,,! ,,cross4 ,illu/ration3 ,,som]sby ,,cross4 ,f a photo by ,c>lton ,son1 ,hornca/le4 ,! ,cross ,,9 ,ritual1 ,ar*itecture1 & ,art ,,by ,,! ,,rev4 ,,geo4 ,s4 ,,tyack1 ,b4,a4 ,,london3 ,,william ,,&rews ,,co41 #e1 ,,f>r+don ,,av5ue4 ,,william ,,&rews ,,co ,,! ,,hull ,,press ,preface4 ,9 ?is "w my aim has be5 to deal 9 a popul> way ) ! manifold uses ( ! ,cross z ! symbol ( ! ,*ri/ian ,fai?4 ,! attempt necessitates c]ta9 limitations2 to give prom95ce to controv]sial po9ts1 to g to =eign l&s = illu/rations & examples :5 s _m apt ones are to be f\nd at home1 or to load ! pages ) ref]5ces--any ( ^! ?+s w\ld h be5 oppos$ to ! object :i* ,i h set be=e myself4 ,if my outl9e be suffici5tly broad & cle>1 & ! details1 s f> z !y g1 accurate--& to atta9 ?is no pa9s h be5 sp>$--,i %all be cont5t4 ,be=e clos+ ?is brief preface1 x is to me bo? a pleasure & a duty to express my grateful ?anks to my fri5d & publi%]1 ,mr4 ,william ,&rews1 = ! use ( 8 collection ( works1 notes1 & pictures relat+ to ! ,cross1 & f 8 own productions ,i h glean$ "s out-(-!-way in=mation4 ,,geo4 ,s4 ,,tyack1 ,,cr[le1 ,,donca/]1 ,augu/1 #ahif4 ,cont5ts4 ,,page #a4 ,,introductory--,! pre-,*ri/ian ,cross--,primitive cross-=ms--,! ,graffito blasfemo--,! vision ( ,con/ant9e--,f9d+ ( ! ,true ,cross--,! ,crusades--,h]aldic ,crosses--,! ,templ>s1 etc4--,! ,cross 9 ! arms & badges & co9age ( mod]n /ate #a #b4 ,,! ,,developm5t ,,( ,,! ,,crucifix--,e>ly symbols ( ,*ri/1 ! ,v9e1 ,good ,%eph]d1 etc4--,! ,agnus ,dei-- ,! ,vatican ,cross--,concili> au?ority = ,crucifix-- ,! ,iconocla/s--,ea/]n attitude t[>ds images-- ,"* ( e>ly crucifixes--,crucifixion sc5es-- ,italian sacr$ art #ad #c4 ,,! ,,cross ,,9 ,,ritual--,prophetic types ( ! ,cross--,sign ( ! ,cross primitive--,me?od ( mak+--,us$ 9 public (fices3 ,eu*>i/1 ord9ation1 baptism1 confirmation1 public pray]--,processional ,cross-- ,ar*bi%op's ,cross--,pectoral ,cross--,cross 9 consecration ( *ur*es--,cross ( ,absolution-- ,creep+ to ! ,cross--,fea/s ( ! ,cross--,inv5tion & exaltation--,d$ication to ,s4 ,cross or ,holy ,rood #bh #d4 ,,! ,,cross ,,z ,,an ,,ornam5t ,,( ,,! ,,*ur*1 ,,etc4--,cruci=m *ur*es--,alt> ,cross--,g5evan av]sion to--,! rood & rood-l(t--,engli% roods--,! ,rood ( ,grace-- ,de/ruction ( roods--,mod]n revival ( use (-- ,embroid]$ crosses on ve/m5ts--,! fylfot on bells-- ,spire-cross--,*ur*y>d crosses de/roy$ & r5ew$-- ,weep+ ,cross & ,palm ,cross #dd #e4 ,,public ,,crosses--,univ]sal use ( cross-=ms 9 old ,engl&--,removal ( crosses--,crosses *iefly secul> 9 use--,ed9burgh ,cross3 its hi/ory--,engli% m>ket-crosses--,de/ructions & rec5t re/orations-- ,*i*e/] & o!r crosses--,prea*+ crosses--,s4 ,paul's3 its hi/ory--,o!r ,engli% prea*+ crosses #fc #f4 ,,memorial ,,crosses--,s4 ,oswald's ,cross--,neville's ,cross-- ,cross 9 ,le$s--,alp9e & ,spani% ,crosses--,eleanor ,crosses & mod]n copies ( !m--,new>k & ,w$more ,crosses--,s&ba*1 ,iona1 ,mona/]boice1 etc4--,cr[le ,/one--,hall ,cross1 ,donca/]--,d>tmoor ,memorials #hg #g4 ,,wayside ,,& ,,b\nd>y ,,crosses--,:iteleaf ,cross--,uses ( wayside crosses--,d>tmoor ,crosses--,corni% ,crosses-- ,notable crosses else:]e 9 ,engl&3 ,bury?orpe1 ,tott5ham1 ,h5ley1 etc4--,well ,crosses #ajf #h4 ,,conclusion--,popul>ity ( ,symbolism--,totems--,kobong-- ,h]aldic ,symbols--,symbol ( ! ,cross3 ,:at x implies8 #abj ,,! ,,cross ,,9 ,,ritual1 ,,ar*itecture1 ,,& ,,art4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,introductory4 ,x is /range1 yet unque/ionably a fact1 t 9 ages long be=e ! bir? ( ,*ri/1 & s9ce !n 9 l&s unt\*$ by ! tea*+ ( ! ,*ur*1 ! ,cross has be5 us$ z a sacr$ symbol4 ,! ,aryan tribes1 ance/ors ( mo/ ( ! ,european nations1 s reg>d$ a cross ( curi\s =m1 ^: f\r equal arms 7 all turn$ midway at a "r angle4 ,! excavations ( ,dr4 ,s*liemann on ! site ( anci5t ,troy h br\ght to light discs ( bak$ clay /amp$ ) a cross4 ,x is well kn[n t ! crux ansata1 or ,tau ,cross 7,t71 sometimes ) ! addition ( a r+1 z if = susp5sion1 at ! top1 is f\nd 9 ,egyptian inscriptions4 ,! ,greek ,bac*us1 ! ,tyrian ,tammuz1 ! ,*aldean ,bel1 & ! ,norse ,od91 7 all symboliz$ to _! vot>ies by a cruci=m device4 ,! ,spani% conqu]ors ( ,mexico f\nd ! cross already an object ( rev]5ce among ! ,aztecs1 c>v$ on temple walls1 on amulets1 & on pott]y2 s1 too1 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 specim5s ( %ell-"w1 engrav$ ) crosses ( v>i\s =ms1 h be5 une>!d f m\nds rais$ by ! native ,indian tribes4 ,x is fur!r int]e/+ to note t ! sign 0 frequ5tly reg>d$ z an emblem ( deity1 or z a symbol ( fav\rable import4 ,to ! ,egyptians x spoke ( a future life2 to ! ,aryans ( fire1 itself emblematic ( life2 ! ,mongolians lay x1 drawn on pap]1 on ! brea/s ( _! dead2 & ! ,buddhi/s ( ,?ibet see 9 x a m>k ( ! foot-pr9t ( ,buddha4 ,9 all ?is ! ,*ri/ians ( ! fir/ age w\ld h rejoic$1 claim+ x z a _w-wide prophecy ( ! ,cross ( ! ,r$eem]1 j z !y drew a simil> lesson f ! frequ5cy ) :i* ! cross =ms1 m or less r\ghly1 ! %ape ( ! ord9>y implem5ts ( man's h&icraft4 ,consid] all ?+s 9 ! _w1 writes ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 9 8 apology address$ to ! ,emp]or ,anton9us ,pius1 :e!r )\t ?is =m !y c\ld be adm9i/]$ or c\ld h any community4 ,= ! sea is n cross$ except t trophy :i* is call$ a sail rema9 safe abo>d ! %ip2 nor is ! e>? pl\gh$ )\t x2 digg]s & me*anics d n _! "w except ) tools ( ?is %ape4 ,& ! human =m diff]s f t ( brute bea/s 9 no?+ b 9 be+ erect1 & hav+ ! arms ext5d$4 ,! p[] ( ?is figure is ev5 %[n by y\r own symbols1 on :at are nam$ 'vexilla' & trophies1 ) :i* all y\r processions are made1 us+ ^!1 ev5 ?\gh unwitt+ly1 z signs ( y\r au?ority & dom9ion4 ,al?\gh we %\ld be unwill+ to-day to accept z argum5t all t a pi\s1 yet simple1 fancy1 or ! w>m? ( a f]vid rhetoric1 sugge/$ to m5 ( =m] times2 x w\ld1 nev]!less1 be equally1 or m absurd = u to foll[ o!rs1 :o h endeav\r$ to trace ! m]e survival ( hea!n cu/om 9 ! ,*ri/ian use ( ! ,cross4 ,t su* is n ! case is cle>1 9 spite ( a few p>allels 9 tea*+ z curi\s z ^? above ref]r$ to1 f ! fact t ! ,cross among/ u symbolizes ! ,fai?1 n z an arbitr>y or my/ic sign1 b z ! natural expression ( an hi/orical fact4 ,! ,*ri/ians ( ! fir/ two c5turies1 h[ev]1 seldom employ$ any mat]ial image ( ! ,cross1 & nev] ! ,crucifix4 ,?is is only :at1 "u ! circum/ances1 0 to be expect$4 ,to erect crosses 9 _! h\ses1 or to we> !m on _! p]sons1 0 impossible 9 ! times ( hea!n asc5dancy1 )\t risk+ insult to ! holy sign1 & dang] to !mselves4 ,moreov]1 9 days :5 crucifixion 0 /ill 9 use z ! mo/ degrad+ ( all =ms ( puni%m5t1 & ! cross to ! _w at l>ge a m infam\s figure ?an ! gall[s is n[ to u1 x mu/ h be5 difficult ev5 = ! foll[]s ( ! ,crucifi$ to rise entirely above ! common s5tim5t ( _! age4 ,! absolute horror ) :i* ! accurs$ tree 0 reg>d$ be=e hall[+ associations ennobl$ x1 is well illu/rat$ by ! exclamation ( ,cic]o 9 "o ( 8 orations3 ,let ! v "n ( ! cross be bani%$1 n f ! bodies only1 b f ! eyes1 ! e>s1 ! ?\ghts ( ,roman citiz5s6 ,! e>lie/ kn[n attempt to depict ! ,crucifixion ( ! ,savi\r illu/rates ! fact t x 0 ! wor%ip ( a ,crucifi$ ,man :i* /ruck ! contempor>y hea!n z especially incompreh5sible4 ,9 ! ye> #aheg1 a wall 9 ! ,palat9e ,palace at ,rome1 :i* _h be5 hidd5 f sight = c5turies1 0 laid b>e1 & display$ a rude sket*1 :i* has be5 nam$ ! graffito blasfemo4 ,/ret*$ on a cross is a human figure ) an ass's head1 be=e :i* /&s a man 9 a %ort tunic ) 8 arms uprais$1 :ile b5ea?1 9 v r\ghly-=m$ ,greek *>act]s1 runs ! inscription3 ,alexam5os adores 8 ,god4 ,! "w1 scrat*$ on ! wall1 d\btless by "s palace slave 9 ridicule ( a comrade1 is assign$ to ! end ( ! second c5tury1 & obvi\sly alludes ) blasphem\s scorn to ! mann] ( ! ,savi\r's dea?1 & to ! /range calumny1 fir/ flung by ! ,gno/ics at ! ,jews1 & !n by ! hea!n at ,jews & ,*ri/ians alike1 t !y paid div9e hon\rs to an ass4 ,at ?is "t ! fai?ful cont5t$ !mselves ) a m]e sugge/ion ( ! sign1 su* z ! comb9$ ,x & ,p1 ! fir/ two lett]s ( ! "n ( ,*ri/ 9 ,greek1 sometimes indicat+ ! ,x ) a transv]se /roke across ! ,p4 ,no?+ m def9ite ?an ?is1 & dat+ f primitive times1 is to be f\nd 9 ! _m inscriptions 9 ! ,roman ,catacombs1 :]e ! ,*ri/ians wor%ipp$ & buri$ _! dead d[n at lea/ to ,a4,d4 #bfj4 ,9 _! private devotions1 h[ev]1 & 9 public also if occasion dem&$ an op5 pr(ession ( ! fai?1 !y e>ly adopt$ ! habit ( mak+ ! sacr$ sign4 ,!y pray$1 z is %[n 9 ! c>icature j describ$1 ) arms spread crosswise1 & amid ! tortures ( m>tyrdom1 :5 ! savage upro> dr[n$ _! voices or _! fail+ /r5g? d5i$ !m p[] to speak1 _! arms cross$ above _! heads bore _! mute te/imony to ! /eadfa/ness ( _! fai?4 ,9 e und]tak+1 writes ,t]tullian 9 ! second c5tury1 on com+ 9 & go+ out1 on dress+ or wa%+1 at ! br++ ( lights1 on go+ to b$1 9 :atev] occupation we are engag$1 we impr9t our =eheads ) ! sign ( ! ,cross4 ,to ?is te/imony ( ! univ]sal use ( ! practice 9 ! primitive ages might be add$ t ( _m ( ! mo/ em95t ( ! fa!rs1 z1 = in/ance1 ,lactantius1 ,s4 ,a?anasius1 ,s4 ,basil1 ,s4 ,ephrem1 ,s4 ,cyril ( ,j]usalem1 & 8 namesake ( ,alex&ria1 ,s4 ,john ,*ryso/om1 ,s4 ,ambrose1 & ,s4 ,augu/9e ( ,hippo--all writ]s fl\ri%+ 9 ! f\r? c5tury ( our era4 ,! gr[? ( ! use ( ! mat]ial cross 0 greatly accel]at$ by two important hi/orical ev5ts1 ! conv]sion ( ! ,emp]or ,con/ant9e1 ) :i* we may put ! claim ( ! ,empress-"m1 ,s4 ,hel5a1 to h discov]$ ! true ,cross1 & ! outbreak ( ! ,crusades4 ,! /ory ( ! fir/ ( ^! ev5ts has be5 record$ = u by ,eusebius1 ! fri5d & biograph] ( ,con/ant9e1 z x 0 told to him by ! ,emp]or himself2 & ! acc\nt is too well kn[n to require repetition 9 detail "h4 ,x w be suffici5t to recall ! fact t 9 ! ye> #cab ,a4,d41 z ,con/ant9e 0 m>*+ aga9/ ,max5tius1 a vision ( ! ,cross1 ) ! leg5d ,9 ?is sign conqu]1 0 v\*saf$ to him1 & t a dream subsequ5tly in/ruct$ him to inscribe t symbol on ! imp]ial bann]s4 ,9 ob$i5ce to ?is comm& a spl5did bann] 0 made1 consi/+ ( a cross-/aff1 f :i*1 embroid]$ 9 jewels on a silk5 squ>e1 hung ! sacr$ monogram2 & "u ?is /&>d1 ! lab>um1 ! army m>*$ to victory4 ,f ?is "t ,*ri/ianity 0 n only tol]at$1 b plac$ "u imp]ial protection2 crucifixion1 moreov]1 ceas$ to be employ$ z a =m ( puni%m5t1 & ! ,cross began to be treat$ ) hon\r4 ,a cross ( gold1 adorn$ ) preci\s /ones1 0 plac$1 by ,con/ant9e's ord]s1 9 ! *ief hall ( ! palace2 & ! imp]ial co9age is f\nd to be>1 ) increas+ frequ5cy1 ! holy sign4 ,sometimes1 z 9 a co9 ( ,con/antius ,,ii41 ! ,emp]or is depict$ hold+ ! lab>um 9 8 h&1 or1 z on ^? ( ,jovianus1 he c>ries a globe surm\nt$ by a cross2 :ile lat] emp]ors /amp$ _! co9age ) ! cross itself1 (t5 surr\nd$ by a laurel cr[n4 ,! fe> ( insult to sacr$ places & religi\s emblems be+ ?us remov$1 ! ,*ri/ians began to build !mselves *ur*es m wor?y ( _! holy rites ?an ! rooms or ! catacombs ) :i* !y _h =m]ly be5 compell$ to be cont5t1 & 9 ! decoration ( ^! ! cross began to take its appropriate place4 ,a c\ple ( c5turies lat]1 9 ! reign ( ,ju/9ian 7#ebg-efe71 x 0 ev5 ord]$ t e *ur* %\ld h a cross surm\nt+ x4 ,closely connect$ ) ! conv]sion ( ,con/ant9e is ! alleg$ discov]y ( ! true ,cross by ,s4 ,hel5a4 ,x 0 9 ! ye> #cbe1 ! ye> ( ! fir/ ,g5]al ,c\ncil ( ! ,*ur*1 :i* met at ,nicaea to condemn ! h]esy ( ,arius1 t ! ,empress1 end[$ ) ample means & ) ! fulle/ au?ority1 w5t to ,j]usalem & began ! se>* = ! in/rum5t ( our r$emption4 ,! site ( ! ,crucifixion hav+ be5 pres]v$ 9 tradition1 excavations 7 made on ! spot1 :i* fir/ disclos$ ! ,holy ,sepul*re1 ov] :i*1 bo? to conceal & to desecrate ! spot1 a temple _h be5 erect$ to ,v5us2 & aft]w>ds 0 br\ght to light1 9 a pit h>d by1 ^? v5]able pieces ( wood :i* ,*ri/5dom hail$ z ! v ,cross1 to "o ( :i* 0 /ill affix$ a bo>d ) an inscription 9 ,hebrew1 ,greek1 & ,lat94 ,to det]m9e ! exact value ( ! /ory ?us briefly summ>iz$1 is n s easy a matt] z _m h assum$ x to be4 ,on ! "o h&1 no "o que/ions ! s9c]ity ( ,hel5a h]self1 nor ! fact t %e actually did f9d ! wood 9 ! excavations :i* %e _h made4 ,s4 ,cyril ( ,j]usalem1 writ+ f t spot no m ?an tw5ty ye>s lat]1 ref]s to ! ev5t1 & mo/ ( ! fa!rs & *ronicl]s ( ! ,*ur* :o foll[ him notice x1 bo? he & !y evid5tly accept+ z facts ! claims made on behalf ( ! wood4 ,moreov]1 x is n )\t its be>+ on ! matt] t ! date ( ! discov]y co9cides ) a great crisis 9 ! ,arian controv]sy1 :5 ! eag]ness ( ! h]etics to attack & discr$it ! ,ca?olics 9 any & e way w\ld pres5t a special difficulty to any attempt to pass (f a fraud ^u ,*ri/5dom4 ,&1 f9ally1 x is n easy to see :o c\ld plan & c>ry out s va/ a deception 9 ! face ( all ! p]sons ( au?ority bo? 9 ,*ur* & ,/ate1 :o 7 !n 9 ,j]usalem2 nor ! object :i* ! deception w\ld be int5d$ to atta94 ,! great argum5t on ! o!r side1 & "o difficult to ov]come1 & impossible to ignore1 is ! sil5ce ( ,eusebius on ! subject2 yet he 0 pres5t 9 ,j]usalem at ! actual "t ( ! discov]y1 or v %ortly aft]w>ds1 & 9 8 life ( ,con/ant9e he records o!rs ( ! works und]tak5 9 ! ,holy ,city by t ,emp]or ?r\gh 8 "m1 su* z ! erection ( ! *ur* ( ! ,holy ,sepul*re4 ,x is impossible b t ,eusebius knew ( ! ass]tion ) :i* ,j]usalem & ! _w rang1 t ! wood discov]$ 0 ! true ,cross1 yet he makes no allusion to x4 ,:atev] conclusion we mod]ns may come to on ! matt]1 x is beyond "q t all ,*ri/5dom at t "t accept$ ! /ory z true1 & greet$ ! sacr$ wood ) unb\nd$ en?usiasm2 & ! devotion ?us excit$ _c fail to h _h a m>k$ influ5ce on ! use ( ! figure ( ! ,cross4 ,a new *apt] 9 ! developm5t ( ?is use is begun at ! ,crusades1 & to ^! ! subsequ5t hi/ory ( ?is _w-fam$ wood naturally leads u4 ,! great] portion ( ! true ,cross 0 kept at ,j]usalem1 9 ! *ur* re>$ by ,con/ant9e1 & d$icat$ ) great solemnity 9 #cce4 ,x 0 9 "t ri*ly adorn$ ) gold & jewels1 & 0 expos$ = ! v5]ation ( ! fai?ful e ,ea/] ,sunday4 ,ne>ly ?ree c5turies lat]1 9 #fad1 ,*osroes1 ,k+ ( ,p]sia1 aft] victori\s campaigns 9 ,asia ,m9or & 9 ,egypt1 desc5d$ on ! ,holy ,l& ) a tumultu\s ho/ ( b>b>ians4 ,! ,city ( ,j]usalem 0 tak5 & sack$1 aft] n9ety ?\s& ,*ri/ians _h fall5 fight+ 9 its def5ce2 & ! ,cross 0 c>ri$ (f 9 triumph by ! hea!n conqu]or4 ,s bold an assault bo? on ! ,fai? & on ! ,empire c\ld n be brook$1 & 9 #fbi1 at a great battle on ! pla9s ( ,n9eveh1 ! ,p]sian p[] 0 de/roy$ by ! ,emp]or ,h]aclius1 & ! ,cross recov]$4 ,) all solemnity ! sacr$ relic 0 borne back to its =m] re/+ place1 ! ,emp]or himself1 b>e ( head & foot1 c>ry+ x on 8 %\ld]s into ! city4 ,aga9 0 ,j]usalem captur$ 9 #fcg1 n[ by ! newborn ,mohamm$an p[]1 b ! ,cross 0 n mole/$1 & = f\r hundr$ ye>s x 0 ! object ( ,*ri/5dom's special devotion1 pilgrims f e c\ntry 9 ,europe1 & ( all grades ( society1 com+ 9 c\ntless numb]s to kneel be=e x1 & 9 _m cases to die )9 rea* ( x4 ,b 9 ! ye> #ajji1 a ,caliph ( ,egypt arose1 9 ! p]son ( ,el ,hakim1 to ^: fi]ce & fanatical _s ! tol]ation hi!rto grant$ to ! ,*ri/ians 0 hateful1 & 9 ! "n ( ! prophet he invad$ ,pale/9e & took ,j]usalem4 ,! *ur*es built by ,con/ant9e & ,hel5a ov] ! sacr$ sites 7 utt]ly de/roy$1 & ! ,cross b>ely escap$ ! same fate2 fai?ful b&s1 h[ev]1 succe$$ 9 c>ry+ x (f & conceal+ x1 & = almo/ a c5tury x 0 b r>ely & cauti\sly exhibit$4 ,at la/ ! trumpet call ( ,pet] ! ,h]mit rang out across ,europe1 & an army1 full ( en?usiasm1 & l$ by a b& ( almo/ ideal h]oes1 />t$ up 9 answ]4 ,:atev] faults m>r$ ! actions ( ! ,crusad]s1 & h[ev] soil$ by human ambitions & p]sonal jeal\sies lat] exp$itions might be1 ! fir/ ,crusade 0 inspir$ by a g5u9e zeal = a cause t all held to be holy--! rescu+ ( ! places sanctifi$ by ! ,savi\r's life & dea? f ! pollution ( unbeliev]s1 & especially ! br++ back ( ! ,cross to its place ( hon\r4 ,on ,friday1 ,july #ac?1 #ajii1 ! ,*ri/ian armies ent]$ ! city1 & ! ,cross1 uplift$ on ,calv>y1 became ! c5tre1 almo/ ! raison d'etre1 ( ! new k+dom ( ,j]usalem4 ,b ! "t ( its disappe>ance f ! e>? 0 n f> di/ant4 ,godfrey1 ! fir/ k+ ( t almo/ my/ic k+dom1 0 buri$ beside x on ! "r1 & ,baldw91 8 successor1 on ! left1 & ! gu>dian%ip ( ! holy places _h fall5 into h&s less consci\s ( ! sacr$ness ( _! (fice1 :5 ,salad9 invad$ ! l& 9 #aahg4 ,! la/ /& ( ! ,*ri/ians1 "u ,guy1 ! unwor?y successor ( ! e>ly k+s1 0 made at ,hatt91 & ! sacr$ wood ( ! ,cross itself 0 borne into ! camp to inspire !m ) c\rage & devotion2 b ! _s ( ! old ,crusad]s 0 dead1 & ! infidel 0 completely triumphant4 ,a few ye>s lat]1 9 #aaib1 we he> ( ! ,cross z /ill 9 ,salad9's possession1 & z %ewn by 8 p]mission to "s fav\r$ pilgrims1 among :om 0 ! ,bi%op ( ,salisbury1 & !n x disappe>s f hi/ory2 ! sacr$ wood t ?\s&s _h brav$ ! p]ils ( seas & ,alp9e passes to gaze ^u1 t myriads _h gladly di$ to protect1 vani%$ f ! eyes ( m51 :i!r none c say4 ,no?+ n[ rema9s ( ! mo/ highly-priz$ relic :i* ! _w has ev] held1 except num]\s fragm5ts ( ! wood pres]v$ 9 ca!drals & else:]e ?r\gh\t ,europe1 "s score or m ( nails purport+ to be ^? :i* fix$ ! h&s & feet ( ! ,"l1 & ! bo>d ) its tril+ual inscription4 ,! sne] t !re is en\gh wood ( ! true ,cross to build a man-(-w> has become a common-place1 b x proves only ! ignorance ( ^? :o repeat x2 ! fragm5ts be+ all ( ! smalle/ dim5sions1 few z l>ge z a p91 _m no l>g] ?an a p9's head4 ,! nails 7 probably mo/ ( !m made z copies ( ! orig9als1 & 9 c\rse ( "t h come to be reg>d$ z g5u9e4 ,! fam\s iron cr[n ( ,lomb>dy has be5 said to en%r9e a holy nail1 b ! claim is no old] ?an ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,! inscription is 9 ! *ur* ( ,santa ,croce at ,rome1 & ! "q ( its g5u95ess /&s exactly on a level ) t ( ! ,cross itself3 :e!r or no x be ! v]itable bo>d :i* hung above ! head ( ! ,crucifi$1 !re c be little d\bt t x is ! "o une>!d by ,s4 ,hel5a m ?an fifte5 hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,x is f ! p]iod ( ! ,crusades especially t we mu/ date ! wide-spread erection ( crosses & use ( cross-=ms ?r\gh\t ,europe4 ,worn z a badge or *>m1 work$ 9 silk or *ac$ 9 metal1 t[]+ 9 /one by ! wayside or ov]%ad[+ ! busy m>ket1 gleam+ on bann]s1 or respl5d5t 9 jewels 9 ! solemnity ( ! ,*ur*1--ev]y:]e ! holy sign met ! eye4 ,"o use ( ! ,*ri/ian emblem 0 directly due to ,crusad+ influ5ce4 ,! union 9 ! exp$itions aga9/ ! infidels ( knights ( _m l&s & diff]5t languages gave its orig91 or at any rate its organiz$ =m1 to ! sci5ce ( h]aldry2 & ! _s :i* presid$ at its bir? is %[n 9 ! imm5se v>iety ( crosses recognis$ 9 its vocabul>y4 ,we h ! ,lat9 ,cross1 ! ord9>y cross ( suff]+2 ! ,greek ,cross ) its equal arms2 ! ,cross ( ,s4 ,&rew1 or ! saltire 7,x72 ! ,maltese1 or eight-po9t$ cross2 ! ,tau1 or ,egyptian ,cross 7,t72 & o!rs :i* a p]si/5t +5uity ( inv5tion has almo/ endlessly v>i$4 ,x is well kn[n t e ,crusad] ( :atev] rank _h a cross ( "s mat]ial /it*$ to 8 tunic2 b ?ree great ord]s ( knigh?ood arose dur+ ! ,holy ,w>1 :o made x _! peculi> badge1 z !y 7 pre-em95tly ! *ampions ( ! ,cross4 ,! ,knights ( ! ,hospital ( ,s4 ,john at ,j]usalem1 or ,knights ( ,malta1 or ( ,rhodes1 commonly call$ simply ! ,hospitall]s1 7 f\nd$ 9 #ajdh1 & 7 habit$ 9 black mantles ) a :ite cross on ! left brea/1 sc>let surcoats ) simil> crosses on back & front1 & ea* wore ! same emblem 9 gold susp5d$ by a black ribbon f 8 neck4 ,! ,bre?r5 ( ! ,temple at ,j]usalem1 or ,templ>s1 f\nd$ 9 #aabh1 wore :ite mantles ) r$ crosses1 & c>ri$ bann]s ( black & :ite *>g$ ) a cross 9 r$4 ,! ,teutonic ,knights1 m prop]ly ! ,knights ( ! ,hospital ( our ,ladye ( ,m\nt ,zion at ,j]usalem1 assum$ a black cross z _! badge4 ,9 ?is connection x is int]e/+ to note h[ prom95t a place ! emblem ( ! ,*ri/ian ,fai? /ill holds 9 ! ensigns & hon\rable di/9ctions ( ! _w4 ,! decorations ( ! ,briti% ord]s ( ! ,g>t]1 ! ,ba?1 ! ,?i/le1 & ( ,s4 ,patrick1 all consi/ (1 or comprise1 a cross1 z ( c\rse does ! covet$ ,victoria ,cross4 ,! same is true ( ! ,fr5* ,legion ( ,hon\r1 ! ,prussian ,black ,eagle1 ,r$ ,eagle1 & ,iron ,cross1 ! ,russian ord]s ( ,s4 ,&rew1 ,s4 ,alex&] ,newski1 & ! ,:ite ,eagle1 ! ,au/rian ord]s ( ,m>ia ,!resa1 & ( ,s4 ,/eph51 ! ord]s ( ,fidelite ( ,bad51 ( ,s4 ,hub]t ( ,bav>ia1 ( ,s4 ,james & ( ! ,calatrava ( ,spa91 & ( ! ,annonciade ( ,italy4 ,simil>ly ! arms1 or ensigns1 or bo?1 ( ,great ,brita91 ,g]many1 ,russia1 ,italy1 ,norway1 ,sw$51 ,d5m>k1 ,greece1 & ,switz]l&1 all display ! sign ( our ,r$emption1 ! mo/ conspici\s ( !m all be+ ! ,union ,jack1 ) its comb9$ crosses ( ,s4 ,george ( ,engl&1 ,s4 ,&rew ( ,scotl&1 & ,s4 ,patrick ( ,irel&4 ,x is n a little rem>kable t dur+ ! brief p]iod ( ! ,puritan asc5dancy1 :5 ! royal arms 7 disc>d$1 al?\gh ! ,*ur* 0 ov]?r[n1 ! crosses ( ! patron sa9ts 7 kept1 & f !m 7 =m$ ! %ield ( ! ,commonweal?4 ,evid5ce ( ! triumph ( ! ,cross is giv5 by ! regalia ( almo/ e ,*ri/ian k+dom1 :]e ! jewell$ cross surm\nts ! mon>*'s cr[n & sceptre1 /&s on ! orb1 & is engrav$ ^u 8 signet2 b no m univ]sal recognition ( ! sign is to be f\nd ?an 9 ! co9age ( ,*ri/5dom4 ,we h se5 t %ortly aft] ! conv]sion ( ,con/ant9e1 ! ,*ri/ian symbol began to appe> on ! co9s ( ! ,empire1 & ! practice aft]w>ds became g5]al ?r\gh\t ,europe4 ,?is arose1 probably1 p>tly f a wi% to te/ify to ! fai? ( ! sov]eign & ( 8 p1 b p>tly also 9 ! hope t ^? :o 7 tempt$ to deface or to clip ! co9 might be det]r$ by ! sight ( ! holy sign4 ,! ,engli% silv] p5nies & nobles 7 almo/ all /amp$ ) a cross on ! rev]se1 rea*+ f edge to edge3 ! de9]s ( ,france1 ! pi/oles ( ,spa91 7 simil>ly m>k$2 b fully to illu/rate ! fact w\ld be to catalogue a great portion ( ! m9tage ( m$iaeval1 & "s ( mod]n ,europe4 ,?us wide & v>i$ 9 int]e/ is ! field ov] :i* ! ,cross ( ,*ri/ has flung its illum9at+ influ5ce4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,! ,developm5t ( ! ,crucifix4 ,we h already se5 t ! ,*ri/ians ( ! fir/ c5turies 7 det]r$ by circum/ances f any g5]al use ( ! figure ( ! ,cross4 ,x foll[s naturally t ! ,crucifix 0 /ill lat] 9 com+ into exi/5ce4 ,inde$1 long aft] ,*ri/ianity _h become ! ackn[l$g$ religion ( ! empire1 !re 7 reasons :i* made its use inexp$i5t4 ,! fai?ful1 ?\gh n[ protect$ f insult & p]secution1 7 /ill a m9ority surr\nd$ by ! adh]5ts ( paganism2 & z ! influ5ce ( ! ,*ur* gradually spread to ! b>b>ian tribes beyond ! conf9es ( ! empire1 %e 0 con/antly be+ br\ght face to face ) fre% =ms ( idolatry 9 ,nor!rn ,europe1 9 ,africa1 & 9 ,asia4 ,x ne$s b little acqua9tance ) folk-lore to recall illu/rations ( ! fact t hea!nism di$ h>d2 ev5 :5 active opposition _h be5 ov]come1 & ! bulk ( ! p _h1 p]haps1 z 0 n seldom ! case1 almo/ by :ole tribes at a "t1 outw>dly accept$ ! fai?1 yet old cu/oms1 old sup]/itions liv$ on4 ,?us to ! pres5t day ! druidic reg>d = ! mi/letoe has a traditional exi/5ce 9 ,engl& aft] eighte5 c5turies ( ,*ri/ian tea*+1 & 9 ,cornwall & else:]e mid-summ] night sees ! hilltops ablaze ) bonfires t1 mean+less n[1 once proclaim$ ! fire-wor%ipp]s' devotion4 ,if su* ?+s are /ill f\nd among/ u1 innoc5t inde$ n[ ( any idolatr\s int5t1 b eloqu5t ( ! vitality ( ! cu/oms ( idolatry1 x is easy to div9e ! result t w\ld h foll[$ ! introduction ( ! ,crucifix into a _w almo/ :olly hea!n4 ,x has be5 alleg$ t ! ,roman ,s5ate (f]$ to admit ! ,*ri/ to ! pan!on ( ! /ate1 & simil>ly ! ,crucifix might h simply become ! companion ( ! hamm] ( ,?or1 or ! sun-cr[n$ ,phoebus1 ( ! sacr$ ibis ( ,egypt1 or ! w+$ mon/]s ( ,assyria2 or at be/ a m]e sub/itute = !m4 ,guid$ by a ,div9e in/9ct1 ! ,*ur* %[$ a wise self-re/ra9t2 & x 0 only z ! decay ( idolatry 9 ! ,we/ remov$ ?is dang]1 t %e all[$ h]self to contemplate ! image ( ! ,r$eem]4 ,f ! fir/1 nev]!less1 a ye>n+ = ! help t[>ds devotion :i* ! eye c give 0 felt1 al?\gh ! necessity ( prud5ce & caution conf9$ ! fai?ful to ! use ( symbolic1 r ?an ( hi/oric1 figures4 ,?us ev5 9 ! days ( ! catacombs ! ,v9e1 ! ,dove1 ! ,lamb1 ! ,good ,%eph]d are f\nd1 ) a mean+ obvi\sly ,scriptural 9 orig92 & aga9 ! ,fi%1 specially recomm5d$ ) ! above emblems by ,s4 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria z a device = seals & r+s1 0 frequ5tly employ$1 z sett+ =? 9 an anagram1 by means ( its "n 9 ,greek1 ! words ,jesus ,*ri/1 ! ,son ( ,god1 ! ,savi\r4 ,^! 7 all common =ms1 calculat$ to sugge/ ,*ri/ian tea*+ to ! believ]1 )\t excit+ comm5t f ! hea!n4 ,mean:ile ! simple cross 0 gr[+ ye>ly m famili> to ! p z ! emblem ( ! ,*ri/ian religion4 ,its e>lie/ =m seems to h be5 t kn[n z ! fylfot1 l f\r ,greek gammas jo9$ at ! base2 a design t s]v$1 equally ) ! emblems j describ$1 to sugge/ ! sign to ! ,*ri/ian )\t (f5d+ o!rs4 ,b s rapid 0 ! *ange t took place consequ5t on ! conv]sion ( ,con/ant9e1 t s e>ly z ! papacy ( ,john ,i4 7:o di$ 9 ! ye> #djj7 crosses 7 c>ri$ 9 ! processions ( ! ,*ur*4 ,! next /ep 0 ! natural "o ( comb9+ ) ! cross "o or o!r ( ! emblematic figures :i* 7 already accept$ z ref]r+ to ! ,crucifi$4 ,! ,lamb ) ! cross1 !re=e1 became a common symbol ( ! ,crucifixion dur+ ! fir/ six c5turies4 ,9 its mo/ re/ra9$ =m we f9d simply above ! head ( ! ,lamb ! sacr$ monogram z us$ on ! lab>um ( ! ,*ri/ianiz$ empire2 & occasionally ! figure becomes n s mu* a type z a repres5tative ( ! ,savi\r1 by hav+ five ble$+ w\nds 9 its feet & side4 ,lat] ! same emblem appe>s1 (t5 ) a cruci=m nimbus ab\t its head1 c>ry+ a sl5d] cross on a tall %aft1 or a bann] *>g$ ) a cross4 ,simil>ly a long cross-/aff is sometimes plac$1 in/ead ( ! pa/oral crook1 9 ! h& ( ! ,good ,%eph]d4 ,9 all ^! ! emblem ( ,*ri/ is ! prom95t feature ( ! assign1 ! cross be+ entirely subord9ate4 ,z x became possible to be less gu>d$ 9 display+ ! ensign ( ! fai?1 ?is ord] 0 to "s ext5t rev]s$4 ,on ! tomb ( ,gallia ,placida at ,rav5na1 ( ! fif? c5tury1 ! ,lamb /&s on a m\nt--! ,lamb /&+ on ,m\nt ,sion ( ! ,apocalypse--) beh9d x a cross1 f ! arms ( :i* dep5d ! ,alpha & ,omega4 ,aga91 ! ,lamb lies at ! foot ( ! cross1 an arrangem5t app>5tly ref]r$ to by ,s4 ,paul9us ( ,nola 9 ! words1 ,*ri/ 9 ! lamb /&s 'nea? ! ,cross all gleam+ ) ,8 blood4 ,illu/ration3 ,,an ,,e>ly ,,*ri/ian ,,tomb ,,at ,,wirkswor? ,a m decid$ approximation to ! ,crucifix 0 made :5 ! sacr$ ,lamb 0 plac$ on ! cross at ! jo9+ ( ! arms & ! %aft2 a mo/ int]e/+ example ( :i* occurs on a slab une>!d at ,wirkswor? dur+ ! re/oration ( ! *ur* 9 #ahbj2 x is "p ( a tomb1 suppos$ to date f ! sev5? c5tury4#a ,9 ! six? c5tury we beg9 to meet ) ! ,crucifix prop]ly s call$4 ,=tunatus gives u ! fir/ und\bt$ ref]5ce to "o made 9 relief ab\t ! ye> #efj1 & ,s4 ,gregory ( ,t\rs1 "s ?irty ye>s lat]1 ref]s to a pa9t$ "o at ,n>b\ne4 ,! fam\s ,vatican cross1 said to h be5 giv5 by ! ,emp]or ,ju/9 7elect$ #eai7 to ,pope ,gregory ,,ii41 exhibits an int]e/+ /age 9 ! transition f ! emblem to ! figure ( ,*ri/4 ,! sacr$ ,lamb /ill keeps its place on a m$allion 9 ! c5tre1 :ile a half-l5g? figure ( ! ,savi\r 9 ! act ( b5$iction is on ! upp] limb ( ! cross1 & ano!r1 probably ,s4 ,john ,bapti/1 is on ! l[] "o2 on ! arms1 ) a curi\s lack ( rev]5ce & ta/e1 are effigies ( ! ,emp]or & 8 wife ,flavia4 ,a book ( ! ,gospels 9 ! libr>y at ,muni*1 suppos$ to h be5 execut$ 9 ?is same c5tury1 has a cross :i* t]m9ates above 9 a k9d ( ar*1 "u :i* is a bu/ ( ,*ri/1 :ile ! ,alpha & ,omega hang f ! transv]se beams4 ,9 ! c\rse ( "t ! ,cross itself seems to h be5 look$ on1 n s mu* z a sugge/ion ( ! ,crucifixion1 b z a type or emblem ( ,*ri/4 ,a /rik+ & curi\s example ( ?is is to be f\nd on a tomb 9 ! *ur* ( ,s4 ,apoll9>e at ,rav5na1 :]e ! arti/ has depict$ ! ,transfiguration 9 a /range union ( realism & symbolism4 ,moses & ,elias are on ei!r side1 & ! h& above sugge/s ! ,fa!r1 b ?ree %eep /& = ! *os5 apo/les1 & 9 ! c5tre is1 n ,*ri/1 b ! ,cross4 ,x may1 p]haps1 h be5 ! p]ception ( su* a t5d5cy :i* l$ ! ,greek ,fa!rs at ! ,c\ncil 9 ,trullo1 9 #fib1 to feel t ! "t _h come = a m emphatic ass]tion ( ! p]sonality & human nature ( ! ,r$eem] 9 sacr$ art4 ,?us1 at any rate1 !y decre$3--,we ord] t1 in/ead ( ! ,lamb1 our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/ %all be %[n h]eaft] 9 ,8 human =m 9 ! images2 s t1 )\t =gett+ ! height f :i* ! ,div9e ,^w /oop$ to u1 we %all be l$ to rememb] ,8 mortal life1 ,8 passion1 & ,8 dea?1 :i* paid ! ransom = mank9d4 ,! alt]ation1 h[ev]1 0 complet$ z cauti\sly z x _h be5 begun1 ev5 ! me?od ( production p>tak+ ( ! re/ra9t exhibit$ 9 ! developm5t ( ! subject4 ,! e>lie/ crucifixes probably _h ! figure simply et*$ 9 outl9e1 !n x 0 pa9t$ ^u ! cross1 & la/ ( all x became a p>tial or complete relief4 ,! la/ /age 0 n rea*$1 unless 9 a few exceptional cases1 until ! n9? c5tury4 ,! e>lie/ crucifix 9 ! catacombs is ( ! sev5? or eight c5tury1 & ,pope ,john ,,vii41 9 #gjf1 d$icat$ ! fir/ mosaic example 9 ,/4 ,pet]'s at ,rome4 ,b5$ict ,biscop1 ,abbot ( ,j>r[ 7di$ #fij71 br\ght f ,rome ! fir/ picture ( ! crucifixion ( :i* we he> 9 ! nor? ( ,engl&4 ,s4 ,augu/9e advanc+ ) 8 monks to 8 fir/ conf]5ce ) ,k+ ,e!lb]t ( ,k5t1 0 prec$$ by a silv] cross & a crucifixion pa9t$ on a panel4 ,n[ & aga9 an iconocla/ic _s reveal$ itself 9 opposition to ! gr[+ use1 n only ( ! crucifix b ( images ( sa9ts & patri>*s1 b x made no headway 9 ! we/4 ,s]5us1 ,bi%op ( ,m>seilles1 hav+ brok5 d[n "s images 9 a *ur*1 0 reprov$ by ,pope ,gregory1 on ! gr\nd t 9 pa9t+s on walls ^? :o are unable to read books c read :at 9 books !y _c4 ,9 ! ea/1 h[ev]1 ! movem5t ar\s$ mu* bitt]ness1 & l$ ev5 to p]secution4 ,leo ! ,isaurian 9 #gbf1 began an attack on all use ( images1 & a ,c\ncil at ,con/ant9ople 9 #geb1 reject$ !m altoge!r4 ,?is decree 0 n accept$ g5]ally z f9al1 b 9 ! end ! ea/]n *ur* settl$ d[n "u a compromise1 :i* is /ill ma9ta9$1 by :i* pictures 9 pa9t+1 mosaic1 or engrav+1 are p]mitt$1 b all reliefs & /atutes are =bidd54 ,among/ ! few crucifixes 9 ! ea/ :i* surviv$ ! de/ruction consequ5t fir/ on ! iconocla/ic p]secution1 & !n _! f9al condemnation1 is "o t is probably ! olde/ 9 ! _w4 ,x is 9 ! ,mona/]y ( ,x]opotami1 on ,m\nt ,a?os1 & consi/s ( an alleg$ fragm5t ( ! true cross ) two transv]se pieces1 ! upp] & small] "o repres5t+ ! sup]scription4 ,on ^! lies a small ivory figure1 & bel[ is a repres5tation ( ! ,*ur* ( ! ,holy ,sepul*re 9 gold & jewels4 ,x is said to h be5 a gift f ! ,empress ,pul*]ia 7#dad-dec71 a fact :i* may acc\nt = its pres]vation4 ,! hi/ory ( ! developm5t ( ! crucifix does n end1 :5 ! ,div9e effigy assum$ ! place ( ! type ^u x4 ,! e>lie/ arti/s made no attempt at realism 9 m\ld+ or c>v+ ! figure4 ,!y on ! contr>y di/9ctly avoid$ x1 & ! crucifix cont9u$ to be emblematic4 ,! tru? :i* !y aim$ especially at sett+ =? 0 ! volunt>y "* ( ! ,"l's self-sacrifice4 ,! ,*ri/1 !re=e1 is g5]ally clo!d 9 a robe rea*+ to ! feet1 ! outspread arms d n hang b lie /raight along ! transv]se beam1 & ! feet are plac$ side by side ^u a support+ l$ge2 ! head is erect1 & ! eyes frequ5tly1 if n usually1 are op5 & look /raight =w>d4 ,! side is n pi]c$1 & (t5 ! h&s & feet %[ nei!r w\nds nor nails4 ,o!rs ( ^! e>ly crucifixes set =? ! ?\ght ( ,*ri/ z k+ reign+ f ! tree1 9 unison ) t l9e ( ! fam\s hymn ,vexilla ,regis1 ,regnavit a ligno ,deus2 & ! figure is "h royally cr[n$ & rob$4 ,a crucifix t has become hi/orical is ! ,holy ,face ( ,lucca1 traditionally ascrib$ to ! workman%ip ( ,s4 ,luke1 b really dat+ f ab\t ! eight c5tury4 ,on ?is1 by :i* ,william ,rufus 0 9 ! habit ( swe>+ "u ! "n ( ! ,face ( ,s4 ,luke1 are comb9$ ! *>act]s ( ,k+ & ,prie/1 ! figure be+ cr[n$1 & clad 9 a d>k sac]dotal ve/m5t4 ,9 ^! crucifixes !re is no appeal to ! emotions1 no petition = pity on behalf ( agonis$ humanity2 b an impressive decl>ation on ! "p ( ! arti/ ( 8 /rong fai? 9 ! deity ( ! ,suff]]4 ,9 describ+ ^! v>i\s /ages 9 ! developm5t ( ! crucifix1 x mu/ n be tak5 to imply t /ep always foll[$ /ep 9 a regul> progression4 ,z a matt] ( fact ! diff]5t phases ov]lapp$ consid]ably1 & n[ & aga9 a r>e specim5 is f\nd ant$at+ consid]ably ! age to :i* a /rict classification ( /yles w\ld assign x4 ,!re is1 = in/ance1 a v e>ly pectoral crucifix1#b :i* :ile co9cid+ = ! mo/ "p ) ! description j giv51 nev]!less repres5ts ! ,*ri/ z dead1 ) clos$ eyes & uncr[n$ head slightly incl9$4 ,a crucifix 9 ! ,treasury at ,aix-la-,*apelle1 kn[n z ! ,cross ( ,lo?>io1 ?\gh only ( ! n9? c5tury1 has ! hang+ arms1 ! fall5 head1 & ! %ort clo? ab\t ! lo9s1 mu* z we see !m to-day4 ,moreov] z art 9 "s l&s 0 lat] 9 rip5+ ?an 9 o!rs1 s 9 "s x clung = a long] p]iod to ! old] art =ms2 :ile sev]al ( ! primitive emblematic figures h become p>ts ( ! ,*ur*'s p]man5t tea*+ = ! eyes ( h] *ildr54 ,! build]s ( our ,norman *ur*es _h a special fondness = ! ,agnus ,dei1 ! ,lamb be>+ ! ,cross1 & we f9d x work$ into _! c>v+s 9 v>i\s ways4 ,among/ ! mo/ curi\s examples may be quot$ ! anci5t fonts ( ,ilam & ,tiss+ton 9 ,d]by%ire4 ,ano!r peculi>ity ( ! e>ly crucifixes :i* sets !m ap>t f hi/oric repres5tations ( ! crucifixion1 is ! attempt made to br+ )9 ! n>r[ limits ( a cross o!r details1 actual or my/ical1 ( ! aton+ sacrifice4 ,_m ( !m h on ! upp] limb1 or on ! arms1 ( ! cross m or less conv5tional signs = ! sun & moon4 ,sometimes1 z on ! pectoral cross notic$ above1 ^! are simply a circle1 ) or )\t rays1 & a cresc5t2 & 9 ?is case !y are m]ely emblems ( ! p[]s ( ,creation witness+ ! dea? ( ! ,creator4 ,sometimes !y are m fanciful1 z :5 !y are sugge/$ by male & female figures )9 circles1 wrapp+ _! faces 9 _! mantles2 & "h !y are symbols ( ! sup]natural d>kness ( ! fir/ ,good ,friday4 ,! ,bless$ ,virg9 & ,s4 ,john ! ,div9e are frequ5tly plac$ on ! arms ( ! ,cross beyond ! h&s ( ,*ri/1 z 9 a beautiful enamell$ crucifix 9 ! ,museum at ,cop5hag51 :i* 0 once ! prop]ty ( ,dagm>1 ! d>l+ que5 ( ,d5m>k1 on ^: brea/ x 0 buri$ 9 #abab4 ,at ! top1 aga91 is (t5 f\nd a h& 9 ! attitude ( b5$iction1 a symbol ( ! ,fa!r1 & at ! foot wri!s ! vanqui%$ s]p5t4 ,_m ( ! m elaborate examples _h ! rev]se side enamell$ or engrav$1 usually ) appropriate ,old ,te/am5t types1 su* z ! fall ( ,adam1 or ! sacrifice ( ,abraham4 ,almo/ ! only emblematic additions to ! crucifix :i* h surviv$ 9 use to our day are ! apocalyptic symbols ( ! f\r evangeli/s1 /ill (t5 f\nd on l>ge crosses1 especially ^? on rood scre5s2 & ! skull plac$ at ! foot1 sometimes ) cross-bones1 z a symbol ( dea?4 ,?is la/ is mu* m mod]n 9 introduction ?an ! o!rs4 ,crucifixes ( ?is full & elaborate type are f\nd z late z ! f\rte5? c5tury1 b z pictoral art advanc$1 & ! :ole sc5e ( ! passion 0 treat$ by arti/s ) increas+ frequ5cy & fullness1 ! extrane\s details dropp$ f ! crucifix1 & x became ! simple1 yet dignifi$ expression ( ! crucifi$ ,r$eem]1 z x is ?is day4 ,almo/ ! same phases t we h notic$ 9 ! =mation ( ! crucifix %[ !mselves also 9 e>ly repres5tation ( ! crucifixion-sc5e4 ,!re is ! same re/ra9t 9 depict+ ! c5tral figure1 ! same use ( conv5tional =ms & ( symbols4 ,!re are examples 9 :i*1 :ile ! two ?ieves are %[n z crucifi$1 ! ,"l /&s 9 ! mid/ ) outspread arms1 b ) no cross save t 9 ! nimbus above ,8 head4 ,! p]sons introduc$1 z a rule1 are few 9 numb]2 almo/ always we h ! ,bless$ ,virg9 & ,s4 ,john1 ) emblematic signs = ! sun & moon4 ,sometimes also ! two ?ieves1 & less frequ5tly two female figures1 p]sonify+ ! ,jewi% & ,*ri/ian ,*ur*es4 ,! long robe1 in/ead ( ! lo9-clo?1 on ! ,crucifi$1 & ! h& symbolis+ ! fa!r1 are bo? common =ms 9 ! e>lie/ pa9t+s or c>v$ ivories4 ,!re is a curi\s example 9 ! *apel ( ,s4 ,silve/ro1 at ,rome1 9 :i* soldi]s ) a spe> & ! sponge on a re$ are introduc$1 :ile a small angel is se5 remov+ ! cr[n ( ?orns & sub/itut+ a regal "o4 ,all ! ?ree crosses are %[n 9 ?is fresco1 ! two less] ones ( ! usual type1 b ! ,savi\r's 9 ! =m ( a ,y1 ! cross t appe>s on ! back ( a ,go?ic *asuble4 ,! date ( ?is "w is said to be #abdh4 ,! ?irte5? & f\rte5? c5turies witness$ ! rise ( ! great ,italian s*ools ( art1 & ) ! arti/s' gr[+ ma/]y ov] _! mat]ials ,crucifixions became full] ( details & less rigidly conv5tional1 ?\gh n less devotional & sc>cely less symbolic4 ,a ho/ ( angels ?rongs ab\t _! dy+ ,creator1 wr++ _! h&s 9 helpless grief1 (f]+ him _! l[lie/ wor%ip1 or cat*+ 9 *alices ! sacr$ blood4 ,at ! foot ( ! ,cross1 also1 is sometimes f\nd a cr[d ( figures1 repres5t+ n ! ho/ile multitude t surg$ ) blasphem\s taunts be=e ! fail+ eyes ( ,*ri/2 b monks1 bi%ops1 virg9s1 k+s1 ! sa9tly & dev\t ( lat] ages1 :o /& 9 wrapt att5tion or kneel 9 homage4 ,9 ^? days1 :5 e art f\nd its highe/ expression 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,*ur*1 e enc\ragem5t 0 giv5 to ! pa9t+ ( sacr$ subjects2 & ! arti/s1 loyal sons = ! mo/ "p ( ! ,*ur*1 s\ght _! highe/ ambition 9 realiz+ _! ideal ( a ,crucifixion1 a picta1 or a madonna4 ,to ^! feel+s we owe ! spl5did frescoes ( ,cimabue1 & ( ,giotto1 ! fri5d ( ,dante1 at ,assissi1 ! pa9t+s ( ,duccio1 ! fir/1 x is said1 to repres5t our ,"l on ,8 ,cross ) ! feet laid "o ^u ! o!r2 & above all ! wond]ful works ( ,fra ,angelico1 :o embodi$1 if ev] man did1 8 :ole fai? 9 8 pictures1 ) rev]5t devotion & t5d]e/ purity4 ,b x w\ld be w&]+ beyond ! limits1 bo? ( our subject & ( our space1 to exam9e 9 any detail ^? sacr$ canvases & frescoes by :i* ! arti/s ( ! ,italian ,r5aissance h plac$ ! :ole _w "u a debt1 :i* nev] c be paid4 ,! v names ( ,flor5ce & ,si5a1 ( ,umbria & ,v5ice1 ( ,v]ona1 ,f]r>a1 & ,milan1 seem r$ol5t ( sacr$ art4 ,suffice x to say1 9 conclusion1 t gradually z ! fifte5? c5tury advanc$1 & especially 9 ! age t foll[$1 ! symbolic & devotional treatm5t ( ! trem5d\s spectacle ( ! ,crucifixion 0 eclips$ by ! reali/ic & hi/oric me?od4 ,! pa9t] no long] approa*$ 8 subject ) awe1 t compell$ a res]ve eloqu5t ( fai? 9 its great my/]y2 b too (t5 he s\ght 9 fr5zi$ cr[ds1 impassion$ ,magdal5s1 & contort$ limbs to display 8 own skill only4 ,= ,crucifixions t raise ! ?\ghts & he>t f ! canvas to ,calv>y itself1 we mu/ turn back to ^? ages1 :i*1 ) less anatomical k1 & p]haps less te*nical skill1 7 nev]!less inspir$ ) m p]fect ideals & nobl] art f ! m]e fulness ( a simple & s9c]e fai?4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,! ,cross 9 ,ritual4 ,allusion has already be5 made to ! frequ5cy ) :i* ! primitive ,*ri/ians us$ ! sign ( ! ,cross2 & !re c be no "q t x e>ly became a symbol ( t confid5ce :i* !y _h1 t ?r\gh ! ,cross ( ,*ri/ all bless+1 all protection1 9 a ^w all ,div9e help1 0 af=d$ !m4 ,!y delight$1 !re=e1 9 f9d+ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t prophetic =e%ad[+s ( its efficacy4 ,israel bless+ ! sons ( ,joseph ) h&s laid crosswise2 ,moses controll+ ! =tunes ( ! *os5 p at ! battle ( ,rephidim1 by spread+ wide 8 arms2 ! two /icks ) :i* ,eli%a caus$ ! axe-head ( 8 disciple to float2 & ^? o!r two :i* ! wid[ ( ,s>epta _h j ga!r$ :5 help came to h] 9 ! arrival ( ,elijah2 ! sav+ sign m>k$ on ! =eheads ( ! fai?ful 9 ! vision ( ,ezekiel 7,ezek4 ix41 #d71 :i* all antiquity und]/ood z be+ a tau 7,t72 ^!1 & o!r m or less fancifully select$ passages1 all spoke to !m ( ! my/]y ( ! cross4 ,a full cat5a ( au?orities = ! primitive use ( ?is sign w\ld embrace mo/ ( ! fa!rs ( ! ,*ur*2 "o or two quotations mu/ be suffici5t to %[ h[ univ]sal x 01 z a symbol c>v$ or pa9t$1 or z simply trac$ ) ! h&4 ,s4 ,ephrem 7di$ ab\t #cgh71 9 a s]mon on ! ,savi\r's passion1 exclaims1 ,let u impr9t on our doors1 our =eheads1 our eyes1 our m\?s1 our brea/1 on all our memb]s1 ?is life-giv+ cross2 )\t ?is let u und]take no?+1 b 9 go+ to b$ & 9 ris+1 9 work+1 9 eat+ & dr9k+1 9 travell+ by sea or l&1 let u adorn all our memb]s ) ?is life-giv+ sign4 ,s4 ,cyril ( ,j]usalem1 9 a l _s1 in/ructs 8 cate*um5s n to be a%am$ ( ! ,cross ( ,*ri/1 b op5ly to m>k x on ! =ehead1 & to use t sign 9 eat+ & dr9k+1 sitt+ & ly+1 ris+ f b$1 conv]s+ & walk+1 9 a ^w1 on all occasions4 ,s4 ,john ,*ryso/om 9 8 fifty-fif? homily ?us gives u a reason = ^! exhortations2 ! passion ( our ,"l1 says he1 is ! f\nta9 ( t happ9ess by :i* we live & are2 ) a joy\s he>t1 !n1 z if cr[n$1 let u c>ry ab\t ) u ! ,cross ( ,*ri/4 ,let u e>ne/ly impress ?is cross ^u our h\ses1 our walls1 our w9d[s2 on our =eheads also1 & on our brea/s4 ,x is ! sign ( our salvation1 ( our common lib]ty1 ( ! meekness & humility ( ! ,"l4 ,z (t51 !re=e1 z y sign y\rself1 g ov] 9 y\r m9d ! g5]al conc]n ( ! ,cross1 subdue all ! motions ( ang] & o!r passions1 & =tify y\r he>ts ) c\rage4 ,n to multiply in/ances unnecess>ily1 let a say+ reit]at$ frequ5tly by ,s4 ,j]ome sum up ! practice1 z inh]it$ by 8 own f e>li] l9es--,be=e e action1 at e /ep1 let y\r h& make ! sign ( ! cross4 ,ov] & above ! idea t ?is holy sign recall$ to ,*ri/ians _! obligation to glorify _! ,ma/] 9 all _! do+s1 ! ?\ght e>ly sprang up t 9 ! sign itself 0 provid$ a def5ce aga9/ ! assaults ( evil4 ,s4 ,a?anasius ass]ts mo/ emphatically t if only ! sign ( ! cross1 :i* ! ,g5tiles ridicule1 be us$1 if ,*ri/ be b nam$1 devils w in/antly be put to flight1 & all ! arts ( magic be r$uc$ to no?+4 ,s4 ,ephrem calls ! sign ! inv9cible arm\r ( ,*ri/ians1 ! vanqui%] ( dea?1 ! hope ( ! fai?ful1 ! d[nfall ( h]esies1 ! bulw>k ( ! true fai?4 ,:ile ,t]tullian1 :o 0 quot$ 9 ?is connection 9 a =m] *apt]1 tells u 9 8 ,antidote = a ,scorpion's ,/+1 t we h fai? = a def5ce1 if we are n smitt5 also ) di/ru/ itself1 9 imm$iately mak+ ! sign ( ! cross ov] ! w\nd$ "p1 & adjur+ t "p 9 ! "n ( ,jesus4 ,"o wond]s :e!r f "s simil> hope ! cu/om arose ( m>k+ plague-/rick5 h\ses ) a r$ cross & ! words ,"l h m]cy4 ,t]tullian's ,apologies give u /rong pro( ( ! preval5ce ( ! sign1 & ! rev]5ce felt = x1 9 8 day1 9 t he m ?an once f9ds x ne$ful to repel ! hea!n *>ge t ! ,*ri/ians wor%ipp$ ! cross1 & 7 inde$ m]ely a prie/hood ( ! cross1 crucis anti/ites4 ,! ,myrr\re ( our ,lady 7publi%$ 9 #aecj7 ?us qua9tly describes & expla9s ! mann] ( mak+ ! sign3--,ye beg9 ) ! h& at ! head d[nw>d1 & !n to ! left side & aft] to ! "r side1 9 tok5 & belief our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/ came d[n f ! ,head1 t is f ! ,fa!r1 unto e>? by ,8 holy ,inc>nation1 & f ! e>? unto ! left side1 t is ,hell1 by ,8 bitt] ,passion1 & f !nce unto ,8 ,fa!r's "r side by ,8 glori\s ,asc5sion2 & aft] ?is ye br+ y\r h& to y\r brea/1 9 tok5 t ye are come to ?ank ,him & praise ,him 9 ! utmo/ ( y\r he>t = ,8 b5efits4 ,! sign 0 n1 h[ev]1 inv>iably made 9 ! same way4 ,! :ole h& 0 sometimes employ$ 7! usual me?od 9 ! pres5t day7 signify+ ! five w\nds ( ,*ri/2 b sometimes ?ree f+]s only1 z an invocation ( ! ,holy ,tr9ity2 or two f+]s emblematic ( ! two natures ( ! ,savi\r4 ,9 ! ea/ x is made f left to "r4 ,! usages ref]r$ to 9 ! passages quot$ above are all ( ! private k9d1 & _! employm5t1 al?\gh common to all1 mu/ always h dep5d$ z to _! frequ5cy ^u ! ta/e or ! habits ( individuals4 ,! v e>lie/ liturgical =ms1 h[ev]1 give ample pro( ( _! use also 9 ! /at$ ritual ( ! ,*ur*4 ,^? anci5t (fices = ! celebration ( ! ,eu*>i/1 kn[n z ! ,div9e ,liturgies ( ,s4 ,james1 ,s4 ,m>k1 ( ! ,holy ,apo/les1 & o!rs1 are ( unc]ta9 date1 yet is g5]ally agre$ t _! sub/ance belongs to a p]iod be=e ! great c\ncil at ,nicaea 7#cbe ,a4,d472 & !y "o & all contemplate ! use ( ! sacr$ sign 9 ! c\rse ( _! ritual4 ,^! signations are ( sev]al k9ds2 ! prie/ signs ! elem5ts be=e (f]+ !m at ! alt>2 he blesses ! p ) ! sign1 & is bidd5 also to sign bo? himself & all ! deacons :o are assi/+1 on ! =ehead4 ,moreov] at c]ta9 pray]s he /&s ) arms fold$ crosswise on 8 brea/1 & a curi\s rubric 9 ! ,liturgy ( ! ,holy ,apo/les runs1 ,! prie/ kisses ! ,ho/ 9 ! =m ( a cross1 9 su* a way1 h[ev]1 t 8 lips d n t\* x1 b appe> to kiss x4 ,9 ! diff]5t liturgies ^! sev]al consignations are f\nd ) v>y+ frequ5cy1 b none are )\t ! sign ( ! cross 9 "s "p ( ! (fice4 ,x 0 n 9 ! ,eu*>i/ alone1 h[ev]1 t x 0 us$4 ,9 ord9ation1 accord+ to an e>ly acc\nt1 ! bi%op fir/ laid 8 h& on ! head ( him :o 0 to be made prie/1 ) a holy pray]1 & !n sign$ him ) a cross1 aft] :i* all ! cl]gy pres5t gave him ! kiss ( peace4 ,at ! reception ( cate*um5s1 or c&idates = baptism1 ?is sign =m$ an important "p ( ! c]emony4 ,ev5 z a boy1 ,s4 ,augu/9e tells u 9 8 ,confessions1 _h ,i he>d ( et]nal life promis$ to u ?r\gh ! humility ( ! ,"l our ,god condesc5d+ to our pride1 & ,i 0 sign$ ) ! sign ( ! cross1 & 0 season$ ) ,8 salt4 ,m>cus ( ,gaza also1 writ+1 ab\t ! ye> #djj ,a4,d41 ! life ( 8 ma/] & ,bi%op1 ,porphyrius1 describes h[ "s conv]ts1 fall+ at ! bi%op's feet1 desir$ ! ,sign ( ,*ri/1 ^u :i* he sign$ !m & made !m cate*um5s4 ,! well-kn[n primitive po/ure ( pray]1 namely1 ) outspread arms1 is di/9ctly alleg$ by _m e>ly writ]s to be an int5tional allusion to ! cross1 p]haps especially to ! ,savi\r's attitude :5 hang+ !reon4 ,s ,s4 ,ambrose pray$ ^u 8 dea?-b$2 & s e ,*ri/ian :5 at pray] repres5t$1 accord+ to ,a/]ius ,amas5us 7a writ] ( ! close ( ! f\r? c5tury71 ! ,passion ( ! ,cross by 8 ge/ure4 ,allud+ to ?is con/ant use ( ! holy sign 9 ! public (fices ( ! ,*ur*1 ,s4 ,augu/9e says1 ,if we are to be reg5]at$1 ! ,cross is us$2 or if we are to be p>tak]s ( ! my/ical food ( ! ,eu*>i/1 or to receive ord9ation1 we are sign$ ) ! sign ( ! cross4 ,9 ! ,engli% ,pray]-,book1 z is well kn[n1 ?is sign is specifically reta9$ 9 ! (fice ( ,holy ,baptism1 & ! ?irtie? ,canon 0 issu$ 9 def5ce ( t ret5tion4 ,( its use 9 ?is connection 9 ! primitive ,*ur* !re c be no "q1 nor 0 x d5i$ by ^? ,puritans1 :o1 at ! ,hampton ,c\rt ,conf]5ce 9 #afjd1 object$ to x4 ,s4 ,augu/9e in=ms u t ! wat] = baptism 0 sign$ ) a cross2 & f sev]al s\rces we le>n t bo? 9 ! exorcism & ! unction1 :i* anci5tly prec$$ ! actual adm9i/ration ( ! sacram5t1 ! cate*um5 0 sign$4 ,& fur!r1 z ! c&idate 0 sign$ :5 fir/ receiv$ z su*1 & aga9 :5 he 0 baptis$1 s1 too1 :5 ! "w 0 complet$ 9 confirmation he 0 sign$ aga94 ,?is la/ signation 0 pres]v$1 ) o!rs1 9 ! fir/ ,pray]-,book ( ,k+ ,edw>d ,,vi41 :]e ! bi%op is enjo9$1 imm$iately be=e ! lay+ on ( h&s1 to sign ! confirmee on ! =ehead1 say+1 ,n41 ,i sign !e ) ! sign ( ! cross1 & lay m9e h& ^u !e1 9 ! "n ( ! ,fa!r1 & ( ! ,son1 & ( ! ,holy ,gho/3 ,am54 ,9 pass+ f ?is subject "s words ( ,:eatly's conc]n+ ! use ( ! sign ( ! cross 9 ! ,engli% ,*ur* are wor? quot+4 ,aft] obs]v+ t 9 e anci5t liturgy "o or two signations at lea/ are always f\nd1 he proce$s1--,s mu* has be5 ?\ght prop] on ?is solemn occasion1 to te/ify t we are n a%am$ ( ! ,cross ( ,*ri/1 & t ! solemn s]vice we are !n ab\t is p]=m$ 9 hon\r ( a crucifi$ ,savi\r4 ,& !re=e z ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& has ?\ght fit to reta9 ?is c]emony 9 ! m9i/ration ( "o ( h] sacram5ts1 ,i see n :y %e %\ld lay x aside 9 ! m9i/ration ( ! o!r4 ,! mat]ial cross 0 also e>ly adopt$ 9 ! ritual ( ! *ur*4 ,z e>ly z ! ye> #djj ,a4,d41 m5tion is made ( processional crosses1 _! *ief use be+ 9 ! ,rogations1 or processions 9 :i* ! ,litany 0 sung4 ,orig9ally !y 7 )\t ! figure ( ! ,crucifi$1 b frequ5tly bore at _! extremities ! emblems ( ! f\r evangeli/s1 :ile sometimes !re 7 sconces = hold+ c&les on ! arms4 ,su* a cross 0 giv5 to "s ( ! *ur*es at ,rome by ,*>lemagne1 & sev]al spl5did m$iaeval examples are /ill pres]v$ on ! ,cont95t4 ,a processional1 or /ation1 cross 9 ! ,lat]an1 dates f ! fifte5? c5tury2 ,s4 ,d5is has "o ( ! "t ( ,s4 ,l\is1 & ,may5ce possesses a v f9e "o ( gild$ bronze ( ! twelf? or ?irte5? c5tury1 :i* embodies 9 its sculptures a :ole sy/em ( tea*+4 ,9 ?is in/ance ! ,agnus ,dei occupies ! c5tre ( ! face ( ! cross1 hav+ 9 ! correspond+ place on ! rev]se ! ,sacrifice ( ,abraham2 ! foll[+ pairs ( subjects fill ! ends ( ! %aft & ( ! arms1 ! ,new ,te/am5t subject be+ 9 ea* case on ! front1 & t tak5 f ! ,old ,te/am5t beh9d x at ! back2 ! desc5t into ,hades & ,samson c>ry+ (f ! gates ( ,gaza1 ! ,resurrection & ,jonah ca/ up by ! :ale1 ! ,asc5sion ( ,*ri/ & t ( ,elijah1 ,p5teco/ & ! giv+ ( ! ,law on ,s9ai4 ,anci5tly ,engl& possess$ "s v noble examples ( processional crosses4 ,at ,durham1 = in/ance1 0 "o = use on high fe/ivals1 ( gold on a silv] /aff1 & ano!r1 = ord9>y occasions1 ( cry/al4 ,cant]bury1 accord+ to an inv5tory ( #abie1 _h f\r1 all gild$ & gemm$1 & ,salisbury1 9 #abbb1 _h "o = ,sundays ( silv]1 & ano!r1 presumably = fe/ivals1 well gilt & ) /ones4 ,! ,exet] ,synod1 held 9 #abhg1 decre$ t e p>i% *ur* %\ld h "o fix$ cross & "o movable1 ( :i* ! fir/ 0 probably meant to be a rood1 & ! second a /ation-cross1 plac$ :5 n 9 procession on ! alt>4 ,b accord+ to ! ,engli% rite1 a sy/em ( c]emonial f> m ornate ?an any n[ 9 use 9 we/]n ,*ri/5dom1 sev]al processional crosses 7 requir$1 at any rate 9 l>ge & fully furni%$ *ur*es4 ,dur+ ,l5t a pla9 wood5 "o 0 employ$1 )\t ! figure ( our ,"l1 & pa9t$ blood-r$2 f ,ea/] to ,asc5siontide ! cross 0 to be ( b]yl or ( cry/al2 ^? ( brass or ! preci\s metals be+ no d\bt c>ri$ on o!r high fe/ivals1 & on ,sundays4 ,! processional ,crucifix1 symbolical ( our great ,exempl> go+ be=e ,8 p 9 _! pilgrimage ?r\gh ! _w1 is borne ) ! figure fac+ outw>ds1 9 ! direction 9 :i* ! procession is mov+2 & dur+ ,l5t x is %r\d$1 z a m>k ( sorr[1 9 a violet veil4 ,x seems to h come also to signify1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 ! p>i% 9 its corporate exi/5ce & au?ority2 ?us no p>o*ial processional cross might be c>ri$ into a mona/ic *ur*1 & 9 collegiate *ur*es at fun]als ! cross ( ! *ur* only might be us$4 ,x w\ld seem1 9 %ort1 t no p>i% might c>ry its cross beyond its own limits4 ,to u ,engli%1 ! spectacle ( ! cross borne 9 solemn procession is calculat$ to recall ) special vividness ! memory ( ! e/abli%m5t ( ! fai? among our =efa!rs4 ,h[ ! ,briti% ,*ur* _h be5 driv5 into ,cornwall & ,wales1 & h[ ,s4 ,augu/9e1 aft] l&+ 9 ,?anet to br+ ! ,gospel to ! ,engli%1 advanc$ ) 8 =ty companion monks to meet ,k+ ,e!lb]t1 *ant+ a litany1 & proce$$ by a silv] cross & a crucifix pa9t$ on a panel1--^! ?+s all m5 "k4 ,a processional cross1 9 a m re/rict$ s5se1 is t borne be=e an ,ar*bi%op1 z a m>k ( dignity & jurisdiction4 ,at :at date ^! crosses fir/ came into use is unkn[n2 orig9ally1 ! bi%ops ( a few only ( ! mo/ important sees employ$ !m1 & !y _h n yet come to d5ote specially ! ar*iepiscopal rank4 ,leo ,,iv41 ,pope f #hdg to #hee1 _h a cross borne be=e him by a sub-deacon1 z he rode ?r\gh ! /reets ( ,rome1 an action said to h be5 accord+ to ! cu/om ( 8 pr$ecessors4 ,! ,f\r? ,lat]an ,c\ncil1 9 #abae1 grant$ to all patri>*s ! privilege ( hav+ a cross c>ri$ be=e !m1 if nei!r papal legate nor c>d9al 7 pres5t4 ,! same hon\r 0 conf]r$ on ,ar*bi%ops by ,gregory ,,ix4 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 & z a m>k ( special fav\r "s few we/]n bi%ops ev5 h be5 all[$ to assume x1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,bi%ops ( ,lucca & ( ,pavia1 :o are au?oriz$ by a grant issu$ by ,alex&] ,,ii4 9 #ajgj4 ,9 ,engl& ?is emblem ( jurisdiction has on m ?an "o occasion prov$ a gr\nd ( dispute betwe5 ! ar*bi%ops4 ,s4 ,anselm :o rul$ at ,cant]bury f #ajic to #aaad1 refus$ to all[ ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,dubl9 to use 8 cross 9 ,engl&4 ,cant]bury & ,york long ma9ta9$ a /ruggle = prec$5ce 9 ! ,engli% ,*ur* & ! po9t on :i* x turn$ 0 (t5 ! "r ( ! "o to c>ry 8 cross 9 ! prov9ce ( ! o!r4 ,! qu>rel became v bitt] t[>ds ! end ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 s t we f9d ,william de ,wickwa9e 9 #abhj1 ! ye> aft] 8 accession to ! ,see ( ,york1 compla9+ to ! ,pope ( viol5ce %ewn him :ile travell+ 9 ! s\!rn prov9ce4 ,adam de ,hales1 he writes1 an (fic] ( my ,"l ( ,cant]bury1 ru%$ l a madman ^u my att5dants1 & sc&al\sly broke my cross 9 pieces3 b ?anks be to ,god1 ,i soon caus$ ano!r to be rais$ & c>ri$4 ,moreov]1 mo/ holy fa!r1 :5 ,i am j\rney+ ?r\gh ! prov9ce ( ,cant]bury on bus9ess relat+ to my own see1 my ,"l ( ,cant]bury =bids food or lodg+ to be suppli$ to myself or my att5dants on pa9 ( excommunication1 exactly z if we 7 h]etics1 & places ! :ole di/rict :]e ,i make any soj\rn "u an ecclesia/ical int]dict4 ,! contempor>y my "l ( ,cant]bury1 0 ,john ,peckham4 ,tw5ty ye>s lat] ! feud 0 /ill rife1 & we h ,rob]t ,w9*elsey1 ! imm$iate successor ( ,peckham1 writ+ to ! ,bi%op ( ,l9coln1 bidd+ him see t ! nor!rn primate did n h 8 cross c>ri$ be=e him 9 pass+ ?r\gh t diocese3 he also =bids ! laity to kneel to him or to ask 8 bless+ on pa9 ( ! ,*ur*'s c5sure1 & ord]s t no bell be rung & no s]vice said 9 any place :]e he may be4 ,9 #acbe1 ,william de ,melton1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,york1 0 appo9t$ treasur] by ! ,k+1 ^u :i* ,walt] ,raynold1 :o twelve ye>s be=e _h succe$$ ,w9*elsey1 aga9 took up ! cause ( ! dignity ( 8 prov9ce1 & excommunicat$ ,melton = hav+ _h 8 cross c>ri$ 9 ! city ( ,london1 9 spite ( :i* ,melton publicly said ,mass 9 ,we/m9/] ,abbey4 ,9 #aced1 a compromise 0 at la/ arriv$ at1 by :i* ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,york might h 8 cross borne be=e him ?r\gh\t ! entire prov9ce ( ,cant]bury on condition t )9 two mon?s f s do+ he s5t to ! %r9e ( ,s4 ,?omas a ,becket1 a gold figure ( ! value ( =ty p\nds1 ( an ar*bi%op ) 8 cross1 to be br\ght by ! h&s ( 8 *ancellor1 a doctor ( laws1 or a knight4 ,on ! o!r h& ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury 0 to enjoy ! same privilege 9 ! prov9ce ( ,york unconditionally4 ,! two prelates by :om ?is arrangem5t 0 made1 7 ,simon ,islip ( ! s\!rn prov9ce1 & ,john de ,?oresby ( ! nor!rn4 ,! above ackn[l$gem5t1 or f9e1 0 paid ab\t a c5tury lat] 79 #adeb71 by ,ar*bi%op ,boo? ( ,york4 ,! fir/ metropolitan 9 ! ,engli% colonies to assume ! cross 0 ! ,bi%op ( ,cape ,t[n4 ,a magnific5t cross ( silv] gilt /udd$ ) jewels 0 pres5t$ to ! ,see ( ,cant]bury on ! en?ronem5t ( ! pres5t occupant ( ! ,*air ( ,s4 ,augu/9e1 ,dr4 ,b5son4 ,x is modell$ on ! type ( ^? us$ by ! ,engli% ,ar*bi%ops z e>ly z ! "t ( ,*i*ely 7#adad71 & is adorn$ ) /atuettes ( a doz5 sa9ts4 ,an ar*iepiscopal cross1 if t]m9at+ 9 a crucifix1 is c>ri$ ) ! figure fac+ ! prelate1 n z 9 ! case ( a processional cross2 b "o ( ^? anci5tly us$ at ,cant]bury _h two crucifixes1 "o 9 front & "o beh9d4 ,! d\ble-cross$ /aff1 sugge/+ ! cross ) its sup]scription1 :i* is h]aldically assign$ to patri>*s1 nev] came actually into use 9 ! we/1 al?\gh x has be5 employ$ 9 ,greece4 ,! triple cross ( ! ,pope is a mod]n inv5tion1 )\t ritual au?ority4 ,f ! di/9ctive sign ( an ,ar*bi%op's au?ority to ! ,pectoral ,cross worn by him 9 common ) o!r bi%ops1 is a natural transition4 ,x e>ly became cu/om>y = a prelate to we> ab\t 8 neck a reliqu>y :i* (t5 conta9$ a fragm5t ( ! true ,cross1 &1 z be+ int5d$ = a religi\s purpose1 0 frequ5tly cruci=m4 ,f ?is usage x has be5 suppos$ sprang ! practice ( bi%ops we>+ a cross susp5d$ on ! brea/1 h5ce call$ a pectoral cross4 ,we h in/ances ( its common use long be=e x began to be reckon$ z "o ( ! regul> ornam5ts ( a bi%op or a mitr$ abbot4 ,s4 ,gregory ( ,t\rs is said to h worn su* a cross1 z also did ,pope ,leo ,,iii4 9 #haa1 & ,s4 ,alphege ( ,cant]bury 9 #ajab2 ! pectoral cross worn by ,s4 ,cu?b]t1 ,bi%op ( ,l9disf>ne 9 #fhe1 is /ill pres]v$ at ,durham1 & its design1 a curi\s type ( ,greek cross1 =ms ! pr9cipal *>ge 9 ! arms ( t ,univ]sity4 ,innoc5t ,,iii4 7#aaih-abaf7 is ! fir/ to m5tion ?is z "o ( ! recognis$ episcopal insignia1 & by ! f\rte5? c5tury special pray]s 7 prescrib$ to be said on putt+ x on1 ) ! re/ ( ! episcopal habit4 ,x 0 ab\t ?is "t also t x became usual = prie/s1 :5 9 _! full ve/m5ts1 to we> ! /ole crosswise on ! brea/4 ,9 ea* case ! cross-be>+ requir$ ( a disciple ( ,*ri/ is symboliz$1 b 9 ! case ( ! bi%op ! brea/-plate ( ! high prie/ is also allud$ to4 ,9 ?is connection x may be wor? :ile to make pass+ m5tion ( a /range society ( e>ly monks ref]r$ to by ,cassian1 :o1 ) m zeal ?an k1 int]pret$ ! exhortation ( our ,"l lit]ally1 & wore con/antly ab\t _! necks heavy wood5 crosses4 ,! full & solemn ritual = ! consecration ( a *ur*1 z /ill us$ ?r\gh\t ! major "p ( ,*ri/5dom1 involves a frequ5t use ( ! sacr$ sign4 ,by a law ( ,ju/9ian1 ! build+ ( a *ur* might n be und]tak5 until ! bi%op ( ! diocese _h visit$ ! propos$ site1 & fix$ !reon ) solemn pray] ! preci\s cross4 ,on ! completion ( ! build+1 !re is made 9 a%es on ! floor a cross ( ! %ape kn[n z ,s4 ,&rew's1 & twelve crosses are m>k$ on ! inside ( its walls1 & (t5 twelve m on ! outside1 five m be+ cut on ! slab1 or m5sa1 ( ! alt>4 ,^! mural crosses1 hav+ dur+ ! c]emony ( consecration be5 ano9t$ by ! bi%op1 are aft]w>ds ei!r cut 9 ! /one or trac$ 9 col\r4 ,"o su* 9 col\r /ill exi/s 9 ! ,palace ,*apel at ,*i*e/]1 & 9 ! ca!dral are o!rs cut 9 ! walls ( two ( ! *apels3 at ,salisbury1 ,ott]y1 & else:]e examples ( an ornam5tal "* are f\nd1 & two ( ! ext]nal crosses may /ill be se5 at ,exet]4 ,high ^u a buttress ( ! ,p>i% ,*ur* ( ,co/ock1 ne> ,l\ghbor\gh1 9 ,nott+ham%ire1 is a /one %[+ on ea* ( its two expos$ faces a cross ( an elegant int]lac$ design1 some:at ( ! k9d usually f\nd 9 old ,iri% sculptures4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 c sc>cely be consecration crosses2 ! /one is possibly ! head ( "s anci5t %aft1 z x is almo/ c]ta9ly n n[ 9 its orig9al position4 ,^! crosses d n occur be=e ! elev5? c5tury4 ,two fur!r in/ances only ( ! ritual use ( ! mat]ial cross ne$ be notic$4 ,! fir/ is ! cu/om1 some:at obscure & p]haps nev] common1 ( bury+ 9 graves a metal cross inscrib$ ) a papal absolution4 ,specim5s ( ^! h be5 f\nd at sev]al places on ! ,cont95t1 & 9 ,engl& at ,bury ,s4 ,edmund's & at ,*i*e/]4 ,x may h be5 a cu/om cognate to ?is use ( ,crosses ( ,absolution to :i* ,c>twright1 ! ,puritan antagoni/ ( ,ar*bi%op ,:itgift1 ref]s :51 9 compla9+ ( ! contempor>y fun]al rites1 he speaks ( a cross1 :ite or black1 set ^u ! dead corpse4 ,! o!r c]emony1 :i* mu/ n be omitt$1 is t pa!tic "p ( ! solemnities ( ,good ,friday1 :i* us$ to be kn[n 9 ,engl& z ,creep+ to ! ,cross4 ,?is rite1 :i* consi/s 9 kneel+ be=e a crucifix laid be=e ! alt> & kiss+ x1 boa/s a v e>ly orig94 ,an epi/le ( ,paul9us %[s t x 0 practis$ 9 ,j]usalem 9 ! f\r? c5tury4 ,alcu91 ! fri5d & advis] ( ,*>lemagne1 :o 0 born at ,york ab\t #gdj1 m5tions x2 & ! ,canons ( ,a,elfric 9 #ieg bid ! fai?ful to greet ,god's rood ) a kiss4 ,9 #abef1 ! ,bi%op ( ,s>um1 ,giles de ,bridport1 enjo9$ all p>i%ion]s ?r\gh\t 8 diocese ?us to v5]ate ! cross1 mak+ an (f]+ accord+ to _! ability at ! same "t1 & he ev5 =bade !m to communicate on ,ea/] ,day unless !y _h done s4 ,at ! ,re=mation ,creep+ to ! ,cross prov$ ! gr\nd ( mu* discussion betwe5 ! m mod]ate & ! extreme m54 ,^? re=m]s :o _h become mo/ /rongly t+$ ) =eign ,prote/antism f frequ5t int]c\rse ) ,g5eva clam\r$ = its abolition1 along ) o!r c]emonies :i* !y dislik$4 ,!re is /ill extant ! ord] ( prec$5ce1 :i* 0 drawn up to regulate ! approa* ( ,h5ry ,,viii4 & 8 c\rt to ! ,crucifix1 & a proclamation by t mon>* specifies ?is rite z "o t 0 to be ma9ta9$4 ,9 #aedf its abolition 0 sugge/$1 ^u :i* ,?omas ,cranm] wrote to ! ,k+1 ,t if ! hon\r+ ( ! cross1 z creep+ & kneel+ !reunto be tak5 away x %all seem to _m t be ignorant1 t ! hon\r ( ,*ri/ is tak5 away1 =1 z he says else:]e1 we humble ourselves to ,*ri/ h]e91 (f]+ unto ,him1 & kiss+ ! cross 9 memory ( our r$emption by ,*ri/ on ! ,cross4 ,9 #aedh1 "u ,edw>d ,,vi41 a royal proclamation ann\nc$ t no proce$+s 7 9 future to be tak5 aga9/ any p]sons :o omitt$ sundry c]emonies hi!rto cu/om>y1 ! creep+ be+ "o4 ,9 #aedi1 on simil> au?ority1 x 0 =bidd52 & ,ridley1 ,bi%op ( ,london1 9 8 injunctions to 8 diocese 9 #aeej1 en=c$ ! prohibition4 ,yet ! cu/om did n at once die out1 & 9 ! si/] k+dom ( ,scotl&1 x 0 practis$1 accord+ to a lett] f ,latim] to ,sir ,w4 ,cecil1 at ,dunb>1 on ,good ,friday1 9 #aefh4 ,a some:at simil> c]emony is obs]v$ 9 ! ,greek ,*ur* on ,holy ,cross ,day2 a crucifix is plac$ 9 a basket ( fl[]s be=e ! alt>1 & ea* memb] ( ! congregation1 aft] rev]5tly kiss+ x1 takes a fl[]1 & makes an (f]+ 9 money4 ,a ref]5ce to ^? ,holy ,days1 :i* h be5 specially d$icat$ to a commemoration ( ! ,cross w appropriately close ?is *apt]1 ! consid]ation ( alt> crosses1 roods1 & o!rs :i* s]ve r z fitt+ ornam5ts ( *ur*es ?an z adjuncts to _! ritual1 be+ left to =m ano!r section4 ,! ,fea/ ( ! ,inv5tion 7or ,f9d+7 ( ! ,cross1 :i* occurs on ,may #crd1 commemorates1 z its "n implies1 ! recov]y ( ! ,true ,cross by ,s4 ,hel5a4 ,x is said to h be5 in/itut$ by ,pope ,sylve/] ,i41 :o di$ 9 #cce1 b !re is no positive evid5ce ( its obs]vance be=e ! eigh? c5tury4 ,holy ,cross ,day1 or ! ,fea/ ( ! ,exaltation ( ! ,cross1 is held 9 ! ,we/ z ( less hon\r ?an ! fea/ j nam$1 b 9 ! ,ea/ x is reg>d$ ) special rev]5ce4 ,x commemorates1 accord+ to "s1 ! app>ition ( ! ,cross to ,con/ant9e1 b accord+ to o!rs ! consecration ( ! ,*ur* built by t ,emp]or to receive ! ,true ,cross4 ,x 0 c]ta9ly obs]v$ 9 ,con/ant9ople 9 ! days ( ! ,patri>* ,euty*ius1 :o di$ ab\t #ehb4 ,on ?is day 9 #fbi1 ! ,emp]or ,h]aclius came 9 solemn pilgrimage to ,j]usalem to re/ore to ! ,*ur* !re t wood ( ! ,cross1 :i* he _h recov]$ f ,*osroes2 ?is ev5t add$ great lu/re to ! fe/ival1 & a memorial ( x has s9ce be5 add$ to ! e>li] commemoration4 ,bo? ^! holy days h be5 reta9$ 9 ! cal5d> ( ! ,engli% ,*ur*4 ,! ,greek & ,e?iopian ,*ur*es celebrate on ,may #g? a miracul\s app>ition ( ! ,cross at ,j]usalem 9 ! ye> #cdf4 ,n unconnect$ ) ! obs]vance ( /at$ days z fe/ivals ( ! ,cross is ! cu/om ( d$icat+ *ur*es "u ! "n ( ,s4 ,cross1 t is1 ( c\rse1 ,holy ,cross1 or ,holy ,rood4 ,! in/ance ( ! fam\s ,abbey & ,palace at ,ed9burgh w at once occur to all2 o!r cases are f\nd at ,ca]m>!n & ,bettws-y-,grog 9 ,wales1 & 9 ,engl& at ,s\?ampton1 ,?ruxton1 ,sw9don1 ,mall+1 & a few o!r places4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,! ,cross z an ,ornam5t ( ! ,*ur* & its ,prec9cts4 ,a v natural sequ5ce f ! cu/om1 :i*1 z we h se51 e>ly arose ( us+ ! sign ( ! cross 9 almo/ all =ms ( bless+1 0 ! fancy = mak+ articles ( *ur* furniture cruci=m1 or ( m>k+ !m ) a cross4 ,z a matt] ( fact ! only place :]e ! sacr$ sign might n be plac$ 0 on ! floor1 le/ anyone %\ld trample on x2 an exception to ?is rule1 9 ! blue cross on ! gr\nd at ! we/ end ( ,durham ,ca!dral1 0 int5d$ z a b\nd>y1 & is !re=e an exception only 9 ! lett]1 n 9 ! _s1 s9ce x 0 assum$ t no "o w\ld /ep on or ov] x4 ,sc>cely _h ,*ri/ianity a*iev$ its victory ov] ! empire ?an *ur*es began to arise1 :i* proclaim$ by _! %ape ! fai? to ! s]vice ( :i* !y 7 d$icat$4 ,^? built by ,con/ant9e himself at ,rome1 ! anci5t ,s4 ,pet]'s1 ,s4 ,paul-)\t-!-walls1 & ,s4 ,m>ia ,maggiore1 7 all cruci=m1 z also 0 ! spl5did ,*ur* ( ! ,apo/les :i* he built at ,con/ant9ople2 & ?is gr\nd-plan1 :e!r ! =m *os5 7 ! ,greek or ! ,lat9 ,cross1 began1 especially 9 ca!drals & o!r l>ge *ur*es1 to supplant ! simple p>allelogram ( ! basilica4 ,evagrius tells u t ! *ur* :i* en%r9$ ! pill> on :i* ,s4 ,simeon ,/ylites practis$ 8 au/]ities 0 con/ruct$ 9 ! =m ( a cross1 adorn$ ) colonnades on ! f\r sides4 ,s4 ,edw>d ! ,confessor is reput$ to h be5 ! fir/ to introduce cruci=m *ur*es into ,engl&1 9 ! erection ( 8 fam\s abbey at ,we/m9/]4 ,! same hi/orian j nam$1 ,evagrius1 :o wrote 9 ! six? c5tury1 records t ,*osroes1 :o1 ?\gh a hea!n1 _h a ,*ri/ian wife1 gave to ,gregory1 ,patri>* ( ,antio*1 among o!r ?+s1 a cross to be fix$ ^u ! holy table2 & ,sozom51 e>li] /ill1 ref]s to crosses ly+ ^u ! alt>4 ,! primitive ages1 h[ev]1 knew no?+1 unless 9 an exceptional case1 ( any p]man5t ornam5ts ^u _! alt>s1 yet a cross seems to h be5 sometimes hung above1 or plac$ beside !m1 9 v e>ly days4 ,9 ?is1 z 9 o!r matt]s already dealt )1 ! sugge/ion r ?an ! repres5tation ( ! ,savi\r's sacrifice probably came fir/ 9 ! developm5t ( ,*ri/ian art4 ,?us ,s4 ,paul9us ( ,nola1 writ+ ab\t ! ye> #djj1 describes a cross 9 front ( an alt> erect$ by ,s4 ,felix2 x _h beside x ! ,alpha & ,omega1 ar\nd x a cr[n or nimbus1 & a :ite lamb 0 plac$ b5ea?4 ,! cross did n become an indisp5sible ornam5t ( ! alt> until ! t5? c5tury1 & d[n to ! f\rte5? c5tury x 0 inv>iably br\ght 91 ) ! two c&les1 by acolytes imm$iately be=e mass1 & remov$ at its conclusion4 ,! ,v5]able ,b$e gives "o ( ! e>lie/1 if n absolutely ! fir/1 m5tion ( an alt> cross 9 ,engl&1 :5 he relates h[ ,paul9us1 :5 =c$ 9 #fcc to retire f ,nor?umbria into ,k5t1 took ) him a l>ge gold cross & a gold5 *alice d$icat$ to ! use ( ! alt>4 ,s4 ,cu?b]t a little lat] erect$ "o 9 8 oratory at ,l9disf>ne1 & ,aldhelm1 ,bi%op ( ,%]borne1 :o di$ 9 #gji1 speaks 9 "o ( 8 v]ses ( a cross at ! alt> gleam+ ) plates ( gold & silv]1 & deck$ ) gems4 ,com+ to lat] times1 x is on record t ,e!lwold1 ,bi%op ( ,w9*e/] f #ajjf to #ajad1 gave a spl5did gold cross to ! alt> ( ,s4 ,e!ldr$a 9 ! ca!dral1 & t ,s4 ,m>g>et ( ,scotl& pres5t$ to a *ur* a crucifix1 on :i* 0 a figure ( pure gold4 ,! =eign ,prote/ants1 ^: int]f]5ce 0 s manife/ 9 mo/ ( ! extrem] c\rses tak5 by ! ,engli% ,re=m]s1 held v /rong views z to ! unlawfulness ( alt> crosses1 & especially ( crucifixes4 ,writ+ f ,zuri* on ,m>* #bj?1 #aefj1 ,pet] ,m>tyr says1 to h ! image ( ! ,crucifix ^u ! holy table at ! adm9i/ration ( ! ,"l's ,supp]1 ,i d n c\nt among ?+s indiff]5t1 nor w\ld ,i recomm5d any man to di/ribute ! sacram5ts ) t rite1 444 nei!r ,ma/] ,bull+] nor myself c\nt su* ?+s z matt]s ( indiff]5ce1 b we reject !m z =bidd54 ,ma/] ,bull+] speaks = himself 9 a lett] ( ,may #a/1 #aeff4 ,i c\ld nev] approve1 he says1 ( y\r (ficiat+1 if s comm&$1 at an alt> lad51 r ?an adorn$1 ) ! image ( ,him t 0 crucifi$4 ,! matt] 0 ?\ght suffici5tly important to =m ! subject ( a conf]5ce1 z we le>n f a lett] writt5 by ,jewel1 ,bi%op ( ,salisbury1 to ,pet] ,m>tyr4 ,?is controv]sy ab\t ! ,crucifix1 he writes1 is n[ at its height4444 ,a disputation ^u ?is subject w take place to-morr[4 ,! mod]ators w be p]sons select$ by ! c\ncil4 ,! disputants on our side are ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury & ,cox2 & on ! o!r1 ,gr9dal1 ! bi%op ( ,london1 & myself4 ,! discussion took place 9 ! spr+ ( #aefj1 & app>5tly result$ 9 fav\r ( ! ,prote/ants1 al?\gh ! sympa?ies ( ! ,que51 z we le>n f a lett] address$ by ,sampson1 ,bi%op ( ,worce/]1 to ,m>tyr1 7 on ! o!r side4 ,! direct+ =ce 9 ?is iconocla/ic movem5t 0 evid5tly ,g5evan1 & x w\ld appe> to h be5 ,g5evan only1 = x is well kn[n t ! ,lu!ran ,*ur*es ( ,g]many reta9 ! ,crucifix above ! alt>4 ,9 ,engl&1 also1 ! attempt 0 only temporally successful4 ,at ! coronation ( ,*>les ,i4 a crucifix 0 plac$ on ! alt>1 & ! use ( at lea/ a cross is n[ practically univ]sal4 ,)\t "q ! mo/ /rik+ cross us$ 9 ! decoration ( a *ur* is ! great ,crucifix1 or rood1 plac$ on ! *ancel scre51 g5]ally ) ! figures ( ! ,bless$ ,virg9 & ,s4 ,john ! ,evangeli/ z support]s4 ,naturally an ornam5t ( ?is k9d presupposes n only a c]ta9 fe>lessness on ! "p ( ! *ur* 9 publicly display+ h] sacr$ symbols1 b also a comm& ( ! res\rces ( weal? & an advanc$ /ate ( art4 ,we are !re=e q prep>$ to f9d t ! rood 0 n a v e>ly addition to ! adornm5t ( a *ur*4 ,we read1 inde$1 ( "s comp>atively e>ly in/ances 9 :i* ! figure ( ! ,crucifi$ ,"l 0 pa9t$ on ! ceil+ ( ! *oir1 or ( ! apsidal sanctu>y2 an example ( :i* exi/s 9 ,rav5na1 9 :i* ! ,savi\r is rob$ 9 eu*>i/ic ve/m5ts1 & is accompani$ by ,s4 ,mi*ael & ,s4 ,gabriel4 ,! cross ^u ! scre51 h[ev]1 is n trac$ fur!r back ?an ! eigh? c5tury1 & ! rood ) its full complem5t ( figures & lights c claim only a m$iaeval date4 ,x lies beyond ! scope ( our subject to discuss ! developm5t ( ! *oir-scre51 f ! curta9s once hung be=e ! alt> to ! broad & solid gateways ( c>v$ /one1 built b5ea? ! *ancel ar*1 or ev5 fur!r we/4 ,ev5tually ^! became a univ]sal feature 9 *ur* ar*itecture2 ( wood usually 9 p>i% *ur*es1 ( /one 9 ! l>g] collegiate *ur*es1 9 abbeys1 & 9 ca!drals4 ,f9e examples exi/ 9 ,engl&2 at ,york1 ,l9coln1 ,exet]1 ,wells1 ,cant]bury1 ,bri/ol1 ,s\?well1 ,ripon1 ,*ri/*ur* 7,hamp%ire71 ,tatt]%all 7,l9coln%ire71 & else:]e2 b ! p>i% *ur*es1 :i* _h timb] scre5s1 h naturally n be5 successful 9 pres]v+ = u s _m examples z we h ( ! m solid erections1 ?\gh we h1 ev5 ( !m1 _m ( :i* we may be pr\d4 ,:5 complete ^! scre5s _h a broad gall]y or l(t at ! top1 access to :i* 0 obta9$ by a w9d+ /air at "o1 or sometimes at ea*1 end4 ,9 sev]al places1 z at ,lav5ham 7,suffolk71 ,s4 ,m>t9's1 ,/am=d 7,l9coln%ire71 ,wells 7,norfolk71 & ,long ,mel=d 7,suffolk71 ! ext]nal turret :i* conta9$ ?is /air /ill rema9s2 9 o!r cases1 z at ,al=d 9 ,l9coln%ire1 a massive pill> 0 pi]c$ to f9d room = ! /eps4 ,ea* side ( ?is gall]y 0 protect$ by a balu/rade1 & on ! we/]n side1 front+ ! nave1 /ood ! rood1 a crucifix (t5 ( life-size1 or ev5 l>g]1 ! cross be+ decorat$ ) ! apocalyptical emblems ( ! evangeli/s at ! f\r extremities1 & ri*ly pa9t$2 a tree ( life & glory to u1 ?\gh to ! ,r$eem] a tree ( %ame & dea?4 ,on ei!r h& /ood figures ( ! ,madonna & ( ,s4 ,john ! ,div9e1 & sometimes b5ea? ! cross a small] effigy ( ! patron sa9t ( ! *ur* 0 plac$4 ,on great fe/ivals a multitude ( lights blaz$ along ! rood-l(t1 :i*1 ) all its accessories1 became ! mo/ impressive object 9 ! *ur*4 ,a few examples ( e>ly rood-scre5s1 ) or )\t ! l(t1 may be quot$4 ,a wood5 scre51 surm\nt$ by a cross1 0 erect$ at ,tyre by ,paul9us1 & a /one "o1 said to date f ! f\r? c5tury1 /ill /&s at ,tepek]man2 & a ?ird has be5 pres]v$ f ! "t ( ,ju/9ian 9 ! *ur* ( ,s4 ,ca!r9e1 on ,m\nt ,s9ai4 ,! ,*ur* ( ! ,apo/les1 ,con/ant9ople1 _h a scre5 ( brass gilt1 & ,s4 ,sophia's a jewell$ "o1 :i* 0 copi$ at ,novgorod1 ,kieff1 & else:]e 9 ! ,ea/1 9 ! elev5? c5tury4 ,! uses to :i* ^! elevat$ plat=ms 7 put 7 _m & v>i\s4 ,^? portions ( ! m solemn s]vices :i* x 0 specially desir$ t ! p %\ld all he> 7 (t5 declaim$ f _! summits4 ,at ,high ,mass ! ,gospel 0 read !nce1 a cu/om :i* surviv$ 9 ,france until ! great ,revolution4 ,public notice ( ! ,*ur*'s fea/s & fa/s 0 giv5 f ! l(t1 & !re ! lessons 7 read4 ,d[n to ! "t ( ! introduction ( pulpits at ab\t ! ?irte5? c5tury1 s]mons 7 prea*$ !re4 ,! f9e scre51 ref]r$ to above1 9 ,tatt]%all ,*ur* is corbell$ out into a pulpit1 & has desks = books design$ 9 ! /one balu/rade4 ,on occasions ( special solemnity antiphons 7 sung & pray]s said !re1 su* z ! ,gradual & ,alleluia1 ! ,prophecies be=e ! ,epi/le at ! ,*ri/mas ,midnight ,mass1 & ! ,passion on ,palm ,sunday & ,good ,friday4 ,at ,con/ant9ople ! ,emp]ors 7 cr[n$ 9 ! rood-l(t1 z also 7 ! ,fr5* ,k+s till ! "t ( ,*>les ,x4 9 ! ca!dral at ,rheims4 ,alt>s 7 sometimes erect$ on ^! scre5s1 & g5]ally "o or m 0 set aga9/ _! we/]n face4 ,9 ,engl& c]ta9 roods obta9$ special celebrity1 & became ! objects ( pilgrimage f all p>ts ( ! c\ntry2 & 9 "s cases ! temptation to attract ! p at almo/ any co/ prov$ too mu* = ! ecclesia/ics 9 *>ge ( !m1 & l$ to practices :i*1 if truly report$1 no "o w\ld wi% to def5d4 ,su* 0 ! ,rood ( ,grace at ,boxley ,abbey4 ,ar*bi%op ,w>ham1 9 a report on ! mona/ic h\ses1 pres5t$ to ,k+ ,h5ry 9 #aeab1 pleads = ! pres]vation ( ?is abbey because ! place is s mu* s\ght = f all p>ts ( ! realm visit+ ! ,rood ( ,grace4 ,! f\ndation 01 nev]!less1 condemn$1 & its rev5ues 7 grant$ 9 ! ?irty-second ye> ( ,h5ry ,,viii4 to ,sir ,?omas ,wyat4 ,9 dismantl+ ! abbey *ur*1 ! movem5ts ( ! figure on ! rood :i*1 x is alleg$1 7 ascrib$ to a miracle1 7 f\nd to be controll$ by conceal$ ma*9]y4 ,:5 pluck+ d[n ! images ( ! ,mona/]y ( ,boxley1 writes ! commission] ,jeffrey ,*amb]s to ,?omas ,cromwell1 ,i f\nd 9 ! image ( ! ,rood ( ,grace 444 c]ta9 eng9es & old wires & /icks4 ,! :ole affair 0 c>ri$ (f1 & on ,sunday1 ,febru>y #bd?1 #aech1 0 exhibit$ to ! p at ,s4 ,paul's ,cross by ,hilsey1 ,bi%op ( ,ro*e/]1 aft] 8 s]mon4 ,x is only fair to add t x has be5 claim$ t ?is me*anism 0 n employ$ = deception1 b t ! figure 0 int5d$ = use 9 miracle plays4 ,x is a p>tial support ( ?is view t no "o seems to h proce$$ aga9/ ei!r 9 ! ecclesia/ical or ! civil c\rts 9 connection ) ! matt]1 :i* mu/ surely h be5 ! case _h ! *>ge ( deception be5 s9c]ely made & actually believ$4 ,o!r fam\s roods 7 ! ,rood ( ,w9*e/] & ! v cross at ,ludl[1 !re 0 also a not$ "o at ,s4 ,savi\r's1 ,b]mondsey1 & ano!r at ,*e/]4 ,! la/-nam$1 h[ev]1 0 n 9 ! *ur*1 b on ! spot call$ f x ! ,roodee1 or ,roodeye4 ,x 0 "h t ! football 0 annually pres5t$ to ! ,mayor = ! ,ea/] game at ,*e/]4 ,at ,durham 0 pres]v$ ! ,black ,rood ( ,scotl&1 a silv] crucifix :i* 0 black5$ by ! smoke ( ! innum]able tap]s burnt be=e x1 aft] x 0 plac$ 9 ! nor!rn ca!dral4 ,*>ges su* z t made conc]n+ ! ,rood at ,boxley 71 :e!r true or false1 only too readily welcom$ z an excuse = an attack on all roods at ! ,re=mation4 ,t "o case 9 special seems1 inde$1 to h be5 made ! mo/ ( 9 ! controv]sy4 ,calfhill ref]s to x 9 8 answ]1 publi%$ 9 #aefe1 to ,m>tial's book 9 def5ce ( ! ,cross2 & ,pet]son1 ,f9*1 & ,p>tridge1 all ,engli% ,prote/ants 9 correspond5ce ) ,g5eva1 allude to x 9 _! lett]s4 ,a g5]al de/ruction ( roods took place 9 ! autumn ( #aedg1 :5 ,heyl9 tells u ! image ( ,*ri/1 be/ kn[n by ! "n ( ! rood1 toge!r ) ! images ( ,m>y & ,john1 & all o!r images 9 ! *ur* ( ,s4 ,paul1 ,london1 7 tak5 d[n1 z also 9 all o!r *ur*es 9 ,london4 ,at ,all ,hall[s1 ,/a9+1 ! l(t itself 0 pull$ d[n1 & ! roodl(t hang+s sold = #abs4 9 #aeej4 ,"u ,que5 ,m>y ! "w ( de/ruction 0 ( c\rse /ay$1 & 9 "s cases ! damage 0 ev5 repair$4 ,?us1 at ! *ur* j nam$1 a new crucifix 0 pur*as$ 9 #aeed at ! co/ ( ,l#f #cs41 & ! p>i%on]s ( ,s4 ,pancras1 ,sop] ,lane1 7 w>n$ 9 ,octob]1 #aeee1 t _! rood1 ) all its figures1 0 to be re9/at$ by ,c&lemas4 ,! p>i% acc\nts ( ,s4 ,hel5's1 ,ab+don1 = ! same ye>1 conta9 sev]al entries conc]n+ a simil> re/oration3-- ,payd = mak+ ! roode & peynt+ ! same1 #e #d ,= mak+ ! roode lyghtes1 #aj #f ,pay$ = peynt+ ! roode1 ( ,m>y & ,john1 & ! patron ( ! ,*ur*1 #f #j ,entries ( a l k9d are to be f\nd 9 ! acc\nts ( ,s4 ,m>y ,hill1 ,london1 = ! same ye>1 & 9 ^? ( ,s4 ,giles's1 ,read+1 = #aeeh4 ,!n came ! reviv$ iconoclasm ( ! days ( ,elizabe?4 ,read+ pull$ d[n = #d;d4 9 #aefj1 :at _h co/ #djs4 to put up two ye>s be=e4 ,john ,rial sp5t ?ree days 9 de/roy+ ! rood at ,s4 ,m>g>et's1 ,we/m9/]1 9 #aeei1 & 0 paid #bs4 #h;d4 = 8 s]vices2 & c>p5t]s & o!rs1 tak+ d[n ! rood-l(t & /opp+ ! holes 9 ! wall :]e ! joices /ood at ,s4 ,hel5's1 ,ab+don1 receiv$ 9 #aefa1 ! sum ( #aes4 #h;d4 ,b ! unacc\ntable hatr$ :i* ! fanaticism ( ! "t felt t[>ds ^! sacr$ symbols1 0 n satisfi$ ) _! m]e removal2 no?+ less ?an _! de/ruction ) e m>k ( viol5ce & indignity 0 en\gh4 ,crucifixes 7 br\ght to ,smi?field & to ,s4 ,paul's ,*ur*y>d1 & !re brok5 to pieces & burnt to a%es1 & toge!r ) ^! 9 "s places copes1 also ve/m5ts1 alt>-cloa?s1 etc4 ,! rood ) its images f ,s4 ,&rew's ,holborn1 0 burnt to a%es1 & t f ,s4 ,m>g>et's1 ,we/m9/]1 0 de/roy$ by cleav+ & saw+ x4 ,su* rage & viol5ce t[>ds ! effigy ( ! ,savi\r reads m l an acc\nt ( ! ribald & blasphem\s paganism ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 ?an a record ( ! acts ( m5 claim+ a burn+ desire = pure religion4 ,:o c picture a s9c]ely ,*ri/ian devotion hack+ & hew+ at ! /atue ( ! ,r$eem]8 ,among/ ! magnific5t roods de/roy$ ab\t ?is "t mu/ be reckon$ t at ,s4 ,m>y ,hill1 ,london1 ! figures f :i* 7 sold 9 ! reign ( ,edw>d ,,vi4 ,! cross 0 ( wood1 plat$ ) silv] gilt1 & ! images ( silv]1 & at ! base ( ! cross 0 a cry/al engrav$ ) ! ,holy "n1 & ! five w\nds ( ! ,"l 7 m>k$ ) rubies4 ,x 01 p]haps1 9 ! hope ( mak+ assurance d\bly sure t ! ecclesia/ical commission]s on ! #aj? ,octob]1 9 ! ?ird ye> ( ,elizabe?1 ord]$ ! removal ( all rood-l(ts4 ,x is ?us decre$ & ord]$1 t ! rood-l(ts z yet be+ at ?is day a=esaid untranspos$1 %all be s alt]$ t ! upp] p>ts ( ! same1 ) ! soll] 7l(t71 be q tak5 d[n unto ! upp] p>ts ( ! vaults & beams1 runn+ 9 l5g? ov] ! said vaults1 by putt+ "s conv5i5t cre/ ^u ! said beam1 t[>ds ! *ur*4 ,t ?is ord] 0 fully c>ri$ out ! visitation que/ions ( ,ar*bi%op ,gr9dal & o!r simil> docum5ts1 z well z ! /ate ( e anci5t scre5 left to u1 cle>ly %[4 ,x mu/ n1 h[ev]1 be imag9$ t ,engl& has be5 alone 9 los+ ^! objects ( art & ( devotion4 ,rood-scre5s1 once z commonly f\nd 9 ,france z among/ ourselves1 are n[ z commonly abs5t f ! ord9>y p>i% *ur*es1 al?\gh 9 _m in/ances susp5d$ crucifixes h to "s ext5t fill$ _! place4 ,! lu/ = de/roy+1 :i* 0 su* a passion ( ! ,revolution>y era 9 t c\ntry1 is l>gely answ]able = ?is4 ,! great ,abbey ( ,s4 ,ou51 at ,r\51 once possess$ a spl5did rood-l(t1 asc5d$ by tw9 circul> /airs2 x 0 pi]c$ by brass gates ( elaborate design1 & surm\nt$ by a crucifix ^: top /ood sixty feet f ! pavem5t4 ,x 0 defac$ 9 #aefb by ! ,fr5* ,prote/ants1 or ,calv9i/s1 & de/roy$ by ! revolution>y faction 9 #agia4 ,! ,ca!dral ( ,alby /ill has a f9e l(t simil> to ! "o :i* exi/$ at ,r\51 & ,l\va9 has "o also ( great dignity4 ,9 rec5t ye>s an extraord9>y revival ( rood-scre5s1 adorn$ ) all _! prop] & anci5t images1 & ev5 provid$ ) l(ts1 has tak5 place 9 ,engl&4 ,among/ well-kn[n ,london *ur*es1 ,s4 ,pet]'s1 ,eaton ,squ>e1 has rec5tly be5 adorn$ ) a f9e metal scre5 surm\nt$ by a cross & ! figures ( six angels1 & ,s4 ,paul's1 ,knightsbridge1 ) a complete rood-scre52 b in/ances ( ?is are n[ inde$ common4 ,z an illu/ration ( ! revival ( ! l(t1 toge!r ) ! o!r details ( ! anci5t scre51 among/ village *ur*es 9 ! s+le c\nty ( ,york1 ,wom]sley1 ,cantley1 & ,sl$m]e h all 9 rec5t ye>s be5 ?us enri*$4 ,c]ta9ly few ar*itectural features add m solemnity & dignity to a sacr$ build+ ?an a well-proportion$ & well-design$ scre51 cr[n$ by ! repres5tation ( ! ,great ,sacrifice4 ,! m>k+ ) a cross by engrav+1 embroid]y1 or o!rwise ( almo/ all articles us$ 9 ! sacr$ (fices1 calls = little comm5t1 be+ l>gely a matt] ( ta/e m]ely4 ,x has long be5 usual to enri* ! /ole & maniple ) ?ree crosses1 "o 9 ! c5tre & "o at ea* end2 mo/ ( ! l95 us$ at ! alt> is also simil>ly m>k$4 ,! old ,engli% *asubles usually _h a cross on ! back 9 ! =m ( a ,y1 ! ,cont95tal ones h a ,roman ,cross4 ,! ,imitatio ,*ri/i ref]s to ^! *asubles1 & expla9s _! =m ?us3 ! prie/ has be=e him & beh9d him ! sign ( ! cross ( 8 ,"l1 t he may cont9ually be> 9 m9d ,*ri/'s ,passion4 ,be=e him he be>s ! cross on 8 *asuble1 t he may dilig5tly look at ! foot/eps ( ,*ri/1 & f]v5tly endeav\r to tread 9 !m4 ,beh9d him on 8 back he is sign$ ) ! cross1 t he may meekly endure = ,*ri/'s sake any trials :i* o!rs may br+ ^u him4 ,?is passage has a lit]>y int]e/ 9 t x has be5 import$ into ! controv]sy conc]n+ ! disput$ au?or%ip ( t fam\s book ( devotion4 ,! "w has be5 ascrib$ to ,g]son1 ,*ancellor ( ,p>is1 z well z to ,?omas a ,kempis2 b ,c>d9al ,g>ganelli argu$ t nei!r ! ,fr5*man or ! ,g]man c\ld h writt5 x1 b t ! hon\r belongs to ,g]son1 ,abbot ( ,v]celli2 "o ( 8 argum5ts be+ t ! ,italian ve/m5ts only _h ! cross bo? on front & back1 ^? us$ else:]e be>+ x beh9d only4 ,! curi\s dissembl$ cross1 ! fylfot1 e>ly us$ ) v>i\s my/ical mean+s by ! fai?ful1 became a n uncommon =m ) :i* to impress *ur* bells 9 "s di/ricts1 especially 9 ,york%ire1 ,l9coln%ire1 & ,d]by%ire4 ,x is alleg$ to h be5 ?\ght a *>m aga9/ lightn+4 ,! cross has long be5 us$ 9 two v natural ways outside ! fabric ( ! *ur*4 ,z ! *ur* 9 ! mid/ ( ! clu/]$ h\ses is itself a sett+ =? ( ! fai?1 s x foll[s1 almo/ z a matt] ( c\rse1 t x %\ld upre> ! symbol ( t fai? z prom95tly z possible4 ,?us ! tall spire1 ! *ur*'s f+]1 heav5w>d po9t+1 holds al(t a cross4 ,at ,ami5s is an example dat+ f #aebf1--;a long life = a piece ( metalwork 9 s expos$ a position4 ,! /one cr[n :i* caps ! t[] ( ,s4 ,giles's1 ,ed9burgh1 orig9ally _h a bold cross above x1 z %ewn 9 old engrav+s4 ,! o!r use ref]r$ to1 is ! erection ( *ur*y>d crosses4 ,/&+ 9 ,god's acre1 surr\nd$ by ! heav+ turf 9 _m a m\ld]+ heap1 :]e re/ ^? :o h di$ 9 fai?1 & sleep 9 hope1--:at c be m natural ?an ! symbol ( ! ,*ri/ian's fai?1 ! an*or ( 8 hope8 ,t ?is has be5 felt to be ! case is abundantly %[n by ! use ( ?is =m 9 memorials ( ! dead1 z 9 ! %ape or ! adornm5t ( tomb/ones & sepul*ral slabs4 ,9 an illum9at$ copy ( ! ,engli% pre-,re=mation ,(fices1 pres]v$ by a ,lanca%ire family1 is a pa9t+ ( an ,engli% gravey>d ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 :]e we see ! tall /one cross re>$ amid/ ! simple wood5 crosses :i* m>k ! sev]al graves4 ,"o ( ! mo/ /rik+ examples ( ! *ur*y>d cross n[ left 9 ! c\ntry1 /&s on ! s\? side ( ,som]sby ,*ur*1 9 ,l9coln%ire4 ,x has a tall octagonal %aft1 ) an embattl$ capital ris+ f a squ>e base to a height ( fifte5 feet4 ,! cross1 :i* is protect$ by a slight embattl$ canopy or gable1 has on ! "o side a crucifixion1 & on ! o!r ! ,madonna ) ! ,holy ,*ild4 ,x is suppos$ to date f ab\t ! middle ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,o!r crosses1 some:at simil> 9 design1 ?\gh none m light & graceful 9 con/ruction1 are f\nd 9 sev]al places4 ,at ,cricklade are two examples1 "o 9 ,s4 ,m>y's *ur*y>d1 & ! o!r 9 ,s4 ,sampson's2 ea* consi/s ( a tall %aft1 m\nt$ on /eps1 & cr[n$ ) tab]nacle "w4 ,! ni*es 9 ,s4 ,m>y's cross are fill$ ) figures1 b ^? ( ,s4 ,sampson's h be5 despoil$ ( !irs4 ,! latt] ( ^! two is n /rictly a *ur*y>d cross1 hav+ be5 remov$ 9 rec5t times f ! ma9 /reet ( ,cricklade to its pres5t site4 ,ano!r ( ^! tall crosses is f\nd 9 ,bitt]ley *ur*y>d1 ,%rop%ire2 ! %aft is octagonal1 & ! tab]nacle ) its crucifixion is a good example ( its k9d4 ,at ,ampney ,crucis1 ne> ,cir5ce/]1 is a v bold & solid specim51 ! tab]nacle ( :i* is l>g]1 9 proportion to its %aft1 ?an ^? already describ$4 ,s4 ,ives & ,lanteglos 9 ,cornwall h int]e/+ crosses 9 _! *ur*y>ds4 ,9 ea* case ! cross _h be5 tak5 d[n & buri$ ne> ! *ur*1 p]haps by "s pi\s s\ls anxi\s to pres]ve !m at ! "t :5 s _m ( _! fell[s 7 ru?lessly de/roy$4 ,!y 7 rebuilt "s =ty ye>s ago4 ,! ,s4 ,ives cross1 :i* is t5 feet six in*es 9 height1 is ! pla9]1 ! massive %aft be+1 z is (t5 ! case1 a simple unadorn$ hexagon1 :ile ! alt]nate faces ( ! example at ,lanteglos1 :i* is ( ab\t ! same height1 are elaborately c>v$4 ,! almo/ cubic head ( ea* is cut into ni*es1 conta9+ a crucifixion & ! figures ( sa9ts4 ,o!r in/ances ( *ur*y>d crosses 9 ,cornwall are f\nd at ,s4 ,buryan1 ,s4 ,levan1 ,gw9e>1 ,s4 ,er?1 ,sancre$1 ,s4 ,paul1 ,illogan1 ,lelant1 ,cury1 ,ludgran1 ,gulval1 & a few o!r places4 ,^!1 = ! mo/ "p1 are r\ghly hewn crucifixes1 ( f f\r to six feet 9 height2 b ^? at ,sancre$ & at ,s4 ,er? are tall]1 ! latt] be+ a rud] specim5 ( ! type f\nd at ,s4 ,ives & ,lanteglos1 & ! =m] a crucifix ( a primitive sort ) "s simple designs cut on ! body ( ! cross4 ,a good example ( ! *>act]i/ic ,corni% cross1 ( little height & decorat$ ) an int]lac$ patt]n resembl+ wick]-"w1 is 9 ! *ur*y>d at ,s4 ,columb4 ,"o ( ! be/ kn[n crosses 9 ! c\ntry is ! "o 9 ! *ur*y>d ( ! little village ( ,eyam1 9 ,d]by%ire1 celebrat$ = its tragic exp]i5ce ( ! plague4 ,x is a f9e specim5 ( a ,saxon cross1 ) scrolls on ! %aft1 & figures 9 ! arms & on ! c5tre4 ,x _h long la9 9 fragm5ts 9 a corn] ne> ! *ur*1 :5 ,john ,h[>d1 ! philan?ropi/1 see+ x1 got x rebuilt2 to him1 !re=e1 x may be consid]$ a la/+ & fitt+ memorial4 ,bakewell1 9 ! same c\nty1 has ano!r cross orig9ally ( ! same type1 b n[ mu* mutilat$4 ,a v curi\s example ( ! ,runic cross /&s 9 ! *ur*y>d at ,nev]n1 9 ,pembroke4 ,on a tall & sub/antial %aft1 :i* slightly tap]s t[>ds ! top1 is plac$ a small cross surr\nd$ by a circle1 ! :ole be+ cov]$ ) int]lac$ c>v+s ( a semi-b>b>ic k9d4 ,a v curi\s =m ( *ur*y>d cross is se5 at ,romsey ,abbey1 a f9e late ,norman build+2 a l>ge crucifix ( antique type is let into ! outside wall ( ! s\? transept2 ! feet ( ! ,r$eem] lie side by side1 & above is ! ,fa!r's h&--m>ks ( antiquity z we h se54 ,illu/ration3 ,,eyam ,,cross1 ,,d]by%ire4 ,all ov] ! c\ntry1 rema9s ( anci5t *ur*y>d crosses exi/4 ,at ,d9d>1 & at ,nor? ,pe!rton1 9 ,som]set%ire1 are graceful %afts f :i* ! tab]nacl$ heads h disappe>$2 at ,cr[le1 9 ,l9coln%ire1 is a %ort %aft on /eps1 :i* n[ supports a sun-dial2 at ,bebb+ton1 9 ,*e%ire1 ! base alone is left4 ,& s ! catalogue ( batt]$ fragm5ts might be cont9u$1 ?r\gh e c\nty 9 ,engl&4 ,9 _! p]fect /ate1 ^! *ur*y>d crosses (t5 witness$ to ! arti/ic feel+ ( our ance/ors1 & always to _! s9c]e fai?2 are we driv5 to draw z a moral f _! ru9s1 t we h fall5 z f> beh9d !m 9 ! latt]1 z x w h>dly be d5i$ we h 9 ! =m]8 ,9 rec5t ye>s some?+ has be5 done to repair ! losses ( ! pa/ 9 ?is respect4 ,x has be5 po9t$ out above t sev]al ( ! crosses z we h !m n[1 su* z ^? at ,eyam1 at ,s4 ,ives1 & at ,lanteglos1 are ! c>efully rebuilt fragm5ts ( antiquity4 ,b besides ^!1 "s new *ur*y>d crosses h rec5tly be5 erect$1 prov+ ! revival ( ! anci5t feel+ ( _! fitness4 ,q rec5tly ! old base ( a cross at ,ea/ ,br5t1 9 ,som]set%ire1 has be5 cr[n$ ) ! addition ( an impressive /one crucifix1 int5d$ z a memorial ( ! long incumb5cy ( ! late ,ar*deacon ,d5ison4 ,at ,h>burton1 9 ,devon%ire1 is a new cross1 design$ aft] ! be/ anci5t type1 ) a tab]nacl$ head surm\nt$ by a %ort crocket$ spire2 ! c>v+s repres5t1 on ! f\r sides1 ! ,crucifixion1 ! ,epiphany1 & ,s4 ,&rew1 & ,s4 ,b>?olomew4 ,hickleton ,*ur*y>d1 9 ,york%ire1 & o!r places1 h also _h crosses re-erect$ 9 !m 9 rec5t ye>s2 z at ,broadwood ,widg]1 ne> ,launce/on1 :]e an anci5t cross has be5 recov]$ f secul> use1 & plac$ 9 ! *ur*y>d4 ,! *ur*y>d crosses1 besides excit+ ! devotion ( ! fai?ful1 z !y pass$ amid ! sleep+ dead to pray]1 7 (t5 us$ z fitt+ places = ! p]=mance ( p5ances1 & h5ce 7 sometimes call$ ,weep+ ,crosses4 ,ano!r "n1 ,palm ,crosses1 m>ks ! fact t ! ,palm ,sunday procession 9 pass+ r\nd ! *ur* made a /ation at ! *ur*y>d cross1 :i* 0 = ! nonce adorn$ ) palm-bran*es1 or m /rictly ) yew or will[1 :i* 9 m$iaeval ,engl& g5]ally s]v$ z sub/itutes = ! ori5tal palm4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,public ,crosses4 ,t ! ages ( fai? consid]$ religion =eign to no dep>tm5t ( life1 is 9 n[ise m /rik+ly %[n ?an by ! public use ( ! emblem ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,our =efa!rs held x z ! fitte/ ( all ornam5ts1 n = ! ,*ur* only1 b = e place :]e ,*ri/ian m5 7 f\nd4 ,ov] five ?\s& crosses1 x is said1 exi/$ at "o "t 9 ! public places ( ,engl&2--9 ! obscure village *ur*y>d & ! busy m>t1 ! lonely highway & ! cr[d$ city ?or\ghf>e4 ,precisely h[ _m ( ^! n[ rema91 x w\ld be difficult to say2 b c]ta9ly only a small proportion exi/s 9 any?+ l ! orig9al /ate4 ,"s h surviv$ z m]e %afts1 beautiful /ill 9 _m cases1 b %orn ( almo/ all mean+ by ! loss ( ! "o memb] t gave !m a be+ & a "n4 ,9 o!r cases an unsightly /ump1 a useless flight ( /eps1 a few worn /ones1 an anci5t place-"n1 or a b>e tradition1 keep alive ! memory ( ! ,cross1 n[ desecrat$ or de/roy$4 ,! ceaseless beat+ ( ! tide ( "t is responsible = mu* ( ?is decay1 :i* ! local au?orities1 9 c>elessness or ignorance1 h be5 guilty 9 too _m in/ances ( wat*+ )\t attempt+ to ret>d2 & 9 n a few cases ! :ole /ructure has at la/ be5 tak5 d[n simply to avoid ! co/ & tr\ble ( ne$ful repair4 ,mod]n improvem5ts 9 ! /reets ( our t[ns h co/ u sev]al examples t c\ld ill be sp>$4 ,x w\ld be z fooli% z futile to decry ! op5+ out ( n>r[ ?or\ghf>es to ! sweet influ5ces ( sun & air1 or to grumble :5 gr[+ t[ns make due provision = gr[+ traffic2 yet "o _c b regret ! _m anci5t l&m>ks t ^! *anges h swept away1 nor c "o d\bt t1 _h a prop] appreciation ( _! wor? be5 felt1 "s means might h be5 f\nd to pres]ve mo/ ( !m4 ,b aft] all x 0 ! bigotry ( ! ,puritan epo* :i* robb$ u ( ! great] "p ( our public crosses1 j z x 0 ! n>r[ views import$ into ! ,re=mation movem5t f =eign s\rces t 7 *iefly answ]able = ! disappe>ance ( our roods & o!r *ur* crosses4 ,"s me?od ( classification be+ ne$ful 9 treat+ ( ! v>i\s k9ds ( crosses1 "o has be5 adopt$ "h :i* is practically useful1 r ?an /rictly accurate4 ,*ur*y>d crosses1 includ$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]1 =m a division suffici5tly di/9ct2 o!rs1 :i* specially commemorate "s p]son or ev5t1 z d ! ,eleanor ,crosses & t at ,neville's ,cross1 ne> ,durham1 w compose ano!r class to be consid]$ 9 ! next *apt]1 z memorial crosses4 ,9 our pres5t "o att5tion is call$ to ^? :i* 7 public1 9 ! exclusive s5se ( be+ us$ = public purposes1 su* z m>kets1 royal proclamations1 & prea*+2 & f9ally1 "u ! names ( roadside & b\nd>y crosses1 w be includ$ _m /one crosses :i* _c be gr\p$ "u any ( ^! heads4 ,x is confess$ t ?is classification is n sci5tific1 inasmu* z ! classes are n 9 all cases mutually exclusive4 ,no d\bt sev]al ( ! m>ket crosses1 besides s]v+ ! usual purposes ( su* /ructures1 en%r9$ ! memories ( dep>t$ wor?ies2 & unque/ionably _m village & roadside crosses 7 orig9ally erect$ z prea*+ places = ! bro!rs ( "s neighb\r+ mona/]y1 or = ! use ( it9]ant fri>s4 ,= practical purposes1 h[ev]1 ! above division ( ! subject w be f\nd to s]ve4 ,to notice e cross ( ?is public sort :i* has at "s "t adorn$ ! /reets & m>ket-places ( ,great ,brita91 ev5 if x 7 possible1 w\ld be aft] all ! compil+ ( a m]e t$i\s catalogue4 ,x w be m int]e/+ to take a few ( ! m important ones z types1 ref]r+ to ! o!rs z occasion may arise4 ,= su* a purpose no example c suit u bett] z illu/rat+ ! secul> & civil uses to :i* ^! /ructures 7 put ?an ! ,m>ket ,cross1 or ,m]cat ,croce1 ( ! nor!rn capital4 ,?is v5]able erection might inde$ be truly nam$1 borr[+ an ,am]ican expression1 ! hub ( ,scotl&1 r\nd :i* = c5turies has revolv$ ! hi/ory1 n ( ,ed9burgh only1 b ( ! :ole k+dom4 ,x seems n improbable t ! orig9al ( ?is cross belong$ to ! class ( well-crosses to be ref]r$ to h]eaft]1 & may h be5 plac$ !re by ! e>lie/ tea*]s ( ! fai? 9 ! di/rict1 an old well exi/+ n f> f ! pres5t site "u ! "n ( ! cross-well4 ,b no c]ta9 allusion to a cross /&+ "h is f\nd be=e ! ye> #adcf1 :5 we read ( ! assass9s ( ,k+ ,james ,i4 ( ,scotl& meet+ _! puni%m5t m\nt$ on a pill> 9 ! ,m>ket ,place 9 ,ed9burgh4 ,ne>ly ?ree hundr$ ye>s be=e ?is1 h[ev] 79 #aage71 ,william ! ,lion ord]$ t all m]*&isis salbe pres5tit at ! m]cat & m]cat croce ( burghis1 :i* may well be tak5 to imply t ! fir/ burgh 9 ! k+dom 0 n at t "t )\t its croce4 ,our next ref]5ce is 9 a ,*>t] ( ,s4 ,giles' ,*ur*1 dat$ #addg1 9 :i* occur ! words ex p>te occid5tali =i et crucis dicti burgi1 & its use z a ,m>ket c5tre is cle>ly def9$ 9 a lett] f ,james ,,iii4 to 8 citiz5s1 writt5 9 ,octob] #adgg1 9 :i* he ord]s all pietricks1 pluv>is1 capones1 conyngs1 *eck9s1 & all o!r wyld f\lis & tame to be usit & sald ab\t ! ,m>ket ,croce & 9 na o!r place4 ,no data rema9 f :i* to recon/ruct ) any c]ta9ty ! anci5t cross 9 ! orig9al =m4 ,! pill> ( ! cross n[ /&+ is ! same z t nam$ 9 ! e>lie/ hi/orical notices ( ! /ructure1 p]haps ev5 ! v "o t 0 fir/ set up1 b :e!r x /ood at ! outset on an elevat$ plat=m z x n[ does & long has done1 or :e!r x surm\nt$ a flight ( /eps 9 ! way usual 9 ,engl&1 _c be det]m9$4 ,9 ! reign ( ,james ,,iii4 great improvem5ts 7 made 9 ,ed9burgh4 ,! *ur* ( ,s4 ,giles1 = in/ance1 0 enl>g$ & made collegiate1 & its indep5d5ce ( all b papal jurisdiction 0 gu>ante$ by a ,bull2 x seems !re=e n improbable t ! same royal patron ( ! arts add$ at t "t dignity to ! city cross by build+ ! l(ty /one plat=m f :i* x c\ld m unque/ionably dom9ate ! m>ket4 ,9 #aeee "s alt]ations 7 made 9 ! /ructure1 :i* are describ$ z bigg+ ! r[me !re(1 :i* has be5 ?\ght to imply t ! op5 circles1 :i* probably fir/ support$ ?is plat=m1 7 fill$ 9 s z to =m ! r[me4 ,! foll[+ extracts f ! acc\nts ( ! city treasur] at any rate imply t ! enclos$ base1 ent]$ b5ea? by a door1 0 /&+ %ortly aft] ?is date4 ,9 #aefj we read ,item = ane b& to ye ,croce dur1 ,item = m5d+ ( ye lok ( ye ,croce dur2 & aga9 9 #aehd1 #e ,julii1 ,item1 ye sam day giv5 = ane lok to ye ,croce duir1 & ?ree keyis = x4 ,an old birds-eye view ( ! city z x appe>$ 9 #afdg %ews ! ma9 outl9es ( ! build+ to h be5 !n v simil> to :at we see x to-day4 ,?is type ( cross 0 peculi>ly ,scotti%4 ,a simil> "o rema9s 9 good condition at ,pre/onpans1 & ano!r v f9e "o at ,ab]de52 ,p]? & ,dundee _h simil> ones n[ un=tunately de/roy$1 & ! capital itself _h a second cross ( l design 9 ! ,canongate4 ,x may h be5 t ! metropolitan cross 0 accept$ z ! model = ! o!r burghs ( ! k+dom4 ,! treasur]'s acc\nts cit$ above1 give evid5ce also ( ! e>ly erection ( ano!r feature peculi> to ! ,ed9burgh cross1 namely ! surm\nt+ ( x ) ! national emblem4 ,9 #aehd1 is an entry1 ,payit to ,david ,williamson = mak+ & upputt+ ( ! ,unicorn ^u ! head ( ! ,croce4 ,9 ! ye> #afag1 ! ald croce1 0 tak5 d[n & translat$ by ! devise ( c]ta9 m>9]s ( ,lei?1 f ! place :]e x /ood pa/ ! memory ( man to a place b5ea? 9 ! ,high ,/reet4 ,! /one = build+ ! new sub/ructure 0 bro*t frae ! ,deyne1 & on ! #be? ,m>* ! ,croce ( ,ed9burgh 0 put ^u ! new seat2 ! total co/ ( its removal & re-erection be+ ,l#ddhf #es4 #f;d4 7,scots74 ,amid ! ,puritan viol5ce ( ! ,protectorate1 ! cross 0 defac$1 among o!r ?+s ! ,royal arms 7 torn d[n1 & ! cr[n t 0 on ! unicorn 0 hung ^u ! gall[s by ^! trea*]\s villa9s2 z a consequ5ce ! city acc\nts %[ paym5ts = repairs to ,rob]t ,mylne1 a desc5dant ( ,john ,mylne1 :o _h be5 "o ( ! ,ma/] measones at ! re-erection4 ,at ?is "t ! cross1 or "s "p ( x1 p]haps ! h]aldic c>v+s1 0 adorn$ ) col\r1 a sum be+ giv5 to ,george ,porte\s = pa9t+ ! ,croce4 ,on ,m>* #ac?1 #agef1 ! ,m>ket ,cross ( ,ed9burgh 0 demoli%$4 ,"s ( ! c>v$ m$allions :i* _h decorat$ x pass$ ye>s lat] into ! h&s ( ,sir ,walt] ,scott1 by :om !y 7 built into a wall at ,abbots=d1 :]e !y n[ are4 ,! pill>1 :i* 0 all[$ to fall & break 9 ! c\rse ( demolition1 0 acquir$ by ,"l ,som]ville1 :o set x up ne> 8 h\se at ,drum4 ,! site 0 m>k$ out ) /ones1 & a pla9 /one pill> 0 erect$ on ! side ( a well 9 ,high ,/reet1 adjac5t to ! place :]e ! cross /ood1 :i*1 by act ( ,sid]unt1 0 decl>$ to be ! ,m>ket ,cross ( ,ed9burgh f t p]iod4 ,b ev5 ?is 0 n all[$ to rema9 long1 ! *ief argum5t = ! removal bo? ( x & ( its great pr$ecessor be+ ! alleg$ ob/ruction :i* x (f]$ to traffic4 ,ef=ts 7 made f "t to "t to p]suade ! city fa!rs to re/ore a /ructure s long & s intimately b\nd up ) ! national hi/ory1 & at la/ ! pill> ( ! cross 0 br\ght back to ,ed9burgh1 & plac$ ^u a p$e/al )9 ! rail+s ( ,/4 ,giles' ,*ur*4 ,s matt]s 7 all[$ to rema9 until #ahhe1 :5 by ! g5]osity ( ! ,"r ,hon4 ,w4 ,e4 ,glad/one1 !n ,memb] ( ,p>liam5t = ,midlo?ian1 ! orig9al pill> 0 re-in/at$ on a new & impos+ base ( ! anci5t type4 ,! foll[+ translation ( ! ,lat9 inscription :i* appe>s on "o ( its eight faces1 & :i* is dat$ ! day :]eon x 0 =mally h&$ ov] to ! ,corporation1 appropriately closes ! record ( ! *anges ?r\gh :i* x has pass$3 ,?anks be to ,god1 ?is anci5t monum5t1 ! ,cross ( ,ed9burgh1 devot$ ( old to public functions1 hav+ be5 de/roy$ by evil h&s 9 ! ye> ( our salvation1 #agef1 & hav+ be5 av5g$ & lam5t$ 9 song bo? noble & manly by t man ( highe/ r5[n1 ,walt] ,scott1 has n[ by p]mission ( ! city magi/rates be5 rebuilt by ,william ,e4 ,glad/one1 :o ?r\gh bo? p>5ts claims a desc5t entirely ,scotti%4 ,novemb] #bcrd 9 ! ye> ( grace #ahhe4 ,_m 7 ! ,scotti% sov]eigns :o 7 greet$ by _! p at ?is1 ! he>t ( _! capital4 ,:5 ,james ,,iv4 br\ght home 8 bride1 ,m>g>et1 daught] ( ,h5ry ,,vii4 ( ,engl&1 a f\nta9 at ! ,cross ran w9e = all to dr9k1 & a simil> rejoic+ took place :5 ! ill-fat$ ,m>y1 9 #aefa1 made h] public entry into ! city f ,halyrud h\s1 & aga9 9 #aeij1 :5 h] son ,james ,,vi4 introduc$ 8 ,que51 ,anne ( ,d5m>k to ! citiz5s4 ,( ! _m national & civic proclamations :i* h be5 made f ,ed9burgh ,cross1 two /& out conspicu\s 9 ! hi/ory ( ! :ole isl& ( ,great ,brita94 ,! fir/1 9 #aeac1 0 a summons = a g5]al mu/] ( ! ,scotti% army = ! invasion ( ,engl& be=e ! fatal field ( ,flodd52 & ! second 0 9 #afjc1 :5 ! ,lyon ,k+-at-arms ann\nc$ f t spot ! dea? ( ,elizabe? ( ,engl&1 & ! consequ5t union ( ! cr[ns ( ! two c\ntries4 ,su* "p z ! cross has play$ 9 ! religi\s hi/ory ( ,scotl&1 is mo/ly conc]n$ ) ! progress ( ! ,re=mation 9 ! nor?4 ,9 #aeee ,john ,knox 0 burnt 9 effigy !re1 hav+ gone to ,g5eva in/ead ( answ]+ a summons to appe> be=e ! ,bi%ops4 ,9 #aefe a ,roman ,ca?olic prie/1 = ! enormity ( hav+ said mass on ,ea/] ,day at ,holyrood1 0 ty$ to ! cross1 :]e he t>ri$ ! space ( "o h\r1 dur+ :i* "t ! boys s]v$ him ) 8 ,ea/] egges2 & aga9 on ! foll[+ day he 0 set ^u ! ,m>ket ,cross = ! space ( ?ree or f\r h\rs1 ! hangman /&+ by & keep+ him1 :ile ! populace aga9 z on ! =m] occasion display$ _! godly zeal & *ri/ian *>ity4 ,9 t /ormy "t = ,scotl&1 ! reigns ( ,*>les ,,ii4 & 8 bro!r ,james1 :5 politics & religion 7 s /rangely & un=tunately int]m+l$1 t :ile ! "o p>ty claim$ to be puni%+ rebels1 ! o!r felt t x 0 suff]+ m>tyrdom1 _m1 includ+ ! ,duke ( ,argyle & a hundr$ o!r p]sons ( all ranks1 suff]$ dea? 9 ,ed9burgh1 9 mo/ cases at ! ,m]cat ,croce4 ,engl& provides m ?an "o in/ance 9 :i*1 z 9 ! case ( ,ed9burgh1 ! pres5t g5]ation has 9 "s sort replac$ ! t[n cross1 ha/ily or he$lessly de/roy$ by a =m] age4 ,bri/ol once possess$ a h&some m>ket cross ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 conta9+1 9 ni*es1 /atues ( sev]al ,engli% ,k+s1 ! :ole "w gorge\s 9 v]milion1 & blue1 & gold4 ,s late z #afcc1 ! citiz5s1 to pres]ve x1 enclos$ x ) a rail+ & regilt x1 at ! same "t add+ a new /orey ) f\r m /atues4 ,yet 9 #agcc1 on ! decl>ation ( "s neighb\r+ tradesman t x 0 a dang] to 8 life & prop]ty1 x 0 entirely pull$ d[n4 ,re-erect$ at private co/ on ,college ,gre51 x 0 actually demoli%$ a second "t1 a public subscription 7to ! disgrace ( ,bri/ol7 defray+ ! *>ges4 ,sir ,ri*>d ,colt ,ho>e1 hav+ acquir$ ! fragm5ts1 rebuilt x 9 8 p>k at ,/one ,head1 & a subsequ5t age has replac$ x on ! ,gre5 ) a copy ( ! orig9al1 once s scornfully flung away4 ,gla/onbury1 aga91 has1 by ! rec5t erection ( a new cross1 made "s rep>ation = its c>eless treatm5t ( an old "o4 ,its anci5t m>ket cross 0 "o ( ! mo/ curi\s 9 ! c\ntry2 sub/antial1 simple1 & unadorn$1 (f]+ ample accommodation & %elt] b5ea? its wide ar*es1 & ) a c]ta9 qua9t attraction 9 its curi\s gables4 ,on %[+ signs ( decay1 its pa/ s]vices to ! m>ket folk 7 s f> f plead+ = x1 t x 0 ab&on$ to ! plund]+ ( local build]s1 :o covet$ its "t-hon\r$ mat]ials1 & n a recognizable ve/ige n[ rema9s4 ,its mod]n successor is1 z "o expects ( a n9ete5? c5tury erection1 p]fectly conv5tional1 consi/+ ( a column ) canopi$ ni*es1 surm\nt$ by a %ort spire4 ,gl\ce/] boa/$ a m>ket cross f ! days ( ,ri*>d ,,iii4 to ! ye> #agej--;an hexagonal t[]-l /ructure g>ni%$ ) /atues1 b1 l ,ed9burgh ,cross1 x 0 condemn$ z an ob/ruction1 &1 less =tunate ?an its comrade 9 mis=tune1 has f\nd no "o to rebuild x4 ,ano!r t[n 9 :i* ! exig5cies ( mod]n bus9ess h be5 suppos$ to require ! removal ( a fam\s relic ( ! pa/ is ,cov5try1 ^: cross mu/ 9 its day h be5 "o ( ! mo/ ornate 9 ! c\ntry4 ,?is cross1 :i* ,sir ,william ,hollis re>$ 9 #aeda 9 ! place ( an e>li] "o1 0 built on simil> l9es to "o at ,ab+don1 :i* has also disappe>$4 ,9 =m x 0 a hexagonal spire1 "s sixty feet 9 height1 on a s]ies ( f\r /eps1 cov]$ ) a mass ( trac]y & c>v+1 & conta9+ a numb] ( figures b5ea? canopies4 ,x 0 lavi%ly gild$1 & s solicit\s 7 ! au?orities ( pres]v+ its gleam+ brav]y unt>ni%$1 t a f9e 0 impos$ on any "o :o %\ld presume to sweep ! *eep+e1 or m>ket1 )\t fir/ wat]+ x to lay ! du/4 ,9 #affh1 x 0 repair$ & regilt at a co/ ( ,l#bgf1 b b>ely a c5tury lat] x 0 raz$ to ! gr\nd1 & its memory is only kept alive by ! pres5ce ( a few ( its /atues & "s o!r fragm5ts1 pres]v$ v>i\sly 9 ! neighb\rhood4 ,ab+don ,cross 0 sawn d[n by ! ,puritan soldi]y ( ,wall]'s army1 & ! same bra9less bigotry robb$ ,*e/] ( its ,high cross4 ,holbea* _h a cross ( unique plan1 consi/+ ( a column support$ by a p5tagonal plat=m rais$ on ar*es1 :i* has disappe>$2 z also has "o at ,leice/]1 & a boldly design$ m>ket cross at ,ipswi*1 :i* mu/ h be5 bo? useful & ornam5tal4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cov5try ,,cross4 ,x is difficult = u to conceive h[ con/antly ^! sculptur$ %afts & %elt]+ ar*es met ! gaze ( our =efa!rs at e turn 9 ! old] cities ( ,engl&4 ,beside ! spl5did cross1 = in/ance1 j describ$1 ,cov5try _h at "o "t its ,sw9e's ,cross 7tak5 d[n ab\t #agfc71 a second ( ! same "n 9 ano!r "p ( ! t[n1 ,sponne ,cross1 ,hill ,cross1 ,jesus ,cross1 ! ,maid5's ,cross1 & ! ,new1 or ,que5's ,cross1 z well z o!rs close at h& at ,rad=d & at ,:itley4 ,a simil> case meets u 9 ,donca/]1 :i* once c\ld boa/ ( a ,but*]'s ,cross 7de/roy$ 9 #agbe71 a ,butt] ,cross 7remov$ to make room = ! ,m>ket ,h\se 9 #ahdf71 ! ,nor!rn ,cross1 ! ,:eat1 or ,m>ket ,cross1 ! ,crosses ( ,s4 ,james1 ,s4 ,sepul*re1 & ,maudl9 7,magdal571 ,snorel ,cross1 & "o 9 ! *ur*y>d4 ,n "o ( all ?is li/ rema9s1 ,donca/]'s only example be+ ! ,hall ,cross1 :i* w be ref]r$ to among ! memorial crosses4 ,dur+ ! ,commonweal?1 ) its tempor>y e/abli%m5t ( civil m>riages1 ?is rite 0 solemniz$1 if "o may use ! t]m 9 su* a connection1 9 ,donca/] at ! ,:eat ,cross4 ,! anci5t city ( ,l9coln is ano!r example ( a place once ri* 9 ^! memorials4 ,only a well-cross exi/s !re to-day1 al?\gh its fir/ ,bi%op1 ,remigius1 built a t[n-cross1 8 successor1 ,hugh de ,gr5oble1 add$ o!rs1 & yet o!rs 7 erect$ by ,hugh de ,wells1 all ( :i*1 z also an anci5t ,high ,cross1 h gone4 ,among/ ! ,m>ket ,crosses /ill left to u1 a =emo/ place1 if n ! fir/1 mu/ be giv5 to t ( ,*i*e/]4 ,?is beautiful /ructure 0 re>$ by ,edw>d ,/ory1 bi%op ( ! diocese f #adgh to #aejd1 :o also left an e/ate1 valu$ at ,l#be p] annum1 to keep x 9 repair1 & to provide w9e at ! ,cross annually on ,s4 ,george's ,day4 ,x is an octagon 9 plan1 & cov]s a space ( "s f\r hundr$ squ>e feet4 ,crosses ( ?is type1 ( :i* ,malmesbury & ,salisbury provide o!r excell5t examples1 are n only m beautiful1 b m useful1 ?an ! solid decorat$ t[]s or spires1 su* z ! crosses ( ,cov5try & ,ab+don1 = ! wide ar*es af=d bo? %ade & %elt] to ! m>ket folk 9 summ] heat or w9try ra9 & sn[4 ,a cross :i* is almo/ a comb9ation ( ! solid high-cross & ! l>ge cov]$ type is f\nd at ,%epton ,mallet1 hav+ be5 erect$ by ,walt] ,buckl& & 8 wife 9 #aeje4 ,o!r examples ( ! cov]$ cross exi/ at ,*ipp+ ,campd51 9 ,gl\ce/]%ire1 & at ,*$d>4 ,ev5 9 ! n>r[] scope ( ! high cross1 an attempt 0 sometimes made to provide at lea/ s mu* %elt] z 0 possible "u ! circum/ances1 z we see 9 ! op5 l[] /ory ( ! ,butt] ,cross1 at ,w9*e/]1 & ( ! curi\s p5tagonal cross at ,leighton-,buzz>d4 ,amid all ! bu/le ( ! busy m>ket-place1 & p]haps above all times 9 ?is hurry+1 grasp+ age1 ! old m>ket cross /&s ) its message ev] old1 yet ev] ne$ful1 = all :o h e>s to he>2 te/ify+ t !re are int]e/s ( m mom5t ?an buy+ & sell+ & gett+ ga91 & by its v antiquity speak+ ( ! frailty ( ! life ( man1 s _m g5]ations ( :om h b>ga9$ & *aff]$ b5ea? its %ad[1 & gone out "o by "o 9 long procession into ! unkn[n ,inf9ite4 ,turn+ to ^? public crosses1 :i* 7 us$ *iefly1 ?\gh n q exclusively1 = religi\s purposes & especially = prea*+1 ,s4 ,paul's ,cross comes fir/ by "r bo? ( ! importance ( its position1 & ( ! prom95t "p :i* x has play$ 9 ! religi\s hi/ory ( ! c\ntry4 ,illu/ration3 ,,m>ket ,,cross1 ,,*i*e/]4 ,! orig9al f\ndation ( ! ,cross at ,s4 ,paul's is lo/ 9 antiquity1 b evid5ce exi/s t "o1 on or ne> ! site ( ! lat] "o1 m>k$ ! spot :]eon ! city folkmote 0 held be=e ! twelf? c5tury4 ,! e>lie/ actual m5tion ( ! cross is 9 #aaia1 :5 "o ,william ,fitz ,osb]t "h deliv]$ an address aga9/ ! div9e au?ority ( ! cr[n4 ,f t "t d[n to ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 a p]iod ( ab\t five hundr$ ye>s1 ! ref]5ces to x are frequ5t & int]e/+4 ,x 0 fir/ us$ = ecclesia/ical purposes 9 #abhe1 :5 ! *ur*y>d 0 enclos$1 & began probably to be reg>d$ m di/9ctly z a ca!dral prec9ct1 yet ev5 aft] ?is ! ev5ts connect$ ) ! cross are n all /rictly ecclesia/ical4 ,9 #achb ! build+ 0 damag$ 9 a sev]e ?und]-/orm1 & 9 #addi x 0 re-built 9 a m spl5did /yle by ,?omas ,kemp1 ,bi%op ( ,london4 ,! la/ prea*+ at ! cross 0 9 #afcc1 aft] :i* ! s]mons 7 deliv]$ 9 ! ca!dral2 & 9 #afdc1 by ord] ( ! ,long ,p>liam5t1 ! cross 0 tak5 d[n4 ,all t n[ rema9s ( x is ! octagon base1 :i* 0 discov]$ a few ye>s s9ce1 :5 ! *ur*y>d 0 laid out z a g>d52 ! site w be f\nd1 m>k$ out ) /ones1 at ! nor!a/ corn] ( ! pres5t ca!dral1 a portion ( ! ea/ wall ( :i* re/s ^u a small "p ( x4 ,9 its palmy days1 ,s4 ,paul's ,cross consi/$ ( a cov]$ pulpit ( /one1 surr\nd$ by a l[ wall1 & surm\nt$ by a bold cross on an ogee ro(4 ,:5 n 9 use x 0 clos$ by a door1 & ne> ! op5+ or w9d[ :]e ! prea*] took 8 /&1 01 9 its latt] days1 a bracket = an h\r-glass4 ,at ! left h& ( ! /ructure1 aga9/ ! ea/ wall ( ! ca!dral transept1 0 a cov]$ gall]y ( two /oreys1 kn[n z ! %r[ds1 9 :i* p]sons ( special di/9ction 7 accommodat$ to he> ! prea*+2 ! bulk ( ! congregation sitt+ on movable =ms or /&+ betwe5 ! cross & ! *ur*4 ,"h at v>i\s times 7 he>d su* fam\s lead]s ( ! religi\s ?\ght ( ! nation z ,fi%]1 ,latim]1 ,g>d9]1 ,ridley1 ,cov]dale1 ,tun/all1 ,bonn]1 ,gr9dal1 ,scory1 ,jewell1 ,k+1 ! k+ ( prea*]s1 accord+ to ! op9ion ( ,james ,i41 ,hook]1 ! judici\s1 ,donne1 ,dean ( ,s4 ,paul's1 & ,laud1 :o1 z ,bi%op ( ,london1 0 ! la/ ( ! fam\s prea*]s to occupy ?is celebrat$ pulpit4 ,sev]al ( ! s]mons deliv]$ "h h become hi/orical1 or 7 connect$ ) ev5ts t h help$ to make hi/ory4 ,on ,septemb] #ab?1 #aeeg1 ,dr4 ,/&y*e did prea* at ! %r[ds = ! w9n+ ( ! battle ( ,/4 ,qu5t91 ! "l mayor & ! ald]m5 be+ pres5t 9 /ate4 ,jewell1 ,bi%op ( ,salisbury1 prea*$ a s]mon on ,m>* #cj?1 #aefj1 :i* became kn[n z ! ,*all5ge ,s]mon1 f ! fact t x 0 l>gely compos$ ( a numb] ( !ses1 :i* he defi$ ! ,roman controv]siali/s to prove f ! ,fa!rs or f ,holy ,scripture4 ,ano!r disc\rse t acquir$ a "n _h be5 prea*$ "h by ,latim] 9 #aedh2 ?is 0 ! ,s]mon ( ! ,pl\gh1 :i* treat$ 9 a qua9t & *>act]i/ic mann] ( ! se$ & ! husb&ry ( ,god's pl\gh-l&4 ,que5 ,elizabe? came to ,s4 ,paul's ,cross 9 full /ate on ,septemb] #h?1 #aehh1 to he> ano!r bi%op ( ,salisbury1 ,dr4 ,pi]s1 prea* 9 commemoration ( ! ov]?r[ ( ! ,armada4 ,on ?is occasion elev5 ensigns tak5 f ! ,spani% fleet 7 exhibit$1 previ\s to _! be+ display$ on ! foll[+ day on ,london ,bridge4 ,on ,m>* #bd?1 #afai1 ! cross 0 drap$ 9 black 9 memory ( ! dea? ( ,anne ( ,d5m>k1 ! que5 ( ,james ,i41 :o _h di$ e>ly 9 ! mon?2 & 9 ,april1 ,k+1 ,bi%op ( ,london1 deliv]$ a s]mon !re at a solemn ?anksgiv+ = ! k+'s recov]y f sev]e illness4 ,9 #afbi a mutt]+ ( ! com+ /orm 0 he>d at ,s4 ,paul's ,cross1 :51 on ! ,sunday be=e ,:itsunday1 two pap]s 7 f\nd atta*$ to x address$ to ,k+ ,*>les ,i41 :o 0 w>n$ ( ! wra? ( heav5 aga9/ him1 & bidd51 ,give an acc\nt ( ?y /ew>d%ip1 = ?\ mu/ be no long] ,/u>t4 ,! ,cross1 h[ev]1 0 n us$ = s]mons only4 ,be+ a place c5trally situat$ & resort$ to by l>ge numb]s ( p1 x 0 deem$ a suitable "o = ! p]=mance ( acts ( public p5ance4 ,9 #adda1 ,rog] ,boltyngbroke1 :o 0 f\nd guilty ( ! s9 ( necromancy1 sat on a *air by ! ,cross dur+ s]mon "t1 surr\nd$ by 8 magical appliances1 & aft]w>ds op5ly abjur$ 8 d>k arts4 ,a m notable p5it5t 0 ,mi/ress ,jane ,%ore1 :o came "h out ( all araie1 save h] k]tle onlie1 & ) a tap] 9 h] h&1 9 ,may1 #adhc4 ,john ,hig1 alias ,noke1 alias ,jonson--a suspici\s "* obvi\sly--/ood b>ehead$ & b>efoot$1 ) a faggot on 8 %\ld]1 all ?r\gh ! prea*+ at ! ,cross on ,good ,friday1 9 #aebh1 z a p5ance = c]ta9 damnable & errone\s op9ions :i* he confess$ to hav+ errone\sly & damnably said1 affirm$1 believ$ & taught4 ,a simil> p5ance 0 p]=m$ 9 #aecb by a b>ri/] ( ! ,middle ,temple1 ,james ,baynham by "n1 :o seems to h be5 a s+ul>ly weak & vacillat+ creature4 ,hav+ pr(ess$ ,prote/antism1 he recant$2 aga9 recall$ 8 recantation1 & 0 burn$ at ,smi?field4 ,9 #aecd1 ,elizabe? ,b>ton1 ! holy maid ( ,k5t1 :o pr(ess$ to h _h div9e revelations condemn+ ! divorce ( ,k+ ,h5ry ,,viii41 0 compell$ to /& on a high scaffold ov] aga9/ ! pulpit1 toge!r ) "s half-a-doz5 prie/s & monks1 :o _h express$ belief 9 h] prophesy+s4 ,?is probably mi/ak51 b c]ta9ly well-mean+ & pi\s nun1 0 hang$ at ,tyburn on ,april #ba/1 #aecd4 ,9 ,novemb]1 #aeed1 five m5 did p5ance "h by /&+ dur+ ! s]mon ) light$ tap]s 9 "o h& & rods 9 ! o!r2 9 ,m>*1 #aeef1 a man1 = transgress+ ! rules ( ,l5t1 /ood ) ! c>case ( a pig on 8 head & ano!r 9 8 h&2 & 9 ,augu/1 #aeei1 a m9i/] did p5ance = m>ry+ a c\ple t 7 m>ri$ a=e-"t4 ,! cu/om1 common 9 pa/ days1 ( =mally de/roy+ a book by way ( condemn+ its publication1 has sev]al times be5 illu/rat$ at ,s4 ,paul's ,cross4 ,_m ( ,lu!r's works 7 burnt at a s]mon prea*$ !re by ,fi%] on ,may #ab?1 #aeba2 & ,tyndale's translation ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 aft] ano!r s]mon by ! same bi%op1 ,c>d9al ,wolsey be+ pres5t also1 9 #aecj4 ,9 #afac1 "s books by a ,jesuit nam$ ,su>ez1 ^: works 7 said to be d]ogatory to ,pr9ces1 7 burnt at ! ,cross1 & ! writ+s by ,p>eus1 conc]n+ ! p's au?ority ov] pr9ces1 7 simil>ly treat$ 9 #afbb4 ,a notice ( ! ,cross 9 ! reign ( ,edw>d ,,iii4 gives u a curi\s insight into ! ideas ( episcopal duty at ! "t4 ,mi*ael de ,nor?bury1 ,bi%op ( ,london f #aced to #acfb1 act$ z a pawnbrok] = ! b5efit ( ! citiz5s ( t city1 & if at ! ye>'s end ! pl$ges 7 n r$eem$1 notice 0 giv5 by ! prea*]1 aft] 8 s]mon at ! ,cross1 t !y w\ld be sold 9 f\rte5 days4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,read+ ,,cross1 ,,/4 ,,paul',s1 ,,london4 ,among/ ! incid5ts ( a secul> "* :i* c5tr$ 9 ?is "t-hon\r$ erection1 we f9d a pleas+ illu/ration ( ! fri5dly relations :i* subsi/$ betwe5 ! ,k+ & 8 subjects 9 bygone days2 = x seems to h be5 cu/om>y = ! mon>*1 be=e go+ abroad1 to come d[n to ,s4 ,paul's ,cross1 & !re to bid !m f>ewell4 ,s came1 at any rate1 ,h5ry ,,iii41 bo? 9 #abeg & 9 #abfa1 be=e pass+ into ,france4 ,! ga!r+s r\nd ! spot 7 n always ( s fri5dly a nature4 ,"u ,que5 ,m>y1 religi\s feel+ ran s high z to lead to s]i\s di/urbances4 ,dr4 ,b\rne1 *apla9 to ,bonn]1 0 int]rupt$ by %\t+ & upro> = attack+ ,ridley 9 a s]mon on ,augu/ #ac?1 #aeec1 & a dagg] 0 flung at him1 :i* /uck into a po/ ( ! ,cross4 ,on ! foll[+ ,sunday1 ab\t "o hundr$ & tw5ty halb]di]s 7 pres5t1 & peace 0 pres]v$2 b 9 ,june ( ! next ye>1 ,dr4 ,p5dleton 0 fir$ on :il/ prea*+ & ne>ly /ruck by a pellet ( tyne4 ,no o!r prea*+ cross atta9$ to ! "n & fame ( t ( ,s4 ,paul's1 yet !y 7 n uncommon 9 ! c\ntry4 ,9 ! ,gre5 ,y>d at ,norwi* 0 "o ( wood1 ) lead$ ro( & a cross ( ! same metal2 ,worce/] also _h "o4 ,rema9s ( a prea*+ cross may be se5 ne> ! *ur* 9 ,iron ,acton1 9 ,gl\ce/]%ire1 a graceful /ructure orig9ally1 n[ lam5tably mutilat$2 & at ,disley1 9 ! same c\nty1 is ano!r1 also 9 ru9s4 ,a /ill bett] example is ! ,blackfri>s' prea*+ cross at ,h]e=d1 a hexagonal enclosure ) op5 ar*es1 above :i* is ! /ump ( :at 0 once ! sacr$ emblem4 ,! ,puritans1 al?\gh su* advocates ( prea*+1 evid5tly _h a /rong prejudice aga9/ ^! op5-air pulpits4 ,t at ,iron ,acton be>s to ?is day m>ks ( ! viol5ce us$ 9 ! attempt to de/roy x1 & mo/ ( our ,engli% prea*+ crosses h1 l our mo/ fam\s example1 :olly disappe>$4 ,9 ?is la/ half c5tury1 ! ,engli% p h woke up once m 9 a wond]ful way to an appreciation ( life 9 ! op5 air4 ,nev] 7 outdoor sports & games s g5]ally foll[$2 & g>d5-p>ties & g>d5-meet+s are among/ our mo/ mod]n inv5tions4 ,p>ks & pleasure-gr\nds are n[ dem&$ almo/ z a public "r2 & no exhibition c look = success t does n provide ample accommodation = its patrons to li/5 to music "u ! op5 skies4 ,9 ! face ( all ^! signs ( ! times1 is x too mu* to hope t ! ,*ur* may be t\*$ ) ! same feel+--surely a heal?y & a desirable "o2 & t we may yet see on summ]'s ev5+s ! congregations *oos+ to sit or /& ab\t ! prea*+ cross 9 ! *ur*y>d1 r ?an sit1 involunt>ily li/less1 at ! be/ ) difficulty att5tive1 9 ! heat ( a cr[d$1 & (t5 ill-v5tilat$ *ur*8 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,memorial ,crosses4 ,! sign ( our salvation hav+ come to fill s l>ge a place 9 ,*ri/ian art1 x w\ld naturally be expect$ t 9 memorials 9 any way connect$ ) religi\s feel+s x w\ld be employ$1 & above all 9 ! monum5ts ( ! dead laid to re/ 9 hope ( a joy\s resurrection ?r\gh ! victory ( ! ,cross4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 our e>lie/ ,*ri/ian cross-=ms are ! disguis$ crosses ( ! catacombs1 & 9 spite ( e outbreak ( bigotry aga9/ o!r uses ( ! symbol1 x has nev] be5 entirely ab&on$ = su* purposes4 ,prea*+ crosses & m>ket crosses might fall into ru91 & roods & crucifixes be wantonly de/roy$1 b ! ,cross1 c>v$ 9 /one or cut on /one above ! grave1 is f\nd 9 all ages1 ?\gh n s frequ5tly 9 ,engl& 9 ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies z be=e or s9ce4 ,! fir/ cross said to h be5 rais$ 9 ! ,k+dom ( ,nor?umbria1 0 t wood5 "o :i* ,s4 ,oswald1 ! ,k+ & ,m>tyr1 plant$ ) 8 own h&s on ! eve ( ! battle ( ,hev5fel? 9 #fce4 ,?is1 orig9ally a sign ( ! cause = :i* ,oswald s\ght to reclaim 8 realm1 became a memorial ( ! ,*ri/ian victory1 & 0 /ill pres]v$ z su* 9 ! "t ( ! ,v5]able ,b$e1 :o tells u t ! place is %[n to ?is day1 & held 9 great v5]ation4 ,ano!r memorial ( battle 0 ! fam\s ,neville's ,cross1 ne> ,durham1 erect$ to m>k ! spot :]e ,ralph ,neville1 9 ,octob]1 #acdf1 defeat$ ! ,scotti% invad]s4 ,?is1 accord+ to anci5t acc\nts1 0 a s+ul>ly dignifi$ /ructure1 ) a crucifixion b5ea? a /one canopy at ! top1 & a s]ies ( figures at ! base1 ! :ole be+ rais$ on half-a-doz5 /eps4 ,! great] numb] ( our memorial crosses1 h[ev]1 pres]ve ! memory1 z 0 above indicat$1 ( p]sons r ?an ( ev5ts2 & among/ ! e>lie/ ( ^! is a v anci5t example ( ! s-call$ runic type 9 ! ,p>i% ,*ur* ( ,le$s4 ,x is curi\sly wr\ght ) human figures1 difficult n[ to "n ) any c]ta9ty1 & ) sev]al f9e specim5s ( ! v>i$ & intricate scrolls s popul> ) ! e>ly /one-c>v]s ( ! nor?4 ,x is suppos$ to be a monum5t to ,onlaf ,godfreyson1 :o di$ ab\t #ida4 ,travell]s 9 ! ,alps w be famili> ) ! memorials1 pa!tic 9 _! simplicity1 ( ^? m\nta9e]s & wayf>]s :o h met sudd5 de/ruction b5ea? ! ov]:elm+ avalan*e2 ev] & anon ! ru/ic cross ( wood is met )1 m>k$ ) ! initials ( ! dead & ) ! lett]s ,p4 ,i41 or p]haps ! words 9 full1 ,p]it ici4 ,spa91 too1 has h] wood5 crosses scatt]$ along h] mo/ lonely roads & hillsides1 or by ! =e/ pa?way2 memorials1 ^!1 h[ev]1 ( m sombre trag$ies1 tell+ :]e ! brig& or ! highwayman /ruck d[n 8 victim4 ,! great type ( ! p]man5t memorial cross among/ u 9 ,engl& has be5 suppli$ by ! devotion ( ,edw>d ,i4 to 8 ,que5 ,eleanor1 & any l& might well h be5 pr\d ( ! spl5did s]ies ( crosses :i* he rais$ to h] memory4 ,illu/ration3 ,,nor?ampton ,,cross4 ,que5 ,eleanor di$ at ,h>deby1 9 ,nott+ham%ire1 on ,novemb] #bh?1 #abia1 h] husb& be+ at ! "t 9 ! nor?1 ent]+ ^u a ,scotti% campaign4 ,! body 0 embalm$2 & z ! solemn procession1 :i* ! ,k+ jo9$ ere its />t1 made its sl[ way to ,we/m9/]1 a spot 0 *os5 at ea* halt+ place1 on :i* a monum5t 0 to be rais$4 ,! total numb] ( ^! is n q c]ta91 b ! foll[+ is probably a complete li/ ( !m1 namely3--,l9coln 7:]e ^? p>ts ( ! body remov$ 9 ! embalm+ 7 buri$ 9 ! ,m9/]71 ,gran?am1 ,/am=d1 ,g$d+ton1 ,nor?ampton1 ,/ony-,/rat=d1 ,woburn1 ,dun/able1 ,s4 ,alban's1 ,wal?am1 ,we/ ,*eap1 & ,*>+4 ,all h n[ disappe>$ except ^? at ,g$d+ton1 ,nor?ampton1 & ,wal?am2 & ^! ?ree survivors1 s+ul>ly en\gh1 illu/rate ?ree di/9ct /yles ( con/ruction1 ! gr\nd plan ( ! fir/ be+ a triangle1 ( ! second an octagon1 & ( ! la/ a hexagon4 ,) s _m crosses v>y+ s l>gely 9 design x is probable t !re 7 sev]al ar*itects1 b n _m names h come d[n to u2 ,john de la ,battaile is said to h design$ ! "o at ,nor?ampton1 & ,pietro ,cavall9i ! ,wal?am "o1 ,alex&] ( ,ab+don1 & ,william de ,irel& execut+ ! "w4 ,all ! exi/+ crosses h sev]al /atutes ( ! ,que51 s t we may conclude t ?is 0 a feature common to ! :ole s]ies2 & all 7 adorn$ ) ! arms ( ,engl&1 ,ca/ile1 & ,pon?ieu4 ,! design 9 ea* case is beautiful1 & ! detail$ c>v+1 :e!r 9 ! diap]+ ( ! surface1 or its enri*m5t ) fl[]s1 crockets1 & o!r ar*itectural features1 bo? elaborate & exquisite4 ,*>+ ,cross1 ! cross ( ! belov$ ,que5 7*] re9e71 ! la/ ( ! s]ies1 m ne>ly approa*$ ! ,nor?ampton ,cross ?an ei!r ( ! o!r two :i* rema91 b its plan 0 hexagonal4 ,n a trace or a description ( ! orig9al condition ( mo/ ( ! o!r crosses has be5 h&$ d[n to u4 ,g$d+ton ,cross is 9 a s+ul>ly p]fect /ate1 want+ only its upp] memb] ) ! actual cross4 ,t at ,nor?ampton is simil>ly truncat$4 ,9 ! reign ( ,que5 ,anne a new cross1 q out ( keep+ ) ! re/ ( ! design 0 plac$ ^u ! latt] by ! local ju/ices ( ! places1 :o also adorn$ its faces ) sundials2 ^! h happily be5 aga9 remov$4 ,wal?am ,cross1 :i* _h become s]i\sly decay$1 0 re/or$ e>ly 9 ! pres5t c5tury1 & aga9 m c>efully & satisfactorily 9 #ahhg z a memorial ( ! jubilee ( ! reign ( ,que5 ,victoria4 ,illu/ration3 ,,g$d+ton ,,cross4 ,! ,*eapside ,cross 0 r5ew$ 9 #adhf by ! citiz5s ( ,london1 & aga9 9 #afjj4 ,9 ! excitem5t ( ! religi\s f]m5t ( ! foll[+ c5tury x 0 a great suff]]1 all ! images on x be+ brok5 9 #aeha1 & aga91 ) pr(ane indignity 9 #aeif4 ,its f9al de/ruction took place 9 #afdc "u an ord] ( ! ,long ,p>liam5t1 :i* decre$ ! demolition ( all crosses4 ,bo? ?is &1 x w\ld appe>1 ! e>li] attacks ^u x1 7 ! "w ( a fanatical m9ority m]ely1 :i* c\ld comm& b little popul> sympa?y1 = ,sir ,rob]t ,h>l[1 :o _h *>ge ( ! "w ( de/ruction1 br\ght ) him to ! city a troop ( horse & two companies ( foot to protect ! workm5 f ! rage ( ! citiz5s4 ,! ,cross at ,*>+ 0 probably remov$ at ! same "t4 ,( ! fate ( ! o!rs we h no record2 "s p]haps crumbl$ ) decay1 & 7 neglect$1 o!rs d\btless met a fate simil> to t ( _! ,london si/]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,puritans ,,de/roy+ ,,*eapside ,,cross4 ,! ,wal?am ,cross has prov$ ! mo/ sugge/ive to ar*itects ( subsequ5t times2 among/ o!r in/ances ! ,crimean ,cross1 ne> ,we/m9/] ,abbey1 has be5 =m$ on its design4 ,sir ,g4 ,gilb]t ,scott drew inspiration f ! ,nor?ampton ,cross = ! erection ( ! ,m>tyrs' ,memorial at ,ox=d2 & ne> ,%effield is "o :i* p]haps foll[s1 ?\gh at an imm5se di/ance1 ! type at ,g$d+ton4 ,?is is ! memorial to ! f\r hundr$ victims1 ( ! t]rible epidemic ( *ol]a :i* visit$ ,%effield 9 #ahcb4 ,?is cross1 ! f\ndation-/one ( :i* 0 laid by ,james ,montgom]y1 ! poet1 is *iefly int]e/+ z "o ( ! e>lie/ in/ances ( ! reviv+ ta/e & feel+ = ?is specially appropriate =m ( monum5t4 ,ano!r ,memorial ,cross1 ^: noble size & dignifi$ proportions1 :5 comp>$ ) ! "o la/ nam$1 give ample evid5ce ( ! arti/ic gr[? :i* has accompani$ ?is gr[? ( feel+1 is ! ,s4 ,&rew's ,cross1 at ,plym\?4 ,two crosses ( a diff]5t type to ! ,eleanor crosses are ^? at ,new>k & at ,w$more4 ,! fir/1 :i* consi/s ( a tall %aft on a flight ( bold1 hexagonal /eps1 0 erect$ by ! ,du*ess ( ,norfolk1 z a memorial ( h] husb&1 ,john ,visc\nt ,beaumont1 :o fell at ! battle ( ,t[ton ,moor 9 #adfa4 ,! pres5t head ( ! cross is mod]n4 ,! ,w$more ,cross1 sometimes call$ ,jeffrey's ,cross1 commemorates ! un=tunate c\ntry-folk ( ,som]set%ire1 :o fell 9 ,monm\?'s rebellion1 or 7 but*]$ by ! brutal ,jeffreys aft]w>ds4 ,illu/ration3 ,,crosses ,,at ,,s&ba*1 ,,*e%ire4 ,probably1 c\ld we b deciph] ! allusions int5d$ by _! sculptures1 we %\ld f9d t mo/ ( our anci5t c>v$ crosses 7 orig9ally memorials4 ,almo/ c]ta9ly ! two %afts at ,s&ba*1 9 ,*e%ire1 are su*4 ,^!1 :i* are among/ ! mo/ valuable relics ( e>ly art 9 ?is c\ntry1 dat+ probably f ! eigh?1 or ev5 f ! sev5? c5tury1 7 brok5 into _m pieces & scatt]$ ov] ! di/rict z door/eps1 gate-po/s1 & :at n1 until collect$ & mo/ c>efully re/or$ by ,colonel ,=de1 ! "l ( ! ,manor4 ,! l>g] ( ^! two columns1 ea* ( :i* has lo/ its cruci=m head1 is cov]$ ) sculptures ( sacr$ subjects tak5 f ! ,new ,te/am5t2 we h ! annunciation ( ,s4 ,elizabe?1 & ( ! ,bless$ ,virg9 ,m>y1 ! trial & crucifixion ( our ,"l1 ! apocalyptic emblems ( ! f\r evangeli/s1 & o!r sacr$ sc5es & p]sons4 ,! c>v+s on ! small] cross are ( a secul> "*1 & are suppos$ to repres5t ev5ts connect$ ) ! m>riage ( ,p$a1 ,k+ ( ,m]cia1 to ,al*fl$a1 daught] ( ,oswy1 ,k+ ( ,nor?umbria1 & 8 baptism1 on :i* z a condition t m>riage dep5d$2 mo/ ( ! "w is n[ inexplicable1 ref]r+ to sc5es ( :i* all o!r records are lo/4 ,! /ones ( :i* ^! columns are compos$ are ( ! h>de/ & mo/ durable sort1 & a p]fect en?usiasm ( de/ruction mu/ h be5 requir$ to te> !m d[n & break !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,iona ,,cross4 ,! ,scotti% isl&1 ! fam\s home ( ,s4 ,columba1 has sev]al note-wor?y examples4 ,!y are ( ! s-call$ runic design1 cov]$ = ! mo/ "p ) v elegant c>v+s1 & =m ! mo/ int]e/+ s]ies ( relics left to u 9 t cradle ( nor!rn ,*ri/ianity4 ,none ( !m date back s f> z ! days ( ! great ,abbot1 ^: "n is s int]wov5 ) ! hi/ory ( ,iona1 yet !y are v anci5t & *>act]i/ic4 ,ga!r$ ab\t ,reilig ,odhra91 ! burial-place ( ! isle1 !y be> eloqu5t te/imony to ! sanctity ( ! spot1 to :i* k+s & *iefta9s 7 br\ght = sepul*re ev5 f f> (f ,norway4 ,"o ( ^!1 & p]haps ! mo/ famili>1 /&s on ?ree r\ghly-hewn /eps ov]look+ ! sea2 its ornam5tation consi/+ ( a s]ies ( circles4 ,abbot ,mack9non's ,cross is n[ headless2 ! %aft is cov]$ ) a scroll beautifully design$ ( conv5tional leaves1 & be>s an inscription1 record+ ! date ( its erection1 #adhi4 ,s4 ,m>t9's ,cross is ne> ! ru9$ ca!dral1 & is also c>v$ 9 graceful scrolls 9 :i* ! figures ( snakes & o!r creatures are introduc$4 ,mona/]boice1 or ! ,mona/]y ( ,boe?ius1 a bi%op :o di$ 9 #eba1 situat$ 9 c\nty ,l\?1 has a numb] ( crosses1 sev]al ( :i* are 9 excell5t pres]vation4 ,! ,great ,cross1 z x is call$1 /&s tw5ty-two feet 9 height1 & is on ! s\? side ( ! *ur*4 ,a second example1 :i* is also ne> ! *ur*1 has be5 describ$ z ! mo/ beautiful specim5 ( ,celtic /one-"w n[ 9 exi/5ce1 ?is is ! ,cross ( ,muir$a*4 ,x is cov]$ ) c>v+s ( scriptural sc5es1 & be>s on ! front ! inscription 79 ,erse71 ,pray = ,muir$a*1 by :om ?is ,cross 0 made4 ,! v5]able build] 0 ,abbot ( ,armagh1 & di$ 9 #ibc or #ibd4 ,drumcliff1 ne> ,sligo1 & _m o!r places 9 ,irel& also possess mo/ int]e/+ crosses4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,cr[le ,,/one4 ,a curi\sly c>v$ %aft 9 ! *ur* ( ,s4 ,oswald at ,cr[le1 9 ,nor? ,l9coln%ire1 has be5 suppos$ by _m to be ! %aft ( a v anci5t cross1 & if s1 mu/ almo/ c]ta9ly be includ$ among/ ^? rais$ z memorials4 ,x is cov]$ on "o side ) an involv$ *a9 patt]n r\ghly sugge/+ a snake swall[+ its tail1 & on ! o!r are "s human & animal figures1 ! mean+ ( :i* has nev] be5 satisfactorily expla9$4 ,:at makes ! %aft especially int]e/+ is ! pres5ce ( ! fragm5t ( a runic inscription4 ,! wall into :i* ! ,cr[le /one is built 0 "p ( ! elev5? c5tury *ur* ( ! place1 & ?is anci5t memorial to "s long-=gott5 h]o 0 obvi\sly tak5 f "s neighb\r+ spot & conv]t$ into a l9tel = ! we/ door by ! ,norman build]s4#c ,ano!r memorial cross ( q a diff]5t type is ! ,hall ,cross ( ,donca/]4 ,x 0 erect$ by1 or 9 memory (1 ,oti1 or ,o?o di ,tilli1 /ew>d ( ,conisbor\gh = ! ,e>l ( ,w>r51 "u ,/eph5 & ,h5ry ,,ii4 ,x w\ld h be5 de/roy$ by ! troop]s ( ! ,e>l ( ,man*e/] 9 ! ,civil ,w>1 b = ! action ( ! mayor1 :o succe$$ 9 pres]v+ x2 b 9 #agib x 0 tak5 d[n on mak+ "s alt]ations 9 ! level ( ! road1 & ano!r cross ( ! same "* 0 put up 9 ! foll[+ ye> on ,hall ,cross ,hill4 ,x consi/s ( a c5tre circul> column1 ) f\r o!rs mu* small] plac$ ab\t x1 ea* ( ! five orig9ally t]m9at+ 9 a cross4 ,its memorial "* is pres]v$ by ! old ,norman-,fr5* inscription1 :i* x /ill be>s1 ,ice/ e/ la cruice ,ote di ,tilli a ki alme ,deu en face m]ci4 ,amn4 ,x s]v$ a m gruesome purpose 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 be+ ! spot *os5 = ! exposition ( ! heads ( decapitat$ traitors4 ,among ! simple crosses plant$ 9 su* pr(usion ov] & ar\nd ,d>tmoor are "o or two int]e/+ memorials4 ,roman's ,cross1 at ,leemoor1 a pla9 ,lat9 cross ne>ly six feet 9 height1 /&+ on a circul> base1 is claim$ by a local tradition z m>k+ a spot :]eon ! ,apo/le ,s4 ,paul once prea*$4 ,on ,fox ,tor /ood1 till ab\t #ahab1 a cross rais$ on a v solid squ>e sub-/ructure 9 ?ree ti]s1 kn[n z ,*ilde's ,tomb4 ,"h1 accord+ to ! /ory1 ,*ilde1 a hunt] ( ages long gone by1 met 8 dea? f cold "o /ormy w9t]'s night4 ,! :ole memorial 0 wantonly de/roy$ by "s lab\r]s e>ly 9 ?is c5tury1 b x has rec5tly be5 re-built & surm\nt$ by a new cross4 ,bra ,tor boa/s a mod]n addition to ! ,d>tmoor ,crosses1 "o hav+ be5 erect$ !re 9 memory ( h] ,maje/y's ,jubilee1 & ano!r1 ( a /yle m l(ty & ornate ?an is *>act]i/ic ( ! locality1 has be5 erect$ at ,plympton ,s4 ,m>y 9 memory ( ! ,rev4 ,m]ton ,smi?1 a late vic>1 :o p]i%$ 9 ! ,pyr5ees 9 #ahhc4 ,travell+ yet fur!r we/1 9 ,cornwall1 "o anci5t cross at lea/ is f\nd :i* 0 int5d$ z a memorial ( ! n[ =gott5 dead4 ,9 ! m>ket place ( ,p5zance1 :i* c h>dly1 "u ! circum/ances1 be its orig9al site1 is a cross "s five feet high1 on :i*1 at its removal 9 #ahbi1 f ! c5tre to ! side ( ! squ>e1 7 f\nd ne> ! base ! words1 ,hic procumbunt corpora piorum4 ,?us scatt]$ up & d[n ! l&1 f f> ,iona to ! ,cassit]ides1 is f\nd ! simple b expressive emblem ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 be>+ its sil5t te/imony to ! belief & hope ( all ! ages1 t ?r\gh ! ,cross ! holy dead all sleep 9 peace to rise 9 joy4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,wayside & ,b\nd>y ,crosses4 ,we h se5 h[ ! cross 0 erect$ 9 ! busy m>ket & b5ea? ! %ad[ ( ! great ,ca!dral1 :]e cr[ds hurri$ to & fro1 day by day1 = bus9ess or devotion4 ,x 0 n alone 9 su* popul\s places1 h[ev]1 t ! sign ( salvation re>$ itself to *e] ! we>y travell] ?r\gh life's ways by a message ( fai?1 ( hope1 ( div9e love4 ,9 ! village /reet1 ! lonely trackless moor1 ! mead[ pa?way & ! k+'s high-road1 at e turn & 9 e place 9 m$iaeval ,engl& "o met ! same sacr$ memorial4 ,nay1 ev5 ! hillside itself has be5 scor$ ) x1 z 9 ! case ( ,:iteleaf 9 ,buck+ham%ire1 :]e a cross1 ne>ly "o hundr$ feet long by fifty feet broad1 0 cut at "s unkn[n b remote p]iod 9 ! *alk hill1 by means ( a huge tr5* ov] two feet 9 dep?1 aft] ! fa%ion ( ! m famili> ,:ite ,horse 9 ,b]k%ire4 ,^! num]\s examples are n easily classifi$4 ,if only ! full hi/ory ( _! rais+ c\ld be kn[n1 _m d\btless w\ld fall into classes t h already be5 consid]$4 ,"s w\ld prove to be memorials :i* h fail$ to pres]ve ! memory ( _! f\nd]s2 o!rs may h m>k$ spots1 r\nd :i* ! villag]s ga!r$ to he> s]mons f ! travell+ fri>s1 to li/5 to "s proclamation issu$ by ! "l ( ! manor1 or by ! k+1 or to discuss ^? topics ( local politics or ( public int]e/ :i* might f "t to "t come upp]mo/2 o!rs aga9 m>k$ ! b\nd>ies ( e/ates1 & especially ( ,*ur* l&s4 ,!y 7 9 fact public crosses = no "o special purpose1 b = e public requirem5t ( rural life4 ,9 ! we/ ( ,engl&1 9 ,devon & ,cornwall1 roadside crosses 71 & ev5 n[ are1 rem>kably common4 ,^? ( ! =m] c\nty seem to h g5]ally s]v$ "o ( two purposes1 ei!r to m>k ! b\nd>ies ( l&s1 or to act z guide po/s on ! o!r wise almo/ trackless moorl&s ( ,d>tmoor & ! neighb\rhood4 ,= example1 n f> f ,pr9cet[n /&s "o ( ! l>ge/ ( ! ,d>tmoor ,crosses1 kn[n z ,siw>d's or ,nun's ,cross1 ov] sev5 feet 9 height4 ,on ! we/]n face ( ?is is c>v$1 9 two l9es1 ! ^w ',boc-lond1' m>k+ x z a b\nd>y /one ( ! l&s ( ,buckl& ,abbey1 al?\gh 9 ?is case x 0 adapt$ to t purpose1 n erect$ expressly = x1 ! f\ndation ( ! abbey be+ n s anci5t z ! cross4 ,! abbey dates f #abgh4 ,b5net's ,cross1 aga91 is "o ( ! b\nd>ies ( ,headl& ,w>r51 & ( ! p>i% ( ,bovey ,tracey2 x be>s on its face ! lett]s ,w4 ,b41 /&+ = ,w>r5 ,b\nds2 ! lett]s1 b n ! b\nd>y l9e1 are mod]n4 ,an anci5t track across ! moor1 call$ ! ,abbot's ,way1 :i* =m$ ! mo/ direct me?od ( communication betwe5 ! abbeys ( ,buckl& & ,tavi/ock on ! "o side1 & t ( ,buckfa/ on ! o!r1 0 m>k$ out ) a s]ies ( crosses1 _m ( :i* yet rema94 ,! =ds ( ! ,avon1 on ?is pa?way1 7 indicat$ by ?is means2 ,hunt+don ,cross /ill /&s at "o =d z ( old1 b ,buckl& ,=d ,cross has gone4 ,"s ( ^! wea!r-beat5 /ones h c>v$ on _! sev]al faces ! initial lett]s ( ! t[ns t[>ds :i* ^? faces turn1 z a guide to ! travell]4 ,s&[l ,cross1 n[ a r\gh /one ris+ sc>cely a y>d f ! e>?1 has cut ^u x ! lett]s ,b41 ,t41 ,r41 & ,m41 po9t+ to ,br5t1 ,totnes1 ,k+sbridge1 & ,modbury respectively4 ,simil>ly ,hookmoor ,cross indicates ! direction to be tak5 to rea* ,modbury1 ,br5t1 ,totnes1 & ,plym\?4 ,^! ,d>tmoor ,crosses are int]e/+ z anci5t l&m>ks & b\nd>ies1 & z indications ( ! almo/ in/9ctive way 9 :i* our =efa!rs employ$ ! ,cross = e purpose ( m ?an usual importance2 !y are moreov] n devoid ( a c]ta9 picturesque effect f ! h>mony ( _! rugg$ =ms ) _! moorl& surr\nd+s4 ,!y are n1 h[ev]1 9 ! ord9>y s5se ( ! ^w1 beautiful4 ,!y are mo/ly pla9 ,lat9 crosses1 occasionally m\nt$ on "o or two /eps1 ) no attempt at c>v+ or decoration4 ,nor are !y specially impressive 9 height or size2 ,m]*ant's ,cross1 ne> ,lyn* ,hill1 is ! l>ge/ & /&s b eight feet two in*es high1 & "s are mu* less ?an ?is4 ,"s few ( !m h an incis$ cross cut )9 ! head1 or ev5 runn+ ! :ole l5g?1 b ^? on ! ,moor prop] are ( ! simple/ k9d4 ,on ! bord]s we f9d a few cut by "s slightly m ambiti\s h&4 ,at ,hele is a ,maltese ,cross1 ! section ( ea* ( its limbs be+ an octagon1 & a ,lat9 "o ( ! same section is at ,holne4 ,illu/ration3 ,,rema9s ,,( ,,runic ,,cross1 ,,we/ ,,kirby1 ,,*e%ire4 ,! roadside crosses :i* dot ! neighb\r+ c\nty ( ,cornwall are simil> 9 ?is respect1 t !re are few ( !m ( any great size1 b o!rwise ! type is q diff]5t4 ,!y are mo/ly %afts t]m9at+ 9 circul> or oval heads1 on :i* is ei!r incis$1 or cut 9 relief a cross or crucifix2 9 v few in/ances is ! /one itself cruci=m4 ,a great numb] ( ! ,corni% crosses /ood ne> an anci5t cell or *apel1 s]v+ mu* ! same purpose z a *ur*y>d cross1 o!rs m>k$ ! pa?ways :i* l$ to ^! rude & n[ =gott5 %r9es4 ,=m$ ( ! h>d granite ( ! di/rict1 ! simple1 & sometimes almo/ grotesque1 c>v+s ( ^! monum5ts1 h be5 g5]ally well pres]v$2 & see+ t 9 rec5t ye>s an increas+ am\nt ( int]e/ is %ewn t[>ds !m1 !re is e reason to hope t ! days ( c>eless neglect or wanton de/ruction are ov]4 ,_m crosses h rec5tly be5 reclaim$ f degrad+ uses1 z field gate-po/s & ! l1 & plac$ 9 m seemly situations4 ,a s+ul> cross une>!d at ,we/ ,kirby1 ne> ! ,dee 9 ,*e%ire1 be>s a clos] resemblance to ! *>act]i/ic crosses ( ,cornwall1 ?an to ^? f\nd else:]e 9 ,engl&4 ,! fragm5ts ( ! %aft1 = x is 9 sev]al pieces1 are cov]$ ) +5i\s int]lac+ scrolls1 & ! head has a bold ,lat9 cross )9 a circle cut ^u x4 ,_m o!r examples ( wayside crosses are scatt]$ up & d[n ! c\ntry1 9 a great] or less condition ( pres]vation1 "s ( !m be+ /ill tall & graceful /ructures4 ,at ,aylburton 9 ,gl\ce/]%ire1 is ! l[] portion ( a v sub/antial column1 said by compet5t au?orities to =m "p ( a f\rte5? c5tury cross probably design$ by "s =eign arti/4 ,at ,bromboro1 9 ,*e%ire1 are ! rema9s ( a cross1 well illu/rat+ ! mean+less fa%ion 9 :i* "s ( our anci5t build+s are re/or$4 ,x 0 at "o "t a tall cross ( simple design1 /&+ at ! top ( a flight ( n9e /eps2 b ! upp] memb]1 ! actual cruci=m head1 hav+ be5 de/roy$1 a s5seless /one ball has be5 put 9 its place1 & sundials affix$ to ! %aft4 ,at ,bury?orpe1 9 ,ea/ ,york%ire1 ! head ( :at mu/ once h be5 a beautiful cross is pres]v$ 9 ! g>d5 ( a private h\se4 ,x is foliat$1 & ( a s+ul>ly graceful patt]n1 b :e!r orig9ally a wayside1 or a *ur*y>d cross1 x is impossible to say ) any degree ( c]ta9ty4 ,! ,ea/ ,rid+ has be5 specially un=tunate 9 ! matt] ( wayside crosses1 ( ! _m examples :i* x once c\ld boa/ little has be5 left b a numb] ( /one sockets1 s mutilat$ = ! mo/ "p t local tradition has =gott5 _! orig9 & purpose1 describ+ !m z /one *airs1 /one c(f9 heads1 old fonts1 & s =?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bury?orpe ,,cross4 ,sev]al villages are happy 9 hav+ pres]v$ intact v beautiful examples ( ! wayside cross1 or sc>cely less s 9 hav+ f\nd c>eful & rev]5t re/or]s ( !m :5 9 ru9s4 ,gl\ce/]%ire has "s good specim5s1 z at ,hemp/$ & at ,cle>well4 ,! =m] is a v sl5d] %aft surm\nt$ by a cross ( f\r equal arms )9 a circle2 ! :ole1 save t ! cross is ( ! ,lat9 & n ! ,maltese type1 look+ v l ! cross-head$ /aff :i* =m$ ! badge ( a ,gr& ,ma/] ( ! ,templ>s4 ,! ,cle>well ,cross1 ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 has ! usual features ( /eps1 squ>e base or p$e/al1 & sl5d] %aft1 b ! elegant cross at ! head is ( bold] proportions ?an is f\nd 9 ! majority ( cases4 ,a v simil> erection is ! ,:ite ,fri>s' ,cross at ,h]e=d1 :i* c p]haps claim to be consid]$ a memorial cross1 9 t x 0 built by ,bi%op ,*>lton1 or ,*]leton 7#acfa-acgj7 at ! "t ( an outbreak ( ! plague 9 ! city4 ,x is an excell5t example1 ) a base h]aldically decorat$ & f9i%$ at ! top ) battlem5ts4 ,! head has be5 re/or$4 ,ano!r f9e cross ( ab\t ! same date is at ,head+ton 9 ,ox=d%ire2 x is cr[n$ ) a tab]nacle1 :i* is mod]n & n a good imitation ( anci5t "w ( ! k9d4 ,b "o ( ! mo/ impos+ ( our wayside crosses /&s at ,/allbridge1 ,dorset%ire4 ,x consi/s ( ?ree octagonal /eps on :i* a broad l[ p$e/al is plac$1 f ! c5tre ( :i* rises a %aft ) n>r[ buttresses1 surm\nt$ by tab]nacle "w4 ,! column is adorn$ ) ni*es conta9+ /atues ( ! ,bless$ ,virg9 ,m>y1 ,/4 ,john1 & o!r sa9ts1 & ! tab]nacle is complet$ ) a tap]+ spire end+ 9 a small cross4 ,! :ole /ructure is ?irty feet high4 ,a special class ( wayside crosses has be5 provid$ by ! anci5t cu/om ( plac+ ?is holy sign beside wells & spr+s4 ,f anci5t times an idea ( special sanctity atta*$ itself to spr+s ( bright cle> wat]4 ,x 0 s 9 ! days ( classic ,rome1 & ! ,d]by%ire cu/om ( well-dress+ proves its exi/5ce 9 ! pa/ among/ ourselves4 ,all ov] ! c\ntry we f9d su* spr+s ) a tradition ( be+ holy wells1 & _! frequ5t d$ication 9 ! names ( sa9ts illu/rates ! same fact4 ,canons ( ! *ur* enact$ 9 #ifj1 ord]$ t no well %\ld be v5]at$ except ) ! p]mission ( ! bi%op ( ! diocese2 b s /rong 0 ! popul> sup]/ition1 t simil> enactm5ts 7 call$ = 9 #ajah1 & aga9 9 #aajb4 ,x 0 no d\bt out ( reg>d = ?is popul> e/imation ( wells1 t 9 #iej !y 7 decl>$ to be sanctu>ies1 :i!r ! hunt$ fugitive f ju/ice might flee & be safe4 ,! special fame ( ! wells ( ,s4 ,keyne & ( ,s4 ,w9ifr$ is widely kn[n4 ,su* be+ ! case x 0 a natural ?+ to erect ^u ?is holy gr\nd ! sign ( our salvation1 a practice :i* ! read] w no d\bt rememb] is ref]r$ to by ,sir ,walt] ,scott 9 8 ,m>mion3-- ,:]e %all %e turn8 behold h] m>k ,a little f\nta9 cell1 ,:]e wat]1 cle> z diamond-sp>k1 ,9 a /one bas9 fell1 ,above "s half-worn lett]s say1 ',dr9k1 we>y pilgrim dr9k1 & pray = ! k9d s\l ( ,sybil ,grey1 ,:o built ?is cross & well4' ,j su* a ru/ic roadside erection z t to :i* ,cl>e ?us turn$ = wat] to slake ! ?ir/ ( ! dy+ ,m>mion1 exi/s at ! village ( ,bumpk+ ,leys1 9 ,%rop%ire4 ,a pla9 oblong tr\gh ( /one surr\nds ! well1 & beside x is a small ,lat9 ,cross1 ) an inscription1 n[ indeciph]able save = ! sacr$ initials ,i4,h4,s4 ,we h already notic$ t a well-cross is ! only "o left ( a numb] ( crosses once exi/+ 9 ! city ( ,l9coln4 ,x /&s ne> ! old *ur* ( ,s4 ,m>y-le-,wig=d1 & consi/s ( a squ>e build+1 l a wayside *apel1 ! gable ( :i* once bore ! cross4 ,x is said to be ! f9e/ well-cross 9 ! c\ntry1 & dates f ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,! heavy base ( a cross 9 ,bisley ,*ur*y>d1 9 ,gl\ce/]%ire1 :i* is n[ simply a truncat$ spire1 has be5 suppos$ to cov] a well1 :i* has n[1 h[ev]1 dri$ up or tak5 "s o!r c\rse4 ,& aga9 9 ! same c\nty at ,hemp/$1 ^: wayside cross 0 notic$ above1 ano!r conduit resembl+ ! "o at ,l9coln is f\nd4 ,?is build+1 kn[n z ,our ,lady's ,well1 has ! bases ( two crosses on its gables1 & ni*es = /atutes b5ea? !m4 ,9 ! pres5t c5tury ! well 0 closely built up4 ,! neighb\rhood ( ,london at "o "t _h sev]al well-crosses4 ,! orig9al ,cross at ,tott5ham1 ( :i* ! pres5t "o is b a mod]n imitation1 0 n improbably ( su* a "*2 & ,s4 ,*ad's ,well1 ,s4 ,bride's ,well1 & ! ,cl]k's ,well 7,fons ,cl]icorum71 :i* h giv5 _! names to ! respective di/ricts ( ,%adwell1 ,bridewell1 & ,cl]k5well1 d\btless _h _! crosses likewise4 ,ne> ,madron1 9 ,cornwall1 is a well-*apel cov]+ ! ,madron ,well4 ,?is1 ?\gh only tw5ty-five feet by sixte5 feet1 0 complete ) /one b5*es1 rais$ sacr>ium1 & alt>1 b 0 almo/ de/roy$ by ,major ,ceely 9 ! ,civil ,w>4 ,hel/one also has a holy well1 & a ?ird is ne> ,grade ,*ur*1 all 9 ! same c\nty1 :]e 9 ea* case ! well-cross has develop$ into a way-side *apel4 ,h5ley has a cross :i* des]ves m5tion on acc\nt ( ! subject c>v$ 9 ! tab]nacl$ head4 ,a crucifix fills ! ni*e f side to side1 :ile beh9d x1 & ) h&s uprais$ 9 b5$iction ov] x1 is a cr[n$ & be>d$ figure repres5t+ ! ,div9e ,fa!r4 ,! ,dove1 ! usual emblem ( ! ,holy ,_s1 does n seem to h be5 ins]t$4 ,?is is a type ( c>v+ ( :i* few in/ances h be5 left to u 9 ,engl&1 b "o :i* 0 common 9 m$iaeval ,engli% art1 :e!r ! arti/ wr\ght 9 /one or 9 glass4 ,_m ( ^! wayside crosses1 besides ! well crosses1 _h grant$ to !m1 or acquir$ by popul> cu/om1 ! rights ( sanctu>y2 & d\btless 9 e>ly days1 :5 ! arm ( ! law 0 n long en\gh or /rong en\gh to rea* ?r\gh all ! l5g? & bread? ( ! l&1 & :5 ! k+ himself among/ 8 b>ons1 0 sc>cely m ?an primus int] p>es1 ! =emo/ ( 8 pe]s1 x mu/ h be5 a wise & m]ciful policy1 :i* multipli$ ^! cities ( refuge1 :]e safety 0 gu>ante$ to ! accus$ until 8 case 0 fairly inve/igat$4 ,o!rs ( ^! crosses appeal$ to ! devotion ( c]ta9 classes ( ! p1 l "o :i* /ood at ,k+'s ,we/on1 on ! ,sev]n1 :i* 0 emphatically ! sailor's cross4 ,"h ! m>9]1 aft] a successful voyage1 or p]haps aft] an almo/ unlook$-= escape f ! p]ils ( ! deep1 paid 8 v[s & (f]$ 8 grateful ?anksgiv+4 ,v>i\s civic functions1 also1 took place ar\nd ! high crosses ( ! t[ns1 or ^? ( a simil> "* 9 ! villages4 ,! good folk ( ,folke/one 7 summon$ by ! bla/ ( a horn to assemble at ! *ur*y>d cross be=e proce$+ to elect _! mayor2 & at ,a/on ,rog]s & else:]e1 ! c\rt ( ! "l ( ! manor met at ! cross4 ,! p>i% cross 01 9 a ^w1 9 bygone days ! c5tre ( ! p>o*ial life1 & speaks mo/ conv9c+ly ( ! ext5t to :i* religion ent]$ into ! lives ( ! p4 ,9 times :5 ! p's holidays 7 begun by att5dance at ! ,eu*>i/1 :5 trade gilds _h _! special alt>s 9 ! p>i% *ur*1 :5 e public function naturally includ$ ! (f]+ ( ! great act ( ,*ri/ian wor%ip1 x 0 simply a "p ( a consi/5t national life t ! cross %\ld dom9ate ! m>ket1 %\ld (f] its welcome =m at ea* turn ( ! high-road1 %\ld m>k ! b\nd>ies ( prop]ty1 & cr[n ! hillside & ! cool+ spr+1 z well z /& :]e ! dead lay1 s[n z se$ = ! ,great ,h>ve/1 or gleam f ! light$ alt>1 or t[] above ! wor%ipp]s f ! rood-l(t4 ,9 ! de/ruction ( ^! holy emblems all ,engl& has n suff]$ equally4 ,! we/ has be5 mo/ =tunate2 ,cornwall1 ,devon1 ,som]set%ire1 & ,gl\ce/]%ire1 be+ especially ri* 9 ! numb] & excell5ce ( ! examples /ill pres]v$ 9 a m or less p]fect condition4 ,! ea/]n c\nties h met ) ! h>de/ usage1 ,l9coln%ire & ! neighb\r+ %ires hav+ be5 swept almo/ b>e ( !m4 ,?us briefly we h review$ ! uses ( ! sacr$ symbol ( ! ,cross 9 ,*ri/5dom & especially 9 ,engl&4 ,! field is "o ( well-nigh inf9ite ext5t1 & !re are portions t we h b>ely t\*$4 ,! h]aldic employm5t ( ! sign might fill a book full ( int]e/1 & ev5 ( romance1 & e =eign l& has examples wor?y ( record1 & a hi/ory div]sely wov5 l our own1 ( devotion & iconoclasm1 :i* has its ^w to say bo? to our art & our religion4 ,a fasc9at+ portion ( ! /ory ( ! cross1 :i* lies some:at beyond our scope1 is ! leg5d>y lore t has sprung up ab\t x2 h[ ! wood = ! true cross 0 matur$ = its high purpose1 & h[ !re 0 a my/ic mean+ 9 ! sev]al k9ds ( wood employ$2 h[ ! cross-bill twi/$ h] beak 9 ! va9 endeav\r to drag ! nails f h] ,creator's h&s1 & ! rob9 spla%$ 8 flutt]+ brea/ ) ! ,r$eem]'s blood1 9 a simil> fruitless attempt2 h[ ! pati5t ass 0 sign$ ) ! holy sign 9 memory ( ! sacr$ burd5 t he bore on ! fir/ ,palm ,sunday2 & a score ( o!r leg5ds1 (t5 full ( pa?os & ( graceful fancy4 ,x is pleasant to picture ^? times1 fur!r (f f ours ev5 9 feel+ ?an 9 ye>s1 9 :i* su* fancies 7 wov54 ,! smoke ( factory & m9e _h n !n bla/$ or black5$ ! foliage ( half ! l&1 nor gre5 pa/ures nor ru/l+ woods be5 swall[$ up by an ev] advanc+ tide ( bricks4 ,! _w mov$ sl[ly !n1 & comm]ce & trade 7 9 _! infancy2 yet ! _w 0 beautiful4 ,! /ately m9/] & ! lordly abbey1 ! ru/ic *ur* & ! humble cell /ood 9 /ately gr&eur or 9 simple grace amid ! fields & f>m/eads ( ! p4 ,9 e m>ket place ! tap]+ cross1 !n p]*ance fre% & :ite f ! c>v]'s h&s1 saw ! folk ga!r at its feet to *at & *aff]1 z b5ea? ! %elt] ( a fri5d3 & e highway & byeway 0 m>k$ at int]vals1 l ! great pa?way ( man's life1 ) crosses t are at once emblems ( suff]+ & ( salvation4 ,9 inf9ite v>iety ( =m1 yet always elevat+ 9 purity ( outl9e1 gracefulness ( adornm5t1 & p]haps 9 ri*ness ( col\r1 ^! crosses taught1 unconsci\sly to ! le>n]s1 ! love ( ! beautiful & ! good4 ,! wond]ful gr[? ( ,briti% comm]cial ent]prise1 closely alli$ z x is1 ) ! build+ up ( our colonial empire & ! e/abli%m5t ( our place 9 ! family ( nations1 is n a fact t any ,engli%man c regret4 ,b :5 "o m>ks ! sordid _s1 ! selfi% grasp+ = weal?1 ! apo!osis ( m]e mat]ial prosp]ity1 :i* too (t5 accompany x1 he may well feel t ! con/ant pres5ce ( a symbol :i* speaks ( o!r & high] aims1 is n less1 b m ne$$ n[1 ?an x 0 ( old4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( ! m5tal elevation ( ! p1 also1 ! loss ( s _m treasures ( art _c be too deeply regrett$1 nor _! rebuild+1 if rebuilt 9 ! old _s1 too greatly desir$4 ,we are b j awak5+ to ! realization ( ! fact t ,art is n an amusem5t = ! ri*1 b an educat+1 elevat+1 spiritualiz+ p[] = all4 ,we may rejoice 9 ! weal? ( our manufactur+ cities1 9 ! va/ output ( our f\ndries & our coalpits2 b a factory1 too hide\s 9 its blank1 bald1 monotony ( b>5ess = use z a prison among/ m5 ) eyes & he>ts1 does n comp5sate = ! loss ( an abbey1 ^: e ar*1 & gable1 & /ori$ w9d[1 raises ! s\l to ?\ghts ( ! pure & ! true2 nor c a f\ndry *imney1 ev5 ?\gh its veil ( poison\s smoke repres5t a =tune work+ out b5ea?1 be accept$ 9 ex*ange = ! graceful1 tap]+ cross1 ! v sight ( :i*1 9 its calm /ill beauty1 w\ld *e] ! dwell] 9 our mod]n t[ns l ! glimpse ( an oasis 9 a des]t4 ,9 our s*ools ( all grades "s elem5t>y in/ruction 9 art =ms is n[ consid]$ a necessity1 & some?+ is be+ done = *ildr5 ( a l>g] gr[? by op5+ to !m1 at times :5 ! masses c use !m1 ! treasures ( our museums & picture gall]ies2 h[ l>gely w\ld ^! attempts at popul> in/ruction h be5 aid$ if ! p _h ev] be=e _! eyes ! graceful =ms t ignorance1 c>elessness1 & bigotry h comb9$ to rob u (6 ,& :at an influ5ce might n ! cont9u$ pres5ce ( su* examples among u h _h ^u ! build+ ( our t[ns4 ,x is at lea/ significant t 9 ! days :5 ^! types ( art 7 common 9 ! l&1 ev5 dome/ic ar*itecture %[$ a c]ta9 h>moni\sness ( outl9e2 ! gabl$ ro(1 ! timb]$ front1 ! qua9tly design$ *imney1 =m$ a sett+ n unbecom+ ! jewel 9 our m$iaeval m>ket-places1 & our village /reets4 ,x is only s9ce s _m diff]5t in/ances ( our =efa!rs' ta/e & skill1 fair copies ea* & all = _! successors1 h be5 tak5 f u1 t we h le>nt to build our t[ns 9 a horrid monotony ( dullness4 ,rusk91 9 words ( bit+ =ce1 has def9$ a t[n ( to-day z ! mod]n aggregate ( bad build+1 & ill-liv+ held 9 *eck by con/ables1 :i* we call a t[n1 ( :i* ! wide/ /reets are devot$ by cons5t to ! enc\ragem5t ( vice1 & ! n>r[ ones to ! concealm5t ( mis]y4 ,may we n hope t ! wi% n[ s obvi\s among u to rebuilt s f> z may be1 ^? glori\s piles :i* are in/9ct ) ! beauty ( hol9ess1 is a pro( t we are beg9n+ to realize bo? ! squalor & ! s9 ( ?is condition ( ?+s8 ,s f> we h se51 x may be1 b ! little cl\d no l>g] ?an a man's h&2 may x be inde$ ! e>ne/ ( t refre%+ ra9 = :i* ! l& has pant$1 a reviv+ influ5ce :i* %all make ,engli% art once m ! expression ( a s9c]e & devot$ fai?4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,conclusion4 ,9 our rapid review ( ! v>i\s uses to :i* ! sacr$ figure ( ! cross has be5 put1 we h be5 consid]+ ! mo/ widely-spread illu/ration ( a t5d5cy ( ! human m9d1 namely1 ! univ]sal love ( emblems4 ,?is trait 9 man's "*1 a /range "o1 p]haps1 b a v p[]ful "o1 has be5 =gott5 or ignor$ by ! iconocla/ & ! ,puritan1 & x is ow+ to ?is *>act]i/ic t !y h nev] be5 able to obta9 m ?an a transi5t victory4 ,sc>ce any?+ :i* moves ! he>t ( man1 r\ses 8 en?usiasm1 or b9ds him m closely to 8 fell[s1 b he has commonly repres5t$ x by a symbol4 ,among/ ! e>lie/ ( su* influ5ces 0 ! family or tribal bond c>ry+ u back to days ( patri>*al simplicity4 ,9 ! la/ bless+ be/[$ by ,jacob ^u 8 sons1 we f9d ! e>lie/ allusion to ! family emblem1 9 ! lion ( ,judah1 ! s]p5t ( ,dan1 ! h9d ( ,naphtali1 ,joseph's fruitful b\gh1 & ! o!r symbols ( ! twelve ance/ors ( ! *os5 race4 ,a /rik+ p>allel to ?is catalogue1 9 ! totems ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians1 w occur to almo/ ev]yone4 ,b1 inde$1 ! cu/om ( select+ "s natural object to d5ote ! idea ( ! family 0 well-nigh univ]sal4 ,! inhabitants ( ! ,ea/ ,indies are z famili> ) ! _s ( totemism z _! bre?r5 ( ! we/4 ,9 ,africa1 ! ,hott5tot1 ! ,be*uana1 & o!rs di/+ui% _! tribes by ! figure ( "s animal2 9 f> (f ,*9a ! fl[]s s]ve ! same purpose1 & 9 ,au/ralia ! same practice obta9s "u ! "n ( ,kobong4 ,n to multiply examples1 we may ref] only to ! anci5t ,greek tribes z af=d+ ano!r in/ance1 & sugge/ ! p>allel suppli$ by ! cre/s us$ 9 m$iaeval & mod]n h]aldry4 ,! adoption ( national symbols 0 b ! inevitable ext5sion ( ^! practices1 consequ5t on ! nation1 & n ! tribe1 com+ to be recogniz$ z ! political unit2 & ?us we get ! ,roman ,eagle1 ! ,:ite ,horse ( ! ,saxons1 ! ,black ,rav5 ( ! ,danes1 & ! c\ntless national emblems ( m mod]n times4 ,a clos] analogy to ! use ( ! cross meets u :5 we recall h[1 9 all ages1 ! gods h be5 sugge/$ to _! wor%ipp]s by signs & symbols4 ,! ?und]bolts ( ,jove1 ! lyre ( ,apollo1 ! caduceus ( ,m]cury1 ! hamm] ( ,?or1 are all obvi\s examples4 ,x may be true t _m ( ^! took _! rise at a "t :5 lett]s 7 almo/ unkn[n save to ! le>n$ few1 & ?us ! emblem appeal$ to ^? to :om writt5 words 7 mean+less4 ,yet z le>n+ spreads to ! masses ( ! p1 ! popul>ity ( significant tok5s does n decrease1 b man gives a natural welcome to t :i*1 by a few /rokes or a simple outl9e1 sums up = him ! expression ( a great tru?4 ,& :at figure is s expressive ( ! ,*ri/ian fai? z ! hall[$ symbol ( ! ,cross8 ,to ! ignorant z cle>ly z ! le>n$ x tells ( ! suff]+s :i* pur*as$ our r$emption1 ( ! life ( sorr[ & dea? ( agony volunt>ily und]gone by ! ,god-,man4 ,9 ! light ( t ,r$eem]'s own tea*+1 x speaks ( ! life ( self-abnegation1 ! daily cross-be>+1 to :i* ,8 foll[]s are pl$g$2 & to ! fai?ful x =etells also t fla%+ ( ! ,sign ( ! ,son ( ,man across ! heav5s :i* %all ann\nce ! end ( e>?ly "t4 ,! ,*ri/ians' fai?1 ! ,*ri/ians' life1 ! ,*ri/ians' hope1 all are summ$ up & symboliz$ 9 t "o mo/ sacr$ sign--! ,holy ,cross4 ,,! ,,end ,index4 ,abbot's ,way1 ,d>tmoor1 #ajg ,ab+don1 #gb ,absolution1 ,cross (1 #dj ,aix-la-,*apelle1 ,cross at1 #bc ,alp9e ,crosses1 #hh ,alt> ,cross1 #de2 ,g5evan opposition to1 #df ,ampney ,crucis1 #eg ,angelico1 ,fra1 #bf ,ar*bi%op's ,cross1 #cf ,argyle1 ,duke (1 ,execut$1 #gj ,arms ( ,commonweal?1 #ac ,arms ( ,mod]n ,/ates1 ) ,cross1 #ab ,a/on ,rog]s1 #aae ,a?anasius1 ,s41 quot$1 #cj ,augu/9e1 ,s41 quot$1 #cb ,aylburton ,cross1 #aaj ,badges1 ,cruci=m1 ( ,ord]s ( ,m]it1 #ab ,baptismal ,cross1 #cc ,b5$ict ,biscop1 ,s41 #bj ,b5net's ,cross1 ,d>tmoor1 #ajg ,bisley1 #aad ,bitt]ley ,cross1 #eg ,books1 burn+ (1 #hb ,b\nd>y ,crosses1 #ajg ,boxley1 ,rood ( ,grace at1 #ej ,bri/ol ,cross1 #gj ,broadwood ,widg]1 #fb ,bromboro1 #aaj ,buckl& ,abbey1 #ajg ,bury?orpe1 #aaj ,catacombs1 ,cross 91 #d2 ,crucifix 91 #bj ,cate*um5s sign$1 #cb ,*>+ ,cross1 #ib ,*asubles1 m>k$ ) ,cross1 #ee ,*eapside ,cross1 #ib ,*e/]1 ,high ,cross1 #gb2 ,roodee1 #ea ,*i*e/]1 #ge ,*ilde's ,tomb1 #ajd ,*ipp+ ,campd51 #gf ,*osroes captures ,true ,cross1 #h ,*ryso/om1 ,s41 quot$1 #bi ,*ur*es surm\nt$ ) crosses1 #f ,*ur*y>d ,crosses1 #ef2 ,re/oration (1 #fa ,cic]o on ,crucifixion1 #c ,cle>well ,cross1 #aaa ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria on ,symbols ( ,*ri/1 #ae ,co9s /amp$ ) ,cross1 #f1 #ac ,commonweal?1 ,arms (1 #ac ,confirmation ,cross1 #cc ,consecration ,crosses1 #dj ,con/ant9e1 ,conv]sion (1 #e2 ,use ( ,cross by1 #f ,con/ant9ople1 ,c\ncil (1 #ba ,co/ock1 ,cross at1 #dj ,corni% ,crosses1 #eg1 #aje1 #ajg1 #aji1 #aad ,c\ncil 9 ,trullo1 #bj2 ( ,con/ant9ople1 #ba ,cov5try1 #gb1 #ge ,cricklade ,crosses1 #eg ,creep+ to ! ,cross1 #da2 at ,dunb>1 #db ,crosses 9 ,catacombs1 #d ,cross-=m univ]sal1 #b ,cr[le ,/one1 #ajc2 ,*ur*y>d ,cross at1 #fa ,crucifixes1 ,e>ly examples (1 #bb ,cruci=m ,*ur*es1 #dd ,crusades1 #h ,cu?b]t's1 ,s41 ,cross1 #ci ,cyril1 ,s41 ( ,j]usalem1 quot$1 #bi ,dagm>1 ,que5 ( ,d5m>k1 #bd ,d>tmoor ,crosses1 #ajd1 #ajg ,d$ications to ,s4 ,cross1 #dc ,de/ruction ( ,roods1 #ea ,developm5t ( ,crucifix1 #ad ,d9d> ,cross1 #fa ,disley1 #he ,donca/] ,crosses1 #ge2 ,hall ,cross1 #ajc ,drumcliff1 #ajc ,e>ly ,crosses1 #c1 #d2 ,crucifixes1 #bb2 ,symbols ( ,*ri/1 #ae ,ea/ ,br5t1 #fa ,ea/ ,rid+ ,crosses1 #aaj ,ed9burgh ,m>ket ,cross1 #fe ,eleanor ,crosses1 #hh ,emblems1 ,popul> use (1 #abj ,ensigns *>g$ ) ,cross1 #ab ,ephrem1 ,s41 quot$1 #bi1 #cj ,eu*>i/1 ,cross 91 #ca ,exaltation ( ,cross1 #dc ,eyam ,cross1 #eh ,fa!rs1 ,!1 on ,sign ( ,cross1 #e ,fea/ ( ,exaltation ( ,cross1 #dc2 ( ,inv5tion ( ,cross1 #db ,folke/one1 #aae ,font at ,ilam1 #bc2 at ,tiss+ton1 #bc ,fun]als1 ,cross us$ at1 #da ,fylfot1 #af2 on bells1 #ef ,g$d+ton ,cross1 #ib ,glad/one1 ,w4 ,e41 re/ores ,ed9burgh ,cross1 #fi ,gla/onbury ,cross1 #ga ,gl\ce/]1 #ga ,graffito ,blasfemo1 #d ,h>burton1 #fa ,head+ton1 #aab ,hea!n deities symboliz$ by ,cross1 #a1 #b ,hel5a1 ,s4--see ,true ,cross4 ,hemp/$1 #aaa1 #aad ,h5ley1 #aad ,h]aclius re/ores ,true ,cross1 #h ,h]aldic ,crosses1 #aa ,h]e=d1 prea*+ ,cross1 #hf2 ,:ite ,fri>s' ,cross1 #aab ,hickleton1 #fb ,h[>d1 ,john1 at ,eyam1 #eh ,holy ,cross ,day1 #dc ,holy ,face ( ,lucca1 #bb ,holy ,rood z ,d$ication1 #dc ,holy ,wells1 #aab ,hospitall]s1 ,knights1 #ab ,ilam1 ,font at1 #bc ,imitatio ,*ri/i1 ,au?or%ip (1 #ee ,iron ,acton1 #he ,iron ,cr[n ( ,lomb>dy1 #aa ,iona1 #ajj ,italian ,art1 #be ,jeffreys1 ,judge1 #if ,j]ome1 ,s41 quot$1 #bi ,john1 ,s41 ,knights (1 #ab ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 ,s41 quot$1 #b ,ju/9ian places ,crosses on ,*ur*es1 #f ,k+'s ,we/on1 #aae ,knights1 ( ,s4 ,john1 ( ,malta1 ,teutonic1 #ab ,knox1 ,john1 burnt 9 effigy1 #gj ,lab>um1 ,!1 #e ,lamb ) ,cross1 #af ,lanteglos1 #eg ,le$s ,p>i% ,*ur*1 ,cross 91 #hh ,leg5ds ( ! ,cross1 #aaf ,leighton ,buzz>d1 #gf ,leo ! ,isaurian1 #ba ,l9coln ,crosses1 #ge2 ,well-,cross1 #aac ,london ,well-,crosses1 #aad ,lo?>io1 ,cross (1 #bc ,lucca1 ,holy ,face (1 #bb ,mack9non's ,cross1 ,abbot1 #ajj ,malmesbury1 #gf ,malta1 ,knights (1 #ab ,m>t9's ,cross1 ,s41 ,iona1 #ajj ,m>riages at a ,public ,cross1 #ge ,m>ket ,crosses1 #fe ,may5ce ,cross1 #cd ,mean+ ( ,sign+ ) ,cross1 #cj ,m]cat ,croce1 ,ed9burgh1 #fe ,m]*ant's ,cross1 ,d>tmoor1 #ajh ,mode ( ,sign+ ) ,cross1 #cj ,mohamm$an ,rule 9 ,j]usalem1 #i ,mona/]boice1 #ajj ,monm\?'s ,rebellion1 #if ,montgom]y1 ,jas41 #if ,myrr\re ( our ,lady1 #cj ,nails ( ! ,true ,cross1 #aj ,nev]n ,cross1 #eh ,neville's ,cross1 #hh ,new>k1 #if ,nor?ampton1 #ia ,nor? ,pe!rton1 #fa ,norwi*1 #he ,nun's ,cross1 ,d>tmoor1 #ajg ,ord9ation1 ,cross 91 #cb ,oswald's ,cross1 ,s41 #hg ,palm ,cross1 #fb ,papal ,cross1 #ci ,patri>*al ,cross1 #ch ,paul's ,cross1 ,s41 #gf2 fam\s s]mons at1 #hj2 ,jane ,%ore at1 #ha ,pawnbrok+ by a bi%op1 #he ,pectoral ,cross1 #ci ,p5zance1 #aje ,plym\?1 #if ,prea*+ ,crosses1 #gf ,pre-,*ri/ian ,cross1 #a ,processional ,cross1 #af1 #cd ,rav5na1 ,tomb at1 #bj ,re/oration ( ,roods1 #ed2 ( ,*ur*y>d ,crosses1 #fa2 ( ,ar*bi%op's ,cross1 #ch ,"r ( ,sanctu>y1 #aae ,rivalry ( ,cant]bury & ,york1 #cf ,romsey ,abbey1 #fa ,roods1 #dg2 fam\s examples1 #ej2 ,de/ruction (1 #ea2 ,rood ( ,grace1 ,boxley1 #ej ,rood-l(ts1 #dh2 use (1 #di2 de/roy$1 #ec2 re/or$1 #ed ,roodee1 ,*e/]1 #ea ,r\51 scre5 at1 #ed ,rusk91 quot$1 #aai ,s4 ,ives1 ,cornwall1 #eg ,salisbury1 #gf ,sanctu>y1 ,"r (1 #aae ,s&ba*1 #if ,santa ,croce1 ,rome1 #aa ,scott1 ,sir ,w4 & ,ed9burgh ,cross1 #fh1 #fi2 quot$1 #aac ,s]mons1 fam\s1 at ,s4 ,paul's ,cross1 #hj ,%epton ,mallet1 #gf ,%ore1 ,jane1 at ,s4 ,paul's ,cross1 #ha ,sign ( ,cross1 #d1 #bh2 ,h[ made1 #cj2 ,mean+ (1 #cj ,silve/ro1 ,s41 at ,rome1 #be ,siw>d's ,cross1 ,d>tmoor1 #ajg ,som]sby ,cross1 #eg ,spani% ,crosses1 #hh ,spire ,crosses1 #ef ,/allbridge1 #aab ,/ation ,cross at ,may5ce1 #cd ,symbolism1 #abj ,tatt]/all1 scre5 at1 #di ,tau ,cross1 #a1 #bh ,templ>s1 ,knights1 #ab ,t]tullian1 quot$1 #e1 #cj ,teutonic ,knights1 #ab ,tiss+ton1 font at1 #bc ,title ( ,cross at ,santa ,croce1 #aa ,tomb at ,wirkswor?1 #ai2 at ,rav5na1 #bj ,totems1 #abj ,tott5ham ,cross1 #aad ,t[ton1 ,battle (1 #if ,triple ,cross1 #ci ,true ,cross1 discov]y ( by ,s4 ,hel5a1 #f2 captur$ by ,*osroes1 #h2 fragm5ts (1 #aj2 re/or$ by ,h]aclius1 #h2 ,nails1 #aj2 f9ally lo/1 #aj ,trullo1 ,c\ncil 91 #bj ,types ( ,cross1 #bh ,univ]sality ( ,cross-=m1 #b ,vatican ,cross1 #ai ,v5]ation ( ,wells1 #aab ,wal?am ,cross1 #ie ,w$more1 #if ,weep+ ,cross1 #fb ,well-crosses1 #aab ,we/ ,kirby1 #aaj ,:eatly on ,sign ( ,cross1 #cc ,:iteleaf ,cross1 #ajf ,w9*e/]1 #gf ,wirkswor?1 ,tomb at1 #ai ,x]opotami1 ,crucifix at1 #ba ,y ,cross1 #be ,,hull3 ,,william ,,&rews ,,& ,,co41 ,,! ,,hull ,,press4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,see ,bygone ,d]by%ire1 edit$ by ,william ,&rews1 ,f4,r4,h4,s41 ,hull1 #ahib4 #b ,engrav$1 z are sev]al o!r examples ref]r$ to1 9 ,mrs4 ,jameson's ,hi/ory ( our ,"l1 z exemplifi$ 9 works ( ,art1 vol4 #b4 #c ,see ,bygone ,l9coln%ire1 edit$ by ,william ,&rews1 ,f4,r4,h4,s41 ,hull1 #ahia4 ,,li/ ,,( ,,publications ,,( ,,william ,,&rews ,,co41 #e1 ,,f>r+don ,,av5ue1 ,,london1 ,e4,c4 ,elegantly b\nd 9 clo? gilt1 demy #hvo41 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,old ,,*ur* ,,lore1 ,by ,,william ,,&rews1 ,f4,r4,h4,s4 ,au?or ( ,curiosities ( ! ,*ur*1 ,old ,"t ,puni%m5ts1 ,hi/oric ,romance1 etc4 ,cont5ts3 ,! ,"r ( ,sanctu>y--,! ,romance ( ,trial--,a ,fight betwe5 ! ,mayor ( ,hull & ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,york--,*apels on ,bridges--,*>t] ,horns--,! ,old ,engli% ,sunday--,! ,ea/] ,sepul*re--,/4 ,paul's ,cross--,*eapside ,cross--,! ,bidd5d5 ,maids ,*>ity--,plagues & ,pe/il5ces--,a ,k+ ,cur+ an ,abbot ( ,indige/ion--,! ,s]vices & ,cu/oms ( ,royal ,oak ,day--,m>ry+ 9 a ,:ite ,%eet--,m>ry+ "u ! ,gall[s--,kiss+ ! ,bride--,hot ,ale at ,w$d+s--,m>ry+ ,*ildr5--,! ,pass+ ,bell--,conc]n+ ,c(f9s--,! ,curfew ,bell--,curi\s ,symbols ( ! ,sa9ts--,acrobats on ,/eeples--,a c>efully prep>$ ,index--,illu/rat$4 ,,press ,,op9ions4 ,x mu/ be confess$ t :5 we read ! /atem5t 9 ! preface ( ?is "w t an attempt _h be5 made to bl5d in/ruction ) ent]ta9m5t1 our m9d 0 fill$ ) gloomy =ebod+s4 ,b x seems t we _h no occasion = !m4 ,mr4 ,&rews discusses 8 v>i\s subjects1--,! ,"r ( ,sanctu>y1 ,! ,romance ( ,trial1 ,*>t] ,horns1 ,! ,curfew ,bell1 & s on1--9 s pleasant a /yle1 & ) su* evid5t love ( 8 "w1 t all fe> ( ! dry-z-du/ imm$iately vani%es1 & we f9d ourselves tak+ z great int]e/ 9 anci5t cl]ical usages & cu/oms z he himself does1 & are1 9 fact1 q reluctant to "p ) our guide :5 ! end ( ! volume is rea*$4 ,we feel t we %\ld also m5tion ! excell5t typography ( ! publication1 & ! suitable illu/rations by :i* x is accompani$4--,publi%]s' ,circul>4 ,a wor?y "w on a deeply int]e/+ subject4444 ,we comm5d ?is book /rongly4--,european ,mail4 ,an int]e/+ volume4--,! ,scotsman4 ,! book is em95tly readable1 & may be tak5 up at any mom5t ) ! c]ta9ty t some?+ sugge/ive or ent]ta9+ w pres5t itself4--,glasg[ ,citiz54 ,elegantly b\nd 9 clo? gilt1 demy #hvo41 #gs4 #f;d4 ,curi\s ,*ur* ,glean+s1 ,edit$ by ,,william ,,&rews1 ,f4,r4,h4,s41 ,au?or ( ,curiosities ( ! ,*ur*1 ,old ,*ur* ,lore1 etc4 ,,cont5ts3-- ,:at to ,look = 9 an ,old ,*ur*--,e>ly ,*ur* ,d$ications--,! ,*ur* ,por*--,! ,lights ( a ,m$iaeval ,*ur*--,conc]n+ ,crosses--,mis]icordes--,*ur* ,gilds--,pews ( ! ,pa/--,! ,bi%op's ,?rone--,*antries--,hagioscopes--,"s ,engli% ,%r9es--,! ,*ur* & ! ,well ( ,/4 ,*ad--,burials 9 ,wooll5--,he>se3 ,h[ a ,^w has ,*ang$ its ,mean+--,he>t ,burials ( ,engli% ,p]sons--,boy-,bi%ops--,glean+s f a ,p>i% ,*e/--,a c>efully compil$ ,index4 ,,illu/rat$4 ,press ,op9ions4 ,! volume1 :i* is beautifully pr9t$ & illu/rat$1 w fasc9ate ! read] by its div]sity1 its in/ructive exposition1 & its record ( :at is odd1 my/ical1 & glori\s 9 ! ,*ur*'s annals4--,birm+ham ,daily ,gazette4 ,a mo/ ent]ta9+ "w1 & useful to antiqu>ies & sociologi/s z a book ( ref]5ce4--,le$s ,m]cury4 ,a fund ( qua9t & pleas+ in=mation4--,*e/] ,c\rant4 ,mr4 ,&rews & 8 coadjutors h provid$ a "w :i* w give unqualifi$ pleasure to ! read] ( ! day1 & :i* w prove engross+ to e se>*] aft] ! anci5t & ! curi\s 9 ecclesia/ical hi/ory or /ructure4--,dundee ,adv]tis]4 ,! le>n$ editor ( ?is "w has 9 sev]al volumes prov$ 8 ext5sive acqua9tance ) e>ly records ( ! ,engli% ,*ur*1 & ( ! m>ks %e be>s ( pre-,re=mation times4 ,he 01 !re=e1 well fitt$ = ! task ( prep>+ ?is collection ( pap]s deal+ ) '! byways & highways' ( ,*ur* ,hi/ory 9 ?is c\ntry1 & ! result is a volume t w give pleasure to _m besides ecclesia/ical antiqu>ians4444 ,! writ]s ( ! v>i\s *apt]s %[ ample k ( ! subjects !y treat (1 & consid]able lit]>y p[]s4--,liv]pool ,m]cury4 ,an exce$+ly int]e/+ miscellany1 & w be read ) ! great] enjoym5t t all ! contributors h be5 at pa9s to bani% p$antry f _! articles1 & to write !m 9 a light & gossip+ /yle4--,glasg[ ,h]ald4 ,valuable & int]e/+4--,! ,times4 ,readable z well z in/ructive4--,! ,globe4 ,a valuable addition to any libr>y4--,d]by%ire ,times4 ,! ,bygone ,s]ies4 ,9 ?is s]ies ! foll[+ volumes are includ$1 & issu$ at #gs4 #f;d4 ea*4 ,demy #hvo41 clo? gilt4 ,^! books h be5 fav\rably review$ 9 ! lead+ critical j\rnals ( ,engl& & ,am]ica4 ,c>efully writt5 articles by recognis$ au?orities are includ$ on hi/ory1 ca/les1 abbeys1 biography1 romantic episodes1 leg5d>y lore1 traditional /ories1 curi\s cu/oms1 folk-lore1 etc41 etc4 ,! works are illu/rat$ by em95t arti/s1 & by ! reproduction ( qua9t pictures ( ! old5 "t4 ,,bygone ,,b]k%ire1 edit$ by ,rev4 ,p4 ,h4 ,dit*field1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,s4,a4 ,,bygone ,,*e%ire1 edit$ by ,william ,&rews1 ,f4,r4,h4,s4 ,,bygone ,,d]by%ire1 edit$ by ,william ,&rews1 ,f4,r4,h4,s4 ,,bygone ,,essex1 edit$ by ,william ,&rews1 ,f4,r4,h4,s4 ,,bygone ,,engl&1 by ,william ,&rews1 ,f4,r4,h4,s4 ,,bygone ,,gl\ce/]%ire1 edit$ by ,william ,&rews1 ,f4,r4,h4,s4 ,,bygone ,,k5t1 edit$ by ,ri*>d ,/ead1 ,b4,a4 ,,bygone ,,lanca%ire1 edit$ by ,erne/ ,axon4 ,,bygone ,,leice/]%ire1 edit$ by ,william ,&rews1 ,f4,r4,h4,s4 ,,bygone ,,l9coln%ire 7#b vols471 edit$ by ,william ,&rews1 ,f4,r4,h4,s4 ,,bygone ,,london1 by ,fr$]ick ,ross1 ,f4,r4,h4,s4 ,,bygone ,,nott+ham%ire1 by ,william ,/ev5son4 ,,bygone ,,scotl&1 by ,david ,maxwell1 ,c4,e4 ,,bygone ,,som]set%ire1 edit$ by ,william ,&rews1 ,f4,r4,h4,s4 ,,bygone ,,s\?w>k1 by ,mrs4 ,e4 ,bog]4 ,,bygone ,,surrey1 edit$ by ,george ,cl9* & ,s4 ,w4 ,k]%aw1 ,f4,s4,a4 ,,bygone ,,w>wick%ire1 edit$ by ,william ,&rews1 ,f4,r4,h4,s4 ,,bygone ,,york%ire1 edit$ by ,william ,&rews1 ,f4,r4,h4,s4 ,elegantly b\nd 9 clo? gilt1 ,demy #hvo41 ,price #fs4 ,,bygone ,,engl&3 ,,social ,,/udies ,,9 ,,its ,,hi/oric ,,byways ,,& ,,highways4 ,by ,,william ,,&rews1 ,f4,r4,h4,s4 ,,cont5ts3--,"u ,wat* & ,w>d--,"u ,lock & ,key--,! ,practice ( ,pl$g+--,! ,m9/rel 9 ! ,old5 ,"t--,curi\s ,l&hold+ ,cu/oms--,curiosities ( ,slav]y 9 ,engl&--,buy+ & ,sell+ 9 ! ,old5 ,"t--,curi\s ,fair ,cu/oms--,old ,prejudices aga9/ ,coal--,! ,s$an ,*air--,runn+ ,footm5--,! ,e>ly ,days ( ! ,umbrella--,a ,talk ab\t ,tea--,conc]n+ ,c(fee--,! ,horn ,book--,fight+ ,cocks 9 ,s*ools--,bull ,bait+--,! ,badge ( ,pov]ty--,pat5ts to we> ,nightcaps--,a ,fooli% ,fa%ion--,w$d+ ,notices 9 ! ,la/ ,c5tury--,sell+ ,wives--,! ,/ory ( ! ,t9d] ,box--,! ,inv5tion ( ,friction mat*es--,body ,snat*+--,*ri/mas "u ! ,commonweal?--,"u ! ,mi/letoe ,b\gh--,a c>efully prep>$ ,index4 ,we welcome ',bygone ,engl&4' ,x is ano!r ( ,mr4 ,&rews' m]itori\s a*ievem5ts 9 ! pa? ( popul>is+ ar*aeological & old "t in=mation )\t 9 any way writ+ d[n to an ignoble level4--,! ,antiqu>y4 ,a delightful volume = all :o love to dive into ! orig9 ( social habits & cu/oms1 & to p5etrate into ! byways ( hi/ory4--,liv]pool ,daily ,po/4 ,!re is a l>ge mass ( in=mation 9 ?is capital volume1 & x is s pleasantly put t _m w be tempt$ to /udy x4 ,mr4 ,&rews has done 8 "w ) great skill4--,london ,qu>t]ly ,review4 ,elegantly ,b\nd 9 ,clo? ,gilt1 ,demy #hvo41 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,! ,,lawy] 9 ,,hi/ory1 ,,lit]ature1 ,,& ,,hum\r1 ,edit$ by ,,william ,,&rews1 ,f4,r4,h4,s4 ,,cont5ts4 ,introduction--,law ,among/ ,primitive ,races--,ivo1 ,sa9t & ,lawy]--,b5efit ( ,cl]gy--,*auc]'s ,man ( ,law--,! ,law 9 ,%akespe>e--,revels at ! ,inns ( ,c\rt--,! ,law 9 ,scott--,dick5s' ,lawy]s--,lit]>y ,lawy]s--,! ,law 9 ,rhyme--,fight+ ,lawy]s--,! ,co/ume ( ! ,law--,curi\s ,circuit ,cu/oms--,! ,la/ ,execution = ,wit*craft--,curi\s ,legal ,facts1 ,cu/oms1 & ,fictions--,p 9 ! ,pillory--,am5ities ( ! ,b5* & ! ,b>--,curiosities ( ! ,witness ,box--,! ,law & ,laught]--,lawy]s & ,eloqu5ce--,seal$ & ,deliv]$--,a c>efully compil$ ,index4 ,x w be ga!r$ f ! =ego+ li/ ( cont5ts t ! volume is "o ( unusual int]e/ & value4 ,! "w may be read ) pleasure & pr(it1 & m]its a place 9 ! ref]5ce libr>y4 ,,press ,,op9ions ,a welcome addition to ! light] lit]ature ( ! law4--,! ,times4 ,a consid]able am\nt ( hi/orical & lit]>y in=mation4--,daily ,news4 ,an ent]ta9+ "w4 ,x is ri* 9 ! lore & ! hum\r ( ! law1 & ought to be z int]e/+ to ! layman z to ! lawy]4--,! ,globe4 ,an ent]ta9+ volume4--,man*e/] ,gu>dian4 ,a h&some volume4444 ,! "w is pr9t$ & got up 9 a /yle t does cr$it to ! well-kn[n firm ( publi%]s4--,*e/] ,c\rant4 ,des]ves to be plac$ among/ ! be/ ,engli% books ( ref]5ce4--,/ockport ,adv]tis]4 ,x is a repository ( _m ent]ta9+1 useful1 & surpris+ facts1 ! result ( consid]able rese>*4--,birm+ham ,daily ,gazette4 ,elegantly b\nd1 demy1 #hvo11 #gs4 #f;d4 ,?is is a *>m+ & ev5 captivat+ book4--,fri5ds' ,qu>t]ly ,exam9]4 ,,! ,,quak] ,,poets ,,( ,,great ,,brita9 ,,& ,,irel&1 ,by ,,evelyn ,,noble ,,armitage1 ,,au?or ,,( ,a ,,dream ,,( ,,! ,,gironde1 ,,! ,,poet ,,9 ,,may1 ,,! ,,message ,,( ,,quak]ism1 ,,etc41 ,,etc4 ,! volume op5s ) a brief sket* ( ! ,rise ( ! ,society ( ,fri5ds1 & ,*>act]i/ics ( its ,poetry1 ,biographical ,notices & ,examples ( ! be/ ,poems ( ! foll[+ poets are giv53-- ,jessie ,adams1 ,gulielma ,a4 ,:eel] ,bak]1 ,william ,ball1 ,william ,b>b]1 ,b]n>d ,b>ton1 ,h5ry ,b9ns1 ,james ,beale1 ,m>y ,elizabe? ,beck1 ,l\isa ,bigg1 ,rob]t ,bird1 ,elias ,bockett1 ,hannah ,b[d51 ,john ,le ,gay ,br]eton1 ,elizabe? ,nai% ,capp]1 ,jane ,crewdson1 ,elfrida ,m>y ,cr[ley1 ,doro?y ,cr[ley1 ,?omas ,ellwood1 ,s>ah ,hu/l] ,fox1 ,rob]t ,b>clay ,fox1 ,b5jam9 ,go\*1 ,fanny ,h>ris1 ,john ,h>ris1 ,hannah ,t4 ,h>vey1 ,t4 ,new5ham ,h>vey1 ,?omas ,hodgk91 ,david ,holt1 ,m>y ,h[itt1 ,william ,h[itt1 ,ri*>d ,h[itt1 ,?omas ,hunton1 ,james ,hurn>d1 ,william ,kit*+1 ,m>y ,leadbeat]1 ,wm4 ,h5ry ,lea?am1 ,?omas ,li/]1 ,*>les ,lloyd1 ,elizabe? ,lucas1 ,m>y ,c4 ,mann]s1 ,john ,m>riott1 ,m>y ,moll9eux1 ,amelia ,opie1 ,ell5 ,cl>e ,pe>son1 ,fanny ,a4 ,prideaux1 ,an?ony ,purv]1 ,james ,ni*olson ,ri*>dson1 ,?omas ,clio ,rickman1 ,ri*>d ,ball ,rutt]1 ,john ,scott ( ,amwell1 ,lydia ,%ackleton1 ,lovell ,squire1 ,matilda ,/urge1 ,fr$]ick ,taylor1 ,phillips ,?ompson1 ,william ,phillips ,?ompson1 ,john ,todhunt]1 ,ar?ur ,e4 ,tregelles1 ,anna ,letitia ,w>+1 ,rob]t ,sp5ce ,watson1 ,deborah ,webb1 ,anna ,l\isa ,we/combe1 ,hannah ,m>ia ,wigham1 ,?omas ,wilk9son1 ,james ,h4 ,wilson1 ,?omas ,h5ry ,wright4 ,,press ,,op9ions4 ,! book ?r\gh\t is a good example ( s*ol>ly & appreciative edit+4--,! ,times4 ,! book is well wor? read+1 & ev9ces signs ( c>eful selection & treatm5t ( !mes4--,liv]pool ,daily ,po/4 ,mrs4 ,armitage's book 0 wor? compil+1 & has claims on o!rs ?an memb]s ( ! ,society ( ,fri5ds4--,newca/le ,daily ,lead]4 ,! volume is well wor? c>eful /udy4--,man*e/] ,gu>dian4 ,! au/]e simplicity ( ,quak] co/ume has1 we believe1 be5 consid]ably mitigat$ ( late1 & ! bonnet ( drab1 :i* ,b]n>d ,b>ton sang s en?usia/ically1 is no long] de rigueur 9 ! ,society ( ,fri5ds4 ,! outw>d g>b ( ?is ,quak] an?ology symbolises ?is relaxation = ! sumptu>y laws ( co/ume2 = in/ead ( a sev]ely grave b9d+1 ,mrs4 ,armitage's publi%]s h s5t =? h] collection 9 ! =m ( a p>ticul>ly h&some & attractive octavo ( ! ample/ dim5sions4 ,"s sixty or sev5ty poets are repres5t$1 ea* selection be+ prec$$ by a page or two ( biographical & critical matt]4--,iri% ,mon?ly4 ,! book has be5 compil$ ) c>e1 & ! biographical sket*es are well r5d]$4 ,x is elegantly got up1 & w d\btless be widely read4--,fri5ds' ,qu>t]ly ,exam9]4 ,! book c h>dly fail to be widely read z its /]l+ m]it becomes kn[n4--,ha/+s ,obs]v]4 ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable features ( ?is volume is ! fact t ( ! sixty-five poets sket*$ & quot$ 9 its pages1 n few] ?an tw5ty-six are wom54 ,x is d\btful :e!r any o!r religi\s body c\ld produce an equal proportion ( female s+]s4--,glasg[ ,h]ald4 ,! volume has an introduction ( t5 well-writt5 pages on ! rise ( ,quak]ism & ,quak] poetry1 :i* fitt+ly leads up to ! cond5s$ biographical notices ( ea* au?or ^: works are quot$4444 ,! book is admirably done1 & ! editor is entitl$ to ! ?anks ( all :o are int]e/$ 9 ! pres]vation ( ! lit]ature ( ! ,society ( ,fri5ds4--,*ri/ian ,lead]4 ,j publi%$4 ,cr[n #hvo41 #ccj pp4 ,a ,portrait ( ! ,au?or & o!r ,illu/rations4 ,price #c_/f4 ,,! ,,r$1 ,,r$ ,,w9e1 ,,by ,,! ,,rev4 ,j4 ,,jackson ,,wray4 ,?is1 z its "n implies1 is a temp]ance /ory1 & is told 9 ! lam5t$ au?or's mo/ graphic /yle4 ,we h nev] read any?+ s p[]ful s9ce ',danesbury ,h\se1' & ?is book 9 /]n & pa!tic e>ne/ness ev5 excels t widely-kn[n book4 ,x is wor?y a place 9 e ,sunday ,s*ool & village libr>y2 &1 z ! late/ utt]ance ( "o ^: writ+s are s des]v$ly popul>1 x is sure ( a welcome4 ,x %\ld give decision to "s ^: views ab\t ,local ,option are hazy4--,joyful ,news4 ,! /ory is "o ( rem>kable p[]4--,! ,temp]ance ,record4 ,an excell5t & int]e/+ /ory4--,! ,temp]ance ,*ronicle4 ,x is writt5 9 a graphic & conv]sational /yle1 ab\nd+ ) rapidly-succe$+ incid5ts1 :i* arre/ & su/a9 ! int]e/ ( ! read]4--,! ,league ,j\rnal4 ,x is j ! "r sort ( book = a prize or pres5t1 & %\ld f9d a place 9 e ,b& ( ,hope & ,sunday ,s*ool libr>y4--,! ,ab/a9]'s ,advocate4 ,a pa!tic int]e/ atta*es to ?is volume1 x be+ ! la/ legacy ( ,mr4 ,jackson ,wray4 ,x is a /ory ) a purpose--to advocate ! claims ( total ab/95ce4 ,! plot is laid 9 a small village ( ! ,ea/ ,rid+ ( ,york%ire1 & ! au?or sket*es ! awful ravages ( intemp]ance 9 t small community4 ,! victims include a m9i/]1 doctor1 & _m o!rs :o f\nd1 :5 too late1 t ! r$1 r$ w9e bite? l a s]p5t4 ,?\gh t]ribly reali/ic1 ! picture is drawn f life1 & e tragical incid5t _h its c\nt]p>t among ! dwell]s 9 t village4 ,x is a heal?y & p[]ful temp]ance tale1 & a fe>less exposure ( ! quiet dr9k+ t 0 s common 9 respectable circles ?irty ye>s ago4 ,x %\ld f9d a place 9 our s*ool libr>ies to be read by eld] s*ol>s4--,me?odi/ ,times4 ,?is is a p[]ful /ory1 ! la/ f ! p5 ( an indefatigable work] & true fri5d ( ! total ab/95ce cause4 ,! sc5e ( ! o'er true tale is laid 9 ,ea/ ,york%ire1 ! au?or's native di/rict1 :i* he knew & lov$ s well4 ,! *>act]s appe> to be drawn f life1 & e *apt] has a vivid & t]rible int]e/4 ,! fri5d%ip betwe5 old ,a>on ,brigham & ,little ,kitty is t\*+4 ,! tale ( tr\ble1 sorr[1 & utt] ru9 wr\ght by ! demon ( /rong dr9k might well r\se e man1 woman1 & *ild to fight ! de/roy]1 :i*1 9 ! unfold+ ( ! /ory1 we see enslav+ m9i/] & p1 %am+ ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 break+ he>ts all r\nd1 & wreck+ ! de>e/ hopes ( individuals & families4 ,a /rik+ & pitiful tale1 n ov]drawn4--,alliance ,news4 ,elegantly ,b\nd1 ,cr[n #hvo41 price #bs4 #f;d4 ,faces on ! ,que5's ,highway1 ,by ,,flo4 ,,jackson4 ,?\gh (t5e/ to be f\nd 9 a p5sive mood1 ! writ] ( ?is v da9ty volume ( sket*es is always v sweet & w9n+4 ,%e has evid5tly a true arti/'s love ( nature1 & 9 a few l9es c limn an autumn l&scape full ( col\r1 & ! life :i* is on ! d[n slope4 ,& %e c tell a v tak+ /ory1 z witness ! sket* ,at ! ,inn1 & ,! ,ma/] ( ,:ite ,hags1 & all h] *>act]s are real1 live fle%-&-blood p1 :o d ?+s naturally1 & give v great pleasure to ! read] accord+ly4 ,miss ,jackson's gifts are ( a v high ord]4--,ab]de5 ,free ,press4 ,a *>m+ly writt5 s]ies ( sket*es & /ories by ,flo ,jackson1 publi%$ "u ! happy title ,faces on ! ,que5's ,highway4 ,! writ] possesses descriptive p[]s ( a high ord]1 & h] vision>y glimpses ( ! pass]s on ! pat* ( highway beyond ! curta9$ w9d[1 appeals /rongly to "o's bett] & nobl] feel+s4--,*e/] ,c\rant4 ,?is volume be>s ! "n1 z its au?or1 ( ,flo ,jackson1 a tal5t$ writ]1 ^: sket*es & /ories we h (t5 read ) pleasure4 ,we c promise ! same exp]i5ce = read]s ( ?is volume1 :i* conta9s "s ( ,miss ,jackson's typical "w 9 prose4 ,9 ,w9t] ,mood1 ,at ! ,inn1 ,! ,j\rney ( ! ,leaves1 ,safe at ,la/1 & ! sket*es 9 ,faces are specim5s ( a high /&>d ( lit]>y excell5ce4 ,) a poetic & imag9ative nature ! writ] comb9es a happy p[] ( expression1 & %e is ?us enabl$ to pa9t a picture :i* easily arre/s ! att5tion4 ,at ! ,inn1 already nam$1 is a %ort /ory1 :i* = its arti/ic effect & its pa?os w\ld su/a9 ! reputation ( "o ( our lead+ au?ors4 ,?r\gh\t ! book !re is a _s ( t5d] ref9em5t2 :ile !re are num]\s features likely to attract ! read]1 !re are none to repel him4 ,! prevail+ /yle is z unconv5tional z ! introduction1 :i* is a pretty dep>ture f ! or?odox mode ( b[+ to ! read]4--,bri/ol ,obs]v]4 ,,price ,,"o ,,%ill+4 ,a v ent]ta9+ volume4--,birm+ham ,daily ,gazette4 ,a ,lawy]'s ,secrets4 ,by ,,h]b]t ,,lloyd1 ,,au?or ,,( ,,! ,,*ildr5 ,,( ,,*ance1 ,,etc4 ,,press ,,op9ions4 ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,lloyd gives u a succession ( /ories :i* may reasonably be tak5 to h _! orig9 9 ! exp]i5ce ( a lawy] practis+ at l>ge 9 ! crim9al c\rts4 ,x is natural t !y %\ld be ( a romantic nature2 b romance is n =eign to a lawy]'s consult+ room1 s t ?is fact ne$ n be *>g$ aga9/ ?is lawy]'s v]acity4444 ,! /ories1 sev5 9 all1 cov] ! gr\nd ( fraud & murd]1 inspir$ by ! prevail+ causes ( crime--gre$ & jeal\sy4 ,our lawy] is happy 9 hav+ ! majority ( 8 cli5ts ! innoc5t victims ( false *>ges inspir$ & fo/]$ 9 a great measure by _! own folly2 b ?is is a natural phase ( pr(essional exp]i5ce1 & we are only conc]n$ ) ! fact t he g5]ally manages x z effectively 9 ! int]e/s ( 8 cli5ts z 8 editor does 9 pres5t+ !m to 8 audi5ce4--,lit]>y ,_w4 ,a volume ( ent]ta9+ /ories4444 ,! book has mu* ! same int]e/ z a volume ( detective /ories1 except t putt+ ! cases 9 a lawy]'s m\? gives !m a c]ta9 fre%ness4 ,x is well writt51 & makes a capital volume = a railway j\rney4--,! ,scotsman4 ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,lloyd has add$ a v ent]ta9+ volume to ! light] lit]ature ( ! day4 ',a ,lawy]'s ,secrets' are a *>m+ly-told s]ies ( %ort /ories1 full ( life & incid5t1 )\t sugge/+ ! impossible4 ,! pr(essional c>e] ( ! lawy] ab\nds 9 int]e/+ confid5ces1 expla9+ _m ( ! app>5t my/]ies :i* s frequ5tly crop up4 ,mr4 ,lloyd +5i\sly lets 8 read]s--& !y no d\bt w be num]\s--into ! secrets ( a highly-respect$ firm ( solicitors1 ^: cli5ts furni% ! rem>kable cases conta9$ 9 ! volume4 ,c>e has be5 tak5 n to we>y ! read]1 :o is af=d$ a v ext5sive range ( s5sations 9 crime to p]use4 ,aft] ',a ,d\ble ,consultation' comes ',*>g$ ) ,!ft1' foll[$ by ',a ,tragic ,bankruptcy4' ,!n ',a ,curi\s ,love ,/ory' is n>rat$1 & ! my/]y associat$ ) a ',wilful ,murd]' is solv$ by ',! ,miss+ ,clue4' ,! s]ies is pleasantly conclud$ by an adv5ture ( ',an ,au/ralian ,heiress1' & if ,mr4 ,lloyd is good en\gh at a subsequ5t p]iod to divulge fur!r secrets1 we are sure !y w be he>tily welcom$ by a wide circle ( fri5ds4--,birm+ham ,daily ,gazette4 ,may be recomm5d$ = %ort5+ a railway j\rney or a simil> purpose4--,ab]de5 ,free ,press4 ,a ,second & ,*eap ,edition4 ,,price1 #a_/- ,*ildr5 ( ,*ance1 ,by ,,h]b]t ,,lloyd4 ,extracts f ,press ,op9ions4 ,9 %ort we h little b praise = ?is book4444 ,! read]'s int]e/ is ar\s$ f ! fir/1 & is su/a9$ to ! end4 ,!re is pa?os 9 ! /ory1 & !re is hum\r1 & ,mr4 ,lloyd writes v gracefully & t5d]ly :]e grace & t5d]ness are ne$$4--,birm+ham ,daily ,gazette4 ,! /ory 444 is full ( action & movem5t1 & is nev] dull4--,! ,scotsman4 ,fcap #dto4 ,bevell$ bo>ds1 gilt tops4 ,price #ds4 ,fam\s ,fro/s & ,fro/ ,fairs 9 ,great ,brita94 ,*ronicl$ f ! ,e>lie/ to ! ,pres5t ,"t4 ,,by ,,william ,,&rews1 ,f4,r4,h4,s4 ,only #djj copies pr9t$1 ea* copy numb]$1 & only #bj rema9 on sale4 ,?ree curi\s full-page illu/rations4 ,?is "w furni%es a c>efully prep>$ acc\nt ( all ! great ,fro/s occurr+ 9 ?is c\ntry f ,a4,d4 #acd to #ahhg4 ,! num]\s ,fro/ ,fairs on ! ,?ames are fully describ$1 & illu/rat$ ) qua9t woodcuts1 & sev]al old ballads relat+ to ! subject are reproduc$4 ,x is ta/efully pr9t$ & elegantly b\nd4 ,,press ,,op9ions4 ,a v int]e/+ volume4--,nor!rn ,daily ,telegraph4 ,a great deal ( curi\s & valuable in=mation is conta9$ 9 ^! pages4444 ,a comely volume4--,lit]>y ,_w4 ,! "w f fir/ to la/ is a mo/ attractive "o1 & ! arts alike ( pr9t] & b9d] h be5 br\ght into "o to give x a pleas+ =m4--,wakefield ,free ,press4 ,an int]e/+ & valuable "w4--,we/ ,middlesex ,times4 ,! book is beautifully got up4--,b>nsley ,indep5d5t4 ,?is *ronology has be5 a task dem&+ ext5sive rese>* & consid]able lab\r & pati5ce1 & ,mr4 ,&rews is to be he>tily congratulat$ on ! result4--,d]by ,daily ,gazette4 ,a volume ( mu* int]e/ & great importance4--,ro!rham ,adv]tis]4 ,q up to date4--,hull ,daily ,mail4 ,cr[n #hvo41 #adj pp42 fancy cov]1 #as42 clo? b\nd1 #bs4 ,,/epp+ ,,/ones ,,to ,,socialism4 ,,by ,,david ,,maxwell1 ,c4,e4 ,,cont5ts3--,9 a reasonable & able mann] ,mr4 ,maxwell deals ) ! foll[+ topics3--,! ,popul> mean+ ( ! ,^w ,socialism--,"l ,salisbury on ,socialism--,:y ,!re is 9 ,_m ,m9ds an ,antipa?y to ,socialism--,on ,"s ,sociali/ic ,views ( ,m>riage--,! ,"q ( ,private ,prop]ty--,! ,old ,political ,economy is n ! ,way ( ,salvation--,:o is ,my ,neighb\r8--,progress1 & ! ,condition ( ! ,lab\r]--,good & ,bad ,trade3 ,prec>i\s ,employm5t--,all ,popul> ,movem5ts are ,help+ on ,socialism--,mod]n ,lit]ature 9 ,relation to ,social ,progress--,prun+ ! ,old ,!ological ,tree--,! ,*ur*es3 ,_! ,sociali/ic ,t5d5cies--,! ,future ( ! ,e>? 9 ,relation to ,human ,life--,socialism is ,bas$ on ,natural ,laws ( ,life--,humanity 9 ! ,future--,preludes to ,socialism--,=eca/s ( ! ,ultimate ,=m ( ,society--,a ,pisgah-top ,view ( ! ,promis$ ,l&4 ,,press ,,op9ions4 ,! au?or has evid5tly reflect$ deeply on ! subject ( ,socialism1 & 8 views are broad1 equitable1 & q up to date4 ,9 a score or s ( *apt]s he discusses ,socialism f manifold po9ts ( view1 & 9 its manifold aspects4 ,mr4 ,maxwell is n a fanatic2 8 book is n dull1 & 8 /yle is n amateuri%4--,hull ,daily ,mail4 ,!re is a good deal ( *>m ab\t ,mr4 ,maxwell's /yle4--,nor!rn ,daily ,news4 ,! book is well wor?y ( p]usal4--,hull ,news4 ,! read] :o requires m intimate acqua9tance ) a subject t is (t5 "u discussion at ! pres5t day1 w d]ive mu* int]e/ f a p]usal ( ?is little "w4 ,:e!r x exactly expresses ! views ( ! v>i\s sociali/s !mselves is ano!r matt]1 b inasmu* z ^! c seldom agree ev5 among !mselves1 ! objection is sc>cely s s]i\s z might o!rwise be ?\ght4--,publi%]s' ,circul>4 ,a temp]ate & rev]5t /udy ( a great "q4--,london ,qu>t]ly ,review4 ,mr4 ,david ,maxwell's book is ! timely expression ( a ri*ly-furni%$ m9d on ! curr5t problems ( home politics & social e?ics4--,ea/]n ,morn+ ,news4 ,price1 ,"o ,%ill+4 ,! ,/udies ( a ,sociali/ ,p>son4 ,,by ,,! ,,rev4 ,w4 ,h4 ,,abraham1 ,m4,a4 7,london74 ,! volume consi/s ( s]mons & addresses1 giv5 mo/ly at ! ,/4 ,augu/9e's ,*ur*1 ,hull4 ,! au?or 9 8 preface says1 ,x is ! duty ( ! cl]gyman to try & und]/& :at ,socialism is1 & to lead m5 f ! false ,socialism to ! true4 ,,cont5ts3--,! ,work+-man1 ,pa/ & ,pres5t3 ,a ,hi/orical ,review--,:i!r are we go+8--,national ,righte\sness--,! ,true ,value ( ,life--,*ri/ian ,socialism--,jesus ,*ri/1 ! ,true ,sociali/--,socialism1 ?r\gh ,*ri/ or )\t ,him8--,! ,great ,bread ,puzzle--,lab\r ,day1 ,may #a1 #ahib--,! ,p1 ! ,rul]s1 & ! ,prie/s--,fri5dly ,societies--,trades' ,unions--,! ,p's ,*ur*--,on "s ,social ,que/ions--,! ,greate/ ,help to ! true ,social ,life--,! ,great ,i ,am--,god z a pres5t =ce--,signs ( ! ,times4 ,! foll[+ are select$ f a l>ge numb] ( fav\rable notices3-- ,! volume is des]v+ ( all praise4--,glasg[ ,h]ald4 ,an admirable contribution to ! solution ( difficult problems4 ,mr4 ,abraham has mu* t is valuable to say1 & says x well4--,spectator4 ,em95tly readable4--,nor!rn ,daily ,news4 ,! book is nicely pr9t$ & got up4--,ea/]n ,morn+ ,news4 ,! book is z a :ole s5sitive & sugge/ive4 ,! timely words on ',dec5cy 9 ,j\rnalism & ,conv]sation' des]ve to be widely read4--,london ,qu>t]ly ,review4 ,elegantly ,b\nd1 ,cr[n #hvo41 #cs4 #f;d4 ,biblical & ,%akespe>ian ,*>act]s ,comp>$4 ,/udies ( ,life & ,lit]ature4 ,,by ,,! ,,rev4 ,,james ,,bell4 ,betwe5 ! ,hebrew ,bible & ,%akespe>e !re exi/s "s int]e/+ & in/ructive po9ts ( resemblance1 especially 9 respect ( _! ways ( life & "*4 ,no d\bt c]ta9 inevitable diff]5ces also exi/ betwe5 !m1 b ^! d n hide ! resemblance2 r !y s]ve to set x1 s to speak1 9 bold] relief4 ,! au?or 9 ?is volume treats ( ?is /rik+ resemblance1 "u c]ta9 phases1 betwe5 ,hebrew ,prophecy & ,%akespe>ian ,drama4 ,! foll[+ are ! *ief ,/udies :i* f9d a place 9 ! "w3--,hebrew ,prophecy & ,%akespe>e3 a ,comp>ison--,eli & ,hamlet--,saul & ,macbe?--,jona?an & ,horatio--,david & ,h5ry ,v4--,epilogue4 ,! foll[+ %ort extracts are select$ f a l>ge numb] ( reviews ( ,mr4 ,bell's book3-- ,"o ( ! mo/ sugge/ive volumes we h met ) = a long "t4--,birm+ham ,daily ,gazette4 ,an int]e/+ book4--,nor? ,briti% ,daily ,mail4 ,a deeply int]e/+ book4--,! ,me?odi/ ,times4 ,a highly int]e/+ & +5i\s "w4--,briti% ,weekly4 ,elegantly b\nd 9 clo? gilt1 demy #hvo41 #fs4 ,,york%ire ,,family ,,romance4 ,,by ,,fr$]ick ,,ross1 ,f4,r4,h4,s4 ,,cont5ts3--,! ,synod ( ,/reone%alh--,! ,doom$ ,heir ( ,osmo!rley--,/4 ,eadw9e1 ! ,royal ,m>tyr--,! ,vic]oy ,siw>d--,phases 9 ! ,life ( a ,political ,m>tyr--,! ,murd]]'s ,bride--,! ,e>ldom ( ,wiltes--,blackfac$ ,clif=d--,! ,%eph]d ,"l--,! ,felons ( ,ilkley--,! ,+ilby ,bo>'s ,head--,! ,el& ,trag$y--,! ,plumpton ,m>riage--,! ,topcliffe ,insurrection--,burn+ ( ,cott+ham ,ca/le--,! ,alum ,work]s--,! ,maid5 ( ,m>blehead--,rise ( ! ,h\se ( ,phipps--,! ,traitor ,gov]nor ( ,hull4 ,,press ,,op9ions4 ,! grasp & ?or\ghness ( ! writ] is evid5t 9 e page1 & ! book =ms a valuable addition to ! lit]ature ( ! ,nor? ,c\ntry4--,g5tlewoman4 ,_m w welcome ?is "w4--,york%ire ,po/4 ,elegantly b\nd 9 clo? gilt1 demy #hvo41 #fs4 ,,leg5d>y ,,york%ire4 ,,by ,,fr$]ick ,,ross1 ,f4,r4,h4,s4 ,,cont5ts3--,! ,en*ant$ ,cave--,! ,doom$ ,city--,! ,worm ( ,nunn+ton--,! ,devil's ,arr[s--,! ,giant ,road ,mak] ( ,mulgrave--,! ,virg9's ,head ( ,halifax--,! ,dead ,arm ( ,/4 ,oswald ! ,k+--,! ,translation ( ,/4 ,hilda--,a ,miracle ( ,/4 ,john--,! ,beatifi$ ,si/]s--,! ,dragon ( ,wantley--,! ,miracles & ,gho/ ( ,watton--,! ,murd]$ ,h]mit ( ,eskdale--,! ,calv]ley ,gho/--,! ,bewit*$ ,h\se ( ,wakefield4 ,,press ,,op9ions4 ,x is a "w ( la/+ int]e/1 & _c fail to delight ! read]4--,bev]ley ,record]4 ,! hi/ory & ! lit]ature ( our c\nty are n[ receiv+ m>k$ att5tion1 & ,mr4 ,&rews m]its ! support ( ! public = ! production ( ?is & o!r int]e/+ volumes he has issu$4 ,we _c speak too highly ( ?is volume1 ! pr9t+1 ! pap]1 & ! b9d+ be+ faultless4--,driffield ,obs]v]4 ,,price1 ,,"o ,,%ill+4 ,if anyone wi%es to become a ,b>ri/]1 he %\ld read--to use ! words ( ! ,london ,globe--a pleasant little volume1 entitl$ ,,9 ,,! ,,temple4 ,,by ,a ,,b>ri/]-,,at-,,law4 ,?is book op5s ) a *apt] on ! hi/ory ( ! ,temple4 ,next foll[s an acc\nt ( ! ,knight ,templ>s4 ,! /ory ( ! ,devil's ,own is giv5 9 a graphic mann]4 ,a ,sket* ( ,*ri/mas 9 ! ,temple is includ$4 ,9 an ent]ta9+ mann] ! read] is in=m$ h[ to become a ,templ>1 ! mann] ( keep+ t]ms is describ$1 & la/ly1 ! "w concludes ) a *apt] on call p>ties4 ,,! ,,press4 ,?is book 0 well receiv$ by ! critical press4 ,x 0 describ$ 9 ! ,man*e/] ,exam9]1 z ,an ent]ta9+ little book4 ,9 ! ,law ,times ! cont5ts are said to be amus+ & int]e/+ sket*es4 ,said ! ,g5tlewoman x consi/s ( ,pleasant gossip ab\t ! b>ri/]s' qu>t]4 ,william ,&rews ,co41 ,publi%]s1 #e1 ,f>r+don ,av5ue1 ,london1 ,e4,c4 ,! ,press on ,messrs4 ,william ,&rews ,co4's ,pr9t+ & ,b9d+4 ,! book is v h&somely got up4--,dundee ,adv]tis]4 ,a rem>kably h&some volume1 typographically equal to ! be/ production ( any ,european capital4--,nor? ,briti% ,daily ,mail4 ,! book is entitl$ to un/9t$ praise on ! gr\nd ( admirable pr9t+ & b9d+4--,%ields ,daily ,gazette4 ,w be> comp>ison ) ! be/ "w ( ! fir/ publi%+ firms 9 ,london or ,ed9burgh1 ! pr9t+ & pap] be+ ev]y?+ ! mo/ fa/idi\s c\ld desire4--,bo/on ,indep5d5t4 ,! book is h&somely br\ght out4--,scotsman4 ,beautiful "w 9 typography & b9d+4--,york%ire ,po/4 ,v pretty b9d+4--,publi%]s' ,circul>4 ,mo/ elegantly b\nd & ta/efully pr9t$4--,hull ,daily ,mail4 ,beautifully b\nd & pr9t$4--,daily ,*ronicle4 ,! lett]press is beautifully cle>4--,birm+ham ,daily ,gazette4 ,! pr9t]'s "p is p]fectly done4--,india4 ,! book is h&somely got up4--,man*e/] ,gu>dian4 ,! book is excell5tly pr9t$ & b\nd4--,libr>y ,review4 ,h&somely pr9t$4--,newca/le ,*ronicle4 ,a notice ( ,bygone ,scotl& concludes z foll[s3--,! book =ms a spl5did addition to ! works ( ! same s]ies all pr9t$ at ! ',hull ,press1' &1 l all its pr$ecessors1 is pr9t$ 9 ! exceptionally beautiful /yle :i* m>ks ! productions ( ,mr4 ,&rews' e/abli%m5t4 ,mr4 ,&rews is a bookmak] p> excell5ce4--,pr9t+ ,_w4 ,,! ,,hull ,,press1 #a1 ,,dock ,,/reet1 ,,hull4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,passages 9 italics are indicat$ by italics4 ,graphic *>act]s are repres5t$ by ,x4