---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,transcriber's note3 ,the original book contains characters that are not available in this text format4 ,they have therefore been substituted according to the following scheme3 --,characters with a macron 7a line above the character7 as x --,characters with a tilde above as x --,superscripts as a carat followed by the superscript1 e4g4 ,,vie --,the reversed ,c used in ,roman numerals as ,c --,old ,german character u with a ring diacritic above as ou --c with scribal abbreviation above c1 meaning etc41 as c --,symbol used after q or q as a scribal abbreviation in ,latin as z ,many foreign and ,english words in the text and in the references occur in joined1 hyphenated and spaced forms with almost equal frequency4 ,these have not been modified for the sake of fidelity to the printed text4 ,this book was published in two volumes1 of which this is the first4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,,terrestrial ,,and ,,celestial ,,globes ,,their ,,history ,,and ,,construction ,,including ,a ,,consideration ,,of ,,their ,,value ,,as ,,aids ,,in ,,the ,,study ,,of ,,geography ,,and ,,astronomy ,,by ,,edward ,,luther ,,stevenson1 ,,ph4,d41 ,,ll4,d4 ,,member ,,of ,,the ,,hispanic ,,society ,,of ,,america ,,volume ,i ,illustration ,,new ,,haven3 ,,published ,,for ,,the ,,hispanic ,,society ,,of ,,america ,,by ,,the ,,yale ,,university ,,press ,,london ,,humphrey ,,milford ,,oxford ,,university ,,press ,,mdccccxxi ,,copyright1 #aiba1 ,,by ,,the ,,hispanic ,,society ,,of ,,america ,,affectionately ,,dedicated ,,to ,,my ,,wife ,,grace ,,my ,,children ,,katharine ,,and ,,edward ,table of ,contents ,,page ,list of ,illustrations xiii ,foreword xix ,chapter ,i3 ,terrestrial ,globes in ,antiquity #a ,the beginnings of astronomical and of geographical science4--,primitive attempts at map construction1 as seen in the ,babylonian plan of the world4--,anaximander probably the first scientific cartographer4--,statements of ,herodotus4--,the place of ,hecataeus1 ,hipparchus1 ,marinus1 ,ptolemy4--,the ,romans as map makers4--,the earliest beliefs in a globular earth4--,thales1 the ,pythagoreans1 ,aristotle4--,eratosthenes and his measurements of the earth4--,crates probably the first to construct a terrestrial globe4--,statements of ,strabo4--,ptolemy's statements concerning globes and globe construction4--,the allusions of ,pliny4 ,chapter ,,ii3 ,celestial ,globes in ,antiquity #ad ,thales' ideas1 probably not a globe maker4--,eudoxus4--,the ,atlante ,farnese4--,archimedes4--,allusion of ,lactantius4--,pappus' allusions4--,armillary spheres4--,the astronomer ,hipparchus4--,ptolemy4--,globes used for decorative purposes by the ,romans4--,roman coins4--,the ,byzantine ,leontius ,mechanicus4 ,chapter ,,iii3 ,globes ,constructed by the ,arabs #bf ,followers of ,ptolemy4--,early armillary spheres4--,interest of the ,califs in globes and astronomical instruments4--,the record of the ',fihrist4'--,ibrahim4--,caissar4--,moha mmed ben ,helal4--,mohammed el ,ordhi4--,the ,paris globes4--,ridhwan ,efendi4 ,chapter ,,iv3 ,terrestrial and ,celestial ,globes in the ,christian ,middle ,ages #ce ,general attitude of the period toward the theories of the ,greeks and the ,romans4--,scripture statements as sources of information4--,inclination of certain early writers to accept the doctrine of a spherical earth4--,the particular attitude of ,pope ,sylvester ,,ii4--,the asserted interest of ,emperor ,frederick ,,ii in scientific studies4--,alfonso the ,wise and the ,alfonsian tables4--,interesting allusions in ,alfonso's work to globes and globe construction4--,giovanni ,campano of ,novara and the statements in his ',tractatis de sphera solida4'--,the attitude of ,albertus ,magnus1 ,sacrobosco1 ,roger ,bacon1 ,vincent of ,beauvais1 ,dante4 ,chapter ,v3 ,globes ,constructed in the ,early ,years of the ,great ,geographical ,discoveries #df ,increasing interest in geographical discovery and maritime enterprise in the fourteenth and the fifteenth century4--,awakened interest in globe construction4--,martin ,behaim and his globe of the year #adib4--,the ,laon globe4--,christopher and ,bartholomew ,columbus and their interest in globes4--,john ,cabot and his globe4--,globes of ,johannes ,stffler4--,conrad ,celtes and his part in arousing an interest in globes4 ,chapter ,,vi3 ,globes of the ,early ,sixteenth ,century #ei ,summary of fifteenth century globe characteristics4--,increasing interest in globes4--,globes of ,pope ,julius ,,ii4--,friar ,marco da ,benevento4--,importance of the ,rosselli family of ,florence4--,the globe of ,barnaba ,canti4--,friar ,giuliano ,vannelli4--,interest of ,trithemius in globes4--,the ,bunau globe4--,waldseemller's map and globe4--,liechtenstein globes4--,bchlin reference4--,globus ,mundi4--,welt ,kugel4--,lenox globe4--,jagellonicus globe4--,hauslab4--,green globe of ,paris4--,nordenskild gores4--,so-called ,leonardo da ,vinci gores4--,boulengier gores4--,acton globes4--,globes of ,magellan and of del ,cano4--,globes of ,schner4 ,chapter ,,vii3 ,globes of the ,second ,quarter of the ,sixteenth ,century #id ,globes indicating 7a7 an ,asiatic connection of the ,new ,world1 7b7 globes expressing a doubt of such ,old ,world connection1 7c7 globes showing an independent position of the ,new ,world4--,franciscus ,monachus4--,hakluyt's reference4--,the ,gilt globe4--,parmentier4--,francesco ,libri4--,nancy globe4--,globes of ,gemma ,frisius4--,robertus de ,bailly4--,schner globe of #aecc4--,schiepp4--,furtembach4--,paris ,wooden globe4--,vopel globes4--,santa ,cruz4--,hartmann gores4--,important globe of ,ulpius4--,cardinal ,bembo's globes4--,mercator's epoch-making activity4--,fracastro4--,ramusio's references to globes4--,gianelli4--,florence celestial globe4 ,chapter ,,viii3 ,globes and ,globe ,makers of the ,third ,quarter of the ,sixteenth ,century #adf ,revival of interest in globe making in ,italy4--,franois ,de ,mongenet of ,france and the reprint of his globe maps in ,italy4--,gore map of ,antonius ,florianus4--,globe records left by ,alessandro ,piccolomini4--,ruscelli's directions for globe construction4--,reference to the work of ,sanuto and ,gonzaga4--,armillary sphere of ,volpaja4--,excellent workmanship in the celestial-terrestrial globe of ,christian ,heyden4--,metal globes of ,johannes ,praetorius4--,vasari's reference to the work of ,ignazio ,danti4--,the iron globe of ,francisco ,basso4--,armillary sphere of ,giovanni ,barrocci4--,the work of ,hieronymo de ,boncompagni4--,emanuele ,filiberto4--,anonymous globe of #aege4--,laurentian armillary spheres4--,small globes of the ,biblioteca ,nationale of ,florence4--,mario ,cartaro4 ,chapter ,,ix3 ,globes and ,globe ,makers of the ,last ,quarter of the ,sixteenth ,century #agb ,brief summary of sixteenth-century globe making4--,the close of the century introducing us to the great ,dutch globe makers4--,the clock maker ,dasypodius4--,peter and ,philip ,apianus4--,the armillary sphere of ,carlus ,platus4--,roll and ,reinhold4--,tycho ,brahe and his influence4--,titon du ,tillet4--,the terrestrial globe of ,rouen4--,globes of ,emery ,molyneux4--,globes of ,brgi4--,zrich globe4--,beaker globes4--,ivory globe of ,antonio ,spano4--,the ,van ,langren globes4--,santucci4--,b4 ,f4 globe of ,dresden4 ,list of ,illustrations ,frontispiece4 ,museum of ,the ,hispanic ,society of ,america ,vol4 ,i ,,fig4 ,,page ,,chapter ,i #a4 ,fragment ,map of ,egyptian ,gold ,mines4 ,from ,chabas #b #b4 ,tablet ,representing ,babylonian ,world-,plan4 ,original in ,british ,museum1 ,london #c #c4 ,ptolemy ,world ,map4 ,from ,ebnerianus manuscript in ,new ,york ,public ,library1 ca4 #adff #d #d4 ,sections of ,peutinger ,tables4 ,original in ,imperial ,library1 ,vienna #f #e4 ,globe according to ,crates4 ,from pen drawing #g #f4 ,globe according to ,strabo4 ,from pen drawing #i ,,chapter ,,ii #g4 ,atlante ,farnese1 ca4 #bjj ,b4,c4 ,from ,passari's ,atlas ,farnesianus #ad #h4 ,atlante ,farnese ,constellation ,figures4 ,from ,passari's ,atlas #af #i4 ,armillary ,sphere according to ,ptolemy4 ,from original ,vopel globe in ,national ,museum1 ,washington #bj #aj4 ,bosco ,reale ,roman ,fresco1 ca4 #ej ,a4,d4 ,from original in ,metropolitan ,museum1 ,new ,york #bb #aa4 ,greek and ,roman ,coins4 ,from originals in collection of ,american ,numismatic ,society1 ,new ,york #f #ab4 ,roman ,gems4 ,from ,king's ,antique ,gems and ,rings #f ,,chapter ,,iii #ac4 ,northern ,hemisphere of ,globe by ,mohammed ben ,helal1 #abge4 ,from ,dorn's reproduction of original in ,london ,asiatic ,society's collection #bh #ad4 ,globe of ,mohammed ben ,muwajed el ,ordhi1 #abgi4 ,from original in ,math4 ,phys4 ,salon1 ,dresden #cj #ae4 ,globe of ,diemat ,eddin ,mohammed1 #aegc4 ,from original in ,national ,library1 ,paris #cb #ae;a4 ,anonymous ,arabic ,globe1 #afce4 ,from original in ,library ,professor ,david ,e4 ,smith1 ,new ,york #cd ,,chapter ,,iv #af4 ,the ,universe according to ,cosmas ,indicopleustes1 ,sixth ,century4 ,from reproduction by ,montfauon #cf #ag4 ,cosmas' ,illustration ,confuting the ,existence of ,antipodal ,peoples4 ,from reproduction by ,montfauon #cg #ah4 ,hereford ,world ,map1 ca4 #abhc #ch #ai4 ,the ,earth ,pictured as a ,sphere by ,nicolas d',oresme1 #acgg4 ,from reproduction in ,santarem's ,atlas #ch #bj4 ,the ,constellation ,taurus4 ,from ,rico y ,sinobas' reproduction of ,alfonsian ,tables #db ,,chapter ,v #ba4 ,globe of ,martin ,behaim1 #adib4 ,from reproduction of original in ,library of the ,american ,geographical ,society1 ,new ,york #df #bb4 ,portrait of ,martin ,behaim4 ,from ,ghillany #dh #bc4 ,globe of ,martin ,behaim in ,hemispheres4 ,from ,ghillany #ej #bd4 ,lorenzo ,lotto ,portrait of ,columbus4 ,from original belonging to ,james ,w4 ,ellsworth1 ,new ,york #eb #be4 ,portrait of ,sebastian ,cabot1 ,son of ,john ,cabot4 ,from engraving by ,rawle #ed ,,chapter ,,vi #bf4 ,title-page of ,johann ,schner's ,terrae ,descriptio1 #aeah4 ,from original #fj #bg4 ,second ,title-page of ,mauro ,fiorentino's ,sphera ,volgare1 #aecg4 ,from original #fa #bh4 ,holbein's ,ambassadors4 ,from original in ,national ,art ,gallery1 ,london #fb #bi4 ,library of ,escorial4 ,from an old print #fd #cj4 ,castle of ,prince ,waldburg de ,wolfegg4 ,from original photograph #ff #ca4 ,world ,map of ,martin ,waldseemller1 #aejg4 ,from ,fischer and von ,wieser's reproduction #fh #cb4 ,globe ,gores ,attributed to ,martin ,waldseemller1 #aeji4 ,from original belonging to ,prince ,liechtenstein #gj #cc4 ,globus ,mundi1 #aeji4 ,from original #gc #cd4 ,lenox ,globe1 #aeaj4 ,from original in ,new ,york ,public ,library #gb #ce4 ,lenox ,globe in ,hemispheres4 ,from pen drawing #gb #cf4 ,jagellonicus ,globe1 #aeaj4 ,from original in ,cracow #gd #cg4 ,jagellonicus ,globe in ,hemispheres4 ,from reproduction by ,estreicher #gd #ch4 ,green ,globe1 #aeae4 ,from original in ,national ,library1 ,paris #gf #ci4 ,liechtenstein ,globe ,gores1 ca4 #aeah4 ,from original belonging to ,prince ,liechtenstein #gh #dj4 ,terrestrial ,globe ,gores of ,boulengier1 ca4 #aeah4 ,from original in ,new ,york ,public ,library #hj #da4 ,portrait of ,magellan4 ,from an old print #hb #db4 ,portrait of ,johann ,schner4 ,from an old engraving #hd #dc4 ,globe of ,johann ,schner in ,hemispheres1 #aeae4 ,from original and ,jomard's ,atlas--pen drawing #hd #dd4 ,western ,hemisphere of ,johann ,schner's ,globe1 #aebj4 ,from ,ghillany #hf #dd;a4 ,anonymous ,globe ,gores1 ca4 #aedj4 ,from original in ,new ,york ,public ,library #hh #de4 ,stabius ,world ,globe ,map1 #aeae4 ,from original in ,imperial ,library1 ,vienna #hh #df4 ,northern ,celestial ,hemisphere of ,albrecht ,drer4 ,from original in ,imperial ,library1 ,vienna #bh ,,chapter ,,vii #dg4 ,bartholomew ,columbus ,sketch ,map1 #aejf4 ,from reproduction by von ,wieser #ie #dh4 ,hemispheres of ,franciscus ,monachus1 #aebf4 ,from his ,de orbis situ #if #di4 ,gilt ,globe1 ca4 #aebh4 ,from ,harrisse drawing after the original in ,national ,library1 ,paris #ih #ej4 ,nancy ,globe1 ca4 #aecj4 ,from original in ,nancy ,museum #ajj #ej;a4 ,globe of ,jacob ,stamfer1 #aeci4 ,from original in ,zrich #ajj #ej;b4 ,nancy ,globe in ,hemispheres4 ,from ,blau's reproduction #ajb #ea4 ,portrait of ,gemma ,frisius4 ,from an old print #ajd #eb4 ,terrestrial ,globe of ,robertus de ,bailly--,nine of twelve gores exhibiting the map1 #aecj4 ,redrawn for ,rosenthal's ,catalogue1 ,no4 #ajj #ajh #ec4 ,terrestrial ,globe of ,robertus de ,bailly1 #aecj4 ,from original in ,library of ,j4 ,p4 ,morgan1 ,new ,york #ajh #ed4 ,schner's ,terrestrial ,globe1 #aecc 7,probable74 ,from his ,opera ,mathematica #aaj #ed;a4 ,schner's ,celestial ,globe1 #aecc 7,probable74 ,from his ,opera ,mathematica #aab #ee4 ,paris ,wooden ,globe1 #aece4 ,from original in ,national ,library1 ,paris #aad #ef4 ,vopel ,globe1 #aedc4 ,from original in the ,library of ,congress1 ,washington #aaf #ef;a4 ,western ,hemisphere of ,vopel ,terrestrial ,globe4 ,from de ,costa's drawing #ih #eg4 ,terrestrial ,globe of ,euphrosynus ,ulpius1 #aeda4 ,from original in ,library ,new ,york ,historical ,society #aah #eh4 ,western ,hemisphere of ,ulpius ,globe1 #aeda4 ,from the drawing by de ,costa #aai #ei4 ,gore ,map of ,alonso de ,santa ,cruz1 #aedb4 ,from ,dahlgren's reproduction #abb #fj4 ,portraits of ,gerhard ,mercator and ,jodocus ,hondius4 ,from an old print #abd #fa4 ,six of ,twelve ,terrestrial ,globe ,gores by ,gerhard ,mercator1 #aeda4 ,from reproduction by van ,raemdonck #abh #fb4 ,terrestrial ,globe of ,gerhard ,mercator1 #aeda4 ,from original in ,astronomical ,museum1 ,rome #acd ,,chapter ,,viii #fc4 ,terrestrial ,globe ,gores of ,franois de ,mongenet1 #aeeb4 ,from original in ,new ,york ,public ,library #adh #fd4 ,celestial ,globe ,gores of ,franois de ,mongenet1 #aeeb4 ,from original in ,new ,york ,public ,library #aej #fe4 ,globes of ,franois de ,mongenet1 #aefj1 and of ,gian ,francesco ,costa1 #aghd #aej #ff4 ,globe ,gores of ,antonius ,florianus1 #aeee4 ,from ,lafreri's ,atlas #aeb #fg4 ,globe of ,christian ,heyden1 #aefj4 ,from original in ,math4 ,phys4 ,salon1 ,dresden #aef #fh4 ,globe of ,johannes ,praetorius1 #aeff4 ,from original in ,math4 ,phys4 ,salon1 ,dresden #aeh #fi4 ,terrestrial ,globe of ,mario ,cartaro1 #aegg4 ,from original in possession of ,mr4 ,reed1 ,new ,york #afh ,,chapter ,,ix #gj4 ,strassburg ,clock and ,globe of ,conrad ,dasypodius1 #aegd4 ,from ,schwilgu #agd #ga4 ,portrait of ,peter ,apianus4 ,from an old print #agf #gb4 ,globes of ,philip ,apianus1 #aegf4 ,from originals in ,k4 ,b4 ,hof- u4 ,staatsbibliothek1 ,munich #agh #gc4 ,silver-,gilt ,globe of ,gerhard ,emmoser1 #aegc4 ,from original in ,metropolitan ,museum1 ,new ,york #ahj #gd4 ,globe of ,george ,roll and ,johannes ,reinhold1 #aehf4 ,from original in ,math4 ,phys4 ,salon1 ,dresden #ahb #ge4 ,portrait of ,tycho ,brahe4 ,from an engraving by ,kornenip #ahd #gf4 ,interior of ,tycho ,brahe's ,observatory at ,uranienburg4 ,from ,blaeu's ,atlas #ahf #gg4 ,globus ,magnus of ,tycho ,brahe1 #aehd4 ,from his ,astronomiae ,instauratae ,mechanica #ahh #gh4 ,l'cuy ,terrestrial ,globe1 ca4 #aegh4 ,from original in ,national ,library1 ,paris #aij #gi4 ,terrestrial ,globe of ,emery ,molyneux1 #aeib4 ,from original in ,middle ,temple1 ,london #aib #hj4 ,anonymous ,terrestrial ,globe1 ca4 #aeie4 ,from original in ,landesmuseum1 ,zrich #aih #ha4 ,globe-,goblet of ,abraham ,gessner1 ca4 #afjj4 ,from original in ,wolfegg ,castle1 ,wolfegg #bjj #hb4 ,gold ,globe-,goblet1 ca4 #aege4 ,from original in ,metropolitan ,museum1 ,new ,york #bjj #hc4 ,ivory ,terrestrial ,globe of ,antonio ,spano1 #aeic4 ,from original in ,library of ,j4 ,p4 ,morgan1 ,new ,york #bjb #hd4 ,south ,polar ,region on ,globe of ,antonio ,spano4 ,from original in ,library of ,j4 ,p4 ,morgan1 ,new ,york #bjd #hd;a4 ,south ,polar ,region on ,globe of ,jodocus ,hondius1 #afjj4 ,from original in ,library of ,henry ,e4 ,huntington1 ,new ,york #bjd #he4 ,terrestrial ,globe of ,van ,langren1 #afab4 ,from original in ,royal ,geographical ,society1 ,amsterdam #bjh #hf4 ,armillary ,sphere of ,antonio ,santucci 7871 ca4 #aehj4 ,from original in ,library of ,henry ,e4 ,huntington1 ,new ,york #bad #hg4 ,celestial ,globe of ,b4 ,f41 #afjj4 ,from original in ,math4 ,phys4 ,salon1 ,dresden #baf ,,chap4 ,,tailpieces ,,page ,,ii4 ,the ,egyptian ,gnomon4 ,from pen drawing #be ,,iii4 ,arabic ,celestial ,globe4 ,from ,dorn's illustration #cd ,v4 ,ship4 ,from early portolan chart #eh ,,vi4 ,honter ,globe4 ,from his ,rudimenta cosmographica #ic ,,vii4 ,portuguese ,arms #ade ,,viii4 ,compass ,rose4 ,from ,martines ,atlas1 #aehb #aga ,,ix4 ,base of ,apianus ,globe1 #aegf #bah ,foreword4 ,hitherto there has not appeared in ,english a detailed historical treatise on globes terrestrial and celestial4 ,the publications are somewhat numerous1 it is true1 in which a very general consideration has been given to the uses of globes1 including a reference to their important structural features1 and to the problems geographical and astronomical in the solution of which they may be counted of service4 ,there are a few studies1 critical and historical1 touching certain selected examples of the early globe maker's handiwork which can be cited4 ,attention1 for example1 may here be directed to ,sir ,clements ,markham's valuable introduction to his excellent ,english translation of ,hues' ',tractatus de ,globis1' a work originally prepared for the purpose of furnishing a description of the ,molyneaux globes1 in which introduction he undertook to pass in review the celestial and terrestrial globes which preceded or were contemporaneous with the first that were made in ,england 7#aeib7 so far as a knowledge of them has come down to us1 yet the learned author cites but a fraction of the many globes referred to in the following pages4 ,in ,ravenstein's ',behaim1 ,his ,life and ,his ,globe1' we have perhaps the most scholarly treatment of its kind in any language1 but the study is limited to the work of one man1 the maker of the oldest extant terrestrial globe1 which is dated #adib4 ,the bibliographical list which is appended gives striking evidence that there has been a more or less extended interest in the general subject of the use and the construction of globes in ,france1 in ,germany1 in ,england1 and in ,italy4 ,the author makes in this place special mention of his indebtedness to the studies of the distinguished ,italian scholar1 ,professor ,matteo ,fiorini1 adding that with some propriety his name might have a place on the title-page4 ,had there not been a ready access to his important works1 had the ,italian ,geographical ,society not so graciously expressed to the author its willingness for the free use of as much of his published investigations as might be desired1 for which it stood in the relation of sponsor publisher1 a willingness which ,fiorini himself had assured to any who might have access to the printed results of his studies within this field1 the preparation of this work necessarily would have extended over a considerable period of time4 ,special mention must be made of his ',sfere ,terrestri e ,celesti di ,autore ,italiano oppure fatte o conservate in ,italia1' and of his ',sfere cosmografiche e specialmente le ,sfere ,terrestri4' ,these works have been of very signal value for the study of the ,italian globes and globe makers4 ,not an inconsiderable part of his descriptive details has been appropriated1 being given in free translation or in paraphrase1 quotation marks having been omitted4 ,special mention may also here be made of ,sigmund ,gnther's interesting little volume1 which he titles ',erd- und ,himmelsgloben nach dem italienischen ,matteo ,fiorinis frei bearbeitet4' ,this has been of special value for its bibliographical references and for its short chapters on globe-gore construction4 ,to attempt the listing1 with description1 of all globes known to have been constructed from the earliest times to the close of the eighteenth century1 the latter being a somewhat arbitrary date1 is pretentious4 ,the fact is fully appreciated that in many instances the description given is all too brief4 ,many of the individual terrestrial globe maps of the period in question1 it should be especially noted1 are of the greatest historical and scientific value2 but to have undertaken a more detailed and a more critical study merely of those which may be called the most important might well have demanded far more time and special research than could have been fittingly allowed for a general survey such as has here been planned2 in such a course we should indeed have been led afield from our purpose4 ,it had been thought when this study was first undertaken that perhaps as many as one hundred existing examples might be located1 and that in addition to these not a few important references might be found to work actually done but now lost4 ,instead of the one hundred1 more than eight hundred and fifty have been listed1 and from the interesting experience in collecting material for the work1 the pleasurable hope is entertained that the published record of this effort will be in some measure the means of bringing to light not a score but scores of other examples4 ,indulging this hope there have been added to each copy of the book a few blank pages for the insertion of a reference to any not mentioned in the following printed pages4 ,the author begs in this connection to add an expression of his grateful appreciation for any word which may be sent to him concerning unmentioned examples1 to the end that in a revised edition such examples may be fittingly noted4 ,the great war checked the search for existing examples1 and prevented the inclusion of many illustrations which had been promised1 but these were promises which could not be fulfilled4 ,an attempt has been made1 as before noted1 to treat the subject historically1 beginning with the earliest references to the belief in a spherical earth and a spherical firmament encircling it4 ,it is not easy to fix1 with anything like a satisfactory measure of certainty1 the beginning of globe construction2 very naturally it was not until a spherical theory concerning the heavens and the earth had been accepted1 and for this we are led back quite to ,aristotle and beyond1 back indeed to the ,pythagoreans if not yet farther4 ,we find allusions to celestial globes in the days of ,eudoxus and ,archimedes1 to terrestrial globes in the days of ,crates and ,hipparchus4 ,we find that the ,greek geographer ,strabo gives us quite a definite word concerning their value and their construction1 and that ,ptolemy is so definite in his references to them as to lead to a belief that globes were by no means uncommon instruments in his day1 and that they were regarded of much value in the study of geography and astronomy1 particularly of the latter science4 ,there is1 however1 but one example known1 which has come down to us from that ancient day1 this a celestial globe1 which is noted below and briefly described as the ,farnese globe4 ,it is of marble1 and is thought by some to date from the time of ,eudoxus1 that is1 three hundred years before the ,christian era4 ,to the ,mohammedans belongs chief credit for keeping alive an interest in astronomical studies during the so-called ,christian middle ages1 and we find them interested in globe construction1 that is1 in celestial globe construction2 so far as we have knowledge1 it seems doubtful that they undertook the construction of terrestrial globes4 ,among the ,christian peoples of ,europe in this same period there was not wanting an interest in both geography and astronomy4 ,we are now learning that those centuries were not entirely barren of a certain interest in sciences other than theological4 ,in ,justinian's day1 or near it1 one ,leontius ,mechanicus busied himself in ,constantinople with globe construction1 and we have left to us his brief descriptive reference to his work4 ,with stress laid1 during the many centuries succeeding1 upon matters pertaining to the religious life1 there naturally was less concern than there had been in the humanistic days of classical antiquity as to whether the earth is spherical in form or flat like a circular disc1 nor was it thought to matter overmuch as to the form of the heavens4 ,yet there was no century1 not even in those ages we happily are learning to call no longer dark1 that geography and astronomy were not studied and taught1 and globes celestial as well as armillary spheres1 if not terrestrial globes1 were constructed4 ,the ,venerable ,bede1 ,notker ,labeo1 ,pope ,sylvester ,i1 the ,emperor ,frederick ,,ii1 and ,king ,alfonso of ,castile1 not to name many others of perhaps lesser significance1 displayed an interest in globes and globe making4 ,the modern age opens with an interest in the expansion of ,europe overland eastward1 with this interest soon to be followed by greater enthusiasm in transoceanic expansion4 ,with the rapidly increasing knowledge concerning the hitherto unknown or but little known regions of the earth came a desire for better map making1 came an interest intelligently directed in the construction of terrestrial globes on which the newly discovered parts might be represented in their relative positions as they are on the real spherical earth4 ,to this interest ,martin ,behaim gave striking expression1 producing in the year #adib his famous ,erdapfel referred to above as the oldest extant terrestrial globe4 ,his century closes with every evidence that the spherical theory1 as ,aristotle had expressed it nearly two thousand years before1 could alone be accepted by geographers1 and if spherical1 the fact could be most impressively taught by the use of a material representation1 that is1 by means of a terrestrial globe4 ,the sixteenth century opened with a marvelously increased interest in geography1 the result of a climax reached through the transoceanic discoveries in which ,columbus led the way4 ,if the makers of plane maps became now increasingly active1 so the makers of globes were becoming increasingly numerous1 and at first in the countries of trans-alpine ,europe4 ,globes of metal with engraved maps1 as the ,lenox and the ,jagellonicus copper spheres1 globes with manuscript maps covering a sphere of special composition1 as were those of ,schner1 globes in the preparation of which engraved gore maps were employed2 as the ,waldseemller1 the ,boulengier1 the ,gemma1 and the ,mercator1 make their appearance in ever increasing numbers1 the activity encouraged by those interested in a scientific study of geography and astronomy1 and notably by seamen1 in whose collection of navigator's instruments they were long considered to be of the greatest importance4 ,how the globe interest in the several countries of ,europe found expression during the sixteenth1 seventeenth1 and eighteenth centuries is fully set forth in the following pages1 with something of an attempt at a grouping and a classification of the results1 to the end of making more clear the trend of that interest1 now quickened1 now retarded1 by certain temporary or permanent national impulses4 ,it is especially interesting to note how a certain superiority in globe making exhibited itself1 now in one country1 now in another1 with a lingering favor exhibited in ,italy for the manuscript or the metal globe1 while in the ,north1 globes with copper engraved gore maps found increasing favor from the first1 with a certain climax reached in the ,netherlands in the days of ,hondius and ,blaeu4 ,in the appended tabulated list of globes and globe makers1 it will be noted that the makers have been listed alphabetically1 that the kind of globe has been indicated1 whether terrestrial1 celestial or armillary sphere1 with the date given1 though sometimes only approximately1 and with the diameter of each globe recorded in centimeters1 so far as obtainable with an acceptable degree of accuracy1 fractions thereof being omitted1 these same measurements being repeated in the text reference to each individual example or edition4 ,the author had been ambitious to include in his illustrations a reproduction of each known example or edition1 showing at least the general appearance of each1 but he fully realizes the more or less unsatisfactory character of a small print1 and the unsatisfactory results of an attempt to photograph the curved surface of a sphere4 ,not a few of the many examples would prove to be of the greatest interest and scientific value could the entire map surface have been given in reproduction and in size to be easily legible4 ,it however can be readily understood how such an undertaking was necessarily considered to be unpractical4 ,out of the author's collection of about four hundred globe photographs1 a selection has been made of those which it has been thought would be most suitable for illustrative purposes4 ,it is hoped that the preliminary study herewith presented may lead to a number of independent and thorough investigations of important individual examples1 to the end of clearly setting forth their great documentary value4 ,there have been added to the list of illustrations certain important legends as they appear in the original1 likewise a number of contemporary portraits of the distinguished globe and map makers of the last three centuries4 ,in most instances important legends have been cited in the text in the exact language of the original1 to which1 with very few exceptions1 a translation is added4 ,the critical student will occasionally be somewhat astounded at the incorrectness of the language1 ,latin1 ,italian1 ,spanish1 ,french or ,german1 in the original4 ,the translations into ,english1 not infrequently1 have been made with difficulty2 accordingly it will be noted in some instances that the translation is conjectural4 ,no attempt has been made to correct errors2 on the contrary1 the greatest care has been exercised to adhere faithfully to the original as given by the map or globe maker4 ,the bibliographical list appended is full1 but completeness is not pretended4 ,practically all of the works cited have been consulted1 and care has been taken to include those held to be of the greatest importance4 ,it will at least serve as a working list for those students who may wish to make further investigations within the field under consideration4 ,an expression of sincerest thanks is here recorded to the very many librarians1 directors of museums1 and private individuals who have so graciously responded to requests for information concerning the globes belonging to their several collections4 ,the privilege so readily conceded for photographing the several examples1 and the time and trouble expended in having this work of reproduction well done1 are nothing less than a striking evidence of the kindliest fraternal spirit existing among those engaged in scientific and literary pursuits the world over4 ,to the requests presented even the antipodes have responded4 ,in concluding1 the author might refer to his interest in globes as dating from his early boyhood days1 when1 in that country school in western ,illinois1 bearing the name ,liberty1 for it had been established in the first years of the ,civil ,war1 he studied his geography and indeed his astronomy lessons with the aid of a terrestrial globe and an orrery4 ,can it be that we have revised our educational methods so far in this country as practically to have eliminated the intelligent use of aids so valuable in the study of the branches which globes concern8 ,they enter in fact but little into modern methods of instruction4 ,if this work could be made to encourage their extensive use1 and serve in their rehabilitation as aids of inestimable interest and value in geographical and astronomical studies1 it will have served the purpose which is most pleasing to the author4 ,chapter ,i ,terrestrial ,globes in ,antiquity ,the beginnings of astronomical and of geographical science4--,primitive attempts at map construction1 as seen in the ,babylonian plan of the world4--,anaximander probably the first scientific cartographer4--,statements of ,herodotus4--,the place of ,hecataeus1 ,hipparchus1 ,marinus1 ,ptolemy4--,the ,romans as map makers4--,the earliest beliefs in a globular earth4--,thales1 the ,pythagoreans1 ,aristotle4--,eratosthenes and his measurements of the earth4--,crates probably the first to construct a terrestrial globe4--,statements of ,strabo4--,ptolemy's statements concerning globes and globe construction4--,the allusions of ,pliny4 ,the beginnings of the science of astronomy and of the science of geography are traceable to a remote antiquity4 ,the earliest records which have come down to us out of the cradleland of civilization contain evidence that a lively interest in celestial and terrestrial phenomena was not wanting even in the day of history's dawning4 ,the primitive cultural folk of the ,orient1 dwellers in its great plateau regions1 its fertile valleys1 and its desert stretches were wont1 as we are told1 to watch the stars rise nightly in the east1 sweep across the great vaulted space above1 and set in the west as if controlled in their apparent movement by living spirits4 ,to them this exhibition was one marvelous and awe-inspiring4 ,in the somewhat strange grouping of the stars they early fancied they could see the forms of many of the objects about them1 of many of their gods and heroes1 and we find their successors outlining these forms in picture in their representations of the heavens on the material spheres which they constructed4 ,crude and simple1 however1 were their astronomical theories relative to the shape1 the structure1 and the magnitude of the great universe in which they found themselves placed4#a ,then too1 as stated1 there was something of interest to the people of that early day in the simple problems of geography2 problems suggested by the physical features of their immediate environment2 problems arising as they journeyed for trade or traffic1 or the love of adventure1 to regions now near1 now remote4 ,very ancient records tell us of the attempts they made1 primitive indeed most of them were1 to sketch in general outline small areas of the earth's surface1 usually at first the homeland of the map maker1 but to which they added as their knowledge expanded4 ,the early ,egyptians1 for example1 as we long have known1 made use of rough outline drawings 7,fig4 #a7b to represent certain features of special sections of their country1 and recently discovered tablets in the lower ,mesopotamian valley 7,fig4 #b7 interestingly show us how far advanced in the matter of map making the inhabitants of that land were two thousand years before the ,christian era4#c ,we are likewise assured1 through references in the literature of classical antiquity1 that maps were made by the early ,greeks and ,romans1 and perhaps in great numbers as their civilization advanced1 though none of their productions have survived to our day4 ,to the ,greeks indeed belongs the credit of first reducing geography and map making to a real science4#d ,no recent discovery by archaeologist or by historian1 interesting as many of their discoveries have been1 seems to warrant an alteration of this statement1 long accepted as fact4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,fragment ,map of ,egyptian ,gold ,mines4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,tablet ,representing ,babylonian ,world-,plan4 ,the credit of being the first scientific cartographer has been generally assigned to the ,greek ,anaximander of ,miletus 7#faj-edg ,b4 ,c474#e ,while there is not a detailed description extant of the maps he is reputed to have made1 we know that he accepted the so-called ,homeric idea1 that the earth has the form of a circular disc1#f and is surrounded by the ,ocean ,stream1 an idea generally approved by the ,ionic ,school of ,philosophers4#g ,it is not improbable that we have an allusion to the work of ,anaximander in the ,history of ,herodotus 7#dhd-djj8 ,b4 ,c471 wherein we are told that ,aristagoras1 the tyrant of ,miletus1 when on a mission to ,cleomenes1 the ,king of ,sparta1 carried with him a copper plate on which was engraved the whole circuit of the earth1 and likewise all the ,seas and ,rivers4#h ,in another passage1 ,herodotus takes occasion to criticise maps of this circular character4 ,i laugh1 he says1 when ,i see that1 though many before this have drawn maps of the ,earth1 yet no one has set the matter forth in an intelligent way2 seeing that they draw the ,ocean flowing round the ,earth1 which is circular as if drawn with compasses1 and they make ,asia equal in size to ,europe4 ,in a few words ,i shall declare the size of each division and of what nature it is as regards outline4#i ,it is1 however1 interesting to observe that the father of historical geography and of history nowhere records his idea of a properly constructed map1 and further that the circular form1 which he condemned1 is one which found wide acceptance even to the close of the middle ages4 ,we are not definitely informed as to just the course of improvement or advancement in early scientific map making among the ,greeks1 yet not a few names are known to us of those who made it a matter of special endeavor1 as they specifically stated1 to improve the work of their predecessors4 ,we1 for example1 are told that ,hecataeus 7#eej-dhj ,b4 ,c471#aj likewise a native of ,miletus1 improved the maps of ,anaximander1 and that scientists of his day were astonished at his results2 that ,dicaearchus of ,massina 7#cej-bij ,b4 ,c47#aa was the first to employ a central line of orientation on a map1 one passing through the ,mediterranean east and west1 and that he represented on his map all the lands known since the expedition of ,alexander the ,great into the ,far ,east2 and further1 that ,eratosthenes1 the librarian of ,alexandria 7#bgf-aif ,b4 ,c471#ab was the first to attempt a representation of the curved surface of the earth on a plane in accord with geometrical rules4 ,the scientific cartographical ideas of ,eratosthenes were further developed by ,hipparchus 7#ahj-abe ,b4 ,c471#ac who is generally referred to as the greatest astronomer of antiquity1 and by ,marinus of ,tyre 7fl4 ca4 #ajj ,a4 ,d471#ad who introduced the idea of inscribing lines of latitude and longitude on a map1 crossing the same at right angles1 which lines could be made to serve the useful purpose of orientation and be of assistance in giving proper location to all known places on the earth's surface4 ,map making in that early period reached its climax in the work of ,claudius ,ptolemy of ,alexandria 7ca4 #hg-aej ,a4 ,d474#ae ,his ideas1 however1 seem not to have found general favor with his contemporaries1 nor with the geographers of the middle ages4 7,fig4 #c47 ,it was not until the so-called period of great geographical discoveries and explorations in the fifteenth century that he became a real teacher within his chosen field4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,ptolemy ,world ,map4 ,map making and the science of geography were continuously progressive among the ,greeks4 ,imperial ,rome witnessed little progress in either field4 ,among those who wrote in the ,latin language1 ,pomponius ,mela 7fl4 ca4 #dc ,a4 ,d47#af and ,pliny 7ca4 #bc-gi ,a4 ,d47#ag alone have rank of importance4 ,in the matter of map construction the ,romans held to many of the cruder methods and ideas of the ,greeks1 a fact which we learn from the fragmentary references in their literature1 and from the itinerary or road maps 7,fig4 #d71 of the period of the emperors1 which have come down to us4#ah ,illustration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,sections of ,peutinger ,tables4 ,the idea of a globular earth was at first accepted by the geographers of antiquity with some hesitancy4 ,that ,thales 7#fdj-edh ,b4 ,c471#ai one of the earliest astronomers and cosmographers1 openly supported this theory1 as is sometimes asserted1 is hardly probable4 ,it is rather to be assumed that according to his idea the earth has the form of a cylinder1 and that it moves within a hollow sphere1 an idea upheld by ,anaximander1 his disciple and successor1 to whom reference has been made above4 ,it was the ,pythagorean philosophers who appear to have first transferred to the earth that which had already been accepted as a theory relative to the heavens1 including the imaginary circles and the circular or spherical form1 apparently arguing that the earth is a sphere because that is the most perfect form1 that it is located in the center of the universe because that is the place of honor1 and that it is at rest because rest is more dignified than motion4#bj ,it however was ,aristotle who undertook1 in the manner of a philosopher1 an elaborate defense of the ,pythagorean doctrine of a globular earth1 supporting his arguments1 first1 through a reference to such positive proof as may be found in gravitation or the tendency of all particles of matter to form themselves about the middle and thus make a sphere1 and secondly1 through a reference to the appearance of the earth's shadow cast during an eclipse of the moon4#ba ,a third proof1 so familiar to us today1 that distant objects as we approach them gradually reveal themselves above the horizon1 seems not to have occurred to ,aristotle1 but was first employed by ,strabo4 ,it is evident1 says the latter1 that1 when persons on shipboard are unable to see at a distance lights which are on a level with the eye1 the cause of this is the curvature of the sea2 for if those lights are raised to a higher level1 they become visible1 even though the distance is increased2 and in like manner1 if the beholder attains a greater elevation he sees what was previously hidden4444 ,again1 when men are approaching the land from the sea1 the parts nearest the shore-line come more and more into view1 and objects which at first appeared low attain a greater elevation4#bb ,after the attempt had been made to determine the circumference of the earth1 as was done by ,eratosthenes with more or less satisfactory results1 the thought1 very naturally1 was suggested of making an artificial representation of the entire earth1 so far as then understood1 that is1 of making a terrestrial globe4 ,there is no intimation1 however1 in any early allusion to ,eratosthenes that he was a globe maker1 or that he knew anything about globe construction4 ,we know that he thought of the earth as a sphere placed in the center of the universe1 around which the celestial sphere revolves every twenty-four hours4#bc ,strabo1 at a much later date1 in referring to the geographical ideas of ,eratosthenes1 censured him for his unnecessarily elaborate proofs of the earth's spherical character1 apparently thinking the fact one too well known to require demonstration4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,globe according to ,crates4 ,it appears to have been the grammarian ,crates of ,mallos1 a contemporary of ,hipparchus1 and a member of the ,stoic ,school of ,philosophers1 who made the first attempt to construct a terrestrial globe 7,fig4 #e71 and that he exhibited the same in ,pergamum1 not far from the year #aej ,b4 ,c4#bd ,it seems to have been ,crates' idea that the earth's surface1 when represented on a sphere1 should appear as divided into four island-like habitable regions4 ,on the one hemisphere1 which is formed by a meridional plane cutting the sphere1 lies our own oecumene or habitable world1 and that of the ,antoecians in corresponding longitude and in opposite latitude2 on the other hemisphere lies the oecumene of the ,perioecians in our latitude and in opposite longitude1 and that of the ,antipodes in latitude and longitude opposite to us4#be ,through the formulation and expression of such a theory the idea of the existence of an antipodal people was put forth as a speculative problem1 an idea frequently discussed in the middle ages1 and settled only by the actual discovery of antipodal regions and antipodal peoples in the day of great transoceanic discoveries4#bf ,that ,strabo1 at a later date1 had this ,pergamenian example in mind when stating certain rules to be observed in the construction of globes seems probable1 since he makes mention of ,crates' globe4 ,strabo alone among ancient writers1 so far as we at present know1 treats of terrestrial globes1 practically such as we find in use at the present day4 ,he thought that a globe to be serviceable should be of large size1 and his reasoning can readily be understood1 for what at that time was really known of the earth's surface was small indeed in comparison with what was unknown4 ,should one not make use of a sphere of large dimensions1 the habitable regions 7,fig4 #f71 in comparison with the earth's entire surface1 would occupy but small space4 ,what ,strabo states in his geography is interesting and may here well be cited4 ,whoever would represent the real earth1 he says1 as near as possible by artificial means1 should make a sphere like that of ,crates1 and upon this draw the quadrilateral within which his chart of geography is to be placed4 ,for this purpose however a large globe is necessary since the section mentioned1 though but a very small portion of the entire sphere1 must be capable of containing properly all the regions of the habitable earth and of presenting an accurate view of them to those who wish to consult it4 ,any one who is able will certainly do well to obtain such a globe4 ,but it should have a diameter of not less than ten feet2 those who can not obtain a globe of this size1 or one nearly as large1 had better draw their charts on a plane surface of not less than seven feet4 ,draw straight lines for the parallels1 and others at right angles to these4 ,we can easily imagine how the eye can transfer the figure and extent 7of these lines7 from a plane surface to one that is spherical4 ,the meridians of each country on the globe have a tendency to unite in a single point at the poles2 nevertheless on the surface of a plane map there would be no advantage if the right lines alone which should represent the meridians were drawn slightly to converge4#bg ,illustration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,globe according to ,strabo4 ,it is not at all improbable that ,strabo and ,ptolemy made considerable advance in the practical construction of terrestrial globes1 for it seems reasonable to conclude that they were in possession of such objects when writing1 as they did1 concerning them4 ,ptolemy1 we may note1 expressly allowed that the size of a globe should be that which one might desire1 and that it was not necessary it should be of large size4 ,it was this great ,alexandrian cosmographer who first demonstrated the scientific value of drawing on the surface of a globe or map the network of parallels and meridians1 and of establishing by means of the two geographical cordinates the true geographical position of every known place4 ,to the end of making globes more serviceable he suggested the use of a meridian circle1 such as is today employed in globe construction1 passing through both poles1 within which circle the globe might be made to move freely on its axis4 ,he1 however1 in this connection1 did not give technical directions for the construction of terrestrial globes1 but he says enough to assure us that the art of globe construction was measurably well understood in his day1 and that the ,greeks and the ,romans considered them very useful instruments in the study of the heavens and the earth4#bh ,the allusions of the naturalist ,pliny 7#bc-gi7 to the spherical shape of the earth give us no particular intimation that he knew of the existence of terrestrial globes1 but they are interesting as indicating a belief of his time in its spherical form1 a belief1 judging from the nature of the argument1 apparently drawn from ,aristotle4 ,referring to the shape of the earth1 he observes that everyone agrees it has the most perfect figure4 ,we always speak of the ball of the earth1 and we admit it to be a globe bounded by the poles4 ,it has not indeed the form of an absolute sphere1 from the number of lofty mountains and flat plains2 but if the termination of the lines be bound by a curve1 this would compose a perfect sphere4 ,and this we learn from arguments drawn from the nature of things1 although not from the same considerations which we have made use of with respect to the heavens4 ,for in the heavens the hollow convexity everywhere bends on itself and leans upon the earth as a center1 whereas the earth rises up solid and dense like something that swells up and is protruded outward4 ,the heavens bend toward the center1 while the earth goes out from the center1 the continual rolling of the heavens about it forcing its immense mass into the form of a sphere4#bi ,,notes #a ,most of the larger general works presenting an historical survey of the science of astronomy give consideration to its beginnings1 noting the interest in the subject exhibited by the early ,egyptians1 ,assyrians1 ,babylonians1 and by other ,eastern peoples4 ,see the introductory pages of such works as ,dalambre1 ,m4 ,histoire de l'astronomie ancienne4 ,paris1 #ahag2 ,lockyer1 ,j4 ,n4 ,the ,dawn of ,astronomy4 ,new ,york1 #ahid2 ,allan1 ,h4 ,a4 ,star ,names and their ,meanings2 ,wolf1 ,r4 ,geschichte der ,astronomie4 ,mnchen1 #ahgg2 ,mdler1 ,j4 ,h4 ,geschichte der ,himmelskunde von den ltesten bis auf die neuste ,zeit4 ,braunschweig1 #ahgc4 #b vols42 ,narrien1 ,j4 ,n4 ,an ,historical ,account of ,origin and ,progress of ,astronomy4 ,london1 #ahcc4 #b ,chabas1 ,f4 ,ouvres diverses publies par ,g4 ,maspero4 ,paris1 #aijb4 ,tome deuxime1 ,plate ,,ii1 p4 #bjh1 ,carte ,egyptienne de mines d'or4 #c ,cuneiform ,texts from ,babylonian ,tablets1 etc41 in ,british ,museum4 ,london1 #aijf4 ,vol4 #bb1 ,plate #dh4 ,this ,babylonian plan of the world illustrates the idea concerning the world which was current in the late ,babylonian period4 ,it represents the region of ,babylonia1 ,assyria1 and the neighboring districts as a circular plain surrounded by the ,persian ,gulf 7,ma-ra-tum74 ,the city ,babylon 7,babylu7 is indicated near the center1 and next to it the land of ,assyria 7,ashshur74 ,the position of certain other cities is indicated4 ,the district toward the south1 bordering the ,persian ,gulf1 is represented as being full of canals and marshes4 ,toward the north is marked a district which is referred to as mountainous4 ,beyond the circle is represented the ,persian ,gulf1 and a number of triangles pointing outward from the circular zone1 each being labeled region1 indicating a vague conception concerning the same4 #d ,numerous works have been published referring to the geography of the ancients4 ,mention may here be made of the following as being important4 ,in each may be found extensive bibliographical references4 ,berger1 ,h4 ,geschichte der wissenschaftlichen ,erdkunde der ,griechen4 ,leipzig1 #ahhg-ahid4 ,this work was issued in four parts4 ,forbiger1 ,a4 ,handbuch der alten ,geographie nach den ,quellen bearbeitet4 ,hamburg1 #ahgg2 ,schmidt1 ,m4 ,c4 ,p4 ,zur ,geschichte der geographischen ,litteratur bei den ,griechen und ,rmern4 ,berlin1 #ahhg2 ,bunbury1 ,e4 ,h4 ,history of ,ancient ,geography4 ,london1 #ahhc4 #b vols42 ,tozer1 ,h4 ,f4 ,a ,history of ,ancient ,geography4 ,cambridge1 #ahig4 ,see also ,the ,history of ,herodotus2 ,the ,geography of ,strabo2 ,the ,natural ,history of ,pliny2 ,the ,geography of ,ptolemy4 #e ,schmidt1 op4 cit41 p4 #ab2 ,bunbury1 op4 cit41 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #abb2 ,berger1 op4 cit41 pt4 #a1 pp4 #h-ad4 #f ,iliad1 ,,xviii1 #ddf-ddg2 ,,xxi1 #bbe-bbh2 ,odyssey1 ,v1 #bhb2 ,,xii1 #chj4 #g ,they indulged much in speculation concerning the physical constitution of the world4 #h ,herodotus4 ,historia4 ,bk4 ,v1 chap4 #di4 ,citation from translation by ,macaulay1 ,g4 ,c4 ,the ,history of ,herodotus4 ,london1 #ahij4 #b vols4 #i ,herodotus1 op4 cit41 ,bk4 ,,iv1 chap4 #h1 #cf2 ,,ii1 #ba1 #bc4 #aj ,bunbury1 op4 cit41 ,vol4 ,i1 chap4 v2 ,schmidt1 op4 cit41 p4 #ac2 ,berger1 op4 cit41 pt4 #a4 #aa ,cicero4 ,epistolae ad ,atticum4 vi4 #b2 ,bunbury1 op4 cit41 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #fag4 #ab ,berger1 op4 cit41 pt4 #c2 ,bunbury1 op4 cit41 ,vol4 ,i1 chap4 xvi4 #ac ,berger1 op4 cit41 pt4 #c2 ,bunbury1 op4 cit41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 chap4 xvii1 sec4 #a4 #ad ,bunbury1 op4 cit41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 chap4 xxvi4 ,marinus is known to us only at second-hand4 ,ptolemy extols him in the highest terms1 but he undertook to reform his maps just as ,marinus had undertaken to reform the maps of his predecessors4 #ae ,bunbury1 op4 cit41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 chaps4 xxviii-xxix2 ,mollweide1 ,s4 ,die ,mappierungskunst des ,ptolemaus4 7,in3 ,zachs ,monatliche ,korrespondence zur ,befrderung der ,erd- und ,himmelskunde4 ,weimar4 ,bd4 #aa1 pp4 #cbb ff472 ,nordenskild1 ,a4 ,e4 ,facsimile ,atlas4 ,stockholm1 #ahhi4 ,this last-named work gives consideration to the ,atlas of ,ptolemy1 to the numerous editions of his ,geographia1 to his geographical errors4 ,the twenty-seven maps printed in the #adij ,rome edition of the ,atlas are reproduced4 ,see also the printed lists of the editions of ,ptolemy's ,atlas by ,eames1 ,w41 ,winsor1 ,j41 ,philipps1 ,p4 ,l4 #af ,bunbury1 op4 cit41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 chap4 xxviii1 sec4 #b2 ,fink4 ,mela und seine ,geographie4 ,rosenheim1 #ahha4 ,mela titled his work1 ,de situ orbis4 ,excellent tr4 into ,english by ,golding1 ,arthur4 ,london1 #aehe4 ,various printed editions1 first in #adga4 #ag ,bunbury1 op4 cit41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 chap4 xxiv4 ,various editions of original2 various ,english translations4 ,pliny titled his work1 ,naturalis historia4 #ah ,miller1 ,k4 ,die ,weltkarte des ,castorius1 genannt ,peutingersche ,tafel4 ,ravensburg1 #ahhg2 ,porena1 ,f4 ,orbis pictus d',agrippa4 ,roma1 #ahhc2 ,desjardins1 ,e4 ,la ,table de ,peutinger d'aprs l'original conserv ,vienne4 ,paris1 #ahif4 #ai ,lewis1 ,g4 ,c4 ,historical survey of the ,astronomy of the ,ancients4 ,london1 #ahfb4 pp4 #hj ff42 ,berger1 op4 cit41 pt4 #a4 #bj ,bunbury1 op4 cit41 ,vol4 ,i1 chap4 iv1 secs4 #d1 #e4 #ba ,a scientific foundation for the spherical theory seems not to antedate ,aristotle4 ,see especially his work1 ,de ,coelo1 ,bk4 ,,ii1 chap4 #ad1 and for a good translation of this work by ,taylor1 ,t41 bearing title1 ,on the ,heavens1 from the ,greek with copious elucidations4 ,london1 #ahjg4 ,plato's statement in ,phaedo merely observes that the earth1 if like a ball1 must be suspended without support in the interior of a hollow sphere4 ,see also the ,book of ,job1 chap4 xxvi1 v4 #g1 where reference is made to the earth hanging upon nothing4 ,there is here probably the expression of an early ,assyrian or ,babylonian belief in a spherical earth4 #bb ,strabo4 ,geographia4 ,bk4 ,i1 chap4 #a1 #bj4 ,see translation by ,jones1 ,h4 ,l4 ,the ,geography of ,strabo4 ,new ,york1 #aiag4 #h vols4 #bc ,bunbury1 op4 cit41 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #fai-fbj4 #bd ,wachsmuth1 ,c4 ,de ,cratte ,mallota4 ,leipzig1 #ahfj2 ,berger1 ,h4 ,entwickelung der ,geographie der ,erdkugel bei den ,hellenen4 7,in3 ,grenzboten1 ,vol4 xxxiv1 pp4 #djh ff472 ,mllenhoff1 ,c4 7,in3 ,deutsche alterthumskunde4 ,berlin1 #ahie4 p4 #bdh47 ,diodorus ,siculus attributes the discovery of the use of the globe to ,atlas of ,libya4 #be ,berger4 ,geschichte1 pt4 #b1 p4 #ace2 ,friedrich1 ,r4 ,materialien zur ,begriffsbestimmung des ,orbis ,terrarum4 ,leipzig1 #ahhg4 #bf ,a belief in the existence of antipodal peoples1 very clearly was accepted by ,pythagoras1 ,eratosthenes1 ,crates1 ,posidonius1 ,aristotle1 ,strabo1 and later by ,capella4 ,numerous others presupposed the earth to be globular in shape4 ,see ,kretschmer1 ,k4 ,die physische ,erdkunde im christlichen ,mittelalter4 ,wien1 #ahhi4 pp4 #ed-ei1 wherein the author gives consideration to the doctrine of the antipodes as held in the middle ages4 ,berger4 ,geschichte1 pt4 #c1 p4 #abi1 notes that the idea of the earth's division into four parts or quarters persisted for centuries after ,crates' day1 if not among scientific geographers1 at least among those who could be said to have possessed general culture4 ,cleomedes1 ,ampelius1 ,nonnus1 and ,eumenius mention the idea as one to be accepted4 ,see in this connection the world map of ,macrobius1 a reproduction of which may be found in ,nordenskild1 op4 cit41 pl4 ,,xxxi4 ,see also ,miller1 ,k4 ,die ,weltkarte des ,beatus1 #ggf nach ,christus4 ,stuttgart1 #ahie4 p4 #bh4 ,it was thought that ,africa did not extend to the equator1 or at least was not habitable to the equator4 ,below the equator there was thought to be water but beyond the uninhabitable and impassable torrid zone a habitable region4 ,the map of ,lambertus well represents this early theory4 ,pomponius ,mela called the inhabitants of this southern region ,antichthoni1 their country being unknown to us because of the torrid zone intervening4 ,pliny1 and after him ,solinus1 says that for a long time the island of ,taprobana 7,ceylon7 was thought to be the region occupied by the ,antichthoni4 #bg ,strabo1 op4 cit41 ,bk4 ,,ii1 chap4 v1 #aj4 #bh ,ptolemy4 ,geographia4 ,bk4 ,i1 chap4 #bb4 #bi ,pliny1 op4 cit41 ,bk4 ,,ii1 chap4 #fd2 ,bk4 ,,ii1 chap4 #b4 ,chapter ,,ii ,celestial ,globes in ,antiquity ,thales' ideas1 probably not a globe maker4--,eudoxus4--,the ,atlante ,farnese4--,archimedes4--,allusion of ,lactantius4--,pappus' allusions4--,armillary spheres4--,the astronomer ,hipparchus4--,ptolemy4--,globes used for decorative purposes by the ,romans4--,roman coins4--,the ,byzantine ,leontius ,mechanicus4 ,though we find but an occasional reference to terrestrial globes in the literature of classical antiquity1 numerous statements appear therein which assure us that celestial globes1 solid balls as well as armillary spheres1 were constructed in those early centuries1 for both practical and ornamental purposes4 ,there exists1 however1 considerable uncertainty as to the exact character of the earliest of these globes4 ,the information we have concerning the ,ionic ,school of ,philosophers1 of which school ,thales is reputed to have been the founder1 does not give us any satisfactory evidence that attempts were made by any of their number at a material representation of their astronomical or geographical theories4 ,they were content1 in the main1 with mere philosophical or cosmical speculations4 ,the statement1 therefore1 that ,thales himself constructed a celestial globe1 on which to represent his notion of the crystal sphere1 is not well authenticated4#cj ,while not assured to us by any positive statement1 there appears to be good reason for believing the astronomer ,eudoxus of ,cnidos 7#dji-cef ,b4 ,c47 made use of a celestial globe on which to represent certain astronomical theories which he entertained4#ca ,he traveled in ,egypt in his later life1 where he carried on his studies1 and where he seems to have learned the construction of star catalogues4 ,on his return to his own country he is reported to have undertaken the representation of the several constellations known to him1 on a celestial sphere4 ,the astronomical poem of ,aratus 7fl4 #bgj ,b4 ,c471#cb so frequently cited and copied in following centuries1 is considered to be a description of the constellations according to ,eudoxus4 ,in the ,royal ,museum of ,naples there may be found a large marble celestial globe1 #fe cm4 in diameter 7,fig4 #g71 which the mythical ,atlas bears on his shoulders1 the statue itself being #a4hf m4 in height1 resting on one knee4#cc ,this very interesting and artistic object was transferred to ,naples museum from the ,farnese ,palace in ,rome1 hence is generally referred to as the ,atlante ,farnesiano4 ,forty-two constellations are represented on its surface 7,fig4 #h71 and the five wanting1 including ,ursa ,major and ,ursa ,minor1 probably owe their absence to the obliteration which time has brought about4 ,from the position of the several constellations1 relative to the intersecting points of the ecliptic with the equator1 it is thought that it must have been constructed at least three hundred years before the ,christian era4 ,it seems therefore to date from about the time of ,eudoxus1 being then the oldest extant globe4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,atlante ,farnese1 ca4 #bjj ,b4 ,c4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,atlante ,farnese ,constellation ,figures4 ,we learn from ,cicero and from other early writers that ,archimedes 7ca4 #bhg-bab ,b4 ,c471 the celebrated geometrician of ,syracuse1 constructed a globe or contrivance for the purpose of demonstrating the movements of the heavenly bodies4 ,cicero's statements imply that the work of ,archimedes was well known in his day1 yet he thought it merited a special word of commendation from himself4 ,i shall propose nothing new to you1 he says1 nor that which ,i have invented or discovered2 but ,i remember ,c4 ,sulpicius ,gallus1 a very learned man1 as you know1 when this appearance 7in the heavens7 was spoken of1 and he was1 by chance1 at the house of ,marcellus1 who had been consul with him1 he described a globe among the spoils of that opulent and magnificent city of ,syracuse1 when captured1 as the only thing among all the spoils which he ordered to be carried to his own house2 about which globe ,i have often heard1 on account of the fame of ,archimedes1 although the work itself was not very remarkable1 for there was another far more beautiful and more honored by the common people1 made by the same ,archimedes1 and placed in the ,temple of ,virtue by the same ,marcellus4 ,but afterward when ,gallus began to explain scientifically the object of the machine1 ,i thought there was more ingenuity in that ,sicilian than human nature was capable of4 ,for ,gallus informed me that there was another ancient invention of a solid and elaborately formed globe which was made by ,thales1 the ,milesian1 to revolve4 ,and afterward the same was1 by ,eudoxus of ,cnidos1 the disciple of ,plato1 adorned with the fixed stars of heaven1 and with every ornament and embellishment1 as described by ,eudoxus1 and was many years afterward celebrated by ,aratus1 not exactly in the scientific language of astronomy1 but with the graces of poetry4 ,this species of globe indeed1 in which the sun and moon were made to revolve1 and five of those stars which have been called travelers1 and as it were wanderers1 could not possibly be exhibited on that solid sphere4 ,and more especially was that invention of ,archimedes to be admired1 for he had so contrived that one revolution of the machine served somehow to produce unequal and varied movements through their different paths4 ,for when ,gallus set the globe in motion1 the moon succeeded the sun by as many turns of the brass wheel of the machine as days in the heavens1 so that the globe represented in the heavens the same eclipse of the sun1 when the moon arrived at a certain place or point1 as the shadow of the earth did when the sun shone from the opposite region4#cd ,lactantius' allusion to ,archimedes1 at a later date1 is perhaps derived from ,cicero1 but it is none the less interesting as indicating a belief that such a globe had existed4 ,in his characteristic vein he refers to the mechanical device1 finding therein a support for his theological arguments4 ,was ,archimedes of ,sicily able to contrive a likeness and representation of the universe in hollow brass1 he inquires1 in which he so arranged the sun and moon1 that they effected1 as it were every day1 motions unequal and resembling the revolutions of the heavens1 and that sphere1 while it revolved1 exhibited not only the approaches and with drawings of the sun or the increase and waning of the moon1 but also the unequal course of the stars1 whether fixed or wandering8 ,was it then impossible for ,god to plan and create the original1 when the skill of man was able to represent them by imitation8 ,would the stoic1 therefore1 if he should have seen the figures of the stars painted and fashioned in that brass1 say that they moved by their own design1 and not by the genius of the artificer8#ce ,gnther notes that at the beginning of the seventh book of the collection of ,pappus1 geometrician of ,alexandria1 may be found a reference to those skilled in mechanical devices in which it is stated that ,mechanicians are those who understand how to construct celestial globes and to represent the heavens and the course of the stars moving in circles by means of like circular movements of water4#cf ,it has been thought that in this passage we have a reference to a globe such as was probably constructed by ,archimedes1 although the reference is not to any particular example4 ,it seems not improbable that the globe of ,archimedes was made to revolve by an hydraulic contrivance1 and that it resembled a planetarium or orrery4#cg ,that the science of hydrostatics had been developed by ,archimedes' time to a high degree is very certain4 ,instruments for measuring angles and distances were very early employed in the field of astronomy as well as in the field of geography4 ,of these instruments the ,egyptian gnomon appears to have been the oldest4#ch ,in its best form it consisted of a bowl having a perpendicular rod or staff erected at the central point of the inner curved surface4 ,this rod cast a shadow upon the inner surface of the bowl1 which had been graduated1 giving a reading in degrees which furnished to the observer the information desired4 ,time brought improvements and variations in the construction of simple instruments of this character4 ,as early as the third century before the ,christian era1 adjustable rings1 or armillae1 for example1 were employed by astronomers to aid them in the solution of their problems1 which instruments later developed1 as noted below1 into the more elaborate and complex armillary spheres4 ,the simplest form of such an instrument appears to have been but a single graduated circle4 ,to this1 at a very early date1 a second was added1 thus providing an instrument in which one of the circles was regarded as fixed in the plane of the equator1 the other1 intersecting this at right angles1 served as a meridian circle1 being movable around an axis which could be called the world axis1 the axis of the celestial sphere1 or the axis of the universe4 ,the position of a celestial body in declination could be determined on the meridian circle1 and its right ascension on the fixed or horizon circle4#ci ,it seems altogether probable that ,eratosthenes made use of such an instrument in his efforts to measure the obliquity of the ecliptic4 ,he tells us that in his time one of large dimensions hung in the portico of the academy of ,alexandria4#dj ,with the addition of other circles1 and of an adjustable view-tube1 that more accurate and detailed measurements might be made1 this device1 in ,hipparchus' day1 came to be known as an astrolabe1 and1 after the addition of other rings in later years1 to be known as an armillary sphere4 ,even in this last development it was not a true sphere on which could be represented the starry constellations1 but an arrangement of circles forming a sort of imaginary sphere1 the circles being intended to represent the relative position of the principal celestial circles4 ,this instrument seems1 at first1 to have been suspended1 when in use1 but later was made to rest upon a base1 the whole adjusted to revolve around an axis and within a graduated horizon circle4 ,in the earliest examples1 the earth at the center of the circles1 it represented the ,ptolemaic system 7,fig4 #i72 in the later examples1 having the sun at the center1 it represented the ,copernican system4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,armillary ,sphere according to ,ptolemy4 ,it is expressly stated by ,ptolemy that a celestial globe was constructed by ,hipparchus1 who is reputed to have been the founder of spherical trigonometry1#da and ,pliny tells us that ,hipparchus was the inventor of the astrolabe1#db which statement probably means that he greatly improved the simple armillae used at an earlier date as an instrument for astronomical calculations4 ,ptolemy1 in his ',syntaxis1' or ',almagest' as it was called by the ,arabs1 devoted a chapter to the method of constructing1 and to the use of the astrolabe1 which must have closely resembled the armillary sphere1 describing therein1 in terms not altogether easy of comprehension1 its several rings and cylinders1 and the method of adjusting the same for purposes of determining the latitude and the longitude of celestial bodies4 ,he tells us also how to construct a representation of the sphere of the fixed stars by means of a solid ball1 how to place thereon the several constellations1 and how to use the same in the study of astronomical problems4 ,such a globe1 he says1 should be of a dark color1 that it might resemble the night and not the day4 ,his description is detailed as to the proper method of procedure in marking the position of the celestial circles on this globe1 in arranging the movable rings of hard and well polished material1 in graduating the rings and adjusting them to move about an axis which is likewise an axis of the globe proper4 ,in marking the position of the fixed stars1 we are told that the proper method is to commence at some constant and invariable point of a certain constellation1 and he suggests that the best starting point is the fixed star in ,canis ,major1 that is1 the so-called dog star1 or ,sirius4 ,the position of the other fixed stars1 as they follow in the list1 could easily be determined1 he says1 by making the globe to turn upon the poles of the zodiac1 thus bringing the graduated circle to the proper point of each4 ,the stars could be marked with yellow or with such other color as one might choose1 having due regard for their brilliancy and magnitude4 ,the outline of each of the constellations should be made as simple as possible1 indicating with light strokes1 differing but little in color from that of the surface of the globe1 the figures which the stars in the several constellations represent1 preserving in this manner the chief advantage of such representation1 which should be to make the several stars very prominent without destroying1 by a variety of color1 the resemblance of the object to the truth4 ,it will be easy to make and to retain a proper comparison of the stars if we represent upon the sphere the real appearance or magnitude of the several stars4 ,while neither the equator nor the tropics can be represented on the globe1 it will not be difficult to ascertain the proper position of these circles4 ,the first could be thought of as passing through that point on the graduated meridian circle which is #ij degrees from the poles4 ,the points on this meridian circle #bc degrees #ea minutes 7sic7 each side of the equator will indicate the position of the tropics1 that toward the north the summer solstitial circle1 that toward the south the winter solstitial circle4 ,with the revolution of the globe from east to west1 as each star passes under the graduated meridian circle1 we should be able to ascertain readily its distance from the equator or from the tropics4#dc ,that the ,romans especially interested themselves in globes1 either celestial or terrestrial1 is not at all probable1 because of their very practical inclinations4 ,there is evidence1 however1 that in the time of the emperors celestial globes were constructed1 especially in the studios of sculptors1 but these were made largely for decorative purposes1 having therefore an artistic rather than a scientific value4 ,in the year #aijj there was found in a villa at ,bosco ,reale1 not far from ,pompeii1 an interesting fresco 7,fig4 #aj71 this being acquired by the ,metropolitan ,museum of ,new ,york in the year #aijc4 ,it has been referred to as a sundial1 but was clearly intended to represent1 in outline1 a globe exhibiting the prominent parallels and a certain number of the meridians4 ,it is not at all improbable that such subjects were frequently selected for wall or floor decoration4#dd ,it appears that astrologers at times made use of globes in forecasting events4#de ,it may further be noted that on certain early ,roman coins there may be found the representation of a globe 7,figs4 #aa1 #ab71 which perhaps had as its prime significance the representation of universal dominion4#df ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,bosco ,reale ,roman ,fresco1 ca4 #ej ,a4 ,d4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aa4 ,greek and ,roman ,coins4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ab4 ,roman ,gems4 ,not until the day of the ,byzantine ,emperors do we meet with a real scholar who made a particular study of such astronomical apparatus1 apparatus which he describes in a special treatise4 ,among historical scholars the work of ,leontius ,mechanicus seems not to have found the recognition which it deserves4#dg ,he appears to have been a practical man1 very active within the field concerning which he wrote1 and from his remarkably detailed description we are able to learn something of the extent to which globe technique was carried in the days of the early ,eastern ,emperors4 ,we at any rate learn from him that globes were constructed in his workshop1 which globes1 in all important respects1 were like those in use at the present time1 being1 for example1 provided with a meridian circle adjusted to move through notches in a horizon circle4 ,the information given us by ,leontius1 which here follows1 is in free translation or paraphrase of his treatise1 the whole being condensed4 ,he appears to have been a student of astronomy1 as represented by ,aratus1 for he tells us that he had endeavored to construct a globe on which the constellations and the circles could be made to conform to the records of the ancient poet astronomer4 ,he tells us further that he constructed this globe for ,elpidius1 an estimable man of letters1 and one full of zeal for study2 that at the time of its construction1 though he had the leisure1 he did not prepare a description of the globe1 but on the insistence of his friends such description he now proposed to write4 ,this appears to be the raison d'tre for his treatise4 ,the importance of adhering closely to the statements of ,aratus he insists upon1 though admitting that writer's errors1 being convinced that most of the globes of which one had knowledge in his day agreed neither with him nor with ,ptolemy4 ,leontius first directs attention to ,aratus' threefold plan in describing the several constellations1 in which description that author speaks first of the relation which part bears to part in each2 second1 of the position of each constellation relative to the celestial circles1 as1 for example1 to the tropics1 and third1 its position in the heavens relative to the constellations in the zodiac4 ,he follows this statement with a somewhat lengthy reference to the constellation ,ophiuchus1 or the ,serpent1 in explanation of the method of description4 ,after having the surface of the globe portioned out for the representation of the several constellations and the important circles1 he then proceeds1 as he states1 to consider the execution1 by which he means representing in proper color and outline the several figures1 and the mounting of the globe4 ,upon a properly constructed support should first be placed the horizon circle1 through which a second circle should be made to pass2 this second circle will serve as a meridian4 ,these circles1 he observes1 will enclose the ball1 all the points of the surface of which should be equally distant from the inner surface of the horizon and meridian circles1 that is1 there should be a perfect adjustment of the enclosing rings and the enclosed ball4 ,the surface of the sphere should be painted a dark color1 as1 for example1 azure4 ,he sets forth1 with considerable detail1 the proper method of procedure in locating the several principal circles1 each of which should be graduated4 ,the zodiac should be divided into twelve parts1 and the constellations belonging to each of the several parts should be designated by name1 beginning with ,cancer1 following this with ,leo1 ,virgo1 and so on1 one after the other4 ,in giving the globe a position which actually conforms to the world1 the pole should be set to the north1 and the movement of the sky can then be imitated by turning the globe to the left4 ,leontius1 by way of summary and definition1 at the conclusion of his treatise1 speaks of a sphere as a solid having a surface1 from all the points of which1 if straight perpendicular lines of equal length be drawn1 they will reach a point within called the center4 ,this center in the great sphere of the universe is the earth4 ,the poles of the sphere are the extremities of the axis on which it turns4 ,the horizon cuts the sphere into two hemispheres1 the one superior and the other inferior to the earth4 ,the sky1 which is continually turning1 encircles all1 one half of it being above1 the other below the earth1 which is as far removed from the superior part of the heavens as from the inferior4#dh ,,notes #cj ,cicero's allusion to ,thales1 cited p4 #af1 is probably a reference to a tradition4 #ca ,wolf1 ,r4 ,geschichte der ,astronomie4 ,mnchen1 #ahgg1 p4 #aic2 ,gassendi1 ,p4 ,opera ,omnia4 ,leipzig1 #afeh4 ,vol4 ,v1 p4 #cge4 ,see statement by ,cicero1 cited below1 p4 #ag4 #cb ,aratus' poem bore the title1 ,phaenomena4 ,see1 for an excellent edition of this poem1 ,prince1 ,c4 ,l4 ,phenomena4 ,a literal translation of the astronomy and meteorology of ,aratus4 ,lewes1 #ahie4 ,in his ,bibliographical remarks1 the translator refers to one hundred and nineteen editions of this poem1 dating from the first printed at ,bonn in the year #adgd4 ,see also n4 #ai 7#dh71 below4 #cc ,passeri1 ,g4 ,b4 ,atlas ,farnesianus ,marmoreus insigne vetustatis monumentum4 7,in3 ,gori1 ,a4 ,f4 ,thesaurus gemmarum antiquarum astriferarum4 ,firenze1 #agej4 ,vol4 ,,iii472 ,denza1 ,p4 ,f4 ,globi celesti della ,specola ,vaticana4 7,in3 ,publicazioni della ,specola ,vaticana4 ,torino1 #ahid4 pp4 xx-xxiii47 #cd ,cicero4 ,de ,republica4 ,bk4 ,i1 chap4 xiv4 ,the citation is from the translation by ,hardingham1 ,g4 ,g4 ,the ,republic4 ,london1 #ahhd4 #ce ,lactantius4 ,institutiones divinae4 ,bk4 ,,ii1 chap4 v4 #cf ,pappus4 ,collectionum mathematicarum4 ,edited by ,commandino4 ,urbino1 #aehh4 ,bk4 ,,vii4 ,see especially the introduction4 #cg ,hultsch1 ,f4 ber den ,himmelsglobus des ,archimedes4 7,in3 ,zeitschrift fr ,mathematik und ,physik4 ,leipzig1 #ahgh4 ,bd4 #bb4 ,hist4 ,litt4 ,abteilung1 p4 #ajf472 ,same author4 ,archimedes4 7,in3 ,real-encyklopdie der klassischen ,alterthumswissenschaft47 #ch ,wolf1 op4 cit41 pp4 #abb-abd4 #ci ,wolf1 op4 cit41 pp4 #afj-aff4 #dj ,wolf1 op4 cit41 p4 #acj4 #da ,ptolemy1 ,c4 ,syntaxis4 7,almagest47 ,various editions4 ,bk4 ,,vii1 chap4 #a4 ,this work was first printed in ,venice1 #adif2 the first ,greek text in ,basel1 #aech4 ,see ,hues1 ,tractatus de ,globis1 for an analysis of this work4 #db ,pliny4 ,historia ,naturalis4 #dc ,ptolemy1 op4 cit41 ,bk4 ,v1 chap4 i2 ,bk4 ,,vii1 chap4 v2 ,bk4 ,,viii1 chap4 iii4 ,ptolemy mentions by name forty-eight constellations1 all of which he probably obtained from the earlier ,greeks4 ,these constellations1 the names being still retained1 are3 ,the ,zodiac4 ,aries ,cancer ,libra ,capricornus ,taurus ,leo ,scorpio ,aquarius ,gemini ,virgo ,sagittarius ,pisces ,the ,northern ,hemisphere4 ,andromeda ,corona ,lyra ,ursa ,major ,aquila ,cygnus ,ophiuchus ,ursa ,minor ,auriga ,delphinus ,pegasus ,sagitta ,botes ,draco ,perseus ,cassiopeia ,equuleus ,serpens ,cepheus ,hercules ,triangulum ,the ,southern ,constellations4 ,ara ,cetus ,crater ,lupus ,argo ,navis ,centaurus ,eridanus ,orion ,canis ,major ,corona ,australis ,hydra ,piscis ,australis ,canis ,minor ,corvus ,lepus #dd ,visconte1 ,p4 ,e4 ,nota intorno ad un' antico globo celeste scolpito in marmo porino4 ,roma1 #ahce2 ,gaedechens1 ,r4 ,der marmorne ,himmelsglobus des frstlich ,waldechschen ,antikenkabinettes zu ,arolsen4 ,gttingen1 #ahfb4 #de ,schanz1 ,m4 ,geschichte der rmischen ,litteratur bis zum ,gesetzgebungswerk des ,kaisers ,justinian4 ,mnchen1 #ahij4 ,see p4 #ge for a reference to the astrologer ,nigidius ,figulus4 #df ,coins on which there appears a representation of a globe were numerous4 ,attention may also here be called to the imperial insignia1 a part of which was a globe1 which the emperor was represented1 in the pictures of the day1 as holding in his hand4 ,see ,king1 ,c4 ,w4 ,antique ,gems and ,rings4 ,vol4 ,,ii1 plates xxvi and xxxviii4 #dg ,weidler1 ,j4 ,f4 ,historia astronomiae4 ,vitembergae1 #agda4 ,this author is of the opinion that ,leontius lived in the eighth century1 p4 #bja2 ,susemihl4 ,geschichte der ,griechischen ,litteratur der alexandriner ,zeit4 ,leipzig1 #ahia4 ,see ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #bid1 for a statement of the belief that ,leontius lived in the seventh century4 #dh ,halma1 ,n4 ,les ,phenomnes d',aratus de ,soles1 et de ,germanicus ,cesar2 avec les ,scholies de ,thon1 les catasterismes d',eratosthenes et la sphre de ,leontius traduit 444 par l',abb ,n4 ,halma4 ,gr4 avec ,fr4 ,paris1 #ahba4 pp4 #fe-gc4 ,illustration3 ,the ,egyptian ,gnomon4 ,from pen drawing ,chapter ,,iii ,globes ,constructed by the ,arabs ,followers of ,ptolemy4--,early armillary spheres4--,interest of the ,califs in globes and astronomical instruments4--,the record of the ',fihrist4'--,ibrahim4--,caissar4--,moha mmed ben ,helal4--,mohammed el ,ordhi4--,the ,paris globes4--,ridhwan ,efendi4 ,in passing from the period of classical antiquity to the so-called ,christian middle ages1 attention may first be directed to the activities of the ,arabs in the field of astronomy and geography1 in so far as their activities had to do with the construction of globes4#di ,the information which we have1 concerning their astronomical studies in particular1 is more detailed than is that which has come down to us respecting any other peoples who may have been interested in these centuries in the same field of study4 ,doubt may be expressed at the outset that the ,arabs were interested in the construction of terrestrial globes1 since with the matter of descriptive geography they appear to have been very little concerned1 a fact which their imperfect cartographical attempts clearly demonstrate4#ej ,although the theory of a globular earth was early accepted by their learned men1#ea there is scarcely a trustworthy allusion in literature to ,arabic terrestrial globes which can be cited4 ,an occasional reference1 however1 has been made by modern writers to a globe said to have been constructed for ,king ,roger of ,sicily4 ,without citing his authority1 ,freyheer ,f4 v4 ,zach states that the oldest terrestrial globe which is known was made for ,king ,roger ,,ii of ,sicily in the twelfth century1 and is especially remarkable for the value of the metal which was used in its construction1 this being #djj pounds of silver4 ,a knowledge of this globe would not have come down to our day had not ,edrisi1 a famous geographer of that time1 given an especial description of the same1 under the title ,nothatol mostak 7,pleasure of the ,soul74#eb ,it is probable that the reference here is to a circular disc made by ,edrisi1 or an armillary sphere1 but not to a terrestrial globe4#ec ,as to ,arabic celestial globes1 a different situation presents itself4 ,it is well known that the inhabitants of ,arabia1 long before the time of ,islam1 were in the habit of observing the stars1 many of which1 as ,dorn has noted1 they knew and designated by names taken from pastoral life1 and several of which they worshiped as visible gods4#ed ,calif al-,mansur1 who began his reign in #ged ,a4 ,d41 appears to have been the first to show a decided taste for astronomical science1 and for many centuries following him this interest is strikingly pronounced among the people of his country4#ee ,scholars were eagerly attracted to the works of ,ptolemy1 which were many times translated into ,arabic1 and commentaries were written upon his description of the names and figures of the several constellations4 ,the only alteration they allowed themselves to make in the names of the stars was to translate them into their own language1 or to substitute for those they could not understand other names that conveyed an idea to their minds1 applicable to the constellation before the eyes4 ,andromeda they called ,the ,chained ,lady2 ,cassiopeia they called ,the ,lady in the ,chair2 ,orion received the name ,the ,giant4 ,they followed in the construction of their armillary spheres and celestial globes the description laid down in ,ptolemy's ',syntaxis1' modifying these astronomical instruments1 from time to time1 as their studies directed them4#ef ,the list of califs interested in astronomy is a long one1 both of those who remained in the original homeland1 and of those who went to the new home in the ,iberian ,peninsula4#eg ,the ,mohammedan ,hulagu ,khan1 for example1 erected1 about #abfd1 an observatory in his ,mongol capital1 ,maragha1 near ,tabriz1 which long remained a noted center for astronomical studies4#eh ,this observatory1 however1 was but one of a number of similar institutions erected either by the ,arabs or by the ,persians4 ,we are told that the construction of astronomical instruments was brought to a high degree of perfection by these peoples in the thirteenth century4#ei ,the names of many of the ,arabic astronomers who were particularly expert as globe makers are recorded1 and there were many who wrote on the subject of celestial spheres1 armillary spheres1 and astrolabes1 even before the tenth century4#fj ,the author of the ',fihrist1' ,ibn ,ab ,ja'kb an-,nadm1 tells us that ,kurra ben ,kamt al-,harrn constructed a globe which he himself had seen4#fa ,this1 he says1 was made of unbleached material from ,dabik1 and colored1 but that the colors were much faded4 ,ibn ,alnabdi1 who was known as a clever mechanic1 mentions two globes which he had examined and admired for their excellency of execution1 in the public library of ,kahira1 in the year #ajdc4 ,one of these globes1 he says1 was made of brass1 by ,ptolemy himself2 the other1 of silver1 was constructed by ,abul ,hassan ,alsufi1 for the immediate use of the king1 ,adad ,eddoula4#fb ,as a visible evidence of the interest of the ,arabs in astronomical science1 and of their skill in the construction of astronomical instruments1 we have preserved to us1 besides numerous astrolabes1 no less than seven globes1 known to have been constructed prior to the year #afjj4 ,the oldest one extant is now in the possession of the ,r4 ,istituto di ,studi ,superiori of ,florence1 ,italy4#fc ,this fine example of the skill which was attained by the instrument makers of ,valencia1 ,spain1 at one time a flourishing center of ,arabic culture1 appears to date from the second half of the eleventh century4 ,according to an inscription on the globe1 we learn that it was made at ,valencia by ,ibrahim ,ibn ,said-as-,sahli1 in the year #dgc of the ,hegira1 a date equivalent to #ajhj ,a4 ,d4 ,this date ,professor ,meucci finds confirmed by a careful study of the position of the stars represented on the globe4 ,he notes1 for example1 that the star ,regulus had been placed at a distance of #af degrees #dj minutes from the sign of ,leo4 ,ptolemy1 in the year #adj ,a4 ,d41 gave this distance as #b degrees #cj minutes4 ,according to ,albaregnius1 this star advances about one degree every sixty-six years4 ,since #adj ,a4,d4 the star1 therefore1 would have moved #ad degrees #aj minutes1 which fact would lead astronomers to place this star1 about #ajhj1 as it appears on the globe4 ,the globe is of brass1 #bj cm4 in diameter1 having engraved on its surface forty-seven constellations1 as given by ,ptolemy1 omitting only the ,cup1 with #ajdb stars1 each with its respective magnitude indicated4 ,a second ,arabic celestial globe1 which dates from the year #abbe1 has been described in detail in a monograph by ,assemani1 which he issued in the year #agij4fd ,this remarkably interesting object belonged1 at the time1 to the extensive and celebrated collection of antiquities and curiosities of ,cardinal ,borgia1 in ,velletri1 but may now be found in the ,museo ,nazionale of ,naples4 ,it is composed of two brass hemispheres1 having both horizon and meridian circles1 the whole resting upon four supporting feet4 ,a ,cufic inscription tells us that it was made by ,caissar ben ,abul ,casem ben ,mosafer ,alabiaki ,alhanefi1 in the year of the ,hegira #fbb4 ,caissar probably was an astronomer at the court of ,cairo1 and the ,mohammedan date as given1 translated into ,christian reckoning1 gives us the year #abbe4 ,in the year #ahbi ,dorn published a detailed description of an ,arabic globe which had been deposited in the museum of the ,asiatic ,society of ,london 7,fig4 #ac7 by ,sir ,john ,malcolm4#fe ,it is of brass1 has a diameter of #bd cm41 and is furnished with a substantial mounting4 ,the peculiar features of the figures which represent the several constellations suggest ,persian workmanship4 ,in the vicinity of the south pole is an inscription in ,cufic characters1 telling us that it was ,made by the most humble in the supreme god1 ,mohammed ben ,helal1 the astronomer of ,monsul1 in the year of the ,hegira #fgd4 ,this year answers to the year #abge of the ,christian era1 that is1 it was constructed about the same time as the ,borgian globe and that belonging to the ,dresden collection1 briefly described below4 ,forty-seven constellations are represented4 ,on the horizon circle1 in their respective places1 we find engraved the words1 ,east1 ,west1 ,south1 ,north4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ac4 ,northern ,hemisphere of ,globe by ,mohammed ben ,helal1 #abge4 ,the ,arabic globe1 to be found in the ,mathematical ,salon of ,dresden 7,fig4 #ad71 has proved to be one of much interest and scientific value to students of astronomy4#ff ,bode1 who described it in the year #ahjh1 refers to its remarkably fine execution and to its ,cufic inscriptions as being among the finest extant specimens of early ,arabic writing4 ,the sphere is of brass1 having a diameter of #ad cm41 and is composed of two parts1 separable on the line of the ecliptic4 ,it has a brass horizon circle1 on which is engraved at the east the word rising1 and at the west the word setting4 ,it is not supplied with a movable meridian circle1 but within the horizon circle1 from north to south1 and from east to west1 there are two brass half circles1 of the same diameter as the horizon circle and so adjusted as to form one piece with it4 ,through such an arrangement it is made possible to turn the globe in any desired direction1 one half of it being at all times above the horizon4 ,in addition to the above arrangement1 there are two movable half circles1 attached at the zenith point by a pivot4 ,these half circles are graduated1 and are movable1 making it possible to find1 by means of them1 the declination and right ascension of any star4 ,the base1 which must be comparatively modern1 consists of a circular plate1 from which rise four turned support columns1 attached at their upper extremities to the two half circles of brass1 on which rests the horizon circle4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ad4 ,globe of ,mohammed ben ,muwajed el ,ordhi1 #abgi4 ,the date of construction cannot be far from #abgi1 which is determinable from the position of the stars engraved thereon1 relative1 for example1 to the equinoctial points4 ,the maker's name1 ,mohammed ben ,muwajed el ,ordhi1 appears near the constellation ,ursa ,major1 and is inlaid in silver4 ,there appear1 very artistically engraved1 the lines representing the principal circles1 the outlines of the several constellations1 with their names1 some of these being inlaid with silver1 some with gold4 ,the equator and the ecliptic are represented on the surface of the sphere1 each by two engraved parallel lines1 and are graduated1 the graduation in each instance being represented by four short and one long line1 alternating thus by fives throughout the entire three hundred and sixty degrees4 ,the equator is inlaid with gold1 the other circles with silver4 ,the names of the twelve constellations in the zodiac are alternately inlaid with gold and silver1 while all star names1 except as indicated1 are inlaid with silver4 ,the constellations represented number forty-eight1 the human figures all being clad1 turning the front and right face toward the observer4 ,the ,bibliothque ,nationale of ,paris possesses two ancient ,arabic globes1 one of which1 neither signed nor dated1 has been thought to have been constructed in the eleventh century4#fg ,this was obtained by ,jomard1 in ,egypt1 more than sixty years ago4 ,it has a diameter of about #ai cm41 is furnished with a horizon circle1 which is upheld by four semicircular arms1 these1 in turn1 resting upon a base composed of four flat and rather inartistic supports4 ,the engraving on the surface of the brass sphere closely resembles that on the ,dresden globe4 ,a detailed description of this globe has not been obtainable4 ,a second ,paris ,arabic globe1#fh like the preceding1 belongs to the ,bibliothque ,nationale 7,fig4 #ae74 ,it has a diameter of something less than #ae cm41 and was constructed by ,diemat ,eddin ,mohammed1 in the year of the ,hegira #iha1 which in the ,christian reckoning corresponds to the year #aegc4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ae4 ,globe of ,diemat ,eddin ,mohammed1 #aegc4 ,the ,imperial ,library of ,petrograd possesses an ,arabic globe1 constructed in the year #agja4fi ,it is described by ,dorn as a fine example of the globe maker's art1 closely resembling1 in its general features1 the ,arabic globe in the collection of the ,royal ,asiatic ,society of ,london4 ,it has a diameter of about #ai cm41 rests upon an ornamental tripod base1 and is adjusted to turn within a brass circle1 which circle is fitted into a larger one1 so marked and graduated as to represent four concentric circles4 ,the first or inner circle1 representing the horizon1 is divided into thirty-six divisions of ten degrees each2 on the second circle the degrees are indicated by letters2 on the third circle appear the twelve signs of the zodiac and the four principal directions1 east1 west1 north1 south2 the fourth circle is divided into thirty-six parts1 formed by the extension of the lines which divide the first1 or horizon circle1 into thirty-six parts4 ,on the last circle the names of one hundred and four cities and countries are given4 ,not far from the north pole is an inscription which gives us the name of the maker and the date of construction4 ,therein we read that it was completed in the year #aaac of the flight of the ,prophet1 or in the year #agja of ,christian reckoning1 by ,ridhwan1 for ,maulana ,hassan ,efendi1 who1 toward the end of the seventeenth century1 was director of the astronomical observatory of ,cairo1 and gave substantial encouragement to makers of globes and of other instruments employed in astronomical studies4 ,the equator1 the ecliptic1 and the parallels are represented1 the first two by parallel circles which are crossed or joined by lines dividing them into seventy-two principal parts1 each part being again subdivided into fifths4 ,the close resemblance of this example to the earlier known ,arabic globes suggests that there was little1 if any1 progress among those peoples in the art of globe construction since the eleventh century4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ae;a4 ,anonymous ,arabic ,globe1 #afce4 ,,notes #di ,delambre1 ,j4 ,b4 ,j4 ,histoire de l',astronomie ancienne4 ,paris1 #ahag4 ,see ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #cgb1 #eaf1 containing references to globes1 celestial and terrestrial1 constructed in ,india and in ,china about the years #dej and #gbd ,a4,d4 #ej ,peschel1 ,o4 ,geschichte der ,erdkunde bis auf ,c4 ,ritter und ,a4 ,v4 ,humboldt4 ,berlin1 #ahgg4 ,see pp4 #ade-afj1 wherein reference is made to their lack of interest in descriptive geography2 ,beazley4 ,dawn of ,modern ,geography4 ,vol4 ,i1 chap4 vii4 #ea ,gnther1 ,s4 ,studien zur ,geschichte der mathematischen und physikalischen ,geographie4 ,halle1 #ahgg4 ,heft #b2 ,ibn ,ab ,ja'kb an-,nadm4 ,katb al-,fihrist 7,book of ,records71 ed4 by ,gustav ,flugel4 ,leipzig1 #ahga-ahgb4 #b vols4 ,the greater part of this ,arabic work was written about the year #ihg ,a4 ,d4 ,edrisi states it as the opinion of philosophers1 of illustrious savants1 and of skilled observers in the knowledge of celestial bodies1 that the earth is round as a sphere4 ,see ,edrisi1 ,geography1 tr4 de l',arabe en franais par ,p4 ,amde ,jaubert4 7,in3 ,receuel de voyages et de mmoires4 ,paris1 #ahcj4 #b vols47 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #a4 #eb ,zach1 ,f4 v4 ,monatliche ,korrespondenz4 ,gotha1 #ahjf4 ,vol4 ,,xiii1 p4 #aeg2 ,suter1 ,h4 ,das ,mathematiker-,verzeichniss im ,fihrist4 7,in3 ,zeitschrift fr ,mathematik und ,physik4 ,leipzig1 #ahib47 ,this work contains many references to distinguished oriental scholars who treated in their writings the doctrine of the sphere1 the astrolabe1 and the armillary sphere4 #ec ,wittstein1 ,t4 ,historisch-astronomische ,fragmente aus der arabischen ,litteratur4 7,in3 ,abhandlungen zur ,geschichte der ,mathematik4 ,leipzig1 #ahib4 ,heft #f1 p4 #ih47 ,the opinion is here expressed that a terrestrial globe by ,edrisi never existed2 ,hadradauer1 ,c4 v4 ,die ,feldzeugmeister ,ritter von ,hauslabische ,kartensammlung4 7,in3 ,mitteilungen der ,k4 ,k4 ,geographische ,gesellschaft zu ,wien4 ,wien1 #ahhf4 ,neue ,folge #ai1 pp4 #chg-chh47 ,the opinion is expressed that ,edrisi constructed a planisphere and not a globe4 ,amari1 ,m4 ,storia dei ,musulmani di ,sicilia4 ,firenze1 #ahfh4 pp4 #dec ff41 #ffi ff4 #ed ,dorn1 ,b4 ,description of an ,arabic celestial globe4 7,in3 ,transactions of the ,royal ,asiatic ,society4 ,london1 #ahbi4 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #cga-cib47 #ee ,dorn1 op4 cit4 #ef ,dorn1 op4 cit4 #eg ,see the list as given in the ,fihrist1 referred to in note #d4 ,naser ben ,mohamed ,abul ,gioush1 ,king of ,castile1 is referred to as having been much interested in astronomy1 in which science he acquired such proficiency as to enable him to construct a number of very useful astronomical instruments4 #eh ,lelewel1 ,j4 ,gographie du moyen ge4 ,bruxelles1 #aheg4 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #aaf2 ,jourdain4 ,mmoire sur l'observatoire de ,mragah4 ,paris1 #ahaj4 ,it is well known that under the direction of ,nasr-,eddin1 who was called to the charge of this observatory by ,hulagu ,khan1 astronomical instruments were constructed4 #ei ,dorn1 op4 cit4 #fj ,see the ,fihrist1 also a list as given by ,dorn4 #fa ,dorn1 op4 cit4 #fb ,dorn1 op4 cit4 #fc ,meucci1 ,f4 ,il globo celeste arabico del seculo ,,xi esistente nel ,gabinetto degli strumenti antichi di ,astronomia1 ,mathematica nel ,r4 ,istituto di ,studi ,superiori4 ,firenze1 #ahgh4 #fd ,assemani1 ,s4 ,globus coelestis cufico-arabicus ,veliterani ,musei ,borgiani4 ,patavii1 #agij4 #fe ,dorn1 op4 cit4 #ff ,beigel1 ,w4 ,nachricht von einer ,arabischen ,himmelskugel mit ,kufischer ,schrift1 welche im kurfrstlichen ,mathematischen ,salon zu ,dresden aufbewahrt wird4 7,in3 ,bodes ,astronomisches ,jahrbuch fr das ,jahr #ahjh4 ,berlin1 #ahjh4 pp4 #ig ff472 ,drechsler1 ,a4 ,der arabische ,himmelsglobus angefertigt #abgi zu ,meragha4 ,dresden1 #ahgc4 #fg ,sedillot1 ,l4 ,a4 ,mmoire sur les instruments astronomiques des ,arabes4 ,paris1 #ahda4 pp4 #aag ff42 same author4 ,matriaux pour servir l'histoire compare des sciences mathmatiques chez les grecs et les orientaux4 ,paris1 #ahde4 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #ccd ff42 ,jomard1 ,m4 ,monuments de la ,gographie4 ,paris1 #ahed4 ,it is very doubtful that a date so early should be given to this globe4 #fh ,information courteously given by ,m4 ,l4 ,valle4 #fi ,dorn1 ,b4 ,drei in der kaiserlichen ffentlichen ,bibliothek zu ,st4 ,petersburg befindliche astronomische ,instrumente mit arabischen ,inschriften4 7,in3 ,mmoires de l',acadmie ,impriale des ,sciences de ,st4 ,ptersbourg4 ,st4 ,ptersbourg1 #ahfe4 ,,vie serie1 ,tome ,,ix1 ,no4 #a47 ,illustration3 ,arabic ,celestial ,globe4 ,from ,dorn's illustration ,chapter ,,iv ,terrestrial and ,celestial ,globes in the ,christian ,middle ,ages ,general attitude of the period toward the theories of the ,greeks and the ,romans4--,scripture statements as sources of information4--,inclination of certain early writers to accept the doctrine of a spherical earth4--,the particular attitude of ,pope ,sylvester ,,ii4--,the asserted interest of ,emperor ,frederick ,,ii in scientific studies4--,alfonso the ,wise and the ,alfonsian tables4--,interesting allusions in ,alfonso's work to globes and globe construction4--,giovanni ,campano of ,novara and the statements in his ',tractatis de sphera solida4'--,the attitude of ,albertus ,magnus1 ,sacrobosco1 ,roger ,bacon1 ,vincent of ,beauvais1 ,dante4 ,for many centuries following the fall of the ,western ,roman ,empire1 there appears to have been in ,christian ,europe but little interest in the fundamental principles of geographical or astronomical science4 ,the theories of the ,greeks and the ,romans respecting a spherical earth and a spherical firmament encompassing it1 in illustration of which they had constructed globes1 were not entirely forgotten1 but such theories in general were considered to be valueless1 hindrances rather than helps to the theological beliefs of the new ,christian era4#gj ,though the early ,church ,fathers were inclined to reject the idea of a globular earth1#ga there were not a few among them who found the theory of a circular earth an acceptable one4 ,the latter1 it is true1 was an early ,greek belief1 referred to above as having been entertained in ,homer's day1 and as having been passed down to succeeding centuries1 but ,christian writers did not find in the fact of its pagan origin a particular argument for accepting it2 on the contrary1 the ,bible was held by many to be the fountain of all knowledge1 and a sure guide no less in the solution of problems pertaining to the physical sciences than in the solution of problems pertaining to faith and doctrine4 ,what was contained in the ,scriptures found a more ready acceptance than what was to be found in pagan writers4#gb ,isaiah's statement1 ,it is ,he that sitteth upon the circle of the earth1 was regarded as one altogether adequate on which to found a theory of the form of the earth1 and it was accepted by such biblical interpreters as ,lactantius1 ,cosmas ,indicopleustes 7,figs4 #af1 #ag71 ,diodorus of ,tarsus1 ,chrysostom1 ,severian of ,gabala1 by those who were known as the ,syrians1 by ,procopius and ,decuil4#gc ,men1 however1 such as ,basil1 ,gregory of ,nyssa1 and ,philoponos inclined strongly toward the ,aristotelian doctrine of a spherical earth4#gd ,isidore of ,seville appears to have been a supporter of the spherical doctrine1#ge as was also the ,venerable ,bede1 who1 in his ',de natura rerum1' upholds the doctrine of a spherical earth on practically the same grounds as those advanced by ,aristotle4#gf ,illustration3 ,fig4 #af4 ,the ,universe according to ,cosmas ,indicopleustes1 ,sixth ,century4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ag4 ,cosmas' ,illustration ,confuting the ,existence of ,antipodal ,peoples4 ,in illustration of the doctrine of a circular earth1 terrestrial globes certainly could not have been thought of as having any practical value4 ,with a rejection of the spherical theory of the ancients very naturally went the rejection of their globes4 ,the circular or ,homeric theory1 as noted above1 had its supporters1 even to the close of the middle ages1 but the inclination is more or less marked1 even as early as the seventh century1 to accept again the doctrine of a spherical earth4 ,it seems to have come into prominence again with the growing belief in the importance of the place of the earth in the universe4 ,after the eighth century this theory may be said to have had a very general acceptance by those who1 ,faust-like1 felt a desire for a larger freedom from theological restraint than the church encouraged4 7,figs4 #ah1 #ai47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ah4 ,hereford ,world ,map1 ca4 #abhc4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ai4 ,the ,earth ,pictured as a ,sphere by ,nicolas d',oresme1 #acgg4 ,attention has been called to the attitude of the writings of the ,anglo-,saxon ,church ,father1 the ,venerable ,bede4 ,although we have no unquestionable proof that ,bede1 or ,alcuin1#gg who was greatly influenced by him1 insisted on the use of globes in geographical instruction1 there is good reason for thinking these scholars would have inclined to encourage their use4 ,the monastic schools1 which1 in the methods of instruction1 rested upon the plan wrought out by ,alcuin for the ,palace ,school of ,charles the ,great1 considered globes to be apparatus of great educational value4 ,professor ,gnther is inclined to think it probable that celestial globes were used throughout the early centuries of this mediaeval period in the better schools1 though no positive statement to that effect can be cited4#gh ,we know that an exact knowledge of the movements of the sun1 of the moon1 and of the constellations was considered to be of first importance for the priesthood in the middle ages1 since it was through a knowledge of their movements that the times for the observance of the rigid church rules were fixed4#gi ,the acquisition of such knowledge could best be secured through the use of the celestial globe4#hj ,we learn from ,notker ,labeo 7#iej-ajbb71 one of the most distinguished teachers of the monastic school of ,st4 ,gallen1 that he made use of such globes for astro-geographical instruction1 which1 in their important features1 were like our modern celestial globes1 for he tells us they were supplied with all necessary parts4 ,it seems evident that those of which he made use could be adjusted to every desired altitude of the pole4#ha ,one of the most distinguished scholars of the tenth century was ,bishop ,gerbert 7ca4 #idj-ajjc71 later ,pope ,sylvester ,,ii1 of whose learning we possess reliable evidence4#hb ,his astronomical knowledge so astonished his contemporaries that he was thought to be a necromancer and was accused of being in league with the evil one4#hc ,he was a diligent student of the literature of antiquity1 which had survived to his day1 especially surpassing all others1 it is reported1 in his acquaintance with the learning of pagan ,rome4 ,in the instruction which he gave in astronomical science he made use of various instruments1 to the end that his pupils might the better understand the subject1 among which instruments were celestial globes and armillary spheres4 ,these were a source of much wonderment to his contemporaries4 ,it is said that one of these instruments was so skilfully constructed that even the untrained by its use1 having one constellation pointed out1 would be able to locate all others with the aid of a globe and without the aid of a teacher4#hd ,in a letter to the monastic teacher ,constantius1 with whom ,gerbert stood in the friendliest relations for many years at ,rheims1 he refers to the construction of a celestial globe1 and in a more detailed manner he makes mention of this when writing to ,remigius of ,trier4 ,in four of his letters to this last named prelate1 ,gerbert touches upon his purpose to construct a globe1 but on account of the added duties which were his1 occasioned by the death of ,archbishop ,adalbero1 he seems not to have been able to complete his work4 ,he expresses himself1 in the third one of these letters1 as hopeful that a favorable time might yet come for him to take up the plan1 but the increasing opposition of his enemies left him no leisure for scientific labors of this character1 and it does not appear that he turned his attention again to globe making4#he ,the thirteenth century furnishes us with the names of two distinguished princes who were especially active in advancing scientific studies of their times4 ,one of these was the ,hohenstaufen ,frederick ,,ii1 concerning whom we are informed that he directed a learned ,arabian1 who sojourned at his court1 to construct for him a celestial globe of gold on which the stars were to be represented by pearls4#hf ,we are further told that as an outcome of his friendly relations with the rulers of the ,east1 the ,sultan of ,egypt sent to him an astronomical tent of wonderful construction4 ,in this the sun and the moon were represented and by means of a skilfully constructed mechanism they were made to rise and set1 marking out the hours of day and night4#hg ,as a ruler of like intellectual and scientific interests1 the ,castilian1 ,alfonso ,x1 who lived in the thirteenth century1 known as ,the ,wise and as ,the ,astronomer1 deserves to be especially mentioned4 ,by his order an elaborate astronomical work was prepared1 which holds a place of first importance among mediaeval productions of its character4 ,in this work the construction of globes is discussed in a very detailed manner1 mention being made of every feature regarded as belonging to a properly constructed celestial sphere4 ,so significant are certain chapters of this work for the history of globes and of globe making that a free translation is here given of that part relating to materials of which globes may be constructed4#hh ,a sphere may be made of many materials1 says the author1 as of gold1 or silver1 or copper1 or brass1 or iron1 or lead1 or tin1 or of a combination of these metals2 or they may be made of stone1 or clay1 or wood4 ,they may also be made of leather1 of cloth1 of parchment in many layers1 and of many other materials which men employ when they wish to give an exhibition of their skill4 ,those1 however1 who have carefully considered these things1 have decided that there is nothing more suitable than wood and for the following reasons4 ,if the globe should be made of gold1 only a very rich man would be able to possess it2 furthermore it would be very heavy4 ,if it should be made of thin sheets of gold it could be easily indented and would not long remain a perfect sphere4 ,if it should be made small1 that which was represented thereon would not appear distinct4 ,the same thing may be said of silver1 although it is a metal stronger than gold1 as it is likewise harder1 and therefore is not so easily indented4 ,copper is a metal harder than either silver or gold1 but is so dry that it can not be easily fashioned into a globe1 which should always be well made4 ,brass1 which is like dark colored copper1 may be more easily fashioned1 because it is more malleable than copper1 and is stronger than either gold or silver4 ,if1 however1 a globe made of this material should be thin it might easily lose its shape1 and if thick it would be very heavy4 ,of all metals1 however1 this is the one most suitable for use in making spheres1 as it is the one most commonly employed4 ,a globe of iron would be very difficult to make and would be very heavy1 and since the rust would have to be removed from it very frequently1 there would be much danger of destroying the figures4 ,a globe of tin1 if made of a thin sheet1 could be easily indented1 and would be very heavy if the sheet of which made were thick4 ,lead1 if thin1 would offer less resistance to injury than tin1 and is a material much heavier4 ,furthermore1 as lead is inclined to turn black1 the figures and the stars represented on a globe of this material would soon become so discolored as to be no longer visible4 ,there is no way by which it can be cleaned without wiping out the figures4 ,although the metal could be combined to form that material of which water jugs and buckets are made it would be so fragile as to break like glass4 ,clay1 which is also used for the making of water jugs1 mortars1 and fountains1 is not suitable for globes1 because if thin it would break easily1 and if thick it would be very heavy4 ,moreover this material when prepared must be baked in a kiln which fact renders it unsuitable for use in making spheres4 ,a globe should not be made of stone1 since if this were transparent the figures could not easily be seen1 and such material would be very heavy4 ,it would not be fitting to make so noble an object as a sphere of the material of which jars are made4 ,leather would not be suitable1 though it might be fashioned into a permanent spherical shape4 ,such material shrinks in hot weather or when brought near a fire4 ,cloth would not be suitable1 though it were made very strong1 since heat would cause it to shrink1 and moisture would cause it to lose its shape1 and this same thing may be said of parchment4 ,a sphere of wood is strong and is of reasonable weight and may be made in the manner which we shall set forth4 ,the original manuscript of this work is profusely illustrated1 including representations of the figures of the several constellations 7,fig4 #bj74 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bj4 ,the ,constellation ,taurus4 ,in the latter part of the thirteenth century the mathematician1 ,giovanni ,campano1 a native of ,novara and it appears a particular friend and supporter of ,pope ,urban ,,iv1 won distinction for his scholarly attainments in the field of astronomy4#hi ,in addition to his work1 titled1 ',teorica planetarum1' wherein he comments on the subject of astronomy and geometry1 and makes copious references to the ,greek geometrician ,euclid1 whose works he had translated into ,latin1 he prepared a treatise which he called ',tractatis de sphera solida4' ,in the prologue to this work1 after noting that the number of astronomical instruments which have been constructed is large1 he states that in the main they agree in their representation of the movements of the heavens1 adding that as the heavens are spherical1 spherical instruments are to be preferred4 ,in his first chapter1 after alluding to the astronomical instruments described by ,ptolemy1 he proceeds to treat of the composition of solid spheres1 which he says may be made of metal1 or better1 of wood4 ,he gives rules for making the same by the use of the lathe1 and notes in conclusion it is well to make the sphere hollow in order to lighten the weight4 ,in the following chapters he treats of the inscription of the circles of the sphere1 of the construction of the several rings employed in the mounting1 such as the horizon and the meridian circles1 and gives consideration to the representation of the several constellations on the surface of the ball4 ,in the second part of his treatise he gives instruction as to how to use the instrument in the solution of astronomical problems4 ,there appears to be only the slightest evidence that ,campano was acquainted with the work of ,alfonso4 ,his presentation of the subject1 in all probability1 was altogether independent of a knowledge of the ,alfonsian tables4 ,it is interesting to observe that in the day when astrology was in great favor in the universities of ,europe1 ,campano continued to be interested in genuine astronomical science4 ,albertus ,magnus1 in his ',liber de coelo et mondo1'#ij devotes an entire chapter to a theoretical consideration of gravitation1 asserting that the earth is spherical 7,spherica sive orbicularis necessario71 and proceeds to a demonstration of the theory1 in which he practically follows the arguments of ,aristotle1 that every particle of the earth away from the center is continually in movement seeking that center1 the result being the formation of a spherical body4 ,he advances further1 as argument in proof of a spherical earth1 that the shadow it casts in an eclipse of the moon is circular4 ,sacrobosco 7,john of ,holywood or ,halifax7 7fl4 #abcj71ia who was active in the first half of the thirteenth century1 much of the time as professor of mathematics in the ,university of ,paris1 prepared a work bearing the title1 ',tractatus de sphaera1' being in part a summary of the ',almagest' of ,ptolemy4 ,in this work the theory of a spherical earth is supported in much the same manner as was done by ,campano4 ,the ',tractatus' proved to be one of the most important quasi scientific geographical and astronomical textbooks of the later middle ages1 being frequently copied1 and frequently printed after the invention of that art4#ib ,further reference might be made to a belief in a spherical earth1 as held by ,roger ,bacon 7#abad-abid71ic by ,thomas ,aquinas 7#abbe-abgd71id by ,vincent of ,beauvais 7#aaij-abfd71ie by ,dante 7#abfe-acba71if and still others of the thirteenth1 fourteenth1 and fifteenth centuries4 ,it should1 however1 be stated that nowhere in the works of these authors does there appear a reference to the construction of terrestrial globes1 and only incidentally the implication that they knew of or approved the construction of celestial globes4 ,the increasing interest in geography and in astronomy in the closing years of the middle ages led most naturally1 in time1 to much activity in globe construction1 and to this fact attention is directed in the following chapter4 ,,notes #gj ,beazley's monumental work1 previously cited1 considers the geographical knowledge of the ,christian middle ages1 from the closing years of the ,western ,roman ,empire to the early years of the fifteenth century4 ,see especially ,vol4 ,i1 chap4 vi2 ,vol4 ,,ii1 chap4 vi2 ,vol4 ,,iii1 chap4 vi4 ,marinelli1 ,g4 ,die ,erdkunde bei den ,kirchvtern4 ,leipzig1 #ahhd2 ,kretschmer1 ,k4 ,die physische ,erdkunde im christlichen ,mittelalter4 ,wien1 #ahhi2 ,cosmas ,indicopleustes4 ,christian ,topography1 tr4 by ,j4 ,m4 ,mc,crindle4 7,in3 ,hakluyt ,society ,publications4 ,london1 #ahig72 ,gnther1 ,s4 ,die kosmographischen ,anschauung des ,mittelalters4 7,in3 ,deutsch4 ,rundschau fr ,geographie und ,statistik4 ,vol4 ,,iv1 pp4 #ace ff47 #ga ,zckler1 ,o4 ,geschichte der ,beziehungen zwischen ,theologie und ,naturwissenschaft4 ,gtersloh1 #ahgg4 pp4 #abb ff42 ,white1 ,a4 ,d4 ,a ,history of the ,warfare of ,science with ,theology in ,christendom4 ,new ,york1 #ahie-ahig4 ,see especially chaps4 ii-iii4 ,see also references in note #a4 #gb ,isaiah1 chap4 xl1 v4 #bj2 ,ezechiel1 chap4 xxxviii1 v4 #ab2 ,job1 chap1 xxvi1 v4 #g1 #aj2 ,psalm cxxxvi1 #f4 #gc ,note summary and citations in ,kretschmer1 op4 cit4 #gd ,note citations in ,kretschmer1 op4 cit4 #ge ,see his works1 ,etymologia1 #c1 #bd-ga1 and ,de natura rerum1 #i-bg4 ,brehaut1 ,e4 ,an ,encyclopedist of the ,dark ,ages4 ,isidore of ,seville4 7,in3 ,studies in ,history1 ,economics and ,public ,law1 ,columbia ,university4 ,new ,york1 #aiab4 ,vol4 xlviii1 ,no4 #a47 ,it must be admitted that there is considerable incoherence in the views of the world as expressed by the great majority of the mediaeval writers4 ,one not infrequently lands in confusion when undertaking an investigation of their opinions4 #gf ,beda4 ,opuscula scientifica4 ,ed4 by ,j4 ,a4 ,giles4 ,london1 #ahdc4 ,see ,de natura rerum1 chap4 xlvi1 titled1 ,terram globo similem4 #gg ,west1 ,a4 ,f4 ,alcuin and the ,rise of ,christian ,schools4 ,new ,york1 #ahib2 ,mullinger1 ,j4 ,b4 ,the ,schools of ,charles the ,great4 ,new ,york1 #aiaa2 ,fellner1 ,r4 ,kompendium der ,naturwissenschaften an der ,schule zu ,fulda4 ,berlin1 #ahgi4 ,the real founder of the monastic schools was ,hrabanus ,maurus1 who was a pupil of ,alcuin1 and who carried to the monastery of ,fulda that ,englishman's love for the ,quadrivium4 #gh ,gnther1 ,s4-,fiorini1 ,m4 ,erd- und ,himmelsgloben4 ,leipzig1 #ahie4 p4 #ai4 #gi ,specht1 ,f4 ,a4 ,geschichte des ,unterrichtswesen in ,deutschland von den ltesten ,zeiten bis zur ,mitte des ,,xiii ,jahrhunderts4 ,stuttgart1 #ahhe4 pp4 #abg ff4 #hj ,gnther-,fiorini1 op4 cit41 p4 #ah1 n4 #d1 refers to a star map made in the monastery of ,st4 ,emeran in the early fifteenth century1 and now belonging to the ,k4 ,k4 ,hof- und ,staats-,bibliothek of ,munich1 which was intended for a ,compositio spere solido4 #ha ,arx1 ,j4 v4 ,geschichte des ,kantons ,st4 ,gallen4 ,st4 ,gallen1 #ahaj4 p4 #bfe4 #hb ,bdinger1 ,m4 ber ,gerberts wissenschaftliche und politische ,stellung4 ,marburg1 #ahea2 ,werner1 ,k4 ,gerbert von ,aurillac1 die ,kirche und die ,wissenschaft seiner ,zeit4 ,wien1 #ahgh4 #hc ,bdinger1 op4 cit41 p4 #ch4 #hd ,specht1 op4 cit41 pp4 #ach-aci2 ,dummler1 ,e4 ,ekkehart ,,iv von ,st4 ,gallen4 7,in3 ,zeitschrift fr deutsches ,altertum4 ,berlin1 #ahfi4 ,neue ,folge1 ,vol4 #b1 p4 #bc47 ,the implication in the last named work seems to be that globes were used in many of the schools of this early day4 ,mabillon1 ,j4 ,veterum analectorum4 ,paris1 #afgf4 ,tom4 #b1 p4 #bab4 ,the statement here made clearly refers to the use of globes in astronomical instruction4 #he ,gerbert1 ,letters of1 #ihc-iig1 publies avec une introduction et des notes par ,j4 ,havet4 ,paris1 #ahhi4 ,see especially ,nos4 #acd1 #adh1 #aeb1 #afb4 ,gerbert refers1 in these letters to ,remigius1 to a globe which he intended to construct4 #hf ,lelewel1 op4 cit41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #b4 #hg ,raumer1 ,f4 v4 ,geschichte der ,hohenstaufen und ihre ,zeit4 ,leipzig1 #ahgh4 ,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #dic4 ,this astronomical tent has sometimes been referred to as a globe4 #hh ,libros del ,saber de ,astronomia del ,rey ,d4 ,alfonso ,x de ,castilla4 ,compilados1 anotados y comentados por ,don ,manuel ,rico y ,sinobas4 ,madrid1 #ahfc-ahfg4 ,see especially ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #aec ff4 #hi ,enciclopedia ,universal illustrada1 ,campano2 ,tiraboschi1 ,g4 ,storia della letteratura italiana4 ,roma1 #aghb-aghe4 ,tom4 ,,iv1 lib4 ii1 cap4 ii1 v2 ,fiorini4 ,sfere terrestri4 pp4 #dj-ef4 ,there are numerous manuscripts of ,campano to be found in the ,university ,library of ,bologna1 in the ,ambrosiana of ,milan1 and in the ,library of ,san ,marco in ,venice4 ,fiorini refers to a number of writers who may be said to have followed and in part copied ,campano4 #ij ,albertus ,magnus4 ,liber de coelo et mundo4 ,lib4 ,,ii #d1 c4 #i4 ,for a short biography of ,albertus see ,encyclopaedia ,britannica1 ,albertus ,magnus4 #ia ,gnther1 ,s4 ,geschichte des mathematischen ,unterrichtes1 im deutschen ,mittelalter bis zum ,jahre #aebe4 ,berlin1 #ahhg4 pp4 #ahd ff4 #ib ,catalogue of ,printed ,books in the ,british ,museum contains a list of more than fifty editions1 the first being printed in the year #adgb4 #ic ,biographies are numerous4 ,see ,dictionary of ,national ,biography1 ,roger ,bacon1 with bibliographical list4 ,see ,bacon's ,opus ,magnus1 lib4 ,i1 #aeb-aec1 necesse est vero mundum extra habere figuram spericam 4442 also lib4 ,,iv1 in which he treats of the form of the earth4 #id ,see for a short biography ,nouvelle biographie4 ,paris1 #ahff4 ,thomas d',aquin4 #ie ,bourgeat1 ,j4 ,b4 tudes sur ,vincent de ,beauvais4 ,paris1 #ahef4 #if ,biographies of ,dante are numerous4 ,see his ,purgatorio1 ,canto ,,xxvii1 lines #a-d1 referring to midday on the ,ganges when it is dawn in ,jerusalem2 see also his ,aqua et ,terra1 wherein he gives expression to a belief in the spherical theory4 ,chapter ,v ,globes ,constructed in the ,early ,years of the ,great ,geographical ,discoveries ,increasing interest in geographical discovery and maritime enterprise in the fourteenth and the fifteenth century4--,awakened interest in globe construction4--,martin ,behaim and his globe of the year #adib4--,the ,laon globe4--,christopher and ,bartholomew ,columbus and their interest in globes4--,john ,cabot and his globe4--,globes of ,johannes ,stffler4--,conrad ,celtes and his part in arousing an interest in globes4 ,the fourteenth century witnessed among the peoples of ,italy and of the ,iberian coast regions a rapidly rising interest in maritime enterprise4 ,the expansion of ,europe1 which for two centuries had been overland and eastward1 was now becoming oceanic1 with an outlook southward and westward into the ,atlantic4 ,in the fifteenth century1 under the inspiration of ,prince ,henry the ,navigator1 the ,portuguese were feeling their way down the coast of ,africa1 adding year by year to their knowledge of hitherto unknown lands2#ig the ,atlantic island groups1 one by one1 were discovered or rediscovered1#ih and in #adhg ,bartholomew ,diaz turned the ,cape of ,good ,hope and opened a new way to the ,indies of the ,east4#ii ,through all these enterprises a new and vigorous stimulus was given to interest in geographical studies1 just as an awakening had followed the disclosure of the riches of the ,east by ,carpini1 ,rubruquis1 and especially by ,marco ,polo in the earlier post-crusading years4#ajj ,out of this lively interest in all that pertained to the expansion of knowledge concerning the various regions of the earth came a desire for better map making1#aja and attention was again intelligently directed to the construction of terrestrial globes on which to represent the most recently discovered seas1 islands1 and continental coasts4 ,it was ,martin ,behaim of ,nrnberg 7#adei-aejg71ajb who1 in so far as we have knowledge1 constructed one of the first modern terrestrial globes 7,fig4 #ba71 and it may1 indeed1 be said of his ,erdapfel1 as he called it1 that it is the oldest terrestrial globe extant4 ,behaim 7,fig4 #bb7 belonged to the merchant class of a flourishing ,south ,german city4 ,he took advantage of the opportunities which were offered him for travel1 though it is hardly probable that he is entitled to that renown as an ,african coast explorer with which certain of his biographers have attempted to crown him1 nor does it appear that he is entitled to a very prominent place among the men famed in his day for their astronomical and nautical knowledge4 ,it was doubtless for reasons primarily commercial that he first found his way to ,portugal1 where1 shortly after his arrival1 probably in the year #adhd1 he was honored by ,king ,john with an appointment as a member of a nautical or mathematical ,junta4 ,during his earlier years in ,portugal he was connected with one or more expeditions down the coast of ,africa1 was knighted by the king1 presumably for his services1 and made his home for some years on the island of ,fayal4 ,in the year #adij he returned for a visit to his native city1 ,nrnberg1 and there is reason for believing that on this occasion he was received with much honor by his fellow townsmen4 ,it was the suggestion of ,george ,holzschuher1 member of the ,city ,council1 and himself somewhat famed as a traveler1 that eventually brought special renown to our globe maker1 for he it was who proposed to his colleagues of the ,council that ,martin ,behaim should be requested to undertake the construction of a globe on which the recent ,portuguese and other discoveries should be represented4 ,from a record on the globe itself1 placed within the ,antarctic circle1 we learn that the work was undertaken on the authority of three distinguished citizens1 ,gabriel ,nutzel1 ,paul ,volckamer1 and ,nikolaus ,groland4#ajc ,it is an interesting fact that we are able to follow in detail the construction of the globe through its several stages1 as the accounts of ,george ,holzschuher1 to whom was entrusted the general supervision of the work1 have been preserved4#ajd ,from his report1 presented at the conclusion of the undertaking1 we learn the names of those who participated in the production of the globe2 we learn the amount received by each for his labors1 and that the total cost to the city for the completed product was something less than seventy-five dollars4 ,information is given therein as to the division of the work2 how the spherical shell was prepared2 how the vellum covering was fitted to the sphere2 how the rings and the globe supports were supplied2 finally1 how the artist1 ,glockenthon1 transferred the map to the prepared surface of the ball and added to the same the several miniatures1 illustrating in rich color a variety of subjects4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ba4 ,globe of ,martin ,behaim1 #adib4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bb4 ,portrait of ,martin ,behaim4 ,the globe1 which still belongs to the ,behaim family1 was removed in the year #aijg1 by ,baron ,w4 ,behaim1 from his residence in ,egedienplatz1 ,nrnberg1 to the ,germanic ,museum1 where it may now be found4 ,it originally stood on a tripod base of wood1 but this was later replaced by one of iron4 ,the iron meridian circle is doubtless the work of ,behaim himself1 while its brass horizon circle probably dates from the year #aeaj4aje ,in his scholarly work ,ravenstein thus describes this remarkable monument of a period in which there was a rapid expansion of geographical knowledge4 ,the globe has a circumference of #aeie mm41 consequently a diameter of #ejg mm4 or #bj inches4 ,only two great circles are laid down upon it1 viz41 the equator1 divided into #cfj degrees1 and the ecliptic studded with the signs of the zodiac4 ,the ,tropics1 the ,arctic and the ,antarctic circles are likewise shown4 ,the only meridian is drawn from pole to pole #hj degrees to the west of ,lisbon4 ,the sea is colored a dark blue1 the land a bright brown or buff with patches of green and silver1 representing forests and regions supposed to be buried beneath perennial ice and snow4 ,perhaps the most attractive feature of the globe consists of #aaa miniatures1 for which we are indebted to ,glockenthon's clever pencil4 ,the vacant space within the ,antarctic circle is occupied by a fine design of the ,nrnberg eagle with the virgin's head1 associated with which are the arms of the three chief captains by whose authority the globe was made4444 ,there are1 in addition1 #dh flags 7including #aj of ,portugal7 and #ae coats of arms1 all of them showing heraldic colors4 ,the miniatures represent a variety of subjects4 ,forty-eight of them show us kings seated within tents or upon thrones2 full-length portraits are given of four ,saints 7,st4 ,peter1 ,st4 ,paul1 ,st4 ,matthew1 and ,st4 ,iago71 of missionaries instructing natives1 and of travelers4 ,eleven vessels float upon the sea1 which is peopled by fishes1 seals1 sea-lions1 sea-cows1 sea-horses1 sea-serpents1 mermen1 and a mermaid4 ,the land animals include elephants1 leopards1 bears1 camels1 ostriches1 parrots1 and serpents4444 ,the only fabulous beings which are represented among the miniatures are a merman and a mermaid1 near the ,cape ,verde ,islands1 and two ,sciapodes in central ,south ,africa1 but syrens1 satyrs1 and men with dogs' heads are referred to in some of the legends4 ,nor do we meet with the ',iudei clausi1' or with a 'garden of ,eden1' still believed in by ,columbus4444 ,the globe is crowded with over #aajj place names and numerous legends in black1 red1 gold1 or silver4#ajf ,the legends1 in the ,south ,german dialect of the period1 are very numerous 7,fig4 #bc71 and are of great interest to students of history and of historical geography4 ,the following will serve to indicate the character of ,behaim's numerous legends4 ,nach cristi unsers lieben hern gepurt #adca jar also regiert in portugal jinfante don pedro wurden nach notlusse zegericht zway schiff auf #b ,jar gespeisst von den hochgeburnen ,jnfanten don heinrichen dess koniks aufs portogalli bruder zu erfahren wass do wer hinder sanct ,jacob finisterre weliche schiff also gerst segelten alweg nach den untergang der sonnen bey #ejj teutsche meilen zuletst wurden sy ains tags ansichtig dies #aj inseln und aufs landt trettendt funden nichts dann wildness und vgel die waren so zam dass sy vor niemandt flohen aber von leutten oder thieren mit vier fssen war von wege der wildnuss keins darkhumen zu wohen um desswillen die vgel mit scheuh waren also wurden sy geheissen insuln dos azores das ist auf teutsch so vil als der habichen inseln und umb weliche wellen der knik von portugal das ander jar schikt #af schiff mit allerley zame thiere und liess auf jede insel sein tail thun und darzu multiplieieren4 ,this legend1 which lies to the southeast of the ,azores ,islands1 reads in translation3 #adca years after the birth of our dear ,lord1 when there reigned in ,portugal the ,infant ,don ,pedro1 the infant ,don ,henry1 the ,king of ,portugal's brother1 had fitted out two vessels and found with all that was needed for two years1 in order to find out what was beyond the ,st4 ,jacob's ,cape of ,finisterre4 ,the ships thus provisioned sailed continuously to the westward for #ejj ,german miles1 and in the end they sighted these ten islands4 ,on landing they found nothing but a wilderness and birds which were so tame that they fled from no one4 ,but of men or of four footed animals none had come to live there because of the wildness1 and this accounts for the birds not having been shy4 ,on this ground the islands were called dos ,azores1 that is1 ,hawk ,islands1 and in the year after1 the king of ,portugal sent sixteen ships with various tame animals and put some of these on each island there to multiply4#ajg ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bc4 ,globe of ,martin ,behaim in ,hemispheres4 ,the following legend relates to the islands of ,antilia4 ,als man zelt nach cristi gepurt #gcd jar als ganz hispania von dn heiden auf affrica gewonon wurdt do wurdt bewont di obgeschriben ,insuln ,antilia genant ,septe citade von einem erzbischoff von porto portigal mit sech andern bischoffs und andern cristen man und frawen dj zu sciff von hispanie das geflohen kommen mit ,irem vieh hab und gut anno #adad ist ein schiff aus hispania ungefert darbei gewest am negsten4 ,in the year #gcd of ,christ when the whole of ,spain had been won by the heathen of ,africa1 the above island ,antilia called ,septa ,citade 7,seven ,cities7 was inhabited by an archbishop from ,porto in ,portugal1 with six other bishops and other ,christians1 men and women1 who had fled thither from ,spain by ship1 together with their cattle1 belongings and goods4 #adad a ship from ,spain got nighest it without being endangered4#ajh ,through the inspiration of ,behaim the construction of globes in the city of ,nrnberg became a new industry to which the art activities of the city greatly contributed4 ,the chief magistrate induced his fellow citizen to give instruction in the art of making such instruments1 yet this seems to have lasted but a short time1 for we learn that not long after the completion of his now famous ,erdapfel1 ,behaim returned to ,portugal1 where he died in the year #aejg4 ,martin ,behaim's map of the world was drawn on parchment which had been pasted over a large sphere4 ,the ,laon globe1#aji apparently following closely in time the former1 is an engraved and gilded copper ball1 having a diameter of #ag cm4 ,there is evidence that at one time it was part of an astronomical clock4#aaj ,the engraved surface1 on which appear the outlines of continents and islands1 is well preserved4 ,it has two meridian circles1 which intersect at right angles and which can be moved about a common axis1 likewise a horizon circle which is movable4 ,numerous circles appear engraved on the surface of the ball1 including meridians and parallels4 ,the prime meridian passes through the ,madeira ,islands1 a fact which suggests a ,portuguese origin1 since these islands are generally thought to have been discovered by ,lusitanian seamen4 ,one hundred and eighty degrees east of this prime meridian1 a second meridian is engraved1 equally prominent1 passing through the middle of the continent of ,asia1 and #ij degrees still farther to eastward is a third4 ,each of these meridians is divided into degrees1 which are grouped in fifths and are numbered by tens1 starting at the equator4 ,the meridians are intersected by a number of parallels1 lightly engraved in the northern hemisphere1 less distinct in the southern1 and represent the seven climates employed by the cosmographers of the ,greek and ,roman period1 as well as by those of the middle ages1 in their division of the earth's surface4 ,as to its geographical representations1 this terrestrial globe appears to be older than that of ,martin ,behaim1 yet at the southern extremity of ,africa we find the name ,mons ,niger1 inscribed with the legend ,huc usque ,portugalenses navigio pervenere #adic4 ,the great enterprise of ,christopher ,columbus 7,fig4 #bd71 wherein he may be said to have achieved a final victory for the doctrine of a spherical earth1 entitled his name to a place of prominence in the history of terrestrial globes4 ,that ,columbus himself constructed globes1 as has been sometimes inferred from a statement of ,las ,casas1 may1 however1 be questioned1 since this statement touches the reputed correspondence between ,columbus and ,toscanelli1 which correspondence1 in the light of the very searching studies of ,mr4 ,henry ,vignaud1 must now be considered to be of doubtful authenticity4#aaa ,it appears1 however1 from this letter that the famous ,italian cosmographer1 ,pauolo ,toscanelli1 himself was accustomed to explain problems arising in the field of discovery by the use of the globe1 and ,las ,casas tells us that ,columbus resolved to write to him1 making known his intentions1 which he desired to be able to fulfil1 and sent to him a globe through ,lorenzo ,girardi1 a ,florentine1 at that time residing in ,lisbon4#aab ,ferdinand ,columbus1 referring to this incident1 says that the globe was a small one4#aac ,in referring to ,bartholomew1 the son of ,christopher ,columbus1 ,las ,casas observes that he was a man of prudence and of great intelligence in all matters pertaining to the seas4 ,i believe not much less learned in cosmography and in what relates thereto1 the making of navigator's charts and globes and other instruments of that kind4#aad ,again1 we find in a letter which ,christopher ,columbus directed to their ,catholic ,majesties1 that he sent to their ,majesties a certain round representation4#aae ,none of these references to globes1 as before stated1 necessarily give us to understand that ,christopher ,columbus was a globe maker4 ,certain it is that none is now known attributed to him or to his son4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bd4 ,lorenzo ,lotto ,portrait of ,columbus4 ,the explorer1 ,john ,cabot 7#adej-adih7 7,fig4 #be71 is likewise reputed to have been interested in the construction of globes4 ,in a dispatch sent from ,london1 ,december #ah1 #adig1 by the envoy ,raimondi di ,soncino to the ,duke of ,milan1 we read that this ,master ,john has a description of the world on a map1 and also on a solid sphere1 which he has made1 and it shows where he landed1 and that sailing toward the east 7west7 he had passed far beyond the region of the ,tanais4#aaf ,illustration3 ,fig4 #be4 ,portrait of ,sebastian ,cabot1 ,son of ,john ,cabot4 ,that terrestrial globes were constructed toward the close of the fifteenth century is of significance1 not only as a response to a new desire for more nearly accurate representation of the earth's surface than could be set forth on a plane map1 but it is likewise significant by reason of the fact that such globes as were constructed served to demonstrate the value of globe maps1 and this value once demonstrated1 they served to awaken a still further interest in globe making1 which bears abundant fruitage in the following century4 ,there is a very remarkable celestial globe of the fifteenth century now belonging to the ,lyceum ,library of ,constance1 ,switzerland4 ,it is the work of ,johannes ,stffler 7#adeb-aeca71aag at one time a pastor in the town of ,justingen1 later a professor of mathematics in the ,university of ,tbingen1 where he achieved renown as mathematician1 astronomer1 cosmographer1 and mechanic4 ,it appears from the title of a publication attributed to ,stffler1 ',de artificiosa globi terrestris compositione1'#aah that he was a maker of terrestrial globes1 though no such globe of his is now known1 and from his letters to ,reuchlin we learn that he made no less than three celestial globes4#aai ,one of the latter he sent to his friend1 ,probst ,peter ,wolf of ,denkendorf1 which represented the movements of the sun and of the moon4 ,a second was constructed for ,bishop von ,dalberg of ,worms1 on which the stars were represented in gold4#abj ,nothing further is definitely known of these two globes4 ,a third was constructed for ,bishop ,daniel of ,constance1 which is the one now to be found in that city's library4#aba ,this sphere has a diameter of #dh cm41 rests upon a wooden base1 and is furnished with a meridian and with a horizon circle4 ,the forty-eight constellations of ,ptolemy are represented on a dark background and are outlined in accord with recognized traditions4 ,to a few of the constellations double names are given1 as ,hercules and ,genuflexus1 ,auriga and ,agitator4 ,stars of the first magnitude are especially distinguished by name1 the majority of which are of ,arabic origin1 and more than one thousand stars are clearly indicated4 ,to the globe makers themselves1 who were active agents in creating a demand for globes1 there should here be added the name of ,conrad ,celtes 7#adei-aejh71abb the distinguished ,german humanist1 as that of one who contributed most in the first years of modern times toward arousing an interest in the use of globes in the schools4 ,aschbach1 in his ,history of the ,vienna ,university1#abc tells us of the school founded in ,vienna in the year #aeaj by the ,emperor ,maximilian ,i1 and of the instruction given in this school by ,celtes4 ,we are informed that in his lectures on mathematical geography he introduced a good text of ,ptolemy in the original ,greek2 this he translated into ,latin1 interpreting the same in ,german1 explaining the several sentences by reference to a terrestrial and to a celestial globe4 ,having no record that such a method had been earlier employed we may therefore conclude that this distinguished teacher was the first to proceed in the manner designated1 that is1 he was the first in modern times to make use of globes in geographical and astronomical instruction4 ,,notes #ig ,major1 ,r4 ,h4 ,life of ,prince ,henry the ,navigator4 ,london1 #ahfh4 ,this is one of the first1 and1 at the same time1 one of the most satisfactory biographies of ,prince ,henry2 ,beazley1 ,c4 ,r4 ,prince ,henry the ,navigator4 ,new ,york1 #ahie2 ,azurara1 ,gomez ,eannes de4 ,chronicle of the ,discovery and ,conquest of ,guinea4 ,tr4 and ed4 by ,charles ,raymond ,beazley and ,edward ,prestage4 7,hakluyt ,society ,publications4 ,london1 #ahif4 #b vols47 #ih ,d',avezac1 ,m4 ,a4 ,p4 ,description et histoire des les de l',afrique4 ,paris1 #ahdh2 same author1 ,notice des dcouvertes faites au moyen ge dans l',ocan ,atlantique4 ,paris1 #ahde2 same author1 ,les les fantastiques de l',ocan occidental au moyen ge4 ,paris1 #ahde2 ,margry1 ,p4 ,la conqute des les ,canaries4 ,paris1 #ahif2 ,beazley4 ,dawn of ,modern ,geography4 ,vol4 ,,iii1 chap4 iv4 ,the ,canary ,islands1 and perhaps others in the eastern ,atlantic1 were known to the ,romans1 but appear to have been lost to the knowledge of the ,europeans during the greater part of the middle ages1 to be rediscovered in the period in which modern geographical exploration was being entered upon4 #ii ,ravenstein1 ,e4 ,g4 ,the voyages of ,diogo ,co and ,bartholomew ,diaz4 7,in3 ,geographical ,journal4 ,london1 #aijj4 ,vol4 ,,xvi1 pp4 #fbe-fee47 #ajj ,beazley4 ,dawn of ,modern ,geography4 ,vol4 ,,ii1 chap4 v2 ,vol4 ,,iii1 chap4 ii2 ,yule1 ,h4 ,the ,book of ,sir ,marco ,polo1 the ,venetian1 concerning the ,kingdoms and ,marvels of the ,east4 ,london1 #aijc4 #b vols4 #aja ,nordenskild1 ,a4 ,e4 ,facsimile ,atlas4 ,stockholm1 #ahhi2 same author1 ,periplus4 ,stockholm1 #ahig2 ,stevenson1 ,e4 ,l4 ,portolan ,charts1 their origin and characteristics4 ,new ,york1 #aiaa2 same author1 ,genoese ,world ,map1 #adeg4 ,new ,york1 #aiab2 same author1 ,facsimiles of ,portolan ,charts4 ,new ,york1 #aiaf4 ,from the above-named list of works1 to which numerous additions might be made1 a general notion of the beginnings of modern cartography can be obtained4 #ajb ,doppelmayr1 ,j4 ,s4 ,historische ,nachricht von den ,nrnbergischen ,mathematicis und ,knstlern4 ,nrnberg1 #agcj4 pp4 #bg ff4 ,murr1 ,c4 ,g4 v4 ,diplomatische ,geschichte des portuguisischen berhmten ,ritters ,martin ,behaim aus ,originalurkunden4 ,nrnberg1 #aggh2 ,ghillany1 ,f4 ,w4 ,der ,erdglobus des ,martin ,behaim von #adib1 und der des ,johann ,schner #aebj4 ,nrnberg1 #ahdb2 same author1 ,geschichte des ,seefahrers ,ritter ,martin ,behaim1 nach den ltesten vorhandenen ,urkunden bearbeitet4 ,nrnberg1 #ahec2 ,ziegler1 ,a4 ,martin ,behaim1 der ,geistige ,entdecker ,amerikas4 ,dresden1 #ahei2 ,gnther1 ,s4 ,martin ,behaim4 ,bamberg1 #ahij2 ,wieser1 ,f4 v4 ,magalhes-,strasse und ,australkontinent auf den ,globen des ,johannes ,schner4 ,innsbruck1 #ahha2 ,gallois1 ,l4 ,les ,gographes allemands de la renaissance4 ,paris1 #ahij4 ,chap4 iii2 ,ravenstein1 ,e4 ,g4 ,martin ,behaim1 ,his ,life and ,his ,globe4 ,london1 #aijh2 ,harrisse1 ,h4 ,the ,discovery of ,north ,america4 ,london1 #ahib4 pp4 #cia4 ,of the above-named works1 that by ,ravenstein is the most satisfactory1 being a most scholarly and scientific treatment of his subject4 ,his work is indeed a monument in the field of historical geography4 ,of the reproductions of the globe map1 none surpasses the excellent facsimile in the form of globe gores which he prepared to accompany his studies4 ,with the utmost care he deciphered the numerous legends and place names1 admitting1 here and there1 the possibility of inaccuracy in the readings due to the damaged condition of the globe4 ,vignaud1 ,h41 in his ,toscanelli and ,columbus1 pp4 #ahb-ahf1 gives a list of the numerous reproductions of the globe map1 with a brief word concerning each4 ,it may here be added that an excellent reproduction of the globe1 mounted as is the original1 and made for ,dr4 ,w4 ,b4 ,james of ,new ,york1 in ,nrnberg1 the ,ravenstein gores being pasted over the prepared ball1 may be seen in the map department of ,the ,american ,geographical ,society4 ,a similar reproduction of the globe1 with mounting of wood instead of iron1 was obtained by the author for exhibition in the ,santa ,maria1 ,spain's ,official ,replica of the ,flagship of ,admiral ,columbus1 which was to have been exhibited in ,san ,francisco in #aiae4 ,it failed1 however1 to reach its destination1 and was returned to ,chicago4 #ajc ,see ,fig4 #bc4 #ajd ,the itemized statement of expenses1 delivered to the ,nrnberg ,council by ,george ,holzschuher1 was first published by ,peitz1 ,j4 7,in3 ,mitteilungen des ,vereins fr die ,geschichte der ,stadt ,nrnberg1 ,heft #f4 ,nrnberg1 #ahhf47 ,it is of sufficient interest in the history of globe making to be cited here4 ,the translation is ,ravenstein's1 pp4 #aaa-aab4 ,expenditure on the globe4 ,expenditure1 ,nrnberg1 ,august #bf1 #adid4 ,below is to be found a statement of what ,i1 ,george ,holzschuher have expended by order of my lords of the city treasury1 upon limning and otherwise1 for making the 'apple1' or mappa mundi in the shape of a sphere1 and also for making the map for the clerk's office1 which ,mr4 ,marten ,beham1 having expended thereon his art and pains1 left behind for the enjoyment of my lords of the worshipful council4 ,item first1 to ,glockenthon1 who painted the sphere1 and spent #ae weeks over it1 fl4 #ad2 to his wife1 fl4 #a1 facit1 fl4 #ae1 lb4- dn4- 7#b #ajs47 ,item paid for a loam mould over which the sphere was to have been made1 as a guide for ,kalberger1 #bh dn42 also for linen for the first sphere1 #ba dn42 also for wine and beer1 and other things1 for the limner's dinner whilst painting the globe1 and occasionally also for ,peham2 and for bread for cleansing the globe1 and making it nice1 fl4 #a1 lb4 #a1 dn4 #af2 also to ,gagenhart for lettering1 #af dn42 fecit1 miscellaneous expenses4 fl4 #a1 lb4 #c1 dn4 #ba 7#ads4 #e;d47 ,item paid ,glockengiesser for a mould broken by ,kalperger1 and round which ,kalperger was to have made a large sphere1 both through ,n4 ,gross and ,m4 ,peham fl4 #b1 lb4-1 dn4- 7#a47 ,item paid for white vellum 7parchment7 covering the sphere1 #hj dn42 also for a cover lined with skin to protect the sphere from dust1 #c lb41 #bj dn42 also to the smith for two iron hoops within which the sphere revolves1 #d lb4 #f dn42 also to the joiner for wooden stand of the sphere1 #d lb4 #f dn4 facit1 miscellaneous expenses fl4 #a1 lb4 #f1 dn4 #aj 7#ags4 #g;d47 ,item paid to ,mr4 ,marten ,beham for a printed mappa mundi1 embracing the whole world1 which was used for the globe1 and is to be hung in the town office1 #a fl4 #c lb42 also for painting1 etc41 #a fl42 also for lining and glueing 7mounting7 the same1 #e lb4 #aj dn42 also to the joiner for a frame and two panels1 #a fl42 also to the starch painter for painting these panels1 #d lb4 #f dn42 facit fl4 #d1 lb4 #d1 dn4 #f 7#b #es47 ,item1 ,kalperger has not been paid for making the sphere3 he demands #c fl41 but owes for the linen which was used for the old tent over the 'beautiful fountain1' in return for which he was to have made the large sphere2 he had also broken the pattern or mould for which #b gulden 7#bjs7 had to be paid to ,glockengiesser2 he also promised ,mr4 ,merten that if he taught him the art of cosmography or the laying out 7planning7 of the globe he would make another sphere during the time4 #aje ,an account of ,october #af1 #aeaj1 reads1 ,item1 #a lb4 ,nov for a large brass sign surrounding the map4 ,this doubtless is a reference to the globe4 ,ghillany attributes this work to ,werner4 ,see also ,gnther1 ,s4 ,johann ,werner von ,nrnberg und seine ,beziehungen zur mathematischen und physikalischen ,erdkunde4 ,halle1 #ahgh4 #ajf ,ravenstein1 op4 cit41 pp4 #ei-fj4 #ajg ,ravenstein1 op4 cit41 pp4 #ge-gf4 #ajh ,ravenstein1 op4 cit41 p4 #gg4 #aji ,d',avezac1 ,m4 ,a4 ,p4 ,sur un globe terrestre trouv a ,laon1 anterieur la dcouverte de l',amrique4 7,in3 ,bulletin de la ,socit de ,gographie de ,france4 ,paris1 #ahfj47 ,this work contains an announcement of the discovery of the globe1 together with a description of the same4 ,raemdonck1 ,j4 v4 ,les sphres cleste et terrestre de ,grard ,mercator4 ,st4 ,nicolas1 #ahgd4 pp4 #be ff4 ,nordenskild4 ,facsimile ,atlas1 p4 #gc4 #aaj ,britten1 ,f4 ,j4 ,old clocks and watches and their makers4 ,new ,york1 #aiaa2 ,berthoud1 ,f4 ,histoire de la mesure du temps par les horologes4 ,paris1 #ahdi4 ,globe clocks1 or clocks of which globes were a conspicuous feature1 were not uncommon in this period4 ,see the reference1 p4 #gc1 to the ,lenox globe1 the reference1 p4 #gd1 to the ,jagellonicus globe1 and the reference1 p4 #agc1 to the work of ,dasypodius4 #aaa ,vignaud1 ,h4 ,toscanelli and ,columbus4 ,london1 #aijb4 ,this is a very remarkable piece of historical criticism4 ,citation is given for every statement of special importance1 including a reference to those students of the question who do not agree with the author's point of view4 ,see also this distinguished author's work1 ,histoire critique de la ,grande ,entreprise de ,christophe ,colomb4 ,paris1 #aiaa4 #b vols4 #aab ,las ,casas1 ,bartolom de4 ,historia de las ,indias4 ,madrid1 #ahge4 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #ib4 #aac ,ulloa1 ,a4 ,histoire del ,s4 ,d4 ,fernando ,colombo4 ,venice1 #aega4 ,chap4 vii1 p4 #ae4 ,see ,churchill1 ,voyages1 also ,bourne1 ,e4 ,g41 ,spain in ,america4 ,new ,york1 #aijd4 #aad ,las ,casas1 op4 cit41 pp4 #bbd ff4 #aae ,las ,casas1 op4 cit41 p4 #dh4 #aaf ,harrisse1 ,h4 ,jean et ,sbastien ,cabot4 ,paris1 #ahfb4 ,doc4 ,x1 p4 #cbd2 ,tarducci1 ,f4 ,di ,giovanni e ,sebastiano ,caboto4 ,venezia1 #ahib4 p4 #cea2 ,winsor1 ,j4 ,narrative and ,critical ,history of ,america4 ,boston1 #ahhd4 ,vol4 ,,iii1 pp4 #ed-ee4 ,harrisse and ,tarducci print the letter of ,soncino in the original ,italian2 ,winsor gives the first translation into ,english 7tr4 by ,professor ,b4 ,h4 ,nash74 ,a very superior work for reference to the ,cabots is3 ,winship1 ,g4 ,p4 ,cabot ,bibliography4 ,london1 #aijj4 #aag ,moll1 ,j4 ,c4 ,a4 ,johannes ,stffler von ,justingen1 ein ,characterbild aus dem ersten ,halbjahrhundert der ,universitt ,tbingen4 ,lindau1 #ahgg4 #aah ,this work is referred to by ,moll in his chapter on ,stfflers ,schriften4 #aai ,moll1 op4 cit41 chap4 ix1 ,stffler als ,mechaniker1 refers to him as globe maker and as clock maker1 with special mention of his three celestial globes4 #abj ,gnther is in error in referring to this globe as the one now in ,constance4 #aba ,moll1 op4 cit41 pp4 #di-ea4 #abb ,gnther1 ,s4 ,geschichte4 pp4 #bej ff4 #abc ,aschbach1 ,j4 v4 ,die ,wiener ,universitt und ihre ,humanisten im ,zeitalters ,kaiser ,maximilians ,i4 7,in3 ,geschichte der ,wiener ,universitt4 ,wien1 #ahgg4 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #fb47 ,illustration3 ,ship4 ,from early portolan chart ,chapter ,,vi ,globes of the ,early ,sixteenth ,century ,summary of fifteenth century globe characteristics4--,increasing interest in globes4--,globes of ,pope ,julius ,,ii4--,friar ,marco da ,benevento4--,importance of the ,rosselli family of ,florence4--,the globe of ,barnaba ,canti4--,friar ,giuliano ,vannelli4--,interest of ,trithemius in globes4--,the ,bunau globe4--,waldseemller's map and globe4--,liechtenstein globes4--,bchlin reference4--,globus ,mundi4--,welt ,kugel4--,lenox globe4--,jagellonicus globe4--,hauslab4--,green globe of ,paris4--,nordenskild gores4--,so-called ,leonardo da ,vinci gores4--,boulengier gores4--,acton globes4--,globes of ,magellan and of del ,cano4--,globes of ,schner4 ,terrestrial globes of the early years of great geographical discoveries1 that is1 of the fifteenth century1 to which reference was made in the preceding chapter1 appear to have been constructed either of metal1 on the surface of which the map was engraved1 of which the ,laon globe is an example2 of a composition fashioned into a ball over a mould on which strips of parchment or paper were then pasted1 having the map drawn by hand1 as the ,behaim globe2 or the ball was of wood with map in manuscript1 as was probably the globe attributed to ,john ,cabot4 ,here were beginnings1 and the following century witnessed a remarkable increase of interest in globe construction4 ,as the true position of places on the earth's surface1 as well as the distance between any two places1 could best be represented on a globe1 cartographers and globe makers became active in their endeavors to meet the desires of those interested in geography4 ,they no longer confined themselves to such globes as the ,behaim and the ,laon1 which1 in reality1 are artistically interesting rather than scientifically useful1 but they sought to make use of the new invention of printing4 ,maps giving the outlines of continents1 with place names1 rivers1 constellations1 and star names were printed from wood blocks or from copper engraved plates on paper gores1 which were so fashioned mathematically that they could be made to fit the surface of a prepared ball1 with careful adjustment and manipulation4 ,in this manner globes in great numbers could be prepared1 with the added advantage that they were all alike1 or similar4 ,the sixteenth century soon furnished rules for globe-gore construction1 and while the methods of globe making hitherto common were not entirely given over1 as many artistic pieces of the period1 which have come down to us1 testify1 the new method was soon in general favor and became in the course of time practically the only method employed4 ,it is the globe maker's method today4 ,if the actual number of globes constructed shortly before and shortly after #aejj appears to have been small1 judging from the number extant1 we often find additional assurance of interest in such instruments in the use that was made of them for illustrative purposes1 and for decoration4 ,terrestrial and celestial globes1 as well as armillary spheres1 frequently appeared on title-pages 7,figs4 #bf1 #bg71 in paintings 7,fig4 #bh71 or constituted a part of library furnishings 7,fig4 #bi74abd ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bf4 ,title-page of ,johann ,schner's ,terrae ,descriptio1 #aeah4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bg4 ,second ,title-page of ,mauro ,fiorentino's ,sphera ,volgare1 #aecg4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bh4 ,holbein's ,ambassadors1 ca4 #aecf4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bi4 ,library of ,escorial4 ,among the ducal houses1 famous in ,italy in this period for interest in matters geographical1 none was more conspicuous than was the house of ,este of ,ferrara4#abe ,we have an interesting letter dated ,rome1 ,january #ag1 #aeji1 and written by ,fioramonte ,brognoli to ,isabel of ,este1 wife of ,francis ,,ii1 ,marquis of ,mantua1 daughter of ,hercules ,i1 ,duke of ,ferrara1 who was responsible for the draughting of the ,cantino map of the year #aejb1abf and granddaughter of ,duke ,borso1 to whom ,donnus ,nicholas ,germanus dedicated or addressed1 in #adff1 his twenty-seven ,ptolemy maps4#abg ,brognoli1 having received from the ,marchioness an order for a copy of the globes1 terrestrial and celestial1 possessed by ,pope ,julius ,,ii1 made reply that the map and celestial signs which are painted on two solid spheres in the library of the ,pope1 of which your ,excellency would like to have copies1 ,i have ordered1 and the same to be made by a good painter of the ,palace1 who tells me that it will take some time because the matter is quite difficult4 ,i will not fail in care1 and will provide the necessary funds1 so that as soon as possible ,i will send them to you by a trusty messenger4#abh ,again the ,roman correspondent wrote1 the letter bearing date ,february #a1 #aeje1 ,that master painter who would like to make copies of the map and the zodiac which are in the library of the ,pope1 about which ,your ,excellency wrote me some time ago1 tells me that to make them with linen it will cost more than forty ducats1 but to draw them on paper according to a certain design which is painted on canvas in that place1 it would cost very little4 ,i thought ,i would inform ,your ,excellency before giving the order1 that ,i might ascertain your wishes1 for ,i shall do exactly that which you desire4#abi ,february #bj1 #aeje1 the ,marchioness replied from ,mantua1 saying that the expense of forty ducats will not deter us1 if the copy of the map and of the zodiac is well made and is similar to that found in the library of the ,pope4 ,you may order it to be made with extreme diligence and with exactness4#acj ,the globe of ,pope ,julius ,,ii1 in question1 must then have been constructed prior to #aeje1 seeing this to be the year of the correspondence to which reference has been made above4 ,from the partial description given in the letters we are led to the conclusion that they were not engraved metal globes1 but their maps were manuscript1 and were well decorated by hand4 ,the ,vatican ,museum is still in possession of a celestial globe which may well be one of those once belonging to ,pope ,julius ,,ii1 the terrestrial globe having disappeared4 ,from the interesting description of ,denza#aca we learn that this remaining one is a hollow wooden ball1 #ie cm4 in diameter4 ,that there might be an even surface on which to draw the star map1 a covering of plaster had been provided1 #d mm4 in thickness4 ,it is furnished with a somewhat elaborate base1 ornamented with sphinxes with the heads of eagles and the feet of lions4 ,its horizon circle1 supported by four quarter circles1 is a band #e cm4 wide1 the surface of which is divided into five concentric circles1 within which are the names of the several signs of the zodiac in ,latin1 the names of the days of the month1 and the names of the eight principal winds in the ,italian language4 ,along the outer edge of this horizon circle is the following inscription1 ,daniel ,chassignet4 ,fecit4 ,romae #afag1 a name and date clearly applying only to this circle or to the globe's mounting4 ,it has a meridian circle within which the sphere revolves4 ,on the surface of the ball we find represented the principal circles1 that is1 the equator1 the tropics1 the polar circles1 with five meridians1 and the ecliptic1 its twelve signs being represented in gilded characters4 ,the coat of arms1 painted near the south pole1 is not that of ,pope ,julius ,,ii1 but of ,cardinal ,gian ,stefano ,ferrero1 ,bishop of ,bologna1 who became a supporter of ,juliani della ,rovere in his candidacy for the papal office1 and to which office he was elected1 becoming known as ,julius ,,ii4 ,fiorini thinks it probable that the globe was presented by ,cardinal ,ferrero to the ,pope1 and that while in his possession the coat of arms was painted on its surface4 ,it is indeed not improbable that it was originally constructed for the ,cardinal4 ,contrary to the opinion of ,denza1 ,fiorini's conclusion is that the decoration of the globe is not to be attributed to ,giulio ,romano1 a distinguished pupil of ,raphael1 and the arguments presented seem acceptable4#acb ,as proof of an existing interest in globes1 in ,italy1 in the first years of the sixteenth century1 other than that given by the letters of ,isabel of ,este1 and the globes of ,pope ,julius1 we find an allusion to the subject by ,friar ,marco da ,benevento1 member of the order of ,celestini and a renowned mathematician4 ,in his ',orbis nova descriptio1'#acc which he added to an edition of ,ptolemy1 issued in ,rome in the year #aejg or #aejh1 he alludes to the difficulty of representing the earth upon a solid sphere1 adding that the greater the size of the same the greater the difficulty there is in moving it1 and that the larger the globe the more difficult it is to take in at a glance any considerable part of the map4 ,while making no specific mention of any of the globe makers of the time1 his reference to the subject seems to assure us that globes were objects more or less familiar to students of geography in his day4 ,fiorini cites at some length an inventory relating to the printing establishment of ,alexander ,rosselli of ,florence1 under whose father1 ,francesco1 this establishment became famous4#acd ,the father died in the year #aeaj1 but it is probable that this artist1 painter1 and miniaturist1 who issued for his establishment numerous maps1 printed1 likewise1 globe gores4 ,while the inventory gives us intimation of his great activity1 we have no further knowledge of his work as a globe maker than is contained therein4 ,it may well have been that the construction of globes with printed gore maps had its origin in ,florence in the very early sixteenth century1 and that a credit we have been accustomed to give to ,german map makers#ace is in reality due the ,rosselli family of ,italy1 particularly ,francesco ,rosselli4 ,fiorini likewise alludes to a letter written by ,friar ,zenobio ,acciaioli1 dated ,lucca1 ,may #ab1 #aeji1 and addressed to the ,florentine1 ,luigi ,pietro ,guicciardini1 brother of the distinguished historian4#acf ,request is made in this letter that assistance and advice be given to a brother monk1 ,barnaba ,canti1 who had been asked to describe a map on which the newly discovered lands were well drawn1 there being written on the map the history of the islands1 with a description of the lands and of the customs of the peoples4 ,attention is likewise called to a globe which ,canti possessed1 it being designated as sphaerula or small4 ,the letter further notes1 ,cupit autem illam ,joannes teutonicus astrologus1 ut ex suis ad me literis quas inclusas tibi in his mitto1 videre poteris4 ,john the ,german astronomer desires this 7map87 as you will be able to see from his letters to me which enclosed ,i send to you4 ,it is ingeniously argued that the ,joannes referred to was none other than ,john ,schner1 who later became famous as mathematician and as map and globe maker1 and that the globe referred to by ,acciaioli was one in the construction of which the globe gores of ,rosselli had been used1 since ,joannes teutonicus in all probability would not have thought of receiving from ,italy a manuscript globe4 ,for the history of globe making as practiced in ,florence in these early years1 there is in the record of the deliberations of the ,florentine ,signoria1 dated ,december #cj1 #aeae1 an entry of interest4#acg ,the ,priors and ,gonfaloniers directed attention to the sphere1 which had been placed in the orologia or clock room1 noting that the terrestrial orb which had been painted thereon was greatly damaged1 444 super qua depicta est figura et situs orbis terrarum 444 devastata et male picta4 ,they expressed a desire that it should be fully repaired and be made suitable as an adornment of the wonderful clock1 and in keeping with the remarkable celestial sphere which was placed near by3 ut similis sit et non discrepet1 in sua qualitate1 a mirabili orologio predicto1 et a convicina et mirabili palla1 ubi apparet figura et ambitus celi4 ,having knowledge of the ability and skill of ,friar ,giuliano ,vannelli1 it was decided to entrust the reconstruction to him4 ,we learn that on ,june #bh1 #aeaf1 the ,signoria directed payment of fifty large florins be made to ,friar ,giuliano1 in addition to the six already paid1 for the painted sphere2 that on ,july #ag1 #aeaf1 the officers of the ,monte ,comune directed the payment of fifty-six large gold florins to ,don ,giuliani ,vanegli in appreciation of his work1 and as a reward for having made one of the two balls of the clock1 which is in the large room of the ,signoria1 which ball he both designed and painted1 showing on it the entire universe1 according to ,ptolemy and other authors who deal with the subject4 ,fiorini notes that as at this time the terrestrial sphere was damaged it probably was several years old1 and that if badly painted 7male picta7 the inference is1 it failed to record the latest discoveries4 ,if the exact date of the construction of the spheres which adorn this clock cannot be ascertained1 it was at least before #aejj4ach ,we have further evidence of ,vannelli's interest in globe construction contained in a letter dated ,rome1 ,november1 #aebd1 and addressed to ,cardinal ,giovanni ,salviati1 a legate of ,lombardy4 ,your ,excellency has asked me to make for you a small ball de situ orbis1 of the size and character of that of ,giovanni ,ruccellai4444 ,i have made the said ball1 and have varnished it1 but the weather being bad it will not be dry for eight or ten days4444 ,your ,excellency also tells me that you would like to have a large globe similar to that of ,mons4 ,r4 ,rodulphis1 which ,i have begun4 ,if you desire that ,i should go on with the work1 ,i shall willingly do so1 putting aside all other work to serve you4#aci ,to the interest in globe making north of the ,alps in the first quarter of the sixteenth century attention may next be directed4 ,in a letter written by ,johannes ,trithemius to ,vuilhelmus ,veldicus ,monapius1 dated ,august #ab1 #aejg1 may be found an early allusion to globes4 ,he says3 ,orbem terrae marisqui et insularum quem pulchre depictum in ,vuormotia scribis esse venalem1 me quidem consequi posse obtarum1 sed quadraginta pro illo expendere florenos1 nemo mihi facile persuadet4 ,comparavi autem mihi1 ante paucos dies1 pro aere modico sphaeram orbis pulchram in quantitate parva 444 ,i wanted to buy a finely painted globe of the earth1 seas1 and islands1 which ,i wrote was for sale in ,worms1 but ,i could hardly be induced to give such a price for it as forty florins4 ,i purchased1 however1 a few days since at a low price1 a beautiful terrestrial globe of small size4#adj ,he wrote further1 ,henricum de ,bunau dies vita audini defunctum1 sed libros eius et globum cosmographiae quem alim comparavit ex officina tua remanisse apud ,saxoniae ,principes1 quod tu existimas non audini4 ,i am informed that ,henry ,bunau died some time ago1 but ,i never heard it said that his books and the cosmographical globe which he bought in your workshop remained with the ,princes of ,saxony1 as you believe4#ada ,it has been thought by some that the globe referred to as having been purchased in ,worms was the globe of ,waldseemller4 ,since the discovery in #aijb of the long-lost ,waldseemller maps of #aejg and of #aeaf by ,professor ,joseph ,fischer1 ,s4,j41 in the library of ,prince de ,waldburg-,wolfegg 7,fig4 #cj71 great interest has centered especially in the work of that early ,german map maker4 ,as the new transatlantic discoveries of the ,spanish and the ,portuguese greatly quickened interest in geographical science and made necessary the construction of new maps in rapid succession1 ,germany1 already a land in which the renaissance spirit had found an enthusiastic reception1 and whose people were awake to every new interest1 soon became a center for the spread of information concerning the new regions4 ,commercially important trade cities of this country had been for some time in intimate touch with the important maritime trade centers of ,spain and ,portugal4 ,word of the newest discoveries was quickly carried over the ,alps to ,france and to ,germany1 and the latest publication of the writer on matters geographical had its references to the parts of the world newly found of which ,ptolemy had not known4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cj4 ,castle of ,prince ,waldburg de ,wolfegg4 ,one of the first ,german geographers of the century1 and now justly famed as one of the most distinguished of the period1 was ,martin ,waldseemller 7ca4 #adgj-aebb ca471 whose name1 according to the practice of the time1 was classicized as ,hylacomylus4#adb ,so significant was the influence of ,waldseemller in the mapping of the ,new ,world that a somewhat detailed word concerning him may here well be given4 ,when ,duke ,ren of ,lorraine 7#adea-aejh7 became a patron of learning1 with particular interest in cosmography or geography1 the cartographical studies of the ,germans began to have a place of far-reaching importance4 ,it was under this enlightened duke that the little town of ,st4 ,di became a center of culture4 ,here was organized the ,vosgian ,gymnasium1#adc a society of learned men not unlike the ,platonic ,academy of ,florence or the ,danubian ,society1 ,vienna4 ,of this ,st4 ,di coterie none was more prominent than ,jean ,bassin de ,sandacourt1#add the translator of the ',four ,voyages' of ,amerigo ,vespucci from the ,french into the ,latin1 ,lud1 the ducal secretary and author of an important little work of but few pages1 which he called ',speculi orbis succinciss 4441'#ade and ,waldseemller1 the professor of cosmography1 the author of the ',cosmographiae ,introductio 4441'#adf and a cartographer of great skill1 who1 with ,ringmann1 planned and carried well on toward completion1 as early as #aejg or #aejh1 an edition of ,ptolemy1 which in #aeac was printed in the city of ,strassburg4#adg ,it probably was as early as #aeje that the plan was under consideration for a new translation of ,ptolemy from the ,greek into the ,latin1 and that thought perhaps had its inspiration in the letters of ,vespucci1 in which he gave an account of his four voyages1 and in the new chart which but recently had fallen into the hands of ,ringmann4 ,these charts1 says ,lud1 in his ',speculum1' came from ,portugal1 which1 if true1 leads one to the belief that they exhibited genuine ,vespucian data4#adh ,whatever the truth concerning the origin of these charts1 that determination became a starting point for a most important evolution in cartographical history of the world4#adi ,in ,april1 #aejg1 ,waldseemller had written to his friend1 ,amerbach1 in ,basel1 ,non credo te latere nos ,ptholomei cosmographiam1 recognitio et adiectis quibusdam novis tabulis impressuros in oppido ,divi ,deodati4444 ,solidum quod ad generale ,ptholomei paravimus nondum impressum est1 erit autem impressum infra mensis spacium4#aej ,i think you know already that ,i am on the point of printing in the town of ,st4 ,di 7,lorraine71 the ,cosmography of ,ptolemy1 after having added to the same some new maps4444 the globe comprising ,ptolemy in general1 which we have prepared1 is not yet printed1 but will be so in a month4 ,while great interest centers in these new maps1 prepared for the proposed edition of ,ptolemy1 a greater interest now centers in the map to which ,waldseemller repeatedly alludes in the years #aejg-aeaa1 especially in his ',cosmographiae ,introductio' 7,fig4 #ca71 which map it was the good fortune of ,professor ,joseph ,fischer1 ,s4 ,j41 to bring to light in the year #aijb1 as noted above4#aea ,in the dedication of his little book to the ,emperor ,maximilian1 he says1 ,hinc factu est vt me libros ,ptholomei ad exeplar ,grecu quorunda ope p virili recognoscete quatuor ,americi ,vespucii navigationu lustratioes adiiciete3 totius orbis typu ta in solido qzplano 7velut preuiam quanda ysagogen7 p comuno studiosoru vtilitate parauerim4#aeb ,therefore studying to the best of my ability and with the aid of several persons1 the ,books of ,ptolemy from a ,greek copy1 and adding the ,relations of the ,four ,voyages of ,amerigo ,vespucci1 ,i have prepared for the general use of scholars a map of the whole world1 like an introduction1 so to speak1 both in the solid and on a plane4 ,waldseemller says further1 wherein he gives a description of his new map1 ,propositum est hoc libello quandam ,cosmographie introductione scribere2 quam nos tam in solido qz plano depinximus4 ,in solido quidem spacio exclusi strictissime4 ,sed latius in plano4444#aec ,the purpose of this little book is to write a description of the world map1 which we have designed1 both as a globe and as a projection4 ,the globe ,i have designed on a small scale1 the map on a larger4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ca4 ,world ,map of ,martin ,waldseemller1 #aejg4 ,from the above citation it appears that as early as ,april1 #aejg1 the same preparation had been made for a globe that had been made for the issue of a large world map4 ,the map1 as noted1 has been found1 but neither a globe nor a set of globe gores is known bearing the indisputable evidence of his authorship4 ,in the library of ,prince ,liechtenstein1 however1 is a somewhat crudely executed gore map 7,fig4 #cb7 which1 according to certain cartographical students1 should be accepted as a copy of the work to which the allusions are made in the ',cosmographiae4'#aed ,these gores1 twelve in number1 and each #ab cm4 in length1 this length representing the length of a meridian of the globe ball which the gores could be made to cover1 were printed from a wood engraved block4 ,they exhibit the ,old ,world1 in the main1 in accord with the ,ptolemaic idea1 and the ,new ,world with a close resemblance to the ,canerio map record1 and that of ,waldseemller's world map of #aejg4aee ,the ,north ,american region is nameless1 but the ,south ,american region bears conspicuously the name ,america4 ,at intervals of ten degrees lines of latitude and longitude are marked4 ,as a title to a lithographic reproduction of this map issued some years since by the ,prince1 is the subscription ,erster gedruckter ,globus4 ,martin ,hylocomylus 7,waltzemller74 ,gehrt wahrscheinlich zo seinem #aeji herausgegebenen ,buche ,globus ,mundi4 ,first printed globe4 ,martin ,hylacomylus 7,waltzemller74 ,probably belonging to his ,globus ,mundus which appeared in #aeji4aef ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cb4 ,globe ,gores ,attributed to ,martin ,waldseemller1 #aeji4 ,that which adds special significance to this young ,german's representations of the new lands1 so far as our study of globes is concerned1 is the repeated recurrence of his particular outlines or contours in the globe maps of the first quarter of the century1 produced by such cartographers as ,johann ,schner of ,nrnberg1 and by those of his school1 as will be noted below4 ,both the globe and the large world map were doubtless printed in large numbers and widely distributed4 ,waldseemller states in a legend on his marine chart of #aeaf that he had printed his map of #aejg in one thousand copies1#aeg but one of which is now known4 ,in a little tract1 printed in ,strassburg in the year #aeji1 there appears to be a reference to a globe which may be that constructed by ,waldseemller4 ,it is this reference which the ,prince of ,liechtenstein1 as noted above1 has taken as a reference to the gore map1 a copy of which is in his collection4 ,the title of this tract reads1 ,diss bchlin saget wie die zwe durchlchtigste herre her ,fernandus1 ,k4 zou ,castilien und herr ,emanuel1 ,k4 zou4 ,portugal haben das weyte mr ersouchet unnd funden vil ,insulen unnd ein ,nwe welt von wilden nackenden ,leten vormals vnbekant4 ,gedruct zu ,strassburg durch ,johane ,grniger ,im ,iar ,m4,,ccccc4,,ix vff ,letare4 ,wie du aber dye ,kugel d beschreibung der gantzenn welt verston soltt wrst die hernach finden vnnd lesen4 ,this little book relates how the two most illustrious ,lords ,ferdinand1 ,king of ,castile and ,emanuel1 ,king of ,portugal have searched through the wide seas and discovered many islands and a new world and naked peoples hitherto unknown4 ,printed at ,strassburg by ,johann ,grniger4 ,in the year ,,mcccccix on ,letaro4 ,but how you shall understand the globe and the description of the whole world you will hereafter find out and read4#aeh ,harrisse thinks it probable that a real globe accompanied and was sold with this little volume4#aei ,in the same year1 #aeji1 there issued from the press of ,grniger a second volume1 in character somewhat like the preceding1 but in the ,latin language4 ,in this the allusion to the globe is more definite1 for its title seems to assure us that it was prepared to accompany a real globe4 ,this title reads1 ,globus mundi ,declaratio siue descriptio mundi et totius orbis terrarum4 globulo rotundo comparati vt spera solida4 ,qua cuiuis etia mediocriter docto ad oculu videre licet antipodes esse1 quos pedes nostris oppositi sunt4 ,valete feliciter ex ,argentina ultima ,augusti4 ,anno post nat salutatore4 ,m4,d4ix4 ,johannes grniger imprimebat4 ,adelpho castigatore4 ,the world globe4 ,exposition or description of the world and of the terrestrial sphere constructed as a round globe similar to a solid sphere1 whereby every man even of moderate learning can see with his own eyes that there are antipodes whose feet are opposite ours4444 ,farewell1 ,strassburg on the last day of ,august ,a4,d4 #aeji4 ,printed by ,johann ,grniger4 ,corrected by ,adolphus4#afj ,neither the author of this tract nor the maker of the globe is known of certainty4 ,they have been attributed to ,glareanus as well as to ,waldseemller4 ,there is still a third volume printed by ,grniger in this year1 #aeji1 which1 however1 appears to be but little more than a ,german translation of the ',globus ,mundi4' ,the title1 slightly altered1 reads1 ,der welt kugel ,beschrybung der ,welt und dess gatzen ,erttreichs hie angezogt und vergleicht einer rotunden kugeln die dan sunderlich gemacht hie zu gehorede darin der ,kauffma und ein ietlicher sehen und mercken mag wie die menschen unde gege uns wone un wie die son umbgang1 herin beschriben mit vil seltzame dinge 7wood cut of globe7 ,getrucht zu ,strassburg4 ,von ,johanne ,grniger in yar4 ,m4,d4ix4 uff ostern4 ,johanne ,adelpho castigator4 ,description of the world globe1 of the world and the entire terrestrial sphere here constructed and made to resemble a round ball and is so arranged that the merchant and every man may clearly see how that men live underneath us1 and here may be seen how the sun moves about 7the earth7 with many wonderful things4 ,printed at ,strassburg4 ,by ,johann ,grniger in the year #aeji at easter4 ,johann ,adelpho corrector4#afa ,this can as confidently be taken to refer to a real globe as the title in the tract to which reference has just been made4 ,it is probable that we can obtain some idea of the appearance of the globe from the small woodcut printed on the title-page of both the ,latin and the ,german editions1 of which a conspicuous feature is the representation of a small land area southwest of ,africa1 bearing the inscription ,nw welt 7,fig4 #cc74 ,as the little book was issued in both ,latin and ,german1 ,harrisse thinks it probable that two editions of the globe likewise appeared4#afb ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cc4 ,globus ,mundi1 #aeji4 ,the ,lenox globe#afc is often referred to as the oldest extant post-,columbian globe4 ,it is an engraved copper ball of excellent workmanship1 #abg mm4 in diameter 7,figs4 #cd1 #ce71 neither signed nor dated1 and is without mountings4 ,a critical study of its geographical records1 particularly of the ,new ,world representations1 has led to the conclusion that it was made as early as #aeaj4 ,the two sections or hemispheres of which it is composed are joined at the equator4 ,neither parallels nor meridians are indicated1 and though a striking error appears in giving to the eastern hemisphere1 or the ,old ,world1 too great an extension in longitude1 the principal latitudes are well given4 ,the globe was found in the year #ahej1 in ,paris1 by ,mr4 ,richard ,hunt1 by whom it was presented to ,mr4 ,james ,lenox1 and is now one of the choicest objects in that great collector's library1 which library constitutes an important part of the ,new ,york ,public ,library4 ,in its ,new ,world representation1 ,south ,america appears as a large island having three regional names1 ,mundus ,novus1 ,terra ,sanctae ,crucis1 and ,terra de ,brazil4 ,isabel 7,cuba71 ,spagnolla 7,haiti71 and a few unnamed islands belonging to the ,west ,indies have been outlined4 ,in the place of ,north ,america there are scattered islands1 one of which1 located near the northwest extremity of ,terra de ,brazil1 bears the name ,zipangri 7,japan71 and one in the far north1 but unnamed1 clearly resembles the ,cortereal region1 as it appears on the ,cantino and on the ,canerio map4 ,a few of the many islands in the eastern seas are designated by name as ,taprobana1 ,madagascar1 and ,seilan4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cd4 ,lenox ,globe1 #aeaj4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ce4 ,lenox ,globe in ,hemispheres4 ,a globe but little known1 but resembling in a striking manner the ,lenox1 is that belonging to the ,jagellonicus ,university ,library of ,cracow1 ,poland4#afd ,it is a gilded copper ball1 #g4c cm4 in diameter 7,figs4 #cf1 #cg71 and constitutes a part of a fine old clock of the sixteenth century4 ,meridians and parallels are engraved and numbered on its surface at intervals of ten degrees1 the prime meridian passing through the island ,ferro4 ,while it is neither signed nor dated1 there is scarcely a doubt that it is as old as the ,lenox globe2 indeed1 the geographical features of the two globes are so similar that they appear to be the work of the same globe maker1 or copies of a common original1 yet it is noteworthy that the nomenclature of the ,jagellonicus globe is somewhat richer4 ,the large island which lies southeast of ,madagascar and is nameless on the ,lenox appears on the ,jagellonicus with a very interesting inscription1 reading ,america noviter reperta4 ,comparing the coast of ,mundus ,novus with the coast of this ,america noviter reperta1 ,tadeus ,estreicher finds support for the belief that the globe was constructed soon after the year #aejg1 in which year ,waldseemller suggested the name ,america for the region discovered by ,amerigo ,vespucci4 ,he1 however1 seems not to have noticed the possibility that the inscription appearing on this large island indicated not only an acquaintance1 on the part of the ,jagellonicus cartographer1 with ,waldseemller's suggestion as to the name ,america1 but a belief that ,america was actually located in this particular region4 ,in his chapter on climates ,waldseemller says1 ,atqz in sexto climate ,antarctic versus pars extrema ,africae nuper reperta ,zamzibar ,iauva minor ,seula insule quarta orbis pars 7quam quia ,americus inveuit ,amerigen quasi ,americi terra siue ,america nuncupare licet7 sitae sunt4 ,in the sixth climate toward the ,antarctic there are situated the farthest part of ,africa1 recently discovered1 the islands ,zanzibar1 the lesser ,java1 and ,seula1 and the fourth part of the earth1 which1 because ,amerigo discovered it1 we may call ,amerige1 the land of ,amerigo1 so to speak1 or ,america4#afe ,following the above1 ,waldseemller notes what ,pomponius ,mela has to say concerning these southern climates1 that is1 concerning this antipodal region4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cf4 ,jagellonicus ,globe1 #aeaj4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cg4 ,jagellonicus ,globe in ,hemispheres4 ,in the rich cartographical collection of ,prince ,liechtenstein there may be found1 in addition to the globe gores referred to above1 an interesting globe1 usually referred to as the mounted ,hauslab globe4#aff ,it is of wood1 having a diameter of about #cg cm4 and is covered with a preparation on which a world map has been drawn or painted4 ,it is furnished with a wooden base1 a meridian and a horizon circle of brass1 and an axis of iron on which it turns1 all of which furnishings1 however1 appear to be of later date than the sphere itself4 ,though neither signed nor dated1 it exhibits many features which suggest a close relationship with the globes of ,johann ,schner2 indeed1 it is not improbable that it is an early example of his workmanship4 ,i am of the opinion1 says ,luksch1 that the globe of ,schner of #aeae and the ,hauslab globe were drawn from one common original sketch1 a conclusion based largely upon the fact that on the two globes the outlines of the ,new ,world are almost identical4 ,as to the date when constructed1 a comparison with other globes of the second decade of the century has led to the conclusion that it must have been prior to the year #aeae1 and perhaps as early as #aeac4 ,in its representation of the ,old ,world1 the land is made to extend through #bdj degrees1 counting from the island of ,porto ,santo1 whose meridian has been taken as the prime meridian4 ,the northern section of the ,new ,world is given the name ,par7ias71 the last letters of the word having been obliterated by age1 while the southern section is called ,america4 ,the great austral land south of the apex of the southern continent1 appearing on the ,schner globe of #aeae as ,brasilie regio1 is omitted on the ,hauslab globe4 ,the continents1 rivers1 and mountains represented are very dark in color1 and were probably originally blue1 black1 or red1 and the seas are a dark blue4 ,the equator1 as drawn on the surface of the sphere1 is divided into degrees1 represented alternately in white and black1 and every tenth degree is indicated by an appropriate number1 beginning1 as stated above1 at the island of ,porto ,santo4 ,by way of decoration a border of gold is given to the lines representing the equator1 the tropics1 and the polar circles4 ,in the geographical department of the ,bibliothque ,nationale of ,paris is a globe referred to in cartographical literature as the ,green globe1 or the ,quirini globe1 the first name being given to it by ,gabriel ,marcel1#afg by reason of the prominence of the color green employed in painting the seas 7,fig4 #ch74 ,it is an unsigned and undated wooden sphere1 #bd cm4 in diameter4 ,its surface appears to have been covered with a coating of paint1 originally white1 and on this the world map was drawn4 ,there is much artistic skill displayed in the coast configurations1 with the deeply shaded seaboards making the land appear to rise above the ocean surface1 and in the representation of the islands1 most of which are made conspicuous in red or gold4 ,the inscriptions in dark brown1 perhaps originally black1 are neatly written1 clearly suggesting that the globe was constructed in the first quarter of the sixteenth century1 perhaps as early as #aeac or #aeae4 ,the equator1 the tropics1 and the polar circles are traced in gold2 the degrees of latitude and longitude are marked in red1 and at intervals of ten degrees4 ,the prime meridian is made to pass through the ,cape ,verde ,islands1 islands referred to as ,insule ,portugalensium invente anno ,domini #adgb4 ,this globe shows a striking resemblance to those of ,schner of #aeae1 a fact which has led ,marcel to refer it to the ,schnerian school1 though not to attribute it directly to ,schner himself4 ,a very important and interesting feature of the globe is the appearance of the name ,america no less than four times in the ,new ,world2 twice in what we now call ,north ,america and twice in ,south ,america4 ,it is1 indeed1 the oldest known cartographical monument on which the name ,america is given both to the north and the south continental areas4 ,in the southern continent we read ,america ab inuentore nuncupata1 and near the ,antilles ,iste insule per ,columbus genuensem almirantem et mandato regis castelle invente sunt4 ,these islands were discovered by ,columbus1 a ,genoese admiral1 by command of the king of ,castile4 ,harrisse observes that it appears the cartographer thought of ,columbus as the discoverer of the ,west ,india ,islands only1 and that he thought the honor of the discovery of the ,american continents1 north and south1 belongs to ,vespucius4#afh ,an austral land appears1 though nameless1 which ,schner called ,brasilie regio on his globe of #aeae1 and ,brasilia inferior on his globe of #aebj4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ch4 ,the ,green ,globe1 #aeae4 ,nordenskild has described a set of twelve globe gores1 engraved on wood1 belonging to his own collection1 which he assigns to the year #aeah4afi ,of these particular gores three sets are known2 one being in the collection of ,prince ,liechtenstein 7,fig4 #ci71 one in the ,bibliothque ,nationale1 and one1 as noted1 in the possession of ,nordenskild4 ,on these gore maps ,north ,america bears the name ,terra ,cuba and ,parias4 ,south ,america has the name ,america inscribed in large letters1 with an accompanying legend reading ,terra ,noua ,inuenta est ,anno #adig4 ,the ,new ,world discovered in the year #adig4agj ,the austral land1 appearing on the ,schner globes1 is wanting4 ,by reason of the fact that the names of but two ,european cities are inscribed1 these being ,ingolstadt and ,st4 ,jacobus1 the suggestion has been made that the map is the work of ,apianus1 a celebrated geographer of ,ingolstadt1 author of the important map of #aebj and a globe maker4#aga ,in their general features these gores are of the ,schnerian type1 which we may also characterize as ,lusitano-,germanic4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ci4 ,liechtenstein ,globe ,gores1 ca4 #aeah4 ,in the ,royal ,collections of ,windsor ,castle may be found a set of eight globe gores 7,fig4 #ace71 attributed by ,major to ,leonardo da ,vinci1 but with very little more reason for the assignment than the fact that they were found in a collection of papers in the handwriting of that famous artist4 ,they are drawn as equilateral triangles1 each representing one eighth of the earth's surface1 not as biangles1 which is the usual form for early globe gores4#agb ,major described the map as the oldest known on which the name ,america appears1 giving as the probable date of construction the year #aead1 which date is thought by ,harrisse to be five or six years too early4#agc ,such a distinction as was claimed for the record of the name ,america by ,major1 being likewise assigned at various times to other early maps1 has at last been definitely fixed as belonging to the world map of ,waldseemller of #aejg4agd ,the outlines of the ,new ,world bear a resemblance to those found in the ,lenox and the ,jagellonicus globes4 ,the ,north ,american region is represented by two islands1 one of which bears the name ,bacalar1 the other ,terra ,florida4 ,south ,america1 a large island1 has conspicuously inscribed the name ,america1 together with a few prominent coast names4 ,these gores are chiefly of interest by reason of their peculiar form4 ,an interesting set of globe gores of the first quarter of the sixteenth century is that attributed to ,boulengier1 of which but one copy1 now belonging to the ,new ,york ,public ,library1 is known4#age ,these gores1 twelve in number 7,fig4 #dj71 were printed from a copper engraved plate #ah by #cf cm4 in size1 but bear neither date nor name of author4 ,the title appearing across the bottom of the map reads1 ,vniversalis cosmographie descriptio tam in solido quem plano4 ,they were found in a copy of ,waldseemller's ',cosmographiae ,introductio1' printed at ,lyons by ,jean de la ,place1 but undated4 ,harrisse gives as the probable date of the publication between ,november #bg1 #aeag1 and ,may #bf1 #aeah4agf ,with this engraved world map were found two other copper plates1 one bearing the title ,astrolabium ,phisicum1 the other ,motus novae spere et trepidacionis spere ,,mdxiv1 and signed ,artificis ,ludovici ,boulengier1 ,allebie1 #aead4 ,as this edition of the ',cosmographiae' was prepared for the press by ,boulengier1#agg who in his day achieved distinction as a mathematician1 astronomer1 and geographer1 this gore map has been ascribed to him4 ,it appears from a statement on the verso of a folded plate belonging to ,chapter ,,viii that a globe had been prepared to accompany it4#agh ,this statement1 while not agreeing in all respects with one to be found in the edition of #aejg1 is of similar import4 ,boulengier states in his dedicatory letter that he had noted other globes which had been previously published4 ,as a bit of copper engraving it is very artistically done2 its inscriptions1 coast outlines1 and rivers are drawn in soft ornamental lines4 ,that region representing ,north ,america bears simply the name ,nova1 while ,south ,america is referred to as ,america noviter reperta1 a wording for this information which elsewhere appears only on the ,jagellonicus globe4 ,these gores are of sufficient dimensions to cover a ball #aa cm4 in diameter4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dj4 ,terrestrial ,globe ,gores of ,boulengier1 ca4 #aeah4 ,in the year #ahgg or #ahgh1 reports ,professor ,ferdinando ,jacoli1 ,admiral ,william ,acton acquired two interesting and scientifically valuable terrestrial globes of the early sixteenth century once belonging to ,count ,piloni of ,belluno1 ,italy4#agi ,that one appearing to be the older of the two resembles so closely the ,paris green globe in size1 having a diameter of #bd cm41 and in its details1 that there is good reason for thinking it to be the work of the same author4 ,like the ,paris globe it is neither signed nor dated4 ,the surface of the ball is covered with a preparation of plaster on which the geographical details have been written4 ,seas and lands are colored1 the equator1 the tropics1 and the polar circles are indicated by gilded lines4 ,meridians are drawn at intervals of ten degrees1 the prime meridian passing through the ,canary ,islands1 and parallels are likewise represented at intervals of ten degrees4 ,the metal meridian circle and the stand upon which the sphere rests retain in places some of the old gilding4 ,professor ,jacoli expresses the opinion that it may be of ,spanish or of ,portuguese origin1 an opinion based upon the nomenclature4 ,it seems1 however1 probable that the author was an ,italian and that he merely employed the ,spanish or the ,portuguese sources1 as was so frequent1 and in so large a measure necessary1 in that day4 ,in ,africa the author has represented the ,peludes nili1 and two lakes into which several rivers flow having their source in the ,mountains of the ,moon4 ,to the southeast of the continent is represented ,zanzibar insula1 and near this are a number of small islands with the legend ,iste insule ex mandato regis ,portugalliae lustrate sunt4 ,the islands of ,ceylon and ,sumatra are laid down but are given the names ,taprobana and ,seula respectively4 ,in the interior of ,asia we read ,carama civitas magna1 near this ,thebet provincia mais1 and below ,hic dat prespiter ,johannes rex totius ,indiae4 ,in eastern ,asia is the name ,catay and near this the legend ,zumsay est qued civitas mag4 in medio lacus magnus1 the ,paris globe having ,quinsay instead of ,zumsay4 ,the ,new ,world in its outlines bears striking resemblance to the early globes of ,schner4 ,along the west coast of ,south ,america is the legend ,tota ista provincia inventa est per mandatum regis ,castelle1 near the same ,terra ultra incognita1 and extending along the west coast of ,north ,america ,terra ulterius incognita1 all of which legends1 in identical wording1 appear on the ,paris globe4 ,the ,antilles are referred to in the legend iste insule per ,columbum ,genuensem ,almirantem ex mandato regis ,castelle perite sunt1 and in ,south ,america ,america ab inventore nuncupata4 ,near the west coast of ,africa we find ,insule portugalensium invente--domini #adgg1 one of which is called visionis insula4 ,the author has also represented an ,antarctic continent but has made no reference to it by specific name or legend4 ,if the ,paris globe was constructed before #aebj1 as ,marcel concluded1 there is likewise good reason why the ,acton globe should also be assigned to the second decade of the sixteenth century4 ,las ,casas1 in his ',historia de las ,indias1' tells us that when ,magellan 7,fig4 #da7 offered his services to the ,king of ,spain for an expedition to the ,moluccas he had a globe to serve him in the demonstration of his plan4 ,traa el ,magallanes vn ,globo bien pintado1 en que toda la tierra estaba1 y alli seal el camino que habia de llevar1 salvo que el estracho dej1 de industria1 en blanco1 porque alguno no se lo saltease4#ahj ,magellan had a well painted globe1 which exhibited the entire earth1 and he showed thereby the route which he thought of taking1 but with intention he had left the strait blank so that no one might learn his secret4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #da4 ,portrait of ,magellan4 ,other allusions to this globe we do not have1 unless there is such in a letter written by ,sebastian ,alvares to ,king ,don ,manuel1 dated ,seville1 ,july #ah1 #aeai4 ,in giving information concerning the plan of ,magellan ,alvares states3 ,a rrota que se diz que han de levar he dirto ao cabo fryo ficando lhe o brasy a mao dirta ate pasar a linha da partico e daly navegar ao eloeste e loes noroeste dirtos a maluco a quall trra de maluco en vy asentada na poma e carta que ea fez o fo de ,reynell a quall n era acabada quando caa seu pay veo por ele1 e seu pay acabou tudo e pos estas trras de maluco e p este paderam se fazem todallas cartas as quaes faz dio ,ribeiro e faz as agulhas quadrantes e esperas1 porem n vay narmada nem qr mais q ganhar de comeer p seu engenho4 ,the course which it is said they are to take is straight to ,cape ,frio1 ,brazil remaining on their right hand until they reach the line of demarcation1 thence they are to navigate to the west and west-northwest straight to ,moluco1 which land of ,moluco ,i have seen laid down on the sphere and map which the son of ,reynell made here which was not complete when his father came here for him2 and his father finished it all1 and placed these islands of ,moluco2 and after this pattern all the maps are made which ,diego ,ribeiro makes1 and he makes the compasses1 quadrants and globes1 but he does not go in the fleet1 nor does he wish to do more than gain his living by his skill4#aha ,we find reference to a globe of this early period as belonging to ,juan ,sebastian del ,cano1 the reference thereto being contained in his will made on board the ,victoria1 ,june #bf1 #aebf1 and reading ,una esfera poma del mondo4#ahb ,it probably was made of wood and painted1 as there is good reason for believing that such as were carried by early navigators on their vessels were of this character4 ,harrisse thinks this globe would probably prove to be one of the most interesting of all for that period1 exhibiting1 doubtless1 the hypothesis of ,magellan relative to the configuration of the southwest coast of ,south ,america north of #ej degrees south latitude4#ahc ,although the will of ,del ,cano is dated #aebf there is reason for thinking the globe was constructed prior to #aebj4 ,among the globe makers of the early sixteenth century none merits greater distinction than ,johann ,schner of ,nrnberg 7#adgg-aedg7 7,fig4 #db71 mathematician1 astronomer1 and geographer4#ahd ,he was born in ,carlstadt1 ,franconia1 held a church office for some years in ,bamberg1 and in the year #aebf1 upon the advice of ,melanchthon1 became a professor of mathematics in the gymnasium of ,nrnberg1 to the fame of which city1 as a scientific center1 ,regiomontanus had so greatly contributed in the preceding century4 ,his activities as a globe maker began as early as the second decade of the century1 and his influence soon became very pronounced4 ,in ,nrnberg he labored until the time of his death in the year #aedg1 editing1 in addition to his other activities1 the literary and scientific works of ,regiomontanus and of ,werner1 and each year until #aedc issued his so-called ,calendars4 ,his numerous publications1 mathematical1 astronomical1 and cosmographical1 alone entitle him to a place of first importance among ,german scientific leaders of his day4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #db4 ,portrait of ,johann ,schner4 ,it was as early as #aeae1 at the cost of a wealthy patron1 ,johann ,seylor1 that he made in ,bamberg what has usually been accepted as his first globe1 two copies of which are now known1 and for which it has been thought he wrote his tract bearing title ',luculentissima quaeda terrae totius descriptio 444 cum privilegio ,invictis ,romanor ,impera ,maximiliani per acto annos3 ne quis imprimat3 aut imprimere procuret codices has3 cum globis cosmographicis3 ,noribergae #aeae4' ',a most luminous description of the whole earth 444 with the privilege of the ,invincible ,emperor of the ,romans1 ,maximilian1 for eight years to the effect that nobody shall print or have any of these books printed1 with the cosmographic globe4'#ahe ,on the leaf preceding fol4 #a is the representation of a mounted globe4 ,one of ,schner's globes of #aeae is to be found in the ,grand ,ducal ,library of ,weimar1 and one in the ,city ,museum of ,frankfurt 7,fig4 #dc74 ,wieser1#ahf after a careful comparison1 finds these globes to be practically alike in all details4 ,each is #bg cm4 in diameter1 having the usual mountings of brass1 the whole resting on a wooden base4 ,while neither signed nor dated1 they answer the description contained in ,schner's little tract referred to above4 ,that region on the globe which we may designate ,north ,america1 he calls ,parias2 the ,south ,american continent bears the name ,america and the austral land the name ,brasilie regio4 ,in addition to these principal regions he has represented the land discovered by the ,cortereals1 designating the same as ,litus incognitum4 ,cuba bears the name ,isabella and ,haiti the name ,spagnolla4 ,the feature which seems to give special interest to these globes of ,schner is the representation of a strait between ,america and ,brasilie regio4 ,to the significance of this particular representation ,wieser has given very careful consideration4 ,he cites numerous passages from the tract of ,schner1 and from the ',copia der newen ,zeitung aus ,presillig ,landt1'#ahg a publication which he finds good reason for believing appeared before #aeae1 and in which he finds an acceptable explanation of the origin of this geographical notion represented by ,schner1 which antedates the ,magellan expedition by a period of five years4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dc4 ,globe of ,johann ,schner in ,hemispheres1 #aeae4 ,it is a point to be especially noted that the dominant cosmographical idea of the map makers of the first quarter of the century represented the ,new ,world regions as independent of ,asia4 ,it is the idea set forth in the ,portuguese maps1 such as the ,cantino and the ,canerio2 it is the idea which we find represented in the ,waldseemller maps and practically in all the ,lusitano-,germanic maps of the period4#ahh ,schner had written in his tract of #aeae1 ,hunc in modum terra quadriparita cognoscitur1 et sunt tres primae partes continentes1 id est terra firma4 ,sed quarta est insula1 quia omniquoque mari circumdata conspicitur4 ,it has now been ascertained that the earth is divided into four parts1 and the first three parts are continents1 that is1 main lands1 but the fourth part is an island because we see it surrounded on all sides by the sea4#ahi ,with regard to the relation of ,parias to ,asia1 he states1 ,parias insula quae non est pars vel portio prioris1 sed specialis magna portio terrae huius quartae partis mundi4 ,parias is not a part or portion of the aforesaid country1 but a large independent portion of the earth1 in that fourth part of the world4#aij ,of the globes constructed by ,schner1 none is more important than that bearing date #aebj 7,fig4 #dd74aia ,the wooden ball on which the map has been drawn and colored by hand has a diameter of about #hg cm4 and rests upon a wooden base4 ,near the south pole is the date #aebj in large gilt letters and an inscription stating that it was made at the expense of ,johannes ,seyler by ,jo4 ,schner4#aib ,it is apparent that the same sources were used for the drafting of the map on this globe that had been used in the case of his earlier globes1 but the geographical information on this last globe is much more detailed4 ,the ,new ,world appears in five distinct parts1 the first of which is called ,terra ,corterealis1 the second ,terra de ,cuba1 the third ,insulae ,canibalorum siue ,antiglia1 the fourth ,terra nova1 ,america vel ,brasilia sive ,papagelli ,terra1 and the fifth ,brasilia inferior4 ,the globe is richly decorated in colors1 and its numerous descriptive legends1 most of them in ,latin1 give such geographical information as may be found in most of the important maps of this early period4#aic ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dd4 ,western ,hemisphere of ,johann ,schner's ,globe1 #aebj4 ,in #aebc ,schner issued a little tract of four pages which he called ',de nuper sub ,castiliae ac ,portugaliae ,regibus ,serenissimis repertis ,insulis ac ,regionibus1 ,joannis ,schner ,charolipolitani epistola et ,globus ,geographicus1 seriem navigationum annotantibus4 ,clarissimo atque disertissimo viro ,do ,rymero de ,streytpergk1 ecclesiae ,babenbergensis ,canonico dictae4 ,timiripae1 ,anno ,incarnat4 ,dni4 #aebc4' ',an epistle of ,john ,schner of ,carlstadt concerning the islands and regions recently discovered by the ,most ,serene ,kings of ,castile and of ,portugal1 and a geographical globe for the use of marking the course of those navigations4 ,dedicated to the most distinguished and eloquent ,reymer von ,streytperg1 canon of the ,church of ,bamberg4 ,timiripae 7,kirch-ehrenbach74 ,in the year of the ,lord's incarnation #aebc4'aid ,though ,schner alone gives us such information as we possess concerning this globe1 it has been the subject of much controversy1 and if recovered it doubtless would prove to be an object of much interest4 ,there is1 in the opinion of the author1 scarcely the slightest ground for accepting the conclusions of ,henry ,stevens and ,professor v4 ,wieser1 that the globe gores1 now in the possession of the ,new ,york ,public ,library 7,fig4 #dd;a71 and described by them as the lost globe of ,schner of #aebc1 are of ,schnerian origin4 ,the critical studies of ,harrisse are sufficiently convincing to set this question at rest4#aie ,schner concludes his little tract in the following words3 ,ego tam mirifice orbis pervagationi nonnihil volens adiicere1 ut quae lectu videantur mirabilia1 aspectu credantur prohabiliora1 ,globum hunc in orbis modum effingere studui1 exemplar haud fallibile aemulatus1 quod ,hispaniarum solertia cuidam viro honore conspicuo transmisit4 ,nec ob id quem antea glomeraveram abolitum iri volens1 quippe qui es tempor1 quantum phas erat homini abdita mundi penetrare1 abunde expressit1 modo sese consona admissione patientur1 quod invenienda inventis non obstent4 ,accipe igitur hunc a me formatum globum ea animi benignitate1 qua eum laborem ad tui nominis honorem lubens aggressus sum4 ,cognoscam profecto meas lucubratiunculas tuae celsitudini nullatenus despectui fore4 ,vale4 ,being desirous of making some small addition to this wonderful survey of the earth1 so that what appears very extraordinary to the reader may appear more likely1 when thus illustrated1 ,i have been at the pains to construct this globe1 having copied a very accurate one which an ingenious ,spaniard has sent to a person of distinction4 ,i do not however wish to set aside the globe ,i constructed some time since1 as it fully showed all that had1 at that time1 been discovered3 so that the former1 as far as it goes1 agrees with the latter4 ,please then to accept this globe in the same friendly spirit in which ,i undertook to construct it for your gratification4 ,but ,i am sure you will not despise my humble attempt4 ,farewell4#aif ,this statement assures us that he had constructed a globe at the time of issuing his tract1 and it gives us a fairly definite idea of its ,new ,world configurations1 and further1 that in the main it agreed with his earlier globes4 ,it seems probable1 however1 that in some manner he indicated an ,asiatic connection of the new lands1 an idea which is so frequently expressed in the maps of the next quarter of a century1 especially in the globe maps1 an idea not to be finally set at rest until the discovery of ,bering put an end to the controversy4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dd;a4 ,anonymous ,globe ,gores1 ca4 #aedj4 ,how ,schner1 and others1 came to the conclusion that ,parias 7,north ,america7 is not a large independent portion of the earth in that fourth part of the world1 but has an ,asiatic connection1 and how they set down that conclusion in their maps will receive consideration in the following chapter4 ,though not a maker of globes1 in so far as we have definite knowledge1 ,albrecht ,drer turned his attention to the drafting of maps1 two of which have for us here a certain interest4 ,in the year #aeae ,johannes ,stabius designed a map of the ,old ,world on a stereographic projection 7,fig4 #de71 one of the first of its kind1 which ,drer is said to have engraved4 ,while the map itself is of little importance it is of interest as an attempt to represent in perspective a spherical earth4#aig ,illustration3 ,fig4 #de4 ,stabius ,world ,globe ,map1 #aeae4 ,drer likewise undertook the drafting and engraving of a celestial map 7,fig4 #df71 than which of this character there appears to be none earlier known4 ,it was not so drawn as to make possible its application to the surface of a sphere1 but its reshaping for that purpose could not have been for him a difficult proposition4 ,he1 with others of this time1 was giving thought to the problem of globe-gore construction4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #df4 ,northern ,celestial ,hemisphere of ,albrecht ,drer4 ,,notes #abd ,the illustrations given are typical1 and to one familiar with the works of the period on geographical and astronomical subjects1 others suggest themselves4 #abe ,for popular accounts of the ,este family of ,ferrara1 see ,gardner1 ,e4 ,g4 ,princes and ,poets of ,ferrara4 ,london1 #aijd2 ,cartwright1 ,j4 ,isabella d',este4 ,london1 #aijc4 #abf ,harrisse4 ,discovery4 pp4 #dbb-dbe2 same author1 ,les ,corte-,real et leur voyages au ,nouveau ,monde4 ,paris1 #ahhc1 with reproduction of the western half of the map1 in colors2 ,stevenson1 ,e4 ,l4 ,maps illustrating early discovery and exploration in ,america4 ,new ,brunswick1 #aijf4 ,no4 #a of this series is a reproduction of the ,cantino map in the size of the original4 #abg ,fischer1 ,j4 ,the ,discoveries of the ,norsemen in ,america4 ,london1 #aijc4 pp4 #aab-aah4 ,professor ,fischer enjoys the distinction of being the foremost living authority on ,ptolemy4 #abh ,d',arco1 ,c4 ,delle arti e degli artefici di ,mantova4 ,mantova1 #aheg4 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #ec4 #abi ,bertolotti1 ,a4 ,artisti in relazione coi ,gonzaga ,signori di ,mantova4 ,modena1 #ahhe4 p4 #adc4 7,in3 ,estr4 dagli ,atti e ,memorie delle ,deputazioni di storia patria per le ,provincie ,modenesi e ,parmensi4 ,srie ,,iii1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 parte #a47 #acj ,harrisse4 ,discovery4 p4 #dcd4 #aca ,denza1 ,f4 ,globi celesti della ,specola ,vaticana4 7,in3 ,publicazioni della ,specola ,vaticana4 ,torino1 #ahid4 ,vol4 ,,iv1 p4 xvii47 #acb ,fiorini1 op4 cit41 pp4 #hh-hi4 #acc ,see the edition of ,ptolemy4 ,geographia--,,mdviii4 ,rome4 ,chap4 xii4 #acd ,fiorini1 op4 cit41 pp4 #id-if1 the citation being made from ,badia1 ,jodoco del4 ,la bottega di ,alessandro di ,francesco ,rosselli merciaje e stampatore 7#aebe74 7,in3 ,miscellanea fiorentina di erudizione e storia4 ,luglio1 #ahid4 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #ad47 #ace ,zach1 ,f4 v4 ,monatliche ,korrespondence4 ,gotha1 #ahjf4 ,vol4 ,,xiii1 p4 #aeg4 ,harrisse4 ,discovery4 pp4 #dde-ddf4 #acf ,fiorini1 op4 cit41 p4 #ii4 #acg ,fiorini1 op4 cit41 p4 #aja4 #ach ,fiorini1 op4 cit41 p4 #gb4 #aci ,fiorini1 op4 cit41 p4 #ajb4 ,of the further interest taken by ,cardinal ,salviati in geography1 see ,stevenson1 op4 cit41 ,no4 #g4 #adj ,trithemius4 ,epistolae familiares4 ,haganoae1 #aecf4 p4 #bid4 #ada ,this is part of the letter of ,august #ab4 #adb ,d',avezac1 ,m4 ,a4 ,p4 ,martin ,hylacomylus ,walzemller ses ouvrages et ses collaborateurs4 ,paris1 #ahfg2 ,gallois4 ,les ,gographes4 ,chap4 iv4 ,l'cole ,alsacienne-,lorraine2 ,schmidt1 ,c4 ,histoire littraire de l',alsace a la fin du ,,xve et au commencement du ,,xvie sicle4 ,paris1 #ahgi4 #adc ,schmidt1 op4 cit41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #aaa2 ,humboldt1 ,a4 v4 ,kritische ,untersuchungen4 ,berlin1 #aheb4 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #cfc2 ,gallois1 ,l4 ,le ,gymnase ,vosgien4 7,in3 ,bulletin de la ,socit de ,gographie de l',est4 ,paris1 #aijj4 pp4 #hh ff472 ,d',avezac1 op4 cit41 p4 #aa4 #add ,a canon of the cathedral of ,st4 ,di4 ,lud gives us the information that he was the translator of the ,vespucci narrative from the ,french into the ,latin4 #ade ,gravier1 ,n4 ,f4 ,histoire de ,saint-,di4 ,epinal1 #ahcf4 p4 #bjb4 ,the author refers to the character of ,lud and to the influence of the ,st4 ,di press4 ,copies of ,lud's most important little tract may be found in the ,british ,museum1 and in the ,imperial ,library of ,vienna2 it was printed in the ,st4 ,di in the year #aejg4 #adf ,the full title of this significant volume reads3 ',cosmographiae ,introductio cum quibusdam geometriae ac astronomiae principiis ad eam rem necessariis1 insuper quatuor ,americi ,vespucci navigationes4 ,universalis ,cosmographie descriptio tam in solido qz plano eis etiam insertis que ,ptholomeo ignota a nuperis reperta sunt4' ',introduction to ,cosmography with certain necessary principles of geometry and astronomy to which are added the ,four ,voyages of ,amerigo ,vespucci a representation of the entire world1 both in the solid 7globe87 and projected on the plane1 including also lands which were unknown to ,ptolemy1 and have been recently discovered4' ,two editions of the work appeared in #aejg1 and others at later dates4 ,an excellent reproduction of ,waldseemller's book in facsimile1 with ,english translation1 was published by the ,united ,states ,catholic ,historical ,society under the title1 ',the ,cosmographiae ,introductio of ,martin ,waldseemller in ,facsimile followed by the ,four ,voyages of ,amerigo ,vespucci with their ,translation into ,english4' ,ed4 by ,c4 ,g4 ,herbermann4 ,new ,york1 #aijg4 #adg ,this is one of the best of the early printed editions of ,ptolemy4 #adh ,may it not have been the ,canerio chart to which allusion was made by ,lud1 or a chart of exactly that type8 ,see ,stevenson1 ,e4 ,l4 ,marine ,world ,chart of ,nicolo de ,canerio ,januensis 7ca47 #aejb4 ,with ,facsimile of the unique original1 measuring #aae x #bbe cm4 ,new ,york1 #aijh4 #adi ,stevenson1 ,e4 ,l4 ,martin ,waldseemller and the early ,lusitano-,germanic ,cartography of the ,new ,world4 ,new ,york1 #aijd4 7,in3 ,bulletin of the ,american ,geographical ,society4 ,new ,york1 #aijh4 pp4 #aic-bae47 #aej ,schmidt1 ,c4 7,in3 ,mmoires de la ,socit d',archologie lorraine4 ,nancy1 #ahge4 p4 #bbg47 #aea ,fischer1 ,j4 and ,wieser1 ,f4 ,r4 v4 ,the oldest map with the name ,america of the year #aejg and the ,carta ,marina of the year #aeaf by ,m4 ,waldseemller 7,ilacomilus74 ,innsbruck1 #aijc4 ,text in ,german and ,english1 the maps in facsimile4 ,the authors in their text have considered such matters as the ,wolfegg collective volume1 a description of the two maps1 the sources of ,waldseemller1 and the influence of the maps on the subsequent cartography1 especially of the ,new ,world4 #aeb ,printed on fol4 ,aii4 #aec ,printed on the back of folded leaf at the beginning of ,caput ,,ix4 #aed ,gallois4 ,les gographes4 p4 #dh2 ,fischer and v4 ,wieser1 op4 cit41 p4 #ad4 #aee ,the crude character of the map is in striking contrast with the world map of #aejg4 #aef ,this is an excellent reproduction of the gores1 copy of which was courteously sent the author by ,prince ,liechtenstein4 #aeg ,printed in the lower corner of the chart on the left1 ,generalem igitur totius orbis typum1 quem ante annos aucos absolutum non sine grandi labore ex ,ptolomei traditione 444 in lucem edideramus et in mille exemplaria exprimi curavinius4444 #aeh ,harrisse4 ,b4 ,a4 ,v4 ,no4 #fb4 #aei ,harrisse4 ,discovery4 p4 #dfe4 #afj ,harrisse4 ,b4 ,a4 ,v4 ,no4 #fa4 #afa ,harrisse4 ,b4 ,a4 ,v4 ,no4 #cb1 ,ad4 #afb ,harrisse4 ,discovery4 p4 #dff4 #afc ,de ,costa1 ,b4 ,f4 ,the ,lenox ,globe4 7,in3 ,magazine of ,american ,history4 ,new ,york1 #ahgi4 pp4 #ebi-edj47 ,de ,costa had the globe map redrawn and printed in plane projection4 ,see for reproduction1 ,winsor1 ,nordenskild1 ,encyclopaedia ,britannica4 ,an excellent reproduction from a direct photograph of the globe may be found in ,stevenson1 ,e4 ,l4 ,typical early maps of the ,new ,world4 7,in3 ,bulletin of the ,american ,geographical ,society4 ,new ,york1 #aijg4 pp4 #bjb-bbd47 #afd ,estreicher1 ,t4 ,ein ,erdglobus aus dem ,anfange des ,,xvi ,jh4 in der ,jagellonischen ,bibliothek4 7,in3 ,bulletin ,international de l',acadmie des ,sciences de ,cracovie4 ,cracovie1 #aijj4 pp4 #if-aje47 ,the construction of the clockwork to be found in this small copper sphere in ,la ,nature1 #ahib4 ,no4 #iif1 p4 #ge4 ,the globe is referred to by ,stevenson1 ,e4 ,l41 in ,martin ,waldseemller and the ,lusitano-,germanic ,cartography of the ,new ,world4 7,in3 ,bulletin of the ,american ,geographical ,society4 ,new ,york1 #aijd4 pp4 #aic-bae47 #afe ,waldseemller1 op4 cit41 ,caput vii4 #aff ,luksch1 ,m4 ,j4 ,zwei ,denkmale alter ,kartographie4 ,wien1 #ahhf4 7,in3 ,mitteilung der k4 k4 ,geog4 ,gesellschaft4 ,wien1 #ahhf4 pp4 #cfd-cgc472 ,varnhagen1 ,f4 ,a4 ,jo4 ,schner e ,p4 ,apianus4 ,wien1 #ahgb4 ,on p4 #eb the opinion is expressed that the globe was made in ,brixen from the fact that this relatively unimportant town is inscribed4 ,harrisse4 ,discovery4 pp4 #dia1 #dib2 ,nordenskild4 ,facsimile ,atlas4 p4 #gf4 #afg ,marcel1 ,g4 ,un globe manuscrit de l'cole de ,schner4 ,paris1 #ahhi4 7,in3 ,bulletin de gographie historique et descriptive4 ,paris1 #ahhi4 p4 #agc472 same author1 ,reproduction de carte et de globes relatif la dcouverte de l',amrique4 ,paris1 #ahid4 pp4 #aa-ad4 #afh ,harrisse4 ,discovery4 p4 #dij4 #afi ,nordenskild4 ,facsimile ,atlas4 p4 #gf2 reproduced on pl4 ,,xxxvii2 same author1 ,om en mrklig globakarta frn brjan af sextonde seklet4 ,stockholm1 #ahhd4 ,the latter has been translated under the title1 ,a remarkable globe map of the sixteenth century1 with facsimile1 by ,e4 ,a4 ,elfwing1 and published in ,journal of the ,american ,geographical ,society4 ,new ,york1 #ahhd4 #agj ,here the name ,america is more clearly assigned to the entire continent than in the ,waldseemller map4 #aga ,see below1 p4 #agf4 #agb ,major1 ,r4 ,h4 ,memoir on a mappemonde by ,leonardo da ,vinci1 being the earliest map hitherto known containing the name ,america3 now in the ,royal ,collection at ,windsor4 ,london1 #ahfe2 ,wieser4 ,magalhes-,strasse4 pl4 ,,iii1 a reproduction of the gores showing the ,new ,world1 joined in a hemisphere2 d',adda1 ,marquis ,girolamo4 ,leonardo da ,vinci e la ,cosmografia4 7,in3 ,la ,perzeveranza4 ,milano1 #ahgj472 ,richter1 ,j4 ,p4 ,literary ,works of ,da ,vinci4 ,london1 #ahhc4 ,both d',adda and ,richter doubt the ,da ,vinci origin of these gores4 #agc ,harrisse1 op1 cit41 p4 #ejd4 #agd ,see above1 p4 #fg4 #age ,nordenskild1 op4 cit41 p4 #gf2 reproduced on pl4 ,,xxxviii2 ,catalogue de livres appartenant ,m4 ,h4 ,tross4 ,paris1 #ahha1 item #dibd1 with a reproduction of the gores4 #agf ,harrisse1 op4 cit41 pp4 #did-dif4 #agg ,marcel1 ,g4 ,louis ,boulengier d',alby4 ,paris1 #ahij4 7,in3 ,bulletin de gographie historique et descriptive4 ,paris1 #ahij47 #agh ,this statement reads3 ,habes candide lector tabellam preinsculptam tibi latitudinem graduum regionium 444 ,in globo vero diei quantitatem et noctis 444 sic comprehendere potes omni de regione tam per globum quam per sexagenarium4 ,you have1 dear ,reader1 before you1 a small plate on which are inscribed the degrees of latitude of the countries 444 on the globe 7you see7 the duration of the day and night 444 thereby you will be able to ascertain 7the position of7 every country by the globe as well as by the sexennium4 #agi ,tessier1 ,a4 ,di ,cesare ,vecellio e de' suoi dipinti e disegni in una ,collezione di libri dei secoli ,,xv e ,,xvi4 ,rome1 #ahgf4 7,in3 ,bollettino della ,societe geografica italiana4 ,rome1 #ahgf4 ,srie ,,ii1 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #ci-db47 ,tessier's discourse was delivered at the ,venetian ,atheneum1 #ahge4 ,jacoli1 ,f41 likewise refers to this globe in ,gazzetta di ,venezia1 ,january #ae1 #ahgf4 ,it is not known just what disposition has been made of the globes by ,admiral ,acton4 #ahj ,las ,casas4 ,historia4 ,tomo ,,iv1 lib4 ,,iii1 cap4 ci1 p4 #cgg2 ,herrera1 ,a4 ,descriptione las ,indias ,ocidentales4 ,madrid1 #agcj4 ,tomo ,,ii1 lib4 ,,ii1 cap4 xix1 p4 #eb4 #aha ,the first voyage around the world by ,magellan4 ,tr4 by ,stanley of ,alderley1 ,lord4 ,london1 #ahgd4 7,in3 ,hakluyt ,society ,publications4 ,london1 #ahgd4 ,vol4 #eb1 p4 xliv472 ,pigafetta1 ,antonio4 ,magellan's ,voyage around the world4 ,the original text of the ,ambrosian ,,ms41 with ,english translation1 notes1 bibliography1 and index4 ,ed4 by ,robertson1 ,j4 ,a4 ,cleveland1 #aijf4 #ahb ,documentos ineditos por la ,historia de ,espaa4 ,madrid1 #ahdg4 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #bfe4 #ahc ,harrisse1 op4 cit41 p4 #edd4 #ahd ,doppelmayr4 ,nachrichten4 pp4 #de-ej2 ,varnhagen1 ,f4 ,a4 de4 ,jo4 ,schner e ,p4 ,apianus 7,benewitz7 influencia de um e outro e de varios de seus contemporaneos na adopo do nome ,america4 ,vienna1 #ahgb2 ,stevens1 ,h4 ,johann ,schner1 professor of ,mathematics at ,nuremberg2 a reproduction of his globe of #aebc long lost2 his dedicatory letter to ,reymer von ,streytperck and the ',de ,moluccis' of ,maximilianus ,transylvanus1 with a new translation and notes of the globe4 ,ed4 with an introduction and bibliography by ,coote1 ,c4 ,h4 ,london1 #ahhh4 pp4 xxxix-xliv contains a short biography of ,schner2 ,algemeine ,deutsche ,biographie1 ,schner4 #ahe ,harrisse4 ,b4,a4,v4 ,no4 #hj4 ,the full title with bibliographical references are here given4 ,in addition to the mere title we read ,cum ,globis cosmographicis3 sub mulcta quinquaginta florenorum ,rhen4 et amissione omnium exemplarium4 ,with a cosmographical globe3 under a fine of five hundred ,rhenish florins and forfeiting all copies4 #ahf ,wieser4 ,magalhes-,strasse4 ,see especially chap4 iii1 ,der ,globus ,schners vom ,j4 #aeae1 and reproduction1 pl4 ,,ii2 ,reproduction in ,jomard1 ,nos4 #ae-af4 #ahg ,harrisse4 ,b4,a4,v4 p4 xlix1 note #aef2 also ,nos4 #ii1 #ajj4 #ahh ,stevenson4 ,martin ,waldseemller and the early ,lusitano-,germanic ,cartography4 #ahi ,schner4 ,luculentissima4 fol4 #fj4 #aij ,schner4 ,luculentissima4 verso of fol4 #fj4 #aia ,wieser1 op4 cit42 ,ghillany4 ,geschichte des ,seefahrers ,ritter ,martin ,behaim4 pp4 #h-ab4 ,ghillany reproduces the western hemisphere of the globe in the original colors2 ,kohl1 ,j4 ,g4 ,history of the ,discovery of ,maine4 7,in3 ,documentary history of the ,state of ,maine4 ,portland1 #ahfi47 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #aeh-afc4 ,this contains a much reduced reproduction of ,ghillany's facsimile of the western hemisphere2 ,nordenskild1 op4 cit41 p4 #hj2 ,santarem4 ,atlas4 pl4 #eb 7,h4 ,s4 ,a4 copy72 ,lelewel4 ,gographie du moyen ge4 pl4 #df4 #aib ,the inscription reads as given by ,ghillany4 #aic ,practically all of the works cited relating to ,schner treat more or less fully of the geographical features of ,schner's globes4 ,wieser's work is particularly valuable4 #aid ,stevens1 op4 cit41 gives this letter in facsimile with translation2 ,wieser1 op4 cit41 pp4 #aah-abb1 reprints the ,latin of this letter4 #aie ,harrisse1 op4 cit41 pp4 #eai-ebh4 #aif ,wieser1 op4 cit41 p4 #aba4 #aig ,oberhummer1 ,e4 ,leonardo da ,vinci and the art of the renaissance in its relation to geography4 7,in3 ,the ,geographical ,journal4 ,london1 #aiji4 ,see pp4 #efa-efi on ,albrecht ,drer47 ,illustration3 ,honter ,globe4 ,from his ,rudimenta cosmographica ,chapter ,,vii ,globes of the ,second ,quarter of the ,sixteenth ,century ,globes indicating 7a7 an ,asiatic connection of the ,new ,world1 7b7 globes expressing a doubt of such ,old ,world connection1 7c7 globes showing an independent position of the ,new ,world4--,franciscus ,monachus4--,hakluyt's reference4--,the ,gilt globe4--,parmentier4--,francesco ,libri4--,nancy globe4--,globes of ,gemma ,frisius4--,robertus de ,bailly4--,schner globe of #aecc4--,scheipp4--,furtembach4--,paris ,wooden globe4--,vopel globes4--,santa ,cruz4--,hartmann gores4--,important globe of ,ulpius4--,cardinal ,bembo's globes4--,mercator's epoch-making activity4--,fracastro4--,ramusio's references to globes4--,gianelli4--,florence celestial globe4 ,as in the first quarter of the sixteenth century1 so in the second we find engraved brass and copper globes1 globes with manuscript maps1 and those with printed or engraved gore maps4 ,since the latter in this period have especially found favor1 attention is more and more directed toward the shaping of the segments or gores with that mathematical nicety which1 as previously stated1 would admit of a perfect or almost perfect adjustment when they were applied to the surface of a prepared ball4 ,to the independent position of the ,new ,world as represented on the globe maps prior to #aebe attention has been called in the preceding chapter1 but the idea of such independence1 it may here be noted1 is one contrary to that very generally though erroneously entertained by historians who have written of the period1 an error doubtless in large measure due to a failure on their part to give proper heed to the record of the maps as expressing the geographical notions commonly accepted4 ,harrisse has well stated the case in referring to the geographical opinions of the earliest explorers1 observing that the moment search began for a waterway leading from ,oceanus ,occidentalis to ,oceanus ,orientalis1 that moment opinion began to become conviction that a new continental region had been found1 that a ,new ,world had been discovered1#aih and practically all of the early explorers had hope of finding such a waterway4 ,it is very true that more than two hundred years passed from ,columbus' day before there was positive proof of an independence of the newly found land1 but the earliest map makers outlined it as if believing in its independence of an ,old ,world or ,asiatic connection4#aii ,the so-called ,bartholomew ,columbus sketch maps1#bjj probably drawn in the first decade of the sixteenth century 7,fig4 #dg71 alone can be cited1 among the maps of any particular importance in the first quarter of this century1 as distinctly indicating a belief in an ,asiatic connection4 ,attention was likewise called in the preceding chapter to the fact that toward the close of the century's first quarter the idea that a veritably independent new continent had been found was beginning to be doubted4#bja ,this doubt seemed to follow close upon the publication of the report of ,magellan's expedition4#bjb ,it indeed appears to be generally accepted that to the report of that remarkable circumnavigation1 to the letters of ,cortes respecting his ,mexican expedition1#bjc and to the failure of his and of other ,spanish attempts to find a strait north of the equator through which one might pass from ,oceanus ,occidentalis to ,oceanus ,orientalis1#bjd the changed conception of the geography of the ,new ,world was due4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dg ,bartholomew ,columbus ,sketch ,map1 #aejf4 ,this changed conception seems to have found first expression1 on a map1 in a little volume prepared by ,franciscus ,monachus1 a friar of ,mechlin1 about #aebe4 ,the title of this volume reads in part1#bje ',de orbis situ ac descriptione4 ad ,reuerendiss4 ,d4 archiepiscopum ,panormitanum1 ,francisci1 ,monachi ordinis ,franciscani1 epistola sane qu luculenta 444' ',a very excellent letter from ,franciscus1 a monk of the ,franciscan ,order1 to the ,most ,reverend ,archbishop of ,palermo1 touching the site and description of the world1' with a colophon reading ,excudebat ,martinus ,caesar1 expensis honesti viri ,rolandi ,bollaert 444 ,martinus ,caesar prepared this at the expense of the upright man ,roland ,bollert4 ,its two small woodcut maps representing the world in hemispheres1 respectively the ,old and the ,new ,world 7,fig4 #dh71 are of striking historical interest1 while the text contains many references which are of importance for the light they cast upon the geographical opinions of the time respecting the ,new ,world4 ,here1 as noted1 the ,new ,world is first represented on a map as having distinctly an ,asiatic connection1 the southern continent 7,south ,america7 being separated from the northern only by that narrow strait which we find so prominently represented on the ,maiollo map of #aebg1 and there called stretto dubitoso4#bjf ,while these hemispheres cannot themselves be referred to as a globe1 they may serve to give us a general idea of the geographical representations on the globe1 which1 as appears probable1 was at that time constructed by the author of the text4 ,to the ,ecclesiastical ,prince1 to whom ,franciscus dedicated his little volume1 information was sent concerning his globe on which he had drawn by hand a map of the world as he said1 the reply to his letter containing the following statement1 ,orbis globum1 in quo terrae ac maria luculenter depicta sunt1 una cum epistola accepimus4 ,we accept the globe of the world on which the land and the seas are elegantly depicted1 together with the epistle4#bjg ,being a gift it would seem reasonable to conclude that the globe was not duplicated and offered for sale and that the example referred to was therefore probably unique4 ,the text of the ',de orbis situ 4441' as it appears1 was printed because it was thought there was much contained therein that was new and not in harmony with geographical ideas hitherto expressed4 ,the first edition was undated1 nor was the second dated1 but it agreed in practically all particulars with the first excepting a slight alteration in the title4 ,a third edition was issued in the year #aefe1 and is still known in many copies1 of which ,gallois gives an excellent reprint in his biography of ,orontius ,finius4#bjh ,it is in the first and second editions that the hemispheres appear2 they are wanting in the third1 but as a substitute therefor a small globe resting on a base appears on the verso of the title-page1 which in its general features may be a representation of ,franciscus' globe4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dh4 ,hemispheres of ,franciscus ,monachus1 #aebf4 ,hakluyt1 in his ',discourse on ,western ,planting1' alludes to an olde excellent globe in the ,queenes privie gallory at ,westminster which also seemeth to be of ,verarsanus makinge1 havinge the coste described in ,italian1 which laieth oute the very selfe same streite necke of lande in latitude of #dj4 degrees1 with the sea joynninge harde on bothe sides1 as it dothe on ,panama and ,nombre di ,dios2 which would be a matter of singule importannce1 yf it shoulde be true1 as it is not unlikely4#bji ,to this particular globe we do not seem to be able to find any other allusion4 ,in the geographical department of the ,bibliothque ,nationale there may be found an exceedingly well-executed globe1 neither signed nor dated1 but which appears to have been constructed about the year #aebh4baj ,it is an unmounted gilded copper sphere 7,fig4 #di71 having a diameter of about #bc cm4 ,its title reads ,nova et integra universi orbs descriptio1 ,a new and complete description of the entire world1 which1 with all legends and local names1 is engraved in small capitals4 ,based upon the description we possess of the ,schner globe of #aebc1 and upon the close resemblance of its coast outlines to those of the ,weimar globe of #aecc1 there is reason for assigning it to the ,schnerian school4 ,it1 however1 is to be noted that the nomenclature of the northeast coast of ,north ,america is very different from that which appears on the last-mentioned globe1 and that it more nearly resembles in that region the simple cordiform map of ,orontius ,finius of the year #aecf4baa ,the latest geographical information which it records seems to relate to the expedition of ,verrazano4 ,in the region corresponding to the present ,new ,england1 we find the legend ,,terra ,,francesca ,,nuper ,,lustrata4 ,the ,gulf of ,mexico is called ,,sinus ,s4 ,,michaelis1 and the ,caribbean ,sea1 ,,mare ,,herbidium4 ,in ,south ,america are the conspicuous legends ,,america ,,inventa #adig1 ,,brazilio ,,regio1 and ,,terra ,,nova4 ,the great ,antarctic land bears the inscription ,,regio ,,patalis4 ,the ,amazon appears as a river of considerable length1 with numerous tributaries4 ,the course of ,magellan's voyage1 so frequently laid down on the maps of the period1 here finds record in the threadlike line which encircles the globe4 ,as in the hemispheres of ,franciscus1 so here1 ,america is laid down as a part of the ,asiatic continent4 ,the workmanship of the globe is equal to the best that one could find in the ,italy1 ,france or ,germany of that day1 while the few ,german words among the numerous ,latin names1 as ,baden1 ,braunschweig1 and ,wien1 give some support for the claim that it is of ,german origin4 ,a ,spanish origin1 as has sometimes been claimed for it1 can hardly be accepted4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #di4 ,gilt ,globe1 ca4 #aebh4 ,parmentier1 a native of the famous seaport ,dieppe1 had in his day1 as a maker of charts1 a very substantial reputation4 ,whether one should conclude from references to him as a cartographer that he busied himself with the construction of globes cannot be definitely determined1 as these references indicate that his maps were merely constructed on a projection which enabled him in some measure to represent the curved surface of the earth4 ,schefer1 in his work ',le discours de la navigation de ,jean et ,raoul ,permentier1' says1 ,permentier estoit bon cosmographe et gographe1 et par lui ont est composez plusieurs mappes monde en globe et en plat et plusieurs cartes marines1 sur les quelles plusieurs ont navigu seurement4 ,parmentier was a good cosmographer and geographer1 and many maps of the world both in the form of globes and as plane maps were made by him1 also numerous marine charts by means of which many sailed the seas with safety4#bab ,vasari gives us information concerning one ,francesco ,libri1 member of a famous ,veronese artist family1 who won distinction as a globe maker in the early sixteenth century1 and who apparently was most active in this field of endeavor about the year #aecj4 ,although all trace of the globes he is said to have constructed is lost1 ,vasari's reference is worthy citation4 ,among other things1 says that interesting1 if not always accurate1 ,italian biographer1 he constructed a large globe of wood1 being four feet in diameter2 this he then covered externally with a strong glue1 so that there should be no danger of crack or other injury4 ,now the globe or ball thus constructed was to serve as a terrestrial globe4 ,wherefore when it had been carefully divided and exactly measured under the direction and in the presence of ,fracastro and ,baroldi1 both well versed in physics and distinguished as cosmographers and astrologers1 it was afterward to be painted by ,francesco for a ,venetian gentleman1 ,messer ,andrea ,navagero1 a most learned orator and poet1 who intended to make a present of the same to ,king ,francis of ,france1 to whom he was about to be sent as ambassador from the ,republic4 ,but scarcely had ,navagero arrived in ,france and entered on his office1 when he died4 ,the work consequently remained unfinished1 which was much to be regretted since1 executed by ,francesco1 under the guidance and with the advice and assistance of two men so distinguished as were ,fracastro and ,baroldi1 it would doubtless have turned out a very remarkable production4 ,it remained unfinished1 however1 as ,i have said1 and what is worse1 even that which had been done received considerable injury1 ,i know not of what kind1 in the absence of ,francesco2 yet spoiled as it was1 the globe was purchased by ,messer ,bartolommeo ,lonichi who has never been prevailed upon to give it up1 although he has been frequently much entreated to do so1 and offered large sums of money for it4 ,francesco had made two smaller globes before commencing the large one2 and of these one is now in the possession of ,mazzanti1 ,archdeacon of the cathedral of ,verona2 the other belonging to the ,count ,raimondo della ,torre1 and is now the property of his son1 the ,count ,giovanni ,battista1 by whom it is very greatly valued1 seeing that this also was constructed with the assistance and after measurements of ,fracastro1 who was a very intimate friend of ,count ,raimondo4#bac ,as before noted1 the exact date when ,francesco constructed his globes is unknown4 ,vasari1 however1 informs us1 as noted above1 that the large one was constructed for ,andrea ,navagero1 who wished to present it to the ,king of ,france1 and that very shortly after his arrival in ,france on his special mission his death occurred1 which we know to have been the eighth of ,may1 #aebi4 ,it must therefore have been in that year that ,francesco completed the construction of his globe4 ,it would be interesting to know the geographical configuration of the ,new ,world as laid down by ,fracastro and ,francesco on this large globe1 remembering that it was not long after the mission of ,navagero to ,king ,francis that the first ,cartier expedition sailed for the western continent4 ,we cannot be certain1 as stated1 of its geographical data1 but it seems probable that it followed the ,verrazanian type as represented1 for example1 in the ,maiollo map of #aebg1 or in the ,verrazano map of #aebi4 ,the ,lorraine ,museum of ,nancy possesses a fine globe1 neither signed nor dated1 but which usually is referred to as the ,nancy globe 7,figs4 #ej1 #ej;a71 and is thought to have been constructed about the year #aecj4bad ,it is a silver ball #af cm4 in diameter1 divided on the line of the equator into hemispheres1 and is supported on a small statue of ,atlas4 ,the equator1 the tropics1 the polar circles1 the zodiac1 and one meridian circle passing through the western part of ,asia in the ,old ,world and through the peninsula of ,florida in the ,new ,world1 are represented4 ,it is an object of interest not only for its scientific value in giving us a geographical record of the period1 but it is also of interest for its fine workmanship1 having its land areas gilded and its seas blue enameled1 in which sea monsters and ships of artistic design appear4 ,we have the record that in the year #affb1 ,charles ,,iv1 ,duke of ,lorraine1 presented it to the church of ,ntre ,dame de ,sion in his residence city1 and that by this church it was long used as a pyx4#bae ,there is a striking resemblance of its land configurations1 and of its geographical nomenclature to that of the ,gilt globe1 of the ,wooden globe1 and of the ,world map of ,orontius ,finaeus of #aeca4 ,the ,new ,world is represented as a part of the ,asiatic continent1 and the central section of that region1 to which we may refer as ,north ,america1 is designated ,asia ,orientalis and ,asia ,major4 ,to the east of these names are numerous regional names1 conspicuous among which are ,terra ,francesca1 ,hispania ,major1 and ,terra ,florida4 ,the ,gulf of ,mexico appears as ,mare ,cathayum4 ,mexico bears the name ,hispania ,nova1 while the sea to the west is named ,mare ,indicum ,australe4 ,the ,south ,american continent is called ,america ,nova1 and the names are very numerous which have been given to the various sections1 among which we find ,terra ,firma1 ,papagelli1 ,terra ,canibale1 ,parias1 and ,peru ,provincia4 ,the large austral land bears the name ,brasielie ,regio1 which name is placed southeast of ,africa1 and the name ,patalis ,regio appears southwest of ,south ,america4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ej4 ,nancy ,globe1 ca4 #aecj4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ej;a4 ,globe of ,jacob ,stamfer1 #aeci4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ej;b4 ,nancy ,globe in ,hemispheres4 ,gemma ,frisius 7#aejh-aeee71 a native of ,docum 7,fig4 #ea71 and for a number of years professor of medicine and mathematics in the ,university of ,louvain1#baf issued a little book1 in the year #aecj1 bearing the title ',de principiis ,astronomiae et ,cosmographiae1 deque usu globi1 ab eodem editi1 item de orbis divisione et insulis1 rebusque nuper inventis 444 ,antverp1 #aecj4'bag ,it seems probable that this was issued to serve as explanatory text for a globe or globes he had constructed or was preparing to construct4 ,in it we have one of the earliest technical yet practical explanations of the parts and uses of the globe1 and a somewhat detailed statement how such instruments may be serviceably employed in cosmographical studies4 ,on the title-page there appears the representation of a globe resting on a base having three feet1 which has been thought to be a representation of his completed work4#bah ,we are told in his ',epistola salutatoria1' at least in an implied manner1 that there were to be numerous copies of the globes1 seeing that they were intended for the trade1 and ,roscelli's statement would lead us to believe that they had found their way into ,italy4 ,all copies1 however1 appear to have been lost until a few years since1 when both a terrestrial and a celestial globe of ,frisius' making was found in the ,gymnasium ,francisceum of ,zerbst1 to which discovery a very considerable interest and importance attaches4 ,in a paper read before the ,international ,congress of ,americanists in #aijd1 ,dr4 ,w4 ,walter ,ruge1 all too briefly1 describes them1 from which paper the following information is taken4#bai ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ea4 ,portrait of ,gemma ,frisius4 ,the terrestrial globe1 he notes1 is not well preserved1 being in certain parts so injured as to render the inscriptions illegible2 but in this fact he1 however1 finds a certain compensation1 as these injuries are of such character as to disclose the manner of construction4 ,the globe ball1 he finds1 consists of two hemispheres of papier-mch #c mm4 in thickness over which is a layer of plaster #a mm4 in thickness4 ,on the smooth surface thus furnished the twelve gores of which the map is composed had been pasted1 these gores extending from pole to pole4#bbj ,though undated1 the following inscription gives information concerning the map maker and the engravers4 ,gemma ,frisius ,medicus ac ,mathematicus ex varijs descripsit geographicorum observationibus1 atque in hanc formam redegit2 ,gerardus ,mercator ,rupelmundanus coelavit cum ,caspare a ,myrica1 cui et sumptibus permaximis et laboribus nequaquam minoribus opus constat4 ,gemma ,frisius1 physician and mathematician1 made 7this globe7 from the various observations of geographers1 and fashioned it in this form4 ,gerhard ,mercator of ,rupelmunde with ,caspar ,miracus engraved 7it7 and expended on the work a large sum and no little labor4 ,frisius appears in this legend as the maker of the map1 with ,mercator and ,myrica as the engravers4 ,the date of construction is not given1 but it clearly does not belong to the issue of #aecj referred to above4 ,we read1 for example1 along the west coast of ,south ,america such names as ,tumbes1 tangara siue s4 michaelis1 and ,turicarami fluvius1 and find that this west coast is sketched as far as latitude #e degrees south4 ,s4 ,michaelis was founded in #aecb1 and information concerning ,pizarro's discoveries probably did not reach ,europe until #aecd4 ,europe has still many of the ,ptolemaic features1 as has also the continent of ,asia4 ,north ,america1 which is rather better drawn than on any of the earlier maps1 has the legend ,hispania ,maior a ,nuo ,gusmao devicta anno #aecj4 ,the west coast becomes a very indefinite line at latitude #be degrees north1 at which point we read ,matonchel siue petra portus4 ,it then sweeps northeastward in a flattened curve to ,baccalearum ,regio with its ,promotoriu agricule seu cabo del labrador4 ,from the land around the north pole1 which is connected with ,asia1 the continent is separated by a narrow strait which is referred to as ,fretum arcticum siue trium fratrum1 par quod lusitani in orientem et ad ,indios et ,moluccas nauigare conati sunt4 ,the ,arctic strait or the strait of the three brothers through which the ,portuguese attempted to sail to the ,east and to the ,indies and the ,moluccas4 ,no general name is given to ,south ,america1 but we find such regional names as ,nw ,peru ,provincia and east of this ,bresilia4 ,in the interior are such legends and local names as ,caxamalca fuit regis ,atabaliape1 ,cuzco1 ,cincha1 ,collao4 ,the nomenclature shows decided ,spanish influence1 as we find la laguna poblada1 ,r4 de los esclavos1 ,r4 d4 los furmos1 ,cabo corto4 ,ruge further notes the finding in the same ,gymnasium of ,zerbst of a celestial globe on which appears the following legend1 ,faciebant ,gemma ,frisius medicus ac mathematicus1 ,gaspar a ,myrica ,gerardus ,mercator ,rupelmundanus anno a partu virgineo #aecg4 ,gemma ,frisius physician and mathematician1 ,gaspar ,myrica and ,gerhard ,mercator of ,rupelmunde made this globe in the year #aecg4 ,a comparison of this legend with that of the terrestrial globe leads to the somewhat ingenious argument that the latter1 though undated1 is the older of the two4 ,we know that ,mercator was a pupil of ,gemma ,frisius1#bba and that after leaving his university studies he found employment with the master in draughting maps and in the construction of mathematical instruments4 ,in the dated legend of #aecg ,mercator and ,myrica appear to have advanced in importance1 seeing that in the undated legend they are merely referred to as the engravers1 while ,frisius alone is mentioned as the maker of the map4 ,since this discovery we are better informed as to the source of ,mercator's information which he gives in his map of #aech2 the evidence being conclusive that in the main he followed the records of ,frisius1 adapting his map1 however1 to the double cordiform projection4#bbb ,harrisse describes a gilded copper globe1 belonging to the collection of the ,bibliothque ,nationale1 having a diameter of #ad cm4 and bearing the author and date legend reading ,robertus de ,bailly #aecj4bbc ,it is composed of two parts rather insecurely joined on the line of the equator1 and is entirely without mountings4 ,the engraving of the names1 all in small capitals1 has been remarkably well done4 ,in outlining the contour of the ,new ,world the draughtsman of the map has been influenced by the ,verrazanian data1 and although exhibiting minor differences in details there is a striking resemblance to the map of ,maiollo of #aebg1bbd to that of ,verrazano of #aebi1bbe and to that of ,ulpius of #aeda4bbf ,the region called by ,maiollo ,francesca1 by ,verrazano ,verrazana sive ,gallia nova1 by ,ulpius ,verrazana sive ,nova ,gallia1 ,robertus calls ,verrazana4 ,in addition we find such names as ,,terra ,,laboratoris1 ,,bachaliao1 ,,la ,,florida1 ,,tenustitan1 ,,parias1 ,,mundus ,,novus1 ,,america1 ,,st4 ,,crusis1 ,,terra ,,magellanica4 ,a second globe by ,robertus de ,bailly may be found in the library of ,mr4 ,j4 ,p4 ,morgan of ,new ,york ,city 7,fig4 #eb74 ,this example1 signed and dated ,robertus de ,bailly #aecj1 and acquired a few years since1 may be counted one of the finest metal globes of the period4 ,none can be referred to which is in a better state of preservation1 if we can accept its mounting as the original4#bbg ,in ,rosenthal's catalogue ,no4 #ajj it is referred to as a ,verrazzano-,globus1 which is clearly an error1 if there was thought of ascribing it to ,giovanni ,verrazano1 the explorer1 or to his brother ,hieronimus1 the chart maker4 ,the outlines of its map of the ,new ,world are clearly of ,verrazanian origin 7,fig4 #ec71 which therefore give to it a particular interest and value4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #eb4 ,terrestrial ,globe of ,robertas de ,bailly1 #aecj4 ,nine of twelve gores exhibiting the map4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ec4 ,terrestrial ,globe of ,robertus de ,bailly1 #aecj4 ,harrisse1 in #ahif1 called attention to his discovery of two globes apparently of the early fourth decade of the sixteenth century4 ,the first of these he refers to as a gilded copper sphere about #ab cm4 in diameter1 and fashioned to contain the mechanism by means of which it is made to revolve4 ,it is neither signed nor dated4 ,at the extremity of the rod passing through the sphere is an arrangement apparently for attachment to a second piece of mechanism1 probably a planetarium4 ,it is surrounded by a disc on which the hours are engraved in ,roman numerals4 ,the geographical outlines are clearly of ,verrazanian origin1 representing the ,new ,world relatively long and narrow and having no ,asiatic connection4 ,with few exceptions the nomenclature is in the ,latin language1 but we read for instance ,el pasaie de ,s4 ,michel and ,rio de las ,amazonas4 ,the name ,america appears only on the southern continent1 where we also find such legends as ,francisi ,pizarri hoc m7onticu87 lo contra indos insignis victoria anno #aecc1 and off the coast of ,peru ,ulterius incognitum4 ,the second of these globes is likewise of copper1 having a diameter of #ba cm4 and carries the inscription ,christoff ,schiepp sculpsit4 ,augusta1 which is placed around a cartouch especially designed for a representation of the coat of arms of the ,welser family4 ,this family1 it will be remembered1 figured conspicuously in connection with the ,german attempt at the colonization of ,venezuela4 ,the engraved title of the map is practically the same as that to be found on the ,paris gilt globe and reads ,nova et integra universi orbis descriptio4 ,it omits1 however1 the legend ,francesca and ,verrazana sive nova ,gallia1 which fact may be due to its ,german origin4 ,the nomenclature in ,mexico and in ,south ,america is very detailed4 ,the ,la ,plata ,river1 for example1 as in the ,gilt globe and in the ,wooden globe1 is called ,sinus ,juliani2 the ,pacific is called ,oceanus ,magnus ,gelanicus4 ,the austral land is referred to as ,terra australis nuper inventa1 sed nondum plene examinata4 ,while the first of these globes is unmounted1 ,scheipp's globe is furnished with gilded meridian and horizon circle1 the whole being supported by a dolphin on a plinth of ebony4 ,in the year #aecc ,johann ,schner issued a small tract bearing the title ',joannis ,schoneri ,carolostadii ,opusculum ,geographicum ex diversorum libris ac cartis summa cura diligentia collectum1 accomodatum ad recenter elaboratum ab eodem globum descriptiones terrenae4' ',a geographical tract of ,john ,schner of ,carlstadt1 extracted from various books and maps with much care and diligence and arranged for a recently elaborated globe1 being a description of the earth4'#bbh ,this little book was dedicated to ,john ,frederick of ,saxony ,ex urbe ,norica ,id4 ,novembris ,anno ,,mdxxxiii4 ,to it more than usual interest attaches4 ,as the title states1 it was issued as an explanatory text for a new globe1#bbi while in referring to the geography of the ,new ,world it clearly sets forth a reason for the changed notion concerning that geography1 to which allusion has already been made1#bcj a change from a belief in the independent position of the new lands to a belief that these lands were but a part of the continent of ,asia4 ,with reference to this point ,schner says1 ,unde longissimo tractu occidentem versus ab ,hispani terra est1 quae ,mexico et ,temistitan vocatur superiori ,india1 quam priores vocavere ,quinsay id est civitatem coeli eorum lingui4 ,by a very long circuit westward1 starting from ,spain1 there is a land called ,mexico and ,temistitan in ,upper ,india1 which in former times was called ,quinsay1 that is the city of ,heaven1 in the language of the country4 ,he adds the statement1 ,americus tamen ,vesputius maritima loca ,indiae superioris ex ,hispaniis navigio ad occidentem palustrans1 eam partem que superiore ,indiae est1 credidit esse insulam1 quam a suo nomine vocari institituit4 ,alii vero nunc recentiores ,hydrographi eam terram ulterius ex alia parte invenerunt esse continentem ,asiae nam sic etiam ad ,moluccas insulas superioris ,indiae pervenerunt4 ,americus ,vespuccius1 sailing along the coasts of ,upper ,india1 from ,spain to the west1 thought that the said part which is connected with ,upper ,india1 was an island which he had caused to be called after his own name4 ,but now other hydrographers of more recent date have found that that land 7,south ,america7 and others beyond constitute a continent1 which is ,asia1 and so they reached as far as the ,molucca ,islands in ,upper ,india4 ,a later passage in this tract is likewise interesting in this connection4 ,after noting that ,america had been called the fourth part of the world he adds1 ,modo vero per novissimas navigationes1 factas anno post ,christum #aeai per ,magellanum ducem navium invictissimi ,caesaris divi ,caroli etc4 versus ,moluccas insulas1 quas alii ,moluquas vocant1 in supremo oriente positas1 eam terram invenerunt esse continentem superioris ,indiae1 quae pars est ,asiae4 ,but very lately1 thanks to the very recent navigations accomplished in the year #aeai ,a4 ,c4 by ,magellan1 the commander of the expedition of the invincible1 the divine ,charles etc4 towards the ,molucca ,islands1 which some call ,maluquas which are situated in the extreme east1 it has been ascertained that the said country 7,america7 was the continent of ,upper ,india1 which is a part of ,asia4 ,it seems very probable that the globe referred to in this tract is one of those 7,figs4 #ed1 #ed;a71 bearing neither date nor name of maker1 to be found in the ,grand ,ducal ,library of ,weimar4#bca ,this conclusion1 it may be stated1 is based upon the fact of a striking agreement between the configurations on the globe and the descriptions to be found in ,schner's tract4 ,the date #aecd1 which appears on the support1 is doubtless of later origin than the globe itself1 just as the date #aeaj inscribed on the horizon circle of the ,behaim globe is known not to indicate the year in which that work was completed4 ,wieser expresses the conviction that this globe is an improved reproduction of the one constructed in the year #aebc1 and he notes the interesting fact of its configurations resembling closely those of the ,orontius ,finaeus map of #aeca1 believing that it was the latter1 however1 who was the borrower4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ed4 ,schner's ,terrestrial ,globe1 #aecc 7,probable74 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ed;a4 ,schner's ,celestial ,globe1 #aecc 7,probable74 ,the ,schiepp globe1 referred to above1 appears to have been constructed for a member of the ,welser family1 a rich patrician of ,south ,germany4 ,to ,raymond ,fugger1 likewise a ,south ,german patrician1 a member of a rich banker family of ,augsburg1 one ,martin ,furtembach dedicated a terrestrial globe which he had constructed in the year #aece4bcb ,this date and the wording of the dedication we get from a record of the year #aefe4 ,viro ,magnifico ,dn4 ,raymundo ,fuggero1 ,invictissimorum ,caroli ,v4 ,imperatoris1 ,ferdinandi primi ,regis ,romanorum a ,consilijs1 prudentissimo1 studiosorum ,mecaenasi1 pauperum ,christi asylo cantatissimo1 ,martinus ,furtenbachius ,abusiacus1 ,astrophilus typum hunc ,cosmographicum universalem composuit atque dedicavit ,anno a nato ,christo ,m4,d4,,xxxv4 ,to the ,magnificent ,dn4 ,raymond ,fugger1 most competent counselor of the most invincible ,prince ,charles ,v ,emperor1 and ,ferdinand the ,first ,king of the ,romans1 a ,maecenas of scholars1 a most provident supporter of the poor in ,christ1 ,martin ,furtembach lover of astronomy1 composed and dedicated this universal cosmographical figure1 in the year of ,christ #aece4 ,this globe1 which we learn was taken from the ,fugger castle of ,kirchbay to the ,vienna ,imperial ,library1 in what year we do not know1 seems to have disappeared some time after #agcd1 since1 as ,harrisse notes1 no reference to it can be found after that date4 ,it is described as a gilt copper ball of large size and an object of real art1 being ornamented on all sides with various figures of exquisite engraving1 and is supported by a figure of ,atlas with his right hand holding a compass1 but with the rest of his body supported by his left hand1 in a stooping posture4 ,in addition to the globes previously referred to as belonging to the ,bibliothque ,nationale1 there is one supposed to have been constructed about the year #aece4 ,it is neither signed nor dated1 but is usually referred to as the ,paris ,wooden globe4#bcc ,the diameter of the sphere is #bj cm4 ,it is without the usual mountings of meridian and horizon circles but is supported by an iron rod attached to a wooden base 7,fig4 #ee71 which rod serves as an axis about which it may be revolved4 ,a thick layer of paint covers the surface of the ball1 on which the geographical names1 legends1 and configurations have been inscribed with a pen in a running hand4 ,the poor calligraphy suggests that it is not the work of an expert cartographer1 but of one who somewhat hastily and carelessly had undertaken to copy a globe map of the type represented in the work of ,franciscus1 of the maker of the ,paris ,gilt globe1 or of ,schner in his globe of #aecc4 ,meridians are represented at intervals of ten degrees commencing at a prime meridian which passes through the ,cape ,verde ,islands1 while the parallels are similarly marked1 the graduation being indicated on the prime meridian4 ,the globe maker has retained in his representations the old climatic idea1 of which climates there are nine specifically designated4 ,we find on this globe such inscriptions as ,baccalarum ,regio1 with its neighboring ,pelagus ,baccalarum1 ,terra ,francesca1 ,hispania ,major1 ,terra ,florida1 with the ,gulf of ,mexico bearing the name ,m4 ,cathayum as in the ,nancy globe4 ,the ,south ,american continent is conspicuously marked as ,america ,nova ,orbis ,pars1 and contains in addition many regional names4 ,the western ocean1 beginning with that part which washes the coast of ,mexico1 thence southward1 is called ,mare di ,sur1 ,mare ,culuacanum1 ,mare ,indicum ,australe1 ,mare ,pacificum1 and ,oceanus ,magellanicus4 ,the location of the colony which was planted by ,pizarro in #aecb1 and which is called ,s4 ,michaelis1 is made prominent4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ee4 ,paris ,wooden ,globe1 #aece4 ,caspar ,vopel1#bcd born at ,medebach near ,cologne1 in the year #aeaa1 was of that group of ,german cartographers and globe makers active in the second quarter of the sixteenth century in giving to the general public a knowledge of the great geographical discoveries of the day4 ,though much of the information through the maps which they constructed was strikingly inaccurate1 their work is none the less interesting to the student of historical geography4 ,it appears that ,vopel entered the ,university of ,cologne in the year #aebf1 that at a later date he became a professor of mathematics in a ,cologne gymnasium1 and that he continued to reside in this city until his death in the year #aefa4 ,during these years he became well known as a maker of maps and globes4 ,of his very large and important world map1 issued in the year #aeeh1 and which so admirably sets forth his geographical notion of an ,asiatic connection of the ,new ,world1 an original copy may be found in the collection of ,prince ,liechtenstein1 which is reproduced1 after ,giriva's redraughting1 in ,nordenskild's ',facsimile ,atlas4'#bce ,in the history of cartography his map of ,europe and his ,rhine map especially merit a place of prominence4 ,nine of his globes are known1 most of which are constructed as armillary spheres1 having within the numerous armillae or circles a small terrestrial globe1 or at least that which passes as a representation of the same4 ,his first work of which we have knowledge1 now belonging to the city of ,cologne1 and to be found in the collection of its archives1 is inscribed ,caspar ,medebach opus hoc astronomicum fecit #aecb ,martii4 ,it is a credit to the youthful artist and cosmographer1 suggesting1 says ,korth1#bcf the possession of a technic resembling that of ,drer4 ,this is a celestial globe #bh cm4 in diameter1 having its star map drawn by hand1 which is now somewhat discolored with age4 ,four years later ,vopel constructed a second celestial globe1 apparently a reproduction of the first but having its map printed on gores which he pasted on the surface of the sphere4 ,it bears the inscription ,caspar ,vopel1 ,medebach1 hanc ,cosmogr4 faciebat sphaeram ,coloniae ,ao #aecf1 has the same diameter as the one of #aecb1 and is now its companion in the city archives of ,cologne4#bcg ,the ,national ,museum of ,washington possesses a fine example of ,vopel's work 7,fig4 #i71 concerning which ,mr4 ,maynard1 curator of ,mechanical ,technology1 writes that the globe in this ,museum is an armillary sphere of eleven metal rings1 #d inches in diameter1 with a very small globe in the center4 ,the rings are elaborately inscribed with astronomical signs and scales1 with names in ,latin4 ,on one of the rings is the inscription1 ',caspar ,vopel1 ,artium ,professor1 ,hanc ,sphaeram ,faciebat ,colonia1 #aeda4'bch ,in #aedb he constructed his first terrestrial globe1 a copy of which is to be found in the ,cologne archives4#bci ,it has a diameter of #bh cm41 its map gores1 as in the case of the celestial globe of #aecf1 being printed from an engraved plate4 ,excepting the discoloration of age and a slight indentation near the north pole1 it is well preserved4 ,the title legend reads ,nova et integra universi orbis descriptio4 ,a new and complete description of the entire globe4 ,a second legend1 placed in the middle ,atlantic1 reads ,caspar ,vopel ,medebach geographicam sphaeram hanc faciebat ,coloniae ,a4 #aedb4 ,caspar ,vopel of ,medebach made this globe in #aedb at ,cologne4 ,his terrestrial map assures us of his acceptance of the idea that the ,american continent could be but an extension of the continent of ,asia2 that is1 like his predecessor ,schner and others of the second quarter of the sixteenth century1 referred to above1 he had concluded after ,magellan had found a termination of the newly found transatlantic region at the south1 and no passageway from the ,atlantic to the ,pacific north of the equator had been found though search had frequently been made for the same1 this country could therefore no longer be considered as an independent continent4 ,the river ,cham1 which on his map he made to empty into the ,gulf of ,mexico1 he gives as the dividing line between ,hispania ,nova and ,cathay4 ,there is striking evidence that ,vopel was acquainted with ,orontius ,finaeus' map of #aeca or its source1 as1 for example1 he writes across the great austral continent1 ,terra ,australis recenter inventa1 sed nondum plene cognita1 adding the words ,anno #adii1 which also appear on the ,paris ,wooden globe of #aece4 ,in the ,old ,nordiske ,museum of ,copenhagen is an armillary sphere of ,vopel1 composed of eleven brass rings representing the equator1 the ecliptic1 the tropics1 the polar circles1 etc41 within which is a small terrestrial globe1 on the surface of which is a manuscript world map4 ,quad refers to this globe in the following words3 ,item ein ,astrolabium novum varium ac plenum das auff alle ,landschafften 7kann7 dirigiert werden beide den ,mathematicis unnd ,medicis sehr nutz1 in funffzehen ,stck und auff acht bogen gedruckt1 darunder auch ein kleine artige ,mappa ,mundi ins runde gelegt ist4#bdj ,on the circle representing the ,tropic of ,cancer is engraved the legend ,caspar ,vopell ,medebach hanc sphaeram faciebat ,coloniae #aedc4 ,caspar ,vopel of ,medebach made this globe in ,cologne in the year #aedc4 ,on the bottom of the box in which the globe is kept is a modern label reading ,nocolaus ,copernicus #aedc 444 ty 444 ,brah4 ,copernicus died in the year designated1 and ,tycho ,brahe was born in the year #aedf4 ,it appears1 therefore1 that this globe once belonged to the great ,danish astronomer4 ,in the ,library of ,congress1 acquired from ,l4 ,friedrichsen of ,hamburg1 is a fine example of the work of ,vopel4#bda ,this armillary sphere of eleven rings1 encircling a terrestrial globe #g4b cm4 in diameter1 is mounted on a copper base4 ,on the circle representing the ,tropic of ,cancer is the inscription ,caspar ,vopel artiv profes4 hanc sphaeram faciebat ,coloniae #aedc4 ,caspar ,vopel professor of arts made this globe in ,cologne in the year #aedc1 while on the remaining circles are engraved numerous cosmographical signs and names4 ,the terrestrial globe is covered with a manuscript map in colors1 and bears the title legend ,nova ac generalis orbis descriptio1 and the author legend ,caspar ,vopel mathe4 faciebat4 ,most of the regional names on the map are in red1 and a red dot is employed to indicate the location of certain important cities1 the names in general being omitted4 ,the globe is remarkably well preserved 7,fig4 #ef74 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ef4 ,vopel ,globe1 #aedc4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ef;a4 ,western ,hemisphere of ,vopel ,terrestrial ,globe4 ,in the collection of ,jodoco del ,badia1 state archivist of ,florence1 is a ,vopel armillary sphere of the year #aedd4bdb ,the engraved inscription on the ,tropic of ,cancer reads ,caspar ,vopel ,me4 ,matem4 hanc sphaeram faciebat coloniae #aedd4 ,within the eleven armillae is a very small wooden sphere intended to represent a terrestrial globe of wood1 about #c cm4 in diameter1 on which the equator and the tropics are represented1 but no geographical details of any value appear because of the small size of the ball4 ,a ,vopel armillary sphere1 apparently like the preceding1 bearing the same date and legends1 is reported as belonging to the city museum of ,salzburg4#bdc ,a somewhat detailed description1 by ,j4 ,h4 ,graf1 of a ,vopel armillary sphere in the possession of the ,herr ,forstinspector ,frey of ,bern1 appeared in the year #ahid1 in the ,jahresbericht of the ,geographical ,society of ,munich4#bdd ,it is composed of twelve instead of eleven armillae1 and at the common center is a small terrestrial ball4 ,the inscriptions appearing on each of the several rings are given by ,graf1 and the work of ,vopel is compared with that of other map makers of the time4 ,on circle #c1 for example1 counting from the outermost1 is a citation from ,ovid 7,amores ,i4 #f4 #ei71 ,night1 love1 and wine are not counselors of moderation4 ,on circle #e1 which represents the ,tropic of ,cancer1 is the author and date legend1 reading ,caspar ,vopellius ,mathe4 ,profes4 hanc sphaeram faciebat ,coloniae #aede4 ,on circle #g we read ,fate rules the world1 all stands secure according to unchangeable law1 and the long lapse of time is marked by certain course4 ,on one of the circles movable about the pole of the ecliptic is the inscription ,the sun1 called ,helios1 moves through the entire circle of the zodiac in #cfe days and about #f hours4 ,graf notes the striking similarity of this sphere to that belonging to the ,old ,nordiske ,museum of ,copenhagen1 and adds to his paper a reproduction of the terrestrial globe map in plane projection4#bde ,the feature common to all of the ,vopel maps1 viz41 the connection of the ,new and the ,old ,worlds1 is particularly emphasized4 ,the name ,america appears only on ,south ,america1 and rightly so1 if at all1 in keeping with his geographical ideas4 ,gnther reports that there may be found in the ,hof- und ,staatsbibliothek of ,munich 7,sig4 ,math4 ,a #da1 fol471 a volume of drawings and engravings once belonging to the ,nrnberg mathematician1 ,george ,hartmann4#bdf ,in this collection there are two sets of celestial globe gores1 the one containing nine1 originally ten parts1 dated ,february1 #aece1 the other containing ten undated parts4 ,it is thought by ,gnther that we have here1 in all probability1 the earliest example of engraved celestial globe gores1 a second example in date being that by ,vopel of #aecf1 and referred to above4 ,in the year #ahei ,mr4 ,buckingham ,smith obtained in the city of ,madrid an engraved copper globe of striking scientific value and interest4 ,on the death of ,mr4 ,smith this globe1 now known as the ,ulpius globe 7,fig4 #eg71 was purchased by ,mr4 ,john ,david ,wolf and later was presented to the ,library of the ,new ,york ,historical ,society1 where it may now be found among that society's rich collection of historical treasures4#bdg ,it is of large size1 having a diameter of #ci cm41 rests upon an oak base1 and measuring from the bottom of the base to the top of the iron cross which tips the north polar axis1 its entire height is #aaa cm4 ,the hollow hemispheres of which the ball is composed are made to join at the line of the equator1 the parts being held together by iron pins4 ,in addition to its copper equatorial circle1 which is neatly graduated and engraved with signs of the zodiac1 it has a meridian and an hour circle of brass4 ,on the surface of the globe itself the principal parallels are drawn1 and meridians at intervals of thirty degrees1 the line of the ecliptic being very prominent1 and the boundary line proposed by ,pope ,alexander ,,vi1 marking a terminus for the claims of ,spain and ,portugal to newly discovered regions1 is strikingly conspicuous1 with its legend reaching from pole to pole1 ,terminus ,hispanis et ,lusitanis ab ,alexandro ,,vi ,p4 ,m4 assignatus4#bdh ,limit to ,spain and ,portugal set by ,pope ,alexander ,,vi4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #eg4 ,terrestrial ,globe of ,euphrosynus ,ulpius1 #aeda4 ,that a globe of such large dimensions1 and of date so early1 should come down to our day scarcely injured in the slightest degree1 is a source of much delight to students of early cartography and of early discovery and exploration4 ,in a neat cartouch we read the following inscription3 ,regiones orbis terrae quae aut aveterib traditae aut nostra patruq memoria compertae sint4 ,euphrosynus ,ulpius describebat anno salutis ,m4,d4,,xlii4 ,regions of the terrestrial globe which are handed down by the ancients or have been discovered in our memory or that of our fathers4 ,delineated by ,euphrosynus ,ulpius in the year of salvation #aedb4 ,the work is dedicated to ,marcello ,cervino ,s4 ,r4 ,e4 ,presbitero ,cardinali ,d4 ,d4 ,rome1 ,marcellus ,cervino1 ,cardinal ,presbyter and ,doctor of ,divinity of the ,holy ,roman ,church1 ,rome1#bdi the dedication being inscribed in a cartouch ornamented with wheat or barley heads1 a device to be found in the coat of arms of the ,cervino family1 and with the deer which may be taken as an allusion to the name4 ,not the least interesting feature of its geographical record in the ,new ,world is that wherein testimony is given to the voyage of ,verrazano in the year #aebd4 ,the outline of the ,north ,american continent is strikingly like that given in the ,verrazano map of #aebi 7,fig4 #eh71 showing an isthmus in the vicinity of ,chesapeake ,bay1 beyond which stretches a great unnamed sea to the west1 called in some of the early maps the ,sea of ,verrazano4 ,ulpius attests the discovery in the following legend1 ,verrazana sive ,nova ,gallia a ,verrazano ,florentino comperta anno ,sal4 ,m4,d4 ,verrazana or ,new ,france discovered by ,verrazano a ,florentine in the year of salvation #aejj4 ,the date in this legend is taken to be an incomplete rather than an erroneous record1 the correct date being obtainable from the following legend appearing on the map of ,hieronimus ,verrazano1 brother of the explorer1 ,verrazana sive nova gallia quale discopri #e anni fa giovanni di verrazano fiorentino per ordine et commandamento del ,christianissimo re di francia4 ,verrazana or ,new ,france discovered five years since by ,giovanni ,verrazano a ,florentine by order and command of the ,most ,christian ,king of ,france4#bej ,ulpius must have made use of this ,verrazano map in drawing the outline of ,north ,america1 though he did not copy slavishly1 as we find that he greatly improved on that map in the trend he has given the ,atlantic coast line of ,north ,america1 and in the numerous details he has inscribed4 ,in very many of the ,atlantic coast names1 however1 there is a practical agreement between those on the globe and those on the map4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #eh4 ,western ,hemisphere of ,ulpius ,globe1 #aeda4 ,to the continent of ,south ,america is given both the name ,america and ,mundus ,novus1 while numerous provincial names appear1 as ,peru1 ,bresilia1 ,terra de giganti4 ,the land areas of both the ,new and the ,old ,world are liberally ornamented with representations of the local animal life1 the traditional belief in the existence of cannibals in ,mundus ,novus being especially prominent4 ,the oceans are made to abound in sea monsters1 and vessels sail hither and thither over the courses then followed by navigators4 ,though ,south ,america has the entire coast line represented1 that section stretching southward from ,peru is marked as terra incognita4 ,separated from the mainland by the ,strait of ,magellan1 marked by the legend1 initium freti magellanici1 is an extensive land area1 that part lying to the southwest of the strait being called ,regio ,patalis1 that to the southeast as ,terra ,australis adhuc incomperta1 while from this particular region there stretches away to the east1 as far as the meridian passing through the southern point of ,africa1 a peninsula across which is the legend ,lusitani ultra promotorium bone spei i ,calicutium tendentes hanc terra viderut1 veru non accesserunt1 quamobrem neq nos certi quidqz afferre potuimus4 ,the ,portuguese sailing beyond the ,cape of ,good ,hope to ,calicut1 saw this land but did not reach it1 wherefore neither have we been able to assert anything with certainty concerning it4 ,in the main ,ptolemy served as a source of information for the regions of the ,east1 although much of the information which the earlier years of the century had contributed to a knowledge of that far-away country is recorded4 ,the large size of the globe gave opportunity for the inscription of numerous geographical details1 and of this opportunity the engraver fully availed himself4 ,it may well be referred to as one of the most interesting of the early globes1 and its map records as possessing great scientific value4 ,tiraboschi alludes to a globe possessed by ,cardinal ,pietro ,bembo 7#adgj-aedg71 citing a letter written by ,giacomo ,faletti at ,venice1 ,june #c1 #aefa1 to ,alfonso ,,ii ,d',este of ,ferrara1 in which mention is made of the same4 ,i have bought1 says ,faletti1 the globe of ,cardinal ,bembo for fifteen scudi which is the price of the metal composing it1 and ,i have given it out to be decorated hoping to make of it the most beautiful globe which is possessed by any ,prince in the world4 ,it will cost altogether #be scudi4#bea ,this globe must have been made before the year #aedg1 in which year occurred the death of the cardinal4 ,fiorini expresses the opinion that it probably was owned by him while making his residence at ,padua1 when1 free from care1 he was giving himself to study and to the collection of scientific and artistic objects4#beb ,one of ,spain's distinguished chart makers of the middle of the sixteenth century was ,alonso de ,santa ,cruz 7#aejj-aegb74bec ,although but few of his cartographical productions are known1 there is to be found in the survivals abundant evidence of his marked ability4 ,we learn concerning him that by royal order of ,july #g1 #aecf1 he was created cosmographer of the ,casa de ,contratacion at a salary of #cj1jjj maravedis1 that in this capacity it was his duty to examine and pass upon sailing charts1 that shortly after the above-named date he became ,cosmografo ,major1 and that some time before his death1 which occurred in the year #aegb1 ,philip ,,ii appointed him to the office of ,royal ,historian4#bed ,his best-known work is his ',yslario general del mondo1' of which three signed manuscript copies are known1 no one of which1 however1 appears to be complete4 ,two of these copies are to be found in the ,royal ,library of ,vienna2#bee the third1 now belonging to the ,city ,library of ,besanon1 was at one time in the possession of ,cardinal ,granvella4#bef ,the ,national ,library of ,madrid possesses a fine manuscript atlas1 which has been generally attributed to ,garcia ,cespedes1 since his name appears on the frontispiece1 but which now is thought by those who have most carefully examined it to be the work of ,santa ,cruz4 ,there are evidences that it has been somewhat altered in parts1 which alterations may have been the work of ,cespedes4#beg ,in addition to his ',yslario' we still have his remarkable map of the city of ,mexico1 belonging to the ,university ,library of ,upsala1#beh and one copy of his world map in gores 7,fig4 #ei71 preserved in the ,royal ,library of ,stockholm4 ,it is this last-named map which especially interests us here4#bei ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ei4 ,gore ,map of ,alonso de ,santa ,cruz1 #aedb4 ,though the form of the map suggests that it had been the author's intention to paste it on the surface of a prepared sphere1 there appears to be good reason for thinking that this particular copy was not intended to serve him in a terrestrial globe construction4 ,it is surrounded with an ornamental border finely executed in gold and white1 and stretching across the top is a waving scroll in which has been written the inscription ,nova verior et integra totius orbis descriptio nunc primum in lucem edita per ,alfonsum de ,sancta ,cruz ,caesaris ,charoli ,v4 archicosmographum4 ,a4,d4 ,m4,d4,,xlii4 ,a very new and complete description of the whole world now first prepared by ,alfonso de ,santa ,cruz ,cosmographer ,major of the ,emperor ,charles ,v4 #aedb4 ,the original map is drawn on three connected sheets of parchment1 as ,dahlgren states in his excellent monograph1 the total dimensions of which are #gi by #add cm4 ,in the lower corner on the left is the dedication3 ,potentiss4 ,caes4 ,carlo ,v4 ,usi sumus et hic ad terrae1 marisque simul1 demonstractionem1 sectione alia1 ,augustiss4 ,caesar1 per equinotialem lineam ,polum quemque1 dividui ipsius globi1 singula medietas obtinens1 depressoque utroque in planum ,polo1 equinotialem ipsam secantes1 rationem prospectivam servavimus1 quemadmodum et in alia1 veluti solutis ,polis1 itidem in planum discisis meridianis propalavimus1 neque pretermissis hic longitudinum latitudinumque graduum parallelorum climatumque dimensionibus4 ,vale4 ,o powerful ,caesar6 we have1 here also in this map of land and sea1 made use of a new division of the globe2 namely1 at the equator1 so that each half of the globe thus divided has one of the poles as its center4 ,by depressing the pole to the plane of the equator and by making incisions from the equator to the pole1 we have made a projection similar to that presented to the public on the other map with detached poles and with the meridians separated on the same plane1 without disregarding the correct dimensions of the longitude1 latitudes1 degrees1 parallels1 and climates4 ,farewell4 ,the map represents the world in two hemispheres1 a northern and a southern1 each drawn on thirty-six half gores or sectors4 ,the following appears to have been the method of construction4 ,with the poles as centers1 and with a radius equal to one fourth of the length of a meridian circle of the globe he drew his large circle or circles representing the equator and forming the bases of each of the half gores4 ,each of the large or equatorial circles he divided into thirty-six equal arcs1 and from the points establishing such divisions he drew a meridian line extending in each hemisphere to the pole or center of his circle4 ,these meridian lines were graduated and lines or arcs representing parallels of latitude were drawn intersecting them at intervals of ten degrees1 having the pole as the common center in each hemisphere4 ,marking off on each of these parallels or arcs both to right and left a distance representing five degrees of the earth's longitude1 he thus established the points through which to draw his meridians which marked the boundaries of each sector1 leaving between the sectors equal spaces to be cut away should the sectors be used for pasting on the surface of a sphere4 ,every fifth meridian and every tenth parallel is drawn in black2 the equator1 the tropics1 the polar circles1 and the prime meridian are gilded4 ,the prime meridian runs somewhat to the west of the ,island of ,fayal4 ,at longitude #bj degrees west is the papal line of demarcation which is called ,meridianus particionis1 crossing ,south ,america south of the mouth of the ,amazon4 ,on the one side of this line in the southern hemisphere appears the flag of ,spain1 on the other that of ,portugal1 thus designating specifically the ,hemisperium ,regis ,castelle1 and the ,hemisperium ,regis ,portugalie4 ,california is referred to as ya q descubrio el marq's del valle1 island discovered by the ,marquis del ,valle1 and the coast north of this point is called tera q cnbio787 a descubrio de anto d' medoca1 land to discover which ,don ,antonio de ,mendoza sent out an expedition4 ,in drawing the outlines of his continents he seems to have made use of the best available sources4 ,the ,new ,world follows the ,sevillan type1 as represented in the ,ribeiro maps1 particularly the eastern or ,atlantic coast regions1 including1 though in somewhat abbreviated form1 the references to ,gomez1 ,ayllon1 and ,narvaez4 ,there is no distinct coast line north of ,california1 which line follows the meridian of #aje degrees as far north as the ,arctic circle1 hence there is no positive representation of an ,asiatic connection1 but rather the indication of a doubt1 as was indicated on maps of the type4 ,if ,santa ,cruz intended his peculiar gores to serve in the construction of a terrestrial globe1 we cannot find that he impressed his method on the globe makers of the period4 ,we seem to have but one striking imitation of his work1 viz41 in the gore map of ,florianas1 to which reference is made below4#bfj ,to that striking feature of many of the globe maps of the second quarter of the sixteenth century1 in which an ,asiatic connection of the ,new ,world is represented1 attention has been called in the preceding pages2 there likewise has been noted the fact that not a few of the map makers of the period expressed a certain degree of doubt as to whether the prevailing idea of the first quarter of the century 7that the lands discovered in the west constituted a veritable ,new ,world7 should be given over1 preferring to omit altogether the west and northwest coast line of ,north ,america1 or to make very indefinite allusion to the geography of the region4 ,we now come to the consideration of a map and globe maker who carries us back to the geographical notion of the earlier years of the century1 namely1 to the idea that the ,new ,world was nothing less than an independent continent4 ,the activities of ,gerhard ,mercator 7#aeab-aeid7 7,fig4 #fj7 were epoch making1 and a reference to him more detailed than has been accorded his predecessors is fitting4#bfa ,he was a native of ,rupelmunde1 a small town situated in the ,pays de ,waes in ,east ,flanders1 not far from the city of ,antwerp4 ,his parents died while he was still a mere lad1 but in a great-uncle he found a faithful guardian and a generous benefactor1 who took care that his education should be the best that was afforded by the schools of the ,netherlands4 ,in #aebg1 at the age of fifteen1 he entered the ,college of ,bois-le-,duc in ,brabant1 where he studied for three and one half years1 and in #aecj he was matriculated as a student in the ,university of ,louvain1 famous throughout ,europe at that early date as a center of learning4#bfb ,during his university career he appears to have given much thought to the problems of science1 including the origin1 nature1 and destiny of the physical universe4 ,while these studies did not bear directly upon that branch of science in which he was to win for himself such marked distinction in later years1 they indicate the early existence of a desire for knowledge scientific rather than for knowledge theological1 notwithstanding the fact that his guardian and patron was an ecclesiastic4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fj4 ,portraits of ,gerhard ,mercator and ,jodocus ,hondius4 ,in ,gemma ,frisius1 an eminent professor of mathematics in the ,university of ,louvain1 and at one time a pupil of ,apianus1 he appears1 as before noted1 to have found a sympathetic friend and counselor4#bfc ,it probably was ,frisius who suggested a career for the young scientist1 since we find him1 shortly after graduation1 turning his attention to the manufacture of mathematical instruments1 to the drawing1 engraving1 and coloring of maps and charts1 wherein he found a vocation for the remainder of his life4 ,in #aecg his first publication1 a map of ,palestine1 appeared1 to which he gave the title ,amplissima ,terrae ,sanctae descriptio4#bfd ,immediately thereafter1 at the instance of a certain ,flemish merchant1 he undertook the preparation of a map of ,flanders1 making for the same extensive original surveys4 ,this map was issued in the year #aedj4bfe ,mercator's first published map of the world bears the date #aech4 ,this map was drawn in the double cordiform projection which seems first to have been employed by ,orontius ,finaeus in his world map of #aeca4bff ,in this map ,mercator departed from the geographical notions generally entertained at this particular period which made ,america an extension of ,asia4 ,he represented the continent of ,asia separated from the continent of ,america by a narrow sea1 an idea which increased in favor with geographers and cartographers long before actual discovery proved this to be a fact4 ,this map is one to which great importance attaches1 but it is not the first world map on which there was an attempt to fasten the name ,america upon both the northern and the southern continents of the ,new ,world1 although it frequently has been referred to as such2 this honor1 so far as we at present know1 belongs to a globe map referred to and briefly described above4#bfg ,his large map of ,europe1 the draughting of which appears to have claimed much of his time for a number of years1 was published in the year #aeed1 and contributed greatly to his fame as a cartographer4#bfh ,in #aefd appeared his large map of ,england1#bfi and in the same year his map of ,lorraine based upon his own original surveys4#bgj ,in the year #aefi a master work was issued1 this being his nautical chart1 ad usum navigantium1 as he said of it1 based upon a new projection which he had invented4#bga ,it is the original chart setting forth the ,mercator projection which is now so extensively employed in map making4 ,in the year #aegh he issued his revised edition of the so-called ,ptolemy maps1 and eight years later these same maps again1 revised with the complete text of ,ptolemy's work on geography4 ,mercator expressly stated it to be his purpose1 in this last work1 not to revise the text in order to make it conform to the most recent discoveries and geographical ideas1 but the rather to have a text conforming1 as nearly as possible1 to ,ptolemy's original work4 ,this edition still ranks as one of the best which has ever been issued4 ,his great work1 usually referred to as his ',atlas of ,modern ,geography1' the first part of which appeared in #aehe1 and a second part in #aeij1 was not completed during his lifetime1 though but four months after his death1 in the year #aeid1 ,rumold ,mercator published his father's collection of maps1 adding a third part to those which previously had been issued4 ,it was this publication which bore the title ',atlas sive cosmographicae meditationes de fabrica mundi et fabricati figura4' ,apparently for the first time the term atlas had here been employed for a collection of maps1 a term which we know had its origin with ,gerhard ,mercator himself4 ,a reference to his general cartographical work more detailed than the above cannot here find place4 ,it is his globes which call for special consideration4 ,there is reason for thinking it was ,nicols ,perrenot1 father of ,cardinal ,granvella1 who suggested to ,mercator the construction of a globe2 it at least was to this great ,prime ,minister of the ,emperor ,charles ,v that he dedicated his first work of this character1 a terrestrial globe dated #aeda4bgb ,that ,mercator had constructed such a globe had long been known through a reference in ,ghymmius' biography1 yet it had been thought1 until #ahfh1 that none of the copies of this work had come down to us4 ,in that year there was offered for sale1 in the city of ,ghent1 the library of ,m4 ,benoni-,verelst and among its treasures was a copy of ,mercator's engraved globe gores of the year #aeda1 which were acquired by the ,royal ,library of ,brussels1 where they may still be found4 ,soon thereafter other copies of these gores1 mounted and unmounted1 came to light in ,paris1 in ,vienna1 in ,weimar1 in ,nrnberg1 and later yet other copies in ,italy1 until at present no less than twelve copies are known4 ,these gores were constructed to cover a sphere #da cm4 in diameter1 and the map represents the entire world1 with its seas1 its continents1 and its islands4 ,the names of the various regions of the earth1 of the several empires1 and of the oceans are inscribed in ,roman capital letters2 the names of the kingdoms1 of the provinces1 of the rivers1 are inscribed in cursive ,italic letters1 while for the names of the several peoples he employed a different form of letter4 ,the gores1 twelve in number1 were engraved and printed in groups of threes 7,fig4 #fa71 each gore having an equatorial diameter of thirty degrees4 ,mercator worked out mathematically the problem dealing with the proper relation of the length of each of the gores to its width1 or of its longer diameter to its shorter1 in his endeavor to devise a map as nearly perfect as possible in shape for covering a ball1 knowing full well the difficulty of fitting a flat surface to one that is curved4 ,each of the gores he truncated twenty degrees from the poles1 and for the polar areas he prepared a circular section drawn according to the rule applicable to an equidistant polar projection4 ,it appears1 as before noted1 that he was the first to apply this method in globe construction4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fa4 ,six of ,twelve ,terrestrial ,globe ,gores by ,gerhard ,mercator1 #aeda4 ,the ecliptic1 the tropics1 and the polar circles are represented at their proper intervals1 with other parallels at intervals of ten degrees1 and meridians at intervals of fifteen degrees4 ,as in his double cordiform map of #aech1 his prime meridian passes through the island of ,forte ,ventura1 one of the ,fortunate ,islands of the ancients1 but which had long been known as the ,canary ,islands4 ,to his globe map he added a feature of special value to seamen4 ,from the numerous compass or wind roses1 distributed with some regularity over its surface1 he drew loxodromic lines1 or curved lines cutting the meridians at equal angles4#bgc ,this feature could not have failed to win the approval of navigators1 since they well knew that the previous attempts to represent these rhumbs as straight lines on maps drawn on a cylindrical projection1 led to numerous errors in navigation4 ,a second somewhat curious and interesting feature of his globe1 a feature which ,i do not recall to have noticed in any other1 is the representation in various localities on land and on sea of certain stars1 his idea being that he could thus assist the traveler to orient himself at night4 ,in his list of stars on his globe map1 we find1 for example1 ,sinister humerus ,botes near latitude #dj degrees north1 longitude #baj degrees2 ,corona septentrionalis near latitude #bi degrees north1 longitude #bbg degrees2 ,cauda ,cygni near latitude #dd degrees north1 longitude #cje degrees2 ,humerus ,pegasus near latitude #ab degrees north1 longitude #cdj degrees2 ,crus ,pegasi near latitude #bf degrees north1 longitude #cci degrees2 six of the important stars in ,ursa ,major1 including ,stella ,polaris1 and in the present ,california1 somewhat strangely prophetic1 ,caput ,draconis4 ,on the ninth gore1 counting from the prime meridian eastward1 is a legend giving the author's name1 the date of issue1 and a reference to the publication privilege1 reading ,edebat ,gerardus ,mercator ,rupelmundanus cum privilegio ,ces ,maiestatis ad an sex ,lovanii an #aeda4 ,published by ,gerard ,mercator of ,rupelmunde under the patent of ,his ,imperial ,majesty for six years at ,louvain in the year #aeda4 ,in a corresponding position on the seventh gore is the dedication ,illustris3 ,dno ,nicolao ,perrenoto ,domino ,granvella ,sac4 ,caesaree ,mati consiliis primo dedecatu4 ,dedicated to the very distinguished ,seigneur ,nichols ,perrenot1 ,seigneur de ,granvella2 first counselor of ,his ,imperial ,majesty1 over which is the coat of arms of the ,prime ,minister4 ,on gore six we read ,ubi quibus argumentis ,lector ab aliorum descriverimus editione libellus noster indicabit4 ,reader1 where and in what subjects we have copied from the publications of other men will be pointed out in our booklet1 in which there appears to be a reference to an intended publication wherein his globe was to be described and its uses indicated4 ,no such work by ,mercator is known to exist1 although we find that in the year #aeeb he issued a small pamphlet bearing the title ',declaratio insigniorum utilitatum quae sunt in globo terrestri1 caelesti et anulo astronomico4 ,ad invictissimum ,romanum ,imperatorus ,carolum ,quintum4' ',a presentation of the particular advantages of the terrestrial1 celestial1 and armillary spheres4 ,dedicated to the invincible ,roman ,emperor ,charles ,fifth4'#bgd ,he tells us in one of his legends how to find the distance between two places represented on the globe1 observing1 ,si quorum voles locoru distantia cognoscere 444 trasferto1 hic tibi1 q libet particula itercepta millaria referet1 ,hisp3 #ah1 ,gal3 #bj1 ,germ3 #ae1 ,milia pass2 #fj1 ,stadia #ejj1 from which it appears that he gives as the value of an equatorial degree #fj ,italian miles or #ejj stadia1 equivalent to #ah ,spanish miles1 to #bj ,french miles1 and to #ae ,german miles4 ,finding numerous errors in ,ptolemy's geography of the ,old ,world1 he tells us that he undertook to correct these errors from the accounts of ,marco ,polo1 whom he calls ,m4 ,paulo ,veneto1 and from the accounts of ,vartema1 whom he calls ,ludovico1 ,rom ,patricii4 ,between parallels #ej degrees and #fj degrees south latitude and meridians #fj degrees and #gj degrees east longitude is the inscription ,psitacorum regio a ,lusitanis anno #aejj ad millia passum bis mille praetervectis1 sic appellata quod psitacos elat inaudite magnitudinis1 ut qui ternos cubitos aequent longitudine4 ,region of parrots discovered by the ,portuguese in #aejj who sailed along #bjjj miles2 so called because it has parrots of unheard-of size1 measuring three cubits in length4 ,america1 he notes1 is called ,new ,india1 ,america a multis hodie ,noua ,india dicta4 ,in the ,antarctic region an inscription tells of the notion entertained by many geographers of his day and by some in an earlier day1 that in addition to the four known parts of the world1 ,europe1 ,asia1 ,africa1 and ,america1 there is here a fifth part of large size stretching for a number of degrees from the pole1 which region is called terra ,australe4 ,mercator undertook1 in ,chapter ,x of his ',atlas1' to demonstrate that a large ,antarctic continent must of necessity exist as a balance to the weight of the other four continents or parts of the world lying in the northern hemisphere4#bge ,in #aeea he issued his copper engraved gores for a celestial globe1 dedicating the same to ,prince ,george of ,austria1 natural son of the ,emperor ,maximilian1 who was ,bishop of ,brixen1 ,archbishop of ,valencia1 and ,bishop of ,lige in the year #aedd4 ,a set of these gores was likewise acquired by the ,royal ,library of ,brussels at the same time it acquired the terrestrial globe gores referred to above4#bgf ,the dedication reads ,ampliss3 ,preculi ,principiqz ,illmo ,georgio ab ,austria ,dei dispositione ,episcopo ,leodiensi1 ,duci ,bullonensi1 ,marchioni ,francimotensi1 ,comiti ,lossensi c mecaenati optime merito dd4 ,gerardus ,mercator ,rupelmundanus4 ,to the ,magnificent ,protector and ,prince1 the very distinguished ,george of ,austria1 by the ,grace of ,god1 ,bishop of ,lige1 ,duke of ,bouillon1 ,marquis of ,francimontensi1 ,count of ,lossensi1 the very splendid patron of arts and science1 dedicated by ,gerard ,mercator of ,rupelmunde4 ,near the above inscription we find the date and place of issue given as follows1 ,lovanii anno ,domini #aeea mense ,aprili1 and a reference to his privilege ,inhibitum est ne quis hoc opus imitetur1 aut alibi factum vendat1 intra fines ,imperii1 vel provinciarum inferiorum ,caes3 ,mtis an3 te decennium1 sub poenis mulctis in diplomatibus cotentis4 ,oberburger ,soete subscrib4 ,all persons are forbidden to reproduce this work or to sell it when made elsewhere within the ,empire or the ,low ,countries of ,his ,imperial ,majesty until after ten years1 under the penalties and fines prescribed in the patent4 ,signed by ,oberburger and ,soete4 ,it clearly was the intention that this should serve as the companion of his terrestrial globe of #aeda1 described above1 since the gores are of the same size1 each of the twelve being truncated in the same manner1 and the circular section being prepared for the polar areas4 ,mercator's merits as an astronomer by no means equaled his merits as a geographer4 ,however1 his celestial globe1 by reason of the exactness of the composition1 by reason of its simplicity1 and by reason of the artistic skill exhibited in the workmanship1 is a most worthy work of that great scientist4 ,on this globe are represented the forty-eight constellations of ,ptolemy1 to which have been added three which he calls ,antinous1 ,lepus and ,cincinnus1 the first formed of six stars and located on the equator below the constellation ,aquila1 the second in the southern hemisphere under the feet of ,orion1 and the third in the northern hemisphere near the tail of ,ursa ,major4#bgg ,his constellations1 as well as the principal stars in the same1 have1 in the majority of instances1 ,greek1 ,latin1 and ,arabic names4 ,it does not appear that ,mercator felt himself bound to a strictly scientific representation and interpretation of the celestial bodies1 for he pays more or less homage to astrology1 inscribing on the horizon circle of his globe the horoscope as used by astrologists in calculating nativities1 perhaps recognizing1 from a business standpoint1 the advantage of an appeal to certain superstitions which he found still lingering among both the learned and the unlearned4 ,by reason of their size and the great care with which they had been prepared1 his globes must have found general favor1 not only with those of rank and distinction1 for whom copies de luxe were issued1 but with geographers and scholars in general1 who found it possible to obtain at a comparatively small price the more modest copies4 ,that they found favor in ,germany is assured us by ,mercator's correspondence with ,camerarius of ,nrnberg1 in which mention is made of the sale of six pairs of his globes in that city1 and of others at the ,frankfort book market4#bgh ,thomas ,blundeville tells us in his ',exercises' that ,mercator's globes were in common use in ,england until #aeib1bgi and the number of his globes which have become known since #ahfh in various parts of ,europe assure us that copies of that master's work must have been easily obtainable by those interested4 ,ruscelli1 in referring to printed spheres1 notes that they usually were made small1 and that those of large size are not exact1 but he adds that he had seen some that were three and one half palms in diameter1 such as that which years ago ,aurelio ,porcelaga sent to him to examine1 printed in ,germany1 and given to him by ,monseigneur ,granvella1 to whom or to whose father1 not recalling which1 it had been dedicated1 but which he remembered was very beautiful and very exact1 being evidently engraved by one very expert1 judged by the beauty of the design and the artistic quality of the letters4#bhj ,fiorini is of the opinion that these globes were ,mercator's1 and that they were carried into ,italy in the late years of the sixteenth century when a friendly relationship existed between certain ,italian princes and the ,spanish authorities then ruling in ,flanders4#bha ,attention has been called above to the acquisition by the ,royal ,library of ,brussels of a copy each of the terrestrial and the celestial globe gores1 and that the discovery of the same having created an especial interest in his work1 other examples were soon brought to light in ,italy1 in ,spain1 in ,france1 in ,germany1 and in ,austria4 ,a pair may be found in the ,musum ,astronomique of ,paris1 a pair in the ,royal ,library of ,vienna1 a pair in the ,germanisches ,national ,museum in ,nrnberg1 a pair in the archives of the town of ,st4 ,nicholas de ,waes1 a copy of the terrestrial globe in the ,grand ,ducal ,library of ,weimar1 a copy of the celestial in the ,convent of ,adamont1 ,istria1 and a copy of the terrestrial in the ,convent of ,stams1 ,tyrol4 ,dr4 ,buonanno1 director of the ,biblioteca ,governativa of ,cremona1 in #ahij briefly described a pair of ,mercator's globes belonging to that library1 and what he was able to learn as a result of their damaged condition of ,mercator's method of construction is not without interest4 ,he found that over a framework composed of thin1 narrow strips of wood had been pasted first a cloth covering1 over this a thin layer of plaster and that to this was added a covering of a pastelike substance about six or seven millimeters in thickness1 consisting of plaster1 wood fiber1 or sawdust1 and glue4 ,on this prepared surface had then been pasted the engraved gores4 ,the learned librarian's conjecture as to the manner in which these globes found their way into ,italy1 if correct1 is of interest1 pointing as it does to the formation of a great art collection in that period4 ,he recalls that ,caesar ,speciano1 ,bishop of ,cremona1 had been sent in #aeib as nuncio to ,germany1 and that he had occasion1 during his mission1 to attend to certain matters pertaining to the inheritance of ,william1 ,duke of ,cleves1 in whose country there must still have existed the workshop of ,mercator4 ,the opinion is expressed that on the return of the ,bishop to ,italy he carried with him many books and art objects1 which had come into his hands either through purchase or through gift1 and that the same passed into the possession of the ,cremona ,library1 a library belonging to the ,jesuits until the time of the suppression of that order4#bhb ,the ,biblioteca ,municipale of ,urbania possesses a pair of ,mercator's globes of #aeda and #aeea1 which are reported to be in a fair state of preservation4 ,it is thought that they may have come into the library's collection through the last reigning member of the house1 ,duke ,francesco ,maria4 ,in the ,museo ,astronomico of ,rome two copies of the terrestrial globe of #aeda may be found1 and a copy of the celestial of the year #aeea4 ,these1 it will be seen from the reproduction 7,fig4 #fb71 are not in a good state of preservation1 although a very considerable portion of the map records can be read4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fb4 ,terrestrial ,globe of ,gerhard ,mercator1 #aeda4 ,in addition to the globes of ,mercator referred to above1 it is known that after taking up his residence in ,duisburg he constructed a small celestial globe of glass1 on the surface of which he engraved with a diamond the several constellations1 and that he likewise constructed a very small terrestrial globe of wood1 apparently such as were later called pocket globes1 having all geographical records given as accurately presented as on the larger globes4#bhc ,how great was the direct influence of ,mercator on globe making activities1 it may not be easy to trace1 but the evidence seems to be conclusive1 as ,breusing has noted1 that his should be counted the greatest1 among those active within this field1 for fifty years and more1 following the issue of his first work in the year #aeda4 ,it is among the ,italian globe makers1 and those in the peninsula interested in such instruments1 that we seem to find the first and most striking evidence of his influence1 which will be noted in the following pages4 ,giovanni ,gianelli of ,cremona is referred to1 by certain early ,italian writers1 as a clock and globe maker of remarkable ability1#bhd the justice of which estimate is abundantly supported by the character of the one example of his handiwork extant1 belonging to the ,biblioteca ,ambrosiana of ,milan1 to which it came from the collection of ,canon ,manfred ,settla about the middle of the seventeenth century4 ,this is an armillary sphere of brass1 the diameter of its largest or zodiacal circle being #ad cm4 ,this circle is graduated and has engraved on its outer surface the names of the twelve constellations4 ,it is likewise provided with a graduated equatorial circle1 with polar circles and those representing the tropics4 ,at the common center of the several rings is a small ball1 #e cm4 in diameter1 which is made to serve as a terrestrial globe4 ,on one of the circles is the inscription ,janellus ,,mdxlix ,mediolani fecit1 and we further find inscribed the name ,hermetis ,delphini1 which perhaps tells us of a one-time possessor4 ,in a volume describing the museum of ,canon ,settla1 and issued in the year #afff1 ,gianelli and his work are thus referred to3 ,to that great man ,gianelli of ,cremona there is due great honor1 whose personal qualities made him an especial favorite of ,his ,catholic ,majesty ,philip ,,ii4 ,among the many globes which he constructed our museum possesses one of surpassing excellence1 in that it exhibits1 in addition to other movements1 that which astrologers call the movement of trepidation1 and which movement was set forth in theory by ,thebit4#bhe ,the ,emperor ,charles ,v1 when in ,pavia1 we are told1 had his attention directed to an armillary sphere constructed by ,dondi in the fourteenth century4 ,on finding this sphere much injured by rust and usage he called upon ,giovanni ,gianelli to restore it1 but it was reported to be beyond repair4 ,thereupon the ,emperor gave direction to have the sphere reproduced1 which1 when completed1 was carried by ,his ,majesty to ,spain4 ,no trace of this work by ,gianelli can now be found4 ,girolamo ,fracastoro1 a distinguished ,italian physician1 a famous man of letters1 and a great philosopher of the first half of the sixteenth century1 was also a skilful globe maker1 as we learn from ,ramusio1#bhf and from the sketch of his life which usually appears as an introduction to his collected works4#bhg ,vasari also gives us certain information concerning him1 noting that he assisted ,francesco dai ,libri in the construction of his large globe1#bhh and we are led to believe that he was often consulted as an expert by globe makers of his day4 ,while none of those he may have constructed are extant1 what is known of his interest in these aids to geographical and astronomical studies entitles him here to a word of reference4 ,ramusio says#bhi that on the occasion of a visit1 with the architect ,michele ,s4 ,micheli1 to the home of their common friend1 ,girolamo ,fracastoro1 at ,caffi1 they found him in the company of a gentleman1 a very distinguished philosopher and mathematician1 who was showing him an instrument based on a newly found movement of the heavens2 that after they had considered for some time this new movement1 they had brought before them a large and very detailed globe of the entire world1 and about this the distinguished gentleman began to speak4 ,fiorini argues1 somewhat ingeniously1 that this globe may have been one constructed by ,mercator in #aeda1 if not one by ,libri1 in the making of which ,fracastoro himself had assisted4 ,the letters of ,fracastoro assure us that he made use of globes in his geographical and astronomical studies1 and that his friends did likewise4 ,january #be1 #aecc1 he wrote ,ramusio1 ,if you should chance to speak to that master who made your metal spheres1 ,i should like you to ascertain how much a simple but perfect one1 one foot in diameter1 would cost4 ,writing again to ,ramusio ,january #aj1 #aecd1 concerning the ,southern ,cross1 he adds3 ,just reflect a little1 and if you have not sent away the celestial globe1 look at that ,centaurus and you will find all that ,i am writing to you4 ,you might perhaps write about these doubts to ,mr4 ,oviedo1 or perhaps ,i might2 it would be a good idea and we might ask him about the very prominent star in the right foot to ascertain whether it is a separate star or is one of those in the ',southern ,cross4' ,on the twenty-fifth of ,january1 #aedh1 he again wrote to ,ramusio3 ,on my globe ,zeilan is just below the ,cape of ,calicut1 on the equinoctial line1 and it may be that which ,jambolo discovered was ,zeilan or ,taprobana2 ,i am inclined to believe it was ,taprobana4 ,his letter of ,may #aj1 #aedi1 also to ,ramusio1 is of special interest1 indicating1 as it does1 his estimate of the value of terrestrial and celestial globes in the study of astrology 7astronomy7 and geography4 ,in regard to what you write me about ,m4 ,paolo1 ,i thoroughly approve of his taking up the sacred study of astrology and geography1 subjects of study for every learned gentleman and nobleman1 as he would have as his guide and teacher the very well-known ,piedmontese to whom we owe so many excellent things1 but first ,i should advise you to have ,m4 ,paolo construct two solid spheres4 ,on one of these should be represented all the celestial constellations1 and the circles should all have their place1 that is to say1 not as ,ptolemy represents the stars as they were located in his time1 but according to the investigations of our own times1 that is1 about twenty degrees further east4 ,the other should be a terrestrial globe constructed according to modern ideas1 which he should always follow in his studies4 ,he will use the first globe for a thousand and one things2 it will be his guide by day and by night1 and by making use of the quadrant he will be able easily to locate the things to be seen in the heavens4 ,then when he shall have been well started ,i want that you should have him read that little book of mine on homocentricity1 wherein he will be able to learn what astrology is1 but for the present let him learn ordinary astrology which has been treated in so barbarous a manner as to lose much of its dignity4 ,writing again from ,verona ,january #ba1 #aeej1 to ,paolo1 after telling him what he should point out to his father1 he says3 ,you will tell him also that ,m4 ,michele di ,san ,michele has seen my globe and that he likes it4444 ,when ,i come ,i will make note of the principal places1 for ,i desire very much to verify them with the report of navigators telling what they have found1 concerning which matter1 ,i think1 no one knows more than you do1 or especially your distinguished father4 ,as to the celestial sphere1 ,i should like very much to compare one ,i have with the one your father is having made1 that ,i may learn how the constellations compare1 and how many more of the fixed stars have been inserted4 ,i have changed their position twenty degrees4 ,whether he agrees with me or not ,i do not know4 ,,notes #aih ,harrisse4 ,discovery1 p4 #bdg4 #aii ,this is clearly recorded in such important maps as the ,cantino1 ,canerio1 ,waldseemller1 ,schoner globe maps of #aeae and #aebj1 ,boulengier gores1 ,liechtenstein gores1 et al4 #bjj ,wieser1 ,f4 ,r4 v4 ,die ,karte des ,bartolomeo ,columbo ber die vierte ,reise des ,admirals4 ,innsbruck1 #ahic4 #bja ,see above1 p4 #hh4 #bjb ,a letter written by ,maximilianus ,transylvanus to the ,cardinal of ,salzburg1 dated ,valladolid1 ,october1 #aebb1 and published in ,cologne in ,january1 #aebc1 under the title ',de ,molucca insulis 4441' gave the first printed notice of ,magellan's voyage4 ,see ,harrisse4 ,b4 ,a4 ,v4 ,nos4 #abb1 #abc1 #abd4 ,there are numerous editions of ,antonio ,pigafetta's account of the ,magellan voyage1 which account is the principal original source of information concerning that eventful circumnavigation4 ,see ,j4 ,a4 ,robertson 7,ed471 ,pigafetta1 ,antonio4 ,magellan's ,voyage around the ,world4 #bjc ,mac,nutt1 ,f4 ,a4 ,letters of ,cortes to ,charles ,v4 ,new ,york1 #aijh4 ,this ,english edition of the letters of ,cortes contains a brief biographical sketch with valuable notes4 ,cortes1 to the last1 appears to have believed in the existence of a strait through which one might find a shorter way from ,spain to the ,indies of the ,east than was hitherto known4 ,sanuto ,livio4 ,geographia distincta4 ,venitia1 #aehh4 ,argument against the idea of an ,asiatic connection is advanced by ,sanuto on the ground that the natives were frightened at ,cortes's horses4 ,asiatics were acquainted with the horse4 #bjd ,estevan ,gomes1 who had sailed with ,magellan1 undertook in #aebd1 under a royal commission1 the search for a new route leading to ,cathay between the land of ,florida and the ,baccalaos1 says ,peter ,martyr4 ,decad ,,vi1 lib4 x4 #bje ,in this volume1 verso of seventh leaf1 ,franciscus states that in attempting to prepare his description of a globe1 he had collected all the maps of the world he could find4 ,he especially commends one attributed to ,maximilianus ,transylvanus1 and although constructed with much skill1 he could not agree with its geographical representations1 admitting1 however1 that many did accept the same1 but objecting to the separation of ,calvacania 7,mexico7 from the eastern country because he believed it to be joined to the kingdom of the ,great ,khan4 ,see ,harrisse4 ,discovery4 pp4 #bha1 #edh4 #bjf ,stevenson4 ,maps illustrating early discovery4 ,no4 #aj of this series is a reproduction of ,maiollo's map in the size and in the colors of the original4 #bjg ,harrisse4 ,discovery4 p4 #edf4 #bjh ,gallois1 ,l4 ,de ,orontio ,finaeo4 ,paris1 #ahij4 #bji ,hakluyt1 ,r4 ,discourse on ,western ,planting4 ,ed4 by ,charles ,deane1 with introduction by ,leonard ,wood4 7,in3 ,maine ,historical ,society1 ,collections1 second series1 ii1 and printed as ,documentary ,history of the ,state of ,maine4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,cambridge1 #ahgg4 ,chap4 ,,xvii1 #aa1 p4 #aaf47 ,in chapter #aj of the ,discourse ,hakluyt refers to the ,locke map and its configurations1 which map clearly is a modified reproduction of ,verrazano's map of #aebi4 #baj ,harrisse4 ,discovery4 pp4 #efb-efh4 #baa ,nordenskild4 ,facsimile ,atlas4 p4 #hi4 ,the author reproduces the ,finaeus map from a #aeff reprint1 observing that he was unable to locate a copy of the #aecf edition4 #bab ,schefer1 ,c4 ,h4 ,a4 ,le discours de la navigation de ,jean et ,raoul ,parmentier4 ,paris1 #ahhc4 p4 ix4 ,the citation is from a contemporary source4 #bac ,vasari1 ,g4 ,lives of the painters4 ,tr4 by ,mrs4 ,j4 ,foster4 ,london1 #ahej-ahhe4 7,in3 ,bohn ,library1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 pp4 #ddi-dej47 #bad ,blau1 ,m4 ,mmoires de la ,socit ,royal de ,nancy4 ,nancy1 #ahcf4 pp4 xi-xiv1 #ajg4 ,an excellent reproduction of the globe in hemispheres accompanies this article2 ,vincent1 ,r4 ,p4 ,histoire de l'ancienne image miraculeuse de ,ntre-,dame de ,sion4 ,nancy1 #afih4 ,this work contains the first description of the globe2 ,de ,costa1 ,b4 ,f4 ,the ,nancy ,globe4 7,in3 ,the ,magazine of ,american ,history4 ,new ,york1 #ahha4 pp4 #ahc-ahg47 ,a representation of the globe in hemispheres is presented with this article1 being a slightly reduced copy of the ,blau illustration2 ,nordenskild4 ,facsimile ,atlas4 p4 #hb2 same1 ,periplus1 p4 #aei2 ,winsor4 ,narrative and ,critical ,history4 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #dcc1 also ,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #bad2 ,compt-,rendu1 ,congrs des ,americanistes4 ,paris1 #ahgg4 p4 #cei4 #bae ,the probability is it was not originally constructed for this purpose1 although globe goblets were not uncommon in this century4 ,see below1 p4 #aii4 #baf ,quetelet1 ,l4 ,a4 ,j4 ,histoire des sciences mathmatiques et physiques chez les ,belges4 ,brussel1 #ahga1 pp4 #gh ff42 ,ruscelli1 ,g4 ,la ,geografia di ,claudio ,tolomeo4 p4 #cb1 there is reference to a ,globo1 grande2 ,kstner1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #egi ff42 ,breusing1 ,a4 ,leitfaden durch das ,wiegenalter der ,kartographie bis zum ,jahre #afjj4 ,frankfurt1 #ahhc4 p4 #cb4 #bag ,this book appears to be one of the earliest works treating of the scientific construction of globes1 and of the use of trigonometry in the preparation of the globe gores4 #bah ,the representation closely resembles that given by ,schner4 ,see ,fig4 #ed4 #bai ,ruge1 ,w4 ,ein ,globus von ,gemma ,frisius4 7,in3 ,internationaler ,amerikanisten-,kongress1 vierzehnte ,tagung4 ,stuttgart1 #aijd4 pp4 #c-aj47 #bbj ,see below1 p4 #abh1 for the novelty introduced by ,mercator1 in which he truncated the gores near the poles4 #bba ,raemdonck1 ,j4 van4 ,grard ,mercator1 sa vie et ses oeuvres4 ,st4 ,nicolas1 #ahfi4 p4 #ch4 #bbb ,nordenskild4 ,facsimile ,atlas1 pp4 #hg-ij4 ,on map projection in general1 see ,wagner1 ,h4 ,lehrbuch1 der ,geographie4 ,leipzig1 #aijc4 ,chap4 iv2 ,zondervan1 ,h4 ,allgemeine ,kartenkunde4 ,leipzig1 #aija4 ,chap4 iii4 ,see also references below to ,mercator's world map of the year #aech1 p4 #abe4 #bbc ,harrisse1 ,h4 ,un nouveau globe ,verrazanien4 7,in3 ,revue de ,gographie4 ,paris1 #ahie4 pp4 #age-agg47 ,an extensive ,verrazanian bibliography may be found in ,phillips1 ,p4 ,l4 ,descriptive list of maps of ,spanish possessions in the ,united ,states4 ,washington1 #aiab4 pp4 #ci-dj4 #bbd ,see ,stevenson reproduction1 n4 #i1 above4 #bbe ,see ,stevenson reproduction1 n4 #i1 above4 #bbf ,see references to ,ulpius below1 p4 #aag4 #bbg ,compare this mounting with that of ,schner as seen in ,fig4 #bf4 #bbh ,this is a tract of #dd pages4 #bbi ,schner1 ,j4 ,opera ,mathematica4 ,norimbergae1 #aeea4 ,see p4 #abg for what has been thought to be a representation of ,schner's terrestrial and celestial globes of #aecc4 ,it will be noted that the maps in each of these globe pictures have been reversed4 #bcj ,see above1 p4 #if4 #bca ,wieser4 ,magalhes-,strasse4 p4 #gf1 and ,tab4 ,v1 which is a copy of the southern hemisphere2 ,harrisse4 ,discovery4 pp4 #eib-eid1 and pl4 ,,xvii1 which is a copy of the western hemisphere2 ,santarem1 ,v4 de4 ,notice sur plusieurs monuments gographiques inedits4444 7,in3 ,bulletin de la ,socit de ,gographie4 ,paris1 #ahdg4 p4 #cbb472 ,stevens1 ,h4 ,notes4 ,new ,haven1 #ahfi4 p4 #ai2 ,nordenskild4 ,facsimile ,atlas1 pp4 #hj1 #hc2 ,winsor4 ,narrative and ,critical ,history4 ,vol4 ,,viii1 p4 #chh4 #bcb ,harrisse4 ,discovery4 p4 #faj4 #bcc ,harrisse4 ,discovery4 p4 #fac1 and pl4 ,,xxii1 which is a representation of the western hemisphere4 #bcd ,michow1 ,h4 ,caspar ,vopell ein ,klner ,kartenzeichner des #af ,jahrhunderts mit #b ,tafeln und #d ,figuren4 7,in3 ,hamburgische ,festschrift zur ,erinnerung an die ,entdeckung von ,amerika4 ,hamburg1 #ahib4 ,vol4 ,i1 pt4 #d472 ,graf1 ,j4 ,h4 ,ein ,astrolabium mit ,erdkugel aus dem ,jahre #aede1 von ,kaspar ,volpellius4 7,in3 ,jahresbericht d4 ,geographischen ,gesellschaft zu ,mnchen4 #ae ,heft1 p4 #bbh72 ,nordenskild1 op4 cit41 p4 #hc1 and pl4 ,,xl1 which gives a representation of the globe of #aedc1 twelve gores in colors2 ,merlo1 ,j4 ,j4 ,nachrichten vom ,leben und den ,werken ,klner ,knstler1 ,kln1 #ahej4 p4 #dic4 #bce ,nordenskild1 op4 cit41 pl4 ,,xlv4 #bcf ,korth1 ,l4 ,die ,klner ,globen des ,kaspar ,vopelius4 7,in3 ,globus4 ,braunschweig1 #ahhc4 ,vol4 ,,xliv1 pp4 #fb-fc47 #bcg ,described briefly by ,michow1 op4 cit41 p4 #ab4 #bch ,letter of ,august #ab1 #aiac4 #bci ,described briefly by ,michow1 op4 cit41 p4 #ac4 #bdj ,described by ,michow1 op4 cit41 p4 #ad4 ,michow cites a letter written by ,postell to ,abr4 ,ortelius1 ,april #i1 #aefg1 in which the accusation is made against ,vopel that merely to please the ,emperor ,charles ,v he had joined ,america and ,asia in his globe map4 ,in this letter the ,new ,world is called ,atlantis4 #bda ,such globes1 it will be noted1 represent the ,ptolemaic system4 #bdb ,fiorini4 ,sfere terrestri e celesti4 p4 #bad4 #bdc ,wieser1 ,f4 ,r4 v4 ,a4 ,e4 ,nordenskild's ,facsimile ,atlas4 7,in3 ,petermanns ,geographischen ,mitteilungen4 ,gotha1 #ahij4 p4 #bge47 #bdd ,graf1 op4 cit41 n4 #cg4 #bde ,compare with that reproduced by ,nordenskild1 n4 #ch above4 #bdf ,gnther4 ,erd- und ,himmelsgloben4 p4 #eg2 ,doppelmayr1 op4 cit41 p4 #ef4 ,hartmann was a noted manufacturer of globes and mathematical instruments in ,nrnberg4 ,in his youth he spent several years in ,italy1 probably in ,venice4 #bdg ,de ,costa1 ,b4 ,f4 ,the ,globe of ,ulpius4 7,in3 ,magazine of ,american ,history4 ,new ,york1 #ahgi4 pp4 #ag-ce47 ,accompanying the article is a re-draughted representation of the western hemisphere2 same author4 ,verrazano the ,explorer4 ,new ,york1 #ahha4 7,in3 ,magazine of ,american ,history4 ,new ,york1 #ahha4 p4 #fd472 ,winsor1 op4 cit41 ,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #bad2 ,harrisse1 ,h4 ,notes sur la ,nouvelle ,france4 ,paris1 #ahgb4 p4 #bbb2 ,murphy1 ,h4 ,c4 ,inquiry into the authenticity of ,verrazano's claims4 ,new ,york1 #aijc4 p4 #aad4 #bdh ,thatcher1 ,j4 ,b4 ,christopher ,columbus4 ,new ,york1 #aijc4 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #ic-bji4 ,in these pages may be found a critical consideration of questions relating to the subject of the ,line of ,demarcation4 ,linden1 ,h4 ,v4 ,alexander ,,vi and the demarcation of the maritime and colonial domains of ,spain and ,portugal1 #adic-adid4 7,in3 ,american ,historical ,review4 #aiaf4 pp4 #a-ba47 #bdi ,polidori1 ,p4 ,de vita gestis et moribus ,marceli ,,ii1 ,pontificis ,maximi commentarius4 ,romae1 #agdd2 ,cordella1 ,l4 ,memorie storiche dei ,cardinali della ,sancta ,romana ,chiesa4 ,roma1 #agib4 ,vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #bbe4 ,marcello ,cervino was born in the year #aeja4 ,for his attainments in the field of literature1 ,italian1 ,latin1 and ,greek1 in philosophy1 jurisprudence1 and mathematics he held a place of great distinction among his contemporaries4 ,in the year #aeci he was made a cardinal prefect of the ,vatican1 and the year #aeee he was elevated to the ,papacy1 but died twenty-one days thereafter4 #bej ,hall1 ,e4 ,h4 ,giovanni da ,verrazano and his ,discoveries in ,north ,america4 7,in3 ,fifteenth ,annual ,report of the ,american ,scenic and ,historical ,preservation ,society4 ,new ,york1 #aiaj47 ,there is an extensive ,verrazano literature4 ,the original letter written by the explorer to ,francis ,i of ,france1 under whose auspices he had sailed on his voyage of discovery in the year #aebd1 seems to have been lost1 but copies of the same1 it may have been with alterations1 were sent to ,verrazano's relatives and friends in ,italy4 ,ramusio1 in the year #aeef1 and ,hakluyt1 in the year #aehb1 published one of these copies1 and it has since been frequently printed4 ,in addition to the above1 there exists a manuscript copy1 sometimes referred to as the ,florentine or ,magliabechian codex1 a fragmentary copy in the ,academy of ,cimento1 and a manuscript copy recently discovered1 which from the name of its present owner may be called the ,cellere codex4 ,hall has printed the original document and has given an excellent translation of the same4 #bea ,tiraboschi4 ,storia4 ,tom4 ,,vii1 pt4 i1 p4 #bje4 #beb ,fiorini1 op4 cit41 p4 #aag4 #bec ,navarrete1 ,m4 ,f4 de4 ,noticia biografia de ,alonso de ,santa ,cruz4 ,madrid1 #ahce4 ,reprinted in his ,opsculos4 ,tom4 ,,ii2 ,nicolao1 ,a4 ,biblioteca ,hispana4 ,romae1 #afgb4 ,tom1 ,i1 p4 #cg2 ,harrisse4 ,discovery1 p4 #gcf2 also in his ,jean et ,sbastian ,cabot1 p4 #agc2 ,espada1 ,j4 de la4 ,relaciones geograficas de ,indias1 publicalas el ,ministerio de ,fomento ,per4 ,madrid1 #ahhe4 ,tom4 ,,ii1 p4 xxi2 pp4 xxx-xxxvi4 ,in the second reference is a reprint of an inventory1 made at the time of the death of ,santa ,cruz1 of his collection of maps1 pictures1 and manuscripts and especially referred to in the receipt given by ,juan ,lopez1 his successor as ,royal ,cosmographer1 mention being made of no less than eighty-seven items4 #bed ,he seems to have produced nothing of special importance in his capacity as ,historicus ,regius1 giving1 however1 some attention to the subjects of heraldry1 and genealogy4 ,the question of the determination of longitude interested him1 and there is still preserved1 in the ,royal ,library of ,madrid1 his manuscript bearing the title ,libro de las longitudes y manera que hasta ago se ha tenido en el arte de navegar con sus demonstraciones y examplos4 ,at the time of his death there was also left a paper in manuscript1 treating of the subject of longitude1 which probably contains a summary of suggestions made to the ,junta in ,sevilla in the year #aecf sobre la orden que se ha tenido en el dar de la longitud4 #bee ,wieser1 ,f4 ,r4 v4 ,die ,karten von ,amerika in den ,islario ,general des ,alonso de ,santa ,cruz ,cosmografo ,mayor des ,kaisers ,karl ,v1 mit der spanischen original ,texte und einer ,kritischen ,einleitung4 ,innsbruck1 #aijh4 ,this work was reviewed by ,stevenson1 ,e4 ,l4 7,in3 ,american ,historical ,review4 #aiaj4 pp4 #cib-cid47 #bef ,catalogue ,gnral des ,manuscrits des ,bibliothques ,publiques de ,france4 ,department ,tom4 ,,xxxii4 ,paris1 #ahig4 p4 #cii2 ,harrisse4 ,discovery4 p4 #fba4 #beg ,schuller1 ,r4 ,r4 ,arcerca del ,yslario ,general de ,alonso de ,santa ,cruz4 ,london1 #aiac4 7,in3 ,proceedings of the ,,xviii ,session of the ,international ,congress of ,americanists4 ,london1 #aiac4 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #dae-dcb472 ,islario general de todas las islas del mundo dirigido la ,s4 ,c4 ,r4 ,m4 del rey don ,phelipe miestro ,seor por ,alo de ,santa ,cruz su cosmographo mayor1 con grabados en el texto y varias lminas4 7,in3 ,boletin de la ,sociedad ,geografica de ,madrid4 ,madrid1 #aiah1 #aiai47 #beh ,harrisse4 ,discovery4 p4 #fbd2 ,nordenskild1 ,facsimile ,atlas1 p4 #aji1 gives an excellent reproduction of this map4 #bei ,dahlgren1 ,e4 ,w4 ,map of the ,world by ,alonzo de ,santa ,cruz1 #aedb4 ,stockholm1 #ahib4 ,dahlgren has given us an excellent facsimile of this map1 with critical text including a summary of the work of ,santa ,cruz and a list of the names on the map4 #bfj ,see p4 #aej4 #bfa ,raemdonck1 ,j4 v4 ,grard ,mercator1 sa vie et ses oeuvres4 ,st4 ,nicolas1 #ahfi2 ,wauvermans1 ,h4 ,e4 ,histoire de l'cole cartographique belge et anveroise au ,,xvi sicle4 ,anvers1 #ahie4 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #cg-aji2 #agd-bac2 ,breusing1 ,a4 ,gerhard ,kremer1 genannt ,mercator1 der deutsche ,geograph4 ,duisbourg1 #ahfi2 ,raemdonck1 ,j4 van4 ,grard de ,cremer ou ,mercator1 ,gographe ,flamand4 ,rponse la ,confrence du ,dr4 ,breusing1 tenue ,duisbourg le #cj mars1 #ahfi4 ,st4 ,nicolas1 #ahgj2 ,hall1 ,e4 ,h4 ,grard ,mercator1 his ,life and ,work4 ,new ,york1 #ahgh4 pp4 #afc-aif4 #bfb ,the ,university ,library is reported to have possessed many of the original ,mercator manuscripts4 ,one cannot at present tell the fate of these manuscripts4 ,they may have been destroyed at the time of the recent ,german invasion1 or have been carried away with other material by the booty-loving invaders4 #bfc ,see p4 #ajb4 #bfd ,raemdonck1 ,j4 v4 ,la ,gographie ancienne de la ,palestine4 ,lettre de ,grard ,mercator1 mai #bb1 #aefg4 ,st4 ,nicolas1 #ahhd4 ,this map of ,palestine1 published in large folio size1 was dedicated to ,franois ,craneveld1 ,counseiller to the ,grand-,conseil of ,malines1 and published at ,louvain in the year #aecg4 ,a copy of this cannot now be located4 #bfe ,raemdonck1 ,j4 v4 ,de groote kaart van ,vlaanderen vervaardidg in #aedj door ,g4 ,mercator1 bij middel van lichtdruk weergeg1 naar het ex4 behoorende aan het ,museum ,plantin-,moretus 444 en voorzien met eens verklarende inleiding4 ,antwerp1 #ahhb4 ,this map1 in four sheets1 measuring #aaj by #hj4f cm41 was dedicated to ,charles ,v and published at ,louvain4 #bff ,raemdonck1 ,j4 v4 ,orbis ,imago4 ,mappemonde de ,grard ,mercator4 ,st4 ,nicolas1 #ahhb4 7,in3 ,annales du ,cercle ,archologique du ,pays de ,waes4 ,st4 ,nicolas1 #ahhb4 ,tom4 ,x1 #dme ,livr47 ,on the title-page of a separate of this article we read ,notice publie l'occasion de la reproduction par la phototypie du seul exemplaire connu de la susdite mappemonde conserve par la ,socit de gographie d',amrique1 ,new-,york1 reproduction due la sollicitude claire et gnreuse de cette mme socit4 ,seul exemplaire connu is not correct4 ,a fine example of the original #aech edition may be found in the ,new ,york ,public ,library4 ,in addition to the reproduction prepared by ,the ,american ,geographical ,society a fine facsimile may be found in ,nordenskild4 ,facsimile ,atlas4 pl4 ,,xliii2 also by ,lafrere about #aefj4 ,a comparison with the ,orontius ,finaeus double cordiform map of the year #aeca is interesting4 ,it has been stated that ,mercator copied the work of ,finaeus4 ,the projections appear to be practically identical1 but it will be noted that ,mercator represents the ,new ,world as independent of the ,old ,world1 whereas ,finaeus represents the ,asiatic connection4 ,fiorini1 ,m4 ,le projezioni cordiformi nella cartografia4 ,rome1 #ahhi4 7,in3 ,boll4 della ,societ ,geografica ,italiana4 ,roma1 #ahhi47 #bfg ,see p4 #gf4 #bfh ,heyer1 ,a4 ,drei ,mercatorkarten in der ,breslauer ,stadtbibliothek4 7,in3 ,zeitschrift fr ,wissenschaftliche ,geographie4 ,weimar1 #ahij4 pp4 #cgi-chi2 #dgd-dhg2 #ejg-ebh472 ,drei ,karten von ,gerhard ,mercator1 ,europa1 ,britische ,inseln1 ,weltkarte4 ,facsimile-,lichtdruck nach den ,originalen der ,stadtbibliothek zu ,breslau4 ,herausgegeben von der ,gesellschaft fr ,erdkunde zu ,berlin4 #da ,tafeln4 ,berlin1 #ahia4 ,with title ,europae descriptio4 ,the map of ,europe in six sheets1 four of which were engraved at ,louvain and two at ,duisbourg1 was dedicated to ,antoine ,perrenot1 ,bishop of ,arras1 and published at ,duisbourg in the year #aeed4 ,the only original example now known is that belonging to the ,breslau ,library4 #bfi ,this map with title ,britannicarum insularum descriptio was published at ,duisbourg in the year #aefd4 ,reproduction of the only known original example noted in n4 #ga4 #bgj ,this was prepared with great care and offered in person by ,mercator to ,duke ,charles of ,lorraine at ,nancy4 ,apparently no original copy is in existence4 #bga ,raemdonck4 ,orbis ,imago2 ,breusing1 ,a4 ,das ,verebnen der ,kugeloberflche4 ,bremen1 #ahic4 pp4 #ca-dh2 ,steinhauser1 ,a4 ,stabius redivivus1 eine ,reliquie aus dem #af ,jahrhundert4 7,in3 ,zeitschrift fr ,wissenschaftliche ,geographie4 ,wien1 #ahhe4 pp4 #bhi-bia472 ,d',avezac1 ,m4 ,a4 ,p4 de4 ,coup d'oeil historique sur la projection des cartes de gographie4 ,paris1 #ahge4 7,in3 ,bulletin de la ,socit de ,gographie de ,paris4 ,paris1 #ahfe4 ,tom4 ,v472 ,wright1 ,e4 ,the correction of certain errors in navigation4 ,london1 #aeii4 ,there may be found numerous references to the principle underlying the ,mercator projection4 ,see in addition to above references ,wagner1 op4 cit42 ,zondervand1 op4 cit42 ,hall1 op4 cit41 each with noted citations4 ,this map1 with title ,nova et aucta orbis terrae descriptio ad usum navigantium emendate accommodata1 was dedicated to ,duke ,william of ,cleves1 and was published at ,duisbourg in the year #aefi4 ,original copies may be found in the ,bibliothque ,nationale1 and in the ,stadtbibliothek of ,breslau1 the former reproduced by ,jomard1 the latter as noted in n4 #ga4 ,a long inscription on the map explains the principle of the new projection and its use for navigation4 #bgb ,raemdonck1 ,j4 van4 ,les sphres terrestre et cleste de ,grard ,mercator 7#aeda-aeea74 ,notice publie a l'occasion de la reproduction de ces sphres a l'aide de facsimil de leurs fuseaux origineaux1 gravs par ,mercator et conservs a la ,bibliothque ,royale a ,bruxelles4 ,st4 ,nicolas1 #ahge2 ,fiorini ,m4 ,globi di ,gerardo ,mercatore in ,italia4 ,rome1 #ahij4 7,in3 ,bollitino della ,societe ,geografica ,italiana4 ,roma1 #ahij472 ,breusing4 ,gerhard ,kremer1 p4 #i4 ,grard ,mercator1 p4 #i4 ,this author writes3 ,auch seine mechanischen ,arbeiten hatten bei den ,mnnern der ,wissenschaft eine so gnstige ,aufnahme gefunden1 dass er dadurch ermutigt wurde1 sich an ein grsseres ,werk1 einen ,erdglobus1 zu machen1 den er nach anderthalbjhriger ,arbeit im ,jahre #aeda vollendete und dem kaiserlichen ,geheimrate und ,reichssiegelbewahrer ,granvella widmete4 ,und wenn ,ruscelli uns erzhle1 er habe mit ,staunen einen herrlichen ,globus von drei und halben ,palme im ,durchmesser betrachten mssen1 der von deutscher ,arbeit und ,granvella gewidmet gewesen sei und an ,schnheit der ,zeichnung und ,schrift alles frher ,geleistete bertreffe1 so ist wohl kaum ein ,zweifel1 dass dies der fragliche ,globus ,mercators gewesen ist4 ,ich will hier gleich hinzufgen1 dass im ganzen ,,xvi ,jahrhundert1 wenn von ausgezeichneten ,globen die ,rede ist1 diejenigen ,mercators immer als die besten genannt werden4 #bgc ,gnther1 ,s4 ,geschichte der loxodromischen ,kurve4 ,halle1 #ahgi4 7,in3 ,studien zur ,geschichte der mathematischen und physikalischen ,geographie4 ,halle1 #ahgi4 ,heft #f472 ,grnert1 ,j4 ,a4 ,loxodromische ,trigonometrie4 ,leipzig1 #ahfi2 ,hues1 ,r4 ,tractatus de globis2 ,markham1 ,ed4 ,see pp4 #abg-adg4 #bgd ,this was edited by ,van ,raemdonck and published at ,st4 ,nicolas1 #ahhh4 #bge ,ghymmius1 op4 cit4 ,caput decimum1 ,gerardi ,mercatoris ,de mundi creatione ac fabrica2 ,raynaud1 ,a4 ,le ,continent ,austral1 hypothses et dcouvertes4 ,paris1 #ahic2 ,wieser1 ,magalhes-,strasse1 ,chap4 ,,vi1 with references4 #bgf ,see references in n4 #ge4 #bgg ,baily1 ,f4 ,the ,catalogues of ,ptolemy1 ,ulug ,beigh1 ,tycho ,brahe1 ,halley1 ,hevelius1 deduced from the best authorities4 ,london1 #ahdc4 ,consult for lists of the several constellations4 #bgh ,see a reference to the sale of ,mercator globes4 7,in3 ,zeitschrift fr ,wissenschaftliche ,geographie1 ,i ,jahrgang1 p4 #ahj47 #bgi ,blundeville1 ,t4 ,exercises1 pp4 #bjd-bdc4 #bhj ,ruscelli1 op4 cit41 ,cap4 ,,iv4 #bha ,fiorini4 ,sfere terrestre et celeste1 p4 #add4 #bhb ,fiorini4 ,sfere1 etc4 p4 #adj4 #bhc ,mercator1 ,g4 ,declaratio insigniorum utilitatum4 ,st4 ,nicolas1 #ahhh4 ,ed4 by ,raemdonck1 ,j4 v4 #bhd ,sacco1 ,b4 ,de italicarum rerum varietate et elegantia4 ,papiae1 #aefe1 lib4 x1 fol4 #gf4 #bhe ,thebit1 an ,arabic astronomer1 to whom reference is here made1 lived in the latter part of the ninth century4 ,he was chiefly distinguished for his revision of the ',almagest4' #bhf ,ramusio1 ,g4 ,b4 ,navigationi et ,viaggi4 ,vol4 ,,iii4 #bhg ,hieronymi ,fracastorii ,veronensis opera omnia4 ,the biography is thought to have been written by ,adamo ,fumano4 #bhh ,see above1 p4 #ajj4 #bhi ,ramusio1 op4 cit41 ,vol4 ,i4 ,illustration3 ,portuguese ,arms ,chapter ,,viii ,globes and ,globe ,makers of the ,third ,quarter of the ,sixteenth ,century ,revival of interest in globe making in ,italy4--,franois ,de ,mongenet of ,france and the reprint of his globe maps in ,italy4--,gore map of ,antonius ,florianus4--,globe records left by ,alessandro ,piccolomini4--,ruscelli's directions for globe construction4--,reference to the work of ,sanuto and ,gonzaga4--,armillary sphere of ,volpaja4--,excellent workmanship in the celestial-terrestrial globe of ,christian ,heyden4--,metal globes of ,johannes ,praetorius4--,vasari's reference to the work of ,ignazio ,danti4--,the iron globe of ,francisco ,basso4--,armillary sphere of ,giovanni ,barrocci4--,the work of ,hieronymo de ,boncompagni4--,emanuele ,filiberto4--,anonymous globe of #aege4--,laurentian armillary spheres4--,small globes of the ,biblioteca ,nationale of ,florence4--,mario ,cartaro4 ,among those interested in map and globe making1 in the third quarter of the sixteenth century1 none seems to have surpassed the ,italians4 ,in the art of map engraving they attained to a high degree of merit1 and much of the finest work of the middle of the century is the product of the peninsula4 ,with few exceptions it is the ,italians who hold the field in this line of scientific activity4 ,there can undoubtedly be traced here the influence of ,mercator1 but there appear to have been not a few who worked on what might be called independent lines4 ,the interest of illustrious personages in the construction and the possession of globes prompted activity in this field4 ,while the number extant1 of those manufactured in this period1 is not large1 there are not a few references in letters and in scientific works assuring us of the construction of many which cannot now be traced4 ,we may call attention first to ,franois ,de ,mongenet1 who appears to have been a native of ,franche-,comt and well known in his day as a globe maker4 ,he was1 however1 quite forgotten until a few years since1 when a copy each of his terrestrial and celestial globe gores was purchased by the antiquarian ,rosenthal of ,munich1#bij and sold to ,mr4 ,kalbfleisch of ,new ,york1 from whose collection they passed into the possession of the ,new ,york ,public ,library4 ,since this discovery of ,de ,mongenet's interesting work1 a number of copies of the same or of subsequent editions have come to light1 both of the terrestrial and of the celestial globe1 some of which copies are mounted1 some remain unmounted1 some are of his first edition of the year #aeeb1 others are of the second edition1 undated1 somewhat altered1 and printed in ,italy4 ,all of his globes are of small size1 having each a diameter of about #he mm4 ,de ,mongenet was born at ,vesoul in ,france1 and in the university of his town he studied medicine1 mathematics1 and probably geography or cosmography4 ,there seems to be but little known concerning the family to which ,franois belonged1 but such details as it was possible to gather ,marcel brought together in a carefully prepared paper4#bia ,this author thinks it probable that he could be counted among the circle of learned and distinguished men whom ,granvella was accustomed to bring together in his palace at ,besanon on frequent occasions during the five years he passed in that city after he had given over his administration of the ,netherlands4 ,if true1 there may here be found a connecting link between ,de ,mongenet and ,mercator1 remembering that the latter dedicated his globe of #aeda to the father of the distinguished cardinal statesman4#bib ,the suggestion of ,mercator's influence on ,de ,mongenet appears quite evident on a comparison of the outlines of their globe maps4 ,the ,lenox copy of the terrestrial gores 7,fig4 #fc7 is dedicated to ,eximio ,viro3 ,d3,i3,p3,a ,monte ,maiore1 while the celestial gores 7,fig4 #fd7 carry the dedication ,eximio ,viro ,d4 ,gabrieli a ,tiesbach4 ,marcel is of the opinion that the dedication of the first to ,monte ,maiore refers to a prelate of the illustrious house of ,granmont1 whose name in the sixteenth century was often spelled ,grandmont1 and that ,gabrieli ,tiesbach 7,diesbach7 belonged to a family of ,besanon1 originally from ,freiburg1 and that he was a knight of ,st4 ,george4 ,the author and date legend of the first reads ,faciebat ,franciscus ,de ,mongenet anno #aeeb1 while that of the second reads ,elaborabat ,franciscus ,de ,mongenet4 ,anno #aeeb4 ,the gores of each map as printed measure from pole to pole #ac4g cm41 the length of the equatorial line being #bg4e cm4 ,around each set there is a narrow black border4 ,a zodiacal circle is likewise printed on the first sheet #e cm4 in width1 and of sufficient length to encompass the gores when mounted1 being divided into twelve parts1 in which1 in regular order1 are the figures of the twelve zodiacal constellations4 ,with but few exceptions the several inscriptions are in small capitals1 and are well executed4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fc4 ,terrestrial ,globe ,gores of ,franois de ,mongenet1 #aeeb4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fd4 ,celestial ,globe ,gores of ,franois de ,mongenet1 #aeeb4 ,the draughtsmanship which the terrestrial map exhibits in all parts1 as well as that exhibited by the celestial1 displays skill of very considerable merit4 ,the general outline of the ,new ,world's coasts is quite as well done as on any of the maps of the day1 the ,pacific coast line of ,north ,america sweeping in a great curve northward and northeastward1 while a great broad stretch of ocean separates the continent from ,asia4 ,in ,north ,america we find only the inscriptions ,hispania maior and baccalea4 ,south ,america bears the inscription ,america1 so extended as to cover the continent4 ,the names of geographical localities are comparatively few1 the size of the globe making it impossible to insert many details4 ,on a second pair of ,de ,mongenet's globes1 referred to by ,marcel1 the dedications and inscriptions differ slightly from those given above4 ,on the terrestrial gores we find ,illustr4 ,ac ,rever4 ,d4 ,d4 ,,cl4 ,a4 ,bauma ,arch4 ,bis41 and the signature1 ,elaborabat ,francis4 ,de ,mongenet4 ,v4 ,e4 ,v4 ,on the celestial gores we read ,illustr4 ,ac ,rever4 ,d4 ,d4 ,,cl4 ,a4 ,bauma ,arch4 ,bis4 ,e4 ,v41 the signature ,elaborabat ,franciscus ,de4 ,mongenet4 ,v41 and the privilege ,cum privilegio ,pont4 ,max4 ,sqe4 ,ven4 ,citing again ,marcel's opinion1 the ,claudio de la ,baume referred to was ,archbishop of ,besanon1 and the letter ,v placed after the name of the globe maker doubtless refers to ,vesoul1 his birthplace2 the letters ,e4 ,v4 may stand either for ,excusum ,venetiis1 indicating the city in which the work was done1 or for ,enea ,vico1 the name of the actual engraver of the gores1 who is known as having been at that time an engraver of medals1 being now especially remembered for his medals of the first twelve ,emperors of ,rome4#bic ,the gores of the first edition were printed from engraved wooden blocks2 the second were printed from engraved copper plates which exhibit a very superior workmanship1 and it is to be noted that many more names appear on the terrestrial gores than on those of the first edition4 ,ruscelli1 in his edition of ,ptolemy of #aefa1 makes mention of a little globe1 published lately by ,francesco ,mongonetto ,borgonone1#bid which allusion would seem to indicate a reference to the second edition and to its issue near #aefa4 ,although this second edition contains more names than does the first1 it gives little indication that the author had knowledge of discoveries subsequent to the first edition4 ,like ,mercator he represents ,north ,america as separated from ,asia1 as before noted1 by a wide expanse of ocean1 to which no name has been given1 and like ,mercator he lays down a large austral continent4 ,his globes could hardly have been received with as much favor as were those by his ,flemish contemporary1 since they were so small as to appear like mere playthings4 ,of the first edition1 other than those gores to be found in the ,new ,york ,public ,library1 a set of the terrestrial and the celestial gores is in the ,british ,museum1 and of the terrestrial in the ,germanisches ,nationalmuseum of ,nrnberg4 ,of the second edition1 copies of the unmounted gores may be found in the ,bibliothque ,nationale1 in the ,british ,museum1 in the private library of ,prince ,trivulzio of ,milan4 ,a mounted pair of the second edition may be found in the ,osservatorio ,astronomico of ,rome 7,fig4 #fe71 and in addition a second example of the celestial globe1 which is described as having excellent mountings of brass1 so arranged as to make possible a revolution of the globe both on an equatorial axis and an axis of the ecliptic4 ,its horizon circle is supported by two brass semicircles1 the whole resting on four wooden columns of modern construction1 and these in turn resting on representations of lion's paws in bronze4 ,an example of the mounted terrestrial globe is said to belong to the collection of ,sr4 ,bazolle of ,belluno1 which example once belonged to the ,counts of ,pilloni4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fe4 ,globes of ,franois de ,mongenet1 #aefj1 and of ,gian ,francesco ,costa1 #aghd4 ,attention has been called to the peculiar gore map of ,santa ,cruz1#bie and to the fact that his method of construction seems not to have won favor4 ,we1 however1 find among the map makers of ,italy1 in the period of which we are now speaking1 one ,antonius ,florianus1#bif who1 if not copying the plan of ,santa ,cruz1 followed closely his scheme4 ,his map1 of which numerous copies are known 7,fig4 #ff71 seems to have been prepared for mounting on a ball1 although no such mounted example can now be located4 ,with the poles as centers1 and with a radius equal to one quarter of the circumference of the sphere he proposed to construct1 he drew his equatorial circles1 which thus gave him two hemispheres1 respectively1 a northern and a southern2 in the same manner he drew his parallels at intervals of ten degrees1 using for each the common polar centers4 ,in each of the hemispheres he drew thirty-six sectors1 each sector being made to represent ten degrees of longitude1 and they were so shaped mathematically that their combined width at the equator would equal the circumference of the sphere of which the selected radius1 referred to above1 represented one quarter of that circumference4 ,when prepared for mounting1 the vacant space between the several sectors could be cut away1 leaving the thirty-six engraved sectors1 on which the world map appeared1 to be pasted on the surface of the sphere4 ,the scheme which ,florianus devised was practically that employed by ,werner in his equivalent cordiform projection1 and likewise that of ,finaeus and ,mercator4#big ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ff4 ,globe ,gores of ,antonius ,florianus1 #aeee4 ,it was the eighteenth of ,january1 in the year #aeee1 that ,florianus obtained a copyright from the ,venetian senate for his map1#bih but it is probable he died before the map appeared in print1 since there is evidence of incompleteness in the known copies4 ,in the spaces1 with artistic borders1 which had been designed for inscriptions1 nothing appears1 and in but two of the four cartouches evidently intended for portraits do such portraits appear1 viz41 that of ,ptolemy and of the author himself4 ,the geographical outlines of the map closely resemble those of ,de ,mongenet1 as well as those of ,mercator4 ,north ,america is given practically the same shape4 ,the great expanse of ocean lying between this continent and ,asia is called ,oceanus orientalis indicus1 and midway between the continents1 in latitude #de degrees1 is ,sipango4 ,north ,america is called ,americae1 also ,hispania maior1 while ,south ,america is likewise called ,americae4 ,the great austral land is represented but is unnamed4 ,the whole is indeed a fine example of ,italian copper engraving4 ,numerous copies of ,florianus' map are known4 ,it usually appears in the ,lafreri collection1 and ,fiorini notes that copies may be found in the ,archivo di ,state of ,turin1 in the ,marciana of ,venice1 in the ,biblioteca ,vittorio ,emanuele of ,rome1 in the ,biblioteca ,comunale of ,treviso1 in the private library of ,professor ,marinelli of ,florence1 in the ,british ,museum1 in the private library of ,nordenskild4 ,to the above may be added the ,new ,york ,public ,library1 the ,library of ,congress1 and the ,harvard ,library1 which likewise possess copies4 ,among the numerous references appearing here and there in the literature of ,italy1 assuring us of the interest in that country in globe construction1 reference may be made to the record left by ,alessandro ,piccolomini1 a native of ,siena1 and author of a work on the extent of the land and water1#bii who1 in the preparation of his work1 made extensive study of the records to be found in plane maps and globes4 ,in his work published in ,venice in the year #aeeh1 though his dedication to ,m4 ,jacomo ,cocco1 ,archbishop of ,corfu1 reads ,august #bh1 #aeeg1 ,della mia casa di ,s4 ,giorgio1 di ,siena1 il di ,,xxviii di ,agosto ,,mdlvii1 he tells of several globes which it had been his privilege to examine4 ,i have zealously examined geographical maps1 both plain and spherical1 and especially those which are reputed to be most faithful1 for example1 among others1 a solid terrestrial sphere shown me by ,cardinal ,viseo4#cjj ,another ,i saw at the home of the ,cardinal of ,carpi1#cja exhibiting mountain elevations in a new and excellent manner1 and still another much larger kept at present at the home of ,cardinal of ,urbino4#cjb ,there is also a globe having a diameter of about an arm's length1 which ,i saw two years since at the home of the ,archbishop of ,corfu1 and still another ,i have recently seen about the same size or about one arm's length in diameter1 which had been presented to ,his ,excellency the ,duke of ,paliano4 ,he adds that he had made careful geographical computations in his investigations1 employing the last-named sphere4 ,as to his method of procedure in his studies he states that first of all having placed before me a solid sphere of about three feet in diameter1 the most exact ,i have been able to find among those referred to above1 namely1 the one with the equinoctial circle and with the meridian passing through the ,canaries of the ,fortunate islands where ,ptolemy located the prime meridian1 ,i have divided it into four equal parts--two northern and two southern4 ,it seems probable that the globe here referred to is that which he stated belonged to the ,cardinal of ,urbino1 and which he noted was larger than was that belonging to ,cardinal ,viseo or to the ,cardinal of ,carpi1 the diameter of which he stated to be an arm's length4 ,piccolomini gives us no intimation as to the authorship of the five globes he says he examined4 ,he adds an interesting word concerning the character of the globe of ,cardinal ,carpi1 seeming to imply that it was not a printed globe1 since it represented mountain elevations4 ,we perhaps are justified1 says ,fiorini1 in concluding from this and other evidence that the maps on these globes were not printed1 since they were of very large size1 and we know that ,mercator's globes #da cm4 in diameter were then considered to have special value because larger than others constructed in a similar manner1 that is1 having their maps engraved or printed4 ,we may here again refer to ,ruscelli's directions for globe construction1#cjc to which he added certain suggestions for globe adornment1 that they might appeal to princes and nobles4 ,globes of copper1 bronze or silver1 he says1 such as princes would desire to possess1 to be fine1 durable and rare should be plated1 that is1 the circles1 the letters1 the outlines of the countries should first be engraved and then there should be added gold or silver plating4 ,a generous prince1 he adds1 could have them made in ,asimino or ,tausia style1 as they say1 that is1 have the copper surface engraved1 and the grooves filled with silver or gold thread4 ,by forcing this in the work can be made very strong4 ,he states in one of his chapters that globes so constructed are usually small1 but he adds that he had seen globes three and a half palms in diameter1 such as that sent to him by ,zurelio ,porcelaga4 ,of this last he speaks in words of praise1 passing on to refer to two large ones then under construction in ,venice4 ,one of these1 he says1 is of copper being made by ,giulio ,sanuto1 which it is hoped will be one of the best as one of the most beautiful of any constructed up to the present time4 ,the implication seems to be1 from the words of ,ruscelli1 that at least some part of the printing was to be made directly on the surface of the sphere4 ,further information given by ,ruscelli touching ,sanuto and ,gonzaga in this connection is here of interest4 ,he states besides the fact that ,giulio ,sanuto is very skilful in drawing and engraving1 especially in geographical maps of the world and its parts1 he is1 in this task1 being aided by ,livio ,sanuto1#cjd a ,venetian nobleman1 his brother1 among whose many good qualities he possesses to a degree above the ordinary1 are his attainments in the profession of geography4 ,both are giving so much attention to this globe that it is expected1 in both matter and form1 it will be perfect4 ,another globe three arm's length in diameter has1 since last year1 been begun by ,curtio ,gonzaga1 which he intends shall contain all of those things that ,taisnero has included in his globe as well as many other things that the said gentleman intends to add1 hoping to make one of the most beautiful and perfect spheres to be seen for many years to come4 ,this can easily be believed1 for he will do everything himself1 and as the greater diligence will thus be exercised we will have all of the advantages of his great knowledge of geography1 to which subject as ever1 he is giving all of his attention1 and the advantage of his great skill in lettering and designing4#cje ,ruscelli maintained that globes are preferable to ordinary maps in geographical studies1 stating that although maps of three or four arm's length and width are to be found they are not numerous and are not of great value1 and furthermore we have globes1 which1 in extent of space exhibited1 surpass them4 ,granting that some ,princes and certain others do have maps very large1 as for example1 such as ,pope ,paul ,,ii had made for the palace of ,s4 ,marco in ,rome1 there are also ,princes and private persons who have globes which in size much surpass the plane maps that ,i have ever seen or heard of4 ,until a few years since no one knew how to print such globes1 and all were made with pen and brush1 444 later geniuses have found a way for printing globe maps very accurately1 which1 in a wonderful way they can place over the surface of a sphere2 a way has also been found for making the spheres round and exact1 and a method for computing measurements for the coverings to fit the sphere1 and for the construction of such other things as belong thereto4#cjf ,the ,volpaja family of ,florence achieved considerable distinction in the late fifteenth and in the sixteenth century1 through those members who were interested in the construction of astronomical instruments and particularly in armillary spheres4 ,vasari tells us that in the chapel of ,santa ,trinita1 in fresco1 is a picture of the ,magnificent ,lorenzo de' ,medici1 father of ,pope ,leo ,x4444 ,in the same picture is ,lorenzo della ,volpaja1 a most excellent master in the art of making watches1 and a distinguished astrologer1 by whom a most beautiful clock was made for ,lorenzo de' ,medici1 which the most illustrious ,duke ,cosimo now has in his palace1 and wherein all of the movements of the planets are perpetually shown by means of wheels1 a very rare thing1 and the first that was made in that manner4#cjg ,at the time of its founding there came to the ,museo di ,strumenti ,antichi di ,astronomia e di ,fisica of ,florence a fine armillary sphere inscribed ,hieronimus ,camilli ,vulpariae ,florent3 fe3 #aeeg4 ,it is of gilded metal1 having five spheres or rings ranging from #fj to #ge mm4 in diameter1 and in addition eighteen circles1 including polar1 tropical1 and equatorial circles with meridian and horizon1 the latter having a diameter of #add mm4 ,further information recorded by ,fiorini tells us that it is mounted on a wooden base4#cjh ,on the equatorial circle of the smallest sphere is engraved ,deferens ,augiem1 on the next1 ,deferens ,epiciculum1 on the third1 ,deferens ,augiem1 on the fourth1 ,deferens ,dragonem4 ,the fifth sphere is composed of six large circles and four small ones4 ,the circles which represent the meridians1 the equator1 the ecliptic1 and the horizon are graduated1 while on the ecliptic appear the names of the twelve zodiacal constellations1 and on the horizon the names of the principal winds or directions4 ,this globe is referred to as one of special interest because of its peculiar and somewhat complicated construction2 it is mounted on a wooden base1 which is more modern than the globe proper1 and in many parts gives evidence of restoration4 ,in the same museum there is a second armillary sphere constructed by a member of the ,volpaja family1 perhaps by the same one who constructed the preceding4 ,it is inscribed ,hieronimus ,vulpariae ,florentius ,fe4 ,a4,d4,,mdlxiiii and was a gift to the museum by the ,grand ,duke ,leopold ,i4 ,the diameter of its horizon circle1 including the attached parts1 is #da cm41 and its height1 including its base1 #gf cm4 ,it has been described as follows3 ,an armillary sphere1 the armillae of which are of gilded brass4 ,the small globe within the circles representing the earth is of the clearest crystal4 ,the horizon is of gilded brass and rests on a branched support ornamented with human heads in relief4 ,the lower part of the branches is attached to a base resting on three lion's paws4 ,the branches1 the heads1 the base1 and the paws are all of brass4 ,in the northern and southern sections of the horizon there are attachments containing receptacles for holding the magnetic needle1 but which needle in both places is wanting4 ,the equator1 the tropics1 and the polar circles are not zones but are triangular prisms bent in the form of circles4 ,furthermore a part of the ecliptic1 that is to say1 one of its zones1 is of gilded brass and is graduated1 and shows the names of the months and the signs of the zodiac4 ,the diameter of the sphere is #ab4f pollici 7inches874#cji ,there is to be found in the ,mathematical ,salon of ,dresden a fine example of the work of ,christian ,heyden 7#aebe-aegf71 son of a rector of the ,st4 ,sebaldus ,school of ,nrnberg4 ,doppelmayr#caj tells us that after years of study in ,leipzig and ,wittenberg1 he returned to his native city1 became interested in making mathematical instruments1 and in #aefd he was appointed to a professorship of mathematics in the famous ,nrnberg gymnasium4 ,his biographer does not refer to his activity as a globe maker1 but tells us that about the year #aegj he constructed for the ,emperor ,maximilian ,,ii a mechanical device for illustrating the movement of the sun and the moon1 which instrument1 he notes1 especially interested the noted ,frenchman1 ,petrus ,ramus1 who carefully examined it on the occasion of a visit to ,nrnberg4 ,the ,dresden example of his work 7,fig4 #fg71 the only example known1 consists of a brass celestial globe encased in a covering of brass1 on the surface of which is engraved a terrestrial map4 ,it has a diameter of #gb cm41 the whole being furnished with a horizon1 a meridian1 and an hour circle4 ,this is indeed a choice specimen of a sixteenth-century engraved metal globe1 of which we have numerous examples1 but it is rather an ornamental piece than one of great scientific value4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fg4 ,globe of ,christian ,heyden1 #aefj4 ,doppelmayr likewise gives us a brief biographical note referring to one ,johannes ,praetorius1 a globe maker1 born at ,joachimsthal in the year #aecg4caa ,after a considerable period of study1 chiefly at ,wittenberg1 where he turned his attention to the philosophical and mathematical sciences1 he took up a residence in ,nrnberg in the year #aefb4 ,here he became interested in the construction of mechanical and astronomical instruments1 and soon won the favor of the ,emperor ,maximilian ,,ii1 which favor he enjoyed to the end of that ,emperor's reign4 ,it was about the year #aegf that he became a professor of mathematics at ,altdorf1 where he died in the year #afaf4 ,doppelmayr refers to a number of the mathematical and astronomical instruments constructed by him1 noting that in the year #aeff he completed two globes of metal richly gilded1 each having a diameter of #aa inches1 that each was furnished with an hour circle1 a movable quadrant and semicircles1 and that a compass was set in the base of each4 ,we learn also from the same biographer that in the year #aefh he completed a brass astrolabe having a diameter of one schuh 7foot871 three and one half inches1 and that it was supplied with all parts essential to a complete apparatus of its character4 ,we are further informed that shortly after the beginning of his career in ,altdorf he undertook the construction of a large celestial globe of wood and paper1 having a diameter of four ,nrnberg feet1 that he was assisted in this work by the artist and draughtsman1 ,christopher ,heinrichs1 and that on the surface of the sphere one thousand six hundred and fifty stars were indicated with appropriate accompanying inscriptions4 ,two pairs of ,praetorius' globes are now known1 one pair in the ,mathematical ,salon of ,dresden 7,fig4 #fh71cab and the other in the ,germanisches ,national ,museum of ,nrnberg4 ,these globes are of brass1 each having a diameter of #bh cm42 each is supplied with meridian1 horizon1 and hour circles and rests on a tripod base4 ,they are richly engraved pieces1 the terrestrial example being remarkably well preserved1 the celestial being slightly injured1 through rubbing which has removed parts of certain figures of the constellations4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fh4 ,globe of ,johannes ,praetorius1 #aeff4 ,among those ,italians who1 in the sixteenth century1 acquired well-merited fame as globe makers may be mentioned ,ignazio ,danti 7#aecf-aehf71cac known as ,pellegrino before he entered the order of the preaching friars in his nineteenth year4 ,the name ,danti appears to have been given him chiefly on account of his great learning1 particularly in the field of mathematics and astronomy4 ,in the same branches of science his father had achieved distinction1 and likewise his grandfather1 ,vicenzo de ,rinaldi1 who1 in the year #aega1 issued a translation of the ',sfera' of ,sacrobosco1 and who constructed1 as we are told1 an astrolabe and an armillary sphere4#cad ,it seems to have been early in the year #aefc that ,danti was called to ,florence by ,duke ,cosimo for the purpose of constructing1 under his patronage1 nautical and astronomical instruments and geographical maps4 ,of his work which is still known to us there may be first mentioned an astronomical quadrant placed on the faade of the church of ,santa ,maria ,novella1 and an equinoctial armilla placed within the same church4 ,we have first mention in ,vasari's ',lives' of the globe and map work of his which especially concerns us here4 ,it is an interesting account of his activity in this field1 an account worthy of citation4 ,fra ,ignazio ,danti is very learned in cosmography and a man of distinguished ability in letters1 in so much that the ,duke ,cosimo has committed to his care a work than which none more perfect in design1 or more important in the results to be expected from it1 has ever been executed in that kind4 ,his excellency has caused a room of considerable extent to be prepared on the second floor of his palace1 as a continuation of1 and an addition to the guardaroba2 around this room he has had cabinets arranged seven braccia high1 and richly carved in walnut wood1 intending to place within them the most valuable and beautiful works of art in his possession2 and on the doors of the same he has caused fifty-seven pictures1 about two braccia in height and of proportionate width1 to be painted in oil on wood in the manner of miniatures4 ,the subjects delineated are the ,ptolemaic ,tables1 measured by ,don ,ignazio with the most exact perfection1 and corrected according to the latest authorities2 sea-charts of the utmost accuracy are added1 the scale and the degrees being adjusted with all possible care1 and all having the ancient1 as well as the modern1 names2 the division made of these works being as follows4 ,at the principal entrance into the room are seen four pictures executed on the sides of the cabinets1 and representing in perspective the halves of four spheres1 those below showing the earth1 and those above the heavens with all their signs and celestial figures4 ,proceeding toward the right we have all ,europe depicted in fourteen compartments1 the pictures succeeding each other to the center of the wall which is at the head of the room1 and opposite to the principal door1 that namely whereon is placed the horologue with its wheels1 and the daily motions made by the planets in their spheres2 ,i mean that so much renowned clock made by the ,florentine ,lorenzo della ,volpaja4 ,above the compartments representing ,europe1 are those of ,africa in eleven divisions2 these extend to the horologue itself1 beyond which and on the lower part is ,asia1 which occupies a consecutive range of four compartments1 extending to the principal door4 ,there are besides the ,west ,indies1 which commence from the clock1 and continue to the principal door2 the whole series forming the fifty-seven divisions before mentioned4 ,on the lower part of the walls and immediately beneath the geographical delineations1 in an equal number of compartments will be the various plants and animals produced by the respective countries1 all depicted from nature4 ,over the cornice of the said cabinets1 which completes the decorations1 there are to be niches dividing the pictures1 and in these will be placed certain antique busts in marble1 representing the ,emperors and ,princes by whom these lands have been possessed1 so far as those portraits are known to exist or can be procured4 ,the ceiling is entirely in carved wood-work1 and within the compartments of the same are twelve large pictures1 in each of which are to be four celestial signs1 making in the whole forty-eight2 the figures are to be but little less than life size1 each accompanied by its stars4 ,on the walls beneath are three hundred portraits of distinguished persons belonging to the last five centuries1 or somewhat more2 they are painted in oil2 but1 that ,i may not make too long a story1 ,i refer the mention of their names to the tables of my work4 ,all have frames of similar size1 very richly carved in oak1 and producing an exceedingly fine effect4 ,in the two pictures occupying the center of the ceiling1 each of which is four braccia wide1 are the celestial signs2 these can be thrown back by means which cannot be perceived2 and in a space representing the concave are to be two large spheres1 one representing the earth3 this will be made to descend by a concealed windlass1 and will then be balanced on a support adequate to that purpose1 so that when fixed1 all the pictures and the maps on the cabinet will be reflected therein1 each part being thus readily found on the sphere4 ,on the other globe the forty-eight celestial signs will be arranged1 in such sort that all the operations of the astrolabe may be performed most perfectly by the aid thereof4 ,the plan of this work has proceeded from the ,duke ,cosimo1 who desired to have all these parts of the earth and heaven brought for once fairly together in their just positions1 exactly and without errors1 to the end that they might be observed and measured1 either apart or all together1 as might be desired by those who study and delight in this most beautiful science4 ,i have therefore thought myself bound to make a memorial of the same in this place1 for the sake of ,fra ,ignazio2 and that his ability1 with the magnificence of that great ,prince1 who has judged us worthy to enjoy the benefits of so honorable a labor1 may be made known to all the world4#cae ,danti must have undertaken this great work shortly after his arrival in ,florence1 since one of his maps1 to which ,vasari refers1 is dated #aefc1 and it appears that the terrestrial globe must have been finished by #aefg1 since the general ,depositaria of that year1 as cited by ,badia1 records that twenty lire were paid to the gold-leaf maker1 ,taddeo di ,francesco1 for the five hundred leaves of gold to be used for the globe1 and there is no succeeding entry referring to this particular piece of work4#caf ,we know that he never completed the task which had been assigned to him4 ,duke ,cosimo's death occurred in the year #aege1 and his son and successor1 ,francesco1 manifested but little interest in furthering the cause of science4 ,it was perhaps at the instance of ,francesco that the general of the ,dominican ,order directed ,danti to leave ,florence1 and he passed the remainder of his days in ,bologna4 ,apparently but thirty of the fifty-seven maps which were to be made by ,danti were completed at the time of his dismissal1 and only the terrestrial globe4 ,as evidence that he did not construct the celestial globe1 ,badia cites a letter written by ,antonio ,lupicini to the ,grand ,duke ,ferdinand1 dated ,october #bg1 #aehg4 ,after reference to certain great works planned by ,cosimo in the last years of his life1 such as those referred to by ,vasari1 he adds that when it seemed that nothing else was to be seen in the room1 at a certain sign these historical representations disappeared and the cosmography of the whole mechanism1 constructed after the manner of ,ptolemy1 was uncovered2 in doing so they opened the ceiling and let down the representations of the planets1 resting them on a stand which came out of the floor1 and from the floor also appeared a terrestrial and a celestial globe each three and a half braccia in diameter1 one of which had been made by ,fra ,ignazio1 and the model of which ,i myself have4#cag ,the terrestrial globe1 at first placed in the room for which it was intended1 was later removed to the gallery1 where on account of much handling it was greatly injured1 and in the year #aeie the cosmographer1 ,antonio ,santucci1 was entrusted with its restoration4#cah ,admired as it has been for more than three hundred years1 on account of its size and excellent workmanship1 repeatedly handled through all these years by careless visitors1 a second restoration was undertaken a few years since by ,ferdinando ,meucci1 director of the museum to which it finally passed4 ,meucci directed this work with great care1 studying minutely the construction of the globe under the opportunity thus offered4 ,fiorini1 citing information especially given him by ,meucci1#cai says that the diameter of this globe is #b4jd m42 that the ball is of wood having a papier-mch covering1 protected without by a wrapping of cord and metal plates1 and that it is very substantially braced within4 ,danti himself in describing the construction of the globe1 on receiving an order for a similar one1 says that the surface of this globe is thirty-six square braccia and it is supported within by an iron frame1 as a globe of this size would not stand without bracing2 it represents a new invention by means of which1 though large1 it can be moved in every direction with a single finger1 and its pole can be easily elevated or depressed4#cbj ,these ,medici globes1 it seems1 attracted much attention1 and not alone in ,italy4 ,pontanus1 in the preface of his edition of ,hues' ',tractatus de ,globis1' after a reference to the celestial globe of ,tycho ,brahe1 six feet in diameter1 adds that ,ferdinand ,i of ,tuscany possessed two globes1 one terrestrial and the other an armillary sphere with circles and orbs1 and that these globes were constructed by the same hand4#cba ,this last statement we now know to be an error1 since the terrestrial globe alone was the work of ,ignazio ,danti1 the armillary sphere being the work of ,antonio ,santucci4 ,the ,biblioteca ,nationale of ,turin possesses a unique and highly interesting globe signed ,franciscus ,bassus ,mediolanensis feccit #aegj1 called ,basso in his day1 although his name appears to have been ,francesco ,pelliccioni or ,pilizzoni4#cbb ,in this we have one of the finest examples of the style of constructing and ornamenting metal globes1 described by ,ruscelli as agemina1 in which gold and silver threads and plates are forced into the engraved outlines on the surface of the ball4 ,the globe1 a hollow iron sphere about #ef cm4 in diameter1 is in an excellent state of preservation4 ,the engraved parallels and meridians are indicated at intervals of ten degrees1 the prime meridian passing through the ,canary ,islands4 ,it has thus been described by the librarian1 ,francesco ,carta3#cbc ,the parts of the globe in gold are the equator1 the tropics1 the polar circles and many mountain chains2 the known and the unknown polar regions are flaked with gold4 ,in gold are the crowns which designate the several kingdoms1 the small islands and the graduated prime meridian4 ,in gold and silver are the ships which sail the seas1 the smaller being entirely of gold4 ,the ecliptic1 the meridians excepting the prime meridian1 the parallels1 the majority of the mountain chains of the unknown lands1 the rivers1 as well as the outlines of the lands and the seas4 ,on the graduated horizon circle are the ,latin names of the winds in silver capital letters4 ,these are the twelve winds of ,timostene4 ,a graduated metal meridian passes through the poles and is attached to the rational horizon which is supported by four small pyramidal columns having quadrangular bases4 ,at the top1 and fastened to the framework of the globe with a silver ribbon1 is a silver heart having extended wings1 the feathers of which are of gold and silver4 ,from this heart rises a small gilded design representing an olive branch1 having leaves of gold4 ,from the lower part of the support hang silver ribbons flaked with gold4 ,practically all inscriptions are in silver capital letters1 the majority being in ,latin1 but a few are in ,italian and in ,spanish4 ,to ,north ,america which is connected with ,asia1 in accord with the idea so prevalent in the second quarter of the century1 is given the name ,asia magna quae ,india borealis1 and to ,south ,america the name ,america ,nova4 ,in addition to the above inscriptions we find such as ,hispania ,major1 ,g4 d4 ,anian1 ,oceanus ,indicus1 ,sinus ,magnus ,aphricae4 ,in ,brazil is the inscription1 ,his ,leoni ,copia4 ,the inscription ,terra ,australis recenter inventa anno #adii1 sed nondum plene cognita terra1 closely resembles an inscription similarly placed on the world map of ,orontius ,finaeus of #aeca1 which reads ,terra ,australis recenter inventa sed nondum plene cognita4#cbd ,it does not appear that great scientific value attaches to this globe1 since there clearly was no attempt to produce a terrestrial map to date4 ,it1 however1 is a most interesting example of globe construction in a day when globes were so much in favor4 ,the ,lancisiana ,biblioteca of ,rome possesses an artistically constructed armillary sphere1 apparently the work of ,giovanni ,maria ,barrocci1 who1 in the second half of the sixteenth century1 achieved distinction as a maker of watches and of mathematical instruments4 ,fiorini gives reason for thinking this to be of about the year #aegj1 as well as reason for attributing the work to ,barrocci1#cbe finding it in an epitaph of a member of the family in which there is allusion to the construction of a celestial globe for ,pope ,pius ,v4 ,two globes1 one celestial attributed to ,hieronymo de ,boncompagni1 and one terrestrial attributed to ,emanuele ,filiberto and probably constructed about the year #aegj1 are briefly referred to by ,fiorini as belonging to the ,osservatorio del ,collegio ,romano4#cbf ,further reference to these globes has not been obtainable1 there being no mention of the same in a communication received by the author from this observatory4 ,the ,biblioteca ,nationale ,vittorio ,emanuele of ,rome possesses two remarkably fine manuscript globes1 a terrestrial and a celestial1 the latter bearing the inscription ,anno ,jobel#cbg #aege ad que supputatae sunt stellae4 ,in the ,jubilee year for which the positions of the stars have been computed4 ,while not giving with certainty the exact date of their construction1 it seems that it could not have been later than that given in the legend4 ,the globes bear the coat of arms of the ,jesuits1 which may only suggest that the maker was a member of that order4 ,each of these globes1 or globe balls1 is constructed of a wooden framework1 covered with a preparation of plaster1 over which has been added a coat of thick varnish4 ,on the surface thus prepared the map has been drawn and painted in colors4 ,each has a diameter of about #gj cm41 is mounted on a pyramidal base1 #gg cm4 in height1 from which rises a rod #de cm4 in length1 supporting two semicircles which serve as a direct base support for the iron horizon circle4 ,the celestial globe has represented on its surface the equator1 the tropics1 the polar circles1 the colures1 the ecliptic1 and the zodiac1 and the figures representing the several constellations4 ,these figures are very artistically painted1 having their several names written in gold in the ,latin language2 some figures and names unfortunately are wanting by reason of injury to the surface of the globe4 ,on the terrestrial globe the equator1 the tropics1 and the polar circles are represented1 while but two meridians are indicated1 the prime meridian passing through the ,canary ,islands while the other has been drawn ninety degrees from this1 that is1 cuts it at right angles at the poles4 ,the ,biblioteca ,laurentiana of ,florence possesses four small armillary spheres1 bearing neither date nor author legends4#cbh ,the larger of these has a diameter of about #cb cm41 is of brass1 and rests upon an artistic support composed of a group of bronze satyrs4 ,the other three1 by reason of their close resemblance1 appear to be the work of the same artist4 ,each has a diameter of about #bc cm4 and a base of brass on which stands a small bronze statue1 which bears on its shoulders a globe4 ,this globe supports the several circles composing the armillary sphere4 ,the supporting statue in one of these is clad and is represented as wearing sandals on the feet1 supposedly representing the mythical ,atlas4 ,in another of these the statue is that of a man resting on the right knee with the left hand uplifted1 while in the third the statue is that of a woman resting upon the left knee1 having the right hand uplifted4 ,these globes are reported as not being in good condition1 but each exhibits artistic merit of a high order4 ,there is likewise to be found in the ,biblioteca ,nationale of ,florence a small celestial globe of bronze1 and a celestial and terrestrial globe of silver4 ,these globes are neither signed nor dated but are thought to belong to the period now under consideration4 ,the bronze globe has the constellations represented in relief4 ,it is exceedingly small1 having a diameter of about #aj cm4 ,the silver globes have diameters about half the preceding1 or about #d4e cm4 ,they are furnished with horizon and meridian circles1 and have mountings which clearly are modern4 ,the several constellations represented on the celestial globe are exceedingly well done1 as are all of the decorative figures appearing on the terrestrial globe4 ,geographical names are necessarily few because of the size of the globe4 ,attention has been called to the references which ,ruscelli makes in his ',geografia' to globe construction4#cbi ,notice may likewise here be called to a similar reference1 though much more brief1 made by ,francesco ,maurolico1 a native of ,messina1 and often referred to as the new ,archimedes1 because of his great fame acquired in the field of mathematics and astronomy4 ,in his work1 published in the year #aege1ccj he devoted part of one chapter to the subject ,de sphaera solida1 describing the construction of a celestial globe1 and the use of the same4 ,we have no evidence that he was ever engaged in the construction of such instruments as aids in the study of his science4 ,lastly1 in this chapter1 mention may be made of the work of ,mario ,cartaro4 ,it appears that with his work that of the ,italian globe makers of the century practically came to a close2 the names of but two or three appear in the last quarter4 ,cartaro first achieved distinction as a designer and engraver in ,rome1 where he issued a work containing the portraits of the first twenty-four ,roman ,emperors4#cca ,from ,rome it appears that he went to ,naples1 where he continued to reside until the time of his death4 ,that he was much favored in ,naples is attested by the fact that he was given a commission to design or to represent all places and plants in the kingdom1 and to receive for the same ten scudi per month4#ccb ,it is probable that as a result of this commission we have that fine manuscript atlas of thirteen maps now belonging to the ,biblioteca ,nationale of ,naples1 representing the provinces of the kingdom and signed ,m4 ,cartaro ,f4 #afac4ccc ,this manuscript gives striking evidence of his cartographical ability4 ,the manuscript is of paper1 its first map representing the ancient kingdom of ,naples1 on which is placed the ,spanish coat of arms4 ,the remaining twelve represent the following named provinces3 ,terra di ,lavorro1 ,principato ,citra1 ,principato ,ultra1 ,basilicata1 ,calabria ,citra1 ,calabria ,ultra1 ,terra d',otranto1 ,terra di ,bari1 ,capitanata1 ,contado di ,molise1 ,abruzzo ,citra1 ,abruzzo ,ultra4 ,cartaro's globes are of solid wood about #af cm4 in diameter1 the balls being covered with engraved gore maps4 ,on his celestial globes appears the inscription1 ,marius ,cartarus ,viterbensis ,autor incidebat ,romae u priv4 #aegg4 ,the twelve or rather twenty-four half gores1 since they are cut on the line of the ecliptic1 are copper engraved4 ,the equator1 the tropics1 the polar circles1 and the colures are represented1 the ecliptic and the equator being graduated1 the degrees being alternately colored red and yellow4 ,the several constellations are well drawn1 are colored yellow with shading1 and stand out prominently against a blue background representing the sky4 ,his terrestrial globes bear the inscription ,marius ,cartarus ,viterbensis ,autor incidebat ,romae ,,mdlxxvii cum privilegio1 the gores being divided1 as in the preceding1 into twenty-four4 ,meridians and parallels are drawn at intervals of fifteen degrees1 alternate degrees being colored red and yellow1 the prime meridian passing through the ,canary ,islands and being graduated4 ,in the ,osservatorio del ,collegio ,romano may be found two copies of the celestial and one example of the terrestrial globe1 one of the former once belonging to the astronomer1 ,virgilio ,spada1 and later to the ,biblioteca ,vallicelliana4 ,neither of these globes is well preserved1 the original mountings are wanting1 and each rests on a base of wood which has been merely designed to serve as a support4 ,a copy of the celestial globe may be found in the ,museo di ,strumenti ,antichi of ,florence1 which was presented to the museum by the ,grand ,duke ,leopold ,i4 ,this example is reported to be in good condition1 being mounted on a base of wood1 and having a horizon and a meridian circle of wood1 both of which are graduated4 ,on the horizon appear the names of the eight principal winds1 with representations of the wind heads having distended cheeks4 ,a fairly well-preserved example of the terrestrial globe 7,fig4 #fi7 was recently purchased by ,mr4 ,reed of ,new ,york ,city1 by whose courteous permission it was photographed for reproduction in this work4 ,it has a single pedestal base which is gilded1 is furnished with horizon and meridian circles1 the former being supported by two semicircles1 which in turn rest on the pedestal base4 ,practically all of the inscriptions are in capitals1 and all of the work of the engraver has been very artistically done4 ,the outline of the ,new ,world resembles closely that given by ,mercator and by ,zaltiari4 ,in ,north ,america we find interestingly represented a great lake drained by two rivers1 apparently1 but not accurately drawn as the ,mississippi and the ,st4 ,lawrence4 ,the southwestern part is called ,nova ,spagna1 ,mexico is designated as ,nova ,galitia2 in the northeast we find ,la ,nova ,franza1 and ,terra de ,norubeca1 and in the southeast ,florida1 although the peninsula is not well drawn4 ,south ,america bears the name ,america1 so drawn as practically to cover the continent1 and in addition we find ,castiglia de ,loro1 ,para1 ,peru ,provin1 ,chili1 and lake ,tichia1 located well inland4 ,it will be noted in the reproduction that the sphere is well shot through by the industrious book- or woodworm4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fi4 ,terrestrial ,globe of ,mario ,cartaro1 #aegg4 ,,notes #bij ,see his catalogue ,no4 ,,xlii1 item #acc2 also catalogue ,no4 ,l1 item #cbg4 ,nordenskild4 ,facsimile ,atlas4 ,plate ,,xl reproduces the terrestrial globe gores4 #bia ,marcel1 ,g4 ,franois ,de ,mongenet1 gographe franc-comtois4 7,in3 ,bulletin de gographie1 historique et descriptive4 ,paris1 #ahhi4 pp4 #ca-dj472 ,gnther1 ,s4 ,die mathematischen ,sammlung des ,gesmanischen ,museums zu ,nrnberg4 7,in3 ,leopoldina1 ,heft #ad1 p4 #aaj47 #bib ,see above1 p4 #abi4 #bic ,vasari1 op4 cit41 ,vol4 ,,iii1 pp4 #ejj1 #eab1 #ead4 #bid ,ruscelli1 ,g4 ,la geografia di ,claudio ,tolomeo ,alessandrino monumente tradotta di greco in italiano4 ,venezia1 #aefa4 p4 #cb4 #bie ,see above1 p4 #abb4 #bif ,joppi1 ,v4 ,pittori e scultori4 ,venezia1 #ahha4 p4 #hf4 #big ,fiorini1 ,m4 ,le projezioni delle carte geografiche4 ,bologna1 #ahha4 ,chap4 vi1 #e2 same author4 ,le projezioni cordiformi nella ,cartografia4 7,in3 ,bolletino della ,societ ,geografica ,italiana4 ,roma1 #ahhi4 pp4 #eed-egi47 #bih ,joppi1 op4 cit41 pp4 #ga ff4 #bii ,the title-page reads1 ,della grandezza della terra et dell' acqua4 ,trattato di ,m4 ,alessandro ,piccolomini1 nuovamente mandato in luce all' ,illustr4 et ,rev4 ,s4 ,monsig4 ,m4 ,jacomo ,cocco ,arcivescovo di ,corf4 ,con privilegio4 ,in ,venetia ,,mdlviii4 #cjj ,cardella4 ,memorie storiche del ,cardinali della ,santa ,romana ,chiesa4 ,roma1 #agib4 ,tom4 ,,iv1 p4 #bcc4 #cja ,cardella1 op4 cit41 ,tom4 ,,iv1 p4 #agc4 #cjb ,cardella1 op4 cit41 ,tom4 ,,iv1 p4 #bhg4 #cjc ,ruscelli1 op4 cit4 ,see that section appearing as a second part or appendix to this work titled ,espositioni et introductioni4 ,chap4 ii4 #cjd ,sanuto4 ,geografia di ,livio ,sanuto distinta in ,,xii libri4 ,vinezia1 #aehh4 #cje ,ruscelli4 ,espositioni4 ,chap4 iii4 #cjf ,ruscelli4 ,geografia4 pp4 #eh1 #ei4 #cjg ,vasari1 op4 cit41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #fe4 #cjh ,fiorini4 ,sfere terrestri e celesti4 p4 #bah4 #cji ,inventario del ,reale ,gabinetto redatto nel #aggf1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 n4 #age4 #caj ,doppelmayr1 op4 cit41 p4 #ge2 ,gerland1 ,e4 ,beitrge zur ,geschichte der ,physik4 7,in3 ,leopoldina1 ,heft #ah1 p4 #fi472 ,weidler1 ,j4 ,f4 ,historia astronomiae4 ,vitembergae1 #agda4 p4 #cij2 ,drechsler1 ,a4 ,katalog der ,sammlung des ,knigl4-,mathematisch-,physikalischen ,salon zu ,dresden4 ,dresden1 #ahgd4 p4 #ec4 #caa ,doppelmayr1 op4 cit41 pp4 #hc-ij4 #cab ,drechsler1 op4 cit41 pp4 #ec1 #ed2 ,gerland1 op4 cit41 p4 #fh4 #cac ,del ,badia1 ,j4 ,egnazio ,danti cosmografo e matematico4 ,firenze1 #ahhb2 ,marchese1 ,r4 ,memorie dei pi illustri pittori1 scultori ed architetti ,dominicani4 ,bologna1 #ahgi4 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #ceg2 ,porena1 ,f4 ,la ,geografia in ,roma e il mappamondo ,vaticano4 7,in3 ,boll4 della ,societ ,geografica ,italiana4 ,roma1 #ahhh4 pp4 #bba ff47 #cad ,uzielli1 ,g4 ,l'epistolario ,colombo-,toscanelliano e di ,danti4 7,in3 ,boll4 della ,societ ,geografica ,italiana4 ,roma1 #ahhi4 p4 #hcf47 ,in this the author refers to the numerous editions of ,sacrobosco translated by ,rinaldi4 #cae ,vasari1 op4 cit41 ,vol4 ,v1 pp4 #dic-dif4 #caf ,del ,badia1 op4 cit41 p4 #cj4 #cag ,del ,badia1 op4 cit41 p4 #bh4 #cah ,del ,badia1 op4 cit41 p4 #ca4 #cai ,fiorini4 ,sfere terrestri e celesti4 p4 #agi4 #cbj ,tiraboschi1 ,g4 ,storia della litteratura italiana4 ,roma1 #ahgc4 ,tom4 ,,vii1 pt4 ,i1 lib4 ii1 p4 #dci4 #cba ,hues1 ,r4 ,tractatus de globis coelesti et terrestri eorumque usu4 ,amstelodame1 #afag4 ,ed4 by ,joannis ,isaci ,pontanus4 ,see the ,preface4 #cbb ,moriggia1 ,r4 ,p4 ,f4 ,la nobilita di ,milano4 ,milano1 #aeie4 ,lib4 ,v1 cap4 xvii4 #cbc ,fiorini4 ,sfere terrestri e celesti4 p4 #ahd2 ,kretschmer1 ,k4 ,die ,entdeckung ,amerikas in ihrer ,bedeutung fr die ,geschichte des ,weltbildes4 ,berlin1 #ahib4 p4 #dcf1 and ,tav4 xxix4 #cbd ,nordenskild4 ,facsimile ,atlas1 plate ,,xli4 #cbe ,fiorini4 ,sfere terrestri e celesti4 p4 #bbj4 #cbf ,fiorini4 ,sfere terrestri e celesti4 p4 #bhd4 #cbg ,the word ,jobel is thought to mean jubilee4 #cbh ,fiorini4 ,sfere terrestri e celesti4 pp4 #dig-ejj4 #cbi ,see above1 n4 #e1 #ad4 #ccj ,his work bears the title ,d4 ,francisci ,maurolyci ,abbatis ,messanensis ,opuscula mathematica nunc primum in lucem edita4 ,venetiis1 #aege4 #cca ,gori-,gandellini1 ,g4 ,notizie storiche degli intagliatori4 ,siena1 #agga4 ,tom4 ,i1 p4 #be4 #ccb ,archivo ,storico della ,provincie ,napoletane4 ,anno primo ,napoli4 #ahgf4 p4 #dje4 #ccc ,fiorini4 ,sfere terrestri e celesti4 p4 #aia4 ,see for catalogue reference ,sala dei ,,mss4 ,scaffale ,,xii1 palchetto ,d1 n4 #ajj4 ,illustration3 ,compass ,rose4 ,from ,martines ,atlas1 #aehb ,chapter ,,ix ,globes and ,globe ,makers of the ,last ,quarter of the ,sixteenth ,century ,brief summary of sixteenth-century globe making4--,the close of the century introducing us to the great ,dutch globe makers4--,the clock maker ,dasypodius4--,peter and ,philip ,apianus4--,the armillary sphere of ,carlus ,platus4--,roll and ,reinhold4--,tycho ,brahe and his influence4--,titon du ,tillet4--,the terrestrial globe of ,rouen4--,globes of ,emery ,molyneux4--,globes of ,brgi4--,zrich globe4--,beaker globes4--,ivory globe of ,antonio ,spano4--,the ,van ,langren globes4--,santucci4--,b4 ,f4 globe of ,dresden4 ,in the last three chapters attention has been called to the globes and globe makers of the earlier years of the sixteenth century1 special mention having been made in ,chapters ,,vi and ,,vii of the notions entertained concerning the geography of the ,new ,world as exhibited in the terrestrial globe maps4 ,in the first quarter of the century1 as was stated1 the newly discovered lands were represented as having no geographical connection with the ,old ,world1 and with few exceptions the two continents of the western hemisphere were separated from each other either by a strait or by a wide expanse of ocean4 ,in the second quarter of the century the belief seemed to have found very general acceptance that the ,new ,world was but a prolongation or eastward extension of the ,asiatic continent1 a belief which found expression in the plane as well as in the globe maps4 ,exceptions to such belief were likewise noted1 as was also the inclination manifesting itself in this second quarter to return to the earlier notions1 that a great body of water separated ,asia from the northern continent1 in the spread of which notion ,mercator seems to have exerted a dominating influence4 ,in the third quarter of the century the globe maps indicate that a belief in the independent position of the ,new ,world had again found very general acceptance1 although there appeared now and then an expression in the maps that the theory of an ,asiatic connection still lingered4 ,in this third quarter it was the ,italian globe makers who were the most active1 yet it must be admitted that the majority of the globes produced in these years in the peninsula were not of striking importance4 ,in the literature of the period1 references to globes which were constructed1 and which appear to have been well known1 are not infrequent1 but one is inclined to a belief1 based upon these references1 and upon those globes which are extant1 that time has destroyed the best of them4 ,the records of the last quarter of the century1 of which we come now to speak in this chapter1 seem to show a decline of interest in globe making among the ,italians1 the examples of their work left to us being exceedingly few4 ,we note a rising interest and activity in globe making in the ,north in this period1 which reaches a climax during the early years of the seventeenth century in the splendid work given out by the great masters of the ,netherlands4 ,a well-merited fame especially crowns the labors of members of the ,van ,langren1 the ,blaeu1 and the ,hondius families4#ccd ,although remembered chiefly for his part in the construction of the famous ,strassburg cathedral clock1 ,conrad ,dasypodius 7#aecj-afjj7 can also claim a place among the globe makers of his day1 that is1 of the period we now have under consideration4#cce ,he was the son of ,petrus ,dasypodius1 a native of ,frauenfeld in ,switzerland1 whose name originally was ,rauhfuss or ,hasenfuss1 and who for some years held a position as professor of the ,greek language in ,zrich4 ,in the year #aecj he removed to ,strassburg to accept a similar position in the ,strassburg ,academy1 where he died in the year #aeei4 ,young ,conrad1 after an association for a period with the then famous ,strassburg mathematician1 ,christian ,herlin1#ccf as his favorite pupil1 traveled extensively1 going to ,paris and later to ,lyons1 where he continued his mathematical studies4 ,in ,october1 #aefb1 he became the successor of ,herlin1 and in the year #aefc canon of ,st4 ,thomas4 ,to the impulse which he contributed to mathematical studies is due the high place held for a considerable period by the ,strassburg ,academy4#ccg ,it is a part of his great service that he not only encouraged the study of the ,greek mathematicians1 but he also was especially interested in having their works brought to the attention of the public through their reissue1 especially the works of ,euclid4 ,the list of ,dasypodius' publications#cch is a long one and is such as to place him among the foremost scholars of his day1 but it was1 however1 his astronomical clock1 noted above1 which brought him special renown in the larger circles4 ,it was near the middle of the fourteenth century that the first clock1 which was of wood1 was constructed for the cathedral1 but time had wrought its destructive work1 and as early as #aedg a commission was appointed to consider the question of its restoration1 and of this commission ,christian ,herlin was a prominent member4 ,his death in the year #aefb left the plan incomplete1 and eight years passed before his pupil1 ,dasypodius1 was successful in urging the magistrates of the city to take up the work anew4 ,in the year #aegj1 through his advice1 two young globe makers of ,schaffhausen1 ,isaac and ,josias ,habrecht1#cci who had given aid to their father in the construction of the ,frohnwaagthurm ,uhr of the last-named city1 together with the ,schaffhausen artists1 ,tobias and ,josias ,stimmer1#cdj were invited to take up the work under his supervision4 ,at the end of three years the clock was completed and soon came to be referred to as one of the seven wonders of ,germany4 ,truly a masterpiece1 said ,montucla1 and the first of its kind in all ,europe by reason of the numerous movements which it executes4#cda ,in the year #aehj a description of the same was prepared and published by ,dasypodius himself4#cdb ,although calling for frequent repairs the clock continued running until the year #aghi1 when it ceased1 and after fifty years had passed the old mechanism was replaced by new1 the work of ,schwilgu4#cdc ,remarkable as is the entire masterpiece1 it is the globes with which ,dasypodius furnished it that especially interest us here4 ,at the base of the clock is placed a celestial sphere 7,fig4 #gj7 three feet in diameter1 supported by four columns of wood richly carved4 ,on the surface appear the forty-eight ,ptolemaic constellations1 each constellation having its appropriate figure1 and the #ajbb stars which had been located in ,ptolemy's day4 ,the globe is so connected with the machinery1 by which the various parts of the clock are made to perform their functions1 that it makes one revolution on its axis every twenty-four hours1 thus representing the rising and the setting of the several celestial bodies4 ,two circles were added1 one carrying the sun and the other the moon1 adjusted so as to turn about the globe1 the first in twenty-four hours1 and the second in about twenty-five4 ,the arrangement of the movements1 it appears1 was not greatly altered in the reconstruction of #ahch-ahdb1 and the clock1 as it now stands1 is thus described by ,britten3 ,on the floor level is a celestial globe indicating siderial time4 ,in its motion round its axis the globe carries with it the circles that surround it--namely1 the equator1 the ecliptic1 the solstitial and equinoctial colures1 while the meridian and horizon circles remain motionless1 so that there are shown the rising and the setting1 as well as the passage over the meridian of ,strassburg1 of all stars that are visible to the naked eye1 and which appear above the horizon4 ,behind the celestial globe is the calendar2 on a metallic band1 nine inches wide and thirty feet in circumference1 are the months and the days of the months1 ,dominical letters1 fixed and movable feast days4 ,the band is shifted at midnight1 and a statue of ,apollo points out the day of the month and the name of the saint corresponding to that day4 ,the internal part of the annular band indicates true solar time1 the rising and the setting of the sun1 the diurnal motion of the moon around the earth1 and its passage over the meridian1 the phases of the moon and the eclipses of the sun and moon4 ,adjacent compartments are devoted to a perpetual calendar1 solar and lunar cycles and other periodic occurrences1 solar and lunar equations1 etc4 ,above the calendar appear allegorical figures1 seated in chariots1 and representing the days of the week4 ,these chariots1 drawn by such animals as are assigned as attributes of the divinities1 run on a circular railway and appear each in order4 ,in the story above the globe is a planetarium in which the revolutions of the planets are represented upon a large dial plate1 and above the planetarium1 and upon a star-decked sky1 is a globe devoted to showing the phases of the moon4 ,in the second story of the clock has been placed a terrestrial globe1 which likewise is adjusted to revolve in representation of the revolution of the earth4#cdd ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gj4 ,strassburg ,clock and ,globe of ,conrad ,dasypodius1 #aegd4 ,peter ,apianus 7,bienewitz or ,bennewitz7 7#adie-aeeb7 was a native of ,leisnig1 ,saxony4#cde ,his earliest education was received in the village of ,roschlitz1 but at the age of twenty-three he entered the ,university of ,leipzig1 where it appears that astronomy and mathematics chiefly claimed his interest 7,fig4 #ga74 ,in #aebg he received and accepted an appointment as professor of mathematics in the ,university of ,ingolstadt1 and in #aeda1 for his distinguished abilities1 he was ennobled by the ,emperor ,charles ,v4 ,in addition to the fame acquired through his mathematical treatises he became widely known as a maker of physical and astronomical instruments1 among which were celestial globes4 ,numerous as appear to have been these globes of his construction1 no example at present is known bearing the unmistakable evidence of his workmanship4 ,clemens1 in his description of the ,library of the ,escorial1#cdf gives us to understand that it possessed at one time one or more ,peter ,apianus globes1 which were probably carried to ,spain by the ,emperor himself4 ,it seems probable that a diligent search through public and private libraries and museums in that country would lead to the discovery of some of his globes or mathematical instruments4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ga4 ,portrait of ,peter ,apianus4 ,kepler tells us of an ,apianus globe which he saw on a journey from ,wrtemberg to ,gratz1 noting that it was so constructed that the stars could be removed at pleasure from the sphere4#cdg ,of this particular globe nothing seems now to be known4 ,it is thought hardly probable that the one referred to by ,kepler is that fine celestial ,apianus globe 7,fig4 #gb7 belonging to the ,k4 ,b4 ,hof- u4 ,staats ,bibliothek of ,munich4 ,there seems to be scarcely a doubt that this1 as its companion1 a terrestrial globe1 is the work of the son ,philip4 ,repeated inquiry has not resulted in obtaining definite answer as to the dimensions of these globes nor a description of such detailed features as would here prove of interest4 ,the photographic reproductions show them to be of remarkably artistic workmanship4 ,each is furnished with a heavy meridian circle1 and with a similarly designed horizon circle supported by a semicircle which rests upon an elaborately constructed base4#cdh ,the history of these globes seems not to be known1 as stated above4 ,we have an inventory of the ,herzoglich-,bayrische collection of mathematical and astronomical instruments1 prepared by the ,jesuit1 ,fickler1 which contains1 page #adg1 the following entry relative to the globes to be found therein3 ,folget die ,tafl4 ,nr4 #cd4 ,daraus stehen drey grosser hulzinen ,globi ,coelestes1 davon d4 ain in einem messingen gestell1 mit ainem messingem zodiaco1 der dritt von mettall4 #aggg4 ,sechs grosser ,globi terrestres von ,holz4 mit mettallinen zodiacis #aggh4 ,zwei claine ,globi der ain ,coelestis der ander ,terrestris1 auf gedraxelten holzen fuesslen4#cdi ,next in order is table ,no4 #cd4 ,on this there stand three large celestial globes of wood1 one of which has a base of brass1 with a brass horizon circle1 the third of metal1 #aggg4 ,there are six large terrestrial globes of wood1 with metal horizon circles1 #aggh4 ,two small globes1 one celestial1 the other terrestrial1 resting on turned wooden feet4 ,it will be noted1 however1 that there is no mention therein of ,apianus globes4 ,kobalt tells us that ,apianus vertigte allerley mathematische instrumente1 als ,cosmolabium1 ,globos duos ,caeli et ,terrae maximos1 und ,planisphaerium1 constructed many kinds of mathematical instruments such as astrolabes1 two large globes celestial and terrestrial and planispheres4 ,this same author gives us the information that in der k4 b4 ,central-,bibliothek befinden sich zwei grosse1 von ,apian ververtigte und von ,johann ,mielichs gemalte ,globi ,coelestes et ,terrestres1 worauf folgende ,inschrift zo lesen ist1 ',illustrss ,seren4 ,principi ac ,domino ,d4 ,alberto ,com4 ,pal4 ,rheni4 ,sub4 ,inf4 que ,bar4 ,duci ,domino suo ,clementissimo ,globum hunc geographicum cels4 ejus jussu juxta veterum ac recentium ,historiographorum ,observationes ,traditionesque ,descr4 et ,ded4 ,philippus ,apianus ,m4 ,d4 ,anno ,salutis #aegf4' ,in the ,k4 ,b4 ,central ,library there are two large globes celestial and terrestrial constructed by ,apianus and painted by ,johan ,melichs1 on which is the following inscription3 ',to the ,most ,illustrious1 ,most ,serene ,prince and ,lord ,d4 ,albert ,count of the ,rhenish ,palatinate1 etc4 ,his ,most ,clement ,lord this celestial globe by his command1 fashioned according to the observations and traditions of both ancient and modern historiographers dedicates ,philip ,apianus in the year of ,salvation #aegf4'cej ,it seems1 therefore1 probable1 from the above citation1 that it was the son ,philip who constructed these ,munich globes4 ,it was in the year #aeeb that he followed his father as professor of mathematics in the ,university of ,ingolstadt and like his father soon won distinction for himself as cartographer1 producing his famous ,bayrische ,landtafeln as his first work of note4 ,it seems further probable that shortly after this work he became interested in globe construction1 in which line of activity he made for himself a place of first rank4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gb4 ,globes of ,philip ,apianus1 #aegf4 ,the celestial globe referred to above has represented on its surface the several ,ptolemaic constellations1 exquisitely colored1 and the stars have been given names in ,greek1 ,latin1 and ,arabic4 ,the terrestrial globe map is considerably injured1 especially in the polar regions1 but the continental and other outlines are all clearly traceable4 ,three large compass roses1 of ornamental pattern1 are placed along the ,line of ,demarcation4 ,the coast outline of ,europe is1 in the main1 well done1 as is that of ,africa and the ,new ,world4 ,the ,nile and the ,niger rivers no longer find their source in the same common lake4 ,the representations of the far eastern regions indicate that ,apianus had a fairly good knowledge of the records of the ,holland explorers4 ,a fine example of the metal worker's art of this period may be found in a silvered bronze celestial globe 7,fig4 #gc7 belonging to the ,morgan collection recently placed in the ,metropolitan ,museum of ,new ,york4 ,on the meridian circle we find the maker and date legend reading ,gerhard ,emmoser1 sac4 caes4 meis horologiarius1 ,f4 ,viennae #aegi4 ,the sphere1 which can be opened on the line of the ecliptic1 has a diameter of about #ac cm4 ,within has been placed a delicately constructed mechanism by means of which the sphere is made to rotate once in twenty-four hours on its equatorial axis1 the key winding stem for this machinery projecting at the north pole through an engraved hour plate with pointer4 ,with its meridian and its horizon circle it is adjusted to make one revolution in three hundred and sixty-five days4 ,a stationary ring1 about #b cm4 in width1 which closely surrounds the horizon circle and in its same plane1 fits the instrument as a calendar4 ,this ring has engraved on its surface crossing lines1 one for each day of the year1 to each month there being assigned its proper number of days or lines1 as1 for example1 ,october habet #ca dies1 ,november habet #cj dies4 ,as the sphere with its circles revolves1 a pointer attached to the horizon circle indicates on the calendar ring each day of each month in succession4 ,the surface of the sphere is exquisitely engraved with representations of the several constellations1 the name of each being given in ,latin4 ,the instrument is made to rest upon the back of a winged horse in silvered bronze1 this in turn standing upon an artistic circle base4 ,it is well preserved and is a choice example of such instruments1 which in this period were in particular favor4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gc4 ,silver-,gilt ,globe of ,gerhard ,emmoser1 #aegc4 ,carlus ,platus1 a maker of metal globes in the last quarter of the sixteenth century1 is known to us through two fine extant examples of his work4#cea ,the first of these1 inscribed ,romae a4 #aegh ,car4 ,pl41 may be found in the ,museo di ,strumenti ,antichi of ,florence1 having been added to this collection by its former distinguished director1 ,f4 ,meucci4 ,the horizon diameter of this armillary sphere is about #ba cm4 ,it has been described as one beautifully constructed of brass and mounted on a carved wooden base4 ,the circle representing the course of the sun and that made to represent the course of the moon are made to revolve on the axis of the ecliptic1 and a small ball1 of recent construction1 representing the earth1 is placed in the common center of the armillae1 and is made to revolve on the axis of the equator4 ,a dial attached to the axis of the earth below the meridian circle marks the hours1 which are engraved on the ,arctic polar circle4 ,a few points marked on the colures indicate the position of the principal stars4 ,all of the circles have been carefully graduated4 ,on that one representing the zodiac have been engraved the names of the months and the pictures of the several zodiacal figures1 while on the horizon circle are the names of the principal winds in ,greek1 ,latin1 and ,italian4 ,a second globe of ,platus1 signed ,carolus ,platus ,romae ,anno #aeih1 may be found in the ,biblioteca ,barbarini of ,rome4 ,it is composed of two hollow brass hemispheres1 making a ball #ad cm4 in diameter1 which is surrounded by a brass meridian and a brass horizon circle1 the whole resting on a tripod base4 ,it is a fine example of an early metal engraved globe1 the representation of the figures of the constellations in particular being done in a very superior manner4 ,on the surface of the sphere the equator1 the ecliptic1 the equinoctial1 and the solstitial colures are represented4 ,the history of the globe seems not to be known1 but it is probable that it came to the ,barbarini ,palace in the time of ,pope ,urban ,,viii1 who1 before filling his pontifical office1 was known as ,maffeo ,barbarini4 ,of the celestial globes constructed by ,george ,roll and ,joannes ,reinhold three examples are known4#ceb ,one of these may be found in the collection of the ,mathematical ,salon of ,dresden 7,fig4 #gd7 one in the ,osservatorio di ,capodimonte of ,naples and one in the ,k4 ,k4 ,hofbibliothek in ,vienna4 ,the ,roll and ,reinhold globe of the ,dresden collection1 bearing the inscription ,georg ,roll et ,joannes ,reinhold elaborabant ,augustae #aehf1 is an exceedingly interesting instrument1 unique in the manner of its construction and remarkably well preserved4 ,it is of brass1 having a diameter of #cf cm41 and is furnished with numerous movable circles1 a large meridian circle surmounted with an armillary sphere1 and a brass horizon circle on which are marked the old and the new calendars1 the names of the twelve months and of the important holy days4 ,the globe base1 very artistically wrought1 rests upon four griffin's feet1 between which a small terrestrial globe #aj cm4 in diameter has been placed1 this having been furnished with its own independent support4 ,the large celestial sphere is furnished with a clocklike mechanism by means of which it is made to revolve in representation of the diurnal motion of the heavens4 ,according to existing records it was purchased in the year #aeic by order of the ,elector ,christian ,,ii1 and by him was presented to the ,academy of ,arts of ,dresden4 ,zeiller tells us that this and the ,heyden globe were those with which the ,prince ,elector ,augustus was accustomed to amuse himself4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gd4 ,globe of ,george ,roll and ,johannes ,reinhold1 #aehf4 ,it has not been possible to obtain a description of the ,vienna globe4 ,it appears that it was constructed in the year #aehh1 and that1 like the ,dresden example1 the celestial sphere is made to revolve by means of clockwork4 ,the ,roll and ,reinhold globe belonging to the ,osservatorio di ,capodimonte1 according to ,fiorini1 is one especially worthy of mention4#cec ,this is described as a hollow ball having a diameter of about #ba cm4 ,the sphere itself is made of copper1 the remaining parts of gilded brass4 ,the horizon circle is composed of several overlapping brass plates4 ,a clockwork mechanism is supplied1 by means of which the sphere and certain circles may be made to revolve4 ,the surface of the copper sphere is artistically engraved1 having numerous circles representing the ecliptic system with its parallels and meridians1 and the equatorial system including its five zones4 ,the ,ptolemaic constellations are represented1 the figure of each being engraved in outline with the name in ,latin4 ,the several stars are not named but near each is an engraved number to indicate its magnitude1 these numbers ranging from #a to #f4 ,nebulae are distinguished by small circles1 and the ,milky ,way by numerous dots4 ,the meridian circle1 in which the sphere revolves1 has the usual graduation from #j to #ij1 but has in addition a climatic graduation designed ,climata ex ,ptolomeo1 and a division into zones called ,torrida ,zona1 ,zona habitabilis temperata1 and ,frigida zona4 ,on the convex surface of the horizon circle we find engraved the names of the four cardinal points1 and on the upper surface of this circle are engraved the ,julian and the ,gregorian calendars1 the names of the saints1 the dates on which the sun enters the various signs of the zodiac1 and the ancient names of the principal winds4 ,the globe mountings1 all of brass1 are artistic and well preserved4 ,like the ,dresden example it rests upon a four-branched support1 the extremities of each branch representing the claws of the griffin4 ,including the base1 the instrument is #dc cm4 in height4 ,it seems not to be known when or how this globe1 constructed in ,augsburg1 found its way to the ,naples ,museum1 where it is treasured as one of the choicest of ancient astronomical instruments4 ,tycho ,brahe1 the great ,danish astronomer 7,fig4 #ge71 was a native of ,knudtstrup near ,helsingborg1 born in the year #aedf4ced ,the care of his early education was assumed by an uncle1 ,george ,brahe1 who in the year #aeei sent him to the ,academy of ,copenhagen with the intention of fitting him for the legal profession4 ,three years later we find him registered at the ,university of ,leipzig1 then famous for its department of jurisprudence4 ,like many another of the world's great men for whom1 in the days of his youth1 interested relatives or friends have chosen a life career only to find in later life the choice not well made1 ,tycho's bent was not for the legal profession but for science1 that is1 for mathematics and astronomy4 ,while yet a student in ,copenhagen an eclipse of the sun which occurred ,august #ba1 #aefj1 interested him greatly1 and here we seem to find the beginning of that great future which was to be his4 ,forbidden by his schoolmaster to give his time to a study of the stars1 in the quiet of the night he would secretly betake himself into the open1 there to watch with unaided eye the movements of the heavenly bodies1 or to follow these movements as best he could with the assistance of a simple astronomical circle and a small celestial globe which he had been able to purchase4 ,it probably was in his ,leipzig days that he became intimate with ,bartholomaus ,scultetus 7,schultz71 lecturer on mathematical subjects1 and by him was encouraged to pursue further his astronomical studies4 ,among the first practical results of his activities in this field we have his correction table for readings with the ,jacob staff4 ,the death of his uncle in the year #aefe occasioned his return to his native country1 but ,germany offering him special opportunities for continued study in his favorite field1 we soon find him in ,wittenberg1 later in ,rostock1 where in a quarrel with a peasant he lost part of his nose and thereafter to the end of his days wore a silver substitute4 ,in #aefg we find him in ,lauingen engaged in the study of astronomy with the distinguished ,cyprian ,leowitz1 in #aefh in ,basel with ,peter ,ramus1 and for two years thereafter in ,augsburg with the brothers ,johan and ,paul ,hainzel1 with whom he constructed a large quadrant having a radius of seventeen and one half feet4 ,while in ,augsburg it appears that he began the construction of a celestial globe four feet in diameter1 but there is some uncertainty as to his completion of this work4 ,a short but unhappy sojourn in his native town followed his years of congenial study in ,germany1 and we soon learn of his visit to the observatory of ,landgraf ,wilhelm of ,cassel1 an event of great significance for him4 ,his travels carried him to other cities of ,germany1 including the city of ,regensburg1 where he witnessed the coronation of the ,emperor ,rudolf ,,ii4 ,landgraf ,wilhelm1 a ,maecenas of wide repute in his day1 had been greatly impressed with the abilities of ,tycho1 and he urged upon the ,danish ,king ,frederick that he should make suitable provision for the further astronomical studies of his distinguished subject1 which suggestion the ,king generously met4 ,in the year #aege the documents were signed and sealed granting to ,tycho full possession for life of the little ,island of ,hveen1 lying between ,seeland and ,schonen2 in addition he was furnished with all the means necessary for the erection of an observatory and the adequate equipment of the same 7,fig4 #gf74 ,the ,uranienburg1 as his observatory was called1#cee became a great center for astronomical studies1 and students came to him from various ,european lands1 among these being ,arnold van ,langren1 ,willem ,jansz4 ,blaeu1 and ,longomontanus 7,christian ,severin of ,longberg74 ,the death of his patron1 ,king ,frederick ,,ii1 in the year #aehh brought misfortune to ,tycho1 in so far as his life and studies on the ,island of ,hveen were concerned1 since the succeeding ruler1 ,christian ,,iv1 was but little interested in the further promotion of astronomical science4 ,enduring court intrigue for nine years1 he determined1 in the year #aeig1 to leave the scenes of his remarkable successes1 and after a brief sojourn with ,count ,henry of ,ranzau near ,hamburg1 he accepted an invitation from the ,emperor ,rudolf ,,ii to become imperial astronomer and counselor at ,prague4 ,thither he went with his family in the year #aeii1 at the same time taking with him those astronomical instruments which had served him in his studies in the northern island home4 ,while preparations were under way for the erection of a new observatory for him he died in the year #afja4 ,from ,tycho's heirs the ,emperor ,rudolf purchased his instruments and manuscripts1 the latter passing into the hands of ,kepler1 his successor at the ,imperial ,court1 but as to the fate of his instruments little seems to be known4 ,kstner tells us that in #afai1 during an uprising in the city of ,prague1 some of these were destroyed while others were carried away1 and at present only an iron quadrant1 once in his observatory1 remains in that city4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ge4 ,portrait of ,tycho ,brahe4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gf4 ,interior of ,tycho ,brahe's ,observatory at ,uranienburg4 ,his large brass celestial globe1 six feet in diameter1 was carried back to ,copenhagen in the year #afbc by ,king ,christian's son1 ,ulrich1 and there it was carefully kept until the year #agbh1 when with the castle in which it had been placed it was destroyed by fire4 ,recalling the far-reaching influence of ,tycho ,brahe on astronomical studies and on celestial globe making1 it cannot be without interest to quote here his own reference to his great globe1 wherein he describes its construction4 ,this globe1 he says1#cef which is a very large one1 we have made with great care1 but with none the less than we have employed in all of our others4 ,the interior is of wood with many intersecting circles and special supports1 strengthened here and there from the center1 and being then fashioned into a spherical shape4 ,as for its parts of wood1 these were made at ,augsburg in the year #aegj before ,i returned to my native land1 as ,i found there a capable workman1 having sought for a long time elsewhere in vain for such an one4 ,there1 on account of its size1 which made it difficult to move1 it had remained for five years1 when ,i returned to ,augsburg2 this was in the year #aege as ,i came out of ,italy on my way to ,ratisbon to be present at the coronation of the ,august ,emperor ,rudolf ,,ii1 when ,i found the globe had been finished some time previously4 ,but its shape 7sphericity7 did not altogether satisfy me1 moreover certain cracks could be seen4 ,in the following year1 and not without much difficulty ,i had it carried to ,denmark4 ,there the cracks were filled in and the sphericity made more nearly perfect by laying over the surface about one hundred skins4 ,there followed a testing for a period of two years to ascertain whether the cracks would reappear after two summers and two winters4 ,when1 after this test1 ,i saw that it retained its sphericity1 ,i covered it over with thin brass plates of uniform thickness without mishap1 and this ,i did with such care and skill that you would be led to say the globe was made of solid brass1 the joinings of the plates being scarcely visible4 ,i next fashioned it into a perfect sphere and marked thereon the zodiac1 and the equator with its poles1 also the degrees each of sixty minutes by engraved lines as we do in such work4 ,i then left it for the space of one year1 as there was some doubt after putting on the brass plates as to whether the globe would retain its sphericity in winter and in summer4 ,when it had been sufficiently tested not only did ,i indicate the circles of which ,i have spoken but also all the stars of the eighth sphere ,i represented in their proper places1 as many stars as were to be seen in the heavens1 and ,i increased their number more and more in succeeding years up to #afjj4 ,thus ,i with purpose added all the stars visible to the naked eye1 in their proper places adapted to the year #afjj which was near at hand4 ,and so there passed nearly twenty-five years from the first work on this globe until it was finished1 by the addition of its proper divisions and its stars4 ,this delay1 although it might seem tedious1 was not without its value2 for all things were thus done more carefully and better4 ',work quickly only if you work well4' ,then the outer circles were fitted to it1 that is1 a meridian and after that a horizon circle4 ,this meridian is made of brass1 and each degree is divided into minutes1 and the horizon has the width of a palm of the hand1 being covered with brass having the degrees and minutes marked4 ,the vertical quadrant passing from the zenith to the horizon is of brass4 ,the globe rests on a firm base having two iron supports crossing each other1 two of which you see on one side and two on the other4 ,these are for the purpose of giving strength lest the horizon of the instrument should not be firm because of its bulk and weight4 ,the entire support is five feet high1 and on the lower part of the structure various mathematical devices are to be seen skilfully painted for the sake of ornamentation1 and with the other features adding beauty to the whole4 ,the globe itself is approximately six feet in diameter1 and from this dimension the size of the meridian1 of the horizon and of the rest of the instrument can be obtained4 ,such a globe1 so solidly made1 so finely wrought1 and in every part so finely constructed and properly constituted never before in any part of the world1 so ,i believe and say without the thought of arousing envy1 has been completed4 ,it is an immense and a magnificent work2 so much so that many have come from various countries to ,denmark that they might have a view of it together with my other instruments1 while the ,kingdom of ,urania and its far-famed citadel were standing4 ,around the horizon circle one could read in letters of gold ',in the year of ,christ ,,ci,c ,i,c ,,xxciv 7#aehd71 ,frederick ,,ii reigning in ,denmark1 this globe like unto a celestial machine1 in which are fixed the stars of the eighth sphere as set down on his globe each exactly in its place1 also the wandering stars as they appear among these1 ,tycho ,brahe1 to all on earth who desire to understand this matter1 shows the heavens by this mechanical device which he perfected for his sons1 for himself and for posterity4' ,the date #aehd is inscribed hereon because that is the middle of the period of time in which it was in the process of construction1 and further it is the year before the death of ,king ,frederick of most worthy memory1 who liberally supported both myself and my work1 and his princely love followed me as long as he lived4 ,i will add only this one thing--this globe has a canopy indicated by ,y ,z 7,fig4 #gg7 circular1 and concave within to enclose the upper half of the globe1 which canopy1 fastened to the roof by a chain1 may be let down as a protection from dust and from other injury4 ,the use of the globe is the same as is that of others1 and this use ,i have decided to describe in a special work during my leisure time1 since it cannot be done in few words4 ,this globe has1 on account of its great size1 an advantage over all others1 namely that all details on it can be given with the utmost exactness and minuteness4 ,and those points concerning the doctrine of the primum mobilum and the study of the heavenly bodies in their relations to the position of the ecliptic and the equator and of certain other circles on the globe1 are easily determined with a minimum of trouble and without any laborious effort1 by the machine4 ,illustration3 ,,globvs ,,magnvs ,,orichalcicus4 ,fig4 #gg4 ,globus ,magnus of ,tycho ,brahe1 #aehd4 ,van ,raemdonck refers to a globe by ,titon du ,tillet1 of the year #aehd1 citing a reference to this work to be found in ,memoirs lus la ,sorbonne4 ,we have been unable to obtain concerning ,titon any additional information to that given in the above citations4#ceg ,in ,march1 #ahfa1 the ,bibliothque ,nationale of ,paris acquired by purchase a copper engraved globe mounted on a metal base4#ceh ,the record referring to the purchase reads ,trouv ,lignires 7,cher7 et provenant de l'abb ,l'cuy4 7,fig4 #gh47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gh4 ,l'cuy ,terrestrial ,globe1 ca4 #aegh4 ,aside from its geographical interest it is particularly significant in that it is the only globe of metal known to have been made in ,rouen in that period4 ,it is neither signed nor dated1 but its inscriptions seem to assure us that it was not made prior to #aegh1 yet in all probability before #afjj4 ,it seems not to be known how the globe found its way into the locality designated4 ,the ,abb ,l'cuy died in ,paris in the year #afcd at the age of eighty-four1 ,vicar ,general of the ,prebendary of ,ntre ,dame4 ,it is probable that at the death of the ,abb the globe was taken to the province of ,cher by some dealer or purchaser1 as he was born in the town ,yvoi-,carignan in ,french ,luxembourg4 ,of the earliest history of this remarkably interesting object we know only that it was made in ,rouen1 at a date we cannot definitely fix4 ,it has a diameter of #be4f cm4 ,in an oval cartouch one finds the inscription ,nova et integra universi orbis descriptio4 ,rothomagi4 ,a new and complete description of the world4 ,rouen4 ,below the last line there appears to be space left for the insertion of the author's name1 a thought suggested by the arrangement for the inscription1 and underneath the cartouch is engraved a representation of ,neptune driving his sea horses and chariot and armed with a trident4 ,there are numerous vessels represented on the globe1 sailing the seas1 in the style of the sixteenth century4 ,the prime meridian passes through the ,canary ,islands4 ,the author seems to have drawn largely from ,spanish sources1 but to some extent from the ,portuguese4 ,the outlines of the several countries of the ,old ,world are not particularly well drawn1 and it does not appear that the author thought of making an especial point of accuracy4 ,africa has the outlines of the maps of the sixteenth century1 but with an indifference to details4 ,the ,senegal and the ,niger are made to unite to form the ,nile4 ,asia is not particularly well drawn4 ,below the island of ,cipango the author has engraved the following legend1 ,hoc loco secuti sumus recentiores hanc partem verius a continente separantes4 ,in this place we have followed the most recent 7observers7 who rightly separate this part from the continent4 ,the western coast of ,america gives evidence of a want of detailed knowledge4 ,here we read ,haec littora nondum cognita1 this coast is not yet known1 and below this1 ,novus orbis1 and ,hispania major a ,nuo ,gusmano devicta anno #aeci1 ,greater ,spain conquered by ,nuo ,gusman in the year #aeci4 ,california is represented as a peninsula and not an island as on so many of the maps of the closing years of the sixteenth century4 ,the nomenclature along the coast of ,mexico is exceedingly rich4 ,pizarro's conquest is referred to1 but ,chili is unknown1 ,ulterius incognitum4 ,the estuary of ,la ,plata is represented as very large4 ,the coast names north of ,florida seem to have been obtained from the ,verrazano sources of #aebd4 ,in the region of ,newfoundland1 which is represented as a region of numerous small islands1 we find ,baccalearum regio1 ,gamas1 insule ,corteralis1 terro de laborador4 ,the strait separating ,greenland from the mainland is referred to as ,fretum arcticum per quod ,lusitani in orientem et ad ,indos et ,molucas navigare conati sunt1 ,arctic strait through which the ,portuguese attempted to sail to the east and to the ,indies and the ,moluccas1 an allusion to the unhappy results of the ,cortereal expedition4 ,along the coast of the strait which forms the northern boundary of ,north ,america we read ,terra per ,britannos inventa1 ,land discovered by the ,british4 ,a very curious legend along the east coast of ,greenland reads ,quii populi ad quos ,joaes ,scovus ,danus pervenit anno #adgf1 ,these are the people to whom the ,dane ,john ,scovus came in the year #adgf4 ,humboldt was one of the first to call attention to this expedition1 and ,gomara was actually the first to mention it1 that is1 to give a reference to the ,dane ,skolnus4#cei ,there are no more interesting survivals among the globes of the late sixteenth century than are those constructed by ,emery ,molyneux1 now belonging to the ,middle ,temple ,library of ,london 7,fig4 #gi71 which ,sir ,clements ,markham refers to as their burial place1 considering this to be a strange depository for geographical documents of such interest and importance4 ,in the address ,to the ,reader or preface to his ',voyages1' ,hakluyt gives the first reference in print to these globes4 ,nowe1 he says1 because peraduenture it would bee expected as necessarie1 that the descriptions of so many parts of the world would farre more easily be conceiued of the ,readers1 by adding ,geographicall1 and ,hydrographicall tables thereunto1 thou art by the way to be admonished that ,i have contented my selfe with inserting into the worke one of the best generall mappes of the world onely1 untill the coming out of a very large and most exact terrestriall ,globe1 collected and reformed according to the newest1 secretest1 and latest discoueries1 both ,spanish1 ,portugall1 and ,english1 composed by ,m4 ,emmerie ,mollineux of ,lambeth1 a rare gentleman in his profession1 being therein for diuers yeeres1 gratly supported by the purse and liberalitie of the worshipfull marchant ,m4 ,william ,sanderson4#cfj ,it was not until near the close of the year #aeib that the globes were completed1 and soon thereafter we have their first printed description1 which description was given by ,dr4 ,hood of ,trinity ,college1 ,cambridge1 a lecturer on mathematics and navigation in the city of ,london4#cfa ,blundeville1 in his ',exercises1'#cfb refers to them1 and in #aeid ,robert ,hues published the first edition of his most valuable and interesting treatise on globes1 bearing the title1 ',tractatus de ,globis et eorum usu1 accomodatus iis qui ,londini editi sunt anno #aeic1' taking the ,molyneux globes as the basis for his observations4 ,illustration3 ,fig #gi4 ,terrestrial ,globe of ,emery ,molyneux1 #aeib4 ,very little is known of the life of ,molyneux4 ,he appears to have been a member of the ,cavendish expedition of the years #aehf-aehh1 as is suggested by one of the legends on his terrestrial globe4 ,he was known to ,sir ,walter ,raleigh1 to ,richard ,hakluyt1 to ,edward ,wright1 and to ,john ,davis4 ,to the suggestions of the last-named we perhaps owe the existence of these globes4#cfc ,as noted by ,hakluyt in his preface1 the globes were constructed at the expense of ,william ,sanderson1 a merchant prince of ,london1 a liberal and patriotic citizen1 one interested in geographical exploration1 who had fitted out the ,davis ,arctic ,expedition4 ,sir ,clements ,markham1 in his edition of ,robert ,hues' ',tractatus de ,globis1'#cfd edited for the ,hakluyt ,society and published in the year #ahhi1 gives in his introduction the following brief but adequate description of these globes3 ,the ,molyneux globes are #b feet #b inches in diameter1 and are fixed on stands4 ,they have graduated brass meridians1 and on that of the terrestrial globe a dial circle or ',horarius' is fixed4 ,the broad wooden equator1 forming the upper part of the stand1 is painted with the zodiac signs1 the months1 the ,roman calendar1 the points of the compass1 and the same in ,latin1 in concentric circles4 ,rhumb lines are drawn from numerous centers over the surface of the terrestrial globe4 ,the equator1 the ecliptic1 the polar circles are painted boldly2 while the parallels of latitude and meridians1 at every ten degrees1 are very faint lines4 ,the globe received additions1 including the discoveries of ,barents in ,novaya ,zemlya1 and the date has been altered with a pen from #aeib to #afjc4 ,the constellations and fixed stars on the celestial globe are the same as those on the globe of ,mercator1 except that the ,southern ,cross has been added4 ,on both the celestial and the terrestrial globes of ,molyneux there is a square label with this inscription ',this globe1 belonging to the ,middle ,temple1 was repaired in the year #ahah by ,j4 and ,w4 ,newton1 ,globe ,makers1 ,chancery ,lane4' ,over ,north ,america are the arms of ,france and ,england quarterly2 supporters1 a lion and dragon2 motto of the garter2 crown1 crest1 and baldrequin2 standing on a label1 with a long dedication to ,queen ,elizabeth4 ,the achievement of ,mr4 ,william ,sanderson is painted on the imaginary southern continent to the south of ,africa4 ,the crest is a globe with the sun's rays behind4 ,it stands on a squire's helmet with baldrequin4 ,the shield is quarterly2 #ast1 paly of six azure and argent1 over all a bend sable for ,sanderson2 #bnd1 gules1 lions1 and castles in the quarters for ,skirne alias ,castilion2 #crd1 or1 a chevron between #c eagles displayed sable1 in chief a label of three points sable for ,wall2 #dth1 quarterly1 or and azure1 over all a bend gules for ,langston4 ,beneath there is an address from ,william ,sanderson to the gentle reader1 ,english and ,latin1 in parallel columns4 ,in the north polar regions there are several new additions1 delineating the discoveries of ,english and ,dutch explorers for the first time4 ,john ,davis wrote1 in his ',world's ,hydrographical ,discovery'3 ',how far ,i proceeded doth appear on the globe made by ,master ,emerie ,molyneus4' ,davis ,strait is shown with all the names on its shores which were given by its discoverer1 and the following legend ',joannes ,davis ,anglus anno #aehc-hf-hg littora ,americae circumspectantia a quinquagesimo quinto grado ad #gc sub polarem scrutando perlegit4' 7',john ,davis1 an ,englishman in the years #aehc-hf-hg1 gave these names when he mapped the shores of ,america lying between the parallels of #ee degrees and #gc degrees north latitude4'7 ,on another legend we have ',additions in the north parts to #afjc'2 and below it are the discoveries of ,barents1 with his ,novaya ,zemlya winter quarters--',het behouden huis4' ,between ,novaya ,zemlya and ,greenland there is an island called ',sir ,hugo ,willoghbi his land4' ,this insertion arose from a great error in longitude1 ,willoughby having sighted the coast of ,novaya ,zemlya2 and the island1 of course had no existence1 though it long remained on the maps4 ,to the north of ,siberia there are two legends1 ',rd4 ,cancelarius et ,stephanus ,burrow ,angli ,lappiae et ,coreliae oras marinas et ,simm4 ,s4 ,nicolai vulgo dictum anno #aeec menso ,augusto exploraverunt' 7',richard ,chancelor and ,stephen ,burrow ,englishmen explored the shore of ,lapland and ,corelia1 and of ,simm4 ,s4 ,nicolai commonly so called1 in the month of ,august #aeec'71 and ',joannes ,mandevillanus eques ,anglius ex ,anglia anno #accb ,cathaiae et ,tartariae regiones penetravenit4' 7',john ,mandeville an ,english knight from ,england in the year #acbb entered the regions of ,cathay and ,tartary4'7 ,many imaginary islands1 in the ,atlantic1 are retained on the globe3 including ',frisland1' ',buss ,ins1' ',brasil1' ',maidas1' ',heptapolis1' ',st4 ,brandan4' ,on the eastern side of ,north ,america are the countries of ,florida1 ,virginia1 and ,norumbega2 and also a large town of ,norumbega up a gulf full of islands4 ,the learned ,dr4 ,dee had composed a treatise on the title of ,queen ,elizabeth to ,norumbega2 and in modern times ,professor ,horsford has written a memoir to identify ,norumbega with a site up the ,charles ,river1 near ,boston4 ,on the ,atlantic1 near the ,american coast1 is the following legend ',virginia primum lustrata1 habitata1 et cultu ab ,anglis impensis ,d4 ,gualteri de ,ralegh ,equitis ,aurati ammenti ,elizabethae ,angliae ,reginae4' 7',virginia first surveyed1 inhabited and cultivated by the ,english at the expense of ,sir ,walter ,raleigh1 ,knight1 subsidized by the gold of ,elizabeth ,queen of ,england4'7 ,a legend in the ,pacific ,ocean furnishes direct evidence that information1 for compiling the globe was supplied by ,sir ,walter ,raleigh4 ,it is in ,spanish3 ',islas estas descubrio ,pedro ,sarmiento de ,gamboa por la ,corona de ,castella y ,leon desde el ano #aefh llamolas ,islas de ,jesus aunque vulfarmente las llaman ,islas de ,salomon4' 7',pedro ,sarmiento of ,gamboa discovered these islands in the year #aefh for the crown of ,castile and ,leon calling them the ,islands of ,jesus though they are commonly called the ,salomon ,islands4'7 ,pedro ,sarmiento was the officer who was sent to fortify the ,strait of ,magellan after ,drake had passed through4 ,he was taken prisoner by an ,english ship on his way to ,spain1 and was the guest of ,raleigh in ,london for several weeks1 so that it must have been on information communicated by ,raleigh that the statement respecting ,sarmiento on this legend was based4 ,besides ',insulae ,salmonis' there are two islands in the ,pacific1 ',y ,sequenda de los ,tubarones1' and ',san ,pedro1' as well as the north coast of ,new ,guinea1 with the names given on ,mercator's map4 ,cavendish also appears to have given assistance1 or possibly ,molyneux himself accompanied that circumnavigator in his voyage of #aehg4 ,the words of a legend off the ,patagonian coast seem to countenance this idea1 reading1 ',thomas ,caundish #ah ,dec4 #aehg haec terra sub nostris oculis primum obtulit sub latitud #dg cujus seu admodum salubris ,incolae maturi ex parte proceri sunt gigantes et vasti magnitudinis4' ,the great southern continent is made to include ,tierra del ,fuego and the south coast of ,magellan's ,strait1 and extends over the greater part of the south frigid zone4 ,s4 ,matheo1 an island in the ,atlantic1 south of the line1 was visited by the ,spanish ships under ,loaysa and ,sebastian del ,cano1 but has never been seen since4 ,it appears on the globe4 ,in the south ,atlantic there are painted a sea-serpent1 a whale1 ,orpheus riding on a dolphin1 and ships under full sail--fore and main courses and topsails1 a sprit sail1 and the mizzen with a long lateen yard4 ,the track of the voyage of ,sir ,francis ,drake and ,master ,thomas ,cavendish round the world are shown1 the one by a red and the other by a blue line4 ,that these tracks were put on when the globe was first made is proved by the reference to them in ,blundeville's ',exercises4' ,the name of the author of the globe is thus given3 ',emerum ,mullineus ,angl4 sumptibus ,guilelm ,sanderson ,londinensis descripsit4' ,markham likewise tells us that the celestial globe1 in its general features1 closely resembles the terrestrial4 ,it carries the same arms of ,sanderson1 and the same label of ,newton1 but a briefer dedication to the ,queen4 ,it appears that the map was engraved and printed by ,hondius of ,amsterdam1 since it carries the brief legend ,judocus ,hondius ,fon4 ,sc4 ,in addition to the ,molyneux globes in the ,middle ,temple1 a pair may be found in the ,royal ,museum of ,cassel4 ,a detailed description of this pair it has not been possible to obtain4 ,jost ,brgi1 a native of ,lichtensteig in the ,toggenburg1 ,switzerland1 was born in the year #aeeb and died in ,cassel in the year #afcb4cfe ,early in life he became a clock maker's apprentice1 and for some time was engaged with ,dasypodius in the construction of the famous ,strassburg ,cathedral clock4 ,in the year #aegi he was called to the court of ,landgrave ,william ,,iv in ,cassel1 under whose patronage he won great distinction as a maker of astronomical and mathematical instruments4 ,in the year #afjc he was called into the service of the ,emperor at ,prague1 but in the year #afca he returned to ,cassel1 where he died in the following year4 ,brgi1 skilful workman that he was1 seems not to have found time to tell in words of his various activities4 ,he found pleasure in work1 says one of his biographers1 and left it for others to write of his attainments1 which1 it may here be said1 they seem not to have done in a very detailed manner4 ,landgrave ,william's interest in the promotion of scientific studies led him to the founding of a museum to which he made numerous contributions of apparatus1 mathematical and astronomical4 ,this museum1 in the course of years1 became one of the most famous of its kind in all ,europe1 and indeed remains such to this day4 ,in its collections the work of ,brgi is well represented1 which in the quality of the workmanship exhibited1 as in the interest it awakens by reason of its place as a nucleus around which so much of value has been gathered1 is unsurpassed4 ,among the first of his instruments may be mentioned an astronomical clock1 elaborately wrought1 with movable discs and circles for illustrating the movements of the heavenly bodies1 and surmounted with an engraved celestial globe1 which1 driven by clockwork1 is made to turn on its axis once in twenty-four hours4 ,it seems evident that ,brgi constructed other clocks of like character1 supplied1 as is this example1 with a celestial globe4 ,in this same ,museum of ,cassel there is a second celestial globe1 the work of ,brgi1 which was begun in the year #aehe1 and not entirely completed until the year #afic by ,heinrich van ,lannep4 ,this copper sphere1 #gb cm4 in diameter1 is remarkably well preserved4 ,it has a heavy brass meridian circle to which is attached an engraved hour circle #df cm4 in diameter4 ,a large brass semicircle intersects this meridian circle at right angles through the north pole1 and is attached to the horizon circle at its extremities4 ,the instrument rests upon an artistic and substantial brass support4 ,on the surface of the sphere are engraved the principal celestial circles1 including the colures1 the equator1 the tropics1 the polar circles1 the ecliptic1 and twelve parallels4 ,the stars1 of which the largest are distinguished by a bit of inlaid silver1 and the several figures of the constellations which are very artistically engraved1 are clearly the work of a master4 ,a third globe of gilded brass1 containing clockwork within by means of which it is made to revolve and apparently the work of ,brgi1 may also be found in this ,cassel collection4 ,a small silver sun1 movable along the equator1 is mechanically attached in such manner as to serve admirably for demonstrative purposes4 ,the engraved surface of the globe is equal in its artistic merits to that of the copper globe referred to above4 ,there is yet a fourth metal globe in this collection1 apparently the work of ,brgi1 which is not gilded4 ,in other respects it is said to resemble the one designated above as the third globe4 ,kepler is said to have held in the highest esteem the scientific work of ,brgi1 and to have placed him1 within his field1 as high as he did ,albrecht ,drer among artists4 ,there appears to be good reason for attributing the invention of the pendulum clock to ,jost ,brgi1 and that before #afjj he had proved this method of clock regulation practical4 ,among the numerous and interesting treasures to be found in the ,landesmuseum of ,zrich is a terrestrial globe 7,fig4 #hj7 having neither name of maker nor date of construction1 but belonging1 undoubtedly1 to the late sixteenth century4#cff ,the sphere has a diameter of about #aba cm41 is mounted on a substantial wooden base1 and appears to have been made for the monastery of ,st4 ,gall1 from which place it was taken to ,zrich in the year #agab4 ,on the semicircular arms which support the equatorial circle are represented the armorial bearings of the abbey and monks of ,st4 ,gall1 and the date in gold1 #aeie1 which may refer to the date of construction or to the date when it was placed in the monastery4 ,on the equatorial circle one finds represented the signs of the zodiac1 the calendar1 the names of the saints and of the winds4 ,on the heavy meridian circle are indicated the climatic zones and the degrees of latitude4 ,the prime meridian is made to pass through the ,azores ,islands4 ,the sphere is of papier-mch and plaster1 on which the engraved gores are mounted4 ,the seas have been colored green1 the lands a dull yellow1 the mountain ranges brown4 ,numerous barbaric kings are represented in picture1 likewise numerous animals of land and sea1 and ships artistically drawn sail hither and thither over the oceans4 ,the austral continent is wanting4 ,marcel especially notes the striking resemblance of the globe map to the ,mercator map of #aefi1 suggesting the possibility of its ,mercatorian origin1 in support of which suggestion he quotes a number of geographical names as well as certain legends4 ,the globe1 it appears1 has never been critically studied1 but is clearly an interesting geographical monument of the period4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #hj4 ,anonymous ,terrestrial ,globe1 ca4 #aeie4 ,the making of globe-goblets in the latter half of the sixteenth century and early seventeenth appears to have been in response to a fashion especially pronounced in ,south ,germany1 although their construction was not limited to that region4 ,not a few of such globes are extant1 which are fine examples of the metal worker's art1 having1 however1 a decorative rather than a scientific value4 ,professor ,fischer gives us an interesting description of such a goblet of gilded silver 7,fig4 #ha71 dating from the end of the sixteenth or the beginning of the seventeenth century1 and it is from his account that the following reference is taken4#cfg ,this piece he pronounces the most valuable treasure in the plate room of the princely castle of ,wolfegg1 to which castle it was the author's privilege to pay a most interesting visit more than a decade ago4 ,the globe was long considered a christening gift from the ,emperor ,francis to his godson ,francis of the ,waldburg zu ,wolfegg princely family and was supposed to date from the end of the eighteenth century4 ,professor ,fischer1 however1 found this globis terrestris referred to in a testament dated ,january #ag1 #aggi1 with instructions that it1 with certain other treasures1 should not be recast or otherwise altered from its ancient form4 ,it was at that time recognized as a masterpiece1 but from the hands of an unknown master1 and not until recently was it definitely determined to be the work of the ,zrich goldsmith1 ,abraham ,gessner 7#aeeb-afac74 ,gessner appears to have manufactured his globe-goblets1 says ,fischer1 not in response to orders previously given1 but in the regular pursuit of his trade4 ,at a time when rich merchants and scholars took such a lively interest in geography1 and the opening up of new countries1 he could count upon a market all the more readily because his goblets were made with the utmost care in every detail and were perfect examples of the various branches of the goldsmith's art2 casting1 embossing1 chasing1 engraving1 and solid gilding4#cfh ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ha4 ,globe-,goblet of ,abraham ,gessner1 ca4 #afjj4 ,the goblet is #eh cm4 in height4 ,its larger globe1 a terrestrial1 is composed of two hemispheres joined on the line of the equator1 and has a diameter of #ag cm4 ,the support is a standing figure of ,atlas1 which also serves as a stem of the lower half or the lower goblet1 just as the celestial sphere with its support which tops the piece serves as the stem of the upper half or upper goblet4 ,the oceans1 lakes1 and rivers have a silver surface1 while the continents1 islands1 sea monsters1 sailing vessels1 principal parallels1 and meridians are gilded4 ,the continents of ,europe1 ,asia1 and ,africa1 and the terra australis sive ,magallanica have their outlines drawn in the main as they appear on ,mercator's map of #aefi4 ,while certain recent discoveries as ,nowaja ,semlja 7,nova ,zembla7 are represented1 it does not appear that ,gessner was inclined to insist on his map records being laid down with the strictest accuracy as to geographical detail4 ,the celestial globe topping the goblet is given an artistic setting4 ,it is furnished with horizon1 meridian1 and hour circles4 ,the several constellations represented on the surface of the sphere are1 through gilding1 given special prominence1 their execution1 like other parts of the piece1 being of the finest workmanship4 ,the figure of ,atlas supporting the globes exhibits skill in its construction4 ,it stands with one foot slightly advanced1 with the right hand extended upward as if to catch the ball should it fall from the head of the figure4 ,the hair and the beard are gilded1 as is also the drapery1 one end of which hangs loosely over the right shoulder1 while the other covers the front of the body and is held in the left hand at the back1 being made to serve in part as a support4 ,fischer calls attention to two globe-goblets belonging to the ,university of ,basel and to one privately owned2 to one in the town hall of ,rappoltsweiler2 one in what was formerly the ,rothschild ,collection of ,frankfurt1 and to one in the ,museum of ,stockholm1 once the property of ,gustavus ,adolphus1 which probably is the one elsewhere referred to2 and he also calls attention to an undated globe-goblet1 purchased in ,paris in the year #aija by the ,swiss ,national ,museum of ,zrich for the sum of forty-two thousand francs4 ,it had previously been referred to by ,marcel as the work of ,gessner1 in proof of which he noted that it bears the mark of this goldsmith1 the same being the letter ,z4 ,the terrestrial globe1 like that of ,wolfegg1 has a diameter of #ag cm41 the whole being very artistically designed and engraved4 ,it1 too1 is surmounted by a celestial globe and rests on a figure of ,atlas1 which figure in turn stands upon an ornamental base4 ,each of the two globes can be opened on the line of the equator1 thus practically making four drinking cups4 ,on the terrestrial globe1 ,marcel notes1 ,california is represented as an island4 ,near ,nova ,guinea one finds the inscription ,nova ,guinea semper inventa qual 444 insula an pars continentas australis4 ,a large austral land is represented with the inscription ,hanc continentem australem nonvulli ,magelanicam regionem ab ejus inventore nuncupant4 ,the absence of the ,strait of ,lemaire and of ,new ,zealand1 with the representation of the austral land with more or less indefinite outline1 ,marcel thinks warrants a belief that it was constructed near the close of the sixteenth century4 ,attention is likewise called by ,marcel in his article to three other small globes which he found in the ,museum des ,cordeliers of ,basel1 and also to one trs beau et trs riche in the ,muse ,ariana of ,geneva4 ,a very artistic gold beaker globe 7,fig4 #hb7 may be found in the collection presented by ,mr4 ,j4 ,p4 ,morgan to the ,metropolitan ,museum of ,new ,york ,city4 ,the sphere of this1 which opens on the line of the ecliptic1 has a diameter of #h cm4 and rests upon the figure of a satyr with uplifted hands forming a part of the support1 this figure in turn resting upon an ornamental circular base4 ,topping the sphere is a small figure of ,neptune carrying a trident and standing in a shell or conventionalized small boat4 ,the engraved figures of the many constellations decorate the surface of the sphere4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #hb4 ,gold ,globe-,goblet1 ca4 #aege4 ,in the private library of ,mr4 ,j4 ,pierpont ,morgan may be found a fine example of an ivory terrestrial globe of this period 7,fig4 #hc74 ,it is hollow1 being composed of two hemispheres joined on the line of the equator1 and has a diameter of about #h cm4 ,near the south pole is the author and date legend 7,figs4 #hd1 #hd;a7 ,antonius ,spano tropiensis fecit #aeic4 ,made by ,antonio ,spano of ,tropea1 #aeic4 ,in the unnamed southern continent1 and over a representation of the ,spanish arms1 is the dedication to the ,infante ,philip1 afterward ,philip ,,iii1 reading ,principi ,philip4 ,philip ,,ii ,hisp4 ,indiar4 ,neap4 e ,siciliae ,cathol4 ,regis ,filio1 and within the ,antarctic circle a salutation reading ,princeps felicissime totus ,orbis ad se gubernandum te vocat et expectat4 ,o most fortunate ruler1 the whole world calls and awaits you to govern it4 ,antonio1 a native of ,tropea1 near ,naples1 was granted in the year #aeie a pension of one hundred ducats1 by his master and patron1 ,philip ,,ii4 ,this he seems to have enjoyed until his death1 which occurred in ,madrid in the year #afae4 ,we learn that this was continued to his son1 ,francisco ,spano1 by ,king ,philip ,,iii4 ,the mounting of the globe1 which is simple1 seems to be of a later date than that given as the year of construction in the date legend1 but it is well suited to the artistic piece4 ,the world map is well executed1 and may be said to be in a perfect state of preservation4 ,its geographical details1 in so far as given1 are quite as good as the best to be found at this time1 though it is very evident that the piece was primarily intended to possess decorative rather than scientific value4 ,the ,mediterranean region gives us in its general features a representation of the ,ptolemaic ideas1 particularly to be observed in the representation of ,italy and the ,caspian ,sea4 ,in ,chinese ,asia appears a legend reading1 ,hic artem impremendi ante mille aos habuerunt4 ,here they had the art of printing a thousand years ago4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #hc4 ,ivory ,terrestrial ,globe of ,antonio ,spano1 #aeic4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #hd4 ,south ,polar ,region on ,globe of ,antonio ,spano1 #aeic4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #hd;a4 ,south ,polar ,region on ,globe of ,jodocus ,hondius1 #afjj4 ,in ,ratai 7,katai7 a flag is represented reminding of ,marco ,polo1 and near this the legend ,his magnus ,cham ,tartarorum et ,chataiae imperator longe dominatur4 ,in this ,asiatic region we find such names as ,tabin1 ,ania1 ,quinsai1 ,catigara1 ,zaiton1 ,india ,orientalis4 ,stretto ,anian appears as a long channel4 ,in ,africa we read1 ,his ,imperator magnus ,presbyter ,africae ,rex potentis mus4 ,in the ,new ,world we find ,america sive ,india nova1 which is not connected with ,asia4 ,the coast in the northern regions is better drawn than in the southern4 ,the ,st4 ,lawrence ,river is represented1 but the ,great ,lakes are omitted4 ,estland1 ,frisland1 and ,st4 ,brandan are laid down4 ,the austral land1 as represented1 is very large1 being designated ,terra ,australis3 ,vastissimas his esse regiones ex ,m4 ,pauli ,ven4 et ,lud4 ,vartomani scriptis perigrinationibus constat4 ,austral land3 here is known to be a very extensive region referred to in the travel records of ,marco ,polo and of ,ludovico ,vartema4 ,mr4 ,beazley says of the globe that it once belonged to the ,kempenaer family of ,leenwarden1 and was later acquired by ,mr4 ,h4 ,j4 ,pfungst through the firm of ,miller ,company of ,amsterdam4#cfi ,it later passed into the library of ,mr4 ,morgan4 ,as noted at the beginning of this chapter1 leadership in globe and map making1 in the closing years of the century1 was passing into the ,netherlands1 which in the second quarter of the century had contributed in this field of scientific endeavor the great ,mercator4 ,his influence1 as was also noted1 found its way into ,italy and into favor with certain globe makers1 although the individualistic spirit of the ,italians seemed to show a marked preference for manuscript and engraved metal globes4 ,in the front rank of those who were to lead the ,low ,countries into their place of preminence stood the ,van ,langren family1 the father1 ,jacobus ,florentius1 as he was accustomed to call himself1 and the sons1 ,arnoldus ,florentius1 ,henricus ,florentius1 and ,michael ,florentius4#cgj ,the father was a native of ,denmark1 but sometime prior to #aehj he transferred his residence to ,arnhem in ,gelderland1 and later to ,amsterdam4 ,legends on his oldest extant globe give us to understand that at the time of its construction he labored jointly with his son ,arnold in this work1 these legends reading ,jacobus ,florentius ,ultrajectensis autor1 and ,arnoldus ,florentius filius sculptor ,amstelodami #aehe1 that is1 the father was the author and the son was the engraver4 ,in the early seventeenth century the family left ,amsterdam1 going to ,antwerp in the ,spanish ,netherlands4 ,here in the year #afji1 according to an ,antwerp record1 ,arnold constructed a ,sphaera ,mundi1 which he dedicated to the chief magistrate of that city1 receiving therefor #abj ,artois livres4 ,it probably was not long after this date that he was appointed ,globe ,maker of the ,archdukes1 a title he retained until the death of the ,archduke ,albert in the year #afba1 and a somewhat later record tells us that he was honored shortly after that event by an appointment to the office of ,royal ,cosmographer and ,pensioner of ,his ,majesty the ,catholic ,king4 ,michael became a resident of ,brussels1 where he carried on his work as an engraver1 particularly of maps1 but it was as an astronomer that he won special distinction1 having given much attention to the investigations of methods for the determination of longitude and he is further credited with having given the so-called seas of the moon the names by which they are still known4 ,as globe maker perhaps the greater honor is due ,jacobus ,florentius1 since it appears that ,arnold1 though perhaps the more active1 reproduced in the main only the works of his father1 adding improvement here and there and endeavoring1 perhaps in part for business reasons1 to keep his globe maps up to date4 ,reference has been made above to the oldest extant ,van ,langren globe1 which bears the date #aehe4 ,van der ,aa refers to a request of ,arnold ,floris van ,langelaer and of his father1 ,jacob ,floris van ,langelaer1 presented to the ,states of ,gelderland and accompanying a copy of his globe1 which seems to have been dated #aehj4 ,of this globe it is stated that it was een seer correcte ende schoone ,globum terrestrem1 van de grootste forme1 and that it was inscribed as is that of the year #aehe4 ,a doubt1 however1 arises as to the accuracy of the date #aehj1 since ,van der ,aa states in the same article that ,arnoldus was born in the year #aega4 ,this particular globe was formerly kept in the ,geldersch ,gerichtshof1 as ,van ,hasselt tells us1 but since the destruction of that court nothing has been known of the inventory of the objects which had been placed therein4 ,in support1 however1 of an early date1 perhaps #aehj1 for the first ,van ,langren globe1 we find in the dedication of a work by ,nicolas ,petri1 published in the year #aehh1 and issued as a manual for the use of globes1 that it was especially made for the use of a ,van ,langren globe4 ,in this work the author is represented in picture in the act of examining a globe1 a picture practically the same as that appearing in a work by ,petri issued in the year #aehc4 ,it seems1 therefore1 not to be an erroneous inference that the author gives us here a representation of the ,van ,langren globe of #aehj1 which is wanting much in the accuracy with which its details are given4 ,the globe of #aehe1 referred to above as the oldest extant of ,van ,langren1 may be found in the collection of the ,museo dell' ,osservatorio del ,collegio ,romano 7,fig4 #hd74 ,the dedication under an elaborately colored coat of arms of ,denmark reads1 ,serenissimo atque potentissimo ,principi ,domino ,d4 ,christiano nn4 ,daniae ,norvegiae ,vandalorum et ,gothorum ,regi ,duci ,slesvivi ,holsatiae ,stormariae et ,dithmortiae ,comiti ,oldenburgi et ,del menorsti ,jacobus ,florentius dedicabat4 ,to the ,most ,serene and mighty ,prince ,lord ,d4 ,christian ,king of ,denmark1 ,norway1 the ,wends and the ,goths1 ,duke of ,schleswick ,holstein1 ,stormarn1 ,ditmarsh1 ,count of ,oldenburg and ,delmenhorst 7this globe7 is dedicated by ,jacobus ,florent4 ,the usual letter to the reader or to the one who might have occasion to make use of the globe gives the information3 ,in descriptione hujus globi ubiq3 sequuti sumus castigatissimas ,tabulas geographicas quibus ,hispani et ,lusitani in suis americis et indicis navigationibus utantur2 aliorumque probatissimas ,septentrionalium regionum descriptiones4 ,de nostro suis locis addidimus quadrata ut vocant nautica et ventorum regiones quae omnia ad usum navigantium ad amussim accomodavimus quaemadmodum ,geographiae candidati propius inspiciendo reperient4 ,vale fruere4 ,in the construction of this globe ,i have everywhere made use of the most accurate geographical tables1 such as were used by the ,spaniards and the ,portuguese in their voyages to ,america and the ,east ,indies2 as also for the northern regions the very best drawings of others4 ,my own contribution has been to insert in the proper places the nautical squares1 as they are called1 and the directions of the winds1 all of which ,i have carefully adapted to the need of the navigator1 as experts in geography will1 on examination1 recognize4 ,farewell and may you be happy4 ,in a cartouch on the left we read ,jacobus ,florentius ,ultrajectensis autor1 and on the right ,arnoldus ,florentius filius sculptor ,amstelodami #aehe4 ,the sphere1 which is hollow1 is constructed of wooden strips covered with a preparation of plaster4 ,it has a diameter of about #cb cm4 and is therefore slightly smaller than is the ,mercator globe of #aeda4 ,it is furnished with a graduated brass meridian circle and with a horizon circle of the same material1 which is supported by four arms or quadrants upheld by a simple base4 ,the engraved gores pasted on the ball are twelve in number and extend to within twenty degrees of the poles1 the remaining space being covered with an engraved circular disc1 in accord with a method first employed by ,mercator4 ,the surface of the globe is not well preserved1 yet notwithstanding the injuries which time has brought to it1 it remains a masterpiece of engraving and a valuable geographical record of that early day4 ,its numerous inscriptions are of much interest4 ,we read1 for example1 in latitude #ce degrees south and longitude #ahe degrees1 ,vastissimas hic esse regiones ex ,m4 ,pauli ,veneti et ,ludovico ,vartomanni scriptis peregrinationibus liquido constat4 ,the voyage of ,marco ,polo and of ,ludovico ,varthema make it certain that an enormous territory exists here4 ,in latitude #af degrees south and longitude #age degrees is the legend1 ,moluccae vocantur #e insulae ordine postiae juxta ,gilolo quarum suprema ,tarenare deinceps ,tidore ,motir ,machiam et infima ,bachiam4 ,the ,moluccas is the name given to the five islands in a row close to ,gilolo1 the uppermost of which is ,tarenare1 then ,tidore1 ,motir1 ,machiam1 and the lowest ,bachiam4 ,in latitude #aj degrees south and longitude #cdh degrees we read1 ,maraon fluvius investus fuit a ,vincentio ,yaes ,pinzon an3 #adii et an3 #aedb totus a fontibus fere ad ostia usq3 divulgatus a ,francesco ,oregliana leucis #aefj mensibus #h dulces in mari servat aquas usque #dj leucis4 ,the ,amazon ,river was discovered by ,vicente ,yaez ,pinzon in #adii1 while in #aedb ,francisco ,orellana explored it a distance of #aefj leagues or almost its entire length from source to mouth in eight months4 ,in the sea its waters are still fresh forty leagues from land4 ,the following is placed in latitude #bh degrees north and longitude #cbj degrees1 ,a4 ,d4 #adib4 #ab octobris ,christophorus ,columbus novam ,indiam nomine regis ,castellae delexit1 prima terra quam conquisit fuit ,haiti nunc ,hispaniola4 ,october #ab1 #adib1 ,christopher ,columbus took possession of ,new ,india in the name of the ,king of ,castile4 ,the first land he conquered was called ,haiti now called ,hispaniola4 ,in latitude #fe degrees north and longitude #bcj degrees is the legend1 ,regio deserta in qua equi oves et boves silvestres sunt plurimi quales esse in una ,hebridum insularum narratur4 ,a desert country in which there are a great many wild horses1 sheep and cattle1 as is said to be the case in one of the ,hebrides4 ,that this ,van ,langren globe was well received by his contemporaries seems to be witnessed by the special privilege granted ,september #i1 #aeib1 to ,jacobus ,florentius a ,langren by the ,estates of ,amsterdam to issue the same4#cga ,on presenting his request for the privilege the author states that he was the inventor of globes of this character1 that his globes were unsurpassed in the matter of correctness by any which had been previously issued1 and that with the aid of his globes certain ,dutch navigators had sailed to ,pernambuco in ,brazil1 to the island of ,st4 ,thomas under the equator1 to the ,isle de ,principe and to other places4 ,this privilege was renewed to him and to his sons ,arnoldus and ,henricus in the year #aeif4 ,in the following year the ,estates ,general granted a privilege to ,jodocus ,hondius1 who had constructed a globe in ,england in the year #aeic1 of which1 however1 no example appears now to be known4 ,the ,van ,langrens contested this claim at law1 the results of which contest seem not to be recorded1 but we know that ,jodocus ,hondius enumerated at this time what he considered to be the particular points in which his own globes excelled4#cgb ,in his report he enumerated no less than fourteen important geographical discoveries which were not represented on the globes of his opponents1 the ,van ,langrens1 the majority of which1 as corrections1 seem to have been accepted1 since they appear on the later ,van ,langren globes and not on the earlier1 that is1 on the one of #aehe4 ,the ,kon4 ,nederl4 ,aardrijkskundig ,genootschap has recently come into possession of the finest known example of the ,van ,langren globes 7,fig4 #he71 as indeed it is one of the finest extant globes of that period4#cgc ,the engraved gores1 twelve in number1 are pasted on a hollow sphere of papier-mch and plaster1 having a diameter of #eb4h cm4 ,it is furnished with a graduated copper meridian circle within which it is adjusted to revolve1 a horizon circle of wood on which appear the names of the winds in ,greek1 ,latin1 and ,dutch1 the names of the months1 the names of the principal feast days1 and the signs of the zodiac1 the whole resting on a base of oak having six supporting columns4 ,as an example of the engraver's art the map which covers the sphere is one of superior excellence4 ,a manuscript dedication1 pasted on its surface near the ,mar di ,india and surmounted by a representation of the ,spanish coat of arms1 reads1 ,collegio ,ratiociniorum ,brabanti regnantibus2 ,alberto et ,isabellae ,opt4 ,max4 ,belgii ,principibus4 ,singulari observantia ,dedicabat ,arnoldus ,florentinus a ,langren4 ,ano ,dni #afab4 ,to the ,college of ,computations of ,brabant1 to ,albert and ,isabella1 the very great ,princes of ,belgium1 ,arnold ,florentius van ,langren dedicates with great respect 7this globe7 in the year #afab4 ,beneath ,nova ,guinea is given the privilege ,cautum est privilegio ordinum ,confoederatorum ,inferioris ,germaniae1 ne quis alius ad decennium globum hunc terrestrem absq4 consensu ,jacobi ,florentii civis ,amsteldamen4 typis mandare vel simili1 vel alia forma excudere1 vel alibi impressum adducere1 aut vendere ausit1 sub poena in diplomate statuta1 #afjh4 ,warning is given by the privilege 7copyright7 of the ,confederated ,states of the ,netherlands that no other individual for a period of ten years1 shall venture to print in similar or in other form1 to stamp 7engrave7 or make an impression1 or to sell1 under penalty set down in the diploma1 #afjh4 ,in this legend the date #afjh has been written over the engraved date #aeig4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #he4 ,terrestrial ,globe of ,van ,langren1 #afab4 ,among the legends appearing in the southern hemisphere is one which is but a repetition of that appearing in the edition of #aehe referring to the source of information beginning1 ,in descriptio hujus 444 ,beneath the artistic cartouch wherein is placed the last-named legend is one in which are recorded the names of the author and the engraver1 ,jacobus ,florentius ,ultrajectensis ,author3 ,arnoldus ,florentius filius sculptor ,amstelredami ,ao4 ,dni1 the date1 partially erased from the copper plate employed in the printing1 seems to read #aehe4 ,certain regions are adorned with pictures in which are represented the aborigines1 and the local fauna and flora4 ,sea monsters constitute a part of the decorative features of the globe map1 and ships sail hither and thither over the oceans1 carrying the flags of their respective countries4 ,the author has laid down the ,streto de ,anian which separated ,america from ,asia1 and ,california is a peninsula4 ,the ,quivira regnum is made to include a part of western ,north ,america1 and the great stretch of country to the west of the ,mississippi appears to be the home of wild horses and cattle4 ,the eastern coast line of ,america included within the present limits of the ,united ,states is represented with a remarkable approach to accuracy1 a portion of his information for that region being derived from the report of ,thomas ,heriot4 ,following ,mercator there have been placed four large islands around the north pole1 and in the north ,atlantic ,frisland1 ,s4 ,brandain1 and ,brasil4 ,india1 ,australia1 and other regions of the ,far ,east have been represented with remarkable faithfulness to the latest and best records of ,dutch navigators1 and the author profited by ,dutch records of exploration in his representation of the ,nova ,zembla region4 ,there is yet a far from accurate delineation of the great eastern archipelago4 ,java1 ,celebes1 ,borneo1 and ,nova ,guinea have been fairly well outlined1 and about the south pole is that great austral continent conspicuous on the maps of the period1 but very generally outlined as the fancy of the map maker directed4 ,in the library of the ,university of ,ghent is a ,van ,langren terrestrial globe undated but apparently completed not long after #afaf1 since it directs attention to the ,strait of ,lemaire1 discovered in that year4 ,it has the authors' inscription ,jacobus ,florentius ,ultrajectensis ,author4 ,arnoldus ,florentius filius sculptor ,amsterdam1 and bears in addition the legend ,arnoldus ,florentius a ,langren1 ,serenissum4 ,archiducu4 ,austr4 ,burgundiae1 ,brabantiae1 ,ducum1 ,sphaereographus ,author4 ,cum ,privileg4 ,arnoldus ,florentius a ,langren globe maker and author to the most ,serene ,archduke of ,austria1 of ,burgundy1 ,duke of ,brabant4 ,with privilege4 ,this globe is described as one well preserved1 resembling very closely that of #afab1 particularly in its geographical details as well as in its mountings4 ,the ,bibliothque ,nationale of ,paris possesses a ,van ,langren terrestrial globe1 with date illegible1 but thought to be #afbe1 which appears to be a reissue of the previous editions1 especially of the later ones4 ,a legend including an address to the reader concludes with a reference to the author ,arnoldus ,florentio a ,langren ,reg4 ,cat4 ,majis4 cosmografo et pensionario4 ,arnoldus ,florentius a ,langren1 cosmographer and pensioner of ,his ,catholic ,majesty4 ,there are two globes of ,arnoldus1 a celestial and a terrestrial1 formerly in the ,municipal ,archives of ,antwerp1 now in the ,plantin-,moritus ,museum4 ,an inscription on the celestial globe reads3 ,globus coelestis stellarum fixarum loca ipsis in coelo ad amussim congrua repraesentans ad annum #afjj juxta accuratas observationes ,tychonis ,brahe denuo ad annum #afb- diligentiss4 restitutus novis item stellis #djj hactenus non notatis4 ,ornatusque trecentis stellis circa polum antarcticum ab ,houtmanno ,holando observatis industria ,arnoldi ,florentii van ,langren ,cosmographici1 qui olim observationibus3 ,tyconis interfuit4 ,operam sibi filii parenti felicissime contulerunt4 ,a celestial globe which represents the position of the fixed stars1 corresponding to the actual position of the stars in the sky in the year #afjj1 following the accurate observations of ,tycho ,brahe and with great care again calculated for the year #afb-3 also #djj new stars are added which had not hitherto been recorded4 ,also there have been added #cjj south polar stars that were observed by ,houtman of ,holland4 ,constructed by ,arnold ,florent van ,langren1 cosmographer who assisted ,tycho in his observations4 ,the sons have aided their father with the happiest effect4 ,the terrestrial globe1 in a much better state of preservation1 contains1 in a neat cartouch1 an address to the reader1 explaining the merits of the globe map3 ,quandoquidem quotidiana diversarum nationum1 praecipue tamen ,holandorum navigatione omnes mundi plagas perlustrantium1 varii orbis tractus1 remotae insulae et quamplurima regna hactenenus incognita nunc in dies innotuere1 et quae fuere cognita majori studio et situs observatione perlustrata sunt4 ,prodit hic noster ,globus multo praecedentibus a nobis editis1 qui primi in his provinciis prodierunt accuratior et emendatior4 ,in quo omnium locorum nomina1 et quo tempore1 et cujus auspiciis quaeque detecta sint expressimus4 ,curavimus praeterea non sine magno labore et cura1 ut singulae ,regiones1 ,insulae1 ,portus1 ,braevia1 et ,scopuli suae longitudini et latitudini respondeant1 quibus ,indices seu lineas ventorum 444 ,inasmuch as1 on account of voyages1 daily undertaken by various nations1 especially the ,dutch1 who have sailed along all the coasts of the world1 the various regions of the earth1 distant islands1 and innumerable countries hitherto unknown1 have every day become better known 7additional facts7 and our knowledge of those already discovered has become much clearer through a more detailed examination and detailed observation1 this present globe of ours1 presents itself to the public as one much more exact1 more free from errors than those previously issued by us1 which were the first ever presented to the public of these provinces4 ,on it we have recorded the names of all places1 also when and under whose auspices they were severally discovered4 ,we have taken the greatest care and pains to make the location of the various regions1 islands1 seaports1 shoals1 and rocks correspond to the true latitude and longitude1 whereby the directions of the winds 7loxodromic lines7 444 ,the concluding lines of this address are illegible1 but there seems to be nothing of special importance lost4 ,the author's signature reads ,auctor ,arnoldo ,florentio a ,langre ,reg4 ,cat3 ,matis ,cosmographo et ,pensionario4 ,author ,arnoldus ,florentius a ,langren1 cosmographer and pensioner of ,his ,royal ,catholic ,majesty4 ,a copy of a ,van ,langren globe may be found in the ,museum of ,ztphen1 but information concerning it has not been obtainable other than that it is in a damaged condition1 and is apparently another example of the one referred to above as of #afab4 ,among those interested in geography1 in astronomy1 and particularly in the construction of armillary spheres in this period very special mention should be made of ,antonio ,santucci4 ,for some time he served ,prince1 later ,grand ,duke1 ,ferdinand de' ,medici as his cosmographer4 ,it was during this period of service that he restored the famous terrestrial globe of ,egnazio ,danti which was a particularly creditable piece of work4 ,in the year #aehb he constructed a large armillary sphere composed of wooden rings1 very artistically gilded and painted1 representing in particular the orbits of the planets4 ,this the ,prince is said to have presented to one ,battaglioni of ,naples2 further than this fact nothing seems to be known of this particular example4 ,in the year #afjf1 we are informed1 he collected and sent to the ,grand ,duke a number of valuable maps relating to ,europe1 ,asia1 ,africa1 and the ,west ,indies1 and to the several separate countries of ,europe4 ,in the year #afai he published1 through the favor of ,duke ,ferdinand1 a treatise on comets and the new stars appearing between the years #aegg and #afjg4 ,what is probably the finest of all his spheres belongs to the ,museo di ,strumenti ,antichi of ,florence1 which has been restored and interestingly described by the distinguished scholar1 ,ferdinand ,meucci4#cgd ,as an instrument intended to represent the entire universe1 though constructed for display rather than for use1 it remains one of the finest constructed in the peninsula during the century4 ,the largest of its nine concentric circles has a diameter of #bbj cm41 the smallest a diameter of #gj cm41 and at the common center is a terrestrial globe having a diameter of #fj cm4 ,each of the nine great circles or spheres has its own smaller circles representing the equator1 the ecliptic1 the colures1 and the polar circles1 the ninth having also the tropics and the hour circle4 ,the eighth1 representing the starry heavens1 has its ecliptic four times the width of the corresponding circles of the other spheres4 ,meucci states1 in his detailed description1 that there are no less than eighty-two armillae or rings1 large and small1 to which1 he adds1 eight larger ones might be added1 these being cut in half and arranged somewhat in the form of a cup1 the lower half supporting the horizon circle1 the upper half serving as a support for an adjustable cover of the entire instrument4 ,this arrangement suggests that it was the author's intention to have these last-named half circles represent the empyrean or home of the celestial spirits1 a thought supported by the fact that at the common intersecting point of the upper half of these circles is placed a disc on which is represented the ,deity in the act of contemplating his creation4 ,the whole instrument is topped by a cross4 ,meucci1 in referring to his own work of restoring and remounting the great sphere1 observes that at the poles of the ecliptic there are two discs on which have been painted the coat of arms of the ,medici family together with the coat of arms of the ,lorena1 ,christina di ,lorena being the wife of ,ferdinand1 to whom the work had been dedicated4 ,he further notes that his researches led him to the discovery that the instrument originally cost #ajeb4b scudi1 which1 with an incidental addition of #agj scudi1 thought proper to be included in the reckoning1 would make the entire expense of construction #abbb4b scudi or about #gahg liri1 that is1 less than #adjj4 ,the amount seems insignificant1 remembering that the work was begun in the year #aehh and was not completed until the year #aeic1 claiming therefore five years of the maker's time4 ,the map on the terrestrial globe seems to have been well drawn1 and is remarkable for its representation of the geography of the interior of ,africa1 particularly for the region about the source of the ,nile4 ,in the library of ,mr4 ,henry ,e4 ,huntington may be found an exceedingly fine armillary sphere 7,fig4 #hf74 ,it is neither signed nor dated1 but there appears to be good reason for attributing it to ,antonio ,santucci1 and its date to about the year #aehj4 ,constructed entirely of wood1 with paper identifying labels pasted on the surface of each of the numerous circles1 it is a well-preserved example of ,italian workmanship4 ,it is furnished with horizon1 meridian1 tropical1 polar1 and ecliptic circles1 the first being graduated on both the outer and the inner edge4 ,this horizon circle has a diameter of about #ej cm41 and a width of about #g cm41 the width of the other circles being well proportioned for artistic effect4 ,within the circles named are those representing the orbits of ,luna1 ,mercurio1 ,venere1 ,sole1 ,marte1 ,giove1 ,saturno1 with the earth at the center according to the ,ptolemaic system4 ,it has a single standard support resting on a solid circular disc about #cc cm4 in diameter4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #hf4 ,armillary ,sphere of ,antonio ,santucci 7871 ca4 #aehj4 ,the ,mathematisch-,physikal4 ,salon of ,dresden possesses a fine celestial globe signed and dated ,b4 ,f4 #afjj4 ,it is an exceedingly elaborate piece 7,fig4 #hg71 being made of gilded bronze and furnished with a mounting of ornamental design4 ,the sphere1 having a diameter of #aa4f cm41 exhibits on its engraved surface in outline the figures of the several constellations1 with the name of each1 and in addition the principal celestial circles including the meridians4 ,it is furnished1 in its mountings1 with a graduated bronze meridian circle to which is attached1 near the north equatorial pole1 a clock dial with hour and minute hands1 the dial being marked with the hours from ,i to ,,xii4 ,surmounting the whole is an artistic bronze box1 within which have been placed the works by means of which the clock is driven and the sphere made to revolve4 ,the broad horizon circle1 which is engraved with the usual concentric circles1 rests upon branched supports1 which in turn are attached to a finely wrought base having four curved legs terminating in conventionally designed griffin claws4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #hg4 ,celestial ,globe of ,b4 ,f41 #afjj4 ,though differing very considerably in the details of its construction1 it may be classed with such globes as are those made by ,roll and ,reinhold1 briefly described above4 ,indeed1 the suggestion forces itself upon one that to their workshop or to one who may be referred to as a workman of their school1 we owe this interesting example4 ,attention has been previously called to certain early globes which seem primarily to have been constructed to contain the works of clocks such as the ,jagellonicus4 ,here as in the case of the ,roll and ,reinhold globes1 and as in certain other examples1 we find clockwork attachments designed to regulate the revolutions of the globe of which they form a part4 ,while the globe is the more elaborately wrought part of this particular example1 it does not seem improbable that the clock originally was considered to be the more important part4 ,,notes #ccd ,see ,chap4 ,x4 #cce ,kstner4 ,geschichte der ,mathematik4 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #bae ff42 ,wolf1 ,r4 ,notizen zur ,geschichte der ,mathematik in der ,schweiz1 ,conrad ,dasypodius4 7,in3 ,mitteilung der naturforschenden ,gesellschaft zu ,bern4 ,bern1 #ahde4 ,no4 #ef472 ,allgemeine deutsche ,biographie1 ,dasypodius1 ,conrad4 #ccf ,doppelmayr4 ,historische ,nachricht4 p4 #ea4 #ccg ,schricker1 ,a4 ,z4 ,zur ,geschichte der ,universitt ,strassburg4 ,strassburg1 #ahgb2 ,heitz1 ,e4 ,zur ,geschichte der alten ,strassburger ,universitt4 ,strassburg1 #ahhe4 #cch ,the ,british ,museum ,catalogue lists many of these works4 #cci ,wolf1 ,r4 ,nachrichten4 7,in3 ,mitteilung der naturforschenden ,gesellschaft zu ,bern4 ,bern1 #ahed4 p4 #fi472 ,doppelmayr1 op4 cit41 p4 #aae2 ,habrecht1 ,i4 ,tractatus de planiglobis coelestis ac terrestris4 ,strassburg1 #afbh4 #cdj ,doppelmayr1 op4 cit41 p4 #bjh4 #cda ,montucla1 ,j4 ,e4 ,histoire des ,mathmatiques 444 ,paris1 #agii-ahjb4 #cdb ,dasypodius1 ,c4 ,horologii astronomei ,argentorati in summo templo erecti descriptio4 ,argentorati1 #aehj2 same author4 ,warhafftige ,auslegung des astronomischen ,uhrwercks zu ,strassburg4 ,strassburg1 #aehj4 #cdc ,schwilgu1 ,c4 ,description abrge de l'horologe astronomique de la cathdrale de ,strassbourg4 ,strassbourg1 #ahef4 #cdd ,britten1 ,f4 ,j4 ,old clocks and watches and their makers4 ,london1 #ahii4 #cde ,varnhagen1 ,a4 de4 ,j4 ,schner e ,p4 ,apian4 ,wien1 #ahgb2 ,gnther1 ,s4 ,peter und ,philipp ,apian1 zwei deutsche ,mathematiker und ,kartographen4 ,prag1 #ahhb2 ,nordenskild4 ,facsimile ,atlas1 p4 #ajj4 ,in the year #aebj ,peter ,apianus published in his edition of ,solinus' ,polyhistor a world map1 following therein the general design of ,waldseemller in his world map of the year #aejg4 ,the map of ,apianus has long been regarded as one of the most important of the early printed maps on which the ,new ,world is represented4 ,until the recent discovery by ,professor ,joseph ,fischer of ,waldseemller's long-lost map1 it has frequently been referred to as the first engraved map on which the name ,america appears4 ,the ',cosmographia' of ,apianus1 first issued in the year #aebd1 was frequently reissued thereafter1 notably by ,gemma ,frisius4 #cdf ,clemens1 ,c4 ,musei1 sive bibliothecae tam privatae quam publicae extructio4 ,lugduni1 #afce4 ,liber ,quartus4 p4 #ebg4 #cdg ,kepler1 ,j4 ,joannis ,kepleri ,opera ,omnia4 ,ed4 by ,frisch4 ,frankfurt1 #aheh4 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #hab4 #cdh ,gemelin1 ,l4 ,untersatz eines ,globus von ,philipp ,apian4 7,in3 ,stuttgarter ,gewerbhalle4 ,stuttgart1 #ahhe4 ,taf4 #fb472 ,gnther1 ,s4 ,die ,mnchener ,globen ,philipp ,apians4 7,in3 ,jahrbuch fr mnchener ,geschichte4 ,mnchen1 #ahhh4 pp4 #aca-adh47 #cdi ,gnther4 ,die ,mnchener ,globen4 p4 #acb4 #cej ,zimmermann1 ,m4 ,hans ,melich und ,herzog ,albrecht ,v4 ,mnchen1 #ahhe4 ,the author thinks it hardly probable that ,melich was the artist employed in the decoration of these globes1 but praises the excellent workmanship exhibited4 ,kobolt1 ,a4 ,m4 ,bairisches ,gelehrten-,lexikon4 ,landshut1 #agie4 pp4 #eb ff42 also in his ,erganzungen und ,berichtigungen4 ,landshut1 #ahbd4 p4 #ba4 #cea ,fiorini4 ,sfere terrestri e celesti4 p4 #bba4 ,the author briefly describes the ,plautus globes4 ,the information contained therein was also kindly sent for insertion in this work by the director of the ,museum4 #ceb ,gerland4 ,beitrge4 p4 #fi4 ,see ,chap4 viii1 n4 #ba4 #cec ,fiorini1 op4 cit41 pp4 #bjj-bjb4 #ced ,gassendi1 ,p4 ,tychonis ,brahei equitis ,dani astronomorum coryphaei vita4 ,hagae1 #afee2 ,dreyer1 ,j4 ,l4 ,e4 ,tycho ,brahe1 a picture of scientific life and work in the sixteenth century4 ,edinburgh1 #ahij2 ,brahe1 ,t4 ,astronomiae instauratae mechanica4 ,noribergae1 #afjb2 ,brahe1 ,t4 ,epistolarum astronomicarum libri4 ,uraniburgi1 #aeif2 ,brahe1 ,t4 ,tychonis ,brahe mathim3 eminent3 ,dani ,opera ,omnia4 ,ed4 by ,j4 ,g4 ,schonvetteri1 ,francofurti1 #afdh2 ,wolf4 ,geschichte der ,astronomie4 pp4 #bfi-bha2 ,kstner4 ,geschichte der ,mathematik4 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #cgf-daa4 #cee ,dreyer1 op4 cit41 ,chaps4 v1 vi4 #cef ,tyconis ,brahe astronomiae instauratae ,mechanica4 #ceg ,raemdonck4 ,les sphres terrestres4 p4 #bh2 ,chatel1 ,m4 ,note sur une globe terrestre 444 de la succession de ,titon du ,tillet4 7,in3 ,mmoire lus la ,sorbonne4 ,paris1 #ahfe4 pp4 #afa-agj47 #ceh ,marcel1 ,g4 ,note sur une sphre terrestre faite en cuivre la fin du ,,xvie ,sicle4 7,in3 ,bulletin de la ,socit normande de ,gographie4 ,rouen1 #ahia4 pp4 #aec-afj47 #cei ,humboldt1 ,a4 ,examen ,critique4 ,paris1 #ahcf-ahci4 ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #aeb-aee2 ,harrisse4 ,discovery1 pp4 #feg-feh4 #cfj ,hakluyt1 ,r4 ,the principal ,navigations1 ,voyages and ,discoveries of the ,english ,nation4 ,london1 #aehi4 #cfa ,hood1 ,d4 ,the use of both the ,globes1 celestial and terrestrial1 most plainly delivered in the form of a dialogue4 ,london1 #aeib4 #cfb ,blundeville1 ,t4 ,mr4 ,blundeville his ,exercises4 ,london1 #aeid4 #cfc ,see above1 p4 #aic4 #cfd ,the several editions of this work are given by ,markham1 ,c4 ,hues1 ,treatise on ,globes1 pp4 xxxvii-xl4 #cfe ,allgemeine deutsche ,biographie ,brgi1 ,jobst2 ,doppelmayr1 op4 cit41 p4 #afc2 ,wolf1 ,r4 ,brgi4 7,in3 ,biograph4 z4 ,kulturgeschichte1 #a ,zyklus1 pp4 #eg ff472 ,weidler1 ,f4 ,historia astronomiae4 ,vitembergae1 #agda4 p4 #cge2 ,gerland1 op4 cit41 p4 #fh4 #cff ,marcel1 ,g4 ,note sur une mission gographique en ,suisse4 7,in3 ,bulletin de la ,socit de ,gographie4 ,paris1 #ahii4 pp4 #gf-id47 #cfg ,fischer1 ,j4 ,the globe-goblet of ,wolfegg4 7,in3 ,united ,states ,catholic ,historical ,society ,historical ,records and ,studies4 ,new ,york1 #aiac4 pp4 #bge-bgi47 ,see for mention of other ,gessner globe cups4 #cfh ,a sixteenth century globe cup4 7,in3 ,royal ,geographical ,journal4 ,london1 #aiai4 pp4 #aif-aig47 ,this particular globe of ,gessner was sold at ,christie's in ,london1 ,july #bc1 #aiai1 for #chjj4 ,it is thought to have been made in the year #aeie4 ,attention is called in this article to a globe cup in the ,british ,museum1 dated #aefi4 #cfi ,beazley1 ,c4 ,r4 ,globe of #aeic4 7,in3 ,royal ,geographical ,journal4 ,london1 #aijd4 pp4 #dif-dih47 #cgj ,poggendorff1 ,j4 ,c4 ,biographisch-literarisches ,handwrterbuch4 ,leipzig1 #ahfc2 ,kstner1 op4 cit41 p4 #cic2 ,gnard1 ,p4 ,les ,globes du gographe ,arnauld ,florent van ,langren et de ,guill4 ,blaeu4 7,in3 ,bulletin de la ,socit ,royale ,gographie d',anvers4 ,anvers1 #ahhc4 pp4 #aej ff42 ,van der ,aa47 #cga ,wieder1 ,f4 ,c4 ,de ,globe van ,van ,langren ,ao #afab4 7,in3 ,kon4 ,nederlandsch ,aardrijkskundig ,genootschap1 #b;e ,srie ,dl4 ,,xxxii1 #aiae1 pp4 #bca-bci47 #cgb ,jonge1 ,j4 ,k4 ,j4 de4 ,opkomst van het ,nederlandsch gezag in ,oost-,indie4 ,gravenhage1 #ahfb4 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #agi4 ,the author gives here a report rendered by ,j4 ,hondius in which he refers to the superiority of his globes to those of ,van ,langren4 ,the report is dated #aeig4 #cgc ,wieder1 op4 cit41 n4 #cf above1 is a description of this globe with illustrations4 #cgd ,meucci1 ,f4 ,la ,sfera armillere di ,tolomeo construita da ,antonia ,santucci4 ,firenze1 #ahgf4 ,illustration3 ,base of ,apianus ,globe1 #aegf