mat]ial f ! ,google ,pr9t project47     
,illu/ration3 ,,dr4 ,,montessori ,,giv+ 
,a ,,lesson ,,9 ,,t\*+ ,,geometrical    
,,insets       ,,!   ,,montessori       
,,me?od    ,,sci5tific ,,p$agogy ,,z    
,,appli$ ,,to ,,*ild   ,,education ,,9  
,,! ,,*ildr5',s ,,h\ses   ,,)           
,,additions ,,& ,,revisions   ,,by ,,!  
,,au?or    ,,by    ,,m>ia ,,montessori  
,,translat$ ,,f ,,! ,,italian ,,by      
,,anne ,e4 ,,george    ,,) ,,an         
,,introduction ,,by   ,,pr(essor ,,h5ry 
,w4 ,,holmes   ,,( ,,h>v>d ,,univ]sity  
,,) ,,?irty-,,two ,,illu/rations ,,f    
,,photographs    ,,new ,,york           
,,fr$]ick ,a4 ,,/okes ,,company         
,,mcmxii       ,copyright1 #aiab1 by    
,,fr$]ick ,a4 ,,/okes ,,company    ,all 
rights res]v$1 includ+ t ( translation  
into =eign   languages1 includ+ !       
,sc&9avian       ,i place at ! beg9n+ ( 
?is volume1 n[ appe>+ 9 !   ,unit$      
,/ates1 h] fa!rl&1 ! de> "n (           
,,alice ,,hallg>t5    ( ,new ,york1 :o  
by h] m>riage to ,b>on ,leopold         

,fran*etti   became by *oice our        
compatriot4    ,ev] a firm believ] 9 !  
pr9ciples und]ly+ ! ,case dei   ,bamb9i1
 %e1 ) h] husb&1 =w>d$ ! publication (  
?is book 9 ,italy1 &1 ?r\gh\t ! la/ ye>s
 ( h] %ort   life1 greatly desir$ !     
,engli% translation :i* %\ld   introduce
 to ! l& ( h] bir? ! "w s ne> h] he>t4  
,to h] memory ,i d$icate ?is book1 ^:   
pages1 l an   ev]-liv+ fl[]1 p]petuate !
 recollection ( h]   b5efic5ce4         
,,ackn[l$gm5ts      ,grateful           
ackn[l$gm5t is made to ,mrs4 ,guy ,b>+1 
( ,london1 =     ! loan ( h] manuscript 
translation ( ,p$agogia ,sci5tifica2    
to ,mrs4 ,john ,r4 ,fi%] 7,doro?y       
,canfield7 = translat+ a l>ge     "p ( !
 new "w writt5 by ,dr4 ,montessori = !  
,am]ican     ,edition2 & to ,! ,h\se (  
,*ildhood1 ,inc41 ,new ,york1 = use     
( ! illu/rations ( ! didactic app>atus4 
,dr4 ,montessori's     pat5t rights 9 ! 
app>atus are controll$1 = ! ,unit$      
,/ates & ,canada1 by ,! ,h\se (         
,*ildhood1 ,inc4                        

,,! ,,publi%]s4     ,,preface ,,to ,,!  
,,am]ican ,,edition   ,9 ,febru>y1      
#aiaa1 ,pr(essor ,h5ry ,w4 ,holmes1 ( ! 
,division ( ,education ( ,h>v>d         
,univ]sity1 did me ! hon\r to sugge/ t  
an ,engli% translation be made ( my     
,italian volume1 ,il ,metodo della      
,p$agogia ,sci5tifica applicato all'    
educazione infantile nelle ,case dei    
,bamb9i4 ,?is sugge/ion repres5t$ "o ( !
 greate/ ev5ts 9 ! hi/ory ( my          
educational "w4 ,to-day1 t to :i* ,i !n 
look$ =w>d z an unusual privilege has   
become an accompli%$ fact4  ,! ,italian 
edition ( ,il ,metodo della ,p$agogia   
,sci5tifica _h no preface1 because !    
book itself ,i consid] no?+ m ?an !     
preface to a m compreh5sive "w1 ! aim & 
ext5t ( :i* x only indicates4 ,= !      
educational me?od = *ildr5 ( f ?ree to  
six ye>s set =? "h is b ! e>ne/ ( a "w  
t1 develop+ ! same pr9ciple & me?od1    
%all cov] 9 a l mann] ! successive /ages
 ( education4 ,moreov]1 ! me?od :i*     
obta9s 9 ! ,case dei ,bamb9i (f]s1 x    

seems to me1 an exp]im5tal field = !    
/udy ( man1 & promises1 p]haps1 !       
developm5t ( a sci5ce t %all disclose   
o!r secrets ( nature4  ,9 ! p]iod t has 
elaps$ betwe5 ! publication ( ! ,italian
 & ,am]ican editions1 ,i h _h1 ) my     
pupils1 ! opportunity to simplify & r5d]
 m exact c]ta9 practical details ( !    
me?od1 & to ga!r additional obs]vations 
conc]n+ discipl9e4 ,! results atte/ !   
vitality ( ! me?od & ! necessity = an   
ext5d$ sci5tific collaboration 9 ! ne>  
future1 & are embodi$ 9 two new *apt]s  
writt5 = ! ,am]ican edition4 ,i "k t my 
me?od has be5 widely spok5 ( 9 ,am]ica1 
?anks to ,mr4 ,s4 ,s4 ,mc,clure1 :o has 
pres5t$ x ?r\gh ! pages ( 8 well-kn[n   
magaz9e4 ,inde$1 _m ,am]icans h already 
come to ,rome = ! purpose ( obs]v+      
p]sonally ! practical application ( !   
me?od 9 my little s*ools4 ,if1 enc\rag$ 
by ?is movem5t1 ,i may express a hope = 
! future1 x is t my "w 9 ,rome %all     
become ! c5tre ( an effici5t & helpful  
collaboration4  ,to ! ,h>v>d pr(essors  

:o h made my "w kn[n 9 ,am]ica & to     
,mc,clure's ,magaz9e1 a m]e ackn[l$gm5t 
( :at ,i owe !m is a b>r5 response2 b x 
is my hope t ! me?od itself1 9 its      
effect ^u ! *ildr5 ( ,am]ica1 may prove 
an adequate expression ( my gratitude4  
,,m>ia ,,montessori4  ,,rome1 #aiab4    
,,cont5ts                               
,,page    ,,ackn[l$gm5ts                
,v    ,,! ,,am]ican ,,edition           
,,vii    ,,introduction                 
,,xvii   ,,*apt] ,i  ,a ,,critical      
,,consid]ation ,,( ,,! ,,new ,,p$agogy  
,,9 ,,its ,,relation ,,to ,,mod]n       
,,sci5ce      ,influ5ce ( ,mod]n ,sci5ce
 ^u ,p$agogy                        #a  
,italy's "p 9 ! developm5t ( ,sci5tific 
,p$agogy           #d      ,diff]5ce    
betwe5 sci5tific te*nique & ! sci5tific 
_s                                      
#g      ,direction ( ! prep>ation %\ld  
be t[>d ! _s     r ?an t[>d ! me*anism  
#i      ,! ma/] to /udy man 9 ! awak5+ (
 8 intellectual     life                
#ab      ,attitude ( ! tea*] 9 ! light (

 ano!r example         #ac      ,! s*ool
 mu/ p]mit ! free natural manife/ations 
( !     *ild if 9 ! s*ool ,sci5tific    
,p$agogy is to be born        #ae       
,/ation>y desks & *airs pro( t !        
pr9ciple (     slav]y /ill in=ms ! s*ool
                                #af     
,conque/ ( lib]ty1 :at ! s*ool ne$s     
#ai      ,:at may happ5 to ! _s         
#bj      ,prizes & puni%m5ts1 ! b5* ( ! 
s\l                   #ba      ,all     
human victories1 all human progress1 /& 
^u ! inn]     =ce                       
#bd   ,,*apt] ,,ii  ,,hi/ory ,,(        
,,me?ods      ,necessity ( e/abli%+ !   
me?od peculi> to ,sci5tific     ,p$agogy
                                        
#bh      ,orig9 ( educational sy/em 9   
use 9 ! ,*ildr5's     ,h\ses            
#ca      ,practical application ( !     
me?ods ( ,it>d & ,segu9 9     !         
,or?ophr5ic ,s*ool at ,rome             
#cb      ,orig9 ( ! me?ods = ! education
 ( defici5ts           #cc              
,application ( ! me?ods 9 ,g]many &     

,france                #ce      ,segu9's
 fir/ didactic mat]ial 0 spiritual      
#cg      ,me?ods = defici5ts appli$ to !
 education ( normal     *ildr5          
#db      ,social & p$agogic importance (
 ! ,*ildr5's ,h\ses      #dd   ,,*apt]  
,,iii  ,,inaugural ,,address ,,deliv]$  
,,on ,,! ,,occasion ,,( ,,! ,,op5+ ,,(  
,,"o ,,( ,,! ,,*ildr5',s ,,h\ses      ,!
 ,qu>t] ( ,san ,lor5zo be=e & s9ce !    
e/abli%m5t     ( ! ,*ildr5's ,h\ses     
#dh      ,evil ( sublett+ ! mo/ cruel =m
 ( usury                 #ej      ,!    
problem ( life m pr(\nd ?an t ( !       
intellectual elevation ( ! poor         
#eb      ,isolation ( ! masses ( ! poor1
 unkn[n to pa/     c5turies             
#ec      ,"w ( ! ,roman ,association (  
,good ,build+ & ! moral     importance (
 _! re=ms                               
#ef      ,! ,*ildr5's ,h\se e>n$ by !   
p>5ts ?r\gh _!     c>e ( ! build+       
#fj      ,p$agogical organization ( !   
,*ildr5's ,h\se              #fb      ,!
 ,*ildr5's ,h\se ! fir/ /ep t[>d !      

socialisation     ( ! h\se              
#fe      ,! communis$ h\se 9 its        
relation to ! home & to !     spiritual 
evolution ( wom5                        
#ff      ,rules & regulations ( !       
,*ildr5's ,h\ses                #gj     
,,*apt] ,,iv  ,,p$agogical ,,me?ods     
,,us$ ,,9 ,,! ,,*ildr5',s ,,h\ses       
,*ild psy*ology c be e/abli%$ only ?r\gh
 ! me?od (     ext]nal obs]vation       
#gb      ,an?ropological consid]ation   
#gc      ,an?ropological notes          
#gg      ,environm5t & s*oolroom        
furni%+s                          #hj   
,,*apt] ,v  ,,discipl9e      ,discipl9e 
?r\gh lib]ty                            
#hf      ,indep5d5ce                    
#ie      ,abolition ( prizes & ext]nal  
=ms ( puni%m5t           #aja           
,biological concept ( lib]ty 9 p$agogy  
#ajd   ,,*apt] ,,vi  ,,h[ ,,! ,,lesson  
,,%\ld ,,be ,,giv5      ,*>act]i/ics ( !
 individual lessons                     
#ajg      ,me?od ( obs]vation !         
fundam5tal guide                    #ajh

      ,diff]5ce betwe5 ! sci5tific &    
unsci5tific me?ods     illu/rat$        
#aji      ,fir/ task ( educators to     
/imulate life1 leav+ x !n     free to   
develop                                 
#aae   ,,*apt] ,,vii  ,,ex]cises ,,(    
,,practical ,,life      ,sugge/$ s*$ule 
= ! ,*ildr5's ,h\ses                    
#aai      ,! *ild mu/ be prep>$ = ! =ms 
( social life &     8 att5tion attract$ 
to ^! =ms                         #aba  
,cleanl9ess1 ord]1 poise1 conv]sation   
#abb   ,,*apt] ,,viii  ,,refection--,,! 
,,*ild',s ,,diet      ,diet mu/ be      
adapt$ to ! *ild's physical nature      
#abe      ,foods & _! prep>ation        
#abf      ,dr9ks                        
#acb      ,di/ribution ( meals          
#acc   ,,*apt] ,,ix  ,,muscul>          
,,education--,,gymna/ics      ,g5]ally  
accept$ idea ( gymna/ics is inadequate  
#acg      ,! special gymna/ics necess>y 
= little *ildr5           #ach      ,o!r
 pieces ( gymna/ic app>atus             
#ada      ,free gymna/ics               

#add      ,educational gymna/ics        
#add      ,respiratory gymna/ics1 &     
labial1 d5tal1 & l+ual     gymna/ics    
#adg   ,,*apt] ,x  ,,nature ,,9         
,,education--,,agricultural ,,lab\r3    
,,culture ,,( ,,plants ,,& ,,animals    
,! savage ( ! ,aveyron                  
#adi      ,it>d's educative drama rep5t$
 9 ! education ( little     *ildr5      
#aec      ,g>d5+ & horticulture basis ( 
a me?od = education     ( *ildr5        
#aee      ,! *ild initiat$ into         
obs]vation ( ! ph5om5a ( life     & into
 =esight by way ( auto-education        
#aef      ,*ildr5 are initiat$ into !   
virtue ( pati5ce & into     confid5t    
expectation1 & are inspir$ ) a feel+ =  
nature                                  
#aei      ,! *ild foll[s ! natural way (
 developm5t ( ! human     race          
#afj   ,,*apt] ,,xi  ,,manual           
,,lab\r--,,! ,,pott]',s ,,art1 ,,&      
,,build+      ,diff]5ce betwe5 manual   
lab\r & manual gymna/ics         #afb   
,! ,s*ool ( ,educative ,art             

#afc      ,ar*aeological1 hi/orical1 &  
arti/ic importance ( !     vase         
#afd      ,manufacture ( dim9utive      
bricks & con/ruction (     dim9utive    
walls & h\ses                           
#afe   ,,*apt] ,,xii  ,,education ,,(   
,,! ,,s5ses      ,aim ( education to    
develop ! en]gies                       
#afh      ,diff]5ce 9 ! reaction betwe5 
defici5t & normal     *ildr5 9 !        
pres5tation ( didactic mat]ial made up  
( grad$ /imuli                          
#afi      ,education ( ! s5ses has z its
 aim ! ref9em5t (     ! diff]5tial      
p]ception ( /imuli by means ( repeat$   
ex]cises                                
#agc      ,?ree ,p]iods ( ,segu9        
#agg   ,,*apt] ,,xiii  ,,education ,,(  
,,! ,,s5ses ,,& ,,illu/rations ,,( ,,!  
,,didactic ,,mat]ial3 ,,g5]al           
,,s5sibility3 ,,! ,,tactile1 ,,!rmic1   
,,b>ic ,,& ,,/]eogno/ic ,,s5ses         
,education ( ! tactile1 !rmic & b>ic    
s5ses             #ahe      ,education (
 ! /]eogno/ic s5se                      

#ahh      ,education ( ! s5ses ( ta/e & 
smell                     #aij          
,education ( ! s5se ( vision            
#aia      ,ex]cises ) ! ?ree s]ies (    
c>ds                       #aii         
,education ( ! *romatic s5se            
#bjj      ,ex]cise = ! discrim9ation (  
s\nds                      #bjc         
,musical education                      
#bjf      ,te/s = acut5ess ( he>+       
#bji      ,a lesson 9 sil5ce            
#bab   ,,*apt] ,,xiv  ,,g5]al ,,notes   
,,on ,,! ,,education ,,( ,,! ,,s5ses    
,aim 9 education biological & social    
#bae      ,education ( ! s5ses makes m5 
obs]v]s & prep>es !m     directly =     
practical life                          
#bah   ,,*apt] ,,xv  ,,intellectual     
,,education      ,s5se ex]cises a       
species ( auto-education                
#bbd      ,importance ( an exact        
nom5clature1 & h[ to tea* x       #bbe  
,spontane\s progress ( ! *ild ! greate/ 
triumph (     ,sci5tific ,p$agogy       
#bbh      ,games ( ! bl9d               

#bca      ,application ( ! visual s5se  
to ! obs]vation (     environm5t        
#bcb      ,me?od ( us+ didactic mat]ial3
 dim5sions1 =m1     design              
#bcc      ,free pla/ic "w               
#bda      ,geometric analysis ( figures 
#bdc      ,ex]cises 9 ! *romatic s5se   
#bdd   ,,*apt] ,,xvi  ,,me?od ,,= ,,!   
,,tea*+ ,,( ,,read+ ,,& ,,writ+         
,spontane\s developm5t ( graphic        
language3 ,segu9 &     ,it>d            
#bdf      ,necessity ( a special        
education t %all fit man =     objective
 obs]vation & direct logical ?\ght      
#beb      ,results ( objective          
obs]vation & logical ?\ght              
#bec      ,n necess>y to beg9 tea*+     
writ+ ) v]tical     /rokes              
#beg      ,spontane\s draw+ ( normal    
*ildr5                         #beh     
,use ( ,froebel mats 9 tea*+ *ildr5 sew+
                #bfj      ,*ildr5 %\ld  
be taught h[ be=e !y are made to execute
     a task                             
#bfa      ,two div]se =ms ( movem5t made

 9 writ+                  #bfb          
,exp]im5ts ) normal *ildr5              
#bfg      ,orig9 ( alphabets 9 pres5t   
use                             #bfi    
,,*apt] ,,xvii  ,,description ,,( ,,!   
,,me?od ,,& ,,didactic ,,mat]ial ,,us$  
,ex]cise t5d+ to develop ! muscul>      
me*anism necess>y     9 hold+ & us+ !   
in/rum5t 9 writ+                 #bga   
,didactic mat]ial = writ+               
#bga      ,ex]cise t5d+ to e/abli% !    
visual-muscul> image (     !            
alphabetical signs1 & to e/abli% !      
muscul> memory     ( ! movem5ts necess>y
 to writ+                          #bge 
,ex]cises = ! composition ( words       
#bha      ,read+1 ! int]pretation ( an  
idea f writt5 signs      #bif           
,games = ! read+ ( words                
#bii      ,games = ! read+ ( phrases    
#cjc      ,po9t education has rea*$ 9 ! 
,*ildr5's ,h\ses         #cjg   ,,*apt] 
,,xviii  ,,language ,,( ,,*ildhood      
,physiological importance ( graphic     
language                   #caj         

,two p]iods 9 ! developm5t ( language   
#cab      ,analysis ( spee* necess>y    
#cai      ,defects ( language due to    
education                           #cbb
   ,,*apt] ,,xix  ,,tea*+ ,,(           
,,num]ation3 ,,introduction ,,to        
,,ari?metic      ,numb]s z repres5t$ by 
graphic signs                           
#cbh      ,ex]cises = ! memory ( numb]s 
#ccj      ,addition & subtraction f "o  
to tw5ty3 multiplication     & division 
#ccb      ,lessons on decimals3         
ari?metical calculations beyond t5      
#cce   ,,*apt] ,,xx  ,,sequ5ce ,,(      
,,ex]cises      ,sequ5ce & grades 9 !   
pres5tation ( mat]ial & 9     ! ex]cises
                                        
#cch      ,fir/ grade                   
#cch      ,second grade                 
#cci      ,?ird grade                   
#cdb      ,f\r? grade                   
#cdc      ,fif? grade                   
#cde   ,,*apt] ,,xxi  ,,g5]al ,,review  
,,( ,,discipl9e      ,discipl9e bett]   
?an 9 ord9>y s*ools                     

#cdf      ,fir/ dawn+ ( discipl9e comes 
?r\gh "w                 #cej           
,ord]ly action is ! true re/ = muscles  
int5d$ by nature     = action           
#ced      ,! ex]cise t develops life    
consi/s 9 ! repetition1     n 9 ! m]e   
grasp ( ! idea                          
#ceh      ,aim ( repetition t ! *ild    
%all ref9e 8 s5ses     ?r\gh ! ex]cise (
 att5tion1 ( comp>ison1 ( judgm5t  #cfj 
,ob$i5ce is naturally sacrifice         
#cfc      ,ob$i5ce develops w-p[] & !   
capacity to p]=m !     act x becomes    
necess>y to obey                        
#cfg   ,,*apt] ,,xxii  ,,conclusions ,,&
 ,,impressions      ,! tea*] has become 
! director ( spontane\s "w 9     !      
,*ildr5's ,h\ses                        
#cga      ,! problems ( religi\s        
education %\ld be solv$ by     positive 
p$agogy                                 
#cgb      ,spiritual influ5ce ( !       
,*ildr5's ,h\ses                 #cgf   
,,illu/rations     ,dr4 ,montessori giv+
 a lesson 9 t\*+ geometrical   insets   

,frontispiece                           
,,fac+ ,,page    ,dr4 ,montessori 9 !   
g>d5 ( ! s*ool at ,via ,giu/i           
#add    ,*ildr5 le>n+ to button & lace4 
,ribbon & button frames   #ade          
,*ildr5 play+ a game ) tablets ( col\r$ 
silk            #ahf    ,girl t\*+ a    
lett] & boy tell+ objects by weight     
#ahg    ,pupils arrang+ col\rs 9        
*romatic ord]                      #ahg 
,didactic app>atus to tea* diff]5tiation
 ( objects           #aij    ,blocks by 
:i* *ildr5 are taught ?ickness1 l5g? &  
size   #aia    ,geometric insets to tea*
 =m                                     
#aid    ,geometric insets & cab9et      
#aie    ,c>ds us$ 9 tea*+ =m & cont\r   
#aif    ,frames illu/rat+ lac+2 %oe     
button+2 button+   ( o!r g>m5ts2 hooks &
 eyes                                   
#bjj    ,tablets ) silk1 = educat+ !    
*romatic s5se             #bja          
,didactic app>atus = tra9+ ! s5se ( t\*1
   & = tea*+ writ+                      
#bhb    ,*ildr5 t\*+ lett]s & mak+ words

 ) c>dbo>d   script                     
#bhc    ,montessori *ildr5 eat+ d9n]    
#cdh    ,s*ool at ,t>ryt[n1 ,n4 ,y4     
#cdi     ,,introduction   ,an audi5ce   
already ?or\ghly int]e/$ awaits ?is     
translation ( a rem>kable book4 ,= ye>s 
no educational docum5t has be5 s eag]ly 
expect$ by s l>ge a public1 & n _m h    
bett] m]it$ g5]al anticipation4 ,t ?is  
widespread int]e/ exi/s is due to !     
en?usia/ic & +5i\s articles 9           
,mc,clure's ,magaz9e = ,may & ,decemb]1 
#aiaa1 & ,janu>y1 #aiab2 b be=e ! fir/ (
 ^! articles appe>$ a numb] ( ,engli% & 
,am]ican tea*]s _h giv5 c>eful /udy to  
,dr4 ,montessori's "w1 & _h f\nd x novel
 & important4 ,! a/oni%+ welcome accord$
 to ! fir/ popul> expositions ( !       
,montessori sy/em may mean mu* or little
 = its future 9 ,engl& & ,am]ica2 x is r
 ! e>li] approval ( a few tra9$ tea*]s &
 pr(essional /ud5ts t comm5ds x to !    
educational work]s :o mu/ ultimately    
decide ^u its value1 int]pret its       
te*nicalities to ! c\ntry at l>ge1 &    

adapt x to ,engli% & ,am]ican           
conditions4 ,to !m z well z to ! g5]al  
public ?is brief critical ,introduction 
is address$4  ,x is :olly )9 ! b\nds (  
safe judgm5t to call ,dr4 ,montessori's 
"w rem>kable1 novel1 & important4 ,x is 
rem>kable1 if = no o!r reason1 because x
 repres5ts ! con/ructive ef=t ( a woman4
 ,we h no o!r example ( an educational  
sy/em--orig9al at lea/ 9 its sy/ematic  
:ol5ess & 9 its practical               
application--work$ out & inaugurat$ by !
 fem99e m9d & h&4 ,x is rem>kable1 also1
 because x spr+s f a comb9ation (       
womanly sympa?y & intuition1 broad      
social outlook1 sci5tific tra9+1        
int5sive & long-cont9u$ /udy (          
educational problems1 &1 to cr[n all1   
v>i$ & unusual exp]i5ce z a tea*] &     
educational lead]4 ,no o!r woman :o has 
dealt ) ,dr4 ,montessori's problem--!   
education ( "y *ildr5--has br\ght to x  
p]sonal res\rces s ri*ly div]se z h]s4  
,^! res\rces1 fur!rmore1 %e has devot$  
to h] "w ) an en?usiasm1 an absolute    

ab&on1 l t ( ,pe/alozzi & ,froebel1 & %e
 pres5ts h] convictions ) an apo/olic   
ard\r :i* comm&s att5tion4 ,a sy/em :i* 
embodies su* a capital ( human ef=t c\ld
 n be unimportant4 ,!n1 too1 c]ta9      
aspects ( ! sy/em are 9 !mselves /rik+ &
 significant3 x adapts to ! education ( 
normal *ildr5 me?ods & app>atus         
orig9ally us$ = defici5ts2 x is bas$ on 
a radical conception ( lib]ty = ! pupil2
 x entails a highly =mal tra9+ ( sep>ate
 s5sory1 motor1 & m5tal capacities2 & x 
leads to rapid1 easy1 & sub/antial ma/]y
 ( ! elem5ts ( read+1 writ+1 &          
ari?metic4 ,all ?is w be app>5t to ! mo/
 casual read] ( ?is book4  ,none ( ^!   
?+s1 to be sure1 is absolutely new 9 !  
educational _w4 ,all h be5 propos$ 9    
!ory2 "s h be5 put m or less completely 
into practice4 ,x is n unju/1 = in/ance1
 to po9t out t mu* ( ! mat]ial us$ by   
,dr4 ,walt] ,s4 ,f]nald1 ,sup]9t5d5t ( !
 ,massa*usetts ,in/itution = !          
,feeble-,m9d$ at ,wav]ley1 is almo/     
id5tical ) ! ,montessori mat]ial1 & t   

,dr4 ,f]nald has long ma9ta9$ t x c\ld  
be us$ to good effect 9 ! education (   
normal *ildr54 7,x may int]e/ ,am]ican  
read]s to "k t ,segu91 on ^: "w t ( ,dr4
 ,montessori is bas$1 0 once head ( !   
s*ool at ,wav]ley47 ,s1 too1 =mal tra9+ 
9 v>i\s psy*o-physical processes has be5
 mu* urg$ ( late by a good _m work]s 9  
exp]im5tal p$agogy1 especially by       
,meumann4 ,b be=e ,montessori1 no "o _h 
produc$ a sy/em 9 :i* ! elem5ts nam$    
above 7 comb9$4 ,%e conceiv$ x1         
elaborat$ x 9 practice1 & e/abli%$ x 9  
s*ools4 ,x is inde$ ! f9al result1 z    
,dr4 ,montessori pr\dly ass]ts1 ( ye>s (
 exp]im5tal ef=t bo? on h] own "p & on !
 "p ( h] great pr$ecessors2 b !         
cry/allisation ( ^! exp]im5ts 9 a       
programme ( education = normal *ildr5 is
 due to ,dr4 ,montessori alone4 ,!      
incid5tal features :i* %e has frankly   
tak5 ov] f o!r mod]n educators %e has   
*os5 because !y fit into ! fundam5tal =m
 ( h] own s*eme1 & %e has unifi$ !m all 
9 h] g5]al conception ( me?od4 ,! sy/em 

is n orig9al 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ,froebel's  
sy/em 0 orig9al2 b z a sy/em x is !     
novel product ( a s+le woman's creative 
g5ius4  ,z su*1 no /ud5t ( elem5t>y     
education ought to ignore x4 ,! sy/em   
d\btless fails to solve all ! problems 9
 ! education ( "y *ildr52 possibly "s ( 
! solutions x proposes are p>tly or     
completely mi/ak52 "s are probably      
unavailable 9 ,engli% & ,am]ican s*ools2
 b a sy/em ( education does n h to atta9
 p]fection 9 ord] to m]it /udy1         
inve/igation1 & exp]im5tal use4 ,dr4    
,montessori is too l>ge-m9d$ to claim   
infallibility1 & too ?or\ghly sci5tific 
9 h] attitude to object to c>eful       
scrut9y ( h] s*eme & ! ?or\gh te/+ ( its
 results4 ,%e expressly /ates t x is n  
yet complete4 ,practically1 x is highly 
probable t ! sy/em ultimately adopt$ 9  
our s*ools w comb9e elem5ts ( !         
,montessori programme ) elem5ts ( !     
k9d]g>t5 programme1 bo? lib]al &        
cons]vative4 ,9 its actual proc$ure     
s*ool "w mu/ always be ?us eclectic4 ,an

 all-or-no?+ policy = a s+le sy/em      
inevitably c\rts defeat2 = ! public is n
 int]e/$ 9 sy/ems z sy/ems1 & refuses 9 
! end to believe t any "o sy/em conta9s 
e good ?+4 ,nor c we d\bt t ?is attitude
 is ess5tially s\nd4 ,if we cont9ue1    
despite ! pragmati/s1 to believe 9      
absolute pr9ciples1 we may yet rema9    
skeptical ab\t ! logic ( _! r$uction to 
practice--at lea/ 9 any fix$ programme (
 education4 ,we are n yet ju/ifi$1 at   
any rate1 9 adopt+ "o programme to !    
exclusion ( e o!r simply because x is   
bas$ on ! mo/ intelligible or ! mo/     
inspir+ philosophy4 ,! pragmatic te/ mu/
 also be appli$1 & rigor\sly4 ,we mu/   
try out sev]al comb9ations1 wat* &      
record ! results1 comp>e !m1 & proce$   
cauti\sly to new exp]im5ts4 ,?is        
proc$ure is desirable = e /age & grade (
 education1 b especially = ! e>lie/     
/age1 because !re x has be5 lea/        
attempt$ & is mo/ difficult4 ,c]ta9ly a 
sy/em s radical1 s cle>ly def9$1 & s    
well develop$ z t ( ,dr4 ,montessori    

(f]s = ! ?or\ghgo+ comp>ative /udy (    
me?ods 9 e>ly education new mat]ial (   
exceptional importance4 ,)\t accept+ e  
detail ( ! sy/em1 )\t ev5 accept+       
unqualifi$ly its fundam5tal pr9ciples1  
"o may welcome x1 ?us1 z ( great &      
imm$iate value4 ,if e>ly education is   
wor? /udy+ at all1 ! educator :o devotes
 8 att5tion to x w f9d x necess>y to    
def9e ! diff]5ces 9 pr9ciple betwe5 !   
,montessori programme & o!r programmes1 
& to c>ry out c>eful te/s ( ! results   
obta9able f ! v>i\s sy/ems & _! feasible
 comb9ations4  ,"o su* comb9ation ?is   
,introduction w sugge/1 & x w discuss   
also ! possible uses ( ! ,montessori    
app>atus 9 ! home2 b x may be helpful   
fir/ to pres5t ! out/&+ *>act]i/ics ( ! 
,montessori sy/em z comp>$ ) ! mod]n    
k9d]g>t5 9 its two ma9 =ms4  ,c]ta9     
simil>ities 9 pr9ciple are soon app>5t4 
,dr4 ,montessori's views ( *ildhood are 
9 "s respects id5tical ) ^? ( ,froebel1 
al?\gh 9 g5]al decid$ly m radical4 ,bo? 
def5d ! *ild's "r to be active1 to      

explore 8 environm5t & develop 8 own    
inn] res\rces ?r\gh e =m ( inve/igation 
& creative ef=t4 ,education is to guide 
activity1 n repress x4 ,environm5t _c   
create human p[]1 b only give x scope & 
mat]ial1 direct x1 or at mo/ b call x   
=?2 & ! tea*]'s task is fir/ to n\ri% & 
assi/1 to wat*1 enc\rage1 guide1 induce1
 r ?an to int]f]e1 prescribe1 or        
re/rict4 ,to mo/ ,am]ican tea*]s & to   
all k9d]g>tn]s ?is pr9ciple has long be5
 famili>2 !y w b welcome n[ a new &     
eloqu5t /atem5t ( x f a mod]n viewpo9t4 
,9 ! practical int]pretation ( !        
pr9ciple1 h[ev]1 !re is decid$ div]g5ce 
betwe5 ! ,montessori s*ool & ! k9d]g>t54
 ,! ,montessori directress does n tea*  
*ildr5 9 gr\ps1 ) ! practical           
requirem5t1 no matt] h[ well m$iat$1 t  
ea* memb] ( ! gr\p %all jo9 9 ! ex]cise4
 ,! ,montessori pupil does ab\t z he    
pleases1 s long z he does n d any h>m4  
,montessori & ,froebel /& 9 agreem5t    
also on ! ne$ = tra9+ ( ! s5ses2 b      
,montessori's s*eme = ?is tra9+ is at   

once m elaborate & m direct ?an         
,froebel's4 ,%e has devis$ out (        
,segu9's app>atus a compreh5sive &      
sci5tific s*eme = =mal gymna/ic ( !     
s5ses2 ,froebel orig9at$ a s]ies (      
objects design$ = a mu* broad] & m      
creative use by ! *ildr51 b by no means 
s closely adapt$ to ! tra9+ ( s5sory    
discrim9ation4 ,! ,montessori mat]ial   
c>ries out ! fundam5tal pr9ciple (      
,pe/alozzi1 :i* he tri$ 9 va9 to embody 
9 a successful sy/em ( 8 own3 x develops
 piece by piece ! pupil's m5tal         
capacities by tra9+ sep>ately1 ?r\gh    
repeat$ ex]cises1 8 sev]al s5ses & 8    
ability to di/+ui%1 comp>e1 & h&le      
typical objects4 ,9 ! k9d]g>t5 sy/em1 & 
p>ticul>ly 9 ! lib]al modifications ( x1
 s5se tra9+ is incid5tal to con/ructive 
& imag9ative activity 9 :i* ! *ildr5 are
 pursu+ l>g] ends ?an ! m]e arrangem5t (
 =ms or col\rs4 ,ev5 9 ! mo/ =mal "w 9  
k9d]g>t5 design ! *ildr5 are mak+ a     
picture1 & are enc\rag$ to tell :at x   
looks l--a />1 a kite1 a fl[]4  ,z to   

physical education1 ! two sy/ems agree 9
 mu* ! same way3 bo? affirm ! ne$ = free
 bodily activity1 = rhy?mic ex]cises1 & 
= ! developm5t ( muscul> control2 b     
:]eas ! k9d]g>t5 seeks mu* ( all ?is    
?r\gh gr\p games ) an imag9ative or     
social cont5t1 ! ,montessori s*eme      
places ! emphasis on special ex]cises   
design$ to give =mal tra9+ 9 sep>ate    
physical functions4  ,9 ano!r g5]al     
aspect1 h[ev]1 ! agreem5t betwe5 ! two  
sy/ems1 /rong 9 pr9ciple1 leaves !      
,montessori sy/em less =mal r ?an m =mal
 9 practice4 ,! pr9ciple 9 ?is case     
consi/s ( ! affirmation ( ! *ild's ne$ =
 social tra9+4 ,9 ! cons]vative k9d]g>t5
 ?is tra9+ is s\ght once m1 l>gely 9    
gr\p games4 ,^! are usually imag9ative1 
& sometimes decid$ly symbolic3 t is1 !  
*ildr5 play at be+ f>m]s1 mill]s1       
%oemak]s1 mo!rs & fa!rs1 birds1 animals1
 knights1 or soldi]s2 !y s+ songs1 g    
?r\gh c]ta9 semi-dramatic               
activities--su* z op5+ ! pigeon h\se1   
m[+ ! grass1 %[+ ! good *ild to !       

knights1 & ! l2 & ea* takes 8 "p 9 !    
repres5tation ( "s typical social       
situation4 ,! social tra9+ involv$ 9 ^! 
games is =mal only 9 ! s5se t ! *ildr5  
are n engag$1 z ! ,montessori *ildr5 (t5
 are1 9 a real social ent]prise1 su* z t
 ( s]v+ d9n]1 clean+ ! room1 c>+ =      
animals1 build+ a toy h\se1 or mak+ a   
g>d54 ,x _c be too /rongly emphasiz$ t  
ev5 ! mo/ cons]vative k9d]g>t5 does n1  
on pr9ciple1 exclude real ent]prises (  
?is latt] sort2 b 9 a ?ree-h\r session x
 does r little ) !m4 ,lib]al k9d]g>t5s d
 m1 p>ticul>ly 9 ,europe1 :]e ! session 
is (t5 long]4 ,nor does ! ,montessori   
sy/em :olly exclude imag9ative gr\p     
games4 ,b ,dr4 ,montessori1 despite an  
evid5tly pr(\nd int]e/ n only 9 social  
tra9+1 b also 9 ae/hetic1 ideali/ic1 &  
ev5 religi\s developm5t1 speaks ( games 
& fooli% /ories 9 a casual & d]ogatory  
way1 :i* %[s t %e is z yet unfamili> ) !
 ,am]ican k9d]g>tn]'s rem>kable skill & 
p[] 9 ! use ( ^! res\rces4 7,( c\rse !  
,am]ican k9d]g>tn] does n use fooli%    

/ories2 b /ories %e does use1 & to good 
effect47 ,! ,montessori programme       
involves mu* direct social exp]i5ce1 bo?
 9 ! g5]al life ( ! s*ool & 9 ! manual  
"w done by ! pupils2 ! k9d]g>t5 ext5ds !
 range ( ! *ild's social consci\sness   
?r\gh ! imag9ation4 ,! gr\p+s ( !       
,montessori *ildr5 are l>gely free &    
unregulat$2 ! gr\p+s ( k9d]g>t5 *ildr5  
are m (t5 =mal & prescrib$4  ,on "o po9t
 ! ,montessori sy/em agrees ) !         
cons]vative k9d]g>t51 b n ) ! lib]al3 x 
prep>es directly = ! ma/]y ( ! s*ool    
arts4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ,dr4          
,montessori has devis$ a peculi>ly      
successful s*eme = tea*+ *ildr5 to      
write1 an effective me?od = !           
introduction ( read+1 & good mat]ial =  
e>ly numb] "w4 ,bo? types ( k9d]g>t5    
increase1 to be sure1 ! *ild's g5]al    
capacity = expression3 k9d]g>t5 activity
 adds to 8 /ock ( ideas1 awak5s & guides
 8 imag9ation1 increases 8 vocabul>y1 & 
tra9s him 9 ! effective use ( x4 ,*ildr5
 9 a good k9d]g>t5 he> /ories & tell !m1

 rec\nt _! own exp]i5ces1 s+ songs1 &   
recite v]ses1 all 9 a company ( fri5dly 
b fairly critical li/5]s1 :i* does ev5 m
 to /imulate & guide expression ?an does
 ! circle at home4 ,b ev5 ! cons]vative 
k9d]g>t5 does n tea* *ildr5 to write &  
to read4 ,x does tea* !m a good deal    
ab\t numb]2 & x may fairly be que/ion$  
:e!r x does n d m fundam5tal "w 9 ?is   
field ?an ! ,montessori sy/em itself4 ,!
 ,froebelian gifts (f] exceptional      
opportunity = concrete illu/ration ( !  
conceptions ( :ole & "p1 ?r\gh !        
creation ( :oles f p>ts1 & ! break+ up (
 :oles into p>ts4 ,?is aspect ( numb] is
 at lea/ z important z ! s]ies aspect1  
:i* *ildr5 get 9 c\nt+ & = :i* !        
,montessori ,long ,/air provides su*    
good mat]ial4 ,! ,froebelian mat]ial may
 be us$ v readily = c\nt+1 h[ev]1 & !   
,montessori mat]ial gives "s slight     
opportunity = unit+ & divid+4 ,s f> z   
prep>ation = ari?metic is conc]n$1 a    
comb9ation ( ! two bodies ( mat]ial is  
bo? feasible & desirable4 ,! lib]al     

k9d]g>t51 mean:ile1 ab&on+ ! use ( !    
gifts & occupations = ma!matical        
purposes1 makes no attempt to prep>e its
 pupils directly = ! s*ool arts4        
,comp>$ ) ! k9d]g>t51 !n1 ! ,montessori 
sy/em pres5ts ^! ma9 po9ts ( int]e/3 x  
c>ries out f> m radically ! pr9ciple (  
unre/rict$ lib]ty2 its mat]ials are     
int5d$ = ! direct & =mal tra9+ ( !      
s5ses2 x includes app>atus design$ to   
aid 9 ! purely physical developm5t ( !  
*ildr52 its social tra9+ is c>ri$ out   
ma9ly by means ( pres5t & actual social 
activities2 & x af=ds direct prep>ation 
= ! s*ool arts4 ,! k9d]g>t51 on ! o!r   
h&1 involves a c]ta9 am\nt ( gr\p-tea*+1
 9 :i* *ildr5 are held--n necess>ily by 
! en=cem5t ( au?ority1 yet by au?ority1 
confess$ly1 :5 o!r means fail--to       
def9ite activities2 its mat]ials are    
int5d$ prim>ily = creative use by !     
*ildr5 & (f] opportunity = ma!matical   
analysis & ! tea*+ ( design2 & its      
proc$ure is ri* 9 res\rces = !          
imag9ation4 ,"o ?+ %\ld be made entirely

 cle> & emphatic3 9 none ( ^!           
*>act]i/ics are ! two sy/ems rigidly    
antagoni/ic4 ,mu* k9d]g>t5 activity is  
free1 & ! pr9ciple ( prescription is n  
:olly giv5 ov] by ! ,h\ses (            
,*ildhood--witness _! ,rules &          
,regulations2 ! k9d]g>t5 involves direct
 s5se tra9+1 & ! ,montessori sy/em      
admits "s ( ! ,froebel blocks = build+ &
 design2 !re are _m purely muscul>      
activities 9 ! k9d]g>t51 & "s ( ! usual 
k9d]g>t5 games are us$ by ,montessori2 !
 k9d]g>t5 conducts "s g>d5+1 c>e (      
animals1 con/ruction-"w1 & dome/ic      
bus9ess1 & ! ,montessori sy/em admits a 
few imag9ative social plays2 bo? sy/ems 
7b n ! lib]al =m ( ! k9d]g>t57 "w       
directly t[>d ! s*ool arts4 ,s9ce !     
diff]5ce betwe5 ! two programmes is "o (
 arrangem5t1 emphasis1 & degree1 !re is 
no fundam5tal reason :y a comb9ation    
especially adapt$ to ,engli% & ,am]ican 
s*ools _c be work$ out4  ,! broad       
contra/ betwe5 a ,montessori s*ool & a  
k9d]g>t5 appe>s on actual obs]vation to 

be ?is3 :]eas ! ,montessori *ildr5 sp5d 
almo/ all _! "t h&l+ ?+s1 l>gely accord+
 to _! individual incl9ation & "u       
individual guidance1 k9d]g>t5 *ildr5 are
 g5]ally engag$ 9 gr\p "w & games ) an  
imag9ative backgr\nd & appeal4 ,a       
possible pr9ciple ( adju/m5t betwe5 !   
two sy/ems might be /at$ ?us3 "w )      
objects design$ = =mal s5sory1 motor1 & 
intellectual tra9+ %\ld be done         
individually or 9 purely volunt>y gr\ps2
 imag9ative & social activity %\ld be   
c>ri$ on 9 regulat$ gr\ps4 ,?is pr9ciple
 is sugge/$ only z a possible basis =   
education dur+ ! k9d]g>t5 age2 = z      
*ildr5 gr[ old] !y mu/ be taught 9      
classes1 & !y naturally le>n h[ to c>ry 
out imag9ative & social ent]prises 9    
free gr\ps1 & ! =m] (t5 alone4 ,nor %\ld
 x be suppos$ t ! pr9ciple is sugge/$ z 
a rule to :i* !re c be no exception4 ,x 
is sugge/$ simply z a g5]al work+       
hypo!sis1 ! value ( :i* mu/ be te/$ 9   
exp]i5ce4 ,al?\gh x has long be5 obs]v$ 
by k9d]g>tn]s !mselves t gr\p-"w ) !    

,froebelian mat]ials1 especially su* "w 
z involves geometrical analysis & =mal  
design1 soon tires ! *ildr51 x has be5  
held t ! k9d]g>tn] c\ld safegu>d h]     
pupils f loss ( int]e/ or real fatigue  
by wat*+ c>efully = ! fir/ signs (      
we>9ess & /opp+ ! "w promptly on _!     
appe>ance4 ,= small gr\ps ( ! old]      
*ildr51 :o c d "w ( ?is sort ) ease &   
enjoym5t1 no d\bt ! inevitable re/ra9t (
 gr\p tea*+ is a negligible factor1 !   
fatigu+ effects ( :i* any good k9d]g>tn]
 c =e/all4 ,b = y\ng] *ildr5 a regime ( 
complete fre$om w\ld seem to promise    
bett] results--at lea/ s f> z "w )      
objects is conc]n$4 ,9 games1 on ! o!r  
h&1 gr\p tea*+ means v little re/ra9t & 
! :ole process is less tir+ any way4 ,to
 diff]5tiate 9 me?od betwe5 ^! two k9ds 
( activity may be ! be/ way to keep !m  
bo? 9 an effective educational          
programme4  ,to speak ( an effective    
educational programme leads at once1    
h[ev]1 to an important aspect ( !       
,montessori sy/em1 q aside f its        

relation to ! k9d]g>t51 ) :i* ?is       
,introduction mu/ n[ deal4 ,?is is !    
social aspect1 :i* f9ds its explanation 
9 ,dr4 ,montessori's own /ory ( h] fir/ 
s*ool4 ,9 any discussion ( !            
availability ( ! ,montessori sy/em 9    
,engli% & ,am]ican s*ools--p>ticul>ly 9 
,am]ican public s*ools & ,engli% ,bo>d  
s*ools--two g5]al conditions "u :i* ,dr4
 ,montessori did h] e>ly "w 9 ,rome %\ld
 be borne 9 m9d4 ,%e _h h] pupils almo/ 
all day long1 practically controll+ _!  
lives 9 _! wak+ h\rs2 & h] pupils came =
 ! mo/ "p f families ( ! labor+ class4  
,we _c expect to a*ieve ! results ,dr4  
,montessori has a*iev$ if we h our      
pupils "u our guidance only two or ?ree 
h\rs 9 ! morn+1 nor c we expect exactly 
simil> results f *ildr5 ^: h]$ity &     
exp]i5ce make !m at once m s5sitive1 m  
active1 & less am5able to sugge/ion ?an 
h]s4 ,if we are to make practical       
application ( ! ,montessori s*eme we mu/
 n neglect to consid] ! modifications ( 
x :i* diff]+ social conditions may r5d] 

necess>y4  ,! conditions "u :i* ,dr4    
,montessori />t$ h] orig9al s*ool 9     
,rome d n1 inde$1 lack c\nt]p>t 9 l>ge  
cities ! _w ov]4 ,:5 "o reads h] eloqu5t
 ,inaugural ,address x is impossible n  
to wi% t a ,s*ool )9 ! ,home might /& z 
a c5tre ( hopeful *ild life 9 ! mid/ ( e
 close-built city block4 ,bett]1 (      
c\rse1 if !re 7 no hive-l city t5em5ts  
at all1 & if e family c\ld give to its  
own *ildr5 on its own premises en\gh (  
happy play 9 grassy places4 ,bett] if e 
"m & fa!r 7 9 c]ta9 ways an exp]t 9 *ild
 psy*ology & hygi5e4 ,b :ile s _m       
un=tunate ?\s&s /ill live 9 ! hateful   
cliff-dwell+s ( our mod]n cities1 we mu/
 welcome ,dr4 ,montessori's l>ge        
conception ( ! social function ( h]     
,h\ses ( ,*ildhood z a new gospel = !   
s*ools :i* s]ve ! city poor4 ,no matt]  
:at didactic app>atus su* s*ools may    
use1 !y %\ld le>n ( ,dr4 ,montessori !  
ne$ ( long] h\rs1 complete c>e ( !      
*ildr51 clos] co-op]ation ) ! home1 &   
l>g] aims4 ,9 su* s*ools1 too1 x is     

probable t ! two fundam5tal features (  
,dr4 ,montessori's "w--h] pr9ciple (    
lib]ty & h] s*eme = s5se tra9+--w f9d _!
 complete/ & mo/ fruitful application4  
,x is j ^! fundam5tal features1 h[ev]1  
:i* w be mo/ bitt]ly attack$ :5ev] !    
social /atus ( ! orig9al ,casa dei      
,bamb9i is =gott54 ,an?ropometric       
measurem5ts1 ba?s1 tra9+ 9 p]sonal      
self-c>e1 ! s]v+ ( meals1 g>d5+1 & ! c>e
 ( animals we may he> sweep+ly recomm5d$
 = all s*ools1 ev5 = ^? ) a ?ree-h\r    
session & a socially favor$ class (     
pupils2 b ! ne$ = individual lib]ty & = 
! tra9+ ( ! s5ses w be d5i$ ev5 9 ! "w (
 s*ools :]e ! conditions correspond     
closely to ^? at ,san ,lor5zo4 ,( c\rse 
no practical educator w actually propose
 ba?tubs = all s*ools1 & no d\bt !re w  
be pl5ty ( wise cons]vatism ab\t        
transf]r+ to a giv5 s*ool any function  
n[ well dis*>g$ by ! homes t support x4 
,! problems rais$ by ! proposal to apply
 9 all s*ools ! ,montessori conception (
 discipl9e & ! ,montessori s5se-tra9+   

are really m difficult to solve4 ,is    
individual lib]ty a univ]sal educational
 pr9ciple1 or a pr9ciple :i* mu/ be     
modifi$ 9 ! case ( a s*ool ) no su*     
social /atus z t ( ! orig9al ,h\se (    
,*ildhood8 ,d all *ildr5 ne$ s5se tra9+1
 or only ^? ( unfavorable inh]itance &  
home environm5t8 ,no s]i\s discussion ( 
! ,montessori sy/em c avoid ^! que/ions4
 ,:at is said 9 answ] to !m "h is writt5
 9 ! hope t subsequ5t discussion may be 
some:at influ5c$ to keep 9 view ! really
 decid+ factor 9 ea* case--! actual     
situation 9 ! s*ool4  ,!re is occasion  
en\gh 9 ^! que/ions1 to be sure1 =      
philosophical & sci5tific argum5t4 ,!   
fir/ "q involves an e?ical issue1 !     
second a psy*ological issue1 & bo? may  
be foll[$ ?r\gh to purely metaphysical  
issues4 ,dr4 ,montessori believes 9     
lib]ty = ! pupil because %e ?9ks ( life 
z a sup]b goddess1 ev] advanc+ to new   
conque/s4 ,submission1 loyalty1         
self-sacrifice seem to h]1 app>5tly1    
only incid5tal necessities ( life1 n    

ess5tial elem5ts ( its et]nal =m4 ,!re  
is obvi\s opportunity "h = pr(\nd       
diff]5ce ( philosophic !ory & belief4   
,%e seems to hold1 too1 t s5se p]ception
 =ms ! sole basis = ! m5tal & h5ce = !  
moral life2 t s5se tra9+ w prep>e !     
ord]$ f\ndation ^u :i* ! *ild may build 
up a cle> & /rong m5tality1 includ+1    
app>5tly1 8 moral ideals2 & t !         
cultivation ( purpose & ( ! imag9ative &
 creative capacities ( *ildr5 is f> less
 important ?an ! developm5t ( ! p[] to  
le>n f ! environm5t by means ( ! s5ses4 
,^! views seem to agree r closely ) ^? (
 ,h]b>t & to "s ext5t ) ^? ( ,locke4    
,c]ta9ly !y (f] mat]ial = bo?           
psy*ological & e?ical debate4 ,possibly1
 h[ev]1 ,dr4 ,montessori w\ld n accept !
 views "h ascrib$ to h] on ! evid5ce (  
?is book2 & 9 any case ^! are matt]s = !
 philosoph] & ! psy*ologi/4 ,a          
p$agogical issue is nev] :olly an issue 
( high pr9ciple4  ,c x reasonably be    
ma9ta9$1 !n1 t an actual situation l t 9
 ! fir/ ,h\se ( ,*ildhood at ,rome is ! 

only situation 9 :i* ! ,montessori      
pr9ciple ( lib]ty c ju/ifiably f9d full 
application8 ,evid5tly ! ,roman s*ool is
 a true ,republic ( ,*ildhood1 9 :i*    
no?+ ne$ take prec$5ce ( ! *ild's claim 
to pursue an active purpose ( 8 own4    
,social re/ra9ts are "h r$uc$ to a      
m9imum2 ! *ildr5 mu/1 to be sure1       
subord9ate individual caprice to ! dem&s
 ( ! common good1 !y are n all[$ to     
qu>rel or to int]f]e ) ea* o!r1 & !y h  
duties to p]=m at /at$ times2 b ea* *ild
 is a citiz5 9 a community gov]n$ :olly 
9 ! int]e/s ( ! equally privileg$ memb]s
 !re(1 8 lib]ty is r>ely int]f]$ )1 he  
is free to c>ry out 8 own purposes1 & he
 has z mu* influ5ce 9 ! affairs ( !     
commonweal? z ! av]age memb] ( an adult 
democracy4 ,?is situation is nev]       
duplicat$ 9 ! home1 = a *ild is n only a
 memb] ( ! family1 ^: int]e/s are to be 
consid]$ ) ! re/1 b lit]ally a          
subord9ate memb]1 ^: int]e/s mu/ (t5 be 
frankly set aside = ^? ( an adult memb] 
or = ^? ( ! h\sehold itself4 ,*ildr5 mu/

 come to d9n] at d9n] "t1 ev5 if cont9u$
 digg+ 9 ! s& w\ld be m to _! lik+ or   
bett] = _! g5]al developm5t ( muscle1   
m9d1 or w4 ,x is possible1 ( c\rse1 to  
ref9e on ! !ory ( ! *ild's memb]%ip 9 ! 
family community & ( ! "r ( eld]s to    
comm&1 b practically x rema9s true t !  
common conditions ( family life prohibit
 any su* fre$om z is ex]cis$ 9 a        
,montessori s*ool4 ,9 ! same way a s*ool
 ( l>ge enrollm5t t elects to cov] 9 a  
giv5 "t s mu* "w t individual initiative
 _c be tru/$ to compass x1 is =c$ to    
tea* c]ta9 ?+s at n9e o'clock & o!rs at 
t51 & to tea* 9 gr\ps2 & ! individual ^:
 life is ?us cab9$ & conf9$ mu/ get :at 
he c4 ,= a giv5 s*ool ! obvi\s "q is1   
,consid]+ ! "w to be done 9 ! "t all[$1 
c we give up ! safegu>ds ( a fix$       
programme & gr\p tea*+8 ,! deep] "q lies
 "h3 ,is ! "w to be done 9 itself s     
important t x is wor? :ile to h ! *ildr5
 g ?r\gh x "u compulsion or on int]e/   
induc$ by ! tea*]8 ,or to put x ano!r   
way3 ,may n ! "w be s mu* less important

 ?an ! *ild's fre$om t we _h bett] tru/ 
to native curiosity & clev]ly devis$    
mat]ials anyway & run ! risk ( 8 los+ "p
 ( ! "w1 or ev5 ! :ole ( x8  ,= s*ools  
beyond ! prim>y grade !re w be no d\bt z
 to ! answ] to ?is "q4 ,!re are _m ways 
9 :i* s*ool "w may safely be kept f be+ 
! dead5+ & depress+ process x s (t5 is1 
b ! giv+ up ( all fix$ & limit$ s*$ules 
& ! prescriptions ( class tea*+ is n "o 
( !m4 ,ev5 if complete lib]ty (         
individual action 7 possible 9 s*ools ( 
high] grade1 x is n c]ta9 t x w\ld be   
desirable3 = we mu/ le>n to take up _m (
 our purposes 9 life "u social          
imp]ative4 ,b ) "y *ildr5 ! "q becomes m
 difficult4 ,:at "w d we wi% to make    
sure t ea* *ild does8 ,if our s*ools c  
keep b half a day1 is !re "t en\gh = e  
*ild to cov] ?is "w )\t gr\p tea*+ at   
/at$ times8 ,is ! prescription & re/ra9t
 involv$ 9 su* gr\p tea*+ really en\gh  
to d ! *ildr5 any h>m or to make our    
tea*+ less effective8 ,c we n give up   
prescription altoge!r = p>ts ( ! "w &   

m9imise x = o!rs8 ,! g5]al "q (         
individual lib]ty is ?us r$uc$ to a     
s]ies ( practical problems ( adju/m5t4  
,x is no long] a "q ( total lib]ty or no
 lib]ty at all1 b a "q ( ! practical    
m$iation ( ^! extremes4 ,:5 we consid]1 
fur!rmore1 t ! tea*]'s skill & !        
attractiv5ess ( h] p]sonality1 ! allur+ 
p[] ( ! didactic app>atus & ! ease ) :i*
 x enables *ildr5 to le>n1 to say no?+ (
 a *e]ful & pleasant room & ! abs5ce (  
set desks & seats1 may all "w toge!r to 
prev5t s*$ul$ tea*+ 9 gr\ps f becom+ 9 !
 lea/ an occasion = re/ra9t1 x is pla9 t
 9 any giv5 s*ool !re may be ample      
ju/ification = abat+ ! rig\r ( ,dr4     
,montessori's pr9ciple ( fre$om4 ,e     
s*ool mu/ "w out its own solution ( !   
problem 9 ! face ( its p>ticul>         
conditions4  ,! adoption ( s5se-tra9+   
w\ld seem to be mu* less a matt] =      
v>iable decision4 ,"s *ildr5 may ne$    
less ?an o!rs1 b = all *ildr5 betwe5 !  
ages ( ?ree & five ! ,montessori mat]ial
 w prove fasc9at+ z well z pr(itable4 ,a

 good deal ( mod]n educational !ory has 
be5 bas$ on ! belief t *ildr5 are       
int]e/$ only 9 :at has social value1    
social cont5t1 or real use2 yet a day ) 
any normal *ild w give ample evid5ce ( !
 delight t *ildr5 take 9 purely =mal    
ex]cises4 ,! %e] fasc9ation ( tuck+ c>ds
 "u ! edge ( a rug w keep a baby happy  
until any ord9>y supply ( c>ds is       
exhau/$2 & ! :olly s5sory appeal ( ?r[+ 
/ones into ! wat] gives satisfaction    
en\gh to absorb = a long "t ! att5tion (
 old] *ildr5--to say no?+ ( gr[n-ups4 ,!
 ,montessori app>atus satisfies s5se    
hung] :5 x is ke5 = new mat]ial1 & x has
 besides a puzzle-int]e/ :i* *ildr5     
eag]ly respond to4 ,dr4 ,montessori     
subord9ates ! value ( ! concrete m5tal  
cont5t h] mat]ial supplies to its value 
9 r5d]+ ! s5ses m acute2 yet x is by no 
means c]ta9 t ?is cont5t--purely =mal z 
x is--does n also give ! mat]ial mu* (  
its importance4 ,inde$1 ! ref9em5t (    
s5sory discrim9ation may n 9 itself be  
p>ticul>ly valuable4 ,:at ,pr(essor ,g4 

,m4 ,:ipple says on ?is po9t 9 8 ,manual
 ( ,m5ial & ,physical ,te/s 7p4 #acj7   
has mu* weight3      ,! use ( s5sory    
te/s 9 correlation "w is p>ticul>ly     
int]e/+4 ,9 g5]al1 "s writ]s are conv9c$
 t ke5     discrim9ation is a           
pr]equisite to ke5 intellig5ce1 :ile    
o!rs are equally conv9c$ t intellig5ce  
is ess5tially     condition$ by high]   
processes1 & only remotely by     s5sory
 capacity--b>r+1 ( c\rse1 su* dim9ution 
(     capacity z to int]f]e s]i\sly ) ! 
exp]i5c+ (     s5sations1 z 9 p>tial    
deafness or p>tial loss ( vision4       
,:ile x is sc>cely ! place "h to discuss
 !     evolution>y significance (       
discrim9ative s5sitivity1 x     may be  
po9t$ out t ! normal capacity is _m     
times 9     excess ( ! actual dem&s (   
life1 & t x is     consequ5tly difficult
 to und]/& :y nature has be5 s          
prolific & g5]\s2 to und]/&1 9 o!r      
words1 :at     is ! sanction = ! seem+ly
 hyp]trophi$     discrim9ative capacity 
( ! human s5se organs4 ,! usual         

teleological explanations ( our s5sory  
life fail to     acc\nt = ?is           
discrepancy4 ,aga91 ! v fact ( !        
exi/5ce ( ?is surplus capacity seems to 
negative at !     outset ! notion t     
s5sory capacity c be a condition+       
factor 9 intellig5ce--) ! qualification 
already not$4  ,x is q possible t ! real
 p$agogical value ( ! ,montessori       
app>atus is due to ! fact t x keeps     
*ildr5 happily engag$ 9 ! ex]cise ( _!  
s5ses & _! f+]s :5 !y crave su* ex]cise 
mo/ & to ! fur!r fact t x tea*es !m )\t 
! lea/ /ra9 a good deal ab\t =ms &      
mat]ials4 ,^! values are n likely to be 
mu* affect$ by diff]+ s*ool conditions4 
,9 ! use ( ! mat]ial = s5se-tra9+1      
,engli% & ,am]ican tea*]s may f9d pr(it 
9 two g5]al w>n+s4 ,fir/1 x %\ld n be   
suppos$ t s5se tra9+ alone w accompli%  
all t ,dr4 ,montessori accompli%es ?r\gh
 ! :ole range ( h] s*ool activities4 ,to
 fill up mo/ ( a morn+ ) s5se-tra9+ is  
to give x 7except p]haps 9 ! case ( !   
y\nge/ pupils7 undue importance4 ,x is n

 ev5 c]ta9 t ! g5]al use ( ! s5ses w be 
mu* affect$ by x1 to say no?+ ( ! loss (
 opportunity = l>g] physical & social   
activity4 ,second1 ! isolation ( ! s5ses
 %\ld be us$ ) "s c>e4 ,to %ut (f sight 
is to take "o /ep t[>d sleep1 & !       
requirem5t t a *ild conc5trate 8        
att5tion1 9 ?is situation1 on ! s5se    
p]ceptions he gets by o!r means ?an     
vision mu/ n be ma9ta9$ too long4 ,no   
small /ra9 is involv$ 9 m5tal action )\t
 ! usual means ( in=mation & control4   
,! proposal1 m5tion$ above1 ( a feasible
 comb9ation ( ! ,montessori sy/em & !   
k9d]g>t5 may n[ be set =?4 ,if x is put 
v briefly & )\t def5se or prophecy1 x is
 because x is made )\t dogmatism1 simply
 9 ! hope t x w prove sugge/ive to "s   
op5-m9d$ tea*] :o is will+ to try out   
any s*eme t promises well = h] pupils4  
,! conditions suppos$ are ^? ( ! ord9>y 
,am]ican public-s*ool k9d]g>t51 ) a     
two-ye> programme beg9n+ ) *ildr5 ?ree &
 a half or f\r ye>s old1 a k9d]g>t5 ) n 
too _m pupils1 ) a compet5t k9d]g>tn] & 

assi/ant k9d]g>tn]1 & ) "s help f       
tra9+-s*ool /ud5ts4  ,! fir/ proposal is
 = ! use ( ! ,montessori mat]ial dur+ ! 
bett] "p ( ! fir/ ye> in/ead ( ! regul> 
,froebelian mat]ial4 ,to ! use ( !      
,montessori devices--includ+ ! gymna/ic 
app>atus--"s ( ! "t n[ devot$ to        
pictures & /ories %\ld also be appli$4  
,x is n sugge/$ t no ,froebelian mat]ial
 %\ld be us$1 b t ! two sy/ems be wov5  
into ea* o!r1 ) a gradual transition f !
 free1 individual use ( ! ,montessori   
objects to ! same sort ( use ( ! l>ge   
sizes ( ! ,froebel gifts1 especially !  
second1 ?ird1 & f\r?4 ,:5 ! *ildr5 seem 
to be ready = x1 a c]ta9 am\nt ( m =mal 
"w ) ! gifts %\ld be begun4 ,9 ! second 
ye> ! ,froebelian gift "w %\ld          
pr$om9ate1 )\t absolute exclusion ( !   
,montessori ex]cises4 ,9 ! latt] "p ( ! 
second ye> ! ,montessori ex]cises       
prep>atory to writ+ %\ld be introduc$4  
,?r\gh\t ! second ye> ! full "t = /ories
 & picture "w %\ld be giv5 to !m1 & 9   
bo? ye>s ! morn+ circle & ! games %\ld  

be c>ri$ on z usual4 ,! lun*eon p]iod   
%\ld ( c\rse rema9 ! same4 ,"o "p ( ,dr4
 ,montessori's programme ! k9d]g>tn] &  
h] assi/ant %\ld use e ef=t to          
incorporate 9 _! "w--! valuable tra9+ 9 
self-help & indep5d5t action af=d$ 9 !  
c>e ( ! mat]ials & equipm5t by ! *ildr5 
!mselves4 ,?is ne$ n be conf9$ to !     
,montessori app>atus4 ,*ildr5 :o h be5  
tra9$ to take out1 use1 & put away !    
,montessori objects until !y are ready =
 ! f> ri*] v>iety ( mat]ial 9 !         
,froebelian sy/em1 %\ld be able to c>e =
 x also4 ,( c\rse if !re are *ildr5 :o c
 return 9 ! aft]noon1 x w\ld be v       
int]e/+ to attempt ! g>d5+1 :i* bo?     
,froebel & ,montessori recomm5d1 & !    
,montessori vase-"w4  ,= ! possible     
scorn ( ^? to :om all compromise is     
di/a/eful1 ! au?or ( ?is ,introduction  
seeks b "o comp5sation--t any k9d]g>tn] 
:o may happ5 to adopt 8 sugge/ion w let 
him /udy ! results4  ,z to ! use ( !    
,montessori sy/em 9 ! home1 "o or two   
rem>ks mu/ suffice4 ,9 ! fir/ place1    

p>5ts %\ld n expect t ! m]e pres5ce ( ! 
mat]ial 9 ! nurs]y w be en\gh to "w an  
educational miracle4 ,a ,montessori     
directress does no common tea*+1 b %e is
 call$ ^u = v skillful & v tir+ ef=t4   
,%e mu/ wat*1 assi/1 inspire1 sugge/1   
guide1 expla91 correct1 inhibit4 ,%e is 
suppos$1 9 addition1 to contribute by h]
 "w to ! upbuild+ ( a new sci5ce (      
p$agogy2 b h] educational ef=ts--&      
education is n an inve/igative &        
exp]im5tal ef=t1 b a practical &        
con/ructive "o--are en\gh to exhau/ all 
h] "t1 /r5g?1 & +5uity4 ,x w d no       
h>m--except p]haps to ! mat]ial         
itself--to h ! ,montessori mat]ial at h&
 9 ! home1 b x mu/ be us$ "u prop]      
guidance if x is to be educationally    
effective4 ,& besides1 x mu/ n be =gott5
 t ! mat]ial is by no means ! mo/       
important feature ( ! ,montessori       
programme4 ,! be/ use ( ! ,montessori   
sy/em 9 ! home w come ?r\gh ! read+ (   
?is book4 ,if p>5ts %all le>n f ,dr4    
,montessori some?+ ( ! value ( *ild     

life1 ( its ne$ = activity1 ( its       
*>act]i/ic modes ( expression1 & ( its  
possibilities1 & %all apply ?is k       
wisely1 ! "w ( ! great ,italian educator
 w be successful en\gh4  ,?is           
,introduction _c close )\t "s           
discussion1 h[ev] limit$1 ( ! important 
problems sugge/$ by ! ,montessori me?od 
( tea*+ *ildr5 to write & to read4 ,we h
 9 ,am]ican s*ools admirable me?ods = ! 
tea*+ ( read+2 by ! ,ald9e me?od1 =     
in/ance1 *ildr5 ( fair ability read )\t 
difficulty t5 or m read]s 9 ! fir/ s*ool
 ye>1 & advance rapidly t[>d indep5d5t  
p[]4 ,our in/ruction 9 writ+1 h[ev]1 has
 nev] be5 p>ticul>ly notewor?y4 ,we h   
be5 try+ rec5tly to tea* *ildr5 to write
 a fl[+ h& by ! arm movem5t1 )\t mu*    
=mation ( sep>ate lett]s by ! f+]s1 &   
our results seem to prove t ! ef=t )    
*ildr5 be=e ! age ( t5 is n wor? :ile4  
,s5sible s*ool (fic]s are cont5t to let 
*ildr5 9 ! fir/ f\r grades write l>gely 
by draw+ ! lett]s1 & !re has be51 a     
fairly g5]al conviction t writ+ is n 9  

any case especially important be=e ! age
 ( eight or n9e4 ,9 view ( ,dr4         
,montessori's success 9 tea*+ *ildr5 (  
f\r & five to write ) ease & skill1 mu/ 
we n revise our e/imate ( ! value (     
writ+ & our proc$ure 9 tea*+ x8 ,:at    
*anges may we pr(itably introduce 9 our 
tea*+ ( read+8  ,"h aga9 our !ory & our 
practice h suff]$ f ! head/rong advocacy
 ( g5]al pr9ciples4 ,because by clumsy  
me?ods *ildr5 us$ to be kept at ! task (
 le>n+ ! s*ool arts to ! und\bt$        
detrim5t ( _! m9ds & bodies1 c]ta9      
writ]s h advocat$ ! total exclusion (   
read+ & writ+ f ! e>ly grades4 ,_m p>5ts
 refuse to s5d _! *ildr5 to s*ool until 
!y are eight1 pref]r+ to let !m run     
wild4 ,?is attitude is well ju/ifi$ by  
s*ool conditions 9 "s places2 b :]e !   
s*ools are good1 x ignores n only !     
obvi\s advantages ( s*ool life q aside f
 in/ruction 9 writt5 language1 b also ! 
almo/ complete abs5ce ( /ra9 af=d$ by   
mod]n me?ods4 ,n[ t ! ,montessori sy/em 
adds a new & promis+ me?od to our       

res\rces1 x is ! m unreasonable3 = z a  
fact normal *ildr5 are eag] to read &   
write at six1 & h pl5ty ( use = ^!      
accompli%m5ts4  ,?is does n mean1 h[ev]1
 t read+ & writ+ are s important = "y   
*ildr5 t !y %\ld be unduly emphasis$4   
,if we c tea* !m )\t /ra91 let u d s1 & 
! m effectively ! bett]2 b let u        
rememb]1 z ,dr4 ,montessori does1 t     
read+ & writ+ %\ld =m b a subord9ate "p 
( ! exp]i5ce ( a *ild & %\ld m9i/] 9    
g5]al to 8 o!r ne$s4 ,) ! be/ ( me?ods !
 value ( read+ & writ+ be=e six is      
que/ionable4 ,our consci\s life is      
booki% en\gh z x is1 & x w\ld seem on   
g5]al gr\nds a saf] policy to def]      
writt5 language until ! age ( normal    
int]e/ 9 x1 & ev5 !n n to devote to x m 
"t ?an an easy & gradual ma/]y dem&s4   
,( ! te*nical advantages ( ! ,montessori
 s*eme = writ+ !re c be little d\bt4 ,! 
*ild ga9s ready control ov] 8 p5cil     
?r\gh ex]cises :i* h _! own simple b    
absorb+ int]e/2 & if he does n le>n to  
write ) an arm movem5t1 we may be q     

cont5t ) 8 ability to draw a legible &  
h&some script4 ,!n he le>ns ! lett]s--_!
 =ms1 _! names1 & h[ to make !m--?r\gh  
ex]cises :i* h ! v important te*nical   
*>act]i/ic ( involv+ a ?or\gh s5sory    
analysis ( ! mat]ial to be ma/]$4       
,meumann has taught u ( late ! great    
value 9 all memory "w ( complete        
impression ?r\gh prolong$ & int5sive    
analytical /udy4 ,9 ! tea*+ ( spell+1 = 
in/ance1 x is comp>atively useless to   
devise s*emes = rememb]+ unless !       
orig9al impressions are made /rong &    
elaborate2 & x is only by c>eful1 v>i$1 
& detail$ s5se impression t su* mat]ial 
z ! alphabet c be ?us impress$4 ,s      
effective is ! ,montessori s*eme =      
impress+ ! lett]s--especially because ( 
its novel use ( ! s5se ( t\*--t ! *ildr5
 le>n h[ to make ! :ole alphabet be=e ! 
ab/ract & =mal "* ( ! mat]ial leads to  
any dim9ution ( int]e/ or en?usiasm4 ,_!
 initial curiosity ov] ! *>act]s !y see 
_! eld]s use is en\gh to c>ry !m ?r\gh4 
,9 ,italian ! next /ep is easy4 ,!      

lett]s once le>n$1 x is a simple matt]  
to comb9e !m into words1 = ,italian     
spell+ is s ne>ly phonetic t x pres5ts v
 little difficulty to any "o :o kn[s h[ 
to pron\nce4 ,x is at j ?is po9t t !    
tea*+ ( ,engli% read+ by ! ,montessori  
me?od w f9d its greate/ ob/acle4 ,inde$1
 x is ! unphonetic "* ( ,engli% spell+ t
 has l>gely influ5c$ u to give up !     
alphabet me?od ( tea*+ *ildr5 to read4  
,o!r reasons1 to be sure1 h also induc$ 
u to tea* by ! ^w & ! s5t5ce me?od2 b   
?is "o has be5 & w cont9ue to be !      
decid+ factor4 ,we h f\nd x m effective 
to tea* *ildr5 :ole words1 s5t5ces1 or  
rhymes by sight1 add+ to s5se           
impressions ! int]e/ ar\s$ by a wide    
range ( associations1 & !n analys+ !    
words ?us acquir$ into _! phonetic      
elem5ts to give ! *ildr5 indep5d5t p[] 9
 ! acquisition ( new words4 ,our m>k$   
success ) ?is me?od makes x by no means 
c]ta9 t x is 9 ! *>act]i/ic process (   
natural developm5t = *ildr5 to build up 
writt5 words f _! elem5ts--s\nds &      

syllables4 ,x w\ld seem1 on ! contr>y1 z
 ,james conclud$1 t ! m9d works q z     
naturally 9 ! opposite direction--grasp+
 :oles fir/1 especially su* z h a       
practical int]e/1 & !n work+ d[n to _!  
=mal elem5ts4 ,9 ! tea*+ ( spell+1 (    
c\rse1 ! :oles 7words7 are already kn[n 
at sight--t is1 ! pupil recognises !m   
easily 9 read+--& ! process aims at     
impress+ ^u ! *ild's m9d ! exact ord] ( 
_! con/itu5t elem5ts4 ,x is because     
read+ & spell+ are 9 ,engli% su*        
completely sep>ate processes t we c tea*
 a *ild to read admirably )\t mak+ him a
 good spell] & are =c$ to br+ him to !  
latt] glori\s /ate by new endeav\rs4 ,we
 ga9 by ?is sep>ation bo? 9 read+ & 9   
spell+1 z exp]i5ce & comp>ative         
te/s--popul> sup]/ition to ! contr>y    
not)/&+--h conclusively prov$4 ,! ma/]y 
( ! alphabet by ! ,montessori me?od w be
 ( great assi/ance 9 tea*+ our *ildr5 to
 write1 b ( only incid5tal assi/ance 9  
tea*+ !m to read & to spell4  ,once m1  
!n1 ?is ,introduction attempts to sugge/

 a compromise4 ,9 ! s*ool arts !        
programme us$ to su* good effect 9 !    
,italian s*ools & ! programme :i* has   
be5 s well work$ out 9 ,engli% &        
,am]ican s*ools may be pr(itably comb9$4
 ,we c le>n mu* ab\t writ+ & read+ f    
,dr4 ,montessori--especially f ! fre$om 
h] *ildr5 h 9 ! process ( le>n+ to write
 & 9 ! use ( _! newly acquir$ p[]1 z    
well z f h] device = tea*+ !m to read   
connect$ prose4 ,we c use h] mat]ials = 
s5se tra9+ & lead z %e does to easy     
ma/]y ( ! alphabetic symbols4 ,our own  
s*emes = tea*+ read+ we c reta91 &      
d\btless ! phonetic analysis !y involve 
we %all f9d easi] & m effective because 
( our adoption ( ! ,montessori s*eme =  
tea*+ ! lett]s4 ,! exact adju/m5t ( !   
two me?ods is ( c\rse a task = tea*]s 9 
practice & = educational lead]s4  ,to   
all educators ?is book %\ld prove mo/   
int]e/+4 ,n _m ( !m w expect t !        
,montessori me?od w reg5]ate humanity4  
,n _m w wi% to see x--or any            
me?od--produce a g5]ation ( prodigies   

su* z ^? :o h be5 h]ald$ rec5tly 9      
,am]ica4 ,n _m w approve ! v e>ly       
acquisition by *ildr5 ( ! arts ( read+ &
 writ+4 ,b all :o are fair-m9d$ w admit 
! g5ius t %9es f ! pages :i* foll[1 & ! 
rem>kable sugge/iv5ess ( ,dr4           
,montessori's labors4 ,x is ! task ( !  
pr(essional /ud5t ( education to-day to 
submit all sy/ems to c>eful comp>ative  
/udy1 & s9ce ,dr4 ,montessori's inv5tive
 p[] has s\ght its te/s 9 practical     
exp]i5ce r ?an 9 comp>ative             
inve/igation1 ?is dull] task rema9s to  
be done4 ,b h[ev] he may scrut9ise !    
results ( h] "w1 ! educator :o reads ( x
 "h w hon\r 9 ! ,dottoressa ,m>ia       
,montessori ! en?usiasm1 ! pati5ce1 & ! 
con/ructive insight ( ! sci5ti/ & !     
fri5d ( humanity4                       
,,h5ry ,w4 ,,holmes4   ,,h>v>d          
,,univ]sity1   ,febru>y #bb1 #aiab4     
,,! ,,montessori ,,me?od     ,,*apt] ,i 
,a ,,critical ,,consid]ation ,,( ,,!    
,,new ,,p$agogy ,,9 ,,its ,,relation    
,,to ,,mod]n ,,sci5ce   ,x is n my      

int5tion to pres5t a treatise on        
,sci5tific ,p$agogy4 ,! mode/ design (  
^! incomplete notes is to give ! results
 ( an exp]im5t t app>5tly op5s ! way =  
putt+ into practice ^? new pr9ciples (  
sci5ce :i* 9 ^! la/ ye>s are t5d+ to    
revolutionise ! "w ( education4  ,mu*   
has be5 said 9 ! pa/ decade conc]n+ !   
t5d5cy ( p$agogy1 foll[+ 9 ! foot/eps ( 
m$ic9e1 to pass beyond ! purely         
speculative /age & base its conclusions 
on ! positive results ( exp]im5tation4  
,physiological or exp]im5tal psy*ology  
:i*1 f ,web] & ,fe*n] to ,wundt1 has    
become organis$ into a new sci5ce1 seems
 de/9$ to furni% to ! new p$agogy t     
fundam5tal prep>ation :i* ! old-"t      
metaphysical psy*ology furni%$ to       
philosophical p$agogy4 ,morphological   
an?ropology appli$ to ! physical /udy ( 
*ildr51 is also a /rong elem5t 9 ! gr[? 
( ! new p$agogy4  ,b 9 spite ( all ^!   
t5d5cies1 ,sci5tific ,p$agogy has nev]  
yet be5 def9itely con/ruct$ nor def9$4  
,x is some?+ vague ( :i* we speak1 b :i*

 does n1 9 reality1 exi/4 ,we might say 
t x has be51 up to ! pres5t "t1 ! m]e   
intuition or sugge/ion ( a sci5ce :i*1  
by ! aid ( ! positive & exp]im5tal      
sci5ces t h r5ew$ ! ?\ght ( ! n9ete5?   
c5tury1 mu/ em]ge f ! mi/ & cl\ds t h   
surr\nd$ x4 ,= man1 :o has =m$ a new _w 
?r\gh sci5tific progress1 mu/ himself be
 prep>$ & develop$ ?r\gh a new p$agogy4 
,b ,i w n attempt to speak ( ?is m fully
 "h4  ,sev]al ye>s ago1 a well-kn[n     
physician e/abli%$ 9 ,italy a ,s*ool (  
,sci5tific ,p$agogy1 ! object ( :i* 0 to
 prep>e tea*]s to foll[ ! new movem5t   
:i* _h begun to be felt 9 ! p$agogical  
_w4 ,?is s*ool _h1 = two or ?ree ye>s1 a
 great success1 s great1 inde$1 t tea*]s
 f all ov] ,italy flock$ to x1 & x 0    
end[$ by ! ,city ( ,milan ) a spl5did   
equipm5t ( sci5tific mat]ial4 ,inde$1   
its beg9n+s 7 mo/ propiti\s1 & lib]al   
help 0 af=d$ x 9 ! hope t x might be    
possible to e/abli%1 ?r\gh ! exp]im5ts  
c>ri$ on !re1 ! sci5ce ( =m+ man4  ,!   
en?usiasm :i* welcom$ ?is s*ool 01 9 a  

l>ge measure1 due to ! w>m support giv5 
x by ! di/+ui%$ an?ropologi/1 ,giuseppe 
,s]gi1 :o = m ?an ?irty ye>s _h e>ne/ly 
lab\r$ to spread among ! tea*]s ( ,italy
 ! pr9ciples ( a new civilisation bas$  
^u education4 ,to-day 9 ! social _w1    
said ,s]gi1 an imp]ative ne$ makes      
itself felt--! recon/ruction (          
educational me?ods2 & he :o fights = ?is
 cause1 fights = human reg5]ation4 ,9 8 
p$agogical writ+s collect$ 9 a volume "u
 ! title ( ,educazione ed ,i/ruzione    
7,p5si]i71#a he gives a resume ( !      
lectures 9 :i* he enc\rag$ ?is new      
movem5t1 & says t he believes ! way to  
?is desir$ reg5]ation lies 9 a me?odical
 /udy ( ! "o to be educat$1 c>ri$ on "u 
! guidance ( p$agogical an?ropology & ( 
exp]im5tal psy*ology4    #a ,trevis9i1  
#ahib4  ,= sev]al ye>s ,i h done battle 
= an idea conc]n+ ! in/ruction &        
education ( man1 :i* appe>$ ! m j &     
useful ! m deeply ,i ?\ght ^u x4 ,my    
idea 0 t 9 ord] to e/abli% natural1     
rational me?ods1 x 0 ess5tial t we make 

num]\s1 exact1 & rational obs]vations ( 
man z an individual1 pr9cipally dur+    
infancy1 :i* is ! age at :i* !          
f\ndations ( education & culture mu/ be 
laid4  ,to measure ! head1 ! height1    
etc41 does n inde$ mean t we are        
e/abli%+ a sy/em ( p$agogy1 b x         
indicates ! road :i* we may foll[ to    
arrive at su* a sy/em1 s9ce if we are to
 educate an individual1 we mu/ h a      
def9ite & direct k ( him4  ,! au?ority (
 ,s]gi 0 en\gh to conv9ce _m t1 giv5 su*
 a k ( ! individual1 ! art ( educat+ him
 w\ld develop naturally4 ,?is1 z (t5    
happ5s1 l$ to a confusion ( ideas among 
8 foll[]s1 aris+ n[ f a too lit]al      
int]pretation1 n[ f an exagg]ation1 ( ! 
ma/]'s ideas4 ,! *ief tr\ble lay 9      
confus+ ! exp]im5tal /udy ( ! pupil1 ) 8
 education4 ,& s9ce ! "o 0 ! road lead+ 
to ! o!r1 :i* %\ld h gr[n f x naturally 
& rationally1 !y /raightway gave ! "n ( 
,sci5tific ,p$agogy to :at 0 9 tru?     
p$agogical an?ropology4 ,^! new conv]ts 
c>ri$ z _! bann]1 ! ,biographical ,*>t1 

believ+ t once ?is ensign 0 firmly      
plant$ ^u ! battle-field ( ! s*ool1 !   
victory w\ld be won4  ,! s-call$ ,s*ool 
( ,sci5tific ,p$agogy1 !re=e1 in/ruct$ !
 tea*]s 9 ! tak+ ( an?ropometric        
measurem5ts1 9 ! use ( e/hesiometric    
in/rum5ts1 9 ! ga!r+ ( ,psy*ological    
,data--& ! army ( new sci5tific tea*]s 0
 =m$4  ,x %\ld be said t 9 ?is movem5t  
,italy %[$ h]self to be abrea/ ( !      
times4 ,9 ,france1 9 ,engl&1 &          
especially 9 ,am]ica1 exp]im5ts h be5   
made 9 ! elem5t>y s*ools1 bas$ ^u a /udy
 ( an?ropology & psy*ological p$agogy1 9
 ! hope ( f9d+ 9 an?ropometry &         
psy*ometry1 ! reg5]ation ( ! s*ool4 ,9  
^! attempts x has r>ely be5 ! tea*]s :o 
h c>ri$ on ! rese>*2 ! exp]im5ts h be51 
9 mo/ cases1 9 ! h&s ( physicians :o h  
tak5 m int]e/ 9 _! especial sci5ce ?an 9
 education4 ,!y h usually s\ght to get f
 _! exp]im5ts "s contribution to        
psy*ology1 or an?ropology1 r ?an to     
attempt to organise _! "w & _! results  
t[>d ! =mation ( ! long-s\ght ,sci5tific

 ,p$agogy4 ,to sum up ! situation       
briefly1 an?ropology & psy*ology h nev] 
devot$ !mselves to ! "q ( educat+ *ildr5
 9 ! s*ools1 nor h ! sci5tifically tra9$
 tea*]s ev] measur$ up to ! /&>ds (     
g5u9e sci5ti/s4  ,! tru? is t !         
practical progress ( ! s*ool dem&s a    
g5u9e fusion ( ^! mod]n t5d5cies1 9     
practice & ?\ght2 su* a fusion z %all   
br+ sci5ti/s directly into ! important  
field ( ! s*ool & at ! same "t raise    
tea*]s f ! inf]ior intellectual level to
 :i* !y are limit$ to-day4 ,t[>d ?is    
em95tly practical ideal ! ,univ]sity    
,s*ool ( ,p$agogy1 f\nd$ 9 ,italy by    
,cr$>o1 is def9itely work+4 ,x is !     
int5tion ( ?is s*ool to raise ,p$agogy f
 ! inf]ior position x has occupi$ z a   
second>y bran* ( philosophy1 to !       
dignity ( a def9ite sci5ce1 :i* %all1 z 
does ,m$ic9e1 cov] a broad & v>i$ field 
( comp>ative /udy4  ,& among ! bran*es  
affiliat$ ) x w mo/ c]ta9ly be f\nd     
,p$agogical ,hygi5e1 ,p$agogical        
,an?ropology1 & ,exp]im5tal ,psy*ology4 

,truly1 ,italy1 ! c\ntry ( ,lombroso1 ( 
,de-,giovanni1 & ( ,s]gi1 may claim !   
hon\r ( be+ pre-em95t 9 ! organisation (
 su* a movem5t4 ,9 fact1 ^! ?ree        
sci5ti/s may be call$ ! f\nd]s ( ! new  
t5d5cy 9 ,an?ropology3 ! fir/ lead+ !   
way 9 crim9al an?ropology1 ! second 9   
m$ical an?ropology1 & ! ?ird 9          
p$agogical an?ropology4 ,= ! good =tune 
( sci5ce1 all ?ree ( !m h be5 !         
recognis$ lead]s ( _! special l9es (    
?\ght1 & h be5 s prom95t 9 ! sci5tific  
_w t !y h n only made c\rage\s &        
valuable disciples1 b h also prep>$ !   
m9ds ( ! masses to receive ! sci5tific  
reg5]ation :i* !y h enc\rag$4 7,=       
ref]5ce1 see my treatise ,p$agogical    
,an?ropology47#b    #b ,montessori3     
,l',antropologia ,p$agogica4 ,vall>di4  
,surely all ?is is some?+ ( :i* our     
c\ntry may be ju/ly pr\d4   ,to-day1    
h[ev]1 ^? ?+s :i* occupy u 9 ! field (  
education are ! int]e/s ( humanity at   
l>ge1 & ( civilisation1 & be=e su* great
 =ces we c recognise only "o c\ntry--!  

entire _w4 ,& 9 a cause ( su* great     
importance1 all ^? :o h giv5 any        
contribution1 ev5 ?\gh x be only an     
attempt n cr[n$ ) success1 are wor?y ( !
 respect ( humanity ?r\gh\t ! civilis$  
_w4 ,s1 9 ,italy1 ! s*ools ( ,sci5tific 
,p$agogy & ! ,an?ropological            
,laboratories1 :i* h sprung up 9 ! v>i\s
 cities ?r\gh ! ef=ts ( elem5t>y tea*]s 
& s*ol>ly inspectors1 & :i* h be5 ab&on$
 almo/ be=e !y became def9itely         
organis$1 h nev]!less a great value by  
reason ( ! fai? :i* inspir$ !m1 &       
because ( ! doors !y h op5$ to ?9k+ p4  
,x is ne$less to say t su* attempts 7   
premature & sprang f too slight a       
compreh5sion ( new sci5ces /ill 9 !     
process ( developm5t4 ,e great cause is 
born f repeat$ failures & f imp]fect    
a*ievem5ts4 ,:5 ,/4 ,francis ( ,assisi  
saw 8 ,"l 9 a vision1 & receiv$ f !     
,div9e lips ! comm&--,francis1 rebuild  
my ,*ur*6--he believ$ t ! ,ma/] spoke ( 
! little *ur* )9 :i* he knelt at t      
mom5t4 ,& he imm$iately set ab\t ! task1

 c>ry+ ^u 8 %\ld]s ! /ones ) :i* he     
meant to rebuild ! fall5 walls4 ,x 0 n  
until lat] t he became aw>e ( ! fact t 8
 mission 0 to r5ew ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*     
?r\gh ! _s ( pov]ty4 ,b ! ,/4 ,francis  
:o s +5u\sly c>ri$ ! /ones1 & ! great   
re=m] :o s miracul\sly l$ ! p to a      
triumph ( ! _s1 are "o & ! same p]son 9 
diff]5t /ages ( developm5t4 ,s we1 :o "w
 t[>d "o great end1 are memb]s ( "o & ! 
same body2 & ^? :o come aft] u w rea* ! 
goal only because !re 7 ^? :o believ$ & 
lab\r$ be=e !m4 ,&1 l ,/4 ,francis1 we h
 believ$ t by c>ry+ ! h>d & b>r5 /ones (
 ! exp]im5tal laboratory to ! old &     
crumbl+ walls ( ! s*ool1 we might       
rebuild x4 ,we h look$ ^u ! aids (f]$ by
 ! mat]iali/ic & me*anical sci5ces ) !  
same hopefulness ) :i* ,/4 ,francis     
look$ ^u ! squ>es ( granite1 :i* he mu/ 
c>ry ^u 8 %\ld]s4  ,?us we h be5 drawn  
into a false & n>r[ way1 f :i* we mu/   
free ourselves1 if we are to e/abli%    
true & liv+ me?ods = ! tra9+ ( future   
g5]ations4   ,to prep>e tea*]s 9 ! me?od

 ( ! exp]im5tal sci5ces is n an easy    
matt]4 ,:5 we %all h in/ruct$ !m 9      
an?ropometry & psy*ometry 9 ! mo/ m9ute 
mann] possible1 we %all h only creat$   
ma*9es1 ^: usefulness w be mo/ d\btful4 
,inde$1 if x is aft] ?is fa%ion t we are
 to initiate our tea*]s into exp]im5t1  
we %all rema9 =ev] 9 ! field ( !ory4 ,! 
tea*]s ( ! old s*ool1 prep>$ accord+ to 
! pr9ciples ( metaphysical philosophy1  
und]/ood ! ideas ( c]ta9 m5 reg>d$ z    
au?orities1 & mov$ ! muscles ( spee* 9  
talk+ ( !m1 & ! muscles ( ! eye 9 read+ 
_! !ories4 ,our sci5tific tea*]s1       
in/ead1 are famili> ) c]ta9 in/rum5ts & 
"k h[ to move ! muscles ( ! h& & arm 9  
ord] to use ^! in/rum5ts2 besides ?is1  
!y h an intellectual prep>ation :i*     
consi/s ( a s]ies ( typical te/s1 :i* !y
 h1 9 a b>r5 & me*anical way1 le>n$ h[  
to apply4  ,! diff]5ce is n sub/antial1 
= pr(\nd diff]5ces _c exi/ 9 ext]ior    
te*nique alone1 b lie r )9 ! inn] man4  
,n ) all our initiation into sci5tific  
exp]im5t h we prep>$ new ma/]s1 =1 aft] 

all1 we h left !m /&+ )\t ! door ( real 
exp]im5tal sci5ce2 we h n admitt$ !m to 
! noble/ & mo/ pr(\nd phase ( su*       
/udy1--to t exp]i5ce :i* makes real     
sci5ti/s4  ,&1 inde$1 :at is a sci5ti/8 
,n1 c]ta9ly1 he :o kn[s h[ to manipulate
 all ! in/rum5ts 9 ! physical           
laboratory1 or :o 9 ! laboratory ( !    
*emi/ h&les ! v>i\s reactives ) deftness
 & security1 or :o 9 biology kn[s h[ to 
make ready ! specim5s = ! microscope4   
,inde$1 x is (t5 ! case t an assi/ant   
has a great] dext]ity 9 exp]im5tal      
te*nique ?an ! ma/] sci5ti/ himself4 ,we
 give ! "n sci5ti/ to ! type ( man :o   
has felt exp]im5t to be a means guid+   
him to se>* out ! deep tru? ( life1 to  
lift a veil f its fasc9at+ secrets1 &   
:o1 9 ?is pursuit1 has felt aris+ )9 him
 a love = ! my/]ies ( nature1 s         
passionate z to annihilate ! ?\ght (    
himself4 ,! sci5ti/ is n ! clev]        
manipulator ( in/rum5ts1 he is !        
wor%ipp] ( nature & he be>s ! ext]nal   
symbols ( 8 passion z does ! foll[] ( "s

 religi\s ord]4 ,to ?is body ( real     
sci5ti/s belong ^? :o1 =gett+1 l !      
,trappi/s ( ! ,middle ,ages1 ! _w ab\t  
!m1 live only 9 ! laboratory1 c>eless   
(t5 9 matt]s ( food & dress because !y  
no long] ?9k ( !mselves2 ^? :o1 ?r\gh   
ye>s ( unwe>i$ use ( ! microscope1      
become bl9d2 ^? :o 9 _! sci5tific ard\r 
inoculate !mselves ) tub]culosis g]ms2  
^? :o h&le ! excrem5t ( *ol]a pati5ts 9 
_! eag]ness to le>n ! vehicle ?r\gh :i* 
! diseases are transmitt$2 & ^? :o1 kn[+
 t a c]ta9 *emical prep>ation may be an 
explosive1 /ill p]si/ 9 te/+ _! !ories  
at ! risk ( _! lives4 ,?is is ! _s ( !  
m5 ( sci5ce1 to :om nature freely       
reveals h] secrets1 cr[n+ _! lab\rs ) ! 
glory ( discov]y4  ,!re exi/s1 !n1 ! _s 
( ! sci5ti/1 a ?+ f> above 8 m]e        
me*anical skill1 & ! sci5ti/ is at !    
height ( 8 a*ievem5t :5 ! _s has        
triumph$ ov] ! me*anism4 ,:5 he has     
rea*$ ?is po9t1 sci5ce w receive f him n
 only new revelations ( nature1 b       
philosophic syn!ses ( pure ?\ght4  ,x is

 my belief t ! ?+ :i* we %\ld cultivate 
9 our tea*]s is m ! _s ?an ! me*anical  
skill ( ! sci5ti/2 t is1 ! direction ( !
 prep>ation %\ld be t[>d ! _s r ?an t[>d
 ! me*anism4 ,= example1 :5 we consid]$ 
! sci5tific prep>ation ( tea*]s to be   
simply ! acquir+ ( ! te*nique ( sci5ce1 
we did n attempt to make ^! elem5t>y    
tea*]s p]fect an?ropologi/s1 exp]t      
exp]im5tal psy*ologi/s1 or ma/]s (      
infant hygi5e2 we wi%$ only to direct !m
 t[>d ! field ( exp]im5tal sci5ce1 tea*+
 !m to manage ! v>i\s in/rum5ts ) a     
c]ta9 degree ( skill4 ,s n[1 we wi% to  
direct ! tea*]1 try+ to awak5 9 him1 9  
connection ) 8 own p>ticul> field1 !    
s*ool1 t sci5tific _s :i* op5s ! door = 
him to broad] & bigg] possibilities4 ,9 
o!r words1 we wi% to awak5 9 ! m9d &    
he>t ( ! educator an int]e/ 9 natural   
ph5om5a to su* an ext5t t1 lov+ nature1 
he %all und]/& ! anxi\s & expectant     
attitude ( "o :o has prep>$ an exp]im5t 
& :o awaits a revelation f x4#c    #c   
,see 9 my treatise on ,p$agogical       

,an?ropology ! *apt]       on ,! ,me?od 
,us$ ,9 ,exp]im5tal ,sci5ces4  ,!       
in/rum5ts are l ! alphabet1 & we mu/ "k 
h[ to manage !m if we are to read       
nature2 b z ! book1 :i* conta9s !       
revelation ( ! greate/ ?\ghts ( an      
au?or1 uses 9 ! alphabet ! means (      
compos+ ! ext]nal symbols or words1 s   
nature1 ?r\gh ! me*anism ( ! exp]im5t1  
gives u an inf9ite s]ies ( revelations1 
unfold+ = u h] secrets4  ,n[ "o :o has  
le>n$ to spell me*anically all ! words 9
 8 spell+-book1 w\ld be able to read 9 !
 same me*anical way ! words 9 "o (      
,%akespe>e's plays1 provid$ ! pr9t 7    
suffici5tly cle>4 ,he :o is initiat$    
solely into ! mak+ ( ! b>e exp]im5t1 is 
l "o :o spells out ! lit]al s5se ( !    
words 9 ! spell+-book2 x is on su* a    
level t we leave ! tea*]s if we limit _!
 prep>ation to te*nique alone4  ,we mu/1
 in/ead1 make ( !m wor%ipp]s &          
int]pret]s ( ! _s ( nature4 ,!y mu/ be l
 him :o1 hav+ le>n$ to spell1 f9ds      
himself1 "o day1 able to read beh9d !   

writt5 symbols ! ?\ght ( ,%akespe>e1 or 
,goe!1 or ,dante4 ,z may be se51 !      
diff]5ce is great1 & ! road long4 ,our  
fir/ error 01 h[ev]1 a natural "o4 ,!   
*ild :o has ma/]$ ! spell+-book gives ! 
impression ( kn[+ h[ to read4 ,inde$1 he
 does read ! signs ov] ! %op doors1 !   
names ( newspap]s1 & e ^w t comes "u 8  
eyes4 ,x w\ld be v natural if1 ent]+ a  
libr>y1 ?is *ild %\ld be delud$ into    
?9k+ t he knew h[ to read ! s5se ( all !
 books he saw !re4 ,b attempt+ to d ?is1
 he w\ld soon feel t to "k h[ to read   
me*anically is no?+1 & t he ne$s to g   
back to s*ool4 ,s x is ) ! tea*]s :om we
 h ?\ght to prep>e = sci5tific p$agogy  
by tea*+ !m an?ropometry & psy*ometry4  
,b let u put aside ! difficulty ( prep>+
 sci5tific ma/]s 9 ! accept$ s5se ( !   
^w4 ,we w n ev5 attempt to outl9e a     
programme ( su* prep>ation1 s9ce ?is    
w\ld lead u into a discussion :i* has no
 place "h4 ,let u suppose1 in/ead1 t we 
h already prep>$ tea*]s ?r\gh long &    
pati5t ex]cises = ! obs]vation ( nature1

 & t we h l$ !m1 = example1 to ! po9t   
atta9$ by ^? /ud5ts ( natural sci5ces :o
 rise at night & g into ! woods & fields
 t !y may surprise ! awak5+ & ! e>ly    
activities ( "s family ( insects 9 :i*  
!y are int]e/$4 ,"h we h ! sci5ti/ :o1  
?\gh he may be sleepy & tir$ ) walk+1 is
 full ( wat*fulness1 :o is n aw>e t he  
is muddy or du/y1 t ! mi/ wets him1 or !
 sun burns him2 b is int5t only ^u n    
reveal+ 9 ! lea/ degree 8 pres5ce1 9    
ord] t ! insects may1 h\r aft] h\r1 c>ry
 on peacefully ^? natural functions :i* 
he wi%es to obs]ve4 ,let u suppose ^!   
tea*]s to h rea*$ ! /&po9t ( ! sci5ti/  
:o1 half bl9d1 /ill wat*es ?r\gh 8      
microscope ! spontane\s movem5ts ( "s   
p>ticul> infusory animalcule4 ,^!       
creatures seem to ?is sci5tific wat*]1 9
 _! mann] ( avoid+ ea* o!r & 9 _! way ( 
select+ _! food1 to possess a dim       
intellig5ce4 ,he !n di/urbs ?is sluggi% 
life by an electric /imulus1 obs]v+ h[  
"s gr\p !mselves ab\t ! positive pole1 &
 o!rs ab\t ! negative4 ,exp]im5t+ fur!r1

 ) a lum9\s /imulus1 he notices h[ "s   
run t[>d ! light1 :ile o!rs fly f x4 ,he
 inve/igates ^! & l ph5om5a2 hav+ always
 9 m9d ?is "q3 :e!r ! flee+ f or runn+  
to ! /imulus be ( ! same "* z !         
avoidance ( "o ano!r or ! selection (   
food--t is1 :e!r su* diff]5ces are !    
result ( *oice & are due to t dim       
consci\sness1 r ?an to physical         
attraction or repulsion simil> to t ( ! 
magnet4 ,& let u suppose t ?is sci5ti/1 
f9d+ x to be f\r o'clock 9 ! aft]noon1 &
 t he has n yet lun*$1 is consci\s1 ) a 
feel+ ( pleasure1 ( ! fact t he has be5 
at "w 9 8 laboratory in/ead ( 9 8 own   
home1 :]e !y w\ld h call$ him h\rs ago1 
int]rupt+ 8 int]e/+ obs]vation1 9 ord] t
 he might eat4  ,let u imag9e1 ,i say1 t
 ! tea*] has arriv$1 indep5d5tly ( 8    
sci5tific tra9+1 at su* an attitude (   
int]e/ 9 ! obs]vation ( natural ph5om5a4
 ,v well1 b su* a prep>ation is n en\gh4
 ,! ma/]1 inde$1 is de/9$ 9 8 p>ticul>  
mission n to ! obs]vation ( insects or (
 bact]ia1 b ( man4 ,he is n to make a   

/udy ( man 9 ! manife/ations ( 8 daily  
physical habits z "o /udies "s family ( 
insects1 foll[+ _! movem5ts f ! h\r ( _!
 morn+ awak5+4 ,! ma/] is to /udy man 9 
! awak5+ ( 8 intellectual life4  ,!     
int]e/ 9 humanity to :i* we wi% to      
educate ! tea*] mu/ be *>act]is$ by !   
intimate relation%ip betwe5 ! obs]v] & !
 individual to be obs]v$2 a relation%ip 
:i* does n exi/ betwe5 ! /ud5t ( zoology
 or botany & t =m ( nature :i* he       
/udies4 ,man _c love ! insect or !      
*emical reaction :i* he /udies1 )\t     
sacrific+ a "p ( himself4 ,?is          
self-sacrifice seems to "o :o looks at x
 f ! /&po9t ( ! _w1 a v]itable          
r5unciation ( life itself1 almo/ a      
m>tyrdom4  ,b ! love ( man = man 9 a f> 
m t5d] ?+1 & s simple t x is univ]sal4  
,to love 9 ?is way is n ! privilege (   
any especially prep>$ intellectual      
class1 b lies )9 ! rea* ( all m54  ,to  
give an idea ( ?is second =m (          
prep>ation1 t ( ! _s1 let u try to ent] 
into ! m9ds & he>ts ( ^? fir/ foll[]s ( 

,*ri/ ,jesus z !y he>d ,him speak ( a   
,k+dom n ( ?is _w1 great] f> ?an any    
e>?ly k+dom1 no matt] h[ royally        
conceiv$4 ,9 _! simplicity !y ask$ (    
,him1 ,ma/]1 tell u :o %all be greate/ 9
 ! ,k+dom ( ,heav56 ,to :i* ,*ri/1      
c>ess+ ! head ( a little *ild :o1 )     
rev]5t1 wond]+ eyes1 look$ into ,8 face1
 repli$1 ,:osoev] %all become z "o ( ^! 
little ones1 he %all be greate/ 9 !     
,k+dom ( ,heav54 ,n[ let u picture among
 ^? to :om ^! words 7 spok51 an ard5t1  
wor%ipp+ s\l1 :o takes !m into 8 he>t4  
,) a mixture ( respect & love1 ( sacr$  
curiosity & ( a desire to a*ieve ?is    
spiritual greatness1 he sets himself to 
obs]ve e manife/ation ( ?is little *ild4
 ,ev5 su* an obs]v] plac$ 9 a classroom 
fill$ ) little *ildr5 w n be ! new      
educator :om we wi% to =m4 ,b let u seek
 to implant 9 ! s\l ! self-sacrific+ _s 
( ! sci5ti/ ) ! rev]5t love ( ! disciple
 ( ,*ri/1 & we %all h prep>$ ! _s ( !   
tea*]4 ,f ! *ild itself he w le>n h[ to 
p]fect himself z an educator4   ,let u  

consid] ! attitude ( ! tea*] 9 ! light (
 ano!r example4 ,picture to y\rself "o (
 our botani/s or zoologi/s exp]i5c$ 9 ! 
te*nique ( obs]vation & exp]im5tation2  
"o :o has travell$ 9 ord] to /udy c]ta9 
fungi 9 _! native environm5t4 ,?is      
sci5ti/ has made 8 obs]vations 9 op5    
c\ntry &1 !n1 by ! aid ( 8 microscope & 
( all 8 laboratory appliances1 has c>ri$
 on ! lat] rese>* "w 9 ! mo/ m9ute way  
possible4 ,he is1 9 fact1 a sci5ti/ :o  
und]/&s :at x is to /udy nature1 & :o is
 conv]sant ) all ! means :i* mod]n      
exp]im5tal sci5ce (f]s = ?is /udy4   ,n[
 let u imag9e su* a man appo9t$1 by     
reason ( ! orig9al "w he has done1 to a 
*air ( sci5ce 9 "s univ]sity1 ) ! task  
be=e him ( do+ fur!r orig9al rese>* "w )
 hym5opt]a4 ,let u suppose t1 arriv$ at 
8 po/1 he is %[n a glass-cov]$ case     
conta9+ a numb] ( beautiful butt]flies1 
m\nt$ by means ( p9s1 _! outspread w+s  
motionless4 ,! /ud5t w say t ?is is "s  
*ild's play1 n mat]ial = sci5tific /udy1
 t ^! specim5s 9 ! box are m fitly a "p 

( ! game :i* ! little boys play1 *as+   
butt]flies & cat*+ !m 9 a net4 ,) su*   
mat]ial z ?is ! exp]im5tal sci5ti/ c d  
no?+4  ,! situation w\ld be v mu* ! same
 if we %\ld place a tea*] :o1 accord+ to
 our conception ( ! t]m1 is             
sci5tifically prep>$1 9 "o ( ! public   
s*ools :]e ! *ildr5 are repress$ 9 !    
spontane\s expression ( _! p]sonality   
till !y are almo/ l dead be+s4 ,9 su* a 
s*ool ! *ildr51 l butt]flies m\nt$ on   
p9s1 are fa/5$ ea* to 8 place1 ! desk1  
spread+ ! useless w+s ( b>r5 & mean+less
 k :i* !y h acquir$4  ,x is n en\gh1 !n1
 to prep>e 9 our ,ma/]s ! sci5tific _s4 
,we mu/ also make ready ! s*ool = _!    
obs]vation4 ,! s*ool mu/ p]mit ! free1  
natural manife/ations ( ! *ild if 9 !   
s*ool sci5tific p$agogy is to be born4  
,?is is ! ess5tial re=m4  ,no "o may    
affirm t su* a pr9ciple already exi/s 9 
p$agogy & 9 ! s*ool4 ,x is true t "s    
p$agogues1 l$ by ,r\sseau1 h giv5 voice 
to impracticable pr9ciples & vague      
aspirations = ! lib]ty ( ! *ild1 b !    

true concept ( lib]ty is practically    
unkn[n to educators4 ,!y (t5 h ! same   
concept ( lib]ty :i* animates a p 9 !   
h\r ( rebellion f slav]y1 or p]haps1 !  
conception ( social lib]ty1 :i* al?\gh x
 is a m elevat$ idea is /ill inv>iably  
re/rict$4 ,social lib]ty signifies      
always "o m r\nd ( ,jacob's ladd]4 ,9   
o!r words x signifies a p>tial          
lib]ation1 ! lib]ation ( a c\ntry1 ( a  
class1 or ( ?\ght4  ,t concept ( lib]ty 
:i* mu/ inspire p$agogy is1 in/ead1     
univ]sal4 ,! biological sci5ces ( !     
n9ete5? c5tury h %[n x to u :5 !y h (f]$
 u ! means = /udy+ life4 ,if1 !re=e1 !  
old-"t p$agogy =esaw or vaguely express$
 ! pr9ciple ( /udy+ ! pupil be=e educat+
 him1 & ( leav+ him free 9 8 spontane\s 
manife/ations1 su* an intuition1        
indef9ite & b>ely express$1 0 made      
possible ( practical atta9m5t only aft] 
! contribution ( ! exp]im5tal sci5ces   
dur+ ! la/ c5tury4 ,?is is n a case =   
sophi/ry or discussion1 x is en\gh t we 
/ate our po9t4 ,he :o w\ld say t !      

pr9ciple ( lib]ty in=ms ! p$agogy (     
to-day1 w\ld make u smile z at a *ild   
:o1 be=e ! box ( m\nt$ butt]flies1 %\ld 
insi/ t !y 7 alive & c\ld fly4 ,!       
pr9ciple ( slav]y /ill p]vades p$agogy1 
&1 !re=e1 ! same pr9ciple p]vades !     
s*ool4 ,i ne$ only give "o pro(--!      
/ation>y desks & *airs4 ,"h we h1 =     
example1 a /rik+ evid5ce ( ! errors ( ! 
e>ly mat]iali/ic sci5tific p$agogy :i*1 
) mi/ak5 zeal & en]gy1 c>ri$ ! b>r5     
/ones ( sci5ce to ! rebuild+ ( ! crumbl+
 walls ( ! s*ool4 ,! s*ools 7 at fir/   
furni%$ ) ! long1 n>r[ b5*es ^u :i* !   
*ildr5 7 cr[d$ toge!r4 ,!n came sci5ce &
 p]fect$ ! b5*4 ,9 ?is "w mu* att5tion 0
 paid to ! rec5t contributions (        
an?ropology4 ,! age ( ! *ild & ! l5g? ( 
8 limbs 7 consid]$ 9 plac+ ! seat at !  
"r height4 ,! di/ance betwe5 ! seat & ! 
desk 0 calculat$ ) inf9ite c>e1 9 ord] t
 ! *ild's back %\ld n become de=m$1 &1  
f9ally1 ! seats 7 sep>at$ & ! wid? s    
closely calculat$ t ! *ild c\ld b>ely   
seat himself ^u x1 :ile to /ret* himself

 by mak+ any lat]al movem5ts 0          
impossible4 ,?is 0 done 9 ord] t he     
might be sep>at$ f 8 neighb\r4 ,^! desks
 are con/ruct$ 9 su* a way z to r5d] !  
*ild visible 9 all 8 immobility4 ,"o ( !
 ends s\ght ?r\gh ?is sep>ation is !    
prev5tion ( immoral acts 9 ! s*oolroom4 
,:at %all we say ( su* prud5ce 9 a /ate 
( society :]e x w\ld be consid]$ sc&al\s
 to give voice to pr9ciples ( sex       
morality 9 education1 = fe> we might ?us
 contam9ate innoc5ce8 ,&1 yet1 "h we h  
sci5ce l5d+ itself to ?is hypocrisy1    
fabricat+ ma*9es6 ,n only ?is2 oblig+   
sci5ce goes f>!r /ill1 p]fect+ ! b5*es 9
 su* a way z to p]mit to ! greate/      
possible ext5t ! immobility ( ! *ild1   
or1 if y wi%1 to repress e movem5t ( !  
*ild4  ,x is all s arrang$ t1 :5 ! *ild 
is well-fitt$ into 8 place1 ! desk &    
*air !mselves =ce him to assume !       
position consid]$ to be hygi5ically     
com=table4 ,! seat1 ! foot-re/1 ! desks 
are arrang$ 9 su* a way t ! *ild c nev] 
/& at 8 "w4 ,he is allott$ only         

suffici5t space = sitt+ 9 an erect      
position4 ,x is 9 su* ways t s*oolroom  
desks & b5*es h advanc$ t[>d p]fection4 
,e cult ( ! s-call$ sci5tific p$agogy   
has design$ a model sci5tific desk4 ,n a
 few nations h become pr\d ( _! national
 desk1--& 9 ! /ruggle ( competition ^!  
v>i\s ma*9es h be5 pat5t$4  ,und\bt$ly  
!re is mu* t is sci5tific und]ly+ !     
con/ruction ( ^! b5*es4 ,an?ropology has
 be5 drawn ^u 9 ! measur+ ( ! body & !  
diagnosis ( ! age2 physiology1 9 ! /udy 
( muscul> movem5ts2 psy*ology1 9 reg>d  
to p]v]sion ( in/9cts2 &1 above all1    
hygi5e1 9 ! ef=t to prev5t curvature ( !
 sp9e4 ,^! desks 7 inde$ sci5tific1     
foll[+ 9 _! con/ruction ! an?ropological
 /udy ( ! *ild4 ,we h "h1 z ,i h said1  
an example ( ! lit]al application (     
sci5ce to ! s*ools4  ,i believe t be=e v
 long we %all all be /ruck ) great      
surprise by ?is attitude4 ,x w seem     
incompreh5sible t ! fundam5tal error ( !
 desk %\ld n h be5 reveal$ e>li] ?r\gh !
 att5tion giv5 to ! /udy ( infant       

hygi5e1 an?ropology1 & sociology1 &     
?r\gh ! g5]al progress ( ?\ght4 ,! m>vel
 is great] :5 we consid] t dur+ ! pa/   
ye>s !re has be5 /irr+ 9 almo/ e nation 
a movem5t t[>d ! protection ( ! *ild4   
,i believe t x w n be _m ye>s be=e !    
public1 sc>cely believ+ ! descriptions (
 ^! sci5tific b5*es1 w come to t\* )    
wond]+ b&s ! amaz+ seats t 7 con/ruct$ =
 ! purpose ( prev5t+ among our s*ool    
*ildr5 curvature ( ! sp9e6  ,!          
developm5t ( ^! sci5tific b5*es means t 
! pupils 7 subject$ to a regime1 :i*1   
ev5 ?\gh !y 7 born /rong & /raight1 made
 x possible = !m to become humpback$6 ,!
 v]tebral column1 biologically ! mo/    
primitive1 fundam5tal1 & olde/ "p ( !   
skeleton1 ! mo/ fix$ portion1 ( our     
body1 s9ce ! skeleton is ! mo/ solid    
portion ( ! organism--! v]tebral column1
 :i* resi/$ & 0 /rong ?r\gh ! desp]ate  
/ruggles ( primitive man :5 he f\ght    
aga9/ ! des]t-lion1 :5 he conqu]$ !     
mammo?1 :5 he qu>ri$ ! solid rock & %ap$
 ! iron to 8 uses1 b5ds1 & _c resi/1 "u 

! yoke ( ! s*ool4  ,x is incompreh5sible
 t s-call$ sci5ce %\ld h work$ to p]fect
 an in/rum5t ( slav]y 9 ! s*ool )\t be+ 
enlight5$ by "o ray f ! movem5t ( social
 lib]ation1 gr[+ & develop+ ?r\gh\t !   
_w4 ,= ! age ( sci5tific b5*es 0 also ! 
age ( ! r$emption ( ! work+ classes f ! 
yoke ( unju/ labor4  ,! t5d5cy t[>d     
social lib]ty is mo/ evid5t1 & manife/s 
itself on e h&4 ,! lead]s ( ! p make x  
_! slogan1 ! lab\r+ masses repeat ! cry1
 sci5tific & sociali/ic publications    
voice ! same movem5t1 our j\rnals are   
full ( x4 ,! und]f$ workman does n ask =
 a tonic1 b = bett] economic conditions 
:i* %all prev5t malnutrition4 ,! m9] :o1
 ?r\gh ! /oop+ position ma9ta9$ dur+ _m 
h\rs ( ! day1 is subject to +u9al       
rupture1 does n ask = an abdom9al       
support1 b dem&s %ort] h\rs & bettor    
work+ conditions1 9 ord] t he may be    
able to lead a heal?y life l o!r m54  ,&
 :51 dur+ ?is same social epo*1 we f9d t
 ! *ildr5 9 our s*oolrooms are work+    
amid unhygi5ic conditions1 s poorly     

adapt$ to normal developm5t t ev5 !     
skeleton becomes de=m$1 our response to 
?is t]rible revelation is an or?op$ic   
b5*4 ,x is mu* z if we (f]$ to ! m9] !  
abdom9al brace1 or ars5ic to ! und]f$   
workman4  ,"s "t ago a woman1 believ+ me
 to be 9 sympa?y ) all sci5tific        
innovations conc]n+ ! s*ool1 %[$ me )   
evid5t satisfaction a corset or brace = 
pupils4 ,%e _h inv5t$ ?is & felt t x    
w\ld complete ! "w ( ! b5*4  ,surg]y has
 /ill o!r means = ! treatm5t ( sp9al    
curvature4 ,i might m5tion or?op$ic     
in/rum5ts1 braces1 & a me?od (          
p]iodically susp5d+ ! *ild1 by ! head or
 %\ld]s1 9 su* a fa%ion t ! weight ( !  
body /ret*es & ?us /raight5s ! v]tebral 
column4 ,9 ! s*ool1 ! or?op$ic in/rum5t 
9 ! %ape ( ! desk is 9 great fav\r      
to-day2 someone proposes ! brace--"o /ep
 f>!r & x w be sugge/$ t we give !      
s*ol>s a sy/ematic c\rse 9 ! susp5sion  
me?od6  ,all ?is is ! logical consequ5ce
 ( a mat]ial application ( ! me?ods (   
sci5ce to ! decad5t s*ool4 ,evid5tly !  

rational me?od ( combat+ sp9al curvature
 9 ! pupils1 is to *ange ! =m ( _! "w--s
 t !y %all no long] be oblig$ to rema9 =
 s _m h\rs a day 9 a h>mful position4 ,x
 is a conque/ ( lib]ty :i* ! s*ool ne$s1
 n ! me*anism ( a b5*4  ,ev5 7 !        
/ation>y seat helpful to ! *ild's body1 
x w\ld /ill be a dang]\s & unhygi5ic    
feature ( ! environm5t1 ?r\gh !         
difficulty ( clean+ ! room p]fectly :5 !
 furniture _c be mov$4 ,! foot-re/s1 :i*
 _c be remov$1 accumulate ! dirt c>ri$ 9
 daily f ! /reet by ! _m little feet4   
,to-day !re is a g5]al trans=mation 9 ! 
matt] ( h\se furni%+s4 ,!y are made     
light] & simpl] s t !y may be easily    
mov$1 du/$1 & ev5 wa%$4 ,b ! s*ool seems
 bl9d to ! trans=mation ( ! social      
environm5t4   ,x behooves u to ?9k ( :at
 may happ5 to ! _s ( ! *ild :o is       
condemn$ to gr[ 9 conditions s          
artificial t 8 v bones may become de=m$4
 ,:5 we speak ( ! r$emption ( !         
work+man1 x is always und]/ood t b5ea? !
 mo/ app>5t =m ( suff]+1 su* z pov]ty ( 

! blood1 or ruptures1 !re exi/s t o!r   
w\nd f :i* ! s\l ( ! man :o is subject$ 
to any =m ( slav]y mu/ suff]4 ,x is at  
?is deep] wrong t we aim :5 we say t !  
workman mu/ be r$eem$ ?r\gh lib]ty4 ,we 
"k only too well t :5 a man's v blood   
has be5 consum$ or 8 inte/9es wa/$ away 
?r\gh 8 "w1 8 s\l mu/ h la9 oppress$ 9  
d>kness1 r5d]$ ins5sible1 or1 x may be1 
kill$ )9 him4 ,! moral degradation ( !  
slave is1 above all ?+s1 ! weight t     
opposes ! progress ( humanity--humanity 
/riv+ to rise & held back by ?is great  
burd54 ,! cry ( r$emption speaks f> m   
cle>ly = ! s\ls ( m5 ?an = _! bodies4   
,:at %all we say !n1 :5 ! "q be=e u is t
 ( educat+ *ildr58  ,we "k only too well
 ! sorry spectacle ( ! tea*] :o1 9 !    
ord9>y s*oolroom1 mu/ p\r c]ta9 cut &   
dri$ facts into ! heads ( ! s*ol>s4 ,9  
ord] to succe$ 9 ?is b>r5 task1 %e f9ds 
x necess>y to discipl9e h] pupils into  
immobility & to =ce _! att5tion4 ,prizes
 & puni%m5ts are e-ready & effici5t aids
 to ! ma/] :o mu/ =ce into a giv5       

attitude ( m9d & body ^? :o are condemn$
 to be 8 li/5]s4  ,x is true t to-day x 
is deem$ exp$i5t to aboli% (ficial      
:ipp+s & habitual bl[s1 j z ! aw>d+ (   
prizes has become less c]emoni\s4 ,^!   
p>tial re=ms are ano!r prop approv$ ( by
 sci5ce1 & (f]$ to ! support ( ! decad5t
 s*ool4 ,su* prizes & puni%m5ts are1 if 
,i may be all[$ ! expression1 ! b5* ( ! 
s\l1 ! in/rum5t ( slav]y = ! _s4 ,"h1   
h[ev]1 ^! are n appli$ to less5         
de=mities1 b to provoke !m4 ,! prize & !
 puni%m5t are inc5tives t[>d unnatural  
or =c$ ef=t1 &1 !re=e we c]ta9ly _c     
speak ( ! natural developm5t ( ! *ild 9 
connection ) !m4 ,! jockey (f]s a piece 
( sug> to 8 horse be=e jump+ into !     
saddle1 ! coa*man beats 8 horse t he may
 respond to ! signs giv5 by ! re9s2 &1  
yet1 nei!r ( ^! runs s sup]bly z ! free 
horse ( ! pla9s4  ,& "h1 9 ! case (     
education1 %all man place ! yoke ^u man8
  ,true1 we say t social man is natural 
man yok$ to society4 ,b if we give a    
compreh5sive glance to ! moral progress 

( society1 we %all see t little by      
little1 ! yoke is be+ made easi]1 9 o!r 
words1 we %all see t nature1 or life1   
moves gradually t[>d triumph4 ,! yoke ( 
! slave yields to t ( ! s]vant1 & ! yoke
 ( ! s]vant to t ( ! workman4  ,all =ms 
( slav]y t5d little by little to weak5 &
 disappe>1 ev5 ! sexual slav]y ( woman4 
,! hi/ory ( civilisation is a hi/ory (  
conque/ & ( lib]ation4 ,we %\ld ask 9   
:at /age ( civilisation we f9d ourselves
 & if1 9 tru?1 ! good ( prizes & (      
puni%m5ts be necess>y to our advancem5t4
 ,if we h inde$ gone beyond ?is po9t1 !n
 to apply su* a =m ( education w\ld be  
to draw ! new g5]ation back to a l[]    
level1 n to lead !m into _! true h]itage
 ( progress4  ,some?+ v l ?is condition 
( ! s*ool exi/s 9 society1 9 ! relation 
betwe5 ! gov]nm5t & ! great numb]s ( !  
m5 employ$ 9 its adm9i/rative dep>tm5ts4
 ,^! cl]ks "w day aft] day = ! g5]al    
national good1 yet !y d n feel or see ! 
advantage ( _! "w 9 any imm$iate rew>d4 
,t is1 !y d n realise t ! /ate c>ries on

 its great bus9ess ?r\gh _! daily tasks1
 & t ! :ole nation is b5efit$ by _! "w4 
,= !m ! imm$iate good is promotion1 z   
pass+ to a high] class is = ! *ild 9    
s*ool4 ,! man :o loses sight ( ! really 
big aim ( 8 "w is l a *ild :o has be5   
plac$ 9 a class bel[ 8 real /&+3 l a    
slave1 he is *eat$ ( some?+ :i* is 8 "r4
 ,8 dignity z a man is r$uc$ to ! limits
 ( ! dignity ( a ma*9e :i* mu/ be oil$  
if x is to be kept go+1 because x does n
 h )9 itself ! impulse ( life4 ,all ^?  
petty ?+s su* z ! desire = decorations  
or m$als1 are b artificial /imuli1      
light5+ = ! mom5t ! d>k1 b>r5 pa? 9 :i* 
he treads4  ,9 ! same way we give prizes
 to s*ool *ildr54 ,& ! fe> ( n a*iev+   
promotion1 )holds ! cl]k f runn+ away1 &
 b9ds him to 8 monoton\s "w1 ev5 z ! fe>
 ( n pass+ into ! next class drives !   
pupil to 8 book4 ,! repro( ( ! sup]ior  
is 9 e way simil> to ! scold+ ( ! tea*]4
 ,! correction ( badly execut$ cl]ical  
"w is equival5t to ! bad m>k plac$ by ! 
tea*] ^u ! s*ol>'s poor composition4 ,! 

p>allel is almo/ p]fect4  ,b if !       
adm9i/rative dep>tm5ts are n c>ri$ on 9 
a way :i* w\ld seem suitable to a       
nation's greatness2 if corruption too   
easily f9ds a place2 x is ! result (    
hav+ ext+ui%$ ! true greatness ( man 9 !
 m9d ( ! employee1 & ( hav+ re/rict$ 8  
vision to ^? petty1 imm$iate facts1 :i* 
he has come to look ^u z prizes &       
puni%m5ts4 ,! c\ntry /&s1 because !     
rectitude ( ! great] numb] ( its        
employees is su* t !y resi/ ! corruption
 ( ! prizes & puni%m5ts1 & foll[ an     
irresi/ible curr5t ( hone/y4 ,ev5 z life
 9 ! social environm5t triumphs aga9/ e 
cause ( pov]ty & dea?1 & proce$s to new 
conque/s1 s ! in/9ct ( lib]ty conqu]s   
all ob/acles1 go+ f victory to victory4 
,x is ?is p]sonal & yet univ]sal =ce (  
life1 a =ce (t5 lat5t )9 ! s\l1 t s5ds !
 _w =w>d4   ,b he :o accompli%es a truly
 human "w1 he :o does some?+ really     
great & victori\s1 is nev] spurr$ to 8  
task by ^? trifl+ attractions call$ by !
 "n ( prizes1 nor by ! fe> ( ^? petty   

ills :i* we call puni%m5ts4 ,if 9 a w> a
 great army ( giants %\ld fight ) no    
inspiration beyond ! desire to w9       
promotion1 epaulets1 or m$als1 or ?r\gh 
fe> ( be+ %ot1 if ^! m5 7 to oppose a   
h&ful ( pygmies :o 7 inflam$ by love (  
c\ntry1 ! victory w\ld g to ! latt]4 ,:5
 real h]oism has di$ )9 an army1 prizes 
& puni%m5ts _c d m ?an f9i% ! "w (      
det]ioration1 br++ 9 corruption &       
c[>dice4  ,all human victories1 all     
human progress1 /& ^u ! inn] =ce4  ,?us 
a "y /ud5t may become a great doctor if 
he is spurr$ to 8 /udy by an int]e/ :i* 
makes m$ic9e 8 real vocation4 ,b if he  
works 9 ! hope ( an inh]itance1 or (    
mak+ a desirable m>riage1 or if inde$ he
 is inspir$ by any mat]ial advantage1 he
 w nev] become a true ma/] or a great   
doctor1 & ! _w w nev] make "o /ep =w>d  
because ( 8 "w4 ,he to :om su* /imuli   
are necess>y1 _h f> bett] nev] become a 
physician4 ,ev]yone has a special       
t5d5cy1 a special vocation1 mode/1      
p]haps1 b c]ta9ly useful4 ,! sy/em (    

prizes may turn an individual aside f   
?is vocation1 may make him *oose a false
 road1 = him a va9 "o1 & =c$ to foll[ x1
 ! natural activity ( a human be+ may be
 w>p$1 less5$1 ev5 annihilat$4  ,we     
repeat always t ! _w progresses & t we  
mu/ urge m5 =w>d to obta9 progress4 ,b  
progress comes f ! new ?+s t are born1 &
 ^!1 n be+ =ese51 are n rew>d$ ) prizes3
 r1 !y (t5 c>ry ! lead] to m>tyrdom4    
,god =bid t poems %\ld ev] be born ( !  
desire to be cr[n$ 9 ! ,capitol6 ,su* a 
vision ne$ only come into ! he>t ( !    
poet & ! muse w vani%4 ,! poem mu/ spr+ 
f ! s\l ( ! poet1 :5 he ?9ks nei!r (    
himself nor ( ! prize4 ,& if he does w9 
! laurel1 he w feel ! vanity ( su* a    
prize4 ,! true rew>d lies 9 ! revelation
 ?r\gh ! poem ( 8 own triumphant inn]   
=ce4  ,!re does exi/1 h[ev]1 an ext]nal 
prize = man2 :51 = example1 ! orator    
sees ! faces ( 8 li/5]s *ange ) !       
emotions he has awak5$1 he exp]i5ces    
some?+ s great t x c only be lik5$ to ! 
int5se joy ) :i* "o discov]s t he is    

lov$4 ,our joy is to t\*1 & conqu] s\ls1
 & ?is is ! "o prize :i* c br+ u a true 
comp5sation4  ,sometimes !re is giv5 to 
u a mom5t :5 we fancy ourselves to be   
among ! great ones ( ! _w4 ,^! are      
mom5ts ( happ9ess giv5 to man t he may  
cont9ue 8 exi/5ce 9 peace4 ,x may be    
?r\gh love atta9$ or because ( ! gift ( 
a son1 ?r\gh a glori\s discov]y or !    
publication ( a book2 9 "s su* mom5t we 
feel t !re exi/s no man :o is above u4  
,if1 9 su* a mom5t1 someone ve/$ )      
au?ority comes =w>d to (f] u a m$al or a
 prize1 he is ! important de/roy] ( our 
real rew>d--,& :o are y8 our vani%$     
illusion %all cry1 ,:o are y t recalls  
me to ! fact t ,i am n ! fir/ among m58 
,:o /&s s f> above me t he may give me a
 prize8 ,! prize ( su* a man 9 su* a    
mom5t c only be ,div9e4  ,z = puni%m5ts1
 ! s\l ( ! normal man gr[s p]fect ?r\gh 
exp&+1 & puni%m5t z commonly und]/ood is
 always a =m ( repression4 ,x may br+   
results ) ^? inf]ior natures :o gr[ 9   
evil1 b ^! are v few1 & social progress 

is n affect$ by !m4 ,! p5al code ?reat5s
 u ) puni%m5t if we are di%one/ )9 !    
limits indicat$ by ! laws4 ,b we are n  
hone/ ?r\gh fe> ( ! laws2 if we d n rob1
 if we d n kill1 x is because we love   
peace1 because ! natural tr5d ( our     
lives leads u =w>d1 lead+ u ev] f>!r & m
 def9itely away f ! p]il ( l[ & evil    
acts4  ,)\t go+ into ! e?ical or        
metaphysical aspects ( ! "q1 we may     
safely affirm t ! del9qu5t be=e he      
transgresses ! law1 has1 if he kn[s ( ! 
exi/5ce ( a puni%m5t1 felt ! ?reat5+    
weight ( ! crim9al code ^u him4 ,he has 
def9$ x1 or he has be5 lur$ into !      
crime1 delud+ himself ) ! idea t he w\ld
 be able to avoid ! puni%m5t ( ! law4 ,b
 !re has occurr$ )9 8 m9d1 a /ruggle    
betwe5 ! crime & ! puni%m5t4 ,:e!r x be 
efficaci\s 9 h9d]+ crime or n1 ?is p5al 
code is und\bt$ly made = a v limit$     
class ( individuals2 namely1 crim9als4  
,! enorm\s majority ( citiz5s are hone/ 
)\t any reg>d :atev] to ! ?reats ( !    
law4  ,! real puni%m5t ( normal man is !

 loss ( ! consci\sness ( t individual   
p[] & greatness :i* are ! s\rces ( 8    
inn] life4 ,su* a puni%m5t (t5 falls ^u 
m5 9 ! fullness ( success4 ,a man :om we
 w\ld consid] cr[n$ by happ9ess & =tune 
may be suff]+ f ?is =m ( puni%m5t4 ,f>  
too (t5 man does n see ! real puni%m5t  
:i* ?reat5s him4   ,& x is j "h t       
education may help4  ,to-day we hold !  
pupils 9 s*ool1 re/rict$ by ^? in/rum5ts
 s degrad+ to body & _s1 ! desk--&      
mat]ial prizes & puni%m5ts4 ,our aim 9  
all ?is is to r$uce !m to ! discipl9e ( 
immobility & sil5ce1--to lead !m1--:]e8 
,f> too (t5 t[>d no def9ite end4  ,(t5 !
 education ( *ildr5 consi/s 9 p\r+ into 
_! intellig5ce ! intellectual cont5ts ( 
s*ool programmes4 ,& (t5 ^! programmes h
 be5 compil$ 9 ! (ficial dep>tm5t (     
education1 & _! use is impos$ by law ^u 
! tea*] & ! *ild4  ,ah1 be=e su* d5se & 
wilful disreg>d ( ! life :i* is gr[+ )9 
^! *ildr51 we %\ld hide our heads 9 %ame
 & cov] our guilty faces ) our h&s6     
,s]gi says truly3 ,to-day an urg5t ne$  

imposes itself ^u society3 !            
recon/ruction ( me?ods 9 education &    
in/ruction1 & he :o fights = ?is cause1 
fights = human reg5]ation4     ,,*apt]  
,,ii  ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,me?ods   ,if we are
 to develop a sy/em ( sci5tific p$agogy1
 we mu/1 !n1 proce$ along l9es v diff]5t
 f ^? :i* h be5 foll[$ up to ! pres5t   
"t4 ,! trans=mation ( ! s*ool mu/ be    
contemporane\s ) ! prep>ation ( ! tea*]4
 ,= if we make ( ! tea*] an obs]v]1     
famili> ) ! exp]im5tal me?ods1 !n we mu/
 make x possible = h] to obs]ve & to    
exp]im5t 9 ! s*ool4 ,! fundam5tal       
pr9ciple ( sci5tific p$agogy mu/ be1    
inde$1 ! lib]ty ( ! pupil2--su* lib]ty z
 %all p]mit a developm5t ( individual1  
spontane\s manife/ations ( ! *ild's     
nature4 ,if a new & sci5tific p$agogy is
 to arise f ! /udy ( ! individual1 su*  
/udy mu/ occupy itself ) ! obs]vation ( 
free *ildr54 ,9 va9 %\ld we await a     
practical r5ew+ ( p$agogical me?ods f   
me?odical exam9ations ( pupils made "u !
 guidance (f]$ to-day by p$agogy1       

an?ropology1 & exp]im5tal psy*ology4  ,e
 bran* ( exp]im5tal sci5ce has gr[n out 
( ! application ( a me?od peculi> to    
itself4 ,bact]iology owes its sci5tific 
cont5t to ! me?od ( isolation & culture 
( microbes4 ,crim9al1 m$ical1 &         
p$agogical an?ropology owe _! progress  
to ! application ( an?ropological me?ods
 to individuals ( v>i\s classes1 su* z  
crim9als1 ! insane1 ! sick ( ! cl9ics1  
s*ol>s4 ,s exp]im5tal psy*ology ne$s z  
its />t+ po9t an exact def9ition ( !    
te*nique to be us$ 9 mak+ ! exp]im5t4   
,to put x broadly1 x is important to    
def9e ! me?od1 ! te*nique1 & f its      
application to await ! def9ite result1  
:i* mu/ be ga!r$ entirely f actual      
exp]i5ce4 ,"o ( ! *>act]i/ics (         
exp]im5tal sci5ces is to proce$ to !    
mak+ ( an exp]im5t )\t preconceptions ( 
any sort z to ! f9al result ( ! exp]im5t
 itself4 ,= example1 %\ld we wi% to make
 sci5tific obs]vations conc]n+ !        
developm5t ( ! head z relat$ to v>y+    
degrees ( intellig5ce1 "o ( ! conditions

 ( su* an exp]im5t w\ld be to ignore1 9 
! tak+ ( ! measurem5ts1 :i* 7 ! mo/     
intellig5t & :i* ! mo/ backw>d among !  
s*ol>s exam9$4 ,& ?is because !         
preconceiv$ idea t ! mo/ intellig5t %\ld
 h ! head m fully develop$ w inevitably 
alt] ! results ( ! rese>*4  ,he :o      
exp]im5ts mu/1 :ile do+ s1 dive/ himself
 ( e preconception4 ,x is cle> !n t if  
we wi% to make use ( a me?od (          
exp]im5tal psy*ology1 ! fir/ ?+ necess>y
 is to r5\nce all =m] cre$s & to proce$ 
by means ( ! me?od 9 ! se>* = tru?4  ,we
 mu/ n />t1 = example1 f any dogmatic   
ideas :i* we may happ5 to h held ^u !   
subject ( *ild psy*ology4 ,in/ead1 we   
mu/ proce$ by a me?od :i* %all t5d to   
make possible to ! *ild complete lib]ty4
 ,?is we mu/ d if we are to draw f !    
obs]vation ( 8 spontane\s manife/ations 
conclusions :i* %all lead to !          
e/abli%m5t ( a truly sci5tific *ild     
psy*ology4 ,x may be t su* a me?od holds
 = u great surprises1 unexpect$         
possibilities4  ,*ild psy*ology &       

p$agogy mu/ e/abli% _! cont5t by        
successive conque/s arriv$ at ?r\gh !   
me?od ( exp]im5tation4   ,our problem   
!n1 is ?is3 to e/abli% ! me?od peculi>  
to exp]im5tal p$agogy4 ,x _c be t us$ 9 
o!r exp]im5tal sci5ces4 ,x is true t    
sci5tific p$agogy is r\nd$ out by       
hygi5e1 an?ropology1 & psy*ology1 &     
adopts 9 "p ! te*nical me?od *>act]i/ic 
( all ?ree1 al?\gh limit+ itself to a   
special /udy ( ! individual to be       
educat$4 ,b 9 p$agogy ?is /udy ( !      
individual1 ?\gh x mu/ accompany ! v    
diff]5t "w ( education1 is a limit$ &   
second>y "p ( ! sci5ce z a :ole4  ,?is  
pres5t /udy deals 9 "p ) ! me?od us$ 9  
exp]im5tal p$agogy1 & is ! result ( my  
exp]i5ces dur+ two ye>s 9 ! ,*ildr5's   
,h\ses4 ,i (f] only a beg9n+ ( ! me?od1 
:i* ,i h appli$ to *ildr5 betwe5 ! ages 
( ?ree & six4 ,b ,i believe t ^!        
t5tative exp]im5ts1 because ( ! surpris+
 results :i* !y h giv51 w be ! means (  
inspir+ a cont9uation ( ! "w ?us        
und]tak54  ,inde$1 al?\gh our           

educational sy/em1 :i* exp]i5ce has     
demon/rat$ to be excell5t1 is n yet     
entirely complet$1 x nev]!less          
con/itutes a sy/em well en\gh e/abli%$  
to be practical 9 all in/itutions :]e "y
 *ildr5 are c>$ =1 & 9 ! fir/ elem5t>y  
classes4  ,p]haps ,i am n exact :5 ,i   
say t ! pres5t "w spr+s f two ye>s (    
exp]i5ce4 ,i d n believe t ^! lat]      
attempts ( m9e c\ld alone h r5d]$       
possible all t ,i set =? 9 ?is book4 ,! 
orig9 ( ! educational sy/em 9 use 9 !   
,*ildr5's ,h\ses is mu* m remote1 & if  
?is exp]i5ce ) normal *ildr5 seems inde$
 r brief1 x %\ld be rememb]$ t x sprang 
f prec$+ p$agogical exp]i5ces ) abnormal
 *ildr51 & t consid]$ 9 ?is way1 x      
repres5ts a long & ?\ghtful endeav\r4   
,ab\t fifte5 ye>s ago1 be+ assi/ant     
doctor at ! ,psy*iatric ,cl9ic ( !      
,univ]sity ( ,rome1 ,i _h occasion to   
frequ5t ! insane asylums to /udy ! sick 
& to select subjects = ! cl9ics4 ,9 ?is 
way ,i became int]e/$ 9 ! idiot *ildr5  
:o 7 at t "t h\s$ 9 ! g5]al insane      

asylums4 ,9 ^? days ?yroid organo!rapy 0
 9 full developm5t1 & ?is drew !        
att5tion ( physicians to defici5t       
*ildr54 ,i myself1 hav+ complet$ my     
regul> hospital s]vices1 _h already     
turn$ my att5tion to ! /udy ( *ildr5's  
diseases4  ,x 0 ?us t1 be+ int]e/$ 9 !  
idiot *ildr51 ,i became conv]sant ) !   
special me?od ( education devis$ = ^!   
unhappy little ones by ,edw>d ,segu91 & 
0 l$ to /udy ?or\ghly ! idea1 !n beg9n+ 
to be preval5t among ! physicians1 ( !  
efficacy ( p$agogical treatm5t = v>i\s  
morbid =ms ( disease su* z deafness1    
p>alysis1 idiocy1 rickets1 etc4 ,! fact 
t p$agogy mu/ jo9 ) m$ic9e 9 ! treatm5t 
( disease 0 ! practical outcome ( !     
?\ght ( ! "t4 ,& because ( ?is t5d5cy ! 
me?od ( treat+ disease by gymna/ics     
became widely popul>4 ,i1 h[ev]1 diff]$ 
f my colleagues 9 t ,i felt t m5tal     
defici5cy pres5t$ *iefly a p$agogical1 r
 ?an ma9ly a m$ical1 problem4 ,mu* 0    
said 9 ! m$ical congresses ( !          
m$ico-p$agogic me?od = ! treatm5t &     

education ( ! feeble m9d$1 & ,i express$
 my diff]+ op9ion 9 an address on ,moral
 ,education at ! ,p$agogical ,congress (
 ,tur9 9 #ahih4 ,i believe t ,i t\*$ a  
*ord already vibrant1 because ! idea1   
mak+ its way among ! physicians &       
elem5t>y tea*]s1 spread 9 a fla% z      
pres5t+ a "q ( lively int]e/ to ! s*ool4
  ,9 fact ,i 0 call$ ^u by my ma/]1     
,guido ,baccelli1 ! great ,m9i/] (      
,education1 to deliv] to ! tea*]s (     
,rome a c\rse ( lectures on ! education 
( feeble-m9d$ *ildr54 ,?is c\rse soon   
develop$ into ! ,/ate ,or?ophr5ic       
,s*ool1 :i* ,i direct$ = m ?an two ye>s4
  ,9 ?is s*ool we _h an all-day class ( 
*ildr5 compos$ ( ^? :o 9 ! elem5t>y     
s*ools 7 consid]$ hopelessly defici5t4  
,lat] on1 ?r\gh ! help ( a philan?ropic 
organisation1 !re 0 f\nd$ a ,m$ical     
,p$agogic ,in/itute :]e1 besides !      
*ildr5 f ! public s*ools1 we br\ght     
toge!r all ( ! idiot *ildr5 f ! insane  
asylums 9 ,rome4  ,i sp5t ^! two ye>s ) 
! help ( my colleagues 9 prep>+ ! tea*]s

 ( ,rome = a special me?od ( obs]vation 
& education ( feeble-m9d$ *ildr54 ,n    
only did ,i tra9 tea*]s1 b :at 0 mu* m  
important1 aft] ,i _h be5 9 ,london &   
,p>is = ! purpose ( /udy+ 9 a practical 
way ! education ( defici5ts1 ,i gave    
myself ov] completely to ! actual tea*+ 
( ! *ildr51 direct+ at ! same "t ! "w ( 
! o!r tea*]s 9 our in/itute4  ,i 0 m ?an
 an elem5t>y tea*]1 = ,i 0 pres5t1 or   
directly taught ! *ildr51 f eight 9 !   
morn+ to sev5 9 ! ev5+ )\t int]ruption4 
,^! two ye>s ( practice are my fir/ &   
inde$ my true degree 9 p$agogy4 ,f ! v  
beg9n+ ( my "w ) defici5t *ildr5 7#ahih 
to #aijj7 ,i felt t ! me?ods :i* ,i us$ 
_h 9 !m no?+ peculi>ly limit$ to !      
in/ruction ( idiots4 ,i believ$ t !y    
conta9$ educational pr9ciples m rational
 ?an ^? 9 use1 s mu* m s1 inde$1 t ?r\gh
 _! means an inf]ior m5tality w\ld be   
able to gr[ & develop4 ,?is feel+1 s    
deep z to be 9 ! nature ( an intuition1 
became my controll+ idea aft] ,i _h left
 ! s*ool = defici5ts1 &1 little by      

little1 ,i became conv9c$ t simil>      
me?ods appli$ to normal *ildr5 w\ld     
develop or set free _! p]sonality 9 a   
m>vell\s & surpris+ way4  ,x 0 !n t ,i  
began a g5u9e & ?or\gh /udy ( :at is    
kn[n z rem$ial p$agogy1 &1 !n1 wi%+ to  
und]take ! /udy ( normal p$agogy & ( !  
pr9ciples ^u :i* x is bas$1 ,i regi/]$ z
 a /ud5t ( philosophy at ! ,univ]sity4  
,a great fai? animat$ me1 & al?\gh ,i   
did n "k t ,i %\ld ev] be able to te/ ! 
tru? ( my idea1 ,i gave up e o!r        
occupation to deep5 & broad5 its        
conception4 ,x 0 almo/ z if ,i prep>$   
myself = an unkn[n mission4  ,! me?ods =
 ! education ( defici5ts _h _! orig9 at 
! "t ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution 9 ! "w ( a   
physician ^: a*ievem5ts occupy a prom95t
 place 9 ! hi/ory ( m$ic9e1 z he 0 !    
f\nd] ( t bran* ( m$ical sci5ce :i*     
to-day is kn[n z ,otiatria 7diseases ( !
 e>74  ,he 0 ! fir/ to attempt a        
me?odical education ( ! s5se ( he>+4 ,he
 made ^! exp]im5ts 9 ! in/itute = deaf  
mutes f\nd$ 9 ,p>is by ,p]eire1 &       

actually succe$$ 9 mak+ ! semi-deaf he> 
cle>ly4 ,lat] on1 hav+ 9 *>ge = eight   
ye>s ! idiot boy kn[n z ! wild boy (    
,aveyron1 he ext5d$ to ! treatm5t ( all 
! s5ses ^? educational me?ods :i* _h    
already giv5 su* excell5t results 9 !   
treatm5t ( ! s5se ( he>+4 ,a /ud5t (    
,p9el1 ,it>d1 0 ! fir/ educator to      
practise ! obs]vation ( ! pupil 9 ! way 
9 :i* ! sick are obs]v$ 9 ! hospitals1  
especially ^? suff]+ f diseases ( !     
n]v\s sy/em4  ,! p$agogic writ+s ( ,it>d
 are mo/ int]e/+ & m9ute descriptions ( 
educational ef=ts & exp]i5ces1 & anyone 
read+ !m to-day mu/ admit t !y 7        
practically ! fir/ attempts at          
exp]im5tal psy*ology4 ,b ! m]it ( hav+  
complet$ a g5u9e educational sy/em =    
defici5t *ildr5 0 due to ,edw>d ,segu91 
fir/ a tea*] & !n a physician4 ,he took 
! exp]i5ces ( ,it>d z 8 />t+ po9t1      
apply+ ^! me?ods1 modify+ & complet+ !m 
dur+ a p]iod ( t5 ye>s' exp]i5ce )      
*ildr5 tak5 f ! insane asylums & plac$  
91 a little s*ool 9 ,rue ,pigalle 9     

,p>is4 ,?is me?od 0 describ$ = ! fir/ "t
 9 a volume ( m ?an six hundr$ pages1   
publi%$ 9 ,p>is 9 #ahdf1 ) ! title3     
,traitem5t ,moral1 ,hygi5e et ,education
 des ,idiots4 ,lat] ,segu9 emigrat$ to !
 ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica :]e he f\nd$ _m
 in/itutions = defici5ts1 & :]e1 aft]   
ano!r tw5ty ye>s ( exp]i5ce1 he publi%$ 
! second edition ( 8 me?od1 "u a v      
diff]5t title3 ,idiocy & its ,treatm5t  
by ! ,physiological ,me?od4 ,?is volume 
0 publi%$ 9 ,new ,york 9 #ahhf1 & 9 x   
,segu9 _h c>efully def9$ 8 me?od (      
education1 call+ x ! physiological      
me?od4 ,he no long] ref]r$ 9 ! title to 
a me?od = ! education ( idiots z if !   
me?od 7 special to !m1 b spoke n[ (     
idiocy treat$ by a physiological me?od4 
,if we consid] t p$agogy always _h      
psy*ology z its base1 & t ,wundt def9es 
a physiological psy*ology1 ! co9cid5ce (
 ^! ideas mu/ /rike u1 & lead u to      
suspect 9 ! physiological me?od "s      
connection ) physiological psy*ology4   
,:ile ,i 0 assi/ant at ! ,psy*iatric    

,cl9ic1 ,i _h read ,edw>d ,segu9's ,fr5*
 book1 ) great int]e/4 ,b ! ,engli% book
 :i* 0 publi%$ 9 ,new ,york tw5ty ye>s  
lat]1 al?\gh x 0 quot$ 9 ! works ab\t   
special education by ,b\rneville1 0 n to
 be f\nd 9 any libr>y4 ,i made a va9    
que/ = x1 go+ f h\se to h\se ( ne>ly all
 ! ,engli% physicians1 :o 7 kn[n to be  
specially int]e/$ 9 defici5t *ildr51 or 
:o 7 sup]9t5d5ts ( special s*ools4 ,!   
fact t ?is book 0 unkn[n 9 ,engl&1      
al?\gh x _h be5 publi%$ 9 ! ,engli%     
language1 made me ?9k t ! ,segu9 sy/em  
_h nev] be5 und]/ood4 ,9 fact1 al?\gh   
,segu9 0 con/antly quot$ 9 all !        
publications deal+ ) in/itutions =      
defici5ts1 ! educational applications   
describ$1 7 q diff]5t f ! applications (
 ,segu9's sy/em4  ,almo/ ev]y:]e !      
me?ods appli$ to defici5ts are m or less
 ! same z ^? 9 use = normal *ildr54 ,9  
,g]many1 especially1 a fri5d :o _h gone 
!re 9 ord] to help me 9 my rese>*es1    
notic$ t al?\gh special mat]ials exi/$  
"h & !re 9 ! p$agogical museums ( !     

s*ools = defici5ts1 ^! mat]ials 7 r>ely 
us$4 ,inde$1 ! ,g]man educators hold !  
pr9ciple t x is well to adapt to ! tea*+
 ( backw>d *ildr51 ! same me?od us$ =   
normal ones2 b ^! me?ods are mu* m      
objective 9 ,g]many ?an ) u4  ,at !     
,bicetre1 :]e ,i sp5t "s "t1 ,i saw t x 
0 ! didactic app>atus ( ,segu9 f> m ?an 
8 me?od :i* 0 be+ us$1 al?\gh1 ! ,fr5*  
text 0 9 ! h&s ( ! educators4 ,! tea*+  
!re 0 purely me*anical1 ea* tea*] foll[+
 ! rules accord+ to ! lett]4 ,i f\nd1   
h[ev]1 :]ev] ,i w5t1 9 ,london z well z 
9 ,p>is1 a desire = fre% c\nsel & = new 
exp]i5ces1 s9ce f> too (t5 ,segu9's     
claim t ) 8 me?ods ! education ( idiots 
0 actually possible1 _h prov$ only a    
delusion4  ,aft] ?is /udy ( ! me?ods 9  
use ?r\gh\t ,europe ,i conclud$ my      
exp]im5ts ^u ! defici5ts ( ,rome1 &     
taught !m ?r\gh\t two ye>s4 ,i foll[$   
,segu9's book1 & also d]iv$ mu* help f !
 rem>kable exp]im5ts ( ,it>d4  ,guid$ by
 ! "w ( ^! two m51 ,i _h manufactur$ a  
great v>iety ( didactic mat]ial4 ,^!    

mat]ials1 :i* ,i h nev] se5 complete 9  
any in/itution1 became 9 ! h&s ( ^? :o  
knew h[ to apply !m1 a mo/ rem>kable &  
effici5t means1 b unless rightly        
pres5t$1 !y fail$ to attract ! att5tion 
( ! defici5ts4  ,i felt t ,i und]/ood ! 
disc\ragem5t ( ^? work+ ) feeble-m9d$   
*ildr51 & c\ld see :y !y _h1 9 s _m     
cases1 ab&on$ ! me?od4 ,! prejudice t ! 
educator mu/ place himself on a level ) 
! "o to be educat$1 s9ks ! tea*] (      
defici5ts into a species ( apa?y4 ,he   
accepts ! fact t he is educat+ an       
inf]ior p]sonality1 & = t v reason he   
does n succe$4 ,ev5 s ^? :o tea* little 
*ildr5 too (t5 h ! idea t !y are educat+
 babies & seek to place !mselves on !   
*ild's level by approa*+ him ) games1 & 
(t5 ) fooli% /ories4 ,in/ead ( all ?is1 
we mu/ "k h[ to call to ! man :i* lies  
dormant )9 ! s\l ( ! *ild4 ,i felt ?is1 
intuitively1 & believ$ t n ! didactic   
mat]ial1 b my voice :i* call$ to !m1    
awak5$ ! *ildr51 & enc\rag$ !m to use ! 
didactic mat]ial1 & ?r\gh x1 to educate 

!mselves4 ,i 0 guid$ 9 my "w by ! deep  
respect :i* ,i felt = _! mis=tune1 & by 
! love :i* ^! unhappy *ildr5 "k h[ to   
awak5 9 ^? :o are ne> !m4  ,segu91 too1 
express$ himself 9 ! same way on ?is    
subject4 ,read+ 8 pati5t attempts1 ,i   
und]/& cle>ly t ! fir/ didactic mat]ial 
us$ by him 0 spiritual4 ,inde$1 at !    
close ( ! ,fr5* volume1 ! au?or1 giv+ a 
resume ( 8 "w1 concludes by say+ r      
sadly1 t all he has e/abli%$ w be lo/ or
 useless1 if ! tea*]s are n prep>$ = _! 
"w4 ,he holds r orig9al views conc]n+ ! 
prep>ation ( tea*]s ( defici5ts4 ,he    
w\ld h !m good to look ^u1              
pleasant-voic$1 c>eful 9 e detail ( _!  
p]sonal appe>ance1 do+ ev]y?+ possible  
to make !mselves attractive4 ,!y mu/1 he
 says1 r5d] !mselves attractive 9 voice 
& mann]1 s9ce x is _! task to awak5 s\ls
 :i* are frail & we>y1 & to lead !m =?  
to lay hold ^u ! beauty & /r5g? ( life4 
,?is belief t we mu/ act ^u ! _s1 s]v$ z
 a sort ( secret key1 op5+ to me ! long 
s]ies ( didactic exp]im5ts s wond]fully 

analys$ by ,edw>d ,segu91--exp]im5ts    
:i*1 prop]ly und]/ood1 are really mo/   
efficaci\s 9 ! education ( idiots4 ,i   
myself obta9$ mo/ surpris+ results ?r\gh
 _! application1 b ,i mu/ confess t1    
:ile my ef=ts %[$ !mselves 9 !          
intellectual progress ( my pupils1 a    
peculi> =m ( exhau/ion pro/rat$ me4 ,x 0
 z if ,i gave to !m "s vital =ce f )9   
me4 ,^? ?+s :i* we call enc\ragem5t1    
com=t1 love1 respect1 are drawn f ! s\l 
( man1 & ! m freely we give ( !m1 ! m d 
we r5ew & re9vigorate ! life ab\t u4    
,)\t su* inspiration ! mo/ p]fect       
ext]nal /imulus may pass unobs]v$4 ,?us 
! bl9d ,saul1 be=e ! glory ( ! sun1     
exclaim$1 ,?is8--,x is ! d5se fog6  ,?us
 prep>$1 ,i 0 able to proce$ to new     
exp]im5ts on my own acc\nt4 ,?is is n ! 
place = a report ( ^! exp]im5ts1 & ,i w 
only note t at ?is "t ,i attempt$ an    
orig9al me?od = ! tea*+ ( read+ & writ+1
 a "p ( ! education ( ! *ild :i* 0 mo/  
imp]fectly treat$ 9 ! works ( bo? ,it>d 
& ,segu94  ,i succe$$ 9 tea*+ a numb] ( 

! idiots f ! asylums bo? to read & to   
write s well t ,i 0 able to pres5t !m at
 a public s*ool = an exam9ation toge!r )
 normal *ildr54 ,& !y pass$ ! exam9ation
 successfully4  ,^! results seem$ almo/ 
miracul\s to ^? :o saw !m4 ,to me1      
h[ev]1 ! boys f ! asylums _h be5 able to
 compete ) ! normal *ildr5 only because 
!y _h be5 taught 9 a diff]5t way4 ,!y _h
 be5 help$ 9 _! psy*ic developm5t1 & !  
normal *ildr5 _h1 in/ead1 be5 suffocat$1
 held back4 ,i f\nd myself ?9k+ t if1 "s
 day1 ! special education :i* _h        
develop$ ^! idiot *ildr5 9 su* a        
m>vell\s fa%ion1 c\ld be appli$ to !    
developm5t ( normal *ildr51 ! miracle ( 
:i* my fri5ds talk$ w\ld no long] be    
possible4 ,! abyss betwe5 ! inf]ior     
m5tality ( ! idiot & t ( ! normal bra9 c
 nev] be bridg$ if ! normal *ild has    
rea*$ 8 full developm5t4  ,:ile ev]yone 
0 admir+ ! progress ( my idiots1 ,i 0   
se>*+ = ! reasons :i* c\ld keep ! happy 
heal?y *ildr5 ( ! common s*ools on s l[ 
a plane t !y c\ld be equall$ 9 te/s (   

intellig5ce by my un=tunate pupils6  ,"o
 day1 a directress 9 ! ,in/itute =      
,defici5ts1 ask$ me to read "o ( !      
prophecies ( ,ezekiel :i* _h made a     
pr(\nd impression ^u h]1 z x seem$ to   
prophesy ! education ( defici5ts4  ,! h&
 ( ! ,"l 0 ^u me1 & c>ri$ me out 9 ! _s 
( ! ,"l1 & set me d[n 9 ! mid/ ( !      
valley :i* 0 full ( bones4  ,& caus$ me 
to pass by !m r\nd ab\t3 &1 behold1 !re 
7 v _m 9 ! op5 valley2 &1 lo1 !y 7 v    
dry4  ,& he said unto me1 ,son ( man1 c 
^! bones live8 ,& ,i answ]$1 ,o ,"l     
,god1 ?\ kn[e/4  ,aga9 he said unto me1 
,prophesy ^u ^! bones1 & say unto !m1 ,o
 ye dry hones1 he> ! ^w ( ! ,"l4  ,?us  
sai? ! ,"l ,god unto ^! bones2 ,behold1 
,i w cause brea? to ent] into y1 & ye   
%all live3  ,& ,i w lay s9ews ^u y1 & w 
br+ up fle% ^u y1 & cov] y ) sk91 & put 
brea? 9 y1 & ye %all live2 & ye %all "k 
t ,i am ! ,"l4  ,s ,i prophesi$ z ,i 0  
comm&$3 & z ,i prophesi$1 !re 0 a noise1
 & behold a %ak+1 & ! bones came toge!r1
 bone to 8 bone4  ,& :5 ,i beheld1 lo1 !

 s9ews & ! fle% came up ^u !m1 & ! sk9  
cov]$ !m above3 b !re 0 no brea? 9 !m4  
,!n said he unto me1 ,prophesy unto !   
w9d1 prophesy1 son ( man1 & say to !    
w9d1 ,?us sai? ! ,"l ,god2 ,come f ! f\r
 w9ds1 ,o brea?1 & brea! ^u ^! sla91 t  
!y may live4  ,s ,i prophesi$ z ,he     
comm&$ me1 & ! brea? came into !m1 & !y 
liv$1 & /ood up ^u _! feet1 an exce$+   
great army4  ,!n he said unto me1 ,son (
 man1 ^! bones are ! :ole h\se (        
,israel3 behold1 !y say1 ,our bones are 
dri$1 & our hope is lo/3 we are cut (f =
 our p>ts4  ,9 fact1 ! words--,i w cause
 brea? to ent] into y1 & ye %all live1  
seem to me to ref] to ! direct          
individual "w ( ! ma/] :o enc\rages1    
calls to1 & helps 8 pupil1 prep>+ him = 
education4 ,& ! rema9d]--,i w lay s9ews 
^u y1 & w br+ up fle% ^u y1 recall$ !   
fundam5tal phrase :i* sums up ,segu9's  
:ole me?od1--to lead ! *ild1 z x 71 by !
 h&1 f ! education ( ! muscul> sy/em1 to
 t ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 & ( ! s5ses4 ,x 0   
?us t ,segu9 taught ! idiots h[ to walk1

 h[ to ma9ta9 _! equilibrium 9 ! mo/    
difficult movem5ts ( ! body--su* z go+  
up /airs1 jump+1 etc41 & f9ally1 to     
feel1 beg9n+ ! education ( ! muscul>    
s5sations by t\*+1 & read+ ! diff]5ce ( 
temp]ature1 & end+ ) ! education ( !    
p>ticul> s5ses4  ,b if ! tra9+ goes no  
fur!r ?an ?is1 we h only l$ ^! *ildr5 to
 adapt !mselves to a l[ ord] ( life     
7almo/ a vegetable exi/5ce74 ,call to ! 
,_s1 says ! prophecy1 & ! _s %all ent]  
into !m1 & !y %all h life4 ,segu91      
inde$1 l$ ! idiot f ! vegetative to !   
intellectual life1 f ! education1 ( !   
s5ses to g5]al notions1 f g5]al notions 
to ab/ract ?\ght1 f ab/ract ?\ght to    
morality4 ,b :5 ?is wond]ful "w is      
accompli%$1 & by means ( a m9ute        
physiological analysis & ( a gradual    
progression 9 me?od1 ! idiot has become 
a man1 he is /ill an inf]ior 9 ! mid/ ( 
8 fell[ m51 an individual :o w nev] be  
able fully to adapt himself to ! social 
environm5t3 ,our bones are dri$1 & our  
hope is lo/2 we are cut (f = our p>ts4  

,?is gives u ano!r reason :y ! t$i\s    
me?od ( ,segu9 0 s (t5 ab&on$2 !        
trem5d\s difficulty ( ! means1 did n    
ju/ify ! end4 ,ev]yone felt ?is1 & _m   
said1 ,!re is /ill s mu* to be done =   
normal *ildr56   ,hav+ ?r\gh actual     
exp]i5ce ju/ifi$ my fai? 9 ,segu9's     
me?od1 ,i )drew f active "w among       
defici5ts1 & began a m ?or\gh /udy ( !  
works ( ,it>d & ,segu94 ,i felt ! ne$ ( 
m$itation4 ,i did a ?+ :i* ,i _h n done 
be=e1 & :i* p]haps few /ud5ts h be5     
will+ to d1--,i translat$ into ,italian 
& copi$ out ) my own h&1 ! writ+s ( ^!  
m51 f beg9n+ to end1 mak+ = myself books
 z ! old ,b5$ict9es us$ to d be=e !     
diffusion ( pr9t+4  ,i *ose to d ?is by 
h&1 9 ord] t ,i might h "t to weigh !   
s5se ( ea* ^w1 & to read1 9 tru?1 ! _s (
 ! au?or4 ,i _h j f9i%$ copy+ ! #fjj    
pages ( ,segu9's ,fr5* volume :5 ,i     
receiv$ f ,new ,york a copy ( ! ,engli% 
book publi%$ 9 #ahff4 ,?is old volume _h
 be5 f\nd among ! books disc>d$ f !     
private libr>y ( a ,new ,york physician4

 ,i translat$ x ) ! help ( an ,engli%   
fri5d4 ,?is volume did n add mu* 9 ! way
 ( new p$agogical exp]im5ts1 b dealt ) !
 philosophy ( ! exp]i5ces describ$ 9 !  
fir/ volume4 ,! man :o _h /udi$ abnormal
 *ildr5 = ?irty ye>s express$ ! idea t !
 physiological me?od1 :i* has z its base
 ! individual /udy ( ! pupil & :i* =ms  
its educative me?ods ^u ! analysis (    
physiological & psy*ological ph5om5a1   
mu/ come also to be appli$ to normal    
*ildr54 ,?is /ep1 he believ$1 w\ld %[ ! 
way to a complete human reg5]ation4  ,! 
voice ( ,segu9 seem$ to be l ! voice ( !
 =]unn] cry+ 9 ! wild]ness1 & my ?\ghts 
7 fill$ ) ! imm5sity & importance ( a "w
 :i* %\ld be able to re=m ! s*ool &     
education4  ,at ?is "t ,i 0 regi/]$ at !
 ,univ]sity z a /ud5t ( philosophy1 &   
foll[$ ! c\rses 9 exp]im5tal psy*ology1 
:i* _h only rec5tly be5 e/abli%$ 9      
,italian univ]sities1 namely1 at ,tur91 
,rome & ,naples4 ,at ! same "t ,i made  
rese>*es 9 ,p$agogic ,an?ropology 9 !   
elem5t>y s*ools1 /udy+ 9 ?is way !      

me?ods 9 organisation us$ = ! education 
( normal *ildr54 ,?is "w l$ to ! tea*+ (
 ,p$agogic ,an?ropology 9 ! ,univ]sity (
 ,rome4   ,i _h long wi%$ to exp]im5t ) 
! me?ods = defici5ts 9 a fir/ elem5t>y  
class ( normal *ildr51 b ,i _h nev]     
?\ght ( mak+ use ( ! homes or           
in/itutions :]e v "y *ildr5 7 c>$ =4 ,x 
0 pure *ance t br\ght ?is new idea to my
 m9d4  ,x 0 ne> ! end ( ! ye> #aijf1 &  
,i _h j return$ f ,milan1 :]e ,i _h be5 
"o ( a committee at ! ,int]national     
,exhibition = ! assignm5t ( prizes 9 !  
subjects ( ,sci5tific ,p$agogy &        
,exp]im5tal ,psy*ology4 ,a great        
opportunity came to me1 = ,i 0 invit$ by
 ,edo>do ,talamo1 ! ,director ,g5]al ( !
 ,roman ,association = ,good ,build+1 to
 und]take ! organisation ( infant s*ools
 9 its model t5em5ts4 ,x 0 ,signor      
,talamo's happy idea to ga!r toge!r 9 a 
l>ge room all ! little ones betwe5 !    
ages ( ?ree & sev5 belong+ to ! families
 liv+ 9 ! t5em5t4 ,! play & "w ( ^!     
*ildr5 0 to be c>ri$ on "u ! guidance ( 

a tea*] :o %\ld h h] own ap>tm5t 9 !    
t5em5t h\se4 ,x 0 int5d$ t e h\se %\ld h
 its s*ool1 & z ! ,association = ,good  
,build+ already own$ m ?an #djj t5em5ts 
9 ,rome ! "w seem$ to (f] trem5d\s      
possibilities ( developm5t4 ,! fir/     
s*ool 0 to be e/abli%$ 9 ,janu>y1 #aijg1
 9 a l>ge t5em5t h\se 9 ! ,qu>t] ( ,san 
,lor5zo4 ,9 ! same ,qu>t] ! ,association
 already own$ fifty-eight build+s1 &    
accord+ to ,signor ,talamo's plans we   
%\ld soon be able to op5 sixte5 ( ^!    
s*ools )9 ! h\se4  ,?is new k9d ( s*ool 
0 *ri/5$ by ,signora ,olga ,lodi1 a     
mutual fri5d ( ,signor ,talamo & myself1
 "u ! =tunate title ( ,casa dei ,bamb9i 
or ,! ,*ildr5's ,h\se4 ,"u ?is "n ! fir/
 ( our s*ools 0 op5$ on ! six? (        
,janu>y1 #aijg1 at #eh ,via dei ,masi4  
,x 0 confid$ to ! c>e ( ,c&ida          
,nuccitelli & 0 "u my guidance &        
direction4  ,f ! v fir/ ,i p]ceiv$1 9   
all its imm5sity1 ! social & p$agogical 
importance ( su* in/itutions1 & :ile at 
t "t my visions ( a triumphant future   

seem$ exagg]at$1 to-day _m are beg9n+ to
 und]/& t :at ,i saw be=e 0 inde$ !     
tru?4  ,on ! sev5? ( ,april ( ! same    
ye>1 #aijg1 a second ,*ildr5's ,h\se 0  
op5$ 9 ! ,qu>t] ( ,san ,lor5zo2 & on !  
eighte5? ( ,octob]1 #aijh1 ano!r 0      
inaugurat$ by ! ,humanit>ian ,society 9 
,milan 9 ! ,qu>t] inhabit$ by work+m54  
,! work%ops ( ?is same society und]took 
! manufacture ( ! mat]ials :i* we us$4  
,on ! f\r? ( ,novemb] foll[+1 a ?ird    
,*ildr5's ,h\se 0 op5$ 9 ,rome1 ?is "t n
 9 ! p's ,qu>t]1 b 9 a mod]n build+ = ! 
middle classes1 situat$ 9 ,via          
,famago/a1 9 t "p ( ! city kn[n z !     
,prati di ,ca/ello2 & 9 ,janu>y1 #aiji1 
,italian ,switz]l& began to trans=m its 
orphan asylums & *ildr5's homes 9 :i* ! 
,froebel sy/em _h be5 us$1 into         
,*ildr5's ,h\ses adopt+ our me?ods &    
mat]ials4  ,! ,*ildr5's ,h\se has a     
tw(old importance3 ! social importance  
:i* x assumes ?r\gh its peculi>ity ( be+
 a s*ool )9 ! h\se1 & its purely        
p$agogic importance ga9$ ?r\gh its      

me?ods = ! education ( v "y *ildr51 (   
:i* ,i n[ made a trial4  ,z ,i h said1  
,signor ,talamo's invitation gave me a  
wond]ful opportunity = apply+ ! me?ods  
us$ ) defici5ts to normal *ildr51 n ( ! 
elem5t>y s*ool age1 b ( ! age usual 9   
infant asylums4  ,if a p>allel betwe5 ! 
defici5t & ! normal *ild is possible1   
?is w be dur+ ! p]iod ( e>ly infancy :5 
! *ild :o has n ! =ce to develop & he :o
 is n yet develop$ are 9 "s ways alike4 
,! v "y *ild has n yet acquir$ a secure 
co-ord9ation ( muscul> movem5ts1 &1     
!re=e1 walks imp]fectly1 & is n able to 
p]=m ! ord9>y acts ( life1 su* z fa/5+ &
 unfa/5+ its g>m5ts4 ,! s5se organs1 su*
 z ! p[] ( accommodation ( ! eye1 are n 
yet completely develop$2 ! language is  
primordial & %[s ^? defects common to ! 
spee* ( ! v "y *ild4 ,! difficulty (    
fix+ ! att5tion1 ! g5]al in/ability1    
etc41 are *>act]i/ics :i* ! normal      
infant & ! defici5t *ild h 9 common4    
,prey]1 also1 9 8 psy*ological /udy (   
*ildr5 has turn$ aside to illu/rate !   

p>allel betwe5 pa?ological l+ui/ic      
defects1 & ^? ( normal *ildr5 9 !       
process ( develop+4  ,me?ods :i* made   
gr[? possible to ! m5tal p]sonality ( ! 
idiot ought1 !re=e1 to aid ! developm5t 
( "y *ildr51 & %\ld be s adapt$ z to    
con/itute a hygi5ic education ( ! entire
 p]sonality ( a normal human be+4 ,_m   
defects :i* become p]man5t1 su* z spee* 
defects1 ! *ild acquires ?r\gh be+      
neglect$ dur+ ! mo/ important p]iod ( 8 
age1 ! p]iod betwe5 ?ree & six1 at :i*  
"t he =ms & e/abli%es 8 pr9cipal        
functions4  ,"h lies ! significance ( my
 p$agogical exp]im5t 9 ! ,*ildr5's      
,h\ses4 ,x repres5ts ! results ( a s]ies
 ( trials made by me1 9 ! education ( "y
 *ildr51 ) me?ods already us$ )         
defici5ts4 ,my "w has n be5 9 any way an
 application1 pure & simple1 ( ! me?ods 
( ,segu9 to "y *ildr51 z anyone :o w    
consult ! works ( ! au?or w readily see4
 ,b x is none ! less true t1 und]ly+ ^! 
two ye>s ( trial1 !re is a basis (      
exp]im5t :i* goes back to ! days ( !    

,fr5* ,revolution1 & :i* repres5ts !    
e>ne/ "w ( ! lives ( ,it>d & ,segu94  ,z
 = me1 ?irty ye>s aft] ! publication (  
,segu9's second book1 ,i took up aga9 ! 
ideas &1 ,i may ev5 say1 ! "w ( ?is     
great man1 ) ! same fre%ness ( _s ) :i* 
he receiv$ ! inh]itance ( ! "w & ideas (
 8 ma/] ,it>d4 ,= t5 ye>s ,i n only made
 practical exp]im5ts accord+ to _!      
me?ods1 b ?r\gh rev]5t m$itation absorb$
 ! works ( ^! noble & consecrat$ m51 :o 
h left to humanity mo/ vital pro( ( _!  
obscure h]oism4  ,?us my t5 ye>s ( "w   
may 9 a s5se be consid]$ z a summ+ up ( 
! =ty ye>s ( "w done by ,it>d & ,segu94 
,view$ 9 ?is light1 fifty ye>s ( active 
"w prec$$ & prep>$ = ?is app>5tly brief 
trial ( only two ye>s1 & ,i feel t ,i am
 n wrong 9 say+ t ^! exp]im5ts repres5t 
! successive "w ( ?ree physicians1 :o f 
,it>d to me %[ 9 a great] or less degree
 ! fir/ /eps along ! pa? ( psy*iatry4   
,z def9ite factors 9 ! civilisation ( ! 
p1 ! ,*ildr5's ,h\ses des]ve a sep>ate  
volume4 ,!y h1 9 fact1 solv$ s _m ( !   

social & p$agogic problems 9 ways :i* h 
seem$ to be ,utopian1 t !y are a "p ( t 
mod]n trans=mation ( ! home :i* mu/ mo/ 
surely be realis$ be=e _m ye>s h pass$4 
,9 ?is way !y t\* directly ! mo/        
important side ( ! social "q--t :i*     
deals ) ! intimate or home life ( ! p4  
,x is en\gh "h to reproduce ! inaugural 
disc\rse deliv]$ by me on ! occasion ( !
 op5+ ( ! second ,*ildr5's ,h\se 9      
,rome1 & to pres5t ! rules &            
regulations#d :i* ,i arrang$ 9          
accordance ) ! wi%es ( ,signor ,talamo4 
#d ,see page #gj4  ,x w be notic$ t !   
club to :i* ,i ref]1 & ! disp5s>y :i* is
 also an out-pati5ts' in/itution =      
m$ical & surgical treatm5t 7all su*     
in/itutions be+ free to ! inhabitants7 h
 already be5 e/abli%$4 ,9 ! mod]n       
t5em5t--,casa ,mod]na 9 ! ,prati di     
,ca/ello1 op5$ ,novemb] #d1 #aijh1 ?r\gh
 ! philan?ropy ( ,signor ,talamo--!y are
 also plann+ to annex a communal kit*54 
,,*apt] ,,iii  ,,inagural ,,address     
,,deliv]$ ,,on ,,! ,,occasion ,,( ,,!   

,,op5+ ,,( ,,"o ,,( ,,! ,,*ildr5',s     
,,h\ses   ,x may be t ! life liv$ by ! v
 poor is a ?+ :i* "s ( y "h to-day h    
nev] actually look$ ^u 9 all its        
degradation4 ,y may h only felt ! mis]y 
( deep human pov]ty ?r\gh ! m$ium ( "s  
great book1 or "s gift$ actor may h made
 y\r s\l vibrato ) its horror4   ,let u 
suppose t 9 "s su* mom5t a voice %\ld   
cry to y1 ,g look ^u ^! homes ( mis]y & 
blacke/ pov]ty4 ,= !re h sprung up amid 
! t]ror & ! suff]+1 cases ( happ9ess1 ( 
cleanl9ess1 ( peace4 ,! poor are to h an
 ideal h\se :i* %all be _! own4 ,9      
,qu>t]s :]e pov]ty & vice rul$1 a "w (  
moral r$emption is go+ on4 ,! s\l ( ! p 
is be+ set free f ! torpor ( vice1 f !  
%ad[s ( ignorance4 ,! little *ildr5 too 
h a ',h\se' ( _! own4 ,! new g5]ation   
goes =w>d to meet ! new era1 ! "t :5    
mis]y %all no long] be deplor$ b        
de/roy$4 ,!y g to meet ! "t :5 ! d>k d5s
 ( vice & wret*$ness %all h become ?+s (
 ! pa/1 & :5 no trace ( !m %all be f\nd 
among ! liv+4 ,:at a *ange ( emotions we

 %\ld exp]i5ce6 & h[ we %\ld ha/5 "h1 z 
! wise m5 guid$ by a dream & a /> ha/5$ 
to ,be?lehem6  ,i h spok5 ?us 9 ord] t y
 may und]/& ! great significance1 ! real
 beauty1 ( ?is humble room1 :i* seems l 
a bit ( ! h\se itself set ap>t by a "m's
 h& = ! use & happ9ess ( ! *ildr5 ( !   
,qu>t]4 ,?is is ! second ,*ildr5's      
,h\se#e :i* has be5 e/abli%$ )9 !       
ill-fav\r$ ,qu>t] ( ,san ,lor5zo4    #e 
,dr4 ,montessori no long] directs ! "w 9
 ! ,casa dei       ,bamb9i 9 ! ,qu>t] ( 
,san ,lor5zo4  ,! ,qu>t] ( ,san ,lor5zo 
is celebrat$1 = e newspap] 9 ! city is  
fill$ ) almo/ daily acc\nts ( its wret*$
 happ5+s4 ,yet !re are _m :o are n      
famili> ) ! orig9 ( ?is portion ( our   
city4  ,x 0 nev] int5d$ to build up "h a
 t5em5t di/rict = ! p4 ,& inde$ ,san    
,lor5zo is n ! ,p's ,qu>t]1 x is !      
,qu>t] ( ! poor4 ,x is ! ,qu>t] :]e     
lives ! und]paid1 (t5 unemploy$         
work+man1 a common type 9 a city :i* has
 no factory indu/ries4 ,x is ! home (   
him :o und]goes ! p]iod ( surveillance  

to :i* he is condemn$ aft] 8 prison     
s5t5ce is end$4 ,!y are all "h1 m+l$1   
huddl$ toge!r4  ,! di/rict ( ,san       
,lor5zo sprang into be+ betwe5 #ahhd &  
#ahhh at ! "t ( ! great build+ fev]4 ,no
 /&>ds ei!r social or hygi5ic guid$ ^!  
new con/ructions4 ,! aim 9 build+ 0     
simply to cov] ) walls squ>e foot aft]  
squ>e foot ( gr\nd4 ,! m space cov]$1 ! 
great] ! ga9 ( ! int]e/$ ,banks &       
,companies4 ,all ?is ) a complete       
disreg>d ( ! disa/r\s future :i* !y 7   
prep>+4 ,x 0 natural t no "o %\ld conc]n
 himself ) ! /ability ( ! build+ he 0   
creat+1 s9ce 9 no case w\ld ! prop]ty   
rema9 9 ! possession ( him :o built x4  
,:5 ! /orm bur/1 9 ! %ape ( ! inevitable
 build+ panic ( #ahhh to #ahij1 ^!      
un=tunate h\ses rema9$ = a long "t      
unt5ant$4 ,!n1 little by little1 ! ne$ (
 dwell+-places began to make itself     
felt1 & ^! great h\ses began to fill4   
,n[1 ^? speculators :o _h be5 s         
un=tunate z to rema9 possessors ( ^!    
build+s c\ld n1 & did n wi% to1 add fre%

 capital to t already lo/1 s ! h\ses    
con/ruct$ 9 ! fir/ place 9 utt] disreg>d
 ( all laws ( hygi5e1 & r5d]$ /ill worse
 by hav+ be5 us$ z tempor>y habitations1
 came to be occupi$ by ! poore/ class 9 
! city4  ,! ap>tm5ts n be+ prep>$ = !   
work+ class1 7 too l>ge1 consi/+ ( five1
 six1 or sev5 rooms4 ,^! 7 r5t$ at a    
price :i*1 :ile exce$+ly l[ 9 relation  
to ! size1 0 yet too high = any "o      
family ( v poor p4 ,?is l$ to ! evil (  
sublett+4 ,! t5ant :o has tak5 a six    
room ap>tm5t at eight doll>s a mon?     
sublets rooms at "o doll> & a half or   
two doll>s a mon? to ^? :o c pay s mu*1 
& a corn] ( a room1 or a corridor1 to a 
poor] t5ant1 ?us mak+ an income ( fifte5
 doll>s or m1 ov] & above ! co/ ( 8 own 
r5t4   ,?is means t ! problem ( exi/5ce 
is 9 great "p solv$ = him1 & t 9 e case 
he adds to 8 income ?r\gh usury4 ,! "o  
:o holds ! lease traffics 9 ! mis]y ( 8 
fell[ t5ants1 l5d+ small sums at a rate 
:i* g5]ally corresponds to tw5ty c5ts a 
week = ! loan ( two doll>s1 equival5t to

 an annual rate ( #ejj p] c5t4  ,?us we 
h 9 ! evil ( sublett+ ! mo/ cruel =m (  
usury3 t :i* only ! poor "k h[ to       
practise ^u ! poor4  ,to ?is we mu/ add 
! evils ( cr[d$ liv+1 promiscu\sness1   
immorality1 crime4 ,e little :ile !     
newspap]s uncov] = u "o ( ^! int]ieurs3 
a l>ge family1 gr[+ boys & girls1 sleep 
9 "o room2 :ile "o corn] ( ! room is    
occupi$ by an outsid]1 a woman :o       
receives ! nightly visits ( m54 ,?is is 
se5 by ! girls & ! boys2 evil passions  
are k9dl$ t lead to ! crime & blood%$   
:i* unveil = a brief in/ant be=e our    
eyes1 9 "s lurid p>agraph1 ?is little   
detail ( ! mass ( mis]y4  ,:oev] ent]s1 
= ! fir/ "t1 "o ( ^! ap>tm5ts is a/oni%$
 & horrifi$4 ,= ?is spectacle ( g5u9e   
mis]y is n at all l ! g>i% sc5e he has  
imag9$4 ,we ent] "h a _w ( %ad[s1 & t   
:i* /rikes u fir/ is ! d>kness :i*1 ev5 
?\gh x be midday1 makes x impossible to 
di/+ui% any ( ! details ( ! room4  ,:5 !
 eye has gr[n accu/om$ to ! gloom1 we   
p]ceive1 )91 ! outl9es ( a b$ ^u :i*    

lies huddl$ a figure--someone ill &     
suff]+4 ,if we h come to br+ money f "s 
society = mutual aid1 a c&le mu/ be     
light$ be=e ! sum c be c\nt$ & ! receipt
 sign$4 ,oh1 :5 we talk ( social        
problems1 h[ (t5 we speak vaguely1 draw+
 ^u our fancy = details in/ead ( prep>+ 
ourselves to judge intellig5tly ?r\gh a 
p]sonal inve/igation ( facts &          
conditions4  ,we discuss e>ne/ly ! "q ( 
home /udy = s*ool *ildr51 :5 = _m ( !m  
home means a /raw pallet ?r[n d[n 9 !   
corn] ( "s d>k hovel4 ,we wi% to e/abli%
 circulat+ libr>ies t ! poor may read at
 home4 ,we plan to s5d among ^! p books 
:i* %all =m _! dome/ic lit]ature--books 
?r\gh ^: influ5ce !y %all come to high] 
/&>ds ( liv+4 ,we hope ?r\gh ! pr9t$    
page to educate ^! poor p 9 matt]s (    
hygi5e1 ( morality1 ( culture1 & 9 ?is  
we %[ ourselves pr(\ndly ignorant ( _!  
mo/ cry+ ne$s4 ,= _m ( !m h no light by 
:i* to read6  ,!re lies be=e ! social   
crusad] ( ! pres5t day a problem m      
pr(\nd ?an t ( ! intellectual elevation 

( ! poor2 ! problem1 inde$1 ( life4  ,9 
speak+ ( ! *ildr5 born 9 ^! places1 ev5 
! conv5tional expressions mu/ be *ang$1 
= !y d n fir/ see ! light ( day2 !y come
 into a _w ( gloom4 ,!y gr[ among !     
poison\s %ad[s :i* envelope ov]-cr[d$   
humanity4 ,^! *ildr5 _c be o!r ?an fil?y
 9 body1 s9ce ! wat] supply 9 an ap>tm5t
 orig9ally int5d$ to be occupi$ by ?ree 
or f\r p]sons1 :5 di/ribut$ among tw5ty 
or ?irty is sc>cely en\gh = dr9k+       
purposes6  ,we ,italians h elevat$ our  
^w casa to ! almo/ sacr$ significance ( 
! ,engli% ^w home1 ! enclos$ temple (   
dome/ic affection1 accessible only to   
de> ones4  ,f> remov$ f ?is conception  
is ! condition ( ! _m :o h no casa1 b   
only gha/ly walls )9 :i* ! mo/ intimate 
acts ( life are expos$ ^u ! pillory4    
,"h1 !re c be no privacy1 no mode/y1 no 
g5tl5ess2 "h1 !re is (t5 n ev5 light1   
nor air1 nor wat]6 ,x seems a cruel     
mock]y to introduce "h our idea ( ! home
 z ess5tial to ! education ( ! masses1 &
 z furni%+1 along ) ! family1 ! only    

solid basis = ! social /ructure4 ,9 do+ 
?is we w\ld be n practical re=m]s b     
vision>y poets4  ,conditions su* z ,i h 
describ$ make x m decor\s1 m hygi5ic1 = 
^! p to take refuge 9 ! /reet & to let  
_! *ildr5 live !re4 ,b h[ (t5 ^! /reets 
are ! sc5e ( blood%$1 ( qu>rel1 ( sights
 s vile z to be almo/ inconceivable4 ,! 
pap]s tell u ( wom5 pursu$ & kill$ by   
drunk5 husb&s6 ,( "y girls ) ! fe> (    
worse ?an dea?1 /on$ by l[ m54 ,aga91 we
 see untellable ?+s--a wret*$ woman     
?r[n1 by ! drunk5 m5 :o h prey$ ^u h]1  
=? into ! gutt]4 ,!re1 :5 day has come1 
! *ildr5 ( ! neighb\rhood cr[d ab\t h] l
 scav5g]s ab\t _! dead prey1 %\t+ &     
laugh+ at ! sight ( ?is wreck (         
womanhood1 kick+ h] bruis$ & fil?y body 
z x lies 9 ! mud ( ! gutt]6  ,su*       
spectacles ( extreme brutality are      
possible "h at ! v gate ( a cosmopolitan
 city1 ! "m ( civilisation & que5 ( !   
f9e arts1 because ( a new fact :i* 0    
unkn[n to pa/ c5turies1 namely1 !       
isolation ( ! masses ( ! poor4  ,9 !    

,middle ,ages1 leprosy 0 isolat$3 !     
,ca?olics isolat$ ! ,hebrews 9 !        
,ghetto2 b pov]ty 0 nev] consid]$ a p]il
 & an infamy s great t x mu/ be isolat$4
 ,! homes ( ! poor 7 scatt]$ among ^? ( 
! ri* & ! contra/ betwe5 ^! 0 a         
commonplace 9 lit]ature up to our own   
times4 ,inde$1 :5 ,i 0 a *ild 9 s*ool1  
tea*]s1 = ! purpose ( moral education1  
frequ5tly resort$ to ! illu/ration ( !  
k9d pr9cess :o s5ds help to ! poor      
cottage next door1 or ( ! good *ildr5 f 
! great h\se :o c>ry food to ! sick     
woman 9 ! neighb\r+ attic4  ,to-day all 
?is w\ld be z unreal & artificial z a   
fairy tale4 ,! poor may no long] le>n f 
_! m =tunate neighb\rs lessons 9 c\rtesy
 & good bre$+1 !y no long] h ! hope (   
help f !m 9 cases ( extreme ne$4 ,we h  
h]d$ !m toge!r f> f u1 )\t ! walls1     
leav+ !m to le>n ( ea* o!r1 9 ! ab&on ( 
desp]ation1 ! cruel lessons ( brutality 
& vice4 ,anyone 9 :om ! social consci5ce
 is awake mu/ see t we h ?us creat$     
infect$ regions t ?reat5 ) deadly p]il !

 city :i*1 wi%+ to make all beautiful & 
%9+ accord+ to an ae/hetic & ari/ocratic
 ideal1 has ?ru/ )\t its walls :atev] is
 ugly or diseas$4  ,:5 ,i pass$ = ! fir/
 "t ?r\gh ^! /reets1 x 0 z if ,i f\nd   
myself 9 a city ^u :i* "s great disa/]  
_h fall54 ,x seem$ to me t ! %ad[ ( "s  
rec5t /ruggle /ill oppress$ ! unhappy p 
:o1 ) some?+ v l t]ror 9 _! pale faces1 
pass$ me 9 ^! sil5t /reets4 ,! v sil5ce 
seem$ to signify ! life ( a community   
int]rupt$1 brok54 ,n a c>riage1 n ev5 ! 
*e]ful voice ( ! ev]-pres5t /reet v5d]1 
nor ! s\nd ( ! h&-organ play+ 9 ! hope (
 a few p5nies1 n ev5 ^! ?+s1 s          
*>act]i/ic ( poor qu>t]s1 ent] "h to    
light5 ?is sad & heavy sil5ce4  ,obs]v+ 
^! /reets ) _! deep holes1 ! door/eps   
brok5 & tumbl+1 we might almo/ suppose t
 ?is disa/] _h be5 9 ! nature ( a great 
inundation :i* _h c>ri$ ! v e>? away2 b 
look+ ab\t u at ! h\ses /ripp$ ( all    
decorations1 ! walls brok5 & sc>r$1 we  
are incl9$ to ?9k t x 0 p]haps an       
e>?quake :i* has afflict$ ?is qu>t]4    

,!n1 look+ /ill m closely1 we see t 9   
all ?is ?ickly settl$ neighb\rhood !re  
is n a %op to be f\nd4 ,s poor is !     
community t x has n be5 possible to     
e/abli% ev5 "o ( ^? popul> baz>s :]e    
necess>y articles are sold at s l[ a    
price z to put !m )9 ! rea* ( anyone4 ,!
 only %ops ( any sort are ! l[ w9e %ops 
:i* op5 _! evil-smell+ doors to !       
pass]-by4 ,z we look ^u all ?is1 x is   
borne ^u u t ! disa/] :i* has plac$ its 
weight ( suff]+ ^u ^! p is n a          
convulsion ( nature1 b pov]ty--pov]ty ) 
its insep>able companion1 vice4  ,?is   
unhappy & dang]\s /ate ( ?+s1 to :i* our
 att5tion is call$ at int]vals by       
newspap] acc\nts ( viol5t & immoral     
crime1 /irs ! he>ts & consci5ces ( _m :o
 come to und]take among ^! p "s "w (    
g5]\s b5evol5ce4 ,"o might almo/ say t e
 =m ( mis]y inspires a special rem$y & t
 all h be5 tri$ "h1 f ! attempt to      
introduce hygi5ic pr9ciples into ea*    
h\se1 to ! e/abli%m5t ( cre*es1         
,*ildr5's ,h\ses1 & disp5s>ies4  ,b :at 

inde$ is b5evol5ce8 ,little m ?an an    
expression ( sorr[2 x is pity translat$ 
into action4 ,! b5efits ( su* a =m (    
*>ity _c be great1 & ?r\gh ! abs5ce (   
any cont9u$ income & ! lack (           
organisation x is re/rict$ to a small   
numb] ( p]sons4 ,! great & widespread   
p]il ( evil dem&s1 on ! o!r h&1 a broad 
& compreh5sive "w direct$ t[>d !        
r$emption ( ! entire community4 ,only   
su* an organisation1 z1 work+ = ! good (
 o!rs1 %all itself gr[ & prosp] ?r\gh ! 
g5]al prosp]ity :i* x has made possible1
 c make a place = itself 9 ?is qu>t] &  
accompli% a p]man5t good "w4  ,x is to  
meet ?is dire necessity t ! great &     
k9dly "w ( ! ,roman ,association ( ,good
 ,build+ has be5 und]tak54 ,! advanc$ & 
highly mod]n way 9 :i* ?is "w is be+    
c>ri$ on is due to ,edo>do ,talamo1     
,director ,g5]al ( ! ,association4 ,8   
plans1 s orig9al1 s compreh5sive1 yet s 
practical1 are )\t c\nt]p>t 9 ,italy or 
else:]e4  ,?is ,association 0           
incorporat$ ?ree ye>s ago 9 ,rome1 its  

plan be+ to acquire city t5em5ts1       
remodel !m1 put !m into a productive    
condition1 & adm9i/] !m z a good fa!r ( 
a family w\ld4  ,! fir/ prop]ty acquir$ 
compris$ a l>ge portion ( ! ,qu>t] (    
,san ,lor5zo1 :]e to-day ! ,association 
possesses fifty-eight h\ses1 occupy+ a  
gr\nd space ( ab\t #cj1jjj squ>e metres1
 & conta9+1 indep5d5t ( ! gr\nd floor1  
#a1fjj small ap>tm5ts4 ,?\s&s ( p w 9   
?is way receive ! b5efic5t influ5ce ( ! 
protective re=ms ( ! ,good ,build+      
,association4 ,foll[+ its b5efic5t      
programme1 ! ,association set ab\t      
trans=m+ ^! old h\ses1 accord+ to ! mo/ 
mod]n /&>ds1 pay+ z mu* att5tion to     
que/ions relat$ to hygi5e & morals z to 
^? relat+ to build+s4 ,! con/ructional  
*anges w\ld make ! prop]ty ( real & la/+
 value1 :ile ! hygi5ic & moral          
trans=mation1 w\ld1 ?r\gh ! improv$     
condition ( ! inmates1 make ! r5t f ^!  
ap>tm5ts a m def9ite asset4  ,!         
,association ( ,good ,build+ !re=e      
decid$ ^u a programme :i* w\ld p]mit ( a

 gradual atta9m5t ( _! ideal4 ,x is     
necess>y to proce$ sl[ly because x is n 
easy to empty a t5em5t h\se at a "t :5  
h\ses are sc>ce1 & ! humanit>ian        
pr9ciples :i* gov]n ! entire movem5t    
make x impossible to proce$ m rapidly 9 
?is "w ( reg5]ation4 ,s x is1 t !       
,association has up to ! pres5t "t      
trans=m$ only ?ree h\ses 9 ! ,qu>t] (   
,san ,lor5zo4 ,! plan foll[$ 9 ?is      
trans=mation is z foll[s3  ,a3 ,to      
demoli% 9 e build+ all portions ( !     
/ructure n orig9ally con/ruct$ ) ! idea 
( mak+ homes1 b1 f a purely comm]cial   
/&po9t1 ( mak+ ! r5tal roll l>g]4 ,9 o!r
 words1 ! new managem5t tore d[n ^? p>ts
 ( ! build+ :i* encumb]$ ! c5tral c\rt1 
?us do+ away ) d>k1 ill-v5tilat$        
ap>tm5ts1 & giv+ air & light to ! rema9+
 portion ( ! t5em5t4 ,broad airy c\rts  
take ! place ( ! inadequate air & light 
%afts1 r5d]+ ! rema9+ ap>tm5ts m        
valuable & inf9itely m desirable4  ,b3  
,to increase ! numb] ( /airways1 & to   
divide ! room space 9 a m practical way4

 ,! l>ge six or sev5 room suites are    
r$uc$ to small ap>tm5ts ( "o1 two1 or   
?ree rooms1 & a kit*54  ,! importance ( 
su* *anges may be recognis$ f ! economic
 po9t ( view ( ! proprietor z well z f !
 /&po9t ( ! moral & mat]ial welf>e ( !  
t5ant4 ,increas+ ! numb] ( /airways     
dim9i%es t abuse ( walls & /airs        
inevitable :]e s _m p]sons mu/ pass up &
 d[n4 ,! t5ants m readily le>n to       
respect ! build+ & acquire habits (     
cleanl9ess & ord]4 ,n only ?is1 b 9     
r$uc+ ! *ances ( contact among !        
inhabitants ( ! h\se1 especially late at
 night1 a great advance has be5 made 9 !
 matt] ( moral hygi5e4  ,! division ( ! 
h\se into small ap>tm5ts has done mu*   
t[>d ?is moral reg5]ation4 ,ea* family  
is ?us set ap>t1 homes are made         
possible1 :ile ! m5ac+ evil ( sublett+  
toge!r ) all its disa/r\s consequ5ces ( 
ov]cr[d+ & immorality is *eck$ 9 ! mo/  
radical way4  ,on "o side ?is arrangem5t
 less5s ! burd5 ( ! individual lease    
hold]s1 & on ! o!r increases ! income ( 

! proprietor1 :o n[ receives ^? e>n+s   
:i* 7 ! unlawful ga9 ( ! sy/em (        
sublett+4 ,:5 ! proprietor :o orig9ally 
r5t$ an ap>tm5t ( six rooms = a mon?ly  
r5tal ( eight doll>s1 makes su* an      
ap>tm5t ov] into ?ree small1 sunny1 &   
airy suites consi/+ ( "o room & a kit*51
 x is evid5t t he increases 8 income4   
,! moral importance ( ?is re=m z x /&s  
to-day is trem5d\s1 = x has done away ) 
^? evil influ5ces & l[ opportunities :i*
 arise f cr[d+ & f promiscu\s contact1 &
 has br\ght to life among ^! p1 = ! fir/
 "t1 ! g5tle s5tim5t ( feel+ !mselves   
free )9 _! own homes1 9 ! intimacy ( !  
family4  ,b ! project ( ! ,association  
goes beyond ev5 ?is4 ,! h\se :i* x (f]s 
to its t5ants is n only sunny & airy1 b 
9 p]fect ord] & repair1 almo/ %9+1 & z  
if p]fum$ ) purity & fre%ness4 ,^! good 
?+s1 h[ev]1 c>ry ) !m a responsibility  
:i* ! t5ant mu/ assume if he wi%es to   
enjoy !m4 ,he mu/ pay an actual tax (   
c>e & good w4 ,! t5ant :o receives a    
clean h\se mu/ keep x s1 mu/ respect !  

walls f ! big g5]al entrance to !       
int]ior ( 8 own little ap>tm5t4 ,he :o  
keeps 8 h\se 9 good condition receives !
 recognition & consid]ation due su* a   
t5ant4 ,?us all ! t5ants unite 9 an     
ennobl+ w>f>e = practical hygi5e1 an end
 made possible by ! simple task (       
cons]v+ ! already p]fect conditions4    
,"h inde$ is some?+ new6 ,s f> only our 
great national build+s h _h a cont9u$   
ma9t5ance fund4 ,"h1 9 ^! h\ses (f]$ to 
! p1 ! ma9t5ance is confid$ to a hundr$ 
or s work+m51 t is1 to all ! occupants (
 ! build+4 ,?is c>e is almo/ p]fect4 ,! 
p keep ! h\se 9 p]fect condition1 )\t a 
s+le spot4 ,! build+ 9 :i* we f9d       
ourselves to-day has be5 = two ye>s "u !
 sole protection ( ! t5ants1 & ! "w (   
ma9t5ance has be5 left entirely to !m4  
,yet few ( our h\ses c comp>e 9         
cleanl9ess & fre%ness ) ?is home ( !    
poor4  ,! exp]im5t has be5 tri$ & !     
result is rem>kable4 ,! p acquire toge!r
 ) ! lore ( home-mak+1 t ( cleanl9ess4  
,!y come1 moreov]1 to wi% to beautify _!

 homes4 ,! ,association helps ?is by    
plac+ gr[+ plants & trees 9 ! c\rts &   
ab\t ! halls4  ,out ( ?is hone/ rivalry 
9 matt]s s productive ( good1 gr[s a    
species ( pride new to ?is qu>t]2 ?is is
 ! pride :i* ! entire body ( t5ants     
takes 9 hav+ ! be/-c>$-= build+ & 9 hav+
 ris5 to a high] & m civilis$ plane (   
liv+4 ,!y n only live 9 a h\se1 b !y "k 
h[ to live1 !y "k h[ to respect ! h\se 9
 :i* !y live4  ,?is fir/ impulse has l$ 
to o!r re=ms4 ,f ! clean home w come    
p]sonal cleanl9ess4 ,dirty furniture _c 
be tol]at$ 9 a clean h\se1 & ^? p]sons  
liv+ 9 a p]man5tly clean h\se w come to 
desire p]sonal cleanl9ess4  ,"o ( ! mo/ 
important hygi5ic re=ms ( ! ,association
 is t ( ! ba?s4 ,ea* remodel$ t5em5t has
 a place set ap>t = ba?rooms1 furni%$ ) 
tubs or %[]1 & hav+ hot & cold wat]4    
,all ! t5ants 9 regul> turn may use ^!  
ba?s1 z1 = example1 9 v>i\s t5em5ts !   
occupants g accord+ to turn1 to wa% _!  
clo!s 9 ! f\nta9 9 ! c\rt4 ,?is is a    
great conv5i5ce :i* invites ! p to be   

clean4 ,^! hot & cold ba?s )9 ! h\se are
 a great improvem5t ^u ! g5]al public   
ba?s4 ,9 ?is way we make possible to ^! 
p1 at "o & ! same "t1 heal? & ref9em5t1 
op5+ n only to ! sun1 b to progress1 ^? 
d>k habitations once ! vile caves (     
mis]y4  ,b 9 /riv+ to realise its ideal 
( a semi-gratuit\s ma9t5ance ( its      
build+s1 ! ,association met ) a         
difficulty 9 reg>d to ^? *ildr5 "u s*ool
 age1 :o mu/ (t5 be left alone dur+ !   
entire day :ile _! p>5ts w5t out to "w4 
,^! little ones1 n be+ able to und]/& ! 
educative motives :i* taught _! p>5ts to
 respect ! h\se1 became ignorant little 
v&als1 defac+ ! walls & /airs4 ,& "h we 
h ano!r re=m ! exp5se ( :i* may be      
consid]$ z indirectly assum$ by ! t5ants
 z 0 ! c>e ( ! build+4 ,?is re=m may be 
consid]$ z ! mo/ brilliant trans=mation 
( a tax :i* progress & civilisation h z 
yet devis$4 ,! ,*ildr5's ,h\se is e>n$  
by ! p>5ts ?r\gh ! c>e ( ! build+4 ,its 
exp5ses are met by ! sum t !            
,association w\ld h o!rwise be5 =c$ to  

sp5d ^u repairs4 ,a wond]ful climax1    
?is1 ( moral b5efits receiv$6 ,)9 !     
,*ildr5's ,h\se1 :i* belongs exclusively
 to ^? *ildr5 "u s*ool age1 work+ mo!rs 
may safely leave _! little ones1 & may  
proce$ ) a feel+ ( great relief & fre$om
 to _! own "w4 ,b ?is b5efit1 l t ( !   
c>e ( ! h\se1 is n conf]r$ )\t a tax (  
c>e & ( good w4 #f,! ,regulations po/$  
on ! walls ann\nce x ?us3    #f ,see    
page #gj4  ,! mo!rs are oblig$ to s5d _!
 *ildr5 to ! ',*ildr5's ,h\se' clean1 & 
to co-op]ate ) ! ,directress 9 !        
educational "w4  ,two obligations3      
namely1 ! physical & moral c>e ( _! own 
*ildr54 ,if ! *ild %[s ?r\gh its        
conv]sation t ! educational "w ( ! s*ool
 is be+ und]m9$ by ! attitude tak5 9 8  
home1 he w be s5t back to 8 p>5ts1 to   
tea* !m ?us h[ to take advantage ( _!   
good opportunities4 ,^? :o give !mselves
 ov] to l[-liv+1 to fight+1 & to        
brutality1 %all feel ^u !m ! weight ( ^?
 little lives1 s ne$+ c>e4 ,!y %all feel
 t !y !mselves h once m ca/ into !      

d>kness ( neglect ^? little creatures :o
 are ! de>e/ "p ( ! family4 ,9 o!r      
words1 ! p>5ts mu/ le>n to des]ve !     
b5efit ( hav+ )9 ! h\se ! great         
advantage ( a s*ool = _! little ones4   
,good w1 a will+ness to meet ! dem&s ( !
 ,association is en\gh1 = ! directress  
is ready & will+ to tea* !m h[4 ,!      
regulations say t ! "m mu/ g at lea/    
once a week1 to conf] ) ! directress1   
giv+ an acc\nt ( h] *ild1 & accept+ any 
helpful advice :i* ! directress may be  
able to give4 ,! advice ?us giv5 w      
und\bt$ly prove mo/ illum9at+ 9 reg>d to
 ! *ild's heal? & education1 s9ce to ea*
 ( ! ,*ildr5's ,h\ses is assign$ a      
physician z well z a directress4  ,!    
directress is always at ! disposition ( 
! mo!rs1 & h] life1 z a cultur$ &       
educat$ p]son1 is a con/ant example to !
 inhabitants ( ! h\se1 = %e is oblig$ to
 live 9 ! t5em5t & to be !re=e a        
co-habitant ) ! families ( all h] little
 pupils4 ,?is is a fact ( imm5se        
importance4 ,among ^! almo/ savage p1   

into ^! h\ses :]e at night no "o d>$ g  
ab\t un>m$1 !re has come n only to tea*1
 b to live ! v life !y live1 a          
g5tlewoman ( culture1 an educator by    
pr(ession1 :o d$icates h] "t & h] life  
to help+ ^? ab\t h]6 ,a true mission>y1 
a moral que5 among ! p1 %e may1 if %e be
 possess$ ( suffici5t tact & he>t1 reap 
an unhe>d-( h>ve/ ( good f h] social "w4
  ,?is h\se is v]ily new2 x w\ld seem a 
dream impossible ( realisation1 b x has 
be5 tri$4 ,x is true t !re h be5 be=e   
?is attempts made by g5]\s p]sons to g &
 live among ! poor to civilise !m4 ,b   
su* "w is n practical1 unless ! h\se ( !
 poor is hygi5ic1 mak+ x possible = p ( 
bett] /&>ds to live !re4 ,nor c su* "w  
succe$ 9 its purpose unless "s common   
advantage or int]e/ unites all ( !      
t5ants 9 an ef=t t[>d bett] ?+s4  ,?is  
t5em5t is new also because ( !          
p$agogical organisation ( ! ,*ildr5's   
,h\se4 ,?is is n simply a place :]e !   
*ildr5 are kept1 n j an asylum1 b a true
 s*ool = _! education1 & its me?ods are 

inspir$ by ! rational pr9ciples (       
sci5tific p$agogy4  ,! physical         
developm5t ( ! *ildr5 is foll[$1 ea*    
*ild be+ /udi$ f ! an?ropological       
/&po9t4 ,l+ui/ic ex]cises1 a sy/ematic  
s5se-tra9+1 & ex]cises :i* directly fit 
! *ild = ! duties ( practical life1 =m !
 basis ( ! "w done4 ,! tea*+ is decid$ly
 objective1 & pres5ts an unusual ri*ness
 ( didactic mat]ial4  ,x is n possible  
to speak ( all ?is 9 detail4 ,i mu/1    
h[ev]1 m5tion t !re already exi/s 9     
connection ) ! s*ool a ba?room1 :]e !   
*ildr5 may be giv5 hot or cold ba?s &   
:]e !y may le>n to take a p>tial ba?1   
h&s1 face1 neck1 e>s4 ,:]ev] possible ! 
,association has provid$ a piece ( gr\nd
 9 :i* ! *ildr5 may le>n to cultivate ! 
vegetables 9 common use4  ,x is         
important t ,i speak "h ( ! p$agogical  
progress atta9$ by ! ,*ildr5's ,h\se z  
an in/itution4 ,^? :o are conv]sant ) ! 
*ief problems ( ! s*ool "k t to-day mu* 
att5tion is giv5 to a great pr9ciple1 "o
 t is ideal & almo/ beyond              

realisation1--! union ( ! family & !    
s*ool 9 ! matt] ( educational aims4 ,b !
 family is always some?+ f> away f !    
s*ool1 & is almo/ always reg>d$ z       
rebell+ aga9/ its ideals4 ,x is a       
species ( phantom ^u :i* ! s*ool c nev] 
lay its h&s4 ,! home is clos$ n only to 
p$agogical progress1 b (t5 to social    
progress4 ,we see "h = ! fir/ "t !      
possibility ( realis+ ! long-talk$-(    
p$agogical ideal4 ,we h put ! s*ool )9 !
 h\se2 & ?is is n all4 ,we h plac$ x )9 
! h\se z ! prop]ty ( ! collectivity1    
leav+ "u ! eyes ( ! p>5ts ! :ole life ( 
! tea*] 9 ! accompli%m5t ( h] high      
mission4  ,?is idea ( ! collective      
own]%ip ( ! s*ool is new & v beautiful &
 pr(\ndly educational4  ,! p>5ts "k t ! 
,*ildr5's ,h\se is _! prop]ty1 & is     
ma9ta9$ by a portion ( ! r5t !y pay4 ,! 
mo!rs may g at any h\r ( ! day to wat*1 
to admire1 or to m$itate ^u ! life !re4 
,x is 9 e way a cont9ual /imulus to     
reflection1 & a f\nt ( evid5t bless+ &  
help to _! own *ildr54 ,we may say t !  

mo!rs adore ! ,*ildr5's ,h\se1 & !      
directress4 ,h[ _m delicate & ?\ghtful  
att5tions ^! good mo!rs %[ ! tea*] ( _! 
little ones6 ,!y (t5 leave sweets or    
fl[]s ^u ! sill ( ! s*oolroom w9d[1 z a 
sil5t tok51 rev]5tly1 almo/ religi\sly1 
giv54  ,& :5 aft] ?ree ye>s ( su* a     
novitiate1 ! mo!rs s5d _! *ildr5 to !   
common s*ools1 !y w be excell5tly prep>$
 to co-op]ate 9 ! "w ( education1 & w h 
acquir$ a s5tim5t1 r>ely f\nd ev5 among 
! be/ classes2 namely1 ! idea t !y mu/  
m]it ?r\gh _! own conduct & ) _! own    
virtue1 ! possession ( an educat$ son4  
,ano!r advance made by ! ,*ildr5's      
,h\ses z an in/itution is relat$ to     
sci5tific p$agogy4 ,?is bran* ( p$agogy1
 h]et(ore1 be+ bas$ ^u ! an?ropological 
/udy ( ! pupil :om x is to educate1 has 
t\*$ only a few ( ! positive que/ions   
:i* t5d to trans=m education4 ,= a man  
is n only a biological b a social       
product1 & ! social environm5t (        
individuals 9 ! process ( education1 is 
! home4 ,sci5tific p$agogy w seek 9 va9 

to bett] ! new g5]ation if x does n     
succe$ 9 influ5c+ also ! environm5t )9  
:i* ?is new g5]ation gr[s6 ,i believe1  
!re=e1 t 9 op5+ ! h\se to ! light ( new 
tru?s1 & to ! progress ( civilisation we
 h solv$ ! problem ( be+ able to modify 
directly1 ! environm5t ( ! new g5]ation1
 & h ?us made x possible to apply1 9 a  
practical way1 ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( 
sci5tific p$agogy4  ,! ,*ildr5's ,h\se  
m>ks /ill ano!r triumph2 x is ! fir/ /ep
 t[>d ! socialisation ( ! h\se4 ,!      
inmates f9d "u _! own ro( ! conv5i5ce ( 
be+ able to leave _! little ones 9 a    
place1 n only safe1 b :]e !y h e        
advantage4  ,& let x be rememb]$ t all !
 mo!rs 9 ! t5em5t may enjoy ?is         
privilege1 go+ away to _! "w ) easy     
m9ds4 ,until ! pres5t "t only "o class 9
 society might h ?is advantage4 ,ri*    
wom5 7 able to g ab\t _! v>i\s          
occupations & amusem5ts1 leav+ _! *ildr5
 9 ! h&s ( a nurse or a gov]ness4       
,to-day ! wom5 ( ! p :o live 9 ^!       
remodel$ h\ses1 may say1 l ! great lady1

 ,i h left my son ) ! gov]ness & !      
nurse4 ,m ?an ?is1 !y may add1 l !      
pr9cess ( ! blood1 ,& ! h\se physician  
wat*es ov] !m & directs _! sane & /urdy 
gr[?4 ,^! wom51 l ! mo/ advanc$ class ( 
,engli% & ,am]ican mo!rs1 possess a     
,biographical ,*>t1 :i*1 fill$ = ! "m by
 ! directress & ! doctor1 gives h] ! mo/
 practical k ( h] *ild's gr[? &         
condition4  ,we are all famili> ) !     
ord9>y advantages ( ! communi/ic        
trans=mation ( ! g5]al environm5t4 ,=   
example1 ! collective use ( railway     
c>riages1 ( /reet lights1 ( ! telephone1
 all ^! are great advantages4 ,! enorm\s
 production ( useful articles1 br\ght   
ab\t by indu/rial progress1 makes       
possible to all1 clean clo!s1 c>pets1   
curta9s1 table-delicacies1 bett]        
tablew>e1 etc4 ,! mak+ ( su* b5efits    
g5]ally t5ds to level social ca/e4 ,all 
?is we h se5 9 its reality4 ,b !        
communis+ ( p]sons is new4 ,t !         
collectivity %all b5efit f ! s]vices ( !
 s]vant1 ! nurse1 ! tea*]--?is is a     

mod]n ideal4  ,we h 9 ! ,*ildr5's ,h\ses
 a demon/ration ( ?is ideal :i* is      
unique 9 ,italy or else:]e4 ,its        
significance is mo/ pr(\nd1 = x         
corresponds to a ne$ ( ! times4 ,we c no
 long] say t ! conv5i5ce ( leav+ _!     
*ildr5 takes away f ! "m a natural      
social duty ( fir/ importance2 namely1 t
 ( c>+ = & educat+ h] t5d] (fspr+4 ,no1 
= to-day ! social & economic evolution  
calls ! work+-woman to take h] place    
among wage-e>n]s1 & takes away f h] by  
=ce ^? duties :i* w\ld be mo/ de> to h]6
 ,! "m mu/1 9 any ev5t1 leave h] *ild1 &
 (t5 ) ! pa9 ( kn[+ him to be ab&on$4 ,!
 advantages furni%$ by su* in/itutions  
are n limit$ to ! lab\r+ classes1 b     
ext5d also to ! g5]al middle-class1 _m (
 :om "w ) ! bra94 ,tea*]s1 pr(essors1   
(t5 oblig$ to give private lessons aft] 
s*ool h\rs1 frequ5tly leave _! *ildr5 to
 ! c>e1 ( "s r\gh & ignorant            
maid-(-all-"w4 ,inde$1 ! fir/ ann\ncem5t
 ( ! ,*ildr5's ,h\se 0 foll[$ by a      
deluge ( lett]s f p]sons ( ! bett] class

 dem&+ t ^! helpful re=ms be ext5d$ to  
_! dwell+s4  ,we are1 !n1 communis+ a   
mat]nal function1 a fem99e duty1 )9 !   
h\se4 ,we may see "h 9 ?is practical act
 ! solv+ ( _m ( woman's problems :i* h  
seem$ to _m impossible ( solution4 ,:at 
!n w become ( ! home1 "o asks1 if !     
woman goes away f x8 ,! home w be       
trans=m$ & w assume ! functions ( !     
woman4  ,i believe t 9 ! future (       
society o!r =ms ( communi/ic life w     
come4  ,take1 = example1 ! infirm>y2    
woman is ! natural nurse = ! de> ones ( 
h] h\sehold4 ,b :o does n "k h[ (t5 9 ^!
 days %e is oblig$ to te> h]self        
unwill+ly f ! b$side ( h] sick to g to  
h] "w8 ,competition is great1 & h]      
abs5ce f h] po/ ?reat5s ! t5ure ( !     
position f :i* %e draws ! means (       
support4 ,to be able to leave ! sick "o 
9 a h\se-infirm>y1 to :i* %e may h      
access any free mom5ts %e may h1 & :]e  
%e is at lib]ty to wat* dur+ ! night1   
w\ld be an evid5t advantage to su* a    
woman4  ,& h[ great w\ld be ! progress  

made 9 ! matt] ( family hygi5e1 9 all t 
relates to isolation & dis9fection6 ,:o 
does n "k ! difficulties ( a poor family
 :5 "o *ild is ill ( "s contagions      
disease1 & %\ld be isolat$ f ! o!rs8    
,(t5 su* a family may h no k9dr$ or     
fri5ds 9 ! city to :om ! o!r *ildr5 may 
be s5t4  ,mu* m di/ant1 b n impossible1 
is ! communal kit*51 :]e ! d9n] ord]$ 9 
! morn+ is s5t at ! prop] "t1 by means (
 a dumb-wait]1 to ! family d9+-room4    
,inde$1 ?is has be5 successfully tri$ 9 
,am]ica4 ,su* a re=m w\ld be ( ! greate/
 advantage to ^? families ( !           
middle-class :o mu/ confide _! heal? & !
 pleasures ( ! table to ! h&s ( an      
ignorant s]vant :o ru9s ! food4 ,at     
pres5t1 ! only alt]native 9 su* cases is
 to g outside ! home to "s cafe :]e a   
*eap table d'hote may be _h4  ,inde$1 ! 
trans=mation ( ! h\se mu/ comp5sate = ! 
loss 9 ! family ( ! pres5ce ( ! woman :o
 has become a social wage-e>n]4  ,9 ?is 
way ! h\se w become a c5tre1 draw+ into 
itself all ^? good ?+s :i* h hi!rto be5 

lack+3 s*ools1 public ba?s1 hospitals1  
etc4  ,?us ! t5d5cy w be to *ange !     
t5em5t h\ses1 :i* h be5 places ( vice & 
p]il1 into c5tres ( education1 (        
ref9em5t1 ( com=t4 ,?is w be help$ if1  
besides ! s*ools = ! *ildr51 !re may gr[
 up also clubs & read+-rooms = !        
inhabitants1 especially = ! m51 :o w f9d
 !re a way to pass ! ev5+ pleasantly &  
dec5tly4 ,! t5em5t-club1 z possible & z 
useful 9 all social classes z is !      
,*ildr5's ,h\se1 w d mu* t[>d clos+ !   
gambl+-h\ses & saloons to ! great moral 
advantage ( ! p4 ,& ,i believe t !      
,association ( ,good ,build+ w be=e long
 e/abli% su* clubs 9 its re=m$ t5em5ts  
"h 9 ! ,qu>t] ( ,san ,lor5zo2 clubs :]e 
! t5ants may f9d newspap]s & books1 &   
:]e !y may he> simple & helpful         
lectures4  ,we are1 !n1 v f> f ! dread$ 
dissolution ( ! home & ( ! family1 ?r\gh
 ! fact t woman has be5 =c$ by *ang$    
social & economic conditions to give h] 
"t & /r5g? to remun]ative "w4 ,! home   
itself assumes ! g5tle fem99e attributes

 ( ! dome/ic h\sewife4 ,! day may come  
:5 ! t5ant1 hav+ giv5 to ! proprietor ( 
! h\se a c]ta9 sum1 %all receive 9      
ex*ange :atev] is necess>y to ! com=t ( 
life2 9 o!r words1 ! adm9i/ration %all  
become ! /ew>d ( ! family4  ,! h\se1 ?us
 consid]$1 t5ds to assume 9 its         
evolution a significance m exalt$ ?an   
ev5 ! ,engli% ^w home expresses4 ,x does
 n consi/ ( walls alone1 ?\gh ^! walls  
be ! pure & %9+ gu>dians ( t intimacy   
:i* is ! sacr$ symbol ( ! family4 ,!    
home %all become m ?an ?is4 ,x lives6 ,x
 has a s\l4 ,x may be said to embrace   
its inmates ) ! t5d]1 consol+ arms (    
woman4 ,x is ! giv] ( moral life1 (     
bless+s2 x c>es =1 x educates & fe$s !  
little ones4 ,)9 x1 ! tir$ workman %all 
f9d re/ & newness ( life4 ,he %all f9d  
!re ! intimate life ( ! family1 & its   
happ9ess4  ,! new woman1 l ! butt]fly   
come =? f ! *rysalis1 %all be lib]at$ f 
all ^? attributes :i* once made h]      
desirable to man only z ! s\rce ( !     
mat]ial bless+s ( exi/5ce4 ,%e %all be1 

l man1 an individual1 a free human be+1 
a social work]2 &1 l man1 %e %all seek  
bless+ & repose )9 ! h\se1 ! h\se :i*   
has be5 re=m$ & communis$4  ,%e %all wi%
 to be lov$ = h]self & n z a giv] (     
com=t & repose4 ,%e %all wi% a love free
 f e =m ( s]vile lab\r4 ,! goal ( human 
love is n ! egoti/ical end ( assur+ its 
own satisfaction--x is ! sublime goal ( 
multiply+ ! =ces ( ! free _s1 mak+ x    
almo/ ,div9e1 &1 )9 su* beauty & light1 
p]petuat+ ! species4  ,?is ideal love is
 made inc>nate by ,fr$]ick ,nietzs*e1 9 
! woman ( ,z>a?u/ra1 :o consci5ti\sly   
wi%$ h] son to be bett] ?an %e4 ,:y d y 
desire me8 %e asks ! man4 ,p]haps       
because ( ! p]ils ( a solit>y life8  ,9 
t case g f> f me4 ,i wi% ! man :o has   
conqu]$ himself1 :o has made 8 s\l      
great4 ,i wi% ! man :o has cons]v$ a    
clean & robu/ body4 ,i wi% ! man :o     
desires to unite ) me1 body & s\l1 to   
create a son6 ,a son bett]1 m p]fect1   
/rong]1 ?an any creat$ h]et(ore6  ,to   
bett] ! species consci\sly1 cultivat+ 8 

own heal?1 8 own virtue1 ?is %\ld be !  
goal ( man's m>ri$ life4 ,x is a sublime
 concept ( :i*1 z yet1 few ?9k4 ,& !    
socialis$ home ( ! future1 liv+1        
provid5t1 k9dly2 educator & com=t]2 is !
 true & wor?y home ( ^? human mates :o  
wi% to bett] ! species1 & to s5d ! race 
=w>d triumphant into ! et]nity ( life6  
,,rules ,,& ,,regulations ,,( ,,!       
,,*ildr5',s ,,h\ses  ,! ,roman          
,association ( ,good ,build+ h]eby      
e/abli%es )9 its t5em5t h\se numb]1 a   
,*ildr5's ,h\se1 9 :i* may be ga!r$     
toge!r all *ildr5 "u common s*ool age1  
belong+ to ! families ( ! t5ants4  ,!   
*ief aim ( ! ,*ildr5's ,h\se is to (f]1 
free ( *>ge1 to ! *ildr5 ( ^? p>5ts :o  
are oblig$ to abs5t !mselves = _! "w1 ! 
p]sonal c>e :i* ! p>5ts are n able to   
give4  ,9 ! ,*ildr5's ,h\se att5tion is 
giv5 to ! education1 ! heal?1 ! physical
 & moral developm5t ( ! *ildr54 ,?is "w 
is c>ri$ on 9 a way suit$ to ! age ( !  
*ildr54  ,!re %all be connect$ ) !      
,*ildr5's ,h\se a ,directress1 a        

,physician1 & a ,c>etak]4  ,! programme 
& h\rs ( ! ,*ildr5's ,h\se %all be fix$ 
by ! ,directress4  ,!re may be admitt$  
to ! ,*ildr5's ,h\se all ! *ildr5 9 !   
t5em5t betwe5 ! ages ( ?ree & sev54  ,! 
p>5ts :o wi% to avail !mselves ( !      
advantages ( ! ,*ildr5's ,h\se pay no?+4
 ,!y mu/1 h[ev]1 assume ^! b9d+         
obligations3      7a7 ,to s5d _! *ildr5 
to ! ,*ildr5's ,h\se at !     appo9t$   
"t1 clean 9 body & clo?+1 & provid$ )   
a suitable apron4      7b7 ,to %[ !     
greate/ respect & def]5ce t[>d !        
,directress & t[>d all p]sons connect$ )
 !     ,*ildr5's ,h\se1 & to co-op]ate )
 ! ,directress     h]self 9 ! education 
( ! *ildr54 ,once a week1 at     lea/1 !
 mo!rs may talk ) ! ,directress1 giv+ h]
     in=mation conc]n+ ! home life ( !  
*ild1 &     receiv+ helpful advice f h]4
  ,!re %all be expell$ f ! ,*ildr5's    
,h\se3      7a7 ,^? *ildr5 :o pres5t    
!mselves unwa%$1 or 9     soil$ clo?+4  
7b7 ,^? :o %[ !mselves to be            
incorrigible4      7c7 ,^? ^: p>5ts fail

 9 respect to ! p]sons     connect$ ) ! 
,*ildr5's ,h\se1 or :o de/roy ?r\gh     
bad conduct ! educational "w ( !        
in/itution4     ,,*apt] ,,iv            
,,p$agogical ,,me?ods ,,us$ ,,9 ,,!     
,,*ildr5',s ,,h\ses   ,z soon z ,i knew 
t ,i _h at my disposal a class ( little 
*ildr51 x 0 my wi% to make ( ?is s*ool a
 field = sci5tific exp]im5tal p$agogy & 
*ild psy*ology4 ,i />t$ ) a view 9 :i*  
,wundt concurs2 namely1 t *ild psy*ology
 does n exi/4 ,inde$1 exp]im5tal        
rese>*es 9 reg>d to *ildhood1 z1 =      
example1 ^? ( ,prey] & ,baldw91 h be5   
made ^u n m ?an two or ?ree subjects1   
*ildr5 ( ! inve/igators4 ,moreov]1 !    
in/rum5ts ( psy*ometry mu/ be greatly   
modifi$ & simplifi$ be=e !y c be us$ )  
*ildr51 :o d n l5d !mselves passively z 
subjects = exp]im5tation4 ,*ild         
psy*ology c be e/abli%$ only ?r\gh !    
me?od ( ext]nal obs]vation4 ,we mu/     
r5\nce all idea ( mak+ any record (     
int]nal /ates1 :i* c be reveal$ only by 
! introspection ( ! subject himself4 ,! 

in/rum5ts ( psy*ometric rese>*1 z appli$
 to p$agogy1 h up to ! pres5t "t be5    
limit$ to ! e/hesiometric phase ( !     
/udy4  ,my int5tion 0 to keep 9 t\* ) ! 
rese>*es ( o!rs1 b to make myself       
indep5d5t ( !m1 proce$+ to my "w )\t    
preconceptions ( any k9d4 ,i reta9$ z ! 
only ess5tial1 ! affirmation1 or1 r1 !  
def9ition ( ,wundt1 t all me?ods (      
exp]im5tal psy*ology may be r$uc$ to "o2
 namely1 c>efully record$ obs]vation ( !
 subject4  ,treat+ ( *ildr51 ano!r      
factor mu/ necess>ily int]v5e3 ! /udy ( 
! developm5t4 ,"h too1 ,i reta9$ ! same 
g5]al crit]ion1 b )\t cl++ to any dogma 
ab\t ! activity ( ! *ild accord+ to age4
   ,,an?ropological ,,consid]ation  ,9  
reg>d to physical developm5t1 my fir/   
?\ght 0 giv5 to ! regulat+ (            
an?ropometric obs]vations1 & to !       
selection ( ! mo/ important obs]vations 
to be made4  ,i design$ an an?ropomet]  
provid$ ) ! metric scale1 v>y+ betwe5   
4#ej metre & #a4ej metres4 ,a small     
/ool1 #cj c5timetres high1 c\ld be plac$

 ^u ! floor ( ! an?ropomet] =           
measurem5ts tak5 9 a sitt+ position4 ,i 
n[ advise mak+ ! an?ropomet] ) a plat=m 
on ei!r side ( ! pole be>+ ! scale1 s t 
on "o side ! total /ature c be measur$1 
& on ! o!r ! height ( ! body :5 seat$4  
,9 ! second case1 ! z]o is indicat$ at  
#cj c5timetres2 t is1 x corresponds to !
 seat ( ! /ool1 :i* is fix$4 ,!         
indicators on ! v]tical po/ are         
indep5d5t "o ( ! o!r & ?is makes x      
possible to measure two *ildr5 at ! same
 "t4 ,9 ?is way ! inconv5i5ce & wa/e (  
"t caus$ by hav+ to move ! seat ab\t1 is
 obviat$1 & also ! tr\ble ( hav+ to     
calculate ! diff]5ce 9 ! metric scale4  
,hav+ ?us facilitat$ ! te*nique ( !     
rese>*es1 ,i decid$ to take !           
measurem5ts ( ! *ildr5's /ature1 seat$ &
 /&+1 e mon?1 & 9 ord] to h ^! regulat$ 
z exactly z possible 9 _! relation to   
developm5t1 & also to give great]       
regul>ity to ! rese>* "w ( ! tea*]1 ,i  
made a rule t ! measurem5ts %\ld be tak5
 on ! day on :i* ! *ild complet$ ea*    

mon? ( 8 age4 ,= ?is purpose ,i design$ 
a regi/] arrang$ on ! foll[+ plan3--    
,,septemb]            ,,octob]          
----------------------------------------
---------------     ,day (              
,/ature             ,/ature       ,etc4 
mon?                                    
----------------------------------------
----             ,/&+  ,sitt+  ,/&+     
,sitt+                                  
----------------------------------------
-------------       #a                  
----------------------------------------
----       #b                           
----------------------------------------
----       #c                           
----------------------------------------
----       #d                           
----------------------------------------
----      ,etc4                         
----------------------------------------
-------------  ,! spaces opposite ea*   
numb] are us$ to regi/] ! "n ( ! *ild   
born on t day ( ! mon?4 ,?us ! tea*]    
kn[s :i* s*ol>s %e mu/ measure on ! days

 :i* are m>k$ on ! cal5d>1 & %e fills 9 
8 measurem5ts to correspond ) ! mon? 9  
:i* he 0 born4 ,9 ?is way a mo/ exact   
regi/ration c be arriv$ at )\t hav+ !   
tea*] feel t %e is ov]burd5$1 or        
fatigu$4  ,) reg>d to ! weight ( ! *ild1
 ,i h arrang$ t x %all be tak5 e week on
 a pair ( scales :i* ,i h plac$ 9 !     
dress+-room :]e ! *ildr5 are giv5 _!    
ba?4 ,accord+ to ! day on :i* ! *ild is 
born1 ,monday1 ,tuesday1 ,w$nesday1     
etc41 we h him weigh$ :5 he is ready to 
take a ba?4 ,?us ! *ildr5's ba?s 7no    
small matt] :5 we consid] a class (     
fifty7 are sub-divid$ into sev5 days1 & 
f ?ree to five *ildr5 g to ! ba? e day4 
,c]ta9ly1 !oretically1 a daily ba? w\ld 
be desirable1 b 9 ord] to manage ?is a  
l>ge ba? or a numb] ( small ones w\ld be
 necess>y1 s t a good _m *ildr5 c\ld be 
ba!d at once4 ,ev5 a weekly ba? entails 
_m difficulties1 & sometimes has to be  
giv5 up4 ,9 any case1 ,i h di/ribut$ !  
tak+ ( ! weight 9 ! ord] /at$ ) !       
int5tion ( ?us arrang+ = & mak+ sure (  

p]iodical ba?s4#g    #g ,incid5tally1 ,i
 may say1 t ,i h inv5t$ a means       ( 
ba?+ *ildr5 contemporane\sly1 )\t hav+ a
       l>ge ba?4 ,9 ord] to manage ?is1 
,i ?\ght ( hav+ a       long tr\gh )    
supports at ! bottom1 on :i* small1     
sep>ate tubs c\ld re/1 ) r l>ge holes 9 
!       bottom4 ,! little tubs are fill$
 f ! l>ge tr\gh1 into       :i* ! wat]  
runs & !n goes into all ! little tubs   
toge!r1 by ! law ( ! levell+ ( liquids1 
go+       ?r\gh ! holes 9 ! bottom4 ,:5 
! wat] is settl$1 x       does n pass f 
tub to tub1 & ! *ildr5 w ea* h       _! 
own ba?4 ,! empty+ ( ! tr\gh br+s ) x ! 
simultane\s empty+ ( ! little tubs1 :i* 
be+ ( light       metal1 w be easily    
mov$ f ! bottom ( ! big tub1 9          
ord] to clean x4 ,x is n difficult to   
imag9e arrang+ a       cork = ! hole at 
! bottom4 ,^! are only projects =       
! future6  ,! =m "h giv5 %[s ! regi/]   
:i* we use 9 record+ ! weight ( !       
*ildr54 ,e page ( ! regi/] corresponds  
to a mon?4  ,x seems to me t !          

an?ropological measurem5ts1 ! tak+ &    
record+ ( :i* ,i h j describ$1 %\ld be !
 only ones ) :i* ! s*oolmi/ress ne$     
occupy h]self2 &1 !re=e1 ! only ones :i*
 %\ld be tak5 actually )9 ! s*ool4 ,x is
 my plan t o!r measurem5ts %\ld be tak5 
by a physician1 :o ei!r is1 or is prep>+
 to be1 a speciali/ 9 infant            
an?ropology4 ,9 ! meantime1 ,i take ^!  
special measurem5ts myself4             
,,septemb]                              
----------------------------------------
              #a/ week  #bnd week  #crd 
week  #d? week                ,lbs4     
,lbs4      ,lbs4      ,lbs4             
----------------------------------------
   ,monday                              
,tuesday                                
,w$nesday                               
,etc4                                   
----------------------------------------
----------  ,! exam9ation made by !     
physician mu/ necess>ily be complex1 &  
to facilitate & regulate ! tak+ ( ^!    
measurem5ts ,i h design$ & _h pr9t$     

biological *>ts1 ( :i* ,i "h give an    
example4    ,numb]                      
,date     ,"n & ,surname   ,age     ,"n 
( ,p>5ts  ,"m's ,age  ,fa!r's ,age      
,pr(essions     ,details ( ,h]$it>y     
,antec$5ts                 ,p]sonal     
,antec$5ts                              
,,an?ropological ,,notes                
----------------------------------------
---------------------    ,/&+  ,weight  
,*e/  ,seat$   ,index (    ,pond]al     
,/ature           ,meas4  ,/ature       
,/ature#h  ,index#i                     
----------------------------------------
----------------                        
----------------------------------------
----------------                        
----------------------------------------
----------------                        
------------------------------------    
,,head                                  
-----------------------------------     
,dia4    ,dia4   ,cephalic     ,cir4    
,front   ,across    ,index            to
 ,back                                  

---------------------------------       
---------------------------------       
---------------------------------       
,physical ,con/itution    ,condition (  
,muscles    ,col\r ( ,sk9    ,col\r (   
,hair      ,,notes                      
#h ,= ! ,index ( ,/ature ,dr4           
,montessori comb9es ! seat$ &       /&+ 
/atures4    #i ,! ,pond]al ,index is    
f\nd by comb9+ ! height & weight4  ,z w 
be se51 ^! *>ts are v simple4 ,i made !m
 s because ,i wi%$ ! doctor & !         
s*oolmi/ress to be able to use !m freely
 & indep5d5tly4  ,by ?is me?od !        
an?ropometrical records are arrang$ 9 an
 ord]ly way1 :ile ! simplicity ( !      
me*anism1 & ! cle>ness ( ! *>ts1        
gu>antee ! mak+ ( su* obs]vations z ,i h
 consid]$ fundam5tal4 ,ref]r+ to !      
physician's biographical *>t1 ,i advise 
t once a ye> ! foll[+ measurem5ts be    
tak53 ,circumf]5ce ( ! head2 ! two      
great] diamet]s ( ! head2 ! circumf]5ce 
( ! *e/2 & ! cephalic1 pond]al1 & /ature
 indices4 ,fur!r in=mation conc]n+ !    

selection ( ^! measurem5ts may be f\nd 9
 my treatise1 ,antropologia ,p$agogica4 
,! physician is ask$ to take ^!         
measurem5ts dur+ ! week1 or at lea/ )9 !
 mon?1 9 :i* ! *ild completes a ye> ( 8 
age1 &1 if x is possible1 on ! bir?day  
itself4 ,9 ?is way ! task ( ! physician 
w also be made easi]1 because ( its     
regul>ity4 ,we h1 at ! mo/1 fifty *ildr5
 9 ea* ( our s*ools1 & ! bir?days ( ^!  
scatt]$ ov] ! #cfe days ( ! ye> make x  
possible = ! physician to take 8        
measurem5ts f "t to "t1 s t ! burd5 ( 8 
"w is n heavy4 ,x is ! duty ( ! tea*] to
 in=m ! doctor ( ! bir?days ( ! *ildr54 
,! tak+ ( ^! an?ropometrical measurem5ts
 has also an educational side to x1 = ! 
pupils1 :5 !y leave ! ,*ildr5's ,h\se1  
"k h[ to answ] ) cle>ness & c]ta9ty !   
foll[+ que/ions3--  ,on :at day ( ! week
 7 y born8  ,on :at day ( ! mon?8  ,:5  
does y\r bir?day come8  ,& ) all ?is !y 
w h acquir$ habits ( ord]1 &1 above all1
 !y w h =m$ ! habit ( obs]v+ !mselves4  
,inde$1 ,i may say "h1 t ! *ildr5 take a

 great pleasure 9 be+ measur$2 at ! fir/
 glance ( ! tea*] & at ! ^w /ature1 !   
*ild beg9s in/antly to take (f 8 %oes1  
laugh+ & runn+ to place himself ^u !    
plat=m ( ! an?ropomet]2 plac+ himself ( 
8 own accord 9 ! normal position s      
p]fectly t ! tea*] ne$s only to arrange 
! indicator & read ! result4  ,aside f !
 measurem5ts :i* ! physician takes ) !  
ord9>y in/rum5ts 7calip]s & metal y>d   
measure71 he makes obs]vations ^u !     
*ildr5's col\r+1 condition ( _! muscles1
 /ate ( _! lymphatic gl&s1 ! condition (
 ! blood1 etc4 ,he notices any          
mal=mations2 describes any pa?ological  
conditions ) c>e 7any t5d5cy to rickets1
 infant p>alysis1 defective sight1      
etc474 ,?is objective /udy ( ! *ild w   
guide ! doctor :5 he f9ds x advisable to
 talk ) ! p>5ts conc]n+ its condition4  
,foll[+ ?is1 :5 ! doctor has f\nd x     
desirable1 he makes a ?or\gh1 sanit>y   
inspection ( ! home ( ! *ild1 prescrib+ 
necess>y treatm5t & ev5tually do+ away )
 su* tr\bles z eczema1 inflammation ( ! 

e>1 fev]i% conditions1 inte/9al         
di/urbances1 etc4 ,?is c>eful foll[+ ( !
 case 9 h& is greatly assi/$ by !       
exi/5ce ( ! disp5s>y )9 ! h\se1 :i*     
makes feasible direct treatm5t &        
cont9ual obs]vation4  ,i h f\nd t !     
usual "q ask$ pati5ts :o pres5t !mselves
 at ! cl9ics1 are n adapt$ = use 9 our  
s*ools1 z ! memb]s ( ! families liv+ 9  
^! t5em5ts are = ! great] "p p]fectly   
normal4  ,i !re=e enc\rage ! directress 
( ! s*ool to ga!r f h] conv]sations ) ! 
mo!rs in=mation ( a m practical sort4   
,%e in=ms h]self z to ! education ( !   
p>5ts1 _! habits1 ! wages e>n$1 ! money 
sp5t = h\sehold purposes1 etc41 & f all 
?is %e outl9es a hi/ory ( ea* family1   
mu* on ! ord] ( ^? us$ by ,le-,play4    
,?is me?od is1 ( c\rse1 practical only  
:]e ! directress lives among ! families 
( h] s*ol>s4  ,9 e case1 h[ev]1 !       
physician's advice to ! mo!rs conc]n+ ! 
hygi5ic c>e ( ea* p>ticul> *ild1 z well 
z 8 directions conc]n+ hygi5e 9 g5]al1 w
 prove mo/ helpful4 ,! directress %\ld  

act z ! g-betwe5 9 ^! matt]s1 s9ce %e is
 9 ! confid5ce ( ! mo!rs1 & s9ce f h]1  
su* advice comes naturally4             
,,environm5t3 ,,s*oolroom ,,furni%+s  ,!
 me?od ( obs]vation mu/ und\bt$ly       
include ! me?odical obs]vation ( !      
morphological gr[? ( ! pupils4 ,b let me
 repeat t1 :ile ?is elem5t necess>ily   
ent]s1 x is n ^u ?is p>ticul> k9d (     
obs]vation t ! me?od is e/abli%$4  ,!   
me?od ( obs]vation is e/abli%$ ^u "o    
fundam5tal base--! lib]ty ( ! pupils 9  
_! spontane\s manife/ations4  ,) ?is 9  
view1 ,i fir/ turn$ my att5tion to ! "q 
( environm5t1 & ?is1 ( c\rse1 includ$ ! 
furni%+ ( ! s*oolroom4 ,9 consid]+ an   
ample playgr\nd ) space = a g>d5 z an   
important "p ( ?is s*ool environm5t1 ,i 
am n sugge/+ any?+ new4  ,! novelty     
lies1 p]haps1 9 my idea = ! use ( ?is   
op5-air space1 :i* is to be 9 direct    
communication ) ! s*oolroom1 s t !      
*ildr5 may be free to g & come z !y l1  
?r\gh\t ! entire day4 ,i %all speak (   
?is m fully lat] on4  ,! pr9cipal       

modification 9 ! matt] ( s*ool furni%+s 
is ! abolition ( desks1 & b5*es or      
/ation>y *airs4 ,i h _h tables made )   
wide1 solid1 octagonal legs1 spread+ 9  
su* a way t ! tables are at ! same "t   
solidly firm & v light1 s light1 inde$1 
t two f\r-ye>-old *ildr5 c easily c>ry  
!m ab\t4 ,^! tables are rectangul> &    
suffici5tly l>ge to accommodate two     
*ildr5 on ! long side1 !re be+ room =   
?ree if !y sit r close toge!r4 ,!re are 
small] tables at :i* "o *ild may "w     
alone4  ,i also design$ & _h manufactur$
 little *airs4 ,my fir/ plan = ^! 0 to h
 !m cane seat$1 b exp]i5ce has %[n ! we>
 on ^! to be s great1 t ,i n[ h *airs   
made entirely ( wood4 ,^! are v light & 
( an attractive %ape4 ,9 addition to ^!1
 ,i h 9 ea* s*oolroom a numb] (         
com=table little arm*airs1 "s ( wood &  
"s ( wick]4  ,ano!r piece ( our s*ool   
furniture consi/s ( a little wa%/&1 s l[
 t x c be us$ by ev5 a ?ree-ye>-old     
*ild4 ,?is is pa9t$ ) a :ite wat]pro(   
enamel &1 besides ! broad1 upp] & l[]   

%elves :i* hold ! little :ite enamel$   
bas9s & pit*]s1 !re are small side      
%elves = ! soap-di%es1 nail-bru%es1     
t[els1 etc4 ,!re is also a receptacle   
into :i* ! bas9s may be empti$4 ,:]ev]  
possible1 a small cupbo>d provides ea*  
*ild ) a space :]e he may keep 8 own    
soap1 nail-bru%1 too?-bru%1 etc4  ,9 ea*
 ( our s*oolrooms we h provid$ a s]ies (
 long l[ cupbo>ds1 especially design$ = 
! reception ( ! didactic mat]ials4 ,!   
doors ( ^! cupbo>ds op5 easily1 & ! c>e 
( ! mat]ials is confid$ to ! *ildr54 ,! 
tops ( ^! cases furni% room = pott$     
plants1 small aqu>iums1 or = ! v>i\s    
toys ) :i* ! *ildr5 are all[$ to play   
freely4 ,we h ample blackbo>d space1 &  
^! bo>ds are s hung z to be easily us$  
by ! smalle/ *ild4 ,ea* blackbo>d is    
provid$ ) a small case 9 :i* are kept ! 
*alk1 & ! :ite clo?s :i* we use in/ead (
 ! ord9>y eras]s4  ,above ! blackbo>ds  
are hung attractive pictures1 *os5      
c>efully1 repres5t+ simple sc5es 9 :i*  
*ildr5 w\ld naturally be int]e/$4 ,among

 ! pictures 9 our ,*ildr5's ,h\ses 9    
,rome we h hung a copy ( ,raphael's     
,madonna della ,seggiola1 & ?is picture 
we h *os5 z ! emblem ( ! ,*ildr5's      
,h\ses4 ,= inde$1 ^! ,*ildr5's ,h\ses   
repres5t n only social progress1 b      
univ]sal human progress1 & are closely  
relat$ to ! elevation ( ! idea (        
mo!rhood1 to ! progress ( woman & to !  
protection ( h] (fspr+4 ,9 ?is beautiful
 conception1 ,raphael has n only %[n u !
 ,madonna z a ,div9e ,"m hold+ 9 h] arms
 ! babe :o is great] ?an %e1 b by ! side
 ( ?is symbol ( all mo!rhood1 he has    
plac$ ! figure ( ,/4 ,john1 :o repres5ts
 humanity4 ,s 9 ,raphael's picture we   
see humanity r5d]+ homage to            
mat]nity1--mat]nity1 ! sublime fact 9 ! 
def9ite triumph ( humanity4 ,9 addition 
to ?is beautiful symbolism1 ! picture   
has a value z be+ "o ( ! greate/ works (
 art ( ,italy's greate/ arti/4 ,& if !  
day %all come :5 ! ,*ildr5's ,h\ses %all
 be e/abli%$ ?r\gh\t ! _w1 x is our wi% 
t ?is picture ( ,raphael's %all h its   

place 9 ea* ( ! s*ools1 speak+ eloqu5tly
 ( ! c\ntry 9 :i* !y orig9at$4  ,!      
*ildr51 ( c\rse1 _c compreh5d ! symbolic
 significance ( ! ,madonna ( ! ,*air1 b 
!y w see some?+ m beautiful ?an t :i* !y
 feel 9 m ord9>y pictures1 9 :i* !y see 
"m1 fa!r1 & *ildr54 ,& ! con/ant        
companion%ip ) ?is picture w awak5 9 _! 
he>t a religi\s impression4  ,?is1 !n1  
is ! environm5t :i* ,i h select$ = !    
*ildr5 we wi% to educate4   ,i "k ! fir/
 objection :i* w pres5t itself to ! m9ds
 ( p]sons accu/om$ to ! old-"t me?ods ( 
discipl9e2--! *ildr5 9 ^! s*ools1 mov+  
ab\t1 w ov]turn ! little tables & *airs1
 produc+ noise & disord]2 b ?is is a    
prejudice :i* has long exi/$ 9 ! m9ds ( 
^? deal+ ) little *ildr51 & = :i* !re is
 no real f\ndation4  ,swaddl+ clo!s h = 
_m c5turies be5 consid]$ necess>y to !  
new-born babe1 walk+-*airs to ! *ild :o 
is le>n+ to walk4 ,s 9 ! s*ool1 we /ill 
believe x necess>y to h heavy desks &   
*airs fa/5$ to ! floor4 ,all ^! ?+s are 
bas$ ^u ! idea t ! *ild %\ld gr[ 9      

immobility1 & ^u ! /range prejudice t1 9
 ord] to execute any educational        
movem5t1 we mu/ ma9ta9 a special        
position ( ! body2--z we believe t we   
mu/ assume a special position :5 we are 
ab\t to pray4  ,our little tables & our 
v>i\s types ( *airs are all light &     
easily transport$1 & we p]mit ! *ild to 
select ! position :i* he f9ds mo/       
com=table4 ,he c make himself com=table 
z well z seat himself 9 8 own place4 ,& 
?is fre$om is n only an ext]nal sign (  
lib]ty1 b a means ( education4 ,if by an
 awkw>d movem5t a *ild upsets a *air1   
:i* falls noisily to ! floor1 he w h an 
evid5t pro( ( 8 own incapacity2 ! same  
movem5t _h x tak5 place amid /ation>y   
b5*es w\ld h pass$ unnotic$ by him4 ,?us
 ! *ild has "s means by :i* he c correct
 himself1 & hav+ done s he w h be=e him 
! actual pro( ( ! p[] he has ga9$3 !    
little tables & *airs rema9 firm & sil5t
 ea* 9 its own place4 ,x is pla9ly se5 t
 ! *ild has le>n$ to comm& 8 movem5ts4  
,9 ! old me?od1 ! pro( ( discipl9e      

atta9$ lay 9 a fact entirely contr>y to 
?is2 t is1 9 ! immobility & sil5ce ( !  
*ild himself4 ,immobility & sil5ce :i*  
h9d]$ ! *ild f le>n+ to move ) grace & )
 disc]nm5t1 & left him s untra9$1 t1 :5 
he f\nd himself 9 an environm5t :]e !   
b5*es & *airs 7 n nail$ to ! floor1 he 0
 n able to move ab\t )\t ov]turn+ !     
light] pieces ( furniture4 ,9 !         
,*ildr5's ,h\ses ! *ild w n only le>n to
 move gracefully & prop]ly1 b w come to 
und]/& ! reason = su* deportm5t4 ,!     
ability to move :i* he acquires "h w be 
( use to him all 8 life4 ,:ile he is    
/ill a *ild1 he becomes capable (       
conduct+ himself correctly1 & yet1 )    
p]fect fre$om4  ,! ,directress ( ! ,casa
 dei ,bamb9i at ,milan con/ruct$ "u "o (
 ! w9d[s a long1 n>r[ %elf ^u :i* %e    
plac$ ! little tables conta9+ ! metal   
geometric =ms us$ 9 ! fir/ lessons 9    
design4 ,b ! %elf 0 too n>r[1 & x (t5   
happ5$ t ! *ildr5 9 select+ ! pieces :i*
 !y wi%$ to use w\ld all[ "o ( ! little 
tables to fall to ! floor1 ?us upsett+ )

 great noise all ! metal pieces :i* x   
held4 ,! directress int5d$ to h ! %elf  
*ang$1 b ! c>p5t] 0 sl[ 9 com+1 & :ile  
wait+ = him %e discov]$ t ! *ildr5 _h   
le>n$ to h&le ^! mat]ials s c>efully t 9
 spite ( ! n>r[ & slop+ %elf1 ! little  
tables no long] fell to ! floor4  ,!    
*ildr51 by c>efully direct+ _! movem5ts1
 _h ov]come ! defect 9 ?is piece (      
furniture4 ,! simplicity or imp]fection 
( ext]nal objects (t5 s]ves to develop !
 activity & ! dext]ity ( ! pupils4 ,?is 
has be5 "o ( ! surprises ( our me?od z  
appli$ 9 ! ,*ildr5's ,h\ses4  ,x all    
seems v logical1 & n[ t x has be5       
actually tri$ & put into words1 x w no  
d\bt seem to ev]yone z simple z ! egg ( 
,*ri/oph] ,columbus4     ,,*apt] ,v4    
,,discipl9e   ,! p$agogical me?od (     
obs]vation has = its base ! lib]ty ( !  
*ild2 & lib]ty is activity4  ,discipl9e 
mu/ come ?r\gh lib]ty4 ,"h is a great   
pr9ciple :i* is difficult = foll[]s (   
common-s*ool me?ods to und]/&4 ,h[ %all 
"o obta9 discipl9e 9 a class ( free     

*ildr58 ,c]ta9ly 9 our sy/em1 we h a    
concept ( discipl9e v diff]5t f t       
commonly accept$4 ,if discipl9e is f\nd$
 ^u lib]ty1 ! discipl9e itself mu/      
necess>ily be active4 ,we d n consid] an
 individual discipl9$ only :5 he has be5
 r5d]$ z artificially sil5t z a mute & z
 immovable z a p>alytic4 ,he is an      
individual annihilat$1 n discipl9$4  ,we
 call an individual discipl9$ :5 he is  
ma/] ( himself1 & c1 !re=e1 regulate 8  
own conduct :5 x %all be necess>y to    
foll[ "s rule ( life4 ,su* a concept (  
active discipl9e is n easy ei!r to      
compreh5d or to apply4 ,b c]ta9ly x     
conta9s a great educational pr9ciple1 v 
diff]5t f ! old-"t absolute & undiscuss$
 co]cion to immobility4  ,a special     
te*nique is necess>y to ! tea*] :o is to
 lead ! *ild along su* a pa? (          
discipl9e1 if %e is to make x possible =
 him to cont9ue 9 ?is way all 8 life1   
advanc+ indef9itely t[>d p]fect         
self-ma/]y4 ,s9ce ! *ild n[ le>ns to    
move r ?an to sit /ill1 he prep>es      

himself n = ! s*ool1 b = life2 = he     
becomes able1 ?r\gh habit & ?r\gh       
practice1 to p]=m easily & correctly !  
simple acts ( social or community life4 
,! discipl9e to :i* ! *ild habituates   
himself "h is1 9 its "*1 n limit$ to !  
s*ool environm5t b ext5ds to society4   
,! lib]ty ( ! *ild %\ld h z its limit ! 
collective int]e/2 z its =m1 :at we     
univ]sally consid] good bre$+4 ,we mu/1 
!re=e1 *eck 9 ! *ild :atev] (f5ds or    
annoys o!rs1 or :atev] t5ds t[>d r\gh or
 ill-br$ acts4 ,b all ! re/1--e         
manife/ation hav+ a useful              
scope1--:atev] x be1 & "u :atev] =m x   
expresses itself1 mu/ n only be p]mitt$1
 b mu/ be obs]v$ by ! tea*]4 ,"h lies ! 
ess5tial po9t2 f h] sci5tific           
prep>ation1 ! tea*] mu/ br+ n only !    
capacity1 b ! desire1 to obs]ve natural 
ph5om5a4 ,9 our sy/em1 %e mu/ become a  
passive1 mu* m ?an an active1 influ5ce1 
& h] passivity %all be compos$ ( anxi\s 
sci5tific curiosity1 & ( absolute       
respect = ! ph5om5on :i* %e wi%es to    

obs]ve4 ,! tea*] mu/ und]/& & feel h]   
position ( obs]v]3 ! activity mu/ lie 9 
! ph5om5on4  ,su* pr9ciples assur$ly h a
 place 9 s*ools = little *ildr5 :o are  
exhibit+ ! fir/ psy*ic manife/ations (  
_! lives4 ,we _c "k ! consequ5ces (     
suffocat+ a spontane\s action at ! "t :5
 ! *ild is j beg9n+ to be active3 p]haps
 we suffocate life itself4 ,humanity %[s
 itself 9 all its intellectual spl5d\r  
dur+ ?is t5d] age z ! sun %[s itself at 
! dawn1 & ! fl[] 9 ! fir/ unfold+ ( !   
petals2 & we mu/ respect religi\sly1    
rev]5tly1 ^! fir/ indications (         
individuality4 ,if any educational act  
is to be efficaci\s1 x w be only t :i*  
t5ds to help t[>d ! complete unfold+ (  
?is life4 ,to be ?us helpful x is       
necess>y rigor\sly to avoid ! arre/ (   
spontane\s movem5ts & ! imposition (    
arbitr>y tasks4 ,x is ( c\rse und]/ood1 
t "h we d n speak ( useless or dang]\s  
acts1 = ^! mu/ be suppress$1 de/roy$4   
,actual tra9+ & practice are necess>y to
 fit = ?is me?od tea*]s :o h n be5      

prep>$ = sci5tific obs]vation1 & su*    
tra9+ is especially necess>y to ^? :o h 
be5 accu/om$ to ! old dom9e]+ me?ods ( !
 common s*ool4 ,my exp]i5ces 9 tra9+    
tea*]s = ! "w 9 my s*ools did mu* to    
conv9ce me ( ! great di/ance betwe5 ^!  
me?ods & ^?4 ,ev5 an intellig5t tea*]1  
:o und]/&s ! pr9ciple1 f9ds mu*         
difficulty 9 putt+ x into practice4 ,%e 
c n und]/& t h] new task is app>5tly    
passive1 l t ( ! a/ronom] :o sits       
immovable be=e ! telescope :ile ! worlds
 :irl ?r\gh space4 ,?is idea1 t life    
acts ( itself1 & t 9 ord] to /udy x1 to 
div9e its secrets or to direct its      
activity1 x is necess>y to obs]ve x & to
 und]/& x )\t int]v5+--?is idea1 ,i say1
 is v difficult = anyone to assimilate &
 to put into practice4  ,! tea*] has too
 ?or\ghly le>n$ to be ! "o free activity
 ( ! s*ool2 x has = too long be5        
virtually h] duty to suffocate !        
activity ( h] pupils4 ,:5 9 ! fir/ days 
9 "o ( ! ,*ildr5's ,h\ses %e does n     
obta9 ord] & sil5ce1 %e looks ab\t h]   

emb>rass$ z if ask+ ! public to excuse  
h]1 & call+ ^u ^? pres5t to te/ify to h]
 innoc5ce4 ,9 va9 d we repeat to h] t ! 
disord] ( ! fir/ mom5t is necess>y4 ,&  
f9ally1 :5 we oblige h] to d no?+ b     
wat*1 %e asks if %e _h n bett] resign1  
s9ce %e is no long] a tea*]4  ,b :5 %e  
beg9s to f9d x h] duty to disc]n :i* are
 ! acts to h9d] & :i* are ^? to obs]ve1 
! tea*] ( ! old s*ool feels a great void
 )9 h]self & beg9s to ask if %e w n be  
inf]ior to h] new task4 ,9 fact1 %e :o  
is n prep>$ f9ds h]self = a long "t     
aba%$ & impot5t2 :]eas ! broad] !       
tea*]'s sci5tific culture & practice 9  
exp]im5tal psy*ology1 ! soon] w come =  
h] ! m>vel ( unfold+ life1 & h] int]e/ 9
 x4  ,not>i1 9 8 novel1 ,my ,millionaire
 ,uncle1 :i* is a criticism ( mod]n     
cu/oms1 gives ) t quality ( vividness   
:i* is peculi> to him1 a mo/ eloqu5t    
example ( ! old-"t me?ods ( discipl9e4  
,! uncle :5 a *ild 0 guilty ( su* a     
numb] ( disord]ly acts t he practically 
upset ! :ole t[n1 & 9 desp]ation he 0   

conf9$ 9 a s*ool4 ,"h ,fufu1 z he 0     
call$1 exp]i5ces 8 fir/ wi% to be k9d1 &
 feels ! fir/ mov+ ( 8 s\l :5 he is ne> 
to ! pretty little ,fufetta1 & le>ns t  
%e is hungry & has no lun*eon4  ,he     
glanc$ ar\nd1 look$ at ,fufetta1 rose1  
took 8 little lun* basket1 & )\t say+ a 
^w plac$ x 9 h] lap4  ,!n he ran away f 
h]1 &1 )\t kn[+ :y he did s1 hung 8 head
 & bur/ into te>s4  ,my uncle did n "k  
h[ to expla9 to himself ! reason = ?is  
sudd5 outbur/4  ,he _h se5 = ! fir/ "t  
two k9d eyes full ( sad te>s1 & he _h   
felt mov$ )9 himself1 & at ! same "t a  
great %ame _h ru%$ ov] him2 ! %ame (    
eat+ ne> to "o :o _h no?+ to eat4  ,n   
kn[+ h[ to express ! impulse ( 8 he>t1  
nor :at to say 9 ask+ h] to accept ! (f]
 ( 8 little basket1 nor h[ to inv5t an  
excuse to ju/ify 8 (f]+ x to h]1 he     
rema9$ ! victim ( ?is fir/ deep movem5t 
( 8 little s\l4  ,fufetta1 all confus$1 
ran to him quickly4 ,) great g5tl5ess %e
 drew away ! arm 9 :i* he _h hidd5 8    
face4  ',d n cry1 ,fufu1' %e said to him

 s(tly1 almo/ z if plead+ ) him4 ,%e    
might h be5 speak+ to h] belov$ rag     
doll1 s mo!rly & int5t 0 h] little face1
 & s full ( g5tle au?ority1 h] mann]4   
,!n ! little girl kiss$ him1 & my uncle 
yield+ to ! influ5ce :i* _h fill$ 8     
he>t1 put 8 arms ar\nd h] neck1 &1 /ill 
sil5t & sobb+1 kiss$ h] 9 return4 ,at   
la/1 sigh+ deeply1 he wip$ f 8 face &   
eyes ! damp traces ( 8 emotion1 & smil$ 
aga94  ,a /rid5t voice call$ out f ! o!r
 end ( ! c\rty>d3  ',"h1 "h1 y two d[n  
!re--be quick ) y2 inside1 bo? ( y6'  ,x
 0 ! tea*]1 ! gu>dian4 ,%e cru%$ t fir/ 
g5tle /irr+ 9 ! s\l ( a rebel ) ! same  
bl9d brutality t %e w\ld h us$ t[>d two 
*ildr5 engag$ 9 a fight4  ,x 0 ! "t =   
all to g back into ! s*ool--& ev]ybody  
_h to obey ! rule4  ,?us ,i saw my      
tea*]s act 9 ! fir/ days ( my practice  
s*ool 9 ! ,*ildr5's ,h\ses4 ,!y almo/   
involunt>ily recall$ ! *ildr5 to        
immobility )\t obs]v+ & di/+ui%+ !      
nature ( ! movem5ts !y repress$4 ,!re 01
 = example1 a little girl :o ga!r$ h]   

companions ab\t h] & !n1 9 ! mid/ ( !m1 
began to talk & ge/iculate4 ,! tea*] at 
once ran to h]1 took hold ( h] arms1 &  
told h] to be /ill2 b ,i1 obs]v+ ! *ild1
 saw t %e 0 play+ at be+ tea*] or "m to 
! o!rs1 & tea*+ !m ! morn+ pray]1 !     
invocation to ! sa9ts1 & ! sign ( !     
cross3 %e already %[$ h]self z a        
director4 ,ano!r *ild1 :o cont9ually    
made disorganis$ & misdirect$ movem5ts1 
& :o 0 consid]$ abnormal1 "o day1 ) an  
expression ( int5se att5tion1 set ab\t  
mov+ ! tables4 ,in/antly !y 7 ^u him to 
make him /& /ill because he made too mu*
 noise4 ,yet ?is 0 "o ( ! fir/          
manife/ations1 9 ?is *ild1 ( movem5ts t 
7 co-ord9at$ & direct$ t[>d a useful    
end1 & x 0 !re=e an action t %\ld h be5 
respect$4 ,9 fact1 aft] ?is ! *ild began
 to be quiet & happy l ! o!rs :5ev] he  
_h any small objects to move ab\t & to  
arrange ^u 8 desk4  ,x (t5 happ5$ t :ile
 ! directress replac$ 9 ! boxes v>i\s   
mat]ials t _h be5 us$1 a *ild w\ld draw 
ne>1 pick+ up ! objects1 ) ! evid5t     

desire ( imitat+ ! tea*]4 ,! fir/       
impulse 0 to s5d ! *ild back to h] place
 ) ! rem>k1 ,let x alone2 g to y\r seat4
 ,yet ! *ild express$ by ?is act a      
desire to be useful2 ! "t1 ) h]1 0 ripe 
= a lesson 9 ord]4  ,"o day1 ! *ildr5 _h
 ga!r$ !mselves1 laugh+ & talk+1 into a 
circle ab\t a bas9 ( wat] conta9+ "s    
float+ toys4 ,we _h 9 ! s*ool a little  
boy b>ely two & a half ye>s old4 ,he _h 
be5 left outside ! circle1 alone1 & x 0 
easy to see t he 0 fill$ ) int5se       
curiosity4 ,i wat*$ him f a di/ance )   
great int]e/2 he fir/ drew ne> to ! o!r 
*ildr5 & tri$ to =ce 8 way among !m1 b  
he 0 n /rong en\gh to d ?is1 & he !n    
/ood look+ ab\t him4 ,! expression (    
?\ght on 8 little face 0 int5sely       
int]e/+4 ,i wi% t ,i _h _h a cam]a s t  
,i might h photograph$ him4 ,8 eye      
light$ ^u a little *air1 & evid5tly he  
made up 8 m9d to place x beh9d ! gr\p ( 
*ildr5 & !n to climb up on x4 ,he began 
to move t[>d ! *air1 8 face illum9at$ ) 
hope1 b at t mom5t ! tea*] seiz$ him    

brutally 7or1 p]haps1 %e w\ld h said1   
g5tly7 9 h] arms1 & lift+ him up above !
 heads ( ! o!r *ildr5 %[$ him ! bas9 (  
wat]1 say+1 ,come1 poor little "o1 y    
%all see too6  ,und\bt$ly ! *ild1 see+ !
 float+ toys1 did n exp]i5ce ! joy t he 
0 ab\t to feel ?r\gh conqu]+ ! ob/acle )
 8 own =ce4 ,! sight ( ^? objects c\ld  
be ( no advantage to him1 :ile 8        
intellig5t ef=ts w\ld h develop$ 8 inn] 
p[]s4  ,! tea*] h9d]$ ! *ild1 9 ?is     
case1 f educat+ himself1 )\t giv+ him   
any comp5sat+ good 9 return4 ,! little  
fell[ _h be5 ab\t to feel himself a     
conqu]or1 & he f\nd himself held )9 two 
imprison+ arms1 impot5t4 ,! expression (
 joy1 anxiety1 & hope1 :i* _h int]e/$ me
 s mu* fad$ f 8 face & left on x ! /upid
 expression ( ! *ild :o kn[s t o!rs w   
act = him4  ,:5 ! tea*]s 7 we>y ( my    
obs]vations1 !y began to all[ ! *ildr5  
to d :atev] !y pleas$4 ,i saw *ildr5 )  
_! feet on ! tables1 or ) _! f+]s 9 _!  
noses1 & no int]v5tion 0 made to correct
 !m4 ,i saw o!rs pu% _! companions1 & ,i

 saw dawn 9 ! faces ( ^! an expression (
 viol5ce2 & n ! slighte/ att5tion on !  
"p ( ! tea*]4 ,!n ,i _h to int]v5e to %[
 ) :at absolute rig\r x is necess>y to  
h9d]1 & little by little suppress1 all  
^? ?+s :i* we mu/ n d1 s t ! *ild may   
come to disc]n cle>ly betwe5 good &     
evil4  ,if discipl9e is to be la/+1 its 
f\ndations mu/ be laid 9 ?is way & ^!   
fir/ days are ! mo/ difficult = !       
directress4 ,! fir/ idea t ! *ild mu/   
acquire1 9 ord] to be actively          
discipl9$1 is t ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 good
 & evil2 & ! task ( ! educator lies 9   
see+ t ! *ild does n conf\nd good )     
immobility1 & evil ) activity1 z (t5    
happ5s 9 ! case ( ! old-"t discipl9e4 ,&
 all ?is because our aim is to discipl9e
 = activity1 = "w1 = good2 n =          
immobility1 n = passivity1 n = ob$i5ce4 
,a room 9 :i* all ! *ildr5 move ab\t    
usefully1 intellig5tly1 & volunt>ily1   
)\t committ+ any r\gh or rude act1 w\ld 
seem to me a classroom v well discipl9$ 
inde$4   ,to seat ! *ildr5 9 r[s1 z 9 ! 

common s*ools1 to assign to ea* little  
"o a place1 & to propose t !y %all sit  
?us quietly obs]vant ( ! ord] ( ! :ole  
class z an assemblage--?is c be atta9$  
lat]1 z ! />t+ place ( collective       
education4 ,= also1 9 life1 x sometimes 
happ5s t we mu/ all rema9 seat$ & quiet2
 :51 = example1 we att5d a conc]t or a  
lecture4 ,& we "k t ev5 to u1 z gr[n p1 
?is co/s no little sacrifice4  ,if we c1
 :5 we h e/abli%$ individual discipl9e1 
arrange ! *ildr51 s5d+ ea* "o to 8 own  
place1 9 ord]1 try+ to make !m und]/& ! 
idea t ?us plac$ !y look well1 & t x is 
a good ?+ to be ?us plac$ 9 ord]1 t x is
 a good & pleas+ arrangem5t 9 ! room1   
?is ord]$ & tranquil adju/m5t ( !irs--!n
 _! rema9+ 9 _! places1 quiet & sil5t1  
is ! result ( a species ( lesson1 n an  
imposition4 ,to make !m und]/& ! idea1  
)\t call+ _! att5tion too =cibly to !   
practice1 to h !m assimilate a pr9ciple 
( collective ord]--t is ! important ?+4 
,if1 aft] !y h und]/ood ?is idea1 !y    
rise1 speak1 *ange to ano!r place1 !y no

 long] d ?is )\t kn[+ & )\t ?9k+1 b !y d
 x because !y wi% to rise1 to speak1    
etc42 t is1 f t /ate ( repose & ord]1   
well und]/ood1 !y dep>t 9 ord] to       
und]take "s volunt>y action2 & kn[+ t   
!re are actions :i* are prohibit$1 ?is w
 give !m a new impulse to rememb] to    
discrim9ate betwe5 good & evil4  ,!     
movem5ts ( ! *ildr5 f ! /ate ( ord]     
become always m co-ord9at$ & p]fect ) ! 
pass+ ( ! days2 9 fact1 !y le>n to      
reflect ^u _! own acts4 ,n[ 7) ! idea ( 
ord] und]/ood by ! *ildr57 ! obs]vation 
( ! way 9 :i* ! *ildr5 pass f ! fir/    
disord]$ movem5ts to ^? :i* are         
spontane\s & ord]$--?is is ! book ( !   
tea*]2 ?is is ! book :i* mu/ inspire h] 
actions2 x is ! only "o 9 :i* %e mu/    
read & /udy if %e is to become a real   
educator4  ,= ! *ild ) su* ex]cises     
makes1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 a selection ( 8
 own t5d5cies1 :i* 7 at fir/ confus$ 9 !
 unconsci\s disord] ( 8 movem5ts4 ,x is 
rem>kable h[ cle>ly individual diff]5ces
 %[ !mselves1 if we proce$ 9 ?is way2 ! 

*ild1 consci\s & free1 reveals himself4 
,!re are ^? :o rema9 quietly 9 _! seats1
 apa!tic1 or dr[sy2 o!rs :o leave _!    
places to qu>rel1 to fight1 or to       
ov]turn ! v>i\s blocks & toys1 & !n !re 
are ^? o!rs :o set out to fulfil a      
def9ite & det]m9$ act--mov+ a *air to "s
 p>ticul> spot & sitt+ d[n 9 x1 mov+ "o 
( ! unus$ tables & arrang+ ^u x ! game  
!y wi% to play4  ,our idea ( lib]ty = ! 
*ild _c be ! simple concept ( lib]ty we 
use 9 ! obs]vation ( plants1 insects1   
etc4  ,! *ild1 because ( ! peculi>      
*>act]i/ics ( helplessness ) :i* he is  
born1 & because ( 8 qualities z a social
 individual is circumscrib$ by bonds :i*
 limit 8 activity4  ,an educational     
me?od t %all h lib]ty z its basis mu/   
int]v5e to help ! *ild to a conque/ ( ^!
 v>i\s ob/acles4 ,9 o!r words1 8 tra9+  
mu/ be su* z %all help him to dim9i%1 9 
a rational mann]1 ! social bonds1 :i*   
limit 8 activity4  ,little by little1 z 
! *ild gr[s 9 su* an atmosph]e1 8       
spontane\s manife/ations w become m     

cle>1 ) ! cle>ness ( tru?1 reveal+ 8    
nature4 ,= all ^! reasons1 ! fir/ =m (  
educational int]v5tion mu/ t5d to lead !
 *ild t[>d indep5d5ce4   ,,indep5d5ce   
,no "o c be free unless he is indep5d5t3
 !re=e1 ! fir/1 active manife/ations ( !
 *ild's individual lib]ty mu/ be s guid$
 t ?r\gh ?is activity he may arrive at  
indep5d5ce4 ,little *ildr51 f ! mom5t 9 
:i* !y are wean$1 are mak+ _! way t[>d  
indep5d5ce4  ,:at is a wean$ *ild8 ,9   
reality x is a *ild t has become        
indep5d5t ( ! "m's brea/4 ,in/ead ( ?is 
"o s\rce ( n\ri%m5t he w f9d v>i\s k9ds 
( food2 = him ! means ( exi/5ce are     
multipli$1 & he c to "s ext5t make a    
selection ( 8 food1 :]eas he 0 at fir/  
limit$ absolutely to "o =m ( n\ri%m5t4  
,nev]!less1 he is /ill dep5d5t1 s9ce he 
is n yet able to walk1 & _c wa% & dress 
himself1 & s9ce he is n yet able to ask 
= ?+s 9 a language :i* is cle> & easily 
und]/ood4 ,he is /ill 9 ?is p]iod to a  
great ext5t ! slave ( ev]yone4 ,by ! age
 ( ?ree1 h[ev]1 ! *ild %\ld h be5 able  

to r5d] himself to a great ext5t        
indep5d5t & free4  ,t we h n yet        
?or\ghly assimilat$ ! highe/ concept ( !
 t]m indep5d5ce1 is due to ! fact t !   
social =m 9 :i* we live is /ill s]vile4 
,9 an age ( civilisation :]e s]vants    
exi/1 ! concept ( t =m ( life :i* is    
indep5d5ce _c take root or develop      
freely4 ,ev5 s 9 ! "t ( slav]y1 !       
concept ( lib]ty 0 di/ort$ & d>k5$4     
,our s]vants are n our dep5d5ts1 r x is 
we :o are dep5d5t ^u !m4  ,x is n       
possible to accept univ]sally z a "p (  
our social /ructure su* a deep human    
error )\t feel+ ! g5]al effects ( x 9 ! 
=m ( moral inf]iority4 ,we (t5 believe  
ourselves to be indep5d5t simply because
 no "o comm&s u1 & because we comm&     
o!rs2 b ! nobleman :o ne$s to call a    
s]vant to 8 aid is really a dep5d5t     
?r\gh 8 own inf]iority4 ,! p>alytic :o  
_c take (f 8 boots because ( a          
pa?ological fact1 & ! pr9ce :o d>e n    
take !m (f because ( a social fact1 are 
9 reality r$uc$ to ! same condition4    

,any nation t accepts ! idea ( s]vitude 
& believes t x is an advantage = man to 
be s]v$ by man1 admits s]vility z an    
in/9ct1 & inde$ we all too easily l5d   
ourselves to obsequi\s s]vice1 giv+ to x
 su* complim5t>y names z c\rtesy1       
polit5ess1 *>ity4  ,9 reality1 he :o is 
s]v$ is limit$ 9 8 indep5d5ce4 ,?is     
concept w be ! f\ndation ( ! dignity ( !
 man ( ! future2 ,i d n wi% to be s]v$1 
because ,i am n an impot5t4 ,& ?is idea 
mu/ be ga9$ be=e m5 c feel !mselves to  
be really free4  ,any p$agogical action1
 if x is to be efficaci\s 9 ! tra9+ (   
little *ildr51 mu/ t5d to help ! *ildr5 
to advance ^u ?is road ( indep5d5ce4 ,we
 mu/ help !m to le>n to walk )\t        
assi/ance1 to run1 to g up & d[n /airs1 
to lift up fall5 objects1 to dress &    
undress !mselves1 to ba! !mselves1 to   
speak di/9ctly1 & to express _! own ne$s
 cle>ly4 ,we mu/ give su* help z %all   
make x possible = *ildr5 to a*ieve !    
satisfaction ( _! own individual aims & 
desires4 ,all ?is is a "p ( education = 

indep5d5ce4  ,we habitually s]ve *ildr52
 & ?is is n only an act ( s]vility t[>d 
!m1 b x is dang]\s1 s9ce x t5ds to      
suffocate _! useful1 spontane\s         
activity4 ,we are incl9$ to believe t   
*ildr5 are l puppets1 & we wa% !m & fe$ 
!m z if !y 7 dolls4 ,we d n /op to ?9k t
 ! *ild :o does n d1 does n "k h[ to d4 
,he mu/1 nev]!less1 d ^! ?+s1 & nature  
has furni%$ him ) ! physical means =    
c>ry+ on ^! v>i\s activities1 & ) !     
intellectual means = le>n+ h[ to d !m4  
,& our duty t[>d him is1 9 e case1 t (  
help+ him to make a conque/ ( su* useful
 acts z nature int5d$ he %\ld p]=m =    
himself4 ,! "m :o fe$s h] *ild )\t mak+ 
! lea/ ef=t to tea* him to hold ! spoon 
= himself & to try to f9d 8 m\? ) x1 &  
:o does n at lea/ eat h]self1 invit+ !  
*ild to look & see h[ %e does x1 is n a 
good "m4 ,%e (f5ds ! fundam5tal human   
dignity ( h] son1--%e treats him z if he
 7 a doll1 :5 he is1 in/ead1 a man      
confid$ by nature to h] c>e4  ,:o does n
 "k t to tea* a *ild to fe$ himself1 to 

wa% & dress himself1 is a mu* m t$i\s & 
difficult "w1 call+ = inf9itely great]  
pati5ce1 ?an fe$+1 wa%+ & dress+ ! *ild 
"o's self8 ,b ! =m] is ! "w ( an        
educator1 ! latt] is ! easy & inf]ior "w
 ( a s]vant4 ,n only is x easi] = ! "m1 
b x is v dang]\s = ! *ild1 s9ce x doses 
! way & puts ob/acles 9 ! pa? ( ! life  
:i* is develop+4  ,! ultimate           
consequ5ces ( su* an attitude on ! "p ( 
! p>5t may be v s]i\s inde$4 ,! gr&     
g5tleman :o has too _m s]vants n only   
gr[s con/antly m & m dep5d5t ^u !m1     
until he is1 f9ally1 actually _! slave1 
b 8 muscles gr[ weak ?r\gh inactivity & 
f9ally lose _! natural capacity =       
action4 ,! m9d ( "o :o does n "w = t :i*
 he ne$s1 b comm&s x f o!rs1 gr[s heavy 
& sluggi%4 ,if su* a man %\ld "s day    
awak5 to ! fact ( 8 inf]ior position &  
%\ld wi% to rega9 once m 8 own          
indep5d5ce1 he w\ld f9d t he _h no long]
 ! =ce to d s4 ,^! dang]s %\ld be       
pres5t$ to ! p>5ts ( ! privileg$ social 
classes1 if _! *ildr5 are to use        

indep5d5tly & = "r ! special p[] :i* is 
!irs4 ,ne$less help is an actual        
h9drance to ! developm5t ( natural =ces4
  ,ori5tal wom5 we> tr\s]s1 x is true1 &
 ,european wom51 petticoats2 b ! =m]1   
ev5 m ?an ! latt]1 are taught z a "p (  
_! education ! art ( n mov+4 ,su* an    
attitude t[>d woman leads to ! fact t   
man works n only = himself1 b = woman4  
,& ! woman wa/es h] natural /r5g? &     
activity & langui%es 9 slav]y4 ,%e is n 
only ma9ta9$ & s]v$1 %e is1 besides1    
dim9i%$1 belittl$1 9 t individuality :i*
 is h]s by "r ( h] exi/5ce z a human    
be+4 ,z an individual memb] ( society1  
%e is a cyph]4 ,%e is r5d]$ defici5t 9  
all ^? p[]s & res\rces :i* t5d to !     
pres]vation ( life4 ,let me illu/rate   
?is3  ,a c>riage conta9+ a fa!r1 "m1 &  
*ild1 is go+ along a c\ntry road4 ,an   
arm$ brig& /ops ! c>riage ) ! well-kn[n 
phrase1 ,y\r money or y\r life4 ,plac$ 9
 ?is situation1 ! ?ree p]sons 9 !       
c>riage act 9 v diff]5t ways4 ,! man1 :o
 is a tra9$ m>ksman1 & :o is arm$ ) a   

revolv]1 promptly draws1 & confronts !  
assass94 ,! boy1 arm$ only ) ! fre$om & 
lightness ( 8 own legs1 cries out &     
betakes himself to flight4 ,! woman1 :o 
is n arm$ 9 any way :atev]1 nei!r       
artificially nor naturally 7s9ce h]     
limbs1 n tra9$ = activity1 are hamp]$ by
 h] skirts71 gives a fright5$ gasp1 &   
s9ks d[n unconsci\s4  ,^! ?ree div]se   
reactions are 9 close relation to ! /ate
 ( lib]ty & indep5d5ce ( ea* ( ! ?ree   
individuals4 ,! swoon+ woman is %e ^:   
cloak is c>ri$ = h] by att5tive         
cavali]s1 :o are quick to pick up any   
fall5 object t %e may be sp>$ all       
ex]tion4  ,! p]il ( s]vilism & dep5d5ce 
lies n only 9 t useless consum+ ( life1 
:i* leads to helplessness1 b 9 !        
developm5t ( individual traits :i*      
indicate all too pla9ly a regrettable   
p]v]sion & deg5]ation ( ! normal man4 ,i
 ref] to ! dom9e]+ & tyrannical behavi\r
 ) examples ( :i* we are all only too   
famili>4 ,! dom9e]+ habit develops side 
by side ) helplessness4 ,x is ! outw>d  

sign ( ! /ate ( feel+ ( him :o conqu]s  
?r\gh ! "w ( o!rs4 ,?us x (t5 happ5s t !
 ma/] is a tyrant t[>d 8 s]vant4 ,x is !
 _s ( ! task-ma/] t[>d ! slave4  ,let u 
picture to ourselves a clev] & pr(ici5t 
workman1 capable1 n only ( produc+ mu* &
 p]fect "w1 b ( giv+ advice 9 8 work%op1
 because ( 8 ability to control & direct
 ! g5]al activity ( ! environm5t 9 :i*  
he works4 ,! man :o is ?us ma/] ( 8     
environm5t w be able to smile be=e !    
ang] ( o!rs1 %[+ t great ma/]y ( himself
 :i* comes f consci\sness ( 8 ability to
 d ?+s4 ,we %\ld n1 h[ev]1 be 9 ! lea/  
surpris$ to "k t 9 8 home ?is capable   
workman scold$ 8 wife if ! s\p 0 n to 8 
ta/e1 or n ready at ! appo9t$ "t4 ,9 8  
home1 he is no long] ! capable workman2 
! skill$ workman "h is ! wife1 :o s]ves 
him & prep>es 8 food = him4 ,he is a    
s]5e & pleasant man :]e he is p[]ful    
?r\gh be+ effici5t1 b is dom9e]+ :]e he 
is s]v$4 ,p]haps if he %\ld le>n h[ to  
prep>e 8 s\p he might become a p]fect   
man6 ,! man :o1 ?r\gh 8 own ef=ts1 is   

able to p]=m all ! actions necess>y = 8 
com=t & developm5t 9 life1 conqu]s      
himself1 & 9 do+ s multiplies 8         
abilities & p]fects himself z an        
individual4  ,we mu/ make ( ! future    
g5]ation1 p[]ful m51 & by t we mean m5  
:o are indep5d5t & free4   ,,abolition  
,,( ,,prizes ,,& ,,( ,,ext]nal ,,=ms ,,(
 ,,puni%m5t  ,once we h accept$ &       
e/abli%$ su* pr9ciples1 ! abolition (   
prizes & ext]nal =ms ( puni%m5t w foll[ 
naturally4 ,man1 discipl9$ ?r\gh lib]ty1
 beg9s to desire ! true & only prize :i*
 w nev] belittle or disappo9t him1--!   
bir? ( human p[] & lib]ty )9 t inn] life
 ( 8 f :i* 8 activities mu/ spr+4  ,9 my
 own exp]i5ce ,i h (t5 m>vell$ to see h[
 true ?is is4 ,dur+ our fir/ mon?s 9 !  
,*ildr5's ,h\ses1 ! tea*]s _h n yet     
le>n$ to put into practice ! p$agogical 
pr9ciples ( lib]ty & discipl9e4 ,"o (   
!m1 especially1 busi$ h]self1 :5 ,i 0   
abs5t1 9 rem$y+ my ideas by introduc+ a 
few ( ^? me?ods to :i* %e _h be5        
accu/om$4 ,s1 "o day :5 ,i came 9       

unexpect$ly1 ,i f\nd "o ( ! mo/         
intellig5t ( ! *ildr5 we>+ a l>ge ,greek
 cross ( silv]1 hung f 8 neck by a f9e  
piece ( :ite ribbon1 :ile ano!r *ild 0  
seat$ 9 an arm*air :i* _h be5           
conspicu\sly plac$ 9 ! middle ( ! room4 
,! fir/ *ild _h be5 rew>d$1 ! second 0  
be+ puni%$4 ,! tea*]1 at lea/ :ile ,i 0 
pres5t1 did n int]f]e 9 any way1 & !    
situation rema9$ z ,i _h f\nd x4 ,i held
 my peace1 & plac$ myself :]e ,i might  
obs]ve quietly4  ,! *ild ) ! cross 0    
mov+ back & =?1 c>ry+ ! objects ) :i* he
 _h be5 work+1 f 8 table to t ( ! tea*]1
 & br++ o!rs 9 _! place4 ,he 0 busy &   
happy4 ,z he w5t back & =? he pass$ by !
 arm*air ( ! *ild :o 0 be+ puni%$4 ,!   
silv] cross slipp$ f 8 neck & fell to ! 
floor1 & ! *ild 9 ! arm*air pick$ x up1 
dangl$ x on its :ite ribbon1 look+ at x 
f all sides1 & !n said to 8 companion3  
,d y see :at y h dropp$8 ,! *ild turn$ &
 look$ at ! tr9ket ) an air (           
indiff]5ce2 8 expression seem$ to say2  
,don't int]rupt me1 8 voice repli$ ,i   

don't c>e4 ,don't y c>e1 really8 said ! 
puni%$ "o calmly4 ,!n ,i w put x on     
myself4 ,& ! o!r repli$1 ,oh1 yes1 put x
 on1 9 a tone t seem$ to add1 & leave me
 9 peace6  ,! boy 9 ! arm*air c>efully  
arrang$ ! ribbon s t ! cross lay ^u !   
front ( 8 p9k apron :]e he c\ld admire  
its brightness & its pretty =m1 !n he   
settl$ himself m com=tably 9 8 little   
*air & re/$ 8 arms ) evid5t pleasure ^u 
! arms ( ! *air4 ,! affair rema9$ ?us1 &
 0 q j4 ,! dangl+ cross c\ld satisfy !  
*ild :o 0 be+ puni%$1 b n ! active *ild1
 cont5t & happy ) 8 "w4  ,"o day ,i took
 ) me on a visit to ano!r ( ! ,*ildr5's 
,h\ses a lady :o prais$ ! *ildr5 highly 
& :o1 op5+ a box %e _h br\ght1 %[$ !m a 
numb] ( %9+ m$als1 ea* ti$ ) a bright r$
 ribbon4 ,! mi/ress1 %e said w put ^! on
 ! brea/s ( ^? *ildr5 :o are ! clev]e/ &
 ! be/4  ,z ,i 0 "u no obligation to    
in/ruct ?is visitor 9 my me?ods1 ,i kept
 sil5ce1 & ! tea*] took ! box4 ,at t    
mom5t1 a mo/ intellig5t little boy (    
f\r1 :o 0 seat$ quietly at "o ( ! little

 tables1 wr9kl$ 8 =ehead 9 an act (     
prote/ & cri$ out ov] & ov] aga92--,n to
 ! boys1 ?\gh1 n to ! boys6  ,:at a     
revelation6 ,?is little fell[ already   
knew t he /ood among ! be/ & /ronge/ ( 8
 class1 al?\gh no "o _h ev] reveal$ ?is 
fact to him1 & he did n wi% to be (f5d$ 
by ?is prize4 ,n kn[+ h[ to def5d 8     
dignity1 he invok$ ! sup]ior quality ( 8
 mascul9ity6  ,z to puni%m5ts1 we h _m  
times come 9 contact ) *ildr5 :o di/urb$
 ! o!rs )\t pay+ any att5tion to our    
corrections4 ,su* *ildr5 7 at once      
exam9$ by ! physician4 ,:5 ! case prov$ 
to be t ( a normal *ild1 we plac$ "o ( !
 little tables 9 a corn] ( ! room1 & 9  
?is way isolat$ ! *ild2 hav+ him sit 9 a
 com=table little arm*air1 s plac$ t he 
might see 8 companions at "w1 & giv+ him
 ^? games & toys to :i* he 0 mo/        
attract$4 ,?is isolation almo/ always   
succe$$ 9 calm+ ! *ild2 f 8 position he 
c\ld see ! entire assembly ( 8          
companions1 & ! way 9 :i* !y c>ri$ on _!
 "w 0 an object lesson mu* m efficaci\s 

?an any words ( ! tea*] c\ld possibly h 
be54 ,little by little1 he w\ld come to 
see ! advantages ( be+ "o ( ! company   
work+ s busily be=e 8 eyes1 & he w\ld   
really wi% to g back & d z ! o!rs did4  
,we h 9 ?is way l$ back aga9 to         
discipl9e all ! *ildr5 :o at fir/ seem$ 
to rebel aga9/ x4 ,! isolat$ *ild 0     
always made ! object ( special c>e1     
almo/ z if he 7 ill4 ,i myself1 :5 ,i   
ent]$ ! room1 w5t fir/ ( all directly to
 him1 c>ess+ him1 z if he 7 a v little  
*ild4 ,!n ,i turn$ my att5tion to !     
o!rs1 int]e/+ myself 9 _! "w1 ask+      
que/ions ab\t x z if !y _h be5 little   
m54 ,i d n "k :at happ5$ 9 ! s\l ( ^!   
*ildr5 :om we f\nd x necess>y to        
discipl9e1 b c]ta9ly ! conv]sion 0      
always v complete & la/+4 ,!y %[$ great 
pride 9 le>n+ h[ to "w & h[ to conduct  
!mselves1 & always %[$ a v t5d]         
affection = ! tea*] & = me4   ,,!       
,,biological ,,concept ,,( ,,lib]ty ,,9 
,,p$agogy  ,f a biological po9t ( view1 
! concept ( lib]ty 9 ! education ( !    

*ild 9 8 e>lie/ ye>s mu/ be und]/ood z  
dem&+ ^? conditions adapt$ to ! mo/     
fav\rable developm5t ( 8 entire         
individuality4 ,s1 f ! physiological    
side z well z f ! m5tal side1 ?is       
includes ! free developm5t ( ! bra94 ,! 
educator mu/ be z "o inspir$ by a deep  
wor%ip ( life1 & mu/1 ?r\gh ?is rev]5ce1
 respect1 :ile he obs]ves ) human       
int]e/1 ! developm5t ( ! *ild life4 ,n[1
 *ild life is n an ab/raction2 x is !   
life ( individual *ildr54 ,!re exi/s    
only "o real biological manife/ation3 ! 
liv+ individual2 & t[>d s+le            
individuals1 "o by "o obs]v$1 education 
mu/ direct itself4 ,by education mu/ be 
und]/ood ! active help giv5 to ! normal 
expansion ( ! life ( ! *ild4 ,! *ild is 
a body :i* gr[s1 & a s\l :i*            
develops1--^! two =ms1 physiological &  
psy*ic1 h "o et]nal font1 life itself4  
,we mu/ nei!r m> nor /ifle ! my/]i\s    
p[]s :i* lie )9 ^! two =ms ( gr[?1 b we 
mu/ await f !m ! manife/ations :i* we "k
 w succe$ "o ano!r4  ,environm5t is     

und\bt$ly a second>y factor 9 ! ph5om5a 
( life2 x c modify 9 t x c help or h9d]1
 b x c nev] create4 ,! mod]n !ories (   
evolution1 f ,naegeli to ,de ,vries1    
consid] ?r\gh\t ! developm5t ( ! two    
biological bran*es1 animal & vegetable1 
?is int]ior factor z ! ess5tial =ce 9 ! 
trans=mation ( ! species & 9 !          
trans=mation ( ! individual4 ,! orig9s (
 ! developm5t1 bo? 9 ! species & 9 !    
individual1 lie )94 ,! *ild does n gr[  
because he is n\ri%$1 because he brea!s1
 because he is plac$ 9 conditions (     
temp]ature to :i* he is adapt$2 he gr[s 
because ! pot5tial life )9 him develops1
 mak+ itself visible2 because ! fruitful
 g]m f :i* 8 life has come develops     
itself accord+ to ! biological de/9y :i*
 0 fix$ = x by h]$ity4 ,adolesc5ce does 
n come because ! *ild laughs1 or dances1
 or does gymna/ic ex]cises1 or is well  
n\ri%$2 b because he has arriv$ at t    
p>ticul> physiological /ate4 ,life makes
 itself manife/1--life creates1 life    
gives3--& is 9 its turn held )9 c]ta9   

limits & b\nd by c]ta9 laws :i* are     
insup]able4 ,! fix$ *>act]i/ics ( !     
species d n *ange1--!y c only v>y4  ,?is
 concept1 s brilliantly set =? by ,de   
,vries 9 8 ,mutation ,!ory1 illu/rates  
also ! limits ( education4 ,we c act on 
! v>iations :i* are 9 relation to !     
environm5t1 & ^: limits v>y slightly 9 !
 species & 9 ! individual1 b we _c act  
^u ! mutations4 ,! mutations are b\nd by
 "s my/]i\s tie to ! v font ( life      
itself1 & _! p[] rises sup]ior to !     
modify+ elem5ts ( ! environm5t4  ,a     
species1 = example1 _c mutate or *ange  
into ano!r species ?r\gh any ph5om5on ( 
adaptation1 z1 on ! o!r h&1 a great     
human g5ius _c be suffocat$ by any      
limitation1 nor by any false =m (       
education4  ,! environm5t acts m /rongly
 ^u ! individual life ! less fix$ &     
/rong ?is individual life may be4 ,b    
environm5t c act 9 two opposite s5ses1  
fav\r+ life1 & /ifl+ x4 ,_m species (   
palm1 = example1 are spl5did 9 !        
tropical regions1 because ! climatic    

conditions are fav\rable to _!          
developm5t1 b _m species ( bo? animals &
 plants h become ext9ct 9 regions to :i*
 !y 7 n able to adapt !mselves4  ,life  
is a sup]b goddess1 always advanc+1     
ov]?r[+ ! ob/acles :i* environm5t places
 9 ! way ( h] triumph4 ,?is is ! basic  
or fundam5tal tru?1--:e!r x be a "q (   
species or ( individuals1 !re p]si/s    
always ! =w>d m>* ( ^? victori\s ones 9 
:om ?is my/]i\s life-=ce is /rong &     
vital4  ,x is evid5t t 9 ! case (       
humanity1 & especially 9 ! case ( our   
civil humanity1 :i* we call society1 !  
important & imp]ative "q is t ( ! c>e1  
or p]haps we might say1 ! culture (     
human life4     ,,*apt] ,,vi  ,,h[ ,,!  
,,lessons ,,%\ld ,,be ,,giv5      ,let  
all ?y words be c\nt$4                  
,dante1 ,inf41 canto ,x4   ,giv5 ! fact 
t1 ?r\gh ! regime ( lib]ty ! pupils c   
manife/ _! natural t5d5cies 9 ! s*ool1 &
 t ) ?is 9 view we h prep>$ ! environm5t
 & ! mat]ials 7! objects ) :i* ! *ild is
 to "w71 ! tea*] mu/ n limit h] action  

to obs]vation1 b mu/ proce$ to exp]im5t4
  ,9 ?is me?od ! lesson corresponds to  
an exp]im5t4 ,! m fully ! tea*] is      
acqua9t$ ) ! me?ods ( exp]im5tal        
psy*ology1 ! bett] w %e und]/& h[ to    
give ! lesson4 ,inde$1 a special        
te*nique is necess>y if ! me?od is to be
 prop]ly appli$4 ,! tea*] mu/ at lea/ h 
att5d$ ! tra9+ classes 9 ! ,*ildr5's    
,h\ses1 9 ord] to acquire a k ( !       
fundam5tal pr9ciples ( ! me?od & to     
und]/& _! application4 ,! mo/ difficult 
portion ( ?is tra9+ is t :i* ref]s to ! 
me?od = discipl9e4  ,9 ! fir/ days ( !  
s*ool ! *ildr5 d n le>n ! idea (        
collective ord]2 ?is idea foll[s & comes
 z a result ( ^? discipl9>y ex]cises    
?r\gh :i* ! *ild le>ns to disc]n betwe5 
good & evil4 ,?is be+ ! case1 x is      
evid5t t1 at ! outset ! tea*] _c give   
collective lessons4 ,su* lessons1 inde$1
 w always be v r>e1 s9ce ! *ildr5 be+   
free are n oblig$ to rema9 9 _! places  
quiet & ready to li/5 to ! tea*]1 or to 
wat* :at %e is do+4 ,! collective       

lessons1 9 fact1 are ( v second>y       
importance1 & h be5 almo/ aboli%$ by u4 
,,*>act]i/ics ,,( ,,! ,,individual      
,,lessons3--,,concis5ess1 ,,simplicity1 
,,objectivity  ,! lessons1 !n1 are      
individual1 & brevity mu/ be "o ( _!    
*ief *>act]i/ics4 ,dante gives excell5t 
advice to tea*]s :5 he says1 ,let ?y    
words be c\nt$4 ,! m c>efully we cut    
away useless words1 ! m p]fect w become 
! lesson4 ,& 9 prep>+ ! lessons :i* %e  
is to give1 ! tea*] mu/ pay special     
att5tion to ?is po9t1 c\nt+ & weigh+ !  
value ( ! words :i* %e is to speak4     
,ano!r *>act]i/ic quality ( ! lesson 9 !
 ,*ildr5's ,h\ses is its simplicity4 ,x 
mu/ be /ripp$ ( all t is n absolute     
tru?4 ,t ! tea*] mu/ n lose h]self 9 va9
 words1 is includ$ 9 ! fir/ quality (   
concis5ess2 ?is second1 !n1 is closely  
relat$ to ! fir/3 t is1 ! c>efully *os5 
words mu/ be ! mo/ simple x is possible 
to f9d1 & mu/ ref] to ! tru?4  ,! ?ird  
quality ( ! lesson is its objectivity4  
,! lesson mu/ be pres5t$ 9 su* a way t !

 p]sonality ( ! tea*] %all disappe>4    
,!re %all rema9 9 evid5ce only ! object 
to :i* %e wi%es to call ! att5tion ( !  
*ild4 ,?is brief & simple lesson mu/ be 
consid]$ by ! tea*] z an explanation ( !
 object & ( ! use :i* ! *ild c make ( x4
  ,9 ! giv+ ( su* lessons ! fundam5tal  
guide mu/ be ! me?od ( obs]vation1 9 :i*
 is includ$ & und]/ood ! lib]ty ( !     
*ild4 ,s ! tea*] %all obs]ve :e!r ! *ild
 int]e/s himself 9 ! object1 h[ he is   
int]e/$ 9 x1 = h[ long1 etc41 ev5 notic+
 ! expression ( 8 face4 ,& %e mu/ take  
great c>e n to (f5d ! pr9ciples (       
lib]ty4 ,=1 if %e provokes ! *ild to    
make an unnatural ef=t1 %e w no long] "k
 :at is ! spontane\s activity ( ! *ild4 
,if1 !re=e1 ! lesson rigor\sly prep>$ 9 
?is brevity1 simplicity & tru? is n     
und]/ood by ! *ild1 is n accept$ by him 
z an explanation ( ! object1--! tea*]   
mu/ be w>n$ ( two ?+s3--fir/1 n to insi/
 by repeat+ ! lesson2 & second1 n to    
make ! *ild feel t he has made a mi/ake1
 or t he is n und]/ood1 because 9 do+ s 

%e w cause him to make an ef=t to       
und]/&1 & w ?us alt] ! natural /ate :i* 
mu/ be us$ by h] 9 mak+ h] psy*ological 
obs]vation4 ,a few examples may s]ve to 
illu/rate ?is po9t4  ,let u suppose1 =  
example1 t ! tea*] wi%es to tea* to a   
*ild ! two col\rs1 r$ & blue4 ,%e       
desires to attract ! att5tion ( ! *ild  
to ! object4 ,%e says1 !re=e1 ,look at  
?is4 ,!n1 9 ord] to tea* ! col\rs1 %e   
says1 %[+ him ! r$1 ,?is is r$1 rais+ h]
 voice a little & pron\nc+ ! ^w r$ sl[ly
 & cle>ly2 !n %[+ him ! o!r col\r1 ,?is 
is blue4 ,9 ord] to make sure t ! *ild  
has und]/ood1 %e says to him1 ,give me !
 r$1--,give me ! blue4 ,let u suppose t 
! *ild 9 foll[+ ?is la/ direction makes 
a mi/ake4 ,! tea*] does n repeat & does 
n insi/2 %e smiles1 gives ! *ild a      
fri5dly c>ess & takes away ! col\rs4    
,tea*]s ord9>ily are greatly surpris$ at
 su* simplicity4 ,!y (t5 say1 ,b        
ev]ybody kn[s h[ to d t6 ,inde$1 ?is    
aga9 is a little l ! egg ( ,*ri/oph]    
,columbus1 b ! tru? is t n ev]yone kn[s 

h[ to d ?is simple ?+ 7to give a lesson 
) su* simplicity74 ,to measure "o's own 
activity1 to make x con=m to ^! /&>ds ( 
cle>ness1 brevity & tru?1 is practically
 a v difficult matt]4 ,especially is ?is
 true ( tea*]s prep>$ by ! old-"t       
me?ods1 :o h le>n$ to lab\r to deluge ! 
*ild ) useless1 & (t51 false words4 ,=  
example1 a tea*] :o _h taught 9 ! public
 s*ools (t5 rev]t$ to collectivity4 ,n[ 
9 giv+ a collective lesson mu*          
importance is necess>ily giv5 to !      
simple ?+ :i* is to be taught1 & x is   
necess>y to oblige all ! *ildr5 to foll[
 ! tea*]'s explanation1 :5 p]haps n all 
( !m are dispos$ to give _! att5tion to 
! p>ticul> lesson 9 h&4 ,! tea*] has    
p]haps comm5c$ h] lesson 9 ?is          
way3--,*ildr51 see if y c guess :at ,i h
 9 my h&6 ,%e kn[s t ! *ildr5 _c guess1 
& %e !re=e attracts _! att5tion by means
 ( a falsehood4 ,!n %e probably         
says1--,*ildr51 look out at ! sky4 ,h y 
ev] look$ at x be=e8 ,h y nev] notic$ x 
at night :5 x is all %9+ ) />s8 ,no6    

,look at my apron4 ,d y "k :at col\r x  
is8 ,doesn't x seem to y ! same col\r z 
! sky8 ,v well !n1 look at ?is col\r ,i 
h 9 my h&4 ,x is ! same col\r z ! sky & 
my apron4 ,x is blue4 ,n[ look ar\nd y a
 little & see if y c f9d some?+ 9 ! room
 :i* is blue4 ,& d y "k :at col\r *]ries
 are1 & ! col\r ( ! burn+ coals 9 !     
fireplace1 etc41 etc4  ,n[ 9 ! m9d ( !  
*ild aft] he has made ! useless ef=t (  
try+ to guess !re revolves a confus$    
mass ( ideas1--! sky1 ! apron1 ! *]ries1
 etc4 ,x w be difficult = him to extract
 f all ?is confusion ! idea :i* x 0 !   
scope ( ! lesson to make cle> to him2   
namely1 ! recognition ( ! two col\rs1   
blue & r$4 ,su* a "w ( selection is     
almo/ impossible = ! m9d ( a *ild :o is 
n yet able to foll[ a long disc\rse4  ,i
 rememb] be+ pres5t at an ari?metic     
lesson :]e ! *ildr5 7 be+ taught t two &
 ?ree make five4 ,to ?is end1 ! tea*]   
made use ( a c\nt+ bo>d hav+ col\r$     
beads /rung on its ?9 wires4 ,%e        
arrang$1 = example1 two beads on ! top  

l9e1 !n on a l[] l9e ?ree1 & at ! bottom
 five beads4 ,i d n rememb] v cle>ly !  
developm5t ( ?is lesson1 b ,i d "k t !  
tea*] f\nd x necess>y to place beside ! 
two beads on ! upp] wire a little       
c>dbo>d danc] ) a blue skirt1 :i* %e    
*ri/5$ on ! spot ! "n ( "o ( ! *ildr5 9 
! class1 say+1 ,?is is ,m>iett9a4 ,& !n 
beside ! o!r ?ree beads %e plac$ a      
little danc] dress$ 9 a diff]5t col\r1  
:i* %e call$ ,gig9a4 ,i d n "k exactly  
h[ ! tea*] arriv$ at ! demon/ration ( ! 
same1 b c]ta9ly %e talk$ = a long "t )  
^! little danc]s1 mov+ !m ab\t1 etc4 ,if
 ,i rememb] ! danc]s m cle>ly ?an ,i d !
 ari?metic process1 h[ mu/ x h be5 ) !  
*ildr58 ,if by su* a me?od !y 7 able to 
le>n t two & ?ree make five1 !y mu/ h   
made a trem5d\s m5tal ef=t1 & ! tea*]   
mu/ h f\nd x necess>y to talk ) ! little
 danc]s = a long "t4  ,9 ano!r lesson a 
tea*] wi%$ to demon/rate to ! *ildr5 !  
diff]5ce betwe5 noise & s\nd4 ,%e began 
by tell+ a long /ory to ! *ildr54 ,!n   
sudd5ly someone 9 league ) h] knock$    

noisily at ! door4 ,! tea*] /opp$ & cri$
 out--,:at is x6 ,:at's happ5$6 ,:at is 
! matt]6 ,*ildr51 d y "k :at ?is p]son  
at ! door has done8 ,i c no long] g on )
 my /ory1 ,i _c rememb] x any m4 ,i w h 
to leave x unf9i%$4 ,d y "k :at has     
happ5$8 ,did y he>6 ,h y und]/ood8 ,t 0 
a noise1 t is a noise4 ,oh6 ,i w\ld mu* 
r play ) ?is little baby 7tak+ up a     
m&ol9 :i* %e _h dress$ up 9 a table     
cov]74 ,yes1 de> baby1 ,i _h r play ) y4
 ,d y see ?is baby t ,i am hold+ 9 my   
arms8 ,sev]al *ildr5 repli$1 ,x isn't a 
baby4 ,o!rs said1 ,x's a m&ol94 ,! tea*]
 w5t on--,no1 no1 x is a baby1 really a 
baby4 ,i love ?is little baby4 ,d y want
 me to %[ y t x is a baby8 ,keep v1 v   
quiet !n4 ,x seems to me t ! baby is    
cry+4 ,or1 p]haps x is talk+1 or p]haps 
x is go+ to say papa or mamma4 ,putt+ h]
 h& "u ! cov]1 %e t\*$ ! /r+s ( ! m&ol94
 ,!re6 did y he> ! baby cry6 ,did y he> 
x call out8 ,! *ildr5 cri$ out--,x's a  
m&ol91 y t\*$ ! /r+s1 y made x play4 ,! 
tea*] !n repli$1 ,be quiet1 be quiet1   

*ildr54 ,li/5 to :at ,i am go+ to d4 ,!n
 %e uncov]$ ! m&ol9 & began to play on  
x1 say+1 ,?is is s\nd4  ,to suppose t ! 
*ild f su* a lesson z ?is %all come to  
und]/& ! diff]5ce betwe5 noise & s\nd is
 ridicul\s4 ,! *ild w probably get !    
impression t ! tea*] wi%$ to play a     
joke1 & t %e is r fooli%1 because %e lo/
 ! ?read ( h] disc\rse :5 %e 0 int]rupt$
 by noise1 & because %e mi/ook a m&ol9 =
 a baby4 ,mo/ c]ta9ly1 x is ! figure ( !
 tea*] h]self t is impress$ ^u ! *ild's 
m9d ?r\gh su* a lesson1 & n ! object =  
:i* ! lesson 0 giv54  ,to obta9 a simple
 lesson f a tea*] :o has be5 prep>$     
accord+ to ! ord9>y me?ods1 is a v      
difficult task4 ,i rememb] t1 aft] hav+ 
expla9$ ! mat]ial fully & 9 detail1 ,i  
call$ ^u "o ( my tea*]s to tea*1 by     
means ( ! geometric insets1 ! diff]5ce  
betwe5 a squ>e & a triangle4 ,! task ( !
 tea*] 0 simply to fit a squ>e & a      
triangle ( wood into ! empty spaces made
 to receive !m4 ,%e %\ld !n h %[n ! *ild
 h[ to foll[ ) 8 f+] ! cont\rs ( ! wood5

 pieces & ( ! frames into :i* !y fit1   
say+1 mean:ile1 ,?is is a squ>e--?is is 
a triangle4 ,! tea*] :om ,i _h call$ ^u 
began by hav+ ! *ild t\* ! squ>e1 say+1 
,?is is a l9e1--ano!r1--ano!r1--& ano!r4
 ,!re are f\r l9es3 c\nt !m ) y\r little
 f+] & tell me h[ _m !re are4 ,& !      
corn]s1--c\nt ! corn]s1 feel !m ) y\r   
little f+]4 ,see1 !re are f\r corn]s    
too4 ,look at ?is piece well4 ,x is a   
squ>e4 ,i correct$ ! tea*]1 tell+ h] t 9
 ?is way %e 0 n tea*+ ! *ild to         
recognise a =m1 b 0 giv+ him an idea (  
sides1 ( angles1 ( numb]1 & t ?is 0 a v 
diff]5t ?+ f t :i* %e 0 to tea* 9 ?is   
lesson4 ,b1 %e said1 try+ to ju/ify     
h]self1 x is ! same ?+4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 
! same ?+4 ,x is ! geometric analysis & 
! ma!matics ( ! ?+4 ,x w\ld be possible 
to h an idea ( ! =m ( ! quadrilat]al )\t
 kn[+ h[ to c\nt to f\r1 &1 !re=e1 )\t  
appreciat+ ! numb] ( sides & angles4 ,! 
sides & ! angles are ab/ractions :i* 9  
!mselves d n exi/2 t :i* does exi/ is   
?is piece ( wood ( a det]m9$ =m4 ,!     

elaborate explanations ( ! tea*] n only 
confus$ ! *ild's m9d1 b bridg$ ov] !    
di/ance t lies betwe5 ! concrete & !    
ab/ract1 betwe5 ! =m ( an object & !    
ma!matics ( ! =m4  ,let z suppose1 ,i   
said to ! tea*]1 t an ar*itect %[s y a  
dome1 ! =m ( :i* int]e/s y4 ,he c foll[ 
"o ( two me?ods 9 %[+ y 8 "w3 he c call 
att5tion to ! beauty ( l9e1 ! h>mony ( !
 proportions1 & may !n take y inside !  
build+ & up into ! cupola itself1 9 ord]
 t y may appreciate ! relative          
proportion ( ! p>ts 9 su* a way t y\r   
impression ( ! cupola z a :ole %all be  
f\nd$ on g5]al k ( its p>ts1 or he c h y
 c\nt ! w9d[s1 ! wide or n>r[ cornices1 
& c1 9 fact1 make y a design %[+ !      
con/ruction2 he c illu/rate = y ! /atic 
laws & write out ! algebraic =mulae     
necess>y 9 ! calculation ( su* laws4 ,9 
! fir/ place1 y w be able to reta9 9 y\r
 m9d ! =m ( ! cupola2 9 ! second1 y w h 
und]/ood no?+1 & w come away ) !        
impression t ! ar*itect fanci$ himself  
speak+ to a fell[ eng9e]1 in/ead ( to a 

travell] ^: object 0 to become famili> )
 ! beautiful ?+s ab\t him4 ,v mu* ! same
 ?+ happ5s if we1 in/ead ( say+ to !    
*ild1 ,?is is a squ>e1 & by simply hav+ 
him t\* ! cont\r e/abli% mat]ially !    
idea ( ! =m1 proce$ r to a geometrical  
analysis ( ! cont\r4  ,inde$1 we %\ld   
feel t we are mak+ ! *ild precoci\s if  
we taught him ! geometric =ms 9 ! plane1
 pres5t+ at ! same "t ! ma!matical      
concept1 b we d n believe t ! *ild is   
too immature to appreciate ! simple =m2 
on ! contr>y1 x is no ef=t = a *ild to  
look at a squ>e w9d[ or table1--he sees 
all ^! =ms ab\t him 9 8 daily life4 ,to 
call 8 att5tion to a det]m9$ =m is to   
cl>ify ! impression he has already      
receiv$ ( x1 & to fix ! idea ( x4 ,x is 
v mu* z if1 :ile we are look+           
abs5t-m9d$ly at ! %ore ( a lake1 an     
arti/ %\ld sudd5ly say to u--,h[        
beautiful ! curve is t ! %ore makes !re 
"u ! %ade ( t cliff4 ,at 8 words1 ! view
 :i* we h be5 obs]v+ almo/ unconsci\sly1
 is impress$ ^u our m9ds z if x _h be5  

illum9at$ by a sudd5 ray ( sun%9e1 & we 
exp]i5ce ! joy ( hav+ cry/allis$ an     
impression :i* we _h be=e only          
imp]fectly felt4  ,& su* is our duty    
t[>d ! *ild3 to give a ray ( light & to 
g on our way4  ,i may lik5 ! effects (  
^! fir/ lessons to ! impressions ( "o :o
 walks quietly1 happily1 ?r\gh a wood1  
alone1 & ?\ghtful1 lett+ 8 inn] life    
unfold freely4 ,sudd5ly1 ! *ime ( a     
di/ant bell recalls him to himself1 & 9 
t awak5+ he feels m /rongly ?an be=e !  
peace & beauty ( :i* he has be5 b dimly 
consci\s4  ,to /imulate life1--leav+ x  
!n free to develop1 to unfold1--h]e9    
lies ! fir/ task ( ! educator4 ,9 su* a 
delicate task1 a great art mu/ sugge/ ! 
mom5t1 & limit ! int]v5tion1 9 ord] t we
 %all ar\se no p]turbation1 cause no    
deviation1 b r t we %all help ! s\l :i* 
is com+ into ! fulness ( life1 & :i*    
%all live f its own =ces4 ,?is art mu/  
accompany ! sci5tific me?od4  ,:5 !     
tea*] %all h t\*$1 9 ?is way1 s\l = s\l1
 ea* "o ( h] pupils1 awak5+ & inspir+ ! 

life )9 !m z if %e 7 an invisible _s1 %e
 w !n possess ea* s\l1 & a sign1 a s+le 
^w f h] %all suffice2 = ea* "o w feel h]
 9 a liv+ & vital way1 w recognise h] & 
w li/5 to h]4 ,!re w come a day :5 !    
directress h]self %all be fill$ ) wond] 
to see t all ! *ildr5 obey h] ) g5tl5ess
 & affection1 n only ready1 b int5t1 at 
a sign f h]4 ,!y w look t[>d h] :o has  
made !m live1 & w hope & desire to      
receive f h]1 new life4  ,exp]i5ce has  
reveal$ all ?is1 & x is some?+ :i* =ms !
 *ief s\rce ( wond] = ^? :o visit !     
,*ildr5's ,h\ses4 ,collective discipl9e 
is obta9$ z if by magic =ce4 ,fifty or  
sixty *ildr5 f two & a half ye>s to six 
ye>s ( age1 all toge!r1 & at a s+le "t  
"k h[ to hold _! peace s p]fectly t !   
absolute sil5ce seems t ( a des]t4 ,&1  
if ! tea*]1 speak+ 9 a l[ voice1 says to
 ! *ildr51 ,rise1 pass sev]al times     
ar\nd ! room on ! tips ( y\r toes & !n  
come back to y\r place 9 sil5ce all     
toge!r1 z a s+le p]son1 ! *ildr5 rise1 &
 foll[ ! ord] ) ! lea/ possible noise4  

,! tea*] ) t "o voice has spok5 to ea*  
"o2 & ea* *ild hopes f h] int]v5tion to 
receive "s light & inn] happ9ess4 ,&    
feel+ s1 he goes =? int5t & ob$i5t l an 
anxi\s explor]1 foll[+ ! ord] 9 8 own   
way4   ,9 ?is matt] ( discipl9e we h    
aga9 some?+ ( ! egg ( ,*ri/oph]         
,columbus4 ,a conc]t-ma/] mu/ prep>e 8  
s*ol>s "o by "o 9 ord] to draw f _!     
collective "w great & beautiful h>mony2 
& ea* arti/ mu/ p]fect himself z an     
individual be=e he c be ready to foll[ !
 voiceless comm&s ( ! ma/]'s baton4  ,h[
 diff]5t is ! me?od :i* we foll[ 9 !    
public s*ools6 ,x is z if a conc]t-ma/] 
taught ! same monoton\s & sometimes     
discordant rhy?m contemporane\sly to !  
mo/ div]se in/rum5ts & voices4  ,?us we 
f9d t ! mo/ discipl9$ memb]s ( society  
are ! m5 :o are be/ tra9$1 :o h mo/     
?or\ghly p]fect$ !mselves1 b ?is is !   
tra9+ or ! p]fection acquir$ ?r\gh      
contact ) o!r p4 ,! p]fection ( !       
collectivity _c be t mat]ial & brutal   
solid>ity :i* comes f me*anical         

organisation alone4  ,9 reg>d to infant 
psy*ology1 we are m ri*ly end[$ )       
prejudices ?an ) actual k be>+ ^u !     
subject4 ,we h1 until ! pres5t day1 wi%$
 to dom9ate ! *ild ?r\gh =ce1 by !      
imposition ( ext]nal laws1 in/ead ( mak+
 an int]ior conque/ ( ! *ild1 9 ord] to 
direct him z a human s\l4 ,9 ?is way1 ! 
*ildr5 h liv$ beside u )\t be+ able to  
make u "k !m4 ,b if we cut away !       
artificiality ) :i* we h enwrapp$ !m1 & 
! viol5ce ?r\gh :i* we h fooli%ly ?\ght 
to discipl9e !m1 !y w reveal !mselves to
 u 9 all ! tru? ( *ild nature4  ,_!     
g5tl5ess is s absolute1 s sweet1 t we   
recognise 9 x ! infancy ( t humility :i*
 c rema9 oppress$ by e =m ( yoke1 by e  
inju/ice2 & *ild love & k is su* t x    
surpasses e o!r love & makes u ?9k t 9 v
 tru? humanity mu/ c>ry )9 x t passion  
:i* pu%es ! m9ds ( m5 to ! successive   
conque/ ( ?\ght1 mak+ easi] f c5tury to 
c5tury ! yokes ( e =m ( slav]y4         
,,*apt] ,,vii  ,,ex]cises ,,(           
,,practical ,,life   ,,propos$ ,,w9t]   

,,s*$ule ,,( ,,h\rs ,,9 ,,! ,,*ildr5',s 
,,h\ses  ,op5+ at ,n9e ,o'clock--,clos+ 
at ,f\r ,o'clock      #i-aj4 ,entrance4 
,greet+4 ,inspection z to p]sonal       
cleanl9ess4 ,ex]cises ( practical life2 
help+ "o ano!r     to take (f & put on !
 aprons4 ,go+ ov] ! room to see     t   
ev]y?+ is du/$ & 9 ord]4 ,language3     
,conv]sation     p]iod3 ,*ildr5 give an 
acc\nt ( ! ev5ts ( ! day     be=e4      
,religi\s ex]cises4      #aj-aa4        
,intellectual ex]cises4 ,objective      
lessons int]rupt$     by %ort re/       
p]iods4 ,nom5clature1 ,s5se ex]cises4   
#aa-aa3cj4 ,simple gymna/ics3 ,ord9>y   
movem5ts done     gracefully1 normal    
position ( ! body1 walk+1 m>*+ 9        
l9e1 salutations1 movem5ts = att5tion1  
plac+ ( objects     gracefully4         
#aa3cj-ab4 ,lun*eon3 ,%ort pray]4       
#ab-a4 ,free games4      #a-b4 ,direct$ 
games1 if possible1 9 ! op5 air4 ,dur+  
?is     p]iod ! old] *ildr5 9 turn g    
?r\gh ) !     ex]cises ( practical life1
 clean+ ! room1 du/+1     putt+ !       

mat]ial 9 ord]4 ,g5]al inspection =     
cleanl9ess3 ,conv]sation4      #b-c4    
,manual "w4 ,clay modell+1 design1 etc4 
#c-d4 ,collective gymna/ics & songs1 if 
possible 9 ! op5     air4 ,ex]cises to  
develop =e?\ght3 ,visit+1 & c>+     =1 !
 plants & animals4  ,z soon z a s*ool is
 e/abli%$1 ! "q ( s*$ule arises4 ,?is   
mu/ be consid]$ f two po9ts ( view2 !   
l5g? ( ! s*ool-day & ! di/ribution (    
/udy & ( ! activities ( life4  ,i %all  
beg9 by affirm+ t 9 ! ,*ildr5's ,h\ses1 
z 9 ! s*ool = defici5ts1 ! h\rs may be v
 long1 occupy+ ! entire day4 ,= poor    
*ildr51 & especially = ! ,*ildr5's      
,h\ses annex$ to work+m5's t5em5ts1 ,i  
%\ld advise t ! s*ool-day %\ld be f n9e 
9 ! morn+ to five 9 ! ev5+ 9 w9t]1 & f  
eight to six 9 summ]4 ,^! long h\rs are 
necess>y1 if we are to foll[ a direct$  
l9e ( action :i* %all be helpful to !   
gr[? ( ! *ild4 ,x goes )\t say+1 t 9 !  
case ( little *ildr5 su* a long         
s*ool-day %\ld be int]rupt$ by at lea/  
an h\r's re/ 9 b$4 ,& "h lies ! great   

practical difficulty4 ,at pres5t we mu/ 
all[ our little ones to sleep 9 _! seats
 9 a wret*$ position1 b ,i =esee a "t1 n
 di/ant1 :5 we %all be able to h a      
quiet1 d>k5$ room :]e ! *ildr5 may sleep
 9 l[-swung hammocks4 ,i %\ld l /ill    
bett] to h ?is nap tak5 9 ! op5 air4  ,9
 ! ,*ildr5's ,h\ses 9 ,rome we s5d !    
little ones to _! own ap>tm5ts = ! nap1 
z ?is c be done )\t _! hav+ to g out    
into ! /reets4  ,x mu/ be obs]v$ t ^!   
long h\rs include n only ! nap1 b !     
lun*eon4 ,?is mu/ be consid]$ 9 su*     
s*ools z ! ,*ildr5's ,h\ses1 ^: aim is  
to help & to direct ! gr[? ( *ildr5 9   
su* an important p]iod ( developm5t z t 
f ?ree to six ye>s ( age4  ,! ,*ildr5's 
,h\se is a g>d5 ( *ild culture1 & we mo/
 c]ta9ly d n keep ! *ildr5 = s _m h\rs 9
 s*ool ) ! idea ( mak+ /ud5ts ( !m6  ,! 
fir/ /ep :i* we mu/ take 9 our me?od is 
to call to ! pupil4 ,we call n[ to 8    
att5tion1 n[ to 8 int]ior life1 n[ to ! 
life he leads ) o!rs4 ,mak+ a comp>ison 
:i* mu/ n be tak5 9 a lit]al s5se1--x is

 necess>y to proce$ z 9 exp]im5tal      
psy*ology or an?ropology :5 "o makes an 
exp]im5t1--t is1 aft] hav+ prep>$ !     
in/rum5t 7to :i* 9 ?is case ! environm5t
 may correspond7 we prep>e ! subject4   
,consid]+ ! me?od z a :ole1 we mu/ beg9 
our "w by prep>+ ! *ild = ! =ms ( social
 life1 & we mu/ attract 8 att5tion to ^!
 =ms4  ,9 ! s*$ule :i* we outl9$ :5 we  
e/abli%$ ! fir/ ,*ildr5's ,h\se1 b :i*  
we h nev] foll[$ entirely1 7a sign t a  
s*$ule 9 :i* ! mat]ial is di/ribut$ 9   
arbitr>y fa%ion is n adapt$ to ! regime 
( lib]ty7 we beg9 ! day ) a s]ies (     
ex]cises ( practical life1 & ,i mu/     
confess t ^! ex]cises 7 ! only "p ( !   
programme :i* prov$ ?or\ghly /ation>y4  
,^! ex]cises 7 su* a success t !y =m$ ! 
beg9n+ ( ! day 9 all ( ! ,*ildr5's      
,h\ses4 ,fir/3    ,cleanl9ess4   ,ord]4 
,poise4   ,conv]sation4  ,z soon z !    
*ildr5 arrive at s*ool we make an       
inspection = cleanl9ess4 ,if possible1  
?is %\ld be c>ri$ on 9 ! pres5ce ( !    
mo!rs1 b _! att5tion %\ld n be call$ to 

x directly4 ,we exam9e ! h&s1 ! nails1 !
 neck1 ! e>s1 ! face1 ! tee?2 & c>e is  
giv5 to ! tid9ess ( ! hair4 ,if any ( ! 
g>m5ts are torn or soil$ or ripp$1 if ! 
buttons are lack+1 or if ! %oes are n   
clean1 we call ! att5tion ( ! *ild to   
?is4 ,9 ?is way1 ! *ildr5 become        
accu/om$ to obs]v+ !mselves & take an   
int]e/ 9 _! own appe>ance4  ,! *ildr5 9 
our ,*ildr5's ,h\ses are giv5 a ba? 9   
turn1 b ?is1 ( c\rse1 c n be done daily4
 ,9 ! class1 h[ev]1 ! tea*]1 by us+ a   
little wa%/& ) small pit*]s & bas9s1    
tea*es ! *ildr5 to take a p>tial ba?3 = 
example1 !y le>n h[ to wa% _! h&s &     
clean _! nails4 ,inde$1 sometimes we    
tea* !m h[ to take a foot-ba?4 ,!y are  
%[n especially h[ to wa% _! e>s & eyes )
 great c>e4 ,!y are taught to bru% _!   
tee? & r9se _! m\?s c>efully4 ,9 all (  
?is1 we call _! att5tion to ! diff]5t   
p>ts ( ! body :i* !y are wa%+1 & to !   
diff]5t means :i* we use 9 ord] to      
cleanse !m3 cle> wat] = ! eyes1 soap &  
wat] = ! h&s1 ! bru% = ! tee?1 etc4 ,we 

tea* ! big ones to help ! little ones1  
&1 s1 enc\rage ! y\ng] *ildr5 to le>n   
quickly to take c>e ( !mselves4  ,aft]  
?is c>e ( _! p]sons1 we put on ! little 
aprons4 ,! *ildr5 are able to put ^! on 
!mselves1 or1 ) ! help ( ea* o!r4 ,!n we
 beg9 our visit ab\t ! s*oolroom4 ,we   
notice if all ( ! v>i\s mat]ials are 9  
ord] & if !y are clean4 ,! tea*] %[s !  
*ildr5 h[ to clean out ! little corn]s  
:]e du/ has accumulat$1 & %[s !m h[ to  
use ! v>i\s objects necess>y 9 clean+ a 
room1--du/-clo?s1 du/-bru%es1 little    
brooms1 etc4 ,all ( ?is1 :5 ! *ildr5 are
 all[$ to d x by !mselves1 is v quickly 
accompli%$4 ,!n ! *ildr5 g ea* to 8 own 
place4 ,! tea*] expla9s to !m t ! normal
 position is = ea* *ild to be seat$ 9 8 
own place1 9 sil5ce1 ) 8 feet toge!r on 
! floor1 8 h&s re/+ on ! table1 & 8 head
 erect4 ,9 ?is way %e tea*es !m poise & 
equilibrium4 ,!n %e has !m rise on _!   
feet 9 ord] to s+ ! hymn1 tea*+ !m t 9  
ris+ & sitt+ d[n x is n necess>y to be  
noisy4 ,9 ?is way ! *ildr5 le>n to move 

ab\t ! furniture ) poise & ) c>e4 ,aft] 
?is we h a s]ies ( ex]cises 9 :i* !     
*ildr5 le>n to move gracefully1 to g &  
come1 to salute ea* o!r1 to lift objects
 c>efully1 to receive v>i\s objects f   
ea* o!r politely4 ,! tea*] calls        
att5tion ) little exclamations to a *ild
 :o is clean1 a room :i* is well ord]$1 
a class seat$ quietly1 a graceful       
movem5t1 etc4  ,f su* a />t+ po9t we    
proce$ to ! free tea*+4 ,t is1 ! tea*] w
 no long] make comm5ts to ! *ildr51     
direct+ !m h[ to move f _! seats1 etc41 
%e w limit h]self to correct+ ! disord]$
 movem5ts4  ,aft] ! directress has talk$
 9 ?is way ab\t ! attitude ( ! *ildr5 & 
! arrangem5t ( ! room1 %e invites !     
*ildr5 to talk ) h]4 ,%e que/ions !m    
conc]n+ :at !y h done ! day be=e1       
regulat+ h] inquiries 9 su* a way t !   
*ildr5 ne$ n report ! intimate happ5+s (
 ! family b _! individual behavi\r1 _!  
games1 attitude to p>5ts1 etc4 ,%e w ask
 if !y h be5 able to g up ! /airs )\t   
gett+ !m muddy1 if !y h spok5 politely  

to _! fri5ds :o pass$1 if !y h help$ _! 
mo!rs1 if !y h %[n 9 _! family :at !y h 
le>n$ at s*ool1 if !y h play$ 9 ! /reet1
 etc4 ,! conv]sations are long] on      
,monday aft] ! vacation1 & on t day !   
*ildr5 are invit$ to tell :at !y h done 
) ! family2 if !y h gone away f home1   
:e!r !y h eat5 ?+s n usual = *ildr5 to  
eat1 & if ?is is ! case we urge !m n to 
eat ^! ?+s & try to tea* !m t !y are bad
 = !m4 ,su* conv]sations z ^! enc\rage !
 unfold+ or developm5t ( language & are 
( great educational value1 s9ce !       
directress c prev5t ! *ildr5 f rec\nt+  
happ5+s 9 ! h\se or 9 ! neighb\rhood1 & 
c select1 in/ead1 topics :i* are adapt$ 
to pleasant conv]sation1 & 9 ?is way c  
tea* ! *ildr5 ^? ?+s :i* x is desirable 
to talk ab\t2 t is1 ?+s ) :i* we occupy 
ourselves 9 life1 public ev5ts1 or ?+s  
:i* h happ5$ 9 ! diff]5t h\ses1 p]haps1 
to ! *ildr5 !mselves--z baptism1 bir?day
 p>ties1 any ( :i* may s]ve = occasional
 conv]sation4 ,?+s ( ?is sort w enc\rage
 *ildr5 to describe1 !mselves4 ,aft] ?is

 morn+ talk we pass to ! v>i\s lessons4 
,,*apt] ,,viii  ,,refection--,,!        
,,*ild',s ,,diet   ,9 connection ) !    
ex]cises ( practical life1 x may be     
fitt+ to consid] ! matt] ( refection4   
,9 ord] to protect ! *ild's developm5t1 
especially 9 neighb\rhoods :]e /&>ds (  
*ild hygi5e are n yet preval5t 9 ! home1
 x w\ld be well if a l>ge "p at lea/ ( !
 *ild's diet c\ld be entru/$ to ! s*ool4
 ,x is well kn[n to-day t ! diet mu/ be 
adapt$ to ! physical nature ( ! *ild2 & 
z ! m$ic9e ( *ildr5 is n ! m$ic9e (     
adults 9 r$uc$ doses1 s ! diet mu/ n be 
t ( ! adult 9 less] quantitative        
proportions4 ,= ?is reason ,i %\ld pref]
 t ev5 9 ! ,*ildr5's ,h\ses :i* are     
situat$ 9 t5em5ts & f :i* little ones1  
be+ at home1 c g up to eat ) ! family1  
s*ool refection %\ld be in/itut$4       
,moreov]1 ev5 9 ! case ( ri* *ildr51    
s*ool refection w\ld always be advisable
 until a sci5tific c\rse 9 cook+ %all h 
introduc$ into ! weal?i] families !     
habit ( specialis+ 9 *ildr5's food4  ,! 

diet ( little *ildr5 mu/ be ri* 9 fats &
 sug>3 ! fir/ = res]ve matt] & ! second 
= pla/ic tissue4 ,9 fact1 sug> is a     
/imulant to tissues 9 ! process (       
=mation4  ,z = ! =m ( prep>ation1 x is  
well t ! alim5t>y sub/ances %\ld always 
be m9c$1 because ! *ild has n yet !     
capacity = completely ma/icat+ ! food1 &
 8 /oma* is /ill incapable ( fulfill+ ! 
function ( m9c+ food matt]4             
,consequ5tly1 s\ps1 purees1 & meat      
balls1 %\ld con/itute ! ord9>y =m ( di% 
= ! *ild's table4  ,! nitrog5\s diet = a
 *ild f two or ?ree ye>s ( age ought to 
be con/itut$ *iefly ( milk & eggs1 b    
aft] ! second ye> bro?s are also to be  
recomm5d$4 ,aft] ?ree ye>s & a half meat
 c be giv52 or1 9 ! case ( poor *ildr51 
vegetables4 ,fruits are also to be      
recomm5d$ = *ildr54  ,p]haps a detail$  
summ>y on *ild diet may be useful1      
especially = mo!rs4  ,me?od ( ,prep>+   
,bro? = ,little ,*ildr54 7,age ?ree to  
six2 aft] t ! *ild may use ! common bro?
 ( ! family47 ,! quantity ( meat %\ld   

correspond to #a gramme = e cubic       
c5timetre ( bro? & %\ld be put 9 cold   
wat]4 ,no aromatic h]bs %\ld be us$1 !  
only :olesome condim5t be+ salt4 ,! meat
 %\ld be left to boil = two h\rs4       
,in/ead ( remov+ ! grease f ! bro? x is 
well to add butt] to x1 or1 9 ! case ( !
 poor1 a spoonful ( olive oil2 b        
sub/itutes = butt]1 su* z m>g]9e1 etc41 
%\ld nev] be us$4 ,! bro? mu/ be prep>$ 
fre%2 x w\ld be well1 !re=e1 to put !   
meat on ! fire two h\rs be=e ! meal1    
because z soon z bro? is cool !re beg9s 
to take place a sep>ation ( *emical     
sub/ances1 :i* are injuri\s to ! *ild & 
may easily cause di>rhea4  ,s\ps4 ,a v  
simple s\p1 & "o to be highly recomm5d$ 
= *ildr51 is bread boil$ 9 salt wat] or 
9 bro? & abundantly season$ ) oil4 ,?is 
is ! classic s\p ( poor *ildr5 & an     
excell5t means ( nutrition4 ,v l ?is1 is
 ! s\p :i* consi/s ( little cubes (     
bread toa/$ 9 butt] & all[$ to soak 9 ! 
bro? :i* is itself fat ) butt]4 ,s\ps ( 
grat$ bread also belong 9 ?is class4    

,pa/9e1#aj especially ! glut9\s pa/9e1  
:i* are ( ! same nature1 are und\bt$ly  
sup]ior to ! o!rs = dige/ibility1 b are 
accessible only to ! privileg$ social   
classes4    #aj ,^? v f9e =ms (         
v]micelli us$ 9 s\ps4  ,! poor %\ld "k  
h[ mu* m :olesome is a bro? made f      
remnants ( /ale bread1 ?an s\ps ( co>se 
spaghetti--(t5 dry & season$ ) meat     
juice4 ,su* s\ps are mo/ indige/ible =  
little *ildr54  ,excell5t s\ps are ^?   
consi/+ ( purees ( vegetables 7beans1   
peas1 l5tils74 ,to-day "o may f9d 9 !   
%ops dri$ vegetables especially adapt$ =
 ?is sort ( s\ps4 ,boil$ 9 salt wat]1 ! 
vegetables are peel$1 put to cool &     
pass$ ?r\gh a sieve 7or simply          
compress$1 if !y are already peel$74    
,butt] is !n add$1 & ! pa/e is /irr$    
sl[ly into ! boil+ wat]1 c>e be+ tak5 t 
x dissolves & leaves no lumps4          
,vegetable s\ps c also be season$ )     
pork4 ,in/ead ( bro?1 sug>$ milk may be 
! base ( vegetable purees4  ,i /rongly  
recomm5d = *ildr5 a s\p ( rice boil$ 9  

bro? or milk2 also cornmeal bro?1       
provid$ x be season$ ) abundant butt]1 b
 n ) *eese4 7,! porridge =m--pol5ta1    
really cornmeal mu%1 is to be highly    
recomm5d$ on acc\nt ( ! long cook+47  ,!
 poor] classes :o h no meat-bro? c fe$  
_! *ildr5 equally well ) s\ps ( boil$   
bread & porridge season$ ) oil4  ,milk &
 ,eggs4 ,^! are foods :i* n only conta9 
nitrog5\s sub/ances 9 an em95tly        
dige/ible =m1 b !y h ! s-call$ enzymes  
:i* facilitate assimilation into !      
tissues1 &1 h5ce1 9 a p>ticul> way1     
fav\r ! gr[? ( ! *ild4 ,& !y answ] s mu*
 ! bett] ?is la/ mo/ important condition
 if !y are fre% & intact1 keep+ 9       
!mselves1 "o may say1 ! life ( ! animals
 :i* produc$ !m4  ,milk fre% f ! c[1 & !
 egg :ile x is /ill w>m1 are assimilable
 to ! highe/ degree4 ,cook+1 on ! o!r   
h&1 makes ! milk & eggs lose _! special 
conditions ( assimilability & r$uces !  
nutritive p[] 9 !m to ! simple p[] ( any
 nitrog5\s sub/ance4  ,to-day1          
consequ5tly1 !re are be+ f\nd$ special  

dairies = *ildr5 :]e ! milk produc$ is  
/]ile2 ! rigor\s cleanl9ess ( !         
surr\nd+s 9 :i* ! milk-produc+ animals  
live1 ! /]ilisation ( ! udd] be=e milk+1
 ( ! h&s ( ! milk]1 & ( ! vessels :i*   
are to conta9 ! milk1 ! h]metic seal+ ( 
^! la/1 & ! refrig]at+ ba? imm$iately   
aft] ! milk+1 if ! milk is to be c>ri$  
f>1--o!rwise x is well to dr9k x w>m1   
procure a milk free f bact]ia :i*1      
!re=e1 has no ne$ ( be+ /]ilis$ by      
boil+1 & :i* pres]ves intact its natural
 nutritive p[]s4  ,z mu* may be said (  
eggs2 ! be/ way ( fe$+ !m to a *ild is  
to take !m /ill w>m f ! h5 & h him eat  
!m j z !y are1 & !n dige/ !m 9 ! op5    
air4 ,b :]e ?is is n practicable1 eggs  
mu/ be *os5 fre%1 & b>ely heat$ 9 wat]1 
t is to say1 prep>$ a la coque4  ,all   
o!r =ms ( prep>ation1 milk-s\p1         
omelettes1 & s =?1 d1 to be sure1 make (
 milk & eggs an excell5t food1 m to be  
recomm5d$ ?an o!rs2 b !y take away !    
specific prop]ties ( assimilation :i*   
*>act]ise !m4  ,meat4 ,all meats are n  

adapt$ to *ildr51 & ev5 _! prep>ation   
mu/ diff] accord+ to ! age ( ! *ild4    
,?us1 = example1 *ildr5 f ?ree to five  
ye>s ( age ought to eat only m or less  
f9ely-gr\nd meats1 :]eas at ! age ( five
 *ildr5 are capable ( gr9d+ meat        
completely by ma/ication2 at t "t x is  
well to tea* ! *ild accurately h[ to    
ma/icate because he has a t5d5cy to     
swall[ food quickly1 :i* may produce    
indige/ion & di>rhea4  ,?is is ano!r    
reason :y s*ool-refection 9 ! ,*ildr5's 
,h\ses w\ld be a v s]viceable z well z  
conv5i5t in/itution1 z ! :ole diet ( !  
*ild c\ld !n be rationally c>$ = 9      
connection ) ! educative sy/em ( !      
,h\ses4  ,! meats mo/ adapt$ to *ildr5  
are s-call$ :ite meats1 t is1 9 ! fir/  
place1 *ick51 !n veal2 also ! light fle%
 ( fi%1 7sole1 pike1 cod74  ,aft] ! age 
( f\r1 filet ( beef may also be         
introduc$ into ! diet1 b nev] heavy &   
fat meats l t ( ! pig1 ! capon1 ! eel1 !
 tunny1 etc41 :i* are to be absolutely  
exclud$ along ) mollusks & cru/aceans1  

7oy/]s1 lob/]s71 f ! *ild's diet4       
,croquettes made ( f9ely gr\nd meat1    
grat$ bread1 milk1 & beat5 eggs1 & fri$ 
9 butt]1 are ! mo/ :olesome prep>ation4 
,ano!r excell5t prep>ation is to m\ld   
into balls ! grat$ meat1 ) sweet        
fruit-pres]ve1 & eggs beat5 up ) sug>4  
,at ! age ( five1 ! *ild may be giv5    
brea/ ( roa/ f[l1 & occasionally veal   
cutlet or filet ( beef4  ,boil$ meat mu/
 nev] be giv5 to ! *ild1 because meat is
 depriv$ ( _m /imulat+ & ev5 nutritive  
prop]ties by boil+ & r5d]$ less         
dige/ible4  ,n]ve ,fe$+ ,sub/ances4     
,besides meat a *ild :o has rea*$ ! age 
( f\r may be giv5 fri$ bra9s &          
sweetbreads1 to be comb9$1 = example1 ) 
*ick5 croquettes4  ,milk ,foods4 ,all   
*eeses are to be exclud$ f ! *ild's     
diet4  ,! only milk product suitable to 
*ildr5 f ?ree to six ye>s ( age is fre% 
butt]4  ,cu/>d4 ,cu/>d is also to be    
recomm5d$ provid$ x be fre%ly prep>$1 t 
is imm$iately be=e be+ eat51 & ) v fre% 
milk & eggs3 if su* conditions _c be    

rigor\sly fulfill$1 x is pref]able to d 
)\t cu/>d1 :i* is n a necessity4        
,bread4 ,f :at we h said ab\t s\ps1 x   
may be inf]r$ t bread is an excell5t    
food = ! *ild4 ,x %\ld be well select$2 
! crumb is n v dige/ible1 b x c be      
utilis$1 :5 x is dry1 to make a bread   
bro?2 b if "o is to give ! *ild simply a
 piece ( bread to eat1 x is well to (f] 
him ! cru/1 ! end ( ! loaf4 ,bread /icks
 are excell5t = ^? :o c af=d !m4  ,bread
 conta9s _m nitrog5\s sub/ances & is v  
ri* 9 />*es1 b is lack+ 9 fats2 & z !   
fundam5tal sub/ances ( diet are1 z is   
well kn[n1 ?ree 9 numb]1 namely1        
proteids1 7nitrog5\s sub/ances71 />*es1 
& fats1 bread is n a complete food2 x is
 necess>y !re=e to (f] ! *ild butt]$    
bread1 :i* con/itutes a complete food & 
may be consid]$ z a suffici5t & complete
 breakfa/4  ,gre5 ,vegetables4 ,*ildr5  
mu/ nev] eat raw vegetables1 su* z      
salads & gre5s1 b only cook$ ones2 inde$
 !y are n to be highly recomm5d$ ei!r   
cook$ or raw1 ) ! exception ( sp9a* :i* 

may ent] ) mod]ation into ! diet (      
*ildr54  ,potatoes prep>$ 9 a puree )   
mu* butt] =m1 h[ev]1 an excell5t        
complem5t ( nutrition = *ildr54         
,fruits4 ,among fruits !re are excell5t 
foods = *ildr54 ,!y too1 l milk & eggs1 
if fre%ly ga!r$1 reta9 a liv+ quality   
:i* aids assimilation4  ,z ?is          
condition1 h[ev]1 is n easily atta9able 
9 cities1 x is necess>y to consid] also 
! diet ( fruits :i* are n p]fectly fre% 
& :i*1 !re=e1 %\ld be prep>$ & cook$ 9  
v>i\s ways4 ,all fruits are n to be     
advis$ = *ildr52 ! *ief prop]ties to be 
consid]$ are ! degree ( rip5ess1 !      
t5d]ness & sweetness ( ! pulp1 & its    
acidity4 ,pea*es1 apricots1 grapes1     
currants1 oranges1 & m&>9s1 9 _! natural
 /ate1 c be giv5 to little *ildr5 )     
great advantage4 ,o!r fruits1 su* z     
pe>s1 apples1 plums1 %\ld be cook$ or   
prep>$ 9 syrup4  ,figs1 p9eapples1      
dates1 melons1 *]ries1 walnuts1 almonds1
 hazelnuts1 & *e/nuts1 are exclud$ =    
v>i\s reasons f ! diet ( e>ly *ildhood4 

,! prep>ation ( fruit mu/ consi/ 9      
remov+ f x all indige/ible p>ts1 su* z !
 peel1 & also su* p>ts z ! *ild         
inadv]t5tly may absorb to 8 detrim5t1 z1
 = example1 ! se$4  ,*ildr5 ( f\r or    
five %\ld be taught e>ly h[ c>efully !  
se$s mu/ be ?r[n away & h[ ! fruits are 
peel$4 ,aft]w>ds1 ! *ild s educat$ may  
be promot$ to ! hon\r ( receiv+ a f9e   
fruit intact1 & he w "k h[ to eat x     
prop]ly4  ,! cul9>y prep>ation ( fruits 
consi/s ess5tially 9 two processes3     
cook+1 & season+ ) sug>4  ,besides      
simple cook+1 fruits may be prep>$ z    
m>malades & jellies1 :i* are excell5t b 
are naturally )9 ! rea* ( ! weal?i]     
classes only4 ,:ile jellies & m>malades 
may be all[$1 c&i$ fruits1--on ! o!r    
h&1--m>rons glaces1 & ! l1 are          
absolutely exclud$ f ! *ild's diet4     
,season+s4 ,an important phase ( !      
hygi5e ( *ild diet conc]ns season+s--) a
 view to _! rigor\s limitation4 ,z ,i h 
already indicat$1 sug> & "s fat         
sub/ances along ) kit*5 salt 7sodium    

*loride7 %\ld con/itute ! pr9cipal "p ( 
! season+s4  ,to ^! may be add$ organic 
acids 7acetic acid1 citric acid7 t is1  
v9eg> & lemon juice2 ?is latt] c be     
advantage\sly us$ on fi%1 on croquettes1
 on sp9a*1 etc4  ,o!r condim5ts suitable
 to little *ildr5 are "s aromatic       
vegetables l g>lic & rue :i* dis9fect ! 
inte/9es & ! lungs1 & also h a direct   
an!lm9?ic action4  ,spices1 on ! o!r h&1
 su* z pepp]1 nutmeg1 c9namon1 clove1 & 
especially mu/>d1 are to be absolutely  
aboli%$4  ,dr9ks4 ,! gr[+ organism ( !  
*ild is v ri* 9 wat]1 &1 h5ce1 ne$s a   
con/ant supply ( moi/ure4 ,among !      
bev]ages1 ! be/1 & inde$ ! only "o1 to  
be unres]v$ly advis$ is pure fre% spr+  
wat]4 ,to ri* *ildr5 might be all[$ !   
s-call$ table wat]s :i* are slightly    
alkal9e1 su* z ^? ( ,san ,gem9i1 ,acqua 
,claudia1 etc41 mix$ ) syrups1 z1 =     
example1 syrup ( black *]ry4  ,x is n[ a
 matt] ( g5]al k t all f]m5t$ bev]ages1 
& ^? excit+ to ! n]v\s sy/em1 are       
injuri\s to *ildr52 h5ce1 all alcoholic 

& caffeic bev]ages are absolutely       
elim9at$ f *ild diet4 ,n only liquors1 b
 w9e & be]1 ought to be unkn[n to !     
*ild's ta/e1 & c(fee & tea %\ld be      
inaccessible to *ildhood4  ,! delet]i\s 
action ( alcohol on ! *ild organism ne$s
 no illu/ration1 b 9 a matt] ( su* vital
 importance insi/5t repetition is nev]  
sup]flu\s4 ,alcohol is a poison         
especially fatal to organisms 9 !       
process ( =mation4 ,n only does x arre/ 
_! total developm5t 7:5ce infantilism1  
idiocy71 b also pr$isposes ! *ild to    
n]v\s maladies 7epilepsy1 m5+itis71 & to
 maladies ( ! dige/ive organs1 &        
metabolism 7cirrhosis ( ! liv]1         
dyspepsia1 anaemia74  ,if ! ,*ildr5's   
,h\ses 7 to succe$ 9 enlight5+ ! p on   
su* tru?s1 !y w\ld be accompli%+ a v    
l(ty hygi5ic "w = ! new g5]ations4      
,in/ead ( c(fee1 *ildr5 may be giv5     
roa/$ & boil$ b>ley1 malt1 & especially 
*ocolate :i* is an excell5t *ild food1  
p>ticul>ly :5 mix$ ) milk4              
,,di/ribution ,,( ,,! ,,meals  ,ano!r   

*apt] ( *ild diet conc]ns ! di/ribution 
( ! meals4 ,"h1 "o pr9ciple mu/ dom9ate1
 & mu/ be diffus$1 among mo!rs1 namely1 
t ! *ildr5 %all be kept to rigor\s meal 
h\rs 9 ord] t !y may enjoy good heal? & 
h excell5t dige/ion4 ,x is true t !re   
prevails among ! p 7& x is "o ( ! =ms ( 
mat]nal ignorance mo/ fatal to *ildr57 !
 prejudice t *ildr5 9 ord] to gr[ well  
mu/ be eat+ almo/ cont9u\sly1 )\t       
regul>ity1 nibbl+ almo/ habitually a    
cru/ ( bread4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! *ild1 9  
view ( ! special delicacy ( 8 dige/ive  
sy/em1 has m ne$ ( regul> meals ?an !   
adult has4 ,x seems to me t ! ,*ildr5's 
,h\ses ) v prolong$ programmes are1 =   
?is reason1 suitable places = *ild      
culture1 z !y c direct ! *ild's diet4   
,outside ( _! regul> meal h\rs1 *ildr5  
%\ld n eat4  ,9 a ,*ildr5's ,h\se ) a   
long programme !re ought to be two      
meals1 a he>ty "o ab\t noon1 & a light  
"o ab\t f\r 9 ! aft]noon4  ,at ! he>ty  
meal1 !re %\ld be s\p1 a meat di%1 &    
bread1 &1 9 ! case ( ri* *ildr51 also   

fruits or cu/>d1 & butt] on ! bread4    
,at ! f\r o'clock meal !re %\ld be      
prep>$ a light lun*1 :i* f a simple     
piece ( bread c range to butt]$ bread1 &
 to bread accompani$ by a fruit         
m>malade1 *ocolate1 honey1 cu/>d1 etc4  
,crisp crack]s1 biscuits1 & cook$       
fruits1 etc41 might also be usefully    
employ$4 ,v suitably ! lun* might consi/
 ( bread soak$ 9 milk or an egg a la    
coque ) bread /icks1 or else ( a simple 
cup ( milk 9 :i* is dissolv$ a spoonful 
( ,mell9's ,food4 ,i recomm5d ,mell9's  
,food v highly1 n only 9 infancy1 b also
 mu* lat] on acc\nt ( its prop]ties (   
dige/ibility & nutrition1 & on acc\nt ( 
its flav\r1 :i* is s pleas+ to *ildr54  
,mell9's ,food is a p[d] prep>$ f b>ley 
& :eat1 & conta9+ 9 a conc5trat$ & pure 
/ate ! nutritive sub/ances prop] to ^?  
c]eals2 ! p[d] is sl[ly dissolv$ 9 hot  
wat] 9 ! bottom ( ! same cup :i* is to  
be us$ = dr9k+ ! mixture1 & v fre% milk 
is !n p\r$ on top4  ,! *ild w\ld take ! 
o!r two meals 9 8 own home1 t is1 !     

morn+ breakfa/ & ! supp]1 :i* latt] mu/ 
be v light = *ildr5 s t %ortly aft] !y  
may be ready to g to b$4 ,on ^! meals x 
w\ld be well to give advice to mo!rs1   
urg+ !m to help complete ! hygi5ic "w ( 
! ,*ildr5's ,h\ses1 to ! pr(it ( _!     
*ildr54  ,! morn+ breakfa/ = ! ri* might
 be milk & *ocolate1 or milk & extract (
 malt1 ) crack]s1 or1 bett]1 ) toa/$    
bread spread ) butt] or honey2 = ! poor1
 a cup ( fre% milk1 ) bread4  ,= ! ev5+ 
meal1 a s\p is to be advis$ 7*ildr5 %\ld
 eat s\ps twice a day71 & an egg a la   
coque or a cup ( milk2 or rice s\p ) a  
base ( milk1 & butt]$ bread1 ) cook$    
fruits1 etc4  ,z = ! alim5t>y rations to
 be calculat$1 ,i ref] ! read] to !     
special treatises on hygi5e3 al?\gh     
practically su* calculations are ( no   
great utility4   ,9 ! ,*ildr5's ,h\ses1 
especially 9 ! case ( ! poor1 ,i %\ld   
make ext5sive use ( ! vegetable s\ps &  
,i %\ld h cultivat$ 9 ! g>d5 plots      
vegetables :i* c be us$ 9 ! diet1 9 ord]
 to h !m pluck$ 9 _! fre%ness1 cook$1 & 

enjoy$4 ,i %\ld try1 possibly1 to d !   
same = ! fruits1 &1 by ! rais+ (        
animals1 to h fre% eggs & pure milk4 ,! 
milk+ ( ! goats c\ld be done directly by
 ! l>g] *ildr51 aft] !y _h scrupul\sly  
wa%$ _! h&s4 ,ano!r important educative 
application :i* s*ool-refection 9 !     
,*ildr5's ,h\ses has to (f]1 & :i*      
conc]ns practical life1 consi/s 9 !     
prep>+ ( ! table1 arrang+ ! table l951  
le>n+ its nom5clature1 etc4 ,lat]1 ,i   
%all %[ h[ ?is ex]cise c gradually      
increase 9 difficulty & con/itute a mo/ 
important didactic in/rum5t4  ,x is     
suffici5t to intimate "h t x is v       
important to tea* ! *ildr5 to eat )     
cleanl9ess1 bo? ) respect to !mselves & 
) respect to _! surr\nd+s 7n to soil !  
napk9s1 etc471 & to use ! table         
implem5ts 7:i*1 at lea/1 = ! little     
ones1 are limit$ to ! spoon1 & = ! l>g] 
*ildr5 ext5d$ to ! =k & knife74         
,,*apt] ,,ix  ,,muscul>                 
,,education--,,gymna/ics   ,! g5]ally   
accept$ idea ( gymna/ics is1 ,i consid]1

 v inadequate4 ,9 ! common s*ools we are
 accu/om$ to describe z gymna/ics a     
species ( collective muscul> discipl9e  
:i* has z its aim t *ildr5 %all le>n to 
foll[ def9ite ord]$ movem5ts giv5 9 ! =m
 ( comm&s4 ,! guid+ _s 9 su* gymna/ics  
is co]cion1 & ,i feel t su* ex]cises    
repress spontane\s movem5ts & impose    
o!rs 9 _! place4 ,i d n "k :at !        
psy*ological au?ority = ! selection ( ^!
 impos$ movem5ts is4 ,simil> movem5ts   
are us$ 9 m$ical gymna/ics 9 ord] to    
re/ore a normal movem5t to a torpid     
muscle or to give back a normal movem5t 
to a p>alys$ muscle4 ,a numb] ( *e/     
movem5ts :i* are giv5 9 ! s*ool are     
advis$1 = example1 9 m$ic9e = ^? :o     
suff] f inte/9al torpidity1 b truly ,i d
 n well und]/& :at (fice su* ex]cises c 
fulfil :5 !y are foll[$ by squadrons (  
normal *ildr54 ,9 addition to ^! =mal   
gymna/ics we h ^? :i* are c>ri$ on 9 a  
gymnasium1 & :i* are v l ! fir/ /eps 9 !
 tra9+ ( an acrobat4 ,h[ev]1 ?is is n ! 
place = criticism ( ! gymna/ics us$ 9   

our common s*ools4 ,c]ta9ly 9 our case  
we are n consid]+ su* gymna/ics4 ,inde$1
 _m :o he> me speak ( gymna/ics = infant
 s*ools v pla9ly %[ disapprobation & !y 
w disapprove m he>tily :5 !y he> me     
speak ( a gymnasium = little *ildr54    
,inde$1 if ! gymna/ic ex]cises & !      
gymnasium 7 ^? ( ! common s*ools1 no "o 
w\ld agree m he>tily ?an ,i 9 !         
disapproval express$ by ^! critics4  ,we
 mu/ und]/& by gymna/ics & 9 g5]al by   
muscul> education a s]ies ( ex]cises    
t5d+ to aid ! normal developm5t (       
physiological movem5ts 7su* z walk+1    
brea?+1 spee*71 to protect ?is          
developm5t1 :5 ! *ild %[s himself       
backw>d or abnormal 9 any way1 & to     
enc\rage 9 ! *ildr5 ^? movem5ts :i* are 
useful 9 ! a*ievem5t ( ! mo/ ord9>y acts
 ( life2 su* z dress+1 undress+1 button+
 _! clo!s & lac+ _! %oes1 c>ry+ su*     
objects z balls1 cubes1 etc4 ,if !re    
exi/s an age 9 :i* x is necess>y to     
protect a *ild by means ( a s]ies (     
gymna/ic ex]cises1 betwe5 ?ree & six    

ye>s is und\bt$ly ! age4 ,! special     
gymna/ics necess>y1 or1 bett] /ill1     
hygi5ic1 9 ?is p]iod ( life1 ref] *iefly
 to walk+4 ,a *ild 9 ! g5]al            
morphological gr[? ( 8 body is *>act]is$
 by hav+ a torso greatly develop$ 9     
comp>ison ) ! l[] limbs4 ,9 ! new-born  
*ild ! l5g? ( ! torso1 f ! top ( ! head 
to ! curve ( ! gro91 is equal to #fh p] 
c5t ( ! total l5g? ( ! body4 ,! limbs !n
 are b>ely #cb p] c5t ( ! /ature4 ,dur+ 
gr[? ^! relative proportions *ange 9 a  
mo/ noticeable way2 ?us1 = example1 9 ! 
adult ! torso is fully half ( ! entire  
/ature &1 accord+ to ! individual1      
corresponds to #ea or #eb p] c5t ( x4   
,?is morphological diff]5ce betwe5 !    
new-born *ild & ! adult is bridg$ s     
sl[ly dur+ gr[? t 9 ! fir/ ye>s ( !     
*ild's life ! torso /ill rema9s         
trem5d\sly develop$ z comp>$ ) ! limbs4 
,9 "o ye> ! height ( ! torso corresponds
 to #fe p] c5t ( ! total /ature1 9 two  
ye>s to #fc1 9 ?ree ye>s to #fb4  ,at ! 
age :5 a *ild ent]s ! infant s*ool 8    

limbs are /ill v %ort z comp>$ ) 8      
torso2 t is1 ! l5g? ( 8 limbs b>ely     
corresponds to #ch p] c5t ( ! /ature4   
,betwe5 ! ye>s ( six & sev5 ! proportion
 ( ! torso to ! /ature is f #eg to #ef  
p] c5t ,9 su* a p]iod !re=e ! *ild n    
only makes a noticeable gr[? 9 height1  
7he measures inde$ at ! age ( ?ree ye>s 
ab\t #j4he metre & at six ye>s #a4je    
metres7 b1 *ang+ s greatly ! relative   
proportions betwe5 ! torso & ! limbs1 ! 
latt] make a mo/ decid$ gr[?4 ,?is gr[? 
is relat$ to ! lay]s ( c>tilage :i* /ill
 exi/ at ! extremity ( ! long bones & is
 relat$ 9 g5]al to ! /ill incomplete    
ossification ( ! entire skeleton4 ,!    
t5d] bones ( ! limbs mu/ !re=e su/a9 !  
weight ( ! torso :i* is !n              
disproportionately l>ge4 ,we _c1 if we  
consid] all ^! ?+s1 judge ! mann] (     
walk+ 9 little *ildr5 by ! /&>d set =   
our own equilibrium4 ,if a *ild is n    
/rong1 ! erect po/ure & walk+ are really
 s\rces ( fatigue = him1 & ! long bones 
( ! l[] limbs1 yield+ to ! weight ( !   

body1 easily become de=m$ & usually b[$4
 ,?is is p>ticul>ly ! case among ! badly
 n\ri%$ *ildr5 ( ! poor1 or among ^? 9  
:om ! skeleton /ructure1 :ile n actually
 %[+ ! pres5ce ( rickets1 /ill seems to 
be sl[ 9 atta9+ normal ossification4    
,we are wrong !n if we consid] little   
*ildr5 f ?is physical po9t ( view z     
little m54 ,!y h1 in/ead1 *>act]i/ics & 
proportions t are entirely special to _!
 age4 ,! t5d5cy ( ! *ild to /ret* out on
 8 back & kick 8 legs 9 ! air is an     
expression ( physical ne$s relat$ to !  
proportions ( 8 body4 ,! baby loves to  
walk on all f\rs j because1 l ! quadrup$
 animals1 8 limbs are %ort 9 comp>ison )
 8 body4 ,in/ead ( ?is1 we div]t ^!     
natural manife/ations by fooli% habits  
:i* we impose on ! *ild4 ,we h9d] him f 
?r[+ himself on ! e>?1 f /ret*+1 etc41 &
 we oblige him to walk ) gr[n p & to    
keep up ) !m2 & excuse ourselves by say+
 t we don't want him to become caprici\s
 & ?9k he c d z he pleases6 ,x is inde$ 
a fatal error & "o :i* has made b[-legs 

common among little *ildr54 ,x is well  
to enlight5 ! mo!rs on ^! important     
p>ticul>s ( infant hygi5e4 ,n[ we1 ) !  
gymna/ics1 c1 &1 inde$1 %\ld1 help !    
*ild 9 8 developm5t by mak+ our ex]cises
 correspond to ! movem5t :i* he ne$s to 
make1 & 9 ?is way save 8 limbs f        
fatigue4  ,"o v simple means = help+ !  
*ild 9 8 activity 0 sugge/$ to me by my 
obs]vation ( ! *ildr5 !mselves4 ,! tea*]
 0 hav+ ! *ildr5 m>*1 lead+ !m ab\t !   
c\rty>d betwe5 ! walls ( ! h\se & !     
c5tral g>d54 ,?is g>d5 0 protect$ by a  
little f5ce made ( /rong wires :i* 7    
/ret*$ 9 p>allel l9es1 & 7 support$ at  
int]vals by wood5 pal+s driv5 into !    
gr\nd4 ,along ! f5ce1 ran a little l$ge 
on :i* ! *ildr5 7 9 ! habit ( sitt+ d[n 
:5 !y 7 tir$ ( m>*+4 ,9 addition to ?is1
 ,i always br\ght out little *airs1 :i* 
,i plac$ aga9/ ! wall4 ,e n[ & !n1 !    
little ones ( two & "o half & ?ree ye>s 
w\ld drop out f ! m>*+ l9e1 evid5tly be+
 tir$2 b in/ead ( sitt+ d[n on ! gr\nd  
or on ! *airs1 !y w\ld run to ! little  

f5ce & cat*+ hold ( ! upp] l9e ( wire !y
 w\ld walk along sideways1 re/+ _! feet 
on ! wire :i* 0 ne>e/ ! gr\nd4 ,t ?is   
gave !m a great deal ( pleasure1 0      
evid5t f ! way 9 :i* !y laugh$ z1 )     
bright eyes1 !y wat*$ _! l>g] companions
 :o 7 m>*+ ab\t4 ,! tru? 0 t ^! little  
ones _h solv$ "o ( my problems 9 a v    
practical way4 ,!y mov$ !mselves along  
on ! wires1 pull+ _! bodies sideways4 ,9
 ?is way1 !y mov$ _! limbs )\t ?r[+ ^u  
!m ! weight ( ! body4 ,su* an app>atus  
plac$ 9 ! gymnasium = little *ildr51 w  
enable !m to fulfil ! ne$ :i* !y feel ( 
?r[+ !mselves on ! floor & kick+ _! legs
 9 ! air2 = ! movem5ts !y make on !     
little f5ce correspond ev5 m correctly  
to ! same physical ne$s4 ,!re=e1 ,i     
advise ! manufacture ( ?is little f5ce =
 use 9 *ildr5's playrooms4 ,x c be      
con/ruct$ ( p>allel b>s support$ by     
upright poles firmly fix$ on to ! heavy 
base4 ,! *ildr51 :ile play+ ^u ?is      
little f5ce1 w be able to look out & see
 )1 great pleasure :at ! o!r *ildr5 are 

do+ 9 ! room4  ,o!r pieces ( gymnasium  
app>atus c be con/ruct$ ^u ! same plan1 
t is1 hav+ z _! aim ! furni%+ ( ! *ild )
 a prop] outlet = 8 individual          
activities4 ,"o ( ! ?+s inv5t$ by ,segu9
 to develop ! l[] limbs1 & especially to
 /r5g!n ! articulation ( ! knee 9 weak  
*ildr51 is ! trampol9o4  ,?is is a k9d (
 sw+1 hav+ a v wide seat1 s wide1 inde$1
 t ! limbs ( ! *ild /ret*$ out 9 front (
 him are entirely support$ by ?is broad 
seat4 ,?is little *air is hung f /rong  
cords & is left sw++4 ,! wall 9 front ( 
x is re9=c$ by a /rong smoo? bo>d aga9/ 
:i* ! *ildr5 press _! feet 9 pu%+       
!mselves back & =? 9 ! sw+4 ,! *ild     
seat$ 9 ?is sw+ ex]cises 8 limbs1 press+
 8 feet aga9/ ! bo>d ea* "t t he sw+s   
t[>d ! wall4 ,! bo>d aga9/ :i* he sw+s  
may be erect$ at "s di/ance f ! wall1 & 
may be s l[ t ! *ild c see ov] ! top (  
x4 ,z he sw+s 9 ?is *air1 he /r5g!ns 8  
limbs ?r\gh ! species ( gymna/ics limit$
 to ! l[] limbs1 & ?is he does )\t re/+ 
! weight ( 8 body ^u 8 legs4 ,o!r pieces

 ( gymna/ic app>atus1 less important f !
 hygi5ic /&po9t1 b v amus+ to ! *ildr51 
may be describ$ briefly4 ,! ,p5dulum1 a 
game :i* may be play$ by "o *ild or by  
sev]al1 consi/s ( rubb] balls hung on a 
cord4 ,! *ildr5 seat$ 9 _! little       
arm*airs /rike ! ball1 s5d+ x f "o to   
ano!r4 ,x is an ex]cise = ! arms & = !  
sp9al column1 & is at ! same "t an      
ex]cise 9 :i* ! eye gauges ! di/ance (  
bodies 9 motion4 ,ano!r game1 call$ ,!  
,cord1 consi/s ( a l9e1 drawn on ! e>? )
 *alk1 along :i* ! *ildr5 walk4 ,?is    
helps to ord] & to direct _! free       
movem5ts 9 a giv5 direction4 ,a game l  
?is is v pretty1 inde$1 aft] a sn[fall1 
:5 ! little pa? made by ! *ildr5 %[s !  
regul>ity ( ! l9e !y h trac$1 &         
enc\rages a pleasant w> among !m 9 :i*  
ea* "o tries to make 8 l9e 9 ! sn[ ! mo/
 regul>4  ,! little r\nd /air is ano!r  
game1 9 :i* a little wood5 /airway1     
built on ! plan ( ! spiral1 is us$4 ,?is
 little /air is enclos$ on "o side by a 
balu/rade on :i* ! *ildr5 c re/ _! h&s4 

,! o!r side is op5 & circul>4 ,?is s]ves
 to habituate ! *ildr5 to climb+ &      
desc5d+ /airs )\t hold+ on to !         
balu/rade1 & tea*es !m to move up & d[n 
) movem5ts t are pois$ & self-controll$4
 ,! /eps mu/ be v l[ & v %all[4 ,go+ up 
& d[n on ?is little /air1 ! v smalle/   
*ildr5 c le>n movem5ts :i* !y _c foll[  
prop]ly 9 climb+ ord9>y /airways 9 _!   
homes1 9 :i* ! proportions are arrang$ =
 adults4  ,ano!r piece ( gymnasium      
app>atus1 adapt$ = ! broad-jump1 consi/s
 ( a l[ wood5 plat=m pa9t$ ) v>i\s l9es1
 by means ( :i* ! di/ance jump$ may be  
gaug$4 ,!re is a small flight ( /airs   
:i* may be us$ 9 connection ) ?is plane1
 mak+ x possible to practise & to       
measure ! high-jump4  ,i also believe t 
rope-ladd]s may be s adapt$ z to be     
suitable = use 9 s*ools = little *ildr54
 ,us$ 9 pairs1 ^! w\ld1 x seems to me1  
help to p]fect a great v>iety (         
movem5ts1 su* z kneel+1 ris+1 b5d+ =w>d 
& backw>d1 etc42 movem5ts :i* ! *ild1   
)\t ! help ( ! ladd]1 c\ld n make )\t   

los+ 8 equilibrium4 ,all ( ^! movem5ts  
are useful 9 t !y help ! *ild to        
acquire1 fir/1 equilibrium1 !n t        
co-ord9ation ( ! muscul> movem5ts       
necess>y to him4 ,!y are1 moreov]1      
helpful 9 t !y increase ! *e/ expansion4
 ,besides all ?is1 su* movem5ts z ,i h  
describ$1 re9=ce ! h& 9 its mo/         
primitive & ess5tial action1            
preh5sion2--! movem5t :i* necess>ily    
prec$es all ! f9] movem5ts ( ! h&       
itself4 ,su* app>atus 0 successfully us$
 by ,segu9 to develop ! g5]al /r5g? & ! 
movem5t ( preh5sion 9 8 idiotic *ildr54 
,! gymnasium1 !re=e1 (f]s a field = !   
mo/ v>i$ ex]cises1 t5d+ to e/abli% !    
co-ord9ation ( ! movem5ts common 9 life1
 su* z walk+1 ?r[+ objects1 go+ up & d[n
 /airs1 kneel+1 ris+1 jump+1 etc4       
,,free ,,gymna/ics  ,by free gymna/ics  
,i mean ^? :i* are giv5 )\t any         
app>atus4 ,su* gymna/ics are divid$ into
 two classes3 direct$ & requir$         
ex]cises1 & free games4 ,9 ! fir/ class1
 ,i recomm5d ! m>*1 ! object ( :i* %\ld 

be n rhy?m1 b poise only4 ,:5 ! m>* is  
introduc$1 x is well to accompany x ) ! 
s++ ( little songs1 because ?is furni%es
 a brea?+ ex]cise v helpful 9 /r5g!n+ ! 
lungs4 ,besides ! m>*1 _m ( ! games (   
,froebel :i* are accompani$ by songs1 v 
simil> to ^? :i* ! *ildr5 con/antly play
 among !mselves1 may be us$4 ,9 ! free  
games1 we furni% ! *ildr5 ) balls1      
hoops1 bean bags & kites4 ,! trees      
readily (f] !mselves to ! game ( ,pussy 
wants a corn]1 & _m simple games ( tag4 
,illu/ration3 ,,dr4 ,,montessori ,,9 ,,!
 ,,g>d5 ,,( ,,! ,,s*ool ,,at ,,via      
,,giu/i  ,illu/ration3 7,a7 ,,*ildr5    
,,?ree ,,& ,,"o-,,half ,,& ,,f\r ,,ye>s 
,,old ,,le>n+ ,,to ,,button ,,& ,,lace4 
7,b7 ,,ribbon ,,& ,,button ,,frames4 ,^!
 are among ! e>lie/ ex]cises4           
,,educational ,,gymna/ics  ,"u ! "n (   
educational gymna/ics1 we include two   
s]ies ( ex]cises :i* really =m a "p (   
o!r s*ool "w1 z1 = in/ance1 !           
cultivation ( ! e>?1 ! c>e ( plants &   
animals 7wat]+ & prun+ ! plants1 c>ry+ !

 gra9 to ! *ick5s1 etc474 ,^! activities
 call = v>i\s co-ord9at$ movem5ts1 z1 = 
example1 9 hoe+1 9 gett+ d[n to plant   
?+s1 & 9 ris+2 ! trips :i* *ildr5 make 9
 c>ry+ objects to "s def9ite place1 & 9 
mak+ a def9ite practical use ( ^!       
objects1 (f] a field = v valuable       
gymna/ic ex]cises4 ,! scatt]+ ( m9ute   
objects1 su* z corn & oats1 is valuable1
 & also ! ex]cise ( op5+ & clos+ ! gates
 to ! g>d5 & to ! *ick5 y>d4 ,all ( ^!  
ex]cises are ! m valuable 9 t !y are    
c>ri$ on 9 ! op5 air4 ,among our        
educational gymna/ics we h ex]cises to  
develop co-ord9at$ movem5ts ( ! f+]s1 & 
^! prep>e ! *ildr5 = ! ex]cises (       
practical life1 su* z dress+ & undress+ 
!mselves4 ,! didactic mat]ial :i* =ms ! 
basis ( ^! la/ nam$ gymna/ics is v      
simple1 consi/+ ( wood5 frames1 ea*     
m\nt$ ) two pieces ( clo?1 or lea!r1 to 
be fa/5$ & unfa/5$ by means ( ! buttons 
& buttonholes1 hooks & eyes1 eyelets &  
lac+s1 or automatic fa/5+s4  ,9 our     
,*ildr5's ,h\ses we use t5 ( ^! frames1 

s con/ruct$ t ea* "o ( !m illu/rates a  
diff]5t process 9 dress+ or undress+4   
,"o3 m\nt$ ) heavy pieces ( wool :i* are
 to be fa/5$ by means ( l>ge bone       
buttons--corresponds to *ildr5's        
dresses4  ,two3 m\nt$ ) pieces ( l95 to 
be fa/5$ ) pe>l buttons--corresponds to 
a *ild's und]we>4  ,?ree3 lea!r pieces  
m\nt$ ) %oe buttons--9 fa/5+ ^! lea!r   
pieces ! *ildr5 make use ( !            
button-hook--corresponds to a *ild's    
%oes4  ,f\r3 pieces ( lea!r :i* are lac$
 toge!r by means ( eyelets & %oe laces4 
,five3 two pieces ( clo? to be lac$     
toge!r4 7,^! pieces are bon$ & !re=e    
correspond to ! little bodices worn by !
 peasants 9 ,italy47  ,six3 two pieces (
 /uff to be fa/5$ by means ( l>ge hooks 
& eyes4  ,sev53 two pieces ( l951 to be 
fa/5$ by means ( small hooks & work$    
eyelets4  ,eight3 two pieces ( clo? to  
be fa/5$ by means ( broad col\r$ ribbon1
 :i* is to be ti$ into b[s4  ,n9e3      
pieces ( clo? lac$ toge!r ) r\nd cord1  
on ! same ord] z ! fa/5+s on _m ( !     

*ildr5's und]clo!s4  ,t53 two pieces to 
be fa/5$ toge!r by means ( ! mod]n      
automatic fa/5]s4  ,?r\gh ! use ( su*   
toys1 ! *ildr5 c practically analyse !  
movem5ts necess>y 9 dress+ & undress+   
!mselves1 & c prep>e !mselves sep>ately 
= ^! movem5ts by means ( repeat$        
ex]cises4 ,we succe$ 9 tea*+ ! *ild to  
dress himself )\t 8 really be+ aw>e ( x1
 t is1 )\t any direct or arbitr>y comm& 
we h l$ him to ?is ma/]y4 ,z soon z he  
kn[s h[ to d x1 he beg9s to wi% to make 
a practical application ( 8 ability1 & v
 soon he w be pr\d ( be+ suffici5t unto 
himself1 & w take delight 9 an ability  
:i* makes 8 body free f ! h&s ( o!rs1 & 
:i* leads him ! soon] to t mode/y &     
activity :i* develops f> too late 9 ^?  
*ildr5 ( to-day :o are depriv$ ( ?is mo/
 practical =m ( education4 ,! fa/5+     
games are v pleas+ to ! little ones1 &  
(t5 :5 t5 ( !m are us+ ! frames at !    
same "t1 seat$ ar\nd ! little tables1   
quiet & s]i\s1 !y give ! impression ( a 
workroom fill$ ) t9y work]s4            

,,respiratory ,,gymna/ics  ,! purpose ( 
^! gymna/ics is to regulate !           
respiratory movem5ts3 9 o!r words1 to   
tea* ! art ( brea?+4 ,!y also help      
greatly ! correct =mation ( ! *ild's    
spee* habits4 ,! ex]cises :i* we use 7  
introduc$ into s*ool lit]ature by       
,pr(essor ,sala4 ,we h *os5 ! simple    
ex]cises describ$ by him 9 8 treatise1  
,cura della ,balbuzie4#aa ,^! include a 
numb] ( respiratory gymna/ic ex]cises ) 
:i* are co-ord9at$ muscul> ex]cises4 ,i 
give "h an example3    #aa ,cura della  
,balbuzie e del ,difetti di ,pronunzia4 
,sala4        ,ulrico ,hoepli1 publi%]1 
,milan1 ,italy4  ,m\? wide op51 tongue  
held flat1 h&s on hips4  ,brea! deeply1 
lift ! %\ld]s rapidly1 l[]+ ! diaphragm4
  ,expel brea? sl[ly1 l[]+ %\ld]s sl[ly1
 return+ to normal position4  ,!        
directress %\ld select or devise simple 
brea?+ ex]cises1 to be accompani$ ) arm 
movem5ts1 etc4  ,ex]cises = prop] use ( 
lips1 tongue1 & tee?4 ,^! ex]cises tea* 
! movem5ts ( ! lips & tongue 9 !        

pronunciation ( c]ta9 fundam5tal        
consonant s\nds1 re9=c+ ! muscles1 &    
mak+ !m ready = ^! movem5ts4 ,^!        
gymna/ics prep>e ! organs us$ 9 !       
=mation ( language4  ,9 pres5t+ su*     
ex]cises we beg9 ) ! entire class1 b    
f9i% by te/+ ! *ildr5 individually4 ,we 
ask ! *ild to pron\nce1 al\d & ) =ce1 ! 
fir/ syllable ( a ^w4 ,:5 all are int5t 
^u putt+ ! greate/ possible =ce into    
?is1 we call ea* *ild sep>ately1 & h him
 repeat ! ^w4 ,if he pron\nces x        
correctly1 we s5d him to ! "r1 if badly1
 to ! left4 ,^? :o h difficulty ) ! ^w1 
are !n enc\rag$ to repeat x sev]al      
times4 ,! tea*] takes note ( ! age ( !  
*ild1 & ( ! p>ticul> defects 9 !        
movem5ts ( ! muscles us$ 9 articulat+4  
,%e may !n t\* ! muscles :i* %\ld be    
us$1 tapp+1 = example1 ! curve ( ! lips1
 or ev5 tak+ hold ( ! *ild's tongue &   
plac+ x aga9/ ! d5tal ar*1 or %[+ him   
cle>ly ! movem5ts :i* %e h]self makes :5
 pron\nc+ ! syllable4 ,%e mu/ seek 9 e  
way to aid ! normal developm5t ( !      

movem5ts necess>y to ! exact            
articulation ( ! ^w4  ,z ! basis = ^!   
gymna/ics we h ! *ildr5 pron\nce !      
words3                                  
pane--fame--tana--z9a--/ella--rana--gatt
o4  ,9 ! pronunciation ( pane1 ! *ild   
%\ld repeat ) mu* =ce1 pa1 pa1 pa1 ?us  
ex]cis+ ! muscles produc+ orbicul>      
contraction ( ! lips4  ,9 fame repeat+  
fa1 fa1 fa1 ! *ild ex]cises ! movem5ts (
 ! l[] lip aga9/ ! upp] d5tal ar*4  ,9  
tana1 hav+ him repeat ta1 ta1 ta1 we    
cause him to ex]cise ! movem5t ( !      
tongue aga9/ ! upp] d5tal ar*4  ,9 z9a1 
we provoke ! contact ( ! upp] & l[]     
d5tal ar*es4  ,) /ella we h him repeat !
 :ole ^w1 br++ ! tee? toge!r1 & hold+ ! 
tongue 7:i* has a t5d5cy to protrude7   
close aga9/ ! upp] tee?4  ,9 rana we h  
him repeat r1 r1 r1 ?us ex]cis+ ! tongue
 9 ! vibratory movem5ts4 ,9 gatto we    
hold ! voice ^u ! guttural g4           
,,*apt] ,x  ,,nature ,,9                
,,education--,,agricultural ,,lab\r3    
,,culture ,,( ,,plants ,,& ,,animals    

,it>d1 9 a rem>kable p$agogical         
treatise3 ,des premi]s developpem5ts du 
jeune sauvage de l',aveyron1 exp\nds 9  
detail ! drama ( a curi\s1 gigantic     
education :i* attempt$ to ov]come !     
psy*ical d>kness ( an idiot & at ! same 
"t to snat* a man f primitive nature4   
,! savage ( ! ,aveyron 0 a *ild :o _h   
gr[n up 9 ! natural /ate3 crim9ally     
ab&on$ 9 a =e/ :]e 8 assass9s ?\ght !y  
_h kill$ him1 he 0 cur$ by natural      
means1 & _h surviv$ = _m ye>s free &    
nak$ 9 ! wild]ness1 until1 captur$ by   
hunt]s1 he ent]$ into ! civilis$ life ( 
,p>is1 %[+ by ! sc>s ) :i* 8 mis]able   
body 0 furr[$ ! /ory ( ! /ruggles ) wild
 bea/s1 & ( lac]ations caus$ by fall+ f 
heights4  ,! *ild 01 & always rema9$1   
mute2 8 m5tality1 diagnos$ by ,p9el z   
idiotic1 rema9$ =ev] almo/ inaccessible 
to intellectual education4  ,to ?is *ild
 are due ! fir/ /eps ( positive p$agogy4
 ,it>d1 a physician ( deaf-mutes & a    
/ud5t ( philosophy1 und]took 8 education
 ) me?ods :i* he _h already p>tially    

tri$ = treat+ defective he>+--believ+ at
 ! beg9n+ t ! savage %[$ *>act]i/ics (  
inf]iority1 n because he 0 a degrad$    
organism1 b = want ( education4 ,he 0 a 
foll[] ( ! pr9ciples ( ,helvetius3 ,man 
is no?+ )\t ! "w ( man2 t is1 he believ$
 9 ! omnipot5ce ( education1 & 0 oppos$ 
to ! p$agogical pr9ciple :i* ,r\sseau _h
 promulgat$ be=e ! ,revolution3 ,t\t e/ 
bi5 sortant des ma9s de l',auteur des   
*oses1 t\t deg5]e dans les ma9s de      
l'homme1--t is1 ! "w ( education is     
delet]i\s & spoils ! man4  ,! savage1   
accord+ to ! errone\s fir/ impression ( 
,it>d1 demon/rat$ exp]im5tally by 8     
*>act]i/ics ! tru? ( ! =m] ass]tion4    
,:51 h[ev]1 he p]ceiv$1 ) ! help (      
,p9el1 t he _h to d ) an idiot1 8       
philosophical !ories gave place to ! mo/
 admirable1 t5tative1 exp]im5tal        
p$agogy4  ,it>d divides ! education ( ! 
savage into two p>ts4 ,9 ! fir/1 he     
endeav\rs to lead ! *ild f natural life 
to social life2 & 9 ! second1 he        
attempts ! intellectual education ( !   

idiot4 ,! *ild 9 8 life ( frightful     
ab&onm5t _h f\nd "o happ9ess2 he _h1 s  
to speak1 imm]s$ himself 91 & unifi$    
himself )1 nature1 tak+ delight 9       
x--ra9s1 sn[1 tempe/s1 b\ndless space1  
_h be5 8 s\rces ( ent]ta9m5t1 8         
companions1 8 love4 ,civil life is a    
r5unciation ( all ?is3 b x is an        
acquisition b5efic5t to human progress4 
,9 ,it>d's pages we f9d vividly describ$
 ! moral "w :i* l$ ! savage to          
civilisation1 multiply+ ! ne$s ( ! *ild 
& surr\nd+ him ) lov+ c>e4 ,"h is a     
sample ( ! admirably pati5t "w ( ,it>d z
 obs]v] ( ! spontane\s expressions ( 8  
pupil3 x c mo/ truly give tea*]s1 :o are
 to prep>e = ! exp]im5tal me?od1 an idea
 ( ! pati5ce & ! self-abnegation        
necess>y 9 deal+ ) a ph5om5on :i* is to 
be obs]v$3  ,:51 = example1 he 0 obs]v$ 
)9 8 room1 he 0 se5 to be l\ng+ )       
oppressive monotony1 cont9ually direct+ 
8 eyes t[>d ! w9d[1 ) 8 gaze w&]+ 9 !   
void4 ,if on su* occasions a sudd5 /orm 
blew up1 if ! sun1 hidd5 beh9d ! cl\ds1 

peep$ out ( a sudd51 light+ ! atmosph]e 
brilliantly1 !re 7 l\d bur/s ( laught] &
 almo/ convulsive joy4 ,sometimes1      
in/ead ( ^! expressions ( joy1 !re 0 a  
sort ( fr5zi$ rage3 he w\ld twi/ 8 arms1
 put 8 cl5*$ fi/s ^u 8 eyes1 gna%+ 8    
tee? & becom+ dang]\s to ^? ab\t him4   
,"o morn+1 :5 ! sn[ fell abundantly :ile
 he 0 /ill 9 b$1 he utt]$ a cry ( joy ^u
 awak+1 leap$ f 8 b$1 ran to ! w9d[ & !n
 to ! door2 w5t & came impati5tly f "o  
to ! o!r2 !n ran out undress$ z he 0    
into ! g>d54 ,!re1 giv+ v5t to 8 joy ) !
 %rille/ ( cries1 he ran1 roll$ 9 ! sn[1
 ga!r$ x up 9 h&fuls1 & swall[$ x )     
incr$ible avidity4  ,b 8 s5sations at   
sight ( ! great spectacles ( nature did 
n always manife/ !mselves 9 su* a vivid 
& noisy mann]4 ,x is wor?y ( note t 9   
c]ta9 cases !y 7 express$ by a quiet    
regret & melan*oly4 ,?us1 x 0 :5 ! rig\r
 ( ! wea!r drove ev]ybody f ! g>d5 t !  
savage ( ! ,aveyron *ose to g !re4 ,he  
w\ld walk ar\nd x sev]al times & f9ally 
sit d[n ^u ! edge ( ! f\nta94  ,i h (t5 

/opp$ = :ole h\rs1 & ) indescribable    
pleasure1 to wat* him z he sat ?us--to  
see h[ 8 face1 inexpressive or contract$
 by grimaces1 gradually assum$ an       
expression ( sadness1 & ( melan*oly     
rem9isc5ce1 :ile 8 eyes 7 fix$ ^u !     
surface ( ! wat] into :i* f "t to "t he 
w\ld ?r[ a few dead leaves4  ,if :5 !re 
0 a full moon1 a %eaf ( mild beams      
p5etrat$ into 8 room1 he r>ely fail$ to 
wake & to take 8 place at ! w9d[4 ,he   
w\ld rema9 !re = a l>ge "p ( ! night1   
erect1 motionless1 ) 8 head ?ru/ =w>d1 8
 eyes fix$ on ! c\ntryside light$ by !  
moon1 plung$ 9 a sort ( contemplative   
ec/asy1 ! immobility & sil5ce ( :i* 7   
only int]rupt$ at long int]vals by a    
brea? z deep z a sigh1 :i* di$ away 9 a 
pla9tive s\nd ( lam5tation4  ,else:]e1  
,it>d relates t ! boy did n "k ! walk+  
gait :i* we use 9 civilis$ life1 b only 
! runn+ gait1 & tells h[ he1 ,it>d1 ran 
aft] him at ! beg9n+1 :5 he took him out
 into ! /reets ( ,p>is1 r ?an viol5tly  
*eck ! boy's runn+4  ,! gradual & g5tle 

lead+ ( ! savage ?r\gh all !            
manife/ations ( social life1 ! e>ly     
adaptation ( ! tea*] to ! pupil r ?an ( 
! pupil to ! tea*]1 ! successive        
attraction to a new life :i* 0 to w9 ov]
 ! *ild by its *>ms1 & n be impos$ ^u   
him viol5tly s t ! pupil %\ld feel x z a
 burd5 & a torture1 are z _m preci\s    
educative expressions :i* may be        
g5]alis$ & appli$ to ! education (      
*ildr54  ,i believe t !re exi/s no      
docum5t :i* (f]s s poignant & s eloqu5t 
a contra/ betwe5 ! life ( nature & !    
life ( society1 & :i* s graphically %[s 
t society is made up solely (           
r5unciations & re/ra9ts4 ,let x suffice 
to recall ! run1 *eck$ to a walk1 & !   
l\d-voic$ cry1 *eck$ to ! modulations ( 
! ord9>y speak+ voice4  ,&1 yet1 )\t any
 viol5ce1 leav+ to social life ! task ( 
*>m+ ! *ild little by little1 ,it>d's   
education triumphs4 ,x is true t        
civilis$ life is made by r5unciation ( !
 life ( nature2 x is almo/ ! snat*+ ( a 
man f ! lap ( e>?2 x is l snat*+ !      

new-born *ild f its "m's brea/2 b x is  
also a new life4  ,9 ,it>d's pages we   
see ! f9al triumph ( ! love ( man ov] ! 
love ( nature3 ! savage ( ! ,aveyron    
ends by feel+ & pref]r+ ! affection (   
,it>d1 ! c>esses1 ! te>s %$ ov] him1 to 
! joy ( imm]s+ himself voluptu\sly 9 !  
sn[1 & ( contemplat+ ! inf9ite expanse (
 ! sky on a />ry night3 "o day aft] an  
attempt$ escape into ! c\ntry1 he       
returns ( 8 own accord1 humble &        
rep5tant1 to f9d 8 good s\p & 8 w>m b$4 
,x is true t man has creat$ enjoym5ts 9 
social life & has br\ght ab\t a vigor\s 
human love 9 community life4 ,b         
nev]!less he /ill belongs to nature1 &1 
especially :5 he is a *ild1 he mu/ ne$s 
draw f x ! =ces necess>y to ! developm5t
 ( ! body & ( ! _s4 ,we h intimate      
communications ) nature :i* h an        
influ5ce1 ev5 a mat]ial influ5ce1 on !  
gr[? ( ! body4 7,= example1 a           
physiologi/1 isolat+ "y gu9ea pigs f    
t]re/rial magnetism by means (          
insulators1 f\nd t !y grew up )         

rickets47  ,9 ! education ( little      
*ildr5 ,it>d's educative drama is       
repeat$3 we mu/ prep>e man1 :o is "o    
among ! liv+ creatures & !re=e belongs  
to nature1 = social life1 because social
 life be+ 8 own peculi> "w1 mu/ also    
correspond to ! manife/ation ( 8 natural
 activity4  ,b ! advantages :i* we      
prep>e = him 9 ?is social life1 9 a     
great measure escape ! little *ild1 :o  
at ! beg9n+ ( 8 life is a pr$om9antly   
vegetative creature4  ,to s(t5 ?is      
transition 9 education1 by giv+ a l>ge  
"p ( ! educative "w to nature itself1 is
 z necess>y z x is n to snat* ! little  
*ild sudd5ly & viol5tly f its "m & to   
take him to s*ool2 & precisely ?is is   
done 9 ! ,*ildr5's ,h\ses1 :i* are      
situat$ )9 ! t5em5ts :]e ! p>5ts live1  
:]e ! cry ( ! *ild rea*es ! "m & ! "m's 
voice answ]s x4  ,n[adays1 "u ! =m (    
*ild hygi5e1 ?is "p ( education is mu*  
cultivat$3 *ildr5 are all[$ to gr[ up 9 
! op5 air1 9 ! public g>d5s1 or are left
 = _m h\rs half nak$ on ! sea%ore1      

expos$ to ! rays ( ! sun4 ,x has be5    
und]/ood1 ?r\gh ! diffusion ( m>9e &    
,ap5n9e colonies1 t ! be/ means (       
invigorat+ ! *ild is to imm]se him 9    
nature4  ,%ort & com=table clo?+ =      
*ildr51 s&als = ! feet1 nudity ( ! l[]  
extremities1 are s _m lib]ations f !    
oppressive %ackles ( civilisation4  ,x  
is an obvi\s pr9ciple t we %\ld         
sacrifice to natural lib]ties 9         
education only z mu* z is necess>y = !  
acquisition ( ! great] pleasures :i* are
 (f]$ by civilisation )\t useless       
sacrifices4  ,b 9 all ?is progress (    
mod]n *ild education1 we h n fre$       
ourselves f ! prejudice :i* d5ies *ildr5
 spiritual expression & spiritual ne$s1 
& makes u consid] !m only z amiable     
vegetat+ bodies to be c>$ =1 kiss$1 &   
set 9 motion4 ,! education :i* a good "m
 or a good mod]n tea*] gives to-day to !
 *ild :o1 = example1 is runn+ ab\t 9 a  
fl[] g>d5 is ! c\nsel n to t\* ! fl[]s1 
n to tread on ! grass2 z if x 7         
suffici5t = ! *ild to satisfy !         

physiological ne$s ( 8 body by mov+ 8   
legs & brea?+ fre% air4  ,b if = !      
physical life x is necess>y to h ! *ild 
expos$ to ! vivify+ =ces ( nature1 x is 
also necess>y = 8 psy*ical life to place
 ! s\l ( ! *ild 9 contact ) creation1 9 
ord] t he may lay up = himself treasure 
f ! directly educat+ =ces ( liv+ nature4
 ,! me?od = arriv+ at ?is end is to set 
! *ild at agricultural lab\r1 guid+ him 
to ! cultivation ( plants & animals1 & s
 to ! intellig5t contemplation ( nature4
  ,already1 9 ,engl& ,mrs4 ,latt] has   
devis$ ! basis = a me?od ( *ild         
education by means ( g>d5+ &            
horticulture4 ,%e sees 9 ! contemplation
 ( develop+ life ! bases ( religion1    
s9ce ! s\l ( ! *ild may g f ! creature  
to ! ,creator4 ,%e sees 9 x also ! po9t 
( dep>ture = intellectual education1 :i*
 %e limits to draw+ f life z a /ep t[>d 
art1 to ! ideas ab\t plants1 insects1 & 
seasons1 :i* spr+ f agriculture1 & to ! 
fir/ notions ( h\sehold life1 :i* spr+ f
 ! cultivation & ! cul9>y prep>ation (  

c]ta9 alim5t>y products t *ildr5 lat]   
s]ve ^u ! table1 provid+ aft]w>ds also =
 ! wa%+ ( ! ut5sils & tablew>e4  ,mrs4  
,latt]'s conception is too "o-sid$2 b h]
 in/itutions1 :i* cont9ue to spread 9   
,engl&1 und\bt$ly complete ! natural    
education :i*1 up to ?is "t limit$ to ! 
physical side1 has already be5 s        
efficaci\s 9 invigorat+ ! bodies (      
,engli% *ildr54 ,moreov]1 h] exp]i5ce   
(f]s a positive corroboration ( !       
practicability ( agricultural tea*+ 9 ! 
case ( little *ildr54  ,z = defici5ts1  
,i h se5 agriculture appli$ on a l>ge   
scale to _! education at ,p>is by !     
means :i* ! k9dly _s ( ,baccelli tri$ to
 introduce into ! elem5t>y s*ools :5 he 
attempt$ to in/itute ! little educative 
g>d5s4 ,9 e little g>d5 are s[n diff]5t 
agricultural products1 demon/rat+       
practically ! prop] me?od & ! prop] "t =
 se$+ & = crop ga!r+1 & ! p]iod (       
developm5t ( ! v>i\s products2 ! mann] (
 prep>+ ! soil1 ( enri*+ x ) natural or 
*emical manures1 etc4 ,! same is done = 

ornam5tal plants & = g>d5+1 :i* is ! "w 
yield+ ! be/ income = defici5ts1 :5 !y  
are ( an age to practise a pr(ession4   
,b ?is side ( education1 ?\gh x conta9s1
 9 ! fir/ place1 an objective me?od (   
intellectual culture1 &1 9 addition1 a  
pr(essional prep>ation1 is n1 9 my      
op9ion1 to be tak5 into s]i\s           
consid]ation = *ild education4 ,!       
educational conception ( ?is age mu/ be 
solely t ( aid+ ! psy*o-physical        
developm5t ( ! individual2 &1 ?is be+ ! 
case1 agriculture & animal culture      
conta9 9 !mselves preci\s means ( moral 
education :i* c be analys$ f> m ?an is  
done by ,mrs4 ,latt]1 :o sees 9 !m      
ess5tially a me?od ( conduct+ ! *ild's  
s\l to religi\s feel+4 ,inde$1 9 ?is    
me?od1 :i* is a progressive asc5t1      
sev]al gradations c be di/+ui%$3 ,i     
m5tion "h ! pr9cipal ones3  ,fir/4 ,!   
*ild is initiat$ into obs]vation ( !    
ph5om5a ( life4 ,he /&s ) respect to !  
plants & animals 9 relations analog\s to
 ^? 9 :i* ! obs]v+ tea*] /&s t[>ds him4 

,little by little1 z int]e/ & obs]vation
 gr[1 8 zeal\s c>e = ! liv+ creatures   
gr[s also1 & 9 ?is way1 ! *ild c        
logically be br\ght to appreciate ! c>e 
:i* ! "m & ! tea*] take ( him4  ,second4
 ,! *ild is initiat$ into =esight by way
 ( auto-education2 :5 he kn[s t ! life (
 ! plants t h be5 s[n dep5ds ^u 8 c>e 9 
wat]+ !m1 & t ( ! animals1 ^u 8 dilig5ce
 9 fe$+ !m1 )\t :i* ! little plant dries
 up & ! animals suff] hung]1 ! *ild     
becomes vigilant1 z "o :o is beg9n+ to  
feel a mission 9 life4 ,moreov]1 a voice
 q diff]5t f t ( 8 "m & 8 tea*] call+   
him to 8 duties1 is speak+ "h1 exhort+  
him nev] to =get ! task he has und]tak54
 ,x is ! pla9tive voice ( ! ne$y life   
:i* lives by 8 c>e4 ,betwe5 ! *ild & !  
liv+ creatures :i* he cultivates !re is 
born a my/]i\s correspond5ce :i* induces
 ! *ild to fulfil c]ta9 det]m9ate acts  
)\t ! int]v5tion ( ! tea*]1 t is1 leads 
him to an auto-education4  ,! rew>ds :i*
 ! *ild reaps also rema9 betwe5 him &   
nature3 "o f9e day aft] long pati5t c>e 

9 c>ry+ food & /raw to ! brood+ pigeons1
 behold ! little ones6 behold a numb] ( 
*ick5s peep+ ab\t ! sett+ h5 :i* ye/]day
 sat motionless 9 h] brood+ place6      
behold "o day ! t5d] little rabbits 9 ! 
hut* :]e =m]ly dwelt 9 solitude ! pair (
 big rabbits to :i* he _h n a few times 
lov+ly c>ri$ ! gre5 vegetables left ov] 
9 8 "m's kit*56  ,i h n yet be5 able to 
in/itute 9 ,rome ! bre$+ ( animals1 b 9 
! ,*ildr5's ,h\ses at ,milan !re are    
sev]al animals1 among !m a pair ( pretty
 little :ite ,am]ican f[l t live 9 a    
dim9utive & elegant *alet1 simil> 9     
con/ruction to a ,*9ese pagoda3 9 front 
( x1 a little piece ( gr\nd inclos$ by a
 ramp>t is res]v$ = ! pair4 ,! little   
door ( ! *alet is lock$ at ev5+1 & !    
*ildr5 take c>e ( x 9 turn4 ,) :at      
delight !y g 9 ! morn+ to unlock ! door1
 to fet* wat] & /raw1 & ) :at c>e !y    
wat* dur+ ! day1 & at ev5+ lock ! door  
aft] hav+ made sure t ! f[l lack no?+6  
,! tea*] in=ms me t among all !         
educative ex]cises ?is is ! mo/ welcome1

 & seems also ! mo/ important ( all4 ,_m
 a "t :5 ! *ildr5 are tranquilly occupi$
 9 tasks1 ea* at ! "w he pref]s1 "o1    
two1 or ?ree1 get up sil5tly1 & g out to
 ca/ a glance at ! animals to see if !y 
ne$ c>e4 ,(t5 x happ5s t a *ild abs5ts  
himself = a long "t & ! tea*] surprises 
him wat*+ en*ant$ly ! fi% glid+ ruddy & 
respl5d5t 9 ! sunlight 9 ! wat]s ( !    
f\nta94  ,"o day ,i receiv$ f ! tea*] 9 
,milan a lett] 9 :i* %e spoke to me )   
great en?usiasm ( a truly wond]ful piece
 ( news4 ,! little pigeons 7 hat*$4 ,= !
 *ildr5 x 0 a great fe/ival4 ,!y felt   
!mselves to "s ext5t ! p>5ts ( ^! little
 ones1 & no artificial rew>d :i* _h     
flatt]$ _! vanity w\ld ev] h provok$ su*
 a truly f9e emotion4 ,n less great are 
! joys :i* vegetable nature provides4 ,9
 "o ( ! ,*ildr5's ,h\ses at ,rome1 :]e  
!re 0 no soil t c\ld be cultivat$1 !re h
 be5 arrang$1 ?r\gh ! ef=ts ( ,signora  
,talamo1 fl[]-pots all ar\nd ! l>ge     
t]race1 & climb+ plants ne> ! walls4 ,! 
*ildr5 nev] =get to wat] ! plants ) _!  

little wat]+-pots4  ,"o day ,i f\nd !m  
seat$ on ! gr\nd1 all 9 a circle1 ar\nd 
a spl5did r$ rose :i* _h bloom$ 9 !     
night2 sil5t & calm1 lit]ally imm]s$ 9  
mute contemplation4  ,?ird4 ,! *ildr5   
are initiat$ into ! virtue ( pati5ce &  
into confid5t expectation1 :i* is a =m (
 fai? & ( philosophy ( life4  ,:5 !     
*ildr5 put a se$ into ! gr\nd1 & wait   
until x fructifies1 & see ! fir/        
appe>ance ( ! %apeless plant1 & wait = !
 gr[? & ! trans=mations into fl[] &     
fruit1 & see h[ "s plants spr\t soon] & 
"s lat]1 & h[ ! decidu\s plants h a     
rapid life1 & ! fruit-trees a sl[] gr[?1
 !y end by acquir+ a peaceful           
equilibrium ( consci5ce1 & absorb ! fir/
 g]ms ( t wisdom :i* s *>act]is$ !      
till]s ( ! soil 9 ! "t :5 !y /ill kept  
_! primitive simplicity4  ,f\r?4 ,!     
*ildr5 are inspir$ ) a feel+ = nature1  
:i* is ma9ta9$ by ! m>vels ( creation--t
 creation :i* rew>ds ) a g5]osity n     
measur$ by ! lab\r ( ^? :o help x to    
evolve ! life ( its creatures4  ,ev5    

:ile at ! "w1 a sort ( correspond5ce    
arises betwe5 ! *ild's s\l & ! lives :i*
 are develop$ "u 8 c>e4 ,! *ild loves   
naturally ! manife/ations ( life3 ,mrs4 
,latt] tells u h[ easily little ones are
 int]e/$ ev5 9 e>?worms & 9 ! movem5t ( 
! l>vae ( insects 9 manure1 )\t feel+ t 
horror :i* we1 :o h gr[n up isolat$ f   
nature1 exp]i5ce t[>ds c]ta9 animals4 ,x
 is well !n1 to develop ?is feel+ ( tru/
 & confid5ce 9 liv+ creatures1 :i* is1  
moreov]1 a =m ( love1 & ( union ) !     
univ]se4  ,b :at mo/ develops a feel+ ( 
nature is ! cultivation ( ! liv+ ?+s1   
because !y by _! natural developm5t give
 back f> m ?an !y receive1 & %[ some?+ l
 inf9ity 9 _! beauty & v>iety4 ,:5 !    
*ild has cultivat$ ! iris or ! pansy1 ! 
rose or ! hyac9?1 has plac$ 9 ! soil a  
se$ or a bulb & p]iodically wat]$ x1 or 
has plant$ a fruit-be>+ %rub1 & !       
blossom$ fl[] & ! rip5$ fruit (f]       
!mselves z a g5]\s gift ( nature1 a ri* 
rew>d = a small ef=t2 x seems almo/ z if
 nature 7 answ]+ ) h] gifts to ! feel+ (

 desire1 to ! vigilant love ( !         
cultivator1 r ?an /rik+ a balance ) 8   
mat]ial ef=ts4  ,x w be q diff]5t :5 !  
*ild has to ga!r ! mat]ial fruits ( 8   
lab\r3 motionless1 uni=m objects1 :i*   
are consum$ & disp]s$ r ?an increas$ &  
multipli$4  ,! diff]5ce betwe5 !        
products ( nature & ^? ( indu/ry1 betwe5
 div9e products & human products--x is  
?is t mu/ be born spontane\sly 9 !      
*ild's consci5ce1 l ! det]m9ation ( a   
fact4  ,b at ! same "t1 z ! plant mu/   
give its fruit1 s man mu/ give 8 lab\r4 
,fif?4 ,! *ild foll[s ! natural way (   
developm5t ( ! human race4 ,9 %ort1 su* 
education makes ! evolution ( !         
individual h>monise ) t ( humanity4 ,man
 pass$ f ! natural to ! artificial /ate 
?r\gh agriculture3 :5 he discov]$ !     
secret ( int5sify+ ! production ( !     
soil1 he obta9$ ! rew>d ( civilisation4 
,! same pa? mu/ be trav]s$ by ! *ild :o 
is de/9$ to become a civilis$ man4  ,!  
action ( educative nature s und]/ood is 
v practically accessible4 ,because1 ev5 

if ! va/ /ret* ( gr\nd & ! l>ge c\rty>d 
necess>y = physical education are lack+1
 x w always be possible to f9d a few    
squ>e y>ds ( l& t may be cultivat$1 or a
 little place :]e pigeons c make _! ne/1
 ?+s suffici5t = spiritual education4   
,ev5 a pot ( fl[]s at ! w9d[ c1 if      
necess>y1 fulfil ! purpose4  ,9 ! fir/  
,*ildr5's ,h\se 9 ,rome we h a va/      
c\rty>d1 cultivat$ z a g>d51 :]e !      
*ildr5 are free to run 9 ! op5 air--&1  
besides1 a long /ret* ( gr\nd1 :i* is   
plant$ on "o side ) trees1 has a bran*+ 
pa? 9 ! middle1 & on ! opposite side1   
has brok5 gr\nd = ! cultivation (       
plants4 ,?is la/1 we h divid$ into s _m 
portions1 res]v+ "o = ea* *ild4  ,:ile !
 small] *ildr5 run freely up & d[n !    
pa?s1 or re/ 9 ! %ade ( ! trees1 !      
possessors ( ! e>? 7*ildr5 f f\r ye>s ( 
age up71 are s[+1 or hoe+1 wat]+ or     
exam9+1 ! surface ( ! soil wat*+ = !    
spr\t+ ( plants4 ,x is int]e/+ to note !
 foll[+ fact3 ! little res]vations ( !  
*ildr5 are plac$ along ! wall ( !       

t5em5t1 9 a spot =m]ly neglect$ because 
x leads to a bl9d road2 ! inhabitants ( 
! h\se1 !re=e1 _h ! habit ( ?r[+ f ^?   
w9d[s e k9d ( (fal1 & at ! beg9n+ our   
g>d5 0 ?us contam9at$4  ,b1 little by   
little1 )\t any exhortation on our "p1  
solely ?r\gh ! respect born 9 ! p's m9d 
= ! *ildr5's lab\r1 no?+ m fell f !     
w9d[s1 except ! lov+ glances & smiles ( 
! mo!rs ^u ! soil :i* 0 ! belov$        
possession ( _! little *ildr54          
,,*apt] ,,xi  ,,manual ,,lab\r--,,!     
,,pott]',s ,,art ,,& ,,build+   ,manual 
lab\r is di/+ui%$ f manual gymna/ics by 
! fact t ! object ( ! latt] is to       
ex]cise ! h&1 & ! =m]1 to accompli% a   
det]m9ate "w1 be+1 or simulat+1 a       
socially useful object4 ,! "o p]fects ! 
individual1 ! o!r enri*es ! _w2 ! two   
?+s are1 h[ev]1 connect$ because1 9     
g5]al1 only "o :o has p]fect$ 8 own h& c
 produce a useful product4  ,i h ?\ght  
wise1 aft] a %ort trial1 to exclude     
completely ,froebel's ex]cises1 because 
weav+ & sew+ on c>dbo>d are ill adapt$  

to ! physiological /ate ( ! *ild's      
visual organs :]e ! p[]s ( !            
accommodation ( ! eye h n yet rea*$     
complete developm5t2 h5ce1 ^! ex]cises  
cause an ef=t ( ! organ :i* may h a     
fatal influ5ce on ! developm5t ( !      
sight4 ,! o!r little ex]cises (         
,froebel1 su* z ! fold+ ( pap]1 are     
ex]cises ( ! h&1 n "w4  ,!re is /ill    
left pla/ic "w1--! mo/ rational among   
all ! ex]cises ( ,froebel1--:i* consi/s 
9 mak+ ! *ild reproduce det]m9ate       
objects 9 clay4  ,9 consid]ation1 h[ev]1
 ( ! sy/em ( lib]ty :i* ,i propos$1 ,i  
did n l to make ! *ildr5 copy any?+1 &1 
9 giv+ !m clay to fa%ion 9 _! own mann]1
 ,i did n direct ! *ildr5 to produce    
useful ?+s2 nor 0 ,i accompli%+ an      
educative result1 inasmu* z pla/ic "w1 z
 ,i %all %[ lat]1 s]ves = ! /udy ( !    
psy*ic individuality ( ! *ild 9 8       
spontane\s manife/ations1 b n = 8       
education4  ,i decid$ !re=e to try 9 !  
,*ildr5's ,h\ses "s v int]e/+ ex]cises  
:i* ,i _h se5 accompli%$ by an arti/1   

,pr(essor ,r&one1 9 ! ,s*ool (          
,educative ,art f\nd$ by him4 ,?is s*ool
 _h its orig9 along ) ! society = "y p1 
call$ ,giov9ezza ,g5tile1 bo? s*ool &   
society hav+ ! object ( educat+ y\? 9   
g5tl5ess t[>ds _! surr\nd+s--t is1 9    
respect = objects1 build+s1 monum5ts3 a 
really important "p ( civil education1 &
 "o :i* int]e/$ me p>ticul>ly on acc\nt 
( ! ,*ildr5's ,h\ses1 s9ce t in/itution 
has1 z its fundam5tal aim1 to tea*      
precisely ?is respect = ! walls1 = !    
h\se1 = ! surr\nd+s4  ,v suitably1      
,pr(essor ,r&one _h decid$ t ! society (
 ,giov9ezza ,g5tile c\ld n be bas$ ^u   
/]ile !oretical prea*+s ( ! pr9ciples ( 
citiz5%ip1 or ^u moral pl$ges tak5 by ! 
*ildr52 b t x mu/ proce$ f an arti/ic   
education :i* %\ld lead ! y\? to        
appreciate & love1 & consequ5tly        
respect1 objects & especially monum5ts &
 hi/oric build+s4 ,?us ! ,s*ool (       
,educative ,art 0 inspir$ by a broad    
arti/ic conception includ+ !            
reproduction ( objects :i* are commonly 

met 9 ! surr\nd+s2 ! hi/ory & pre-hi/ory
 ( _! production1 & ! illu/ration ( !   
pr9cipal civic monum5ts :i*1 9 ,rome1   
are 9 l>ge measure compos$ (            
ar*aeological monum5ts4 ,9 ord] ! m     
directly to accompli% 8 object1         
,pr(essor ,r&one f\nd$ 8 admirable s*ool
 9 an op5+ 9 "o ( ! mo/ arti/ic p>ts ( !
 walls ( ,rome1 namely1 ! wall (        
,belis>ius1 ov]look+ ! ,villa ,umb]to   
,primo--a wall :i* has be5 entirely     
neglect$ by ! au?orities & by no means  
respect$ by ! citiz5s1 & ^u :i* ,r&one  
lavi%$ c>e1 decorat+ x ) graceful hang+ 
g>d5s on ! outside1 & locat+ )9 x !     
,s*ool ( ,art :i* 0 to %ape ! ,giov9ezza
 ,g5tile4  ,"h ,r&one has tri$1 v       
fitt+ly1 to rebuild & revive a =m ( art 
:i* 0 once ! glory ( ,italy & (         
,flor5ce--! pott]'s art1 t is1 ! art (  
con/ruct+ vases4  ,! ar*aeological1     
hi/orical1 & arti/ic importance ( ! vase
 is v great1 & may be comp>$ ) !        
numismatic art4 ,9 fact ! fir/ object ( 
:i* humanity felt ! ne$ 0 ! vase1 :i*   

came into be+ ) ! utilisation ( fire1 & 
be=e ! discov]y ( ! production ( fire4  
,inde$ ! fir/ food ( mank9d 0 cook$ 9 a 
vase4  ,"o ( ! ?+s mo/ important1       
e?nically1 9 judg+ ! civilisation ( a   
primitive p is ! grade ( p]fection      
atta9$ 9 pott]y2 9 fact1 ! vase =       
dome/ic life & ! axe = social life are !
 fir/ sacr$ symbols :i* we f9d 9 !      
prehi/oric epo*1 & are ! religi\s       
symbols connect$ ) ! temples ( ! gods & 
) ! cult ( ! dead4 ,ev5 to-day1 religi\s
 cults h sacr$ vases 9 _! ,sancta       
,sanctorum4  ,p :o h progress$ 9        
civilisation %[ _! feel+ = art & _!     
ae/hetic feel+ also 9 vases :i* are     
multipli$ 9 almo/ inf9ite =m1 z we see 9
 ,egyptian1 ,etruscan1 & ,greek art4  ,!
 vase !n comes into be+1 atta9s         
p]fection1 & is multipli$ 9 its uses &  
its =ms1 9 ! c\rse ( human civilisation2
 & ! hi/ory ( ! vase foll[s ! hi/ory (  
humanity itself4 ,besides ! civil &     
moral importance ( ! vase1 we h ano!r & 
practical "o1 its lit]al adaptability to

 e modification ( =m1 & its             
susceptibility to ! mo/ div]se          
ornam5tation2 9 ?is1 x gives free scope 
to ! individual g5ius ( ! arti/4  ,?us1 
:5 once ! h&icraft lead+ to !           
con/ruction ( vases has be5 le>n$ 7& ?is
 is ! "p ( ! progress 9 ! "w1 le>n$ f ! 
direct & graduat$ in/ruction ( ! tea*]71
 anyone c modify x accord+ to !         
inspiration ( 8 own ae/hetic ta/e & ?is 
is ! arti/ic1 individual "p ( ! "w4     
,besides ?is1 9 ,r&one's s*ool ! use ( !
 pott]'s :eel is taught1 & also !       
composition ( ! mixture = ! ba? (       
majolica w>e1 & bak+ ! pieces 9 !       
furnace1 /ages ( manual lab\r :i* conta9
 an indu/rial culture4  ,ano!r "w 9 !   
,s*ool ( ,educative ,art is !           
manufacture ( dim9utive bricks1 & _!    
bak+ 9 ! furnace1 & ! con/ruction (     
dim9utive walls built by ! same         
processes :i* ! masons use 9 !          
con/ruction ( h\ses1 ! bricks be+ jo9$  
by means ( mort> h&l$ ) a tr[el4 ,aft] !
 simple con/ruction ( ! wall1--:i* is v 

amus+ = ! *ildr5 :o build x1 plac+ brick
 on brick1 sup]impos+ r[ on r[1--!      
*ildr5 pass to ! con/ruction ( real     
h\ses1--fir/1 re/+ on ! gr\nd1 &1 !n1   
really con/ruct$ ) f\ndations1 aft] a   
previ\s excavation ( l>ge holes 9 !     
gr\nd by means ( little hoes & %ovels4  
,^! little h\ses h op5+s correspond+ to 
w9d[s & doors1 & are v>i\sly ornam5t$ 9 
_! facades by little tiles ( bright &   
multi-col\r$ majolica3 ! tiles !mselves 
be+ manufactur$ by ! *ildr54  ,?us !    
*ildr5 le>n to appreciate ! objects &   
con/ructions :i* surr\nd !m1 :ile a real
 manual & arti/ic lab\r gives !m        
pr(itable ex]cise4  ,su* is ! manual    
tra9+ :i* ,i h adopt$ 9 ! ,*ildr5's     
,h\ses2 aft] two or ?ree lessons !      
little pupils are already en?usia/ic    
ab\t ! con/ruction ( vases1 & !y pres]ve
 v c>efully _! own products1 9 :i* !y   
take pride4 ,) _! pla/ic art !y !n model
 little objects1 eggs or fruits1 ) :i*  
!y !mselves fill ! vases4 ,"o ( ! fir/  
und]tak+s is ! simple vase ( r$ clay    

fill$ ) eggs ( :ite clay2 !n comes !    
modell+ ( ! vase ) "o or m sp\ts1 ( !   
n>r[-m\!d vase1 ( ! vase ) a h&le1 ( t )
 two or ?ree h&les1 ( ! tripod1 ( !     
amphora4  ,= *ildr5 ( ! age ( five or   
six1 ! "w ( ! pott]'s :eel beg9s4 ,b :at
 mo/ delights ! *ildr5 is ! "w ( build+ 
a wall ) little bricks1 & see+ a little 
h\se1 ! fruit ( _! own h&s1 rise 9 !    
vic9ity ( ! gr\nd 9 :i* are gr[+ plants1
 also cultivat$ by !m4 ,?us ! age (     
*ildhood epitomises ! pr9cipal primitive
 lab\rs ( humanity1 :5 ! human race1    
*ang+ f ! nomadic to ! /able condition1 
dem&$ ( ! e>? its fruit1 built itself   
%elt]1 & devis$ vases to cook ! foods   
yield$ by ! f]tile e>?4     ,,*apt]     
,,xii  ,,education ,,( ,,! ,,s5ses   ,9 
a p$agogical me?od :i* is exp]im5tal !  
education ( ! s5ses mu/ und\bt$ly assume
 ! greate/ importance4 ,exp]im5tal      
psy*ology also takes note ( movem5ts by 
means ( s5se measurem5ts4  ,p$agogy1    
h[ev]1 al?\gh x may pr(it by psy*ometry 
is n design$ to measure ! s5sations1 b  

educate ! s5ses4 ,?is is a po9t easily  
und]/ood1 yet "o :i* is (t5 confus$4    
,:ile ! proce$+s ( e/hesiometry are n to
 any great ext5t applicable to little   
*ildr51 ! education ( ! s5ses is        
entirely possible4  ,we d n />t f !     
conclusions ( exp]im5tal psy*ology4 ,t  
is1 x is n ! k ( ! av]age s5se          
conditions accord+ to ! age ( ! *ild :i*
 leads u to det]m9e ! educational       
applications we %all make4 ,we />t      
ess5tially f a me?od1 & x is probable t 
psy*ology w be able to draw its         
conclusions f p$agogy s und]/ood1 & n   
vice v]sa4  ,! me?od us$ by me is t (   
mak+ a p$agogical exp]im5t ) a didactic 
object & await+ ! spontane\s reaction ( 
! *ild4 ,?is is a me?od 9 e way analog\s
 to t ( exp]im5tal psy*ology4  ,i make  
use ( a mat]ial :i*1 at fir/ glance1 may
 be confus$ ) psy*ometric mat]ial4      
,tea*]s f ,milan :o _h foll[$ ! c\rse 9 
! ,milan s*ool ( exp]im5tal psy*ology1  
see+ my mat]ial expos$1 w\ld recognise  
among x1 measures ( ! p]ception ( col\r1

 h>dness1 & weight1 & w\ld conclude t1 9
 tru?1 ,i br\ght no new contribution to 
p$agogy s9ce ^! in/rum5ts 7 already kn[n
 to !m4  ,b ! great diff]5ce betwe5 !   
two mat]ials lies 9 ?is3 ,! e/hesiomet] 
c>ries )9 itself ! possibility (        
measur+2 my objects on ! contr>y1 (t5 d 
n p]mit a measure1 b are adapt$ to cause
 ! *ild to ex]cise ! s5ses4  ,9 ord] t  
an in/rum5t %all atta9 su* a p$agogical 
end1 x is necess>y t x %all n we>y b    
%all div]t ! *ild4 ,"h lies ! difficulty
 9 ! selection ( didactic mat]ial4 ,x is
 kn[n t ! psy*ometric in/rum5ts are     
great consum]s ( en]gy--= ?is reason1 :5
 ,pizzoli wi%$ to apply !m to !         
education ( ! s5ses1 he did n succe$    
because ! *ild 0 annoy$ by !m1 & became 
tir$4 ,in/ead1 ! aim ( education is to  
develop ! en]gies4  ,psy*ometric        
in/rum5ts1 or bett]1 ! in/rum5ts (      
e/hesiometry1 are prep>$ 9 _! diff]5tial
 gradations ^u ! laws ( ,web]1 :i* 7 9  
tru? drawn f exp]im5ts made ^u adults4  
,) little *ildr51 we mu/ proce$ to !    

mak+ ( trials1 & mu/ select ! didactic  
mat]ials 9 :i* !y %[ !mselves to be     
int]e/$4  ,?is ,i did 9 ! fir/ ye> ( !  
,*ildr5's ,h\ses adopt+ a great v>iety (
 /imuli1 ) a numb] ( :i* ,i _h already  
exp]im5t$ 9 ! s*ool = defici5ts4  ,mu* (
 ! mat]ial us$ = defici5ts is ab&on$ 9 !
 education ( ! normal *ild--& mu* t is  
us$ has be5 greatly modifi$4 ,i believe1
 h[ev]1 t ,i h arriv$ at a selection (  
objects 7:i* ,i d n "h wi% to speak ( 9 
! te*nical language ( psy*ology z       
/imuli7 repres5t+ ! m9imum necess>y to a
 practical s5se education4  ,^! objects 
con/itute ! didactic sy/em 7or set (    
didactic mat]ials7 us$ by me4 ,!y are   
manufactur$ by ! ,h\se ( ,lab\r ( !     
,humanit>ian ,society at ,milan4  ,a    
description ( ! objects w be giv5 z !   
educational scope ( ea* is expla9$4 ,"h 
,i %all limit myself to ! sett+ =? ( a  
few g5]al consid]ations4  ,fir/4 ,!     
diff]5ce 9 ! reaction betwe5 defici5t & 
normal *ildr51 9 ! pres5tation (        
didactic mat]ial made up ( grad$ /imuli4

 ,?is diff]5ce is pla9ly se5 f ! fact t 
! same didactic mat]ial us$ ) defici5ts 
makes education possible1 :ile ) normal 
*ildr5 x provokes auto-education4  ,?is 
fact is "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ ,i h met ) 9 
all my exp]i5ce1 & x inspir$ & r5d]$    
possible ! me?od ( obs]vation & lib]ty4 
,let u suppose t we use our fir/        
object1--a block 9 :i* solid geometric  
=ms are set4 ,into correspond+ holes 9 !
 block are set t5 little wood5 cyl9d]s1 
! bases dim9i%+ gradually ab\t !        
millimetres4 ,! game consi/s 9 tak+ !   
cyl9d]s out ( _! places1 putt+ !m on !  
table1 mix+ !m1 & !n putt+ ea* "o back 9
 its own place4 ,! aim is to educate !  
eye to ! diff]5tial p]ception (         
dim5sions4  ,) ! defici5t *ild1 x w\ld  
be necess>y to beg9 ) ex]cises 9 :i* !  
/imuli 7 mu* m /rongly contra/$1 & to   
arrive at ?is ex]cise only aft] _m o!rs 
_h prec$$ x4  ,) normal *ildr51 ?is is1 
on ! o!r h&1 ! fir/ object :i* we may   
pres5t1 & out ( all ! didactic mat]ial  
?is is ! game pref]r$ by ! v little     

*ildr5 ( two & a half & ?ree ye>s4 ,once
 we arriv$ at ?is ex]cise ) a defici5t  
*ild1 x 0 necess>y cont9ually & actively
 to recall 8 att5tion1 invit+ him to    
look at ! block & %[+ him ! v>i\s       
pieces4 ,& if ! *ild once succe$$ 9     
plac+ all ! cyl9d]s prop]ly1 he /opp$1 &
 ! game 0 f9i%$4 ,:5ev] ! defici5t *ild 
committ$ an error1 x 0 necess>y to      
correct x1 or to urge him to correct x  
himself1 & :5 he 0 able to correct an   
error he 0 usually q indiff]5t4  ,n[ !  
normal *ild1 in/ead1 takes spontane\sly 
a lively int]e/ 9 ?is game4 ,he pu%es   
away all :o w\ld int]f]e1 or (f] to help
 him1 & wi%es to be alone be=e 8        
problem4  ,x _h already be5 not$ t      
little ones ( two or ?ree ye>s take !   
greate/ pleasure 9 arrang+ small        
objects1 & ?is exp]im5t 9 ! ,*ildr5's   
,h\ses demon/rates ! tru? ( ?is         
ass]tion4  ,n[1 & "h is ! important     
po9t1 ! normal *ild att5tively obs]ves !
 relation betwe5 ! size ( ! op5+ & t ( !
 object :i* he is to place 9 ! m\ld1 &  

is greatly int]e/$ 9 ! game1 z is cle>ly
 %[n by ! expression ( att5tion on !    
little face4  ,if he mi/akes1 plac+ "o (
 ! objects 9 an op5+ t is small = x1 he 
takes x away1 & proce$s to make v>i\s   
trials1 seek+ ! prop] op5+4 ,if he makes
 a contr>y error1 lett+ ! cyl9d] fall   
into an op5+ t is a little too l>ge = x1
 & !n collects all ! successive cyl9d]s 
9 op5+s j a little too l>ge1 he w f9d   
himself at ! la/ ) ! big cyl9d] 9 8 h&  
:ile only ! smalle/ op5+ is empty4 ,!   
didactic mat]ial controls e error4 ,!   
*ild proce$s to correct himself1 do+ ?is
 9 v>i\s ways4 ,mo/ (t5 he feels !      
cyl9d]s or %akes !m1 9 ord] to recognise
 :i* are ! l>ge/4 ,sometimes1 he sees at
 a glance :]e 8 error lies1 pulls !     
cyl9d]s f ! places :]e !y %\ld n be1 &  
puts ^? left out :]e !y belong1 !n      
replaces all ! o!rs4 ,! normal *ild     
always repeats ! ex]cise ) gr[+ int]e/4 
,inde$1 x is precisely 9 ^! errors t !  
educational importance ( ! didactic     
mat]ial lies1 & :5 ! *ild ) evid5t      

security places ea* piece 9 its prop]   
place1 he has outgr[n ! ex]cise1 & ?is  
piece ( mat]ial becomes useless to him4 
,?is self-correction leads ! *ild to    
conc5trate 8 att5tion ^u ! diff]5ces (  
dim5sions1 & to comp>e ! v>i\s pieces4  
,x is 9 j ?is comp>ison t ! psy*o-s5sory
 ex]cise lies4  ,!re is1 !re=e1 no "q "h
 ( tea*+ ! *ild ! k ( ! dim5sions1 ?r\gh
 ! m$ium ( ^! pieces4 ,nei!r is x our   
aim t ! *ild %all "k h[ to use1 )\t an  
error1 ! mat]ial pres5t$ to him ?us     
p]=m+ ! ex]cises well4  ,t w\ld place   
our mat]ial on ! same basis z _m o!rs1 =
 example t ( ,froebel1 & w\ld require   
aga9 ! active "w ( ! tea*]1 :o busies   
h]self furni%+ k1 & mak+ ha/e to correct
 e error 9 ord] t ! *ild may le>n ! use 
( ! objects4  ,"h in/ead x is ! "w ( !  
*ild1 ! auto-correction1 !              
auto-education :i* acts1 = ! tea*] mu/ n
 int]f]e 9 ! slighte/ way4 ,no tea*] c  
furni% ! *ild ) ! agility :i* he        
acquires ?r\gh gymna/ic ex]cises3 x is  
necess>y t ! pupil p]fect himself ?r\gh 

8 own ef=ts4 ,x is v mu* ! same ) !     
education ( ! s5ses4  ,x might be said t
 ! same ?+ is true ( e =m ( education2 a
 man is n :at he is because ( ! tea*]s  
he has _h1 b because ( :at he has done4 
,"o ( ! difficulties ( putt+ ?is me?od  
into practice ) tea*]s ( ! old s*ool1   
lies 9 ! difficulty ( prev5t+ !m f      
int]v5+ :5 ! little *ild rema9s = "s "t 
puzzl$ be=e "s error1 & ) 8 eyebr[s     
drawn toge!r & 8 lips puck]$1 makes     
repeat$ ef=ts to correct himself4 ,:5 !y
 see ?is1 ! old-"t tea*]s are seiz$ )   
pity1 & long1 ) an almo/ irresi/ible    
=ce1 to help ! *ild4 ,:5 we prev5t ?is  
int]v5tion1 !y bur/ into words (        
compassion = ! little s*ol>1 b he soon  
%[s 9 8 smil+ face ! joy ( hav+ surm\nt$
 an ob/acle4  ,normal *ildr5 repeat su* 
ex]cises _m times4 ,?is repetition v>ies
 accord+ to ! individual4 ,"s *ildr5    
aft] hav+ complet$ ! ex]cise five or six
 times are tir$ ( x4 ,o!rs w remove &   
replace ! pieces at lea/ tw5ty times1 ) 
an expression ( evid5t int]e/4 ,once1   

aft] ,i _h wat*$ a little "o ( f\r ye>s 
repeat ?is ex]cise sixte5 times1 ,i _h !
 o!r *ildr5 s+ 9 ord] to di/ract h]1 b  
%e cont9u$ unmov$ to take out ! cyl9d]s1
 mix !m up & put !m back 9 _! places4   
,an intellig5t tea*] ought to be able to
 make mo/ int]e/+ individual            
psy*ological obs]vations1 &1 to a c]ta9 
po9t1 %\ld be able to measure ! l5g? (  
"t = :i* ! v>i\s /imuli held ! att5tion4
  ,9 fact1 :5 ! *ild educates himself1 &
 :5 ! control & correction ( errors is  
yield$ to ! didactic mat]ial1 !re rema9s
 = ! tea*] no?+ b to obs]ve4 ,%e mu/ !n 
be m ( a psy*ologi/ ?an a tea*]1 & ?is  
%[s ! importance ( a sci5tific          
prep>ation on ! "p ( ! tea*]4  ,inde$1 )
 my me?ods1 ! tea*] tea*es little &     
obs]ves mu*1 &1 above all1 x is h]      
function to direct ! psy*ic activity ( !
 *ildr5 & _! physiological developm5t4  
,= ?is reason ,i h *ang$ ! "n ( tea*]   
into t ( directress4  ,at fir/ ?is "n   
provok$ _m smiles1 = ev]yone ask$ :om   
!re 0 = ?is tea*] to direct1 s9ce %e _h 

no assi/ants1 & s9ce %e mu/ leave h]    
little s*ol>s 9 lib]ty4 ,b h] direction 
is mu* m pr(\nd & important ?an t :i* is
 commonly und]/ood1 = ?is tea*] directs 
! life & ! s\l4  ,second4 ,! education (
 ! s5ses has1 z its aim1 ! ref9em5t ( ! 
diff]5tial p]ception ( /imuli by means (
 repeat$ ex]cises4  ,!re exi/s a s5sory 
culture1 :i* is n g5]ally tak5 into     
consid]ation1 b :i* is a factor 9       
e/hesiometry4  ,= example1 9 ! m5tal    
te/s :i* are us$ 9 ,france1 or 9 a s]ies
 ( te/s :i* ,de ,sanctis has e/abli%$ = 
! diagnosis ( ! intellectual /atus1 ,i h
 (t5 se5 us$ cubes ( diff]5t sizes plac$
 at v>y+ di/ances4 ,! *ild 0 to select !
 smalle/ & ! l>ge/1 :ile ! *ronomet]    
measur$ ! "t ( reaction betwe5 ! comm& &
 ! execution ( ! act4 ,acc\nt 0 also    
tak5 ( ! errors4 ,i repeat t 9 su*      
exp]im5ts ! factor ( culture is =gott5 &
 by ?is ,i mean s5sory culture4  ,our   
*ildr5 h1 = example1 among ! didactic   
mat]ial = ! education ( ! s5ses1 a s]ies
 ( t5 cubes4 ,! fir/ has a base ( t5    

c5timetres1 & ! o!rs decrease1          
successively1 "o c5timetre z to base1 ! 
smalle/ cube hav+ a base ( "o c5timetre4
 ,! ex]cise consi/s 9 ?r[+ ! blocks1 :i*
 are p9k 9 col\r1 d[n ^u a gre5 c>pet1 &
 !n build+ !m up into a little t[]1     
plac+ ! l>ge/ cube z ! base1 & !n plac+ 
! o!rs 9 ord] ( size until ! little cube
 ( "o c5timetre is plac$ at ! top4  ,!  
little "o mu/ ea* "t select1 f ! blocks 
scatt]$ ^u ! gre5 c>pet1 ! l>ge/ block4 
,?is game is mo/ ent]ta9+ to ! little   
ones ( two ye>s & a half1 :o1 z soon z  
!y h con/ruct$ ! little t[]1 tumble x   
d[n ) little bl[s ( ! h&1 admir+ ! p9k  
cubes z !y lie scatt]$ ^u ! gre5 c>pet4 
,!n1 !y beg9 aga9 ! con/ruction1 build+ 
& de/roy+ a def9ite numb] ( times4  ,if 
we 7 to place be=e ^! te/s "o ( my      
*ildr5 f ?ree to f\r ye>s1 & "o ( !     
*ildr5 f ! fir/ elem5t>y 7six or sev5   
ye>s old71 my pupil w\ld und\bt$ly      
manife/ a %ort] p]iod ( reaction1 & w\ld
 n commit errors4 ,! same may be said = 
! te/s ( ! *romatic s5se1 etc4  ,?is    

educational me?od %\ld !re=e prove      
int]e/+ to /ud5ts ( exp]im5tal psy*ology
 z well z to tea*]s4  ,9 conclusion1 let
 me summ>ize briefly3 ,our didactic     
mat]ial r5d]s auto-education possible1  
p]mits a me?odical education ( ! s5ses4 
,n ^u ! ability ( ! tea*] does su*      
education re/1 b ^u ! didactic sy/em4   
,?is pres5ts objects :i*1 fir/1 attract 
! spontane\s att5tion ( ! *ild1 &1      
second1 conta9 a rational gradation (   
/imuli4  ,we mu/ n confuse ! education (
 ! s5ses1 ) ! concrete ideas :i* may be 
ga!r$ f our environm5t by means ( !     
s5ses4 ,nor mu/ ?is education ( ! s5ses 
be id5tical 9 our m9ds ) ! language     
?r\gh :i* is giv5 ! nom5clature         
correspond+ to ! concrete idea1 nor ) ! 
acquisition ( ! ab/ract idea ( !        
ex]cises4  ,let u consid] :at ! music   
ma/] does 9 giv+ in/ruction 9 piano     
play+4 ,he tea*es ! pupil ! correct     
position ( ! body1 gives him ! idea ( ! 
notes1 %[s him ! correspond5ce betwe5 ! 
writt5 notes & ! t\* & ! position ( !   

f+]s1 & !n he leaves ! *ild to p]=m !   
ex]cise by himself4 ,if a piani/ is to  
be made ( ?is *ild1 !re mu/1 betwe5 !   
ideas giv5 by ! tea*] & ! musical       
ex]cises1 int]v5e long & pati5t         
application to ^? ex]cises :i* s]ve to  
give agility to ! articulation ( ! f+]s 
& ( ! t5dons1 9 ord] t ! co-ord9ation ( 
special muscul> movem5ts %all become    
automatic1 & t ! muscles ( ! h& %all    
become /rong ?r\gh _! repeat$ use4  ,!  
piani/ mu/1 !re=e1 act = himself1 & ! m 
8 natural t5d5cies lead him to p]si/ 9  
^! ex]cises ! great] w be 8 success4    
,h[ev]1 )\t ! direction ( ! ma/] !      
ex]cise w n suffice to develop ! s*ol>  
into a true piani/4  ,! directress ( !  
,*ildr5's ,h\se mu/ h a cle> idea ( !   
two factors :i* ent] into h] "w--!      
guidance ( ! *ild1 & ! individual       
ex]cise4  ,only aft] %e has ?is concept 
cle>ly fix$ 9 h] m9d1 may %e proce$ to !
 application ( a me?od to guide !       
spontane\s education ( ! *ild & to imp>t
 necess>y notions to him4  ,9 !         

opportune quality & 9 ! mann] ( ?is     
int]v5tion lies ! p]sonal art ( !       
educator4  ,= example1 9 ! ,*ildr5's    
,h\se 9 ! ,prati di ,ca/ello1 :]e !     
pupils belong to ! middle-class1 ,i     
f\nd1 a mon? aft] ! op5+ ( ! s*ool1 a   
*ild ( five ye>s :o already knew h[ to  
compose any ^w1 z he knew ! alphabet    
p]fectly--he _h le>n$ x 9 two weeks4 ,he
 knew h[ to write on ! blackbo>d1 & 9 ! 
ex]cises 9 free design he %[$ himself n 
only to be an obs]v]1 b to h "s         
intuitive idea ( p]spective1 draw+ a    
h\se & *air v clev]ly4 ,z = ! ex]cises (
 ! *romatic s5se1 he c\ld mix toge!r !  
eight gradations ( ! eight col\rs :i* we
 use1 & f ?is mass ( sixty-f\r tablets1 
ea* w\nd ) silk ( a diff]5t col\r or    
%ade1 he c\ld rapidly sep>ate ! eight   
gr\ps4 ,hav+ done ?is1 he w\ld proce$ ) 
ease to arrange ea* col\r s]ies 9 p]fect
 gradation4 ,9 ?is game ! *ild w\ld     
almo/ cov] "o ( ! little tables ) a     
c>pet ( f9ely-%ad$ col\rs4 ,i made !    
exp]im5t1 tak+ him to ! w9d[ & %[+ him 9

 full daylight "o ( ! col\r$ tablets1   
tell+ him to look at x well1 s t he     
might be able to rememb] x4 ,i !n s5t   
him to ! table on :i* all ! gradations 7
 spread out1 & ask$ him to f9d ! tablet 
l ! "o at :i* he _h look$4 ,he committ$ 
only v slight errors1 (t5 *oos+ ! exact 
%ade b m (t5 ! "o next x1 r>ely a t9t   
two grades remov$ f ! "r "o4 ,?is boy _h
 !n a p[] ( discrim9ation & a col\r     
memory :i* 7 almo/ prodigi\s4 ,l all !  
o!r *ildr51 he 0 exce$+ly fond ( ! col\r
 ex]cises4 ,b :5 ,i ask$ ! "n ( ! :ite  
col\r spool1 he hesitat$ = a long "t    
be=e reply+ unc]ta9ly :ite4 ,n[ a *ild (
 su* intellig5ce %\ld h be5 able1 ev5   
)\t ! special int]v5tion ( ! tea*]1 to  
le>n ! "n ( ea* col\r4  ,! directress   
told me t hav+ notic$ t ! *ild _h great 
difficulty 9 reta9+ ! nom5clature ( !   
col\rs1 %e _h up until t "t left him to 
ex]cise himself freely ) ! games = !    
col\r s5se4 ,at ! same "t he _h develop$
 rapidly a p[] ov] writt5 language1 :i* 
9 my me?od z pres5t$ ?r\gh a s]ies (    

problems to be solv$4 ,^! problems are  
pres5t$ z s5se ex]cises4 ,?is *ild 01   
!re=e1 mo/ intellig5t4 ,9 him !         
discrim9ative s5sory p]ceptions kept    
pace ) great intellectual               
activities--att5tion & judgm5t4 ,b 8    
memory = names 0 inf]ior4  ,! directress
 _h ?\ght be/ n to int]f]e1 z yet1 9 !  
tea*+ ( ! *ild4 ,c]ta9ly1 ! education ( 
! *ild 0 a little disord]$1 & !         
directress _h left ! spontane\s         
explanation ( 8 m5tal activities        
excessively free4 ,h[ev] desirable x may
 be to furni% a s5se education z a basis
 = intellectual ideas1 x is nev]!less   
advisable at ! same "t to associate !   
language ) ^! p]ceptions4  ,9 ?is       
connection ,i h f\nd excell5t = use )   
normal *ildr5 ! ?ree p]iods ( :i* !     
lesson accord+ to ,segu9 consi/s3  ,fir/
 ,p]iod4 ,! association ( ! s5sory      
p]ception ) ! "n4  ,= example1 we pres5t
 to ! *ild1 two col\rs1 r$ & blue4      
,pres5t+ ! r$1 we say simply1 ,?is is   
r$1 & pres5t+ ! blue1 ,?is is blue4 ,!n1

 we lay ! spools ^u ! table "u ! eyes ( 
! *ild4  ,second ,p]iod4 ,recognition ( 
! object correspond+ to ! "n4 ,we ,say  
to ! *ild1 ,give me ! r$1 & !n1 ,give me
 ! blue4  ,?ird ,p]iod4 ,! rememb]+ ( ! 
"n correspond+ to ! object4 ,we ask !   
*ild1 %[+ him ! object1 ,:at is ?is8 &  
he %\ld respond1 ,r$4  ,segu9 insi/s    
/rongly ^u ^! ?ree p]iods1 & urges t !  
col\rs be left = sev]al in/ants "u !    
eyes ( ! *ild4 ,he also advises u nev]  
to pres5t ! col\r s+ly1 b always two at 
a "t1 s9ce ! contra/ helps ! *romatic   
memory4 ,inde$1 ,i h prov$ t !re _c be a
 bett] me?od = tea*+ col\r to !         
defici5ts1 :o1 ) ?is me?od 7 able to    
le>n ! col\rs mu* m p]fectly ?an normal 
*ildr5 9 ! ord9>y s*ools :o h _h a      
haphaz>d s5se education4 ,= normal      
*ildr5 h[ev] !re exi/s a p]iod prec$+ ! 
,?ree ,p]iods ( ,segu9--a p]iod :i*     
conta9s ! real s5se education4 ,?is is !
 acquisition ( a f95ess ( diff]5tial    
p]ception1 :i* c be obta9$ only ?r\gh   
auto-education4  ,?is1 !n1 is an example

 ( ! great sup]iority ( ! normal *ild1 &
 ( ! great] effect ( education :i* su*  
p$agogical me?ods may ex]cise ^u ! m5tal
 developm5t ( normal z comp>$ ) defici5t
 *ildr54  ,! association ( ! "n ) !     
/imulus is a s\rce ( great pleasure to !
 normal *ild4 ,i rememb]1 "o day1 ,i _h 
taught a little girl1 :o 0 n yet ?ree   
ye>s old1 & :o 0 a little t>dy 9 !      
developm5t ( language1 ! names ( ?ree   
col\rs4 ,i _h ! *ildr5 place "o ( _!    
little tables ne> a w9d[1 & seat+ myself
 9 "o ( ! little *airs1 ,i seat$ !      
little girl 9 a simil> *air at my "r4   
,i _h1 on ! table1 six ( ! col\r spools 
9 pairs1 t is two r$s1 two blues1 two   
yell[s4 ,9 ! ,fir/ ,p]iod1 ,i plac$ "o (
 ! spools be=e ! *ild1 ask+ h] to f9d ! 
"o l x4 ,?is ,i repeat$ = all ?ree ( !  
col\rs1 %[+ h] h[ to arrange !m c>efully
 9 pairs4 ,aft] ?is ,i pass$ to ! ,?ree 
,p]iods ( ,segu94 ,! little girl le>n$  
to recognise ! ?ree col\rs & to pron\nce
 ! "n ( ea*4  ,%e 0 s happy t %e look$  
at me = a long "t1 & !n began to jump up

 & d[n4 ,i1 see+ h] pleasure1 said to   
h]1 laugh+1 ,d y "k ! col\rs8 & %e      
repli$1 /ill jump+ up & d[n1 ,yes6      
,,yes6 ,h] delight 0 inexhau/ible2 %e   
danc$ ab\t me1 wait+ joy\sly = me to ask
 h] ! same "q1 t %e might reply ) ! same
 en?usiasm1 ,yes6 ,yes6  ,ano!r         
important p>ticul> 9 ! te*nique ( s5se  
education lies 9 isolat+ ! s5se1 :5ev]  
?is is possible4 ,s1 = example1 !       
ex]cises on ! s5se ( he>+ c be giv5 m   
successfully 9 an environm5t n only (   
sil5ce1 b ev5 ( d>kness4  ,= ! education
 ( ! s5ses 9 g5]al1 su* z 9 ! tactile1  
!rmic1 b>ic1 & /]eogno/ic ex]cises1 we  
bl9dfold ! *ild4 ,! reasons = ?is       
p>ticul> te*nique h be5 fully set =? by 
psy*ology4 ,"h1 x is en\gh to note t 9 !
 case ( normal *ildr5 ! bl9dfold greatly
 increases _! int]e/1 )\t mak+ !        
ex]cises deg5]ate into noisy fun1 & )\t 
hav+ ! *ild's att5tion attract$ m to !  
b&age ?an to ! s5se-/imuli ^u :i* we wi%
 to focus ! att5tion4  ,= example1 9    
ord] to te/ ! acut5ess ( ! *ild's s5se (

 he>+ 7a mo/ important ?+ = ! tea*] to  
"k71 ,i use an empiric te/ :i* is com+  
to be us$ almo/ univ]sally by physicians
 9 ! mak+ ( m$ical exam9ations4 ,?is te/
 is made by modulat+ ! voice1 r$uc+ x to
 a :isp]4 ,! *ild is bl9dfold$1 or !    
tea*] may /& beh9d him1 speak+ 8 "n1 9 a
 :isp] & f v>y+ di/ances4 ,i e/abli% a  
solemn sil5ce 9 ! s*oolroom1 d>k5 !     
w9d[s1 h ! *ildr5 b[ _! heads ^u _! h&s 
:i* !y hold 9 front ( _! eyes4 ,!n ,i   
call ! *ildr5 by "n1 "o by "o1 9 a      
:isp]1 light] = ^? :o are ne>] me1 & m  
cle>ly = ^? f>!r away4 ,ea* *ild awaits1
 9 ! d>kness1 ! fa9t voice :i* calls    
him1 li/5+ int5tly1 ready to run ) ke5e/
 joy t[>d ! my/]i\s & mu*1 desir$ call4 
,! normal *ild may be bl9dfold$ 9 !     
games :]e1 = example1 he is to recognise
 v>i\s weights1 = ?is does help him to  
int5sify & conc5trate 8 att5tion ^u !   
b>ic /imuli :i* he is to te/4 ,!        
bl9dfold adds to 8 pleasure1 s9ce he is 
pr\d ( hav+ be5 able to guess4  ,!      
effect ( ^! games ^u defici5t *ildr5 is 

v diff]5t4 ,:5 plac$ 9 d>kness1 !y (t5 g
 to sleep1 or give !mselves up to       
disord]$ acts4 ,:5 ! bl9dfold is us$1 !y
 fix _! att5tion ^u ! b&age itself1 &   
*ange ! ex]cise into a game1 :i* does n 
fulfil ! end we h 9 view ) ! ex]cise4   
,we speak1 x is true1 ( games 9         
education1 b x mu/ be made cle> t we    
und]/& by ?is t]m a free activity1 ord]$
 to a def9ite end2 n disord]ly noise1   
:i* di/racts ! att5tion4  ,! foll[+     
pages ( ,it>d give an idea ( ! pati5t   
exp]im5ts made by ?is pione] 9 p$agogy4 
,_! lack ( success 0 due l>gely to      
errors :i* successive exp]im5ts h made x
 possible to correct1 & 9 "p to !       
m5tality ( 8 subject4  ,,iv3 ,9 ?is la/ 
exp]im5t x 0 n necess>y1 z 9 ! "o       
prec$+1 to dem& t ! pupil repeat ! s\nds
 :i* he p]ceiv$4 ,?is d\ble "w1         
di/ribut+ 8 att5tion1 0 outside ! plane 
( my purpose1 :i* 0 to educate ea* organ
 sep>ately4 ,i1 !re=e1 limit$ myself to 
foll[+ ! simple p]ception ( s\nds4 ,to  
be c]ta9 ( ?is result1 ,i plac$ my pupil

 9 front ( me ) 8 eyes bl9d$1 8 fi/s    
clos$1 & _h him ext5d a f+] e "t t ,i   
made a s\nd4 ,he und]/ood ?is           
arrangem5t1 & z soon z ! s\nd rea*$ 8   
e>1 ! f+] 0 rais$1 ) a species (        
impetuosity1 & (t51 ) demon/rations (   
joy :i* left no d\bt z to ! pleasure !  
pupil took 9 ^! biz>re lessons4 ,inde$1 
:e!r x be t he f\nd a real pleasure 9 ! 
s\nd ( ! human voice1 or t he _h at la/ 
conqu]$ ! annoyance he at fir/ felt on  
be+ depriv$ ( ! light = s long a "t1 !  
fact rema9s t m ?an once1 dur+ !        
int]vals ( re/1 he came to me ) 8       
bl9dfold 9 8 h&1 hold+ x ov] 8 eyes1 &  
jump+ ) joy :5 he felt my h&s ty+ x ab\t
 8 head4  ,v3 ,hav+ ?or\ghly assur$     
myself1 ?r\gh su* exp]im5ts z ! "o      
describ$ above1 t all s\nds ( ! voice1  
:atev] _! int5sity1 7 p]ceiv$ by        
,vittorio1 ,i proce$$ to ! attempt (    
mak+ him comp>e ^! s\nds4 ,x 0 no long] 
a case ( simply not+ ! s\nds ( ! voice1 
b ( p]ceiv+ ! diff]5ces & ( appreciat+  
all ^! modifications & v>ieties ( tone  

:i* g to make up ! music ( ! ^w4 ,betwe5
 ?is task & ! prec$+ !re /ret*$ a       
prodigi\s diff]5ce1 especially = a be+  
^: developm5t 0 dep5d5t ^u gradual ef=t1
 & :o advanc$ t[>d civilisation only    
because ,i l$ ?i!rw>d s g5tly t he 0    
unconsci\s ( ! progress4 ,fac+ !        
difficulty n[ pres5t$1 ,i _h ne$ to arm 
myself m /rongly ?an ev] ) pati5ce &    
g5tl5ess1 enc\rag$ by ! hope t once ,i  
_h surm\nt$ ?is ob/acle all w\ld h be5  
done = ! s5se ( he>+4  ,we began ) !    
comp>ison ( ! v[el s\nds1 & "h1 too1    
made use ( ! h& to assure ourselves z to
 ! result ( our exp]im5ts4 ,ea* "o ( !  
f+]s 0 made ! sign ( "o ( ! five v[els4 
,?us ! ?umb repres5t$ ,a & 0 to be rais$
 :5ev] ?is v[el 0 pron\nc$2 ! index f+] 
0 ! sign = ,e2 ! middle f+] = ,i2 & s   
on4  ,,vi3 ,n )\t fatigue1 & n = a long 
"t1 0 ,i able to give a di/9ct idea ( ! 
v[els4 ,! fir/ to be cle>ly di/+ui%$ 0  
,o1 & !n foll[$ ,a4 ,! ?ree o!rs pres5t$
 mu* great] difficulty1 & 7 = a long "t 
confus$4 ,at la/1 h[ev]1 ! e> began to  

p]ceive di/9ctly1 &1 !n1 !re return$ 9  
all _! vivacity1 ^? demon/rations ( joy 
( :i* ,i h spok54 ,?is cont9u$ until !  
pleasure tak5 9 ! lessons began to be   
boi/]\s1 ! s\nds became confus$1 & ! f+]
 0 rais$ indiscrim9ately4 ,! outbur/s ( 
laught] became inde$ s excessive t ,i   
lo/ pati5ce6 ,z soon z ,i plac$ !       
bl9dfold ov] 8 eyes ! %\ts ( laught]    
began4  ,it>d1 f9d+ x impossible to     
cont9ue 8 educational "w1 decid$ to d   
away ) ! bl9dfold1 &1 inde$1 ! %\ts     
ceas$1 b n[ ! *ild's att5tion 0 di/ract$
 by ! slighte/ movem5t ab\t him4 ,!     
bl9dfold 0 necess>y1 b ! boy _h to be   
made to und]/& t he mu/ n laugh s mu* & 
t he 0 hav+ a lesson4 ,! corrective     
means ( ,it>d & _! t\*+ results are wor?
 report+ "h6  ,i wi%$ to intimidate him 
) my mann]1 n be+ able to d s ) my      
glance4 ,i arm$ myself ) a tamb\r9e &   
/ruck x lightly :5ev] he made a mi/ake4 
,b he mi/ook ?is correction = a joke1 & 
8 joy became m noisy ?an ev]4 ,i !n felt
 t ,i mu/ make ! correction a little m  

sev]e4 ,x 0 und]/ood1 & ,i saw1 ) a     
mixture ( pa9 & pleasure1 reveal$ 9 !   
d>k5$ face ( ?is boy ! fact t ! feel+ ( 
injury surpass$ ! unhapp9ess ( ! bl[4   
,te>s came f b5ea? ! bl9dfold1 he urg$  
me to take x (f1 b1 :e!r f emb>rassm5t  
or fe>1 or f "s inn] preoccupation1 :5  
fre$ f ! b&age he /ill kept 8 eyes      
tightly clos$4 ,i c\ld n laugh at !     
doleful expression ( 8 face1 ! clos$    
eyelids f betwe5 :i* trickl$ an         
occasional te>6 ,oh1 9 ?is mom5t1 z 9 _m
 o!rs1 ready to r5\nce my task1 & feel+ 
t ! "t ,i _h consecrat$ to x 0 lo/1 h[  
,i regrett$ ev] hav+ kn[n ?is boy1 & b[ 
sev]ely ,i condemn$ ! b>r5 & inhuman    
curiosity ( ! m5 :o 9 ord] to make      
sci5tific advancem5t _h torn him away f 
a life1 at lea/ innoc5t & happy6  ,"h   
also is demon/rat$ ! great educative    
sup]iority ( sci5tific p$agogy = normal 
*ildr54  ,f9ally1 "o p>ticul> ( !       
te*nique consi/s 9 ! di/ribution ( !    
/imuli4 ,?is w be treat$ m fully 9 !    
description ( ! didactic sy/em          

7mat]ials7 & ( ! s5se education4 ,"h x  
is en\gh to say t "o %\ld proce$ f few  
/imuli /rongly contra/+1 to _m /imuli 9 
gradual diff]5tiation always m f9e &    
imp]ceptible4 ,s1 = example1 we fir/    
pres5t1 toge!r1 r$ & blue2 ! %orte/ rod 
beside ! longe/2 ! ?9ne/ beside !       
?icke/1 etc41 pass+ f ^! to ! delicately
 diff]+ t9ts1 & to ! discrim9ation ( v  
slight diff]5ces 9 l5g? & size4         
,,*apt] ,,xiii  ,,education ,,( ,,!     
,,s5ses ,,& ,,illu/rations ,,( ,,!      
,,didactic ,,mat]ial3 ,,g5]al           
,,s5sibility2 ,,! ,,tactile1 ,,!rmic1   
,,b>ic1 ,,& ,,/]eogno/ic ,,s5ses   ,!   
education ( ! tactile & ! !rmic s5ses g 
toge!r1 s9ce ! w>m ba?1 & heat 9 g5]al1 
r5d] ! tactile s5se m acute4 ,s9ce to   
ex]cise ! tactile s5se x is necess>y to 
t\*1 ba?+ ! h&s 9 w>m wat] has !        
additional advantage ( tea*+ ! *ild a   
pr9ciple ( cleanl9ess--t ( n t\*+       
objects ) h&s t are n clean4 ,i !re=e   
apply ! g5]al notions ( practical life1 
reg>d+ ! wa%+ ( ! h&s1 c>e ( ! nails1 to

 ! ex]cises prep>atory to !             
discrim9ation ( tactile /imuli4  ,!     
limitation ( ! ex]cises ( ! tactile s5se
 to ! cu%ion$ tips ( ! f+]s1 is r5d]$   
necess>y by practical life4 ,x mu/ be   
made a necess>y phase ( education       
because x prep>es = a life 9 :i* man    
ex]cises & uses ! tactile s5se ?r\gh !  
m$ium ( ^! f+] tips4 ,h5ce1 ,i h ! *ild 
wa% 8 h&s c>efully ) soap1 9 a little   
bas92 & 9 ano!r bas9 ,i h him r9se !m 9 
a ba? ( tepid wat]4 ,!n ,i %[ him h[ to 
dry & rub 8 h&s g5tly1 9 ?is way prep>+ 
= ! regul> ba?4 ,i next tea* ! *ild h[  
to t\*1 t is1 ! mann] 9 :i* he %\ld t\* 
surfaces4 ,= ?is x is necess>y to take !
 f+] ( ! *ild & to draw x v1 v lightly  
ov] ! surface4  ,ano!r p>ticul> ( !     
te*nique is to tea* ! *ild to hold 8    
eyes clos$ :ile he t\*es1 enc\rag+ him  
to d ?is by tell+ him t he w be able to 
feel ! diff]5ces bett]1 & s lead+ him to
 di/+ui%1 )\t ! help ( sight1 ! *ange ( 
contact4 ,he w quickly le>n1 & w %[ t he
 enjoys ! ex]cise4 ,(t5 aft] !          

introduction ( su* ex]cises1 x is a     
common ?+ to h a *ild come to y1 &1     
clos+ 8 eyes1 t\* ) great delicacy !    
palm ( y\r h& or ! clo? ( y\r dress1    
especially any silk5 or velvet trimm+s4 
,!y d v]ily ex]cise ! tactile s5se4 ,!y 
enjoy ke5ly t\*+ any s(t pleasant       
surface1 & become exce$+ly ke5 9        
discrim9at+ betwe5 ! diff]5ces 9 !      
s&pap] c>ds4  ,! ,didactic ,mat]ial     
consi/s (2 a--a rectangul> wood5 bo>d   
divid$ into two equal rectangles1 "o    
cov]$ ) v smoo? pap]1 or hav+ ! wood    
poli%$ until a smoo? surface is obta9$2 
! o!r cov]$ ) s&pap]1 b--a tablet l !   
prec$+ cov]$ ) alt]nat+ /rips ( smoo?   
pap] & s&pap]4  ,i also make use ( a    
collection ( pap] slips1 v>y+ ?r\gh _m  
grades f smoo?1 f9e c>dbo>d to co>se/   
s&pap]4 ,! /uffs describ$ else:]e are   
also us$ 9 ^! lessons4   ,z to ! ,!rmic 
,s5se1 ,i use a set ( little metal b[ls1
 :i* are fill$ ) wat] at diff]5t degrees
 ( temp]ature4 ,^! ,i try to measure ) a
 !rmomet]1 s t !re may be two conta9+   

wat] ( ! same temp]ature4  ,illu/ration3
 ,,! ,,cloi/] ,,s*ool ,,( ,,!           
,,franciscan ,,nuns ,,9 ,,rome ,*ildr5  
play+ a game ) tablets ( col\r$ silk    
,illu/ration3 7,a7 ,,girl ,,t\*+ ,a     
,,lett] ,,& ,,boy ,,tell+ ,,objects ,,by
 ,,weight4  ,illu/ration3 7,b7 ,,arrang+
 ,,tablets ,,( ,,silk ,,9 ,,_!          
,,*romatic ,,ord]4 ,!re are eight       
col\rs1 & eight %ades ( ea* col\r1 mak+ 
sixty-f\r gradations 9 all4  ,i h       
design$ a set ( ut5sils :i* are to be   
made ( v light metal1 & fill$ ) wat]4   
,^! h cov]s1 & to ea* is atta*$ a       
!rmomet]4 ,! b[l t\*$ f ! outside gives 
! desir$ impression ( heat4  ,i also h !
 *ildr5 put _! h&s into cold1 tepid1 &  
w>m wat]1 an ex]cise :i* !y f9d mo/     
div]t+4 ,i %\ld l to repeat ?is ex]cise 
) ! feet1 b ,i h n bad an opportunity to
 make ! trial4  ,= ! education ( ! b>ic 
s5se 7s5se ( weight71 ,i use ) great    
success little wood5 tablets1 six by    
eight c5timetres1 hav+ a ?ickness (     
#a_/b c5timetre4 ,^! tablets are 9 ?ree 

diff]5t qualities ( wood1 wi/>ia1       
walnut1 & p9e4 ,!y weigh respectively1  
#bd1 #ah1 & #ab grammes1 mak+ !m diff] 9
 weight by #f grammes4 ,^! tablets %\ld 
be v smoo?2 if possible1 v>ni%$ 9 su* a 
way t e r\ghness %all be elim9at$1 b s t
 ! natural col\r ( ! wood %all rema94 ,!
 *ild1 obs]v+ ! col\r1 kn[s t !y are (  
diff]+ weights1 & ?is (f]s a means (    
controll+ ! ex]cise4 ,he takes two ( !  
tablets 9 8 h&s1 lett+ !m re/ ^u ! palm 
at ! base ( 8 out/ret*$ f+]s4 ,!n he    
moves 8 h&s up & d[n 9 ord] to gauge !  
weight4 ,?is movem5t %\ld come to be1   
little by little1 almo/ ins5sible4 ,we  
lead ! *ild to make 8 di/9ction purely  
?r\gh ! diff]5ce 9 weight1 leav+ out !  
guide ( ! diff]5t col\rs1 & clos+ 8     
eyes4 ,he le>ns to d ?is ( himself1 &   
takes great int]e/ 9 guess+4  ,! game   
attracts ! att5tion ( ^? ne>1 :o ga!r 9 
a circle ab\t ! "o :o has ! tablets1 &  
:o take turns 9 guess+4 ,sometimes !    
*ildr5 spontane\sly make use ( !        
bl9dfold1 tak+ turns1 & int]sp]s+ ! "w )

 peals ( joyful laught]4   ,,education  
,,( ,,! ,,/]eogno/ic ,,s5se  ,!         
education ( ?is s5se leads to !         
recognition ( objects ?r\gh feel+1 t is1
 ?r\gh ! simultane\s help ( ! tactile & 
muscul> s5ses4  ,tak+ ?is union z a     
basis1 we h made exp]im5ts :i* h giv5   
m>vell\sly successful educational       
results4 ,i feel t = ! help ( tea*]s ^! 
ex]cises %\ld be describ$4  ,! fir/     
didactic mat]ial us$ by u is made up ( !
 bricks & cubes ( ,froebel4 ,we call !  
att5tion ( ! *ild to ! =m ( ! two       
solids1 h him feel !m c>efully &        
accurately1 ) 8 eyes op51 repeat+ "s    
phrase s]v+ to fix 8 att5tion ^u !      
p>ticul>s ( ! =ms pres5t$4 ,aft] ?is !  
*ild is told to place ! cubes to ! "r1 !
 bricks to ! left1 always feel+ !m1 &   
)\t look+ at !m4 ,f9ally ! ex]cise is   
repeat$1 by ! *ild bl9dfold$4 ,almo/ all
 ! *ildr5 succe$ 9 ! ex]cise1 & aft] two
 or ?ree times1 are able to elim9ate e  
error4 ,!re are tw5ty-f\r ( ! bricks &  
cubes 9 all1 s t ! att5tion may be held 

= "s "t ?r\gh ?is game--b und\bt$ly !   
*ild's pleasure is greatly increas$ by !
 fact ( 8 be+ wat*$ by a gr\p ( 8       
companions1 all int]e/$ & eag]4  ,"o day
 a directress call$ my att5tion to a    
little girl ( ?ree ye>s1 "o ( our v     
y\nge/ pupils1 :o _h repeat$ ?is ex]cise
 p]fectly4 ,we seat$ ! little girl      
com=tably 9 an arm*air1 close to !      
table4 ,!n1 plac+ ! tw5ty-f\r objects   
be=e h] ^u ! table1 we mix$ !m1 & call+ 
! *ild's att5tion to ! diff]5ce 9 =m1   
told h] to place ! cubes to ! "r & !    
bricks to ! left4 ,:5 %e 0 bl9dfold$ %e 
began ! ex]cise z taught by u1 tak+ an  
object 9 ea* h&1 feel+ ea* & putt+ x 9  
its "r place4 ,sometimes %e took two    
cubes1 or two bricks1 sometimes %e f\nd 
a brick 9 ! "r h&1 a cube 9 ! left4 ,!  
*ild _h to recognise ! =m1 & to rememb] 
?r\gh\t ! ex]cise ! prop] plac+ ( !     
diff]5t objects4 ,?is seem$ to me v     
difficult = a *ild ( ?ree ye>s4  ,b     
obs]v+ h] ,i saw t %e n only p]=m$ !    
ex]cise easily1 b t ! movem5ts ) :i* we 

_h taught h] to feel ! =m 7 sup]flu\s4  
,inde$ ! in/ant %e _h tak5 ! two objects
 9 h] h&s1 if x s happ5$ t %e _h tak5 a 
cube ) ! left h& & a brick 9 ! "r1 %e   
ex*ang$ !m imm$iately1 & !n began !     
labori\s feel+ ! =m :i* we _h taught &  
:i* %e p]haps1 believ$ to be obligatory4
 ,b ! objects _h be5 recognis$ by h]    
?r\gh ! fir/ light t\*1 t is1 !         
recognition 0 contemporane\s to ! tak+4 
,cont9u+ my /udy ( ! subject1 ,i f\nd t 
?is little girl 0 possess$ ( a rem>kable
 functional ambidext]ity--,i %\ld be v  
glad to make a wid] /udy ( ?is ph5om5on 
hav+ 9 view ! desirability ( a          
simultane\s education ( bo? h&s4  ,i    
repeat$ ! ex]cise ) o!r *ildr5 & f\nd t 
!y recognise ! objects be=e feel+ _!    
cont\rs4 ,?is 0 p>ticul>ly true ( !     
little ones4 ,our educational me?ods 9  
?is respect furni%$ a rem>kable ex]cise 
9 associative gymna/ics1 lead+ to a     
rapidity ( judgm5t :i* 0 truly surpris+ 
& _h ! advantage ( be+ p]fectly adapt$  
to v "y *ildr54  ,^! ex]cises ( !       

/]eogno/ic s5se may be multipli$ 9 _m   
ways--!y amuse ! *ildr5 :o f9d delight 9
 ! recognition ( a /imulus1 z 9 ! !rmic 
ex]cises2 = example--!y may raise any   
small objects1 toy soldi]s1 little      
balls1 &1 above all1 ! v>i\s co9s 9     
common use4 ,!y come to discrim9ate     
betwe5 small =ms v>y+ v slightly1 su* z 
corn1 :eat1 & rice4  ,!y are v pr\d (   
see+ )\t eyes1 hold+ out _! h&s & cry+1 
,"h are my eyes6 ,i c see ) my h&s6     
,inde$1 our little ones walk+ 9 ! ways  
we h plann$1 make u m>vel ov] _! un=ese5
 progress1 surpris+ u daily4 ,(t51 :ile 
!y are wild ) delight ov] "s new        
conque/1--we wat*1 9 deepe/ wond] &     
m$itation4   ,,education ,,( ,,! ,,s5ses
 ,,( ,,ta/e ,,& ,,smell  ,?is phase (   
s5se education is mo/ difficult1 & ,i h 
n z yet _h any satisfactory results to  
record4 ,i c only say t ! ex]cises      
ord9>ily us$ 9 ! te/s ( psy*ometry d n  
seem to me to be practical = use ) "y   
*ildr54  ,! olfactory s5se 9 *ildr5 is n
 develop$ to any great ext5t1 & ?is     

makes x difficult to attract _! att5tion
 by means ( ?is s5se4 ,we h made use (  
"o te/ :i* has n be5 repeat$ (t5 en\gh  
to =m ! basis ( a me?od4 ,we h ! *ild   
smell fre% violets1 & jessam9e fl[]s4   
,we !n bl9dfold him1 say+1 ,n[ we are   
go+ to pres5t y ) fl[]s4 ,a little fri5d
 !n holds a bun* ( violets "u ! *ild's  
nose1 t he may guess ! "n ( ! fl[]4 ,=  
great] or less int5sify we pres5t few]  
fl[]s1 or ev5 "o s+le blossom4          
,illu/ration3 7,a7 ,,draw+ ,,table ,,&  
,,inset4 7,b7 ,,wood5 ,,tablets4 ,^! are
 p>tly cov]$ ) s&pap] to give r\gh &    
smoo? surfaces4 7,c7 ,,solid ,,insets4  
,) ^! ! *ild1 work+ by himself1 le>ns to
 diff]5tiate objects accord+ to         
?ickness1 height1 & size4    ,copyright1
 #aiab1 by ,c>l ,r4 ,byoir              
,illu/ration3 7,a7 ,,broad ,,/air4 7,b7 
,,long ,,/air4 7,c7 ,,t[]4 ,blocks by   
:i* *ildr5 are taught ?ickness1 l5g?1   
size4    ,copyright1 #aiab by ,c>l ,r4  
,byoir  ,b ?is "p ( education1 l t ( !  
s5se ( ta/e1 c be obta9$ by ! *ild dur+ 

! lun*eon h\r2--:5 he c le>n to         
recognise v>i\s od\rs4  ,z to ta/e1 !   
me?od ( t\*+ ! tongue ) v>i\s solutions1
 bitt] or acid1 sweet1 salty1 is        
p]fectly applicable4 ,*ildr5 ( f\r ye>s 
readily l5d !mselves to su* games1 :i*  
s]ve z a reason = %[+ !m h[ to r9se _!  
m\?s p]fectly4 ,! *ildr5 enjoy recognis+
 v>i\s flav\rs1 & le>n1 aft] ea* te/1 to
 fill a glass ) tepid wat]1 & c>efully  
r9se _! mon?s4 ,9 ?is way ! ex]cise = ! 
s5se ( ta/e is also an ex]cise 9 hygi5e4
   ,,education ,,( ,,! ,,s5se ,,(       
,,vision  ,i4 ,diff]5tial ,visual       
,p]ception ( ,dim5sions  ,fir/4 ,solid  
,insets3 ,?is mat]ial consi/s ( ?ree    
solid blocks ( wood ea* #ee c5timetres  
long1 #f c5timetres high & #h c5timetres
 wide4 ,ea* block conta9s t5 wood5      
pieces1 set into correspond+ holes4 ,^! 
pieces are cyl9drical 9 %ape & are to be
 h&l$ by means ( a little wood5 or brass
 button :i* is fix$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! top4  
,! cases ( cyl9d]s are 9 appe>ance mu* l
 ! cases ( weights us$ by *emi/s4 ,9 !  

fir/ set ( ! s]ies1 ! cyl9d]s are all ( 
equal height 7#ee millimetres7 b diff] 9
 diamet]4 ,! smalle/ cyl9d] has a       
diamet] ( #a c5timetre1 & ! o!rs        
increase 9 diamet] at ! rate ( #a_/b    
c5timetre4 ,9 ! second set1 ! cyl9d]s   
are all ( equal diamet]1 correspond+ to 
half ! diamet] ( ! l>ge/ cyl9d] 9 !     
prec$+ s]ies--7#bg millimetres74 ,!     
cyl9d]s 9 ?is set diff] 9 height1 ! fir/
 be+ m]ely a little disk only a         
c5timetre high1 ! o!rs increase #e      
millimetres ea*1 ! t5? "o be+ #ee       
millimetres high4 ,9 ! ?ird set1 !      
cyl9d]s diff] bo? 9 height & diamet]1 ! 
fir/ be+ #a c5timetre high & #a         
c5timetre 9 diamet] & ea* succe$+ "o    
increas+ #a_/b c5timetre 9 height &     
diamet]4 ,) ^! insets1 ! *ild1 work+ by 
himself1 le>ns to diff]5tiate objects   
accord+ to ?ickness1 accord+ to height1 
& accord+ to size4  ,9 ! s*oolroom1 ^!  
?ree sets may be play$ ) by ?ree *ildr5 
ga!r$ ab\t a table1 an ex*ange ( games  
add+ v>iety4 ,! *ild takes ! cyl9d]s out

 ( ! m\lds1 mixes !m ^u ! table1 & !n   
puts ea* back into its correspond+ op5+4
 ,^! objects are made ( h>d p9e1 poli%$ 
& v>ni%$4  ,second4 ,l>ge pieces 9 grad$
 dim5sions3--,!re are ?ree sets ( blocks
 :i* come "u ?is head1 & x is desirable 
to h two ( ea* ( ^! sets 9 e s*ool4  7a7
 ,?ickness3 ?is set consi/s ( objects   
:i* v>y f ?ick to ?94 ,!re are t5       
quadrilat]al prisms1 ! l>ge/ ( :i* has a
 base ( #aj c5timetres1 ! o!rs decreas+ 
by #a c5timetre4 ,! pieces are ( equal  
l5g?1 #bj c5timetres4 ,^! prisms are    
/a9$ a d>k br[n4 ,! *ild mixes !m1      
scatt]+ !m ov] ! little c>pet1 & !n puts
 !m 9 ord]1 plac+ "o aga9/ ! o!r accord+
 to ! graduations ( ?ickness1 obs]v+ t !
 l5g? %all correspond exactly4 ,^!      
blocks1 tak5 f ! fir/ to ! la/1 =m a    
species ( /air1 ! /eps ( :i* gr[ broad] 
t[>d ! top4 ,! *ild may beg9 ) ! ?9ne/  
piece or ) ! ?icke/1 z suits 8 pleasure4
 ,! control ( ! ex]cise is n c]ta91 z x 
0 9 ! solid cyl9drical insets4 ,!re1 !  
l>ge cyl9d]s c\ld n ent] ! small op5+1 !

 tall] ones w\ld project beyond ! top ( 
! block1 etc4 ,9 ?is game ( ! ,big      
,/air1 ! eye ( ! *ild c easily recognise
 an error1 s9ce if he mi/akes1 ! /air is
 irregul>1 t is1 !re w be a high /ep1   
beh9d :i*1 ! /ep :i* %\ld h asc5d$1     
decreases4  7b7 ,l5g?3 ,long & ,%ort    
,objects3--,?is set consi/s ( t5 rods4  
,^! are f\r-sid$1 ea* face be+ #c       
c5timetres4 ,! fir/ rod is a metre long1
 & ! la/ a decimetre4 ,! int]v5+ rods   
decrease1 f fir/ to la/1 #a decimetre   
ea*4 ,ea* space ( #a decimetre is pa9t$ 
alt]nately r$ or blue4 ,! rods1 :5 plac$
 close to ea* o!r1 mu/ be s arrang$ t ! 
col\rs correspond1 =m+ s _m transv]se   
/ripes--! :ole set :5 arrang$ has !     
appe>ance ( a rectangul> triangle made  
up ( organ pipes1 :i* decrease on ! side
 ( ! hypo!nuse4  ,! *ild arranges ! rods
 :i* h fir/ be5 scatt]$ & mix$4 ,he puts
 !m toge!r accord+ to ! graduation (    
l5g?1 & obs]ves ! correspond5ce (       
col\rs4 ,?is ex]cise also (f]s a v      
evid5t control ( error1 = ! regul>ity ( 

! decreas+ l5g? ( ! /airs along !       
hypo!nuse w be alt]$ if ! rods are n    
prop]ly plac$4  ,?is mo/ important set (
 blocks w h its pr9cipal application 9  
ari?metic1 z we %all see4 ,) x1 "o may  
c\nt f "o to t5 & may con/ruct !        
addition & o!r tables1 & x may con/itute
 ! fir/ /eps 9 ! /udy ( ! decimal &     
metric sy/em4  7c7 ,size3 ,objects1     
,l>g] & ,small]3--,?is set is made up ( 
t5 wood5 cubes pa9t$ 9 rose-col\r$      
enamel4 ,! l>ge/ cube has a base ( #aj  
c5timetres1 ! smalle/1 ( #a c5timetre1 !
 int]v5+ ones decrease #a c5timetre ea*4
 ,a little gre5 clo? c>pet goes ) ^!    
blocks4 ,?is may be ( oilclo? or        
c>dbo>d4 ,! game consi/s ( build+ !     
cubes up1 "o ^u ano!r1 9 ! ord] ( _!    
dim5sions1 con/ruct+ a little t[] ( :i* 
! l>ge/ cube =ms ! base & ! smalle/ !   
apex4 ,! c>pet is plac$ on ! floor1 & ! 
cubes are scatt]$ ^u x4 ,z ! t[] is     
built ^u ! c>pet1 ! *ild goes ?r\gh !   
ex]cise ( kneel+1 ris+1 etc4 ,! control 
is giv5 by ! irregul>ity ( ! t[] z x    

decreases t[>d ! apex4 ,a cube misplac$ 
reveals itself1 because x breaks ! l9e4 
,! mo/ common error made by ! *ildr5 9  
play+ ) ^! blocks at fir/1 is t ( plac+ 
! second cube z ! base & plac+ ! fir/   
cube ^u x1 ?us confus+ ! two l>ge/      
blocks4 ,i h not$ t ! same error 0 made 
by defici5t *ildr5 9 ! repeat$ trials ,i
 made ) ! te/s ( ,de ,sanctis4 ,at ! "q1
 ,:i* is ! l>ge/8 ! *ild w\ld take1 n ! 
l>ge/1 b t ne>e/ x 9 size4  ,any ( ^!   
?ree sets ( blocks may be us$ by !      
*ildr5 9 a slightly diff]5t game4 ,!    
pieces may be mix$ ^u a c>pet or table1 
& !n put 9 ord] ^u ano!r table at "s    
di/ance4 ,z he c>ries ea* piece1 ! *ild 
mu/ walk )\t lett+ 8 att5tion w&]1 s9ce 
he mu/ rememb] ! dim5sions ( ! piece =  
:i* he is to look among ! mix$ blocks4  
,! games play$ 9 ?is way are excell5t = 
*ildr5 ( f\r or five ye>s2 :ile ! simple
 "w ( arrang+ ! pieces 9 ord] ^u ! same 
c>pet :]e !y h be5 mix$ is m adapt$ to !
 little ones betwe5 ?ree & f\r ye>s (   
age4 ,! con/ruction ( ! t[] ) ! p9k     

cubes is v attractive to little ones (  
less ?an ?ree ye>s1 :o knock x d[n &    
build x up "t aft] "t4  ,illu/ration3 ,a
 ,,few ,,( ,,! ,,_m ,,geometric ,,insets
 ,,( ,,wood ,,us$ ,,to ,,tea* ,,=m      
,copyright1 #aiab1 by ,c>l ,r4 ,byoir   
,illu/ration3 7,a7 ,,geometric ,,insets 
,,( ,,wood1 ,,& ,,frame4 ,! frame       
furni%es ! control necess>y = exactness 
( "w4 7,b7 ,,cab9et4 7,= /or+ geometric 
inset frames47    ,copyright1 #aiab1 by 
,c>l ,r4 ,byoir   ,,ii4 ,diff]5tial     
,visual ,p]ception ( ,=m &              
,visual-tactile-muscul> ,p]ception      
,didactic ,mat]ial4 ,plane geometric    
insets ( wood3 ,! idea ( ^! insets goes 
back to ,it>d & 0 also appli$ by ,segu94
  ,9 ! s*ool = defici5ts ,i _h made &   
appli$ ^! insets 9 ! same =m us$ by my  
illu/ri\s pr$ecessors4 ,9 ^! !re 7 two  
l>ge tablets ( wood plac$ "o above ! o!r
 & fa/5$ toge!r4 ,! l[] bo>d 0 left     
solid1 :ile ! upp] "o 0 p]=at$ by v>i\s 
geometric figures4 ,! game consi/$ 9    
plac+ 9 ^! op5+s ! correspond+ wood5    

figures :i*1 9 ord] t !y might be easily
 h&l$1 7 furni%$ ) a little brass knob4 
,9 my s*ool = defici5ts1 ,i _h multipli$
 ! games call+ = ^! insets1 & di/+ui%$  
betwe5 ^? us$ to tea* col\r & ^? us$ to 
tea* =m4 ,! insets = tea*+ col\r 7 all  
circles1 ^? us$ = tea*+ =m 7 all pa9t$  
blue4 ,i _h great numb]s ( ^! insets    
made 9 graduations ( col\r & 9 an       
inf9ite v>iety ( =m4 ,?is mat]ial 0 mo/ 
exp5sive & exce$+ly cumb]some4  ,9 _m   
lat] exp]im5ts ) normal *ildr51 ,i h1   
aft] _m trials1 completely exclud$ !    
plane geometric insets z an aid to !    
tea*+ ( col\r1 s9ce ?is mat]ial (f]s no 
control ( errors1 ! *ild's task be+ t ( 
cov]+ ! =ms be=e him4  ,i h kept !      
geometric insets1 b h giv5 !m a new &   
orig9al aspect4 ,! =m 9 :i* !y are n[   
made 0 sugge/$ to me by a visit to !    
spl5did manual tra9+ s*ool 9 !          
,re=matory ( ,/4 ,mi*ael 9 ,rome4 ,i saw
 !re wood5 models ( geometric figures1  
:i* c\ld be set into correspond+ frames 
or plac$ above correspond+ =ms4 ,! scope

 ( ^! mat]ials 0 to lead to exactness 9 
! mak+ ( ! geometric pieces 9 reg>d to  
control ( dim5sion & =m2 ! frame furni%+
 ! control necess>y = ! exactness ( !   
"w4  ,?is l$ me to ?9k ( mak+           
modifications 9 my geometric insets1    
mak+ use ( ! frame z well z ( ! inset ,i
 !re=e made a rectangul> tray1 :i*      
measur$ #cj x #bj c5timetres4 ,?is tray 
0 pa9t$ a d>k blue & 0 surr\nd$ by a d>k
 frame4 ,x 0 furni%$ ) a cov] s arrang$ 
t x w\ld conta9 six ( ! squ>e frames )  
_! insets4 ,! advantage ( ?is tray is t 
! =ms may be *ang$1 ?us all[+ u to      
pres5t any comb9ation we *oose4 ,i h a  
numb] ( blank wood5 squ>es :i* make x   
possible to pres5t z few z two or ?ree  
geometric =ms at a "t1 ! o!r spaces be+ 
fill$ 9 by ! blanks4 ,to ?is mat]ial ,i 
h add$ a set ( :ite c>ds1 #aj c5timetres
 squ>e4 ,^! c>ds =m a s]ies pres5t+ !   
geometric =ms 9 o!r aspects4 ,9 ! fir/ (
 ! s]ies1 ! =m is cut f blue pap] &     
m\nt$ ^u ! c>d4 ,9 ! second box ( c>ds1 
! cont\r ( ! same figures is m\nt$ 9 !  

same blue pap]1 =m+ an outl9e "o        
c5timetre 9 wid?4 ,on ! ?ird set ( c>ds 
! cont\r ( ! geometric =m is outl9$ by a
 blank l9e4 ,we h !n ! tray1 !          
collection ( small frames ) _!          
correspond+ insets1 & ! set ( ! c>ds 9  
?ree s]ies4  ,illu/ration3 ,"s ( ! ,c>d 
,=ms us$ 9 ! ex]cises ) ! ?ree s]ies (  
c>ds4    ,copyright1 #aiab1 by ,c>l ,r4 
,byoir  ,i also design$ a case conta9+  
six trays4 ,! front ( ?is box may be    
l[]$ :5 ! top is rais$ & ! trays may be 
drawn out z "o op5s ! draw]s ( a desk4  
,ea* draw] conta9s six ( ! small frames 
) _! respective insets4 ,9 ! fir/ draw] 
,i keep ! f\r pla9 wood5 squ>es & two   
frames1 "o conta9+ a rhomboid1 & ! o!r a
 trapezoid4 ,9 ! second1 ,i h a s]ies   
consi/+ ( a squ>e1 & five rectangles ( !
 same l5g?1 b v>y+ 9 wid?4 ,! ?ird draw]
 conta9s six circles :i* dim9i% 9       
diamet]4 ,9 ! f\r? are six triangles1 9 
! fif?1 five polygons f a p5tagon to a  
decagon4 ,! six? draw] conta9s six curv$
 figures 7an ellipse1 an oval1 etc41 & a

 fl[]-l figure =m$ by f\r cross$ arcs74 
,ex]cise ) ! ,insets4 ,?is ex]cise      
consi/s 9 pres5t+ to ! *ild ! l>ge frame
 or tray 9 :i* we may arrange ! figures 
z we wi% to pres5t !m4 ,we proce$ to    
take out ! insets1 mix !m ^u ! table1 & 
!n invite ! *ild to put !m back 9 place4
 ,?is game may be play$ by ev5 ! y\ng]  
*ildr5 & holds ! att5tion = a long      
p]iod1 ?\gh n = s long a "t z ! ex]cise 
) ! cyl9d]s4 ,inde$1 ,i h nev] se5 a    
*ild repeat ?is ex]cise m ?an five or   
six times4 ,! *ild1 9 fact1 exp5ds mu*  
en]gy ^u ?is ex]cise4 ,he mu/ recognise 
! =m & mu/ look at x c>efully4  ,at fir/
 _m ( ! *ildr5 only succe$ 9 plac+ !    
insets aft] _m attempts1 try+ = example 
to place a triangle 9 a trapezoid1 !n 9 
a rectangle1 etc4 ,or :5 !y h tak5 a    
rectangle1 & recognise :]e x %\ld g1 !y 
w /ill place x ) ! long side ( ! inset  
across ! %ort side ( ! op5+1 & w only   
aft] _m attempts1 succe$ 9 plac+ x4     
,aft] ?ree or f\r successive lessons1 ! 
*ild recognises ! geometric figures )   

extreme facility & places ! insets ) a  
security :i* has a t+e ( non*alance1 or 
( slight contempt = an ex]cise t is too 
easy4 ,?is is ! mom5t 9 :i* ! *ild may  
be l$ to a me?odical obs]vation ( ! =ms4
 ,we *ange ! =ms 9 ! frame & pass f     
contra/$ frames to analog\s ones4 ,!    
ex]cise is easy = ! *ild1 :o habituates 
himself to plac+ ! pieces 9 _! frames   
)\t errors or false attempts4  ,! fir/  
p]iod ( ^! ex]cises is at ! "t :5 ! *ild
 is oblig$ to make repeat$ trials )     
figures t are /rongly contra/$ 9 =m4 ,! 
recognition is greatly help$ by         
associat+ ) ! visual s5se !             
muscul>-tactile p]ception ( ! =ms4 ,i h 
! *ild t\*#ab ! cont\r ( ! piece ) !    
index f+] ( 8 "r h&1 & !n h him repeat  
?is ) ! cont\r ( ! frame into :i* !     
pieces mu/ fit4 ,we succe$ 9 mak+ ?is a 
habit ) ! *ild4 ,?is is v easily atta9$1
 s9ce all *ildr5 love to t\* ?+s4 ,i h  
already le>n$1 ?r\gh my "w ) defici5t   
*ildr51 t among ! v>i\s =ms ( s5se      
memory t ( ! muscul> s5se is ! mo/      

precoci\s4 ,inde$1 _m *ildr5 :o h n     
arriv$ at ! po9t ( recognis+ a figure by
 look+ at x1 c\ld recognise x by t\*+ x1
 t is1 by comput+ ! movem5ts necess>y to
 ! foll[+ ( its cont\r4 ,! same is true 
( ! great] numb] ( normal               
*ildr52--confus$ z to :]e to place a    
figure1 !y turn x ab\t try+ 9 va9 to fit
 x 91 yet z soon z !y h t\*$ ! two      
cont\rs ( ! piece & its frame1 !y succe$
 9 plac+ x p]fectly4 ,und\bt$ly1 !      
association ( ! muscul>-tactile s5se ) t
 ( vision1 aids 9 a mo/ rem>kable way ! 
p]ception ( =ms & fixes !m 9 memory4    
#ab ,"h & else:]e ?r\gh\t ! book ! ^w   
t\* is        us$ n only to express     
contact betwe5 ! f+]s & an              
object1 b ! mov+ ( f+]s or h& ov] an    
object or        its outl9e4  ,9 su*    
ex]cises1 ! control is absolute1 z x 0 9
 ! solid insets4 ,! figure c only ent] !
 correspond+ frame4 ,?is makes x        
possible = ! *ild to "w by himself1 & to
 accompli% a g5u9e s5sory               
auto-education1 9 ! visual p]ception (  

=m4  ,ex]cise ) ! ?ree s]ies ( c>ds4    
,fir/ s]ies4 ,we give ! *ild ! wood5 =ms
 & ! c>ds ^u :i* ! :ite figure is m\nt$4
 ,!n we mix ! c>ds ^u ! table2 ! *ild   
mu/ arrange !m 9 a l9e ^u 8 table 7:i*  
he loves to d71 & !n place ! correspond+
 wood5 pieces ^u ! c>ds4 ,"h ! control  
lies 9 ! eyes4 ,! *ild mu/ recognise ?is
 figure1 & place ! wood5 piece ^u x s   
p]fectly t x w cov] & hide ! pap]       
figure4 ,! eye ( ! *ild "h corresponds  
to ! frame1 :i* mat]ially l$ him at fir/
 to br+ ! two pieces toge!r4 ,9 addition
 to cov]+ ! figure1 ! *ild is to accu/om
 himself to t\*+ ! cont\r ( ! m\nt$     
figures z a "p ( ! ex]cise 7! *ild      
always volunt>ily foll[s ^? movem5ts72 &
 aft] he has plac$ ! wood5 inset he aga9
 t\*es ! cont\r1 adju/+ ) 8 f+] !       
sup]impos$ piece until x exactly cov]s !
 =m b5ea?4  ,second ,s]ies4 ,we give a  
numb] ( c>ds to ! *ild toge!r ) !       
correspond+ wood5 insets4 ,9 ?is second 
s]ies1 ! figures are repeat$ by an      
outl9e ( blue pap]4 ,! *ild ?r\gh ^!    

ex]cises is pass+ gradually f ! concrete
 to ! ab/ract4 ,at fir/1 he h&l$ only   
solid objects4 ,he !n pass$ to a plane  
figure1 t is1 to ! plane :i* 9 itself   
does n exi/4 ,he is n[ pass+ to ! l9e1 b
 ?is l9e does n repres5t = him ! ab/ract
 cont\r ( a plane figure4 ,x is to him !
 pa? :i* he has s (t5 foll[$ ) 8 index  
f+]2 ?is l9e is ! trace ( a movem5t4    
,foll[+ aga9 ! cont\r ( ! figure ) 8    
f+]1 ! *ild receives ! impression (     
actually leav+ a trace1 = ! figure is   
cov]$ by 8 f+] & appe>s z he moves x4 ,x
 is ! eye n[ :i* guides ! movem5t1 b x  
mu/ be rememb]$ t ?is movem5t 0 already 
prep>$ = :5 ! *ild t\*$ ! cont\rs ( !   
solid pieces ( wood4  ,?ird ,s]ies4 ,we 
n[ pres5t to ! *ild ! c>ds ^u :i* !     
figures are drawn 9 black1 giv+ him1 z  
be=e1 ! correspond+ wood5 pieces4 ,"h1  
he has actually pass$ to ! l9e2 t is1 to
 an ab/raction1 yet "h1 too1 !re is !   
idea ( ! result ( a movem5t4  ,?is _c   
be1 x is true1 ! trace left by ! f+]1 b1
 = example1 t ( a p5cil :i* is guid$ by 

! h& 9 ! same movem5ts made be=e4 ,^!   
geometric figures 9 simple outl9e h gr[n
 out ( a gradual s]ies ( repres5tations 
:i* 7 concrete to vision & t\*4 ,^!     
repres5tations return to ! m9d ( ! *ild 
:5 he p]=ms ! ex]cise ( sup]impos+ !    
correspond+ wood5 figures4   ,,iii4     
,diff]5tial ,visual ,p]ception (        
,col\rs3--,education ( ! ,*romatic ,s5se
  ,9 _m ( our lessons on ! col\rs1 we   
make use ( pieces ( brightly-col\r$     
/uffs1 & ( balls cov]$ ) wool ( diff]5t 
col\rs4 ,! didactic mat]ial = !         
education ( ! *romatic s5se is ! foll[+1
 :i* ,i h e/abli%$ aft] a long s]ies (  
te/s made ^u normal *ildr51 79 !        
in/itute = defici5ts1 ,i us$ z ,i h said
 above1 ! geometric insets74 ,! pres5t  
mat]ial consi/s ( small flat tablets1   
:i* are w\nd ) col\r$ wool or silk4 ,^! 
tablets h a little wood5 bord] at ea*   
end :i* prev5ts ! silk-cov]$ c>d f t\*+ 
! table4 ,! *ild is also taught to take 
hold ( ! piece by ^! wood5 extremities1 
s t he ne$ n soil ! delicate col\rs4 ,9 

?is way1 we are able to use ?is mat]ial 
= a long "t )\t hav+ to r5ew x4         
,illu/ration3 7,a7 ,,lac+4 7,b7 ,,%oe   
,,button+4 7,c7 ,,button+ ,,( ,,o!r     
,,g>m5ts4 7,d7 ,,hooks ,,& ,,eyes4      
,frames illu/rat+ ! diff]5t processes ( 
dress+ & undress+4    ,copyright1 #aiab1
 by ,c>l ,r4 ,byoir  ,illu/ration3      
,,tablets ,,w\nd ,,) ,,col\r$ ,,silk    
,us$ = educat+ ! *romatic s5se4 ,!      
tablets are %[n 9 ! boxes 9 :i* !y are  
kept4    ,copyright1 #aiab1 by ,c>l ,r4 
,byoir  ,i h *os5 eight t9ts1 & ea* "o  
has ) x eight gradations ( diff]5t      
int5sity ( col\r4 ,!re are1 !re=e1      
sixty-f\r col\r-tablets 9 all4 ,! eight 
t9ts select$ are black 7f grey to :ite71
 r$1 orange1 yell[1 gre51 blue1 violet &
 br[n4 ,we h duplicate boxes ( ^!       
sixty-f\r col\rs1 giv+ u two ( ea*      
ex]cise4 ,! entire set1 !re=e1 consi/s (
 "o hundr$ tw5ty-eight tablets4 ,!y are 
conta9$ 9 two boxes1 ea* divid$ into    
eight equal comp>tm5ts s t "o box may   
conta9 sixty-f\r tablets4  ,ex]cises ) !

 ,col\r-tablets4 ,= ! e>lie/ ( ^!       
ex]cises1 we select ?ree /rong col\rs3 =
 example1 r$1 blue1 & yell[1 9 pairs4   
,^! six tablets we place ^u ! table be=e
 ! *ild4 ,%[+ him "o ( ! col\rs1 we ask 
him to f9d its duplicate among ! mix$   
tablets ^u ! table4 ,9 ?is way1 we h him
 arrange ! col\r-tablets 9 a column1 two
 by two1 pair+ !m accord+ to col\r4  ,! 
numb] ( tablets 9 ?is game may be       
increas$ until ! eight col\rs1 or sixte5
 tablets1 are giv5 at once4 ,:5 !       
/ronge/ tones h be5 pres5t$1 we may     
proce$ to ! pres5tation ( light] tones1 
9 ! same way4 ,f9ally1 we pres5t two or 
?ree tablets ( ! same col\r1 b ( diff]5t
 tone1 %[+ ! *ild h[ to arrange ^! 9    
ord] ( gradation4 ,9 ?is way1 ! eight   
gradations are f9ally pres5t$4  ,foll[+ 
?is1 we place be=e ! *ild ! eight       
gradations ( two diff]5t col\rs 7r$ &   
blue72 he is %[n h[ to sep>ate ! gr\ps &
 !n arrange ea* gr\p 9 gradation4 ,z we 
proce$ we (f] gr\ps ( m ne>ly relat$    
col\rs2 = example1 blue & violet1 yell[ 

& orange1 etc4  ,9 "o ( ! ,*ildr5's     
,h\ses1 ,i h se5 ! foll[+ game play$ ) !
 greate/ success & int]e/1 & ) surpris+ 
rapidity4 ,! directress places ^u a     
table1 ab\t :i* ! *ildr5 are seat$1 z _m
 col\r gr\ps z !re are *ildr51 =        
example1 ?ree4 ,%e !n calls ea* *ild's  
att5tion to ! col\r ea* is to select1 or
 :i* %e assigns to him4 ,!n1 %e mixes ! 
?ree gr\ps ( col\rs ^u ! table4 ,ea*    
*ild takes rapidly f ! mix$ heap (      
tablets all ! gradations ( 8 col\r1 &   
proce$s to arrange ! tablets1 :i*1 :5   
?us plac$ 9 a l9e1 give ! appe>ance ( a 
/rip ( %ad$ ribbon4  ,9 ano!r ,h\se1 ,i 
h se5 ! *ildr5 take ! entire box1 empty 
! sixty-f\r col\r-tablets ^u ! table &  
aft] c>efully mix+ !m1 rapidly collect  
!m into gr\ps & arrange !m 9 gradation1 
con/ruct+ a species ( little c>pet (    
delicately col\r$ & int]m+l+ t9ts4 ,!   
*ildr5 v quickly acquire an ability be=e
 :i* we /& amaz$4 ,*ildr5 ( ?ree ye>s   
are able to put all ( ! t9ts into       
gradation4  ,exp]im5ts 9 ,col\r-memory4 

,exp]im5ts 9 col\r-memory may be made by
 %[+ ! *ild a t9t1 all[+ him to look at 
x z long z he w1 & !n ask+ him to g to a
 di/ant table ^u :i* all ( ! col\rs are 
arrang$ & to select f among !m ! t9t    
simil> to ! "o at :i* he has look$4 ,!  
*ildr5 succe$ 9 ?is game rem>kably1     
committ+ only slight errors4 ,*ildr5 (  
five ye>s enjoy ?is imm5sely1 tak+ great
 pleasure 9 comp>+ ! two spools & judg+ 
z to :e!r !y h *os5 correctly4  ,at !   
beg9n+ ( my "w1 ,i made use ( an        
in/rum5t inv5t$ by ,pizzoli4 ,?is       
consi/$ ( a small br[n disk hav+ a      
half-moon %ape op5+ at ! top4 ,v>i\s    
col\rs 7 made to pass beh9d ?is op5+1 by
 means ( a rot>y disk :i* 0 compos$ (   
/rips ( v>i\s col\rs4 ,! tea*] call$ !  
att5tion ( ! *ild to a c]ta9 col\r1 !n  
turn$ ! disk1 ask+ him to indicate !    
same disk :5 x aga9 %[$ itself 9 ! op5+4
 ,?is ex]cise r5d]$ ! *ild inactive1    
prev5t+ him f controll+ ! mat]ial4 ,x is
 n1 !re=e1 an in/rum5t :i* c promote !  
education ( ! s5ses4   ,,ex]cise ,,= ,,!

 ,,discrim9ation ,,( ,,s\nds  ,x w\ld be
 desirable to h 9 ?is connection !      
didactic mat]ial us$ = ! auricul>       
education 9 ! pr9cipal in/itutions =    
deaf mutes 9 ,g]many & ,am]ica4 ,^!     
ex]cises are an introduction to !       
acquisition ( language1 & s]ve 9 a v    
special way to c5tre ! *ildr5's         
discrim9ative att5tion ^u ! modulations 
( ! s\nd ( ! human voice4  ,) v "y      
*ildr5 l+ui/ic education mu/ occupy a   
mo/ important place4 ,ano!r aim ( su*   
ex]cises is to educate ! e> ( ! *ild to 
noises s t he %all accu/om himself to   
di/+ui% e slight noise & comp>e x )     
s\nds1 com+ to res5t h>% or disord]$    
noises4 ,su* s5se education has a value 
9 t x ex]cises ae/hetic ta/e1 & may be  
appli$ 9 a mo/ notewor?y way to         
practical discipl9e4 ,we all "k h[ !    
y\ng] *ildr5 di/urb ! ord] ( ! room by  
%\ts1 & by ! noise ( ov]-turn$ objects4 
,! rigor\s sci5tific education ( ! s5se 
( he>+ is n practically applicable to ! 
didactic me?od4 ,?is is true because !  

*ild _c ex]cise himself ?r\gh 8 own     
activity z he does = ! o!r s5ses4 ,only 
"o *ild at a "t c "w ) any in/rum5t     
produc+ ! gradation ( s\nds4 ,9 o!r     
words1 absolute sil5ce is necess>y = !  
discrim9ation ( s\nds4  ,illu/ration    
,signor9a ,mac*]oni1 ,directress1 fir/ (
 ! ,*ildr5's ,h\se 9 ,milan & lat] 9 !  
"o 9 ,franciscan ,conv5t at ,rome1 has  
inv5t$ & has _h manufactur$ a s]ies (   
?irte5 bells hung ^u a wood5 frame4 ,^! 
bells are to all appe>ances1 id5tical1 b
 ! vibrations br\ght ab\t by a bl[ ( a  
hamm] produce ! foll[+ ?irte5 notes3  ,!
 set consi/s ( a d\ble s]ies ( ?irte5   
bells & !re are f\r hamm]s4 ,hav+ /ruck 
"o ( ! bells 9 ! fir/ s]ies1 ! *ild mu/ 
f9d ! correspond+ s\nd 9 ! second4 ,?is 
ex]cise pres5ts grave difficulty1 z !   
*ild does n "k h[ to /rike ea* "t ) !   
same =ce1 & !re=e produces s\nds :i* v>y
 9 int5sity4 ,ev5 :5 ! tea*] /rikes !   
bells1 ! *ildr5 h difficulty 9 di/+ui%+ 
betwe5 s\nds4 ,s we d n feel t ?is      
in/rum5t 9 its pres5t =m is entirely    

practical4  ,= ! discrim9ation ( s\nds1 
we use ,pizzoli's s]ies ( little :i/les4
 ,= ! gradation ( noises1 we use small  
boxes fill$ ) diff]5t sub/ances1 m or   
less f9e 7s& or pebbles74 ,! noises are 
produc$ by %ak+ ! boxes4  ,9 ! lessons =
 ! s5se ( he>+ ,i proce$ z foll[s3 ,i h 
! tea*]s e/abli% sil5ce 9 ! usual way & 
!n ,i cont9ue ! "w1 mak+ ! sil5ce m     
pr(\nd4 ,i say1 ,/6 ,/6 9 a s]ies (     
modulations1 n[ %>p & %ort1 n[ prolong$ 
& light z a :isp]4 ,! *ildr51 little by 
little1 become fasc9at$ by ?is4         
,occasionally ,i say1 ,m sil5t /ill--m  
sil5t4  ,i !n beg9 ! sibilant ,/6 ,/6   
aga91 mak+ x always light] & repeat+ ,m 
sil5t /ill1 9 a b>ely audible voice4 ,!n
 ,i say /ill 9 a l[ :isp]1 ,n[1 ,i he> !
 clock1 n[ ,i c he> ! buzz+ ( a fly's   
w+s1 n[ ,i c he> ! :isp] ( ! trees 9 !  
g>d54  ,! *ildr51 ec/atic ) joy1 sit 9  
su* absolute & complete sil5ce t ! room 
seems des]t$2 !n ,i :isp]1 ,let u close 
our eyes4 ,?is ex]cise repeat$1 s       
habituates ! *ildr5 to immobility & to  

absolute sil5ce t1 :5 "o ( !m int]rupts1
 x ne$s only a syllable1 a ge/ure to    
call him back imm$iately to p]fect ord]4
  ,9 ! sil5ce1 we proce$$ to !          
production ( s\nds & noises1 mak+ ^! at 
fir/ /rongly contra/$1 !n1 m ne>ly      
alike4 ,sometimes we pres5t ! comp>isons
 betwe5 noise & s\nd4 ,i believe t ! be/
 results c be obta9$ ) ! primitive means
 employ$ by ,it>d 9 #ahje4 ,he us$ !    
drum & ! bell4 ,8 plan 0 a graduat$     
s]ies ( drums = ! noises1--or1 bett]1 = 
! heavy h>monic s\nds1 s9ce ^! belong to
 a musical in/rum5t1--& a s]ies ( bells4
 ,! diapason1 ! :i/les1 ! boxes1 are n  
attractive to ! *ild1 & d n educate !   
s5se ( he>+ z d ^! o!r in/rum5ts4 ,!re  
is an int]e/+ sugge/ion 9 ! fact t ! two
 great human in/itutions1 t ( hate 7w>71
 & t ( love 7religion71 h adopt$ ^! two 
opposite in/rum5ts1 ! drum & ! bell4  ,i
 believe t aft] e/abli%+ sil5ce x w\ld  
be educational to r+ well-ton$ bells1 n[
 calm & sweet1 n[ cle> & r++1 s5d+ _!   
vibrations ?r\gh ! *ild's :ole body4 ,& 

:51 besides ! education ( ! e>1 we h    
produc$ a vibratory education ( ! :ole  
body1 ?r\gh ^! wisely select$ s\nds ( ! 
bells1 giv+ a peace t p]vades ! v fibres
 ( 8 be+1 !n ,i believe ^! "y bodies    
w\ld be s5sitive to crude noises1 & !   
*ildr5 w\ld come to dislike1 & to cease 
f mak+1 disord]$ & ugly noises4  ,9 ?is 
way "o ^: e> has be5 tra9$ by a musical 
education suff]s f /rid5t or discordant 
notes4 ,i ne$ give no illu/ration to    
make cle> ! importance ( su* education =
 ! masses 9 *ildhood4 ,! new g5]ation   
w\ld be m calm1 turn+ away f ! confusion
 & ! discordant s\nds1 :i* /rike ! e>   
to-day 9 "o ( ! vile t5em5ts :]e ! poor 
live1 cr[d$ toge!r1 left by u to ab&on  
!mselves to ! l[]1 m brutal human       
in/9cts4   ,musical ,education  ,?is mu/
 be c>efully guid$ by me?od4 ,9 g5]al1  
we see little *ildr5 pass by ! play+ (  
"s great musicians z an animal w\ld     
pass4 ,!y d n p]ceive ! delicate        
complexity ( s\nds4 ,! /reet *ildr5 ga!r
 ab\t ! organ gr9d]1 cry+ out z if to   

hail ) joy ! noises :i* w come in/ead ( 
s\nds4  ,= ! musical education we mu/   
create in/rum5ts z well z music4 ,!     
scope ( su* an in/rum5t 9 addition to ! 
discrim9ation ( s\nds1 is to awak5 a    
s5se ( rhy?m1 &1 s to speak1 to give !  
impulse t[>d calm & co-ord9ate movem5ts 
to ^? muscles already vibrat+ 9 ! peace 
& tranquillity ( immobility4  ,i believe
 t /r+$ in/rum5ts 7p]haps "s v mu*      
simplifi$ h>p7 w\ld be ! mo/ conv5i5t4  
,! /r+$ in/rum5ts toge!r ) ! drum & !   
bells =m ! trio ( ! classic in/rum5ts ( 
humanity4 ,! h>p is ! in/rum5t ( !      
intimate life ( ! individual4 ,leg5d    
places x 9 ! h& ( ,orpheus1 folk-lore   
puts x into fairy h&s1 & romance gives x
 to ! pr9cess :o conqu]s ! he>t ( a     
wick$ pr9ce4  ,! tea*] :o turns h] back 
^u h] s*ol>s to play1 7f> too (t5       
badly71 w nev] be ! educator ( _!       
musical s5se4  ,! *ild ne$s to be *>m$ 9
 e way1 by ! glance z well z by ! pose4 
,! tea*] :o1 b5d+ t[>d !m1 ga!r+ !m ab\t
 h]1 & leav+ !m free to /ay or g1 t\*es 

! *ords1 9 a simple rhy?m1 puts h]self 9
 communication ) !m1 9 relation ) _! v  
s\ls4 ,s mu* ! bett] if ?is t\* c be    
accompani$ by h] voice1 & ! *ildr5 left 
free to foll[ h]1 no "o be+ oblig$ to   
s+4 ,9 ?is way %e c select z adapt$ to  
education1 ^? songs :i* 7 foll[$ by all 
! *ildr54 ,s %e may regulate !          
complexity ( rhy?m to v>i\s ages1 = %e w
 see n[ only ! old] *ildr5 foll[+ !     
rhy?m1 n[1 also ! little ones4 ,at any  
rate1 ,i believe t simple & primitive   
in/rum5ts are ! ones be/ adapt$ to !    
awak5+ ( music 9 ! s\l ( ! little *ild4 
,i h tri$ to h ! ,directress ( !        
,*ildr5's ,h\se 9 ,milan1 :o is a gift$ 
musician1 make a numb] ( trials1 &      
exp]im5ts1 ) a view to f9d+ out m ab\t !
 muscul> capacity ( "y *ildr54 ,%e has  
made _m trials ) ! pian(orte1 obs]v+ h[ 
! *ildr5 are n s5sitive to ! musical    
tone1 b only to ! rhy?m4 ,on a basis (  
rhy?m %e arrang$ simple little dances1 )
 ! int5tion ( /udy+ ! influ5ce ( ! rhy?m
 itself ^u ! co-ord9ation ( muscul>     

movem5ts4 ,%e 0 greatly surpris$ to     
discov] ! educational discipl9>y effect 
( su* music4 ,h] *ildr51 :o _h be5 l$ ) 
great wisdom & art ?r\gh lib]ty to a    
spontane\s ord]+ ( _! acts & movem5ts1  
_h nev]!less liv$ 9 ! /reets & c\rts1 & 
_h an almo/ univ]sal habit ( jump+4     
,be+ a fai?ful foll[] ( ! me?od (       
lib]ty1 & n consid]+ t jump+ 0 a wrong  
act1 %e _h nev] correct$ !m4  ,%e n[    
notic$ t z %e multipli$ & repeat$ !     
rhy?m ex]cises1 ! *ildr5 little by      
little left (f _! ugly jump+1 until     
f9ally x 0 a ?+ ( ! pa/4 ,! directress  
"o day ask$ = an explanation ( ?is *ange
 ( conduct4 ,sev]al little ones look$ at
 h] )\t say+ any?+4 ,! old] *ildr5 gave 
v>i\s replies1 ^: mean+ 0 ! same4  ,x   
isn't nice to jump4  ,jump+ is ugly4    
,x's rude to jump4  ,?is 0 c]ta9ly a    
beautiful triumph = our me?od6  ,?is    
exp]i5ce %[s t x is possible to educate 
! *ild's muscul> s5se1 & x %[s h[       
exquisite ! ref9em5t ( ?is s5se may be z
 x develops 9 relation to ! muscul>     

memory1 & side by side ) ! o!r =ms (    
s5sory memory4   ,te/s = ,acut5ess (    
,he>+  ,! only entirely successful      
exp]im5ts :i* we h made s f> 9 !        
,*ildr5's ,h\ses are ^? ( ! clock1 & ( !
 l[]$ or :isp]$ voice4 ,! trial is      
purely empirical1 & does n l5d itself to
 ! measur+ ( ! s5sation1 b x is1 h[ev]1 
mo/ useful 9 t x helps u to an          
approximate k ( ! *ild's auditory       
acut5ess4  ,! ex]cise consi/s 9 call+   
att5tion1 :5 p]fect sil5ce has be5      
e/abli%$1 to ! tick+ ( ! clock1 & to all
 ! little noises n commonly audible to !
 e>4 ,f9ally we call ! little ones1 "o  
by "o f an adjo9+ room1 pron\nc+ ea* "n 
9 a l[ voice4 ,9 prep>+ = su* an ex]cise
 x is necess>y to tea* ! *ildr5 ! real  
mean+ ( sil5ce4  ,t[>d ?is end ,i h     
sev]al games ( sil5ce1 :i* help 9 a     
surpris+ way to /r5g!n ! rem>kable      
discipl9e ( our *ildr54  ,i call !      
*ildr5's att5tion to myself1 tell+ !m to
 see h[ sil5t ,i c be4 ,i assume diff]5t
 positions2 /&+1 sitt+1 & ma9ta9 ea*    

pose sil5tly1 )\t movem5t4 ,a f+] mov+ c
 produce a noise1 ev5 ?\gh x be         
imp]ceptible4 ,we may brea! s t we may  
be he>d4 ,b ,i ma9ta9 absolute sil5ce1  
:i* is n an easy ?+ to d4 ,i call a     
*ild1 & ask him to d z ,i am do+4 ,he   
adju/s 8 feet to a bett] position1 & ?is
 makes a noise6 ,he moves an arm1 /ret*+
 x out ^u ! arm ( 8 *air2 x is a noise4 
,8 brea?+ is n altoge!r sil5t1 x is n   
tranquil1 absolutely unhe>d z m9e is4   
,dur+ ^! manoeuvres on ! "p ( ! *ild1 & 
:ile my brief comm5ts are foll[$ by     
int]vals ( immobility & sil5ce1 ! o!r   
*ildr5 are wat*+ & li/5+4 ,_m ( !m are  
int]e/$ 9 ! fact1 :i* !y h nev] notic$  
be=e2 namely1 t we make s _m noises (   
:i* we are n consci\s1 & t !re are      
degrees ( sil5ce4 ,!re is an absolute   
sil5ce :]e no?+1 absolutely no?+ moves4 
,!y wat* me 9 amazem5t :5 ,i /& 9 !     
middle ( ! room1 s quietly t x is really
 z if ,i 7 n4 ,!n !y /rive to imitate   
me1 & to d ev5 bett]4 ,i call att5tion  
"h & !re to a foot t moves1 almo/       

inadv]t5tly4 ,! att5tion ( ! *ild is    
call$ to e "p ( 8 body 9 an anxi\s      
eag]ness to atta9 to immobility4  ,:5 ! 
*ildr5 are try+ 9 ?is way1 !re is       
e/abli%$ a sil5ce v diff]5t f t :i* we  
c>elessly call by t "n4  ,x seems z if  
life gradually vani%es1 & t ! room      
becomes1 little by little1 empty1 z if  
!re 7 no long] anyone 9 x4 ,!n we beg9  
to he> ! tick-tock ( ! clock1 & ?is s\nd
 seems to gr[ 9 int5sity z ! sil5ce     
becomes absolute4 ,f )\t1 f ! c\rt :i*  
be=e seem$ sil5t1 !re come v>i$ noises1 
a bird *irps1 a *ild passes4 ,! *ildr5  
sit fasc9at$ by t sil5ce z if by "s     
conque/ ( _! own4 ,"h1 says !           
directress1 "h !re is no long] anyone2 !
 *ildr5 h all gone away4  ,hav+ arriv$  
at t po9t1 we d>k5 ! w9d[s1 & tell !    
*ildr5 to close _! eyes1 re/+ _! heads  
^u _! h&s4 ,!y assume ?is position1 & 9 
! d>kness ! absolute sil5ce returns4    
,n[ li/51 we say4 ,a s(t voice is go+ to
 call y\r "n4 ,!n go+ to a room beh9d ! 
*ildr51 & /&+ )9 ! op5 door1 ,i call 9 a

 l[ voice1 l+]+ ov] ! syllables z if ,i 
7 call+ f across ! m\nta9s4 ,?is voice1 
almo/ occult1 seems to rea* ! he>t & to 
call to ! s\l ( ! *ild4 ,ea* "o z he is 
call$1 lifts 8 head1 op5s 8 eyes z if   
altoge!r happy1 !n rises1 sil5tly seek+ 
n to move ! *air1 & walks on ! tips ( 8 
toes1 s quietly t he is sc>cely he>d4   
,nev]!less 8 /ep res\nds 9 ! sil5ce1 &  
amid ! immobility :i* p]si/s4  ,hav+    
rea*$ ! door1 ) a joy\s face1 he leaps  
into ! room1 *ok+ back s(t outbur/s (   
laught]4 ,ano!r *ild may come to hide 8 
face aga9/ my dress1 ano!r1 turn+1 w    
wat* 8 companions sitt+ l /atues sil5t &
 wait+4 ,! "o :o is call$ feels t he is 
privileg$1 t he has receiv$ a gift1 a   
prize4 ,& yet !y "k t all w be call$1   
beg9n+ ) ! mo/ sil5t "o 9 all ! room4 ,s
 ea* "o tries to m]it by 8 p]fect sil5ce
 ! c]ta9 call4 ,i once saw a little "o (
 ?ree ye>s try to suffocate a sneeze1 & 
succe$6 ,%e held h] brea? 9 h] little   
brea/1 & resi/$1 com+ out victori\s4 ,a 
mo/ surpris+ ef=t6  ,?is game delights !

 little ones beyond measure4 ,_! int5t  
faces1 _! pati5t immobility1 reveal !   
enjoym5t ( a great pleasure4 ,9 !       
beg9n+1 :5 ! s\l ( ! *ild 0 unkn[n to   
me1 ,i _h ?\ght ( %[+ !m sweetmeats &   
little toys1 promis+ to give !m to !    
ones :o 7 call$1 suppos+ t ! gifts w\ld 
be necess>y to p]suade ! *ild to make ! 
necess>y ef=t4 ,b ,i soon f\nd t ?is 0  
unnecess>y4  ,! *ildr51 aft] !y _h made 
! ef=t necess>y to ma9ta9 sil5ce1 enjoy$
 ! s5sation1 took pleasure 9 ! sil5ce   
itself4 ,!y 7 l %ips safe 9 a tranquil  
h>b\r1 happy 9 hav+ exp]i5c$ some?+ new1
 & to h won a victory ov] !mselves4     
,?is1 inde$1 0 _! recomp5se4 ,!y =got ! 
promise ( sweets1 & no long] c>$ to take
 ! toys1 :i* ,i _h suppos$ w\ld attract 
!m4 ,i !re=e ab&on$ t useless means1 &  
saw1 ) surprise1 t ! game became        
con/antly m p]fect1 until ev5 *ildr5 (  
?ree ye>s ( age rema9$ immovable 9 !    
sil5ce ?r\gh\t ! "t requir$ to call !   
entire =ty *ildr5 out ( ! room6 ,x 0 !n 
t ,i le>n$ t ! s\l ( ! *ild has its own 

rew>d1 & its peculi> spiritual          
pleasures4 ,aft] su* ex]cises x seem$ to
 me t ! *ildr5 came clos] to me1 c]ta9ly
 !y became m ob$i5t1 m g5tle & sweet4   
,we _h1 inde$1 be5 isolat$ f ! _w1 & _h 
pass$ sev]al m9utes dur+ :i* ! communion
 betwe5 u 0 v close1 ,i wi%+ = !m &     
call+ to !m1 & !y receiv+ 9 ! p]fect    
sil5ce ! voice :i* 0 direct$ p]sonally  
t[>d ea* "o ( !m1 cr[n+ ea* 9 turn )    
happ9ess4   ,a ,lesson 9 ,sil5ce  ,i am 
ab\t to describe a lesson :i* prov$ mo/ 
successful 9 tea*+ ! p]fect sil5ce to   
:i* x is possible to atta94 ,"o day z ,i
 0 ab\t to ent] "o ( ! ,*ildr5's ,h\ses1
 ,i met 9 ! c\rt a "m :o held 9 h] arms 
h] little baby ( f\r mon?s4 ,! little "o
 0 swaddl$1 z is /ill ! cu/om among ! p 
( ,rome--an infant ?us 9 ! swaddl+ b&s  
is call$ by u a pupa4 ,?is tranquil     
little "o seem$ ! inc>nation ( peace4 ,i
 took h] 9 my arms1 :]e %e lay quiet &  
good4 ,/ill hold+ h] ,i w5t t[>d !      
s*oolroom1 f :i* ! *ildr5 n[ ran to meet
 me4 ,!y always welcom$ me ?us1 ?r[+ _! 

arms ab\t me1 cl++ to my skirts1 & almo/
 tumbl+ me ov] 9 _! eag]ness4 ,i smil$  
at !m1 %[+ !m ! pupa4 ,!y und]/ood &    
skipp$ ab\t me look+ at me ) eyes       
brilliant ) pleasure1 b did n t\* me    
?r\gh respect = ! little "o t ,i held 9 
my arms4  ,i w5t into ! s*oolroom ) !   
*ildr5 clu/]$ ab\t me4 ,we sat d[n1 ,i  
seat+ myself 9 a l>ge *air in/ead (1 z  
usual1 9 "o ( _! little *airs4 ,9 o!r   
words1 ,i seat$ myself solemnly4 ,!y    
look$ at my little "o ) a mixture (     
t5d]ness & joy4 ,none ( u _h yet spok5 a
 ^w4 ,f9ally ,i said to !m1 ,i h br\ght 
y a little tea*]4 ,surpris$ glances &   
laught]4 ,a little tea*]1 yes1 because  
none ( y "k h[ to be quiet z %e does4   
,at ?is all ! *ildr5 *ang$ _! positions 
& became quiet4 ,yet no "o holds 8 limbs
 & feet z quietly z %e4 ,ev]yone gave   
clos] att5tion to ! position ( limbs &  
feet4 ,i look$ at !m smil+1 ,yes1 b !y c
 nev] be z quiet z h]s4 ,y move a little
 bit1 b %e1 n at all2 none ( y c be z   
quiet z %e4 ,! *ildr5 look$ s]i\s4 ,!   

idea ( ! sup]iority ( ! little tea*]    
seem$ to h rea*$ !m4 ,"s ( !m smil$1 &  
seem$ to say ) _! eyes t ! swaddl+ b&s  
des]v$ all ! m]it4 ,n "o ( y c be sil5t1
 voiceless z %e4 ,g5]al sil5ce4 ,x is n 
possible to be z sil5t z %e1            
because1--li/5 to h] brea?+--h[ delicate
 x is2 come ne> to h] on y\r tiptoes4   
,sev]al *ildr5 rose1 & came sl[ly =w>d  
on tiptoe1 b5d+ t[>d ! baby4 ,great     
sil5ce4 ,none ( y c brea! s sil5tly z   
%e4 ,! *ildr5 look$ ab\t amaz$1 !y _h   
nev] ?\ght t ev5 :5 sitt+ quietly !y 7  
mak+ noises1 & t ! sil5ce ( a little    
babe is m pr(\nd ?an ! sil5ce ( gr[n p4 
,!y almo/ ceas$ to brea!4 ,i rose4 ,g   
out quietly1 quietly1 ,i said1 walk on !
 tips ( y\r toes & make no noise4       
,foll[+ !m ,i said1 ,& yet ,i /ill he>  
"s s\nds1 b %e1 ! baby1 walks ) me &    
makes no s\nd4 ,%e goes out sil5tly6 ,! 
*ildr5 smil$4 ,!y und]/ood ! tru? & !   
je/ ( my words4 ,i w5t to ! op5 w9d[1 & 
plac$ ! baby 9 ! arms ( ! "m :o /ood    
wat*+ u4  ,! little "o seem$ to h left  

beh9d h] a subtle *>m :i* envelop$ !    
s\ls ( ! *ildr54 ,inde$1 !re is 9 nature
 no?+ m sweet ?an ! sil5t brea?+ ( a    
new-born babe4 ,!re is an indescribable 
maje/y ab\t ?is human life :i* 9 repose 
& sil5ce ga!rs /r5g? & newness ( life4  
,comp>$ to ?is1 ,wordswor?'s description
 ( ! sil5t peace ( nature seems to lose 
its =ce4 ,:at calm1 :at quiet6 ,! "o    
s\nd ! drip ( ! susp5d$ o>4 ,! *ildr51  
too1 felt ! poetry & beauty 9 ! peaceful
 sil5ce ( a new-born human life4        
,,*apt] ,,xiv  ,,g5]al ,,notes ,,on ,,! 
,,education ,,( ,,! ,,s5ses   ,i d n    
claim to h br\ght to p]fection ! me?od (
 s5se tra9+ z appli$ to "y *ildr54 ,i d 
believe1 h[ev]1 t x op5s a new field =  
psy*ological rese>*1 promis+ ri* &      
valuable results4  ,exp]im5tal psy*ology
 has s f> devot$ its att5tion to p]fect+
 ! in/rum5ts by :i* ! s5sations are     
measur$4 ,no "o has attempt$ ! me?odical
 prep>ation ( ! individual = !          
s5sations4 ,x is my belief t !          
developm5t ( psy*ometry w owe m to !    

att5tion giv5 to ! prep>ation ( !       
individual ?an to ! p]fect+ ( !         
in/rum5t4  ,b putt+ aside ?is purely    
sci5tific side ( ! "q1 ! education ( !  
s5ses mu/ be ( ! greate/ p$agogical     
int]e/4  ,our aim 9 education 9 g5]al is
 two-fold1 biological & social4 ,f !    
biological side we wi% to help ! natural
 developm5t ( ! individual1 f ! social  
/&po9t x is our aim to prep>e !         
individual = ! environm5t4 ,"u ?is la/  
head te*nical education may be consid]$ 
z hav+ a place1 s9ce x tea*es !         
individual to make use ( 8 surr\nd+s4 ,!
 education ( ! s5ses is mo/ important f 
bo? ^! po9ts ( view4 ,! developm5t ( !  
s5ses inde$ prec$es t ( sup]ior         
intellectual activity & ! *ild betwe5   
?ree & sev5 ye>s is 9 ! p]iod ( =mation4
  ,we c1 !n1 help ! developm5t ( ! s5ses
 :ile !y are 9 ?is p]iod4 ,we may       
graduate & adapt ! /imuli j z1 =        
example1 x is necess>y to help ! =mation
 ( language be=e x %all be completely   
develop$4  ,all education ( little      

*ildr5 mu/ be gov]n$ by ?is pr9ciple--to
 help ! natural psy*ic & physical       
developm5t ( ! *ild4  ,! o!r aim (      
education 7t ( adapt+ ! individual to ! 
environm5t7 %\ld be giv5 m att5tion lat]
 on :5 ! p]iod ( int5se developm5t is   
pa/4  ,^! two phases ( education are    
always int]lac$1 b "o or ! o!r has      
preval5ce accord+ to ! age ( ! *ild4    
,n[1 ! p]iod ( life betwe5 ! ages ( ?ree
 & sev5 ye>s cov]s a p]iod ( rapid      
physical developm5t4 ,x is ! "t = !     
=mation ( ! s5se activities z relat$ to 
! intellect ,! *ild 9 ?is age develops 8
 s5ses4 ,8 att5tion is fur!r attract$ to
 ! environm5t "u ! =m ( passive         
curiosity4  ,! /imuli1 & n yet ! reasons
 = ?+s1 attract 8 att5tion4 ,?is is1    
!re=e1 ! "t :5 we %\ld me?odically      
direct ! s5se /imuli1 9 su* a way t !   
s5sations :i* he receives %all develop 9
 a rational way4 ,?is s5se tra9+ w      
prep>e ! ord]$ f\ndation ^u :i* he may  
build up a cle> & /rong m5tality4  ,x   
is1 besides all ?is1 possible ) !       

education ( ! s5ses to discov] &        
ev5tually to correct defects :i* to-day 
pass unobs]v$ 9 ! s*ool4 ,n[ ! "t comes 
:5 ! defect manife/s itself 9 an evid5t 
& irrep>able inability to make use ( !  
=ces ( life ab\t him4 7,su* defects z   
deafness & ne>-sight$ness47 ,?is        
education1 !re=e1 is physiological &    
prep>es directly = intellectual         
education1 p]fect+ ! organs ( s5se1 & ! 
n]ve-pa?s ( projection & association4   
,b ! o!r "p ( education1 ! adaptation ( 
! individual to 8 environm5t1 is        
indirectly t\*$4 ,we prep>e ) our me?od 
! infancy ( ! humanity ( our "t4 ,! m5 (
 ! pres5t civilisation are preem95tly   
obs]v]s ( _! environm5t because !y mu/  
utilise to ! greate/ possible ext5t all 
! ri*es ( ?is environm5t4  ,! art (     
to-day bases itself1 z 9 ! days ( !     
,greeks1 ^u obs]vation ( ! tru?4  ,!    
progress ( positive sci5ce is bas$ ^u   
its obs]vations & all its discov]ies &  
_! applications1 :i* 9 ! la/ c5tury h s 
trans=m$ our civic environm5t1 7 made by

 foll[+ ! same l9e--t is1 !y h come     
?r\gh obs]vation4 ,we mu/ !re=e prep>e !
 new g5]ation = ?is attitude1 :i* has   
become necess>y 9 our mod]n civilis$    
life4 ,x is an indisp5sable means--man  
mu/ be s arm$ if he is to cont9ue       
efficaci\sly ! "w ( our progress4  ,we h
 se5 ! discov]y ( ! ,ro5tg5 ,rays born (
 obs]vation4 ,to ! same me?ods are due !
 discov]y ( ,h]tzian waves1 & vibrations
 ( radium1 & we await wond]ful ?+s f !  
,m>coni telegraph4 ,:ile !re has be5 no 
p]iod 9 :i* ?\ght has ga9$ s mu* f      
positive /udy z ! pres5t c5tury1 & ?is  
same c5tury promises new light 9 ! field
 ( speculative philosophy & ^u spiritual
 que/ions1 ! !ories ^u ! matt] h        
!mselves l$ to mo/ int]e/+ metaphysical 
concepts4 ,we may say t 9 prep>+ ! me?od
 ( obs]vation1 we h also prep>$ ! way   
lead+ to spiritual discov]y4   ,!       
education ( ! s5ses makes m5 obs]v]s1 & 
n only accompli%es ! g5]al "w (         
adaptation to ! pres5t epo* (           
civilisation1 b also prep>es !m directly

 = practical life4 ,we h _h up to !     
pres5t "t1 ,i believe1 a mo/ imp]fect   
idea ( :at is necess>y 9 ! practical    
liv+ ( life4 ,we h always />t$ f ideas1 
& h proce$$ !nce to motor activities2   
?us1 = example1 ! me?od ( education has 
always be5 to tea* intellectually1 & !n 
to h ! *ild foll[ ! pr9ciples he has be5
 taught4 ,9 g5]al1 :5 we are tea*+1 we  
talk ab\t ! object :i* int]e/s u1 & !n  
we try to lead ! s*ol>1 :5 he has       
und]/ood1 to p]=m "s k9d ( "w ) ! object
 itself2 b (t5 ! s*ol> :o has und]/ood !
 idea f9ds great difficulty 9 !         
execution ( ! "w :i* we give him1       
because we h left out ( 8 education a   
factor ( ! utmo/ importance1 namely1 !  
p]fect+ ( ! s5ses4 ,i may1 p]haps1      
illu/rate ?is /atem5t ) a few examples4 
,we ask ! cook to buy only 'fre% fi%4'  
,%e und]/&s ! idea1 & tries to foll[ x 9
 h] m>ket+1 b1 if ! cook has n be5 tra9$
 to recognise ?r\gh sight & smell !     
signs :i* indicate fre%ness 9 ! fi%1 %e 
w n "k h[ to foll[ ! ord] we h giv5 h]4 

,su* a lack w %[ itself mu* m pla9ly 9  
cul9>y op]ations4 ,a cook may be tra9$ 9
 book matt]s1 & may "k exactly ! recipes
 & ! l5g? ( "t advis$ 9 h] cook book2 %e
 may be able to p]=m all ! manipulations
 necess>y to give ! desir$ appe>ance to 
! di%es1 b :5 x is a "q ( decid+ f !    
odor ( ! di% ! exact mom5t ( its be+    
prop]ly cook$1 or ) ! eye1 or ! ta/e1 ! 
"t at :i* %e mu/ put 9 "s giv5 condim5t1
 !n %e w make a mi/ake if h] s5ses h n  
be5 suffici5tly prep>$4  ,%e c only ga9 
su* ability ?r\gh long practice1 & su*  
practice on ! "p ( ! cook is no?+ else  
?an a belat$ education ( ! s5ses--an    
education :i* (t5 c nev] be prop]ly     
atta9$ by ! adult4 ,?ia is "o reason :y 
x is s difficult to f9d good cooks4     
,some?+ ( ! same k9d is true ( !        
physician1 ! /ud5t ( m$ic9e :o /udies   
!oretically ! "* ( ! pulse1 & sits d[n  
by ! b$ ( ! pati5t ) ! be/ w 9 ! _w to  
read ! pulse1 b1 if 8 f+]s d n "k h[ to 
read ! s5sations 8 /udies w h be5 9 va94
 ,be=e he c become a doctor1 he mu/ ga9 

a capacity = discrim9at+ betwe5 s5se    
/imuli4  ,! same may be said = !        
pulsations ( ! he>t1 :i* ! /ud5t /udies 
9 !ory1 b :i* ! e> c le>n to di/+ui%    
only ?r\gh practice4  ,we may say ! same
 = all ! delicate vibrations & movem5ts1
 9 ! read+ ( :i* ! h& ( ! physician is  
too (t5 defici5t4 ,! !rmomet] is ! m    
indisp5sable to ! physician ! m 8 s5se (
 t\* is unadapt$ & untra9$ 9 ! ga!r+ ( !
 !rmic /imuli4 ,x is well und]/ood t !  
physician may be le>n$1 & mo/           
intellig5t1 )\t be+ a good practition]1 
& t to make a good practition] long     
practice is necess>y4 ,9 reality1 ?is   
long practice is no?+ else ?an a t>dy1 &
 (t5 ineffici5t1 ex]cise ( ! s5ses4     
,aft] he has assimilat$ ! brilliant     
!ories1 ! physician sees himself =c$ to 
! unpleasant labor ( ! semiography1 t is
 to mak+ a record ( ! symptoms reveal$  
by 8 obs]vation ( & exp]im5ts ) !       
pati5ts4 ,he mu/ d ?is if he is to      
receive f ^! !ories any practical       
results4  ,"h1 !n1 we h ! beg9n] proce$+

 9 a /]eotyp$ way to te/s ( palpation1  
p]cussion1 & auscultation1 = ! purpose (
 id5tify+ ! ?robs1 ! resonance1 ! tones1
 ! brea?+s1 & ! v>i\s s\nds :i* alone c 
enable him to =mulate a diagnosis4 ,h5ce
 ! deep & unhappy disc\ragem5t ( s _m "y
 physicians1 &1 above all1 ! loss ( "t2 
= x is (t5 a "q ( lo/ ye>s4 ,!n1 !re is 
! immorality ( all[+ a man to foll[ a   
pr(ession ( s great responsibility1 :51 
z is (t5 ! case1 he is s unskill$ &     
inaccurate 9 ! tak+ ( symptoms4 ,! :ole 
art ( m$ic9e is bas$ ^u an education ( !
 s5ses2 ! s*ools1 in/ead1 prep>e        
physicians ?r\gh a /udy ( ! classics4   
,all v well & good1 b ! spl5did         
intellectual developm5t ( ! physician   
falls1 impot5t1 be=e ! insuffici5cy ( 8 
s5ses4  ,"o day1 ,i he>d a surgeon giv+1
 to a numb] ( poor mo!rs1 a lesson on ! 
recognition ( ! fir/ de=mities          
noticeable 9 little *ildr5 f ! disease (
 rickets4 ,x 0 8 hope to lead ^! mo!rs  
to br+ to him _! *ildr5 :o 7 suff]+ f   
?is disease1 :ile ! disease 0 yet 9 !   

e>lie/ /ages1 & :5 m$ical help might    
/ill be efficaci\s4 ,! mo!rs und]/ood ! 
idea1 b !y did n "k h[ to recognise ^!  
fir/ signs ( de=mity1 because !y 7 lack+
 9 ! s5sory education ?r\gh :i* !y might
 discrim9ate betwe5 signs deviat+ only  
slightly f ! normal4  ,!re=e ^? lessons 
7 useless4 ,if we ?9k ( x = a m9ute1 we 
w see t almo/ all ! =ms ( adult]ation 9 
food /uffs are r5d]$ possible by !      
torpor ( ! s5ses1 :i* exi/s 9 ! great]  
numb] ( p4 ,fraudul5t indu/ry fe$s ^u ! 
lack ( s5se education 9 ! masses1 z any 
k9d ( fraud is bas$ ^u ! ignorance ( !  
victim4 ,we (t5 see ! pur*as] ?r[+      
himself ^u ! hone/y ( ! m]*ant1 or putt+
 8 fai? 9 ! company1 or ! label ^u !    
box4 ,?is is because pur*as]s are lack+ 
9 ! capacity ( judg+ directly =         
!mselves4 ,!y d n "k h[ to di/+ui% ) _! 
s5ses ! diff]5t qualities ( v>i\s       
sub/ances4 ,9 fact1 we may say t 9 _m   
cases intellig5ce is r5d]$ useless by   
lack ( practice1 & ?is practice is almo/
 always s5se education4 ,ev]yone kn[s 9 

practical life ! fundam5tal necessity ( 
judg+ ) exactness betwe5 v>i\s /imuli4  
,b v (t5 s5se education is mo/ difficult
 = ! adult1 j z x is difficult = him to 
educate 8 h& :5 he wi%es to become a    
piani/4 ,x is necess>y to beg9 !        
education ( ! s5ses 9 ! =mative p]iod1  
if we wi% to p]fect ?is s5se developm5t 
) ! education :i* is to foll[4 ,!       
education ( ! s5ses %\ld be begun       
me?odically 9 infancy1 & %\ld cont9ue   
dur+ ! entire p]iod ( in/ruction :i* is 
to prep>e ! individual = life 9 society4
  ,a,esthetic & moral education are     
closely relat$ to ?is s5sory education4 
,multiply ! s5sations1 & develop !      
capacity ( appreciat+ f9e diff]5ces 9   
/imuli1 & we ref9e ! s5sibility &       
multiply man's pleasures4  ,beauty lies 
9 h>mony1 n 9 contra/2 & h>mony is      
ref9em5t2 !re=e1 !re mu/ be a f95ess ( !
 s5ses if we are to appreciate h>mony4  
,! ae/hetic h>mony ( nature is lo/ ^u   
him :o has co>se s5ses4 ,! _w to him is 
n>r[ & b>r54 ,9 life ab\t u1 !re exi/   

inexhau/ible fonts ( ae/hetic enjoym5t1 
be=e :i* m5 pass z ins5sible z ! brutes 
seek+ _! enjoym5t 9 ^? s5sations :i* are
 crude & %[y1 s9ce !y are ! only ones   
accessible to !m4  ,n[1 f ! enjoym5t (  
gross pleasures1 vici\s habits v (t5    
spr+4 ,/rong /imuli1 inde$1 d n r5d]    
acute1 b blunt ! s5ses1 s t !y require  
/imuli m & m acc5tuat$ & m & m gross4   
,onanism1 s (t5 f\nd among normal *ildr5
 ( ! l[] classes1 alcoholism1 fondness =
 wat*+ s5sual acts ( adults--^! ?+s     
repres5t ! enjoym5t ( ^? un=tunate ones 
^: intellectual pleasures are few1 & ^: 
s5ses are blunt$ & dull$4 ,su* pleasures
 kill ! man )9 ! individual1 & call to  
life ! bea/4  ,illu/ration3 ,s--,s5se1  
,c--,n]ve c5tre1 ,m--,motor4  ,inde$ f !
 physiological po9t ( view1 ! importance
 ( ! education ( ! s5ses is evid5t f an 
obs]vation ( ! s*eme ( ! diagrammatic   
arc :i* repres5ts ! functions ( ! n]v\s 
sy/em4 ,! ext]nal /imulus acts ^u !     
organ ( s5se1 & ! impression is         
transmitt$ along ! c5tripetal way to !  

n]ve c5tre--! correspond+ motor impulse 
is elaborat$1 & is transmitt$ along !   
c5trifugal pa? to ! organ ( motion1     
provok+ a movem5t4 ,al?\gh ! arc        
repres5ts diagrammatically ! me*anism ( 
reflex sp9al actions1 x may /ill be     
consid]$ z a fundam5tal key expla9+ !   
ph5om5a ( ! m complex n]v\s me*anisms4  
,man1 ) ! p]iph]al s5sory sy/em1 ga!rs  
v>i\s /imuli f 8 environm5t4 ,he puts   
himself ?us 9 direct communication ) 8  
surr\nd+s4 ,! psy*ic life develops1     
!re=e1 9 relation to ! sy/em ( n]ve     
c5tres2 & human activity :i* is em95tly 
social activity1 manife/s itself ?r\gh  
acts ( ! individual--manual "w1 writ+1  
spok5 language1 etc4--by means ( !      
psy*omotor organs4  ,education %\ld     
guide & p]fect ! developm5t ( ! ?ree    
p]iods1 ! two p]iph]al & ! c5tral2 or1  
bett] /ill1 s9ce ! process fundam5tally 
r$uces itself to ! n]ve c5tres1         
education %\ld give to psy*os5sory      
ex]cises ! same importance :i* x gives  
to psy*omotor ex]cises4  ,o!rwise1 we   

isolate man f 8 environm5t4 ,inde$1 :5 )
 intellectual culture we believe        
ourselves to h complet$ education1 we h 
b made ?9k]s1 ^: t5d5cy w be to live )\t
 ! _w4 ,we h n made practical m54 ,if1  
on ! o!r h&1 wi%+ ?r\gh education to    
prep>e = practical life2 we limit       
ourselves to ex]cis+ ! psy*omotor phase1
 we lose sight ( ! *ief end ( education1
 :i* is to put man 9 direct             
communication ) ! ext]nal _w4  ,s9ce    
pr(essional "w almo/ always requires man
 to make use ( 8 surr\nd+s1 ! te*nical  
s*ools are n =c$ to return to ! v       
beg9n+s ( education1 s5se ex]cises1 9   
ord] to supply ! great & univ]sal lack4 
,,*apt] ,,xv  ,,intellectual ,,education
     444 ,to lead ! *ild f ! education (
 ! s5ses to ideas4                      
,edw>d ,segu94   ,! s5se ex]cises       
con/itute a species ( auto-education1   
:i*1 if ^! ex]cises be _m times repeat$1
 leads to a p]fect+ ( ! *ild's          
psy*os5sory processes4 ,! directress mu/
 int]v5e to lead ! *ild f s5sations to  

ideas--f ! concrete to ! ab/ract1 & to !
 association ( ideas4 ,= ?is1 %e %\ld   
use a me?od t5d+ to isolate ! inn]      
att5tion ( ! *ild & to fix x ^u !       
p]ceptions--z 9 ! fir/ lessons 8        
objective att5tion 0 fix$1 ?r\gh        
isolation1 ^u s+le /imuli4  ,! tea*]1 9 
o!r words1 :5 %e gives a lesson mu/ seek
 to limit ! field ( ! *ild's            
consci\sness to ! object ( ! lesson1 z1 
= example1 dur+ s5se education %e       
isolat$ ! s5se :i* %e wi%$ ! *ild to    
ex]cise4  ,= ?is1 k ( a special te*nique
 is necess>y4 ,! educator mu/1 to !     
greate/ possible ext5t1 limit 8         
int]v5tion2 yet he mu/ n all[ ! *ild to 
we>y himself 9 an undue ef=t (          
auto-education4  ,x is "h1 t ! factor ( 
individual limitation & diff]+ degrees (
 p]ception are mo/ ke5ly felt 9 ! tea*]4
 ,9 o!r words1 9 ! quality ( ?is        
int]v5tion lies ! art :i* makes up !    
individuality ( ! tea*]4  ,a def9ite &  
und\bt$ "p ( ! tea*]'s "w is t ( tea*+  
an exact nom5clature4  ,%e %\ld1 9 mo/  

cases1 pron\nce ! necess>y names &      
adjectives )\t add+ any?+ fur!r4 ,^!    
words %e %\ld pron\nce di/9ctly1 & 9 a  
cle> /rong voice1 s t ! v>i\s s\nds     
compos+ ! ^w may be di/9ctly & pla9ly   
p]ceiv$ by ! *ild4  ,s1 = example1 t\*+ 
! smoo? & r\gh c>ds 9 ! fir/ tactile    
ex]cise1 %e %\ld say1 ,?is is smoo?4    
,?is is r\gh1 repeat+ ! words ) v>y+    
modulations ( ! voice1 always lett+ !   
tones be cle> & ! enunciation v di/9ct4 
,smoo?1 smoo?1 smoo?4 ,r\gh1 r\gh1 r\gh4
  ,9 ! same way1 :5 treat+ ( ! s5sations
 ( heat & cold1 %e mu/ say1 ,?is is     
cold4 ,?is is hot4 ,?is is ice-cold4    
,?is is tepid4 ,%e may !n beg9 to use ! 
g5]ic t]ms1 heat1 m heat1 less heat1    
etc4  ,fir/4 ,! lessons 9 nom5clature   
mu/ consi/ simply 9 provok+ !           
association ( ! "n ) ! object1 or ) !   
ab/ract idea :i* ! "n repres5ts4 ,?us ! 
object & ! "n mu/ be unit$ :5 !y are    
receiv$ by ! *ild's m9d1 & ?is makes x  
mo/ necess>y t no o!r ^w besides ! "n be
 spok54  ,second4 ,! tea*] mu/ always   

te/ :e!r or n h] lesson has atta9$ ! end
 %e _h 9 view1 & h] te/s mu/ be made to 
come )9 ! re/rict$ field ( consci\sness1
 provok$ by ! lesson on nom5clature4  ,!
 fir/ te/ w be to f9d :e!r ! "n is /ill 
associat$ 9 ! *ild's m9d ) ! object4 ,%e
 mu/ all[ ! necess>y "t to elapse1 lett+
 a %ort p]iod ( sil5ce int]v5e betwe5 ! 
lesson & ! te/4 ,!n %e may ask ! *ild1  
pron\nc+ sl[ly & v cle>ly ! "n or !     
adjective %e has taught3 ,:i* is smoo?8 
,:i* is r\gh8  ,! *ild w po9t to !      
object ) 8 f+]1 & ! tea*] w "k t he has 
made ! desir$ association4 ,b if he has 
n done ?is1 t is1 if he makes a mi/ake1 
%e mu/ n correct him1 b mu/ susp5d h]   
lesson1 to take x up aga9 ano!r day4    
,inde$1 :y correct him8 ,if ! *ild has n
 succe$$ 9 associat+ ! "n ) ! object1 ! 
only way 9 :i* to succe$ w\ld be to     
repeat bo? ! action ( ! s5se /imuli & ! 
"n2 9 o!r words1 to repeat ! lesson4 ,b 
:5 ! *ild has fail$1 we %\ld "k t he 0 n
 at t in/ant ready = ! psy*ic           
association :i* we wi%$ to provoke 9    

him1 & we mu/ !re=e *oose ano!r mom5t4  
,if we %\ld say1 9 correct+ ! *ild1 ,no1
 y h made a mi/ake1 all ^! words1 :i*1  
be+ 9 ! =m ( a repro(1 w\ld /rike him m 
=cibly ?an o!rs 7su* z smoo? or r\gh71  
w\ld rema9 9 ! m9d ( ! *ild1 ret>d+ !   
le>n+ ( ! names4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! sil5ce
 :i* foll[s ! error leaves ! field (    
consci\sness cle>1 & ! next lesson may  
successfully foll[ ! fir/4 ,9 fact1 by  
reveal+ ! error we may lead ! *ild to   
make an undue ef=t to rememb]1 or we may
 disc\rage him1 & x is our duty to avoid
 z mu* z possible all unnatural ef=t &  
all depression4  ,?ird4 ,if ! *ild has n
 committ$ any error1 ! tea*] may provoke
 ! motor activity correspond+ to ! idea 
( ! object3 t is1 to ! pronunciation ( !
 "n4 ,%e may ask him1 ,:at is ?is8 & !  
*ild %\ld respond1 ,smoo?4 ,! tea*] may 
!n int]rupt1 tea*+ him h[ to pron\nce ! 
^w correctly & di/9ctly1 fir/1 draw+ a  
deep brea? &1 !n1 say+ 9 a r l\d voice1 
,smoo?4 ,:5 he does ?is ! tea*] may note
 8 p>ticul> spee* defect1 or ! special  

=m ( baby talk to :i* he may be addict$4
  ,9 reg>d to ! g5]alisation ( ! ideas  
receiv$1 & by t ,i mean ! application ( 
^! ideas to 8 environm5t1 ,i d n advise 
any lessons ( ?is sort = a c]ta9 l5g? ( 
"t1 ev5 = a numb] ( mon?s4 ,!re w be    
*ildr5 :o1 aft] hav+ t\*$ a few times ! 
/uffs1 or m]ely ! smoo? & r\gh c>ds1 w q
 spontane\sly t\* ! v>i\s surfaces ab\t 
!m1 repeat+ ,smoo?6 ,r\gh6 ,x is velvet6
 etc4 ,9 deal+ ) normal *ildr51 we mu/  
await ?is spontane\s inve/igation ( !   
surr\nd+s1 or1 z ,i l to call x1 ?is    
volunt>y explosion ( ! explor+ _s4 ,9   
su* cases1 ! *ildr5 exp]i5ce a joy at   
ea* fre% discov]y4 ,!y are consci\s ( a 
s5se ( dignity & satisfaction :i*       
enc\rages !m to seek = new s5sations f  
_! environm5t & to make !mselves        
spontane\s obs]v]s4  ,! tea*] %\ld wat* 
) ! mo/ solicit\s c>e to see :5 & h[ !  
*ild arrives at ?is g5]alisation (      
ideas4 ,= example1 "o ( our little      
f\r-ye>-olds :ile runn+ ab\t 9 ! c\rt "o
 day sudd5ly /ood /ill & cri$ out1 ,oh6 

! sky is blue6 & /ood = "s "t look+ up  
into ! blue expanse ( ! sky4  ,"o day1  
:5 ,i ent]$ "o ( ! ,*ildr5's ,h\ses1    
five or six little ones ga!r$ quietly   
ab\t me & began c>ess+1 lightly1 my h&s1
 & my clo?+1 say+1 ,x is smoo?4 ,x is   
velvet4 ,?is is r\gh4 ,a numb] ( o!rs   
came ne> & began ) s]i\s & int5t faces  
to repeat ! same words1 t\*+ me z !y did
 s4 ,! directress wi%$ to int]f]e to    
release me1 b ,i sign$ to h] to be      
quiet1 & ,i myself did n move1 b rema9$ 
sil5t1 admir+ ?is spontane\s            
intellectual activity ( my little ones4 
,! greate/ triumph ( our educational    
me?od %\ld always be ?is3 to br+ ab\t ! 
spontane\s progress ( ! *ild4  ,"o day1 
a little boy1 foll[+ "o ( our ex]cises 9
 design1 _h *os5 to fill 9 ) col\r$     
p5cils ! outl9e ( a tree4 ,to col\r !   
trunk he laid hold ^u a r$ crayon4 ,!   
tea*] wi%$ to int]f]e1 say+1 ,d y ?9k   
trees h r$ trunks8 ,i held h] back &    
all[$ ! *ild to col\r ! tree r$4 ,?is   
design 0 preci\s to u2 x %[$ t ! *ild 0 

n yet an obs]v] ( 8 surr\nd+s4 ,my way (
 treat+ ?is 0 to enc\rage ! *ild to make
 use ( ! games = ! *romatic s5se4 ,he   
w5t daily into ! g>d5 ) ! o!r *ildr51 & 
c\ld at any "t see ! tree trunks4 ,:5 ! 
s5se ex]cises %\ld h succe$$ 9 attract+ 
! *ild's spontane\s att5tion to col\rs  
ab\t him1 !n1 9 "s happy mom5t he w\ld  
become aw>e t ! tree trunks 7 n r$1 j z 
! o!r *ild dur+ 8 play _h become        
consci\s ( ! fact t ! sky 0 blue4 ,9    
fact1 ! tea*] cont9u$ to give ! *ild    
outl9es ( trees to fill 94 ,he "o day   
*ose a br[n p5cil ) :i* to col\r !      
trunk1 & made ! bran*es & leaves gre54  
,lat]1 he made ! bran*es br[n1 also1 us+
 gre5 only = ! leaves4  ,?us we h ! te/ 
( ! *ild's intellectual progress4 ,we c 
n create obs]v]s by say+1 obs]ve1 b by  
giv+ !m ! p[] & ! means = ?is           
obs]vation1 & ^! means are procur$ ?r\gh
 education ( ! s5ses4 ,once we h ar\s$  
su* activity1 auto-education is assur$1 
= ref9$ well-tra9$ s5ses lead u to a    
clos] obs]vation ( ! environm5t1 & ?is1 

) its inf9ite v>iety1 attracts !        
att5tion & cont9ues ! psy*os5sory       
education4  ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 9 ?is     
matt] ( s5se education we s+le out      
def9ite concepts ( ! quality ( c]ta9    
objects1 ^! v objects become associat$  
)1 or a "p (1 ! tra9+1 :i* is 9 ?is way 
limit$ to ^? concepts tak5 & record$4 ,s
 ! s5se tra9+ rema9s unfruitful4 ,:51 = 
example1 a tea*] has giv5 9 ! old way a 
lesson on ! names ( ! col\rs1 %e has    
imp>t$ an idea conc]n+ t p>ticul>       
quality1 b %e has n educat$ ! *romatic  
s5se4 ,! *ild w "k ^! col\rs 9 a        
sup]ficial way1 =gett+ !m f "t to "t2 & 
at be/ 8 appreciation ( !m w lie )9 !   
limits prescrib$ by ! tea*]4 ,:51 !re=e1
 ! tea*] ( ! old me?ods %all h provok$ !
 g5]alisation ( ! idea1 say+1 = example1
 ,:at is ! col\r ( ?is fl[]6 ( ?is      
ribbon8 ! att5tion ( ! *ild w 9 all     
probability rema9 torpidly fix$ ^u !    
examples sugge/$ by h]4  ,we may lik5 ! 
*ild to a clock1 & may say t ) ! old-"t 
way x is v mu* z if we 7 to hold ! :eels

 ( ! clock quiet & move ! h&s ab\t !    
clock face ) our f+]s4 ,! h&s w cont9ue 
to circle ! dial j s long z we apply1   
?r\gh our f+]s1 ! necess>y motor =ce4   
,ev5 s is x ) t sort ( culture :i* is   
limit$ to ! "w :i* ! tea*] does ) !     
*ild4 ,! new me?od1 in/ead1 may be      
comp>$ to ! process ( w9d+1 :i* sets !  
entire me*anism 9 motion4  ,?is motion  
is 9 direct relation ) ! ma*9e1 & n ) ! 
"w ( w9d+4 ,s ! spontane\s psy*ic       
developm5t ( ! *ild cont9ues indef9itely
 & is 9 direct relation to ! psy*ic     
pot5tiality ( ! *ild himself1 & n ) ! "w
 ( ! tea*]4 ,! movem5t1 or ! spontane\s 
psy*ic activity />ts 9 our case f !     
education ( ! s5ses & is ma9ta9$ by !   
obs]v+ intellig5ce4 ,?us1 = example1 !  
hunt+ dog receives 8 ability1 n f !     
education giv5 by 8 ma/]1 b f ! special 
acut5ess ( 8 s5ses2 & z soon z ?is      
physiological quality is appli$ to ! "r 
environm5t1 ! ex]cise ( hunt+1 !        
increas+ ref9em5t ( ! s5se p]ceptions1  
gives ! dog ! pleasure & !n ! passion = 

! *ase4 ,! same is true ( ! piani/ :o1  
ref9+ at ! same "t 8 musical s5se & !   
agility ( 8 h&1 comes to love m & m to  
draw new h>monies f ! in/rum5t4 ,?ia    
d\ble p]fection proce$s until at la/ !  
piani/ is laun*$ ^u a c\rse :i* w be    
limit$ only by ! p]sonality :i* lies )9 
him4 ,n[ a /ud5t ( physics may "k all ! 
laws ( h>mony :i* =m a "p ( 8 sci5tific 
culture1 & yet he may n "k h[ to foll[ a
 mo/ simple musical composition4 ,8     
culture1 h[ev] va/1 w be b\nd by !      
def9ite limits ( 8 sci5ce4 ,our         
educational aim ) v "y *ildr5 mu/ be to 
aid ! spontane\s developm5t ( ! m5tal1  
spiritual1 & physical p]sonality1 & n to
 make ( ! *ild a cultur$ individual 9 ! 
commonly accept$ s5se ( ! t]m4 ,s1 aft] 
we h (f]$ to ! *ild su* didactic mat]ial
 z is adapt$ to provoke ! developm5t ( 8
 s5ses1 we mu/ wait until ! activity    
kn[n z obs]vation develops4 ,& h]e9 lies
 ! art ( ! educator2 9 kn[+ h[ to       
measure ! action by :i* we help ! "y    
*ild's p]sonality to develop4 ,to "o ^: 

attitude is "r1 little *ildr5 soon      
reveal pr(\nd individual diff]5ces :i*  
call = v diff]5t k9ds ( help f ! tea*]4 
,"s ( !m require almo/ no int]v5tion on 
h] "p1 :ile o!rs dem& actual tea*+4 ,x  
is necess>y1 !re=e1 t ! tea*+ %all be   
rigor\sly guid$ by ! pr9ciple ( limit+  
to ! greate/ possible po9t ! active     
int]v5tion ( ! educator4  ,"h are a     
numb] ( games & problems :i* we h us$   
effectively 9 try+ to foll[ ?is         
pr9ciple4   ,,games ,,( ,,! ,,bl9d  ,!  
,games ( ! ,bl9d are us$ = ! mo/ "p z   
ex]cises 9 g5]al s5sibility z foll[s3   
,! ,/uffs4 ,we h 9 our didactic mat]ial 
a pretty little *e/ compos$ ( draw]s )9 
:i* are arrang$ rectangul> pieces ( /uff
 9 great v>iety4 ,!re are velvet1 sat91 
silk1 cotton1 l951 etc4 ,we h ! *ild t\*
 ea* ( ^! pieces1 tea*+ ! appropriate   
nom5clature & add+ some?+ reg>d+ !      
quality1 z co>se1 f9e1 s(t4 ,!n1 we call
 ! *ild & seat him at "o ( ! tables :]e 
he c be se5 by 8 companions1 bl9dfold   
him1 & (f] him ! /uffs "o by "o4 ,he    

t\*es !m1 smoo?s !m1 cru%es !m betwe5 8 
f+]s & decides1 ,x is velvet1--,x is f9e
 l951--,x is r\gh clo?1 etc4 ,?is       
ex]cise provokes g5]al int]e/4 ,:5 we   
(f] ! *ild "s unexpect$ =eign object1 z1
 = example1 a %eet ( pap]1 a veil1 !    
little assembly trembles z x awaits 8   
response4  ,weight4 ,we place ! *ild 9 !
 same position1 call 8 att5tion to !    
tablets us$ = ! education ( ! s5se (    
weight1 h him notice aga9 ! already     
well-kn[n diff]5ces ( weight1 & !n tell 
him to put all ! d>k tablets1 :i* are ! 
heavi] ones1 at ! "r1 & all ! light     
ones1 :i* are ! light]1 to ! left4 ,we  
!n bl9dfold him & he proce$s to ! game1 
tak+ ea* "t two tablets4 ,sometimes he  
takes two ( ! same col\r1 sometimes two 
( diff]5t col\rs1 b 9 a position        
opposite to t 9 :i* he mu/ arrange !m on
 8 desk4 ,^! ex]cises are mo/ excit+2   
:51 = example1 ! *ild has 9 8 h&s two ( 
! d>k tablets & *anges !m f "o h& to !  
o!r unc]ta91 & f9ally places !m toge!r  
on ! "r1 ! *ildr5 wat* 9 a /ate ( int5se

 eag]ness1 & a great sigh (t5 expresses 
_! f9al relief4 ,! %\ts ( ! audi5ce :5 !
 entire game is foll[$ )\t an error1    
gives ! impression t _! little fri5d    
sees ) 8 h&s ! col\rs ( ! tablets4      
,dim5sion & ,=m4 ,we use games simil> to
 ! prec$+ "o1 hav+ ! *ild di/+ui% betwe5
 diff]5t co9s1 ! cubes & bricks (       
,froebel1 & dry se$s1 su* z beans &     
peas4 ,b su* games nev] awak5 ! int5se  
int]e/ ar\s$ by ! prec$+ ones4 ,!y are1 
h[ev]1 useful & s]ve to associate ) !   
v>i\s objects ^? qualities peculi> to   
!m1 & also to fix ! nom5clature4        
,,application ,,( ,,! ,,education ,,(   
,,! ,,visual ,,s5se ,,to ,,!            
,,obs]vation ,,( ,,! ,,environm5t       
,nom5clature4 ,?is is "o ( ! mo/        
important phases ( education4 ,inde$1   
nom5clature prep>es = an exactness 9 !  
use ( language :i* is n always met ) 9  
our s*ools4 ,_m *ildr51 = example1 use  
int]*angeably ! words ?ick & big1 long &
 high4 ,) ! me?ods already describ$1 !  
tea*] may easily e/abli%1 by means ( !  

didactic mat]ial1 ideas :i* are v exact 
& cle>1 & may associate ! prop] ^w ) ^! 
ideas4   ,me?od ( ,us+ ! ,didactic      
,mat]ial  ,dim5sions4 ,! directress1    
aft] ! *ild has play$ = a long "t ) !   
?ree sets ( solid insets & has acquir$ a
 security 9 ! p]=mance ( ! ex]cise1     
takes out all ! cyl9d]s ( equal height &
 places !m 9 a horizontal position on ! 
table1 "o beside ! o!r4 ,!n %e selects !
 two extremes1 say+1 ,?is is !          
?icke/--,?is is ! ?9ne/4 ,%e places !m  
side by side s t ! comp>ison may be m   
m>k$1 & !n tak+ !m by ! little button1  
%e comp>es ! bases1 call+ att5tion to ! 
great diff]5ce4 ,%e !n places !m aga9   
beside ea* o!r 9 a v]tical position 9   
ord] to %[ t !y are equal 9 height1 &   
repeats sev]al times1 ?ick--?94 ,hav+   
done ?is1 %e %\ld foll[ x ) ! te/1 ask+1
 ,give me ! ?icke/--,give me ! ?9ne/1 & 
f9ally %e %\ld proce$ to ! te/ (        
nom5clature1 ask+1 ,:at is ?is8 ,9 !    
lessons :i* foll[ ?is1 ! directress may 
take away ! two extreme pieces & may    

repeat ! lesson ) ! two pieces rema9+ at
 ! extremities1 & s on until %e has us$ 
all ! pieces4 ,%e may !n take ^! up at  
r&om1 say+1 ,give me "o a little ?ick]  
?an ?is "o1 or ,give me "o a little ?9n]
 ?an ?is "o4 ,) ! second set ( solid    
insets %e proce$s 9 ! same way4 ,"h %e  
/&s ! pieces upright1 z ea* "o has a    
base suffici5tly broad to ma9ta9 x 9 ?is
 position1 say+1 ,?is is ! highe/ & ,?is
 is ! l[e/4 ,!n plac+ ! two extreme     
pieces side by side %e may take !m out (
 ! l9e & comp>e ! bases1 %[+ t !y are   
equal4 ,f ! extremes %e may proce$ z    
be=e1 select+ ea* "t ! two rema9+ pieces
 mo/ /rongly contra/$4  ,) ! ?ird solid 
inset1 ! directress1 :5 %e has arrang$ !
 pieces 9 gradation1 calls ! *ild's     
att5tion to ! fir/ "o1 say+1 ,?is is !  
l>ge/1 & to ! la/ "o1 say+1 ,?is is !   
smalle/4 ,!n %e places !m side by side &
 obs]ves h[ !y diff] bo? 9 height & 9   
base4 ,%e !n proce$s 9 ! same way z 9 ! 
o!r two ex]cises4  ,simil> lessons may  
be giv5 ) ! s]ies ( graduat$ prisms1 (  

rods1 & ( cubes4 ,! prisms are ?ick & ?9
 & ( equal l5g?4 ,! rods are long & %ort
 & ( equal ?ickness4 ,! cubes are big & 
little & diff] 9 size & 9 height4  ,!   
application ( ^! ideas to environm5t w  
come mo/ easily :5 we measure ! *ildr5 )
 ! an?ropomet]4 ,!y w beg9 among        
!mselves to make comp>isons1 say+1 ,i am
 tall]1--y are ?ick]4 ,^! comp>isons are
 also made :5 ! *ildr5 hold out _!      
little h&s to %[ t !y are clean1 & !    
directress /ret*es h]s out also1 to %[ t
 %e1 too1 has clean h&s4 ,(t5 ! contra/ 
betwe5 ! dim5sions ( ! h&s calls =?     
laught]4 ,! *ildr5 make a p]fect game ( 
measur+ !mselves4 ,!y /& side by side2  
!y look at ea* o!r2 !y decide4 ,(t5 !y  
place !mselves beside gr[n p]sons1 &    
obs]ve ) curiosity & int]e/ ! great     
diff]5ce 9 height4  ,=m4 ,:5 ! *ild %[s 
t he c ) security di/+ui% betwe5 ! =ms (
 ! plane geometric insets1 ! directress 
may beg9 ! lessons 9 nom5clature4 ,%e   
%\ld beg9 ) two /rongly-contra/$ =ms1 z 
! squ>e & ! circle1 & %\ld foll[ ! usual

 me?od1 us+ ! ?ree p]iods ( ,segu94 ,we 
d n tea* all ! names relative to !      
geometric figures1 giv+ only ^? ( ! mo/ 
famili> =ms1 su* z squ>e1 circle1       
rectangle1 triangle1 oval4 ,we n[ call  
att5tion to ! fact t !re are rectangles 
:i* are n>r[ & long1 & o!rs :i* are     
broad & %ort1 :ile ! squ>es are equal on
 all sides & c be only big & little4 ,^!
 ?+s are mo/ easily %[n ) ! insets1 =1  
?\gh we turn ! squ>e ab\t1 x /ill ent]s 
its frame1 :ile ! rectangle1 if plac$   
across ! op5+1 w n ent]4 ,! *ild is mu* 
int]e/$ 9 ?is ex]cise1 = :i* we arrange 
9 ! frame a squ>e & a s]ies (           
rectangles1 hav+ ! longe/ side equal to 
! side ( ! squ>e1 ! o!r side gradually  
decreas+ 9 ! five pieces4  ,9 ! same way
 we proce$ to %[ ! diff]5ce betwe5 !    
oval1 ! ellipse1 & ! circle4 ,! circle  
ent]s no matt] h[ x is plac$1 or turn$  
ab\t2 ! ellipse does n ent] :5 plac$    
transv]sely1 b if plac$ l5g?wise w ent] 
ev5 if turn$ upside d[n4 ,! oval1 h[ev]1
 n only _c ent] ! frame if plac$        

transv]sely1 b n ev5 :5 turn$ upside    
d[n2 x mu/ be plac$ ) ! l>ge curve t[>d 
! l>ge "p ( ! op5+1 & ) ! n>r[ curve    
t[>d ! n>r[ portion ( ! op5+4  ,!       
circles1 big & little1 ent] _! frames no
 matt] h[ !y are turn$ ab\t4 ,i d n     
reveal ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! oval & !     
ellipse until a v late /age ( ! *ild's  
education1 & !n n to all *ildr51 b only 
to ^? :o %[ a special int]e/ 9 ! =ms by 
*oos+ ! game (t51 or by ask+ ab\t !     
diff]5ces4 ,i pref] t su* diff]5ces %\ld
 be recognis$ lat] by ! *ild1           
spontane\sly1 p]haps 9 ! elem5t>y s*ool4
  ,x seems to _m p]sons t 9 tea*+ ^! =ms
 we are tea*+ geometry1 & t ?is is      
premature 9 s*ools = su* "y *ildr54     
,o!rs feel t1 if we wi% to pres5t       
geometric =ms1 we %\ld use ! solids1 z  
be+ m concrete4  ,i feel t ,i %\ld say a
 ^w "h to combat su* prejudices4 ,to    
obs]ve a geometric =m is n to analyse x1
 & 9 ! analysis geometry beg9s4 ,:51 =  
example1 we speak to ! *ild ( sides &   
angles & expla9 ^! to him1 ev5 ?\gh )   

objective me?ods1 z ,froebel advocates  
7= example1 ! squ>e has f\r sides & c be
 con/ruct$ ) f\r /icks ( equal l5g?71 !n
 inde$ we d ent] ! field ( geometry1 &  
,i believe t little *ildr5 are too      
immature = ^! /eps4 ,b ! obs]vation ( ! 
=m _c be too advanc$ = a *ild at ?is    
age4 ,! plane ( ! table at :i* ! *ild   
sits :ile eat+ 8 supp] is probably a    
rectangle2 ! plate :i* conta9s 8 food is
 a circle1 & we c]ta9ly d n consid] t ! 
*ild is too immature to be all[$ to look
 at ! table & ! plate4  ,! insets :i* we
 pres5t simply call ! att5tion to a giv5
 =m4 ,z to ! "n1 x is analog\s to o!r   
names by :i* ! *ild le>ns to call ?+s4  
,:y %\ld we consid] x premature to tea* 
! *ild ! words circle1 squ>e1 oval1 :5 9
 8 home he repeat$ly he>s ! ^w r\nd us$ 
9 connection ) plates1 etc4 ,he w he> 8 
p>5ts speak ( ! squ>e table1 ! oval     
table1 etc41 & ^! words 9 common use w  
rema9 = a long "t confus$ 9 8 m9d & 9 8 
spee*1 if we d n int]pose su* help z t  
we give 9 ! tea*+ ( =ms4  ,we %\ld      

reflect ^u ! fact t _m times a *ild1    
left to himself1 makes an undue ef=t to 
compreh5d ! language ( ! adults & !     
mean+ ( ! ?+s ab\t him4 ,opportune &    
rational in/ruction prev5ts su* an ef=t1
 & !re=e does n we>y1 b relieves1 ! *ild
 & satisfies 8 desire = k4 ,inde$1 he   
%[s 8 cont5tm5t by v>i\s expressions (  
pleasure4 ,at ! same "t1 8 att5tion is  
call$ to ! ^w :i*1 if he is all[$ to    
pron\nce badly1 develops 9 him an       
imp]fect use ( ! language4  ,?is (t5    
arises f an ef=t on 8 "p to imitate !   
c>eless spee* ( p]sons ab\t him1 :ile ! 
tea*]1 by pron\nc+ cle>ly ! ^w ref]r+ to
 ! object :i* ar\ses ! *ild's curiosity1
 prev5ts su* ef=t & su* imp]fections4   
,"h1 also1 we face a widespread         
prejudice2 namely1 ! belief t ! *ild    
left to himself gives absolute repose to
 8 m9d4 ,if ?is 7 s he w\ld rema9 a     
/rang] to ! _w1 &1 in/ead1 we see him1  
little by little1 spontane\sly conqu]   
v>i\s ideas & words4 ,he is a travell]  
?r\gh life1 :o obs]ves ! new ?+s among  

:i* he j\rneys1 & :o tries to und]/& !  
unkn[n tongue spok5 by ^? ab\t him4     
,inde$1 he makes a great & volunt>y ef=t
 to und]/& & to imitate4 ,! in/ruction  
giv5 to little *ildr5 %\ld be s direct$ 
z to less5 ?is exp5diture ( poorly      
direct$ ef=t1 conv]t+ x in/ead into !   
enjoym5t ( conque/ made easy & inf9itely
 broad5$4 ,we are ! guides ( ^!         
travell]s j ent]+ ! great _w ( human    
?\ght4 ,we %\ld see to x t we are       
intellig5t & cultur$ guides1 n los+     
ourselves 9 va9 disc\rse1 b illu/rat+   
briefly & concisely ! "w ( art 9 :i* !  
travell] %[s himself int]e/$1 & we %\ld 
!n respectfully all[ him to obs]ve x z  
long z he wi%es to4 ,x is our privilege 
to lead him to obs]ve ! mo/ important & 
! mo/ beautiful ?+s ( life 9 su* a way t
 he does n lose en]gy & "t 9 useless    
?+s1 b %all f9d pleasure & satisfaction 
?r\gh\t 8 pilgrimage4  ,i h already     
ref]r$ to ! prejudice t x is m suitable 
to pres5t ! geometric =ms to ! *ild 9 ! 
solid r ?an 9 ! plane1 giv+ him1 =      

example1 ! cube1 ! sph]e1 ! prism4 ,let 
u put aside ! physiological side ( ! "q 
%[+ t ! visual recognition ( ! solid    
figure is m complex ?an t ( ! plane1 &  
let u view ! "q only f ! m purely       
p$agogical /&po9t ( practical life4  ,! 
great] numb] ( objects :i* we look ^u e 
day pres5t m ne>ly ! aspect ( our plane 
geometric insets4 ,9 fact1 doors1       
w9d[-frames1 fram$ pictures1 ! wood5 or 
m>ble top ( a table1 are inde$ solid    
objects1 b ) "o ( ! dim5sions greatly   
r$uc$1 & ) ! two dim5sions det]m9+ ! =m 
( ! plane surface made mo/ evid5t4  ,:5 
! plane =m prevails1 we say t ! w9d[ is 
rectangul>1 ! picture frame oval1 ?is   
table squ>e1 etc4 ,solids hav+ a det]m9$
 =m prevail+ 9 ! plane surface are almo/
 ! only ones :i* come to our notice4 ,& 
su* solids are cle>ly repres5t$ by our  
plane geometric insets4  ,! *ild w v (t5
 recognise 9 8 environm5t =ms :i* he has
 le>n$ 9 ?is way1 b he w r>ely recognise
 ! solid geometric =ms4  ,t ! table leg 
is a prism1 or a truncat$ cone1 or an   

elongat$ cyl9d]1 w come to 8 k long aft]
 he has obs]v$ t ! top ( ! table ^u :i* 
he places ?+s is rectangul>4 ,we d n1   
!re=e1 speak ( ! fact ( recognis+ t a   
h\se is a prism or a cube4 ,inde$1 !    
pure solid geometric =ms nev] exi/ 9 !  
ord9>y objects ab\t u2 ^! pres5t1       
in/ead1 a comb9ation ( =ms4 ,s1 putt+   
aside ! difficulty ( tak+ 9 at a glance 
! complex =m ( a h\se1 ! *ild recognises
 9 x1 n an id5tity ( =m1 b an analogy4  
,he w1 h[ev]1 see ! plane geometric =ms 
p]fectly repres5t$ 9 w9d[s & doors1 & 9 
! faces ( _m solid objects 9 use at     
home4 ,?us ! k ( ! =ms giv5 him 9 !     
plane geometric insets w be = him a     
species ( magic key1 op5+ ! ext]nal _w1 
& mak+ him feel t he kn[s its secrets4  
,i 0 walk+ "o day ^u ! ,p9cian ,hill ) a
 boy f ! elem5t>y s*ool4 ,he _h /udi$   
geometric design & und]/ood ! analysis (
 plane geometric figures4 ,z we rea*$ ! 
highe/ t]race f :i* we c\ld see !       
,piazza del ,popolo ) ! city /ret*+ away
 beh9d x1 ,i /ret*$ out my h& say+1     

,look1 all ! works ( man are a great    
mass ( geometric figures2 &1 inde$1     
rectangles1 ovals1 triangles1 &         
semicircles1 p]=at$1 or ornam5t$1 9 a   
hundr$ diff]5t ways ! grey rectangul>   
facades ( ! v>i\s build+s4 ,su* uni=mity
 9 su* an expanse ( build+s seem$ to    
prove ! limitation ( human intellig5ce1 
:ile 9 an adjo9+ g>d5 plot ! %rubs &    
fl[]s spoke eloqu5tly ( ! inf9ite v>iety
 ( =ms 9 nature4  ,! boy _h nev] made ^!
 obs]vations2 he _h /udi$ ! angles1 !   
sides & ! con/ruction ( outl9$ geometric
 figures1 b )\t ?9k+ beyond ?is1 & feel+
 only annoyance at ?is arid "w4 ,at fir/
 he laugh$ at ! idea ( man's mass+      
geometric figures toge!r1 !n he became  
int]e/$1 look$ long at ! build+s be=e   
him1 & an expression ( lively & ?\ghtful
 int]e/ came into 8 face4 ,to ! "r ( !  
,ponte ,m>gh]ita 0 a factory build+ 9 ! 
process ( con/ruction1 & its /eel       
framework del9eat$ a s]ies ( rectangles4
 ,:at t$i\s "w6 said ! boy1 allud+ to ! 
workm54 ,&1 !n1 z we drew ne> ! g>d51 & 

/ood = a mom5t 9 sil5ce admir+ ! grass &
 ! fl[]s :i* sprang s freely f ! e>?1 ,x
 is beautiful6 he said4 ,b t ^w         
beautiful ref]r$ to ! inn] awak5+ ( 8   
own s\l4  ,?is exp]i5ce made me ?9k t 9 
! obs]vation ( ! plane geometric =ms1 & 
9 t ( ! plants :i* !y saw gr[+ 9 _! own 
little g>d5s1 !re exi/$ = ! *ildr5      
preci\s s\rces ( spiritual z well z     
intellectual education4 ,= ?is reason1  
,i h wi%$ to make my "w broad1 lead+ !  
*ild1 n only to obs]ve ! =ms ab\t him1 b
 to di/+ui% ! "w ( man f t ( nature1 &  
to appreciate ! fruits ( human lab\r4   
7a7 ,free ,design4 ,i give ! *ild a %eet
 ( :ite pap] & a p5cil1 tell+ him t he  
may draw :atev] he wi%es to4 ,su* draw+s
 h long be5 ( int]e/ to exp]im5tal      
psy*ologi/s4 ,_! importance lies 9 !    
fact t !y reveal ! capacity ( ! *ild =  
obs]v+1 & also %[ 8 individual t5d5cies4
 ,g5]ally1 ! fir/ draw+s are un=m$ &    
confus$1 & ! tea*] %\ld ask ! *ild :at  
he wi%$ to draw1 & %\ld write x und]nea?
 ! design t x may be a record4 ,little  

by little1 ! draw+s become m            
intelligible1 & v]ily reveal ! progress 
:i* ! *ild makes 9 ! obs]vation ( ! =ms 
ab\t him4 ,(t5 ! mo/ m9ute details ( an 
object h be5 obs]v$ & record$ 9 ! crude 
sket*4 ,&1 s9ce ! *ild draws :at he     
wi%es1 he reveals to u :i* are ! objects
 t mo/ /rongly attract 8 att5tion4  7b7 
,design ,consi/+ ( ! ,fill+ 9 ( ,outl9$ 
,figures4 ,^! designs are mo/ important 
z !y con/itute ! prep>ation = writ+4 ,!y
 d = ! col\r s5se :at free design does =
 ! s5se ( =m4 ,9 o!r words1 !y reveal ! 
capacity ( ! *ild 9 ! matt] ( obs]vation
 ( col\rs1 z ! free design %[$ u ! ext5t
 to :i* he 0 an obs]v] ( =m 9 ! objects 
surr\nd+ him4 ,i %all speak m fully (   
?is "w 9 ! *apt] on writ+4 ,! ex]cises  
consi/ 9 fill+ 9 ) col\r$ p5cil1 c]ta9  
outl9es drawn 9 black4 ,^! outl9es      
pres5t ! simple geometric figures &     
v>i\s objects ) :i* ! *ild is famili> 9 
! s*oolroom1 ! home1 & ! g>d54 ,! *ild  
mu/ select 8 col\r1 & 9 do+ s he %[s u  
:e!r he has obs]v$ ! col\rs ( ! ?+s     

surr\nd+ him4   ,free ,pla/ic ,"w  ,^!  
ex]cises are analog\s to ^? 9 free      
design & 9 ! fill+ 9 ( figures ) col\r$ 
p5cils4 ,"h ! *ild makes :atev] he wi%es
 ) clay2 t is1 he models ^? objects :i* 
he rememb]s mo/ di/9ctly & :i* h        
impress$ him mo/ deeply4 ,we give ! *ild
 a wood5 tray conta9+ a piece ( clay1 & 
!n we await 8 "w4 ,we possess "s v      
rem>kable pieces ( clay "w done by our  
little ones4 ,"s ( !m reproduce1 )      
surpris+ m9ut5ess ( detail1 objects :i* 
!y h se54 ,& :at is mo/ surpris+1 ^!    
models (t5 record n only ! =m1 b ev5 !  
dim5sions ( ! objects :i* ! *ild h&l$ 9 
s*ool4  ,_m little ones model ! objects 
:i* !y h se5 at home1 especially kit*5  
furniture1 wat]-jugs1 pots1 & pans4     
,sometimes1 we are %[n a simple cradle  
conta9+ a baby bro!r or si/]4 ,at fir/ x
 is necess>y to place writt5            
descriptions ^u ^! objects1 z x is      
necess>y to d ) ! free design4 ,lat] on1
 h[ev]1 ! models are easily             
recognisable1 & ! *ildr5 le>n to        

reproduce ! geometric solids4 ,^! clay  
models are und\bt$ly v valuable mat]ial 
= ! tea*]1 & make cle> _m individual    
diff]5ces1 ?us help+ h] to und]/& h]    
*ildr5 m fully4 ,9 our me?od !y are also
 valuable z psy*ological manife/ations (
 developm5t accord+ to age4 ,su* designs
 are preci\s guides also = ! tea*] 9 !  
matt] ( h] int]v5tion 9 ! *ild's        
education4 ,! *ildr5 :o1 9 ?is "w reveal
 !mselves z obs]v]s1 w probably become  
spontane\s obs]v]s ( all ! _w ab\t !m1 &
 may be l$ t[>d su* a goal by ! indirect
 help ( ex]cises t5d+ to fix & to make m
 exact ! v>i\s s5sations & ideas4  ,^!  
*ildr5 w also be ^? :o arrive mo/       
quickly at ! act ( spontane\s writ+4 ,^?
 ^: clay "w rema9s un=m$ & indef9ite w  
probably ne$ ! direct revelation ( !    
directress1 :o w ne$ to call _! att5tion
 9 "s mat]ial mann] to ! objects ar\nd  
!m4   ,geometric ,analysis ( ,figures2  
,sides1 ,angles1 ,c5tre1 ,base  ,!      
geometric analysis ( figures is n adapt$
 to v "y *ildr54 ,i h tri$ a means = !  

introduction ( su* analysis1 limit+ ?is 
"w to ! rectangle & mak+ use ( a game   
:i* includes ! analysis )\t fix+ !      
att5tion ( ! *ild ^u x4 ,?is game       
pres5ts ! concept mo/ cle>ly4  ,!       
rectangle ( :i* ,i make use is ! plane (
 "o ( ! *ildr5's tables1 & ! game       
consi/s 9 lay+ ! table = a meal4 ,i h 9 
ea* ( ! ,*ildr5's ,h\ses a collection ( 
toy table-furni%+s1 su* z may be f\nd 9 
any toy-/ore4 ,among ^! are d9n]-plates1
 s\p-plates1 s\p-ture51 saltcell>s1     
glasses1 decant]s1 little knives1 =ks1  
spoons1 etc4 ,i h !m lay ! table = six1 
putt+ two places on ea* ( ! long] sides1
 & "o place on ea* ( ! %ort] sides4 ,"o 
( ! *ildr5 takes ! objects & places !m z
 ,i indicate4 ,i tell him to place ! s\p
 ture5 9 ! c5tre ( ! table2 ?is napk9 9 
a corn]4 ,place ?is plate 9 ! c5tre ( ! 
%ort side4  ,!n ,i h ! *ild look at !   
table1 & ,i say1 ,some?+ is lack+ 9 ?is 
corn]4 ,we want ano!r glass on ?is side4
 ,n[ let u see if we h ev]y?+ prop]ly   
plac$ on ! two long] sides4 ,is ev]y?+  

ready on ! two %ort] sides8 ,is !re     
any?+ lack+ 9 ! f\r corn]s8  ,i d n     
believe t we may proce$ to any m complex
 analysis ?an ?is be=e ! age ( six ye>s1
 = ,i believe t ! *ild %\ld "o day take 
up "o ( ! plane insets & spontane\sly   
beg9 to c\nt ! sides & ! angles4        
,c]ta9ly1 if we taught !m su* ideas !y  
w\ld be able to le>n !m1 b x w\ld be a  
m]e le>n+ ( =mulae1 & n appli$ exp]i5ce4
   ,ex]cises 9 ! ,*romatic ,s5se  ,i h  
already indicat$ :at col\r ex]cises we  
foll[4 ,"h ,i wi% to indicate m         
def9itely ! succession ( ^! ex]cises &  
to describe !m m fully4  ,designs &     
,pictures4 ,we h prep>$ a numb] ( outl9e
 draw+s :i* ! *ildr5 are to fill 9 )    
col\r$ p5cil1 &1 lat] on1 ) a bru%1     
prep>+ = !mselves ! wat]-col\r t9ts :i* 
!y w use4 ,! fir/ designs are ( fl[]s1  
butt]flies1 trees & animals1 & we !n    
pass to simple l&scapes conta9+ grass1  
sky1 h\ses1 & human figures4  ,^!       
designs help u 9 our /udy ( ! natural   
developm5t ( ! *ild z an obs]v] ( 8     

surr\nd+s2 t is1 9 reg>d to col\r4 ,!   
*ildr5 select ! col\rs & are left       
entirely free 9 _! "w4 ,if1 = example1  
!y col\r a *ick5 r$1 or a c[ gre51 ?is  
%[s t !y h n yet become obs]v]s4 ,b ,i h
 already spok5 ( ?is 9 ! g5]al          
discussion ( ! me?od4 ,^! designs also  
reveal ! effect ( ! education ( !       
*romatic s5se4 ,z ! *ild selects        
delicate & h>moni\s t9ts1 or /rong &    
contra/+ ones1 we c judge ( ! progress  
he has made 9 ! ref9em5t ( 8 col\r s5se4
  ,! fact t ! *ild mu/ rememb] ! col\r (
 ! objects repres5t$ 9 ! design         
enc\rages him to obs]ve ^? ?+s :i* are  
ab\t him4 ,& !n1 too1 he wi%es to be    
able to fill 9 m difficult designs4     
,only ^? *ildr5 :o "k h[ to keep ! col\r
 )9 ! outl9e & to reproduce ! "r col\rs 
may proce$ to ! m ambiti\s "w4 ,^!      
designs are v easy1 & (t5 v effective1  
sometimes display+ real arti/ic "w4 ,!  
directress ( ! s*ool 9 ,mexico1 :o /udi$
 = a long "t ) me1 s5t me two designs2  
"o repres5t+ a cliff 9 :i* ! /ones 7    

col\r$ mo/ h>moni\sly 9 light violet &  
%ades ( br[n1 trees 9 two %ades ( gre51 
& ! sky a s(t blue4 ,! o!r repres5t$ a  
horse ) a *e/nut coat & black mane &    
tail4     ,,*apt] ,,xvi  ,,me?ods ,,=   
,,! ,,tea*+ ,,( ,,read+ ,,& ,,writ+     
,spontane\s ,developm5t ( ,graphic      
,language4 ,:ile ,i 0 directress ( !    
,or?ophr5ic ,s*ool at ,rome1 ,i _h      
already began to exp]im5t ) v>i\s       
didactic means = ! tea*+ ( read+ &      
writ+4 ,^! exp]im5ts 7 practically      
orig9al ) me4  ,it>d & ,segu9 d n pres5t
 any rational me?od ?r\gh :i* writ+ may 
be le>n$4 ,9 ! pages above quot$1 x may 
be se5 h[ ,it>d proce$$ 9 ! tea*+ ( !   
alphabet & ,i give "h :at ,segu9 says   
conc]n+ ! tea*+ ( writ+4  ,to h a *ild  
pass f design1 to writ+1 :i* is its mo/ 
imm$iate application1 ! tea*] ne$ only  
call ,d1 a portion ( a circle1 re/+ its 
extremities ^u a v]tical2 ,a1 two       
obliques reunit$ at ! summit & cut by a 
horizontal1 etc41 etc4  ,we no long] ne$
 worry ourselves z to h[ ! *ild %all    

le>n to write3 he designs1 !n writes4 ,x
 ne$ n be said t we %\ld h ! *ild draw !
 lett]s accord+ to ! laws ( contra/ &   
analogy4 ,= in/ance1 ,o beside ,i2 ,b ) 
,p2 ,t opposite ,l1 etc4  ,accord+ to   
,segu91 !n1 we d n ne$ to tea* writ+4 ,!
 *ild :o draws1 w write4 ,b writ+1 = ?is
 au?or1 means pr9t$ capitals6 ,nor does 
he1 9 any o!r place1 expla9 :e!r 8 pupil
 %all write 9 any o!r way4 ,he in/ead1  
gives mu* space to ! description ( !    
design :i* prep>es =1 & :i* includes    
writ+4 ,?is me?od ( design is full (    
difficulties & 0 only e/abli%$ by !     
comb9$ attempts ( ,it>d & ,segu94       
,*apt] ,,xl3 ,,design4 ,9 design ! fir/ 
idea to be acquir$ is t ( ! plane de/9$ 
to receive ! design4 ,! second is t ( ! 
trace or del9eation4 ,)9 ^! two concepts
 lies all design1 all l9e> creation4    
,^! two concepts are correlative1 _!    
relation g5]ates ! idea1 or ! capacity  
to produce ! l9es 9 ?is s5se2 t l9es may
 only be call$ su* :5 !y foll[ a        
me?odical & det]m9$ direction3 ! trace  

)\t direction is n a l9e2 produc$ by    
*ance1 x has no "n4  ,! rational sign1  
on ! contr>y1 has a "n because x has a  
direction & s9ce all writ+ or design is 
no?+ o!r ?an a composite ( ! div]se     
directions foll[$ by a l9e1 we mu/1 be=e
 approa*+ :at is commonly call$ writ+1  
insi/ ^u ^! notions ( plane & l9e4 ,!   
ord9>y *ild acquires ^! by in/9ct1 b an 
insi/5ce ^u !m is necess>y 9 ord] to    
r5d] ! idiot c>eful & s5sitive 9 _!     
application4 ,?r\gh me?odical design he 
w come into rational contact ) all p>ts 
( ! plane & w1 guid$ by imitation1      
produce l9es at fir/ simple1 b gr[+ m   
complicat$4  ,! pupil may be taught3    
,fir/1 to trace ! div]se species ( l9es4
 ,second1 to trace !m 9 v>i\s directions
 & 9 diff]5t positions relative to !    
plane4 ,?ird1 to reunite ^! l9es to =m  
figures v>y+ f simple to complex4 ,we   
mu/ !re=e1 tea* ! pupil to di/+ui%      
/raight l9es f curves1 v]tical f        
horizontal1 & f ! v>i\s oblique l9es2 & 
mu/ f9ally make cle> ! pr9cipal po9ts ( 

conjunction ( two or m l9es 9 =m+ a     
figure4  ,?is rational analysis (       
design1 f :i* writ+ w spr+1 is s        
ess5tial 9 all its p>ts1 t a *ild :o1   
be=e be+ confid$ to my c>e1 already     
wrote _m ( ! lett]s1 has tak5 six days  
to le>n to draw a p]p5dicul> or a       
horizontal l9e2 he sp5t fifte5 days be=e
 imitat+ a curve & an oblique4 ,inde$ ! 
great] numb] ( my pupils1 are = a long  
"t incapable ( ev5 imitat+ ! movem5ts ( 
my h& ^u ! pap]1 be=e attempt+ to draw a
 l9e 9 a det]m9$ direction4 ,! mo/      
imitative1 or ! lea/ /upid ones1 produce
 a sign diametrically opposite to t :i* 
,i %[ !m & all ( !m conf\nd ! po9ts (   
conjunction ( two l9es no matt] h[      
evid5t ?is is4 ,x is true t ! ?or\gh k  
,i h giv5 !m ( l9es & ( configuration   
helps !m to make ! connection :i* mu/ be
 e/abli%$ betwe5 ! plane & ! v>i\s m>ks 
) :i* !y mu/ cov] ! surface1 b 9 ! /udy 
r5d]$ necess>y by ! defici5cy ( my      
pupils1 ! progression 9 ! matt] ( !     
v]tical1 ! horizontal1 ! oblique1 & !   

curve mu/ be det]m9$ by ! consid]ation (
 ! difficulty ( compreh5sion & (        
execution :i* ea* (f]s to a torpid      
intellig5ce & to a weak un/eady h&4  ,i 
d n speak "h ( m]ely hav+ !m p]=m a     
difficult ?+1 s9ce ,i h !m surm\nt a    
s]ies ( difficulties & = ?is reason ,i  
ask myself if "s ( ^! difficulties are n
 great] & "s less1 & if !y d n gr[ "o f 
! o!r1 l !orems4 ,"h are ! ideas :i* h  
guid$ me 9 ?is respect4  ,! v]tical is a
 l9e :i* ! eye & ! h& foll[ directly1   
go+ up & d[n4 ,! horizontal l9e is n    
natural to ! eye1 nor to ! h&1 :i* l[]s 
itself & foll[s a curve 7l ! horizon f  
:i* x has tak5 its "n71 />t+ f ! c5tre &
 go+ to ! lat]al extremity ( ! plane4   
,! oblique l9e presupposes m complex    
comp>ative ideas1 & ! curve dem&s su*   
firmness & s _m diff]5ces 9 its relation
 to ! plane t we w\ld only lose "t 9    
tak+ up ! /udy ( ^! l9es4 ,! mo/ simple 
l9e !n1 is ! v]tical1 & ?is is h[ ,i h  
giv5 my pupils an idea ( x4  ,! fir/    
geometric =mula is ?is3 only /raight    

l9es may be drawn f "o giv5 po9t to     
ano!r4  ,/>t+ f ?is axiom1 :i* ! h&     
alone c demon/rate1 ,i h fix$ two po9ts 
^u ! blackbo>d & h connect$ !m by means 
( a v]tical4 ,my pupils try to d ! same 
betwe5 ! dots !y h ^u _! pap]1 b ) "s ! 
v]tical desc5ds to ! "r ( ! po9t & )    
o!rs1 to ! left1 to say no?+ ( ^? ^: h& 
div]ges 9 all directions4 ,to arre/ ^!  
v>i\s deviations :i* are (t5 f> m       
defects ( ! intellig5ce & ( ! vision1   
?an ( ! h&1 ,i h ?\ght x wise to re/rict
 ! field ( ! plane1 draw+ two v]tical   
l9es to left & "r ( ! po9ts :i* ! *ild  
is to jo9 by means ( a p>allel l9e half 
way betwe5 ! two enclos+ l9es4 ,if ^!   
two l9es are n en\gh1 ,i place two rul]s
 v]tically ^u ! pap]1 :i* arre/ !       
deviations ( ! h& absolutely4 ,^!       
mat]ial b>ri]s are n1 h[ev]1 useful = v 
long4 ,we fir/ suppress ! rul]s & return
 to ! two p>allel l9es1 betwe5 :i* !    
idiot le>ns to draw ! ?ird l9e4 ,we !n  
take away "o ( ! guid+ l9es1 & leave1   
sometimes t on ! "r1 sometimes t on !   

left1 f9ally tak+ away ?is la/ l9e & at 
la/1 ! dots1 beg9n+ by eras+ ! "o at !  
top :i* indicates ! />t+ po9t ( ! l9e & 
( ! h&4 ,! *ild ?us le>ns to draw a     
v]tical )\t mat]ial control1 )\t po9ts (
 comp>ison4  ,! same me?od1 ! same      
difficulty1 ! same means ( direction are
 us$ = ! /raight horizontal l9es4 ,if1  
by *ance1 ^! l9es beg9 well1 we mu/     
await until ! *ild curves !m1 dep>t+ f !
 c5tre & proce$+ to ! extremity z nature
 comm&s him1 & because ( ! reason :i* ,i
 h expla9$4 ,if ! two dots d n suffice  
to su/a9 ! h&1 we keep x f deviat+ by   
means ( ! p>allel l9es or ( ! rul]s4    
,f9ally1 h him trace a horizontal l9e1 &
 by unit+ ) x a v]tical rul] we =m a "r 
angles4 ,! *ild w beg9 to und]/&1 9 ?is 
way1 :at ! v]tical & horizontal l9es    
really are1 & w see ! relation ( ^! two 
ideas z he traces a figure4  ,9 !       
sequ5ce ( ! developm5t ( l9es1 x w\ld   
seem t ! /udy ( ! oblique %\ld          
imm$iately foll[ t ( ! v]tical & !      
horizontal1 b ?is is n s6 ,! oblique :i*

 p>takes ( ! v]tical 9 its incl9ation1 &
 ( ! horizontal 9 its direction1 & :i*  
p>takes ( bo? 9 its nature 7s9ce x is a 
/raight l9e71 pres5ts p]haps1 because ( 
its relation to o!r l9es1 an idea too   
complex to be appreciat$ )\t prep>ation4
  ,?us ,segu9 goes on ?r\gh _m pages1 to
 speak ( ! oblique 9 all directions1 :i*
 he has 8 pupils trace betwe5 two       
p>allels4 ,he !n tells ( ! f\r curves   
:i* he has !m draw to "r & left ( a     
v]tical & above & bel[ a horizontal1 &  
concludes3 ,s we f9d ! solution ( !     
problems = :i* we s\ght--! v]tical l9e1 
! horizontal1 ! oblique1 & ! f\r curves1
 ^: union =ms ! circle1 conta9 all      
possible l9es1 all writ+4  ,arriv$ at   
?is po9t1 ,it>d & ,i 7 = a long "t at a 
/&/ill4 ,! l9es be+ kn[n1 ! next /ep 0  
to h ! *ild trace regul> figures1 beg9n+
 ( c\rse1 ) ! simple/4 ,accord+ to !    
g5]al op9ion1 ,it>d _h advis$ me to beg9
 ) ! squ>e & ,i _h foll[$ ?is advice =  
?ree mon?s1 )\t be+ able to make ! *ild 
und]/& me4  ,aft] a long s]ies (        

exp]im5ts1 guid$ by 8 ideas ( ! g5esis (
 geometric figures1 ,segu9 became aw>e t
 ! triangle is ! figure mo/ easily      
drawn4  ,:5 ?ree l9es meet ?us1 !y      
always =m a triangle1 :ile f\r l9es may 
meet 9 a hundr$ diff]5t directions )\t  
rema9+ p>allel & !re=e )\t pres5t+ a    
p]fect squ>e4  ,f ^! exp]im5ts & _m     
o!rs1 ,i h d$uc$ ! fir/ pr9ciples (     
writ+ & ( design = ! idiot2 pr9ciples ^:
 application is too simple = me to      
discuss fur!r4  ,su* 0 ! proce$+ us$ by 
my pr$ecessors 9 ! tea*+ ( writ+ to     
defici5ts4 ,z = read+1 ,it>d proce$$    
?us3 he drove nails into ! wall & hung  
^u !m1 geometric figures ( wood1 su* z  
triangles1 squ>es1 circles4 ,he !n drew 
! exact impr9t ( ^! ^u ! wall1 aft] :i* 
he took ! figures away & _h ! boy (     
,aveyron replace !m ^u ! prop] nails1   
guid$ by ! design4 ,f ?is design ,it>d  
conceiv$ ! idea ( ! plane geometric     
insets4 ,he f9ally _h l>ge pr9t lett]s  
made ( wood & proce$$ 9 ! same way z ) !
 geometric figures1 t is1 us+ ! design  

^u ! wall & arrang+ ! nails 9 su* a way 
t ! *ild might place ! lett]s ^u !m & !n
 take !m (f aga94 ,lat]1 ,segu9 us$ !   
horizontal plane in/ead ( ! wall1 draw+ 
! lett]s on ! bottom ( a box & hav+ !   
*ild sup]impose solid lett]s4 ,aft]     
tw5ty ye>s1 ,segu9 _h n *ang$ 8 me?od ( 
proc$ure4  ,a criticism ( ! me?od us$ by
 ,it>d & ,segu9 = read+ & writ+ seems to
 me sup]flu\s4 ,! me?od has two         
fundam5tal errors :i* make x inf]ior to 
! me?ods 9 use = normal *ildr51 namely3 
writ+ 9 pr9t$ capitals1 & ! prep>ation =
 writ+ ?r\gh a /udy ( rational geometry1
 :i* we n[ expect only f /ud5ts 9 !     
second>y s*ools4  ,segu9 "h confuses    
ideas 9 a mo/ extraord9>y way4 ,he has  
sudd5ly jump$ f ! psy*ological          
obs]vation ( ! *ild & f 8 relation to 8 
environm5t1 to ! /udy ( ! orig9 ( l9es &
 _! relation to ! plane4  ,he says t !  
*ild w readily design a v]tical l9e1 b t
 ! horizontal w soon become a curve1    
because nature comm&s x & ?is comm& (   
nature is repres5t$ by ! fact t man sees

 ! horizon z a curv$ l9e6  ,! example ( 
,segu9 s]ves to illu/rate ! necessity ( 
a special education :i* %all fit man =  
obs]vation1 & %all direct logical ?\ght4
  ,! obs]vation mu/ be absolutely       
objective1 9 o!r words1 /ripp$ (        
preconceptions4 ,segu9 has 9 ?is case ! 
preconception t geometric design mu/    
prep>e = writ+1 & t h9d]s him f discov]+
 ! truly natural proce$+ necess>y to su*
 prep>ation4 ,he has1 besides1 !        
preconception t ! deviation ( a l9e1 z  
well z ! inexactness ) :i* ! *ild traces
 x1 are due to ! m9d & ! eye1 n to ! h&1
 & s he we>ies himself = weeks & mon?s 9
 expla9+ ! direction ( l9es & 9 guid+ ! 
vision ( ! idiot4  ,x seems z if ,segu9 
felt t a good me?od mu/ />t f a sup]ior 
po9t1 geometry2 ! intellig5ce ( ! *ild  
is only consid]$ wor?y ( att5tion 9 its 
relation to ab/ract ?+s4 ,& is n ?is a  
common defect8  ,let u obs]ve m$iocre   
m52 !y pomp\sly assume erudition &      
disda9 simple ?+s4 ,let u /udy ! cle>   
?\ght ( ^? :om we consid] m5 ( g5ius4   

,newton is seat$ tranquilly 9 ! op5 air2
 an apple falls f ! tree1 he obs]ves x &
 asks1 ,:y8 ,ph5om5a are nev]           
insignificant2 ! fruit :i* falls &      
univ]sal gravitation may re/ side by    
side 9 ! m9d ( a g5ius4  ,if ,newton _h 
be5 a tea*] ( *ildr5 he w\ld h l$ ! *ild
 to look ^u ! worlds on a />ry night1 b 
an erudite p]son might h felt x necess>y
 fir/ to prep>e ! *ild to und]/& !      
sublime calculus :i* is ! key to        
a/ronomy--,galileo ,galilei obs]v$ !    
oscillation ( a lamp swung on high1 &   
discov]$ ! laws ( ! p5dulum4  ,9 !      
intellectual life simplicity consi/s 9  
dive/+ "o's m9d ( e preconception1 & ?is
 leads to ! discov]y ( new ?+s1 z1 9 !  
moral life1 humility & mat]ial pov]ty   
guide u t[>d high spiritual conque/s4   
,if we /udy ! hi/ory ( discov]ies1 we w 
f9d t !y h come f real objective        
obs]vation & f logical ?\ght4 ,^! are   
simple ?+s1 b r>ely f\nd 9 "o man4      
,does x n seem /range1 = in/ance1 t aft]
 ! discov]y by ,lav]an ( ! mal>ial      

p>asite :i* invades ! r$                
blood-corpuscles1 we did n1 9 spite ( ! 
fact t we "k ! blood sy/em to be a sy/em
 ( clos$ vessels1 ev5 s mu* z suspect ! 
possibility t a /++ insect might        
inoculate u ) ! p>asite8 ,in/ead1 ! !ory
 t ! evil emanat$ f l[ gr\nd1 t x 0     
c>ri$ by ! ,african w9ds1 or t x 0 due  
to dampness1 0 giv5 cr$5ce4 ,yet ^! 7   
vague ideas1 :ile ! p>asite 0 a def9ite 
biological specim54  ,:5 ! discov]y ( ! 
mal>ial mosquito came to complete       
logically ! discov]y ( ,lav]an1 ?is     
seem$ m>vell\s1 /upefy+4 ,yet we "k 9   
biology t ! reproduction ( molecul>     
vegetable bodies is by scission )       
alt]nate sporation1 & t ( molecul>      
animals is by scission ) alt]nate       
conjunction4 ,t is1 aft] a c]ta9 p]iod 9
 :i* ! primitive cell has divid$ &      
sub-divid$ into fre% cells1 equal among 
!mselves1 !re comes ! =mation ( two     
div]se cells1 "o male & "o female1 :i*  
mu/ unite to =m a s+le cell capable (   
recomm5c+ ! cycle ( reproduction by     

division4 ,all ?is be+ kn[n at ! "t (   
,lav]an1 & ! mal>ial p>asite be+ kn[n to
 be a protozoon1 x w\ld h seem$ logical 
to consid] its segm5tation 9 ! /roma ( !
 r$ corpuscle z ! phase ( scission & to 
await until ! p>asite gave place to !   
sexual =ms1 :i* mu/ necess>ily come 9 ! 
phase succe$+ scission4 ,in/ead1 !      
division 0 look$ ^u z spore-=mation1 &  
nei!r ,lav]an1 nor ! num]\s sci5ti/s :o 
foll[$ ! rese>*1 knew h[ to give an     
explanation ( ! appe>ance ( ! sexual    
=ms4 ,lav]an express$ an idea1 :i* 0    
imm$iately receiv$1 t ^! two =ms 7      
deg5]ate =ms ( ! mal>ial p>asite1 &     
!re=e incapable ( produc+ ! *anges      
det]m9+ ! disease4 ,inde$1 ! mal>ia 0   
app>5tly cur$ at ! appe>ance ( ! two    
sexual =ms ( ! p>asite1 ! conjunction ( 
! two cells be+ impossible 9 ! human    
blood4 ,! !ory--!n rec5t--( ,morel ^u   
human deg5]ation accompani$ by de=mity &
 weakness1 inspir$ ,lav]an 9 8          
int]pretation1 & ev]ybody f\nd ! idea ( 
! illu/ri\s pa?ologi/ a =tunate "o1     

because x 0 inspir$ by ! great concepts 
( ! ,morellian !ory4  ,_h anyone1       
in/ead1 limit$ himself to reason+ ?us3 !
 orig9al =m ( ! mal>ial insect is a     
protozoon2 x reproduces itself by       
scission1 "u our eyes2 :5 ! scission is 
f9i%$1 we see two div]se cells1 "o a    
half-moon1 ! o!r ?readlike4 ,^! are !   
fem99e & mascul9e cells :i* mu/1 by     
conjunction1 alt]nate ! scission1--su* a
 reason] w\ld h op5$ ! way to !         
discov]y4 ,b s simple a process (       
reason+ did n come4 ,we might almo/ ask 
ourselves h[ great w\ld be ! _w's       
progress if a special =m ( education    
prep>$ m5 = pure obs]vation & logical   
?\ght4  ,a great deal ( "t &            
intellectual =ce are lo/ 9 ! _w1 because
 ! false seems great & ! tru? s small & 
insignificant4  ,i say all ?is to def5d 
! necessity1 :i* ,i feel we face1 (     
prep>+ ! com+ g5]ations by means ( m    
rational me?ods4 ,x is f ^! g5]ations t 
! _w awaits its progress4 ,we h already 
le>n$ to make use ( our surr\nd+s1 b ,i 

believe t we h arriv$ at a "t :5 !      
necessity pres5ts itself = utilis+ human
 =ce1 ?r\gh a sci5tific education4  ,to 
return to ,segu9's me?od ( writ+1 x     
illu/rates ano!r tru?1 & t is ! tortu\s 
pa? we foll[ 9 our tea*+4 ,?is1 too1 is 
alli$ to an in/9ct = complicat+ ?+s1    
analog\s to t :i* makes u s prone to    
appreciate complicat$ ?+s4 ,we h ,segu9 
tea*+ geometry 9 ord] to tea* a *ild to 
write2 & mak+ ! *ild's m9d ex]t itself  
to foll[ geometrical ab/ractions only to
 come d[n to ! simple ef=t ( draw+ a    
pr9t$ ,d4 ,aft] all1 mu/ ! *ild n h to  
make ano!r ef=t 9 ord] to =get ! pr9t1 &
 le>n ! script6  ,& ev5 we 9 ^! days    
/ill believe t 9 ord] to le>n to write !
 *ild mu/ fir/ make v]tical /rokes4 ,?is
 conviction is v g5]al4 ,yet x does n   
seem natural t to write ! lett]s ( !    
alphabet1 :i* are all r\nd$1 x %\ld be  
necess>y to beg9 ) /raight l9es & acute 
angles4  ,9 all good fai?1 we wond] t x 
%\ld be difficult to d away ) !         
angul>ity & /iffness ) :i* ! beg9n]     

traces ! beautiful curve ( ! ,o4#ac     
,yet1 ?r\gh :at ef=t on our "p1 & on 81 
0 he =c$ to fill pages & pages ) rigid  
l9es & acute angles6 ,to :om is due ?is 
"t-hon\r$ idea t ! fir/ sign to be trac$
 mu/ be a /raight l9e8 ,& :y d we s     
avoid prep>+ = curves z well z angles8  
#ac ,x w1 ( c\rse1 be und]/ood t ?is is 
a criticism        ( ! sy/em 9 use 9    
,italian s*ools4 ,a4 ,e4 ,g4  ,let u1 = 
a mom5t1 dive/ ourselves ( su*          
preconceptions & proce$ 9 a m simple    
way4 ,we may be able to relieve future  
g5]ations ( all ef=t 9 ! matt] ( le>n+  
to write4  ,is x necess>y to beg9 writ+ 
) ! mak+ ( v]tical /rokes8 ,a mom5t (   
cle> & logical ?9k+ is en\gh to enable u
 to answ]1 no4 ,! *ild makes too pa9ful 
an ef=t 9 foll[+ su* an ex]cise4 ,! fir/
 /eps %\ld be ! easie/1 & ! up & d[n    
/roke1 is1 on ! contr>y1 "o ( ! mo/     
difficult ( all ! p5 movem5ts4 ,only a  
pr(essional p5man c\ld fill a :ole page 
& pres]ve ! regul>ity ( su* /rokes1 b a 
p]son :o writes only mod]ately well w\ld

 be able to complete a page ( pres5table
 writ+4 ,inde$1 ! /raight l9e is unique1
 express+ ! %orte/ di/ance betwe5 two   
po9ts1 :ile any deviation f t direction 
signifies a l9e :i* is n /raight4 ,^!   
inf9ite deviations are !re=e easi] ?an t
 "o trace :i* is p]fection4  ,if we %\ld
 give to a numb] ( adults ! ord] to draw
 a /raight l9e ^u ! blackbo>d1 ea* p]son
 w\ld draw a long l9e proce$+ 9 a       
diff]5t direction1 "s beg9n+ f "o side1 
"s f ano!r1 & almo/ all w\ld succe$ 9   
mak+ ! l9e /raight4 ,%\ld we !n ask t ! 
l9e be drawn 9 a p>ticul> direction1    
/>t+ f a det]m9$ po9t1 ! ability %[n at 
fir/ w\ld greatly dim9i%1 & we w\ld see 
_m m irregul>ities1 or errors4 ,almo/   
all ! l9es w\ld be long--= ! individual 
mu/ ne$s ga!r impetus 9 ord] to succe$ 9
 mak+ 8 l9e /raight4  ,%\ld we ask t !  
l9es be made %ort1 & includ$ )9 precise 
limits1 ! errors w\ld increase1 = we    
w\ld ?us imp$e ! impetus :i* helps to   
cons]ve ! def9ite direction4 ,9 ! me?ods
 ord9>ily us$ 9 tea*+ writ+1 we add1 to 

su* limitations1 ! fur!r re/riction t ! 
in/rum5t ( writ+ mu/ be held 9 a c]ta9  
way1 n z in/9ct prompts ea* individual4 
,?us we approa* 9 ! mo/ consci\s &      
re/rict$ way ! fir/ act ( writ+1 :i*    
%\ld be volunt>y4 ,9 ?is fir/ writ+ we  
/ill dem& t ! s+le /rokes be kept       
p>allel1 mak+ ! *ild's task a difficult 
& b>r5 "o1 s9ce x has no purpose = !    
*ild1 :o does n und]/& ! mean+ ( all ?is
 detail4  ,i _h notic$ 9 ! note-books ( 
! defici5t *ildr5 9 ,france 7& ,vois9   
also m5tions ?is ph5om5on7 t ! pages (  
v]tical /rokes1 al?\gh !y began z su*1  
end$ 9 l9es ( ,c's4 ,?is goes to %[ t ! 
defici5t *ild1 ^: m9d is less resi/ant  
?an t ( ! normal *ild1 exhau/s1 little  
by little1 ! initial ef=t ( imitation1 &
 ! natural movem5t gradually comes to   
take ! place ( t :i* 0 =c$ or /imulat$4 
,s ! /raight l9es are trans=m$ into     
curves1 m & m l ! lett] ,c4 ,su* a      
ph5om5on does n appe> 9 ! copy-books (  
normal *ildr51 = !y resi/1 ?r\gh ef=t1  
until ! end ( ! page is rea*$1 &1 ?us1 z

 (t5 happ5s1 conceal ! didactic error4  
,b let u obs]ve ! spontane\s draw+s (   
normal *ildr54 ,:51 = example1 pick+ up 
a fall5 twig1 !y trace figures 9 ! s&y  
g>d5 pa?1 we nev] see %ort /raight l9es1
 b long & v>i\sly int]lac$ curves4      
,segu9 saw ! same ph5om5on :5 !         
horizontal l9es he made 8 pupils draw   
became curves s quickly in/ead4 ,& he   
attribut$ ! ph5om5on to ! imitation ( ! 
horizon l9e6  ,t v]tical /rokes %\ld    
prep>e = alphabetical writ+1 seems      
incr$ibly illogical4 ,! alphabet is made
 up ( curves1 !re=e we mu/ prep>e = x by
 le>n+ to make /raight l9es4  ,b1 says  
someone1 9 _m lett]s ( ! alphabet1 !    
/raight l9e does exi/1 ,true1 b !re is  
no reason :y z a beg9n+ ( writ+1 we %\ld
 select "o ( ! details ( a complete =m4 
,we may analyse ! alphabetical signs 9  
?is way1 discov]+ /raight l9es & curves1
 z by analys+ disc\rse1 we f9d          
grammatical rules4 ,b we all speak      
indep5d5tly ( su* rules1 :y !n %\ld we n
 write indep5d5tly ( su* analysis1 & )\t

 ! sep>ate execution ( ! p>ts con/itut+ 
! lett]8  ,x w\ld be sad inde$ if we    
c\ld speak only aft] we _h /udi$ gramm>6
 ,x w\ld be mu* ! same z dem&+ t be=e we
 look$ at ! />s 9 ! firmam5t1 we mu/    
/udy inf9itesimal calculus2 x is mu* !  
same ?+ to feel t be=e tea*+ an idiot to
 write1 we mu/ make him und]/& ! ab/ract
 d]ivation ( l9es & ! problems (        
geometry6  ,no less are we to be piti$  
if1 9 ord] to write1 we mu/ foll[       
analytically ! p>ts con/itut+ !         
alphabetical signs4 ,9 fact ! ef=t :i*  
we believe to be a necess>y accompanim5t
 to le>n+ to write is a purely          
artificial ef=t1 alli$1 n to writ+1 b to
 ! me?ods by :i* x is taught4  ,let u = 
a mom5t ca/ aside e dogma 9 ?is         
connection4 ,let u take no note (       
culture1 or cu/om4 ,we are n1 "h1       
int]e/$ 9 kn[+ h[ humanity began to     
write1 nor :at may h be5 ! orig9 ( writ+
 itself4 ,let u put away ! conviction1 t
 long usage has giv5 u1 ( ! necessity ( 
beg9n+ writ+ by mak+ v]tical /rokes2 &  

let u try to be z cle> & unprejudic$ 9  
_s z ! tru? :i*1 we are seek+4  ,let u  
obs]ve an individual :o is writ+1 & let 
u seek to analyse ! acts he p]=ms 9     
writ+1 t is1 ! me*anical op]ations :i*  
ent] into ! execution ( writ+4 ,?is w\ld
 be und]tak+ ! philosophical /udy (     
writ+1 & x goes )\t say+ t we %\ld      
exam9e ! individual :o writes1 n !      
writ+2 ! subject1 n ! object4 ,_m h     
begun ) ! object1 exam9+ ! writ+1 & 9   
?is way _m me?ods h be5 con/ruct$4  ,b a
 me?od />t+ f ! individual w\ld be      
decid$ly orig9al--v diff]5t f o!r me?ods
 :i* prec$$ x4 ,x w\ld inde$ signify a  
new era 9 writ+1 bas$ ^u an?ropology4   
,9 fact1 :5 ,i und]took my exp]im5ts )  
normal *ildr51 if ,i _h ?\ght ( giv+ a  
"n to ?is new me?od ( writ+1 ,i %\ld h  
call$ x )\t kn[+ :at ! results w\ld be1 
! an?ropological me?od4 ,c]ta9ly1 my    
/udies 9 an?ropology inspir$ ! me?od1 b 
exp]i5ce has giv5 me1 z a surprise1     
ano!r title :i* seems to me ! natural   
"o1 ! me?od ( spontane\s writ+4  ,:ile  

tea*+ defici5t *ildr5 ,i happ5$ to      
obs]ve ! foll[+ fact3 ,an idiot girl (  
elev5 ye>s1 :o 0 possess$ ( normal /r5g?
 & motor p[] 9 h] h&s1 c\ld n le>n to   
sew1 or ev5 to take ! fir/ /ep1 d>n+1   
:i* consi/s 9 pass+ ! ne$le fir/ ov]1 !n
 "u ! wo(1 n[ tak+ up1 n[ leav+1 a numb]
 ( ?reads4  ,i set ! *ild to weav+ ) !  
,froebel mats1 9 :i* a /rip ( pap] is   
?read$ transv]sely 9 & out among v]tical
 /rips ( pap] held fix$ at top & bottom4
 ,i ?us came to ?9k ( ! analogy betwe5 !
 two ex]cises1 & became mu* int]e/$ 9 my
 obs]vation ( ! girl4 ,:5 %e _h become  
skill$ 9 ! ,froebel weav+1 ,i l$ h] back
 aga9 to ! sew+1 & saw ) pleasure t %e 0
 n[ able to foll[ ! d>n+4 ,f t "t on1   
our sew+ classes began ) a regul> c\rse 
9 ! ,froebel weav+4  ,i saw t ! necess>y
 movem5ts ( ! h& 9 sew+ _h be5 prep>$   
)\t hav+ ! *ild sew1 & t we %\ld really 
f9d ! way to tea* ! *ild h[1 be=e mak+  
him execute a task4 ,i saw especially t 
prep>atory movem5ts c\ld be c>ri$ on1 & 
r$uc$ to a me*anism1 by means ( repeat$ 

ex]cises n 9 ! "w itself b 9 t :i*      
prep>es = x4 ,pupils c\ld !n come to !  
real "w1 able to p]=m x )\t ev] hav+    
directly set _! h&s to x be=e4  ,i ?\ght
 t ,i might 9 ?is way prep>e = writ+1 & 
! idea int]e/$ me trem5d\sly4 ,i m>vell$
 at its simplicity1 & 0 annoy$ t ,i _h n
 ?\ght be=e ( ! me?od :i* 0 sugge/$ to  
me by my obs]vation ( ! girl :o c\ld n  
sew4  ,9 fact1 see+ t ,i _h already     
taught ! *ildr5 to t\* ! cont\rs ( !    
plane geometric insets1 ,i _h n[ only to
 tea* !m to t\* ) _! f+]s ! =ms ( !     
lett]s ( ! alphabet4  ,i _h a beautiful 
alphabet manufactur$1 ! lett]s be+ 9    
fl[+ script1 ! l[ lett]s #h c5timetres  
high1 & ! tall] ones 9 proportion4 ,^!  
lett]s 7 9 wood1 #a_/b c5timetre 9      
?ickness1 & 7 pa9t$1 ! consonants 9 blue
 enamel1 ! v[els 9 r$4 ,! "u side ( ^!  
lett]-=ms1 in/ead ( be+ pa9t$1 7 cov]$ )
 bronze t !y might be m durable4 ,we _h 
only "o copy ( ?is wood5 alphabet2 b !re
 7 a numb] ( c>ds ^u :i* ! lett]s 7     
pa9t$ 9 ! same col\rs & dim5sions z !   

wood5 ones4 ,^! pa9t$ lett]s 7 arrang$  
^u ! c>ds 9 gr\ps1 accord+ to contra/1  
or analogy ( =m4  ,correspond+ to ea*   
lett] ( ! alphabet1 we _h a picture     
repres5t+ "s object ! "n ( :i* began1 ) 
! lett]4 ,above ?is1 ! lett] 0 pa9t$ 9  
l>ge script1 & ne> x1 ! same lett]1 mu* 
small] & 9 its pr9t$ =m4 ,^! pictures   
s]v$ to fix ! memory ( ! s\nd ( ! lett]1
 & ! small pr9t$ lett] unit$ to ! "o 9  
script1 0 to =m ! passage to ! read+ (  
books4 ,^! pictures d n1 inde$1 repres5t
 a new idea1 b !y complet$ an arrangem5t
 :i* did n exi/ be=e4 ,su* an alphabet 0
 und\bt$ly mo/ exp5sive & :5 made by h& 
! co/ 0 fifty doll>s4  ,! int]e/+ "p (  
my exp]im5t 01 t aft] ,i _h %[n ! *ildr5
 h[ to place ! movable wood5 lett]s ^u  
^? pa9t$ 9 gr\ps ^u ! c>ds1 ,i _h !m t\*
 !m repeat$ly 9 ! fa%ion ( fl[+ writ+4  
,i multipli$ ^! ex]cises 9 v>i\s ways1 &
 ! *ildr5 ?us le>n$ to make ! movem5ts  
necess>y to reproduce ! =m ( ! graphic  
signs )\t writ+4  ,i 0 /ruck by an idea 
:i* _h nev] be=e ent]$ my m9d--t 9 writ+

 we make two div]se =ms ( movem5t1 =1   
besides ! movem5t by :i* ! =m is        
reproduc$1 !re is also t ( manipulat+ ! 
in/rum5t ( writ+4 ,&1 inde$1 :5 !       
defici5t *ildr5 _h become exp]t 9 t\*+  
all ! lett]s accord+ to =m1 !y did n yet
 "k h[ to hold a p5cil4 ,to hold & to   
manipulate a little /ick securely1      
corresponds to ! acquisition ( a special
 muscul> me*anism :i* is indep5d5t ( !  
writ+ movem5t2 x mu/ 9 fact g along ) ! 
motions necess>y to produce all ( !     
v>i\s lett] =ms4 ,x is1 !n1 a di/9ct    
me*anism1 :i* mu/ exi/ toge!r ) ! motor 
memory ( ! s+le graphic signs4 ,:5 ,i   
provok$ 9 ! defici5ts ! movem5ts        
*>act]i/ic ( writ+ by hav+ !m t\* !     
lett]s ) _! f+]s1 ,i ex]cis$ me*anically
 ! psy*o-motor pa?s1 & fix$ ! muscul>   
memory ( ea* lett]4 ,!re rema9$ !       
prep>ation ( ! muscul> me*anism necess>y
 9 hold+ & manag+ ! in/rum5t ( writ+1 & 
?is ,i provok$ by add+ two p]iods to !  
"o already describ$4 ,9 ! second p]iod1 
! *ild t\*$ ! lett]1 n only ) ! index   

f+] ( 8 "r h&1 b ) two1 ! index & !     
middle f+]4 ,9 ! ?ird p]iod1 he t\*$ !  
lett]s ) a little wood5 /ick1 held z a  
p5 9 writ+4 ,9 sub/ance ,i 0 mak+ him   
repeat ! same movem5ts1 n[ )1 & n[ )\t1 
hold+ ! in/rum5t4  ,i h said t ! *ild 0 
to foll[ ! visual image ( ! outl9$      
lett]4 ,x is true t 8 f+] _h already be5
 tra9$ ?r\gh t\*+ ! cont\rs ( !         
geometric figures1 b ?is 0 n always a   
suffici5t prep>ation4 ,inde$1 ev5 we    
gr[n p1 :5 we trace a design ?r\gh glass
 or tissue pap]1 _c foll[ p]fectly ! l9e
 :i* we see & along :i* we %\ld draw our
 p5cil4 ,! design %\ld furni% "s sort ( 
control1 "s me*anical guide1 = ! p5cil1 
9 ord] to foll[ ) exactness ! trace1    
s5sible 9 reality only to ! eye4  ,!    
defici5ts1 !re=e1 did n always foll[ !  
design exactly ) ei!r ! f+] or ! /ick4  
,! didactic mat]ial did n (f] any       
control 9 ! "w1 or r x (f]$ only !      
unc]ta9 control ( ! *ild's glance1 :i*  
c\ld1 to be sure1 see if ! f+] cont9u$  
^u ! sign1 or n4 ,i n[ ?\ght t 9 ord] to

 h ! pupil foll[ ! movem5ts m exactly1 &
 to guide ! execution m directly1 ,i    
%\ld ne$ to prep>e lett] =ms s ind5t$1 z
 to repres5t a furr[ )9 :i* ! wood5 /ick
 might run4 ,i made ! designs = ?is     
mat]ial1 b ! "w be+ too exp5sive ,i 0 n 
able to c>ry out my plan4  ,aft] hav+   
exp]im5t$ l>gely ) ?is me?od1 ,i spoke (
 x v fully to ! tea*]s 9 my classes 9   
didactic me?ods at ! ,/ate ,or?ophr5ic  
,s*ool4 ,^! lectures 7 pr9t$1 & ,i give 
bel[ ! words :i*1 ?\gh !y 7 plac$ 9 !   
h&s ( m ?an #bjj elem5t>y tea*]s1 did n 
draw f !m a s+le helpful idea4 ,pr(essor
 ,f]r]i#ad 9 an article speaks )        
amazem5t ( ?is fact4#ae    #ad ,g4      
,f]r]i--,p] l'insegnam5to della         
scrittura 7,si/ema della        ,dott   
,m4 ,montessori7 ,bollett9o dell'       
,associazione ,romana p]        la cura 
m$ico--p$igogica dei fanciulli anormali 
e defici5ti        pov]i1 anno #a1 n4   
#d1 ottobre #aijg4 ,roma ,tipografia    
delle ,t]me        ,diocleziane4    #ae 
,riassunto delle lezion di didattica1   

della dott4 ,montessori        anno     
#aijj1 ,/ab4 lit4 ,romano1 via ,fratt9a 
#fb1 ,disp4 #f;a1        pag4 #df3      
,lettura e ,scrittura simultanee4  ,at  
?is po9t we pres5t ! c>ds be>+ ! v[els  
pa9t$ 9 r$4 ,! *ild sees irregul>       
figures pa9t$ 9 r$4 ,we give him ! v[els
 9 wood1 pa9t$ r$1 & h him sup]impose ^!
 ^u ! lett]s pa9t$ on ! c>d4 ,we h him  
t\* ! wood5 v[els 9 ! fa%ion ( writ+1 & 
give him ! "n ( ea* lett]4 ,! v[els are 
arrang$ on ! c>ds accord+ to analogy (  
=m3    o  e  a   i       u  ,we !n say  
to ! *ild1 = example1 ',f9d o4 ,fat x 9 
its place4' ,!n1 ',:at lett] is ?is8'   
,we "h discov] t _m *ildr5 make mi/akes 
9 ! lett]s if !y only look at ! lett]4  
,!y c\ld h[ev] tell ! lett] by t\*+ x4  
,mo/ int]e/+ obs]vations may be made1   
reveal+ v>i\s individual types3 visual1 
motor4  ,we h ! *ild t\* ! lett]s drawn 
^u ! c>ds1--us+ fir/ ! index f+] only1  
!n ! index ) ! middle f+]1--!n ) a small
 wood5 /ick held z a p54 ,! lett] mu/ be
 trac$ 9 ! fa%ion ( writ+4  ,!          

consonants are pa9t$ 9 blue1 & are      
arrang$ ^u ! c>ds accord+ to analogy (  
=m4 ,to ^! c>ds are annex$ a movable    
alphabet 9 blue wood1 ! lett]s ( :i* are
 to be plac$ ^u ! consonants z !y 7 ^u !
 v[els4 ,9 addition to ^! mat]ials !re  
is ano!r s]ies ( c>ds1 :]e1 besides !   
consonant1 are pa9t$ "o or two figures !
 names ( :i* beg9 ) t p>ticul> lett]4   
,ne> ! script lett]1 is a small] pr9t$  
lett] pa9t$ 9 ! same col\r4  ,! tea*]1  
nam+ ! consonant accord+ to ! phonetic  
me?od1 indicates ! lett]1 & !n ! c>d1   
pron\nc+ ! names ( ! objects pa9t$ !re1 
& emphasiz+ ! fir/ lett]1 z1 = example1 
'p-pe>3 give me ! consonant p--put x 9  
its place1 t\* x1' etc4 ,9 all ?is we   
/udy ! l+ui/ic defects ( ! *ild4  ,trac+
 ! lett]1 9 ! fa%ion ( writ+1 beg9s !   
muscul> education :i* prep>es = writ+4  
,"o ( our little girls taught by ?is    
me?od has reproduc$ all ! lett]s ) ! p51
 ?\gh %e does n z yet recognise !m all4 
,%e has made !m ab\t eight c5timetres   
high1 & ) surpris+ regul>ity4 ,?is *ild 

also does well 9 h& "w4 ,! *ild :o      
looks1 recognises1 & t\*es ! lett]s 9 ! 
mann] ( writ+1 prep>es himself          
simultane\sly = read+ & writ+4  ,t\*+ ! 
lett]s & look+ at !m at ! same "t1 fixes
 ! image m quickly ?r\gh ! co-op]ation (
 ! s5ses4 ,lat]1 ! two facts sep>ate2   
look+ becomes read+2 t\*+ becomes writ+4
 ,accord+ to ! type ( ! individual1 "s  
le>n to read fir/1 o!rs to write4  ,i _h
 ?us1 ab\t ! ye> #ahii1 initiat$ my     
me?od = read+ & writ+ ^u ! fundam5tal   
l9es x /ill foll[s4 ,x 0 ) great        
surprise t ,i not$ ! facility ) :i* a   
defici5t *ild1 to :om ,i "o day gave a  
piece ( *alk1 trac$ ^u ! blackbo>d1 9 a 
firm h&1 ! lett]s ( ! entire alphabet1  
writ+ = ! fir/ "t4  ,?is _h arriv$ mu* m
 quickly ?an ,i _h suppos$4 ,z ,i h     
said1 "s ( ! *ildr5 wrote ! lett]s ) a  
p5 & yet c\ld n recognise "o ( !m4 ,i h 
notic$1 also1 9 normal *ildr51 t !      
muscul> s5se is mo/ easily develop$ 9   
infancy1 & ?is makes writ+ exce$+ly easy
 = *ildr54 ,x is n s ) read+1 :i*       

requires a mu* long] c\rse ( in/ruction1
 & :i* calls = a sup]ior intellectual   
developm5t1 s9ce x treats ( !           
int]pretation ( signs1 & ( ! modulation 
( acc5ts ( ! voice1 9 ord] t ! ^w may be
 und]/ood4 ,& all ?is is a purely m5tal 
task1 :ile 9 writ+1 ! *ild1 "u          
dictation1 mat]ially translates s\nds   
into signs1 & moves1 a ?+ :i* is always 
easy & pleasant = him4 ,writ+ develops 9
 ! little *ild ) facility & spontaneity1
 analog\s to ! developm5t ( spok5       
language--:i* is a motor translation (  
audible s\nds4 ,read+1 on ! contr>y1    
makes "p ( an ab/ract intellectual      
culture1 :i* is ! int]pretation ( ideas 
f graphic symbols1 & is only acquir$    
lat] on4  ,my fir/ exp]im5ts ) normal   
*ildr5 7 begun 9 ! fir/ half ( ! mon? ( 
,novemb]1 #aijg4  ,9 ! two ,*ildr5's    
,h\ses 9 ,san ,lor5zo1 ,i _h1 f ! date (
 _! respective inaugurations 7,janu>y #f
 9 "o & ,m>* #g 9 ! o!r71 us$ only !    
games ( practical life1 & ( ! education 
( ! s5ses4 ,i _h n pres5t$ ex]cises =   

writ+1 because1 l ev]ybody else1 ,i held
 ! prejudice t x 0 necess>y to beg9 z   
late z possible ! tea*+ ( read+ & writ+1
 & c]ta9ly to avoid x be=e ! age ( six4 
,b ! *ildr5 seem$ to dem& "s conclusion 
( ! ex]cises1 :i* _h already develop$ !m
 intellectually 9 a mo/ surpris+ way4   
,!y knew h[ to dress & undress1 & to    
ba!1 !mselves2 !y knew h[ to sweep !    
floors1 du/ ! furniture1 put ! room 9   
ord]1 to op5 & close boxes1 to manage ! 
keys 9 ! v>i\s locks2 !y c\ld replace ! 
objects 9 ! cupbo>ds 9 p]fect ord]1 c\ld
 c>e = ! plants2 !y knew h[ to obs]ve   
?+s1 & h[ to see objects ) _! h&s4 ,a   
numb] ( !m came to u & frankly dem&$ to 
be taught to read & write4 ,ev5 9 ! face
 ( our refusal sev]al *ildr5 came to    
s*ool & pr\dly %[$ u t !y knew h[ to    
make an ,o on ! blackbo>d4  ,f9ally1 _m 
( ! mo!rs came to beg u z a fav\r to    
tea* ! *ildr5 to write1 say+1 ,"h 9 !   
',*ildr5's ,h\ses' ! *ildr5 are awak5$1 
& le>n s _m ?+s easily t if y only tea* 
read+ & writ+ !y w soon le>n1 & w !n be 

sp>$ ! great fatigue ?is always means 9 
! elem5t>y s*ool4 ,?is fai? ( ! mo!rs1 t
 _! little ones w\ld1 f u1 be able to   
le>n to read & write )\t fatigue1 made a
 great impression ^u me4 ,?9k+ ^u !     
results ,i _h obta9$ 9 ! s*ool =        
defici5ts1 ,i decid$ dur+ ! ,augu/      
vacation to make a trial ^u ! reop5+ ( !
 s*ool 9 ,septemb]4 ,^u second ?\ght ,i 
decid$ t x w\ld be bett] to take up !   
int]rupt$ "w 9 ,septemb]1 & n to approa*
 read+ & writ+ until ,octob]1 :5 !      
elem5t>y s*ools op5$4 ,?is pres5t$ !    
add$ advantage ( p]mitt+ u to comp>e !  
progress ( ! *ildr5 ( ! fir/ elem5t>y ) 
t made by ours1 :o w\ld h begun ! same  
bran* ( in/ruction at ! same "t4  ,9    
,septemb]1 !re=e1 ,i began a se>* =     
someone :o c\ld manufacture didactic    
mat]ials1 b f\nd no "o will+ to und]take
 x4 ,i wi%$ to h a spl5did alphabet     
made1 l ! "o us$ ) ! defici5ts4 ,giv+   
?is up1 ,i 0 will+ to cont5t myself ) ! 
ord9>y enamell$ lett]s us$ ^u %op w9d[s1
 b ,i c\ld f9d !m 9 script =m n[h]e4 ,my

 disappo9tm5ts 7 _m4  ,s pass$ ! :ole   
m\? ( ,octob]4 ,! *ildr5 9 ! fir/       
elem5t>y _h already fill$ pages (       
v]tical /rokes1 & m9e 7 /ill wait+4 ,i  
!n decid$ to cut out l>ge pap] lett]s1 &
 to h "o ( my tea*]s col\r ^! r\ghly on 
"o side ) a blue t9t4 ,z = ! t\*+ ( !   
lett]s1 ,i ?\ght ( cutt+ ! lett]s ( !   
alphabet out ( s&pap]1 & ( glu+ !m ^u   
smoo? c>ds1 ?us mak+ objects mu* l ^?   
us$ 9 ! primitive ex]cises = ! tactile  
s5se4  ,only aft] ,i _h made ^! simple  
?+s1 did ,i become aw>e ( ! sup]iority (
 ?is alphabet to t magnific5t "o ,i _h  
us$ = my defici5ts1 & 9 ! pursuit ( :i* 
,i _h wa/$ two mon?s6 ,if ,i _h be5 ri*1
 ,i w\ld h _h t beautiful b b>r5        
alphabet ( ! pa/6 ,we wi% ! old ?+s     
because we _c und]/& ! new1 & we are    
always seek+ aft] t gorge\sness :i*     
belongs to ?+s already on ! decl9e1 )\t 
recognis+ 9 ! humble simplicity ( new   
ideas ! g]m :i* %all develop 9 ! future4
  ,i f9ally und]/ood t a pap] alphabet  
c\ld easily be multipli$1 & c\ld be us$ 

by _m *ildr5 at "o "t1 n only = !       
recognition ( lett]s1 b = ! composition 
( words4 ,i saw t 9 ! s&pap] alphabet ,i
 _h f\nd ! look$-= guide = ! f+]s :i*   
t\*$ ! lett]4 ,?is 0 furni%$ 9 su* a way
 t no long] ! sight alone1 b ! t\*1 l5t 
itself directly to tea*+ ! movem5t (    
writ+ ) exactness ( control4  ,9 !      
aft]noon aft] s*ool1 ! two tea*]s & ,i1 
) great en?usiasm1 set ab\t cutt+ out   
lett]s f writ+-pap]1 & o!rs f s&pap]4 ,!
 fir/1 we pa9t$ blue1 ! second1 we m\nt$
 on c>ds1 &1 :ile we work$1 !re unfold$ 
be=e my m9d a cle> vision ( ! me?od 9   
all its complet5ess1 s simple t x made  
me smile to ?9k ,i _h n se5 x be=e4  ,! 
/ory ( our fir/ attempts is v int]e/+4  
,"o day "o ( ! tea*]s 0 ill1 & ,i s5t z 
a sub/itute a pupil ( m9e1 ,signor9a    
,anna ,f$eli1 a pr(essor ( p$agogy 9 a  
,normal s*ool4 ,:5 ,i w5t to see h] at !
 close ( ! day1 %e %[$ me two           
modifications ( ! alphabet :i* %e _h    
made4 ,"o consi/$ 9 plac+ beh9d ea*     
lett]1 a transv]se /rip ( :ite pap]1 s t

 ! *ild might recognise ! direction ( ! 
lett]1 :i* he (t5 turn$ ab\t & upside   
d[n4 ,! o!r consi/$ 9 ! mak+ ( a c>dbo>d
 case :]e ea* lett] might be put away 9 
its own comp>tm5t1 in/ead ( be+ kept 9 a
 confus$ mass z at fir/4 ,i /ill keep   
?is rude case made f an old pa/ebo>d    
box1 :i* ,signor9a ,f$eli _h f\nd 9 !   
c\rt & r\ghly sew$ ) :ite ?read4  ,%e   
%[$ x to me laugh+1 & excus+ h]self = ! 
mis]able "w1 b ,i 0 mo/ en?usia/ic ab\t 
x4 ,i saw at once t ! lett]s 9 ! case 7 
a preci\s aid to ! tea*+4 ,inde$1 x (f]$
 to ! eye ( ! *ild ! possibility (      
comp>+ all ( ! lett]s1 & ( select+ ^? he
 ne$$4 ,9 ?is way ! didactic mat]ial    
describ$ bel[ _h its orig94  ,i ne$ only
 add t at ,*ri/mas "t1 less ?an a mon? &
 a half lat]1 :ile ! *ildr5 9 ! fir/    
elem5t>y 7 labori\sly work+ to =get _!  
we>isome po?ooks & to prep>e = mak+ !   
curves ( ,o & ! o!r v[els1 two ( my     
little ones ( f\r ye>s old1 wrote1 ea*  
"o 9 ! "n ( 8 companions1 a lett] ( good
 wi%es & ?anks to ,signor ,edo>do       

,talamo4 ,^! 7 writt5 ^u note pap] )\t  
blot or erasure & ! writ+ 0 adjudg$     
equal to t :i* is obta9$ 9 ! ?ird       
elem5t>y grade4     ,,*apt] ,,xvii      
,,description ,,( ,,! ,,me?od ,,&       
,,didactic ,,mat]ial ,,us$   ,,fir/     
,,p]iod3 ,,ex]cise ,,t5d+ ,,to ,,develop
 ,,! ,,muscul> ,,me*anism ,,necess>y ,,9
 ,,hold+ ,,& ,,us+ ,,! ,,in/rum5t ,,9   
,,writ+  ,design ,prep>atory to         
,writ+4--,didactic ,mat]ial4 ,small     
wood5 tables2 metal insets1 outl9e      
draw+s1 col\r$ p5cils4 ,i h among my    
mat]ials two little wood5 tables1 ! tops
 ( :i* =m an incl9$ plane slop+ t[>d a  
n>r[ cornice1 :i* prev5ts objects plac$ 
^u ! table f slipp+ (f4 ,! top ( ea*    
table is j l>ge en\gh to hold f\r ( !   
squ>e frames1 into :i* ! metal plane    
geometric insets are fitt$1 & is s pa9t$
 z to repres5t ?ree ( ^! br[n frames1   
ea* conta9+ a squ>e c5tre ( ! same d>k  
blue z ! c5tres ( ! metal insets4  ,!   
metal insets are 9 dim5sion & =m a      
reproduction ( ! s]ies ( plane geometric

 insets 9 wood already describ$4        
,ex]cises4 ,plac$ side by side ^u !     
tea*]'s desk1 or ^u "o ( ! little tables
 belong+ to ! *ildr51 ^! two little     
tables may h ! appe>ance ( be+ "o long  
table conta9+ eight figures4 ,! *ild may
 select "o or m figures1 tak+ at ! same 
"t ! frame ( ! inset4 ,! analogy betwe5 
^! metal insets & ! plane geometric     
insets ( wood is complete4 ,b 9 ?is     
case1 ! *ild c freely use ! pieces1 :]e 
be=e1 he arrang$ !m 9 ! wood5 frame4 ,he
 fir/ takes ! metal frame1 places x ^u a
 %eet ( :ite pap]1 & ) a col\r$ p5cil   
draws ar\nd ! cont\r ( ! empty c5tre4   
,!n1 he takes away ! frame1 & ^u ! pap] 
!re rema9s a geometric figure4  ,?is is 
! fir/ "t t ! *ild has reproduc$ ?r\gh  
design1 a geometric figure4 ,until n[1  
he has only plac$ ! geometric insets    
above ! figures del9eat$ on ! ?ree s]ies
 ( c>ds4 ,he n[ places ^u ! figure1 :i* 
he himself has drawn1 ! metal inset1 j z
 he plac$ ! wood5 inset ^u ! c>ds4 ,8   
next act is to foll[ ! cont\r ( ?is     

inset ) a p5cil ( a diff]5t col\r4      
,lift+ ! metal piece1 he sees ! figure  
reproduc$ ^u ! pap]1 9 two col\rs4  ,"h1
 = ! fir/ "t is born ! ab/ract concept (
 ! geometric figure1 =1 f two metal     
pieces s diff]5t 9 =m z ! frame & !     
inset1 !re has result$ ! same design1   
:i* is a l9e express+ a det]m9$ figure4 
,?is fact /rikes ! att5tion ( ! *ild4   
,he (t5 m>vels to f9d ! same figure     
reproduc$ by means ( two pieces s       
diff]5t1 & looks = a long "t ) evid5t   
pleasure at ! duplicate design--almo/ z 
if x 7 actually produc$ by ! objects :i*
 s]ve to guide 8 h&4  ,besides all ?is1 
! *ild le>ns to trace l9es det]m9+      
figures4 ,!re w come a day 9 :i*1 ) /ill
 great] surprise & pleasure1 he w trace 
graphic signs det]m9+ words4  ,aft] ?is1
 he beg9s ! "w :i* directly prep>es = ! 
=mation ( ! muscul> me*anism relative to
 ! hold+ & manipulation ( ! in/rum5t (  
writ+4 ,) a col\r$ p5cil ( 8 own        
selection1 held z ! p5 is held 9 writ+1 
he fills 9 ! figure :i* he has outl9$4  

,we tea* him n to pass outside ! cont\r1
 & 9 do+ s we attract 8 att5tion to ?is 
cont\r1 & ?us fix ! idea t a l9e may    
det]m9e a figure4  ,! ex]cise ( fill+ 9 
"o figure alone1 causes ! *ild to p]=m  
repeat$ly ! movem5t ( manipulation :i*  
w\ld be necess>y to fill t5 copy-book   
pages ) v]tical /rokes4 ,& yet1 ! *ild  
feels no we>9ess1 because1 al?\gh he    
makes exactly ! muscul> co-ord9ation :i*
 is necess>y to ! "w1 he does s freely &
 9 any way t he wi%es1 :ile 8 eyes are  
fix$ ^u a l>ge & brightly col\r$ figure4
 ,at fir/1 ! *ildr5 fill pages & pages (
 pap] ) ^! big squ>es1 triangles1 ovals1
 trapezoids2 col\r+ !m r$1 orange1 gre51
 blue1 light blue1 & p9k4  ,gradually !y
 limit !mselves to ! use ( ! d>k blue & 
br[n1 bo? 9 draw+ ! figure & 9 fill+ x  
91 ?us reproduc+ ! appe>ance ( ! metal  
piece itself4 ,_m ( ! *ildr51 q ( _! own
 accord1 make a little orange-col\r$    
circle 9 ! c5tre ( ! figure1 9 ?is way  
repres5t+ ! little brass button by :i* !
 metal piece is to be held4 ,!y take    

great pleasure 9 feel+ t !y h reproduc$ 
exactly1 l true arti/s1 ! objects :i* !y
 see be=e !m on ! little %elf4  ,obs]v+ 
! successive draw+s ( a *ild1 !re is    
reveal$ to u a duplicate =m (           
progression3  ,fir/4 ,little by little1 
! l9es t5d less & less to g outside !   
enclos+ l9e until1 at la/1 !y are       
p]fectly conta9$ )9 x1 & bo? ! c5tre & !
 frame are fill$ 9 ) close & uni=m      
/rokes4  ,second4 ,! /rokes ) :i* ! *ild
 fills 9 ! figures1 f be+ at fir/ %ort &
 confus$1 become gradually long]1 & m   
ne>ly p>allel1 until 9 _m cases !       
figures are fill$ 9 by means ( p]fectly 
regul> up & d[n /rokes1 ext5d+ f "o side
 ( ! figure to ! o!r4 ,9 su* a case1 x  
is evid5t t ! *ild is ma/] ( ! p5cil4 ,!
 muscul> me*anism1 necess>y to !        
managem5t ( ! in/rum5t ( writ+1 is      
e/abli%$4 ,we may1 !re=e1 by exam9+ su* 
designs1 arrive at a cle> idea ( !      
maturity ( ! *ild 9 ! matt] ( hold+ !   
p5cil or p5 9 h&4 ,to v>y ^! ex]cises1  
we use ! outl9e draw+s already describ$4

 ,?r\gh ^! designs1 ! manipulation ( !  
p5cil is p]fect$1 = !y oblige ! *ild to 
make l9es ( v>i\s l5g?s1 & make him m & 
m secure 9 8 use ( ! p5cil4  ,if we c\ld
 c\nt ! l9es made by a *ild 9 ! fill+ 9 
( ^! figures1 & c\ld trans=m !m into !  
signs us$ 9 writ+1 !y w\ld fill _m1 _m  
copy-books6 ,inde$1 ! security :i* our  
*ildr5 atta9 is lik5$ to t ( *ildr5 9   
our ord9>y ?ird elem5t>y grade4 ,:5 = ! 
fir/ "t !y take a p5 or a p5cil 9 h&1 !y
 "k h[ to manage x almo/ z well z a     
p]son :o has writt5 = a long "t4  ,i d n
 believe t any means c be f\nd :i* w s  
successfully &1 9 s %ort a space ( "t1  
e/abli% ?is ma/]y4 ,& ) x all1 ! *ild is
 happy & div]t$4 ,my old me?od = !      
defici5ts1 t ( foll[+ ) a small /ick !  
cont\rs ( rais$ lett]s1 01 :5 comp>$ )  
?is1 b>r5 & mis]able6  ,ev5 :5 ! *ildr5 
"k h[ to write !y cont9ue ^! ex]cises1  
:i* furni% an unlimit$ progression1 s9ce
 ! designs may be v>i$ & complicat$4 ,! 
*ildr5 foll[ 9 ea* design ess5tially !  
same movem5ts1 & acquire a v>i$         

collection ( pictures :i* gr[ m & m     
p]fect1 & ( :i* !y are v pr\d4 ,= ,i n  
only provoke1 b p]fect1 ! writ+ ?r\gh ! 
ex]cises :i* we call prep>atory4 ,!     
control ( ! p5 is r5d]$ m & m secure1 n 
by repeat$ ex]cises 9 ! writ+1 b by     
means ( ^! fill$-9 designs4 ,9 ?is way1 
my *ildr5 p]fect !mselves 9 writ+1 )\t  
actually writ+4   ,,second ,,p]iod3     
,,ex]cises ,,t5d+ ,,to ,,e/abli% ,,!    
,,visual-,,muscul> ,,image ,,( ,,!      
,,alphabetical ,,signs1 ,,& ,,to        
,,e/abli% ,,! ,,muscul> ,,memory ,,( ,,!
 ,,movem5ts ,,necess>y ,,to ,,writ+     
,didactic ,mat]ial4 ,c>ds ^u :i* ! s+le 
lett]s ( ! alphabet are m\nt$ 9 s&pap]2 
l>g] c>ds conta9+ gr\ps ( ! same lett]s4
  ,! c>ds ^u :i* ! s&pap] lett]s are    
m\nt$ are adapt$ 9 size & %ape to ea*   
lett]4 ,! v[els are 9 light-col\r$      
s&pap] & are m\nt$ ^u d>k c>ds1 !       
consonants & ! gr\ps ( lett]s are 9     
black s&pap] m\nt$ ^u :ite c>ds4 ,!     
gr\p+ is s arrang$ z to call att5tion to
 contra/$1 or analog\s =ms4  ,! lett]s  

are cut 9 cle> script =m1 ! %ad$ p>ts   
be+ made broad]4 ,we h *os5 to reproduce
 ! v]tical script 9 use 9 ! elem5t>y    
s*ools4  ,ex]cises4 ,9 tea*+ ! lett]s ( 
! alphabet1 we beg9 ) ! v[els & proce$  
to ! consonants1 pron\nc+ ! s\nd1 n !   
"n4 ,9 ! case ( ! consonants1 we        
imm$iately unite ! s\nd ) "o ( ! v[el   
s\nds1 repeat+ ! syllable accord+ to !  
usual phonetic me?od4  ,! tea*+ proce$s 
accord+ to ! ?ree p]iods already        
illu/rat$4  ,fir/4 ,association ( !     
visual & muscul>-tactile s5sation ) !   
lett] s\nd4  ,! directress pres5ts to ! 
*ild two ( ! c>ds ^u :i* v[els are m\nt$
 7or two ( ! consonants1 z ! case may   
be74 ,let u suppose t we pres5t ! lett]s
 i & o1 say+1 ,?is is i6 ,?is is o6 ,z  
soon z we h giv5 ! s\nd ( a lett]1 we h 
! *ild trace x1 tak+ c>e to %[ him h[ to
 trace x1 & if necess>y guid+ ! index   
f+] ( 8 "r h& ov] ! s&pap] lett] 9 !    
s5se ( writ+4  ,kn[+ h[ to trace w      
consi/ 9 kn[+ ! direction 9 :i* a giv5  
graphic sign mu/ be foll[$4  ,! *ild    

le>ns quickly1 & 8 f+]1 already exp]t 9 
! tactile ex]cise1 is l$1 by ! slight   
r\ghness ( ! f9e s&pap]1 ov] ! exact    
track ( ! lett]4 ,he may !n repeat      
indef9itely ! movem5ts necess>y to      
produce ! lett]s ( ! alphabet1 )\t ! fe>
 ( ! mi/akes ( :i* a *ild writ+ ) a     
p5cil = ! fir/ "t is s consci\s4 ,if he 
deviates1 ! smoo?ness ( ! c>d imm$iately
 w>ns him ( 8 error4  ,! *ildr51 z soon 
z !y h become at all exp]t 9 ?is trac+ (
 ! lett]s1 take great pleasure 9 repeat+
 x ) clos$ eyes1 lett+ ! s&pap] lead !m 
9 foll[+ ! =m :i* !y d n see4 ,?us !    
p]ception w be e/abli%$ by ! direct     
muscul>-tactile s5sation ( ! lett]4 ,9  
o!r words1 x is no long] ! visual image 
( ! lett]1 b ! tactile s5sation1 :i*    
guides ! h& ( ! *ild 9 ^! movem5ts1 :i* 
?us become fix$ 9 ! muscul> memory4     
,!re develop1 contemporane\sly1 ?ree    
s5sations :5 ! directress %[s ! lett] to
 ! *ild & has him trace x2 ! visual     
s5sation1 ! tactile s5sation1 & !       
muscul> s5sation4 ,9 ?is way ! image ( !

 graphic sign is fix$ 9 a mu* %ort]     
space ( "t ?an :5 x 01 accord+ to ord9>y
 me?ods1 acquir$ only ?r\gh ! visual    
image4 ,x w be f\nd t ! muscul> memory  
is 9 ! "y *ild ! mo/ t5aci\s &1 at !    
same "t1 ! mo/ ready4 ,inde$1 he        
sometimes recognises ! lett]s by t\*+   
!m1 :5 he _c d s by look+ at !m4 ,^!    
images are1 besides all ?is1            
contemporane\sly associat$ ) !          
alphabetical s\nd4  ,second4 ,p]ception4
 ,! *ild %\ld "k h[ to comp>e & to      
recognise ! figures1 :5 he he>s ! s\nds 
correspond+ to !m4  ,! directress asks !
 *ild1 = example1 ,give me o6--,give me 
i6 ,if ! *ild does n recognise ! lett]s 
by look+ at !m1 %e invites him to trace 
!m1 b if he /ill does n recognise !m1 ! 
lesson is end$1 & may be resum$ ano!r   
day4 ,i h already spok5 ( ! necessity ( 
n reveal+ ! error1 & ( n insi/+ 9 !     
tea*+ :5 ! *ild does n respond readily4 
,?ird4 ,language4 ,all[+ ! lett]s to lie
 = "s in/ants ^u ! table1 ! directress  
asks ! *ild1 ,:at is ?is8 & he %\ld     

respond1 o1 i4  ,9 tea*+ ! consonants1 !
 directress pron\nces only ! s\nd1 & z  
soon z %e has done s unites ) x a v[el1 
pron\nc+ ! syllable ?us =m$ & alt]nat+  
?is little ex]cise by ! use ( diff]5t   
v[els4 ,%e mu/ always be c>eful to      
emphasize ! s\nd ( ! consonant1 repeat+ 
x by itself1 z1 = example1 m1 m1 m1 ma1 
me1 mi1 m1 m4 ,:5 ! *ild repeats ! s\nd 
he isolates x1 & !n accompanies x ) !   
v[el4  ,x is n necess>y to tea* all !   
v[els be=e pass+ to ! consonants1 & z   
soon z ! *ild kn[s "o consonant he may  
beg9 to compose words4 ,que/ions ( ?is  
sort1 h[ev]1 are left to ! judgm5t ( !  
educator4  ,i d n f9d x practical to    
foll[ a special rule 9 ! tea*+ ( !      
consonants4 ,(t5 ! curiosity ( ! *ild   
conc]n+ a lett] leads u to tea* t desir$
 consonant2 a "n pron\nc$ may awak5 9   
him a desire to "k :at consonants are   
necess>y to compose x1 & ?is w1 or      
will+ness1 ( ! pupil is a mu* m         
efficaci\s means ?an any rule conc]n+ ! 
progression ( ! lett]s4  ,:5 ! *ild     

pron\nces ! s\nds ( ! consonants1 he    
exp]i5ces an evid5t pleasure4 ,x is a   
great novelty = him1 ?is s]ies ( s\nds1 
s v>i$ & yet s di/9ct1 pres5t+ su*      
enigmatic signs z ! lett]s ( ! alphabet4
 ,!re is my/]y ab\t all ?is1 :i*        
provokes mo/ decid$ int]e/4 ,"o day ,i 0
 on ! t]race :ile ! *ildr5 7 hav+ _!    
free games2 ,i _h ) me a little boy (   
two ye>s & a half left ) me1 = a mom5t1 
by 8 "m4 ,scatt]$ ab\t ^u a numb] (     
*airs1 7 ! alphabets :i* we use 9 !     
s*ool4 ,^! _h become mix$1 & ,i 0 putt+ 
! lett]s back into _! respective        
comp>tm5ts4 ,hav+ f9i%$ my "w1 ,i plac$ 
! boxes ^u two ( ! little *airs ne> me4 
,! little boy wat*$ me4 ,f9ally1 he drew
 ne> to ! box1 & took "o ( ! lett]s 9 8 
h&4 ,x *anc$ to be an f4 ,at t mom5t !  
*ildr51 :o 7 runn+ 9 s+le file1 pass$ u1
 &1 see+ ! lett]1 call$ out 9 *orus !   
correspond+ s\nd & pass$ on4 ,! *ild    
paid no att5tion to !m1 b put back ! f &
 took up an r4 ,! *ildr5 runn+ by aga91 
look$ at him laugh+1 & !n began to cry  

out r1 r1 r6 r1 r1 r6 ,little by little 
! baby und]/ood t1 :5 he took a lett] 9 
h&1 ! *ildr51 :o 7 pass+1 cri$ out a    
s\nd4 ,?is amus$ him s mu* t ,i wi%$ to 
obs]ve h[ long he w\ld p]si/ 9 ?is game 
)\t becom+ tir$4 ,he kept x up =        
?ree-qu>t]s ( an h\r6 ,! *ildr5 _h      
become int]e/$ 9 ! *ild1 & gr\p$        
!mselves ab\t him1 pron\nc+ ! s\nds 9   
*orus1 & laugh+ at 8 pleas$ surprise4   
,at la/1 aft] he _h sev]al times held up
 f1 & _h receiv$ f 8 public ! same s\nd1
 he took ! lett] aga91 %[+ x to me1 &   
say+1 f1 f1 f6 ,he _h le>n$ ?is f out ! 
great confusion ( s\nds :i* he _h he>d2 
! long lett] :i* _h fir/ arre/$ !       
att5tion ( ! runn+ *ildr51 _h made a    
great impression ^u him4  ,x is n       
necess>y to %[ h[ ! sep>ate             
pronunciation ( ! alphabetical s\nds    
reveals ! condition ( ! *ild's spee*4   
,defects1 :i* are almo/ all relat$ to ! 
incomplete developm5t ( ! language      
itself1 manife/ !mselves1 & ! directress
 may take note ( !m "o by "o4 ,9 ?is way

 %e w be possess$ ( a record ( ! *ild's 
progress1 :i* w help h] 9 h] individual 
tea*+1 & w reveal mu* conc]n+ !         
developm5t ( ! language 9 ?is p>ticul>  
*ild4  ,9 ! matt] ( correct+ l+ui/ic    
defects1 we w f9d x helpful to foll[ !  
physiological rules relat+ to ! *ild's  
developm5t1 & to modify ! difficulties 9
 ! pres5tation ( our lesson4 ,:51 h[ev]1
 ! *ild's spee* is suffici5tly develop$1
 & :5 he pron\nces all ! s\nds1 x does n
 matt] :i* ( ! lett]s we select 9 our   
lessons4  ,_m ( ! defects :i* h become  
p]man5t 9 adults are due to functional  
errors 9 ! developm5t ( ! language dur+ 
! p]iod ( infancy4 ,if1 = ! att5tion :i*
 we pay to ! correction ( l+ui/ic       
defects 9 *ildr5 9 ! upp] grades1 we    
w\ld sub/itute a direction ( !          
developm5t ( ! language :ile ! *ild is  
/ill "y1 our results w\ld be mu* m      
practical & valuable4 ,9 fact1 _m ( !   
defects 9 pronunciation arise f ! use ( 
a dialect1 & ^! x is almo/ impossible to
 correct aft] ! p]iod ( *ildhood4 ,!y   

may1 h[ev]1 be mo/ easily remov$ ?r\gh !
 use ( educational me?ods especially    
adapt$ to ! p]fect+ ( ! language 9      
little *ildr54  ,we d n speak "h (      
actual l+ui/ic defects relat$ to        
anatomical or physiological weaknesses1 
or to pa?ological facts :i* alt] !      
function ( ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,i speak at   
pres5t only ( ^? irregul>ities :i* are  
due to a repetition ( incorrect s\nds1  
or to ! imitation ( imp]fect            
pronunciation4 ,su* defects may %[      
!mselves 9 ! pronunciation ( any "o ( ! 
consonant s\nds1 & ,i c conceive ( no m 
practical means = a me?odical correction
 ( spee* defects ?an ?is ex]cise 9      
pronunciation1 :i* is a necess>y "p 9   
le>n+ ! graphic language ?r\gh my me?od4
 ,b su* important que/ions des]ve a     
*apt] to !mselves4  ,turn+ directly to !
 me?od us$ 9 tea*+ writ+1 ,i may call   
att5tion to ! fact t x is conta9$ 9 !   
two p]iods already describ$4 ,su*       
ex]cises h made x possible = ! *ild to  
le>n1 & to fix1 ! muscul> me*anism      

necess>y to ! prop] hold+ ( ! p51 & to !
 mak+ ( ! graphic signs4 ,if he has     
ex]cis$ himself = a suffici5tly long "t 
9 ^! ex]cises1 he w be pot5tially ready 
to write all ! lett]s ( ! alphabet & all
 ( ! simple syllables1 )\t ev] hav+ tak5
 *alk or p5cil 9 8 h&4  ,we h1 9        
addition to ?is1 begun ! tea*+ ( read+  
at ! same "t t we h be5 tea*+ writ+4 ,:5
 we pres5t a lett] to ! *ild & enunciate
 its s\nd1 he fixes ! image ( ?is lett] 
by means ( ! visual s5se1 & also by     
means ( ! muscul>-tactile s5se4 ,he     
associates ! s\nd ) its relative sign2 t
 is1 he relates ! s\nd to ! graphic     
sign4 ,b :5 he sees & recognises1 he    
reads2 & :5 he traces1 he writes4 ,?us 8
 m9d receives z "o1 two acts1 :i*1 lat] 
on1 z he develops1 w sep>ate1 com+ to   
con/itute ! two div]se processes ( read+
 & writ+4 ,by tea*+ ^! two acts         
contemporane\sly1 or1 bett]1 by _!      
fusion1 we place ! *ild be=e a new =m ( 
language )\t det]m9+ :i* ( ! acts       
con/itut+ x %\ld be mo/ preval5t4  ,we d

 n tr\ble ourselves z to :e!r ! *ild 9 !
 developm5t ( ?is process1 fir/ le>ns to
 read or to write1 or if ! "o or ! o!r w
 be ! easi]4 ,we mu/ rid ourselves ( all
 preconceptions1 & mu/ await f exp]i5ce 
! answ] to ^! que/ions4 ,we may expect t
 individual diff]5ces w %[ !mselves 9 ! 
preval5ce ( "o or ! o!r act 9 !         
developm5t ( diff]5t *ildr54 ,?is makes 
possible ! mo/ int]e/+ psy*ological /udy
 ( ! individual1 & %\ld broad5 ! "w (   
?is me?od1 :i* is bas$ ^u ! free        
expansion ( individuality4   ,,?ird     
,,p]iod3 ,,ex]cises ,,= ,,!             
,,composition ,,( ,,words  ,didactic    
,mat]ial4 ,?is consi/s *iefly (         
alphabets4 ,! lett]s ( ! alphabet us$ "h
 are id5tical 9 =m & dim5sion ) ! s&pap]
 ones already describ$1 b ^! are cut out
 ( c>dbo>d & are n m\nt$4 ,9 ?is way ea*
 lett] repres5ts an object :i* c be     
easily h&l$ by ! *ild & plac$ :]ev] he  
wi%es x4 ,!re are sev]al examples ( ea* 
lett]1 & ,i h design$ cases 9 :i* !     
alphabets may be kept4 ,^! cases or     

boxes are v %all[1 & are divid$ &       
subdivid$ into _m comp>tm5ts1 9 ea* "o (
 :i* ,i h plac$ a gr\p ( f\r copies ( ! 
same lett]4 ,! comp>tm5ts are n equal 9 
size1 b are measur$ accord+ to !        
dim5sions ( ! lett]s !mselves4 ,at !    
bottom ( ea* comp>tm5t is glu$ a lett]  
:i* is n to be tak5 out4 ,?is lett] is  
made ( black c>dbo>d & relieves ! *ild (
 ! fatigue ( hunt+ ab\t = ! "r comp>tm5t
 :5 he is replac+ ! lett]s 9 ! case aft]
 he has us$ !m4 ,! v[els are cut f blue 
c>dbo>d1 & ! consonants f r$4  ,9       
addition to ^! alphabets we h a set ( ! 
capital lett]s m\nt$ 9 s&pap] ^u        
c>dbo>d1 & ano!r1 9 :i* !y are cut f    
c>dbo>d4 ,! numb]s are treat$ 9 ! same  
way4  ,illu/ration3 7,a7 ,,tra9+ ,,!    
,,s5se ,,( ,,t\*4 ,le>n+ ! diff]5ce     
betwe5 r\gh & smoo? by runn+ f+]s       
alt]nately ov] s&pap] & smoo? c>dbo>d2  
di/+ui%+ diff]5t %apes by fitt+         
geometric insets into place2 di/+ui%+   
textures4 7,b7 ,,le>n+ ,,to ,,write ,,& 
,,read ,,by ,,t\*4 ,! *ild at ! left is 

trac+ s&pap] lett]s & le>n+ to "k !m by 
t\*4 ,! boy & girl are mak+ words out ( 
c>dbo>d lett]s4  ,illu/ration3 7,a7     
,,*ildr5 ,,t\*+ ,,lett]s4 ,! *ild on !  
left has acquir$ lightness & delicacy ( 
t\* by v ?or\gh prep>atory ex]cises4 ,! 
"o on ! "r has n _h s mu* tra9+4 7,b7   
,,mak+ ,,words ,,) ,,c>dbo>d ,,script4  
,ex]cises4 ,z soon z ! *ild kn[s "s ( ! 
v[els & ! consonants we place be=e him !
 big box conta9+ all ! v[els & !        
consonants :i* he kn[s4 ,! directress   
pron\nces v cle>ly a ^w2 = example1     
mama1 br+s out ! s\nd ( ! m v di/9ctly1 
repeat+ ! s\nds a numb] ( times4 ,almo/ 
always ! little "o ) an impulsive       
movem5t seizes an m & places x ^u !     
table4 ,! directress repeats ma--ma4 ,! 
*ild selects ! a & places x ne> ! m4 ,he
 !n composes ! o!r syllable v easily4 ,b
 ! read+ ( ! ^w :i* he has compos$ is n 
s easy4 ,inde$1 he g5]ally succe$s 9    
read+ x only aft] a c]ta9 ef=t4 ,9 ?is  
case ,i help ! *ild1 urg+ him to read1 &
 read+ ! ^w ) him once or twice1 always 

pron\nc+ v di/9ctly1 mama1 mama4 ,b once
 he has und]/ood ! me*anism ( ! game1 ! 
*ild goes =w>d by himself1 & becomes    
int5sely int]e/$4 ,we may pron\nce any  
^w1 tak+ c>e only t ! *ild und]/&s      
sep>ately ! lett]s ( :i* x is compos$4  
,he composes ! new ^w1 plac+1 "o aft] ! 
o!r1 ! signs correspond+ to ! s\nds4  ,x
 is mo/ int]e/+ inde$ to wat* ! *ild at 
?is "w4 ,int5sely att5tive1 he sits     
wat*+ ! box1 mov+ 8 lips almo/          
imp]ceptibly1 & tak+ "o by "o ! necess>y
 lett]s1 r>ely committ+ an error 9      
spell+4 ,! movem5t ( ! lips reveals !   
fact t he repeats to himself an inf9ite 
numb] ( times ! words ^: s\nds he is    
translat+ into signs4 ,al?\gh ! *ild is 
able to compose any ^w :i* is cle>ly    
pron\nc$1 we g5]ally dictate to him only
 ^? words :i* are well-kn[n1 s9ce we wi%
 8 composition to result 9 an idea4 ,:5 
^! famili> words are us$1 he            
spontane\sly r]eads _m times ! ^w he has
 compos$1 repeat+ its s\nds 9 a         
?\ghtful1 contemplative way4  ,!        

importance ( ^! ex]cises is v complex4  
,! *ild analyses1 p]fects1 fixes 8 own  
spok5 language1--plac+ an object 9      
correspond5ce to e s\nd :i* he utt]s4 ,!
 composition ( ! ^w furni%es him )      
sub/antial pro( ( ! necessity = cle> &  
=ceful enunciation4  ,! ex]cise1 ?us    
foll[$1 associates ! s\nd :i* is he>d ) 
! graphic sign :i* repres5ts x1 & lays a
 mo/ solid f\ndation = accurate & p]fect
 spell+4  ,9 addition to ?is1 !         
composition ( ! words is 9 itself an    
ex]cise ( intellig5ce4 ,! ^w :i* is     
pron\nc$ pres5ts to ! *ild a problem :i*
 he mu/ solve1 & he w d s by rememb]+ ! 
signs1 select+ !m f among o!rs1 &       
arrang+ !m 9 ! prop] ord]4 ,he w h !    
pro( ( ! exact solution ( 8 problem :5  
he r]eads ! ^w--?is ^w :i* he has       
compos$1 & :i* repres5ts = all ^? :o "k 
h[ to read x1 an idea4  ,:5 ! *ild he>s 
o!rs read ! ^w he has compos$1 he we>s  
an expression ( satisfaction & pride1 & 
is possess$ by a species ( joy\s wond]4 
,he is impress$ by ?is correspond5ce1   

c>ri$ on betwe5 himself & o!rs by means 
( symbols4 ,! writt5 language repres5ts 
= him ! highe/ atta9m5t rea*$ by 8 own  
intellig5ce1 & is at ! same "t1 ! rew>d 
( a great a*ievem5t4  ,:5 ! pupil has   
f9i%$ ! composition & ! read+ ( ! ^w we 
h him1 accord+ to ! habits ( ord] :i* we
 try to e/abli% 9 connection ) all our  
"w1 put away all ! lett]s1 ea* "o 9 its 
own comp>tm5t4 ,9 composition1 pure &   
simple1 !re=e1 ! *ild unites ! two      
ex]cises ( comp>ison & ( selection ( !  
graphic signs2 ! fir/1 :5 f ! entire box
 ( lett]s be=e him he takes ^? necess>y2
 ! second1 :5 he seeks ! comp>tm5t 9 :i*
 ea* lett] mu/ be replac$4 ,!re are1 !n1
 ?ree ex]cises unit$ 9 ?is "o ef=t1 all 
?ree unit+ to fix ! image ( ! graphic   
sign correspond+ to ! s\nds ( ! ^w4 ,!  
"w ( le>n+ is 9 ?is case facilitat$ 9   
?ree ways1 & ! ideas are acquir$ 9 a    
?ird ( ! "t :i* w\ld h be5 necess>y ) ! 
old me?ods4 ,we %all soon see t ! *ild1 
on he>+ ! ^w1 or on ?9k+ ( a ^w :i* he  
already kn[s1 w see1 ) 8 m9d's eye1 all 

! lett]s1 necess>y to compose ! ^w1     
arrange !mselves4 ,he w reproduce ?is   
vision ) a facility mo/ surpris+ to u4  
,"o day a little boy f\r ye>s old1 runn+
 alone ab\t ! t]race1 0 he>d to repeat  
_m times1 ,to make ,zaira1 ,i mu/ h     
z-a-i-r-a4 ,ano!r "t1 ,pr(essor ,di     
,donato1 9 a visit to ! ,*ildr5's ,h\se1
 pron\nc$ 8 own "n = a f\r-ye>-old *ild4
 ,! *ild 0 compos+ ! "n1 us+ small      
lett]s & mak+ x all "o ^w1 & _h begun1  
?us--diton4 ,! pr(essor at once pron\nc$
 ! ^w m di/9ctly2 di d nato1 :]eupon !  
*ild1 )\t scatt]+ ! lett]s1 pick$ up !  
syllable to & plac$ x to "o side1 putt+ 
d 9 ! empty space4 ,he !n plac$ an a    
aft] ! n1 &1 tak+ up ! to :i* he _h put 
aside1 complet$ ! ^w ) x4 ,?is made x   
evid5t t ! *ild1 :5 ! ^w 0 pron\nc$ m   
cle>ly1 und]/ood t ! syllable to did n  
belong at t place 9 ! ^w1 realis$ t x   
belong$ at ! end ( ! ^w1 & !re=e plac$ x
 aside until he %\ld ne$ x4 ,?is 0 mo/  
surpris+ 9 a *ild ( f\r ye>s1 & amaz$   
all ( ^? pres5t4 ,x c be expla9$ by !   

cle> &1 at ! same "t1 complex vision ( !
 signs :i* ! *ild mu/ h1 if he is to =m 
a ^w :i* he he>s spok54 ,?is extraord9>y
 act 0 l>gely due to ! ord]ly m5tality  
:i* ! *ild _h acquir$ ?r\gh repeat$     
spontane\s ex]cises t5d+ to develop 8   
intellig5ce4  ,^! ?ree p]iods conta9 !  
entire me?od = ! acquisition ( writt5   
language4 ,! significance ( su* a me?od 
is cle>4 ,! psy*o-physiological acts :i*
 unite to e/abli% read+ & writ+ are     
prep>$ sep>ately & c>efully4 ,! muscul> 
movem5ts peculi> to ! mak+ ( ! signs or 
lett]s are prep>$ ap>t1 & ! same is true
 ( ! manipulation ( ! in/rum5t ( writ+4 
,! composition ( ! words1 also1 is r$uc$
 to a psy*ic me*anism ( association     
betwe5 images he>d & se54 ,!re comes a  
mom5t 9 :i* ! *ild1 )\t ?9k+ ( x1 fills 
9 ! geometric figures ) an up & d[n     
/roke1 :i* is free & regul>2 a mom5t 9  
:i* he t\*es ! lett]s ) clos$ eyes1 & 9 
:i* he reproduces _! =m1 mov+ 8 f+]     
?r\gh ! air2 a mom5t 9 :i* ! composition
 ( words has become a psy*ic impulse1   

:i* makes ! *ild1 ev5 :5 alone1 repeat  
to himself ,to make ,zaira ,i mu/ h     
z-a-i-r-a4  ,n[ ?is *ild1 x is true1 has
 nev] writt51 b he has ma/]$ all ! acts 
necess>y to writ+4 ,! *ild :o1 :5 tak+  
dictation1 n only kn[s h[ to compose !  
^w1 b in/antly embraces 9 8 ?\ght its   
composition z a :ole1 w be able to      
write1 s9ce he kn[s h[ to make1 ) 8 eyes
 clos$1 ! movem5ts necess>y to produce  
^! lett]s1 & s9ce he manages almo/      
unconsci\sly ! in/rum5t ( writ+4  ,m ?an
 ?is1 ! fre$om ) :i* ! *ild has acquir$ 
?is me*anical dext]ity makes x possible 
= ! impulse or _s to act at any "t ?r\gh
 ! m$ium ( 8 me*anical ability4 ,he     
%\ld1 soon] or lat]1 come into 8 full   
p[] by way ( a spontane\s explosion into
 writ+4 ,?is is1 inde$1 ! m>vell\s      
reaction :i* has come f my exp]im5t )   
normal *ildr54 ,9 "o ( ! ,*ildr5's      
,h\ses1 direct$ by ,signor9a ,bett9i1 ,i
 _h be5 especially c>eful 9 ! way 9 :i* 
writ+ 0 taught1 & we h _h f ?is s*ool   
mo/ beautiful specim5s ( writ+1 & = ?is 

reason1 p]haps ,i _c d bett] ?an to     
describe ! developm5t ( ! "w 9 ?is      
s*ool4  ,"o beautiful ,decemb] day :5 ! 
sun %one & ! air 0 l spr+1 ,i w5t up on 
! ro( ) ! *ildr54 ,!y 7 play+ freely    
ab\t1 & a numb] ( !m 7 ga!r$ ab\t me4 ,i
 0 sitt+ ne> a *imney1 & said to a      
little five-ye>-old boy :o sat beside   
me1 ,draw me a picture ( ?is *imney1    
giv+ him z ,i spoke a piece ( *alk4 ,he 
got d[n ob$i5tly & made a r\gh sket* ( !
 *imney on ! tiles :i* =m$ ! floor ( ?is
 ro( t]race4 ,z is my cu/om ) little    
*ildr51 ,i enc\rag$ him1 prais+ 8 "w4 ,!
 *ild look$ at me1 smil$1 rema9$ = a    
mom5t z if on ! po9t ( bur/+ into "s    
joy\s act1 & !n cri$ out1 ,i c write6 ,i
 c write6 & kneel+ d[n aga9 he wrote on 
! pavem5t ! ^w h&4 ,!n1 full (          
en?usiasm1 he wrote also *imney1 ro(4 ,z
 he wrote1 he cont9u$ to cry out1 ,i c  
write6 ,i "k h[ to write6 ,8 cries ( joy
 br\ght ! o!r *ildr51 :o =m$ a circle   
ab\t him1 look+ d[n at 8 "w 9 /upefi$   
amazem5t4 ,two or ?ree ( !m said to me1 

trembl+ ) excitem5t1 ,give me ! *alk4 ,i
 c write too4 ,& inde$ !y began to write
 v>i\s words3 mama1 h&1 ,john1 *imney1  
,ada4  ,n "o ( !m _h ev] tak5 *alk or   
any o!r in/rum5t 9 h& = ! purpose (     
writ+4 ,x 0 ! fir/ "t t !y _h ev]       
writt51 & !y trac$ an entire ^w1 z a    
*ild1 :5 speak+ = ! fir/ "t1 speaks !   
entire ^w4  ,! fir/ ^w spok5 by a baby  
causes ! "m ineffable joy4 ,! *ild has  
*os5 p]haps ! ^w "m1 seem+ to r5d] ?us a
 tribute to mat]nity4 ,! fir/ ^w writt5 
by my little ones ar\s$ )9 !mselves an  
indescribable emotion ( joy4 ,n be+ able
 to adju/ 9 _! m9ds ! connection betwe5 
! prep>ation & ! act1 !y 7 possess$ by !
 illusion t1 hav+ n[ gr[n to ! prop]    
size1 !y knew h[ to write4 ,9 o!r words1
 writ+ seem$ to !m only "o among ! _m   
gifts ( nature4  ,!y believe t1 z !y gr[
 bigg] & /rong]1 !re w come "s beautiful
 day :5 !y %all "k h[ to write4 ,&1     
inde$1 ?is is :at x is 9 reality4 ,!    
*ild :o speaks1 fir/ prep>es himself    
unconsci\sly1 p]fect+ ! psy*o-muscul>   

me*anism :i* leads to ! articulation ( !
 ^w4 ,9 ! case ( writ+1 ! *ild does     
almo/ ! same ?+1 b ! direct p$agogical  
help & ! possibility ( prep>+ ! movem5ts
 = writ+ 9 an almo/ mat]ial way1 causes 
! ability to write to develop mu* m     
rapidly & m p]fectly ?an ! ability to   
speak correctly4  ,9 spite ( ! ease )   
:i* ?is is accompli%$1 ! prep>ation is n
 p>tial1 b complete4 ,! *ild possesses  
all ! movem5ts necess>y = writ+4 ,&     
writt5 language develops n gradually1 b 
9 an explosive way2 t is1 ! *ild c write
 any ^w4 ,su* 0 our fir/ exp]i5ce 9 !   
developm5t ( ! writt5 language 9 our    
*ildr54 ,^? fir/ days we 7 a prey to    
deep emotions4 ,x seem$ z if we walk$ 9 
a dream1 & z if we assi/$ at "s         
miracul\s a*ievem5t4  ,! *ild :o wrote a
 ^w = ! fir/ "t 0 full ( excit$ joy4 ,he
 might be comp>$ to ! h5 :o has j laid  
an egg4 ,inde$1 no "o c\ld escape f !   
noisy manife/ations ( ! little "o4 ,he  
w\ld call ev]yone to see1 & if !re 7 "s 
:o did n g1 he ran to take hold ( _!    

clo!s =c+ !m to come & see4 ,we all _h  
to g & /& ab\t ! writt5 ^w to admire !  
m>vel1 & to unite our exclamations (    
surprise ) ! joy\s cries ( ! =tunate    
au?or4 ,usually1 ?is fir/ ^w 0 writt5 on
 ! floor1 &1 !n1 ! *ild knelt d[n be=e x
 9 ord] to be ne>] to 8 "w & to         
contemplate x m closely4  ,aft] ! fir/  
^w1 ! *ildr51 ) a species ( fr5zi$ joy1 
cont9u$ to write ev]y:]e4 ,i saw *ildr5 
cr[d+ ab\t "o ano!r at ! blackbo>d1 &   
beh9d ! little ones :o 7 /&+ on ! floor 
ano!r l9e w\ld =m consi/+ ( *ildr5 m\nt$
 ^u *airs1 s t !y might write above !   
heads ( ! little ones4 ,9 a fury at be+ 
?w>t$1 o!r *ildr51 9 ord] to f9d a      
little place :]e !y might write1        
ov]turn$ ! *airs ^u :i* _! companions 7 
m\nt$4 ,o!rs ran t[>d ! w9d[ %utt]s or !
 door1 cov]+ !m ) writ+4 ,9 ^! fir/ days
 we walk$ ^u a c>pet ( writt5 signs4    
,daily acc\nts %[$ u t ! same ?+ 0 go+  
on at home1 & "s ( ! mo!rs1 9 ord] to   
save _! pavem5ts1 & ev5 ! cru/ ( _!     
loaves ^u :i* !y f\nd words writt51 made

 _! *ildr5 pres5ts ( pap] & p5cil4 ,"o (
 ^! *ildr5 br\ght to me "o day a little 
note-book entirely fill$ ) writ+1 & ! "m
 told me t ! *ild _h writt5 all day long
 & all ev5+1 & _h gone to sleep 9 8 b$ )
 ! pap] & p5cil 9 8 h&4  ,?is impulsive 
activity :i* we c\ld n1 9 ^? fir/ days  
control1 made me ?9k ^u ! wisdom (      
,nature1 :o develops ! spok5 language   
little by little1 lett+ x g h& 9 h& ) ! 
gradual =mation ( ideas4 ,?9k ( :at !   
result w\ld h be5 _h ,nature act$       
imprud5tly z ,i _h done6 ,suppose       
,nature _h fir/ all[$ ! human be+ to    
ga!r1 by means ( ! s5ses1 a ri* & v>i$  
mat]ial1 & to acquire a /ore ( ideas1 & 
_h !n completely prep>$ 9 him ! means = 
articulate language1 say+ f9ally to !   
*ild1 mute until t h\r1 ,g--,speak6 ,!  
result w\ld h be5 a species ( sudd5     
madness1 "u ! influ5ce ( :i* ! *ild1    
feel+ no re/ra9ts1 w\ld h bur/ into an  
exhau/+ torr5t ( ! mo/ /range &         
difficult words4  ,i believe1 h[ev]1 t  
!re exi/s betwe5 ! two extremes a happy 

m$ium :i* is ! true & practical way4 ,we
 %\ld lead ! *ild m gradually to !      
conque/ ( writt5 language1 yet we %\ld  
/ill h x come z a spontane\s fact1 & 8  
"w %\ld f ! fir/ be almo/ p]fect4       
,exp]i5ce has %[n u h[ to control ?is   
ph5om5on1 & h[ to lead ! *ild m calmly  
to ?is new p[]4 ,! fact t ! *ildr5 see  
_! companions writ+1 leads !m1 ?r\gh    
imitation1 to write z soon z !y c4 ,9   
?is way1 :5 ! *ild writes he does n h ! 
entire alphabet at 8 disposal1 & ! numb]
 ( words :i* he c write is limit$4 ,he  
is n ev5 capable ( mak+ all ( ! words   
possible ?r\gh a comb9ation ( ! lett]s  
:i* he does "k4 ,he /ill has ! great joy
 ( ! fir/ writt5 ^w1 b ?is is no long] !
 s\rce ( an ov]:elm+ surprise1 s9ce he  
sees j su* wond]ful ?+s happ5+ ea* day1 
& kn[s t soon] or lat] ! same gift w    
come to all4 ,?is t5ds to create a calm 
& ord]$ environm5t1 /ill full (         
beautiful & wond]ful surprises4  ,mak+ a
 visit to ! ,*ildr5's ,h\se1 ev5 dur+ ! 
op5+ weeks1 "o makes fre% discov]ies4   

,"h1 = in/ance1 are two little *ildr51  
:o1 ?\gh !y fairly radiate pride & joy1 
are writ+ tranquilly4 ,yet1 ^! *ildr51  
until ye/]day1 _h nev] ?\ght ( writ+6   
,! directress tells me t "o ( !m began  
to write ye/]day morn+ at elev5 o'clock1
 ! o!r1 at ?ree 9 ! aft]noon4 ,we h come
 to accept ! ph5om5on ) calmness1 &     
tacitly recognise x z a natural =m ( !  
*ild's developm5t4  ,! wisdom ( ! tea*] 
%all decide :5 x is necess>y to enc\rage
 a *ild to write4 ,?is c only be :5 he  
is already p]fect 9 ! ?ree p]iods ( !   
prep>atory ex]cise1 & yet does n write (
 8 own accord4 ,!re is dang] t 9 ret>d+ 
! act ( writ+1 ! *ild may plunge f9ally 
into a tumultu\s ef=t1 due to ! fact t  
he kn[s ! entire alphabet & has no      
natural *eck4  ,! signs by :i* ! tea*]  
may almo/ precisely diagnose ! *ild's   
maturity 9 ?is respect are3 ! regul>ity 
( ! p>allel l9es :i* fill 9 ! geometric 
figures2 ! recognition ) clos$ eyes ( ! 
s&pap] lett]s2 ! security & read9ess %[n
 9 ! composition ( words4 ,be=e int]v5+ 

by means ( a direct invitation to write1
 x is be/ to wait at lea/ a week 9 !    
hope t ! *ild may write spontane\sly4   
,:5 he has begun to write spontane\sly !
 tea*] may int]v5e to guide ! progress (
 ! writ+4 ,! fir/ help :i* %e may give  
is t ( rul+ ! blackbo>d1 s t ! *ild may 
be l$ to ma9ta9 regul>ity & prop]       
dim5sions 9 8 writ+4  ,! second1 is t ( 
induc+ ! *ild1 ^: writ+ is n firm1 to   
repeat ! trac+ ( ! s&pap] lett]s4 ,%e   
%\ld d ?is in/ead ( directly correct+ 8 
actual writ+1 = ! *ild does n p]fect    
himself by repeat+ ! act ( writ+1 b by  
repeat+ ! acts prep>atory to writ+4 ,i  
rememb] a little beg9n] :o1 wi%+ to make
 8 blackbo>d writ+ p]fect1 br\ght all ( 
! s&pap] lett]s ) him1 & be=e writ+ t\*$
 two or ?ree times all ( ! lett]s ne$$ 9
 ! words he wi%$ to write4 ,if a lett]  
did n seem to him to be p]fect he eras$ 
x & ret\*$ ! lett] ^u ! c>d be=e        
rewrit+4  ,our *ildr51 ev5 aft] !y h be5
 writ+ = a ye>1 cont9ue to repeat ! ?ree
 prep>atory ex]cises4 ,!y ?us le>n bo?  

to write1 & to p]fect _! writ+1 )\t     
really go+ ?r\gh ! actual act4 ,) our   
*ildr51 actual writ+ is a te/2 x spr+s f
 an inn] impulse1 & f ! pleasure (      
expla9+ a sup]ior activity2 x is n an   
ex]cise4 ,z ! s\l ( ! my/ic p]fects     
itself ?r\gh pray]1 ev5 s 9 our little  
ones1 t highe/ expression (             
civilisation1 writt5 language1 is       
acquir$ & improv$ ?r\gh ex]cises :i* are
 ak9 to1 b :i* are n1 writ+4  ,!re is   
educational value 9 ?is idea ( prep>+   
oneself be=e try+1 & ( p]fect+ oneself  
be=e go+ on4 ,to g =w>d correct+ 8 own  
mi/akes1 boldly attempt+ ?+s :i* he does
 imp]fectly1 & ( :i* he is z yet unwor?y
 dulls ! s5sitiv5ess ( ! *ild's _s t[>d 
8 own errors4 ,my me?od ( writ+ conta9s 
an educative concept2 tea*+ ! *ild t    
prud5ce :i* makes him avoid errors1 t   
dignity :i* makes him look ahead1 & :i* 
guides him to p]fection1 & t humility   
:i* unites him closely to ^? s\rces (   
good ?r\gh :i* alone he c make a        
spiritual conque/1 putt+ f> f him !     

illusion t ! imm$iate success is ample  
ju/ification = cont9u+ 9 ! way he has   
*os54  ,! fact t all ! *ildr51 ^? :o are
 j beg9n+ ! ?ree ex]cises & ^? :o h be5 
writ+ = mon?s1 daily repeat ! same      
ex]cise1 unites !m & makes x easy = !m  
to meet ^u an app>5tly equal plane4 ,"h 
!re are no di/9ctions ( beg9n]s1 &      
exp]ts4 ,all ( ! *ildr5 fill 9 ! figures
 ) col\r$ p5cils1 t\* ! s&pap] lett]s & 
compose words ) ! movable alphabets2 !  
little ones beside ! big ones :o help   
!m4 ,he :o prep>es himself1 & he :o     
p]fects himself1 bo? foll[ ! same pa?4  
,x is ! same way 9 life1 =1 deep] ?an   
any social di/9ction1 !re lies an       
equality1 a common meet+ po9t1 :]e all  
m5 are bro!rs1 or1 z 9 ! spiritual life1
 aspirants & sa9ts aga9 & aga9 pass     
?r\gh ! same exp]i5ces4  ,writ+ is v    
quickly le>n$1 because we beg9 to tea* x
 only to ^? *ildr5 :o %[ a desire = x by
 spontane\s att5tion to ! lesson giv5 by
 ! directress to o!r *ildr51 or by wat*+
 ! ex]cises 9 :i* ! o!rs are occupi$4   

,"s individuals le>n )\t ev] hav+       
receiv$ any lessons1 solely ?r\gh li/5+ 
to ! lessons giv5 to o!rs4  ,9 g5]al1   
all *ildr5 ( f\r are int5sely int]e/$ 9 
writ+1 & "s ( our *ildr5 h begun to     
write at ! age ( ?ree & a half4 ,we f9d 
! *ildr5 p>ticul>ly en?usia/ic ab\t     
trac+ ! s&pap] lett]s4  ,dur+ ! fir/    
p]iod ( my exp]im5ts1 :5 ! *ildr5 7 %[n 
! alphabet = ! fir/ "t1 ,i "o day ask$  
,signor9a ,bett9i to br+ out to ! t]race
 :]e ! *ildr5 7 at play1 all ( ! v>i\s  
lett]s :i* %e h]self _h made4 ,z soon z 
! *ildr5 saw !m !y ga!r$ ab\t u1 _! f+]s
 out/ret*$ 9 _! eag]ness to t\* !       
lett]s4 ,^? :o secur$ c>ds 7 unable to  
t\* !m prop]ly because ( ! o!r *ildr51  
:o cr[d$ ab\t try+ to rea* ! c>ds 9 our 
laps4 ,i rememb] ) :at an impulsive     
movem5t ! possessors ( ! c>ds held !m on
 high l bann]s1 & began to m>*1 foll[$  
by all ! o!r *ildr5 :o clapp$ _! h&s &  
cri$ out joy\sly4 ,! procession pass$   
be=e u1 & all1 big & little1 laugh$     
m]rily1 :ile ! mo!rs1 attract$ by !     

noise1 lean$ f ! w9d[s to wat* ! sight4 
,! av]age "t t elapses betwe5 ! fir/    
trial ( ! prep>atory ex]cises & ! fir/  
writt5 ^w is1 = *ildr5 ( f\r ye>s1 f a  
mon? to a mon? & a half4 ,) *ildr5 (    
five ye>s1 ! p]iod is mu* %ort]1 be+    
ab\t a mon?4 ,b "o ( our pupils le>n$ to
 use 9 writ+ all ! lett]s ( ! alphabet 9
 tw5ty days4 ,*ildr5 ( f\r ye>s1 aft] !y
 h be5 9 s*ool = two mon?s & a half1 c  
write any ^w f dictation1 & c pass to   
writ+ ) ink 9 a note-book4 ,our little  
ones are g5]ally exp]ts aft] ?ree mon?s'
 "t1 & ^? :o h writt5 = six mon?s may be
 comp>$ to ! *ildr5 9 ! ?ird elem5t>y4  
,inde$1 writ+ is "o ( ! easie/ & mo/    
delightful ( all ! conque/s made by !   
*ild4  ,if adults le>n$ z easily z      
*ildr5 "u six ye>s ( age1 x w\ld be an  
easy matt] to d away ) illit]acy4 ,we   
w\ld probably f9d two grave h9d]ances to
 ! atta9m5t ( su* a brilliant success3 !
 torpor ( ! muscul> s5se1 & ^? p]man5t  
defects ( spok5 language1 :i* w\ld be   
sure to translate !mselves into ! writt5

 language4 ,i h n made exp]im5ts along  
?is l9e1 b ,i believe t "o s*ool ye>    
w\ld be suffici5t to lead an illit]ate  
p]son1 n only to write1 b to express 8  
?\ghts 9 writt5 language4  ,s mu* = ! "t
 necess>y = le>n+4 ,z to ! execution1   
our *ildr5 write well f ! mom5t 9 :i* !y
 beg94 ,! =m ( ! lett]s1 beautifully    
r\nd$ & fl[+1 is surpris+ 9 its         
simil>ity to ! =m ( ! s&pap] models4 ,! 
beauty ( our writ+ is r>ely equall$ by  
any s*ol>s 9 ! elem5t>y s*ools1 :o h n  
_h special ex]cises 9 p5man%ip4 ,i h    
made a close /udy ( p5man%ip1 & ,i "k h[
 difficult x w\ld be to tea* pupils (   
twelve or ?irte5 ye>s to write an entire
 ^w )\t lift+ ! p51 except = ! few      
lett]s :i* require ?is4 ,! up & d[n     
/rokes ) :i* !y h fill$ _! copy-book    
make fl[+ writ+ almo/ impossible to !m4 
,our little pupils1 on ! o!r h&1        
spontane\sly1 & ) a m>vell\s security1  
write entire words )\t lift+ ! p51      
ma9ta9+ p]fectly ! slant ( ! lett]s1 &  
mak+ ! di/ance betwe5 ea* lett] equal4  

,?is has caus$ m ?an "o visitor to      
exclaim1 ,if ,i _h n se5 x ,i %\ld nev] 
h believ$ x4 ,inde$1 p5man%ip is a      
sup]ior =m ( tea*+ & is necess>y to     
correct defects already acquir$ & fix$4 
,x is a long "w1 = ! *ild1 see+ ! model1
 mu/ foll[ ! movem5ts necess>y to       
reproduce x1 :ile !re is no direct      
correspond5ce betwe5 ! visual s5sation &
 ! movem5ts :i* he mu/ make4 ,too (t51  
p5man%ip is taught at an age :5 all !   
defects h become e/abli%$1 & :5 !       
physiological p]iod 9 :i* ! muscul>     
memory is ready1 has be5 pass$4  ,we    
directly prep>e ! *ild1 n only = writ+1 
b also = p5man%ip1 pay+ great att5tion  
to ! beauty ( =m 7hav+ ! *ildr5 t\* !   
lett]s 9 script =m7 & to ! fl[+ quality 
( ! lett]s4 7,! ex]cises 9 fill+-9      
prep>e = ?is47   ,,read+  ,didactic     
,mat]ial4 ,! ,didactic ,mat]ial = !     
lessons 9 read+ consi/s 9 slips ( pap]  
or c>ds ^u :i* are writt5 9 cle>1 l>ge  
script1 words & phrases4 ,9 addition to 
^! c>ds we h a great v>iety ( toys4     

,exp]i5ce has taught me to di/+ui%      
cle>ly betwe5 writ+ & read+1 & has %[n  
me t ! two acts are n absolutely        
contemporane\s4 ,contr>y to ! usually   
accept$ idea1 writ+ prec$es read+4 ,i d 
n consid] z read+ ! te/ :i* ! *ild makes
 :5 he v]ifies ! ^w t he has writt54 ,he
 is translat+ signs into s\nds1 z he    
fir/ translat$ s\nds into signs4 ,9 ?is 
v]ification he already kn[s ! ^w & has  
repeat$ x to himself :ile writ+ x4 ,:at 
,i und]/& by read+ is ! int]pretation ( 
an idea f ! writt5 signs4 ,! *ild :o has
 n he>d ! ^w pron\nc$1 & :o recognises x
 :5 he sees x compos$ ^u ! table ) !    
c>dbo>d lett]s1 & :o c tell :at x means2
 ?is *ild reads4 ,! ^w :i* he reads has 
! same relation to writt5 language t !  
^w :i* he he>s be>s to articulate       
language4 ,bo? s]ve to receive !        
language transmitt$ to u by o!rs4 ,s1   
until ! *ild reads a transmission (     
ideas f ! writt5 ^w1 he does n read4    
,we may say1 if we l1 t writ+ z describ$
 is a fact 9 :i* ! psy*o-motor me*anism 

prevails1 :ile 9 read+1 !re ent]s a "w  
:i* is purely intellectual4 ,b x is     
evid5t h[ our me?od = writ+ prep>es =   
read+1 mak+ ! difficulties almo/        
imp]ceptible4 ,inde$1 writ+ prep>es !   
*ild to int]pret me*anically ! union ( !
 lett] s\nds ( :i* ! writt5 ^w is       
compos$4 ,:5 a *ild 9 our s*ool kn[s h[ 
to write1 he kn[s h[ to read ! s\nds (  
:i* ! ^w is compos$4 ,x %\ld be notic$1 
h[ev]1 t :5 ! *ild composes ! words ) ! 
movable alphabet1 or :5 he writes1 he   
has "t to ?9k ab\t ! signs :i* he mu/   
select to =m ! ^w4 ,! writ+ ( a ^w      
requires a great deal m "t ?an t        
necess>y = read+ ! same ^w4  ,! *ild :o 
kn[s h[ to write1 :5 plac$ be=e a ^w :i*
 he mu/ int]pret by read+1 is sil5t = a 
long "t1 & g5]ally reads ! compon5t     
s\nds ) ! same sl[ness ) :i* he w\ld h  
writt5 !m4 ,b ! s5se ( ! ^w becomes     
evid5t only :5 x is pron\nc$ cle>ly & ) 
! phonetic acc5t4 ,n[1 9 ord] to place !
 phonetic acc5t ! *ild mu/ recognise !  
^w2 t is1 he mu/ recognise ! idea :i* ! 

^w repres5ts4 ,! int]v5tion ( a sup]ior 
"w ( ! intellect is necess>y if he is to
 read4 ,because ( all ?is1 ,i proce$ 9 !
 foll[+ way ) ! ex]cises 9 read+1 &1 z w
 be evid5t1 ,i d away entirely ) !      
old-"t prim]4  ,i prep>e a numb] (      
little c>ds made f ord9>y writ+-pap]4   
,on ea* ( ^! ,i write 9 l>ge cle> script
 "s well-kn[n ^w1 "o :i* has already be5
 pron\nc$ _m times by ! *ildr51 & :i*   
repres5ts an object actually pres5t or  
well kn[n to !m4 ,if ! ^w ref]s to an   
object :i* is be=e !m1 ,i place ?is     
object "u ! eyes ( ! *ild1 9 ord] to    
facilitate 8 int]pretation ( ! ^w4 ,i w 
say1 9 ?is connection1 ! objects us$ 9  
^! writ+ games are = ! mo/ "p toys ( :i*
 we h a great _m 9 ! ,*ildr5's ,h\ses4  
,among ^! toys1 are ! furni%+s ( a      
doll's h\se1 balls1 dolls1 trees1 flocks
 ( %eep1 or v>i\s animals1 t9 soldi]s1  
railways1 & an inf9ite v>iety ( simple  
figures4  ,if writ+ s]ves to correct1 or
 bett]1 to direct & p]fect ! me*anism ( 
! articulate language ( ! *ild1 read+   

s]ves to help ! developm5t ( ideas1 &   
relates !m to ! developm5t ( ! language4
 ,inde$1 writ+ aids ! physiological     
language & read+ aids ! social language4
  ,we beg91 !n1 z ,i h indicat$1 ) !    
nom5clature1 t is1 ) ! read+ ( names (  
objects :i* are well kn[n or pres5t4    
,!re is no "q ( beg9n+ ) words t are    
easy or difficult1 = ! *ild already kn[s
 h[ to read any ^w2 t is1 he kn[s h[ to 
read ! s\nds :i* compose x4 ,i all[ !   
little "o to translate ! writt5 ^w sl[ly
 into s\nds1 & if ! int]pretation is    
exact1 ,i limit myself to say+1 ,fa/]4  
,! *ild reads m quickly ! second "t1 b  
/ill (t5 )\t und]/&+4 ,i !n repeat1     
,fa/]1 fa/]4 ,he reads fa/] ea* "t1     
repeat+ ! same accumulation ( s\nds1 &  
f9ally ! ^w bur/s ^u 8 consci\sness4 ,!n
 he looks ^u x z if he recognis$ a      
fri5d1 & assumes t air ( satisfaction   
:i* s (t5 radiates our little ones4 ,?is
 completes ! ex]cise = read+4 ,x is a   
lesson :i* goes v rapidly1 s9ce x is    
only pres5t$ to a *ild :o is already    

prep>$ ?r\gh writ+4 ,truly1 we h buri$ !
 t$i\s & /upid ,a ,b ,c prim] side by   
side ) ! useless copy-books6  ,:5 ! *ild
 has read ! ^w1 he places ! explanatory 
c>d "u ! object ^: "n x be>s1 & !       
ex]cise is f9i%$4  ,"o ( our mo/ int]e/+
 discov]ies 0 made 9 ! ef=t to devise a 
game ?r\gh :i* ! *ildr5 might1 )\t ef=t1
 le>n to read words4 ,we spread out ^u  
"o ( ! l>ge tables a great v>iety (     
toys4 ,ea* "o ( !m _h a correspond+ c>d 
^u :i* ! "n ( ! toy 0 writt54 ,we fold$ 
^! little c>ds & mix$ !m up 9 a basket1 
& ! *ildr5 :o knew h[ to read 7 all[$ to
 take turns 9 draw+ ^! c>ds f ! basket4 
,ea* *ild _h to c>ry 8 c>d back to 8    
desk1 unfold x quietly1 & read x        
m5tally1 n %[+ x to ^? ab\t him4 ,he !n 
_h to fold x up aga91 s t ! secret :i* x
 conta9$ %\ld rema9 unkn[n4 ,tak+ !     
fold$ c>d 9 8 h&1 he w5t to ! table4 ,he
 _h !n to pron\nce cle>ly ! "n ( a toy &
 pres5t ! c>d to ! directress 9 ord] t  
%e might v]ify ! ^w he _h spok54 ,!     
little c>d ?us became curr5t co9 ) :i*  

he might acquire ! toy he _h nam$4 ,=1  
if he pron\nc$ ! ^w cle>ly & indicat$ ! 
correct object1 ! directress all[$ him  
to take ! toy1 & to play ) x z long z he
 wi%$4  ,:5 ea* *ild _h _h a turn1 !    
directress call$ ! fir/ *ild & let him  
draw a c>d f ano!r basket4 ,?is c>d he  
read z soon z he _h drawn x4 ,x conta9$ 
! "n ( "o ( 8 companions :o did n yet "k
 h[ to read1 & = t reason c\ld n h a    
toy4 ,! *ild :o _h read ! "n !n (f]$ to 
8 little fri5d ! toy ) :i* he _h be5    
play+4 ,we taught ! *ildr5 to pres5t ^! 
toys 9 a graci\s & polite way1          
accompany+ ! act ) a b[4 ,9 ?is way we  
did away ) e idea ( class di/9ction1 &  
inspir$ ! s5tim5t ( k9dness t[>d ^? :o  
did n possess ! same bless+s z          
ourselves4 ,?is read+ game proce$$ 9 a  
m>vell\s way4 ,! cont5tm5t ( ^! poor    
*ildr5 9 possess+ ev5 = a little :ile   
su* beautiful toys c be easily imag9$4  
,b :at 0 my amazem5t1 :5 ! *ildr51 hav+ 
le>n$ to und]/& ! writt5 c>ds1 refus$ to
 take ! toys6 ,!y expla9$ t !y did n wi%

 to wa/e "t 9 play+1 &1 ) a species (   
insatiable desire1 pref]r$ to draw out &
 read ! c>ds "o aft] ano!r6  ,i wat*$   
!m1 seek+ to und]/& ! secret ( ^! s\ls1 
( ^: greatness ,i _h be5 s ignorant6 ,z 
,i /ood 9 m$itation among ! eag] *ildr51
 ! discov]y t x 0 k !y lov$1 & n ! silly
 game1 fill$ me ) wond] & made me ?9k ( 
! greatness ( ! human s\l6  ,we !re=e   
put away ! toys1 & set ab\t mak+ hundr$s
 ( writt5 slips1 conta9+ names ( *ildr51
 cities1 & objects2 & also ( col\rs &   
qualities kn[n ?r\gh ! s5se ex]cises4   
,we plac$ ^! slips 9 op5 boxes1 :i* we  
left :]e ! *ildr5 c\ld make free use (  
!m4 ,i expect$ t *ildi% incon/ancy w\ld 
at lea/ %[ itself 9 a t5d5cy to pass f  
"o box to ano!r2 b no1 ea* *ild f9i%$   
empty+ ! box "u 8 h& be=e pass+ to      
ano!r1 be+ v]ily insatiable 9 ! desire  
to read4  ,com+ into ! s*ool "o day1 ,i 
f\nd t ! directress _h all[$ ! *ildr5 to
 take ! tables & *airs out ^u ! t]race1 
& 0 hav+ s*ool 9 ! op5 air4 ,a numb] (  
little ones 7 play+ 9 ! sun1 :ile o!rs 7

 seat$ 9 a circle ab\t ! tables conta9+ 
! s&pap] lett]s & ! movable alphabet4   
,a little ap>t sat ! directress1 hold+  
^u h] lap a long n>r[ box full ( writt5 
slips1 & all along ! edge ( h] box 7    
little h&s1 fi%+ = ! belov$ c>ds4 ,y may
 n believe me1 said ! directress1 b x is
 m ?an an h\r s9ce we began ?is1 & !y   
are n satisfi$ yet6 ,we tri$ ! exp]im5t 
( br++ balls1 & dolls to ! *ildr51 b )\t
 result2 su* futilities _h no p[] beside
 ! joys ( k4  ,see+ ^! surpris+ results1
 ,i _h already ?\ght ( te/+ ! *ildr5 )  
pr9t1 & _h sugge/$ t ! directress pr9t !
 ^w "u ! writt5 ^w ^u a numb] ( slips4  
,b ! *ildr5 =e/all$ u6 ,!re 0 9 ! hall a
 cal5d> ^u :i* _m ( ! words 7 pr9t$ 9   
cle> type1 :ile o!rs 7 done 9 ,go?ic    
*>act]s4 ,9 _! mania = read+ ! *ildr5   
began to look at ?is cal5d>1 &1 to my   
inexpressible amazem5t1 read n only !   
pr9t1 b ! ,go?ic script4  ,!re !re=e    
rema9$ no?+ b ! pres5tation ( a book1 & 
,i did n feel t any ( ^? available 7    
suit$ to our me?od4  ,! mo!rs soon _h   

pro(s ( ! progress ( _! *ildr52 f9d+ 9 !
 pockets ( "s ( !m little slips ( pap]  
^u :i* 7 writt5 r\gh notes ( m>ket+     
done2 bread1 salt1 etc4 ,our *ildr5 7   
mak+ li/s ( ! m>ket+ !y did = _! mo!rs6 
,o!r mo!rs told u t _! *ildr5 no long]  
ran ?r\gh ! /reets1 b /opp$ to read !   
signs ov] ! %ops4  ,a f\r-ye>-old boy1  
educat$ 9 a private h\se by ! same      
me?od1 surpris$ u 9 ! foll[+ way4 ,!    
*ild's fa!r 0 a ,deputy1 & receiv$ _m   
lett]s4 ,he knew t 8 son _h = two mon?s 
be5 taught by means ( ex]cises apt to   
facilitate ! le>n+ ( read+ & writ+1 b he
 _h paid slight att5tion to x1 &1 inde$1
 put little fai? 9 ! me?od4 ,"o day1 z  
he sat read+1 ) ! boy play+ ne>1 a      
s]vant ent]$1 & plac$ ^u ! table a l>ge 
numb] ( lett]s t _h j arriv$4 ,! little 
boy turn$ 8 att5tion to ^!1 & hold+ up  
ea* lett] read al\d ! address4 ,to 8    
fa!r ?is seem$ a v]itable miracle4  ,z  
to ! av]age "t requir$ = le>n+ to read &
 write1 exp]i5ce w\ld seem to %[ t1 />t+
 f ! mom5t 9 :i* ! *ild writes1 !       

passage f su* an inf]ior /age ( !       
graphic language to ! sup]ior /ate (    
read+ av]ages a =tnight4 ,security 9    
read+ is1 h[ev]1 arriv$ at mu* m sl[ly  
?an p]fection 9 writ+4 ,9 ! great]      
majority ( cases ! *ild :o writes       
beautifully1 /ill reads r poorly4  ,n   
all *ildr5 ( ! same age are at ! same   
po9t 9 ?is matt] ( read+ & writ+4 ,we n 
only d n =ce a *ild1 b we d n ev5 invite
 him1 or 9 any way attempt to coax him  
to d t :i* he does n wi% to d4 ,s x     
sometimes happ5s t c]ta9 *ildr51 n hav+ 
spontane\sly pres5t$ !mselves = ^!      
lessons1 are left 9 peace1 & d n "k h[  
to read or write4  ,if ! old-"t me?od1  
:i* tyranniz$ ov] ! w ( ! *ild & de/roy$
 8 spontaneity1 does n believe 9 mak+ a 
k ( writt5 language obligatory be=e !   
age ( six1 mu* less d we6  ,i am n ready
 to decide1 )\t a wid] exp]i5ce1 :e!r ! 
p]iod :5 ! spok5 language is fully      
develop$ is1 9 e case1 ! prop] "t =     
beg9n+ to develop ! writt5 language4  ,9
 any case1 almo/ all ( ! normal *ildr5  

treat$ ) our me?od beg9 to write at f\r 
ye>s1 & at five "k h[ to read & write1  
at lea/ z well z *ildr5 :o h f9i%$ !    
fir/ elem5t>y4 ,!y c\ld ent] ! second   
elem5t>y a ye> 9 advance ( ! "t :5 !y   
are admitt$ to fir/4  ,games = ! ,read+ 
( ,phrases4 ,z soon z my fri5ds saw t ! 
*ildr5 c\ld read pr9t1 !y made me gifts 
( beautifully illu/rat$ books4 ,look+   
?r\gh ^! books ( simple fairy lore1 ,i  
felt sure t ! *ildr5 w\ld n be able to  
und]/& !m4 ,! tea*]s1 feel+ entirely    
satisfi$ z to ! ability ( _! pupils1    
tri$ to %[ me ,i 0 wrong1 hav+ diff]5t  
*ildr5 read to me1 & say+ t !y read mu* 
m p]fectly ?an ! *ildr5 :o _h f9i%$ !   
second elem5t>y4  ,i did n1 h[ev]1 all[ 
myself to be deceiv$1 & made two trials4
 ,i fir/ _h ! tea*] tell "o ( ! /ories  
to ! *ildr5 :ile ,i obs]v$ to :at ext5t 
!y 7 spontane\sly int]e/$ 9 x4 ,!       
att5tion ( ! *ildr5 w&]$ aft] a few     
words4 ,i _h =bidd5 ! tea*] to recall to
 ord] ^? :o did n li/51 & ?us1 little by
 little1 a hum arose 9 ! s*oolroom1 due 

to ! fact t ea* *ild1 n c>+ to li/5 _h  
return$ to 8 usual occupation4  ,x 0    
evid5t t ! *ildr51 :o seem$ to read ^!  
books ) su* pleasure1 did n take        
pleasure 9 ! s5se1 b enjoy$ ! me*anical 
ability !y _h acquir$1 :i* consi/$ 9    
translat+ ! graphic signs into ! s\nds (
 a ^w !y recognis$4 ,&1 inde$1 ! *ildr5 
did n display ! same con/ancy 9 ! read+ 
( books :i* !y %[$ t[>d ! writt5 slips1 
s9ce 9 ! books !y met ) s _m unfamili>  
words4  ,my second te/1 0 to h "o ( !   
*ildr5 read ! book to me4 ,i did n      
int]rupt ) any ( ^? explanatory rem>ks  
by means ( :i* a tea*] tries to help !  
*ild foll[ ! ?read ( ! /ory he is read+1
 say+ = example3 ,/op a m9ute4 ,d y     
und]/&8 ,:at h y read8 ,y told me h[ !  
little boy w5t to drive 9 a big c>riage1
 didn't y8 ,pay att5tion to :at ! book  
says1 etc4  ,i gave ! book to a little  
boy1 sat d[n beside him 9 a fri5dly     
fa%ion1 & :5 he _h read ,i ask$ him     
simply & s]i\sly z "o w\ld speak to a   
fri5d1 ,did y und]/& :at y 7 read+8 ,he 

repli$3 ,no4 ,b ! expression ( 8 face   
seem$ to ask an explanation ( my dem&4  
,9 fact1 ! idea t ?r\gh ! read+ ( a     
s]ies ( words ! complex ?\ghts ( o!rs   
might be communicat$ to u1 0 to be = my 
*ildr5 "o ( ! beautiful conque/s ( !    
future1 a new s\rce ( surprise & joy4   
,! book has rec\rse to logical language1
 n to ! me*anism ( ! language4 ,be=e !  
*ild c und]/& & enjoy a book1 ! logical 
language mu/ be e/abli%$ 9 him4 ,betwe5 
kn[+ h[ to read ! words1 & h[ to read ! 
s5se1 ( a book !re lies ! same di/ance t
 exi/s betwe5 kn[+ h[ to pron\nce a ^w &
 h[ to make a spee*4 ,i1 !re=e1 /opp$ ! 
read+ f books & wait$4  ,"o day1 dur+ a 
free conv]sation p]iod1 f\r *ildr5 arose
 at ! same "t & ) expressions ( joy on  
_! faces ran to ! blackbo>d & wrote     
phrases ^u ! ord] ( ! foll[+3  ,oh1 h[  
glad we are t our g>d5 has begun to     
bloom4 ,x 0 a great surprise = me1 & ,i 
0 deeply mov$4 ,^! *ildr5 _h arriv$     
spontane\sly at ! art ( composition1 j z
 !y _h spontane\sly writt5 _! fir/ ^w4  

,! me*anical prep>ation 0 ! same1 & !   
ph5om5on develop$ logically4 ,logical   
articulate language _h1 :5 ! "t 0 ripe1 
provok$ ! correspond+ explosion 9 writt5
 language4  ,i und]/ood t ! "t _h come  
:5 we might proce$ to ! read+ ( phrases4
 ,i _h rec\rse to ! means us$ by !      
*ildr52 t is1 ,i wrote ^u ! blackbo>d1  
,d y love me8 ,! *ildr5 read x sl[ly    
al\d1 7 sil5t = a mom5t z if ?9k+1 !n   
cri$ out1 ,yes6 ,yes6 ,i cont9u$ to     
write2 ,!n make ! sil5ce1 & wat* me4 ,!y
 read ?is al\d1 almo/ %\t+1 b _h b>ely  
f9i%$ :5 a solemn sil5ce began to       
e/abli% itself1 int]rupt$ only by !     
s\nds ( ! *airs z ! *ildr5 took         
positions 9 :i* !y c\ld sit quietly4    
,?us began betwe5 me & !m a             
communication by means ( writt5         
language1 a ?+ :i* int]e/$ ! *ildr5     
int5sely4 ,little by little1 !y discov]$
 ! great quality ( writ+--t x transmits 
?\ght4 ,:5ev] ,i began to write1 !y     
fairly trembl$ 9 _! eag]ness to und]/&  
:at 0 my mean+ )\t he>+ me speak a ^w4  

,inde$1 graphic language does n ne$     
spok5 words4 ,x c only be und]/ood 9 all
 its greatness :5 x is completely       
isolat$ f spok5 language4  ,?is         
introduction to read+ 0 foll[$ by !     
foll[+ game1 :i* is greatly enjoy$ by ! 
*ildr54 ,^u a numb] ( c>ds ,i wrote long
 s5t5ces describ+ c]ta9 actions :i* !   
*ildr5 7 to c>ry out2 = example1 ,close 
! w9d[ bl9ds2 op5 ! front door2 !n wait 
a mom5t1 & arrange ?+s z !y 7 at fir/4  
,v politely ask eight ( y\r companions  
to leave _! *airs1 & to =m 9 d\ble file 
9 ! c5tre ( ! room1 !n h !m m>* =w>d &  
back on tiptoe1 mak+ no noise4 ,ask ?ree
 ( y\r olde/ companions :o s+ nicely1 if
 !y w please come into ! c5tre ( ! room4
 ,arrange !m 9 a nice r[1 & s+ ) !m a   
song t y h select$1 etc41 etc4 ,z soon z
 ,i f9i%$ writ+1 ! *ildr5 seiz$ ! c>ds1 
& tak+ !m to _! seats read !m           
spontane\sly ) great int5sity (         
att5tion1 & all amid ! mo/ complete     
sil5ce4  ,i ask$ !n1 ,d y und]/&8 ,yes6 
,yes6 ,!n d :at ! c>d tells y1 said ,i1 

& 0 delight$ to see ! *ildr5 rapidly &  
accurately foll[ ! *os5 action4 ,a great
 activity1 a movem5t ( a new sort1 0    
born 9 ! room4 ,!re 7 ^? :o clos$ !     
bl9ds1 & !n reop5$ !m2 o!rs :o made _!  
companions run on tiptoe1 or s+2 o!rs   
wrote ^u ! blackbo>d1 or took c]ta9     
objects f ! cupbo>ds4 ,surprise &       
curiosity produc$ a g5]al sil5ce1 & !   
lesson develop$ amid ! mo/ int5se       
int]e/4 ,x seem$ z if "s magic =ce _h   
gone =? f me /imulat+ an activity hi!rto
 unkn[n4 ,?is magic 0 graphic language1 
! greate/ conque/ ( civilisation4  ,& h[
 deeply ! *ildr5 und]/ood ! importance (
 x6 ,:5 ,i w5t out1 !y ga!r$ ab\t me )  
expressions ( gratitude & affection1    
say+1 ,?ank y6 ,?ank y6 ,?ank y = !     
lesson6  ,?is has become "o ( ! fav\rite
 games3 ,we fir/ e/abli% pr(\nd sil5ce1 
!n pres5t a basket conta9+ fold$ slips1 
^u ea* "o ( :i* is writt5 a long phrase 
describ+ an action4 ,all ^? *ildr5 :o "k
 h[ to read may draw a slip1 & read x   
m5tally once or twice until !y are c]ta9

 !y und]/& x4 ,!y !n give ! slip back to
 ! directress & set ab\t c>ry+ out !    
action4 ,s9ce _m ( ^! actions call = !  
help ( ! o!r *ildr5 :o d n "k h[ to     
read1 & s9ce _m ( !m call = ! h&l+ & use
 ( ! mat]ials1 a g5]al activity develops
 amid m>vell\s ord]1 :ile ! sil5ce is   
only int]rupt$ by ! s\nd ( little feet  
runn+ lightly1 & by ! voices ( ! *ildr5 
:o s+4 ,?is is an unexpect$ revelation (
 ! p]fection ( spontane\s discipl9e4    
,exp]i5ce has %[n u t composition mu/   
prec$e logical read+1 z writ+ prec$$ !  
read+ ( ! ^w4 ,x has also %[n t read+1  
if x is to tea* ! *ild to receive an    
idea1 %\ld be m5tal & n vocal4  ,read+  
al\d implies ! ex]cise ( two me*anical  
=ms ( ! language--articulate &          
graphic--& is1 !re=e1 a complex task4   
,:o does n "k t a gr[n p]son :o is to   
read a pap] 9 public prep>es = ?is by   
mak+ himself ma/] ( ! cont5t8 ,read+    
al\d is "o ( ! mo/ difficult            
intellectual actions4 ,! *ild1 !re=e1 :o
 beg9s to read by int]pret+ ?\ght %\ld  

read m5tally4 ,! writt5 language mu/    
isolate itself f ! articulate1 :5 x     
rises to ! int]pretation ( logical      
?\ght4 ,inde$1 x repres5ts ! language   
:i* transmits ?\ght at a di/ance1 :ile !
 s5ses & ! muscul> me*anism are sil5t4  
,x is a spiritualis$ language1 :i* puts 
into communication all m5 :o "k h[ to   
read4   ,education hav+ rea*$ su* a po9t
 9 ! ,*ildr5's ,h\ses1 ! entire elem5t>y
 s*ool mu/1 z a logical consequ5ce1 be  
*ang$4 ,h[ to re=m ! l[] grades 9 !     
elem5t>y s*ools1 ev5tually c>ry+ !m on  
accord+ to our me?ods1 is a great "q :i*
 _c be discuss$ "h4 ,i c only say t !   
fir/ elem5t>y w\ld be completely done   
away ) by our infant education1 :i*     
includes x4  ,! elem5t>y classes 9 !    
future %\ld beg9 ) *ildr5 su* z ours :o 
"k h[ to read & write2 *ildr5 :o "k h[  
to take c>e ( !mselves2 h[ to dress &   
undress1 & to wa% !mselves2 *ildr5 :o   
are famili> ) ! rules ( good conduct &  
c\rtesy1 & :o are ?or\ghly discipl9$ 9 !
 highe/ s5se ( ! t]m1 hav+ develop$1 &  

become ma/]s ( !mselves1 ?r\gh lib]ty2  
*ildr5 :o possess1 besides a p]fect     
ma/]y ( ! articulate language1 ! ability
 to read writt5 language 9 an elem5t>y  
way1 & :o beg9 to ent] ^u ! conque/ (   
logical language4  ,^! *ildr5 pron\nce  
cle>ly1 write 9 a firm h&1 & are full ( 
grace 9 _! movem5ts4 ,!y are ! e>ne/ ( a
 humanity gr[n 9 ! cult ( beauty--!     
infancy ( an all-conqu]+ humanity1 s9ce 
!y are intellig5t & pati5t obs]v]s ( _! 
environm5t1 & possess 9 ! =m (          
intellectual lib]ty ! p[] ( spontane\s  
reason+4  ,= su* *ildr51 we %\ld f\nd an
 elem5t>y s*ool wor?y to receive !m & to
 guide !m fur!r along ! pa? ( life & (  
civilisation1 a s*ool loyal to ! same   
educational pr9ciples ( respect = !     
fre$om ( ! *ild & = 8 spontane\s        
manife/ations--pr9ciples :i* %all =m !  
p]sonality ( ^! little m54              
,illu/ration3 ,example ( writ+ done )   
p51 by a *ild five ye>s4 ,"o-f\r?       
r$uction4  ,translation3 ,we w\ld l to  
wi% a joy\s ,ea/] to ! civil eng9e]     

,edo>do ,talamo & ! ,pr9cess ,m>ia4 ,we 
w ask !m to br+ _! pretty *ildr5 "h4    
,leave x to me3 ,i w write = all4 ,april
 #g1 #aiji4     ,,*apt] ,,xviii         
,,language ,,9 ,,*ildhood   ,graphic    
language1 compris+ dictation & read+1   
conta9s articulate language 9 its       
complete me*anism 7auditory *annels1    
c5tral *annels1 motor *annels71 &1 9 !  
mann] ( developm5t call$ =? by my me?od1
 is bas$ ess5tially on articulate       
language4  ,graphic language1 !re=e1 may
 be consid]$ f two po9ts ( view3  7a7 ,t
 ( ! conque/ ( a new language ( em95t   
social importance :i* adds itself to !  
articulate language ( natural man2 & ?is
 is ! cultural significance :i* is      
commonly giv5 to graphic language1 :i*  
is !re=e taught 9 ! s*ools )\t any      
consid]ation ( its relation to spok5    
language1 b solely ) ! int5tion ( (f]+  
to ! social be+ a necess>y in/rum5t 9 8 
relations ) 8 fell[s4  7b7 ,t ( !       
relation betwe5 graphic & articulate    
language &1 9 ?is relation1 ( an ev5tual

 possibility ( utilis+ ! writt5 language
 to p]fect ! spok53 a new consid]ation  
^u :i* ,i wi% to insi/ & :i* gives to   
graphic language a physiological        
importance4  ,moreov]1 z spok5 language 
is at ! same "t a natural function ( man
 & an in/rum5t :i* he utilises = social 
ends1 s writt5 language may be consid]$ 
9 itself1 9 its =mation1 z an organic   
ensemble ( new me*anisms :i* are        
e/abli%$ 9 ! n]v\s sy/em1 & z an        
in/rum5t :i* may be utilis$ = social    
ends4  ,9 %ort1 x is a "q ( giv+ to     
writt5 language n only a physiological  
importance1 b also a p]iod ( developm5t 
indep5d5t ( ! high functions :i* x is   
de/9$ to p]=m lat]4  ,x seems to me t   
graphic language bri/les ) difficulties 
9 its beg9n+1 n only because x has      
h]et(ore be5 taught by irrational       
me?ods1 b because we h tri$ to make x   
p]=m1 z soon z x has be5 acquir$1 ! high
 function ( tea*+ ! writt5 language :i* 
has be5 fix$ by c5turies ( p]fect+ 9 a  
civilis$ p4  ,?9k h[ irrational h be5 ! 

me?ods we h us$6 ,we h analys$ ! graphic
 signs r ?an ! physiological acts       
necess>y to produce ! alphabetical      
signs2 & ?is )\t consid]+ t any graphic 
sign is difficult to a*ieve1 because !  
visual repres5tation ( ! signs h no     
h]$it>y connection ) ! motor            
repres5tations necess>y = produc+ !m2 z1
 = example1 ! auditory repres5tations ( 
! ^w h ) ! motor me*anism ( ! articulate
 language4 ,x is1 !re=e1 always a       
difficult ?+ to provoke a /imulative    
motor action unless we h already        
e/abli%$ ! movem5t be=e ! visual        
repres5tation ( ! sign is made4 ,x is a 
difficult ?+ to ar\se an activity t %all
 produce a motion unless t motion %all h
 be5 previ\sly e/abli%$ by practice & by
 ! p[] ( habit4  ,?us1 = example1 !     
analysis ( writ+ into little /raight    
l9es & curves has br\ght u to pres5t to 
! *ild a sign )\t significance1 :i*     
!re=e does n int]e/ him1 & ^:           
repres5tation is incapable ( det]m9+ a  
spontane\s motor impulse4 ,! artificial 

act con/itut$1 !re=e1 an ef=t ( ! w :i* 
result$ = ! *ild 9 rapid exhau/ion      
exhibit$ 9 ! =m ( bor$om & suff]+4 ,to  
?is ef=t 0 add$ ! ef=t ( con/itut+      
syn*ron\sly ! muscul> associations      
co-ord9at+ ! movem5ts necess>y to !     
hold+ & manipulat+ ! in/rum5t ( writ+4  
,all sorts ( depress+ feel+s accompani$ 
su* ef=ts & conduc$ to ! production (   
imp]fect & errone\s signs :i* ! tea*]s  
_h to correct1 disc\rag+ ! *ild /ill m )
 ! con/ant criticism ( ! error & ( !    
imp]fection ( ! signs trac$4 ,?us1 :ile 
! *ild 0 urg$ to make an ef=t1 ! tea*]  
depress$ r ?an reviv$ 8 psy*ical =ces4  
,al?\gh su* a mi/ak5 c\rse 0 foll[$1 !  
graphic language1 s pa9fully le>n$1 0   
nev]!less to be imm$iately utilis$ =    
social ends2 &1 /ill imp]fect &         
immature1 0 made to d s]vice 9 !        
syntactical con/ruction ( ! language1 & 
9 ! ideal expression ( ! sup]ior psy*ic 
c5tres4 ,"o mu/ rememb] t 9 nature !    
spok5 language is =m$ gradually2 & x is 
already e/abli%$ 9 words :5 ! sup]ior   

psy*ic c5tres use ^! words 9 :at        
,kussmaul calls dictorium1 9 !          
syntactical grammatical =mation (       
language :i* is necess>y to ! expression
 ( complex ideas2 t is1 9 ! language ( !
 logical m9d4  ,9 %ort ! me*anism (     
language is a necess>y antec$5t ( !     
high] psy*ic activities :i* are to      
utilise x4  ,!re are1 !re=e1 two p]iods 
9 ! developm5t ( language3 a l[] "o :i* 
prep>es ! n]v\s *annel & ! c5tral       
me*anisms :i* are to put ! s5sory       
*annels 9 relation ) ! motor *annels2 & 
a high] "o det]m9$ by ! high] psy*ic    
activities :i* are ext]ioriz$ by means (
 ! pre=m$ me*anisms ( language4         
,illu/ration  ,?us = example 9 ! s*eme  
:i* ,kussmaul gives on ! me*anism (     
articulate language we mu/ fir/ ( all   
di/+ui% a sort ( c]ebral dia/altic arc  
7repres5t+ ! pure me*anism ( ! ^w71 :i* 
is e/abli%$ 9 ! fir/ =mation ( ! spok5  
language4 ,let ,e be ! e>1 & ,t ! motor 
organs ( spee*1 tak5 z a :ole & "h      
repres5t$ by ! tongue1 ,a ! auditory    

c5tre ( spee*1 & ,m ! motor c5tre4 ,!   
*annels ,,ea & ,,mt are p]iph]al        
*annels1 ! =m] c5tripetal & ! latt]     
c5trifugal1 & ! *annel ,,am is !        
int]-c5tral *annel ( association4       
,illu/ration  ,! c5tre ,a 9 :i* reside !
 auditive images ( words may be aga9    
subdivid$ into ?ree1 z 9 ! foll[+ s*eme1
 viz43 ,s\nd 7,s71 syllables 7,sy71 &   
words 7,w74  ,t p>tial c5tres = s\nds & 
syllables c really be =m$1 ! pa?ology ( 
language seems to e/abli%1 = 9 "s =ms ( 
c5tro-s5sory dysphasia1 ! pati5ts c     
pron\nce only s\nds1 or at mo/ s\nds &  
syllables4  ,small *ildr51 too1 are1 at 
! beg9n+1 p>ticul>ly s5sitive to simple 
s\nds ( language1 ) :i* inde$1 &        
especially ) s1 _! mo!rs c>ess !m &     
attract _! att5tion2 :ile lat] ! *ild is
 s5sitive to syllables1 ) :i* also ! "m 
c>esses him1 say+3 ba1 ba1 punf1 tuf6   
,illu/ration  ,f9ally x is ! simple ^w1 
dissyllabic 9 mo/ cases1 :i* attracts ! 
*ild's att5tion4  ,b = ! motor c5tres   
also ! same ?+ may be repeat$2 ! *ild   

utt]s at ! beg9n+ simple or d\ble s\nds1
 z = example bl1 gl1 *1 an expression   
:i* ! "m greets ) joy2 !n di/9ctly      
syllabic s\nds beg9 to manife/ !mselves 
9 ! *ild3 ga1 ba2 &1 f9ally1 !          
dissyllabic ^w1 usually labial3 mama4   
,illu/ration  ,we say t ! spok5 language
 beg9s ) ! *ild :5 ! ^w pron\nc$ by him 
signifies an idea2 :5 = example1 see+ 8 
"m & recognis+ h] he says mamma2 & see+ 
a dog says1 tette2 & wi%+ to eat says3  
pappa4  ,?us we consid] language begun  
:5 x is e/abli%$ 9 relation to          
p]ception2 :ile ! language itself is    
/ill1 9 its psy*o-motor me*anism1       
p]fectly rudim5t>y4  ,t is1 :5 above !  
dia/altic arc :]e ! me*anical =mation ( 
! language is /ill unconsci\s1 !        
recognition ( ! ^w takes place1 t is1 ! 
^w is p]ceiv$ & associat$ ) ! object :i*
 x repres5ts1 language is consid]$ to h 
begun4  ,on ?is level1 lat]1 language   
cont9ues ! process ( p]fect+ 9          
proportion z ! he>+ p]ceives bett] !    
compon5t s\nds ( ! words & ! psy*o-motor

 *annels become m p]meable to           
articulation4  ,?is is ! fir/ /age (    
spok5 language1 :i* has its own beg9n+ &
 its own developm5t1 lead+1 ?r\gh !     
p]ceptions1 to ! p]fect+ ( ! primordial 
me*anism ( ! language itself2 & at ?is  
/age precisely is e/abli%$ :at we call  
articulate language1 :i* w lat] be !    
means :i* ! adult w h at 8 disposal to  
express 8 own ?\ghts1 & :i* ! adult w h 
great difficulty 9 p]fect+ or correct+  
:5 x has once be5 e/abli%$3 9 fact a    
high /age ( culture sometimes           
accompanies an imp]fect articulate      
language :i* prev5ts ! ae/hetic         
expression ( "o's ?\ght4  ,! developm5t 
( articulate language takes place 9 !   
p]iod betwe5 ! age ( two & ! age ( sev53
 ! age ( p]ceptions 9 :i* ! att5tion ( !
 *ild is spontane\sly turn$ t[>ds       
ext]nal objects1 & ! memory is          
p>ticul>ly t5aci\s4 ,x is ! age also (  
motility 9 :i* all ! psy*o-motor *annels
 are becom+ p]meable & ! muscul>        
me*anisms e/abli% !mselves4 ,9 ?is p]iod

 ( life by ! my/]i\s bond betwe5 !      
auditory *annel & ! motor *annel ( !    
spok5 language x w\ld seem t ! auditory 
p]ceptions h ! direct p[] ( provok+ !   
complicat$ movem5ts ( articulate spee*  
:i* develop in/9ctively aft] su* /imuli 
z if awak+ f ! slumb] ( h]$ity4 ,x is   
well kn[n t x is only at ?is age t x is 
possible to acquire all ! *>act]i/ic    
modulations ( a language :i* x w\ld be  
va9 to attempt to e/abli% lat]4 ,! "m   
tongue alone is well pron\nc$ because x 
0 e/abli%$ 9 ! p]iod ( *ildhood2 & !    
adult :o le>ns to speak a new language  
mu/ br+ to x ! imp]fections *>act]i/ic (
 ! =eign]'s spee*3 only *ildr5 :o "u !  
age ( sev5 ye>s le>n sev]al languages at
 ! same "t c receive & reproduce all !  
*>act]i/ic mann]isms ( acc5t &          
pronunciation4  ,?us also ! defects     
acquir$ 9 *ildhood su* z dialectic      
defects or ^? e/abli%$ by bad habits1   
become indelible 9 ! adult4  ,:at       
develops lat]1 ! sup]ior language1 !    
dictorium1 no long] has its orig9 9 !   

me*anism ( language b 9 ! intellectual  
developm5t :i* makes use ( ! me*anical  
language4 ,z ! articulate language      
develops by ! ex]cise ( its me*anism &  
is enri*$ by p]ception1 ! dictorium     
develops ) syntax & is enri*$ by        
intellectual culture4 ,go+ back to !    
s*eme ( language we see t above ! arc   
:i* def9es ! l[] language1 is e/abli%$ !
 dictorium1 ,d1--f :i* n[ come ! motor  
impulses ( spee*--:i* is e/abli%$ z     
spok5 language fit to manife/ ! ideation
 ( ! intellig5t man2 ?is language w be  
enri*$ little by little by intellectual 
culture & p]fect$ by ! grammatical /udy 
( syntax4  ,illu/ration  ,hi!rto1 z a   
result ( a preconception1 x has be5     
believ$ t writt5 language %\ld ent] only
 into ! developm5t ( ! dictorium1 z !   
suitable means = ! acquisition ( culture
 & ( p]mitt+ grammatical analysis &     
con/ruction ( ! language4 ,s9ce spok5   
words h w+s x has be5 admitt$ t         
intellectual culture c\ld only proce$ by
 ! aid ( a language :i* 0 /able1        

objective1 & capable ( be+ analys$1 su* 
z ! graphic language4  ,b :y1 :5 we     
ackn[l$ge ! graphic language z a        
preci\s1 nay indisp5sable1 in/rum5t (   
intellectual education1 = ! reason t x  
fixes ! ideas ( m5 & p]mits ( _!        
analysis & ( _! assimilation 9 books1   
:]e !y rema9 indelibly writt5 z an      
ineffaceable memory ( words :i* are     
!re=e always pres5t & by :i* we c       
analyse ! syntactical /ructure ( !      
language1 :y %all we n ackn[l$ge t x is 
useful 9 ! m humble task ( fix+ ! words 
:i* repres5t p]ception & ( analys+ _!   
compon5t s\nds8  ,compell$ by a         
p$agogical prejudice we are unable to   
sep>ate ! idea ( a graphic language f t 
( a function :i* h]et(ore we h made x   
exclusively p]=m2 & x seems to u t by   
tea*+ su* a language to *ildr5 /ill 9 ! 
age ( simple p]ceptions & ( motility we 
are committ+ a s]i\s psy*ological &     
p$agogical error4  ,b let u rid         
ourselves ( ?is prejudice & consid] !   
graphic language 9 itself1 recon/ruct+  

its psy*o-physiological me*anism4 ,x is 
f> m simple ?an ! psy*o-physiological   
me*anism ( ! articulate language1 & is  
f> m directly accessible to education4  
,writ+ especially is surpris+ly simple4 
,= let u consid] dictat$ writ+3 we h a  
p]fect p>allel ) spok5 language s9ce a  
motor action mu/ correspond ) he>d      
spee*4 ,"h !re does n exi/1 to be sure1 
! my/]i\s h]$it>y relations betwe5 !    
he>d spee* & ! articulate spee*2 b !    
movem5ts ( writ+ are f> simpl] ?an ^?   
necess>y to ! spok5 ^w1 & are p]=m$ by  
l>ge muscles1 all ext]nal1 ^u :i* we c  
directly act1 r5d]+ ! motor *annels     
p]meable1 & e/abli%+ psy*o-muscul>      
me*anisms4  ,?is inde$ is :at is done by
 my me?od1 :i* prep>es ! movem5ts       
directly2 s t ! psy*o-motor impulse ( ! 
he>d spee* f9ds ! motor *annels already 
e/abli%$1 & is manife/$ 9 ! act ( writ+1
 l an explosion4  ,! real difficulty is 
9 ! int]pretation ( ! graphic signs2 b  
we mu/ rememb] t we are 9 ! age (       
p]ceptions1 :]e ! s5sations & ! memory z

 well z ! primitive associations are    
involv$ precisely 9 ! *>act]i/ic        
progress ( natural developm5t4 ,moreov] 
our *ildr5 are already prep>$ by v>i\s  
ex]cises ( ! s5ses1 & by me?odical      
con/ruction ( ideas & m5tal associations
 to p]ceive ! graphic signs2 some?+ l a 
patrimony ( p]ceptive ideas (f]s mat]ial
 to ! language 9 ! process ( developm5t4
 ,! *ild :o recognises a triangle &     
calls x a triangle c recognise a lett] s
 & d5om9ate x by ! s\nd s4 ,?is is      
obvi\s4  ,let u n talk ( premature      
tea*+2 ridd+ ourselves ( prejudices1 let
 u appeal to exp]i5ce :i* %[s t 9       
reality *ildr5 proce$ )\t ef=t1 nay r ) 
evid5t manife/ations ( pleasure to !    
recognition ( graphic signs pres5t$ z   
objects4  ,illu/ration  ,& ) ?is premise
 let u consid] ! relations betwe5 !     
me*anisms ( ! two languages4  ,! *ild ( 
?ree or f\r has already long begun 8    
articulate language accord+ to our      
s*eme4 ,b he f9ds himself 9 ! p]iod 9   
:i* ! me*anism ( articulate language is 

be+ p]fect$2 a p]iod contempor>y ) t 9  
:i* he is acquir+ a cont5t ( language   
along ) ! patrimony ( p]ception4  ,!    
*ild has p]haps n he>d p]fectly 9 all _!
 compon5t p>ts ! words :i* he pron\nces1
 &1 if he has he>d !m p]fectly1 !y may h
 be5 pron\nc$ badly1 & consequ5tly h    
left an errone\s auditory p]ception4 ,x 
w\ld be well t ! *ild1 by ex]cis+ !     
motor *annels ( articulate language %\ld
 e/abli% exactly ! movem5ts necess>y to 
a p]fect articulation1 be=e ! age ( easy
 motor adaptations is pass$1 &1 by !    
fixation ( errone\s me*anisms1 ! defects
 become incorrigible4  ,to ?is end !    
analysis ( spee* is necess>y4 ,z :5 we  
wi% to p]fect ! language we fir/ />t    
*ildr5 at composition & !n pass to      
grammatical /udy2 & :5 we wi% to p]fect 
! /yle we fir/ tea* to write            
grammatically & !n come to ! analysis ( 
/yle--s :5 we wi% to p]fect ! spee* x is
 fir/ necess>y t ! spee* exi/1 & !n x is
 prop] to proce$ to its analysis4 ,:51  
!re=e1 ! *ild speaks1 b be=e !          

completion ( ! developm5t ( spee* :i*   
r5d]s x fix$ 9 me*anisms already        
e/abli%$1 ! spee* %\ld be analys$ ) a   
view to p]fect+ x4  ,n[1 z gramm> &     
rhetoric are n possible ) ! spok5       
language b dem& rec\rse to ! writt5     
language :i* keeps ev] be=e ! eye !     
disc\rse to be analys$1 s x is ) spee*4 
,! analysis ( ! transi5t is impossible4 
,! language mu/ be mat]ialis$ & made    
/able4 ,h5ce ! necessity ( ! writt5 ^w  
or ! ^w repres5t$ by graphic signs4  ,9 
! ?ird /age ( my me?od = writ+1 t is1   
composition ( spee*1 is includ$ !       
analysis ( ! ^w n only into signs1 b    
into ! compon5t s\nds2 ! signs repres5t+
 its translation4 ,! *ild1 t is1 divides
 ! he>d ^w :i* he p]ceives integrally z 
a ^w1 kn[+ also its mean+s1 into s\nds &
 syllables4  ,illu/ration  ,let me call 
att5tion to ! foll[+ diagram :i*        
repres5ts ! int]relation ( ! two        
me*anisms = writ+ & = articulate spee*4 
,illu/ration3 ,! p]iph]ic *annels are   
indicat$ by heavy l9es2 ! c5tral *annels

 ( association by dott$ l9es2 & ^?      
ref]r+ to association 9 relation to !   
developm5t ( ! he>d spee* by light l9es4
  ,e e>2 ,s auditory c5tre ( s\nds2 ,sy 
auditory c5tre ( syllables2 ,w auditory 
c5tre ( ^w2 ,m motor c5tre ( !          
articulate spee*2 ,t ext]nal organs (   
articulate spee* 7tongue72 ,h ext]nal   
organs ( writ+ 7h&72 ,,mc motor c5tre ( 
writ+2 ,,vc visual c5tre ( graphic      
signs2 ,v organ ( vision4  ,:]eas 9 !   
developm5t ( spok5 language ! s\nd      
compos+ ! ^w might be imp]fectly        
p]ceiv$1 "h 9 ! tea*+ ( ! graphic sign  
correspond+ to ! s\nd 7:i* tea*+ consi/s
 9 pres5t+ to ! *ild a s&pap] lett]1    
nam+ x di/9ctly & mak+ ! *ild see x &   
t\* x71 n only is ! p]ception ( ! he>d  
s\nd cle>ly fix$--sep>ately & cle>ly--b 
?is p]ception is associat$ ) two o!rs3 !
 c5tro-motor p]ception & ! c5tro-visual 
p]ception ( ! writt5 sign4  ,! triangle 
,,vc1 ,,mc1 ,s repres5ts ! association (
 ?ree s5sations 9 relation ) ! analysis 
( spee*4  ,:5 ! lett] is pres5t$ to !   

*ild & he is made to t\* & see x1 :ile x
 is be+ nam$1 ! c5tripetal *annels      
,e,so2 ,h1 ,,mc1 ,s2 ,v1 ,,vc1 ,s are   
act+ & :5 ! *ild is made to "n ! lett]1 
alone or accompani$ by a v[el1 ! ext]nal
 /imulus acts 9 ,v & passes ?r\gh !     
*annels ,v1 ,,vc1 ,s1 ,m1 ,t2 & ,v1     
,,cv1 ,s1 ,sy1 ,m1 ,t4  ,:5 ^! *annels (
 association h be5 e/abli%$ by pres5t+  
visual /imuli 9 ! graphic sign1 !       
correspond+ movem5ts ( articulate       
language c be provok$ & /udi$ "o by "o 9
 _! defects2 :ile1 by ma9ta9+ ! visual  
/imulus ( ! graphic sign :i* provokes   
articulation & accompany+ x by !        
auditory /imulus ( ! correspond+ s\nd   
utt]$ by ! tea*]1 _! articulation c be  
p]fect$2 ?is articulation is by innate  
conditions connect$ ) ! he>d spee*2 t   
is1 9 ! c\rse ( ! pronunciation provok$ 
by ! visual /imulus1 & dur+ ! repetition
 ( ! relative movem5ts ( ! organs (     
language1 ! auditory /imulus :i* is     
introduc$ into ! ex]cise contributes to 
! p]fect+ ( ! pronunciation ( ! isolat$ 

or syllabic s\nds compos+ ! spok5 ^w4   
,:5 lat] ! *ild writes "u dictation1    
translat+ into signs ! s\nds ( spee*1 he
 analyses ! he>d spee* into its s\nds1  
translat+ !m into graphic movem5ts ?r\gh
 *annels already r5d]$ p]meable by !    
correspond+ muscul> s5sations4          
,,defects ,,( ,,language ,,due ,,to     
,,lack ,,( ,,education  ,defects &      
imp]fections ( language are 9 "p due to 
organic causes1 consi/+ 9 mal=mations or
 9 pa?ological alt]ations ( ! n]v\s     
sy/em2 b 9 "p !y are connect$ )         
functional defects acquir$ 9 ! p]iod ( !
 =mation ( language & consi/ 9 an       
erratic pronunciation ( ! compon5t s\nds
 ( ! spok5 ^w4 ,su* errors are acquir$  
by ! *ild :o he>s words imp]fectly      
pron\nc$1 or he>s bad spee*1 ,!         
dialectic acc5t ent]s into ?is category2
 b !re also ent] vici\s habits :i* make 
! natural defects ( ! articulate        
language ( *ildhood p]si/ 9 ! *ild1 or  
:i* provoke 9 him by imitation ! defects
 ( language peculi> to ! p]sons :o      

surr\nd$ him 9 8 *ildhood4  ,! normal   
defects ( *ild language are due to !    
fact t ! complicat$ muscul> ag5cies ( ! 
organs ( articulate language d n yet    
function well & are consequ5tly         
incapable ( reproduc+ ! s\nd :i* 0 !    
s5sory /imulus ( a c]ta9 innate movem5t4
 ,! association ( ! movem5ts necess>y to
 ! articulation ( ! spok5 words is      
e/abli%$ little by little4 ,! result is 
a language made ( words ) s\nds :i* are 
imp]fect & (t5 lack+ 7:5ce incomplete   
words74 ,su* defects are gr\p$ "u ! "n  
blaesitas & are especially due to ! fact
 t ! *ild is n yet capable ( direct+ !  
movem5ts ( 8 tongue4 ,!y comprise       
*iefly3 sigmatism or imp]fect           
pronunciation ( s2 rhotacism or imp]fect
 pronunciation ( r2 lambdacism or       
imp]fect pronunciation ( l2 gammacism or
 imp]fect pronunciation1 ( g2 iotacism1 
defective pronunciation ( ! gutturals2  
mogilalia1 imp]fect pronunciation ( !   
labials1 & accord+ to "s au?ors1 z      
,prey]1 mogilalia is made to include    

also ! suppression ( ! fir/ s\nd ( a ^w4
  ,"s defects ( pronunciation :i* conc]n
 ! utt]ance ( ! v[el s\nd z well z t ( !
 consonant are due to ! fact t ! *ild   
reproduces p]fectly s\nds imp]fectly    
he>d4  ,9 ! fir/ case1 !n1 x is a matt] 
( functional insuffici5cies ( ! p]iph]al
 motor organ & h5ce ( ! n]v\s *annels1 &
 ! cause lies 9 ! individual2 :]eas 9 ! 
second case ! error is caus$ by !       
auditory /imulus & ! cause lies outside4
  ,^! defects (t5 p]si/1 h[ev] att5uat$1
 9 ! boy & ! adult3 & produce f9ally an 
errone\s language to :i* w lat] be add$ 
9 writ+ or?ographical errors1 su* =     
example z dialectic or?ographical       
errors4  ,if "o consid]s ! *>m ( human  
spee* "o is b\nd to ackn[l$ge !         
inf]iority ( "o :o does n possess a     
correct spok5 language2 & an ae/hetic   
conception 9 education _c be imag9$     
unless special c>e be devot$ to p]fect+ 
articulate language4 ,al?\gh ! ,greeks  
_h transmitt$ to ,rome ! art ( educat+ 9
 language1 ?is practice 0 n resum$ by   

,humanism :i* c>$ m = ! ae/hetics ( !   
environm5t & ! revival ( arti/ic works  
?an = ! p]fect+ ( ! man4  ,to-day we are
 j beg9n+ to introduce ! practice (     
correct+ by p$agogical me?ods ! s]i\s   
defects ( language1 su* z /amm]+2 b !   
idea ( l+ui/ic gymna/ics t5d+ to its    
p]fection has n yet p5etrat$ into our   
s*ools z a univ]sal me?od1 & z a detail 
( ! great "w ( ! ae/hetic p]fect+ ( man4
  ,"s tea*]s ( deaf mutes & intellig5t  
devotees ( or?ophony are try+ n[adays ) 
small practical success to introduce    
into ! elem5t>y s*ools ! correction ( ! 
v>i\s =ms ( blaesitas1 z a result (     
/ati/ical /udies :i* h demon/rat$ ! wide
 diffusion ( su* defects among ! pupils4
 ,! ex]cises consi/ ess5tially 9 sil5ce 
cures :i* procure calm & repose = !     
organs ( language1 & 9 pati5t repetition
 ( ! sep>ate v[el & consonant s\nds2 to 
^! ex]cises is add$ also respiratory    
gymna/ics4 ,?is is n ! place to describe
 9 detail ! me?ods ( ^! ex]cises :i* are
 long & pati5t & q out ( h>mony ) !     

tea*+s ( ! s*ool4 ,b 9 my me?ods are to 
be f\nd all ex]cises = ! corrections (  
language3  7a7 ,ex]cises ( ,sil5ce1 :i* 
prep>e ! n]v\s *annels ( language to    
receive new /imuli p]fectly2  7b7       
,lessons :i* consi/ fir/ ( ! di/9ct     
pronunciation by ! tea*] ( few words    
7especially ( n\ns :i* mu/ be associat$ 
) a concrete idea72 by ?is means cle> & 
p]fect auditory /imuli ( language are   
/>t$1 /imuli :i* are repeat$ by ! tea*] 
:5 ! *ild has conceiv$ ! idea ( ! object
 repres5t$ by ! ^w 7recognition ( !     
object72 f9ally ( ! provocation (       
articulate language on ! "p ( ! *ild :o 
mu/ repeat t ^w alone al\d1 pron\nc+ its
 sep>ate s\nds2  7c7 ,ex]cises 9        
,graphic ,language1 :i* analyse ! s\nds 
( spee* & cause !m to be repeat$        
sep>ately 9 sev]al ways3 t is1 :5 ! *ild
 le>ns ! sep>ate lett]s ( ! alphabet &  
:5 he composes or writes words1 repeat+ 
_! s\nds :i* he translates sep>ately    
into compos$ or writt5 spee*2  7d7      
,gymna/ic ,ex]cises1 :i* comprise1 z we 

h se51 bo? respiratory ex]cises & ^? (  
articulation4  ,i believe t 9 ! s*ools (
 ! future ! conception w disappe> :i* is
 beg9n+ to-day ( correct+ 9 ! elem5t>y  
s*ools ! defects ( language2 & w be     
replac$ by ! m rational "o ( avoid+ !m  
by c>+ = ! developm5t ( language 9 !    
,*ildr5's ,h\ses2 t is1 9 ! v age 9 :i* 
language is be+ e/abli%$ 9 ! *ild4      
,,*apt] ,,xix  ,,tea*+ ,,( ,,num]ation2 
,,introduction ,,to ,,ari?metic         
,*ildr5 ( ?ree ye>s already "k h[ to    
c\nt z f> z two or ?ree :5 !y ent] our  
s*ools4 ,!y !re=e v easily le>n         
num]ation1 :i* consi/s 9 c\nt+ objects4 
,a doz5 diff]5t ways may s]ve t[>d ?is  
end1 & daily life pres5ts _m            
opportunities2 :5 ! "m says1 = in/ance1 
,!re are two buttons miss+ f y\r apron1 
or ,we ne$ ?ree m plates at table4  ,"o 
( ! fir/ means us$ by me1 is t ( c\nt+ )
 money4 ,i obta9 new money1 & if x 7    
possible ,i %\ld h good reproductions   
made 9 c>dbo>d4 ,i h se5 su* money us$ 9
 a s*ool = defici5ts 9 ,london4  ,! mak+

 ( *ange is a =m ( num]ation s          
attractive z to hold ! att5tion ( !     
*ild4 ,i pres5t ! "o1 two1 & f\r c5time 
pieces & ! *ildr51 9 ?is way le>n to    
c\nt to t54  ,no =m ( in/ruction is m   
practical ?an t t5d+ to make *ildr5     
famili> ) ! co9s 9 common use1 & no     
ex]cise is m useful ?an t ( mak+ *ange4 
,x is s closely relat$ to daily life t x
 int]e/s all *ildr5 int5sely4  ,hav+    
taught num]ation 9 ?is empiric mode1 ,i 
pass to m me?odical ex]cises1 hav+ z    
didactic mat]ial "o ( ! sets ( blocks   
already us$ 9 ! education ( ! s5ses2    
namely1 ! s]ies ( t5 rods h]et(ore us$ =
 ! tea*+ ( l5g?4 ,! %orte/ ( ^! rods    
corresponds to a decimetre1 ! longe/ to 
a metre1 :ile ! int]v5+ rods are divid$ 
into sections a decimetre 9 l5g?4 ,!    
sections are pa9t$ alt]nately r$ & blue4
  ,illu/ration  ,"s day1 :5 a *ild has  
arrang$ ! rods1 plac+ !m 9 ord] ( l5g?1 
we h him c\nt ! r$ & blue signs1 beg9n+ 
) ! smalle/ piece2 t is1 "o2 "o1 two2   
"o1 two1 ?ree1 etc41 always go+ back to 

"o 9 ! c\nt+ ( ea* rod1 & />t+ f ! side 
,a4 ,we !n h him "n ! s+le rods f !     
%orte/ to ! longe/1 accord+ to ! total  
numb] ( ! sections :i* ea* conta9s1 t\*+
 ! rods at ! sides ,b1 on :i* side !    
/air asc5ds4 ,?is results 9 ! same      
num]ation z :5 we c\nt$ ! longe/        
rod--#a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f1 #g1 #h1 #i1
 #aj4 ,wi%+ to "k ! numb] ( rods1 we    
c\nt !m f ! side ,a & ! same num]ation  
results2 #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f1 #g1 #h1
 #i1 #aj4 ,?is correspond5ce ( ! ?ree   
sides ( ! triangle causes ! *ild to     
v]ify 8 k & z ! ex]cise int]e/s him he  
repeats x _m times4  ,we n[ unite to !  
ex]cises 9 num]ation ! e>li]1 s5sory    
ex]cises 9 :i* ! *ild recognis$ ! long &
 %ort rods4 ,hav+ mix$ ! rods ^u a      
c>pet1 ! directress selects "o1 & %[+ x 
to ! *ild1 has him c\nt ! sections2 =   
example1 #e4 ,%e !n asks him to give h] 
! "o next 9 l5g?4 ,he selects x by 8    
eye1 & ! directress has him v]ify 8     
*oice by plac+ ! two pieces side by side
 & by c\nt+ _! sections4 ,su* ex]cises  

may be repeat$ 9 great v>iety & ?r\gh !m
 ! *ild le>ns to assign a p>ticul> "n to
 ea* "o ( ! pieces 9 ! long /air4 ,we   
may n[ call !m piece numb] "o2 piece    
numb] two1 etc41 & f9ally1 = brevity1   
may speak ( !m 9 ! lessons z "o1 two1   
?ree1 etc4   ,,! ,,numb]s ,,z           
,,repres5t$ ,,by ,,! ,,graphic ,,signs  
,at ?is po9t1 if ! *ild already kn[s h[ 
to write1 we may pres5t ! figures cut 9 
s&pap] & m\nt$ ^u c>ds4 ,9 pres5t+ ^!1 !
 me?od is ! same us$ 9 tea*+ ! lett]s4  
,?is is "o4 ,?is is two4 ,give me "o4   
,give me two4 ,:at numb] is ?is8 ,! *ild
 traces ! numb] ) 8 f+] z he did !      
lett]s4  ,ex]cises ) ,numb]s4           
,association ( ! graphic sign ) !       
quantity4  ,i h design$ two trays ea*   
divid$ into five little comp>tm5ts4 ,at 
! back ( ea* comp>tm5t may be plac$ a   
c>d be>+ a figure4 ,! figures 9 ! fir/  
tray %\ld be #j1 #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 & 9 !  
second1 #e1 #f1 #g1 #h1 #i4  ,! ex]cise 
is obvi\s2 x consi/s 9 plac+ )9 !       
comp>tm5ts a numb] ( objects correspond+

 to ! figure indicat$ ^u ! c>d at ! back
 ( ! comp>tm5t4 ,we give ! *ildr5 v>i\s 
objects 9 ord] to v>y ! lesson1 b *iefly
 make use ( l>ge wood5 pegs s %ap$ t !y 
w n roll (f ! desk4 ,we place a numb] ( 
^! be=e ! *ild ^: "p is to arrange !m 9 
_! places1 "o peg correspond+ to ! c>d  
m>k$ "o1 etc4 ,:5 he has f9i%$ he takes 
8 tray to ! directress t %e may v]ify 8 
"w4  ,! ,lesson on ,z]o4 ,we wait until 
! *ild1 po9t+ to ! comp>tm5t conta9+ !  
c>d m>k$ z]o1 asks1 ,& :at mu/ ,i put 9 
"h8 ,we !n reply1 ,no?+2 z]o is no?+4 ,b
 (t5 ?is is n en\gh4 ,x is necess>y to  
make ! *ild feel :at we mean by no?+4   
,to ?is end we make use ( little games  
:i* va/ly ent]ta9 ! *ildr54 ,i /& among 
!m1 & turn+ to "o ( !m :o has already   
us$ ?is mat]ial1 ,i say1 ,come1 de>1    
come to me z]o times4 ,! *ild almo/     
always comes to me1 & !n runs back to 8 
place4 ,b1 my boy1 y came "o "t1 & ,i   
told y to come z]o times4 ,!n he beg9s  
to wond]4 ,b :at mu/ ,i d1 !n8 ,no?+2   
z]o is no?+4 ,b h[ %all ,i d no?+8      

,don't d any?+4 ,y mu/ sit /ill4 ,y mu/ 
n come at all1 n any times4 ,z]o times4 
,no times at all4 ,i repeat ^! ex]cises 
until ! *ildr5 und]/&1 & !y are !n1     
imm5sely amus$ at rema9+ quiet :5 ,i    
call to !m to come to me z]o times1 or  
to ?r[ me z]o kisses4 ,!y !mselves (t5  
cry out1 ,z]o is no?+6 ,z]o is no?+6    
,,ex]cises ,,= ,,! ,,memory ,,( ,,numb]s
  ,:5 ! *ildr5 recognise ! writt5       
figure1 & :5 ?is figure signifies to !m 
! num]ical value1 ,i give !m ! foll[+   
ex]cise3  ,i cut ! figures f old cal5d>s
 & m\nt !m ^u slips ( pap] :i* are !n   
fold$ & dropp$ into a box4 ,! *ildr5    
draw out ! slips1 c>ry !m /ill fold$1 to
 _! seats1 :]e !y look at !m & refold   
!m1 cons]v+ ! secret4 ,!n1 "o by "o1 or 
9 gr\ps1 ^! *ildr5 7:o are naturally !  
olde/ ones 9 ! class7 g to ! l>ge table 
( ! directress :]e gr\ps ( v>i\s small  
objects h be5 plac$4 ,ea* "o selects !  
quantity ( objects correspond+ to !     
numb] he has drawn4 ,! numb]1 mean:ile1 
has be5 left at ! *ild's place1 a slip (

 pap] my/]i\sly fold$4 ,! *ild1 !re=e1  
mu/ rememb] 8 numb] n only dur+ !       
movem5ts :i* he makes 9 com+ & go+1 b   
:ile he collects 8 pieces1 c\nt+ !m "o  
by "o4 ,! directress may "h make int]e/+
 individual obs]vations ^u ! numb]      
memory4  ,:5 ! *ild has ga!r$ up 8      
objects he arranges !m ^u 8 own table1 9
 columns ( two1 & if ! numb] is unev51  
he places ! odd piece at ! bottom &     
betwe5 ! la/ two objects4 ,! arrangem5t 
( ! pieces is !re=e z foll[s3--    o  o 
o  o  o  o  o  o  o  o   ,x ,,xx ,,xx   
,,xx ,,xx ,,xx ,,xx ,,xx ,,xx ,,xx      
,x ,,xx ,,xx ,,xx ,,xx ,,xx ,,xx ,,xx   
,x ,,xx ,,xx ,,xx ,,xx ,,xx             
,x ,,xx ,,xx ,,xx                       
,x ,,xx  ,! crosses repres5t ! objects1 
:ile ! circle /&s = ! fold$ slip conta9+
 ! figure4 ,hav+ arrang$ 8 objects1 !   
*ild awaits ! v]ification4 ,! directress
 comes1 op5s ! slip1 reads ! numb]1 &   
c\nts ! pieces4  ,:5 we fir/ play$ ?is  
game x (t5 happ5$ t ! *ildr5 took m     
objects ?an 7 call$ = ^u ! c>d1 & ?is 0 

n always because !y did n rememb] !     
numb]1 b arose f a mania = ! hav+ !     
greate/ numb] ( objects4 ,a little ( t  
in/9ctive gre$9ess1 :i* is common to    
primitive & uncultur$ man4 ,! directress
 seeks to expla9 to ! *ildr5 t x is     
useless to h all ^? ?+s ^u ! desk1 & t !
 po9t ( ! game lies 9 tak+ ! exact numb]
 ( objects call$ =4  ,little by little  
!y ent] into ?is idea1 b n s easily z "o
 might suppose4 ,x is a real ef=t (     
self-d5ial :i* holds ! *ild )9 ! set    
limit1 & makes him take1 = example1 only
 two ( ! objects plac$ at 8 disposal1   
:ile he sees o!rs tak+ m4 ,i !re=e      
consid] ?is game m an ex]cise ( w p[]   
?an ( num]ation4 ,! *ild :o has ! z]o1  
%\ld n move f 8 place :5 he sees all 8  
companions ris+ & tak+ freely ( !       
objects :i* are inaccessible to him4 ,_m
 times z]o falls to ! lot ( a *ild :o   
kn[s h[ to c\nt p]fectly1 & :o w\ld     
exp]i5ce great pleasure 9 accumulat+ &  
arrang+ a f9e gr\p ( objects 9 ! prop]  
ord] ^u 8 table1 & 9 await+ ) security !

 tea*]'s v]ification4  ,x is mo/ int]e/+
 to /udy ! expressions ^u ! faces ( ^?  
:o possess z]o4 ,! individual diff]5ces 
:i* result are almo/ a revelation ( ! "*
 ( ea* "o4 ,"s rema9 impassive1 assum+ a
 bold front 9 ord] to hide ! pa9 ( !    
disappo9tm5t2 o!rs %[ ?is disappo9tm5t  
by involunt>y ge/ures4 ,/ill o!rs _c    
hide ! smile :i* is call$ =? by ! s+ul> 
situation 9 :i* !y f9d !mselves1 & :i* w
 make _! fri5ds curi\s4 ,!re are little 
ones :o foll[ e movem5t ( _! companions 
) a look ( desire1 almo/ ( envy1 :ile   
o!rs %[ in/ant acceptance ( ! situation4
 ,no less int]e/+ are ! expressions )   
:i* !y confess to ! hold+ ( ! z]o1 :5   
ask$ dur+ ! v]ification1 & y1 y hav5't  
tak5 any?+8 ,i h z]o4 ,x is z]o4 ,^! are
 ! usual words1 b ! expressive face1 !  
tone ( ! voice1 %[ widely v>y+ s5tim5ts4
 ,r>e1 inde$1 are ^? :o seem to give )  
pleasure ! explanation ( an extraord9>y 
fact4 ,! great] numb] ei!r look unhappy 
or m]ely resign$4  ,we !re=e give       
lessons ^u ! mean+ ( ! game1 say+1 ,x is

 h>d to keep ! z]o secret4 ,fold ! pap] 
tightly & don't let x slip away4 ,x is !
 mo/ difficult ( all4 ,inde$1 aft]      
a:ile1 ! v difficulty ( rema9+ quiet    
appeals to ! *ildr51 & :5 !y op5 ! slip 
m>k$ z]o x c be se5 t !y are cont5t to  
keep ! secret4   ,,addition ,,&         
,,subtraction ,,f ,,"o ,,to ,,tw5ty3    
,,multiplication ,,& ,,division  ,!     
didactic mat]ial :i* we use = ! tea*+ ( 
! fir/ ari?metical op]ations is ! same  
already us$ = num]ation2 t is1 ! rods   
graduat$ z to l5g? :i*1 arrang$ on !    
scale ( ! metre1 conta9 ! fir/ idea ( ! 
decimal sy/em4  ,! rods1 z ,i h said1 h 
come to be call$ by ! numb]s :i* !y     
repres5t2 "o1 two1 ?ree1 etc4 ,!y are   
arrang$ 9 ord] ( l5g?1 :i* is also 9    
ord] ( num]ation4  ,! fir/ ex]cise      
consi/s 9 try+ to put ! %ort] pieces    
toge!r 9 su* a way z to =m t5s4 ,! mo/  
simple way ( do+ ?is is to take         
successively ! %orte/ rods1 f "o up1 &  
place !m at ! end ( ! correspond+ long  
rods f n9e d[n4 ,?is may be accompani$  

by ! comm&s1 ,take "o & add x to n9e2   
take two & add x to eight2 take ?ree &  
add x to sev52 take f\r & add x to six4 
,9 ?is way we make f\r rods equal to t54
 ,!re rema9s ! five1 b1 turn+ ?is ^u its
 head 79 ! long s5se71 x passes f "o end
 ( ! t5 to ! o!r1 & ?us makes cle> !    
fact t two times five makes t54  ,^!    
ex]cises are repeat$ & little by little 
! *ild is taught ! m te*nical language2 
n9e plus "o equals t51 eight plus two   
equals t51 sev5 plus ?ree equals t51 six
 plus f\r equals t51 & = ! five1 :i*    
rema9s1 two times five equals t54 ,at   
la/1 if he c write1 we tea* ! signs plus
 & equals & times4 ,!n ?is is :at we see
 9 ! neat note-books ( our little ones3 
#i  #a  #aj   #h  #b  #aj      #e x #b  
#aj   #g  #c  #aj   #f  #d  #aj  ,:5 all
 ?is is well le>n$ & has be5 put ^u !   
pap] ) great pleasure by ! *ildr51 we   
call _! att5tion to ! "w :i* is done :5 
! pieces gr\p$ toge!r to =m t5s are tak5
 ap>t1 & put back 9 _! orig9al          
positions4 ,f ! t5 la/ =m$ we take away 

f\r & six rema9s2 f ! next we take away 
?ree & sev5 rema9s2 f ! next1 two &     
eight rema9s2 f ! la/1 we take away "o &
 n9e rema9s4 ,speak+ ( ?is prop]ly we   
say1 t5 less f\r equals six2 t5 less    
?ree equals sev52 t5 less two equals    
eight2 t5 less "o equals n9e4  ,9 reg>d 
to ! rema9+ five1 x is ! half ( t51 & by
 cutt+ ! long rod 9 two1 t is divid+ t5 
by two1 we w\ld h five2 t5 divid$ by two
 equals five4 ,! writt5 record ( all ?is
 reads3    #aj - #d  #f   #aj - #c  #g  
#aj _/ #b  #e   #aj - #b  #h   #aj - #a 
#i  ,once ! *ildr5 h ma/]$ ?is ex]cise  
!y multiply x spontane\sly4 ,c we make  
?ree 9 two ways8 ,we place ! "o aft] !  
two & !n write1 9 ord] t we may rememb] 
:at we h done1 #b  #a  #c4 ,c we make   
two rods equal to numb] f\r8 #c  #a  #d1
 & #d - #c  #a2 #d - #a  #c4 ,rod numb] 
two 9 its relation to rod numb] f\r is  
treat$ z 0 five 9 relation to t52 t is1 
we turn x ov] & %[ t x is conta9$ 9 f\r 
exactly two times3 #d _/ #b  #b2 #b x #b
  #d4 ,ano!r problem3 let u see ) h[ _m 

rods we c play ?is same game4 ,we c d x 
) ?ree & six2 & ) f\r & eight2 t is1    
#b x #b  #d    #c x #b  #f    #d x #b   
#h    #e x #b  #aj   #aj _/ #b  #e    #h
 _/ #b  #d    #f _/ #b  #c    #d _/ #b  
#b  ,at ?is po9t we f9d t ! cubes ) :i* 
we play$ ! numb] memory games are (     
help3       #b      #d      #f      #h  
#aj   ,x ,x,x ,,xx ,x,x ,,xx ,x,x ,,xx  
,x,x ,,xx ,x,x        ,x  ,x,x ,,xx ,x,x
 ,,xx ,x,x ,,xx ,x,x              ,x    
,x,x ,,xx ,x,x ,,xx ,x,x                
,x  ,x,x ,,xx ,x,x                      
,x  ,x,x  ,f ?is arrangem5t1 "o sees at 
once :i* are ! numb]s :i* c be divid$ by
 two--all ^? :i* h n an odd cube at !   
bottom4 ,^! are ! ev5 numb]s1 because !y
 c be arrang$ 9 pairs1 two by two2 & !  
division by two is easy1 all t is       
necess>y be+ to sep>ate ! two l9es (    
twos t /& "o "u ! o!r4 ,c\nt+ ! cubes ( 
ea* file we h ! quoti5t4 ,to recompose !
 primitive numb] we ne$ only reassemble 
! two files ?us #b x #c  #f4 ,all ?is is
 n difficult = *ildr5 ( five ye>s4  ,!  

repetition soon becomes monoton\s1 b !  
ex]cises may be mo/ easily *ang$1 tak+  
aga9 ! set ( long rods1 & in/ead ( plac+
 rod numb] "o aft] n9e1 place x aft] t54
 ,9 ! same way1 place two aft] n9e1 &   
?ree aft] eight4 ,9 ?is way we make rods
 ( a great] l5g? ?an t52 l5g?s :i* we   
mu/ le>n to "n elev51 twelve1 ?irte51   
etc41 z f> z tw5ty4 ,! little cubes1    
too1 may be us$ to fix ^! high] numb]s4 
,hav+ le>n$ ! op]ations ?r\gh t51 we    
proce$ ) no difficulty to tw5ty4 ,! "o  
difficulty lies 9 ! decimal numb]s :i*  
require c]ta9 lessons4   ,,lessons ,,on 
,,decimals3 ,,ari?metical ,,calculations
 ,,beyond ,,t5  ,! necess>y didactic    
mat]ial consi/s ( a numb] ( squ>e c>ds  
^u :i* ! figure t5 is pr9t$ 9 l>ge type1
 & ( o!r rectangul> c>ds1 half ! size ( 
! squ>e1 & conta9+ ! s+le numb]s f "o to
 n9e4 ,we place ! numb]s 9 a l9e2 #a1   
#b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f1 #g1 #h1 #i1 #aj4    
,!n1 hav+ no m numb]s1 we mu/ beg9 ov]  
aga9 & take ! #a aga94 ,?is #a is l t   
section 9 ! set ( rods :i*1 9 rod numb] 

#aj1 ext5ds beyond n9e4 ,c\nt+ along !  
/air z f> z n9e1 !re rema9s ?is "o      
section :i*1 z !re are no m numb]s1 we  
aga9 designate z #a2 b ?is is a high] #a
 ?an ! fir/1 & to di/+ui% x f ! fir/ we 
put ne> x a z]o1 a sign :i* means no?+4 
,"h !n is #aj4 ,cov]+ ! z]o ) ! sep>ate 
rectangul> numb] c>ds 9 ! ord] ( _!     
succession we see =m$3 #aa1 #ab1 #ac1   
#ad1 #ae1 #af1 #ag1 #ah1 #ai4 ,^! numb]s
 are compos$ by add+ to rod numb] #aj1  
fir/ rod numb] #a1 !n #b1 !n #c1 etc41  
until we f9ally add rod numb] #i to rod 
numb] #aj1 ?us obta9+ a v long rod1 :i*1
 :5 its alt]nat+ r$ & blue sections are 
c\nt$1 gives u n9ete54  ,! directress   
may !n %[ to ! *ild ! c>ds1 giv+ ! numb]
 #af1 & he may place rod #f aft] rod    
#aj4 ,%e !n takes away ! c>d be>+ #f1 & 
places ov] ! z]o ! c>d be>+ ! figure #h1
 :]eupon ! *ild takes away rod #f &     
replaces x ) rod #h1 ?us mak+ #ah4 ,ea* 
( ^! acts may be record$ ?us3 #aj  #f   
#af2 #aj  #h  #ah1 etc4 ,we proce$ 9 !  
same way to subtraction4  ,:5 ! numb]   

itself beg9s to h a cle> mean+ to !     
*ild1 ! comb9ations are made ^u "o long 
c>d1 arrang+ ! rectangul> c>ds be>+ !   
n9e figures ^u ! two columns ( numb]s   
%[n 9 ! figures ,a & ,b4       ,a       
,b   ----   ----    #aj     #aj     #aj 
#bj     #aj     #cj     #aj     #dj     
#aj     #ej     #aj     #fj     #aj     
#gj     #aj     #hj     #aj     #ij     
----   ----  ,^u ! c>d ,a we sup]impose 
^u ! z]o ( ! second #aj1 ! rectangul>   
c>d be>+ ! #a3 & "u ?is ! "o be>+ two1  
etc4 ,?us :ile ! "o ( ! t5 rema9s ! same
 ! numb]s to ! "r proce$ f z]o to n9e1  
?us3  ,9 c>d ,b ! applications are m    
complex4 ,! c>ds are sup]impos$ 9       
num]ical progression by t5s4    ----    
#aj     #aa     #ab     #ac     #ad     
#ae     #af     #ag     #ah     #ai     
#bj    ----  ,almo/ all our *ildr5 c\nt 
to #ajj1 a numb] :i* 0 giv5 to !m 9     
response to ! curiosity !y %[$ 9 reg>d  
to le>n+ x4  ,i d n believe t ?is phase 
( ! tea*+ ne$s fur!r illu/rations4 ,ea* 
tea*] may multiply ! practical ex]cises 

9 ! ari?metical op]ations1 us+ simple   
objects :i* ! *ildr5 c readily h&le &   
divide4     ,,*apt] ,,xx  ,,sequ5ce ,,( 
,,ex]cises   ,9 ! practical application 
( ! me?od x is helpful to "k ! sequ5ce1 
or ! v>i\s s]ies1 ( ex]cises :i* mu/ be 
pres5t$ to ! *ild successively4  ,9 !   
fir/ edition ( my book !re 0 cle>ly     
indicat$ a progression = ea* ex]cise2 b 
9 ! ,*ildr5's ,h\ses we began           
contemporane\sly ) ! mo/ v>i$ ex]cises2 
& x develops t !re exi/ grades 9 !      
pres5tation ( ! mat]ial 9 its entirety4 
,^! grades h1 s9ce ! fir/ publication ( 
! book1 become cle>ly def9$ ?r\gh       
exp]i5ce 9 ! ,*ildr5's ,h\ses4          
,,sequ5ce ,,& ,,grades ,,9 ,,!          
,,pres5tation ,,( ,,mat]ial ,,& ,,9 ,,! 
,,ex]cises   ,fir/ ,grade  ,z soon z !  
*ild comes to ! s*ool he may be giv5 !  
foll[+ ex]cises3  ,mov+ ! seats1 9      
sil5ce 7practical life74  ,lac+1        
button+1 hook+1 etc4  ,! cyl9d]s 7s5se  
ex]cises74  ,among ^! ! mo/ useful      
ex]cise is t ( ! cyl9d]s 7solid insets74

 ,! *ild "h beg9s to fix 8 att5tion4 ,he
 makes 8 fir/ comp>ison1 8 fir/         
selection1 9 :i* he ex]cises judgm5t4   
,!re=e he ex]cises 8 intellig5ce4       
,among ^! ex]cises ) ! solid insets1 !re
 exi/s ! foll[+ progression f easy to   
difficult3  7a7 ,! cyl9d]s 9 :i* !      
pieces are ( ! same height & ( decreas+ 
diamet]4  7b7 ,! cyl9d]s decreas+ 9 all 
dim5sions4  7c7 ,^? decreas+ only 9     
height4   ,second ,grade  ,ex]cises (   
,practical ,life4 ,to rise & be seat$ 9 
sil5ce4 ,to walk on ! l9e4  ,s5se       
,ex]cises4 ,mat]ial deal+ ) dim5sions4  
,! ,long ,/air4 ,! prisms1 or ,big      
,/air4 ,! cubes4 ,"h ! *ild makes       
ex]cises 9 ! recognition ( dim5sions z  
he did 9 ! cyl9d]s b "u a v diff]5t     
aspect4 ,! objects are mu* l>g]4 ,!     
diff]5ces mu* m evid5t ?an !y 7 9 !     
prec$+ ex]cises1 b "h1 only ! eye ( !   
*ild recognises ! diff]5ces & controls !
 errors4 ,9 ! prec$+ ex]cises1 ! errors 
7 me*anically reveal$ to ! *ild by !    
didactic mat]ial itself4 ,!             

impossibility ( plac+ ! objects 9 ord] 9
 ! block 9 any o!r ?an _! respective    
spaces gives ?is control4 ,f9ally1 :ile 
9 ! prec$+ ex]cises ! *ild makes mu* m  
simple movem5ts 7be+ seat$ he places    
little objects 9 ord] ) 8 h&s71 9 ^! new
 ex]cises he accompli%es movem5ts :i*   
are decid$ly m complex & difficult &    
makes small muscul> ef=ts4 ,he does ?is 
by mov+ f ! table to ! c>pet1 rises1    
kneels1 c>ries heavy objects4  ,we      
notice t ! *ild cont9ues to be confus$  
betwe5 ! two la/ pieces 9 ! gr[+ scale1 
be+ = a long "t unconsci\s ( su* an     
error aft] he has le>n$ to put ! o!r    
pieces 9 correct ord]4 ,inde$ ! diff]5ce
 betwe5 ^! pieces be+ ?r\gh\t ! v>y+    
dim5sions ! same = all1 ! relative      
diff]5ce dim9i%es ) ! increas+ size ( ! 
pieces !mselves4 ,= example1 ! little   
cube :i* has a base ( #b c5timetres is  
d\ble ! size1 z to base1 ( ! smalle/    
cube :i* has a base ( #a c5timetre1 :ile
 ! l>ge/ cube hav+ a base ( #aj         
c5timetres1 diff]s by b>ely #a_/aj f !  

base ( ! cube next x 9 ! s]ies 7! "o (  
#i c5timetres base74  ,?us x w\ld seem  
t1 !oretically1 9 su* ex]cises we %\ld  
beg9 ) ! smalle/ piece4 ,we c1 inde$1 d 
?is ) ! mat]ial ?r\gh :i* size & l5g?   
are taught4 ,b we _c d s ) ! cubes1 :i* 
mu/ be arrang$ z a little t[]4 ,?is     
column ( blocks mu/ always h z its base 
! l>ge/ cube4  ,! *ildr51 attract$ above
 all by ! t[]1 beg9 v e>ly to play ) x4 
,?us we (t5 see v little *ildr5 play+ ) 
! t[]1 happy 9 believ+ t !y h con/ruct$ 
x1 :5 !y h inadv]t5tly us$ ! next to !  
l>ge/ cube z ! base4 ,b :5 ! *ild1      
repeat+ ! ex]cise1 corrects himself ( 8 
own accord1 9 a p]man5t fa%ion1 we may  
be c]ta9 t 8 eye has become tra9$ to    
p]ceive ev5 ! slighte/ diff]5ces betwe5 
! pieces4  ,9 ! ?ree sy/ems ( blocks    
?r\gh :i* dim5sions are taught t ( l5g? 
has pieces diff]+ f ea* o!r by #aj      
c5timetres1 :ile 9 ! o!r two sets1 !    
pieces diff] only #a c5timetre4         
,!oretically x w\ld seem t ! long rods  
%\ld be ! fir/ to attract ! att5tion &  

to exclude errors4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n !  
case4 ,! *ildr5 are attract$ by ?is set 
( blocks1 b !y commit ! greate/ numb] ( 
errors 9 us+ x1 & only aft] !y h = a    
long "t elim9at$ e error 9 con/ruct+ !  
o!r two sets1 d !y succe$ 9 arrang+ !   
,long ,/air p]fectly4 ,?is may !n be    
consid]$ z ! mo/ difficult among ! s]ies
 ?r\gh :i* dim5sions are taught4        
,arriv$ at ?is po9t 9 8 education1 !    
*ild is capable ( fix+ 8 att5tion1 )    
int]e/1 ^u ! !rmic & tactile /imuli4  ,!
 progression 9 ! s5se developm5t is n1  
!re=e1 9 actual practice id5tical ) !   
!oretical progression :i* psy*ometry    
indicates 9 ! /udy ( its subjects4 ,nor 
does x foll[ ! progression :i*          
physiology & anatomy indicate 9 !       
description ( ! relations ( ! s5se      
organs4  ,9 fact1 ! tactile s5se is !   
primitive s5se2 ! organ ( t\* is ! mo/  
simple & ! mo/ widely diffus$4 ,b x is  
easy to expla9 h[ ! mo/ simple          
s5sations1 ! lea/ complex organs1 are n 
! fir/ ?r\gh :i* to attract ! att5tion 9

 a didactic pres5tation ( s5se /imuli4  
,!re=e1 :5 ! education ( ! att5tion has 
be5 begun1 we may pres5t to ! *ild !    
r\gh & smoo? surfaces 7foll[+ c]ta9     
!rmic ex]cises describ$ else:]e 9 !     
book74  ,^! ex]cises1 if pres5t$ at !   
prop] "t1 int]e/ ! *ildr5 imm5sely4 ,x  
is to be rememb]$ t ^! games are ( !    
greate/ importance 9 ! me?od1 because ^u
 !m1 9 union ) ! ex]cises = ! movem5t ( 
! h&1 :i* we introduce lat]1 we base !  
acquisition ( writ+4  ,toge!r ) ! two   
s]ies ( s5se ex]cises describ$ above1 we
 may beg9 :at we call ! pair+ ( !       
col\rs1 t is1 ! recognition ( ! id5tity 
( two col\rs4 ,?is is ! fir/ ex]cise ( !
 *romatic s5se4  ,"h1 also1 x is only ! 
eye ( ! *ild t int]v5es 9 ! judgm5t1 z x
 0 ) ! ex]cises 9 dim5sion4 ,?is fir/   
col\r ex]cise is easy1 b ! *ild mu/     
already h acquir$ a c]ta9 grade (       
education ( ! att5tion ?r\gh prec$+     
ex]cises1 if he is to repeat ?is "o )   
int]e/4  ,mean:ile1 ! *ild has he>d     
music2 has walk$ on ! l9e1 :ile !       

directress play$ a rhy?mic m>*4 ,little 
by little he has le>n$ to accompany !   
music spontane\sly ) c]ta9 movem5ts4    
,?is ( c\rse necessitates ! repetition (
 ! same music4 7,to acquire ! s5se (    
rhy?m ! repetition ( ! same ex]cise is  
necess>y1 z 9 all =ms ( education deal+ 
) spontane\s activity47  ,! ex]cises 9  
sil5ce are also repeat$4   ,?ird ,grade 
,ex]cises ( ,practical ,life4 ,! *ildr5 
wa% !mselves1 dress & undress !mselves1 
du/ ! tables1 le>n to h&le v>i\s        
objects1 etc4  ,s5se ,ex]cises4 ,we n[  
introduce ! *ild to ! recognition (     
gradations ( /imuli 7tactile gradations1
 *romatic1 etc471 all[+ him to ex]cise  
himself freely4  ,we beg9 to pres5t !   
/imuli = ! s5se ( he>+ 7s\nds1 noises71 
& also ! b>ic /imuli 7! little tablets  
diff]+ 9 weight74  ,contemporane\sly ) !
 gradations we may pres5t ! plane       
geometric insets4 ,"h beg9s ! education 
( ! movem5t ( ! h& 9 foll[+ ! cont\rs ( 
! insets1 an ex]cise :i*1 toge!r ) ! o!r
 & contemporane\s "o ( ! recognition (  

tactile /imuli 9 gradation1 prep>es =   
writ+4  ,! s]ies ( c>ds be>+ ! geometric
 =ms1 we give aft] ! *ild recognises    
p]fectly ! same =ms 9 ! wood5 insets4   
,^! c>ds s]ve to prep>e = ! ab/ract     
signs ( :i* writ+ consi/s4 ,! *ild le>ns
 to recognise a del9eat$ =m1 & aft] all 
! prec$+ ex]cises h =m$ )9 him an ord]$ 
& intellig5t p]sonality1 !y may be      
consid]$ ! bridge by :i* he passes f !  
s5se ex]cises to writ+1 f ! prep>ation1 
to ! actual entrance into in/ruction4   
,f\r? ,grade  ,ex]cises ( ,practical    
,life4 ,! *ildr5 set & cle> ! table =   
lun*eon4 ,!y le>n to put a room 9 ord]4 
,!y are n[ taught ! mo/ m9ute c>e ( _!  
p]sons 9 ! mak+ ( ! toilet4 7,h[ to bru%
 _! tee?1 to clean _! nails1 etc47  ,!y 
h le>n$1 ?r\gh ! rhy?mic ex]cises on !  
l9e1 to walk ) p]fect fre$om & balance4 
,!y "k h[ to control & direct _! own    
movem5ts 7h[ to make ! sil5ce1--h[ to   
move v>i\s objects )\t dropp+ or break+ 
!m & )\t mak+ a noise74  ,s5se          
,ex]cises4 ,9 ?is /age we repeat all !  

s5se ex]cises4 ,9 addition we introduce 
! recognition ( musical notes by ! help 
( ! s]ies ( duplicate bells4  ,ex]cises 
,relat$ to ,writ+ _/ ,design _/ ,! *ild 
passes to ! plane geometric insets 9    
metal4 ,he has already co-ord9at$ !     
movem5ts necess>y to foll[ ! cont\rs4   
,"h he no long] foll[s !m ) 8 f+]1 b ) a
 p5cil1 leav+ ! d\ble sign ^u a %eet (  
pap]4 ,!n he fills 9 ! figures ) col\r$ 
p5cils1 hold+ ! p5cil z he w lat] hold !
 p5 9 writ+4  ,contemporane\sly ! *ild  
is taught to recognise & t\* "s ( !     
lett]s ( ! alphabet made 9 s&pap]4      
,ex]cises 9 ,ari?metic4 ,at ?is po9t1   
repeat+ ! s5se ex]cises1 we pres5t !    
,long ,/air ) a diff]5t aim f t ) :i* x 
has be5 us$ up to ! pres5t "t4 ,we h !  
*ild c\nt ! diff]5t pieces1 accord+ to !
 blue & r$ sections1 beg9n+ ) ! rod     
consi/+ ( "o section & cont9u+ ?r\gh t  
compos$ ( t5 sections4 ,we cont9ue su*  
ex]cises & give o!r m complicat$ ones4  
,9 ,design we pass f ! outl9es ( !      
geometric insets to su* outl9$ figures z

 ! practice ( f\r ye>s has e/abli%$ &   
:i* w be publi%$ z models 9 design4  ,^!
 h an educational importance1 & repres5t
 9 _! cont5t & 9 _! gradations "o ( !   
mo/ c>efully /udi$ details ( ! me?od4   
,!y s]ve z a means = ! cont9uation ( !  
s5se education & help ! *ild to obs]ve 8
 surr\nd+s4 ,!y ?us add to 8            
intellectual ref9em5t1 &1 z reg>ds      
writ+1 !y prep>e = ! high & l[ /rokes4  
,aft] su* practice x w be easy = ! *ild 
to make high or l[ lett]s1 & ?is w d    
away ) ! rul$ note-books su* z are us$ 9
 ,italy 9 ! v>i\s elem5t>y classes4  ,9 
! acquir+ ( ! use ( writt5 language we g
 z f> z ! k ( ! lett]s ( ! alphabet1 & (
 composition ) ! movable alphabet4  ,9  
,ari?metic1 z f> z a k ( ! figures4 ,!  
*ild places ! correspond+ figures beside
 ! numb] ( blue & r$ sections on ea* rod
 ( ! ,long ,/air4  ,! *ildr5 n[ take !  
ex]cise ) ! wood5 pegs4  ,also ! games  
:i* consi/ 9 plac+ "u ! figures1 on !   
table1 a correspond+ numb] ( col\r$     
c\nt]s4 ,^! are arrang$ 9 columns (     

twos1 ?us mak+ ! "q ( odd & ev5 numb]s  
cle>4 7,?is arrangem5t is tak5 f        
,segu947   ,fif? ,grade  ,we cont9ue !  
prec$+ ex]cises4 ,we beg9 m complicat$  
rhy?mic ex]cises4  ,9 design we beg93   
7a7 ,! use ( wat] col\rs4    7b7 ,free  
draw+ f nature 7fl[]s1 etc474           
,composition ( words & phrases ) !      
movable alphabet4    7a7 ,spontane\s    
writ+ ( words & phrases4    7b7 ,read+ f
 slips prep>$ by ! directress4  ,we     
cont9ue ! ari?metical op]ations :i* we  
began ) ! ,long ,/air4  ,! *ildr5 at ?is
 /age pres5t mo/ int]e/+ diff]5ces (    
developm5t4 ,!y fairly run t[>d         
in/ruction1 & ord] _! intellectual gr[? 
9 a way t is rem>kable4  ,?is joy\s gr[?
 is :at we s rejoice 91 z we wat* 9 ^!  
*ildr51 humanity1 gr[+ 9 ! _s accord+ to
 its own deep laws4 ,& only he :o       
exp]im5ts c say h[ great may be ! h>ve/ 
f ! s[+ ( su* se$4     ,,*apt] ,,xxi    
,,g5]al ,,review ,,( ,,discipl9e   ,!   
accumulat$ exp]i5ce we h _h s9ce !      
publication ( ! ,italian v]sion has     

repeat$ly prov$ to u t 9 our classes (  
little *ildr51 numb]+ =ty & ev5 fifty1 !
 discipl9e is mu* bett] ?an 9 ord9>y    
s*ools4 ,= ?is reason ,i h ?\ght t an   
analysis ( ! discipl9e obta9$ by our    
me?od--:i* is bas$ ^u lib]ty1--w\ld     
int]e/ my ,am]ican read]s4  ,:oev]      
visits a well kept s*ool 7su* z1 =      
in/ance1 ! "o 9 ,rome direct$ by my     
pupil ,anna ,mac*]oni7 is /ruck by !    
discipl9e ( ! *ildr54 ,!re are =ty      
little be+s--f ?ree to sev5 ye>s old1   
ea* "o int5t on 8 own "w2 "o is go+     
?r\gh "o ( ! ex]cises = ! s5ses1 "o is  
do+ an ari?metical ex]cise2 "o is h&l+ !
 lett]s1 "o is draw+1 "o is fa/5+ &     
unfa/5+ ! pieces ( clo? on "o ( our     
little wood5 frames1 /ill ano!r is du/+4
 ,"s are seat$ at ! tables1 "s on rugs  
on ! floor4 ,!re are muffl$ s\nds (     
objects lightly mov$ ab\t1 ( *ildr5     
tiptoe+4 ,once 9 a :ile comes a cry (   
joy only p>tly repress$1 ,tea*]6 ,tea*]6
 an eag] call1 ,look6 see :at ,i've     
done4 ,b z a rule1 !re is entire        

absorption 9 ! "w 9 h&4  ,! tea*] moves 
quietly ab\t1 goes to any *ild :o calls 
h]1 sup]vis+ op]ations 9 su* a way t    
anyone :o ne$s h] f9ds h] at 8 elb[1 &  
:oev] does n ne$ h] is n rem9d$ ( h]    
exi/5ce4 ,sometimes1 h\rs g by )\t a ^w4
 ,!y seem little m51 z !y 7 call$ by "s 
visitors to ! ,*ildr5's ,h\se2 or1 z    
ano!r sugge/$1 judges 9 delib]ation4  ,9
 ! mid/ ( su* int5se int]e/ 9 "w x nev] 
happ5s t qu>rels arise ov] ! possession 
( an object4 ,if "o accompli%es some?+  
especially f9e1 8 a*ievem5t is a s\rce (
 admiration & joy to o!rs3 no he>t      
suff]s f ano!r's weal?1 b ! triumph ( "o
 is a delight to all4 ,v (t5 he f9ds    
ready imitators4 ,!y all seem happy &   
satisfi$ to d :at !y c1 )\t feel+ jeal\s
 ( ! de$s ( o!rs4 ,! little fell[ ( ?ree
 works peaceably beside ! boy ( sev51 j 
z he is satisfi$ ) 8 own height & does n
 envy ! old] boy's /ature4 ,ev]y?+ is   
gr[+ 9 ! mo/ pr(\nd peace4  ,if ! tea*] 
wi%es ! :ole assembly to d some?+1 =    
in/ance1 leave ! "w :i* int]e/s !m s    

mu*1 all %e ne$s to d is to speak a ^w 9
 a l[ tone1 or make a ge/ure1 & !y are  
all att5tion1 !y look t[>d h] )         
eag]ness1 anxi\s to "k h[ to obey4 ,_m  
visitors h se5 ! tea*] write ord]s on ! 
blackbo>d1 :i* 7 obey$ joy\sly by !     
*ildr54 ,n only ! tea*]s1 b anyone :o   
asks ! pupils to d some?+ is a/oni%$ to 
see !m obey 9 ! m9ute/ detail & ) oblig+
 *e]fulness4 ,(t5 a visitor wi%es to he>
 h[ a *ild1 n[ pa9t+1 c s+4 ,! *ild     
leaves 8 pa9t+ to be oblig+1 b ! in/ant 
8 c\rte\s action is complet$1 he returns
 to 8 int]rupt$ "w4 ,sometimes ! small] 
*ildr5 f9i% _! "w be=e !y obey4  ,a v   
surpris+ result ( ?is discipl9e came to 
our notice dur+ ! exam9ations ( ! tea*]s
 :o _h foll[$ my c\rse ( lectures4 ,^!  
exam9ations 7 practical1 &1 accord+ly1  
gr\ps ( *ildr5 7 put at ! disposition ( 
! tea*]s be+ exam9$1 :o1 accord+ to !   
subject drawn by lot1 took ! *ildr5     
?r\gh a giv5 ex]cise4 ,:ile ! *ildr5 7  
wait+ _! turn1 !y 7 all[$ to d j z !y   
pleas$4 ,!y work$ incessantly1 & return$

 to _! und]tak+s z soon z ! int]ruption 
caus$ by ! exam9ation 0 ov]4 ,e once 9 a
 :ile1 "o ( !m came to %[ u a draw+ made
 dur+ ! int]val4 ,miss ,george ( ,*icago
 0 pres5t _m times :5 ?is happ5$1 &     
,madame ,pujols1 :o f\nd$ ! fir/        
,*ildr5's ,h\se 9 ,p>is1 0 a/oni%$ at ! 
pati5ce1 ! p]sev]ance1 & ! inexhau/ible 
amiability ( ! *ildr54  ,"o might ?9k t 
su* *ildr5 _h be5 sev]ely repress$ 7 x n
 = _! lack ( timidity1 = _! bright eyes1
 = _! happy1 free aspect1 = ! cordiality
 ( _! invitations to look at _! "w1 = ! 
way 9 :i* !y take visitors ab\t & expla9
 matt]s to !m4 ,^! ?+s make u feel t we 
are 9 ! pres5ce ( ! ma/]s ( ! h\se2 & ! 
f]v\r ) :i* !y ?r[ _! arms ar\nd !      
tea*]'s knees1 ) :i* !y pull h] d[n to  
kiss h] face1 %[s t _! little he>ts are 
free to exp& z !y w4  ,anyone :o has    
wat*$ !m sett+ ! table mu/ h pass$ f "o 
surprise to ano!r4 ,little f\r-ye>-old  
wait]s take ! knives & =ks & spoons &   
di/ribute !m to ! diff]5t places2 !y    
c>ry trays hold+ z _m z five            

wat]-glasses1 & f9ally !y g f table to  
table1 c>ry+ big ture5s full ( hot s\p4 
,n a mi/ake is made1 n a glass is brok51
 n a drop ( s\p is spill$4 ,all dur+ !  
meal unobtrusive little wait]s wat* !   
table assidu\sly2 n a *ild empties 8    
s\p-plate )\t be+ (f]$ m2 if he is ready
 = ! next c\rse a wait] briskly c>ries  
(f 8 s\p-plate4 ,n a *ild is =c$ to ask 
= m s\p1 or to ann\nce t he has f9i%$4  
,illu/ration3 ,,montessori ,,*ildr5 ,,at
 ,,d9n]  ,! tables are set 9 ! gr\nds ( 
! s*ool ( ! ,franciscan ,nuns1 9 ,rome4 
,illu/ration3 ,,s*ool ,,at ,,t>ryt[n1   
,n4 ,y4  ,! two girls at ! left are     
con/ruct+ ! big /air & ! t[]4 ,! boy 9 !
 c5t] has con/ruct$ ! long /air1 & is   
plac+ ! figures beside ! correspond+    
rods4 ,! *ild to ! "r is trac+ s&pap]   
lett]s4  ,rememb]+ ! usual condition (  
f\r-ye>-old *ildr51 :o cry1 :o break    
:atev] !y t\*1 :o ne$ to be wait$ on1   
ev]yone is deeply mov$ by ! sight ,i h j
 describ$1 :i* evid5tly results f !     
developm5t ( en]gies lat5t 9 ! dep?s ( !

 human s\l4 ,i h (t5 se5 ! spectators at
 ?is banquet ( little ones1 mov$ to     
te>s4  ,b su* discipl9e c\ld nev] be    
obta9$ by comm&s1 by s]moniz+s1 9 %ort1 
?r\gh any ( ! discipl9>y devices        
univ]sally kn[n4 ,n only 7 ! actions (  
^? *ildr5 set 9 an ord]ly condition1 b  
_! v lives 7 deep5$ & enl>g$4 ,9 fact1  
su* discipl9e is on ! same plane )      
s*ool-ex]cises extraord9>y = ! age ( !  
*ildr52 & x c]ta9ly does n dep5d ^u !   
tea*] b ^u a sort ( miracle1 occurr+ 9 !
 inn] life ( ea* *ild4  ,if we try to   
?9k ( p>allels 9 ! life ( adults1 we are
 rem9d$ ( ! ph5om5on ( conv]sion1 ( !   
sup]human height5+ ( ! /r5g? ( m>tyrs & 
apo/les1 ( ! con/ancy ( mission>ies1 ( !
 ob$i5ce ( monks4 ,no?+ else 9 ! _w1    
except su* ?+s1 is on a spiritual height
 equal to ! discipl9e ( ! ,*ildr5's     
,h\ses4  ,to obta9 su* discipl9e x is q 
useless to c\nt on reprim&s or spok5    
exhortations4 ,su* means might p]haps at
 ! beg9n+ h an appe>ance ( efficacy3 b v
 soon1 ! in/ant t real discipl9e appe>s1

 all ( ?is falls mis]ably to ! e>?1 an  
illusion confront$ ) reality--night     
gives way to day4  ,! fir/ dawn+ ( real 
discipl9e comes ?r\gh "w4 ,at a giv5    
mom5t x happ5s t a *ild becomes ke5ly   
int]e/$ 9 a piece ( "w1 %[+ x by !      
expression ( 8 face1 by 8 int5se        
att5tion1 by 8 p]sev]ance 9 ! same      
ex]cise4 ,t *ild has set foot ^u ! road 
lead+ to discipl9e4 ,:atev] be 8        
und]tak+--an ex]cise = ! s5ses1 an      
ex]cise 9 button+ up or lac+ toge!r1 or 
wa%+ di%es--x is all "o & ! same4  ,on  
our side1 we c h "s influ5ce ^u !       
p]man5ce ( ?is ph5om5on1 by means (     
repeat$ ,lessons ( ,sil5ce4 ,! p]fect   
immobility1 ! att5tion al]t to cat* !   
s\nd ( ! names :isp]$ f a di/ance1 !n ! 
c>efully co-ord9at$ movem5ts execut$ s z
 n to /rike aga9/ *air or table1 s z    
b>ely to t\* ! floor ) ! feet--all ?is  
is a mo/ efficaci\s prep>ation = ! task 
( sett+ 9 ord] ! :ole p]sonality1 !     
motor =ces & ! psy*ical4  ,once ! habit 
( "w is =m$1 we mu/ sup]vise x )        

scrupul\s accuracy1 graduat+ ! ex]cises 
z exp]i5ce has taught u4 ,9 our ef=t to 
e/abli% discipl9e1 we mu/ rigor\sly     
apply ! pr9ciples ( ! me?od4 ,x is n to 
be obta9$ by words2 no man le>ns        
self-discipl9e ?r\gh he>+ ano!r man     
speak4 ,! ph5om5on ( discipl9e ne$s z   
prep>ation a s]ies ( complete actions1  
su* z are presuppos$ 9 ! g5u9e          
application ( a really educative me?od4 
,discipl9e is rea*$ always by indirect  
means4 ,! end is obta9$1 n by attack+ ! 
mi/ake & fight+ x1 b by develop+        
activity 9 spontane\s "w4  ,?is "w _c be
 arbitr>ily (f]$1 & x is precisely "h t 
our me?od ent]s2 x mu/ be "w :i* ! human
 be+ in/9ctively desires to d1 "w t[>ds 
:i* ! lat5t t5d5cies ( life naturally   
turn1 or t[>ds :i* ! individual /ep by  
/ep asc5ds4  ,su* is ! "w :i* sets !    
p]sonality 9 ord] & op5s wide be=e x    
inf9ite possibilities ( gr[?4 ,take1 =  
in/ance1 ! lack ( control %[n by a baby2
 x is fundam5tally a lack ( muscul>     
discipl9e4 ,! *ild is 9 a con/ant /ate (

 disord]ly movem5t3 he ?r[s himself d[n1
 he makes que] ge/ures1 he cries4 ,:at  
und]lies all ?is is a lat5t t5d5cy to   
seek t co-ord9ation ( movem5t :i* w be  
e/abli%$ lat]4 ,! baby is a man n yet   
sure ( ! movem5ts ( ! v>i\s muscles ( ! 
body2 n yet ma/] ( ! organs ( spee*4 ,he
 w ev5tually e/abli% ^! v>i\s movem5ts1 
b = ! pres5t he is ab&on$ to a p]iod (  
exp]im5tation full ( mi/akes1 & (       
fatigu+ ef=ts t[>ds a desirable end     
lat5t 9 8 in/9ct1 b n cle> 9 8          
consci\sness4 ,to say to ! baby1 ,/&    
/ill z ,i d1 br+s no light into 8       
d>kness2 comm&s _c aid 9 ! process (    
br++ ord] into ! complex psy*o-muscul>  
sy/em ( an individual 9 process (       
evolution4 ,we are confus$ at ?is po9t  
by ! example ( ! adult :o ?r\gh a wick$ 
impulse pref]s disord]1 & :o may 7grant$
 t he c7 obey a %>p admoni%m5t :i* turns
 8 w 9 ano!r direction1 t[>ds t ord] :i*
 he recognises & :i* x is )9 8 capacity 
to a*ieve4 ,9 ! case ( ! little *ild x  
is a "q ( aid+ ! natural evolution (    

volunt>y action4 ,h5ce x is necess>y to 
tea* all ! co-ord9at$ movem5ts1 analys+ 
!m z mu* z possible & develop+ !m bit by
 bit4  ,?us1 = in/ance1 x is necess>y to
 tea* ! *ild ! v>i\s degrees (          
immobility lead+ to sil5ce2 ! movem5ts  
connect$ ) ris+ f a *air & sitt+ d[n1 ) 
walk+1 ) tiptoe+1 ) foll[+ a l9e drawn  
on ! floor keep+ an upright equilibrium4
 ,! *ild is taught to move objects ab\t1
 to set !m d[n m or less c>efully1 &    
f9ally ! complex movem5ts connect$ )    
dress+ & undress+ himself 7analys$ on ! 
lac+ & button+ frames at s*ool71 & = ev5
 ea* ( ^! ex]cises1 ! diff]5t p>ts ( !  
movem5t mu/ be analys$4 ,p]fect         
immobility & ! successive p]fection+ (  
action1 is :at takes ! place ( ! cu/om>y
 comm&1 ,be quiet6 ,be /ill6 ,x is n    
a/oni%+ b v natural t ! *ild by means ( 
su* ex]cises %\ld acquire               
self-discipl9e1 s f> z reg>ds ! lack (  
muscul> discipl9e natural to 8 age4 ,9  
%ort1 he responds to nature because he  
is 9 action2 b ^! actions be+ direct$   

t[>ds an end1 h no long] ! appe>ance (  
disord] b ( "w4 ,?is is discipl9e :i*   
repres5ts an end to be atta9$ by means (
 a numb] ( conque/s4 ,! *ild discipl9$ 9
 ?is way1 is no long] ! *ild he 0 at    
fir/1 :o kn[s h[ to be good passively2 b
 he is an individual :o has made himself
 bett]1 :o has ov]come ! usual limits ( 
8 age1 :o has made a great /ep =w>d1 :o 
has conqu]$ 8 future 9 8 pres5t4  ,he   
has !re=e enl>g$ 8 dom9ion4 ,he w n ne$ 
to h someone always at h&1 to tell him  
va9ly 7confus+ two oppos+ conceptions71 
,be quiet6 ,be good6 ,! goodness he has 
conqu]$ _c be summ$ up by in]tia3 8     
goodness is n[ all made up ( action4 ,z 
a matt] ( fact1 good p are ^? :o advance
 t[>ds ! good--t good :i* is made up (  
_! own self-developm5t & ( ext]nal acts 
( ord] & usefulness4  ,9 our ef=ts ) !  
*ild1 ext]nal acts are ! means :i*      
/imulate int]nal developm5t1 & !y aga9  
appe> z its manife/ation1 ! two elem5ts 
be+ inextricably int]tw9$4 ,"w develops 
! *ild spiritually2 b ! *ild ) a full]  

spiritual developm5t works bett]1 & 8   
improv$ "w delights him1--h5ce he       
cont9ues to develop spiritually4        
,discipl9e is1 !re=e1 n a fact b a pa?1 
a pa? 9 foll[+ :i* ! *ild grasps !      
ab/ract conception ( goodness ) an      
exactitude :i* is fairly sci5tific4  ,b 
beyond ev]y?+ else he sav\rs ! supreme  
delights ( t spiritual ord] :i* is      
atta9$ indirectly ?r\gh conque/s direct$
 t[>ds det]m9ate ends4 ,9 t long        
prep>ation1 ! *ild exp]i5ces joys1      
spiritual awak5+s & pleasures :i* =m 8  
inn] treasure-h\se--! treasure-h\se 9   
:i* he is /eadily /or+ up ! sweetness & 
/r5g? :i* w be ! s\rces ( righte\sness4 
,9 %ort1 ! *ild has n only le>n$ to move
 ab\t & to p]=m useful acts2 he has     
acquir$ a special grace ( action :i*    
makes 8 ge/ures m correct & attractive1 
& :i* beautifies 8 h&s & inde$ 8 entire 
body n[ s balanc$ & s sure ( itself2 a  
grace :i* ref9es ! expression ( 8 face &
 ( 8 s]5ely brilliant eyes1 & :i* %[s u 
t ! flame ( spiritual life has be5      

light$ 9 ano!r human be+4   ,x is       
obvi\sly true t co-ord9at$ actions1     
develop$ spontane\sly little by little  
7t is1 *os5 & c>ri$ out 9 ! ex]cises by 
! *ild himself71 mu/ call = less ef=t   
?an ! disord]ly actions p]=m$ by ! *ild 
:o is left to 8 own devices4 ,true re/ =
 muscles1 int5d$ by nature = action1 is 
9 ord]ly action2 j z true re/ = ! lungs 
is ! normal rhy?m ( respiration tak5 9  
pure air4 ,to take action away f !      
muscles is to =ce !m away f _! natural  
motor impulse1 & h5ce1 besides tir+ !m1 
means =c+ !m into a /ate ( deg5]ation2 j
 z ! lungs =c$ into immobility1 w\ld die
 in/antly & ! :ole organism ) !m4  ,x is
 !re=e necess>y to keep cle>ly 9 m9d !  
fact t re/ = :atev] naturally acts1 lies
 9 "s specifi$ =m ( action1 correspond+ 
to its nature4  ,to act 9 ob$i5ce to !  
hidd5 precepts ( nature--t is re/2 & 9  
?is special case1 s9ce man is meant to  
be an intellig5t creature1 ! m          
intellig5t 8 acts are ! m he f9ds repose
 9 !m4 ,:5 a *ild acts only 9 a         

disord]ly1 disconnect$ mann]1 8 n]v\s   
=ce is "u a great /ra92 :ile on ! o!r h&
 8 n]v\s en]gy is positively increas$ & 
multipli$ by intellig5t actions :i* give
 him real satisfaction1 & a feel+ (     
pride t he has ov]come himself1 t he    
f9ds himself 9 a _w beyond ! fronti]s   
=m]ly set up z insurm\ntable1 surr\nd$  
by ! sil5t respect ( ! "o :o has guid$  
him )\t mak+ 8 pres5ce felt4  ,?is      
multiplication ( n]v\s en]gy repres5ts a
 process :i* c be physiologically       
analys$1 & :i* comes f ! developm5t ( ! 
organs by rational ex]cise1 f bett]     
circulation ( ! blood1 f ! quick5$      
activity ( all ! tissues--all factors   
fav\rable to ! developm5t ( ! body &    
gu>antee+ physical heal?4 ,! _s aids !  
body 9 its gr[?2 ! he>t1 ! n]ves & !    
muscles are helpful 9 _! evolution by ! 
activity ( ! _s1 s9ce ! upw>d pa? = s\l 
& body is "o & ! same4  ,by analogy1 x c
 be said ( ! intellectual developm5t ( !
 *ild1 t ! m9d ( infancy1 al?\gh        
*>act]i/ically disord]ly1 is also a     

means se>*+ = its end1 :i* goes ?r\gh   
exhau/+ exp]im5ts1 left1 z x frequ5tly  
is1 to its own res\rces1 & too (t5      
really p]secut$4 ,once 9 our public p>k 
9 ,rome1 ! ,p9cian ,g>d5s1 ,i saw a baby
 ( ab\t a ye> & a half1 a beautiful     
smil+ *ild1 :o 0 work+ away try+ to fill
 a little pail by %ovel+ gravel into x4 
,beside him 0 a sm>tly dress$ nurse     
evid5tly v fond ( him1 ! sort ( nurse :o
 w\ld consid] t %e gave ! *ild ! mo/    
affectionate & intellig5t c>e4 ,x 0 "t  
to g home & ! nurse 0 pati5tly exhort+ !
 baby to leave 8 "w & let h] put him    
into ! baby-c>riage4 ,see+ t h]         
exhortations made no impression on !    
little fell['s firmness1 %e h]self fill$
 ! pail ) gravel & set pail & baby into 
! c>riage ) ! fix$ conviction t %e _h   
giv5 him :at he want$4  ,i 0 /ruck by ! 
l\d cries ( ! *ild & by ! expression (  
prote/ aga9/ viol5ce & inju/ice :i*     
wrote itself on 8 little face4 ,:at an  
accumulation ( wrongs weigh$ d[n t      
nasc5t intellig5ce6 ,! little boy did n 

wi% to h ! pail full ( gravel2 he wi%$  
to g ?r\gh ! motions necess>y to fill x1
 ?us satisfy+ a ne$ ( 8 vigor\s         
organism4 ,! *ild's unconsci\s aim 0 8  
own self-developm5t2 n ! ext]nal fact ( 
a pail full ( little /ones4 ,! vivid    
attractions ( ! ext]nal _w 7 only empty 
app>itions2 ! ne$ ( 8 life 0 a reality4 
,z a matt] ( fact1 if he _h fill$ 8 pail
 he w\ld probably h empti$ x out aga9 9 
ord] to keep on fill+ x up until 8 inn] 
self 0 satisfi$4 ,x 0 ! feel+ ( work+   
t[>ds ?is satisfaction :i*1 a few mom5ts
 be=e1 _h made 8 face s rosy & smil+2   
spiritual joy1 ex]cise1 & sun%9e1 7 !   
?ree rays ( light m9i/]+ to 8 spl5did   
life4  ,?is commonplace episode 9 ! life
 ( t *ild1 is a detail ( :at happ5s to  
all *ildr51 ev5 ! be/ & mo/ *]i%$4 ,!y  
are n und]/ood1 because ! adult judges  
!m by 8 own measure3 he ?9ks t ! *ild's 
wi% is to obta9 "s tangible object1 &   
lov+ly helps him to d ?is3 :]eas ! *ild 
z a rule has = 8 unconsci\s desire1 8   
own self-developm5t4 ,h5ce he despises  

ev]y?+ already atta9$1 & ye>ns = t :i*  
is /ill to be s\ght =4 ,= in/ance1 he   
pref]s ! action ( dress+ himself to !   
/ate ( be+ dress$1 ev5 f9ely dress$4 ,he
 pref]s ! act ( wa%+ himself to !       
satisfaction ( be+ clean3 he pref]s to  
make a little h\se = himself1 r ?an     
m]ely to own x4 ,8 own self-developm5t  
is 8 true & almo/ 8 only pleasure4 ,!   
self-developm5t ( ! little baby up to ! 
end ( 8 fir/ ye> consi/s to a l>ge      
degree 9 tak+ 9 nutrition2 b aft]w>ds x 
consi/s 9 aid+ ! ord]ly e/abli%m5t ( !  
psy*o-physiological functions ( 8       
organism4  ,t beautiful baby 9 ! ,p9cian
 ,g>d5s is ! symbol ( ?is3 he wi%$ to   
co-ord9ate 8 volunt>y actions2 to       
ex]cise 8 muscles by lift+2 to tra9 8   
eye to e/imate di/ances2 to ex]cise 8   
intellig5ce 9 ! reason+ connect$ ) 8    
und]tak+2 to /imulate 8 w-p[] by decid+ 
8 own actions2 :il/ %e :o lov$ him1     
believ+ t 8 aim 0 to possess "s pebbles1
 made him wret*$4  ,a simil> error is t 
:i* we repeat s frequ5tly :5 we fancy t 

! desire ( ! /ud5t is to possess a piece
 ( in=mation4 ,we aid him to grasp      
intellectually ?is deta*$ piece ( k1 &1 
prev5t+ by ?is means 8 self-developm5t1 
we make him wret*$4 ,x is g5]ally       
believ$ 9 s*ools t ! way to atta91      
satisfaction is to le>n some?+4 ,b by   
leav+ ! *ildr5 9 our s*ools 9 lib]ty we 
h be5 able ) great cle>ness to foll[ !m 
9 _! natural me?od ( spontane\s         
self-developm5t4  ,to h le>n$ some?+ is 
= ! *ild only a po9t ( dep>ture4 ,:5 he 
has le>n$ ! mean+ ( an ex]cise1 !n he   
beg9s to enjoy repeat+ x1 & he does     
repeat x an inf9ite numb] ( times1 ) !  
mo/ evid5t satisfaction4 ,he enjoys     
execut+ t act because by means ( x he is
 develop+ 8 psy*ic activities4  ,!re    
results f ! obs]vation ( ?is fact a     
criticism ( :at is done to-day 9 _m     
s*ools4 ,(t51 = in/ance :5 ! pupils are 
que/ion$1 ! tea*] says to someone :o is 
eag] to answ]1 ,no1 n y1 because y "k x 
& puts h] "q specially to ! pupils :o %e
 ?9ks are unc]ta9 ( ! answ]4 ,^? :o d n 

"k are made to speak1 ^? :o d "k to be  
sil5t4 ,?is happ5s because ( ! g5]al    
habit ( consid]+ ! act ( kn[+ some?+ z  
f9al4  ,& yet h[ _m times x happ5s to u 
9 ord9>y life to repeat ! v ?+ we "k    
be/1 ! ?+ we c>e mo/ =1 ! ?+ to :i* "s  
liv+ =ce 9 u responds4 ,we love to s+   
musical phrases v famili>1 h5ce enjoy$ &
 become a "p ( ! fabric ( our lives4 ,we
 love to repeat /ories ( ?+s :i* please 
u1 :i* we "k v well1 ev5 ?\gh we are q  
aw>e t we are say+ no?+ new4 ,no matt]  
h[ _m times we repeat ! ,"l's ,pray]1 x 
is always new4 ,no two p]sons c\ld be m 
conv9c$ ( mutual love ?an swee!>ts & yet
 !y are ! v ones :o repeat endlessly t  
!y love ea* o!r4  ,b 9 ord] to repeat 9 
?is mann]1 !re mu/ fir/ exi/ ! idea to  
be repeat$4 ,a m5tal grasp ( ! idea1 is 
indisp5sable to ! beg9n+ ( repetition4  
,! ex]cise :i* develops life1 consi/s 9 
! repetition1 n 9 ! m]e grasp ( ! idea4 
,:5 a *ild has atta9$ ?is /age1 (       
repeat+ an ex]cise1 he is on ! way to   
self-developm5t1 & ! ext]nal sign ( ?is 

condition is 8 self-discipl9e4  ,?is    
ph5om5on does n always occur4 ,! same   
ex]cises are n repeat$ by *ildr5 ( all  
ages4 ,9 fact1 repetition corresponds to
 a ne$4 ,"h /eps 9 ! exp]im5tal me?od ( 
education4 ,x is necess>y to (f] ^?     
ex]cises :i* correspond to ! ne$ (      
developm5t felt by an organism1 & if !  
*ild's age has c>ri$ him pa/ a c]ta9    
ne$1 x is nev] possible to obta91 9 its 
fulness1 a developm5t :i* miss$ its     
prop] mom5t4 ,h5ce *ildr5 gr[ up1 (t5   
fatally & irrevocably1 imp]fectly       
develop$4  ,ano!r v int]e/+ obs]vation  
is t :i* relates to ! l5g? ( "t ne$$ = !
 execution ( actions4 ,*ildr51 :o are   
und]tak+ some?+ = ! fir/ "t are         
extremely sl[4 ,_! life is gov]n$ 9 ?is 
respect by laws especially diff]5t f    
ours4 ,little *ildr5 accompli% sl[ly &  
p]sev]+ly1 v>i\s complicat$ op]ations   
agreeable to !m1 su* z dress+1 undress+1
 clean+ ! room1 wa%+ !mselves1 sett+ !  
table1 eat+1 etc4 ,9 all ?is !y are     
extremely pati5t1 ov]com+ all !         

difficulties pres5t$ by an organism /ill
 9 process ( =mation4 ,b we1 on ! o!r   
h&1 notic+ t !y are tir+ !mselves out or
 wa/+ "t 9 accompli%+ some?+ :i* we w\ld
 d 9 a mom5t & )\t ! lea/ ef=t1 put     
ourselves 9 ! *ild's place & d x        
ourselves4 ,always ) ! same errone\s    
idea1 t ! end to be obta9$ is !         
completion ( ! action1 we dress & wa% ! 
*ild1 we snat* out ( 8 h&s objects :i*  
he loves to h&le1 we p\r ! s\p into 8   
b[l1 we fe$ him1 we set ! table = him4  
,& aft] su* s]vices1 we consid] him ) t 
inju/ice always practis$ by ^? :o dom9e]
 ov] o!rs ev5 ) b5evol5t int5tions1 to  
be incapable & inept4 ,we (t5 speak (   
him z impati5t simply because we are n  
pati5t en\gh to all[ 8 actions to foll[ 
laws ( "t diff]+ f our own2 we call him 
tyrannical exactly because we employ    
tyranny t[>ds him4 ,?is /a91 ?is false  
imputation1 ?is calumny on *ildhood has 
become an integral "p ( ! !ories conc]n+
 *ildhood1 9 reality s pati5t & g5tle4  
,! *ild1 l e /rong creature fight+ = !  

"r to live1 rebels aga9/ :atev] (f5ds t 
occult impulse )9 him :i* is ! voice (  
nature1 & :i* he ought to obey2 & he %[s
 by viol5t actions1 by scream+ & weep+ t
 he has be5 ov]borne & =c$ away f 8     
mission 9 life4 ,he %[s himself to be a 
rebel1 a revolutioni/1 an iconocla/1    
aga9/ ^? :o d n und]/& him & :o1 fancy+ 
t !y are help+ him1 are really pu%+ him 
backw>d 9 ! highway ( life4 ,?us ev5 !  
adult :o loves him1 rivets ab\t 8 neck  
ano!r calumny1 confus+ 8 def5ce ( 8     
mole/$ life ) a =m ( innate naught9ess  
*>act]i/ic ( little *ildr54  ,:at w\ld  
become ( u if we fell into ! mid/ ( a   
population ( juggl]s1 or ( lightn+-*ange
 imp]sonators ( ! v>iety-hall8 ,:at %\ld
 we d if1 z we cont9u$ to act 9 our     
usual way1 we saw ourselves assail$ by  
^! sleight-(-h& p]=m]s1 hu/l$ into our  
clo!s1 f$ s rapidly t we c\ld sc>cely   
swall[1 if ev]y?+ we tri$ to d 0 snat*$ 
f our h&s & complet$ 9 a tw9kl+ & we    
ourselves r$uc$ to impot5ce & to a      
humiliat+ in]tia8 ,n kn[+ h[ else to    

express our confusion we w\ld def5d     
ourselves ) bl[s & yells f ^! madm51 &  
!y hav+ only ! be/ w 9 ! _w to s]ve u1  
w\ld call u haughty1 rebelli\s1 &       
incapable ( do+ any?+4 ,we1 :o "k our   
own milieu1 w\ld say to ^? p1 ,come into
 our c\ntries & y w see ! spl5did       
civilisation we h e/abli%$1 y w see our 
wond]ful a*ievem5ts4 ,^! juggl]s w\ld   
admire u inf9itely1 h>dly able to       
believe _! eyes1 z !y obs]v$ our _w1 s  
full ( beauty & activity1 s well        
regulat$1 s peaceful1 s k9dly1 b all s  
mu* sl[] ?an !irs4  ,some?+ ( ?is sort  
occurs betwe5 *ildr5 & adults4   ,x is  
exactly 9 ! repetition ( ! ex]cises t ! 
education ( ! s5ses consi/s2 _! aim is n
 t ! *ild %all "k col\rs1 =ms & !       
diff]5t qualities ( objects1 b t he     
ref9e 8 s5ses ?r\gh an ex]cise (        
att5tion1 ( comp>ison1 ( judgm5t4 ,^!   
ex]cises are true intellectual          
gymna/ics4 ,su* gymna/ics1 reasonably   
direct$ by means ( v>i\s devices1 aid 9 
! =mation ( ! intellect1 j z physical   

ex]cises =tify ! g5]al heal? & quick5 ! 
gr[? ( ! body4 ,! *ild :o tra9s 8 v>i\s 
s5ses sep>ately1 by means ( ext]nal     
/imuli1 conc5trates 8 att5tion &        
develops1 piece by piece1 8 m5tal       
activities1 j z ) sep>ately prep>$      
movem5ts he tra9s 8 muscul> activities4 
,^! m5tal gymna/ics are n m]ely         
psy*o-s5sory1 b !y prep>e ! way =       
spontane\s association ( ideas1 =       
ratioc9ation develop+ out ( def9ite k1 =
 a h>moni\sly balanc$ intellect4 ,!y are
 ! p[d]-tra9s t br+ ab\t ^? m5tal       
explosions :i* delight ! *ild s int5sely
 :5 he makes discov]ies 9 ! _w ab\t him1
 :5 he1 at ! same "t1 pond]s ov] &      
glories 9 ! new ?+s :i* are reveal$ to  
him 9 ! outside _w1 & 9 ! exquisite     
emotions ( 8 own gr[+ consci\sness2 &   
f9ally :5 !re spr+ up )9 him1 almo/ by a
 process ( spontane\s rip5+1 l ! int]nal
 ph5om5a ( gr[?1 ! ext]nal products (   
le>n+--writ+ & read+4  ,i happ5$ once to
 see a two-ye>-old *ild1 son ( a m$ical 
colleague ( m9e1 :o1 fairly flee+ away f

 8 "m :o _h br\ght him to me1 ?rew      
himself on ! litt] ( ?+s cov]+ 8 fa!r's 
desk1 ! rectangul> writ+-pad1 ! r\nd    
cov] ( ! ink-well4 ,i 0 t\*$ to see !   
intellig5t little creature try+ 8 be/ to
 g ?r\gh ! ex]cises :i* our *ildr5      
repeat ) su* endless pleasure till !y h 
fully committ$ !m to memory4 ,! fa!r & !
 "m pull$ ! *ild away1 reprov+ him1 &   
expla9+ t !re 0 no use try+ to keep t   
*ild f h&l+ 8 fa!r's desk-furniture1 ,! 
*ild is re/less & naughty4 ,h[ (t5 we   
see all *ildr5 reprov$ because1 ?\gh !y 
are told n to1 !y w take hold ( ev]y?+4 
,n[1 x is precisely by means ( guid+ &  
develop+ ?is natural in/9ct to take hold
 ( ev]y?+1 & to recognise ! relations ( 
geometrical figures1 t we prep>e our    
little f\r-ye>-old m5 = ! joy & triumph 
!y exp]i5ce lat] ov] ! ph5om5on (       
spontane\s writ+4  ,! *ild :o ?r[s      
himself on ! writ+-pad1 ! cov] to !     
ink-well1 & su* objects1 always /ruggl+ 
9 va9 to atta9 8 desire1 always h9d]$ & 
?w>t$ by p /rong] ?an he1 always excit$ 

& weep+ ov] ! failure ( 8 desp]ate      
ef=ts1 is wa/+ n]v\s =ce4 ,8 p>5ts are  
mi/ak5 if !y ?9k t su* a *ild ev] gets  
any real re/1 j z !y are mi/ak5 :5 !y   
call naughty ! little man long+ = !     
f\ndations ( 8 intellectual edifice4 ,! 
*ildr5 9 our s*ools are ! ones :o are   
really at re/1 ard5tly & bless$ly free  
to take out & put back 9 _! "r places or
 grooves1 ! geometric figures (f]$ to _!
 in/9ct = high] self-developm5t2 & !y1  
rejoic+ 9 ! mo/ entire spiritual calm1 h
 no notion t _! eyes & h&s are initiat+ 
!m into ! my/]ies ( a new language4  ,! 
majority ( our *ildr5 become calm z !y g
 ?r\gh su* ex]cises1 because _! n]v\s   
sy/em is at re/4 ,!n we say t su* *ildr5
 are quiet & good2 ext]nal discipl9e1 s 
eag]ly s\ght aft] 9 ord9>y s*ools is m  
?an a*iev$4  ,h[ev]1 z a calm man & a   
self-discipl9$ man are n "o & ! same1 s 
"h ! fact :i* manife/s itself ext]nally 
by ! calm ( ! *ildr5 is 9 reality a     
ph5om5on m]ely physical & p>tial comp>$ 
to ! real self-discipl9e :i* is be+     

develop$ 9 !m4  ,(t5 7& ?is is ano!r    
misconception7 we ?9k all we ne$ to d1  
to obta9 a volunt>y action f a *ild1 is 
to ord] him to d x4 ,we pret5d t ?is    
ph5om5on ( a =c$ volunt>y action exi/s1 
& we call ?is pretext1 ! ob$i5ce ( !    
*ild4 ,we f9d little *ildr5 specially   
disob$i5t1 or r _! resi/ance1 by ! "t !y
 are f\r or five ye>s old1 has become s 
great t we are 9 despair & are almo/    
tempt$ to give up try+ to make !m obey4 
,we =ce ourselves to praise to little   
*ildr5 ! virtue ( ob$i5ce a virtue :i*1 
accord+ to our accept$ prejudices1 %\ld 
belong specially to infancy1 %\ld be !  
infantile virtue yet we fail to le>n    
any?+ f ! fact t we are l$ to emphasize 
x s /rongly because we c only ) !       
greate/ difficulty make *ildr5 practise 
x4  ,x is a v common mi/ake1 ?is ( try+ 
to obta9 by means ( pray]s1 or ord]s1 or
 viol5ce1 :at is difficult1 or          
impossible to get4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 we  
ask little *ildr5 to be ob$i5t1 & little
 *ildr5 9 _! turn ask = ! moon4  ,we ne$

 only reflect t ?is ob$i5ce :i* we treat
 s lightly1 occurs lat]1 z a natural    
t5d5cy 9 old] *ildr51 & !n z an in/9ct 9
 ! adult to realise t x spr+s           
spontane\sly into be+1 & t x is "o ( !  
/ronge/ in/9cts ( humanity4 ,we f9d t   
society re/s on a f\ndation ( m>vell\s  
ob$i5ce1 & t civilisation goes =w>d on a
 road made by ob$i5ce4 ,human           
organisations are (t5 f\nd$ on an abuse 
( ob$i5ce1 associations ( crim9als h    
ob$i5ce z _! key-/one4  ,h[ _m times    
social problems c5tre ab\t ! necessity (
 r\s+ man f a /ate ( ob$i5ce :i* has l$ 
him to be exploit$ & brutalis$6         
,ob$i5ce naturally is sacrifice4 ,we are
 s accu/om$ to an inf9ity ( ob$i5ce 9 ! 
_w1 to a condition ( self-sacrifice1 to 
a read9ess = r5unciation1 t we call     
matrimony ! bless$ condition1 al?\gh x  
is made up ( ob$i5ce & self-sacrifice4  
,! soldi]1 ^: lot 9 life is to obey if x
 kills him is envi$ by ! common p1 :ile 
we consid] anyone :o tries to escape f  
ob$i5ce z a malefactor or a madman4     

,besides1 h[ _m p h _h ! deeply         
spiritual exp]i5ce ( an ard5t desire to 
obey some?+ or "s p]son lead+ !m along !
 pa? ( life--m ?an ?is1 a desire to     
sacrifice some?+ = ! sake ( ?is ob$i5ce4
  ,x is !re=e entirely natural t1 lov+ !
 *ild1 we %\ld po9t out to him t ob$i5ce
 is ! law ( life1 & !re is no?+ surpris+
 9 ! anxiety felt by ne>ly ev]yone :o is
 confront$ ) ! *>act]i/ic disob$i5ce (  
little *ildr54 ,b ob$i5ce c only be     
rea*$ ?r\gh a complex =mation ( ! psy*ic
 p]sonality4 ,to obey1 x is necess>y n  
only to wi% to obey1 b also to "k h[ to4
 ,s9ce1 :5 a comm& to d a c]ta9 ?+ is   
giv51 we presuppose a correspond+ active
 or inhibitive p[] ( ! *ild1 x is pla9 t
 ob$i5ce mu/ foll[ ! =mation ( ! w & ( !
 m9d4 ,to prep>e1 9 detail1 ?is =mation 
by means ( deta*$ ex]cises is !re=e     
indirectly1 to urge ! *ild t[>ds        
ob$i5ce4 ,! me?od :i* is ! subject ( ?is
 book conta9s 9 e "p an ex]cise = !     
w-p[]1 :5 ! *ild completes co-ord9at$   
actions direct$ t[>ds a giv5 end1 :5 he 

a*ieves some?+ he set out to d1 :5 he   
repeats pati5tly 8 ex]cises1 he is tra9+
 8 positive w-p[]4 ,simil>ly1 9 a v     
complicat$ s]ies ( ex]cises he is       
e/abli%+ ?r\gh activity 8 p[]s (        
inhibition2 = in/ance 9 ! lesson (      
sil5ce1 :i* calls = a long cont9u$      
inhibition ( _m actions1 :ile ! *ild is 
wait+ to be call$ & lat] = a rigor\s    
self-control :5 he is call$ & w\ld l to 
answ] joy\sly & run to 8 tea*]1 b in/ead
 is p]fectly sil5t1 moves v c>efully1   
tak+ ! greate/ pa9s n to knock aga9/    
*air or table or to make a noise4  ,o!r 
inhibitive ex]cises are ! ari?metical   
ones1 :5 ! *ild hav+ drawn a numb] by   
lot1 mu/ take f ! great mass ( objects  
be=e him1 app>5tly entirely at 8        
disposition1 only ! quantity correspond+
 to ! numb] 9 8 h&1 :]eas 7z exp]i5ce   
has prov$7 he w\ld l to take ! greate/  
numb] possible4 ,fur!rmore if he *ances 
to draw ! z]o he sits pati5tly ) empty  
h&s4 ,/ill ano!r tra9+ = ! inhibitive   
w-p[] is 9 ! lesson ( z]o :5 ! *ild1    

call$ ^u to come up z]o times & give z]o
 kisses1 /&s quiet1 conqu]+ ) a visible 
ef=t ! in/9ct :i* w\ld lead him to obey 
! call4 ,! *ild at our s*ool d9n]s :o   
c>ries ! big ture5 full ( hot s\p1      
isolates himself f e ext]nal /imulant   
:i* might di/urb him1 resi/s 8 *ildi%   
impulse to run & jump1 does n yield to !
 temptation to bru% away ! fly on 8     
face1 & is entirely conc5trat$ on !     
great responsibility ( n dropp+ or tipp+
 ! ture54 ,a little ?+ ( f\r & a half1 e
 "t he set ! ture5 d[n on a table s t ! 
little gue/s might help !mselves1 gave a
 hop & a skip1 !n took up ! ture5 aga9  
to c>ry x to ano!r table1 repress+      
himself to a sob] walk4 ,9 spite ( 8    
desire to play he nev] left 8 task be=e 
he _h pass$ s\p to ! tw5ty tables1 & he 
nev] =got ! vigilance necess>y to       
control 8 actions4  ,w-p[]1 l all o!r   
activities is invigorat$ & develop$     
?r\gh me?odical ex]cises1 & all our     
ex]cises = w-p[] are also m5tal &       
practical4 ,to ! casual onlook] ! *ild  

seems to be le>n+ exactitude & grace (  
action1 to be ref9+ 8 s5ses1 to be le>n+
 h[ to read & write2 b mu* m pr(\ndly he
 is le>n+ h[ to become 8 own ma/]1 h[ to
 be a man ( prompt & resolute w4  ,we   
(t5 he> x said t a *ild's w %\ld be     
brok5 t ! be/ education = ! w ( ! *ild  
is to le>n to give x up to ! w ( adults4
 ,leav+ out ( ! "q ! inju/ice :i* is at 
! root ( e act ( tyranny1 ?is idea is   
irrational because ! *ild _c give up :at
 he does n possess4 ,we prev5t him 9 ?is
 way f =m+ 8 own w-p[]1 & we commit !   
greate/ & mo/ blamewor?y mi/ake4 ,he    
nev] has "t or opportunity to te/       
himself1 to e/imate 8 own =ce & 8 own   
limitations because he is always        
int]rupt$ & subject$ to our tyranny1 &  
langui%es 9 inju/ice because he is      
always be+ bitt]ly reproa*$ = n hav+ :at
 adults are p]petually de/roy+4  ,!re   
spr+s up z a consequ5ce ( ?is1 *ildi%   
timidity1 :i* is a moral malady acquir$ 
by a w :i* c\ld n develop2 & :i* ) !    
usual calumny ) :i* ! tyrant consci\sly 

or n1 cov]s up 8 own mi/akes1 we consid]
 z an inh]5t trait ( *ildhood4 ,! *ildr5
 9 our s*ools are nev] timid4 ,"o ( _!  
mo/ fasc9at+ qualities is ! frankness ) 
:i* !y treat p1 ) :i* !y g on work+ 9 ! 
pres5ce ( o!rs1 & %[+ _! "w frankly1    
call+ = sympa?y4 ,t moral mon/rosity1 a 
repress$ & timid *ild1 :o is at 8 ease  
n[h]e except alone ) 8 playmates1 or )  
/reet ur*9s1 because 8 w-p[] 0 all[$ to 
gr[ only 9 ! %ade1 disappe>s 9 our      
s*ools4 ,he pres5ts an example (        
?\ghtless b>b>ism1 :i* resembles !      
artificial compression ( ! bodies ( ^?  
*ildr5 int5d$ = c\rt dw>fs1 museum      
mon/rosities or buffoons4 ,yet ?is is ! 
treatm5t "u :i* ne>ly all ! *ildr5 ( our
 "t are gr[+ up spiritually4  ,z a matt]
 ( fact 9 all ! p$agogical congresses "o
 he>s t ! great p]il ( our "t is ! lack 
( individual "* 9 ! s*ol>s2 yet ^!      
al>mi/s d n po9t out t ?is condition is 
due to ! way 9 :i* education is manag$1 
to s*ola/ic slav]y1 :i* has = its       
specialty ! repression ( w-p[] & ( =ce (

 "*4 ,! rem$y is simply to enfran*ise   
human developm5t4  ,besides ! ex]cises x
 (f]s = develop+ w-p[]1 ! o!r factor 9  
ob$i5ce is ! capacity to p]=m ! act x   
becomes necess>y to obey4 ,"o ( ! mo/   
int]e/+ obs]vations made by my pupil    
,anna ,mac*]oni 7at fir/ 9 ! s*ool 9    
,milan & !n 9 t 9 ! ,via ,gui/i 9       
,rome71 relates to ! connection betwe5  
ob$i5ce 9 a *ild & 8 kn[+ h[4 ,ob$i5ce  
appe>s 9 ! *ild z a lat5t in/9ct z soon 
z 8 p]sonality beg9s to take =m4 ,=     
in/ance1 a *ild beg9s to try a c]ta9    
ex]cise & sudd5ly "s "t he goes ?r\gh x 
p]fectly2 he is delight$1 />es at x1 &  
wi%es to d x ov] aga91 b = "s "t !      
ex]cise is n a success4 ,!n comes a "t  
:5 he c d x ne>ly e "t he tries         
volunt>ily b makes mi/akes if someone   
else asks him to d x4 ,! ext]nal comm&  
does n z yet produce ! volunt>y act4    
,:51 h[ev]1 ! ex]cise always succe$s1 ) 
absolute c]ta9ty1 !n an ord] f someone  
else br+s ab\t on ! *ild's "p1 ord]ly   
adequate action2 t is1 ! *ild is able   

ea* "t to execute ! comm& receiv$4 ,t ^!
 facts 7) v>iations 9 individual cases7 
are laws ( psy*ical developm5t is app>5t
 f ev]yone's exp]i5ce ) *ildr5 9 s*ool  
or at home4  ,"o (t5 he>s a *ild say1 ,i
 did d su* & su* a ?+ b n[ ,i c't6 & a  
tea*] disappo9t$ by ! incompet5ce ( a   
pupil w say1 ,yet t *ild 0 do+ x all    
"r--& n[ he c't6  ,f9ally !re is ! p]iod
 ( complete developm5t 9 :i* ! capacity 
to p]=m "s op]ation is p]man5tly        
acquir$4 ,!re are1 !re=e1 ?ree p]iods3 a
 fir/1 subconsci\s "o1 :5 9 ! confus$   
m9d ( ! *ild1 ord] produces itself by a 
my/]i\s inn] impulse f out ! mid/ (     
disord]1 produc+ z an ext]nal result a  
complet$ act1 :i*1 h[ev]1 be+ outside ! 
field ( consci\sness1 _c be reproduc$ at
 w2 a second1 consci\s p]iod1 :5 !re is 
"s action on ! "p ( ! w :i* is pres5t   
dur+ ! process ( ! developm5t & e/abli%+
 ( ! acts2 & a ?ird p]iod :5 ! w c      
direct & cause ! acts1 ?us answ]+ !     
comm& f someone else4  ,n[1 ob$i5ce     
foll[s a simil> sequ5ce4 ,:5 9 ! fir/   

p]iod ( spiritual disord]1 ! *ild does n
 obey x is exactly z if he 7 psy*ically 
deaf1 & out ( he>+ ( comm&s4 ,9 ! second
 p]iod he w\ld l to obey1 he looks z    
?\gh he und]/ood ! comm& & w\ld l to    
respond to x1 b _c1--or at lea/ does n  
always succe$ 9 do+ x1 is n quick to m9d
 & %[s no pleasure :5 he does4 ,9 ! ?ird
 p]iod he obeys at once1 ) en?usiasm1 & 
z he becomes m & m p]fect 9 ! ex]cises  
he is pr\d t he kn[s h[ to obey4 ,?is is
 ! p]iod 9 :i* he runs joy\sly to obey1 
& leaves at ! mo/ imp]ceptible reque/   
:atev] is int]e/+ him s t he may quit ! 
solitude ( 8 own life & ent]1 ) ! act ( 
ob$i5ce into ! spiritual exi/5ce (      
ano!r4  ,to ?is ord]1 e/abli%$ 9 a      
consci\sness =m]ly *aotic1 are due all !
 ph5om5a ( discipl9e & ( m5tal          
developm5t1 :i* op5 out l a new         
,creation4 ,f m9ds ?us set 9 ord]1 :5   
night is sep>at$ f day come sudd5       
emotions & m5tal feats :i* recall !     
,biblical /ory ( ,creation4 ,! *ild has 
9 8 m9d n only :at he has labori\sly    

acquir$1 b ! free gifts :i* fl[ f       
spiritual life1 ! fir/ fl[]s (          
affection1 ( g5tl5ess1 ( spontane\s love
 = righte\sness :i* p]fume ! s\ls ( su* 
*ildr5 & give promise ( ! fruits ( ! _s 
( ,/4 ,paul--,! fruit ( ! ,_s is love1  
joy1 peace1 long-suff]+ g5tl5ess1       
goodness1 fai?1 meekness4  ,!y are      
virtu\s because !y ex]cise pati5ce 9    
repeat+ _! ex]cises1 long-suff]+ 9      
yield+ to ! comm&s & desires ( o!rs1    
good 9 rejoic+ 9 ! well-be+ ( o!rs )\t  
jeal\sy or rivalry2 !y live1 do+ good 9 
joy\sness ( he>t & 9 peace1 & !y are    
em95tly1 m>vell\sly indu/ri\s4 ,b !y are
 n pr\d ( su* righte\sness because !y 7 
n consci\s ( acquir+ x z a moral        
sup]iority4 ,!y h set _! feet 9 ! pa?   
lead+ to righte\sness1 simply because x 
0 ! only way to atta9 true              
self-developm5t & le>n+2 & !y enjoy )   
simple he>ts ! fruits ( peace t are to  
be ga!r$ along t pa?4  ,^! are ! fir/   
outl9es ( an exp]im5t :i* %[s a =m (    
indirect discipl9e 9 :i* !re is         

sub/itut$ = ! critical & s]moniz+ tea*] 
a rational organisation ( "w & ( lib]ty 
= ! *ild4 ,x involves a conception (    
life m usual 9 religi\s fields ?an 9 ^? 
( academic p$agogy1 inasmu* z x has     
rec\rse to ! spiritual en]gies ( mank9d1
 b x is f\nd$ on "w & on lib]ty :i* are 
! two pa?s to all civic progress4       
,,*apt] ,,xxii  ,,conclusions ,,&       
,,impressions   ,9 ! ,*ildr5's ,h\ses1 !
 old-"t tea*]1 :o wore h]self out       
ma9ta9+ discipl9e ( immobility1 & :o    
wa/$ h] brea? 9 l\d & cont9ual disc\rse1
 has disappe>$4  ,= ?is tea*] we h      
sub/itut$ ! didactic mat]ial1 :i*       
conta9s )9 itself ! control ( errors &  
:i* makes auto-education possible to ea*
 *ild4 ,! tea*] has ?us become a        
director ( ! spontane\s "w ( ! *ildr54  
,%e is n a passive =ce1 a sil5t pres5ce4
  ,! *ildr5 are occupi$ ea* "o 9 a      
diff]5t way1 & ! directress1 wat*+ !m1 c
 make psy*ological obs]vations :i*1 if  
collect$ 9 an ord]ly way & accord+ to   
sci5tific /&>ds1 %\ld d mu* t[>d !      

recon/ruction ( *ild psy*ology & !      
developm5t ( exp]im5tal psy*ology4 ,i   
believe t ,i h by my me?od e/abli%$ !   
conditions necess>y to ! developm5t (   
sci5tific p$agogy2 & :oev] adopts ?is   
me?od op5s1 9 do+ s1 a laboratory (     
exp]im5tal p$agogy4  ,f su* "w1 we mu/  
await ! positive solution ( all ^?      
p$agogical problems ( :i* we talk       
to-day4 ,= ?r\gh su* "w !re has already 
come ! solution ( "s ( ^! v que/ions3 t 
( ! lib]ty ( ! pupils2 auto-education2 !
 e/abli%m5t ( h>mony betwe5 ! "w &      
activities ( home life & s*ool tasks1   
mak+ bo? "w toge!r = ! education ( !    
*ild4  ,! problem ( religi\s education1 
! importance ( :i* we d n fully realise1
 %\ld also be solv$ by positive p$agogy4
 ,if religion is born ) civilisation1   
its roots mu/ lie deep 9 human nature4  
,we h _h mo/ beautiful pro( ( an        
in/9ctive love ( k 9 ! *ild1 :o has too 
(t5 be5 misjudg$ 9 t he has be5 consid]$
 addict$ to mean+less play1 & games void
 ( ?\ght4 ,! *ild :o left ! game 9 8    

eag]ness = k1 has reveal$ himself z a   
true son ( t humanity :i* has be5       
?r\gh\t c5turies ! creator ( sci5tific &
 civil progress4 ,we h belittl$ ! son ( 
man by giv+ him fooli% & degrad+ toys1 a
 _w ( idl5ess :]e he is suffocat$ by a  
badly conceiv$ discipl9e4 ,n[1 9 8      
lib]ty1 ! *ild %\ld %[ u1 z well1 :e!r  
man is by nature a religi\s creature4   
,to d5y1 a priori1 ! religions s5tim5t 9
 man1 & to deprive humanity ( !         
education ( ?is s5tim5t1 is to commit a 
p$agogical error simil> to t ( d5y+1 a  
priori1 to ! *ild1 ! love ( le>n+ =     
le>n+'s sake4 ,?is ignorant assumption  
l$ u to dom9ate ! s*ol>1 to subject him 
to a species ( slav]y1 9 ord] to r5d]   
him app>5tly discipl9$4  ,! fact t we   
assume t religions education is only    
adapt$ to ! adult1 may be ak9 to ano!r  
pr(\nd error exi/+ 9 education to-day1  
namely1 t ( ov]look+ ! education ( !    
s5ses at ! v p]iod :5 ?is education is  
possible4 ,! life ( ! adult is          
practically an application ( ! s5ses to 

! ga!r+ ( s5sations f ! environm5t4 ,a  
lack ( prep>ation = ?is1 (t5 results 9  
inadequacy 9 practical life1 9 t lack ( 
poise :i* causes s _m individuals to    
wa/e _! en]gies 9 purposeless ef=t4 ,n  
to =m a p>allel betwe5 ! education ( !  
s5ses z a guide to practical life1 &    
religi\s education z a guide to ! moral 
life1 b = ! sake ( illu/ration1 let me  
call att5tion to h[ (t5 we f9d          
ineffici5cy1 in/ability1 among          
irreligi\s p]sons1 & h[ mu* preci\s     
individual p[] is mis]ably wa/$4  ,h[ _m
 m5 h _h ?is exp]i5ce6 ,& :5 t spiritual
 awak5+ comes late1 z x sometimes does1 
?r\gh ! s(t5+ p[] ( sorr[1 ! m9d is     
unable to e/abli% an equilibrium1       
because x has gr[n too mu* accu/om$ to a
 life depriv$ ( spirituality4 ,we see   
equally pite\s cases ( religi\s         
fanaticism1 or we look ^u intimate      
dramatic /ruggles betwe5 ! he>t1 ev]    
seek+ its own safe & quiet port1 & ! m9d
 t con/antly draws x back to ! sea (    
conflict+ ideas & emotions1 :]e peace is

 unkn[n4 ,^! are all psy*ological       
ph5om5a ( ! highe/ importance2 !y       
pres5t1 p]haps1 ! grave/ ( all our human
 problems4 ,we ,europeans are /ill fill$
 ) prejudices & h$g$ ab\t )             
preconceptions 9 reg>d to ^! matt]s4 ,we
 are v slaves ( ?\ght4 ,we believe t    
lib]ty ( consci5ce & ( ?\ght consi/s 9  
d5y+ c]ta9 s5tim5tal beliefs1 :ile      
lib]ty nev] c exi/ :]e "o /ruggles to   
/ifle "s o!r ?+1 b only :]e unlimit$    
expansion is grant$2 :]e life is left   
free & untrammell$4 ,he :o really does n
 believe1 does n fe> t :i* he does n    
believe1 & does n combat t :i* = him    
does n exi/4 ,if he believes & fights1  
he !n becomes an enemy to lib]ty4  ,9   
,am]ica1 ! great positive sci5ti/1      
,william ,james1 :o exp\nds !           
physiological !ory ( emotions1 is also !
 man :o illu/rates ! psy*ological       
importance ( religi\s consci5ce4 ,we _c 
"k ! future ( ! progress ( ?\ght3 "h1 = 
example1 9 ! ,*ildr5's ,h\ses ! triumph 
( discipl9e ?r\gh ! conque/ ( lib]ty &  

indep5d5ce m>ks ! f\ndation ( ! progress
 :i* ! future w see 9 ! matt] (         
p$agogical me?ods4 ,to me x (f]s !      
greate/ hope = human r$emption ?r\gh    
education4  ,p]haps1 9 ! same way1 ?r\gh
 ! conque/ ( lib]ty ( ?\ght & (         
consci5ce1 we are mak+ our way t[>d a   
great religi\s triumph4 ,exp]i5ce w %[1 
& ! psy*ological obs]vations made along 
?is l9e 9 ! ,*ildr5's ,h\ses w und\bt$ly
 be ( ! greate/ int]e/4  ,?is book (    
me?ods compil$ by "o p]son alone1 mu/ be
 foll[$ by _m o!rs4 ,x is my hope t1    
/>t+ f ! individual /udy ( ! *ild       
educat$ ) our me?od1 o!r educators w set
 =? ! results ( _! exp]im5ts4 ,^! are ! 
p$agogical books :i* await u 9 ! future4
  ,f ! practical side ( ! s*ool1 we h ) 
our me?ods ! advantage ( be+ able to    
tea* 9 "o room1 *ildr5 ( v diff]5t ages4
 ,9 our ,*ildr5's ,h\ses we h little    
ones ( two ye>s & a half1 :o _c z yet   
make use ( ! mo/ simple ( ! s5se        
ex]cises1 & *ildr5 ( five & a half :o   
because ( _! developm5t might easily    

pass into ! ?ird elem5t>y4 ,ea* "o ( !m 
p]fects himself ?r\gh 8 own p[]s1 & goes
 =w>d guid$ by t inn] =ce :i* di/+ui%es 
him z an individual4  ,"o great         
advantage ( su* a me?od is t x w make   
in/ruction 9 ! rural s*ools easi]1 & w  
be ( great advantage 9 ! s*ools 9 !     
small prov9cial t[ns :]e !re are few    
*ildr51 yet :]e all ! v>i\s grades are  
repres5t$4 ,su* s*ools are n able to    
employ m ?an "o tea*]4 ,our exp]i5ce %[s
 t "o directress may guide a gr\p (     
*ildr5 v>y+ 9 developm5t f little ones (
 ?ree ye>s old to ! ?ird elem5t>y4      
,ano!r great advantage lies 9 ! extreme 
facility ) :i* writt5 language may be   
taught1 mak+ x possible to combat       
illit]acy & to cultivate ! national     
tongue4  ,z to ! tea*]1 %e may rema9 = a
 :ole day among *ildr5 9 ! mo/ v>y+     
/ages ( developm5t1 j z ! "m rema9s 9 ! 
h\se ) *ildr5 ( all ages1 )\t becom+    
tir$4  ,! *ildr5 "w by !mselves1 &1 9   
do+ s1 make a conque/ ( active          
discipl9e1 & indep5d5ce 9 all ! acts (  

daily life1 j z ?r\gh daily conque/s !y 
progress 9 intellectual developm5t4     
,direct$ by an intellig5t tea*]1 :o     
wat*es ov] _! physical developm5t z well
 z ov] _! intellectual & moral progress1
 *ildr5 are able ) our me?ods to arrive 
at a spl5did physical developm5t1 &1 9  
addition to ?is1 !re unfolds )9 !m1 9   
all its p]fection1 ! s\l1 :i* di/+ui%es 
! human be+4  ,we h be5 mi/ak5 9 ?9k+ t 
! natural education ( *ildr5 %\ld be    
purely physical2 ! s\l1 too1 has its    
nature1 :i* x 0 int5d$ to p]fect 9 !    
spiritual life1--! dom9at+ p[] ( human  
exi/5ce ?r\gh\t all "t4 ,our me?ods take
 into consid]ation ! spontane\s psy*ic  
developm5t ( ! *ild1 & help ?is 9 ways t
 obs]vation & exp]i5ce h %[n u to be    
wise4  ,if physical c>e leads ! *ild to 
take pleasure 9 bodily heal?1           
intellectual & moral c>e make possible =
 him ! highe/ spiritual joy1 & s5d him  
=w>d into a _w :]e cont9ual surprises & 
discov]ies await him2 n only 9 ! ext]nal
 environm5t1 b 9 ! intimate recesses ( 8

 own s\l4  ,x is ?r\gh su* pleasures z  
^! t ! ideal man gr[s1 & only su*       
pleasures are wor?y ( a place 9 !       
education ( ! infancy ( humanity4  ,our 
*ildr5 are noticeably diff]5t f ^? o!rs 
:o h gr[n up )9 ! grey walls ( ! common 
s*ools4 ,our little pupils h ! s]5e &   
happy aspect & ! frank & op5 fri5dl9ess 
( ! p]son :o feels himself to be ma/] ( 
8 own actions4 ,:5 !y run to ga!r ab\t  
our visitors1 speak+ to !m ) sweet      
frankness1 ext5d+ _! little h&s ) g5tle 
gravity & well-br$ cordiality1 :5 !y    
?ank ^! visitors = ! c\rtesy !y h paid u
 9 com+1 ! bright eyes & ! happy voices 
make u feel t !y are1 inde$1 unusual    
little m54 ,:5 !y display _! "w & _!    
ability1 9 a confid5tial & simple way1 x
 is almo/ z if !y call$ = a mat]nal     
approbation f all ^? :o wat* !m4 ,(t51 a
 little "o w seat himself on ! floor    
beside "s visitor sil5tly writ+ 8 "n1 & 
add+ a g5tle ^w ( ?anks4 ,x is z if !y  
wi%$ to make ! visitor feel !           
affectionate gratitude :i* is 9 _!      

he>ts4  ,:5 we see all ^! ?+s & :51     
above all1 we pass ) ^! *ildr5 f ! busy 
activity ( ! s*oolroom at "w1 into !    
absolute & pr(\nd sil5ce :i* !y h le>n$ 
to enjoy s deeply1 we are mov$ 9 spite (
 ourselves & feel t we h come 9 t\* ) ! 
v s\ls ( ^! little pupils4  ,! ,*ildr5's
 ,h\se seems to ex]t a spiritual        
influ5ce ^u ev]yone4 ,i h se5 "h1 m5 (  
affairs1 great politicians preoccupi$ ) 
problems ( trade & ( /ate1 ca/ (f l an  
uncom=table g>m5t ! burd5 ( ! _w1 & fall
 into a simple =getfulness ( self4 ,!y  
are affect$ by ?is vision ( ! human s\l 
gr[+ 9 its true nature1 & ,i believe t  
?is is :at !y mean :5 !y call our little
 ones1 wond]ful *ildr51 happy *ildr5--! 
infancy ( humanity 9 a high] /age (     
evolution ?an our own4 ,i und]/& h[ !   
great ,engli% poet ,wordswor?1 enam\r$ z
 he 0 ( nature1 dem&$ ! secret ( all h] 
peace & beauty4 ,x 0 at la/ reveal$ to  
him--! secret ( all nature lies 9 ! s\l 
( a little *ild4 ,he holds !re ! true   
mean+ ( t life :i* exi/s ?r\gh\t        

humanity4 ,b ?is beauty :i* lies ab\t u 
9 our infancy becomes obscur$2 %ades ( !
 prison h\se1 beg9 to close ab\t ! gr[+ 
boy 444 at la/ ! man p]ceives x die     
away1 & fade into ! light ( common day4 
,truly our social life is too (t5 only !
 d>k5+ & ! dea? ( ! natural life t is 9 
u4 ,^! me?ods t5d to gu>d t spiritual   
fire )9 man1 to keep 8 real nature      
unspoil$ & to set x free f ! oppressive 
& degrad+ yoke ( society4 ,x is a       
p$agogical me?od in=m$ by ! high concept
 ( ,immanuel ,kant3 ,p]fect art returns 
to nature4   ,,! ,,end