,,the ,,church ,,on ,,the ,,changing ,,frontier ,illustration ,illustration3 ,,big ,,hole ,,river1 ,,montana ,,committee ,,on ,,social ,,and ,,religious ,,surveys ,,town ,,and ,,country ,,department ,,edmund ,,des4 ,,brunner1 ,director ,,the ,,church ,,on ,,the ,,changing ,,frontier ,a ,,study ,,of ,,the ,,homesteader ,,and ,,his ,,church ,,by ,,helen ,o4 ,,belknap ,,with ,,illustrations ,,maps ,,and ,,charts ,,new ,,york ,,george ,h4 ,,doran ,,company ,,copyright1 #aibb1 ,,by ,,george ,h4 ,,doran ,,company ,,printed ,,in ,,the ,,united ,,states ,,of ,,america ,,preface ,the ,committee on ,social and ,religious ,surveys was organized in ,january1 #aiba4 ,its aim is to combine the scientific method with the religious motive4 ,the ,committee conducts and publishes studies and surveys1 and promotes conferences for their consideration4 ,it cooeperates with other social and religious agencies1 but is itself an independent organization4 ,the ,committee is composed of3 ,john4 ,r4 ,mott1 ,chairman2 ,ernest ,d4 ,burton1 ,secretary2 ,raymond ,b4 ,fosdick1 ,treasurer2 ,james ,l4 ,barton and ,w4 ,h4 ,p4 ,faunce4 ,galen ,m4 ,fisher is ,associate ,executive ,secretary4 ,the offices are at #aaa ,fifth ,avenue1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,in the field of town and country the ,committee sought first of all to conserve some of the results of the surveys made by the ,interchurch ,world ,movement4 ,in order to verify some of these surveys1 it carried on field studies1 described later1 along regional lines worked out by ,dr4 ,warren ,h4 ,wilson#a and adopted by the ,interchurch ,world ,movement4 ,these regions are3 ,i4 ,colonial ,states3 ,all of ,new ,england1 ,new ,york1 ,pennsylvania and ,new ,jersey4 ,,ii4 ,the ,south3 ,all the ,states south of ,mason and ,dixon's line and the ,ohio ,river east of the ,mississippi1 including ,louisiana4 ,,iii4 ,the ,southern ,highlands ,section3 ,this section comprises about #bej counties in ,the back yards of eight ,southern ,states4 ,,iv4 ,the ,middle ,west3 ,the ,states of ,ohio1 ,indiana1 ,michigan1 ,illinois1 ,wisconsin1 ,iowa and northern ,missouri4 ,v4 ,northwest3 ,minnesota1 ,north ,dakota1 ,south ,dakota and eastern ,montana4 ,,vi4 ,prairie3 ,oklahoma1 ,kansas and ,nebraska4 ,,vii4 ,southwest3 ,southern ,missouri1 ,arkansas and ,texas4 ,,viii4 ,range or ,mountain3 ,arizona1 ,new ,mexico1 ,utah1 ,colorado1 ,idaho1 ,wyoming1 ,nevada and western ,montana4 ,the ,director of the ,town and ,country ,survey ,department for the ,interchurch ,world ,movement was ,edmund de,s4 ,brunner4 ,he is likewise the ,director of this ,department for the ,committee on ,social and ,religious ,surveys4 ,the original surveys were conducted under the supervision of the following3 ,beaverhead ,county--,rev4 ,charles ,t4 ,greenway1 ,state ,survey ,supervisor of the ,interchurch ,world ,movement for ,montana4 ,the ,county ,leader was ,rev4 ,thomas ,w4 ,bennett4 ,hughes ,county--,mr4 ,c4 ,o4 ,bemies1 ,state ,survey ,supervisor of the ,interchurch ,world ,movement for ,south ,dakota4 ,the ,county ,survey ,leader was ,rev4 ,h4 ,h4 ,gunderson4 ,sheridan ,county--,mr4 ,a4 ,g4 ,alderman1 ,state ,survey ,supervisor of the ,interchurch ,world ,movement for ,wyoming and ,utah4 ,the ,county ,survey ,leader was ,rev4 ,m4 ,de,witt ,long1 ,d4,d4 ,union ,county--,rev4 ,h4 ,r4 ,mills1 ,state ,survey ,supervisor of the ,interchurch ,world ,movement for ,new ,mexico4 ,the ,county ,survey ,leader was ,professor ,a4 ,l4 ,england4 ,in the spring of #aiba the field worker1 ,miss ,helen ,belknap1 of the ,committee on ,social and ,religious ,surveys1 visited these counties1 verified the results of the survey work previously done1 and secured additional information not included in the original study4 ,special acknowledgment should be made to the ministers1 county officers and others in these counties for their helpful cooeperation and assistance in the successful completion of the survey4 ,the statistical and graphical editor of this volume was ,mr4 ,a4 ,h4 ,richardson of the ,chief ,statistician's ,division of the ,american ,telephone and ,telegraph ,company1 formerly connected with the ,russell ,sage ,foundation4 ,the technical advisor was ,mr4 ,h4 ,n4 ,morse of the ,presbyterian ,board of ,home ,missions1 who was also associate director of the ,town and ,country ,survey in the ,interchurch ,world ,movement4 ,valuable help was given by the ,home ,missions ,council2 by the ,council of ,women for ,home ,missions through their sub-,committee on ,town and ,country1 and by a ,committee appointed jointly by the ,home ,missions ,council and the ,federal ,council of ,churches for the purpose of cooeperating with the ,committee on ,social and ,religious ,surveys in endeavoring to translate the results of the survey into action4 ,the members of this ,joint ,committee on ,utilizing ,surveys are3 ,representing the ,federal ,council of ,churches ,anna ,clark ,c4 ,n4 ,lathrop ,roy ,b4 ,guild ,u4 ,l4 ,mackey ,a4 ,e4 ,holt ,a4 ,e4 ,roberts ,f4 ,ernest ,johnson ,fred ,b4 ,smith ,charles ,e4 ,schaeffer ,representing the ,home ,missions ,council and the ,council of ,women for ,home ,missions ,l4 ,c4 ,barnes1 ,chairman ,rodney ,w4 ,roundy1 ,secretary ,alfred ,w4 ,anthony ,rolvix ,harlan ,mrs4 ,fred ,s4 ,bennett ,r4 ,a4 ,hutchison ,c4 ,a4 ,brooks ,florence ,e4 ,quinlan ,c4 ,e4 ,burton ,w4 ,p4 ,shriver ,a4 ,e4 ,cory ,paul ,l4 ,vogt ,david ,d4 ,forsyth ,warren ,h4 ,wilson ,,introduction ,,the ,,point ,,of ,,view ,this book is a study of the work of ,protestant city1 town and country churches in four counties on the ,range4 ,it discusses the effect on the ,church of the changing conditions in the ,rocky ,mountain ,states1 and the task of the ,church in ministering to the situation which exists to-day4 ,this survey1 therefore1 does not attempt to deal directly with the spiritual effect of any church upon the life of individuals or groups4 ,such results are not measurable by the foot rule of statistics or by survey methods4 ,it is possible1 however1 to weigh the concrete accomplishments of churches4 ,these actual achievements are their fruits and by their fruits ye shall know them4 ,the four counties studied in this book are ,beaverhead in ,montana1 ,sheridan in ,wyoming1 ,union in ,new ,mexico and ,hughes in ,south ,dakota4 ,many considerations entered into their choice4 ,for one thing1 it must be borne in mind that this book1 while complete in itself1 is also part of a larger whole4 ,from among the one thousand county surveys completed or nearly completed by the ,interchurch ,world ,movement1 twenty-six of those made in the nine most representative rural regions of ,america were selected for intensive study4 ,in this way it was hoped to obtain a bird's-eye view of the religious situation as it exists in the more rural areas of the ,united ,states4 ,all the counties selected were chosen with the idea that they were fair specimens of what was to be found throughout the area of which they are a part4 ,in selecting the counties an effort was made to discover those which were typical1 not merely from a statistical viewpoint1 but also from the social and religious problems they represented4 ,for example1 the four counties described in this pamphlet were chosen because they are representative of large sections throughout the ,range area4 ,it is recognized that there are reasons why exception may be taken to the choice of counties4 ,no area is completely typical of every situation4 ,a careful study of these counties1 however1 leads to the conclusion that they are fair specimens of the region they are intended to represent4 ,all these studies have been made from the point of view of the ,church1 recognizing1 however1 that social and economic conditions affect its life4 ,for instance1 it is evident that various racial groups influence church life differently4 ,germans and ,swedes usually favor liturgical denominations2 the ,scotch incline to the non-liturgical4 ,again1 if there is economic pressure and heavy debt1 the ,church faces spiritual handicaps1 and needs a peculiar type of ministry4 ,because of the importance of social and economic factors in the life of the ,church the opening chapters of this book are occupied with a description of these factors4 ,at first glance some of these facts may appear irrelevant1 but upon closer observation they will be found to have a bearing upon the main theme--the problem of the ,church4 ,naturally the greatest amount of time and study has been devoted to the churches themselves2 their history1 equipment and finances2 their members1 services and church organizations2 their ,sunday schools1 young people's societies and community programs1 have all been carefully investigated and evaluated4 ,intensive investigation has been limited to the distinctly rural areas and to those centers of population which have less than five thousand inhabitants4 ,in the case of towns larger than this an effort has been made to measure the service of such towns to the surrounding countryside1 but not to study each church and community in detail4 ,the material in this book presents a composite picture of the religious conditions within these four counties4 ,certain major problems1 which were found with more or less frequency in all four counties1 are discussed1 and all available information from any of the counties has been utilized4 ,the opening pages of the book1 however1 summarize the conditions within each county4 ,while this method has obvious drawbacks it is felt that the advantages outweigh them1 and that this treatment is the best suited to bring out the peculiar conditions existing throughout this area4 ,the appendices present the methodology of the survey and the definitions employed4 ,they also include in tabular form the major facts of each county as revealed by the investigation4 ,these appendices are intended especially to meet the needs of church executives and students of sociology who desire to carry investigation further than is possible in the type of presentation used for the main portion of the book4 ,,contents ,,chapter ,,page ,i ,,the ,,range ,,country #ai ,,ii ,,economic ,,and ,,social ,,tendencies #dj ,,iii ,,what ,,of ,,the ,,church8 #ef ,,iv ,,the ,,church ,,dollar #ga ,v ,,to ,,measure ,,church ,,effectiveness #gg ,,vi ,,the ,,preachers' ,,goings ,,and ,,comings #ij ,,vii ,,negro ,,and ,,indian ,,work #if ,,viii ,,non-,,protestant ,,work #ih ,,ix ,,seeing ,,it ,,whole #ajb ,,appendices ,i ,,methodology ,,and ,,definitions #aba ,,ii ,,tables #abe ,,illustrations1 ,,maps ,,and ,,charts ,,illustrations ,,big ,,hole ,,river1 ,,montana ,frontispiece ,,page4 ,,the ,,town ,,lock-,,up #bc ,,loneliness ,,in ,,union ,,county #be ,,after ,,some ,,years #be ,,two ,,community ,,centers #bg ,a ,,spanish-,,american ,,type ,,and ,a ,,typical ,,adobe ,,house ,,in ,,new ,,mexico #ca ,,where ,,main ,,street ,,might ,,have ,,run #cc ,a ,,wyoming ,,ranch #ce ,a ,,montana ,,mining ,,camp #cf ,,when ,,oil ,,is ,,found #cg ,a ,,farm ,,bureau ,,demonstration #da ,a ,,home ,,demonstration ,,agent #db ,a ,,truck ,,farm ,,in ,,hughes ,,county #dd ,,fruits ,,of ,,the ,,earth #de ,,up-,,to-,,date ,,reaping ,,on ,,the ,,plains #dg ,,wisdom ,,is ,,justified #di ,,camping ,,in ,,sheridan ,,county #ea ,a ,,frontier ,,celebration #ec ,a ,,voice ,,in ,,the ,,wilderness #eg ,,no ,,room ,,for ,,both #eh ,,episcopal ,,church ,,and ,,parish ,,house #fd ,a ,,neglected ,,outpost ,,of ,,christianity #ge ,,not ,a ,,store ,,but ,a ,,church #gh ,a ,,case ,,of ,c,o,oe,p,e,r,a,t,i,o,n #hj ,,happy ,,little ,,picnickers #he ,a ,,good ,,time ,,was ,,had ,,by ,,all #he ,,program ,,of ,a ,,community ,,rally #hh ,a ,,parsonage ,,but ,,no ,,church #id ,,an ,,oasis ,,in ,,the ,,desert #ih ,,watering ,,her ,,garden #ajc ,a ,,community ,,rendezvous #ajd ,,mary1 ,,call ,,the ,,cattle ,,home6 #ajf ,,waiting ,,at ,,the ,,church #ajg ,,hitting ,,the ,,trail #ajh ,,the ,,family ,,mansion #aaj ,a ,,real ,,community ,,house #aad ,a ,,church ,,that ,,serves ,,the ,,community #aae ,,maps ,,montana ,,and ,,wyoming #bj ,,south ,,dakota ,,and ,,new ,,mexico #bb ,,church ,,and ,,community ,,map ,,of ,,hughes ,,county1 ,,south ,,dakota #ed-ee ,,community ,,map ,,of ,,sheridan ,,county1 ,,wyoming #ei ,,map ,,showing ,,churches ,,and ,,parish ,,boundaries ,,of ,,sheridan ,,county #ei ,,church ,,and ,,community ,,map ,,of ,,beaverhead ,,county #fj ,,map ,,showing ,,churches ,,and ,,parish ,,boundaries ,,of ,,union ,,county1 ,,new ,,mexico #fa ,,community ,,map ,,of ,,union ,,county1 ,,new ,,mexico #fb ,,roman ,,catholic ,,churches ,,and ,,parishes1 ,,union ,,county1 ,,new ,,mexico #ii ,,charts ,i ,,analysis ,,of ,,protestant ,,church ,,members #ff ,,ii ,,churches ,,gaining ,,in ,,membership #fg ,,iii ,,active ,,church ,,membership #fi ,,iv ,,churches ,,with ,,less ,,than #ej ,,members #fi ,v ,,relation ,,of ,,size ,,of ,,church ,,membership ,,to ,,gain #gj ,,vi ,,the ,,church ,,dollar #gb ,,vii ,,frequency ,,of ,,church ,,services #gi ,,viii ,,number ,,of ,,pastors ,,during ,,past ,,ten ,,years #ia ,,ix ,,residence ,,of ,,the ,,ministers #ic ,,the ,,church ,,on ,,the ,,changing ,,frontier ,,chapter ,i ,the ,range ,country ,a vast expanse of endlessly stretching plains1 dun-colored table-lands1 mysterious buttes against a far horizon1 and always the tremendous1 almost incredible distances--this is the typical ,range country4 ,there are a sweep to it and a breadth1 and such heavens over the earth6 ,in the ,east1 unless some crimson sunset attracts indifferent eyes1 the sky makes less of the picture than the earth4 ,but this is sky country4 ,roughly1 the ,range area comprises the states between the ,middle ,west and the ,far ,west1 and includes a wide variety of landscape4 ,contained in this picturesque area are eight states with parts of others1 a million square miles over which are spread four million people about a third less than are crowded into ,new ,york ,city4 ,the four counties here studied1 each in a different state1 provide fair samples of a great deal of the country4 ,beaverhead ,county1 in ,montana1 and ,sheridan ,county1 in ,wyoming1 are not far distant one from the other4 ,both are partly mountainous1 rugged in contour1 with wide valleys rimmed by mountains1 and miles of undulating range land and low-lying hills traced by rivers4 ,this is the country where the smoke goes straight up and the latch-string still hangs on the outside of the old-timer's cabin1 where still the sage-hen clucks to her young at the water-hole in the coulee 444 with lazy grace1 the eagle swings to his nest in the lofty pinnacle and the prairie dog stands at his door and chatters4 ,beaverhead is in the extreme southwestern corner of ,montana1 slightly northwest of ,yellowstone ,park and straight south from ,butte4 ,it is bounded by ,rocky ,mountain ranges on the west1 south and northwest4 ,on the south and west it faces the ,state of ,idaho4 ,the county is well drained and watered by the two principal rivers1 the ,big ,hole and ,beaverhead1 and by their tributaries1 and here1 too1 the ,missouri ,river has its source4 ,beaverhead ,county embraces #e1feg square miles or #c1fbj1dhj acres4 ,of this area1 #a1cfe1jjj acres are included in the ,beaverhead ,national ,forest ,reserve scattered over the north1 west and southern parts of the county4 ,a small part of the ,madison ,national ,forest also extends into the county on the west4 ,the altitude at ,monida1 in the southern part of the county1 is about #f1ejj feet above sea level4 ,illustration3 ,,montana ,,and ,,wyoming ,locating ,beaverhead and ,sheridan ,counties4 ,the ,wyoming county1 ,sheridan1 lies in the extreme north central section of the state1 about #aaj miles east of ,yellowstone ,park1 ,montana forming its northern boundary4 ,sheridan is about #ajj miles long and thirty miles wide1 the total area being #b1egd square miles1 or #a1fdg1cfj acres1 less than half the area of the ,montana county1 ,beaverhead4 ,the ,big ,horn ,forest ,reserve covers #chc1dic acres of ,sheridan ,county4 ,rivers and creeks are numerous1 the chief ones being ,tongue ,river1 ,powder ,river and ,big ,goose1 ,prairie ,dog and ,clear ,creeks4 ,the city of ,sheridan1 the county seat1 has an altitude of #c1gcg feet above sea level4 ,the other two counties1 ,union in ,new ,mexico and ,hughes in ,south ,dakota1 consist largely of plain lands4 ,union lies in the northeastern corner of the state of ,new ,mexico1 with three states1 ,colorado1 ,oklahoma and ,texas1 to the north and east of her4 ,union included #e1cgj square miles1 or #c1dcf1hjj acres1 at the time this survey was made4 ,about one-sixth of the southwestern part of ,union ,county has1 however1 been added to part of ,mora ,county1 to the southwest1 to form a new county named ,harding which was formally inaugurated on ,june #adth1 #aiba4 ,the land consists mainly of dry1 level plains and mesas1 although there are some mountains and isolated hills or buttes4 ,aside from the mountainous area1 which is wooded1 there are scarcely any trees with the exception of a few along the larger creeks and those cultivated around ranch houses4 ,the northwestern corner of the county is the most mountainous4 ,the county is drained chiefly by ,ute ,creek1 flowing southeast through the western and southwestern sections into the ,canadian ,river1 and in the northern part by the beautiful ,cimarron4 ,there are a number of small streams1 but many are dry during a large part of the year4 ,union has exhilarating1 bracing air and radiant sunshine4 ,illustration3 ,,south ,,dakota ,,and ,,new ,,mexico ,locating ,hughes and ,union ,counties4 ,hughes is a small county almost exactly in the center of the ,state of ,south ,dakota4 ,it has the shape of a right-angled triangle with the ,missouri ,river forming its hypothenuse from the northwest to the southeast corner4 ,it covers #dhe1gfj acres of high and rolling prairie1 with river and creek bluffs and bottom lands4 ,several creeks and small rivers flow directly through ,hughes1 and it is on the whole one of the best-watered counties in ,south ,dakota4 ,pierre1 the county seat1 is the capital of the state4 ,early ,days on the ,frontier ,the story of these counties is bound up with the discovery and subsequent history of the ,west4 ,it is1 as ,viola ,paradise says1 the story of ,indians and early explorers2 of hunters and fur traders in the days not so very long ago when the bison ranged the prairies2 then of a few ranchmen1 scattered at great distances2 of great herds of cattle and sheep1 succeeding the wild buffaloes2 and of the famous cowboy2 then of the coming of the dry farmer with his hated fences2 and of the crowding out of the open range cattlemen and the substitution of the homesteader4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,town ,,lock-,,up ,this primitive jail at ,bannock1 once chosen as the capital of ,montana1 has held some rough characters in its time1 but is now abandoned4 ,it was at ,two ,forks1 in ,beaverhead ,county1 near what is now the village of ,armstead1 that ,lewis and ,clark1 at a critical point in their expedition1 were met and befriended by the ,shoshones1 the tribe of their ,indian girl guide1 ,sacajawea4#b ,this was on ,august #ag1 #ahje4 ,white fur traders soon followed in the track of this famous expedition1 and after them came ,jason and ,sidney ,lee1 in #ahcd1 the first missionaries to reach ,montana4 ,the next landmark in the county's history is the gold strike on ,grasshopper ,creek1 in #ahfb4 ,news of the find spread like wild-fire4 ,miners rushed to the creek and set up their tents1 shacks and log cabins4 ,unlike ,rome1 this first town of ,montana1 called ,bannock1 was built in a single night4 ,soon after the gold seekers had settled down to work in earnest1 the road agents1 a well-organized gang of roughs from all over the ,west1 began to rob the stage-coaches travelling between ,bannock and ,virginia ,city4 ,innocent was their pass-word2 mustaches1 beards and neckties tied with a sailor's knot1 their sign of membership4 ,after a succession of miners1 homeward bound with their gold-dust1 had dropped from sight1 never to be heard of again1 those who remained decided to elect a sheriff4 ,their choice fell upon a certain ,henry ,plummer1 who was also sheriff of ,virginia ,city4 ,plummer1 however1 never seemed to arrest the right man1 a circumstance which was explained later when it was discovered that he was the chief of the gang of road agents4 ,the funeral of a miner who had died of mountain fever1 the first man for some time to die from a natural cause1 gave the community the opportunity to organize secretly the ,vigilantes1 and finally to round up the road agents1 either hanging them or giving them warning to leave the country4 ,montana was established as a territory in #ahfd1 ,bannock becoming the first capital1 and in the sane year the first county seat of ,beaverhead ,county4 ,the capital was removed to ,virginia ,city in #ahfe1 but not until #ahhb did ,dillon become the county seat4 ,the boundaries of ,beaverhead changed very little until #aiaa1 when #ich square miles of ,madison ,county1 #fjj1cbj acres in all1 were annexed4 ,men began settling on the land west of ,bannock as early as #ahfb2 stock men mainly with herds4 ,a few farmers also began to take up choice bits of land along the rivers4 ,the railroad1 then the ,utah ,northern1 entered from the south in #ahgi4 ,as it was being built1 tent towns were established every fifty miles4 ,one of these towns was never moved and grew into the present town of ,dillon4 ,the first attempt to open up to the white man the land along the ,powder and ,lower ,tongue ,rivers1 in what is now ,sheridan ,county1 was made by ,general ,patrick ,e4 ,conner on ,august #bi1 #ahfe1 and was eminently successful4 ,he attacked the ,arapahoe ,indians with a force of #bej regular soldiers and successfully routed seven hundred warriors4 ,the next effort ended1 however1 in disaster4 ,on the twenty-first day of ,december1 #ahff1 at a point on ,sheridan's southern boundary now known as ,massacre ,hill1 eighty-two officers and men sacrificed their lives to the hostile ,sioux and ,cheyennes in attempting to open a road across the country from ,fort ,laramie to ,montana4 ,illustration3 ,,loneliness ,,in ,,union ,,county ,the black spot in the center of this not very attractive picture is a squatter's hut4 ,illustration3 ,,after ,,some ,,years ,in contrast with the top picture is this one of an attractive farmhouse which shows what can be done on the plains of ,new ,mexico4 ,the first claim ever taken up in this region was in #ahgh1 on ,little ,goose ,creek1 near ,big ,horn1 and the first irrigation ditch was constructed the next year4 ,big ,horn was laid out in #ahhj1 and the first store opened4 ,the first newspaper in the county was the ,big ,horn ,sentinel1 and the first agricultural fair was held in ,big ,horn in #ahhe4 ,the first cabin was built on the present site of ,sheridan ,city in #ahgh4 ,sheridan was laid out in #ahhb and incorporated as a city in #ahhd4 ,until #ahha1 the territory contained in ,johnson and ,sheridan ,counties was unorganized and had no county government1 but lay within the jurisdiction of ,carbon ,county courts4 ,it became ,johnson ,county in #ahha4 ,in #ahhg it was divided by popular vote1 the northern portion being named ,sheridan ,county in memory of the gallant ,general ,phil ,sheridan1 whose army1 in the #ahha expedition1 camped on the site of ,sheridan ,city4 ,union ,county1 in centuries past the camping grounds of vanished tribes1 is now white man's country1 but it did not become so until the ,santa ,fe trail opened the great ,southwest4 ,with the ,rabbit ,ear ,mountains to guide settlers the old trail came across ,union ,county1 untravelled until #ahbb1 and finally1 two years later1 the first wagons crept slowly westward1 facing in that pioneer mood now become historic the hardships of climate and the perils of hostile redskins4 ,in ,union ,county the story survives of a massacre by ,indians1 which accounts for the tardy white settlements in this region4 ,in #ahgj1 there were about a dozen homes of white settlers in the whole area4 ,the railroad1 in #ahhg-hh1 encouraged development which began with ,clayton a year later4 ,in ,february1 #ahic1 the ,territorial ,legislature incorporated into ,union ,county parts of ,colfax1 ,mora and ,san ,miguel4 ,the original boundaries of ,union ,county were not changed until #aijc1 when #bfe square miles were added to ,quay ,county4 ,beginning in the northern part of the county and gradually working southwards1 stockmen took up claims close to water and used public land for grazing4 ,up to about #aijj1 most of the territory remained open range land in which cattle were raised on a large scale1 but since that time1 it has gradually been homesteaded4 ,illustration ,illustration3 ,,two ,,community ,,centers ,the local store and the school of ,de ,grey community1 ,hughes ,county1 ,s4 ,d41 the only meeting places for widely scattered neighbors4 ,the section around ,pierre1 in ,hughes ,county1 was the oldest settlement in the ,state of ,south ,dakota4 ,fort ,pierre1 across the river from ,pierre1 was established in #ahag1 and there was continuous settlement after that4 ,at the conclusion of the ,red ,cloud ,war of #ahff-fh1 the ,laramie ,treaty with the ,sioux ,indians established a great ,sioux reservation embracing all the land west of ,missouri1 from the ,niobrara ,river on the south to the ,cannon ,ball ,river on the north and northwest1 to the ,yellowstone4 ,this reservation lay unbroken until #ahgf1 the year when the ,indians surrendered the ,black ,hills4 ,when the gold rush to the ,black ,hills began1 ,fort ,pierre was the nearest settled point and the traffic center4 ,because the railroad had no right of way through the reservation1 the line could not be extended to the ,black ,hills4 ,the first permanent ,american settlement in ,hughes ,county was made in #ahgc1 when ,thomas ,l4 ,riggs established the ,congregational ,indian ,mission at ,oahe1 where he still continues a church4 ,when the railway reached ,pierre in #ahha1 there came the first boom in the history of the county4 ,all sorts and conditions of people took up half sections1 and ,hughes ,county was almost homesteaded between the years #ahha and #ahhc4 ,the second boom came in the years #ahii-ia1 later followed by a reaction and slump4 ,about the year #aijc1 ,pierre was selected as the ,state capital4 ,all sorts of efforts were made to steal the honor for some other town until in #aije a bill provided for a capitol building at ,pierre which was completed in #aiac4 ,the railway began in #aijf to extend to the ,black ,hills4 ,thereafter1 until #aiaj1 all the region west of ,missouri was settled1 and practically all of these new settlers came through ,pierre4 ,in #aiaa the construction was finished1 people were out of work1 and there came another slump4 ,there was also a drought during the period #aiaa-ab-ac4 ,transportation and ,roads ,there is practically no competition between railroads in any of these counties4 ,each has one main line running through it1 along which are located the county seat and other smaller centers4 ,beaverhead has the ,oregon ,short ,line2 ,sheridan the ,chicago1 ,burlington ,quincy2 ,hughes the ,chicago ,northwestern2 and ,union the ,colorado ,southern4 ,three counties also have small sections of branch lines1 and ,sheridan has twelve miles of trolley line giving city service1 and reaching all but one of the mining camps to the north of ,sheridan ,city4 ,none of these counties has really adequate train service4 ,the distance from markets thus becomes an acute problem in certain parts of all four counties1 but especially in ,beaverhead1 ,sheridan and ,union on account of their greater distances4 ,each county has at least one good stretch of road4 ,a large proportion of the crossroads have never been improved4 ,many of them are only trails4 ,beaverhead has #b1cfe miles of roads1 of which #a1ejj miles are improved and #hfe are unimproved4 ,approximately #bgh1adg4jj has been spent on roads in the last five years4 ,the combined length of public roads in ,sheridan ,county is #gif miles4 ,five miles are hard-surfaced1 five are red shale1 seventeen are gravel1 #aej are ,state ,highway and #daj are legally established traveled roads1 sixty-six feet wide and dragged when necessary4 ,there are also #bjj miles of unimproved roads known as feeders4 ,during the last five years1 approximately #caj1jjj4jj has been spent on county roads1 not including the amount spent on ,state roads4 ,both ,sheridan and ,beaverhead are fortunate in their location on highways leading to ,yellowstone ,park2 ,beaverhead is on the ,western ,park-to-,park highway1 and ,sheridan is on the ,custer ,battlefield highway4 ,during the past four years roads in ,union ,county have improved4 ,the ,colorado to ,gulf highway from ,galveston to ,denver1 enters the county at ,texline and continues for seventy-five miles to the ,colfax ,county line northwest of ,des ,moines4 ,this is graded road and it is maintained partly by the ,federal ,government1 which pays #ej per cent41 and partly by the ,state and county which pay #be per cent4 each4 ,there are #ahj miles of ,state highways in the county for which the ,state and county each pay #ej per cent4 ,two ,federal ,aid projects are also under way in the county at present4 ,something over #fej miles of roads are maintained by the county1 and there are about #b1jjj miles of community roads which are dependent upon local care4 ,the total road mileage of ,hughes ,county is #igh1 with no hard-surfaced but with four miles of gravel roads1 and #age miles of other improved roads4 ,there are also #gii miles of unimproved road4 ,forty-five miles of highway have been built by the ,state between ,pierre and ,harrold and are maintained by the county4 ,the ,people ,all these counties were settled chiefly by homesteaders who came from all over the ,united ,states1 but chiefly from the ,middle ,west and ,southwest4 ,missouri1 ,nebraska1 ,iowa1 ,kansas1 ,texas and ,oklahoma are the states most widely represented4 ,a great many are children of original homesteaders4 ,the breathless haste with which settlers occupied and developed this great primeval region of the ,west1 rich in natural resources1 is shown by the following figures of population3 ,beaverhead ,hughes ,sheridan ,union #ahgj #gbb #ahhj #b1gab #bfb #ahij #d1fee #e1jdd #a1igb #aijj #e1fae #c1fhd #e1abb #d1ebh #aiaj #f1ddd #f1bga #af1cbd #aa1djd #aibj #g1cfi #e1gaa #ah1acb #af1fhj ,the greatest period of growth for ,beaverhead was from #ahgj to #ahhj2 for ,hughes from #ahhj to #ahij2 but both ,union and ,sheridan made their largest increase from #aijj to #aiaj1 while ,beaverhead during those years has made a slow1 steady gain4 ,hughes has had booms1 and has gained and lost population in succeeding decades4 ,sheridan and ,union1 the newer counties1 have forged rapidly ahead of the others in population4 ,sheridan1 on account of her city1 has made a rapid urban increase1 but her rural increase has been slow and steady4 ,union is a large county with no ,forest ,reserve area and has been homesteaded rapidly4 ,although1 in #aijc1 #bfe square miles were taken away from ,union1 the population in #aiaj was #aa1djd1 or an increase of #aea4i per cent4 during the decade from #aijj4 ,the density of rural population per square mile in ,beaverhead is #i4h1 in ,sheridan #c4e1 in ,hughes #c4c and in ,union #c4 ,the ,west has a smaller percentage of foreign-born population than the ,east or ,middle ,west4 ,in three of the states represented1 ,montana1 ,wyoming and ,south ,dakota1 the percentage of foreign-born has decreased in the last decade4 ,in ,montana1 it decreased from #bd4d per cent4 to #ag per cent42 in ,wyoming1 from #ah4f per cent4 to #ac per cent42 and in ,south ,dakota1 from #ag4b per cent4 to #ab4i per cent4 ,new ,mexico1 with the smallest proportion of foreign-born of any of the four states1 went from #f4i per cent4 in #aiaj to #h per cent4 in #aibj4 ,sheridan1 with #ae4i per cent41 is the only one of the four counties studied whose foreign-born population remained constant4 ,in ,beaverhead1 the proportion fell from #ah4a to #ad1 in ,hughes from #aa4d to #h4a and in ,union from #b4b to #a4g4 ,the total number of foreign-born in all four counties is #d1fgj1 or #i4g per cent4 of the total number of people4 ,germans predominate in ,union1 ,hughes and ,sheridan4 ,in ,beaverhead1 the predominating nationalities are ,danes1 ,swedes and ,austrians4 ,the ,new ,americans in ,beaverhead1 ,hughes and ,union are largely on the land2 in ,sheridan ,county1 the majority are in the mining camps4 ,illustration ,illustration3 ,a ,,spanish-,,american ,,type ,,and ,a ,,typical ,,adobe ,,house ,,in ,,new ,,mexico ,less than one hundred ,indians are reported in the combined four counties1 and the number has been diminishing in every county except ,union4 ,sixty-nine of the eighty-one reporting are in ,hughes ,county1 a small section of which is included in the ,crow ,creek ,indian ,reservation4 ,but ,hughes had #afi in #aiaj4 ,spanish-,americans in ,union1 a cross between ,mexicans and ,pueblo ,indians 7the ,spaniards brought no women with them for #djj years71 equal between one-fourth and one-third of the total population4 ,they live chiefly in the south-central and southwestern sections of the county1 and together with their habitations remind one of picturesque ,mexico4 ,sheridan ,county has the largest proportion of negroes of any of the four counties--#adg out of a total of #bad2 but these western states in general have only a small percentage of negroes in their population1 varying from #a4f per cent in ,new ,mexico to #i4g in ,wyoming4 ,the ,chinese and ,japanese in the four counties number1 all told1 less than #aej4 ,wide ,spaces and ,few ,people ,county areas ordinarily group themselves into so-called communities1 where individuals share common social and economic interests centering in a definite locality4 ,in this country1 with its scattered pioneer population1 community groupings are less definite and permanent than in the ,east or ,middle ,west4 ,here they are usually determined by topography1 and especially by the rivers and creeks and the railroad4 ,along the railroad are trade centers which serve the entire county4 ,the majority of these communities are of small population and large area1 with a small trading center containing stores1 hotel1 school1 possibly a church or two and some houses huddled together4 ,the county seat largely centralizes the life of each county4 ,outside the trade centers and the open country area included within their community boundaries1 the counties fall into certain social groupings4 ,where the land is good1 and is being intensively developed1 there are well-defined permanent communities4 ,some have even grown staid and conservative4 ,in other sections the story is pathetically different4 ,one lonely family1 a forlorn row of claim shacks along the horizon1 are all that is left of a real social life that existed only a few years before4 ,a woman standing at the door of the only habitation in a round of sky and stretch of plain1 tells how all the good neighbors are gone and us left grieving for the fine times we once had4 ,transiency is usual in homesteading country1 many people only remaining long enough to homestead their land4 ,in ,beaverhead and ,hughes1 which have been longer homesteaded1 there is a larger proportion of residents of more than fifteen years than in the other two counties4 ,but in all four counties1 there are temporary groups of people with some social life at present1 which may or may not have significance in the future4 ,on the whole1 present development tends to be permanent because most of the desirable land in ,beaverhead1 ,sheridan and ,union1 and all of the land in ,hughes has long since been taken up4 ,all community limits are more or less indefinite4 ,for example1 a rancher living near the boundary of two communities may go to two or more centers for trade4 ,and a dance or barbecue will bring people from any number of the communities4 ,illustration3 ,,where ,,main ,,street ,,might ,,have ,,run ,the hut of a lonely homesteader4 ,county interests tend to become concentrated in increasing proportion in the county seat4 ,dillon1 the ,beaverhead ,county seat1 is fairly well located in the central eastern section4 ,it is considered one of the best business towns of the state1 drawing trade from every point in ,idaho4 ,dillon is a retired ranchers' town1 conservative and wealthy4 ,community spirit is not manifest4 ,the old settlers run the town and are not friendly to the ideas of others4 ,even a ,commercial ,club has found it hard to survive in ,dillon4 ,sheridan ,city1 the county seat of ,sheridan ,county1 with a population of about #aj1jjj1 is wide-awake and progressive4 ,although there are a number of growing industries and it is a division point on the railroad1 ,sheridan is also dependent to a large extent upon farming4 ,clayton1 the county seat of ,union1 a town with a spirit of boost1 informs travellers by means of a bill board that it is the smallest town on earth with a ,rotary4 ,clayton's large proportion of transient population is at once typical of the frontier in its nonchalant spirit1 in its cowboys with sombreros1 jingling spurs and high-heeled boots that click along the pavements2 it typifies the ,range country in the canvas-covered wagons1 coming in provided with camping outfits and rations to last for several days because home is far away4 ,but all this is gradually changing1 and ,clayton is becoming more of a farming center1 less like the frontier and more like the ,middle ,west4 ,pierre1 the ,hughes ,county seat and ,state capital1 is a busy town4 ,it has a number of industries and is the center for an extensive farming and stock-raising region1 but the capitol overshadows the rest of the town in importance4 ,means of ,livelihood ,cattle were once raised on a large scale in this country4 ,that was the day of the cowboy4 ,but with the coming of the homesteader and his fenced land1 stock has had to be raised in smaller herds and more restricted areas4 ,in the old days1 there was a great deal of open range land4 ,most of this has now been homesteaded4 ,naturally the rancher has resented the steady appropriation of his free range by the farmer4 ,while cattle raising is still the chief source of income1 there has been a steady gain in the relative value of farming1 especially since the introduction of irrigation and dry-farming methods4 ,about half the farm land in both ,beaverhead and ,sheridan is under irrigation1 and there is some irrigated land in the northern part of ,union1 but practically no irrigation in ,hughes ,county4 ,some dry farming is carried on in every section of each county4 ,general farming and dairying rank next to stock raising4 ,hay and forage are the chief crops4 ,considerable farm land is fit only for range land for cattle2 it is too broken or dry for crops4 ,dairying is comparatively a new development4 ,forest ,reserve land in ,beaverhead and ,sheridan is allotted to ranches for cattle range4 ,in ,beaverhead ,national ,forest1 #aj1ecj acres have been homesteaded and seventy-five claims have been listed1 chiefly in #afj acre tracts4 ,very little homesteading has been done in the ,big ,horn ,national ,forest because the entire area is above the practical range of farm crops1 and killing frosts occur every month in the year4 ,in the entire forest1 only about a dozen tracts have been taken under the homestead laws1 averaging a little over one hundred acres each2 all have been abandoned1 except a few used as summer resorts4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,wyoming ,,ranch ,the home of a well-to-do rancher in ,sheridan ,county4 ,as is usually the case in frontier country1 a large majority of the farms and ranches are operated by owners4 ,south ,dakota1 at the threshold of the ,west1 has a larger proportion of tenancy than any of the other states represented4 ,the percentage in ,south ,dakota is #cd4i per cent41 in ,new ,mexico it is #ab4b per cent41 in ,wyoming it is #ab4e per cent41 and in ,montana it is #aa4c per cent4 ,in ,beaverhead tenancy has decreased from #aj4b per cent4 in #aiaj to #g4b per cent4 in #aibj4 ,in ,sheridan1 it has remained about the same1 #bj4e per cent4 in #aiaj and #bj4d per cent4 in #aibj4 ,hughes has had a marked increase--from #af4f per cent4 in #aiaj to #cj4i per cent4 in #aibj4 ,tenancy has increased #aa4i per cent4 in ,union during the past decade4 ,this has been partly because so much of the land is held by absentee owners who have proved up on the land1 moved away1 and are waiting for property to go up in value2 also because on account of the high taxation some cattlemen find that they make better profits by renting instead of owning4 ,beaverhead ,county is rich in minerals1 including gold1 silver1 copper1 lead1 ore1 graphite1 coal and building stone4 ,comparatively little mining has been done since the war on account of low prices4 ,a large amount of coal is produced in ,sheridan ,county4 ,stretching out one after the other in a compact series1 there are six large mines north of ,sheridan ,city1 set in the midst of an agricultural area and having little relation to the rest of the county4 ,there is also a small coal mine being operated at ,arvada in the eastern part of the county4 ,a number of farmers and ranchmen are lucky enough to have small coal veins on their land1 and mine their own coal with pick and shovel4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,montana ,,mining ,,camp ,oil is thought to be present in both ,hughes and ,union1 but very little has been done with its development4 ,there is some coal in the mountains in ,union1 and building stone and deposits of lime and alum are found in some communities4 ,there are numerous gas wells in ,hughes ,county4 ,many ranches have wells giving sufficient gas for all domestic purposes4 ,each county has a number of smaller industries1 such as printing establishments1 lumber yards1 etc4 ,sheridan ,city has several large plants1 including an iron works1 flour mill1 sugar beet factory and a brick and tile plant4 ,all the counties benefit from the summer auto-tourist trade4 ,the city and towns all have camping grounds for tourists4 ,sheridan has a tourist building1 with a sitting-room1 fire-place for rainy days and rest rooms1 in her city park4 ,sheridan also has a park in the ,big ,horn ,mountains4 ,both ,beaverhead and ,sheridan have a small number of resorts4 ,sheridan has three ,dude ranches1 the largest of which is the ,eaton ranch1 established in #aijd4 ,the ,young ,idea ,good school systems have been developed in the comparatively short time since these counties were organized and running as active units of group life4 ,buildings are almost all fairly well built4 ,teachers receive good salaries4 ,of course1 the schools are nowhere near ideal4 ,the isolation and distances present serious school problems4 ,small rural schools persist where distances are great4 ,union is the only county of the four with any consolidated schools4 ,the problem of supervision is great4 ,each county has local school districts and a local board of trustees in each4 ,the county superintendent1 a woman in each county1 has a difficult time visiting the more remote schools and does not reach them often4 ,many roads and trails are practically impassable during the largest part of the school year4 ,because of the isolation it is often difficult to find a teacher or to get a place for her to live1 when one is secured4 ,school terms vary from five to nine months1 the longer terms predominating4 ,only six communities in the four counties have active ,parents' and ,teachers' associations4 ,illustration3 ,,when ,,oil ,,is ,,found ,the ,snorty ,gobbler ,project at ,grenville1 ,n4 ,m4 ,besides the two elementary schools in ,dillon1 used as model schools by the ,state ,normal which is located there1 ,beaverhead ,county has forty-six elementary schools4 ,two of these1 the schools in both villages1 ,wisdom and ,lima1 offer one year of high school4 ,the only four-year high school in the county1 located at ,dillon1 has sixteen teachers and a student enrollment of #ahe4 ,the entire school enrollment in the county in #aibj-ba was #b1fga2 the total number of teachers1 #ajj2 the total cost of school maintenance #eaj1jjf4jj4 ,the ,state ,normal had an enrollment of #efa during the summer of #aibj2 #aij in the winter of #aibj-ba and #fbj in the summer of #aiba4 ,there were seventy-four schools running in ,sheridan ,county in #aibj-ba1 not including the city schools4 ,in addition to the ,sheridan ,high ,school1 there are five schools in the county offering some high school training4 ,big ,horn has had a four year course1 but this year 7#aiba-bb7 is sending her third and fourth year high school pupils to ,sheridan ,city in a school bus2 ,dayton offers two years of high school1 and ,ranchester1 ,ulm and ,clearmont each have one year4 ,an annual county graduation day is held in the ,sheridan ,high ,school4 ,it is an all-day affair with a picnic in the park in the afternoon4 ,the total number of pupils in rural schools in #aibj-ba was #a1hej1 the total cost of maintenance1 #bfd1fdg4ba4 ,the ,sheridan ,high ,school with its enrollment of #ebb is the largest in the state4 ,the total school enrollment of the county1 including the five ,sheridan ,city elementary schools and the high school was #d1ggb4 ,there was a total of #agc teachers1 of which ninety-six were employed in the rural schools4 ,a parochial school in ,sheridan ,city has an enrollment of about #ahj and four teachers4 ,the city also has two privately owned business colleges with a total enrollment of #aej4 ,in ,union ,county1 there are #ajh elementary schools outside of ,clayton1 with a total enrollment of #d1ejj and a force of #agj teachers4 ,nine schools have some high school work4 ,five have a two-year course2 two have a four-year course4 ,several elementary schools have been consolidated within the past few years1 and occupy new buildings to which the children living at a distance are transported in motor trucks4 ,besides four earlier issues of school bonds1 totalling #gi1jjj1 the people have voted1 in this year of hard times1 an additional issue of #hh1jjj4 ,clayton has four elementary schools with seventeen teachers and an enrollment of #gbc4 ,the ,clayton ,high ,school has twelve teachers and an enrollment of #bbe4 ,it has a new well-equipped building4 ,hughes ,county has thirty-nine rural schools outside of ,pierre4 ,four schools offer some high school work1 two offering one year1 one two years and one three years4 ,pierre has three elementary schools4 ,the ,pierre four-year high school has #bbj students4 ,the total school enrollment of the county1 including the schools in ,pierre1 was #a1ecj1 the total number of teachers seventy and the total cost of maintenance #acj1aii4ce4 ,there is a ,government ,indian ,industrial ,school located just outside ,pierre4 ,the lack of opportunity for high school training in so large a part of each county1 brings about an increasing migration into the county seat for educational advantages4 ,many families leave their ranches and move in for the winter instead of sending a child or two4 ,some come in for elementary schools1 because of bad roads and the inaccessibility of their country school4 ,this is one of the greatest factors in the growth of these centers4 ,to illustrate the number of pupils from the country1 #aej of the #ebb pupils of the ,sheridan ,high ,school are non-resident and all but about ten are from ,sheridan ,county4 ,in ,union ,county1 fifty of the #bbe pupils in the ,clayton ,high ,school come from all over the county1 the majority coming from ten miles around ,clayton4 ,the number of county children attending ,clayton schools is increasing at the rate of about #ae per cent4 a year4 ,these children have certain marked characteristics4 ,they are older for their grade than the town children1 they average higher marks1 and are anxious to make the best of their opportunity4 ,in other words1 they do not take education for granted1 like the town or city child4 ,,chapter ,,ii ,economic and ,social ,tendencies ,growth of the ,farm ,bureau ,no greater laboratory exists for scientific farming than in this western country4 ,a ,farm ,bureau1 popularized through county agents1 is an asset of prime significance to a region that will endow the rest of the country with the fruits of its development4 ,hughes1 in #aiae1 was the first of the four counties to organize a ,farm ,bureau4 ,sheridan and ,union followed in #aiai4 ,beaverhead ,county has no ,farm ,bureau4 ,a ,county ,farm ,agent was employed for eight months in #aiah1 but did not have the support of the ranchers4 ,they felt that an agent1 in a stock raising county like ,beaverhead where hay flourished without cultivation1 was a needless expense4 ,as one rancher remarked1 ,we did not want some one who knew less about our business than we did4 ,as an index to the success attending expert farm advice1 one entire community in ,beaverhead attempted and abandoned dry farming1 whereas in other counties where ,farm ,bureaus and agents have given service and advice no entire community has failed so completely4 ,the ,farm ,bureaus not only improve agricultural methods1 but are creating local leaders and a community spirit4 ,the ,farm ,bureau offers a definite program that is rewarding if adopted4 ,it develops in the individual community a spirit of independence and self-respect which must precede cooeperation4 ,the ,sheridan ,farm ,bureau records a typical objective3 to promote the development of the most profitable and permanent system of agriculture2 the most wholesome and satisfactory living conditions2 the highest ideals in home and community life1 and a genuine interest in the farm business and rural life on the part of the boys and girls and young people4444 ,there shall be a definite program of work 444 based on the results of a careful study of the problems of the county4 ,it shall be formulated and carried out by the members of the organization1 with the assistance of their agents and specialists as may be available from the ,state ,agricultural ,college4 ,each ,farm ,bureau has county leaders or a board of directors1 each member specializing in and promoting some particular project1 as poultry1 cattle1 marketing of grain1 dairying1 roads1 child welfare1 clothing1 food and county fair4 ,during #aiai-aibj forty-three ,farm ,bureau meetings were held in ,sheridan ,county1 with a total attendance of #a1cba4 ,twenty extension schools or courses were given with a total attendance of #bfa4 ,two community fairs were held1 and six communities put on recreation programs4 ,the ,farm ,bureau upheld ,governor ,carey's announcement of ,good ,roads ,day by donating #c1cjj worth of work on the roads4 ,seventeen communities were organized2 twelve have community committees4 ,nothing can better create community spirit and enlist cooeperation4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,farm ,,bureau ,,demonstration ,the ,county ,agent for ,sheridan is making grasshopper poison4 ,each community also adopts a program of work of its own under the leadership of the community committee4 ,a community program for ,union ,county1 which is inaccessible to the railroad1 is as follows3 ,program of ,work ,goal for #aiba ,accomplishments ,work ,still ,to ,be to ,date ,done ,poultry ,market eggs ,letters written ,prices not sufficient for markets to warrant shipping as yet ,livestock ,organize pig ,two talks club ,two leaders ,organize calf secured club ,home beautifi- ,plant trees1 ,planted cation vines and shrubbery ,road ,fix bad ,secured county ,keep at it places aid4 ,got bridge ,rodent ,rodent poison #aa poisoned ,eradication demonstration ,coyote ,kill 'em ,nine put out ,complete it coyote poison and killed #dh coyotes ,illustration3 ,a ,,home ,,demonstration ,,agent ,here is a ,woman's ,club at an all-day meeting in ,union ,county receiving instructions in the workings of an iceless refrigerator4 ,the ,farm ,bureau works with the ,county ,agents1 the ,home ,demonstration ,agents1 and the ,boys' and ,girls' ,club leaders1 wherever such agents exist4 ,the ,county ,agents are giving themselves whole-heartedly to their jobs1 and the demands for their services keep them busy driving through counties for purposes of demonstration or organization4 ,the ,hughes ,county agent reports the following schedule3 fifty days on animal disease1 thirty-seven and one-half days on boys' and girls' club work1 thirty-seven days on organization1 twenty-three days on marketing and #aaf days on miscellaneous work4 ,sheridan and ,union have ,home ,demonstration agents1 energetic women1 who go out over the county organizing groups of women and giving demonstrations and talks4 ,some of their achievements in ,sheridan ,county may be cited4 ,hot lunches were established in six rural schools in cooeperation with the ,public ,health ,nurse2 some phase of health work was carried on in four communities and in ,sheridan ,city schools a clothing school was held2 #bjj women were taught the ,cold ,pack method of canning2 four home convenience demonstrations were given2 five pressure cookers were purchased2 twenty-five flocks were culled2 twelve ,american cheese demonstrations were given1 and #ejj pounds of cheese made4 ,boys' and girls' club work is carried on in every county except ,beaverhead4 ,the boys and girls all over the county are organized into clubs and work on various kinds of projects4 ,union ,county's record for #aibj is notable3 ,kind of ,club ,total ,membership ,value of ,products1 #aibj ,pig ,club #hc #h1ajg4jj ,calf ,club #ci #a1efh4jj ,poultry ,club #cj #cfg4jj ,cooking #cf #bbj4jj ,serving #cf #caj4jj ,bean #ac #afe4fj ,maize #aj #abj4jj ,corn #be #a1gfe4jj --- ---------- ,total #bgb #aa1fbb4fj ,pure-bred hogs and cattle owned by boys and girls are sold under the auspices of the ,farm ,bureau4 ,prizes are offered4 ,in ,sheridan ,county1 the county club champions are sent to the ,annual ,round-up at the ,state ,university4 ,in ,hughes1 three teams of three members each were given a free trip to the ,state ,fair as a reward for their efforts and achievements4 ,one member of the ,cow-,calf ,club won a free trip to the ,international ,live ,stock ,show in ,chicago as a prize for his exhibit at the ,state ,fair4 ,development of ,cooeperation ,irrigation means cooeperation1 but cooeperation in buying and marketing is comparatively a new development4 ,cooeperation1 however1 is a necessity because so many farmers are distant from the trade centers and shipping points4 ,cooeperation is the prime interest of the ,farm ,bureaus which1 in some counties1 undertake cooeperative buying and selling4 ,the ,hughes ,county ,farm ,bureau has been especially effective in promoting cooeperative enterprise4 ,says the ,county ,agent3 ,the ,medicine ,valley ,farm ,bureau has done considerable work along different lines1 but the most outstanding has been the promotion of a ,farmers' ,cooeperative ,elevator4 ,most of the stock in this enterprise has been sold and work will be started very soon on the building4444 ,the ,harrold ,live ,stock ,shipping ,association was promoted by the ,farm ,bureau ,community ,club south of ,harrold4 ,several meetings were held by this club on marketing4 ,members were supplied with cooeperative shipping instructions and information4 ,at the present time1 most of the stock shipped out of ,harrold is shipped through this organization4 ,it has proved a success4 ,this community club was also instrumental in the promotion of a cooeperative elevator at ,harrold 444 in addition to the organization projects on marketing1 considerable buying and selling in car-load lots has been done by the different ,farm ,bureau ,community ,clubs4 ,the ,snake ,butte ,community ,club has bought four car-loads of coal for its members1 with a saving of at least #bjj4 ,they have also bought a car of flour1 a car of apples and a car of fence posts1 all of which has effected a saving of another #bjj4 ,three other community clubs have bought supplies by the car-load4 ,these purchases have netted members of the county a saving of approximately six hundred dollars4444 7,the ,farm ,bureau through its exchange service has located #d1eej bushels of seed flax1 #die pounds of ,grimm alfalfa seed1 #bjj bushels of seed wheat1 #ajj bushels of rye and #hjj bushels of seed corn47 ,one thousand1 six hundred and eighty-five pounds of wool was also directed to the state pool of the ,national ,wool ,warehouse and ,storage ,company at ,chicago1 ,illinois4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,truck ,,farm ,,in ,,hughes ,,county ,beaverhead ,county has three active stock-growers' associations1 the most active of which is the ,big ,hole ,stockmen's ,association which established stock yards at ,wisdom and at ,divide1 their shipping point4 ,they finally induced the railroad to help pay for the yards4 ,this association was founded chiefly to work for a road from the ,big ,hole over into the ,bitter ,root ,valley4 ,the ,forest ,service was willing to help build the road if ,beaverhead and ,ravalli ,counties would also help4 ,beaverhead ,county did not favor the project because it feared competition from the ,bitter ,root products4 ,but the ,big ,hole ,valley wanted the road on account of the business it would bring in4 ,the ,stockmen's ,association raised about #g1jjj towards it and the county finally put in #c1ejj4 ,besides their contribution of money1 the members of the ,association donated time and teams4 ,one reason why they have held together so well and so long was because they shared the debt4 ,it has been hard sledding1 but they have won out4 ,their wage scale1 which is established annually1 was successfully operated for the first time last year 7#aiba71 when all but two ranchers stuck to the prescribed wage of #b4jj per day for hay hands4 ,they have fixed up the ,fair ,grounds at ,wisdom and give a ,pow-wow there every year4 ,illustration3 ,,fruits ,,of ,,the ,,earth ,the ,community spirit expresses itself in friendly rivalry at ,union ,county ,fair4 ,largely through the influence of the ,farm ,bureau1 two cooeperative organizations were recently started in ,union ,county1 the ,union ,county ,farmers' ,mutual ,hail ,insurance ,association and the ,registered ,live ,stock and ,pure ,bred ,poultry ,association4 ,there is only one other active cooeperative at present1 a ,telephone ,company at ,mount ,dora1 capitalized at #c1jjj4 ,a state-wide marketing association has #bhj ,union ,county members who produced in #aibj one-third of all the products marketed through the organization4 ,besides the marketing associations1 ,hughes has a cooeperative ,farmers' ,lumber ,company4 ,all these counties have cooeperative stores4 ,a cooeperative store at ,wisdom in ,beaverhead ,county has fifty stockholders4 ,lima had a cooeperative store in #aiai-aibj which failed through poor management4 ,two ,rochdale ,cooeperative stores were started three years ago in ,ulm and ,clearmont in ,sheridan ,county4 ,when the central organization took the surplus earnings of the branch stores to make up failures in other stores in the chain instead of declaring dividends1 both the ,sheridan ,county stores withdrew and organized cooeperatives of their own in ,march1 #aiba4 ,sheridan ,city for the past eight years has had a cooeperative store in which ranchers and farmers from nearby communities have most of the shares4 ,there is also a ,miners' ,store in ,sheridan ,city4 ,hughes ,county has one cooeperative store with #aej stockholders4 ,urban and ,rural ,rivalry ,all the centers are service stations for the farmers4 ,in some places the old1 deep-seated antagonism between town and country is noticeable4 ,there is the feeling that the merchants overcharge1 that big business sets the prices1 that capital is to be distrusted4 ,most of the merchants have been of the old individualistic type which places the dollar higher than the community1 an idea which the ,commercial ,clubs are altering4 ,this is especially noticeable in ,union ,county1 where the feeling between country and town has been very bitter4 ,the farmers unfortunately are unfriendly to and distrustful of the merchants and business men4 ,each group is really interdependent1 but 'such' a feeling retards progress and development4 ,as one leading farmer put it1 ,the prejudice between the farmer and business man must be overcome4 ,there is no limit to the results if we can just get together4 ,the farmers feel that the average merchant in buying farm products has not discriminated between a good and a bad product so far as price goes4 ,in short1 the honest farmer does not want to sell bad eggs or sandy maize1 but he doesn't like to get a poor price for a good product4 ,farmers feel that the merchants have overcharged them for goods and obtained high profits and they are undoubtedly right to some extent4 ,the farmers believe that the fact of their charging goods on credit with the merchant gives the latter an unfair advantage over them1 that the merchant thinks he can pay any price he wants when purchasing from the farmer4 ,chambers of ,commerce and ,commercial ,clubs are working toward a better understanding4 ,get-together meetings have been started4 ,the first ,union ,county meeting prepared the farmers by letters and visits1 in order to suggest a more friendly and constructive meeting ground4 ,in ,sheridan and ,pierre1 the ,commercial ,clubs have been very ready to cooeperate in any movements that would benefit the farmer4 ,an example of happier relations between farmer and merchant is the rest room for farmers' wives maintained in ,dillon by the ,good ,government ,club4 ,illustration3 ,,up-,,to-,,date ,,reaping ,,on ,,the ,,plains ,answering the ,world's ,prayer for ,daily ,bread4 ,hard ,times ,in the history of this ,range area the last three years have been the most difficult for farmers and ranchers4 ,they have suffered acutely from the sharp drop in prices of stock and farm products4 ,part of the ,range section has had a severe drouth4 ,beaverhead has had several dry years4 ,last year 7#aiba71 thousands of dollars' worth of hay had to be shipped into the county as feed1 and much livestock had to be sent out of the county to graze4 ,in addition to drouth1 grasshoppers1 fairly plentiful before1 became a scourge in part of ,sheridan the summer of #aiba4 ,the farmers1 helped by the ,farm ,bureau1 worked hard to exterminate them with poisoned oats4 ,simultaneously with the drouth and grasshopper scourge in certain sections1 the decrease in prices has led to hard times and much suffering4 ,whereas a rancher was well off a few years ago1 he now considers himself lucky if he is in the hole for only a few thousand4 ,the farmers are bitter4 ,they feel that something is wrong with the system4 ,one can hardly blame them when crops bring no profit1 while taxes seem to be higher than ever4 ,the hard times have made ranchers and farmers do more serious thinking about taxes1 farm conditions1 and the marketing of farm products than they have ever done before4 ,e4 ,t4 ,devine1 writing on ,montana ,farmers in ,the ,survey ,magazine1 gives the farmers' position3 ,montana farmers are much like other ,american producers1 urban and rural1 but they are even harder hit than most of their fellow countrymen1 except1 of course1 unemployed town workers4 ,they share in the general calamity of relatively low prices for agricultural products and they have also just passed through several years of unprecedented drouth4 ,freight rates are high and burdensome1 and the things the farmers have to buy are still high in proportion to the prices which they get for their grain and stock4 ,these farmers are therefore in debt1 and are borrowing more than they can4 ,they are actually and not merely in a chronically distorted imagination1 having difficulty in paying their interest and taxes2 and if their equity is small they are losing it4444 ,the farmers are not seeking fundamental or permanent solutions4 ,what concerns them is to get immediate and appreciable relief from taxes4 ,hard times1 as in ,union ,county1 usually strike our best assets4 ,the county first had a ,county ,agent in #aiae1 a ,home ,demonstration ,agent in #aiag1 and ,assistant ,county ,agent in #aiah and a ,club ,leader in #aiah4 ,unfortunately1 the hard times forced upon the country a program of retrenchment4 ,in #aibj the ,assistant ,county ,agent and1 early in #aiba1 the ,club ,leader were removed4 ,at present1 there is a determined effort in some quarters to dispense with the other two workers4 ,social ,agencies ,country folk keep track of things4 ,county papers as well as outside newspapers are read in all communities4 ,these outside newspapers come from ,denver1 ,kansas ,city1 ,butte or ,omaha1 depending upon location4 ,four newspapers are published in ,beaverhead1 two in the county seat1 and one in each of the two villages4 ,rural ,sheridan prints but one newspaper1 ,the ,tongue ,river ,news1 at ,ranchester4 ,two dailies are published in ,sheridan ,city4 ,three communities in ,union1 and three in ,hughes ,county1 publish their own papers4 ,the town of ,clayton has the ,examiner and the ,tribune1 as well as a paper printed in ,spanish4 ,grenville and ,des ,moines1 two villages in ,union1 also have local papers4 ,in ,hughes ,county1 ,pierre has two papers1 and ,blunt and ,harrold one each4 ,the editors are almost all progressive and up-to-date1 and vitally interested in the welfare of their communities4 ,more and better libraries are an urgent need of all these counties4 ,sheridan1 ,pierre and ,dillon all have splendid ,carnegie libraries4 ,the majority of the schools have small school libraries4 ,but there is only one public library in ,beaverhead ,county1 besides that in ,dillon1 in the community house of ,wisdom village4 ,sheridan has no other library in the whole county4 ,the only libraries in ,union ,county are a collection of books for public use in the office of a village lumber yard and a small travelling library4 ,hughes ,county has a town library and three circulating libraries4 ,illustration3 ,,wisdom ,,is ,,justified ,the ,community ,house at ,wisdom1 ,beaverhead ,county4 ,good leadership is always essential to progress4 ,every one of these counties is fortunate in having some splendid county-wide leaders who are devoting themselves to their county's progress4 ,wherever a county has a ,farm ,bureau1 leadership is developed by that organization4 ,but in rural sections where distances prevent people from coming together1 leadership is wanting4 ,each ranch is a small isolated world and by the very nature of things there are few community undertakings4 ,the development of local leadership1 especially in remote sections1 should become the concern of this country4 ,as ,hart says in his book1 ,community ,organization1 the destiny of civilization is wrapped up in the future of community life4 ,if that life becomes intelligent1 richly developed1 democratically organized1 socially controlled--the future of civilization is secure4444 ,the determination is largely one of leadership4 ,community ,spirit ,red ,cross work1 during the war1 did a great deal toward bringing about a unified spirit4 ,the ,farm ,bureau is working in this direction4 ,when real needs arise1 a community spirit is born1 and unsuspected qualities of loyalty1 cooeperation and leadership develop1 as happened in one community in ,sheridan ,county1 when that community wanted the ,state highway3 they canvassed every load of wheat that went to ,sheridan ,city from their community to show how much their road was used4 ,another splendid example of community spirit was the pageant staged by ,armstead ,community1 in ,beaverhead ,county1 to celebrate the anniversary of the ,lewis and ,clark ,expedition4 ,every one in the community1 even the babies as ,indian papooses1 took part4 ,about half of all the communities have a real community spirit1 i4e41 a willingness on the part of the people to work unselfishly1 cooeperatively1 for the best interests of the community4 ,this spirit1 fostered by the ,farm ,bureau or by war work1 has directed communities to concern themselves with their roads1 schools1 methods of farming and the creation and strengthening of all community bonds and interests4 ,the results of this spirit are shown in social and educative agencies like ,lodges and the local branches of the ,farm ,bureau4 ,of the sixty-eight ,lodges only seventeen are for women1 and their total enrollment is about #g1jjj members4 ,while women have fewer ,lodges their attendance is more enthusiastic and regular than in the case of the men4 ,there are ,commercial ,clubs in the city and towns1 and in a number of the villages4 ,the ,american ,legion has five branches in the four counties4 ,eight communities have ,literary ,societies meeting regularly4 ,then there are the many clubs and societies which are purely social4 ,these include sewing clubs1 card clubs1 athletic clubs and similar organizations which are found in the city and towns1 and in about one-third of the other communities4 ,there are musical organizations in seven communities1 and four communities have community singing4 ,these organizations1 together with the schools and churches1 give the inspiration for most of the social life4 ,illustration ,illustration3 ,,camping ,,in ,,sheridan ,,county ,the colored cook1 at least1 seems to delight in her surroundings4 ,movies1 ,motors and the ,dance ,all the larger centers have moving-picture theatres4 ,with the coming of the movie1 and the general ownership of cars1 there is a growing tendency to go into the centers for amusement4 ,dancing is the most popular recreation4 ,if an event is really a success1 it ends with a dance4 ,in many communities a dance is the only thing that will go4 ,one reason for this is the lack of leadership2 a dance needs no planning to speak of1 which is not the case with other forms of indoor recreation4 ,dances attract people from great distances and are generally held on ,saturday night1 lasting until ,sunday morning1 with a feast at midnight4 ,perhaps the ,farm ,bureau has an exhibition during the day1 and there is a community dance in the evening4 ,it is held in the hall over the poolroom4 ,an orchestra of three army veterans plays good lively jazz4 ,the latest tunes and dances of the city are as familiar in these remote communities as are the latest modes and fashions4 ,no country square dances here2 nothing older than the very latest dancing1 and the most modern of ear-capped coiffures6 ,whole families attend1 and parents take the floor along with the young folks4 ,there is a great friendliness4 ,the young men are well set-up1 muscular and tanned1 and some of them even wear spurs which clink together as they dance4 ,feminine noses are not as white as they might be1 though powder puffs are here1 very properly concealed4 ,most of these girls ride horseback as well as their brothers1 and both young women and men1 with their athletic supple figures1 their innate sense of grace and rhythm1 might put to shame our tired1 anaemic city dancers4 ,at midnight1 there is a supper of fried chicken1 sandwiches and real cake brought a few dozen miles more or less by team or car4 ,everything tastes good because it is made at home4 ,afterwards1 the tireless feet continue the intricate1 graceful measures4 ,but outside the brightly lighted hall1 and beyond the sound of laughter and music broods the silent1 mysterious night of a spacious country4 ,how many city dancers know the homeward drive through a big country1 the moon perhaps lighting the river1 the contours of plain and butte1 and the sleeping hamlets8 ,the most popular forms of outdoor recreation are the community barbecues1 frontier days and pow-wows4 ,only those who live this free1 healthy life in the heart of nature have appetites worthy of a barbecue4 ,at noon the delicious beef1 roasted all night over a deep trough of coals1 and basted with real butter1 is a social meal that many of us envy4 ,there are frontier field days with sports belonging to ranch life1 such as horse racing and broncho busting4 ,the day usually ends with a big dance4 ,even the dude ranches in ,sheridan hold ,frontier days1 and great events they are1 too1 with many spectators4 ,in sections of ,sheridan and ,union ,counties1 but especially in ,beaverhead1 there is the beauty of the country which furnishes recreation in itself4 ,nature has lavished upon them every gift of line and color4 ,the mountains and the streams1 the woods and the canyons1 hold a hundred delightful possibilities that are within the reach of almost every one4 ,it is a playground as varied as it is perfect4 ,on ,saturdays and ,sundays in the summer1 car after car1 packed with camp equipment and home-made delicacies1 head for the health-giving hills and mountains4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,frontier ,,celebration ,the ,barbecue is an institution typical of the ,range ,country and is attended by settlers from far and near4 ,illustration3 ,,church ,,and ,,community ,,map ,,of ,,hughes ,,county1 ,,south ,,dakota ,,chapter ,,iii ,what of the ,church8 ,what country landscape is complete without the church spires8 ,in this spacious western region1 in the heart of awe-inspiring natural scenery1 the church spires are guideposts to almost #ej1jjj people4 ,this land is new4 ,it has been the changing frontier4 ,tremendous developments have been in process4 ,the country is in a transition stage between the stock-raising past and the agricultural future4 ,population has increased rapidly2 population has been shifting4 ,the whole background has been kaleidoscopic4 ,the ,church has faced bewildering changes and growth4 ,the burden of increasing its service and equipment has been heavy2 it has not been able to keep up with the pace of civilization4 ,the story of early church growth in the cowboy country is one inspiring loyalty since it eloquently traces the faithfulness of a few in a country where ,god was easily forgotten4 ,one of the first things to be read of rough-and-ready ,bannock1 among the earliest mining towns on the ,range1 is that church services were held there4 ,the ,church migrated with its congregations4 ,missionaries from the ,east came through with the fur trappers and preached the word of ,god4 ,when the land began to be taken up by settlers1 impromptu meetings were held1 and ,sunday schools were started in many places which had no ministers4 ,some of these points of worship gradually developed into organized religious bodies so that at present there are churches which have grown up with the country4 ,a ,difficult ,field ,the ,church in this frontier country has always faced great difficulties4 ,chiefly1 there is the vast area of it1 with a scattered and transient population4 ,homesteaders are a restless1 uncertain1 human quantity4 ,some are engrossed in getting a start4 ,others move on as soon as they have proved up on their claims4 ,all are poor2 there is always an economic struggle going on4 ,the old frontier spirit of let have and let be survives from the cowboy days4 ,this free and easy spirit says3 ,boys drinking8--well1 boys have to have their good times4 ,streets weedy8--well1 they might be worse4 ,the same spirit says3 ,no churches8--well1 we're just as well off and our money is better in the bank than paying for a minister who never gets out and does an honest day's work4 ,good-bye1 ,god1 we're going to ,wyoming1 said a little ,boston girl as the family was starting west4 ,this typifies what happened as people from the ,east and ,middle ,west moved out to the frontier4 ,in the desperate struggle for existence homesteaders had little time for ,christian enterprise4 ,because of the great distances and scattered population1 adequate church ministry has been difficult if not impossible4 ,people had for so long lived without a church that indifference developed4 ,the longer they stayed the less they took the church for granted4 ,the older the section1 one finds to-day1 the less likely it is to want church ministry4 ,newer homesteaders1 recently come from other parts of the country where the church was more available1 are more eager for church and ,sunday school4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,voice ,,in ,,the ,,wilderness ,the ,m4 ,e4 ,church at ,mosquero1 ,union ,county1 ,n4 ,m4 ,development and ,distribution ,the differences in religious development and psychology according to the time of settlement are well illustrated by these counties4 ,generally speaking1 ,beaverhead grew up before the ,church had made much headway4 ,it is conservative4 ,the general attitude is the wary one of ,let the ,church alone4 ,men class churches among those feminine luxuries with which a real1 red-blooded man has little to do4 ,on the other hand1 ,union1 the most recently developed county of the four1 still has a marked church consciousness4 ,the majority of the people have not yet broken with the habits and customs of the more closely settled and churched ,middle ,west from which they came4 ,the other two counties combine these two conditions4 ,part of ,sheridan is like ,union1 a region newly homesteaded4 ,part of it is like ,beaverhead1 old and settled with frontier habits4 ,hughes1 on the threshold of the ,west1 retains the frontier sentiment of all the other counties4 ,illustration3 ,,no ,,room ,,for ,,both ,the ,presbyterian ,church at ,melrose1 ,montana1 and its next-door neighbor1 a deserted saloon4 ,church work has been going on in these counties since #ahfg1 when ,protestant work was started at ,bannock1 in ,beaverhead ,county4 ,churches were organized in the other counties in succeeding decades4 ,the first ,protestant church was organized in ,hughes between #ahgj and #ahhj1 in ,sheridan and ,union ,counties between #ahhj and #ahij4 ,in this comparatively short time1 some churches have gone under4 ,beaverhead has had nine ,protestant churches1 of which six are now active4 ,one church1 located just outside the border of the county in ,melrose1 a small hamlet1 is included in this report4 ,dillon1 the county seat1 has four churches1 or one ,protestant church for about every #fge persons4 ,outside ,dillon1 the habitable rural area of the county has two ,protestant churches1 or one church for about every #a1hjj square miles and for about every #b1cjj persons4 ,roman ,catholics have two organized churches in the county1 ,mormons have one active and one inactive church1 and there is one ,christian ,science church4 ,illustration3 ,,community ,,map ,,of ,,sheridan ,,county1 ,,wyoming ,illustration3 ,,map ,,showing ,,churches ,,and ,,parish ,,boundaries ,,of ,,sheridan ,,county ,illustration3 ,,church ,,and ,,community ,,map ,,of ,,beaverhead ,,county ,illustration3 ,,map ,,showing ,,churches ,,and ,,parish ,,boundaries ,,of ,,union ,,county1 ,,new ,,mexico ,illustration3 ,,community ,,map ,,of ,,union ,,county1 ,,new ,,mexico ,sixteen ,protestant churches have been organized in ,hughes ,county1 all but one of which are now active4 ,pierre1 the county seat1 with six of the churches1 has a ,protestant church for about every #ece people4 ,outside ,pierre and the section occupied by the ,crow ,creek ,indian ,reservation1 the rural area of the county has one ,protestant church for about every seventy-three square miles1 and for every #cjj persons4 ,there are three ,catholic churches outside the ,indian ,reservation4 ,sheridan ,county has had twenty-two ,protestant churches1 of which seventeen are now active and two are inactive4 ,the city of ,sheridan has nine ,protestant churches1 one church for about every #a1jbj persons2 outside ,sheridan1 the habitable area of the county has one ,protestant church for about every #bbj square miles1 and for about every #a1acj persons4 ,the county has five ,catholic churches1 a ,mormon1 a ,christian ,science1 and a ,theosophical organization4 ,the newest county of the four has the most churches4 ,thirty-nine ,protestant churches have been organized in ,union ,county1 thirty-one of which are now active4 ,clayton1 the county seat1 has four churches1 one for about every #fbe persons2 outside ,clayton1 the rural area of the county has one ,protestant church for about every #bhj square miles and for about every #ebe persons4 ,there are five organized ,catholic churches4 ,the four counties now have a total of seventy active ,protestant churches representing eleven different denominations1 but there is an acute need of a more strategic distribution4 ,churches located in the city of ,sheridan will henceforth be referred to as city churches2 churches located in the towns of ,dillon1 ,pierre and ,clayton will be referred to as town churches2 those located in villages1 a classification applying to all centers with a population of #bej to #b1ejj1 will be referred to as village churches2 and those located in hamlets of less than #bej population or the open country will be known as country churches4 ,classified in this way1 nine1 or #ac per cent4 of the total1 are city churches2 thirteen1 or #ai per cent41 are town churches2 fourteen1 or #bj per cent41 are village churches1 and thirty-four1 or #dh per cent41 are country churches4 ,other than ,protestant churches will be discussed in a separate chapter4 ,god's ,houses ,a live church organization should have a building of its own4 ,it is hard1 indeed1 to preach the reality of religion without a visible house of ,god4 ,yet nearly one-third of the organizations have no buildings and must depend on school houses1 homes or depots4 ,some of these churches1 located in strategic places1 acutely need buildings and equipment if they are to hold their own in the future4 ,for others1 however1 the possession of buildings would be a tragedy1 since they would thus become assured of a permanency which is not justified4 ,all the city and town churches have buildings1 as well as twelve of the fourteen village1 and fifteen of the thirty-four country1 churches4 ,in addition1 two inactive organizations have buildings which are available and are used to some extent4 ,illustration3 ,,episcopal ,,church ,,and ,,parish ,,house ,beaverhead ,county1 ,montana4 ,the majority of the buildings are of wood2 fourteen are of brick1 cement or adobe4 ,unfortunately1 the ,range has no typical pioneer architecture of its own4 ,most of the buildings are reminiscent of ,new ,england forbears4 ,many of them look barren and unkempt4 ,standing forlorn upon the plains1 most of the open country churches are unrelieved by any sign of trees4 ,little or no effort has been made to make them attractive4 ,thirty buildings are lighted by electricity4 ,twenty-two churches are of the usual one-room type1 eleven have two-room buildings1 four have three rooms1 three have five rooms1 six have six rooms or more4 ,a few possess special facilities for social purposes4 ,one town church has a parish house4 ,nine have extra rooms and some special equipment1 including three gymnasiums4 ,stereopticon outfits have been installed in one city and in two town churches4 ,one other town church borrows a stereopticon once a month from a public school1 and one town church occasionally borrows the county moving-picture machine4 ,a new kind of community house was built last summer by the ,sheridan ,presbyterian ,church4 ,it is a summer camp on a mountain stream not far from the ,big ,horn ,mountains1 about twenty miles south of ,sheridan4 ,the building is used for kitchen1 dining room1 rest room and general headquarters4 ,each family brings its own tent when using the camp4 ,the purpose is to make it a place for tired people1 and especially for those who have no cars or other means of taking an outing during some part of the hot weather4 ,the community idea expresses itself in a plan whereby those owning cars shall sometimes transport a family that otherwise might have no outing4 ,church property is valued at #eib1cbc1 and it is noteworthy that the churches have acquired property of such value in so short a time4 ,the fact that church growth is a present-day phenomenon is illustrated by the two splendid buildings erected since this survey was made1 and the preparations for a third which will cover an entire block4 ,the highest value of any city church is #gj1jjj1 of any town church #ge1jjj1 of any village church #g1jjj and of any country church1 #d1jjj4 ,twenty-eight churches have parsonages1 their total valuation amounting to #fa1cjj1 or an average value of #b1ahi4 ,about one-third of the churches carry some indebtedness on their property4 ,twenty-five churches report a total debt of #eg1fie1 of which amount #bh1ejj was borrowed by six city churches1 #ba1gjj by four town churches1 #b1ije by five village churches and #d1eij by eight country churches4 ,the money was spent for new buildings1 new parsonages1 repairs and1 in one case1 for a garage to hold the preacher's ,ford4 ,curiously enough1 instead of being a hardship1 working to pay off a debt often brings church members together into a unified working group4 ,the interest paid ranges from #d to #h per cent4 ,church ,membership ,even more important than the material assets of the churches are their human assets--their members4 ,the total number enrolled in ,protestant churches in the four counties is #e1hbj4 ,active members number #c1ief1 or #fh per cent41 while #a1jac1 or #ag4d per cent41 are classed as inactive1 i4e41 they neither attend church services nor contribute to church support1 and #hea1 or #ad4f per cent41 are non-resident4 ,the country and city churches have the highest proportion of non-resident members--#af4i per cent4 and #af4f per cent41 respectively2 the town figure is next at #aa4g per cent41 and the village percentage is #i4hc4 ,these people have moved1 or else live too far away to come to church services4 ,in addition to the enrolled membership1 there are members of distant churches who have never transferred to local churches4 ,they are scattered through all these counties1 and their number is1 of course1 not known and cannot be estimated4 ,some may have been asked to join local churches1 but it is certain that some have not1 and that no one knows or seems to care if they have been members of some church elsewhere4 ,they may attend local churches occasionally1 but it is more likely that they do not4 ,some of them feel like the little hard-working ranch lady who said1 ,i was a church member out in ,iowa1 thirty-five years ago1 but ,i've never done lifted by letter and ,i've been here so long now1 ,i guess ,i never will4 ,illustration3 ,,chart ,i ,the ,protestant church member who moves away is not followed up by his church as a general thing4 ,this is partly due to frequent ministerial changes1 partly to the lack of well-kept church records1 and partly to lack of interest4 ,of course1 the fault is not only with the churches on the ,range2 it is a shortcoming of the churches everywhere4 ,since1 however1 a transient population is characteristic of this country1 it would seem to be a matter of prime importance for churches to keep track of the movements of their members4 ,this matter concerns not only local churches and their denominations1 but also calls for cooeperation among different denominations4 ,illustration3 ,,chart ,,ii ,most of the churches are in the larger centers4 ,of the total resident church membership nearly #dc per cent4 belong to city churches1 #bh per cent4 to town churches1 #aa per cent4 to village churches and only #ae per cent4 to country churches4 ,as the center decreases in size1 the more it draws from the surrounding country4 ,thus1 #ic per cent4 of the total resident families of city churches live in the city and #g per cent4 live outside2 #hg per cent4 of the total resident families of town churches live in the town and #ac per cent4 live outside2 #fb per cent4 of the total resident families belonging to village churches live in villages and #ch per cent4 live outside4 ,somehow the ,church has failed to appeal to the men4 ,a prominent man who never came to church in one of the towns in the counties studied1 said to a minister3 ,here is a hundred dollars4 ,for ,god's sake1 don't let the church go down6 ,this man realized that the community needed the church1 but he chose to help from the outside4 ,this is the prevailing attitude3 the men are not antagonistic1 but they are indifferent4 ,all the counties have a higher proportion of men than of women in the population2 each has a higher proportion of women than men in the church membership4 ,beaverhead1 preponderant by #eh4c per cent4 in males1 has the lowest proportion of adult men in the church membership1 #bc4h per cent4 ,union has the highest proportion of men1 #cb4g per cent4 ,for all the churches of the four counties1 #cj4e per cent4 of all church members are males over twenty-one1 #h4f per cent4 are males under twenty-one1 #dg4e per cent4 are females over twenty-one and #ac4d per cent4 are females under twenty-one4 ,a larger proportion of young people are enrolled in the city and town churches than in those of the village and open country4 ,city and town church memberships have #i per cent4 boys1 and #ad4cf per cent4 girls4 ,villages have #f4ge per cent4 boys1 and #ab4bf per cent4 girls4 ,open country churches have #h4ai per cent4 boys1 and #i4bf per cent4 girls4 ,one reason for the small number of young people is that many grew up without the ,church4 ,the children now growing up have better church opportunities4 ,the hope of the ,church for the future is to reach the children4 ,the small church prevails on the ,range1 the average active membership being only about fifty-seven4 ,for the various groups1 the active membership is as follows3 ,,average ,,active ,,membership ,country ,village ,town ,city ,average ,beaverhead #h #f #ha #di ,hughes #h #ci #aji #ei ,sheridan #cc #fb #ahe #aag ,union #af #cc #ff #bd ,the country churches have an average of eighteen1 the village churches thirty-five1 the town churches ninety-one and the city churches #ahe members each4 ,forty-nine of the seventy churches have fifty active members or less1 and thirty-six1 or #ea4d per cent41 of these have less than twenty-five each4 ,twenty-one churches have each more than fifty active members4 ,forty-four out of the forty-nine churches of less than fifty members are either in villages or in the open country4 ,all the churches of more than #ajj members are either town or city churches4 ,illustration3 ,,chart ,,iii ,illustration3 ,,chart ,,iv ,it is an acknowledged fact that the size of membership has a good deal to do with church efficiency2 in a word1 that the small church is a losing proposition4 ,until the present1 the small church on the ,range has been a necessity because of the small and scattered population4 ,it is only the larger centers that have been able to support good-sized churches4 ,even with the coming of irrigation1 this ,western country will never be as thickly populated as the ,east or ,middle ,west4 ,nor can a fair comparison be made between the churches in the larger centers in the ,middle ,west and far ,west4 ,a different policy is likewise needed here because many of these centers in the ,west are surrounded with large unchurched areas and on that account their churches should be strategic centers for a radiating religious work4 ,illustration3 ,,chart ,v ,in the matter of gain or loss in membership1 it is to be noted that1 during the last year1 a little more than half the churches made a net gain in membership1 sixteen churches broke even on the year and seventeen showed a net loss4 ,thus1 #c per cent4 of all the churches remained stationary1 #bd per cent4 lost in membership and #ec per cent4 gained4 ,of the churches with #ej or more members1 #hb per cent4 gained2 of those with less than #ej members only #cc4c per cent4 gained4 ,seven hundred and sixty-four new members were taken in during the year4 ,forty per cent4 of these were taken in by letter1 the rest on confession of faith4 ,this gain by confession was about #ac per cent4 of the previous net active membership4 ,gain was distributed according to sex and age as follows3 ,adult male #ca4j ,adult female #db4d ,boys #aa4g ,girls #ad4i ,,chapter ,,iv ,the ,church ,dollar ,one way1 though by no means the only way1 that the ,church can judge of its successful work is by the financial support that it receives4 ,in this ,range country nearly all of the ,church dollar is raised locally1 except about twelve cents donated toward church work by denominational boards4 ,various methods are used by the local church for raising the other eighty-eight cents4 ,half the churches use a budget system4 ,that is1 they set down at the beginning of the fiscal year an itemized budget of the amount which they need1 on the basis of which amount subscriptions are obtained from each church member or family4 ,twenty-five churches finance all their work this way and ten churches budget only their local needs4 ,thirty-two churches make an annual every-member canvass1 i4e41 every member is asked regularly each year to contribute something toward the church4 ,weekly envelopes1 in single or duplex form1 are used in twenty-four churches4 ,forty churches can be said to have a system of regular1 frequent payments4 ,the rest of the churches depend upon various combinations of quarterly or annual payments1 plate collections at services1 bazaars and other money-raising devices4 ,incidentally1 the ,ladies ,aid and ,missionary ,societies are real stand-bys in the matter of church upkeep and benevolences4 ,in fully half the churches1 women's organizations undertake to raise some part of the church expenses in various ways1 from regular weekly contributions to distributing bags to be filled with pennies for every year of the contributor's age1 or by making gayly colored holders at three cents each4 ,nearly one hundred thousand dollars were raised by the #c1ief active members in the year of the survey4 ,this is the real thrill of the church dollar4 ,the total amount of the budget raised on the field by sixty-eight of the seventy churches#c was #ig1ega4ih4 ,of this amount #gj1iaj4gd1 or little less than three-fourths1 was procured by subscriptions2 #i1dfd4bd1 or slightly less than one-tenth1 by collections1 and the balance of the #ag1aig4jj by miscellaneous means4 ,this is an average amount per church of #iij4be4 ,here again it is clear that the larger the membership of a church1 the greater the impetus from within for further growth and activities4 ,this condition is evident in the various church campaigns4 ,the city churches raise more than twice as much as the churches in the town1 village or country1 but with their larger membership there is not a corresponding drain on the individual4 ,thus1 the city and village church members give about the same1 #bd4hg and #bd4dg respectively per year2 the town members give #bi4fc2 the country members1 with fewer buildings1 fewer services1 and less resident ministers to maintain than the members in the centers1 pay #af4ab each4 ,illustration3 ,,chart ,,vi ,figures refer to total amount raised and spent1 including ,home ,mission ,aid4 ,considering that nearly half the churches raise their money haphazardly1 the average contribution per church and per member1 in these four counties on the ,range1 is most encouraging4 ,of course1 it must be borne in mind that #aiai-aibj came at the end of the fat years1 and hard upon this prosperous period followed the lean one of high freight rates and low prices for farm products4 ,church finances depend in part upon the practical presentation of the financial needs of the ,church1 and upon education in ,christian stewardship--i4e41 in learning the value of church work at home and abroad4 ,but there is another side to the question which is quite as vital4 ,is the ,church rendering a real service to the community1 and has it an adequate and worth-while ministry8 ,after all1 people cannot be expected to give more than they receive in service4 ,not quite all the money was spent4 ,in each group there was a small surplus2 #he4jj for the country churches1 #fd4bd for the village1 #fd4jj for the town1 and #cfe4hi for the city churches4 ,of the total amount spent1 #da1bfh4gi1 or about #dc per cent41 paid salaries1 #bd1feg4ee1 or #be per cent41 was given to missions and benevolences1 and the remaining #cb per cent4 was used for local expenses and upkeep4 ,the total amount given to benevolences averages #f4bg a year4 ,all the money spent averages #bd4fg per resident active member1 a good record indeed for a homesteading country4 ,the question of benevolences is important because many churches offer no other means to their members of learning and practising unselfish giving and service4 ,one of the standards adopted by the ,interchurch ,world ,movement was that the amount given to benevolences should at least equal #be per cent4 of the total amount spent4 ,the proportion of all money raised which is used to pay salaries and local expenses is higher in country and village churches1 while the proportion given for missions and benevolences is lower than in the town and city churches4 ,in other words1 the country and village churches have less surplus over and above their running expenses4 ,benevolences receive #ad4c per cent4 of all money raised by the country churches1 and #ab4ge per cent4 of all money raised by the village churches4 ,town churches1 on the other hand1 give #bc4hd per cent4 of their receipts to benevolences1 and the city churches give #cc4fe per cent4 ,the finances of city churches are well proportioned1 almost an equal amount going for salaries1 missions and all other expenses4 ,home ,mission ,aid ,it has already been stated that about twelve cents of the church dollar come from the denominational boards in the form of ,home ,mission aid4 ,the total amount given to the local churches in the year preceding the survey was #ab1icg4ej1 which went to forty-one churches in amounts varying from #ej to #gej4 ,two more churches would have been receiving aid if they had had a pastor1 and still another church had there been a resident pastor4 ,of the forty-one churches receiving aid1 two are city1 seven are town1 seven are village and twenty-five are country churches4 ,of course1 some of these churches1 in their turn1 hand back money to other boards in the form of missions and benevolences4 ,all the city churches give #ac1chb4jd in benevolences and missions and receive #b1ajj2 all the town churches give #h1cjd4if and receive #c1jce2 the village churches give #a1fej and receive #c1fej1 and the country churches give #a1cbj and receive #d1aeb4 ,by counties1 ,beaverhead gets back #df4h per cent4 of what she gives1 ,hughes gets back #dg4c per cent41 ,sheridan #cg4b per cent41 while ,union is the only county which receives more than she gives--#bd4d per cent4 ,the churches which receive aid send back to the boards #b1hgb4gi4 ,in a word1 the churches send money to the church boards1 who in turn remit this money4 ,this would seem a strange story to some one not versed in church ethics and denominational procedure4 ,but giving and serving is one of the fundamental ideas of the ,christian religion1 and money given for missions and benevolences is good training as well as definitely a service to humanity4 ,the ,range has always been ,home ,mission territory2 justifiably too1 because homesteaders have not been able to pay for religious ministry4 ,a homesteader's bit is hard earned enough1 and seldom adequate to his needs4 ,nevertheless1 the problem of financial aid is always a serious one4 ,subsidization of persons as well as institutions must be wisely handled or moral deterioration is likely to set in4 ,the ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a4 never subsidizes a county for its rural work4 ,if the county cannot pay1 it must do without the work4 ,ordinarily1 several counties combine for rural ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a4 work and have one secretary among them4 ,an excellent grading system for their aided fields has been worked out by the ,presbyterian ,home ,mission ,board4#d ,one of the first questions considered is the prospect of self-support4 ,how far has it been the policy of the ,boards to help a church to a status of self-support8 ,forty-four of the seventy active churches have had aid during the last thirty years4 ,only four of these churches are now self-supporting4 ,it has already been pointed out that three churches did not receive aid during the year preceding the survey because they lacked pastors4 ,development toward self-support has evidently not been a criterion of the ,boards in granting money4 ,another test is whether the field is a strategic service opportunity--either allocated to this denomination or a field presenting a unique need4 ,some of the churches fall within such a classification4 ,a total of about #bjg1agj has been received1 given by eleven denominations4 ,city churches have received #dj1hej1 town churches #fg1dfe1 village churches #dg1dcj and country churches #ea1dbe4 ,of the total amount1 #dd1ihj has gone to fifteen strategic service churches4 ,in addition1 four of the aided churches receiving #bg1jjj serve special groups of population1 of which one is ,swedish1 one ,norwegian1 and two are ,german ,lutheran churches4 ,there remain thirty churches receiving #acf1aij4 ,three churches1 receiving #f1hcj1 are the only ones in their community4 ,all the rest are in communities with other churches1 at least one of which in each case is aided4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,neglected ,,outpost ,,of ,,christianity ,a village church in the center of a large unevangelized area1 served by a minister living thirty-five miles away4 ,aid ,misapplied ,some aid has very evidently been granted without a definite understanding on the part of the board as to whether other churches were concerned1 whether the community could really support a church1 whether1 after all1 it was good sense to assist a church in that particular situation4 ,not very much money has been spent4 ,more could have been used to advantage4 ,as ,h4 ,paul ,douglass says in ,from ,survey to ,service1 ,it is in the nature of the case that the conquest of distance by the ,gospel will take very disproportionate amounts of money compared with other forms of missions4 ,it can be cheap only when it is adequate4 ,the policy has too often been to help keep alive a great many struggling churches which did little to justify support1 rather than to develop a smaller number of churches in greater need of help in a poorly churched area4 ,in other words1 the policy has been one of denominational expansion rather than of denominational concentration and demonstration4 ,home ,mission aid too often creates futile competition within a community by supporting a church for selfish denominational purposes4 ,some of these churches were better dead1 and they would have died of natural causes but for ,home ,mission aid4 ,there are good and bad instances of denominational help4 ,one denomination has aided three churches for thirty years1 but has not helped any one of them for the last ten years4 ,they had reached a self-supporting status4 ,but1 when a denomination lavishes #ah1jjj of ,home ,mission aid in keeping alive a church in a village of #aej population1 where there is also another church1 and when the village is situated near to a large1 well-churched center1 such aid is wasted4 ,the same denomination fails to give with liberality to a far needier case1 the only ,protestant church in a small village1 a railroad center1 located fairly in the center of a large unevangelized area4 ,in one of its valleys1 a resident recently remarked that they had heard no preaching for twenty years4 ,this instance of neglect is in ,montana1 and the territory has been allocated to this denomination since #aiai1 so that other churches are keeping their hands off4 ,yet this church1 which had a resident pastor until two years before the time of the survey1 is now being served by a pastor of a town church living thirty-five miles away who preaches there on a week-day night4 ,no preaching on ,sunday1 no pastoral work1 obviously no community work in the village and no touch at all on the districts outside of the village6 ,how well could the lavish aid of #ah1jjj have been put to use in this churchless area6 ,this desperate condition needs as much aid every year as all the ,boards give all forty-one aided churches at present4 ,instead1 this church has been allocated to one denomination1 and is now getting less attention than before4 ,this case constitutes an abuse of the principle of allocation4 ,,chapter ,v ,to ,measure ,church ,effectiveness ,add members contributing to the support of an organization to a probable minister and possibly to a building and you have the ground-plan of the average church in this ,western country4 ,what1 then1 is the church program8 ,how are the churches attempting to serve their members1 and just how much are they contributing through their program and activities to the life about them1 toward bringing about a genuine ,christianization of a community life8 ,religious values1 it is true1 are spiritual and cannot be tabulated in statistical tables4 ,this fact is as fully recognized as the corollary that circumstances often limit ideals4 ,what the churches are doing1 however1 ought to be a fair test of their underlying purpose4 ,in a word1 then1 what do they consider their job and are they putting it across8 ,opportunities for ,worship ,all the churches have services for the preaching of ,god's word1 but it has already become evident in the preceding pages that in certain sections of the ,range country the ,church1 even as a social factor1 is regarded rather as a curiosity by the men4 ,an amusing story with a ,bret ,harte flavor is told of an early meeting in ,beaverhead ,county4 ,the hall in ,glendale1 a busy place then1 with banks1 restaurants1 even a paper1 was filled with a rough-and-ready audience of miners and cowboys listening to a lantern lecture4 ,vastly delighted over the trick1 one man after another quietly rose from his seat and stepped out of the window4 ,when the preacher ended his talk and the hall lighted up not a soul remained but himself4 ,the next day1 however1 his audience made it right4 ,they passed a hat and collected #cjj for him4 ,as has been noted1 more than half of the church buildings are adapted to preaching and nothing else1 nineteen churches1 of necessity1 holding their meetings in school houses4 ,the frequency of services varies4 ,the larger centers have an abundance of church meetings4 ,all but two of the town and two of the city churches have two preaching services each ,sunday4 ,but only three country and two village churches are so fortunate4 ,two additional churches1 one a village and one a town church1 have the advantage of two services a ,sunday because they unite regularly with other churches near them1 both of which hold two services a ,sunday4 ,illustration3 ,,not ,a ,,store ,,but ,a ,,church ,christian ,church at ,des ,moines1 ,union ,county4 ,forty-five of the seventy churches have less than two services a ,sunday4 ,of thirty churches1 twenty-five country and five village churches1 each has less than four services a month4 ,those located in the larger well-churched centers have an ample number of services1 while the majority of churches with less than two services a ,sunday are country churches4 ,yet most of these are holding the only service in their community4 ,seventy-three and five-tenths per cent4 of all the country churches have less than four services each month1 and #dd per cent4 have only one service or even less4 ,all but one of the eighteen churches with only one service or less per month are country churches4 ,ten churches hold special musical services4 ,mid-week prayer meetings are held by sixteen of those which have two services each ,sunday1 but by only one of the forty-five churches in the group holding the fewer number of services4 ,except in winter1 the chief handicap to attendance in ,beaverhead and ,sheridan lies in the rugged landscape4 ,country members in all the counties have real difficulty in getting to church throughout the year4 ,most of them have long distances to go1 and the roads make travel difficult in winter and early spring4 ,in summer1 haying is carried on very generally seven days of the week1 and church attendance is a problem even if the church service is held at night4 ,the aggregate monthly attendance is #ah1ccg and as the total number of services is #bhf1 the average attendance per service is about sixty-five persons1 low enough1 but higher than the average active membership per church1 which is about fifty-six4 ,average seating capacity1 active membership and attendance compare as follows3 ,illustration3 ,,chart ,,vii ,country ,village ,town ,city ,churches ,churches ,churches ,churches ,total ,average seating capacity #abie #aggf #bhe #dcf #bcc ,average active membership #ah #cf #ia #aif #ef ,average attendance at services #cd #cg #gb #aab #fe ,it is evident from the table above that the churches are only about one-fourth filled on the average4 ,nothing is more disheartening than a church three-quarters empty in which the echoes of the minister's voice reverberate over the vacant seats4 ,union ,services ,tangible evidence of cooeperation and good-will among churches of different denominations is found in union services1 which thirty-eight churches might reasonably hold in these counties4 ,just twenty-one of these churches do unite1 the majority for ,thanksgiving ,day services and in fewer instances1 for ,chautauqua1 ,baccalaureate1 ,memorial ,day1 and summer evening services4 ,in two instances1 two churches1 ,methodist and ,presbyterian1 are uniting for services and ,sunday schools1 their other organizations meeting separately4 ,since the time of the survey1 two churches1 located in an overchurched hamlet1 have also temporarily put this plan into effect4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,case ,,of ,c,o,oe,p,e,r,a,t,i,o,n ,the ,m4 ,e4 ,church at ,blunt1 ,s4 ,d41 which being pastorless joined with the ,presbyterian ,church for preaching services4 ,evangelism ,a greater portion of the evangelistic work is done through revival meetings1 although less than half of the churches hold them4 ,of all the members admitted on confession of faith by all the churches during the year1 #gf per cent4 were converted in revival meetings1 and joined one of the churches holding such a revival4 ,thirty-one of the seventy churches held or united in thirty such meetings1 one being a union meeting of two churches4 ,pastors conducted fifteen meetings1 in three of which a neighboring pastor or evangelist assisted4 ,fourteen meetings were held by visiting clergymen4 ,the meetings were well attended1 extending from seven to thirty-five days1 the average meeting lasting thirteen days4 ,eighty-seven per cent4 of the #che converts and the thirteen who were reclaimed joined the churches holding the revival4 ,this gain amounted to #gb per cent4 of the total gain in membership made by these same thirty-one churches during the entire year4 ,forty-four per cent4 of all the churches held revivals1 and while they represent only #de per cent4 of the total harvest by confession and letter1 yet three-fourths of all the gain made by confession of faith were obtained by these churches4 ,the country churches held seventeen meetings1 averaged four new members each1 and made #bj per cent4 of the total gain4 ,the village churches held five meetings and the town churches held four meetings1 both averaging five new members each1 the village churches making #h per cent4 of the total gain and the town churches #f per cent4 ,the city churches held only four meetings1 averaged about fifty-seven new members each and realized one-third of the total gain made4 ,children and the ,churches ,sunday schools are the big hope of this country4 ,young people and older people are not so much interested in the ,church and religion because so many have grown up without it1 but the children have had more chance to know the ,church4 ,sunday schools are to-day the most frequent form of church work in these ,western counties4 ,they are especially hopeful because so many of them over-ride denominational lines and unionize2 also because they persist when all other church spirit seems to be dead4 ,fifty-six churches have ,sunday schools of their own1 and one city church has a mission ,sunday school in addition to its own4 ,two groups of two churches each combine their ,sunday schools4 ,only three churches neither maintain their own ,sunday schools nor help with a union school4 ,thirty-seven union ,sunday schools are being carried on in the four counties1 nine of which have the assistance of church organizations meeting in the same building4 ,three are located in mining camp villages1 the rest in small hamlets or open country4 ,these union schools have a fourth of the total ,sunday school enrollment4 ,people on ranches and far from town start ,sunday schools under local leadership without waiting for churches to be organized4 ,when a newcomer sends his children to ,sunday school it is often the only contact made with religious activity in the new country4 ,the independent ,sunday school has1 therefore1 in a sense1 a greater responsibility than the church ,sunday school4 ,the importance of the ,sunday school is brought out in a comparison between ,sunday school enrollment and resident church membership4 ,country ,village ,town ,city ,total ,number of churches #cd #ad #ac #i #gj ,number of ,sunday schools #ef #ad #ab #aj #ib ,total resident church membership #gde #efc #a1chi #b1bgb #d1ifi ,total enrollment of church ,sunday schools #hig #gca #a1dcj #a1dge #d1ecc ,total enrollment of all ,sunday schools #b1cgc #hbi #a1dcj #a1dge #f1ajg ,average enrollment of all ,sunday schools #db #ei #aai #adg #fg ,average attendance of all ,sunday schools #bh #dj #gi #ajd #ej ,the enrollment of church ,sunday schools is larger than the total church membership in ,union ,county1 and larger than resident church membership in ,beaverhead1 ,hughes or ,union4 ,the total enrollment of all ,sunday schools is #bc per cent4 higher than the total resident church membership4 ,without the ,union ,county ,sunday schools this enrollment equals only #ia per cent4 of the resident church membership4 ,thirty-five churches have a larger ,sunday school enrollment than resident church membership2 all nine churches helping with ,union ,sunday schools have a smaller membership than the ,union school enrollment4 ,this discrepancy is high in some churches4 ,for example1 a country church has thirty-five enrolled in the ,sunday school and only eight church members2 a village church with sixty-five enrolled in its ,sunday school has seven church members2 a town church has fifteen church members and #aej enrolled in its ,sunday school4 ,country and village ,sunday schools show the best record4 ,the total enrollment of all country ,sunday schools1 including the ,union schools1 is more than three times as high as church membership4 ,the enrollment of all village ,sunday schools is about #dg per cent4 higher than village church enrollment4 ,there are no ,union ,sunday schools in the towns or city4 ,except in the city the average ,sunday school enrollment exceeds average resident church membership1 the advantage being twenty-two for the country schools1 nineteen for the village1 and twelve for the town schools4 ,the average city church membership1 however1 exceeds average ,sunday school enrollment by #aje4 ,when ,sunday school enrollment is higher than church membership1 it is ordinarily encouraging as a promise of future growth4 ,but the large discrepancies between village and open country church membership and ,sunday school enrollment1 coupled with the low percentage of young people in their church memberships1 show that these churches are not recruiting new members from their ,sunday schools as they might4 ,nor are the churches relating themselves to any extent to the separate ,sunday schools in outlying sections4 ,this can be done1 and is most successful in a few cases4 ,for example1 the ,apache ,valley ,sunday ,school1 which meets on ,sunday afternoons at a schoolhouse in ,union ,county1 is being fathered by two ministers from ,clayton1 six miles away1 who go out on alternate ,sundays4 ,this ,sunday school is live and flourishing4 ,it maintains a high percentage of attendance and carries on various activities4 ,attendance in general is good4 ,the percentage of enrollment represented in the attendance on a typical ,sunday varies from #ff4g per cent4 for the town to #gj4h per cent4 for the city schools4 ,yet only twenty-five schools make definite efforts to increase their attendance4 ,the various methods used are contests such as a competitive ,boys' and ,girls' day1 a fall ,rally ,day1 cards1 rewards and prizes1 a ,banner ,class1 a ,look-out ,committee and the ,cross and ,crown ,system4 ,during the year preceding the survey1 #afh pupils joined the churches from the ,sunday schools1 and there were seven probationers at the time the survey was made4 ,decision ,day was held in four country1 one village1 five town and four city schools4 ,the results were meager4 ,only thirty-five declared for church membership4 ,nine town and city schools have classes to prepare for church membership1 eight schools have sent twenty scholars into some kind of ,christian work during the last ten years4 ,a country ,sunday school in ,hughes ,county has shown what can be done in this respect4 ,it has sent five young people into ,christian service during the last ten years1 and five more in the whole history of the school4 ,it is significant that one consecrated pastor has served this ,sunday school and church during this entire time4 ,cradle ,rolls are another excellent method of enlistment4 ,yet these are kept in only twenty-six schools4 ,the total enrollment is #dgc4 ,one of the greatest needs of this country is more local and better trained leadership1 not only for ,sunday schools but for the community at large4 ,the only definite training for leadership is eight ,teacher ,training classes1 held in two city1 four town1 one village and one country school4 ,mission study is carried on in seventeen schools more or less frequently1 several additional schools annually presenting the cause of missions4 ,one city school has a four-day institute for the study of ,sunday school methods and missions4 ,twenty-nine schools make regular missionary offerings1 and seven take them once a year4 ,twelve schools have libraries with an average of seventy-three volumes each4 ,eighty-three schools give out ,sunday school papers4 ,there are #ejg classes1 an average of about twelve per class4 ,proper preparation is one of the greatest needs of the ,sunday schools in these counties4 ,much of the instruction is haphazard and indifferent4 ,men teach #abc classes and #bf4f per cent4 of the total enrollment4 ,ordinarily1 the man teacher1 if there is one1 takes the adult class at the expense of the growing boy who needs him more than the adults4 ,graded lessons are used exclusively in ten schools and twenty others use them in some classes4 ,seventeen schools have organized classes4 ,sixty-six schools are open throughout the year4 ,the pastor is superintendent in six schools1 teacher in fifteen1 substitute teacher in one1 helps in nineteen1 is a student in two1 and in one reports his job as superintendent2 teacher and janitor4 ,social events for the ,sunday schools mean picnics1 class parties1 and sometimes a real ice cream sociable4 ,about one-third of the schools have a reasonable amount of social activity1 while sixteen report a great deal4 ,fifty-seven schools have picnics1 and great events they are1 too1 with more cakes and pies and goodies of all sorts than the community is likely to see again for another year4 ,one or more classes have socials1 parties and hikes in seventeen schools 7four village1 nine town and four city74 ,the ,anti-,kants is an interesting class of young women4 ,every time one of the class becomes engaged1 there is a party and a shower1 called a graduation4 ,twenty graduations have taken place in the history of the class4 ,about half of the schools have programs for special days1 especially for ,children's ,day1 ,christmas and ,easter4 ,one ,union school has an ,easter picnic and egg-hunt4 ,nineteen schools have mixed socials1 such as parties1 indoor picnics1 ice cream suppers and entertainments4 ,one town school has a weekly social4 ,the only special ,sunday school organizations are a ,choir ,association and ,sunday school athletic teams in three town churches which play competitive games4 ,twenty report no social life of any sort in connection with their schools4 ,they do not even have a picnic to liven things up4 ,illustration3 ,,happy ,,little ,,picnickers ,the ,baptist ,mission at ,kleenburg1 ,wyoming1 does good work for the kiddies4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,good ,,time ,,was ,,had ,,by ,,all ,a ,sunday ,school class picnic in ,union ,county4 ,other ,church ,organizations ,various other organizations have been developed within the churches for business1 educational and social purposes4 ,women have a great many1 men have very few4 ,fifty-six women's organizations are carried on in thirty-seven churches1 of which nine are village and nine country churches4 ,there are twenty-eight ,ladies' ,aids1 thirteen ,missionary ,societies and various ,guilds1 ,circles1 ,auxiliaries1 a ,manse ,society1 a ,king's ,daughters1 an ,adelphian and a ,dorcas4 ,the total enrollment is #a1fhb1 or about #gj per cent4 of the total female resident church membership over twenty-one1 and #ag per cent4 of the total female population aged from eighteen to forty-four1 in the four counties4 ,the attendance averages about twenty-one to each organization4 ,in sorry contrast to this array1 men's organizations number only seven1 and all are connected with city or town churches in ,pierre1 the county seat of ,hughes ,county4 ,the enrollment is #cjj1 or #bg per cent4 of the total resident church membership in city and town of males over twenty-one years of age1 and only #c per cent4 of the total male population between the ages of eighteen and forty-four in the four counties4 ,men and women have two organizations in common4 ,one is a missionary society which1 contrary to custom1 shares its endeavors with men1 the other is a dramatic club for any one old or young who has dramatic ability4 ,this interesting organization gives a splendid amateur show every year4 ,a former professional actor1 who also coaches dramatics in the high school1 is the coach4 ,boys ,left ,out ,there are only eight organizations for girls in seven town or city churches4 ,two hundred and twenty-two1 or #db per cent41 of all the girls under twenty-one in the town and city resident membership are enrolled4 ,one is a ,friendly ,society1 and the rest are various kinds of guilds4 ,but boys are the most shabbily treated of all4 ,there are only four organizations especially for them1 all in town churches and two in one church1 so that only three churches have special clubs for their boys4 ,the enrollment is sixty-nine1 or about #ba per cent4 of all the boys under twenty-one enrolled in city and town church membership4 ,boys and girls together have two organizations in two town churches with a membership of seventy-three4 ,one is a ,junior ,league1 and the other a ,junior ,baptist ,young ,people's ,union4 ,young people have twenty-eight organizations in ten country1 three village1 nine town and six city churches4 ,eight of them are ,epworth ,leagues1 eight are ,christian ,endeavors and the rest are various ,young ,people's ,societies1 ,baptist ,young ,people's ,unions1 ,mission ,volunteers1 ,young ,people's ,alliances1 two ,choir ,organizations and one ,purely for ,fun ,club4 ,their total enrollment of #hcd1 together with the membership of the mixed boys' and girls' organizations1 equals #hd per cent4 of the total church resident membership under twenty-one4#g ,more people in the community are reached through the meetings of these organizations than by any other single church activity1 with the exception of the celebration of special days4 ,these meetings are often community affairs1 especially in the case of the women's organizations4 ,in twenty organizations1 the attendance exceeds the enrollment4 ,the men's clubs work for the church1 and several do practical community work4 ,their programs in all but two cases include dinners1 either at every meeting or at special banquets during the year4 ,one club puts on a ,father and ,son banquet every year4 ,men's ,forum and ,ladies' ,aids ,the most interesting outcome of the work of any of the men's organizations is the ,men's ,forum1 recently developed in ,sheridan by the combined ,men's ,clubs of the ,congregational and ,protestant churches4 ,this was the first open forum held in ,wyoming4 ,the attendance at the meetings averaged #djj4 ,the principles of the forum are as follows3 ,the complete development of democracy in ,america4 ,a common meeting ground for all the people in the interest of truth and mutual understanding1 and for the cultivation of community spirit4 ,the freest and fullest open discussion of all vital questions affecting human welfare4 ,participation on the part of the audience from the ,forum ,floor whether by questions or discussion4 ,the freedom of the ,forum management from responsibility for utterances by speakers from the platform or floor4 ,among the subjects presented have been ,community ,problems1 ,the ,church and ,industrial ,conflict1 ,the ,golden ,rule in ,business3 ,is ,it ,practicable8 ,the ,farmers' ,movement in ,america1 ,bolshevism1 ,feeding the ,world3 ,is ,it ,america's ,job8 ,there is no more encouraging sign of community interest in public questions1 and a conscious effort on the part of the ,church to develop a public opinion on social1 economic and religious problems4 ,illustration3 ,,program ,,of ,a ,,community ,,rally ,the ,ladies' ,aid is often the only woman's organization in the community4 ,most of these clubs meet once or twice a month1 with regular programs for ,bible study or missions1 organize sewing and quilting bees1 and bazaars1 etc4 ,the help they give in church finances has already been appreciated4 ,any such common interest and responsibility holds many an organization together4 ,several promote social welfare work4 ,one organized a ,teachers' ,training ,class to improve material for ,sunday school teachers4 ,one village has a community ,ladies' ,aid which works for the church1 although only a few are church members4 ,the community woman's club in a small hamlet is studying missions as a part of its program4 ,in one community1 the ,ladies' ,aid of the only church1 which is pastorless1 meets regularly and holds a yearly bazaar to pay the occasional supply preacher and keep the church in repair4 ,at the ,frontier ,day given by a ,dude ,ranch1 the ,ladies' ,aid from a nearby hamlet had a booth for selling hamburgers and lemonade4 ,in one of the mining camps1 the ,ladies' ,aid of the ,mission church sent out invitations for an afternoon tea to raise money for a new piano for the ,kindergarten4 ,it turned out to be a great social event attended by women1 many of them foreign1 from all the camps in the vicinity4 ,here is another ,ladies' ,aid1 the only organization in all that part of a sparsely settled country1 and many miles from town which holds eight socials a year and every social is a supper4 ,those suppers bring out whole families1 and are the biggest annual events4 ,is it any wonder8 ,the woman on the ,range has a lonesome time of it4 ,ranches are far apart4 ,she rarely sees her neighbors and less frequently goes to town4 ,this woman needs social activities more than her town sister4 ,yet only nine out of thirty-four country churches have women's organizations4 ,young ,people's ,meetings are generally held ,sunday nights1 and the majority hold an occasional social4 ,one town ,young ,people's organization has a successful ,bible ,study ,class4 ,the ,purely for ,fun ,club1 as its name implies1 is purely social and meets twice a month4 ,it has a special garden party once a year4 ,this club is one of the activities of a ,m4 ,e4 community church located in a new dry-farming community which is having a struggle to make both ends meet1 but is doing good work in that community4 ,the people are loyal1 even enthusiastic4 ,there is not1 however1 even a church building1 let alone any equipment for social activities4 ,a building is desperately needed for church and community center1 nor can the members provide it themselves4 ,cases of this kind represent possibilities for the most effective sort of home mission aid4 ,,chapter ,,vi ,the ,preachers' ,goings and ,comings ,this is a field that challenges a preacher4 ,the love of a new world has drawn his potential flocks and with them a pastor may come to new pastures where the satisfaction of creative pioneer work is not its least attraction4 ,settlements have grown up almost over night4 ,people have come from all over the ,east1 ,middle ,west and ,southwest4 ,many families live far from their neighbors4 ,leadership is the challenging need and it is primarily the task of the ,church to furnish and develop it4 ,the initial handicap is that here people1 from a matter of habit1 do not yearn for church ministry as they do in other parts of the country4 ,their traditions do not include it4 ,it is the preacher who must sell the idea of religion and the ,church4 ,no one else will do it4 ,he must be a builder of something out of nothing--a pioneer of the ,gospel1 creator as well as evangelist4 ,the ,vagrant ,minister ,one of the most startling facts brought out by this survey is the degree to which the ministers have been transient4 ,always a detriment to effective work1 this lack of permanency is especially unfortunate in a country of such rapid growth and so transient a population4 ,it takes more than average time to win people's confidence because they do not accept the ,church per se4 ,there are problems enough to be met when a preacher hog-ties1 as the ,western slang puts it1 meaning when he stays on the job4 ,but the preachers have come and gone along with the rest4 ,three of the forty-five churches organized for ten years or more have had the same preacher throughout the period1 and five more churches have had only two pastors4 ,but seven churches have changed pastors three times1 ten have changed four1 seven have changed five1 six have changed six1 five have changed seven1 one has changed eight and one has changed nine times during this period4 ,about half of the country and village churches1 #ch per cent4 of the town1 and one-fourth of the city churches have had five or more pastors during the last ten years4 ,of the churches organized within the last ten years1 ten have had one pastor1 eight have had two1 one has had three1 three have had four1 one has had six1 one has had seven and two have had no regular pastors during the entire time4 ,these men have indeed had the spirit of wanderlust4 ,they have scarcely stayed long enough to get acquainted with their task4 ,illustration3 ,,chart ,,viii ,lapses between pastors are revealed4 ,the changing has meant loss of time to three-fourths of the churches4 ,thus1 of the group of churches organized ten years or more1 city churches have been vacant #b4e per cent4 of the ten years1 town churches #f per cent4 of the time1 village churches #aa per cent4 and country churches #ag per cent4 of the time4 ,the churches organized in the last ten years1 of which the majority are in small hamlets and the open country1 have been vacant #bj per cent4 of the time4 ,again the churches in the larger centers fare better4 ,distribution of ,pastors ,the churches in the four counties are at present being served by forty ministers who have been a long time in church service1 but only a short time in their present fields4 ,their average length of time in their present charge is only two and one-third years4 ,twelve of the forty-one present pastors have been in their parishes less than a year1 and fourteen more have been serving from one to two years inclusive4 ,thirty-two ministers give their entire time to the ministry4 ,eight have some other occupation in addition to their church work4 ,one is a student1 and the rest are ranchers4 ,these eight men serve eleven churches in the four counties and eight churches outside4 ,thirteen churches were without regular pastors at the time of the survey1 but five churches were only temporarily pastorless--transiency caught in the act6 ,four of the thirteen were being supplied by local or travelling preachers1 one a woman homesteader4 ,the remaining fifty-seven churches1 therefore1 were being served by forty regular ministers1 and two resident social workers who take care of a ,baptist ,mission at a mining village in ,sheridan ,county4 ,the regular ministers also serve twenty churches in other counties1 making a total of seventy-seven churches1 or #a4hg churches per man4 ,this is a slightly lower proportion of ministers per church than the region averages4 ,how the ministers are divided up so that they will go around is shown in the following table4 ,the sixteen preaching points and missions which these same men also serve are not included because in general they do not take the same amount of time as a regular church4#h ,preachers with ,no ,other ,preachers with ,occupation ,other ,occupation ,serving one church #ah 7,b-#c1 ,h-#e1 ,s-#h1 ,u-#b7 #c 7,h-#b1 ,u-#a7 ,serving two churches #i 7,b-#a1 ,h-#c1 ,s-#b1 ,u-#c7 #a 74441 ,u-#a7 ,serving three churches #c 74441 ,h-#a1 ,s-#a1 ,u-#a7 #b 74441 ,u-#b7 ,serving four churches #b 74441 ,u-#b7 ,serving five churches #b 7444444444444444,u-#b7 -- -- ,total #cb #h ,the denominational basis of church organization1 as a preceding chapter shows1 leads to an uneven distribution of churches and ministers4 ,if it were not for denominational lines1 it would be possible to make a better distribution of the ministers so as to give a larger proportion of the communities a resident minister4 ,the centers have an abundance of ministers1 but outside the centers there are too few4 ,thus1 thirty-three of the churches have resident preachers1 but twenty-two1 or two-thirds1 of these churches are located in centers which have other resident ministers4 ,more than half of the churches with resident pastors are town or city churches4 ,only nine communities have one or more resident ministers serving a single church on full time4 ,one of these communities is the city1 three are the towns1 one is a village community in ,beaverhead1 one the mining town with the two social workers1 and three are country communities4 ,only eighteen communities have such full-time resident pastors4 ,ten other churches have pastors living adjacent to their buildings1 but in each case the pastor also serves other churches1 or has other occupation4 ,fourteen churches have pastors living from five to eighteen miles distant1 four have ministers living from eighteen to thirty-five miles distant4 ,one has its pastor living fifty miles away1 one sixty-five and one #abj miles4 ,four pastors live outside their counties4 ,illustration3 ,,chart ,,ix ,an adequate parsonage is one means of keeping a resident pastor4 ,about half of the churches have parsonages4 ,of the forty churches with buildings1 thirty-four have parsonages and one country pastor has a parsonage and no church building4 ,three parsonages were not being used at the time of the survey4 ,the residence of pastors and the distribution of pastoral service have a clear relation to growth4 ,the pastor is ordinarily responsible for the evangelistic success of the church4 ,if a pastor is non-resident or has too large a territory to serve1 his personal contribution is lessened4 ,of the churches having resident pastors1 two-thirds made a net gain4 ,of those with non-resident pastors1 only one-third gained4 ,pastors' ,salaries4 ,the question of ministers' salaries is important4 ,inadequate salaries have undoubtedly caused some of the restlessness among the ministry4 ,salaries vary as the minister is on full or on part time1 as shown in the following table4 ,the full-time one-church man commands a wage higher than the man with more churches1 or the man with another occupation4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,parsonage ,,but ,,no ,,church ,the ,m4 ,e4 pastor shown here with his wife and baby has a house but no church building on his circuit4 ,he preaches in three school houses4 ,minister ,full ,time with ,other ,full ,time ,part ,time ,minister ,occupation ,minister ,minister with ,more and ,more with ,one with ,one ,than ,one ,than ,one ,church ,church ,church ,church ,maximum salary #b1fej #a1eej #c1bej #a1ijj ,minimum salary #fjj #hdj #hhj #ajj ,average #a1hce #a1aie #a1ejg #faj ,these average salary figures may be compared with the average salary of the ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a4 county secretaries for the entire ,united ,states which was #b1bfe in #aibj4 ,training of ,ministers ,standards of the various denominations as to the educational qualifications of the ministers vary4 ,eighteen of the forty-one pastors are graduates of colleges and theological seminaries2 six others are college graduates1 three are graduates of seminaries or ,bible ,schools1 but have no college training4 ,one minister is going to seminary4 ,ten ministers have had no special training for the ministry4 ,,chapter ,,vii ,negro and ,indian ,work ,racial ,cordiality ,in this ,range country1 there are not many negroes in proportion to the white settlers1 and the relations between the races are cordial4 ,beaverhead ,county has twenty-eight negroes in ,dillon and ,lima communities4 ,sheridan ,county has a total of about #bie4 ,a small neighborhood1 ,cat ,creek1 six miles west of the city of ,sheridan has about #bej negroes4 ,there are six negro farm owners at ,cat ,creek with farms of #cbj acres each4 ,considerable community spirit has been developed1 which is manifested by increased friendliness and by pride in the farms4 ,the ,plum ,grove ,club has sixteen members1 and meets twice a month for discussions on crop welfare and for social times4 ,there is a ,sunday school1 with an enrollment of fifteen and an average attendance of ten1 which is kept going for eight months of the year4 ,preaching services are held occasionally4 ,the negroes in the city of ,sheridan are hard-working and industrious4 ,they are mainly laborers1 but some have small businesses4 ,organizations include a ,mutual ,aid ,society with fifty members and three lodges which are all inactive at present4 ,the ,national ,association for the ,advancement of ,colored ,people has a local branch with #ajj members4 ,a recently organized ,athletic ,club of fifteen members hopes to branch out into a regular athletic association4 ,colored ,churches ,there are two colored churches--a ,methodist ,episcopal and a ,baptist ,north4 ,the ,methodist ,episcopal was organized in #aijh2 the ,baptist in the following year4 ,both churches have resident pastors1 serving but one point each4 ,each denomination has a church building and a parsonage4 ,the combined value of the church buildings is #c1ejj1 of the parsonages #ejj4 ,the ,baptist church has recently been rebuilt4 ,both churches use weekly envelopes for raising their money which amounted to #b1hhg4ad last year1 #a1afd4be of which was by subscription1 and #fhj by collection4 ,there was no surplus or deficit4 ,from this fund #ich4gi was spent for salaries1 #adb4ag for missions and benevolences1 and #a1ejj4jd for rebuilding and repairs4 ,the ,baptist church receives home mission aid of #fjj4 ,the ,methodist church has thirty-six members1 having made a net gain of seven in the year preceding the survey4 ,the ,baptist church has twenty-six members whose membership has remained constant4 ,the total net active membership of the two churches is fifty-one4 ,each church holds eight ,sunday preaching services a month4 ,both have ,sunday schools4 ,the ,methodist ,sunday school1 with an enrollment of sixteen1 is kept going the year round2 the ,baptist ,sunday school1 with an enrollment of twelve1 meets for only seven months4 ,the ,methodist church has three other organizations--a ,woman's ,missionary ,society1 a ,willing ,workers and ,ladies' ,aid1 and a ,literary ,society for both sexes with a membership of fifty4 ,the ,baptists have one organization1 a ,christian ,aid1 with a membership of twelve1 to which both men and women belong4 ,one church has had six1 the other five1 pastors in the last ten years4 ,the present pastors are graduates of both college and seminary4 ,a friendly feeling exists between the white and colored people in ,sheridan1 which is manifested by a willingness on the part of the white churches to help the colored4 ,the colored ministers are included in the ,sheridan ,ministerial ,union4 ,indian ,missions ,part of the ,crow ,creek ,indian ,reservation extends into the southeastern part of ,hughes ,county1 and about #gj per cent4 of the people living in this section of ,hughes are ,indians4 ,all are farmers owning their own land4 ,an ,episcopal ,indian ,mission was established here in #ahib4 ,the pastor1 who lives in ,fort ,thompson1 conducts one morning service a month4 ,there are twenty-six members1 of whom twenty-one are active4 ,there is no ,sunday school1 but a ,ladies' ,aid with five members meets every week and has twice as large an attendance as it has enrollment4 ,there is also a ,catholic ,mission located near the ,episcopal ,mission1 which was started about #aiaa4 ,the priest comes from outside the county and holds one mass each month4 ,there are about fifteen families in the membership4 ,,chapter ,,viii ,non-,protestant ,work ,roman ,catholic ,the ,roman ,catholic work is the strongest non-,protestant religious activity in all the four counties and naturally has a large number of foreign-born and ,spanish-,american communicants in its parishes4 ,there is a total of twenty-four organized ,catholic churches4 ,beaverhead ,county has two1 ,hughes three1 ,sheridan five and ,union fourteen4 ,the city of ,sheridan1 and each of the towns supports a ,catholic church2 eight are located in villages1 two of which are in ,sheridan mining camps1 and twelve in small hamlets4 ,nine priests1 seven of whom live in these counties1 serve the twenty-four churches4 ,four churches1 two in villages and two in small hamlets1 are served by priests living outside the county4 ,illustration3 ,,an ,,oasis ,,in ,,the ,,desert ,the grounds in which this ,catholic ,church and parsonage stand make this the only spot of verdure in a barren waste extending for miles on every side4 ,each of the twenty-four churches has a building4 ,there are six priests' houses1 valued at #ba1jjj1 and two parochial school buildings4 ,the value of church buildings is estimated at a total value of #ih1hjj4 ,the total value of church property1 including land1 is #baa1jbe4 ,none of the churches have any social equipment4 ,the total receipts of all the churches last year amounted to #bc1aeg4ef and this amount was spent largely on salaries and church upkeep4 ,the only churches receiving aid are two in ,union1 each of which received #ejj4 ,the average salary is #hib4 ,illustration3 ,,roman ,,catholic ,,churches ,,and ,,parishes1 ,,union ,,county1 ,,new ,,mexico ,the total membership is about #e1aeb1 which is within #ffh of the total ,protestant figure for seventy churches4 ,the average total membership is #bae per church4 ,only three of the twenty-four churches have as few as fifty members or less4 ,thirteen churches have ,catechism and ,confirmation classes1 with a total enrollment of #daf4 ,attendance is high2 it equals #gg per cent4 of the enrollment4 ,there are seventeen other organizations1 three for men1 ten for women1 one for boys1 one for girls and two for young people4 ,the total enrollment is #gga4 ,the church in ,sheridan has a parochial school4 ,catholic church membership increased more rapidly than the ,protestant in ,beaverhead and ,hughes and less rapidly in ,sheridan from #ahij to #aiaf1 according to the ,united ,states religious census4 ,in ,union1 from #aijf to #aiaf1 the ,protestant membership increased more rapidly than the ,catholic4 ,catholic membership is greater than ,protestant membership in every county but ,hughes4 ,there are a total of nineteen ,catholic mission centers in ,union and ,beaverhead4 ,penitentes ,there are about five groups of ,penitentes in ,union ,county1 with an average of twenty-five members each4 ,no women belong4 ,the ,penitentes are all ,spanish-,americans and are largely sheep and cattle herders4 ,their small adobe and stone buildings are called morada4 ,meetings are held in ,lent1 on the last three days of ,holy ,week4 ,during the ceremonies1 members inflict personal punishment1 often carrying it to an extreme4 ,this sect1 which was at one time distributed over the whole territory of ,new ,mexico1 since #ahej has retreated towards the north4 ,as to their origin1 ,twitchell in his ,history of ,new ,mexico says3 ,it is possible that the ,penitentes1 particularly by their scourging themselves with whips made of cactus1 come from the order of ,flagellants which was a body of religious persons who believed by whipping and scourging themselves for religious discipline they could appease the divine wrath against their sins and the sins of the age4 ,the ,penitentes are not recognized by the ,catholic ,church4 ,latter ,day ,saints ,dillon1 in ,beaverhead1 and the city of ,sheridan1 each have a ,mormon church4 ,there is a church building in ,dillon1 and the one in ,sheridan is now being erected4 ,there is also an inactive church at ,lima1 organized in #aijj4 ,the ,mormon membership is eighty-five in ,dillon and thirty-six in ,sheridan4 ,both churches have ,sunday schools1 with a total enrollment of seventy and relief societies with a total membership of thirty-five4 ,christian ,science ,there are two ,christian ,science churches1 located in ,dillon and in the city of ,sheridan1 both organized in #aiai4 ,the ,dillon church meets in an office1 but the ,sheridan church has a building valued at #b1ejj4 ,the church membership is about #agj4 ,both churches have ,sunday schools1 with an enrollment of about thirty in ,dillon and about fifty in ,sheridan4 ,theosophical ,the city of ,sheridan has a ,theosophical ,society which meets in a real estate office4 ,the membership is seventeen4 ,six new members were taken in last year4 ,meetings are held every ,friday night4 ,two meetings a month are for members only1 and two are public lectures4 ,,chapter ,,ix ,seeing ,it ,whole ,the ,range1 our last real frontier1 has grown up4 ,round-ups are miniature and staged4 ,all the land is fenced4 ,the cowboy is passing1 if not gone4 ,even chaps and a sombrero are rare1 unless worn by a ,dude from the ,east4 ,the last #ajj years have seen a remarkable growth and change in this country4 ,the cattleman and the cowboy have largely given way to the homesteader1 and he in turn has become a regular farmer or1 as he prefers it1 rancher4 ,the ,land of the ,homesteader ,the cowman used to insist that no one could make a living on the semi-arid ,range4 ,for many years there was no sign of permanent settlement on the ,plains and no one thought of this region as frontier4 ,then the ,homesteader came4 ,and always1 just back of the frontier1 says ,emerson ,hough in ,the ,passing of the ,frontier1 advancing1 receding1 crossing it this way and that1 succeeding and failing1 hoping and despairing1 but steadily advancing in the net result--has come that portion of the population which builds homes and lives in them1 and which is not content with a blanket for a bed and the sky for a roof above4 ,homesteaders are good stock upon which to build a civilization4 ,many of them are sturdy folk who have come to the ,west to establish homes and with determination are doing so4 ,of course1 there are the habitual drifters who have always been failures because they never stayed long enough anywhere to succeed4 ,but they prove up on their claims and then go elsewhere1 drifting still4 ,others leave1 holding their land as an investment1 because they have not found the land or the circumstances up to their expectations4 ,the free land has gradually been taken up1 so that there is very little of it left in any one of these counties4 ,the population is becoming less transient on this account4 ,more people are staying because there is no more free land1 and no other newer frontier4 ,what1 then1 has the survey shown of the ,range8 ,how has it fared in its #ajj years of growth8 ,what are its assets as well as its needs8 ,in a word1 what has it made of itself8 ,the very presence of real farm-houses on dry farming land and mesas speaks in itself of a small world conquered4 ,of course1 there are farm-houses in the valleys4 ,but sheer grit is all that achieves a house and a barn and a wind-shield of trees out on the mesa4 ,lumber is expensive and must be hauled from the nearest market4 ,trees1 so wary of growing there1 must be watched1 watered and carefully tended every day for the first five years4 ,a home on the plains means more sweat and toil and effort than a home anywhere else in our country4 ,illustration3 ,,watering ,,her ,,garden ,this homesteader of ten years' standing has succeeded in cultivating an attractive garden patch even in the thirsty soil of ,new ,mexico4 ,self-,help the ,rule ,the development of the ,range has been haphazard4 ,any ,land ,company has been able to work up a boom at will4 ,not even misrepresentations and uncounted1 unlimited hardships have stirred the ,government to form and follow any better colonization policy for its unoccupied lands than its ,homestead laws4 ,the western farmer has never been cherished by his ,government as has been the ,canadian farmer4 ,until the comparatively recent development of county agent services and the ,farm ,bureau1 he has had to work for everything he got with very little help from any one4 ,an intense economic struggle is behind the homesteaders4 ,they begin from the bottom up4 ,some are just now beginning1 but for the majority the difficulty of getting a start is over4 ,but the last few years have been hard for every farmer and rancher on the ,range1 old settler and new alike4 ,no part of the country can afford to have the men on the land as hard pressed as these men have been4 ,too large a proportion of the farms have been mortgaged for the economic well-being of a nation4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,community ,,rendezvous ,often the general store is the only gathering place for neighbors miles apart4 ,made up largely of people from the ,middle ,west1 this country has taken on some of the characteristics of that region--in the development of small and large centers1 and in the improved roads and schools4 ,but on account of the nature of the soil1 it will be many years before the ,range becomes a second ,middle ,west1 if ever4 ,the land will not support as many people per square mile4 ,much of the area will remain1 for years to come1 a land of large distances and comparatively few people4 ,the future of the ,range is not to be summed up by saying1 ,go to1 this country will soon become a second ,middle ,west4 ,just give it time4 ,if you want to see neighbor ,adams1 you'll find him in town on ,saturday afternoon1 most like round ,perkins' store4 ,such will be the advice given in regard to meeting almost any farmer living in almost any part of these counties4 ,as roads have improved1 and autos have come to be generally used by the farmers as a means of transportation1 the trade centers along the railroads1 especially the county seats1 have increased greatly in size and importance4 ,this growth of the centers is characteristic of the whole ,united ,states4 ,until after #ahbj less than #e per cent4 of the ,american people lived in cities of #h1jjj population and over4 ,in #agij there were but five cities in the ,united ,states having a population of #h1jjj4 ,now a majority live in the cities2 but the ,west does not yet have the urban development of the ,east4 ,importance of the ,county ,seat ,as the county seats are coming gradually to have more of a direct relationship to the country around them1 they should assume more responsibility toward their counties4 ,through their organizations and ,civic ,leagues of business men1 these centers are just waking up to the fact that the towns are dependent upon them4 ,as one farmer in ,union ,county said1 ,there is no permanent prosperity except that based on the farmer4 ,if our town is big and top-heavy and the farmers are taxed heavily to keep the town up1 it is killing the goose that laid the golden eggs4 ,the #a1jjj farmers tributary to ,clayton must pay the bills of everything brought in because1 ultimately1 the products of the farm have to pay for everything4 ,when conditions are bad1 the farmer has to pay the bill and keep going besides4 ,if the development of the future is to be sound each side will do its best to understand the other4 ,a ,centralized ,school ,system ,school systems are becoming better4 ,people realize the advantages of education4 ,more and more young people are being sent to college4 ,but as distances are gradually being overcome1 schools should be administered wholly from the county seat4 ,the ,county ,unit plan does away with the local school district boards4 ,this system equalizes burdens and advantages1 minimizes dissension1 and conduces to economy and efficiency4 ,the average school board has no standards by which to judge an applicant for teaching4 ,one disadvantage of the district system is that so often daughters are put in as teachers4 ,the county unit plan means centralized control4 ,the county superintendent1 who is selected solely because of education1 training and successful experience1 takes over most of the duties which the various districts now have4 ,this means a comprehensive and efficient plan of education for the whole county4 ,social ,needs ,other great needs are a better organized social life and more recreational activities4 ,outside the larger center1 there is a great lack of social life4 ,social organizations are fairly abundant1 but they are almost all city or town affairs4 ,living on the land is a more solitary affair for women than for men4 ,the men drive to town1 but the women stay home week in and week out with few diversions4 ,a postmistress in ,montana told about two women living on large cattle ranches about six miles apart1 a small distance in that country4 ,she said to one of them3 ,there is ,mrs4 ,denis at the door just going out4 ,did you see her8 ,the other lady answered3 ,yes1 but ,i hardly know ,mrs4 ,denis4 ,they had lived there for more than ten years1 near neighbors for the ,range country1 and yet barely acquainted6 ,illustration3 ,,mary1 ,,call ,,the ,,cattle ,,home6 ,but this ,mary is a homesteader's wife and the ,range is a long way from the ,sands o' ,dee1 and ,mary herself is usually a long way from anywhere4 ,the ,part of the ,church ,finally1 there is the duty of the ,church4 ,the churches performed an inestimable social function in frontier expansion1 says ,john ,dewey4 ,they were the rallying points not only of respectability but of decency and order in the midst of a rough and turbulent population4 ,they were the representatives of social neighborliness and all the higher interests of the communities4 ,the ,church has played an important role in the past1 but its position in this same country to-day is disappointing4 ,for some reason it has not become essential to the landscape4 ,illustration3 ,,waiting ,,at ,,the ,,church ,a ,christian ,church in ,union ,county which draws its congregation from a wide area4 ,the immense distances and scattered population have1 of course1 been a great problem4 ,all the country west of the ,mississippi makes up #gj4i per cent4 of the total area of the ,united ,states1 while the western area has only #cj per cent4 of the total population4 ,in #ahej1 it had only #h4f per cent4 of the population4 ,the average density per square mile in the ,united ,states is #ce4e persons4 ,illinois has #aae4g people per square mile1 but ,montana has an average density of only #c4h1 ,wyoming of #b1 ,new ,mexico of #b4i and ,south ,dakota of #h4c persons4 ,much of the ,range has never had the chance to go to church1 and one result of the lack of church facilities in the past is that it is difficult now to create a church spirit4 ,homesteading is no fun4 ,it means being away from doctors and comforts1 getting ahead little by little1 facing set-backs1 discouragements and loneliness4 ,of course1 a homesteader is absorbed by his place4 ,unless he is simply proving up on his claim for the purpose of selling it1 he must be absorbed if he is to succeed4 ,he broke with most of his home ties before he came and1 after arriving1 has not had time to go adventuring for any but those simple things which he must have4 ,church is one of the things he left behind4 ,church services have rarely followed him1 and generally he has been too busy to seek them4 ,even if he were minded to hunt them out1 it takes more than average courage to be different when one's neighbors are largely of a common mind4 ,so the absence of church has become a habit4 ,illustration3 ,,hitting ,,the ,,trail ,will this settler find a church welcome in his new home8 ,but probably the greatest hindrance to church work has been the shifting population4 ,churches have trained lay leaders only to have them leave en masse4 ,out of the fourteen churches which have been abandoned in these four counties1 nine have gone under because their members melted away4 ,the carrying over of the care-free frontier spirit often makes for a general slackness4 ,this spirit has in it the freedom of the ,west1 the perfect democracy of the cowboy1 and is essentially individualistic4 ,if directed into right channels1 it should be an asset instead of a drawback4 ,what the ,frontier ,church ,is ,five sentences sum up the ,church on the ,range4 ,it is a church of the center4 ,it is1 in the main1 a church of the middle-aged4 ,it has been a church with haphazard leadership4 ,it is a church of past achievements and of unlimited future possibilities1 provided it has an inspired and sustained leadership4 ,it is a church which needs a social vision4 ,it is natural that1 where the centers along the railroad have been the only sure things in a country of constantly shifting settlements1 the largest number of churches have been established in such centers4 ,but these churches have not reached the great unevangelized areas around them4 ,the isolated1 unattached ,christian1 who lives perhaps only a few miles from town1 has been neglected by the church in the center4 ,it is natural1 too1 that this should be largely a church of the middle-aged4 ,what is there to attract the young people8 ,many of the church organizations have no buildings4 ,with few exceptions1 buildings are equipped for little else but preaching and listening4 ,nearly half of the churches have less than four services a month4 ,the ,sunday schools are not well organized4 ,with the start the ,sunday schools now have1 possibilities are unlimited if they can be conducted on a more business-like basis4 ,yet these young people and children are the great hope of the church4 ,no more wide-awake1 vigorous young people are to be found4 ,if only the ,church could work out something that would last through the week1 said one of them1 it would seem more real4 ,but in many communities the women's organization is not only the sole organization in the church1 outside the ,sunday school1 but the only one in the community4 ,the work has been haphazard4 ,home ,mission aid has been spent out of all proportion to fitness4 ,the same amount now received would go further1 eventually1 if spent in fewer places4 ,with means and leaders adequate for a small area only1 the general idea of some denominations has been to hold1 but to do little with a large area4 ,there has been some unnecessary over-lapping of work4 ,with their large fields1 the ministers cannot be expected to do more than they are doing at present which is1 in most churches1 occasional preaching4 ,a missionary pastor said1 concerning one of his charges in a neglected community in ,union1 ,the second time ,i went to preach no one came4 ,do you think ,i'd go back8 ,under the present system of many points and long distances1 this pastor could hardly afford to use the time to go back4 ,yet1 to succeed1 church ministry must be steadier and more long-suffering4 ,there are some ,new ,americans in each county1 but they are in larger numbers in ,sheridan and ,beaverhead4 ,a large number of the ,spanish-,americans in ,union are not provided for by the ,catholic church1 and the only ,protestant work for them in the county1 a ,spanish ,american ,mission in ,clayton1 has been given up4 ,in ,sheridan ,county there is great need of a comprehensive program that shall include all six mines4 ,there should be at least two community houses built with organized social activities and evening classes2 the staff to include a domestic science teacher4 ,with the exception of one class for half a dozen ,italian mothers in one of ,sheridan's mining villages1 no ,americanization work is being done in any county4 ,the churches should enlarge their vision so as to include the ,new ,americans4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,family ,,mansion ,with the family and the ,union ,county doctor in front of it4 ,the family is ,spanish-,american4 ,what the ,frontier ,church ,can ,be ,it is possible for the ,church to serve this kind of country with its scattered people4 ,it is difficult but it can be done4 ,certain denominations have succeeded with what they call a demonstration parish4 ,the plan is exactly the same as that of the experimental farms conducted by the ,government4 ,a comprehensive seven-day-a-week plan1 which has in mind the whole man1 mind1 body and soul1 in place of the old circuit-rider system1 is the program of the ,congregational ,demonstration ,parish in ,plateau ,valley1 ,colorado4 ,six thousand feet up on the western slope of the ,rockies1 this valley is shut in on three sides by rugged1 white-capped mountains4 ,it is thirty miles long1 from one to six miles wide1 and contains about #aej square miles of territory4 ,this is a small world in itself1 self-contained by the nature of its environment4 ,of the #c1ejj people1 #gej live in the four small villages of ,collbran1 ,plateau ,city1 ,melina and ,mesa4 ,the one great industry of the valley is stock-raising4 ,farmers have devoted themselves chiefly to raising beef cattle1 but an interest in dairying is increasing4 ,pure-bred stock is now the goal of their efforts4 ,this beautiful mountain valley was chosen as a model parish to show what could be done by the ,church throughout a large1 thinly settled area4 ,although there were five church buildings in the valley1 the church-going habit seemed to have been lost or never acquired1 possibly because religious privileges had been meager and not altogether suited to the peculiar needs of the people and the country4 ,it is doubtful if #bej people living in the valley were church members or attendants1 while not more than #bjj children went to ,sunday school regularly4 ,few persons1 however1 were actually hostile toward religion or the ,church4 ,here was the opportunity and the challenge4 ,the work centers in ,collbran village1 where there is a ,congregational church organization and building4 ,there are two men on the staff4 ,the pastor has charge of the church school1 the ,christian ,endeavor1 and the work with men and young people in ,collbran village4 ,he also does visiting throughout the valley4 ,the ,director of ,extension ,work has the responsibility for establishing and maintaining out-stations1 financing the local budget1 and supervising the activities and the building of the ,community ,house4 ,this ,community ,house is to be the center and great achievement of the modern socio-religious program4 ,the completed building will have rooms and equipment for an ideal church school1 kindergarten1 game room1 library1 rest-room and men's club4 ,the gymnasium will have a floor space seventy-five by forty feet and a gallery2 it will also serve as an auditorium1 while a stage1 dressing-rooms and a moving-picture booth form part of the equipment4 ,the basement will have billiard room1 bowling alleys1 lockers1 baths1 dining room and kitchen4 ,the entire cost of the building will be approximately #be1jjj1 to be financed in part by the ,congregational ,church ,building ,society and in part by local pledges4 ,this is ,home ,mission aid well spent4 ,the first and second units were completed and opened for use on ,christmas ,day1 #aiba4 ,the first unit is the auditorium4 ,the second unit contains the library1 assembly room1 men's room1 women's room1 large billiard room and two offices which are to be used as headquarters for the boys' and girls' organizations4 ,the third unit will be completed in the summer of #aibb4 ,the pastor and extension man have office hours in the morning4 ,in the afternoon1 the women's rest room1 with its easy chair1 lounge and cribs for babies1 and the men's club are open4 ,the billiard and reading rooms are open from one to five-thirty and the library is open from three-thirty to five4 ,this library already has #a1bjj books1 and there are shelves for #c1hjj more4 ,the library service is probably the most appreciated part of the work for it fills a long and sorely felt need4 ,in the evening1 the men's and women's rooms are open1 and the reading room and billiard room are open from seven to nine4 ,the privileges of the ,community ,house are for each man1 woman and child in the valley irrespective of church or creed4 ,so far as possible1 everything enjoyed at the center is to be taken to the furthest circumference of the valley4 ,the equipment for the extension work consists of a truck1 auto1 moving-picture machine and a generator4 ,the community truck is used to furnish group transportation and to promote inter-neighborhood mixing in competitive and other ways4 ,the ,extension ,director is organizer1 social engineer and community builder4 ,he has a regular circuit of preaching appointments and ,sunday schools4 ,his program includes a one-hour visit to four schools every week4 ,ten minutes are used for physical exercises1 thirty minutes for public school music with the cooeperation of the teacher and twenty minutes for religious education4 ,he takes out library books and ,sunday school papers to the teacher1 and once a month shows educational moving-pictures4 ,the people are already responding to this constructive program4 ,within four months1 the ,collbran ,church ,school has increased nearly #aej per cent4 in average daily attendance4 ,the ,christian ,endeavor ,society includes practically all the young people of the intermediate age4 ,the ,scouts and ,camp ,fire organizations are very active and recently held a dual meet with the ,mesa organizations4 ,wrestling1 basket-ball1 hog-tying and three-legged races were some of the events4 ,within the year1 thirty-seven members were added to the ,collbran church1 among whom were the leading lawyer1 banker1 doctor1 contractor1 editor1 merchant and rancher4 ,the other two denominations in the valley1 the ,methodist ,episcopal and ,baptists1 are cooeperating in the effort4 ,the small ,methodist ,episcopal church at ,plateau ,city has come into the movement by arrangement with the ,methodist ,episcopal ,conference1 and has become part of the larger parish4 ,this church and community will unite with the ,congregational church on a common budget for the support of general work4 ,there is now ,methodist ,episcopal work in the extreme end of the valley1 ,baptist in the central part1 and ,congregational in the extreme west4 ,each church sticks to its own territory2 each urges members of its own denomination to work with churches in other sections4 ,but the larger parish equipment serves all in the extension program4 ,the work is only begun4 ,the larger purpose is to break down distinctions between neighborhoods1 as well as between village and country1 and to weld all people living over a wide area into one large community with community spirit and a common loyalty4 ,this cannot be done by the ,church alone2 doctors1 visiting nurse1 school teachers1 county agent and farm bureau will gradually be called into a cooeperative team play4 ,this1 then1 is the ,church not merely aspiring to leadership1 but utilizing its opportunity with a real program4 ,asking no favors because of its divine origin1 it is determined to make itself a necessity in the community by virtue of what it does4 ,it is the ,church actually practising a religion of fellowship1 giving value for value and serving all the people and all of their interests1 all of the time4 ,the ,larger ,parish ,plan ,this ,larger ,parish plan is the old circuit rider system brought up to date1 and given an all-around significance through the use of modern means of transportation and an equipment suited to a religio-social program4 ,the minister is no less a preacher and man of ,god because he is a community builder4 ,his measure of success is his ability to work out with his people a genuine program of rural and social service4 ,with its community church and program1 the ,larger ,parish plan seeks to make the church both a religious and a social center4 ,under its own roof1 if necessary1 or better1 with an adjoining community house1 it has equipment which provides for ideal worship1 a modern church school and well-supervised social and recreational activities4 ,it amounts to a church that offers advantages like those of the ,y4 ,m4 ,c4 ,a4 and ,y4 ,w4 ,c4 ,a4 ,by means of this program1 the rural church puts itself at the center rather than at the far circumference of rural life1 and becomes one of the most active agencies in the community4 ,illustration ,illustration3 ,a ,,real ,,community ,,house ,members of this ,presbyterian ,church at ,sheridan building their own community house under the leadership of the pastor4 ,the women of the church provided the eats4 ,this plan remedies a characteristic disability of the average rural minister and his church--the neglect in farmstead visitation4 ,especially on the plains1 isolation and loneliness persist despite modern improvements4 ,there are country homes near to villages or towns into which no minister or church visitor goes from one year's end to another4 ,within reach of almost any church on the ,range1 and over great stretches of country1 children may be found who are growing up without any religious training4 ,in the face of this need and its challenge1 the ,larger ,parish plan need not wait for people to come into the ,church4 ,by means of a well-equipped extension program the ,church1 and everything it stands for1 is taken to all who need its ministrations4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,church ,,that ,,serves ,,the ,,community ,the ,m4 ,e4 ,church and parsonage at ,clearmont1 ,wyoming4 ,preaching is essential4 ,but when a minister and congregation can brother scattered peoples1 they are most helpful in bringing the ,kingdom of ,god to rural ,america4 ,there may be some justice in the excuse that the farmer and his family might easily come in to services in their automobile1 but it is true that a house-going minister makes a church-going people4 ,the ,larger ,parish plan furnishes the minister the equipment and help to do just this thing4 ,it views the church as a service institution4 ,the ,montana ,plan ,it is even possible for a whole state to make a united plan for church work4 ,montana has had its area1 community by community1 county by county1 or valley by valley1 allocated to the religious care and undisputed responsibility of one or more denominations4 ,for this new and progressive policy the people of the ,state were themselves responsible1 and its development will be watched with intense interest4 ,unfortunately one of the fields in the only ,montana county in this survey is not receiving the attention it should from its allocated denomination4 ,this is the work in the southern part of the county1 now served by a non-resident pastor4 ,a glance at the map will show how effectively the larger parish plan could be applied4 ,two tasks face the churches in these counties3 ,first1 to increase and enlarge the work of the churches already established1 and1 secondly1 to reach and serve the great unevangelized areas4 ,the former is a problem for the individual church and community4 ,the latter is a problem demanding the cooeperation of all religious forces on the field1 for there is religious need enough to tax the best energies and resources of all4 ,the churches in this new western country must keep pace with their rapidly changing environment1 and with elastic yet inclusive programs really become community churches4 ,the county seat towns should assume more responsibility for their surrounding areas2 in other words1 they should plan and develop larger parishes4 ,especially in ,beaverhead and ,hughes1 this area is unchurched and to a great extent neglected4 ,while the social and economic life of these centers naturally overshadows a great portion of the county areas1 yet the churches minister very inadequately to their needs4 ,the church parishes on the map represent few members4 ,the centers are growing1 their influence is ever widening1 so that the ,church1 in building up her work at the center with the idea not only of serving the people at hand but of reaching just as thoroughly the people in the surrounding areas1 will naturally fulfill her destiny4 ,to reach areas outside the influence of the church work at the centers1 colporteurs should be employed4 ,a ,sunday school missionary could give permanence to all ,sunday school work and help to organize new schools in ,union and possibly in ,sheridan ,county4 ,some additional churches should be established2 others might very well be closed4 ,but it is chiefly up-to-date1 educated1 resident pastors that are needed1 with a belief that the rural task is worth their lives4 ,cooeperation the ,solution ,the psychological and religious differences in these four counties have already been shown4 ,all should not be treated alike4 ,every county is different4 ,every county demands individual study and treatment4 ,such conditions call for the survey method and for intensive cooeperation4 ,this is the key to the whole situation4 ,business1 though still competitive and on an individual basis1 combines for the community good1 as in the case of ,rotary and ,civic ,clubs4 ,the churches might well emulate this example in organization4 ,there are competent ,ministerial ,unions in ,pierre and ,sheridan ,city4 ,what is needed now is a ,council of ,religion in each county with a program enlisting every minister and every church1 and including every square mile of occupied land in the county4 ,all problems are related4 ,the causes of church ineffectiveness lie in non-cooeperation4 ,ministers have stayed too short a time to relate themselves to their parish and their people2 denominations in establishing new churches have not been curious enough about the lay of the land2 the various component parts have been unrelated--the preacher to the church1 the fringe areas to the church in the center and1 finally1 the ,church to the people4 ,the ,frontier of the ,future ,yesterday the ,range population was busy settling down4 ,to-day it is haphazardly here1 and still coming4 ,and what of to-morrow8 ,franklin ,k4 ,lane wrote at the end of his term of service in the ,department of the ,interior3 ,we are quickly passing out of the rough-and-ready period of our national life1 in which we have dealt wholesale with men and things1 into a period of more intensive development in which we must seek to find the special qualities of the individual unit whether that unit be an acre of desert1 a barrel of oil1 a mountain canyon1 the flow of a river1 or the capacity of the humblest of men4 ,here is fertile ground for well directed and progressive development4 ,the ,east is crystallized into its habits and customs4 ,the ,west is more plastic because it is in the social making1 and is willing1 at need1 to change its ways4 ,the social baggage of the eastern states is only partly unpacked in this region4 ,the young ,west is developing a flexible social and institutional life in keeping with its phenomena of time and place4 ,great possibilities are ahead4 ,a real welding process has begun during the last few years as the population tends to become more static1 or as it learns to cooeperate in such agencies as ,red ,cross work during the war and the work of the ,farm ,bureau4 ,a new social spirit is developing4 ,the ,church has counted for a great deal on the ,range and has done some good1 fundamental work4 ,but in order to keep abreast of the new development and to help bring to the ,range a satisfying community life which is profitable1 sociable1 healthful and full of culture and charm and1 above all1 full of ,god1 the ,church must make its ministry broader1 steadier and more available4 ,,appendices ,i3 ,,methodology ,,and ,,definitions ,,ii3 ,,tables ,,appendix ,i ,methodology and ,definitions ,the method used in the ,town and ,country ,surveys of the ,interchurch ,world ,movement and of the ,committee on ,social and ,religious ,surveys differs from the method of earlier surveys in this field chiefly in the following particulars3 #a4 ,rural was defined as including all population living outside incorporated places of over #e1jjj4 ,previous surveys usually excluded all places of #b1ejj population or over1 which follows the ,united ,states ,census definition of rural4 #b4 ,the local unit for the assembling of material was the community1 regarded1 usually1 as the trade area of a town or village center4 ,previous surveys usually took the minor civil division as the local unit4 ,the disadvantage of the community unit is that census and other statistical data are seldom available on that basis1 thus increasing both the labor involved and the possibility of error4 ,the great advantage is that it presents its results assembled on the basis of units which have real social significance1 which the minor civil division seldom has4 ,this advantage is considered as more than compensating for the disadvantage4 #c4 ,the actual service area of each church as indicated by the residences of its members and adherents was mapped and studied4 ,this was an entirely new departure in rural surveys4 ,four chief processes were involved in the actual field work of these surveys3 #a4 ,the determination of the community units and of any subsidiary neighborhood units included within them4 ,the community boundaries were ascertained by noting the location of the last family on each road leading out from a given center who regularly traded at that center4 ,these points1 indicated on a map1 were connected with each other by straight lines4 ,the area about the given center thus enclosed was regarded as the community4 #b4 ,the study of the economic1 social and institutional life of each community as thus defined4 #c4 ,the location of each church in the county1 the determination of its parish area1 and the detailed study of its equipment1 finance1 membership1 organization1 program and leadership4 #d4 ,the preparation of a map showing1 in addition to the usual physical features1 the boundaries of each community1 the location1 parish area and circuit connections of each church1 and the residence of each minister4 ,the following are the more important definitions used in the making of these surveys and the preparation of the reports3 ,,geographical ,city--,a center of over #e1jjj population4 ,not included within the scope of these surveys except as specifically noted4 ,town--,a center with a population of from #b1eja to #e1jjj4 ,village--,a center with a population of from #bea to #b1ejj4 ,hamlet--,any clustered group of people not living on farms whose numbers do not exceed #bej4 ,open ,country--,the farming area1 excluding hamlets and other centers4 ,country--,used in a three-fold division of population included in scope of survey into ,town1 ,village and ,country4 ,includes ,hamlets and ,open ,country4 ,town and ,country--,the whole area covered by these surveys1 i4e41 all population living outside cities4 ,rural--,used interchangeably with ,town and ,country4 ,community--,that unit of territory and of population characterized by common social and economic interests and experiences2 an aggregation of people the majority of whose interests have a common center4 ,usually ascertained by determining the normal trade area of each given center4 ,the primary social grouping of sufficient size and diversity of interests to be practically self-sufficing in ordinary affairs of business1 civil and social life4 ,neutral ,territory--,any area not definitely included within the area of one community4 ,usually an area between two or more centers1 and somewhat influenced by each1 but whose interests are so scattered that it cannot definitely be assigned to the sphere of influence of any one center4 ,neighborhood--,a recognizable social grouping having certain interests in common1 but dependent for certain elemental needs upon some adjacent center within the community area of which it is located4 ,rural ,industrial--,pertaining to any industry other than farming within the ,town and ,country area4 ,,population ,foreigner--,refers to foreign-born and native-born of foreign parentage4 ,new ,americans--,usually includes foreign-born and native-born of foreign or mixed parentage1 but sometimes refers only to more recent immigration4 ,in each case the exact meaning is clear from the context4 ,,the ,,church ,parish--,the area within which the members and regular attendants of a given church live4 ,circuit--,two or more churches combined under the direction of one minister4 ,resident ,pastor--,a church whose minister lives within its parish area is said to have a resident pastor4 ,full-time ,resident ,pastor--,a church with a resident pastor who serves no other church1 and follows no other occupation than the ministry1 is said to have a full-time resident pastor4 ,part-time ,pastor--,a church whose minister either serves another church also1 or devotes part of his time to some regular occupation other than the ministry1 or both1 is said to have a part-time minister4 ,non-,resident ,member--,one carried on the rolls of a given church but living too far away to permit regular attendance2 generally1 any member living outside the community in which the church is located unless he is a regular attendant4 ,inactive ,member--,one who resides within the parish area of the church1 but who neither attends its services nor contributes to its support4 ,net ,active ,membership--,the resultant membership of a given church after the number of non-resident and inactive members is deducted from the total on the church roll4 ,per ,capita ,contributions or ,expenditures--,the total amount contributed or expended1 divided by the number of the net active membership4 ,budget ,system--,a church which1 at the beginning of the fiscal year1 makes an itemized forecast of the entire amount of money required for its maintenance during the year as a basis for a canvass of its membership for funds1 is said to operate on a budget system with respect to its local finances4 ,if amounts to be raised for denominational or other benevolences are included in the forecast and canvass1 it is said to operate on a budget system for all monies raised4 ,adequate ,financial ,system--,three chief elements are recognized in an adequate financial system3 a budget system1 an annual every-member canvass1 and the use of envelopes for the weekly payment of subscriptions4 ,receipts--,receipts have been divided under three heads3 a4 ,subscriptions1 that is monies received in payment of annual pledges4 b4 ,collections1 that is money received from free will offerings at public services4 c4 ,all other sources of revenue1 chiefly proceeds of entertainments and interest on endowments4 ,salary of ,minister--,inasmuch as some ministers receive1 in addition to their cash salary1 the free use of a house while others do not1 a comparison of the cash salaries paid is misleading4 ,in all salary comparisons1 therefore1 the cash value of a free parsonage is arbitrarily stated as #bej a year1 and that amount is added to the cash salary of each minister with free parsonage privileges4 ,thus an average salary stated as #a1dej is equivalent to #a1bjj cash and the free use of a house4 ,,appendix ,,ii ,tables ,i ,,land ,,and ,,farm ,,area ,,in ,,the ,,range ,,counties ,,according ,,to ,,the ,,federal ,,censuses ,,for #aiaj ,,and #aibj ,beaverhead ,hughes #aibj #aiaj #aibj #aiaj ,approximate land area 7acres7 #c1fbj1dhj #c1jbj1afj #dhe1gfj #dhe1gfj ,land in farms 7acres7 #fcg1jji #dfa1cae #bhd1ijg #afe1jfi ,improved land in farms 7acres7 #bgj1fjc #bge1ecj #add1bcg #fb1eca ,woodland in farms 7acres7 #g1adb #c1jhh #g1jcb #b1eba #h1gda ,other unimproved land in farms 7acres7 #cei1bfd #ahb1fig #acc1fch #ajj1jag ,per cent4 of land area in farms #ag4f #ae4c #eh4g #cd4j ,per cent4 of farm land improved #db4e #ei4g #ej4f #cg4i ,average acreage per farm #iib4a #hfj4g #ghd4i #ddj4b ,average improved acreage per farm #dba4e #ead4j #cig4c #aaf4g ,sheridan ,union #aibj #aiaj #aibj #aiaj #a1fdg1cfj #a1fdh1jjj #c1dcf1hjj #c1dcf1hjj #fbe1gif #dba1edc #b1eae1ebb #had1jaa #aac1che #ie1cfh #bgc1gdh #gb1fcj #g1bfi #ea1fcd #a1hed #ejc1fgj #cah1ijf #b1aij1adj #gci1ebg #ch4j #be4f #gc4b #bc4g #ah4a #bb4f #aj4i #h4i #fdc4h #ebg4f #idh4e #dbc4c #aaf4g #aai4d #ajc4b #cg4h ,the average acreage per farm in ,beaverhead and ,sheridan has increased very slightly in the past ten years1 while the improved acreage per farm has decreased4 ,in ,hughes and ,union1 however1 there is a decided increase in both the acreage per farm and the improved acreage per farm4 ,,ii ,,farms ,,and ,,farm ,,property ,,in ,,the ,,range ,,counties ,,according ,,to ,,the ,,federal ,,censuses ,,for #aiaj ,,and #aibj ,farms ,operated by ,owners ,beaverhead #aibj #aiaj ,number of farms #eei #def ,per cent4 of all farms #hg4a #he4a ,land in farms 7acres7 #dij1dec #cbd1bdh ,improved land in farms 7acres7 #bad1fch #aid1eib ,value of land1 buildings 7dollars7 #ab1gec1hdg #f1jba1jjg ,number of farmers owning entire farm #ejf #dci ,number of farmers hiring additional land #ec #ag ,color and ,nativity of ,owners ,number of native whites #che #cje ,number of foreign-horn whites #agd #aea ,number of non-whites #j #j ,farms ,operated by ,tenants ,number of farms #df #ee ,per cent4 of all farms #g4b #aj4c ,land in farms 7acres7 #db1dhi #dc1aif ,improved land in farms 7acres7 #ah1ecf #be1efe ,value of land and buildings 7dollars7 #a1daj1agj #a1jef1fie ,color and ,nativity of ,tenants ,number of native whites #cg #ch ,number of foreign-born whites #i #ae ,number of non-whites #j #b ,farms operated by managers ,number of farms #cg #be ,land in farms 7acres7 #ajd1jfg #ic1hga ,improved land in farms 7acres7 #cg1dbi #ee1cgc ,value of land and buildings 7dollars7 #b1ijj1ibj #a1ebj1fcj ,hughes ,sheridan ,union #aibj #aiaj #aibj #aiaj #aibj #aiaj #bde #cjh #gcd #fbf #b1bhb #a1hia #fg4e #hb4a #ge4e #gh4c #hf #ih4c #aea1fhd #abd1fhf #dee1jeg #cjb1jgf #b1jdc1hjj #gaf1ejf #fi1jeb #de1fge #fh1gbi #fc1fca #baf1hha #gj1jdg #f1bia1aja #c1acf1cef #aj1ded1acf #f1gdb1gjd #bb1jeb1eca #c1igc1iji #afe #bai #eia #ejc #a1fgj #a1hbb #hj #hi #adc #abc #fab #fi #ahg #bbd #eie #eai #b1bda #a1hji #dg #fd #aca #aje #ch #gg #aa #bj #h #b #c #e #aab #fc #aih #afd #cdd #bb #cj4i #af4h #bj4d #bj4e #ac #a4a #aag1afc #cd1bhc #hf1adg #ajh1bcc #bib1jjd #ad1cje #fe1bjj #af1acf #bh1hcb #bh1ibb #cg1cfb #a1gje #c1dei1fje #icc1fhj #c1ffc1gjj #b1faf1ebe #c1dbd1ffh #hh1hdj #cif #eg #agc #aej #bhi #bj #ada #f #bd #ab #ed #b #j #j #a #b #a #j #f #d #dj #i #bf #aj #af1jfj #f1ajj #hd1eib #aa1bcd #agi1gah #hc1bjj #i1ihe #gbj #ae1hbd #b1hae #ai1eje #hgh #ceb1ejj #ajc1efj #b1dhc1fej #bdj1bjj #a1hcd1dgb #cjf1baj ,as is usual in districts that have been homesteaded1 the proportion of ownership is high4 ,but because of absentee ownership1 land companies operating over large areas and high taxes1 the rate of tenancy is increasing4 ,,iii ,,acreage ,,and ,,value ,,of ,,cultivated ,,crops ,,in ,,the ,,range ,,counties ,,according ,,to ,,federal ,,censuses ,,for #aiaj ,,and #aibj ,beaverhead ,hughes ,cereals #aibj #aiaj #aibj #aiaj ,corn #aj1gdj #d1ceb ,oats #d1aah #ae1bee #b1hia #c1fhd ,wheat #b1aeg #gfc #d1dii #c1gfa ,barley #ijc #bbe #a1efj #aca ,rye #dg #if #ifb #if ,hay and ,forage ,all tame and cultivated crops #cf1bdc #bf1iif #d1ffg #hbg ,special ,crops ,potatoes #aih #djh #bai #bgb ,all other vegetables #i #hg #be #acb ,dollars ,dollars ,dollars ,dollars ,value of all crops #c1hhc1dhj #a1ebi1hcj #a1ada1ici #bbe1cae ,cereals #bjj1gcc #dad1eci #eci1dga #gh1fed ,hay and forage #c1eig1iij #a1jhj1jic #eje1cbc #ajc1eib ,vegetables #hj1dba #cc1fbb #di1fgc #ae1ccf ,dairy products #fd1jhc #da1agf #ga1cgi #bi1afb ,sheridan ,union #aibj #aiaj #aibj #aiaj #bib #bjj #ea1jgg #c1bbj #b1iaf #h1jdc #b1hai #dca #aa1dff #i1hih #ad1jid #cgg #hja #a1fja #eeb #c #ic #bbd #fah #aj #ce1jfg #ce1gff #g1ibe #b1fhh #bfg #hjh #fai #aeg #ce #cfg #adb #cfe ,dollars ,dollars ,dollars ,dollars #a1fee1icg #a1ajh1ifg #e1aih1ihf #bie1bic #cce1gai #cfh1bje #c1jej1hgi #hd1daj #a1jcf1bdf #eif1dgc #a1jib1eed #aeb1did #aji1fgj #aaj1jhg #aaj1gjj #ah1fhg #agd1gei #he1eab #cac1fcb #ah1bcj ,the most important crops are hay and forage in ,beaverhead and ,sheridan2 in ,union cereal crops2 in ,hughes1 both in nearly equal proportions4 ,dairying is a comparatively new development4 ,,iv ,,urban ,,and ,,rural ,,population ,,of ,,the ,,range ,,counties ,,according ,,to ,,the ,,federal ,,censuses ,,for #aiaj ,,and #aibj ,beaverhead ,hughes #aibj #aiaj #aibj #aiaj ,distribution of population3 ,rural population #d1ffh #f1ddf #b1ejb #b1fae ,rural increase #aiaj-aibj #bg4f -#d4c ,urban population #b1gja #c1bji #c1fef ,urban increase #aiaj-aibj -#ab4b ,total population #g1cfi #f1ddf #e1gaa #f1bga ,total increase #aiaj-aibj #ad4c -#h4i ,density of population per sq4 mile3 ,rural density 4#h #a4d #c4c #c4d ,total density #a4ci #a4d #g4e #h4c ,no4 of dwellings #a1hcb #a1dic #a1cja #a1dai ,no4 of families #a1icg #a1efa #a1chg #a1dib ,sheridan ,union ,total #aibj #aiaj #aibj #aiaj #aibj #aiaj #i1jjg #g1iaf #af1fhj #aa1djd #cb1heg #bh1cha #ac4h #df4c #ae4h #i1age #h1djh #ae1jhe #ab1jfd #i4a #be #ah1ahb #af1cbd #af1fhj #aa1djd #dg1idb #dj1dde #aa4d #df4c #ah4e #c4e #c4a #c4a #b4a #g4ai #f4c #c4a #b4a #d1afi #c1cgf #c1gfh #b1ifa #aa1jgj #i1bdi #d1dib #c1ahf #c1ief #c1jic #aa1ggb #i1fcb ,v ,,racial ,,composition ,,of ,,population ,,of ,,the ,,range ,,counties ,,according ,,to ,,federal ,,census ,,of #aibj ,beaverhead ,hughes ,sheridan ,union#aj ,number ,rank ,number ,rank ,number ,rank ,number ,rank ,total population #g1cfi #e1gaa #ah1ahb #af1fhj ,native ,white1 ,total #f1bfa #e1aee #ae1jeh #af1cgf ,native parentage #d1ded #c1geb #aa1ded #ae1eab ,foreign parentage #a1jbd #ggh #b1cad #dad ,mixed parentage #ghc #fbe #a1bij #dej ,foreign ,white1 ,total #a1jce #dfb #b1hie #bgh ,austria #fi #g #ae #i #ij #ab #e #ad ,canada #aej #a #di #b #abf #i #bf #c ,czecho-,slovakia #aa #ad #d #aa #ij #ab #g #ab ,denmark #aba #b #db #c #dd #ag #f #ac ,england #ih #e #ch #d #aid #d #ai #e ,finland #bc #aa #c #ab #ff #ac #j ,france #ag #ab #f #aj #ea #af #e #ad ,germany #ajg #c #aah #a #eda #a #di #a ,greece #aa #ad #d #aa #ec #ae #aj #aj ,hungary #d #af #a #ad #ajg #aa #aj #aj ,ireland #ajf #d #bb #f #ef #ad #ab #h ,italy #cc #i #c #ab #bdj #c #h #aa ,jugo-,slavia #bg #aj #j #afi #g #j ,mexico #j #j #aib #e #ac #g ,norway #cc #i #di #b #ch #ah #c #ae ,poland #b #ag #b #ac #bij #b #aa #i ,russia #ac #ac #bj #g #aha #f #bh #b ,scotland #cc #i #c #ab #ajh #aj #aj #aj ,sweden #hj #f #cg #e #adc #h #ae #f ,switzerland #dc #h #ah #h #ae #bj #f #ac ,syria #j #j #j #bb #d ,wales #g #ae #c #ab #bb #ai #j ,all other countries #dg #be #gi #ac ,other than white #gc #id #bbi #bf ,,vi ,,age ,,and ,,school ,,attendance ,,in ,,the ,,range ,,counties ,,according ,,to ,,the ,,federal ,,census ,,for #aibj ,beaverhead ,hughes ,sheridan ,union ,number ,per ,number ,per ,number ,per ,number ,per cent4 cent4 cent4 cent4 ,under #g years #a1jeg 444 #hdg 444 #b1ggi 444 #c1bag 444 #g to #ac years inclusive #hej 444 #gij 444 #b1cie 444 #b1iji 444 ,attending school #ghi #ib4h #gad #ij4d #b1bbe #ib4i #b1eid #hi4b #ad and #ae years #bac 444 #bja 444 #efd 444 #gjj 444 ,attending school #aie #ia4e #aia #ie #die #hg4h #eij #hd4c #af and #ag years #bjf 444 #baf 444 #eca 444 #fee 444 ,attending school #acg #ff4e #aec #gj4h #bhf #ec4i #ccg #ea4e #ah to #bj years inclusive #cjb 444 #cjf 444 #hbi 444 #hdf 444 ,attending school #fh #bb4e #hb #bf4h #adg #ag4h #adj #af4e ,the proportion of children in school is high through the age of sixteen4 ,beyond that age the ratio of attendance falls off rapidly1 ,sheridan and ,union having a smaller proportion in school than the other two counties4 ,,vii ,,illiteracy ,,in ,,the ,,range ,,counties ,,according ,,to ,,the ,,federal ,,census ,,for #aibj ,beaverhead ,hughes ,sheridan ,union ,number ,per ,number ,per ,number ,per ,number ,per ,ten ,years and ,over cent4 cent4 cent4 cent4 ,total #e1iej 444 #d1ebj 444 #ad1cbj 444 #ab1abc 444 ,illiterates #ei #a4j #bj #a4d #dcg #c4a #ffh #e4e ,native ,whites #d1hfc 444 #c1ihb 444 #aa1bhd 444 #aa1hcj 444 ,illiterates #ac 4#c #b 4#a #cc 4#c #feb #e4e ,foreign ,born ,whites #a1jbc 444 #dfj 444 #b1hbh 444 #bgf ,illiterates #bi #b4h #i #b4 #cic #ac4i #ad #e4a ,negro #ad 444 #bc 444 #aca 444 #ab 444 ,illiterates #c 444 #a 444 #d #c4a #a 444 #af-bj ,years ,inclusive ,total #ejh 444 #ebb 444 #a1cei 444 #a1eja 444 ,illiterates #b 4#d #a 4#b #i 4#g #dd #b4i ,illiteracy #ba ,years and ,over ,males #db #a4d #h 4#e #bgf #d4b #baa #d4f ,native ,whites #aa 444 444 444 #af 444 #bje 444 ,foreign ,born ,whites #ah 444 #e 444 #beb 444 #f 444 ,negro #b 444 444 444 #c 444 444 444 ,females #ae 4#h #aa 4#g #adh #c4b #cej #i4b ,native ,whites #a 444 #a 444 #i 444 #cda 444 ,foreign ,born ,whites #aj 444 #d 444 #acg 444 #h 444 ,negro #a 444 444 444 #a 444 #a 444 ,the rate of illiteracy is higher in ,sheridan and ,union than in ,beaverhead and ,hughes4 ,,viii ,,development ,,of ,,protestant ,,church ,,organizations ,,on ,,the ,,changing ,,frontier ,a ,,beaverhead ,total ,number ,churches ,k ,,sheridan ,number ,now ,abandoned ,b ,,beaverhead ,number ,now ,active ,l ,,sheridan ,number ,now ,inactive ,c ,,beaverhead ,number ,now ,abandoned ,m ,,union ,total ,number ,churches ,d ,,beaverhead ,number ,now ,inactive ,n ,,union ,number ,now ,active ,e ,,hughes ,total ,number ,churches ,o ,,union ,number ,now ,abandoned ,f ,,hughes ,number ,now ,active ,p ,,union ,number ,now ,inactive ,g ,,hughes ,number ,now ,abandoned ,q ,,total ,total ,number ,churches ,h ,,hughes ,number ,now ,inactive ,r ,,total ,number ,now ,active ,i ,,sheridan ,total ,number ,churches ,s ,,total ,number ,now ,abandoned ,j ,,sheridan ,number ,now ,active ,t ,,total ,number ,now ,inactive ,period of organization3 ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,i ,j ,k ,l ,m ,n ,o ,p ,q ,r ,s ,t #ahga-hj #a #a 44 44 #a #a 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #b #b #b 44 #ahha-ij #g #d #c 44 #h #g #a 44 #c #b #a 44 #a #a 44 44 #ai #ad #e 44 #ahia-aijj 44 44 44 44 #a #a 44 44 #e #e 44 44 #c #c 44 44 #i #i 44 44 #aija-aj #b #b 44 44 #a #a 44 44 #g #d #a #b #ae #i #e #a #be #af #f #c #aiaa-bj 44 44 44 44 #e #e 44 44 #f #f 44 44 #ba #ah #c 44 #cb #bi #c 44 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- ,total #aj #g #c 44 #af #ae #a 44 #ba #ag #b #b #dj #ca #h #a #hg #gj #ad #c ,about one-sixth of all the churches which have been organized are now either abandoned or inactive4 ,population has shifted2 communities have changed2 the churches sometimes have not survived4 ,,ix-,a ,,distribution ,,of ,,churches ,,among ,,denominations ,churches in ,denominations ,country ,village ,town ,city ,total ,baptist1 ,north #j #a #b #a #d ,baptist1 ,south #c #a #a #j #e ,church of ,christ or ,christian #j #a #a #a #c ,church of ,christ 7,unprogressive7 #b #a #j #j #c ,congregational #c #j #a #a #e ,evangelical ,association #j #j #a #j #a ,lutheran3 ,norwegian ,lutheran of ,america #j #j #a #j #a ,german #j #j #j #a #a ,swedish #j #j #j #a #a ,polish #j #a #j #j #a ,others #j #a #j #j #a ,methodist1 ,north #ac #f #c #a #bc ,methodist1 ,south #f #j #j #j #f ,nazarene #a #j #j #j #a ,presbyterian in ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 #c #b #a #a #g ,protestant ,episcopal #j #j #b #a #c ,seventh ,day ,adventist #a #j #j #a #b ,united ,brethren #b #j #j #j #b -- -- -- -- -- ,total #cd #ad #ac #i #gj ,,ix-,b ,denominations ,beaverhead ,hughes ,sheridan ,union ,total ,baptist ,north #a #a #b #j #d ,baptist ,south #j #j #j #e #e #i ,church of ,christ or ,christian #j #a #a #a #c ,church of ,christ 7,unprogressive7 #j #j #j #c #c ,congregational #j #b #c #j #e ,evangelical ,association #j #a #j #j #a ,lutheran3 ,norwegian ,lutheran of ,america #j #a #j #j #a ,german #j #j #a #j #a ,swedish #j #j #a #j #a #e ,polish #j #j #a #j #a ,others #j #a #j #j #a ,methodist ,north #b #f #e #aj #bc ,methodist ,south #j #j #j #f #f #bi ,nazarenes #j #j #j #a #a ,presbyterian in ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 #c #a #a #b #g ,protestant ,episcopal #a #a #a #j #c ,seventh ,day ,adventist #j #j #a #a #b ,united ,brethren #j #j #j #b #b -- -- -- -- -- ,total #g #ae #ag #ca #gj ,with so many denominations at work in the field1 every square mile of inhabited area ought to be reached4 ,but large areas and many people are not even touched by the church4 ,x-,a ,,residence ,,and ,,activity ,,of ,,church ,,members ,,by ,,types ,,of ,,communities ,churches in ,country ,village ,town ,city ,total ,net active members #faf #dig #a1agh #a1ffe #c1ief ,inactive #abi #ff #bba #fjg #a1jac ,non-resident #aeb #fj #ahf #dec #hea ,total enrollment #hig #fbc #a1ege #b1gbe #e1hbj ,average per congregation #bf #de #aba #cjc #hc ,x-,b ,,by ,,counties ,churches in ,beaverhead ,hughes ,sheridan ,union ,total ,net active members #cde #hhd #a1ihh #gci #c1ief ,inactive #if #gd #fdf #aig #a1jac ,non-resident #id #ajh #dif #aec #hea ,total enrollment #ece #a1jff #c1acj #a1jhi #e1hbj ,average per congregation #gf #ga #ahd #ce #hc ,the non-resident member is an unattached ,christian and no one looks out for him4 ,,xi-,a ,,churches ,,classified ,,according ,,to ,,size ,,by ,,types ,,of ,,communities ,churches with a net active membership of3 ,country ,village ,town ,city ,total #be or less #bf #g #b #a #cf #bf to #ej #g #d #a #a #ac #ea to #ajj #a #c #e #a #aj #aja to #aej #j #j #c #a #d ,over #aej #j #j #b #e #g -- -- -- -- -- ,total #cd #ad #ac #i #gj ,,xi-,b ,,by ,,counties ,churches with a net active membership of3 ,beaverhead ,hughes ,sheridan ,union ,total #be or less #c #g #d #bb #cf #bf to #ej #a #b #e #e #ac #ea to #ajj #b #c #b #c #aj #aja to #aej #a #a #a #a #d ,over #aej #j #b #e #j #g -- -- -- -- -- ,total #g #ae #ag #ca #gj ,scattered and transient population together with denominational competition has resulted in a large proportion of small churches4 ,,xii ,,how ,,the ,,churches ,,have ,,grown ,,during ,a ,,one-,,year ,,period ,,by ,,types ,,of ,,communities ,country ,village ,town ,city ,churches ,churches ,churches ,churches ,total ,number ,per ,number ,per ,number ,per ,number ,per ,number ,per ,cent ,cent ,cent ,cent ,cent ,gained #ab #ce #g #ej #aj #gg #h #hi #cg #ec ,stationary #i #bg #f #dc #a #h #j #j #af #bc ,declined #ac #ch #a #g #b #ae #a #aa #ag #bd -- --- -- --- -- --- -- --- -- --- ,total #cd #ajj #ad #ajj #ac #ajj #i #ajj #gj #ajj ,the gain in church membership increases with the size of the community4 ,,xiii ,,membership ,,gain ,,of ,,the ,,churches ,,organized ,,ten ,,years ,,or ,,more1 ,,during ,,the ,,last ,,ten ,,years ,nine ,seven ,thirteen ,eight ,country ,village ,town ,city ,year ,churches ,churches ,churches ,churches ,total #aiaj #beg #aff #a1aig #a1jab #b1fcb #aiae #cjc #bgh #a1che #b1jaa #c1igg #aibj #cbf #bga #a1ege #b1ffj #d1heb ,village and ,country ,churches ,increased #da ,town and ,city ,churches ,increased #ib4 ,,xiv ,,age ,,and ,,sex ,,of ,,resident ,,members ,by ,counties ,beaverhead ,hughes ,sheridan ,union ,men over #ba #bd #ca #ca #cc ,women over #ba #ee #de #dg #dg ,young men and boys under #ba #h #aj #i #g ,young women and girls under #ba #ac #ad #ac #ac ,the churches are not winning the boys and girls4 ,they need better recreational methods and broader programs4 ,,xv ,,ways ,,of ,,raising ,,money ,a ,,city ,beaverhead ,k ,,village ,sheridan ,b ,,city ,hughes ,l ,,village ,union ,c ,,city ,sheridan ,m ,,country ,beaverhead ,d ,,city ,union ,n ,,country ,hughes ,e ,,town ,beaverhead ,o ,,country ,sheridan ,f ,,town ,hughes ,p ,,country ,union ,g ,,town ,sheridan ,q ,,entire ,,county ,beaverhead ,h ,,town ,union ,r ,,entire ,,county ,hughes ,i ,,village ,beaverhead ,s ,,entire ,,county ,sheridan ,j ,,village ,hughes ,t ,,entire ,,county ,union ,number of churches with3 ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,i ,j ,k ,l ,m ,n ,o ,p ,q ,r ,s ,t ,budget for all monies #j #j #e #j #baa #c #j #a #j #b #j #a #j #d #d #c #b #i #i #e ,budget for local expenses only #j #j #a #j #a #c #j #a #j #a #j #j #j #j #j #b #a #d #a #c ,annual every member canvass #j #j #f #j #caa #e #j #b #j #d #j #a #j #c #d #d #c #ab #aj #g ,both budget and every member canvass #j #j #f #j #caa #e #j #a #j #c #j #a #j #c #d #c #c #aa #aj #e ,no budget and no every member canvass #j #j #c #j #j #j #j #j #j #a #j #d #j #j #a #aa #j #j #d #af ,total number of churches #j #j #i #j #d #f #j #c #b #e #b #e #a #d #f #bc #g #ae #ag #ca ,a fair proportion of the churches are using modern methods of financing their work4 ,,xvi ,,occupations ,,of ,,church ,,members ,a ,number of ,members ,b ,per ,cent of ,total ,churches ,located in ,,city ,,town ,,village ,,country ,,entire ,,county ,a ,b ,a ,b ,a ,b ,a ,b ,a ,b ,beaverhead3 ,retired farmers #f #e4g #f #e4c ,operating farmers #bh #bf4f #bh #bd4h ,farm renters ,farm laborers ,business or professional #ea #dh4f #b #dj #b #ff4g #ee #dh4g ,all others #bj #ai4a #c #fj #a #cc4c #bd #ba4b ,total reporting occupations #aje #ajj #e #ajj #c #ajj #aac #ajj ,hughes3 ,retired farmers #f #b4h #a #a4g #g #b4e ,operating farmers #h #c4h #cd #eh4g #f #ge #dh #ag4b ,farm renters #ab #bj4g #a #ab4e #ac #d4g ,farm laborers ,business or professional #aad #ec4e #f #aj4c #abj #dc ,all others #he #ci4i #e #h4f #a #ab4e #ia #cb4f ,total reporting occupations #bac #ajj #eh #ajj #h #ajj #bgi #ajj ,sheridan3 ,retired farmers #af #b4c #af #b ,operating farmers #di #g4b #da #ea4h #ij #aa4a ,farm renters #h #ab #ae #ai #bc #b4h ,farm laborers #e 4#g #e 4#f ,business or professional #agi #bf4b #f #g4f #ahe #bb4i ,all others #dbf #fb4d #di #ajj #ag #ba4f #dib #fj4f ,total reporting occupations #fhc #ajj #di #ajj #gi #ajj #haa #ajj ,union3 ,retired farmers #a #a ,operating farmers #ac #af4d #da #fbb #df #hj4a #ajj #di4e ,farm renters #c #e4a #c #a4e ,farm laborers #c #e4a #c #a4e ,business or professional #cf #de4f #aa #af4f #c #e4a #ej #bd4g ,all others #cj #ch #ad #bab #b #c4f #df #bb4h ,total reporting occupations #gi #ajj #ff #ajj #eg #ajj #bjb #ajj ,of the four counties1 ,union is the only one with a higher percentage of farmers on its rolls than of men in other occupations4 ,yet over half the churches in the four counties are country churches4 ,,xvii-,a ,,the ,,amount ,,of ,,money ,,raised ,,and ,,spent ,the amount raised by the local churches is #ig1ega4ih4 ,per cent4 ,subscription #gj1iaj4gd #gb4fh ,collections #i1dfd4bd #i4g ,all other methods #ag1aig4jj #ag4fb ---------- #ig1ega4ih ,,xvii-,b ,the amount spent by the local churches is #if1iib4he4 ,per cent4 ,salaries #da1bfh4gi #dc4 ,missions and benevolences #bd1feg4ee #be4 ,upkeep and all other expenses #ca1jff4ea #cb4 ,the entire amount spent for church purposes is #aaj1jhj4ce4 ,per cent4 ,salaries #ed1cef4biab #di4 ,missions and benevolences #bd1feg4ee #bc4 ,upkeep and all other expenses #ca1jff4ea #bh4 ,of the entire church dollar1 about #ab per cent4 comes from ,denominational ,boards4 ,,xviii ,,receipts ,,per ,,church ,country ,village ,town ,city ,total ,thirty-one ,fourteen ,thirteen ,eight ,sixty-six ,from3 ,churches ,churches ,churches ,churches ,churches ,subscription #bce4de #ebf4ea #a1igb4ic #c1hbd4jd #a1jgd4da ,collections #eg4ii #ajf4eg #bed4ce #ceh4di #adc4dj ,all other methods #ab4if #big4db #deh4ja #hcd4fc #bfj4ee ------- ------- --------- --------- --------- ,total #cjf4dj #icj4ej #b1fhe4bi #e1jag4af #a1dgh4cf ,,xix ,,receipts ,,per ,,active ,,member ,country ,village ,town ,city ,total ,thirty-one ,fourteen ,thirteen ,eight ,sixty-six ,churches ,churches ,churches ,churches ,churches ,subscription #ab4ci #ad4jg #ba4gg #ah4fe #ah4jd ,collections #c4je #b4he #b4ha #a4ge #b4da ,all other methods 4#fh #g4ie #e4je #d4jg #d4cg ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ,total #af4ab #bd4hg #bi4fc #bd4dg #bd4hb ,the average active member is generous in the support of his church4 ,,xx ,,expenditures ,,per ,,church ,country ,village ,town ,city ,total ,thirty-one ,fourteen ,thirteen ,eight ,sixty-six ,for3 ,churches ,churches ,churches ,churches ,churches ,salaries #bbj4ab #cff4dc #a1bdg4ca #a1fcg4ej #fbe4bh ,missions and ,benevolences #db4ei #aag4he #fch4hd #a1fgb4ge #cgc4fj ,upkeep and all other expenses #dj4ie #dda4fc #gid4bb #a1ffa4ah #dgj4gj ------- ------- --------- --------- --------- ,total #cjc4ff #ibe4ia #b1fhj4cg #d1iga4dc #a1dfi4eh ,,xxi ,,expenditures ,,per ,,active ,,member ,country ,village ,town ,city ,total ,thirty-one ,fourteen ,thirteen ,eight ,sixty-six ,for3 ,churches ,churches ,churches ,churches ,churches ,salaries #aa4ei #i4gi #ac4gf #g4ii #aj4ej ,missions and ,benevolences #b4bd #c4ae #g4je #h4af #f4bg ,upkeep and all other expenses #b4af #aa4hj #h4gf #h4aj #g4ij ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ,total #ae4ii #bd4gd #bi4eg #bd4be #bd4fg ,,xxii-,a ,,how ,a ,,typical ,,dollar ,,is ,,raised ,,and ,,spent ,,by ,,the ,,local ,,churches ,country ,village ,town ,city ,total ,thirty-one ,fourteen ,thirteen ,eight ,sixty-six ,by3 ,churches ,churches ,churches ,churches ,churches ,subscription 4#gg 4#eg 4#gd 4#gf 4#gc ,collections 4#ai 4#aa 4#ji 4#jg 4#aj ,all other methods 4#jd 4#cb 4#ag 4#ag 4#ag ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ,total #a4jj #a4jj #a4jj #a4jj #a4jj ,,xxii-,b ,country ,village ,town ,city ,total ,thirty-one ,fourteen ,thirteen ,eight ,sixty-six ,for3 ,churches ,churches ,churches ,churches ,churches ,salary 4#gb 4#ci 4#df 4#cc 4#dc ,missions and ,benevolences 4#ad 4#ac 4#bd 4#cd 4#be ,upkeep and all other expenses 4#ad 4#dh 4#cj 4#cc 4#cb ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ,total #a4jj #a4jj #a4jj #a4jj #a4jj ,on the average1 these churches devote one-fourth of their receipts to benevolences4 ,,xxiii ,,grading ,,for ,,home ,,mission ,,fields--,,presbyterian ,,church ,,in ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,a4 ,promising ,field3 #a4 ,prospect of self-support4 #b4 ,strategic service opportunity4 ,b4 ,problematic ,field3 #a4 ,uncertain of community development4 #b4 ,denominational responsibility uncertain4 ,c4 ,field to be relinquished3 #a4 ,should be self-sustaining4 #b4 ,work should be discontinued4 ,this would be a good test to apply to every aided church on the ,range4 ,,xxiv ,,number ,,of ,,church ,,services ,number of ,services ,country ,village ,town ,city a ,month ,churches ,churches ,churches ,churches ,total ,eight #c #cac #abad #g #be ,seven #j #j #j #j #j ,six #j #j #a #j #a ,five #j #j #j #j #j ,four #f #fac #j #b #ad ,three #j #j #j #j #j ,two #i #c #j #j #ab ,one #ab #j #j #j #ab ,no regular service #b #b #j #j #d ,services in summer only #b #j #j #j #b -- -- -- -- -- ,total #cd #ad #ac #i #gj ,about three hours a week set aside for church services and ,sunday school means six days a year2 only twenty-five out of seventy churches have as large a number4 ,,xxv ,,attendance ,,at ,,services ,,compared ,,with ,,seating ,,capacity ,,and ,,active ,,membership ,beaverhead ,hughes ,sheridan ,union ,average seating capacity #aig #bgg #bhf #afj ,average active membership #di #ei #aag #bd ,average attendance at services #eb #ej #hj #fg ,an average attendance one-third less than the seating capacity means many empty seats4 ,,xxvi ,,organizations ,,in ,,the ,,churches ,,other ,,than ,,sunday ,,schools ,mixed ,men ,women ,grown-up ,young ,people ,number ,members ,number ,members ,number ,members ,number ,members ,churches in3 ,country #j #j #i #aga #j #j #aj #bci ,village #j #j #i #aff #j #j #c #ha ,town #b #gd #bb #gaj #j #j #i #cad ,city #e #bbf #af #fce #b #dj #f #bjj -- --- -- ----- -- -- -- --- ,total #g #cjj #ef #a1fhb #b #dj #bh #hcd ,boys ,girls ,boys and ,girls ,number ,members ,number ,members ,number ,members #j #j #j #j #j #j #j #j #j #j #j #j #c #ed #e #abh #b #gc #a #ae #c #id #j #j -- -- -- --- -- -- #d #fi #h #bbb #b #gc ,women's organizations are numerous2 men have only one-eighth as many4 ,less than half of the churches have young people's organizations4 ,,xxvii ,,number ,,of ,,pastors ,,who ,,have ,,served ,,the ,,churches ,,which ,,have ,,been ,,organized ,,ten ,,years ,,or ,,more ,a ,one ,pastor ,f ,six ,pastors ,b ,two ,pastors ,g ,seven ,pastors ,c ,three ,pastors ,h ,eight ,pastors ,d ,four ,pastors ,i ,nine ,pastors ,e ,five ,pastors ,churches in3 ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,i ,country #a #a #b #b #b #c #a #j #a ,village #a #a #a #b #a #a #c #a #j ,town #j #a #c #d #b #b #a #j #j ,city #a #b #a #b #b #j #j #j #j -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- ,total #c #e #g #aj #g #f #e #a #a ,the turn-over on the part of the ministers has been high4 ,two-thirds of these churches have had a new minister every two and one half years or oftener4 ,,xxviii ,,residence ,,of ,,pastors ,,in ,,relation ,,to ,,their ,,churches ,country ,village ,town ,city ,total ,churches with3 ,pastor resident in parish #h #hae #aj #h #cd ,pastor resident in community but not in parish #d #j #j #j #d ,pastor resident in other community in same county #ab #b #j #j #ad ,pastor resident in another county #c #j #a #j #d ,no regular pastor #d #d #b #j #aj ,supply pastor #c #j #j #a #d -- -- -- -- -- ,total #cd #ad #ac #i #gj ,about half of the churches have their ministers resident among the members4 ,,xxix ,,salaries ,,of ,,ministers ,,according ,,to ,,proportion ,,of ,,time ,,devoted ,,to ,,the ,,ministry ,ministers ,giving ,ministers ,full ,time to with other ,ministry ,occupation ,with ,one ,with ,more ,than ,church ,one ,church ,pastors receiving3#af ,over #b1jjj #f #c #a1eja-b1jjj #d #c #b #a1bja-a1ejj #e #c #j #a1jja-a1bjj #b #b #j #gea-a1jjj #j #c #a #eja- #gej #a #j #j #aja- #ejj #j #j #b #ajj or less #j #j #a ,no salary #j #j #b -- -- -- ,total #ah #ad #h ,with the high cost of living1 it is difficult to sustain adequate family life on many of these salaries4 ,it is not strange that eight of the ministers must earn part of their support at other occupations4 ,,xxx ,,gain ,,and ,,loss ,,in ,,membership ,,as ,,related ,,to ,,residence ,,of ,,ministers 7,one year period7 ,churches with3 ,country ,village ,town ,city ,total ,resident minister #h #hag #aj #h #cd ,number gaining #d #e #g #g #bc ,number stationary #b #c #b #j #g ,number losing #b #j #a #a #d ,non-resident minister #ai #b #a #j #bb ,number gaining #e #b #a #j #h ,number stationary #ag #j #j #j #g ,number losing #g #j #j #j #g ,about two-thirds of the churches with resident ministers made a gain in membership2 of the churches with non-resident ministers only about one-third show a gain4 ,fourteen churches were either pastorless or were served by a supply4 ,six of them made a gain during the year preceding the survey4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,see ,wilson1 ,sectional ,characteristics1 ,homelands1 ,august1 #aibj4 #b ,a monument to ,sacajawea was erected in ,armstead in #aiae4 #c ,three country churches raised no money during the year and one city church1 which tithes1 did not have financial figures available4 #d ,see ,table ,,xxiii4 #e #ag country churches have buildings4 #f #ac village churches have buildings4 #g ,the membership of the separate boys' and girls' organizations cannot be added here because it would involve duplication4 #h ,the capital letters in parentheses in the ,table indicate the respective counties1 ,beaverhead1 ,hughes1 ,sheridan1 ,union4 #i ,in deriving these figures the ,census ,board has included the forest reserve territory4 ,the following figures were obtained by excluding this area 7with the exception of the inhabited portion of ,beaverhead73 ,total density per square mile of ,beaverhead #b4a ,total density per square mile of ,sheridan #i4b ,on the ,range the development of centers is just beginning4 #aj ,the ,census does not give ,spanish-,american separately4 ,they are of course native-born and are included under that division4 ,per cent4 of native increase is #bj4g in ,beaverhead for #aiaj-bj decrease #d4a ,hughes #aiaj-bj increase #ab4a ,sheridan #aiaj-bj #cb4b ,union #aiaj-bj ,in ,sheridan1 the ,new ,americans are in the mines2 in the other counties1 they are on the land4 #aa ,two federated churches have a single budget and a single canvass4 #ab #gf4cg of this amount was raised by local churches4 ,the rest came from the denominational boards4 #ac ,one church in each of these groups unites regularly with a church holding eight services4 #ad ,one church in this group also has four week day services4 ,one church has its four services on week day nights and has no ,sunday services4 #ae ,one church in this group has two resident social workers4 #af ,including #bej rental value of parsonage if there is one4 #ag ,one church in this group has two resident social workers4 ,,unique ,,studies ,,of ,,rural ,,america ,,town ,,and ,,country ,,series ,,twelve ,,volumes ,,made ,,under ,,the ,,direction ,,of ,,edmund ,,des4 ,,brunner1 ,,ph4,d4 ,what the ,protestant ,churches ,are ,doing and ,can ,do for ,rural ,america--,the ,results of ,twenty-six ,intensive ,county ,surveys ,description ,publication ,date 7#a7 ,church and ,community ,survey of ,salem ,county1 ,n4 ,j4 ,ready 7#b7 ,church and ,community ,survey of ,pend ,oreille ,county1 ,washington ,ready 7#c7 ,church and ,community ,survey of ,sedgwick ,county1 ,kansas ,ready 7#d7 ,religion in the ,old and ,new ,south ,forthcoming 7#e7 ,the ,new and ,old ,immigrant on the ,land1 as seen in two ,wisconsin ,counties ,ready 7#f7 ,rural ,church ,life in the ,middle ,west ,ready 7#g7 ,the ,country ,church in ,colonial ,counties ,ready 7#h7 ,irrigation and ,religion1 a study of two prosperous ,california ,counties ,ready 7#i7 ,the ,church on the ,changing ,frontier ,ready 7#aj7 ,the ,rural ,church ,before and ,after the ,war1 ,comparative ,studies of ,two ,surveys ,forthcoming 7#aa7 ,the ,country ,church in ,industrial ,zones ,ready 7#ab7 ,the ,town and ,country ,church in the ,united ,states ,forthcoming ,they are fine pieces of work and examples of what we need to have done on a large scale4 ,dr4 ,charles ,a4 ,ellwood1 ,dept4 of ,sociology1 ,university of ,missouri4 ,i am heartily appreciative of these splendid results4 ,rev4 ,charles ,s4 ,macfarland1 ,genl4 ,secy41 ,federal ,council of the ,churches of ,christ in ,america4 ,published by ,,george ,h4 ,,doran ,,company1 ,new ,york ,,for ,,committee ,,on ,,social ,,and ,,religious ,,surveys #aaa ,,fifth ,,avenue1 ,,new ,,york