,emp]or1 & ,f]d9& ! ,fir/ ,k+ ( ! ,romans1 a ,maec5as ( s*ol>s1 a mo/ provid5t support] ( ! poor 9 ,*ri/1 ,m>t9 ,furtemba* lov] ( a/ronomy1 compos$ & d$icat$ ?is univ]sal cosmographical figure1 9 ! ye> ( ,*ri/ #aece4 ,?is globe1 :i* we le>n 0 tak5 f ! ,fugg] ca/le ( ,kir*bay to ! ,vi5na ,imp]ial ,libr>y1 9 :at ye> we d n "k1 seems to h disappe>$ "s "t aft] #agcd1 s9ce1 z ,h>risse notes1 no ref]5ce to x c be f\nd aft] t date4 ,x is describ$ z a gilt copp] ball ( l>ge size & an object ( real art1 be+ ornam5t$ on all sides ) v>i\s figures ( exquisite engrav+1 & is support$ by a figure ( ,atlas ) 8 "r h& hold+ a compass1 b ) ! re/ ( 8 body support$ by 8 left h&1 9 a /oop+ po/ure4 ,9 addition to ! globes previ\sly ref]r$ to z belong+ to ! ,biblio?que ,nationale1 !re is "o suppos$ to h be5 con/ruct$ ab\t ! ye> #aece4 ,x is nei!r sign$ nor dat$1 b is usually ref]r$ to z ! ,p>is ,wood5 globe4#bcc ,! diamet] ( ! sph]e is #bj cm4 ,x is )\t ! usual m\nt+s ( m]idian & horizon circles b is support$ by an iron rod atta*$ to a wood5 base 7,fig4 #ee71 :i* rod s]ves z an axis ab\t :i* x may be revolv$4 ,a ?ick lay] ( pa9t cov]s ! surface ( ! ball1 on :i* ! geographical names1 leg5ds1 & configurations h be5 inscrib$ ) a p5 9 a runn+ h&4 ,! poor calligraphy sugge/s t x is n ! "w ( an exp]t c>tograph]1 b ( "o :o some:at ha/ily & c>elessly _h und]tak5 to copy a globe map ( ! type repres5t$ 9 ! "w ( ,franciscus1 ( ! mak] ( ! ,p>is ,gilt globe1 or ( ,s*n] 9 8 globe ( #aecc4 ,m]idians are repres5t$ at int]vals ( t5 degrees comm5c+ at a prime m]idian :i* passes ?r\gh ! ,cape ,v]de ,isl&s1 :ile ! p>allels are simil>ly m>k$1 ! graduation be+ indicat$ on ! prime m]idian4 ,! globe mak] has reta9$ 9 8 repres5tations ! old climatic idea1 ( :i* climates !re are n9e specifically designat$4 ,we f9d on ?is globe su* inscriptions z ,baccal>um ,regio1 ) its neighbor+ ,pelagus ,baccal>um1 ,t]ra ,francesca1 ,hispania ,major1 ,t]ra ,florida1 ) ! ,gulf ( ,mexico be>+ ! "n ,m4 ,ca?ayum z 9 ! ,nancy globe4 ,! ,s\? ,am]ican cont95t is conspicu\sly m>k$ z ,am]ica ,nova ,orbis ,p>s1 & conta9s 9 addition _m regional names4 ,! we/]n ocean1 beg9n+ ) t "p :i* wa%es ! coa/ ( ,mexico1 !nce s\?w>d1 is call$ ,m>e di ,sur1 ,m>e ,culuacanum1 ,m>e ,indicum ,au/rale1 ,m>e ,pacificum1 & ,oceanus ,magellanicus4 ,! location ( ! colony :i* 0 plant$ by ,piz>ro 9 #aecb1 & :i* is call$ ,s4 ,mi*aelis1 is made prom95t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ee4 ,p>is ,wood5 ,globe1 #aece4 ,casp> ,vopel1#bcd born at ,m$eba* ne> ,cologne1 9 ! ye> #aeaa1 0 ( t gr\p ( ,g]man c>tograph]s & globe mak]s active 9 ! second qu>t] ( ! sixte5? c5tury 9 giv+ to ! g5]al public a k ( ! great geographical discov]ies ( ! day4 ,?\gh mu* ( ! in=mation ?r\gh ! maps :i* !y con/ruct$ 0 /rik+ly inaccurate1 _! "w is none ! less int]e/+ to ! /ud5t ( hi/orical geography4 ,x appe>s t ,vopel ent]$ ! ,univ]sity ( ,cologne 9 ! ye> #aebf1 t at a lat] date he became a pr(essor ( ma!matics 9 a ,cologne gymnasium1 & t he cont9u$ to reside 9 ?is city until 8 dea? 9 ! ye> #aefa4 ,dur+ ^! ye>s he became well kn[n z a mak] ( maps & globes4 ,( 8 v l>ge & important _w map1 issu$ 9 ! ye> #aeeh1 & :i* s admirably sets =? 8 geographical notion ( an ,asiatic connection ( ! ,new ,_w1 an orig9al copy may be f\nd 9 ! collection ( ,pr9ce ,lie*t5/e91 :i* is reproduc$1 aft] ,giriva's r$raught+1 9 ,nord5skild's ',facsimile ,atlas4'#bce ,9 ! hi/ory ( c>tography 8 map ( ,europe & 8 ,rh9e map especially m]it a place ( prom95ce4 ,n9e ( 8 globes are kn[n1 mo/ ( :i* are con/ruct$ z armill>y sph]es1 hav+ )9 ! num]\s armillae or circles a small t]re/rial globe1 or at lea/ t :i* passes z a repres5tation ( ! same4 ,8 fir/ "w ( :i* we h k1 n[ belong+ to ! city ( ,cologne1 & to be f\nd 9 ! collection ( its ar*ives1 is inscrib$ ,casp> ,m$eba* opus hoc a/ronomicum fecit #aecb ,m>tii4 ,x is a cr$it to ! y\?ful arti/ & cosmograph]1 sugge/+1 says ,kor?1#bcf ! possession ( a te*nic resembl+ t ( ,dr]4 ,?is is a cele/ial globe #bh cm4 9 diamet]1 hav+ its /> map drawn by h&1 :i* is n[ some:at discolor$ ) age4 ,f\r ye>s lat] ,vopel con/ruct$ a second cele/ial globe1 app>5tly a reproduction ( ! fir/ b hav+ its map pr9t$ on gores :i* he pa/$ on ! surface ( ! sph]e4 ,x be>s ! inscription ,casp> ,vopel1 ,m$eba*1 hanc ,cosmogr4 faciebat spha]am ,coloniae ,ao #aecf1 has ! same diamet] z ! "o ( #aecb1 & is n[ its companion 9 ! city ar*ives ( ,cologne4#bcg ,! ,national ,museum ( ,wa%+ton possesses a f9e example ( ,vopel's "w 7,fig4 #i71 conc]n+ :i* ,mr4 ,mayn>d1 curator ( ,me*anical ,te*nology1 writes t ! globe 9 ?is ,museum is an armill>y sph]e ( elev5 metal r+s1 #d in*es 9 diamet]1 ) a v small globe 9 ! c5t]4 ,! r+s are elaborately inscrib$ ) a/ronomical signs & scales1 ) names 9 ,lat94 ,on "o ( ! r+s is ! inscription1 ',casp> ,vopel1 ,artium ,pr(essor1 ,hanc ,spha]am ,faciebat ,colonia1 #aeda4'bch ,9 #aedb he con/ruct$ 8 fir/ t]re/rial globe1 a copy ( :i* is to be f\nd 9 ! ,cologne ar*ives4#bci ,x has a diamet] ( #bh cm41 its map gores1 z 9 ! case ( ! cele/ial globe ( #aecf1 be+ pr9t$ f an engrav$ plate4 ,except+ ! discoloration ( age & a slight ind5tation ne> ! nor? pole1 x is well pres]v$4 ,! title leg5d reads ,nova et integra univ]si orbis descriptio4 ,a new & complete description ( ! entire globe4 ,a second leg5d1 plac$ 9 ! middle ,atlantic1 reads ,casp> ,vopel ,m$eba* geographicam spha]am hanc faciebat ,coloniae ,a4 #aedb4 ,casp> ,vopel ( ,m$eba* made ?is globe 9 #aedb at ,cologne4 ,8 t]re/rial map assures u ( 8 acceptance ( ! idea t ! ,am]ican cont95t c\ld be b an ext5sion ( ! cont95t ( ,asia2 t is1 l 8 pr$ecessor ,s*n] & o!rs ( ! second qu>t] ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 ref]r$ to above1 he _h conclud$ aft] ,magellan _h f\nd a t]m9ation ( ! newly f\nd transatlantic region at ! s\?1 & no passageway f ! ,atlantic to ! ,pacific nor? ( ! equator _h be5 f\nd ?\gh se>* _h frequ5tly be5 made = ! same1 ?is c\ntry c\ld !re=e no long] be consid]$ z an indep5d5t cont95t4 ,! riv] ,*am1 :i* on 8 map he made to empty into ! ,gulf ( ,mexico1 he gives z ! divid+ l9e betwe5 ,hispania ,nova & ,ca?ay4 ,!re is /rik+ evid5ce t ,vopel 0 acqua9t$ ) ,orontius ,f9aeus' map ( #aeca or its s\rce1 z1 = example1 he writes across ! great au/ral cont95t1 ,t]ra ,au/ralis rec5t] inv5ta1 s$ nondum pl5e cognita1 add+ ! words ,anno #adii1 :i* also appe> on ! ,p>is ,wood5 globe ( #aece4 ,9 ! ,old ,nordiske ,museum ( ,cop5hag5 is an armill>y sph]e ( ,vopel1 compos$ ( elev5 brass r+s repres5t+ ! equator1 ! ecliptic1 ! tropics1 ! pol> circles1 etc41 )9 :i* is a small t]re/rial globe1 on ! surface ( :i* is a manuscript _w map4 ,quad ref]s to ?is globe 9 ! foll[+ words3 ,item e9 ,a/rolabium novum v>ium ac pl5um das auff alle ,l&s*afft5 7kann7 dirigi]t w]d5 beide d5 ,ma!maticis unnd ,m$icis sehr nutz1 9 funffzeh5 ,/ck und auff a*t bog5 g$ruckt1 d>und] au* e9 kle9e artige ,mappa ,mundi ins runde gelegt i/4#bdj ,on ! circle repres5t+ ! ,tropic ( ,canc] is engrav$ ! leg5d ,casp> ,vopell ,m$eba* hanc spha]am faciebat ,coloniae #aedc4 ,casp> ,vopel ( ,m$eba* made ?is globe 9 ,cologne 9 ! ye> #aedc4 ,on ! bottom ( ! box 9 :i* ! globe is kept is a mod]n label read+ ,nocolaus ,cop]nicus #aedc 444 ty 444 ,brah4 ,cop]nicus di$ 9 ! ye> designat$1 & ,ty*o ,brahe 0 born 9 ! ye> #aedf4 ,x appe>s1 !re=e1 t ?is globe once belong$ to ! great ,dani% a/ronom]4 ,9 ! ,libr>y ( ,congress1 acquir$ f ,l4 ,fri$ri*s5 ( ,hamburg1 is a f9e example ( ! "w ( ,vopel4#bda ,?is armill>y sph]e ( elev5 r+s1 encircl+ a t]re/rial globe #g4b cm4 9 diamet]1 is m\nt$ on a copp] base4 ,on ! circle repres5t+ ! ,tropic ( ,canc] is ! inscription ,casp> ,vopel artiv pr(es4 hanc spha]am faciebat ,coloniae #aedc4 ,casp> ,vopel pr(essor ( arts made ?is globe 9 ,cologne 9 ! ye> #aedc1 :ile on ! rema9+ circles are engrav$ num]\s cosmographical signs & names4 ,! t]re/rial globe is cov]$ ) a manuscript map 9 colors1 & be>s ! title leg5d ,nova ac g5]alis orbis descriptio1 & ! au?or leg5d ,casp> ,vopel ma!4 faciebat4 ,mo/ ( ! regional names on ! map are 9 r$1 & a r$ dot is employ$ to indicate ! location ( c]ta9 important cities1 ! names 9 g5]al be+ omitt$4 ,! globe is rem>kably well pres]v$ 7,fig4 #ef74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ef4 ,vopel ,globe1 #aedc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ef;a4 ,we/]n ,hemisph]e ( ,vopel ,t]re/rial ,globe4 ,9 ! collection ( ,jodoco del ,badia1 /ate ar*ivi/ ( ,flor5ce1 is a ,vopel armill>y sph]e ( ! ye> #aedd4bdb ,! engrav$ inscription on ! ,tropic ( ,canc] reads ,casp> ,vopel ,me4 ,matem4 hanc spha]am faciebat coloniae #aedd4 ,)9 ! elev5 armillae is a v small wood5 sph]e int5d$ to repres5t a t]re/rial globe ( wood1 ab\t #c cm4 9 diamet]1 on :i* ! equator & ! tropics are repres5t$1 b no geographical details ( any value appe> because ( ! small size ( ! ball4 ,a ,vopel armill>y sph]e1 app>5tly l ! prec$+1 be>+ ! same date & leg5ds1 is report$ z belong+ to ! city museum ( ,salzburg4#bdc ,a some:at detail$ description1 by ,j4 ,h4 ,graf1 ( a ,vopel armill>y sph]e 9 ! possession ( ! ,h]r ,=/9spector ,frey ( ,b]n1 appe>$ 9 ! ye> #ahid1 9 ! ,jahresb]i*t ( ! ,geographical ,society ( ,muni*4#bdd ,x is compos$ ( twelve in/ead ( elev5 armillae1 & at ! common c5t] is a small t]re/rial ball4 ,! inscriptions appe>+ on ea* ( ! sev]al r+s are giv5 by ,graf1 & ! "w ( ,vopel is comp>$ ) t ( o!r map mak]s ( ! "t4 ,on circle #c1 = example1 c\nt+ f ! out]mo/1 is a citation f ,ovid 7,amores ,i4 #f4 #ei71 ,night1 love1 & w9e are n c\nselors ( mod]ation4 ,on circle #e1 :i* repres5ts ! ,tropic ( ,canc]1 is ! au?or & date leg5d1 read+ ,casp> ,vopellius ,ma!4 ,pr(es4 hanc spha]am faciebat ,coloniae #aede4 ,on circle #g we read ,fate rules ! _w1 all /&s secure accord+ to un*angeable law1 & ! long lapse ( "t is m>k$ by c]ta9 c\rse4 ,on "o ( ! circles movable ab\t ! pole ( ! ecliptic is ! inscription ,! sun1 call$ ,helios1 moves ?r\gh ! entire circle ( ! zodiac 9 #cfe days & ab\t #f h\rs4 ,graf notes ! /rik+ simil>ity ( ?is sph]e to t belong+ to ! ,old ,nordiske ,museum ( ,cop5hag51 & adds to 8 pap] a reproduction ( ! t]re/rial globe map 9 plane projection4#bde ,! feature common to all ( ! ,vopel maps1 viz41 ! connection ( ! ,new & ! ,old ,worlds1 is p>ticul>ly emphasiz$4 ,! "n ,am]ica appe>s only on ,s\? ,am]ica1 & rightly s1 if at all1 9 keep+ ) 8 geographical ideas4 ,gn!r reports t !re may be f\nd 9 ! ,h(- und ,/aatsbiblio!k ( ,muni* 7,sig4 ,ma?4 ,a #da1 fol471 a volume ( draw+s & engrav+s once belong+ to ! ,nrnb]g ma!matician1 ,george ,h>tmann4#bdf ,9 ?is collection !re are two sets ( cele/ial globe gores1 ! "o conta9+ n9e1 orig9ally t5 p>ts1 dat$ ,febru>y1 #aece1 ! o!r conta9+ t5 undat$ p>ts4 ,x is ?\ght by ,gn!r t we h "h1 9 all probability1 ! e>lie/ example ( engrav$ cele/ial globe gores1 a second example 9 date be+ t by ,vopel ( #aecf1 & ref]r$ to above4 ,9 ! ye> #ahei ,mr4 ,buck+ham ,smi? obta9$ 9 ! city ( ,madrid an engrav$ copp] globe ( /rik+ sci5tific value & int]e/4 ,on ! dea? ( ,mr4 ,smi? ?is globe1 n[ kn[n z ! ,ulpius globe 7,fig4 #eg71 0 pur*as$ by ,mr4 ,john ,david ,wolf & lat] 0 pres5t$ to ! ,libr>y ( ! ,new ,york ,hi/orical ,society1 :]e x may n[ be f\nd among t society's ri* collection ( hi/orical treasures4#bdg ,x is ( l>ge size1 hav+ a diamet] ( #ci cm41 re/s ^u an oak base1 & measur+ f ! bottom ( ! base to ! top ( ! iron cross :i* tips ! nor? pol> axis1 its entire height is #aaa cm4 ,! holl[ hemisph]es ( :i* ! ball is compos$ are made to jo9 at ! l9e ( ! equator1 ! p>ts be+ held toge!r by iron p9s4 ,9 addition to its copp] equatorial circle1 :i* is neatly graduat$ & engrav$ ) signs ( ! zodiac1 x has a m]idian & an h\r circle ( brass4 ,on ! surface ( ! globe itself ! pr9cipal p>allels are drawn1 & m]idians at int]vals ( ?irty degrees1 ! l9e ( ! ecliptic be+ v prom95t1 & ! b\nd>y l9e propos$ by ,pope ,alex&] ,,vi1 m>k+ a t]m9us = ! claims ( ,spa9 & ,portugal to newly discov]$ regions1 is /rik+ly conspicu\s1 ) its leg5d rea*+ f pole to pole1 ,t]m9us ,hispanis et ,lusitanis ab ,alex&ro ,,vi ,p4 ,m4 assignatus4#bdh ,limit to ,spa9 & ,portugal set by ,pope ,alex&] ,,vi4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eg4 ,t]re/rial ,globe ( ,euphrosynus ,ulpius1 #aeda4 ,t a globe ( su* l>ge dim5sions1 & ( date s e>ly1 %\ld come d[n to our day sc>cely injur$ 9 ! slighte/ degree1 is a s\rce ( mu* delight to /ud5ts ( e>ly c>tography & ( e>ly discov]y & exploration4 ,9 a neat c>t\* we read ! foll[+ inscription3 ,regiones orbis t]rae quae aut avet]ib traditae aut no/ra patruq memoria comp]tae s9t4 ,euphrosynus ,ulpius describebat anno salutis ,m4,d4,,xlii4 ,regions ( ! t]re/rial globe :i* are h&$ d[n by ! anci5ts or h be5 discov]$ 9 our memory or t ( our fa!rs4 ,del9eat$ by ,euphrosynus ,ulpius 9 ! ye> ( salvation #aedb4 ,! "w is d$icat$ to ,m>cello ,c]v9o ,s4 ,r4 ,e4 ,presbit]o ,c>d9ali ,d4 ,d4 ,rome1 ,m>cellus ,c]v9o1 ,c>d9al ,presbyt] & ,doctor ( ,div9ity ( ! ,holy ,roman ,*ur*1 ,rome1#bdi ! d$ication be+ inscrib$ 9 a c>t\* ornam5t$ ) :eat or b>ley heads1 a device to be f\nd 9 ! coat ( arms ( ! ,c]v9o family1 & ) ! de] :i* may be tak5 z an allusion to ! "n4 ,n ! lea/ int]e/+ feature ( its geographical record 9 ! ,new ,_w is t :]e9 te/imony is giv5 to ! voyage ( ,v]razano 9 ! ye> #aebd4 ,! outl9e ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican cont95t is /rik+ly l t giv5 9 ! ,v]razano map ( #aebi 7,fig4 #eh71 %[+ an i/hmus 9 ! vic9ity ( ,*esapeake ,bay1 beyond :i* /ret*es a great unnam$ sea to ! we/1 call$ 9 "s ( ! e>ly maps ! ,sea ( ,v]razano4 ,ulpius atte/s ! discov]y 9 ! foll[+ leg5d1 ,v]razana sive ,nova ,gallia a ,v]razano ,flor5t9o comp]ta anno ,sal4 ,m4,d4 ,v]razana or ,new ,france discov]$ by ,v]razano a ,flor5t9e 9 ! ye> ( salvation #aejj4 ,! date 9 ?is leg5d is tak5 to be an incomplete r ?an an errone\s record1 ! correct date be+ obta9able f ! foll[+ leg5d appe>+ on ! map ( ,hi]onimus ,v]razano1 bro!r ( ! explor]1 ,v]razana sive nova gallia quale discopri #e anni fa giovanni di v]razano fior5t9o p] ord9e et comm&am5to del ,*ri/ianissimo re di francia4 ,v]razana or ,new ,france discov]$ five ye>s s9ce by ,giovanni ,v]razano a ,flor5t9e by ord] & comm& ( ! ,mo/ ,*ri/ian ,k+ ( ,france4#bej ,ulpius mu/ h made use ( ?is ,v]razano map 9 draw+ ! outl9e ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 ?\gh he did n copy slavi%ly1 z we f9d t he greatly improv$ on t map 9 ! tr5d he has giv5 ! ,atlantic coa/ l9e ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 & 9 ! num]\s details he has inscrib$4 ,9 v _m ( ! ,atlantic coa/ names1 h[ev]1 !re is a practical agreem5t betwe5 ^? on ! globe & ^? on ! map4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eh4 ,we/]n ,hemisph]e ( ,ulpius ,globe1 #aeda4 ,to ! cont95t ( ,s\? ,am]ica is giv5 bo? ! "n ,am]ica & ,mundus ,novus1 :ile num]\s prov9cial names appe>1 z ,p]u1 ,bresilia1 ,t]ra de giganti4 ,! l& areas ( bo? ! ,new & ! ,old ,_w are lib]ally ornam5t$ ) repres5tations ( ! local animal life1 ! traditional belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( cannibals 9 ,mundus ,novus be+ especially prom95t4 ,! oceans are made to ab\nd 9 sea mon/]s1 & vessels sail hi!r & ?i!r ov] ! c\rses !n foll[$ by navigators4 ,?\gh ,s\? ,am]ica has ! entire coa/ l9e repres5t$1 t section /ret*+ s\?w>d f ,p]u is m>k$ z t]ra incognita4 ,sep>at$ f ! ma9l& by ! ,/rait ( ,magellan1 m>k$ by ! leg5d1 initium freti magellanici1 is an ext5sive l& area1 t "p ly+ to ! s\?we/ ( ! /rait be+ call$ ,regio ,patalis1 t to ! s\!a/ z ,t]ra ,au/ralis adhuc incomp]ta1 :ile f ?is p>ticul> region !re /ret*es away to ! ea/1 z f> z ! m]idian pass+ ?r\gh ! s\!rn po9t ( ,africa1 a p59sula across :i* is ! leg5d ,lusitani ultra promotorium bone spei i ,calicutium t5d5tes hanc t]ra vid]ut1 v]u non access]unt1 quamobrem neq nos c]ti quidqz aff]re potuimus4 ,! ,portuguese sail+ beyond ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope to ,calicut1 saw ?is l& b did n rea* x1 :]e=e nei!r h we be5 able to ass]t any?+ ) c]ta9ty conc]n+ x4 ,9 ! ma9 ,ptolemy s]v$ z a s\rce ( in=mation = ! regions ( ! ,ea/1 al?\gh mu* ( ! in=mation :i* ! e>li] ye>s ( ! c5tury _h contribut$ to a k ( t f>-away c\ntry is record$4 ,! l>ge size ( ! globe gave opportunity = ! inscription ( num]\s geographical details1 & ( ?is opportunity ! engrav] fully avail$ himself4 ,x may well be ref]r$ to z "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ ( ! e>ly globes1 & its map records z possess+ great sci5tific value4 ,tirabos*i alludes to a globe possess$ by ,c>d9al ,pietro ,bembo 7#adgj-aedg71 cit+ a lett] writt5 by ,giacomo ,faletti at ,v5ice1 ,june #c1 #aefa1 to ,alfonso ,,ii ,d',e/e ( ,f]r>a1 9 :i* m5tion is made ( ! same4 ,i h b\ght1 says ,faletti1 ! globe ( ,c>d9al ,bembo = fifte5 scudi :i* is ! price ( ! metal compos+ x1 & ,i h giv5 x out to be decorat$ hop+ to make ( x ! mo/ beautiful globe :i* is possess$ by any ,pr9ce 9 ! _w4 ,x w co/ altoge!r #be scudi4#bea ,?is globe mu/ h be5 made be=e ! ye> #aedg1 9 :i* ye> occurr$ ! dea? ( ! c>d9al4 ,fior9i expresses ! op9ion t x probably 0 own$ by him :ile mak+ 8 resid5ce at ,padua1 :51 free f c>e1 he 0 giv+ himself to /udy & to ! collection ( sci5tific & arti/ic objects4#beb ,"o ( ,spa9's di/+ui%$ *>t mak]s ( ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury 0 ,alonso de ,santa ,cruz 7#aejj-aegb74bec ,al?\gh b few ( 8 c>tographical productions are kn[n1 !re is to be f\nd 9 ! survivals abundant evid5ce ( 8 m>k$ ability4 ,we le>n conc]n+ him t by royal ord] ( ,july #g1 #aecf1 he 0 creat$ cosmograph] ( ! ,casa de ,contratacion at a sal>y ( #cj1jjj m>av$is1 t 9 ?is capacity x 0 8 duty to exam9e & pass ^u sail+ *>ts1 t %ortly aft] ! above-nam$ date he became ,cosmografo ,major1 & t "s "t be=e 8 dea?1 :i* occurr$ 9 ! ye> #aegb1 ,philip ,,ii appo9t$ him to ! (fice ( ,royal ,hi/orian4#bed ,8 be/-kn[n "w is 8 ',ysl>io g5]al del mondo1' ( :i* ?ree sign$ manuscript copies are kn[n1 no "o ( :i*1 h[ev]1 appe>s to be complete4 ,two ( ^! copies are to be f\nd 9 ! ,royal ,libr>y ( ,vi5na2#bee ! ?ird1 n[ belong+ to ! ,city ,libr>y ( ,besanon1 0 at "o "t 9 ! possession ( ,c>d9al ,granvella4#bef ,! ,national ,libr>y ( ,madrid possesses a f9e manuscript atlas1 :i* has be5 g5]ally attribut$ to ,g>cia ,cesp$es1 s9ce 8 "n appe>s on ! frontispiece1 b :i* n[ is ?\ght by ^? :o h mo/ c>efully exam9$ x to be ! "w ( ,santa ,cruz4 ,!re are evid5ces t x has be5 some:at alt]$ 9 p>ts1 :i* alt]ations may h be5 ! "w ( ,cesp$es4#beg ,9 addition to 8 ',ysl>io' we /ill h 8 rem>kable map ( ! city ( ,mexico1 belong+ to ! ,univ]sity ,libr>y ( ,upsala1#beh & "o copy ( 8 _w map 9 gores 7,fig4 #ei71 pres]v$ 9 ! ,royal ,libr>y ( ,/ockholm4 ,x is ?is la/-nam$ map :i* especially int]e/s u "h4#bei ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ei4 ,gore ,map ( ,alonso de ,santa ,cruz1 #aedb4 ,?\gh ! =m ( ! map sugge/s t x _h be5 ! au?or's int5tion to pa/e x on ! surface ( a prep>$ sph]e1 !re appe>s to be good reason = ?9k+ t ?is p>ticul> copy 0 n int5d$ to s]ve him 9 a t]re/rial globe con/ruction4 ,x is surr\nd$ ) an ornam5tal bord] f9ely execut$ 9 gold & :ite1 & /ret*+ across ! top is a wav+ scroll 9 :i* has be5 writt5 ! inscription ,nova v]ior et integra totius orbis descriptio nunc primum 9 lucem edita p] ,alfonsum de ,sancta ,cruz ,caes>is ,*>oli ,v4 ar*icosmographum4 ,a4,d4 ,m4,d4,,xlii4 ,a v new & complete description ( ! :ole _w n[ fir/ prep>$ by ,alfonso de ,santa ,cruz ,cosmograph] ,major ( ! ,emp]or ,*>les ,v4 #aedb4 ,! orig9al map is drawn on ?ree connect$ %eets ( p>*m5t1 z ,dahlgr5 /ates 9 8 excell5t monograph1 ! total dim5sions ( :i* are #gi by #add cm4 ,9 ! l[] corn] on ! left is ! d$ication3 ,pot5tiss4 ,caes4 ,c>lo ,v4 ,usi sumus et hic ad t]rae1 m>isque simul1 demon/ractionem1 sectione alia1 ,augu/iss4 ,caes>1 p] equ9otialem l9eam ,polum quemque1 dividui ipsius globi1 s+ula m$ietas obt95s1 depressoque utroque 9 planum ,polo1 equ9otialem ipsam secantes1 rationem prospectivam s]vavimus1 quemadmodum et 9 alia1 veluti solutis ,polis1 itidem 9 planum discisis m]idianis propalavimus1 neque pret]missis hic longitud9um latitud9umque graduum p>allelorum climatumque dim5sionibus4 ,vale4 ,o p[]ful ,caes>6 we h1 "h also 9 ?is map ( l& & sea1 made use ( a new division ( ! globe2 namely1 at ! equator1 s t ea* half ( ! globe ?us divid$ has "o ( ! poles z its c5t]4 ,by depress+ ! pole to ! plane ( ! equator & by mak+ incisions f ! equator to ! pole1 we h made a projection simil> to t pres5t$ to ! public on ! o!r map ) deta*$ poles & ) ! m]idians sep>at$ on ! same plane1 )\t disreg>d+ ! correct dim5sions ( ! longitude1 latitudes1 degrees1 p>allels1 & climates4 ,f>ewell4 ,! map repres5ts ! _w 9 two hemisph]es1 a nor!rn & a s\!rn1 ea* drawn on ?irty-six half gores or sectors4 ,! foll[+ appe>s to h be5 ! me?od ( con/ruction4 ,) ! poles z c5t]s1 & ) a radius equal to "o f\r? ( ! l5g? ( a m]idian circle ( ! globe he drew 8 l>ge circle or circles repres5t+ ! equator & =m+ ! bases ( ea* ( ! half gores4 ,ea* ( ! l>ge or equatorial circles he divid$ into ?irty-six equal arcs1 & f ! po9ts e/abli%+ su* divisions he drew a m]idian l9e ext5d+ 9 ea* hemisph]e to ! pole or c5t] ( 8 circle4 ,^! m]idian l9es 7 graduat$ & l9es or arcs repres5t+ p>allels ( latitude 7 drawn int]sect+ !m at int]vals ( t5 degrees1 hav+ ! pole z ! common c5t] 9 ea* hemisph]e4 ,m>k+ (f on ea* ( ^! p>allels or arcs bo? to "r & left a di/ance repres5t+ five degrees ( ! e>?'s longitude1 he ?us e/abli%$ ! po9ts ?r\gh :i* to draw 8 m]idians :i* m>k$ ! b\nd>ies ( ea* sector1 leav+ betwe5 ! sectors equal spaces to be cut away %\ld ! sectors be us$ = pa/+ on ! surface ( a sph]e4 ,e fif? m]idian & e t5? p>allel is drawn 9 black2 ! equator1 ! tropics1 ! pol> circles1 & ! prime m]idian are gild$4 ,! prime m]idian runs some:at to ! we/ ( ! ,isl& ( ,fayal4 ,at longitude #bj degrees we/ is ! papal l9e ( dem>cation :i* is call$ ,m]idianus p>ticionis1 cross+ ,s\? ,am]ica s\? ( ! m\? ( ! ,amazon4 ,on ! "o side ( ?is l9e 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e appe>s ! flag ( ,spa91 on ! o!r t ( ,portugal1 ?us designat+ specifically ! ,hemisp]ium ,regis ,ca/elle1 & ! ,hemisp]ium ,regis ,portugalie4 ,cali=nia is ref]r$ to z ya q descubrio el m>q's del valle1 isl& discov]$ by ! ,m>quis del ,valle1 & ! coa/ nor? ( ?is po9t is call$ tera q cnbio787 a descubrio de anto d' medoca1 l& to discov] :i* ,don ,antonio de ,m5doza s5t out an exp$ition4 ,9 draw+ ! outl9es ( 8 cont95ts he seems to h made use ( ! be/ available s\rces4 ,! ,new ,_w foll[s ! ,sevillan type1 z repres5t$ 9 ! ,ribeiro maps1 p>ticul>ly ! ea/]n or ,atlantic coa/ regions1 includ+1 ?\gh 9 some:at abbreviat$ =m1 ! ref]5ces to ,gomez1 ,ayllon1 & ,n>vaez4 ,!re is no di/9ct coa/ l9e nor? ( ,cali=nia1 :i* l9e foll[s ! m]idian ( #aje degrees z f> nor? z ! ,arctic circle1 h5ce !re is no positive repres5tation ( an ,asiatic connection1 b r ! indication ( a d\bt1 z 0 indicat$ on maps ( ! type4 ,if ,santa ,cruz int5d$ 8 peculi> gores to s]ve 9 ! con/ruction ( a t]re/rial globe1 we _c f9d t he impress$ 8 me?od on ! globe mak]s ( ! p]iod4 ,we seem to h b "o /rik+ imitation ( 8 "w1 viz41 9 ! gore map ( ,florianas1 to :i* ref]5ce is made bel[4#bfj ,to t /rik+ feature ( _m ( ! globe maps ( ! second qu>t] ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 9 :i* an ,asiatic connection ( ! ,new ,_w is repres5t$1 att5tion has be5 call$ 9 ! prec$+ pages2 !re likewise has be5 not$ ! fact t n a few ( ! map mak]s ( ! p]iod express$ a c]ta9 degree ( d\bt z to :e!r ! prevail+ idea ( ! fir/ qu>t] ( ! c5tury 7t ! l&s discov]$ 9 ! we/ con/itut$ a v]itable ,new ,_w7 %\ld be giv5 ov]1 pref]r+ to omit altoge!r ! we/ & nor?we/ coa/ l9e ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 or to make v indef9ite allusion to ! geography ( ! region4 ,we n[ come to ! consid]ation ( a map & globe mak] :o c>ries u back to ! geographical notion ( ! e>li] ye>s ( ! c5tury1 namely1 to ! idea t ! ,new ,_w 0 no?+ less ?an an indep5d5t cont95t4 ,! activities ( ,g]h>d ,m]cator 7#aeab-aeid7 7,fig4 #fj7 7 epo* mak+1 & a ref]5ce to him m detail$ ?an has be5 accord$ 8 pr$ecessors is fitt+4#bfa ,he 0 a native ( ,rupelmunde1 a small t[n situat$ 9 ! ,pays de ,waes 9 ,ea/ ,fl&]s1 n f> f ! city ( ,antw]p4 ,8 p>5ts di$ :ile he 0 /ill a m]e lad1 b 9 a great-uncle he f\nd a fai?ful gu>dian & a g5]\s b5efactor1 :o took c>e t 8 education %\ld be ! be/ t 0 af=d$ by ! s*ools ( ! ,ne!rl&s4 ,9 #aebg1 at ! age ( fifte51 he ent]$ ! ,college ( ,bois-le-,duc 9 ,brabant1 :]e he /udi$ = ?ree & "o half ye>s1 & 9 #aecj he 0 matriculat$ z a /ud5t 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,l\va91 fam\s ?r\gh\t ,europe at t e>ly date z a c5t] ( le>n+4#bfb ,dur+ 8 univ]sity c>e] he appe>s to h giv5 mu* ?\ght to ! problems ( sci5ce1 includ+ ! orig91 nature1 & de/9y ( ! physical univ]se4 ,:ile ^! /udies did n be> directly ^u t bran* ( sci5ce 9 :i* he 0 to w9 = himself su* m>k$ di/9ction 9 lat] ye>s1 !y indicate ! e>ly exi/5ce ( a desire = k sci5tific r ?an = k !ological1 not)/&+ ! fact t 8 gu>dian & patron 0 an ecclesia/ic4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fj4 ,portraits ( ,g]h>d ,m]cator & ,jodocus ,hondius4 ,9 ,gemma ,frisius1 an em95t pr(essor ( ma!matics 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,l\va91 & at "o "t a pupil ( ,apianus1 he appe>s1 z be=e not$1 to h f\nd a sympa!tic fri5d & c\nselor4#bfc ,x probably 0 ,frisius :o sugge/$ a c>e] = ! "y sci5ti/1 s9ce we f9d him1 %ortly aft] graduation1 turn+ 8 att5tion to ! manufacture ( ma!matical in/rum5ts1 to ! draw+1 engrav+1 & color+ ( maps & *>ts1 :]e9 he f\nd a vocation = ! rema9d] ( 8 life4 ,9 #aecg 8 fir/ publication1 a map ( ,pale/9e1 appe>$1 to :i* he gave ! title ,amplissima ,t]rae ,sanctae descriptio4#bfd ,imm$iately !reaft]1 at ! in/ance ( a c]ta9 ,flemi% m]*ant1 he und]took ! prep>ation ( a map ( ,fl&]s1 mak+ = ! same ext5sive orig9al surveys4 ,?is map 0 issu$ 9 ! ye> #aedj4bfe ,m]cator's fir/ publi%$ map ( ! _w be>s ! date #aech4 ,?is map 0 drawn 9 ! d\ble cordi=m projection :i* seems fir/ to h be5 employ$ by ,orontius ,f9aeus 9 8 _w map ( #aeca4bff ,9 ?is map ,m]cator dep>t$ f ! geographical notions g5]ally ent]ta9$ at ?is p>ticul> p]iod :i* made ,am]ica an ext5sion ( ,asia4 ,he repres5t$ ! cont95t ( ,asia sep>at$ f ! cont95t ( ,am]ica by a n>r[ sea1 an idea :i* increas$ 9 favor ) geograph]s & c>tograph]s long be=e actual discov]y prov$ ?is to be a fact4 ,?is map is "o to :i* great importance atta*es1 b x is n ! fir/ _w map on :i* !re 0 an attempt to fa/5 ! "n ,am]ica ^u bo? ! nor!rn & ! s\!rn cont95ts ( ! ,new ,_w1 al?\gh x frequ5tly has be5 ref]r$ to z su*2 ?is honor1 s f> z we at pres5t "k1 belongs to a globe map ref]r$ to & briefly describ$ above4#bfg ,8 l>ge map ( ,europe1 ! draught+ ( :i* appe>s to h claim$ mu* ( 8 "t = a numb] ( ye>s1 0 publi%$ 9 ! ye> #aeed1 & contribut$ greatly to 8 fame z a c>tograph]4#bfh ,9 #aefd appe>$ 8 l>ge map ( ,engl&1#bfi & 9 ! same ye> 8 map ( ,lorra9e bas$ ^u 8 own orig9al surveys4#bgj ,9 ! ye> #aefi a ma/] "w 0 issu$1 ?is be+ 8 nautical *>t1 ad usum navigantium1 z he said ( x1 bas$ ^u a new projection :i* he _h inv5t$4#bga ,x is ! orig9al *>t sett+ =? ! ,m]cator projection :i* is n[ s ext5sively employ$ 9 map mak+4 ,9 ! ye> #aegh he issu$ 8 revis$ edition ( ! s-call$ ,ptolemy maps1 & eight ye>s lat] ^! same maps aga91 revis$ ) ! complete text ( ,ptolemy's "w on geography4 ,m]cator expressly /at$ x to be 8 purpose1 9 ?is la/ "w1 n to revise ! text 9 ord] to make x con=m to ! mo/ rec5t discov]ies & geographical ideas1 b ! r to h a text con=m+1 z ne>ly z possible1 to ,ptolemy's orig9al "w4 ,?is edition /ill ranks z "o ( ! be/ :i* has ev] be5 issu$4 ,8 great "w1 usually ref]r$ to z 8 ',atlas ( ,mod]n ,geography1' ! fir/ "p ( :i* appe>$ 9 #aehe1 & a second "p 9 #aeij1 0 n complet$ dur+ 8 lifetime1 ?\gh b f\r mon?s aft] 8 dea?1 9 ! ye> #aeid1 ,rumold ,m]cator publi%$ 8 fa!r's collection ( maps1 add+ a ?ird "p to ^? :i* previ\sly _h be5 issu$4 ,x 0 ?is publication :i* bore ! title ',atlas sive cosmographicae m$itationes de fabrica mundi et fabricati figura4' ,app>5tly = ! fir/ "t ! t]m atlas _h "h be5 employ$ = a collection ( maps1 a t]m :i* we "k _h its orig9 ) ,g]h>d ,m]cator himself4 ,a ref]5ce to 8 g5]al c>tographical "w m detail$ ?an ! above _c "h f9d place4 ,x is 8 globes :i* call = special consid]ation4 ,!re is reason = ?9k+ x 0 ,nicols ,p]r5ot1 fa!r ( ,c>d9al ,granvella1 :o sugge/$ to ,m]cator ! con/ruction ( a globe2 x at lea/ 0 to ?is great ,prime ,m9i/] ( ! ,emp]or ,*>les ,v t he d$icat$ 8 fir/ "w ( ?is "*1 a t]re/rial globe dat$ #aeda4bgb ,t ,m]cator _h con/ruct$ su* a globe _h long be5 kn[n ?r\gh a ref]5ce 9 ,ghymmius' biography1 yet x _h be5 ?\ght1 until #ahfh1 t none ( ! copies ( ?is "w _h come d[n to u4 ,9 t ye> !re 0 (f]$ = sale1 9 ! city ( ,gh5t1 ! libr>y ( ,m4 ,b5oni-,v]el/ & among its treasures 0 a copy ( ,m]cator's engrav$ globe gores ( ! ye> #aeda1 :i* 7 acquir$ by ! ,royal ,libr>y ( ,brussels1 :]e !y may /ill be f\nd4 ,soon !reaft] o!r copies ( ^! gores1 m\nt$ & unm\nt$1 came to light 9 ,p>is1 9 ,vi5na1 9 ,weim>1 9 ,nrnb]g1 & lat] yet o!r copies 9 ,italy1 until at pres5t no less ?an twelve copies are kn[n4 ,^! gores 7 con/ruct$ to cov] a sph]e #da cm4 9 diamet]1 & ! map repres5ts ! entire _w1 ) its seas1 its cont95ts1 & its isl&s4 ,! names ( ! v>i\s regions ( ! e>?1 ( ! sev]al empires1 & ( ! oceans are inscrib$ 9 ,roman capital lett]s2 ! names ( ! k+doms1 ( ! prov9ces1 ( ! riv]s1 are inscrib$ 9 cursive ,italic lett]s1 :ile = ! names ( ! sev]al peoples he employ$ a diff]5t =m ( lett]4 ,! gores1 twelve 9 numb]1 7 engrav$ & pr9t$ 9 gr\ps ( ?rees 7,fig4 #fa71 ea* gore hav+ an equatorial diamet] ( ?irty degrees4 ,m]cator work$ out ma!matically ! problem deal+ ) ! prop] relation ( ! l5g? ( ea* ( ! gores to its wid?1 or ( its long] diamet] to its %ort]1 9 8 endeavor to devise a map z ne>ly p]fect z possible 9 %ape = cov]+ a ball1 kn[+ full well ! difficulty ( fitt+ a flat surface to "o t is curv$4 ,ea* ( ! gores he truncat$ tw5ty degrees f ! poles1 & = ! pol> areas he prep>$ a circul> section drawn accord+ to ! rule applicable to an equidi/ant pol> projection4 ,x appe>s1 z be=e not$1 t he 0 ! fir/ to apply ?is me?od 9 globe con/ruction4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fa4 ,six ( ,twelve ,t]re/rial ,globe ,gores by ,g]h>d ,m]cator1 #aeda4 ,! ecliptic1 ! tropics1 & ! pol> circles are repres5t$ at _! prop] int]vals1 ) o!r p>allels at int]vals ( t5 degrees1 & m]idians at int]vals ( fifte5 degrees4 ,z 9 8 d\ble cordi=m map ( #aech1 8 prime m]idian passes ?r\gh ! isl& ( ,=te ,v5tura1 "o ( ! ,=tunate ,isl&s ( ! anci5ts1 b :i* _h long be5 kn[n z ! ,can>y ,isl&s4 ,to 8 globe map he add$ a feature ( special value to seam54 ,f ! num]\s compass or w9d roses1 di/ribut$ ) "s regul>ity ov] its surface1 he drew loxodromic l9es1 or curv$ l9es cutt+ ! m]idians at equal angles4#bgc ,?is feature c\ld n h fail$ to w9 ! approval ( navigators1 s9ce !y well knew t ! previ\s attempts to repres5t ^! rhumbs z /raight l9es on maps drawn on a cyl9drical projection1 l$ to num]\s errors 9 navigation4 ,a second some:at curi\s & int]e/+ feature ( 8 globe1 a feature :i* ,i d n recall to h notic$ 9 any o!r1 is ! repres5tation 9 v>i\s localities on l& & on sea ( c]ta9 />s1 8 idea be+ t he c\ld ?us assi/ ! travel] to ori5t himself at night4 ,9 8 li/ ( />s on 8 globe map1 we f9d1 = example1 ,s9i/] hum]us ,botes ne> latitude #dj degrees nor?1 longitude #baj degrees2 ,corona sept5trionalis ne> latitude #bi degrees nor?1 longitude #bbg degrees2 ,cauda ,cygni ne> latitude #dd degrees nor?1 longitude #cje degrees2 ,hum]us ,pegasus ne> latitude #ab degrees nor?1 longitude #cdj degrees2 ,crus ,pegasi ne> latitude #bf degrees nor?1 longitude #cci degrees2 six ( ! important />s 9 ,ursa ,major1 includ+ ,/ella ,pol>is1 & 9 ! pres5t ,cali=nia1 some:at /rangely prophetic1 ,caput ,draconis4 ,on ! n9? gore1 c\nt+ f ! prime m]idian ea/w>d1 is a leg5d giv+ ! au?or's "n1 ! date ( issue1 & a ref]5ce to ! publication privilege1 read+ ,edebat ,g]>dus ,m]cator ,rupelmundanus cum privilegio ,ces ,maie/atis ad an sex ,lovanii an #aeda4 ,publi%$ by ,g]>d ,m]cator ( ,rupelmunde "u ! pat5t ( ,8 ,imp]ial ,maje/y = six ye>s at ,l\va9 9 ! ye> #aeda4 ,9 a correspond+ position on ! sev5? gore is ! d$ication ,illu/ris3 ,dno ,nicolao ,p]r5oto ,dom9o ,granvella ,sac4 ,caes>ee ,mati consiliis primo d$ecatu4 ,d$icat$ to ! v di/+ui%$ ,seigneur ,ni*ols ,p]r5ot1 ,seigneur de ,granvella2 fir/ c\nselor ( ,8 ,imp]ial ,maje/y1 ov] :i* is ! coat ( arms ( ! ,prime ,m9i/]4 ,on gore six we read ,ubi quibus argum5tis ,lector ab aliorum descriv]imus editione libellus no/] indicabit4 ,read]1 :]e & 9 :at subjects we h copi$ f ! publications ( o!r m5 w be po9t$ out 9 our booklet1 9 :i* !re appe>s to be a ref]5ce to an int5d$ publication :]e9 8 globe 0 to be describ$ & its uses indicat$4 ,no su* "w by ,m]cator is kn[n to exi/1 al?\gh we f9d t 9 ! ye> #aeeb he issu$ a small pamphlet be>+ ! title ',decl>atio insigniorum utilitatum quae sunt 9 globo t]re/ri1 caele/i et anulo a/ronomico4 ,ad invictissimum ,romanum ,imp]atorus ,c>olum ,qu9tum4' ',a pres5tation ( ! p>ticul> advantages ( ! t]re/rial1 cele/ial1 & armill>y sph]es4 ,d$icat$ to ! inv9cible ,roman ,emp]or ,*>les ,fif?4'#bgd ,he tells u 9 "o ( 8 leg5ds h[ to f9d ! di/ance betwe5 two places repres5t$ on ! globe1 obs]v+1 ,si quorum voles locoru di/antia cognosc]e 444 trasf]to1 hic tibi1 q libet p>ticula it]cepta mill>ia ref]et1 ,hisp3 #ah1 ,gal3 #bj1 ,g]m3 #ae1 ,milia pass2 #fj1 ,/adia #ejj1 f :i* x appe>s t he gives z ! value ( an equatorial degree #fj ,italian miles or #ejj /adia1 equival5t to #ah ,spani% miles1 to #bj ,fr5* miles1 & to #ae ,g]man miles4 ,f9d+ num]\s errors 9 ,ptolemy's geography ( ! ,old ,_w1 he tells u t he und]took to correct ^! errors f ! acc\nts ( ,m>co ,polo1 :om he calls ,m4 ,paulo ,v5eto1 & f ! acc\nts ( ,v>tema1 :om he calls ,ludovico1 ,rom ,patricii4 ,betwe5 p>allels #ej degrees & #fj degrees s\? latitude & m]idians #fj degrees & #gj degrees ea/ longitude is ! inscription ,psitacorum regio a ,lusitanis anno #aejj ad millia passum bis mille praet]vectis1 sic appellata quod psitacos elat inaudite magnitud9is1 ut qui t]nos cubitos aequ5t longitud9e4 ,region ( p>rots discov]$ by ! ,portuguese 9 #aejj :o sail$ along #bjjj miles2 s call$ because x has p>rots ( unhe>d-( size1 measur+ ?ree cubits 9 l5g?4 ,am]ica1 he notes1 is call$ ,new ,india1 ,am]ica a multis hodie ,n\a ,india dicta4 ,9 ! ,ant>ctic region an inscription tells ( ! notion ent]ta9$ by _m geograph]s ( 8 day & by "s 9 an e>li] day1 t 9 addition to ! f\r kn[n p>ts ( ! _w1 ,europe1 ,asia1 ,africa1 & ,am]ica1 !re is "h a fif? "p ( l>ge size /ret*+ = a numb] ( degrees f ! pole1 :i* region is call$ t]ra ,au/rale4 ,m]cator und]took1 9 ,*apt] ,x ( 8 ',atlas1' to demon/rate t a l>ge ,ant>ctic cont95t mu/ ( necessity exi/ z a balance to ! weight ( ! o!r f\r cont95ts or p>ts ( ! _w ly+ 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e4#bge ,9 #aeea he issu$ 8 copp] engrav$ gores = a cele/ial globe1 d$icat+ ! same to ,pr9ce ,george ( ,au/ria1 natural son ( ! ,emp]or ,maximilian1 :o 0 ,bi%op ( ,brix51 ,ar*bi%op ( ,val5cia1 & ,bi%op ( ,lige 9 ! ye> #aedd4 ,a set ( ^! gores 0 likewise acquir$ by ! ,royal ,libr>y ( ,brussels at ! same "t x acquir$ ! t]re/rial globe gores ref]r$ to above4#bgf ,! d$ication reads ,ampliss3 ,preculi ,pr9cipiqz ,illmo ,georgio ab ,au/ria ,dei dispositione ,episcopo ,leodi5si1 ,duci ,bullon5si1 ,m>*ioni ,francimot5si1 ,comiti ,loss5si c meca5ati optime m]ito dd4 ,g]>dus ,m]cator ,rupelmundanus4 ,to ! ,magnific5t ,protector & ,pr9ce1 ! v di/+ui%$ ,george ( ,au/ria1 by ! ,grace ( ,god1 ,bi%op ( ,lige1 ,duke ( ,b\illon1 ,m>quis ( ,francimont5si1 ,c\nt ( ,loss5si1 ! v spl5did patron ( arts & sci5ce1 d$icat$ by ,g]>d ,m]cator ( ,rupelmunde4 ,ne> ! above inscription we f9d ! date & place ( issue giv5 z foll[s1 ,lovanii anno ,dom9i #aeea m5se ,aprili1 & a ref]5ce to 8 privilege ,inhibitum e/ ne quis hoc opus imitetur1 aut alibi factum v5dat1 intra f9es ,imp]ii1 vel prov9ci>um inf]iorum ,caes3 ,mtis an3 te dec5nium1 sub po5is mulctis 9 diplomatibus cot5tis4 ,ob]burg] ,soete subscrib4 ,all p]sons are =bidd5 to reproduce ?is "w or to sell x :5 made else:]e )9 ! ,empire or ! ,l[ ,c\ntries ( ,8 ,imp]ial ,maje/y until aft] t5 ye>s1 "u ! p5alties & f9es prescrib$ 9 ! pat5t4 ,sign$ by ,ob]burg] & ,soete4 ,x cle>ly 0 ! int5tion t ?is %\ld s]ve z ! companion ( 8 t]re/rial globe ( #aeda1 describ$ above1 s9ce ! gores are ( ! same size1 ea* ( ! twelve be+ truncat$ 9 ! same mann]1 & ! circul> section be+ prep>$ = ! pol> areas4 ,m]cator's m]its z an a/ronom] by no means equal$ 8 m]its z a geograph]4 ,h[ev]1 8 cele/ial globe1 by reason ( ! exactness ( ! composition1 by reason ( its simplicity1 & by reason ( ! arti/ic skill exhibit$ 9 ! workman%ip1 is a mo/ wor?y "w ( t great sci5ti/4 ,on ?is globe are repres5t$ ! =ty-eight con/ellations ( ,ptolemy1 to :i* h be5 add$ ?ree :i* he calls ,ant9\s1 ,lepus & ,c9c9nus1 ! fir/ =m$ ( six />s & locat$ on ! equator bel[ ! con/ellation ,aquila1 ! second 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e "u ! feet ( ,orion1 & ! ?ird 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e ne> ! tail ( ,ursa ,major4#bgg ,8 con/ellations1 z well z ! pr9cipal />s 9 ! same1 h1 9 ! majority ( in/ances1 ,greek1 ,lat91 & ,arabic names4 ,x does n appe> t ,m]cator felt himself b\nd to a /rictly sci5tific repres5tation & int]pretation ( ! cele/ial bodies1 = he pays m or less homage to a/rology1 inscrib+ on ! horizon circle ( 8 globe ! horoscope z us$ by a/rologi/s 9 calculat+ nativities1 p]haps recogniz+1 f a bus9ess /&po9t1 ! advantage ( an appeal to c]ta9 sup]/itions :i* he f\nd /ill l+]+ among bo? ! le>n$ & ! unle>n$4 ,by reason ( _! size & ! great c>e ) :i* !y _h be5 prep>$1 8 globes mu/ h f\nd g5]al favor1 n only ) ^? ( rank & di/9ction1 = :om copies de luxe 7 issu$1 b ) geograph]s & s*ol>s 9 g5]al1 :o f\nd x possible to obta9 at a comp>atively small price ! m mode/ copies4 ,t !y f\nd favor 9 ,g]many is assur$ u by ,m]cator's correspond5ce ) ,cam]>ius ( ,nrnb]g1 9 :i* m5tion is made ( ! sale ( six pairs ( 8 globes 9 t city1 & ( o!rs at ! ,frank=t book m>ket4#bgh ,?omas ,blundeville tells u 9 8 ',ex]cises' t ,m]cator's globes 7 9 common use 9 ,engl& until #aeib1bgi & ! numb] ( 8 globes :i* h become kn[n s9ce #ahfh 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,europe assure u t copies ( t ma/]'s "w mu/ h be5 easily obta9able by ^? int]e/$4 ,ruscelli1 9 ref]r+ to pr9t$ sph]es1 notes t !y usually 7 made small1 & t ^? ( l>ge size are n exact1 b he adds t he _h se5 "s t 7 ?ree & "o half palms 9 diamet]1 su* z t :i* ye>s ago ,aurelio ,porcelaga s5t to him to exam9e1 pr9t$ 9 ,g]many1 & giv5 to him by ,monseigneur ,granvella1 to :om or to ^: fa!r1 n recall+ :i*1 x _h be5 d$icat$1 b :i* he rememb]$ 0 v beautiful & v exact1 be+ evid5tly engrav$ by "o v exp]t1 judg$ by ! beauty ( ! design & ! arti/ic quality ( ! lett]s4#bhj ,fior9i is ( ! op9ion t ^! globes 7 ,m]cator's1 & t !y 7 c>ri$ into ,italy 9 ! late ye>s ( ! sixte5? c5tury :5 a fri5dly relation%ip exi/$ betwe5 c]ta9 ,italian pr9ces & ! ,spani% au?orities !n rul+ 9 ,fl&]s4#bha ,att5tion has be5 call$ above to ! acquisition by ! ,royal ,libr>y ( ,brussels ( a copy ea* ( ! t]re/rial & ! cele/ial globe gores1 & t ! discov]y ( ! same hav+ creat$ an especial int]e/ 9 8 "w1 o!r examples 7 soon br\ght to light 9 ,italy1 9 ,spa91 9 ,france1 9 ,g]many1 & 9 ,au/ria4 ,a pair may be f\nd 9 ! ,musum ,a/ronomique ( ,p>is1 a pair 9 ! ,royal ,libr>y ( ,vi5na1 a pair 9 ! ,g]manis*es ,national ,museum 9 ,nrnb]g1 a pair 9 ! ar*ives ( ! t[n ( ,/4 ,ni*olas de ,waes1 a copy ( ! t]re/rial globe 9 ! ,gr& ,ducal ,libr>y ( ,weim>1 a copy ( ! cele/ial 9 ! ,conv5t ( ,adamont1 ,i/ria1 & a copy ( ! t]re/rial 9 ! ,conv5t ( ,/ams1 ,tyrol4 ,dr4 ,buonanno1 director ( ! ,biblioteca ,gov]nativa ( ,cremona1 9 #ahij briefly describ$ a pair ( ,m]cator's globes belong+ to t libr>y1 & :at he 0 able to le>n z a result ( _! damag$ condition ( ,m]cator's me?od ( con/ruction is n )\t int]e/4 ,he f\nd t ov] a framework compos$ ( ?91 n>r[ /rips ( wood _h be5 pa/$ fir/ a clo? cov]+1 ov] ?is a ?9 lay] ( pla/] & t to ?is 0 add$ a cov]+ ( a pa/elike sub/ance ab\t six or sev5 millimet]s 9 ?ickness1 consi/+ ( pla/]1 wood fib]1 or sawdu/1 & glue4 ,on ?is prep>$ surface _h !n be5 pa/$ ! engrav$ gores4 ,! le>n$ libr>ian's conjecture z to ! mann] 9 :i* ^! globes f\nd _! way into ,italy1 if correct1 is ( int]e/1 po9t+ z x does to ! =mation ( a great art collection 9 t p]iod4 ,he recalls t ,caes> ,speciano1 ,bi%op ( ,cremona1 _h be5 s5t 9 #aeib z nuncio to ,g]many1 & t he _h occasion1 dur+ 8 mission1 to att5d to c]ta9 matt]s p]ta9+ to ! inh]itance ( ,william1 ,duke ( ,cleves1 9 ^: c\ntry !re mu/ /ill h exi/$ ! work%op ( ,m]cator4 ,! op9ion is express$ t on ! return ( ! ,bi%op to ,italy he c>ri$ ) him _m books & art objects1 :i* _h come into 8 h&s ei!r ?r\gh pur*ase or ?r\gh gift1 & t ! same pass$ into ! possession ( ! ,cremona ,libr>y1 a libr>y belong+ to ! ,jesuits until ! "t ( ! suppression ( t ord]4#bhb ,! ,biblioteca ,municipale ( ,urbania possesses a pair ( ,m]cator's globes ( #aeda & #aeea1 :i* are report$ to be 9 a fair /ate ( pres]vation4 ,x is ?\ght t !y may h come into ! libr>y's collection ?r\gh ! la/ reign+ memb] ( ! h\se1 ,duke ,francesco ,m>ia4 ,9 ! ,museo ,a/ronomico ( ,rome two copies ( ! t]re/rial globe ( #aeda may be f\nd1 & a copy ( ! cele/ial ( ! ye> #aeea4 ,^!1 x w be se5 f ! reproduction 7,fig4 #fb71 are n 9 a good /ate ( pres]vation1 al?\gh a v consid]able portion ( ! map records c be read4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fb4 ,t]re/rial ,globe ( ,g]h>d ,m]cator1 #aeda4 ,9 addition to ! globes ( ,m]cator ref]r$ to above1 x is kn[n t aft] tak+ up 8 resid5ce 9 ,duisburg he con/ruct$ a small cele/ial globe ( glass1 on ! surface ( :i* he engrav$ ) a diamond ! sev]al con/ellations1 & t he likewise con/ruct$ a v small t]re/rial globe ( wood1 app>5tly su* z 7 lat] call$ pocket globes1 hav+ all geographical records giv5 z accurately pres5t$ z on ! l>g] globes4#bhc ,h[ great 0 ! direct influ5ce ( ,m]cator on globe mak+ activities1 x may n be easy to trace1 b ! evid5ce seems to be conclusive1 z ,breus+ has not$1 t 8 %\ld be c\nt$ ! greate/1 among ^? active )9 ?is field1 = fifty ye>s & m1 foll[+ ! issue ( 8 fir/ "w 9 ! ye> #aeda4 ,x is among ! ,italian globe mak]s1 & ^? 9 ! p59sula int]e/$ 9 su* in/rum5ts1 t we seem to f9d ! fir/ & mo/ /rik+ evid5ce ( 8 influ5ce1 :i* w be not$ 9 ! foll[+ pages4 ,giovanni ,gianelli ( ,cremona is ref]r$ to1 by c]ta9 e>ly ,italian writ]s1 z a clock & globe mak] ( rem>kable ability1#bhd ! ju/ice ( :i* e/imate is abundantly support$ by ! "* ( ! "o example ( 8 h&iwork extant1 belong+ to ! ,biblioteca ,ambrosiana ( ,milan1 to :i* x came f ! collection ( ,canon ,manfr$ ,settla ab\t ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,?is is an armill>y sph]e ( brass1 ! diamet] ( its l>ge/ or zodiacal circle be+ #ad cm4 ,?is circle is graduat$ & has engrav$ on its out] surface ! names ( ! twelve con/ellations4 ,x is likewise provid$ ) a graduat$ equatorial circle1 ) pol> circles & ^? repres5t+ ! tropics4 ,at ! common c5t] ( ! sev]al r+s is a small ball1 #e cm4 9 diamet]1 :i* is made to s]ve z a t]re/rial globe4 ,on "o ( ! circles is ! inscription ,janellus ,,mdxlix ,m$iolani fecit1 & we fur!r f9d inscrib$ ! "n ,h]metis ,delph9i1 :i* p]haps tells u ( a "o-"t possessor4 ,9 a volume describ+ ! museum ( ,canon ,settla1 & issu$ 9 ! ye> #afff1 ,gianelli & 8 "w are ?us ref]r$ to3 ,to t great man ,gianelli ( ,cremona !re is due great honor1 ^: p]sonal qualities made him an especial favorite ( ,8 ,ca?olic ,maje/y ,philip ,,ii4 ,among ! _m globes :i* he con/ruct$ our museum possesses "o ( surpass+ excell5ce1 9 t x exhibits1 9 addition to o!r movem5ts1 t :i* a/rolog]s call ! movem5t ( trepidation1 & :i* movem5t 0 set =? 9 !ory by ,!bit4#bhe ,! ,emp]or ,*>les ,v1 :5 9 ,pavia1 we are told1 _h 8 att5tion direct$ to an armill>y sph]e con/ruct$ by ,dondi 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,on f9d+ ?is sph]e mu* injur$ by ru/ & usage he call$ ^u ,giovanni ,gianelli to re/ore x1 b x 0 report$ to be beyond repair4 ,!reupon ! ,emp]or gave direction to h ! sph]e reproduc$1 :i*1 :5 complet$1 0 c>ri$ by ,8 ,maje/y to ,spa94 ,no trace ( ?is "w by ,gianelli c n[ be f\nd4 ,girolamo ,fraca/oro1 a di/+ui%$ ,italian physician1 a fam\s man ( lett]s1 & a great philosoph] ( ! fir/ half ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 0 also a skilful globe mak]1 z we le>n f ,ramusio1#bhf & f ! sket* ( 8 life :i* usually appe>s z an introduction to 8 collect$ works4#bhg ,vas>i also gives u c]ta9 in=mation conc]n+ him1 not+ t he assi/$ ,francesco dai ,libri 9 ! con/ruction ( 8 l>ge globe1#bhh & we are l$ to believe t he 0 (t5 consult$ z an exp]t by globe mak]s ( 8 day4 ,:ile none ( ^? he may h con/ruct$ are extant1 :at is kn[n ( 8 int]e/ 9 ^! aids to geographical & a/ronomical /udies entitles him "h to a ^w ( ref]5ce4 ,ramusio says#bhi t on ! occasion ( a visit1 ) ! ar*itect ,mi*ele ,s4 ,mi*eli1 to ! home ( _! common fri5d1 ,girolamo ,fraca/oro1 at ,caffi1 !y f\nd him 9 ! company ( a g5tleman1 a v di/+ui%$ philosoph] & ma!matician1 :o 0 %[+ him an in/rum5t bas$ on a newly f\nd movem5t ( ! heav5s2 t aft] !y _h consid]$ = "s "t ?is new movem5t1 !y _h br\ght be=e !m a l>ge & v detail$ globe ( ! entire _w1 & ab\t ?is ! di/+ui%$ g5tleman began to speak4 ,fior9i argues1 some:at +5i\sly1 t ?is globe may h be5 "o con/ruct$ by ,m]cator 9 #aeda1 if n "o by ,libri1 9 ! mak+ ( :i* ,fraca/oro himself _h assi/$4 ,! lett]s ( ,fraca/oro assure u t he made use ( globes 9 8 geographical & a/ronomical /udies1 & t 8 fri5ds did likewise4 ,janu>y #be1 #aecc1 he wrote ,ramusio1 ,if y %\ld *ance to speak to t ma/] :o made y\r metal sph]es1 ,i %\ld l y to asc]ta9 h[ mu* a simple b p]fect "o1 "o foot 9 diamet]1 w\ld co/4 ,writ+ aga9 to ,ramusio ,janu>y #aj1 #aecd1 conc]n+ ! ,s\!rn ,cross1 he adds3 ,j reflect a little1 & if y h n s5t away ! cele/ial globe1 look at t ,c5taurus & y w f9d all t ,i am writ+ to y4 ,y might p]haps write ab\t ^! d\bts to ,mr4 ,ovi$o1 or p]haps ,i might2 x w\ld be a good idea & we might ask him ab\t ! v prom95t /> 9 ! "r foot to asc]ta9 :e!r x is a sep>ate /> or is "o ( ^? 9 ! ',s\!rn ,cross4' ,on ! tw5ty-fif? ( ,janu>y1 #aedh1 he aga9 wrote to ,ramusio3 ,on my globe ,zeilan is j bel[ ! ,cape ( ,calicut1 on ! equ9octial l9e1 & x may be t :i* ,jambolo discov]$ 0 ,zeilan or ,taprobana2 ,i am incl9$ to believe x 0 ,taprobana4 ,8 lett] ( ,may #aj1 #aedi1 also to ,ramusio1 is ( special int]e/1 indicat+1 z x does1 8 e/imate ( ! value ( t]re/rial & cele/ial globes 9 ! /udy ( a/rology 7a/ronomy7 & geography4 ,9 reg>d to :at y write me ab\t ,m4 ,paolo1 ,i ?or\ghly approve ( 8 tak+ up ! sacr$ /udy ( a/rology & geography1 subjects ( /udy = e le>n$ g5tleman & nobleman1 z he w\ld h z 8 guide & tea*] ! v well-kn[n ,pi$montese to :om we owe s _m excell5t ?+s1 b fir/ ,i %\ld advise y to h ,m4 ,paolo con/ruct two solid sph]es4 ,on "o ( ^! %\ld be repres5t$ all ! cele/ial con/ellations1 & ! circles %\ld all h _! place1 t is to say1 n z ,ptolemy repres5ts ! />s z !y 7 locat$ 9 8 "t1 b accord+ to ! inve/igations ( our own times1 t is1 ab\t tw5ty degrees fur!r ea/4 ,! o!r %\ld be a t]re/rial globe con/ruct$ accord+ to mod]n ideas1 :i* he %\ld always foll[ 9 8 /udies4 ,he w use ! fir/ globe = a ?\s& & "o ?+s2 x w be 8 guide by day & by night1 & by mak+ use ( ! quadrant he w be able easily to locate ! ?+s to be se5 9 ! heav5s4 ,!n :5 he %all h be5 well />t$ ,i want t y %\ld h him read t little book ( m9e on homoc5tricity1 :]e9 he w be able to le>n :at a/rology is1 b = ! pres5t let him le>n ord9>y a/rology :i* has be5 treat$ 9 s b>b>\s a mann] z to lose mu* ( its dignity4 ,writ+ aga9 f ,v]ona ,janu>y #ba1 #aeej1 to ,paolo1 aft] tell+ him :at he %\ld po9t out to 8 fa!r1 he says3 ,y w tell him also t ,m4 ,mi*ele di ,san ,mi*ele has se5 my globe & t he likes x4444 ,:5 ,i come ,i w make note ( ! pr9cipal places1 = ,i desire v mu* to v]ify !m ) ! report ( navigators tell+ :at !y h f\nd1 conc]n+ :i* matt]1 ,i ?9k1 no "o kn[s m ?an y d1 or especially y\r di/+ui%$ fa!r4 ,z to ! cele/ial sph]e1 ,i %\ld l v mu* to comp>e "o ,i h ) ! "o y\r fa!r is hav+ made1 t ,i may le>n h[ ! con/ellations comp>e1 & h[ _m m ( ! fix$ />s h be5 ins]t$4 ,i h *ang$ _! position tw5ty degrees4 ,:e!r he agrees ) me or n ,i d n "k4 ,,notes #aih ,h>risse4 ,discov]y1 p4 #bdg4 #aii ,?is is cle>ly record$ 9 su* important maps z ! ,cant9o1 ,can]io1 ,waldseemll]1 ,s*on] globe maps ( #aeae & #aebj1 ,b\l5gi] gores1 ,lie*t5/e9 gores1 et al4 #bjj ,wies]1 ,f4 ,r4 v4 ,die ,k>te des ,b>tolomeo ,columbo b] die vi]te ,reise des ,admirals4 ,innsbruck1 #ahic4 #bja ,see above1 p4 #hh4 #bjb ,a lett] writt5 by ,maximilianus ,transylvanus to ! ,c>d9al ( ,salzburg1 dat$ ,valladolid1 ,octob]1 #aebb1 & publi%$ 9 ,cologne 9 ,janu>y1 #aebc1 "u ! title ',de ,molucca insulis 4441' gave ! fir/ pr9t$ notice ( ,magellan's voyage4 ,see ,h>risse4 ,b4 ,a4 ,v4 ,nos4 #abb1 #abc1 #abd4 ,!re are num]\s editions ( ,antonio ,pigafetta's acc\nt ( ! ,magellan voyage1 :i* acc\nt is ! pr9cipal orig9al s\rce ( in=mation conc]n+ t ev5tful circumnavigation4 ,see ,j4 ,a4 ,rob]tson 7,ed471 ,pigafetta1 ,antonio4 ,magellan's ,voyage ar\nd ! ,_w4 #bjc ,mac,nutt1 ,f4 ,a4 ,lett]s ( ,cortes to ,*>les ,v4 ,new ,york1 #aijh4 ,?is ,engli% edition ( ! lett]s ( ,cortes conta9s a brief biographical sket* ) valuable notes4 ,cortes1 to ! la/1 appe>s to h believ$ 9 ! exi/5ce ( a /rait ?r\gh :i* "o might f9d a %ort] way f ,spa9 to ! ,indies ( ! ,ea/ ?an 0 hi!rto kn[n4 ,sanuto ,livio4 ,geographia di/9cta4 ,v5itia1 #aehh4 ,argum5t aga9/ ! idea ( an ,asiatic connection is advanc$ by ,sanuto on ! gr\nd t ! natives 7 fright5$ at ,cortes's horses4 ,asiatics 7 acqua9t$ ) ! horse4 #bjd ,e/evan ,gomes1 :o _h sail$ ) ,magellan1 und]took 9 #aebd1 "u a royal commission1 ! se>* = a new r\te lead+ to ,ca?ay betwe5 ! l& ( ,florida & ! ,baccalaos1 says ,pet] ,m>tyr4 ,decad ,,vi1 lib4 x4 #bje ,9 ?is volume1 v]so ( sev5? leaf1 ,franciscus /ates t 9 attempt+ to prep>e 8 description ( a globe1 he _h collect$ all ! maps ( ! _w he c\ld f9d4 ,he especially comm5ds "o attribut$ to ,maximilianus ,transylvanus1 & al?\gh con/ruct$ ) mu* skill1 he c\ld n agree ) its geographical repres5tations1 admitt+1 h[ev]1 t _m did accept ! same1 b object+ to ! sep>ation ( ,calvacania 7,mexico7 f ! ea/]n c\ntry because he believ$ x to be jo9$ to ! k+dom ( ! ,great ,khan4 ,see ,h>risse4 ,discov]y4 pp4 #bha1 #edh4 #bjf ,/ev5son4 ,maps illu/rat+ e>ly discov]y4 ,no4 #aj ( ?is s]ies is a reproduction ( ,maiollo's map 9 ! size & 9 ! colors ( ! orig9al4 #bjg ,h>risse4 ,discov]y4 p4 #edf4 #bjh ,gallois1 ,l4 ,de ,orontio ,f9aeo4 ,p>is1 #ahij4 #bji ,hakluyt1 ,r4 ,disc\rse on ,we/]n ,plant+4 ,ed4 by ,*>les ,deane1 ) introduction by ,leon>d ,wood4 7,93 ,ma9e ,hi/orical ,society1 ,collections1 second s]ies1 ii1 & pr9t$ z ,docum5t>y ,hi/ory ( ! ,/ate ( ,ma9e4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,cambridge1 #ahgg4 ,*ap4 ,,xvii1 #aa1 p4 #aaf47 ,9 *apt] #aj ( ! ,disc\rse ,hakluyt ref]s to ! ,locke map & its configurations1 :i* map cle>ly is a modifi$ reproduction ( ,v]razano's map ( #aebi4 #baj ,h>risse4 ,discov]y4 pp4 #efb-efh4 #baa ,nord5skild4 ,facsimile ,atlas4 p4 #hi4 ,! au?or reproduces ! ,f9aeus map f a #aeff repr9t1 obs]v+ t he 0 unable to locate a copy ( ! #aecf edition4 #bab ,s*ef]1 ,c4 ,h4 ,a4 ,le disc\rs de la navigation de ,jean et ,ra\l ,p>m5ti]4 ,p>is1 #ahhc4 p4 ix4 ,! citation is f a contempor>y s\rce4 #bac ,vas>i1 ,g4 ,lives ( ! pa9t]s4 ,tr4 by ,mrs4 ,j4 ,fo/]4 ,london1 #ahej-ahhe4 7,93 ,bohn ,libr>y1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 pp4 #ddi-dej47 #bad ,blau1 ,m4 ,mmoires de la ,socit ,royal de ,nancy4 ,nancy1 #ahcf4 pp4 xi-xiv1 #ajg4 ,an excell5t reproduction ( ! globe 9 hemisph]es accompanies ?is article2 ,v9c5t1 ,r4 ,p4 ,hi/oire de l'anci5ne image miraculeuse de ,ntre-,dame de ,sion4 ,nancy1 #afih4 ,?is "w conta9s ! fir/ description ( ! globe2 ,de ,co/a1 ,b4 ,f4 ,! ,nancy ,globe4 7,93 ,! ,magaz9e ( ,am]ican ,hi/ory4 ,new ,york1 #ahha4 pp4 #ahc-ahg47 ,a repres5tation ( ! globe 9 hemisph]es is pres5t$ ) ?is article1 be+ a slightly r$uc$ copy ( ! ,blau illu/ration2 ,nord5skild4 ,facsimile ,atlas4 p4 #hb2 same1 ,p]iplus1 p4 #aei2 ,w9sor4 ,n>rative & ,critical ,hi/ory4 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #dcc1 also ,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #bad2 ,compt-,r5du1 ,congrs des ,am]icani/es4 ,p>is1 #ahgg4 p4 #cei4 #bae ,! probability is x 0 n orig9ally con/ruct$ = ?is purpose1 al?\gh globe goblets 7 n uncommon 9 ?is c5tury4 ,see bel[1 p4 #aii4 #baf ,quetelet1 ,l4 ,a4 ,j4 ,hi/oire des sci5ces ma?matiques et physiques *ez les ,belges4 ,brussel1 #ahga1 pp4 #gh ff42 ,ruscelli1 ,g4 ,la ,geografia di ,claudio ,tolomeo4 p4 #cb1 !re is ref]5ce to a ,globo1 gr&e2 ,k/n]1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #egi ff42 ,breus+1 ,a4 ,leitfad5 dur* das ,wieg5alt] d] ,k>tographie bis zum ,jahre #afjj4 ,frankfurt1 #ahhc4 p4 #cb4 #bag ,?is book appe>s to be "o ( ! e>lie/ works treat+ ( ! sci5tific con/ruction ( globes1 & ( ! use ( trigonometry 9 ! prep>ation ( ! globe gores4 #bah ,! repres5tation closely resembles t giv5 by ,s*n]4 ,see ,fig4 #ed4 #bai ,ruge1 ,w4 ,e9 ,globus von ,gemma ,frisius4 7,93 ,int]national] ,am]ikani/5-,kongress1 vi]zehnte ,tagung4 ,/uttg>t1 #aijd4 pp4 #c-aj47 #bbj ,see bel[1 p4 #abh1 = ! novelty introduc$ by ,m]cator1 9 :i* he truncat$ ! gores ne> ! poles4 #bba ,raemdonck1 ,j4 van4 ,gr>d ,m]cator1 sa vie et ses oeuvres4 ,/4 ,nicolas1 #ahfi4 p4 #ch4 #bbb ,nord5skild4 ,facsimile ,atlas1 pp4 #hg-ij4 ,on map projection 9 g5]al1 see ,wagn]1 ,h4 ,lehrbu*1 d] ,geographie4 ,leipzig1 #aijc4 ,*ap4 iv2 ,zond]van1 ,h4 ,allgeme9e ,k>t5kunde4 ,leipzig1 #aija4 ,*ap4 iii4 ,see also ref]5ces bel[ to ,m]cator's _w map ( ! ye> #aech1 p4 #abe4 #bbc ,h>risse1 ,h4 ,un n\veau globe ,v]razani54 7,93 ,revue de ,gographie4 ,p>is1 #ahie4 pp4 #age-agg47 ,an ext5sive ,v]razanian bibliography may be f\nd 9 ,phillips1 ,p4 ,l4 ,descriptive li/ ( maps ( ,spani% possessions 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,wa%+ton1 #aiab4 pp4 #ci-dj4 #bbd ,see ,/ev5son reproduction1 n4 #i1 above4 #bbe ,see ,/ev5son reproduction1 n4 #i1 above4 #bbf ,see ref]5ces to ,ulpius bel[1 p4 #aag4 #bbg ,comp>e ?is m\nt+ ) t ( ,s*n] z se5 9 ,fig4 #bf4 #bbh ,?is is a tract ( #dd pages4 #bbi ,s*n]1 ,j4 ,op]a ,ma!matica4 ,norimb]gae1 #aeea4 ,see p4 #abg = :at has be5 ?\ght to be a repres5tation ( ,s*n]'s t]re/rial & cele/ial globes ( #aecc4 ,x w be not$ t ! maps 9 ea* ( ^! globe pictures h be5 rev]s$4 #bcj ,see above1 p4 #if4 #bca ,wies]4 ,magalhes-,/rasse4 p4 #gf1 & ,tab4 ,v1 :i* is a copy ( ! s\!rn hemisph]e2 ,h>risse4 ,discov]y4 pp4 #eib-eid1 & pl4 ,,xvii1 :i* is a copy ( ! we/]n hemisph]e2 ,sant>em1 ,v4 de4 ,notice sur plusieurs monum5ts gographiques in$its4444 7,93 ,bullet9 de la ,socit de ,gographie4 ,p>is1 #ahdg4 p4 #cbb472 ,/ev5s1 ,h4 ,notes4 ,new ,hav51 #ahfi4 p4 #ai2 ,nord5skild4 ,facsimile ,atlas1 pp4 #hj1 #hc2 ,w9sor4 ,n>rative & ,critical ,hi/ory4 ,vol4 ,,viii1 p4 #chh4 #bcb ,h>risse4 ,discov]y4 p4 #faj4 #bcc ,h>risse4 ,discov]y4 p4 #fac1 & pl4 ,,xxii1 :i* is a repres5tation ( ! we/]n hemisph]e4 #bcd ,mi*[1 ,h4 ,casp> ,vopell e9 ,kln] ,k>t5zei*n] des #af ,jahrhund]ts mit #b ,tafeln und #d ,figur54 7,93 ,hamburgis*e ,fe/s*rift zur ,er9n]ung an die ,entdeckung von ,am]ika4 ,hamburg1 #ahib4 ,vol4 ,i1 pt4 #d472 ,graf1 ,j4 ,h4 ,e9 ,a/rolabium mit ,erdkugel aus dem ,jahre #aede1 von ,kasp> ,volpellius4 7,93 ,jahresb]i*t d4 ,geographis*5 ,gesells*aft zu ,mn*54 #ae ,heft1 p4 #bbh72 ,nord5skild1 op4 cit41 p4 #hc1 & pl4 ,,xl1 :i* gives a repres5tation ( ! globe ( #aedc1 twelve gores 9 colors2 ,m]lo1 ,j4 ,j4 ,na*ri*t5 vom ,leb5 und d5 ,w]k5 ,kln] ,kn/l]1 ,kln1 #ahej4 p4 #dic4 #bce ,nord5skild1 op4 cit41 pl4 ,,xlv4 #bcf ,kor?1 ,l4 ,die ,kln] ,glob5 des ,kasp> ,vopelius4 7,93 ,globus4 ,brauns*weig1 #ahhc4 ,vol4 ,,xliv1 pp4 #fb-fc47 #bcg ,describ$ briefly by ,mi*[1 op4 cit41 p4 #ab4 #bch ,lett] ( ,augu/ #ab1 #aiac4 #bci ,describ$ briefly by ,mi*[1 op4 cit41 p4 #ac4 #bdj ,describ$ by ,mi*[1 op4 cit41 p4 #ad4 ,mi*[ cites a lett] writt5 by ,po/ell to ,abr4 ,ortelius1 ,april #i1 #aefg1 9 :i* ! accusation is made aga9/ ,vopel t m]ely to please ! ,emp]or ,*>les ,v he _h jo9$ ,am]ica & ,asia 9 8 globe map4 ,9 ?is lett] ! ,new ,_w is call$ ,atlantis4 #bda ,su* globes1 x w be not$1 repres5t ! ,ptolemaic sy/em4 #bdb ,fior9i4 ,sf]e t]re/ri e cele/i4 p4 #bad4 #bdc ,wies]1 ,f4 ,r4 v4 ,a4 ,e4 ,nord5skild's ,facsimile ,atlas4 7,93 ,pet]manns ,geographis*5 ,mitteilung54 ,go?a1 #ahij4 p4 #bge47 #bdd ,graf1 op4 cit41 n4 #cg4 #bde ,comp>e ) t reproduc$ by ,nord5skild1 n4 #ch above4 #bdf ,gn!r4 ,erd- und ,himmelsglob54 p4 #eg2 ,doppelmayr1 op4 cit41 p4 #ef4 ,h>tmann 0 a not$ manufactur] ( globes & ma!matical in/rum5ts 9 ,nrnb]g4 ,9 8 y\? he sp5t sev]al ye>s 9 ,italy1 probably 9 ,v5ice4 #bdg ,de ,co/a1 ,b4 ,f4 ,! ,globe ( ,ulpius4 7,93 ,magaz9e ( ,am]ican ,hi/ory4 ,new ,york1 #ahgi4 pp4 #ag-ce47 ,accompany+ ! article is a re-draught$ repres5tation ( ! we/]n hemisph]e2 same au?or4 ,v]razano ! ,explor]4 ,new ,york1 #ahha4 7,93 ,magaz9e ( ,am]ican ,hi/ory4 ,new ,york1 #ahha4 p4 #fd472 ,w9sor1 op4 cit41 ,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #bad2 ,h>risse1 ,h4 ,notes sur la ,n\velle ,france4 ,p>is1 #ahgb4 p4 #bbb2 ,murphy1 ,h4 ,c4 ,inquiry into ! au!nticity ( ,v]razano's claims4 ,new ,york1 #aijc4 p4 #aad4 #bdh ,?at*]1 ,j4 ,b4 ,*ri/oph] ,columbus4 ,new ,york1 #aijc4 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #ic-bji4 ,9 ^! pages may be f\nd a critical consid]ation ( que/ions relat+ to ! subject ( ! ,l9e ( ,dem>cation4 ,l9d51 ,h4 ,v4 ,alex&] ,,vi & ! dem>cation ( ! m>itime & colonial doma9s ( ,spa9 & ,portugal1 #adic-adid4 7,93 ,am]ican ,hi/orical ,review4 #aiaf4 pp4 #a-ba47 #bdi ,polidori1 ,p4 ,de vita ge/is et moribus ,m>celi ,,ii1 ,pontificis ,maximi comm5t>ius4 ,romae1 #agdd2 ,cordella1 ,l4 ,memorie /ori*e dei ,c>d9ali della ,sancta ,romana ,*iesa4 ,roma1 #agib4 ,vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #bbe4 ,m>cello ,c]v9o 0 born 9 ! ye> #aeja4 ,= 8 atta9m5ts 9 ! field ( lit]ature1 ,italian1 ,lat91 & ,greek1 9 philosophy1 jurisprud5ce1 & ma!matics he held a place ( great di/9ction among 8 contempor>ies4 ,9 ! ye> #aeci he 0 made a c>d9al prefect ( ! ,vatican1 & ! ye> #aeee he 0 elevat$ to ! ,papacy1 b di$ tw5ty-"o days !reaft]4 #bej ,hall1 ,e4 ,h4 ,giovanni da ,v]razano & 8 ,discov]ies 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 7,93 ,fifte5? ,annual ,report ( ! ,am]ican ,sc5ic & ,hi/orical ,pres]vation ,society4 ,new ,york1 #aiaj47 ,!re is an ext5sive ,v]razano lit]ature4 ,! orig9al lett] writt5 by ! explor] to ,francis ,i ( ,france1 "u ^: auspices he _h sail$ on 8 voyage ( discov]y 9 ! ye> #aebd1 seems to h be5 lo/1 b copies ( ! same1 x may h be5 ) alt]ations1 7 s5t to ,v]razano's relatives & fri5ds 9 ,italy4 ,ramusio1 9 ! ye> #aeef1 & ,hakluyt1 9 ! ye> #aehb1 publi%$ "o ( ^! copies1 & x has s9ce be5 frequ5tly pr9t$4 ,9 addition to ! above1 !re exi/s a manuscript copy1 sometimes ref]r$ to z ! ,flor5t9e or ,magliabe*ian codex1 a fragm5t>y copy 9 ! ,academy ( ,cim5to1 & a manuscript copy rec5tly discov]$1 :i* f ! "n ( its pres5t own] may be call$ ! ,cell]e codex4 ,hall has pr9t$ ! orig9al docum5t & has giv5 an excell5t translation ( ! same4 #bea ,tirabos*i4 ,/oria4 ,tom4 ,,vii1 pt4 i1 p4 #bje4 #beb ,fior9i1 op4 cit41 p4 #aag4 #bec ,nav>rete1 ,m4 ,f4 de4 ,noticia biografia de ,alonso de ,santa ,cruz4 ,madrid1 #ahce4 ,repr9t$ 9 8 ,opsculos4 ,tom4 ,,ii2 ,nicolao1 ,a4 ,biblioteca ,hispana4 ,romae1 #afgb4 ,tom1 ,i1 p4 #cg2 ,h>risse4 ,discov]y1 p4 #gcf2 also 9 8 ,jean et ,sba/ian ,cabot1 p4 #agc2 ,espada1 ,j4 de la4 ,relaciones geograficas de ,indias1 publicalas el ,m9i/]io de ,fom5to ,p]4 ,madrid1 #ahhe4 ,tom4 ,,ii1 p4 xxi2 pp4 xxx-xxxvi4 ,9 ! second ref]5ce is a repr9t ( an inv5tory1 made at ! "t ( ! dea? ( ,santa ,cruz1 ( 8 collection ( maps1 pictures1 & manuscripts & especially ref]r$ to 9 ! receipt giv5 by ,juan ,lopez1 8 successor z ,royal ,cosmograph]1 m5tion be+ made ( no less ?an eighty-sev5 items4 #bed ,he seems to h produc$ no?+ ( special importance 9 8 capacity z ,hi/oricus ,regius1 giv+1 h[ev]1 "s att5tion to ! subjects ( h]aldry1 & g5ealogy4 ,! "q ( ! det]m9ation ( longitude int]e/$ him1 & !re is /ill pres]v$1 9 ! ,royal ,libr>y ( ,madrid1 8 manuscript be>+ ! title ,libro de las longitudes y man]a que ha/a ago se ha t5ido en el arte de naveg> con sus demon/raciones y examplos4 ,at ! "t ( 8 dea? !re 0 also left a pap] 9 manuscript1 treat+ ( ! subject ( longitude1 :i* probably conta9s a summ>y ( sugge/ions made to ! ,junta 9 ,sevilla 9 ! ye> #aecf sobre la ord5 que se ha t5ido en el d> de la longitud4 #bee ,wies]1 ,f4 ,r4 v4 ,die ,k>t5 von ,am]ika 9 d5 ,isl>io ,g5]al des ,alonso de ,santa ,cruz ,cosmografo ,mayor des ,kais]s ,k>l ,v1 mit d] spanis*5 orig9al ,texte und e9] ,kritis*5 ,e9leitung4 ,innsbruck1 #aijh4 ,?is "w 0 review$ by ,/ev5son1 ,e4 ,l4 7,93 ,am]ican ,hi/orical ,review4 #aiaj4 pp4 #cib-cid47 #bef ,catalogue ,gnral des ,manuscrits des ,biblio?ques ,publiques de ,france4 ,dep>tm5t ,tom4 ,,xxxii4 ,p>is1 #ahig4 p4 #cii2 ,h>risse4 ,discov]y4 p4 #fba4 #beg ,s*ull]1 ,r4 ,r4 ,arc]ca del ,ysl>io ,g5]al de ,alonso de ,santa ,cruz4 ,london1 #aiac4 7,93 ,proce$+s ( ! ,,xviii ,session ( ! ,int]national ,congress ( ,am]icani/s4 ,london1 #aiac4 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #dae-dcb472 ,isl>io g5]al de todas las islas del mundo dirigido la ,s4 ,c4 ,r4 ,m4 del rey don ,phelipe mie/ro ,seor por ,alo de ,santa ,cruz su cosmographo mayor1 con grabados en el texto y v>ias lm9as4 7,93 ,bolet9 de la ,soci$ad ,geografica de ,madrid4 ,madrid1 #aiah1 #aiai47 #beh ,h>risse4 ,discov]y4 p4 #fbd2 ,nord5skild1 ,facsimile ,atlas1 p4 #aji1 gives an excell5t reproduction ( ?is map4 #bei ,dahlgr51 ,e4 ,w4 ,map ( ! ,_w by ,alonzo de ,santa ,cruz1 #aedb4 ,/ockholm1 #ahib4 ,dahlgr5 has giv5 u an excell5t facsimile ( ?is map1 ) critical text includ+ a summ>y ( ! "w ( ,santa ,cruz & a li/ ( ! names on ! map4 #bfj ,see p4 #aej4 #bfa ,raemdonck1 ,j4 v4 ,gr>d ,m]cator1 sa vie et ses oeuvres4 ,/4 ,nicolas1 #ahfi2 ,wauv]mans1 ,h4 ,e4 ,hi/oire de l'cole c>tographique belge et anv]oise au ,,xvi sicle4 ,anv]s1 #ahie4 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #cg-aji2 #agd-bac2 ,breus+1 ,a4 ,g]h>d ,krem]1 g5annt ,m]cator1 d] deuts*e ,geograph4 ,duisb\rg1 #ahfi2 ,raemdonck1 ,j4 van4 ,gr>d de ,crem] ou ,m]cator1 ,gographe ,flam&4 ,rponse la ,confr5ce du ,dr4 ,breus+1 t5ue ,duisb\rg le #cj m>s1 #ahfi4 ,/4 ,nicolas1 #ahgj2 ,hall1 ,e4 ,h4 ,gr>d ,m]cator1 8 ,life & ,"w4 ,new ,york1 #ahgh4 pp4 #afc-aif4 #bfb ,! ,univ]sity ,libr>y is report$ to h possess$ _m ( ! orig9al ,m]cator manuscripts4 ,"o _c at pres5t tell ! fate ( ^! manuscripts4 ,!y may h be5 de/roy$ at ! "t ( ! rec5t ,g]man invasion1 or h be5 c>ri$ away ) o!r mat]ial by ! booty-lov+ invad]s4 #bfc ,see p4 #ajb4 #bfd ,raemdonck1 ,j4 v4 ,la ,gographie anci5ne de la ,pale/9e4 ,lettre de ,gr>d ,m]cator1 mai #bb1 #aefg4 ,/4 ,nicolas1 #ahhd4 ,?is map ( ,pale/9e1 publi%$ 9 l>ge folio size1 0 d$icat$ to ,franois ,craneveld1 ,c\nseill] to ! ,gr&-,conseil ( ,mal9es1 & publi%$ at ,l\va9 9 ! ye> #aecg4 ,a copy ( ?is _c n[ be locat$4 #bfe ,raemdonck1 ,j4 v4 ,de groote ka>t van ,vla&]5 v]va>didg 9 #aedj door ,g4 ,m]cator1 bij middel van li*tdruk we]geg1 na> het ex4 behoor5de aan het ,museum ,plant9-,moretus 444 en voorzi5 met e5s v]kl>5de inleid+4 ,antw]p1 #ahhb4 ,?is map1 9 f\r %eets1 measur+ #aaj by #hj4f cm41 0 d$icat$ to ,*>les ,v & publi%$ at ,l\va94 #bff ,raemdonck1 ,j4 v4 ,orbis ,imago4 ,mappemonde de ,gr>d ,m]cator4 ,/4 ,nicolas1 #ahhb4 7,93 ,annales du ,c]cle ,ar*ologique du ,pays de ,waes4 ,/4 ,nicolas1 #ahhb4 ,tom4 ,x1 #dme ,livr47 ,on ! title-page ( a sep>ate ( ?is article we read ,notice publie l'occasion de la reproduction p> la phototypie du seul exemplaire connu de la susdite mappemonde cons]ve p> la ,socit de gographie d',amrique1 ,new-,york1 reproduction due la sollicitude claire et gnreuse de cette mme socit4 ,seul exemplaire connu is n correct4 ,a f9e example ( ! orig9al #aech edition may be f\nd 9 ! ,new ,york ,public ,libr>y4 ,9 addition to ! reproduction prep>$ by ,! ,am]ican ,geographical ,society a f9e facsimile may be f\nd 9 ,nord5skild4 ,facsimile ,atlas4 pl4 ,,xliii2 also by ,lafr]e ab\t #aefj4 ,a comp>ison ) ! ,orontius ,f9aeus d\ble cordi=m map ( ! ye> #aeca is int]e/+4 ,x has be5 /at$ t ,m]cator copi$ ! "w ( ,f9aeus4 ,! projections appe> to be practically id5tical1 b x w be not$ t ,m]cator repres5ts ! ,new ,_w z indep5d5t ( ! ,old ,_w1 :]eas ,f9aeus repres5ts ! ,asiatic connection4 ,fior9i1 ,m4 ,le projezioni cordi=mi nella c>tografia4 ,rome1 #ahhi4 7,93 ,boll4 della ,societ ,geografica ,italiana4 ,roma1 #ahhi47 #bfg ,see p4 #gf4 #bfh ,hey]1 ,a4 ,drei ,m]catork>t5 9 d] ,breslau] ,/adtbiblio!k4 7,93 ,zeits*rift fr ,wiss5s*aftli*e ,geographie4 ,weim>1 #ahij4 pp4 #cgi-chi2 #dgd-dhg2 #ejg-ebh472 ,drei ,k>t5 von ,g]h>d ,m]cator1 ,europa1 ,britis*e ,inseln1 ,weltk>te4 ,facsimile-,li*tdruck na* d5 ,orig9al5 d] ,/adtbiblio!k zu ,breslau4 ,h]ausgegeb5 von d] ,gesells*aft fr ,erdkunde zu ,b]l94 #da ,tafeln4 ,b]l91 #ahia4 ,) title ,europae descriptio4 ,! map ( ,europe 9 six %eets1 f\r ( :i* 7 engrav$ at ,l\va9 & two at ,duisb\rg1 0 d$icat$ to ,anto9e ,p]r5ot1 ,bi%op ( ,arras1 & publi%$ at ,duisb\rg 9 ! ye> #aeed4 ,! only orig9al example n[ kn[n is t belong+ to ! ,breslau ,libr>y4 #bfi ,?is map ) title ,britannic>um insul>um descriptio 0 publi%$ at ,duisb\rg 9 ! ye> #aefd4 ,reproduction ( ! only kn[n orig9al example not$ 9 n4 #ga4 #bgj ,?is 0 prep>$ ) great c>e & (f]$ 9 p]son by ,m]cator to ,duke ,*>les ( ,lorra9e at ,nancy4 ,app>5tly no orig9al copy is 9 exi/5ce4 #bga ,raemdonck4 ,orbis ,imago2 ,breus+1 ,a4 ,das ,v]ebn5 d] ,kugelob]fl*e4 ,brem51 #ahic4 pp4 #ca-dh2 ,/e9haus]1 ,a4 ,/abius r$ivivus1 e9e ,reliquie aus dem #af ,jahrhund]t4 7,93 ,zeits*rift fr ,wiss5s*aftli*e ,geographie4 ,wi51 #ahhe4 pp4 #bhi-bia472 ,d',avezac1 ,m4 ,a4 ,p4 de4 ,c\p d'oeil hi/orique sur la projection des c>tes de gographie4 ,p>is1 #ahge4 7,93 ,bullet9 de la ,socit de ,gographie de ,p>is4 ,p>is1 #ahfe4 ,tom4 ,v472 ,wright1 ,e4 ,! correction ( c]ta9 errors 9 navigation4 ,london1 #aeii4 ,!re may be f\nd num]\s ref]5ces to ! pr9ciple und]ly+ ! ,m]cator projection4 ,see 9 addition to above ref]5ces ,wagn]1 op4 cit42 ,zond]v&1 op4 cit42 ,hall1 op4 cit41 ea* ) not$ citations4 ,?is map1 ) title ,nova et aucta orbis t]rae descriptio ad usum navigantium em5date accommodata1 0 d$icat$ to ,duke ,william ( ,cleves1 & 0 publi%$ at ,duisb\rg 9 ! ye> #aefi4 ,orig9al copies may be f\nd 9 ! ,biblio?que ,nationale1 & 9 ! ,/adtbiblio!k ( ,breslau1 ! =m] reproduc$ by ,jom>d1 ! latt] z not$ 9 n4 #ga4 ,a long inscription on ! map expla9s ! pr9ciple ( ! new projection & its use = navigation4 #bgb ,raemdonck1 ,j4 van4 ,les sphres t]re/re et cle/e de ,gr>d ,m]cator 7#aeda-aeea74 ,notice publie a l'occasion de la reproduction de ces sphres a l'aide de facsimil de leurs fuseaux orig9eaux1 gravs p> ,m]cator et cons]vs a la ,biblio?que ,royale a ,bruxelles4 ,/4 ,nicolas1 #ahge2 ,fior9i ,m4 ,globi di ,g]>do ,m]catore 9 ,italia4 ,rome1 #ahij4 7,93 ,bollit9o della ,societe ,geografica ,italiana4 ,roma1 #ahij472 ,breus+4 ,g]h>d ,krem]1 p4 #i4 ,gr>d ,m]cator1 p4 #i4 ,?is au?or writes3 ,au* se9e me*anis*5 ,arbeit5 hatt5 bei d5 ,mnn]n d] ,wiss5s*aft e9e s gn/ige ,aufnahme gefund51 dass er dadur* ermutigt wurde1 si* an e9 grss]es ,w]k1 e95 ,erdglobus1 zu ma*51 d5 er na* &]?albjhrig] ,arbeit im ,jahre #aeda voll5dete und dem kais]li*5 ,geheimrate und ,rei*ssiegelbewahr] ,granvella widmete4 ,und w5n ,ruscelli uns erzhle1 er habe mit ,/aun5 e95 h]rli*5 ,globus von drei und halb5 ,palme im ,dur*mess] betra*t5 mss51 d] von deuts*] ,arbeit und ,granvella gewidmet gewes5 sei und an ,s*nheit d] ,zei*nung und ,s*rift alles frh] ,gelei/ete b]treffe1 s i/ wohl kaum e9 ,zweifel1 dass dies d] fragli*e ,globus ,m]cators gewes5 i/4 ,i* w hi] glei* h9zufg51 dass im ganz5 ,,xvi ,jahrhund]t1 w5n von ausgezei*net5 ,glob5 die ,r$e i/1 diej5ig5 ,m]cators imm] als die be/5 g5annt w]d54 #bgc ,gn!r1 ,s4 ,ges*i*te d] loxodromis*5 ,kurve4 ,halle1 #ahgi4 7,93 ,/udi5 zur ,ges*i*te d] ma!matis*5 und physikalis*5 ,geographie4 ,halle1 #ahgi4 ,heft #f472 ,grn]t1 ,j4 ,a4 ,loxodromis*e ,trigonometrie4 ,leipzig1 #ahfi2 ,hues1 ,r4 ,tractatus de globis2 ,m>kham1 ,ed4 ,see pp4 #abg-adg4 #bgd ,?is 0 edit$ by ,van ,raemdonck & publi%$ at ,/4 ,nicolas1 #ahhh4 #bge ,ghymmius1 op4 cit4 ,caput decimum1 ,g]>di ,m]catoris ,de mundi creatione ac fabrica2 ,raynaud1 ,a4 ,le ,cont95t ,au/ral1 hypo?ses et dc\v]tes4 ,p>is1 #ahic2 ,wies]1 ,magalhes-,/rasse1 ,*ap4 ,,vi1 ) ref]5ces4 #bgf ,see ref]5ces 9 n4 #ge4 #bgg ,baily1 ,f4 ,! ,catalogues ( ,ptolemy1 ,ulug ,beigh1 ,ty*o ,brahe1 ,halley1 ,hevelius1 d$uc$ f ! be/ au?orities4 ,london1 #ahdc4 ,consult = li/s ( ! sev]al con/ellations4 #bgh ,see a ref]5ce to ! sale ( ,m]cator globes4 7,93 ,zeits*rift fr ,wiss5s*aftli*e ,geographie1 ,i ,jahrgang1 p4 #ahj47 #bgi ,blundeville1 ,t4 ,ex]cises1 pp4 #bjd-bdc4 #bhj ,ruscelli1 op4 cit41 ,cap4 ,,iv4 #bha ,fior9i4 ,sf]e t]re/re et cele/e1 p4 #add4 #bhb ,fior9i4 ,sf]e1 etc4 p4 #adj4 #bhc ,m]cator1 ,g4 ,decl>atio insigniorum utilitatum4 ,/4 ,nicolas1 #ahhh4 ,ed4 by ,raemdonck1 ,j4 v4 #bhd ,sacco1 ,b4 ,de italic>um r]um v>ietate et elegantia4 ,papiae1 #aefe1 lib4 x1 fol4 #gf4 #bhe ,!bit1 an ,arabic a/ronom]1 to :om ref]5ce is "h made1 liv$ 9 ! latt] "p ( ! n9? c5tury4 ,he 0 *iefly di/+ui%$ = 8 revision ( ! ',almage/4' #bhf ,ramusio1 ,g4 ,b4 ,navigationi et ,viaggi4 ,vol4 ,,iii4 #bhg ,hi]onymi ,fraca/orii ,v]on5sis op]a omnia4 ,! biography is ?\ght to h be5 writt5 by ,adamo ,fumano4 #bhh ,see above1 p4 #ajj4 #bhi ,ramusio1 op4 cit41 ,vol4 ,i4 ,illu/ration3 ,portuguese ,arms ,*apt] ,,viii ,globes & ,globe ,mak]s ( ! ,?ird ,qu>t] ( ! ,sixte5? ,c5tury ,revival ( int]e/ 9 globe mak+ 9 ,italy4--,franois ,de ,mong5et ( ,france & ! repr9t ( 8 globe maps 9 ,italy4--,gore map ( ,antonius ,florianus4--,globe records left by ,aless&ro ,piccolom9i4--,ruscelli's directions = globe con/ruction4--,ref]5ce to ! "w ( ,sanuto & ,gonzaga4--,armill>y sph]e ( ,volpaja4--,excell5t workman%ip 9 ! cele/ial-t]re/rial globe ( ,*ri/ian ,heyd54--,metal globes ( ,johannes ,praetorius4--,vas>i's ref]5ce to ! "w ( ,ignazio ,danti4--,! iron globe ( ,francisco ,basso4--,armill>y sph]e ( ,giovanni ,b>rocci4--,! "w ( ,hi]onymo de ,boncompagni4--,emanuele ,filib]to4--,anonym\s globe ( #aege4--,laur5tian armill>y sph]es4--,small globes ( ! ,biblioteca ,nationale ( ,flor5ce4--,m>io ,c>t>o4 ,among ^? int]e/$ 9 map & globe mak+1 9 ! ?ird qu>t] ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 none seems to h surpass$ ! ,italians4 ,9 ! art ( map engrav+ !y atta9$ to a high degree ( m]it1 & mu* ( ! f9e/ "w ( ! middle ( ! c5tury is ! product ( ! p59sula4 ,) few exceptions x is ! ,italians :o hold ! field 9 ?is l9e ( sci5tific activity4 ,!re c und\bt$ly be trac$ "h ! influ5ce ( ,m]cator1 b !re appe> to h be5 n a few :o work$ on :at might be call$ indep5d5t l9es4 ,! int]e/ ( illu/ri\s p]sonages 9 ! con/ruction & ! possession ( globes prompt$ activity 9 ?is field4 ,:ile ! numb] extant1 ( ^? manufactur$ 9 ?is p]iod1 is n l>ge1 !re are n a few ref]5ces 9 lett]s & 9 sci5tific works assur+ u ( ! con/ruction ( _m :i* _c n[ be trac$4 ,we may call att5tion fir/ to ,franois ,de ,mong5et1 :o appe>s to h be5 a native ( ,fran*e-,comt & well kn[n 9 8 day z a globe mak]4 ,he 01 h[ev]1 q =gott5 until a few ye>s s9ce1 :5 a copy ea* ( 8 t]re/rial & cele/ial globe gores 0 pur*as$ by ! antiqu>ian ,ros5?al ( ,muni*1#bij & sold to ,mr4 ,kalbfleis* ( ,new ,york1 f ^: collection !y pass$ into ! possession ( ! ,new ,york ,public ,libr>y4 ,s9ce ?is discov]y ( ,de ,mong5et's int]e/+ "w1 a numb] ( copies ( ! same or ( subsequ5t editions h come to light1 bo? ( ! t]re/rial & ( ! cele/ial globe1 "s ( :i* copies are m\nt$1 "s rema9 unm\nt$1 "s are ( 8 fir/ edition ( ! ye> #aeeb1 o!rs are ( ! second edition1 undat$1 some:at alt]$1 & pr9t$ 9 ,italy4 ,all ( 8 globes are ( small size1 hav+ ea* a diamet] ( ab\t #he mm4 ,de ,mong5et 0 born at ,ves\l 9 ,france1 & 9 ! univ]sity ( 8 t[n he /udi$ m$ic9e1 ma!matics1 & probably geography or cosmography4 ,!re seems to be b little kn[n conc]n+ ! family to :i* ,franois belong$1 b su* details z x 0 possible to ga!r ,m>cel br\ght toge!r 9 a c>efully prep>$ pap]4#bia ,?is au?or ?9ks x probable t he c\ld be c\nt$ among ! circle ( le>n$ & di/+ui%$ m5 :om ,granvella 0 accu/om$ to br+ toge!r 9 8 palace at ,besanon on frequ5t occasions dur+ ! five ye>s he pass$ 9 t city aft] he _h giv5 ov] 8 adm9i/ration ( ! ,ne!rl&s4 ,if true1 !re may "h be f\nd a connect+ l9k betwe5 ,de ,mong5et & ,m]cator1 rememb]+ t ! latt] d$icat$ 8 globe ( #aeda to ! fa!r ( ! di/+ui%$ c>d9al /atesman4#bib ,! sugge/ion ( ,m]cator's influ5ce on ,de ,mong5et appe>s q evid5t on a comp>ison ( ! outl9es ( _! globe maps4 ,! ,l5ox copy ( ! t]re/rial gores 7,fig4 #fc7 is d$icat$ to ,eximio ,viro3 ,d3,i3,p3,a ,monte ,maiore1 :ile ! cele/ial gores 7,fig4 #fd7 c>ry ! d$ication ,eximio ,viro ,d4 ,gabrieli a ,tiesba*4 ,m>cel is ( ! op9ion t ! d$ication ( ! fir/ to ,monte ,maiore ref]s to a prelate ( ! illu/ri\s h\se ( ,granmont1 ^: "n 9 ! sixte5? c5tury 0 (t5 spell$ ,gr&mont1 & t ,gabrieli ,tiesba* 7,diesba*7 belong$ to a family ( ,besanon1 orig9ally f ,freiburg1 & t he 0 a knight ( ,/4 ,george4 ,! au?or & date leg5d ( ! fir/ reads ,faciebat ,franciscus ,de ,mong5et anno #aeeb1 :ile t ( ! second reads ,elaborabat ,franciscus ,de ,mong5et4 ,anno #aeeb4 ,! gores ( ea* map z pr9t$ measure f pole to pole #ac4g cm41 ! l5g? ( ! equatorial l9e be+ #bg4e cm4 ,ar\nd ea* set !re is a n>r[ black bord]4 ,a zodiacal circle is likewise pr9t$ on ! fir/ %eet #e cm4 9 wid?1 & ( suffici5t l5g? to encompass ! gores :5 m\nt$1 be+ divid$ into twelve p>ts1 9 :i*1 9 regul> ord]1 are ! figures ( ! twelve zodiacal con/ellations4 ,) b few exceptions ! sev]al inscriptions are 9 small capitals1 & are well execut$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fc4 ,t]re/rial ,globe ,gores ( ,franois de ,mong5et1 #aeeb4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fd4 ,cele/ial ,globe ,gores ( ,franois de ,mong5et1 #aeeb4 ,! draughtsman%ip :i* ! t]re/rial map exhibits 9 all p>ts1 z well z t exhibit$ by ! cele/ial1 displays skill ( v consid]able m]it4 ,! g5]al outl9e ( ! ,new ,_w's coa/s is q z well done z on any ( ! maps ( ! day1 ! ,pacific coa/ l9e ( ,nor? ,am]ica sweep+ 9 a great curve nor?w>d & nor!a/w>d1 :ile a great broad /ret* ( ocean sep>ates ! cont95t f ,asia4 ,9 ,nor? ,am]ica we f9d only ! inscriptions ,hispania maior & baccalea4 ,s\? ,am]ica be>s ! inscription ,am]ica1 s ext5d$ z to cov] ! cont95t4 ,! names ( geographical localities are comp>atively few1 ! size ( ! globe mak+ x impossible to ins]t _m details4 ,on a second pair ( ,de ,mong5et's globes1 ref]r$ to by ,m>cel1 ! d$ications & inscriptions diff] slightly f ^? giv5 above4 ,on ! t]re/rial gores we f9d ,illu/r4 ,ac ,rev]4 ,d4 ,d4 ,,cl4 ,a4 ,bauma ,ar*4 ,bis41 & ! signature1 ,elaborabat ,francis4 ,de ,mong5et4 ,v4 ,e4 ,v4 ,on ! cele/ial gores we read ,illu/r4 ,ac ,rev]4 ,d4 ,d4 ,,cl4 ,a4 ,bauma ,ar*4 ,bis4 ,e4 ,v41 ! signature ,elaborabat ,franciscus ,de4 ,mong5et4 ,v41 & ! privilege ,cum privilegio ,pont4 ,max4 ,sqe4 ,v54 ,cit+ aga9 ,m>cel's op9ion1 ! ,claudio de la ,baume ref]r$ to 0 ,ar*bi%op ( ,besanon1 & ! lett] ,v plac$ aft] ! "n ( ! globe mak] d\btless ref]s to ,ves\l1 8 bir?place2 ! lett]s ,e4 ,v4 may /& ei!r = ,excusum ,v5etiis1 indicat+ ! city 9 :i* ! "w 0 done1 or = ,enea ,vico1 ! "n ( ! actual engrav] ( ! gores1 :o is kn[n z hav+ be5 at t "t an engrav] ( m$als1 be+ n[ especially rememb]$ = 8 m$als ( ! fir/ twelve ,emp]ors ( ,rome4#bic ,! gores ( ! fir/ edition 7 pr9t$ f engrav$ wood5 blocks2 ! second 7 pr9t$ f engrav$ copp] plates :i* exhibit a v sup]ior workman%ip1 & x is to be not$ t _m m names appe> on ! t]re/rial gores ?an on ^? ( ! fir/ edition4 ,ruscelli1 9 8 edition ( ,ptolemy ( #aefa1 makes m5tion ( a little globe1 publi%$ lately by ,francesco ,mongonetto ,borgonone1#bid :i* allusion w\ld seem to indicate a ref]5ce to ! second edition & to its issue ne> #aefa4 ,al?\gh ?is second edition conta9s m names ?an does ! fir/1 x gives little indication t ! au?or _h k ( discov]ies subsequ5t to ! fir/ edition4 ,l ,m]cator he repres5ts ,nor? ,am]ica z sep>at$ f ,asia1 z be=e not$1 by a wide expanse ( ocean1 to :i* no "n has be5 giv51 & l ,m]cator he lays d[n a l>ge au/ral cont95t4 ,8 globes c\ld h>dly h be5 receiv$ ) z mu* favor z 7 ^? by 8 ,flemi% contempor>y1 s9ce !y 7 s small z to appe> l m]e play?+s4 ,( ! fir/ edition1 o!r ?an ^? gores to be f\nd 9 ! ,new ,york ,public ,libr>y1 a set ( ! t]re/rial & ! cele/ial gores is 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 & ( ! t]re/rial 9 ! ,g]manis*es ,nationalmuseum ( ,nrnb]g4 ,( ! second edition1 copies ( ! unm\nt$ gores may be f\nd 9 ! ,biblio?que ,nationale1 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 9 ! private libr>y ( ,pr9ce ,trivulzio ( ,milan4 ,a m\nt$ pair ( ! second edition may be f\nd 9 ! ,oss]vatorio ,a/ronomico ( ,rome 7,fig4 #fe71 & 9 addition a second example ( ! cele/ial globe1 :i* is describ$ z hav+ excell5t m\nt+s ( brass1 s arrang$ z to make possible a revolution ( ! globe bo? on an equatorial axis & an axis ( ! ecliptic4 ,its horizon circle is support$ by two brass semicircles1 ! :ole re/+ on f\r wood5 columns ( mod]n con/ruction1 & ^! 9 turn re/+ on repres5tations ( lion's paws 9 bronze4 ,an example ( ! m\nt$ t]re/rial globe is said to belong to ! collection ( ,sr4 ,bazolle ( ,belluno1 :i* example once belong$ to ! ,c\nts ( ,pilloni4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fe4 ,globes ( ,franois de ,mong5et1 #aefj1 & ( ,gian ,francesco ,co/a1 #aghd4 ,att5tion has be5 call$ to ! peculi> gore map ( ,santa ,cruz1#bie & to ! fact t 8 me?od ( con/ruction seems n to h won favor4 ,we1 h[ev]1 f9d among ! map mak]s ( ,italy1 9 ! p]iod ( :i* we are n[ speak+1 "o ,antonius ,florianus1#bif :o1 if n copy+ ! plan ( ,santa ,cruz1 foll[$ closely 8 s*eme4 ,8 map1 ( :i* num]\s copies are kn[n 7,fig4 #ff71 seems to h be5 prep>$ = m\nt+ on a ball1 al?\gh no su* m\nt$ example c n[ be locat$4 ,) ! poles z c5t]s1 & ) a radius equal to "o qu>t] ( ! circumf]5ce ( ! sph]e he propos$ to con/ruct1 he drew 8 equatorial circles1 :i* ?us gave him two hemisph]es1 respectively1 a nor!rn & a s\!rn2 9 ! same mann] he drew 8 p>allels at int]vals ( t5 degrees1 us+ = ea* ! common pol> c5t]s4 ,9 ea* ( ! hemisph]es he drew ?irty-six sectors1 ea* sector be+ made to repres5t t5 degrees ( longitude1 & !y 7 s %ap$ ma!matically t _! comb9$ wid? at ! equator w\ld equal ! circumf]5ce ( ! sph]e ( :i* ! select$ radius1 ref]r$ to above1 repres5t$ "o qu>t] ( t circumf]5ce4 ,:5 prep>$ = m\nt+1 ! vacant space betwe5 ! sev]al sectors c\ld be cut away1 leav+ ! ?irty-six engrav$ sectors1 on :i* ! _w map appe>$1 to be pa/$ on ! surface ( ! sph]e4 ,! s*eme :i* ,florianus devis$ 0 practically t employ$ by ,w]n] 9 8 equival5t cordi=m projection1 & likewise t ( ,f9aeus & ,m]cator4#big ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ff4 ,globe ,gores ( ,antonius ,florianus1 #aeee4 ,x 0 ! eighte5? ( ,janu>y1 9 ! ye> #aeee1 t ,florianus obta9$ a copyright f ! ,v5etian s5ate = 8 map1#bih b x is probable he di$ be=e ! map appe>$ 9 pr9t1 s9ce !re is evid5ce ( incomplet5ess 9 ! kn[n copies4 ,9 ! spaces1 ) arti/ic bord]s1 :i* _h be5 design$ = inscriptions1 no?+ appe>s1 & 9 b two ( ! f\r c>t\*es evid5tly int5d$ = portraits d su* portraits appe>1 viz41 t ( ,ptolemy & ( ! au?or himself4 ,! geographical outl9es ( ! map closely resemble ^? ( ,de ,mong5et1 z well z ^? ( ,m]cator4 ,nor? ,am]ica is giv5 practically ! same %ape4 ,! great expanse ( ocean ly+ betwe5 ?is cont95t & ,asia is call$ ,oceanus ori5talis indicus1 & midway betwe5 ! cont95ts1 9 latitude #de degrees1 is ,sipango4 ,nor? ,am]ica is call$ ,am]icae1 also ,hispania maior1 :ile ,s\? ,am]ica is likewise call$ ,am]icae4 ,! great au/ral l& is repres5t$ b is unnam$4 ,! :ole is inde$ a f9e example ( ,italian copp] engrav+4 ,num]\s copies ( ,florianus' map are kn[n4 ,x usually appe>s 9 ! ,lafr]i collection1 & ,fior9i notes t copies may be f\nd 9 ! ,ar*ivo di ,/ate ( ,tur91 9 ! ,m>ciana ( ,v5ice1 9 ! ,biblioteca ,vittorio ,emanuele ( ,rome1 9 ! ,biblioteca ,comunale ( ,treviso1 9 ! private libr>y ( ,pr(essor ,m>9elli ( ,flor5ce1 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 9 ! private libr>y ( ,nord5skild4 ,to ! above may be add$ ! ,new ,york ,public ,libr>y1 ! ,libr>y ( ,congress1 & ! ,h>v>d ,libr>y1 :i* likewise possess copies4 ,among ! num]\s ref]5ces appe>+ "h & !re 9 ! lit]ature ( ,italy1 assur+ u ( ! int]e/ 9 t c\ntry 9 globe con/ruction1 ref]5ce may be made to ! record left by ,aless&ro ,piccolom9i1 a native ( ,si5a1 & au?or ( a "w on ! ext5t ( ! l& & wat]1#bii :o1 9 ! prep>ation ( 8 "w1 made ext5sive /udy ( ! records to be f\nd 9 plane maps & globes4 ,9 8 "w publi%$ 9 ,v5ice 9 ! ye> #aeeh1 ?\gh 8 d$ication to ,m4 ,jacomo ,cocco1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,corfu1 reads ,augu/ #bh1 #aeeg1 ,della mia casa di ,s4 ,giorgio1 di ,si5a1 il di ,,xxviii di ,ago/o ,,mdlvii1 he tells ( sev]al globes :i* x _h be5 8 privilege to exam9e4 ,i h zeal\sly exam9$ geographical maps1 bo? pla9 & sph]ical1 & especially ^? :i* are reput$ to be mo/ fai?ful1 = example1 among o!rs1 a solid t]re/rial sph]e %[n me by ,c>d9al ,viseo4#cjj ,ano!r ,i saw at ! home ( ! ,c>d9al ( ,c>pi1#cja exhibit+ m\nta9 elevations 9 a new & excell5t mann]1 & /ill ano!r mu* l>g] kept at pres5t at ! home ( ,c>d9al ( ,urb9o4#cjb ,!re is also a globe hav+ a diamet] ( ab\t an arm's l5g?1 :i* ,i saw two ye>s s9ce at ! home ( ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,corfu1 & /ill ano!r ,i h rec5tly se5 ab\t ! same size or ab\t "o arm's l5g? 9 diamet]1 :i* _h be5 pres5t$ to ,8 ,excell5cy ! ,duke ( ,paliano4 ,he adds t he _h made c>eful geographical computations 9 8 inve/igations1 employ+ ! la/-nam$ sph]e4 ,z to 8 me?od ( proc$ure 9 8 /udies he /ates t fir/ ( all hav+ plac$ be=e me a solid sph]e ( ab\t ?ree feet 9 diamet]1 ! mo/ exact ,i h be5 able to f9d among ^? ref]r$ to above1 namely1 ! "o ) ! equ9octial circle & ) ! m]idian pass+ ?r\gh ! ,can>ies ( ! ,=tunate isl&s :]e ,ptolemy locat$ ! prime m]idian1 ,i h divid$ x into f\r equal p>ts--two nor!rn & two s\!rn4 ,x seems probable t ! globe "h ref]r$ to is t :i* he /at$ belong$ to ! ,c>d9al ( ,urb9o1 & :i* he not$ 0 l>g] ?an 0 t belong+ to ,c>d9al ,viseo or to ! ,c>d9al ( ,c>pi1 ! diamet] ( :i* he /at$ to be an arm's l5g?4 ,piccolom9i gives u no intimation z to ! au?or%ip ( ! five globes he says he exam9$4 ,he adds an int]e/+ ^w conc]n+ ! "* ( ! globe ( ,c>d9al ,c>pi1 seem+ to imply t x 0 n a pr9t$ globe1 s9ce x repres5t$ m\nta9 elevations4 ,we p]haps are ju/ifi$1 says ,fior9i1 9 conclud+ f ?is & o!r evid5ce t ! maps on ^! globes 7 n pr9t$1 s9ce !y 7 ( v l>ge size1 & we "k t ,m]cator's globes #da cm4 9 diamet] 7 !n consid]$ to h special value because l>g] ?an o!rs con/ruct$ 9 a simil> mann]1 t is1 hav+ _! maps engrav$ or pr9t$4 ,we may "h aga9 ref] to ,ruscelli's directions = globe con/ruction1#cjc to :i* he add$ c]ta9 sugge/ions = globe adornm5t1 t !y might appeal to pr9ces & nobles4 ,globes ( copp]1 bronze or silv]1 he says1 su* z pr9ces w\ld desire to possess1 to be f9e1 durable & r>e %\ld be plat$1 t is1 ! circles1 ! lett]s1 ! outl9es ( ! c\ntries %\ld fir/ be engrav$ & !n !re %\ld be add$ gold or silv] plat+4 ,a g5]\s pr9ce1 he adds1 c\ld h !m made 9 ,asim9o or ,tausia /yle1 z !y say1 t is1 h ! copp] surface engrav$1 & ! grooves fill$ ) silv] or gold ?read4 ,by =c+ ?is 9 ! "w c be made v /rong4 ,he /ates 9 "o ( 8 *apt]s t globes s con/ruct$ are usually small1 b he adds t he _h se5 globes ?ree & a half palms 9 diamet]1 su* z t s5t to him by ,zurelio ,porcelaga4 ,( ?is la/ he speaks 9 words ( praise1 pass+ on to ref] to two l>ge ones !n "u con/ruction 9 ,v5ice4 ,"o ( ^!1 he says1 is ( copp] be+ made by ,giulio ,sanuto1 :i* x is hop$ w be "o ( ! be/ z "o ( ! mo/ beautiful ( any con/ruct$ up to ! pres5t "t4 ,! implication seems to be1 f ! words ( ,ruscelli1 t at lea/ "s "p ( ! pr9t+ 0 to be made directly on ! surface ( ! sph]e4 ,fur!r in=mation giv5 by ,ruscelli t\*+ ,sanuto & ,gonzaga 9 ?is connection is "h ( int]e/4 ,he /ates besides ! fact t ,giulio ,sanuto is v skilful 9 draw+ & engrav+1 especially 9 geographical maps ( ! _w & its p>ts1 he is1 9 ?is task1 be+ aid$ by ,livio ,sanuto1#cjd a ,v5etian nobleman1 8 bro!r1 among ^: _m good qualities he possesses to a degree above ! ord9>y1 are 8 atta9m5ts 9 ! pr(ession ( geography4 ,bo? are giv+ s mu* att5tion to ?is globe t x is expect$1 9 bo? matt] & =m1 x w be p]fect4 ,ano!r globe ?ree arm's l5g? 9 diamet] has1 s9ce la/ ye>1 be5 begun by ,curtio ,gonzaga1 :i* he int5ds %all conta9 all ( ^? ?+s t ,taisn]o has includ$ 9 8 globe z well z _m o!r ?+s t ! said g5tleman int5ds to add1 hop+ to make "o ( ! mo/ beautiful & p]fect sph]es to be se5 = _m ye>s to come4 ,?is c easily be believ$1 = he w d ev]y?+ himself1 & z ! great] dilig5ce w ?us be ex]cis$ we w h all ( ! advantages ( 8 great k ( geography1 to :i* subject z ev]1 he is giv+ all ( 8 att5tion1 & ! advantage ( 8 great skill 9 lett]+ & design+4#cje ,ruscelli ma9ta9$ t globes are pref]able to ord9>y maps 9 geographical /udies1 /at+ t al?\gh maps ( ?ree or f\r arm's l5g? & wid? are to be f\nd !y are n num]\s & are n ( great value1 & fur!rmore we h globes1 :i*1 9 ext5t ( space exhibit$1 surpass !m4 ,grant+ t "s ,pr9ces & c]ta9 o!rs d h maps v l>ge1 z = example1 su* z ,pope ,paul ,,ii _h made = ! palace ( ,s4 ,m>co 9 ,rome1 !re are also ,pr9ces & private p]sons :o h globes :i* 9 size mu* surpass ! plane maps t ,i h ev] se5 or he>d (4 ,until a few ye>s s9ce no "o knew h[ to pr9t su* globes1 & all 7 made ) p5 & bru%1 444 lat] g5iuses h f\nd a way = pr9t+ globe maps v accurately1 :i*1 9 a wond]ful way !y c place ov] ! surface ( a sph]e2 a way has also be5 f\nd = mak+ ! sph]es r\nd & exact1 & a me?od = comput+ measurem5ts = ! cov]+s to fit ! sph]e1 & = ! con/ruction ( su* o!r ?+s z belong !reto4#cjf ,! ,volpaja family ( ,flor5ce a*iev$ consid]able di/9ction 9 ! late fifte5? & 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 ?r\gh ^? memb]s :o 7 int]e/$ 9 ! con/ruction ( a/ronomical in/rum5ts & p>ticul>ly 9 armill>y sph]es4 ,vas>i tells u t 9 ! *apel ( ,santa ,tr9ita1 9 fresco1 is a picture ( ! ,magnific5t ,lor5zo de' ,m$ici1 fa!r ( ,pope ,leo ,x4444 ,9 ! same picture is ,lor5zo della ,volpaja1 a mo/ excell5t ma/] 9 ! art ( mak+ wat*es1 & a di/+ui%$ a/rolog]1 by :om a mo/ beautiful clock 0 made = ,lor5zo de' ,m$ici1 :i* ! mo/ illu/ri\s ,duke ,cosimo n[ has 9 8 palace1 & :]e9 all ( ! movem5ts ( ! planets are p]petually %[n by means ( :eels1 a v r>e ?+1 & ! fir/ t 0 made 9 t mann]4#cjg ,at ! "t ( its f\nd+ !re came to ! ,museo di ,/rum5ti ,anti*i di ,a/ronomia e di ,fisica ( ,flor5ce a f9e armill>y sph]e inscrib$ ,hi]onimus ,camilli ,vulp>iae ,flor5t3 fe3 #aeeg4 ,x is ( gild$ metal1 hav+ five sph]es or r+s rang+ f #fj to #ge mm4 9 diamet]1 & 9 addition eighte5 circles1 includ+ pol>1 tropical1 & equatorial circles ) m]idian & horizon1 ! latt] hav+ a diamet] ( #add mm4 ,fur!r in=mation record$ by ,fior9i tells u t x is m\nt$ on a wood5 base4#cjh ,on ! equatorial circle ( ! smalle/ sph]e is engrav$ ,def]5s ,augiem1 on ! next1 ,def]5s ,epiciculum1 on ! ?ird1 ,def]5s ,augiem1 on ! f\r?1 ,def]5s ,dragonem4 ,! fif? sph]e is compos$ ( six l>ge circles & f\r small ones4 ,! circles :i* repres5t ! m]idians1 ! equator1 ! ecliptic1 & ! horizon are graduat$1 :ile on ! ecliptic appe> ! names ( ! twelve zodiacal con/ellations1 & on ! horizon ! names ( ! pr9cipal w9ds or directions4 ,?is globe is ref]r$ to z "o ( special int]e/ because ( its peculi> & some:at complicat$ con/ruction2 x is m\nt$ on a wood5 base1 :i* is m mod]n ?an ! globe prop]1 & 9 _m p>ts gives evid5ce ( re/oration4 ,9 ! same museum !re is a second armill>y sph]e con/ruct$ by a memb] ( ! ,volpaja family1 p]haps by ! same "o :o con/ruct$ ! prec$+4 ,x is inscrib$ ,hi]onimus ,vulp>iae ,flor5tius ,fe4 ,a4,d4,,mdlxiiii & 0 a gift to ! museum by ! ,gr& ,duke ,leopold ,i4 ,! diamet] ( its horizon circle1 includ+ ! atta*$ p>ts1 is #da cm41 & its height1 includ+ its base1 #gf cm4 ,x has be5 describ$ z foll[s3 ,an armill>y sph]e1 ! armillae ( :i* are ( gild$ brass4 ,! small globe )9 ! circles repres5t+ ! e>? is ( ! cle>e/ cry/al4 ,! horizon is ( gild$ brass & re/s on a bran*$ support ornam5t$ ) human heads 9 relief4 ,! l[] "p ( ! bran*es is atta*$ to a base re/+ on ?ree lion's paws4 ,! bran*es1 ! heads1 ! base1 & ! paws are all ( brass4 ,9 ! nor!rn & s\!rn sections ( ! horizon !re are atta*m5ts conta9+ receptacles = hold+ ! magnetic ne$le1 b :i* ne$le 9 bo? places is want+4 ,! equator1 ! tropics1 & ! pol> circles are n zones b are triangul> prisms b5t 9 ! =m ( circles4 ,fur!rmore a "p ( ! ecliptic1 t is to say1 "o ( its zones1 is ( gild$ brass & is graduat$1 & %[s ! names ( ! mon?s & ! signs ( ! zodiac4 ,! diamet] ( ! sph]e is #ab4f pollici 7in*es874#cji ,!re is to be f\nd 9 ! ,ma!matical ,salon ( ,dresd5 a f9e example ( ! "w ( ,*ri/ian ,heyd5 7#aebe-aegf71 son ( a rector ( ! ,/4 ,sebaldus ,s*ool ( ,nrnb]g4 ,doppelmayr#caj tells u t aft] ye>s ( /udy 9 ,leipzig & ,witt5b]g1 he return$ to 8 native city1 became int]e/$ 9 mak+ ma!matical in/rum5ts1 & 9 #aefd he 0 appo9t$ to a pr(essor%ip ( ma!matics 9 ! fam\s ,nrnb]g gymnasium4 ,8 biograph] does n ref] to 8 activity z a globe mak]1 b tells u t ab\t ! ye> #aegj he con/ruct$ = ! ,emp]or ,maximilian ,,ii a me*anical device = illu/rat+ ! movem5t ( ! sun & ! moon1 :i* in/rum5t1 he notes1 especially int]e/$ ! not$ ,fr5*man1 ,petrus ,ramus1 :o c>efully exam9$ x on ! occasion ( a visit to ,nrnb]g4 ,! ,dresd5 example ( 8 "w 7,fig4 #fg71 ! only example kn[n1 consi/s ( a brass cele/ial globe encas$ 9 a cov]+ ( brass1 on ! surface ( :i* is engrav$ a t]re/rial map4 ,x has a diamet] ( #gb cm41 ! :ole be+ furni%$ ) a horizon1 a m]idian1 & an h\r circle4 ,?is is inde$ a *oice specim5 ( a sixte5?-c5tury engrav$ metal globe1 ( :i* we h num]\s examples1 b x is r an ornam5tal piece ?an "o ( great sci5tific value4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fg4 ,globe ( ,*ri/ian ,heyd51 #aefj4 ,doppelmayr likewise gives u a brief biographical note ref]r+ to "o ,johannes ,praetorius1 a globe mak]1 born at ,joa*im/hal 9 ! ye> #aecg4caa ,aft] a consid]able p]iod ( /udy1 *iefly at ,witt5b]g1 :]e he turn$ 8 att5tion to ! philosophical & ma!matical sci5ces1 he took up a resid5ce 9 ,nrnb]g 9 ! ye> #aefb4 ,"h he became int]e/$ 9 ! con/ruction ( me*anical & a/ronomical in/rum5ts1 & soon won ! favor ( ! ,emp]or ,maximilian ,,ii1 :i* favor he enjoy$ to ! end ( t ,emp]or's reign4 ,x 0 ab\t ! ye> #aegf t he became a pr(essor ( ma!matics at ,altdorf1 :]e he di$ 9 ! ye> #afaf4 ,doppelmayr ref]s to a numb] ( ! ma!matical & a/ronomical in/rum5ts con/ruct$ by him1 not+ t 9 ! ye> #aeff he complet$ two globes ( metal ri*ly gild$1 ea* hav+ a diamet] ( #aa in*es1 t ea* 0 furni%$ ) an h\r circle1 a movable quadrant & semicircles1 & t a compass 0 set 9 ! base ( ea*4 ,we le>n also f ! same biograph] t 9 ! ye> #aefh he complet$ a brass a/rolabe hav+ a diamet] ( "o s*uh 7foot871 ?ree & "o half in*es1 & t x 0 suppli$ ) all p>ts ess5tial to a complete app>atus ( its "*4 ,we are fur!r in=m$ t %ortly aft] ! beg9n+ ( 8 c>e] 9 ,altdorf he und]took ! con/ruction ( a l>ge cele/ial globe ( wood & pap]1 hav+ a diamet] ( f\r ,nrnb]g feet1 t he 0 assi/$ 9 ?is "w by ! arti/ & draughtsman1 ,*ri/oph] ,he9ri*s1 & t on ! surface ( ! sph]e "o ?\s& six hundr$ & fifty />s 7 indicat$ ) appropriate accompany+ inscriptions4 ,two pairs ( ,praetorius' globes are n[ kn[n1 "o pair 9 ! ,ma!matical ,salon ( ,dresd5 7,fig4 #fh71cab & ! o!r 9 ! ,g]manis*es ,national ,museum ( ,nrnb]g4 ,^! globes are ( brass1 ea* hav+ a diamet] ( #bh cm42 ea* is suppli$ ) m]idian1 horizon1 & h\r circles & re/s on a tripod base4 ,!y are ri*ly engrav$ pieces1 ! t]re/rial example be+ rem>kably well pres]v$1 ! cele/ial be+ slightly injur$1 ?r\gh rubb+ :i* has remov$ p>ts ( c]ta9 figures ( ! con/ellations4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fh4 ,globe ( ,johannes ,praetorius1 #aeff4 ,among ^? ,italians :o1 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 acquir$ well-m]it$ fame z globe mak]s may be m5tion$ ,ignazio ,danti 7#aecf-aehf71cac kn[n z ,pellegr9o be=e he ent]$ ! ord] ( ! prea*+ fri>s 9 8 n9ete5? ye>4 ,! "n ,danti appe>s to h be5 giv5 him *iefly on acc\nt ( 8 great le>n+1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! field ( ma!matics & a/ronomy4 ,9 ! same bran*es ( sci5ce 8 fa!r _h a*iev$ di/9ction1 & likewise 8 gr&fa!r1 ,vic5zo de ,r9aldi1 :o1 9 ! ye> #aega1 issu$ a translation ( ! ',sf]a' ( ,sacrobosco1 & :o con/ruct$1 z we are told1 an a/rolabe & an armill>y sph]e4#cad ,x seems to h be5 e>ly 9 ! ye> #aefc t ,danti 0 call$ to ,flor5ce by ,duke ,cosimo = ! purpose ( con/ruct+1 "u 8 patronage1 nautical & a/ronomical in/rum5ts & geographical maps4 ,( 8 "w :i* is /ill kn[n to u !re may be fir/ m5tion$ an a/ronomical quadrant plac$ on ! faade ( ! *ur* ( ,santa ,m>ia ,novella1 & an equ9octial armilla plac$ )9 ! same *ur*4 ,we h fir/ m5tion 9 ,vas>i's ',lives' ( ! globe & map "w ( 8 :i* especially conc]ns u "h4 ,x is an int]e/+ acc\nt ( 8 activity 9 ?is field1 an acc\nt wor?y ( citation4 ,fra ,ignazio ,danti is v le>n$ 9 cosmography & a man ( di/+ui%$ ability 9 lett]s1 9 s mu* t ! ,duke ,cosimo has committ$ to 8 c>e a "w ?an :i* none m p]fect 9 design1 or m important 9 ! results to be expect$ f x1 has ev] be5 execut$ 9 t k9d4 ,8 excell5cy has caus$ a room ( consid]able ext5t to be prep>$ on ! second floor ( 8 palace1 z a cont9uation (1 & an addition to ! gu>d>oba2 ar\nd ?is room he has _h cab9ets arrang$ sev5 braccia high1 & ri*ly c>v$ 9 walnut wood1 int5d+ to place )9 !m ! mo/ valuable & beautiful works ( art 9 8 possession2 & on ! doors ( ! same he has caus$ fifty-sev5 pictures1 ab\t two braccia 9 height & ( proportionate wid?1 to be pa9t$ 9 oil on wood 9 ! mann] ( m9iatures4 ,! subjects del9eat$ are ! ,ptolemaic ,tables1 measur$ by ,don ,ignazio ) ! mo/ exact p]fection1 & correct$ accord+ to ! late/ au?orities2 sea-*>ts ( ! utmo/ accuracy are add$1 ! scale & ! degrees be+ adju/$ ) all possible c>e1 & all hav+ ! anci5t1 z well z ! mod]n1 names2 ! division made ( ^! works be+ z foll[s4 ,at ! pr9cipal entrance into ! room are se5 f\r pictures execut$ on ! sides ( ! cab9ets1 & repres5t+ 9 p]spective ! halves ( f\r sph]es1 ^? bel[ %[+ ! e>?1 & ^? above ! heav5s ) all _! signs & cele/ial figures4 ,proce$+ t[>d ! "r we h all ,europe depict$ 9 f\rte5 comp>tm5ts1 ! pictures succe$+ ea* o!r to ! c5t] ( ! wall :i* is at ! head ( ! room1 & opposite to ! pr9cipal door1 t namely :]eon is plac$ ! horologue ) its :eels1 & ! daily motions made by ! planets 9 _! sph]es2 ,i mean t s mu* r5[n$ clock made by ! ,flor5t9e ,lor5zo della ,volpaja4 ,above ! comp>tm5ts repres5t+ ,europe1 are ^? ( ,africa 9 elev5 divisions2 ^! ext5d to ! horologue itself1 beyond :i* & on ! l[] "p is ,asia1 :i* occupies a consecutive range ( f\r comp>tm5ts1 ext5d+ to ! pr9cipal door4 ,!re are besides ! ,we/ ,indies1 :i* comm5ce f ! clock1 & cont9ue to ! pr9cipal door2 ! :ole s]ies =m+ ! fifty-sev5 divisions be=e m5tion$4 ,on ! l[] "p ( ! walls & imm$iately b5ea? ! geographical del9eations1 9 an equal numb] ( comp>tm5ts w be ! v>i\s plants & animals produc$ by ! respective c\ntries1 all depict$ f nature4 ,ov] ! cornice ( ! said cab9ets1 :i* completes ! decorations1 !re are to be ni*es divid+ ! pictures1 & 9 ^! w be plac$ c]ta9 antique bu/s 9 m>ble1 repres5t+ ! ,emp]ors & ,pr9ces by :om ^! l&s h be5 possess$1 s f> z ^? portraits are kn[n to exi/ or c be procur$4 ,! ceil+ is entirely 9 c>v$ wood-"w1 & )9 ! comp>tm5ts ( ! same are twelve l>ge pictures1 9 ea* ( :i* are to be f\r cele/ial signs1 mak+ 9 ! :ole =ty-eight2 ! figures are to be b little less ?an life size1 ea* accompani$ by its />s4 ,on ! walls b5ea? are ?ree hundr$ portraits ( di/+ui%$ p]sons belong+ to ! la/ five c5turies1 or some:at m2 !y are pa9t$ 9 oil2 b1 t ,i may n make too long a /ory1 ,i ref] ! m5tion ( _! names to ! tables ( my "w4 ,all h frames ( simil> size1 v ri*ly c>v$ 9 oak1 & produc+ an exce$+ly f9e effect4 ,9 ! two pictures occupy+ ! c5t] ( ! ceil+1 ea* ( :i* is f\r braccia wide1 are ! cele/ial signs2 ^! c be ?r[n back by means :i* _c be p]ceiv$2 & 9 a space repres5t+ ! concave are to be two l>ge sph]es1 "o repres5t+ ! e>?3 ?is w be made to desc5d by a conceal$ w9dlass1 & w !n be balanc$ on a support adequate to t purpose1 s t :5 fix$1 all ! pictures & ! maps on ! cab9et w be reflect$ !re91 ea* "p be+ ?us readily f\nd on ! sph]e4 ,on ! o!r globe ! =ty-eight cele/ial signs w be arrang$1 9 su* sort t all ! op]ations ( ! a/rolabe may be p]=m$ mo/ p]fectly by ! aid !re(4 ,! plan ( ?is "w has proce$$ f ! ,duke ,cosimo1 :o desir$ to h all ^! p>ts ( ! e>? & heav5 br\ght = once fairly toge!r 9 _! j positions1 exactly & )\t errors1 to ! end t !y might be obs]v$ & measur$1 ei!r ap>t or all toge!r1 z might be desir$ by ^? :o /udy & delight 9 ?is mo/ beautiful sci5ce4 ,i h !re=e ?\ght myself b\nd to make a memorial ( ! same 9 ?is place1 = ! sake ( ,fra ,ignazio2 & t 8 ability1 ) ! magnific5ce ( t great ,pr9ce1 :o has judg$ u wor?y to enjoy ! b5efits ( s honorable a labor1 may be made kn[n to all ! _w4#cae ,danti mu/ h und]tak5 ?is great "w %ortly aft] 8 arrival 9 ,flor5ce1 s9ce "o ( 8 maps1 to :i* ,vas>i ref]s1 is dat$ #aefc1 & x appe>s t ! t]re/rial globe mu/ h be5 f9i%$ by #aefg1 s9ce ! g5]al ,deposit>ia ( t ye>1 z cit$ by ,badia1 records t tw5ty lire 7 paid to ! gold-leaf mak]1 ,taddeo di ,francesco1 = ! five hundr$ leaves ( gold to be us$ = ! globe1 & !re is no succe$+ entry ref]r+ to ?is p>ticul> piece ( "w4#caf ,we "k t he nev] complet$ ! task :i* _h be5 assign$ to him4 ,duke ,cosimo's dea? occurr$ 9 ! ye> #aege1 & 8 son & successor1 ,francesco1 manife/$ b little int]e/ 9 fur!r+ ! cause ( sci5ce4 ,x 0 p]haps at ! in/ance ( ,francesco t ! g5]al ( ! ,dom9ican ,ord] direct$ ,danti to leave ,flor5ce1 & he pass$ ! rema9d] ( 8 days 9 ,bologna4 ,app>5tly b ?irty ( ! fifty-sev5 maps :i* 7 to be made by ,danti 7 complet$ at ! "t ( 8 dismissal1 & only ! t]re/rial globe4 ,z evid5ce t he did n con/ruct ! cele/ial globe1 ,badia cites a lett] writt5 by ,antonio ,lupic9i to ! ,gr& ,duke ,f]d9&1 dat$ ,octob] #bg1 #aehg4 ,aft] ref]5ce to c]ta9 great works plann$ by ,cosimo 9 ! la/ ye>s ( 8 life1 su* z ^? ref]r$ to by ,vas>i1 he adds t :5 x seem$ t no?+ else 0 to be se5 9 ! room1 at a c]ta9 sign ^! hi/orical repres5tations disappe>$ & ! cosmography ( ! :ole me*anism1 con/ruct$ aft] ! mann] ( ,ptolemy1 0 uncov]$2 9 do+ s !y op5$ ! ceil+ & let d[n ! repres5tations ( ! planets1 re/+ !m on a /& :i* came out ( ! floor1 & f ! floor also appe>$ a t]re/rial & a cele/ial globe ea* ?ree & a half braccia 9 diamet]1 "o ( :i* _h be5 made by ,fra ,ignazio1 & ! model ( :i* ,i myself h4#cag ,! t]re/rial globe1 at fir/ plac$ 9 ! room = :i* x 0 int5d$1 0 lat] remov$ to ! gall]y1 :]e on acc\nt ( mu* h&l+ x 0 greatly injur$1 & 9 ! ye> #aeie ! cosmograph]1 ,antonio ,santucci1 0 entru/$ ) its re/oration4#cah ,admir$ z x has be5 = m ?an ?ree hundr$ ye>s1 on acc\nt ( its size & excell5t workman%ip1 repeat$ly h&l$ ?r\gh all ^! ye>s by c>eless visitors1 a second re/oration 0 und]tak5 a few ye>s s9ce by ,f]d9&o ,meucci1 director ( ! museum to :i* x f9ally pass$4 ,meucci direct$ ?is "w ) great c>e1 /udy+ m9utely ! con/ruction ( ! globe "u ! opportunity ?us (f]$4 ,fior9i1 cit+ in=mation especially giv5 him by ,meucci1#cai says t ! diamet] ( ?is globe is #b4jd m42 t ! ball is ( wood hav+ a papi]-m* cov]+1 protect$ )\t by a wrapp+ ( cord & metal plates1 & t x is v sub/antially brac$ )94 ,danti himself 9 describ+ ! con/ruction ( ! globe1 on receiv+ an ord] = a simil> "o1 says t ! surface ( ?is globe is ?irty-six squ>e braccia & x is support$ )9 by an iron frame1 z a globe ( ?is size w\ld n /& )\t brac+2 x repres5ts a new inv5tion by means ( :i*1 ?\gh l>ge1 x c be mov$ 9 e direction ) a s+le f+]1 & its pole c be easily elevat$ or depress$4#cbj ,^! ,m$ici globes1 x seems1 attract$ mu* att5tion1 & n alone 9 ,italy4 ,pontanus1 9 ! preface ( 8 edition ( ,hues' ',tractatus de ,globis1' aft] a ref]5ce to ! cele/ial globe ( ,ty*o ,brahe1 six feet 9 diamet]1 adds t ,f]d9& ,i ( ,tuscany possess$ two globes1 "o t]re/rial & ! o!r an armill>y sph]e ) circles & orbs1 & t ^! globes 7 con/ruct$ by ! same h&4#cba ,?is la/ /atem5t we n[ "k to be an error1 s9ce ! t]re/rial globe alone 0 ! "w ( ,ignazio ,danti1 ! armill>y sph]e be+ ! "w ( ,antonio ,santucci4 ,! ,biblioteca ,nationale ( ,tur9 possesses a unique & highly int]e/+ globe sign$ ,franciscus ,bassus ,m$iolan5sis feccit #aegj1 call$ ,basso 9 8 day1 al?\gh 8 "n appe>s to h be5 ,francesco ,pelliccioni or ,pilizzoni4#cbb ,9 ?is we h "o ( ! f9e/ examples ( ! /yle ( con/ruct+ & ornam5t+ metal globes1 describ$ by ,ruscelli z agem9a1 9 :i* gold & silv] ?reads & plates are =c$ into ! engrav$ outl9es on ! surface ( ! ball4 ,! globe1 a holl[ iron sph]e ab\t #ef cm4 9 diamet]1 is 9 an excell5t /ate ( pres]vation4 ,! engrav$ p>allels & m]idians are indicat$ at int]vals ( t5 degrees1 ! prime m]idian pass+ ?r\gh ! ,can>y ,isl&s4 ,x has ?us be5 describ$ by ! libr>ian1 ,francesco ,c>ta3#cbc ,! p>ts ( ! globe 9 gold are ! equator1 ! tropics1 ! pol> circles & _m m\nta9 *a9s2 ! kn[n & ! unkn[n pol> regions are flak$ ) gold4 ,9 gold are ! cr[ns :i* designate ! sev]al k+doms1 ! small isl&s & ! graduat$ prime m]idian4 ,9 gold & silv] are ! %ips :i* sail ! seas1 ! small] be+ entirely ( gold4 ,! ecliptic1 ! m]idians except+ ! prime m]idian1 ! p>allels1 ! majority ( ! m\nta9 *a9s ( ! unkn[n l&s1 ! riv]s1 z well z ! outl9es ( ! l&s & ! seas4 ,on ! graduat$ horizon circle are ! ,lat9 names ( ! w9ds 9 silv] capital lett]s4 ,^! are ! twelve w9ds ( ,timo/5e4 ,a graduat$ metal m]idian passes ?r\gh ! poles & is atta*$ to ! rational horizon :i* is support$ by f\r small pyramidal columns hav+ quadrangul> bases4 ,at ! top1 & fa/5$ to ! framework ( ! globe ) a silv] ribbon1 is a silv] he>t hav+ ext5d$ w+s1 ! fea!rs ( :i* are ( gold & silv]4 ,f ?is he>t rises a small gild$ design repres5t+ an olive bran*1 hav+ leaves ( gold4 ,f ! l[] "p ( ! support hang silv] ribbons flak$ ) gold4 ,practically all inscriptions are 9 silv] capital lett]s1 ! majority be+ 9 ,lat91 b a few are 9 ,italian & 9 ,spani%4 ,to ,nor? ,am]ica :i* is connect$ ) ,asia1 9 accord ) ! idea s preval5t 9 ! second qu>t] ( ! c5tury1 is giv5 ! "n ,asia magna quae ,india borealis1 & to ,s\? ,am]ica ! "n ,am]ica ,nova4 ,9 addition to ! above inscriptions we f9d su* z ,hispania ,major1 ,g4 d4 ,anian1 ,oceanus ,indicus1 ,s9us ,magnus ,aphricae4 ,9 ,brazil is ! inscription1 ,8 ,leoni ,copia4 ,! inscription ,t]ra ,au/ralis rec5t] inv5ta anno #adii1 s$ nondum pl5e cognita t]ra1 closely resembles an inscription simil>ly plac$ on ! _w map ( ,orontius ,f9aeus ( #aeca1 :i* reads ,t]ra ,au/ralis rec5t] inv5ta s$ nondum pl5e cognita4#cbd ,x does n appe> t great sci5tific value atta*es to ?is globe1 s9ce !re cle>ly 0 no attempt to produce a t]re/rial map to date4 ,x1 h[ev]1 is a mo/ int]e/+ example ( globe con/ruction 9 a day :5 globes 7 s mu* 9 favor4 ,! ,lancisiana ,biblioteca ( ,rome possesses an arti/ically con/ruct$ armill>y sph]e1 app>5tly ! "w ( ,giovanni ,m>ia ,b>rocci1 :o1 9 ! second half ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 a*iev$ di/9ction z a mak] ( wat*es & ( ma!matical in/rum5ts4 ,fior9i gives reason = ?9k+ ?is to be ( ab\t ! ye> #aegj1 z well z reason = attribut+ ! "w to ,b>rocci1#cbe f9d+ x 9 an epitaph ( a memb] ( ! family 9 :i* !re is allusion to ! con/ruction ( a cele/ial globe = ,pope ,pius ,v4 ,two globes1 "o cele/ial attribut$ to ,hi]onymo de ,boncompagni1 & "o t]re/rial attribut$ to ,emanuele ,filib]to & probably con/ruct$ ab\t ! ye> #aegj1 are briefly ref]r$ to by ,fior9i z belong+ to ! ,oss]vatorio del ,collegio ,romano4#cbf ,fur!r ref]5ce to ^! globes has n be5 obta9able1 !re be+ no m5tion ( ! same 9 a communication receiv$ by ! au?or f ?is obs]vatory4 ,! ,biblioteca ,nationale ,vittorio ,emanuele ( ,rome possesses two rem>kably f9e manuscript globes1 a t]re/rial & a cele/ial1 ! latt] be>+ ! inscription ,anno ,jobel#cbg #aege ad que supputatae sunt /ellae4 ,9 ! ,jubilee ye> = :i* ! positions ( ! />s h be5 comput$4 ,:ile n giv+ ) c]ta9ty ! exact date ( _! con/ruction1 x seems t x c\ld n h be5 lat] ?an t giv5 9 ! leg5d4 ,! globes be> ! coat ( arms ( ! ,jesuits1 :i* may only sugge/ t ! mak] 0 a memb] ( t ord]4 ,ea* ( ^! globes1 or globe balls1 is con/ruct$ ( a wood5 framework1 cov]$ ) a prep>ation ( pla/]1 ov] :i* has be5 add$ a coat ( ?ick v>ni%4 ,on ! surface ?us prep>$ ! map has be5 drawn & pa9t$ 9 colors4 ,ea* has a diamet] ( ab\t #gj cm41 is m\nt$ on a pyramidal base1 #gg cm4 9 height1 f :i* rises a rod #de cm4 9 l5g?1 support+ two semicircles :i* s]ve z a direct base support = ! iron horizon circle4 ,! cele/ial globe has repres5t$ on its surface ! equator1 ! tropics1 ! pol> circles1 ! colures1 ! ecliptic1 & ! zodiac1 & ! figures repres5t+ ! sev]al con/ellations4 ,^! figures are v arti/ically pa9t$1 hav+ _! sev]al names writt5 9 gold 9 ! ,lat9 language2 "s figures & names un=tunately are want+ by reason ( injury to ! surface ( ! globe4 ,on ! t]re/rial globe ! equator1 ! tropics1 & ! pol> circles are repres5t$1 :ile b two m]idians are indicat$1 ! prime m]idian pass+ ?r\gh ! ,can>y ,isl&s :ile ! o!r has be5 drawn n9ety degrees f ?is1 t is1 cuts x at "r angles at ! poles4 ,! ,biblioteca ,laur5tiana ( ,flor5ce possesses f\r small armill>y sph]es1 be>+ nei!r date nor au?or leg5ds4#cbh ,! l>g] ( ^! has a diamet] ( ab\t #cb cm41 is ( brass1 & re/s ^u an arti/ic support compos$ ( a gr\p ( bronze satyrs4 ,! o!r ?ree1 by reason ( _! close resemblance1 appe> to be ! "w ( ! same arti/4 ,ea* has a diamet] ( ab\t #bc cm4 & a base ( brass on :i* /&s a small bronze /atue1 :i* be>s on its %\ld]s a globe4 ,?is globe supports ! sev]al circles compos+ ! armill>y sph]e4 ,! support+ /atue 9 "o ( ^! is clad & is repres5t$ z we>+ s&als on ! feet1 suppos$ly repres5t+ ! my?ical ,atlas4 ,9 ano!r ( ^! ! /atue is t ( a man re/+ on ! "r knee ) ! left h& uplift$1 :ile 9 ! ?ird ! /atue is t ( a woman re/+ ^u ! left knee1 hav+ ! "r h& uplift$4 ,^! globes are report$ z n be+ 9 good condition1 b ea* exhibits arti/ic m]it ( a high ord]4 ,!re is likewise to be f\nd 9 ! ,biblioteca ,nationale ( ,flor5ce a small cele/ial globe ( bronze1 & a cele/ial & t]re/rial globe ( silv]4 ,^! globes are nei!r sign$ nor dat$ b are ?\ght to belong to ! p]iod n[ "u consid]ation4 ,! bronze globe has ! con/ellations repres5t$ 9 relief4 ,x is exce$+ly small1 hav+ a diamet] ( ab\t #aj cm4 ,! silv] globes h diamet]s ab\t half ! prec$+1 or ab\t #d4e cm4 ,!y are furni%$ ) horizon & m]idian circles1 & h m\nt+s :i* cle>ly are mod]n4 ,! sev]al con/ellations repres5t$ on ! cele/ial globe are exce$+ly well done1 z are all ( ! decorative figures appe>+ on ! t]re/rial globe4 ,geographical names are necess>ily few because ( ! size ( ! globe4 ,att5tion has be5 call$ to ! ref]5ces :i* ,ruscelli makes 9 8 ',geografia' to globe con/ruction4#cbi ,notice may likewise "h be call$ to a simil> ref]5ce1 ?\gh mu* m brief1 made by ,francesco ,maurolico1 a native ( ,mess9a1 & (t5 ref]r$ to z ! new ,ar*im$es1 because ( 8 great fame acquir$ 9 ! field ( ma!matics & a/ronomy4 ,9 8 "w1 publi%$ 9 ! ye> #aege1ccj he devot$ "p ( "o *apt] to ! subject ,de spha]a solida1 describ+ ! con/ruction ( a cele/ial globe1 & ! use ( ! same4 ,we h no evid5ce t he 0 ev] engag$ 9 ! con/ruction ( su* in/rum5ts z aids 9 ! /udy ( 8 sci5ce4 ,la/ly1 9 ?is *apt]1 m5tion may be made ( ! "w ( ,m>io ,c>t>o4 ,x appe>s t ) 8 "w t ( ! ,italian globe mak]s ( ! c5tury practically came to a close2 ! names ( b two or ?ree appe> 9 ! la/ qu>t]4 ,c>t>o fir/ a*iev$ di/9ction z a design] & engrav] 9 ,rome1 :]e he issu$ a "w conta9+ ! portraits ( ! fir/ tw5ty-f\r ,roman ,emp]ors4#cca ,f ,rome x appe>s t he w5t to ,naples1 :]e he cont9u$ to reside until ! "t ( 8 dea?4 ,t he 0 mu* favor$ 9 ,naples is atte/$ by ! fact t he 0 giv5 a commission to design or to repres5t all places & plants 9 ! k+dom1 & to receive = ! same t5 scudi p] mon?4#ccb ,x is probable t z a result ( ?is commission we h t f9e manuscript atlas ( ?irte5 maps n[ belong+ to ! ,biblioteca ,nationale ( ,naples1 repres5t+ ! prov9ces ( ! k+dom & sign$ ,m4 ,c>t>o ,f4 #afac4ccc ,?is manuscript gives /rik+ evid5ce ( 8 c>tographical ability4 ,! manuscript is ( pap]1 its fir/ map repres5t+ ! anci5t k+dom ( ,naples1 on :i* is plac$ ! ,spani% coat ( arms4 ,! rema9+ twelve repres5t ! foll[+ nam$ prov9ces3 ,t]ra di ,lavorro1 ,pr9cipato ,citra1 ,pr9cipato ,ultra1 ,basilicata1 ,calabria ,citra1 ,calabria ,ultra1 ,t]ra d',otranto1 ,t]ra di ,b>i1 ,capitanata1 ,contado di ,molise1 ,abruzzo ,citra1 ,abruzzo ,ultra4 ,c>t>o's globes are ( solid wood ab\t #af cm4 9 diamet]1 ! balls be+ cov]$ ) engrav$ gore maps4 ,on 8 cele/ial globes appe>s ! inscription1 ,m>ius ,c>t>us ,vit]b5sis ,autor incidebat ,romae u priv4 #aegg4 ,! twelve or r tw5ty-f\r half gores1 s9ce !y are cut on ! l9e ( ! ecliptic1 are copp] engrav$4 ,! equator1 ! tropics1 ! pol> circles1 & ! colures are repres5t$1 ! ecliptic & ! equator be+ graduat$1 ! degrees be+ alt]nately color$ r$ & yell[4 ,! sev]al con/ellations are well drawn1 are color$ yell[ ) %ad+1 & /& out prom95tly aga9/ a blue backgr\nd repres5t+ ! sky4 ,8 t]re/rial globes be> ! inscription ,m>ius ,c>t>us ,vit]b5sis ,autor incidebat ,romae ,,mdlxxvii cum privilegio1 ! gores be+ divid$1 z 9 ! prec$+1 into tw5ty-f\r4 ,m]idians & p>allels are drawn at int]vals ( fifte5 degrees1 alt]nate degrees be+ color$ r$ & yell[1 ! prime m]idian pass+ ?r\gh ! ,can>y ,isl&s & be+ graduat$4 ,9 ! ,oss]vatorio del ,collegio ,romano may be f\nd two copies ( ! cele/ial & "o example ( ! t]re/rial globe1 "o ( ! =m] once belong+ to ! a/ronom]1 ,virgilio ,spada1 & lat] to ! ,biblioteca ,vallicelliana4 ,nei!r ( ^! globes is well pres]v$1 ! orig9al m\nt+s are want+1 & ea* re/s on a base ( wood :i* has be5 m]ely design$ to s]ve z a support4 ,a copy ( ! cele/ial globe may be f\nd 9 ! ,museo di ,/rum5ti ,anti*i ( ,flor5ce1 :i* 0 pres5t$ to ! museum by ! ,gr& ,duke ,leopold ,i4 ,?is example is report$ to be 9 good condition1 be+ m\nt$ on a base ( wood1 & hav+ a horizon & a m]idian circle ( wood1 bo? ( :i* are graduat$4 ,on ! horizon appe> ! names ( ! eight pr9cipal w9ds1 ) repres5tations ( ! w9d heads hav+ di/5d$ *eeks4 ,a fairly well-pres]v$ example ( ! t]re/rial globe 7,fig4 #fi7 0 rec5tly pur*as$ by ,mr4 ,re$ ( ,new ,york ,city1 by ^: c\rte\s p]mission x 0 photograph$ = reproduction 9 ?is "w4 ,x has a s+le p$e/al base :i* is gild$1 is furni%$ ) horizon & m]idian circles1 ! =m] be+ support$ by two semicircles1 :i* 9 turn re/ on ! p$e/al base4 ,practically all ( ! inscriptions are 9 capitals1 & all ( ! "w ( ! engrav] has be5 v arti/ically done4 ,! outl9e ( ! ,new ,_w resembles closely t giv5 by ,m]cator & by ,zalti>i4 ,9 ,nor? ,am]ica we f9d int]e/+ly repres5t$ a great lake dra9$ by two riv]s1 app>5tly1 b n accurately drawn z ! ,mississippi & ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce4 ,! s\?we/]n "p is call$ ,nova ,spagna1 ,mexico is designat$ z ,nova ,galitia2 9 ! nor!a/ we f9d ,la ,nova ,franza1 & ,t]ra de ,norubeca1 & 9 ! s\!a/ ,florida1 al?\gh ! p59sula is n well drawn4 ,s\? ,am]ica be>s ! "n ,am]ica1 s drawn z practically to cov] ! cont95t1 & 9 addition we f9d ,ca/iglia de ,loro1 ,p>a1 ,p]u ,prov91 ,*ili1 & lake ,ti*ia1 locat$ well inl&4 ,x w be not$ 9 ! reproduction t ! sph]e is well %ot ?r\gh by ! indu/ri\s book- or woodworm4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fi4 ,t]re/rial ,globe ( ,m>io ,c>t>o1 #aegg4 ,,notes #bij ,see 8 catalogue ,no4 ,,xlii1 item #acc2 also catalogue ,no4 ,l1 item #cbg4 ,nord5skild4 ,facsimile ,atlas4 ,plate ,,xl reproduces ! t]re/rial globe gores4 #bia ,m>cel1 ,g4 ,franois ,de ,mong5et1 gographe franc-comtois4 7,93 ,bullet9 de gographie1 hi/orique et descriptive4 ,p>is1 #ahhi4 pp4 #ca-dj472 ,gn!r1 ,s4 ,die ma!matis*5 ,sammlung des ,gesmanis*5 ,museums zu ,nrnb]g4 7,93 ,leopold9a1 ,heft #ad1 p4 #aaj47 #bib ,see above1 p4 #abi4 #bic ,vas>i1 op4 cit41 ,vol4 ,,iii1 pp4 #ejj1 #eab1 #ead4 #bid ,ruscelli1 ,g4 ,la geografia di ,claudio ,tolomeo ,aless&r9o monum5te tradotta di greco 9 italiano4 ,v5ezia1 #aefa4 p4 #cb4 #bie ,see above1 p4 #abb4 #bif ,joppi1 ,v4 ,pittori e scultori4 ,v5ezia1 #ahha4 p4 #hf4 #big ,fior9i1 ,m4 ,le projezioni delle c>te geografi*e4 ,bologna1 #ahha4 ,*ap4 vi1 #e2 same au?or4 ,le projezioni cordi=mi nella ,c>tografia4 7,93 ,bollet9o della ,societ ,geografica ,italiana4 ,roma1 #ahhi4 pp4 #eed-egi47 #bih ,joppi1 op4 cit41 pp4 #ga ff4 #bii ,! title-page reads1 ,della gr&ezza della t]ra et dell' acqua4 ,trattato di ,m4 ,aless&ro ,piccolom9i1 nuovam5te m&ato 9 luce all' ,illu/r4 et ,rev4 ,s4 ,monsig4 ,m4 ,jacomo ,cocco ,arcivescovo di ,corf4 ,con privilegio4 ,9 ,v5etia ,,mdlviii4 #cjj ,c>della4 ,memorie /ori*e del ,c>d9ali della ,santa ,romana ,*iesa4 ,roma1 #agib4 ,tom4 ,,iv1 p4 #bcc4 #cja ,c>della1 op4 cit41 ,tom4 ,,iv1 p4 #agc4 #cjb ,c>della1 op4 cit41 ,tom4 ,,iv1 p4 #bhg4 #cjc ,ruscelli1 op4 cit4 ,see t section appe>+ z a second "p or app5dix to ?is "w titl$ ,espositioni et introductioni4 ,*ap4 ii4 #cjd ,sanuto4 ,geografia di ,livio ,sanuto di/9ta 9 ,,xii libri4 ,v9ezia1 #aehh4 #cje ,ruscelli4 ,espositioni4 ,*ap4 iii4 #cjf ,ruscelli4 ,geografia4 pp4 #eh1 #ei4 #cjg ,vas>i1 op4 cit41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #fe4 #cjh ,fior9i4 ,sf]e t]re/ri e cele/i4 p4 #bah4 #cji ,inv5t>io del ,reale ,gab9etto r$atto nel #aggf1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 n4 #age4 #caj ,doppelmayr1 op4 cit41 p4 #ge2 ,g]l&1 ,e4 ,beitrge zur ,ges*i*te d] ,physik4 7,93 ,leopold9a1 ,heft #ah1 p4 #fi472 ,weidl]1 ,j4 ,f4 ,hi/oria a/ronomiae4 ,vitemb]gae1 #agda4 p4 #cij2 ,dre*sl]1 ,a4 ,katalog d] ,sammlung des ,knigl4-,ma!matis*-,physikalis*5 ,salon zu ,dresd54 ,dresd51 #ahgd4 p4 #ec4 #caa ,doppelmayr1 op4 cit41 pp4 #hc-ij4 #cab ,dre*sl]1 op4 cit41 pp4 #ec1 #ed2 ,g]l&1 op4 cit41 p4 #fh4 #cac ,del ,badia1 ,j4 ,egnazio ,danti cosmografo e matematico4 ,fir5ze1 #ahhb2 ,m>*ese1 ,r4 ,memorie dei pi illu/ri pittori1 scultori ed ar*itetti ,dom9icani4 ,bologna1 #ahgi4 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #ceg2 ,por5a1 ,f4 ,la ,geografia 9 ,roma e il mappamondo ,vaticano4 7,93 ,boll4 della ,societ ,geografica ,italiana4 ,roma1 #ahhh4 pp4 #bba ff47 #cad ,uzielli1 ,g4 ,l'epi/ol>io ,colombo-,toscanelliano e di ,danti4 7,93 ,boll4 della ,societ ,geografica ,italiana4 ,roma1 #ahhi4 p4 #hcf47 ,9 ?is ! au?or ref]s to ! num]\s editions ( ,sacrobosco translat$ by ,r9aldi4 #cae ,vas>i1 op4 cit41 ,vol4 ,v1 pp4 #dic-dif4 #caf ,del ,badia1 op4 cit41 p4 #cj4 #cag ,del ,badia1 op4 cit41 p4 #bh4 #cah ,del ,badia1 op4 cit41 p4 #ca4 #cai ,fior9i4 ,sf]e t]re/ri e cele/i4 p4 #agi4 #cbj ,tirabos*i1 ,g4 ,/oria della litt]atura italiana4 ,roma1 #ahgc4 ,tom4 ,,vii1 pt4 ,i1 lib4 ii1 p4 #dci4 #cba ,hues1 ,r4 ,tractatus de globis coele/i et t]re/ri eorumque usu4 ,am/elodame1 #afag4 ,ed4 by ,joannis ,isaci ,pontanus4 ,see ! ,preface4 #cbb ,moriggia1 ,r4 ,p4 ,f4 ,la nobilita di ,milano4 ,milano1 #aeie4 ,lib4 ,v1 cap4 xvii4 #cbc ,fior9i4 ,sf]e t]re/ri e cele/i4 p4 #ahd2 ,krets*m]1 ,k4 ,die ,entdeckung ,am]ikas 9 ihr] ,b$eutung fr die ,ges*i*te des ,weltbildes4 ,b]l91 #ahib4 p4 #dcf1 & ,tav4 xxix4 #cbd ,nord5skild4 ,facsimile ,atlas1 plate ,,xli4 #cbe ,fior9i4 ,sf]e t]re/ri e cele/i4 p4 #bbj4 #cbf ,fior9i4 ,sf]e t]re/ri e cele/i4 p4 #bhd4 #cbg ,! ^w ,jobel is ?\ght to mean jubilee4 #cbh ,fior9i4 ,sf]e t]re/ri e cele/i4 pp4 #dig-ejj4 #cbi ,see above1 n4 #e1 #ad4 #ccj ,8 "w be>s ! title ,d4 ,francisci ,maurolyci ,abbatis ,messan5sis ,opuscula ma!matica nunc primum 9 lucem edita4 ,v5etiis1 #aege4 #cca ,gori-,g&ell9i1 ,g4 ,notizie /ori*e degli intagliatori4 ,si5a1 #agga4 ,tom4 ,i1 p4 #be4 #ccb ,ar*ivo ,/orico della ,prov9cie ,napoletane4 ,anno primo ,napoli4 #ahgf4 p4 #dje4 #ccc ,fior9i4 ,sf]e t]re/ri e cele/i4 p4 #aia4 ,see = catalogue ref]5ce ,sala dei ,,mss4 ,scaffale ,,xii1 pal*etto ,d1 n4 #ajj4 ,illu/ration3 ,compass ,rose4 ,f ,m>t9es ,atlas1 #aehb ,*apt] ,,ix ,globes & ,globe ,mak]s ( ! ,la/ ,qu>t] ( ! ,sixte5? ,c5tury ,brief summ>y ( sixte5?-c5tury globe mak+4--,! close ( ! c5tury introduc+ u to ! great ,dut* globe mak]s4--,! clock mak] ,dasypodius4--,pet] & ,philip ,apianus4--,! armill>y sph]e ( ,c>lus ,platus4--,roll & ,re9hold4--,ty*o ,brahe & 8 influ5ce4--,titon du ,tillet4--,! t]re/rial globe ( ,r\54--,globes ( ,em]y ,molyneux4--,globes ( ,brgi4--,zri* globe4--,beak] globes4--,ivory globe ( ,antonio ,spano4--,! ,van ,langr5 globes4--,santucci4--,b4 ,f4 globe ( ,dresd54 ,9 ! la/ ?ree *apt]s att5tion has be5 call$ to ! globes & globe mak]s ( ! e>li] ye>s ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 special m5tion hav+ be5 made 9 ,*apt]s ,,vi & ,,vii ( ! notions ent]ta9$ conc]n+ ! geography ( ! ,new ,_w z exhibit$ 9 ! t]re/rial globe maps4 ,9 ! fir/ qu>t] ( ! c5tury1 z 0 /at$1 ! newly discov]$ l&s 7 repres5t$ z hav+ no geographical connection ) ! ,old ,_w1 & ) few exceptions ! two cont95ts ( ! we/]n hemisph]e 7 sep>at$ f ea* o!r ei!r by a /rait or by a wide expanse ( ocean4 ,9 ! second qu>t] ( ! c5tury ! belief seem$ to h f\nd v g5]al acceptance t ! ,new ,_w 0 b a prolongation or ea/w>d ext5sion ( ! ,asiatic cont95t1 a belief :i* f\nd expression 9 ! plane z well z 9 ! globe maps4 ,exceptions to su* belief 7 likewise not$1 z 0 also ! incl9ation manife/+ itself 9 ?is second qu>t] to return to ! e>li] notions1 t a great body ( wat] sep>at$ ,asia f ! nor!rn cont95t1 9 ! spread ( :i* notion ,m]cator seems to h ex]t$ a dom9at+ influ5ce4 ,9 ! ?ird qu>t] ( ! c5tury ! globe maps indicate t a belief 9 ! indep5d5t position ( ! ,new ,_w _h aga9 f\nd v g5]al acceptance1 al?\gh !re appe>$ n[ & !n an expression 9 ! maps t ! !ory ( an ,asiatic connection /ill l+]$4 ,9 ?is ?ird qu>t] x 0 ! ,italian globe mak]s :o 7 ! mo/ active1 yet x mu/ be admitt$ t ! majority ( ! globes produc$ 9 ^! ye>s 9 ! p59sula 7 n ( /rik+ importance4 ,9 ! lit]ature ( ! p]iod1 ref]5ces to globes :i* 7 con/ruct$1 & :i* appe> to h be5 well kn[n1 are n infrequ5t1 b "o is incl9$ to a belief1 bas$ ^u ^! ref]5ces1 & ^u ^? globes :i* are extant1 t "t has de/roy$ ! be/ ( !m4 ,! records ( ! la/ qu>t] ( ! c5tury1 ( :i* we come n[ to speak 9 ?is *apt]1 seem to %[ a decl9e ( int]e/ 9 globe mak+ among ! ,italians1 ! examples ( _! "w left to u be+ exce$+ly few4 ,we note a ris+ int]e/ & activity 9 globe mak+ 9 ! ,nor? 9 ?is p]iod1 :i* rea*es a climax dur+ ! e>ly ye>s ( ! sev5te5? c5tury 9 ! spl5did "w giv5 out by ! great ma/]s ( ! ,ne!rl&s4 ,a well-m]it$ fame especially cr[ns ! labors ( memb]s ( ! ,van ,langr51 ! ,blaeu1 & ! ,hondius families4#ccd ,al?\gh rememb]$ *iefly = 8 "p 9 ! con/ruction ( ! fam\s ,/rassburg ca!dral clock1 ,conrad ,dasypodius 7#aecj-afjj7 c also claim a place among ! globe mak]s ( 8 day1 t is1 ( ! p]iod we n[ h "u consid]ation4#cce ,he 0 ! son ( ,petrus ,dasypodius1 a native ( ,frau5feld 9 ,switz]l&1 ^: "n orig9ally 0 ,rauhfuss or ,has5fuss1 & :o = "s ye>s held a position z pr(essor ( ! ,greek language 9 ,zri*4 ,9 ! ye> #aecj he remov$ to ,/rassburg to accept a simil> position 9 ! ,/rassburg ,academy1 :]e he di$ 9 ! ye> #aeei4 ,"y ,conrad1 aft] an association = a p]iod ) ! !n fam\s ,/rassburg ma!matician1 ,*ri/ian ,h]l91#ccf z 8 favorite pupil1 travel$ ext5sively1 go+ to ,p>is & lat] to ,lyons1 :]e he cont9u$ 8 ma!matical /udies4 ,9 ,octob]1 #aefb1 he became ! successor ( ,h]l91 & 9 ! ye> #aefc canon ( ,/4 ,?omas4 ,to ! impulse :i* he contribut$ to ma!matical /udies is due ! high place held = a consid]able p]iod by ! ,/rassburg ,academy4#ccg ,x is a "p ( 8 great s]vice t he n only enc\rag$ ! /udy ( ! ,greek ma!maticians1 b he also 0 especially int]e/$ 9 hav+ _! works br\ght to ! att5tion ( ! public ?r\gh _! reissue1 especially ! works ( ,euclid4 ,! li/ ( ,dasypodius' publications#cch is a long "o & is su* z to place him among ! =emo/ s*ol>s ( 8 day1 b x 01 h[ev]1 8 a/ronomical clock1 not$ above1 :i* br\ght him special r5[n 9 ! l>g] circles4 ,x 0 ne> ! middle ( ! f\rte5? c5tury t ! fir/ clock1 :i* 0 ( wood1 0 con/ruct$ = ! ca!dral1 b "t _h wr\ght its de/ructive "w1 & z e>ly z #aedg a commission 0 appo9t$ to consid] ! "q ( its re/oration1 & ( ?is commission ,*ri/ian ,h]l9 0 a prom95t memb]4 ,8 dea? 9 ! ye> #aefb left ! plan incomplete1 & eight ye>s pass$ be=e 8 pupil1 ,dasypodius1 0 successful 9 urg+ ! magi/rates ( ! city to take up ! "w anew4 ,9 ! ye> #aegj1 ?r\gh 8 advice1 two "y globe mak]s ( ,s*affhaus51 ,isaac & ,josias ,habre*t1#cci :o _h giv5 aid to _! fa!r 9 ! con/ruction ( ! ,frohnwaag?urm ,uhr ( ! la/-nam$ city1 toge!r ) ! ,s*affhaus5 arti/s1 ,tobias & ,josias ,/imm]1#cdj 7 invit$ to take up ! "w "u 8 sup]vision4 ,at ! end ( ?ree ye>s ! clock 0 complet$ & soon came to be ref]r$ to z "o ( ! sev5 wond]s ( ,g]many4 ,truly a ma/]piece1 said ,montucla1 & ! fir/ ( its k9d 9 all ,europe by reason ( ! num]\s movem5ts :i* x executes4#cda ,9 ! ye> #aehj a description ( ! same 0 prep>$ & publi%$ by ,dasypodius himself4#cdb ,al?\gh call+ = frequ5t repairs ! clock cont9u$ runn+ until ! ye> #aghi1 :5 x ceas$1 & aft] fifty ye>s _h pass$ ! old me*anism 0 replac$ by new1 ! "w ( ,s*wilgu4#cdc ,rem>kable z is ! entire ma/]piece1 x is ! globes ) :i* ,dasypodius furni%$ x t especially int]e/ u "h4 ,at ! base ( ! clock is plac$ a cele/ial sph]e 7,fig4 #gj7 ?ree feet 9 diamet]1 support$ by f\r columns ( wood ri*ly c>v$4 ,on ! surface appe> ! =ty-eight ,ptolemaic con/ellations1 ea* con/ellation hav+ its appropriate figure1 & ! #ajbb />s :i* _h be5 locat$ 9 ,ptolemy's day4 ,! globe is s connect$ ) ! ma*9]y1 by :i* ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! clock are made to p]=m _! functions1 t x makes "o revolution on its axis e tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 ?us repres5t+ ! ris+ & ! sett+ ( ! sev]al cele/ial bodies4 ,two circles 7 add$1 "o c>ry+ ! sun & ! o!r ! moon1 adju/$ s z to turn ab\t ! globe1 ! fir/ 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 & ! second 9 ab\t tw5ty-five4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! movem5ts1 x appe>s1 0 n greatly alt]$ 9 ! recon/ruction ( #ahch-ahdb1 & ! clock1 z x n[ /&s1 is ?us describ$ by ,britt53 ,on ! floor level is a cele/ial globe indicat+ sid]ial "t4 ,9 its motion r\nd its axis ! globe c>ries ) x ! circles t surr\nd x--namely1 ! equator1 ! ecliptic1 ! sol/itial & equ9octial colures1 :ile ! m]idian & horizon circles rema9 motionless1 s t !re are %[n ! ris+ & ! sett+1 z well z ! passage ov] ! m]idian ( ,/rassburg1 ( all />s t are visible to ! nak$ eye1 & :i* appe> above ! horizon4 ,beh9d ! cele/ial globe is ! cal5d>2 on a metallic b&1 n9e in*es wide & ?irty feet 9 circumf]5ce1 are ! mon?s & ! days ( ! mon?s1 ,dom9ical lett]s1 fix$ & movable fea/ days4 ,! b& is %ift$ at midnight1 & a /atue ( ,apollo po9ts out ! day ( ! mon? & ! "n ( ! sa9t correspond+ to t day4 ,! int]nal "p ( ! annul> b& indicates true sol> "t1 ! ris+ & ! sett+ ( ! sun1 ! diurnal motion ( ! moon ar\nd ! e>?1 & its passage ov] ! m]idian1 ! phases ( ! moon & ! eclipses ( ! sun & moon4 ,adjac5t comp>tm5ts are devot$ to a p]petual cal5d>1 sol> & lun> cycles & o!r p]iodic occurr5ces1 sol> & lun> equations1 etc4 ,above ! cal5d> appe> allegorical figures1 seat$ 9 *>iots1 & repres5t+ ! days ( ! week4 ,^! *>iots1 drawn by su* animals z are assign$ z attributes ( ! div9ities1 run on a circul> railway & appe> ea* 9 ord]4 ,9 ! /ory above ! globe is a planet>ium 9 :i* ! revolutions ( ! planets are repres5t$ ^u a l>ge dial plate1 & above ! planet>ium1 & ^u a />-deck$ sky1 is a globe devot$ to %[+ ! phases ( ! moon4 ,9 ! second /ory ( ! clock has be5 plac$ a t]re/rial globe1 :i* likewise is adju/$ to revolve 9 repres5tation ( ! revolution ( ! e>?4#cdd ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gj4 ,/rassburg ,clock & ,globe ( ,conrad ,dasypodius1 #aegd4 ,pet] ,apianus 7,bi5ewitz or ,b5newitz7 7#adie-aeeb7 0 a native ( ,leisnig1 ,saxony4#cde ,8 e>lie/ education 0 receiv$ 9 ! village ( ,ros*litz1 b at ! age ( tw5ty-?ree he ent]$ ! ,univ]sity ( ,leipzig1 :]e x appe>s t a/ronomy & ma!matics *iefly claim$ 8 int]e/ 7,fig4 #ga74 ,9 #aebg he receiv$ & accept$ an appo9tm5t z pr(essor ( ma!matics 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,+ol/adt1 & 9 #aeda1 = 8 di/+ui%$ abilities1 he 0 ennobl$ by ! ,emp]or ,*>les ,v4 ,9 addition to ! fame acquir$ ?r\gh 8 ma!matical treatises he became widely kn[n z a mak] ( physical & a/ronomical in/rum5ts1 among :i* 7 cele/ial globes4 ,num]\s z appe> to h be5 ^! globes ( 8 con/ruction1 no example at pres5t is kn[n be>+ ! unmi/akable evid5ce ( 8 workman%ip4 ,clem5s1 9 8 description ( ! ,libr>y ( ! ,escorial1#cdf gives u to und]/& t x possess$ at "o "t "o or m ,pet] ,apianus globes1 :i* 7 probably c>ri$ to ,spa9 by ! ,emp]or himself4 ,x seems probable t a dilig5t se>* ?r\gh public & private libr>ies & museums 9 t c\ntry w\ld lead to ! discov]y ( "s ( 8 globes or ma!matical in/rum5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ga4 ,portrait ( ,pet] ,apianus4 ,kepl] tells u ( an ,apianus globe :i* he saw on a j\rney f ,wrtemb]g to ,gratz1 not+ t x 0 s con/ruct$ t ! />s c\ld be remov$ at pleasure f ! sph]e4#cdg ,( ?is p>ticul> globe no?+ seems n[ to be kn[n4 ,x is ?\ght h>dly probable t ! "o ref]r$ to by ,kepl] is t f9e cele/ial ,apianus globe 7,fig4 #gb7 belong+ to ! ,k4 ,b4 ,h(- u4 ,/aats ,biblio!k ( ,muni*4 ,!re seems to be sc>cely a d\bt t ?is1 z its companion1 a t]re/rial globe1 is ! "w ( ! son ,philip4 ,repeat$ inquiry has n result$ 9 obta9+ def9ite answ] z to ! dim5sions ( ^! globes nor a description ( su* detail$ features z w\ld "h prove ( int]e/4 ,! photographic reproductions %[ !m to be ( rem>kably arti/ic workman%ip4 ,ea* is furni%$ ) a heavy m]idian circle1 & ) a simil>ly design$ horizon circle support$ by a semicircle :i* re/s ^u an elaborately con/ruct$ base4#cdh ,! hi/ory ( ^! globes seems n to be kn[n1 z /at$ above4 ,we h an inv5tory ( ! ,h]zogli*-,bayris*e collection ( ma!matical & a/ronomical in/rum5ts1 prep>$ by ! ,jesuit1 ,fickl]1 :i* conta9s1 page #adg1 ! foll[+ entry relative to ! globes to be f\nd !re93 ,folget die ,tafl4 ,nr4 #cd4 ,d>aus /eh5 drey gross] hulz95 ,globi ,coele/es1 davon d4 a9 9 e9em mess+5 ge/ell1 mit a9em mess+em zodiaco1 d] dritt von mettall4 #aggg4 ,se*s gross] ,globi t]re/res von ,holz4 mit mettall95 zodiacis #aggh4 ,zwei cla9e ,globi d] a9 ,coele/is d] &] ,t]re/ris1 auf g$raxelt5 holz5 fuessl54#cdi ,next 9 ord] is table ,no4 #cd4 ,on ?is !re /& ?ree l>ge cele/ial globes ( wood1 "o ( :i* has a base ( brass1 ) a brass horizon circle1 ! ?ird ( metal1 #aggg4 ,!re are six l>ge t]re/rial globes ( wood1 ) metal horizon circles1 #aggh4 ,two small globes1 "o cele/ial1 ! o!r t]re/rial1 re/+ on turn$ wood5 feet4 ,x w be not$1 h[ev]1 t !re is no m5tion !re9 ( ,apianus globes4 ,kobalt tells u t ,apianus v]tigte all]ley ma!matis*e in/rum5te1 als ,cosmolabium1 ,globos duos ,caeli et ,t]rae maximos1 und ,planispha]ium1 con/ruct$ _m k9ds ( ma!matical in/rum5ts su* z a/rolabes1 two l>ge globes cele/ial & t]re/rial & planisph]es4 ,?is same au?or gives u ! in=mation t 9 d] k4 b4 ,c5tral-,biblio!k bef9d5 si* zwei grosse1 von ,apian v]v]tigte und von ,johann ,mieli*s gemalte ,globi ,coele/es et ,t]re/res1 worauf folg5de ,ins*rift zo les5 i/1 ',illu/rss ,s]54 ,pr9cipi ac ,dom9o ,d4 ,alb]to ,com4 ,pal4 ,rh5i4 ,sub4 ,inf4 que ,b>4 ,duci ,dom9o suo ,clem5tissimo ,globum hunc geographicum cels4 ejus jussu juxta vet]um ac rec5tium ,hi/oriographorum ,obs]vationes ,traditionesque ,descr4 et ,d$4 ,philippus ,apianus ,m4 ,d4 ,anno ,salutis #aegf4' ,9 ! ,k4 ,b4 ,c5tral ,libr>y !re are two l>ge globes cele/ial & t]re/rial con/ruct$ by ,apianus & pa9t$ by ,johan ,meli*s1 on :i* is ! foll[+ inscription3 ',to ! ,mo/ ,illu/ri\s1 ,mo/ ,s]5e ,pr9ce & ,"l ,d4 ,alb]t ,c\nt ( ! ,rh5i% ,palat9ate1 etc4 ,8 ,mo/ ,clem5t ,"l ?is cele/ial globe by 8 comm&1 fa%ion$ accord+ to ! obs]vations & traditions ( bo? anci5t & mod]n hi/oriograph]s d$icates ,philip ,apianus 9 ! ye> ( ,salvation #aegf4'cej ,x seems1 !re=e1 probable1 f ! above citation1 t x 0 ! son ,philip :o con/ruct$ ^! ,muni* globes4 ,x 0 9 ! ye> #aeeb t he foll[$ 8 fa!r z pr(essor ( ma!matics 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,+ol/adt & l 8 fa!r soon won di/9ction = himself z c>tograph]1 produc+ 8 fam\s ,bayris*e ,l&tafeln z 8 fir/ "w ( note4 ,x seems fur!r probable t %ortly aft] ?is "w he became int]e/$ 9 globe con/ruction1 9 :i* l9e ( activity he made = himself a place ( fir/ rank4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gb4 ,globes ( ,philip ,apianus1 #aegf4 ,! cele/ial globe ref]r$ to above has repres5t$ on its surface ! sev]al ,ptolemaic con/ellations1 exquisitely color$1 & ! />s h be5 giv5 names 9 ,greek1 ,lat91 & ,arabic4 ,! t]re/rial globe map is consid]ably injur$1 especially 9 ! pol> regions1 b ! cont95tal & o!r outl9es are all cle>ly traceable4 ,?ree l>ge compass roses1 ( ornam5tal patt]n1 are plac$ along ! ,l9e ( ,dem>cation4 ,! coa/ outl9e ( ,europe is1 9 ! ma91 well done1 z is t ( ,africa & ! ,new ,_w4 ,! ,nile & ! ,nig] riv]s no long] f9d _! s\rce 9 ! same common lake4 ,! repres5tations ( ! f> ea/]n regions indicate t ,apianus _h a fairly good k ( ! records ( ! ,holl& explor]s4 ,a f9e example ( ! metal work]'s art ( ?is p]iod may be f\nd 9 a silv]$ bronze cele/ial globe 7,fig4 #gc7 belong+ to ! ,morgan collection rec5tly plac$ 9 ! ,metropolitan ,museum ( ,new ,york4 ,on ! m]idian circle we f9d ! mak] & date leg5d read+ ,g]h>d ,emmos]1 sac4 caes4 meis horologi>ius1 ,f4 ,vi5nae #aegi4 ,! sph]e1 :i* c be op5$ on ! l9e ( ! ecliptic1 has a diamet] ( ab\t #ac cm4 ,)9 has be5 plac$ a delicately con/ruct$ me*anism by means ( :i* ! sph]e is made to rotate once 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs on its equatorial axis1 ! key w9d+ /em = ?is ma*9]y project+ at ! nor? pole ?r\gh an engrav$ h\r plate ) po9t]4 ,) its m]idian & its horizon circle x is adju/$ to make "o revolution 9 ?ree hundr$ & sixty-five days4 ,a /ation>y r+1 ab\t #b cm4 9 wid?1 :i* closely surr\nds ! horizon circle & 9 its same plane1 fits ! in/rum5t z a cal5d>4 ,?is r+ has engrav$ on its surface cross+ l9es1 "o = ea* day ( ! ye>1 to ea* mon? !re be+ assign$ its prop] numb] ( days or l9es1 z1 = example1 ,octob] habet #ca dies1 ,novemb] habet #cj dies4 ,z ! sph]e ) its circles revolves1 a po9t] atta*$ to ! horizon circle indicates on ! cal5d> r+ ea* day ( ea* mon? 9 succession4 ,! surface ( ! sph]e is exquisitely engrav$ ) repres5tations ( ! sev]al con/ellations1 ! "n ( ea* be+ giv5 9 ,lat94 ,! in/rum5t is made to re/ ^u ! back ( a w+$ horse 9 silv]$ bronze1 ?is 9 turn /&+ ^u an arti/ic circle base4 ,x is well pres]v$ & is a *oice example ( su* in/rum5ts1 :i* 9 ?is p]iod 7 9 p>ticul> favor4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gc4 ,silv]-,gilt ,globe ( ,g]h>d ,emmos]1 #aegc4 ,c>lus ,platus1 a mak] ( metal globes 9 ! la/ qu>t] ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 is kn[n to u ?r\gh two f9e extant examples ( 8 "w4#cea ,! fir/ ( ^!1 inscrib$ ,romae a4 #aegh ,c>4 ,pl41 may be f\nd 9 ! ,museo di ,/rum5ti ,anti*i ( ,flor5ce1 hav+ be5 add$ to ?is collection by its =m] di/+ui%$ director1 ,f4 ,meucci4 ,! horizon diamet] ( ?is armill>y sph]e is ab\t #ba cm4 ,x has be5 describ$ z "o beautifully con/ruct$ ( brass & m\nt$ on a c>v$ wood5 base4 ,! circle repres5t+ ! c\rse ( ! sun & t made to repres5t ! c\rse ( ! moon are made to revolve on ! axis ( ! ecliptic1 & a small ball1 ( rec5t con/ruction1 repres5t+ ! e>?1 is plac$ 9 ! common c5t] ( ! armillae1 & is made to revolve on ! axis ( ! equator4 ,a dial atta*$ to ! axis ( ! e>? bel[ ! m]idian circle m>ks ! h\rs1 :i* are engrav$ on ! ,arctic pol> circle4 ,a few po9ts m>k$ on ! colures indicate ! position ( ! pr9cipal />s4 ,all ( ! circles h be5 c>efully graduat$4 ,on t "o repres5t+ ! zodiac h be5 engrav$ ! names ( ! mon?s & ! pictures ( ! sev]al zodiacal figures1 :ile on ! horizon circle are ! names ( ! pr9cipal w9ds 9 ,greek1 ,lat91 & ,italian4 ,a second globe ( ,platus1 sign$ ,c>olus ,platus ,romae ,anno #aeih1 may be f\nd 9 ! ,biblioteca ,b>b>9i ( ,rome4 ,x is compos$ ( two holl[ brass hemisph]es1 mak+ a ball #ad cm4 9 diamet]1 :i* is surr\nd$ by a brass m]idian & a brass horizon circle1 ! :ole re/+ on a tripod base4 ,x is a f9e example ( an e>ly metal engrav$ globe1 ! repres5tation ( ! figures ( ! con/ellations 9 p>ticul> be+ done 9 a v sup]ior mann]4 ,on ! surface ( ! sph]e ! equator1 ! ecliptic1 ! equ9octial1 & ! sol/itial colures are repres5t$4 ,! hi/ory ( ! globe seems n to be kn[n1 b x is probable t x came to ! ,b>b>9i ,palace 9 ! "t ( ,pope ,urban ,,viii1 :o1 be=e fill+ 8 pontifical (fice1 0 kn[n z ,maffeo ,b>b>9i4 ,( ! cele/ial globes con/ruct$ by ,george ,roll & ,joannes ,re9hold ?ree examples are kn[n4#ceb ,"o ( ^! may be f\nd 9 ! collection ( ! ,ma!matical ,salon ( ,dresd5 7,fig4 #gd7 "o 9 ! ,oss]vatorio di ,capodimonte ( ,naples & "o 9 ! ,k4 ,k4 ,h(biblio!k 9 ,vi5na4 ,! ,roll & ,re9hold globe ( ! ,dresd5 collection1 be>+ ! inscription ,georg ,roll et ,joannes ,re9hold elaborabant ,augu/ae #aehf1 is an exce$+ly int]e/+ in/rum5t1 unique 9 ! mann] ( its con/ruction & rem>kably well pres]v$4 ,x is ( brass1 hav+ a diamet] ( #cf cm41 & is furni%$ ) num]\s movable circles1 a l>ge m]idian circle surm\nt$ ) an armill>y sph]e1 & a brass horizon circle on :i* are m>k$ ! old & ! new cal5d>s1 ! names ( ! twelve mon?s & ( ! important holy days4 ,! globe base1 v arti/ically wr\ght1 re/s ^u f\r griff9's feet1 betwe5 :i* a small t]re/rial globe #aj cm4 9 diamet] has be5 plac$1 ?is hav+ be5 furni%$ ) its own indep5d5t support4 ,! l>ge cele/ial sph]e is furni%$ ) a clocklike me*anism by means ( :i* x is made to revolve 9 repres5tation ( ! diurnal motion ( ! heav5s4 ,accord+ to exi/+ records x 0 pur*as$ 9 ! ye> #aeic by ord] ( ! ,elector ,*ri/ian ,,ii1 & by him 0 pres5t$ to ! ,academy ( ,arts ( ,dresd54 ,zeill] tells u t ?is & ! ,heyd5 globe 7 ^? ) :i* ! ,pr9ce ,elector ,augu/us 0 accu/om$ to amuse himself4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gd4 ,globe ( ,george ,roll & ,johannes ,re9hold1 #aehf4 ,x has n be5 possible to obta9 a description ( ! ,vi5na globe4 ,x appe>s t x 0 con/ruct$ 9 ! ye> #aehh1 & t1 l ! ,dresd5 example1 ! cele/ial sph]e is made to revolve by means ( clockwork4 ,! ,roll & ,re9hold globe belong+ to ! ,oss]vatorio di ,capodimonte1 accord+ to ,fior9i1 is "o especially wor?y ( m5tion4#cec ,?is is describ$ z a holl[ ball hav+ a diamet] ( ab\t #ba cm4 ,! sph]e itself is made ( copp]1 ! rema9+ p>ts ( gild$ brass4 ,! horizon circle is compos$ ( sev]al ov]lapp+ brass plates4 ,a clockwork me*anism is suppli$1 by means ( :i* ! sph]e & c]ta9 circles may be made to revolve4 ,! surface ( ! copp] sph]e is arti/ically engrav$1 hav+ num]\s circles repres5t+ ! ecliptic sy/em ) its p>allels & m]idians1 & ! equatorial sy/em includ+ its five zones4 ,! ,ptolemaic con/ellations are repres5t$1 ! figure ( ea* be+ engrav$ 9 outl9e ) ! "n 9 ,lat94 ,! sev]al />s are n nam$ b ne> ea* is an engrav$ numb] to indicate its magnitude1 ^! numb]s rang+ f #a to #f4 ,nebulae are di/+ui%$ by small circles1 & ! ,milky ,way by num]\s dots4 ,! m]idian circle1 9 :i* ! sph]e revolves1 has ! usual graduation f #j to #ij1 b has 9 addition a climatic graduation design$ ,climata ex ,ptolomeo1 & a division into zones call$ ,torrida ,zona1 ,zona habitabilis temp]ata1 & ,frigida zona4 ,on ! convex surface ( ! horizon circle we f9d engrav$ ! names ( ! f\r c>d9al po9ts1 & on ! upp] surface ( ?is circle are engrav$ ! ,julian & ! ,gregorian cal5d>s1 ! names ( ! sa9ts1 ! dates on :i* ! sun ent]s ! v>i\s signs ( ! zodiac1 & ! anci5t names ( ! pr9cipal w9ds4 ,! globe m\nt+s1 all ( brass1 are arti/ic & well pres]v$4 ,l ! ,dresd5 example x re/s ^u a f\r-bran*$ support1 ! extremities ( ea* bran* repres5t+ ! claws ( ! griff94 ,includ+ ! base1 ! in/rum5t is #dc cm4 9 height4 ,x seems n to be kn[n :5 or h[ ?is globe1 con/ruct$ 9 ,augsburg1 f\nd its way to ! ,naples ,museum1 :]e x is treasur$ z "o ( ! *oice/ ( anci5t a/ronomical in/rum5ts4 ,ty*o ,brahe1 ! great ,dani% a/ronom] 7,fig4 #ge71 0 a native ( ,knudt/rup ne> ,hels+borg1 born 9 ! ye> #aedf4ced ,! c>e ( 8 e>ly education 0 assum$ by an uncle1 ,george ,brahe1 :o 9 ! ye> #aeei s5t him to ! ,academy ( ,cop5hag5 ) ! int5tion ( fitt+ him = ! legal pr(ession4 ,?ree ye>s lat] we f9d him regi/]$ at ! ,univ]sity ( ,leipzig1 !n fam\s = its dep>tm5t ( jurisprud5ce4 ,l _m ano!r ( ! _w's great m5 = :om1 9 ! days ( 8 y\?1 int]e/$ relatives or fri5ds h *os5 a life c>e] only to f9d 9 lat] life ! *oice n well made1 ,ty*o's b5t 0 n = ! legal pr(ession b = sci5ce1 t is1 = ma!matics & a/ronomy4 ,:ile yet a /ud5t 9 ,cop5hag5 an eclipse ( ! sun :i* occurr$ ,augu/ #ba1 #aefj1 int]e/$ him greatly1 & "h we seem to f9d ! beg9n+ ( t great future :i* 0 to be 84 ,=bidd5 by 8 s*oolma/] to give 8 "t to a /udy ( ! />s1 9 ! quiet ( ! night he w\ld secretly betake himself into ! op51 !re to wat* ) unaid$ eye ! movem5ts ( ! heav5ly bodies1 or to foll[ ^! movem5ts z be/ he c\ld ) ! assi/ance ( a simple a/ronomical circle & a small cele/ial globe :i* he _h be5 able to pur*ase4 ,x probably 0 9 8 ,leipzig days t he became intimate ) ,b>?olomaus ,scultetus 7,s*ultz71 lectur] on ma!matical subjects1 & by him 0 enc\rag$ to pursue fur!r 8 a/ronomical /udies4 ,among ! fir/ practical results ( 8 activities 9 ?is field we h 8 correction table = read+s ) ! ,jacob /aff4 ,! dea? ( 8 uncle 9 ! ye> #aefe occasion$ 8 return to 8 native c\ntry1 b ,g]many (f]+ him special opportunities = cont9u$ /udy 9 8 favorite field1 we soon f9d him 9 ,witt5b]g1 lat] 9 ,ro/ock1 :]e 9 a qu>rel ) a peasant he lo/ "p ( 8 nose & !reaft] to ! end ( 8 days wore a silv] sub/itute4 ,9 #aefg we f9d him 9 ,lau+5 engag$ 9 ! /udy ( a/ronomy ) ! di/+ui%$ ,cyprian ,le[itz1 9 #aefh 9 ,basel ) ,pet] ,ramus1 & = two ye>s !reaft] 9 ,augsburg ) ! bro!rs ,johan & ,paul ,ha9zel1 ) :om he con/ruct$ a l>ge quadrant hav+ a radius ( sev5te5 & "o half feet4 ,:ile 9 ,augsburg x appe>s t he began ! con/ruction ( a cele/ial globe f\r feet 9 diamet]1 b !re is "s unc]ta9ty z to 8 completion ( ?is "w4 ,a %ort b unhappy soj\rn 9 8 native t[n foll[$ 8 ye>s ( cong5ial /udy 9 ,g]many1 & we soon le>n ( 8 visit to ! obs]vatory ( ,l&graf ,wilhelm ( ,cassel1 an ev5t ( great significance = him4 ,8 travels c>ri$ him to o!r cities ( ,g]many1 includ+ ! city ( ,reg5sburg1 :]e he witness$ ! coronation ( ! ,emp]or ,rudolf ,,ii4 ,l&graf ,wilhelm1 a ,maec5as ( wide repute 9 8 day1 _h be5 greatly impress$ ) ! abilities ( ,ty*o1 & he urg$ ^u ! ,dani% ,k+ ,fr$]ick t he %\ld make suitable provision = ! fur!r a/ronomical /udies ( 8 di/+ui%$ subject1 :i* sugge/ion ! ,k+ g5]\sly met4 ,9 ! ye> #aege ! docum5ts 7 sign$ & seal$ grant+ to ,ty*o full possession = life ( ! little ,isl& ( ,hve51 ly+ betwe5 ,seel& & ,s*on52 9 addition he 0 furni%$ ) all ! means necess>y = ! erection ( an obs]vatory & ! adequate equipm5t ( ! same 7,fig4 #gf74 ,! ,urani5burg1 z 8 obs]vatory 0 call$1#cee became a great c5t] = a/ronomical /udies1 & /ud5ts came to him f v>i\s ,european l&s1 among ^! be+ ,arnold van ,langr51 ,willem ,jansz4 ,blaeu1 & ,longomontanus 7,*ri/ian ,sev]9 ( ,longb]g74 ,! dea? ( 8 patron1 ,k+ ,fr$]ick ,,ii1 9 ! ye> #aehh br\ght mis=tune to ,ty*o1 9 s f> z 8 life & /udies on ! ,isl& ( ,hve5 7 conc]n$1 s9ce ! succe$+ rul]1 ,*ri/ian ,,iv1 0 b little int]e/$ 9 ! fur!r promotion ( a/ronomical sci5ce4 ,endur+ c\rt intrigue = n9e ye>s1 he det]m9$1 9 ! ye> #aeig1 to leave ! sc5es ( 8 rem>kable successes1 & aft] a brief soj\rn ) ,c\nt ,h5ry ( ,ranzau ne> ,hamburg1 he accept$ an invitation f ! ,emp]or ,rudolf ,,ii to become imp]ial a/ronom] & c\nselor at ,prague4 ,?i!r he w5t ) 8 family 9 ! ye> #aeii1 at ! same "t tak+ ) him ^? a/ronomical in/rum5ts :i* _h s]v$ him 9 8 /udies 9 ! nor!rn isl& home4 ,:ile prep>ations 7 "u way = ! erection ( a new obs]vatory = him he di$ 9 ! ye> #afja4 ,f ,ty*o's heirs ! ,emp]or ,rudolf pur*as$ 8 in/rum5ts & manuscripts1 ! latt] pass+ into ! h&s ( ,kepl]1 8 successor at ! ,imp]ial ,c\rt1 b z to ! fate ( 8 in/rum5ts little seems to be kn[n4 ,k/n] tells u t 9 #afai1 dur+ an upris+ 9 ! city ( ,prague1 "s ( ^! 7 de/roy$ :ile o!rs 7 c>ri$ away1 & at pres5t only an iron quadrant1 once 9 8 obs]vatory1 rema9s 9 t city4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ge4 ,portrait ( ,ty*o ,brahe4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gf4 ,int]ior ( ,ty*o ,brahe's ,obs]vatory at ,urani5burg4 ,8 l>ge brass cele/ial globe1 six feet 9 diamet]1 0 c>ri$ back to ,cop5hag5 9 ! ye> #afbc by ,k+ ,*ri/ian's son1 ,ulri*1 & !re x 0 c>efully kept until ! ye> #agbh1 :5 ) ! ca/le 9 :i* x _h be5 plac$ x 0 de/roy$ by fire4 ,recall+ ! f>-rea*+ influ5ce ( ,ty*o ,brahe on a/ronomical /udies & on cele/ial globe mak+1 x _c be )\t int]e/ to quote "h 8 own ref]5ce to 8 great globe1 :]e9 he describes its con/ruction4 ,?is globe1 he says1#cef :i* is a v l>ge "o1 we h made ) great c>e1 b ) none ! less ?an we h employ$ 9 all ( our o!rs4 ,! int]ior is ( wood ) _m int]sect+ circles & special supports1 /r5g!n$ "h & !re f ! c5t]1 & be+ !n fa%ion$ into a sph]ical %ape4 ,z = its p>ts ( wood1 ^! 7 made at ,augsburg 9 ! ye> #aegj be=e ,i return$ to my native l&1 z ,i f\nd !re a capable workman1 hav+ s\ght = a long "t else:]e 9 va9 = su* an "o4 ,!re1 on acc\nt ( its size1 :i* made x difficult to move1 x _h rema9$ = five ye>s1 :5 ,i return$ to ,augsburg2 ?is 0 9 ! ye> #aege z ,i came out ( ,italy on my way to ,ratisbon to be pres5t at ! coronation ( ! ,augu/ ,emp]or ,rudolf ,,ii1 :5 ,i f\nd ! globe _h be5 f9i%$ "s "t previ\sly4 ,b its %ape 7sph]icity7 did n altoge!r satisfy me1 moreov] c]ta9 cracks c\ld be se54 ,9 ! foll[+ ye>1 & n )\t mu* difficulty ,i _h x c>ri$ to ,d5m>k4 ,!re ! cracks 7 fill$ 9 & ! sph]icity made m ne>ly p]fect by lay+ ov] ! surface ab\t "o hundr$ sk9s4 ,!re foll[$ a te/+ = a p]iod ( two ye>s to asc]ta9 :e!r ! cracks w\ld reappe> aft] two summ]s & two w9t]s4 ,:51 aft] ?is te/1 ,i saw t x reta9$ its sph]icity1 ,i cov]$ x ov] ) ?9 brass plates ( uni=m ?ickness )\t mi%ap1 & ?is ,i did ) su* c>e & skill t y w\ld be l$ to say ! globe 0 made ( solid brass1 ! jo9+s ( ! plates be+ sc>cely visible4 ,i next fa%ion$ x into a p]fect sph]e & m>k$ !reon ! zodiac1 & ! equator ) its poles1 also ! degrees ea* ( sixty m9utes by engrav$ l9es z we d 9 su* "w4 ,i !n left x = ! space ( "o ye>1 z !re 0 "s d\bt aft] putt+ on ! brass plates z to :e!r ! globe w\ld reta9 its sph]icity 9 w9t] & 9 summ]4 ,:5 x _h be5 suffici5tly te/$ n only did ,i indicate ! circles ( :i* ,i h spok5 b also all ! />s ( ! eigh? sph]e ,i repres5t$ 9 _! prop] places1 z _m />s z 7 to be se5 9 ! heav5s1 & ,i increas$ _! numb] m & m 9 succe$+ ye>s up to #afjj4 ,?us ,i ) purpose add$ all ! />s visible to ! nak$ eye1 9 _! prop] places adapt$ to ! ye> #afjj :i* 0 ne> at h&4 ,& s !re pass$ ne>ly tw5ty-five ye>s f ! fir/ "w on ?is globe until x 0 f9i%$1 by ! addition ( its prop] divisions & its />s4 ,?is delay1 al?\gh x might seem t$i\s1 0 n )\t its value2 = all ?+s 7 ?us done m c>efully & bett]4 ',"w quickly only if y "w well4' ,!n ! out] circles 7 fitt$ to x1 t is1 a m]idian & aft] t a horizon circle4 ,?is m]idian is made ( brass1 & ea* degree is divid$ into m9utes1 & ! horizon has ! wid? ( a palm ( ! h&1 be+ cov]$ ) brass hav+ ! degrees & m9utes m>k$4 ,! v]tical quadrant pass+ f ! z5i? to ! horizon is ( brass4 ,! globe re/s on a firm base hav+ two iron supports cross+ ea* o!r1 two ( :i* y see on "o side & two on ! o!r4 ,^! are = ! purpose ( giv+ /r5g? le/ ! horizon ( ! in/rum5t %\ld n be firm because ( its bulk & weight4 ,! entire support is five feet high1 & on ! l[] "p ( ! /ructure v>i\s ma!matical devices are to be se5 skilfully pa9t$ = ! sake ( ornam5tation1 & ) ! o!r features add+ beauty to ! :ole4 ,! globe itself is approximately six feet 9 diamet]1 & f ?is dim5sion ! size ( ! m]idian1 ( ! horizon & ( ! re/ ( ! in/rum5t c be obta9$4 ,su* a globe1 s solidly made1 s f9ely wr\ght1 & 9 e "p s f9ely con/ruct$ & prop]ly con/itut$ nev] be=e 9 any "p ( ! _w1 s ,i believe & say )\t ! ?\ght ( ar\s+ envy1 has be5 complet$4 ,x is an imm5se & a magnific5t "w2 s mu* s t _m h come f v>i\s c\ntries to ,d5m>k t !y might h a view ( x toge!r ) my o!r in/rum5ts1 :ile ! ,k+dom ( ,urania & its f>-fam$ citadel 7 /&+4 ,ar\nd ! horizon circle "o c\ld read 9 lett]s ( gold ',9 ! ye> ( ,*ri/ ,,ci,c ,i,c ,,xxciv 7#aehd71 ,fr$]ick ,,ii reign+ 9 ,d5m>k1 ?is globe l unto a cele/ial ma*9e1 9 :i* are fix$ ! />s ( ! eigh? sph]e z set d[n on 8 globe ea* exactly 9 its place1 also ! w&]+ />s z !y appe> among ^!1 ,ty*o ,brahe1 to all on e>? :o desire to und]/& ?is matt]1 %[s ! heav5s by ?is me*anical device :i* he p]fect$ = 8 sons1 = himself & = po/]ity4' ,! date #aehd is inscrib$ h]eon because t is ! middle ( ! p]iod ( "t 9 :i* x 0 9 ! process ( con/ruction1 & fur!r x is ! ye> be=e ! dea? ( ,k+ ,fr$]ick ( mo/ wor?y memory1 :o lib]ally support$ bo? myself & my "w1 & 8 pr9cely love foll[$ me z long z he liv$4 ,i w add only ?is "o ?+--?is globe has a canopy indicat$ by ,y ,z 7,fig4 #gg7 circul>1 & concave )9 to enclose ! upp] half ( ! globe1 :i* canopy1 fa/5$ to ! ro( by a *a91 may be let d[n z a protection f du/ & f o!r injury4 ,! use ( ! globe is ! same z is t ( o!rs1 & ?is use ,i h decid$ to describe 9 a special "w dur+ my leisure "t1 s9ce x _c be done 9 few words4 ,?is globe has1 on acc\nt ( its great size1 an advantage ov] all o!rs1 namely t all details on x c be giv5 ) ! utmo/ exactness & m9ut5ess4 ,& ^? po9ts conc]n+ ! doctr9e ( ! primum mobilum & ! /udy ( ! heav5ly bodies 9 _! relations to ! position ( ! ecliptic & ! equator & ( c]ta9 o!r circles on ! globe1 are easily det]m9$ ) a m9imum ( tr\ble & )\t any labori\s ef=t1 by ! ma*9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,globvs ,,magnvs ,,ori*alcicus4 ,fig4 #gg4 ,globus ,magnus ( ,ty*o ,brahe1 #aehd4 ,van ,raemdonck ref]s to a globe by ,titon du ,tillet1 ( ! ye> #aehd1 cit+ a ref]5ce to ?is "w to be f\nd 9 ,memoirs lus la ,sorbonne4 ,we h be5 unable to obta9 conc]n+ ,titon any additional in=mation to t giv5 9 ! above citations4#ceg ,9 ,m>*1 #ahfa1 ! ,biblio?que ,nationale ( ,p>is acquir$ by pur*ase a copp] engrav$ globe m\nt$ on a metal base4#ceh ,! record ref]r+ to ! pur*ase reads ,tr\v ,lignires 7,*]7 et prov5ant de l'abb ,l'cuy4 7,fig4 #gh47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gh4 ,l'cuy ,t]re/rial ,globe1 ca4 #aegh4 ,aside f its geographical int]e/ x is p>ticul>ly significant 9 t x is ! only globe ( metal kn[n to h be5 made 9 ,r\5 9 t p]iod4 ,x is nei!r sign$ nor dat$1 b its inscriptions seem to assure u t x 0 n made prior to #aegh1 yet 9 all probability be=e #afjj4 ,x seems n to be kn[n h[ ! globe f\nd its way into ! locality designat$4 ,! ,abb ,l'cuy di$ 9 ,p>is 9 ! ye> #afcd at ! age ( eighty-f\r1 ,vic> ,g5]al ( ! ,preb5d>y ( ,ntre ,dame4 ,x is probable t at ! dea? ( ! ,abb ! globe 0 tak5 to ! prov9ce ( ,*] by "s deal] or pur*as]1 z he 0 born 9 ! t[n ,yvoi-,c>ignan 9 ,fr5* ,luxemb\rg4 ,( ! e>lie/ hi/ory ( ?is rem>kably int]e/+ object we "k only t x 0 made 9 ,r\51 at a date we _c def9itely fix4 ,x has a diamet] ( #be4f cm4 ,9 an oval c>t\* "o f9ds ! inscription ,nova et integra univ]si orbis descriptio4 ,ro?omagi4 ,a new & complete description ( ! _w4 ,r\54 ,bel[ ! la/ l9e !re appe>s to be space left = ! ins]tion ( ! au?or's "n1 a ?\ght sugge/$ by ! arrangem5t = ! inscription1 & und]nea? ! c>t\* is engrav$ a repres5tation ( ,neptune driv+ 8 sea horses & *>iot & arm$ ) a trid5t4 ,!re are num]\s vessels repres5t$ on ! globe1 sail+ ! seas1 9 ! /yle ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,! prime m]idian passes ?r\gh ! ,can>y ,isl&s4 ,! au?or seems to h drawn l>gely f ,spani% s\rces1 b to "s ext5t f ! ,portuguese4 ,! outl9es ( ! sev]al c\ntries ( ! ,old ,_w are n p>ticul>ly well drawn1 & x does n appe> t ! au?or ?\ght ( mak+ an especial po9t ( accuracy4 ,africa has ! outl9es ( ! maps ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 b ) an indiff]5ce to details4 ,! ,s5egal & ! ,nig] are made to unite to =m ! ,nile4 ,asia is n p>ticul>ly well drawn4 ,bel[ ! isl& ( ,cipango ! au?or has engrav$ ! foll[+ leg5d1 ,hoc loco secuti sumus rec5tiores hanc p>tem v]ius a cont95te sep>antes4 ,9 ?is place we h foll[$ ! mo/ rec5t 7obs]v]s7 :o rightly sep>ate ?is "p f ! cont95t4 ,! we/]n coa/ ( ,am]ica gives evid5ce ( a want ( detail$ k4 ,"h we read ,haec littora nondum cognita1 ?is coa/ is n yet kn[n1 & bel[ ?is1 ,novus orbis1 & ,hispania major a ,nuo ,gusmano devicta anno #aeci1 ,great] ,spa9 conqu]$ by ,nuo ,gusman 9 ! ye> #aeci4 ,cali=nia is repres5t$ z a p59sula & n an isl& z on s _m ( ! maps ( ! clos+ ye>s ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,! nom5clature along ! coa/ ( ,mexico is exce$+ly ri*4 ,piz>ro's conque/ is ref]r$ to1 b ,*ili is unkn[n1 ,ult]ius incognitum4 ,! e/u>y ( ,la ,plata is repres5t$ z v l>ge4 ,! coa/ names nor? ( ,florida seem to h be5 obta9$ f ! ,v]razano s\rces ( #aebd4 ,9 ! region ( ,newf\ndl&1 :i* is repres5t$ z a region ( num]\s small isl&s1 we f9d ,baccale>um regio1 ,gamas1 insule ,cort]alis1 t]ro de laborador4 ,! /rait sep>at+ ,gre5l& f ! ma9l& is ref]r$ to z ,fretum arcticum p] quod ,lusitani 9 ori5tem et ad ,indos et ,molucas navig>e conati sunt1 ,arctic /rait ?r\gh :i* ! ,portuguese attempt$ to sail to ! ea/ & to ! ,indies & ! ,moluccas1 an allusion to ! unhappy results ( ! ,cort]eal exp$ition4 ,along ! coa/ ( ! /rait :i* =ms ! nor!rn b\nd>y ( ,nor? ,am]ica we read ,t]ra p] ,britannos inv5ta1 ,l& discov]$ by ! ,briti%4 ,a v curi\s leg5d along ! ea/ coa/ ( ,gre5l& reads ,quii populi ad quos ,joaes ,scovus ,danus p]v5it anno #adgf1 ,^! are ! p to :om ! ,dane ,john ,scovus came 9 ! ye> #adgf4 ,humboldt 0 "o ( ! fir/ to call att5tion to ?is exp$ition1 & ,gom>a 0 actually ! fir/ to m5tion x1 t is1 to give a ref]5ce to ! ,dane ,skolnus4#cei ,!re are no m int]e/+ survivals among ! globes ( ! late sixte5? c5tury ?an are ^? con/ruct$ by ,em]y ,molyneux1 n[ belong+ to ! ,middle ,temple ,libr>y ( ,london 7,fig4 #gi71 :i* ,sir ,clem5ts ,m>kham ref]s to z _! burial place1 consid]+ ?is to be a /range depository = geographical docum5ts ( su* int]e/ & importance4 ,9 ! address ,to ! ,read] or preface to 8 ',voyages1' ,hakluyt gives ! fir/ ref]5ce 9 pr9t to ^! globes4 ,n[e1 he says1 because p]adu5ture x w\ld bee expect$ z necess>ie1 t ! descriptions ( s _m p>ts ( ! _w w\ld f>re m easily be conceiu$ ( ! ,read]s1 by add+ ,geographicall1 & ,hydrographicall tables !reunto1 ?\ art by ! way to be admoni%$ t ,i h cont5t$ my selfe ) ins]t+ into ! worke "o ( ! be/ g5]all mappes ( ! _w onely1 untill ! com+ out ( a v l>ge & mo/ exact t]re/riall ,globe1 collect$ & re=m$ accord+ to ! newe/1 secrete/1 & late/ disc\]ies1 bo? ,spani%1 ,portugall1 & ,engli%1 compos$ by ,m4 ,emm]ie ,moll9eux ( ,lambe?1 a r>e g5tleman 9 8 pr(ession1 be+ !re9 = diu]s ye]es1 gratly support$ by ! purse & lib]alitie ( ! wor%ipfull m>*ant ,m4 ,william ,s&]son4#cfj ,x 0 n until ne> ! close ( ! ye> #aeib t ! globes 7 complet$1 & soon !reaft] we h _! fir/ pr9t$ description1 :i* description 0 giv5 by ,dr4 ,hood ( ,tr9ity ,college1 ,cambridge1 a lectur] on ma!matics & navigation 9 ! city ( ,london4#cfa ,blundeville1 9 8 ',ex]cises1'#cfb ref]s to !m1 & 9 #aeid ,rob]t ,hues publi%$ ! fir/ edition ( 8 mo/ valuable & int]e/+ treatise on globes1 be>+ ! title1 ',tractatus de ,globis et eorum usu1 accomodatus iis qui ,lond9i editi sunt anno #aeic1' tak+ ! ,molyneux globes z ! basis = 8 obs]vations4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig #gi4 ,t]re/rial ,globe ( ,em]y ,molyneux1 #aeib4 ,v little is kn[n ( ! life ( ,molyneux4 ,he appe>s to h be5 a memb] ( ! ,cav5di% exp$ition ( ! ye>s #aehf-aehh1 z is sugge/$ by "o ( ! leg5ds on 8 t]re/rial globe4 ,he 0 kn[n to ,sir ,walt] ,raleigh1 to ,ri*>d ,hakluyt1 to ,edw>d ,wright1 & to ,john ,davis4 ,to ! sugge/ions ( ! la/-nam$ we p]haps owe ! exi/5ce ( ^! globes4#cfc ,z not$ by ,hakluyt 9 8 preface1 ! globes 7 con/ruct$ at ! exp5se ( ,william ,s&]son1 a m]*ant pr9ce ( ,london1 a lib]al & patriotic citiz51 "o int]e/$ 9 geographical exploration1 :o _h fitt$ out ! ,davis ,arctic ,exp$ition4 ,sir ,clem5ts ,m>kham1 9 8 edition ( ,rob]t ,hues' ',tractatus de ,globis1'#cfd edit$ = ! ,hakluyt ,society & publi%$ 9 ! ye> #ahhi1 gives 9 8 introduction ! foll[+ brief b adequate description ( ^! globes3 ,! ,molyneux globes are #b feet #b in*es 9 diamet]1 & are fix$ on /&s4 ,!y h graduat$ brass m]idians1 & on t ( ! t]re/rial globe a dial circle or ',hor>ius' is fix$4 ,! broad wood5 equator1 =m+ ! upp] "p ( ! /&1 is pa9t$ ) ! zodiac signs1 ! mon?s1 ! ,roman cal5d>1 ! po9ts ( ! compass1 & ! same 9 ,lat91 9 conc5tric circles4 ,rhumb l9es are drawn f num]\s c5t]s ov] ! surface ( ! t]re/rial globe4 ,! equator1 ! ecliptic1 ! pol> circles are pa9t$ boldly2 :ile ! p>allels ( latitude & m]idians1 at e t5 degrees1 are v fa9t l9es4 ,! globe receiv$ additions1 includ+ ! discov]ies ( ,b>5ts 9 ,novaya ,zemlya1 & ! date has be5 alt]$ ) a p5 f #aeib to #afjc4 ,! con/ellations & fix$ />s on ! cele/ial globe are ! same z ^? on ! globe ( ,m]cator1 except t ! ,s\!rn ,cross has be5 add$4 ,on bo? ! cele/ial & ! t]re/rial globes ( ,molyneux !re is a squ>e label ) ?is inscription ',?is globe1 belong+ to ! ,middle ,temple1 0 repair$ 9 ! ye> #ahah by ,j4 & ,w4 ,newton1 ,globe ,mak]s1 ,*anc]y ,lane4' ,ov] ,nor? ,am]ica are ! arms ( ,france & ,engl& qu>t]ly2 support]s1 a lion & dragon2 motto ( ! g>t]2 cr[n1 cre/1 & baldrequ92 /&+ on a label1 ) a long d$ication to ,que5 ,elizabe?4 ,! a*ievem5t ( ,mr4 ,william ,s&]son is pa9t$ on ! imag9>y s\!rn cont95t to ! s\? ( ,africa4 ,! cre/ is a globe ) ! sun's rays beh9d4 ,x /&s on a squire's helmet ) baldrequ94 ,! %ield is qu>t]ly2 #a/1 paly ( six azure & arg5t1 ov] all a b5d sable = ,s&]son2 #bnd1 gules1 lions1 & ca/les 9 ! qu>t]s = ,skirne alias ,ca/ilion2 #crd1 or1 a *evron betwe5 #c eagles display$ sable1 9 *ief a label ( ?ree po9ts sable = ,wall2 #d?1 qu>t]ly1 or & azure1 ov] all a b5d gules = ,lang/on4 ,b5ea? !re is an address f ,william ,s&]son to ! g5tle read]1 ,engli% & ,lat91 9 p>allel columns4 ,9 ! nor? pol> regions !re are sev]al new additions1 del9eat+ ! discov]ies ( ,engli% & ,dut* explor]s = ! fir/ "t4 ,john ,davis wrote1 9 8 ',_w's ,hydrographical ,discov]y'3 ',h[ f> ,i proce$$ do? appe> on ! globe made by ,ma/] ,em]ie ,molyneus4' ,davis ,/rait is %[n ) all ! names on its %ores :i* 7 giv5 by its discov]]1 & ! foll[+ leg5d ',joannes ,davis ,anglus anno #aehc-hf-hg littora ,am]icae circumspectantia a qu9quagesimo qu9to grado ad #gc sub pol>em scrut&o p]legit4' 7',john ,davis1 an ,engli%man 9 ! ye>s #aehc-hf-hg1 gave ^! names :5 he mapp$ ! %ores ( ,am]ica ly+ betwe5 ! p>allels ( #ee degrees & #gc degrees nor? latitude4'7 ,on ano!r leg5d we h ',additions 9 ! nor? p>ts to #afjc'2 & bel[ x are ! discov]ies ( ,b>5ts1 ) 8 ,novaya ,zemlya w9t] qu>t]s--',het beh\d5 huis4' ,betwe5 ,novaya ,zemlya & ,gre5l& !re is an isl& call$ ',sir ,hugo ,willoghbi 8 l&4' ,?is ins]tion arose f a great error 9 longitude1 ,will\ghby hav+ sight$ ! coa/ ( ,novaya ,zemlya2 & ! isl&1 ( c\rse _h no exi/5ce1 ?\gh x long rema9$ on ! maps4 ,to ! nor? ( ,sib]ia !re are two leg5ds1 ',rd4 ,cancel>ius et ,/ephanus ,burr[ ,angli ,lappiae et ,coreliae oras m>9as et ,simm4 ,s4 ,nicolai vulgo dictum anno #aeec m5so ,augu/o explorav]unt' 7',ri*>d ,*ancelor & ,/eph5 ,burr[ ,engli%m5 explor$ ! %ore ( ,lapl& & ,corelia1 & ( ,simm4 ,s4 ,nicolai commonly s call$1 9 ! mon? ( ,augu/ #aeec'71 & ',joannes ,m&evillanus eques ,anglius ex ,anglia anno #accb ,ca?aiae et ,t>t>iae regiones p5etrav5it4' 7',john ,m&eville an ,engli% knight f ,engl& 9 ! ye> #acbb ent]$ ! regions ( ,ca?ay & ,t>t>y4'7 ,_m imag9>y isl&s1 9 ! ,atlantic1 are reta9$ on ! globe3 includ+ ',frisl&1' ',buss ,ins1' ',brasil1' ',maidas1' ',heptapolis1' ',/4 ,br&an4' ,on ! ea/]n side ( ,nor? ,am]ica are ! c\ntries ( ,florida1 ,virg9ia1 & ,norumbega2 & also a l>ge t[n ( ,norumbega up a gulf full ( isl&s4 ,! le>n$ ,dr4 ,dee _h compos$ a treatise on ! title ( ,que5 ,elizabe? to ,norumbega2 & 9 mod]n times ,pr(essor ,hors=d has writt5 a memoir to id5tify ,norumbega ) a site up ! ,*>les ,riv]1 ne> ,bo/on4 ,on ! ,atlantic1 ne> ! ,am]ican coa/1 is ! foll[+ leg5d ',virg9ia primum lu/rata1 habitata1 et cultu ab ,anglis imp5sis ,d4 ,gualt]i de ,ralegh ,equitis ,aurati amm5ti ,elizabe?ae ,angliae ,reg9ae4' 7',virg9ia fir/ survey$1 inhabit$ & cultivat$ by ! ,engli% at ! exp5se ( ,sir ,walt] ,raleigh1 ,knight1 subsidiz$ by ! gold ( ,elizabe? ,que5 ( ,engl&4'7 ,a leg5d 9 ! ,pacific ,ocean furni%es direct evid5ce t in=mation1 = compil+ ! globe 0 suppli$ by ,sir ,walt] ,raleigh4 ,x is 9 ,spani%3 ',islas e/as descubrio ,p$ro ,s>mi5to de ,gamboa por la ,corona de ,ca/ella y ,leon desde el ano #aefh llamolas ,islas de ,jesus aunque vulf>m5te las llaman ,islas de ,salomon4' 7',p$ro ,s>mi5to ( ,gamboa discov]$ ^! isl&s 9 ! ye> #aefh = ! cr[n ( ,ca/ile & ,leon call+ !m ! ,isl&s ( ,jesus ?\gh !y are commonly call$ ! ,salomon ,isl&s4'7 ,p$ro ,s>mi5to 0 ! (fic] :o 0 s5t to =tify ! ,/rait ( ,magellan aft] ,drake _h pass$ ?r\gh4 ,he 0 tak5 prison] by an ,engli% %ip on 8 way to ,spa91 & 0 ! gue/ ( ,raleigh 9 ,london = sev]al weeks1 s t x mu/ h be5 on in=mation communicat$ by ,raleigh t ! /atem5t respect+ ,s>mi5to on ?is leg5d 0 bas$4 ,besides ',insulae ,salmonis' !re are two isl&s 9 ! ,pacific1 ',y ,sequ5da de los ,tub>ones1' & ',san ,p$ro1' z well z ! nor? coa/ ( ,new ,gu9ea1 ) ! names giv5 on ,m]cator's map4 ,cav5di% also appe>s to h giv5 assi/ance1 or possibly ,molyneux himself accompani$ t circumnavigator 9 8 voyage ( #aehg4 ,! words ( a leg5d (f ! ,patagonian coa/ seem to c\nt5ance ?is idea1 read+1 ',?omas ,caundi% #ah ,dec4 #aehg haec t]ra sub no/ris oculis primum obtulit sub latitud #dg cujus seu admodum salubris ,incolae maturi ex p>te proc]i sunt gigantes et va/i magnitud9is4' ,! great s\!rn cont95t is made to include ,ti]ra del ,fuego & ! s\? coa/ ( ,magellan's ,/rait1 & ext5ds ov] ! great] "p ( ! s\? frigid zone4 ,s4 ,ma!o1 an isl& 9 ! ,atlantic1 s\? ( ! l9e1 0 visit$ by ! ,spani% %ips "u ,loaysa & ,seba/ian del ,cano1 b has nev] be5 se5 s9ce4 ,x appe>s on ! globe4 ,9 ! s\? ,atlantic !re are pa9t$ a sea-s]p5t1 a :ale1 ,orpheus rid+ on a dolph91 & %ips "u full sail--=e & ma9 c\rses & topsails1 a sprit sail1 & ! mizz5 ) a long late5 y>d4 ,! track ( ! voyage ( ,sir ,francis ,drake & ,ma/] ,?omas ,cav5di% r\nd ! _w are %[n1 ! "o by a r$ & ! o!r by a blue l9e4 ,t ^! tracks 7 put on :5 ! globe 0 fir/ made is prov$ by ! ref]5ce to !m 9 ,blundeville's ',ex]cises4' ,! "n ( ! au?or ( ! globe is ?us giv53 ',em]um ,mull9eus ,angl4 sumptibus ,guilelm ,s&]son ,lond95sis descripsit4' ,m>kham likewise tells u t ! cele/ial globe1 9 its g5]al features1 closely resembles ! t]re/rial4 ,x c>ries ! same arms ( ,s&]son1 & ! same label ( ,newton1 b a brief] d$ication to ! ,que54 ,x appe>s t ! map 0 engrav$ & pr9t$ by ,hondius ( ,am/]dam1 s9ce x c>ries ! brief leg5d ,judocus ,hondius ,fon4 ,sc4 ,9 addition to ! ,molyneux globes 9 ! ,middle ,temple1 a pair may be f\nd 9 ! ,royal ,museum ( ,cassel4 ,a detail$ description ( ?is pair x has n be5 possible to obta94 ,jo/ ,brgi1 a native ( ,li*t5/eig 9 ! ,togg5burg1 ,switz]l&1 0 born 9 ! ye> #aeeb & di$ 9 ,cassel 9 ! ye> #afcb4cfe ,e>ly 9 life he became a clock mak]'s appr5tice1 & = "s "t 0 engag$ ) ,dasypodius 9 ! con/ruction ( ! fam\s ,/rassburg ,ca!dral clock4 ,9 ! ye> #aegi he 0 call$ to ! c\rt ( ,l&grave ,william ,,iv 9 ,cassel1 "u ^: patronage he won great di/9ction z a mak] ( a/ronomical & ma!matical in/rum5ts4 ,9 ! ye> #afjc he 0 call$ into ! s]vice ( ! ,emp]or at ,prague1 b 9 ! ye> #afca he return$ to ,cassel1 :]e he di$ 9 ! foll[+ ye>4 ,brgi1 skilful workman t he 01 seems n to h f\nd "t to tell 9 words ( 8 v>i\s activities4 ,he f\nd pleasure 9 "w1 says "o ( 8 biograph]s1 & left x = o!rs to write ( 8 atta9m5ts1 :i*1 x may "h be said1 !y seem n to h done 9 a v detail$ mann]4 ,l&grave ,william's int]e/ 9 ! promotion ( sci5tific /udies l$ him to ! f\nd+ ( a museum to :i* he made num]\s contributions ( app>atus1 ma!matical & a/ronomical4 ,?is museum1 9 ! c\rse ( ye>s1 became "o ( ! mo/ fam\s ( its k9d 9 all ,europe1 & inde$ rema9s su* to ?is day4 ,9 its collections ! "w ( ,brgi is well repres5t$1 :i* 9 ! quality ( ! workman%ip exhibit$1 z 9 ! int]e/ x awak5s by reason ( its place z a nucleus ar\nd :i* s mu* ( value has be5 ga!r$1 is unsurpass$4 ,among ! fir/ ( 8 in/rum5ts may be m5tion$ an a/ronomical clock1 elaborately wr\ght1 ) movable discs & circles = illu/rat+ ! movem5ts ( ! heav5ly bodies1 & surm\nt$ ) an engrav$ cele/ial globe1 :i*1 driv5 by clockwork1 is made to turn on its axis once 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,x seems evid5t t ,brgi con/ruct$ o!r clocks ( l "*1 suppli$1 z is ?is example1 ) a cele/ial globe4 ,9 ?is same ,museum ( ,cassel !re is a second cele/ial globe1 ! "w ( ,brgi1 :i* 0 begun 9 ! ye> #aehe1 & n entirely complet$ until ! ye> #afic by ,he9ri* van ,lannep4 ,?is copp] sph]e1 #gb cm4 9 diamet]1 is rem>kably well pres]v$4 ,x has a heavy brass m]idian circle to :i* is atta*$ an engrav$ h\r circle #df cm4 9 diamet]4 ,a l>ge brass semicircle int]sects ?is m]idian circle at "r angles ?r\gh ! nor? pole1 & is atta*$ to ! horizon circle at its extremities4 ,! in/rum5t re/s ^u an arti/ic & sub/antial brass support4 ,on ! surface ( ! sph]e are engrav$ ! pr9cipal cele/ial circles1 includ+ ! colures1 ! equator1 ! tropics1 ! pol> circles1 ! ecliptic1 & twelve p>allels4 ,! />s1 ( :i* ! l>ge/ are di/+ui%$ by a bit ( inlaid silv]1 & ! sev]al figures ( ! con/ellations :i* are v arti/ically engrav$1 are cle>ly ! "w ( a ma/]4 ,a ?ird globe ( gild$ brass1 conta9+ clockwork )9 by means ( :i* x is made to revolve & app>5tly ! "w ( ,brgi1 may also be f\nd 9 ?is ,cassel collection4 ,a small silv] sun1 movable along ! equator1 is me*anically atta*$ 9 su* mann] z to s]ve admirably = demon/rative purposes4 ,! engrav$ surface ( ! globe is equal 9 its arti/ic m]its to t ( ! copp] globe ref]r$ to above4 ,!re is yet a f\r? metal globe 9 ?is collection1 app>5tly ! "w ( ,brgi1 :i* is n gild$4 ,9 o!r respects x is said to resemble ! "o designat$ above z ! ?ird globe4 ,kepl] is said to h held 9 ! highe/ e/eem ! sci5tific "w ( ,brgi1 & to h plac$ him1 )9 8 field1 z high z he did ,albre*t ,dr] among arti/s4 ,!re appe>s to be good reason = attribut+ ! inv5tion ( ! p5dulum clock to ,jo/ ,brgi1 & t be=e #afjj he _h prov$ ?is me?od ( clock regulation practical4 ,among ! num]\s & int]e/+ treasures to be f\nd 9 ! ,l&esmuseum ( ,zri* is a t]re/rial globe 7,fig4 #hj7 hav+ nei!r "n ( mak] nor date ( con/ruction1 b belong+1 und\bt$ly1 to ! late sixte5? c5tury4#cff ,! sph]e has a diamet] ( ab\t #aba cm41 is m\nt$ on a sub/antial wood5 base1 & appe>s to h be5 made = ! mona/]y ( ,/4 ,gall1 f :i* place x 0 tak5 to ,zri* 9 ! ye> #agab4 ,on ! semicircul> arms :i* support ! equatorial circle are repres5t$ ! armorial be>+s ( ! abbey & monks ( ,/4 ,gall1 & ! date 9 gold1 #aeie1 :i* may ref] to ! date ( con/ruction or to ! date :5 x 0 plac$ 9 ! mona/]y4 ,on ! equatorial circle "o f9ds repres5t$ ! signs ( ! zodiac1 ! cal5d>1 ! names ( ! sa9ts & ( ! w9ds4 ,on ! heavy m]idian circle are indicat$ ! climatic zones & ! degrees ( latitude4 ,! prime m]idian is made to pass ?r\gh ! ,azores ,isl&s4 ,! sph]e is ( papi]-m* & pla/]1 on :i* ! engrav$ gores are m\nt$4 ,! seas h be5 color$ gre51 ! l&s a dull yell[1 ! m\nta9 ranges br[n4 ,num]\s b>b>ic k+s are repres5t$ 9 picture1 likewise num]\s animals ( l& & sea1 & %ips arti/ically drawn sail hi!r & ?i!r ov] ! oceans4 ,! au/ral cont95t is want+4 ,m>cel especially notes ! /rik+ resemblance ( ! globe map to ! ,m]cator map ( #aefi1 sugge/+ ! possibility ( its ,m]catorian orig91 9 support ( :i* sugge/ion he quotes a numb] ( geographical names z well z c]ta9 leg5ds4 ,! globe1 x appe>s1 has nev] be5 critically /udi$1 b is cle>ly an int]e/+ geographical monum5t ( ! p]iod4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hj4 ,anonym\s ,t]re/rial ,globe1 ca4 #aeie4 ,! mak+ ( globe-goblets 9 ! latt] half ( ! sixte5? c5tury & e>ly sev5te5? appe>s to h be5 9 response to a fa%ion especially pron\nc$ 9 ,s\? ,g]many1 al?\gh _! con/ruction 0 n limit$ to t region4 ,n a few ( su* globes are extant1 :i* are f9e examples ( ! metal work]'s art1 hav+1 h[ev]1 a decorative r ?an a sci5tific value4 ,pr(essor ,fis*] gives u an int]e/+ description ( su* a goblet ( gild$ silv] 7,fig4 #ha71 dat+ f ! end ( ! sixte5? or ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 & x is f 8 acc\nt t ! foll[+ ref]5ce is tak54#cfg ,?is piece he pron\nces ! mo/ valuable treasure 9 ! plate room ( ! pr9cely ca/le ( ,wolfegg1 to :i* ca/le x 0 ! au?or's privilege to pay a mo/ int]e/+ visit m ?an a decade ago4 ,! globe 0 long consid]$ a *ri/5+ gift f ! ,emp]or ,francis to 8 godson ,francis ( ! ,waldburg zu ,wolfegg pr9cely family & 0 suppos$ to date f ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,pr(essor ,fis*]1 h[ev]1 f\nd ?is globis t]re/ris ref]r$ to 9 a te/am5t dat$ ,janu>y #ag1 #aggi1 ) in/ructions t x1 ) c]ta9 o!r treasures1 %\ld n be reca/ or o!rwise alt]$ f its anci5t =m4 ,x 0 at t "t recogniz$ z a ma/]piece1 b f ! h&s ( an unkn[n ma/]1 & n until rec5tly 0 x def9itely det]m9$ to be ! "w ( ! ,zri* goldsmi?1 ,abraham ,gessn] 7#aeeb-afac74 ,gessn] appe>s to h manufactur$ 8 globe-goblets1 says ,fis*]1 n 9 response to ord]s previ\sly giv51 b 9 ! regul> pursuit ( 8 trade4 ,at a "t :5 ri* m]*ants & s*ol>s took su* a lively int]e/ 9 geography1 & ! op5+ up ( new c\ntries1 he c\ld c\nt ^u a m>ket all ! m readily because 8 goblets 7 made ) ! utmo/ c>e 9 e detail & 7 p]fect examples ( ! v>i\s bran*es ( ! goldsmi?'s art2 ca/+1 emboss+1 *as+1 engrav+1 & solid gild+4#cfh ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ha4 ,globe-,goblet ( ,abraham ,gessn]1 ca4 #afjj4 ,! goblet is #eh cm4 9 height4 ,its l>g] globe1 a t]re/rial1 is compos$ ( two hemisph]es jo9$ on ! l9e ( ! equator1 & has a diamet] ( #ag cm4 ,! support is a /&+ figure ( ,atlas1 :i* also s]ves z a /em ( ! l[] half or ! l[] goblet1 j z ! cele/ial sph]e ) its support :i* tops ! piece s]ves z ! /em ( ! upp] half or upp] goblet4 ,! oceans1 lakes1 & riv]s h a silv] surface1 :ile ! cont95ts1 isl&s1 sea mon/]s1 sail+ vessels1 pr9cipal p>allels1 & m]idians are gild$4 ,! cont95ts ( ,europe1 ,asia1 & ,africa1 & ! t]ra au/ralis sive ,magallanica h _! outl9es drawn 9 ! ma9 z !y appe> on ,m]cator's map ( #aefi4 ,:ile c]ta9 rec5t discov]ies z ,n[aja ,semlja 7,nova ,zembla7 are repres5t$1 x does n appe> t ,gessn] 0 incl9$ to insi/ on 8 map records be+ laid d[n ) ! /ricte/ accuracy z to geographical detail4 ,! cele/ial globe topp+ ! goblet is giv5 an arti/ic sett+4 ,x is furni%$ ) horizon1 m]idian1 & h\r circles4 ,! sev]al con/ellations repres5t$ on ! surface ( ! sph]e are1 ?r\gh gild+1 giv5 special prom95ce1 _! execution1 l o!r p>ts ( ! piece1 be+ ( ! f9e/ workman%ip4 ,! figure ( ,atlas support+ ! globes exhibits skill 9 its con/ruction4 ,x /&s ) "o foot slightly advanc$1 ) ! "r h& ext5d$ upw>d z if to cat* ! ball %\ld x fall f ! head ( ! figure4 ,! hair & ! be>d are gild$1 z is also ! drap]y1 "o end ( :i* hangs loosely ov] ! "r %\ld]1 :ile ! o!r cov]s ! front ( ! body & is held 9 ! left h& at ! back1 be+ made to s]ve 9 "p z a support4 ,fis*] calls att5tion to two globe-goblets belong+ to ! ,univ]sity ( ,basel & to "o privately own$2 to "o 9 ! t[n hall ( ,rappoltsweil]2 "o 9 :at 0 =m]ly ! ,ro?s*ild ,collection ( ,frankfurt1 & to "o 9 ! ,museum ( ,/ockholm1 once ! prop]ty ( ,gu/avus ,adolphus1 :i* probably is ! "o else:]e ref]r$ to2 & he also calls att5tion to an undat$ globe-goblet1 pur*as$ 9 ,p>is 9 ! ye> #aija by ! ,swiss ,national ,museum ( ,zri* = ! sum ( =ty-two ?\s& francs4 ,x _h previ\sly be5 ref]r$ to by ,m>cel z ! "w ( ,gessn]1 9 pro( ( :i* he not$ t x be>s ! m>k ( ?is goldsmi?1 ! same be+ ! lett] ,z4 ,! t]re/rial globe1 l t ( ,wolfegg1 has a diamet] ( #ag cm41 ! :ole be+ v arti/ically design$ & engrav$4 ,x1 too1 is surm\nt$ by a cele/ial globe & re/s on a figure ( ,atlas1 :i* figure 9 turn /&s ^u an ornam5tal base4 ,ea* ( ! two globes c be op5$ on ! l9e ( ! equator1 ?us practically mak+ f\r dr9k+ cups4 ,on ! t]re/rial globe1 ,m>cel notes1 ,cali=nia is repres5t$ z an isl&4 ,ne> ,nova ,gu9ea "o f9ds ! inscription ,nova ,gu9ea semp] inv5ta qual 444 insula an p>s cont95tas au/ralis4 ,a l>ge au/ral l& is repres5t$ ) ! inscription ,hanc cont95tem au/ralem nonvulli ,magelanicam regionem ab ejus inv5tore nuncupant4 ,! abs5ce ( ! ,/rait ( ,lemaire & ( ,new ,zeal&1 ) ! repres5tation ( ! au/ral l& ) m or less indef9ite outl9e1 ,m>cel ?9ks w>rants a belief t x 0 con/ruct$ ne> ! close ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,att5tion is likewise call$ by ,m>cel 9 8 article to ?ree o!r small globes :i* he f\nd 9 ! ,museum des ,cordeli]s ( ,basel1 & also to "o trs beau et trs ri*e 9 ! ,muse ,ariana ( ,g5eva4 ,a v arti/ic gold beak] globe 7,fig4 #hb7 may be f\nd 9 ! collection pres5t$ by ,mr4 ,j4 ,p4 ,morgan to ! ,metropolitan ,museum ( ,new ,york ,city4 ,! sph]e ( ?is1 :i* op5s on ! l9e ( ! ecliptic1 has a diamet] ( #h cm4 & re/s ^u ! figure ( a satyr ) uplift$ h&s =m+ a "p ( ! support1 ?is figure 9 turn re/+ ^u an ornam5tal circul> base4 ,topp+ ! sph]e is a small figure ( ,neptune c>ry+ a trid5t & /&+ 9 a %ell or conv5tionaliz$ small boat4 ,! engrav$ figures ( ! _m con/ellations decorate ! surface ( ! sph]e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hb4 ,gold ,globe-,goblet1 ca4 #aege4 ,9 ! private libr>y ( ,mr4 ,j4 ,pi]pont ,morgan may be f\nd a f9e example ( an ivory t]re/rial globe ( ?is p]iod 7,fig4 #hc74 ,x is holl[1 be+ compos$ ( two hemisph]es jo9$ on ! l9e ( ! equator1 & has a diamet] ( ab\t #h cm4 ,ne> ! s\? pole is ! au?or & date leg5d 7,figs4 #hd1 #hd;a7 ,antonius ,spano tropi5sis fecit #aeic4 ,made by ,antonio ,spano ( ,tropea1 #aeic4 ,9 ! unnam$ s\!rn cont95t1 & ov] a repres5tation ( ! ,spani% arms1 is ! d$ication to ! ,infante ,philip1 aft]w>d ,philip ,,iii1 read+ ,pr9cipi ,philip4 ,philip ,,ii ,hisp4 ,indi>4 ,neap4 e ,siciliae ,ca?ol4 ,regis ,filio1 & )9 ! ,ant>ctic circle a salutation read+ ,pr9ceps felicissime totus ,orbis ad se gub]n&um te vocat et expectat4 ,o mo/ =tunate rul]1 ! :ole _w calls & awaits y to gov]n x4 ,antonio1 a native ( ,tropea1 ne> ,naples1 0 grant$ 9 ! ye> #aeie a p5sion ( "o hundr$ ducats1 by 8 ma/] & patron1 ,philip ,,ii4 ,?is he seems to h enjoy$ until 8 dea?1 :i* occurr$ 9 ,madrid 9 ! ye> #afae4 ,we le>n t ?is 0 cont9u$ to 8 son1 ,francisco ,spano1 by ,k+ ,philip ,,iii4 ,! m\nt+ ( ! globe1 :i* is simple1 seems to be ( a lat] date ?an t giv5 z ! ye> ( con/ruction 9 ! date leg5d1 b x is well suit$ to ! arti/ic piece4 ,! _w map is well execut$1 & may be said to be 9 a p]fect /ate ( pres]vation4 ,its geographical details1 9 s f> z giv51 are q z good z ! be/ to be f\nd at ?is "t1 ?\gh x is v evid5t t ! piece 0 prim>ily int5d$ to possess decorative r ?an sci5tific value4 ,! ,m$it]ranean region gives u 9 its g5]al features a repres5tation ( ! ,ptolemaic ideas1 p>ticul>ly to be obs]v$ 9 ! repres5tation ( ,italy & ! ,caspian ,sea4 ,9 ,*9ese ,asia appe>s a leg5d read+1 ,hic artem imprem5di ante mille aos habu]unt4 ,"h !y _h ! art ( pr9t+ a ?\s& ye>s ago4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hc4 ,ivory ,t]re/rial ,globe ( ,antonio ,spano1 #aeic4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hd4 ,s\? ,pol> ,region on ,globe ( ,antonio ,spano1 #aeic4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hd;a4 ,s\? ,pol> ,region on ,globe ( ,jodocus ,hondius1 #afjj4 ,9 ,ratai 7,katai7 a flag is repres5t$ rem9d+ ( ,m>co ,polo1 & ne> ?is ! leg5d ,8 magnus ,*am ,t>t>orum et ,*ataiae imp]ator longe dom9atur4 ,9 ?is ,asiatic region we f9d su* names z ,tab91 ,ania1 ,qu9sai1 ,catig>a1 ,zaiton1 ,india ,ori5talis4 ,/retto ,anian appe>s z a long *annel4 ,9 ,africa we read1 ,8 ,imp]ator magnus ,presbyt] ,africae ,rex pot5tis mus4 ,9 ! ,new ,_w we f9d ,am]ica sive ,india nova1 :i* is n connect$ ) ,asia4 ,! coa/ 9 ! nor!rn regions is bett] drawn ?an 9 ! s\!rn4 ,! ,/4 ,lawr5ce ,riv] is repres5t$1 b ! ,great ,lakes are omitt$4 ,e/l&1 ,frisl&1 & ,/4 ,br&an are laid d[n4 ,! au/ral l&1 z repres5t$1 is v l>ge1 be+ designat$ ,t]ra ,au/ralis3 ,va/issimas 8 esse regiones ex ,m4 ,pauli ,v54 et ,lud4 ,v>tomani scriptis p]igr9ationibus con/at4 ,au/ral l&3 "h is kn[n to be a v ext5sive region ref]r$ to 9 ! travel records ( ,m>co ,polo & ( ,ludovico ,v>tema4 ,mr4 ,beazley says ( ! globe t x once belong$ to ! ,kemp5a] family ( ,le5w>d51 & 0 lat] acquir$ by ,mr4 ,h4 ,j4 ,pfung/ ?r\gh ! firm ( ,mill] ,company ( ,am/]dam4#cfi ,x lat] pass$ into ! libr>y ( ,mr4 ,morgan4 ,z not$ at ! beg9n+ ( ?is *apt]1 lead]%ip 9 globe & map mak+1 9 ! clos+ ye>s ( ! c5tury1 0 pass+ into ! ,ne!rl&s1 :i* 9 ! second qu>t] ( ! c5tury _h contribut$ 9 ?is field ( sci5tific endeavor ! great ,m]cator4 ,8 influ5ce1 z 0 also not$1 f\nd its way into ,italy & into favor ) c]ta9 globe mak]s1 al?\gh ! individuali/ic _s ( ! ,italians seem$ to %[ a m>k$ pref]5ce = manuscript & engrav$ metal globes4 ,9 ! front rank ( ^? :o 7 to lead ! ,l[ ,c\ntries into _! place ( prem95ce /ood ! ,van ,langr5 family1 ! fa!r1 ,jacobus ,flor5tius1 z he 0 accu/om$ to call himself1 & ! sons1 ,arnoldus ,flor5tius1 ,h5ricus ,flor5tius1 & ,mi*ael ,flor5tius4#cgj ,! fa!r 0 a native ( ,d5m>k1 b sometime prior to #aehj he transf]r$ 8 resid5ce to ,arnhem 9 ,geld]l&1 & lat] to ,am/]dam4 ,leg5ds on 8 olde/ extant globe give u to und]/& t at ! "t ( its con/ruction he labor$ jo9tly ) 8 son ,arnold 9 ?is "w1 ^! leg5ds read+ ,jacobus ,flor5tius ,ultraject5sis autor1 & ,arnoldus ,flor5tius filius sculptor ,am/elodami #aehe1 t is1 ! fa!r 0 ! au?or & ! son 0 ! engrav]4 ,9 ! e>ly sev5te5? c5tury ! family left ,am/]dam1 go+ to ,antw]p 9 ! ,spani% ,ne!rl&s4 ,"h 9 ! ye> #afji1 accord+ to an ,antw]p record1 ,arnold con/ruct$ a ,spha]a ,mundi1 :i* he d$icat$ to ! *ief magi/rate ( t city1 receiv+ !re= #abj ,artois livres4 ,x probably 0 n long aft] ?is date t he 0 appo9t$ ,globe ,mak] ( ! ,ar*dukes1 a title he reta9$ until ! dea? ( ! ,ar*duke ,alb]t 9 ! ye> #afba1 & a some:at lat] record tells u t he 0 honor$ %ortly aft] t ev5t by an appo9tm5t to ! (fice ( ,royal ,cosmograph] & ,p5sion] ( ,8 ,maje/y ! ,ca?olic ,k+4 ,mi*ael became a resid5t ( ,brussels1 :]e he c>ri$ on 8 "w z an engrav]1 p>ticul>ly ( maps1 b x 0 z an a/ronom] t he won special di/9ction1 hav+ giv5 mu* att5tion to ! inve/igations ( me?ods = ! det]m9ation ( longitude & he is fur!r cr$it$ ) hav+ giv5 ! s-call$ seas ( ! moon ! names by :i* !y are /ill kn[n4 ,z globe mak] p]haps ! great] honor is due ,jacobus ,flor5tius1 s9ce x appe>s t ,arnold1 ?\gh p]haps ! m active1 reproduc$ 9 ! ma9 only ! works ( 8 fa!r1 add+ improvem5t "h & !re & endeavor+1 p]haps 9 "p = bus9ess reasons1 to keep 8 globe maps up to date4 ,ref]5ce has be5 made above to ! olde/ extant ,van ,langr5 globe1 :i* be>s ! date #aehe4 ,van d] ,aa ref]s to a reque/ ( ,arnold ,floris van ,langela] & ( 8 fa!r1 ,jacob ,floris van ,langela]1 pres5t$ to ! ,/ates ( ,geld]l& & accompany+ a copy ( 8 globe1 :i* seems to h be5 dat$ #aehj4 ,( ?is globe x is /at$ t x 0 e5 se] correcte ende s*oone ,globum t]re/rem1 van de groot/e =me1 & t x 0 inscrib$ z is t ( ! ye> #aehe4 ,a d\bt1 h[ev]1 arises z to ! accuracy ( ! date #aehj1 s9ce ,van d] ,aa /ates 9 ! same article t ,arnoldus 0 born 9 ! ye> #aega4 ,?is p>ticul> globe 0 =m]ly kept 9 ! ,geld]s* ,g]i*t%(1 z ,van ,hasselt tells u1 b s9ce ! de/ruction ( t c\rt no?+ has be5 kn[n ( ! inv5tory ( ! objects :i* _h be5 plac$ !re94 ,9 support1 h[ev]1 ( an e>ly date1 p]haps #aehj1 = ! fir/ ,van ,langr5 globe1 we f9d 9 ! d$ication ( a "w by ,nicolas ,petri1 publi%$ 9 ! ye> #aehh1 & issu$ z a manual = ! use ( globes1 t x 0 especially made = ! use ( a ,van ,langr5 globe4 ,9 ?is "w ! au?or is repres5t$ 9 picture 9 ! act ( exam9+ a globe1 a picture practically ! same z t appe>+ 9 a "w by ,petri issu$ 9 ! ye> #aehc4 ,x seems1 !re=e1 n to be an errone\s inf]5ce t ! au?or gives u "h a repres5tation ( ! ,van ,langr5 globe ( #aehj1 :i* is want+ mu* 9 ! accuracy ) :i* its details are giv54 ,! globe ( #aehe1 ref]r$ to above z ! olde/ extant ( ,van ,langr51 may be f\nd 9 ! collection ( ! ,museo dell' ,oss]vatorio del ,collegio ,romano 7,fig4 #hd74 ,! d$ication "u an elaborately color$ coat ( arms ( ,d5m>k reads1 ,s]5issimo atque pot5tissimo ,pr9cipi ,dom9o ,d4 ,*ri/iano nn4 ,daniae ,norvegiae ,v&alorum et ,go?orum ,regi ,duci ,slesvivi ,holsatiae ,/orm>iae et ,di?mortiae ,comiti ,old5burgi et ,del m5or/i ,jacobus ,flor5tius d$icabat4 ,to ! ,mo/ ,s]5e & mighty ,pr9ce ,"l ,d4 ,*ri/ian ,k+ ( ,d5m>k1 ,norway1 ! ,w5ds & ! ,go?s1 ,duke ( ,s*leswick ,hol/e91 ,/orm>n1 ,ditm>%1 ,c\nt ( ,old5burg & ,delm5hor/ 7?is globe7 is d$icat$ by ,jacobus ,flor5t4 ,! usual lett] to ! read] or to ! "o :o might h occasion to make use ( ! globe gives ! in=mation3 ,9 descriptione hujus globi ubiq3 sequuti sumus ca/igatissimas ,tabulas geographicas quibus ,hispani et ,lusitani 9 suis am]icis et indicis navigationibus utantur2 aliorumque probatissimas ,sept5trionalium regionum descriptiones4 ,de no/ro suis locis addidimus quadrata ut vocant nautica et v5torum regiones quae omnia ad usum navigantium ad amussim accomodavimus quaemadmodum ,geographiae c&idati propius inspici5do rep]i5t4 ,vale fru]e4 ,9 ! con/ruction ( ?is globe ,i h ev]y:]e made use ( ! mo/ accurate geographical tables1 su* z 7 us$ by ! ,spani>ds & ! ,portuguese 9 _! voyages to ,am]ica & ! ,ea/ ,indies2 z also = ! nor!rn regions ! v be/ draw+s ( o!rs4 ,my own contribution has be5 to ins]t 9 ! prop] places ! nautical squ>es1 z !y are call$1 & ! directions ( ! w9ds1 all ( :i* ,i h c>efully adapt$ to ! ne$ ( ! navigator1 z exp]ts 9 geography w1 on exam9ation1 recognize4 ,f>ewell & may y be happy4 ,9 a c>t\* on ! left we read ,jacobus ,flor5tius ,ultraject5sis autor1 & on ! "r ,arnoldus ,flor5tius filius sculptor ,am/elodami #aehe4 ,! sph]e1 :i* is holl[1 is con/ruct$ ( wood5 /rips cov]$ ) a prep>ation ( pla/]4 ,x has a diamet] ( ab\t #cb cm4 & is !re=e slightly small] ?an is ! ,m]cator globe ( #aeda4 ,x is furni%$ ) a graduat$ brass m]idian circle & ) a horizon circle ( ! same mat]ial1 :i* is support$ by f\r arms or quadrants upheld by a simple base4 ,! engrav$ gores pa/$ on ! ball are twelve 9 numb] & ext5d to )9 tw5ty degrees ( ! poles1 ! rema9+ space be+ cov]$ ) an engrav$ circul> disc1 9 accord ) a me?od fir/ employ$ by ,m]cator4 ,! surface ( ! globe is n well pres]v$1 yet not)/&+ ! injuries :i* "t has br\ght to x1 x rema9s a ma/]piece ( engrav+ & a valuable geographical record ( t e>ly day4 ,its num]\s inscriptions are ( mu* int]e/4 ,we read1 = example1 9 latitude #ce degrees s\? & longitude #ahe degrees1 ,va/issimas hic esse regiones ex ,m4 ,pauli ,v5eti et ,ludovico ,v>tomanni scriptis p]egr9ationibus liquido con/at4 ,! voyage ( ,m>co ,polo & ( ,ludovico ,v>!ma make x c]ta9 t an enorm\s t]ritory exi/s "h4 ,9 latitude #af degrees s\? & longitude #age degrees is ! leg5d1 ,moluccae vocantur #e insulae ord9e po/iae juxta ,gilolo qu>um suprema ,t>5>e de9ceps ,tidore ,motir ,ma*iam et infima ,ba*iam4 ,! ,moluccas is ! "n giv5 to ! five isl&s 9 a r[ close to ,gilolo1 ! upp]mo/ ( :i* is ,t>5>e1 !n ,tidore1 ,motir1 ,ma*iam1 & ! l[e/ ,ba*iam4 ,9 latitude #aj degrees s\? & longitude #cdh degrees we read1 ,m>aon fluvius inve/us fuit a ,v9c5tio ,yaes ,p9zon an3 #adii et an3 #aedb totus a fontibus f]e ad o/ia usq3 divulgatus a ,francesco ,oregliana leucis #aefj m5sibus #h dulces 9 m>i s]vat aquas usque #dj leucis4 ,! ,amazon ,riv] 0 discov]$ by ,vic5te ,yaez ,p9zon 9 #adii1 :ile 9 #aedb ,francisco ,orellana explor$ x a di/ance ( #aefj leagues or almo/ its entire l5g? f s\rce to m\? 9 eight mon?s4 ,9 ! sea its wat]s are /ill fre% =ty leagues f l&4 ,! foll[+ is plac$ 9 latitude #bh degrees nor? & longitude #cbj degrees1 ,a4 ,d4 #adib4 #ab octobris ,*ri/ophorus ,columbus novam ,indiam nom9e regis ,ca/ellae delexit1 prima t]ra quam conquisit fuit ,haiti nunc ,hispaniola4 ,octob] #ab1 #adib1 ,*ri/oph] ,columbus took possession ( ,new ,india 9 ! "n ( ! ,k+ ( ,ca/ile4 ,! fir/ l& he conqu]$ 0 call$ ,haiti n[ call$ ,hispaniola4 ,9 latitude #fe degrees nor? & longitude #bcj degrees is ! leg5d1 ,regio des]ta 9 qua equi oves et boves silve/res sunt plurimi quales esse 9 una ,hebridum insul>um n>ratur4 ,a des]t c\ntry 9 :i* !re are a great _m wild horses1 %eep & cattle1 z is said to be ! case 9 "o ( ! ,hebrides4 ,t ?is ,van ,langr5 globe 0 well receiv$ by 8 contempor>ies seems to be witness$ by ! special privilege grant$ ,septemb] #i1 #aeib1 to ,jacobus ,flor5tius a ,langr5 by ! ,e/ates ( ,am/]dam to issue ! same4#cga ,on pres5t+ 8 reque/ = ! privilege ! au?or /ates t he 0 ! inv5tor ( globes ( ?is "*1 t 8 globes 7 unsurpass$ 9 ! matt] ( correctness by any :i* _h be5 previ\sly issu$1 & t ) ! aid ( 8 globes c]ta9 ,dut* navigators _h sail$ to ,p]nambuco 9 ,brazil1 to ! isl& ( ,/4 ,?omas "u ! equator1 to ! ,isle de ,pr9cipe & to o!r places4 ,?is privilege 0 r5ew$ to him & to 8 sons ,arnoldus & ,h5ricus 9 ! ye> #aeif4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> ! ,e/ates ,g5]al grant$ a privilege to ,jodocus ,hondius1 :o _h con/ruct$ a globe 9 ,engl& 9 ! ye> #aeic1 ( :i*1 h[ev]1 no example appe>s n[ to be kn[n4 ,! ,van ,langr5s conte/$ ?is claim at law1 ! results ( :i* conte/ seem n to be record$1 b we "k t ,jodocus ,hondius enum]at$ at ?is "t :at he consid]$ to be ! p>ticul> po9ts 9 :i* 8 own globes excell$4#cgb ,9 8 report he enum]at$ no less ?an f\rte5 important geographical discov]ies :i* 7 n repres5t$ on ! globes ( 8 oppon5ts1 ! ,van ,langr5s1 ! majority ( :i*1 z corrections1 seem to h be5 accept$1 s9ce !y appe> on ! lat] ,van ,langr5 globes & n on ! e>li]1 t is1 on ! "o ( #aehe4 ,! ,kon4 ,n$]l4 ,a>drijkskundig ,g5oots*ap has rec5tly come into possession ( ! f9e/ kn[n example ( ! ,van ,langr5 globes 7,fig4 #he71 z inde$ x is "o ( ! f9e/ extant globes ( t p]iod4#cgc ,! engrav$ gores1 twelve 9 numb]1 are pa/$ on a holl[ sph]e ( papi]-m* & pla/]1 hav+ a diamet] ( #eb4h cm4 ,x is furni%$ ) a graduat$ copp] m]idian circle )9 :i* x is adju/$ to revolve1 a horizon circle ( wood on :i* appe> ! names ( ! w9ds 9 ,greek1 ,lat91 & ,dut*1 ! names ( ! mon?s1 ! names ( ! pr9cipal fea/ days1 & ! signs ( ! zodiac1 ! :ole re/+ on a base ( oak hav+ six support+ columns4 ,z an example ( ! engrav]'s art ! map :i* cov]s ! sph]e is "o ( sup]ior excell5ce4 ,a manuscript d$ication1 pa/$ on its surface ne> ! ,m> di ,india & surm\nt$ by a repres5tation ( ! ,spani% coat ( arms1 reads1 ,collegio ,ratioc9iorum ,brabanti regnantibus2 ,alb]to et ,isabellae ,opt4 ,max4 ,belgii ,pr9cipibus4 ,s+ul>i obs]vantia ,d$icabat ,arnoldus ,flor5t9us a ,langr54 ,ano ,dni #afab4 ,to ! ,college ( ,computations ( ,brabant1 to ,alb]t & ,isabella1 ! v great ,pr9ces ( ,belgium1 ,arnold ,flor5tius van ,langr5 d$icates ) great respect 7?is globe7 9 ! ye> #afab4 ,b5ea? ,nova ,gu9ea is giv5 ! privilege ,cautum e/ privilegio ord9um ,confo$]atorum ,inf]ioris ,g]maniae1 ne quis alius ad dec5nium globum hunc t]re/rem absq4 cons5su ,jacobi ,flor5tii civis ,am/eldam54 typis m&>e vel simili1 vel alia =ma excud]e1 vel alibi impressum adduc]e1 aut v5d]e ausit1 sub po5a 9 diplomate /atuta1 #afjh4 ,w>n+ is giv5 by ! privilege 7copyright7 ( ! ,conf$]at$ ,/ates ( ! ,ne!rl&s t no o!r individual = a p]iod ( t5 ye>s1 %all v5ture to pr9t 9 simil> or 9 o!r =m1 to /amp 7engrave7 or make an impression1 or to sell1 "u p5alty set d[n 9 ! diploma1 #afjh4 ,9 ?is leg5d ! date #afjh has be5 writt5 ov] ! engrav$ date #aeig4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #he4 ,t]re/rial ,globe ( ,van ,langr51 #afab4 ,among ! leg5ds appe>+ 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e is "o :i* is b a repetition ( t appe>+ 9 ! edition ( #aehe ref]r+ to ! s\rce ( in=mation beg9n+1 ,9 descriptio hujus 444 ,b5ea? ! arti/ic c>t\* :]e9 is plac$ ! la/-nam$ leg5d is "o 9 :i* are record$ ! names ( ! au?or & ! engrav]1 ,jacobus ,flor5tius ,ultraject5sis ,au?or3 ,arnoldus ,flor5tius filius sculptor ,am/elr$ami ,ao4 ,dni1 ! date1 p>tially eras$ f ! copp] plate employ$ 9 ! pr9t+1 seems to read #aehe4 ,c]ta9 regions are adorn$ ) pictures 9 :i* are repres5t$ ! aborig9es1 & ! local fauna & flora4 ,sea mon/]s con/itute a "p ( ! decorative features ( ! globe map1 & %ips sail hi!r & ?i!r ov] ! oceans1 c>ry+ ! flags ( _! respective c\ntries4 ,! au?or has laid d[n ! ,/reto de ,anian :i* sep>at$ ,am]ica f ,asia1 & ,cali=nia is a p59sula4 ,! ,quivira regnum is made to include a "p ( we/]n ,nor? ,am]ica1 & ! great /ret* ( c\ntry to ! we/ ( ! ,mississippi appe>s to be ! home ( wild horses & cattle4 ,! ea/]n coa/ l9e ( ,am]ica includ$ )9 ! pres5t limits ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is repres5t$ ) a rem>kable approa* to accuracy1 a portion ( 8 in=mation = t region be+ d]iv$ f ! report ( ,?omas ,h]iot4 ,foll[+ ,m]cator !re h be5 plac$ f\r l>ge isl&s ar\nd ! nor? pole1 & 9 ! nor? ,atlantic ,frisl&1 ,s4 ,br&a91 & ,brasil4 ,india1 ,au/ralia1 & o!r regions ( ! ,f> ,ea/ h be5 repres5t$ ) rem>kable fai?fulness to ! late/ & be/ records ( ,dut* navigators1 & ! au?or pr(it$ by ,dut* records ( exploration 9 8 repres5tation ( ! ,nova ,zembla region4 ,!re is yet a f> f accurate del9eation ( ! great ea/]n ar*ipelago4 ,java1 ,celebes1 ,borneo1 & ,nova ,gu9ea h be5 fairly well outl9$1 & ab\t ! s\? pole is t great au/ral cont95t conspicu\s on ! maps ( ! p]iod1 b v g5]ally outl9$ z ! fancy ( ! map mak] direct$4 ,9 ! libr>y ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,gh5t is a ,van ,langr5 t]re/rial globe undat$ b app>5tly complet$ n long aft] #afaf1 s9ce x directs att5tion to ! ,/rait ( ,lemaire1 discov]$ 9 t ye>4 ,x has ! au?ors' inscription ,jacobus ,flor5tius ,ultraject5sis ,au?or4 ,arnoldus ,flor5tius filius sculptor ,am/]dam1 & be>s 9 addition ! leg5d ,arnoldus ,flor5tius a ,langr51 ,s]5issum4 ,ar*iducu4 ,au/r4 ,burgundiae1 ,brabantiae1 ,ducum1 ,spha]eographus ,au?or4 ,cum ,privileg4 ,arnoldus ,flor5tius a ,langr5 globe mak] & au?or to ! mo/ ,s]5e ,ar*duke ( ,au/ria1 ( ,burgundy1 ,duke ( ,brabant4 ,) privilege4 ,?is globe is describ$ z "o well pres]v$1 resembl+ v closely t ( #afab1 p>ticul>ly 9 its geographical details z well z 9 its m\nt+s4 ,! ,biblio?que ,nationale ( ,p>is possesses a ,van ,langr5 t]re/rial globe1 ) date illegible1 b ?\ght to be #afbe1 :i* appe>s to be a reissue ( ! previ\s editions1 especially ( ! lat] ones4 ,a leg5d includ+ an address to ! read] concludes ) a ref]5ce to ! au?or ,arnoldus ,flor5tio a ,langr5 ,reg4 ,cat4 ,majis4 cosmografo et p5sion>io4 ,arnoldus ,flor5tius a ,langr51 cosmograph] & p5sion] ( ,8 ,ca?olic ,maje/y4 ,!re are two globes ( ,arnoldus1 a cele/ial & a t]re/rial1 =m]ly 9 ! ,municipal ,ar*ives ( ,antw]p1 n[ 9 ! ,plant9-,moritus ,museum4 ,an inscription on ! cele/ial globe reads3 ,globus coele/is /ell>um fix>um loca ipsis 9 coelo ad amussim congrua repraes5tans ad annum #afjj juxta accuratas obs]vationes ,ty*onis ,brahe d5uo ad annum #afb- dilig5tiss4 re/itutus novis item /ellis #djj hact5us non notatis4 ,ornatusque trec5tis /ellis circa polum ant>cticum ab ,h\tmanno ,hol&o obs]vatis indu/ria ,arnoldi ,flor5tii van ,langr5 ,cosmographici1 qui olim obs]vationibus3 ,tyconis int]fuit4 ,op]am sibi filii p>5ti felicissime contul]unt4 ,a cele/ial globe :i* repres5ts ! position ( ! fix$ />s1 correspond+ to ! actual position ( ! />s 9 ! sky 9 ! ye> #afjj1 foll[+ ! accurate obs]vations ( ,ty*o ,brahe & ) great c>e aga9 calculat$ = ! ye> #afb-3 also #djj new />s are add$ :i* _h n hi!rto be5 record$4 ,also !re h be5 add$ #cjj s\? pol> />s t 7 obs]v$ by ,h\tman ( ,holl&4 ,con/ruct$ by ,arnold ,flor5t van ,langr51 cosmograph] :o assi/$ ,ty*o 9 8 obs]vations4 ,! sons h aid$ _! fa!r ) ! happie/ effect4 ,! t]re/rial globe1 9 a mu* bett] /ate ( pres]vation1 conta9s1 9 a neat c>t\*1 an address to ! read]1 expla9+ ! m]its ( ! globe map3 ,qu&oquidem quotidiana div]s>um nationum1 praecipue tam5 ,hol&orum navigatione omnes mundi plagas p]lu/rantium1 v>ii orbis tractus1 remotae insulae et quamplurima regna hact55us incognita nunc 9 dies innotu]e1 et quae fu]e cognita majori /udio et situs obs]vatione p]lu/rata sunt4 ,prodit hic no/] ,globus multo praec$5tibus a nobis editis1 qui primi 9 8 prov9ciis prodi]unt accuratior et em5datior4 ,9 quo omnium locorum nom9a1 et quo tempore1 et cujus auspiciis quaeque detecta s9t expressimus4 ,curavimus praet]ea non s9e magno labore et cura1 ut s+ulae ,regiones1 ,insulae1 ,portus1 ,braevia1 et ,scopuli suae longitud9i et latitud9i respondeant1 quibus ,indices seu l9eas v5torum 444 ,inasmu* z1 on acc\nt ( voyages1 daily und]tak5 by v>i\s nations1 especially ! ,dut*1 :o h sail$ along all ! coa/s ( ! _w1 ! v>i\s regions ( ! e>?1 di/ant isl&s1 & innum]able c\ntries hi!rto unkn[n1 h e day become bett] kn[n 7additional facts7 & our k ( ^? already discov]$ has become mu* cle>] ?r\gh a m detail$ exam9ation & detail$ obs]vation1 ?is pres5t globe ( ours1 pres5ts itself to ! public z "o mu* m exact1 m free f errors ?an ^? previ\sly issu$ by u1 :i* 7 ! fir/ ev] pres5t$ to ! public ( ^! prov9ces4 ,on x we h record$ ! names ( all places1 also :5 & "u ^: auspices !y 7 sev]ally discov]$4 ,we h tak5 ! greate/ c>e & pa9s to make ! location ( ! v>i\s regions1 isl&s1 seaports1 %oals1 & rocks correspond to ! true latitude & longitude1 :]eby ! directions ( ! w9ds 7loxodromic l9es7 444 ,! conclud+ l9es ( ?is address are illegible1 b !re seems to be no?+ ( special importance lo/4 ,! au?or's signature reads ,auctor ,arnoldo ,flor5tio a ,langre ,reg4 ,cat3 ,matis ,cosmographo et ,p5sion>io4 ,au?or ,arnoldus ,flor5tius a ,langr51 cosmograph] & p5sion] ( ,8 ,royal ,ca?olic ,maje/y4 ,a copy ( a ,van ,langr5 globe may be f\nd 9 ! ,museum ( ,ztph51 b in=mation conc]n+ x has n be5 obta9able o!r ?an t x is 9 a damag$ condition1 & is app>5tly ano!r example ( ! "o ref]r$ to above z ( #afab4 ,among ^? int]e/$ 9 geography1 9 a/ronomy1 & p>ticul>ly 9 ! con/ruction ( armill>y sph]es 9 ?is p]iod v special m5tion %\ld be made ( ,antonio ,santucci4 ,= "s "t he s]v$ ,pr9ce1 lat] ,gr& ,duke1 ,f]d9& de' ,m$ici z 8 cosmograph]4 ,x 0 dur+ ?is p]iod ( s]vice t he re/or$ ! fam\s t]re/rial globe ( ,egnazio ,danti :i* 0 a p>ticul>ly cr$itable piece ( "w4 ,9 ! ye> #aehb he con/ruct$ a l>ge armill>y sph]e compos$ ( wood5 r+s1 v arti/ically gild$ & pa9t$1 repres5t+ 9 p>ticul> ! orbits ( ! planets4 ,?is ! ,pr9ce is said to h pres5t$ to "o ,battaglioni ( ,naples2 fur!r ?an ?is fact no?+ seems to be kn[n ( ?is p>ticul> example4 ,9 ! ye> #afjf1 we are in=m$1 he collect$ & s5t to ! ,gr& ,duke a numb] ( valuable maps relat+ to ,europe1 ,asia1 ,africa1 & ! ,we/ ,indies1 & to ! sev]al sep>ate c\ntries ( ,europe4 ,9 ! ye> #afai he publi%$1 ?r\gh ! favor ( ,duke ,f]d9&1 a treatise on comets & ! new />s appe>+ betwe5 ! ye>s #aegg & #afjg4 ,:at is probably ! f9e/ ( all 8 sph]es belongs to ! ,museo di ,/rum5ti ,anti*i ( ,flor5ce1 :i* has be5 re/or$ & int]e/+ly describ$ by ! di/+ui%$ s*ol>1 ,f]d9& ,meucci4#cgd ,z an in/rum5t int5d$ to repres5t ! entire univ]se1 ?\gh con/ruct$ = display r ?an = use1 x rema9s "o ( ! f9e/ con/ruct$ 9 ! p59sula dur+ ! c5tury4 ,! l>ge/ ( its n9e conc5tric circles has a diamet] ( #bbj cm41 ! smalle/ a diamet] ( #gj cm41 & at ! common c5t] is a t]re/rial globe hav+ a diamet] ( #fj cm4 ,ea* ( ! n9e great circles or sph]es has its own small] circles repres5t+ ! equator1 ! ecliptic1 ! colures1 & ! pol> circles1 ! n9? hav+ also ! tropics & ! h\r circle4 ,! eigh?1 repres5t+ ! />ry heav5s1 has its ecliptic f\r times ! wid? ( ! correspond+ circles ( ! o!r sph]es4 ,meucci /ates1 9 8 detail$ description1 t !re are no less ?an eighty-two armillae or r+s1 l>ge & small1 to :i*1 he adds1 eight l>g] ones might be add$1 ^! be+ cut 9 half & arrang$ some:at 9 ! =m ( a cup1 ! l[] half support+ ! horizon circle1 ! upp] half s]v+ z a support = an adju/able cov] ( ! entire in/rum5t4 ,?is arrangem5t sugge/s t x 0 ! au?or's int5tion to h ^! la/-nam$ half circles repres5t ! empyrean or home ( ! cele/ial spirits1 a ?\ght support$ by ! fact t at ! common int]sect+ po9t ( ! upp] half ( ^! circles is plac$ a disc on :i* is repres5t$ ! ,deity 9 ! act ( contemplat+ 8 creation4 ,! :ole in/rum5t is topp$ by a cross4 ,meucci1 9 ref]r+ to 8 own "w ( re/or+ & rem\nt+ ! great sph]e1 obs]ves t at ! poles ( ! ecliptic !re are two discs on :i* h be5 pa9t$ ! coat ( arms ( ! ,m$ici family toge!r ) ! coat ( arms ( ! ,lor5a1 ,*ri/9a di ,lor5a be+ ! wife ( ,f]d9&1 to :om ! "w _h be5 d$icat$4 ,he fur!r notes t 8 rese>*es l$ him to ! discov]y t ! in/rum5t orig9ally co/ #ajeb4b scudi1 :i*1 ) an incid5tal addition ( #agj scudi1 ?\ght prop] to be includ$ 9 ! reckon+1 w\ld make ! entire exp5se ( con/ruction #abbb4b scudi or ab\t #gahg liri1 t is1 less ?an #adjj4 ,! am\nt seems insignificant1 rememb]+ t ! "w 0 begun 9 ! ye> #aehh & 0 n complet$ until ! ye> #aeic1 claim+ !re=e five ye>s ( ! mak]'s "t4 ,! map on ! t]re/rial globe seems to h be5 well drawn1 & is rem>kable = its repres5tation ( ! geography ( ! int]ior ( ,africa1 p>ticul>ly = ! region ab\t ! s\rce ( ! ,nile4 ,9 ! libr>y ( ,mr4 ,h5ry ,e4 ,hunt+ton may be f\nd an exce$+ly f9e armill>y sph]e 7,fig4 #hf74 ,x is nei!r sign$ nor dat$1 b !re appe>s to be good reason = attribut+ x to ,antonio ,santucci1 & its date to ab\t ! ye> #aehj4 ,con/ruct$ entirely ( wood1 ) pap] id5tify+ labels pa/$ on ! surface ( ea* ( ! num]\s circles1 x is a well-pres]v$ example ( ,italian workman%ip4 ,x is furni%$ ) horizon1 m]idian1 tropical1 pol>1 & ecliptic circles1 ! fir/ be+ graduat$ on bo? ! out] & ! inn] edge4 ,?is horizon circle has a diamet] ( ab\t #ej cm41 & a wid? ( ab\t #g cm41 ! wid? ( ! o!r circles be+ well proportion$ = arti/ic effect4 ,)9 ! circles nam$ are ^? repres5t+ ! orbits ( ,luna1 ,m]curio1 ,v5]e1 ,sole1 ,m>te1 ,giove1 ,saturno1 ) ! e>? at ! c5t] accord+ to ! ,ptolemaic sy/em4 ,x has a s+le /&>d support re/+ on a solid circul> disc ab\t #cc cm4 9 diamet]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hf4 ,armill>y ,sph]e ( ,antonio ,santucci 7871 ca4 #aehj4 ,! ,ma!matis*-,physikal4 ,salon ( ,dresd5 possesses a f9e cele/ial globe sign$ & dat$ ,b4 ,f4 #afjj4 ,x is an exce$+ly elaborate piece 7,fig4 #hg71 be+ made ( gild$ bronze & furni%$ ) a m\nt+ ( ornam5tal design4 ,! sph]e1 hav+ a diamet] ( #aa4f cm41 exhibits on its engrav$ surface 9 outl9e ! figures ( ! sev]al con/ellations1 ) ! "n ( ea*1 & 9 addition ! pr9cipal cele/ial circles includ+ ! m]idians4 ,x is furni%$1 9 its m\nt+s1 ) a graduat$ bronze m]idian circle to :i* is atta*$1 ne> ! nor? equatorial pole1 a clock dial ) h\r & m9ute h&s1 ! dial be+ m>k$ ) ! h\rs f ,i to ,,xii4 ,surm\nt+ ! :ole is an arti/ic bronze box1 )9 :i* h be5 plac$ ! works by means ( :i* ! clock is driv5 & ! sph]e made to revolve4 ,! broad horizon circle1 :i* is engrav$ ) ! usual conc5tric circles1 re/s ^u bran*$ supports1 :i* 9 turn are atta*$ to a f9ely wr\ght base hav+ f\r curv$ legs t]m9at+ 9 conv5tionally design$ griff9 claws4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hg4 ,cele/ial ,globe ( ,b4 ,f41 #afjj4 ,?\gh diff]+ v consid]ably 9 ! details ( its con/ruction1 x may be class$ ) su* globes z are ^? made by ,roll & ,re9hold1 briefly describ$ above4 ,inde$1 ! sugge/ion =ces itself ^u "o t to _! work%op or to "o :o may be ref]r$ to z a workman ( _! s*ool1 we owe ?is int]e/+ example4 ,att5tion has be5 previ\sly call$ to c]ta9 e>ly globes :i* seem prim>ily to h be5 con/ruct$ to conta9 ! works ( clocks su* z ! ,jagellonicus4 ,"h z 9 ! case ( ! ,roll & ,re9hold globes1 & z 9 c]ta9 o!r examples1 we f9d clockwork atta*m5ts design$ to regulate ! revolutions ( ! globe ( :i* !y =m a "p4 ,:ile ! globe is ! m elaborately wr\ght "p ( ?is p>ticul> example1 x does n seem improbable t ! clock orig9ally 0 consid]$ to be ! m important "p4 ,,notes #ccd ,see ,*ap4 ,x4 #cce ,k/n]4 ,ges*i*te d] ,ma!matik4 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #bae ff42 ,wolf1 ,r4 ,notiz5 zur ,ges*i*te d] ,ma!matik 9 d] ,s*weiz1 ,conrad ,dasypodius4 7,93 ,mitteilung d] natur=s*5d5 ,gesells*aft zu ,b]n4 ,b]n1 #ahde4 ,no4 #ef472 ,allgeme9e deuts*e ,biographie1 ,dasypodius1 ,conrad4 #ccf ,doppelmayr4 ,hi/oris*e ,na*ri*t4 p4 #ea4 #ccg ,s*rick]1 ,a4 ,z4 ,zur ,ges*i*te d] ,univ]sitt ,/rassburg4 ,/rassburg1 #ahgb2 ,heitz1 ,e4 ,zur ,ges*i*te d] alt5 ,/rassburg] ,univ]sitt4 ,/rassburg1 #ahhe4 #cch ,! ,briti% ,museum ,catalogue li/s _m ( ^! works4 #cci ,wolf1 ,r4 ,na*ri*t54 7,93 ,mitteilung d] natur=s*5d5 ,gesells*aft zu ,b]n4 ,b]n1 #ahed4 p4 #fi472 ,doppelmayr1 op4 cit41 p4 #aae2 ,habre*t1 ,i4 ,tractatus de planiglobis coele/is ac t]re/ris4 ,/rassburg1 #afbh4 #cdj ,doppelmayr1 op4 cit41 p4 #bjh4 #cda ,montucla1 ,j4 ,e4 ,hi/oire des ,ma?matiques 444 ,p>is1 #agii-ahjb4 #cdb ,dasypodius1 ,c4 ,horologii a/ronomei ,arg5torati 9 summo templo erecti descriptio4 ,arg5torati1 #aehj2 same au?or4 ,w>hafftige ,auslegung des a/ronomis*5 ,uhrw]cks zu ,/rassburg4 ,/rassburg1 #aehj4 #cdc ,s*wilgu1 ,c4 ,description abrge de l'horologe a/ronomique de la ca?drale de ,/rassb\rg4 ,/rassb\rg1 #ahef4 #cdd ,britt51 ,f4 ,j4 ,old clocks & wat*es & _! mak]s4 ,london1 #ahii4 #cde ,v>nhag51 ,a4 de4 ,j4 ,s*n] e ,p4 ,apian4 ,wi51 #ahgb2 ,gn!r1 ,s4 ,pet] und ,philipp ,apian1 zwei deuts*e ,ma!matik] und ,k>tograph54 ,prag1 #ahhb2 ,nord5skild4 ,facsimile ,atlas1 p4 #ajj4 ,9 ! ye> #aebj ,pet] ,apianus publi%$ 9 8 edition ( ,sol9us' ,polyhi/or a _w map1 foll[+ !re9 ! g5]al design ( ,waldseemll] 9 8 _w map ( ! ye> #aejg4 ,! map ( ,apianus has long be5 reg>d$ z "o ( ! mo/ important ( ! e>ly pr9t$ maps on :i* ! ,new ,_w is repres5t$4 ,until ! rec5t discov]y by ,pr(essor ,joseph ,fis*] ( ,waldseemll]'s long-lo/ map1 x has frequ5tly be5 ref]r$ to z ! fir/ engrav$ map on :i* ! "n ,am]ica appe>s4 ,! ',cosmographia' ( ,apianus1 fir/ issu$ 9 ! ye> #aebd1 0 frequ5tly reissu$ !reaft]1 notably by ,gemma ,frisius4 #cdf ,clem5s1 ,c4 ,musei1 sive biblio!cae tam privatae quam publicae extructio4 ,lugduni1 #afce4 ,lib] ,qu>tus4 p4 #ebg4 #cdg ,kepl]1 ,j4 ,joannis ,kepl]i ,op]a ,omnia4 ,ed4 by ,fris*4 ,frankfurt1 #aheh4 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #hab4 #cdh ,gemel91 ,l4 ,unt]satz e9es ,globus von ,philipp ,apian4 7,93 ,/uttg>t] ,gew]bhalle4 ,/uttg>t1 #ahhe4 ,taf4 #fb472 ,gn!r1 ,s4 ,die ,mn*5] ,glob5 ,philipp ,apians4 7,93 ,jahrbu* fr mn*5] ,ges*i*te4 ,mn*51 #ahhh4 pp4 #aca-adh47 #cdi ,gn!r4 ,die ,mn*5] ,glob54 p4 #acb4 #cej ,zimm]mann1 ,m4 ,hans ,meli* und ,h]zog ,albre*t ,v4 ,mn*51 #ahhe4 ,! au?or ?9ks x h>dly probable t ,meli* 0 ! arti/ employ$ 9 ! decoration ( ^! globes1 b praises ! excell5t workman%ip exhibit$4 ,kobolt1 ,a4 ,m4 ,bairis*es ,gelehrt5-,lexikon4 ,l&%ut1 #agie4 pp4 #eb ff42 also 9 8 ,erganzung5 und ,b]i*tigung54 ,l&%ut1 #ahbd4 p4 #ba4 #cea ,fior9i4 ,sf]e t]re/ri e cele/i4 p4 #bba4 ,! au?or briefly describes ! ,plautus globes4 ,! in=mation conta9$ !re9 0 also k9dly s5t = ins]tion 9 ?is "w by ! director ( ! ,museum4 #ceb ,g]l&4 ,beitrge4 p4 #fi4 ,see ,*ap4 viii1 n4 #ba4 #cec ,fior9i1 op4 cit41 pp4 #bjj-bjb4 #ced ,gass5di1 ,p4 ,ty*onis ,brahei equitis ,dani a/ronomorum coryphaei vita4 ,hagae1 #afee2 ,drey]1 ,j4 ,l4 ,e4 ,ty*o ,brahe1 a picture ( sci5tific life & "w 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,ed9burgh1 #ahij2 ,brahe1 ,t4 ,a/ronomiae in/auratae me*anica4 ,norib]gae1 #afjb2 ,brahe1 ,t4 ,epi/ol>um a/ronomic>um libri4 ,uraniburgi1 #aeif2 ,brahe1 ,t4 ,ty*onis ,brahe ma?im3 em95t3 ,dani ,op]a ,omnia4 ,ed4 by ,j4 ,g4 ,s*onvett]i1 ,franc(urti1 #afdh2 ,wolf4 ,ges*i*te d] ,a/ronomie4 pp4 #bfi-bha2 ,k/n]4 ,ges*i*te d] ,ma!matik4 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #cgf-daa4 #cee ,drey]1 op4 cit41 ,*aps4 v1 vi4 #cef ,tyconis ,brahe a/ronomiae in/auratae ,me*anica4 #ceg ,raemdonck4 ,les sphres t]re/res4 p4 #bh2 ,*atel1 ,m4 ,note sur une globe t]re/re 444 de la succession de ,titon du ,tillet4 7,93 ,mmoire lus la ,sorbonne4 ,p>is1 #ahfe4 pp4 #afa-agj47 #ceh ,m>cel1 ,g4 ,note sur une sphre t]re/re faite en cuivre la f9 du ,,xvie ,sicle4 7,93 ,bullet9 de la ,socit norm&e de ,gographie4 ,r\51 #ahia4 pp4 #aec-afj47 #cei ,humboldt1 ,a4 ,exam5 ,critique4 ,p>is1 #ahcf-ahci4 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #aeb-aee2 ,h>risse4 ,discov]y1 pp4 #feg-feh4 #cfj ,hakluyt1 ,r4 ,! pr9cipal ,navigations1 ,voyages & ,discov]ies ( ! ,engli% ,nation4 ,london1 #aehi4 #cfa ,hood1 ,d4 ,! use ( bo? ! ,globes1 cele/ial & t]re/rial1 mo/ pla9ly deliv]$ 9 ! =m ( a dialogue4 ,london1 #aeib4 #cfb ,blundeville1 ,t4 ,mr4 ,blundeville 8 ,ex]cises4 ,london1 #aeid4 #cfc ,see above1 p4 #aic4 #cfd ,! sev]al editions ( ?is "w are giv5 by ,m>kham1 ,c4 ,hues1 ,treatise on ,globes1 pp4 xxxvii-xl4 #cfe ,allgeme9e deuts*e ,biographie ,brgi1 ,job/2 ,doppelmayr1 op4 cit41 p4 #afc2 ,wolf1 ,r4 ,brgi4 7,93 ,biograph4 z4 ,kulturges*i*te1 #a ,zyklus1 pp4 #eg ff472 ,weidl]1 ,f4 ,hi/oria a/ronomiae4 ,vitemb]gae1 #agda4 p4 #cge2 ,g]l&1 op4 cit41 p4 #fh4 #cff ,m>cel1 ,g4 ,note sur une mission gographique en ,suisse4 7,93 ,bullet9 de la ,socit de ,gographie4 ,p>is1 #ahii4 pp4 #gf-id47 #cfg ,fis*]1 ,j4 ,! globe-goblet ( ,wolfegg4 7,93 ,unit$ ,/ates ,ca?olic ,hi/orical ,society ,hi/orical ,records & ,/udies4 ,new ,york1 #aiac4 pp4 #bge-bgi47 ,see = m5tion ( o!r ,gessn] globe cups4 #cfh ,a sixte5? c5tury globe cup4 7,93 ,royal ,geographical ,j\rnal4 ,london1 #aiai4 pp4 #aif-aig47 ,?is p>ticul> globe ( ,gessn] 0 sold at ,*ri/ie's 9 ,london1 ,july #bc1 #aiai1 = #chjj4 ,x is ?\ght to h be5 made 9 ! ye> #aeie4 ,att5tion is call$ 9 ?is article to a globe cup 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 dat$ #aefi4 #cfi ,beazley1 ,c4 ,r4 ,globe ( #aeic4 7,93 ,royal ,geographical ,j\rnal4 ,london1 #aijd4 pp4 #dif-dih47 #cgj ,pogg5dorff1 ,j4 ,c4 ,biographis*-lit]>is*es ,h&wrt]bu*4 ,leipzig1 #ahfc2 ,k/n]1 op4 cit41 p4 #cic2 ,gn>d1 ,p4 ,les ,globes du gographe ,arnauld ,flor5t van ,langr5 et de ,guill4 ,blaeu4 7,93 ,bullet9 de la ,socit ,royale ,gographie d',anv]s4 ,anv]s1 #ahhc4 pp4 #aej ff42 ,van d] ,aa47 #cga ,wi$]1 ,f4 ,c4 ,de ,globe van ,van ,langr5 ,ao #afab4 7,93 ,kon4 ,n$]l&s* ,a>drijkskundig ,g5oots*ap1 #b;e ,srie ,dl4 ,,xxxii1 #aiae1 pp4 #bca-bci47 #cgb ,jonge1 ,j4 ,k4 ,j4 de4 ,opkom/ van het ,n$]l&s* gezag 9 ,oo/-,indie4 ,grav5hage1 #ahfb4 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #agi4 ,! au?or gives "h a report r5d]$ by ,j4 ,hondius 9 :i* he ref]s to ! sup]iority ( 8 globes to ^? ( ,van ,langr54 ,! report is dat$ #aeig4 #cgc ,wi$]1 op4 cit41 n4 #cf above1 is a description ( ?is globe ) illu/rations4 #cgd ,meucci1 ,f4 ,la ,sf]a armill]e di ,tolomeo con/ruita da ,antonia ,santucci4 ,fir5ze1 #ahgf4 ,illu/ration3 ,base ( ,apianus ,globe1 #aegf