,transcrib]'s ,notes ,inconsi/5t spell+s & hyph5ation h be5 reta9$ z 9 ! orig9al4 ,) ! exception ( m9or *anges to =mat or punctuation1 any *anges to ! text are li/$ at ! end ( ! book4 ,9 ?is ,pla9 ,text v]sion ( ! e-book1 symbols f ! ,,ascii "* set only are us$4 ,! foll[+ sub/itutions are made = acc5t$ *>act]s & o!r symbols 9 ! text3 3a1 3o13u o-umlaut1 u-umlaut ,,ae1 ae ae-ligature a'1 e'1 o'1 u' a-grave1 e-grave1 o-grave1 u-grave c1 c-c$illa ',e1 'e e-acute e e-circumflex et ,lat9 ,small ,lett] ,et 3e1 3i e1 i ) di]esis n n-tilde ,,oe & oe oe-ligature 7upp] & l[] case74 ,p p>agraph symbol 'u u-acute 4 c5tre dot ,o!r conv5tions us$ to repres5t ! orig9al text are z foll[s3 ,italic typeface is indicat$ by und]scores4 ,small caps typeface is repres5t$ by ,,upp] ,,case4 ,sup]script typeface is prec$$ by c>et 7e4g4 ye7 ,footnotes are numb]$ 9 sequ5ce ?r\gh\t ! book & pres5t$ at ! end ( ea* *apt]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,books ab\t ,books ,edit$ by ,a4 ,w4 ,poll>d ,e>ly ,illu/rat$ ,books ,illu/ration ,e>ly ,illu/rat$ ,books ,a ,hi/ory ( ! ,decoration & ,illu/ration ( ,books 9 ! #ae? & #af? ,c5turies ,by ,alfr$ ,w4 ,poll>d ,illu/ration ,second ,edition ,london ,kegan ,paul1 ,tr5*1 ,trubn] ,co41 ,ltd4 ,new ,york3 ,e4 ,p4 ,dutton ,co4 ,,mdccccxvii ,fir/ ,edition1 #ahic ,second ,edition1 revis$ & correct$ ,may #aiag ,! rights ( translation & ( reproduction are res]v$ ,preface ,?is little book 0 writt5 ne>ly a qu>t] ( a c5tury ago 9 ! en?usiasm ( a fir/ acqua9tance ) a fasc9at+ subject1 & ) an hone/ endeav\r to see = myself z _m z possible ( ! books ,i set out to describe4 ,if ,i _h tri$ to rewrite x n[ ,i might h made x m int]e/+ to exp]ts1 b at ! co/ ( de/roy+ :atev] m]it x possesses z an introductory sket*4 ,i h !re=e be5 cont5t to correct1 z ?or\ghly z ,i c\ld1 its _m small errors 7n all ( my own mak+71 m especially ^? due to ! ascription ( books to impossible dates & pr9t]s1 :i* be=e ! publication ( ,rob]t ,proctor's ,index to ! ,e>ly ,pr9t$ ,books 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 9 #ahih1 0 v difficult to avoid4 ,9 ^! em5dations1 & 9 gett+ ! titles ( =eign books into bett] =m1 ,i h _h mu* k9d help f ,mr4 ,victor ,s*old]] ( ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,i am grateful also to ,mr4 ,e4 ,gordon ,duff = 8 leave to use aga9 ! *apt] on ,engli% ,illu/rat$ ,books :i* he k9dly wrote = me = ! fir/ edition4 ,a4 ,w4 ,p4 ,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,i ,,page ,,rubri%]s ,,& ,,illum9ators #a ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,completion ,,( ,,! ,,pr9t$ ,,book #bb ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,g]many--,i4 #cg ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,g]many--,,ii4 #ef ,,*apt] ,v ,,italy--,i4 #gi ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,italy--,,ii4 #ajh ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,france #adb ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,! ,,fr5* ,,books ,,( ,,h\rs #agd ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,holl& #aie ,,*apt] ,x ,,spa9 #bji ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,engl&4 ,by ,e4 ,gordon ,duff #bai ,,index #bdi ,,e>ly ,,illu/rat$ ,,books ,,*apt] ,i ,,rubri%]s ,,& ,,illum9ators ,no po9t 9 ! hi/ory ( pr9t+ has be5 m rightly insi/$ on ?an t ! e>ly pr9t]s 7 compell$ to make ! v utmo/ ( _! new art 9 ord] to ju/ify its "r to exi/4 ,:5 a g5]ation _h pass$ by1 :5 ! scribes tra9$ 9 ! fir/ half ( ! fifte5? c5tury _h di$ or giv5 up ! /ruggle1 :5 pr9t+-presses _h invad$ ! v mona/]ies !mselves1 & clev] boys no long] reg>d$ p5man%ip z a possible pr(ession1 !n1 b n till !n1 pr9t]s c\ld af=d to be c>eless1 & spe$ily began to avail !mselves ( _! new lic5se4 ,9 ! e>ly days ( ! art no su* lic5se 0 possible1 & ! /rik+ simil>ity 9 ! appe>ance ( ! pr9t$ books & manuscripts produc$ contemporane\sly 9 any giv5 city or di/rict1 is ! be/ possible pro( ( ! success ) :i* ! e>ly pr9t]s compet$ ) ! mo/ exp]t ( ! pr(essional scribes4 ,all ?is is trite en\gh1 b we are some:at less frequ5tly rem9d$ t1 aft] "s magnific5t exp]im5ts by ,fu/ & ,s*oeff] at ,ma9z1 ! e>lie/ pr9t]s delib]ately elect$ to d battle at fir/ ) ! scribes alone1 & t 9 ! fifte5? c5tury ! scribes 7 v f>1 inde$1 f be+ ! only p]sons engag$ 9 ! production ( books4 ,! subdivision ( lab\r is n by any means a mod]n inv5tion2 on ! contr>y1 x is impossible to read a li/ ( ! m$ieval guilds 9 any important t[n )\t be+ /ruck ) ! m9ut5ess ( ! sections into :i* "s app>5tly q simple call+s 7 split up4 ,( ?is subdivision ( lab\r1 ! complex art ( book-production 0 naturally an in/ance4 ,= a pro( ( ?is1 we ne$ g no fur!r ?an ! records ( ! ,guild ( ,/4 ,john ! ,evangeli/ at ,bruges1 9 :i*1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,blades's quotation ( ! extracts made by ,van ,praet1 memb]s ( at lea/ f\rte5 bran*es ( indu/ry connect$ ) ! manufacture ( books jo9$ toge!r = common objects4 ,9 ! fifte5? c5tury a book ( devotions1 commission$ by "s weal?y book-lov]1 su* z ! ,duke ( ,b$=d1 might be writt5 by "o man1 h its rubrics suppli$ by ano!r1 its small initial lett]s & bord]s by a ?ird1 & !n be s5t to "s fam\s m9iaturi/ 9 ,france or ,fl&]s = f9al completion4 ,! scribe only suppli$ ! gr\ndwork1 all ! re/ 0 add$ by o!r h&s1 & x 0 only ) ! scribe t ! e>ly pr9t]s compet$4 ,! re/riction ( _! ef=ts to competition ) ! scribe alone1 0 n accept$ by ! fir/ little gr\p ( pr9t]s until aft] "s fairly exhau/ive exp]im5ts4 ,! int]e/+ trial leaves1 pres]v$ 9 "s copies ( ! #db-l9e ,bible1 diff] f ! re/ n only 9 hav+ _! text compress$ into two l9es less1 b also 9 hav+ ! rubrics pr9t$ in/ead ( fill$ 9 by h&4 ,pr9t+ 9 two col\rs /ill involves mu* extra lab\r1 & x 0 easi] to supply ! rubric by h& ?an to be at ! pa9s ( a second impression1 ev5 if ?is c\ld be effect$ by ! comp>atively simple process ( /amp+4 ,except1 !re=e1 9 ! trial leaves1 ! rubrics ( ! fir/ ,bible are all 9 manuscript4 ,pet] ,s*oeff]1 h[ev]1 :5 he jo9$ ) ! goldsmi? ,fu/ 9 ! production ( ! magnific5t ,ma9z ,psalt] ( #adeg1 0 n cont5t to rely on ! help ( illum9ators = 8 rubrics & capitals1 or1 z ! disuse ( ! ^w majuscules makes x conv5i5t to call !m1 initial lett]s4 ,accord+ly1 ! ,psalt] appe>$ n only ) pr9t$ rubrics1 b ) ! magnific5t ,b at ! head ( ! fir/ psalm1 :i* has s (t5 be5 copi$1 & "s two hundr$ & eighty small] initials1 pr9t$ 9 blue & r$4 ,s*oeff]'s initial lett]s appe> aga9 9 two editions ( ! ,canon ( ! ,mass attribut$ to #adeh1 9 ! ,psalt] ( #adei1 9 ! ,rationale ( ,dur&us ( ! same ye>1 & 9 a ,donatus pr9t$ 9 ! type ( ! #adfb ,bible4 ,z ,mr4 ,duff has po9t$ out1 9 "s %eets ( ?is ,bible itself ! r$ initial lett]s are pr9t$ & ! outl9e ( ! blue ones impress$ 9 blank = ! guidance ( ! illum9ator 9 fill+ !m 94 ,!reaft] ,s*oeff] seems to h kept 8 initials = special occasions1 z 9 ! #ce-l9e ,donatus issu$ c4 #adfh1 p]haps :5 he 0 />t+ bus9ess = himself1 & 9 ! antiqu>ian repr9ts ( ! ,psalt] 9 & aft] #adij4 ,d\btless he 0 sorry :5 he c\ld no long] pr9t 9 ! colophon ( a book t x 0 'v5u/ate capitalium decoratus1 rubricationibusque suffici5t] di/9ctus1' b :ile illum9ators 7 /ill pl5tiful1 h&work 0 probably ! lea/ exp5sive process ( decoration4 ,x is notewor?y1 also1 t ,mr4 ,duff's discov]y z reg>ds ! #adfb ,bible br+s u d[n to ! beg9n+ ( ^? tr\bl\s ?ree ye>s 9 ! hi/ory ( ,ma9z1 dur+ :i* ,fu/ & ,s*oeff] only pr9t$ ',bulls & o!r su* ephem]al publications4' ,:5 !y resum$ ! pr9t+ ( important works 9 #adfe ) ! ,decretals ( ,boniface ,,viii4 & ! ,de ,(ficiis ( ,cic]o1 ,s*oeff] 0 cont5t to leave decoration to ! illum9ator4 ,! firm's exp5ses 7 ?us dim9i%$1 & pur*as]s 7 able to economise 9 ! am\nt ( decoration be/[$ ^u ! copy !y 7 buy+4 ,x is notewor?y1 inde$1 t ev5 9 #adei1 :5 he 0 habitually us+ 8 pr9t$ initial lett]s1 ,s*oeff] did n refuse cu/om]s ?is lib]ty1 = :ile "o ( ! copies ( ! ,rationale ,dur&i at ! ,biblio?e'que ,nationale has ! initials pr9t$1 9 ! o!rs !y are illum9at$ by h&4 ,v little att5tion has z yet be5 devot$ to ! /udy ( ! illum9ation & rubrication ( pr9t$ books1 & mu* pati5t inve/igation w be ne$$ be=e we c atta9 any real k ( ! relation ( ! illum9ators to ! e>ly pr9t]s4 ,pr(essor ,middleton1 9 8 "w on ,illum9at$ ,manuscripts1 _h some?+ to say on ! subject1 b ! pretty little picture he drew ( a sc5e 9 ,gut5b]g's 787 %op seems to h be5 r ha/ily arriv$ at4 ',! work%op1' he wrote1 '( an e>ly pr9t] includ$ n only compositors & pr9t]s1 b also cutt]s & f\nd]s ( type1 illum9ators ( bord]s & initials1 & skilful b9d]s1 :o c\ld cov] books ) v>i\s qualities & k9ds ( b9d+4 ,a pur*as] 9 ,gut5b]g's %op1 = example1 ( 8 magnific5t ,bible 9 loose %eets1 w\ld !n h be5 ask$ :at /yle ( illum9ation he 0 prep>$ to pay =1 & !n :at k9d ( b9d+1 & h[ _m brass bosses & clasps he wi%$ to h4' ,:at evid5ce !re is on ! subject h>dly fav\rs ! !ory :i* ,pr(essor ,middleton ?us boldly /at$ z a fact4 ,! names we "k 9 connection ) ! decoration ( ! #db-l9e ,bible are ^? ( ,he9ri* ,crem]1 vic> ( ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,/eph5 at ,ma9z1 :o rubricat$1 illum9at$1 & b\nd ! pap] copy n[ 9 ! ,biblio?e'que ,nationale1 & ,johann ,fogel1 a well-kn[n b9d] ( ! "t1 ^: /amps are f\nd on no few] ?an ?ree ( ! extant copies ( ?is ,bible4 ,we h no reason to believe t ei!r ,crem] or ,fogel 0 employ$ 9 ! pr9t]'s %op1 s t z reg>ds ! p>ticul> book :i* he in/ances1 x is h>d to see on :at gr\nd ,pr(essor ,middleton built 8 ass]tion4 ,z reg>ds ,s*oeff]'s practice aft] #adfb1 ! evid5ce c]ta9ly po9ts to ! majority ( 8 books hav+ be5 rubricat$ be=e !y left 8 h&s1 b ! v>iety ( ! /yles 9 ! copies ,i h se51 especially 9 ^? on vellum1 =bids my believ+ t !y 7 all illum9at$ 9 a s+le work%op4 ,a copy 9 ! ,briti% ,museum ( 8 #adga edition ( ! ,con/itutions ( ,pope ,clem5t ,v4 pres5ts u ) an in/ance1 r uncommon 9 a pr9t$ book1 ?\gh n infrequ5tly f\nd 9 manuscripts1 ( an elaborate bord] & m9iatures1 sket*$ out 9 p5cil & prep>$ = gild+1 b nev] complet$4 ,! book c\ld h>dly h be5 sold 9 ?is condition1 & w\ld n h be5 return$ s f any illum9ator's work%op4 ,we mu/ conjecture t x 0 sold unillum9at$ to "s mona/]y1 :]e its decoration 0 begun by "o ( ! monks1 b put aside = "s cause1 & nev] f9i%$4 ,! utmo/ on ?is subject t we c say at pres5t is t z a pr9t] w\ld dep5d = ! sale ( 8 books 9 ! fir/ place on ! inhabitants ( ! t[n 9 :i* he pr9t$1 & z ^! w\ld be mo/ likely to employ an illum9ator f ! same place1 ! pr$om9ant /yle ( decoration 9 any book is likely to be t ( ! di/rict 9 :i* x 0 pr9t$1 & if we f9d ! same /yle pr$om9ant 9 a numb] ( books ?is may give u a clue to connect !m altoge!r1 or to di/+ui% !m f "s o!r gr\p4 ,9 ?is way1 = in/ance1 x is possible t "s light may be ?r[n on ! "q :e!r ! #cf-l9e ,bible 0 f9i%$ at ,bamb]g or at ,ma9z4 ,c]ta9ly ! clumsy1 heavy initials 9 ! ,briti% ,museum copy are v unlike ^? :i* occur 9 ,ma9z books1 & if ?is /yle 7 f\nd to pr$om9ate 9 o!r copies we %\ld h an important piece ( new evid5ce on a mu* debat$ "q4 ,b our k t ,s*oeff] _h an ag5cy = ! sale ( 8 books z f> (f f ! place ( _! pr9t+ z ,p>is1 ! ,italian "* ( ! illum9ations add$ to "s ( 8 books1 & ! occurr5ce ( a note 9 a book pr9t$ 9 ,italy t ! pur*as] c\ld n wait to h x illum9at$ !re1 b entru/$ x to a ,g]man arti/ on 8 return home1 may suffice to w>n u aga9/ any ra% conclusion 9 ! pres5t v meagre /ate ( our k4 ,ap>t f ! "q z to :]e !y 7 execut$1 ! illum9ations 9 books pr9t$ 9 ,g]many are n1 z a rule1 v int]e/+4 ,g]many 0 n ! home ( f9e manuscripts dur+ ! fifte5? c5tury1 & h] pr9t$ books dep5d = _! beauty on ! ri* effect ( _! go?ic types1 _! good pap] & h&some m>g9s1 r ?an on ! accessories add$ by h&4 ,! attempts ( ! m ambiti\s m9iaturi/s to depict1 )9 ! limits ( an initial1 ,/4 ,j]ome translat+ ! ,bible or ,david play+ on ! h>p1 are1 = ! mo/ "p1 clumsy & ill-drawn4 ,on ! o!r h&1 fairly good scroll-"w ( fl[]s & birds is n uncommon4 ,z a rule x surr\nds ! :ole page ( text1 b 9 "s cases an excell5t effect is produc$ by ! /em ( ! design be+ br\ght up betwe5 ! two columns ( a l>ge page1 bran*+ out at ei!r end s z to cov] ! upp] & l[] m>g9s1 ^? at ! sides be+ left b>e4 ,x may be m5tion$ t mu* good scroll-"w is f\nd on pap] copies1 ! vellum us$ 9 e>ly ,g]man books be+ usually co>se & br[n1 & sometimes %[+ ! imp]fections ( ! sk9 by holes z l>ge z a filb]t1 s t x 0 employ$ app>5tly1 *iefly = its great] resi/ance to we> & te>1 r ?an z a luxuri\s ref9em5t1 z 0 ! case 9 ,italy & ,france4 ,an extreme in/ance ( ! sup]iority ( a pap] copy to "o on vellum may be f\nd by comp>+ ! co>sely-rubricat$ #db-l9e ,bible 9 ! ,gr5ville ,collection at ! ,briti% ,museum ) ! v prettily illum9at$ copy ( ! same book 9 ! ,k+'s ,libr>y4 ,! ,gr5ville copy is on vellum1 ! ,k+'s on pap]2 b my own pref]5ce has always be5 = ! latt]4 ,ev5 9 ,g]many1 h[ev]1 good vellum books 7 sometimes produc$1 = ! pr9t]s endeav\r$ to mat* ! sk9s fairly uni=mly ?r\gh\t a volume1 & a book-lov] ( ta/e w\ld n be sl[ to pick out ! be/ copy4 ,! f9e/ ,g]man vellum book ) :i* ,i am acqua9t$ is ! ,lamoignon copy ( ! #adfb ,bible1 n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,?is 0 specially illum9at$ = a c]ta9 ,conradus ,dolea1 ^: "n & initials are introduc$ into ! l[] bord] on ! fir/ page ( ! second volume4 ,! scroll-"w is excell5t1 & ! majority ( ! l>ge initials are wisely re/rict$ to simple decorative designs4 ,only 9 a few cases1 z at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,psalms1 :]e ,david is z usual play+ 8 h>p1 is ! g5]al good ta/e :i* m>ks ! volume di/urb$ by clumsy figure-"w4 ,9 turn+ f ! illum9ations ( ! fir/ ,g]man books to ^? pr9t$ by ,j5son & ,v9del9us de ,spira at ,v5ice we are confront$ ) an int]e/+ discov]y1 fir/ not$ by ! ,vicomte ,delaborde 9 8 delightful book ,la ,gravure en ,italie avant ,m>c-,anto9e 7p4 #beb71 c>ri$ a little fur!r 9 ! ,bibliographie des ,livres a' figures ,v5iti5s1 writt5 by ! ,pr9ce d',essl+ :5 he 0 ,duc de ,rivoli1 !n greatly ext5d$ by ! rese>*es ( ,dr4 ,paul ,kri/ell]1 "s ( ! results ( :i*1 :5 z yet unpubli%$1 he k9dly communicat$ to me1 & f9ally summ$ up 9 ! ,pr9ce d',essl+'s magnific5t "w1 ,les ,livres a' figures ,v5iti5s4 ,9 a consid]able numb]--! li/ giv5 me by ,dr4 ,kri/ell] enum]at$ ab\t =ty--( ! works publi%$ by ,j5son & ,v9del9us1 f #adfi to #adgc1 ! "w ( ! illum9ator has be5 facilitat$ 9 "s copies by ! :ole or a portion ( 8 design hav+ be5 fir/ /amp$ = him f a block4 ,! evid5ce ( ?is /amp+ is p>tly 9 ! d5t made 9 ! pap] or vellum1 p>tly 9 ! num]\s little breaks 9 ! l9es :]e ! block has n reta9$ ! ink2 b ,i 0 myself lucky en\gh to f9d 9 ! ,gr5ville copy ( ! ,virgil pr9t$ at ,v5ice by ,b>?olomaeus de ,cremona 9 #adgb1 an uncol\r$ example ( ?is /amp$ "w1 :i* 0 reproduc$ 9 ,bibliographica1 & subsequ5tly by ! ,pr9ce d',essl+4 ,a copy ( ! ,pl9y ( #adfi 9 ! ,biblio?e'que ,nationale1 illum9at$ by means ( ?is device1 has an upp] & inn] bord] ( ! famili> :ite elliptical int]lacem5ts on a gold & gre5 gr\nd4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ! l[] bord] is a %ield support$ by two *ildr51 & at ! feet ( ea* *ild is a rabbit4 ,! out] bord] %[s two cornucopias on a gre5 & gold gr\nd4 ,! upp] & inn] bord]s are repeat$ aga9 9 ! ,livy & ,virgil ( #adgj1 9 ! ,val]ius ,maximus ( #adga1 & 9 ! ,rhetorica ( ,george ( ,trebizond ( #adgb4 ,9 ?is la/ book x is jo9$ ) ano!r bord]1 fir/ f\nd 9 ! ,de ,(ficiis ( ,cic]o ( ! same ye>4 ,all ^! books proce$$ f ! press ( ,johannes & ,v9del9us de ,spira4 ,a q di/9ct set ( bord]s are f\nd 9 ,j5son's edition ( ,cic]o's ,epi/olae ad ,famili>es ( #adga2 b 9 an article 9 ! ,ar*ivio ,/orico delle ,arti ,dr4 ,kri/ell] %[$ t ! l[] bord] ( ! ,pl9y ( #adfi1 describ$ above1 occurs aga9 9 a copy ( ! ,de ,evangelica ,praep>atione1 pr9t$ by ,j5son 9 #adgj4 ,! app>5t di/9ction ( ! blocks us$ 9 ! books ( ! two firms is ?us brok5 d[n1 & 9 face ( ! r>ity ( ! copies ?us decorat$ 9 comp>ison ) ^? illum9at$ by h&1 or :i* h come d[n to u ) _! blank spaces /ill unfill$1 x seems impossible to ma9ta9 t ei!r ! prelim9>y engrav+ or ! illum9ation 0 done 9 ! pr9t]'s work%op4 ,we %\ld r reg>d ! engrav+ z a lab\r-sav+ device employ$ by "s ma/] illum9ator to :om private pur*as]s s5t ! books !y _h pur*as$ f ! ,de ,spiras or ,j5son = decoration4 ,no in/ance has z yet be5 f\nd ( a book pr9t$ aft] #adgc be+ illum9at$ 9 ?is way4#a ,ap>t f ! special int]e/ ( ^! p>ticul> bord]s1 ! illum9ation 9 e>ly ,italian books is almo/ uni=mly graceful & beautiful4 ,int]lacem5ts1 (t5e/ ( :ite ^u blue1 sometimes ( gold ^u gre51 are ! =m ( ornam5t mo/ commonly met )4 ,/ill pretti] ?an ^! are ! floral bord]s1 tap]+ (f into little />s ( gold4 ,elaborate ar*itectural designs are also f\nd1 b ^!1 z a rule1 are mu* less pleas+4 ,9 ! majority ( ! bord]s ( all ?ree classes a %ield1 ( ! graceful ,italian %ape1 is usually introduc$1 sometimes left blank1 sometimes fill$ 9 ) ! arms ( ! own]4 ,m (t5 ?an n ?is %ield is enclos$ 9 a circle ( gre5 bay leaves4 ,! initial lett]s are1 z a rule1 purely decorative1 ! designs h>monis+ ) ! bord]s4 ,9 "s in/ances !y consi/ simply ( a l>ge lett] 9 r$ or blue1 )\t any surr\nd+ scroll-"w4 ,we mu/ also note t 9 "s copies ( books f ! presses ( ! ,g]man pr9t]s at ,rome we f9d l>ge initial lett]s 9 r$ & blue1 di/9ctly ,g]man 9 _! design1 ! "w1 possibly1 ( ! pr9t]s !mselves4 ,g]many & ,italy are ! only two c\ntries 9 :i* illum9ation plays an important "p 9 ! decoration ( e>ly books4 ,9 ,engl&1 :]e ! ,w>s ( ! ,roses _h *eck$ ! developm5t ( a v promis+ native s*ool ( illum9ators1 ! use ( col\r 9 pr9t$ books is almo/ unkn[n4 ,! e>ly issues f ,caxton's press1 be=e he began to employ pr9t$ initials1 are ei!r left ) _! blanks unfill$1 or rubricat$ 9 ! pla9e/ possible mann]4 ,9 ,france1 ! s*ola/ic objects ( ! press at ! ,sorbonne1 & ! few res\rces ( ! pr9t]s :o succe$$ x dur+ ! next sev5 or eight ye>s1 at fir/ =bade any s]i\s competition ) ! spl5did manuscripts :i* 7 !n be+ produc$4 ,9 ,holl& & ,spa9 woodcut initials1 :i* practically gave ! dea?-bl[ to illum9ation z a necess>y adjunct ( a book1 7 introduc$ almo/ simultane\sly ) ! use ( type4 ,s f> we h consid]$ illum9ation m]ely z a means ( complet+ 9 a n immod]ately exp5sive mann] ! blanks left by ! e>lie/ pr9t]s4 ,we may devote a few pages to glanc+ at ! subsequ5t application ( ! art to ! decoration ( special copies int5d$ = pres5tation to a patron1 or commission$ by a weal?y book-lov]4 ,! prep>ation ( su* copies 0 practically conf9$ to ,france & ,italy4 ,a copy on vellum ( ! ,great ,bible ( #aedj1 pres5t$ to ,h5ry ,,viii4 by 8 'lov+1 fai?full & ob$i5t subject & daylye orat\r1 ,an?ony ,m>l] ( ,london1 ,hab]das%]1' has ! elaborate woodcut title-page c>efully pa9t$ ov] by h&1 b ?is is almo/ ! only ,engli% book ( :i* ,i c ?9k 9 :i* col\r 0 ?us employ$4 ,9 ,g]many its use 0 only too common1 b = popul>1 n = arti/ic "w1 = at lea/ two out ( e ?ree e>ly ,g]man books ) woodcut illu/rations h ! cuts g>i%ly pa9t$ ov] 9 ! rude/ possible mann]1 to ! great defacem5t ( ! outl9es1 :i* we w\ld f> r see unobscur$4 ,x is tempt+1 inde$1 to believe t 9 _m cases ?is deplorable addition mu/ h be5 ! "w ( ! 'dome/ic' arti/2 x is c]ta9ly r>e to f9d an in/ance 9 :i* x 9 any way improves ! und]ly+ cut4 ,9 ,france & ,italy1 on ! o!r h&1 ! e>ly pr9t]s 7 confront$ by _m weal?y book-lov]s1 accu/om$ to manuscripts adorn$ ) e possible magnific5ce1 & 9 a few in/ances !y f\nd x wor? :ile to cat] = _! ta/es4 ,= ?is purpose !y employ$ ! mo/ delicate vellum 7v unlike ! co>se mat]ial us$ by ! ,g]mans = its /r5g?7 decorat+ ! m>g9s ) elaborate bord]s1 & sometimes prefix+ a col\r$ frontispiece4 ,9 ,france ?is practice 0 begun by ,guillaume ,fi*et & ,jean ,heynlyn1 ! manag]s ( ! press at ! ,sorbonne4 ,sev]al magnific5t copies ( e>ly ,sorbonne books--s sob] 9 _! ord9>y dress--are /ill extant1 to :i* ,fi*et has prefix$ a l>ge m9iature repres5t+ himself 9 8 cl]ical g>b pres5t+ a copy ( ! book to ! ,pope1 to our own ,edw>d ,,iv41 to ,c>d9al ,bess>ion1 or to o!r patrons4 ,9 "s cases he also prefix$ a specially pr9t$ lett] ( d$ication1 !reby r5d]+ ! copy absolutely unique4 ,"s tw5ty ye>s lat] ?is practice ( prep>+ special copies = weal?y patrons 0 resum$ by ,anto9e ,v'er>d1 ^: ent]prise has bequea!d to ! ,biblio?e'que ,nationale a :ole r[ ( books ?us specially decorat$ = ,*>les ,,viii41 & to ! ,briti% ,museum a no less spl5did set commission$ by ,h5ry ,,vii4 ,nor 7 ,v'er>d's patrons only f\nd among k+s1 = a record /ill exi/s ( f\r books ?us ornam5t$ by him = ,*>les d',ang\leme1 at a total co/ ( ov] two hundr$ livres1 equival5t to r m ?an ! same numb] ( p\nds /]l+ ( our pres5t money4 ,v'er>d's me?ods ( prep>+ ^! magnific5t volumes 7 nei!r v arti/ic nor v hone/4 ,! m9iatures are ?ickly pa9t$1 s t an und]ly+ woodcut1 on q a diff]5t subject1 0 sometimes utilis$ to furni% ! arti/ ) an idea = ! gr\p+ ( ! figures4 ,?us a cut f ,ovid's ,metamorphoses1 repres5t+ ,saturn dev\r+ 8 *ildr5 & a v unpleas+ figure ( ,v5us ris+ f ! sea1 0 conv]t$ into a ,holy ,family by pa9t+ out ! ,v5us & r$uc+ ,saturn's cannibal embrace to an affectionate fondl+4 ,?is process ( alt]ation & pa9t+ out 0 also employ$ by ,v'er>d to conceal ! fact t ^! spl5did copies 7 (t5 n ( 8 own publication1 b commission$ by him f o!r publi%]s4 ,?us ,h5ry ,,vii4's copy ( ,l',exam5 de ,consci5ce has ! colophon1 9 :i* x is /at$ to h be5 pr9t$ = ,pi]re ,regnault ( ,r\51 r c>elessly eras$1 & 9 ,*>les ,,viii4's copy ( ! ,compo/ et ,kal5dri] des ,b]g]s 7#adic7b ,guiot ,m>*ant's device has be5 conceal$ by pa9t+ ov] x ! royal arms1 :ile ! colophon 9 :i* 8 "n appe>s has be5 p>tly eras$1 p>tly cov]$ ov] by a pa9t$ copy ( ,v'er>d's well-kn[n device4 ,v'er>d's bord]s1 also1 are z a rule heavy1 consi/+ *iefly ( fl[]s & arabesques arrang$ 9 clumsy squ>es or loz5ges4 ,altoge!r ^! pr9cely volumes are p]haps r magnific5t ?an 9 good ta/e4 ,! cu/om ( illum9at+ ! cuts 9 vellum books 0 n practis$ only by ,v'er>d4 ,almo/ all ! ,fr5* publi%]s ( ,books ( ,h\rs resort$ to x--at fir/1 :ile ! illum9ation 0 c>efully done1 ) v spl5did effect1 aft]w>ds to ! utt] ru9 ( ! beautiful designs :i* ! col\r conceal$4 ,"u ,francis ,i4 illum9ation seems to h reviv$1 = we he> ( a vellum copy ( ! ,de ,philologia ( ,budaeu1 pr9t$ by ,asc5sius 7#aecb71 hav+ its fir/ page ( text enclos$ 9 a ri* bord] 9 :i* appe> ! arms ( ! dukes ( ,orleans & ,ang\leme to :om x 0 d$icat$4 ,9 ano!r "w by ,budaeu 7himself a book-lov] z well z a s*ol>71 ! ,de ,transitu ,hell5ismi1 pr9t$ by ,rob]t ,e/i5ne 9 #aece1 ! portrait & arms ( ,francis ,i4 are enclos$ 9 ano!r ri*ly illum9at$ bord]1 & ! ,k+'s arms are pa9t$ 9 o!r books pr9t$ ab\t ?is "t4 ,9 a vellum copy ( a ,fr5* ,bible pr9t$ by ,jean de ,t\rnes at ,lyons 9 #aeeg1 !re are ov] ?ree hundr$ m9iatures1 & bord]s to e page4 ,ev5 by ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury ! use ( illum9ation _h n q di$ out 9 ,france1 ?\gh x adds no?+ to ! beauty ( ! ta/eless works !n issu$ f ! ,fr5* presses4 ,"o ( ! late/ in/ances 9 :i* ,i h enc\nt]$ x is 9 a copy pres5t$ to ,l\is ,,xiv4 ( ,la ,lyre du ,jeune ,apollon1 ou la ,muse naissante du ,petit de ,beau*a/eau 7,p>is1 #afeg72 9 ?is ! half-title is surr\nd$ by a wrea? ( gold1 & surm\nt$ by a lyre1 ! title is pick$ out 9 r$1 blue1 & gold1 & ! headpieces & tailpieces ?r\gh\t ! volume are daub$ ov] ) col\r4 ,by ! exp5diture ( a va/ am\nt ( pa9s1 a dull book is ?us r5d]$ bo? pret5ti\s & (f5sive4 ,9 ,italy1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ord9>y copies ( e>ly books & specially prep>$ ones1 is bridg$ ov] by s _m int]m$iate /ages ( decoration t we are oblig$ to conf9e our att5tion to "o or two fam\s examples ( sumptu\s books4 ,! ,italian v]sion ( ,pl9y1 made by ,cri/(oro ,l&9o & pr9t$ by ,j5son 9 #adgf1 exi/s 9 su* a =m z "o ( ! ,d\ce books 7,no4 #caj7 9 ! ,bodleian ,libr>y4 ,?is copy has sup]b bord]s at ! beg9n+ ( ea* book1 & is v>i\sly suppos$ to h be5 prep>$ = ,f]d9& ,,ii41 ,k+ ( ,naples1 & = a memb] ( ! ,/rozzi family ( ,flor5ce1 ! arms ( bo? be+ frequ5tly introduc$ into ! decoration4 ,/ill m sup]b are ! ?ree vellum copies ( ,giovanni ,simoneta's ,hi/oria delle cose facte dallo invictissimo ,duca ,francesco ,s=za1 translat$ 7l ! ,pl9y7 by ,cri/(oro ,l&9o1 & pr9t$ by ,antonio ,z>otto at ,milan 9 #adij4 ,^! copies 7 prep>$ = memb]s ( ! ,s=za family1 portraits ( :om are introduc$ 9 ! bord]s4 ,! decoration is florid1 b sup]b ( its k9d1 & provok$ ,dibd9 to record 8 admiration ( ! copy n[ 9 ! ,gr5ville ,libr>y z '"o ( ! lovelie/ ( membranace\s jewels' x _h ev] be5 8 =tune to meet )4 ,= _m ye>s 9 a case devot$ to specim5s ( illum9at$ pr9t$ books 9 ! ,k+'s ,libr>y ! ,briti% ,museum us$ to exhibit vellum copies ( ! ,ald9e ,m>tial ( #aeja1 & ,catullus ( #aejb1 & side by side ) !m1 pr9t$ respectively j twelve ye>s lat]1 & also on vellum1 an ,aulus ,gellius & ,plautus pres5t$ by ,giunta1 ! ,flor5t9e rival ( ,aldus1 to ! y\ng] ,lor5zo de' ,m$ici4 ,! use ( illum9ation 9 pr9t$ books 0 a natural & pleas+ survival ( ! glories ( ! illum9at$ manuscript4 ,its discont9uance 0 9 "p a sign ( heal? z te/ify+ to ! increas$ res\rces ( ! pr9t+ press2 9 "p a symptom ( ! c>elessness z to ! =m ( books :i* by ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury _h become well-nigh univ]sal ?r\gh\t ,europe4 ,s long z a few ri* amateurs c>$ = copies ( _! fav\rite au?ors pr9t$ on vellum1 & decorat$ by ! h&s ( skilful arti/s1 a high /&>d ( excell5ce 0 set up :i* influ5c$ ! :ole ( ! book-trade1 & = ?is reason ! revival ( ! use ( vellum 9 our own day may p]haps be welcom$4 ,x may be not$ t ! especially ,italian cu/om ( introduc+ ! arms ( ! own] into ! majority ( illum9at$ designs left its trace 9 ! blank %ields :i* s frequ5tly =m ! c5tre ( ! pr9t$ bord]s 9 ,italian books f #adij to #aebj4 ,!oretically ^! %ields 7 int5d$ to be fill$ 9 ) ! own]'s arms 9 col\r1 b !y are m (t5 f\nd blank4 ,two examples ( _! use are "h %[n1 "o f ! upp] bord] ( ! ,cal5d>1 pr9t$ at ,v5ice 9 #adgf 7! fir/ book ) an ornam5tal title-page71 ! o!r f ! l[] bord] ( ! fir/ page ( text ( ! ,trabisonda ,i/oriata1 pr9t$ also at ,v5ice 9 #adid4 ,we may note also t ! p>allel cu/om ( ins]t+ ! arms ( ! patron to :om a book 0 d$icat$ 0 c>ri$ on 9 ,spa9 9 a long s]ies ( title-pages1 9 :i* ! arms ( ! patron =m ! pr9cipal feature4 ,illu/ration3 ,f ! ,cal5d> ( #adgf4 ,illu/ration3 ,f ,la ,trabisonda ,hi/oriata ( #adid4 ,9 ,engl&1 also1 a patron's coat 0 sometimes pr9t$ z "o ( ! decorations ( a book4 ,?us on ! ?ird leaf ( ! fir/ edition ( ! ,gold5 ,leg5d !re is a l>ge woodcut ( a horse gallop+ pa/ a tree1 ! device ( ! ,e>l ( ,arundel1 ! patron to :om ,caxton ow$ 8 ye>ly fee ( a buck 9 summ] & a doe 9 w9t]4 ,s1 too1 9 ! ,morton ,missal1 pr9t$ by ,pynson 9 #aejj1 ! ,morton arms occupy a full page at ! beg9n+ ( ! book4 ,"u ,elizabe? & ,james ,i4 ! practice became fairly common4 ,9 "s cases :]e ! leaf ?us decorat$ has become deta*$1 ! arms h all ! appe>ance ( an e>ly book-plate1 & ! ,bag=d example ( ,sir ,ni*olas ,bacon's plate has endur$ suspicions on ?is acc\nt4 ,9 ?is in/ance1 h[ev]1 ! =tunate exi/5ce ( a slight flaw 9 ! block1 :i* occurs also 9 ! und\bt$ly g5u9e gift-plate ( #aegd1 (f]s a /rong argum5t 9 fav\r ( its hav+ be5 9 ! possession ( ,sir ,ni*olas himself1 & !re=e presumably us$ by him z a m>k ( possession4 99 99 99 99 99 #a ,9 a copy ( ! edition ( ,suetonius1 pr9t$ by ,sweynheym & ,pann>tz at ,rome 9 #adgj1 :i* belong$ to ,william ,morris1 & is n[ 9 ! ,morgan collection at ,new ,york1 !re are n9e excell5t woodcut capitals us$ ) a h&some bord]-piece1 :i* d n appe> 9 o!r examples4 ,dr4 ,lippmann f\nd simil> decorations 9 ! #adfe edition ( ,lactantius1 pr9t$ at ,subiaco by ! same firm4 ,9 ?is case ! blocks probably belong$ to ! pr9t]s1 b 7 us$ to decorate only a few copies4 #b ,a full description ( ?is copy w be f\nd 9 ,dr4 ,somm]'s introduction to ! facsimile & repr9t ( ! ,engli% translations ( ,p>is1 #aejc1 & ,london1 #aejf 7,kegan ,paul1 #ahib74 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,completion ,,( ,,! ,,pr9t$ ,,book ,z we h se51 ! typical book dur+ ! fir/ qu>t] ( a c5tury ( ! hi/ory ( pr9t+ is "o 9 :i* ! pr9t] suppli$ ! place ( ! scribe & ( ! scribe alone4 ,an appreciable1 ?\gh n a v l>ge1 p]c5tage ( e>ly books h come d[n to u 9 ! exact /ate 9 :i* !y issu$ f ! press1 ) a blank space at _! beg9n+ = an illum9ation1 blanks = ! initial lett]s1 blanks = ! *apt] head+s1 no head-l9es1 no title-page1 no pag9ation1 & no signatures to guide ! b9d] 9 arrang+ ! %eets 9 ! diff]5t ga!r+s4 ,our task 9 ! pres5t *apt] is to trace briefly ! hi/ory ( ! emancipation ( ! pr9t] f 8 dep5d5ce on h&work = ! completion ( 8 books4 ,we %all n expect to f9d ?is emancipation effect$ /ep by /ep 9 any ord]ly progression4 ,innovations1 ! utility ( :i* seems to u obvi\s & /rik+1 occur z if by haz>d 9 an isolat$ book1 are !n ab&on$ ev5 by ! pr9t] :o />t$ !m1 & subsequ5tly reappe> 9 a numb] ( books pr9t$ ab\t ! same "t at diff]5t places1 s t x is impossible to fix ! *ronology ( ! reviv$ fa%ion4 ,illu/ration ,we h already not$ h[ ! anxiety ( ! e>lie/ ,ma9z pr9t]s to rival at ! v outset ! be/ manuscripts ) :i* !y 7 acqua9t$1 l$ !m to anticipate improvem5ts :i* 7 n g5]ally adopt$ till _m ye>s aft]w>ds4 ,among ^! we mu/ n reckon ! use = ! rubrics or *apt] head+s ( r$ ink1 :i* appe>s 9 ! trial leaves ( ! #db-l9e ,bible1 & 0 to a great] or less ext5t employ$ by ,s*oeff] 9 mo/ ( 8 books4 ,al?\gh r$ ink has appe>$ sporadically1 & /ill does s1 on ! title-page ( a book "h or !re1 m especially on ^? :i* make "s pret5ce to sumptu\sness1 its use 9 ! fifte5? c5tury 0 a survival1 n an anticipation4 ,= legal & liturgical works x 0 long consid]$ ess5tial2 = o!r books ! exp5se ( ! d\ble pr9t+ :i* x involves soon br\ght x into disfav\r & has kept x !re ev] s9ce4 ,! use ( a colophon1 or cr[n+ p>agraph1 at ! end ( a book1 to give ! in=mation n[ conta9$ on our title-pages1 dates f ! ,ma9z ,psalt] ( #adeg1 & 0 cont9u$ by ,s*oeff] 9 mo/ ( 8 books4 ,a colophon occurs also 9 ! ,ca?olicon ( #adfj1 ?\gh x does n m5tion ! pr9t]'s "n 7almo/ c]ta9ly ,gut5b]g74 ,!re is an admirably full "o 9 rhym+ c\plets 7set out z prose7 to ,pfi/]'s ,bu* d] vi] ,hi/ori5 von ,joseph1 ,daniel1 ,e/h]1 und ,judi?1 & ! bro!rs ,be*t]m3untze1 :o pr9t$ ! ,vocabul>ius ex quo at ,eltvil 9 #adfg1 are equally explicit4 ,9 _m cases1 h[ev]1 no colophon ( any sort appe>s1 & ! ye> & place ( publication h to be d$uc$ f ! in=mation giv5 9 o!r books pr9t$ 9 ! same types1 or f ! *ance entry by a pur*as] or rubricator ( ! date at :i* ! book came into or left 8 h&s4 ,we may claim colophons z "p ( ! subject ( ?is book1 because !y e>ly receiv$ decorative treatm5t4 ,s*oeff] pr9ts !m1 z a rule1 9 8 fav\rite r$ ink1 & x 0 z an app5dix to ! colophon t ! pr9t]'s device fir/ made its appe>ance4 ,s*oeff]'s well-kn[n %ields occur 9 ?is connection 9 8 ,bible ( #adfb4 ,no o!r in/ance ( a device is kn[n until ab\t #adgj1 :5 !y became common1 "s pr9t]s1 l ,arnold !r ,ho]n5 ( ,cologne1 & ,col>d ,mansion ( ,bruges1 imitat+ ,s*oeff] 9 ! mode/ size ( _! badges1 :ile o!rs1 among :om "s ,dut* pr9t]s are prom95t1 made _! emblem l>ge en\gh1 if ne$ be1 to decorate a :ole page4 ,( ,s*oeff]'s col\r$ capitals en\gh has already be5 said4 ,woodcut initials = pr9t+ 9 outl9e1 ! outl9e be+ int5d$ to be col\r$ by h&1 7 us$ by ,g3un!r ,za9] at ,augsburg at lea/ z e>ly z #adga1 & involv$ him 9 a controv]sy to :i* we %all allude 9 our next *apt]4 ,_! use spread sl[ly1 = x 0 ab\t ?is date t ! employm5t ( h&-pa9t$ initials 0 giv5 a fre% lease ( life1 by ! introduction ( ! pr9t$ 'director1' or small lett]1 indicat+ to ! illum9ator ! initial he 0 requir$ to supply4 ,! director _h be5 us$ by ! scribes1 & 9 e>ly pr9t$ books is frequ5tly f\nd 9 manuscript4 ,x 01 ( c\rse1 int5d$ to be pa9t$ ov]1 b ! rubrication ( pr9t$ books 0 s c>elessly execut$ t x (t5 appe>s 9 ! op5 c5tre ( ! col\r$ lett]4 ,9 s f> z x delay$ ! introduction ( woodcut lett]s1 ?is +5i\s device 0 a /ep backw>d r ?an an improvem5t4 ,9 ! ord] ( introduction1 ! next addition to a pr9t]'s /ock-9-trade :i* we h to *ronicle is ! use ( woodcut illu/rations4 ,^! 7 fir/ employ$ by ,albre*t ,pfi/]1 :o 9 #adfa 0 pr9t+ at ,bamb]g4 ,l ,s*oeff]'s col\r$ initials1 ,pfi/]'s illu/rat$ books =m an incid5t ap>t f ! g5]al hi/ory ( ! developm5t ( ! pr9t$ book1 & x w be conv5i5t1 !re=e1 to give !m a brief notice "h1 r ?an to place !m at ! head ( our next *apt]4 ,!y are six 9 numb]1 or1 if we c\nt diff]5t editions sep>ately1 n9e1 ( :i* only two h dates1 viz43 "o ( ! two editions ( ,bon]'s ,edel/e91 dat$ #adfa1 & ! ,bu* d] vi] ,hi/ori5 von ,joseph1 ,daniel1 ,e/h]1 und ,judi?1 dat$ #adfb1 ) ,pfi/]'s "n 9 ! rhym+ colophon already allud$ to4 ,! undat$ books are ano!r edition ( ! ,edel/e92 ! ,belial seu consolatio peccatorum2 a ,biblia ,paup]um2 two closely simil> editions ( ?is 9 ,g]man2 two editions ( ! ,re*t/reit des ,m5s*5 mit dem ,tode1 also call$ ,gespr3a* zwis*5 e9em ,wittw] und dem ,tode4 ,att5tion 0 fir/ drawn to ^! books by ! ,pa/or ,jacob ,augu/ ,/e9] ( ,augsburg 9 #agib1 & :5 ! volume :i* he describ$ 0 br\ght to ! ,biblio?e'que ,nationale1 ) o!r spoils f ,g]many1 a le>n$ ,fr5*man1 ,camus1 read a pap] on !m be=e ! ,in/itute 9 #agii4 ,! ?ree tracts :i* ! volume conta9$ 7 re/or$ to ! libr>y at ,wolf5b3uttel 9 #ahae1 b ! ,biblio?e'que has s9ce acquir$ ano!r set ( ?ree & a sep>ate edition ( ! ,g]man ,biblia ,paup]um4 ,! only o!r copies kn[n are ^? 9 ! ,sp5c] ,collection1 "o ( ! ,belial at ,nuremb]g1 & a unique example ( ! undat$ ,edel/e9 at ,b]l94#c ,^! f\r books conta9 altoge!r no less ?an #bja cuts1 execut$ 9 clumsy outl9e4 ,"o hundr$ & "o ( ^! cuts belong to ! ,edel/e91 a collection ( ,g]man fables writt5 be=e #accj4 ,! book :i* conta9s !m is a small folio ( #bh leaves1 & ) a wid? ( page l>g] by a f\r? ?an ! size ( ! cuts4 ,to fill ?is gap1 ,pfi/] introduc$ on ! left ( ! illu/ration a figure ( a man4 ,9 ! dat$ copy1 9 :i* ! cuts are m worn1 ?is figure is ! same ?r\gh\t ! book2 9 ! undat$ !re are diff]5ces 9 ! man's headge>1 & 9 ! book or tablet he is hold+1 con/itut+ ?ree diff]5t v>iations4 ,9 ! ,bu* d] vi] ,hi/ori5 ! cuts numb] #ee1 six ( :i*1 h[ev]1 are repeat$1 mak+ #fa impressions4 ,9 ! impossibility ( obta9+ access to ! orig9als1 :ile ! ,sp5c] ,collection 0 9 ! c\rse ( removal1 ! c>eful copy ( "o ( ^!1 made = ,camus 9 #agii1 0 *os5 = reproduction z likely to be less famili> ?an ! illu/rations f ,pfi/]'s o!r books giv5 by ,dibd9 9 8 ,biblio!ca ,sp5c]iana4 ,! subject is ! solemn sacrifice ( a lamb at ,be?ulia aft] ,judi?'s murd] ( ,hol(]nes4 ,! ,biblia ,paup]um is 9 ?ree editions1 two 9 ,g]man1 ! ?ird 9 ,lat92 ea* consi/s ( #ag pr9t$ leaves1 ) a l>ge cut =m$ ( five sep>ate blocks illu/rat+ diff]5t subjects1 b jo9$ toge!r z a :ole1 on ea* page4 ,! la/ book ( ,pfi/]'s we h to notice1 ! ,compla9t ( ! ,wid[] aga9/ ,dea?1 is probably e>li] ?an ei!r ( 8 dat$ ones4 ,x conta9s #bd leaves1 ) five full-page cuts1 %[+ 7#a7 ,dea? on 8 ?rone1 & ! wid[] & 8 little son 9 m\rn+2 7#b7 ,dea? & ! wid[]1 ) a pope1 a noble1 & a monk va9ly (f]+ ,dea? gold2 7#c7 two figures ( ,dea? 7"o m\nt$7 pursu+ _! victims2 7#d7 ,dea? on 8 ?rone1 ) two l[] comp>tm5ts repres5t+ monks at a cloi/] gate1 & wom5 walk+ ) a *ild 9 a fair g>d51--?is to symbolise ! wid[]'s *oice betwe5 rem>riage & retir+ to a mona/]y2 7#e7 ! wid[] appe>+ be=e ,*ri/1 :o gives ! v]dict aga9/ him1 s9ce all mortals mu/ yield _! bodies to ,dea? & _! s\ls to ,god4 ,! cuts 9 ?is book are l>g] & bold] ?an ! o!r specim5s ( ,pfi/]'s "w :i* we h notic$1 b !y are rude en\gh4 ,illu/ration3 ,f ,pfi/]'s ,bu* d] vi] ,hi/ori54 ,illu/ration--transcription z foll[s3 ,s]mo ad populum pr$icabilis 4 ,9 fe/o pres5tacionis4 ,beatissime m>ie semp] virg9is n\it] cum magna dilig5cia4 ad communem vsum multorum sac]dotum pres]tim curatorum collectus4 ,et idcirco p] impressonem multiplicatus4 sub hoc curr5te4 ,anno dom9i ,mo cccco 4lxxo4 cuiusquidem collectionis atque etiam multiplicacionis eius non p>uip5d5da racio si placet 4 vid]i pot]et4 ,9 folii lat]em sequ5ti ,aft] ! introduction ( woodcut illu/rations1 ! next innovation ) :i* we h to conc]n ourselves is ! adoption ( ! title-page4 ,:at may be call$ accid5tal title-pages are f\nd on bo? ! ,lat9 & ! ,g]man edition ( a ,bull ( ,pope ,pius ,,ii4 pr9t$ by ,fu/ & ,s*oeff] 9 #adfc4 ,aft] ?is ,arnold !r ,ho]n5 ( ,cologne appe>s to h be5 ! fir/ pr9t] lavi% en\gh to devote a :ole page to prefix+ a title to a book4 ,a facsimile is "h giv51 f :i* we see t ?is 's]mon prea*able on ! fea/ ( ! pres5tation ( ! mo/ bless$ ,virg9' 0 pr9t$ 9 #adgj at ! outset ( !r ,ho]n5's c>e]4 ,! pr9t]1 h[ev]1 seems to h und]/ood no bett] ?an ,s*oeff] ! comm]cial advantage ( :at he 0 do+1 & ! next title-page :i* has to be *ronicl$ is ano!r ( ! same k9d1 read+ ! ',tractatulus comp5diosus p] modum dyalogi timidis ac deuotis viris editus in/ru5s non plus curam de pullis et c>nibus hab]e suillis quam quo modo v]us deus et homo qui 9 celis e/ digne tractetur4 ,o/5d5s insup] etiam salubres manuductiones quibus m9us dispositus abilitetur1' etc4 ,:at we may call ! bus9ess title ( ?is book is mu* m s5sibly set =? 9 ! brief colophon3 ',explicit exhortacio de celebratione misse p] modum dyalogi int] pontificem et sac]dotem1 ,anno ,lxxet1' c4 ,/ill1 "h also1 ! abs5ce ( an incipit1 & ( any foll[+ text mu/ be tak5 z con/itut+ a title-page4 ,?ree ye>s lat] two ,augsburg pr9t]s1 ,b]n>dus 'pictor' & ,erh>dus ,ratdolt1 :o _h />t$ a p>tn]%ip 9 ,v5ice ) ,petrus ,l3osle9 ( ,lang5z5n 9 ,bav>ia1 produc$ ! fir/ arti/ic title-page z yet discov]$4 ,?is appe>s 9 all ! ?ree editions ( a ,cal5d> :i* !y issu$ 9 ,lat9 & ,italian 9 #adgf1 & 9 ,g]man 9 #adgh4 ,! praises ( ! ,cal5d> are sung 9 twelve l9es ( v]se1 beg9n+ 9 ! ,lat9 edition3-- ,aureus hic lib] e/3 non e/ preciosior ulla ,gemma kal5d>io quod docet i/ud opus4 ,aureus hic num]us2 lune solisque labores ,mon/rantur facile3 cunctaque signa poli4 ,!n foll[s ! date1 !n ! names ( ! ?ree pr9t]s 9 r$ ink4 ,?is lett]press is surr\nd$ by a bord] 9 five pieces1 ! upp]mo/ ( :i* %[s a small blank %ield 7see p4 #ai71 :ile on ! two sides skilfully conv5tionalis$ foliage is spr++ out ( two urns4 ,! two gaps betwe5 ^! & ! pr9t]s' names are fill$ up by two small blocks ( trac]y4 ,x is notewor?y t ?is *>m+ design 0 employ$ by pr9t]s f ,augsburg1 ! city 9 :i* wood-engrav+ 0 fir/ s]i\sly employ$ = ! decoration ( pr9t$ books4 ,b ! design itself is di/9ctly ,italian 9 its _s1 n ,g]man4 ,l its two pr$ecessors1 ! title-page ( #adgf 0 a m]e anticipation1 & 0 n imitat$4 ,! sy/ematic developm5t ( ! title-page beg9s 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! next decade1 :5 ! cu/om ( pr9t+ ! %ort title ( ! book on a fir/ page1 o!rwise left blank1 came sl[ly into use4#d ,! two e>lie/ appe>ances ( ^! label title-pages 9 ,engl& are 7#a7 9 ',a pass+ gode lityll boke necess>ye beh\efull ag5/ ! ,pe/il5s1' by ',canutus1 ,bi%op ( ,a>hus1' pr9t$ by ,ma*l9ia1 probably t[>ds ! close ( 8 c>e] #adhf-ij82 & 7#b7 9 "o ( ! e>lie/ works pr9t$ by ,wynkyn de ,worde1 ,caxton's =eman1 aft] 8 ma/]'s dea?4 ,"h1 9 ! c5tre ( ! fir/ page1 we f9d a ?ree-l9e p>agraph read+3 ,! pr\ffytable boke = manes s\le ,& "r com=table to ! body & specially 9 adu]sitee tribulation1 :i* boke is call$ ,! ,*a/ysynge ( goddes ,*yld]n4 ,o!r c\ntries 7 e>li] ?an ,engl& bo? 9 ! adoption ( ! label title-page & 9 fill+ ! blank space b5ea? ! title ) "s attempt at ornam5t4 ,9 ,france ! ornam5t usually took ! =m ( a pr9t]'s m>k1 m r>ely ( an illu/ration2 9 ,italy & ,g]many usually ( an illu/ration1 m r>ely ( a pr9t]'s m>k4 ,until ! fir/ qu>t] ( ! sixte5? c5tury 0 draw+ to a close ! colophon /ill held its place at ! end ( ! book z ! *ief s\rce ( in=mation z to ! pr9t]'s "n & place & date ( publication4 ,! au?or's "n1 also1 0 (t5 res]v$ = ! colophon1 or hidd5 away 9 a preface or d$icatory lett]4 ,title-pages complet$ accord+ to ! fa%ion :i*1 until ! antiqu>ian revival by ,william ,morris ( ! old label =m1 has ev] s9ce held sway1 d n become common till ab\t #aebj4 ,p]haps ! *ief reason :y ! conv5i5t cu/om ( ! title-page spread s sl[ly 0 t soon aft] #adgj ! ,augsburg pr9t]s began to imitate 9 woodcuts ! elaborate bord]s ) :i* ! illum9ators _h be5 accu/om$ to decorate ! fir/ page ( ! text ( a manuscript or e>ly pr9t$ book4 ,:5 !y fir/ appe> ^! woodcut bord]s gr[ out ( ! initial lett] ) :i* ! text beg91 & ext5d only ov] "p ( ! upp] & inn] m>g9s4 ,9 o!r in/ances1 h[ev]1 !y completely surr\nd ! fir/ page ( text1 & ?is is ne>ly always ! case ) ! v beautiful bord]s :i* are f\nd1 t[>ds ! close ( ! c5tury1 9 _m books pr9t$ 9 ,italy4 ,9 ^! !y are mo/ly prec$$ by a 'label' title-page4 ,! use ( bord]s to surr\nd e page ( text 0 practically conf9$#e to books ( devotion1 notably ! ,books ( ,h\rs1 ^: wond]ful c>e] began 9 #adhg & la/$ = upw>ds ( half a c5tury4 ,head-pieces are f\nd 9 a few books1 *iefly ,greek1 pr9t$ at ,v5ice t[>ds ! close ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( any previ\s inve/igations on ! subject1 x is dang]\s to attempt to say :]e tail-pieces fir/ occur1 b _! bir?place 0 probably ,france4 ,pag9ation & head-l9es are said to h be5 fir/ us$ by ,arnold !r ,ho]n5 at ,cologne 9 #adgj & #adga2 pr9t$ signatures by ,john ,koelh(f at ! same city 9 #adgb4 ,! date ( ,koelh(f's book1 an edition ( ,nid]'s ,expositio ,decalogi1 has be5 ne$lessly held to be a mispr9t1 ?\gh x is a curi\s co9cid5ce t we f9d signatures /amp$ by h& 9 "o edition ( ,franciscus de ,platea's ,de re/itutionibus1 ,v5ice1 #adgc1 & pr9t$ close to ! text 9 ! normal way 9 ano!r edition issu$ at ,cologne ! foll[+ ye>4 ,none ( ^! small matt]s h any direct be>+ on ! decoration ( books1 b !y are ( int]e/ to u z po9t+ to ! pr9t]'s gradual emancipation f 8 long dep5d5ce on ! help ( ! scribe4 ,x is p]haps wor? :ile1 = ! same reason1 to take z a l&m>k ,g3un!r ,za9]'s #adgc edition ( ! ,de regim9e pr9cipum ( ,aegidius ,columna4 ,?is book is possess$ ( pr9t$ head-l9es1 *apt] head+s1 p>agraph m>ks1 & l>ge & small initial lett]s4 ,f fir/ page to la/ x is unt\*$ by ! h& ( ! rubricator1 & %[s t ,za9] at any rate _h won 8 indep5d5ce )9 five ye>s ( sett+ up 8 press4 ,curi\sly en\gh1 to ?is p>ticul> specim5 ( 8 "w he did n give 8 "n1 ?\gh x is duly dat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,f ,ptolemy's ,cosmographia1 ,ulm1 #adhb4 99 99 99 99 99 #c ,a leaf ( ! ,re*t/reit is 9 ! ,taylorian ,in/itute at ,ox=d4 #d ,x may be not$ t 9 a few books1 alike 9 ,g]many1 ,italy1 & ,france1 issu$ ab\t #adij1 a label title is pr9t$ on ! back ( ! la/ leaf1 ei!r in/ead (1 or 9 addition to1 t on ! recto ( ! fir/4 #e ,!y are f\nd also 9 "s ,books ( ,emblems1 & 9 a few books pr9t$ at ,lyons 9 ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,g]many--#adgj-adhf ,9 ! fifte5? c5tury ,augsburg 0 "o ( ! *ief c5tres 9 ,g]many = c>d-mak+ & woodcut pictures4 ,! cutt]s 7 jeal\s ( _! privileges1 & :51 9 #adga1 ,g3un!r ,za9]1 a native ( ,reutl+51 :o _h be5 pr9t+ 9 _! t[n = "s ye>s 78 fir/ book 0 issu$ 9 ,m>* #adfh71 ask$ = admission to ! privileges ( a burgh]1 !y n only oppos$ him1 b dem&$ t he %\ld be =bidd5 to pr9t woodcuts 9 8 books4 ,! abbot ( ,,ss4 ,ulric & ,afra1 ,mel*ior de ,/amheim1 :o subsequ5tly set up presses ( 8 own1 procur$ a compromise1 & ,g3un!r 0 all[$ to employ woodcuts freely1 s long z !y 7 cut by au?oris$ cutt]s4 ,za9]'s fir/ dat$ book ) illu/rations is a translation ( ! ,leg5da ,aurea ( ,jacobus de ,vorag9e1 ) a small cut prefac+ ea* ( ! two hundr$ & ?irty-f\r biographies4 ,! fir/ "p ( ?is 0 f9i%$ 9 ,octob] #adga1 & ! second 9 ,april #adgb4 ,9 #adgb came also two editions ( ! ,belial or 'processus ,lucif]i contra ,jesum ,*ri/um1' 9 :i* ?irty-two cuts help ! und]/&+ ( ! extraord9>y text1 & to ! same ye> belongs ,+old's ,das guld9 ,spiel1 a wond]ful "w1 9 :i* ! sev5 deadly s9s are illu/rat$ f sev5 games4 ,z a copy ( ?is book is available1 :i* has _h ! good =tune to escape ! col\ri/1 "o ( its twelve cuts--t %[+ c>d-play+1 ) :i* an ,augsburg woodcutt] w\ld be especially famili>--is "h reproduc$4 ,! face ( ! man at ! f> end ( ! table is p]haps ! mo/ expressive piece ( draw+ 9 all ! s]ies4 ,9 #adgc ,za9] pr9t$ = ! ,abbot ( ,,ss4 ,ulric & ,afra a ,speculum ,humanae ,salvationis1 ) num]\s ,biblical woodcuts4 ,he also issu$ two editions 9 #adgc & #adgg ( a ,bible1 ) l>ge initial lett]s1 into ea* ( :i* is introduc$ a little picture4 ,at ! end ( ! second ( ^! editions he adds ! f9e device1 %[n on p4 #dj1 :i* x is /range t he %\ld n h us$ m (t54 ,9 #adgd he pr9t$ an acc\nt ( ! suppos$ murd] ( a small boy1 nam$ ,simon1 by ! ,jews1 illu/rat$ ) "s q vivid pictures1 & to ab\t ?is "t belongs 8 f9e/ "w1 an undat$ edition ( ! ,speculum ,humanae ,vitae1 full ( num]\s delightful cuts illu/rat+ v>i\s trades & call+s4 ,9 #adgg he illu/rat$ a ,g]man edition ( ! moralisation ( ! game ( ,*ess by ,jacobus de ,cessolis1 ( :i* ,caxton _h help$ to pr9t an ,engli% v]sion a ye> or two be=e4 ,illu/ration3 ,f ,+old's ,guld9 ,spiel1 ,augsburg1 #adgb4 ,illu/ration3 ,device ( ,g3un!r ,za9]4 ,dur+ ! t5 or twelve ye>s ( 8 activity at ,augsburg1 :i* 0 br\ght to a close by 8 dea? 9 #adgh1 ,g3un!r ,za9] pr9t$ probably at lea/ a hundr$ works1 ( :i* ab\t tw5ty1 mo/ly ei!r religi\s or1 accord+ to ! ideas ( ! "t1 amus+1 h illu/rations4 ,( ! works pr9t$ dur+ ! second half ( 8 c>e]1 ! majority h woodcut initials1 l>ge or small1 & a few also woodcut bord]s to ! fir/ page4 ,! initials 7:i* sometimes only ext5d ?r\gh a "p ( a book1 blanks be+ left :5 ! /ock fail$71 if se5 by !mselves1 are r clumsy1 b h>monise well ) ! rem>kably heavy go?ic type :i* ,za9] *iefly us$ dur+ ?is p]iod ( 8 c>e]4 ,if 8 engrav$ "w _c be prais$ z highly arti/ic1 x 0 at lea/ pl5tiful & bold1 & admirably adapt$ = ! popul> books 9 :i* x mo/ly appe>$4 ,johann ,b3aml]1 :o dur+ tw5ty ye>s f #adgb pr9t$ a long li/ ( illu/rat$ books at ,augsburg1 c h>dly h set mu* /ore by orig9ality1 = 9 sev]al ( ^!1 e4g4 ! ,belial 7#adgc71 ! ,pl5>ium 7#adgd71 ! ,leg5da ,sanctorum1 c41 ! cuts are :olly or ma9ly copi$ f ^? 9 editions previ\sly issu$ by ,za9]4 ,b3aml] began 8 own c>e] z an illu/rator ) "s frontispieces1 z we may call !m1 :i* come aft] ! table ( cont5ts1 & fac+ ! fir/ page ( text 9 ! ,summa ,confessorum ( ,johannes ,friburg5sis1 ! ,gold55 ,h>f5 ( ,nid]1 & o!rs ( 8 e>ly books4 ,9 #adgd he issu$ ! fir/ ( 8 ?ree editions ( ! ,bu* von d5 ,sieb5 ,tods3und5 und d5 ,sieb5 ,tug5d54 ,! ',s9s & ,virtues' are p]sonifi$ z arm$ wom5 rid+ on v>i\s animals1 ) v>i\s symbolical devices on _! %ields1 bann]s1 & helmets4 ,b ! ladies' faces are all v mu* alike1 & ! armorial symbolism is s recondite1 t a consid]able acqua9tance ) m$ieval ',be/i>ies' w\ld be requir$ to deciph] x4 ,f> bett] ?an ?is conv5tional "w are ! cuts 9 ! ,bu* d] ,natur1 pr9t$ by ,b3aml] 9 ! next ye>4 ,?is is a f\rte5?-c5tury treatise deal+ ) m5 & wom51 ) ! sky & its signs1 ) bea/s1 trees1 vegetables1 /ones1 & fam\s wells1 &1 z 9 ,za9]'s ,spiegel des m5s*li*5 ,leb5s1 ! arti/ drew f nature f> bett] ?an f 8 imag9ation4 ,9 an edition ( ,k3onig%(5's ,*ronik von all5 ,k3onig5 und ,kais]n1 pr9t$ 9 #adgf1 ,b3aml] ins]t$ f\r full-page cuts repres5t+ ,*ri/ 9 glory1 ! ,emp]or ,sigismund dream+ 9 8 b$1 ,/4 ,v]onica hold+ be=e h] ! clo? miracul\sly impr9t$ ) ! face ( ,*ri/1 & ! vision ( ,pope ,gregory1 :5 ! crucifi$ ,*ri/ appe>$ to him on ! alt>4 ,( ,b3aml]'s lat] books1 8 edition 7issu$ 9 #adhb71 ( ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,crusades 7,t3urk5-,kreuzz3uge71 by ,rup]tus de ,sancto ,remigio1 is p]haps ! mo/ noticeable4 ,! l>ge cut ( ! ,pope1 att5d$ by a "y c>d9al1 prea*+ to a cr[d ( pilgrims1 ^: exclamation ( ',deus ,vult' is repres5t$ by a scroll betwe5 !m & ! prea*]1 is really a f9e piece ( "w1 ?\gh ! build+s 9 ! backgr\nd1 f ^: w9d[s li/5]s are ?ru/+ _! heads1 h ! usual curi\s resemblance to ba?+-ma*9es4 ,"s ( ! small] cuts also are good1 notably "o ( a gr\p ( m\nt$ pilgrims1 :i* has a real out-(-door effect4 ,aft] #adhb1 ?\gh he liv$ ano!r tw5ty ye>s1 ,b3aml] publi%$ few or no new works1 be+ cont5t to repr9t 8 old editions4 ,our next ,augsburg pr9t] is ,anton ,sorg1 ^: fir/ dat$ "w ) woodcuts is ! ,bu* d] ,k9dheit uns]es ,h]rn 7#adgf74 ,9 8 ,b3u*le9 das da heisset d] ,seel5 ,tro/1 he produc$ ! fir/ s]ies ( illu/rations to ! ,t5 ,comm&m5ts1--l>ge full-page cuts1 rudely execut$4 ,8 ,passion na* dem ,texte d] vi] ,evangeli/51 fir/ issu$ 9 #adhj1 ran ?r\gh no less ?an five editions 9 twelve ye>s4 ,9 #adha he produc$ ! fir/ ,g]man translation ( ! ,travels ( ,m&eville1 illu/rat$ ) num]\s cuts ( "s m]it4 ,by f> 8 mo/ fam\s "w is 8 edition ( ,rei*5?al's acc\nt ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,con/ance1 illu/rat$ ) m ?an elev5 hundr$ cuts1 *iefly ( ! arms ( ! dignit>ies !re pres5t4 ,! arms 7 necess>ily int5d$ to be col\r$ 7! pres5t sy/em ( repres5t+ ! h]aldic col\rs by conv5tional arrangem5ts ( l9es & dots only dates f ! sev5te5? c5tury71 & ?is fate has also befall5 ! l>g] illu/rations1 ^: workman%ip is1 inde$1 s rude1 t x c\ld sc>cely /& alone4 ,^! l>g] cuts repres5t processions ( ! ,pope & 8 c>d9als1 ! dubb+ ( a knight1 a t\rnam5t1 ! burn+ ( ,huss = h]esy1 ! scatt]+ ( 8 a%es 7:i* half fill a c>t7 ov] ! fields1 & o!r incid5ts ( ! fam\s c\ncil4 ,b ! int]e/ ( ! book rema9s *iefly h]aldic4 ,aft] #adhj1 pr9t]s ( illu/rat$ books became num]\s at ,augsburg1 ,pet] ,b]g]1 ,johann ,s*obss]1 ,hans ,s*au]1 & ,lucas ,zeiss5mai] be+ r m important ?an _! fell[s4 ,m prolific ?an ^!1 b n m ent]pris+ 9 respect to new designs1 0 ! eld] ,hans ,s*o5sp]g]1 :o began 8 long c>e] 9 #adha4 ,8 *ief claim to di/9ction is 8 pr9t+ ( ! ,emp]or ,maximilian's ,!u]dank1 to :i* we %all ref] 9 ! next *apt]4 ,erh>d ,ratdolt des]ves m5tion = 8 t5 ye>s' /ay at ,v5ice1 :]e1 z we h se51 he issu$ 9 #adgf ! ,cal5d>1 :i* is ! fir/ book ) an ornam5tal title-page4 ,9 #adhf he return$ to ,augsburg at ! invitation ( ,bi%op ,fri$ri* von ,hoh5zoll]n to pr9t s]vice-books1 into :i* 9 future he put all 8 be/ "w4 ,8 types & initial lett]s he br\ght ) him f ,italy2 = 8 illu/rations1 he _h rec\rse to ,g]man arti/s ( no exceptional ability4 ,a few ( 8 s]vice-books1 h[ev]1 are di/+ui%$ by "s int]e/+1 if n v successful1 exp]im5ts 9 pr9t+ "s ( ! col\rs 9 8 woodcuts4 ,! =ego+ sket* ( ! *ief illu/rat$ books publi%$ at ,augsburg dur+ ! fifte5? c5tury c h>dly escape ! *>ge ( dullness4 ,x has be5 wor? :ile1 h[ev]1 to plod ?r\gh ) x1 because x may s]ve v well z an epitome ( ! av]age illu/rat$ "w done betwe5 #adgj & #adij ?r\gh\t ,g]many4 ,"s ( ! works we h m5tion$ rema9$ to ! end ,augsburg books--e4g4 ! ,bu* d] ,kun/ gei/li* zu w]d51 ! ,bu* d] ,natur1 ! ,hi/orie aus d5 ,ges*i*t5 d] ,r3om]1 7 repeat$ly publi%$ !re & n[h]e else4 ,o!rs1 e4g4 ! ,hi/orie des ,k3onigs ,apollonius1 7 %>$ betwe5 ,augsburg & ,ulm1 *iefly1 no d\bt1 ?r\gh ! relation%ip ( ! two ,za9]s4 ,! ,hi/oria ,trojana ( ,guido delle ,colonne & ! ,ges*i*te des gross5 ,alex&] enjoy$ long c>e]s at ,augsburg1 & 7 !n tak5 up by ,m>t9 ,s*ott at ,/rasburg4 ,elev5 editions ( ! ,belial ( ,jacobus de ,!ramo 7 %>$ fairly equally betwe5 ! two cities4 ,! ,bible & ! ,leg5da ,aurea 7 ( too widespread an int]e/ to be monopolis$ by "o or two places4 ,a few books1 l ! ,,aesop & ! ,de ,cl>is ,muli]ibus ( ,boccaccio1 :i* />t f ,ulm1 or ! e>ly ,fasciculus ,temporum1 ( :i* m ?an half ! e>ly editions belong$ to ,cologne1 trace _! s\rce else:]e ?an to ,augsburg4 ,b x 0 at ,augsburg t ! majority ( ! popul> illu/rat$ books ( ! fifte5? c5tury 7 fir/ publi%$1 & ! editions issu$ 9 o!r t[ns 7 mo/ly m or less s]vile imitations ( !m4 ,next 9 importance to ,augsburg 9 ! e>ly hi/ory ( illu/rat$ books 9 ,g]many1 ranks ! neighb\r+ city ( ,ulm1 :]e ! names ( wood-engrav]s are f\nd 9 ! t[n regi/]s f ! e>ly "p ( ! c5tury1 & ! pr9t]s _h ?us pl5ty ( good mat]ial to call to _! aid4 ,! fir/ illu/rat$ book :i* we "k ) c]ta9ty to h be5 pr9t$ at ,ulm is ! ,de ,cl>is ,muli]ibus ( ,boccaccio1 issu$ by ,johann ,za9]1 9 a ,lat9 edition dat$ #adgc1 & 9 a ,g]man translation1 ) ! same cuts1 ab\t ! same "t4 ,?is ,johann ,za9] 0 probably a k9sman ( ,g3un!r ,za9] ( ,augsburg1 b v little is kn[n ( him4 ,! ,de ,cl>is ,muli]ibus beg9s ) a f9e engrav$ bord] ext5d+ ov] ! upp] & inn] m>g9s ( ! fir/ page4 ,x is n m]ely decorative b pictorial1 ! subject repres5t$ be+ ! ,temptation ( ,adam & ,eve4 ,eve is h&+ h] husb& an apple f ! ,=bidd5 ,tree1 amid ^: bran*es is se5 ! head ( ! s]p5t1 8 body be+ twi/$ into a l>ge initial ,s1 & !n tap]+ away into ! upp] section ( ! bord]1 :]e x becomes a bran*1 among ! leaves ( :i* appe> emblems ( ! sev5 deadly s9s4 ,! num]\s woodcuts 9 ! text are q equal to ! av]age ,augsburg "w4 ,our illu/ration %[s ,scipio w>n+ ,mass9issa to put away 8 newly m>ri$ wife1 & ! hapless ,sophonisba dr9k+ ! poison1 :i* is ! only m>riage gift h] husb& c\ld s5d h]4 ,za9]'s mo/ /rik+ success 0 a*iev$ by 8 edition ( ,/e9h3owel's v]sion ( ! ,life & ,fables ( ,,aesop1 ( :i* no less ?an elev5 editions 7 pr9t$ 9 v>i\s ,g]man t[ns be=e ! end ( ! c5tury1 = ! mo/ "p closely copi$ f ! ,ulm orig9al4 ,9 ?is1 !re are altoge!r two hundr$ woodcuts1 elev5 ( :i* belong to ! /ory ( ,sigismund at ! end ( ! book4 ,! frontispiece is a l>ge picture ( ,,aesop1 :o1 "h & ?r\gh\t ! *apt]s devot$ to 8 imag9>y 'life1' is repres5t$ z a knavi% cl[n1 a v>iant ( ,eul5spiegel or ,m>colphus4 ,"s ( ! illu/rations to ! fables are v good1 notably ^? ( ! ,s[] & ! ,birds1 ! ,huntsman1 & ,k+ ,/ork1 "h reproduc$ f ,sorg's repr9t4 ,! ,,aesop & ! ,boccaccio ,de ,cl>is ,muli]ibus give ,johann ,za9] a high place among ! ,g]man pr9t]s ( illu/rat$ books4 ,8 o!r "w 0 unimportant & mo/ly imitative4 ,8 types are mu* small] ?an ^? us$ 9 ! e>ly ,augsburg books1 & 8 initials less heavy & massive4 ,!y are n m ?an an in* high1 & consi/ ( a simple outl9e ov]laid ) jagg$ "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,f ,boccaccio ,de ,cl>4 ,mul41 ,ulm1 #adgc4 ,illu/ration3 ,k+ ,log & ,k+ ,/ork1 f ! ,ulm ,,aesop4 ,9 #adhb1 ,leonh>d ,holl pr9t$ at ,ulm an edition ( ,ptolemy's ,cosmographia1 :i* conta9s ! fir/ woodcut map & f9e initial lett]s1 "o ( :i*1 %[+ ! editor1 ,nicolaus ,g]manus1 pres5t+ 8 book to ! ,pope1 is giv5 z a frontispiece to ?is *apt]4 ,9 #adhc he issu$ ! fir/ ( _m editions ( ! ,bu* d] ,wei%eit d] alt5 ,m5s*5 von ,anbeg9n d] ,welt4 ,! wisdom ( ! anci5ts *iefly takes ! =m ( fables1 :i* are illu/rat$ ) cuts1 l>g] b mu* less arti/ic ?an ^? ( ,za9]'s ,,aesop4 ,f ,conrad ,d9kmu? we h ! fir/ illu/rat$ editions ( ?ree notable works1 ! ,seel5wurzg>t51 or ',g>d5 ( ! ,s\l' 7#adhc71 ,?omas ,lir>'s ,s*w3abis*e ,*ronik 7#adhf71 & ! ,eunu*us ( ,t]5ce 7#adhf74 ,?is la/ is illu/rat$ ) f\rte5 rem>kable woodcuts1 ov] five in*es by sev5 9 size1 & ea* occupy+ ab\t ?ree-f\r?s ( a page4 ,! sc5e is mo/ly laid 9 a /reet1 & !re is "s attempt at p]spective 9 ! vi/a ( h\ses4 ,! figures ( ! *>act]s are fairly good1 b n above ! av]age ,ulm "w ( ! "t4 ,two lat] ,ulm books1 writt5 by ,gulielmus ,ca\rs9 & pr9t$ by ,johann ,reg] 9 #adif1 are ( great int]e/1 "o giv+ ! ,/abilim5ta or ord9ances1 ( ! ,ord] ( ,/4 ,john ( ,j]usalem1 ! o!r an acc\nt ( ! successful def5ce ( ,rhodes by its knights aga9/ ! ,turks4 ,bo? are ri*ly illu/rat$ ) woodcuts ( v consid]able arti/ic m]it4 ,illu/ration3 ,f ! ,eunu*us1 ,ulm1 #adhf4 ,at ,l3ubeck 9 #adge ,lucas ,br&is pr9t$1 z 8 fir/ book1 a notable edition ( ! ,rudim5tum ,noviciorum1 an epitome ( hi/ory1 sacr$ & pr(ane1 dur+ ! six ages ( ! _w4 ,! epitome is epitomis$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! book by t5 pages ( cuts1 mo/ly ( circles l9k$ toge!r by *a9s1 & be>+ ! "n ( "s hi/orical "*4 ,into ! space left by ^! circles are introduc$ pictures ( ! _w's hi/ory f ! ,creation & ! ,flood d[n to ! life ( ,*ri/1 :i* is told 9 a s]ies ( n9e cuts on ! la/ page4 ,! fir/ page ( ! text is surr\nd$1 except at ! top1 by a bord] 9 ?ree pieces1 into "o section ( :i* are introduc$ birds1 & into ano!r a blank %ield support$ by two lions4 ,! inn] m>g9 ( ! fir/ page ( text be>s a f9e figure ( a man read+ a scroll1 & ! two columns are sep>at$ by a spiral ( leaves climb+ r\nd a /ick4 ,! cuts 9 ! text are p>tly repeat$ f ! prelim9>y pages1 p>tly new1 ?\gh extreme economy is %[n 9 _! use1 "o figure ( a philosoph] /&+ = at lea/ tw5ty diff]5t sages4 ,! l>ge initial lett]s at ! beg9n+ ( ! v>i\s books h sc5es introduc$ into !m1 ! little battle-piece 9 ! ,q ( ! ',qu9ta aetas' be+ ! mo/ rem>kable4 ,altoge!r ?is is a v spl5did & notewor?y book1 & "o :i* ,br&is nev] equall$ 9 8 lat] "w4 ,at ,nuremb]g 9 #adgb1 ,johann ,s5s5s*midt1 its fir/ pr9t]1 issu$ a ,g]man ,bible1 introduc+ illu/rations into ! l>ge initial lett]s4 ,at ,cologne fir/ "o pr9t] & !n ano!r publi%$ illu/rat$ editions 7t5 9 all7 ( ! ,fasciculus ,temporum1 ?\gh ! cuts 9 ^! are mo/ly re/rict$ to a few conv5tional sc5es ( cities1 & repres5tations ( ! ,nativity & ,crucifixion & ( ,*ri/ 9 glory4 ,at ,cologne also1 ab\t #adhj1 !re appe>$ two great ,g]man dialect ,bibles 9 two volumes1 9 ! type & ) bord]s :i* are f\nd 9 books sign$ by ,he9ri* ,qu5tel1 to ^: press !y are !re=e assign$4 ,!re are altoge!r "o hundr$ & tw5ty-five cuts1 n9ety-f\r 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t 7?irty-?ree ( :i* illu/rate ! life ( ,moses71 & ?irty-"o 9 ! ,new4 ,!y are ( consid]able size1 /ret*+ "r across ! d\ble-column$ page1 & are ! "w ( a skilful1 b n v highly inspir$1 arti/4 ,!y h nei!r ! na3ivet'e ( ! e>ly ,augsburg & ,ulm workm51 nor ! ri*ness ( ! lat] ,g]man "w4 ,!y 71 h[ev]1 imm5sely popul> at ! "t4 ,9 #adhc ,anton ,kob]g] copi$ !m at ,nuremb]g1 omitt+1 h[ev]1 ! bord]s :i* occur on ! fir/ & ?ird pages ( ! fir/ volume1 & at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 & reject+ also n9ete5 ( ! ?irty-"o ,new ,te/am5t illu/rations4 ,! cuts 7 us$ aga9 9 o!r editions1 & influ5c$ lat] engrav]s = _m ye>s4 ,hans ,holbe9 ev5 us$ !m z ! gr\ndwork = 8 own designs = ! ,old ,te/am5t pr9t$ by ,adam ,petri at ,basel 9 #aebc4 ,at ,/rassburg1 illu/rat$ books 7 fir/ issu$ by ,knoblo*tz] 9 #adgg1 & aft] #adhj1 ,m>t9 ,s*ott & ,johann ,pr3uss pr9t$ !m 9 consid]able numb]s4 ,bo? ^! pr9t]s1 h[ev]1 7 z a rule cont5t$ to reproduce ! woodcuts 9 ! diff]5t ,augsburg books1 & ! orig9al works issu$ by !m are mo/ly poor4 ,an exception may be made 9 fav\r ( ! undat$ ,bu* d] ,heilig5 drei ,k3onige ( ,johannes ,hilde%em5sis1 pr9t$ by ,pr3uss4 ,?is has a good bord] r\nd ! upp] & inn] m>g9s ( ! fir/ page ( text woodcut initials1 & fifty-eight cuts ( consid]able m]it4#f ,at ,ma9z1 ,pet] ,s*oeff] 0 v sl[ 9 introduc+ pictures into 8 books1 mak+ no use ( !m until he took to ,missal pr9t+ 9 #adhc1 :5 a cut ( ! ,crucifixion became almo/ obligatory4 ,9 #adgi1 h[ev]1 a rem>kable repr9t ( ! ,m$itationes ( ,c>d9al ,turrecremata _h be5 issu$ at ,ma9z by ,johann ,numei/] or ,neumei/]1 a w&]+ ,ma9z pr9t]1 :o _h previ\sly work$ at ,foligno1 & is subsequ5tly f\nd at ,albi1 b n[ :ile revisit+ 8 native place publi%$ !re r$uc$ adaptations ( ! cuts 9 ! editions pr9t$ by ,hahn at ,rome 7see ,*apt] ,v71 work$ on s(t metal in/ead ( on wood4 ,9 addition to ! places we h m5tion$1 illu/rat$ books 7 issu$ dur+ ?is p]iod by ,b]nh>d ,ri*el at ,basel1 by ,conrad ,fyn] at ,essl+51 & by o!r pr9t]s 9 less important ,g]man t[ns4 ,b ^? we h already discuss$ are p]haps suffici5t z repres5tatives ( ! fir/ /age ( book-illu/ration 9 ,g]many4 ,!y h all ?is mu* 9 common t !y are plann$ & c>ri$ out "u ! imm$iate direction ( ! pr9t]s !mselves1 ea* ( :om seems to h _h "o or m wood-engrav]s atta*$ to 8 (fice1 :o drew _! own designs ^u ! wood & cut !m !mselves4 ,!re is a maximum ( outl9e-"w1 a m9imum ( %ad+ & no cross-hat*+4 ,e l9e is z direct & simple z possible4 ,at times ! effect is inconceivably rude1 at times x is delightful 9 its *ild-l orig9ality1 & ! craftsman's ef=ts to give expression to ! faces are sometimes almo/ ludicr\sly successful4 ,to ! pres5t writ] ^! simple woodcuts are f> m pleas+ ?an all ! glories ( ! illu/rat$ "w ( ! next c5tury4 ,!y are 9 keep+ ) ! books !y decorate1 9 keep+ ) ! massive black types & ! /iff :ite pap]4 ,aft] #aejj1 we may almo/ say aft] #adij1 we %all f9d t ! pr9t+ & illu/rat+ ( books are no long] closely alli$ trades4 ,an arti/ draws a design ) p5 & ink1 a clev] me*anic imitates x z m9utely z he c on ! wood1 & ! design is !n c>elessly pr9t$ 9 ! mid/ ( type-"w1 :i* be>s little relation to x4 ,pap] & ink also are worse1 & types small] & less c>efully h&l$4 ,ev]y?+ 0 sacrific$ to *eapness1 & ! result 0 z dull z *eap "w usually is4 ,by ! "t t ! great arti/s began to turn _! att5tion to book-illu/ration1 pr9t+ 9 ,g]many 0 almo/ a lo/ art4 99 99 99 99 99 #f ,_m ( ,knoblo*tz]'s books also h v pret5ti\s bord]s1 ?\gh ! designs are usually co>se4 ,a qu>to bord] us$ 9 8 ,salomon et ,m>colfus ) a l>ge initial lett]1 & a folio "o 9 8 repr9t ( ,,aesop p]haps %[ 8 be/ "w4 ,^! are reproduc$1 ) _m o!r examples ( 8 types1 initials1 & illu/rations 9 ,he9ri* ,knoblo*tz] 9 ,/rassburg von ,k>l ,s*orba* und ,max ,spirgatis4 7,/rassburg1 #ahhh47 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,g]many1 ,,f #adhf ,! second p]iod ( book-illu/ration 9 ,g]many dates f ! publication at ,ma9z 9 #adhf ( ,b]nh>d von ,breyd5ba*'s celebrat$ acc\nt ( 8 pilgrimage to ,j]usalem4 ,two ye>s previ\sly ,s*oeff] _h br\ght out a ,h]b>ius 9 :i* "o hundr$ & fifty plants 7 illu/rat$1 mo/ly only 9 outl9e1 & 9 #adhe he foll[$ ?is up ) ano!r "w ( ! same "*1 ! ,g>t d] ,gesundheyt1 :i* has betwe5 ?ree & f\r hundr$ cuts ( plants & animals1 & a f9e frontispiece ( botani/s 9 c\ncil4 ,?is 9 its turn =m$ ! basis ( ,jacob ,meid5ba*'s enl>g$ ,lat9 edition ( ! same "w1 publi%$ "u ! title ( ,hortus ,sanitatis1 ) additional cuts & full-page frontispieces to ea* "p4 ,^! ?ree books 9 ! na3ivet'e & simplicity ( "s ( _! illu/rations1 belong to ! p]iod :i* we h review$ 9 our la/ *apt]1 b 9 o!r cuts a real ef=t seems to h be5 made to reproduce ! true appe>ance ( ! plant1 & ! increas$ c>e = accuracy l9ks !m ) ! new] "w4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 ! ,opus transm>9ae p]egr9ationis ad sepul*rum dom9icum 9 ,jh]usalem :i* op5s a new era1 z ! fir/ "w execut$ by an arti/ ( di/9ction z oppos$ to ! nameless craftsm5 at ^: woodcuts we h s f> be5 look+4 ,:5 ,b]nh>d von ,breyd5ba* w5t on 8 pilgrimage 9 #adhc he took ) him ! arti/1 ,erh>d ,reuwi*1 & :ile ,breyd5ba* made notes ( _! adv5tures1 ,reuwi* sket*$ ! inhabitants ( ,pale/9e1 & drew wond]ful maps ( ! places !y visit$4 ,on _! return to ,ma9z 9 #adhd1 ,breyd5ba* began writ+ out 8 ,lat9 acc\nt ( ! pilgrimage1 & ,reuwi* n only complet$ 8 draw+s1 b took s active a "p 9 pass+ ! "w ?r\gh ! press t1 ?\gh ! types us$ 9 x app>5tly belong$ to ,s*oeff]1 he is spok5 ( z its pr9t]4 ,! book appe>$ 9 #adhf1 & z its magnific5ce des]v$1 0 issu$ on vellum z well z on pap]4 ,its fir/ page 0 blank1 ! second is occupi$ by a frontispiece1 9 :i* ! art ( wood-engrav+ atta9$ at a leap to an unexampl$ excell5ce4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ! composition is ! figure ( a woman1 p]sonify+ ! t[n ( ,ma9z1 /&+ on a p$e/al1 bel[ & on ei!r side ( :i* are ! %ields ( ,breyd5ba* & 8 two noble companions1 ! ,c\nt ( ,solms & ,sir ,philip de ,bick54 ,! upp] "p ( ! design is occupi$ by foliage amid :i* little nak$ boys are happily scrambl+4 ,! d$ication to ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,ma9z beg9s ) a beautiful1 b by no means legible1 ,r1 9 :i* a coat ( arms is enclos$ 9 light & graceful bran*es4 ,?is1 & ! small] ,s :i* beg9s ! preface are ! only two pr9t$ initials 9 ! volume4 ,all ! re/ are suppli$ by h&4 ,! mo/ noticeable feature 9 ! book are sev5 l>ge maps1 ( ,v5ice1 ,p>5zo 9 ,illyria1 ,corfu1 ,modon1 ne> ! bay ( ,nav>9o1 ,crete1 ,rhodes1 & ,j]usalem4 ,^! are ( v>y+ sizes1 f t ( ,v5ice1 :i* is "s five feet 9 l5g?1 to ^? ( ,p>5zo & ,corfu1 :i* only cov] a d\ble-page4 ,!y are panoramas r ?an maps1 & are pla9ly drawn f pa9/ak+ sket*es1 ) "s attempt at local col\r 9 ! p on ! quays & ! %ipp+4 ,besides ^! maps !re is a c>eful draw+1 "s six in*es squ>e1 ( ! ,*ur* ( ! ,holy ,sepul*re1 head$ ',haec e/ dispositio et figura templi dom9ici sepul*ri ab extra1' & cuts ( ,s>ac5s 7"h %[n71 two ,jews1 ,greeks1 bo? secul>s & monks1 ,syrians & ,indians1 ) tables ( ! alphabets ( _! respective languages4 ,spaces are also left = draw+s ( ,jacobites1 ,ne/orians1 ,arm5ians1 & ,georgians1 :i* app>5tly 7 n engrav$4 ,illu/ration3 ,s>ac5s f ,breyd5ba*4 ,aft] ,breyd5ba* & 8 fell[s _h visit$ ,j]usalem !y cross$ ! des]t to ! %r9e ( ,/4 ,ka?>9e on ,m\nt ,s9ai1 & ?is "p ( _! travels is illu/rat$ by a cut ( a cavalcade ( ,turks 9 "t ( peace4 ,!re is also a page devot$ to draw+s ( animals1 %[+ a giraffe1 a crocodile1 two ,indian goats1 a camel l$ by a baboon ) a long tail & walk+ /ick1 a salam&] & a unicorn4 ,und]nea? ! baboon is writt5 'non con/at de nom9e' 7'"n unkn[n'71 & ! pres5ce ( ! unicorn did n prev5t ! travell]s f solemnly ass]t+1--',haec animalia sunt v]acit] depicta sicut vidimus 9 t]ra sancta6' ,at ! end ( ! text is ,reuwi*'s device1 a woman hold+ a %ield1 on :i* is depict$ ! figure ( a bird4 ,! book is beautifully pr9t$1 9 a small & v graceful go?ic lett]4 ,x obta9$ ! success x des]v$1 = !re 0 a spe$y dem& = a ,g]man translation 7issu$ 9 #adhh71 & at lea/ six diff]5t editions 7 pr9t$ 9 ,g]many dur+ ! next tw5ty ye>s1 besides o!r translations4 ,alike 9 its inception & execution ,breyd5ba*'s ,pilgrimage /&s on a little p9nacle by itself1 & ! next important books :i* we h to notice1 ,/ephan's ,s*atzbehalt] od] ,s*re9 d] wahr5 ,rei*?3um] des ,heils und ewig] ,seligkeit & ,h>tmann ,s*$el's ,lib] ,*ronic>um1 usually kn[n z ! ,nuremb]g ,*ronicle1 are 9 e respect inf]ior1 ev5 ! unsurpass$ pr(usion ( ! woodcuts 9 ! latt] be+ almo/ a s9 aga9/ good ta/e4 ,bo? works 7 pr9t$ by ,anton ,kob]g] ( ,nuremb]g1 ! "o 9 #adia1 ! o!r two ye>s lat]1 & 9 bo? ! illu/rations 7 design$1 p>tly or entirely1 by ,mi*ael ,wohlgemu?1 ^: initial ,w appe>s on _m ( ! cuts 9 ! ,s*atzbehalt]4 ,( ^! !re are ne>ly a hundr$1 ea* ( :i* occupies a l>ge folio page1 & measures ne>ly sev5 in*es by t54 ,! composition 9 _m ( ^! pictures is good1 & ! f9e "w 9 ! faces & hair %[ t we h travell$ v f> away f ! outl9e cuts ( ! la/ *apt]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re is no lack ( simplicity 9 "s ( ! sc5es f ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,9 8 anxiety1 = in/ance1 to d ju/ice to ,samson's exploits1 ! arti/ has repres5t$ him fl\ri%+ ! jawbone ( ! ass ov] a cr[d ( sla9 ,phili/9es1 :ile ) ! gates ( ,gaza on 8 back he is casually *ok+ a lion ) 8 foot4 ,9 ! next cut he is walk+ away ) a pill>1 :ile ! palace ( ! ,phili/9es1 app>5tly built )\t any gr\nd floor1 is se5 toppl+ 9 ! air4 ,9 contra/ ) ^! primitive conceptions we f9d ! figure ( ,*ri/ (t5 inve/$ ) real dignity1 & ! repres5tation ( ,god ! ,fa!r less unwor?y ?an usual4 ,9 ! only copy ( ! book accessible to me ! cuts are all col\r$1 s t x is impossible to give a specim5 ( !m1 b ! figure ( ,noah reproduc$ f ! ,nuremb]g ,*ronicle gives a v fair idea ( ! "w ( ,wohlgemu?1 or 8 s*ool1 at its be/4 ,! ,*ronicle1 to :i* we mu/ n[ turn1 is a mighty volume ( r ov] ?ree hundr$ leaves1 ) sixty-five or sixty-six l9es to ea* ( its great pages4 ,x beg9s ) ! semblance ( a title-page 9 ! inscription 9 l>ge woodcut lett]s on its fir/ page1 ',regi/rum huius op]is libri cronic>um cum figuris et ymag9ibus ab inicio mundi1' ?\gh ?is really am\nts only to a head-l9e to ! long table ( cont5ts :i* foll[s4 ,x is noticeable1 also1 z %[+ h[ sl[ly pr9t$ initials 7 adopt$ 9 _m t[ns 9 ,g]many1 t a blank is left at ! beg9n+ ( ea* alphabetical section ( ?is table1 & a l>g] blank at ! beg9n+ ( ! prologue1 & t ?r\gh\t ! volume !re are no l>ge initial lett]s4 ,?is is also ! case ) ! ,s*atzbehalt]1 ! blanks 9 ! ,briti% ,museum copy be+ fill$ up ) g>i% illum9ation4 ,aft] ! 'table' 9 ! ,*ronicle !re is a frontispiece ( ,god 9 ,glory1 at ! foot ( :i* are two blank %ields held by wild m54 ,! progress ( ! "w ( creation is %[n by a s]ies ( circles1 at fir/ blank1 aft]w>ds m & m fill$ 94 ,9 ! fir/ five ! h& ( ,god appe>s 9 ! upp] left-h& corn]1 to signify ,8 creative ag5cy4 ,! two *ief features 9 ! ,*ronicle itself are its portraits & its maps4 ,! =m] are1 ( c\rse1 entirely imag9>y1 & ! inv5tion ( ! arti/ 0 n equal to devis+ a fre% head = e p]son m5tion$ 9 ! text1 a p>donable economy consid]+ t !re are sometimes m ?an tw5ty ( ^! heads scatt]$ ov] a s+le page & connect$ toge!r by ! bran*es ( a quasi-g5ealogical tree4 ,! maps1 if n s good z ^? 9 ,breyd5ba*'s ,pilgrimage1 are /ill good4 ,= ,n9ive1 = ',a!ne vel ,m9]va1' = ,troy1 & o!r anci5t places1 ! requisite imag9ation 0 =?com+2 :ile ! maps ( ,v5ice1#g ( ,flor5ce1 & ( o!r cities ( ,italy1 ,france1 & ,g]many1 appe> to give a fair idea ( ! *ief features ( ! places repres5t$4 ,nuremb]g1 ( c\rse1 has ! di/9ction ( two :ole pages to itself 7! o!r maps usually /ret* across only ! l[] half ( ! book71 & full ju/ice is done to its *ur*es ( ,s4 ,lawr5ce & ,s4 ,sebaldus1 to ! ,calv>y outside ! city walls1 & to ! h$ge ( spikes1 by :i* ! drawbridge 0 protect$ f assault4 ,illu/ration3 ,f ! ,nuremb]g ,*ronicle4 ,we %all h v soon to return aga9 to ,wohlgemu? & ,nuremb]g1 b 9 ! ye> :i* foll[$ ! production ( ! great ,*ronicle ,seba/ian ,brant's ,n>r5s*iff attract$ ! eyes ( ! lit]>y _w ?r\gh\t ,europe to ! city ( ,basel1 & we also may be p]mitt$ to digress ?i!r4 ,9 ! ye> ( ! ,*ronicle itself a ,basel pr9t]1 ,mi*ael ,furt]1 _h produc$ a ri*ly illu/rat$ "w1 ! ,ritt] vom ,?urn von d5 ,exempeln d] ,gottesfur*t und ,ehrb>keit1 ! cuts 9 :i* h ornam5tal bord]s on ea* side ( !m4 ,brant _h rec\rse to ,furt] a little lat]1 b = 8 ,n>r5s*iff he w5t to ,b]gmann de ,olpe1 f ^: press x 0 publi%$ 9 #adid4 ,! engrav] or engrav]s 7= !re seem to h be5 at lea/ two diff]5t h&s at "w7 ( its "o hundr$ & f\rte5 cuts are n kn[n1 b ,brant is said to h closely sup]vis$ ! "w1 & may possibly h furni%$ sket*es = x himself4 ,_m ( ! illu/rations c\ld h>dly be bett]4 ,! satire on ! book-fool 9 8 libr>y is too well kn[n to ne$ description2 o!r excell5t cuts are ^? ( ! *ildr5 gambl+ & fight+ :ile ! fool-fa!r sits bl9dfold1--( ! fool :o tries to s]ve two ma/]s1 depict$ z a hunt] sett+ 8 dog to run d[n two h>es 9 diff]5t directions1--( ! fool :o looks out ( ! w9d[ :ile 8 h\se is on fire1--( ! sick fool 7"h %[n7 :o kicks (f ! b$clo!s & breaks ! m$ic9e bottles :ile ! doctor va9ly tries to feel 8 pulse1--( ! fool :o all[s e>?ly conc]ns to weigh d[n heav5ly ones 7a m9iature city & a h&ful ( />s are ! cont5ts ( ! scales71--( ! fright5$ fool :o has put to sea 9 a /orm1 & _m o!rs4 ,! popul>ity ( ! book 0 in/antane\s & imm5se4 ,imitations ( ! ,basel edition 7 pr9t$ & circulat$ all ov] ,g]many3 9 #adig ,b]gmann publi%$ a ,lat9 v]sion by ,jacob ,lo*] ) ! same cuts1 & translations spe$ily appe>$ 9 almo/ e c\ntry 9 ,europe4 ,x is notewor?y t 9 ! ,n>r5s*iff we h no long] to deal ) a great folio b ) a h&y qu>to1 & t1 save = its cuts & ! adjac5t brok]s1 x has no arti/ic pret5sions4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,sick ,fool ,9 ! same ye> 7#adid7 z ! ,n>r5s*iff1 ,b]gmann pr9t$ ano!r ( ,brant's works1 8 poems ',9 laudem ,virg9is ,m>iae' & ( ! ,sa9ts1 ) f\rte5 cuts1 & 9 #adie 8 ,de orig9e et cons]vatione bonorum regum et laude civitatis ,hi]osolymae1 :i* has only two1 b ^! ( consid]able size4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> ,brant transf]r$ 8 patronage to ,mi*ael ,furt]1 :o pr9t$ 8 ,passio ,sancti ,meynh>di1 ) fifte5 l>ge cuts1 by no means equal to ^? ( ! ,n>r5s*iff4 ,9 #adih ! indefatigable au?or employ$ bo? 8 pr9t]s1 giv+ to ,b]gmann 8 ,v>ia ,c>m9a & to ,furt] 8 edition ( ! ,revelatio ,s4 ,me?odii1 :i* is rem>kable n only = its fifty-five illu/rations1 b = ,brant's allusion to 8 own !ory1 'imp]itis pro lectione pictura e/1' to ! unle>n$ a picture is ! be/ text4 ,aft] #adih ,brant remov$ to ,/rassburg1 :]e 8 influ5ce 0 spe$ily app>5t 9 ! illu/rat$ books publi%$ by ,johann ,gr3un+]1 :o 9 #adid _h issu$ z 8 fir/ illu/rat$ book an edition ( ! ,n>r5s*iff1 & 9 #adif publi%$ an illu/rat$ & annotat$ ,t]5ce4 ,he foll[$ ^! up ) o!r editions ( ! ,n>r5s*iff1 ,brant's ,c>m9a ,v>ia1 & a ,horace 7#adih71 ) ov] six hundr$ cuts1 _m ( :i*1 h[ev]1 _h appe>$ 9 ! pr9t]'s e>li] books4 ,9 #aeja he produc$ an illu/rat$ ,boe?ius1 & 9 ! next ye> two notable works1 ,brant's ,heilig5leb5 & an annotat$ ,virgil1 ea* ( !m illu/rat$ ) ov] two hundr$ cuts1 ( :i* v few _h be5 us$ be=e4 ,! ye> #adid 0 notable = ! publication n only ( ! ,n>r5s*iff1 b ( a ,l[ ,saxon ,bible pr9t$ by ,/ephan ,arndes at ,l3ubeck1 :]e he _h be5 at "w s9ce #adhh4 ,! cuts to ?is book %[ "s advance ^u ^? 9 previ\s ,g]man ,bibles1 b !y are n /rik+ly bett] ?an ! "w 9 ! ,nuremb]g ,*ronicle1 to ^: design]s we mu/ n[ return4 ,9 #adif we f9d ,wohlgemu? design+ a frontispiece to an ,ode on ,s4 ,sebaldus1 publi%$ by ,conrad ,celtes1 a ,nuremb]g s*ol>1 ) :om he _h previ\sly ent]$ into negotiations = illu/rat+ an edition ( ,ovid1 :i* 0 nev] issu$4 ,9 #aeja ,celtes publi%$ ! com$ies ( ,hros)a1 a le>n$ nun ( ! t5? c5tury1 :o _h und]tak5 to %[ :at *>m+ religi\s plays might be writt5 on ! l9es ( ,t]5ce4 ,by f> ! f9e/ ( ! l>ge cuts ) :i* ! book is illu/rat$ is ! second frontispiece1 9 :i* ,hros)a1 com$ies 9 h&1 is be+ pres5t$ by h] ,abbess to ! ,emp]or4 ,! designs to ! plays !mselves are dull en\gh1 a fault :i* ^? :o are be/ acqua9t$ ) ! good nun's /yle z a dramati/ w readily excuse4 ,h] "o brilliant success1 a sc5e 9 :i* a wick$ gov]nor1 :o has conv]t$ 8 kit*5 into a tempor>y prison1 is made to inflict 8 embraces on ! pots & pans1 in/ead ( on ! holy maid5s immur$ amid/ !m1 0 n select$ = illu/ration4 ,! woodcuts to ! plays ( ,hros)a 7 design$ by ,wohlgemu? or 8 s*ol>s1 & ?is 0 also ! case ) ^? 9 ! ,quatuor libri amorum1 publi%$ by ,celtes 9 #aejb1 to :i* ,albre*t ,d3ur] himself contribut$ ?ree illu/rations4 ,= ?ree ye>s1 f ,/4 ,&rew's ,day #adhf1 ,d3ur] _h s]v$ an appr5tice%ip to ,wohlgemu?1 & :5 he return$ to ,nuremb]g aft] 8 ',w&]jahre1' dur+ :i* he seems to h execut$ a s+le woodcut ( no great m]it = an edition ( ! ,epi/les ( ,s4 ,j]ome1 pr9t$ by ,nic4 ,kesl]1 at ,basel1 9 #adib1 he too began to "w z an illu/rator4 ,8 fir/ important ef=t 9 ?is "* is ! s]ies ( sixte5 wood-engrav+s1 illu/rat+ ! ,apocalypse1 pr9t$ at ,nuremb]g 9 #adih4 ,! fir/ leaf be>s a woodcut title ,die heimli*e ,(f5b>ung ,johannis1 & on ! v]so ( ! la/ cut b "o is ! colophon1 ',g$r3ucket zu ,nurnb]gk dur* ,albre*t ,d3ur] mal]1 na* ,*ri/i geburt ,m4,,cccc und d>na* im xcviij i>4' ,x has also 9 "o or m editions "s explanatory text1 tak5 f ! ,bible1 b 9 spite ( ^! additions x is a portfolio ( engrav+s r ?an a book1 & z su* does n come )9 our prov9ce4 ,on ! same pr9ciple we c only m5tion1 )\t detail$ description1 ! ,epitome 9 ,divae ,p>!nices ,m>iae hi/oriam ( #aeaa1 ! ,passio ,dom9i no/ri ,jesu1 issu$ ab\t ! same date1 & ! ,passio ,*ri/i1 or ',little ,passion1' z x is usually call$1 pr9t$ ab\t #aeab4 ,all ^! h descriptive v]ses by ! ,b5$ict9e monk ,*elidonius 7?\gh ^! d n appe> 9 all copies71 b !y belong to ! hi/ory ( wood-engrav+ z su*1 & n to our humbl] subject ( book-illu/ration4 ,/ill less ne$ we conc]n ourselves ) ! ',triumphal ,c>' & ',triumphal ,ar*' ( ! ,emp]or ,maximilian1 design$ by ,d3ur]1 & publi%$1 ! "o 9 #aebb1 ! o!r n till aft] ! arti/'s dea?4 ,besides ^! works & ! s+le %eet ( ! ,rh9oc]os ( #aeac1 ,d3ur] design$ frontispieces = an edition ( 8 own poems 9 #aeaj1 = a life ( ,s4 ,j]ome by 8 fri5d ,laz>us ,sp5gl] 9 #aead1 & = ! ,re=mation d] ,/adt ,n3urnb]g ( #aeba4 ,9 #aeac also he drew a set ( designs = half-ornam5tal1 half-illu/rative bord]s to fill 9 ! blank spaces left 9 ! ,book ( ,pray]s pr9t$ on vellum = ! ,emp]or ,maximilian 9 #aead4 ,by him also 0 ! woodcut ( ,*ri/ on ! ,cross1 :i* appe>s fir/ 9 ! ,ei*/3att ,missal ( ?ree ye>s lat]4 ,= u1 h[ev]1 ,d3ur]'s importance does n lie 9 ^! p>ticul> designs1 b 9 ! fact t he set an example ( draw+ = ! wood-cutt]s1 :i* o!r arti/s 7 n sl[ to foll[4 ,9 direct+ ! att5tion ( ,g]man arti/s to ! illu/ration ( books1 ! ,emp]or ,maximilian play$ a m important "p ?an ,d3ur] himself4 ,z 9 politics1 s 9 art1 8 designs 7 on too ambiti\s a scale1 & ( ! ?ree great books he project$1 ! ,!u]dank1 ! ,weisskunig1 & ! ,freydal1 only ! fir/ 0 br\ght to a successful issue4 ,?is is a long epic poem allegoris+ ! ,emp]or's w$d+ trip to ,burgundy1 & ?\gh attribut$ to ,mel*ior ,pf9tz+ 0 app>5tly1 to a l>ge ext5t1 compos$ by ,maximilian himself4 ,! pr9t+ 0 entru/$ to ! eld] ,hans ,s*o5sp]g] ( ,augsburg1 b = "s unkn[n reason1 :5 ! book 0 complet$ 9 #aeag1 ! hon\r ( its publication 0 all[$ to ,nuremb]g4 ,a special f\nt ( type 0 cut = x by ,jo/ ,di5eck] ( ,antw]p1 :o indulg$ 9 su* enorm\s fl\ri%es1 *iefly to any g or h :i* happ5$ to occur 9 ! la/ l9e ( text 9 a page1 t _m em95t pr9t]s h imag9$ t ! :ole book 0 engrav$ on wood4 ,! difficulties ( ! sett+ up1 h[ev]1 h be5 greatly exagg]at$1 = ! fl\ri%es came *iefly at ! top or foot ( ! page1 & are (t5 n connect$ ) any lett] 9 ! text4 ,9 ! pres5t writ]'s op9ion x is an op5 "q :e!r ! type1 :i* is o!rwise a v h&some "o1 is 9 any way improv$ by ^! useless app5dages4 ,!y add on an av]age ab\t an in* at ! top & an in* & a half at ! foot to ! column ( ! text1 :i* is itself t5 in*es 9 height1 & conta9s tw5ty-f\r l9es to a full page4 ,! task ( illu/rat+ ?is royal "w 0 entru/$ to ,hans ,s*3aufele91 an arti/ already 9 ! ,emp]or's employm5t1 & f 8 designs !re 7 engrav$ "o hundr$ & eighte5 l>ge cuts1 ea* ( !m six & a half in*es high by five & a half broad4 ,! cuts1 :i* *iefly illu/rate hunt+ sc5es & knightly conflicts1 are n conspicu\sly bett] ?an ^? produc$ ab\t ! same "t by o!r ,g]man arti/s1 b !y h ! great advantage ( hav+ be5 c>efully pr9t$ on f9e vellum1 & ?is has mat]ially assi/$ _! reputation4 ,! ,weisskunig1 a celebration ( ,maximilian's life & travels1 & ! ,freydal1 9 hon\r ( 8 knightly de$s1 7 "p ( ! same s*eme z ! ,!u]dank4 ,! two hundr$ & ?irty-sev5 designs = ! ,weisskunig 7 ma9ly ! "w ( ,hans ,burgkmair1#h an ,augsburg arti/ ( repute2 its lit]>y execution 0 entru/$ to ! ,emp]or's secret>y1 ,max ,treitzsaurwe91 :o complet$ ! great] "p ( ! text z e>ly z #aeab4 ,b ! ,emp]or's dea? 9 #aeai f\nd ! great "w /ill unf9i%$1 & x 0 n until #agge t x 0 publi%$ z a fragm5t1 ) ! orig9al illu/rations 7l>g]1 & p]haps f9]1 ?an ^? 9 ! ,!u]dank71 ( :i* ! blocks _h1 =tunately1 be5 pres]v$4 ,! ,freydal1 ?\gh begun z e>ly z #aejb1 0 left /ill less complete2 ! designs = x1 h[ev]1 are 9 exi/5ce at ,vi5na4 ,! ',triumph ( ! ,emp]or ,maximilian1' ano!r ambiti\s "w1 ) "o hundr$ & ?irty-five woodcuts design$ by ,burgkmair1 0 fir/ publi%$ 9 #agif4 ,! dea? ( ,maximilian 9 #aeai & ! less arti/ic ta/es ( ,*>les ,v4 caus$ ,g]man illu/rators to turn = "w to ! ,augsburg pr9t]s1 & dur+ ! next few ye>s we f9d !m illu/rat+ a numb] ( books = ! y\ng] ,s*o5sp]g]1 = ,hans ,o?m>1 = ,mill]1 & = ,grimm & ,wirsung1 all ,augsburg firms4 ,! mo/ important result ( ?is activity 0 ! ,g]man edition ( ,petr>*'s ,de ,rem$iis utriusque ,=tunae1 = :i* 9 ! ye>s imm$iately foll[+ ! ,emp]or's dea? an arti/ nam$ ,hans ,weiditz1 ^: id5tity has only lately be5 re-e/abli%$1 drew no less ?an two hundr$ & fifty-n9e designs4 ,ow+ to ! dea? ( ! pr9t]1 ,grimm1 ! book 0 put on "o side1 b 0 f9ally br\ght out by ,he9ri* ,/e9]1 ,grimm's successor1 9 #aecb4 ,9 ! int]im "s ( ! cuts _h be5 us$ = an edition ( ,cic]o ,de ,s5ectute1 & !y 7 aft]w>ds us$ aga9 9 a v>iety ( works4 ,despite ! excell5ce ( ! cuts ! ,petr>* is a v disappo9t+ book4 ,to d ju/ice to ! f9e designs ! mo/ delicate press "w 0 necess>y1 &1 except :5 ! pressm5 7 employ$ by an ,emp]or1 ! delicacy 0 n =?com+2 x may be said1 inde$1 t x 0 made impossible by ! poorness & s(tness ( ! pap] on :i* ! book is pr9t$4 ,at ?is p]iod x 0 only ! skill ( individual arti/s :i* prev5t$ ,g]man books f be+ z dull & un9t]e/+ z !y soon aft]w>ds became4 ,books ( devotion 9 ,g]many nev] atta9$ to ! beauty ( ! ,fr5* ,horae1 b !y did n rema9 un9flu5c$ by !m4 ,9 or be=e #adif we f9d a ,n\um ,b4 ,m>iae ,virg9is ,psalt]ium pr9t$ at ,z9na1 ne> ,magdeburg1 ) v beautiful1 ?\gh florid1 bord]s4 ,9 #aeac !re appe>$ at ,augsburg a ,g]man pray]-book1 entitl$ ,via ,felicitatis1 ) ?irty cuts1 all ) ri* conv5tional bord]s1 probably by ,hans ,s*3aufele91 & we h already se5 t 9 ! same ye> ,d3ur] himself design$ bord]s = ! ,emp]or's own ,gebetbu*4 ,9 #aeae1 aga91 ,burgkmair _h contribut$ a s]ies ( designs1 _m ( :i* _h ri* ar*itectural bord]s1 to a ,leid5 ,*ri/i1 publi%$ by ,s*o5sp]g] at ,augsburg4 ,9 #aebj ! same arti/ design$ ano!r set ( illu/rations1 ) v ri*ly ornam5t$ bord]s ( fl[]s & animals1 = ! ,devotissimae ,m$itationes de vita b5eficiis et passione ,jesu ,*ri/i1 pr9t$ by ,grimm4 ,! use ( bord]s soon became a common feature 9 ,g]man title-pages1 especially 9 ! small qu>tos 9 :i* ! ,lu!rans & anti-,lu!rans c>ri$ on _! controv]sies2 b x _c be said t !y (t5 exhibit mu* beauty4 ,! innum]able translations ( ! ,bible1 :i* 7 ano!r result ( ! ,lu!ran controv]sy1 also provid$ pl5ty ( "w = ! illu/rators4 ,! two ,augsburg editions ( ! ,new ,te/am5t 9 #aebc 7 bo? illu/rat$1 ! y\ng] ,s*o5sp]g]'s by ,s*3aufele91 ,silvan ,o?m>'s by ,burgkmair4 ,burgkmair also issu$ a s]ies ( tw5ty-"o illu/rations to ! ,apocalypse1 = :i* ,o?m> _h n _h ! pati5ce to wait4 ,illu/ration3 ,bord] attribut$ to ,lucas ,crana*4 ,at ,witt5b]g ! mo/ important works issu$ 7 ! repeat$ editions ( ,lu!r's translation ( ! ,bible4 ,"h also ,lucas ,crana*1 :o _h previ\sly 79 #aeji7 design$ ! cuts = :at 0 kn[n z ! ,witt5b]g] ,heilig?umsbu*1 9 #aeba produc$ 8 ,passional ,*ri/i und ,anti*ri/i1 9 :i*1 page by page1 ! suff]+s & humility ( ,*ri/ 7 contra/$ ) ! luxury & arrogance ( ! ,pope4 ,at ,witt5b]g1 too1 ! ?9 qu>tos ) woodcut bord]s to _! title-pages 7 peculi>ly 9 vogue1 ! majority ( ! designs be+ poor en\gh1 b "s few hav+ consid]able beauty1 especially ^? ( ,lucas ,crana*1 ( :i* an example is "h giv54 ,mean:ile1 at ,/rassburg1 ,hans ,gr3un+] & ,m>t9 ,fla* & 8 son cont9u$ to pr9t num]\s illu/rat$ works1 l>gely f designs by ,hans ,baldung ,gr3un1 & a /ill m fam\s publi%] _h aris5 9 ! p]son ( ,johann ,knobl\*1 :o = "s ( 8 books secur$ ! help ( ,urs ,graf1 an arti/ ^: "w pres]v$ "s ( ! old-fa%ion$ simplicity ( treatm5t4 ,at ,nuremb]g illu/rat$ books aft] ,koburg]'s dea? proce$$ *iefly f ! presses ( ,job/ ,gutkne*t & ,peypus1 = ! latt] ( :om ,hans ,spr+9klee1 "o ( ! m9or arti/s employ$ on ! ,weisskunig1 occasionally drew designs4 ,at ,basel ,mi*ael ,furt] cont9u$ to issue illu/rat$ books = ! fir/ fifte5 ye>s ( ! new c5tury1 ,johann ,amorba* adorn$ ) woodcuts 8 editions ( ecclesia/ical /atutes & con/itutions1 & ,adam ,petri issu$ a :ole s]ies ( illu/rat$ books1 *iefly ( religion & !ology4 ,to ,basel ,urs ,graf gave ! mo/ & ! be/ ( 8 "w1 & !re ! "y ,hans ,holbe9 design$ 9 rapid succession ! cuts = ! ,new ,te/am5t ( #aebb1 = an ,apocalypse1 two editions ( ! ,p5tateu*1 & a ,vulgate1 besides num]\s ornam5tal bord]s4 ,"s ( ^! m]ely imitate ! r ta/eless designs ( ,urs ,graf1 9 :i* ! gr\nd plan is ar*itectural1 & relief is giv5 by a pr(usion ( nak$ *ildr51 n always 9 v graceful attitudes4 ,holbe9's be/ designs are f> light] & pretti]4 ,! foot ( ! bord] is usually occupi$ by "s hi/orical sc5e1 ! dea? ( ,john ! ,bapti/1 ,mucius ,scaevola & ,pors5na1 ! dea? ( ,cleopatra1 ! leap ( ,curtius1 or ,h]cules & ,orpheus4 ,9 a title-page to ! ,tabula ,cebetis he %[s ! :ole c\rse ( man's life--little *ildr5 cr[d+ ?r\gh ! gate1 :i* is gu>d$ by _! 'g5ius1' & ! =tune1 sorr[1 luxury1 p5it5ce1 virtue1 & happ9ess :i* awaits !m4 ,! two well-kn[n bord]s = ! top & bottom ( a page1 illu/rat+ peasants *as+ a ?iev+ fox & _! return danc+1 7 design$ = ,&reas ,crat&]1 = :om also1 z = ,val5t9e ,curio1 ,holbe9 drew pr9t]s' devices4 ,ambrosius ,holbe9 also illu/rat$ a few books1 ! mo/ notewor?y 9 ! eyes ( ,engli%m5 be+ ! #aeah edition ( ,m's ,utopia1 pr9t$ by ,frob54 ,8 picture ( ,h]cules ,gallicus1 dragg+ along ! captives ( 8 eloqu5ce1 "p ( a bord] design$ = an ,aulus ,gellius publi%$ by ,crat&] 9 #aeai1 is wor?y ( ,hans himself4 ,:ile ! ,g]man pr9t]s deg5]at$ ev] m & m1 ^? ( ,basel & ,zuri* ma9ta9$ a mu* high] /&>d ( press-"w1 & f #aedj to #aefj1 :5 ! dem& = illu/rat$ books _h some:at less5$1 produc$ a s]ies ( classical editions 9 tall folios1 well pr9t$ & on good pap]1 :i* at lea/ comm& respect4 ,!y ab\nd ) elaborate initial lett]s1 :i* are1 h[ev]1 too delib]ately pictorial to be 9 good ta/e4 ,9 ,g]many itself by ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury ! arti/ic impulse _h di$ away1 or surviv$ only 9 books l ^? ( ,jo/ ,amman1 9 :i* ! text m]ely expla9s ! illu/rations4 ,x is a pleasure to g back "s sev5ty or eighty ye>s & turn our att5tion to ! beg9n+ ( book-illu/ration 9 ,italy4 99 99 99 99 99 #g ,dr4 ,lippmann 0 ( op9ion t ! map ( ,v5ice 0 adapt$ f ,reuwi*'s2 t ( ,flor5ce f a l>ge woodcut1 pr9t$ at ,flor5ce betwe5 #adhf & #adij1 ( :i* ! unique example is at ,b]l92 & t ( ,rome f a simil> map1 n[ lo/1 :i* s]v$ also z a model = ! cut 9 ! edition ( ! ,supplem5tum ,*ronic>um1 pr9t$ at ,v5ice 9 #adij4 #h ,burgkmair _h already done "w = ! pr9t]s1 notably = an edition ( ,jorn&es ,de ,rebus ,go?orum1 pr9t$ 9 #aeaf1 on ! fir/ page ( :i* ,k+ ,alew9us & ,k+ ,a?an>icus are %[n 9 conv]sation1 ! title ( ! book be+ giv5 9 a %ield hung ov] _! heads4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,italy--,i ,,! ,,fir/ ,,illu/rat$ ,,books ,,& ,,^? ,,( ,,v5ice ,surr\nd$ by pictures & frescoes1 & accu/om$ to ! utmo/ beauty 9 _! manuscripts1 ! ,italians did n feel ! ne$ ( ! *eap] arts1 & = ! fir/ qu>t] ( a c5tury aft] ! introduction ( pr9t+ into _! c\ntry1 ! use ( engrav$ bord]s1 initial lett]s1 & illu/rations 0 only occasional & sporadic4 ,p]haps n v long aft] ! middle ( ! c5tury an ,italian block-book ( ! ,passion _h be5 issu$1 probably at ,v5ice1 z x 0 !re t mo/ ( ! cuts 7 us$ aga9 9 #adhg = an edition ( ! ,devote ,m$itatione1 attribut$ to ,s4 ,bonav5tura4 ,a copy ( ?is is 9 ! ,briti% ,museum2 ( ! block-book eighte5 leaves are pres]v$ at ,b]l94 ,despite "s unga9l9ess 9 ! figures & r co>se cutt+1 ! pictures are vigor\s & effective1 b q unlike any lat] ,v5etian "w4 ,some?+ ( ! same k9d may be said ( ^? 9 an edition ( ! ,m$itationes ( ,c>d9al ,turrecremata1 pr9t$ by ,ulri* ,hahn at ,rome 9 #adfg1 ! fir/ "w pr9t$ 9 ,italy ) movable type1 9 :i* woodcut illu/rations 7 us$4 ,! cuts are ?irty-f\r 9 numb]1 & pr(ess$ to illu/rate ! same subjects z ! frescoes rec5tly pa9t$ by ! c>d9al's ord] 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,san ,m>ia di ,m9]va at ,rome4#i ,! execution is s rude1 t x is impossible to say :e!r !y are ! "w ( a ,g]man influ5c$ by ,italian models1 or ( an ,italian work+ to please a ,g]man ma/]1 nor is ! po9t ( ! slighte/ importance4 ,?irty-?ree ( ! cuts 7 us$ aga9 9 ! editions pr9t$ at ,rome 9 #adgc & #adgh1 & x is f ! #adgc edition t ! accompany+ illu/ration ( ! ,flight into ,egypt is tak54 ,?is 9 its orig9al size is "o ( ! be/ ( ! s]ies1 b ! r$uction necess>y = its appe>ance on "o ( our pages has _h a m ?an usually un=tunate effect1 bo? on ! cut itself & on ! pr9t]'s type :i* appe>s bel[ x4 ,illu/ration3 ,f ! ,m$itationes ( ,turrecremata1 ,rome1 #adgc4 ,9 #adha1 ! c\rti]-pr9t]1 ,joannes ,philippus de ,lignam9e1 issu$ an edition ( ! ,opuscula ( ,philippus de ,b>b]iis adorn$ ) tw5ty-n9e cuts repres5t+ twelve prophets1 twelve sibyls1 ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/1 ! ,holy ,family1 ,*ri/ ) ! ,emblems ( ,8 ,passion1 ! virg9 ,proba1 & ! philosoph] ,plato4 ,plato1 ,mala*i1 & ,hosea are all repres5t$ by ! same cut1 ano!r s]ves = bo? ,j]emiah & ,ze*>iah1 & two ( ! ,sibyls are also made to m]ge _! individualities4 ,) ! exception ( ! figure ( ,*ri/1 :i* is m]ely pa9ful1 ! cuts are pleasantly & ev5 ludicr\sly rude4 ,nev]!less1 !y are n )\t vig\r1 & are1 to my ?9k+1 greatly pref]able to ! m conv5tional figures ( ! twelve ,sibyls & ,proba :i* appe>$ %ortly aft]w>ds 9 an undat$ edition ( ! same book1 pr9t$ by ,sixtus ,riess+]4 ,9 ?is edition ! figures are surr\nd$ by ar*itectural bord]s1 & we h also a bord] to ! fir/ page & sev]al l>ge initial lett]s1 all 9 exact imitation ( ! int]lacem5t "w1 :i* is ! commone/ =m ( decoration 9 ,italian manuscripts ( ! "t4 ,riess+]'s m>k1 a girl hold+ a black %ield ) a :ite arr[ on x1 & a scroll ) ! lett]s ,s4,r4,d4,a4 7,sixtus ,riess+] de ,arg5t9a71 is f\nd 9 ! 'regi/]' at ! end ( ! book4 ,to ,riess+] we also owe a ,*eiromantia1 ) figures ( h&s1 :i* ,i h n se51 :ile f ,lignam9e's press !re 0 issu$ an edition ( ! ,h]b>ium ( ,apuleius ,b>b>us 7:o 01 ( c\rse1 confus$ ) 8 fam\s namesake71 :i* has rude botanical figures &1 at ! end ( ! book1 a mo/ man-l portrait ( a m&rake1 ) a dog duly tugg+ at "o ( 8 fibr\s legs4 ,! li/ ( illu/rat$ books pr9t$ at ,rome be=e #adij also includes#aj "s little editions1 mo/ly by ,silb] or ,plannck1 ( ! ,mirabilia ,romae1 a guidebook to ! antiquities ( ! city1 9 :i* !re are a few cuts ( pilgrims gaz+ at ! clo? ( ,s4 ,v]onica1 ( ,,ss4 ,pet] & ,paul1 ( ,romulus & ,remus1 & o!r miscellane\s subjects4 ,! int]e/ ( all ^! books is purely antiqu>ian4 ,if we turn f ,rome to ! neighb\r+ city ( ,naples1 we %all f9d evid5ce ( mu* m arti/ic "w4 ,9 #adgh ,sixtus ,riess+] pr9t$ !re = ,francesco ,tuppo an edition ( ,boccaccio's ,libro di florio e di bianzefiore1 or ,philocolo1 illu/rat$ ) =ty-"o woodcuts1 ( no great te*nical m]it1 b by no means )\t *>m4 ,two ye>s lat] a repres5tation ( ! suppos$ orig9 ( music by ! figures ( five blacksmi?s work+ at an anvil occurs 9 an edition ( ! ,musices ,!oria ( ,francesco ,ga=i1 pr9t$ 9 #adhj by ,francesco di ,d9o4 ,mu* m important ?an ?is is a h&some edition ( ,,aesop publi%$ 9 #adhe by ,francesco ,tuppo1 & pr9t$ = him by an anonym\s firm kn[n to bibliograph]s z ! ',g]ma9 fidelissimi4' ,?is conta9s eighty-sev5 l>ge cuts heavily cut1 b well drawn & ) a massive vig\r1 "o ( :i*1 repres5t+ ! dea? ( ,,aesop1 occupies a full page4 ,! cuts illu/rat+ ! fabuli/'s life h r commonplace bord]s to !m1 b :5 ! fables !mselves are rea*$1 ^! are replac$ by mu* m important ones4 ,into an upp] comp>tm5t are introduc$ figures ( ,h]cules wre/l+ ) ,antaeu1 ,h]cules rid+ on a lion1 & a combat betwe5 m\nt$ pigmies4 ,! fables h also a l>ge bord] surr\nd+ ! fir/ page ( text1 us$ aga9 9 ! ,hebrew ,bible ( #adhh4 ,! gr\nd-"w ( all ! bord]s is black1 b ?is has n always enabl$ !m to escape ! h& ( ! col\ri/4 ,! book is also adorn$ by two l>ge & two small] pr9t$ initials4 ,to ! same arti/ z ! illu/rator ( ! ,,aesop mu/ be attribut$ ! title-cut ( ,granolla*'s ,a/rologia1 issu$ 9 or ab\t ! same ye>4 ,9 #adhf1 aga91 ,mat?ias ,moravus pr9t$ "o ( ! few ,italian ,horae1 a *>m+ little book1 ?ree in*es by two1 ) sixte5 l9es ( v pretty ,go?ic type1 pr9t$ 9 r$ & black1 to ea* ( its t9y pages1 & f\r little woodcuts1 :i* 9 ! only copy ,i h se5 h be5 pa9t$ ov]4 ,a da9ti] pray]-book c h>dly be conceiv$4 ,:5 we turn f ! s\? to ! nor? ( ,italy1 we f9d t an ,italian pr9t] at ,v]ona _h prec$$ ! ,g]man immigrants 9 issu+ an important "w ) really f9e woodcuts z e>ly 9 #adgb4 ,?is is ! ,de ,re ,milit>i ( ,rob]tus ,valturius1 writt5 "s few ye>s previ\sly1 & d$icat$ to ,sigismund ,malate/a4 ,9 ?is f9e book1 pr9t$ by ,john ( ,v]ona1 !re are eighty-two woodcuts repres5t+ v>i\s milit>y op]ations & eng9es1 all drawn 9 firm & graceful outl9e1 :i* c\ld h>dly be bett]$4 ,! designs = ^! cuts h be5 attribut$ to ! arti/ ,matteo de' ,pa/i1 ^: skill z a pa9t]1 sculptor1 & engrav]1 ,valturius _h himself comm5d$ 9 a lett] writt5 9 ! "n ( ,malate/a to ,mahomet ,,ii4 ,! conjecture re/s solely on ?is comm5dation1 b seems intr9sically probable4 ,! book has no o!r adornm5t save ^! woodcuts & its f9e type4 ,ano!r edition 0 pr9t$ 9 ! same t[n elev5 ye>s lat] by ,bon9us de ,bon9is4 ,besides ! ,valturius1 ! only o!r e>ly ,v]ona book ) illu/rations kn[n to me is an edition ( ,,aesop 9 ! ,italian v]sion ( ,accio ,zucco1 pr9t$ by ,giovanni ,alvisio 9 #adgi4 ,?is has a frontispiece 9 :i* ! translator is se5 pres5t+ 8 book to a laurel-cr[n$ p]son sitt+ 9 a portico1 ?r\gh :i* !re is a di/ant view4 ,?is is foll[$ by a page ( majuscules conta9+ ! title ( ! book1 b end+ ) a 'foelicit] incipit4' ,on ! back ( ?is is a tomb-l erection1 be>+ ! inscription ',lepidissimi ,,aesopi ,fabellae1' :i* gives x ! rank ( ! second ornam5tal title-page 7see p4 #cb = ! fir/74 ,fac+ ?is is a page surr\nd$ by an ornam5tal bord]1 at ! foot ( :i* is ! usual %ield support$ by ! usual nak$ boys4 ,)9 ! bord] are ,lat9 v]ses beg9n+3 ,vt iuuet et prosit conatum pag9a praes5s ,dulcius arrid5t s]ia picta iocis1 ! l9es be+ spac$ out ) fragm5ts f ! ornam5tal bord]s :i* surr\nd ea* ( ! pictures 9 ! body ( ! book4 ,^!1 on ! :ole1 are n s good z ^? 9 ! ,naples edition ( #adhe1 b 7 help$ out1 at lea/ 9 "s copies1 by r pretty col\r+4 ,! *ief feature 9 ! book is ! c>e be/[$ ^u ! prelim9>y leaves4 ,9 ,flor5ce1 be=e #adij1 we h no example ( wood-engrav+ employ$ 9 book illu/ration1 b 9 #adgg1 ,nicolaus ,lor5z ( ,breslau issu$ !re ! fir/ ( ?ree books ) illu/rations engrav$ on copp]4 ,?is is an edition ( ,bett9i's ,monte ,santo di ,dio ) ?ree plates1 repres5t+ respectively 7#a7 ! ,holy ,m\nta91 up :i* a man is climb+ by ! aid ( a ladd] ( virtues2 7#b7 ,*ri/ /&+ 9 a 'm&orla' or almond-%ap$ halo =m$ by ! heads ( *]ubs2 & 7#c7 ! torm5ts ( ,hell4 ,?is 0 foll[$ 9 #adha by a ,dante ) ! comm5t>y ( ,l&9o1 ) engrav+s illu/rat+ ! fir/ eighte5 cantos4 ,spaces 7 left = engrav+s at ! head ( ! o!r cantos1 b ! plan 0 too ambiti\s1 & !y 7 nev] fill$ up4 ,"s copies ( ! book h no engrav+s at all1 o!rs only two1 ^? prefix$ to ,cantos #a & #c1 ! fir/ ( :i* is mo/ in>ti/ically introduc$ on ! l[] m>g9 ( ! page1 tempt+ mutilation by ! b9d]'s %e>s4 ,! o!r v5ture ( ,nicolaus ,lor5z1 :i* has engrav$ "w1 is ! ,sette ,giornate della ,geographia ( ,b]l+hi]i1 9 :i* he introduces num]\s maps4 ,at ,milan only two illu/rat$ books are kn[n to h be5 issu$ be=e #adij1 bo? ( :i* appe>$ 9 #adgi4 ,! r>] ( ^!1 :i* is seldom f\nd 9 p]fect condition1 is ! ,summula di pacifica ,consci5tia ( ,fra ,pacifico di ,nov>a1 pr9t$ by ,philippus de ,lavagna1 & illu/rat$ ) ?ree copp]-plates1 "o ( :i* repres5ts ! virtues ( ! ,madonna1 ! o!rs conta9+ diagrams exhibit+ ! prohibit$ degrees ( consangu9ity4 ,! o!r book is a ,brevi>ium totius juris canonici1 pr9t$ by ,leon>d ,pa*el & ,ulri* ,sc9z5cell]1 ) a woodcut portrait ( its au?or1 ',magi/] ,paulus ,flor5t9us ord9is ,sancti ,spiritus1' o!rwise ,paolo ,attavanti4 ,! illu/rat$ books pr9t$ 9 ,italy :i* we h hi!rto notic$ are ( great individual int]e/1 b !y l$ to ! e/abli%m5t ( no s*ool ( book-illu/ration1 & ! value ( wood engrav+s 0 z yet s little und]/ood t ! cuts 9 !m (t5 fail$ to escape ! h&s ( ! col\ri/s4 ,at ,v5ice1 on ! o!r h&1 :]e ,b]nh>d ,mal] & ,erh>d ,ratdolt introduc$ ! use ( pr9t$ initials & bord]s 9 #adgf1 we f9d a cont9u\s progress to ! record ( :i* we mu/ n[ turn4 ,! bord] to ! title-page ( ! ,kal5d>s ( #adgf has already be5 notic$3 bo? ! ,lat9 & ! ,italian editions also conta9$ pr9t$ initials ( a ru/ic %ape1 resembl+ ^? 9 "s e>ly books 9 ,ulm1 b l>g] & bett]4 ,! next ye> ! p>tn]s made a great /ep 9 advance 9 ! initials & bord]s ( an ,appian1 & an edition ( ,cepio's ,ge/a ,petri ,moc5ici4 ,^! 7 foll[$ by an edition ( ,dionysius ,p]iegetes1 & 9 #adgh by ! ,cosmographia ( ,pomponius ,mela4 ,?ree di/9ct bord]s are us$ 9 ^! books1 all ( !m ) light & graceful floral patt]ns 9 relief on a black gr\nd4 ,! l>ge initials are ( ! same "*1 & bo? ^! & ! bord]s are unmi/akably ,italian4 ,9 #adgh ,ratdolt lo/ ! aid ( ,b]nh>d ,mal]1 :o up to t date seems to h be5 ! lead+ _s ( ! firm1 & ! books subsequ5tly issu$ are mu* less decorative4 ,9 #adgi ano!r ,g]man1 ,georg ,wal*1 issu$ an edition ( ! ,fasciculus ,temporum ) illu/rations mo/ly poor en\gh1 b ) a qua9t little attempt at realism 9 "o ( ,v5ice4 ,^! cuts ( ,wal*'s1 & also a decorative initial1 ,ratdolt 0 cont5t to copy on a slightly l>g] scale 9 an edition ( 8 own ! next ye>4 ,he also pr9t$ an undat$ ,*iromantia1 ) tw5ty-"o figures ( heads1 a repr9t ( :i* be>+ 8 "n & t ( ,mat!us ,c]donis de ,w9dis*gretz 0 issu$ at ,padua 9 #adhd4 ,9 #adhb1 came ! ,poetica ,a/ronomica ( ,hyg9us1 ) num]\s woodcuts ( ! a/ronomical p[]s1 ^? ( ,m]cury 7"h v slightly r$uc$7 & ,sol be+ p]haps ! be/4 ,to ! same ye> belongs a repr9t ( ! ,cosmographia ( ,pomponius ,mela ) a curi\s map & a few good initials1 also a ,euclid ) ma!matical diagrams & a bord] & initials f ! ,appian ( #adgg4 ,illu/ration3 ,f ! ,hyg9us ( #adhb4 ,aft] #adhb ,ratdolt does n seem to h pr9t$ any new illu/rat$ books1 & 9 #adhf he ceas$ pr9t+ at ,v5ice & return$1 z we h se51 to ,augsburg4 ,subject to ! d\bt z to :e!r he has n be5 cr$it$ ) praise :i* really belongs to ,b]nh>d ,mal]1 8 brief ,italian c>e] entitles him to a place ( "s importance among ! decorators ( books1 = ?\gh 8 illu/rations 7 unimportant1 8 bord]s & initials are among ! be/ ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,9 #adhb ,octavianus ,scotus pr9t$ ?ree ,missals ) a rude cut ( ! ,crucifixion1 & ^! 7 imitat$ by o!r pr9t]s 9 #adhc1 #adhe1 & #adhg4 ,! ye> #adhf 0 m>k$ by ! publication1 by ,b]n>d9o de ,b5aliis1 ( an edition ( ! ,supplem5tum ,*ronic>um ( ,giovanni ,philippo ,=e/i ( ,b]gamo1 ) num]\s outl9e woodcuts ( cities1 = ! mo/ "p purely imag9>y & conv5tional1 ! same cuts be+ us$ ov] & ov] aga9 = diff]5t places4 ,f\r ye>s lat] a new edition 0 pr9t$ by ,b]n>d9o de ,nov>a1 9 :i* m accurate pictures 7 sub/itut$ 9 ! case ( "s ( ! m important t[ns1 notably ,flor5ce & ,rome4 ,9 bo? issues ! fir/ ?ree cuts1 repres5t+ ! ,creation1 ! ,fall1 & ! sacrifice ( ,ca9 & ,abel1 are copi$ f ^? 9 ! ,cologne ,bible4 ,! ye> aft] 8 edition ( ! ,supplem5tum1 ,b]n>d9us de ,b5aliis pr9t$ an ,,aesop ) sixty-"o woodcuts adapt$ f ^? 9 ! ,v]onese edition ( #adgi4 ,( ?is edition ,dr4 ,lippmann1 :o _h ! only kn[n copy "u 8 *>ge at ,b]l91 rem>ks t '! /yle ( engrav+ is1 to a l>ge ext5t1 cramp$ & angul>1 & ! entire appe>ance ( ! "w is t ( a g5u9e *apbook4' ,illu/ration3 ,f ! ,devote ,m$itatione1 ,v5ice1 #aejh #adhi4 ,9 #adhh we arrive at ! fir/ ( ! num]\s illu/rat$ editions ( ! ,trionfi ( ,petr>*4 ,?is 0 pr9t$ by ,b]n>d9o de ,nov>a1 & has six full-page cuts1 measur+ "s t5 in*es by six1 & illu/rat+ ! triumphs ( ,love1 ( ,*a/ity1 ,dea?1 ,fame1 & ,"t1 & ( ! true ,div9ity ov] ! false gods4 ,! designs are excell5t1 b ! engrav] _h v imp]fect control ov] 8 po9t1 & 8 treatm5t ( ! eyes ( ! figures introduc$ is by itself suffici5t to spoil ! pictures4 ,curi\sly en\gh1 ! ornam5tal bord] ( :ite figures on a black gr\nd is c]ta9ly bett] cut ?an ! pictures !mselves4 ,! same inf]iority ( ! engrav] to ! design] is se5 9 ! illu/rations to ! #adhi edition ( ! ,deuote ,m$itatione sopra la passione del no/ro signore attribut$ to ,s4 ,bonav5tura4 ,! fir/ illu/rat$ edition ( ?is book1 ) elev5 illu/rations tak5 7slightly cut d[n7 f ! block book ( ! ,passion already m5tion$1 _h be5 pr9t$ 9 #adhg by ,i]onimo de ,santis4 ,! #adhi edition 0 pr9t$ by ,matteo di ,code*a 7or ,capcasa7 ( ,p>ma1 :o republi%$ ! book no less ?an six times dur+ ! next five ye>s1 aft] :i* ! cuts 7 us$ by o!r pr9t]s1--e4g4 by ,gregorio di ,rusconi1 f ^: edition 9 #aejh our illu/ration ( ! mock+ ( ,*ri/ is tak54 ,x is int]e/+ to comp>e ?is ,v5etian s]ies ) ! ,flor5t9e edition publi%$ a little lat] by ,antonio ,mis*om9i1 ^: engrav]1 :ile tak+ _m h9ts f ! designs ( 8 pr$ecessor1 greatly improv$ on !m4 ,! next ye> witness$ ! fir/ ,v5etian edition ( ano!r "w 9 :i* ! arti/s ( ! two cities 7 to be mat*$ toge!r4 ,?is is ! ,fior di ,virtu'1 ^: title-cut ( ,fra ,*]ub9o da ,spoleto ga!r+ fl[]s 9 ! conv5t g>d5 %[s a great advance on previ\s ,v5etian "w4 ,un=tunately ! ,briti% ,museum copy has be5 slightly injur$1 s t ,i am oblig$ to take my reproduction f ! second ( two simil> editions publi%$ by ,matteo ,code*a 9 #adib1 #adic4 ,^! h ea* ?irty-six vignettes 9 ! text1 illu/rat+ ! examples 9 ! animal _w ( ! virtues :i* ! au?or desir$ to inculcate4 ,illu/ration3 ,f ! ,fior di ,virtu'1 ,v5ice1 #adic4 ,we mu/ n[ turn to ! fir/ illu/rat$ edition ( ,mal]mi's ,italian v]sion ( ! ,bible1 pr9t$ 9 #adij4 ,aft] ! woodcut basis = ! six little illum9ations 9 ! ,sp5c] copy ( ,adam ( ,amm]gau's edition ( #adga1 ! fir/ ,biblical woodcuts at ,v5ice are a s]ies ( ?irty-eight small vignettes :i* decorate an edition ( ! ,po/illa or s]mons1 ( ,nicolaus de ,lyra1 pr9t$ = ,octavianus ,scotus 9 #adhi4 ,9 ! ,bible itself1 pr9t$ ! next ye> by ,giovanni ,ragazzo = ,lucantonio ,giunta1 ! illu/rations are on a v lavi% scale1 numb]+ 9 all ?ree hundr$ & eighty-?ree1 ( :i* a few are duplicates1 & ab\t a f\r? are adapt$ 9 m9iature f ! cuts 9 ! ,cologne ,bibles1 :i* =m$ a model = s _m o!r editions4 ,"s ( ! be/ cuts 9 ?is & o!r ,v5etian books are sign$ ) a small b1 :i* by "s writ]s has be5 suppos$ to /& = ! "n ( ! arti/ :o design$ !m1 b is m probably to be ref]r$ to ! work%op at :i* !y 7 engrav$4 ,! craftsm5 employ$ on ! ,new ,te/am5t 7 q unskill$1 b _m ( ! illu/rations to ! ,old ,te/am5t are delightful4 ,! fir/ page ( ! ,bible is occupi$ by six some:at l>g] cuts1 illu/rat+ ! days ( ,creation1 jo9$ toge!r )9 an ar*itectural bord]4 ,o!r editions conta9+ ! same cuts1 ) additions f o!r books1 7 issu$ 9 #adid1 #adih1 & #aejb4 ,a rival edition1 pr9t$ by ,guglielmo de ,montef]rato1 ) a new set ( cuts ( a simil> "* appe>$ 9 #adic4 ,^! ?ree religi\s works1 ! ,m$itatione1 ! ,po/illa1 & ! ,mal]mi ,bible ?or\ghly e/abli%$ ! use ( vignettes1 or small cuts work$ into ! text1 z an alt]native to full-page illu/rations1 l ^? 9 ! ,petr>*1 & x 0 natural t ?is me?od ( decoration %\ld soon be appli$ to ! greate/ ( ,italian works1 ! ,div9a ,comm$ia4 ,9 produc+ an illu/rat$ ,dante1 ,v5ice _h be5 anticipat$ n only by ! ,flor5t9e edition ( #adha1 ?\gh ! engrav+s 9 ?is are only f\nd 9 ! fir/ few cantos1 b by a v curi\s edition publi%$ at ,brescia 9 #adhg1 ) full-page cuts1 surr\nd$ by a black bord] ) :ite arabesques4 ,^! l>ge cuts1 :i* measure t5 in*es by six1 are v co>sely execut$1 & h no m]it save :at ! e>li] ones d]ive f _! imitation ( ^? 9 ! ,flor5t9e edition4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! ye> #adia two illu/rat$ ,dantes 7 publi%$ at ,v5ice1 ! fir/ on ,m>* #crd by ,b]n>d9o ,b5ali & ,matteo ,code*a da ,p>ma1 ! second on ,novemb] #ah? by ,pietro ,cremonese4 ,! e>li] edition has a f9e woodcut frontispiece illu/rat+ ! fir/ canto1 b ! vignettes :i* succe$ x are s badly cut z to lose all _! beauty4 ,9 ! lat] edition ! same designs appe> to h be5 foll[$1 b ! vignettes are l>g] & mu* bett] cut1 s t !y are at lea/ some:at less unwor?y ( _! subject4 ,bo? editions h pr9t$ initials1 b ( ! poore/ k9d1 & 9 bo? ! text is hidd5 away amid ! labori\s comm5t>y ( ,l&9o4 ,aft] ,dante's ,div9a ,comm$ia x is natural to expect an edition ( ,boccaccio's ,decam]one1 & ?is duly foll[$ ! next ye> f ! press ( ,gregorius de ,gregoriis4 ,! fir/ page is occupi$ by a woodcut ( ! t5 f9e ladies & g5tlem5 :o tell ! /ories1 seat$ 9 ! beautiful g>d5 to :i* !y _h retir$ f ! plague :i* 0 rag+ ar\nd !m4 ,b5ea? ?is are sev5te5 l9es ( text1 ) a blank left = an initial ,h1 & woodcut & text are surr\nd$ by an ar*itectural bord]1 at ! foot ( ^: columns little boys /&+ on ! heads ( lions are bl[+ horns1 :ile 9 ! l[] section ( ! design ! usual blank %ield is approa*$ f ei!r side by cupids rid+ on rams4 ,! blank = ! initial is a great blot on ! page1 z any col\r$ lett] w\ld h de/roy$ ! delicacy ( ! :ole design4 ,9 ! body ( ! "w ea* ( ! t5 books is head$ by a d\ble cut1 9 "o "p ( :i* ! company ( n>rators is /&+ 9 front ( a gateway1 :ile "o ( _! numb] is play+ a guit>2 9 ! o!r !y are all seat$ be=e a f\nta91 presid$ ov] by a wrea?-cr[n$ ma/] ( ! /ory-tell+4 ,! vignettes :i* illu/rate ! diff]5t tales v>y v mu* 9 quality1 ?\gh "s1 l ! little cut ( ! ,m>quis & 8 fri5ds approa*+ ,griselda z %e br+s wat] f ! well1 c\ld h>dly be bett]$4 ,! ,boccaccio ( #adib h]ald$ a long s]ies ( illu/rat$ books f ! press ( ,gregorius de ,gregoriis & 8 bro!r ,john4 ,mo/ ( ^! 7 devotional 9 _! "*1 e4g4 ! ,z>d9e de ,oratione1 ! ,monte dell' ,oratione1 ! ,vita e ,miracoli del ,sancto ,antonio di ,padova1 ! ,passione di ,cri/o1 c4 ,! ,novell9o ( ,masuccio ,sal]nitano =m$ a p5dant to ! ,boccaccio1 & 0 publi%$ 9 ! same ye>4 ,to ! ,gregorii we also owe ! magnific5t bord]1 9 :ite relief on a black gr\nd1 to ! ,lat9 ,h]odotus ( #adid1 repeat$ aga9 9 ! second volume ( ! works ( ,s4 ,j]ome publi%$ 9 #adig-ih4 ,equally fam\s ) any ( ^! is ! same pr9t]'s s]ies ( editions ( ! ,fascicolo de ,m$ic9a ( ,johannes ,ke?am4 ,9 ! fir/ ( ^!1 pr9t$ 9 #adia1 ! illu/rations are conf9$ to cuts ( v>i\s dreadful-look+ surgical in/rum5ts2 b 9 #adic l>ge pictures 7 add$1 ea* occupy+ ! :ole ( a folio page1 & repres5t+ a dissection1 a consultation ( physicians1 ! b$side ( a man /ruck d[n by ! plague4 ,! dissection 0 pr9t$ 9 sev]al col\rs1 b ?is exp]im5t 0 ab&on$1 & a new block 0 cut = ! subsequ5t editions4 ,9 "s ( 8 lat] books ,gregorius repair$ ! mi/ake ( ! ,boccaccio1 & us$ excell5t woodcut initials4 ,! ,h]odotus ( #adid has only its magnific5t bord] by way ( illu/ration1 b o!r classical au?ors receiv$ mu* m g5]\s treatm5t dur+ ?is decade4 ,an ,italian ,livy1 ) num]\s vignettes1 0 pr9t$ 9 #adic by ,giovanni di ,v]celli1 & a ,lat9 "o 9 #adie by ,p4 ,p9cio1 ,lucantonio ,giunta 9 ea* case act+ z publi%]4#aa ,9 #adig ,laz>us de ,so>dis pr9t$ = ,simon de ,lu]e a ,t]5ce ) num]\s vignettes2 & 9 ! same ye> !re appe>$ an illu/rat$ edition1 sev]al times repr9t$1 ( ! ,metamorphoses ( ,ovid1 ! pr9t] be+ ,giovanni ,rossi & ! publi%] once m ,lucantonio ,giunta4 ,! cuts 9 ?is "w measure some?+ ov] ?ree in*es by five1 & h little bord]s on ea* side ( !m2 b ! f95ess ( ! designs is lo/ by poor engrav+4 ,"s ( !m are sign$ ia1 o!rs ,n4 ,we n[ approa* "o ( ! mo/ fam\s books 9 ! annals ( ,v5etian pr9t+1 ! ,hypn]otoma*ia ,poliphili pr9t$ by ,aldus 9 #adii1 at ! exp5se ( a c]ta9 ,leon>do ,crasso ( ,v]ona1 'artium et iuris ,pontificis consultus1' by :om x 0 d$icat$ to ,guidobaldo1 ,duke ( ,urb9o4 ,! au?or ( ! book 0 ,francesco ,colonna1 a ,dom9ican fri>1 :o _h be5 a tea*] ( rhetoric at ,treviso & ,padua1 & 0 n[ sp5d+ 8 old age 9 ! conv5t ( ,,ss4 ,giovanni e ,paolo 9 ,v5ice1 8 native city4 ,colonna's au?or%ip ( ! romance is reveal$ 9 an acro/ic =m$ by ! initial lett]s ( ! successive *apt]s1 :i* make up ! s5t5ce1 ',poliam ,frat] ,franciscus ,columna p]amavit'3 ',bro!r ,francesco ,colonna greatly lov$ ,polia4' ,:o ,polia 0 is a little unc]ta94 ,9 ! op5+ *apt] %e tells h] nymphs t h] real "n 0 ,lucretia1 b %e has be5 id5tifi$ ) a ,hippolita ,lelio1 daught] ( a jurisconsult at ,treviso1 :o ent]$ a conv5t aft] hav+ be5 attack$ by ! plague1 :i* visit$ ,treviso f #adfd to #adfh4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is plausibly sugge/$ t ,polia 7,greek3 polia71 '! grey-hair$ lady1' is only a symbol ( ,antiquity1 & at ! beg9n+ ( ! book !re is at lea/ a pret5ce ( an allegory1 ?\gh ?is is n c>ri$ v f>4 ,illu/ration3 ,f ! ,hypn]otoma*ia1 ,v5ice1 #adii4 ,9 ! /ory ,polifilo1 a "n int5d$ to mean '! lov] ( ,polia1' imag9es himself 9 8 dream z pass+ ?r\gh a d>k wood till he rea*es a little /ream1 by :i* he re/s4 ,! valley ?r\gh :i* x runs is fill$ ) fragm5ts ( anci5t ar*itecture1 :i* =m ! subjects ( _m illu/rations4 ,z he comes to a great gate he is fright5$ by a dragon4 ,escap+ f ?is1 he meets five nymphs 7! five s5ses71 & is br\ght to ! c\rt ( ,que5 ,eleut]ylida 7,free ,w74 ,!n foll[s a description ( ! ornam5ts ( h] palace & ( f\r magnific5t processions1 ! triumphs ( ,europa1 ,l$a1 & ,dana3e1 & ! fe/ival ( ,bac*us4 ,aft] ?is we h a triumph ( ,v]tumnus & ,pomona1 & a picture ( nymphs & m5 sacrific+ be=e a t]m9al figure ( ,priapus4 ,mean:ile ,polifilo has met ! fair ,polia1 & toge!r !y witness "s ( ! c]emonies 9 ! ,temple ( ,v5us1 & view its ornam5ts & ^? ( ! g>d5s r\nd x4 ,! fir/ book1 :i* is illu/rat$ ) "o hundr$ & fifty-"o cuts1 n[ comes to an end4 ,book ,,ii describes h[ ! beautiful ,polia1 aft] an attack ( ! plague1 _h tak5 refuge 9 a temple ( ,diana2 h[1 :ile !re1 %e dreamt a t]rify+ dream ( ! ang] ( ,cupid1 s t %e 0 mov$ to let h] lov] embrace h]1 & 0 driv5 f ,diana's temple ) ?ick /icks2 la/ly1 ( h[ ,v5us took ! lov]s "u h] protection1 & at ! pray] ( ,polifilo caus$ ,cupid to pi]ce an image ( ,polia ) 8 d>t1 !reby fix+ h] affections z firmly on ,polifilo z he c\ld wi%--if only x 7 n all a dream6 ,?is second book is illu/rat$ ) only sev5te5 woodcuts1 b z ^! are n int]rupt$ by any we>isome ar*itectural designs1 _! cumulative effect is f> m impressive ?an ^? ( ! fir/1 ?\gh _m ( ! pictures 9 ?is--notably ^? ( ,polifilo 9 ! wood & by ! riv]1 8 pres5tation to ,eleut]ylida1 ! sc5es ( 8 fir/ meet+ ) ,polia1 & "s ( ! incid5ts ( ! triumphs--are q equal to !m4 ,un=tunately1 ! be/ pictures 9 bo? books are ne>ly squ>e1 s t x is impossible to reproduce !m 9 an octavo except greatly r$uc$4 ,! woodcuts ( ! ,polifilo h be5 ascrib$ to ne>ly a doz5 arti/s1 b 9 e case on ! v sl5d]e/ gr\nds4 ,"s ( ! cuts1 l "s ( ^? 9 ! ,mall]mi ,bible1 are m>k$ ) a little b2 b ?is1 z has be5 said1 is almo/ c]ta9ly indicative ( ! engrav]'s work%op f :i* !y proce$$1 r ?an ( ! arti/ :o drew ! designs4 ,! edition ( #adii is a h&some folio2 ! text is pr9t$ 9 f9e ,roman type1 ) ?ree or f\r diff]5t v>ieties ( beautiful initial lett]s4 ,! title & head+s are pr9t$ 9 ! delicate majuscules :i* belong to ! type1 & h a v graceful appe>ance4 ,a second edition ( ! ,polifilo 0 publi%$ 9 #aede1 )1 = ! mo/ "p1 ! same cuts4 ,?is 0 foll[$ 9 ! next ye> by a ,fr5* translation by ,jean ,m>t91 pr9t$ at ,p>is by ,jacques ,k]v]1 & republi%$ ?ree times dur+ ! c5tury4 ,= ! ,fr5* editions ! cuts 7 freely imitat$1 ! r %ort1 plump ,italian wom5 reappe>+ z ladies ( ev5 excessive height4 ,9 ,engl& 9 #aeib ,simon ,wat]son pr9t$ an abridg$ translation ) ! pretty title1 ,hypn]otoma*ia1 or ! ,/rife ( ,love 9 a ,dreame1 ) a few cuts copi$ f ! ,italian orig9als4 ,! book1 n[ extremely r>e1 0 app>5tly n well receiv$1 = ,wat]son1 ab&on+ all hope ( a second edition1 spe$ily p>t$ ) 8 wood-blocks4 ,f\r ( ! cuts are f\nd amid ! mo/ incongru\s surr\nd+s 9 ! ,/range & wond]ful tid+s happ5$ to ,ri*>d ,hasleton1 borne at ,bra9tree 9 ,essex1 9 8 t5 ye>es trauailes 9 _m =ra9e c\ntries1 ?\gh ?is egregi\s "w 0 pr9t$ by ,a4 ,i4 = ,william ,b>ley 9 #aeie1 only ?ree ye>s aft] ! ,/rife ( ,love 9 a ,dreame4 ,z we h not$1 ,aldus pr9t$ ! ,hypn]otoma*ia on commission1 & save = two discr$itably bad cuts 9 8 ,musaeus & a r f9e portrait ( ,s4 ,ca!r9e ( ,si5a 9 8 edition ( h] ,lett]s pr9t$ 9 #aejj1 he tr\bl$ himself ) no o!r illu/rations4 ,9 8 l>g] works he reviv$ ! memory ( ! /ately folios ( ,j5son1 & 9 8 popul> editions s\ght no o!r adornm5t ?an ! beauty ( 8 italic type4 ,if pictures 7 ne$$ to make a book m acceptable to a ri* patron1 he did n disda9 to h rec\rse to ! illum9ator4 ,"s ( 8 ,greek books h mo/ beautiful initial lett]s1 & 9 ! ,ari/otle ( #adig he employs good head-pieces1 ?\gh ^! fall f> %ort ( ! l>ge ori5tal design1 pr9t$ 9 r$1 plac$ by 8 fri5dly rival1 ,za*>ias ,kali]gos1 at ! top ( ! fir/ page ( ! ,comm5t>y ( ,simplicius on ,ari/otle ( #adii4 ,illu/ration ,! influ5ce ( ,aldus c]ta9ly help$ to wid5 ! gulf :i* already exi/$ betwe5 ! f9ely pr9t$ works int5d$ = s*ol>s & weal?y book-lov]s & ! *eap] & m popul> ones 9 :i* woodcuts =m$ an addition v attractive to ! humbl] book-buy]s4 ,p]haps ?is 9 "p acc\nts = ! great det]ioration 9 ,italian illu/rat$ books aft] ! close ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,! delicate vignettes & outl9e cuts only appe> 9 repr9ts1 & 9 new works _! place is tak5 by heavily %ad$ engrav+s1 mo/ly ( v little *>m4 ,! num]\s liturgical works publi%$ by ,lucantonio ,giunta & 8 successors p]haps %[ ?is "w at its be/4 ,!y are mo/ly pr9t$ 9 ,go?ic type ) an abundant use ( r$ ink1 & ! heav9ess ( ! illu/rations is ?us all ! bett] c>ri$ (f4 ,b z ! c5tury advanc$ ,v5etian pr9t+ det]iorat$ m & m rapidly3 p>tly f excessive competition2 p>tly1 z ,mr4 ,br[n has %[n 9 8 ,! ,v5etian ,pr9t+ ,press1 f too mu* int]f]5ce on ! "p ( ! ,gov]nm5t2 p>tly1 we mu/ suppose1 simply f ! decl9e ( good ta/e1 ?\gh x is noticeable t betwe5 #aedj & #aefj1 :5 ! insides ( books _h become m]ely dull1 is a brilliant p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( ,v5etian b9d+4 ,:atev] ! cause1 )9 a few ye>s aft] ! close ( ! fifte5? c5tury ! glories ( ,v5etian pr9t+ _h disappe>$4 ,illu/ration3 ,f ! ,epi/ole ( ,pulci1 ,flor5ce1 c4 #adie4 99 99 99 99 99 #i ,! title ( ! book1 pr9t$ 9 r$1 b5ea? ! fir/ woodcut1 reads3 ',m$itationes ,rev]edissimi patris dni ,johannis de turre cremata sacrosce ,romane eccl'ie c>d9alis posite depicte de ipsius madato i eccl'ie ambitu ,m>ie de ,m9]va1 ,rome4' #aj ,maps h>dly come "u ! head ( illu/rations1 b we may note ! appe>ance 9 #adgh ( ! edition ( ,ptolemy's ,cosmographia1 by ,arnold ,buck9ck1 ) maps engrav$ by ,conrad ,sweynheim1 ! p>tn] ( ,pann>tz4 #aa ,9 ! int]v5+ ye> ,giunta _h publi%$ ! ,santa ,ca?>9a1 pr9t$ by ,matteo ,code*a1 "s copies ( :i* h ! false date ,,mcccclxxxiii4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,italy--,,ii ,,flor5ce ,,& ,,milan--,,italian ,,pr9t]s' ,,m>ks ,we mu/ n[ return f ,v5ice to ,flor5ce1 :]e1 aft] ! exp]im5ts ) engrav+s on copp] 9 #adgg & #adha1 no illu/rat$ books _h be5 publi%$ until on ,m>* #bg1 #adij1 ,francesco di ,d9o 7:om we h already se5 at "w at ,naples t5 ye>s e>li]7 br\ght out an edition ( ! ,spec*io di ,croce ( ,dom5ico ,cavalca1 ) a frontispiece repres5t+ ! ,crucifixion4 ,9 ,septemb] ( ! same ye> an edition ( ! ,laudi ( ,jacopone da ,todi 7! ,franciscan au?or ( ! ,/abat ,mat]71 0 pr9t$ by ,francesco ,buonaccorsi1 :i* conta9s on ! v]so ( its eigh? leaf a mo/ beautiful outl9e woodcut1#ab ,/4 ,jacopone kneel+ by a little lect]n1 8 book on ! gr\nd1 :ile above him is a vision ( ! ,madonna en%r9$ 9 a 'm&orla1' support$ bel[ by ?ree *]ubs & above by f\r matur] angels4 ,9 #adia we make ! acqua9tance ( ,lor5zo di ,morgiani & ,giovanni ,t$esco da ,maganza1 or ,johann ,petri ( ,ma9z1 f ^: press "s ( ! mo/ important ( ! ,flor5t9e illu/rat$ books 7 issu$4 ,! fir/ result ( _! activity 0 a new edition ( ,bett9i's ,monte ,santo di ,dio1 9 :i* ! ?ree copp]plates ( ! edition ( #adgg 7 freely imitat$ ^u wood4 ,9 ! same ye> !y pr9t$ a little treatise on ,ari?metic1 writt5 by ,philippo ,cal&ro & d$icat$ to ,giuliano dei ,m$ici4 ,?is is ! mo/ delightful ( all ari?metic books4 ,x has a title-cut ( ',pictagoras ,ari?metice ,introductor1' & ! e>li] pages ( ! book are surr\nd$ by a *>act]i/ic ,r5aissance bord]4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! "w !re is a s]ies ( illu/rat$ problems1 only a little m absurd ?an ^? :i* /ill occur 9 *ildr5's s*ool-books4 ,"o ( ^!1 h[ev]1 is s good t we mu/ p]mit ourselves a little digression to quote x 9 a free translation3-- ,a squirrel fly+ f a cat climb$ to ! top ( a tree #bf-c_/d arm's-l5g?s 7braccia7 9 height4 ,! cat1 want+ to seize ! squirrel1 began to climb ! tree1 & ea* day leap$ up half an arm's l5g?1 & ea* night desc5d$ a ?ird ( "o4 ,! squirrel1 on its "p1 believ+ t ! cat _h gone away1 want$ to get d[n f ! tree1 & ea* day desc5d$ a qu>t] ( an arm's l5g?1 & ea* night w5t back "o-fif? ( "o3 ,i want to "k 9 h[ _m days ! cat w rea* ! said squirrel8 ,! answ] is #aba days2 b ! picture mu/ h be5 tak5 on ! fir/ or second1 = ! cat is /ill v plump1 & s l>ge 9 proportion to ! tree t if he _h b /ood on 8 h9d legs he ought to h rea*$ ! top6 ,o!rs ( ! pictures are )\t ?is *>m+ t\* ( absurdity1 p]haps ! mo/ p]fect be+ a little cut ( a travell] on horseback1 z to ! exp5ses ( ^: j\rney ! tea*] 0 anxi\s = "s in=mation f 8 "y fri5ds4 ,^! little cuts are all ab\t an in* squ>e1 & drawn 9 outl9e4 ,ano!r edition ( ! ,ari?metic1 9 ,roman type in/ead ( black lett]1 b o!rwise v simil>1 0 issu$ 9 #aeah by ,b]n>do ,zuc*etta4 ,) ! ye> #adib we come to ! fir/ dat$ editions ( ! illu/rat$ ,savon>ola tracts1 :i* play no inconsid]able "p 9 ! hi/ory ( book illu/ration 9 ,italy4 ,_! exi/5ce is 9 itself ! be/ refutation ( ! popul> belief t ! re=m]'s influ5ce 0 :olly ho/ile to ! int]e/s ( art1 ?\gh ! numb] ( arti/s :o reckon$ !mselves1 =mally or in=mally1 among 8 foll[]s %\ld h suffic$ to prev5t ! belief gr[+ up4 ,^! tracts1 save = ! cuts ) :i* !y are adorn$1 are insignificant 9 appe>ance1 be+ = ! mo/ "p badly pr9t$1 & ) few & poor initial lett]s4 ,! woodcuts1 seldom m ?an two 9 a tract1 are1 h[ev]1 *>m+1 & h won = !m mu* att5tion4 ,illu/ration3 ,f an undat$ ,savon>ola tract1 ,flor5ce1 c4 #adie4 ,! fir/ publi%] ( ^! tracts seems to h be5 ,antonio ,mis*om9i1 :o on ,june #bf1 #adib1 issu$ a ,trac tato dello ,amore ,di ,iesu ,*ri/o ,compo/o da frate ,hi]onymo da ,f]r>a del l'ord9e de frati pr$ica tori pri ore di ,san ,m>*o di ,f ,i ,r ,e ,n ,z ,e ) ! title arrang$ cross-wise1 z "h %[n4 ,on ! back ( ! title is a picture ( ! ,crucifixion1 ) ! ,bless$ ,virg9 & ,s4 ,john /&+ by ! ,cross4 ,?is 0 foll[$ on ,june #cj? by ! ,tractato della humilta1 ) a l>ge title-cut repres5t+ ! dead ,*ri/ be=e ,8 ,cross1 an angel support+ ea* arm4 ,nei!r ( ^! cuts %[s typical ,flor5t9e "w1 = ! blank spaces h all to be cle>$ away by ! engrav]1 & !re is an abundance ( %ad+4 ,! fir/ design 0 cle>ly spoilt 9 ! cutt+1 ! second is ( great beauty4 ,! typical ,flor5t9e "w1 9 :i* :ite l9es are cut out f a black gr\nd1 z well z black l9es f a :ite1 appe>s 9 ! ,tractato ou]o ,s]mone della oratione1 f9i%$ by ,mis*om9i on ,octob] #bj?4 ,"h ! title-cut %[s ! sc5e at ,ge?semane3 ! ?ree disciples asleep 9 ! =egr\nd1 ,*ri/ 9 pray]1 & ! h&s ( an angel hold+ a cup appe>+ 9 a corn] above4 ,! picture1 z always 9 di/9ctively ,flor5t9e "w1 is surr\nd$ by a little bord] or frame1 9 :i* a small :ite patt]n is pick$ out f a black gr\nd4 ,! o!r illu/rat$ ,savon>ola tracts be>+ an e>ly date1 ) :i* ,i am acqua9t$1 are ! ,de ,simplicitate ,*ri/ianae ,vitae1 pr9t$ 'imp5sis ,s] ,petri ,pac9i1' ,augu/ #bh?1 #adif1 & ! ,pr$ica dell arte del b5e ,morire1 prea*$ on ,nov4 #b ( t ye>1 tak5 d[n at ! "t by ,s] ,lor5zo ,violi1 & d\btless publi%$ imm$iately aft]w>ds4 ,! ,de ,simplicitate has on its fir/ page a picture ( a ,dom9ican fri> writ+ 9 8 cell1 a s&-glass at 8 side1 a crucifix 9 front ( 8 desk1 & books & 8 g[n scatt]$ on a table4 ,! illu/rations to ! ,arte del b5e ,morire comprise a hide\s outl9e cut ( ,dea?1 scy! on %\ld]1 fly+ ov] gr\nd /rewn ) corpses 7?is is enclos$ 9 a l>ge black bord] us$ by ,mis*om9i 9 #adib71 & cuts ( ,dea? %[+ a "y man ,heav5 & ,hell1#ac ( a sick man ) 8 good & bad angels wat*+ him & ,dea? /&+ )\t ! door1 & ( a dy+ man att5d$ by a fri>1 ,dea? sitt+ n[ at 8 b$'s foot1 & ! angels wat*+ z be=e4 ,turn+ n[ to ! undat$ tracts1 we f9d t ! ,expositione del ,pat] ,no/] conta9s 7#a7 a v beautiful v>iant ( ! repres5tation ( ! sc5e on ,ge?semane1 ! angel appe>+ on ! left in/ead ( ! "r1#ad 7#b7 a cut ( ,s4 ,james writ+ at a table1 7#c7 a small cut ( ,david 9 pray]1 & "s /ill small] pictures ( prophets & ( ! ,crucifixion4 ,at ! end ( ! book is an ,epi/ola a una devota donna ,bolognose1 :i* is head$ & end$ by a cut ( a ,dom9ican prea*+ 9 ! op5 air to a congregation ( nuns4 ,an undat$ edition ( ! ,tractato della ,humilta has ,images ( ,pity at ! beg9n+ & end1 ! =m] surr\nd$ by a black bord]4 ,yet ano!r edition has an outl9e cut ( ,*ri/ hold+ ,8 ,cross1 :ile blood /reams f ,8 h& into a *alice4 ,an edition ( ! ,tractato dello ,amore di ,iesu has two outl9e cuts1 "o l>ge1 "o small1 %[+ ! ,bless$ ,virg9 & ,s4 ,john /&+ by ! ,cross4 ,a tract on self-exam9ation1 address$ to ! ,abbess ( ! ,conv5t ( ! ,murate at ,flor5ce1 %[s an ag$ fri> be+ welcom$ at ! conv5t4 ,o!r tracts h pictures ( a prie/ elevat+ ! ,ho/1 a man pray+ be=e an alt>1 a man & woman pray+1 c4 ,"o ( ! r>e/ is ! sup]b cut to ! ,dyalogo della ,v]ita prophetica1 9 :i* a fri> is prea*+ to sev5 que/ion]s arrang$ 9 a half-circle "u a tree1 a view ( ,flor5ce occupy+ ! backgr\nd4 ,cuts 9 o!r books %[ ,savon>ola meet+ a devil & an a/rolog]1 & repres5t him prea*+ to an int5t congregation4 ,) ^! tracts we mu/ jo9 ! def5ce ( ,savon>ola by 8 foll[] ,dom5ico ,b5ivi5i1 :o appe>s 9 ! title-cut 9 e>ne/ disputation ) a gr\p ( ,flor5t9es1 :ile lat] on 9 ! book !re is a full-page illu/ration ( ! re=m]'s vision ( ! reg5]ation ( ! _w & ! ,*ur*1 9 :i* ! /ream ( ,*ri/'s blood z ,he hangs on ! ,cross is be+ lit]ally us$ = ! wa%+ away ( s9s4 ,?is book 0 publi%$ by ,francesco ,buonaccorsi 9 #adif4 ,illu/ration3 ,f ,savon>ola's ,op]etta sopra i dieci comm&am5ti di ,dio1 #adie4 ,flor5t9e book-illu/ration rea*$ its highe/ 9 an edition ( ! ,epi/ole e ,evangelii1#ae or liturgical ,gospels & ,epi/les1 pr9t$ 9 #adie by ,lor5zo ,morgiani & ,johann ,petri at ! in/ance ( ! ,s] ,pi]o ,pac9i da ,pescia1 :o = ! next f\rte5 or fifte5 ye>s seems to h be5 an active promot] ( illu/rat$ books4 ,only two copies ( ! edition ( ! ,epi/ole e ,evangelii are kn[n to exi/1 b ! own] ( "o ( !m1 ,mr4 ,c4 ,w4 ,dyson ,p]r9s1 has reproduc$ all ! woodcuts 9 x 9 v f9ely execut$ facsimile1 toge!r ) a repr9t ( ! text1 = pres5tation to ! ,roxburghe ,club1 s t ! illu/rator's "w c n[ be /udi$ ) comp>ative ease4 ,! title-page %[s ,s4 ,pet] & ,s4 ,paul /&+ 9 a circle enclos$ 9 an arabesque bord] ( :ite floral ornam5ts & dolph9s on a black gr\nd4 ,at ! corn]s ( ! bord] are figures ( ! f\r ,evangeli/s4 ,9 ! text !re are twelve doz5 l>ge woodcuts & two doz5 half-l5g? figures ( prophets1 evangeli/s1 & epi/le-writ]s4 ,( ! l>g] cuts elev5 repres5t ,s4 ,paul writ+ & "o ,s4 ,pet]1 mo/ ( ! re/ sc5es f ! life ( ,*ri/1 sev]al ( ^? repres5t+ ! ,passion hav+ previ\sly appe>$ 9 an undat$ edition ( ! ,m$itatione attribut$ to ,s4 ,bonav5tura f ! press ( ,mis*om9i4 ,! cuts =m a treasure-h\se ( ,flor5t9e art1 & 7 frequ5tly drawn ^u by ! pr9t]s ( ! lat] ,rappres5tationi1 at :i* we %all soon h to look4 ,illu/ration3 ,f ! ,giuo*o delli ,scac*i1 ,flor5ce1 #adic4 ,we mu/ return n[ to ,antonio ,mis*om9i1 :o publi%$ _m o!r illu/rat$ books besides ! ,savon>ola tracts4 ,9 #adib he pr9t$ an edition ( ,cri/(oro ,l&9o's ,=mul>e di lett]e e di orationi uolg>i1 ) a l>ge title-cut ( a v "y tea*] address+ a class1 & at ! end ( ! book 8 m>k 7a cross-surm\nt$ ,m )9 two squ>es & a circle71 surr\nd$ by ! arabesque bord] :i* we h already notic$ 9 ! ,arte del b5e ,morire ( #adif4 ,! next ye> 7i4e4 #adic7 he pr9t$ ! ,libro di ,giuo*o delli ,scac*i ( ,jacobus de ,cessolis1 ) a l>ge title-cut 7repeat$ at ! end ( ! book7 repres5t+ c\rti]s play+ 9 ! pres5ce ( a k+1 & ?irte5 small] cuts p]sonify+ ! v>i\s pieces4 ,^! comprise a k+ & que51 a judge1 a knight1 a 'rook1' or vic> ( ! k+ to visit 9 8 /ead all p>ts ( ! realm1 & ! eight 'popol>i' or pawns1 a lab\r]1 smi?1 wool-m]*ant1 money-*ang]1 physician1 tav]n-keep] 7"h %[n71 city-gu>d1 & a runn] to be at ! rook's s]vice4 ,*ess-play]s may be int]e/$ to "k t ! pawns actually 9 use 9 #adic1 z %[n on ! bo>d 9 ! title-cut1 _h already lo/ ?is excessive individuality1 & resemble ^? ( our own day4 ,illu/ration3 ,f ! ,fior di ,virtu'1 ,flor5ce1 #adih4 ,9 #adid ,mis*om9i pr9t$ ! comm5t>y on ! ,t5 ,comm&m5ts by ,frate ,m>co dal ,monte ,sancta ,m>ia1 :i* has a title-cut ( ! fri> prea*+1 & ?ree full-page allegorical illu/rations freely copi$ f ^? 9 an edition pr9t$ at ,v5ice4 ,! fir/ ( ^! repres5ts 'la figura della vita et]na' by a picture ( ! glories ( heav51#af & ! e>?ly devotions by :i* !y are to be atta9$2 ! second1 :i* is 9 ?ree divisions1 ! trav]s+ ( ! ,des]t ( ,s92 & ! ?ird1 ,m\nt ,s9ai1 up :i* ,moses is se5 climb+4 ,9 ! same ye>1 #adid1 ,mis*om9i also publi%$ a cate*ism kn[n z ! ,lucid>io1 to :i* he prefix$ a title-cut %[+ ,damocles at 8 fea/1 ! sword hang+ ov] 8 head1 & 9 ano!r comp>tm5t "s little rabbits runn+ happily 9 a wood4 ,damocles & ! rabbits h no?+ :atev] to d ) ! ,cate*ism1 & ! occurr5ce ( ! cut proves t be=e ?is date ,mis*om9i mu/ h pr9t$ an edition ( ! ,fior di ,virtu'1 to :i* x rightfully belongs4 ,we h already look$ at ! ,v5etian editions ( ?is book1 & %all n be surpris$ to f9d t ! ,flor5t9e pr9t]s _h ! good s5se to copy _! *>m+ title-cut1 ?\gh !y did n improve x by _! addition ( an incongru\s bord] ( pila/]s1 a v]nicle1 & an ,image ( ,pity4 ,! fir/ ,flor5t9e edition ( ?is book1 ) :i* ,i am acqua9t$1 has a fitfully rhym+ colophon1 adapt$ f t ( ! ,v5etian edition ( #adic1 %[+ t x 0 pr9t$ at ,flor5ce 9 #adih1 & ought1 at any rate1 to be read on fea/-days4 ,to entice read]s to p]sev]e 9 ?is task1 !re are ?irty-five illu/rations1 "s ( :i*1 l ! "o 9 ! ,lucid>io1 are divid$ into two p>ts1 s z to secure a contra/ or comp>ison betwe5 an animal & a man--z1 = example1 betwe5 a humble %eep & a pr\d g5]al rid+ 9 triumph1 or1 z %[n 9 our illu/ration1 betwe5 ! con/ancy ( ! phoenix1 :o p]mits h]self to be burnt to a%es r ?an quit h] ne/1 & t ( an ,emp]or ,con/ant9e :o 7by a gross plagi>ism ^u ,solon7 quitt$ 8 c\ntry = ev]1 aft] mak+ 8 c\nsellors swe> to obs]ve 8 laws unalt]$ until 8 return4 ,! book 0 pr9t$ yet a ?ird "t1 probably ab\t #aeae1 by ,gian ,/ephano da ,pavia1 at ! reque/ ( ,b]n>do ,pac9i4 ,! pr9t] ( ! #adih edition is n kn[n2 x _c h be5 ,mis*om9i1 :o seems to h br\ght 8 brilliant c>e] to a close ab\t #adie4 ,! =ego+ notice ( 8 illu/rat$ books is by no means exhau/ive4 ,pass+ m5tion has be5 made 9 ! *apt] on ,v5ice ( "o o!r important "o1 ! undat$ ,m$itatione1 attribut$ to ,s4 ,bonav5tura1 ) cuts ( peculi> int]e/1 f ! opportunity !y af=d ( comp>+ ! diff]5t /yles 9 vogue 9 ! two cities4 ,?ree o!r ,flor5t9e books issu$ dur+ ! fifte5? c5tury rema9 to be m5tion$1 none ( :i* ,i h se54 ,! fir/ ( ^!1 an undat$ edition ( ,dom5ico ,capranica's ,arte di b5e ,morire 7n to be conf\nd$ ) ,savon>ola's71 publi%$ by ,morgiani & ,johann ,petri ab\t #adie1 conta9s twelve l>ge cuts & tw5ty-two small ones4 ,! l>g] cuts are int]e/+1 because t5 ( !m are bas$ on ^? f\nd 9 ! old block books ( ! ,ars ,mori5di1 ! o!r two com+ f ,savon>ola's book ( ! same "n4 ,! small] ones seem br\ght toge!r r at haphaz>d4 ,! o!r two books1 an ,,aesop1 pr9t$ 9 #adie by ,francesco ,buonaccorsi = ,pi]o ,pac9i1 & ! ,morgante ,maggiore 7a long poem on ! adv5tures ( ,orl&o7 ( ,ludovico ,pulci1 pr9t$ 9 #aejj1 bo? exi/ only 9 s+le copies 9 =eign libr>ies1 b a good _m illu/rations f bo? h be5 reproduc$ by ,dr4 ,kri/ell]4 ,illu/ration ,( illu/rat$ books pr9t$ at ,flor5ce aft] #aejj1 ! mo/ important is an edition ( ! ,quatriregio del decorso della vita humana ( ,f$]ico ,frezzi1 pr9t$1 ?is also1 'ad petitione di ,s] ,pi]o ,pac9i di ,pescia1' z late z #aejh1 ?\gh !re is gr\nd = believ+ t ?is may really be a repr9t f a fifte5? c5tury edition n[ no long] extant4 ,l ! au?or ( ! ,hypn]otoma*ia1 ,frezzi 0 a ,dom9ican1 & 0 consecrat$ ,bi%op ( ,foligno1 8 native place1 9 #adjc4 ,he att5d$ ! ,c\ncil ( ,con/ance1 & di$ !re 9 #adaf4 ,he 0 a man ( great le>n+ & a book-collector1 b r a dull poet4 ,8 ,quatriregio is an imitation ( ,dante's ,div9a ,comm$ia1 & is divid$ into f\r books treat+ successively ( ! k+doms '( ! god ,cupid1' '( ,satan1' '( ! ,vices1' & '( ! goddess ,m9]va & ( ,virtue4' ,x 0 fir/ pr9t$ 9 #adha1 & w5t ?r\gh ?ree o!r editions be=e x 0 hon\r$ ) illu/rations4 ,! importance ( ?is illu/rat$ edition has p]haps be5 ov]rat$4 ,tak5 individually1 ! be/ ( ! cuts are n sup]ior to ^? 9 e>li] ,flor5t9e books ( less pret5sions1 :ile ! cumulative effect ( ! s]ies ( "o hundr$ & tw5ty-six 7sev]al ( :i*1 x %\ld be said1 are duplicates7 is s]i\sly dim9i%$1 p>tly by ! monoton\s recurr5ce ( ! same figure 9 e cut1 p>tly by ! co>s5ess & angul>ity ) :i* mo/ ( ! blocks h be5 engrav$4 ,x mu/ be m5tion$ t ! cut on ! fir/ page ( ! poem is sign$ ) ! initials ,l4 ,v41 :i* 7 at "o "t int]pret$ z /&+ = ,luca ,egidio di ,v5turi1 i4e4 ,luca ,signorelli1 ^: recognis$ signature1 h[ev]1 0 ,l4 ,c4 7,luca di ,cortona74 ,two o!r great s]ies ( ,flor5t9e illu/rat$ books /ill rema9 to be consid]$4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is ! ,rappres5tazioni1 sacr$ & secul>1 :i* enjoy$ a life ext5d+ ov] two c5turies1 & mu/ be reckon$ z ! mo/ arti/ic ( *apbooks4 ,9 #aheb ,m4 ,colomb de ,bat9es publi%$ at ,flor5ce a bibliography ( ^! ',anti*e ,rappres5tazioni ,italiane1' to :i* ,i am indebt$ = ! foll[+ details conc]n+ _! *ief au?ors4 ,! plays are almo/ uni=mly writt5 9 ottava rima1 & poorly pr9t$ 9 d\ble columns4 ,a l>ge numb] ( !m1 at lea/ a score1 7 writt5 & pr9t$ dur+ ! fifte5? c5tury1 b ^! e>lie/ editions are1 z a rule1 n illu/rat$4 ,maffeo ,belc>i 7#adaj-adhd7 app>5tly 0 ! fir/ au?or :o obta9$ ! hon\rs ( pr9t4 ,8 play ( ,abraham appe>$ 9 #adhe1 aft] :i* x 0 repr9t$ "s tw5ty times1 ! late/ kn[n edition belong+ to ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,belc>i also wrote on ! ,annunciation1 on ,s4 ,john ! ,bapti/ visit$ by ,*ri/ 9 ! ,des]t1 & on ,s4 ,panuntius4 ,lor5zo de' ,m$ici himself wrote a play ( ,s4 ,john & ,s4 ,paul1 ,b]n>do ,pulci 7d4 #aeja7 produc$ "o on ! leg5d ( ,b>laam & ,josaphat1 :ile 8 wife ,antonia 0 q a prolific dramati/1 claim+ z h] own plays on ,s4 ,domitilla1 ,s4 ,guglielma1 ! ,patri>* ,joseph1 ,s4 ,francis1 & ! ,prodigal ,son4 ,dur+ ! fifte5? c5tury anonym\s plays 7 writt5 on ! ,nativity1 on ! life ( ,que5 ,he/]1 on ! ,angel ,raphael1 on ! conv]sion ( ?ree robb]s by ,s4 ,francis1 & on ,s4 ,eu/a*io1 ,s4 ,antony1 & ,s4 ,antonia4 ,plays on ! ,la/ ,judgm5t1 on ,s4 ,aga?a1 ,s4 ,agnes1 ,s4 ,ca?>9e1 ,s4 ,cecilia1 ,s4 ,*ri/9a1 c41 also appe>$ at an e>ly date4 ,an angel1 z a rule1 acts z ,prologue1 & ! action ( ! drama is divid$ betwe5 num]\s *>act]s4 ,mo/ ( ! plays 71 d\btless1 int5d$ to be act$ on ! fea/-day ( ! ,sa9t ^: life !y celebrate1 & 9 a *ur* be>+ ! ,sa9t's "n1 b ! multiplicity ( ! editions %[ t !y also won ! fav\r ( a read+ public4 ,a few undat$ editions ( ^! little books1 f ! types us$ 9 _! press "w1 may be assign$ to ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,! fir/ pr9t] :o is kn[n to h made a specialty ( ! ,rappres5tazioni is ,francesco ,b5v5uto1 :o began pr9t+ !m 9 #aeaf1 & enjoy$ a c>e] ( ?irty ye>s4 ,m4 ,colomb de ,bat9es m5tions sev]al ( 8 editions1 b !y are v sc>ce1 & ,i h only myself se5 a ,raphael ( #aeaf ) a title-cut ( ,tobit & ! ,angel enclos$ 9 a bord]1 p>tly ! same z t ( ! ,fior di ,virtu' ( #adih1 a ,b>laam & ,josafat1 also ( #aeaf1 ) six illu/rations 7includ+ our fri5d ,damocles & ! ,rabbit1 ^: fate seems to h be5 to be lugg$ 9 inappropriately71 & a ,miracolo di ,tre ,p]egr9i *e &auano a sancto ,iacopo di ,galitia1 ) a solit>y cut ( ! ,sa9t rescu+ "o ( ! pilgrims :o is be+ unju/ly hang$4 ,! great majority ( ! extant ,rappres5tazioni 7 pr9t$ betwe5 #aeej & #aehj1 mo/ly anonym\sly1 ?\gh ,giovanni ,bal5i & a pr9t] ',alle ,scale di ,badia' 7 responsible = a great _m ( !m4 ,( c\rse1 9 _m cases ! cuts 7 sadly ! worse = we>1 b !y held on wond]fully1 & ev5 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury editions a tol]able impression is sometimes met )4 ,_m ( !m1 also1 7 recut1 sometimes skilfully1 s t x is n uncommon to f9d a bett] example 9 a lat] edition ?an 9 an e>li]4 ,! illu/rations "h %[n are f an undat$ edition ( ,lor5zo de' ,m$ici's ,rappres5tatione di ,san ,giovanni e ,paulo1 ! c>eful pr9t+ ( :i* is an argum5t = its belong+ to ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 & a picture ( ! m>tyrdom ( ,s4 ,doro!a f an edition ( h] ,rappres5tatione pr9t$ 9 #aeee4 ,illu/ration3 ,m>tyrdom ( ,s4 ,doro!a4 ,) ^! religi\s ,rappres5tazioni ,m4 ,colomb de ,bat9es jo9s a few secul> poems1 ^: title to be consid]$ dramatic is n v cle>4 ,( ^? :i* he m5tions1 ! e>lie/ is ! ,favola d' ,orfeo1 by ,angelo ,politiano1 :i* =ms "p ( ,la ,gio/ra di ,giuliano di ,m$ici1 pr9t$ )\t "n or date1 probably ab\t #adie1 ) t5 excell5t cuts1 t ( ,ari/eo pursu+ ! fly+ ,eurydice be+1 p]haps1 ! be/4 ,la ,gio/ra di ,lor5zo di ,m$ici1 celebrat$ by ,luigi ,pulci1 has only a s+le cut1 b t a f9e "o--a meet+ ( knights 9 an amphi!atre4 ,among o!r secul> *apbooks :i* enjoy$ a long popul>ity 0 a s]ies ( 'contra/i1'#ag ! contra/ ( ,c>nival & ,l5t1 ( ,m5 & ,wom51 ( ! ,liv+ & ! ,dead1 ( ! ,blonde & ! ,brunette1 & ( ,ri*es & ,pov]ty4 ,i give "h ! fir/ ( ! two cuts ( ! ,contra/o di ,c>nesciale e la ,qu>esima1 undat$1 b probably e>ly4 ,) ^! little poems we mu/ jo9 ! metrical ,novelle & ,i/orie1 n[ *iefly kn[n ?r\gh ! discov]y 9 ! ,univ]sity ,libr>y at ,erlang5 ( a little collection ( tw5ty-"o tracts1 all undat$1 & )\t any indication ( _! pr9t]s1 b :i* may mo/ly be assign$ to ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,among !m are ! ,novella di ,gualti]i e ,griselda1 ! ,novella di due ,preti et un ,*]ico1 ! ,novella della ,figliuola del ,m]catante1 c4 ,illu/ration ,! *>m ( ^! little ,flor5t9e books is s great1 & ( late ye>s has won su* /eadily increas+ recognition1 t ,i d n ?9k an apology is ne$$ = ! l5g? at :i* !y h "h be5 treat$4 ,none ! less1 we mu/ rememb] t !y 7 ess5tially popul> books1 & t ! weal?y book lov]s ( ! "t probably reg>d$ !m v slightly4 ,mis*om9i himself did n turn 8 att5tion to !m till he _h be5 pr9t+ ne>ly a doz5 ye>s1 & ev5 aft] #adib 8 m exp5sive books1 ! great ,plot9us1 = in/ance1 issu$ 9 t ye>1 kept /rictly to ! traditions ( tw5ty ye>s e>li]1 & 7 :olly de/itute ( ornam5t1 ev5 ( pr9t$ initials4 ,! two classes ( books--^? on good pap] & 9 a l>ge h&some type1 & ^? on poor pap] ) small type c>elessly pr9t$1 b ) delightful woodcuts--7 issu$ side by side1 b ! beauties ( ! two 7 nev] comb9$1 & ! ,flor5t9e pr9t]s w\ld d\btless h be5 greatly surpris$ if !y _h be5 told t x 0 ! *apbooks :i* 7 to w9 ! day4 ,ev5 9 ! little italic editions issu$ by ! ,giuntas1 9 imitation ( ,aldus1 :i* appeal$ to an int]m$iate class ( pur*as]s1 woodcuts occur b r>ely1 & ! only in/ance ,i c call to m9d is a ,dante1 pr9t$ by ,philippo ,giunta 9 #aejf1 :i*1 besides "s plans ( ! ,inf]no1 c41 has a s+le cut illu/rat+ ! fir/ canto4 ,we h devot$ s mu* space to ,v5ice & ,flor5ce t ! illu/rat$ books ( o!r t[ns mu/ be notic$ ) r unfair brevity4 ,brescia may be tak5 z an example ( a t[n at :i* ! native arti/ did 8 be/4 ,we h already rem>k$ ! publication !re ( a ,dante 9 #adhg4 ,! same ye> witness$ ! appe>ance ( an ,,aesop1 rudely imitat$ f ! ,v]ona edition1 & 9 #adia ,bapti/a da ,f>f5go pr9t$ ano!r book 9 :i* we h be5 int]e/$1 a ,fior di ,virtu'1 ) a title-cut ( a /ud5t1 head on h&1 read+ at a desk4 ,on a l$ge on ! wall are two fl[]-pots1 ! fl[]s 9 :i* rea* up to a v decorative ceil+4 ,?is is q a nice example ( ,brescian art1 b ! productions ( ! t[n h n be5 specially /udi$1 & fur!r rese>* might %[ t !y des]ve m s]i\s praise4 ,at ,f]r>a arti/s ( ! s*ools ( ,v5ice & ,flor5ce appe> to h comb9$ 9 ! production ( "s v notable books4 ,two ( ^! 7 publi%$ by ,lor5zo di ,rossi 9 #adig4 ,! fir/ is an edition ( ! ,epi/les ( ,s4 ,j]ome1 ) num]\s vignettes & ?ree frontispieces1 ! ?ird ( :i*1 some:at 9 ! /yle ( ! ,v5etian ,boccaccio1 be>s ! date #adic1 divid$ betwe5 its two columns4 ,?is frontispiece appe>s also 9 ! o!r "w1 ! ,de pluribus cl>is selectisque muli]ibus ( ,philippus ,b]gom5sis1 ! illu/rations 9 ! text ( :i* %[ ,flor5t9e influ5ce 9 _! black backgr\nds4 ,?is book has a title-page pr9t$ 9 l>ge ,go?ic lett]s cut 9 wood1 simil> to t ( ! ,nuremb]g ,*ronicle4 ,no illu/rat$ books appe> to h be5 issu$ at ,milan dur+ ! eighties1 b 9 #adib ,philippo ,mantegazza pr9t$ ! ,!orica ,musice ( ,ga=i ) "s co>se cuts1 & ?is 0 foll[$ 9 #adid by ! ,triumfi ( ,petr>*1 pr9t$ by ,antonio ,z>oto ) ! usual six full-page illu/rations4 ,z befits ! reputation ( ,milan z a musical c5tre1 ! works ( ,ga=i 7 (t5 pr9t$ !re4 ,9 #adif ,guillaume ,le ,sign]re ( ,r\5 pr9t$ !re ! fir/ edition ( ! ,practica ,musice1 ) a curi\s title-page repres5t+ ! relations ( ! ,muses & ! heav5ly bodies1 & f9e ornam5tal bord]s to two pages ( text4 ,at ! base ( "o ( ^! are little sc5es ( *oir-boys practis+ & a music-mi/ress giv+ a lesson4 ,! /yle ( ! bord]s is di/9ctly ,v5etian4 ,9 ano!r "w ( ,ga=i's pr9t$ at ,milan1 ! ,de ,h>monia ,in/rum5torum ( #aeah 7repr9t$ two ye>s lat] at ,tur971 ! cuts exhibit ! heavy ,milanese %ad+1 "o ( !m repres5t+ a lesson on ! organ1 & ! o!r a p]=m] play+4 ,9 #adif ,le ,sign]re pr9t$ a devotional "w1 ! ,spec*io di ,anima ( ,besalii1 ) sev5ty-eight full-siz$ cuts to its eighty-eight pages4 ,mo/ ( ! cuts relate to ! passion ( ,*ri/1 & !y are describ$ by ,dr4 ,lippmann z 'vigor\sly execut$ 9 co>se ?ick outl9es1 ) sc>cely any %ad+4' ,"s ( ^! cuts reappe> ?ree ye>s lat] 9 ! same pr9t]'s ,tesauro ,spirituale1 ( :i* ! unique copy is 9 ! ,b]l9 ,pr9t-,room4 ,9 #adih ,le ,sign]re pr9t$ an ,,aesop1 ! cuts 9 :i* are surr\nd$ by small black bord]s reliev$ 9 :ite4 ,! illu/rations !mselves are poor4 ,at ! end ( ! book is ! pr9t]'s m>k1 a cr[n$ /ork 9 a %ield )9 a circle1 on ei!r side ( :i* /& a fox & a monkey4 ,9 ?is same ye> ,le ,sign]re transf]r$ 8 press to ,saluzzo1 :]e 9 #adii he issu$ ! ,tesauro ,spirituale1 & f\r ye>s lat] an edition ( ! ,de ,v]itate ,contricionis ( ,vivaldus1 ) a f9e frontispiece repres5t+ ,s4 ,j]ome 9 ! des]t4 ,! bord] %[s typical ,milanese ornam5t1 & recalls ! illum9ation to ! ,s=ziada1 m5tion$ 9 our fir/ *apt]4 ,9 #aejg a /ill f9] "w1 an edition ( ! ,opus ,regale1 also by ,vivaldus1 0 pr9t$ at ,saluzzo by ,jacobus de ,circis4 ,?is conta9s a f9e picture ( ,sa9t ,l\is ( ,france 9 pray]1 & also a l>ge portrait ( ! ,m>quis ( ,saluzzo1 ,l\is ,,ii41 ^: ta/e has won = ! t[n its little ni*e 9 ! hi/ory ( pr9t+4 ,illu/ration3 ,m>k ( ,bazal]ius de ,bazal]iis4 ,illu/ration3 ,m>k ( ,/ephanus ,guillireti4 ,illu/ration3 ,m>k ( ,francis de ,mazalis4 ,italian pr9t]s' devices are v decorative & int]e/+1 & may n[ be /udi$ 9 ,dr4 ,paul ,kri/ell]'s ',die itali5is*5 ,bu*druck]- und ,v]leg]zei*51' :i* gives ne>ly a complete collection ( ^? 9 use be=e #aebe1 to ! numb] ( betwe5 ?ree & f\r hundr$4 ,9 ! great majority ( devices ! gr\nd is black1 ) a simple design1 mo/ly includ+ a circle & a cross1 outl9$ 9 :ite4 ,! m>k ( ,bazal]ius de ,bazal]iis ( ,bologna & ,reggio1 tak5 f a copy ( ! ,epi/olae ( ,philelphus1 pr9t$ by him 9 #adhi1 %[s ?is class ( design 9 almo/ its simple/ =m4 ,9 t ( ,/ephanus ,guillireti1 :o pr9t$ at ,rome f #aejf to #aebd1 we h ! addition ( a %ield 7! arms on :i*1 unluckily1 h n be5 id5tifi$7 & floral sprays4 ,^! floral sprays become ! *ief feature 9 ! design ( ,franciscus de ,mazalis ( ,reggio1 :o pr9t$ f #adic to #aejd2 ?\gh ! initials1 circle1 & cross ( ! simpl] devices are all reta9$4 ,an ev5 m beautiful example ( ?is class ( m>k 0 us$ by ,egmont & ,b>revelt1 ! pr9t]s ( ! ,s>um ,missal1 :o add$ to its attractiv5ess by ! use ( r$ ink1 in/ead ( black4 ,r$ ink also adds imm5sely to ! effect ( ! well-kn[n m>k ( ,nikolaos ,bla/os1 :i* occurs 9 a copy ( ! ,comm5t>y ( ,simplicius ^u ,ari/otle1 pr9t$ by ,za*>ias ,kali]gos at ,v5ice 9 #adii4 ,! delicate trac]y ( ?is design is unsurpass$ by any "w ( ! "t4 ,! m>k ( ,nicolaus ,gorgonzola1 :o pr9t$ at ,milan f #aejd to #aecc1 9 its floral ornam5ts1 is v simil> 9 /yle to ^? ( ,mazalis & ,egmont1 b1 z 9 ! m>k ( ,bla/os1 ! cross & circle h disappe>$1 & ! "n is set out 9 full1 in/ead ( by its initials4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,m>k ( ,niccolo ,zopp9o4 ,purely ornam5tal designs1 ( ! /yles illu/rat$ 9 ^! five examples1 =m ! majority among ,italian devices1 b m pictorial ones 7 by no means unkn[n4 ,"o ( ! be/ ( ^! 0 t us$ by ',simon de ,gabiis dictus ,bevilaqua1' :o pr9t$ at ,v5ice f #adhe to ab\t #aeab4 ,ano!r good device is t ( ,s] ,pi]o di ,pac9i ( ,pescia1 ! publi%] ( s _m ( ! ,flor5t9e illu/rat$ books4 ,?is consi/s ( a cr[n$ dolph9 on a black gr\nd1 ) sometimes a small] device ( a bird1 plac$ on ea* side ( x4 ,illu/ration3 ,m>k ( ,hi]onymus ,francisci ,baldass>is4 ,z examples ( lat] /yles1 ?\gh n v beautiful 9 !mselves1 we add "h ! r clumsy woodcut ( ,s4 ,ni*olas adopt$ by ,niccolo' d',ari/otele da ,f]r>a1 call$ 'il ,zopp9o1' :o pr9t$ at ,v5ice f #aejh to ab\t #aecf1 & ! v florid device ( ,hi]onymus ,francisci ,baldass>is1 a pr9t] at ,p]ugia f ab\t #aebf to #aeej4 ,! arms !re %[n are ^? ( ! city ( ,p]ugia1 :ile ! ,f4 & ! cross above x reproduce ! m>k us$ by ! pr9t]'s fa!r1 ,francesco1 ! f\nd] ( ! firm4 ,! ,ald9e an*or & ! fleur-de-lys ( ,lucantonio ,giunta & 8 successors are too well kn[n to ne$ reproduction or comm5t1 ?\gh bo? /& r ap>t f ! ord9>y run ( ,italian m>ks4 ,illu/ration 99 99 99 99 99 #ab ,?is1 & ne>ly all ! ,flor5t9e illu/rations m5tion$ "h1 w be f\nd reproduc$ 9 ,dr4 ,paul ,kri/ell]'s ,e>ly ,flor5t9e ,woodcuts1 publi%$ 9 #ahig1 aft] ?is *apt] 0 writt54 #ac ,!re are two v>iants ( ?is cut1 ! small] introduc+ a little l&scape backgr\nd4 #ad ,!re is yet a ?ird v>iant1 :i* may be recognis$ by ! angel appe>+ on ! "r1 b %[+ 8 :ole body1 n ! h&s only1 z 9 ! #adib cut4 #ae ,a repr9t 0 issu$ 9 #aeae4 #af ,9 contra/ to ! prevail+ an?ropomorphism ( ! "t1 ! ,fir/ ,p]son ( ! ,tr9ity is repres5t$ by a 'loco tondo et vacuo1' a blank circle1 ) a halo ( angels r\nd x4 ,on ei!r side ( ?is circle /& ,*ri/ & ! ,bless$ ,virg94 #ag ,el ,contra/o di ,c>nesciale e la ,qu>esima2 ,el ,contra/o degli ,huom9i e delle ,donne2 ,el ,contra/o del ,vivo e del ,morto2 ,el ,contra/o della ,bianca e della ,brunetta2 ,la ,cont5zione della ,pov]ta contra la ,ri*ezza1 c4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,france--,,fifte5? ,,c5tury ,! e>lie/ productions ( ! ,fr5* press w n be> comp>ison ) ^? ( ei!r ! ,g]man or ! ,italian3 !y h nei!r ! massive dignity ( ! "o1 nor ! arti/ic grace ( ! o!r4 ,! wor?y pr(essors at ! ,sorbonne1 :o call$ to _! aid ! ,swiss or ,g]man pr9t]s1 ,crantz ,g]+ & ,friburg]1 be/[$1 z we h se5 9 our fir/ *apt]1 consid]able tr\ble on ! decoration by h& ( special copies = pres5tation to influ5tial fri5ds or patrons1 b 9 o!r respects1 _! books 7 :olly de/itute ( ornam5t4 ,:51 aft] little m ?an two ye>s1 !y gave up _! press1 ! ?ree pr9t]s />t$ aga9 on _! own acc\nt ) a r ugly go?ic type1 nor did ,g]+1 :o aft]w>ds work$ bo? by himself & 9 comb9ation ) o!r pr9t]s1 produce a really h&some book until ab\t #adhj4 ,! semi-go?ic types ( ano!r firm ( ,g]man pr9t]s 9 ,p>is1 ,pet] ,caes>is & ,/oll1 are mu* m attractive1 b ! av]age ,fr5* "w dur+ ! sev5ties is dull4 ,! fir/ attempt at decoration appe>s to h be5 made1 n at ! capital1 b at ,lyons1 :]e1 9 ,augu/ #adgh1 an anonym\s pr9t]1 probably ,m>t9 ,husz1 complet$ a d\ble-column edition ( ,le ,miroir de la r$emption huma9e1 translat$ f ! ,lat9 by ,juli5 ,ma*o1 ) cuts previ\sly us$ 9 a ,g]man edition ( ! ,speculum1 pr9t$ at ,basel 9 #adgf4 ,9 #adgh1 also1 ,b>?'elemy ,buy] pr9t$ an edition ( ! romance ( ,baudo91 ,comte de ,fl&re1 ) no cuts1 b ) rude pr9t$ initials4 ,9 an edition ( ,les ,quatre ,filz ,aymon1 unsign$ & undat$1 b pr9t$ at ,lyons ab\t #adhj1 ! fir/ page be>s f\r grotesque woodcuts repres5t+ ! reception ( ! y\?s by ,*>lemagne1 ! buffet :i* ! ,emp]or's son gave "o ( !m ov] a game ( *ess1 ! fatal bl[ ) ! gold5 *ess-bo>d by :i* ! buffet 0 return$1 & !n ! f\r y\?s fight+ amid a cr[d4 ,on ! next page a l>g] picture %[s _! expulsion f ,*>lemagne's c\rt4 ,?r\gh\t ! book are curi\s woodcut initials1 int]wov5 ) grotesque faces4 ,ab\t #adha ,ortu9 & ,s*5ck produc$ 7anonym\sly7 an edition ( ! ,roman de la ,rose ) eighty-six small woodcuts1 :i* 7 imitat$ 9 lat] editions bo? at ,lyons & ,p>is1 & 7 n )\t a c]ta9 rude m]it4 ,9 #adhc ,ma?ieu ,husz & ,pi]re ,hongre issu$ a ,l'eg5de dor'ee1 ) l>ge pictures ( ,*ri/ 9 ,glory on ! ,la/ ,day1 & ( ! ,crucifixion1 & num]\s v r\gh cuts at ! head ( ! diff]5t *apt]s4 ,9 ! same ye>1 ,husz publi%$1 9 conjunction ) ,jean ,s*abel]1 an illu/rat$ translation ( ,boccaccio's ,de ,casibus illu/rium virorum 7',du de*i] des nobles hommes et femmes'74 ,mean:ile1 at ,albi1 9 ,langu$oc1 ( all places 9 ! _w1 ,neumei/] _h repr9t$ 9 #adha an illu/rat$ edition ( ! ,m$itationes ( ,turrecremata1 :i* he _h produc$ two ye>s previ\sly at ,ma9z4 ,9 #adhd we he> ( illu/rat$ books 9 ?ree o!r t[ns4 ,at ,r5nes1 ,pi]re ,bellescull'ee & ,josses pr9t$ ! ,c\tumes de ,bretagne1 ) a woodcut ( ! arms ( ,brittany1 us$ aga9 ! next ye> 9 ! same pr9t]s' ,floret en francoys1 a book noticeable = hav+ a woodcut title pr9t$ 9 :ite on a black gr\nd4 ,at ,vi5ne1 ,pi]re ,s*5ck pr9t$ ano!r edition1 9 d\ble-columns1 ( ,l',abuz'e en c\rt1 ) small cuts at ! *apt] head+s4 ,at ,*amb'ery1 ,anto9e ,neyret f9i%$1 on ,july #f?1 an edition ( ! ,exposition des ',evangiles en romant ( ,maurice de ,sully1 & 9 ! foll[+ ,novemb] ! romance ( ,baudo9 comte de ,fl&re4 ,! ,bi%op's s]mons h1 on ! fir/ page1 a l>ge initial ,i & a v r\gh cut ( ! disciples loos+ ! ass & h] colt = ,*ri/'s use4 ,) _! o!r illu/rations ,i am n acqua9t$4 ,! romance ( ,c\nt ,baldw9 has a full-page cut ( ! ,c\nt rid+ on a gaily-deck$ *>g]1 & ?irte5 small] illu/rations ( 8 adv5tures1 ( :i*1 h[ev]1 sev]al are repeat$4 ,! execution ( !m all is z rude z c well be conceiv$4 ,two ye>s lat]1 ,neyret pr9t$ ! fir/ edition ( a v fam\s book1 ,le ,livre du ,roi ,modus et de la re9e ,ratio1 'lequel fait m5cion commant on doit devis] de t\tes manie'res de *asses4' ,! cuts 9 ?is are num]\s1 & _! repres5tations ( ! v>i\s hunt+ sc5es are m ?an suffici5tly grotesque4 ,! li/ ( books we h nam$ c\ld c]ta9ly be ext5d$1 especially z reg>ds ^? pr9t$ at ,lyons1 b x is suffici5tly full to enable u to draw "s useful conclusions f x4 ,! illu/rations are1 almo/ )\t exception1 poor 9 design & badly cut1 & are mo/ly accompani$ by inf]ior types & press-"w4 ,"s ( !m are imitat$ f ! books ( =eign pr9t]s1 & !y conta9 little evid5ce ( ! gr[? ( any ,fr5* s*ool ( illu/rators4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !y te/ify to ! spread ( a dem& = illu/rat$ books1 at lea/ 9 ! prov9ces1 :i* local pr9t]s 7 do+ _! be/ to satisfy4 ,at ,p>is ! dem&1 app>5tly1 _h n yet aris54 ,9 ! fir/ dat$ book :i* be>s ! "n ( ,jean du ,pr'e1 a ,missale ad usum ecclesiae ,p>isi5sis1 pr9t$ by him 9 conjunction ) ,didi] ,huym 9 ,septemb] #adha1 !re is a l>ge woodcut ( ,god ! ,fa!r & ! ,crucifixion1 illu/rat+ ! ,canon4 ,two mon?s lat] ,du ,pr'e pr9t$ a ,v]dun missal ) a really f9e metal cut ( a prie/ at ,mass1 & a little figure ris+ up to repres5t 8 s\l 9 pray]4 ,9 ,febru>y #adhc-d appe>$ 8 fir/ illu/rat$ secul> "w1 ,de la ru9e des nobles hommes1 ano!r translation f ,boccaccio's ,de ,casibus1 ) a woodcut ( v>y+ m]it at ! head ( ea* book4 ,^! h a special int]e/ = ,engli% /ud5ts1 z "s ye>s lat] !y 7 borr[$ by ,pynson to illu/rate 8 edition ( ,lydgate's v]sion ( ! same "w4 ,9 ,may #adhd ,jacques ,bonhomme issu$ ,millet's ,l',hi/oire de la de/ruction de ,troye la ,grant1 ) num]\s woodcuts ( battles1 frequ5tly us$ 9 lat] works2 & ! foll[+ ye> ,guyot ,m>*ant produc$ ! fir/ ( num]\s editions ( a ,danse ,macabre illu/rat$ ) a wond]ful s]ies ( pictures1 full ( grotesque vig\r & skilfully cut1 %[+ ,dea? z a gr9n+ skeleton seiz+ on 8 prey 9 e class ( society4 ,m>*ant foll[$ ?is up ) a ,danse ,macabre des femmes 7some:at less good7 9 #adia1 & also ) a ,compo/ et ,cal5dri] des ,b]g]s1 :i* 0 no less successful4 ,mean:ile ! greate/ ,p>is publi%] ( ! c5tury1 ,anto9e ,v'er>d1 _h come on ! sc5e4 ,al?\gh "s ( ! innum]able works :i* be> 8 "n are said to h be5 pr9t$ 'p> ,anto9e ,v'er>d1' x is cle> t ! expression mu/ n be tak5 too lit]ally1 & t he 0 a 'libraire1' i4e4 a booksell] or publi%]1 r ?an a pr9t]4 ,8 fir/ dat$ book is an edition1 enri*$ ) a s+le woodcut1 ( ,laur5t du ,premi] ,fait's ,fr5* v]sion ( ! ,decam]one1 & ! colophon tells u t x 0 pr9t$ = ,anto9e ,v'er>d1 'libraire1 demeurant sur le ,pont ,notre ,dame1 a' l'image de ,sa9t ,jean l',evang'eli/e1' on ,novemb] #bb1 #adhe4 ,! types us$ 9 ! book h be5 id5tifi$ z belong+ to ,jean du ,pr'e1 & ! association ( ! two m5 seems to h l$ to important results4 ,! next ye> we f9d ,du ,pr'e pr9t+ an edition ( ,s4 ,j]ome's ,vie des anci5s sa9tz ,pe'res1 ) a delightful frontispiece ( ! sa9t prea*+ f a lect]n 9 ! op5 air1 num]\s small] cuts1 & initial lett]s ) int]wov5 faces4 ,dur+ #adhf also1 he assi/$ ,pi]re ,g'er>d 7:o e>li] 9 ! ye> _h pr9t$ by himself an edition ( ,b\tilli]'s ,la ,somme ,rurale ) a s+le cut71 9 produc+ at ,abbeville ! fir/ really magnific5t ,fr5* illu/rat$ book1 ,s4 ,augu/9e's ,cit'e de ,dieu1 9 :i* pap] & pr9t & woodcuts ( arti/ic value all h>monise4#ah ,two ye>s lat] he jo9$ ) ano!r prov9cial pr9t]1 ,jean le ,b\rgeois1 9 produc+ a /ill m spl5did book1 ! romance ( ,lancelot du ,lac1 ! fir/ volume ( :i* 0 f9i%$ by ,le ,b\rgeois at ,r\5 on ,novemb] #bd?1 & ! second by ,du ,pr'e at ,p>is on ,septemb] #af?4 ,9 #adhh also1 ,du ,pr'e produc$ 8 fir/ ',book ( ,h\rs1' b ! ,fr5* ,horae =m s important an episode 9 ! hi/ory ( ! decoration ( books1 t we mu/ res]ve _! treatm5t = a sep>ate *apt]1 9 :i*1 besides ^? ( ,du ,pr'e & ,v'er>d1 we %all h to speak ( ! long s]ies inaugurat$ by ,philippe ,pig\*et & ,simon ,vo/re 9 #adia4 ,at />t+1 ,v'er>d's res\rces 7 probably small1 & = a ye> or two he produc$ little beyond 8 ,horae4 ,9 #adhg1 h[ev]1 he publi%$ a ,fr5* ,livy1 ) f\r small cuts1 repres5t+ a battle1 a siege1 a k+ & 8 c\rt1 & "s rid]s1 ^: hats h a v ecclesia/ical %ape1 ent]+ a t[n4 ,! next ye> produc$ a "w entitl$ ,l'art de ,*eval]ie selon ,v'ege'ce1 really an edition ( ! ,faits d'arme et de *eval]ie ( ,*ri/9e de ,pisan4 ,?is has a s+le l>ge cut repres5t+ a k+ & 8 c\rt4 ,! ,livre de ,politiques d',ari/ote1 publi%$ 9 #adhi1 has a l>ge frontispiece ( ! translator1 ,ni*olas ,oresme1 pres5t+ 8 book to ,*>les ,,viii1 9 :i* ! *>act]i/ic /yle ( ,v'er>d's arti/ is fully develop$4 ,9 #adij1 an edition ( ,luca91 ,suetone et ,salu/e1 :i* ,i h n se51 0 pr9t$ = ,v'er>d by ,pi]re ,le ,r\ge4 ,to #adia probably belongs 8 ,fr5* ,s5eca1 & 9 ?is ye> he mu/ h obta9$ ! aid ( ! k+ or ( "s v ri* patron1 = 8 activity f #adib to ! end ( ! c5tury is q amaz+4 ,x is f ab\t #adic1 also1 t we may date ! production ( ^? magnific5t special copies on vellum1 enri*$ ) elaborate1 if n v arti/ic1 m9iatures1 to :i* we h already allud$ 9 our fir/ *apt]4 ,! *ief book ( #adib 0 und\bt$ly ! s]ies ( treatises mak+ up ! ,art de bi5 vivre et de bi5 m\rir1 ( :i* a detail$ description w be giv5 lat] on4 ,^! treatises 7 pr9t$ = ,v'er>d by ,c\/eau & ,m5>d1 ! fir/ "p be+ f9i%$ on ,july #ah?1 ! la/ on ,decemb] #ai?4 ,next to !m 9 importance is a ,josephus de la bataille judaique1 "o ( ,v'er>d's l>ge folios1 ) columns ( pr9t$ text1 n reckon+ any m>g91 ne>ly twelve in*es long4 ,! frontispiece is a f9e cut ( a triumphal entry ( a k+ :o %\ld be ,fr5*1 s9ce he we>s ! lilies4 ,! design1 h[ev]1 mu/ h be5 made = ?is book1 = a label 9 ! middle ( ! picture be>s ! "n ',josephus1' :ile 9 ! ,ge/es ,roma9es & ,lancelot1 9 bo? ( :i* ! cut reappe>s1 ! label is left blank4 ,! ',entry' is also us$ aga91 ?ree times 9 ! ,josephus itself1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! f\r?1 fif?1 & sev5? books4 ,an entry ( a diff]5t k9d1 t ( ,jo%ua & 8 /aff into ,j]i*o1 is depict$ 9 ! cut 7"h reproduc$7 :i* heads ! prologue4 ,?is is fac$ by ! fir/ page ( text1 head$ by a cut ( an au?or pres5t+ 8 book to an ecclesia/ic4 ,bo? pages are surr\nd$ by f9e bord]s ( fl[]s1 wom51 & %ield4 ,! head-cut to ! second book %[s a monk h&+ a book to a k+2 t us$ = ! ?ird & six? 7repeat$ aga9 9 ! ,lancelot ( #adid7 %[s a k+ on 8 ?rone surr\nd$ by 8 c\rti]s1 a sword ( ju/ice is 9 8 h&1 & a suppliant kneels be=e him4 ,small cuts1 fitt+ into ! columns1 head ! diff]5t *apt]s 9 ea* book1 b are ( no great m]it4 ,occasionally a bord] ab\t an in* wide runs up ! side ( "o ( ! columns ( text1 usually on ! out] m>g91 b sometimes on ! inn]4 ,altoge!r ! book is a v notable "o4 ,illu/ration3 ,f ,v'er>d's ,josephus1 #adib4 7,mu* r$uc$47 ,9 #adic1 ,v'er>d's activity 0 /ill on ! increase1 & we h at lea/ eight illu/rat$ books ( 8 be>+ ! date ( ?is ye>4 ,9 ! romance ( ,le ,j\v5cel & ,bonnor's ,arbre des ,batailles1 bo? 9 #dto1 ! cuts1 all ( !m small1 are ne>ly id5tical1 & are repeat$ aga9 & aga9 9 ea* book4 ,mu* m important ?an ^! are ! editions ( ! ,*ronicques de ,france 7pr9t$ = ,v'er>d by ,jehan ,maur&71 & a translation ( ! ,metamorphoses ( ,ovid1 issu$ "u ! v tak+ title ( ,la ,bible des ,poetes4 ,?is is ano!r ( ,v'er>d's great folios1 ) pr(use illu/rations1 l>ge & small1 & 9 its vellum edition is a v gaudy & magnific5t book4 ,9 #adid ,v'er>d publi%$ 8 ,lancelot2 & 9 #adie1 a ,l'eg5de ,dor'ee & ,s4 ,j]ome's ,vie des ,pe'res en franc1ois4 ,?is la/ book 0 f9i%$ on ,octob] #ae1 b its appe>ance 0 prec$$ by t ( ! fir/ volume ( ! publi%]'s mo/ ambiti\s und]tak+1 an edition ( ! ,miroir ,hi/orial ( ,v9c5t de ,beauvais4 ,?is enorm\s *ronicle is 9 ?irty-two books1 :i* ,v'er>d divid$ betwe5 five great folio volumes1 av]ag+ ab\t ?ree hundr$ & tw5ty leaves1 pr9t$ 9 long d\ble columns4 ,! :ole "w ?us conta9s ab\t ! same am\nt ( matt] z "s fifty volumes ( ! pres5t s]ies1 yet x 0 faultlessly pr9t$ on ! f9e/ vellum1 & ) innum]able woodcuts1 subsequ5tly col\r$1 9 consid]ably less ?an a ye>4 ,! fir/ volume 0 f9i%$ on ,septemb] #bi1 #adie1 & ! colophon :i* ann\nces ! completion ( ! la/1 'a' l'honneur et l\5ge de no/re seigneur iesucri/ et de sa glorieuse et sacr'ee m]e et de la c\rt cele/e de p>adis1' be>s date ,may #g?1 #adif4 ,9 ! face ( su* activity & ent]prise1 ,i feel a%am$ ( hav+ gird$ at ! good man = hav+ us$ "s ( ! ,ovid cuts z a basis to 8 illum9ations 9 ?is gigantic "w4 ,aft] #adif to ! end ( ! c5tury1 ,v'er>d's dat$ books are v few4 ,! only "o ,i h met ) myself is a ,m]l9 ( #adih4 ,x is possible t he produc$ less 7! ,miroir may n h prov$ a f9ancial success71 b x is q z likely t he m]ely discont9u$ 8 :olesome practice ( dat+ 8 books1 & t ! ,boe?ius1 ! ,roman de la ,rose1 ! ,ge/es ,roma9es1 ! romances ( ,tri/ram & ,gyron1 & o!r undat$ works1 ^: colophons %[ t !y 7 pr9t$ :ile ! ,pont ,notre ,dame 0 /ill /&+1 i4e4 be=e ,octob] #be?1 #adii1 belong to ^! ye>s4 ,aft] #aejj ,v'er>d's ent]prise c]ta9ly seems less4 ,he cont9u$ to issue editions ( poets & romances1 b !y are mu* less sumptu\s ?an ( yore1 & 9 place ( 8 great folios we h a s]ies ( small octavos1 mo/ly ( works ( devotion1 ) no o!r ornam5t ?an ! /range twi/s ( ! initial ,l1 :i* adorns _! title-pages4 ,! example "h giv5 is f an undat$ & unsign$ edition ( ! ,livre du ,faulcon1 b ! lett] itself frequ5tly occurs 9 ,v'er>d's und\bt$ books4 ,! fir/ h9t = ?is grotesque =m ( ornam5t may h be5 f\nd 9 ! small initials ( ,du ,pr'e's #adhf edition ( ,s4 ,j]ome's ,vie des anci5s sa9tz ,pe'res1 & v>iants ( ! ,l 7 us$ by o!r publi%]s besides ,v'er>d1 e4g4 by ,jacques ,maillet at ,lyons1 & ,pi]re ,le ,r\ge & ,mi*el ,le ,noir at ,p>is4 ,! mo/ noticeable examples ( ! ,l1 besides ! "o "h giv51 are ! man-at-arms ,l ( ! #adhh edition ( ! ,m] des ,hi/oires 7,p4 ,l]\ge71 ! monkey-&-bagpipes ,l1 "h %[n1 f ,maillet's #adid edition ( ! ,recueil des ,hi/oires ,troy5nes1 a ,/4 ,george-&-!-,dragon ,l 9 a ,lyons repr9t ( ! ,m] des ,hi/oires1 & ! ,janu>y-&-,may ,l :i*1 ,i believe1 0 fir/ us$ by ,v'er>d = a #adib edition ( ! ,ma!olus1 or 'qu9ze joies du m>iage1' b ( :i* a c\nt]p>t exi/$ at ,lyons4 ,illu/ration3 ,initial ,l us$ by ,v'er>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,initial ,l us$ by ,maillet4 ,x seems probable t ! att5tion :i* ,v'er>d paid to 8 vellum editions1 9 :i* ! woodcuts 7 only useful z guides to ! illu/rator1 made him less c>eful ?an he w\ld o!rwise h be5 to secure ! be/ possible "w 9 8 ord9>y books4 ,c]ta9ly ,i ?9k 8 mo/ int]e/+ cuts are to be f\nd n 9 8 lat] books b 9 ! collection ( six treatises :i* he _h pr9t$ by ,gillet ,c\/eau & ,jehan ,m5>d 9 #adib1 & republi%$1 some:at less sumptu\sly1 ! next ye>1 "u ! collective title ,l'art de bi5 vivre et de bi5 m\rir1 ! repr9t com+ f ! press ( ,pi]re ,le ,r\ge4 ,! cuts 9 ?is collection h a special int]e/ = u1 because "s ( !m 7 aft]w>ds us$ 9 ,engli% books1 & we may !re=e be all[$ to exam9e !m at "s l5g?4 ,illu/ration3 ,f ,v'er>d's ,art de bi5 vivre4 7,r$uc$47 ,9 ! #adib edition ! fir/ title-page ,le liure intitule l>t de bi5 m\rir h]alds only ! fir/ "w1 an adaptation ( ! old ,ars ,mori5di %[+ ! /ruggle betwe5 good & bad angels = ! possession ( ! dy+ s\l4 ,! devils tempt ! suff]] to ha/5 8 end 7'int]ficias teipsum' "o ( !m is say+1 ! words be+ pr9t$ on a label71 !y rem9d him ( 8 s9s 7'p]iuratus es'71 tempt him to worldly ?\ghts 7'int5de !sauro'71 p]suade 8 physicians to ov]-commis]ation 7',ecce quantam p5am patitur'71 or flatt] him ) undes]v$ praise 7'coronam m]ui/i'74 ,to ea* ( ^! assaults 8 good angels h a 'bonne inspiracion' by way ( answ]1 & ! devils h to confess 'spes nobis nulla' & to see ! little figure ( ! s\l receiv$ into heav54 ,! second treatise is call$ at ! beg9n+ ,l'eguyllon de cra9te div9e p\r bi5 m\rir1 b on ! title-page plac$ on ! back ( ! la/ leaf 'les pa9es d5f] et les pa9es de purgatoire4' ,its illu/rations consi/ ( l>ge cuts 9 :i* devils are inflict+ excruciat+ & revolt+ tortures on _! victims4 ,its colophon gives ! pr9t]s' names & ! date ,july #ah1 #adib4 ,! next ?ree p>ts ( ! book are ,le ,trait'e de l'av5em5t de l',ante*ri/1 ,les ,qu9ze ,signes1 or ,fifte5 ,tok5s ( ,judgm5t1 & ,les ,joies du ,p>adis4 ,! pr9t+ ( ^! 0 f9i%$ on ,octob] #bh4 ,only ! middle treatise is mu* illu/rat$1 b "h ! arti/ _h full play = 8 p[]s 9 repres5t+ ! fi% swimm+ on ! hills1 ! seas fall+ into ! abyss1 ! sea-mon/]s cov]+ ! e>?1 ! flames ( ! sea1 ! trees wet ) blood1 ! crumbl+ ( cities1 ! /ones fight+ among !mselves1 & ! o!r signs ( ! ,la/ ,day4 ,p]haps ! be/ ( ?is set ( cuts is t repres5t+ ! 'esbahissem5t' or a/oni%m5t ( ! m5 & wom5 :o _h hidd5 !mselves 9 holes 9 ! e>?1 :5 at la/ !y v5tur$ =?4 ,b 9 ! la/ treatise1 ! ,art de bi5 vivre1 qua9tness & horror are replac$ by really beautiful "w4 ,! cuts "h are int5d$ to illu/rate ! ,ave ,m>ia1 ,"l's ,pray]1 ,cre$1 ,t5 ,comm&m5ts1 & ,sev5 ,sacram5ts4 ,^? 9 ! la/ s]ies are ! l>ge/ 9 ! book1 ea* ( !m occupy+ a full page4 ,! ,cre$ has a s]ies ( small] cuts ( inf]ior "w4 ,b ! picture :i* prec$es ?is1 repres5t+ ! twelve apo/les1 & ! pictures ( ! ,angelic ,salutation1 ( ! ,pope invok+ ! ,bless$ ,virg9 7"h %[n71 & ( ,*ri/ tea*+ ! ,apo/les1 %[ ! f9e/ "w1 outside ! ,horae1 9 any ,fr5* books dur+ ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,^! blocks appe> also 9 two ,engli% books pr9t$ at ,p>is1 9 #aejc1 ,! ,traytte ( god lyuyng & good deyng1 & ,! ,kal5dayr ( ,%ypp>s1 & 9 _m ( ! ,engli% editions ( ! latt] "w f ,pynson's 9 #aejf onw>d4 ,pi]re ,l]\ge1 "o ( ,v'er>d's pr9t]s1 produc$ at lea/ "o f9e book q indep5d5tly ( him4 ,?is is ! fir/ illu/rat$ edition ( ,la ,m] des ,hy/oires1 ! ,fr5* v]sion ( ! ,rudim5tum ,noviciorum 7see p4 #ej71 ! g5]al plan ( :i* x foll[s1 ?\gh n slavi%ly4 ,pi]re ,l]\ge pr9t$ 8 edition = a publi%] nam$ ,v9c5t ,comm94 ,x is 9 two tall folios1 ) ! man-at-arms ,l to decorate its title-pages1 & spl5did initials ,p1 ,i1 & ,s1 ! fir/ hav+ )9 x a figure ( a scribe at "w1 ! ,s be+ twi/$ into ! =m ( a scaly snake1 & ! body ( ! ,i conta9+ a figure ( ,*ri/4 ,! cuts & bord]s ( ! book are n v rem>kable4 ,9 #adih ,v'er>d publi%$ a new edition ( x1 hav+ obta9$ ! use ( ! old blocks4 ,a ,lyons repr9t 0 issu$ ab\t #aejj1 & o!r editions dur+ ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,two o!r pr9t]s :o _c be said to h le>nt any?+ f ,v'er>d are ,jean ,bonhomme1 :o z e>ly z #adhf pr9t$ an illu/rat$ edition ( a v popul> book1 ,le livre des pr(its *ampetres1 translat$ f ! ,lat9 ( ,petrus ,cresc5tius1 & ,g]ma9 ,b9eaut1 :o 9 #adij pr9t$ a ,pa!l9 le grant et le petit :i* is said to h woodcuts4 ,guyot ,m>*ant's s]ies ( editions ( ! ,danse ,macabre or 'danse des ,morts1' has be5 already m5tion$4 ,an edition ( ! same "w1 pr9t$ at ,lyons1 ,febru>y #ah1 #adii 7no pr9t]'s "n71 a copy ( :i* is among ! books :i* ent]$ ! ,briti% ,museum "u ! beque/ ( ,mr4 ,alfr$ ,hu?1 is especially int]e/+ z conta9+ cuts ( ! %ops ( a pr9t] & a booksell]1 at bo? ( :i* ,dea? is at "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,f a ,lyons ,danse ,macabre1 #adii4 7,mu* r$uc$47 ,ano!r edition ( ! ,danse 0 pr9t$ by ,nicole de la ,b>re at ,p>is 9 #aejj1 & o!rs ( ! same "* 9 ! e>ly ye>s ( ! next c5tury4 ,we %all h to recur to ! book aga9 bo? ) ref]5ce to ! ,horae & = ! lat] ,lyons editions1 ! cuts 9 :i* foll[$ designs by ,holbe94 ,! only o!r ,p>is pr9t] :om we h space "h to m5tion is ,jean ,trepp]el1 ^: c>e] began 9 #adib1 9 :i* ye>1 accord+ to ,ha91 he issu$ a ,hi/oire de ,pi]re de ,prov5ce et de la belle ,maguelonne1 probably illu/rat$4 ,9 #adic he publi%$ an edition ( ! ,*roniques de ,france1 ) f\r cuts1 "o ( ! f\nd+ ( a t[n1 ano!r ( an assault1 & two battle sc5es4 ,!y are good ( _! k9d1 especially t :i* s]ves = all ! f\nd]s ( cities f ,,aeneas & ,romulus to ,s4 ,l\is1 b _! repetition becomes a little we>isome4 ,9 an undat$ issue ( ,jehan ,qu5t9's ,orologe de ,devotion ! cuts are all diff]5t1 b fall into two s]ies1 "o badly drawn & infam\sly engrav$1 ! o!r %[+ really f9e "w1 & hav+ all ! appe>ance ( hav+ be5 orig9ally design$ = a ,book ( ,h\rs4 ,! only o!r fifte5? c5tury book ( ,trepp]el's ) :i* ,i am acqua9t$ is a *>m+ qu>to edition ( ! romance ( ,p>is et ,vi5ne1 a copy ( :i* is 9 ! ,morgan collection4 ,x is undat$1 b 0 pr9t$ :ile ! ,pont ,notre ,dame 0 /ill /&+4 ,! title-cut %[s signs ( breakage1 & may possibly h be5 design$ = ! e>li] edition by ,d5is ,mesli] m5tion$ by ,brunet z hav+ a s+le cut4 ,! re/ ( ! l>ge cuts 9 ! book h all ! appe>ance ( hav+ be5 specially design$ = ! new edition1 & are equal to ! be/ "w 9 ! ,horae4 ,mean:ile at ,lyons ! rude cuts ( ! books :i* h]ald$ illu/rat$ "w 9 ,france _h be5 replac$ by f> m arti/ic productions4 ,9 #adhh ,mi*elet ,topie de ,pymont & ,jacques ,h]rnb]g produc$ a ,fr5* v]sion 7by ,nicole ,le ,hu57 ( ,breyd5ba*'s ,p]egr9atio 7see p4 #eg7 ) copies ( "s ( ! orig9al cuts1 ! small] ones cut on wood1 ! l>ge maps engrav$ on copp]4 ,! next ye> ,jacques ,maillet br\ght out a rival v]sion 7by ,fr]e ,jehan de ,h]s97 = :i* he acquir$ ! orig9al ,ma9z woodblocks !mselves4 ,to ,maillet1 also1 we owe passable imitations ( "s ( ! less sumptu\s books ( ,v'er>d's4 ,la/ly1 ,jean ,tre*sel /ruck out a new l9e 9 a pr(usely illu/rat$ ,t]5ce ( #adic4 ,at ,r\5 ! ,missal & ,brevi>y pr9t$ by ,m>t9 ,mor9 7 adorn$ ) a curi\s initial ,m & ,b 9 ! same /yle z "s ( ! m frequ5t ,ls1 & ,pi]re ,regnault did "w :i* ,v'er>d f\nd wor?y ( 8 vellum4 ,p>is1 h[ev]1 hav+ once ga9$ ! pr$om9ance 9 illu/rat$ "w1 _h z yet no difficulty 9 ma9ta9+ h] position4 ,x rema9s = u to notice briefly ! pr9t]s' devices 9 e>ly ,fr5* books4 ,^! are s num]\s t x is possible to divide !m into r\gh classes4 ,! l>ge/ ( ^! is =m$ by ! m>ks :i* h z _! c5tral ornam5t a tree ) a %ield or label hung on ! trunk1 ) support]s v>i$ accord+ to ! own]'s fancy1 & :i* are n always easy to assign to _! "r place 9 ! animal creation4 ,dur& ,g]li] pref]r$ rams1 ,mi*el ,?oloze wild m51 ,d5ys ,janot a creature :i* looks l a kang>oo1 ,hemon ,le ,fevre danc+ be>s duly muzzl$ & *a9$1 ,simon ,vo/re leop>ds1 ,?ielmann ,k]v] unicorns1 ,felix ,baligault rabbits1 ,rob]t ,g\rmont w+$ /ags1 ,jehan ,guy>t ( ,bordeaux dolph9s4 ,mo/ ( ^! devices h a dott$ backgr\nd1 & !y are sometimes f\nd pr9t$ 9 r$ ink1 :i* adds greatly to _! decorative effect4 ,ano!r class1 to :i* ,v'er>d's well-kn[n device belongs1 %[$ 9 _! upp] "p ! ,fr5* lilies cr[n$ & support$ by angels4 ,jean ,le ,=e/i] comb9$ ?is ) ! tree ( k1 *oos+ lions z its support]s1 b add+ also ! sacr$ lamb 7= 8 "n ',jean'71 & simil> v>iations 7 adopt$ by o!r pr9t]s4 ,9 ano!r l>ge class ! ,fr5* pr9t]s1 especially ^? ( ,lyons1 foll[$ ! simple cross & circle s common 9 ,italy4 ,?is 0 mo/ly pr9t$ 9 :ite on a black gr\nd1 z by ,pi]re ,levet1 ,mat?ieu ,vivian ( ,orleans1 & ,le ,tailleur4 ,less (t51 z 9 ! m>ks ( ,b]?old ,rembolt & ,georges ,wolf1 ! gr\nd is :ite & ! design black4 ,guillaume ,bals>9 :o1 z 0 v common1 _h two devices1 _h "o ( ea* k9d4 ,outside ^! classes ! special designs are too _m to be enum]at$4 ,! successive ,le ,noirs punn$ on _! names 9 at lea/ six diff]5t devices ( black heads1 & ,d5y de ,h>sy ) less obvi\s appropriat5ess select$ two black m5 ) :ite wai/b&s to uphold 8 %ields4 ,guyot ,m>*ant's %oemak]s1 ) ! b> ( music to complete 8 pi\s motto ,sola fides sufficit1 =m "o ( ! e>lie/ & be/ kn[n ( ,fr5* m>ks4 ,pi]re ,regnault %[$ excell5t ta/e 9 8 fl[]-surr\nd$ ,p1 9 :i* ! lett]s ( 8 surname may also be deciph]$4 ,! s*ol>-pr9t] ,badius ,asc5sius *ose a useful1 if n v pretty1 design ( pr9t]s at "w1 ! two v>iants ( :i* fir/ appe> respectively 9 #aejg & #aeba4 ,all ^! devices & c\ntless o!rs w be f\nd r\ghly figur$ 9 ,silve/re's ,m>ques ,typographiques1 _m ( !m appe> also 9 ,brunet's ,manuel du ,libraire1 & ^? ( ! *ief fifte5? c5tury pr9t]s h be5 reproduc$ ) absolute fidelity 9 ,m4 ,?i]ry-,p\x's ,monum5ts de l'imprim]ie franc1aise4 ,only ! m>k ( ,du ,pr'e & "o ( ^? us$ by ,caillaut are !re=e giv5 "h1 ! fir/ 7on p4 #ada7 9 hon\r ( a pione] 9 ,fr5* illu/ration1 ! second1 z p]haps ! mo/ beautiful ( any :i* ! pres5t writ] has se54 ,illu/ration3 ,m>k ( ,anto9e ,caillaut4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! fir/ ,greek book pr9t$ 9 ,france appe>$ 9 #aejg1 & ! awak5+ ( classical feel+ 0 accompani$1 z 9 o!r c\ntries1 by ! putt+ away ( ! la/ remnants ( m$iaeval art & lit]ature z *ildi% ?+s4 ,! old romances cont9u$ to be publi%$1 *iefly by ! ,l5oirs1 b 9 a small] & *eap] =m1 & = ! mo/ "p ) old cuts4 ,v'er>d dim9i%$ 8 output1 & ! publi%]s ( ! ,horae turn$ 9 despair to ,g]man designs 9 place ( ! n[ despis$ native "w4 ,soon only "s little octavos rema9$ to %[ t !re 0 /ill an unclassical public to be cat]$ =4 ,^! 7 *iefly pr9t$ by ,galliot du ,pr'e1 ) titles 9 r$ & black1 & sometimes ) little ar*itectural bord]s 9 imitation ( ! m ambiti\s ,g]man ones4 ,:5 !y disappe> we say f>ewell to ! ri*ness & col\r :i* di/+ui%es ! be/ ,fr5* books ( ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,in/ead ( ! black lett] & qua9t cuts we h graceful b cold ,roman types1 or pretty b ?9 italics1 ) good initial lett]s1 sometimes ) good head-& tail-pieces1 b ) few pictures1 & ) only a neat allegoric device on ! title-page in/ead ( ! ri* designs us$ by ! e>li] pr9t]s4 ,ge(froy ,tory ( ,b\rges 0 ! fir/ important pr9t] ( ! new s*ool4 ,8 e>lie/ connection ) publi%+ 0 z ! editor ( v>i\s classical works1 b he return$ f a visit to ,italy full ( arti/ic !ories z to book-mak+1 :i* he proce$$ to c>ry out1 p>tly 9 alliance ) ,simon ,col9es1 = :om he design$ a new device repres5t+ ,"t ) 8 scy!4 ,tory's own device ( ! 'pot cass'e1' a brok5 vase pi]c$ by a toret or aug]1 is said to ref] to 8 desolation on ! dea? ( 8 only daught]4 ,devices ( o!r pr9t]s h be5 ascrib$ to him on ! gr\nd ( ! appe>ance 9 !m ( ! little cross ( ,lorra9e1 :i* is f\nd 9 "s ( ,tory's und\bt$ works4 ,x is c]ta91 h[ev]1 t ! cross 0 n 8 individual signature1 b only t ( 8 /udio4 ,aft] ! ,horae1 :i* we %all notice 9 our next *apt]1 ,tory's mo/ fam\s book 0 8 own ,*ampfleury1 'auquel e/ cont5u l'art et sci5ce de la vraie proportion des lettres antiques1' pr9t$ 9 #aebi4 ,?is is a fanta/ic "w1 int]e/+ = ! prelude 9 :i* he speaks ( 8 connection ) ! fam\s ,groli]1 & = ! few illu/rations scatt]$ ab\t ! text4 ,! be/ ( ^! are ! vignettes ( ',h]cules ,gallicus1' lead+ 9 *a9s ! captives ( 8 eloqu5ce1 & ( ! ,triumphs ( ,apollo & ! ,muses4 ,! specim5 alphabets at ! end ( ! book also des]ve notice4 ,!y %[ t ,tory 0 bett] ?an 8 !ories1 = 8 attempt to prove1 by f>-fet*$ analogies & d]ivations1 t !re is an ideal %ape = e lett]1 is z bad 9 art z x is false 9 hi/ory4 ,tory 0 succe$$ 9 8 (fice ( royal pr9t] by ,rob]t ,e/i5ne1 & dur+ ! re/ ( ! c5tury ! classical editions ( ?is family ( great pr9t]s =m ! *ief glories ( ! ,fr5* press4 ,_! books1 bo? l>ge & small1 are admirably pr9t$1 & 9 excell5t ta/e1 ?\gh ) no o!r ornam5ts ?an _! pr9t]'s device1 & good initials & head-pieces4 ,b x mu/ be own$ t f ! reign ( ,francis ,i4 onw>ds1 ! decoration ( ! text ( mo/ ,fr5* books is f> less int]e/+ ?an ! sup]b b9d+s on :i* ! k+s & _! fav\rites began to lavi% s mu* exp5se4 ,only two m ,p>is books ne$ "h be m5tion$1 bo? ( !m pr9t$ 9 #aedf1 & bo? ) cuts imitat$ f ! ,italian--,jacques ,goh>y's translation ( ! ,hypn]otoma*ia ,poliphili & ! ,am\r de ,cupido et de ,psi*'e translat$ f ,apuleius4 ,! fir/ ( ^! 0 publi%$ by ,jacques ,k]v]1 ! second by ,jeanne de ,m>nef4 ,( orig9al ,p>is "w ( any em95ce we h no record aft] ! dea? ( ,tory4 ,mean:ile at ,lyons a new s*ool ( book-illu/ration 0 spr++ up4 ,f ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury ! ,lyons pr9t]s _h imitat$1 or pirat$1 ! delicate italic books pr9t$ by ,aldus4 ,! luckless ',eti5ne ,dolet add$ some?+ to ! classical reputation ( ! t[n1 & by ! middle ( ! c5tury ! pr9t]s !re 7 turn+ out num]\s pocket editions ( ! classics1 :i* !y sold to _! cu/om]s 9 'trade b9d+s' ( calf /amp$ ) gold1 & (t5 pa9t$ ov] ) _m-col\r$ int]lacem5ts4 ,! fa%ion = small books 0 set1 & :5 illu/rations 7 fitt$ to !m ! result 0 s+ul>ly da9ty4 ,be=e consid]+ ! editions ( ,jean de ,t\rnes & 8 rivals we mu/ /op to notice ! appe>ance at ,lyons 9 #aech ( ! belat$ fir/ edition ( ,holbe9's ,dance ( ,dea?1 ! woodcuts = :i*1 ! "w ( ,h4 ,l41 ^: id5tity ) ,hans ,l3utzelburg] has be5 suffici5tly e/abli%$1 are kn[n to h be5 9 exi/5ce z e>ly z #aebg1 & 7 probably execut$ two or ?ree ye>s be=e t date4 ,sev]al sets ( pro(s f ! woodcuts are 9 exi/5ce1 ) lett]+ said to be 9 ! types ( ,frob5 ( ,basel1 :o may h ab&on$ ! idea ( publi%+ !m because ( ! vig\r ( _! satire on ! nobles & well-to-d4 ,! ,tre*sels1 ! pr9t]s ( ! ,fr5* edition1 are kn[n to h _h deal+s ) a ,basel woodcutt] ) initials ,h4 ,l41 :o di$ be=e ,june #aebf1 & may h pur*as$ ! blocks directly f him1 or at a lat] date f ,frob54 ,9 #aech !y issu$ =ty-"o woodcuts ) a d$ication by ,jean de ,vauzelles1 & a ,fr5* quatra9 to ea* cut ei!r by him or by ,gilles ,corrozet1 giv+ to ! book ! title ,les ,simula*res et hi/oriees faces de la mort4 ,its success 0 z great z x des]v$1 & t5 m cuts 7 add$ 9 subsequ5t editions4 ,9 ! same ye> z ! ,dance ( ,dea? ! ,tre*sels issu$ ano!r s]ies ( upw>ds ( a hundr$ cuts aft] designs by ,holbe91 ! ,hi/ori>um ,vet]is ,te/am5ti ,icones1 ) explanatory v]ses by ,gilles ,corrozet4 ,^!1 ?\gh sc>cely less beautiful1 & at ! "t almo/ z successful z ^? 9 ! ,dance ( ,dea?1 are n q s well kn[n1 & ,i !re=e select "o ( !m1 tak5 f ! repr9t ( ! foll[+ ye>1 z an illu/ration4 ,illu/ration3 ,f ,hi/ori>um ,vet]is ,te/am5ti ,icones1 ,lyons1 #aeci4 ,! success ( ^! two books invit$ imitation1 & dur+ ! next tw5ty ye>s _m da9ty illu/rat$ books 7 issu$ by ,franciscus ,gryphius1 ,mac'e ,bonhomme1 ,guillaume ,roville1 & ,jean de ,t\rnes4 ,9 #aedj ,gryphius issu$ a little ,lat9 ,te/am5t1 ) ?irty-f\r l9es ( da9ty ,roman type to a page1 :i* only measures #c-a_/b 94 x #b1 & 9 :i* are set *>m+ cuts4 ,bonhomme's *ief success 0 an edition1 pr9t$ 9 #aeef1 ( ! fir/ ?ree books ( ! ,metamorphoses translat$ into ,fr5* v]se by ,cl'em5t ,m>ot & ,b>?'elemy ,aneau4 ,?is has bord]s to e page1 & num]\s vignettes measur+ only #a-a_/b 94 x #b4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> ?is 0 capp$ by ,jean de ,t\rnes ) ano!r v]sion ( ! ,metamorphoses1 ) bord]s & vignettes attribut$ to ,b]n>d ,salomon1 usually call$ 'le petit ,b]n>d1' & ! success ( ! book caus$ x to be re-issu$ 9 ,dut* & ,italian4 ,! bord]s are wond]fully v>i$1 "s ( !m conta9+ little grotesque figures wor?y ( our own ,doyle1 o!rs da9ty lacework1 & o!rs less pleas+ ar*itectural essays4 ,?is1 l mo/ ( ! be/ books ( its k9d1 0 pr9t$ ?r\gh\t 9 italics1 & ! attempt ab\t ?is "t ( ,rob]t ,granjon1 ano!r ,lyons pr9t]1 to sup]s$e ! italic by a type modell$ on ! ,fr5* cursive h&1 ! 'c>acte'res de civilit'e1' 0 only p>tially successful4 ,9 #aefc1 & possibly 9 o!r ye>s1 ,jean de ,t\rnes publi%$ an almanack & engagem5t-book1 a ,cal5dri] hi/orial1 ) t9y vignettes repres5t+ ! occupations appropriate to ! seasons1 & alt]nate pages = ! entry ( notes by any pur*as]s b>b>\s en\gh to deface s *>m+ a book ) _! ha/y h&writ+4 ,:5 ! brief blaze ( pretty books at ,lyons di$ out1 ,fr5* pr9t+ fa/ s9ks into dulness1 & ! attempt ( a ,fr5*man at ,antw]p to revive its glories 0 only p>tially successful1 ?\gh he has left beh9d him a great "n4 ,jean ,plant9 0 born at ,t\rs 9 #aead1 & aft] try+ to e>n a liv+ fir/ at ,p>is & !n at ,ca51 set up a booksell]'s %op at ,antw]p 9 #aedi1 & six ye>s lat] pr9t$ 8 fir/ book1 ! ,in/itution d'une fille de noble maison4 ,he 0 soon 9 a position to give commissions to good arti/s1 ,luc de ,he]e1 ,pi]re ,huys1 ,godefroid ,balla91 & o!rs1 & issu$ ! ,devises ,h'eroiques ( ,claude ,p>ad9 7#aefb71 & ! ,emblems ( ,sambucus 7#aefd71 ( ,hadrianus ,junius 7#aefe71 & ,alciati 7#aeff71 ) illu/rations f _! designs4 ,8 ,horae1 pr9t$ 9 #aeff & #aege1 ) florid bord]s1 & 8 ,psalt] ( #aega1 attempt$ to revive a class ( book !n go+ out ( fa%ion4 ,besides ! great ,antw]p ,polyglott1 ^: pr9t+ occupi$ him f #aefh to #aegc1 & ne>ly br\ght him to ru91 ,plant9 pr9t$ "s o!r ,bibles1 "o 9 ,flemi% 9 #aeff1 & a ',bible royale' 9 #aegj1 be+ noticeable = _! ambiti\s decoration4 ,he publi%$ also "s great folio missals1 m impos+ ?an elegant4 ,he _h num]\s sets ( l>ge initials1 "o specially design$ = music books be+ really graceful1 & a long array ( v>iations on ! device ( ! h& & compass :i* he adopt$ z 8 m>k4 ,! title-pages ( 8 l>g] books are surr\nd$ ) heavy ar*itectural bord]s1 "s ( :i* 7 engrav$ on copp]4 ,at 8 dea?1 9 #aehi1 he _h atta9$ labore et con/antia1 z 8 motto phras$ x1 to a =emo/ position among ! pr9t]s ( 8 day1 b 8 florid illu/rat$ books h v little real beauty1 & m>k ! beg9n+ ( a c5tury & a half ( bad ta/e f :i* only ! microscopic editions ( ! ,elzevirs are :olly free4 99 99 99 99 99 #ah ,! only o!r ,abbeville illu/rat$ book is ! #adhg ,triomphe des ,neuf ,preux1 ) conv5tional portraits ( mo/ ( ! h]oes 7_! legs wide ap>t71 & a bullet-head$ ,du ,guescl91 bas$ on au!ntic tradition4 ,9 a #aejh repr9t by ,mi*el le ,noir at ,p>is1 :ile "s ( ! old cuts 7 reta9$ ?is ,du ,guescl9 0 replac$ by a mu* m %[y figure4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,! ,,fr5* ,,books ,,( ,,h\rs ,9 ! c\rse ( ! f\rte5? c5tury ! ,h\rs ( ! ,bless$ ,virg9 sup]s$$ ! ,psalt] z ! popul> book ( devotions = lay use4 ,?r\gh\t ! fifte5? c5tury magnific5tly illum9at$ manuscript copies 7 produc$ 9 ,france 9 great numb]s1 & x is ?us n surpris+ t x 0 9 illu/rat$ editions ( ?is book t ,fr5* pr9t]s & publi%]s a*iev$ _! mo/ notewor?y success4 ,ea* ( ! ,h\rs1 we are told1 _h its my/ical ref]5ce to "s ev5t 9 ! lives ( ! ,bless$ ,virg9 & our ,"l4 ,lauds ref]r$ to ! visit ( ,m>y to ,elizabe?1 ,prime to ! ,nativity1 ,t]ce to ! ,angels' ,message to ! ,%eph]ds1 ,sext to ! ,adoration by ! ,magi1 ,nones to ! ,circumcision1 ,vesp]s to ! ,flight into ,egypt1 ,compl9e to ! ,assumption ( ! ,virg94 ,! subsidi>y ,h\rs ( ! ,passion naturally sugge/$ ! ,crucifixion or1 less frequ5tly1 ! ,inv5tion or f9d+ ( ! ,cross by ! ,emp]or ,con/ant9e1 & ^? ( ! ,holy ,_s ! ,day ( ,p5teco/4 ,we h "h ! subjects = n9e pictures1 :i* 7 almo/ inv>iably h]ald$ by "o ( ! ,annunciation1 & might easily be increas$ by a repres5tation ( ! ,adoration by ! ,%eph]ds1 ( ! ,murd] ( ! ,innoc5ts1 & ! ,dea? ( ! ,virg94 ,moreov]1 ! cont5ts ( ,books ( ,h\rs 7 gradually enl>g$ till !y des]v$ ! title1 :i* has be5 giv5 !m1 ( ! ,lay-,folk's ,pray]-,book4 ,a typical ,book ( ,h\rs w\ld conta9-- 7i47 ,a ,kal5d> 7"o picture74 7ii47 ,passages f ! ,gospels on ! ,passion ( ,*ri/4 7,"o to ?ree pictures47 7iii47 ,private ,pray]s4 7iv47 ,! ,h\rs !mselves--,horae intem]atae beatae ,m>iae ,virg9is--) ! subsidi>y ,h\rs ( ! ,passion & ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 7,n9e to ?irte5 pictures47 7v47 ,! ,sev5 ,p5it5tial ,psalms4 7,"o or two pictures47 7vi47 ,! ,litany ( ! ,sa9ts4 7vii47 ,! ,vigils ( ! ,dead4 7,"o to f\r pictures47 7viii47 ,sev5 ,psalms on ,*ri/'s ,passion4 ,! ,kal5d> usually conta9$ poetical directions = ! pres]vation ( heal?1 & 0 !re=e prelud$ by a r gha/ly anatomical picture ( a man4 ,! passages f ! ,gospel1 :i* began ) ! fir/ *apt] ( ,s4 ,john1 7 illu/rat$ by a picture ( ! evangeli/'s m>tyrdom1 & ! ,passion by "o ( ! ,kiss ( ,judas1 or ( ! ,crucifixion4 ,to ! ,p5it5tial ,psalms 7 sometimes prefix$ pictures ( ,ba?%eba ba?+ on h] h\setop1 & ( ! dea? ( ,uriah1 or1 m r>ely1 ( an angel appe>+ to ,david ) weapons 9 8 h&1 signify+ ! ?ree puni%m5ts betwe5 :i* he mu/ *oose = 8 s9 9 numb]+ ! p4 ,! ,litany ( ! ,sa9ts (f]$ too wide a field = full-page cuts to be assign$ x1 b 0 (t5 illu/rat$ by small] ones set 9 ! text4 ,to ! ,vigils ( ! ,dead ! commone/ illu/rations at fir/ 7 ^? ( ',les ,trois ,vifs et ,les ,trois ,morts1' ?ree gay cavali]s meet+ _! own gr9n+ corpses4 ',dives & ,laz>us' 0 fir/ jo9$ ) ^! & aft]w>ds sup]s$$ !m4 ,we also f9d pictures ( ! ,day ( ,judgm5t1 ! ,entombm5t1 & 9 "o in/ance ( a fun]al4 ,two illu/rations 9 hon\r ( ! ,eu*>i/ are also ( common occurr5ce--"o ( angels uphold+ a *alice1#ai ! o!r ( ! ,vision ( ,s4 ,gregory1 :5 he saw ! crucifi$ ,*ri/ appe>+ on ! alt>4 ,if we add to ^! a picture ( ! ,tree ( ,jesse1 & ano!r ( ! ,*ur* 9 heav5 & on e>?1 we %all h exhau/$ ! li/ ( subjects :i* appe> ) any frequ5cy1 ?\gh pictures ( ! ,creation & ,fall1 ( ,david & ,golia?1 ( ! ,desc5t f ! ,cross1 & p]haps "o or two o!rs may occasionally be f\nd4 ,x %\ld be m5tion$ t ! illu/rations to ! ,psalms on ! ,passion are usually repeat$ f o!rs previ\sly us$1 b putt+ ^! on "o side1 x w be f\nd t we h acc\nt$ = ! subjects ( "s five-&-tw5ty pictures1 & ?is is 9 excess ( ! numb] f\nd 9 any "o book1 :i* v>ies f six to tw5ty-two4 ,9 "s ( ! e>li] ,horae1 z we %all see1 ! pr9t]s cont5t$ !mselves ) ^! l>ge illu/rations1 & 9 o!rs surr\nd$ ! text ) purely decorative bord]s ( fl[]s & birds4 ,b 9 a typical edition ! bord]s consi/ ( a numb] ( small blocks or plates1 ! figures 9 :i* re9=c$ ! tea*+ ( ! ma9 illu/rations4 ,9 an edition pr9t$ by ,jean ,du ,pr'e 9 ,febru>y #adhh-i1 five pages are devot$ to an explanation ( ^! vignettes1 & x w n be a wa/e ( space to quote a few l9es3 ,p,ce/ le rep]toire des hi/oires figures de la bible tant du vieilz te/ament que du n\ueau cont5ues d$5s les vignettes de ces pres5tes heures imprimees en cuyure4 ,en *ascune desquelles vignettes snt cont5ues deux figures du vieilz te/ament signifians une vraye hi/oire du n\ueau4 ,comme il app]t p> les *apitres cottez et alleguez au propos tant en lat9 que francoys en *ascune desdits figures et hi/oires4 ,p,et premi]em5t en la pagee sic ensuyuante li/oire de lannunciation e/ prefiguree la natiuite no/re dame4 comme il app]t p> les deux figures de iesse et balaan4 pr\ue p> le liure de isaye1 xi *apitre et des nombres xxiiii4 *ap4 ,p,item en lautre pagee ensuyuante par ,rebecca et ,s>a e/ entendu comme no/re dame fut esp\see a ioseph4 ainsi qu'on lit en g5ese xxiiii4 c4 ?o4 vi4 ,?us we see t1 z fir/ plann$1 ! bord] vignettes =m$ a cont9u\s s]ies illu/rat+ hi/orically ! tea*+ ( ! ,horae by ref]5ce to ,old ,te/am5t types1 ) *apt] & v]se = _! significance4 ,x w be notic$ also t x is di/9ctly /at$ t ! vignettes 9 ?is edition 7 'imprim'ees en cuyvre1' pr9t$ on copp]4 ,two mon?s lat]1 9 an edition publi%$ by ,anto9e ,v'er>d 7,april #e1 #adhi71 ! same table 0 reproduc$ ) v slight alt]ations4 ,! words 'en cuyvre' 7 !n omitt$1 b 'imprim'ees' 0 left 91 awkw>dly en\gh4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ! omission 0 delib]ate1 & we h ?us two /atem5ts :i* re9=ce ! op9ion ( ! be/ exp]ts1 t bo? wood & copp] 7 employ$ 9 engrav+ diff]5t editions ( ^! designs4 ,^! ,old ,te/am5t types d n appe> to h long reta9$ _! popul>ity1 & 7 soon sup]s$$ by a less cont9u\s =m ( illu/ration4 ,! ,cal5d> (f]$ an excuse = introduc+ "o s]ies ( vignettes ( ! sports & occupations ( ea* mon?1 ano!r ( ! signs ( ! zodiac1 & a ?ird giv+ pictures ( ! sa9ts 9 connection ) ! days on :i* !y 7 commemorat$4 ,! ,gospels ( ! ,passion 7 illu/rat$ by vignettes on ! same subject2 ! ,h\rs !mselves by a long s]ies on ! lives ( ,*ri/ & ( ! ,bless$ ,virg94 ,! ,dance ( ,dea? 0 br\ght 9 to illu/rate ! ,vigils ( ! ,dead1 & relief 0 giv5 by "s *>m+ sc5es ( hunt+ & rural life1 :i* =m$ ! bord] to ! ,private ,pray]s & ! ,litany ( ! ,sa9ts4 ,9 addition to ^!1 we h repres5tations ( ! ,prophets & ,sibyls1 ( ! ,c>d9al ,virtues1 & ! ,lives ( ! ,sa9ts1 & an admixture ( purely decorative or grotesque designs4 ,betwe5 ! vignettes spaces 7 (t5 left1 :i* 7 fill$ 91 sometimes ) illu/rative texts1 sometimes ) a cont9u\s pray] or exhortation1 ei!r 9 ,fr5* or ,lat94 ,?us 9 ! prelim9>y leaves ( "s ( ! ,horae ! text read3 ,t\t bon loyal et vaillant ca?olique qui comm5c] aucune euure ymag9e doit inuoqu] en t\te sa pratique premi]em5t la puissance diu9e p> ce beau nom iesus qui illum9e t\t cueur huma9 t\t ent5dem5t4 ,ce/ en t\t fait ung beau comm5cem5t3 & :5 we turn to ! ,gospels ( ! ,passion we f9d a pray] beg9n+ ',protecteur des bons ca?oliques donne n\s croire tellem5t les p>oles euangeliques1' c4 ,9 ,v'er>d's e>li] editions ! book w\ld h to be turn$ r\nd to read ! words on ! l[] bord]1 b 9 ,pig\*et's ?is defect 0 rem$i$1 s t we are left free to imag9e t ! pray] 0 meant = devotional use1 & n m]ely z a decoration4 ,! *ief firms employ$ 9 ! production ( ^! beautiful pray]-books dur+ ! fifte5? c5tury 7 7i47 ,jean du ,pr'e2 7ii47 ,anto9e ,v'er>d2 7iii47 ,philippe ,pig\*et1 work+ *iefly = ,simon ,vo/re1 a publi%]1 b also = ,de ,m>nef1 ,laur5s ,philippe1 & occasionally on 8 own acc\nt2 7iv47 ,?ielman ,k]v]4 ,! proportion ( dat$ & undat$ editions is ab\t equal1 & ) c>eful /udy x ought to be possible to trace ! c>e] ( ea* ( ! important firms1 not+ :5 ea* new illu/ration or vignette makes its fir/ appe>ance4 ,un=tunately great confusion has be5 introduc$ into ! bibliography ( ,horae by ! pres5ce 9 !m ( cal5d>s1 mo/ly = tw5ty ye>s1 giv+ ! dates ( ! moveable fea/s4 ,all t ^! cal5d>s %[ is t ! edition 9 :i* !y occur mu/ h be5 pr9t$ be=e1 probably at lea/ five or six ye>s be=e1 ! la/ ye> = :i* !y are reckon$4 ,! fact t1 e4g41 ! editions pr9t$ by ,pig\*et 9 ,augu/ & ,septemb] #adih h ! #adhh to #aejh cal5d> is by itself suffici5t to prove t !y _c d m ?an ?is4 ,unluckily a connection has (t5 be5 assum$ betwe5 ! fir/ ye> ( ! cal5d> & ! ye> ( publication--e4g4 undat$ ,horae ) ! cal5d> = #adhh-aejh are frequ5tly ascrib$ on t gr\nd only to #adhh1 or ) p]v]se +5uity to #adhg2 z if a cal5d> ( ! moveable fea/s 7 l an annual almanac1 & mu/ necess>ily be pr9t$ 9 read9ess = ! new ye>4 ,great confusion has ?us be5 caus$1 s t x is impossible to tru/ any conjectural date = an ,horae unless we "k ! gr\nds on :i* x is bas$4 ,! e>lie/ dat$ ,fr5* ,horae 0 f9i%$ by ,anto9e ,v'er>d on ,augu/ #ba1 #adhf1 & foll[$ by ano!r ! next ye> dat$ ,july #g1 #adhg2 b ! cuts 9 bo? ( ^! are small & rude1 m]e guides to an illum9ator1 & z ,v'er>d's lat] editions br+ him into connection ) o!r publi%]s1 x w be conv5i5t to consid] fir/ ?ree editions by ,jean ,du ,pr'e1 all ( :i* are ( great int]e/4 ,! "o :i* we mu/ rank z ! e>lie/ is an undat$ ,hore ad vsum ,romanum1 sign$ ',jo4 de ,prato' 7i4e4 ,j4 ,du ,pr'e7 :i* c be %[n to h be5 issu$ "s little "t be=e ,feb4 #ai1 #adhh-i1 ! date ( a ,psalt] pr9t$ by ,anto9e ,cayllaut 9 :i* "o ( ! cuts appe>s 9 a m worn condition4 ,! text measures #d-a_/b 94 by #c-a_/d4 ,?is is ! only "o ( ! ?ree :i* 0 kn[n to ,brunet1 ^: li/ ( ,horae 9 ! fif? volume ( 8 ,manuel du ,libraire1 long z x is1 is v incomplete4 ,its text1 includ+ ! bord]s1 measures #e-e_/h 94 by #c-e_/h1 & 9 addition to ,du ,pr'e's m>k & ! anatomical man is illu/rat$ by n9ete5 engrav+s4 ,n9e ( ^! are ! usual illu/rations to ! ,h\rs !mselves1 & ! subsidi>y ,h\rs ( ! ,passion & ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,! ,p5it5tial ,psalms are illu/rat$ by ,david's ,ba?%eba & ! ,dea? ( ,uriah1 & ! ,vigils ( ! ,dead by a figure ( ,dea?4 ,9 addition to ^! we h ! ,fall ( ,lucif]1 ,desc5t f ! ,cross1 ) emblems ( ! f\r evangeli/s1 a figure ( ! ,tr9ity1 ! ,virg9 & ,*ild 9 glory1 ,s4 ,*ri/oph]1 ,s4 ,m>y ,magdal51 & ! ,vision ( ,s4 ,gregory1 ) small pictures f ! life ( ,*ri/ & figures ( ! ,sa9ts4 ,! bord]s c>ry out ! plan ( ! table ( vignettes1 conta9+ ?ree sc5es f ! ,bible & ?ree heads1 ) explanatory text1 on ea* page ?r\gh\t ! great] "p ( ! book4 ,t[>ds ! end ^! are replac$ by figures ( sa9ts & angels4 ,! arti/'s designs h be5 r spoilt by ! engrav]1 ^: /rokes are frequ5tly mu* too black4 ,! second ( ,du ,pr'e's editions is a v int]e/+ book1 = ! illu/rations are pr9t$ 9 ?ree col\rs--blue1 r$1 & gre54 ,x is dat$ #adij1 b )\t ! m5tion ( any mon?4 ,x has "s unusual illu/rations--e4g4 ! ?ree ,m>ies ) ! body ( ,*ri/1 ,david & ,golia?1 ,laz>us 9 ,abraham's bosom & ,dives 9 torm5t1 & ,s4 ,*ri/oph]4 ,_m ( ! pages are )\t vignettes1 & :]e ^! occur !y are n jo9$ neatly toge!r to =m a cont9u\s bord]1 b set1 r at haphaz>d1 ab\t ! m>g94 ,pictures & vignettes are pr9t$ sometimes 9 ! same1 sometimes 9 diff]5t col\rs4 ,! page ( text measures #e-a_/b 94 by #d1 or )\t bord]s1 #d by #b-a_/b4 ,! la/ edition kn[n to me by ,du ,pr'e is undat$1 & has a ,lat9 title-page1 ,hore ad usum ,romanum4 ,jo4 de ,prato4 ,! text ) bord]s measures #d-a_/b 94 by #c-a_/b4 ,its bord]s are simil> to ^? ( ! l>ge folios ( ! p]iod1 hav+ a floral gr\ndwork1 into :i* birds1 figures ( m5 & wom51 angels & grotesques are introduc$4 ,to make up = ! lack ( vignettes !re are sev5 small illu/rations ( ! ,passion set 9 ! text4 ,= ! l>g] illu/rations1 :i* appe> to be woodcuts1 ,du ,pr'e aga9 v>i$ 8 subjects1 introduc+ = ! only "t 9 ^! ?ree editions ,les ,trois ,vifs et ,les ,trois ,morts1 r$uc$ reproductions ( :i* are "h giv54 ,illu/ration3 ,les ,trois ,vifs4 ,f a ,horae ( ,jean ,du ,pr'e4 7,r$uc$47 ,illu/ration3 ,les ,trois ,morts4 ,f a ,horae ( ,jean ,du ,pr'e4 7,r$uc$47 ,x 0 n to be expect$ t s ent]pris+ a publi%] z ,v'er>d w\ld re/ cont5t ) ! v unpret5ti\s ,horae he produc$ 9 #adhf & #adhg1 b ! precise date at :i* he fir/ made a m ambiti\s essay is n easy to fix4 ,! undat$ edition ( 8 ,gr&es ,heures = ! use ( ,rome is con/antly assign$ to #adhh1 = no o!r reason ?an t x conta9s ! #adhh-aejh ,almanac1 ?\gh ! breaks 9 ! bord]s suffice to %[ t ?is 0 n ! fir/ appe>ance ( ! blocks4 ,at ! libr>y at ,t\l\se !re is said to be a ,v'er>d ,horae ad usum ,romanum dat$ ,april #c1 #adhh1 t is1 z ! ,fr5* ye> at ?is "t began1 at ,ea/]1 #adhi1 & ?is may be ! fir/ ( ,v'er>d's new editions4 ,?is 0 foll[$ ! next ye> by ! fir/ edition ( 8 ,gr&es ,heures1 ) ?irte5 woodcuts & a frontispiece4 ,i h n be5 =tunate en\gh to see a copy ( ei!r ( ^! editions1 b ?ree undat$ ,horae 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 pr9t$ by ,v'er>d1 seem to belong to ! same type z ! ,gr&es ,heures4 ,9 addition to a poorly cut ,vision ( ,heav51 ! ,anatomical ,man1 & ! ,*alice1 !y conta91 9 v>y+ ord]1 f\rte5 l>ge woodcuts--7i47 ,! ,fall ( ,lucif]2 7ii47 ! hi/ory ( ,adam & ,eve2 7iii47 a d\ble picture1 ! upp] half %[+ ! /rife betwe5 ,m]cy1 ,ju/ice1 ,peace1 & ,reason 9 ! pres5ce ( ,god1 & ! l[] half ! ,annunciation1 :i* foll[$ ! triumph ( ,m]cy2 7iv47 ! ,m>riage ( ,joseph & ,m>y2 7v47 ! ,inv5tion ( ! ,cross2 7vi47 ! ,gift ( ! ,_s2 7vii47 a d\ble picture ( ! ,nativity & ! ,adoration by ! ,%eph]ds2 7viii47 ! ,adoration by ! ,magi2 7ix47 a d\ble picture ( ! ,annunciation to ! ,%eph]ds & ( peasants danc+ r\nd a tree2 7x47 ! ,circumcision2 7xi47 ! ,kill+ ( ! ,innoc5ts2 7xii47 ! ,cr[n+ ( ! ,virg92 7xiii47 ,david ent]+ a ca/le1 ) ! words ',tibi soli peccavi1'--aga9/ ,!e only h ,i s9n$1--issu+ f 8 m\?2 7xiv47 a fun]al s]vice1 ! he>se /&+ be=e ! alt>4 ,! cut ( ! ,message to ! ,%eph]ds "h %[n w give a fair idea ( ! *>act]i/ics ( ?is s]ies1 z well z ( ! bord]s by :i* !y 7 accompani$4#bj ,a full li/ ( ! l>g] subjects has be5 giv5 because "s ( !m (t5 occur 9 lat] editions jo9$ ) o!r pictures ( ! s*ool ( ,pig\*et1 & x is useful to be able to fix _! orig9 at a glance4#ba ,six ( !m =m ! only l>ge illu/rations 9 ! little ,horae1 pr9t$ = ,v'er>d1 ,april #e1 #adhi1 9 :i*1 z we h already not$1 ! words 'on copp]' appe> to h be5 delib]ately omitt$ f ! table ( ! vignettes4 ,! size ( ! ,gr&es ,heures is #h 94 by #e1 t ( ! edition ( ,april #adhi1 #f 94 by #d4 ,brunet enum]ates altoge!r ?irty editions ( ,horae pr9t$ by ,v'er>d1 ! la/ ( :i* be>+ a date belongs to ! ye> #aeaj4 ,s f> z ,i am acqua9t$ ) !m ^! lat] editions h few di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ics1 b are mo/ly made up ) illu/rations design$ = o!r firms4 ,illu/ration3 ,f a ,gr&es ,heures ( ,anto9e ,v'er>d4 ,we come n[ to ! mo/ celebrat$ ( all ! s]ies ( ,horae1 ^? pr9t$ by ,pig\*et1 *iefly = ,simon ,vo/re4 ,brunet 9 8 li/ rightly discr$its ! exi/5ce ( an edition by ?is pr9t] dat$ z e>ly z ,janu>y #e1 #adhf4 ,he accepts1 h[ev]1 & briefly describes z if he _h himself se51 "o ( ,septemb] #af1 #adhh1 & m5tions also an edition pr9t$ ,april #h1 #adhh-i4 ,no copy ( ei!r ( ^! editions has come to light dur+ ! tw5ty ye>s 9 :i* ! pres5t writ] has be5 int]e/$ 9 ,horae1 & x seems fairly c]ta9 t ,pig\*et's fir/ illu/rat$ "w is to be f\nd 9 an edition ,ad usum ,p>isi5sem1 dat$ ,decemb] #a1 #adia4 ,! l>ge cuts 9 ?is are fairly good1 b a little /iff2 ! small bord]-cuts include a long set ( incid5ts 9 ! life ( ,*ri/ ) ,old ,te/am5t types aft] ! mann] ( ! ,biblia ,paup]um4 ,a ,horae ( ,may #h1 #adib1 sub/itutes floral bord]s = ^! little pictures4 ,9 ano!r set ( editions 9 :i* ,pig\*et 0 conc]n$1 app>5tly betwe5 #adic & #adie1 ! bord]s are made up ( vignettes ( v v>y+ size1 :i* may be recognis$ by _m ( !m be+ m>k$ ) ,go?ic lett]s1 mo/ly l>ge m9uscules4 ,sometimes "o1 sometimes two1 vignettes ?us lett]$ occur on a page1 & we may presume t ! lett]+1 :i* is c]ta9ly a disfigurem5t1 0 int5d$ to facilitate ! arrangem5t ( ! bord]s4 ,9 ^! ,horae1 also1 ! designs are comp>atively co>se & poor4 ,"s ( ! l>ge illu/rations are divid$ into an upp] comp>tm5t1 conta9+ ! ma9 subject1 & two l[] comp>tm5ts1 conta9+ its 'types4' ,illu/ration3 ,dives & ,laz>us1 f ,pig\*et's ,horae1 #adih4 7,r$uc$47 ,c]ta9ly by #adif1 & possibly 9 e>li] editions :i* ,i h n se51 ,pig\*et _h arriv$ at 8 typical /yle1 ( :i* a good specim5-page is giv5 9 our illu/ration f ! edition ( ,augu/ #bb1 #adih4 ,8 orig9al idea appe>s to h be5 = editions ) a page ( text measur+ #e-a_/b 94 by #c-a_/b1 su* z he issu$ on ,april #ag1 #adif1 & ,janu>y #ah1 #adif-ig4 ,b at lea/ z e>ly z ,novemb] #d1 #adig1 he add$ ano!r in* bo? to ! height & bread? ( 8 page by ! ins]tion ( ! little figures1 :i* w be notic$ at ! left ( ! l[] corn] & on ! "r at ! top4 ,! extra in* 0 valuable1 = x enabl$ him to surr\nd 8 l>ge illu/rations ) vignettes1 b ! bord]s !mselves are n improv$ by !m1 = !y m> ! ri* effect ( ! be/ "w 9 :i* ! backgr\nds are ( black ) pricks ( :ite4 ,^! same dott$ backgr\nds1 :i* we h already notic$ z pres5t 9 "s ( ! f9e/ ( ! pr9t]s' m>ks1 appe> also 9 ?ree plates1 :i* are f\nd 9 ! #adih editions1 & !nce=w>d1 b1 z f> z ,i c asc]ta91 n e>li]4 ,^! ?ree plates illu/rate 7i47 ! ,tree ( ,jesse2 7ii47 ! ,*ur* ,militant & ,triumphant2 7iii47 ! ,adoration ( ! ,%eph]ds4 ,all ?ree plates are ( great beauty1 & ! la/ is noticeable = ! names--',mahault1' ',aloris1' ',alison1' ',gob9 le ,gay1' & 'le beau ,rog]'--:i* are assign$ to ! %eph]ds & _! wives1 & :i* are ! same z ^? by :i* !y are kn[n 9 ! ,fr5* my/]y-plays4 ,! arti/s :o us$ ^! dott$ backgr\nds evid5tly view$ ! ,horae r f ! my/]y-play /&po9t4 ,!y c>$ little = ! 'types' :i* ,v'er>d & ,du ,pr'e s c>efully expla9$ 9 _! e>ly editions1 b delight$ 9 ! ,dance ( ,dea? & 9 sc5es ( hunt+ & rural life1 or fail+ ^! 9 grotesques4 ,!y plac$ _! tal5ts at ! disposal ( religion1 b !y b>ga9$ to be all[$ to introduce a good deal ( hum\r z well4 ,! be/ ,fr5* ,horae 7 all publi%$ )9 ab\t t5 ye>s4 ,dur+ ?is decade1 :i* j ov]laps ! fifte5? c5tury1 ! only s]i\s rival ( ,pig\*et 0 ,?ielman ,k]v]1 :o began pr9t+ 9 #adig1 & by d9t ( close imitation approa*$ v ne> inde$ to ,pig\*et's success4 ,) ! less5+ ( ,pig\*et's activity ab\t #aeje1 !re came an aft]-flood ( bad ta/e1 :i* swept ev]y?+ be=e x4 ,! old ,fr5* designs 7 displac$ by reproductions ( ,g]man "w utt]ly unsuit$ to ! ,fr5* types & ornam5ts1 & along ) ^! !re came an equally disa/r\s sub/itution ( florid ,r5aissance bord]s ( pill>s & *]ubs = ,pig\*et's *>m+ vignettes & hunt+ sc5es4 ,?ielman ,k]v]1 :o _h begun ) bett] ?+s1 soon made 8 surr5d] to ! new fa%ion1 & 8 firm cont9u$ to pr9t ,horae1 = :i* x is difficult to f9d a good ^w until ab\t #aeef4 ,8 activity 0 m ?an equall$ by ,gilles ,h>d\yn1 :o ) 8 successors 0 responsible = "s sev5ty editions dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,guillaume ,eu/ace1 ,guillaume ,god>d1 & ,franc1ois ,regnault 7 less =midable competitors1 & besides ^! "s ?irty or =ty editions are attributable to o!r pr9t]s4 ,on ,janu>y #af? 7or to use ! affect$ /yle ( ! colophon itself1 'xvii4 ,kal4 ,febr4'71 #aebe1 ,ge(froy ,tory1 ! s*ol>1 arti/1 & pr9t]1 9 conjunction ) 8 fri5d ,simon ,col9es1 br\ght out a ,horae1 :i* is c]ta9ly n op5 to ! *>ge ( bad ta/e4 ,! pr9t$ page measures #f-a_/d 94 by #c-c_/d1 ! type us$ is a delicate ,roman lett] ) a slight employm5t ( r$ ink1 b no h& "w1 ! bord]s are 9 ! mo/ delicate /yle ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,! illu/rations numb] twelve1 ( :i* "o1 t ( ! ,annunciation1 occupies two pages4 ,!re are no unusual subjects1 except t 9 ! picture ( ! ,crucifixion ,tory displays 8 classical p$antry by surr\nd+ ! c5tral picture ) f\r vignettes illu/rat+ ,virgil's ',sic vos non vobis' quatra91 on ! %eep1 ! bees1 ! birds1 & ! ox51 ^: life enri*es o!rs b n !mselves4 ,9 ! picture ( ! ,adoration by ! ,magi1 "h giv51 ,tory obta9s an unusually ri* effect by ! figure ( ! negro4 ,he repeats ?is1 on a small] scale1 9 ! black rav51 croak+ ,cras1 ,cras1 9 ! picture ( ! ,triumph ( ,dea?4 ,! tone ( ! o!r illu/rations is r ?91 & ! l5g? ( ! faces & slight angul>ity 9 ! figures 7effects :i* ,tory1 ! mo/ affect$ ( arti/s1 no d\bt delib]ately s\ght =7 cause !m j to fall %ort ( beauty4 ,comp>$1 h[ev]1 ) ! contempor>y editions ( o!r pr9t]s1 ,tory's ,horae seem possess$ ( e beauty4 ,we "k ( five editions be=e 8 dea? or retirem5t 9 #aecc1 & ( "s sev5 o!rs be=e ! close ( ! half c5tury4 ,aft] #aeej ! publication ( ,horae 9 ,france almo/ entirely ceas$1 b "s pretty editions 7 issu$ at ,antw]p by ! ,fr5* pr9t] ,*ri/oph] ,plant9 9 #aefe & #aege1 & p]haps 9 o!r ye>s4 ,! decree ( ,pope ,pius ,v4 mak+ ! use ( ! ,(fice no long] obligatory on ! cl]gy seems to h be5 prec$$ by a great fall+ (f ( ! popul>ity ( ! ,h\rs among ! laity1 9 :om ! booksell]s _h f\nd _! *ief cu/om]s1 & aft] #aefh a v few editions suffic$ to supply ! dem& ( ^? :o 7 /ill w$d$ to _! use4 ,illu/ration3 ,f ,tory's ,horae1 #aebe4 7,r$uc$47 99 99 99 99 99 #ai ,i jo9 ?is ) ! o!r illu/ration z hav+ a ,eu*>i/ic significance1 b 9 "o ( ,v'er>d's editions ! full explanation is giv53 ',ce/ la mesure de la playe du co/e de notre seigneur iesucri/ qui fut apportee de ,con/ant9ople au noble emp]eur ,sa9t ,*>lema9e af9 que nulz ennemys ne luy peuss5t nuire en bataille4' #bj ,! defects 9 ?is reproduction appe> also 9 ! orig9al1 f :i* x is r$uc$4 #ba e4g41 9 an edition pr9t$ by ,jean ,poitev91 ,may #ae1 #adih1 ! illu/rations = ,t]ce1 ,sext1 ,nones1 ,vesp]s1 & ,compl9e are f ,v'er>d2 ! o!rs1 includ+ ! pr9t]'s device1 7 imitat$ f ,pig\*et4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,holl& ,?irty ye>s ago1 "u ! title ,! ,woodcutt]s ( ! ,ne!rl&s 7a little sugge/ive ( a /ory = boys on life 9 a ,dut* =e/7 ,sir ,m>t9 ,conway wrote a treatise on ! e>ly book-illu/rations ( ! ,l[ ,c\ntries1 :i* is /ill ! /&>d "w on ! subject1 & only ne$$ pl5ty ( facsimiles to make x completely illum9at+4 ,un=tunately 9 #ahhd ! process block 0 /ill 9 its infancy1 & 9 ! abs5ce ( ?is *eap me?od ( reproduction ! book 0 issu$ )\t a s+le picture4 ,writt5 "s n9e ye>s lat] ! pres5t *apt] epitomises s mu* ( ,sir ,m>t9's treatise z ! r scanty /ock ( ,l[ ,c\ntry illu/rat$ books 9 ,engl& enabl$ me to visualise1 & = lack ( an int]v5+ pilgrimage to ,dut* libr>ies comp>atively little c n[ be add$ to x4 ,sir ,m>t9 ,conway divid$ 8 book into ?ree p>ts1 ! fir/ giv+ ! hi/ory ( ! woodcutt]s1 ! second a catalogue ( ! cuts1 & ! ?ird a li/ ( ! books conta9+ !m4 ,putt+ on "o side ! blocks import$ or directly copi$ f ,france & ,g]many1 he attributes ! illu/rations 9 fifte5? c5tury ,dut* books to "s five-&-tw5ty diff]5t workm5 & _! appr5tices4 ,8 fir/ gr\p is =m$ (-- 7i47 ,a ,l\va9 woodcutt] :o work$ = ,john & ,conrad de ,we/phalia1 = :om he cut two capital little vignette portraits ( !mselves1 & = ,veld5]1 = :om he execut$ ! n9e illu/rations 9 an edition ( ! ,fasciculus ,temporum1 publi%$ on ,decemb] #bi1 #adge4 7ii47 ,a ,utre*t woodcutt]1 ^: mo/ important works are a set ( cuts to illu/rate ! ,boeck des guld5 ?ro5s1 publi%$ by a my/]i\s pr9t]1 ,gl41 9 #adhj1 "s additional cuts = a new edition by ,veld5] ( ! ,fasciculus ,temporum1 & a set ( ?irty-n9e cuts1 *iefly on ! life ( ,*ri/1 = ! same pr9t]'s ,epi/ol5 ende ewangeli5 ( #adha4 7iii47 ,a ,bruges woodcutt]1 possibly ! pr9t] himself1 :o illu/rat$ ,col>d ,mansion's ,fr5* edition ( ! ,metamorphoses ( ,ovid 7#adhd72 & 7iv47 ,a ,g\da woodcutt]1 by ^: aid ,g]>d ,leeu />t$ on 8 c>e] z a pr9t] ( illu/rat$ books ) ! ,dialogus ,creatur>um 7( :i* he pr9t$ six editions betwe5 ,june #c1 #adhj1 & ,augu/ #ca1 #adhb71 & ! ,ge/5 van ,rom51 ,vi] ,ut]/e1 & ,hi/oria ,septem ,sapi5tum4 ,( ^! books1 ^: illu/rations are gr\p$ toge!r z all execut$ 9 pure l9e "w1 ! mo/ int]e/+ to u are ! ,metamorphoses & ! ,dialogus4 ,! =m] is h&somely pr9t$ 9 r$ & black 9 ,mansion's l>ge type1 & has sev5te5 s+le-column cuts ( gods & goddesses & z _m d\ble-column ones illu/rat+ ! ,metamorphoses !mselves4 ,! l>g] cuts are ! m successful1 & are c]ta9ly sup]ior to ! av]age ,fr5* "w ( ! day1 to :i* !y be> a consid]able resemblance4 ,unc\? z !y are1 !y 7 ?\ght good en\gh by ,anto9e ,v'er>d to s]ve z models = 8 own edition ( #adic4 ,! ,metamorphoses1 ,mansion's fir/ illu/rat$ book1 0 also ! la/ "w issu$ f 8 press2 & "p ( ! edition 0 n publi%$ till aft] 8 disappe>ance f ,bruges4 ,! hundr$ & tw5ty-"o cuts 9 ,leeu's ,dialogus ,creatur>um are ! "w ( a f> m inspir$1 if v *ild-l1 arti/4 ,) a m9imum ( /rokes ! creatures ab\t :om ! text tells its wond]ful /ories are drawn s z to be easily recognisable1 & we h no reason to suppose t ! hum\r :i* p]vades !m 0 o!rwise ?an int5tional4 ,we come n[ to ! be/ p]iod ( ,dut* illu/ration1 :i* c5tres r\nd ! presses ( ,leeu at ,g\da & ,antw]p1 & ( ,jacob ,bella]t at ,ha>lem1 ^: bus9ess 0 probably only a bran* ( ,leeu's4 ,dur+ 8 /ay at ,g\da1 ,leeu commission$ an important set ( sixty-eight blocks1 ?irty-two ( :i* 7 us$ 9 ! ,lijd5 ons ,he]5 ( #adhb1 & ! :ole set 9 a ,devote ,ghetid51 :i* ,sir ,m>t9 ,conway conjectures to h be5 publi%$ j aft] ! pr9t]'s removal to ,antw]p 9 ! summ] ( #adhd4 ,fifty-two ( !m 7 us$ aga91 9 conjunction ) o!r cuts1 9 ! ,boeck v&5 lev5 ,*ri/i ( ,ludolphus 9 #adhg1 & ! hi/ory ( _m ( !m c be trac$ 9 o!r books to z late z #aeaj4 ,?us !y 7 evid5tly popul>1 ?\gh nei!r _! design nor _! cutt+ calls = mu* praise4 ,ano!r set ( sev5 cuts1 to ea* ( :i* is jo9$ a sidepiece %[+ a tea*] & a s*ol>1 appe>s 9 ,leeu's la/ ,g\da book1 ! ,van d5 ,sev5 ,sacram5t5 ( ,june #ai1 #adhd1 & ev9ces a mu* great] ma/]y ov] 8 tools on ! "p ( ! engrav]4 ,! little sidepiece1 :i* 0 add$ to br+ ! bread? ( ! cuts up to t ( ,leeu's folio page 7#e-a_/b 9471 is p>ticul>ly good4 ,aft] ,leeu's removal to ,antw]p 8 activity z a pr9t] ( illu/rat$ books suff]$ a tempor>y *eck1 & our int]e/ is transf]r$ to ! (fice ( ,jacob ,bella]t at ,ha>lem1 :o1 aft] borr[+ "s ( ,leeu's cuts = a ,lijd5 ons ,he]51 issu$ 9 ,decemb] #adhc1 9 ! foll[+ ,febru>y _h pr9t$ "u ! "n ( ,d] ,sond]5 troe/ a ,dut* v]sion ( ! ,belial ( ,jacobus de ,!ramo4 ,?is has altoge!r ?irty-two cuts1 ! fir/ ( :i* occupies a full page1 & repres5ts 9 its diff]5t p>ts ! fall ( ,lucif] & ( ,adam & ,eve1 ! ,flood1 ! ,passage ( ! ,r$ ,sea1 & ! ,baptism ( ,*ri/4 ,six half-page cuts repres5t incid5ts ( ! ,h>r[+ ( ,hell1 ! ,asc5sion1 & ! ,day ( ,p5teco/4 ,! o!r illu/rations at a ha/y glance seem to be ( ! same size 7#e 94 by #c-c_/d71 b are soon discov]$ to be sep>able into diff]5t blocks1 usually ?ree 9 numb]4 ,eight blocks ( #b-a_/b 94 ea*1 & sev5te5 ( half ?is wid?1 are ?us arrang$ 9 a s]ies ( dramatic comb9ations4 ,?us we are fir/ %[n ! diff]5t p]sons :o answ] ! citation ( ,solomon1 ^: judgm5t hall is ! c5tral block 9 ?irte5 illu/rations2 !n ! controv]sy 9 heav5 be=e ,*ri/ z ! judge2 !n sc5es 9 a ,royal ,c\ncil ,*amb]1 c4 ,our illu/ration is tak5 f ! op5+ ( ,solomon's ,c\rt1 ) ,belial appe>+ to plead on "o side1 & ,*ri/ answ]+ ! summons ( ! mess5g]1 ,azahel1 on ! o!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,f ,leeu's edition ( ,d] ,sond]5 troe/1 ,antw]p1 #adhd4 ,9 ,octob] ( ! same ye>1 #adhd1 ,bella]t pr9t$ an edition ( ! ,boeck des guld5 ?ro5s1 9 :i* f\r cuts1 repres5t+ ! s\l1 depict$ z a woman ) fl[+ hair1 be+ in/ruct$ by an eld]1 s]ve z illu/rations to all ! tw5ty-f\r disc\rses4 ,9 #adhe we h fir/ ( all two romances1 ! ,hi/orie v&5 vrom5 ridd] ,jason & ! ,v]gad]+e d] ,hi/ori5 van ,troy51 bo? translat$ f ,ra\l le ,fe'vre1 & illu/rat$ ) half-folio cuts1 :i* ,i h n se54 ,at ! end ( ! ye> came a translation ( ,glanville's ,de ,proprietatibus ,r]um1 ) elev5 folio cuts1 ( :i* ! mo/ int]e/+ are ! fir/1 :i* %[s ! ,almighty seat$ 9 glory )9 a circle ?r[n up by a black backgr\nd1 & ! six?1 :i* conta9s twelve little m$allions1 repres5t+ ! pleasures & occupations ( ! diff]5t mon?s4 ,dur+ #adhf ,bella]t pr9t$ ?ree illu/rat$ books1 an ,epi/el5 ende ,euangeli51 ,pi]re ,mi*ault's ,doctr9ael des tyts1 an allegory1 9 :i* ,virtue exhibits to ! au?or ! s*ools ( ,vice1 & a ,dut* v]sion ( ,deguileville's ,p'el]9age de la vie huma9e4 ,! t5 cuts 9 ! second ( ^! ?ree books are describ$ by ,sir ,m>t9 ,conway z c>efully drawn1 ! m num]\s illu/rations 9 ! o!rs %[+ ha/y "w1 probably produc$ by an inf]ior arti/4 ,aft] #adhf ,bella]t disappe>s1 & mo/ ( 8 cuts & types are f\nd 9 ! possession ( ,g]>d ,leeu1 :o1 s9ce 8 removal to ,antw]p1 _h lack$ ! help ( a good engrav]4 ,he app>5tly secur$ ! s]vices ( ,bella]t's arti/1 & n[ pr9t$ ,fr5* & ,dut* editions ( ! romance ( ,p>is & ,vi5ne 7,may #adhg71 an edition ( ,reyn>d ! ,fox1 ( :i* only a fragm5t rema9s1 ! already-m5tion$ edition ( ,ludolphus1 = :i* he us$ cuts bo? new & old1 a ,k9ts*eyt ,jhesu 7#adhh71 ,dut* & ,lat9 v]sions ( ! /ory ( ! ,sev5 ,wise ,m5 ( ,rome1 :o sav$ ! "y pr9ce f ! wiles ( 8 /ep-"m1 & num]\s religi\s works4 ,at ! "t ( 8 dea?1 9 #adic1 he 0 engag$ on an edition ( ! ,cronycles ( ,engl&1 :i* has on its title-page a f9e qu>to cut %[+ ! %ield ( ,engl& support$ by angels4 ,9 #adhe ,leeu _h copi$ 7,sir ,m>t9 ,conway says1 'borr[$1' b ?is is a mi/ake7 blocks f ,anton ,sorg1 ( ,augsburg1 = an edition ( ,,aesop1 & 9 #adia1 9 8 ,duyts*e ,ghetid51 he employ$ a set ( woodcuts imitat$ f ^? 9 use 9 ! ,fr5* ,horae4 ,sir ,m>t9 assigns ^! directly to a ,fr5* wood-cutt]1 b ! "w1 bo? 9 ! cuts & ! bord]s1 appe>s to me suffici5tly di/9ctive to be set d[n r z an imitation ?an z produc$ by a =eign arti/4 ,its success 0 imm$iate1 & ! designs appe> 9 half a doz5 books pr9t$ by ,leeu dur+ ! next two ye>s1 & 9 n9e o!rs issu$ by ,lieseveldt1 _! pur*as]1 betwe5 #adic & ! end ( ! c5tury4 ,we mu/ n[ look v briefly at "s ( ! illu/rat$ books pr9t$ 9 o!r ,dut* t[ns4 ,at ,zwolle1 f #adhd onw>ds1 ,pet] van ,os issu$ a l>ge numb] ( devotional works1 ! cuts 9 _m ( :i* 7 copi$ f sets made = ,leeu4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n ! case ) a folio cut ( ! ,virg9 manife/+ h]self to ,s4 ,b]n>d1 :i* is giv5 z a frontispiece to ?ree editions ( ! ,sa9t's ,s]mons 7#adhd1 c471 & is ( great beauty4 ,at ,delft1 ,jacob van d] ,me] also copi$ ,leeu's books2 9 #adhc he produc$ an orig9al set ( illu/rations to ! ev]-popul> ,scaeckspul ( ,jacobus de ,cessolis1 & ?ree ye>s lat]1 a ,passionael1 ) upw>ds ( n9ety cuts1 :i* 7 us$ aga9 & aga9 9 m ?an a score ( simil> works or editions4 ,he 0 succe$$ by ,*ri/ian ,snella]t1 :o1 9 #adia1 endeav\r$ to imitate ,leeu's ,fr5* cuts 9 an edition ( ! ,k]/55 ,spieghel4 ,john de ,we/phalia cont9u$ to "w at ,l\va9 until #adif1 b 8 illu/rat$ books 7 few & unimportant4 ,at ,g\da1 ,gotfrid de ,os1 aft] borr[+ blocks f ,leeu1 :5 ! latt] _h dep>t$ = ,antw]p1 issu$ a few books ) woodcuts1 notably ! romance ( ,godfrey ( ,b\logne 7,hi/orie h]toghe ,godeua]ts van ,bolo571 & ,le ,*evali] ,d'elib'er'e by ,olivi] de ,lam>*e1 ) sixte5 l>ge & v /rik+ woodcuts1 :i* h be5 reproduc$ 9 facsimile by ! ,bibliographical ,society f ! repr9t issu$ ab\t ! end ( ! c5tury at ,s*i$am4 ,at ,dev5t]1 ,jacobus de ,br$a & ,ri*>d ,paffroet1 f #adhf onw>ds1 pr9t$ a l>ge numb] ( books ) s+le cuts1 none ( any great importance4 ,9 ! la/ decade ( ! c5tury1 ,hugo ,janszo5 commission$ sev]al sets ( crude religi\s cuts1 :ile ! illu/rat$ books issu$ at ,antw]p by ,godfrey ,back1 :o _h m>ri$ ! wid[ ( an e>li] pr9t]1 ,ma?ias van d] ,goes1 d n seem to h be5 mu* bett]4 ,?is decl9e ( good "w ,sir ,m>t9 ,conway attributes *iefly to ! influ5ce ( ! ,fr5* woodcuts introduc$ by ,leeu4 ',! *>act]i/ic quality1' he says1 '( ! ,fr5* cuts is ! l>ge mass ( delicately cut %ade l9es :i* !y conta94 ,! workm5 ( ! ,l[ ,c\ntries f9d+ ^! =eign cuts rapidly becom+ popul>1 endeav\r$ to imitate !m1 b )\t be/[+ ^u _! "w t c>e by :i* alone any semblance ( ,fr5* delicacy c\ld be atta9$4 ,f ! ye> #adij onw>ds1 ,dut* & ,flemi% cuts always conta9 l>ge masses ( clumsily cut %ade4 ,! outl9es are rude2 ! old *ildi%ness is gone2 ?us ! la/ decade ( ! fifte5? c5tury is a decade ( decl9e4' ,:5 we pass f ! illu/rations to ! o!r decorations 9 e>ly ,dut* books1 we f9d t l>ge bord]s ( foliage1 boldly b r co>sely treat$1 7 us$ by ,veld5] 9 8 ,fasciculus ,temporum ( #adhj1 & 9 ,g]>d ,leeu's edition ( ! ,dyalogus ,creatur>um ! foll[+ ye>4 ,veld5]'s is accompani$ by a f9e initial ,o1 9 :i* ! design ( ! bord] is c>ri$ on4 ,leeu's page conta9s a r heavy ,s1 & ! woodcut ( ! faces ( ! sun & moon4 ,9 #adia1 z we h se51 ,leeu pr9t$ a ,psalt] ( ! ,bless$ ,virg91 by ,s4 ,b]n>d1 9 imitation ( ! ,fr5* ,horae4 ,?is has v graceful little floral bord]s 9 small patt]ns on gr\nds alt]nately black & :ite4 ,aft] ,leeu's dea?1 !y pass$ into ! possession ( ,adrian van ,lieseveldt1 :o us$ !m = a ,duyts*e ,ghetyd5 9 #adie4 ,! mo/ notewor?y initial lett]s are ! five alphabets1 pr9t$ 9 r$1 us$ by ,john ( ,we/phalia4 ,9 ! smalle/ ! lett]s are a ?ird ( an in* squ>e1 9 ! l>ge/ ab\t an in* & a qu>t]4 ,?is & ! next size are pick$ out ) :ite scroll-"w1 some:at 9 ! same way z ,s*oeff]'s4 ,pet] van ,os at ,zwolle us$ a l>ge ,n1 f\r in*es squ>e1 ) int]tw9+ foliage4 ,he _h also a f\nt ( ru/ic capitals1 almo/ undeciph]able4 ,leeu1 besides 8 l>ge ,s1 _h sev]al good alphabets ( initials4 ,a v beautiful ,d1 reproduc$ by ,holtrop f ! ,vi] ,ut]/e 7,quatuor novissima7 ( #adhh1 is mu* ! mo/ graceful lett] 9 any ,dut* book4 ,no o!r initials ( ! same /yle h be5 f\nd4 ,eck]t van ,homb]gh also _h "s good initials1 9 :i* ! gr\nd is completely cov]$ ) a light floral design4 ,gotfrid van ,os at ,g\da1 ,m4 van d] ,goes at ,antw]p1 ,jacob ,jacobso5 at ,delft1 & ,lud4 de ,ravescoet at ,l\va91 7 ! *ief o!r possessors ( initials1 ! use ( :i* cont9u$ = a long "t to be v p>tial4 ,illu/ration3 ,m>k ( ,jacob ,bella]t4 ,sev]al ( ! devices ( ! ,dut* pr9t]s are v spl5did4 ,! bord]s :i* surr\nd$ ! unicorn ( ,h4 ,eck]t van ,homb]gh & ! eagle ( ,jacob ,bella]t give !m special magnific5ce4 ,! ,ca/le at ,antw]p 0 us$ z a device by ,g]>d ,leeu1 & subsequ5tly by ,?i]ry ,m>t5s1 & a pr9t] at ,g\da plac$ a simil> erection on an elephant1 p]haps z a pun betwe5 h[dah & ,g\da4 ,pet] van ,os at ,zwolle _h a l>ge device ( an angel hold+ a %ield2 ,m4 van d] ,goes at ,antw]p a /ill l>g] "o ( a ragg$ man fl\ri%+ a club1 :ile 8 %ield displays a :ite lion on a black gr\nd4 ,ano!r ,antw]p pr9t]1 ,g4 ,back1 us$ sev]al v>ieties ( bird-cages z 8 m>ks1 9 "o ( :i* ! ,antw]p ca/le is introduc$ on a %ield hang+ f ! cage4 ,sev]al pr9t]s--e4g4 ,col>d ,mansion at ,bruges1 ,jacob ,jacobso5 at ,delft1 & ,g]>d ,leeu at ,g\da1 cont5t$ !mselves ) small devices ( a pair ( %ields brac$ toge!r4 ,leeu1 h[ev]1 :ile at ,g\da1 us$ also a l>ge device ( a helmet$ %ield support$ by two lions4 ,illu/ration3 ,f ! romance ( ,tirant lo ,blan*1 ,val5tia1 #adij4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,spa9 ,s9ce ! fir/ edition ( ?is book appe>$ k bo? ( ,spani% incunabula & ! types 9 :i* !y are pr9t$ has be5 greatly increas$1 ?anks to ! rese>*es ( ,pr(essor ,haebl]4 ,^! h dealt incid5tally1 b only incid5tally1 ) ! illu/ration & decoration ( e>ly ,spani% books1 & ! pres5t writ] mu/ /ill conf9e himself ma9ly to ! little h&ful ( illu/rat$ books :i* h come "u 8 own notice4 ,! book-h& 9 use 9 ,spa9's manuscripts dur+ ! fifte5? c5tury 0 unusually massive & h&some1 & ! same *>act]i/ics naturally reappe> 9 ! majority ( ! types us$ by ! e>ly pr9t]s 9 ,spa94 ,a consid]able proportion ( ^! 7 ,g]mans1 ^: tradition ( good press-"w 0 v fairly ma9ta9$ by _! imm$iate successors1 s t ?r\gh\t a great "p ( ! sixte5? c5tury ,spani% books reta9 mu* ( ! primitive dignity :i* we are wont to associate only ) 'incunabula4' ,f a v e>ly p]iod1 also1 !y are di/+ui%$ by ! excell5ce ( _! initial lett]s1 :i* are almo/ z pl5tiful z !y are good2 ! great majority ( books pr9t$ aft] #adhe1 :i* ,i h se51 be+ fully provid$ ) !m4 ,! prevail+ =m ( initial exhibits v delicate :ite trac]y on a black gr\nd4 ,9 a few in/ances1 z 9 a ,s5eca pr9t$ by ,me9>do ,ungut & ,/anislao ,polono1 at ,seville1 9 #adia1 "s ( ! initials are 9 r$1 & h a v decorative effect4 ,a f9e capital ,l & ,a appe> 9 a "w ( ,jean de ,m5a1 issu$ by ^! pr9t]s 9 #adii1 & a good ,m 9 _! ,cl>os ,v>ones ( ,pulg> 9 ! foll[+ ye>4 ,a ,consolat1 pr9t$1 x is said1 by ,p$ro ,posa at ,b>celona 9 #adid1 is v rem>kable = its pr(usion ( f9e initials4 ,engrav$ bord]s are n ( common occurr5ce 9 ,spani% books1 ?\gh ,i %all h to notice two /rik+ in/ances ( _! use 9 books pr9t$ at ,zamora & ,val5cia4 ,bord]s are f\nd1 also1 on ! title-pages ( v>i\s laws pr9t$ at ,b>celona dur+ ! reign ( ,f]d9& & ,isabella1 b ^! are ( no great beauty1 & "s ( ! pieces ( :i* !y are compos$ are poor copies f ! ,fr5* ,horae4 ,z a rule1 ,spani% title-pages are h&some & impos+4 ,dur+ ! la/ few ye>s ( ! fifte5? c5tury & ! beg9n+ ( its successor1 ! titles ( books 7 (t5 pr9t$ 9 l>ge woodcut lett]s4 ,a ,spani% ,livy1 pr9t$ at ,salamanca 9 #adig1 a ,vocabul>y ( ,antonio ,lebrixa1 pr9t$ by ,kromb]g] at ,seville 9 #aejf1 & a ,m> de ,i/orias pr9t$ at ,valladolid 9 #aeab1 supply examples ( ?is practice4 ,9 an ,obra a llaors del b5au5turat lo s5yor sant ,cri/(ol1 pr9t$ at ,val5cia 9 #adih1 ! woodcut title is 9 :ite on a black gr\nd1 :i* is also reliev$ by a m$allion ( ! sa9t =d+ ! /ream4 ,pictures 7 also us$ 9 connection ) ! m ord9>y woodcut titles 9 black--e4g4 9 ,juan de ,luc5a's ,tratado de la vita beata1 pr9t$ by ,juan de ,burgos 9 #aejb1 we h a cut ( a k+1 be>+ 8 sword ( ju/ice & surr\nd$ by 8 c\nsellors2 & 9 a ,libro de ,consolat tractant dels fets m>itims ( ! same ye>1 pr9t$ by ,johan ,lus*n] at ,b>celona1 b5ea? ! woodcut title !re is a l>ge figure ( a %ip up ^: ma/s sailors are climb+1 app>5tly 9 que/ ( a v prom95t moon4 ,woodcut pictures ( ! h]o decorate ! title-pages ( ! romances ( ,spa9 z ( o!r c\ntries1 & ^! pictorial title-pages are f\nd also1 ?\gh less frequ5tly1 9 works ( devotion & 9 plays4 ,su* pictures are less common 9 ,spa9 ?an else:]e1 because ( ! great popul>ity !re ( ! h]aldic title-page1 9 :i* ! arms ( ! c\ntry1 or ( ! h]o or patron ( ! "w1 =m a s+ul>ly successful me?od ( ornam5t4 ,^! h]aldic title-pages are f\nd 9 a few books1 pr9t$ be=e #aejj1 & 7 9 common use ?r\gh\t ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,! e>lie/ ,spani% illu/rat$ book ) :i* ,i am acqua9t$ is ! ,libro delos ,trabajos de ,h]cules ( ! ,m>quis ,enrique de ,vill5a1 pr9t$ by ,antonio de ,c5t5]a at ,zamora1 on ,janu>y #ae?1 #adhc 7#adhd74 ,?is has elev5 woodcuts1 illu/rat+ ! h]o's exploits1 & s rudely execut$ t !y are pla9ly ! "w ( a native arti/4 ,f> m int]e/+ ?an ^! 'pr5tice cuts are ! illu/rative initials1 app>5tly engrav$ on s(t metal1 9 a ,copilacion de ,leyes1 promulgat$ 9 #adhe1 & suppos$ to h be5 pr9t$ by ,c5t5]a 9 ! same ye>4 ,^! initials are n9e 9 numb]1 & mu/ h be5 design$ & execut$ by f9i%$ arti/s1 ^: "w is s f9e t ! pr9t] 9 mo/ in/ances has fail$ to d ju/ice to x4 ,on ! fir/ page ( text an initial ,p conta9s )9 x figures ( a k+ & que51 ,f]d9& & ,isabella4 ,?is page has at its foot a bord] conta9+ a hunt+ sc5e1 ) a blank %ield 9 its c5tre4 ,! re/ ( ! page is surr\nd$ by a text1 pr9t$ decoratively1 s z to =m an op5-"w bord]4 ,! fir/ section ( ! laws1 treat+ ( 'la ,santa ,fe1' has an initial ,e1 %[+ ,god ! ,fa!r uphold+ ! crucifi$ ,*ri/4 ,! second section sets =? ! duty ( ! k+ to he> causes two days a week1 & beg9s ) an ,l1 "h reproduc$1 9 :i* ! k+ is unpleasantly close press$ by ! litigants4 ,illu/ration3 ,initial ,l f a ,copilacion de ,leyes1 ,zamora1 c4 #adhe4 ,two knights spurr+ f ! diff]5t sides ( an ,s head ! laws ( *ivalry2 a ,canoni/ & 8 s*ol>s 9 an ,a preside ov] ,matrimony2 money-*ang]s 9 a ,d ov] ,comm]ce1 :ile a luckless wret* be+ hang$ 9 ! mid/ ( a ,t w>ns evil-do]s ( :at !y may expect "u ! crim9al law4 ,! pages conta9+ ^! initials are enri*$ also by a bord] 9 two pieces1 ! l[] "p ( :i* %[s a %ield1 ) a device ( trees1 support$ by kneel+ y\?s4 ,! p]p5dicul> piece runn+ up ! out] m>g9 be>s a floral design4 ,all ! lett]s1 :ile directly illu/rat+ ! subjects ( ! *apt]s :i* !y beg91 are at ! same "t ess5tially decorative1 & !y are c]ta9ly ! be/ pictorial initials ,i h ev] se51 ?\gh x mu/ be reckon$ aga9/ !m t !y 7 unduly difficult to pr9t ) ! text4 ,! page "h reproduc$1 un=tunately only ab\t "o-?ird ( its orig9al size1 f ! fam\s romance ( ,tirant lo ,blan*1 gives u ano!r example ( ?is peculi> /yle ( engrav+4 ,x is tak5 f ! edition pr9t$ at ,val5cia 9 #adij1 & may fairly be reckon$ z "o ( ! mo/ decorative pages 9 any fifte5?-c5tury book4 ,! re/ ( ! volume has no o!r ornam5t ?an "s good initials4 ,! fir/ ,spani% book ) woodcuts ( any arti/ic m]it ) :i* ,i am acqua9t$ is an edition ( ,diego de ,san ,p$ro's ,c>cel d',amor1 pr9t$ at ,b>celona 9 #adic4 ,?is has sixte5 diff]5t cuts1 "s ( :i* are sev]al times repeat$4 ,! title-cut1 %[+ love's prison1 is "h reproduc$1 & gives a v good idea ( a *>act]i/ic ,spani% woodcut4 ,! o!r illu/rations %[ ! lov] 9 v>i\s attitudes be=e 8 lady1 a meet+ 9 a /reet1 ! au?or at "w on 8 book1 c4 ,ano!r edition ( ! ,c>cel d',amor1 ) ! same woodcuts1 0 pr9t$ at ,burgos 9 #adif by ,fadrique ,aleman4 ,illu/ration3 ,title-page ( ,diego de ,san ,p$ro's ,c>cel d',amor1 ,b>celona1 #adic4 ,mo/ ( ! o!r ,spani% incunabula ) woodcuts1 :i* ,i h se51 7 pr9t$ at ,seville by ,me9>do ,ungut & ,/anislao ,polono4 ,! fir/ ( ^!1 ,gorricio's ,contemplaciones sobre el ,ros>io de nue/ra senora1 issu$ 9 #adie1 has "s good initials1 two l>ge cuts ne>ly ! full size ( ! qu>to page1 & fifte5 small] ones1 ) graceful bord]s mo/ly on a black gr\nd4 ,! small cuts illu/rate ! life ( ,*ri/ & ( ! ,b4 ,virg91 & are1 to "s ext5t1 modell$ on ! pictures 9 ! ,fr5* ,horae4 ,9 ! same ye>1 ! same pr9t]s publi%$ ,ayala's ,*ronica del ,rey don ,p$ro1 ) a title-cut ( a "y k+1 seat$ on 8 ?rone1 & also ! ,lilio de ,m$ic9a ( ,b4 de ,gordonio ) a title-cut ( lilies4 ,9 #adif1 a firm ( f\r pr9t]s1 ',paulo de ,colonia1 ,juan ,pegnic] de ,nuremb]g1 ,magno y ,?omas1' publi%$ an edition ( ,juan de ,m5a's ,labir9to or ,las ,,ccc 7s call$ f ! numb] ( /anzas 9 :i* x is writt57 ) a title-cut ( ! au?or 787 kneel+ be=e a k+4 ,?ree ye>s lat]1 /ill at ,seville1 ,p$ro ,brun pr9t$ 9 qu>to ! romance ( ! ,emp]or ,vespasian1 ) f\rte5 full-page cuts ( sea voyages1 sieges1 ! dea? ( ,pilate1 c4 ,aga9/ ^! books pr9t$ at ,seville1 dur+ ! la/ decade ( ! c5tury1 ,i h only notes ( "o or two books issu$ at ,salamanca1 ,val5cia1 & ,b>celona1 ) unimportant title-cuts1 & a repr9t at ,burgos ( ! ,trabajos de ,h]cules 7#adii7 ) poor illu/rations fitt$ into ! columns ( a folio page4 ,b x is q possible t my k is z "o-sid$ z x is limit$1 & ,i mu/1 !re=e1 refra9 f build+ up any !ory t ,seville1 r ?an any o!r t[n1 0 ! *ief home ( illu/rat$ books 9 ,spa94 ,aft] #aejj ! ,spani% books :i* ,i h met h no important illu/rations beyond ! cuts :i* appe> on "s ( _! title-pages4 ,b "h1 also1 ,i %\ld be sorry to make my small exp]i5ce ! basis ( a g5]al /atem5t4 ,! devices ( ! ,spani% pr9t]s 7 greatly influ5c$ by ^? ( _! compe]s ( ,italy & ,france4 ,! simple circle & cross1 9 :ite on a black gr\nd1 ) ! pr9t]'s initials 9 ! semicircles1 is fairly common1 :ile ,diego de ,gumiel & ,arnaldo ,guill]mo ,broc> v>i$ x1 accord+ to ! be/ ,italian fa%ion1 ) v beautiful floral trac]y4 ,! tree ( k & p5dant %ields1 belov$ ( ! ,fr5* pr9t]s1 appe> 9 ! m>ks ( ,me9>do ,ungut & ,/anislao ,polono1 & ( ,juan de ,rosemba*4 ,arnaldo ,guill]mo _h ano!r & v elaborate m>k1 %[+ a man kneel+ be=e ! emblems ( ! ,passion1 & two angels support+ a %ield ) a device ( a porcup9e4 ,"o ( ! qua9te/ ( all pr9t]s' m>ks 0 us$ by a lat] pr9t] ( ! "n ,juan ,broc>1 ^: motto 'legitime c]tanti' is illu/rat$ by a mail-clad soldi] grasp+ a lady's hair :ile he himself is be+ seiz$ by ! devil6 ,illu/ration3 ,f ! ,cant]bury ,tales1 #bnd edition4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,engl& ,by ,e4 ,,gordon ,,duff ,! art ( ! wood-engrav] may almo/ be said to h _h no exi/5ce 9 ,engl& be=e ! introduction ( pr9t+1 = !re are n probably m ?an half a doz5 cuts n[ kn[n1 if inde$ s _m1 t are ( an e>li] date4 ,! few t exi/ are devotional pr9ts ( ! type kn[n z ! ',image ( ,pity1' 9 :i* a half-l5g? figure ( ,*ri/ on ! cross /&s surr\nd$ ) ! emblems ( ! ,passion4 ,x may be tak51 ,i ?9k1 = grant$ t at ! "t ,caxton set up 8 press at ,we/m9/]1 t is1 9 ! ye> #adgf1 !re 0 no wood-engrav] compet5t to und]take ! "w ( illu/rat+ 8 books4 ,we see1 = in/ance1 t 9 ! fir/ edition ( ! ,cant]bury ,tales !re are no woodcuts1 :ile !y appe> 9 ! second edition2 & x is n likely t ,caxton w\ld h left a book s em95tly suit$ = illu/ration )\t "s su* adornm5t _h ! necess>y craftsm5 be5 available4 ,z x 01 x 0 n till #adhj t woodcuts fir/ appe>$ 9 an ,engli% pr9t$ book1 ! ,mirror ( ! ,_w4 ,9 ?is !re are two s]ies ( cuts4 ,"o1 consi/+ ( diagrams1 is f\nd 9 mo/ ( ! ,,mss4 ( ! book2 ! o!r1 :i* repres5ts ma/]s tea*+ _! s*ol>s or at "w alone1 0 a new dep>ture ( ,caxton's4 ,x is q probable t !y 7 int5d$ = g5]al use 9 books1 inde$ we f9d "s us$ 9 ! ,cato1 b !y d n appe> to h be5 employ$ else:]e4 ,! diagrams are meagre & difficult to und]/&1 s mu* s t ! pr9t] has pr9t$ sev]al 9 _! wrong places4 ,! necess>y lett]press occurr+ )9 !m is n pr9t$ 7,caxton _h n !n a small en\gh type71 b is writt5 9 by h&1 & x is wor? notic+ t ?is is done 9 all copies 9 ! same h&1 & s mu/ h be5 done 9 ,caxton's (fice1 "s are fond en\gh to suppose by ,caxton himself4 ,9 ! next ye> appe>$ ! second edition ( ! ,game ( ,*esse1 ) a numb] ( woodcuts4 ,! fir/ edition1 pr9t$ at ,bruges by ,caxton & ,mansion1 _h no illu/rations4 ,! cuts are co>sely design$ & r\ghly cut1 b s]ve _! purpose2 inde$1 !y are evid5tly int5d$ z illu/rations r ?an ornam5ts4 ,"s controv]sy has at diff]5t times aris5 z to :e!r ^! cuts 7 execut$ 9 ,engl& or abroad1 b ,mr4 ,l9ton has v ju/ly decid$ 9 fav\r ( ,engl&4 ,! "w1 he says1 is s poor t any "o :o c\ld hold a knife c\ld cut !m1 !re=e !re 0 no necessity to s5d abroad4 ,ab\t #adhd we h two important illu/rat$ books1 ! ,cant]bury ,tales & ! ,,aesop2 ! =m] ) #bh illu/rations1 ! latt] ) #ahf4 ,! cuts ( ! ,cant]bury ,tales depict = ! mo/ "p ! v>i\s individuals ( ! ,pilgrimage1 & !re is also a bird's-eye view ( all ! pilgrims seat$ at an imm5se r\nd table at supp]1 :i* 0 us$ aft]w>ds by ,wynkyn de ,worde = ! ',assembly ( ,gods4' ,! copies ( ,g]man cuts 9 ! ,,aesop1 ) ! exception ( ! full-page frontispiece 7kn[n only 9 ! copy 9 ! ,w9dsor ,libr>y71 are small]1 & are ! "w ( two1 if n ?ree1 engrav]s4 ,"o cut seems to h be5 hurri$ly execut$ 9 a diff]5t mann] to ! re/1 p]haps to take ! place ( "o injur$ at ! la/ mom5t4 ,x is n work$ 9 ! usual mann] ) ! outl9es 9 black--i4e4 rais$ l9es on ! wood-block1 b a c]ta9 am\nt ( ! effect has be5 produc$ by a :ite l9e on a black gr\nd--i4e4 by ! cut-away l9es ( ! wood-block4 ,! ,gold5 ,leg5d1 :i* 0 ! next illu/rat$ book to appe>1 conta9s ! mo/ ambiti\s woodcuts :i* ,caxton us$4 ,^? 9 ! e>li] "p are ! full wid? ( a l>ge folio page1 & %[1 especially 9 _! backgr\nds1 a c]ta9 am\nt ( te*nical skill4 ,! lat] "p ( ! book conta9s a numb] ( small cuts ( sa9ts v co>sely execut$1 & ! same cut is us$ ov] & ov] aga9 = diff]5t sa9ts4 ,9 #adhg ,caxton fir/ us$ 8 l>ge woodcut device1 :i* is probably1 ?\gh ! contr>y is (t5 ass]t$1 ( ,engli% workman%ip4 ,x is entirely un-,fr5* 9 /yle & execution1 & 0 probably cut to pr9t on ! ,missal pr9t$ by ,maynyal = ,caxton 9 ord] t ! publi%] might be br\ght prom95tly into notice4 ,ab\t ?is "t 7#adhg-hh7 two m illu/rat$ books 7 issu$1--! ,royal ,book & ! ,speculum ,vite ,*ri/i4 ,! s]ies cut = ! ,speculum are ( v good workman%ip1 ?\gh ! designs are poor1 b all ( !m 7 n us$ 9 ! book4 ,"o or two appe> lat] 9 books pr9t$ by ,w4 de ,worde1 manife/ly f ! same s]ies4 ,! ,royal ,book conta9s only sev5 cuts1 six ( :i* are f ! ,speculum4 ,"s ( ! cuts occur also 9 ! ,doctr9al ( ,sapi5ce & ! ,book ( ,div]s ,gho/ly ,matt]s4 ,x is impossible n to ?9k :5 exam9+ ,caxton's books t ! use ( woodcuts 0 r =c$ ^u him by ! necessities ( 8 bus9ess1 ?an delib]ately pref]r$ by himself4 ,he seems to h wi%$ to popul>ise ! m g5]ally kn[n books1 & only to h us$ woodcuts :5 ! book absolutely ne$$ !m4 ,he did n1 z "s lat] pr9t]s did1 simply use woodcuts to attract ! unw>y pur*as]4 ,:at cuts ,caxton possess$ at ! end ( 8 c>e] x is h>d to det]m9e4 ,! set ( l>ge ,horae cuts :i* ,w4 de ,worde us$ mu/ h be5 ,caxton's1 = we f9d "o ( !m1 ! ,crucifixion1 us$ 9 ! ,fifte5 ,o'es1 :i* 0 itself int5d$ z a supplem5t to a ,horae1 n[ unkn[n4 ,9 ! same way !re mu/ h be5 a numb] ( cuts = use 9 ! #hvo ,horae1 b z t is kn[n only f a small fragm5t1 we _c id5tify !m4 ,f simil>ity ( /yle & id5tity ( measurem5t we c pick out a few f ,wynkyn de ,worde's lat] editions1 b _m mu/ be pass$ ov]4 ,on turn+ to exam9e ! presses at "w at ! same "t z ,caxton's "o _c b be /ruck by ! sc>city ( illu/rations4 ,lett\ & ,ma*l9ia1 ?\gh !y produc$ ov] ?irty books1 _h no ornam5ts t we "k ( beyond a bord] :i* 0 us$ 9 _! edition ( ! ,horae ad usum ,s>um1 & pass$ into ! h&s ( ,pynson4 ,!y seem to h be5 )\t ev]y?+ except type1 n hav+ ev5 initial lett]s4 ,! ,/4 ,alban's press 0 a /ep 9 advance4 ,a few cuts 7 us$ 9 ! ,*ronicles1 & ! ,book ( ,/4 ,alban's conta9s coats ( arms1 produc$ by a comb9ation ( wood-cutt+ & pr9t+ 9 col\r4 ,! ,ox=d press 0 ! mo/ ambiti\s1 & 0 9 possession ( two sets ( cuts1 9 nei!r case int5d$ = ! books 9 :i* !y 7 us$4 ,"o set 0 prep>$ = a ,gold5 ,leg5d1 b no su* book is kn[n to h be5 issu$ at ! ,ox=d press4 ,"o ( ^! cuts appe>s z a frontispiece to ,lyndewode's ,con/itutions4 ,x repres5ts ,jacobus de ,vorag9e writ+ ! ,gold5 ,leg5d1 s t x did equally well = ,lyndewode writ+ 8 law-book4 ,o!rs ( ! s]ies are us$ 9 ! ,lib] ,fe/ialis ( #adhf1 b z t 0 a small folio & ! cuts 7 l>ge1 ! ends 7 cut (f1 & !y are all pr9t$ 9 a mutilat$ condition4 ,! o!r cuts us$ 9 ! ,fe/ial are small1 & =m "p ( a set = a ,horae1 b no ,horae is kn[n to h be5 pr9t$ at ! ,ox=d press4 ,x w\ld be natural to suppose 9 ?is case t ^! cuts _h be5 procur$ f "s o!r pr9t] :o _h us$ !m 9 ! production ( ! books = :i* !y 7 int5d$2 b ! mo/ c>eful se>* has fail$ to f9d !m 9 any o!r book4 ,besides ^! cuts ! ,ox=d press own$ a v beautiful bord]1 :i* 0 us$ 9 ! comm5t>y on ! ,de ,anima ( ,ari/otle by ,alex&] de ,hales & ! comm5t>y on ! ,lam5tations ( ,j]emiah by ,john ,lattebury1 pr9t$ 9 #adha & #adhb4 ,! pr9t]s own$ no?+ else = ! adornm5t ( _! books b a rudely cut capital ,g1 :i* we f9d us$ _m times 9 ! ,fe/ial4 ,! pov]ty ( ornam5tal lett]s & bord]s is v noticeable 9 all ! ,engli% presses ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,caxton possess$ "o ambiti\s lett]1 a capital ,a1 :i* 0 us$ fir/ 9 ! ,ord] ( ,*ivalry1 & a s]ies ( eight bord]s1 ea* made up ( f\r pieces1 & f\nd = ! fir/ "t 9 ! ,fifte5 ,o'es4 ,!y are ( little m]it1 & comp>e v unfav\rably ) ,fr5* "w ( ! p]iod4 ,! be/ set ( bord]s us$ 9 ,engl& belong$ to ,not>y & 8 p>tn]s :5 !y />t$ 9 ,london ab\t #adif4 ,!y are 9 ! usual /yle1 ) dott$ backgr\nds1 & may v likely h be5 br\ght f ,france4 ,pynson's bord]s1 :i* he us$ 9 a ,horae ab\t #adie1 are mu* m ,engli% 9 /yle1 b are n good en\gh to make ! page really attractive2 9 fact almo/ ! only f9e specim5s ( ,engli% pr9t+ ) bord]s are to be f\nd 9 ! ,morton ,missal1 :i* he pr9t$ 9 #aejj4 ,9 ?is book also !re are f9e initial lett]s1 (t5 pr9t$ 9 r$4 ,x is h>d to und]/& :y1 z a rule1 ,engli% initial lett]s 7 s v bad2 x c]ta9ly 0 n f ! want ( excell5t models1 = ^? 9 ! ,s>um missals1 pr9t$ at ,v5ice by ,h]tzog 9 #adid1 & sold 9 ,engl& by ,fr$]ic ,egmont1 conta9 mo/ beautifully design$ initials1 z good z c be f\nd 9 any e>ly pr9t$ book4 ,wynkyn de ,worde1 :5 he succe$$ 9 #adia to ,caxton's bus9ess1 f\nd himself 9 possession ( a l>ge numb] ( cuts1 a consid]ably l>g] numb] ?an ev] appe>$ 9 ! books ( ,caxton's t n[ rema9 to u4 ,! fir/ illu/rat$ book he issu$ 0 a new edition ( ! ,gold5 ,leg5d1 9 :i* ! old cuts 7 utilis$4 ,?is 0 pr9t$ 9 #adic4 ,9 #adid a new edition ( ! ,speculum ,vite ,*ri/i 0 issu$1 ( :i* only "o complete copy is kn[n1 t 9 ! libr>y at ,holkham4 ,x probably conta9s only ! s]ies ( cuts us$ by ,caxton 9 8 edition1 = ! few leaves to be f\nd 9 o!r libr>ies h no new illu/rations4 ,ab\t ! same "t 7#adid7 ,de ,worde issu$ sev]al editions ( ! ,horae ad usum ,s>um1 "o 9 octavo 7kn[n f a few leaves discov]$ 9 ! b9d+ ( a book 9 ! libr>y ( ,corpus ,*ri/i ,college1 ,ox=d7 & ! re/ 9 qu>to4 ,9 ! qu>to editions we f9d ! l>ge s]ies ( pictures1 among :i* are ! ?ree riot]s & ?ree skeletons1 ! tree ( ,jesse1 & ! ,crucifixion1 :i* occur 9 ,caxton's ,fifte5 ,o'es4 ,x is extremely probable t all ! cuts 9 ^! editions _h belong$ to ,caxton4 ,! two cuts 9 ! fragm5t ( ! octavo edition1 h[ev]1 are ( q a diff]5t class1 evid5tly newly cut1 & mu* sup]ior 9 /yle & simplicity to ,caxton's4 ,x is mu* to be regrett$ t no complete copy ( ! book exi/s1 = ! neat small cuts & bold r$ & black pr9t+ =m a v ta/eful page4 ,a curi\s specim5 ( engrav+ is to be f\nd 9 ! ,scala ,p]fectionis1 by ,walt] ,hylton1 also pr9t$ 9 #adid4 ,x repres5ts ! ,virg9 & ,*ild seat$ "u an ar*itectural canopy1 & bel[ ?is are ! words ( ! antiphon beg9n+1 ',sit dulce nom5 dni4' ,^! words are n pr9t$ f type1 b cut on ! block1 & ! engrav] seems to h treat$ !m simply z "p ( ! decoration1 = _m ( ! words are by !mselves q unreadable & be> only a sup]ficial resemblance to ! inscription f :i* !y 7 copi$4 ,an edition ( ,b>?olomaeus' ,de proprietatibus r]um issu$ ab\t ?is "t has a numb] ( cuts1 n ( v great int]e/2 & ! ,book ( ,/4 ,albans ( #adif has an extra *apt] on fi%+1 illu/rat$ ) a picture ( an angl] at "w1 ) a tub1 9 ! ,g]man fa%ion1 to put 8 fi% into4 ,x has also a curi\sly mod]n diagram ( ! sizes ( hooks4 ,9 #adih ,de ,worde issu$ an illu/rat$ edition ( ,malory's ,morte d',ar?ur4 ,! cuts are v ambiti\s1 b badly execut$1 & ! h& ( ! engrav] :o cut !m may be trac$ 9 sev]al books4 ,9 #adii an edition ( ,m&eville 0 issu$1 ornam5t$ ) a numb] ( small cuts1 & ab\t ?is "t sev]al small books 7 issu$ hav+ cuts on ! title-page4 ,ri*>d ,pynson's fir/ illu/rat$ book 0 an edition ( ! ,cant]bury ,tales1 pr9t$ "s "t be=e #adib4 ,at ! head ( ea* tale is a rudely execut$ cut ( ! pilgrim :o n>rates x4 ,^! cuts 7 made = ?is edition1 & 7 9 "s cases alt]$ :ile ! book 0 go+ ?r\gh ! press to s]ve = diff]5t *>act]s3 ! ,squire & ! ,manciple1 ! ,s]geant & ,doctor ( ,physic1 are f ! same blocks ) slight alt]ations4 ,9 #adid came an edition ( ,lydgate's ,falle ( ,pr9cis1 a translation f ! ,de ,casibus virorum et fem9>um illu/rium ( ,boccaccio1 illu/rat$ ) ! cuts us$ by ,jean ,dupr'e 9 8 ,p>is edition ( a ,fr5* v]sion ( ! same "w 9 #adhc4 ,"o ( ! neate/ ( ^!1 depict+ ,m>cus ,manlius ?r[n into ! ,tib]1 is "h %[n4 ,ab\t #adig an edition ( ! ,speculum ,vite ,*ri/i 0 issu$1 ) a numb] ( neatly execut$ small cuts1 & 9 #aejj ,pynson pr9t$ ! beautiful ,s>um ,missal1 kn[n z ! ,morton ,missal4 ,special bord]s & ornam5ts1 introduc+ a rebus on ! "n ( ,morton1 7 engrav$ = ?is1 & a full-page cut ( ! prelate's coat ( arms appe>s at ! comm5cem5t ( ! book4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,dea? ( ,m>cus ,manlius4 ,f ,lydgate's ,! ,falle ( ,pr9cis1 ,pynson1 #adid4 7,r$uc$47 ,aft] ! ye> #aejj almo/ e book issu$ by ,w4 de ,worde1 :o 0 pre-em95tly ! popul> publi%]1 _h an illu/ration on ! title-page4 ,?is 0 n always cut = ! book1 nor inde$ always v applicable to ! lett]press1 & ! cuts c almo/ all be arrang$ into s]ies made = m important books4 ,!re 71 h[ev]1 a few /ock cuts3 a s*oolma/] ) a gigantic bir* = gramm>s1 a le>n$ man seat$ at a desk = works ( m advanc$ s*ol>%ip1 & lively pictures ( hell = !ological treatises4 ,! title-page 0 =m$ on a fix$ plan4 ,at ! top1 pr9t$ inside a wood-cut ribbon1 0 plac$ ! title1 bel[ ?is ! cut4 ,pynson1 :o 0 ! ,royal pr9t]1 & a publi%] ( le>n$ works1 disda9$ su* attempts to cat* ! m vulg> buy]s4 ,8 title-pages r>ely h cuts1 & ^! are only us$ on su* few popul> books z he issu$4 ,bo? he & ,de ,worde _h a set ( n>r[ upright cuts ( m5 & wom5 ) blank labels ov] _! heads1 :i* c\ld be us$ = any purpose1 & h ! names pr9t$ 9 type 9 ! label above4 ,=eign competition 0 also at ?is "t mak+ its influ5ce felt on ,engli% book-illu/ration4 ,w4 de ,worde _h l$ ! way by pur*as+ f ,godfri$ van ,os1 ab\t #adib1 "s type initial lett]s1 & at lea/ "o woodcut4 ,pynson1 e>ly 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 obta9$ "s cuts f ,v'er>d1 :i* he us$ 9 8 edition ( ! ,kal5d> ( ,%eph]des1 #aejf1 & ,julian ,not>y1 :o began pr9t+ ab\t #adif1 seems to h made use ( a miscellane\s collection ( cuts obta9$ f v>i\s qu>t]s4 ,he _h1 among/ o!r curi\s ?+s1 "p ( a set ( metal cuts execut$ 9 ! manie're cribl'ee1 :i* h n be5 trac$ to any o!r book1 b appe> to h pass$ at a consid]ably lat] date into ! h&s ( ,wy]1 :o comm5c$ to pr9t be=e #aebd4 ,:5 ,w4 de ,worde left ,we/m9/] 9 #aejj to settle 9 ,fleet ,/reet1 he p>t$ ) "s ( 8 old woodcuts to ,not>y1--woodcuts :i* _h be5 us$ 9 ! ,horae ( #adid1 & _h orig9ally belong$ to ,caxton4 ,all ^! miscellane\s cuts appe> 9 8 ,gold5 ,leg5d ( #aejc1 & ! l>ge cut ( ! ',assembly ( ,sa9ts' on ! title-page seems also to h be5 borr[$4 ,x 0 us$ by ,hopyl at ,p>is 9 #aeje = 8 edition ( ! ,gold5 ,leg5d 9 ,dut*1 & pass$ aft]w>ds ) ,hopyl's bus9ess to 8 son-9-law ,prevo/1 :o us$ x 9 a !ological "w ( ,john ,major's4 ,! engrav$ metal ornam5tal initials 7 obta9$ f ,&r'e ,boc>d4 ,"s "t be=e #aeaj an extremely curi\s book1 entitl$ ! ,passion ( our ,lorde ,jesu1 0 pr9t$ abroad1 probably 9 ,p>is4 ,! unc\?ness ( ! language seems to h br\ght ab\t its de/ruction2 =1 ?\gh _m fragm5ts h be5 f\nd 9 b9d+s1 only "o p]fect copy1 n[ 9 ! ,bodleian1 is kn[n4 ,x conta9s a numb] ( l>ge cuts ( a v ,g]man appe>ance & q unlike any o!rs ( ! p]iod4 ,"s are us$ also 9 ! ,york ,manual pr9t$ = ,de ,worde 9 #aeji4 ,ab\t ?is "t too a numb] ( popul> books 9 ,engli%1 "s adorn$ ) rude woodcuts1 7 issu$ by ,john ( ,doesbor*1 a pr9t] 9 ,antw]p4 ,among !m may be m5tion$ ,! wond]ful %ape & nature ( man1 bea/s1 s]p5ts1 c41 ! ,fifte5 ,tok5s1 ! ,/ory ( ! ,p>son ( ,kal5br[e1 & ! ,life ( ,virgilius4 ,a /ill e>li] ,antw]p cut1 :i* _h be5 us$ by ,g]>d ,leeu = ! title-page ( 8 ,engli% ,solomon & ,m>colphus1 f\nd its way to ,engl& & 0 us$ by ,copl&4 ,9 ! la/ ye>s ( ,h5ry ,,vii4's reign1 f #aeja to #aeji1 a few books may be m5tion$ z p>ticul>ly int]e/+ f _! illu/rations4 ,9 #aejb ,de ,worde pr9t$ ! ,ord9>y ( ,*ry/5 ,m51 a l>ge book ) a block-pr9t$ title4 ,x 0 repr9t$ 9 #aejf4 ,9 #aejc appe>$ ! ,recuyles ( ye ,hy/oryes ( ,troye1 a typical example ( an illu/rat$ book ( ! p]iod4 ,!re are ab\t sev5ty cuts ( all k9ds1 ( :i* twelve 7 specially cut = ! book3 _m o!rs 7 us$ 9 ! ,morte d',ar?ur1 & ! re/ are miscellane\s4 ,9 #aeje we h ! ',craft to live & die well1' ( :i* !re is ano!r edition 9 ! foll[+ ye>4 ,9 #aejf appe>s ! ,ca/le ( ,lab\r1 "o ( ! few books entirely illu/rat$ ) cuts specially made = x2 9 #aejh ! ,kal5d> ( ,%eph]des4 ,! cuts 9 ^! la/ ?ree books 7 all ultimately d]iv$ f ,fr5* orig9als4 ,an edition ( ! ,sev5 ,wise ,ma/]s ( ,rome1 ( :i* ! only kn[n copy is imp]fect1 appe>$ ab\t #aejf1 ?\gh ! cuts :i* illu/rate x 7 made be=e #aejj4 ,! fragm5t conta9s sev5 cuts1 b ! set mu/ h consi/$ ( elev54 ,!y are v c>eful copies ( ^? us$ by ,g]>d ,leeu 9 8 edition ( #adij1 & h lo/ none ( ! feel+ ( ! orig9als4 ,?ree books only ( ,pynson's production dur+ ?is p]iod call = special notice4 ,ab\t #aeje he issu$ an edition ( ! ,ca/le ( ,lab\r1 ) v well-cut illu/rations closely copi$ f ! ,fr5* edition4 ,9 #aejf appe>$ 8 edition ( ! ,kal5d> ( ,%eph]des1 :i* is illu/rat$ = ! mo/ "p ) cuts obta9$ f ,v'er>d1 & 9 #aejg an edition ( ! ,gold5 ,leg5d4 ,( ea* ( ^! books b "o copy is kn[n4 ,= "s unkn[n reason1 ! accession ( ,h5ry ,,vii4 act$ 9 ! mo/ extraord9>y way ^u ! ,engli% presses1 :i* 9 t ye> issu$ a v l>ge numb] ( books4 ,p]haps ! influx ( visitors to ,london on t occasion made an unusual dem&2 b at any rate a numb] ( popul> books 7 !n issu$4 ,among/ !m are ,ry*>d ,cu] de ,lyon1 ! ,fift5e ,joyes ( ,m>yage1 ! ,conv]cyon ( ,sw]]s1 ! ,p>liam5t ( ,devils1 & _m o!rs4 ,besides ^! !re 71 ( c\rse1 a numb] ( fun]al s]mons on ,h5ry ,,vii41 _m ( :i* h curi\s frontispieces4 ,"o ( ^! 0 us$ aga9 a little lat]1 = ! fun]al s]mon ( ! ,k+'s "m1 ! ,lady ,m>g>et1 ! royal pall & effigy on x be+ cut out & replac$ by an ord9>y pall4 ,?is me?od ( ins]t+ new pieces into old blocks1 te*nically t]m$ plugg+1 0 n mu* us$ at ?is p]iod :5 wood-engrav+ 0 s *eap4 ,an excell5t example1 h[ev]1 w be f\nd 9 ! books pr9t$ = ,william ,bretton1 :i* conta9 a l>ge coat ( arms4 ,a mi/ake 0 made 9 ! cutt+ ( ! arms1 & a new %ield 0 ins]t$1 ! mantl+ & support]s be+ unt\*$4 ,ano!r notable book ( t p]iod is ,b>clay's ,%ip ( ,fools1 issu$ by ,pynson 9 #aeji4 ,x conta9s "o hundr$ & eighte5 cuts1 ! fir/ be+ a full-page illu/ration ( ! pr9t]'s coat ( arms4 ,! re/ are copies1 r\ghly execut$1 ( ^? 9 ! orig9al edition4 ,ano!r v]sion ( ?is book1 translat$ by ,h5ry ,watson1 0 issu$ ! same ye> by ,wynkyn de ,worde4 ,x is illu/rat$ ) a special s]ies ( cuts1 :i* are us$ aga9 9 ! lat] editions4 ,( ! orig9al edition ( #aeji only "o copy is kn[n1 pr9t$ on vellum & pres]v$ 9 ! ,biblio?e'que ,nationale4 ,/ray cuts f ?is s]ies are f\nd 9 sev]al ( ,de ,worde's o!r books1 b may be at once recognis$ f ! occurr5ce ( ! 'fool' 9 8 typical cap & bells4 ,ab\t ?is "t & a little e>li] ! title 0 v (t5 cut entire on a block4 ,! ,de ,proprietatibus ( c4 #adif conta9s ! fir/ & ! mo/ elaborate specim51 9 :i* ! words ',b>?olomeus de proprietatibus r]um' are cut 9 enorm\s lett]s on a wood5 bo>d2 inde$ ! :ole block 0 s l>ge t h>dly any copy conta9s ! :ole4 ,faques1 ,pynson1 & o!rs us$ simil> blocks1 9 :i* ! lett]s 7 :ite & ! backgr\nd black 7"o ( ,pynson's pr9t$ 9 r$ is to be f\nd 9 ! ,ortus ,vocabulorum ( #aeji71 b _! unc\?ness soon l$ to _! disuse4 ,numb]s ( s]vice books 7 issu$ by ,pynson & ,wynkyn de ,worde1 pr(usely illu/rat$ ) small cuts1 mo/ ( :i* appe> to h be5 ( home manufacture1 ?\gh unorig9al 9 design4 ,x is wor? notic+ "o diff]5ce 9 ! cuts ( ! two pr9t]s4 ,pynson's small cuts h g5]ally an op5 or :ite backgr\nd1 ,de ,worde's are1 z a rule1 dott$ 9 ! ,fr5* /yle4 ,s9ce 9 "s ( _! s]vice books ^! two pr9t]s us$ exactly simil> f\nts ( type ! id5tification ( _! cuts is ( p>ticul> value4 ,b ^! s]vice books almo/ f ! fir/ began to det]iorate4 ,! use ( bord]s 0 ab&on$1 & little c>e 0 giv5 to keep+ sets ( cuts toge!r1 or us+ ^? ( simil> /yles 9 "o book4 ,we f9d ! ar*aic cuts ( ,caxton1 ! delicate pictures copi$ f ,fr5* models1 & r\ghly design$ & execut$ ,engli% blocks all us$ toge!r1 sometimes ev5 on ! same page4 ,! same ?+ is noticeable 9 all ! illu/rat$ books ( ! p]iod4 ,de ,worde us$ ,caxton's cuts up to ! v end ( 8 c>e]1 ?\gh 9 _m cases ! blocks 7 worm-eat5 or brok54 ,! peculi> mixture ( cuts is v /rik+ 9 "s books4 ,take z an example ! edition ( ,rob]t ! ,devil1 publi%$ ab\t #aead4 ,no cut us$ 9 x is orig9al3 "o is f a book on good liv+ & dy+1 ano!r f ! ,%ip ( ,fools1#bb a ?ird is f a devotional book ( ! previ\s c5tury1 & s on4 ,9 ! ,oliv] ( ,ca/ile ( #aeah1 ?\gh !re are ov] sixty illu/rations1 n m ?an ?ree or f\r are specially cut = x1 b come f ! ,morte d',ar?ur1 ! ,ge/a ,romanorum1 ,helias ,knight ( ! ,swan1 ! ,body ( ,policy1 ,ri*>d ,cu] de ,lion1 ! ,book ( ,c>v+1 & s on1 & p]haps _m are us$ 9 sev]al4 ,inde$1 ,w4 de ,worde m9d$ z little ab\t us+ ! same illu/rations ov] & ov] aga9 z "s ( our mod]n publi%]s4 ,= all books issu$ 9 ! e>ly ye>s ( ! sixte5? c5tury x 0 ?\ght necess>y to h at lea/ an illu/ration on ! title-page1 s t practically an exam9ation ( ! illu/rat$ books ( ! p]iod means almo/ an exam9ation ( ! entire produce ( ! pr9t+ press4 ,9 "t1 :5 ! subject has be5 ?or\ghly /udi$1 x w be possible to sep>ate all ! cuts into s]ies cut = "s special purpose4 ,a r important influ5ce 0 introduc$ into ! hi/ory ( ,engli% book illu/ration ab\t #aeah1 :5 ,pynson obta9$ a s]ies ( bord]s & o!r mat]ial1 closely imitat$ f ! designs made by ,holbe9 = ,frob54#bc ,!y are ! fir/ important examples ( 'r5aissance' design us$ 9 ,engli% books1 & _! effect 0 rapid & m>k$4 ,wynkyn de ,worde1 :o 9 8 devices _h hi!rto be5 cont5t to use ,caxton's trade-m>k ) "s few extra ornam5ts1 introduc$ a hide\s p>ody ( "o ( ,frob5's devices1 poor 9 design1 & wret*$ 9 execution4 ,! s]ies ( bord]s us$ by ,pynson 7 good 9 execution1 & _! /yle h>monis$ ) ! ,roman type us$ by him at t "t1 b ) o!r books x 0 diff]5t4 ,! heavy ,engli% black lett] requir$ some?+ bold]1 & unless ^! bord]s 7 heavily cut1 !y look$ p>ticul>ly meagre4 ,a v beautiful title-page ( ?is type 7"h some:at r$uc$7 is t 9 ,sir ,?omas ,elyot's ,image ( ,gov]nance1 pr9t$ by ,?omas ,b]!let at ,london 9 #aedj-da4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,device ( ,?omas ,b]!let4 ,! illu/rat$ books ( ?is p]iod (f] a curi\s mixture ( /yles1 = no?+ c\ld be m oppos$ 9 feel+ ?an ! e>ly s*ool ( ,engli% cuts & ! newly introduc$ ,r5aissance designs4 ,! outsides ( ! books und]w5t exactly ! same *ange1 = 9 place ( ! old pictorial blocks ) :i* ! /ation]s _h h]et(ore /amp$ _! b9d+s1 !y us$ hide\s comb9ations ( m$allions & pill>s4 ,! device ( ,b]!let is an excell5t specim5 ( ! new /yle4 ,despis+ good old ,engli% names & signs1 he c>ri$ on bus9ess at ! sign ( ,lucretia ,romana 9 ,fleet ,/reet1 & 8 device depicts t p]son 9 ! act ( ?ru/+ a sword into h] bosom4 ,9 ! backgr\nd is a classical l&scape1 & on ei!r side pill>s4 ,above are fe/oons1 & on ribbons at ! head & feet ( ! figure ! "n ( ! pr9t] & ( 8 sign4 ,?\gh ! cut is un9t]e/+ x is a beautiful piece ( "w4 ,ano!r result ( ! new movem5t 0 ! bani%m5t ( woodcuts f ! title-page4 ,^? to ,pynson's books h already be5 notic$1 b less] pr9t]s l ,scot1 ,godfrey1 ,ra/ell1 & ,trev]is also made use ( bord]s ( classical design1 & gave up ! use ( woodcuts4 ,x is extremely curi\s to notice :at excell5t effects on a title-page ! pr9t]s at ?is "t produc$ f ! poore/ mat]ials4 ,!y seem to h und]/ood mu* bett] ?an ^? ( a lat] date h[ to use diff]5t siz$ type ) effect1 & to make ! :ole page pleas+1 )\t attract+ too mu* att5tion to "o p>ticul> "p4 ,illu/ration3 ,device ( ,ri*>d ,faques4 ,be=e leav+ ?is e>ly p]iod x w be z well to return a little1 & briefly notice "s ( ! m m>k$ illu/rat$ books produc$ by pr9t]s o!r ?an ,pynson & ,de ,worde4 ,! two pr9t]s ( ! "n ( ,faques1 ,guillam & ,ri*>d1 produc$ a few mo/ int]e/+ books1 & ! device ( ! la/ nam$1 f\nd$ on t ( ! ,p>is pr9t]1 ,?ielman ,k]v]1 is a f9e piece ( engrav+4 ,! "n 0 orig9ally cut ^u ! block z ,faques1 & 0 s us$ 9 8 two fir/ books2 b 9 ord] to make ! "n appe> m ,engli% 9 =m1 ! 'ques' 0 cut out & 'kes' ins]t$ 9 type4 ,! la/ dat$ book :i* he pr9t$1 ! ,mirr\r ( ,our ,lady ( #aecj1 conta9s sev]al f9e illu/rations2 t on ! rev]se ( ! title-page depict+ a woman ( "s religi\s ord] writ+ a book1 has at ! bottom ! lett]s ,e4 ,g4 jo9$ by a knot1 :i* may be ! initials ( ! engrav]4 ,! ,cambridge press ( #aeba-aebb1 f ! s*ola/ic nature ( its books1 requir$ no illu/rations1 b x us$ = ! title-page ( ! ,gal5 a woodcut bord]1 r 9 ! mann] ( ,holbe91 b evid5tly ( native production4 ,9 #aecf ?is bord] reappe>s 9 a ,dut* ,progno/ication pr9t$ at ,antw]p4 ,! ,ox=d press ( ! e>ly sixte5? c5tury borr[$ "s ( its cuts f ,de ,worde1 b a few1 su* z ! ambiti\s frontispiece & ! f\r diagrams 9 ! ,compotus ( #aeai1 7 orig9al4 ,john ,ra/ell 9 8 ,pa/yme ( ,p us$ a numb] ( full-page illu/rations ( ! k+s ( ,engl&1 co>se 9 design & execution1 & v rem>kable 9 appe>ance4 ,pet] ,trev]is issu$ a numb] ( books ) illu/rations1 "s ( :i* are well wor?y ( notice4 ,! ,grete ,h]bal1 fir/ publi%$ 9 #aeaf1 conta9$ a l>ge numb] ( cuts4 ,j]ome ( ,bruynswyke's ,worke ( ,surg]i has "s curi\s plates ( surgical op]ations1 & ?\gh ! subjects are r repulsive1 !y are excell5t specim5s ( ! wood-cutt+ ( ! p]iod4 ,trev]is' be/ kn[n book is ! ,policronicon ( #aebg1 pr9t$ = ,john ,reynes1 ^: m>k 9 r$ g5]ally occurs on ! title-page4 ,?is title-page is a f9e piece ( "w1 & has be5 facsimil$ by ,dibd9 9 8 ,typographical ,antiquities4 ,"s ( ! cuts & ornam5ts us$ by ,trev]is pass$ aft] 8 dea? into ! h&s ( ! ,ed9burgh pr9t]1 ,?omas ,davidson4 ,lawr5ce ,&rewe ( ,calais1 :o pr9t$ %ortly be=e #aecj1 also issu$ "s curi\s illu/rat$ books4 ,be=e com+ to ,engl& he _h translat$ ! extraord9>y book1 ,! wond]ful %ape & nature ( man1 bea/s1 s]p5tes1 c41 pr9t$ by ,john ( ,doesbor*1 :om we h spok5 ( above4 ,on 8 own acc\nt he issu$ ! ,boke ( di/yllacyon ( wat]s by ,j]ome ( ,brunswick1 illu/rat$ ) pictures ( app>atus1 & ,! ,mirror ( ! ,_w4 ,?is is f\nd$ on ,caxton's edition1 b is mu* m fully illu/rat$1 ! cuts to ! ,natural ,hi/ory portion be+ p>ticul>ly curi\s4 ,x is wor? notic+ t ,&rewe1 l "s o!r pr9t]s at ?is "t1 introduc$ 8 device into _m ( ! initial lett]s & bord]s :i* 7 cut = him1 s t !y c be readily id5tifi$ :5 !y occur1 aft] 8 dea?1 9 books by o!r pr9t]s4 ,aft] ! dea? ( ,wynkyn de ,worde 9 #aece1 ideas z reg>ds book-illu/ration und]w5t a great *ange4 ,!ology _h become popul>1 & !ological books 7 n adapt$ = illu/ration4 ,! ord9>y book1 ) pictures put 9 haphaz>d1 absolutely di$ out2 & cuts 7 only us$ 9 *ap books1 or 9 l>ge illu/rat$ volumes1--descriptions ( horrible creatures1 & ! lik5esses ( comets or port5ts on ! "o h&1 *ronicles1 books ( travel1 & sci5tific works on ! o!r4 ,! diff]5ce :i* we notic$ betwe5 ,w4 de ,worde & ,pynson1 ! "o be+ a popul> pr9t] & ! o!r a pr9t] ( /&>d works1 is di/9ctly m>k$ 9 ! succe$+ g5]ation4 ,:ile ,wy]1 ,byddell1 & ,copl& publi%$ ! popul> books1 ,grafton & ,:yt*ur*1 ,wolfe & ,day1 issu$ m solid lit]ature4 ,! old woodcuts pass$ into ! h&s ( ! poor] pr9t]s1 & 7 us$ till !y 7 worn out1 & x is curi\s to notice h[ long 9 _m cases ?is took4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! illu/rations made = new books are1 z a rule1 ( excell5t design & execution1 ow+ a good deal1 9 all probability1 to ! influ5ce ( ,holbe91 :o1 = ! latt] portion ( 8 life1 0 liv+ 9 ,engl&4 ,z examples ( 8 "w1 we may take two books publi%$ 9 #aedh1 ,cranm]'s ,cate*ism1 publi%$ by ,walt] ,lynne1 & ,halle's ,*ronicles1 publi%$ by ,grafton4 ,! fir/ conta9s a numb] ( small cuts1 "o ( :i* is sign$ 9 full ,hans ,holbe91 & two o!rs are sign$ ) 8 initials ,h4 ,h4 ,"s writ]s insi/ t ^! ?ree cuts alone are to be ascrib$ to him1 & t ! re/ are f an unkn[n h&4 ,besides ^! small cuts1 !re is "o full-page cut on ! back ( ! title ( v f9e "w4 ,x repres5ts ,edw>d ,,vi4 seat$ on 8 ?rone ) ! bi%ops kneel+ on 8 "r1 ! pe]s on 8 left4 ,f ! h&s ( ! k+ ! bi%ops are receiv+ a ,bible4 ,! cut at ! end ( ,halle's ,*ronicles1 v simil>ly execut$ & also ascrib$ to ,holbe91 repres5ts ,h5ry ,,viii4 sitt+ 9 ,p>liam5t4 ,almo/ all ! volumes ( *ronicles1 ( :i* a numb] 7 issu$ 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 conta9 woodcuts1 & two are especially well illu/rat$1--,grafton's ,*ronicles1 publi%$ 9 #aefi1 & ,hol9%$'s ,*ronicles 9 #aegg4 ,! illu/rations 9 ! latt] book1 :i* ,mr4 ,l9ton consid]s to h be5 cut on metal1 d n appe> 9 ! lat] edition ( #aehf4 ,among ! illu/rations 9 ! fir/ edition1 s ,dibd9 says1 is to be f\nd a picture ( a guillot9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,f ,cranm]'s ,cate*ism1 ,london1 #aedh4 ,( all ! ,engli% pr9t]s ( ! latt] half ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 none produc$ f9] books ?an ,john ,day1 :o1 x has be5 sugge/$1 engrav$ "s ( ! woodcuts :i* he us$4 ,! be/ kn[n1 p]haps1 ( 8 books is ! ,book ( ,*ri/ian ,pray]s1 commonly call$ ,que5 ,elizabe?'s ,pray] ,book1 :i* he publi%$ 9 #aefi4 ,9 a way1 ?is book is und\bt$ly a f9e specim5 ( book-ornam5tation1 b z x 0 execut$ 9 a /yle !n out ( date1 hav+ bord]s l ! e>li] s]vice books1 x suff]s by comp>ison ) ! ',books ( ,h\rs' ( fifty ye>s e>li]4 ,ano!r book ( ,day's :i* obta9$ great popul>ity 0 ! ,hi/ory ( ,m>tyrs1 compil$ by ,john ,fox4 ,we read on ,day's epitaph 9 ! *ur* ( ,bradley-,p>va-- ,he set a ,fox to wright h[ m>tyrs runne1 ,by dea? to lyfe4 ,fox v5tur$ paynes & heal?1 ,to give !m light2 ,day sp5t 9 pr9t 8 weal?4 ,consid]+ ! popul>ity ( ! book1 & ! numb] ( editions t 7 issu$1 we c h>dly imag9e t ,day lo/ money ^u x4 ,! illu/rations are ( v>i$ excell5ce1 b ! book conta9s also "s v f9e initial lett]s4 ,"o1 ! ,c at ! comm5cem5t ( ! d$ication1 conta9s a portrait ( ,que5 ,elizabe? on h] ?rone1 ) ?ree m5 /&+ beside h]1 two ( :om are suppos$ to be ,day & ,fox4 ,bel[ ! ?rone1 =m+ "p ( ! lett]1 is ! ,pope hold+ two brok5 keys4 ,initial lett]s ab\t ?is "t arriv$ at _! be/4 ,!y 7 (t5 v l>ge1 & conta9$ sc5es1 my?ological subjects1 or coats-(-arms4 ,a f9e specim5 ( ?is la/ class is to be f\nd 9 ! ,cosmographical ,glasse1 by ,william ,cun+ham1 #aeei4 ,x is a l>ge ,d conta9+ ! arms ( ,rob]t1 ,"l ,dudley1 to :om ! book is d$icat$4 ,v soon aft] ?is "s +5i\s pr9t] inv5t$ ! sy/em ( pr9t+ an ornam5tal bord] = ! lett] ) a blank space = ! ins]tion ( an ord9>y capital lett]1--a sy/em :i* soon succe$$ 9 de/roy+ any beauty or orig9ality :i* lett]s _h up to ?is "t possess$4 ,9 conclusion1 x w be well to notice ! gr[? ( engrav+ on metal 9 ,engl&4 ,! e>lie/ specim5 t ,i "k ( is ! device fir/ us$ by ,pynson ab\t #adif4 ,x is c]ta9ly metal1 & has e appe>ance ( hav+ be5 cut 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,"s writ]s h put =w>d ! !ory t ! majority ( e>ly illu/rations1 ?\gh to all appe>ance woodcuts1 7 really cut on metal4 ,b :]ev] x is possible to trace an individual cut = any l5g? ( "t1 we c see f ! breakages1 & 9 "s cases f small holes bor$ by insects1 t ! mat]ial us$ 0 c]ta9ly wood4 ,julian ,not>y _h "s curi\s metal cuts1 b !y 7 c]ta9ly ( =eign design & workman%ip1 & ! same may be said ( ! metal cuts f\nd among/ ! e>ly ,engli% s]vice books4 ,! bord] on ! title-page ( ! ,cambridge ,gal51 usually describ$ z engrav$ on metal1 is really an ord9>y woodcut4 ,x is n till #aedj t we f9d a book illu/rat$ ) engrav+s produc$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,?is 0 ,?omas ,raynald's ,byr? ( ,mankynde1 :i* conta9s f\r plates ( surgical diagrams4 ,9 "s ( ! lat] editions ^! plates h be5 re-engrav$ on wood4 ,9 #aede ano!r m$ical book appe>$1 ,comp5diosa totius del9eatio a]e ex>ata p] ,?omam ,gem9um4 ,x has a frontispiece ) ! arms ( ,h5ry ,,viii41 & =ty plates ( anatomical subjects4 ,o!r editions appe>$ 9 #aeec & #aeei1 & ! title-page ( ! la/ is alt]$ by ! ins]tion ( a portrait ( ,elizabe? 9 place ( ! royal arms4 ,! ,/irpium ,adv]s>ia nova au?oribus ,petro ,p5a et ,ma?ia de ,lobel ( #aegj has a beautifully engrav$ title-page1 & ! #aegb edition ( ,p>k]'s ,bible conta9s a map ( ! ,holy ,l& ) ! foll[+ inscription 9 an ornam5tal tablet3 ',grav5 bi ,humfray ,cole1 goldsmi?1 an ,engli% man born 9 ye nor?1 & p]tayn+ to ye m9t 9 ! ,t[]1 #aegb4' ,humfray ,cole is suppos$ by "s au?orities to h engrav$ ! beautiful portraits ( ,elizabe?1 ! ,e>l ( ,leice/]1 & ,"l ,burleigh1 :i* appe> 9 ! e>li] edition ( #aefh4 ,saxton's maps1 :i* appe>$ 9 #aegi1 are p>tly ! "w ( native engrav]s1 = at lea/ eight 7 engrav$ by ,augu/9e ,ry!r & ,ni*olas ,reynolds4 ,9 #aeia !re are two books1--,br\ghton's ,conc5t ( ,scripture1 & ,sir ,john ,h>+ton's ,ario/o4 ,! latt] conta9s almo/ fifty plates1 closely copi$ f a ,v5etian edition1 & 0 ! mo/ ambiti\s book illu/rat$ ) metal plates publi%$ 9 ! c5tury4 ,!re are a few o!r books publi%$ be=e #afjj :i* conta9 specim5s ( engrav+1 b none wor?y ( p>ticul> m5tion4 99 99 99 99 99 #bb ,?is p>ticul> cut1 :i* repres5ts ! ,fool look+ out ( a w9d[ :ile 8 h\se is on fire1 meant to illu/rate ! *apt] ',( bo/ynge or hauynge confyd5ce 9 =tune1' is n us$ 9 ! edition ( #aeag4 ,x may1 p]haps1 occur 9 ! edition ( #aeji1 ( :i* ! unique copy is at ,p>is4 #bc ,sir ,?omas ,m1 ! fri5d & employ] bo? ( ,pynson & ,frob51 _h probably a good deal to d ) ?is pur*ase ( mat]ial4 ,,index ,abbeville1 #adg4 ,,aesop1 ,dut*1 ,leeu's1 #bjb2 ,engli%1 ,caxton's1 #bba2 ,g]man1 ,/e9h3owel's1 #df2 ,italian1 ,brescia1 #aca2 ,flor5ce1 #abb2 ,milan1 #acc2 ,naples1 #hc2 ,v5ice1 #ij2 ,v]ona1 #he4 ,albi1 #add4 ,aldus1 #ii-ajd4 ,antw]p1 #aig1 #bja sq4 ,arndes1 ,s41 #fg4 ,art de bi5 vivre et de bi5 m\rir1 #aef-eh4 ,augsburg1 #cg-de1 #ga-gd4 ,aymon1 ,les ,quatre ,fils1 #adc4 b 7engrav]'s signature71 #ie4 ,back1 ,g41 #bjc1 #bjg4 ,bacon1 ,sir ,n41 book-plate1 #ba4 ,baldass>is1 ,h41 #adj4 ,bal5i1 ,g41 #abf4 ,b3aml]1 ,j41 #da-dc4 ,b>b]iis1 ,p4 de1 #hj4 ,basel1 #gf-gh4 ,bazal]iis1 ,b4 de1 #ace4 ,belc>i1 ,m41 #abe4 ,belial1 by ,jacobus de ,!ramo1 #cg1 #dd2 ,dut* v]sion call$ ,d] ,sond]5 troe/1 #aih-bjj4 ,bella]t1 ,j41 #aih-bja1 #bje sq4 ,b5aliis1 ,b4 de1 #ij1 #if4 ,b5ivi5i1 ,dom5ico1 #aaf4 ,b5v5uto1 ,f41 #abf4 ,b]gom5sis1 ,philippus1 ,de cl>is muli]ibus1 #acb4 ,b]!let1 ,t41 #bcf-ci4 ,bett9i1 ,a41 ,monte ,santo di ,dio1 #hf1 #aji4 ,bevilaqua1 ,s41 device1 #acg4 ,bible des poetes1 #aej4 ,bibles3 ,engli%1 #ac2 ,g]man1 #adgb1 #eb2 #adgc & #adgg1 #ch2 c4 #adhj1 #eb1 #id2 #adhc1 #ec2 ,l3ubeck1 #adid1 #fg2 ,italian1 #id2 ,lat91 #db-l9e1 #c1 #e2 #cf-l9e1 #g2 #adfb1 #d1 #i1 #bc1 #be4 ,biblia ,paup]um1 ,pfi/]'s1 #bf sq4 ,bla/os1 ,n41 #acg4 ,boccaccio1 ,g41 ,de ,cl>is ,muli]ibus1 #dg1 #di2 ,decam]one1 #if4 ,bodn]1 ,edel/e91 #b4 ,bonav5tura1 ,/41 ,deuote ,m$itatione1 #ia sq4 ,bonhomme1 ,jacques1 #adf4 ,bonhomme1 ,mac'e1 #agj4 ,br&is1 ,l41 #ej-eb4 ,brant1 ,seba/ian1 #fd-fg4 ,br$a1 ,j4 de1 #bjc4 ,brescia1 #aca4 ,breyd5ba*1 ,b4 von1 #eg-fj1 #afb4 ,broc>1 ,a4 ,g41 #bag4 ,broc>1 ,j41 #bag4 ,bruges1 #aif sq4 ,bu* d] ,natur1 #da4 ,bu* d] vi] ,hi/ori51 #bf sq4 ,bu* d] ,wei%eit1 #di4 ,bu* von d5 ,sieb5 ,tods3und51 #da4 ,buonaccorsi1 ,f41 #ajh1 #abb4 ,burgkmair1 ,h41 #gb1 #gd4 ,caillaut1 ,a41 #afd4 ,cal&ro1 ,p41 ,ari?metic1 #aji4 ,cal5d>io1 #adgf1 #cb4 ,cali]gi1 ,z4 ,see ,kali]gos4 ,cambridge1 #bda4 ,capcasa4 ,see ,code*a4 ,capranica1 ,d41 ,arte di b5 morire1 #aba4 ,caxton1 ,w41 #ab1 #bah-be4 ,celtes1 ,c41 #fh4 ,c5t5]a1 ,a41 #bab sq4 ,cessolis1 ,j4 de1 ,*ess-book1 ,dut*1 #bjb2 ,engli%1 #bbj2 ,g]man1 #ch2 ,italian1 #aag sq4 ,*amb'ery1 #add4 ,*ampfleury1 #afg4 ,*auc]1 ,g41 ,cant]bury ,tales1 ,caxton's1 #bba2 ,pynson's1 #bbg4 ,*roniques de ,france1 #afa4 ,code*a 7or ,capcasa7 ,m4 di1 #ib1 #id1 #ih note4 ,cole1 ,h41 #bdh4 ,cologne1 #eb4 ,colonna1 ,f41 #ii4 ,colophons1 #bb-be4 ,columna1 ,,aegidius1 ,de regim9e pr9cipum1 #ce4 ,contra/i1 #abh4 ,conway1 ,sir ,w4 ,m41 quot$1 #aie sqq4 ,copilacion de leyes1 #adhc1 #bab sq4 ,c\/eau1 ,g41 #aef4 ,crana*1 ,l41 #gf4 ,crem]1 ,h41 #e4 ,cremonese1 ,p41 #if4 ,dance ( ,dea? 7,danse ,macabre71 #afj1 #afi4 ,dante1 ,div9a ,comm$ia1 ,brescia1 #adhg1 #ie1 #aca2 ,flor5ce1 #adha1 #hf2 #aejf1 #aca2 ,v5ice1 #adia1 #if4 ,day1 ,j41 #bde sq4 ,delfft1 #bjb1 #bjf4 ,dev5t]1 #bjc4 ,dialogus ,creatur>um1 #aig4 ,di5eck]1 ,jo/1 #ga4 ,d9ckmut1 ,c41 #di4 ,d9o1 ,fran4 di1 #hc4 ,directors1 #be4 ,doesbor*1 ,jan van1 #bca1 #bdb4 ,dolea1 ,c41 #i4 ,doro!a1 ,s41 ,rappres5tatione1 #abh4 ,dupr'e1 ,galliot1 #aff4 ,du ,pr'e1 ,jean1 #ada1 #ade-dh1 #agg1 #agi-hc4 ,dur&us1 ,rationale 7#adei71 #c1 #d4 ,d3ur]1 ,a41 #fi sq4 ,egmont1 ,f41 #acg1 #bbe4 ,epi/ole ed ,evangelii1 #aaf4 ,eu/ace1 ,g41 #aib4 ,faques1 ,g4 & ,r41 #bdj4 ,f>f5go1 ,b4 da1 #aca4 ,fasciculus ,temporum1 ,cologne$d41 #eb2 ,ratdolt's1 #hh2 ,l\va9 & ,utre*t1 #aif4 ,f]d9& ,,ii41 ,k+ ( ,naples1 #ag4 ,f]r>a1 #aca4 ,fi*et1 ,g41 #ad4 ,fifte5 ,o'es1 #bbc1 #bbf4 ,fior di ,virt'u1 ,brescia1 #aca2 ,flor5ce1 #abj2 ,v5ice1 #ic sq4 ,flor5ce1 #hf1 #ajh-ca4 ,fogel1 ,j41 #e4 ,=e/i1 ,g4 ,p41 ( ,b]gamo1 ,supplem5tum ,*ronic>um1 #fd note1 #ij4 ,fox1 ,john1 ,acts & ,monum5ts 7,book ( ,m>tyrs71 #bdf4 ,freydal1 #gj1 #gb4 ,frezzi1 ,f41 ,quatriregio1 #abb4 ,furt]1 ,mi*ael1 #fd1 #fg4 ,ga=i1 ,f41 #acb4 ,game ( ,*ess4 ,see ,cessolis1 ,j4 de4 ,g>t d] ,gesundheit1 #ef4 ,g'er>d1 ,p41 #adg4 ,g]li]1 ,d41 #afc4 ,giunta1 ,l4 ,a41 #id1 #ih1 #ajd4 ,god>d1 ,g41 #aib4 ,gold5 ,leg5d4 ,see ,vorag9e1 ,j4 de4 ,gorgonzola1 ,n41 device1 #acf4 ,gorricio1 ,g41 ,contemplaciones sobre el ros>io1 #bad4 ,g\da1 #aif-ih1 #bjc4 ,graf1 ,urs1 #gf sq4 ,granjon1 ,r41 #agj4 ,gregoriis1 ,g4 de1 #if4 ,gr3un1 ,hans ,baldung1 #gf4 ,gr3un+]1 ,j41 #fg1 #gf4 ,gryphius1 ,f41 #agj4 ,guillireti1 ,s41 #acf4 ,ha>lem1 #aih-bja4 ,han1 ,u41 #gi sq4 ,h>d\yn1 ,g41 #aia4 ,h>r+ton1 ,sir ,j41 ,orl&o ,furioso 7#aeia71 #bdh4 ,headl9es1 #ce4 ,headpieces1 #cd4 ,hi/ori>um vet]is ,te/am5ti ,icones1 #afi sqq4 ,holbe91 ,a41 #gg4 ,holbe91 ,h41 #gg1 #afi1 #bdc sqq4 ,holl1 ,l41 #di4 ,h\rs1 ,books (1 #ag1 #agd-id4 ,hros)a1 #fh4 ,husz1 ,m41 #adc4 ,hyg9us1 ,poetica ,a/ronomica1 #hh sq4 ,hypn]otoma*ia1 #ii-ajc1 #afh4 ,+old1 ,das guld9 ,spiel1 #ch4 ,j5son1 ,n41 #i1 #aa1 #ag4 ,johann ,petri1 #aaf4 ,jorn&es1 ,de ,rebus ,go?orum1 #gb note4 ,josephus1 ,de la bataille judaique1 #adi sq4 ,kali]gos1 ,z41 #ajd1 #acg4 ,k]v]1 ,j41 #ajc4 ,k]v]1 ,t41 #afc1 #aia4 ,ke?am1 ,j41 ,fascicolo de ,m$ic9a1 #ig4 ,knoblo*tz]1 ,h41 #ec4 ,knobl\*1 ,j41 #gf4 ,kob]g]1 ,a41 #ec1 #fj4 ,koelh(f1 ,j41 #ce4 ,l41 ,fr5* initial1 #aec-ee4 ,l&9o1 ,c41 #ag1 #hf1 #aah4 ,lavagna1 ,p41 #hf4 ,leeu1 ,g41 #aig sqq4 ,le ,r\ge1 ,p41 #adh1 #aec1 #aeh4 ,le ,sign]re1 ,g41 #acb4 ,lett\1 ,j41 #bbc4 ,lieseveldt1 ,a4 van1 #bjb4 ,lignam9e1 ,j4 ,p4 de1 #hj1 #hb4 ,lor5z1 ,nicolaus1 #hf4 ,l\is ,,ii41 ,m>quis ( ,saluzzo1 #acd4 ,l\is1 ,/41 #acd4 ,l\va91 #aif4 ,l3ubeck1 #ej1 #fg4 ,lucid>io 7#adid71 #aai4 ,l3utzelburg]1 ,hans1 #afi4 ,lydgate1 ,j41 ,falle ( ,pr9ces1 #adf4 ,lyndewode1 ,w41 ,con/itutiones1 #bbc4 ,lyons1 #adb sqq41 #aec1 #afj1 #afb1 #afh-gb4 ,ma*l9ia1 ,w4 de1 #cc1 #bbc4 ,maillet1 ,j41 #aec4 ,mansion1 ,c41 #aig4 ,m>*ant1 ,g41 #adf4 ,m>torel1 ,t41 ,tirant lo ,blan*1 #bac sq4 ,maximilian1 ,emp]or1 #gj-gb4 ,mazalis1 ,f4 de1 #acf4 ,m$ici1 ,l4 de1 #abh4 ,me]1 ,jacob van d]1 #bjb4 ,meid5ba*1 ,j41 #ef4 ,m5>d1 ,j41 #aef4 ,m] des ,hy/oires1 #aeh4 ,milan1 #hf1 #acb4 ,mirror ( ,our ,lady 7#aecj71 #bda4 ,mirror ( ! ,_w 7#adhj71 #bbj4 ,mis*om9i1 ,a41 #ib1 #aab1 #aac1 #aah1 #aai1 #aba4 ,m1 ,sir ,t41 #bcf note4 ,morgiani1 ,lor5zo di1 #ajg4 ,mor91 ,m>t91 #afb4 ,morton ,missal1 #bj1 #bbe1 #bbh4 ,naples1 #hc4 ,neumei/]1 ,j41 #ed1 #add4 ,neyret1 ,a41 #add4 ,nid]1 ,j41 ,expositio decalogi1 #ce4 ,nov>a1 ,b4 di1 #ij4 ,novelle1 #abh4 ,nuremb]g1 #eb sq41 #gf4 ,nuremb]g ,*ronicle4 ,see ,s*$el4 ,olpe1 ,b]gmann de1 #fd-fg4 ,os1 ,g4 van1 #bjc1 #bjf4 ,os1 ,p4 van1 #bjf4 ,ovid1 ,metamorphoses1 ,bruges 7#adhd71 #aig2 ,lyons 7#aeef71 #agj2 ,p>is1 ,v'er>d 7#adic71 #ae1 #aej2 ,v5ice 7#adig71 #ih4 ,ox=d1 #bbc sq41 #bda4 ,pa*el1 ,l41 #hg4 ,pac9i1 ,b]n>do di1 #aba4 ,pac9i1 ,pi]o di1 #aaf1 #abb4 ,pag9ation1 #ce4 ,p>is1 #ade-afa4 ,p>is et ,vi5ne1 #afa4 ,passion ( our ,"l ,jesu1 #bcj4 ,pa/i1 ,matteo dei1 #hd4 ,paulus ,flor5t9us1 #hg4 ,petr>ca1 ,f41 ,de ,rem$iis utriusque =tunae1 #gc2 ,trionfi1 #ia sq4 ,petri1 ,johann1 #aba4 ,pfi/]1 ,a41 #bf sqq4 ,pig\*et1 ,a41 #ahf sqq4 ,plant91 ,c41 #agb4 ,politiano1 ,angelo1 #abh4 ,polono1 ,/anislao1 #bad4 ,pres5tation copies1 #ad sq4 ,pr9t]s' work%op1 cuts (1 #aei sq4 ,pr3uss1 ,johann1 #ec4 ,ptolemy1 ,cosmographia1 #di4 ,pulci1 ,l41 ,morgante ,maggiore1 #abb4 ,pynson1 ,ri*>d1 #bbg sqq4 ,qu5tel1 ,h41 #eb4 ,rappres5tazioni1 #abd sqq4 ,ra/ell1 ,j41 #bci1 #bda4 ,ratdolt1 ,erh>d1 #cb1 #dd1 #hg-ij4 ,re*t/reit des ,m5s*5 mit dem ,tode1 #bf4 ,regnault1 ,f41 #aib4 ,rei*5?al1 ,ulri* von1 ,conciliumbu*1 #dc4 ,r5nes1 #adc4 ,riess+]1 ,s41 #hb sq4 ,rob]t ! ,devil1 #bce4 ,rome1 #gi-hc4 ,r\51 #adg1 #afb4 ,rudim5tum ,noviciorum1 #ej1 #aeh4 ,rup]tus de ,sancto ,remigio1 ,t3urk5-,kreuzz3uge1 #db4 ,sa9t ,albans1 ,book (1 #bbc4 ,saluzzo1 #acd4 ,san ,p$ro1 ,diego di1 ,c>cel d',amor1 #bad sq4 ,santis1 ,hi]4 de1 #ib4 ,savon>ola tracts1 #aaj-af4 ,s*3aufele91 ,h41 #ga1 #gd4 ,s*$el1 ,h41 ,lib] *ronic>um1 #fj-fd4 ,s*5ck1 ,p41 #adc4 ,s*obss]1 ,j41 #dc4 ,s*oeff]1 ,p41 #c-g1 #be1 #ed1 #eg sq4 ,s*3onsp]g]1 ,h41 #dd1 #ga4 ,s*ott1 ,m41 #ec4 ,sc9z5zel]1 ,u41 #hg4 ,scotus1 ,oct41 #ij4 ,s5s5s*midt1 ,j41 #eb4 ,sev5 ,wise ,ma/]s ( ,rome1 #bja4 ,seville1 #baf4 ,s=za family1 #ah4 ,simoneta1 ,g41 #ag4 ,snella]t1 ,c41 #bjc4 ,sorg1 ,a41 #db4 ,speculum vitae ,*ri/i1 ,caxton's1 #bbb2 ,de ,worde's1 #bbe2 ,pynson's1 #bbh4 ,/ephan1 ,p41 ,s*atzbehalt]1 #fj4 ,/rassburg1 #ec1 #gf4 ,/rozzi family1 #ag4 ,supplem5tum ,*ronic>um4 ,see ,=e/i4 ,tailpieces1 #ce4 ,t]5ce1 ,tre*sel's1 #afb2 ,eunu*us1 #di1 #ea4 ,!ramo1 ,jac4 de4 ,see ,belial4 ,!u]dank1 #ga-gc4 ,tirant lo ,blan*1 #bac sq4 ,title-pages1 fir/ use (1 #cj-cd4 ,tory1 ,g41 #aff sq4 ,t\rnes1 ,j41 de4 #af1 #afh1 #agb4 ,trabajos de ,h]cules1 #baa1 #baf4 ,tre*sel1 ,j41 #afb4 ,tre*sel1 ,m41 #afi4 ,trepp]el1 ,j41 #afa4 ,turrecremata1 ,c>d9al1 ,m$itationes1 #gi sqq4 ,ulm1 #de-ej4 ,ungut1 ,m41 #baj1 #bag4 ,utre*t1 #aif4 ,val5cia1 #bad1 #baf4 ,valturius1 ,de ,re ,milit>i1 #hd4 ,veld5]1 ,j41 #aif1 #bjd4 ,vellum1 use (1 #h sq41 #af4 ,v5ice1 #hg-ajf4 ,v'er>d1 ,anto9e1 #ad-af1 #adf-aeh1 #ahc-ahf4 ,v]ona1 #hd sq4 ,vespasian1 ,spani% romance (1 #baf4 ,vi5ne1 #add4 ,vill5a1 ,e4 de4 ,see ,trabajos de ,h]cules4 ,vivaldus1 ,j4 ,l41 #acd4 ,vorag9e1 ,jac4 de1 ,leg5da ,aurea1 ,engli%1 #bj1 #bba1 #bbc1 #bbe1 #bcj2 ,fr5*1 #aej2 ,g]man1 #cg4 ,vo/re1 ,simon1 #ahf4 ,weisskunig1 #gj1 #gb4 ,we/phalia1 ,johann de1 #aif1 #bjc4 ,witt5b]g1 #gf4 ,wohlgemu?1 ,mi*ael1 #fj1 #fh4 ,worde1 ,wynkyn de1 #bbb1 #bbe sqq4 ,za9]1 ,g3un!r1 #ce1 #cg sqq4 ,za9]1 ,johann1 #de sqq4 ,zamora1 #baa4 ,z>otus1 ,ant41 #acb4 ,z9na1 #gd4 ,zwolle1 #bjb4 ,pr9t$ by ,,morrison ,,gibb ,,limit$1 ,ed9burgh 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s ,note ,page #adf3 *ang$ comma to p]iod 7 444 r ?an a pr9t]47