,,! ,,tea*+ ,,( ,,epictetus3   ,,be+ ,,!
 ',,en*eiridion   ,,( ,,epictetus1' ,,) 
,,selections   ,,f ,,! ,,diss]tations'  
,,& ',,fragm5ts4'     ,! "n ,epictetus  
is pron\nc$ ep''ik-ti'tus--e z 9   get1 
fir/ i z 9 habit1 second i z 9   police1
 u z 9 b4     ,,translat$ ,,f ,,!       
,,greek1   ,,) ,,introduction ,,&       
,,notes1 ,,by   ,t4 ,w4 ,,rolle/on4     
,,new ,,york   ,,home ,,book ,,company1 
#de ,,vesey ,,/reet4     ,,introduction4
   ,b = ! zeal & ability ( "o disciple  
we %\ld n n[ possess any tru/wor?y      
acc\nt ( ! tea*+ ( ,epictetus4 ,=1 l n a
 few o!r sages1 he wrote no?+--8 tea*+ 0
 purely oral1 deliv]$1 9 ! =m ( lectures
 or disc\rses1 to ! /ud5ts :o came to   
him to receive _! education 9           
philosophy4 ,"o ( ^! /ud5ts 0 ,flavius  
,arrianus1 aft]w>ds ,s5ator & ,consul ( 
,rome1 nam$ by ,lucian "o among ! fir/ (
 ,roman m51 & kn[n to u *iefly z au?or (
 ! be/ hi/ory ( ,alex&] ! ,great :i* 0  
produc$ 9 antiquity4 ,t hi/ory is /ill  
extant1 b po/]ity owes ,arrian /ill m   

abundant ?anks = ! copi\s notes ( !     
tea*+ ( ,epictetus :i* he took d[n f 8  
ma/]'s lips 9 ,nicopolis4 ,?is record he
 aft]w>ds publi%$ 9 eight books 7:]e(   
only f\r n[ rema971 entitl$ !           
,diss]tations ( ,epictetus2 & out ( ^!  
he drew ! mat]ials = compil+ ! little   
"w1 ! ,en*eiridion1 or ,manual1 (       
,epictetus1 by :i* ?is philosoph] has   
hi!rto be5 mo/ g5]ally kn[n4#a  ,x is   
cle> t ! ,diss]tations 7 n reg>d$ by    
,arrian z a satisfactory repres5tation (
 ! tea*+ ( 8 ma/]2 t he publi%$ !m1     
inde$1 ) mu* reluctance1 & only :5 x    
appe>$ t unless he did s1 c]ta9 imp]fect
 v]sions ( 8 records w\ld be e/abli%$ z 
! sole s\rces ( au?oritative in=mation  
ab\t ,epictetus4 ,^! circum/ances are   
expla9$ 9 a d$icatory lett] to 8 fri5d  
,lucius ,gellius1 prefix$ to ! edition (
 ! ,diss]tations :i* ,arrian f9ally     
resolv$ to issue4 ,i "h translate ?is   
docum5t 9 full3--     ,arrian to ,lucius
 ,gellius1 hail4     ,i did n write 9   
lit]>y =m & composition1    ,greek3     

syngraphe9 ! words ( ,epictetus 9 !     
mann] 9 :i* a man might write su* ?+s4  
,nei!r    h ,i put !m =? among m51 s9ce1
 z ,i say1 ,i did    n ev5 write !m4 ,b 
:atev] ,i he>d him speak1    ^? ?+s ,i  
endeavor$ to set d[n 9 8 v words1    s  
to pres]ve to myself = future times a   
memorial (    8 ?\ght & un/udi$ spee*4  
,naturally1 !re=e1    !y are su* ?+s z  
"o man might say to ano!r on    !       
occasion ( ! mom5t1 n su* z he w\ld put 
toge!r ) ! idea ( f9d+ read]s long      
aft]w>ds4 ,su* !y are1 & ,i "k n h[ )\t 
my    w or k !y fell among m54 ,b to me 
x is no    great matt] if ,i %all appe> 
unequal to compos+ su* a    "w1 & to    
,epictetus none at all if any "o %all   
despise 8 disc\rse2 = :5 he spoke x1 x 0
    evid5t t he _h b "o aim--to /ir !   
m9ds ( 8    he>]s t[>ds ! be/ ?+s4 ,&   
if1 inde$1 !    words "h writt5 %\ld d !
 same1 !n !y w d1    ,i ?9k1 t :i* !    
words ( sages ought to d4 ,b    if n1   
yet let ^? :o read !m "k ?is1 t :5    he
 himself spoke !m1 x 0 impossible = !   

he>]    to avoid feel+ :atev] ,epictetus
 desir$ he %\ld    feel4 ,b if 8 words1 
:5 !y are m]ely words1 h    n ?is       
effect1 p]haps x is t ,i am 9 fault1    
p]haps x c\ld n h be5 o!rwise4 ,f>ewell6
  ,! /yle ( ! ,diss]tations1 z !y h     
rea*$ u1 answ]s v well to ! above acc\nt
 ( _! orig9 & purpose4 ,!y conta9 mu* t 
! _w %\ld be z little will+ to neglect z
 any?+ t ,greek philosophy has left u2 b
 !y conta9 also _m repetitions1         
r$undancies1 incoh]5cies2 & are         
absolutely devoid ( any sort ( ord] or  
sy/em 9 _! arrangem5t4 ,ea* *apt] has   
g5]ally some?+ ( a c5tral !me1 b beyond 
?is all is *aos4 ,! same !me w be dwelt 
on aga9 & aga9 9 almo/ ! same phrases2  
utt]ances ( maje/ic wisdom are imb$d$ 9 
pages ( t$i\s argum5t1 & any gr\p+ ( !  
*apt]s accord+ to a progressive sequ5ce 
( ideas w be look$ = 9 va94  ,"u ^!     
conditions x 0 evid5t t ! tea*+ (       
,epictetus c\ld nev] w9 half ! influ5ce 
:i* its ess5tial qualities fitt$ x to   
ex]cise4 ,& accord+ly1 z ano!r & bett]  

vehicle = ?is influ5ce1 ,arrian compil$ 
& cond5s$ f ! ,diss]tations ! small     
h&book ( ! ,/oic philosophy kn[n z !    
,en*eiridion ( ,epictetus4 ,?is little  
"w has made ,epictetus kn[n to v _m :om 
! ,diss]tations w\ld nev] h rea*$4 ,x _h
 ! di/9ction--unp>allel$ 9 ! case ( any 
o!r ,pagan writ+1 if we except ! d\btful
 ,s5t5ti ( ,xy/us--( be+ adopt$ z a     
religi\s "w 9 ! e>ly ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4    
,two p>aphrases ( x--/ill extant--"o (  
:i* 0 specially design$ = ! use (       
mona/ic bodies1 7 produc$ ab\t ! six?   
c5tury ,a4 ,d41 9 :i* v few *anges 7    
made 9 ! text1 beyond ! alt]ation (     
,pagan names & allusions to ,scriptural 
ones4  ,ab\t ! same "t x 0 made !       
subject ( an elaborate & l5g?y comm5t>y 
by a ,pagan writ]1 ,simplicius1 :]e9    
*apt] aft] *apt] is dissect$1 discuss$1 
& expla9$4 ,x 0 elegantly r5d]$ into    
,lat9 by ! well-kn[n s*ol> ( !          
,r5aissance1 ,angelo ,politian1 :o      
d$icat$ 8 translation to ,lor5zo de'    
,m$ici4 ,d[n to ! pres5t day1 z num]\s  

translations te/ify1 x has rema9$ ! mo/ 
usual means ( access to ! ?\ght (       
,epictetus4  ,b ine/imable z !          
,en*eiridion is1 he :o kn[s x alone has 
ga9$ no?+ l all t ,epictetus has to     
give4 ,x is a comp5dium2 & al?\gh mu* m 
/irr+ & =cible ?an is usual ) su* works1
 x _c give u ! weal? ( int]e/+ allusion1
 reflection1 humor1 ! bur/s ( eloqu5ce1 
! abrupt & bit+ /yle1 ! vivid           
revelations ( p]sonal feel+1 :i* m>k$ ! 
tea*+ ( ,epictetus 9 ! =m 9 :i* he      
deliv]$ x4 ,x seems1 !re=e1 t to make   
him z accessible z he c be to ^? = :om  
su* ?+s h any value or int]e/1 x 7      
necess>y to produce f ! ,en*eiridion & !
 ,diss]tations a ?ird "w1 :i* %\ld h !  
advantages ( ea*4 ,?is is :at ,i h      
endeavor$ to d 9 ! pres5t "w4 ,9 x !    
:ole ( ! ,en*eiridion is giv51 & !      
divisions ( subject-matt] into :i* !    
,en*eiridion falls h be5 obs]v$ by !    
division ( my translation into five     
,books1 correspond+ ) ! natural         
divisions ( ! ,en*eiridion--,book ,i41  

treat+ ( ! fir/ pr9ciples ( ! ,/oic     
philosophy2 ,book ,,ii41 deal+ ) ! g5]al
 application ( ^! pr9ciples to life2    
,book ,,iii41 ) man's relations to 8    
fell[-man2 ,book ,,iv41 ) 8 relations to
 ,god2 ,book ,v41 conta9+1 besides a    
c\ple ( conclud+ *apt]s1 *iefly         
practical c\nsels ( behavior on v>i\s   
p>ticul> occasions1 & obit] dicta on !  
use ( ! faculties4 ,su* is ! s*eme (    
arrangem5t sugge/$ by ! ,en*eiridion2 & 
,i h fill$ x 9 by sett+ among ! *apt]s (
 ! ,en*eiridion *apt]s or passages f !  
,diss]tations1 select$ = _! relevancy to
 ! matt] 9 h&4 ,9 fact1 ,i h rev]s$ !   
process by :i* ! ,en*eiridion came into 
be+4 ,x 0 cond5s$ out ( ! ,diss]tations3
 ,i h exp&$ x aga9 by draw+ into x a    
l>ge quantity ( mat]ial f ! orig9al "w1 
& subject+ ! new matt] ?us ga9$ to !    
sy/em & ord] ( sequ5ce :i* ,i f\nd to   
prevail 9 ! ,en*eiridion4 ,! passages or
 *apt]s tak5 f ! ,diss]tations are ^?   
:i* seem$ to me mo/ *>act]i/ic ( !      
philosophy or ! p]sonality ( ,epictetus1

 & ,i h made x my aim to omit no?+ :i*  
is ess5tial to a full & cle> und]/&+ ( !
 message he _h to deliv] to 8 g5]ation4 
,( c\rse !re is pl5ty ( room = diff]5ces
 ( op9ion z to ! mann] 9 :i* ?is        
conception has be5 "h c>ri$ out2 b ,i   
hope t ! pres5t attempt may d some?+ to 
w9 a l>g] audi5ce = 8 tea*+ ?an =m]     
editions c\ld1 9 ! nature ( ! case1     
obta94 ,if ?is hope %\ld prove to be    
well f\nd$1 ,i %all expect1 "s day1 to  
give ! pres5t ,engli% v]sion a c\nt]p>t 
9 a ,greek text arrang$ on ! same l9es4 
,i may add "h t ! read] w f9d an ,index 
at ! end ( ?is volume1 9 :i* e p>agraph 
is ref]r$ to its orig9al s\rce 9 !      
,diss]tations1 ,en*eiridion1 or         
,fragm5ts--! ref]5ces apply+ to         
,s*weighus]'s /&>d edition (            
,epictetus4#b  ,z reg>ds ! /yle ( my    
translation1 ,i hope ! t+e ( ar*aism ,i 
h giv5 x w be felt to suit ! matt]4 ,i  
c\ld ?9k ( no idiom s v>i$1 s flexible  
ev5 d[n to its use ( v>i\s grammatical  
=ms1 s well suit$ alike to colloquy1 or 

argum5t1 or satire1 or impassion$       
eloqu5ce1 z ,elizabe?an ,engli%4  ,s mu*
 to make ! plan ( ! pres5t "w und]/ood2 
& ! read] may p]haps wi% t ,i w\ld n[   
leave him to ! /udy ( x4 ,b !re is mu* 9
 ,epictetus ! significance ( :i* w n    
appe> to any "o :o is unacqua9t$ ) !    
g5]al sy/em ( ,/oic philosophy :i* =m$ !
 basis ( ,epictetus's e?ical tea*+4 ,&  
,i hope t ! read] w pref] to h su*      
in=mation z is necess>y giv5 him 9 ! =m 
( a g5]al introduction r ?an 9 t ( a    
multitude ( notes4  ,! f\nd] ( ! ,/oic  
philosophy 0 ,z5o1 a native ( ,cyprus1  
:o taught 9 ,a!ns1 ab\t #cjj ,b4 ,c41 9 
t fresco$ arcade1 or ,/oa1 :i* gave its 
"n to 8 s*ool4 ,8 bir?place is wor?     
not+1 = ,z5o liv$ at ! beg9n+ ( t epo*1 
himself "o ( ! fir/ products ( x1 9 :i* 
! influ5ce ( ! ,ea/ became /rongly      
app>5t 9 ,greek ?\ght2 ! p]iod call$    
,hell5i/ic 9 contradi/9ction to ! purely
 ,hell5ic p]iod :i* end$ 9 ! conque/s ( 
! ,mac$onians4 ,9 _m ways ! conditions (
 life 9 ! ,hell5i/ic p]iod =m$ ! mo/    

favorable milieu possible = ! developm5t
 ( ,greek ?\ght ^u ! only l9es :i*1 aft]
 ,ari/otle1 x c\ld fruitfully pursue2 & 
?is n 9 spite (1 b ev5 because (1 !     
great degradation ( political & social  
life f :i* all ,hell5dom !n suff]$4 ,:at
 ! democratic polities 7 l1 on :i* 0    
laid ! problem ( confront+ ,philip (    
,mac$on1 we may conjecture f ! hi/ory ( 
! be/ kn[n & assur$ly n ! wor/ ( !m1    
,a!ns4 ,& ! be/ type ( ,a!nian ^: rise  
to p[] 0 favor$ by ! conditions ( ?is "t
 & place 0 ,demo/h5es3 ,demo/h5es1 ! gr&
 hi/orical w>n+ to all peoples aga9/    
committ+ _! de/9ies to pr(essional      
orators2 ! /atesman ^: d\btless real    
v5]ation = 8 c\ntry & h] pa/ s]v$ only  
to make him a m mis*iev\s c\nselor 9 h] 
pres5t difficulties2 ^: spl5did p[] z a 
wield] ( words 0 sc>cely m signal ?an 8 
incapacity & c[>dice :5 he 0 call$ ^u to
 mat* ^? words ) de$s4 ,a!ns1 entangl+ !
 ,!bans 9 an alliance aga9/ ,mac$on1 &  
!n leav+ !m to face ,alex&] alone2      
deify+ ,demetrius ! ,besieg] = driv+ out

 a ,mac$onian g>rison1 & allott+ him !  
,p>!non itself to be 8 lodg+ & ! sc5e ( 
8 unspeakable pr(ligacies2 murd]+       
,phocion1 ! "o man :o d>$ to br+ s9c]ity
 & virtue to h] s]vice--,a!ns 0 a type (
 ! ,greek ,/ates ( ?is epo*3 too        
unpr9cipl$ = democratic gov]nm5t1 too   
cont5ti\s = despotism1 too va9 to submit
 to =eign rule1 too lack+ 9 valor1      
purpose1 union1 to resi/ x ) effect4    
,:atev] ! causes ( ! *ange may h be51 ! 
conditions ( public life 9 ?is          
,hell5i/ic p]iod 7 c]ta9ly v diff]5t f  
^? :i* prevail$1 albeit ) decad5ce1 be=e
 t va/ break+ up ( b\nd>ies & de/ruction
 ( political sy/ems involv$ 9 !         
,mac$onian conque/s4 ,! successful &    
inspir+ conflict ) ,p]sia wag$ by !     
,hell5ic ,/ates _h = a "t made all      
,greek he>ts to beat ) "o aspiration1 & 
_h br\ght to ! front a race ( lead]s :o 
7 capable ( subdu+ ! ,greek democracies 
to _! own /eadfa/ & /atesmanlike        
purposes4 ,public life 0 !n n only a    
possible b ev5 ! mo/ natural c>e] = a   

man ( tal5t & probity4 ,! small size ( !
 ,greek ,/ates gave almo/ e su* man an  
opportunity ( action1 & s ke5 & univ]sal
 0 ! int]e/ 9 politics t x ?reat5$ to   
lead ,greek philosophy into a region 9  
:i* philosophy is v apt to lose its     
vitaliz+ connection ) human consci\sness
 & exp]i5ce1 & to /iff5 into b>r5       
speculation4 ,9 a ^w1 man1 z an         
individual1 began to be too mu* lo/     
sight ( 9 ! consid]ation ( man z a      
citiz52 8 uses1 8 duties1 ! :ole wor? & 
significance ( 8 life1 came to be       
e/imat$ too exclusively by 8 relations  
to ! visible society ab\t him4 ,x 0 :5 !
 great ,/oic ,*rysippus f\nd himself    
oblig$ to /& alo( f all p>ticipation 9  
politics--,= if ,i c\nsel honorably ,i  
%all (f5d ! citiz5s1 & if basely1 !     
,gods--t su* m5 z he 7 l$ to ask        
!mselves3 ,is !re !n any sph]e ( human  
endeavor out ( ! rea* ( ! tyranny (     
circum/ance8 ,if ,i _c be a citiz51 :at 
am ,i wor? !n simply z a man8 ,if ,i c  
be no?+ to my fell[s1 :at c ,i be to    

,god8 ,to a /ate ( ?+s1 !n1 :i*1 speak+ 
broadly1 made public life impossible to 
hone/ m51 we owe ! noble/ e?ical sy/em (
 antiquity2 to ! en=c$ conc5tration (   
?\ght ^u ! individual we owe a c]ta9    
note ( univ]sality till !n abs5t f      
,hell5ic ?\ght4  ,b /oicism 0 n ! only  
product ( ! speculation ( ?is p]iod4    
,side by side ) x !re />t$ into be+ two 
o!r sy/ems ( philosophy1 ! necessity =  
combat+ :i* 0 d\btless ( imm5se s]vice  
to its developm5t4 ,^! 7 ,epicureanism &
 ,pyrrhonism2 & z ! read] w f9d         
,epictetus mu* conc]n$ ) ea* ( !m1 x may
 be desirable t ,i %\ld give "s brief   
acc\nt ( _! c>d9al doctr9es4  ,epicurus 
0 an ,a!nian4 ,aft] "s resid5ce 9       
,lesbos & ,lampsacus1 he began to tea* 9
 8 native city ab\t ! ye> #cjf ,b4 ,c4  
,8 e?ical views1 :i* are all t conc]n u 
"h1 7 ( a di/9ctly unelevat+ nature4    
,pleasure1 ,greek3 hdon1 0 pron\nc$ to  
be = ea* man ! end & aim ( 8 be+1 & !   
only rational motive ( action4 ,?is1    
h[ev]1 0 n ! pleasure ( ! voluptu>y--its

 highe/ =ms1 accord+ to ,epicurus1 7    
ga9$ 9 ,greek3 at>axia & ,greek3        
aponia--t is1 a *e]ful & unanxi\s       
temp]am5t1 ) leisure = contemplation1   
ends n atta9able by ! crim9al :o lives 9
 con/ant fe> ( detection1 or ! luxuri\s 
liv] 9 :om satiety produces disgu/ &    
we>9ess4  ,c]ta9 bodily conditions 71   
h[ev]1 reg>d$ z objects 9 !mselves1 &   
p>tak+ ( ! nature ( ! absolutely good2 &
 all entanglem5t 9 human relation%ips 0 
disc\nt5anc$ = ! di/urbance & di/ress   
:i* su* relation%ips 7 liable to cause4 
,^! doctr9es 7 put 9 practice by _!     
tea*] 9 inur+ himself to a h]mit-l      
simplicity & ab/emi\sness ( life2 & 8   
life 0 philosophically consi/5t ) 8     
doctr9es1 = x is cle> t ! end (         
,pleasure w be mo/ surely ga9$ by him :o
 has fewe/ wants to gratify4 ,b ?\gh !  
lives ( ,epicurus & 8 imm$iate foll[]s 7
 exceptionally sob] & /rict1 ! total    
effect ( 8 doctr9e c\ld n b h be5 evil4 
,!y 7 purely egoi/ic 9 ?is t5d5cy--!y   
c5t]$ ea* man's activity & int]e/ ^u    

himself alone1 !y bade him take no ?\ght
 = any o!r e>?ly or heav5ly ?+1 & taught
 him t ?is ideal ( indiff]5ce 0 realiz$ 
9 its full p]fection by ! ,gods1 :o     
dwelt ap>t 9 div9e repose :ile bl9d     
necessity _h its way ) human de/9y4     
,pyrrho ( ,elis1 a r e>li] tea*] ?an    
,z5o or ,epicurus1 :o is said to h /udi$
 philosophy "u ,indian ,gymnosophi/s &  
,*aldean ,magi1 0 ! orig9ator 9         
,european ?\ght ( a great & p]man5t     
philosophic movem5t4 ,8 s*ool 0 inspir$ 
by ! ,gei/ d] /ets v]ne9t1 & ! t]m      
,skeptic 0 fir/ devis$ to describe its  
attitude4 ,its /r5g? is 9 a discov]y :i*
 inevitably takes place :5 m5 beg9 to   
reflect ^u _! own m5tal op]ations--!    
discov]y1 namely1 t1 giv5 a p]ceiv+ m9d 
& a p]ceiv$ object1 x is always possible
 = ! =m]1 if x has ! p[] (              
introspection1 to d\bt :e!r x has       
receiv$ a really true & fai?ful         
impression ( ! latt]4 ,h[ c we be assur$
 t ext]nal objects are z we p]ceive !m8 
,h[ c we ev5 be assur$ t !re is any     

pr9ciple ( con/ancy 9 _! relations to   
our consci\sness8 ,! s5ses (t5 delude u2
 we are conv9c$1 9 dreams1 ( ! reality (
 appe>ances :i*1 nev]!less1 h no        
reality---:y may n all p]ception be a   
delusion8 ,:y may n ev5 our s5se ( !    
validity ( inf]5ce & ( ! tru? ( ! axioms
 ( geometry be a pure halluc9ation8 ,)  
^! se>*+ que/ions ! ,skeptic cut at !   
root ( all belief1 & ! problems :i* !y  
raise h dom9at$ philosophy d[n to !     
pres5t day4 ,nor 9 two ?\s& ye>s has any
 logical answ] to !m ev] be5 f\nd4      
,lotze1 ! la/ ?9k] ( really fir/-rate   
p[]s t ! _w has se51 practically ab&ons 
all inquiry into !ories ( p]ception1 &  
/>ts ) ! assumption t we are liv+ 9 a   
kosmos1 n a *aos2 t ! ord]1 coh]5ce1    
reason 9 ?+s to :i* consci\sness        
te/ifies1 are realities4 ,9 antiquity1  
,i may add1 ! pr(\nd problems rais$ by  
,pyrrhonism d n seem to h be5 v pr(\ndly
 appreh5d$ ei!r by ! ,pyrrhoni/s or _!  
oppon5ts4 ,! latt] _h no?+ bett] to     
appeal to ?an t notori\sly feeble       

res\rce1 ! argum5tum ad hom9em4 ,if !   
,pyrrhoni/ di/ru/$ ! evid5ce ( 8 s5ses1 
!y ask$1 :y did he avoid walk+ ov]      
precipices or into ! sea1 or eat bread  
in/ead ( e>?1 or 9 any way make *oice ( 
means = ends8 ,! ,pyrrhoni/'s answ] 0   
equally sup]ficial4 ,x anticipat$ !     
fam\s =mula ( ,bi%op ,butl]4            
,probability1 argu$ !y1 0 ! guide (     
life--hav+ obs]v$ c]ta9 results to foll[
 f c]ta9 antec$5ts1 ! prud5t man w %ape 
8 c\rse 9 life accord+ly1 al?\gh1 z a   
matt] ( !ory & speculation1 he may      
refuse to believe 9 ! con/ancy ( nature4
 ,?is answ] involves a cle> inconsi/5cy4
 ,x involves ev5 a great] assumption ?an
 t :i* ! ,pyrrhoni/ refus$ to make z to 
! cr$ibility ( 8 p]ceptions--!          
assumption ( ! cr$ibility ( 8           
recollections4 ,to ! ?or\gh-go+ ,skeptic
 !re is no su* ?+ z pa/ exp]i5ce--he is1
 z x 71 new-born at ea* in/ant ( 8 life4
  ,su*1 9 outl9e1 7 ! sy/ems aga9/ :i* !
 ,/oic philosophy _h to make good its   
position 9 ! anci5t _w4 ,f ! fir/ !re   

seems to h be5 no d\bt ( its ability to 
d s1 al?\gh1 unhappily1 ! records :i* h 
be5 pres]v$ ( ! tea*+ ( its e>lie/ days 
are few & obscure4 ,! writ+s ( ,z5o1 !  
f\nd] ( ,/oicism1 & ( ,*rysippus1 8     
imm$iate successor 9 ! lead]%ip ( !     
s*ool1 h utt]ly p]i%$1 :ile ( ,clean!s1 
! ?ird ( ! e>ly ,/oic tea*]s1 v little  
rema9s beyond ! pr(\nd & maje/ic ,hymn  
to ,zeus1 ( :i* ,i h giv5 a translation 
9 ?is "w4 ,! complete loss ( ! hundr$s (
 treatises produc$ by ,*rysippus is     
especially to be regrett$1 z he appe>s  
to h tak5 ! ma9 "p 9 giv+ %ape & sy/em  
to ! ,/oic philosophy4 ,_h ,*rysippus n 
be51 ! ,/oa _h n be51 0 a prov]bial say+
 :i* te/ifies to 8 fame4 ,h[ev]1 f !    
acc\nts ( anci5t philosoph]s 9 ,diog5es 
,lertius1 f ,plut>*1 ,s5eca1 ,cic]o1 & a
 few o!r au?orities1 we c le>n pretty   
cle>ly :at ! framework ( ! ,/oic sy/em  
_h gr[n to be long be=e ,epictetus began
 to /udy x4  ,9 antiquity1 a philosophic
 sy/em 0 expect$ to h some?+ to say =   
itself on ?ree diff]5t bran*es (        

/udy--,logic1 ,physics 7:i* includ$     
cosmogony & !ology71 & ,e?ics4 ,we ?9k (
 ! ,/oics *iefly 9 connection ) !       
la/-nam$ ( ^! subjects1 b !y 7 no less  
em95t 9 ! o!rs1 & ,*rysippus1 9         
p>ticul>1 0 held to h done s mu* = !    
sci5ce ( logic t a say+ 0 curr5t--,if   
!re 7 dialectic among ! ,gods1 x mu/ be 
! dialectic ( ,*rysippus4 ,( ! ,/oic    
contributions to ?is sci5ce1 sc>cely any
 record rema9s4  ,( _! physical sy/em1  
h[ev]1 mu* is kn[n1 & ! read] (         
,epictetus ne$s to be acqua9t$ ) its    
g5]al features4 ,^! 7 borr[$ f an e>li] 
?9k]1 ,h]acleitus1 ^: c5tral doctr9e 0 t
 ! univ]se 0 an et]nal flux &           
transition2 ev]y?+ 0 9 a /ate ( becom+1 
e9 ,w]d5des4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ?+s1 s f> z 
!y c be said to h any beg9n+1 is !      
,deity 9 8 pure/ manife/ation1 :i*1 be x
 obs]v$1 is a /rictly mat]ial "o1 a     
sublimat$ & e!real fire1 ,greek3 ai!rdes
 pyr4 ,9 ?is fire dwelt ! div9e creative
 ?\ght & impulse4 ,! fir/ /ep 9 t       
process ( diff]5tiation 9 :i* developm5t

 consi/s is ! production ( vapor1 :i*   
cond5s$ into wat]4 ,two elem5t>y =ces   
play _! "p 9 ^! op]ations--a movem5t    
t[>ds )91 & a movem5t t[>ds )\t1 ! "o a 
d5sify+1 ! o!r an exp&+ & /ra9+ =ce     
7,greek3 tonos74 ,! =m] gives u solidity
 9 matt]1 ! o!r ! qualities & en]gies ( 
matt]4 ,?us1 by v>i\s degrees ( d5sity1 
we get e>?1 wat]1 atmosph]ic air1 & f   
air1 ! common elem5t ( e>?ly fire2 & ^! 
elem5ts 9 _! v>i\s comb9ations1 ) _!    
v>i\s attributes & p[]s1 gradually      
produce ! successive /ages ( organic    
life4 ,?\gh all ^! proce$ f ! sub/ance (
 ! ,div9e ,be+1 ! ,/oics recogniz$1 9 ! 
d]iv$ sub/ance :i* make up ! univ]se z  
we h x n[1 v>i\s degrees ( purity1 (    
aff9ity to _! orig9al s\rce4 ,man's     
body1 = in/ance1 ) its passions &       
affections1 lies comp>atively f> f !    
div9e2 b 8 s\l is a v]itable ray ( !    
primitive fire1 ,deus 9 corpore humano  
hospitans4 ,! popul> my?ology ( ! day 0 
entirely reject$ by ! ,/oics1 al?\gh1 z 
,pr(essor ,mahaffy po9ts out1 !y nev]   

attempt$ to discr$it or?odoxy1 b1 on !  
contr>y1 us$ its my?s & c]emonies ) !   
utmo/ rev]5ce z vehicles ( pr(\nd       
religi\s tru?s4 ,b !y c]ta9ly believ$ 9 
intellig5ces above man1 yet bel[ ! "o   
,supreme ,be+2 ?us ! />s & ! lightn+ 7! 
read] w obs]ve ! allusions 9 ! ,hymn (  
,clean!s7 are 9 "s s5se div9ities1 by   
virtue ( ! suppos$ purity ( _! fi]y     
ess5ce4  ,?us f ! "o primitive div9e    
elem5t ! ,kosmos1 ) all its hi]>*y (    
be+1 is evolv$4 ,b 9 ! ,/oic sy/em      
,greek3 panta rhei1#c !re is no         
cont9uance 9 any "o condition4 ,z 9 !   
normal life ( all e>?ly creatures !re   
comes a c]ta9 climax or turn+ po9t1 aft]
 :i* ! =ces ( decay ga9 sl[ly b surely  
on ^? ( gr[? & resi/ance1 s also runs ! 
hi/ory ( ! univ]se :i* includes !m all4 
,"o by "o ! /eps by :i* x 0 =m$ %all be 
retrac$1 & ! d]iv$ sub/ances :i* compose
 x consum$ & re-absorb$ by t f :i* !y   
sprang4 ,f matt] 9 its grosse/ =m to its
 pure/1 f e>? & /one & wat] to ! highe/ 
intellig5ce 9 m5 & dmons & ,gods1 no?+  

%all escape ?is doom ( dissolution2     
ev]y?+ %all yield up its sep>ate        
exi/5ce1 until at la/ ! inde/ructible   
elem5t ( t primeval fire is aga9 ! sole 
be+ t rema9s1 & ,zeus is alone 9 !      
conflagration1 self-contemplat+ 9 !     
solitudes ( ?\ght4 ,b ?is is n ! end4   
,!re is no end4 ,! pla/ic impulse aga9  
resumes its sway1 & soon ano!r cycle (  
_w-developm5t & _w-de/ruction beg9s to  
run its c\rse4 ,9 ! language ( ,s5eca1  
,:5 t fatal day1 t necessity ( ! times1 
%all h arriv$1 & x seems good to ,god to
 make an end ( old ?+s & orda9 ! bett]1 
!n %all ! anci5t ord] be revok$ & e     
creature be g5]at$ anew1 & a race       
ignorant ( guilt be giv5 to ! e>?4  ,?is
 0 ! g5]al physical sy/em on :i* all    
,/oics 7 agre$1 al?\gh !re 7 diff]5ces (
 op9ion ^u m9or po9ts2 su* z h[ f> ^!   
successive cycles resembl$ ea* o!r8 "s  
ass]t+ t !y did s 9 ! m9ute/ detail1    
o!rs only 9 _! l>g] features4 ,x 0 a    
sy/em1 = all its sup]/itions1 n )\t     
gr&eur & tru?4 ,at bottom x express$ a  

s5se ( t ph5om5on ( ebb & fl[1 sy/ole & 
dia/ole1 ! action & c\nt]action (       
balanc$ =ces1 :i* is p]haps ! pr(\nde/  
law ( life4  ,two que/ions arise 9      
connection ) ! ,/oic cosmogony1 :i* we  
mu/ briefly discuss be=e proce$+ f>!r4  
,are we ju/ifi$ 9 t]m+ _! view ( !      
univ]se a mat]iali/ic "o8 & :at 0 _!    
doctr9e ( ! de/9ies ( ! human s\l8 ,n[ x
 is c]ta9ly ! usual practice among      
writ]s on philosophy to reckon ! ,/oics 
z mat]iali/s1 & x is unque/ionably true 
t !y d5i$ ! possibility ( any exi/5ce   
:i* 0 n corporeal4 ,/rong z !y are on ! 
supremacy ( ! human s\l ov] ! human     
body1 %>p z is ! l9e ) :i* !y divide ^! 
elem5ts1 yet ! di/9ction is a moral1 n a
 metaphysical "o--ea* is an actual      
mat]ial sub/ance4 ,b we %all be s]i\sly 
mi/ak51 nev]!less1 if we place !m 9 !   
same class ) ! sci5tific mat]iali/s ( ! 
pres5t day4 ,accord+ to ! latt]1 ,?\ght 
is no necess>y mom5t 9 ! univ]se1 b     
m]ely a product ( c]ta9 accid5tal       
comb9ations ( matt]1 a product :i*1 :5  

^! are dissolv$1 mu/ disappe> f exi/5ce1
 )\t leav+ a trace ( its pres5ce beh9d4 
,aga91 accord+ to mo/ mod]n oppon5ts ( !
 mat]iali/ic view1 ,?\ght has an        
indep5d5t & immortal be+--x exi/$ be=e  
matt] 01 & w\ld cont9ue to exi/ if all  
matt] 7 annihilat$4 ,! ,/oic view diff]$
 f ea* ( ^! mod]n !ories4 ,x held ,?\ght
 & ,matt] to be et]nal1 insep>able1 &1  
inde$1 /rictly id5tical4 ,be+ 9 its     
primitive & pure/ =m 0 fire1 a corporeal
 sub/ance1 b "o exhibit+ consci\sness1  
purpose1 w4  ,z to ! "q ( ! ,/oic view (
 ! immortality ( ! human s\l1 x does n  
seem to me to des]ve s mu* discussion z 
x has receiv$ f "s comm5tators4 ,x is   
obvi\s t ! s\l mu/1 9 ! end1 %>e ! lot (
 all o!r exi/5ces1 & be resolv$ into !  
,div9e ,be+ :i* 0 its s\rce4 ,! only "q 
t c arise is :e!r ?is resolution takes  
place at ! mom5t ( dea?1 or :e!r ! s5se 
( p]sonal id5tity p]si/s = a c]ta9 p]iod
 beyond t ev5t2 & ?is "q1 :i* ,epictetus
 appe>s to h be5 wise en\gh to leave an 
op5 "o1 is philosophically ( v little   

importance4 ,! s\l is immortal1 !       
individual p]i%es2 ?is is ! conclusion (
 ,/oicism1 & if we "k ?is1 !re is little
 else x c mu* conc]n u to "k4  ,! read] 
:o desires to ga9 a ?or\gh k (          
,hell5i/ic philosophy1 & ( ! social &   
political conditions 9 :i* x ?rove1 w   
f9d :at he seeks 9 two works to :i* ,i h
 to express my l>ge indebt$ness4 ,"o is 
,zell]'s ,philosophie d] ,grie*5        
7,epikure]1 ,/oik] u4 ,skeptik]71#d a   
monum5t ( ,g]man rese>* & erudition1 9  
:i* va/ masses ( orig9al mat]ial = !    
/udy ( ?is mo/ int]e/+1 b neglect$1 epo*
 ( ! developm5t ( ,european intellect h 
be5 br\ght toge!r1 & int]pret$ ) m ?an  
,g]man lucidity & me?od4 ,! o!r is      
,pr(essor ,mahaffy's rec5t volume1      
,greek ,life & ,?\ght1 a /udy ( !       
,hell5i/ic p]iod 9 v>i\s aspects1 :i* ! 
s*ol> w n read )\t pr(it1 nor !         
lay-read] )\t pleasure4  ,we turn n[ to 
t dep>tm5t ( ! ,/oic philosophy ) :i* ! 
read] ( ,epictetus is mo/ conc]n$--its  
,e?ics4  ,! e?ical "q resolves itself   

into a se>* = ! supreme object ( human  
endeavor1 ! ,summum ,bonum1 ! absolute &
 ess5tial good4 ,?is1 = ! ,/oic1 embodi$
 itself 9 ! =mula1 to live accord+ to   
,nature4 ,b :at is ,nature8 ,! w ( ,god1
 z reveal$ 9 ! he>t & consci5ce ( ^? :o 
seek to "k x1 & int]pret$ ?r\gh !       
obs]vation 9 a rev]5t & fai?ful _s ( !  
facts ( life4  ,go+ into ! subject m    
precisely we f9d c]ta9 crit]ia ( moral  
tru? e/abli%$1 ,greek3 prolpseis1 z !y 7
 call$1 t is1 primitive1 orig9al        
conceptions1 or1 z ,i h r5d]$ !m 9 my   
translation1 natural conceptions1 dogmas
 by :i* all moral que/ions c be tri$4   
,if we inquire into ! s\rce ( ^! ,greek3
 prolpseis1 we %all f9d ourselves mi/ak5
 9 our disposition to ?9k t ! ,/oics    
reg>d$ !m z innate ideas4 ,innate !y are
 n1 = ! ,/oics held ! s\l at bir? to be 
a tabula rasa1 or blank page1 :i* only  
exp]i5ce c\ld fill ) "* & mean+4 ,b z   
,s5eca says 9 8 inquiry1 ,quomodo ad nos
 prima boni hone/ique notitia p]v5]it1#e
 al?\gh ,nature alone c\ld n tea* u ^!  

?+s1 c\ld n equip u ) ! k ( !m be=e we  
ent]$ ^u life1 yet ! se$s ( ?is k %e    
does give u2 ! s\l ( e man has implant$ 
9 x a c]ta9 aptness or1 inde$1 necessity
 to d$uce c]ta9 univ]sal tru?s f su*    
obs]vation & exp]i5ce z are common to   
all mank9d2 & ^! tru?s1 ! ,greek3       
prolpseis1 ?\gh n /rictly innate1 h ?us 
an inevitabl5ess & dogmatic =ce n       
possess$ by ^? :i* "o man may rea* &    
ano!r miss 9 ! ex]cise ( ! ord9>y       
faculties1 by argum5t1 /udy1 & s =?4 ,by
 ^! natural conceptions ! exi/5ce & "* (
 ,god1 & ! g5]al decrees ( ! moral law1 
are consid]$ to be affirm$4 ,if we      
inquire fur!r h[ ! ,/oic expla9$ ! fact 
t "s ( ^! s-call$ inevitable & univ]sal 
conclusions are d5i$ 9 all s9c]ity by m5
 l ,epicurus1 :o 7 nei!r bad nor mad1 we
 /rike ^u ! difficulty :i* confronts all
 sy/ems t aim at sett+ up any absolute  
body ( tru?1 expressible 9 human        
language1 9 place ( t p>tial1           
progressive1 & inf9itely v>i$ revelation
 ( ,god's m9d & purpose to :i* !        

uncolor$ facts ( ! _w's religi\s hi/ory 
seem to te/ify4  ,! natural conceptions1
 z ,i h said1 conta9 ! prim>y doctr9es (
 e?ics4 ,none ( ^! are m important = !  
,/oic ?an t :i* decl>es ess5tial ,good  
to lie 9 ! active1 n ! passive side (   
man2 9 ! w1 n 9 ! fle%1 nor 9 any?+ else
 :i* ! w is unable to control4 ,b a     
c]ta9 relative & conditional goodness   
may lie 9 matt]s :i* are yet ( no mom5t 
to ! spiritual man1 to t "p ( him :i*   
seeks ! ess5tial good4 ,& we mu/ note t 
:5 ,epictetus speaks ( c]ta9 ?+s z good 
or bad or indiff]5t1 he is g5]ally      
speak+ ( !m 9 _! relation to ! spiritual
 man1 & 9 ! mo/ absolute & unconditional
 s5se4 ,no evil c happ5 to ! ess5tial "p
 ( man1 to t side ( him :i* is relat$ to
 ! et]nal & div9e1 )\t 8 own w4 ,h5ce ! 
dea? ( a belov$ fri5d1 or *ild1 or wife1
 is no evil2 & if x be no evil1 we are  
=bidd5 to grieve = x1 or1 9 ! mo/ usual 
phrase ) ,epictetus1 we are n to be     
tr\bl$ or conf\nd$ by x1 ,greek3        
t>asse/hai4 ,b if ?is utt]ance %\ld %ock

 our natural feel+s1 x w d some?+ :i*   
assur$ly ,epictetus nev] meant x to d4  
,x is ! s\l ( man :i* ^! ev5ts _c       
injure1 & x is ! s\l :i* is =bidd5 to   
?9k itself injur$ by !m4 ,su* love ( !  
individual z may be embrac$ 9 ! l>g]    
love ( ! ,all1 ( ,god--su* grief =      
b]eavem5ts & calamities z does n ov]:elm
 ! inn] man 7ii4 #ai7 9 a wave ( mortal 
tumult1 & dull 8 vital s5se ( ! great   
moral ends :i* he 0 born to pursue1 is  
repeat$ly & explicitly admitt$ by       
,epictetus4 ,?us1 9 iii4 #b1 we h him   
argu+ aga9/ ,epicurus t !re are c]ta9   
natural sympa?ies betwe5 man & 8 k9d1 & 
ev5 convict+ ,epicurus himself ( a      
secret belief 9 ^! sympa?ies4 ,epicurus 
_h dissuad$ 8 foll[]s f m>riage1 & !    
br++-up ( *ildr51 on acc\nt ( ! grief & 
anxiety :i* su* relations necess>ily    
entail4 ,n s ! ,/oics--!y press$ _!     
disciples to ent] into ! ord9>y e>?ly   
relation%ips ( husb&1 or wife1 or       
citiz51 & ?is )\t pret5d+ to h f\nd any 
means ( av]t+ ! natural consequ5ces :i* 

,epicurus dread$1 al?\gh !y did pr(ess  
to h discov]$ some?+ 9 man :i* made him 
equal to ! endurance ( !m4 ,aga91 al?\gh
 ! condition ( ,greek3 apa!ia1 ( inw>d  
peace1 ( fre$om f passions1 is aga9 &   
aga9 repres5t$ by ,epictetus z ! m>k ( !
 p]fect sage1 we are told t ?is ,greek3 
apa!ia is some?+ q diff]5t f apa?y--a   
man is n to be emotionless l a /atue4 ,&
 a ?ird passage confirm+ ?is view is to 
be f\nd 9 ,book ,i41 *4 xi4             
7,s*weighus]71 :]e ! conduct ( a man :o 
0 s afflict$ by ! illness ( 8 little    
daught] t he ran away f ! h\se1 & w\ld  
he> news ( h] only ?r\gh messages1 is   
condemn$1 n = ! affection & anxiety x   
prov$1 b = its utt] unreasonabl5ess4    
,w\ld y1 asks ,epictetus1 h h] "m & h]  
nurse & h] p$agogue1 :o all love h] too1
 also run away f h]1 & leave h] to die 9
 ! h&s ( p]sons :o nei!r love nor c>e = 
h] at all8 ,!re is a grief :i* is really
 a self-indulg5ce1 a b>r51 absorb+1     
p>alyz+ grief1 :i*1 to ! s\l possess$ by
 x1 makes e o!r ?+ 9 heav5 & e>? seem   

/range & cold & trivial4 ,f su* grief   
alone ,epictetus w\ld deliv] u1 & ,i ?9k
 he w\ld h accept$ ,mr4 ,aubrey de      
,v]e's noble sonnet on ,sorr[ z a       
?or\ghly fit poetic /atem5t ( ,/oic     
doctr9e on ?is subject3--    ,c\nt ea*  
affliction1 :e!r light or grave1        
,god's mess5g] s5t d[n to !e2 d ?\   ,) 
c\rtesy receive him2 rise & b[2   ,&1   
ere 8 %ad[ pass ?y ?re%old1 crave       
,p]mission fir/ 8 heav5ly feet to lave2 
,!n lay be=e him all ?\ ha/1 all[   ,no 
cl\d ( passion to usurp ?y br[1   ,or m>
 ?y hospitality2 no wave   ,( mortal    
tumult to oblit]ate   ,! s\l's m>moreal 
calmness3 ,grief %\ld be   ,l joy1      
maje/ic1 equable1 s$ate1   ,confirm+1   
cleans+1 rais+1 mak+ free1   ,/rong to  
consume small tr\bles2 to comm5d        
,great ?\ghts1 grave ?\ghts1 ?\ghts la/+
 to ! end4  ,b ! grief t %all d ?is is a
 grief t mu/ be felt4 ,& ,epictetus     
assur$ly nev] meant to (f] ! ,/oic      
philosophy z a m]e /upefy+ anodyne4     
,make ! man a ,/oic1 & some?+ yet rema9s

 to d--to make ! ,/oic a man4 ,"o ( ^!  
purposes 0 n m ! conc]n ( ,epictetus ?an
 ! o!r4 ,& he pursu$ bo? ( !m ) a /r5g?1
 s9c]ity1 & sanity ( ?\ght1 ) a p[] (   
n\ri%+ ! h]oic fib] 9 humanity1 :i*1 to 
my m9d1 make him ! v *ief ( ,pagan      
morali/s4  ,x is no purpose ( m9e to    
fill ?is preface ) in=mation :i* ! read]
 c ga9 )\t d\bt or difficulty f ! au?or 
:om x introduces1 & !re=e ,i %all leave 
him to discov] = himself :at ! positive 
e?ical tea*+ ( ,epictetus 0 l4 ,nor is  
x1 unhappily1 possible to say mu* ^u    
ano!r subject on :i* ,epictetus gives u 
little or no in=mation--8 own life &    
circum/ances4 ,arrian wrote a biography 
( him1 b x is n[ entirely lo/1 & !      
biographical details :i* h be5 collect$ 
f ,simplicius1 ,suidas1 ,aulus ,gellius1
 & o!rs are v scanty4 ,he 0 born at     
,hi]apolis1 9 ,phrygia1 & became1 h[ is 
unkn[n1 a slave ( ,epaphroditus1 a      
fre$man & favorite ( ,n]o1 :o is record$
 to h treat$ him ) great cruelty4 ,"o   
day1 x is said1 ,epaphroditus began     

twi/+ 8 leg = amusem5t4 ,epictetus said1
 ,if y g on y w break my leg4           
,epaphroditus p]si/$1 ! leg 0 brok51 &  
,epictetus1 ) unruffl$ s]5ity1 only     
said1 ,did ,i n tell y t y w\ld break my
 leg8 ,?is circum/ance is adduc$ by     
,celsus 9 8 fam\s controv]sy ) ,orig5 z 
an in/ance ( ,pagan =titude equal to    
any?+ :i* ,*ri/ian m>tyrology _h to     
%[2#f b x is probably a m]e my? :i* grew
 up to acc\nt = ! fact m5tion$ by       
,simplicius & ,suidas t ,epictetus 0    
feeble 9 body & lame f an e>ly age4     
,epaphroditus 0 probably a v bad ma/]1 &
 z a favorite & intimate ( ,n]o's mu/ h 
be5 a bad man2 b we h to ?ank him = !   
fact t ,epictetus1 :ile yet a slave1 0  
s5t to att5d ! philosophic lectures (   
,musonius ,rufus1 an em95t ,/oic (      
,rome1 :om bo? ,epictetus & ,m>cus      
,aurelius m5tion ) great respect4 ,!    
sy/em ( philosophic tra9+ _h be5 at ?is 
"t long organiz$4 ,!re 7 ma/]s ( repute 
ev]y:]e1 :o deliv]$ _! in/ruction 9     
regul> c\rses1 receiv$ a fix$ paym5t = !

 same1 & "u :om cr[ds ( "y m5 assembl$ f
 f> & ne> to /udy sci5ce & e?ics--to    
receive1 9 %ort1 :at correspond$ to a   
univ]sity education 9 ^? days4 ,! curi\s
 circum/ance t a slave l ,epictetus c\ld
 p>ticipate 9 advantages ( ?is k9d is   
g5]ally expla9$ z ! result ( a          
fa%ionable :im :i* possess$ ,roman      
nobles at ?is "t = hav+ philosoph]s & m5
 ( culture among _! slaves4 ,pr(essor   
,mahaffy1 9 8 ,greek ,life & ,?\ght 7p4 
#acb71 comm5t+ on ! summons ( ! two     
philosoph]s1 ,anax>*us & ,calli/h5es1 to
 console ,alex&] aft] 8 murd] (         
,cleitus1 obs]ves1 t x 0 probably usual 
to call 9 philosoph]s to m9i/]          
pr(essionally 9 cases ( affliction4 ,f  
?is1 to mak+ a philosoph] a regul>      
adjunct to a l>ge h\sehold1 ev5 z ! b>on
 ( lat] times kept a fool1 ! /ep is n   
great4 ,b ,epaphroditus1 "o ?9ks1 mu/ h 
_h frequ5t reason to rue ! *oice he made
 9 ,epictetus1 if he expect$ 8 dome/ic  
philosoph] to excuse 8 misde$s z        
,anax>*us did ^? ( ,alex&] on ! occasion

 above m5tion$4  ,9 ! ye> #id ,a4 ,d4 ! 
emp]or ,domitian issu$ a decree expell+ 
all philosoph]s f ,rome--an easily      
expla9able proce$+ on 8 "p if !re 7 any 
l>ge numb] ( !m :o1 9 ! words (         
,epictetus1 7 able to look tyrants      
/eadily 9 ! face4 ,epictetus mu/ h by   
?is "t obta9$ 8 fre$om & set up =       
himself z a pr(essor ( philosophy1 = we 
f9d him1 9 consequ5ce ( ?is decree1     
betak+ himself to ,nicopolis1 a city (  
,epirus4 ,"h he liv$ & taught to a      
v5]able age1 & "h he deliv]$ ! disc\rses
 :i* ,arrian has report$ = u4 ,he liv$ )
 great simplicity1 & is said to h _h no 
s]vant or o!r inmate ( 8 h\se until he  
hir$ a nurse = an infant :i* 0 ab\t to  
be expos$1 accord+ to ! practice ( ^?   
days :5 x 0 desir$ to *eck ! inconv5i5t 
gr[? ( a family1 & :i* ,epictetus rescu$
 & br\ght up4 ,! date ( 8 dea? is       
unkn[n4  ,& n[1 read]1 ,i w take my     
leave ( y ) ,arrian's f>ewell salutation
 to ,lucius ,gellius1 :i*1 lit]ally     
translat$1 is ,be /rong4 ,if y ne$ x1 ,i

 "k no tea*] bett] able to make or keep 
y s ?an ,epictetus4 ,at any rate1 to    
give him a fair *ance ( do+ :at x is 9  
him to d = ,engli%-speak+ m5 & wom5 is  
some?+ ,i h reg>d$ z a sort ( duty1 a   
dis*>ge ( obligation = 8 inf9ite s]vice 
to myself2 :i* done to ! utmo/ ( my     
p[]s1 ! fewe/ =ewords are ! be/4     ,t4
 ,w4 ,r4     ,,footnotes3               
,footnote #a3 ,! ,en*eiridion (         
,epictetus1 ,translat$ into     ,engli% 
by ,t4 ,w4 ,rolle/on4 ,kegan ,paul1     
,tr5*1  ,co41 #ahha4      ,footnote #b3 
,epicteti ,diss]tationum ab ,arriano    
,dige/>um ,libri ,,iv4     et ex        
,dep]ditis ,s]monibus ,fragm5ta4 ,po/   
,io4 ,uptoni aliorumque     curas1 d5uo 
ad ,codicum ,m ,/orum fidem rec5suit1   
,lat9a ,v]sione1     ,adnotationibus1   
,indicibus illu/ravit ,johannes         
,s*weighus]1     ,lipsi4 ,,mdccxcix4    
,epicteti ,manuale et ,cebetis ,tabula  
,grce et ,lat9e4 ,s*w4     ,,mdccxcviii4
      ,!re are two excell5t ,engli%     
translations ( ! :ole extant     works (

 ,epictetus--"o by ,mrs4 ,c>t]1 publi%$ 
9 ! la/     c5tury1 ! o!r by ! late     
,george ,long1 ,m4 ,a4 7,bohn ,s]ies71  
to     bo? ( :i*1 b especially ! latt]1 
,i desire to record my     great        
obligations4      ,footnote #c3 ,greek3 
panta rhei1 all fl[s--! c>d9al doctr9e  
( ! ,h]acleitean philosophy4            
,footnote #d3 ,an ,engli% translation ( 
?is "w has lately     appe>$4           
,footnote #e3 ,ep4 #abj4 #d4 ff4        
,footnote #f3 ,gregory ,nazianz51       
comm5t+ on ?is n>rative1     rem>ks t x 
only %[s h[ manfully unavoidable suff]+s
 may     be borne4     ,,clean!s' ,,hymn
 ,,to ,,zeus4#a      ,mo/ glori\s ( !   
,immortals1 _m nam$1 ,almighty          
=ev]4     ,zeus1 rul] ( nature1 t       
gov]ne/ all ?+s )      law1     ,hail6 =
 lawful x is t all mortals %\ld address 
,!e4     ,= we are ,?y (fspr+1 tak+ !   
image only ( ,?y      voice1#b z _m     
mortal ?+s z live & move ^u !      e>?4 
,!re=e w ,i hymn ,!e1 & s+ ,?y might    
=ev]4     ,= ,!e do? all ?is univ]se t  

circles r\nd !      e>? obey1 mov+      
:i!rsoev] ,?\ leade/1 & is      gladly  
sway$ by ,!e4     ,su* a m9i/] ha/ ,?\ 9
 ,?9e inv9cible h&s2--!      two-edg$1  
blaz+1 imp]i%able ?und]bolt4     ,= "u  
its /roke all ,nature %udd]e?1 & by x   
,?\ guide/ aright ! ,univ]sal ,reason1 t
 roams      ?r\gh all ?+s1 m+l+ itself )
 ! great] &      ! less] lights1 till x 
h gr[n s great1 &      become supreme k+
 ov] all4     ,nor is aught done on !   
e>? )\t ,!e1 ,o ,god1 nor      9 ! div9e
 sph]e ( ! heav5s1 nor 9 ! sea1         
,save ! works t evil m5 d 9 _! folly--  
,yea1 b ,?\ kn[e/ ev5 to f9d a place =  
sup]flu\s ?+s1 & to ord] t :i* is       
disord]ly1 & ?+s n de> to m5 are de> to 
,!e4     ,?us do/ ,?\ h>monize into ,"o 
all good & evil      ?+s1 t !re %\ld be 
"o ev]la/+ ,reason (      !m all4     ,&
 ?is ! evil among mortal m5 avoid & he$ 
n2      wret*$1 ev] desir+ to possess ! 
good1 yet !y nor      see nor he> !     
univ]sal ,law ( ,god1 :i* obey+ )       
all _! he>t1 _! life w\ld be well4      

,b !y ru% graceless ea* to 8 own aim1   
,"s *]i%+ lu/ = fame1 ! nurse ( evil    
/rife1     ,"s b5t on mon/r\s ga91      
,"s turn$ to folly & ! sweet works ( !  
fle%1     ,ha/5+1 inde$1 to br+ ! v     
contr>y ( ^!      ?+s to pass4     ,b   
,?\1 ,o ,zeus1 ! ,all-giv]1 ,dwell] 9 ! 
d>kness      ( cl\d1 ,"l ( ?und]1 save  
,?\ m5 f _!      unhappy folly1     ,:i*
 d ,?\1 ,o ,fa!r1 scatt] f _! s\ls2 &   
give !m to discov] ! wisdom1 9 ^:       
assurance ,?\      gov]ne/ all ?+s )    
ju/ice2     ,s t be+ honor$1 !y may pay 
,!e honor1     ,hymn+ ,?y works         
cont9ually1 z x beseems a mortal        
man4     ,s9ce !re c be no great] glory 
= m5 or ,gods ?an      ?is1     ,duly to
 praise =ev] ! ,univ]sal ,law4          
,,note3     ,! bracket$ num]als 9 ! text
 ref] ?r\gh\t to ! ,notes at    ! end ( 
! volume2 ea* *apt] hav+1 :]e notes are 
necess>y1    its own *apt] ( ,notes4    
,,! ,,tea*+ ,,( ,,epictetus4     ,,book 
,i4   ,,*apt] ,i4  ,,! ,,beg9n+ ,,(     
,,philosophy4   #a4 ,w\ld/ ?\ be good1  

!n fir/ believe t ?\ art evil4  #b4 ,!  
beg9n+ ( philosophy1 at lea/ ) ^? :o lay
 hold ( x z !y ought & ent] by ! door1#a
 is ! consci\sness ( _! own feebl5ess & 
incapacity 9 respect ( necess>y ?+s4    
#c4 ,= we come into ! _w hav+ by nature 
no idea ( a "r-angl$ triangle1 or a     
qu>t]-tone1 or a semi-tone1 b by a c]ta9
 tradition ( art we le>n ea* ( ^! ?+s4  
,& ?us ^? :o "k !m n1 d n suppose t !y  
"k !m4 ,b good & evil1 & nobl5ess &     
bas5ess1 & ! seemly & ! unseemly1 &     
happ9ess & mis=tune1 & :at is our conc]n
 & :at is n1 & :at ought to be done &   
:at n--:o ha? come into ! _w )\t an     
implant$ notion ( ^! ?+s8 ,?us we all   
use ^! t]ms1 & endeavor to fit our      
natural conceptions to e sev]al ?+4 ,he 
did well1 rightly1 n rightly1 he fail$1 
he succe$$1 he is unrighte\s1 he is     
righte\s--:i* ( u sp>e? to use t]ms l   
^!8 ,:i* ( u w def] ! use ( !m till he  
ha? le>n$ !m1 ev5 z ignorant m5 d n use 
t]ms ( geometry or music8 ,b ?is is !   
reason ( x3 we come into ! _w already1 z

 x 71 taught by ,nature "s ?+s 9 ?is    
k9d1 & sett+ out f ^! ?+s we h add$     
!reto our own conceit4#b ,= h[1 sai? "o1
 d ,i n "k :at is noble & :at is base8  
,h ,i n ! notion ( x8 ,truly4 ,& d ,i n 
apply x to ?+s sev]ally8 ,y d apply x4  
,d ,i n1 !n1 apply x rightly8 ,b "h lies
 ! :ole "q1 & "h conceit ent]e? 94 ,=   
sett+ out f ?+s confess$ by all1 !y g on
 by a false application to t :i* is     
disput$4 ,= if1 9 addition to ^? ?+s1 !y
 _h ga9$ also ?is p[] ( application1 :at
 w\ld !n h9d] !m to be p]fect8 ,b n[    
s9ce y ?9k t y apply rightly ! natural  
conceptions to ?+s sev]ally1 tell me1   
:5ce h y ?is assurance8  ----,because x 
seems s to me4  ,b to ano!r x seems     
o!rwise--& he1 too1 do? he ?9k 8        
application "r or n8  ----,he do? ?9k x4
  ,c ye1 !n1 bo? be rightly apply+ !    
conceptions 9 matt]s :]e9 y\r op9ions   
contradict ea* o!r8  ----,we _c4  ,h y1 
!n1 aught bett] to %[ = y\r application1
 or aught above ?is1 t x seeme? s to y8 
,b :at else do? a madman d ?an ^? ?+s t 

to him seem "r8 ,& do? ?is rule suffice 
= him8  ----,x do? n suffice4  ,come1   
!n1 to t :i* is above seem+4 ,:at is    
?is8  #d4 ,behold1 ! beg9n+ ( philosophy
 is ! obs]vation ( h[ m5 contradict ea* 
o!r1 & ! se>* :5ce come? ?is            
contradiction1 & ! c5sure & mi/ru/ ( b>e
 op9ion4 ,& x is an inquiry into t :i*  
seems1 :e!r x rightly seems2 & !        
discov]y ( a c]ta9 rule1 ev5 z we h f\nd
 a balance = weights1 & a plumb l9e =   
/raight & crook$4 ,?is is ! beg9n+ (    
philosophy4 ,are all ?+s "r to all to   
:om !y seem s8 ,b h[ c contradictory ?+s
 be "r8  ----,nay1 !n1 n all ?+s1 b ^? t
 seem to u "r4  ,& :y to y m ?an !      
,syrians1 or to ! ,egyptians8 ,:y m ?an 
to me or to any o!r man8 ,n at all m4   
,seem+1 !n1 do? n = e man answ] to ,be+2
 = nei!r 9 weights or measures do? ! b>e
 appe>ance cont5t u1 b = ea* case we h  
discov]$ "s rule4 ,& "h1 !n1 is !re no  
rule above seem+8 ,& h[ c\ld x be t !re 
7 no evid5ce or discov]y ( ?+s ! mo/    
necess>y = m58 ,!re is1 !n1 a rule4 ,&  

:]e=e d we n seek x1 & f9d x1 &1 hav+   
f\nd x1 h5ce=? use x )\t transgression1 
& n s mu* z /ret* =? a f+] )\t x8 ,= ?is
 x is1 ,i ?9k1 t :5 x is discov]$ cure? 
( _! madness ^? t mismeasure all ?+s by 
seem+ alone2 s t h5ce=?1 sett+ out f ?+s
 kn[n & inve/igat$1 we may use an       
organiz$ body ( natural conceptions 9   
all our sev]al deal+s4  #e4 ,:at is !   
subject ab\t :i* we are inquir+8        
,pleasure8 ,submit x to ! rule1 ca/ x   
into ! scales4 ,n[ ! ,good mu/ be a ?+ (
 su* sort t we ought to tru/ 9 x8       
,truly4 ,& we ought to h fai? 9 x8 ,we  
ought4 ,& ought we to tru/ 9 any?+ :i*  
is un/able8 ,nay4 ,& ha? pleasure any   
/ability8 ,x ha? n4 ,take x1 !n1 & fl+ x
 out ( ! scales1 & set x f> away f !    
place ( ! ,good4 ,b if y are dim (      
sight1 & "o balance do? n suffice1 !n   
take ano!r4 ,is x "r to be elat$ 9 :at  
is good8 ,yea4 ,& is x "r to be elat$ !n
 9 ! pres5ce ( a pleasure8 ,see to x t  
?\ say n x is "r2 or ,i %all n hold !e  
wor?y ev5 ( ! balance4#c ,?us are ?+s   

judg$ & weigh$1 :5 ! rules are held 9   
read9ess4 ,& ! aim ( philosophy is ?is1 
to exam9e & e/abli% ! rules4 ,& to use  
!m :5 !y are kn[n is ! task ( a wise &  
good man4     ,,*apt] ,,ii4  ,,on ,,!   
,,natural ,,conceptions4   #a4 ,!       
natural conceptions are common to all   
m51 & "o _c contradict ano!r4 ,= :i* ( u
 b affirms t ! ,good is pr(itable1 & t  
we %\ld *oose x1 & 9 all circum/ances   
foll[ & pursue x8 ,:i* ( u b affirms t  
uprightness is honorable & becom+8 ,:]e1
 !n1 do? ! contradiction arise8 ,conc]n+
 ! application ( ! natural conceptions  
to ?+s sev]ally4 ,:5 "o sai?1 ,he did   
well1 he is a wor?y man1 & ano!r1 ,nay1 
b he did fooli%ly1 !n !re is a          
contradiction among m51 "o ) ano!r4 ,&  
!re is ! same contradiction among !     
,jews & ! ,syrians & ! ,egyptians & !   
,romans2 n :e!r t :i* is righte\s %\ld  
be pref]r$ to all ?+s & 9 all cases     
pursu$1 b :e!r ?is be righte\s or       
unrighte\s1 to eat ! fle% ( sw9e4 ,& ye 
c discov] ! same contradiction 9 ! matt]

 ( ,a*illes & ,agamemnon4 ,= call !m    
be=e u3 ,:at saye/ ?\1 ,agamemnon1 ,%\ld
 n t :i* is "r & fair come to pass8     
----,t %\ld x4  ,& :at saye/ ?\1        
,a*illes1 ,do? x n please !e t :at is   
fair & "r %\ld be done8  ----,( all ?+s 
?is do? mo/ please me4  ,!n make        
application ( y\r natural conceptions4  
,:5ce arose ?is dispute8 ,! "o sai?3 ,i 
am n b\nd to deliv] up ,*ryseis to h]   
fa!r4 ,& ! o!r sai?3 ,?\ art b\nd4      
,assur$ly "o ( !m mu/ ill apply !       
conception ( duty4 ,& aga9 ! "o sai?3   
,!re=e if ,i %\ld deliv] up ,*ryseis1 x 
is meet t ,i take 8 prize f "o ( y4 ,& !
 o!r3 ,w\ld/ ?\1 !n1 take f me my       
belov$8 ,he sai?3 ,yea1 ev5 ?9e4 ,& %all
 ,i alone1 & ,i alone1 h no?+8 ,& ?us   
arise? ! contradiction4  #b4 ,:at is x1 
!n1 to be educat$8 ,x is to le>n to     
apply ! natural conceptions to ea* ?+   
sev]ally accord+ to nature2 & fur!r1 to 
disc]n t ( ?+s t exi/ "s are 9 our own  
p[]#a & ! re/ are n 9 our own p[]4 ,&   
?+s t are 9 our own p[] are ! w1 & all !

 works ( ! w4 ,& ?+s t are n 9 our own  
p[] are ! body1 & ! p>ts ( ! body1 &    
possessions & p>5ts & bre?r5 & *ildr5 & 
c\ntry &1 9 a ^w1 our associates4 ,:]e  
n[ %all we place ! ,good8 ,to :at       
objects %all we apply x8 ,to ^? :i* are 
9 our own p[]8 ,!n is heal? n good1 &   
:ole limbs & life8 & are n *ildr5 &     
p>5ts & c\ntry8 ,& :o w be> ) y if y say
 ?is8 ,let u1 !n1 transf] x to ^! ?+s4  
,n[1 c "o be happy :o is injur$1 & has  
miss$ ga9+ :at is good8 ,he _c4 ,& c su*
 a "o be> himself t[>ds 8 fell[s z he   
ought8 ,h[ is x possible t he %\ld8 ,=  
,i h x ( nature t ,i mu/ seek my own    
pr(it4 ,if x pr(its me to own a piece ( 
l&1 x pr(its me to take x f my neighbor4
 ,if x pr(its me to h a g>m5t1 x pr(its 
me to /eal x f ! ba?4 ,& h5ce w>s1      
s$itions1 tyrannies1 conspiracies4 ,& h[
 %all ,i be able to ma9ta9 a "r m9d     
t[>ds ,god8 = if ,i suff] injury &      
mis=tune1 x _c be b ,he neglects me4 ,& 
:at h ,i to d ) ,him if ,he _c help me8 
,&1 aga91 :at h ,i to d ) ,him if ,he is

 will+ to let me cont9ue 9 ! evils 9 :i*
 ,i am8 ,h5ce=? ,i beg9 to hate ,him4   
,:y1 !n1 d we build temples & set up    
/atues to ,zeus z we d to p[]s ( evil1  
su* z ,fev]8#b ,& h[ is ,he n[ ! ,savi\r
 & ! ,ra+iv] & ! ,fruitgiv]8 ,& v]ily1  
all ?is foll[s1 if we place any:]e 9    
ext]nal ?+s ! nature & be+ ( ! ,good4   
,,*apt] ,,iii4  ,,! ,,ma/]-,,faculty4   
#a4 ,( all our faculties ye %all f9d b  
"o t c contemplate itself1 or1 !re=e1   
approve or disapprove itself4 ,h[ f> ha?
 gramm> ! p[] ( contemplation8 ,only s  
f> z to judge conc]n+ lett]s4 ,& music8 
,only s f> z to judge conc]n+ melodies4 
,do? any ( !m1 !n1 contemplate itself8  
,n "o4 ,b :5 y h ne$ to write to y\r    
fri5d1 gramm> w tell y h[ to write2 b   
:e!r to write or n1 gramm> w n tell4 ,& 
s ) ! musical art 9 ! case ( melodies2 b
 :e!r x is n[ meet or n to s+ or to     
play1 music w n tell4 ,:at1 !n1 w tell  
x8 ,t faculty :i* bo? contemplates      
itself & all o!r ?+s4 ,& :at is ?is8 ,x 
is ! faculty ( ,reason2 = we h receiv$  

none o!r :i* c consid] itself--:at x is1
 & :at x c1 & :at x is wor?--& all ! o!r
 faculties z well4 ,= :at else is x t   
tells u t a gold5 ?+ is beautiful1 s9ce 
itself do? n8 ,cle>ly x is ! faculty :i*
 makes use ( appe>ances4 ,:at else is x 
t judges ( music & gramm>1 & ! o!r      
faculties1 & proves _! uses1 & %[s ! fit
 occasions8 ,none else ?an ?is4  #b4    
,?us ! ,gods1 z x 0 fit !y %\ld1 place t
 only 9 our p[] :i* is ! mightie/ & ma/]
 ?+1 ! "r use ( appe>ances2 b o!r ?+s   
are n 9 our p[]4 ,0 x t !y did n wi% x8 
,i inde$ ?9k t _h !y be5 able !y _h made
 ov] to u ^? ?+s also2 b ?is !y c\ld 9  
no way d4 ,= be+ on ! e>?1 & b\nd up )  
?is fle% & ) ^! associates1 h[ 0 x      
possible t z reg>ds ^! we %\ld n be     
h9d]$ by ext]nal ?+s8 ,b :at sai? ,zeus8
 ,epictetus1 if x 7 possible1 ,i w\ld h 
made bo? ?is ?y little body & ?y little 
prop]ty free & unhamp]$4 ,b =get n n[ t 
?is is b f9ely temp]$ clay1 & no?+ ( ?9e
 own4 ,& s9ce ,i c\ld n d ?is1 ,i h giv5
 !e a "p ( ourselves1 ?is p[] ( desir+ &

 dislik+1 & pursu+1 avoid+1 & reject+1  
&1 9 brief1 ! use ( appe>ances4 ,h a    
c>e1 !n1 ( ?is1 hold ?is only = ?9e own1
 & ?\ %alt nev] be h9d]$ or hamp]$1 ?\  
%alt n lam5t1 ?\ %alt n blame1 ?\ %alt  
nev] flatt] any man4 ,:at !n8 ,d ^! seem
 trifl+ matt]s8 ,god =bid4 ,are y1 !n1 n
 cont5t ) !m8 ,at lea/ ,i pray ! ,gods  
,i may be4#a  #c4 ,b n[ hav+ "o ?+ 9 our
 p[] to c>e =1 & to cleave to1 we r     
*oose to be c>eful ( _m ?+s1 & to b9d   
ourselves to _m ?+s1 ev5 to ! fle%1 & to
 possessions1 & to bro!r & fri5d1 & *ild
 & slave4 ,& be+ ?us b\nd to _m ?+s1 !y 
lie heavy on u & drag u d[n4 ,s1 if !   
wea!r be n fair = sail+1 we sit d[n     
di/raught & are ev] pe]+ =? to see h[   
/&s ! w9d4 ,x is nor?4 ,& :at is t to u8
 ,:5 w ! we/ w9d bl[8 ,:5 x %all seem   
good to x1 fri5d2 or to olus4 ,= x 0 n  
!e1 b olus :om ,god made /ew>d ( !      
w9ds4#b ,:at !n8 ,x is "r to devise h[  
we may p]fect ! ?+s t are our own1 & to 
use ! o!rs z _! nature is4 ,& :at1 !n1  
is _! nature8 ,z x may please ,god4     

,,*apt] ,,iv4  ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,!     
,,good4   #a4 ,! subject = ! good & wise
 man is 8 own ma/]-faculty1 z ! body is 
= ! physician & ! tra9]1 & ! soil is !  
subject = ! husb&man4 ,& ! "w ( ! good &
 wise man is to use appe>ances accord+  
to ,nature4 ,= x is ! nature ( e s\l to 
cons5t to :at is good & to reject :at is
 evil1 & to hold back ab\t :at is       
unc]ta92 & ?us to be mov$ to pursue !   
good & to avoid ! evil1 & nei!r way     
t[>ds :at is nei!r good nor evil4 ,= z x
 is n lawful = ! money-*ang] or ! sell] 
( h]bs to reject ,cs>'s co91 b if "o    
pres5t x1 !n1 :e!r he w or no1 he mu/   
give up :at is sold = x1 s x is also ) !
 s\l4 ,:5 ! ,good appe>s1 /raightway !  
s\l is mov$ t[>ds x1 & f ! ,evil4 ,&    
nev] do? ! s\l reject any cle> appe>ance
 ( ! good1 no m ?an ,cs>'s co94 ,on ?is 
hange? e movem5t bo? ( ,god & man4  #b4 
,! nature & ess5ce ( ! ,good is 9 a     
c]ta9 disposition ( ! ,w2 likewise t ( !
 ,evil4 ,:at1 !n1 are outw>d ?+s8 ,matt]
 = ! ,w1 ab\t :i* be+ occupi$ x %all    

atta9 its own good or evil4 ,h[ %all x  
atta9 ! ,good8 ,?r\gh n be+ dazzl$ )    
admiration ( :at x works on4#a ,= our   
op9ions ( ?is1 :5 "r1 make ! w "r1 & :5 
wrong make x evil4 ,?is law ha? ,god    
e/abli%$1 & sai?1 ,if ?\ w\ld/ h aught (
 good1 h x f ?yself4  #c4 ,if ^! ?+s are
 true 7& if we are n fools or           
hypocrites71 t ,good1 = man1 lies 9 !   
,w1 & likewise ,evil1 & all o!r ?+s are 
no?+ to u1 :y are we /ill tr\bl$8 :y d  
we fe>8 ,! ?+s = :i* we h be5 zeal\s are
 9 no o!r man's p[]2 & = ! ?+s t are 9  
o!rs' p[] we are n conc]n$4 ,:at        
difficulty h we n[8 ,b direct me1 saye/ 
?\4 ,& :y %all ,i direct !e8 ha? n ,god 
direct$ !e8 ha? ,he n giv5 !e t :i* is  
?9e own unh9d]$ & unhamp]$1 & h9d]$ &   
hamp]$ t :i* is n ?9e own8 ,& :at       
direction1 :at ^w ( comm& did/ ?\       
receive f ,him :5 ?\ came/ !nce8 ,hold  
fa/ ev]y?+ :i* is ?9e own--covet n t :i*
 is ali5 to !e4 ,& fai?fulness is ?9e1 &
 rev]5ce is ?9e3 :o1 !n1 c rob !e ( ^!  
?+s8 ,:o c h9d] !e to use !m1 if n      

?yself8 ,b ?yself c d x1 & h[8 ,:5 ?\   
art zeal\s ab\t ?+s n ?9e own1 & ha/ ca/
 away ! ?+s t are4 ,) su* c\nsels &     
comm&s f ,zeus1 :at wilt ?\ /ill f me8  
,am ,i great] ?an he8 am ,i m wor?y ( ?y
 fai?8 ,b if ?\ hold to ^! ?+s1 ( :at   
o!rs ha/ ?\ ne$8 ,b p]*ance ^! are none 
( 8 comm&s8 ,!n br+ =w>d ! natural      
conceptions1 br+ ! pro(s ( !            
philosoph]s1 br+ ! ?+s ?\ ha/ (t5 he>d1 
br+ ! ?+s t ?yself ha/ spok51 br+ :at ?\
 ha/ read1 br+ :at ?\ ha/ pond]$4       
,,*apt] ,v4  ,,! ,,promise ,,(          
,,philosophy4   #a4 ,( ?+s t exi/1 "s   
are 9 our own p[]1 "s are n 9 our own   
p[]4 ,( ?+s t are 9 our own p[] are our 
op9ions1 impulses1 pursuits1 avoidances1
 &1 9 brief1 all t is ( our own do+4 ,( 
?+s t are n 9 our own p[] are ! body1   
possessions1 reputation1 au?ority1 &1 9 
brief1 all t is n ( our own do+4 ,& !   
?+s t are 9 our own p[] are 9 _! nature 
free1 n liable to h9drance or           
emb>rassm5t1 :ile ! ?+s t are n 9 our   
own p[] are /r5g?less1 s]vile1 subject1 

ali54  #b4 ,rememb]1 !n1 if y hold ?+s  
by _! nature subject to be free1 & ?+s  
ali5 to be y\r prop] conc]n1 y w be     
hamp]$1 y w lam5t1 y w be tr\bl$1 y w   
blame ,gods & m54 ,b if y hold t only to
 be y\r own :i* is s1 & ! ali5 = :at x  
is1 ali51 !n none %all ev] compel y1    
none %all h9d] y1 y w blame no "o1      
accuse no "o1 y w n d ! lea/ ?+         
unwill+ly1 none %all h>m y1 y %all h no 
foe1 = y %all suff] no injury4  #c4     
,aim+1 !n1 at ?+s s high1 rememb] t x is
 no mod]ate passion :]e) y mu/ attempt  
!m1 b "s ?+s y mu/ utt]ly r5\nce1 & put 
"s1 = ! pres5t1 aside4 ,= if1 let u say1
 y aim also at ?is1 to rule & to ga!r   
ri*es1 !n y are l1 ?r\gh aim+ at ! *ief 
?+s also1 to miss ^! l[] ends2 & %all   
mo/ assur$ly miss ^? o!rs1 ?r\gh :i*    
alone fre$om & happ9ess are won4        
,/raightway1 !n1 practice say+ to e h>% 
appe>ance--,?\ art an ,appe>ance & n at 
all ! ?+ ?\ appe>e/ to be4 ,!n exam9e x1
 & prove x by ! rules y h1 b fir/ &     
above all by ?is1 :e!r x conc]n some?+ t

 is 9 our own p[]1 or some?+ t is n 9   
our own p[]4 ,& if ! latt]1 !n be !     
?\ght at h&3 ,x is no?+ to ,me4         
,,*apt] ,,vi4  ,,! ,,way ,,(            
,,philosophy4   #a4 ,a c]ta9 ,roman hav+
 ent]$ ) 8 son & li/5$ to "o lecture1   
,?is1 said ,epictetus1 is ! mann] (     
tea*+2 & he 0 sil5t4 ,b :5 ! o!r pray$  
him to cont9ue1 he spake z foll[s3--  ,e
 art is we>isome1 9 ! le>n+ ( x1 to !   
untaught & unskill$4 ,yet ?+s t are made
 by ! arts imm$iately decl>e _! use1 & =
 :at !y 7 made1 & 9 mo/ ( !m is some?+  
attractive & pleas+4 ,& ?us :5 a %oemak]
 is le>n+ 8 trade x is no pleasure to /&
 by & obs]ve him1 b ! %oe is useful1 &  
moreov] n unpleas+ to behold4 ,& ! le>n+
 ( a c>p5t]'s trade is v griev\s to an  
untaught p]son :o happ5s to be pres5t1 b
 ! "w done decl>es ! ne$ ( ! art4 ,b f> 
m is ?is se5 9 music1 = if y are by :]e 
"o is le>n+1 x w appe> ! mo/ pa9ful (   
all in/ructions2 b t :i* is produc$ by !
 musical art is sweet & delightful to   
he>1 ev5 to ^? :o are untaught 9 x4 ,&  

"h we conceive ! "w ( "o :o /udies      
philosophy to be "s su* ?+1 t he mu/ fit
 8 desire to all ev5ts1 s t no?+ may    
come to pass aga9/ our w1 nor may aught 
fail to come to pass t we wi% =4 ,:5ce x
 results to ^? :o s ord] x1 t !y nev]   
fail to obta9 :at !y w\ld1 nor to avoid 
:at !y w\ld n1 liv+1 z reg>ds !mselves1 
)\t pa91 fe>1 or tr\ble2 & z reg>ds _!  
fell[s1 obs]v+ all ! relations1 natural 
& acquir$2 z son or fa!r1 or bro!r or   
citiz51 or husb& or wife1 or neighbor or
 fell[-travel]1 or pr9ce or subject4    
,su* we conceive to be ! "w ( "o :o     
pursues philosophy4 ,& next we mu/      
inquire h[ ?is may come ab\t4  #b4 ,we  
see1 !n1 t ! c>p5t] becomes a c>p5t] by 
le>n+ some?+1 & by le>n+ some?+ ! pilot 
becomes a pilot4 ,& "h also is x n on   
?is wise8 ,is x en\gh t we m]ely wi% to 
become good & wise1 or mu/ we n also    
le>n some?+8 ,we inquire1 !n1 :at we h  
to le>n8  #c4 ,! philosoph]s say t1 be=e
 all ?+s1 x is ne$ful to le>n t ,god is1
 & take? ?\ght = all ?+s2 & t no?+ c be 

hid f ,him1 nei!r de$s1 nor ev5 ?\ghts  
or wi%es4 ,!reaft]1 ( :at nature ! ,gods
 are4 ,= :atev] !y are f\nd to be1 he :o
 w\ld please & s]ve !m mu/ /rive1 ) all 
8 might1 to be l unto !m4 ,if ! ,div9e  
is fai?ful1 s mu/ he be fai?ful2 if     
free1 s mu/ he be free2 if b5efic5t1 s  
mu/ he be b5efic5t2 if high-m9d$1 s mu/ 
he be high-m9d$2 s t ?us emulat+ ,god1  
he %all bo? d & speak ! ?+s t foll[     
!refrom4#a  #d4 ,:5ce1 !n1 %all we make 
a beg9n+8 ,if y w consid] ?is ) me1 ,i  
%all say1 fir/1 t y mu/ att5d to ! s5se 
( words4#b  ----,s ,i d n n[ und]/& !m8 
,y d n4  ----,h[1 !n1 d ,i use !m8  ,z !
 unlett]$ use writt5 words1 or z cattle 
use appe>ances2 = ! use is "o ?+ &      
und]/&+ ano!r4 ,b if y ?9k y und]/&1 !n 
take any ^w y w1#c & let u try          
ourselves1 :e!r we und]/& x4 ,b x is    
hateful to be confut$1 = a man n[ old1 &
 "o :o1 p]haps1 ha? s]v$ 8 ?ree         
campaigns6 ,& ,i too "k ?is4 ,= y h come
 to me n[ z "o :o lacke? no?+4 ,& :at   
c\ld y suppose to be lack+ to y8 ,weal? 

h y1 & *ildr51 & x may be a wife1 & _m  
s]vants2 ,cs> kn[s y1 y h won _m fri5ds 
9 ,rome1 y give e man 8 due1 y rew>d )  
good him t doe? good to y1 & ) evil him 
t doe? evil4 ,:at is /ill lack+ to y8   
,if1 n[1 ,i %all %[ y t y lack ! greate/
 & mo/ necess>y ?+s = happ9ess1 & t to  
?is day y h c>$ = ev]y?+ r ?an = :at    
behoov$ y2 & if ,i cr[n all & say t y "k
 n :at ,god is nor :at man is1 nor ,good
 nor ,evil2--& :at ,i say ( o!r ?+s is  
p]haps endurable1 b if ,i say y "k n y\r
 own self1 h[ c y endure me1 & be> !    
accusation1 & abide "h8 ,nev]--b        
/raightway y w g away 9 ang]4 ,& yet :at
 evil h ,i done y8 ,unless ! mirror do? 
evil to ! ill-favor$ man1 :5 x %[s him  
to himself su* z he is1 & unless !      
physician is ?\ght to affront ! sick man
 :5 he may say to him3 ,man1 do/ ?\ ?9k 
?\ aile/ no?+8 ,?\ ha/ a fev]3 fa/      
to-day & dr9k wat]4 ,& none sai?1 ,:at  
an affront4 ,b if "o %all say to a man3 
,?y pursuits art inflam$1 ?9e avoidances
 are mean1 ?y purposes are lawless1 ?y  

impulses accord n ) nature1 ?9e op9ions 
are va9 & ly+--/raightway he goe? =? &  
sai?1 ,he affront$ me4  #e4 ,we foll[   
our bus9ess z 9 a great fair4 ,cattle & 
ox5 are br\ght to be sold2 & ! great] "p
 ( ! m5 come "s to buy1 "s to sell2 &   
few are !y :o come = ! spectacle ( !    
fair1--h[ x comes to pass1 & :]e=e1 & :o
 are !y :o h e/abli%$ x1 & to :at end4  
,& s x is "h1 too1 9 ?is assembly (     
life4 ,"s1 inde$1 l cattle1 conc]n      
!mselves ) no?+ b fodd]2 ev5 su* z ^? t 
c>e = possessions & l&s & s]vants &     
(fices1 = ^! are no?+ m ?an fodd]4 ,b   
few are !y :o come to ! fair = love ( ! 
spectacle1 :at ! _w is & by :om x is    
gov]n$4 ,by no "o8 ,& h[ is x possible t
 a /ate or a h\se _c endure1 no n = !   
%orte/ "t1 )\t a gov]nor & ov]se]1 b ?is
 s great & fair fabric %\ld be guid$ ?us
 ord]ly by *ance & accid5t8 ,!re is1 !n1
 "o :o gov]ns4 ,b :at is 8 nature8 & h[ 
do? he gov]n8 & we1 t 7 made by him1 :at
 are we1 & = :at are we8 or h we at lea/
 "s int]c\rse & l9k ) him1 or h we none8

 ,?us x is t ^! few are mov$1 & !nce=?  
/udy ?is alone1 to le>n ab\t ! fair1 &  
to dep>t4 ,:at !n8 !y are mock$ by !    
multitude4 ,& 9 ! fair1 too1 ! obs]v]s  
are mock$ by ! trad]s2 & _h ! cattle any
 reflection !y w\ld mock all ^? :o c>$ =
 any?+ else ?an fodd]4     ,,*apt]      
,,vii4  ,,to ,,! ,,le>n]4   #a4 ,rememb]
 t pursuit decl>es ! aim ( atta9+ ! ?+  
pursu$1 & avoidance t ( n fall+ into !  
?+ %unn$2 & he :o fails 9 8 pursuit is  
un=tunate1 & x is mis=tune to fall into 
:at he w\ld avoid4 ,if n[ y %un only ^? 
?+s 9 y\r p[] :i* are contr>y to        
,nature1 y %all nev] fall into :at y    
w\ld avoid4 ,b if y %un disease or dea? 
or pov]ty1 y %all h mis=tune4  #b4 ,turn
 away1 !n1 y\r avoidance f ?+s n 9 our  
p[]1 & set x ^u ?+s contr>y to ,nature  
:i* are 9 our p[]4 ,& let pursuit = !   
pres5t be utt]ly effac$2 = if y are     
pursu+ some?+ t is n 9 our p[]1 x mu/   
ne$s be t y misc>ry1 & ( ?+s t are1 z _m
 z y may rightly aim at1 none are yet   
op5 to y4 ,b use only desire & av]sion1 

& t inde$ lightly1 & ) res]ve1 &        
indiff]5tly4  #c4 ,no great ?+ come?    
sudd5ly into be+1 = n ev5 a bun* (      
grapes c1 or a fig4 ,if y say to me n[3 
,i desire a fig1 ,i answ] t !re is ne$ (
 "t3 let x fir/ ( all fl[]1 & !n br+ =? 
! fruit1 & !n rip54 ,:5 ! fruit ( a     
fig-tree is n p]fect$ at once1 & 9 a    
s+le h\r1 w\ld y w9 ! fruit ( a man's   
m9d ?us quickly & easily8 ,ev5 if ,i say
 to y1 expect x n4  #d4 ,to fulfill !   
promise ( a man's nature is itself no   
common ?+4 ,= :at is a man8 ,a liv+     
creature1 say y2 mortal1 & end[$ )      
,reason4 ,& f :at are we set ap>t by    
,reason8 ,f ! wild bea/s4 ,& :at o!rs8  
,f %eep & ! l4 ,look to x1 !n1 t ?\ d   
no?+ l a wild bea/1 = if ?\ d1 ! man 9  
!e p]i%e?1 ?\ ha/ n fulfill$ 8 promise4 
,look to x1 t ?\ d no?+ l a %eep1 or ?us
 too ! man ha? p]i%$4 ,:at1 !n1 c we d z
 %eep8 ,:5 we are glutton\s1 s5sual1    
reckless1 fil?y1 ?\ghtless1 to :at are  
we !n sunk58 ,to %eep4 ,:at h we lo/8   
,our faculty ( ,reason4 ,& :5 we are    

cont5ti\s1 & hurtful1 & angry1 & viol5t1
 to :at are we sunk58 ,to wild bea/s4 ,&
 = ! re/ "s ( u are great wild bea/s1 & 
"s ( u little & evil ones2 :]eby we may 
say1 ,let me at lea/ be eat5 by a       
lion4#a ,b ?r\gh all ^! ?+s ! promise ( 
! man's nature has be5 ru9$4  #e4 ,= :5 
is a complex proposition safe8#b ,:5 x  
fulfills its promise4 ,s t ! validity ( 
a complex proposition is :5 x is a      
complex ( tru?s4 ,& :5 is a disjunctive 
safe8 ,:5 x fulfills its promise4 ,& :5 
are flutes1 or a lyre1 or a horse1 or a 
dog8 ,:at m>vel is x1 !n1 if a man also 
is to be sav$ 9 ! same way1 & p]i% 9 !  
same way8  #f4 ,b ea* ?+ is increas$ &  
sav$ by ! correspond+ works--! c>p5t] by
 ! practice ( c>p5try1 ! gramm>ian by ! 
/udy ( gramm>2 b if he use to write     
ungrammatically1 x mu/ ne$s be t 8 art  
%all be corrupt$ & de/roy$4 ,?us1 too1 !
 works ( rev]5ce save ! rev]5t man1 & ^?
 ( %amelessness de/roy him4 ,& works (  
fai?fulness save ! fai?ful man1 & !     
contr>y de/roy him4 ,& m5 ( ! contr>y "*

 are /r5g!n$ !re9 by contr>y de$s2 !    
irrev]5t by irrev]5ce1 ! fai?less by    
fai?lessness1 ! revil] by revil+1 !     
angry by ang]1 ! av>ici\s by unfair giv+
 & tak+4  #g4 ,"k1 t n easily %all a    
conviction arise 9 a man unless he e day
 speak ! same ?+s & he> ! same ?+s1 & at
 ! same "t apply !m unto life4  #h4 ,e  
great p[] is p]il\s to beg9n]s4 ,?\ mu/ 
be> su* ?+s accord+ to ?y /r5g?4 ,b ,i  
mu/ live accord+ to ,nature8 ,t is n = a
 sick man4#c ,lead ?y life z a sick man 
= a :ile1 s t ?\ maye/ h]eaft] live x z 
a :ole man4 ,fa/1 dr9k wat]1 ab/a9 = a  
:ile f pursuit ( e k9d1 9 ord] t ?\     
maye/ pursue z ,reason bids4 ,& if z    
,reason bids1 !n :5 ?\ %alt h aught (   
good 9 !e1 ?y pursuit %all be well4     
,nay1 b we w\ld live z sages & d good to
 m54 ,:at good8 ,:at wilt ?\ d8 ,ha/ ?\ 
done good to ?yself8 ,b ?\ w\ld/ exhort 
!m8 ,& ha/ ?\ exhort$ ?yself8#d ,?\     
w\ld/ d !m good--!n d n *att] to !m1 b  
%[ !m 9 ?yself :at mann] ( m5 philosophy
 c make4 ,9 ?y eat+ d good to ^? t eat )

 !e1 9 ?y dr9k+ to ^? t dr9k1 by yield+ 
& giv+ place to all1 & be>+ ) !m4 ,?us d
 !m good1 & n by spitt+ ?y bile ^u !m4  
,,*apt] ,,viii4  ,,! ,,cynic4   #a4 ,"o 
( 8 pupils1 :o seem$ to be drawn t[>ds !
 way ( ,cynicism1 inquir$ ( ,epictetus  
:at mann] ( man ! ,cynic ought to be1 & 
:at 0 ! natural conception ( ! ?+4 ,&   
,epictetus said3 ,let u look into x at  
leisure4 ,b s mu* ,i h n[ to say to y1 t
 :osoev] %all )\t ,god attempt s great a
 matt] /irre? up ! wra? ( ,god aga9/    
him1 & desire? only to behave himself   
unseemly be=e ! p4 ,= 9 no well-ord]$   
h\se do? "o come 9 & say to himself3 ,i 
%\ld be ! /ew>d ( ! h\se1 else1 :5 ! "l 
( ! h\se %all h obs]v$ x1 & see? him    
insol5tly giv+ ord]s1 he w drag him =? &
 *a/ise him4 ,s x is also1 9 ?is great  
city ( ! univ]se1 = "h too !re is a ma/]
 ( ! h\se :o ord]e? ea* & all3 ,?\ art !
 ,sun2 ?y p[] is to travel r\nd & to    
make ! ye> & ! seasons1 & to increase & 
n\ri% fruits1 & to /ir ! w9ds & /ill !m1
 & temp]ately to w>m ! bodies ( m54 ,g  

=?1 run ?y c\rse1 & m9i/] ?us to !      
greate/ ?+s & to ! lea/4 ,?\ art a calf2
 :5 a lion %all appe>1 d :at befits !e1 
or x %all be worse = !e4 ,?\ art a bull2
 come =? & fight1 = ?is is ?y "p &      
pride1 & ?is ?\ can/4 ,?\ art able to   
lead ! army aga9/ ,ilion2 be ,agamemnon4
 ,?\ can/ fight 9 s+le combat ) ,hector2
 be ,a*illes4 ,b if ,!rsites came =? &  
pret5d$ to ! au?ority1 !n ei!r he w\ld n
 ga9 x1 or1 ga9+ x1 he w\ld h be5 %am$  
be=e _m witnesses4  #b4 ,& ab\t ?is     
affair1 d ?\ take ?\ght ^u x e>ne/ly1 = 
x is n su* z x seeme? to !e4 ,i we> a   
r\gh cloak n[1 & ,i %all we> x !n2#b ,i 
sleep h>d n[1 & ,i %all sleep s !n4 ,i w
 take to myself a wallet & /aff1 & ,i w 
beg9 to g ab\t & beg1 & to reprove e "o 
,i meet )2 & if ,i %all see "o t plucks 
out 8 hairs1 ,i w c5sure him1 or "o t   
ha? 8 hair curl$1 or t goes 9 purple    
raim5t4 ,if ?\ conceive/ ! matt] on ?is 
wise1 f> be x f !e--g n ne> x1 x is n = 
!e4 ,b if ?\ conceive/ ( x z x is1 &    
holde/ ?yself n unwor?y ( x1 !n behold  

to h[ great an ent]prise ?\ art putt+ =?
 ?9e h&4  #c4 ,fir/1 9 ?+s t conc]n     
?yself1 ?\ mu/ appe> 9 no?+ l unto :at  
?\ n[ doe/4 ,?\ mu/ n accuse ,god nor   
man2 ?\ mu/ utt]ly give ov] pursuit1 &  
avoid only ^? ?+s t are 9 ! p[] ( ?y w2 
ang] is n meet = !e1 nor res5tm5t1 nor  
envy1 nor pity2#c nor mu/ a girl appe>  
to !e fair1 nor mu/ reputation1 nor a   
flat cake4#d ,= x mu/ be und]/ood t o!r 
m5 %elt] !mselves by walls & h\ses & by 
d>kness :5 !y d su* ?+s1 & _m means (   
concealm5t h !y4 ,"o %utte? ! door1     
place? "s "o be=e ! *amb]2 if any "o    
%\ld come1 say1 ,he is out1 he is busy4 
,b 9 place ( all ^! ?+s x behooves !    
,cynic to %elt] himself beh9d 8 own     
piety & rev]5ce2 b if he do? n1 he %all 
be put to %ame1 nak$ "u ! sky4 ,?is is 8
 h\se1 ?is 8 door1 ?is ! gu>ds ( 8      
*amb]1 ?is 8 d>kness4 ,= he mu/ n seek  
to hide aught t he doe?1 else he is     
gone1 ! ,cynic ha? p]i%$1 ! man :o liv$ 
"u ! op5 sky1 ! freeman4 ,he ha? begun  
to fe> some?+ f )\t1 he ha? begun to ne$

 concealm5t2 nor c he f9d x :5 he w\ld1 
= :]e %all he hide himself1 & h[8 ,& if 
by *ance ?is tutor1 ?is public tea*]1   
%\ld be f\nd 9 guilt1 :at ?+s mu/ he n  
suff]6 ,& fe>+ ^! ?+s1 c he yet take    
he>t ) 8 :ole s\l to guide ! re/ (      
mank9d8 ,t c he nev]3 x is impossible6  
#d4 ,fir/1 !n1 ?\ mu/ purify ?y rul+    
faculty & ?is vocation ( ?9e also1 say+3
 ,n[ x is my m9d ,i mu/ %ape1 z ! c>p5t]
 %apes wood & ! %oemak] lea!r2 & ! ?+ to
 be =m$ is a "r use ( appe>ances4 ,b    
no?+ to me is ! body1 & no?+ to me !    
p>ts ( x4 ,dea?8 ,let x come :5 x w1    
ei!r dea? ( ! :ole or ( a "p4 ,flee x6  
,& :i!r8 ,c any man ca/ me out ( !      
univ]se8 ,he _c2 b :i!rsoev] ,i may g   
!re w be ! sun1 & ! moon1 & !re ! />s1 &
 visions1 & om5s1 & communion ) !       
,gods4#e  #e4 ,&1 fur!rmore1 :5 he ha?  
?us fa%ion$ himself1 he w n be cont5t ) 
^! ?+s1 :o is a ,cynic inde$4 ,b "k t he
 is an h]ald f ,god to m51 decl>+ to !m 
! tru? ab\t good & evil ?+s2 t !y h     
err$1 & are seek+ ! reality ( good &    

evil :]e x is n2 & :]e x is1 !y d n     
consid]2 & he is a spy1 l ,diog5es1 :5  
he 0 l$ captive to ,philip aft] ! battle
 ( ,*ronea4#f ,= ! ,cynic is1 9 tru?1 a 
spy ( ! ?+s t are fri5dly to m51 & t are
 ho/ile2 & hav+ closely spi$ out all1 he
 mu/ come back & decl>e ! tru?4 ,& he   
mu/ nei!r be /rick5 ) t]ror & report (  
enemies :]e none are2 nor be 9 any      
o!rwise conf\nd$ or tr\bl$ by !         
appe>ances4  #f4 ,he mu/ !n be able1 if 
s x *ance1 to g up impassion$1 z on !   
tragic /age1 & speak t ^w ( ,socrates1  
,o m51 :i!r are ye borne away8 ,:at d   
ye8 ,mis]able z ye are6 l bl9d m5 ye w&]
 up & d[n4 ,ye h left ! true road1 & are
 go+ by a false2 ye are seek+ peace &   
happ9ess :]e !y are n1 & if ano!r %all  
%[ y :]e !y are1 ye believe him n4      
,:]e=e w ye seek x 9 outw>d ?+s8 ,9 !   
body8 ,x is n !re--& if ye believe me n1
 lo1 ,myro6 lo1 ,ophellius4#g ,9        
possessions8 ,x is n !re1 & if ye       
believe me n1 lo1 ,croesus6 lo1 ! weal?y
 ( our own day1 h[ full ( m\rn+ is _!   

life6 ,9 au?ority8 ,x is n !re1 else    
%\ld ^? be happy :o h be5 twice or ?rice
 consul2 yet !y are n4 ,:om %all we     
believe 9 ?is matt]8 ,y1 :o look b on ^!
 m5 f )\t1 & are dazzl$ by ! appe>ance1 
or ! m5 !mselves8 ,& :at say !y8 ,he>k5 
to !m :5 !y lam5t1 :5 !y groan1 :5 by   
reason ( ^? consul%ips1 & _! glory &    
r5[n1 !y hold _! /ate ! m full ( mis]y &
 dang]6 ,9 royalty8 ,x is n !re2 else 7 
,n]o happy & ,s>danapalus2 b n          
,agamemnon himself 0 happy1 m spl5did   
?\gh he 0 ?an ,n]o or ,s>danapalus2 b   
:ile ! re/ are snor+ :at is he do+8     
,he tore 8 root$ hair by h&fuls         
out4--,il4 x4  ,& :at sai? himself8 ,i  
am di/raught1 he sai?1 & ,i am 9 angui%2
 my he>t leaps =? f my bosom4--,il4 x4  
,mis]able man6 :i* ( ?y conc]ns ha? gone
 wrong ) !e8 ,?y weal?8 ,nay4 ,?y body8 
,nay2 b ?\ art ri* 9 gold & bronze4 ,:at
 ails !e !n8 ,t "p1 :atev] x be1 ) :i*  
we pursue1 ) :i* we avoid1 ) :i* we     
desire & dislike1 ?\ ha/ neglect$ &     
corrupt$4 ,h[ ha? x be5 neglect$8 ,he   

ha? be5 ignorant ( ! true ,good = :i* x 
0 born1 & ( ! ,evil2 & ( :at is 8 own1 &
 :at is ali5 to him4 ,& :5 x goe? ill ) 
some?+ t is ali5 to him1 he sai?1 ,woe  
is me1 = ! ,greeks are 9 p]il4 ,o       
unhappy m9d ( !e6 ( all ?+s alone       
neglect$ & unt5d$4 ,!y w be sla9 by !   
,trojans & die6 ,& if ! ,trojans slay !m
 n1 w !y n /ill die8 ,yea1 b n all      
toge!r4 ,:at1 !n1 do? x matt]8 = if x be
 an evil to die1 x is alike evil to die 
toge!r or to die "o by "o4 ,%all any?+  
else happ5 to !m ?an ! p>t+ ( body &    
s\l8 ,no?+4 ,& :5 ! ,greeks h p]i%$1 is 
! door clos$ to !e8 can/ ?\ n also die8 
,i c4 ,:]e=e1 !n1 do/ ?\ lam5t3 ,woe is 
me1 a k+1 & be>+ ! scept] ( ,zeus8 ,!re 
is no un=tunate k+1 z !re is no         
un=tunate ,god4 ,:at1 !n1 art ?\8 ,9 v  
tru? a %eph]d2 = ?\ lam5te/ ev5 z       
%eph]ds d :5 a wolf ha? snat*$ away "o (
 ! %eep2 & %eep are !y :om ?\ do/ rule4 
,& :y art ?\ come hi!r8 ,0 ?y faculty ( 
pursuit 9 any p]il1 or ( avoidance1 or  
?y desire or av]sion8 ,nay1 he sai?1 b  

my bro!r's wife 0 c>ri$ away4 ,0 x n a  
great ga9 to be rid ( an adult]\s wife8 
,%all we be1 !n1 despis$ ( ! ,trojans8  
,( ! ,trojan8 ,( :at mann] ( m58 ( wise 
m5 or fools8 ,if ( wise m51 :y d ye make
 w> ) !m8 if ( fools1 :y d ye he$ !m8#h 
#g4 ,9 :at1 !n1 is ! good1 see+ t 9 ^!  
?+s x is n8 ,tell u1 ?\1 my "l mission>y
 & spy6 ,x is !re :]e ye deem x n1 & :]e
 ye h no desire to seek x4 ,= did ye    
desire1 ye w\ld h f\nd x 9 y\rselves1   
nor w\ld ye w&] to ?+s )\t1 nor pursue  
?+s ali51 z if !y 7 y\r own conc]ns4    
,turn to y\r own selves2 und]/& !       
natural conceptions :i* ye possess4 ,:at
 k9d ( ?+ d ye take ! ,good to be8      
,peace8 happ9ess8 fre$om8 ,come1 !n1 d  
ye n naturally conceive x z great1 z    
preci\s1 & t _c be h>m$8 ,:at k9d (     
mat]ial1 !n1 w ye take to %ape peace &  
fre$om )al--t :i* is enslav$ or 9 t :i* 
is free8 ,t :i* is free4 ,h ye ! fle%   
enslav$ or free8 ,we "k n4 ,"k ye n t x 
is ! slave ( fev]1 ( g\t1 ( oph?almia1 (
 dys5t]y1 ( tyranny1 & fire1 & /eel1 &  

ev]y?+ t is mighti] ?an itself8 ,yea1 x 
is enslav$4 ,h[1 !n1 c aught t is ( !   
body be free8 & h[ c t be great or      
preci\s :i* by nature is dead1 m]e e>?  
or mud8  #h4 ,:at !n8 h ye no?+ t is    
free8 ,x may be no?+4 ,& :o c compel y  
to ass5t to an appe>ance t is false8 ,no
 man4 ,& :o c compel y n to ass5t to an 
appe>ance t is true8 ,no man4 ,"h1 !n1  
ye see t !re is 9 y some?+ t is by      
nature free4 ,b :i* ( y1 except he lay  
hold ( "s appe>ance ( ! pr(itable1 or ( 
! becom+1 c ei!r pursue or avoid1 or    
desire or dislike1 or adapt or int5d    
any?+8 ,no man4 ,9 ^! ?+s1 too1 !n1 ye h
 some?+ t is unh9d]$ & free4 ,?is1      
mis]able m51 mu/ ye p]fect2 ?is h a c>e 
to1 9 ?is seek = ! ,good4  #i4 ,& h[ is 
x possible t "o c live prosp]\sly :o ha?
 no?+2 a nak$1 homeless1 he>?less1      
begg>ly man1 )\t s]vants1 )\t a c\ntry8 
,lo1 ,god ha? s5t y a man to %[ y 9 v   
de$ t x is possible4 ,behold me1 t ,i h 
nei!r c\ntry1 nor h\se1 nor possessions1
 nor s]vants2 ,i sleep on ! gr\nd2 nor  

is a wife m9e1 nor *ildr51 nor domicile1
 b only e>? & heav51 & a s+le cloak4 ,& 
:at is lack+ to me8 d ev] ,i grieve8 d  
,i fe>8 am ,i n free8 ,:5 did any ( y   
see me fail ( my pursuit1 or meet ) :at 
,i _h avoid$8 ,:5 did ,i blame ,god or  
man8 ,:5 did ,i accuse any man8 ,:5 did 
any ( y see me ( a sull5 c\nt5ance8 ,h[ 
d ,i meet ^? :om ye fe> & m>vel at8 ,d  
,i n treat !m z my slaves8 ,:o t see?   
me1 b ?9ke? he beholde? 8 k+ & 8 "l8    
#aj4 ,s ^! are ! acc5ts ( ! ,cynic1 ?is 
8 "*1 ?is 8 design4 ,n s--b x is 8 bag1 
& 8 /aff1 & 8 great jaws2 & to dev\r all
 t is giv5 to him1 or /ore x up1 or to  
reprove out ( season e "o t he may meet1
 or to %[ (f 8 %\ld]4#i  #aa4 ,do/ ?\   
see h[ ?\ art ab\t to take 9 h& s great 
a matt]8 ,take fir/ a mirror1 look ^u ?y
 %\ld]s1 m>k well ?y lo9s & ?ighs4 ,?\  
art ab\t to ent] ?y "n = ! ,olympic     
games1 ,o man2 no cold & paltry conte/4 
,nor can/ ?\ !n be m]ely ov]come & !n   
dep>t2 b fir/ ?\ mu/ be %am$ 9 ! sight (
 all ! _w2 & n alone ( ! ,a!nians1 or   

,lac$monians1 or ,nicopolitans4 ,& !n if
 ?\ ha/ too ra%ly ent]$ ^u ! conte/ ?\  
mu/ be ?ra%$1 & be=e be+ ?ra%$ mu/ suff]
 ?ir/ & scor*+ heat1 & swall[ mu* du/4  
#ab4 ,consid] m closely1 "k ?yself1 "q  
?y g5ius1#aj attempt no?+ )\t ,god2 :o1 
if ,he c\nsel !e1 be sure t ,he wills !e
 ei!r to be great or to be greatly      
plagu$4 ,= ?is v agreeable circum/ance  
is l9k$ ) ! call+ ( a ,cynic2 he mu/ be 
flogg$ l an ass1 &1 be+ flogg$1 mu/ love
 ^? :o flog him1 z ?\gh he 7 ! fa!r or  
bro!r ( all mank9d4 ,n s1 b if "o %all  
flog !e1 /& 9 ! mid/ & %riek out1 ,o    
,cs>1 :at ?+s d ,i suff] 9 ! ,emp]or's  
peace6 ,let u take him be=e !           
pro-consul4 ,b :at is ,cs> to ! ,cynic8 
or :at is a pro-consul8 or :at is any   
o!r ?an ,he t ha? s5t him hi!r1 & :om he
 s]ve?1 :i* is ,zeus8 ,do? he call ^u   
any o!r ?an ,god8 ,is he n p]suad$1     
:atsoev] ?+s he may suff]1 t he is be+  
tra9$ & ex]cis$ by ,god8 ,h]cules1 :5 he
 0 ex]cis$ by ,eury/heus1 nev] deem$    
himself wret*$2 b fulfill$ c\rage\sly   

all t 0 laid ^u him4 ,b he :o %all cry  
out & be> x h>d :5 he is be+ tra9$ &    
ex]cis$ by ,zeus1 is he wor?y to be> !  
scept] ( ,diog5es8 ,he> :at ,diog5es    
sai?1 :5 ill ( a fev]1 to ! by/&]s3     
,base s\ls1 w ye n rema98 ,to see !     
ov]?r[ & combat ( a?letes1 h[ great a   
way ye j\rney to ,olympia2 & h ye no w  
to see a combat betwe5 a fev] & a man8  
,& w su* an "o pres5tly accuse ,god :o  
ha? s5t him1 z hav+ us$ him ill--he :o 0
 glory+ 9 8 lot1 & held himself wor?y to
 be a spectacle to ! by/&]s8 ,= ( :at   
%all he accuse ,him3 t 8 life is seemly1
 t he manife/s ,god's w1 t he %[e? =? 8 
virtue m brightly8 ,come1 !n2 & :at sai?
 he ab\t dea?1 ab\t pa98 ,h[ did he     
comp>e 8 own happ9ess ) t ( ! ,great    
,k+8 nay1 he ?\ght r t !re 0 no         
comp>ison4 ,= :]e !re are confusions1 & 
griefs1 & fe>s1 & unatta9$ pursuits1 &  
avoidance 9 va91 & envy & rivalry1 c !  
way to happ9ess lie !re8 ,b :]e rott5   
op9ions are !re mu/ ( necessity be all  
^! ?+s4  #ac4 ,& ! "y man hav+ ask$ :e!r

 "o t ha? fall5 ill %all obey1 if a     
fri5d desire t he w g home ) him & be   
t5d$3 ,:]e1 he said1 w y %[ me ! fri5d (
 a ,cynic8 ,= he himself mu/ be ev5 su* 
ano!r1 s z to be wor?y to be reckon$ 8  
fri5d4 ,a %>] 9 ! scept] & ! royalty mu/
 he be1 & a wor?y s]vant1 if he w be    
wor?y ( 8 fri5d%ip1 z ,diog5es 0 (      
,anti/h5es & ,crates ( ,diog5es4 ,or    
seems x s to !e t :osoev] %all come to  
him & bid him hail is 8 fri5d8 & t he w 
?9k him wor?y t a ,cynic %all g to 8    
h\se8 ,?us if x please !e to be a       
,cynic1 be?9k !e r ( su* a ?+ z ?is1 &  
ca/ ab\t = a da9ty dungheap :]eon to h  
?y fev]2 & see t x look away f ! nor?1 s
 t ?\ be n *ill$4 ,b ?\ seeme/ to me to 
wi% to retreat into somebody's h\se &   
sp5d ?y "t !re1 & be f$4 ,:at ha/ ?\ to 
d ) und]tak+ s great a matt]8  #ad4 ,b  
m>riage1 said he1 & ! begett+ (         
*ildr51--are ^! to be receiv$ by !      
,cynic among 8 *ief purposes8  ,give me1
 said ,epictetus1 a city ( wise m51 &   
p]haps no "o w easily come to ! ,cynic  

way3 = ^: sake %\ld he embrace x8       
,h[ev]1 if we d suppose su* a ?+1 !re is
 no?+ to h9d] 8 m>ry+ & begett+ *ildr52 
= 8 wife w be ev5 su* ano!r1 & 8        
fa!r-9-law su* ano!r1 & ?us w 8 *ildr5  
be br\ght up4 ,b ?+s be+ z !y n[ are1 z 
x 7 9 ord] ( battle1 mu/ n ! ,cynic be  
giv5 :olly & undi/ract$ to ! s]vice (   
,god1 be+ able to g ab\t among m51 & n  
b\nd to private duties1 nor entangl$ 9  
ties :i*1 if he transgress1 he c no     
long] pres]ve ! aspect ( hone/y &       
goodness2 & if he obey !m1 he ha? lo/ t 
( ! mission>y1 ! spy1 ! h]ald ( ! ,gods8
 ,= see6 he mu/ ne$s obs]ve a c]ta9     
conduct t[>ds 8 fa!r-9-law1 & he ha?    
some:at to r5d] also to ! re/ ( 8 wife's
 k9 & to 8 wife h]self4 ,& = ! re/1 he  
is %ut (f f ,cynicism by ! c>e =        
sickness1 or means ( livelihood4 ,= "o  
?+ alone1 he mu/ h a vessel = w>m+ wat] 
= 8 little *ild1 :]e he may wa% x 9 !   
ba?2 & wool = 8 wife :5 %e has be5      
deliv]$1 & oil1 & a c\*1 & a dr9k+      
cup--already a numb] ( ut5sils--& o!r   

affairs & di/ractions4 ,:]e %all ,i     
!nce=? f9d t k+1 ^: bus9ess is ! common 
weal8    ,w>d5 ( m51 & ) s _m c>es4     
,il4 ii4 #be4  on :om x lies to ov]see  
all m51 ! m>ri$1 & p>5ts1 & :o use? 8   
wife well1 & :o ill1 & :o wrangles1 &   
:at h\sehold is well-ord]$1 & :at n2 go+
 ab\t z a physician1 & feel+ pulses--?\ 
ha/ a fev]1 ?\ a heada*e1 ?\ ! g\t2 d ?\
 fa/1 d ?\ eat1 d ?\ avoid ! ba?1 ?\    
ne$e/ ! knife1 ?\ ! caut]y8 ,:]e is !   
place = leisure to "o :o is b\nd to     
private duties8 ,mu/ he n provide raim5t
 = 8 *ildr58 yea1 & s5d !m to !         
s*oolma/] ) _! tablets & writ+          
in/rum5ts8 & h a b$ ready = !m1 s9ce a  
man _c be a ,cynic f ! womb8 ,else 7 x  
bett] to ca/ !m away at once ?an kill !m
 9 ?is way4 ,see1 n[1 to :at we h br\ght
 our ,cynic--h[ we h tak5 away 8 k+%ip f
 him6 ,true1 b ,crates m>ri$4 ,?\       
speake/ ( a circum/ance t arose f love1 
& adduce/ a wife :o 0 ano!r ,crates4#aa 
,b our inquiry is conc]n+ common        
m>riages1 & h[ m5 may be undi/ract$2 &  

?us inquir+1 we d n f9d x1 9 ?is        
condition ( ! _w1 a purpose ( *ief      
conc]n = a ,cynic4  #ae4 ,h[1 !n1 said  
he1 %all he /ill be pres]v+ ! community8
 ,god help !e6 ,:e!r d !y be/ s]ve      
mank9d :o fill _! own place by br++ into
 ! _w two or ?ree scream+ *ildr51 or ^? 
:o1 z f> !y may1 ov]see all m51 :at !y  
d1 h[ !y live1 :]e) !y conc]n !mselves1 
& :at duties !y neglect8 ,& 7 ! ,!bans m
 b5efit$ by z _m z left _! little *ildr5
 beh9d1 or by ,epam9ondas1 :o di$       
*ildless8 ,& did ,priam1 :o begat fifty 
good-=-no?+ sons1 or ,danaus1 or        
olus1#ab bett] s]ve ! community ?an     
,hom]8 ,%all1 !n1 ! comm& ( an army or !
 writ+ ( poems )draw a man f m>riage &  
fa!rhood1 & he %all n be ?\ght to h ga9$
 no?+ = 8 *ildlessness1 b ! k+%ip ( a   
,cynic %all be n wor? :at x co/s8 ,x may
 be we d n p]ceive 8 greatness1 nor d we
 wor?ily conceive ( ! "* ( ,diog5es2 b  
we turn away our eyes to ! pres5t       
,cynics1 wat*-dogs ( ! d9+-room1#ac :o 9
 no?+ resemble ^? o!rs1 save p]*ance 9  

break+ w9d2 b 9 no o!r ?+4 ,= else ^!   
?+s w\ld n h mov$ u1 nor %\ld we h      
m>vel$ if a ,cynic w n m>ry nor beget   
*ildr54 ,man6 he ha? begott5 all mank9d1
 he ha? all m5 = 8 sons1 all wom5 = 8   
daught]s2 s do? he visit all & c>e =    
all4 ,?9ke/ ?\ t he is a m]e m$dl] &    
busybody 9 rebuk+ ^? :om he meets8 ,z a 
fa!r he do? x1 z a bro!r1 & z s]vant ( !
 ,univ]sal ,fa!r1 :i* is ,god4  #af4 ,if
 x please !e1 ask ( me also :e!r he %all
 h to d ) affairs ( public polity8      
,fool6 do/ ?\ seek a great] polity ?an t
 9 ^: affairs he is already conc]n$8 ,w 
x be great] if he come =w>d among !     
,a!nians to say some?+ ab\t ways or     
means--he1 ^: "p x is to disc\rse ) all 
m51 ,a!nians1 ,cor9?ians1 ,romans alike1
 n conc]n+ means or ways1 nor conc]n+   
peace or w>1 b ab\t happ9ess &          
unhapp9ess1 ab\t good-=tune & ill-=tune1
 ab\t slav]y & fre$om8 ,& ( a man t ha? 
8 "p 9 s great a polity w y ask me if he
 %all att5d to public affairs8 ,ask me  
also if he %all be a rul]2 & aga9 ,i    

%all say1 ,?\ fool1 :at rule c be great]
 ?an 88  #ag4 ,& to su* a man !re is ne$
 also ( a c]ta9 k9d ( body4 ,= if he    
%all appe> consumptive1 meag]1 & pale1 8
 witness ha? n ! same emphasis4 ,n only 
by %[+ =? ! ?+s ( ! _s mu/ he conv9ce   
fooli% m5 t x is possible1 )\t ! ?+s t  
are admir$ ( !m1 to be good & wise1 b   
also 9 8 body mu/ he %[ t pla9 & simple 
& op5-air liv+ are n mis*iev\s ev5 to ! 
body3 ,behold1 ev5 ( ?is ,i am a        
witness1 ,i & my body4 ,s ,diog5es 0    
wont to d1 = he w5t ab\t radiant )      
heal?1 & ) 8 v body he turn$ _m to good4
 ,b a ,cynic t m5 pity seems to be a    
begg>--all m5 turn away f him1 all      
/umble at him4 ,= he mu/ n appe>        
squalid2 s t nei!r 9 ?is respect %all he
 sc>e m5 away2 b 8 v au/]ity %\ld be    
cleanly & pleas+4  #ah4 ,mu* grace (    
body1 !n1 mu/ belong to ! ,cynic1 & also
 quickness ( m9d1 else he is a m]e clot 
( slime & no?+ else2 = he mu/ be ready &
 apt to meet all t may befall him4 ,?us 
:5 "o said to ,diog5es3 ,?\ art t       

,diog5es :o ?9ke/ !re are no ,gods1 he  
repli$1 ,& h[ may t be1 see+ ,i hold !e 
hateful to ! ,gods8 ,& aga91 :5 ,alex&] 
/ood beside him1 z he 0 ly+ asleep1 &   
said3    ,n all night mu/ a man ( c\nsel
 sleep1  he answ]$1 ere he 0 yet awake3 
,w>d5 ( m51 & ) s _m c>es4#ad  #ai4 ,b  
be=e all ?+s mu/ 8 rul+ faculty be pur] 
?an ! sun1 else he mu/ ne$s be a gambl] 
& *eat]1 :o1 be+ himself entangl$ 9 "s  
iniquity1 w reprove o!rs4 ,=1 see h[ !  
matt] /&s3 to ^! k+s & tyrants1 _!      
spe>m5 & _! arms give ! (fice ( reprov+ 
m51 & ! p[] to puni% transgressors1 yea1
 ?\gh !y !mselves be evil2 b to !       
,cynic1 in/ead ( arms & spe>m51 8       
consci5ce give? ?is p[]4 ,:5 he kn[s t  
he has wat*$ & labor$ = m51 & la9 d[n to
 sleep 9 purity1 & sleep ha? left him   
yet pur]2 & t 8 ?\ghts h be5 ! ?\ghts ( 
"o de> to ! ,gods1 ( a s]vant1 & a %>] 9
 ! rule ( ,zeus2 & he ha? _h ev] at h& t
    ,lead me1 ,o ,zeus1 & ?\ ,de/9y1#ae 
&1    ,if ?us x be pleas+ to ! ,gods1 s 
may x be--  :]e=e1 !n1 %all he n take   

he>t to speak boldly to 8 bro!rs1 to 8  
*ildr51 9 a ^w1 to all 8 k98 ,= ?is     
reason1 he t is 9 ?is /ate is no m$dl]  
or busybody1 = :5 he ov]looks human     
affairs he m$dles n ) =eign matt]s1 b ) 
8 own affairs4 ,else1 "n ! g5]al a      
busybody :5 he ov]looks 8 soldi]s1 &    
reviews !m1 & wat*es !m1 & puni%es !    
disord]ly4 ,b if y h a flat cake "u y\r 
cloak :ile y reprove o!rs1 ,i say1 get  
h5ce r into a corn]1 & eat :at ?\ ha/   
/ol5--:at are o!r m5's conc]ns to !e8 ,=
 :at art ?\--! bull ( ! h]d8 or ! que5  
bee8 ,%[ me ! tok5s ( ?y supremacy1 su* 
z nature ha? giv5 h]4 ,b if ?\ art a    
drone claim+ sov]eignty ov] ! bees1     
?9ke/ ?\ n t ?y fell[-citiz5s w ov]?r[  
!e1 z bees d ! drones8  #bj4 ,& truly ! 
,cynic mu/ be s long-suff]+ z t he %all 
seem to ! multitude ins5sate & a /one4  
,him do? none revile1 nor smite1 nor    
insult2 b 8 body ha? he giv5 to any man 
to use at w4 ,= he rememb]s t ! worse   
mu/ ne$s be vanqui%$ by ! bett]1        
:]e9soev] x is ! worse2 & ! body is     

worse ?an ! multitude--! weak] ?an !    
/rong]4 ,nev]1 !n1 do? he g d[n to any  
conte/ :]e x is possible = him to be    
vanqui%$1 b he yields up all t is n 8   
own1 & cont5ds = no?+ t is subject to   
o!rs4 ,b :]e !re is "q ( ! w & ! use (  
appe>ances1 !n y %all see h[ _m eyes he 
ha?1 s t y may say t comp>$ ) him ,argus
 0 bl9d4 ,is 8 ass5t ev] ha/y2 or 8     
desire idle2 or 8 pursuit 9 va92 or 8   
avoidance unsuccessful2 or 8 aim        
unfulfill$8 do? he ev] blame1 or cr+e1  
or envy8 ,?is is 8 great /udy & 8       
design2 b z reg>ds all o!r ?+s1 he lies 
on 8 back & snores1 = all is peace4 ,!re
 is no ?ief ( 8 w1 nor tyrant2 b ( 8    
body8 yea2 & ( 8 *attels8 yea1 & also ( 
8 au?ority & 8 honors4 ,:at1 !n1 are ^! 
?+s to him8 ,s :5 "o may seek to make   
him afraid on acc\nt ( !m--,g h5ce1 he  
sai? to him1 & f9d out little *ildr52 x 
is to ^! t masks are dreadful1 b ,i "k  
!y are made ( clay1 & t inside !m !re is
 no?+4  #ba4 ,on su* a matt] art ?\ n[  
m$itat+4 ,!re=e1 if x please !e1 9      

,god's "n delay x yet a:ile1 & see fir/ 
:at ability ?\ ha/ = x4 ,= m>k :at      
,hector speaks to ,&roma*e3 ,g1 he sai?1
 r into ! h\se & weave--                
,= w>'s ! c>e   ,( e man1 & m ?an all ( 
me4                                     
--,il4 vi4 #dij4  ,?us he knew :]e lay 8
 own ability & h] incapacity4  ,,end ,,(
 ,,book ,i4     ,,book ,,ii4     ,,*apt]
 ,i4  ,,on ,,g5u9e ,,& ,,borr[$         
,,beliefs4   #a4 ,! ma/]-argum5t seems  
to />t f propositions su* z ^!3#a ,!re  
be+ a mutual contradiction among ^! ?ree
 propositions--7#a7 ,e pa/ ev5t is      
necess>ily true1 & 7#b7 ,an             
impossibility _c foll[ a possibility1 & 
7#c7 ,?+s are possible :i* nei!r are nor
 w be true1 ,diodorus1 p]ceiv+ ?is      
contradiction1 made use ( ! =ce ( ! fir/
 two 9 ord] to prove t no?+ is possible 
:i* nei!r is nor w be true4 ,&1 aga91 "o
 w hold ^! two1 7#c7 t a ?+ is possible 
:i* nei!r is nor w be true1 & 7#b7 t an 
impossibility _c foll[ f a possibility2 
b by no means t e pa/ ?+ is necess>ily  

true1 & ?us ^? ( ! s*ool ( ,clean!s     
appe> to ?9k1 :om ,antipat] /rongly     
def5d$4 ,b "s hold ! o!r two1 7#c7 t a  
?+ is possible t nei!r is nor w be true1
 & 7#a7 t e pa/ ev5t is necess>ily true2
 b ma9ta9 t an impossibility may foll[ f
 a possibility4 ,b all ?ree x is        
impossible to hold at once1 because ( _!
 mutual contradiction4  #b4 ,n[1 if any 
"o inquire ( me1 ,& :i* ( ^! do/ ?\     
hold8 ,i %all answ] him t ,i d n "k1 b  
,i h receiv$ ?is acc\nt1 t ,diodorus    
holds c]ta9 ( !m1 & ,i ?9k ! foll[]s (  
,pan?oides & ,clean!s c]ta9 o!rs1 & ^? (
 ,*rysippus yet o!rs4 ,& ?yself8 ,nay1 x
 is no affair ( m9e to try my own       
?\ghts1 & to comp>e & e/imate /atem5ts1 
& to =m "s op9ion ( my own ^u ! matt]4#b
 ,& ?us ,i diff] no :it f ! gramm>ians4 
,:o 0 ,hector's fa!r8 ,priam4 ,& 8      
bro!rs8 ,alex&] & ,deiphobus4 ,& _! "m1 
:o 0 %e8 ,hecuba4 ,t is ! acc\nt ,i h   
receiv$4 ,f :om8 ,f ,hom]2 & ,i ?9k     
,hellanicus has writt5 ( !m1 & maybe    
o!rs too4 ,& ,i2 :at bett] h ,i to say  

ab\t ! ma/]-argum5t8 ,b if ,i am a va9  
man1 & especially at a banquet1 ,i %all 
amaze all ! company by rec\nt+ ^? :o h  
writt5 on x2--= ,*rysippus wrote on x   
wond]fully 9 8 fir/ book ,on            
,possibilities2 & ,clean!s wrote a      
sep>ate treatise on x1 & s did          
,ar*$emus4 ,& ,antipat] wrote too1 n    
only 9 8 book ,on ,possibilities1 b also
 sep>ately 9 ^? on ! ma/]-argum5t4 ,h y 
n read ! "w8 ,no6 ,!n read x4 ,& :at    
good w x d him to read x8 ,he w become  
yet m ( a babbl] & a nuisance ?an he is 
n[1 = :at else ha? ! read+ ( x done = y8
 ,:at op9ion h y =m$ = y\rself on !     
matt]8 ,nay1 b y w tell u all ab\t      
,hel51 & ,priam1 & ! isl& ( ,calypso1 t 
nev] exi/$1 nor ev] w4  #c4 ,& 9 ,hom]1 
inde$1 x is no great matt] if y h simply
 ma/]$ ! acc\nt1 & =m$ no op9ion ( y\r  
own4 ,b 9 e?ics ?is is ev5 mu* m (t5 !  
case ?an 9 o!r matt]s4 ,tell me conc]n+ 
good & evil ?+s6 ,li/5 to him1 !n1 ) 8--
    ,me to ,ciconia br\ght ! w9d f      
,troy4                                  

--,od4 ix1 #ci4  ,( ?+s "s are good1 "s 
evil1 & "s indiff]5t4 ,n[ ! good ?+s are
 ! virtues1 & ^? t h ! nature ( virtue1 
& ! evil ?+s ! vices1 & ^? t h ! nature 
( vice2 & ! indiff]5t ?+s are betwe5 ^!1
 z weal?1 heal?1 life1 dea?1 pleasure1  
affliction4 ,& h[ d y "k ?is8 ,because  
,hellanicus affirms x 9 8 hi/ory ( !    
,egyptians2 = z well say ?is z t        
,diog5es has x 9 8 ,e?ics1 or           
,*rysippus1 or ,clean!s4 ,b h y te/$ any
 ( _! say+s1 & =m$ an op9ion = y\rself8 
,%[ me h[ y are wont to be> a /orm at   
sea4 ,d y rememb] ! diff]5ce betwe5 good
 & evil :5 ! sail clatt]s1 & "s vexati\s
 man comes to y z y are %riek+1 & says--
  ----,tell me1 by ! ,gods1 :at y 7     
lately say+1 ,is x any vice to be       
%ipwreck$8 ,ha? x any?+ ( ! nature (    
vice8  ,w\ld y n lay hold ( a /ick &    
%ake x 9 8 face3 ,let u alone1 man2 we  
are p]i%+1 & y come to mock u6 ,& d y   
rememb] ! diff]5ce if y are accus$ (    
some?+ & ,cs> s5ds = y8 ,if "o %\ld come
 to y :5 y ent]1 pale & trembl+1 & %\ld 

say1 ,:y d y tremble1 man8 :at is y\r   
bus9ess conc]n$ )8 ,do? ,cs> !re )9     
disp5se virtue & vice to ^? :o g 9 to   
him8 ,:y1 y w say2 mu/ y too mock me 9  
my calamities8  ----,nev]!less1 tell me1
 ,o ,philosoph]1 :y y tremble--is x n   
m]ely dea? t y are 9 dang] (1 or        
imprisonm5t1 or bodily suff]+1 or exile1
 or disgrace8 ,:at else8 ,is x any vice8
 or any?+ ( ! nature ( vice8  ,& y w    
reply some:at to ?is effect3 ,let me    
alone1 man2 my own evils are en\gh = me4
  ,& truly y say well1 = y\r own evils  
are en\gh = y2 :i* are meanness1        
c[>dice1 & y\r false pret5ses :5 y sat 9
 ! s*ool ( philosophy4 ,:y did y deck   
y\rself 9 o!rs' glory8 ,:y did y call   
y\rself a ,/oic8  #d4 ,wat* y\rselves   
?us 9 ! ?+s t ye d1 & ye %all see ( :at 
s*ool ye are4 ,& ! mo/ ( y w be f\nd    
,epicureans1 b "s few ,p]ipatetics1#d & 
^? b slack4 ,= :]e is ! pro( t ye hold  
virtue equal to all o!r ?+s1 or inde$   
sup]ior8 ,%[ me a ,/oic1 if ye h "o4    
,:]e or h[ c ye8 ,b p]sons t repeat !   

phrases ( ,/oicism1 ( ^! ye c %[ u any  
numb]4 ,& d !y repeat ^? ( ! ,epicureans
 any worse8 & are !y n equally accurate 
9 ! ,p]ipatetic8 ,:o is1 !n1 a ,/oic8 ,z
 we say t a /atue is ,pheidian :i* is   
wr\ght accord+ to ! art ( ,pheidias1 %[ 
me a man t is wr\ght accord+ to !       
op9ions he utt]s6 ,%[ me "o t is sick & 
yet prosp]\s1 9 p]il & prosp]\s1 dy+ &  
prosp]\s1 9 exile & prosp]\s1 9 evil    
repute & prosp]\s4 ,%[ him to me6 by !  
,gods6 fa9 w\ld ,i see a ,/oic6 ,& h ye 
none t is fully wr\ght out2 !n %[ me at 
lea/ "o t is 9 h& to be wr\ght--"o t ev5
 leane? t[>ds ^! ?+s4 ,d me ?is         
favor--grudge n an old man a sight t ,i 
h nev] se5 yet4 ,?9k ye t ,i w\ld h y %[
 me ! ,zeus ( ,pheidias or ! ,a!ne--a "w
 all ivory & gold8 ,nay2 b let "o %[ me 
a man's s\l t longs to be l-m9d$ ) ,god1
 & to blame nei!r ,gods nor m51 & n to  
fail 9 any ef=t or avoidance1 & n to be 
wra?ful nor envi\s1 nor jeal\s1 b--= :y 
%\ld ,i make r\nds to say x8--t desires 
to become a ,god f a man1 & 9 ?is body (

 ours1 ?is corpse1 is m9dful ( 8        
fell[%ip ) ,zeus4 ,%[ me t man4 ,b ye   
_c6 ,:y1 !n1 w ye mock y\rselves & *eat 
o!rs8 ,:y wrap y\rselves 9 o!rs' g>b1 & 
g ab\t1 l ?ieves t /eal clo!s f ! ba?1 )
 names & ?+s t 9 n[ise belong to y8  #e4
 ,& n[ ,i am y\r tea*] & ye are be+     
taught by me4 ,& ,i h ?is aim--to p]fect
 y1 t ye be unh9d]$1 uncompell$1        
unemb>rass$1 free1 prosp]\s1 happy1     
look+ unto ,god alone 9 all ?+s great & 
small4 ,& ye are "h to le>n ^! ?+s1 & to
 d !m4 ,& :]e=e d ye n f9i% ! "w1 if ye 
h inde$ su* an aim z behooves y1 & if   
,i1 besides ! aim1 h su* ability z      
behooves me8 ,:at is "h lack+8 ,:5 ,i   
see a c>p5t]1 & ! wood ly+ beside him1  
,i look = "s "w4 ,& n[1 "h is ! c>p5t]1 
"h is ! wood--:at is yet lack+8 ,is ! ?+
 su* z _c be taught8 ,x c4 ,is x1 !n1 n 
9 our p[]8 ,yea1 ?is alone ( all ?+s is4
 ,weal? is n 9 our p[]1 nor heal?1 nor  
repute1 nor any o!r ?+1 save only ! "r  
use ( appe>ances4 ,?is alone is by      
nature unh9d]$2 ?is alone is            

unemb>rass$4 ,:]e=e1 !n1 w ye n make an 
end8 ,tell me ! reason4 ,= ei!r ! fault 
lies 9 me1 or 9 y1 or 9 ! nature ( ! ?+4
 ,b ! ?+ itself is possible1 & inde$ !  
only ?+ t is 9 our p[]4 ,x rema9s t ,i  
am to blame1 or else ye are2 or1 to     
speak m truly1 bo? ( u4 ,:at w ye1 !n8  
,let u at l5g? beg9 to ent]ta9 su* a    
purpose among u1 & let ! pa/ be pa/4    
,only let u make a beg9n+3 tru/ 9 me1 & 
ye %all see4     ,,*apt] ,,ii4  ,,!     
,,game ,,( ,,life4   #a4 ,?is above all 
is ! task ( ,nature--to b9d & h>monize  
toge!r ! =ce ( ! appe>ances ( ! ,"r & ( 
! ,useful4  #b4 ,?+s are indiff]5t1 b ! 
uses ( !m are n indiff]5t4 ,h[1 !n1 %all
 "o pres]ve at once bo? a /eadfa/ &     
tranquil m9d1 & also c>efulness ( ?+s1 t
 he be n he$less or slov5ly8 ,if he take
 ! example ( dice play]s4 ,! numb]s are 
indiff]5t1 ! dice are indiff]5t4 ,h[ c  
,i tell :at may be ?r[n up8 ,b c>efully 
& skillfully to make use ( :at is ?r[n1 
t is :]e my prop] bus9ess beg9s4 ,& ?is 
is ! great task ( life also1 to disc]n  

?+s & divide !m1 & say1 ,outw>d ?+s are 
n 9 my p[]2 to w is 9 my p[]4 ,:]e %all 
,i seek ! ,good1 & :]e ! ,evil8 ,)9     
me--9 all t is my own4 ,b ( all t is    
ali5 to !e call no?+ good nor evil1 nor 
pr(itable nor hurtful1 nor any su* t]m z
 ^!4  #c4 ,:at !n8 %\ld we be c>eless ( 
su* ?+s8 ,9 no wise4 ,= ?is1 aga91 is a 
vice 9 ! ,w1 & ?us contr>y to ,nature4  
,b be at once c>eful1 because ! use (   
?+s is n indiff]5t1 & /eadfa/ & tranquil
 because ! ?+s !mselves are4 ,= :]e !re 
is aught t conc]ns me1 !re none c h9d]  
or compel me2 & 9 ^? ?+s :]e ,i am h9d]$
 or compell$ ! atta9m5t is n 9 my p[]1 &
 is nei!r good nor evil2 b my use ( !   
ev5t is ei!r evil or good1 & ?is is 9 my
 p[]4 ,& h>d x is1 inde$1 to m+le &     
reconcile toge!r ! c>efulness ( "o :om  
outw>d ?+s affect1 ) ! /eadfa/ness ( him
 :o reg>ds !m n4 ,b impossible1 x is n2 
& if x is1 x is impossible to be happy4 
#d4 ,give me "o man t c>es h[ he %all d 
any?+--t ?9ks n ( ! ga9+ ( ! ?+1 b ?9ks 
( 8 own en]gy4  #e4 ,*rysippus1 !re=e1  

said well--,z long z future ?+s are     
hidd5 f me1 ,i hold always by :atev]    
/ate is ! mo/ favorable = ga9+ ! ?+s t  
are accord+ to ,nature2 = ,god ,himself 
gave x to me to make su* *oice4 ,b if ,i
 knew t x 7 n[ orda9$ = me to be sick1  
,i w\ld ev5 move to x ( myself4 ,= !    
foot1 too1 if x _h intellig5ce1 w\ld    
move ( itself to be mir$4  #f4 ,= to :at
 end1 ?9k y1 are e>s ( corn produc$8 ,is
 x n t !y may become dry & p>*$8 ,& !   
reason !y are p>*$1 is x n t !y may be  
reap$8 = x is n to exi/ = !mselves alone
 t !y come into ! _w4 ,if1 !n1 !y _h    
p]ception w\ld x be prop] = !m to pray t
 !y %\ld nev] be reap$8 s9ce nev] to be 
reap$ is = e>s ( corn a curse4 ,s und]/&
 t = m5 x is a curse n to die1 j z n to 
be rip5$ & n to be reap$4 ,b we1 s9ce we
 are bo? ! ?+s to be reap$ & are also   
consci\s t we %all be reap$1 h          
indignation !reat4 ,= we "k n :at we    
are1 nor h we /udi$ :at conc]ns humanity
 z ^? t h ! c>e ( horses /udy :at       
conc]ns !m4 ,b ,*rysantas1 :5 j ab\t to 

smite ! enemy1 =bore on he>+ ! trumpet  
s\nd+ 8 recall2 s mu* bett] did x seem  
to him to obey ! comm&]'s ord] ?an to d 
8 own w4 ,b ( u n "o w foll[ ) docility 
! summons ev5 ( necessity1 b weep+ &    
groan+ ! ?+s t we suff]1 we suff]1 call+
 !m our doom4#a ,:at doom1 man8 ,if by  
doom y mean t :i* is doom$ to happ5 to  
u1 !n we are doom$ 9 all ?+s4 ,b if only
 our afflictions are to be call$ doom1  
!n :at affliction is x t t :i* has come 
into be+ %\ld p]i%8 ,b we p]i% by !     
sword1 or ! :eel1 or ! sea1 or ! tile ( 
a ro(1 or a tyrant4 ,:at matt]s x by :at
 road ?\ goe/ d[n into ,hades8 !y are   
all equal4 ,b if ?\ wilt he> ! tru?1 !  
way ! tyrant s5ds !e is ! %orte/4 ,nev] 
did a tyrant cut a man's ?roat 9 six    
mon?s1 b a fev] w (t5 be a ye> kill+    
him4 ,all ^! ?+s are b noise1 & a clatt]
 ( empty names4  #g4 ,b let u d z 9     
sett+ out on a voyage4 ,:at is x        
possible = me to d8 ,?is--to *oose !    
capta91 crew1 ! day1 ! opportunity4 ,!n 
a tempe/ has bur/ ^u u2 b :at do? x     

conc]n me8 ,i h left no?+ undone t 0 m9e
 to d2 ! problem is n[ ano!r's1 to wit1 
! capta9's4 ,b n[ ! %ip is s9k+6 & :at h
 ,i to d8 ,i d only :at ,i am able--dr[n
 )\t t]ror & scream+ & accus+ ( ,god1 b 
kn[+ t t :i* has come into be+ mu/ also 
p]i%4 ,= ,i am no ,immortal1 b a man1 a 
"p ( ! sum ( ?+s z an h\r is ( ! day4 ,l
 ! h\r1 ,i mu/ arrive1 &1 l ! h\r1 pass 
away4 ,:at1 !n1 c x matt] to me h[ ,i   
pass away--:e!r by dr[n+ or by a fev]8 =
 pass ,i mu/1 ev5 by "s su* ?+4 ,n[1 ?is
 is :at y %all see done by skillful     
ball-play]s4 ,none c>e? = ! ball z x 7 a
 ?+ good or bad2 b only ab\t ?r[+ x &   
cat*+ x4 ,9 ?is1 !n1 !re is rule1 9 ?is 
art1 quickness1 judgm5t3 s t ,i may fail
 ( cat*+ ! ball1 ev5 if ,i spread out my
 lap1 & ano!r1 if ,i ?r[ x1 may cat* x4 
,b if ,i am anxi\s & n]v\s z ,i cat* &  
?r[1 :at k9d ( play is ?is8 h[ %all "o  
be /eady8 h[ %all he obs]ve ! ord] ( !  
game8 ,"o w call ,?r[1 ,d n ?r[1 &      
ano!r1 ,y h ?r[n once4 ,b ?is is /rife &
 n play4  #h4 ,?us ,socrates knew h[ to 

play ball4 ,h[8 ,:5 he je/$ 9 ! c\rt (  
ju/ice4 ,tell me1 ,anytus1 he said1 h[  
say y t ,i believe !re is no ,god8 ,!   
,dmons1 :o are !y1 ?9k y8 ,are !y n sons
 ( ,god1 or a mix$ nature betwe5 ,gods &
 m58 ,& :5 ?is 0 admitt$--,:o1 d y ?9k1 
c hold t mules exi/1 b n asses8#b ,& ?us
 he play$ ) ! ball4 ,& :at 0 ! ball t 0 
!re ?r[n ab\t among !m8 ,life1 *a9s1    
exile1 a draught ( poison1 to be torn f 
a wife1 to leave *ildr5 orphans4 ,^! 7 !
 ?+s among !m t !y play$ )al2 yet none !
 less did he play1 & flung ! ball )     
prop] grace & measure4 ,& s %\ld we d   
also1 hav+ ! c>efulness ( ! mo/ zeal\s  
play]s1 & yet indiff]5ce1 z 7 x m]ely   
ab\t a ball4     ,,*apt] ,,iii4  ,,?+s  
,,are ,,:at ,,!y ,,are4   #a4 ,ea* ?+ t 
allures ! m9d or (f]s an advantage or is
 lov$ by y1 rememb] to speak ( x z x is1
 f ! smalle/ ?+s upw>d4 ,if y love an   
e>!n j>1 !n ?9k1 ,i love an e>!n j>1 = s
 %all y n be tr\bl$ :5 x breaks4 ,& :5 y
 kiss y\r little *ild1 or wife1 ?9k1 ,i 
kiss a mortal2 & s %all y n be tr\bl$ :5

 !y die4  #b4 ,:5 y are ab\t to take 9  
h& "s action1 be?9k y :at x is t y are  
ab\t to d4 ,if y g to ! ba?1 repres5t to
 y\rself all t takes place !re--!       
squirt+ ( wat]1 ! slapp+1 ! scold+1 !   
pilf]+2 & !n %all y take ! matt] 9 h& m 
safely1 say+ /raightway3 ,i desire to be
 ba!d1 & ma9ta9 my purpose accord+ to   
,nature4 ,& ev5 s ) ea* & e action4 ,=  
?us1 if aught %\ld occur to cross y 9   
y\r ba?+1 ?is ?\ght %all be /raightway  
at h&3 ,b n ?is alone did ,i desire2 b  
also to ma9ta9 my purpose accord+ to    
,nature4 ,& ,i %all n ma9ta9 x if ,i h  
indignation at :at happ5s "h4  #c4 ,!   
fir/ diff]5ce betwe5 ! vulg> man#a & !  
philosoph]3 ,! "o sai?1 ,woe is me = my 
*ild1 my bro!r1 woe = my fa!r2 b ! o!r1 
if ev] he %all be compell$ to say1 ,woe 
is me1 *ecks himself1 & sai?1 = myself4 
,= no?+ t ! ,w wille? n c h9d] or hurt !
 ,w1 b itself only c hurt itself4 ,if   
!n1 inde$1 we too incl9e to ?is1 t :5 we
 are afflict$ we accuse ourselves1 &    
recollect t no?+ else ?an ,op9ion c     

cause u any tr\ble or unsettlem5t1 ,i   
swe> by all ! ,gods we h advanc$6 ,b z x
 is1 we h f ! beg9n+ travel$ a diff]5t  
road4 ,:ile we are /ill *ildr51 if haply
 we /umbl$ z we 7 gap+ ab\t1 ! nurse did
 n *ide u1 b beat ! /one4 ,= :at _h !   
/one done8 ,ought x to h mov$ out ( !   
way = y\r *ild's folly8 ,aga91 if we f9d
 no?+ to eat aft] com+ f ! ba?1 nev] do?
 ! tutor *eck our desire1 b he beats !  
cook4 ,man1 we did n set !e to be a     
tutor ( ! cook1 b ( our *ild--him %all y
 tra91 him improve4 ,& ?us1 ev5 :5      
full-gr[n1 we appe> z *ildr54 ,= a *ild 
9 music is he :o ha? n le>n$ music1 & 9 
lett]s1 "o :o ha? n le>n$ lett]s1 & 9   
life1 "o undiscipl9$ 9 philosophy4  #d4 
,x is n ?+s1 b ! op9ions ab\t ! ?+s1 t  
tr\ble mank9d4 ,?us ,dea? is no?+       
t]rible2 if x 7 s1 x w\ld h appe>$ s to 
,socrates4 ,b ! op9ion we h ab\t ,dea?1 
t x is t]rible1 t x is :]e9 ! t]ror     
lie?4 ,:51 !re=e1 we are h9d]$ or tr\bl$
 or griev$1 nev] let u blame any o!r ?an
 ourselves2 t is to say1 our op9ions4 ,a

 man undiscipl9$ 9 philosophy blames    
o!rs 9 matt]s 9 :i* he f>es ill2 "o :o  
beg9s to be discipl9$ blames himself1 "o
 :o is discipl9$1 nei!r o!rs nor        
himself4  #e4 ,be n elat$ 9 m9d at any  
sup]iority t is n ( y\rself4 ,if y\r    
horse 7 elat$ & %\ld say1 ,i am         
beautiful1 t w\ld be tol]able4 ,b :5 y  
are elat$ & say1 ,i h a beautiful horse1
 "k t x is at an excell5ce 9 y\r horse t
 y are elat$4 ,:at1 !n1 is y\r own8     
,?is--to make use ( ! appe>ances4 ,s t  
:5 y deal accord+ to ,nature 9 ! use (  
appe>ances1 !n %all y be elat$1 = y w !n
 be elat$ at an excell5ce t is y\r own4 
,,*apt] ,,iv4  ,,?ree ,,/eps ,,to       
,,p]fection4   #a4 ,!re are ?ree        
divisions ( ,philosophy :]e9 a man mu/  
ex]cise himself :o w\ld be wise &       
good4#a  ,! fir/ conc]ns 8 pursuit &    
avoidance1 s t he may n fail ( aught t  
he w\ld atta91 nor fall into aught t he 
w\ld avoid4  ,! second conc]ns 8 desires
 & av]sions1 &1 g5]ally1 all t x becomes
 a man to be1 s t he be> himself ord]ly 

& prud5tly & n he$lessly4  ,! ?ird is t 
:i* conc]ns security f delusion & ha/y  
appreh5sion1 &1 g5]ally1 ! ass5t+ to    
appe>ances4  ,( ^! ! *ief & mo/ urg5t is
 t :i* ha? to d ) ! passions1#b = !     
passions arise 9 no o!r way ?an by our  
fail+ 9 endeavor to atta9 or to avoid   
some?+4 ,?is x is :i* br+s 9 tr\bles &  
tumults & ill-luck & mis=tune1 t is !   
cause ( griefs & lam5tations & envies1 t
 makes envi\s & jeal\s m52 by :i* ?+s we
 become unable ev5 to he> ! doctr9es (  
reason4  ,! second conc]ns t :i* is     
becom+ to a man2 = ,i mu/ n be          
passionless1#c l a /atue1 b ma9ta9 all  
relations natural & acquir$1 z a        
religi\s be+1 z a son1 z a bro!r1 z a   
fa!r1 z a citiz54  ,! ?ird is t :i*     
conc]ns m5 z soon z !y are mak+ advance 
9 philosophy1 :i* provides = ! security 
( ! two o!rs2 s t n ev5 9 dreams may any
 appe>ance t approa*e? u pass unte/$1   
nor 9 w9e1 nor 9 ill-humors4 ,?is1 a man
 may say1 is beyond u4 ,b ! philosoph]s 
( ?is day1 pass+ by ! fir/ & second p>ts

 ( philosophy1 occupy !mselves 9 ! ?ird1
 cavil+1 & argu+ by que/ions1 &         
con/ruct+ hypo!ses & fallacies4 ,=1 !y  
say1 :5 deal+ ) ^! subjects a man mu/   
gu>d himself f delusion4 ,:o mu/8 ,!    
wise & good man4  #b4 ,& ?is security is
 all y lack1 !n2 ! re/ y h wr\ght out   
already8 ,y are n to be impos$ ^u by    
money8 & if y see a fair girl y c hold  
out aga9/ ! appe>ance8 & if y\r neighbor
 inh]its a legacy y are n envi\s8 !re is
 n[1 9 %ort1 no?+ lack+ to y except to  
confirm :at y h8 ,wret*6 ^! v ?+s do/ ?\
 he> 9 fe> & anxiety le/ "s "o may      
despise !e1 & inquir+ :at m5 say ab\t   
!e4 ,& if "s "o come & tell y t :5 x 0  
discuss$ :o 0 ! be/ ( ! philosoph]s1 "o 
pres5t said1 ,su* a "o is ! greate/     
philosoph]1 y\r little s\l w gr[ up f a 
f+]'s bread? to two cubits4 ,& if ano!r 
:o 0 pres5t said1 ,no?+ ( ! k9d2 x is n 
wor? :ile to li/5 to him2 = :at does he 
"k8 he has made a beg9n+ 9 philosophy & 
no m1 y are amaz$1 y gr[ pale1 &        
/raightway y cry out1 ,i w %[ him :o ,i 

am1 t ,i am a great philosoph]4  ,out ( 
^! v ?+s x is se5 :at y are2 :y d y     
desire to %[ x by any o!rs8     ,,*apt] 
,v4  ,,t ,a ,,man ,,may ,,be ,,bo?      
,,bold ,,& ,,fe>ful4   #a4 ,to "s x may 
p]*ance seem a p>adox1 ?is axiom ( !    
philosoph]s2 yet let u make ! be/       
inquiry we c if x be true t x is        
possible to d all ?+s at once )         
fe>fulness & ) boldness4 ,= fe>fulness  
seeme? 9 a mann] contr>y to boldness1 & 
contr>ies c nev] co-exi/4 ,b t :i* to _m
 seeme? a p>adox 9 ?is matt] seems to me
 to /& someh[ ?us3 ,if we affirm$ t bo? 
fe>fulness & boldness c\ld be us$ 9 ! v 
same ?+s1 !y w\ld ju/ly accuse u t we 7 
reconcil+ :at is irreconcilable4 ,b n[1 
:at is !re s /range 9 ?is say+8 ,= if x 
is s\nd1 :at ha? be5 s (t5 bo? affirm$ &
 demon/rat$1 t ! ess5ce ( ! ,good is 9 !
 use ( appe>ances1 & ev5 s ( ! ,evil1 & 
?+s uncontrollable by ! ,w h ! nature   
nei!r ( good nor ( evil1 :at p>adox d ! 
philosoph]s affirm if !y say t 9 ?+s    
uncontrollable by ! ,w1 !n be boldness  

?y "p1 & 9 ?+s subject to ! ,w1         
fe>fulness4 ,= if ,evil lie 9 an evil   
,w1 !n 9 ^! ?+s alone is x "r to use    
fe>fulness4 ,& if ?+s uncontrollable by 
! ,w1 & t are n 9 our p[]1 are no?+ to  
u1 !n 9 ^! ?+s we %\ld use boldness4 ,& 
?us %all we be at "o "t bo? fe>ful &    
bold--yea1 & bold ev5 ?r\gh our         
fe>fulness4 ,= ?r\gh be+ fe>ful 9 ?+s t 
are v]itably evil x comes t we %all be  
bold 9 ^? t are n s4  #b4 ,b we1 on !   
contr>y1 fall victims z de] d4 ,:5 ^!   
are t]rifi$ & fly f ! sc>es1 :i!r d !y  
turn & to :at d !y retreat z a refuge8  
,to ! nets3 & ?us !y p]i%1 confus+ ?+s  
to fe> & ?+s to be bold ab\t4 ,& ?us d  
we also4 ,:]e d we employ fe>8 ,9 ?+s   
beyond our ,w4 ,& :]e9 d we act boldly1 
z 7 !re no?+ to dread8 ,9 ?+s subject to
 ! ,w4 ,to be beguil$1 !n1 or to be ra%1
 or to d "s %ameless act1 or ) base gre$
 to pursue "s object--^! ?+s conc]n u no
 :it if we may only hit ! m>k 9 ?+s     
beyond ! ,w4 ,b :]e dea? is1 or exile1  
or suff]+1 or evil repute1 !re we run   

away1 !re we are sc>$4 ,!re=e1 z x 7 to 
be look$ = 9 ^? :o are a/ray 9 ! ?+s (  
greate/ mom5t1 we "w out our natural    
boldness into swagg]+1 ab&onm5t1        
ra%ness1 %amelessness2 & our natural    
fe>fulness & %amefa/ness into c[>dice & 
meanness1 full ( t]ror & tr\ble4 ,= if  
"o %\ld transf] 8 fe>fulness to ! realm 
( ! ,w1 & ! works !re(1 /raightway1     
toge!r ) ! int5tion ( fe>+ to d wrong1  
he %all h x 9 8 p[] to avoid do+ x2 b if
 he use x 9 ?+s out ( our own p[] &     
beyond ! ,w1 !n /riv+ to avoid ?+s t are
 9 o!rs' p[]1 he %all ( necessity be    
t]rifi$ & unsettl$ & tr\bl$4 ,= dea? is 
n fe>ful1 nor pa91 b ! fe> ( pa9 or     
dea?4 ,& ?us we praise him#a :o said3   
,fe> n to die1 b fe> a c[>d's dea?4  #c4
 ,x is "r1 !n1 t we %\ld turn our       
boldness aga9/ dea?1 & our fe>fulness   
aga9/ ! fe> ( dea?4 ,b n[ we d !        
contr>y3 dea? we flee f1 b z to ! /ate (
 our op9ion ab\t dea? we are neglig5t1  
he$less1 indiff]5t4 ,^! ?+s ,socrates   
did well to call bugbe>s4 ,= z to       

*ildr51 ?r\gh _! inexp]i5ce1 ugly masks 
appe> t]rible & fe>ful2 s we are some:at
 9 ! same way mov$ t[>ds ! affairs (    
life1 = no o!r cause ?an z *ildr5 are   
affect$ by ^! bugbe>s4 ,= :at is a *ild8
 ,ignorance4 ,:at is a *ild8 ,t :i* has 
nev] le>n$4 ,= :5 he kn[s ^! ?+s he is  
n[ise inf]ior to u4 ,:at is dea?8 ,a    
bugbe>4 ,turn x r\nd2 exam9e x3 see1 x  
does n bite4 ,n[ or lat] t :i* is body  
mu/ be p>t$ f t :i* is _s1 z =m]ly x 0  
p>t$4 ,:y1 !n1 ha/ ?\ indignation if x  
be n[8 = if x be n n[1 x w be lat]4 ,&  
:]e=e8 ,t ! cycle ( ! _w may be         
fulfill$2 = x ha? ne$ ( a pres5t & ( a  
future & ( a pa/4 ,:at is pa98 ,a       
bugbe>4 ,turn x ab\t & exam9e x4 ,?is   
poor body is mov$ h>%ly1 !n aga9 s(tly4 
,if ?\ ha/ no advantage !re(1 ! door is 
op52#b if ?\ ha/1 !n be> x4 ,= 9 all    
ev5ts x is "r t ! door %\ld /& op51 & s 
h we no di/ress4  #d4 ,%all ,i1 !n1 exi/
 no long]8 ,nay1 ?\ %alt exi/1 b z      
some?+ else1 :]e( ! univ]se ha? n[      
ne$4#c ,= nei!r did/ ?\ *oose ?9e own "t

 to come into exi/5ce1 b :5 ! univ]se _h
 ne$ ( !e4  #e4 ,:at1 !n1 is ! fruit (  
^! op9ions8 ,t :i* ought to be ! faire/ 
& comelie/ to ^? :o h be5 truly         
taught1--tranquillity1 c\rage1 & fre$om4
 ,= conc]n+ ^! ?+s1 ! multitude are n to
 be believ$ :i* say t ^? only %\ld be   
taught :o are freem51 b ! philosoph]s r1
 :i* say t ^? only are free :o h be5    
taught4 ,h[ is ?is8 ,x is ?us--,is      
fre$om any?+ else ?an ! p[] to live z we
 *oose8 ,no?+ else4 ,d ye *oose1 !n1 to 
live 9 s98 ,we d n *oose x4 ,none1      
!re=e1 t fe>s or grieves or is anxi\s is
 free2 b :osoev] is releas$ f griefs &  
fe>s & anxieties is by t v ?+ releas$ f 
slav]y4 ,h[1 !n1 %all we /ill believe y1
 mo/ excell5t legislators1 :5 ye say1   
,we p]mit none to be taught1 save       
freem58#d = ! philosoph]s say1 ,we p]mit
 none to be free save ^? :o h be5       
taught--t is1 ,god p]mits x n4 ,s1 :5 a 
man turns r\nd 8 slave be=e ! ,prtor1#e 
has he done no?+8 ,he has done some?+4  
,& :at8 ,he has turn$ r\nd 8 slave be=e 

! ,prtor4 ,no?+ else at all8 ,yea1 ?is  
too--he mu/ pay = him ! tax ( ! tw5tie?4
 ,:at !n8 has ! man ?us treat$ n ga9$ 8 
fre$om8 ,no m ?an he has ga9$           
tranquillity ( m9d4 ,= ?\1 :o art able  
to emancipate o!rs1 ha/ ?\ no ma/]8 is  
money n ?y ma/]1 or lu/1 or a tyrant1 or
 "s fri5d ( a tyrant8 ,:y1 !n1 do/ ?\   
tremble :5 ?\ art to meet ) "s          
affliction 9 ?is k9d8 ,& !re=e ,i say   
(t5times1 be ^! ?+s y\r /udy1 be ^! ?+s 
ev] at y\r h&1 :]e9 ye %\ld be bold &   
:]e9 fe>ful2 bold 9 ?+s beyond ! ,w1    
fe>ful 9 ?+s subject to ! ,w4           
,,*apt] ,,vi4#a  ,,! ,,wise ,,man',s    
,,fe> ,,& ,,! ,,fool',s4   #a4 ,!       
appe>ances by :i* ! m9d ( man is smitt5 
) ! fir/ aspect ( a ?+ z x approa*es !  
s\l1 are n matt]s ( ! w1 nor c we       
control !m2 b by a c]ta9 =ce ( _! own ! 
objects :i* we h to compreh5d are borne 
9 ^u u4 ,b t ratification ( !m1 :i* we  
"n ass5t1 :]eby ! appe>ances are        
compreh5d$ & judg$1 ^! are volunt>y1 &  
are done by human *oice4 ,:]e=e at a    

s\nd f ! heav5s1 or f ! d[nfall (       
some?+1 or "s signal ( dang]1 or any?+  
else ( ?is k9d1 x mu/ ne$s be t ! s\l ( 
! philosoph] too %all be some:at mov$1 &
 he %all %r9k & gr[ pale2 n ?r\gh any   
op9ion ( evil t he has =m$1 b ?r\gh     
c]ta9 rapid & unconsid]$ motions t      
=e/all ! (fice ( ! m9d & reason4 ,soon1 
h[ev]1 t philosoph] do? n approve !     
appe>ances to be truly objects ( t]ror  
to 8 s\l1 t is to say1 he ass5ts n to !m
 nor ratifies !m2 b he rejects !m1 &    
ca/s !m out2 nor do? !re seem to be 9 !m
 any?+ t he %\ld fe>4 ,b 9 ?is1 say !   
philosoph]s1 do? ! wise man diff] f !   
fool1--t ! fool ?9ks ! appe>ances to be 
9 tru? ev5 s h>% & r\gh z !y seem$ at _!
 fir/ %ock ^u ! s\l2 & tak+ !m1 z at    
fir/1 to be rightly dread$1 he ?us      
ratifies & approves !m by 8 ass5t4 ,!   
philosoph]1 h[ev]1 ?\gh = a %ort "t 8   
color & c\nt5ance h be5 *ang$1 do? n !n 
ass5t1 b he reta9s 9 its /eadfa/ness &  
vigor ! op9ion he ev] _h ( ^!           
appe>ances1 t !y are 9 no wise to be    

fe>$1 b affright only by a false %[ &   
empty ?reat4  #b4 ,su* z is a di% (     
wat]1 su* is ! s\l2 su* z is ! ray (    
light t falle? on ! same1 su* are !     
appe>ances4 ,:5 ! wat] is mov$1 !n ! ray
 seeme? also to be mov$2 b x is n mov$4 
,& ?us :5 a man's m9d is d>k5$ & dizzy1 
x is n doctr9es & virtues t are         
conf\nd$1 b ! _s on :i* !y are impress$4
 ,& if t is re/or$1 s are !y4#b         
,,*apt] ,,vii4  ,,appe>ances ,,false ,,&
 ,,true4   #a4 ,appe>ances exi/ = u 9   
f\r ways4 ,ei!r ?+s appe> ev5 z !y are2 
or hav+ no exi/5ce1 nei!r d !y appe> to 
h x2 or !y exi/1 & appe> n2 or !y exi/  
n1 & yet appe>4 ,s1 9 all ^! cases1 to  
hit ! m>k is ! "w ( him :o ha? be5      
taught 9 philosophy4  #b4 ,b :atev] x be
 t afflicts u1 x is to t ?+ t ! rem$y is
 to be appli$4 ,if x is ! sophisms ( !  
,pyrrhoni/s & ,academics#a t afflict u1 
to !m let u apply ! rem$y4 ,if x is !   
delusiv5ess ( ?+s1 :]eby t appe>e? to be
 good :i* is n s1 to t let u seek = !   
rem$y4 ,if a habit afflicts u1 aga9/ t  

mu/ we endeavor to f9d "s rem$y4 ,& :at 
rem$y is to be f\nd aga9/ a habit8 ,!   
contr>y habit4 ,?\ he>e/ ! ignorant :5  
!y say1 ,! wret*$ man is dead2 8 fa!r is
 p]i%+ ) grief = him1 or 8 "m2 he 0 cut 
(f1 yea1 & untimely1 & 9 a /range l&4   
,he>k51 !n1 to ! contr>y words4 ,te>    
?yself away f su* utt]ances4 ,aga9/     
habit set ! contr>y habit4 ,aga9/ !     
words ( ! ,sophi/s h ! maxims (         
philosoph]s & ! ex]cise & con/ant usage 
( !m2 aga9/ ! delusiv5ess ( ?+s h cle>  
natural conceptions ev] burni%$ & ready4
  #c4 ,:5ev] dea? may appe> to be an    
evil1 h ready ! ?\ght t x is "r to avoid
 evils1 & t dea? is unavoidable4 ,= :at 
%all ,i d8 :i!r %all ,i flee f x8 ,let x
 be grant$ t ,i am no ,s>p$on1 son (    
,zeus1 to speak 9 t l(ty /yle3 ,i g ei!r
 to d great de$s myself1 or to give     
ano!r ! *ance ( do+ !m2 ?\gh ,i myself  
fail ,i %all n grudge x to ano!r to d   
nobly4#b ,let x be grant$ t ?is is above
 u2 /ill c we n at lea/ rise to ! height
 ( t8 ,& :i!r %all ,i flee f dea?8      

decl>e to me ! place2 decl>e to me ! m5 
among :om ,i %all g1 to :om dea? comes  
nev] ne>2 decl>e to me ! *>ms aga9/ x4  
,if ,i h none1 :at w\ld ye h me d8 ,i _c
 escape dea?--%all ,i n !n escape ! fe> 
( dea?8 %all ,i die lam5t+ & trembl+8 ,9
 ?is is ! s\rce ( suff]+1 to wi% =      
some?+1 & t x %\ld n come to pass2 &    
!nce x is t :5 ,i am able to alt] outw>d
 ?+s at my desire1 ,i d s1 b :5 n1 ,i am
 ready to te> out ! eyes ( him t h9d]e? 
me4 ,= man is s made by nature t he w n 
be> to be depriv$ ( ! ,good nor to fall 
into ! ,evil4 ,& 9 ! end1 :5 ,i am nei!r
 able to alt] outw>d ?+s nor to te> out 
! eyes ( him t h9d]e? me1 ,i sit d[n &  
groan & rail on :omsoev] ,i c1 ,zeus & !
 o!r ,gods2--= if !y neglect me1 :at h  
,i to d ) !m8 ,yea1 b ?\ wilt be an     
impi\s man4 ,& h[ %all ,i be worse (f   
?an ,i am n[8 ,"h is ! :ole matt]3      
,rememb] t unless religion & pr(it meet 
9 ! same ?+1 religion _c be sav$ 9 any  
man4 ,d n ^! ?+s mightily conv9ce ( _!  
tru?8  #d4 ,let ! ,pyrrhoni/ & !        

,academic come & make _! attack--,i1 =  
my "p1 h no leisure = su* discussions1  
nor am ,i able to argue 9 def5se ( g5]al
 cons5t4#c ,= if ,i _h a suit ab\t a    
little piece ( l&1 w\ld ,i n call 9     
ano!r to argue = me8 ,:]e) %all ,i be   
satisfi$8 ,) t :i* conc]ns ! matt] 9 h&4
 ,h[ p]ception takes place1 :e!r by !   
:ole man or by p>ts1 p]haps ,i "k n h[  
to decl>e3 bo? op9ions p]plex me4 ,b t  
?\ & ,i are n ! same ,i "k v cle>ly4    
,:5ce "k y ?is8 ,nev]1 :5 ,i wi% to eat1
 d ,i c>ry ! morsel to ano!r man's m\?1 
b to my own4 ,nev]1 :5 ,i wi% to take a 
piece ( bread1 d ,i lay hold ( a broom1 
b ,i always g to ! bread1 z to a m>k4 ,&
 ye :o d5y ! tru? ( p]ception1 :at d ye 
o!r ?an ,i8 ,:i* ( y1 desir+ to g to !  
ba?1 ev] w5t into a mill8 ,:at !n8      
,ought we n1 accord+ to our abilities1  
to busy ourselves ) ! uphold+ ( g5]al   
cons5t1 & rais+ def5ses aga9/ all t     
oppose? ! same8 ,& :o d5ies x8 ,b let   
him d x t c1 t ha? leisure2 b he t      
tremble?1 & is tr\bl$1 & 8 he>t is brok5

 )9 him1 let him sp5d 8 "t on some?+    
diff]5t4     ,,*apt] ,,viii4  ,,h[ ,,we 
,,%\ld ,,?9k ,,z ,,god',s ,,(fspr+4     
#a4 ,if ^? ?+s are true :i* are said by 
philosoph]s conc]n+ ! k9%ip ( ,god & m51
 :at else rema9s = m5 to d ?an aft]     
,socrates' way1 :o nev]1 :5 m5 inquir$ (
 him :at 0 8 native c\ntry1 repli$ ,a!ns
 or ,cor9?1 b ! univ]se4 ,= :y wilt ?\  
say ?\ art an ,a!nian1 & n r "n ?yself f
 t nook alone into :i* ?y wret*$ body 0 
ca/ at bir?8 ,is x n pla9ly f ! lordli] 
place1 & t :i* conta9s n only t nook &  
all ?y h\sehold1 b also ! :ole l& :5ce !
 race ( ?y ance/ors has come d[n ev5 to 
!e1 t ?\ calle/ ?yself ,a!nian or       
,cor9?ian8 ,:oso1 !re=e1 ha? wat*$ !    
gov]nance ( ! univ]se1 & ha? le>n$ t !  
greate/ & mightie/ & ample/ ( all       
societies is t :i* is compos$ ( mank9d &
 ( ,god2 & t f ,him h desc5d$ ! se$s n  
only to my fa!r alone1 nor to my        
gr&fa!r1 b to all creatures t are       
conceiv$ & born ^u ! e>? 7b especially  
to reason+ be+s1 s9ce to ^! alone ha?   

nature giv5 x to h communion & int]c\rse
 ) ,god1 be+ l9k$ ) ,him ?r\gh          
,reason71--:]e=e %\ld su* a "o n "n     
himself a citiz5 ( ! univ]se8 :]e=e n a 
son ( ,god8 :]e=e %all he fe> any?+ t   
may come to pass among m58 ,& %all k9%ip
 ) ,cs>1 or ) "s o!r ( ^? t are mighty  
at ,rome1 be en\gh to let u live 9      
safety & undespis$ & fe>+ no?+ at all2 b
 to h ,god = our mak] & fa!r & gu>dian1 
%all ?is n avail to deliv] u f griefs & 
fe>s8  ,b ,i h no money1 sai? "o2 :5ce  
%all ,i h bread to eat8  #b4 ,art ?\ n  
a%am$ to be m c[>dly & spiritless ?an   
fugitive slaves are8 ,h[ d !y leave _!  
ma/]s :5 !y run away8 9 :at e/ates d !y 
put _! tru/8 9 :at s]vants8 ,aft] /eal+ 
a little to s]ve !m = ! fir/ few days1 d
 !y n aft]w>ds j\rney by l& & sea1 &    
make _! liv+ by "o device aft] ano!r8 ,&
 :5 did ev] any fugitive slave die (    
hung]8 ,b ?\ tremble/ & sleepe/ n (     
nights1 = fe> le/ ! necess>ies ( life   
fail !e4 ,wret*$ man6 art ?\ ?us bl9d8 &
 see/ n ! road :i!r ! want ( necess>ies 

leads a man8 ,& :i!r leads x8 ,to ! same
 place t a fev] do?1 or a fall+ rock--to
 dea?4 ,ha/ ?\ n (t5 said ?is to ?y     
fri5ds8 & (t5 read al\d ^! ?+s1 & writt5
 !m8 & h[ (t5 ha/ ?\ vaunt$ ?yself t ?\ 
w]t at peace ab\t dea?8 ,yea1 b my de>  
ones %all also suff] hung]4 ,:at !n8    
,do? _! hung] lead to any o!r place ?an 
?9e8 ,d !y n desc5d :]e ?\ desc5de/8 ,is
 !re n "o und]world = !m & !e8 ,wilt ?\ 
n1 !n1 be bold 9 all pov]ty & ne$1 look+
 to t place :i!r ! weal?ie/ ( m51 & !   
mightie/ gov]nors1 yea1 & ev5 k+s &     
tyrants1 mu/ g d[n2 ?\1 x may be1       
an-hung]$1 & !y bur/+ ) indige/ion &    
drunk5ness8  ,h[ seldom is x t a begg>  
is se5 t is n an old man1 & ev5 ( exce$+
 age8 b freez+ by night & day1 & ly+ on 
! gr\nd1 & eat+ only :at is b>ely       
necess>y1 !y come ne> to be+ unable to  
die4 ,can/ ?\ n transcribe writ+s8 can/ 
?\ n tea* *ildr58 or be "s man's        
door-keep]8  ,b x is %ameful to come to 
su* a necessity6  ,!n fir/ ( all le>n   
:at ?+s are %ameful1 & aft]w>ds tell u  

?\ art a philosoph]4 ,b at pres5t suff] 
n ev5 ano!r man to call !e s4  #c4 ,is t
 %ameful to !e :i* is n ?9e own do+1    
:]e( ?\ art n ! cause1 :i* come? to !e  
)\t ?y w1 l a heada*e or a fev]8 ,if ?y 
p>5ts 7 poor1 or made o!rs _! heirs1 or 
are alive & give !e no?+1 are ^! ?+s    
%ameful to !e8 ,is ?is :at ?\ ha/ le>nt 
f ! philosoph]s8 ,ha/ ?\ nev] he>d t :at
 is %ameful is blamable2 & t :i* is     
blamable ought to be blam$8 ,b :at man  
wilt ?\ blame = a "w n 8 own1 "o t he   
himself nev] did6 ,& did/ ?\ make ?y    
fa!r su* z he is8 or 0 x 9 ?y p[] to    
correct him8--is x giv5 !e to d ?is8    
,:at !n8 ,oughte/ ?\ to desire :at is n 
giv5 to !e8 or to be a%am$ if ?\ atta9 x
 n8 ,or ha/ ?\ be5 accu/om$1 9          
philosophy1 to look to o!rs1 & to hope =
 no?+ f ?yself8 ,lam5t1 !re=e1 & groan1 
& eat ?y bread 9 fe>1 le/ ?\ h no?+ to  
eat on ! morr[4 ,tremble = ?y slaves1   
le/ !y /eal1 or run away1 or die4 ,d ?\ 
live ?us1 n[ & ev]1 :o ha/ approa*$ to !
 "n only ( philosophy1 & ha/ br\ght !   

precepts ( x to %ame1 s f> z 9 !e lies1 
%[+ !m to be wor?less & useless to ^? :o
 adopt !m2 ?\1 :o ha/ nev] /riv5 to ga9 
/eadfa/ness1 tranquillity1 peace2 t nev]
 wait$ ^u any man = ! sake ( ^! ?+s1 b  
^u _m = ! sake ( le>n+ syllogisms2 t    
nev] te/$ = ?9e own self any "o ( ^!    
appe>ances3--,am ,i able to be> x1 or am
 ,i n able8 ,:at1 !n1 rema9s = me to d8 
,b1 z ?\gh all w5t fairly & safely ) !e1
 ?\ abide/ 9 ! f9al "p ( philosophy1#a t
 :i* confirms beyond all *ange--& :]e9  
wilt ?\ be confirm$8 9 c[>dice1         
meanness1 admiration ( weal?1 9 va9     
pursuit1 & va9 ef=ts to avoid8 ,^! are !
 ?+s ?\ do/ m$itate h[ to pres]ve       
unh>m$4  #d4 ,%\ld/ ?\ n fir/ h ga9$    
some?+ f ,reason1 & !n =tifi$ ?is )     
safety8 ,:om sawe/ ?\ ev] build+ a cop+ 
r\nd ab\t1 & nev] a wall on :i* to place
 x8 ,& :at door-keep] is set on gu>d :]e
 !re is no door8 ,b ?y /udy is h[ to    
prove propositions--& :at proposition8  
,h[ ! bill[s ( false reason+s may sweep 
!e n away--& away f :at8 ,%[ me fir/ :at

 ?+ ?\ art gu>d+1 or measur+1 or weigh+2
 & aft]w>ds ! scales or ! measur+-rod4  
,or h[ long wilt ?\ /ill be measur+ !   
du/8 ,are n ^! ! ?+s x behooves !e to   
prove3--:at x is t makes m5 happy1 :at  
makes ?+s proce$ z we w\ld h !m1 h[ "o  
%\ld blame no man accuse no man1 & fit  
"o's self to ! ord]+ ( ! ,all8 ,yea1    
prove me ^!6 ,b ,i d s1 he sai?4 ,see6  
,i resolve y syllogisms4 ,slave6 ?is is 
! measur+-rod--x is n ! ?+ measur$4     
,:]e=e n[ y pay ! p5alty = philosophy   
neglect$2 y tremble1 y lie awake at     
nights1 y seek c\nsel on e h&1 & if !   
c\nsels are n pleas+ to all m5 y ?9k !y 
7 ill-c\nsel$4  #e4 ,!n y fe> hung]1 z y
 suppose4 ,b x is n hung] t y fe>--y fe>
 y w h no cook1 nor nobody else to buy  
victuals = y1 nor ano!r to take (f y\r  
boots1 nor ano!r to put !m on1 nor o!rs 
to rub y d[n1 nor o!rs to foll[ y ab\t1 
s t :5 y h /ripp$ y\rself 9 ! ba?1 &    
/ret*$ y\rself out z if y 7 crucifi$1 y 
may be rubb$ to & fro1 & !n ! rubb] /&+ 
by may say1 ,turn him r\nd1 give me 8   

side1 take hold ( 8 head1 let me h 8    
%\ld]2 & !n :5 y leave ! ba? & g home y 
may %\t1 ,is no "o br++ any?+ to eat8 & 
!n1 ,take away ! plates1 & wipe !m4 ,?is
 is :at y fe>1--le/ y be n able to live 
l a sick man4 ,b le>n h[ ^? live t are 9
 heal?--slaves1 & labor]s1 & true       
philosoph]s2 h[ ,socrates liv$1 :o      
moreov] _h a wife & *ildr52 h[ ,diog5es 
liv$2 h[ ,clean!s t /udi$ 9 ! s*ools &  
drew 8 own wat]4#b ,if y w\ld h ^! ?+s1 
!y are ev]y:]e to be _h1 & y w live     
boldly4 ,bold 9 :at8 ,9 t :]e9 alone x  
is possible to be bold--9 t :i* is      
fai?ful1 :i* _c be h9d]$1 :i* _c be tak5
 away4 ,b :y ha/ ?\ made ?yself s       
wor?less & useless t no "o is will+ to  
receive !e into 8 h\se or take c>e ( !e8
 ,b if any ut5sil 7 ?r[n away1 & x 0    
s\nd & s]viceable1 e "o t f\nd x w\ld   
pick x up & ?9k x a ga92 b !e no man    
w\ld pick up1 nor c\nt any?+ b damage4  
,s ?\ can/ n s mu* z s]ve ! purpose ( a 
wat*-dog1 or a cock8 ,:y1 !n1 wilt ?\   
/ill live1 be+ su* a man z ?\ art8  #f4 

,do? any good man fe> le/ ! means ( ga9+
 food fail him8 ,!y fail n ! bl9d1 nor !
 lame2 %all !y fail a good man8 ,to !   
good soldi] !re fails n "o :o gives him 
pay1 nor to ! labor]1 nor to ! %oemak]2 
& %all su* a "o fail to ! good man8 ,is 
,god1 !n1 c>eless ( ,8 in/rum5ts1 ,8    
s]vants1 ,8 witnesses1 :om alone ,he    
use? to %[ =? to ! untaught :at ,he is1 
& t ,he gov]ns all ?+s well1 & is n     
c>eless ( human ?+s8 & t to a good man  
!re is no evil1 nei!r 9 life nor 9 dea?8
 ,h[1 !n1 :5 ,he leaves !m )\t food8 ,h[
 else is ?is ?an z :5 a good g5]al gives
 me ! signal = retreat8 ,i obey1 ,i     
foll[1 prais+ my lead] & hymn+ 8 works4 
,= ,i came :5 x pleas$ him1 & :5 x      
pleases him ,i w g4 ,9 my lifetime also 
my "w 0 to s+ ! praise ( ,god1 bo? alone
 to myself1 & to s+le p]sons1 & 9       
pres5ce ( _m4 ,he do? n provide me ) _m 
?+s1 nor ) great abundance ( goods2 ,he 
w n h me live delicately4 ,= nei!r did  
,he provide s = ,h]cules1 ,8 own son1 b 
ano!r man reign$ ov] ,argos & ,myc51    

:ile he obey$ & labor$ & 0 discipl9$4 ,&
 ,eury/heus 0 :at he 0--no k+ ( ,argos &
 ,myc51 :o 0 n k+ ev5 ( himself2 &      
,h]cules 0 "l & lead] ( all ! e>? & sea1
 = he purg$ !m ( lawlessness & wrong1 & 
br\ght 9 righte\sness & hol9ess2 nak$ & 
alone did he ?is4 ,& :5 ,odysseus 0     
%ipwreck$ & ca/ away1 did 8 ne$ humble  
him "o :it or break 8 _s8 ,b h[ did he g
 out to ! maid5s1 to beg = ! necess>ies 
( life1 :i* x is held mo/ %ameful to    
seek f ano!r8    ,ev5 z a lion f 8      
m\nta9 home1    ,s w5t ,odysseus tru/+ 9
 8 valor4                               
--,odyssey1 vi4 #acj4  ,tru/+ 9 :at8 ,n 
9 fame1 nor weal?1 b 9 8 own valor--t   
is1 8 op9ions ( ! ?+s t are & are n 9   
our p[]4#c ,= ^! alone x is t make m5   
free & unh9d]$2 t lift up ! heads ( !   
abject1 & bid !m look ri* m5 & tyrants  
/eadily 9 ! face4 ,& ?is 0 ! gift ( !   
philosoph]2 b ?\ wilt nev] g =? boldly1 
b trembl+ = ?y f9e raim5t & silv] di%es4
 ,mis]able man6 ha/ ?\ inde$ ?us wa/$   
all ?y "t till n[8     ,,*apt] ,,ix4    

,,! ,,op5 ,,door4   #a4 ,= my "p ,i ?9k 
! old man %\ld be sitt+ "h1 n to devise 
h[ ye may h no mean ?\ghts1 nor speak no
 mean nor ignoble ?+s ab\t y\rselves1 b 
to wat* t !re arise n among u y\?s ( su*
 a m9d1 t :5 !y h p]ceiv$ _! k9%ip ) !  
,gods1 & h[ ! fle% & its possessions are
 laid ^u u l bonds1 & h[ _m necessities 
= ! managem5t ( life are by !m br\ght ^u
 u1 !y may desire to fl+ ^! ?+s away =  
abhorr$ & intol]able bur!ns1 & dep>t    
unto _! k94 ,& ?is is :at y\r ma/] &    
tea*]--if1 9 soo?1 ye _h any su*--%\ld h
 to cont5d ) 9 y1--t ye %\ld come to him
 & say1 ,epictetus1 we c endure no long]
 be+ b\nd to ?is body1 giv+ x food &    
dr9k1 & re/+ x & cleans+ x1 & go+ ab\t  
to c\rt "o man aft] ano!r = its sake4   
,are n su* ?+s indiff]5t & no?+ to u8 ,&
 is n ,dea? no evil8 ,are we n 9 "s way 
k9sm5 ( ,god1 & did we n come f ,him8   
,let u dep>t to :5ce we came2 let u be  
deliv]$ at la/ f ^! bonds :]e) we are   
b\nd & bur!n$6 ,"h are robb]s1 & ?ieves1
 & law c\rts1 & ^? t are call$ tyrants1 

:i* ?r\gh ! body & its possessions seem 
z if !y _h "s p[] ov] u4 ,let u %[ !m t 
!y h no p[] ov] any man6 ,& to ?is x    
%\ld be my "p to say1 ,my fri5ds1 wait  
^u ,god4 ,:5 ,he ,himself %all give !   
signal & release y f ?is s]vice1 !n are 
ye releas$ unto ,him4 ,b = ! pres5t1 be>
 to dwell 9 ?is place1 :]e9 ,he has set 
y4 ,%ort1 inde$1 is ?is "t ( y\r soj\rn1
 & easy to be> = ^? t are s m9d$4 ,= :at
 tyrant or :at ?ief is !re any long]1 or
 :at c\rt ( law is t]rible to "o :o ?us 
makes no?+ ( ! body & ! possessions ( x8
 ,rema91 !n1 & dep>t n )\t a reason4 ,"s
 su* "p z ?is %\ld ! tea*] h to play    
t[>ds ! well-natur$ among 8 disciples4  
#b4 ,h[ long1 !n1 are su* injunctions to
 be obey$8 ,s long z x is pr(itable--t  
is to say1 s long z ,i c d :at becomes &
 befits me4 ,!n "s m5 are *ol]ic &      
fa/idi\s1 & say1 ,i _c sup ) ?is man1 to
 h to he> him e day tell+ h[ he f\ght 9 
,mysia4 ,i told y1 bro!r1 h[ ,i w5t up !
 hill--!n aga9 ,i began to be           
besieg$4444 ,b ano!r sai?1 ,i pref] to h

 my supp]1 & li/5 to him prat+ z long z 
he likes4 ,& d ?\ comp>e ! ga9 on bo?   
sides--only d naught 9 heav9ess or      
affliction1 or z suppos+ t ?\ art 9 evil
 case4 ,= to ?is no man c compel !e4    
,do? x smoke 9 ! *amb]8 if x is n v mu* 
,i w /ay1 if too mu*1 ,i w g out2 =     
rememb] ?is always1 & hold fa/ to x1 t !
 door is op54 ,?\ %alt n live 9         
,nicopolis4 ,i w n4 ,nor 9 ,a!ns4 ,i w n
 live 9 ,a!ns4 ,nor 9 ,rome4 ,nei!r 9   
,rome4 ,live 9 ,gy>a4#a ,i w live 9     
,gy>a4 ,b liv+ 9 ,gy>a seeme? to me l a 
great smoke4 ,i w dep>t1 :i!r no man    
%all h9d] me to dwell--= t dwell+ /&s   
ev] op5 to all4  #c4 ,only d x n        
unreasonably1 nor c[>dly1 nor make e    
common *ance an excuse4 ,= aga91 x is n 
,god's w1 = ,he ha? ne$ ( su* an ord] ( 
?+s1 & ( su* a race ^u ! e>?4 ,b if ,he 
give ! signal = retreat1 z ,he did to   
,socrates1 we mu/ obey ,him z our       
comm&]4     ,,*apt] ,x4  ,,"k ,,?yself4 
#a4 ,if a man h any advantage ov] o!rs1 
or ?9ks himself to h x :5 he ha? x n1 x 

_c b be t if he is an untaught man he   
%all be puff$ up by x4 ,?us ! tyrant    
says1 ,i am he t is ma/] ( all4 ,& :at c
 y give me8 ,c y set my pursuit free (  
all h9drance8 ,h[ is x 9 y to d t8 ,= h 
y ! gift ( nev] fall+ into :at y %un8 or
 nev] miss+ ! m>k ( y\r desire8 ,& :5ce 
h y x8 ,come1 n[1 9 a %ip d y tru/ to   
y\rself or to ! capta98 or 9 a *>iot1 to
 any "o else ?an ! driv]8#a ,& h[ w y d 
) reg>d to o!r acts8 ,ev5 ?us4 ,:]e1 !n1
 is y\r p[]8 ,all m5 m9i/] to me4 ,& d  
,i n m9i/] to my plate1 & ,i wa% x &    
wipe x1 & drive 9 a peg = my oil-flask8 
,:at !n1 are ^! ?+s great] ?an ,i8 ,nay1
 b !y supply c]ta9 ( my ne$s1 & = ?is   
reason ,i take c>e ( !m4 ,yea1 & d ,i n 
m9i/] to my ass8 ,d ,i n wa% 8 feet &   
groom him8 ,"k y n t e man m9i/]s to    
himself8 ,& he m9i/]s to y also1 ev5 z  
he do? to ! ass4 ,= :o treats y z a man8
 ,%[ me "o t do?4 ,:o wi%e? to be l unto
 y8 :o becomes y\r imitator1 z m5 did ( 
,socrates8 ,b ,i c cut (f ?y head4 ,y   
say well4 ,i _h =gott5 t ,i mu/ pay     

reg>d to y z to a fev] or ! *ol]a2 & set
 up an alt> to y1 z !re is 9 ,rome an   
alt> to ,fev]4  #b4 ,:at is x1 !n1 :]eby
 ! multitude is tr\bl$ & t]rifi$8 ,!    
tyrant & 8 gu>ds8 ,nev]--,god =bid x6 ,x
 is n possible t t :i* is by nature free
 %\ld be tr\bl$ by any o!r ?+1 or h9d]$1
 save by itself4 ,b x is tr\bl$ by      
op9ions ( ?+s4 ,= :5 ! tyrant sai? to   
any "o1 ,i w b9d ?y leg1 !n he :o sette?
 /ore by 8 leg sai?1 ,nay1 h pity6 b he 
t sette? /ore by 8 own ,w1 ,if x seem m 
pr(itable to y1 !n b9d x4  ----,do/ ?\ n
 reg>d me8  ,i d n reg>d y4 ,i w %[ y t 
,i am ma/]4 ,h[ c y be t8 ,me ha? ,god  
set free2 or ?9k y t ,he w\ld let ,8 own
 ,son be enslav$8 ,y are "l ( my dead   
body--take t4  ----,s :5 ?\ come/ ne> to
 me1 ?\ wilt n d me s]vice8  ,nay1 b ,i 
w d x to myself2 & if y w h me say t ,i 
d x to y also1 ,i tell y t ,i d x z to  
my kit*5 pot4  #c4 ,?is is no           
selfi%ness2 = e liv+ creature is s made 
t x do? all ?+s = its own sake4 ,= ! sun
 do? all ?+s = 8 own sake1 & s1 moreov]1

 ev5 ,zeus himself4 ,b :5 ,he w be      
,ra+iv] & ,fruitgiv] & ,fa!r ( ,gods &  
m51 ?\ see/ t ,he may n d ^! works & h  
^! titles1 b ,he be s]viceable to !     
common good4 ,&1 on ! :ole1 ,he ha? s   
=m$ ! nature ( ! reason+ creature t he  
may nev] w9 aught ( 8 own good )\t he   
furni% some?+ ( s]vice to ! common good4
 ,?us x is n to ! exclud+ ( ! common    
good t a man d all ?+s = himself4 ,= is 
x to be expect$ t a man %all /& alo( f  
himself & 8 own int]e/8 ,& :]e !n w\ld  
be t same & s+le pr9ciple :i* we obs]ve 
9 all ?+s1 _! affection to !mselves8    
#d4 ,s1 !n1 :5 we act on /range & fooli%
 op9ions ( ?+s beyond ! ,w1 z ?\gh !y 7 
good or evil1 x is altoge!r impossible b
 we %all d s]vice to tyrants4 ,& w\ld x 
7 to ! tyrants alone1 & n to _! lackeys 
also6  #e4 ,b :at h9d]s ! man t ha?     
di/+ui%$ ^! ?+s to live easily & docile1
 look+ calmly on all t is to be1 & be>+ 
calmly all t is pa/8 ,w y h me be>      
pov]ty8 ,come1 & see :at pov]ty is :5 x 
/rikes "o t kn[e? h[ to play ! "p well4 

,w y h me rule8 ,give me p[]1 !n1 & !   
pa9s ( x4 ,bani%m5t8 ,:i!rsoev] ,i g1 x 
%all be well ) me = 9 ?is place x 0 well
 ) me1 n because ( ! place1 b because ( 
! op9ions :i* ,i %all c>ry away ) me4 ,=
 ^! no man c deprive me (4 ,yea1 ^! only
 are m9e own1 :]e( ,i _c be depriv$1 &  
!y suffice = me z long z ,i h !m1 :]ev] 
,i be1 or :atev] ,i d4  #f4 ----,b n[ is
 ! "t come to die4  ,:at say y8 to die8 
,nay1 make no trag$y ( ! bus9ess1 b tell
 x z x is4 ,n[ is x "t = my sub/ance to 
be resolv$ aga9 into ! ?+s :]efrom x    
came toge!r4 ,& :at is dreadful 9 ?is8  
,:at ( ! ?+s 9 ! univ]se is ab\t to     
p]i%8 ,:at new1 or :at unacc\ntable ?+  
is ab\t to come to pass8 ,is x = ^! ?+s 
t a tyrant is fe>$8 ?r\gh ^! t ! gu>ds  
seem to be> swords s l>ge & %>p8 ,tell t
 to o!rs2 b by me all ^! ?+s h be5      
exam9$2 no man ha? p[] on me4 ,i h be5  
set free by ,god1 ,i "k ,8 comm&m5ts1   
h5ce=? no man c lead me captive4 ,i h a 
lib]ator#b su* z ,i ne$1 & judges su* z 
,i ne$4 ,are y n ! ma/] ( my body8 ,:at 

is t to me8 ,( my prop]ty8 ,:at is t to 
me8 ,( exile or captivity8 ,aga91 ,i    
say1 f all ^! ?+s1 & ! poor body itself1
 ,i w dep>t :5 y w4 ,try y\r p[]1 & y   
%all "k h[ f> x rea*es4  #g4 ,b ! tyrant
 w b9d--:at8 ,! leg4 ,he w take         
away--:at8 ,! head4 ,:at1 !n1 c he n b9d
 & n take away8 ,! ,w4 ,& h5ce t precept
 ( ! anci5ts--,,"k ,,?yself4  #h4 ,:om1 
!n1 c ,i /ill fe>8 ,! lackeys ( !       
b$-*amb]8 ,= :at t !y c d8 ,%ut me out8 
,let !m %ut me out1 if !y f9d me wi%+ to
 g 94  ----,:y1 !n1 did/ ?\ g to !      
doors8  ,because ,i hold x prop] to jo9 
! play :ile ! play la/s4  ----,h[1 !n1  
%alt ?\ n be %ut out8  ,because if ,i am
 n receiv$1 ,i d n wi% to ent]2 b always
 t :i* happ5s is :at ,i wi%4 ,= ,i hold 
:at ,god wills above :at ,i w4 ,i cleave
 to ,him z ,8 s]vant & foll[]2 my       
impulses are "o ) ,81 my pursuit is "o )
 ,82 9 a ^w1 my w is "o ) ,84 ,!re is no
 %utt+ out = me--nay1 b = ^? :o w\ld =ce
 _! way 94 ,& :]e=e d ,i n =ce my way8  
,because ,i "k t no good ?+ is dealt out

 )9 to ^? t ent]4 ,b :5 ,i he> "s "o    
congratulat$ on be+ honor$ by ,cs>1 ,i  
say1 ,:at ha? =tune br\ght him8 ,a      
gov]nm5t8 ,has x also1 !n1 br\ght him   
su* an op9ion z he ought to h8 ,a       
magi/racy8 ,ha? he also ga9$ ! p[] to be
 a good magi/rate8 ,:y w ,i /ill pu%    
myself =w>d8 ,a man scatt]s figs &      
almonds abroad2 *ildr5 seize !m1 & fight
 among !mselves2 b n s m51 = !y hold x  
too trifl+ a matt]4 ,& if a man %\ld    
scatt] ab\t oy/]-%ells1 n ev5 ! *ildr5  
w\ld seize !m4 ,(fices ( gov]nm5t are   
dealt out--*ildr5 w look = !m2 money is 
giv5--*ildr5 w look = x2 milit>y comm&s1
 consul%ips--let *ildr5 scramble = !m4  
,let !m be %ut out & smitt51 let !m kiss
 ! h&s ( ! giv]1 ( 8 slaves--x is figs &
 almonds to me4 ,:at !n8 ,if ?\ miss !m 
:5 he is fl++ !m ab\t1 let x n vex !e4  
,if a fig fall into ?y bosom1 take & eat
 x1 = s f> ev5 a fig is to be valu$4 ,b 
if ,i mu/ /oop d[n = x1 & ?r[ d[n ano!r 
man1 or ano!r ?r[ me d[n1 & ,i flatt] ^?
 :o ent] 91 !n nei!r is a fig wor? s    

mu*1 nor is any o!r ( ! ?+s t are n     
good1 ev5 ^? :i* ! philosoph]s h p]suad$
 me n to ?9k good4     ,,*apt] ,,xi4#a  
,,h[ ,,we ,,%\ld ,,be> ,,ourselves      
,,t[>ds ,,evil ,,m54   #a4 ,if t :i* !  
philosoph]s say is true--t !re is "o    
pr9ciple 9 all m51 z :5 ,i ass5t to     
some?+1 ! feel+ t x is s2 & :5 ,i       
diss5t1 ! feel+ t x is n s2 yea1 & :5 ,i
 )hold my judgm5t1 ! feel+ t x is       
unc]ta92 & likewise1 :5 ,i am mov$ t[>ds
 any?+1 ! feel+ t x is = my pr(it1 b x  
is impossible to judge "o ?+ to be      
pr(itable & to pursue ano!r1 to judge "o
 ?+ "r & be mov$ t[>ds ano!r--:y h we   
indignation ) ! multitude8 ,!y are      
robb]s1 "o sai?1 & ?ieves4 ,& :at is x  
to be robb]s & ?ieves8 ,x is to err     
conc]n+ ?+s good & evil4 ,%all we1 !n1 h
 indignation ) !m1 or %all we pity !m8  
,nay1 b %[ !m ! error1 & y %all see h[  
!y w cease f _! s9s4 ,b if !y see x n1  
!y h naught bett] ?an ! appe>ance ( ! ?+
 to !m4  #b4 ,%\ld n1 !n1 ?is robb]1 or 
?is adult]]1 be de/roy$8 ,by no means1 b

 take x r ?is way3 ,?is man :o errs & is
 deceiv$ conc]n+ ?+s ( greate/ mom5t1 :o
 is bl9d$1 n 9 ! vision :i* di/+ui%e?   
black & :ite1 b 9 ! judgm5t :i*         
di/+ui%e? ,good & ,evil--%\ld we n      
de/roy him8 ,& ?us speak+1 y %all "k h[ 
inhuman is t :i* y say1 & h[ l z if y   
said1 ,%all we n de/roy ?is bl9d man1   
?is deaf man8 ,= if x is ! greate/      
injury to be depriv$ ( ! greate/ ?+s1 & 
! greate/ ?+ 9 e man is a ,w su* z he   
ought to h1 & "o be depriv$ ( ?is1 :y   
are y /ill indignant ) him8 ,man1 y %\ld
 n be mov$ contr>y to ,nature by ! evil 
de$s ( o!r m54 ,pity him r1 be n incl9$ 
to (f5se & hatr$1 ab&on ! phrases ( !   
multitude1 l ^! curs$ wret*es4 ,h[ h y  
sudd5ly become s wise & h>d to please8  
#c4 ,:]e=e1 !n1 h we indignation8       
,because we wor%ip ! ?+s :i* !y deprive 
u (4 ,d n wor%ip f9e raim5t1 & y %all n 
be wro? ) ! ?ief4 ,d n wor%ip ! beauty (
 a woman1 & y %all n be wro? ) !        
adult]]4 ,"k t ! ?ief & ! adult]] h no  
"p 9 t :i* is ?9e own1 b 9 t :i* is     

=eign to !e1 9 t :i* is n 9 ?y p[]4 ,^! 
?+s if ?\ dismiss1 & c\nt !m = naught1 )
 :om %alt ?\ /ill be wro?8 ,b s long z  
?\ do/ value ^! ?+s1 be wro? ) ?yself r 
?an ) o!rs4  #d4 ,look n[ h[ x /&s3 ,y h
 f9e raim5t1 y\r neighbor has n2 y h a  
w9d[1 & wi% to air y\r clo!s at x4 ,!   
neighbor kn[e? n :at is ! true good (   
man1 b ?9ks x is to h f9e raim5t1 ! same
 ?+ t y also ?9k4 ,!n %all he n come &  
take !m away8 ,%[ a cake to gre$y       
p]sons1 & eat x up y\rself alone1 & w y 
h !m n snat* at x8 ,nay1 b provoke !m n4
 ,h no w9d[1 & d n air y\r clo!s4 ,i    
also _h lately an iron lamp set beside !
 images ( ! ,gods2 he>+ a noise at !    
door1 ,i ran d[n1 & f\nd ! lamp c>ri$   
(f4 ,i reflect$ t ! ?ief's impulse 0 n  
unnatural4 ,:at !n8 ,to-morr[1 ,i said1 
?\ wilt f9d an e>!n lamp4#b ,= a man    
loses only :at he has4 ,i h lo/ a g>m5t4
 ,= y _h a g>m5t4 ,i h a pa9 9 my head4 
,h y any pa9 9 y\r horns8 ,:y1 !n1 h y  
indignation8 ,= !re is no loss & no     
suff]+ save only 9 ^? ?+s :i* we        

possess4     ,,*apt] ,,xii4  ,,!        
,,voyage ,,( ,,life4   ,ev5 z 9 a sea   
voyage1 :5 ! %ip is br\ght to an*or1 & y
 g out to fet* 9 wat]1 y make a by-"w ( 
ga!r+ a few roots & %ells by ! way1 b h 
ne$ ev] to keep y\r m9d fix$ on ! %ip1 &
 con/antly to look r\nd1 le/ at any "t !
 ma/] ( ! %ip call1 & y mu/1 if he call1
 ca/ away all ^? ?+s1 le/ y be treat$ l 
! %eep t are b\nd & ?r[n into ! hold3 ,s
 x is ) human life also4 ,& if !re be   
giv5 wife & *ildr5 in/ead ( %ells &     
roots1 no?+ %all h9d] u to take !m4 ,b  
if ! ma/] call1 run to ! %ip1 =sak+ all 
^? ?+s1 & look+ n beh9d4 ,& if ?\ be 9  
old age1 g n f> f ! %ip at any "t1 le/ !
 ma/] %\ld call1 & ?\ be n ready4       
,,*apt] ,,xiii4  ,,! ,,m>k ,,( ,,ef=t4  
#a4 ,seek n to h ?+s happ5 z y *oose !m1
 b r *oose !m to happ5 z !y d1 & s %all 
y live prosp]\sly4  #b4 ,disease is a   
h9drance ( ! body1 n ( ! ,w1 unless ! ,w
 itself cons5t4 ,lam5ess is a h9drance (
 ! leg1 n ( ! ,w4 ,& ?is y may say on e 
occasion1 = no?+ c happ5 to y b y w f9d 

x a h9drance n ( y\rself b ( "s o!r ?+4 
#c4 ,:at1 !n1 are ! ?+s t oppress u &   
p]turb u8 ,:at else ?an op9ions8 ,he t  
goe? away & leave? 8 famili>s &         
companions & wont$ places & habits--)   
:at else is he oppress$ ?an 8 op9ions8  
,n[1 little *ildr51 if !y cry because _!
 nurse has left !m = a :ile1 /raightway 
=get _! sorr[ :5 !y are giv5 a small    
cake4 ,wilt ?\ be lik5$ unto a little   
*ild8  ----,nay1 by ,zeus6 = ,i w\ld n  
be ?us affect$ by a little cake1 b by "r
 op9ions4  ,& :at are ^!8  ,!y are su* z
 a man %\ld /udy all day long to        
obs]ve--t he be n subject to ! effects (
 any?+ t is ali5 to him1 nei!r ( fri5d1 
nor place1 nor ex]cises2 yea1 n ev5 ( 8 
own body1 b to rememb] ! ,law1 & h x ev]
 be=e 8 eyes4 ,& :at is ! div9e ,law8   
,to hold fa/ t :i* is 8 own1 & to claim 
no?+ t is ano!r's2 to use :at is giv5   
him1 & n to covet :at is n giv52 to     
yield up easily & will+ly :at is tak5   
away1 giv+ ?anks = ! "t t he has _h x at
 8 s]vice4 ,?is d--or cry = ! nurse &   

mamma2 = :at do? x matt] to :at or :om  
?\ art subject1 f :at ?y welf>e hangs8  
,:]e9 art ?\ bett] ?an "o :o bewails    
himself = 8 mi/ress1 if ?\ lam5t ?y     
ex]cises & porticoes & comrades1 & all  
su* pa/ime8 ,ano!r come?1 griev+ because
 he %all no m dr9k ( ! wat] ( ,dirce4 ,&
 is ! ,m>cian wat] worse ?an t ( ,dirce8
  ----,b ,i 0 us$ to ! o!r4  ,& to ?is  
also ?\ %alt be us$2 & :5 ?\ art s      
affect$ t[>ds x1 lam5t = x too1 & try to
 make a v]se l t ( ,euripides--    ,!   
ba?s ( ,n]o & ! ,m>cian /ream#a  ,behold
 h[ trag$ies are made1 :5 common *ances 
happ5 to fooli% m56  #d4----;,b :5 %all 
,i see ,a!ns & ! ,acropolis aga98       
,wret*$ man6 do? n t satisfy !e :i* ?\  
see/ e day8 ,ha/ ?\ aught bett] or      
great] to see ?an ! sun1 ! moon1 ! />s1 
! common e>?1 ! sea8 ,b if )al ?\ m>k ! 
way ( ,him t gov]ne? ! :ole & be> ,him  
ab\t )9 !e1 wilt ?\ /ill long = cut     
/ones & a f9e rock8 ,& :5 ?\ %alt come  
to leave ! sun itself & ! moon1 :at wilt
 ?\ d8 ,sit d[n & cry1 l ! *ildr58 ,:at1

 !n1 w]t ?\ do+ 9 ! s*ool8 ,:at did/ ?\ 
he>1 :at did/ ?\ le>n8 ,:y did/ ?\ write
 ?yself d[n a philosoph]1 :5 ?\ mighte/ 
h writt5 ! tru?1 z ?us3--,i made c]ta9  
beg9n+s1 & read ,*rysippus1 b did n s   
mu* z ent] ! door ( a philosoph]8 ,= h[ 
%\ld/ ?\ h aught 9 common ) ,socrates1  
:o di$ z he di$1 :o liv$ z he liv$--or )
 ,diog5es8 ,do/ ?\ ?9k t any ( ^! m5    
lam5t$ or 0 indignant because he %\ld   
see su* a man or su* a woman no m8 or   
because he %\ld n dwell 9 ,a!ns or 9    
,cor9?1 b1 z x might *ance1 9 ,susa or  
,ecbatana8 ,:5 a man c leave ! banquet  
or ! game :5 he pleases1 %all su* a "o  
grieve if he rema9s8 ,%all he n1 z 9 a  
game1 /ay only s long z he is ent]ta9$8 
,a man ( ?is /amp w\ld easily endure su*
 a ?+ z p]petual exile or s5t5ce ( dea?4
  ,wilt ?\ n n[ be wean$ z *ildr5 are1 &
 take m solid food1 nor cry any m aft]  
?y "m & nurse1 wail+ l an old woman8    
----,b if ,i quit !m ,i %all grieve !m4 
,?\ grieve !m8 ,nev]2 b t %all grieve !m
 :i* grieve? !e--,op9ion4 ,:at ha/ ?\ !n

 to d8 ,ca/ away ?y own bad op9ion2 &   
!y1 if !y d well1 w ca/ away !irs2 if n1
 !y are ! causes ( _! own lam5t+4  #e4  
,man1 be mad at la/1 z ! say+ is1 =     
peace1 = fre$om1 = magnanimity4 ,lift up
 ?y head z "o deliv]$ f slav]y4 ,d>e to 
look up to ,god & say3 ,deal ) me h5ce=?
 z ?\ wilt2 ,i am ( "o m9d ) !e2 ,i am  
?9e4 ,i reject no?+ t seems good to !e2 
lead me :i!rsoev] ?\ wilt1 clo! me 9 :at
 dress ?\ wilt4 ,wilt ?\ h me gov]n or  
live privately1 or /ay at home1 or g    
into exile1 or be a poor man or a ri*8  
,= all ^! conditions ,i w be ?y advocate
 ) m5--,i %[ ! nature ( ea* ( !m1 :at x 
is4  ,nay1 b sit 9 a corn] & wait = ?y  
"m to fe$ !e4#b  #f4 ,:o w\ld ,h]cules h
 be5 if he _h sat at home8 ,he w\ld h   
be5 ,eury/heus1 & n ,h]cules4 ,& h[ _m  
companions & fri5ds _h he 9 8 j\rney+   
ab\t ! _w8 ,b no?+ 0 de>] to him ?an    
,god2 & = ?is he 0 believ$ to be ! son (
 ,god1 yea1 & 0 ! son ( ,god4 ,& tru/+ 9
 ,god1 he w5t ab\t purg+ away           
lawlessness & wrong4 ,b ?\ art no       

,h]cules1 & can/ n purge away evils n   
?9e own8 nor yet ,!seus1 :o cle>$       
,attica ( evil ?+s8 ,!n cle> away ?9e   
own4 ,f ?y brea/1 f ?y m9d ca/ out1     
in/ead ( ,procru/es & ,sciron1 grief1   
fe>1 covet\sness1 envy1 malice1 av>ice1 
effem9acy1 pr(ligacy4 ,& ^! ?+s _c      
o!rwise be ca/ out ?an by look+ to ,god 
only1 be+ affect$ only by ,him1 &       
consecrat$ to ,8 comm&s4 ,b *oos+ any?+ 
else ?an ?is1 ?\ wilt foll[ ) groan+ &  
lam5tation :atev] is /rong] ?an ?\1 ev] 
seek+ prosp]ity 9 ?+s outside ?yself1 & 
nev] able to atta9 x4 ,= ?\ seeke/ x :]e
 x is n1 & neglecte/ to seek x :]e x is4
     ,,*apt] ,,xiv4  ,,faculties4       
,rememb] at any?+ t %all befall !e to   
turn to ?yself & seek :at faculty ?\ ha/
 = mak+ use ( x4 ,if ?\ see a beautiful 
p]son1 ?\ wilt f9d a faculty =          
t--namely1 ,self-ma/]y4 ,if toil is laid
 ^u !e1 ?\ wilt f9d ! faculty (         
,p]sev]ance4 ,if ?\ art revil$1 ?\ wilt 
f9d ,pati5ce4 ,& mak+ ?is ?y wont1 ?\   
%alt n be c>ri$ away by ! appe>ances4   

,,*apt] ,,xv4  ,,returns4   ,nev] 9 any 
case say1 ,i h lo/ su* a ?+1 b ,i h     
return$ x4 ,is ?y *ild dead8 x is       
return$4 ,is ?y wife dead8 %e is        
return$4 ,art ?\ depriv$ ( ?y e/ate8 is 
n ?is also return$8  ----,b he is wick$ 
:o deprives me ( x6  ,b :at is t to !e1 
?r\gh :om ! ,giv] dem&s 8 own8 ,z long1 
!re=e1 z he grants x to !e1 /ew>d x l   
ano!r's prop]ty1 z travel]s use an inn4 
,,*apt] ,,xvi4  ,,! ,,price ,,(         
,,tranquillity4   #a4 ,if y w\ld advance
 9 philosophy y mu/ ab&on su* ?\ghts z1 
,if ,i neglect my affairs ,i %all n h ! 
means ( liv+4 ,if ,i d n correct my     
s]vant he w be good = no?+4 ,= x is     
bett] to die ( hung]1 hav+ liv$ )\t     
grief & fe>1 ?an to live ) a tr\bl$ _s  
amid abundance4 ,& x is bett] to h a bad
 s]vant ?an an afflict$ m9d4  #b4 ,make 
a beg9n+ !n 9 small matt]s4 ,is a little
 ( y\r oil spilt1 or a little w9e /ol58 
,!n say to y\rself1 ,= s mu* peace is   
b\ght1 ?is is ! price ( tranquillity4 ,=
 no?+ c be ga9$ )\t pay+ = x4 ,& :5 y   

call y\r s]vant1 be?9k y t he may n he>1
 or1 he>+1 may n obey4 ,= him1 inde$1 t 
is n well1 b = y x is altoge!r well t he
 h n ! p[] to tr\ble y\r m9d4           
,,*apt] ,,xvii4  ,a ,,*oice4   ,if ?\   
w\ld/ advance1 be cont5t to let p ?9k !e
 s5seless & fooli% z reg>ds ext]nal ?+s4
 ,wi% n ev] to seem wise1 & if ev] ?\   
%alt f9d ?yself acc\nt$ to be somebody1 
!n mi/ru/ ?yself4 ,= "k t x is n easy to
 make a *oice t %all agree bo? ) outw>d 
?+s & ) ,nature1 b x mu/ ne$s be t he :o
 is c>eful ( ! "o %all neglect ! o!r4   
,,*apt] ,,xviii4  ,,t ,,:]e ,,! ,,he>t  
,,is ,,! ,,bond ,,is4   #a4 ,?\ art a   
fool if ?\ desire wife & *ildr5 & fri5ds
 to live =ev]1 = t is desir+ ?+s to be 9
 ?y p[] :i* are n 9 ?y p[]1 & ?+s p]ta9+
 to o!rs to be ?9e own4 ,s also ?\ art a
 fool to desire t ?y s]vant %\ld nev] d 
any?+ amiss1 = t is desir+ evil n to be 
evil1 b some?+ else4 ,b if ?\ desire    
nev] to fail 9 any pursuit1 ?is ?\ can/ 
d4 ,?is1 !re=e1 practice to             
atta9--namely1 ! atta9able4  #b4 ,! "l (

 ea* ( u is he t ha? p[] ov] ! ?+s t we 
desire or dislike1 to give or to take !m
 away4 ,:osoev]1 !n1 w be free1 let him 
nei!r desire nor %un any ( ! ?+s t are 9
 o!rs' p[]2 o!rwise he mu/ ne$s be      
enslav$4  #c4 ,:]e=e ,demetrius#a said  
to ,n]o1 ,y ?reat5 me ) dea?1 b ,nature 
?reat5s y4 ,if ,i am tak5 up ) my poor  
body1 or my prop]ty1 ,i h giv5 myself   
ov] to slav]y1 = ,i imm$iately %[ ( my  
own self ) :at ,i may be captur$4 ,z :5 
a snake draws 9 8 head1 ,i say1 ,/rike  
at t "p ( him :i* he gu>ds4 ,& "k ?\1 t 
at ! "p ?\ desire/ to gu>d1 !re ?y ma/] 
w fall ^u !e4 ,rememb]+ ?is1 :om wilt ?\
 /ill flatt] or fe>8  #d4 ,?9k t ?\     
%\ld/ conduct ?yself 9 life z at a fea/4
 ,is "s di% br\ght to !e8 ,!n put =?    
?yself 9 seemly fa%ion4 ,do? x pass !e  
by8 ,!n hold x n back4 ,ha? x n yet     
come8 ,!n d n rea* out = x at a di/ance1
 b wait till x is at ?9e h&4 ,& ?us do+ 
) reg>d to *ildr5 & wife & gov]nm5ts &  
weal?1 ?\ wilt be a wor?y gue/ at !     
table ( ! ,gods4 ,& if ?\ ev5 pass ov]  

?+s t are (f]$ to !e1 & refuse to take (
 !m1 !n ?\ wilt n only %>e ! banquet1 b 
also ! dom9ion ( ! ,gods4 ,= s do+      
,diog5es & ,h]acleitus1 & ! l1 bo? 71 & 
7 report$ to be1 rightly div9e4         
,,*apt] ,,xix4  ,,t ,,we ,,lam5t ,,n ,,f
 ,,)94   ,:5 ?\ see/ "o lam5t+ 9 grief  
because 8 son is gone abroad1 or because
 he ha? lo/ 8 goods1 look to x t ?\ be n
 c>ri$ away by ! appe>ance to ?9k t he  
ha? truly fall5 into mis=tune1 9 outw>d 
?+s4 ,b be ! ?\ght at h&1 ,x is n ! ?+  
itself t afflicts ?is man--s9ce !re are 
o!rs :om x afflicts n--b ! op9ion he has
 ab\t x4 ,& s f> z spee*1 be n sl[ to   
fit ?yself to 8 mood1 & ev5 if s x be to
 lam5t ) him4 ,b h a c>e t ?\ lam5t n   
also f )94     ,,*apt] ,,xx4  ,,t ,a    
,,man ,,may ,,act ,,8 ,,"p ,,b ,,n      
,,*oose ,,x4   #a4 ,rememb] t ?\ art an 
actor 9 a play1 ( su* a "p z x may      
please ! director to assign !e2 ( a %ort
 "p if he *oose a %ort "p2 ( a long "o  
if he *oose a long4 ,& if he w h !e take
 ! "p ( a poor man1 or ( a cripple1 or a

 gov]nor1 or a private p]son1 maye/ ?\  
act t "p ) grace6 ,= ?9e x is to act    
well ! allott$ "p1 b to *oose x is      
ano!r's4  #b4 ,say no m !n1 ,h[ w x be )
 me8 = h[ev] x be ?\ wilt settle x well1
 & ! issue %all be =tunate4 ,:at w\ld   
,h]cules h be5 _h he said1 ,h[ %all ,i  
contrive t a great lion may n appe> to  
me1 or a great bo>1 or a savage man8 ,& 
:at ha/ ?\ to d ) t8 if a great bo>     
appe>1 ?\ wilt fight ! great] fight2 if 
evil m51 ?\ wilt cle> ! e>? ( !m4 ,b if 
,i die ?us8 ,?\ wilt die a good man1 9 !
 accompli%+ ( a noble de$4 ,= s9ce we   
mu/ by all means die1 a man _c be f\nd b
 he w be do+ some:at1 ei!r till+ or     
digg+ or trad+ or gov]n+1 or hav+ an    
indige/ion or a di>rhoea4 ,:at wilt ?\1 
!n1 t ,dea? %all f9d !e do+8 ,i1 = my   
"p1 w *oose "s "w1 humane1 b5efic5t1    
social1 noble4 ,b if ,i am n able to be 
f\nd do+ ?+s ( ?is greatness1 !n1 at    
lea/1 ,i w be do+ t :i* none c h9d] me  
to d1 t :i* is giv5 to me to d--namely1 
correct+ myself1 bett]+ my faculty =    

mak+ use ( appe>ances1 work+ out my     
peace1 giv+ :at is due 9 e obligation ( 
life2 & if ,i prosp] s f>1 !n ent]+ ^u !
 ?ird topic ( philosophy1 :i* conc]ne? !
 security ( judgm5ts4  #c4 ,if ,dea?    
%all f9d me 9 ! mid/ ( ^! /udies1 x %all
 suffice me if ,i c lift up my h&s to   
,god & say1 ,! means :i* ?\ gave/ me = !
 p]ceiv+ ( ?y gov]nm5t1 & = ! foll[+ ( !
 same1 h ,i n neglect$3 s f> z 9 me     
lies1 ,i h n di%onor$ !e4 ,behold h[ ,i 
h us$ my s5ses1 & my natural            
conceptions4 ,h ,i ev] blam$ !e8 0 ,i   
ev] (f5d$ at aught t happ5$1 or did ,i  
desire x %\ld happ5 o!rwise8 ,did ,i ev]
 desire to transgress my obligations8 ,t
 ?\ did/ beget me ,i ?ank !e = :at ?\   
gave/4 ,i am cont5t t ,i h us$ ?y gifts 
s long4 ,take !m aga91 & set !m 9 :at   
place ?\ wilt1 = ?9e 7 all ?+s1 & ?\    
gave/ !m me4  #d4 ,is x n en\gh to dep>t
 9 ?is condition8 & :at life is bett] & 
fair] ?an "o l ?is1 & :at end m happy8  
,,*apt] ,,xxi4  ,,di/9ctions4   #a4 ,:5 
a rav5 croaks y a bad om51 be n c>ri$   

away by ! appe>ance2 b /raightway       
di/+ui% ) y\rself & say1 ,none ( ^! ?+s 
bodes aught to myself1 b ei!r to ?is    
poor body or ?is wret*$ prop]ty ( m9e1  
or to my good repute1 or to my *ildr51  
or to my wife4 ,b to me all om5s are    
=tunate if ,i *oose to h x s4 ,= :atev] 
( ^! ?+s may come to pass1 x lies ) me  
to h x s]ve me4  #b4 ,y may be always   
victori\s if y w nev] ent] into any     
conte/ b :]e ! victory dep5ds ^u        
y\rself4  #c4 ,:5 y %all see a man      
honor$ above o!rs1 or mighty 9 p[]1 or  
o!rwise e/eem$1 look to x t ?\ deem him 
n bless$1 be+ c>ri$ away by ! appe>ance4
 ,= if ! ess5ce ( ! ,good be 9 ^? ?+s t 
are 9 our own p[]1 !n nei!r envy nor    
jeal\sy h any place1 nor ?\ ?yself %alt 
n desire to be comm&] or pr9ce or       
consul1 b to be free4 ,& to ?is !re is  
"o road--scorn ( ! ?+s t are n 9 our own
 p[]4  #d4 ,rememb]1 x is n he t /rikes 
or he t reviles t do? any man an injury1
 b ! op9ion ab\t ^! ?+s1 t !y are       
injuri\s4 ,:51 !n1 "s "o may provoke !e 

to wra?1 "k t x is ?9e own conception   
:i* ha? provok$ !e4 ,/rive1 !re=e1 at ! 
outset n to be c>ri$ away by !          
appe>ance2 = if ?\ once ga9 "t & delay1 
?\ wilt m easily ma/] ?yself4  #e4 ,dea?
 & exile1 & all ?+s t appe> dreadful1   
let ^! be e day be=e ?9e eyes4 ,b ,dea? 
mo/ ( all2 = s ?\ wilt nei!r despise nor
 too greatly desire any condition (     
life4     ,,*apt] ,,xxii4  ,,t ,a ,,man 
,,is ,,suffici5t ,,to ,,himself4   #a4  
,if ?\ set ?9e he>t ^u philosophy1      
prep>e /raightway to be laugh$ at &     
mock$ by _m :o w say1 ,behold1 he has   
sudd5ly come back to u a philosoph]2 or1
 ,h[ came y by t br[ ( scorn8 ,b d ?\   
*]i% no scorn1 b hold to ^? ?+s t seem  
to !e ! be/1 z "o set by ,god 9 t place4
 ,rememb]1 too1 t if ?\ abide 9 t way1  
^? t fir/ mock$ !e1 ! same %all aft]w>ds
 rev]5ce !e2 b if ?\ yield to !m1 ?\    
%alt receive d\ble mock]y4  #b4 ,if x   
%all ev] happ5 to !e to be turn$ to     
outw>d ?+s 9 ! desire to please "s      
p]son1 "k t ?\ ha/ lo/ ?y way ( life4   

,let x be en\gh = !e 9 all ?+s to be a  
philosoph]4 ,b if ?\ desire also to seem
 "o1 !n seem s to ?yself1 = ?is ?\ can/4
     ,,*apt] ,,xxiii4  ,,t ,,e ,,man    
,,fulfill ,,8 ,,own ,,task4   #a4 ,let  
su* ?\ghts nev] afflict !e z1 ,i %all   
live unhonor$1 & nev] be anybody any:]e4
 ,= if lack ( honor be an evil1 ?\ can/ 
no m fall into evil ?r\gh ano!r's do+s  
?an into vice4 ,is x1 !n1 ( ?y own do+  
to be made a gov]nor1 or invit$ to      
fea/s8 ,by no means4 ,h[1 !n1 is ?is to 
be unhonor$8 ,h[ %\ld/ ?\ nev] be       
anybody any:]e1 :om x behooves to be    
somebody only 9 ! ?+s t are 9 ?9e own   
p[]1 :]e9 x lies ) !e to be ( ! greate/ 
wor?8  #b4 ,b ,i %all n be able to s]ve 
my fri5ds4 ,h[ say/ ?\8 to s]ve !m8 ,!y 
%all n h money f !e1 nor %alt ?\ make !m
 ,roman citiz5s4 ,:o1 !n1 told !e t ^! 7
 ( ! ?+s t are 9 our p[]1 & n ali5 to u8
 ,& :o c give t :i* himself ha? n8  #c4 
,acquire1 !n1 !y say1 t we may possess4 
,if ,i c acquire1 & lose n piety1 &     
fai?1 & magnanimity )al1 %[ me ! way1 & 

,i w d x4 ,b if ye w h me lose ! good   
?+s ,i possess1 t ye may compass ?+s t  
are n good at all1 h[ unju/ & un?9k+ are
 ye8 ,b :i* w ye r h--money1 or a       
fai?ful & pi\s fri5d8 ,!n1 r take "p )  
me to ?is end2 & ask me n to d aught    
?r\gh :i* ,i mu/ ca/ away ^? ?+s4  #d4  
,b1 he sai?1 ,i %all n d my "p 9 s]v+ my
 c\ntry4 ,aga91 :at is ?is s]vice8 ,?y  
c\ntry %all n h porticos nor ba?s f !e1 
& :at !n8 ,nei!r ha? %e %oes f ! smi?1  
nor arms f ! cobbl]2 b x is en\gh if e  
man fulfill 8 own task4 ,& if ?\ ha/    
made "o o!r pi\s & fai?ful citiz5 = h]1 
art ?\1 !n1 ( no s]vice8 ,:]e=e1 nei!r  
%alt ?\ be useless to ?y c\ntry4  #e4   
,:at place1 !n1 he sai?1 c ,i hold 9 !  
,/ate8 ,:atev] place ?\ can/1 gu>d+ /ill
 ?y fai? & piety4 ,b if 9 wi%+ to s]ve  
h] ?\ ca/ away ^! ?+s1 :at wilt ?\ pr(it
 h] !n1 :5 p]fect$ 9 %amelessness &     
fai?lessness8     ,,*apt] ,,xxiv4  ,,!  
,,_w',s ,,price ,,= ,,! ,,_w',s ,,wor?4 
#a4 ,is "s "o pref]r$ be=e !e at a fea/1
 or 9 salutation1 or 9 be+ invit$ to    

give c\nsel8 ,!n1 if ^! ?+s are good1 x 
behooves !e rejoice t he ha? ga9$ !m2 b 
if evil1 be n vex$ t ?\ ha/ n ga9$ !m2 b
 rememb] t if ?\ act n z o!r m5 to ga9 !
 ?+s t are n 9 our own p[]1 nei!r can/  
?\ be held wor?y ( a l rew>d ) !m4  #b4 
,= h[ is x possible = him :o w n hang   
ab\t o!r m5's doors to h a l rew>d ) him
 :o do? s8 or him :o w n att5d on !m )  
him :o do? att5d8 or him :o w n flatt]  
!m ) ! flatt]]8 ,?\ art unju/1 !n1 &    
insatiable1 if ?\ desire to ga9 ^? ?+s =
 no?+1 )\t pay+ ! price = :i* !y are    
sold4  #c4 ,b h[ mu* is a lettuce sold  
=8 ,a p5ny1 p]*ance4 ,if any "o1 !n1 w  
sp5d a p5ny1 he %all h lettuce2 b ?\1 n 
sp5d+1 %alt n h4 ,b ?9k n ?\ art worse  
(f ?an he2 = z he has ! lettuce1 s ?\ ! 
p5ny :i* ?\ w\ld/ n give4  #d4 ,&       
likewise 9 ?is matt]4 ,?\ art n invit$  
to "s man's fea/8 ,t is1 = ?\ gave/ n to
 ! ho/ ! price ( ! supp]2 & x is sold = 
flatt]y1 x is sold = att5dance4 ,pay1   
!n1 ! price1 if x w pr(it !e1 = :i* ! ?+
 is sold4 ,b if ?\ wilt n give ! price1 

& wilt h ! ?+1 gre$y art ?\ & infatuat$4
  #e4 ,%alt ?\ h no?+1 !n1 in/ead ( !   
supp]8 ,?\ %alt h ?is--n to h prais$ "o 
:om ?\ had/ no m9d to praise1 & n to h  
endur$ ! insol5ce ( 8 door-keep]s4      
,,*apt] ,,xxv4  ,,aims ,,( ,,nature4    
#a4 ,! w ( ,nature is to be le>n$ f     
matt]s :i* d n conc]n ourselves4#a ,?us1
 :5 a boy may break ! cup ( ano!r man1  
we are ready to say1 ,x is a common     
*ance4 ,"k1 !n1 t :5 ?9e own is brok51 x
 behooves !e to be z ?\gh x 7 ano!r     
man's4 ,& apply ?is ev5 to great] ?+s4  
,has ano!r man's *ild di$1 or 8 wife8 :o
 is !re t w n say1 ,x is ! lot (        
humanity4 ,b :5 8 own may die1 !n       
/raightway x is1 ,alas1 wret*$ t ,i am6 
,b we %\ld be?9k ourselves :at we felt  
on he>+ ( o!rs 9 ! same plight4  #b4 ,z 
a m>k is n set up to be miss$1 ev5 s !  
nature ( evil exi/s n 9 ! univ]se4      
,,*apt] ,,xxvi4  ,,! ,,m9d',s           
,,security4   ,if any "o %\ld set y\r   
body at ! m]cy ( e pass]-by1 y w\ld be  
indignant4 ,:51 !re=e1 y set y\r own m9d

 at ! m]cy ( e *ance1 to be tr\bl$ &    
p]turb$ :5 any "o may revile y1 h y no  
%ame ( ?is8     ,,*apt] ,,xxvii4  ,,t ,a
 ,,man ,,%\ld ,,be ,,"o ,,man4   #a4 ,9 
e "w y w take 9 h& m>k well :at mu/ g   
be=e & :at mu/ foll[1 & s proce$4 ,=    
else y %all at fir/ set out eag]ly1 z n 
reg>d+ :at is to foll[2 b 9 ! end1 if   
any difficulties h aris51 y w leave x (f
 ) %ame4  #b4 ,s y wi% to conqu] 9 !    
,olympic games8 ,& ,i1 too1 by ! ,gods2 
& a f9e ?+ x w\ld be4 ,b m>k ! prefaces 
& ! consequ5ces1 & !n set to "w4 ,y mu/ 
g "u discipl9e1 eat by rule1 ab/a9 f    
da9ties1 ex]cise y\rself at ! appo9t$   
h\r1 9 heat or cold1 :e!r y w or no1    
dr9k no?+ cold1 nor w9e at w2 9 a ^w1 y 
mu/ give y\rself ov] to ! tra9] z to a  
physician4 ,!n 9 ! conte/ itself !re is 
! digg+ race1#a & y are l en\gh to      
dislocate y\r wri/1 or turn y\r ankle1  
to swall[ a great deal ( du/1 to be     
s\ndly drubb$1 & aft] all ^! ?+s to be  
defeat$4  #c4 ,if1 hav+ consid]$ ^! ?+s1
 y are /ill 9 ! m9d to ent] = ! conte/1 

!n d s4 ,b )\t consid]ation y w turn f  
"o ?+ to ano!r l a *ild1 :o n[ plays !  
wre/l]1 n[ ! gladiator1 n[ s\nds !      
trumpet1 !n declaims l an actor2 & s y1 
too1 w be fir/ an a?lete1 !n a          
gladiator1 !n an orator1 !n a           
philosoph]1 & no?+ ) y\r :ole s\l2 b z  
an ape y w mimic ev]y?+ y see1 & be *>m$
 ) "o ?+ aft] ano!r4 ,= y approa*$ no?+ 
) consid]ation nor regul>ity1 b ra%ly1 &
 ) a cold desire4  #d4 ,& ?us "s m51    
hav+ se5 a philosoph]1 & he>d disc\rse l
 t ( ,euphrates#b 7yet :o inde$ c say t 
any disc\rse is l 8871 desire t !y also 
may become philosoph]s4  #e4 ,b1 ,o man6
 consid] fir/ :at x is y are ab\t to d1 
& !n inquire ( y\r own nature :e!r y c  
c>ry x out4 ,w y be a p5ta?los1#c or a  
wre/l]8 ,!n1 scan y\r arms & ?ighs2 try 
y\r lo9s4 ,= diff]5t m5 are made =      
diff]5t ends4  #f4 ,?9k y1 y c be a     
sage1 & cont9ue to eat & dr9k & be      
wra?ful & take (f5se j z y 7 wont8 ,nay1
 b y mu/ wat* & labor1 & )draw y\rself f
 y\r h\sehold1 & be despis$ by any s]v+ 

boy1 & be ridicul$ by y\r neighbors1 &  
take ! l[] place ev]y:]e1 9 honors1 9   
au?ority1 9 c\rts ( ju/ice1 9 deal+s ( e
 k9d4#d  #g4 ,consid] ^! ?+s--:e!r y are
 will+ at su* a price to ga9 peace1     
fre$om1 & an untr\bl$ _s4 ,& if n1 !n   
attempt x n1 nor1 l a *ild1 play n[ !   
philosoph]1 !n ! tax-ga!r]1 !n ! orator1
 !n ! ,procurator ( ,cs>4 ,= ^! ?+s     
agree n among !mselves2 &1 good or bad1 
x behooves y to be "o man4 ,y %\ld be   
p]fect+ ei!r y\r own rul+ faculty1 or   
y\r outw>d well-be+2 sp5d+ y\r art ei!r 
on ! life )9 or ! life )\t2 t is to say1
 y mu/ hold y\r place ei!r among ! sages
 or ! vulg>4  ,,end ,,( ,,book ,,ii4    
,,book ,,iii4     ,,*apt] ,i4           
,,obligations4   #a4 ,obligations are   
univ]sally def9$ by ! bonds ( relation4 
,is su* a man y\r fa!r8 ,!n x is impli$ 
t y are to take c>e ( him1 to give place
 to him 9 all ?+s1 to be> 8 rebukes1 8  
*a/isem5t4 ,b if he be a bad fa!r8 ,7 y 
!n relat$ by any law ( ,nature to a good
 fa!r8 ,nay1 b simply to a fa!r4 ,y\r   

bro!r does y wrong4 ,!n gu>d y\r own    
place t[>ds him1 nor scrut9ize :at he is
 do+1 b :at y may d to keep y\r w 9     
accord ) ,nature4 ,= none o!r %all hurt 
y1 if y\rself *oose x n1 b y %all be    
hurt !n :5 y conceive y\rself to be s4  
#b4 ,?us %all y discov] y\r obligations 
f ! (fices ( a neighbor1 a citiz51 a    
g5]al1 if y w accu/om y\rself to wat* ! 
relation%ips4     ,,*apt] ,,ii4  ,,aga9/
 ,,epicurus4   #a4 ,ev5 ,epicurus is    
consci\s t we are by nature social1 b   
hav+ once plac$ ! ,good 9 ! husk1#a he  
_c !reaft] speak any?+ b :at agrees )   
?is2 = aga9 he affirms1 & rightly       
affirms1 t no?+ is to be admir$ or      
receiv$ t is sep>at$ f ! nature ( !     
,good4 ,h[1 !n1 ,epicurus1 d y suspect t
 we are social1 if ,nature _h giv5 u no 
affection = our (fspr+8#b ,:]e=e d y    
c\nsel ! sage aga9/ br++ up *ildr58 ,:y 
d y fe> le/ he fall into sorr[ by s do+8
 ,do? he fall into sorr[ = ! m\se t     
lives 9 8 h\se8 ,:at c>e? he if a little
 m\se compla9 to him at home4 ,b he kn[s

 well t if a little *ild be born1 x is  
no long] 9 our p[] n to love x & be     
anxi\s = x4  #b4 ,?us1 too1 he sai? t no
 man ( s5se w take "p 9 affairs ( !     
/ate1 = he kn[s :at he :o takes "p 9 !m 
mu/ d2 b :at %\ld h9d] "o to take "p1 if
 he may behave among m5 z 9 a sw>m (    
flies8 ,b ,epicurus1 kn[+ ^! ?+s1 d>es  
to say t we %\ld n re> up our *ildr54 ,b
 ev5 a %eep w n des]t its "y1 nor a     
wolf2 & %all a man8 ,:at6 w y h u to be 
silly creatures1 l ! %eep8 ,yet !y des]t
 n _! "y4 ,or savage1 l wolves8 ,yet ev5
 !y des]t !m n4 ,come1 !n1 :o w\ld obey 
y if he saw 8 little *ild fall on !     
gr\nd & cry8 ,= my "p1 ,i suppose t _h x
 be5 prophesi$ to y\r "m & y\r fa!r t y 
w\ld say ^! ?+s1 n ev5 s w\ld !y h ca/ y
 out4  #c4 ,b h[ c x be said ( ^! outw>d
 ?+s#c t !y are accord+ to ,nature1 or  
contr>y to ,nature8 ,t is to speak z if 
we 7 solit>y & disunit$ f o!rs4 ,= to ! 
foot ,i %all say x is accord+ to ,nature
 t x be clean2 b if y take x z a foot1 &
 n z a solit>y ?+1 x %all beseem x to g 

into ! mud1 & to tread on ?orns1 &      
p]*ance to be cut (f1 = ! sake ( ! :ole2
 o!rwise x is no long] a foot4  #d4 ,&  
"s su* ?+ we %\ld suppose ab\t ourselves
 also4 ,:at art ?\8 ,a man4 ,look at    
?yself z a solit>y creature1 & x is     
accord+ to ,nature to live to old age1  
to gr[ ri*1 to keep good heal?4 ,b if ?\
 look at ?yself z a man1 & z a "p ( a   
c]ta9 ,:ole1 = ! sake ( t ,:ole x may   
become !e n[ to h sickness1 n[ to sail !
 seas & run into p]il1 n[ to suff] ne$1 
& p]*ance to die be=e ?y "t4  #e4 ,:y1  
!n1 do/ ?\ be> x h>d8 ,kn[e/ ?\ n1 t z !
 foot alone is n a foot1 s ?\ alone art 
n a man8 ,= :at is a man8 ,a "p ( a     
polity1 fir/ ( t :i* is made up ( ,gods 
& m52 !n ( t :i* is said to be next to !
 o!r1 :i* is a small copy ( ! ,univ]sal 
,polity4  #f4 ,!n mu/ ,i n[ be br\ght to
 trial1 & n[ mu/ ano!r h a fev]1 & ano!r
 sail ! seas1 ano!r die1 ano!r be       
s5t5c$8 ,yea1 = ) su* a body1 9 ! b\nds 
( su* a univ]se1 9 su* a ?rong (        
inhabitants1 x _c be b t diff]5t ?+s (  

?is nature %\ld fall on diff]5t p]sons4 
,?is is ?y task1 !n1 hav+ come into !   
_w1 to speak :at ?\ %\ld/1 & to ord] ^! 
?+s z x is fitt+4  #g4 ,!n "s "o sai?1  
,i *>ge y ) wrong-do+4 ,mu* good may x d
 !e6 ,i h done my "p--look to x ?yself  
if ?\ h done ?9e1 = ( ?is too !re is "s 
dang]1 le/ x escape !e4     ,,*apt]     
,,iii4  ,,aga9/ ,,! ,,epicureans ,,&    
,,academics4   #a4 ,beliefs :i* are s\nd
 & manife/ly true are ( necessity us$   
ev5 by ^? :o d5y !m4 ,& p]haps a man    
might adduce ?is z ! greate/ possible   
pro( ( ! manife/ tru? ( any?+1 t ^? :o  
d5y x are compell$ to make use ( x4     
,?us1 if a man %\ld d5y t !re is any?+  
univ]sally true1 x is cle> t he is      
oblig$ to affirm ! contr>y1 !           
negation--t !re is no?+ univ]sally true4
 ,slave6 n ev5 ?is--= :at is ?is b to   
say t if !re is any?+ univ]sal x is     
falsehood8  #b4 ,aga91 if "o %\ld come &
 say1 ,"k t no?+ c be kn[n1 b all ?+s   
are incapable ( pro(2 or ano!r1 ,believe
 me1 & x %all pr(it !e1 t no man ought  

to believe any man2 or aga91 ano!r1     
,le>n f me1 ,o man1 t x is n possible to
 le>n any?+1 & ,i tell !e ?is1 & ,i w   
tea* !e1 if ?\ wilt--n[ :]e9 d su* m5   
diff] f ^?--:om %all ,i say8--^? :o call
 !mselves ,academics8 ,ass5t1 ,o m51 t  
no man c ass5t to aught2 believe u t no 
man c believe any "o4  #c4 ,?us         
,epicurus1 :5 he w\ld aboli% ! natural  
fell[%ip ( m5 ) "o ano!r1 employe? ! v  
?+ t is be+ aboli%$4 ,= :at sai? he8 ,be
 n deceiv$1 ,o m51 nor misguid$ nor     
mi/ak5--!re is no natural fell[%ip among
 reason+ be+s1 believe me2 & ^? :o speak
 o!rwise deceive u ) sophisms4 ,:at is t
 to !e8 let u be deceiv$6 ,w x be !     
worse = !e if all o!r m5 are p]suad$ t  
we h a natural fell[%ip ) "o ano!r1 & t 
we %\ld 9 all ways ma9ta9 x8 ,nay--b mu*
 ! bett] & saf]4 ,man1 :y do/ ?\ take   
?\ght = u1 & wat* at night = our sakes8 
,:y do/ ?\ k9dle ?y lamp & rise e>ly8 :y
 do/ ?\ write s _m books1 le/ any ( u   
%\ld be deceiv$ ab\t ! ,gods1 9 suppos+ 
t !y c>$ = m58 or le/ any "o %\ld take !

 ess5ce ( ! ,good to be any?+ else ?an  
,pleasure8 ,= if ^! ?+s are s1 !n lie   
d[n & sleep1 & live ! life ( a worm1    
:]e= ?\ ha/ judg$ ?yself fit2 eat & dr9k
 & cohabit & ease ?yself & snore4 ,:at  
is x to !e h[ o!r m5 ?9k conc]n+ ^!     
matt]s1 :e!r s\ndly or uns\ndly8 ,:at   
ha/ ?\ to d ) u8 ,) %eep ha/ ?\ "s      
conc]n1 = t !y s]ve u :5 !y are %orn1 & 
:5 !y are milk$1 & at la/ :5 !y h _!    
?roats cut4 ,7 x n1 !n1 to be desir$1 if
 m5 c\ld be lull$ & *>m$ to slumb] by ! 
,/oics1 & give !mselves to !e & ! l (   
!e1 to be %orn & milk$8 ,^! ?+s %\ld/ ?\
 say to ?y bro!r ,epicureans2 b %\ld/ ?\
 n keep !m hidd5 f o!r m51 & seek 9 e   
way to p]suade !m above all ?+s t we are
 by nature social1 & t temp]ance is     
good2 9 ord] t ev]y?+ may be kept = !e8 
,or %\ld we pres]ve ?is fell[%ip ) "s & 
n ) o!rs8 ,) :om1 !n1 %\ld we pres]ve x8
 ,) ^? :o also pres]ve x t[>ds u1 or )  
^? :o transgress x8 ,& :o transgress x m
 ?an ye1 :o set =? su* doctr9es8  #d4   
,:at1 !n1 0 x t r\s$ up ,epicurus f 8   

sleep1 & compell$ him to write ! ?+s he 
wrote8 ,:at else ?an ,nature1 ! mightie/
 ( all p[]s 9 humanity8 ,nature1 t drags
 ! man1 reluctant & groan+1 to h] w4 ,=1
 sai? %e1 s9ce x seems to !e t !re is no
 fell[%ip among m51 write ?is d[n1 &    
deliv] x to o!rs1 & wat* & wake = ?is1 &
 be ?yself by ?9e own de$ ! accus] ( ?9e
 own op9ions4 ,%all we1 !n1 say t       
,ore/es 0 driv5 by ! ,furies & ar\s$ f  
sleep1 & did n cruell] ,furies & ,av5g]s
 r\se ?is man z he slumb]$1 & suff]$ him
 n to re/1 b compell$ him1 z madness &  
w9e ! prie/s ( ,cybele1#a to proclaim 8 
own evils8 ,s mighty & inv9cible a ?+ is
 man's nature4  #e4 ,= h[ c a v9e be    
affect$1 & n 9 ! mann] ( a v9e1 b ( an  
olive8 ,or h[1 aga91 c an olive be      
affect$ n 9 ! mann] ( an olive b ( a    
v9e8 ,x is impossible1 x _c be conceiv$4
 ,nei!r1 !n1 is x possible = a man :olly
 to lose ! affections ( humanity1 = ev5 
eunu*s _c cut away = !mselves ! desires 
( m54 ,& ?us ,epicurus has cut away all 
t belongs to a man z fa!r ( a family1 & 

z citiz51 & z fri5d2 b ! desires (      
humanity he ha? n cut away1 = he c\ld n2
 no m ?an ^! pitiful ,academics are able
 to ca/ away or to bl9d _! own          
p]ceptions1 al?\gh ?is is ! ?+ t !y h   
/riv5 ) all _! zeal to d4  #f4 ,h[      
%ameful is ?is6 t a man hav+ receiv$ f  
,nature measures & canons = !           
recognition ( tru?1 %\ld /udy n to add  
to !m & p]fect !m :]e !y are want+1 b ! 
v contr>y ( ?is2 if !re be any?+ t may  
lead u to ! k ( ! tru?1 !y /rive to     
aboli% & de/roy x4  #g4 ,:at saye/ ?\1  
philosoph]8 religion & hol9ess1 :at do/ 
?\ take !m =8#b  ----,if ?\ wilt1 ,i    
%all prove t !y are good4  ,s be x2     
prove x !n1 9 ord] t our citiz5s may be 
conv]t$ & honor ! ,div9ity1 & be no     
long] neglectful ( ! greate/ ?+s4       
----,n[ ha/ ?\ receiv$ ! pro(s8  ,i h1 &
 am ?ankful !re=4  #h4----,n[ s9ce ?\   
art exce$+ly well pleas$ ) ^! ?+s1 he> !
 contr>y3 ,!re are no ,gods1 or if !re  
be1 !y h no c>e = m51 nor h we any      
communion ) !m2 & ?is religion &        

hol9ess1 :]e( ! multitude babble1 is !  
ly+ ( impo/ors & sophi/s1 or (          
legislators1 by ,zeus6 = ! fright+ &    
re/ra9+ ( evil-do]s4  ,well said1       
philosoph]6 ! citiz5s %all h mu* pr(it (
 !e6 ?\ ha/ already br\ght back all our 
y\?s to ! contempt ( sacr$ ?+s4         
----,:at n[8 are ^! doctr9es n pleas+ to
 !e8 ,le>n1 !n1 t ,righte\sness is no?+1
 t ,rev]5ce is folly1 t a fa!r is no?+1 
a son no?+4  ,well said1 philosoph]6    
proce$1 p]suade ! "y1 t we may multiply 
! numb] ( ^? :o believe & speak ) !e4 ,f
 ^! tea*+s h gr[n our well-gov]n$       
,/ates1 f ^! did ,sp>ta spr+1 & ^!      
beliefs1 by 8 laws & discipl9e1 did     
,lycurgus plant among 8 p3--,t slav]y is
 no m base ?an honorable1 nor to be free
 m5 m honorable ?an base4 ,?r\gh ^!     
op9ions di$ ^? :o fell at ,!rmopyl1 &   
?r\gh :at o!rs did ! ,a!nians =sake _!  
city8#h  #i4 ,!n ^? :o speak su* ?+s    
m>ry1 & beget *ildr51 & take "p 9 public
 affairs1 & make !mselves prie/s &      
augurs--( :at8 ,( be+s t d n exi/6 & !y 

"q ! ,py?ian oracle t !y may le>n       
falsehoods2 & !y decl>e ! oracles to    
o!rs4 ,o mon/r\s impud5ce & impo/ure6   
,,*apt] ,,iv  ,,on ,,slav]y4   #a4 ,a   
c]ta9 man hav+ inquir$ h[ "o may make 8 
meals 9 a mann] pleas+ to ! ,gods1 ,if  
he d x uprightly1 said ,epictetus1 &    
consid]ately1 & equably1 & temp]ately1 &
 ord]ly1 %all x n also be ?us pleas+ to 
! ,gods8 ,b :5 y ask = hot wat]1 & ! boy
 does n he>1 or1 he>+1 br+s x only      
luke-w>m2 or if he is n ev5 to be f\nd 9
 ! h\se1 !n is x n pleas+ to ! ,gods if 
y refra9 f indignation1 & d n bur/ )    
passion8 ,h[ %all "o endure su* fell[s8 
,wret*1 wilt ?\ n be> ) ?9e own bro!r1  
:o is ( ! prog5y ( ,zeus1 l a son sprung
 ( ! same se$ z ?yself1 & ( ! same      
heav5ly desc5t1 b ?\ mu/ /raightway make
 ?yself a tyrant1 = ! place ( comm& 9   
:i* ?\ art set8 ,wilt ?\ n rememb] :o ?\
 art1 & :om ?\ rule/--t !y are k9sm51   
bre?r5 by nature1 ! prog5y ( ,zeus8 ,b  
,i h b\ght !m1 & !y h n b\ght me6 ,see/ 
?\1 !n1 :i!r ?\ art look+--t[>ds ! e>?1 

t[>ds ! pit ( p]dition1 t[>ds ^!        
mis]able laws ( dead m58 b t[>ds ! laws 
( ! ,gods ?\ do/ n look4  #b4 ,t :i* ?\ 
w\ld/ n suff] ?yself1 seek n to lay ^u  
o!rs4 ,?\ w\ld/ n be a slave--look to x 
t o!rs be n slaves to !e4 ,= if ?\      
endure to h slaves1 x seems t ?\ ?yself 
art fir/ ( all a slave4 ,= virtue ha? no
 communion ) vice nor fre$om ) slav]y4  
#c4 ,z "o :o is 9 heal? w\ld n *oose to 
be s]v$ by ! sick1 nor t ^? dwell+ ) him
 %\ld be sick1 s nei!r w\ld "o t is free
 be> to be s]v$ by slaves1 or t ^? liv+ 
) him %\ld be slaves4#a     ,,*apt] ,v4 
,,to ,,! ,,adm9i/rator ,,( ,,! ,,free   
,,cities1 ,,:o ,,0 ,,an ,,epicurean4    
#a4 ,! ,adm9i/rator#a hav+ visit$ him 7&
 ?is man 0 an ,epicurean71 ,x is prop]1 
said ,epictetus1 t ignorant p l u %\ld  
inquire ( y t are philosoph]s 7z m5 :o  
come into a /range city make inquiry ( !
 citiz5s & ^? famili> ) ! place7 :at is 
! *ief ?+ 9 ! _w1 to ! end t1 hav+ le>n$
 x1 we may g 9 se>* ( x1 & behold x1 z  
m5 d ) objects 9 ! cities4  #b4 ,n[1 t  

!re are ?ree ?+s ) :i* man is           
conc]n$--s\l1 & body1 & ! out] _w--sc>ce
 any "o w d5y4 ,x rema9e?1 !n1 = m5 l ye
 to answ] :i* is ! *ief ( ^! ?+s8 ,:at  
%all we decl>e to m58 ,is x ! fle%8 ,& 0
 x = ?is t ,maximus s5t =? 8 son1 &     
sail$ ) him ?r\gh ! tempe/ z f> z       
,cassiope1#b = some:at t he %\ld feel 9 
! fle%8  #c4 ,b ! ,epicurean d5y+ ?is1 &
 say+1 ,god =bid1 ,epictetus said3  ,is 
x n fit1 !n1 t we %\ld be zeal\s ab\t t1
 ! *ief ?+8  ----,( all ?+s mo/ fit4    
,:at1 !n1 h we great] ?an ! fle%8       
----,! s\l1 he said4  ,& ! good ( ! *ief
 ?+1 is x great] ?an ! good ( ! l[] ?+8 
----,! good ( ! *ief ?+ is great]4  ,& !
 good ?+s ( ! s\l1 are !y 9 ! p[] ( !   
,w1 or beyond ! ,w8  ----,!y are 9 ! p[]
 ( ! ,w4  ,! pleasure ( ! s\l1 !n1 is )9
 ! p[] ( ! ,w8  ,he ass5t$4  ,& ?is     
pleasure itself1 :5ce may x arise8 ,f   
itself8 ,b ?is is inconceivable2 = we   
mu/ suppose "s orig9al sub/ance ( !     
,good1 :]e( ! s\l do? make u s5sible :5 
we light ^u x4  ,?is1 too1 he admitt$4  

,:]e91 !n1 are we s5sible ( ?is         
spiritual pleasure8 = if x be 9         
spiritual ?+s1 ! nature ( ! ,good is    
discov]$4 ,= ! ,good _c be some?+       
diff]5t f ! ?+ t ju/ly delights u2 nor1 
if ! orig9al ?+ be n good1 c aught be   
good t proce$s f x2 =1 9 ord] t ! ?+    
proce$+ may be good1 ! orig9al ?+ mu/ be
 good also4 ,b ?is ye w\ld nev] say1 if 
ye _h y\r wits1 = s ye w\ld speak ?+s t 
agree n ) ,epicurus & ! re/ ( y\r       
op9ions4 ,x rema9s1 !n1 t we are        
consci\s 9 bodily ?+s ( ?is pleasure ( !
 s\l1 & aga91 t ^! are ! orig9al ?+s & !
 v sub/ance ( ! ,good4#c  #d4 ,:]e=e    
,maximus did fooli%ly if he made 8      
voyage = ! sake ( any?+ else ?an ! fle%2
 t is1 ?an ! *ief ?+4 ,& any man do?    
fooli%ly :o re/ra9e? himself f o!rs'    
good1 if he be a judge1 & able to take  
!m4 ,b1 if y please1 let u reg>d ?is    
only1 h[ x may be done secretly &       
safely1 & s t none may "k x4 ,= nei!r   
does ,epicurus himself decl>e /eal+ to  
be bad1 b only to be caught /eal+2 &    

because x is impossible to be c]ta9 ( no
 discov]y1 !re=e he sai?1 ,ye %all n    
/eal4 ,b ,i say t if we /eal ) skill &  
discretion1 we %all n be caught4 ,&1    
moreov]1 if we h p[]ful fri5ds among m5 
& wom5 at ,rome1 & ! ,greeks are feeble1
 no "o w d>e to g ?i!r on ?is score4 ,:y
 d y refra9 f y\r own good8 ,?is is     
fooli%--?is is absurd4 ,b n ev5 if y    
tell me y d refra9 w ,i believe y4 ,=1 z
 x is impossible to ass5t to any?+ t    
appe>e? to be a falsehood or to turn    
away f :at appe>e? to be true1 ev5 s x  
is impossible to )hold oneself f any?+ t
 appe>e? to be good4 ,b ri*es are a     
good1 &1 at all ev5ts1 ! mo/ pot5t means
 ( pleasure4 ,:]e=e1 !n1 n compass !m8  
,& :y n corrupt our neighbor's wife1 if 
we may d x secretly8 & also1 if ! husb& 
talk nons5se ab\t x1 let u fl+ him out6 
,if y w be a true & p]fect philosoph]1 &
 ob$i5t to y\r own doctr9es1 ?us mu/ y  
d2 b if y d n1 y diff] no :it f u t are 
call$ ,/oics4 ,= truly we ourselves say 
"o ?+ & d ano!r2 we speak fair & hone/  

?+s1 & d vile ones4 ,b ! opposite       
di/emp] w be ?9e--a vile cre$ &         
honorable de$s4  #e4 ,& y ?9k1 ,god help
 y6 ( a city ( ,epicureans8 ,i d n m>ry4
 ,nor ,i2 = x is n "r to m>ry1 nor beget
 *ildr51 nor take "p 9 public affairs4  
,:at w come to pass !n8 ,:5ce %all we h 
citiz5s8 :o %all educate !m8 :o %all be 
! ov]se] ( y\?8#d :o ! director (       
gymna/ics8 & h[ %all ! y\? be tra9$ up8 
z ! ,lac$monians8 or z ! ,a!nians8 ,take
 me a y\?1 & br+ him up aft] ^! doctr9es
 ( ?9e6 ,evil are !y1 subv]sive (       
,/ates1 mis*iev\s to h\seholds1 unbecom+
 to wom54 ,ab&on !m1 man6 ,?\ dwelle/ 9 
a *ief city2 x is ?y "p to rule1 to     
judge righte\sly1 to refra9 f o!r m5's  
goods2 nor mu/ any woman seem beautiful 
to !e save ?9e own wife1 nor vessel (   
gold or silv]4 ,seek = doctr9es 9 h>mony
 ) ^! words1 f :i* sett+ out ?\ maye/ ) 
gladness ab&on ?+s s pot5t to attract & 
ov]come4 ,b if beside ! s$uction ( ^!   
?+s we h s\ght out "s philosophy l ?is t
 pu%es u t[>ds !m1 & confirms u 9 !m1   

:at %all come ( x8  #f4 ,9 ! grav]'s "w1
 :i* is ! *ief ?+8 ! silv] or ! art8 ,! 
sub/ance ( ! h& is fle%1 b ! ma9 ?+s are
 ! works ( ! h&4 ,! obligations1 !re=e1 
are also ?ree--^? t conc]n u1 fir/ly1 9 
t we are2 & secondly1 z we are2 &       
?irdly1 ! ma9 ?+s !mselves4 ,& ?us 9    
man1 too1 x is n meet to value !        
mat]ial1 ?is fle%1 b ! ma9 ?+s4 ,:at are
 ^!8 ,to take "p 9 public affairs1 to   
m>ry1 to beget *ildr51 to fe> ,god1 to  
c>e = p>5ts1 &1 9 g5]al1 to pursue1 to  
avoid1 to desire1 to dislike1 z ea* ( ^!
 ?+s %\ld be done1 z ,nature made u to  
d4 ,& h[ made %e u8 ,to be free1 g5]\s1 
pi\s4 ,= :at o!r creature blu%es8 :at   
o!r is capable ( ! s5se ( %ame8  #g4 ,& 
to ^! ?+s let ,pleasure be subject z a  
m9i/]1 a s]vant1 t %e may summon =? our 
ardor1 & t %e also may aid 9 works t are
 accord+ to ,nature4#e  #h4 ----,b ,i am
 a weal?y man1 & h no ne$ ( aught4  ,:y1
 !n1 do/ ?\ pr(ess philosophy8 ,?y      
vessels ( gold & vessels ( silv] are    
en\gh = !e2 :at ne$ ha/ ?\ ( doctr9es8  

----,b ,i am also a judge ( ! ,greeks6  
,do/ ?\ "k h[ to judge--:o made !e "k8  
----,cs> wrote me a commission4  ,let   
him write !e a commission to be a judge 
( music1 & :at help w x be to !e8 ,& h[ 
did/ ?\ become a judge8 by kiss+ ( :at  
man's h&8 ,0 x t ( ,symphorus or        
,num5ius8 ,be=e ^: b$-*amb] did/ ?\     
sleep8 ,to :om did/ ?\ s5d gifts8 ,do/  
?\ n p]ceive1 !n1 t to be a judge is    
wor? j z mu* z ,num5ius is wor?8  ----,b
 ,i c ca/ into prison :om ,i w4  ,z if  
he 7 a /one4  ----,b ,i c flog any man  
,i w4  ,z if he 7 an ass4 ,?is is no    
gov]nm5t ( m54 ,rule u z reason+ be+s2  
%[ u :at is = our good1 & we %all foll[ 
x2 %[ u :at is = our ill1 & we %all turn
 away f x2 make u emulators ( ?yself1 z 
,socrates made 8 disciples4 ,he1 inde$1 
0 "o t gov]n$ m5 z m51 :o made !m       
subject unto him 9 _! pursuit & _!      
avoidance1 _! desire & dislike4 ,d ?is1 
d n ?is1 or ,i w ca/ !e into prison4    
,?is is n ! rule ( reason+ be+s4 ,b1 ,z 
,zeus ha? ord]$1 s d ?\ act2 b if ?\ do/

 n1 ?\ %all suff] loss & hurt4 ,:at     
hurt8 ,none o!r ?an ?is--n to h done :at
 x behoov$ !e to d4 ,?\ %all lose fai?1 
piety1 dec5cy--look = no great] injuries
 ?an ^!4     ,,*apt] ,,vi4  ,,on        
,,/atecraft4   #a4 ,n ) ! /ones (       
,euboea & ,sp>ta let ! /ructure ( y\r   
city walls be v>iegat$2 b let !         
discipl9e & tea*+ t comes f ,greece     
p5etrate ) ord] ! m9ds ( citiz5s &      
/atesm54 ,= ) ! ?\ghts ( m5 are cities  
well e/abli%$1 & n ) wood & /one4  #b4  
,if ?\ w\ld/ h a h\sehold well e/abli%$1
 !n foll[ ! example ( ! ,sp>tan         
,lycurgus4 ,= ev5 z he did n f5ce ! city
 ) walls1 b =tifi$ ! inhabitants )      
virtue1 & s pres]v$ ! city free = ev]1  
?us d ?\ n surr\nd ?yself ) a great c\rt
 & set up l(ty t[]s1 b confirm ! dwell]s
 9 ! h\se ) good-w1 & fai?1 &           
fri5dl9ess1 & no h>mful ?+ %all ent]2   
no1 n if ! :ole army ( evil 7 array$    
aga9/ x4  #c4 ,:i* ( u w n admire       
,lycurgus1 ! ,lac$monian8 ,= hav+ lo/ an
 eye at ! h&s ( "o ( ! citiz5s1 & hav+  

receiv$ ! "y man f ! p t he %\ld puni%  
him z he w\ld1 he refra9$ f ?is2 b hav+ 
taught him & prov$ him to be a good man1
 he br\ght him into ! !at]4 ,& :5 !     
,lac$monians m>vel$1 ,i receiv$ ?is man 
f y1 he said1 insol5t & viol5t2 ,i give 
him back to y mild & civil4     ,,*apt] 
,,vii4  ,,on ,,fri5d%ip4   #a4          
,:]e9soev] a man is zeal\s1 ?is1 x is   
fair to suppose1 he love?4 ,are m51 !n1 
zeal\s = evil ?+s8 ,nev]4#a ,or1        
p]*ance1 = ?+s :i* d n conc]n !m8 ,nor =
 !m ei!r4 ,x rema9e?1 !n1 t !y are      
zeal\s ab\t good ?+s only2 & t if !y are
 zeal\s ab\t !m1 !y also love !m4       
,:osoev]1 !n1 ha? und]/&+ ( good ?+s1 ! 
same w\ld "k h[ to love4 ,b he :o is n  
able to di/+ui% good ?+s f evil1 & ?+s t
 are nei!r f bo?1 h[ c\ld ?is man yet be
 capable ( lov+8 ,to love1 !n1 is a     
quality ( ! wise alone4  #b4 ,& h[ is   
?is1 sai? "o1 = ,i am fooli%1 & none !  
less d ,i love my *ild4 ,by ! ,gods6 ,i 
wond]1 !n1 h[ y h begun by confess+     
y\rself to be fooli%4 ,= :]e9 d y lack8 

,d y n use y\r s5ses8 d y n judge (     
appe>ances8 d y n br+ to ! body !       
n\ri%m5t x ne$e?1 & ! cov]+ &           
habitation8 ,:]e=e1 !n1 confess y\rself 
to be a fool8 ,because1 =soo?1 y are (t5
 p]plex$ by appe>ances1 & tr\bl$1 & y   
are vanqui%$ by _! plausibility2 & y    
take ! same ?+s to be n[ good1 & n[     
evil1 & !n indiff]5t2 &1 9 a ^w1 y      
grieve & fe> & envy1 & are tr\bl$1 &    
*ang$--= ^! ?+s y confess y\rself a     
fool4  #c4 ,b d y nev] *ange 9 love8 ,b 
is x weal?1 & pleasure1 &1 9 %ort1 ?+s1 
alone t y sometimes take to be good &   
sometimes evil8 & d y n take ! same m5  
to be n[ good1 n[ evil8 & sometimes y   
are fri5dly dispos$ t[>ds !m1 &         
sometimes ho/ile8 & sometimes y praise  
!m1 & sometimes y blame8  ----,yea1 ev5 
s ,i d4  ,:at !n8 a man :o ha? be5      
deceiv$ ab\t ano!r1 is he1 ?9k y1 8     
fri5d8  ----,assur$ly n4  ,& "o :o ha?  
tak5 a fri5d out ( a humor = *ange1 ha? 
he good-w t[>ds him8  ----,nor he ei!r4 
,& he :o n[ reviles ano!r1 & aft]w>ds   

rev]es him8  ----,nor he4  ,:at !n8     
,sawe/ ?\ nev] ! :elps ( a dog1 h[ !y   
fawn & sport ) ea* o!r1 t y w\ld say    
no?+ c be m lov+8 ,b to "k :at fri5d%ip 
is1 fl+ a piece ( fle% among !m1 & ?\   
%alt le>n4 ,& ca/ betwe5 !e & ?y *ild a 
scrap ( l&1 & ?\ %alt le>n h[ ! *ild w  
quickly wi% to bury !e1 & ?\ wilt pray t
 he may die4 ,& !n ?\ wilt say1 ,:at a  
*ild h ,i n\ri%$6 ?is long "t he is     
bury+ me6 ,?r[ a h&some girl betwe5 y1 &
 ! old man w love h]1 & ! "y too2#b & if
 x be glory1 or "s risk to run1 x w be  
on ! same fa%ion4 ,y w speak ! words ( !
 fa!r ( ,admetus#c3--    ,day gladd5s   
!e2 ?9k'/ ?\ x glads n me8   ,?\ love/  
light2 ?9k'/ ?\ ,i love ! d>k8  ,?9k y  
?is man did n love 8 own *ild :5 x 0    
little8 nor 0 9 agony if x _h a fev]8   
nor said _m a "t1 ,w\ld t ,i _h ! fev] r
 ?an he6 ,!n :5 ! trial come? & is ne>  
at h&1 lo1 :at words !y utt]6 ,&        
,eteocles & ,polyneices1#d 7 !y n *ildr5
 ( ! same "m & ! same fa!r8 7 !y n      
br\ght up toge!r1 did !y n live toge!r1 

dr9k toge!r1 sleep toge!r1 & (t5 kiss "o
 ano!r8 ,s t any "o :o saw !m1 ,i ?9k1  
w\ld h laugh$ at ! philosoph]s1 = ! ?+s 
!y say p]v]sely ab\t fri5d%ip4 ,b :5    
royalty1 l a piece ( fle%1 ha? fall5    
betwe5 !m1 he> :at ?+s !y speak3--      
,pol4 ,:]e wilt ?\ /& be=e ! t[]s8      
,et4 ,:]e=e seeke/ ?\ to "k8    ,pol4   
,!re ,i too w\ld /& & slay !e4    ,et4  
,?\ ha/ spok5 my desire4  #d4 ,=        
univ]sally1 be n deceiv$1 no?+ is s de> 
to any creature z its own pr(it4        
,:atsoev] may seem to h9d] ?is1 be x    
fa!r or *ild or fri5d or lov]1 ?is he w 
hate & abuse & curse4 ,= ,nature ha?    
nev] s made any?+ z to love aught b its 
own pr(it3 ?is is fa!r & bro!r & k9 &   
c\ntry & ,god4 ,:51 !n1 ! ,gods appe> to
 h9d] u 9 ?is1 we revile ev5 !m1 &      
ov]?r[ _! images & burn _! temples2 z   
,alex&]1 :5 8 fri5d di$1 comm&$ to burn 
! temples ( ,esculapius4  #e4 ,!re=e1 if
 a man place 9 ! same ?+ bo? pr(it &    
hol9ess1 & ! beautiful & fa!rl&1 & p>5ts
 & fri5ds1 all ^! ?+s %all be sav$2 b if

 he place pr(it 9 "o ?+1 & fri5ds &     
fa!rl& & k9sfolk1 yea1 & righte\sness   
itself "s o!r :]e1 all ^! ?+s %all p]i%1
 = pr(it %all outweigh !m4 ,= :]e ! ,i &
 ! ,m9e are1 ?i!r1 ( necessity1 incl9e? 
e liv+ ?+3 if 9 ! fle%1 !n ! supremacy  
is !re2 if 9 ! ,w1 x is !re2 if 9 outw>d
 ?+s1 x is !re4 ,if1 !n1 m9e ,i is :]e  
my ,w is1 ?us only %all ,i be ! fri5d ,i
 %\ld be1 or ! son or ! fa!r4 ,= my     
pr(it !n w be to *]i% fai? & piety &    
=be>ance & cont95ce & helpfulness2 & to 
gu>d ! bonds ( relation4 ,b if ,i set   
,myself 9 "o place & ,virtue "s o!r:]e1 
!n ! ^w ( ,epicurus waxe? /rong1 :i*    
decl>e? t !re is no ,virtue1 or1 at     
lea/1 t ,virtue is b conceit4  #f4      
,?r\gh ?is ignorance did ,a!nians &     
,lac$monians qu>rel ) ea* o!r1 & ,!bans 
) bo? ( !m1 & ! ,great ,k+ ) ,hellas1 & 
,mac$onians ) bo? ( !m1 & ev5 n[ ,romans
 ) ,get2 & ?r\gh ?is yet e>li] ! w>s (  
,ilion arose4 ,p>is 0 ! gue/ ( ,m5elaus2
 & if any "o _h se5 h[ fri5dly-m9d$     
t[>ds ea* o!r !y 71 he w\ld h disbeliev$

 any "o :o said !y 7 n fri5ds4 ,b a     
morsel 0 flung betwe5 !m--a fair woman1 
& ab\t h] !re 0 w>4 ,& n[ :5 y see      
fri5ds or bro!rs t seem to be ( "o m9d1 
argue no?+ f ?is conc]n+ _! fri5d%ip2   
nay1 n if !y swe> x1 n if !y decl>e t !y
 _c be p>t$ f ea* o!r4 ,= 9 ! rul+      
faculty ( a wor?less man !re is no fai?2
 x is un/able1 unacc\ntable1 victim ( "o
 appe>ance aft] ano!r4 ,b try !m1 n1 z  
o!rs d1 if !y 7 born ( ! same p>5ts &   
nurtur$ toge!r1 & "u ! same tutor2 b by 
?is alone1 :]e9 !y place _! pr(it1 :e!r 
9 outw>d ?+s or 9 ! w4 ,if 9 outw>d ?+s1
 call !m no m fri5ds ?an fai?ful or     
/eadfa/ or bold or free2 yea1 nor ev5   
m51 if y _h s5se4 ,= t op9ion ha? no?+ (
 humanity t makes m5 bite ea* o!r1 &    
revile ea* o!r1 & haunt ! wild]nesses1  
or ! public places1 l ! m\nta9s1#e & 9 !
 c\rts ( ju/ice to %[ =? ! "* ( ?ieves2 
nor t :i* makes m5 drunk>ds & adult]]s &
 corruptors1 nor :atev] o!r ills m5 "w  
aga9/ ea* o!r ?r\gh ?is "o & only       
op9ion1 t ,!y & ,!irs lie 9 matt]s      

beyond ! ,w4 ,b if y he>1 9 soo?1 t ^!  
m5 hold ! ,good to be !re only :]e ! ,w 
is1 :]e ! "r use ( appe>ances is1 !n be 
n busy to inquire if !y are fa!r & son1 
or bro!rs1 or h long "t compani$ ) ea*  
o!r z comrades2 b1 kn[+ ?is "o ?+ alone1
 argue confid5tly t !y are fri5ds1 ev5 z
 !y are fai?ful & upright4 ,= :]e else  
is fri5d%ip ?an :]e fai? is1 :]e piety  
is1 :]e !re is an int]*ange ( virtue1 & 
none ( o!r ?+s ?an t8  #g4 ,b su* a "o  
ha? %[n k9dness to me s long1 & is he n 
my fri5d8 ,slave1 :5ce kn[e/ ?\ if he   
did n %[ !e k9dness z he wipes 8 %oes or
 t5ds 8 bea/8 ,:5ce kn[e/ ?\ if1 :5 ?y  
use is at an end z a vessel1 he w n ca/ 
!e away l a brok5 plate8 ,b %e is my    
wife1 & we h liv$ toge!r s long8 ,& h[  
long liv$ ,eriphyle ) ,amphi>aus1 & 0 ! 
"m1 yea1 ( _m *ildr58 ,b a necklace came
 betwe5 !m4#f ,b :at is a necklace8 ,x  
is ! op9ion m5 h conc]n+ su* ?+s4 ,t 0 !
 wild bea/ nature1 t 0 ! sund]+ ( love1 
t :i* w\ld n all[ ! woman to be a wife1 
or ! "m a "m4 ,& ( y1 :osoev] ha? long$ 

ei!r to be a fri5d himself or to w9 "s  
o!r = a fri5d1 let him cut out ^!       
op9ions1 let him hate !m & drive !m f 8 
s\l4  #h4 ,& ?us he w n revile himself1 
nor be at /rife ) himself1 nor be       
v>iable1 nor torm5t himself4 ,& to      
ano!r1 if x be "o l himself1 he w be    
altoge!r z to himself1 b ) "o unlike he 
w be =be>+ & g5tle & mild1 ready to     
=give him z an ignorant man1 z "o :o is 
a/ray ab\t ! greate/ ?+s2 b h>% to no   
man1 be+ well assur$ ( t dogma ( ,plato1
 t no s\l is will+ly depriv$ ( ! tru?4  
#i4 ,b o!rwise y may d all ?+s :atsoev]1
 ev5 z fri5ds are wont to d1 & dr9k     
toge!r1 & dwell toge!r1 & voyage toge!r1
 & be born f ! same p>5ts1 = s are      
snakes2 b fri5ds !y are n1 nor are ye1 s
 long z ye hold ^! accurs$ doctr9es (   
wild bea/s4     ,,*apt] ,,viii4  ,,"t   
,,& ,,*ange4   #a4 ,let n ano!r's vice  
be ?y evil4 ,= ?\ wa/ n born to be      
abject ) o!rs1 or un=tunate ) o!rs1 b to
 prosp] ) !m4 ,b if any "o is un=tunate1
 rememb] t x is ( 8 own do+4 ,= ,god ha?

 made all m5 to be happy1 & ( good      
e/ate4 ,= ?is end ha? ,he grant$ means &
 occasions1 giv+ "s ?+s to ea* man z 8  
own conc]n1 & "s ?+s z ali52 & ! ?+s t  
are h9d]$ & subject to compulsion & lo/ 
are n 8 own conc]n1 & ^? t are unh9d]$  
are2 & ! sub/ance ( ,good & ( ,evil1 z x
 7 wor?y ( ,him t c>e? = u & do? protect
 u z a fa!r1 ,he ha? plac$ among our own
 conc]ns4  #b4----;,b ,i h p>t$ f su* a 
"o1 & he is griev$4  ,= :y did he deem  
?+s ali5 to be 8 own conc]n8 ,:y1 :5 he 
rejoic$ to see !e1 did he n reason t ?\ 
w]t mortal1 & apt to travel to ano!r l&8
 ,!re=e do? he pay ! p5alty ( 8 own     
folly4 ,b ?\1 = :at cause or reason do/ 
?\ bewail ?yself8 ,ha/ ?\ also giv5 no  
?\ght to ^! ?+s2 b l silly wom5 consort$
 ) all t pleas$ !e z ?\gh ?\ %\ld/      
consort ) !m =ev]1 places & p]sons &    
pa/imes8 & n[ ?\ sitte/ weep+1 because  
?\ can/ see ! same p]sons & frequ5t !   
same places no long]4 ,?is1 truly1 is   
:at ?\ art fit =1 to be m wret*$ ?an    
cr[s & rav5s t c fly :i!rsoev] !y       

please1 & *ange _! ne/s1 & pass across !
 seas1 nor ev] lam5t nor ye>n = :at !y h
 left4  ----,yea1 b !y are ?us because  
!y are creatures )\t reason4  ,to u1 !n1
 0 ,reason giv5 by ! ,gods = our        
mis=tune & mis]y8 t we %\ld be wret*$ & 
sorr[ful =ev]8 ,let all m5 be immortal1 
=soo?1 & no man migrate to ano!r l&1 nor
 let u ourselves ev] migrate1 b rema9   
root$ to "o spot l plants2 & if "o ( our
 companions g1 let u sit d[n & weep1 &  
if he return1 dance & clap h&s l *ildr56
  #c4 ,%all we n n[ at la/ wean         
ourselves1 & rememb] :at we he>d f !    
philosoph]s8 if1 inde$1 we did n li/5 to
 !m z a wiz>d's incantation4 ,= !y said 
t ! univ]se is "o ,polity1 & "o is !    
sub/ance out ( :i* x is made1 & !re mu/1
 ( necessity1 be a c]ta9 cycle1 & "s ?+s
 mu/ give place to o!rs1 "s dissolv+    
away1 & o!rs com+ into be+1 "s abid+ 9  
"o place1 & o!rs be+ 9 motion4 ,b all   
?+s are full ( love1 fir/ ( ! ,gods1 !n 
( m51 t are by nature made to h         
affection t[>ds ea* o!r2 & x mu/ ne$s be

 t "s dwell ) ea* o!r1 & "s are sep>at$1
 rejoic+ 9 ^? :o are ) !m1 & n di/ress$ 
= ^? :o g away4 ,& man1 !y said1 is     
magnanim\s by nature1 & contemne? all   
?+s beyond ! ,w2 & ha? also ?is quality1
 n to be root$ to "o spot1 nor gr[n into
 ! e>?1 b able to g f place to place1   
sometimes urg$ by div]s ne$s1 sometimes 
= ! sake ( :at he %all see4  #d4 ,& su* 
0 ! case ) ,ulysses3--     ,! cities (  
_m peoples & m9ds ( m5 he    knew4--,od4
 i4 #c4  ,& yet e>li] ) ,h]cules1 :o w5t
 ab\t ! :ole e>?--     ,all disord]s (  
m5 & ord]ly rule to see1                
--,od4 xvii4 #dhg1  ca/+ out & purg+ !  
"o1 & br++ 9 ! o!r 9 its place4 ,& h[ _m
 fri5ds1 ?9k y1 _h he 9 ,!bes8 h[ _m 9  
,argos8 h[ _m 9 ,a!ns8 & h[ _m did he   
ga9 9 8 j\rney+s8 ,& he took a wife1    
too1 :5 x seem$ to him due "t1 & begat  
*ildr51 & left !m beh9d him1 n )        
lam5tations or regrets1 nor leav+ !m z  
orphans2 = he knew t no man is an       
orphan1 b t !re is an ,et]nal ,fa!r :o  
c>e? cont9ually = all4 ,= n ( report    

alone _h he he>d t ,zeus is ! ,fa!r (   
m51 :om also he ?\ght to be 8 own fa!r1 
& call$ ,him s1 & all t he did1 he did  
look+ unto ,him4 ,& ?us x 0 t he 0 able 
to live happily 9 e place4  #e4 ,= nev] 
c happ9ess & ! long+ = :at is n exi/    
toge!r4 ,= ,happ9ess mu/ h all its w4 ,x
 is l unto "o t ha? eat5 & is fill$2    
?ir/ w n sort ) x1 nor hung]4 ,b        
,ulysses long$ = 8 wife1 & lam5t$ z he  
sat on ! rock4#a ,& d y1 !n1 foll[ ,hom]
 & 8 /ories 9 ev]y?+8 ,or if he did 9   
tru? lam5t1 :at else 0 he ?an an        
un=tunate man8 ,& :at good man is       
un=tunate8 ,v]ily1 ! ,:ole is ill-gov]n$
 if ,zeus take? no c>e ( 8 own citiz5s1 
t !y l himself may be happy2 b ^! ?+s x 
is n lawful nor pi\s ev5 to ?9k (4 ,b   
,ulysses1 if inde$ he lam5t$ & compla9$1
 0 n a good man4 ,= :at good man is !re 
t kn[e? n :o he is8 & :o kn[e? ?is :o   
=gets t ?+s :i* come into exi/5ce also  
p]i%1 & t no two human be+s dwell toge!r
 =ev]8 ,to aim1 !n1 at ?+s :i* are      
impossible is a contemptible & fooli%   

?+2 x is ! "p ( a /rang] & ali5 9 ,god's
 _w :o fights aga9/ ,god 9 ! "o way he  
c--by 8 own op9ions4  #f4 ,b my "m      
lam5ts if %e sees me n4 ,& :]e=e ha? %e 
nev] le>n$ ^! tea*+s8 ,yet1 ,i say n t x
 is no conc]n ( ours to prev5t h]       
griev+2 b t we %\ld n absolutely1 & )\t 
exception1 desire :at is n our own4 ,& !
 grief ( ano!r is ano!r's1 & my grief is
 m9e own4 ,i w1 !re=e1 absolutely end   
m9e own grief1 = ?is ,i c2 & t ( ano!r  
accord+ to my means1 b ?is ,i w n       
attempt absolutely4 ,= o!rwise ,i %all  
be fight+ ) ,god4 ,i %all be oppos+ &   
resi/+ ,him 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,:ole2 & ( 
?is /rife aga9/ ,god1 ?is ob/9acy1 n    
only my *ildr5's *ildr51 b ,i myself1   
too1 %all pay ! p5alty by day & night2 =
 ,i %all leap f my b$ at visions ( !    
night1 conf\nd$1 trembl+ at e news1 hav+
 my peace at ! m]cy ( lett]s ( o!r      
p]sons4 ,a mess5g] ha? come f ,rome2    
,god grant x be no evil4 ,b :at evil c  
come ^u !e !re1 :]e ?\ art n8 ,!re is a 
message f ,greece2 ,god grant x be no   

evil4 ,& ?us to !e e place may be a     
s\rce ( mis=tune4 ,is x n en\gh = !e to 
be un=tunate :]e ?\ art1 & n also across
 ! sea1 & by writ+s8 ,is ?is ! security 
( ?9e affairs8 ,b :at if my fri5ds :i*  
are abroad die !re8 ,:at else ?an t     
creatures de/9$ to die h di$8 ,& h[ do/ 
?\ desire to live to old age1 & nev] to 
see ! dea? ( any :om ?\ love/8 ,kn[e/ ?\
 n t 9 a great l5g? ( "t _m & v>i\s ?+s 
mu/ *ance2 t a fev] %all ov]?r[ "o1 & a 
robb] ano!r1 & a tyrant ano!r8 ,su* is  
our environm5t1 su* our companions2 cold
 & heat1 & improp] ways ( liv+1 &       
j\rney+s1 & voyag+s1 & w9ds1 & v>i\s    
circum/ances w de/roy "o man1 & exile   
ano!r1 & ca/ ano!r into an embassy1 &   
ano!r into a campaign4 ,sit d[n1 !n1    
t]rifi$ at all ^! ?+s2 grieve & fail1 & 
be un=tunate2 dep5d on o!rs1 & t n on "o
 or two1 b myriads ^u myriads4  #g4 ,is 
?is :at y he>d1 is ?is :at y le>n$ f !  
philosoph]s8 ,"k y n t our bus9ess "h is
 a w>f>e8 & "o mu/ wat*1 & "o g out z a 
spy1 & "o mu/ fight8 ,all _c be ! same  

?+1 nor w\ld x be bett] if !y 74 ,b y   
neglect to d ! bidd+ ( ! comm&]1 &      
compla9 :5 he ha? laid some:at r\gh] ?an
 common ^u y2 & y m>k n :at1 s f> z 9 y 
lies1 y are mak+ ! army to become1 s t  
if all copy y1 none w dig a tr5*1 none w
 ca/ up a ramp>t1 none w wat*1 none w   
run any risk1 b ea* w appe> wor?less =  
w>f>e4 ,aga91 9 a %ip1 if y g = a       
sailor1 take up "o place1 & nev] budge f
 x2 & if y are want$ to g al(t1 refuse2 
or to run ^u ! pr[1 refuse2 & :at capta9
 w h pati5ce ) y8 ,w he n ca/ y out l "s
 useless ?+1 no?+ else ?an a h9drance & 
bad example to ! o!r sailors8  #h4 ,&   
?us "h also3 ! life ( e man is a sort ( 
w>f>e1 & a long "o1 & full ( div]s      
*ances4 ,& x behoove? a man to play a   
soldi]'s "p1 & d all at ! nod ( 8       
comm&]2 yea1 & if x be possible1 to     
div9e :at he int5de?4 ,= t comm&] is n  
su* a "o z ?is1 nei!r 9 p[] nor 9       
exaltation ( "*4 ,y are set 9 a great   
(fice1 & 9 no mean place1 b are a       
,s5ator =ev]4 ,"k y n t su* a "o c att5d

 b little to 8 h\sehold1 b he mu/ be    
(t5times abroad1 rul+ or be+ rul$1 or   
fulfill+ "s (fice1 or s]v+ 9 ! field1 or
 judg+8 ,& w y1 !n1 desire to be fix$ & 
root$ l a plant 9 ! same place8 ,= x is 
pleasant4 ,:o d5ies x8 ,b s is a da9ty  
pleasant1 & a fair woman is pleasant4   
,h[ o!rwise are ^? wont to speak :o make
 pleasure _! end8 ,see y n :at k9d ( m5 
!y are ^: words y utt]8 ,!y are ! words 
( ,epicureans & pr(ligates4 ,& do+ !    
works ( ^! m51 & hold+ _! doctr9es1 wilt
 ?\ speak to u ) ! spee* ( ,z5o &       
,socrates8  #i4 ,w y n fl+ away f y z f>
 z y c ^! ali5 s5tim5ts :]e) y adorn    
y\rself1 :i* beseem y n at all8 ,:at o!r
 desire h su* m5 ?an to sleep _! fill   
unh9d]$1 & :5 !y h ris51 to yawn =      
languor1 & wa% _! face1 & write & read  
:atev] please? !m2 !n h "s trivial talk1
 & be prais$ by _! fri5ds1 :atev] !y    
say2 !n g =? to walk ab\t1 & hav+ done  
?is a little1 g to ! ba?s2 !n eat2 !n   
retire to re/--su* a re/ z is ! wont (  
su* m51 & :y ne$ we say :at1 = x is     

easily guess$8 ,come1 tell me1 !n1 ?9e  
own way ( life1 su* z ?\ desire/1 ,o ?\ 
vot>y ( ! tru?1 & ( ,socrates &         
,diog5es6 ,:at wilt ?\ d 9 ,a!ns8 ^! v  
?+s1 or o!rs8 ,:y1 !n1 do/ decl>e ?yself
 a ,/oic8 ,are n !y sorely puni%$ :i*   
falsely pret5d to be ,roman citiz5s2 &  
%\ld ^? g free :o falsely pret5d to s   
great & rev]5d a call+ & "n8 or let ?is 
inde$ be impossible2 b ?is is ! law1    
div9e & mighty1 & n to be escap$1 t     
laye? ! greate/ puni%m5ts on ! greate/  
s9n]s4 ,= :at sai? ?is law8 ,he :o      
pret5de? to ?+s t are n 8 own1 let him  
be a *eat & bragg>t2 he t is disob$i5t  
to ! div9e gov]nm5t1 let him be an      
abject1 a slave1 let him grieve & envy &
 pity#b--;9 a ^w1 let him be mis=tunate1
 & m\rn4  #aj4----;,& n[ w y h me att5d 
^u su* a "o1 & hang ab\t 8 doors8  ,if  
,reason dem& x1 = ! sake ( c\ntry1 (    
k9sm51 ( mank9d1 :]e=e %\ld/ ?\ n g8 ,?\
 art n a%am$ to g to ! doors ( a cobbl] 
:5 ?\ art 9 want ( %oes1 nor to ^? ( a  
g>d5] = lettuces2 & :y to ^? ( a ri* man

 :5 ?\ art 9 ne$ ( "s l ?+8  ----,yea1 b
 ,i h no awe ( ! cobbl]4  ,!n h none ( !
 ri*4  ----,nor w ,i flatt] ! g>d5]4  ,&
 d n flatt] ! ri*4  ----,h[1 !n1 %all ,i
 ga9 :at ,i want8  ,did ,i say to !e1   
,g1 = ! sake ( ga9+ x2 or did ,i n only 
say1 ,g1 t ?\ maye/ d :at x beseems !e  
to d4  ----,& :y1 !n1 %\ld ,i yet g8  ,t
 ?\ maye/ h gone2 t ?\ maye/ h play$ !  
"p ( a citiz51 ( a bro!r1 ( a fri5d4 ,&1
 = ! re/1 rememb] t ! %oemak]1 !        
vegetable-sell]1 to :om ?\ did/ g1 ha?  
no?+ great or exalt$ to give1 ev5 ?\gh  
he sell x de>4 ,?y aim 0 lettuces2 !y   
are wor? an obol1 !y are n wor? a tal5t4
 ,& s x is "h4 ,is ! matt] wor? go+ to !
 ri* man's door =8 ,s be x2 ,i w g4 ,is 
x wor? speak+ to him ab\t8 ,s be x2 ,i w
 speak4 ,b mu/ ,i also kiss 8 h&1 & fawn
 ^u him ) praise8 ,out ^u x6 t is a     
tal5t's wor?4 ,x is no pr(it to me1 nor 
to ! ,/ate1 nor to my fri5ds1 t !y %\ld 
lose a good citiz5 & fri5d4             
#aa4----;,h[1 !n1 %all ,i become ( an   
affectionate disposition8  ,9 hav+ a    

g5]\s & happy "o4 ,= ,reason do? nev]   
decree t a man mu/ be abject1 or lam5t1 
or dep5d on ano!r1 or blame ,god or man4
 ,& ?us be ?\ affectionate1 z "o :o w   
keep ?is fai?4 ,b if ?r\gh ?is          
affection1 or :at happ5s to be s call$  
by !e1 ?\ art l to prove a mis]able     
slave1 !n x %all n pr(it !e to be       
affectionate4 ,& :at h9d]s u to love z  
?\gh we lov$ a mortal1 or "o :o may     
dep>t to o!r l&s8 ,did ,socrates n love 
8 *ildr58 ,yea1 b z a free man2 z "o :o 
rememb]$ t he mu/ fir/ love ! ,gods4 ,&1
 !re=e1 he nev] did transgress any?+ t x
 becomes a good man to obs]ve1 nei!r 9 8
 def5se1 nor 9 fix+ 8 puni%m5t1 nor     
be=etime :5 he 0 ( ! ,c\ncil1 nor :5 he 
0 s]v+ 9 ! field4 ,b we are well suppli$
 ) e excuse = bas5ess2 "s ?r\gh *ildr51 
"s ?r\gh mo!rs1 "s ?r\gh bro!rs4 ,b x   
behoove? no man to be unhappy ?r\gh any 
p]son1 b happy ?r\gh all1 & mo/ ( all   
?r\gh ,god1 :i* ha? fram$ u to t end4   
#ab4 ,&1 = ! re/1 9 all ?+s :i* are     
delightful to !e1 set be=e ?yself !     

appe>ances t oppose !m4 ,:at h>m is x1  
:ile kiss+ ?y *ild1 to :isp]1 ,to-morr[ 
?\ %alt die2 & likewise ) ?y fri5d1     
,to-morr[ ?\ %all dep>t1 ei!r ?\ or ,i1 
& we %all see ea* o!r no m8  ----,b ^!  
are words ( ill-om54  ,& s are "s       
incantations1 b 9 t !y are useful ,i    
reg>d n ?is2 only let !m be ( use4 ,b   
do/ ?\ call any?+ ( ill-om51 save only t
 :i* betok5e? "s evil8 ,c[>dice is a ^w 
( ill-om51 & bas5ess & grief & m\rn+ &  
%amelessness1 ^! words are ( ill-om54 ,&
 n ev5 !m mu/ we dread to speak1 if s we
 may def5d ourselves aga9/ ! ?+s4 ,b    
wilt ?\ say t any ^w is ( ill-om5 t     
betok5e? "s natural ?+8 ,say t x is (   
ill-om5 to speak ( ! reap+ ( e>s ( corn1
 = x betok5e? ! de/ruction ( ! e>s--b n 
( ! univ]se4 ,say t ! fall+ ( ! leaves  
is ( ill-om51 & ! dri$ fig com+ 9 !     
place ( ! gre51 & rais9s 9 ! place (    
grapes4 ,= all ^! ?+s are *anges f ! =m]
 e/ate to ano!r2 no de/ruction1 b a     
c]ta9 appo9t$ ord] & disposition4 ,"h is
 p>t+ = =eign l&s1 & a little *ange4 ,"h

 is dea?--a great] *ange1 n f t :i* n[  
is to t :i* is n1 b to t :i* is n n[4   
,,*apt] ,,ix4  ,,on ,,solitude4   #a4   
,solitude is ! /ate ( "o :o is helpless4
 ,= he :o is alone is n !re=e solit>y2  
ev5 z he :o is 9 a great company is n   
!re=e n solit>y4 ,:51 !re=e1 we h lo/ a 
bro!r or a son or a fri5d on :om we 7   
wont to re/1 we say t we are left       
solit>y1 & (t5times we say x 9 ,rome1 ) 
su* a cr[d meet+ u & s _m dwell+ ab\t u1
 &1 x may be1 hav+ a multitude ( slaves4
 ,= ! solit>y man1 9 8 conception1      
meane? to be ?\ght helpless1 & laid op5 
to ^? :o wi% him h>m4 ,!re=e :5 we are  
on a j\rney we !n1 above all1 say t we  
are solit>y :5 we are fall5 among       
?ieves2 = t :i* take? away solitude is n
 ! sight ( a man1 b ( a fai?ful & pi\s &
 s]viceable man4 ,= if to be solit>y x  
suffice? to be alone1 !n say t ,zeus is 
solit>y 9 ! conflagration1#a & bewails  
himself4 ,woe is me6 ,i h nei!r ,h]a nor
 ,a!ne nor ,apollo1 nor1 9 %ort1 ei!r   
bro!r or son or desc5dant or k9sman4 ,& 

s "s say he do? :5 alone 9 !            
conflagration4 ,= !y compreh5d n ! life 
( a man :o is alone1 sett+ out f a c]ta9
 natural pr9ciple1 t we are by nature   
social1 & incl9$ to love ea* o!r1 &     
pleas$ to be 9 ! company ( o!r m54 ,b   
none ! less is x ne$ful t "o f9d ! means
 to ?is also1 to be able to suffice to  
himself1 & to be 8 own companion4 ,= z  
,zeus is 8 own companion1 & is cont5t ) 
himself1 & consid]e? 8 own gov]nm5t1 :at
 x is1 & is occupi$ 9 designs wor?y (   
himself2 ?us %\ld we be able to conv]se 
) ourselves1 & feel no ne$ ( o!rs1 nor  
want means to pass ! "t2 b to obs]ve !  
div9e gov]nm5t1 & ! relation ( ourselves
 ) o!r ?+s2 to consid] h[ we /ood =m]ly 
t[>ds ! ev5ts t befall u1 & h[ we /& n[2
 :at ?+s !y are t /ill afflict u2 h[ ^!1
 too1 may be heal$1 h[ remov$2 & if     
aught %\ld ne$ p]fect+1 to p]fect x     
accord+ to ! reason ( ! case4  #b4 ,ye  
see n[ h[ t ,cs> seeme? to h giv5 u a   
great peace2 h[ !re are no long] w>s nor
 battles nor b&s ( robb]s nor ( pirates1

 b a man may travel at e season1 & sail 
f ea/ to we/4 ,b c he give u peace f    
fev]8 or f %ipwreck8 or f fire8 or      
e>?quake8 or lightn+8 ay1 or f love8 ,he
 _c4 ,or f grief8 ,he _c4 ,or f envy8   
,he _c4 ,briefly1 !n1 he _c secure u f  
any ( su* ?+s4 ,b ! ^w ( ! philosoph]s  
do? promise u peace ev5 f ^! ?+s4 ,& :at
 sai? x8 ,if ye w he>k5 unto me1 ,o m51 
:]esoev] ye be1 :atsoev] ye d1 ye %all n
 grieve1 ye %all n be wro?1 ye %all n be
 compell$ or h9d]$1 b ye %all live      
untr\bl$ & free f e ill4 ,:osoev] ha?   
?is peace1 :i* ,cs> nev] proclaim$ 7= h[
 c\ld he proclaim x871 b :i* ,god       
proclaim$ ?r\gh ,8 ^w1 %all he n suffice
 to himself :5 he may be alone8 = he    
beholde? & consid]e?1 ,n[ c no evil     
happ5 to me2 = me !re is no robb]1 no   
e>?quake2 all ?+s are full ( peace1 full
 ( calm2 = me no way1 no city1 no       
assembly1 no neighbor1 no associate ha? 
any hurt4 ,he is suppli$ by "o1 ^: "p t 
is1 ) food1 by ano!r ) raim5t1 by ano!r 
) s5ses1 by ano!r ) natural conceptions4

 ,& :5 x may be t ! necess>y ?+s are no 
long] suppli$1 t is ! signal = retreat3 
! door is op5$1 & ,god sai? to !e1      
,dep>t4  ----,:i!r8  ,to no?+ dreadful1 
b to ! place f :5ce ?\ came/--to ?+s    
fri5dly & ak9 to !e1 to ! elem5ts (     
,be+4 ,:atev] 9 !e 0 fire %all g to     
fire2 ( e>?1 to e>?2 ( air1 to air2 (   
wat]1 to wat]2#b no ,hades1 nor ,a*]on1 
nor ,coeytus1 nor ,phlege?on1 b all ?+s 
are full ( ,gods & ,p[]s4#c ,:oso ha? ^!
 ?+s to ?9k on1 & see? ! sun & ! moon & 
! />s1 & rejoice? 9 ! e>? & ! sea1 he is
 no m solit>y ?an he is helpless4       
----,:at1 !n1 if "o come & f9d me alone 
& slay me8  ,fool6 n !e1 b ?y wret*$    
body4  #c4 ,?\ art a little s\l be>+ up 
a corpse4  #d4 ,:at solitude1 !n1 is !re
 any long]1 :at lack8 ,:y d we make     
ourselves worse ?an *ildr51 :i*1 :5 !y  
are left alone1 :at d !y8--!y take %ells
 & s& & build up some:at1 & !n ?r[ x    
d[n1 & aga9 build up some?+ else1 & s !y
 nev] lack pa/ime4 ,& %all ,i1 if ye    
sail away f me1 sit d[n & weep = t ,i am

 left alone & solit>y8 ,%all ,i h no    
%ells nor s&8 ,b *ildr5 d ^! ?+s ?r\gh  
_! folly1 & we ?r\gh our wisdom are made
 unhappy4     ,,*apt] ,x4  ,,aga9/ ,,!  
,,cont5ti\s ,,& ,,rev5geful4   #a4 ,to  
suppose t we %all become contemptible 9 
! eyes ( o!rs1 unless 9 "s way we       
inflict an injury on ^? :o fir/ %[$     
ho/ility to u1 is ! "* ( mo/ ignoble &  
?\ghtless m54 ,= ?us we say1 t a man is 
to be despis$ accord+ to 8 inability to 
d hurt2 b mu* r is he to be despis$     
accord+ to 8 inability to d good4  #b4  
,! wise & good man nei!r /rives ) any   
himself1 nor 9 ! measure ( 8 p[] w he   
all[ ano!r to /rive4 ,& 9 ?is1 z 9 all  
o!r ?+s1 ! life ( ,socrates is set be=e 
u z an example2 :o did n only himself   
fly all cont5tion1 b also =bade x to    
o!rs4 ,see 9 ,x5ophon's ,symposium h[ _m
 qu>rels he end$2 &1 aga91 h[ he bore ) 
,?rasyma*us1 & h[ ) ,polus & )          
,callicles2 & h[ he endur$ 8 wife1 & h[ 
8 son1 :i* oppos$ him ) sophi/ical      
argum5ts4 ,= he rememb]$ v well t no man

 c comm& ! rul+ faculty ( ano!r4  #c4   
,h[1 !n1 is !re yet any place =         
cont5tion 9 "o s m9d$8 ,= :at ev5t c    
amaze him8 :at appe> /range to him8 ,do?
 he n look = ev5 worse & m griev\s ?+s  
at ! h&s ( evil m5 ?an d befall him8    
,do? he n c\nt ev]y?+ = ga9 :i* is %ort 
( ! extreme ( injury8 ,ha? su* a "o     
revil$ !e8 ,mu* ?anks to him t he did n 
/rike !e4 ,b he did also /rike me4 ,mu* 
?anks t he did n w\nd !e4 ,b he did also
 w\nd me4 ,mu* ?anks t he did n slay !e4
 ,= :5 did he le>n1 or f :om1 t he 0 a  
tame animal1 & affectionate to o!rs1 & t
 to ! wrongdo] ! wrong-do+ itself is a  
heavy injury8 ,= s9ce he ha? n le>n$ ^! 
?+s1 nor believes !m1 :]e=e %\ld he n   
foll[ t :i* appe>s to be 8 advantage8   
,?y neighbor ha? flung /ones6 ,ha/ ?\1  
!n1 s9n$ 9 aught8 ,b he has brok5 ?+s 9 
! h\se8 ,& art ?\ a h\sehold vessel8    
,nay--b a ,w4  #d4 ,:at1 !n1 ha? be5    
giv5 !e = ?is occasion8 ,to a wolf x 7  
giv5 to bite--to fl+ m /ones4 ,b if ?\  
seek :at is becom+ = a man1 look into ?y

 /ores1 see :at faculties ?\ ha/ come "h
 furni%$ )al4 ,ha/ ?\ ! nature ( a wild 
bea/8 ! temp] ( rev5ge8  #e4 ,:5 is a   
horse 9 wret*$ case8 ,:5 he is b]eav$ ( 
8 natural faculties2 n :5 he _c cr[1 b  
:5 he _c run4 ,:5 is a dog8 ,n :5 he _c 
fly1 b :5 he _c track4 ,is n a man1 !n1 
also ?us wret*$1 n :5 he _c /rangle     
lions or embrace /atues#a--;= to ?is he 
came end[$ ) no faculties by ,nature--b 
:5 he ha? lo/ 8 hone/y1 8 fai?fulness8  
,surely we %\ld meet toge!r & lam5t ov] 
su* a man2 s great are ! evils into :i* 
he ha? fall54 ,n1 inde$1 t we %\ld lam5t
 = 8 bir?1 or = 8 dea?1 b 9 t :ile yet  
liv+ he ha? suff]$ ! loss ( 8 own true  
possessions4 ,i speak n ( 8 pat]nal     
inh]itance1 n ( 8 l&1 or 8 h\se1 or 8   
inn1 or 8 slaves 7= n "o ( ^! ?+s is !  
true possession ( a man1 b all are ali51
 s]vile1 subject1 giv5 n[ to "s1 n[ to  
o!rs1 by ^? t c comm& !m72 b ( 8 human  
qualities1 ! /amps ( 8 _s :]e) he came  
into ! _w4 ,ev5 su* we seek = also on   
co9s1 & if we f9d !m we approve ! co9s1 

& if n1 we ca/ !m away4 ,:at is ! /amp (
 ?is se/]tius8 ,! /amp ( ,trajan4 ,!n   
give x me4 ,! /amp ( ,n]o4#b ,fl+ x     
away--x w n pass1 x is bad4 ,& s "h too4
 ,:at is ! /amp ( 8 m9d8 ,he is g5tle1  
social1 =be>+1 affectionate4 ,come1 !n1 
,i receive him1 ,i admit him to         
citiz5%ip1 ,i receive him z a neighbor1 
a fell[-travel]4 ,see to x only t he h n
 ,n]o's /amp4 ,is he wra?ful1 rev5geful1
 compla9+8 ,do? he1 :5 x may seem good  
to him1 break ! heads ( all :o /& 9 8   
way8 ,:y1 !n1 did/ ?\ say he 0 a man8   
,%all ev]y?+ be judg$ by ! b>e =m8 ,if  
s1 !n say t a wax apple is a real apple1
 & t x has ! smell & ta/e ( an apple4 ,b
 ! outw>d %ape do? n suffice1 nor are   
eyes & nose en\gh to make a man1 b he is
 a man only if he h a man's m9d4 ,"h is 
"o t w n he> reason1 t w n submit :5 he 
is confut$--he is an ass4 ,9 ano!r1     
rev]5ce ha? di$--he is wor?less1 any?+ r
 ?an a man4 ,?is "o seeke? :om he may   
meet & kick or bite--s t he is n ev5 a  
%eep or an ass1 b "s k9d ( savage bea/4 

#f4 ,b ?is is ! nature ( e creature1 to 
pursue ! ,good & fly ! ,evil2 & to hold 
e man an enemy & a plott] = our woe1 7 x
 ev5 a bro!r1 or son1 or fa!r1 :o takes 
away f u ! "o1 or br+s u into ! o!r4 ,= 
no?+ is ne>] or de>] to u ?an ! ,good4  
,x rema9s1 !re=e1 if outw>d ?+s be good 
& evil1 t a fa!r is no long] ! fri5d ( 8
 sons1 nor ! bro!r ( 8 bro!r1 b e place 
is full ( enemies & plott]s & sl&]]s4 ,b
 if ! only ,good is t ! ,w %\ld be z x  
ought to be1 & ! only ,evil z x ought n1
 :]e is !re !n any place = /rife1 =     
revil+8 ,= ab\t :at ?+s %all we /rive8  
ab\t ^? t are no?+ to u8 & ) :om8 ) !   
ignorant1 ! unhappy1 ) m5 :o are deceiv$
 conc]n+ ! greate/ ?+s8  #g4 ,rememb]+  
^! ?+s1 ,socrates manag$ 8 own h\sehold1
 endur+ a mo/ %rewi% wife & an undutiful
 son4 ,= ^! doctr9es make love 9 a      
h\sehold1 & concord 9 a ,/ate1 peace    
among nations1 & gratitude t[>ds ,god1 )
 boldness 9 e place1 z ( "o :o ha? to d 
) ?+s ali5 to him1 & ( no e/imation4 ,& 
we are ! m5 to write & read ^! ?+s1 & to

 applaud !m :5 !y are deliv]$ to u1 b to
 ! belief ( !m we h n ev5 come ne>4 ,&  
!re=e t say+ conc]n+ ! ,lac$monians1    
,lions at home1 b 9 ,ephesus foxes1#c  w
 fit u too--lions 9 ! s*ool & foxes )\t4
  ,,end ,,( ,,book ,,iii4     ,,book    
,,iv4     ,,*apt] ,i4  ,,( ,,religion4  
#a4 ,( religion t[>ds ! ,gods1 "k t !   
*ief elem5t is to h "r op9ions conc]n+  
!m1 z exi/+ & gov]n+ ! :ole 9 fair ord] 
& ju/ice2 & !n to set ?yself to obey !m1
 & to yield to !m 9 ea* ev5t1 & submit  
to x will+ly1 z accompli%$ "u ! highe/  
c\nsels4 ,= s %alt ?\ nev] blame !      
,gods1 nor accuse !m1 z be+ neglectful (
 !e4  #b4 ,b ?is may come to pass 9 no  
o!r way ?an by plac+ ,good & ,evil 9 !  
?+s t are 9 our own p[]1 & )draw+ !m f  
^? t are n2 = if ?\ take any ( ^! ?+s to
 be good or evil1 !n :5 ?\ %alt miss ?y 
desire1 or fall into :at ?\ desire/ n1 x
 is altoge!r necess>y t ?\ blame & hate 
^? :o caus$ !e to d s4  #c4 ,= e liv+ ?+
 0 s fram$ by ,nature z to flee & turn f
 ?+s1 & ! causes ( ?+s1 t appe> hurtful1

 & to foll[ & admire ?+s1 & ! causes (  
?+s1 t appe> s]viceable4 ,= x is        
impossible t "o :o ?9ke? himself h>m$   
%\ld delight 9 t seeme? to h>m him1 ev5 
z he _c delight 9 ! v h>m itself4  #d4  
,& ?us x comes t a fa!r is revil$ by 8  
son :5 he w n give him ( ! ?+s t appe>  
to be good4 ,& ?is x 0 t set ,polyneices
 & ,eteocles at w> ) ea* o!r--! op9ion1 
namely1 t royalty is a good4 ,& ?r\gh   
?is ! ,gods are rail$ on by ! husb&man &
 ! sailor1 by ! m]*ant1 & m5 :o lose _! 
wives or *ildr54 ,= :]e advantage is1   
!re also is religion4 ,?us he :o is     
c>eful to pursue & avoid z he ought1 is 
c>eful1 at ! same "t1 ( religion4  #e4  
,b x is fitt+ also t e man %\ld p\r     
libations & (f] sacrifices & fir/-fruits
 aft] ! cu/oms ( 8 fa!rs1 purely1 & n   
languidly nor neglig5tly1 nor1 inde$1   
scantily1 nor yet beyond 8 means4       
,,*apt] ,,ii4  ,,( ,,provid5ce4   #a4   
,conc]n+ ! ,gods1 !re are "s :o say t a 
,div9e ,be+ does n exi/2 & o!rs1 t x    
exi/s inde$1 b is idle & unc>+1 & ha? no

 =e?\ght = any?+2 & a ?ird class say t  
!re is su* a ,be+1 & he take? =e?\ght   
also1 b only 9 respect ( great & heav5ly
 ?+s1 b ( no?+ t is on ! e>?2 & a f\r?  
class1 t he take? ?\ght ( ?+s bo? 9     
heav5 & e>?1 b only 9 g5]al1 & n ( ea*  
?+ sev]ally4 ,& !re is a fif? class1    
:]e( are ,odysseus & ,socrates1 :o say1 
,nor c ,i move )\t ?y k4#a  #b4 ,be=e   
all ?+s1 !n1 x is necess>y to inve/igate
 ea* ( ^! op9ions1 :e!r x be ju/ly      
affirm$ or no4 ,= if !re be no ,gods1 h[
 c ! foll[+ ( ! ,gods be an end8 ,& if  
!re are ,gods1 b su* z take no c>e =    
any?+1 !n also h[ c ! foll[+ ( !m be    
truly an end8 ,& h[1 aga91 if ! ,gods   
bo? exi/ & take c>e = ?+s1 yet if !re be
 no communication f !m to m51 yea1 by   
,zeus1 & ev5 to m9e own self8 ,! wise & 
good man1 hav+ inve/igat$ all ^! ?+s1 w 
submit 8 own m9d to ,him t gov]ne? !    
,:ole1 ev5 z good citiz5s to ! laws ( _!
 ,/ate4  #c4 ,b a c]ta9 man hav+ inquir$
 h[ "o c\ld be p]suad$ t e "o ( 8       
actions is obs]v$ by ,god1 ,do? x n     

appe> to y1 said ,epictetus1 t all ?+s  
are unit$ 9 ,"o8  ----,x do? s appe>4   
,:at !n8 ,?9k y n t a sympa?y exi/s     
betwe5 heav5ly & e>?ly ?+s8  ----,i d   
?9k x4  ,= h[ else d plants1 z if at !  
comm& ( ,god1 :5 ,he bids !m1 fl[] 9 due
 season8 & %oot =? :5 ,he bids !m %oot1 
& be> fruit :5 ,he bids !m be>8 & rip5  
:5 ,he bids !m rip58 & aga9 !y drop _!  
fruit :5 ,he bids !m drop x1 & %$ _!    
leaves :5 ,he bids !m %$ !m8 & h[ else  
at ,8 bidd+ d !y fold !mselves toge!r1 &
 rema9 motionless & at re/8 ,& h[ else  
at ! wax+ & wan+ ( ! moon1 & ! approa* &
 )drawal ( ! sun1 d we behold su* a     
*ange & rev]sal 9 e>?ly ?+s8 ,b are !   
plants & our bodies s b\nd up 9 ! :ole1 
& h sympa?y ) x1 & are our spirits n mu*
 m s8 ,& our s\ls be+ ?us b\nd up & 9   
t\* ) ,god1 see+1 inde$1 t !y are       
portions & fragm5ts ( ,him1 %all n e    
movem5t ( !m1 inasmu* z x is some?+     
inw>d & ak9 to ,god1 be p]ceiv$ by ,him8
 ,b y are able to m$itate ^u ! div9e    
gov]nm5t1 & ^u all div9e & all human    

affairs1 & to be affect$ at ! same "t 9 
! s5ses & 9 ! intellect by t5 ?\s& ?+s1 
& at ! same "t to ass5t to "s & diss5t  
to o!rs1 or susp5d y\r judgm5t2 & y     
pres]ve 9 y\r m9d s _m impressions ( s  
_m & v>i\s ?+s1 & be+ affect$ by !m1 y  
/rike ^u ideas simil> to e>li]          
impressions1 & y reta9 _m diff]5t arts1 
& memories ( t5 ?\s& ?+s2 & %all n ,god 
h ! p[] to ov]look all ?+s1 & be pres5t 
) all1 & h a c]ta9 communication ) all8 
,b is ! sun able to illum9ate s great a 
"p ( ! ,all1 & to leave s little )\t    
light1--t "p1 namely1 :i* is fill$ ) !  
%ad[ ( ! e>?--& %all ,he :o made ! sun1 
& guide? x 9 its sph]e--a small "p (    
,him beside ! ,:ole--%all ,he n be      
capable ( p]ceiv+ all ?+s8  #d4 ,b ,i1  
sai? ! man1 _c take he$ ( all ^! ?+s at 
once4 ,& :o said y c\ld d ?is8 t y _h   
equal p[]s ) ,god8 ,b1 nev]!less1 ,he   
ha? plac$ at e man's side a ,gu>dian1 ! 
,g5ius ( ea* man1#b :o is *>g$ to wat*  
ov] him1 a ,g5ius t _c sleep1 nor be    
deceiv$4 ,to :at great] & m wat*ful     

gu>dian c\ld ,he h committ$ u8 ,s1 :5 ye
 h %ut ! doors1 & made d>kness 9 ! h\se1
 rememb] nev] to say t ye are alone2 =  
ye are n alone1 b ,god is !re1 & y\r    
,g5ius is !re2 & :at ne$ h ^! ( light to
 m>k :at ye are do+8 ,to ?is ,god x 7   
fitt+ also t ye %\ld swe> an oa?1 z     
soldi]s d to ,cs>4 ,b ^? inde$ :o       
receive pay swe> to pref] ! safety (    
,cs> be=e all ?+s2 b ye1 receiv+ s _m & 
great ?+s1 w ye n swe>8 or swe>+1 w ye n
 abide by x8 ,& :at %all ye swe>8 ,nev] 
to disobey1 nev] to accuse1 nev] to     
blame aught t ,he ha? giv51 nev]        
unwill+ly to d or suff] any necess>y ?+4
 ,is ?is oa? l unto t o!r8 ,! soldi]s   
swe> to e/eem no o!r man be=e ,cs>2 ye  
to e/eem y\rselves above all4           
,,*apt] ,,iii4  ,,( ,,provid5ce4   #a4  
,m>vel n if ! o!r animals h all ?+s t   
are ne$ful = ! body )\t prep>ation1 n   
alone food & dr9k1 b sleep+ places also1
 & !y h no ne$ ( %oes1 nor b$d+1 nor    
raim5t1 :ile all ^! ?+s mu/ ne$s be add$
 to u4 ,= ^! creatures exi/ n =         

!mselves1 b = s]vice2 x 7 n exp$i5t t !y
 _h be5 made ) ne$ ( su* additions4 ,=1 
look y1 :at a task x 7 = u to take      
?\ght1 n = ourselves alone1 b also = !  
%eep & ! asses1 h[ !y %\ld be clad1 h[  
%od1 h[ !y %\ld eat1 h[ !y %\ld dr9k6 ,b
 z soldi]s are ready = _! comm&s1 %od1 &
 clo!d1 & acc\tr$1 & x w\ld be a griev\s
 ?+ if ea* capta9 ( a ?\s& mu/ g r\nd & 
%oe or clo! 8 ?\s&2 s also ha? ,nature  
=m$ ! animals t are made = s]vice1 ready
 equipp$1 & ne$+ no fur!r c>e4 ,& ?us "o
 little *ild ) a rod w drive ! %eep4    
#b4 ,b n[ we1 neglect+ to be grateful1 =
 t we ne$ n att5d to ! animals equally )
 ourselves1 d accuse ,god = our own     
lack4 ,& yet1 by ,zeus & all ! ,gods1   
!re is no "o ?+ 9 ! frame ( ,nature b   
w\ld give1 at lea/ to a rev]5t &        
grateful _s1 en\gh = ! p]ceiv+ ( !      
,provid5ce ( ,god4 ,& to speak ( no     
great ?+s n[1 consid] ?is alone1 h[ milk
 is produc$ f grass1 & *eese f milk1 &  
wool f sk9s4 ,:o is he t ha? made ^! ?+s
 or plann$ !m8 ,no "o1 saye/ ?\8 ,o     

mon/r\s impud5ce & dullness6  #c4 ,well1
 !n1 let ! l>ge works ( ,nature pass1 & 
let u look only at h] by-works4 ,is !re 
aught m useless ?an ! hairs on ! *98    
,:at !n8 ha? %e n made su* use ev5 ( ^!1
 t no?+ c\ld be comeli]8 ha? %e n by !m 
di/+ui%$ male f female8 ,do? n ! nature 
( e man cry al\d ev5 at a di/ance1 ,i am
 a man1 ?us %alt ?\ approa* me1 ?us     
speak to me1 look = no?+ else2 behold ! 
tok5s6 ,& aga9 9 wom51 z ,nature ha?    
m+l$ some?+ ( s(tness 9 ! voice1 s %e   
ha? tak5 away ! hairs4 ,nay1 w y say8 b 
e creature %\ld h be5 left undi/+ui%$1 &
 ea* ( u %\ld proclaim1 ,i am a man8 ,b 
h[ beautiful is n ! tok51 & becom+1 &   
rev]5d8 h[ mu* m beautiful ?an ! cock's 
comb8 h[ mu* m becom+ ?an ! lion's mane8
 ,:]e=e x behoove? u to pres]ve ,god's  
tok5s1 nor to fl+ !m away1 nor to       
conf\nd1 z f> z 9 u lies1 ! ?+s t       
di/+ui% ! sexes4  #d4 ,are ^! ! only    
works ( ,provid5ce 9 u8--b :at may      
suffice to rightly praise & tell !m8 ,= 
_h we und]/&+ !re(1 w\ld any o!r ?+     

bett] beseem u1 ei!r 9 company or alone1
 ?an to hymn ! ,div9e ,be+1 & laud ,him 
& rehe>se ,8 graci\s de$s8 ,%\ld we n1 z
 we dig or pl[ or eat1 s+ ?is hymn to   
,god1 ,great is ,god1 :o ha? giv5 u su* 
in/rum5ts :]eby we %all till ! e>?2     
great is ,god1 :o ha? giv5 u h&s1 &     
swall[+1 & ! belly2 :o make? u to gr[   
)\t our k1 & to brea! :ile we sleep4 ,^!
 ?+s x 7 fitt+ t e man %\ld s+1 & to    
*ant ! greate/ & div9e/ hymns = ?is1 t  
,he ha? giv5 u ! p[] to obs]ve & consid]
 ,8 works & a ,way :]e9 to walk4#a ,:at 
!n8 s9ce ! mo/ ( y h become bl9d1 %\ld  
!re n be "o to fill ?is place1 & 9 ! "n 
( all to s+ ?is hymn to ,god8 ,= :at    
else c ,i d1 an old man & lame1 ?an s+  
hymns to ,god8 ,if ,i 7 a night+ale ,i  
w\ld d aft] ! nature ( a night+ale2 if a
 swan1 aft] t ( a swan4 ,b n[ ,i am a   
reason+ creature1 & x behooves me to s+ 
! praise ( ,god3 ?is is my task1 & ?is  
,i d1 nor1 z long z x is grant$ me1 w ,i
 ev] ab&on ?is po/4 ,& y1 too1 ,i summon
 to jo9 me 9 ! same song4     ,,*apt]   

,,iv4  ,,god ,,9 ,,man4   #a4 ,god is   
b5eficial4 ,b ! ,good is also b5eficial4
 ,x is likely1 !n1 t :]e ! ess5ce ( ,god
 is1 !re also %\ld be ! ess5ce ( !      
,good4 ,& :at is ! ess5ce ( ,god8 ,fle%8
 ,god =bid4 ,a prop]ty 9 l&8 ,god =bid4 
,fame8 ,god =bid4 ,m9d1 ,intellig5ce1   
,"r ,reason8 ,ev5 s4 ,"h1 !n1 once =    
all1 seek ! ess5ce ( ! ,good4 ,= surely 
y w 9 no wise seek x 9 a plant8 ,nay4   
,or 9 any unreason+ creature8 ,nay4 ,if1
 !n1 x is s\ght 9 a reason+ creature1   
:]e=e cont9ue to seek x any:]e else ?an 
9 ! diff]5ce betwe5 reason+ & unreason+ 
creatures8  #b4 ,! plants h n s mu* z ! 
use ( appe>ances1 !re=e we speak n ( !  
,good 9 _! reg>d4 ,! ,good1 !n1 ne$s !  
p[] ( us+ appe>ances4 ,& ?is alone8     
,nay2 = if s1 say !n t ,good & ,happ9ess
 & ,unhapp9ess are ) ! l[] animals too4 
,b ?is y w n say1 & y are "r2 = ?\gh !y 
possess$ ! use ( appe>ances 9 ! highe/  
degree1 yet ! obs]v+ & consid]+ ( ?is   
use !y d n possess1 & naturally s1 = !y 
exi/ to s]ve o!rs1 nor h any supreme    

object 9 !mselves4#a ,= ! ass 0 n made =
 any supreme object 9 himself8 ,nay1 b  
he 0 made able to be>1 because we _h ne$
 ( a back2 &1 by ,zeus1 we _h ne$       
moreov] t he %\ld walk2 :]e=e he receiv$
 also ! p[] to use appe>ances1 else _h  
he n be5 able to walk4 ,& !reupon !     
matt] /opp$4 ,= _h he also receiv$ !    
obs]v+ & consid]+ ( ! use ( appe>ances1 
x is cle> t 9 reason he c\ld no long] h 
be5 subject to u1 nor h s]v$ ^? ne$s (  
ours1 b he _h be5 our equal & our l4    
#c4 ,= use is "o ?+1 & obs]vation & /udy
 is ano!r4 ,god _h ne$ ( ! o!r animals  
to use appe>ances1 b ( u to obs]ve &    
/udy appe>ances4 ,:]e=e x is en\gh = !m 
to eat & dr9k1 & re/ & bre$1 & d :atev] 
else ea* ( !m p]=ms1 b to u1 to :om !   
faculty ( obs]v+ & /udy+ ha? also be5   
giv51 ^! ?+s are n en\gh2 b unless we   
act aft] a c]ta9 mann] & ord9ance1 &    
con=mably to ! nature & con/itution (   
man1 we %all nev] atta9 ! end ( our be+4
 ,= :]e ! con/itution is diff]5t1       
diff]5t !re also is ! task & ! end4 ,:51

 !re=e1 ! con/itution is "o = use alone1
 !n ! use1 ( :atev] k9d x be1 is en\gh2 
b :]e !re is also obs]v+ & /udy+ ( !    
use1 !n1 unless ! due employm5t ( ?is   
faculty be add$1 ! end %all nev] be     
ga9$4 ,:at !n8 ,god ha? con/itut$ e o!r 
animal1 "o to be eat51 ano!r to s]ve =  
till+ ! l&1 ano!r to yield *eese1 ano!r 
to "s k9dr$ use2 = :i* ?+s :at ne$ is   
!re ( ! obs]v+ & /udy+ ( appe>ances1 & !
 ability to make di/9ctions 9 !m8 ,b man
 he ha? br\ght 9 to be a spectator (    
,god & ( ,8 works1 & n a spectator      
alone1 b an int]pret] ( !m4 ,:]e=e x is 
%ameful = a man to beg9 & to end :]e    
creatures d t are )\t ,reason2 b r %\ld 
he beg9 :5 !y beg91 & end :]e ,nature   
ends 9 ourselves4 ,b %e ends 9          
contemplation1 9 obs]v+ & /udy+1 9 a    
mann] ( life t is 9 h>mony ) ,nature4   
,see to x1 !n1 t ye die n )\t hav+ be5  
spectators ( ^! ?+s4  #d4 ,seek1 !n1 !  
ess5ce ( ! ,good !re1 :]e if x be n1 ?\ 
wilt n say t ! ,good is 9 any o!r ?+4   
#e4 ,b :at8 are n ^? creatures also     

works ( ,god8 ,surely2 yet n supreme    
objects1 yet n p>ts ( ! ,gods4 ,b ?\ art
 a supreme object1 ?\ art a piece (     
,god1 ?\ ha/ 9 !e some?+ t is a portion 
( ,him4 ,:y1 !n1 art ?\ ignorant ( ?y   
high ance/ry8 ,:y kn[e/ ?\ n :5ce ?\    
came/8 ,wilt ?\ n rememb]1 9 ?9e eat+1  
:o x is t eats1 & :om ?\ do/ n\ri%8 9   
cohabit+1 :o x is t cohabits8 9 conv]se1
 9 ex]cise1 9 argum5t1 kn[e/ ?\ n t ?\  
art n\ri%+ a ,god1 ex]cis+ a ,god8      
,unhappy man6 ?\ be>e/ ab\t ) !e a ,god1
 & kn[e/ x n6 ,?9ke/ ?\ ,i speak ( "s   
,god ( gold & silv]1 & ext]nal to !e8   
,nay1 b 9 ?yself ?\ do/ be> ,him1 & see/
 n t ?\ defile/ ,him ) ?9e impure ?\ghts
 & fil?y de$s4 ,9 ! pres5ce ev5 ( an    
image ( ,god ?\ had/ n d>$ to d "o ( ^? 
?+s :i* ?\ do/4 ,b 9 ! pres5ce ( ,god   
,himself )9 !e1 :o see? & he>e? all ?+s1
 ?\ art n a%am$ ( ! ?+s ?\ do/ bo?      
desire & d1 ,o ?\ unwitt+ ( ?9e own     
nature1 & subject to ! wra? ( ,god8  #f4
 ,:y1 !n1 d we fe> 9 s5d+ =? a "y man f 
! s*ool into "s ( ! bus9ess ( life1 le/ 

he %\ld d wrong 9 any?+1 & be luxuri\s  
or pr(ligate1 & le/ a wrapp+ ( rags     
degrade him1 or f9e raim5t uplift him8  
,su* a "o kn[e? n 8 own ,god1 nor ) :om 
he is sett+ out4 ,b c we h pati5ce )    
him1 say+1 ,w\ld t ,i _h y ) me6#b ,&   
ha/ ?\ n ,god ) !e !re8 or hav+ ,him1   
do/ ?\ seek = any o!r8 or w ,he speak   
o!r ?+s to !e ?an ev5 ^!8  #g4 ,b w]t ?\
 a /atue ( ,pheidias1 an ,a!na or ,zeus1
 !n w]t ?\ m9dful bo? ( ?yself & ( !    
arti/2 & if ?\ had/ any consci\sness1 ?\
 w\ld/ /rive to d no?+ unwor?y ( ?y mak]
 nor ( ?yself1 nor ev] to appe> 9 any   
unseemly guise4 ,b n[ t ,zeus ha? made  
!e1 ?\ c>e/ !re=e no?+ :at k9d (        
creature ?\ %[e/ ?yself =8 ,& yet1 is ! 
"o ,arti/ l ! o!r arti/1 or ! "o "w l ! 
o!r "w8 ,& :at k9d ( "w is t :i* ha? 9  
itself ! faculties t 7 manife/ 9 ! mak+ 
( x8 ,d n arti/s "w 9 /one or brass or  
gold or ivory8 & ! ,a!na ( ,pheidias1 :5
 %e ha? once /ret*$ out h] h& & receiv$ 
^u x ! figure ( ,victory1 /&e? ?us = all
 "t8 ,b ! works ( ,god h motion &       

brea?+1 & ! use ( appe>ances & ! judgm5t
 ( !m4 ,wilt ?\ di%onor su* a ,mak]1 ^: 
"w ?\ art8 ,nay1 = n only did ,he make  
!e1 b to !e alone did ,he tru/ & commit 
?yself4 ,wilt ?\ n rememb] ?is too1 or  
wilt ?\ di%onor ?y *>ge8 ,b if ,god _h  
committ$ "s orphan *ild to !e1 w\ld/ ?\ 
h neglect$ x8 ,n[ ,he ha? giv5 !e to    
?yself1 & sai?1 ,i _h none m wor?y (    
tru/ ?an !e2 keep ?is man su* z he 0    
made by nature--rev]5t1 fai?ful1 high1  
unt]rifi$1 un%ak5 ( passions1 untr\bl$4 
,& ?\ wilt n4  #h4 ,b !y may say3 ,:5ce 
do? ?is fell[ br+ u t eye ( scorn &     
solemn looks8 ,i h x n yet z ,i %\ld1 ,=
 ,i am yet unbold 9 ^? ?+s :i* ,i h     
le>n$ & ass5t$ to2 ,i yet fe> my        
weakness4 ,b let me be bold 9 !m1 & !n  
ye %all see su* a look1 su* a guise1 z  
behoove? me to we>4 ,!n %all ,i %[ y !  
/atue :5 x is p]fect$ & poli%$4 ,:at    
look ye =8--an eye ( scorn8 ,god =bid6  
,= do? ! ,zeus 9 ,olympia look          
scornfully8--nay1 b 8 glance is /eadfa/1
 z become? him :o w say1     ,none tru/s

 9 va9 my irrevocable ^w4--,il4 i4 #ebf4
  ,su* w ,i %[ myself to y--fai?ful1    
rev]5t1 g5]\s1 untr\bl$4 ,n also1 !n1   
dea?less1 ageless1 deceaseless8 ,nay1 b 
dy+ z ,god1 sick5+ z a ,god4 ,^! ,i h1  
^! ,i c2 b o!r ?+s ,i nei!r h nor c4 ,i 
w %[ y ! !ws ( a philosoph]4 ,& :at are 
^!8 ,a pursuit t nev] fails1 an         
avoidance t nev] misc>ries1 seemly      
desire1 /udi\s resolve1 cauti\s ass5t4#c
 ,^! %all ye see4     ,,*apt] ,v4  ,,(  
,,div9ation4   #a4 ,:5 ?\ goe/ to       
inquire ( an oracle1 rememb] t :at !    
ev5t w be ?\ kn[e/ n1 = ?is is ! ?+ ?\  
art come to le>n f ! se]2 b ( :at nature
 x is 7if haply ?\ art a philosoph]71 ?\
 knewe/ already 9 com+4 ,= if x be any (
 ^? ?+s t are n 9 our own p[]1 x foll[s 
( necessity t x c be nei!r good nor     
evil4  #b4 ,br+1 !re=e1 to ! se] nei!r  
pursuit nor avoidance1 nor g be=e him ) 
trembl+1 b well kn[+ t all ev5ts are    
indiff]5t & no?+ to !e4 ,= :atev] x may 
be1 x %all lie ) !e to use x nobly2 &   
?is no man c prev5t4 ,g1 !n1 ) a good   

c\rage to ! ,gods z to c\nselors2 & = ! 
re/1 :5 any?+ ha? be5 c\nsel$ !e1       
rememb] ( :om ?\ ha/ tak5 c\nsel1 & :om 
?\ wilt be slight+ if ?\ art n ob$i5t4  
#c4 ,!re=e1 z ,socrates w\ld h x1 g to !
 oracle = ^? matt]s only :]e ?y :ole    
inquiry b5de? solely t[>ds ! ev5t1 & :]e
 !re are no means ei!r f reason or any  
o!r art = kn[+ be=eh& :at is to happ54  
,?us1 :5 x may be ne$ful to %>e "s p]il 
) ?y fri5d or ?y c\ntry1 inquire ( no   
oracle :e!r ?\ %\ld/ d ! ?+4 ,= if ! se]
 %\ld decl>e t ! sacrifices are         
inauspici\s1 ?is signifies cle>ly ei!r  
dea?1 or ! loss ( "s limb1 or bani%m5t2 
yet do? ,reason decree t ev5 s ?\ mu/ /&
 by ?y fri5d1 & %>e ?y c\ntry's dang]4  
#d4 ,m>k1 !re=e1 t great] se]1 !        
,py?ian1 :o ca/ out ( 8 temple "o t1 :5 
8 fri5d 0 be+ murd]$1 did n help him4#b 
,,end ,,( ,,book ,,iv     ,,book ,v4    
,,*apt] ,i4  ,,! ,,behavi\r ,,( ,a      
,,philosoph]4   #a4 ,orda9 = ?yself =?) 
a c]ta9 =m & type ( conduct1 :i* ?\ %alt
 ma9ta9 bo? alone &1 :5 x may *ance1    

among m54  #b4 ,& = ! mo/ "p keep       
sil5ce1 or speak only :at is necess>y1 &
 9 few words4 ,b :5 occasion may call !e
 to speak1 !n speak1 b sp>+ly1 & n ab\t 
any subject at hap-haz>d1 nor ab\t      
gladiators1 nor horse races1 nor        
a?letes1 nor ?+s to eat & dr9k1 :i* are 
talk$ ( ev]y:]e2 b1 above all1 n ab\t   
m51 z blam+ or prais+ or comp>+ !m4     
,if1 !n1 ?\ art able1 let ?y disc\rse   
draw t ( ! company t[>ds :at is seemly &
 good4 ,b if ?\ f9d ?yself ap>t among m5
 ( ano!r sort1 keep sil5ce4  #c4 ,laugh 
n mu*1 nor at _m ?+s1 nor unre/ra9$ly4  
#d4 ,refuse altoge!r1 if ?\ can/1 to    
take an oa?2 if ?\ can/ n1 !n z !       
circum/ances all[4#a  #e4 ,%un banquets 
giv5 by /rang]s & by ! vulg>4 ,b if any 
occasion br+ !e to !m1 give /ricte/ he$1
 le/ ?\ fall unaw>es into ! ways ( !    
vulg>4 ,= "k t if ?y companion be       
corrupt1 he :o ha? conv]sation ) him mu/
 ne$s be corrupt$ also1 ev5 if himself  
%\ld *ance to be pure4  #f4 ,ha? any ( y
 ! art ( a lute-play] :5 he takes ! lute

 9 8 h&1 s z at once :5 he ha? t\*$ !   
/r+s to "k :i* are out ( tune1 & !n to  
tune ! in/rum5t8--su* a gift z ,socrates
 _h1 :o 9 e company c\ld lead ^? t 7 )  
him to 8 own topic8 ,:5ce %\ld y h x8 b 
ye mu/ ne$s be c>ri$ ab\t hi!r & ?i!r by
 ! vulg>4 ,& :]e=e1 !n1 are !y /rong]   
?an ye8 ,= t !y speak _! sorry /uff f   
belief2 b ye1 y\r f9e talk f ! lips out4
 ,:]e=e x is flat & dead2 & sick5+ x is 
to he> y\r exhortations & ?is wret*$    
virtue ( y\rs1 :i* is prat$ ( 9 e qu>t]4
 ,& ?us ! vulg> conqu] y4 ,= ev]y:]e    
belief is mighty1 belief is inv9cible4  
,until !n ! "r op9ions are h>d5$ 9 y2 & 
until ye %all h ga9$ a c]ta9 /r5g? = y\r
 safety1 ,i c\nsel y to m+le cauti\sly )
 ! vulg>1 else e day1 l wax 9 ! sun1    
%all :atev] ha? be5 writt5 9 y 9 ! s*ool
 be melt$ away4  #g4 ,9 ?+s t conc]n !  
body accept only s f> z ! b>e ne$--z 9  
food1 dr9k1 clo?+1 habitation1 s]vants4 
,b all t makes = glory or luxury ?\ mu/ 
utt]ly proscribe4  #h4 ,conc]n+         
int]c\rse ( ! sexes1 x is "r to be pure 

be=e m>riage1 to ! be/ ( ?y p[]4 ,b1 us+
 x1 let a man h to d only ) :at is      
lawful4 ,yet be n griev\s to ^? :o use  
su* pleasures1 nor c5sori\s2 nor be (t5 
putt+ ?yself =w>d z n us+ !m4  #i4 ,if  
"o %all be> !e ^w t su* a "o ha? spok5  
evil ( !e1 !n d n def5d ?yself aga9/ 8  
accusations1 b make answ]3 ,he little   
knew my o!r vices1 or he _h n m5tion$   
only ^!4  #aj4 ,!re is no necessity to g
 (t5 to ! ar5a1 b if occasion %\ld take 
!e !re1 d n appe> ard5t on any man's    
side b ?9e own2 t is to say1 *oose t    
only to happ5 :i* does happ51 & t !     
conqu]or may be simply he :o w9s2 = s   
%alt ?\ n be ?w>t$4 ,b f %\t+ & laugh+  
at ?is or t1 or viol5t ge/iculation1 ?\ 
mu/ utt]ly ab/a94 ,& :5 ?\ art gone     
away1 conv]se little on ! ?+s t h pass$1
 s f> z !y make n = ?9e own correction4 
,= f t x w\ld appe> t admiration ( !    
spectacle _h ov]come !e4  #aa4 ,g n     
freely nor indiscrim9ately to           
recitations4#b ,b if ?\ g1 !n pres]ve   
7yet )\t be+ griev\s to o!rs7 ?y gravity

 & calmness4  #ab4 ,:5 ?\ art ab\t to   
meet any "o1 especially "o ( ^? t are   
?\ght high 9 rank1 set be=e ?y m9d :at  
,socrates or ,z5o _h done 9 su* a case4 
,& s ?\ wilt n fail to deal z x behooves
 !e ) ! occasion4  #ac4 ,:5 ?\ goe/ to  
any ( ^? t are great 9 p[]1 set be=e ?y 
m9d ! case t ?\ wilt n f9d him at home1 
t ?\ wilt be %ut out1 t ! doors may be  
slamm$ 9 ?y face1 t he w take no notice 
( !e4 ,& if ev5 ) ^! ?+s x behooves !e  
to g1 !n g1 & be> all t happ5s2 & nev]  
say to ?yself--,x 0 n wor? ?is4 ,= t is 
! "p ( ! fooli%1 & ( ^? t are (f5d$ at  
outw>d ?+s4  #ad4 ,9 company1 be x f> f 
!e to dwell mu* & ov]-measure on ?9e own
 de$s & dang]s4 ,= to dwell on ?9e own  
dang]s is pleasant inde$ to !e1 b n     
equally pleasant = o!rs is x to he> ( ! 
?+s t h *anc$ to !e4  #ae4 ,be x f> f !e
 to move laught]4 ,= t habit is a       
slipp]y desc5t into vulg>ity2#c & x is  
always en\gh to relax ?y neighbors'     
respect = !e4  #af4 ,& x is dang]\s to  
approa* to vici\s conv]sation4 ,!re=e1  

:5 any?+ ( ! k9d may arise1 rebuke1 if  
!re is opportunity1 him :o approa*es    
!reto4 ,b if n1 !n at lea/ by sil5ce &  
blu%+ & grave looks1 let x be pla9 t 8  
talk is disagreeable to !e4     ,,*apt] 
,,ii  ,,on ,,habit4   #a4 ,e skill &    
faculty is ma9ta9$ & increas$ by !      
correspond+ acts2 z1 ! faculty ( walk+  
by walk+1 ( runn+ by runn+4 ,if y w read
 al\d well1 !n d x con/antly2 if y w    
write1 !n write4 ,b :5 y h n read al\d =
 ?irty days toge!r1 b done some?+ else1 
y %all see ! result4 ,?us1 if y h la9   
d[n = t5 days1 !n rise up & endeavor to 
walk a good di/ance1 & y %all see h[ y\r
 legs are enfeebl$4 ,9 g5]al1 !n1 if y  
w\ld make y\rself skill$ 9 any?+1 !n d  
x2 & if y w\ld refra9 f any?+1 !n d x n1
 b use y\rself to d r "s o!r ?+ in/ead (
 x4  #b4 ,& ?us x is 9 spiritual ?+s    
also4 ,:5 ?\ art wra?ful1 "k t n ?is    
s+le evil ha? happ5$ to !e1 b t ?\ ha/  
increas$ ! aptness to x1 &1 z x 71 p\r$ 
oil ^u ! fire4 ,:5 ?\ art ov]come 9     
passion1 ?9k n t ?is defeat is all2 b ?\

 ha/ n\ri%$ ?9e incont95ce1 & increas$  
x4 ,= x is impossible b t aptitudes &   
faculties %\ld spr+ up :]e !y 7 n be=e1 
or spread & gr[ mighti]1 by !           
correspond+ acts4 ,& ?us1 surely1 d     
also1 z ! philosoph] says1 ! infirmities
 ( ! s\l gr[ up4 ,= :5 ?\ ha/ once be5  
covet\s ( money1 if ,reason1 :i* leade? 
to a s5se ( ! vice1 be call$ to aid1 !n 
bo? ! desire is set at re/1 & our rul+  
faculty is re-e/abli%$1 z x 0 9 !       
beg9n+4 ,b if ?\ br+ no rem$y to aid1 !n
 %all ! s\l return no m to ! fir/ e/ate2
 b :5 next excit$ by ! correspond+      
appe>ance1 %all be k9dl$ to desire ev5 m
 quickly ?an be=e4 ,& :5 ?is is         
cont9ually happ5+1 ! s\l becomes call\s 
9 ! end1 & ?r\gh its infirmity ! love ( 
money is /r5g!n$4 ,= he t ha? _h a fev]1
 :5 ! illness ha? left him1 is n :at he 
0 be=e 8 fev]1 unless he h be5 entirely 
heal$4 ,& some:at on ?is wise also x    
happ5s 9 ! affection ( ! s\l3 c]ta9     
traces & sc>s are left 9 x1 ! :i* if a  
man d n :olly eradicate1 :5 he ha? be5  

aga9 sc\r$ on ! same place1 x %all make 
no long] sc>s1 b sores4  #c4 ,w\ld/ ?\1 
!n1 be no long] ( a wra?ful temp]8 ,!n d
 n n\ri% ! aptness to x1 give x no?+ t w
 increase x1 be tranquil f ! outset1 &  
numb] ! days :5 ?\ ha/ n be5 wra?ful4 ,i
 h n be5 wra?ful n[ = "o1 nor = two1 nor
 = ?ree days2 b if ?\ h sav$ ?irty days1
 !n sacrifice to ,god4 ,= ! aptness is  
at fir/ enfeebl$1 & !n de/roy$4 ,to-day 
,i 0 n vex$1 nor to-morr[1 nor = two or 
?ree mon?s toge!r2 b ,i 0 he$ful :5     
any?+ happ5$ to move me ?us4 ,"k t ?\   
art 9 good case4 ,to-day1 :5 ,i saw a   
fair woman1 ,i did n say to myself1     
,w\ld t "o c\ld possess h]2 nor1 ,happy 
is h] husb&1 = he :o sai? ?is sai? also1
 ,happy is h] p>am\r2 nor d ,i picture  
to my m9d :at %\ld foll[4 ,b ,i /roke my
 head1 & say1 ,well done1 ,epictetus6 y 
h solv$ a f9e sophism1 f9] by f> ?an !  
ma/] sophism4 ,b if %e 7 also will+ &   
cons5t+1 & s5t to me1 & if %e also laid 
hold ( me1 & drew ne> to me1 & ,i %\ld  
yet re/ra9 myself & conqu]1 ?is 7 inde$ 

!n a sophism above ! ,li>1 above !      
,quiesc5t4 ,v]ily1 = ?is a man's _s may 
rightly swell1 & n = prop\nd+ ! ma/]    
sophism4#a  #d4 ,h[1 !n1 may ?is come to
 pass8 ,resolve at la/ to seek ?9e own  
comm5dation1 to appe> fair 9 ! eyes (   
,god2 desire to become pure ) ?9e own   
pure self1 & ) ,god4 ,!n :5 ?\ %alt fall
 9 ) any appe>ance su* z we h spok5 (1  
:at sai? ,plato8 ,g to ! purify+        
sacrifices1 g & pray 9 ! temples ( !    
protect+ ,gods4#b ,x %all ev5 suffice if
 ?\ seek ! company ( good & wise m51 &  
try ?yself by "o ( !m1 :e!r he be "o ( !
 liv+ or ( ! dead4  #e4 ,by oppos+ ^!   
rem$ies ?\ %alt conqu] ! appe>ance1 nor 
be l$ captive by x4 ,b at ! outset1 be n
 swept away by ! vehem5ce ( x2 b say1   
,await me a little1 ?\ appe>ance2 let me
 see :at ?\ art1 & ) :at ?\ ha/ to d2   
let me approve !e4 ,& !n p]mit x n to   
lead !e =w>d1 & to picture to !e :at    
%\ld foll[1 else x %all take possession 
( !e1 & c>ry !e :i!rsoev] x w4 ,b r br+ 
9 aga9/ x "s o!r fair & noble appe>ance1

 & !re)al ca/ out ?is vile "o4 ,& if ?\ 
use to ex]cise ?yself 9 ?is way1 ?\ %alt
 see :at %\ld]s & n]ves & s9ews ?\ wilt 
h6 ,b n[ we h only word9ess1 & no?+ m4  
#f4 ,?is is ! true a?lete1#c he :o      
ex]cise? himself aga9/ su* appe>ances4  
,hold1 unhappy man6 be n swept away4    
,great is ! conte/1 div9e ! task1 =     
k+%ip1 = fre$om1 = prosp]ity1 =         
tranquillity4 ,be m9dful ( ,god1 call   
,him to be ?y help] & def5d]1 z m5 at   
sea call ^u ! ,dioscuri 9 a /orm4#d ,=  
:at great] tempe/ is !re ?an t :i*      
proce$e? f appe>ances1 t mightily       
ov]come & expel ! ,reason8 ,yea1 a /orm 
itself1 :at is x b an appe>ance8 ,=1    
take away only ! dread ( dea?1 & br+ z  
_m ?und]+s & lightn+s z ?\ wilt1 & ?\   
%alt see :at fair wea!r & calm !re w be 
9 ! rul+ faculty4 ,b if hav+ be5 once   
defeat$1 ?\ %alt say1 ,! next "t ,i w   
conqu]2 & !n ! same ?+ ov] aga91 be sure
 t 9 ! end ?\ wilt be br\ght to su* a   
sorry & feeble /ate t h5ce=? ?\ wilt n s
 mu* z "k t ?\ art s9n+2 b ?\ wilt beg9 

to make excuses = ! ?+1 & !n confirm t  
say+ ( ,hesiod to be true3--    ,) ills 
un5d+ /rives ! putt] (f4                
--,works & ,days1 #daa4  #g4 ,:at !n8 c 
a man make ?is resolve1 & s /& up       
faultless8 ,he _c2 b ?is mu* he c--to be
 ev] /ra9+ t[>ds faultlessness4 ,= happy
 x 7 if1 by nev] relax+ ?is indu/ri\s   
he$1 we %all rid ourselves ( at lea/ a  
few ( our faults4 ,b n[1 :5 ?\ saye/1 ,f
 to-morr[ ,i %all be he$ful1 "k t ?is is
 :at ?\ art say+3--,to-day ,i %all be   
%ameless1 importunate1 abject2 x %all be
 9 o!rs' p[] to afflict me2 to-day ,i   
%all be wra?ful1 envi\s4 ,lo1 to h[ _m  
vices do/ ?\ give place6 ,b if aught be 
well to-morr[1 h[ mu* bett] to-day8 if  
to-morr[ suit1 h[ mu* bett] to-day8     
,yea1 & = ?is1 too1 t ?\ maye/ h ! p[]  
to-morr[1 & n aga9 put x (f till ! ?ird 
day4     ,,*apt] ,,iii4  ,,on           
,,disputation4   #a4 ,:at ?+s a man mu/ 
h le>n$ 9 ord] to be able to reason well
 h be5 accurately def9$ by our          
philosoph]s2 b 9 ! fitt+ use ( !m we are

 :olly unex]cis$4 ,give any "o ( u :om  
ye please "s ignorant man = a disputant1
 & he %all f9d no way to deal ) him2 b  
if1 :5 he ha? mov$ him a little1 ! man  
answ] beside ! purpose1 he is no long]  
able to manage him1 b ei!r he w revile  
him1 or mock him1 & say1 ,he is an      
ignorant fell[2 no?+ c be done ) him4   
#b4 ,b a guide1 :5 he ha? f\nd "o /ray+ 
f ! way1 leads him into ! prop] road1 & 
does n mock him or revile him1 & !n g   
away4 ,& d ?\ %[ su* a man ! tru?1 & ?\ 
%alt see t he w foll[ x4 ,b s long z ?\ 
do/ n %[ x1 mock him n1 b be s5sible r (
 ?9e own incapacity4  #c4 ,b :at8 ?is   
bus9ess ( in/ruction is n v safe at     
pres5t1 & lea/ ( all 9 ,rome2 = he :o   
pursues x w ( c\rse feel con/ra9$ n to d
 x 9 a corn]1 b he mu/ g to "s man (    
consul> rank1 x may be1 or "s ri* man1 &
 inquire ( him3 ,sir1 c y tell me to :om
 y h committ$ ! c>e ( y\r horses8       
,surely4 ,0 x1 !n1 to any *ance-com] &  
"o inexp]i5c$ ab\t horses8 ,by no means4
 ,well1 !n1 to :om are y\r gold & silv] 

vessels & raim5t entru/$8 ,nei!r are ^! 
committ$ to any *ance p]son4 ,& y\r     
body1 h y already s\ght out "o to :om to
 commit ! c>e ( x8 ,h[ n8 ,& t also "o  
:o is exp]i5c$ 9 tra9+ & m$ic9e8        
,assur$ly4 ,:e!r1 n[1 are ^! ! be/ ?+s y
 h1 or d y possess aught t is bett] ?an 
all ( !m8 ,:at ?+ d y mean8 ,t1 by      
,zeus1 :i* use? all ^!1 & approve? ea* (
 !m & take? c\nsel8 ,is x ! s\l1 !n1 t y
 mean8 ,y h conceiv$ me rightly2 x is   
ev5 ?is4 ,truly ,i hold t ,i possess 9  
?is some?+ mu* bett] ?an ev]y?+ else4 ,c
 y !n decl>e to u 9 :at mann] y h tak5  
?\ght = y\r s\l8 = x is n likely t a    
wise man l y\rself1 & "o ( repute 9 !   
,/ate1 w\ld ov]look ! be/ ?9k y possess1
 & use no dilig5ce or design ab\t x1 b  
leave x neglect$ & p]i%+8 ,surely n4 ,b 
d y provide = x y\rself8 & h y le>n$ !  
way f ano!r1 or discov]$ x y\rself8  #d4
 ,& !n at la/ !re is dang] le/ he say   
fir/1 ,good sir1 :at is ?is to y8 :o are
 y8 & !n1 if y p]si/ 9 tr\bl+ him1 t he 
may lift up 8 h&s & smite y4 ,once ,i   

too 0 an admir] ( ?is me?od until ,i    
fell into ^! difficulties4     ,,*apt]  
,,iv4  ,,t ,,we ,,%\ld ,,be ,,sl[ ,,9   
,,accept+ ,,pleasure4   #a4 ,:5 ?\ ha/  
receiv$ ! appe>ance ( "s pleasure1 !n1 z
 9 o!r ?+s1 gu>d ?yself le/ ?\ be c>ri$ 
away by x1 b delay ) ?yself a little1 & 
let ! ?+ await !e = a :ile4 ,!n be?9k   
?yself ( ! two p]iods ( "t1 "o :5 ?\    
%alt be enjoy+ ! pleasure1 ! o!r1 :51   
hav+ enjoy$ x1 ?\ %alt aft]w>ds rep5t ( 
x & reproa* ?yself4 ,& set on ! o!r side
 h[ ?\ %alt rejoice & comm5d ?yself if  
?\ ab/a94  #b4 ,b if x seem reasonable  
to !e to d ! ?+1 bew>e le/ ?\ h be5     
conqu]$ by ! flatt]y & ! sweetness & !  
allurem5t ( x4 ,b set on ! o!r side h[  
mu* bett] 7 ! consci\sness ( hav+ won t 
victory4     ,,*apt] ,v4  ,,t ,,we      
,,%\ld ,,be ,,op5 ,,9 ,,our ,,deal+s4   
,9 do+ aught :i* ?\ ha/ cle>ly disc]n$ z
 "r to d1 seek nev] to avoid be+ se5 9 !
 do+ ( x1 ev5 ?\gh ! multitude %\ld be  
de/9$ to =m "s wrong op9ion conc]n+ x4  
,= if ?\ do/ n "r1 avoid ! de$ itself4  

,b if rightly1 :y fe> ^? :o w wrongly   
rebuke !e8     ,,*apt] ,,vi4  ,,t ,,half
 ,,true ,,may ,,be ,,all ,,false4   ,z !
 say+s1 ,x is day1 ,x is night1 are     
:olly ju/ifiable if view$ disjunctively1
 b n if view$ toge!r1 ev5 s at a fea/1  
to pick out ! l>ge/ portion = "o's self 
may be ju/ifiable1 if we look to ! ne$s 
( ! body alone1 b is unju/ifiable if    
view$ z x conc]ns ! pres]vation ( !     
prop] community 9 ! fea/4 ,!re=e1 9 eat+
 ) ano!r p]son1 rememb] n to look only  
at ! value = ! body ( ! ?+s t are set   
be=e !e1 b to pres]ve also ! rev]5ce due
 to ! giv] ( ! fea/4     ,,*apt] ,,vii4 
,,t ,,ea* ,,man ,,play ,,8 ,,own ,,"p4  
#a4 ,if ?\ ha/ assum$ a "p beyond ?y p[]
 to play1 !n ?\ ha/ bo? come to %ame 9  
t1 & miss$ "o ?\ c\ld/ h well p]=m$4    
#b4 ,& "s "o hav+ inquir$1 ,h[ !n1 %all 
ea* ( u p]ceive :at "* he befits8 ,:5ce1
 said ,epictetus1 do? ! bull alone1 :5 !
 lion approa*e?1 discov] 8 own capacity1
 & advance to def5d ! :ole h]d8 ,x is   
cle> t ) ! capacity is ev] jo9$ !       

p]ception ( ! same1 & ?us1 :oev] ( u may
 possess a l capacity w n be ignorant ( 
x4 ,b a bull is n made 9 a mom5t1 nor is
 a man ( g5]\s _s2 b we mu/ h prep>ation
 & w9t]-tra9+1#a & n lightly ru% ^u ?+s 
t d n conc]n u4     ,,*apt] ,,viii4  ,,t
 ,,we ,,%\ld ,,be ,,c>eful ,,( ,,! ,,s\l
 ,,z ,,( ,,! ,,body4   ,9 go+ ab\t1 y   
are c>eful n to /ep ^u a nail or to twi/
 y\r foot4 ,c>e ?us also le/ y injure   
y\r rul+ faculty4 ,& if we obs]ve ?is 9 
ea* ?+ we d1 we %all ! m safely und]take
 x4     ,,*apt] ,,ix4  ,,! ,,measure ,,(
 ,,ga94   ,! measure ( ga9 = ea* man is 
! body1 z ! foot is = ! %oe4 ,take y\r  
/& on ?is1 & y %all pres]ve ! measure4  
,b if y transgress x1 y mu/ !nce=? be   
borne1 z x 71 d[n a /eep4 ,& s x is ) ! 
%oe1 = if y w g beyond ! measure ( !    
foot1 ! %oe w be fir/ gild$1 !n dy$     
purple1 !n embroid]$4 ,= t :i* ha? once 
transgress$ its measure ha? no long] any
 limit4     ,,*apt] ,x4  ,,! ,,wor? ,,( 
,,wom54   ,f ! age ( f\rte5 ye>s wom5   
are flatt]$ & wor%ip$ by m54 ,see+ ?us t

 !re is no?+ else = !m b to s]ve !      
pleasure ( m51 !y beg9 to beautify      
!mselves1 & to place all _! hopes 9 ?is4
 ,x 7 well1 !n1 t !y %\ld p]ceive       
!mselves to be priz$ = no?+ else ?an    
mode/y & decorum4     ,,*apt] ,,xi4  ,a 
,,dull ,,nature4   ,x betok5s a dull    
nature to be greatly occupi$ 9 matt]s t 
conc]n ! body1 z to be mu* conc]n$ ab\t 
ex]cis+ "o's self1 or eat+1 or dr9k+1 or
 o!r bodily acts4 ,b ^! ?+s %\ld be done
 by ! way1 & all att5tion be giv5 to !  
m9d4     ,,*apt] ,,xii4  ,,( ,,adornm5t 
,,( ,,! ,,p]son4   #a4 ,a c]ta9 "y man1 
a rhetorician1 hav+ come to ,epictetus )
 8 hair dress$ 9 an unusually elaborate 
way1 & 8 o!r attire mu* adorn$1 ,tell   
me1 said ,epictetus1 ?9k y n t "s dogs  
are beautiful1 & "s horses1 & s ( ! o!r 
animals8  ----,i d ?9k x1 said he4  ,&  
m5 too--are n "s beautiful & "s         
ill-favor$8  ----,h[ o!rwise8  ,:e!r1   
!n1 d we call ea* ( ^! beautiful = !    
same reasons & 9 ! same k9d1 or ea* =   
some?+ prop] to itself8 ,& y %all see ! 

matt] ?us3 ,inasmu* z we obs]ve a dog to
 be =m$ by nature = "o end1 & a horse = 
ano!r1 &1 let u say1 a night+ale =      
ano!r1 we may 9 g5]al say1 n            
unreasonably1 t ea* ( !m is !n beautiful
 :5 x is excell5t accord+ to its own    
nature2 b s9ce ! nature ( ea* is        
diff]5t1 diff]5t also1 x seems to me1 is
 ! mann] ( be+ beautiful 9 ea*4 ,is x n 
s8  ,he ackn[l$g$ t x 04  ,!re=e1 t :i* 
make? a dog beautiful make? a horse     
ill-favor$2 & t :i* make? a horse       
beautiful1 a dog ill-favor$2 if1 inde$1 
_! natures are diff]5t8  ----,s x seems4
  ,& t :i* make? a beautiful            
,pancratia/1#a ! same make? a wre/l] n  
good1 & a runn] utt]ly laughable8 ,& he 
:o is beautiful = ! ,p5ta?lon is v bad =
 wre/l+8  ----,x is s1 he said4  ,:at is
 x1 !n1 t makes a man beautiful8 ,is x n
 t :i*1 9 its k9d1 makes also a dog or a
 horse beautiful8  ----,x is t1 he      
answ]$4  ,:at1 !n1 makes a dog          
beautiful8 ,! pres5ce ( ! virtue ( a    
dog4 ,& a horse8 ,! pres5ce ( ! virtue (

 a horse4 ,& :at1 !n1 a man8 ,is x n    
also ! pres5ce ( ! virtue ( a man8 ,&1  
,o y\?1 if ?\ w\ld/ be beautiful1 d ?\  
labor to p]fect ?is1 ! virtue ( a human 
be+4 ,b :at is x8 ,look :om y praise :5 
y praise any )\t affection--is x !      
righte\s or ! unrighte\s8  ----,!       
righte\s4  ,is x ! temp]ate or !        
pr(ligate8  ----,! temp]ate4  ,is x !   
cont95t or ! incont95t8  ----,! cont95t4
  ,!n mak+ y\rself su* a "o z y praise1 
y w "k t y are mak+ y\rself beautiful2 b
 s long z y neglect ^! ?+s1 ?\gh y s\ght
 out e device to appe> beautiful1 y mu/ 
( necessity be ugly4  #b4 ,= ?\ art n   
fle% & hair1 b a ,w3 if ?\ keep ?is     
beautiful1 !n wilt ?\ be beautiful4 ,b s
 f> ,i d>e n tell !e t ?\ art ugly1 = ,i
 ?9k ?\ wilt m easily be> to he> any?+  
else ?an ?is4 ,b see :at ,socrates sai? 
to ,alcibiades1 ! mo/ beautiful & bloom+
 ( m53 ,endeavor1 !n1 to be beautiful2 &
 :at sai? he8 ,curl ?y locks1 & pluck   
out ! hairs ( ?y legs8 ,god =bid4 ,b    
,set ?y ,w 9 ord]1 ca/ out evil         

doctr9es4  ----,& h[ !n %all we deal ) !
 body8  ,z nature made x4 ,ano!r ha? c>$
 = ?is2 commit x to ,him4  ----,b :at8  
,%all ! body !n be uncleans$8  ,god     
=bid4 ,b t :i* ?\ art & wa/ made by     
,nature1 cleanse ?is2 let a man be clean
 z a man1 a woman z a woman1 a *ild z a 
*ild4  #c4 ,= we ought n ev5 by ! aspect
 ( ! body to sc>e away ! multitude f    
philosophy2 b by 8 body1 z 9 all o!r    
?+s1 a philosoph] %\ld %[ himself       
*e]ful1 & free f tr\bles4 ,behold1      
fri5ds1 h[ ,i h no?+ & ne$ no?+2 behold 
h[ ,i am homeless & l&less1 & an exile1 
if s x *ance1 & he>?less1 & yet ,i live 
m free f tr\bles ?an all ! lordly & !   
ri*4 ,b look on my body1 too2 ye see t x
 is n ! worse = my h>d life4 ,b if "o   
sai? ?is to me1 hav+ ! c\nt5ance & g>b (
 a condemn$ crim9al1 :at ,god %all      
p]suade me to approa* to philosophy :i* 
makes su* m5 z ?is8 ,god =bid6 ,i w\ld  
n1 7 x ev5 to become a sage4  #d4 ,i1   
inde$1 by ! ,gods1 _h r a "y man 9 8    
fir/ movem5t t[>ds philosophy came to me

 ) 8 hair curl$ ?an di%evel$ & f\l4 ,= a
 c]ta9 impression ( ! beautiful is to be
 se5 9 him1 & an aim at :at is becom+2 &
 to ! ?+ :]e9 x seeme? to him to lie1   
!re he applies 8 art4 ,!nce=? x only    
ne$s to %[ him its true place1 & to say1
 ,"y man1 ?\ seeke/ ! beautiful1 & ?\   
do/ well4 ,"k1 !n1 t x fl\ri%es !re :]e 
?y ,reason is2 !re seek x :]e are ?y    
likes & dislikes1 ?y pursuits &         
avoidances1 = ?is is :at ?\ ha/ 9 ?yself
 ( *oice & preci\s1 b ! body is by      
nature mud4 ,:y do/ ?\ sp5d ?y labor ^u 
x 9 va98 = t ! body is naught1 ,"t %all 
c]ta9ly tea* !e1 ?\gh x tea* !e no?+    
else4 ,b if "o come to me f\l & fil?y1 &
 a mu/a*e d[n to ! knees1 :at h ,i to   
say to him8 ) :at image or lik5ess c ,i 
draw him on8 ,= ) :at t is l unto       
,beauty ha? he ev] busi$ himself1 s z ,i
 may set him on ano!r c\rse1 & say1 ,n  
"h is ,beauty1 b !re8 ,w y h me tell    
him1 ,beauty consi/s n 9 be+ bef\l$1 b 9
 ! ,reason8 ,= do? he ev5 seek ,beauty8 
ha? he any impression ( x 9 8 m9d8 ,g1 &

 reason ) a hog1 t he %all n roll       
himself 9 ! mud4  #e4 ,behold a y\?     
wor?y ( love--behold an old man wor?y to
 love1 & to be lov$ 9 return2 to :om "o 
may commit 8 sons1 8 daught]s1 to be    
taught2 to :om "y m5 may come1 if x     
please y--t he may deliv] lectures to !m
 on a dunghill6 ,god =bid4 ,e           
extravagance arises f some?+ 9 human    
nature1 b ?is is ne> to be+ "o t is n   
human4     ,,*apt] ,,xiii4  ,,:y ,,we   
,,%\ld ,,be> ,,) ,,wrong4   ,:5 "s "o   
may d y an injury1 or speak ill ( y1    
rememb] t he ei!r does x or speaks x    
believ+ t x is "r & meet = him to d s4  
,x is n possible1 !n1 t he c foll[ ! ?+ 
t appe>s to y1 b ! ?+ t appe>s to him4  
,:]e=e1 if x appe> evil to him1 x is he 
t is injur$1 be+ deceiv$4 ,= also if any
 "o %\ld take a true consequ5ce to be   
false1 x is n ! consequ5ce t is injur$1 
b he :i* is deceiv$4 ,sett+ out1 !n1 f  
^! op9ions1 y w be> a g5tle m9d t[>ds   
any man :o may revile y4 ,=1 say on ea* 
occasion1 ,s x appe>$ to him4           

,,*apt] ,,xiv4  ,,t ,,ev]y?+ ,,ha? ,,two
 ,,h&les4   ,e matt] ha? two h&les--by !
 "o x may be c>ri$2 by ! o!r1 n4 ,if ?y 
bro!r d !e wrong1 take n ?is ?+ by !    
h&le1 ,he wrongs me2 = t is ! h&le :]eby
 x may n be c>ri$4 ,b take x r by !     
h&le1 ,he is my bro!r1 n\ri%$ ) me2 & ?\
 wilt take x by a h&le :]eby x may be   
c>ri$4     ,,*apt] ,,xv4  ,,on ,,c]ta9  
,,false ,,conclusions4   ,!re is no true
 conclusion 9 ^! reason+s3 ,i am ri*]   
?an ?\1 !re=e ,i am bett]3 ,i am m      
eloqu5t ?an ?\1 !re=e ,i am bett]4 ,b ! 
conclusions are r ^!3 ,i am ri*] ?an ?\1
 !re=e my weal? is bett]3 ,i am m       
eloqu5t ?an ?\1 !re=e my spee* is bett]4
 ,b ?\ art n weal?1 & ?\ art n spee*4   
,,*apt] ,,xvi4  ,,p]ception ,,&         
,,judgm5t4   #a4 ,do? a man ba! himself 
quickly8 ,!n1 say n1 ,wrongly1 b        
,quickly4 ,do? he dr9k mu* w9e8 ,!n say 
n1 ,wrongly1 b ,mu*4 ,= :5ce d y "k if x
 7 ill done till y h und]/ood 8 op9ion8 
#b4 ,?us x %all n befall y to ass5t to  
any o!r ?+s ?an ^? :]e( y are truly &   

directly s5sible4#a  #c4 ,:at is ! cause
 ( ass5t+ to any?+8 ,! appe>ance t x is 
s4 ,b if x appe> to be n s1 x is        
impossible to ass5t to x4 ,:]e=e8 ,= t  
?is is ! nature ( ! m9d1 to receive !   
true ) favor1 ! false ) disfavor1 & !   
unc]ta9 ) indiff]5ce4 ,! pro( ( ?is8 ,be
 sure1 if y c1 at ?is mom5t1 t x is     
night4 ,y _c4 ,cease to be sure t x is  
day4 ,y _c4 ,be sure t ! />s are odd 9  
numb]1 or t !y are ev54 ,y _c4 ,:51     
!re=e1 any man %all ass5t to :at is     
false1 "k t he _h no w to cons5t to     
falsehood2 =1 z sai? ,plato1 no s\l is  
will+ly depriv$ ( ! tru?1 b ! false     
appe>$ to x to be true4 ,come1 !n1 :at h
 we 9 actions correspond+ to ?is true & 
false8 ,! seemly & ! unseemly1 !        
pr(itable & ! unpr(itable1 t :i* conc]ns
 me & t :i* do? n conc]n me1 & su* l4 ,c
 any man ?9k t a c]ta9 ?+ is = 8 pr(it1 
& n elect to d x8 ,he _c4 ,h[1 !n1 is x 
) h] :o sai?--    ,& w ,i "k ! evils ,i 
%all d1    ,b wra? is "l ( all my       
purposes8                               

,m$ea1 #ajgi4  ,=1 did %e hold ?is v ?+1
 to gratify h] wra? & av5ge h]self on h]
 husb& m pr(itable ?an to sp>e h]       
*ildr58 ,ev5 s3 b %e 0 deceiv$4 ,%[ h]  
cle>ly t %e 0 deceiv$1 & %e w n d x2 b s
 long z y %[ x n1 :at else ha? %e to    
foll[ ?an ! ?+ z x appe>s to h]8 ,no?+4 
,:]e=e1 !n1 h y indignation ) h]1 t !   
unhappy wret* has gone a/ray conc]n+ !  
greate/ ?+s1 & has become a vip] in/ead 
( a human be+8 ,if any?+1 w y n r pity1 
z we pity ! bl9d & ! lame1 ^? t are     
bl9d$ & lam$ 9 ! *iefe/ ( _! faculties8 
#d4 ----,s t all ^! great & dreadful    
de$s h ?is same orig9 9 ! appe>ance ( ! 
?+8  ,! same1 & no o!r4 ,! ,iliad is    
n\ght b appe>ance1 & ! use ( appe>ances4
 ,! ?+ t appe>$ to ,p>is 0 ! c>ry+ (f ( 
! wife ( ,m5elaus2 ! ?+ t appe>$ to     
,hel5 0 to accompany him4 ,_h x1 !n1    
appe>$ to ,m5elaus to be s5sible t x 0 a
 ga9 to be depriv$ ( su* a wife1 :at    
w\ld h happ5$8 ,n only _h !re be5 no    
,iliad1 b no ,odyssey nei!r4  ----,on   
su* a little ?+ d su* great ones hang8  

,b :at talk is ?is ( great ?+s8 ,w>s &  
s$itions & de/ructions ( _m m51 & ov]?r[
 ( cities8 ,& :at is !re ( great 9 ^!8  
,no?+4 ,= :at is !re ( greatness 9 !    
dea?s ( _m ox5 & %eep1 & ! burn+ or     
ov]?r[ ( _m ne/s ( swall[s or /orks8    
----,b are ^! ?+s l unto ^?8  ,!y are   
mo/ l4 ,! bodies ( m5 are de/roy$1 & !  
bodies ( ox5 & ( %eep4 ,! dwell+s ( m5  
are burn$1 & ! ne/s ( /orks4 ,:at is !re
 great1 :at is !re awful 9 ?is8 ,or %[  
me :]e9 diff]e? ! dwell+ ( a man1 z a   
dwell+1 f ! ne/ ( a /ork1 save t ! "o   
builde? 8 little h\ses ( planks & tiles 
& bricks1 & ! o!r ( /icks & mud8        
----,are a /ork & a man1 !n1 alike8     
,:at say y8 ,9 body !y are mo/ l4       
----,do? a man1 !n1 diff] 9 no respect f
 a /ork8  ,god =bid2 b 9 ^! matt]s !re  
is no diff]5ce4  ----,:]e91 !n1 do? he  
diff]8  ,seek1 & y %all f9d t 9 ano!r ?+
 !re is a diff]5ce4 ,look if x be n 9 ! 
obs]v+ & /udy+ ( :at he do?2 look if x  
be n 9 8 social in/9ct1 9 8 fai?1 8     
rev]5ce1 8 /eadfa/ness1 8 und]/&+4 ,:]e1

 !n1 is ! great ,good or ,evil = man8   
,!re1 :]e ! diff]5ce is4 ,if ?is be     
sav$1 & abide1 z x 71 9 a =tress1 &     
rev]5ce be n deprav$1 nor fai?1 nor     
und]/&+1 !n is ! man also sav$4 ,b if "o
 ( ^! ?+s p]i%1 or be tak5 by /orm1 !n  
do? ! man also p]i%4 ,& 9 ?is x is t    
great actions are done4 ,x 0 a mighty   
d[nfall1 !y say1 = ,p>is1 :5 ! ,greeks  
came1 & :5 !y sack$ ,troy1 & :5 8 bro!rs
 p]i%$4 ,n s3 = ?r\gh ano!r's act c no  
man fall--t 0 ! sack+ ( ! /orks' ne/s4  
,b ! d[nfall 0 !n :5 he lo/ rev]5ce &   
fai?1 :5 he betray$ hospitality &       
violat$ decorum4 ,:5 0 ! fall (         
,a*illes8 ,:5 ,patroclus di$8 ,god =bid2
 b :5 he 0 wra?ful1 :5 he bewept ! loss 
( 8 girl1 :5 he =got t he 0 !re n to w9 
mi/resses b to make w>4 ,^!1 = m51 are  
d[nfall & /orm+ & ov]?r[1 :5 "r op9ions 
are demoli%$ or deprav$4     ,,*apt]    
,,xvii4  ,,t ,,! ,,philosoph] ,,%all    
,,exhibit ,,to ,,! ,,vulg> ,,de$s1 ,,n  
,,words4   #a4 ,?\ %alt nev] proclaim   
?yself a philosoph]1 nor speak mu* among

 ! vulg> ( ! philosophic maxims2 b d !  
?+s t foll[ f ! maxims4 ,= example1 d n 
disc\rse at a fea/ ^u h[ "o ought to    
eat1 b eat z "o ought4 ,= rememb] t ev5 
s ,socrates ev]y:]e bani%$ o/5tation1 s 
t m5 us$ to come to him desir+ t he w\ld
 recomm5d !m to tea*]s ( philosophy1 &  
he br\ght !m away & did s1 s well did he
 be> to be ov]look$4  #b4 ,& if among ! 
vulg> disc\rse %\ld arise conc]n+ "s    
maxim ( ?y philosophy1 d ?\1 = ! mo/ "p1
 keep sil5ce1 = !re is great risk t ?\  
/raightway vomit up :at ?\ ha/ n dige/$4
 ,& :5 "s "o %all say to !e1 ,?\ kn[e/  
naught1 & x bites !e n1 !n "k t ?\ ha/  
begun ! "w4  #c4 ,& z %eep d n br+ _!   
food to ! %eph]ds to %[ h[ mu* !y h     
eat51 b dige/+ inw>dly _! prov5d]1 be>  
outw>dly wool & milk1 ev5 s d n ?\1 = ! 
mo/ "p1 display ! maxims be=e ! vulg>1 b
 r ! works :i* foll[ f !m :5 !y are     
dige/$4     ,,*apt] ,,xviii4  ,,ascesis4
   ,:5 y h adapt$ ! body to a frugal way
 ( liv+1 d n flatt] y\rself on t1 nor if
 y dr9k only wat]1 say1 on e            

opportunity1 ,i dr9k only wat]4 ,& if y 
desire at any "t to inure y\rself to    
labor & endurance1 d x to y\rself & n   
unto ! _w4 ,& d n embrace ! /atues2 b "s
 "t :5 y are exce$+ly ?ir/y take a      
m\?ful ( cold wat]1 & spit x out1 & say 
no?+ ab\t x4     ,,*apt] ,,xix4         
,,tok5s4   #a4 ,! position & tok5 ( !   
vulg>3 he looks nev] to himself = b5efit
 or hurt1 b always to outw>d ?+s4 ,!    
position & "* ( ! philosoph]3 he looks =
 b5efit or hurt only to himself4  #b4 ,!
 tok5s ( "o t is mak+ advance3 he blames
 none1 he praises none1 he accuses none1
 he compla9s ( none2 he speaks nev] (   
himself1 z be+ some:at1 or z kn[+ aught4
 ,:5 he is ?w>t$ or h9d]$ 9 aught1 he   
accuse? himself4 ,if "o %\ld praise him1
 he laughs at him 9 8 sleeve2 if "o %\ld
 blame him1 he makes no def5se4 ,he goes
 ab\t l ! sick & feeble1 fe>+ to move ! 
p>ts t are settl+ toge!r be=e !y h tak5 
hold4 ,he ha? tak5 out ( himself all    
pursuit1 & ha? turn$ all avoidance to   
?+s 9 our p[] :i* are contr>y to nature4

 ,t[>d all ?+s he w keep 8 incl9ation   
slack4 ,if he is ?\ght fooli% or        
unle>n$1 he reg>de? x n4 ,9 a ^w1 he    
wat*es himself z he w\ld a trea*]\s     
enemy4     ,,*apt] ,,xx4  ,,t ,,!       
,,logical ,,art ,,is ,,necess>y4   #a4  
,s9ce ,reason is t by :i* all o!r ?+s   
are organiz$ & p]fect$1#a x is meet t   
itself %\ld n rema9 unorganiz$4 ,b by   
:at %all x be organiz$8 ,= x is cle> t  
?is mu/ be ei!r by itself or by "s o!r  
?+4 ,b ?is mu/ be ,reason2 or some?+    
else :i* is great] ?an ,reason1 :i* is  
impossible4  #b4 ,yea1 "o may say1 b x  
is m press+ to cure our vices1 & ! l4   
,y desire1 !n1 to he> some?+ ( ^! ?+s8  
,he> !n2 b if y %all say to me1 ,i "k n 
if y are reason+ truly or falsely8 or if
 ,i utt] some?+ ambigu\s1 & y %all bid  
me di/+ui%1 %all ,i lose pati5ce ) y &  
tell y1 ,x is m press+ to cure our vices
 ?an *op logic8  #c4 ,= ?is reason ,i   
?9k ! logical are set at ! beg9n+ ( our 
/udy1 ev5 z be=e ! measur+ ( corn we set
 ! exam9ation ( ! measure4 ,= unless we 

%all fir/ e/abli% :at is a modius#b &   
:at is a balance1 h[ %all we be able to 
measure or weigh any?+8  #d4 ,9 ?is     
case1 !n1 if y h n und]/ood & accurately
 inve/igat$ ! crit]ion ( all o!r ?+s1 & 
t ?r\gh :i* !y are und]/ood1 %all we be 
able to inve/igate & und]/& any?+ else8 
& h[ c\ld we8 ,yea1 b a modius is a     
wood5 ?+1 & b>r54 ,b x measures corn4 ,&
 logic is also b>r54 ,z reg>ds ?is1     
inde$1 we %all see4 ,b ev5 if "o %\ld   
grant ?is1 x suffice? t logic is t :i*  
di/+ui%es & inve/igates o!r ?+s1 &1 z "o
 may say1 measures & weighs !m4 ,:o sai?
 ^! ?+s8 is x ,*rysippus alone & ,z5o & 
,clean!s8 b do? n ,anti/h5es#c say x8 ,&
 :o wrote t ! inve/igation ( t]ms is !  
beg9n+ ( education8--0 x n ,socrates8 & 
( :om do? ,x5ophon write t he began ) ! 
inve/igation ( t]ms1 :at ea* ( !m       
signifi$8     ,,*apt] ,,xxi4            
,,gramm>ian ,,or ,,sage4   ,:5 "s "o may
 exalt himself 9 t he is able to und]/& 
& exp\nd ! works ( ,*rysippus1 say !n to
 ?yself3 ,if ,*rysippus _h n writt5     

obscurely1 ?is man w\ld h _h no?+ :]eon 
to exalt himself4 ,b ,i1 :at d ,i       
desire8 ,is x n to le>n to und]/&       
,nature & to foll[ h]8 ,i inquire1 !n1  
:o c exp\nd ,nature to me1 & he>+ t     
,*rysippus c1 ,i betake myself to him4  
,b ,i d n und]/& 8 writ+s1 !re=e ,i seek
 an exp\nd] = !m4 ,& s f> !re is no?+   
exalt$4 ,b :5 ,i h f\nd ! exp\nd]1 x    
rema9e? = me to put 9 practice :at he   
decl>es to me1 & 9 ?is alone is !re     
any?+ exalt$4 ,b if ,i %all admire ! b>e
 exposition1 :at else h ,i made ( myself
 ?an a gramm>ian in/ead ( a philosoph]1 
save1 inde$1 t ! exposition is (        
,*rysippus & n ( ,hom]8 ,:51 !re=e1 "o  
may ask me to lecture on ! philosophy ( 
,*rysippus1 ,i %all r blu% :5 ,i am n   
able to %[ =? works ( a l nature & 9    
h>mony ) ! words4     ,,*apt] ,,xxii4   
,,accompli%m5ts4   #a4 ,! cle>] be !    
*>act]s 9 :i* a book is writ1 ! m       
pleasantly & conv5i5tly %all any man    
read x4 ,?us also a man %all li/5 m     
conv5i5tly to any disc\rse if x be      

convey$ 9 well-ord]$ & graceful words4  
,be x n said1 !n1 t !re is no faculty ( 
expression1 = ?is is ! ?\ght ( a man bo?
 impi\s & c[>dly#a--;impi\s1 = he holds 
9 dise/eem ! graci\s gifts ( ,god1 z if 
he w\ld take away ! s]viceable faculty (
 see+1 or ( he>+1 or inde$ ?is ( speak+4
 ,did ,god give ! eyes = no?+8 ,& 0 x = 
no?+ t ,he m+l$ 9 !m a _s ( su* might & 
cunn+ z to rea* a long way (f & receive 
! impression ( visible =ms--a mess5g] s 
swift & fai?ful8 ,0 x = no?+ t ,he gave 
! int]v5+ air su* efficacy1 & made x    
ela/ic1 s t be+1 9 a mann]1 /ra9$1#b our
 vision %\ld trav]se x8 ,0 x = no?+ t   
,he made ,light1 )\t :i* !re 7 no b5efit
 ( any o!r ?+8  #b4 ,man1 be n un?ankful
 = ^! ?+s1 nor yet unm9dful ( bett] ?+s4
 ,= see+ & he>+1 &1 by ,zeus1 = life    
itself1 & ! ?+s t "w toge!r to ma9ta9 x1
 = dri$ fruits1 = w9e1 = oil1 d ?\ give 
?anks to ,god4 ,b rememb] t ,he ha? giv5
 !e ano!r ?+ :i* is bett] ?an all ^!--t1
 namely1 :i* uses !m1 :i* approves !m1  
:i* take? acc\nt ( ! wor? ( ea*4 ,= :at 

is t :i* decl>e? conc]n+ all ^!         
faculties h[ mu* ea* ( !m is wor?8 ,is x
 ! faculty itself8 ,he>d y ev] ! faculty
 ( vision tell aught conc]n+ itself8 or 
t ( he>+8 or :eat1 or b>ley1 or a horse1
 or a dog8 ,nay1 b z m9i/]s & slaves are
 !y appo9t$1 to s]ve ! faculty :i* makes
 use ( appe>ances4 ,& if y w\ld le>n h[ 
mu* any ( !m is wor?1 ( :om w y inquire8
 :o %all give answ]8 ,h[ !n %all any o!r
 faculty be great] ?an ?is1 :i* bo? use?
 ! o!rs z its s]vants1 & ! same approve?
 ea* ( !m & decl>e? conc]n+ !m8 ,= :i* (
 !m kn[e? :at itself is1 & :at x is     
wor?8 ,:i* ( !m kn[e? :5 x behooves to  
make use ( x1 & :5 n8 ,:at is t :i*     
op5e? & close? ! eyes1 turn+ !m away f  
?+s :i* !y %\ld n behold1 & guid+ !m    
t[>ds o!r ?+s8 ,is x ! faculty ( vision8
 ,nay1 b ! faculty ( ! ,w4 ,:at is t :i*
 close? & op5e? ! e>s8--t 9 ob$i5ce to  
:i* !y become busy & curi\s1 or aga91   
unmov$ by :at !y he>8 ,is x ! faculty ( 
he>+8 ,x is no o!r ?an t ( ! ,w4  #c4   
,be+ !n s great a faculty1 & set ov] all

 ! re/1 let x come to u & tell u t ! be/
 ( exi/+ ?+s is ! fle%6 ,n ev5 if ! fle%
 itself affirm$ t x 0 ! be/1 w\ld any   
man h pati5ce ) x4 ,n[ :at is x1        
,epicurus1 :i* decl>es ?is doctr9e1 t ! 
fle% is be/1 :i* wrote conc]n+ ! ,end ( 
,be+1 & on ,laws ( ,nature1 & on !      
,canon ( ,tru?8--:i* let ?y be>d gr[8   
:i* wrote1 :5 dy+1 t x 0 sp5d+ its la/  
day & a happy "o8#c ,is x ! fle% or !   
,w8 ,wilt ?\ affirm1 !n1 t ?\ ha/ aught 
bett] ?an ! ,w8 ,nay1 b art ?\ n mad--s 
bl9d1 9 tru?1 & deaf z ?\ art8  #d4 ,:at
 !n8 ,%all any man contemn ! o!r        
faculties8 ,god =bid6 ,do? any man say t
 !re is no use or em95ce 9 ! faculty (  
eloqu5ce8 ,god =bid--t 7 s5seless1      
impi\s1 ?ankless t[>ds ,god4 ,b to ea*  
?+ its true wor?4 ,= !re is a c]ta9 use 
9 an ass1 b n s mu* z 9 an ox2 & 9 a    
dog1 b n s mu* z 9 a slave2 & 9 a slave1
 b n s mu* z 9 a citiz52 & 9 citiz5s1 b 
n s mu* z 9 gov]nors4 ,yet n because o!r
 ?+s are bett] is ! use :i* any?+ af=ds 
to be contemn$4 ,!re is a c]ta9 wor? 9 !

 faculty ( eloqu5ce1 b n s mu* z 9 ! ,w4
 ,:51 !n1 ,i speak ?us1 let no man deem 
t ,i w\ld h y neglect ! p[] ( eloqu5ce1 
= ,i w\ld n h y neglect y\r eyes1 or    
e>s1 or h&s1 or feet1 or raim5t1 or     
%oes4 ,b if "o ask me :i* is1 !n1 ! be/ 
( exi/+ ?+s1 :at %all ,i say8 ,! faculty
 ( eloqu5ce ,i _c say1 b t ( ! ,w1 :5 x 
is made "r4 ,= ?is is t :i* use? ! o!r1 
& all ! o!r faculties1 bo? small &      
great4 ,:5 ?is is set "r1 a man t 0 n   
good becomes good2 :5 x is n "r1 ! man  
becomes evil4 ,?is is t :]eby we fail or
 prosp]--:]eby we blame o!rs1 or approve
 !m2 ! neglect ( :i* is ! mis]y1 & ! c>e
 ( x ! happ9ess1 ( mank9d4  #e4 ,b to   
take away ! faculty ( eloqu5ce1 & to say
 t !re is 9 tru? no su* faculty1 is n   
only ! "p ( a ?ankless man t[>d ,him :o 
ha? giv5 x1 b also ( a c[>dly4 ,= su* a 
"o seeme? to me to fe> le/ if !re be any
 faculty ( ?is k9d we %all n be able to 
despise x4 ,su* are !y also :i* say t   
!re is no diff]5ce betwe5 beauty &      
ugl9ess4 ,!n 7 a man to be affect$ 9 l  

mann] on see+ ,!rsites & ,a*illes1 or on
 see+ ,hel5 & any common woman8#d       
,truly1 a ?\ght ( fools & boors1 & ( m5 
:o "k n ! nature ( ea* ?+1 b fe> le/1 if
 "o p]ceive ! diff]5ce1 he %all be      
/raightway swept away & ov]p[]$ by x4 ,b
 ! great ?+ is ?is--to leave to ea* !   
faculty t x ha?1 & s leav+ x to scan !  
wor? ( ! faculty1 & to le>n :at is !    
greate/ ( exi/+ ?+s2 & ev]y:]e to pursue
 ?is1 & be zeal\s ab\t ?is1 mak+ all o!r
 ?+s accessory to ?is1 albeit1 accord+  
to our p[]s1 n neglect+ ev5 ^!4 ,= ( !  
eyes also mu/ we take c>e1 yet n z ( !  
be/ ?+2 yet ( ^!1 too1 by ! v ex]cise ( 
! be/ ?+2 s9ce t %all 9 no o!r wise     
subsi/ accord+ to ,nature save by wise  
deal+ 9 ^! matt]s1 & pref]r+ c]ta9 ?+s  
to o!rs4  #f4 ,b :at is done 9 ! _w8 ,z 
if a man j\rney+ to 8 own c\ntry %\ld   
pass by an excell5t inn1 & ! inn be+    
agreeable to him1 %\ld /ay1 & abide 9 x4
 ,man1 ?\ ha/ =gott5 ?y purpose2 ?y     
j\rney+ 0 n to ?is1 b ?r\gh ?is4 ,b ?is 
is pleasant4 ,& h[ _m o!r inns are      

pleasant1 & h[ _m mead[s8 yet m]ely =   
pass+ ?r\gh4 ,b ?y bus9ess is ?is1 to   
arrive 9 ?y native c\ntry1 to remove !  
fe>s ( ?y k9sfolk1 to d1 ?yself1 !      
duties ( a citiz51 to m>ry1 to beget    
*ildr51 to fill ! cu/om>y (fices4 ,= ?\ 
art n come into ?is _w to *oose out its 
pleasant] places1 b to dwell 9 ^? :]e ?\
 wa/ born1 & :]e( ?\ wa/ appo9t$ to be a
 citiz54 ,& s 9 "s wise x is ) ?is      
matt]4 ,s9ce1 by ! aid ( spee* & su* l  
deliv]ance1 we mu/ come to our aim1 &   
purify ! ,w1 & ord] aright ! faculty :i*
 makes use ( appe>ances2 & x is necess>y
 t ?is deliv]ance ( ! doctr9es come to  
pass by a c]ta9 use ( spee*1 & ) a c]ta9
 art & tr5*ancy ( expression1 !re are "s
 :i* are tak5 captive by ^! ?+s         
!mselves1 & abide 9 !m--"o 9 ! gift (   
spee*1 "o 9 syllogisms1 "o 9 sophisms1  
"o 9 "s su* ano!r ( ^! inns1 & !re !y   
l+] & mold] away1 z ?\gh !y 7 fall5     
among ! ,sir5s4  #g4 ,man1 ?y bus9ess 0 
to make ?yself fit to use ! appe>ances t
 enc\nt] !e accord+ to ,nature1 n miss+ 

:at ?\ pursue/1 nor fall+ into :at ?\   
w\ld/ avoid1 nev] fail+ ( good =tune1   
nor ov]tak5 ( ill =tune1 free1 unh9d]$1 
uncompell$1 agree+ ) ! gov]nance (      
,zeus1 ob$i5t unto ! same1 & well-pleas$
 !re92 blam+ none1 *>g+ none1 able ( ?y 
:ole s\l to utt] ^! l9es3--    ,lead me1
 ,o ,zeus1 & ?\1 ,de/9y6  ,!n1 hav+ ?is 
= ?y bus9ess1 if "s little matt] (      
eloqu5ce please !e1 or c]ta9            
speculations1 wilt ?\ /ay & abide 9 !m1 
& elect to settle 9 !m1 =gett+ all t is 
at home8 & wilt ?\ say1 ,^! ?+s are     
admirable8 ,:o sai? !y are n admirable8 
b = pass+ ?r\gh1 l inns4 ,:at %\ld h9d] 
"o t spoke l ,demo/h5es to be un=tunate8
 or "o t c\ld resolve syllogisms l      
,*rysippus to be mis]able1 to grieve1 to
 envy2 9 a ^w1 to be tr\bl$ & unhappy8  
,no?+4 ,?\ see/ n[ t all ^! ?+s are b   
inns1 & ( no wor?2 b our bus9ess 0 ano!r
 ?+4 ,:5 ,i say ^! ?+s to c]ta9 p]sons1 
!y ?9k ,i am reject+ all c>e ab\t       
language or speculation4 ,b ,i d n      
reject ?is2 ,i reject ! endless         

occupation ) !m1 ! putt+ our hopes 9 !m4
 ,if a man by ?is tea*+ injure? ^? :o   
he> him1 reckon me also among ^? :o d   
?is injury4 ,= ,i _c1 9 ord] to please  
y1 see t "o ?+ is be/ & *ief ( all1 &   
say t ano!r is4#e     ,,*apt] ,,xxiii4  
,,con/ancy4   ,abide 9 ! precepts z 9   
laws :i* x 7 impi\s to transgress4 ,&   
:atsoev] any man may say ( !e1 reg>d x  
n2 = nei!r is ?is any?+ ( ?9e own4      
,,*apt] ,,xxiv4  ,,h[ ,,long8   #a4 ,h[ 
long wilt ?\ delay to hold ?yself wor?y 
( ! be/ ?+s1 & to transgress 9 no?+ !   
decrees ( ,reason8 ,?\ ha/ receiv$ !    
maxims by :i* x behooves !e to live2 &  
do/ ?\ live by !m8 ,:at tea*] do/ ?\    
/ill look = to :om to h& ov] ! task ( ?y
 correction8 ,?\ art no long] a boy1 b  
already a man full gr[n4 ,if1 !n1 ?\ art
 neglectful & sluggi%1 & ev] mak+       
resolve aft] resolve1 & fix+ "o day aft]
 ano!r on :i* ?\ wilt beg9 to att5d to  
?yself1 ?\ wilt =get t ?\ art mak+ no   
advance1 b wilt g on z "o ( ! vulg>     
sort1 bo? liv+ & dy+4  #b4 ,n[1 at la/1 

!re=e hold ?yself wor?y to live z a man 
( full age & "o :o is press+ =w>d1 & let
 ev]y?+ t appe>e? ! be/ be to !e z an   
inviolable law4 ,& if any toil or       
pleasure or reputation or ! loss ( x be 
laid ^u !e1 rememb] t n[ is ! conte/1 "h
 already are ! ,olympian games1 & !re is
 no def]r+ !m any long]1 & t 9 a s+le   
day & 9 a s+le trial gr\nd is to be lo/ 
or ga9$4  #c4 ,x 0 ?us t ,socrates made 
himself :at he 01 9 all ?+s t befell him
 hav+ reg>d to no o!r ?+ ?an ,reason4 ,b
 ?\1 albeit ?\ be yet no ,socrates1 yet 
z "o t w\ld be ,socrates1 s x behoove?  
!e to live4     ,,*apt] ,,xxv4  ,,p>ts  
,,( ,,philosophy4   #a4 ,! fir/ & mo/   
necess>y po9t 9 philosophy is ! use ( ! 
precepts1 = example1 n to lie4 ,! second
 is ! pro( ( ^!1 z1 ,:5ce x comes t x is
 wrong to lie8 ,! ?ird is t :i* give?   
confirmation & coh]5ce to ! o!rs1 su* z1
 ,:5ce x comes t ?is is pro(8 = :at is  
pro(8 :at is consequ5ce8 :at is         
contradiction8 :at is tru?8 :at is      
falsehood8  #b4 ,?us ! ?ird po9t is     

necess>y ?r\gh ! second1 & ! second     
?r\gh ! fir/4 ,b ! mo/ necess>y ( all1 &
 t :5 we %\ld re/1 is ! fir/1 ,b we d ! 
contr>y4 ,= we l+] on ! ?ird po9t1 &    
sp5d all our zeal on t1 :ile ( ! fir/ we
 are utt]ly neglectful1 & ?us we are    
li>s2 b ! explanation ( h[ x is %[n to  
be wrong to lie we h ev] ready to h&4   
,,*apt] ,,xxvi4  ,,memorabilia4   ,hold 
9 read9ess = e ne$1 ^!--     ,lead me1  
,o ,zeus1 & ?\1 ,de/9y1 :i!rsoev] ye    
h appo9t$ me to g1 & may ,i foll[       
fe>lessly4 ,b    if 9 an evil m9d ,i be 
unwill+1 /ill mu/ ,i foll[4     ,t man  
is wise among u1 & ha? und]/&+ (    ?+s 
div9e1 :o ha? nobly agre$ ) ,necessity4 
,b ! ?ird also--     ,o ,crito1 if s x  
seem good to ! ,gods s let x be4        
,anytus & ,meletus are able to kill me  
inde$1 b to    h>m me1 nev]4#a  ,,!     
,,end4     ,,notes4   ,,clean!s ,,hymn  
,,to ,,zeus4     #a ,pr(essor ,mahaffy1 
9 8 ,greek ,life & ,?\ght1 quotes    !  
full text ( ?is noble ,hymn1 :i*1 he    
?9ks1 w\ld    alone r$eem ! ,hell5i/ic  

age1 z x /&s be=e u1 f    ! *>ge ( m]e  
artificiality & p$antry4     #b ,greek3 
is mimma la*ontes m\non4 ,?is is        
,zell]'s    read+1 b n ,pr(essor        
,mahaffy's1 :o has ,greek3 h5os         
mimma4   ,,notes4   ,,book ,i4   ,,*apt]
 ,i4  #a4 ,ent] by ! door 7cf4 ,s4      
,john1 x4 #a74 ,! p>allelisms 9 ?\ght & 
expression betwe5 ,epictetus & ! ,new   
,te/am5t h (t5 be5 notic$1 & ! read] w  
discov] _m o!rs1 to :i* ,i h n ?\ght x  
necess>y to draw att5tion4    ,conceit3 
,greek3 oisis1 ,e9bildung4  #c4 ,to be  
elat$3 ,greek3 epaire/hai4 ,"o might    
translate1 to be puff$ up1 except t t   
expression is only us$ 9 a bad s5se1 &  
"o may be elat$ 9 any?+ t is truly ( !  
nature ( ! good4 ,! ,/oics di/+ui%$     
betwe5 ,greek3 *>a1 joy1 & ,greek3 hdon1
 pleasure2 n reject+ or despis+ ! =m]4  
,,*apt] ,,ii4  #a4 ,greek3 ta m5 eis9   
eph' hm91 ta de ouk eph' hm94 ,a        
fundam5tal di/9ction 9 ! ,epictetean    
sy/em1 :i* he sometimes expresses by !  
phrases1 ,greek3 ta hmet]a & ,greek3 ta 

tn alln--?+s t are our own & ?+s t      
belong to o!rs2 or ,greek3 ta idia &    
,greek3 ta allotria--?+s t are our prop]
 conc]n1 & ?+s t are ali5 to u4  #b4 ,on
 ! ,mons ,palat9us 9 ,rome !re /ood a   
temple to ,fev]4 ,upton quotes f ,grut]1
 p4 xcvii41 an int]e/+ inscription to   
?is div9ity3 ,febri4 ,div4 ,febri4      
,sanct4 ,febri4 ,magn4 ,camilla4 ,amata4
 ,pro4 ,filio4 ,male4 ,affecto4 ,p4     
,,*apt] ,,iii4  #a4 ,!re is excell5t    
,,ms4 au?ority = ?is read+ ( ! passage1 
:i*1 h[ev]1 is n ,s*weighus]'s4 ,! latt]
 reads3 ,be cont5t ) !m1 & pray to !    
,gods4  #b4 ,/ew>d ( ! w9ds4 ,a         
quotation f ,hom]1 ,od4 x4 #ba4         
,,*apt] ,,iv4  #a4 ,?r\gh n be+ dazzl$1 
etc4 ,greek3 ,an tas hylas m ?aumas4    
,,*apt] ,,vi4  #a4 ,note t 9 ?is passage
 ,god & ! ,gods & ! ,div9e are all      
synonym\s t]ms4  #b4 ,or ( names4  #c4  
,"s texts add su* z ,good or ,evil4     
,,*apt] ,,vii4  #a4 ,app>5tly a prov]b1 
:i* maybe p>allel$ 9 its pres5t         
application by ,lu!r's ,pecca =tit]4    

#b4 ,a complex or conjunctive           
proposition is "o :i* conta9s sev]al    
ass]tions s unit$ z to =m a s+le /atem5t
 :i* w be false if any "o ( its p>ts is 
false--e4g41 ,brutus 0 ! lov] & de/roy] 
bo? ( ,cs> & ( 8 c\ntry4 ,! disjunctive 
is :5 alt]native propositions are made1 
z ,pleasure is ei!r good or bad1 or     
nei!r good nor bad4  #c4 ,i h foll[$ ,"l
 ,%aftesbury's explanation ( ?is        
passage1 :i* ! o!r comm5tators h giv5 up
 z corrupt4 ,x seems cle> t :e!r !      
passage c /& exactly 9 ! =m 9 :i* we h  
x1 or n1 ,"l ,%aftesbury's r5d]+        
repres5ts :at ,epictetus orig9ally      
convey$4  #d4 ,accord+ to ! usual read+1
 a scornful exclamation--,?\ exhort !m6 
,i h foll[$ ! read+ recomm5d$ by ,s*w4 9
 8 notes1 al?\gh he does n adopt x 9 8  
text4   ,,*apt] ,,viii4  #a4 ,! f\nd] ( 
! ,cynic s*ool 0 ,anti/h5es1 :o taught 9
 ! gymnasium nam$ ! ,cynos>ges1 at      
,a!ns2 :5ce ! "n ( 8 s*ool4 ,zell] takes
 ?is /rik+ *apt] to exhibit ,epictetus's
 philosophis*es ,ideal1 ! ,cynic be+ !  

wahr] ,philosoph1 or p]fect ,/oic4      
7,phil4 d4 ,gr4 iii4 ,s4 #geb47 ,?is    
view seems to me no m true ?an t !      
mission>y or monk is to be consid]$ !   
ideal ,*ri/ian4 ,epictetus takes pa9s to
 make x cle> t ! ,cynic is a ,/oic ) a  
special & sep>ate vocation1 :i* all     
,/oics are by no means call$ ^u to take 
up4 ,l ,?oreau1 t mod]n ,/oic1 :5 he w5t
 to live at ,wald51 ! ,cynic tries !    
extreme ( abnegation 9 ord] to          
demon/rate practically t man has        
res\rces )9 himself :i* make him equal  
to any fate t circum/ances c inflict4   
#b4 ,greek3 tribnion1 a co>se g>m5t     
especially affect$ by ! ,cynics1 z also 
by ! e>ly ,*ri/ian ascetics4  #c4 ,nor  
pity4 ,upton1 9 a note on ,diss4 i4 #ah4
 #c4 7,s*w471 ref]s to v>i\s passages 9 
,epictetus :]e pity & envy are m5tion$  
toge!r z ?\gh !y 7 relat$ emotions1 &   
aptly quotes ,virgil 7,georg4 ii4       
#dii73--    ,aut doluit mis]ans inopem1 
aut invidit hab5ti4  ,x w be cle> to any
 c>eful read] t :5 ,epictetus ass]ts t  

c]ta9 emotions or acts are unwor?y ( a  
man1 he con/antly means ! man to be     
und]/ood z 8 highe/ spiritual faculty1 8
 deepe/ s5se ( reason1 8 s\l4 ,t we are 
n to pity or grieve means t t side ( u  
:i* is relat$ to ! div9e & et]nal is n  
to be affect$ by emotions produc$ by    
calamities 9 m]e outw>d & mat]ial ?+s4  
,/4 ,augu/9e corroborates ?is view 9 an 
int]e/+ passage be>+ on ! ,/oic doctr9e 
( pity 7,de ,civ4 ,dei4 ix4 #e2 ,s*w4   
iv4 #acb73--  ,mis]icordiam ,cic]o non  
dubitavit appell>e virtutem1 quam       
,/oicos int] vitia num]>e non pudet1 qui
 tam51 ut docuit lib] ,epicteti         
nobilissimi ,/oici ex decretis ,z5onis  
et ,*rysippi1 qui hujus sect primas     
p>tes habu]unt1 hujuscemodi passiones 9 
animum ,sapi5tis admittunt1 quem vitiis 
omnibus lib]am esse volunt4 ,unde fit   
consequ5s1 ut hc ipsa non put5t vitia1  
qu&o ,sapi5ti sic accidunt1 ut contra   
virtutem m5tis rationemque nihil        
possunt4  ,! p>ticul> utt]ances (       
,epictetus "h allud$ to by ,/4 ,augu/9e 

mu/ h be5 conta9$ 9 "s ( ! lo/ books ( !
 ,diss]tations1 z no?+ l !m is to be    
f\nd explicitly 9 ^? :i* survive1 al?\gh
 ! latt] af=d u abundant means = d$uc+ !
 conclusion :i* ,/4 ,augu/9e confirms4  
#d4 ,?is cake seems to =m a ridicul\s   
anti-climax4 ,b x appe>s to h be5 a vex$
 "q 9 antiquity :e!r an ascetic         
philosoph] might indulge 9 ?is p>ticul> 
luxury 7,greek3 plak\s74 ,upton quotes  
,lucian & ,diog5es ,la]tius = in/ances (
 ?is "q be+ prop\nd$1 & an affirmative  
answ] giv5 79 "o in/ance by ! ,cynic1   
,diog5es74 ,! y\? 9 ! text is be+       
address$ z a novice :o mu/ n use !      
fre$om ( an adept4  ,upton quotes f     
,cymbel9e3--    ,ha? ,brita9 all ! sun t
 %9es8 ,day1 night1   ,art !y n1 b 9    
,brita98 ,pry!e1 ?9k1   ,!re's liv+ out 
( ,brita96  ,b ,epictetus means m ?an   
?is 9 8 allusion to sun & />s4--,see    
,preface1 xxiv4 ,?is passage w\ld lead u
 to suppose t ,epictetus believ$ 9 a    
p]sonal exi/5ce cont9u$ = "s "t aft]    
dea?4 ,9 ! end1 h[ev]1 ev5 sun & />s    

%all vani%4--,see ii4 #ac1 #d4  #f4 ,be+
 arre/$ by ,philip's p1 & ask$ if he 7 a
 spy1 ,diog5es repli$1 ,c]ta9ly ,i am1  
,o ,philip2 a spy ( ?9e ill-c\nsel &    
folly1 :o = no necessity can/ set ?y    
life & k+dom on ! *ances ( an h\r4  #g4 
,accord+ to ,upton's conjecture1 ^! 7   
gladiators fam\s = bodily /r5g?2 & also1
 "o w\ld suspect1 = "s rem>kable        
calamity4  #h4 ,?is highly crude view ( 
! ,trojan w> might h be5 refut$ out ( ! 
m\? ( ,epictetus himself4 ,evil-do]s are
 n to be all[$ _! way because !y are    
unable to hurt our s\ls1 b ! hurt may be
 9 ! c[>dice or slo? t w n puni% !m4    
#i4 ,by we>+ 8 cloak half fall+ (f1 9   
neglig5t fa%ion4 ,no?+ is f9] or m      
*>act]i/ic 9 ,epictetus ?an 8 angry     
scorn ( ! pseudo-,/oics ( 8 day4  #aj4  
,greek3 anakr9on to daimonion4 ,!       
allusion evid5tly is to ! g5ius or div9e
 _s by :i* ,socrates felt himself guid$4
  #aa4 ,crates 0 a disciple ( ,diog5es4 
,8 wife 0 nam$ ,hipp>*ia4 ,upton quotes 
,m5&] 7apud ,diog4 ,l471 ,?\ wilt walk  

ab\t ) me 9 a cloak z once did 8 wife ) 
,crates ! ,cynic4  #ab4 ,danaus1 fa!r ( 
! fifty ,danaid4 olus is m5tion$ 9 ,od4 
x4 z hav+ six sons & six daught]s4  #ac4
 ,greek3 trapezz pylar\s4 ,il4 xxi4 #fi4
  #ad4 ,t is1 he capp$ ! quotation by   
quot+ ! foll[+ l9e 7,il4 ii4 #bd1 #be74 
,n a v /rik+ intellectual ef=t2 b       
,epictetus evid5tly consid]$ x a        
m]itori\s ?+ to "k ,hom] well en\gh to  
quote him 9 "o's sleep1 & he 0 "r4  #ae4
 ,f a poem ( ,clean!s4   ,,book ,,ii4   
,,*apt] ,i4  #a4 ,accord+ to ! view (   
,james ,h>ris1 9 a long & valuable note 
communicat$ to ,upton1 ! ma/]-argum5t 0 
s call$ f ! supreme importance ( !      
issues ) :i* x dealt4 ,on ^! issues     
diff]5t lead]s ( ! ,/oics took diff]5t  
sides1 ,diodorus hold+ bo? future & pa/ 
?+s to be necess>y1 ,clean!s bo?        
cont+5t1 & ,*rysippus pa/ ?+s to be     
necess>y & future cont+5t4 ,any two ( ! 
?ree propositions m5tion$ 9 ! text      
exclude ! ?ird4 ,= mod]n philosophy !   
di/9ction betwe5 ! possible & ! c]ta9 9 

! ph5om5al _w has1 ( c\rse1 no real     
exi/5ce2 ! possible be+ simply t ( :i*  
we d n "k :e!r x w come to pass or n4   
#b4 ,( c\rse ,epictetus "h speaks       
ironically2 all ?is is j :at x is !     
bus9ess ( a ?9k] to d4  #c4 ,epictetus1 
,i suppose1 means to compla9 t ! curr5t 
phrases ( philosophy are dealt out 9    
glib answ] to great e?ical que/ions1 j z
 ,hom] might be quot$ = an ev5t 9 ! life
 ( ,odysseus1 by p]sons :o 9 nei!r case 
?9k ( ga9+ t vital conviction :i* only !
 /r5u\s ex]cise ( "o's own reason c     
produce4 ,a little lat] he repres5ts    
,hellanicus1 ! hi/orian1 z quot$ on !   
di/9ction betwe5 good & evil1 :o nev]   
treat$ t subject4 ,if x is to be a m]e  
"q ( au?ority1 "o "n is z good z ano!r1 
s9ce none is any use at all4            
,indiff]5t1 be x obs]v$1 is morally     
indiff]5t--t :i* has 9 itself no be>+ on
 our moral /ate4 ,see ,*ap4 ,,ii4 #b4   
#d4 ,! foll[]s ( ,ari/otle call$        
!mselves ,p]ipatetics4   ,,*apt] ,,ii4  
#a4 ,! ^w 9 ! ,greek is ,greek3         

p]i/aseis1 lit]ally circum/ances1 b ! ^w
 is evid5tly us$ 9 a bad s5se1 z        
equival5t to afflictions4 ,doom is      
likewise etymologically a neutral ^w1 b 
"o :i* has receiv$ an evil mean+4  #b4  
,socrates's fai? 9 8 g5ius or ,dmon 0   
well kn[n4 ,9 ?is passage f 8 ,apologia 
7:i* ,epictetus gives f a bad text71 x  
is d\btless ! mann] only t convey$ !    
idea ( mock]y4 ,nei!r ,socrates nor any 
"o else ev] _h bett] evid5ce ( ,god's   
exi/5ce ?an ,8 voice 9 our consci5ce4   
,,*apt] ,,iv4  #a4 ,briefly1 ! ?ree     
divisions seem to be ,action1 ,"*1 &    
,judgm5t4 ,! la/ is to be approa*$ ?r\gh
 tra9+ 9 logic1 9 ! p5etration (        
fallacies1 etc41 by :i* means a man is  
to arrive at su* an inw>d & vital       
conviction ( ! tru? t he c nev] = a     
mom5t be tak5 (f 8 gu>d by ! delusion ( 
,appe>ance4  #b4 ,passions1 passionless1
 ,greek3 ta pa?1 apa?s4--,see ,index (  
,philosophic ,t]ms4   ,,*apt] ,v4  #a4  
,euripides4--,musonius ,rufus1 ! tea*] (
 ,epictetus1 is report$ to h said1 ,take

 ! *ance ( dy+ nobly :5 ?\ can/1 le/    
aft] a little dea? inde$ come to !e1 b a
 noble dea? no m4  #b4 ,?is phrase ( !  
op5 door occurs frequ5tly 9 ,epictetus1 
usually :51 z "h1 he is tell+ ! av]age  
non-philosophic man t x is unmanly to   
compla9 ( a life :i* he c at any "t     
rel9qui%4 ,! philosoph] has no ne$ ( su*
 exhortation1 = he does n compla91 & z =
 dea?1 is cont5t to wait ,god's "t4 ,b !
 ,/oics taught t ! arrival ( ?is "t     
might be indicat$ by "s disa/] or       
affliction :i* r5d]$ a natural &        
:olesome life impossible4               
,self-de/ruction 0 9 su* cases          
p]missible1 & is record$ to h be5 adopt$
 by sev]al lead]s ( ! ,/oics1 g5]ally :5
 old age _h begun to r5d] !m a burd5 to 
_! fri5ds4  #c4 ,nay1 ?\ %alt exi/1     
etc4--,?is is ! s5se giv5 by ,zell]'s   
punctuation4 ,s*weighus]'s text w\ld be 
r5d]$1 ,?\ %alt n exi/1 b some?+ else w1
 etc4 ,upton *anges ! text 7on 8 own    
au?ority7 by transpos+ an ,greek3 ouk4  
,?\ %alt exi/1 b z some?+ else1 :]e( !  

univ]se has n[ no ne$4  #d4 ,?is does n 
appe> to h be5 ! law 9 ,epictetus's "t1 
= he himself 0 educat$ :ile a slave4 ,b 
x 0 a common provision 9 antique /ates4 
#e4 ,! c]emony 9 manumitt+ a slave4     
,,*apt] ,,vi4  #a4 ,*ap4 ,,vi4 i4 is a  
passage f ! lo/ ,fif? ,book ( !         
,disc\rses1 pres]v$ = u 9 a r obscure   
,lat9 translation by ,aulus ,gellius4   
,dur+ a /orm at sea1 a c]ta9 ,/oic on   
bo>d 0 obs]v$ by him to look pale &     
anxi\s1 ?\gh n inde$ %[+ ! signs ( panic
 exhibit$ by ! o!r pass5g]s4 ,que/ion$  
aft]w>ds by ,gellius on ?is app>5t      
feebl5ess 9 8 pr(ess$ fai?1 ! ,/oic     
produc$ ! ,fif? ,book ( ,epictetus1 &   
read ?is passage4  #b4 ,! ?ird ,e>l (   
,%aftesbury1 an en?usia/ic /ud5t (      
,epictetus1 _h ?is di% ( wat] & ray (   
light engrav$1 & plac$1 ) ! inscription1
 ,greek3 panta hypolpsis--,all is       
,op9ion--z an emblem at ! front ( 8     
,*>act]i/ics4 ,! passage1 ?\gh int]e/+1 
is obscure4 ,at "o "t ! appe>ances1     
,greek3 phantasiai1 are comp>$ to ! ray 

( light2 at ano!r1 ! doctr9es 7lit]ally 
arts1 i4 e41 arts ( life taught by      
philosophy7 & virtues4 ,probably !      
explanation is to be f\nd 9 ! view ( !  
,/oics t at bir? ! human s\l is a tabula
 rasa1 or blank %eet2 all our k com+ f  
)\t2 t is1 f ! appe>ances :i* surr\nd u4
 ,moral & philosophic convictions are   
?us1 l all o!r m5tal /ates1 ! result (  
ext]nal impressions4   ,,*apt] ,,vii4   
#a4 ,! s*ool ( ,plato 0 cont9u$ at ,a!ns
 "u ! title ( ! ,academy4 ,9 its lat]   
days x produc$ little except logical    
puzzles4  #b4 ,fri5d1 if inde$1 escap+ f
 ?is w>1 we 7 de/9$ !reaft] to an       
ageless & dea?less life1 !n nei!r w\ld  
,i fight 9 ! van nor set !e 9 ! press ( 
glori\s battle4 ,b n[1 s9ce dea? 9 a    
?\s& k9ds /&s ev]y:]e aga9/ u1 :i* no   
man %all fly f nor elude1 we g2 ei!r we 
%all give glory to ano!r1 or he to      
u4--,s>p$on's spee*1 ,iliad1 xii4       
#cbb-h4  #c4 ,g5]al cons5t4--,!         
well-kn[n philosophic doctr9e1 t :at all
 m5 unite 9 believ+ mu/ be true1 :i* has

 s (t5 be5 made ! basis ( argum5ts aga9/
 ,skepticism 9 v>i\s =ms4   ,,*apt]     
,,viii4  #a4 ,see *ap4 ,,iv4 i4  #b4 ,he
 drew wat] by night = 8 g>d5s1 & /udi$  
philosophy 9 ! day4--,diog4 ,la]t4      
,upton4  #c4 ,a mo/ *>act]i/ic feature (
 ! :ole ,/oic s*ool 0 its treatm5t (    
anci5t my?ology & leg5d4 ,^! ?+s 7      
closely & e>ne/ly /udi$1 ) a con/ant    
view to ! deep] mean+s t und]lay !      
ve/ure ( fable1 an attitude :i* contra/s
 v favorably ) ,plato's bani%m5t ( !    
poets f 8 ,republic = tea*+ false       
notions ab\t ! ,gods4   ,,*apt] ,,ix4   
#a4 ,gy>a1 an isl& 9 ! gean1 us$ z a    
p5al settlem5t4   ,,*apt] ,x4  #a4 ,!   
capta9 444 ! driv]--lit]ally1 to him :o 
has k 7( ! giv5 art74  #b4              
,lib]ator--,greek3 k>pi/s4 ,! p]son     
appo9t$ by law to c>ry out ! c]emony ( !
 manumission ( slaves4   ,,*apt] ,,xi4  
#a4 ,?is *apt] seems to me to conta9 a  
tru? express$ s baldly & crudely z to   
appe> a falsehood4 ,! read]'s m9d w be  
fix$ ^u ! tru? or falsehood accord+ z he

 is or is n capable ( read+ ,epictetus )
 und]/&+4  #b4 ,?is e>!n lamp 0 sold1   
accord+ to ,lucian1 at ! dea? (         
,epictetus = #c1jjj dra*m 7ab\t         
#abj74--;,adv4 ,indoct4 #ac4   ,,*apt]  
,,xiii4  #a4 ,p>ody+ a v]se ( ,euripides
 on ! /ream ( ,dirce 9 ,boeotia4 ,!     
,m>cian aqu$uct br\ght wat] to ,rome4   
#b4 ,i adopt ,upton's conjecture = !    
inexplicable ,greek3 en boos koilia4    
,,*apt] ,,xviii4  #a4 ,an em95t ,cynic  
7also m5tion$ by ,s5eca & ,tacitus74    
,,*apt] ,,xxv4  #a4 ,?is is ! read+ ( "o
 ( ! ,*ri/ian ,p>aphrases4 ,! o!r       
v]sions add ! words ,greek3 pros alll\s 
aft] ,greek3 ex hn ou diaph]ome?a1 giv+ 
! s5se f ?+s 9 :i* we d n diff] f ea*   
o!r4 ,x is no uncommon ?+ = all !       
v]sions ( ,epictetus to unite 9 a       
manife/ly corrupt read+1 & ?\gh 9 ?is   
case ! receiv$ text is n an impossible  
"o1 ,i h ?\ght myself ju/ifi$ 9 foll[+ !
 v>iant ( ! ,p>aphrase4   ,,*apt]       
,,xxvii4  #a4 ,!re is an allusion to ?is
 curi\s feature ( ! ,olympic conte/s 9 !

 ,f\r? ,idyll ( ,!ocritus4 ,casaubon    
7,lect4 ,!ocr4 ad ,idyll4 #d7 quot$ by  
,s*weighus]1 9 8 note on ?is passage    
7,diss4 ,,iii4 xv4 #d71 %[s f ,fe/us    
,pompeius t !re 0 a /atue 9 ! ,capitol (
 a y\? be>+ a spade aft] ! mann] ( !    
,olympic combatants4  #b4 ,euphrates1 a 
,/oic philosoph]1 & contempor>y (       
,epictetus4 ,he 0 tutor ( ,pl9y1 !      
y\ng]4  #c4 ,! p5ta?los cont5d$ 9 five  
a?letic ex]cises--viz41 runn+1 leap+1   
?r[+ ! quoit1 ?r[+ ! javel91 wre/l+4    
#d4 ,mu* ( ?is mu/ ref] to ! p]iod (    
probation or disciple%ip1 = ,epictetus  
is cle> t ! ord9>y ,/oic 7:o _h n       
embrac$ ! special mission ( ,cynicism7 0
 n requir$ to =sake 8 family1 or 8      
affairs1 or 8 duties z a citiz51 nor ev5
 ju/ifi$ 9 do+ s4   ,,book ,,iii4       
,,*apt] ,,ii4  #a4 ,! husk is1 ( c\rse1 
! body4 ,if x is ma9ta9$ t ,nature has  
made ! ease ( ?is our only prop]        
pursuit1 ( c\rse ! altrui/ic1 or social 
in/9cts h to be reject$ & d5i$4  #b4 ,! 
text is "h almo/ c]ta9ly corrupt4 ,x    

runs ,greek3 ps oun hyponotikoi esm51   
hois m physik e/i pros ta ekgona        
philo/orgia4 ,all ! ,,mss4 agree 9      
,greek3 hyponotikoi1 = :i* ,s*weighus]  
desires to read ,greek3 pronotikoi1 &   
,wolf1 ,greek3 eti ko9nikoi4 ,salmasius 
decl>es emphatically = ,greek3 ps oun   
ep9oeis hoti ko9nikoi esm51 & ?is1 ) a  
slight alt]ation sugge/$ to me by an    
em95t liv+ s*ol>1 is ! read+ ,i h       
adopt$3 ,let u suppose t ,epictetus said
 ,greek3 ps oun hyponoeis hoti k4e41 & t
 ?is 0 writt5 9 ! %ort l9es common 9    
,greek ,,mss43--  ,greek3    ,p,,s\nypo 
,,noeisotikoi   ,n,,nikoi  ,! second    
l9e1 beg9n+ ) ! same lett] z ! ?ird1    
might easily be dropp$ by a transcrib]1 
& ! next transcrib] w\ld c]ta9ly *ange !
 result+ ,greek3 hyponnikoi to ,greek3  
hyponotikoi4 ,! exi/+ read+ might give !
 s5se1 ,h[ are we1 !n1 suspici\s ( ^?   
7if any !re be7 to :om ,nature has giv5 
no affection = _! (fspr+8  #c4 ,outw>d  
?+s--su* z mak+ provision = "o's family1
 s]v+ ! ,/ate1 etc41--actions :i* are n 

directly conc]n$ ) our spiritual good4  
,,*apt] ,,iii4  #a4 ,phrygia1 !         
bir?place ( ,epictetus1 0 "o ( ! great  
c5t]s ( ! wild & fe>ful cult ( ,cybele1 
^: prie/s ga%$ & mutilat$ !mselves 9 !  
excitem5t ( ! orgie4  #b4 ,philosophy is
 br\ght ^u ! sc5e1 speak+ fir/ ?r\gh !  
m\? ( a ,/oic1 aft]w>ds ?r\gh t ( an    
,epicurean1 & ! practical results ( ea* 
sy/em are exhibit$4  #c4 ,! ,a!nians1 r 
?an submit to ,x]xes1 ab&on$ _! city to 
be plund]$1 & took to _! fleet1 !       
victory at ,salamis rew>d+ _! resolve4  
,^? :o di$ at ,!rmopyl 7 ! ?ree hundr$  
,sp>tans "u ,leonidas1 :o held ! pass   
aga9/ ! ,p]sian ho/ till all 7 sla94    
,(t5 z _! h]oism has be5 celebrat$1     
p]haps no?+ m wor?y ( _! valor has be5  
writt5 ?an ! truly laconic epitaph      
compos$ = !m by ,simonides3    ,/rang]1 
! ,sp>tans bade u die3   ,g1 tell !m1   
?\1 t "h we lie4   ,,*apt] ,,iv4  #a4 ,!
 s5se ( human dignity 0 /rong 9         
,epictetus1 & he w\ld h x practically   
obs]v$ 9 m5's relations ) ea* o!r4      

,comp>e ,*4 v4 #g4 ,zell] mu/ h ov]look$
 ^! ,fragm5ts ( ,epictetus :5 he ass]t$ 
7p4 #cja7 t no ,/oic philosoph] _h ev]  
condemn$ slav]y4 ,s f> z we "k1 h[ev]1  
?is is ! only condemnation ( t          
in/itution ev] utt]$ by any ,pagan ?9k]4
 ,! usual ,/oic view 0 laid d[n by      
,*rysippus1 :o def9$ ! slave v mu* z    
,c>lyle does1 z a p]petuus m]c5>ius--a  
man hir$ = life1 f :om "w 0 to be       
requir$1 a j return = x be+ accord$     
7op]am exeg5dam1 ju/a proeb5da74 ,?is   
utt]ance ( ,epictetus1 z ( "o :o knew   
slav]y f )91 & c]ta9ly 0 n incl9$ to    
exagg]ate its discom=ts1 is notewor?y   
en\gh4   ,,*apt] ,v4  #a4 ,adm9i/rator1 
,greek3 dior?ts2 9 ,lat91 ,corrector--a 
,/ate (fic] ( :om inscriptions1 etc41   
make frequ5t m5tion1 b ( ^: functions n 
mu* appe>s to be kn[n beyond :at !      
pres5t *apt] ( ,epictetus reveals4  #b4 
,cassiope 0 a port ( ,epirus1 n f> f    
,nicopolis1 :]e ,epictetus taught4 ,s*w4
 conjectures t ,maximus 0 s5d+ 8 son to 
/udy philosophy at ,nicopolis "u        

,epictetus4  #c4 ,= a correct view ( ^! 
matt]s w r$uce e movem5t ( pref]5ce &   
avoidance to heal? ( body & tranquillity
 ( s\l2 = ?is is ! p]fection ( a happy  
life4--,epicurus1 ,diog4 ,la]t4 x4 #abh4
 ,epictetus's analysis ( ! ,epicurean   
!ory am\nts to ?is1 t ! pleasure ( ! s\l
 is ! *ief good1 b t x is only felt     
?r\gh ! body & its conditions4  #d4 ,!  
ov]se] ( y\?4--,an (fic] 9 c]ta9 ,greek 
cities4 ,see ,mahaffy's ,greek ,life &  
,?\ght1 *4 xvii41 on ! organization ( ! 
ephebi4  #e4 ,aid 9 works t are accord+ 
to ,nature4--,! ,greek is--,greek3 en   
tois kata phys9 ergois p>akrat4 ,!re is 
"s diff]5ce ( op9ion among comm5tators z
 to ! mean+ ( ,greek3 p>akrat4 ,wolf    
translates1 hold ! *ief place 9 natural 
works4 ,upton1 ,s*w41 & ,long r5d] x by 
keep u con/ant1 su/a9 u1 9 su* works4 ,i
 d n see :y we %\ld n take ! ^w 9 its   
pla9e/ s5se--t pleasure %\ld act toge!r 
) o!r =ces 9 lead+ u to d well4         
,,*apt] ,,vii4  #a4 ,zeal\s = evil      
?+s4--,epictetus mu/ mean ?+s :i* !y "k 

to be evil--evil ?+s z evil4 ,x 0 a     
,socratic doctr9e :i* we f9d aga9 allud$
 to 9 ?is *apt]1 t no evil is ev]       
will+ly or witt+ly done4  #b4 ,a        
favorite !me ( lat] ,greek & ( ,roman   
com$y 0 ! rival%ip 9 love ( a fa!r & a  
son4  #c4 ,admetus1 husb& ( ,alce/is1   
be+ told by an oracle t 8 wife mu/ die  
if no "o (f]$ himself 9 h] /ead1 ?\ght  
to lay ! obligation on 8 fa!r1 z be+ an 
old man ) b few m ye>s to live4 ,! fir/ 
v]se quot$ is f ! ,alce/is ( ,euripides2
 ! second is n f\nd 9 any extant v]sion 
( t play4  #d4 ,eteocles & ,polyneices1 
sons ( ,o$ipus1 qu>rel$ ) ea* o!r ab\t !
 inh]itance ( _! fa!r's k+dom4 ,eteocles
 hav+ ga9$ possession ( x1 ,polyneices  
br\ght up ! fam\s sev5 k+s1 8 allies1   
aga9/ ,!bes1 & fell 9 battle !re by 8   
bro!r's h&1 :om he also kill$4 ,! v]ses 
quot$ are f ! ,pho5iss ( ,euripides4    
#e4 ,s*weighus] int]prets ?is passage to
 mean t ^! m5 occupy ! public places z  
wild bea/s d ! m\nta9s1 to prey on o!rs4
 ,if we might read ,greek3 hs ta ?ria = 

,greek3 hs ta or1 we %\ld get a less    
obscure s5se1 haunt ! wild]ness--,i %\ld
 say ! public places--l wild bea/s4 ,!  
passage is cle>ly corrupt some:]e4  #f4 
,polyneices brib$ ,eriphyle ) ! gift (  
?is necklace to p]suade h] unwill+ husb&
 to m>* ) him aga9/ ,!bes :]e he di$4   
,,*apt] ,,viii4  #a4 ,! allusion is to  
,odyssey1 v4 #hb-d4 ,b he 0 sitt+ on !  
bea* & weep+1 :]e he 0 wont2 & torm5t$ 8
 _s ) te>s & groan+s & woes1 & wept z he
 gaz$ ov] ! b>r5 sea4  #b4 ,let him     
pity4--,see ,bk4 ,i41 *4 viii41 note #c4
   ,,*apt] ,,ix4  #a4 ,!                
conflagration4--,see ,preface = an      
acc\nt ( ! ,/oic ,doctr9e ( !           
,weltv]br5nung4  #b4 ,long sugge/s t !  
words translat$ air to air might be     
equally well r5d]$ _s to _s 7,greek3    
hoson pneumati\ eis pneumation71 ?us    
f9d+ a place = ! s\l 9 ?is enum]ation ( 
! elem5ts ( man4 ,b ?is metaphysical    
division ( man's nature into a spiritual
 "p & a mat]ial "p w\ld h be5 :olly     
contr>y to ,/oic tea*+1 :i* admitt$ no  

exi/5ce t 0 n mat]ial4 ,z a matt] (     
fact1 if any ( ! t]ms 9 ?is enum]ation  
is to be und]/ood z mean+ s\l or _s1 x w
 be fire r ?an air4  #c4 ,gods &        
,p[]s4--,greek3 !n kai ,daimonn4        
,,*apt] ,x4  #a4 ,to /rangle lions or   
embrace /atues4--,h]cules did ! =m]1 &  
o/5tati\s philosoph]s sometimes did !   
latt] 9 w9t]-"t1 by way ( %[+ _! p[] (  
endurance4  #b4 ,! /amp ( ,n]o4--,i     
believe !re is no o!r record ?an ?is (  
any rejection ( ,n]o's co9s1 & ^? :i* h 
come d[n to u are ( p]fectly good       
quality4 ,he 0 decl>$ a public enemy by 
! ,s5ate1 & possibly x 0 decre$ at !    
same "t t 8 co9s %\ld be )drawn f       
circulation4 ,dion1 quot$ by ,wise 7apud
 ,s*weighus]71 reports t ?is 0 done 9 ! 
case ( ,caligula1 aft] ! dea? ( t       
tyrant4  #c4 ,lions at home1 b 9        
,ephesus foxes4--,a prov]b ab\t !       
,sp>tans1 :o 7 defeat$ 9 ,asia1 notes ! 
,s*olia/ on ,ari/oph4 ,pac41 #aahh-ij4  
,,book ,,iv4   ,,*apt] ,,ii4  #a4 ,nor c
 ,i move )\t ?y k4--,f ,hom]1 ,il4 x4   

#bgi1 #bhj1 ,odysseus to ,a!ne4  #b4 ,! 
,g5ius ( ea* man4--,greek3 ton eka/on   
,daimona4  ,,*apt] ,,iii4  #a4 ,a way   
:]e9 to walk4--,lit]ally1 ! p[] ( us+ a 
way4 ,x seems to me likely t ?is t]m1   
way--,greek3 hodos1 "h signifies ! ,/oic
 philosophy1 j z 9 ! e>ly ,*ur* x 0 us$ 
to signify ,*ri/ianity 7e4 g41 ,acts    
xxii4 #d1 & xix4 #i1 #bc74   ,,*apt]    
,,iv4  #a4 ,nor h any object 9          
!mselves4--,read]s ( ,lotze w be rem9d$ 
( ! t]m ,frsi*se9heit1 us$ by him to    
d5ote ! self-c5t]$ quality ( true ,be+4 
,! ,greek "h is ,greek3 ouk auta        
prog\m5a1 ,greek3 prog\m5a1 be+ ! ^w us$
 9 ,bk4 ,i4 viii4 #ac1 & ,bk4 ,,iii4 v4 
#e1 = ! lead+ objects or obligations (  
man4  #b4 ,w\ld t ,i _h y ) me6--,9     
,long's translation ! pron\n y is       
expla9$ to mean ,god4 ,i c see no reason
 = ?is int]pretation4 ,! words are1 ,i  
?9k1 suppos$ to be utt]$ by a disciple  
to 8 ma/]3 !y are su* z ,epictetus may h
 he>d f _m ( 8 own disciples z !y left  
him to take _! "p 9 ! _w ( action4  #c4 

,cauti\s ass5t--i4 e41 caution 9 all[+  
oneself to ent]ta9 ! impressions (      
appe>ances4   ,,*apt] ,v4  #a4 ,! /rong 
& gr[+ ye>n+ = "s direct1 p]sonal       
revelation ( ,god1 "s sup]natural       
manife/ation ( ,8 exi/5ce & c>e = m51 is
 not$ by ,zell] z a special trait (     
,hell5i/ic times4 ,su* a revelation mu/ 
h be5 long$ = by _m z ! only satisfy+   
answ] to ! de/ructive logic ( !         
,pyrrhoni/s1 & m5's m9ds 7 also ( c\rse 
l$ t way by ! insi/5ce ( ! ,/oic ?9k]s  
^u ! communion ( ! individual ) ,god1 z 
! mo/ important ( all possible          
relations4 ,h5ce ! gr[? ( _m wild &     
orgia/ic cults at ?is epo*--all bas$ on 
! /ate ( ec/asy connect$ ) _! rites1 :i*
 0 ascrib$ to sup]natural influ5ce4 ,) !
 ,/oics ?is movem5t took ! comp>atively 
sob] %ape ( att5tion to ! e/abli%$ sy/em
 ( oracul> div9ation4 ,zell]1 h[ev]1 %[s
 t "s ,/oics 7 dispos$ to rationalize ! 
revelations ( ! oracles by suppos+ a    
c]ta9 sympa?y betwe5 ! m9d ( ! se] & !  
future ev5ts :i* l$ to ! unconsci\s     

selection ( means ( div9ation :i* w\ld  
exhibit ! prop] signs4--7,z4 #cci1      
#cdj47 ,epictetus evid5tly ?\ght m (    
,god's revelation 9 ! consci5ce ?an any 
o!r4  #b4 ,! /ory is told by ,simplicius
 9 8 comm5t>y on ?is *apt]4 ,two fri5ds1
 j\rney+ toge!r to inquire ( ! oracle at
 ,delphi1 7 set ^u by robb]s2 "o ( !m   
resi/$1 & 0 murd]$1 ! o!r ei!r fl$ or   
made no ef=t on 8 companion's behalf4   
,arriv+ at ! temple ( ,apollo1 he 0     
greet$ ) ! foll[+ deliv]ance ( !        
oracle3--    ,?\ saw'/ ?y fri5d all     
undef5d$ die--   ,f\l ) t s91 f         
,phoebus' temple fly4   ,,book ,v4      
,,*apt] ,i4  #a4 ,simplicius expla9s t !
 oa? 0 to be refus$1 because to call    
,god to witness 9 any m]ely p]sonal &   
e>?ly int]e/ implies a want ( rev]5ce   
t[>ds ,him2 b t if !re 7 a "q ( pl$g+   
"o's fai? on behalf ( fri5ds1 or p>5ts1 
or c\ntry1 x 0 n improp] to add !       
confirmation ( an oa?4  #b4 ,upton      
quotes allusions to ^! recitations f    
,juv5al1 ,m>tial1 & ,pl9y4 ,au?ors w\ld 

read _! own works & invite cr[ds (      
flatt]]s to att5d4 ,epict4 ,diss4 iii4  
#bc4 7,s*weighus]7 is a scornful        
diatribe aga9/ ! pret5ti\s p :o held =? 
on ^! occasions1 & ! p :o assembl$ to   
he> & applaud !m4 ,he contra/s )        
fa%ionable recit]s & lectur]s 8 own     
ma/]1 ,rufus4 ,rufus 0 wont to say1 ,i  
speak to no purpose1 if ye h "t to      
praise me4 ,&1 v]ily1 he spoke 9 su* a  
way t e man :o sat !re ?\ght t "s "o _h 
accus$ him to ,rufus1 he s h&l$ all t 0 
go+ on1 he s set be=e ea* man's eyes 8  
faults4  #c4 ,into vulg>ity--,greek3 eis
 iditismon4   ,,*apt] ,,ii4  #a4 ,!     
sophism1 or puzzle1 call$ ! ,li>1 ran   
?us3--,a li> says he lies3 if x is true1
 he is no li>2 & if he lies1 he is      
speak+ tru?4 ,! ,quiesc5t 7,greek3 ho   
hsy*azn7 0 an inv5tion attribut$ by     
,cic]o to ,*rysippus 7,acad4 ii4 #bi74  
,:5 ask$ ( a gradually-increas+ numb] ( 
?+s to say :5 !y ceas$ to be few &      
became _m1 he 0 wont to cease reply+1 or
 be quiesc5t1 %ortly be=e ! limit 0     

rea*$--a device :i* we h "s difficulty 9
 reg>d+ z a fair example ( ,*rysippus's 
contributions to ! sci5ce ( logic4 ,= ! 
ma/] sophism see ,bk4 ,,ii4 *ap4 i41    
note #a4  #b4 ,plato1 ,laws1 ix43--,:5  
any ( su* op9ions visit !e1 g to !      
purify+ sacrifices1 g & pray 9 ! temples
 ( ! protect+ ,gods1 g to ! society ( m5
 :om ?\ ha/ he>d ( z good2 & n[ he> f   
o!rs1 n[ say = ?9e own "p1 t x behooves 
e man to hold 9 reg>d ! ?+s t are       
honorable & righte\s4 ,b f ! company (  
evil m51 fly )\t a look beh9d4 ,& if 9  
do+ ^! ?+s ?y disease give gr\nd1 well2 
b if n1 hold dea? ! bett] *oice1 & dep>t
 f life4  #c4 ,! true                   
a?lete4--,lit]ally1 ascetic1 ,greek3    
askts2 i4 e41 practic]4  #d4 ,!         
,dioscuri1 or ,tw9s1 ,ca/or & ,pollux1 7
 ! patron deities ( sailors4   ,,*apt]  
,,vi4  #a4 ,if view$ disjunctively4--,t 
is1 if we say1 ,x is day1 or1 ,x is     
night4 ,?is is a difficult *apt]1 & full
 ( corruptions4 ,! fea/ allud$ to is1   
d\btless1 ! fea/ ( life1 :]e ! ,gods are

 ! ho/s4   ,,*apt] ,,vii4  #a4 ,w9t]    
tra9+4--,su* z ! ,roman troops und]w5t  
:5 9 w9t]-qu>t]s4 ,!y 7 accu/om$ to     
ex]cise !mselves ) arms ( d\ble ! normal
 weight1 & prep>e !mselves by m>*+1     
runn+1 leap+1 etc41 = active s]vice4    
,,*apt] ,,xii4  #a4 ,! ,pancratium 0 a  
conte/ 9 :i* box+ & wre/l+ 7 bo?        
all[able4 ,= ! ,p5ta?lon1 see ,bk4 ,,ii4
 *ap1 xvii41 note #c4   ,,*apt] ,,xvi4  
#a4 ,?is means1 app>5tly1 t ! judgm5t   
has no "r to d m ?an endorse !          
deliv]ances ( ! p]ceptive faculty4 ,if a
 man commits any error1 he does x "u !  
conviction t x is 9 "s way = 8 pr(it or 
satisfaction2 t is1 t !re is some?+ ( ! 
nature ( ! ,good 9 x4 ,he may be mi/ak5 
9 ?is2 b s long z he does n "k :]e ,good
 & ,evil really lie1 he c d no o!r ?an  
he does4 ,! true c\rse1 !n1 = !         
philosoph] is n to condemn him = 8      
actions1 b to %[ him ! fundam5tal error 
f :i* !y proce$4 ,! expression1 ass5t1  
,greek3 synkatati!/hai1 is t us$ by     
,epictetus 9 ,,ii4 vi41 etc41 :]e he    

speaks ( ! m9d z be+ impos$ on1 or tak5 
captive1 by ! outw>d %[s ( ?+s4         
,,*apt] ,,xx4  #a4 ,! ,greek is ,greek3 
,epeid logos e/9 ho di>?rn kai          
ex]gazom5os ta loipa4 ,greek3 di>?ro    
means1 lit]ally1 to fa%ion ) jo9ts1 h5ce
 con/itute organically1 ) int]dep5d5ce (
 p>ts4 ,long translates analyze4  #b4   
,modius4--,a measure ( ab\t two gallons4
  #c4 ,anti/h5es1 ab\t #djj ,b4 ,c41    
f\nd] ( ! ,cynic s*ool1 :i* 0 e/abli%$  
by him 9 ! gymnasium call$ ! ,cynos>ges 
7h5ce ! "n74 ,z a ,cynic1 8 au?ority    
w\ld1 ( c\rse1 be respect$ by ! he>]s ( 
,epictetus4 ,?is inve/igation ( t]ms1 or
 names1 is1 inde$1 ! beg9n+ ( philosophy
 & ! guide to tru? 9 any sph]e1 b p]haps
 n e "o is compet5t to und]take x4 ,!re 
mu/ be a real & n m]ely a =mal          
appreciation ( ! cont5ts ( ea* t]m4 ,a  
primrose is "o ?+ to ,pet] ,bell & ano!r
 to ,wordswor?4 ,! t]m1 let u say1      
,duty1 is "o ?+ to a ,h]b]t ,sp5c] &    
ano!r to a ,kant4   ,,*apt] ,,xxii4  #a4
 ,my fri5ds1 fly all culture1 is an     

injunction report$ ( ,epicurus 7,diog4  
,l4 x4 #f74 ,h[ev]1 neglect ( =m 9      
lit]>y /yle 0 a *>act]i/ic ( philosophic
 writ]s ( ! ,hell5i/ic p]iod1 :i* 0 by  
no means conf9$ to ! ,epicureans4  #b4  
,?is passage is corrupt4 ,i foll[ !     
read+ adopt$ by ,s*weighus] 7aft]       
,wolf72 b x may be not$ t ,s*weighus]'s 
translation foll[s ano!r read+ ?an t :i*
 he adopts 9 8 text1 viz4--,greek3      
k9\m5\ 7be+ mov$71 in/ead ( ,greek3     
te9om5\ 7be+ /ra9$74 ,! orig9al1 9 all  
v]sions1 is ,greek3 g9om5\1 :i* makes no
 s5se at all4--,see ,preface1 xxiii4    
#c4 ,! writ+s enum]at$ are1 ( c\rse1    
works ( ,epicurus4 ,:5 dy+1 he wrote 9 a
 lett] to a fri5d 7,diog4 ,l4 x4 #bb7 t 
he 0 sp5d+ a happy day1 & 8 la/4  #d4   
,/oic ,greek3 apa!ia 0 any?+ b          
ins5sibility4 ,*rysippus held t _m ?+s 9
 ! ,kosmos 7 creat$ = _! beauty         
alone4--,zell]1 #aga4  #e4 ,!re is ano!r
 %ort *apt] on ! arts ( ratioc9ation &  
expression 7,i4 viii4 ,s*w471 :i*       
glances at ! subject f a some:at diff]5t

 po9t ( view f t tak5 9 ! *apt] :i* ,i h
 giv54 ,!re ,epictetus dwells *iefly on 
! dang] t weak spirits %\ld lose        
!mselves 9 ! fasc9ation ( ^! arts3 ,=1 9
 g5]al1 9 e faculty acquir$ by !        
un9/ruct$ & feeble !re is dang] le/ !y  
be elat$ & puff$ up ?r\gh x4 ,= h[ c\ld 
"o contrive to p]suade a "y man :o      
excels 9 su* ?+s t he mu/ n be an       
app5dage to !m1 b make !m an app5dage to
 him8   ,,*apt] ,,xxvi4  #a4 ,! fir/ (  
^! quotations is f ! ,/oic ,clean!s1 !  
second f a lo/ play ( ,euripides2 9 !   
?ird ,epictetus has jo9$ toge!r two     
say+s ( ,socrates1 "o f ! ,crito & "o f 
! ,apologia4 ,anytus & ,meletus 7 !     
pr9cipal accus]s ( ,socrates 9 ! trial  
:i* end$ 9 8 s5t5ce to dea?4   ,,notes  
,,on ,,pr9cipal ,,philosophic ,,t]ms    
,,us$ ,,by ,,epictetus4      ,i give "u 
?is head only ^? t]ms ! exact =ce    (  
:i* may n be app>5t to ! read] 9 a m]e  
translation4     ,greek3 ,aidmn4--,pi\s1
 rev]5t1 mode/4 ,!      sub/antive is   
,greek3 aids1 ! ,g]man ,ehrfur*t        

7,wilhelm ,mei/]1 ,w&]jahre1 ,bk4 ,,ii4 
*4 ii471 a      virtue 9 high reg>d )   
,epictetus1 :o g5]ally      m5tions x 9 
connection ) t ( fai?fulness1           
,greek3 pi/is4 ,9 ,wordswor?'s poem1 ,my
 he>t leaps      up :5 ,i behold a ra9b[
 9 ! sky1 ! natural      piety :i* he   
prays may abide ) him 9 8 old age       
seems to be j t moral s5sitiv5ess or    
,greek3      aids :i* passes into       
rev]5ce & wor%ip 9 !      pres5ce (     
c]ta9 ?+s1 & into %ame & dread 9      t 
( o!rs4     ,greek3 ,apa!ia4--,peace--t 
is1 peace f passion1      ,greek3 pa?4  
,greek3 ,pa?os 0 any affection (      ! 
m9d caus+ joy or grief4 ,z x appe>s f   
,bk4 ,,ii4      iii4 ,i41 ,greek3 apa!ia
 is n1 9 ,epictetus1 !      /ate (      
absolute fre$om f ^! passions1 b t      
( be+ able to ma/] !m s t !y %all n     
ov]:elm ! inn] man4     ,greek3         
,di>?rtikos4--,t :i* organizes1         
con/itutes organically1 =ms into a      
sy/em4 ,f      ,greek3 ar?ron1 a jo9t4  
,! ^w analyze1 by :i*      ,long        

translates ,greek3 di>?r\n1 seems to me 
want+      9 ! =mative s5se express$ by 
! orig9al4     ,greek3 ,dogma4--,an     
op9ion1 t :i* seems 7,greek3      doke97
 true2 g5]ally 9 ! special s5se ( a     
philosophic dogma4     ,greek3          
,euroe94--,to prosp]2 lit]ally1 to fl[  
freely1 ,greek3 euroia1 prosp]ity4 ,a   
common ,/oic      phrase = a happy life4
     ,greek3 ,eusebeia4--,religion1     
piety4 ,greek3      sebomai--to feel awe
 or fe> be=e ,god & man1      especially
 :5 ab\t to d some?+ disgraceful        
7,liddell & ,scott72 to wor%ip1 respect1
 rev]5ce4     ,greek3 ,hgemonikon       
to4--,! ,rul+ ,faculty--t 9      a man  
:i* *ooses1 det]m9es1 takes cognizance (
 good      & evil1 & sways ! inf]ior    
faculties 7,greek3      dynameis1 p[]s7 
to its w4 ,lotze notes ?is              
hegemonic quality 9 ! human s\l z t :i* 
di/+ui%es x f ! bundle ( s5sations into 
:i*      ! ,association ,philosophy w\ld
 resolve x4     ,greek3 ?aumaze94--,to  
admire1 be dazzl$ )      admiration by1 

to wor%ip1 to be tak5 up ) a ?+ s      z
 to lose ! p[] ( cool judgm5t4 ,a       
frequ5t ^w 9      ,epictetus1 ! s5se (  
:i* is precisely r5d]$ 9      ,hor4     
,sat4 ,i1 #d1 #bh1 ,hunc capit arg5ti   
spl5dor1      /upet ,albius re4         
,greek3 ,idits4--,"o ( ! vulg>1 an      
unlett]$      p]son2 9 ,epictetus1 "o   
un9/ruct$ 9 philosophy4      ,orig9ally 
! ^w meant "o :o rema9$ 9 private       
life1 n fill+ any public (fice1 or tak+ 
"p 9      ,/ate affairs4 ,a man might be
 an ,greek3 idits1 or      layman1 )    
respect to any bran* ( sci5ce or art4   
,greek3 ,kalos kai aga?os4--,! good &   
wise      man--lit]ally1 beautiful &    
good4 ,a /&+ phrase to      d5ote !     
p]fection ( human "*4 ,greek3 kalos     
is a ^w sometimes difficult to r5d]4    
,curtius connects      x etymologically 
) ,sanscrit1 kalyas2 ,go?ic1            
hailsheal?y4     ,greek3                
,oisis4--,conceit--def9$ by ,cic]o z    
,op9atio--intellectual self-suffici5cy1 
! suppos+      "o's self to "k some?+ :5

 "o does n4 ,! fir/       bus9ess ( a   
philosoph]1 says ,epictetus1 is to ca/  
away ,greek3 oisis1 = x is impossible t 
"o c      beg9 to le>n ! ?+s t he ?9ks  
he kn[s      7,diss4 ,,ii4 xvii4 #a47   
,he is n1 9 %ort1 to be wise 9      8   
own conceit4     ,greek3 orexis1        
ekklisis1 horm1 aphorm4--,pursuit1      
avoidance1 desire1 av]sion4 ,accord+ to 
,simplicius      7,comm5t4 ,en*4 i471   
,greek3 orexis & ,greek3 ekklisis      7
 us$ by ! ,/oics to express ! c\nt]p>ts 
9 outw>d action ( ! m5tal affections1   
,greek3 horm      & ,greek3 aphorm1 & 7 
reg>d$ z consequ5t ^u      ! latt]4     
,greek3 proairesis4--,! ,w2 b z us$ 9   
,epictetus1 ?is ^w implies mu* m ?an !  
m]e      faculty ( volition4 ,lit]ally1 
x means a *oos+ (      "o ?+ be=e ano!r2
 9 ,epictetus1 ! p[] (      delib]ately 
resolv+ or purpos+1 ! ex]cise ( !       
reflective faculty be+ impli$4 ,x is    
h>dly to be      di/+ui%$ f ,greek3 to  
hgemonikon1 q4 v4     ,greek3           
prolpseis4--,natural ,conceptions4 ,see 

,preface1 xxviii41 xxix4 ,! prim>y tru?s
 ( ,"l      ,h]b]t ( ,*]bury4           
,greek3 ,synkatati!/hai4--,to ass5t to  
or acquiesce      9 any?+1 to ratify by 
! judgm5t ! emotions      produc$ by    
ext]nal ?+s or ev5ts1 su* z ! s5se      
( dread1 or pleasure1 or reprobation1   
:i* !y ar\se      9 u4 ,to be on "o's   
gu>d aga9/ ! ha/y yield+ (      ?is     
ass5t is "o ( ,epictetus's ma9          
injunctions to !      aspirant 9        
philosophy4     ,greek3                 
,t>asse/hai4--,to be tr\bl$2 ,greek3    
a-t>axia1 tranquillity4 ,greek3 ,t>asse9
 is      prim>ily to /ir up1 confuse1   
?r[ into disord]4     ,greek3           
phantasia4--,an appe>ance2 ) ! ,/oics1  
any      m5tal impression z receiv$ by !
 p]ceptive faculty      be=e ! ,reason  
has pron\nc$ ^u x1 a b>e      p]ception4
     ,,index ,,( ,,ref]5ces4      ,!    
ref]5ces 9 ! "r-h& column are to !      
books1 *apt]s1 & v]ses ( !              
,diss]tations1 to    ! *apt]s ( !       
,en*eiridion1 & to !    ,fragm5ts1 9    

,s*weighus]'s edition ( ,epictetus4     
,,book ,i4    ,*ap4 ,i4 #a              
,frag4 ,,iii4   ,*ap4 ,i4 #b-e          
,diss4 ,,ii4 xi4 #a-be4   ,*ap4 ,,ii4   
,diss4 ,i4 xxii4 #a-af4   ,*ap4 ,,iii4  
,diss4 ,i4 i4 #a-ag4   ,*ap4 ,,iv4 #a   
,diss4 ,,iii4 iii4 #a-d4   ,*ap4 ,,iv4  
#b           ,diss4 ,i4 xxix4 #a-d to   
,greek3 labe   ,*ap4 ,,iv4 #c           
,diss4 ,i4 xxv4 #a-f4   ,*ap4 ,v4       
,en*4 ,i4   ,*ap4 ,,vi4                 
,diss4 ,,ii4 xiv4   ,*ap4 ,,vii4 #a1 #b 
,en*4 ,,ii4   ,*ap4 ,,vii4 #c           
,diss4 ,i4 xv4 #g1 #h4   ,*ap4 ,,vii4   
#d-f        ,diss4 ,,ii4 ix4 #a-ab4     
,*ap4 ,,vii4 #g          ,frag4 ,,lxxii4
   ,*ap4 ,,vii4 #h          ,diss4      
,,iii4 xiii4 #bj-bc4   ,*ap4 ,,viii4    
,diss4 ,,iii4 xxii4     ,,book ,,ii4    
,*ap4 ,i4              ,diss4 ,,ii4 xix4
   ,*ap4 ,,ii4 #a           ,frag4      
,,lxix4   ,*ap4 ,,ii4 #b1 #c            
,diss4 ,,ii4 v4 #a-i4   ,*ap4 ,,ii4 #d  
,diss4 ,,ii4 xvi4 #ae4   ,*ap4 ,,ii4 #e1
 #f        ,diss4 ,,ii4 vi4 #i-ai4      

,*ap4 ,,ii4 #g1 #h        ,diss4 ,,ii4  
v4 #aj-bj4   ,*ap4 ,,iii4 #a1 #b        
,en*4 ,,iii41 ,,iv4   ,*ap4 ,,iii4 #c   
,diss4 ,,iii4 xix4   ,*ap4 ,,iii4 #d1 #e
       ,en*4 ,v41 ,,vi4   ,*ap4 ,,iv4   
#a1 #b        ,diss4 ,,iii4 ii4 #a-aj4  
,*ap4 ,v4 #a-c          ,diss4 ,,ii4 i4 
#a-bj4   ,*ap4 ,v4 #d            ,diss4 
,,iii4 xxiv4 #id4   ,*ap4 ,v4 #e        
,diss4 ,,ii4 i4 #ba-bi4   ,*ap4 ,,vi4 #a
           ,frag4 ,,clxxx4   ,*ap4 ,,vi4
 #b           ,diss4 ,,iii4 iii4 #bj-bb4
   ,*ap4 ,,vii4 #a-d        ,diss4 ,i4  
xxvii4   ,*ap4 ,,viii4 #a         ,diss4
 ,i4 ix4 #a-h4   ,*ap4 ,,viii4 #b-f     
,diss4 ,,iii4 xxvi4 #a-cf4   ,*ap4 ,,ix4
 #a           ,diss4 ,i4 ix4 #aj-ah4    
,*ap4 ,,ix4 #b           ,diss4 ,i4 xxv4
 #ad-bj4   ,*ap4 ,,ix4 #c               
,diss4 ,i4 xxix4 #bi4   ,*ap4 ,x4 #a-d  
,diss4 ,i4 xix4 #a-ag4   ,*ap4 ,x4 #e-f 
,diss4 ,,iv4 vii4 #ab-ah4   ,*ap4 ,x4 #g
            ,diss4 ,i4 xviii4 #ag4      
,*ap4 ,x4 #h            ,diss4 ,,iv4    
vii4 #ai-bd4   ,*ap4 ,,xi4              

,diss4 ,i4 xviii4 #a-af4   ,*ap4 ,,xii4 
,en*4 ,,vii4   ,*ap4 ,,xiii4 #a1 #b     
,en*4 ,,viii4-,,ix4   ,*ap4 ,,xiii4 #c-f
       ,diss4 ,,ii4 xvi4 #bd-dg4   ,*ap4
 ,,xiv4            ,en*4 ,x4   ,*ap4    
,,xv4             ,en*4 ,,xi4   ,*ap4   
,,xvi4            ,en*4 ,,xii4   ,*ap4  
,,xvii4           ,en*4 ,,xiii4   ,*ap4 
,,xviii4 #a1 #b     ,en*4 ,,xiv4   ,*ap4
 ,,xviii4    #c     ,diss4 ,i4 xxv4     
#bb-be4   ,*ap4 ,,xviii4    #d     ,en*4
 ,,xv4   ,*ap4 ,,xix4            ,en*4  
,,xvi4   ,*ap4 ,,xx4 #a           ,en*4 
,,xvii4   ,*ap4 ,,xx4 #b                
,diss4 ,,iv4 x4 #i-ag4   ,*ap4 ,,xxi4   
,en*4 ,,xviii4-,,xxi4   ,*ap4 ,,xxii4   
,en*4 ,,xxii4-,,xxiii4   ,*ap4 ,,xxiii4 
,en*4 ,,xxiv4   ,*ap4 ,,xxiv4           
,en*4 ,,xxv4   ,*ap4 ,,xxv4             
,en*4 ,,xxvi41 ,,xxvii4   ,*ap4 ,,xxvi4 
,en*4 ,,xxviii4   ,*ap4 ,,xxvii4        
,en*4 ,,xxix4     ,,book ,,iii4    ,*ap4
 ,i4              ,en*4 ,,xxx4   ,*ap4  
,,ii4 #a1 #b        ,diss4 ,i4 xxiii4   
,*ap4 ,,ii4 #c-g         ,diss4 ,,ii4 v4

 #bd-cj4   ,*ap4 ,,iii4 #a-i            
,diss4 ,,ii4 xx4 #a-bg4   ,*ap4 ,,iv4 #a
           ,diss4 ,i4 xiii4   ,*ap4     
,,iv4 #b1 #c        ,frag4 ,,xliii41    
,,xliv4   ,*ap4 ,v4              ,diss4 
,,iii4 vii4   ,*ap4 ,,vi4 #a            
,frag4 ,,lxxxii4   ,*ap4 ,,vi4 #b       
,frag4 ,,xlv4   ,*ap4 ,,vi4 #c          
,frag4 ,,lxvii4   ,*ap4 ,,vii4          
,diss4 ,,ii4 xxii4   ,*ap4 ,,viii4 #a-aj
      ,diss4 ,,iii4 xxiv4 #a-di4   ,*ap4
 ,,viii4 #aa        ,diss4 ,,iii4 xxiv4 
#eh-fc4   ,*ap4 ,,viii4 #ab             
,diss4 ,,iii4 xxiv4 #hh-ic4   ,*ap4     
,,ix4 #a1 #b        ,diss4 ,,iii4 xiii4 
#a-ag4   ,*ap4 ,,ix4 #c           ,frag4
 ,,clxxvi4   ,*ap4 ,,ix4 #d             
,diss4 ,,iii4 xiii4 #ah1 #ai4   ,*ap4   
,x4 #a            ,frag4 ,,lxx4   ,*ap4 
,x4 #b            ,diss4 ,,iv4 v4 #a-d4 
,*ap4 ,x4 #c-e          ,diss4 ,,iv4 v4 
#h-ba4   ,*ap4 ,x4 #f            ,diss4 
,,iv4 v4 #cj-cb4   ,*ap4 ,x4 #g         
,diss4 ,,iv4 v4   #cc to ,greek3        
agnmonos4                               

#ce-cg4    ,,book ,,iv4    ,*ap4 ,i4    
,en*4 ,,xxxi4   ,*ap4 ,,ii4 #a1 #b      
,diss4 ,i4 xii4 #a-g4   ,*ap4 ,,ii4 #c1 
#d        ,diss4 ,i4 xiv4 #a-ag4   ,*ap4
 ,,iii4            ,diss4 ,i4 xvi4      
,*ap4 ,,iv4 #a1 #b        ,diss4 ,,ii4  
viii4 #a-h4   ,*ap4 ,,iv4 #c            
,diss4 ,i4 vi4 #ac f ,greek3 allo--#bb4 
,*ap4 ,,iv4 #d-h         ,diss4 ,,ii4   
viii4 #i-bi4   ,*ap4 ,v4                
,en*4 ,,xxxii4     ,,book ,v4    ,*ap4  
,i4 #a-e          ,en*4 ,,xxxiii4 #a-f1 
,*ap4 ,i4 #f            ,diss4 ,,iii4   
xvi4 #e-i4   ,*ap4 ,i4 #g-af            
,en*4 ,,xxxiii4 #g-af4   ,*ap4 ,,ii4    
#a-d         ,diss4 ,,ii41 xviii4 #a-ba 
to ,greek3 apo?anontn   ,*ap4 ,,ii4 #e1 
#f        ,diss4 ,,ii4 xviii4 #bc-cb4   
,*ap4 ,,ii4 #g           ,diss4 ,,iv4   
xii4 #ai-ba4   ,*ap4 ,,iii4 #a1 #b      
,diss4 ,,ii4 xii4 #a-d4   ,*ap4 ,,iii4  
#c1 #d       ,diss4 ,,ii4 xii4 #ag-be4  
,*ap4 ,,iv4             ,en*4 ,,xxxiv4  
,*ap4 ,v4              ,en*4 ,,xxxv4    
,*ap4 ,,vi4             ,en*4 ,,xxxvi4  

,*ap4 ,,vii4 #a          ,en*4 ,,xxxvii4
   ,*ap4 ,,vii4 #b          ,diss4 ,i4  
ii4 #cj-cb4   ,*ap4 ,,viii4             
,en*4 ,,xxxviii4   ,*ap4 ,,ix4          
,en*4 ,,xxxix4   ,*ap4 ,x4              
,en*4 ,,xl4   ,*ap4 ,,xi4               
,en*4 ,,xli4   ,*ap4 ,,xii4 #a          
,diss4 ,,iii4 i4 #a-i4   ,*ap4 ,,xii4 #b
          ,diss4 ,,iii4 i4 #dj-dd4      
,*ap4 ,,xii4 #c1 #d       ,diss4 ,,iv4  
xi4 #bb-bi4   ,*ap4 ,,xii4 #e           
,diss4 ,,iv4 xi4 #ce1 #cf4   ,*ap4      
,,xiii4           ,en*4 ,,xlii4   ,*ap4 
,,xiv4            ,en*4 ,,xliii4   ,*ap4
 ,,xv4             ,en*4 ,,xliv4   ,*ap4
 ,,xvi4 #a1 #b       ,en*4 ,,xlv4       
,*ap4 ,,xvi4 #c          ,diss4 #a4     
xxviii4 #a-i4   ,*ap4 ,,xvi4 #d         
,diss4 #a4 xxviii4 #aa-be   ,*ap4       
,,xvii4           ,en*4 ,,xlvi4   ,*ap4 
,,xviii4          ,en*4 ,,xlvii4   ,*ap4
 ,,xix4            ,en*4 ,,xlviii4      
,*ap4 ,,xx4 #a           ,diss4 ,i4     
xvii4 #a1 #b4   ,*ap4 ,,xx4 #b-d        
,diss4 ,i4 xvii4 #d-ab4   ,*ap4 ,,xxi4  

,en*4 ,,xlix4   ,*ap4 ,,xxii4 #a1 #b    
,diss4 ,,ii4 xxiii4 #a-aj4   ,*ap4      
,,xxii4 #c-g       ,diss4 ,,ii4 xxiii4  
#bj-dg4   ,*ap4 ,,xxiii4          ,en*4 
,l4   ,*ap4 ,,xxiv4           ,en*4     
,,li4   ,*ap4 ,,xxv4            ,en*4   
,,lii4   ,*ap4 ,,xxvi4           ,en*4  
,,liii4