,ar*ive_/,am]ican ,libr>ies47 ,a ,,/udy ,,( ,,spla%es ,,by ,,! ,,same ,,au?or4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,fir/ ,,c\rse ,,( ,,physical ,,laboratory ,,practice4 ,,conta9+ #bfd ,,exp]im5ts4 ,) ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #ds4 #f;d4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,dynamics ,,( ,,rotation4 ,,an ,,elem5t>y ,,introduction ,,to ,,rigid ,,dynamics4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #ds4 #f;d4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,longmans1 ,,gre51 ,,& ,,co4 ,,london1 ,,new ,,york1 ,,bombay1 ,,& ,,calcutta4 ,illu/ration3 ,p]man5t ,spla%es left :]e a ,projectile has ent]$ an ,arm\r-plate4 ,see page #abj4 ,a ,,/udy ,,( ,,spla%es ,,by ,a4 ,m4 ,,wor?+ton ,c4,b41 ,m4,a41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,,headma/] ,,& ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,physics ,,at ,,! ,,royal ,,naval ,,eng9e]+ ,,college1 ,,devonport ,,) #aig ,,illu/rations ,,f ,,in/antane\s ,,photographs ,,longmans1 ,,gre51 ,,& ,,co4 #ci ,,pat]no/] ,,r[1 ,,london ,,new ,,york1 ,,bombay1 ,,& ,,calcutta #aijh ,all rights res]v$ ,,d$icat$ ,,to ,,! ,,natural ,,hi/ory ,,society ,,( ,,rugby ,,s*ool ,,& ,,its ,,=m] ,,presid5t ,,ar?ur ,,sidgwick ,,9 ,,remembrance ,,( ,,! ,,enc\ragem5t ,,giv5 ,,to ,,! ,,e>ly ,,obs]vations ,,made ,,9 ,,boyhood ,,by ,,my ,,old ,,s*ool-,,fri5d ,h4 ,f4 ,,newall ,,f ,,:i* ,,?is ,,/udy ,,sprang4 ,,preface ,?is publication is an attempt to pres5t 9 a =m acceptable to ! g5]al read] ! outcome ( an inquiry conduct$ by ! aid ( in/antane\s photography1 :i* 0 begun ab\t f\rte5 ye>s ago4 ,! au?or1 9 #ahid1 _h occasion to lecture at ! ,royal ,in/itution on ! ,spla% ( a ,drop1 ( :i* he _h already made a some:at prolong$ /udy4 ,t lecture1 :i* 0 subsequ5tly repr9t$ 9 ! ,romance ( ,sci5ce s]ies by ! ,society = ,promot+ ,*ri/ian ,k1 dealt l>gely ) ! spla% ( a drop fall+ on a solid plate1 ) :i* ! pres5t volume is n conc]n$4 ,at ! close ( ! lecture 7 exhibit$ = ! fir/ "t a few photographs ( "s ( ! ph5om5a n[ dealt )1 :i* ! au?or _h j succe$$ 9 tak+ ) ! help ( 8 fri5d ,mr4 ,r4 ,s4 ,cole4 ,! success ( ! photographs & ! additional in=mation !y af=d$ l$ to a long photographic inve/igation1 :i* =m$ ! subject ( two pap]s,a 9 ! ,transactions ( ! ,royal ,society4 ,except = two magaz9e articles1,b ! results ( ?is "w h n be5 pres5t$ to ! g5]al public4 ,moreov]1 9 ! illu/rations pr9t$ by ! ,royal ,society mu* ( ! beauty ( ! orig9al photographs 0 lo/ 9 ! reproduction1 or 0 sacrific$ 9 a selection ( :i* ! only object 0 ! elucidation ( po9ts ( te*nical sci5tific int]e/4 ,if ! pres5t volume is s =tunate z to f9d _m read]s among ! g5]al public1 z ! au?or hopes x may1 especially among ! "y ^: eyes are /ill quick to obs]ve1 & ^: m9ds are eag]1 x w be on acc\nt ( admiration = ! exquisite beauty ( "s ( ! =ms assum$1 ( surprise at ! revelation ( s mu* :]e s little 0 expect$1 & because ( ! peculi> fasc9ation t is always felt 9 foll[+ any gradually *ang+ natural ph5om5on1 9 :i* ! sequ5ce ( ev5ts c1 p>tly at any rate1 be anticipat$ & und]/ood4 ,= ! sake ( s]i\s /ud5ts ( ,physics :o may be int]e/$ 9 unexpect$ ph5om5a ( fluid motion1 all ref]5ces t seem necess>y h be5 giv5 9 footnotes1 & x may be m5tion$ t ! lat] photographs ( ,s]ies ,i & ^? ( ,s]ies ,i-a & ,,iii1 h n be5 previ\sly publi%$1 & af=d new in=mation on c]ta9 po9ts4 ,9 tak+ ^! photographs ! au?or has be5 mu* help$ by 8 fri5ds ,dr4 ,g4 ,b4 ,bryan & ,mr4 ,g4 ,f4 ,page4 ,a4 ,m4 ,w4 ,,tavi/ock1 ,sept4 #ah1 #aijg4 ,add$ ,m>* #a1 #aijh4 ,a slight delay 9 ! publication ( ?is book has af=d$ ! opportunity ( obta9+ ! new & q unexpect$ in=mation giv5 9 ! supplem5t>y *apt]4 ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,*apt] ,i ,,prelim9>y--,,me?ods ,,( ,,obs]vation ,,& ,,app>atus #a ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,spla% ,,( ,a ,,drop--,,l[ ,,fall #ae ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,pr9ciples ,,involv$ #cb ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,spla% ,,cont9u$ #da ,,*apt] ,v ,,high] ,,falls--,,bubble-,,build+ #ec ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,bel[ ,,! ,,surface #fi ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,! ,,two ,,k9ds ,,( ,,spla%es ,,( ,,solid ,,sph]es #gc ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,! ,,transition ,,f ,,! ,,smoo? ,,or ,,%ea? ,,spla% ,,to ,,! ,,r\gh ,,or ,,basket ,,spla% #ie ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,! ,,explanation ,,( ,,! ,,cause ,,( ,,diff]5ce ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,two ,,spla%es #ajh ,,*apt] ,x ,,conclusion #aah ,,*apt] ,,xi 7,,supplem5t>y7 ,a ,,new ,,ph5om5on ,,t ,,appe>s ,,) ,,an ,,increase ,,9 ,,! ,,velocity ,,( ,,entry ,,( ,a ,,r\gh ,,sph]e #aba ,,footnotes3 ,a ,impact ) a ,liquid ,surface1 by ,wor?+ton & ,cole4 ,phil4 ,trans4 ,roy4 ,soc41 ,a #aic1 #ahig1 & ,a #bee1 #aijj4 ,b ,pe>son's ,magaz9e1 ,july & ,augu/1 #ahih4 ,a ,,/udy ,,( ,,spla%es ,,*apt] ,i ,,prelim9>y--,,me?ods ,,( ,,obs]vation ,,& ,,app>atus ,!re w be b few ( my read]s :o h n1 9 "s heavy %[] ( ra91 beguil$ ! t$ium ( en=c$ wait+ by wat*+1 p]haps half-unconsci\sly1 ! ?\s& little cry/al f\nta9s t />t up f ! surface ( pool or riv]2 not+ n[ & !n a surr\nd+ coronet ( less] jets1 or "h & !re a bubble t floats = a mom5t & !n vani%es4 ,x is to ?is app>5tly insignificant transaction1 :i* always has be5 & always w be s famili>1 & to o!rs ( a l nature1 t ,i desire to call ! att5tion ( ^? :o are int]e/$ 9 natural ph5om5a2 hop+ to %>e ) !m "s ( ! delight t ,i h myself felt1 9 contemplat+ ! exquisite =ms t ! cam]a has reveal$1 & 9 wat*+ ! progress ( a multitude ( ev5ts1 compress$ inde$ )9 ! limits ( a few hundr$?s ( a second1 b none ! less ord]ly & inevitable1 & ( :i* ! sequ5ce is 9 "p easy to anticipate & und]/&1 :ile 9 "p x taxes ! highe/ ma!matical p[]s to elucidate4 ,9 ^! mod]n days ( k9ematographs & snap%ot cam]as x might seem an easy matt] to foll[1 by ! aid ( photography1 ev5 a spla%+ drop4 ,b 9 reality ! task is n s simple1 = ! *anges ( =m t take place 9 a spla% are f> too rapid to come )9 rea* ( any ord9>y k9ematograph1 & ev5 ! quicke/ photographic %utt] is also mu* too sl[1 s t x is necess>y to h rec\rse to ! f> %ort] exposure ( a suitable electric sp>k4 ,! orig9als ( ! photographs :i* illu/rate ?is book 7 tak5 by means ( a sp>k1 ^: duration 0 c]ta9ly less ?an ?ree-million?s ( a second1 an int]val ( "t :i* be>s to a :ole second ab\t ! same proportion z a day to a ?\s& ye>s4 ,9 ord] to obta9 ! photographs1 advantage 0 tak5 ( ! fact t :atev] be ! sequ5ce ( ev5ts 9 any p>ticul> spla%1 ?is sequ5ce w be exactly repeat$ e "t t a fall+ drop /rikes ! surface "u exactly ! same conditions1 & ! problem to be solv$ 01 !re=e1 z foll[s3--,to cause a drop ( def9ite size to fall f a def9ite height 9 absolute d>kness s z to /rike ! surface ( ! liquid into :i* x falls at a spot t[>ds :i* is direct$ a photographic cam]a ) uncov]$ l5s1 & arm$ ) an exceptionally s5sitive plate1 & to illum9ate ! drop at ! in/ant t x j t\*es ! surface by a fla% ( su* excessively %ort duration t no appreciable *ange ( =m c take place :ile ! drop is illum9at$4 ,?is gives u a photograph ( ! e>lie/ /age4 ,! plate mu/ !n be remov$ & a fre% "o sub/itut$2 a second drop1 ( exactly ! same size1 mu/ be let fall f exactly ! same place1 & photograph$ 9 j ! same way1 b ! fla% mu/ n[ be s tim$ z to take place at a slightly lat] /age ( ! spla%1 say1 "o-?\s&? ( a second lat]4 ,! photographic plate mu/ be !n aga9 remov$ & a ?ird sub/itut$1 on :i* a /ill lat] /age is to be depict$1 & 9 ?is way ! ph5om5on c be foll[$ /ep by /ep4 ,by adopt+ ?is process1 & n attempt+ to foll[ ! same individual spla% ?r\gh\t1 we avoid two great difficulties3 7#a7 ! necessity ( %ift+ our photographic plate or film ?r\gh a di/ance equal to ! bread? ( ! :ole picture e five hundr$? or ?\s&? ( a second 7if we wi% to obta9 pictures ( /ages s ne> toge!r z ?is72 & 7#b7 ! difficulty ( obta9+ brilliant fla%es ( light ( suffici5tly %ort duration at ^! v %ort int]vals4 ,= ^! we sub/itute two o!r difficulties3 7#a7 t ( deliv]+ ! drops exactly z requir$2 & 7#b7 t ( tim+ ! fla% on ea* occasion )9 "o or two ?\s&?s ( a second1 s z to pick out ! exact /age we wi% to photograph4 ,i w n[ describe h[ ^! two problems h be5 solv$4 ,x is easy en\gh to arrange = ! production ( small drops ( almo/ exactly equal size4 ,!y may be all[$ to fall "o by "o at a /eady rate f ! end ( a f9e glass tube connect$ to a vessel 9 :i* ! liquid is ma9ta9$ at a con/ant level1 z 9 ,fig4 #a1 or !y may be squeez$ out sl[ly z requir$ by means ( a syr+e held 9 a clip z 9 ,fig4 #b4 ,any requir$ numb] ( ^! small drops c be caught1 & all[$ to run toge!r if a l>g] drop is to be exp]im5t$ )4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b ,if ! liquid us$ is m]cury1 ! drops may be caught 9 any little glass cup su* z a deeply concave wat*-glass2 b o!r liquids1 su* z wat] or milk1 w\ld wet ! glass & /ick to x4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! inside surface ( ! wat*-glass be fir/ c>efully smok$ 9 ! flame ( a c&le1 !n ev5 wat] or milk w roll ov] x )\t /ick+1 & ! drop ?us made up w reta9 a sph]oidal =m1 & c be convey$ to ! place ( obs]vation 9 ! d>k room1 :]e x is transf]r$ to ! dropp+ cup4 ,?is consi/s ( a simil>1 deep1 smok$ wat*-glass 7,w7--see ,plate ,i--support$ on ! end ( a small horizontal lev]1 a light cyl9drical rod ( ab\t ! dim5sions ( an ord9>y uncut lead p5cil1 pivot$ ab\t a horizontal axle ne> ! end to :i* ! wat*-glass is atta*$4 ,! o!r end is arm$ ) a small light piece ( iron 7,i7 & is held 9 position by means ( an electro-magnet 7,m71 aga9/ ! action ( a spr+4 ,on cutt+ (f ! curr5t f ! electro-magnet ! spr+1 act+ z a catapult1 tosses up ! long] arm ( ! lev] & ?us removes ! wat*-glass f bel[ ! drop 7,d71 :i* is left unsupport$ 9 mid-air1 s t x falls f a def9ite fix$ di/ance into a b[l ( wat] plac$ bel[ x1 t[>ds ! surface ( :i* ! cam]a 7,c7 is direct$4 ,?is solves problem numb] "o4 ,( c\rse1 if we wi% to obs]ve ! spla% ( a solid sph]e1 !re is no ne$ to smoke ! surface ( ! wat*-glass4 ,inde$1 ! sph]e may be m conv5i5tly support$ on a small r+4 ,n[ = ! production & tim+ ( ! fla%4 ,two l>ge ,leyd5 j>s 7,,jj7 are provid$1 & *>g$ by an electrical ma*9e on _! inn] coats1 "o positively & "o negatively4 ,/\t wires lead f ! out] coats to ! d>k room1 & t]m9ate 9 a sp>k-gap 7,s7 betwe5 magnesium t]m9als close ov] ! surface ( ! wat] 9 ! b[l j m5tion$4 ,if ! inn] coats are n[ connect$ toge!r1 ! positive & negative *>ges unite ) a dazzl+ fla% & a simultane\s dis*>ge & fla% takes place betwe5 ! two out] coats across ! sp>k-gap 9 ! d>k room4 ,?is latt] is ! illum9at+ sp>k2 we h n[ to "t x correctly4 ,= ?is purpose x is arrang$ t ! dis*>ge %all be effect$ by means ( a fall+ metal sph]e 7,t7 :i* ,i %all call ! tim+ sph]e1 :i* passes betwe5 two t]m9als ,s & ,s connect$ "o to ! inside ( "o j> & "o to ! inside ( ! o!r4 ,^! t]m9als are j too f> ap>t = a sp>k to leap across1 till ! tim+ sph]e passes betwe5 !m & ?us %ort5s ! gap2 !n ! dis*>ge takes place1 ) its accompany+ fla% 9 ! d>k room4 ,! release ( ! tim+ sph]e is effect$ by an arrangem5t ( lev] & spr+ controll$ by an electro-magnet exactly simil> to t :i* releases ! drop 9 ! d>k room1 & ! two electro-magnets are on ! same electric circuit1 s t ! drop & tim+ sph]e are releas$ simultane\sly4 ,b :ile ! drop always falls ! same di/ance1 ! height ?r\gh :i* ! tim+ sph]e has to fall be=e produc+ dis*>ge c be adju/$ at w1 & to great nicety1 by mov+ its releas+-lev] up or d[n a v]tical support ) a scale atta*$4 ,if1 = example1 a p>ticul> /age ( ! spla% is photograph$ :5 ! tim+ sph]e falls j f\r feet to ! gap1 !n by rais+ its releas+-lev] ab\t two-fif?s ( an in*1 ! laws ( fall+ bodies tell u t we %all po/pone ! fla% by j "o-?\s&? ( a second1 & ! next photograph w accord+ly reveal a /age j s mu* lat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,i ,arrangem5t ( app>atus = photograph+ spla%es4 ,,laboratory ,e is ! electrical ma*9e4 ,j ,j are ! ,leyd5 j>s ^: inn] coats are connect$ to ! sp>k+ knobs ,s ,s4 ,l is ! lev] = releas+ ! tim+ sph]e ,t4 ,c is ! catapult4 ,i is ! light /rip ( iron held d[n by ! electro-magnet ,m4 ,,d>k ,,room ,d is ! drop re/+ on ! smok$ wat*-glass ,w4 ,m is ! electro-magnet hold+ d[n ! lev] aga9/ ! action ( ! catapult1 by means ( ! ?9 /rip ( iron ,i4 ,c is ! cam]a direct$ t[>ds ! liquid ,l into :i* ! drop w fall4 ,s is ! sp>k-gap betwe5 magnesium t]m9als connect$ to ! out] coats ( ! ,leyd5 j>s4 ,r is ! concave mirror4 ,x ought /ill to be m5tion$ t to make ! utmo/ use ( ! illum9at+ p[] ( ! sp>k1 x is necess>y to place close beh9d x a little concave mirror 7,r71 by means ( :i* a compact beam ( rays1 :i* w\ld o!rwise h be5 wa/$1 is direct$ to ! requir$ spot4 ,by ?is addition we imitate1 9 m9iature1 ! se>*-light ( a man-(-w>4 99 99 99 99 99 ,z ) all exp]im5tal devices1 ! precision atta9able ) ?is arrangem5t is limit$ by sev]al circum/ances4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! demagnetization ( ! iron cores ( ! electro-magnets1 :5 ! curr5t is cut (f1 is n truly in/antane\s1 & ! "t requir$ dep5ds on ! /r5g? ( ! magnetiz+ curr5t & on ! temp]ature ( ! iron1 :i* 9 turn w dep5d on ! l5g? ( "t = :i* ! curr5t has be5 runn+4 ,?is v>iation w\ld be ( no importance if ! two magnets 7 exactly alike & ! spr+s ( exactly equal /r5g?1 conditions :i* c be ne>ly b n p]fectly fulfill$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,ii ,photographs tak5 to te/ ! accuracy ( ! tim+4 #a #b #c #d #e ,a m important s\rce ( unc]ta9ty arises f ! fact t ! "t at :i* ! sp>k takes place dep5ds p>tly on ! magnitude ( ! & - *>ges :i* h be5 all[$ to accumulate on ! dis*>g+ knobs connect$ to ! two ,leyd5 j>s1 = :5 ^! *>ges are l>g]1 !n ! sp>k w be long] & w take place e>li] & be=e ! tim+ sph]e has rea*$ ! mid-position4 ,! *>g+ has !re=e to be c>efully wat*$ by means ( ! indications ( a suitable electromet]1 & ! tim+ sph]e mu/ on ea* occasion be releas$ :5 ! *>ges h j rea*$ ! "r value4 ,b ev5 ?is does n entirely suffice1 = ! passage ( ! sp>k dep5ds also p>tly on ! /ate ( ! surface ( ! knobs1 :i* _c be kept at any high degree ( poli%4 ,/ill1 :5 c>e is tak5 to keep ! conditions z ne>ly z possible con/ant1 nei!r ( ^! s\rces ( error is s]i\s1 & ! read] c judge = himself ( ! accuracy ( ! tim+ f ! photographs giv5 on ,plate ,,ii1 9 :i* a solid sph]e 0 let fall 9 ! d>k room pa/ a metre scale4 ,! tim+ sph]e 0 arrang$1 9 ! fir/ f\r photographs1 to illum9ate x at ! same /age 9 its fall1 aft] a desc5t ( ?irty c5timetres2 if ! tim+ _h be5 p]fect ! sph]e w\ld appe> on ea* occasion at ! same m>k on ! scale4 ,x w be obs]v$ t 9 ! fir/1 second1 & f\r? photographs ! fall+ sph]e is almo/ accurately bisect$ by ! long l9e ( ! ?ree-in* m>k on ! "r-h& edge ( ! scale4 ,! greate/ diff]5ce ( position be+ j ab\t "o millimetre 7z read (f ! left-h& scale71 :i* w\ld correspond to an error ( ab\t #a_/bgjj ( a second4 ,b ! ?ird photograph is e>li]1 %[+ ! sph]e #d4e millimetres high] up1 a di/ance :i* implies an error ( j #a_/fjj ( a second4 ,a fif? photograph 0 !n tak51 ) ! tim+ arrang$ s z to illum9ate ! sph]e "o c5timetre high] up1 & x w be se5 t if we comp>e ?is ) ,no4 #c1 ! error is aga9 only "o millimetre4 ,?us ,nos4 #c & #e agree v closely1 b disagree ) ,nos4 #a1 #b1 & #d by ab\t #a_/fjj ( a second4 ,! photographs !mselves supply ! reason4 ,= !re happ5s to be visible on ea* an 7out-(-focus7 image ( ! sp>k1 & ?is image is v mu* ! same 9 #a1 #b & #d1 b mu* l>g] & bright] 9 #c & #e1 %[+ t ! knobs 7 !n m highly *>g$1 :i* w\ld acc\nt = ! sp>k occurr+ a little too e>ly4 ,b :5 we are wat*+ ! spla% made by ! fall ( a liquid drop1 in/ead ( a solid sph]e1 !re is a new & m s]i\s s\rce ( difficulty4 ,= ! drop z x lies on ! smok$ glass cup is n p]fectly sph]ical1 b is flatt5$ by its own weight1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #c1 & on ! sudd5 removal ( ! support+ cup x oscillates betwe5 an oval =m1 elongat$ v]tically1 & a flatt5$ =m 7see ,fig4 #d74 ,^! oscillations are unavoidable1 & _! ext5t w dep5d p>tly on ! am\nt ( adhesion betwe5 ! smok$ surface & ! drop1 & z ?is adhesion is nev] entirely abs5t & is v>iable1 dep5d+ p>tly on ! l5g? ( "t t ! drop has be5 ly+ 9 ! cup1 x foll[s t ! drop w always receive a slight tug d[nw>ds at />t+1 :i* w be great] on "s occasions ?an on o!rs4 ,on ?is acc\nt n only w ! "t tak5 to rea* ! wat] v>y slightly1 b ! drop w /rike x sometimes :5 elongat$ & sometimes :5 flatt5$1 & ! result+ spla% w be affect$ by ?is circum/ance4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d ,! f\r photographs on ! next page 7 tak5 9 succession 9 ord] to af=d ! read] an opportunity ( judg+ = himself ! sort ( accuracy atta9able :5 a liquid drop 0 conc]n$4 ,! fall 0 #cj c5tim41 & ! greate/ discrepancy is #d4h millimetres1 correspond+ to #a_/efj ( a second4 ,?us ev5 "h ! error does n am\nt to two-?\s&?s ( a second4 ,illu/ration3 ,photographs tak5 to te/ ! tim+ ( a fall+ drop4 #a #b #c #d ,) high] falls ! tim+ sph]e is mov+ m quickly pa/ ! dis*>g+ knobs1 & ! error due to a long] or %ort] sp>k is correspond+ly less1 s t x appe>s safe to say t ! accuracy ( ! tim+ 0 su* t1 :5 all precautions 7 tak51 any desir$ /age c\ld be pick$ out )9 two-?\s&?s ( a second4 ,x is n h[ev] pret5d$ t ! precautions necess>y = ! mo/ accurate tim+ 7 always tak51 especially 9 ! e>li] ,s]ies ( ,photographs1 = ! ma9 object ( ! exp]im5ts 0 to f9d out :at happ5$1 & only incid5tally to asc]ta9 exactly h[ long x took to happ51 & !re is no d\bt t on "s occasions1 ?r\gh ! smoke-film be+ all[$ to we> away1 adhesions to ! dropp+ cup occurr$1 ) a correspond+ di/urbance ( ! tim+1 be=e ! defect 0 notic$ & rem$i$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e ,photograph ( ! edge ( a rapidly :irl+ disc4 ,x rema9s to m5tion1 = ! sake ( ^? int]e/$ 9 photography1 t not)/&+ ! s5sitiv5ess ( ! plates & ! brilliance ( ! illum9at+ sp>k1 its duration 0 s %ort t ! negatives 7 always "u-expos$4,c ,i h m5tion$ t ! effective duration ( ! sp>k 0 less ?an ?ree-million?s ( a second4 ,! evid5ce = ?is is ! accompany+ photograph 7,fig4 #e71 tak5 ( a c>dbo>d disc :5 rotat+ at a rate ( fifty-?ree turns p] second2 ! disc 0 #bb cm4 9 diamet]1 & _h be5 r\ghly graduat$ r\nd ! edge ) p5 & ink4 ,! photograph ( ! "p t 0 9 focus %[s no p]ceptible blurr+ ( ! edge ( ! m>ks1 & ) a l5s1 a blurr+ ( "o-t5? ( a millimetre w\ld be easily detectable4 ,s9ce ! edge 0 mov+ at a rate ( #cf4e metres p] second 7ab\t #gh miles p] h\r71 ! "t tak5 to trav]se "o-t5? ( a millimetre w\ld be r less ?an ?ree-million?s ( a second4 ,h5ce we may conclude t ! illum9ation did n la/ s long z ?is4 ,! weakness ( ! negatives 0 met by a prolong$ developm5t ( ab\t =ty m9utes 9 a saturat$ solution ( eikonog54 ,?is =bade ! use ( any artificial light1 & all ! photographic processes _h to be conduct$ 9 absolute d>kness4 ,to avoid ! t$ium ( long wait+ 9 ! d>k room1 a light-tight tray 0 con/ruct$1 9 :i* sev]al develop+ di%es c\ld be plac$1 & ! :ole br\ght out into ! daylight & suitably rock$4 ,9 ?is way t5 or twelve photographs c\ld be develop$ simultane\sly4 ,x may be wor? :ile to m5tion "h t ! bright sp>k giv5 by break+ ! prim>y circuit ( an induction coil at ! surface ( m]cury 0 f\nd to be ( mu* too long duration to be useful = ! purposes ( spla%-photography4 ,,footnotes3 ,c ,! plates :i* ,i h mo/ly us$ h be5 ,?omas's ,a #a ord9>y4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,spla% ,,( ,a ,,drop--,,l[ ,,fall ,we w n[ turn to ! photographic record itself4 ,! fir/ s]ies %[s ! spla% ( a drop ( wat] weigh+ 4#b ( a gram1 & !re=e #g4cf millimetres 7or r less ?an "o-?ird ( an in*7 9 diamet]1 fall+ #dj cm4 7ab\t #af in*es7 into milk mix$ ) wat]4 ,! object ( add+ milk to ! wat] 0 to make x m visible4 ,! addition ( milk makes1 z we %all see1 a little b n mu* diff]5ce 9 ! g5]al "* ( ! spla%4 ,! scale ( ! figures is ?ree-qu>t]s ( ! actual size4 ,! numb] writt5 aga9/ any figure gives1 on ! assumption t no unobs]v$ error has crept 91 ! "t 9 decimal p>ts ( a second t has elaps$ s9ce ! /age m>k$ ,t #j1 :i* is ne>e/ to ! fir/ in/ant ( contact4 ,! read] w und]/& f :at has be5 said t ! error 9 any ( ^! times may be z mu* z two-?\s&?s ( a second1 b is n likely to be m ?an t1 :5 all precautions 7 tak54 ,x w be obs]v$ t z ! drop desc5ds into ! liquid ! upp] portion is at fir/ n appreciably di/ort$1 b t a little cup or crat] ( liquid is ?r[n up r\nd x4 ,z ! drop desc5ds fur!r1 ?is crat] gr[s wid] & high] & ?ick] 9 ! wall1 & jets are %ot out f its edge or rim4 ,^! jets are visible ev5 9 ! second figure4 ,! black m>ks on ! inside wall ( ! crat] are due to ! lamp-black c>ri$ d[n ) ! drop f ! smok$ surface ( ! support+ cup3 ?\gh 9 "o s5se a disfigurem5t1 !y s]ve to %[ by _! pres5ce t ! int]ior ( ! crat] is l9$ by ! orig9al liquid :i* =m$ ! drop1 & ?us af=d useful in=mation z to ! nature ( ! fl[4 ,! crat] rises ) great rapidity up to ,fig4 #d4 ,9 ,fig4 #e ! walls are beg9n+ to gr[ ?ick]1 :ile ! next ?ree figures %[ ! crat] subsid+ & wid5+1 till 9 ,fig4 #i x lies z a m]e r+ ( lobes on ! surface1 surr\nd+ a c5tral holl[4 ,illu/ration3 ,,s]ies ,i ,milk into wat] 7#dj cm474 ,scale #c_/d4 #a #b ,t #j #c #j4jjb sec4 #d #j4jjg sec4 #e #j4jah sec4 #f #j4jca sec4 #g #j4jdj sec4 #h #j4jej sec4 #i #j4jef sec4 ,fig4 #aj %[s ! beg9n+ ( ! reb\nd1 9 ! ris+ ( a c5tral column4 ,x w be se5 t ! lamp-black is n[ all swept to ! middle1 indicat+ t ! liquid ( ! orig9al drop em]ges at ! head ( ! c5tral column4 ,full confirmation ( ?is is obta9$ f ,fig4 #ab1 :i* repres5ts ! em]g5t column obta9$ :5 ! circum/ances are all ! same1 except t we h a drop ( milk fall+ into wat] in/ead ( wat] fall+ into milk4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! upp] "p only ( ! column is visible1 precisely because x conta9s ne>ly all ! milk ( ! drop1 :ile ! l[] "p1 consi/+ *iefly ( transp>5t wat]1 rema9s invisible4 ,illu/ration3 ,,s]ies ,i--7cont9u$7 #aj #j4jfd sec4 #aa #j4jgc sec4 #ab #ac #j4jic sec4 ,no4 #ae %[s ! column at its greate/ height1 & x %\ld be notic$ t ,figs4 #af & #ag %[ a t5d5cy on ! "p ( ! head ( ?is column to split (f z a sep>ate drop4 ,illu/ration3 ,,s]ies ,i--7cont9u$7 #ad #j4ajc sec4 #ae #j4aaf sec4 #af #j4abi sec4 ,! column 9 subsid+ =ms a cake ( liquid r\nd ! base4 ,! edge ( ?is circul> cake 7see ,figs4 #ag1 #ah1 & #ai7 is ! fir/ well-m>k$ ripple spread+ outw>ds 9 an ev]-wid5+ circle4 ,illu/ration3 ,,s]ies ,i--7cont9u$7 #ag #j4aec sec4 #ah #j4aig sec4 #ai #j4bag sec4 ,if ,fig4 #ai is rea*$ )\t ! top ( ! column hav+ sep>at$1 !n ! spla% foll[s ! c\rse %[n 9 ,figs4 #bj-;a to #bc-;a1 9 :i* x w be obs]v$ t ! disappe>ance ( ! fir/ column is v quickly foll[$ by ! rise ( a second>y column v diff]5t 9 %ape1 :i* itself subsides aga91 b has n yet 79 #bc-;a7 =m$1 z x ultimately w1 a second cake on ! top ( ! fir/4 ,?us ! second ripple foll[s late aft] ! fir/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,s]ies ,i--7cont9u$7 ,alt]native 7a74 #bj-;a #j4bdj sec4 #ba-;a #j4bdb sec4 #bb-;a #j4bdh sec4 #bc-;a #j4bec sec4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! summit ( ! prim>y column succe$s 9 break+ (f 7z 9 ,fig4 #ah-;b71 or ev5 9 v ne>ly break+ (f1 !n ! impact ( ?is newly-=m$ drop =ms a second slight crat] on ! top ( ! fir/ cake1 & we h ! s]ies 7#ah-;b to #bd-;b71 9 :i* x w be obs]v$ t ! rim ( ! second>y crat] spreads rapidly outw>ds1 s t a second well-m>k$ circul> ripple 9 ?is case quickly foll[s ! fir/4 ,! second>y column t is ?r[n up 9 ,fig4 #bc-;b is v l t :i* em]g$ at a mu* e>li] /age 9 ! 7a7 s]ies4 ,! photographs ( ?is 7b7 s]ies %[ v beautifully ! mann] 9 :i* ! advanc+ edge ( ! ripple deg5]ates into small] ripples travell+ ) great] spe$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,s]ies ,i--7cont9u$7 ,alt]native 7b74 #ah-;b #j4bad sec4 #ai-;b #j4bcg sec4 #bj-;b #j4bdb sec4 #ba-;b #j4bdd sec4 ,illu/ration3 ,,s]ies ,i--7cont9u$7 ,alt]native 7b74 #bb-;b #j4bfa sec4 #bc-;b #j4beg sec4 #bd-;b #j4caa sec4 ,x w be readily und]/ood t if ! splitt+ (f ( ! head ( ! prim>y column happ5s to take place a little e>li]1 or on ! o!r h& is ne>ly1 b n q1 complete :5 x desc5ds bel[ ! surface1 !n subsequ5t configurations w diff] some:at f ei!r ( ! sub-s]ies "h %[n4 ,s9ce any figure photograph$ might belong to ei!r sequ5ce1 ! dis5tanglem5t ( ! two s]ies requir$ c>eful consid]ation & long exp]im5t+4 ,! reappe>ance ( ! orig9al drop at ! head ( ! reb\nd+ column1 ( :i* ! explanation has be5 giv5 9 ?is *apt]1 is easily v]ifi$ by nak$-eye obs]vation4 ,let ! read] :5 he next receives a cup ( tea or c(fee to :i* no milk has yet be5 add$1 make ! simple exp]im5t ( dropp+ into x f a spoon1 at ! height ( fifte5 or sixte5 in*es above ! surface1 a s+le drop ( milk4 ,he w h no difficulty 9 recogniz+ t ! column :i* em]ges c>ries ! :ite milk-drop at ! top only slightly /a9$ by ! liquid into :i* x has fall54 ,9 ! same way nak$-eye obs]vation reveals ! crat] ?r[n up by ! entry ( a big ra9-drop into a pool ( wat]4 ,9 ei!r case :at we are able to glimpse is a /ation>y /age4 ,! reb\nd+ column rea*es a maximum height1 rema9s pois$ = an in/ant1 & !n desc5ds4 ,! same is true ( ! crat]4 ,x is ! relatively long duration ( ! mom5t ( poise t produces on ! eye a cle> impression :]e all else is blurr$ by rapid *ange4 ,b !re is frequ5tly a curi\s illusion4 ,we (t5 seem to see ! crat] ) ! column /&+ erect 9 ! middle ( x4 ,we "k n[ t 9 reality ! crat] has vani%$ be=e ! column appe>s4 ,b ! image ( ! crat] has n "t to fade be=e t ( ! column is sup]pos$ on x4 ,^? :o are accu/om$ to believe no?+ t !y he> & only half ( :at !y see may be glad to f9d at lea/ ! latt] "p ( _! maxim s completely ju/ifi$4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,pr9ciples ,,involv$ ,! read]'s att5tion has n[ be5 direct$ to v>i\s features :i*1 ) c]ta9 modifications1 w be f\nd 9 _m ( ! spla%es t we %all exam9e2 b s f> ! language us$ has be5 simply descriptive & 9 no way explanatory4 ,in/ead ( go+ on to describe o!r spla%es 9 ! same way1 & ?us to accumulate a great mass ( uncoo]d9at$ descriptive detail1 x w be bett] to pause = a mom5t 9 ord] to become acqua9t$ ) c]ta9 pr9ciples connect$ ) ! behavi\r ( liquids1 ! application ( :i* w g a long way t[>ds expla9+ :at we see go+ on 9 any spla%4 ,! fir/ pr9ciple to be und]/ood is t ! surface lay]s ( any liquid behave l a uni=mly /ret*$ sk9 or membrane1 :i* is always endeav\r+ to contract & to dim9i% its area4 ,if ! surface is flat1 l ! surface ( /ill liquid 9 a b[l1 ?is surface-t5sion has only ! effect ( ex]t+ a small inw>d pull on ! walls ( ! b[l4 ,b if ! surface is curv$1 ) a convexity outw>ds1 !n ! surface lay]s1 on acc\nt ( _! t5sion1 press ! int]ior liquid back1 & ?us t5d to *eck ! gr[? ( any protub]ance2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 if ! surface is concave outw>ds1 !n ! surface-t5sion t5ds to pull ! int]ior liquid =w>d1 & s to dim9i% ! concavity4 ,direct evid5ce ( ?is surface-t5sion is easy to cite4 ,we h x 9 any p5d5t drop1 su* z any ( ^? %[n 9 ! accompany+ figures4 ,illu/ration3 ,,wat]4 ,,turp5t9e4 ,p5d5t drops 7magnifi$ #b-a_/d times74 ,if we ask ourselves h[ x is t ! liquid 9 ! int]ior ( "o ( ^! drops does n fl[ out1 press$ z x is by ! liquid above x1 ! answ] is t ev]y:]e ! /ret*$ sk9 presses x back4 ,a soap-bubble too presses on ! air 9 its int]ior1 bo? ! outside lay]s & ! inside lay]s ( ! ?9 film be+ curv$ ov] ! int]ior space4 ,?is is ! reason t a soap-bubble bl[n on ! b[l ( a pipe w sl[ly collapse aga9 if we remove ! /em ( ! pipe f our m\?4 ,! bubble drives ! int]ior air back ?r\gh ! pipe4 ,& x is easy to %[ t if two soap-bubbles be bl[n on ! ends ( two tubes :i* c be connect$ toge!r by op5+ a tap betwe5 !m1 !n ! small] w collapse & bl[ out ! l>g]4 ,! reason ( ?is is t 9 ! bubble ( small] radius ! surface lay]s are m %>ply curv$1 & !re=e ex]t a great] pressure on ! air )94 ,?us if a /rap be pull$ at ea* end ) a total t5sion ,t & b5t ov] a solid cyl9d] ( small radius1 z 9 ,fig4 #f1 x is easy to see t ! pressure on ! surface ( ! "p ( ! cyl9d] t\*$ by ! /rap is less ?an if ! /rap be b5t ov] an equal area on a cyl9d] ( l>g] radius 7,fig4 #g74 ,! t5sion ( ! surface lay]s ( a liquid causes !m to act on ! liquid )91 exactly z does ! /ret*$ /rap on ! solid 9 ^! figures4 ,if at any place ! liquid pres5ts1 z x g5]ally does1 n a cyl9drical surface1 b "o ) curvature 9 two directions1 !n ! pressure corresponds to :at w\ld be produc$ by two /raps cross+ at "r angles1 laid "o ov] ! o!r1 ea* ) ! curvature ( ! surface 9 its direction 7,fig4 #h74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i ,we c n[ und]/& :y ! drop t has be5 ly+ on ! wat*-glass %\ld oscillate 9 its desc5t4 ,! %>p curvature ( ! edge ,,aa ( ! drop 7see ,fig4 #i7 tells u t ! liquid !re is pu%$ back by ! pressure ( ! /ret*$ surface lay]s1 & :5 ! support+ glass is remov$ ! sides ( ! drop move inw>ds1 driv+ ! liquid into ! l[] "p1 ! t5d5cy be+ to make ! drop sph]ical1 & s to equalize ! pressure ( ! surface at all po9ts4 ,b 9 ! process ! liquid ov]%oots ! m>k1 & ! drop becomes elongat$ v]tically & flatt5$ at ! sides4 ,?is causes ! curvature at top & bottom to be %>p] ?an at ! sides1 & on ?is acc\nt ! back-pressure ( ! ends soon *ecks ! elongation & f9ally rev]ses ! fl[ ( liquid1 & ! drop flatt5s aga94 ,z an example ( ! way 9 :i* a concavity ( ! surface is pull$ out by ! surface-t5sion may be cit$ ! dimples made by ! weight ( an aquatic insect1 :]e its feet re/ on ! surface )\t p5etrat+ x4 ,?is same surface-t5sion *ecks ! rise ( ! crat]1 & w\ld cause x to subside aga9 ev5 )\t ! action ( gravity4 ,?us ! pressures ( ! %>ply curv$ crat]-edge on ! liquid betwe5 ! crat] walls are indicat$ by ! dott$ arr[s 9 ,fig4 #aj1 & arise f ! surface-t5sion indicat$ by ! full arr[s4 ,dur+ ! e>ly "p ( ! spla% ! surface-t5sion is m important ?an gravity 9 *eck+ ! rise ( ! walls4 ,=1 z ! numb]s %[1 ! crat] ( ,s]ies ,i is already at ab\t its maximum height 9 ,no4 #d1 i4e4 ab\t sev5-?\s&?s ( a second aft] fir/ contact4 ,9 ?is "t ! fall due to gravity w\ld be only ab\t #a_/ajj ( an in*4 ,?us if gravity _h n act$ ! crat] w\ld only h ris5 ab\t #a_/ajj ( an in* high]4 ,! same reason+ applies to ! rise ( ! c5tral column1 b "h ! curvature at ! summit is mu* less %>p4 ,! numb]s %[ t ! column rea*es its maximum height 9 ab\t #e_/ajj ( a second aft] its />t 9 ,no4 #aj1 & 9 ?is "t ! fall due to gravity is ab\t half an in*1 s t gravity has r$uc$ ! height by ?is am\nt4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj ,! second pr9ciple :i* ,i w n[ m5tion enables u to expla9 ! occurr5ce ( ! jets & rays at ! edge ( ! crat] & _! splitt+ into drops4 ,x 0 %[n 9 #ahgc by ! bl9d ,belgian philosoph]1 ,plateau1,d t a cyl9d] ( liquid is n a figure ( /able equilibrium if its l5g? exce$s ab\t #c-a_/g times its diamet]4 ,?us a long cyl9drical rod ( liquid1 su* z ,fig4 #aa1 if x c\ld be obta9$ & left = a mom5t to itself1 w\ld at once topple into a r[ ( s5sibly equal1 equidi/ant drops1 ! numb] ( :i* is express$ by a v simple law1 viz4 t = e #c-a_/g times ! diamet] !re is a drop1 or t ! di/ance betwe5 ! c5tres ( ! drops is equal to ! circumf]5ce ( ! cyl9d]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa ,! cause ( ?is in/ability is ! action ( ! same sk9-t5sion t we h already spok5 (4 ,calculation %[s1 & ,plateau 0 able to confirm ! calculation by exp]im5t1 t if ?r\gh *ance agitations lobes are =m$ at a ne>] di/ance ap>t ?an #c-a_/g times ! radius1 ) holl[s betwe5 z 9 ! accompany+ ,fig4 #ab1 !n ! curvatures w be su* z to make ! sk9-t5sion pu% ! protub]ances back & pull ! holl[s out4 ,b if ! protub]ances occur at any great] di/ances ap>t ?an ! l5g? ( ! p]imet]1 !n ! %>p] curvature ( ! n>r[] p>ts w drive ! liquid !re into ! p>ts already wid]1 ?us any su* an initial accid5tal inequality ( diamet] w g on increas+1 or ! :ole w topple into drops4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab ,at ! la/ mom5t ! drops are jo9$ by n>r[ necks ( liquid 7,fig4 #ac71 :i* !mselves split up into second>y droplets 7,fig4 #ad74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad ,:at we h said ( a /raight liquid cyl9d] applies also to an annulus ( liquid made by b5d+ su* a cyl9d] into a r+4 ,?is also w spontane\sly segm5t or topple into drops accord+ to ! same law4,e ,n[ ! edge ( ! crat] is practically su* a r+1 & x topples into a m or less regul> set ( protub]ances1 ! liquid be+ driv5 f ! p>ts betwe5 into ! protub]ances4 ,n[ :ile ! crat] is ris+ ! liquid is fl[+ up f bel[ t[>ds ! rim1 & ! spontane\s segm5tation ( ! rim means t *annels ( easi] fl[ are creat$1 :]eby ! liquid is driv5 into ! protub]ances1 :i* ?us become a s]ies ( jets4 ,^! are ! jets or arms :i* we see at ! edge ( ! crat]4 ,exam9ation ) a l5s ( "s ( ! crat]s w %[ t ! l9es ( easi] fl[ lead+ to a jet are (t5 m>k$ by /reaks ( lamp-black 9 ,s]ies ,i1 or by /reaks ( milk 9 ,s]ies ,,ii4 ,?is explanation ( ! =mation ( ! jets applies also to a simil> ph5om5on on a mu* l>g] scale1 ) :i* ! read] w be already famili>4 ,if he has ev] wat*$ on a /ill day1 on a /raight1 slightly %elv+ s&y %ore1 ! waves t h j impetus en\gh to curl ov] & break1 he w h notic$ t up to a c]ta9 mom5t ! wave pres5ts a long1 smoo?1 horizontal cyl9drical edge 7see ,fig4 #ae-;a7 f :i*1 at a giv5 in/ant1 are %ot out an imm5se array ( little jets :i* spe$ily break into foam1 & at ! same mom5t ! back ( ! wave1 hi!rto smoo?1 is se5 to be furr[$ or comb$ 7see ,fig4 #ae-;b74 ,! jets are due to ! segm5tation ( ! cyl9drical rim accord+ to ,plateau's law1 & ! ridges betwe5 ! furr[s m>k ! l9es ( easi] fl[ det]m9$ by ! position ( ! jets4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae-;b ,,fig4 #ae-;a ,diagrams ( a break+ wave4 ,! t5d5cy ( ! c5tral column ( ,s]ies ,i to sep>ate into two p>ts is only ano!r illu/ration ( ! same in/ability ( a liquid cyl9d]4 ,! column1 h[ev]1 is mu* ?ick] ?an ! jets1 & its surface is !re=e less %>ply curv$1 & consequ5tly ! inw>d pressure ( ! /ret*$ curv$ surface is relatively slight & ! segm5tation proce$s only sl[ly4 ,s9ce ?is segm5tation mu/ orig9ate 9 "s accid5tal tremor1 we see h[ x is t ! summit ( ! column may succe$ 9 sep>at+ (f on "s occasions & n on o!rs4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! height ( fall = ?is p>ticul> spla% 0 purposely select$1 s t ! column ?r[n up %\ld j n succe$ 9 divid+ 9 ord] t ! =mation ( ! subsequ5t ripples might n be di/urb$ by ! fall+ 9 ( ! drops split (f4 ,b1 z ! read] w h p]ceiv$1 ! m>g9 all[$ 0 n q suffici5t4 ,! two pr9ciples t ,i h n[ expla9$1 viz4 ! pr9ciple ( ! sk9-t5sion1 & ! pr9ciple ( ! in/ability & spontane\s segm5tation ( a liquid cyl9d]1 jet1 or annulus1 w g f> to expla9 mu* t we %all see 9 any spla%1 b x is well t ! read] %\ld realize h[ mu* has be5 left unexpla9$4 ,:y1 = example1 %\ld ! crat] rise s sudd5ly & v]tically imm$iately r\nd ! drop z x ent]s8 ,:y %\ld ! drop spread itself out z a l9+ ov] ! inside ( ! crat]1 turn+ itself inside out1 z x 71 & mak+ an inv]t$ umbrella ( itself8 ,:y :5 ! crat] subsides %\ld x fl[ inw>ds r ?an outw>ds1 s z to ?r[ up su* a rem>kable c5tral column8 ,^! que/ions1 :i* dem& t we %\ld trace ! motion ( e p>ticle ( ! wat] back to ! orig9al impulse giv5 by ! impact ( ! drop1 are mu* m difficult to answ]1 & c only be satisfactorily dealt ) by a complicat$ ma!matical analysis4 ,some?+1 h[ev]1 9 ! way ( a g5]al explanation w be giv5 9 a lat] *apt]4 ,,footnotes3 ,d ,/atique ,exp]im5tale et ,!orique des ,liquides4 ,e ,see ,wor?+ton on ! ,segm5tation ( a ,liquid ,annulus1 ,proc4 ,roy4 ,soc41 ,no4 #bjj1 #ahgi4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,spla% ,,cont9u$ ,i h /at$ t ! addition ( ! milk to ! wat] made b little diff]5ce 9 ! "* ( ! result+ spla%4 ,x does1 h[ev]1 make c]ta9 diff]5ces 9 detail1 z w be ga!r$ f an exam9ation ( ! next ,s]ies ,i-a1 :i* %[s ! effect ( lett+ ! wat]-drop fall f ! same height into wat] in/ead ( into milk4 ,su* a spla% is difficult to photograph unless ! illum9ation is f beh9d4 ,z %[n 9 ?is way1 ! e>ly figures ( ! crat] might be un9telligible to ! read] _h he n already /udi$ ! same crat] light$ up f ! side4 ,sometimes1 ?\gh ! front ( ! crat] is h>dly visible directly1 yet e lobe on x c be cle>ly trac$ 9 ! inv]t$ image se5 by reflection4 ,! mo/ noticeable diff]5ce betwe5 ! two spla%es is p]haps ! v mu* great] numb] ( ripples se5 ) ! spla% 9 pure wat]4 ,?is is p>tly because1 ) ! illum9ation beh9d1 su* ripples are m easily visible1 b arises *iefly f ! fact t ripples are n s readily propagat$ ov] ! surface ( milk on acc\nt bo? ( its small] surface-t5sion & its great] viscosity4 ,! fir/ appe>ance ( outw>d-spread+ ripples is 9 ,no4 #f1 j r\nd ! subsid+ crat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,s]ies ,i-a ,wat] into wat] 7#dj cm4 fall74 ,scale #i_/aj4 #a ,t #j #b #j4jjd sec4 #c #j4jac sec4 #d #j4jah sec4 ,illu/ration3 ,,s]ies ,i-a--7cont9u$7 #e #j4jbf sec4 #f #j4jdb sec4 #g #j4jeh sec4 #h #j4jgc sec4 ,s9ce ! orig9ation ( ^! ripples is an int]e/+ ph5om5on f a physical po9t ( view1 z ?r[+ light on ! disp]sion ( waves travell+ ) diff]5t velocities1 special precautions 7 tak5 to secure ! mo/ fav\rable conditions1 & 9 ord] to clean ! surface aft] ! arrival ( ea* drop1 :i* inevitably br+s d[n a little adh]5t lamp-black1 a cont9u\s sl[ /ream ( fre% wat] 0 ma9ta9$ :i* swept ! contam9at$ surface-liquid away ov] ! edge ( ! vessel4 ,! effect ( ?is precaution is se5 by a comp>ison ( ! photographs ,no4 #aa & ,no4 #aa-;a4 ,9 ! fir/ ! surface 0 kept q clean 9 ! way describ$2 9 ! second x _h only be5 clean$ by skimm+ x ) a f9e wire-gauze di%4 ,! beg9n+ ( ! desc5t ( ! fir/ c5tral column seems to be m>k$ by ! appe>ance ( a slight depression r\nd its base1 :i* has j n begun 9 ,no4 #aa-;a1 & has j begun 9 ,no4 #aa1 & goes on increas+ 9 ,figs4 #ab & #ac4 ,illu/ration3 ,,s]ies ,i-a--7cont9u$7 ,runn+ wat]4 ,scale r$uc$ to #f_/aj4 #i #j4jhg sec4 #aj #j4jad sec4 #aa #j4aci sec4 #aa-;a #j4aci sec4 ,illu/ration3 ,,s]ies ,i-a--7cont9u$7 ,runn+ wat]4 ,scale #f_/aj4 #ab #j4afc sec4 #ac #j4ahe sec4 #ad #j4bjg sec4 #ae #j4bbg sec4 ,! same feature m>ks ! beg9n+ ( ! desc5t ( ! second>y c5tral column1 :i* is /ill ris+ 9 ,fig4 #ag1 is j pois$ 9 ,fig4 #ah1 & !nce onw>ds %[s a gradually increas+ c5tral depression4 ,^! la/ f\r figures c>ry u to a r lat] /age ?an 0 rea*$ 9 ,s]ies ,i4 ,x %\ld be notic$ t 9 ?is ,s]ies ! wat]-drop us$ 0 ( small] diamet] ?an t ( ,s]ies ,i1 weigh+ 4#ac grams z aga9/ 4#b grams4 ,by employ+ ! small] drop1 we dim9i% irregul>ities due to oscillations ( =m set up on release1 = ! small] drop is m sph]ical :5 ly+ on ! dropp+ cup ?an ! l>g]2 a few photographs tak5 = comp>ison ) ! full-siz$ drop %[$1 h[ev]1 extremely little diff]5ce 9 ! spla%es at ?is height ( fall4 ,illu/ration3 ,,s]ies ,i-a--7cont9u$7 ,/ill wat]4 ,scale #i_/aj4 #af #j4bdg sec4 #ag #j4bff sec4 #ah #j4bid sec4 ,illu/ration3 ,,s]ies ,i-a--7cont9u$7 ,/ill wat]4 ,scale #i_/aj4 #ai #j4bhe sec4 #bj #j4caa sec4 #ba #j4cba sec4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,high] ,,falls--,,bubble-,,build+ ,x might well be expect$ t ! effect ( increas+ ! height ( fall ( our drop to #ajj cm4 w\ld be simply to emphasize ! ph5om5a already obs]v$1 & to obta9 a high] crat] & a tall] reb\nd+ column4 ,su* an expectation w\ld be mi/ak54 ,a new ph5om5on makes its appe>ance4 ,! crat] does inde$ rise to a great] height1 b its m\? closes s z to =m a bubble on ! surface ( ! liquid4 ,if ! height be n too great ! clos+ is ei!r incomplete or at any rate only tempor>y1 & ! bubble reop5s at ! top to make way = ! column :i* rises z be=e f ! base1 b is n[ mu* ?ick] & h>dly s high z be=e4 ,9 ! ,s]ies ,,ii1 :i* is n[ giv51 ! drop 0 ( milk1 #g4cf mm4 9 diamet]1 & fell #ajj cm4 into wat]4 ,photographs #a & #b--to :i* is add$ #b-;a1 ?\gh tak5 "u slightly diff]5t conditions--%[ t ! drop on ent]+ pun*es a %e]-wall$ hole1 = ! f9e l9e ( light se5 above ! level ( ! top ( ! drop 9 ,figs4 #b & #b-;a m>ks ! circul> cliff-l edge ( ! z yet undi/urb$ liquid4 ,up ! v]tical sides ( ?is circul> pit ! liquid ( ! drop is /ream+4 ,?is cliff is highe/ & p]haps cle>e/ 9 ,fig4 #b-;a4 ,! clos+ ( ! m\? ( ! crat]1 :i* is j beg9n+ 9 ,fig4 #e1 is to be expla9$ z foll[s4 ,if ! crat] 7 a simple ?9-wall$ cyl9d] ( liquid1 x w\ld contract "u ! influ5ce ( ! surface-t5sion j z does a soap-bubble1 b n s fa/1 s9ce ! walls h only a horizontal curvature4 ,if ! wall is ?9n] above ?an bel[1 !n ! upp] "p w contract fa/] ?an ! l[]1 ?r\gh !re be+ less liquid to accel]ate4 ,n[ ! supply ( liquid is f bel[1 & w ?ick5 ! l[] "p ( ! walls fir/1 & ?us acc\nt = ! fa/] clos+ ( ! m\?4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! upp]mo/ edge ( ! crat] is ! place :]e ! *eck+ influ5ce ( ! surface-t5sion on ! upw>d fl[ is fir/ felt1 ) ! result t ! edge ( ! rim is ?ick5$ by ! influx f bel[1 s t a m or less regul> rope-l annulus is =m$ r\nd ! edge4 ,n[ calculation %[s t su* an annulus1 s long z its ?ickness is n m ?an #a4fa times ! ?ickness ( ! wall bel[1 w contract quick] ?an ! wall1 & ?is w t5d to close ! crat]1 some:at z a bag w\ld be clos$ by ! contraction ( an ela/ic cord r\nd ! m\?4 ,?is rope-l ?ick5+ ( ! edge is to be se5 9 ,figs4 #e & #g1 & especially 9 ,figs4 #c & #d ( ,s]ies ,,iii on page #fc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,s]ies ,,ii ,milk into wat] 7#ajj cm4 fall74 #a #j4jjb sec4 #b-;a #b #j4jjb sec4 #c #j4jjb sec4 #d #j4jji sec4 #e #j4jah sec4 #f #j4jah sec4 #g #j4jci sec4 ,! photographs #i1 #aj1 & #aa 7obta9$ aft] add+ a little milk to ! wat] 9 ord] to r5d] x m visible7 7 at fir/ v puzzl+4 ,:at happ5s is t ! bubble sometimes reop5s v soon 7or p]haps does n q close7 z 9 ,fig4 #i1 & makes way = ! column :i* rises f ! base exactly z 9 ! previ\s s]ies4 ,?is column may be dimly se5 ?r\gh ! walls ( ! bubble 9 ,fig4 #i1 & ,no4 #aj %[s ! column alone1 ! bubble hav+ op5$ e>ly & rec$$ ) great velocity1 a few drops r\nd ! base be+ all t is left ( x4 ,nos4 #aj-;a & #aj-;b illu/rate ?is reop5+4 ,9 #aj-;a ! milk-drop 0 all[$ to fall aga9 into q pure wat]1 & ! photograph %[s v beautifully ! summit ( ! column1 ) ! orig9al milk-drop at ! top1 em]g+ ?r\gh ! reop5+ m\? ( ! bubble2 & ,fig4 #aj-;b %[s ! same at a v slightly lat] /age :5 ! bubble has completely retreat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,s]ies ,,ii--7cont9u$7 #h #j4jed sec4 #i #j4jhe sec4 #aj #j4aje sec4 #aj-;a #j4ajc sec4 #aj-;b #j4aaa sec4 ,9 ,fig4 #aa ! bubble has be5 too firmly clos$ to reop51 & ! summit has be5 /ruck by ! column )94 ,! next figure 7,no4 #ab7 %[s h[ 9 su* a case ! em]g5t column becomes entangl$ 9 ! liquid ( ! bubble :5 x bur/s4 ,"u ! influ5ce1 h[ev]1 ( ! surface-t5sion1 :i* pu%es back ! protub]ances & pulls out ! holl[s1 regul>ity ( =m is soon rega9$4 ,?us ,fig4 #ac %[s ! em]g5t columns at a lat] /age aft] su* an enc\nt]1 already mu* m symmetrical2 & ! subsequ5t photographs 7= :i* a good deal ( milk 0 add$ = ! sake ( great] visibility7 %[ a column ( uni=mly s$ate & respectable rotundity1 betray+ no traces ( any y\?ful irregul>ities4 ,illu/ration3 ,,s]ies ,,ii--7cont9u$7 #aa #j4aje sec4 #ab #j4jie sec4 #ac #j4aac sec4 #ad #j4acb sec4 #ae #j4aid sec4 ,illu/ration3 ,,s]ies ,,ii--7cont9u$7 #af #j4bag sec4 #ag #j4bdj sec4 #ah #j4bgb sec4 #ai #j4caa sec4 ,s]ies ,,iii %[s ! effect ( /ill fur!r increas+ ! height ( fall ( ! wat]-drop 7to #acg cm41 or ab\t #d ft4 #f 9471 & at ! same "t d\bl+ its volume s t x n[ weighs 4#d gram4 ,! crat] n[ closes 9 ab\t #ah_/ajjj ( a second1 & =ms a comp>atively p]man5t bubble4 ,! rope-l ?ick5+ ( ! edge1 already allud$ to1 is well se5 9 ,figs4 #c & #d4 ,9 its e>li] /ages ! bubble is ?ick-wall$1 r\gh1 & furr[$1 b becomes smoo!r & ?9n] ! long] x la/s1 bo? because ! liquid dra9s d[n ! sides & because x becomes m uni=mly di/ribut$ "u ! equaliz+ influ5ce ( ! surface-t5sion4 ,illu/ration3 ,,s]ies ,,iii ,wat]-drop weigh+ #j4d grams fall+ #acg cm4 7#d-a_/b feet7 into milk mix$ ) wat]4 ,scale #a_/b4 #a ,t #j #b #j4jje sec4 #c #j4jaf sec4 #d #j4jai sec4 ,su* a bubble may rema9 long clos$1 z 9 ,fig4 #h1 becom+ e mom5t m delicate & exquisite1 or x may op5 at an ev5 e>li] /age1 z 9 ,fig4 #i4 ,!re is a *>act]i/ic diff]5ce betwe5 ! arms ( a clos+ & ( an op5+ bubble4 ,x w be notic$ t up to ! mom5t ( clos+ ! arms slope outw>ds4 ,! upp] portions h be5 project$ at an e>li] /age :5 ! m\? ( ! crat] 0 wid] op5 & ! fl[ 0 ei!r actually outw>ds or m ne>ly v]tical2 !n z ! m\? contracts ! arms are left beh9d 9 ! upp] p>ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,s]ies ,,iii--7cont9u$7 #e #j4jag sec4 #f #j4jbj sec4 #g #j4jcf sec4 #h #j4jec sec4 ,9 an op5+ bubble1 on ! o!r h&1 ! arms are at fir/ v]tical1 & lat] h ! v *>act]i/ic inw>d slope ( ! la/ figure1 :i* is also well se5 9 ,fig4 #aj-;a ( ! la/ s]ies4 ,"h ! edge ( ! op5$ bubble retreats outw>ds & d[nw>ds1 leav+ ! arms beh9d4 ,su* is ! orig9 ( ! bubbles rais$ by ! big drops ( a ?und] %[] on ! surface ( a pool4 ,! build+ ( ea* fairy dome is accompli%$ 9 less ?an two-hundr$?s ( a second1 & be=e "o-t5? ( a second has elaps$ ! :ole con/ruction may h vani%$4 ,"o c almo/ regret t s beautiful a process %\ld h be5 s long unwat*$4 ,to build ^! bubbles a l>ge drop is ess5tial4 ,) a drop weigh+ only #j4d ( a gram1 ev5 ?\gh x fall f a height ( #agg cm41 !re is no bubble1 & ! spla% is almo/ exactly t ( ,s]ies ,i-a4 ,! exact "t requir$ = ! clos+ ( ! bubble probably dep5ds a good deal on ! phase ( oscillation ( ! drop at ! mom5t ( entry1 &1 z already obs]v$1 a big drop1 :i* lies v flat 9 ! dropp+ cup1 is set vibrat+ m /rongly on lib]ation ?an a small "o4 ,we %all see 9 ,*apt] ,,vii t ! impact ( a r\gh solid sph]e1 if fall+ f a suffici5t height1 produces a v exquisite bubble2 9 ?is case irregul>ities due to oscillation are abs5t1 & ! clos+ c be tim$ ) great] precision4 ,illu/ration3 ,,s]ies ,,iii--7cont9u$7 #i #j4jdj sec4 #aj #j4jdf sec4 #aa #j4jgj sec4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af ,arrangem5t = tak+ photographs bel[ ! surface ( ! liquid4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,bel[ ,,! ,,surface,f ,our inve/igation has s f> be5 limit$ to :at we c see f above ! surface ( ! liquid2 nor p]haps w\ld x occur to any "o acqua9t$ only ) s mu* z we h yet exam9$ t x might be wor? :ile to look bel[ ! g5]al level ( ! surface4 ,! discov]y1 h[ev]1 t :5 ! spla% is made by a solid sph]e v rem>kable ph5om5a1 :i* w be describ$ 9 ! next *apt]1 take place bel[ ! surface1 l$ at a mu* lat] date to a simil> exam9ation 9 ! case ( a liquid drop4 ,a suitable arrangem5t ( ! app>atus 9 ! d>k room is %[n 9 ! accompany+ diagram 7,fig4 #af74 ,! wat] into :i* ! drop is to fall is plac$ 9 a ?9 glass vessel ,,ab1 ) p>allel sides4 7,an inv]t$ clock-%ade makes a v conv5i5t vessel47 ,! wat] fills ! vessel to ! brim1 & is all[$ to ov]fl[ x 9 a /eady /ream1 ?us pres5t+ a surface :i*1 be+ p]petually r5ew$1 is ma9ta9$ p]fectly clean4 ,close beh9d ! vessel is a plate ,p ( f9ely r\gh5$ glass1 on :i* ! light f ! sp>k-gap ,f1 9 front ( its concave reflector ,m1 is ?r[n by means ( ! cond5s] l5s ,l tak5 f an optical lant]n4 ,?is provides a v uni=mly illum9at$ backgr\nd aga9/ :i* ! spla% is view$ by means ( ! cam]a ,c1 ^: optic axis is horizontal1 ei!r a little bel[ ! level ( ! liquid surface or at t level4 ,by hav+ x j at ! level ( ! surface we secure simultane\s pictures ( :at is go+ on bo? above & bel[ ! surface4 ,!re is1 to be sure1 a n>r[ b& or region ( confusion /ret*+ across ! photographs 9 :i* ! images obta9$ by reflection1 bo? ext]nal & int]nal1 ov]lap ! direct images1 & x %\ld also be m5tion$ t ! two pictures w n be q 9 focus toge!r1 = ! optical effect ( ! wat]1 ?r\gh :i* ! "p bel[ ! surface is view$1 is to br+ ! image =w>d4 ,! photographs ( ,s]ies ,,iv 7 obta9$ 9 ?is way f ! spla% ( a drop ( wat] weigh+ #j4agf grams fall+ #dj cm4 into wat]4 7,! same spla% z t ( ,s]ies ,i-a47 ,! p]fectly sph]ical =m pres5t$ by ! cavity bel[ ! surface is v rem>kable4 ,9 ! pres5t case1 ?is sph]ical cavity :5 at its deepe/1 z 9 ,fig4 #e1 w\ld conta9 ab\t fifty ( ! orig9al drops1 & 9 o!r cases--e4g4 ) a drop ( #a_/d ! volume1 fall+ f #agg cm4--! cavity w\ld conta9 z _m z #cfj ( ! orig9al drops4 ,9 ,figs4 #e1 #f1 & #g ! dep? ( ! cavity is ne>ly con/ant1 b ! diamet] is /eadily increas+4 ,! sph]ical =m1 h[ev]1 is /ill ma9ta9$4 ,! la/ figure %[s ! c5tral column j beg9n+ to rise4 ,illu/ration3 ,,s]ies ,,iv ,! spla% ( ,s]ies ,i-a view$ bel[ ! surface4 #a #b ,t #j #c #j4jji sec4 #d #j4jab sec4 #e #j4jaf sec4 #f #j4jbc sec4 #g #j4jci sec4 #h #j4jee sec4 #i #j4jgj sec4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ! liquid ( ! orig9al drop is spread out 9 an excessively ?9 l9+ ov] ! int]ior ( ?is sph]e4 ,! read] has se5 = himself "p ( ! evid5ce 9 ! /reaks ( milk t are c>ri$ up ! inn] walls ( ! crat] :5 a milk-drop falls into wat] 7,s]ies ,,ii72 9 ! /reaks ( lamp-black t are c>ri$ !re :5 ! drop is ( milk1 & x may "h be m5tion$ t o!r photographs t _c be reproduc$ "h h enabl$ me to trace ! gradual de=mation ( ! drop into ?is ?9 lay] & %[ t x passes ?r\gh configurations l ,figs4 #ag1 #ah1 & #ai4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai ,x appe>s possible t ! /udy ( ?is rem>kable sph]ical excavation may af=d a clue t w lead to a solution ( ! v difficult hydro-dynamical que/ions involv$1 & ! matt] is /ill be+ inve/igat$4 ,,footnotes3 ,f ,! in=mation convey$ 9 ?is *apt] 0 fir/ publi%$ 9 a communication to ! ,ma!matical & ,physical ,section ( ! ,briti% ,association at ,leice/] 9 #aijg4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,! ,,two ,,k9ds ,,( ,,spla%es ,,( ,,solid ,,sph]es ,9 ! pres5t *apt] w be describ$ ! spla% t foll[s ! entry ( a solid sph]e fall+ v]tically into a liquid f a small height1 & ,i %\ld l to p]suade ! read]1 if possible be=e he beg9s to read1 or at any rate aft]w>ds1 to make a v simple exp]im5t4 ,let a few *ild's m>bles be tak5--n glass m>bles1 = ^! are seldom r\nd en\gh or smoo? en\gh1 b :at are sold 9 ! toy-%ops z /one m>bles--& let "o ( ^! be well rubb$ & poli%$ ) a dry h&k]*ief1 & !n dropp$ f a height ( ab\t #cj cm41 or1 say1 #a foot1 into a deep b[l or bas9 ( wat]1 ! bottom ( :i* may be conv5i5tly protect$ f breakage by a few folds ( f9e copp] gauze4 ,if ! poli%+ has be5 good1 & ! surface ( ! sph]e has n be5 dimm$ by subsequ5t h&l+ ) hot or greasy f+]s1 x w be obs]v$ t ! spla% is s+ul>ly insignificant1 ! sph]e slipp+ noiselessly into ! liquid ) v little di/urbance ( ! surface4 ,b if ! same sph]e be fi%$ out ( ! wat]1 & aga9 let fall f ! same height )\t be+ fir/ dri$1 or1 bett] /ill1 if ano!r m>ble be tak51 :i* has be5 previ\sly r\gh5$ ) s&-pap]1 ! result+ spla% is totally diff]5t4 ,!re is n[ a noise ( bubbles1 :i* may be se5 ris+ ?r\gh ! liquid1 & a tall jet is se5 to be toss$ into ! air4 7#a7 ,,! ,,spla% ,,( ,a ,,r\gh ,,sph]e4 ,to und]/& ! cause ( ?is really surpris+ diff]5ce we mu/ turn to ! photographic record1 & we w take fir/ ! case ( a r\gh sph]e fall+ into wat] to :i* milk has be5 add$ = ! sake ( cle>ness 9 ! photographs4 ,! diamet] ( ! sph]e 0 #a4e cm4 7or #c_/e in*71 & ! height ( fall #ae cm41 or j ab\t #f in*es4 ,! sph]e on ea* occasion 0 fi%$ out1 r$ri$1 & re-r\gh5$ ) s&- or em]y-pap]4 ,exam9ation ( ! fir/ photographs ( ,s]ies ,v %[s t ! liquid1 in/ead ( fl[+ ov] & wett+ ! surface ( ! sph]e1 is driv5 viol5tly away1 s t z f> z c be se5 f above ! upp] portion is1 at fir/ at any rate1 unwett$ by ! liquid4 ,! crat] t is subsequ5tly =m$ is v simil> to t :i* 0 ?r[n by ! liquid drop 9 ,s]ies ,i1 ! ma9 diff]5ce be+ t 9 ! pres5t-case ! crat] is ?9n] 9 ! wall & m regul>4 ,?is great] regul>ity is *iefly to be attribut$ to ! fact t ! solid sph]e ent]s ! liquid ) a true sph]ical =m1 & is n di/ort$ by ! oscillations & tremors :i* di/urb a fall+ drop4 ,! gradual ?ick5+ ( ! wall & ! correspond+ r$uction 9 ! numb] ( lobes z ! subsid5ce proce$s is beautifully %[n 9 ,figs4 #g1 #h1 #i1 & #aj1 ! la/-m5tion$ figure be+ h>dly di/+ui%able f ! correspond+ ,fig4 #i ( ,s]ies ,i1 p4 #ag4 ,?is /age is 9 ea* case rea*$ 9 ab\t #eh_/ajjj ( a second4 ,illu/ration3 ,,s]ies ,v ,r\gh sph]e4 ,basket spla%4 ,diamet] ( sph]e1 #a4e c5tim4 ,height ( fall1 #ae c5tim4 #a ,t #j #b #j4jjc sec4 #c #j4jjf sec4 #d #e #f ,illu/ration3 ,,s]ies ,v ,r\gh sph]e--7cont9u$74 #g #j4jbd sec4 #h #j4jcb sec4 #i #j4jdb sec4 #aj #j4jfj sec4 ,n[ f ! dep?s ( ! crat] !re rises ) surpris+ velocity ! exquisite jet ( ,fig4 #aa1 :i* 9 ob$i5ce to ! law ( segm5tation at once splits up 9 its upp] portion into little drops1 :ile at ! same "t x ga!rs volume f bel[1 & rises ultimately z a tall1 graceful column to a height :i* may be ev5 great] ?an t f :i* ! sph]e fell4 ,?is is ! em]g5t jet :i* "o sees ) ! nak$ eye :5ev] a suffici5tly r\gh sph]e is dropp$ f a small height into wat]1 b if we are to asc]ta9 h[ ?is column orig9ates1 we mu/ foll[ ! sph]e bel[ ! surface ( ! liquid4 ,! arrangem5t already describ$ on p4 #fi enables ?is to be done4 ,we let ! sph]e fall into cle> wat] conta9$ 9 a n>r[1 flat-sid$1 inv]t$ clock-%ade & illum9ate ?is f beh9d :ile ! cam]a /&s /raight 9 front4 ,illu/ration3 ,,s]ies ,v ,r\gh sph]e--7cont9u$74 #aa #j4jfh sec4 #ab #j4jgf sec4 #ac #j4jhh sec4 #ad #j4ajj sec4 ,9 ?is mann] 7 obta9$ ! photographs ( ,s]ies ,,vi1 :i* require a little explanation4 ,9 ! fir/ figure we see ! sph]e j ent]+ ! liquid4 ,! fa9t horizontal l9e %[s ! level ( ! surface4 ,above ?is l9e we see ! int]nally reflect$ image ( ! "p t has already ent]$1 :ile /ill high] 9 ! figure may be disc]n$ ! summit ( ! sph]e itself4 ,! slight lat]al displacem5t ( ! "p bel[ ! surface is due to refraction consequ5t on ! cam]a hav+ be5 set ) its optic axis n q p]p5dicul> to ! face ( ! vessel4 ,9 ! subsequ5t figures x w be obs]v$ t ! sph]e1 z x desc5ds1 drags ) x ! surface ( ! liquid 9 ! =m ( a gradually deep5+ pocket or bag1 ! upp] "p ( ! sph]e be+ = a long "t q unwett$ by ! liquid4 ,! sides ( ?is pocket or bag ( air n be+ q smoo?1 give a some:at di/ort$ appe>ance to ! sph]e )94 ,also1 s9ce ! sides are slop+1 _! reflect$ image 9 ! level surface slopes 9 ! opposite direction & produces an angle :]e ! two meet4 ,?is angle m>ks v cle>ly ! level ( ! surface4 ,above ! surface-l9e 9 ,figs4 #b to #e is se5 ! bead$ lip ( ! crat] :i* we h already view$ f above1 b ?is is some:at out ( focus1 = ! cam]a _h to be focus$ on ! sph]e z se5 "u wat]1 & ! effect ( ! wat] is to br+ ! sph]e optically ne>]4 ,h5ce only ! ne>] "p ( ! crat]1 i4e4 ! middle "p ( ! front edge1 is di/9ctly %[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,s]ies ,,vi ,! spla% ( a r\gh sph]e z se5 bel[ ! surface4 ,diamet]1 #a4e c5tim4 ,height ( fall1 #ae c5tim4 #a ,t #j #b #j4jaj sec4 #c #j4jah sec4 #d #j4jbc sec4 #e #j4jcb sec4 ,com+ n[ to ,fig4 #f1 we p]ceive t ! long cyl9drical holl[ has begun to divide4 ,9 ?is spontane\s division we h ano!r illu/ration ( ! law ( in/ability :i* regulat$ ! sub-division ( ! jets & columns ( e>li] s]ies4 ,?is law is ! same :e!r ! cyl9d] be ( air surr\nd$ by liquid or ( liquid surr\nd$ by air4 ,hi!rto we h only se5 x op]at+ 9 jets ( liquid 9 air2 n[ we h a jet ( air 9 a liquid4 ,! l[] "p ( ! long cyl9d] ( air splits (f into a bubble j beh9d ! sph]e1 & foll[s 9 its wake to ! bottom ( ! vessel1 & is only deta*$ & rises to ! surface :5 ! sph]e /rikes ! bottom4 ,_m ye>s ago1 ?r\gh ! k9dness ( ! curator ( ! ,brighton ,aqu>ium1 ,i 0 enabl$ to wat* ?is bubble ( air foll[+ 9 ! wake ( ! sph]e to ! bottom ( ! deepe/ tank4 ,figs4 #g1 #h1 & #i %[ ! two p>ts gradually sep>at+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,s]ies ,,vi--7cont9u$7 ,scale r$uc$ to ab\t #g_/aj4 #f #j4jde sec4 #g #h #j4jej sec4 #i #j4jed sec4 ,fig4 #aj %[s specially well ! ripples on ! surface ( ! desc5d+ bubble4 ,^! undulations sometimes become s acc5tuat$ t ! upp] "p ( ?is desc5d+ bubble is deta*$1 & !n ! curi\s ph5om5on may be se5 ( ?is deta*$ "p /ill foll[+ ! re/ d[nw>ds ?r\gh ! liquid ) an un/eady1 lur*+ motion4 ,mean:ile ! upp] half ( ! divid$ air-column is se5 9 ,fig4 #i to resemble a deep bas9 :i* n[ rapidly fills up by ! influx ( liquid f all sides4 ,x is f ! conflu5ce ( ?is infl[+ liquid into *annels :i* necess>ily n>r[ z ! c5tre is approa*$ t ! great velocity ) :i* ! liquid spirts upw>ds is obta9$4 ,9 ,fig4 #aa ! jet is j disc]nible above ! surface1 & 9 ,fig4 #ac x is well-e/abli%$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,s]ies ,,vi--7cont9u$7 #aj #j4jfb sec4 #aa #ab #j4jfb sec4 #ac #j4jgj sec4 ,on increas+ ! height ( fall ( a r\gh sph]e to #fj cm41 we obta9 a high] crat] :i* closes & =ms a bubble1 exactly z :5 we increas$ ! height ( fall ( a liquid drop4 ,! process z view$ f above ! surface is %[n 9 ,s]ies ,,vii4 ,! fir/ figure ( ?is s]ies %[s v well h[ completely ! liquid is driv5 away f ! surface ( ! sph]e ! fir/ mom5t ( contact4 ,! subsequ5t crat] & bubble are ( exquisite delicacy4 ,?is bubble1 ?\gh x closes completely z 9 ! la/ figure1 is doom$ to almo/ imm$iate de/ruction4 ,= we see1 on look+ bel[ ! surface1 t ! proce$+s !re are ( ! same k9d z 9 ! case ( ! l[] fall already describ$1 & result 9 ! =mation ( an upw>d-direct$ jet4 ,illu/ration3 ,,s]ies ,,vii ,r\gh sph]e fall+ #fj cm4 ,scale #c_/d4 #a ,t #j #b #j4jjc sec4 #c #j4jag sec4 #d #j4jag sec4 #e #j4jcc sec4 ,?us ! fir/ ?ree figures ( ,s]ies ,,viii %[ ! la/ mom5ts ( a bubble :i* has bur/1 spontane\sly1 & s has made way = ! jet ( ,fig4 #c4 7,^! are tak5 f a spla% into petroleum ) #bd4e cm4 fall47 ,b ! la/ two figures1 #d & #e 7tak5 ) a #cb cm4 fall71 %[ h[ a bubble :i* might o!rwise h be5 p]man5t1 is /abb$ by ! ris+ jet & de/roy$4 ,) wat] & #fj cm4 fall ! jet appe>s sometimes to rise q unimp$$1 & sometimes to be *eck$ by ! /ill clos$ bubble4 ,be=e leav+ ! spla% ( a r\gh sph]e1 ,i desire to call ! read]'s att5tion to ano!r po9t4 ,su* figures z #g1 #i1 & #aj ( ,s]ies ,v1 p4 #gg1 %[ t ! surface ( ! liquid beyond ! walls ( ! crat] is /ill flat & undi/urb$2 yet we n[ "k f ! correspond+ ,figs4 #e1 #f1 & #g ( ,s]ies ,,vi1 p4 #hc1 t a l>ge volume ( liquid has be5 displac$1 mu* l>g] ?an ! quantity requir$ to =m ! crat] wall4 ,! inf]5ce is t ! level ( ! surface has be5 slightly rais$ ev5 at a great di/ance f ! place ( ! spla%4 ,figs4 #g1 #h1 & #i ( ,s]ies ,,vi !mselves confirm ! impression ( ! undi/urb$ flatness ( ! surface at ev5 a small di/ance f ! spla%4 7#b7 ,,! ,,spla% ,,( ,a ,,smoo? ,,sph]e4 ,! read] :o has be5 suffici5tly int]e/$ to make = himself ! simple exp]im5t sugge/$ at ! beg9n+ ( ?is *apt]1 w h already realiz$ t ! spla% ( a smoo? sph]e is totally diff]5t f t ( a r\gh "o4 ,! photographs ( ,s]ies ,,ix %[ t ! diff]5ce is q pron\nc$ f ! fir/ in/ant ( contact4 ,9 ?is s]ies ! sph]e 0 ( poli%$ /one #c4b cm4 9 diamet] & fell #ad cm4 ,! scale ( magnification is #c_/d4 ,! second figure %[s t ! liquid1 in/ead ( be+ driv5 away f ! surface z 0 ! case ) a r\gh sph]e1 n[ rises up 9 a ?91 closely-fitt+ %ea? :i* 7see ,fig4 #c7 completely envelops ! sph]e ev5 be=e its summit has rea*$ ! wat]-level4 ,figs4 #d & #e %[ ! comp>atively insignificant column t rema9s to m>k ! spot :]e ! sph]e has ent]$4 ,fig4 #f 0 ! result ( a lucky accid5t1 :i* left ! sph]e r\gh on ! "r-h& side1 smoo? on ! left4 ,no?+ c\ld %[ bett] ?an ?is photograph ! ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 ! two spla%es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,s]ies ,,viii ,r\gh sph]e4 ,spla%es view$ bel[ ! surface4 ,! bur/+ ( ! bubble4 #a #j4jee sec4 ,f a spla% into ,petroleum #bd4e cm4 fall4 #b #j4jfj sec4 #c #j4jfd sec4 ,f a spla% into ,petroleum #cb cm4 fall4 #d #j4jgj sec4 #e #j4jhb sec4 ,! read]'s att5tion is direct$ to ! rem>kably deep furr[s :i* *>act]ize ! :ole %ea? 9 ,fig4 #c & ! left-h& 7smoo? spla%7 "p 9 ,fig4 #e4 ,ab\t ^! furr[s we %all h some?+ to say lat]4 ,a bett] idea ( ! extreme ?9ness ( ! envelop+ %ea? is obta9$ :5 ! illum9ation is f beh9d z 9 ,s]ies ,x1 9 :i* ! sph]e 0 ( highly poli%$ s]p5t9e /one #b4eg cm4 7or j ov] #a in*7 9 diamet]1 ! fall be+ #ad cm4 7or n q #f in*es74 ,illu/ration3 ,,s]ies ,,ix ,! %ea? spla% ( a smoo? sph]e4 #a ,t #j #b #j4jjb sec4 #c #j4jac sec4 #d #j4jbd sec4 #e #j4jci sec4 #f ,exam9ation ( ei!r ,s]ies ,,ix or ,s]ies ,x %[s t ) ! smoo? sph]e z ) ! r\gh ! am\nt ( wat] lift$ above ! surface 9 ! imm$iate neighb\rhood ( ! spla% is mu* less ?an ! :ole volume displac$1 s t we are aga9 driv5 to ! conclusion t ! surface at ev5 a consid]able di/ance mu/ be bodily lift$ )\t its flatness be+ s5sibly di/urb$4 ,?is conclusion 0 confirm$ by a direct exp]im5t4 ,! n v wide vessel ( ,fig4 ,a 0 tak5 & fill$ brimful ) milk1 & ! l[] edge ( a c>d millimetre scale 0 plac$ j 9 contact ) ! liquid surface at "o side4 ,! read] %\ld notice t ! liquid is n q up to ! level ( ! sp\t on ! "r-h& side ( ?is figure4 ,!n ! sph]e 0 dropp$ 9 & ! photograph ( ,fig4 ,b 0 tak5 :5 ! sph]e 0 ab\t two-?irds imm]s$4 ,! rise at ! edge ( ! scale is ab\t #c millimetres1 & !re is an app>5tly equal rise at ! sp\t1 :]e1 h[ev]1 ! surface appe>s q flat4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 ,a ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 ,b ,x seems probable1 !n1 t :5ev] a /one is ?r[n into a lake ! impulse accompany+ its entry travels ) ! velocity ( a compressional wave 7i4e4 ) ! velocity ( s\nd7 ?r\gh ! liquid1 & is !re=e almo/ in/antly felt & produces a m9ute rise ( level ev5 9 remote p>ts ( ! lake long be=e ! arrival ( any ripple or surface di/urbance4 ,illu/ration3 ,,s]ies ,x ,poli%$ s]p5t9e sph]e fall+ #ad cm4 into wat]4 #a #j4jjc sec4 #b #j4jjf sec4 #c #j4jjh sec4 #d #j4jaa sec4 #e #j4jac sec4 #f #j4jad sec4 ,x may "h be obs]v$ t :e!r ! sph]e be r\gh or smoo?1 its size makes little or no diff]5ce 9 ! "* ( ! spla%1 )9 a range ( diamet] f #ab to #cb millimetres--i4e4 f ab\t #a_/b in* to ab\t #a-a_/c in*es4 ,no d\bt ) a v l>ge sph]e1 tak+ a long "t to ent]1 ! spla% w\ld be controll$ m by gravity ?an by surface-t5sion1 b s long z ! sph]e is )9 ! limits m5tion$ ?is is n ! case unless ! height ( fall be made v small inde$4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,! ,,transition ,,f ,,! ,,smoo? ,,or ,,%ea? ,,spla% ,,to ,,! ,,r\gh ,,or ,,basket ,,spla% ,,! ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,velocity4 ,if we gradually increase ! velocity ) :i* a well-poli%$ sph]e ent]s ! liquid we f9d t !re is a gradual transition f ! sil5t smoo? or %ea? spla% tak+ d[n no air & giv+ rise to only an insignificant column1 to ! noisy1 r\gh1 basket spla% tak+ d[n mu* air & ?r[+ up a tall & conspicu\s jet4 ,?us 9 ! f\r? figure ( ,s]ies ,,xi1 9 :i* ! height ( fall has be5 increas$ f #ae to #fj cm4 7i4e4 f #f in*es to #b feet71 ! sph]e be+ ( poli%$ ivory1 we see t ! envelop+ %ea? has 9 _m places brok5 away f ! surface be=e ! summit has be5 cov]$4 ,x is well kn[n t a sph]e mov+ ?r\gh a liquid pu%es away ! liquid 9 front ( x1 :i* fl[+ r\nd closes 9 at ! back ( ! sph]e4 ,al?\gh ! surface r\nd ! column ( ,fig4 #f is /ill v flat1 ! liquid j bel[ x mu/ be /ream+ inw>ds1,g z is indicat$ by ! radial /riae4 ,to ! meet+ ( ^! conv]g+ /reams we mu/ attribute ! l>ge access ( liquid t is =c$ up into ! column1 ^: subsequ5t toppl+ into drops is accompani$ by ! curi\s1 *>act]i/ic1 lop-sid$ curvature ( ! lat] figures4 ,illu/ration3 ,,s]ies ,,xi ,poli%$ ivory sph]e1 #a4i c5tim4 9 diamet]1 fall+ #fj cm4 into wat] mix$ ) milk4 #a #b ,t #j #c #d #j4jjb sec4 #e #f #j4jjd sec4 #g #j4jca sec4 #h #j4jde sec4 #i #j4jfb sec4 ,s]ies ,,xii %[s h[ ev5 ) a v highly poli%$ metal sph]e fall+ into wat] f ! /ill great] height ( #ajj cm4 ! *>act]i/ic %ea? ( ! smoo? spla% is no long] s closely fitt+ ev5 at an e>ly /age1 b is beg9n+ to resemble ! e>li] /ages ( ! basket-%ap$ crat] ( ! r\gh spla%2 yet no air 0 tak5 d[n at ?is height4 ,! transition 0 also wat*$ by means ( photographs tak5 bel[ ! wat]-l9e4 ,x may be well "h to gu>d ! read] aga9/ a possible misconception4 ,! curv$ outl9e ( ! liquid 9 ^! photographs does n repres5t ! pa? foll[$ by ! p>ticles4 ,ea* p>ticle mu/ h travell$ 9 a ne>ly /raight l9e f ! mom5t x left ! surface ( ! sph]e1 & mu/ /ill be mov+ upw>ds & outw>ds4 ,gravity has n _h "t to produce any s5sible displacem5t4 ,?is applies also to ! curv$ outl9es 9 _m o!r e>ly figures4 ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,! ,,condition ,,( ,,! ,,surface4 ,by v c>eful rubb+ ( su* a poli%$1 /eel sph]e1 x 0 f\nd possible to increase ! height ( fall to #afb4e cm4 7well ov] #e feet7 & yet to secure a p]fectly airless1 smoo? spla%4 ,b ! equilibrium ( ! spla%1 if ,i may use ! phrase1 is1 at ?is high velocity ( entry 7#efd cm4 p] sec41 or ab\t #ah feet p] sec471 v un/able1 & 0 f\nd to dep5d on m9ute diff]5ces 9 ! condition ( ! surface4 ,h[ m9ute ?is diff]5ce may be1 :i* yet makes ! :ole diff]5ce 9 ! "* ( ! spla%1 may be ga!r$ f ! foll[+ extract f ! orig9al pap]3-- ,a poli%$ /eel sph]e #ae4i cm4 9 diamet] 0 f\nd 7by nak$-eye obs]vation7 to give an airless spla% :5 fall+ into wat] f a height ( #acb4e cm42 at #acg4e cm41 !re 0 mu* air tak5 d[n4 ,?is obs]vation at #acg4e cm4 0 repeat$ ?ree times1 obs]v] ,c4 do+ ! poli%+4 ,!n obs]v] ,w4 poli%$1 & ! spla% 0 fir/ ne>ly airless & !n q airless4 ,!n1 by p]sev]+ 9 ! rubb+1 ! height ( fall 0 gradually rais$ to #afb4e cm41 & a p]fectly airless spla% 0 secur$1 & ev5 at #agb4e cm4 ! record 0 'v little air inde$4' ,aga91 a poli%$ m>ble sph]e #b4eg cm4 9 diamet] fall+ into wat] f a height ( #aab cm4 0 f\nd to take d[n 'mu* air' :5 rubb$ ) a c]ta9 clean h&k]*ief ,a1 & 'none at all1 or only v little1' :5 rubb$ ) clean h&k]*ief ,b4 ,?is result 0 confirm$ f\r times ) ,b & five ) ,a4 ,^! h&k]*iefs 7 subsequ5tly exam9$ "u ! microscope1 b 7 f\nd to be extremely simil>1 & ! cause ( ! diff]5ce rema9$ = ! "t beyond conjecture4 ,on ano!r occasion1 ( two simil> nickel-plat$ /eel sph]es1 ea* #ai millimetres 9 diamet]1 & ea* treat$ 9 exactly ! same way1 fall+ #bb cm4 into p>aff9 oil1 "o w\ld always take d[n mu* air & ! o!r little or none1 & aga9 microscopic exam9ation %[$ only a v slight diff]5ce 9 ! surfaces4 ,illu/ration3 ,,s]ies ,,xii ,smoo? sph]e ( poli%$ s]p5t9e fall+ #ajj c5tim4 into wat]4 ,scale #c_/d4 #a ,t #j #b #j4jja sec4 #c #j4jjb sec4 ,by wett+ ! surface ( a smoo? sph]e we c always conv]t a smoo? or %ea? spla% into a r\gh or basket spla%4 ,?us :5 ! ivory sph]e 7:i* :5 dry & well-poli%$ gave1 ) a fall ( #fj cm41 ! spla% ( ,s]ies ,,xi1 p4 #ig71 0 all[$ to fall wet into ! liquid1 all o!r circum/ances rema9+ ! same1 ! spla% ( ,s]ies ,,xiii1 p4 #ajc1 0 obta9$1 :i* is entirely diff]5t f ! fir/4 ,! wett+ 0 effect$ by dipp+ ! sph]e into ! b[l ( milky wat] into :i* x 0 to fall1 & !n %ak+ (f z mu* z possible ( ! adh]5t liquid1 b 9 all cases ! spla% quickly became unsymmetrical1 probably ?r\gh ! liquid1 dur+ ! fall1 drift+ to "o side ( ! sph]e4 ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,! ,,liquid4 ,! nature ( ! liquid employ$ has a great influ5ce 9 det]m9+ :e!r at a giv5 height ! spla% %all be r\gh or smoo?4 ,?us ) p>aff9 oil ! maximum height t c\ld be rea*$ ) an airless spla% ) highly poli%$ nickel-plat$ sph]es1 well rubb$ on a selvyt clo?1 0 f\nd to be only #bd4g cm4 7ab\t #aj in*es71 b1 ) wat]1 a fall ( #afj cm4 7ov] #e feet7 c\ld be rea*$4 ,! p>aff9 oil us$ 9 ^! exp]im5ts _h1 at a temp]ature ( #ab deg44#e c5tigrade1 a specific gravity 4#hdj & a surface-t5sion ab\t 4#ci ( t ( wat]4 ,s9ce only a small increase ( height 0 requir$ ) ?is liquid to make a smoo? sph]e give ! same spla% z a r\gh "o1 ?is liquid 0 f\nd mu* m conv5i5t ?an wat] 9 inve/igat+ ! transition4 ,:5 wat] is made m viscid by ! gradual addition ( glyc]9e1,h ! surface-t5sion & ! specific gravity are b little alt]$ ?\gh ! viscosity is /eadily & s5sibly increas$4 ,an admixture ( two p>ts ( glyc]9e to fifty-"o ( wat] produc$ no p]ceptible *ange 9 ! spla%es obs]v$4 ,:5 ! glyc]9e 0 increas$ to six volumes 9 fifty-"o ( wat]1 ?\gh ?is made ! viscosity half z great aga91 ! *ange 0 noticeable b /ill slight1 ! *ief diff]5ce be+1 ) a smoo? sph]e1 ! great] sali5ce ( ! ribs or flut+s 9 "s ( ! e>li] /ages ( ! glyc]9e spla%1 & ! mu* great] reluctance ( ! subsequ5t jets to topple into droplets4 ,?is latt] feature is well se5 9 ! fir/ figure on page #aje1 %[+ ! entry ( a smoo? sph]e ( poli%$ s]p5t9e /one into ?is glyc]9e mixture f a height ( #ej cm4 ,illu/ration3 ,,s]ies ,,xiii ,spla% ( a smoo? wet sph]e4 #a ,t #j #b #j4jjc sec4 #c #j4jae sec4 #d #j4jcg sec4 ,) pure glyc]9e1 :i* is mu* m visc\s1 ! spla% ( ! same poli%$ s]p5t9e sph]e fall+ f #ge cm4 7ab\t #b-a_/b feet71 is %[n 9 ,s]ies ,,xiv4 ,9 ! orig9al photographs ! radial furr[s on ! "r-h& side ( ,fig4 #b are v pron\nc$1 & ev5 9 ,fig4 #a ! flut+ ( ! film is se5 to be already well develop$ on ! left-h& side2 b ^! details h prov$ r too delicate = reproduction 9 ! plate4 ,two photographs tak5 ( /age #b _h ea* ( !m an isolat$ jet1 ow+ probably to ! fact t :5 work+ ) s /icky a liquid x 0 difficult to avoid contam9at+ ! clo? on :i* ! sph]e 0 ea* "t repoli%$ aft] wa%+ 9 wat]1 ) ! result t ! sph]es behav$ z if locally r\gh4 ,! relatively great l5g? & height ( ?is jet br+s out well ! "p play$ by viscosity1 bo? 9 delay+ segm5tation into droplets & also 9 h9d]+ ! fl[ ( ! re/ ( ! liquid %ea? :i* has rema9$ 9 contact ) ! sph]e4 ,) a r\gh sph]e fall+ into pure glyc]9e f ! same height ( #ge cm41 except = an occasional jet t may escape z 9 ,fig4 #d ( ,s]ies ,,xv1 ! proce$+s are unev5tful1 z a glance at ! s]ies w %[4 ,) ! same height ( fall into wat] we %\ld h _h an exquisite crat] fr+$ ) a multitude ( f9e jets1 & ultimately clos+ to =m a bubble4 ,we ?us see h[ little play is giv5 to ! action ( ! surface-t5sion 9 a v visc\s liquid4 ,illu/ration3 ,poli%$ /one sph]e fall+ #ae c5tim4 into wat] mix$ ) glyc]9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,s]ies ,,xiv ,poli%$ /one sph]e fall+ #ge c5tim4 into pure glyc]9e4 ,scale #i_/aj4 #a #b #c ,illu/ration3 ,,s]ies ,,xv ,r\gh sph]e fall+ #ge c5tim4 into pure glyc]9e4 ,scale #a_/a4 #a ,t #j #b #j4jja sec4 #c #j4jjb sec4 #d #j4jjc sec4 ,,! ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,temp]ature4 ,x 0 f\nd t if a poli%$ sph]e 0 heat$ 9 boil+ wat]1 quickly rubb$ dry1 & let fall :ile /ill hot1 a v m>k$ diff]5ce 0 produc$4 ,) ! sph]e hot1 ! height ( fall c be mu* increas$ be=e ! spla% becomes r\gh4 ,?us ) p>aff9 oil1 ! height ) a nickel-plat$ sph]e rose f #bb4b cm4 to #bi4c cm41 & ) wat] f #aeg cm4 to #bcd cm4 ,,! ,,rem>kable ,,influ5ce ,,( ,a ,,flame ,,held ,,ne> ,,! ,,liquid1 ,,& ,,trav]s$ ,,by ,,! ,,sph]e ,,9 ,,its ,,fall4 ,9 our se>* = ! explanation ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! r\gh & ! smoo? spla%1 x occurr$ to u to let ! smoo? sph]e drop ?r\gh a flame held ne> ! liquid1 & ! result 0 v rem>kable4 ,) p>aff9 oil 7& ! sph]e hot7 ! airless height n[ rose f #bi4c cm4 to #de4c cm41 & ) wat] & a cold sph]e1 x rose f #aeg cm4 to ov] #beh cm41 :i* 0 ! greate/ height t ! laboratory w\ld p]mit4 ,ei!r ! lum9\s flame ( a bat's-w+ burn] or ! flame ( a ,buns5 burn] held ne>ly horizontal produces ! effect1 provid$ ! flame is held ne> en\gh to ! surface ( ! liquid1 & x is a v /rik+ exp]im5t to let ! poli%$ sph]e fall sev]al times f a height :i* gives a l>ge volume ( bubbles ris+ ) mu* noise to ! surface1 & !n to let x fall ?r\gh ! flame1 & to obs]ve ! complete *ange 9 ! ph5om5on4 ,on a sph]e already r\gh5$ ! flame has no obs]vable effect4 ,,! ,,supposition ,,( ,,electrification ,,te/$ ,,& ,,reject$4 ,! behavi\r ) a flame l$ at fir/ to ! supposition t we _h to deal ) an electrical ph5om5on1 = a flame w\ld c]ta9ly dis*>ge completely any electrifi$ sph]e pass+ ?r\gh x1 & x appe>$ reasonable to suppose t ! sph]e might become electrifi$ by friction ) ! air ?r\gh :i* x fell4 ,x requir$ a long s]ies ( exp]im5ts1 into ! details ( :i* ,i ne$ n n[ ask my read]s to ent]1 to prove t ?is tempt+ explanation 0 unt5able1 & t !re 0 no reason to believe t electrification _h any?+ to d ) ! matt]4 ,,exp]im5ts ,,9 ,,vacuo4 ,x rema9$ to exam9e :at "p 0 play$ by ! air 9 ! :ole transaction4 ,?is c\ld only be settl$ by remov+ ! air & lett+ ! sph]es1 :e!r r\gh or smoo?1 fall ?r\gh a vacuum into ! liquid1 or r ?r\gh a space occupi$ only by ! vap\r ( ! liquid 9 use4 ,in/antane\s photographs obta9$ "u ^! conditions %[$ t ! pres5ce ( ! air has no mat]ial influ5ce on ! e>ly c\rse ( ! spla%1 & t a sph]e :i* gives a smoo? spla% 9 air w give a smoo? spla% 9 vacuo1 :ile if ! spla% is r\gh 9 air1 x w also be r\gh 9 vacuo4 ,,footnotes3 ,g ,"s useful in=mation ab\t ! int]nal fl[ ( ! liquid 0 obta9$ by ! device ( lett+ ! sph]e desc5d betwe5 two sl[ly asc5d+ /reams ( v m9ute bubbles lib]at$ by electrolysis at two electrodes plac$ 9 ! liquid4 ,^! /reams1 initially /raight & v]tical1 7 displac$ & di/ort$ z ! sph]e pass$ ne> !m & af=d$ a measure ( ! displacem5t ( ! fluid at diff]5t po9ts4 ,= details see ,phil4 ,trans4 ,roy4 ,soc41 ,vol4 #aid1 p4 #agh 7#aijj74 ,h ,glyc]9e 0 f\nd to be a r trea*]\s liquid1 requir+ special precautions = :i* ! read] :o desires details is ref]r$ to ! orig9al memoir4 ,phil4 ,trans4 ,roy4 ,soc41 ,s]ies ,a1 #aijj4 ,vol4 #aid1 p4 #aih4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,! ,,explanation ,,( ,,! ,,cause ,,( ,,diff]5ce ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,two ,,spla%es ,i h "s hope t1 by ! enum]ation ( ! _m surpris+ & puzzl+ facts m5tion$ 9 ! la/ *apt]1 ,i may h succe$$ 9 produc+ 9 ! m9d ( my read] "s sympa?y ) ! /ate ( p]plexity ( ,mr4 ,cole & myself :51 aft] f\r ye>s ( exp]im5t+1 we f\nd ourselves /ill unable to answ] ! "q1 ,:y does ! r\gh sph]e make "o k9d ( spla%1 ! smoo? sph]e ano!r k9d8 ,by reflect+1 h[ev]1 on all ! facts at our disposal1 we 7 at la/ l$ to :at seems to be an entirely satisfactory explanation1 & "o moreov] :i* we 7 able to te/ by fur!r exp]im5t4 ,?is explanation may be /at$ z foll[s3-- ,:5 a sph]e1 ei!r r\gh or smoo?1 fir/ /rikes ! liquid1 !re is an impulsive pressure betwe5 ! two1 & ! column ( liquid ly+ v]tically bel[ ! elem5t>y area ( fir/ contact is compress$4 ,= v rapid displacem5ts ! liquid on acc\nt ( its viscosity behaves l a solid4 ,9 ! case ( a solid rod we "k t ! head w\ld be some:at flatt5$ out by a simil> bl[1 & a wave ( compression w\ld travel d[n x2 to ?is flatt5+ or broad5+ out ( ! head ( ! column corresponds ! great outw>d radial velocity1 tang5tial to ! surface1 initiat$ 9 ! liquid1 ( :i* we h abundant evid5ce 9 _m ( ! photographs4 7,see pp4 #ge1 #hg1 & #ii47 ,into ?is outw>d-fl[+ %ea? ! sph]e desc5ds1 & s9ce ea* successive zone ( surface :i* ent]s is m ne>ly p>allel to ! direction ( motion ( ! sph]e1 ! displacem5t ( liquid is mo/ rapid at ! l[e/ po9t1 f ! neighb\rhood ( :i* fre% liquid is suppli$ to fl[ along ! surface4 ,:e!r ! ris+ %ea? %all leave ! surface ( ! sph]e1 or %all foll[ x1 dep5ds ^u ! effici5cy ( ! adhesion to ! sph]e4 ,if ! sph]e is smoo? & clean1 ! molecul> =ces ( cohesion w guide ! ne>e/ lay]s ( ! advanc+ edge ( ! %ea?1 & w ?us cause ! initial fl[ to be along ! surface ( ! sph]e4 ,to pull any portion ( ! advanc+ liquid out ( its rectil9e> pa? ! sph]e mu/ h rigidity4 ,if ! advanc+ liquid meets loosely atta*$ p>ticles1 e4g4 ( du/1 ^! w con/itute places ( dep>ture f ! surface ( ! sph]e2 ! du/ w be swept away by ! mom5tum ( ! liquid :i*1 be+ no long] 9 contact ) ! sph]e1 p]sev]es 9 its rectil9e> motion4 ,if ! du/ p>ticles are few & f> betwe51 ! cohesion ( ! neighb\r+ liquid w br+ back ! des]t+ p>ts1 b if ! places ( dep>ture are _m1 !n ! mom5tum ( ! des]t]s w prevail4 ,?us at e in/ant !re is a /ruggle betwe5 ! mom5tum ( ! advanc+ edge ( ! %ea? & ! cohesion ( ! sph]e2 ! great] ! height ( fall ! great] w be ! mom5tum ( ! ris+ liquid1 & ! less likely is ! cohesion to prevail1 & ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( du/ p>ticles may det]m9e ! issue ( ! /ruggle4 ,r\ghness ( ! surface w be equally effici5t 9 caus+ ! liquid to leave ! sph]e4 ,= ! mom5tum w readily c>ry ! liquid pa/ ! m\? ( any cavities 7see ,fig4 #bj71 into :i* x c only ent] ) a v %>p curvature ( its pa?4 ,x is to be obs]v$ t ! surface-t5sion ( ! air-liquid surface ( ! %ea? w act at all times 9 fav\r ( ! cohesion ( ! sph]e1 & ev5 if ! film has left ! sph]e ! surface-t5sion w t5d to make x close 9 aga91 b we %\ld n be "r 9 attribut+ mu* importance to ?is capill>y pressure :i*1 ) f9ite curvatures1 is a =ce ( a l[] ord] ( magnitude ?an ! cohesion1 &1 z ! photographs n[ to be %[n w cle>ly %[1 is incompet5t to produce ! effects obs]v$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj ,hav+ arriv$ at ?is g5]al explanation1 we proce$$ to te/ x4 ,,exp]im5ts ,,on ,,! ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,du/4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 to te/ ! influ5ce ( du/1 ! exp]im5t 0 made ( delib]ately du/+ ! surface ( ! sph]e4 ,= ?is purpose a highly poli%$ nickell$ sph]e 0 held 9 a pair ( crucible tongs by an electrifi$ p]son /&+ on an insulat+ /ool1 & by him pres5t$ to any du/y object t /ood or c\ld be br\ght )9 rea*4 ,p>ticles ( du/ soon settl$ on ! electrifi$ sph]e1 :i* 0 !n c>efully plac$ on ! dropp+ r+ ) ! du/y side l[e/4 ,! liquid us$ 0 p>aff9 oil1 & ! height ( fall 0 #ca4g cm41 at :i* ?is sph]e :5 n du/$ gave always a q airless spla%4 ,:5 du/$ an enorm\s bubble ( air 0 c>ri$ d[n on ea* occasion4 ,al?\gh ! sph]e :5 laid on ! dropp+ r+ mu/ h completely lo/ ! electrical *>ge1 yet x seem$ wor? :ile to g ?r\gh ! same electrify+ process )\t du/+4 ,! result %[$ t no *ange 0 produc$4 ,9 ord] to see h[ f> ! influ5ce ( du/ w\ld g1 ! height ( fall 0 n[ r$uc$1 & x 0 f\nd t ) sph]e 7#a7 a fall ( #ag4a cm4 gave a p]fectly r\gh spla% :5 ! surface 0 visibly dimm$ ) f9e du/1 & ) a second simil> sph]e a fall ( #af4g cm4 avail$4 ,if ! surface 0 only slightly du/y1 !n at ^! l[ heights ! spla% rema9$ smoo?4 ,x !n occurr$ to u to try ! effect ( p>tial or local du/+1 = we _h already f\nd by exp]im5t+ ) a m>k$ sph]e t ! me?od ( dropp+ did n imp>t any appreciable rotation to ! sph]e1 :i* rea*$ ! liquid 9 ! attitude ) :i* x />t$ f ! dropp+ r+4 ,accord+ly1 aft] du/+ ! sph]e 9 ! mann] already describ$1 ! du/ 0 c>efully rubb$ away f all b c]ta9 p>ts ^: position 0 record$4 ,! exp]im5ts 7 v successful1 & ! results are %[n on page #aac4 ,! liquid us$ 0 wat]1 & ! sph]e 0 ( poli%$ s]p5t9e1 #b4eg c5tim4 9 diamet]1 fall+ #ad c5tim4 ,9 ,fig4 #a ( ,s]ies ,,xvi ! sph]e 0 du/$ on ! "r-h& side1 & a s\nd ( spla% 0 record$4 ,on ! left side we see t !re is no di/urbance ( ! smoo? spla%2 on ! "r is a pocket ( air su* z 0 obta9$ by accid5t 9 ,s]ies ,,ix1 ,fig4 #f 7see p4 #ia74 ,! po9t ( dep>ture at :i* ! liquid left ! sph]e is well m>k$1 & a tang5t f ?is po9t passes ?r\gh ! out]mo/ conspicu\s droplets t mu/ h be5 project$ f x4 ,9 ,fig4 #b ! sph]e 0 du/$ at ! top & on ! "r-h& side1 b n mu* m ?an half-way d[n1 & ! configuration corresponds entirely to ! facts4 ,"h aga9 a tang5t f ! well-m>k$ drops on ! "r-h& side leads v ne>ly to ! place ( dep>ture f ! surface ( ! sph]e4 ,9 ,fig4 #c ! sph]e 0 du/$ ne> ! bottom only4 ,! appe>ance on ! left-h& side seems to %[ t ! liquid has1 aft] leav+ ! sph]e1 aga9 be5 br\ght )9 rea*4 ,?is recov]y at an e>ly /age is expla9$ by ref]5ce to photographs ( ,s]ies ,,vi 7p4 #ha7 ( ! spla% ( a r\gh sph]e1 :i* %[ t ev5 ! r\gh sph]e is soon wett$ = "s di/ance up ! sides1 by ! gradual passage ( ! sph]e into ! div]g5tly fl[+ cone ( liquid :i* surr\nds ! l[] "p4 ,:5 ! liquid aga9 t\*es a poli%$ "p ! film w be aga9 guid$ up x 9 ! mann] already expla9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,s]ies ,,xvi ,sph]es du/$ at "o side4 #a #b #c ,we obs]ve t 9 ,figs4 #a & #b 7z also 9 ,fig4 #f ( page #ia7 ! cont9u\s film or %ell ( liquid no long] rea*es ! out]mo/ droplets t once h be5 at its edge4 ,x mu/ evid5tly h be5 pull$ 9 by its own surface-t5sion1 :i* ( c\rse w cease to ex]cise any inw>d pull on a drop t has once sep>at$4 ,! influ5ce ( du/1 ?us inconte/ably prov$1 seems also to af=d a satisfactory explanation (-- 7#a7 ,! effect ( a flame4 7#b7 ,! effect ( heat+4 7#c7 ,! v>iable & unc]ta9 effects ( electrification4 ,=1 7#a71 we may suppose t ! flame burns (f m9ute p>ticles ( du/2 7#b71 we "k f ,aitk5's exp]im5ts,i t du/ f ! atmosph]e w n settle on a surface hott] ?an ! air2 7#c7 an electrifi$ sph]e desc5d+ ?r\gh ! air w\ld attract du/ to its surface unless x happ5$1 z well might happ51 t ! air r\nd ab\t x1 ) its conta9$ du/1 _h become itself simil>ly *>g$ ?r\gh ! work+ ( ! electrical ma*9e4 ,9 fur!r confirmation ( our view t ! lead+ clue to ! explanation ( ! motion is ! /ruggle betwe5 ! adhesion ( ! rigid sph]e & ! tang5tial mom5tum ( ! liquid1 we may cite ! foll[+ po9ts3-- ,a liquid sph]e makes a r\gh spla%1 & ! photographs obta9$ %[ t ! l[] "p ( ! 9-fall+ drop is swept away by ! tang5tial fl[1 :ile ! upp] "p is /ill undi/ort$4 ,"h we h cohesion b no rigidity4 ,also we f9d t ! r\gh spla% is obta9$ by any process :i* gives a non-rigid surface to ! sph]e4 ,?us ! spla% made by a m>ble fre%ly r\gh5$ by s&-pap]+1 or by gr9d+ betwe5 two files & let fall f ! v small height ( #g4e cm41 c be practically controll$ by att5d+ to ! condition ( ! surface4 ,if ! surface is q dry & /ill cov]$ ) ! f9e p[d] result+ f ! process ( r\gh5+1 ! spla% is r\gh1 & a great bubble ( air is tak5 d[n4 ,b if ?is coat ( p[d]1 :i* has nei!r cohesion nor %e>+ /r5g?1 be remov$ by rubb+1 ! spla% 7"u ?is l[ velocity7 is smoo?4 ,aga91 a m>ble fre%ly s&-pap]$ & cov]$ ) ! result+ p[d]1 if let fall f #ab or #ae cm41 gives a r\gh spla%4 ,! same m>ble pick$ out ( ! liquid & v quickly dropp$ 9 aga9 f ! same height1 w give aga9 a r\gh spla%4 ,"h ! liquid film is ?ick & %e>able4 ,b if ! same sph]e be all[$ to dra9 or be lightly wip$1 ! spla% w be smoo?4 ,we may conjecture t 9 ?is case en\gh fluid is left to fill up ! int]/ices1 b t ! coat is n ?ick en\gh to %e> easily4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! sph]e be ?or\ghly dri$1 ! spla% becomes r\gh aga94 ,?is gives u ! explanation ( ! facts already record$ 9 respect ( ! spla% ( a wet sph]e4 ,?is spla% 0 always irregul>2 ! liquid drift$ to "o side :]e x w\ld %e>1 :ile x disappe>$ f ! o!r or became !re too ?9 to %e>1 ?\gh suffici5t to fill up crevices4 ,,explanation ,,( ,,! ,,ribs ,,or ,,flut+s ,,9 ,,! ,,spla% ,,( ,a ,,smoo? ,,sph]e4 ,! fact ?us e/abli%$ exp]im5tally1 t ! surface ( a smoo? sph]e mu/ be rigid if ! film is to envelop x closely1 sugge/s also a satisfactory explanation ( ! flut+s4 ,= we "k f o!r rese>*es on ! motion ( liquids1,j t a lay] ( liquid actually 9 contact ) a solid c h no motion relative to ! solid1 b mu/ move ) x4 ,?us 9 ! film or %ea? :i* rises ov] & envelops ! sph]e1 ! lay] ( liquid next to ! solid mu/ be mov+ d[nw>ds ) x1 :ile ! out]mo/ lay]s at lea/ are mov+ upw>ds2 ?us !re mu/ be a /rong visc\s %e> 9 ! film imp$+ its rise4 ,if by any =tuit\s oscillation a radial rib arises1 ?is w be a *annel 9 :i* ! liquid1 be+ f>!r f ! surface1 w be less affect$ by ! visc\s drag2 x w !re=e be a *annel ( m rapid fl[ & dim9i%$ pressure1 into :i*1 !re=e1 ! neighb\r+ liquid w be =c$ f ei!r side4 ,?us a rib once =m$ is 9 /able equilibrium1 & w correspond to a jet at ! edge ( ! rim4 ,?is expla9s ! p]si/5ce ( ! ribs :5 once e/abli%$1 & we may attribute _! regul> di/ribution to ! fact t !y fir/ orig9ate 9 ! spontane\s segm5tation ( ! annul> rim at ! edge ( ! advanc+ %ea?4 ,?is explanation q accords ) ! appe>ance ( su* figures z ,fig4 #f ( page #ia & ,figs4 #a & #b ( page #aac1 9 :i*1 fir/ly1 we see t ! flut+s are abs5t f t "p ( ! %ea? :i* has left ! sph]e1 &1 secondly1 we see h[ mu* high] 9 e case ! cont9u\s film has ris5 9 t "p :i* has left ! sph]e ?an 9 ! "p :i* has clung to x1 & has be5 h9d]$ by ! visc\s drag4 ,especially is ?is ! case 9 ,fig4 #b1 ,s]ies ,,xiv 7p4 #aje71 :]e ! liquid 0 pure glyc]9e4 ,! effect ( ! visc\s drag is1 9 fact1 mo/ m>k$ 9 ! mo/ visc\s liquid1 & x is also 9 ! visc\s liquid t ! ribs are mo/ /rongly m>k$4 ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,! ,,liquid ,,expla9$4 ,f9ally1 9 confirmation ( our explanation1 we h ! fact t ) a liquid ( small d5sity & surface-t5sion1 su* z p>aff9 oil1 a mu* small] velocity ( impact ) a highly poli%$ sph]e suffices to give a r\gh spla% ?an ) wat]1 a liquid ( great] d5sity & surface-t5sion1 ! reason be+ )\t d\bt t ! tang5tial velocity giv5 by ! impact is great] ) ! light] liquid1 z1 inde$1 is prov$ to be ! case by ! great] height to :i* ! surr\nd+ %ea? is ?r[n up4 ,! surface-t5sion also be+ small]1 ! less is ! abatem5t ( velocity on acc\nt ( "w done 9 ext5d+ ! surface4 ,,footnotes3 ,i ,see ,nature1 vol4 xxix41 ,janu>y #ca1 #ahhd4 ,j ,see ,:e?am on ,! ,alleg$ ,slipp+ at ! ,b\nd>y ( a ,liquid 9 ,motion4 ,phil4 ,trans4 ,roy4 ,soc41 ,vol4 #aha 7#ahij74 ,,*apt] ,x ,,conclusion ,we h n[ rea*$ ! end ( ! /ory1 z f> at lea/ z ,i am able to tell x4 ,b !re is c]ta9ly m to be f\nd out4 ,no "o has yet exam9$ :at happ5s :5 a r\gh sph]e ent]s a liquid ) a v high velocity4 ,t ! motion set up mu/ diff] f t at a l[ velocity is app>5t to any "o :o has ?r[n /ones f a l[ bridge into deep wat] bel[4 ,! /one t is ?r[n ) a great velocity makes nei!r q ! same s\nd nor ! same k9d ( spla% z a sl[-fall+ /one1 & ?\gh 9 ! light ( our pres5t k we may conjecture ! k9d ( diff]5ce to be expect$1 yet exp]i5ce has taught me t ! subject is s full ( unexpect$ turns t x is bett] to wait = ! photographic record ?an to speculate )\t x4 ,x w\ld be an imm5se conv5i5ce1 z 0 sugge/$ 9 ! fir/ *apt]1 if we c\ld use a k9ematograph & wat* su* a spla% 9 broad daylight1 )\t ! tr\blesome necessity ( provid+ d>kness & an electric sp>k4 ,b ! difficulties ( contriv+ an exposure ( ! :ole l5s %ort en\gh to prev5t blurr+1 ei!r f ! motion ( ! object1 or f t ( ! rapidly-%ift+ s5sitive film1 are v great1 & any "o :o may be able to ov]come !m satisfactorily1 w f9d a multitude ( applications await+ 8 inv5tion4 ,b ev5 7 ! photographic record complete1 :at does x am\nt to8 ,all t we h done has be5 m]ely to foll[ ! rapid *anges ( =m t take place 9 ! b\nd+ surface ( ! liquid4 ,! int]ior p>ticles ( ! liquid itself h rema9$ invisible to u4 ,b x is precisely ! motion ( ^! p>ticles t ! /ud5t ( hydrodynamics desires to be able to trace4 ,8 /udy is s difficult t ev5 9 ! app>5tly simple case ( ! g5tly-undulat+ surface ( deep wat]1 ! reason+ necess>y to discov] ! real pa? ( any p>ticle c at pres5t only be foll[$ by ! highly-tra9$ ma!matician4 ,9 o!r & m complicat$ cases su* z are exemplifi$ by ! sudd5 di/urbances t we h /udi$1 any def9ite in=mation t c be obta9$1 ev5 z to ! motion ( ! surface1 may af=d a clue to ! solution ( important que/ions2 & ,i h be5 enc\rag$ to hope t ! obs]vations "h record$ may s]ve z a useful basis ( exp]im5tal fact 9 a confess$ly difficult subject4 ,to take a s+le illu/ration ( a possible application 9 an unexpect$ qu>t]1 ,i w\ld invite ! att5tion ( ! read] to ! two photographs 9 ! frontispiece1 :i* exhibit ! spla% ( a projectile on /rik+ ! /eel arm\r-plate ( a battle%ip4 ,^! are ord9>y photographs tak5 aft] ! plate _h be5 us$ z a t>get4 ,!y repres5t ! side on :i* ! projectile has ent]$4 ,9 "o picture ! projectile is /ill se5 emb$d$ 9 ! plate4 ,no "o look+ at ^! photographs c fail to be /ruck ) ! close resemblance to "s ( ! spla%es t we h /udi$4 ,!re is ! same slight upheaval ( ! neighb\r+ surface1 ! same crat]1 ) ! same curl$ lip1 lead+ to ! inf]5ce t "u ! imm5se & sudd5ly appli$ pressure1 ! /eel has behav$ l a liquid4 ,su* fl[ ( metals "u great pressure is famili> en\gh to me*anical eng9e]s1 b :at ,i desire to sugge/ is1 t f a /udy ( ! motions set up 9 a liquid 9 an analog\s case1 x may be possible to d$uce in=mation ab\t ! di/ribution ( int]nal /ress1 :i* may apply also to a solid1 & may ?us lead to improvem5ts 9 ! con/ruction ( a plate t is int5d$ to resi/ p5etration4 ,,*apt] ,,xi 7,,supplem5t>y7 ,a ,,new ,,ph5om5on ,,t ,,appe>s ,,) ,,an ,,increase ,,9 ,,! ,,velocity ,,( ,,entry ,,( ,a ,,r\gh ,,sph]e ,a slight delay 9 ! passage ( ?is book ?r\gh ! press has enabl$ me to obta9 "s ( ! miss+ in=mation ref]r$ to 9 ! op5+ p>agraph ( ! la/ *apt]4 ,if any read] :o may h be5 p]suad$ to try = himself ! simple exp]im5t m5tion$ at ! beg9n+ ( ,*apt] ,,vii1 w ext5d 8 obs]vations by increas+ ! height ( fall ( ! r\gh5$ m>ble to #d or #e feet 7say to #adj c5tim471 he w f9d t :ile1 z be=e1 mu* air is /ill c>ri$ d[n1 !re is nev]!less1 n[1 no reb\nd+ jet project$ high into ! air1 su* z is inv>iably se5 ) ! l[] fall ( #b feet 7#fj c5tim471 & he w notice a curi\s see?+ appe>ance at ! surface4,k ,?9k+ t ?is appe>ance :i* ! nak$ eye detects mu/ be due to an entanglem5t ( ! ris+ jet ) ! bubble1 :i* entanglem5t 0 likely to produce confus$ motions t c\ld n be pr(itably /udi$1 ,i _h n till n[ be5 suffici5tly curi\s to exam9e :at really happ5$4 ,b c]ta9 rec5t obs]vations ( ! p]si/5ce ) :i* ! see?+ motion aga9 & aga9 recurr$ :5 a /one 0 dropp$ or ?r[n into a riv]1 l$ me to suspect t some?+ requir$ inve/igation4 ,i 01 h[ev]1 q unprep>$ to f9d ! rem>kable *ange ( proc$ure t is reveal$ by ! foll[+ s]ies ( photographs 7,s]ies ,,xvii71 9 ! tak+ ( :i* ,i owe mu* to ! k9d & skilful assi/ance ( ,dr4 ,bryan4 ,! e>li] figures %[ ! v rapid rise ( ! crat] & its clos+ z a bubble mu* be=e ! entrapp$ column ( air divides4 ,be=e ! division takes place1 ! liquid n[ fl[+ 9 f all sides closes ov] ! upp] end ( ! long air-tube1 sep>ates x f ! air outside1 & =ms a d[nw>d jet :i* %oots d[n ! middle ( ! air-tube 9 pursuit ( ! sph]e4 ,! fir/ =mation ( ?is jet is n easy to obs]ve1 because ! view is obscur$ by mu* spla%+ & turbul5t vortical motion result+ app>5tly f ! collision ( ! /reams t conv]ge f all sides on ! axis ( ! air-tube at its upp] end4 ,?us 9 ,fig4 #e ! jet is n yet well e/abli%$1 or at lea/ n easily disc]n$2 b 9 ,fig4 #f ! turbul5ce has cle>$ away f ! upp] "p1 & f ?is /age onw>ds ! jet is well se5 9 all ! figures1 & x p]si/s long aft] ! segm5tation ( ! air column has tak5 place4 ,! read] mu/ n suppose t ?is jet is a m]e fall+ ( ! wat] "u ! action ( gravity1 = ! rapidity ) :i* x advances is f> great] ?an c\ld be acc\nt$ = 9 ?is way2 inde$1 z ! times %[1 ! effect ( gravity dur+ ! e/abli%m5t ( ! jet is insignificant4 ,illu/ration3 ,,s]ies ,,xvii ,r\gh sph]e fall+ #adj cm4 into wat]4 ,scale #b_/c4 #a #j4jjf sec4 #b #j4jjh sec4 #c #j4jae sec4 #d #j4jba sec4 #e #j4jch sec4 ,! segm5tation ( ! air column appe>s to be indep5d5t ( ! jet2 b "s photographs1 su* z ,fig4 #g1 %[ ! jet /rik+ ! side & break+ into ! surr\nd+ liquid ) a great accompanim5t ( air-du/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,s]ies ,,xvii--7cont9u$7 #f #j4jdc sec4 #g #j4jeb sec4 ,n4,b4--,ea* ( ^! figures is made up f two photographs2 "o ( ! upp] & "o ( ! l[] portion tak5 f diff]5t spla%es1 b ) ! same tim+4 ,! read] w obs]ve t aft] division ( ! air-tube has tak5 place1 say f ,fig4 #i onw>ds1 ! wat] ent]+ ! jet at ! top & com+ out aga9 at ! bottom mu/ circulate z 9 a vortex r+1 "p ( ! core ( :i* is fill$ ) ! air surr\nd+ ! jet4 ,x is also to be obs]v$ t aft] ! e/abli%m5t ( ! jet1 !re is a /eady increase 9 ! size ( ! heap above ! surface2 b x is n easy 9 any giv5 photograph to say h[ mu* ( ?is protub]ance is air & h[ mu* is wat]4 ,an exam9ation ( ,figs4 #g1 #h1 & #i %[s t ! place ( orig9 ( ! jet is gradually lift$ above ! level ( ! free surface4 ,t ! jet we n[ see %\ld be direct$ d[nw>ds r ?an upw>ds may1 ,i ?9k1 be expla9$ 9 a g5]al way z foll[s3--,! great initial mom5tum ( ! sph]e causes x to cont9ue 9 rapid motion aft] ! bubble has clos$1 ?us ! sph]e acts z a sort ( pi/on1 :i* by increas+ ! l5g? ( ! air-tube dim9i%es ! pressure 9 x & s sucks 9 ! bubble1 :i* is driv5 d[n by ! great] atmosph]ic pressure above4 ,! conv]g+ horizontal infl[ ne> ! m\? ( ! air-tube _c1 ( c\rse1 produce ! d[nw>d-direct$ jet )\t an equal & opposite g5]ation ( mom5tum upw>ds2 b ?is is n[ exp5d$1 n 9 produc+ a simil> upw>d jet1 b 9 balanc+ ! excess ( atmosph]ic pressure4 ,! reaction1 9 fact1 to ! projection ( ! jet d[nw>ds1 is ! =ce :i* holds up & sl[ly raises ! ro( ( ! long air-%aft4 ,illu/ration3 ,,s]ies ,,xvii--7cont9u$7 #h #j4jeg sec4 #i #j4jfc sec4 #aj #j4jgc sec4 #aa #j4jhi sec4 ,:51 z 9 ! la/ figure ( ,s]ies ,,vi1 p4 #he1 we saw ! upw>d-direct$ jet1 !n also !re mu/ h be5 an equal & opposite g5]ation ( d[nw>d mom5tum di/ribut$ 9 "s way ?r\gh ! liquid bel[ ! bas91 ( :i*1 h[ev]1 !re c\ld be no visible sign4 ,h5ce we see t ! pres5t d[nw>d jet is1 9 a s5se1 n a new ph5om5on1 b "o :i*1 hav+ exi/$ unnotic$ be=e1 is n[ r5d]$ visible to u by reason ( its be+ produc$ 9 air in/ead ( 9 wat]4 ,by means ( a hole bor$ ?r\gh ! ceil+ ( ! d>k room1 ! fall 0 !n increas$ to #bha c5tim4 7j ov] #i feet74 ,! v beautiful e>li] /ages ( ! spla% at ?is height are %[n 9 ,s]ies ,,xviii4 ,fig4 #d %[s v well ! int]nal spla%+ at ! top ( ! air-column :i* accompanies ! initiation ( ! jet4 ,"s lat] photographs tak5 at ?is height 7n yet q pres5table7 %[ ! jet pass+ "r d[n ! n>r[ neck ( air-tube & probably /rik+ ! top ( ! sph]e1 ! desc5t ( :i* mu/ ?us be liable to a curi\s irregul>ity4 ,a fur!r increase ( ! height ( fall to #fhf c5tim4 7#bb-a_/b feet7 0 f\nd to produce b little *ange 9 ! ph5om5a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,s]ies ,,xviii ,e>ly /ages ( ! spla% ( a r\gh sph]e 7diam4 #a4e c5tim47 fall+ #bha c5tim4 7ab\t #i feet7 into wat]4 #a ,t #j #b #j4jjc sec4 #c #j4jje sec4 #d ,,footnotes3 ,k ,i c recomm5d any read] :o is n afraid ( be+ late = breakfa/ to keep a bag ( m>bles 9 8 ba?-room4 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,william ,,br5don ,,& ,,son1 ,,ltd ,,plym\? ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,! foll[+ *anges h be5 made to ! orig9al text4 ,page #aj3 ! same 9 #a1 #c & #d *ang$ to ! same 9 #a1 #b & #d ,page #ff3 4#jd ( a gram *ang$ to #j4d ( a gram ,page #gg3 ,add$ full /op to image caption #i #j4jdb sec4