,transcrib]s notes3 ,"s m9or punctuation1 spell+ & hyph5ation mi/akes & inconsi/5cies h be5 correct$4 ,italic text is d5ot$ by und]scores4 ,illu/ration3 ,frontispiece - ,,m>9]s ,,compass4 ,,practical ,,boat-,,sail+3 ,a ,concise & ,simple ,treatise ,,on ,,! ,,managem5t ,,( ,,small ,,boats ,,& ,,ya*ts ,,"u ,,all ,,conditions1 ,,) ,,explanatory ,,*apt]s ,,on ,,ord9>y ,,sea-,,manoeuvres1 ,,& ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,sails1 ,,helm1 ,,& ,,an*or1 ,,& ,,advice ,,z ,,to ,,:at ,,is ,,prop] ,,to ,,be ,,done ,,9 ,,diff]5t ,,em]g5cies2 ,,supplem5t$ ,,by ,a ,,%ort ,,vocabul>y ,,( ,,nautical ,,t]ms4 ,,by ,,d\glas ,,fraz>1 ,,=m]ly ,,f\r? ,,(fic] ,,( ,,! ,,/eam%ip ,,atlantic1 ,,ma/] ,,( ,,! ,,b>k ,,m>yl&1 ,,& ,,comm&] ,,( ,,! ,,ya*t ,,f5imore ,,coop] ,,9 ,,! ,,nor!rn ,,seas ,,( ,,*9a ,,& ,,japan4 ,,bo/on3 ,,lee ,,& ,,%ep>d1 ,,publi%]s4 ,,new ,,york3 ,,*>les ,t4 ,,dill+ham4 ,,copyright1 #ahgi1 ,by ,,lee ,,& ,,%ep>d4 ,all rights res]v$4 ,,preface4 ,?is little "w is n writt5 to tea* any ?+ new to ^? :o "k h[ to sail boats well & safely1 b only = ! purpose ( enabl+ any p]son1 aft] a p]usal ( its pages1 to feel confid5t ( h&l+ a boat s z to be p]fectly safe1 & to h "s k ( ! rules :i* %\ld gov]n its movem5ts "u all conditions t might naturally arise4 ,?is sport is f> less dang]\s ?an is suppos$2 & x may ev5 be ass]t$ t no k9d ( amusem5t is saf] dur+ ! summ] mon?s 9 ^! latitudes1--_m n z safe4 ,"s "o has truly said t ! boat is always "u ! p]fect control1 & subject to ! w1 ( its ma/]2 :il/ 9 driv+1 = in/ance1 "o is dep5d5t = life & limb ^u ! =be>ance1 good-temp]1 & tra9+ ( a brute ^: /r5g? is great] ?an "o's own1 & ^: ov]-vaunt$ intellig5ce is (t5 exce$$ by 8 ob/9acy4 ,x is simply wond]ful :at /ress ( w9d & sea a small boat w su/a9 ) p]fect safety :5 prop]ly manag$4 ,x is hop$ t ! foll[+ pages w be suffici5t to po/ all tyros 9 ! te*nique ( ! sci5ce1 & enable !m to execute all ! manoeuvres t are ne$ful1 & to "k ! names & uses ( all ! important ropes1 sails1 c42 s t !y w n h to ask anybody any que/ions1 & be able to paddle _! own canoe4 ,if ! au?or has succe$$ 9 mak+ himself und]/ood1 s t ! /ud5t w feel compet5t to take *>ge ( 8 own boat or ya*t ) confid5ce1 he w be amply repaid4 ,!re is no d\bt b :at !re may be a diff]5ce ( op9ion among/ ya*tsm5 & boatm5 z to ! be/ mann] ( execut+ _m sea-evolutions4 ,! au?or has *os5 ^? :i* h /ood ! te/ ( "t1 & are comp>atively simple1 & easy ( execution1 fitt$ = small craft1 & p]fectly safe4 ,sev]al useful h9ts h be5 ga!r$ by an inspection ( ,b[dit*'s ,epitome & ,brady's ,k$ge-,an*or4 ,,"m ,,goose 7slightly alt]$74 ,?ree wise m5 ( ,go?am ,w5t to sea 9 a b[l3 ,if _! wits _h be5 /rong]1 ,my song _h be5 long]4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,! ,model1 ,rig1 & ,names ( ! ,sails & ,ropes 9 ,common ,use #g ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,balla/4--,useful ,knots4--,to an*or 9 a ,gale ( ,w9d4--,gett+ ! ,an*or1 & ,ca/+4--,an*or+ = ,fi%+4--,gr\nd+ & ,float+4--,w>p+ by ,means ( an ,an*or4--,to make a ,runn+ ,moor #ag ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,! ,helm & ,rudd]4--,%eets4--,! ,topp+-,lift4--,spr++ a ,leak & ! ,use ( ! ,pump4--,sail+ close-haul$1 by ! w9d1 or full & by4--,to "k :5 a ,ya*t is z ne> ! ,w9d z %e w lie4--,runn+ free4--,be=e ! ,w9d1 or ,scudd+4--,to execute a ,pilot's ,luff #ce ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,tack+4--,beat+ to ,w9dw>d4--,a ,long & a ,%ort ,leg4--,h[ to put a ,ya*t ab\t4--,h[ to di/+ui% ! ,/>bo>d ,tack f ! ,port ,tack4--,jib+1 or ,we>+4--,dropp+ ! ,peak4--,to beat to ,w9dw>d 9 a ,tide-,way4--,to take 9 a ,jib1 & furl x4--,to take 9 a ,ma9sail1 & furl x4--,to reef a ,jib1 or take (f a ,bonnet4--,to clap "o ,reef 9 a ,ma9sail4--,to ca/ out a ,reef #ej ,,*apt] ,v4 ,signal-,lights4--,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,regulations = ,/e]+ & ,sail+1 & ! ,rules ( ! ,road4--,fog-,signals4--,salutes4 --,dipp+ ,colors4--,com+ alongside4--,qu>t]deck ,etiquette4--,useful ,articles ( ,cab9 ,furniture4--,an*or ,wat*4--,me?od & ,sy/em v]sus ,disord] #fd ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,cross-,be>+s4--,two ,examples4--,table ( ,proportional ,di/ances4--,table = ,det]m9+ ! ,di/ance t an ,object at ,sea c be se5 9 ,/atute ,miles4--,det]m9+ ,di/ance by ! ,fla% ( a ,gun4--,to f9d ! ,diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,true & ,app>5t ,direction ( ! ,w9d4--,to f9d ! ,di/ance ( an ,object on ,%ore f ! ,ya*t1 by two ,be>+s ( ! ,compass4--,use ( ! ,*>ts4--,s\nd+s4--,lead-,l9e4--,eight ,bells1 & ,wat* & ,wat*4--,box+ ! ,compass4--,velocity ( ! ,w9d4--,! ,log ,reel & ,half-m9ute ,glass4--,buoys--,man ,ov]bo>d #gf ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,practical ,h9ts on ,boat-,sail+ #aja ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,a ,%ort ,cruise ) a ,sloop-,ya*t1 illu/rat+ ! ,common ,sea-,manoeuvres #ajh ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,vocabul>y ( ,sea-,t]ms commonly 9 ,use #abd ,,practical ,,boat-,,sail+4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,model1 ,,rig1 ,,& ,,names ,,( ,,! ,,sails ,,& ,,ropes ,,9 ,,common ,,use4 ,x w\ld be beyond ! prov9ce or scope ( ?is "w to enum]ate all ! diff]5t models & peculi>ities ( ! num]\s crafts & rigs t are us$ to navigate ! wat]s1 bo? 9 civiliz$ & unciviliz$ c\ntries2 & we mu/ cont5t ourselves by tak+ into consid]ation a few ( ! mo/ pron\nc$ types t are n[ 9 vogue1 & expla9+ _! pr9ciples z briefly z possible4 ,local prejudices rule /rong 9 all p>ts ( ! _w2 & ! rig1 size1 & model ( a boat1 are almo/ always def9$ by ! cu/om ( ! wat]s 9 :i* x is to be sail$3 /ill x is p]haps well to give a few g5]al rules = ! selection ( a boat4 ,= bays1 s\nds1 h>bors1 & inl& tidal wat]s connect$ ) ! sea1 ! boat or small ya*t %\ld be ( a %oal model1 & :at is t]m$ ! c5tre-bo>d pr9ciple1 & usually ! sloop or cat-boat rig4 ,= ponds1 & small lakes ( fre% wat]1 ! boat %\ld always be ( good beam1 light draught1 & small sail1 on acc\nt ( ! frequ5cy ( puffs ( w9ds f unexpect$ qu>t]s f ! neighbor+ hillsides4 ,9 fact1 if !re is any dang] 9 sail+1 x is ^u ^! l&-lock$ ponds or lakes1 :]e m seaman%ip is (t5 ne$$ ?an on ! l>g] bays & s\nds ( ! ocean itself4 ,= outside "w1 or 9 places :]e ! tidal curr5ts are /rong1 or ! w9d may sweep across ! wat] = miles1 kick+ up a sea1 ! deep keel model1 ) s*oon] or cutt] rig1 w be ! bett] boat2 ?is class be+ consid]$ sup]ior 9 work+ to w9dw>d 9 a heavy sea to ! %oal] craft4 ,b1 ev5 on ?is "q1 !re are disagreem5ts2 & y %all he> ( ^? :o ma9ta9 t ! %oal-wat] c5tre-bo>d craft is ! bett] boat 9 a heavy sea-way2 & "s lov]s ( a craft call$ a %>pie tell />tl+ tales ( its endurance 9 heavy wea!r1 al?\gh x is ! %oale/ ( all %oal boats4 ,! advantage ( ! c5tre-bo>d boat ov] ! keel boat = h>bor & s\nd sail+1 or :]ev] ! tide rises & falls to any great ext5t1 is obvi\s4 ,) ! latt]1 "o is liable to be br\ght up ^u an unkn[n s&-bank or l$ge1 & compell$ to rema91 sometimes = h\rs1 till float$ (f2 :il/ ) ! c5tre-bo>d1 ^u t\*+ any dang] or %oal1 ! bo>d is haul$ up1 & ! boat t a mom5t be=e drew1 p]haps1 six feet ( wat]1 n[ draws b "o foot1 all[+ "o to g ab\t1 or /e] to "o side1 & avoid ! ob/acle1 & get home 9 "t = supp]4 ,9 %ort1 9 ! op9ion ( ! writ]1 x is only = outside use1 & = a l>g] class ( vessels ?an ?is book w treat (1 t ! keel boat is ne$$4 ,to avoid repetition1 & to cond5se z mu* z possible1 s z to be useful to all = practicable purposes1 :at is t]m$ ! sloop-rig--"o q z frequ5tly us$ z any o!r = small boats--is pres5t$ 9 ! accompany+ diagram4 ,?is w be describ$ z briefly z possible consi/5t ) a ?or\gh explanation ( ! sails1 ropes1 c41 & _! diff]5t names & uses2 x be+1 ( c\rse1 und]/ood t ! managem5t ( a sloop 9 a seamanlike mann] c>ries ) x ! k ( manag+ a ya*t ( any rig1 ! pr9ciple apply+ equally to all2 & to describe ! /ay+1 we>+1 & absolute managem5t ( ea* sail & rope ( ea* sep>ate rig1 w\ld be unnecess>y1 & ext5d ?is little "w to a great] l5g? ?an is desirable4 ,! be/ t c be done is to take a type1 &1 hav+ made t famili>1 ! :ole sci5ce ( boat-sail+ w h be5 acquir$4 ,! sloop-rig consi/s ( ! foll[+-nam$ sp>s3-- ,! ma9ma/ 7c c71 :i* is usually plac$ at ab\t two-?irds ( ! boat's l5g? f ! /]n4 ,?is sp> s]ves to su/a9 ! ma9sail7#a7 by a s]ies ( hoops :i* encircle x4 ,illu/ration ,! ma9 topma/ 7d d71 :i* is fitt$ to ! head ( ! ma9ma/1 & t]m9ates at its upp] end 9 a small ball1 call$ ! truck1 ?r\gh ! sides ( :i* are fitt$ little %eaves 7i4e41 :eels71 by means ( :i*1 & ! use ( a small-siz$ rope1 call$ signal-halli>ds1 ! flag1 or private signal ( ! boat1 is hoi/$ to ! topma/'s head1 & display$4 ,?is sp> also s]ves to su/a9 ! gaff-topsail 7#c71 :i* is hoi/$ & l[]$ along its l5g? by a s]ies ( hoops encircl+ ! sp>4 ,?is sail1 z a rule1 is set & furl$ f ! top4 ,! b[sprit 7h71 :i* projects f ! b[ ( ! boat1 & s]ves to support ! ma9ma/ by means ( a /ay 7g g7 lead+ f its out] end to ! ma9ma/ head1 & ano!r /ay1 call$ ! bob/ay 7f71 to ! pr[ ( ! boat4 ,! jib-/ay 7g g7 s]ves to hoi/ & set ! jib 7#b7 ^u1--! mo/ important sail1 aft] ! ma9sail4 ,! jib-boom 7i71 :i* ext5ds out beyond ! b[sprit1 its heel be+ made fa/ to ! latt]1 &1 by means ( /ays1 supports ! ma9ma/ & ma9-topma/2 & ^u ! inn] "o ( ^! is hoi/$ & set ! out] or fly+ jib 7#d71 ! o!r 7k7 support+ ! ma9-topma/1 & call$ ! ma9-topma/ /ay4 ,! ma9-gaff 7e e71 :i* su/a9s & /ret*es ! head ( ! ma9sail1 :i* is securely la%$ to x by means ( small seiz+s1 or la%+s4 ,! ma9-boom 7b b71 :i* receives & /ret*es ! foot ( ! ma9sail1 to :i* x is securely la%$4 ,! above con/itute ! ma9 sp>s & sails ( a boat ( ! sloop rig4 ,to enable "o to und]/& all t foll[s1 x w be necess>y to acquire a little m in=mation conc]n+ ^! sp>s & sails1 & ! names & uses ( ! pr9cipal ropes1 %eets1 c4 ,z ! read] faces ! cut1 & glances at ! ma9sail 7#a71 he %\ld rememb] t ! head ( ! sail is t "p fa/5$ to ! gaff2 & ! foot1 t "p ( ! sail fa/5$ to ! boom4 ,! out]-lea*1 or aft]-lea*1 t "p ( ! sail :i* ext5ds f ! end ( ! gaff to ! end ( ! boom f>!/ remov$ f ! ma9ma/4 ,! inn]-lea*1 or luff1 is t "p ( ! sail :i* ext5ds f ! gaff to ! boom1 & is conf9$ to ! ma9ma/ by hoops t embrace x1 & all[ ( ! sail be+ hoi/$ & l[]$ at w4 ,! clews ( a sail are ^? p>ts :i* a l&-lubb] might call corn]s2 i4e41 ! clews ( ! ma9sail are f\r1 & are situat$ at ! junction ( ! luff & head ( ! sail1 ! out]-lea* & head ( ! sail1 ! out]-lea* & foot ( ! sail1 & ! luff & foot ( ! sail2 ! latt] be+ also call$ ! tack4 ,! ma9sail1 z w be obs]v$1 has also a s]ies ( regul> l9es cross+ its surface4 ,^! are call$ reef-po9ts1 & consi/ ( %ort1 dangl+ pieces ( small rope1 sew$ into ! sail1 & hang+ d[n on ei!r side1 long en\gh1 :5 ! sail is l[]$1 to be fa/5$ ar\nd ! ma9-boom1 & ?us tie d[n ! sail1 mak+ x small] = r\gh wea!r1 :i* is call$ reef+4 ,on ! out]-lea*1 at ! end ( ^! r[s ( reef-po9ts1 are plac$ little iron r+s1 or cr+les1 z !y are call$1 :i* are us$ to pass a rope ?r\gh1 call$ a reef-p5nant1 to haul ! sail well out on to ! boom :5 be+ reef$4 ,! rope 7a a7 repres5ts :at is call$ ! topp+-lift1 & is us$ to l[] or hoi/ ! ma9-boom1 s z to make ! sail set well 9 c]ta9 circum/ances2 or :5 ! ma9-boom is out ov] ! wat] on "o side ( ! boat1 :5 runn+ be=e ! w9d1 to top x up s z to keep x out ( ! wat] :5 ! boat rolls4 ,x is set up by means ( a small pulley1 ! end ( ! rope com+ inbo>d ?r\gh a %eave 9 ! boom1 or "o fa/5$ to its side4 ,! jib has its luff1 head1 foot1 & aft]-lea*1 ! same z ! ma9sail1 b1 ( c\rse1 has only ?ree clews1 be+ a triangul> sail4 ,& :at is def9$ ab\t ^! sails w apply to all =e-&-aft sails4 ,! mo/ important ropes1 to :i* ! att5tion ( ! read] is call$1 are ! foll[+3-- ,! ma9-%eet 7l7 is a long rope fa/5$ to ! ma9-boom1 & controll+ ! action ( ! ma9sail4 ,accord+ to ! size ( ! boat1 ?is %eet w be s+le1 or rove ?r\gh a s]ies ( blocks1 to enable ! helmsman to h&le ! sail4 ,^u ! managem5t ( ?is %eet dep5ds1 9 a great measure1 ! safety ( all boat-sail+4 ,its p]fect h&l+ & adju/m5t call = ! nice/ skill2 = its slighte/ movem5t *anges ! :ole face ( ! canvas spread 9 ! ma9sail4 ,! jib-%eets 7m7 are fa/5$ to ! aft]-clew ( ! jib at ! foot ( ! sail1 & are l$ aft on bo? sides ( ! deck1 s z to be )9 rea* ( ! helmsman1 or ^? sitt+ 9 ! aft]-"p ( ! boat4 ,l ! ma9-%eet1 !y are us$ to conf9e & trim d[n ! jib1 ea* be+ us$ on ! side on :i* x is desir$ to trim d[n ! sail4 ,! out]-jib is controll$ 9 ! same mann]1 by two %eets1 "o be+ l$ aft on ei!r side ( ! deck4 ,! ma9sail is hoi/$ by means ( two sets ( ropes1 call$ ?roat & peak-halli>ds 7n74 ,^! are fa/5$ at ! foot ( ! ma/ to cleats :5 ! sail is hoi/$2 ! ?roat-halli>ds1 usually on ! port side ( ! ma/1 & ! peak-halli>ds1 on ! />bo>d side ( ! ma/4 ,n4,b4--,! t]m />bo>d is appli$ to any ?+ app]ta9+ to ! "r-h& side ( a boat1 ) ! obs]v] look+ t[>ds ! b[4 ,! t]m port 7=m]ly1 & sometimes n[1 call$ l>bo>d7 is appli$ to any ?+ app]ta9+ to ! left-h& side1 &1 ?us once def9$1 nev] *anges4 ,al?\gh ! obs]v] may g =w>d & look aft1 ! />bo>d side is /ill ! />bo>d side1 al?\gh n[ on 8 left h&4 ,h5ce sailors talk ( ! />bo>d an*or1 ! port %r\ds2 ,ease (f ! port jib-%eet6 ,let g ! />bo>d fly+-jib-%eet6 ,put y\r helm ov] to port6 ,hoi/ ^? colors f ! />bo>d side6 ,let ! boom g ov] to port6 ,get up t an*or :i* y w f9d bel[ 9 ! =eca/le1 on ! />bo>d side6 ,g ab\t on ! port tack6 c4 ,! jib 7#b7 is hoi/$ by means ( a rope1 :i* is call$ ! jib-halli>ds1 :i* is made fa/ to ! upp] clew ( ! sail1 & l$ ?r\gh a block at ! ma9ma/ head1 & !nce to ! deck1 be+ belay$ 7i4e41 made fa/7 to ! ma9ma/ ne> ! deck4 ,?is sail also has a small b useful rope atta*$ to x1 call$ ! d[n-haul1 :i* is fa/5$ to ! upp] clew1 & l$ d[n to a small block at ! b[sprit end1 & !nce 9 on deck2 & s]ves to haul ! sail d[n aft] ! halli>ds h be5 ca/ (f4 ,! fly+-jib 7#d7 is fitt$ ) halli>ds & d[n-haul 9 ! same mann]4 ,! gaff-topsail 7#c7 is set by haul+ out ! aft]-lea* & foot to ! end ( ! ma9-gaff1 :i* "p ( ! gaff is call$ ! peak1 by means ( a rope1 :i* is nam$ ! gaff topsail-%eet1 :i* reefs ?r\gh a %eave 9 ! gaff end1 & h5ce "u ! gaff to ! ?roat1 & !nce ?r\gh a block to ! deck4 ,! o!r clew1 =m$ by ! luff & foot1 is /ret*$ by means ( a rope lead+ to ! deck1 call$ ! tack2 & ! sail is hoi/$ by means ( halli>ds1 t reeve ?r\gh a block fa/5$ at ! topma/ head1 & !nce lead+ to ! deck4 ,:5 ! boat is "u way1 & press$ ov] by ! w9d1 ! t]ms />bo>d & port are (t5 ex*ang$ = leew>d & w9dw>d1 &1 9 fact1 are ! m commonly us$ 9 _m in/ances2 al?\gh an old sailor w\ld apply ! ^w />bo>d to c]ta9 ?+s t he w\ld n apply ! ^w leew>d or w9dw>d to3 b ^! exceptions x w\ld be h>d to po9t out1 & !y w\ld be ( little mat]ial use4 ,let x suffice to say1 t z a rule1 :5 a boat is at an*or or upright1 ! t]ms />bo>d & port are us$2 :il/1 :5 "u way1 ! t]ms lee or leew>d1 wea!r or w9dw>d1 are m commonly us$2 = in/ance1 ,let g ! wea!r jib-%eet6 ,haul aft ! lee fly+ jib-%eet6 ,haul t coil ( rope ov] to ! wea!r-side 7or to w9dw>d76 ,?r[ t hot wat] to leew>d6 ,does %e c>ry a wea!r-helm8 c4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,balla/4--,useful ,knots4--,to an*or 9 a ,gale ( ,w9d4--,gett+ ! ,an*or1 & ,ca/+4--,an*or+ = ,fi%+4--,gr\nd+ & ,float+4--,w>p+ by ,means ( an ,an*or4--,to make a ,runn+ ,moor4 ,hav+ le>n$ ! names ( all ! important sp>s1 sails1 & ropes1 & _! uses1 x becomes necess>y to /udy ! o!r appurt5ances ( a boat to acquire a ?or\gh k ( boat-sail+2 & = t purpose we w pass briefly 9 review ! foll[+4 ,,balla/4 ,ne>ly all ya*ts are made ( su* a model z to ne$ "s heavy mat]ial plac$ )9 !m to enable !m to c>ry sail1 & /& up aga9/ sudd5 squalls & flaws ( w9d4 ,?is mat]ial is call$ balla/1 &1 z a self-evid5t rule1 ya*ts t are %all[1 & ( great bread? ( beam1 ne$ less ?an ^? ( a deep & n>r[ model4 ,_m articles may be us$ = balla/1 & a ya*t balla/$ 9 _m diff]5t ways2 b ! foll[+-nam$ are ^? t are mo/ commonly us$4 ,pig-iron1 9 pieces t c be h&l$1 is a favorite k9d ( balla/3 sometimes ea* piece is pa9t$1 s z to pres]ve x f ru/+1 & discolor+ ! inside ( ! boat4 ,iron 9 ! =m ( fifty-six-p\nd weights is also us$2 :il/ a *eap] & v common balla/ is f\nd 9 ! small clean pebbles ( ! sea%ore4 ,wat] conta9$ 9 movable tanks has be5 at times1 ) "s1 a well-prais$ balla/2 & 9 ya*ts :]e x c be us$1 & t are fitt$ = x1 x is ( great practical value1 z1 l no o!r1 x c be dis*>g$ & r5ew$ by means ( a pump1 accord+ to ! w & wea!r4 ,! slag f smelt$ copp] & iron is ext5sively us$1 z are also brok5 pieces ( iron-ca/+4 ,b p]haps ! balla/ z commonly 9 use z any o!r 9 m$ium-siz$ ya*ts & small boats1 or1 at lea/1 a "p ( ! balla/1 consi/s ( common sea-s& enclos$ 9 canvas sacks ( a n too unwieldy size1 t are movable ab\t ! bottom ( ! boat by means ( canvas h&les1 & c1 9 em]g5cy1 be dump$ bodily ov] into ! sea1 ?us reliev+ ! ya*t ( s mu* dead weight4 ,ne>ly all ya*ts t are balla/$1 :5 fill$ ) wat]1 w s9k2 & !re h be5 _m +5i\s ways devis$ to prev5t ?is1 s t1 9 case a ya*t %\ld be swamp$1 i4e41 completely fill$ ) wat]1 %e w\ld yet float1 & make a sort ( life-pres]v] to ! occupants1 & n g to ! bottom1 & leave !m /ruggl+ on ! surface4 ,a v +5i\s & yet *eap way ( obta9+ ?is result is to h built into ! w+s ( ! ya*t1 "u ! floor+s1 & 9 e conceivable place t is out ( ! way1 empty t9 or iron six-p\nd p[d]-cani/]s1 t seal h]metically1 suffici5t 9 numb] to ov]come1 by ! air !y conta9 & ! natural buoyancy ( ! wood compos+ ! ya*t1 ! weight ( ! balla/1 or ! t5d5cy ( ! same to s9k ! ya*t :5 fill$ ) wat]4 ,x w n take a great numb] ( ^! cani/]s 9 q a l>ge ya*t ( m$ium model2 =1 al?\gh ! ya*t w s9k )\t !m1 x does n take v mu* ( ?is conf9$ air to turn ! scale1 & make x float4 ,"s ya*ts are balla/$ ) lead2 & ?is1 if x 7 n = its co/1 is a prime balla/1 tak+ up less space ?an any o!r4 ,& "s c>e n = ! fir/ co/2 =1 z is truly said1 x is a m>ketable article1 :i* does n v>y mu* 9 price3 &1 ev5 if x %\ld co/ q a sum to balla/ "o's ya*t ) lead1 x is s mu* ca% on h&1 & c always be tak5 out & sold at a mom5t's notice4 ,besides ! diff]5t k9ds ( balla/ t h be5 enum]at$1 !re is also ! liv+ balla/1 t is to say1 human be+s1 :om "o c place 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! ya*t to trim h] 9 diff]5t situations4 ,b ?is k9d ( balla/ is mo/ly us$ 9 rac+1 & ev5 !n is sometimes apt to get out ( ord]1 & n "w well2 & ! writ] w\ld advise "o to /ick to iron1 lead1 gravel1 or s& z sup]ior4 ,p]haps = bay & h>bor sail+ & %ort cruises f port to port1 !re is no?+ bett] ?an ! canvas bags ( s&1 :i* c be empti$1 if necess>y1 :5 "o gets agr\nd1 or 9 any o!r case ( em]g5cy1 & fill$ aga9 at ! v next %ore ^u :i* "o l&s 9 ! little t5d]4 ,z a rule1 sail+-boats & small ya*ts are trimm$ by ! /]n2 t is1 ! b[ is slightly elevat$ f ! wat]1 ! boat be+ press$1 by ! position ( its balla/1 deep] into ! wat] at ! /]n ?an at ! b[4 ,b e ya*t is a law to itself2 & no rule w d = all4 ,! position ( ! balla/ has also mu* to d ) ! /e]+ qualities1 z well z affect+ spe$3 if x be plac$ too f> =w>d1 ! ya*t w yaw1 & at times1 be=e ! w9d1 be almo/ unmanageable4 ,9 go+ ab\t1 also1 if ! balla/ be too f> =w>d1 ! boat w (t5 miss /ays2 t is1 fail to p]=m ! evolution ( gett+ ^u ! o!r tack4 ,misplac$ balla/ w also cause ! ya*t to c>ry ! helm 9 a bad position1 /opp+ h] spe$4 ,br++ a ya*t by ! head ) too mu* balla/ is a s]i\s1 nay1 at times1 a dang]\s fault4 ,br++ h] too mu* by ! /]n1 by means ( balla/1 is n s grave a matt]3 ! ya*t may lose 9 spe$1 & n be 9 h] be/ trim2 b %e is n z dang]\s or unmanageable4 ,x is always bett] to h too mu* balla/ ?an too little4 ,x is v easy to balla/ a boat ) s& or pebbles be=e "o />ts2 b !y _c be obta9$ aft] hav+ once gott5 "u way2 & f ?is simple cause h aris5 s _m disa/]s t ne$ nev] h occurr$6 ,"o's natural pride1 & ! desire to sail fa/1 prev5t (t5 ! tak+ on bo>d ( ! necess>y am\nt2 & !n1 :5 x sudd5ly comes on to bl[1 ! ya*t is f\nd to be crank1 p]haps dang]\sly s4 ,h[ mu* bett] w\ld x be to h a little too mu* balla/1 :i*1 :5 homew>d b\nd1--if !re is ne$ ( ha/e1 & ! wea!r be settl$1--c be dis*>g$ ov] ! side1 increas+ h] spe$6 ,x is only by c>eful /udy t "o c asc]ta9 j ! am\nt ( balla/ t is ne$$2 b1 once f\nd1 d n *ange x = light or heavy wea!r1 b keep x intact1 & y & y\r boat w soon und]/& ea* o!r mu* bett] ?an w be ! case if x be cont9ually *ang$4 ,a happy m$ium is :at mu/ be s\ght = 9 ! "q ( balla/2 =1 ( c\rse1 9 diff]5t wea!rs diff]5t am\nts w\ld be 9 ord]4 ,b be advis$1 & be on ! safe side3 h pl5ty ( balla/1 if ! spe$ is n ! v fa/e/ t ! boat is capable ( mak+4 ,pr(essional boatm51 lob/]m51 & fi%]m5 are nev] et]nally %ift+ & *ang+ _! balla/3 hav+ f\nd ! happy m$ium1 !y let x alone = ! season4 ,x is only ! amateur t is cont9ually sail+ 8 ya*t ^u h] beam-ends1 or wat*+ ) ! utmo/ anxiety ! fa/ approa*+ squall1 = :i* ! pr(essional c>es naught4 ,,knots4 ,we _c get along on bo>d ( a ya*t )\t kn[+ h[ to make a few useful knots4 ,! great beauty ( a knot1 9 a sailor's e/imation1 is n only to hold well1 b to be easily unti$ or ca/ (f aft] hav+ be5 subject$ to a great /ra94 ,( all knots ! b[l9e is1 p]haps1 ! k+1 because x c be submitt$ to a /ra9 t w "p ! rope1 be=e slipp+ or giv+ 9 ! lea/ 7& ?is holds true ( ! l>ge/ haws]1 z well z ! smalle/ l9e72 &1 aft] ?is /ra9 is remov$1 x c be unti$ z easily z a knot 9 "o's summ] neck-tie4 ,x c be v quickly made1 & is useful 9 m situations ?an any o!r1 & c be us$ to replace _m o!rs4 ,x is us$ to fa/5 a rope 9 a hurry to ! r+ ( an an*or1 or to make fa/ ! pa9t] ( a t5d] ?r\gh a r+-bolt securely = t[+1 & yet s z to be easily ca/ (f2 fa/5+ s9k]s ^u fi%-l9es1 or ! end ( any rope 9 a position :]e x w be> /ra94 ,flags may be b5t on ) ?is knot1 al?\gh sailors h a signal-halli>d knot1 z !y also h a peculi> b5t = fa/5+ a haws] to an an*or2 b no knot c be us$ 9 an em]g5cy1 9 place ( all ^!1 l ! b[l9e2 &1 if "o c h k ( b a few1 let ! b[l9e be ! fir/ acquir$4 ,x w be useful also on %ore1 & ?r\gh\t "o's life1 mak+ z a matt] ( pa/ record1 to be et]nally sunk 9 oblivion1 ^? awful knots t nev] w\ld come undone aga94 ,next to ! b[l9e 9 importance is1 p]haps1 ! b5d call$ two half-hit*es1 or ! clove hit*1 by means ( :i* "o c secure ) ! end ( a rope almo/ any ?+4 ,?is hit* is call$ two half-hit*es :5 x is made ^u its own /&+ "p1 & a clove hit* :5 made ar\nd any o!r ?+1 su* z a sp>2 b bo? are ! same 9 pr9ciple4 ,! ?ird knot t mu/ be acquir$ is :at is call$ ! squ>e knot1 or reef knot1 & is us$ 9 reef+ ! sails4 ,! reef-po9ts be+ ti$ 9 squ>e knots c be easily unti$ :5 ne$$3 if improp]ly ti$ 9 a granny knot1 !y ei!r jam or fly op5 9 ! height ( ! gale1--:5 "o desires !m mo/ to hold on4 ,) ^! ?ree knots "o c get along nicely1 & x is advisable to obta9 a k ( h[ to make !m )\t delay4 ,,to ,,make ,a ,,b[l9e ,,knot4 ,take ! end ( ! rope 9 y\r "r h&1 & ! /&+ "p 9 y\r left2 lay ! end ov] ! /&+ "p2 !n ) y\r left h& turn ! bight ( ! /&+ "p f y1 & ov] ! end "p1 by a peculi> turn ( ! wri/s1 :i* comes only by practice1 =m+ :at is call$ a goose-neck on ! /&+ "p2 !n lead ! end1 :i* is already enclos$ 9 ! goose-neck1 "u & ar\nd ! /&+ "p1 & d[n ?r\gh ! same goose-neck2 & haul ! p>ts taut4 ,illu/ration3 ,b[l9e ,knot4 ,illu/ration3 ,two half ,hit*es4 ,clove ,hit*4 ,,to ,,make ,,two ,,half-,,hit*es4 ,pass ! end ( ! rope ar\nd ! /&+ "p1 & up ?r\gh ! bight 7?is is "o half-hit*72 pass ! end aga9 ar\nd ! /&+ "p1 & up ?r\gh its own bight1 :i* makes ! second half-hit*1 & completes ! knot4 7,see diagram47 ,!n1 if ?is knot is us$ to b5d on a haws] to an an*or1 x is cu/om>y to /op ! end ( ! rope d[n ^u ! /&+ "p by means ( a rope-y>n1 s z to prev5t all *ance ( its com+ ap>t :il/ *af+ ab\t at ! bottom ( ! sea4 ,a clove hit* is ?is same knot made ar\nd a sp> or o!r article1 in/ead ( on its own /&+ "p4 7,see diagram47 ,,to ,,make ,a ,,squ>e ,,or ,,reef ,,knot4 ,illu/ration3 ,squ>e or ,reef ,knot4 ,fir/ make a common ov]h& knot ar\nd a sp>1 or any ?+ t may suit2 !n make exactly ! same knot aga91 tak+ c>e to cross ! ends s t !y w ea* come out on ! same side ( ! bight z !y did 9 ! fir/ knot4 ,if on ei!r side ( :at may be call$ ! "r or left side ( ! knot1 z se5 9 ! cut1 ! ends d n come out 9 ! same relative place z 9 ! fir/ knot1 x is call$ a granny knot1 & w n hold4 ,& "o :o makes a granny becomes ! laugh+-/ock ( all on bo>d1 & is at once pron\nc$ a l&-lubb]1 if he _c make ?is simple & useful knot correctly4 ,s be advis$1 & le>n x at once4 ,,! ,,an*or ,,& ,,ge>4 ,no?+ on bo>d ! ya*t1 aft] ! sails & ropes1 %\ld receive su* att5tion z ! gr\nd tackle1 z x is call$4 ,on ! an*or & its appurt5ances re/s ! safety1 (t51 ( all on bo>d2 & yet !re is no?+ s (t5 neglect$1 or left c>elessly out ( ord]1 or ! cable 9 a sn>l1 z ! an*or+ ge> 9 a small ya*t4 ,illu/ration ,e ya*t ov] tw5ty-five feet 9 l5g? %\ld be fitt$ ) ?ree an*ors1 or1 at ! v lea/1 two4 ,if ?ree 9 numb]1 two ( !m %\ld be ne>ly ( ! same size1 & "o q small & h&y1 :i* is call$ ! k$ge-an*or4 ,we w suppose t ! ya*t is fitt$ ) ?ree1 &1 if s1 _! uses w be z h]e9aft] describ$4 ,9 ! old5 times hemp cables 7 :olly us$1 ev5 = vessels ( l>ge size & m5-(-w>2 b 9 ^! latt] days !y h be5 replac$ by iron cables 9 l>ge %ips1 & by manila haws]s 9 small ya*ts4 ,to be sure !re are "s advantages 9 favor ( a *a9-cable = ev5 small ya*ts2 b z a rule ! pliable1 s(t b /rong manila rope is ! favorite4 ,small iron cables are1 = "s reason or o!r1 di/ru/$2 & !y are also heavy to get back aga91 ev5 if ( small size1 :5 ! ya*t is an*or$ 9 _m fa?oms ( wat]4 ,!y are useful :5 ! ya*t is likely to lie at an*or 9 a sea-way = a long "t1 = !n !y w\ld n *afe2 :il/ a manila cable might become s]i\sly injur$4 ,"s use a few fa?oms ( iron *a91 & !n manila above t1 s z to keep ! end ne> ! an*or f fray+ on rocky bottoms4 ,x is to be rememb]$1 !n1 9 a long piece ( *a9 cable1 t ! "o imp]fect l9k1 or "o t is weak 9 any way1 det]m9es ! utmo/ /r5g? ( ! cable4 ,9 o!r words1 ! /ra9 necess>y to "p ! weake/ l9k makes ! /rong] ones useless4 ,p]haps x is ! fe> ( ?is weakness lurk+ 9 "s unkn[n l9k t det]s ya*tsm51 z a class1 f us+ *a9-cables1 & makes !m pref] ! clean1 h&some manila rope1 t !y "k is j z /rong at "o "p z ano!r ?r\gh\t its entire l5g?4 ,wire cables h comm5c$ to be talk$ (1 made 9 ! same %ape z wire rigg+1 only m pliable2 & ^!1 p]haps1 w1 9 "t1 come into use1 z !y are ( uni=m /r5g?1 & take up less room ?an ! cumb]some manila rope cables4 ,if ! an*ors are /[$ bel[ deck1 always get !m up1 & b5t on to _! respective cables1 long be=e ! "t :5 x becomes necess>y to use !m4 ,"o nev] kn[s1 ne> a coa/-l9e1 :5 an an*or may be ne$$4 ,always h good long cables1 & n na/y little pieces ( %ort rope3 on ?is dep5ds (t5 ! safety ( all conc]n$4 ,e ?+ else be+ equal1 ! l5g? ( ! cables is :at w det]m9e1 9 a gale ( w9d1 :e!r ! ya*t goes on %ore a wreck1 or gallantly & safely wea!rs ! /orm4 ,,to ,,an*or ,,9 ,a ,,gale ,,( ,,w9d4 ,if caught 9 a gale ( w9d on a lee-%ore1 & ) no *ance ( escape1--! sea be+ too heavy to claw (f to w9dw>d1 & no h>bor to leew>d1--! only safety is to an*or2 & always d ?is be=e x is too late1 & be=e ! ya*t has be5 driv5 too ne> ! %ore or break]s to lie quietly4 ,procra/9ation at su* a "t is (t5 highly dang]\s2 & a ya*t may g a%ore because %e is an*or$ 9 a l9e ( heavy break]s1 :5 j outside %e w\ld lie almo/ ) ease4 ,x w be f\nd1 also1 t x always takes long] to get an an*or d[n ?an 0 e/imat$1 & :il/ x is be+ done ! ya*t sets heavily 9 t[>ds ! %ore ) ea* sea3 !re=e an*or e>ly4 ,:5 e ?+ is ready1 br+ ! ya*t to ! w9d1 & let ! sails %ake 9 ! w9d's eye2 &1 s soon z %e gets /em-way1 let g ! be/ b[] an*or1 tak+ c>e n to snub h] too quickly1 b to let consid]able ( ! cable run out be=e *eck+ h]2 !n take a turn or two ar\nd ! knight-heads1 long be=e !re is any /ra91 & be ready to give h] cable gradually z %e ne$s x4 ,"o mu/ be v c>eful to get ?is turn ar\nd ! knight-heads long be=e !re is any /ra92 = ! /r5g? ( ! ya*t drift+ be=e ! gale w be "u-e/imat$1 except by a sailor2 & if "o has neglect$ to take ! necess>y turn 9 "t1 & a /ra9 once comm5ces ^u ! cable1 x w !n be too late1 & ! mortification w be exp]i5c$ ( see+ ! :ole cable g ov]bo>d1 unless ! ya*t be br\ght up by its be+ fa/5$ bel[2 & ev5 !n ! *ances are1 t x w be snapp$ asund] by ! mom5tum t ! drift+ ya*t has acquir$4 ,j s soon z ! fir/ an*or bites1 & ! ya*t seems to come head to w9d1 & hold1 let g ! second an*or1 & pay out pl5ty ( cable on bo?1 keep+ ! /ra9 z ne>ly equal on ea* z possible4 ,9 grave circum/ances l ^! ( an*or+ 9 a gale ( w9d on a lee-%ore1 x is always well to put d[n bo? an*ors4 ,too (t5 "o an*or is us$1 because ! wea!r does n look v bad1 &1 z x increases1 ! cable is paid out ^u2 & :51 at la/1 x is asc]ta9$ t ! gale has increas$1 & ano!r an*or is ne$$1 x is f\nd1 aft] x is ca/1 t ! cable _c be paid out ^u x1 because ! end ( ! cable ( ! fir/ an*or is close at h&1 & has be5 ne>ly all paid out1 mak+ ! second an*or useless4 ,always let g bo? an*ors1 "o %ortly aft] ! o!r2 & if ! wea!r be v bad inde$1 !n1 :5 ab\t half ! cable is paid out on ! second an*or1 la% to ! cable ! small k$ge-an*or1 by fa/5+ x by small ropes1 pass$ ar\nd ! %ank & ?r\gh ! r+1 to ! cable ( ! l>ge an*or1 & ca/ x ov] ! b[s4 ,?is is call$ back+ an an*or 7see diagram bel[71 & /r5g!ns ! hold ( ! fir/ an*or 9 a m>k$ degree1 especially if ! hold+-gr\nd be poor4 ,x is suppos$1 ( c\rse1 t1 z ! ya*t comes head to w9d1 ! jib is haul$ d[n2 & n[ ! next ?+ is to d[n ma9sail1 & furl e ?+ snug4 ,if ! ya*t holds well1 keep "p ( ! cables /ill on bo>d1 to pay out1 if necess>y2 &1 to be sure t %e is n dragg+1 ca/ a h&-lead ov] ! side1 & let x re/ on ! bottom4 ,make x fa/1 leav+ en\gh slack s t ! ya*t may %e] )\t mov+ x4 ,by try+ ?is once 9 a :ile1 x w be in/antly se51 f its relative position betwe5 ! ya*t & ! bottom1 :e!r ! vessel has dragg$4 ,= in/ance1 if ! lead-l9e %\ld be left up & d[n1 & ! next "t x 0 te/$ %\ld be f\nd re/+ on ! bottom1 t[>d ! b[ ( ! ya*t1 %e w\ld h dragg$ j t di/ance1 & ne$s m cable at once4 ,x is well always to give a good scope 9 su* em]g5cies1 & all[ ! an*ors to become emb$d$ at a good angle1 & n be play$ ) by j hold+1 & !n dragg+ a little1 & !n pay+ out a little3 t is dang]\s sport4 ,aft] all is furl$ snug1 no?+ else c be done = safety1 except 9 case ( extreme em]g5cy1 :51 z a la/ rec\rse1 ! ma9ma/ may be cut away if ! ya*t is dragg+ on %ore4 ,b ) two good an*ors d[n 91 say1 six fa?oms ( wat]1 & "o ( ^? back$1 & =ty or fifty fa?oms ( cable out1 x w take a t]rific sea & w9d to make a ya*t budge an in*4 ,illu/ration3 ,an ,an*or back$ ,,gett+ ,,! ,,an*or1 ,,& ,,ca/+4 ,illu/ration3 ,ca/+ ,hoi/ ! ma9sail1 & take ! gaskets (f ! jib1 & see t ! d[n-haul is ca/ (f1 & is cle> = hoi/+2 !n heave away on ! cable1 ei!r by h&1 or by w9dlass1 if ! ya*t be l>ge en\gh to ne$ "o1 till ! an*or is almo/ brok5 out ( ! gr\nd1 or :at sailors call1 ! cable1 up & d[n2 !n1 by means ( ! rudd]1 if 9 a tide-way1 ca/ ! head ( ! ya*t 9 ! direction y wi% to proce$ ^u2 trip ! an*or2 & run up ! jib z soon z x w draw4 ,if !re is no tide-way to act ^u ! rudd]1 !n1 be=e break+ out ! an*or1 hoi/ ! jib2 &1 if x is desir$ to ca/ ! boat ^u ! port tack1 trim d[n ! jib-%eet to port1 & %ove ! ma9-boom well out ov] ! />bo>d qu>t]1 &1 :5 ! boat has a good %e]1 trip ! an*or2 &1 :5 %e has paid (f en\gh1 let g ! port jib-%eet1 & trim d[n on ! />bo>d-%eet1 & haul aft ! ma9-boom1 & proce$ on y\r way4 ,,an*or+ ,,= ,,fi%+4 ,x is (t5 ne$ful to drop an an*or s z j to hold ! ya*t /ation>y = a %ort "t 9 "s kn[n place1 = ! purpose ( fi%+2 & ^! places are almo/ always l$ges ( rock1 :i* f\l & entangle ! an*or1 & x is (t5 difficult to weigh x aga94 ,to avoid ?is 7if !re is n too mu* w9d1 & ! ya*t w lie easily71 in/ead ( mak+ ! cable fa/ to ! r+ ( ! an*or1 make x fa/ ) a clove hit* ar\nd bo? arms at ! cr[n1 & lead x along ! %ank ( ! an*or to ! r+1 to :i* atta* x by means ( a small piece ( spun y>n or tw9e t w hold "s /ra91 b :i* c be brok5 9 case ( necessity4 ,!n1 :5 x is desir$ to get "u way aga91 & ! an*or is f\nd to be f\l$1 br+ en\gh /ra91 by means ( ! w9dlass or o!rwise1 ^u ! cable to "p ! tw9e at ! r+2 :5 ! /ra9 w come directly ^u ! cr[n & flukes1 & ! an*or w almo/ always be cle>$4 ,if x %\ld n be1 pay out pl5ty ( cable1 & sail ar\nd or beyond x1 & all at once x w be f\nd t x is cle>$1 & c be weigh$4 ,9 an*or+ 9 ?is mann]1 x is n1 9 light wea!r1 necess>y to l[] ! ma9sail1 b simply to trim d[n ! ma9-%eet flat1 or place ! boom 9 a crot* made = t purpose4 ,! jib c be l[]$2 & hoi/$ aga9 :5 "u way4 ,,gr\nd+ ,,& ,,float+4 ,if ! ya*t takes ! gr\nd on any %oal1 & is left by ! tide1 x is always prop] to get out an an*or 9 ! direction ( ! w9d1 be=e ! tide returns2 !n1 :5 ! wat] beg9s to make1 ! ya*t w n be bl[n high] & high] ^u ! %oal z %e comm5ces to float1 b w be held by h] an*or1 & soon ride head to w9d or tide4 ,,w>p+ ,,by ,,means ,,( ,,an ,,an*or4 ,!re are times :5 x is desirable to get a ya*t into a c]ta9 position1 & !re is no w9d4 ,to d ?is1 run out a light an*or to ! spot y desire to rea*1 by means ( a small t5d]2 ca/ x ov]bo>d2 & w>p ! ya*t up to x3 repeat ?is till ! desir$ position is rea*$4 ,a ,,runn+ ,,moor ,is sometimes made by ca/+ an an*or1 ) pl5ty ( scope ( cable1 :il/ a ya*t is runn+ free1 or be=e ! w9d1 & br++ h] ) a long sweep1 up to & head+ ! w9d1 :5 ano!r an*or is let g also1 & "p ( ! cable ( ! fir/ an*or haul$ 9 s t %e w lie to "o an*or on ! flood-tide1 & ! o!r on ! ebb-tide4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,! ,helm & ,rudd]4--,%eets4--,! ,topp+-,lift4--,spr++ a ,leak & ! ,use ( ! ,pump4--,sail+ close-haul$1 by ! w9d1 or full & by4--,to "k :5 a ,ya*t is z ne> ! ,w9d z %e w lie4--,runn+ free4--,be=e ! ,w9d1 or ,scudd+4--,to execute a ,pilot's ,luff4 ,,! ,,helm ,,& ,,rudd] ,control ! movem5t ( ! ya*t ?r\gh ! wat]1 & s]ve to direct h] c\rse4 ,! rudd] may be describ$ z pieces ( bo>ds or planks1 9 a l9e ) ! keel1 hung ^u pivots at ! /]n ( a vessel1 9 an upright position1 & ext5d+ f ! keel to ! rail1 & hav+ an atta*m5t1 call$ a till] or :eel1 to move x 9 ei!r direction1 to ! "r or left1 across ! l9e ( ! keel ( ! ya*t4 7,see diagram47 ,illu/ration3 ,rudd] ,till] ,! till]1 :i* passes ?r\gh ! rudd]-head1 is mov$ to ! "r or left2 & ?is is t]m$ mov+ ! helm4 ,= in/ance1 ,move ! helm ov] to />bo>d1 ,put ! helm to />bo>d1 t is to say1 pu% ! till] ov] t[>ds ! />bo>d side ( ! ya*t1 :i* w c>ry ! rudd] to ! port side ( ! ya*t1 &1 if "u way1 ! b[ w *ange direction t[>ds ! left4 ,9 o!r words1 :5 a vessel is "u way1 & go+ ahead by h] own mom5tum1 or an*or$ 9 a tide-way1 ! foll[+ rule always holds good3-- ,to />bo>d ! helm c>ries ! head to port4 ,to port ! helm c>ries ! head to />bo>d4 ,see diagrams1 ,figs4 #a & #b1 page #cg4 ,?is is all rev]s$ at a critical po9t 9 seaman%ip1 :i* %\ld be c>efully rememb]$2 & t is :5 a ya*t has :at is call$ a /]n-bo>d1 i4e41 has receiv$ "s =ce :i* is mak+ h] g ?r\gh ! wat] /]n fir/4 ,?is (t5 happ5s :5 an attempt has be5 made to tack1 & ! execution ( ! manoeuvre has seem$ to fail3 x is !n = a mom5t or two t ! ya*t w (t5 drift a/]n1 keep+ 9 ! w9d's eye1 mak+ x unc]ta9 :e!r or n %e w yet g ab\t4 ,x is at ?is mom5t1 :il/ %e is mak+ ?is /]n-bo>d1 t a k ( ! helm w yet put h] ab\t by %ift+ ! helm h>d ov] to ! opposite side f :]e x 0 :5 ! attempt 0 made to g ab\t4 ,rememb] n to move ! helm till ! ya*t has comm5c$ mak+ /]n-way1 !n ?is law applies3-- ,to />bo>d ! helm c>ries ! head to />bo>d4 ,to port ! helm c>ries ! head to port4 ,= in/ance1 if x 7 desir$ to g ab\t by br++ ! helm ov] to ! />bo>d side ( ! ya*t1 & ! manoeuvre %\ld fail1 aft] ! ya*t has come head to w9d1 & comm5c$ to get /]n-way1 x might yet be consummat$ by %ift+ ! helm1 or till]1 ov] to port1 :i* w\ld h exactly ! same effect z x =m]ly _h :5 ! ya*t 0 advanc+1 & ! helm h>d a />bo>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,a ya*t %\ld be p]fectly en\gh balanc$ ) sails & balla/ to c>ry a ne>ly ev5 helm :5 on ! w9d3 b x is (t5 ! case t !y c>ry :at is call$ a lee-helm2 t is to say1 :5 ! ya*t is on a w9d1 ! till] is cont9ually pok$ d[n to leew>d1 or ! opposite side ( ! ya*t f ! w9d1 to keep h] up to h] c\rse1 f :i* a t5d5cy to fall (f is %[n3 ?is is usually caus$ by too mu* head-sail1 & may be rem$i$ by a %ort] b[sprit1 a small] jib1 or ano!r clo? on ! aft]-lea* ( ! ma9sail4 ,to c>ry a lee-helm is a bea/ly ?+1 z an ,engli%man w\ld say1 & some?+ t _c long be endur$ by ^? :o truly l ya*t+4 ,if ! ya*t is free f ! odi\s lee-helm1 %e may c>ry a wea!r-helm1 :i* is n z bad z a lee-helm1 b is tr\blesome4 ,?is causes ! ya*t to h a t5d5cy to luff up into ! w9d1 & causes ! till] to be c>ri$ h>d ov] on ! wea!r-side ( ! ya*t1 & is usually occasion$ by too mu* aft]-sail1 or bad /orage ( balla/4 ,bo? ^! habits ( c>ry+ a lee1 or wea!r-helm1 are detrim5tal to spe$1 z 9 bo? positions ! rudd] is (t5 held at ne>ly a "r angle to ! keel1 decreas+ ! spe$ mat]ially4 ,a ya*t t is well balanc$ 9 sails & balla/ w1 on a w9d1 habitually c>ry ! till] a po9t or two to w9dw>d ( ! l9e ( ! keel1 & x w ne$ b little movem5t 9 any direction to keep h] on h] c\rse4 ,sometimes1 9 sudd5 squalls1 a ya*t t c>ries a wea!r-helm w luff up into ! w9d 9 spite ( ! helm1 s z n to be /opp$ except by slack+ (f ! ma9-%eet4 ,! same may occur 9 yaw+ ) a ya*t t c>ries a lee-helm4 ,! helm may be put h>d d[n1 & sometimes ! jib-%eet w h to be eas$ (f1 be=e ! ya*t w come to ! w9d4 ,a wea!r-helm is endurable1 b a lee-helm nev]1--,well1 h>dly ev]4 ,,%eets4 ,%eets are ! ropes t conf9e ! ma9sail & jib 9 place1 & are mo/ important 9 _! uses4 ,! jib-%eets lead along ! deck1 aft1 to ! /&+-room1 9 mo/ ya*ts1 & 9 heavy wea!r %\ld n be belay$ s b :at !y c be ca/ (f 9 an in/ant by a sudd5 j]k ( ! h&4 ,!y may be held 9 place by a sort ( hit*1 h>d to describe1 :]e "o "p jams ! o!r1 & keeps x 9 place4 ,any boatman w expla9 h[ x is made4 ,! ma9-%eet makes fa/1 usually1 at or ne> ! helmsman1 "u ^: *>ge x is2 & 9 heavy wea!r ?is %\ld n be made fa/ at all1 b only "o turn tak51 & ! rema9d] ( ! /ra9 re/ ^u ! h&4 ,( c\rse1 9 ya*ts ov] ?irty to =ty feet 9 l5g?1 ) crews1 e ?+ c be made fa/3 b we are n[ writ+ ( small] craft1 & x is repeat$1 9 squally & dirty wea!r nev] make fa/ ! ma9-%eet2 x is ! key to ! :ole sci5ce ( boat-sail+1 & %\ld nev] be out ( "o's h& 9 "t ( em]g5cy4 ,x c1 aft] tak+ "o turn1 be w\nd ar\nd ! till]1 & br\ght to ! same h& z ! "o t is mov+ ! helm1 & yet be in/antly ca/ (f1 if necess>y4 ,,! ,,topp+-,,lift4 ,?is useful rope holds up ! ma9-boom1 & its l5g? is regulat$ by a pulley4 ,9 scudd+ be=e ! w9d x is v useful2 =1 by means ( ! pulley1 ! end ( ! boom c be topp$ up1 s z to be kept out ( ! wat] :5 ! ya*t rolls heavily4 ,x is also useful 9 mak+ ! ma9sail set well2 &1 aft] ! latt] is hoi/$1 x c be made to set flat z a bo>d by slack+ ! topp+-lift s t ! aft]-lea* ( ! sail w :olly su/a9 ! out] end ( ! ma9-boom4 ,,spr++ ,a ,,leak1 ,,& ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,! ,,pump4 ,! pump %\ld always be kept 9 good ord]1 & ready = imm$iate use4 ,9 case ! ya*t spr+s a leak1 ! be/ way to /op x is to pass a light sail ov] ! b[s1 & br+ x aft ov] ! leak by means ( ropes on bo? sides ( ! ya*t4 ,leaks are m easily /opp$ on ! outside1 ! pressure ( ! wat] =c+ ! canvas into ! damag$ "p2 & ev5 light canvas is almo/ wat]-pro(4 ,( c\rse1 aft] once hav+ ?us tempor>ily /opp$ a leak1 x is sc>cely necess>y to add t "o %\ld seek %elt] 9 ! ne>e/ port1 & h ! ya*t p]fectly repair$ be=e proce$+ f>!r2 = !re is no?+ m deceptive1 or dang]\s ev51 ?an a small leak1 :i* is almo/ always sure to op51 & become a s\rce ( great anxiety1 j s soon z ! sea beg9s to get up & ! w9d to bl[1--at ! v mom5t1 9 o!r words1 :5 ! ya*t ne$s all possible c>e & att5tion 9 o!r directions1 to insure h] safety4 ,nev] neglect a small leak1 b h x att5d$ to & repair$ at once4 ,exam9e ! well ( ! ya*t (t51 & asc]ta9 by p]sonal inspection t %e is n mak+ wat] fa/] ?an is usual1 & especially h ?is att5d$ to dur+ r\gh wea!r4 ,if a leak is discov]$1 ! ya*t %\ld1 if possible1 be put be=e ! w9d till x is secur$2 = %e w receive less /ra9 to hull & sp>s 9 ?is position ?an 9 any o!r4 ,,close-,,haul$4 ,a ya*t is said to be close-haul$1 or sail+ full & by :5 %e is br\ght z ne> to ! w9d z is possible1 s z to advance ?r\gh ! wat]2 = x is to be presum$ t x is und]/ood1 t if ! ma9-boom 7 br\ght s z to pass directly ov] ! l9e ( ! keel ( ! ya*t1 & ! head ( ! ya*t br\ght z ne> ! w9d z possible1 & ! sail to rema9 full1 & n %ake1 %e w\ld n advance1 b w\ld simply be pu%$ to leew>d by ! w9d4 ,to insure h] advanc+1 ! boom mu/ be at "s angle f ! l9e ( ! keel3 !re=e x may be tak5 z a rule t ! ma9-boom1 9 sail+1 is always kept out ov] ! qu>t]1 on "o side or ! o!r2 & close-haul$ simply means t x is br\ght z f> inbo>d1 or t[>ds ! l9e ( ! keel1 by means ( ! ma9-%eet1 z exp]i5ce has prov$ c be done1 & h h] advance ?r\gh ! wat]4 ,"s ya*ts haul aft ! ma9-boom clos] ?an o!rs1 be+ enabl$ to d s on acc\nt ( _! build & model2 & ! clos] ! boom c be br\ght to ! l9e ( ! keel1 & ! ya*t /ill kept advanc+1 ! ne>] ! w9d %e w be said to sail1 & w hold a good w9d1 z x is call$4 ,& ?is is1 ( c\rse1 a desid]atum 9 beat+ to w9dw>d1 or aga9/ ! w9d at an angle to x2 = ! ya*t t makes ! angle lea/ betwe5 itself & ! direction ( ! w9d w1 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 arrive ! quicke/ at its de/9ation2 :il/ ano!r1 t _c lie s nigh ! w9d1 w h to pass ov] mu* m wat] to arrive at ! same place4 ,on g5]al pr9ciples1 all =e-&-aft vessels lie equally ne> ! w9d1 usually )9 f\r po9ts & a half2 b !re are craft1 t f _! model1 & equal balance ( sail1 or "s o!r unkn[n cause1 w lie ne>] ?an _! neighbors1 & seem to eat up into ! w9d4 ,j h[ f> to h ! ma9-boom ov] ! side ( ! ya*t1 9 sail+ close-haul$1 has nev] be5 settl$2 = x resolves itself to ?is4 ,if ! boom is haul$ fur!r inbo>d1 ! ya*t sails ne>] to ! w9d1 b 9 an increas$ ratio loses its spe$2 =1 if x %\ld be haul$ completely 9 till 9 a l9e ) ! keel1 ! ya*t w\ld /op1 z has be5 expla9$3 :il/1 ! f>!r out ov] ! side x is all[$ to g1 ! fa/] ! ya*t sails1 b ! f>!r also f ! w9d & ! direction t x is desir$ to proce$ 9 to w9dw>d4 ,h5ce a happy m$ium mu/ be decid$ ^u2 & !re is no d\bt b :at ! result ( mo/ races has dep5d$ m ^u ! use ( ! ma9 %eet1 :5 close-haul$1 or beat+ to w9dw>d1 ?an ^u any o!r cause4 ,j h[ flat to trim ! %eets c only be acquir$ by exp]i5ce2 b ! foll[+ g5]al rules w apply3-- ,z a g5]al pr9ciple1 ! %eets c be trimm$ flatt]1 or f>!r aft1 9 light wea!r & a smoo? sea1 ?an 9 heavy wea!r & a head sea4 ,9 fact1 x is impossible to sail z ne> ! w9d 9 lumpy wat] z 9 smoo? wat]4 ,aft] a ya*t has be5 reef$1 also1 %e w n lie z ne> ! w9d z be=e1 = ! same reasons t compell$ ! reef+4 ,) old h&s1 ! ya*t1 :5 close-haul$1 is all[$ to1 :at sailors call1 g ?r\gh ! wat]1 r ?an to po9t up almo/ into ! w9d's eye1 & keep bobb+ up & d[n1 & advanc+ v little4 ,9 mo/ ya*ts x w be f\nd by exp]im5t t ! ma9-boom %\ld be at ab\t ! angle %[n 9 ! figure 9 ! diagram on p4 #df1 m>k$ close haul$2 b o!rs may be1 p]haps1 haul$ slightly m inbo>d3 b1 z a g5]al law1 a good free %eet is ! bett]1 especially 9 a sea-way4 ,,to ,,"k ,,:5 ,,! ,,ya*t ,,is ,,z ,,ne> ,,! ,,w9d ,,z ,,%e ,,w ,,sail ,is important1 & x c always be kn[n by ! foll[+ me?od4 ,pu% ! helm v sl[ly ov] to leew>d1 &1 z ! ya*t comm5ces to come t[>ds ! w9d1 keep ! eye fa/5$ ^u ! luff1 or inn] lea*1 ( ! ma9sail4 ,z soon z ! ya*t is too ne> ! w9d to h ! sail /& full1 a little wave w be se5 to agitate ! luff ( ! sail1 f its head to ! foot1 usually comm5c+ ne> ! head1 & j "u ! gaff1 z t "p ( ! sail is at a fur!r angle f ! w9d ?an ! "p t is fa/5$ to ! ma9-boom2 ! gaff bl[+ out mu* fur!r to leew>d1 n be+ conf9$ by a %eet z ! ma9-boom is4 ,?is wave1 or %ake1 is caus$ by ! w9d gett+ on bo? sides ( ! sail1 &1 if p]si/$ 91 w\ld br+ ! ya*t to a /&-/ill1 ) ! sail flapp+ 9 ! w9d's eye4 ,b %ort practice w enable "o to see almo/ in/antly ?is comm5cem5t ( a %ake1 t beg9s to %[ itself on ! ma9sail l a smile break+ ov] ! c\nt5ance ( a pretty woman2 & at ! fir/ symptom rev]se ! helm1 & keep ! ya*t 9 t position :i* is call$ sail+ by ! w9d1 or full & by2 t is to say1 full sails1 & by ! w9d4 ,if1 aft] ! ya*t is 9 ?is position1 a be>+ on %ore c be tak5 to /e] by1 x w be a good ?+2 b z ! w9d (t5 *anges ev5 sev]al po9ts1 especially ne> ! coa/-l9e1 e few mom5ts1 ?is exp]im5t mu/ be repeat$2 & x is ?is keep+ a ya*t up to h] "w1 & nev] lett+ h] fall (f1 & nev] %ak+ h]1 & yet tak+ advantage ( e flaw1 t goes to make up ! accompli%$ helmsman4 ,!re are o!r signs besides ^!1 :i* to a sailor are v simple1 t d5ote to him :5 ! ya*t is (f ! w9d2 su* z ! angle at :i* ! w9d /rikes 8 face1 ! direction ( ! w9d on ! face ( ! wat]s1 & ! l9e ( ! wea!r-vane at ! ma9 truck1 & ! smoke f 8 pipe3 ^! w d = him z well z luff+ & %ak+ ! ma9sail1 b ! latt] me?od is ! p]fect "o2 &1 if ! ya*t c be s /e]$ z to keep j ! suspicion ( a little smile rippl+ its luff bel[ ! ?roat ( ! gaff1 x w be ! p]fection ( sail+ close-haul$1 or by ! w9d4 ,,runn+ ,,free4 ,:5 ! w9d is favorable1 & ! ya*t w lay h] c\rse )\t hav+ to beat t[>ds h] de/9ation at an angle aga9/ ! head w9d1 z 9 close-haul$1 !n ! sails are arrang$ 9 a diff]5t mann]2 & ! ma9-boom is swung out ov] ! side 9 j su* proportion z ! w9d may be free1 till completely out1 s z to hang at "r angles ) ! keel1 :5 ! w9d is dead aft4 7,see diagrams47 ,illu/ration3 w9d diagrams ,,be=e ,,! ,,w9d1 ,,or ,,scudd+4 ,?is is ! mo/ difficult /e]+ ( any2 & 9 r\gh wat] x is v h>d to keep ! ya*t ^u h] c\rse1 = ! reason t ! seas w lift ! /]n out ( ! wat]1 ?us at once neutraliz+ ! use ( ! rudd] = a mom5t1 & caus+ ! ya*t to yaw4 ,besides ?is1 ! spe$ *anges1 ?is affect+ ! rudd] also4 ,:5 on top ( a sea1 & all ! sails full1 ! ya*t w g fa/3 :5 %e attempts to bury h] head1 & kick up h] heels1 & becalms ! jib & l[] "p ( ! ma9sail1 %e w g sl[]4 ,!re is "o ?+ to be gu>d$ aga9/ 9 runn+ be=e ! w9d1 & t is ! jib+ ( ! ma9-boom2 t is to say1 ! w9d gett+ on ! =w>d "p ( ! sail1 f any cause1--:e!r by *ange ( w9d1 or on acc\nt ( bad /e]+1--& c>ry+ x viol5tly ov] to ! o!r side1 endang]+ ! ya*t1 & ) a liability1 9 heavy wea!r1 ( c>ry+ away ! ma/4 ,?is mu/ be gu>d$ aga9/ c>efully2 & if ! sea is v bad1 & ! ya*t /e]s v wild1 x is bett] to tack d[n to leew>d1 z x is t]m$1 t is to say1 to haul up ! ya*t a little t[>ds ! w9d on ei!r tack1 s z to br+ x ov] ! qu>t]1 & !n run be=e x = a di/ance1 & !n1 by c>eful jib+1 br+ ! w9d ov] ! o!r qu>t]1 & !n proce$ on4 ,,pilot',s ,,luff4 ,9 h>bor-sail+1 a buoy or po9t (t5 appe>s ahead1 :i*1 if pass$1 ! ya*t c\ld be at once kept away free1 be+ n[ close-haul$1 ?us sav+ ! "t & inconv5i5ce ( tack+1 b1 z %e is go+1 w be "r 9 ! way1 unless %e is put ab\t4 ,to avoid tack+ 9 su* a case1 :]e ! ya*t w almo/ /& by1 a manoeuvre is (t5 execut$ 7if ! tide is favorable1 & ! w9d brisk71 to avoid tack+1 call$ a pilot's luff1 & consi/s (--:5 q ne> ! object to be pass$1 & accord+ to its position z "r ahead or slightly to leew>d--br++ ! ya*t quickly up into ! w9d1 s t ! sails %ake1 & by h] own mom5tum %oot+ h] dead to w9dw>d once or twice h] l5g?2 & !n1 be=e h] headway is lo/1 & ! rudd]1 !re=e1 useless1 keep+ h] (f aga9 till e ?+ draws1 :5 ! same manoeuvre may be aga9 execut$1 ea* "t ga9+ a position f>!r to w9dw>d ?an c\ld h be5 ga9$ 9 any o!r way1 except by go+ ab\t on ! o!r tack4 ,x takes a /eady h& at ! till]1 & a good calculation ( ! mom5tum ( ! ya*t1 to execute a pilot's luff well3 b x is v useful (t51 if well p]=m$1 & v disa/r\s 9 a race2 = in/ance1 if ! helmsman succe$s 9 gett+ ! ya*t into irons1 & ) a /]n-bo>d on1 z may be ! case if he br+s h] up too high1 or neglects to move ! helm 9 "t to get back ^u 8 c\rse be=e ! mom5tum ( ! ya*t is lo/1 or lets h] g ab\t on ! o!r tack4 ,a pilot's luff is a v pretty manoeuvre :5 well execut$2 & y %all see _m an old boatman squeez+ 8 boat by a po9t1 in/ead ( tak+ ! tr\ble ( go+ ab\t1 kn[+1 t1 ! mom5t he has d\bl$ x1 8 c\rse w be su* t ! w9d w be fair1 & he c !n ease (f 8 %eets1 & g on 8 way rejoic+4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,tack+4--,beat+ to ,w9dw>d4--,a ,long & a ,%ort ,leg4--,h[ to put a ,ya*t ab\t4--,h[ to di/+ui% ! ,/>bo>d ,tack f ! ,port ,tack4--,jib+1 or ,we>+4--,dropp+ ! ,peak4--,to beat to ,w9dw>d 9 a ,tide-,way4--,to take 9 a ,jib1 & furl x4--,to take 9 a ,ma9sail1 & furl x4--,to reef a ,jib1 or take (f a ,bonnet4--,to clap "o ,reef 9 a ,ma9sail4--,to ca/ out a ,reef4 ,,tack+ ,illu/ration3 tack+ ,is ! art ( putt+ a ya*t ab\t1 s t ! w9d1 :i* has be5 bl[+ ^u ! />bo>d side1 we w say1 %all bl[ ^u ! port side1 or on ! opposite side ( ! sails to :i* x 0 be=e ! manoeuvre 0 execut$1 &1 :5 us$ to =ce ! vessel by a s]ies ( angles t[>ds ! direction f :i* ! w9d proce$s1 is call$ beat+ to w9dw>d4 ,sometimes ! w9d is n dead ahead1 & yet 9 su* a direction t ! ya*t _c proce$ except by tack+ once 9 a :ile4 ,?is is t]m$ mak+ a long & a %ort leg4 7,see diagram47 ,we w fir/ expla9 h[ a ya*t is put ab\t 9 heavy wea!r & ) seamanlike accuracy4 ,illu/ration3 tack+ ,9 ! fir/ place1 let u def9e ! />bo>d tack f ! port tack1 & vice v]sa4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t a ya*t is on ! />bo>d tack :5 ! ma9-boom is out ov] ! port qu>t]1 & ! port jib-%eets trimm$ d[n2 & on ! port tack1 :5 ! ma9-boom is out ov] ! />bo>d qu>t]2 or ! />bo>d jib-%eets trimm$ d[n2 or a ya*t is said to be on ! />bo>d tack :5 ! w9d bl[s s z to hit ! />bo>d side ( ! boat1 & vice v]sa4 ,?is is v useful to rememb]2 = !re are sev]al rights ( way t "o has :5 on ! />bo>d tack1 :i* w be treat$ ( h]eaft]4 ,! w9dw>d side ( ! ya*t also d5otes :i* tack %e is ^u1 ! "n ( ! wea!r-side be+ ! "n ( ! tack4 ,we w suppose t ! ya*t is on ! />bo>d tack1 ) ! ma9-boom out ov] ! port qu>t]1 ! port jib-%eets trimm$ d[n1 & ! ya*t close-haul$ to ! w9d4 ,h e ?+ gott5 ready = tack+1 by s++ out1 ,ready ab\t6 :5 all assi/ants %\ld take _! positions z be=e in/ruct$2 !n 7we w suppose y are /e]+ y\r own ya*t7 keep (f till ! ya*t is go+ a good full ?r\gh ! wat]1 & !n1 by means ( ! till] gradually press$ h>d ov] to port1 br+ h] into ! w9d's eye1 s++ out1 z ! till] is be+ mov$1 ,h>d a-lee2 at :i* comm& ! assi/ant at ! jib-%eet %\ld ca/ (f all b "o turn1 &1 z ! boat />ts into ! w9d1 %\ld ca/ t (f1 lett+ ! jib fly loosely at ! comm&1 ,let g ! jib-%eet6 :i* foll[s quickly ! ann\ncem5t ( ,h>d a-lee4 ,!n1 unless ! ya*t gets a /]n-bo>d1 :i* has be5 expla9$ else:]e1 %e is help$ r\nd by pu%+ ! ma9-boom--:i* is made fa/ by its %eet1 & works itself--out ov] ! />bo>d qu>t]4 ,:5 ! ya*t is j ab\t to pass ! direction ( ! w9d1 & is ne>ly ^u ! o!r tack1 give ! ord] to trim d[n on ! port jib-%eet1--! same %eet z has j be5 ca/ (f2 & ! out] surface ( ! sail w act z a lev] to pu% ! head ( ! ya*t (f till ! w9d fills ! ma9sail1 :5 ! ord]1 ,let draw6 %\ld be giv51 & ! jib-%eet let g on ! port side1 & trimm$ d[n z fa/ z slack$1 by ano!r assi/ant on ! />bo>d side4 7,see diagrams47 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,tack+ ,:5 ! wea!r is light1 ! ya*t small1 or p>ticul>ly easy 9 com+ ab\t1 all ! above may n ne$ to be execut$4 ,"s vessels w come ab\t )\t />t+ ! head-%eets2 o!rs always ne$ x2 "s always get /]n-way1 & ne$ ! helm %ift$ to br+ !m r\nd2 :il/ ! c5tre-bo>d boats1 z a class1 fly r\nd )\t t\*+ any ?+4 ,b x is well to "k h[ to get a ya*t ab\t 9 a heavy sea2 & all ! pr9ciples t w help br+ ab\t ?is result h be5 giv5 above4 ,,jib+1 ,,or ,,we>+4 ,!re are times :5 ! sea is too high1 & ! sail s mu* r$uc$ t a ya*t w n g ab\t by turn+ t[>ds ! w9d1 b mu/ be gott5 on ! o!r tack by we>+1 z x is te*nically call$ 9 %ips1 :]e ! y>ds are squ>e1 & jib+1 z x is call$ 9 crafts t c>ry =e-&-aft sails1 i4e41 sails t hoi/ up on a ma/1 & are /ret*$ ^u booms1 9 contradi/9ction to ^? t are fa/5$ to y>ds t cross ! ma/ at "r angles1 z 9 a %ip (t5 call$ by sailors1 = ?is reason1 a squ>e-rigg]4 ,jib+ is at all times a delicate manoeuvre1 z _m h f\nd out to _! sorr[ if !y h ev] be5 c>eless4 ,x is also a v deceptive manoeuvre1 to any b sailors4 ,h[ easy x is = l&-lubb]s1 aft] fac+ a good squ>e breeze1 to ?9k1 :5 ! ya*t is kept away be=e x1 t ! w9d has gone d[n6 ,& ! writ] has actually br\ght 8 ya*t to ! w9d aga91 to conv9ce "o sceptic t x 0 ! position ( ! ya*t :olly t caus$ all ! *ange2 :i* is extremely m>k$1 z all mu/ all[4 ,x is f ?is trea*]\s smoo?ness1 aft] s mu* buffet+ ab\t :5 close-haul$1 t all ! mis*ief occurs2 = ! boom (t51 if c>elessly all[$ to jibe1 w fill ) w9d1 &1 z x goes ov]1 ei!r "p ! ma9-%eet1 or c>ry away ! ma/1 or d o!r damage1 sometimes ( a v s]i\s nature4 ,x is =gott51 also1 9 ?is manoeuvre1 t1 :5 ! ma9sail comes aft1 !re is a mom5t :5 x flutt]s 9 ! w9d's eye2 & ! ya*t1 reliev$ ( its imm5se pressure1 loses 9 a great measure h] mom5tum1 & !n1 :5 ! sail fills ) a ru%1 suffici5t all[ance = ! loss ( spe$1 & ! =ce ( ! hurry+ w9d t fills ! great ma9sail1 is n tak5 into acc\nt4 ,?is manoeuvre mu/1 h[ev]1 be execut$ :5 ! ya*t w n g ab\t by turn+ to w9dw>d2 b x is advis$ to use ?is me?od z little z possible1 except 9 light summ] airs 9 inn] h>bors1 :5 x may be execut$ ) impunity & )\t any dang] ( mi%aps4 ,illu/ration3 dropp+ ! peak ,we w suppose a ya*t is runn+ be=e ! w9d on ! port tack1 ) ! ma9-boom (f to its fulle/ ext5t2 :i* is a position t %e w rea* 9 turn+ to leew>d1 f any o!r position1 ei!r close-haul$ or runn+ free1 be=e %e c be jib$4 ,x is always saf]1 if ! w9d is at all /rong1 to drop ! peak be=e attempt+ ! evolution4 ,dropp+ ! peak consi/s ( lett+ g ! peak-halli>ds ( ! ma9sail1 s t ! out] clew & head ( ! sail1 t is atta*$ to ! gaff1 w be l[]$ d[n s z to dangle alongside ( ! ma9ma/1 ) ! gaff po9t+ to ! deck4 ,?is makes ( ! ma9sail1 = ! "t be+1 a sort ( triangul> or leg-(-mutton sail1 & takes (f ! lev]age ( ! high "p1 t ! w9d might fill 9 jib+1 & ?us press ov] ! ya*t dang]\sly4 7,see diagram47 ,illu/ration3 ,jib+4 ,aft] dropp+ ! peak1 comm5ce haul+ 9 ^u ! ma9-%eet1 keep+ ! ya*t all ! "t turn$ a v little t[>ds ! w9d on ! port side1 till ! ma9-%eet is haul$ *ock aft1 & ! ma9-boom almo/ amid%ips2 !n take a good turn ) x1 & %ift ! helm gradually1 till ! w9d is on ! />bo>d side slightly1 & ! sail has fill$ ) a slat ^u t tack2 :5 ! ma9-%eet may be slack5$1 ! peak hoi/$1 & ! ya*t kept on h] c\rse4 ,,beat+ ,,to ,,w9dw>d ,,9 ,a ,,tide-,,way4 ,x is v important at times to "k h[ a curr5t sets2 =1 9 beat+ to w9dw>d1 x makes all ! diff]5ce 9 ! _w (t51 :i* tack ! ya*t is ^u1 & :e!r %e is head+ well up to ! tide1 or cross+ x at su* an angle z to receive its :ole =ce2 &1 be+ swept to leew>d1 ! direction ( ! curr5t w decide :i* tack to keep ! long] ^u1 & to make z %ort z possible ! tack t br+s ! keel at "r angles to ! curr5t4 ,manage ! ya*t1 also1 s t1 :5 ! curr5t or tide-way is fac$ 9 ! place ( its greate/ /r5g?1 ! ya*t %all be ^u ! tack t ne>ly /ems x1 & t %e %all be plac$ ^u ! unfavorable tack only :5 %e approa*es p>ts ( ! tide-way :]e ! curr5t may be less /rong4 ,a k ( ! direction ( a tide-way1 & h[ to take advantage ( x1 has won _m a race4 ,,to ,,take ,,9 ,a ,,jib1 ,,& ,,furl ,,x4 ,x is be/ to fir/ br+ to by ! w9d2 b ! jib c be tak5 9 & furl$1 ) ! ya*t 9 diff]5t positions4 ,/& by ! jib-halli>ds1 & h ! d[n-haul well mann$1 also ! lee jib-%eet2 !n1 at ! comm&1 ,d[n jib6 or1 ,let g ! jib-halli>ds6 or1 ,take 9 ! jib6 ! halli>ds are ca/ (f1 ! lee jib-%eet eas$ (f1 & ! d[n-haul b[s$ ^u1 till ! head ( ! jib is snug d[n to ! boom1 :5 x %\ld be c>efully belay$1 & ! lee-%eet aga9 made fa/1 leav+ a little slack = furl+4 ,!n lay out ^u ! b[sprit1 on ! wea!r-side1 & pick up ! sail f out to leew>d1 & furl x to ! b[sprit by means ( gaskets1 or /ops1 or 9 any way t is arrang$ =1 be+ c>eful1 if ! ya*t is pit*+ mu*1 n to be ?r[n ov] ! b[sprit to leew>d1 if subm]g$ 9 a sea2 = ! p]son is sudd5ly lift$ by a sea t may rea* only to ! middle1 &1 if c>e is n tak51 pit*$ ov] ! b[sprit & to leew>d4 ,hav+ made e ?+ fa/1 lay 91 & set taut ! jib-halli>ds1 & belay !m1 & br+ ! aft]-clew ( ! jib amid%ips1 by sett+ taut on ! />bo>d & port jib-%eets1 & belay+ !m1 & coil+ d[n e ?+ snug4 ,,to ,,take ,,9 ,a ,,ma9sail1 ,,& ,,furl ,,x4 ,br+ ! ya*t close to ! w9d1 & haul ! ma9-%eet flat aft1 & belay x c>efully2 =1 if x %\ld get adrift :il/ ! sail 0 be+ furl$1 "s "o might be knock$ ov]bo>d4 ,!n /& by ! ?roat & peak-halli>ds1 &1 at ! ^w ,l[] away1 ease away h&somely on ea*1 tak+ c>e n to let ! peak drop too fa/1 :i*1 if done1 sometimes causes ! hoops to jam1 & ! :ole sail to /ick1 till ! peak-halli>ds are hoi/$ ^u aga9 to cle> ?+s4 ,:5 ! sail is :olly d[n1 make fa/ ! halli>ds1 & get along on ! wea!r-side ( ! ma9-boom1 & pick up ! sail by :at is call$ sk9n+ x2 t is to say1 n to haul x up bodily ^u ! boom1 b by repeat$ly tak+ ! canvas1 & %ak+ x t[>ds "o1 x is f9ally roll$ up s z to lay snugly on ! boom1 to :i* x %\ld be fa/5$ by gaskets4 ,! ma9-boom %\ld !n be lift$ into a crot*1 if "o is us$1 & ! ?roat & peak-halli>ds haul$ taut1 & ! ma9-%eet aga9 belay$1 z x w h to be slack$ to get ! crot* "u ! boom1 & e ?+ coil$ up snug1 & belay$4 ,,reef+4 ,?is consi/s ( ! art ( r$uc+ ! sails ( a ya*t 9 heavy wea!r1 s t %e w n be top-heavy1 & be able to /& up bravely aga9/ ! com+ bla/4 ,& "h let ! writ] beg all p]sons :o desire to be advis$ at all1 n to delay reef+ too long2 & always put 9 two reefs r ?an "o1 if ! wea!r looks v dirty4 ,reef+ be=e bad wea!r rea*es "o is q ano!r ?+ ?an try+ to reef d[n 9 ! middle ( a ?und]-/orm 9 :i* "o has be5 caught by hold+ on too long4 ,,to ,,reef ,a ,,jib1 ,,or ,,take ,,(f ,,! ,,bonnet4 ,if fitt$ ) a bonnet1 in/ead ( reef-po9ts1 br+ ! ya*t to ! w9d1 l[] away on ! jib-halli>ds1 & b[se on ! d[n-haul1 & l[] ! jib en\gh s z to br+ ! reef-cr+le d[n to ! b[sprit2 !n1 if a bonnet1 unlace & ca/ (f1 &1 if reef-po9ts1 tie up ! sail ) !m1 & la% ! out] clew to ! b[sprit1 & ca/ (f ! jib-%eet blocks1 & hook ! si/]-hooks into ! reef-cr+le2 hoi/ up ! sail1 & trim x4 ,,to ,,put ,,"o ,,reef ,,9 ,a ,,ma9sail4 ,haul d[n ! jib1 br+ ! ya*t to ! w9d1 haul ! ma9-boom *ock aft1 & belay ! %eet c>efully2 l[] away on ! ?roat & peak-halli>ds till ! reef-b& is d[n some:at l[] ?an ! ma9-boom2 !n1 by means ( ! reef-p5nant rove ?r\gh ! reef-cr+le on ! out]-lea* ( ! sail1 b[se ! foot out on ! boom1 & la% x fa/ by pass+ an e>+ ?r\gh ! cr+le1 & ar\nd ! boom by sev]al turns1 till ! clew ( ! sail is securely fa/5$2 !n pass an e>+ f ! reef-cr+le 9 ! luff ( ! sail ar\nd ! ma9-boom 9 ! same mann]1 & comm5ce fa/5+ ! reef-po9ts1 ei!r ar\nd ! ma9-boom1 or to an iron jack-/ay fa/5$ to ! boom1 or ar\nd ! foot ( ! sail1 accord+ z ! ya*t may be arrang$1 rememb]+ to make ea* knot a squ>e knot1 & n a granny4 ,aft] ! sail is half l[]$ 9 ?is mann]1 s z to get at ! reef-b&1 c41 ! ya*t is kept head to sea & hove to1 by plac+ ! till] t[>ds ! lee-side ( ! ya*t1 or :at is call$ h>d a-lee1 :]e x is secur$ till ! vessel is reef$1 & />t$ aga9 on h] way4 ,9 reef+1 always haul out on ! reef-p5nant fir/1 & /ret* ! foot ( ! sail1 & !n la% ! luff next1 & fa/5 ! reef-po9ts la/4 ,:5 ! po9ts are all ti$1 hoi/ away on ! ?roat & peak-halli>ds1 & set ! sail4 ,,to ,,take ,,9 ,a ,,second ,,reef4 ,proce$ 9 exactly ! same mann]1 except t1 9 fir/ comm5c+ to reef1 two reefs c be tak5 9 "o by l[]+ ! sail to ! second reef-b&1 & proce$+ 9 exactly ! same mann] z 9 ! fir/ reef1 except t ! two extremities ( ! sail are la%$ at ! second reef-b& cr+les2 &1 9 ty+ ! reef-po9ts1 no notice is tak5 ( ! fir/ reef-po9ts1 b !y are /[$ ) ! re/ ( ! sail to ! boom1 & are n ti$4 ,?is tak+ two reefs 9 "o is (t5 done :5 caught sudd5ly & a great r$uction ( sail is ne$$ at once2 & x is z useful & safe z if "o reef above ! o!r _h be5 prop]ly ti$1 ! only diff]5ce be+1 t if ! wea!r %\ld mod]ate1 s t ! ya*t w\ld ne$ b "o reef1 in/ead ( ! two %e has 91 no?+ c be done1 till ! wea!r is en\gh settl$ to c>ry all sail1 t[>ds %ak+ out ! two reefs 9 "o1 :i* w\ld1 ( c\rse1 %ake out ! :ole sail3 & valuable "t may be lo/ = want ( m sail1 set2 b1 if x is really ne$$1 ! two reefs 9 "o c be ca/ out1 & a s+le reef tak5 94 ,illu/ration3 ,reef$ ,sails ,,to ,,%ake ,,out ,a ,,reef4 ,br+ ! ya*t to ! w9d 9 ! same mann] z = reef+1 & unknot c>efully all ! reef-po9ts fir/1 !n ca/ (f ! la%+ at ! luff1 &1 la/ly1 ! e>+ at ! end ( ! boom4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,signal-,lights4--,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,regulations = ,/e]+ & ,sail+1 & ! ,rules ( ! ,road4--,fog-,signals4--,salutes4--,dipp + ,colors4--,com+ alongside4--,qu>t]deck ,etiquette4--,useful ,articles ( ,cab9 ,furniture4--,an*or ,wat*4--,me?od & ,sy/em v]sus ,disord]4 ,,signal-,,lights4 ,9 all night sail+ x is important to "k ! direction 9 :i* any pass+ vessel is proce$+1 & also to be able to give notice ( ! direction 9 :i* "o's own ya*t is sail+1 or1 if %e be at an*or1 to s d5ote1 s z to avoid collisions2 &1 = ?is purpose1 law & cu/om h made c]ta9 fix$ rules1 ! mo/ important ( :i*1 & ^? t are necess>y = usual cont+5cies1 are "h app5d$4 ,,rules ,,( ,,! ,,road2 ,,or1 ,,/e]+ ,,& ,,sail+ ,,rules ,,( ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates4 ,,article #b4--,! lights m5tion$ 9 ! foll[+ articles1 & no o!rs1 %all be c>ri$ 9 all wea!rs betwe5 sunset & sunrise4 ,,lights ,,= ,,/eam%ips4 ,,art4 #c4--;,all /eam vessels1 :5 "u way1 %all c>ry 7a47 ,at ! =ema/ head a bright :ite light1 s fix$ z to %[ a uni=m & unbrok5 light ov] an arc ( ! horizon ( tw5ty po9ts ( ! compass2 s fix$ z to ?r[ ! light t5 po9ts on ea* side ( ! %ip1 viz41 f "r ahead to two po9ts abaft ! beam on ei!r side2 & ( su* a "* z to be visible on a d>k night1 ) a cle> atmosph]e1 at a di/ance ( at lea/ five miles4 7b47 ,on ! />bo>d side a gre5 light1 s con/ruct$ z to ?r[ a uni=m & unbrok5 light ov] an arc ( ! horizon ( t5 po9ts ( ! compass2 s fix$ z to ?r[ ! light f "r ahead to two po9ts abaft ! beam on ! />bo>d side2 & ( su* a "* z to be visible on a d>k night1 ) a cle> atmosph]e1 at a di/ance ( at lea/ two miles4 7c47 ,on ! port side a r$ light1 s con/ruct$ z to %[ a uni=m1 unbrok5 light ov] an arc ( ! horizon ( t5 po9ts ( ! compass2 s fix$ z to ?r[ ! light f "r ahead to two po9ts abaft ! beam on ! port side2 & ( su* a "* z to be visible on a d>k night1 ) a cle> atmosph]e1 at a di/ance ( at lea/ two miles4 ,,note4,to fix firmly 9 ! m9d ! side ( ! vessel on :i* ! lights belong1 ! foll[+1 al?\gh orig9al1 is recomm5d$3 ,,port ,,w9e is r$1 & ! ,,r$ ,,light is always on ! ,,port ,,side4 7d47 ,! said gre5 & r$ side-lights %all be fitt$ ) inbo>d scre5s1 project+ at lea/ ?ree feet =w>d f ! light1 s z to prev5t ^! lights f be+ se5 across ! b[4 ,,lights ,,= ,,/eam-,,tugs4 ,,art4 #d4--,/eam%ips1 :5 t[+ o!r %ips1 %all c>ry two bright :ite ma/head lights v]tically1 9 addition to _! side-lights1 s z to di/+ui% !m f o!r /eam%ips4 ,,lights ,,= ,,sail+-,,vessels4 ,,art4 #e4--,sail+-vessels "u way1 or be+ t[$1 %all c>ry ! same lights z /eam%ips "u way1 ) ! exception ( ! :ite ma/head lights1 :i* !y %all nev] c>ry4 ,,exceptional ,,lights ,,= ,,small ,,sail+-,,vessels4 ,,art4 #f4--,:5ev]1 z 9 ! case ( small vessels dur+ bad wea!r1 ! gre5 & r$ lights _c be fix$1 ^! lights %all be kept on deck1 on _! respective sides ( ! vessel1 ready = in/ant exhibition2 & %all1 on ! approa* ( or to o!r vessels1 be exhibit$ on _! respective sides 9 suffici5t "t to prev5t collision1 9 su* mann] z to make !m mo/ visible1 & s t ! gre5 light %all n be se5 on ! port side1 nor ! r$ light on ! />bo>d side4 ,to make ! use ( ^! portable lights m c]ta9 & easy1 !y %all ea* be pa9t$ outside ) ! color ( ! light !y respectively conta91 & %all be provid$ ) suitable scre5s4 ,,lights ,,= ,,%ips ,,at ,,an*or4 ,,art4 #g4--,%ips1 :e!r /eam%ips or sail+-%ips1 :5 at an*or 9 road/eads or fairways1 %all1 betwe5 sunset & sunrise1 exhibit :]e x c be/ be se51 b at a height n exce$+ tw5ty feet above ! hull1 a :ite light 9 a globul> lant]n ( eight in*es 9 diamet]1 & s con/ruct$ z to %[ a cle>1 uni=m1 & unbrok5 light visible all ar\nd ! horizon1 & at a di/ance ( at lea/ "o mile4 ,,lights ,,= ,,pilot-,,vessels4 ,,art4 #h4--,sail+ pilot-vessels %all n c>ry ! lights requir$ = o!r sail+-vessels1 b %all c>ry a :ite light at ! ma/head1 visible all ar\nd ! horizon2 & %all also exhibit a fl>e-up light e fifte5 m9utes4 ,,lights ,,= ,,fi%+-,,vessels ,,& ,,boats4 ,,art4 #i4--,op5 fi%+-boats & o!r op5 boats %all n be requir$ to c>ry side-lights requir$ = o!r vessels1 b %all1 if !y d n c>ry su* lights1 c>ry a lant]n hav+ a gre5 slide on ! "o side1 & a r$ slide on ! o!r side2 &1 on ! approa* ( or to o!r vessels1 su* lant]n %all be exhibit$ 9 suffici5t "t to prev5t collision2 s t ! gre5 light %all n be se5 on ! port side1 nor ! r$ light on ! />bo>d side4 ,fi%+-vessels & op5 boats :5 at an*or1 or atta*$ to _! nets1 & /ation>y1 %all exhibit a bright :ite light4 ,fi%+-vessels & op5 boats %all1 h[ev]1 n be prev5t$ f us+ a fl>e-up light 9 addition1 if consid]$ exp$i5t4 ,,rules ,,gov]n+ ,,fog-,,signals4 ,,fog-,,signals4 ,,art4 #aj4--,:5ev] !re is a fog1 :e!r by day or night1 ! fog-signals describ$ bel[ %all be c>ri$ & us$1 & %all be s\nd$ at lea/ e five m9utes1 viz43-- 7a47 ,/eam%ips "u way %all use a /eam-:i/le plac$ be=e ! funnel1 & n less ?an eight feet f ! deck4 7b47 ,sail+-vessels "u way %all use a fog-horn4 7c47 ,/eam%ips & sail+-%ips1 :5 n "u way %all use a bell4 ,,/e]+ ,,& ,,sail+ ,,rules4 ,,two ,,sail+-,,%ips ,,meet+4 ,,art4 #aa4--;,if two sail+-%ips are meet+ end on1 or ne>ly end on1 s z to involve risk ( collision1 ! helms ( bo? %all be put to port1 s t ea* may pass on ! port side ( ! o!r4 ,,two ,,sail+-,,%ips ,,cross+4 ,,art4 #ab4--,:5 two sail+-%ips are cross+ s z to involve risk ( collision1 !n1 if !y h ! w9d on diff]5t sides1 ! %ip ) ! w9d on ! port side %all keep out ( ! way ( ! %ip ) ! w9d on ! />bo>d side1 except 9 ! case 9 :i* ! %ip ) ! w9d on ! port side is close-haul$1 & ! o!r %ip free1 9 :i* case ! latt] %ip %all keep out ( ! way4 ,b if !y h ! w9d on ! same side1 or if "o ( !m has ! w9d aft1 ! %ip :i* is to w9dw>d %all keep out ( ! way ( ! %ip :i* is to leew>d4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,sail+-,,%ip ,,& ,,%ip ,,"u ,,/eam4 ,,art4 #ae4--;,if two %ips1 "o ( :i* is a sail+-%ip & ! o!r a /eam%ip1 are proce$+ 9 su* directions z to involve risk ( collision1 ! /eam%ip %all keep out ( ! way ( ! sail+-%ip4 ,,%ips ,,"u ,,/eam ,,to ,,slack ,,spe$4 ,,art4 #af4--;,e /eam%ip1 :5 approa*+ ano!r %ip s z to involve risk ( collision1 %all slack5 h] spe$1 or1 if necess>y1 /op & rev]se2 & e /eam%ip %all1 :5 9 a fog1 g at a mod]ate spe$4 ,,vessels ,,ov]tak+ ,,o!r ,,vessels4 ,,art4 #ag4--;,e vessel ov]tak+ any o!r vessel %all keep out ( ! way ( ! said la/-m5tion$ vessel4 ,,con/ruction ,,( ,,articles #ab1 #ae1 ,,& #ag4 ,,art4 #ah4--,:51 by ! above rules1 "o ( two %ips is to keep out ( ! way1 ! o!r %all keep h] c\rse1 subject to ! qualifications conta9$ 9 ! foll[+ article3-- ,,proviso ,,to ,,save ,,special ,,cases4 ,,art4 #ai4--;,9 obey+ & con/ru+ ^! rules1 due reg>d mu/ be _h to all dang]s ( navigation1 & due reg>d mu/ also be _h to any special circum/ances :i* may exi/ 9 any p>ticul> case1 r5d]+ a dep>ture f ! above rules necess>y 9 ord] to avoid imm$iate dang]4 ,,no ,,%ip ,,"u ,,any ,,circum/ances ,,to ,,neglect ,,prop] ,,precautions4 ,,art4 #bj4--,no?+ 9 ^! rules %all exon]ate any %ip1 or ! own] or ma/]1 or crew !re(1 f ! consequ5ces ( any neglect to c>ry lights or signals1 or ( any neglect to keep a prop] look\t1 or ( ! neglect ( any precaution :i* may be requir$ by ! ord9>y practice ( seam51 or by ! special circum/ances ( ! case4 ,! foll[+ diagrams are design$ to illu/rate ! use ( ! lights c>ri$ by vessels at sea z prescrib$ 9 ! ,regulations above1 & ! mann] 9 :i* !y indicate to ea* vessel ! position & c\rse ( ! o!r4 ,illu/ration3 vessels approa*+ ,,fig4 #a 7:5 ! r$ & gre5 lights are bo? se574--,a sees a r$ & gre5 light ahead4 ,a kn[s t a vessel is approa*+ him on a c\rse directly opposite to ! "o he is /e]+1 z ,b4 ,if ,a sees a :ite ma/head light above ! r$ & gre5 lights1 he kn[s t ! vessel ,b is a /eam]4 ,a %\ld put 8 helm to port2 & ,b1 see+ ! same lights on bo>d ( ,a1 %\ld by ! same rule put 8 helm to port also4 ,,fig4 #b 7:5 ! r$ light only is se574--,a sees a r$ light ahead or on ! port b[4 ,a kn[s t ei!r1 fir/1 a vessel is approa*+ him on 8 port b[1 z ,b1 or1 second1 a vessel is cross+ 8 b[s to port 9 "s direction1 z ,d ,d' ,d 7,fig4 #c74 ,if ,a sees a :ite ma/head light above ! r$ light1 he kn[s t ! vessel is a /eam]1 & is ei!r approa*+ 9 ! same direction z ,b 7,fig #b71 or is cross+ to port 9 ! same direction z ,d ,d' ,d 7,fig4 #c74 ,9 ! fir/ position 7,fig4 #b7 ,a sees ,b a little on ! port b[1 ,b's r$ light expos$1 &1 by ! diagrams1 ,b %\ld see ,a's r$ light z well2 9 :i* case bo? vessels %\ld put _! helms to port4 ,9 ! second position 7,fig4 #c7 ,a sees ,d on 8 />bo>d b[1 &1 f ! fact t he only sees ,d's r$ light1 he kn[s t ,d mu/ be /e]+ 9 "s direction1 z at ,d ,d' ,d2 at ! same "t1 ,d ,d' ,d w see ,a's gre5 light on 8 port b[4 ,9 ?is case1 ,a1 hav+ ,d cle>ly on 8 />bo>d b[1 %\ld put 8 helm to />bo>d to turn f ,d1 & ,d1 hav+ ,a cle>ly on 8 port b[1 %\ld put 8 helm to port to turn to />bo>d f ,a4 ,,fig4 #d 7:5 ! gre5 light is se51 & ! r$ light is n se574--,a sees a gre5 light ahead1 or on 8 b[4 ,a kn[s t ei!r1 fir/1 a vessel is approa*+ him on 8 />bo>d b[1 z ,b1 or1 second1 t a vessel is cross+ 8 b[ 9 "s direction to />bo>d1 z ,d ,d' ,d 7,fig4 #e74 ,if ,a sees a :ite ma/head light above ! gre5 light1 ,a kn[s t ! vessel is a /eam]1 & is ei!r approa*+ him 9 ! same direction z ,b1 or is cross+ to />bo>d 9 "s direction1 z ,d ,d' ,d4 ,9 ! fir/ position ,a sees ,b on 8 />bo>d b[1 ,b's gre5 light expos$1 &1 by ! diagram1 ,b %\ld see ,a's gre5 light z well2 9 :i* case bo? vessels %\ld put _! helms to />bo>d4 ,9 ! second position ,a sees ,d on 8 port b[1 &1 f ! fact t he only sees ,d's gre5 light1 he kn[s t ,d mu/ be /e]+ 9 "s direction1 z ,d ,d' ,d2 at ! same "t ,d w see ,a's r$ light on 8 />bo>d b[4 ,9 ?is case ,a1 hav+ ,d cle>ly on 8 port b[1 %\ld put 8 helm to port to turn f ,d2 & ,d1 hav+ ,a cle>ly on 8 />bo>d b[1 %\ld put 8 helm to />bo>d to turn to port f ,a4 ,,salutes4 ,:5 ly+ 9 h>bor 9 a well-ord]$ & discipl9$ ya*t1 consid]able c]emony is made 9 haul+ d[n ! colors at sunset1 & hoi/+ !m at sunrise4 ,x is cu/om>y to h ?is done ) great exactness1 & to ! v m9ute (t51 at :i* ! sun rises or sets1 z asc]ta9$ by ! nautical almanac1 at ! dis*>ge ( a swivel or small cannon2 :5 all ! colors al(t1 includ+ ! ensign & private signal1 %\ld comm5ce to desc5d t[>ds ! deck toge!r1 & at ! same rate ( spe$4 ,to execute ?is graceful c]emony x becomes necess>y to po/ two h&s at ea* ( ! signal-halli>ds1--"o to haul d[n ! color1 ! o!r to *eck x on its desc5t1 s z to h x move ) ! same spe$ z ! ensign1 by :i* all o!r colors are regulat$2 !n1 ) two h&s to ea* flag1 ) ! signal-halli>ds ca/ (f1 & e ?+ cle>1 & ready to l[] away1 ano!r h& is plac$ at ! swivel1 & :5 ! second-h& ( "o's wat* t\*es ! m9ute ( sunset1 ! comm& ,fire6 is giv51 & d[n drop gracefully & sl[ly all ! colors t are al(t4 ,!y may be set 9 ! morn+ 9 ! same way1 or may be made up 9 a bundle on deck1 & hoi/$ to _! position al(t1 :5 at a giv5 signal1 or dis*>ge ( a cannon1 ! /op is j]k$ asund]1 & !y are unfold$ to ! breeze at ! same in/ant ( "t4 ,?is is a m graceful me?od ?an hoi/+ !m up f deck1 :i*1 at ! be/1 causes a j]ky movem5t ( ! bunt+4 ,9 a sloop-ya*t ! ensign is c>ri$ always at ! end ( ! gaff1 :5 hoi/$2 & ! burgee1 or private signal1 at ! topma/ head4 ,:5 pass+ a vessel at sea t has h] colors set1 x is always c\rtesy to b5d on "o's own1 &1 z ! ne>e/ po9t is rea*$1 l[] ! ensign half way t[>ds ! deck1 & !n hoi/ x back aga9 to its position at ! peak4 ,?is is call$ dipp+ ! colors2 & ! small] vessel %\ld always be ! "o to (f] ! c\rtesy fir/4 ,if a man-(-w> is met1 c>e %\ld be tak5 to be always ! fir/2 & "h x is prop] to dip "o's ensign ?ree times1 z is x also to any l>ge & important vessel1 su* z an ,european /eam] mov+ along 9 all h] maje/y3 %e w n neglect to answ] ! polit5ess4 ,9 ent]+ h>bor1 especially if !re are o!r ya*ts ly+ at an*or1 x has become cu/om>y1 at ! same mom5t t ! an*or is dropp$1 to dis*>ge a gun ann\nc+ "o's arrival2 &1 if !re are o!r ya*ts pres5t to :om ! ya*t is kn[n1 %e w receive probably a salute f ea* 9 return4 ,9 com+ alongside ( a ya*t at an*or1 all p]sons :o are n gue/s ( ! capta91 or especially invit$1 or ( "s rank or consequ5ce1 %\ld come to ! port gangway4 ,! />bo>d side ( a vessel at an*or is ! capta9's side1 z is t side ( ! deck :i* is ! w9dw>d-side :5 %e is "u way4 ,ladies always come on bo>d on ! />bo>d side1 if ! ya*t be l>ge en\gh to ent] into all ^! niceties ( qu>t]deck etiquette4 ,e ya*t t is l>ge en\gh to admit ( x %\ld be fitt$ ) a %ip's clock ) wat* movem5t1 a sw++-lamp1 & an an]oid b>omet]2 all ( :i* are ( great use1--! clock to give ! "t :i* c\rses h be5 sail$2 ! lamp1 light to ! *>t ^u ! table2 & ! b>omet]1 admonition ( a *ange 9 ! wea!r4 ,x is ( great importance t an an*or-wat*1 z x is call$1 %\ld be kept on all ya*ts1 = _m reasons4 ,= in/ance1 to see t none ( ! sails get adrift 9 ! night1 %\ld x come on to bl[2 & to see t ! an*or holds well1 or to pay out m cable1 if necess>y2 to wat* ! lant]n 9 ! =e-rigg+1 & take c>e t x does n g out1 leav+ ! ya*t at ! m]cy ( ! fir/ lumb]-man t may come pit*+ into h]4 ,d n an*or too ne> ! %ore1 s t good sea-room _c be obta9$1 %\ld x be desir$ to get "u way1 to run out ( ! h>bor1 or to pay out cable to hold on4 ,x is v easy to r[ to ! %ore 9 a t5d]1 ) ! ya*t well out1 b v h>d to make an in* sometimes1 :5 x becomes a lee-%ore4 ,^! may seem trivial matt]s to be s c>eful ab\t2 b x is look+ out = all cont+5cies1 & yet be+ )\t a p>ticle ( fe>1 t makes ! true ya*tman1--always ready1 & e ?+ always on h&4 ,x is = ?is v reason ( be+ prep>$1 t fe> is driv5 out2 :il/1 ) ! c>eless "o1 9 times ( em]g5cy ! ropes f\l1 ! gaskets are miss+1 ! an*or is n b5t on1 ! lamp wants oil1 ! lead-l9e c't be f\nd1 & ! jib-halli>ds1 n be+ prop]ly belay$ & coil$ d[n1 unreve f ! ma/head block1 & e ?+ is at sixes & at sev5s4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,cross-,be>+s4--,two ,examples4--,table ( ,proportional ,di/ances4--,table = ,det]m9+ ! ,di/ance t an ,object at ,sea c be se5 9 ,/atute ,miles4--,det]m9+ ,di/ance by ! ,fla% ( a ,gun4--,to f9d ! ,diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,true & ,app>5t ,direction ( ! ,w9d4--,to f9d ! ,di/ance ( an ,object on ,%ore f ! ,ya*t1 by two ,be>+s ( ! ,compass4--,use ( ! ,*>ts4--,s\nd+s4--,lead-,l9e4--,eight ,bells & ,wat* & ,wat*4--,box+ ! ,compass4--,velocity ( ! ,w9d4--,! ,log ,reel & ,half-m9ute ,glass4--,buoys4 ,,cross-,,be>+s4 ,p]haps !re is no?+ m useful 9 simple coa/-sail+ & ent]+ h>bors ?an to "k h[ to f9d "o's exact position ^u ! *>t1 at a mom5t's notice1 by means ( tak+ :at is call$ cross-be>+s4 ,no?+ is necess>y = ?is purpose1 b a pair ( p>allel-rul]s1 a compass1 & a sight ( any two well-def9$ objects 9 view1 t may be kn[n ^u ! *>t by _! g5]al relative positions1 su* z ligh?\ses1 light%ips1 buoys1 *ur*es1 headl&s1 c4 ,! p>allel-rul]s are two rul]s atta*$ by means ( two brass swivels1 s t !y c be mov$ ov] ! surface ( a *>t 9 any p>allel direction to t f :i* !y are fir/ />t$2 & are us$ to def9e direction ^u any "p ( ! *>t4 ,= in/ance1 be+ plac$ ^u ! pr9t$ compass ^u ! *>t1 say ^u ! l9e ( ,n4,w4 & ,s4,e41 !y c be mov$ ab\t ! *>t1 c>ry+ ?is same direction ,n4,w4 & ,s4,e41 to any o!r "p ( ! *>t4 ,! two objects decid$ ^u to be tak5 %\ld be 9 su* a direction z to =m some:at ne>ly a "r angle ) ! ya*t to obta9 ! mo/ p]fect results4 ,all dep5ds ^u ! aptitude ) :i* ! obs]v] c l9e ! object to be obs]v$1 i4e41 its be>+ by compass4 ,! writ] kn[s ( no?+ s important & useful z ?is simple me?od ( kn[+ j :]e "o is at any mom5t1 & ?us be enabl$ to "k j h[ to /e] to avoid all dang]s4 ,^! sights1 or cross-be>+s1 c be tak5 e t5 m9utes ) ease 9 f9e wea!r1 & ! position ( ! ya*t exactly def9$4 ,,example ,i4 7see diagram1 ,fig4 #a74--;,br+ ! compass 9 its box on deck 7x %\ld be ( l>ge size1 s z to guide ! eye2 & small pocket-compasses are useless = ?is purpose71 &1 /&+ beh9d x1 l9e ) ! eye ) great c>e ! be>+ ( ! nor? ligh?\se by ! compass1 ?is we w suppose to be ,n4,w4 by ,n42 m>k ?is ^u a slip ( pap]1 & !n move ! p]son s z to see ! s\? ligh?\se 9 ! same way across ! face ( ! compass1 :i* is always betwe5 ! obs]v] & ! object to be obs]v$2 & l9e ! be>+ ( ?is ligh?\se by compass1 9 ! same mann]1 :i* we w suppose to be ,s4,w4 ,) ^! two results m>k$ ^u pap]1 ref] to ! *>t1 & place ! p>allel-rul]s ^u ! pr9t$ compass1 design$ ^u ! *>t1 ^u ! l9e ( ,n4,w4 by ,w4 & ,s4,e4 by ,s4 7its opposite71 & move !m by means ( ! pivots till "o "p ( !m re/s ^u nor? ligh?\se2 !n draw a l9e ( indef9ite l5g? ^u ! *>t4 ,take up ! rul]s1 & 9 ! same mann] place !m ^u ! pr9t$ compass on ! *>t1 on ! l9e ( ,s4,w4 & ,n4,e41 & c>ry !m =w>d1 keep+ ?is angle1 till "s "p re/s ^u s\? ligh?\se2 !n draw a l9e :i* w at "s po9t int]sect ! =m] l9e1 :i*1 if ! be>+s h be5 correctly tak51 w be ! exact position ( ! ya*t at ! "t ( ! obs]vation4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,x w be %[n too1 by exp]im5t1 t consid]able v>iation ( ! be>+s1 :5 ! angle is l>ge1 may be made1 )\t *ang+ v mu* ! position ( ! ya*t1 prov+ h[ valuable ?is process is = practical use1 z a consid]able error 9 ! be>+s w /ill enable "o to "k almo/ exactly ! position ( ! ya*t2 :il/ a good obs]vation w give x exact4 ,,example ,,ii4 7see diagram ,fig4 #b74--,plac+ ! compass 9 front ( ! obs]v]1 x is f\nd t ! ligh?\se be>s ,w4 by compass1 & t ! light%ip be>s ,s4 ,w4 by ,s4 ,) ^! two be>+s we consult ! *>t1 & lay (f ! two l9es by means ( ! p>allel-rul]s2 &1 if ! *>t gives ! di/ance 9 miles ( ! light%ip f ! ligh?\se1 !n1 by means ( a common rule ( equal p>ts1 we %all be able to measure ! di/ance ( ! ya*t f ! ligh?\se or f ! light%ip4 ,at ! foot ( mo/ *>ts1 h[ev]1 w be f\nd a scale ( miles1 &1 hav+ once asc]ta9$ ! exact position ( ! ya*t by means ( cross-be>+s1 x w be v easy1 ) a pair ( divid]s1 to f9d its di/ance 9 miles f any desir$ object )9 view1 or design$ ^u ! *>t1 &1 by ! use ( ! p>allel-rul]s1 ! c\rse1 by compass1 t %\ld be sail$ to rea* any desir$ po9t4 ,x is (t5 useful to "k h[ _m geographical or nautical miles1 :i* measure at ! equator #f1jhf4d feet 9 l5g?1 are conta9$ 9 a degree ( longitude at diff]5t latitudes2 t is to say1 a degree ( longitude ea/ or we/ ( #hi deg4 ,n4 latitude is only #a4je nautical mile 9 l5g?2 & yet1 9 ano!r s5se1 ?is #a4je is #fj miles1 or "o degree 9 l5g?3 h5ce ! foll[+ table3-- ,a ,,table ,,%[+1 ,,= ,,sev]al ,,degrees ,,( ,,latitude1 ,,h[ ,,_m ,,miles ,,di/ant ,,! ,,two ,,m]idians ,,are ,,^: ,,diff]5ce ,,( ,,longitude ,,is ,,"o ,,degree4 ---------------------------------------- ,,lat4,,miles4,,lat4,,miles4,,lat4,,mile s4,,lat4,,miles4 ---------------------------------------- #ae #eg4if #bf #ec4ic #cg #dg4ib #dh #dj4ae #af #eg4fh #bg #ec4df #ch #dg4bh #di #ci4cf #ag #eg4ch #bh #eb4ih #ci #df4fc #ej #ch4eg #ah #eg4jf #bi #eb4dh #dj #de4if #ea #cg4gf #ai #ef4gc #cj #ea4if #da #de4bh #eb #cf4id #bj #ef4ch #ca #ea4dc #db #dd4ei #ec #cf4aa #ba #ef4ja #cb #ej4hh #dc #dc4hh #ed #ce4bg #bb #ee4fc #cc #ej4cb #dd #dc4af #ee #cd4da #bc #ee4bc #cd #di4gd #de #db4dc #ef #cc4ee #bd #ed4ha #ce #di4ae #df #da4fh #eg #cb4fh #be #ed4ch #cf #dh4ed #dg #dj4ib #eh #ca4hj ---------------------------------------- ,,table ,,= ,,det]m9+ ,,! ,,di/ance ,,t ,,objects ,,at ,,sea ,,c ,,be ,,se5 ,,9 ,,/atute ,,miles4 ,,note4--,ent] ! table 9 ! column ( height 9 feet1 :i* repres5ts ! height ( ! obs]v] above ! sea2 & opposite to x1 9 ! column ( miles1 w be ! result4 ,a3 ,,height ,,9 ,,feet4 ,b3 ,,miles4 ---------------------------------------- -------- ,a ,b ,a ,b ,a ,b ,a ,b ,a ,b ,a ,b ---------------------------------------- -------- #a #a4cb #ac #d4gg #be #f4fa #cg #h4je #di #i4bfajeac4ef #b #a4hg #ad #d4ie #bf #f4ge #ch #h4af #ej #i4ceaajac4hh #c #b4bi #ae #e4ab #bg #f4hg #ci #h4bf #ee #i4haaaead4ai #d #b4fe #af #e4bi #bh #g4jj #dj #h4cg #fjaj4beabjad4di #e #b4if #ag #e4de #bi #g4ab #da #h4dg #feaj4fgabead4gi #f #c4bd #ah #e4fa #cj #g4be #db #h4eg #gjaa4jgacjae4jh #g #c4ej #ai #e4gg #ca #g4cg #dc #h4fh #geaa4dfaceae4cg #h #c4gd #bj #e4ib #cb #g4dh #dd #h4gh #hjaa4hcadjae4fe #i #c4ig #ba #f4jf #cc #g4fj #de #h4hg #heab4bjadeae4ic #aj #d4ah #bb #f4ba #cd #g4ga #df #h4ig #ijab4eeaejaf4bj #aa #d4ci #bc #f4cd #ce #g4hc #dg #i4jg #ieab4hiafjaf4gc #ab #d4eh #bd #f4dh #cf #g4id #dh #i4agajjac4bcagjag4be ---------------------------------------- -------- ,,example ,i4--,sail+ along 9 ! ya*t ,firefly1 f ! top ( ! h\se on :i* ,i 0 /&+1 :i* br\ght my eyes to ab\t #ab feet above ! level ( ! sea1 ,i obs]v$ seaw>d ! head ( a gaff-topsail t evid5tly belong$ to a ya*t ( ab\t t5 tons1 & 0 !re=e e/imat$ to be ab\t #de feet f ! level ( ! sea4 ,h[ f> 7 ^! vessels f ea* o!r8 ,9 ! table1 ,opposite #ab feet /&s #d4eh miles ,opposite #de feet /&s #h4hg ----- ,di/ance ap>t #ac4de miles ,,example ,,ii4--,sail+ t[>ds ! l&1 ,i m\nt$ ! %r\ds ( my ya*t till my eye 0 ab\t #af feet above ! level ( ! ocean1 :]e ,i sight$ ! top ( a kn[n ligh?\se t ,i 0 look+ =1 :i* ! *>t in=m$ me 0 #ade feet above ! level ( ! sea4 ,requir$ ! di/ance ( ! ligh?\se4 ,9 ! table1 ,opposite #af feet /&s #e4bi miles ,opposite #ade feet /&s #ae4ic ----- ,di/ance #ba4bb miles ,^u see+ ! fla% ( a gun ,i c\nt$ #cj seconds by a wat* be=e ,i he>d ! report4 ,h[ f> 0 ! gun f me1 suppos+ t s\nd moves at ! rate ( #a1adb feet p] second8 ,! velocity ( light is s great1 t ! see+ ( any act done1 ev5 at ! di/ance ( a numb] ( miles1 is in/antane\s4 ,b by obs]vation x is f\nd t s\nd moves at ! rate ( #a1adb feet p] second1 or ab\t "o /atute mile 9 #d4f seconds3 consequ5tly ! numb] ( seconds elaps$ betwe5 see+ ! fla% & he>+ ! report be+ divid$ by #d4f w give ! di/ance 9 /atute miles4 ,9 ! pres5t example ! di/ance 0 ab\t #f-a_/b miles1 because #cj divid$ by #d4f gives #f-a_/b ne>ly4 ,to f9d ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! true & app>5t direction ( ! w9d4 ,illu/ration3 triangle ,suppose t a ya*t moves 9 ! direction ,c ,b f ,c to ,b1 :ile ! w9d moves 9 its true direction f ,a to ,b1 ! effect on ! boat w be ! same z if %e be at re/1 & ! w9d bl[ 9 ! direction ,a ,c ) a velocity repres5t$ by ,a ,c1 ! velocity ( ! ya*t be+ repres5t$ by ,b ,c4 ,9 ?is case1 ! angle ,b ,a ,c w repres5t ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! true & app>5t direction ( ! w9d1 ! app>5t be+ m ahead ?an ! true2 &1 ! fa/] ! vessel goes1 ! m ahead ! w9d w appe> to be4 ,we mu/1 h[ev]1 except ! case :]e ! w9d is directly aft1 9 :i* case ! direction is n alt]$4 ,x is ow+ to ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! true & app>5t directions ( ! w9d t x appe>s to %ift its direction by tack+ %ip2 & if ! diff]5ce ( ! directions be obs]v$ :5 on diff]5t bo>ds 7! w9d on bo? tacks be+ suppos$ to rema9 con/ant1 & ! ya*t to h ! same velocity1 & to sail at ! same di/ance f ! w9d71 ! half-diff]5ce w be equal to ! angle ,b ,a ,c4 ,by kn[+ ?is1 toge!r ) ! velocity ( ! ya*t ,b ,c1 & ! angle ,b ,c ,a1 we may obta9 ! true velocity ( ! w9d2 or by kn[+ ! velocity ( ! w9d & ( ! ya*t1 & ! app>5t direction ( ! w9d1 we may calculate ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! true & app>5t directions ( ! w9d4 ,?us1 if ! velocity ( a ya*t1 repres5t$ by ,b ,c1 be #g miles p] h\r1 t ( ! w9d1 repres5t$ by ,a ,b1 #bg miles p] h\r1 & ! angle ) ! ya*t's c\rse1 ) ! app>5t direction ( ! w9d ,b ,c ,a1 equal to #g-a_/b po9ts1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! true & app>5t directions ( ! w9d w be obta9$ by draw+ ! l9e ,b ,c1 equal to #g-a_/b po9ts2 !n ) an ext5t equal to #bg miles1 tak5 f ! scale1 & ) "o foot 9 ,b1 describe an arc1 to cut ! l9e ,a ,c 9 ,a2 jo9 ,a ,b2 !n ! angle ,b ,a ,c1 be+ measur$1 w be ! requir$ diff]5ce betwe5 ! true & app>5t directions ( ! w9d4 ,sail+ 9 my ya*t1 ,i saw a ligh?\se be>+ ,e4 by ,n41 &1 aft] sail+ #ad miles ,n4 by ,w41 x bore ,s4 ,e4 ,requir$ ! di/ance ( ! ya*t f ! ligh?\se at bo? /ations4 ,,solution4--,describe ! compass ,e4 ,s4 ,w41 & let its c5tre ,x repres5t ! place ( ! ya*t at ! fir/ /ation2 draw ! ,n4 by ,w4 l9e1 ,x ,y1 equal to #ad miles1 & ,y w repres5t ! second /ation4 ,illu/ration3 di/ance calculations ,draw ! l9e ,e4 by ,n41 ,x ,z1 ( an indef9ite l5g?1 & ! l9e ,y ,z p>allel to ! ,s4 ,e4 & ,n4 ,w4 l9e ( ! compass3 ! po9t ( int]section ,z w repres5t ! place ( ! ligh?\se1 & ! di/ance ,y ,z1 be+ measur$ by ! same scale ( equal p>ts ) :i* ! #ad miles ( c\rse is laid (f1 w be f\nd to be #af-c_/d miles1 & ,x ,z #i-a_/d miles4 ,,use ,,( ,,! ,,*>ts4 ,*>ts c be pur*as$1 at a v reasonable rate1 ( all ! important h>bors & ! :ole coa/-l9e ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,!y come nicely back$ ) clo?1 s z to /& consid]able h>d sea-usage4 ,!y %\ld be kept1 :5 n 9 use1 roll$ up 9 a l>ge t9 box made = ! purpose1 or a long1 n>r[ wood5 trunk1 call$ a *>t-box4 ,9 us+ *>ts1 great c>e %\ld be tak5 to see :e!r or n ! c\rses laid d[n to be sail$ are magnetic ones2 t is1 ) ! v>iation ( ! compass all[$4 ,su* is usually ! case2 b !re are *>ts made :]e ! v>iation ( ! compass mu/ be all[$ to make ! c\rses true4 ,always c>efully read all ! notes ^u ! m>g9s ( a *>t3 "o w (t5 run across an item ( ! greate/ int]e/ or importance4 ,ne>ly all *>ts ( h>bors & ! coa/-l9e w be f\nd ) two scales ( miles ^u !m2 "o be+ m>k$ /atute miles1 & ! o!r nautical miles4 ,n[1 ! diff]5ce is ?is1 ! scale t is m>k$ /atute miles means a mile ( #cbj rods ( #af-a_/b feet ea*1 or #a1gfj y>ds ( #c feet ea*1 or #e1bhj feet2 :il/ a nautical mile means ! sixtie? "p ( a degree ( ! e>?'s surface measur$ at ! equator1 :i* is ab\t #f1jhf4d feet 9 l5g?4 ,,s\nd+s ,are v regul> ^u ! ,am]ican coa/2 & if ! "t ( tide be kn[n1 & ! note conc]n+ s\nd+s1 on ! m>g9 ( ! *>t1 consult$1 "o c (t51 :5 caught 9 a fog1 tell q correctly ! position ( ! ya*t1 its g5]al place ^u ! *>t be+ kn[n4 ,,! ,,lead-,,l9e4--,= ! purpose ( gett+ s\nd+s1 ! lead-l9e mu/ be us$1 ( :i* !re are two k9ds1--! dipsey lead1 i4e41 ! deep-sea lead1 & ! h& lead4 ,! deep-sea lead consi/s ( a lead s9k]1 usually ab\t tw5ty-five p\nds 9 weight1 ! l[] "p ( :i* is holl[$ out1 & fill$ ) tall[1 :5 x is said to be arm$3 ?is is = ! purpose ( br++ up a specim5 ( ! bottom :i* x /rikes ^u 9 its desc5t1 (t5 ?us aid+ ! navigator 9 det]m9+ 8 position4 ,! l9e to :i* ?is lead is atta*$ is coil$ up 9 a half-b>rel or tub1 & is usually a hundr$ fa?oms 9 l5g?1 a fa?om be+ six feet4 ,x is g5]ally z l>ge z "o's little f+]1 & is laid up 9 :at sailors call a left-h&$ coil1 ! opposite to mo/ o!r ropes 9 common use4 ,x is m>k$ up to tw5ty fa?oms 9 ! same mann] z ! h& lead-l9e1 & !n "o knot = e t5 fa?oms1 & a /rip ( lea!r = ea* five fa?oms4 ,! mann] ( ca/+ ! deep-sea lead is to br+ ! ya*t to ! w9d1 & z ne>ly /ation>y z possible1 :5 ! lead is tak5 by h& outside ( all ! rigg+1 =w>d on ! wea!r-side1 ! tub rema9+ aft2 ! p]son =w>d !n ca/s ! lead z f> z possible ahead ( ! ya*t1 s++ out at ! same mom5t1 ,wat*6 ,oh1 wat*6 & ! p]son aft at ! tub all[s ! l9e to be tak5 out by ! lead 9 its desc5t z fa/ z possible2 & :5 x rea*es ! bottom he hauls x c>efully up till 8 h& hits ^u ! knots1 ! numb] ( :i* det]m9es ! dep?2 ! ya*t is !n kept on h] c\rse1 & ! l9e haul$ 9 ov] ! /]n1 & coil$ d[n 9 ! tub1 z x comes 91 = imm$iate use aga94 ,:5 ! lead arrives on deck1 x is unb5t f ! lead-l9e1 ! arm+ exam9$ & scrap$ (f1 ready = a new ca/4 ,,heav+ ,,! ,,h& ,,lead4--,! h& lead is us$ 9 a diff]5t mann]1 & is ! mo/ p]fect in/rum5t yet devis$ to w>n ! ya*tsman or sailor ( unkn[n dang]s & ! rapid %oal+ ( ! wat]1 or approa* to "s unkn[n or unexpect$ %oal4 ,cu/om has1 f "t immemorial1 m>k$ ! lead-l9e 9 a peculi> &1 ! writ] does n hesitate to say1 ridicul\s mann]1 :i* c be und]/ood by ! initiat$ only4 ,b t x may be done accord+ to ,gunt]1 & 9 %ip-%ape & ,bri/ol fa%ion1 ! foll[+ explanation is giv53-- ,heav+ ! lead is done usually by a p]son :o is plac$ 9 ! ma9-*a9s = t purpose1 on ! wea!r-side1 or1 9 small] craft1 on deck1 =w>d1 j cle> ( ! %r\ds4 ,x is ?r[n :il/ ! ya*t is "u way1 & be+ kept on h] c\rse1 & ! results ann\nc$ 9 a s++ voice by ! "o ca/+2 &1 :5 ! wat] becomes too %oal1 ! ya*t is put ab\t1 & /&s (f f ! dang] :i* %e 0 approa*+4 ,! "o ca/+ ! lead takes hold ( ! l9e at ab\t a fa?om f x1 & sw+s x to & fro till en\gh velocity is ga9$ to sw+ x ov] 8 head2 :5 at ! "r angle x is releas$1 & flies =w>d 9 ! air1 /rik+ ! wat] f> 9 advance ( ! ya*t & ! bottom1 be=e ! ya*t rea*es ! place :]e x /ruck ! wat]1 s t ! l9e may be kept p]p5dicul> = a mom5t f ! ya*t to ! bottom ( ! sea1 & ! di/ance measur$ by means ( m>ks ^u ! lead-l9e1 :i* are z foll[s3-- ,at #a fa?om "o knot4 #b two knots4 #c ?ree knots4 #d no?+4 #e a :ite rag4 #f no?+4 #g a r$ rag4 #h no?+4 #i no?+4 #aj lea!r ) "o hole4 #aa "o knot4 #ab two knots4 #ac no?+4 #ad no?+4 #ae :ite rag4 #af no?+4 #ag r$ rag4 #ah no?+4 #ai no?+4 #bj lea!r ) two holes4 ,^? t are m>k$ are call$ m>ks1 ! o!rs1 deeps2 & a lead-l9e z above consi/s ( elev5 m>ks & n9e deeps4 ,if ! m>k ( ?ree fa?oms is ne> ! surface ( ! wat]1 ! ca/] s+s out1 ,by ! m>k ?ree6 or1 if su* be ! case1 ,by ! deep eight6 &1 %\ld he consid] ! dep? to be a qu>t] or half m ?an any p>ticul> numb]1 he s+s out1 ,& a qu>t] six6 or1 ,a half five6 c4 ,if ! dep? is e/imat$ to be ?ree-qu>t]s m ?an any p>ticul> numb]1 he calls x a qu>t] less ?an ! next high] numb]2 ?us1 at two fa?oms & ?ree-qu>t]s1 he s+s out1 ,a qu>t] less ?ree6 ,= all practical purposes a lead-l9e tw5ty fa?oms 9 l5g?1 b m>k$ only to t5 fa?oms1 w be ! mo/ useful = ya*ts & small sail-boats4 ,?is l9e %\ld be m>k$ z foll[s3-- ,at #a fa?om "o knot4 #b two knots4 #c ?ree knots4 #d f\r knots4 #e :ite rag4 #f six knots4 #g r$ rag4 #h blue rag4 #i no?+4 #aj piece ( lea!r4 ,a small piece ( :ite rag may also be ins]t$ at ! half-fa?oms betwe5 two & ?ree4 ,,eight ,,bells1 ,,& ,,wat* ,,& ,,wat*4 ,"t at sea is divid$ diff]5tly ?an on %ore2 & ! day comm5ces at twelve o'clock1 noon4 ,! reason ( ?is is1 t at t "t usually1 at sea1 ! navigator det]m9es & asc]ta9s ! position ( ! %ip1 h5ce ! true "t2 & ! clock is correct$ f ! diff]5ce 9 longitude f noon ( ! prec$+ day4 ,! "t ( twelve o'clock is d5ot$ by /rik+ ! vessel's bell eight times 9 a peculi> mann]1 ?us3 by sets ( twos1 "o1 two1 rapidly foll[+ ea* o!r1 !n a pause ( ?ree or f\r seconds1 & !n ! next set ( twos1 ?us3 "o1 two--"o1 two--"o1 two--"o1 two2 :il/ sev5 bells w\ld be /ruck ?us3 "o1 two--"o1 two--"o1 two--"o2 & ?ree bells3 "o1 two--"o2 f\r bells3 "o1 two--"o1 two4 ,?is sy/em ( eight /rokes ( ! bell does = ! :ole tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 ea* /roke d5ot+ "o half-h\r3 h5ce eight bells cov] a space ( f\r h\rs1 :i* is t]m$ a wat*1 &1 if ea* wat* 0 f\r h\rs long1 ( c\rse !re w\ld be six su* wat*es 9 ! tw5ty f\r h\rs2 & ! crew1 divid$ z !y always are into />bo>d & port wat*es1 w\ld1 dur+ ! :ole voyage1 h j ! same h\rs on deck4 ,t is to say1 ! />bo>d wat* w\ld come on deck at twelve o'clock noon e day ( ! voyage1 & /ay till f\r ,p4,m4 ,?is w\ld n be fair to ! o!r wat*2 & to avoid ?is repetition1 & to divide ! "t diff]5tly ea* day1 ! h\rs f f\r to eight 9 ! aft]noon are divid$ up into :at are call$ dog-wat*es ( two h\rs ea*1 :i* breaks up ! daily regul>ity1 & *anges ! h\rs2 s t ! />bo>d wat* :o happ5 to be on deck f twelve to f\r ,p4,m4 "o day are ! next day bel[ dur+ ! same h\rs1 & ! port wat* on deck2 & ?us ! same wat*es come r\nd e =ty-eight h\rs4 ,aft] ! bell is /ruck at twelve noon by ord] ( ! navigator or sail+-ma/]1 ! "t w be kept z foll[s3-- #ab4jj o'clock1 noon #h bells4 #ab4cj ,p4,m4 #a bell4 #a4jj #b bells4 #a4cj #c #b4jj #d ,aft]noon #b4cj #e ,wat*4 #c4jj #f #c4cj #g #d4jj #h #d4cj #a bell4 #e4jj #b bells4 ,fir/ ,dog-,wat*4 #e4cj #c #f4jj #d #f4cj #e #g4jj #f ,second #g4cj #g ,dog-,wat*4 #h4jj #h #h4cj #a bell4 #i4jj #b bells4 #i4cj #c #aj4jj #d ,fir/ #aj4cj #e ,night-,wat*4 #aa4jj #f #aa4cj #g #ab4jj midnight #h #ab4cj ,a4,m4 #a bell4 #a4jj #b bells4 #a4cj #c ,second #b4jj #d ,night-,wat*4 #b4cj #e #c4jj #f #c4cj #g #d4jj #h #d4cj #a bell4 #e4jj #b bells4 #e4cj #c #f4jj #d ,morn+-,wat*4 #f4cj #e #g4jj #f #g4cj #g #h4jj #h #h4cj #a bell4 #i4jj #b bells4 #i4cj #c #aj4jj #d ,=5oon-,wat*4 #aj4cj #e #aa4jj #f #aa4cj #g #ab4jj noon #h ,9 cases ( em]g5cy1 usually to take 9 sail1 :e!r by night or day1 ,all h&s on deck to take 9 sail1 ahoy6 ,heave up my he>ties6 is bell[$ into ! =eca/le1 & comes to ! e>s ( ! unwill+ sleep]s ( ! wat* bel[4 ,,box+ ,,! ,,compass ,is ! t]m us$ = repeat+ ! ?irty-two po9ts ( ! compass-c>d by memory f ! "r h& to ! left1 7& !n back aga917 comm5c+ at nor?1 & proce$+ to nor? by ea/1 nor?1 nor?-ea/1 c4 ,x is necess>y t ! amateur & "y salt %\ld acquire ?is1 if he desires to ev] be able to make use ( ! mo/ simple problems 9 boat-sail+1 ! use ( ! *>ts1 ! f9d+ ( ! position ( ! ya*t by cross-be>+s1 c4 ,9 fact1 x is indisp5sable2 & ! task %\ld be comm5c$ at once4 ,x %\ld n be gott5 by rote1 )\t rhyme or reason2 b1 9 repeat+ ! names ( ! po9ts1 ! compass-c>d1 or a pr9t$ imitation ( x1 %\ld always be kept be=e ! eye4 ,see frontispiece4 ,aft] acquir+ ! regul> ?irty-two po9ts1 ! subdivision ( qu>t] & half po9ts are to be gone into4 ,! smalle/ division us$ 9 navigation is a qu>t] ( a po9t2 ?us y\r c\rse may be ,n4 by ,e4 #a_/d ,e41 or ,n4 by ,e4 #a_/b ,e41 or ,n4 by ,e4 #c_/d ,e42 b no small] subdivision is ev] made betwe5 two c\rses ?an "o-qu>t] ( a po9t4 ,?is is z ne> z ! ya*t c be kept to h] c\rse1 & is z ne> z ! eye c l9e a c\rse 9 an obs]vation = cross-be>+s4 ,if1 h[ev]1 "o desires m m9ut5ess1 x may be well to /ate t ea* po9t ( ! compass conta9s #aa deg4 #ae'1 or #cfj deg4 = ! :ole ?irty-two po9ts4 ,! names ( ! po9ts ( ! compass1 comm5c+ at nor?1 & go+ t[>ds ea/1 are z foll[s4 ,! pr9cipal po9ts1 z !y are call$1 :i* are m>k$ l>g] ?an ! o!rs on ! compass-c>d1 are "h designat$ by capitals4 #a4 ,,nor? ,n4 #b4 ,nor? by ea/ ,n4 by ,e4 #c4 ,nor?1 nor?-ea/ ,n4,n4,e4 #d4 ,nor?-ea/ by nor? ,n4,e4 by ,n4 #e4 ,,nor?-,,ea/ ,n4,e4 #f4 ,nor?-ea/ by ea/ ,n4,e4 by ,e4 #g4 ,ea/1 nor?-ea/ ,e4,n4,e4 #h4 ,ea/ by nor? ,e4 by ,n4 #i4 ,,ea/ ,e4 #aj4 ,ea/ by s\? ,e4 by ,s4 #aa4 ,ea/1 s\?-ea/ ,e4,s4,e4 #ab4 ,s\?-ea/ by ea/ ,s4,e4 by ,e4 #ac4 ,,s\?-,,ea/ ,s4,e4 #ad4 ,s\?-ea/ by s\? ,s4,e4 by ,s4 #ae4 ,s\?1 s\?-ea/ ,s4,s4,e4 #af4 ,s\? by ea/ ,s4 by ,e4 #ag4 ,,s\? ,s4 #ah4 ,s\? by we/ ,s4 by ,w4 #ai4 ,s\?1 s\?-we/ ,s4,s4,w4 #bj4 ,s\?-we/ by s\? ,s4,w4 by ,s4 #ba4 ,,s\?-,,we/ ,s4,w4 #bb4 ,s\?-we/ by we/ ,s4,w4 by ,w4 #bc4 ,we/1 s\?-we/ ,w4,s4,w4 #bd4 ,we/ by s\? ,w4 by ,s4 #be4 ,,we/ ,w4 #bf4 ,we/ by nor? ,w4 by ,n4 #bg4 ,we/1 nor?-we/ ,w4,n4,w4 #bh4 ,nor?-we/ by we/ ,n4,w4 by ,w4 #bi4 ,,nor?-,,we/ ,n4,w4 #cj4 ,nor?-we/ by nor? ,n4,w4 by ,n4 #ca4 ,nor?1 nor?-we/ ,n4,n4,w4 #cb4 ,nor? by we/ ,n4 by ,w4 ,if any "o desires to be v salt1 he w pron\nce ^! po9ts z foll[s3-- ,nor'1 nor'-we/ ,n4,n4,w4 ,noo! by ea/ ,n4 by ,e4 ,s\' by we/ ,s4 by ,w4 ,s\'1 s\'-we/ ,s4,s4,w4 ,&1 9 fact1 ! above is ! way t !y are pron\nc$ by all sailors4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t ! compass does n move2 t is to say1 ! ya*t moves1 :i* seem+ly makes ! c>d 9 ! compass-box revolve4 ,x is absolutely an optical illusion to l&-lubb]s & except by ! j> ( ! ya*t1 or by pit*+ ab\t 9 a heavy sea1 ! compass-c>d does n revolve1 b is /ation>y1 & x is ! *ange ( ! c\rse ( ! ya*t :i* seems to give x motion4 ,,to ,,place ,a ,,compass ,,to ,,/e] ,,by4 ,! p]iph]y ( ! circul> cas+ 9 :i* ! c>d revolves %\ld be m>k$ pla9ly ) a p]p5dicul> black l9e2 & ?is black l9e %\ld1 by mov+ ! compass-box1 be br\ght to be> 9 a direct l9e ) ! keel ( ! ya*t1 & ! box secur$ 9 t position4 ,"o has !n only to move ! helm to br+ ea* & e po9t on ! compass-c>d opposite to ?is black m>k on ! compass-box1 &1 hav+ once br\ght ! po9t ne$$ to ?is position1 keep x !re by mov+ ! helm :5 necess>y2 & ?is act ( keep+ x !re is call$ keep+ ! vessel on h] c\rse4 ,= in/ance3 if ! w9d all[s1 suppose by ! *>t x is desir$ to /e] ,n4,e41 to rea* a c]ta9 place4 ,g on deck1 &1 by mov+ ! helm1 br+ ! ,n4,e4 po9t ( ! compass-c>d opposite to ! black p]p5dicul> m>k on ! compass-cas+1 & keep on y\r way1 aft] hav+ trimm$ y\r sails s z to hold ! w9d prop]ly4 ,! ya*t w n keep on ,n4,e4 exactly1 b w yaw to & fro1 :i* w seem z if ! compass-c>d 0 mov+2 & ?is w occur m or less accord+ to ! r\ghness ( ! wat]4 ,&1 if "o looks too mu* to ! compass1 ! ya*t w be (f ! c\rse be=e ! compass %[s x3 x is !re=e well1 if possible1 to get "s be>+1 miles ahead1 t cuts ! wea!r-%r\ds or jib-/ay1 :5 ! ya*t is on h] c\rse2 !n1 by look+ at t1 "o c easily see :5 %e is (f h] c\rse1 ca/+ an eye to ! compass once 9 a :ile4 ,9 ! night-"t v f9e /e]+ c be done by pick+ out a />1 & /e]+ by x1 aft] gett+ x to range on "s "p ( ! ya*t4 ,/e]+ by a compass is a great accompli%m5t3 few amateurs d x well4 ,x us$ to be said at sea1 t ! be/ helmsm5 look$ at ! head ( ! vessel (t5] ?an ! compass1 & 7 ?us enabl$ to *eck ) ! helm any disposition ( ! vessel to leave ! true c\rse1 long be=e ! dep>ture 0 %[n by ! compass-c>d4 ,,velocity ,,( ,,w9d4 ,g5]ally speak+1 a w9d t bl[s sixte5 miles an h\r is call$ a fre% breeze4 ,"o t bl[s eighte5 miles an h\r calls = a s+le reef2 & tw5ty miles1 a close reef4 ,tw5ty-f\r miles an h\r is a gale2 :il/ ?irty miles an h\r is a fre% gale4 ,,! ,,log1 ,,reel1 ,,& ,,half-,,m9ute ,,glass4 ,?is me?od ( asc]ta9+ h[ fa/ ! ya*t is mov+ ?r\gh ! wat]1 & h5ce to calculate h] position1 has be5 almo/ done away ) by ! use ( :at is t]m$ ! pat5t log1 :i* is n[ almo/ univ]sally us$1 & :i* consi/s ( a small propell] ( brass1 :i* is t[$ a/]n1 & records its own revolutions on dials4 ,b1 to enable "o to use ! common log-l9e & glass1 ! foll[+ description is writt53 ,! half-m9ute glass is ( ! same =m z an h\r-glass1 & conta9s su* a quantity ( s& z w run ?r\gh its neck 9 tw5ty-eight seconds ( "t2 or a wat* ) a second-h& may be us$1 if ! glass is n h&y4 ,! log is a piece ( ?9 bo>d ( a quadrantal =m1 ab\t ! size & %ape ( a qu>t]-section ( ! bottom ( a common wat]-pail1 load$ on ! circul> side ) en\gh lead to make x swim upright 9 ! wat]4 ,to ?is is fa/5$ a l9e1 ab\t "o hundr$ & fifty fa?oms 9 l5g?1 call$ ! log-l9e1 :i* is divid$ into int]vals call$ knots1 & is w\nd on a reel :i* turns v easily4 ,to asc]ta9 ! velocity at :i* ! ya*t is sail+ is call$ heav+ ! log1 & is p]=m$ z foll[s3 "o p]son holds ! reel1 & ano!r ! half-m9ute glass1 :il/ a ?ird ?r[s ! log ov] ! /]n on ! lee-side2 &1 :5 he obs]ves t ! /ray l9e has run (f 7:i* is ab\t t5 fa?oms71 & ! fir/ m>k 7:i* is g5]ally a r$ rag7 has pass$ ! /]n1 he s+s out1 ,turn3 ! glass-hold] answ]s1 ,turn1 &1 wat*+ ! glass1 ! mom5t x has run out1 s+s out1 ,/op4 ,! reel be+ imm$iately /opp$1 ! la/ m>k run (f %[s ! numb] ( knots t ! ya*t has sail$ dur+ ! la/ h\r1 if ! w9d has be5 con/ant4 ,! log-l9e is m>k$ z foll[s3 all[ t5 fa?oms = /ray l9e1 & !n ins]t a r$ rag1 & at e #dg4f feet m>k ! l9e z foll[s3 at "o1 "o lea!r2 at two1 two knots2 at ?ree1 ?ree knots2 & also h a small m>k at ea* half-knot1 & s on to t5 & twelve knots4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! log-l9e is1 t a knot is ! same "p ( a sea-mile t half a m9ute is ( an h\r3 !re=e ! l5g? ( a knot %\ld be "o hundr$ & tw5tie? ! l5g? ( a sea-mile1 or fifty-"o feet2 b1 z x is m conv5i5t to h ! knot divid$ into eight p>ts ( six feet ea*1 ! proportional r$uction is necess>y 9 ! half-m9ute glass4 ,,buoys4 ,9 ent]+ h>bors1 ! r$ buoys are to be left ^u ! />bo>d h&1 & ! black buoys ^u ! port h&4 ,,man ,,ov]bo>d4 ,?r[ ov]bo>d at once any light object t w float1 su* z a /ool1 o>1 boat-hook1 or life-pres]v]1 = him to grasp2 !n br+ ! ya*t at once to ! w9d & heave h] to1 & pick up ! man ) ! t5d]1 or by go+ ab\t & /&+ = him4 ,don't look out a/]n = ! man :]e he disappe>$1 b out on ! beam1 :i* w be 8 position :5 ! ya*t is br\ght to ! w9d4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,practical ,,h9ts ,,on ,,boat-,,sail+4 ,rememb]1 9 ! fir/ place1 t no small boat fit to be call$ a sail-boat c capsize1 unless ! sail is conf9$ by ! %eet be+ made fa/4 ,if ! sail is loose1 & ! boom1 or l[] lea* ( ! sail1 z ! case may be1 c move 9 a direction p>allel to ! w9d1 or 9 ! w9d's eye z sailors w\ld say1 ! boat _c be upset by an ord9>y gu/ ( w9d4 ,9 o!r words1 9 all =e-&-aft sails1 su* z are us$ almo/ ! _w ov] = small sail-boats1 ! %eet1 or rope t conf9es ! aft]-"p ( ! sail to ! /]n-"p ( ! boat1 is ! key to ! :ole sci5ce ( boat-sail+4 ,if "o kn[s h[ to use ! %eet prop]ly1 "o kn[s h[ to sail a boat ) comp>ative safety4 ,( c\rse x is suppos$ t he %\ld also und]/& flaws ( w9d & _! effects4 ,x is ! flaws ( w9d caught by ! sail--m ?an x c be>--t capsize a boat2 &1 if ! w9d t has =ce en\gh to d ?is c\ld be spill$ out ( ! sail1 ! boat w\ld be imm$iately reliev$4 ,!re=e to insure safety1 ! p]son /e]+ a boat %\ld nev] belay ! %eet1 b keep x 9 h&1 s z to be able to slack x (f gradually1 or ca/ x (f entirely at a mom5t's notice4 ,to d ?is1 only "o turn %\ld be tak5 r\nd ! cleat2 s t ! %eet w slip "u ! =ce ( a gu/ ( w9d1 :5 ! h& reta9+ x 9 place slack5s x 9 ! slighte/ degree4 ,if ! :ole sail po9ts t[>ds ! w9d's eye1 x no long] has any effect ^u ! boat4 ,! sail !n %akes 9 ! w9d exactly z a flag does f ! top ( a flag-/aff1 ! w9d pass+ by on bo? sides4 ,%\ld ! %eet be haul$ aft1 ! sail w\ld be fill$ ) w9d ^u "o side1 &1 if ! w9d _h /r5g? to ov]come ! gravity ( ! boat1 capsize h]4 ,or1 if ! boat is s heavy balla/$ t its gravity _c be readily ov]come1 ! ma/ or sail are liable to be c>ri$ away1 & dang] incurr$ on acc\nt ( ! t[+ ma/ & sail4 ,^! w\ld mo/ likely draw ! boat into ! tr\gh ( ! sea1 :]e %e w\ld be swamp$ almo/ in/antly4 ,x does n foll[1 because ! slack+ ( ! %eet is a safe ?+ to d1 t x %\ld always be done4 ,) boatm5 :o are ?or\ghly practis$1 x seldom is done2 = !y c obta9 ! same result ) ! rudd] by br++ ! boat into ! w9d until ! sail %akes1 ) ! %eet /ill fa/4 ,?is gives m control ( ! boat ?an w\ld be ! case if ! boom 7 out to leew>d1 p]haps dragg+ 9 ! wat]1 on acc\nt ( ! pressure ( ! w9d ^u ! hull & ma/4 ,! v be/ ?+ to d 9 a sudd5 squall is to use a modification ( bo? ^! me?ods2 i4e41 slack (f ! %eet = a foot or two1 s t ! sail1 be=e x c fill ) w9d1 w be at su* an angle ) ! hull1 t ! %ock ^u ! latt] _c be great4 ,?is gives "o m comm& ( ! boat1 & insures quick] movem5t ( ! hull1 & h5ce quick] ob$i5ce to ! helm1 %\ld a sudd5 *ange occur4 ,?is slack+ ( ! %eet also prev5ts ! boat f go+ ab\t on ! o!r tack1 %\ld %e be br\ght too sudd5ly to ! w9d4 ,) an exp]i5c$ h& at ! helm1 unless ! squall is v sev]e1 !re is no ne$ ( luff+ s z to %ake ! sail to any great degree4 ,! slighte/ movem5t ( ! till] w keep ! sail j quiv]+ 9 ! w9d1 ! boat /ill advanc+1 s t %e w n lose /e]age-way2 ?us enabl+ "o to at once luff up ne>] to ! w9d1 or *ange ! boat's position rapidly1 %\ld ! w9d1 :i* is (t5 ! case1 %ift its direction sudd5ly4 ,no?+ is ( m importance ?an to keep /e]age-way on ! boat1 z x is only 9 ! utmo/ em]g5cy t ! %eet %\ld be slack$ :olly (f1 & ! headway lo/4 ,if ! boat is well "u comm& :5 ! squall is se5 advanc+1 !n ! me?od ( /e]+ into ! w9d's eye may be safely adopt$1 & is1 9 fact1 ! bett] & m seamanlike me?od4 ,9 small sail-boats on ponds1 or arms ( ! sea1 :5 a ?und]-%[] is com+ up1--:i* c always be se5 9 "t1--x is1 z a rule1 mu* ! safe/ plan to take ! boat z quickly z possible t[>ds ! ne>e/ h>bor or l&1 unless rocky1 inaccessible1 or dang]\s2 9 :i* case1 furl all sail & let g an an*or1 pay+ out su* a scope ( cable t ! boat w ride easily4 ,!n wait = ! com+ bla/4 ,h[ev] sev]e x may be1 ! ?und]-gu/ c !n d no h>m4 ,) an o> y c head ! boat t[>ds ! com+ bla/1 s t %e w feel b little ( its =ce1 & prev5t ! dragg+ ( ! an*or4 ,?und]-%[]s are p>ticul>ly dang]\s1 h[ev]1 f ! fact t !y almo/ always make _! way directly aga9/ ! prevail+ w9d4 ,:5 ! two w9ds meet1 & "o f9ds "o's self 9 ! vortex betwe5 !m1 x is v difficult to comm& a boat4 ,ea* w9d1 fight+ = ! supremacy1 w fill ! sails ) gu/s1 = :i* "o does n m ?an h "t to prep>e be=e a c\nt]-gu/ w ?r[ !m aback1 or viol5tly to ! opposite side ( ! boat4 ,(t51 9 fact1 ! w9d1 bl[+ a gale all ! "t1 w 9 less ?an five m9utes h visit$ e po9t ( ! compass4 ,an an*or d[n & a furl$ sail are ! be/ = all small1 op51 or half-deck$ boats or ya*ts 9 su* an em]g5cy4 ,boats are (t5 capsiz$ by p]sons on bo>d sudd5ly scrambl+ to ! w9dw>d1 or upp] side1 :5 a squall buries ! lee gunwale 9 ! wat]4 ,%\ld ! boat at ?is mom5t be tak5 aback by a c\nt] squall or flaw1 %e w almo/ surely capsize1 = 9 "o mom5t ! w9dw>d side becomes ! leew>d side2 & ! mass ( weight hang+ to :at 01 a mom5t be=e1 ! wea!r-side1 w c>ry ! boat ov]4 ,x is too late to try & /ruggle back aga93 ! bodies are all 9 ! wrong position to be able to turn ar\nd inbo>d t[>ds ! c5tre ( ! boat4 ,9 _! helpless po/ures !y face ! waves t are ready to dev\r !m4 ,! safe/ position 9 an op5 boat1 :5 prep>+ = an approa*+ squall1 is1 = all except ! helmsman1 to sit d[n 9 ! bottom ( ! boat1 z ne> ! c5tre z possible1 ?us be+ safe f any bl[s f ! boom ( ! sail1 & increas+ ! /ead9ess ( ! boat 9 a m>k$ degree4 ,"h !y act z balla/1 & d mu* good 9 keep+ ! boat upright4 ,to ! above k %\ld be add$ also ! sci5ce ( reef+ ! sails ( a boat quickly & neatly1 s t %e w /& up "u a great pressure ( w9d4 ,! mi/ake mo/ frequ5tly made is to neglect to reef till x is too late4 ,l&sm5 sc>cely ev] calculate h[ quickly w9d moves1 & h[ sudd5ly a *ange 9 ! wea!r takes place4 ,x is easy to reef :ile !re is "t1 b sometimes almo/ impossible if too long delay$4 ,reef+ saves "o f mu* anxiety4 ,! boat t ) h] :ole sail w\ld be cranky & dang]\s plunges along buoyantly ?r\gh ! summ] gale :5 h] sails are prop]ly reef$4 ,) a ?or\gh k ( ! %eet & rudd]1 & h[ to reef a sail1 !re ought to be no accid5ts1 ev5 9 v small boats2 b ! tr\ble is1 t too _m tyros are all[$ to invite unsuspect+ ladies & "y girls into _! boats1 !y n und]/&+ ! fir/ rudim5ts ( a real nautical k1 ( h[ to manage a craft 9 times ( dang]4 ,a boat is l a good horse1--x w always d ! be/ x c4 ,x w n capsize if x c help x2 b1 if mismanag$ 9 "t ( em]g5cy1 x is a dang]\s play?+4 ,prop]ly h&l$1 x is amaz+1 almo/ incr$ible1 :at c be done ) a small op5 boat1 ) a common lug-sail1 & :at wea!r x w live ?r\gh4 ,b )\t k1 & kn[+ j :at to d 9 dang]\s times1 ?is pleasant summ] sail is a trea*]\s pa/ime4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,a ,,%ort ,,cruise ,,) ,a ,,sloop-,,ya*t1 ,,illu/rat+ ,,! ,,common ,,sea-,,manoeuvres4 ,well1 uncle ,*>ley1 :5 are y go+ to give me a sail 9 y\r ya*t8 ,y "k1 t1 al?\gh ,i h sail$ a little1 ,i look =w>d ) ! greate/ impati5ce to a trip ) y2 s t ,i may become po/$ 9 all respects1 & f9ally turn out a fir/-class sailor4 ,y\r ambition is a wor?y "o1 ,tom2 & ,i am will+ to gratify x4 ,b x is yet v e>ly 9 ! season2 & ,i am afraid t we %all enc\nt] "s dirty wea!r1 %\ld we attempt n[ to make a trip4 ,well1 t is ! v ?+ t ,i want to enc\nt]1 said ,tom4 ,besides1 y h q a l>ge ya*t1 & e ?+ 9 apple-pie ord]2 :il/ ,i only h a little bit ( an op5 boat at my home1 & really "k b little ( ! sci5ce ( boat-sail+1 & no?+ ( ! te*nical language or discipl9e ( a well-appo9t$ vessel4 ,?us spoke ,tom ,c(f91 a "y man ( "s sev5te5 ye>s1 :o 0 on a visit to 8 uncle1 ,capt4 ,*>les ,c(f91 a middle-ag$ retir$ sea-capta91 :o knew a vessel f h] /em to h] /]n1 & :o reta9$ 8 y\?ful passion = ! wat]1 & enjoy$ himself ?or\ghly dur+ ! summ] mon?s 9 8 beautiful ya*t ,nancy ,lee4 ,by ! way1 uncle ,*>ley1 y h n told me any ?+ yet ab\t y\r ya*t2 & y "k ,i h nev] se5 h]4 ,h[ l>ge is %e8 ,%e is ab\t ?irty feet ov] all1 said 8 uncle4 ,h[ is %e rigg$8 ,tell me all ab\t h]1 uncle1 won't y8 ,well1 ! ',nancy ,lee' 0 built two ye>s ago1 & is :at is call$ a 'c5tre-bo>d sloop2' t is1 %e is %all[1 & broad ( beam1 & is rigg$ z a sloop4 ,%e has a good com=table cab91 & s\nd sp>s1 & /rong & durable canvas1 & good gr\nd-tackle1 & ,i ?9k %e w comp>e favorably ) any ( h] class4 ,%e is n s fa/ z "s1 be+1 z ,i said1 ( good beam1 & h] sp>s & sails are n too l>ge = r\gh wea!r2 b ,i consid] h] a fir/-class boat = outside "w1 safe1 /rong1 & easily manag$4 ,h[ _m crew d y c>ry1 uncle ,*>ley8 ,well1 z a g5]al rule1 ,i h only ,bob ,/ev5s ) me1 :o made1 if y rememb]1 _m voyages to sea ) me1 & is a true1 able seaman 9 e s5se ( ! ^w4 ,he usually keeps ! ',nancy' 9 ord] = me1 & acts z 'cook & all h&s2' al?\gh1 :5 ,i am go+ on a cruise ( a week or two1 ,i usually take ) me also ,wid[ ,tompk9s's son1 :o is sm>t & active1 & :o1 if he w only take a voyage r\nd ! ,horn1 w1 ,i prophesy1 yet turn out a good sailor4 ,b y %all take 8 place4 ,is ! ya*t all ready n[8 ,oh1 yes6 repli$ uncle ,*>ley4 ,%e has be5 at h] moor+s ! la/ two weeks4 ,b ,i ?\ght ,i w\ld give y a day or two to get ov] y\r j\rney be=e speak+ ab\t a cruise2 b ,i see t "y blood w n be re/ra9$4 ,& h y e ?+ on bo>d ready = a cruise8 ask$ ,tom4 ,yes1 e ?+1 repli$ 8 uncle2 =1 be+ an old sailor1 ,i l to h e ?+ prep>$4 ,n[1 on bo>d ! ',nancy ,lee' y w f9d1 ,i w be b\nd1 e ?+ t is ne$ful = a craft ( h] size2 su* z compass1 *>ts1 signal-lights1 b>omet]1 lead-l9e1 log1 & all t is ne$ful to h&le h] 9 a seamanlike mann] 9 all wea!rs4 ,well1 uncle1 :5 w y />t8 ,h y provisions on bo>d8 ,e ?+ is on bo>d2 &1 z y h inoculat$ me1 ,i suppose we might z well get "u way to-morr[ morn+ on ! "y ebb3 s take y\rself up al(t1 "y man1 & 'turn 91' & be prep>$ to turn out at ab\t "o bell 9 ! morn+ wat*2 & ,i w g d[n to ! l&+1 & see t ,bob has e ?+ 9 %ip-%ape4 99 99 99 99 99 ,come1 r\se out1 y\ng/]6 x is pa/ "o bell1 sang out ! *e]y voice ( uncle ,*>ley at ,tom's door ! next morn+2 & hurry+ on 8 clo!s1 & tak+ a small valise fill$ ) a *ange or two fit = sea-use1 he 0 soon by 8 uncle's side4 ,well1 x is go+ to be a lovely morn+1 if x is only ! #aj? ( ,may1 said ,capt4 ,c(f94 ,:y1 h[ d y "k1 uncle ,*>ley8 ,x is z d>k z pit* yet4 ,well1 my boy1 :5 y are z old z ,i am1 y w "k h[1 by _m signs1 to =eca/ ! wea!r1 ev5 9 ! night-"t4 ,b let u hurry along1 & get on bo>d1 z ,i want to take advantage ( ?is ebb to get outside be=e ! flood makes4 ,arriv+ at ! l&+1 ! foll[+ conv]sation took place3-- ',nancy1' ahoy6 ,ay1 ay1 sir6 ,is t y1 ,bob8 ,yes1 capta94 ,come a%ore 9 ! t5d]1 & set u on bo>d6 ,ay1 ay1 sir6 ,! small boat soon rea*$ ! l&+2 & our fri5ds 7 soon alongside ! ,nancy ,lee1 & quickly on bo>d4 ,n[1 ,bob1 said ,capt4 ,c(f91 h y got hot c(fee & biscuit ready8 ,yes1 capta91 all ready1 & humm+ hot on ! /ove4 ,well1 !n1 we w g bel[1 ,bob1 & y c s]ve x 9 ! cab92 = x is well to get some?+ hot d[n be=e fac+ ?is damp morn+ air4 ,aft] ea* _h drunk a good hot mug ( /rong c(fee )\t milk1 & eat5 a good l>ge sea-biscuit1 ,capt4 ,c(f9 & ,tom appe>$ aga9 on deck1 & prep>ations 7 made to get "u way4 ,h y got ! /ops (f ( ! ma9sail1 ,bob8 ,yes1 capta93 !y are all (f4 ,!n g =w>d1 y two1 said ,capt4 ,c(f91 & hoi/ away ! ma9sail4 ,y take ! peak-halli>ds1 ,tom2 & y ! ?roat1 ,bob4 ,t's ! way6 ,up %e goes6 ,*e]ily4 ,ava/1 !re1 ,tom6 y are hoi/+ too fa/ on ! peak1 & h jamm$ ! hoops r\nd ! ma/1 s t ,bob c't get an in* on ! ?roat-halli>ds4 ,slack away a little6 ,h&somely3 !re1 t w d6 ,n[ hoi/ away4 ,belay ! peak-halli>ds6 ,n[ g ov] & take 9 ! slack1 :il/ ,bob swigs (f on ! ?roat-halli>ds3 t w d4 ,belay6 ,n[ ov] to ! peak1 & /& by to peak x up1 :il/ ,i let g ! ma9-%eet1 & lift up ! ma9-boom4 ,s6 ,t w d4 ,belay6 ,n[ coil ! halli>ds d[n snug1 & lay aft "h1 ,tom1 & t5d ! jib-%eet4--,are ! gaskets (f ! jib1 ,bob8 ,ay1 ay1 sir6 ,all (f6 ,!n let g y\r d[n-haul1 & run h] up6 ,n[1 ,tom1 ,i want to ca/ to />bo>d2 &1 z ! ya*t is n[ ly+ head to w9d1 :5 ,bob has ! jib up1 ,i want y to trim d[n flat on ! port jib-%eet1 & hold on till ,i tell y to let g4--,n[1 ,bob1 is t jib *ock up8 ,yes1 capta94 ,all "r1 !n2 slip y\r moor+s1 & let h] slide6 ,haul aft ! port jib-%eet1 ,tom2 & lay aft "h1 ,bob1 & help %ove ?is boom out to />bo>d1 :il/ ,i put ! helm to port4 ,!re1 %e pays (f all "r6 ,d[n ) ! c5tre-bo>d1 ,bob6--,let g ! jib-%eet1 & trim d[n to />bo>d1 ,tom6 ,t w d4 ,belay6 ,!re6 ,don't %e move ?r\gh ! wat] well8 ,j a nice work+-breeze4 ,& see ! glimm] ( ! break+ day ov] !re to ! ea/w>d6 ,i wond] if we c fet* by ,r\se's ,po9t )\t go+ ab\t4 ,i fe> n2 b we %all see long be=e we get !re4 ,!re is pl5ty ( "t4 ,n[1 ,tom1 d y see t little light on %ore1 j =w>d ( ! wea!r =e-rigg+8 ,come & /& j :]e ,i am1 & see if y see x4 ,yes1 uncle1 ,i see x all "r4 ,well1 take ! helm1 & keep h] j z %e goes1 ) t light cutt+ ! wea!r-rigg+1 z a c\rse4 ,%e /e]s l a pilot-boat1 & y w h no tr\ble4--,bob1 keep a good look\t !re =w>d1 :il/ ,i g bel[ to h a look at ! *>t4 ,ay1 ay1 sir6 ,n[1 ,tom1 ,i h look$ c>efully at ! *>t1 & ,i "k ?is h>bor well2 b ! w9d is s scant1 t ,i am afraid t we %all n be able to lie by ,r\se's ,po9t )\t go+ ab\t2 & ,i _h r d x n[ ?an :5 we get f>!r d[n1 & ne>] to ! po9t1 = !re are "s bad rocks make (f3 s ,i ?9k t we w g ab\t to make all sure4 ,ready ab\t6 ,come aft1 ,bob1 & t5d ! lee jib-%eet6--,& y look out = ! wea!r "o1 ,tom6 ,all ready6 ,h>d a-lee6 ,let g ! jib-%eet6 ,ava/ haul+1 ,tom3 y are too quick6--,trim d[n1 ,bob6--,n[ let draw1 & trim d[n flat1 ,tom1 & belay6 ,!re1 %e beg9s to trot aga96 ,we c't /& v f> 9 ?is direction2 = we are cross+ ! *annel at ab\t "r angles1 & x is n m ?an a mile & a half wide h]eab\ts2 & ,i don't want to be pick$ up by any ( ^! flats on an ebb tide1 & don't mean to2 & yet ,i want to /& ov] j z f> z ,i c1 s z to cle> ,r\se's ,po9t on ! next tack4 ,!re comes ! daylight at la/6 ,is x n a beautiful sight1 ,tom8--,come1 ,bob1 jump bel[1 & get up ! h& lead1 & give u a few ca/s f ! wea!r-rigg+4 ,are y all ready8 ,ay1 ay1 sir6 ,!n ca/4 ,,bob4--,& a qu>t] less five4 ,t is pl5ty ( wat]2 isn't x1 ,tom8 ,b !n y c't be too c>eful1 & !re is no?+ l ! lead4 ,we only draw eight feet & a half ) ! c5tre-bo>d d[n1 & only ?ree & a half ) x up3 s we h little to fe> yet4 ,keep ca/+1 ,bob6 ,,bob4--,by ! deep1 f\r6 ,!re1 y see ,tom1 we h already comm5c$ to %oal our wat]4 ,,bob4--,& a qu>t] less ?ree6 ,/ill %oal+1 & pretty fa/ too4 ,,bob4--,& by ! m>k1 two6 ,we are gett+ well ov]1 ,tom2 b we w h a ca/ or two m f ,bob4 ,,bob4--,& a qu>t] less two6 ,,bob4--,& a half "o6 ,ready ab\t6 ,h>d a-lee6 ,!re1 ,tom1 y did bett] ) y\r jib-%eet t "t1 & did n try to haul x ov] too quick1 & be=e ,bob _h trimm$ x d[n aga9 to make h] pay (f4 ,see1 ,tom1 ! day is break+ fa/1 & !re is ,r\se's ,po9t well on our lee4 ,if ! w9d holds1 we %all n h ! slighte/ difficulty 9 pass+ x on ?is tack4 ,& n[1 z we are go+ to make a long leg1 we w let ,bob g bel[ & get breakfa/ ready4 ,d y ?9k y c eat any ?+1 ,tom8 ,yes1 uncle1 ,i ?9k ,i c2 b ?is is j spl5did4 ,b tell1 me1 :y d y trim d[n ! jib aga9 on ! same side1 aft] lett+ x g8 ,w\ld n ! ya*t come ab\t )\t x8 ,yes1 %e w\ld1 repli$ ,capt4 ,c(f91 easily2 b ,i want$ y to see h[ a craft %\ld be put ab\t 9 a seamanlike mann]1 & h[ %e w\ld h to be put ab\t 9 heavy wea!r4 ,x is well to "k h[ to d a ?+ well1 & :at w be necess>y 9 times ( em]g5cy4 ,?ank y1 uncle3 ,i %all rememb]4 ,is x n a lovely morn+1 & h[ nicely we are slipp+ along6 ,i ?9k ,i c\ld eat a piece ( :ale's blubb]1 ,i am s hungry4 ,are y1 ,tom8 ,well1 s am ,i4 ,b "h comes ,bob up ! companion-way1 to say t breakfa/ is ready4 ,n[1 ,bob1 keep h] full & by2 &1 if %e breaks (f any1 call me at once1 = we %all h to g ab\t aga94 ,let's get bel[1 ,tom1 & get our breakfa/2 = ,i mu/ n be long bel[ till we get well outside4 ,is ?is n a snug little cab98 & hav5't ,i got ?+s h&y ar\nd me8 ,i l to h ?+s :]e ,i c put my h& ^u !m quickly4 ,if y h f9i%$1 we w g on deck aga94 ,well1 ,bob1 has %e held h] c\rse8 ,i don't believe %e has *ang$ x a p9t1 ,capt4 ,c(f94 ,well1 g bel[ & get y\r breakfa/1 & cle> ?+s up4 ,we w look out = h]4 ,9 an h\r or two we %all be out 9 ! s\nd all cle>4 ,see1 uncle1 h[ we h ga9$ ^u t fi%+-s*oon]6 ,are we n go+ to pass too ne> him8 ,he evid5tly is beat+ out z well z we4 ,y are "r1 ,tom4 ,if we %\ld keep on1 !re w\ld be a collision2 b z we are on ! port tack1 & ! fi%+-s*oon] on ! />bo>d tack1 & bo? ( u close-haul$1 he has ! "r ( way2 & x is !re=e = t reason t ,i gracefully ease (f ! ma9-%eet1 z y see1 & keep h] (f1 s z to pass "u 8 /]n1 :il/ he passes saucily on 8 c\rse & to w9dw>d4 ,b x is 8 "r1 & we mu/ n hesitate4 ,:5 we are on ! />bo>d-tack1 we w dem& our rights j z /rongly4 ,i am afraid aft] all1 uncle ,*>ley1 t x is go+ to be r\gh2 is x n8 ,! day is n z pleasant z x 0 an h\r ago1 & x seems k9d ( ov]ca/ & cl\dy to w9dw>d4 ,yes1 ,tom3 ! wea!r does look a little dirty to w9dw>d1 b no?+ to speak (2 b1 z y />t$ to see "s fun1 ,i hope t y w see x4 ,h[ f> d y call u n[ f ! l&8 ,well1 ,i %\ld say t we 7 a good t5 miles f ! s\!rn light4 ,i c tell y exactly by cross-be>+s1 if y really want to "k v mu*4 ,no1 uncle1 ,i d n c>e en\gh to give y t tr\ble2 &1 besides1 ,i only want$ to "k ab\t h[ f> (f y e/imat$ x4 ,we mu/ be go+ ?r\gh ! wat] pretty fa/1 z %e is well heel$ ov]4 ,yes1 %e is jump+ along n[1 & ! w9d & sea are bo? gett+ up fa/4 ,i ?9k t ,i %all take 9 a reef4 ,nev] be a%am$1 ,tom1 ( reef+ e>ly3 x is a simple matt] if und]tak5 9 "t2 b1 if neglect$ too long1 is a difficult1 & at times a dang]\s job4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 y & ,bob get hold ( t t5d]1 & draw h] up on ! lee-side1 & get h] abo>d =w>d1 :]e %e belongs1 & la% h] d[n4 ,don't get ov]bo>d6 ,be c>eful ( ! rail1 ,bob3 don't *afe x4 ,n[ la% h] d[n snug1 &1 z soon z y are ready1 man ! jib-halli>ds & d[n-haul4 ,all ready8 ,ay1 ay1 sir6 ,!n let g ! jib-halli>ds4 ,d[n ) x1 ,bob6--,l5d a h& on ! d[n-haul1 ,tom6 ,!re1 t w d6 ,make fa/6 ,/& by ! ?roat & peak-halli>ds6 l[] away6 ,t w d4 ,well ( all4 ,belay6 ,come1 lay aft "h1 & b[se out on ?is reef-p5nant6 ,t w d6 ,lay out on ! boom1 ,bob1 & pass ?is e>+6 ,all fa/8 ,all fa/1 sir4 ,!n come 9 & get ano!r e>+ = ! luff1 ,bob1 & hurry up6 ,t's ! talk2 make fa/6 ,n[ tackle ! reef-po9ts1 & knot z fa/ z y c4 ,n[ lay =w>d1 & (f ) ! bonnet1 (f ! jib6 ,& s+ out :5 y are ready4 ,n[ lay aft1 & hoi/ up ! ma9sail6 ,t w d4 ,belay6 ,n[ up ) ! jib6 ,!re1 (f we g ^u our c\rse aga94 ,d y see h[ mu* bett] %e /&s up to x1 ,tom8 & h[ mu* bett] wea!r we are mak+8 ,i don't l ! looks ( ?+s to w9dw>d1 h[ev]2 & ,i guess t we w squ>e away = a h>bor t ,i "k on ! o!r side ( ! s\nd1 unless y w\ld l to heave to out "h1 & ride x out4 ,b we %\ld make no?+ by t1 & we may z well get 9 smoo!r wat] z to jump ab\t "h2 = x is com+ on to bl[ fre%1 if ,i "k any ?+ ab\t wea!r4 ,my b>omet] is fall+ too1 :i* is also a w>n+ sign4 ,"h comes an extra puff1 r m ?an we c /& ev5 ) ?is reef 92 b y see1 by %ak+ h] up into ! w9d1 ,i h all[$ all its =ce to pass u )\t damage4 ,well1 ,i ?9k t we h _h en\gh ( ?is3 x is cold1 & ! wat] t we are tak+ on bo>d w soon *ill u m4 ,"h goes = squ>+ away be=e x6 ,/& by ! ma9-%eet & jib-halli>ds6 ,ease away on ! ma9-%eet1 ,tom6 h&somely6 ,keep a good turn6 ,don't let x get away ) y4 ,t w d6--,ease (f ! jib-%eet1 ,bob6 ,make fa/6 ,all fa/1 sir6 ,:y1 uncle ,*>ley1 :at a *ange6 ,i %\ld ?9k !re 0 sc>cely any w9d at all4 ,yes1 t is a mo/ common impression :5 a craft is kept (f be=e ! w9d aft] p\nd+ into x2 b y %\ld n be deceiv$4 ,n[ is ! "t t y mu/ pay great att5tion to ! helm2 = ! waves lift ! /]n s f> out ( ! wat]1 t ! rudd] acts1 z y see1 9 an irregul> & unequal mann]1 caus+ me to meet h] z %e yaws ) a quick movem5t ( ! helm4 ,i don't l ! looks ( ! wea!r at all4 ,look out6 ,hold on1 ev]ybody6 ,!re1 t sea has poop$ u1 & we are all afloat6 ,?is w nev] d4 ,/& by to haul aft ! ma9-%eet6 ,we mu/ %ake out ?is reef1 ,bob1 if x is bl[+ fre%1 s z to g fa/] be=e ! w9d1 & n get poop$ aga94 ,! reef is %ak5 out1 & ! ya*t aga9 kept away4 ,!re1 ,tom6 see h[ %e runs away f ^? l>ge seas1 n[6 ,no m dang] ( _! com+ on bo>d aga94 ,y see1 ! tide 0 aga9/ u1 & ! w9d a/]n2 & ! ',nancy' mov$ too sl[ly =w>d to escape ^? big fell[s4 ,?is is "o ( ! times t x is good seaman%ip to clap on m sail1 al?\gh ! sea is gett+ up4 ,if we %\ld haul on a w9d n[1 we %\ld ne$ two reefs 92 b1 runn+ be=e x1 %e is do+ v well4 ,!re is ! headl& t we %all h to leave on ! port side4 ,d y see x1 ,tom8 ,we %all h to jibe be=e we c run 91 & t is a manoeuvre t mu/ be nicely execut$ 9 su* a sea-way z ?is4 ,b we %all execute x all "r1 z y %all see4 ,lay aft "h1 ,bob1 & /& by ! peak-halli>ds6 ,let g6 ,t w d4 ,belay6 ,n[ clap on ?is ma9-%eet1 & get x aft1 /eadily4 ,r\nd x 96 ,keep a good turn at ! cleat6 ,don't let ! boom get away ) y6 ,n[ slack ! lee jib-%eet (f1 s t ! jib c "w itself4 ,n[ look out = ! j]k :5 ! boom goes ov]1 & /& by to slack ! %eet at once4 ,h&somely done6 ,slack away ! ma9-%eet6 ,belay6 ,!re1 t is a good job6 ,up ) ! peak6 ,belay6 ,g =w>d1 ,bob1 & /ock ! second an*or2 & b5d on ! cable1 & h x all ready = an*or+2 = we %all n f9d v mu* lee 9 ?is h>bor till ! w9d %ifts4 ,b !re is good hold+-gr\nd1 & we %all be all "r4 ,z soon z we pass t ligh?\se1 ,tom1 & get 9 ! bight ( ! bay y see ahead on ! />bo>d side1 ,i %all r\nd h] to1 & let g ! an*ors4 ,!re are two fi%]m5 at an*or !re n[4 ,d y see !m8 ,yes1 uncle1 ,i see !m2 & !y seem to be labor+ pretty heavy4 ,yes4 ,t is because !y are load$ deep2 b we %all ride l a bird4 ,haul d[n ! jib1 & /[ x6 ,l5d ,bob a h&1 ,tom4 ,n[ come aft "h6 ,/& by ! an*or1 ,bob6 ,ay1 ay1 sir6 ,n[ y see1 ,tom1 h[ ,i r\nd h] up "u ! /]n ( ?is fi%]man1 & br+ h] head to w9d4 ,let g ! an*or6 ,all gone4 ,don't *eck h] too quick1 ,bob6 ,pay out6 pay out6 ,n[ snub h]1 b n too %>p4 ,does %e hold8 ,yes1 sir4 ,%e has br\ght up4 ,!n let g ! second an*or1 & pay out on bo?4 ,give y\r cables pl5ty ( scope4 ,t w d4 ,make e ?+ fa/4 ,i c see by ! l& t %e does n drag4 ,b jump bel[1 ,bob1 & h& me up ! h& lead1 t ,i may ?r[ x ov] ! side1 & see t %e is hold+ all "r4 ,!re1 ,tom6 don't %e ride easily8 ,n[ d[n ma9sail1 & /[ x1 be=e x is slatt$ to pieces by ! w9d1 & la% ! helm amid%ips4 ,we %all ride "h l a ,"m ,c>ey's *ick54 ,n[ let's s\nd ! pumps1 & !n we w g bel[1 & take ?+s easy till ?is w9d mod]ates2 h a good1 nice d9n]2 & !n we w proce$ ^u our cruise4 ,well1 ,tom1 d y ?9k y h smelt salt wat]1 boy8 ,yes1 uncle2 b ,i l x1 ?\gh1 & ! way y manage1 9 spite ( ! elem5ts4 ,we h n />t$ a rope-y>n1 & are ly+ "h z snug z a bug 9 a rug4 ,& ?us we w leave !m1 wi%+ !m good wea!r1 & a pleasant end+ to _! cruise4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,vocabul>y ,,( ,,sea-,,t]ms ,,commonly ,,9 ,,use4 ,,aback4--,a sail is said to be tak5 aback1 :5 its =w>d surface is act$ ^u by ! w9d4 ,,abaft4--,! position1 t[>ds ! /]n1 or h9d] "p ( ! ya*t1 f any /at$ po9t2 z1 abaft ! =eca/le1 abaft ! ma9ma/1 abaft ! cab94 ,,abeam4--,any object is said to be abeam t be>s at "r angles to ! l9e ( ! keel2 & an imag9>y l9e drawn at "r angles across ! keel1 equidi/ant f ! b[ & /]n1 divides ! ya*t into two p>ts4 ,any ?+ be>+ =w>d ( ?is l9e is said to be =w>d ( ! beam1 & any ?+ be>+ beh9d ?is l9e is said to be abaft ! beam4 ,,abo>d4--,9 ! ya*t2 z1 ,get ! an*or abo>d6 ,come abo>d6 ,,ab\t4--,a ya*t is said to g ab\t :5 tack+1 ! ord] to prep>e = :i* is1 ,ready ab\t6 ,,abrea/4--,opposite to1 z relates to ! sides ( a ya*t2 z1 abrea/ ( a ligh?\se1 :5 ! side ( ! ya*t is at "r angles to x1 or ne>ly s4 ,,adrift4--,brok5 loose f moor+s2 or any ?+ roll+ ab\t ! decks loose 9 a sea-way is said to h brok5 adrift4 ,,afloat4--,cle> ( ! bottom1 su/a9$ by ! wat]4 ,,a=e4--,t "p ( ! ya*t ne>e/ to ! /em1 or head4 ,,aft4--,beh9d2 z1 ,/& fur!r aft1 ,haul aft ! ma9 %eet6 i4e4 br+ ! boom ne>] ! l9e ( ! keel4 ,,aft]4--,h9d]1 z aft] sails1 su* z ! ma9sail1 9 contra di/9ction to =w>d-sails1 su* z ! jib4 ,,agr\nd4--,n hav+ wat] en\gh = ! ya*t1 :i* re/s on ! gr\nd4 ,,ahead4--,be=e ! ya*t2 any ?+ 9 advance ( :]e ! ya*t is be+ direct$4 ,a-,,lee4--,! helm is a-lee :5 ! till] is put to ! lee-side2 h>d a lee1 :5 x is put ov] z f> z x w g4 ,,all ,,9 ,,! ,,w9d4--,:5 ! sails receive a portion ( ! w9d on bo? surfaces1 & %ake or wave l a flag4 ,,all ,,h&s1 ,,ahoy4--,a summons us$ to call all ! crew on deck 9 an em]g5cy4 ,,al(t4--,up above1 at ! ma/head4 ,,alongside4--,close to ! side ( ! ya*t4 ,,amid%ips4--,any ?+ 9 a l9e ) ! keel2 viz41 ,put ! helm amid%ips6 ,,to ,,an*or4--,to let ! an*or fall ov]bo>d t x may hold ! ya*t2 ! ord] = :i* is ,let g ! an*or6 ,,an*orage4--,gr\nd fit to an*or on4 ,,to ,,weigh ,,! ,,an*or4--,to heave x up f ! bottom to ! b[ ( ! ya*t4 ,,a%ore4--,on l&1 agr\nd4 ,,a/]n4--,beh9d ! ya*t4 ,,a?w>t4--,across4 ,,a?w>t-,,%ips4--,any ?+ ly+ at "r angles to ! l9e ( ! keel1 or ne>ly s4 ,,ava/4--,to cease pull+1 to /op4 ,a-,,wea!r4--,! helm is said to be a-wea!r :5 ! till] is put ov] to ! w9dw>d side ( ! ya*t2 & h>d a-wea!r1 :5 x is put ov] z f> z x w g4 ,,awn+4--,a canvas cov]+ /ret*$ ov]head1 to give protection f ! heat ( ! sun4 ,,back-,,/ays4--,ropes fix$ at ! topma/head1 & fa/5$ to ! sides ( ! ya*t to su/a9 ! topma/4 ,,balla/4--,a quantity ( heavy mat]ial plac$ 9 ! hold ( ! ya*t to give h] prop] /ability4 ,,b&s4--,pieces ( canvas sewn across a sail to /r5g!n x to su/a9 ! reef-po9ts1 & call$ reef-b&s4 ,,b>4--,a %oal1 usually f\nd at ! m\?s ( riv]s & h>bors t are subject to mu* curr5t4 ,,b>e ,,poles4--,hav+ no sail up1 on acc\nt ( ! sev]ity ( ! w9d3 h5ce scudd+ "u b>e poles1 t is1 runn+ be=e ! w9d ) no sail set4 ,,beams4--,pieces ( timb] across ! ya*t "u ! decks1 b\nd to ! sides by knees4 ,a ya*t is said to be on h] beam-ends :5 %e is hove d[n by any =ce1 s t ! ends ( ! beams po9t t[>ds ! gr\nd4 ,,=w>d ,,( ,,! ,,beam4--,:5 ! object or w9d is at "s position betwe5 abeam & ahead4 ,,be=e ,,! ,,beam4--,:5 ! w9d or object be>s on "s po9t =w>d ( ! beam1 b )9 ! "r angle =m$ by ! keel & a l9e across ! middle ( ! ya*t4 ,,abaft ,,! ,,beam4--,! opposite to ,be=e ! ,beam4 ,,be>+s4--,! direction ( any object by obs]vation ( ! compass2 also to any object1 z ! ligh?\se be>s abaft ! beam4 ,,beat+ ,,to ,,w9dw>d4--,advanc+ 9 ! direction f :i* ! w9d proce$s by a s]ies ( manoeuvres call$ tack+4 ,,becalm$4--,hav+ no w9d to fill ! sails4 ,"o sail is also said to becalm ano!r :5 ! w9d is aft4 ,,belay4--,to make fa/ a rope ar\nd a cleat or p94 ,,to ,,b5d4--,to fa/52 z to b5d ! sails1 b5d on ! cable to ! an*or1 b5d on ! colors1 c4 ,,bight4--,any slack "p ( a rope betwe5 ! ends4 ,,bilge4--,! flat "p ( a ya*t's bottom1 :]e ! wat] t %e %ips1 or :i* leaks 91 rema9s1 & is call$ bilge-wat]4 ,,b9nacle4--,a box1 fitt$ ) lights1 :i* conta9s ! /e]+-compass4 ,,b]?4--,an an*orage2 a bunk or wood5 %elf us$ = sleep+ 94 ,,bitts4--,l>ge1 upright pieces ( timb]1 ) a cross-piece1 to :i* haws]s or l>ge ropes are belay$2 also call$ knight-heads4 ,,blocks4--,in/rum5ts1 ) %eaves or pulleys1 us$ to increase ! p[] ( ropes4 ,,block ,,& ,,block 7also call$ commonly *ock-a-block74--,:5 ! two blocks ( a tackle h be5 br\ght z ne> toge!r z possible4 ,,to ,,make ,a ,,bo>d4--,to tack4 ,,to ,,make ,a ,,/]n-,,bo>d4--,to move ?r\gh ! wat] /]n =emo/4 ,,bob-,,/ays4--,ropes f ! cut-wat]1 or /em1 to ! b[sprit end1 to su/a9 & /r5g!n x4 ,,bolt-,,ropes4--,ropes sewn r\nd ! edges ( ! sails1 to keep !m f splitt+4 ,,booms4--,r\nd pieces ( timb] on :i* ! foot ( sails are la%$4 ,,b[s4--,! r\nd "p ( ! ya*t =w>d1 end+ 9 ! cut-wat]1 or /em4 ,,to ,,b\se4--,to haul ^u4 ,,b[sprit4--,a sp> ne>ly p>allel ) ! deck1 ext5d+ out ov] ! /em4 ,,to ,,br+ ,,up4--,to take ! bottom sudd5ly1 z br\ght up by a %oal2 to come to an an*or4 ,,to ,,br+ ,,to4--,to make ! ya*t ne>ly /ation>y by /opp+ h] headway by means ( ! sails set 9 diff]5t positions1 s z to c\nt]poise ea* o!r 9 connection ) ! helm4 ,,butt ,,end4--,! end ( a plank 9 a ya*t's side2 to />t a butt1 i4e41 to leak4 ,,by ,,! ,,bo>d4--,a ma/ is said to g by ! bo>d :5 c>ri$ away j above ! deck4 ,,by ,,! ,,head4--,:5 a ya*t is deep] 9 ! wat] =w>d ?an aft4 ,,by ,,! ,,/]n4--,! rev]se ( by ! head4 ,,by ,,! ,,w9d4--,:5 a ya*t is z ne> ! w9d z %e c be sail$ )\t ! sails %ak+2 also call$ full & by4 ,,cable4--,! rope by :i* ! ya*t is secur$ to ! an*or4 ,,to ,,pay ,,out ,,! ,,cable4--,to all[ m ( x to pass outbo>d1 s t ! ya*t lies f>!r f ! an*or4 ,,caboose4--,place :]e ! food is cook$2 also call$ ! cook's galley4 ,,call4--,a silv] :i/le us$ by ! boatswa9 to h c]ta9 ord]s obey$4 ,,capsize4--,to turn ov]4 ,,to ,,c>ry ,,away4--,a sp> is said to be c>ri$ away :5 x is brok5 by ! w9d4 ,,to ,,ca/ ,,(f4--,to untie1 to all[ to g free2 viz41 ,ca/ (f ! ma9-%eet6 ,ca/ (f t boat's pa9t]6 ,,ca/+4--,to pay a ya*t (f on ! desir$ tack :5 weigh+ ! an*or1 by arrang+ ! sails s z to be tak5 aback4 ,,cat ,,boat-,,rig4--,a ya*t rigg$ ) "o ma/ plac$ *ock =w>d 9 ! eyes1 & )\t /ays or b[sprit1 & fitt$ ) "o =e-&-aft sail4 ,,cat',s-,,paw4--,a light breeze or puff ( air se5 ^u ! wat]4 ,,to ,,calk4--,to drive oakum or cotton into ! seams to prev5t leak+1 & to pay ! same ) pit* or t>4 ,,c5tre-,,bo>d4--,a movable keel t c be l[]$ or hoi/$ at pleasure4 ,,to ,,claw ,,(f4--,to beat to w9dw>d f (f a lee-%ore4 ,,cleat4--,a piece ( wood ) two horns1 fa/5$ to ! side ( ! ya*t or to ! ma/1 ^u :i* ropes are made fa/4 ,,clews4--,! corn]s ( sails4 ,,close-,,haul$4--,to sail z ne> ! w9d z possible4 ,,coil+4--,to ga!r up a rope into a circul> =m ready = runn+ out aga9 at a mom5t's notice2 su* z1 ,coil up ! peak-halli>ds1 & h !m ready = runn+6 ,,c\rse4--,! po9t ( ! compass on :i* ! ya*t sails4 ,,cross-,,be>+s4--,! f9d+ ( ! exact position ( ! ya*t ^u ! *>t by tak+ ! be>+s by compass ( two objects on %ore4 ,,crot*4--,two cross$ pieces ( wood 9 :i* ! ma9 boom is la%$1 :5 ! ya*t is at an*or or ! sail furl$1 to conf9e x 9 place4 ,,to ,,cun4--,to direct ! helmsman h[ to /e]4 ,,cut-,,wat]4--,! timb] =m+ ! entrance ( ! ya*t4 ,,boat-,,davits4--,pieces ( /rong1 b5t iron /&+ out ov] ! side to hoi/ boats up to1 & secure !m4 ,,d[n-,,haul4--,a rope us$ to pull d[n ! jib1 c4 ,,draught4--,dep? ( wat]4 ,?us x is said ( a ya*t t h] draught is ?ree feet2 i4e41 %e draws ?ree feet ( wat]4 ,,drift4--,to drive to leew>d2 to lose /e]age way = want ( w9d4 ,,e>+s4--,small ropes us$ = la%+s4 ,,ease ,,(f4--,to slack54 ,,ease ,,(f ,,h&somely4--,to slack5 v c>efully4 ,,end ,,= ,,end4--,to *ange a rope t has be5 worn1 & use "o "p :]e ! o!r 0 =m]ly us$4 ,,end ,,on4--,to advance b[ or /]n on1 or to h ano!r vessel approa* 9 a simil> mann]4 ,,ensign4--,! national flag1 c>ri$ always at ! gaff-end4 ,,fag-,,end4--,! end ( a rope :i* is fray$4 ,,fall+ ,,(f4--,:5 a ya*t moves f ! w9d f>!r ?an %e ought4 ,,fa?om4--,a measurem5t six feet 9 l5g?4 ,,fid4--,a tap]$ piece ( wood us$ to splice ropes )1 &1 :5 made ( iron1 call$ a m>l9e-spike4 ,,to ,,fill4--,to h ! w9d /rike ! inn] or aft] surfaces ( ! sails4 ,,flake4--,"o circle ( a coil ( rope4 ,,flukes4--,! broad spade-l p>ts ( an an*or4 ,,=e4--,t "p ( ! ya*t ne>e/ to ! head4 ,,=e ,,& ,,aft4--,9 ! direction ( ! keel2 also vessels )\t squ>e y>ds4 ,h5ce a s*oon] is (t5 call$ a =e-&-aft]2 & a %ip1 a squ>e-rigg]4 ,,f\l ,,hawse4--,:5 ! cables are twi/$4 ,,to ,,f\l4--,to entangle a rope2 z1 ,! jib-halli>ds are f\l4 ,to run f\l ( a ya*t is to come 9 collision ) ano!r4 ,,to ,,f\nd]4--,to s9k4 ,,furl+4--,mak+ ! sails fa/ to ! booms & sp>s1 & /[+ !m1 by means ( gaskets4 ,,gaff4--,! sp> t supports ! head ( a =e-&-aft sail4 ,,gangway4--,! place :]e p]sons come on bo>d4 ,,gasket4--,a piece ( rope or n>r[ canvas us$ to tie up sails )1 or la% any ?+4 ,,to ,,g ,,ab\t4--,to tack4 ,,gor+4--,cutt+ a sail obliquely4 ,,granny-,,knot4--,a f\l knot1--"o n ti$ 9 a prop] mann]4 ,,grip+4--,:5 a ya*t c>ries too great a wea!r-helm4 ,,halli>ds4--,ropes or pulleys to hoi/ up sails4 ,,h&s4--,! crew2 i4e41 ,s5d a h& aft "h6 ,all h&s1 all ! crew4 ,to h& a sail1 to furl x4 ,be> a h&1 hurry up to help4 ,h& lead1 in/rum5t us$ = s\nd+4 ,,h&somely4--,c>efully4 ,,hanks4--,oval r+s1 fitt$ to "w ^u /ays1 to :i* ! sail is la%$ to be hoi/$ or l[]$4 ,,hat*way4--,a squ>e hole 9 ! deck t communicates ) ! hold4 ,,to ,,haul4--,to pull4 ,,to ,,hail4--,to call out to ano!r %ip2 su* z ,:at %ip is t8 ,,to ,,heel4--,to incl9e to "o side2 i4e41 %e heels ov] too mu* on acc\nt ( a want ( balla/4 ,,helm4--,a till] or :eel :i* controls ! rudd]4 ,,to ,,haul ,,home4--,to pull ! clew ( any sail z f> z x w g4 ,,too ,,high4--,! w>n+ giv5 to ! helmsman :5 ! ya*t is too ne> ! w9d4 ,,to ,,hit*4--,to make fa/4 ,,! ,,hold4--,! space "u deck4 ,,hull4--,! body ( a ya*t4 ,,9 ,,irons4--,a ya*t is said to be 9 irons :5 %e has lo/ /e]age way f any cause1 & w n obey ! helm4 ,,jack-,,/ay4--,a small b> ( iron1 or slat ( wood1 fa/5$ to a sp>1 & to :i* ! sail is b5t4 ,,to ,,jam4--,a knot is said to be jamm$ :5 x _c be unti$4 ,,junk4--,old pieces ( rope1 canvas1 c4 ,,jury-,,ma/s4--,tempor>y ma/s us$ :5 o!rs are c>ri$ away4 ,,jib+4--,! act ( pass+ ! ma9-boom f "o side ( ! ya*t to ! o!r1 :il/ runn+ be=e ! w9d4 ,,keel4--,t "p ( ! ya*t l[e/ 9 ! wat]1 & ^u :i* all h] sup]/ructure is erect$4 ,,k9k4--,a twi/ or turn 9 ! rope4 ,,to ,,labor4--,a ya*t is said to labor :5 %e pit*es & rolls heavily 9 a sea-way4 ,,l&-,,fall4--,discov]+ ! l&4 ,,l>bo>d4--,! left side ( ! ya*t1 fac+ =w>d1 n[ almo/ obsolete1 port hav+ almo/ :olly tak5 its place2 l>bo>d hav+ be5 f\nd 9 practice to be too ne> 9 s\nd to its opposite />bo>d4 ,,lay ,,aft4--,! comm& to come aft4 ,lay al(t1 to g up ! rigg+4 ,lay out1 to g out1 on ! b[sprit1 = in/ance4 ,lay 91 to come 94 ,,lea*4--,! p]p5dicul> bord] ( a =e-&-aft sail4 ,,lee-,,lur*4--,:5 ! ya*t rolls heavily & sudd5ly to leew>d4 ,,lee-,,%ore4--,! coa/-l9e to leew>d ( ! ya*t1 on :i* ! w9d is bl[+4 ,,leew>d4--,! direction t[>ds :i* ! w9d is bl[+4 ,,long ,,leg4--,a t]m us$ :5 ! w9d is n dead ahead1 b s z to cause ! ya*t to make a long tack & a %ort "o4 ,h5ce1 to make a long leg1 & a %ort leg4 ,,log4--,! record ( ! ya*t's p]=mance ea* day ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 z conc]ns wea!r1 c\rses1 c41 kept 9 a log-book4 ,heav+ ! log1 to asc]ta9 ! spe$ by means ( a log-l9e4 ,,loom+4--,! appe>ance ( a di/ant object1 su* z ano!r vessel1 or ! l&1 especially 9 foggy or mi/y wea!r1 :5 x is said to loom1 i4e41 look l>g]1 & appe> ne>]1 ?an x really is4 ,,lubb]4--,a p]son :o is n a sailor1--a gre5horn4 ,,luff4--,an ord] to h ! helmsman put ! helm to leew>d2 ! =w>d "p ( a =e-&-aft sail atta*$ to ! ma/ by hoops4 ,,ly+ ,,to4--,br++ ! ya*t to ! w9d "u small sail1 & la%+ ! helm a-lee1 s t %e may lie safely1 & ride out ! /orm4 ,,to ,,moor4--,to secure ! ya*t by m ?an "o an*or4 ,,moor+s4--,! place :]e ! ya*t is g5]ally kept :5 9 h>bor1 & d5ot$ by a buoy1 :i* wat*es ov] !m4 ,,neap-,,tides4--,^? tides :i* occur :5 ! moon is 9 h] qu>t]s2 spr+-tides be+ mu* high]1 & occurr+ at ! full & *ange4 ,,too ,,ne>4--,a w>n+ to ! helmsman t ! sails are n q full1 & t he is /e]+ a little too ne> ! w9d4 ,,ma9 ,,*a9s4--,place on ! ya*t's side :]e ! %r\ds & back/ays are fa/5$4 ,,miss-,,/ays4--,! act ( fail+ to g ab\t on ! o!r tack4 ,,model4--,! %ape & =m ( ! hull4 ,,(f ,,& ,,on4--,approa*+ ! l& on "o tack1 & leav+ x on ! o!r4 ,,(f+4--,out to sea1 cle> ( all dang]s1 yet ne> ! l&2 sea-room4 ,,ov]bo>d4--,out ( ! ya*t2 9 ! wat]4 ,,ov]haul+4--,to haul a rope ?r\gh a block2 to exam9e any ?+ ?or\ghly2 to ga9 ^u a vessel or object ahead4 ,,pa9t]4--,a %ort rope 9 ! b[s ( a boat by :i* %e is secur$4 ,,to ,,"p4--,to te> asund]2 i4e41 ! cable has p>t$2 ! ma9-%eet has p>t$4 ,,to ,,pass ,a ,,la%+4--,to w9d a rope r\nd a sp> or sail4 ,,pay4--,to rub on pit* or t> ) a l>ge bru%4 ,,to ,,pay ,,(f4--,to make a ya*t's head rec$e f ! w9d by haul+ ! jib to w9dw>d1 & eas+ (f ! ma9-boom to leew>d4 ,,to ,,peak ,,up4--,to elevate ! out] or aft] end ( a gaff1 s t ! sail may set bett]4 ,,ply+4--,turn+ to w9dw>d4 ,,poop+4--,a ya*t is said to be poop$ :5 %e is /ruck by a sea t comes on bo>d ov] ! /]n or qu>t]4 ,,port4--,see l>bo>d4 ,,prev5t]4--,any ?+ to secure or take (f ! /ra91 z prev5t] jib-%eet4 ,,p5nant4--,a long n>r[ flag4 ,,qu>t]4--,t "p ( ! ya*t's side conta9$ betwe5 ! beam & /]n4 ,,rake4--,! %e] ( ma/s f ! p]p5dicul>4 ,,range ,,( ,,cable4--,a suffici5t l5g? ov]haul$ & ready s z to all[ ! an*or to rea* ! bottom )\t f\l+4 ,,to ,,reef4--,to r$uce a sail by fa/5+ x d[n to a boom or jack-/ay by means ( reef-po9ts4 ,,to ,,reeve4--,to pass a rope ?r\gh a block4 ,,to ,,ride4--,to be held at an*or4 ,,to ,,"r4--,a ya*t is said to "r :5 %e rises to an upright position aga91 aft] hav+ be5 ?r[n on h] beam-ends by a sudd5 squall4 ,,to ,,"r ,,! ,,helm4--,to put x amid%ips1 s t ! rudd] w be 9 a l9e ) ! keel4 ,,to ,,run ,,d[n4--,:5 "o ya*t s9ks ano!r by runn+ ov] h]4 ,,scant4--,! w9d is said to be scant :5 a ya*t w b>ely lay h] c\rse4 ,,scope4--,to pay out m ( ! cable :5 at an*or4 ,,to ,,scud4--,to run be=e ! w9d 9 a /orm4 ,,to ,,scuttle4--,to make holes 9 a ya*t's bottom to s9k h]4 ,,to ,,s]ve4--,to w9d any ?+ r\nd a rope s z to save x f *af+4 ,,to ,,seize4--,to make fa/ or b9d4 ,,to ,,%e]4--,to v>y to ! "r & left f a direct c\rse4 ,,to ,,%ip4--,to place or receive any ?+ on bo>d2 z1 to %ip a sea1 to %ip a crew4 ,,to ,,%iv]4--,to make ! sails %ake 9 ! w9d's eye4 ,,%oal4--,! l& b5ea? ! wat] t approa*es ne> ! surface1 or is left b>e at l[ wat]4 ,,! ,,slack ,,( ,a ,,rope4--,! "p t hangs loose4 ,,to ,,slip ,a ,,cable4--,to let x run out ov]bo>d1 & release ! ya*t f ! an*or1 be+ fir/ g5]ally buoy$ s z to be recov]$4 ,,to ,,slue4--,to turn any ?+ ab\t4 ,,snub4--,us$ 9 ref]5ce to ! cables1 9 *eck+ ! ya*t1 aft] !y h be5 paid out4 ,,to ,,s\nd4--,to asc]ta9 ! dep? ( wat] by means ( a lead-l9e4 ,,to ,,take ,a ,,spell4--,to relieve any "o at any duty2 z1 to take a spell at ! :eel4 ,,to ,,spill4--,to take ! w9d out ( a sail by eas+ (f ! %eets or o!rwise1 s z to remove ! pressure ( ! w9d4 ,,to ,,splice4--,to jo9 two ropes toge!r by int]weav+ ! /r&s4 ,,to ,,spr+ ,a ,,ma/4--,to crack or split x4 ,a ,,spr+4--,a rope made fa/ to ! cable1 & tak5 on bo>d aft1 9 ord] to haul ! ya*t's side 9 any direction4 ,,spr+-,,tides4--,! highe/ tides1 :i* occur at ! full & *ange ( ! moon4 ,,to ,,/& ,,on4--,to keep on 9 "o's c\rse4 ,,to ,,/& ,,by4--,to be ready4 ,,/>bo>d4--,! "r side ( a ya*t1 ! obs]v] look+ f aft =w>d4 ,,to ,,/e]4--,to control ! ya*t ) ! rudd] & till]4 ,,/r&$4--,a ya*t is said to be /r&$ :5 %e is s f> on %ore t %e _c be float$4 ,,to ,,/rike4--,to beat aga9/ ! bottom2 to hit sudd5ly any object bel[ ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,,swig ,,(f4--,to take a turn ) a rope at a cleat1 & !n pull ^u x lat]ally1 s z to ga!r 9 all ! slack4 ,,to ,,tack4--,to advance by a s]ies ( angles t[>d ! direction f :i* ! w9d proce$s4 ,,taut4--,tight4 ,,taunt4--,long1 l(ty4 ,,t5d]4--,a small boat or :]ry us$ to pass f ! ya*t to ! %ore4 ,,to ,,t[4--,to drag any ?+ a/]n beh9d ! ya*t2 z1 to t[ ! t5d]4 ,,truck4--,! small ball at ! topma/head1 ?r\gh :i* ! signal-halli>ds reeve4 ,,tr\gh ,,( ,,! ,,sea4--,! level ( ! wat] betwe5 two waves4 ,,turn+ ,,to ,,w9dw>d4--,tack+4 ,,unb5d4--,to ca/ (f1 to release2 z1 ,unb5d ! an*or f ! cable6 ,unb5d ! ma9sail6--roll x up & put x bel[4 ,,to ,,un%ip4--,to take any ?+ f ! place :]e x 0 fix$2 z1 to un%ip ! rudd]4 ,,wake4--,! track1 or furr[1 left by ! ya*t on ! wat] %e has pass$ ov]4 ,,to ,,we>4--,to turn a ya*t r\nd f ! w9d1--! direct opposite ( tack+4 ,,to ,,w>p4--,to move a ya*t by haws]s4 ,,wat*4--,a division ( ! crew into />bo>d & l>bo>d wat*1 :o take turns 9 tak+ c>e ( ! ya*t4 ,,wat]-,,logg$4--,! condition ( a ya*t :5 %e is s full ( wat] z to be almo/ unmanageable1 & ne>ly subm]g$4 ,,way4--,progress ?r\gh ! wat]3 %e has good way on4 ,to a boat's crew1 to cease pull+1 ! comm& is giv51 ,way en\gh4 ,,to ,,wea!r ,a ,,ya*t4--,to get to ! w9dw>d side by fa/] spe$1 or ly+ ne>] ! w9d4 ,,wea!r ,,beat54--,worn by ! wea!r & exposure4 ,,well ,,( ,,all4--,a comm& us$ :5 ! sev]al ropes ( a sail h all be5 haul$ ^u at ! same "t1 & x is p]fectly set1 & means to belay4 ,,to ,,weigh4--,to lift an an*or f ! bottom4 ,,w9d',s ,,eye4--,! exact direction f :i* ! w9d proce$s4 ,,to ,,w9dw>d4--,t[>ds t po9t f :i* ! w9d bl[s4 ,,to ,,"w ,,to ,,w9dw>d4--,to tack s z to make progress 9 ! direction f :i* ! w9d bl[s4 ,,ya*t4--,a vessel us$ = pleasure only1 & n = comm]ce or trade2 built = spe$ & com=t4 ,,to ,,yaw4--,to sw]ve sudd5ly & viol5tly f ! true c\rse1 9 spite ( ! action ( ! rudd]4 ,frankl9 ,press3 ,r&1 ,av]y1 ,co41 ,bo/on4